bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining pre-service teachers’ preparedness and perceptions about teaching controversial issues in social studies
Authors: Nganga Lydiah , Roberts Amy , Kambutu John , James Joanie
Published: September 2019

This study explored pre-service teachers’ (N = 37) perceptions about teaching controversial global and local topics. Additionally, it examined participants’ level of preparedness, motivation and perceived hindrances to teaching controversial issues. To do so, the study used a interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA). Data from written reflections and semi-structured interviews showed 80 percent of participants lacked exposure to college work that examined controversial issues prior to taking Social Studies Methods course. However, after taking the course, participants were able to identify controversial topics, but they still displayed limited critical awareness and conceptualization of teaching controversial issues. Other findings pointed to the benefits of teaching controversial topics in a planned and intentional manner.
Microvascular pathology of Friedreich cardiomyopathy
Authors: Koeppen A , Sossei A , Travis A , Kleinhenz E , Mazurkiewicz J , Feustel P , Qian J
Published: September 2019

Nikolaus Friedreich (1877) was aware of heart disease in his patients but thought it was unrelated to the neurological disorder. In 1946, Dorothy Russell considered cardiomyopathy an integral part of Friedreich ataxia (FA). In addition to sparse inflammatory infiltration, sections show fibrosis and capillary hyperplasia. We examined the left ventricular walls of 41 homozygous FA patients aged 10–87 and 21 controls aged 2–69. An antibody to CD34 enabled quantitative capillary profile counts for a comparison with cardiomyocyte counts in the same field. Mean capillary counts in normals were 1926±341/mm2, and the median ratio of capillaries to cardiomyocytes was 1.0 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.9-1.2). In FA, however, the number of cardiomyocytes/mm2 was less, and the median ratio of capillaries to heart fibers was 2.0 (IQR 1.4-2.4). There was a significant correlation of the higher guanine-adenine-adenine trinucleotide length (shorter allele, GAA1) with the younger age of onset, shorter disease duration, and lower cardiomyocyte counts. The ratio of capillaries to heart fibers was higher in patients with long GAA1 repeat expansions (e.g., 3.31 in GAA1 of 1200). Double-label immunofluorescence for CD34 and S100A4 revealed co-expression in endothelial cells, supporting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis (supported by Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance).

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Describe endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in Friedreich cardiomyopathy
Non-Perfused Brain and Retino-Dural Hemorrhage
Authors: Auer RN
Published: September 2019

10 cases of pneumonia causing cardiac arrest and non-perfused brain occurred at ages 40 days-30 months, in a medico-legal setting. In each deceased child, both the pneumonia and non-perfused brain were verified histologically. Upper respiratory infection and mouth-breathing accompanied the pneumonia, with ongoing choking on formula or food in three cases, and vomiting in an additional five cases. In eight of the 10 cases, the pre-terminal event was a quiet respiratory arrest while sleeping, or being carried in the arms. Adrenaline was given up to 7 times during CPR lasting 44±32 minutes, with up to 2 hours CPR and fall in body temp to <32°C. Mean survival was 1.9±1.5 days and heparin was given for organ donation in 3 cases. The lungs showed chronic interstitial pneumonia as described by Katzenstein, with superadded acute bronchiolo-alveolar infiltrates in two cases of aspiration. The court permitted recuts and cellular characterization of the interstitial cells in one case, revealing the infiltrate was ~40% histiocytes, 5% T or B cells, and ~50% vimentin+ mesenchymal cells. All brains showed features of non-perfused brain and retino-dural hemorrhage. The observed features of non-perfused brain were blurring of the gray-white junction, edema, gross friability, histologic pallor, closure of the microcirculation, patchy acidophilic neurons and recent demarcated pan-necrosis, and pituitary infarction in one patient where hypophysis was sampled. Normally, from birth to 30 months, cerebral blood flow increases to 55% of cardiac output, accompanying physical brain growth. Restoration of high cardiac output using adrenaline-CPR means that on resuscitation, re-routing of blood that can no longer go through the non-perfused brain detours through dura, face, scalp, eyes and optic nerve sheaths. The diversion of blood around non-perfused brain results in facial bruising and retino-dural hemorrhage that can be misinterpreted as head trauma, and a common inference of child abuse in the courts. In the present series from Australia, Canada and the USA, outcomes ranged from acquittal to life imprisonment.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Investigate infant deaths including workup for interstitial pneumonia.

2.

Know cerebral blood flow changes in development, and cranial blood flow dynamics in non-perfused brain.
Mycobacterium chimaera encephalitis following cardiac surgery in three adult immunocompetent patients: first detailed neuropathological report
Authors: Das SK , Lau D , Cooper R , Chen J , Sim VL , McCombe JA , Tyrrell GJ , Bhargavi R , Adam B , Chapman E , Garady C , Antonation K , Ip S , Saxinger L , van Landeghem FKH
Published: September 2019

Non-tuberculous mycobacterium encephalitis is rare. Since 2013, a global outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera infection has been attributed to point-source contamination of heater cooler units used in cardiac surgery. Disseminated M. chimaera infection has presented many unique challenges, including non-specific clinical presentations with delays in diagnosis, and a high mortality rate among predominantly immunocompetent adults. Here, we describe three patients with fatal disseminated Mycobacterium chimaera infection showing initially non-specific, progressively worsening neurocognitive decline, including confusion, delirium, depression and apathy. Autopsy revealed widespread granulomatous encephalitis of the cerebrum, brain stem and spinal cord, along with granulomatous chorioretinitis. Cerebral involvement and differentiation between mycobacterial granulomas and microangiopathic changes can be assessed best on MRI with contrast enhancement. The prognosis of M. chimaera encephalitis appears to be very poor, but might be improved by increased awareness of this new syndrome and timely antimicrobial treatment.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Describe the clinical, radiological and neuropathological findings of Mycobacterium chimaera encephalitis

2.

Be aware of this rare form of encephalitis, and explain its diagnosis, prognosis and management
Absence of age-related neurodegenerative changes during SIV infection and treatment in aged macaques
Authors: Wiley CA , Bissel SJ
Published: September 2019

The advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (CART) has changed HIV infection from a lethal disease to a chronic infection. CART has substantially mitigated infection-associated immunosuppression, related opportunistic infections and HIV encephalitis, nevertheless a substantial percentage of infected individuals are afflicted with a spectrum of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). As approximately 45% of HIV-infected subjects in developed countries are over the age of 50, it has been hypothesized that infection may exacerbate age related neurodegenerative processes. We used the nonhuman primate SIV infection model to test whether chronic infection of aged primates, with or without CART, is associated with accelerated age-related neurodegeneration. Two dozen aged macaques (average age 18 years at entry 20 years at the end) were divided into two groups, half infected with SICmac251 and the other half not. After 10 months, half of each of these groups were either treated or not with CART and followed for an additional 6 months. We previously reported the clinical and neurobehavioural outcome. Here we compared the molecular and histologic findings in the four groups. Using a broad spectrum of histological markers, we found no evidence in the macaques of neuropathological changes associated with aging in humans. While the number of animals is small and length of infection limited, this study does not support the hypothesis that lentiviral infection or treatment accelerates age-related neurodegenerative changes in the primate brain.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Explore current theories on the pathogenesis of lentiviral-related neuropathology

2.

Explain limitations of nonhuman primate models of age-related human brain changes
Immunohistochemical markers of reactive skeletal muscle fibres
Authors: Gould PV
Published: September 2019

Although most patients undergo muscle biopsies to elucidate the cause of muscle symptoms (weakess, cramping, etc.), many muscle biopsies show relatively few specific alterations on routine staining. Immunohistochemical methods for muscle fibre typing and characterisation of inflammatory cell infiltrates are now well established but the value of other markers is less well documented. A preliminary study of other potentially useful immunohistochemical markers revealed that muscle biopsies in our hospital often contain CD56 and/or D2-40 positive myofibres. This study was extended to a series of 32 biopsies from adult patients (age 21–81, 12 males 20 females), 11 of which showed only minor changes on routine examination. Most cases contained CD56 positive mature fibres; D2-40 positive muscle fibres were more common in cases of inflammatory myopathy. Five cases with minor changes on routine examination showed CD56 and D2-40 staining of otherwise unremarkable myofibres, which might represent reactive changes.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Describe patterns of immunohistochemical staining in reactive muscle fibres

2.

Discuss the underlying physiology of reactive muscle fibres
Isolated, Subtle Neurological Abnormalities in Mild Cognitive Impairment Types
Authors: Camarda Cecilia , Camarda Rosolino , Pipia Carmela , Azzarello Delia , Grassedonio Emanuele , Sottile Gianluca , Cilluffo Giovanna , Torelli Paola
Published: September 2019

Background:

Isolated, subtle neurological abnormalities (ISNA) are commonly seen in aging and have been related to cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and subcortical atrophy in neurologically and cognitively healthy aging subjects.

Objective:

To investigate the frequency of ISNA in different mild cognitive impairment (MCI) types and to evaluate for each MCI type, the cross-sectional relation between ISNA and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, caudate atrophy, and ventricular enlargement.

Methods:

One thousand two hundred fifty subjects with different MCI types were included in the analysis and underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. WMHs were assessed through two visual rating scales. Lacunes were also rated. Atrophy of the caudate nuclei and ventricular enlargement were assessed through the bicaudate ratio (BCr) and the lateral ventricles to brain ratio (LVBr), respectively. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes were also assessed. The routine neurological examination was used to evaluate ISNAs that were clustered as central-based signs, cerebellar-based signs, and primitive reflexes. The items of Part-III of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale were used to evaluate ISNAs that were clustered as mild parkinsonian signs. Associations of ISNAs with imaging findings were determined through logistic regression analysis.

Results:

The ISNAs increase with the age and are present in all MCI types, particularly in those multiple domains, and carrying the APOE ϵ4 allele, and are associated with WMH, lacunes, BCr, and LVBr.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that cortical and subcortical vascular and atrophic processes contribute to ISNAs. Long prospective population-based studies are needed to disentangle the role of ISNAs in the conversion from MCI to dementia.
PARALLEL WEIGHT 2 POINTS ON HILBERT MODULAR EIGENVARIETIES AND THE PARITY CONJECTURE
Authors: JOHANSSON CHRISTIAN , NEWTON JAMES
Published: September 2019

Let$F$be a totally real field and let$p$be an odd prime which is totally split in$F$. We define and study one-dimensional ‘partial’ eigenvarieties interpolating Hilbert modular forms over$F$with weight varying only at a single place$v$above$p$. For these eigenvarieties, we show that methods developed by Liu, Wan and Xiao apply and deduce that, over a boundary annulus in weight space of sufficiently small radius, the partial eigenvarieties decompose as a disjoint union of components which are finite over weight space. We apply this result to prove the parity version of the Bloch–Kato conjecture for finite slope Hilbert modular forms with trivial central character (with a technical assumption if$[F:\mathbb{Q}]$is odd), by reducing to the case of parallel weight$2$. As another consequence of our results on partial eigenvarieties, we show, still under the assumption that$p$is totally split in$F$, that the ‘full’ (dimension$1+[F:\mathbb{Q}]$) cuspidal Hilbert modular eigenvariety has the property that many (all, if$[F:\mathbb{Q}]$is even) irreducible components contain a classical point with noncritical slopes and parallel weight$2$(with some character at$p$whose conductor can be explicitly bounded), or any other algebraic weight.
The ConsuMEER study: a randomised trial towards the effectiveness of protein-rich ready-made meals and protein-rich dairy products in increasing protein intake of community-dwelling older adults after switching from self-prepared meals towards ready-made meals
Authors: Borkent Jos W. , Beelen Janne , Linschooten Joost O. , Roodenburg Annet J. C. , de van der Schueren Marian A. E.
Published: September 2019

The risk of undernutrition in older community-dwelling adults increases when they are no longer able to shop or cook themselves. Home-delivered products could then possibly prevent them from becoming undernourished. This single-blind randomised trial tested the effectiveness of home-delivered protein-rich ready-made meals and dairy products in reaching the recommended intake of 1·2 g protein/kg body weight (BW) per d and ≥25 g of protein per meal. Community-dwelling older adults (n 98; mean age 80·4 (sd 6·8) years) switched from self-prepared to home-delivered hot meals and dairy products for 28 d. The intervention group received ready-made meals and dairy products high in protein; the control group received products lower in protein. Dietary intake was measured at baseline, after 2 weeks (T1), and after 4 weeks (T2). Multilevel analyses (providing one combined outcome for T1 and T2) and logistic regressions were performed. Average baseline protein intake was 1·09 (se 0·05) g protein/kg BW per d in the intervention group and 0·99 (se 0·05) g protein/kg BW per d in the control group. During the trial, protein intake of the intervention group was 1·12 (se 0·05) g protein/kg BW per d compared with 0·87 (se 0·03) g protein/kg BW per d in the control group (between-group differences P < 0·05). More participants of the intervention group reached the threshold of ≥25 g protein at dinner compared with the control group (intervention T1: 84·8 %, T2: 88·4 % v. control T1: 42·9 %, T2: 40·5 %; P < 0·05), but not at breakfast and lunch. Our findings suggest that switching from self-prepared meals to ready-made meals carries the risk of a decreasing protein intake, unless extra attention is given to protein-rich choices.
Reanalysis of the US Geological Survey Benchmark Glaciers: long-term insight into climate forcing of glacier mass balance
Authors: O'Neel Shad , McNeil Christopher , Sass Louis C. , Florentine Caitlyn , Baker Emily H. , Peitzsch Erich , McGrath Daniel , Fountain Andrew G. , Fagre Daniel
Published: September 2019

Mountain glaciers integrate climate processes to provide an unmatched signal of regional climate forcing. However, extracting the climate signal via intercomparison of regional glacier mass-balance records can be problematic when methods for extrapolating and calibrating direct glaciological measurements are mixed or inconsistent. To address this problem, we reanalyzed and compared long-term mass-balance records from the US Geological Survey Benchmark Glaciers. These five glaciers span maritime and continental climate regimes of the western United States and Alaska. Each glacier exhibits cumulative mass loss since the mid-20th century, with average rates ranging from −0.58 to −0.30 m w.e. a−1. We produced a set of solutions using different extrapolation and calibration methods to inform uncertainty estimates, which range from 0.22 to 0.44 m w.e. a−1. Mass losses are primarily driven by increasing summer warming. Continentality exerts a stronger control on mass loss than latitude. Similar to elevation, topographic shading, snow redistribution and glacier surface features often exert important mass-balance controls. The reanalysis underscores the value of geodetic calibration to resolve mass-balance magnitude, as well as the irreplaceable value of direct measurements in contributing to the process-based understanding of glacier mass balance.
Potential flow over a submerged rectangular obstacle: Consequences for initiation of boulder motion
Authors: HERTERICH J. G. , DIAS F.
Published: September 2019

Steady two-dimensional fluid flow over an obstacle is solved using complex variable methods. We consider the cases of rectangular obstacles, such as large boulders, submerged in a potential flow. These may arise in geophysics, marine and civil engineering. Our models are applicable to initiation of motion that may result in subsequent transport. The local flow depends on the obstacle shape, slowing down in confining corners and speeding up in expanding corners. The flow generates hydrodynamic forces, drag and lift, and their associated moments, which differ around each face. Our model replaces the need for ill-defined drag and lift coefficients with geometry-dependent functions. We predict smaller flow velocities to initiate motion. We show how a joint-bound boulder can be transported against gravity, and analyse the influence of a wake region behind an isolated boulder.
The Promise of Precommitment in Democracy and Human Rights: The Hopeful, Forgotten Failure of the Larreta Doctrine
Authors: Long Tom , Friedman Max Paul
Published: September 2019

Although international precommitment regimes offer a tool to escape the apparent contradiction between sovereignty and the international protection of democracy and human rights, they raise theoretical and practical questions. This article draws on multinational archival research to explore an overlooked historical episode and suggest new thinking regarding the logjams over sovereignty, incapacity of global decision making, and humanitarian imperialism. In 1945 and 1946, the American states engaged in a debate over the Larreta Doctrine, a Uruguayan proposal about the parallelism between democracy and human rights, and the regional rights and duties to safeguard these values. In the ensuing debate, the Uruguayan foreign minister elaborated a tripartite precommitment mechanism to create a web of national commitments to democratic governance and the domestic protection of human rights, to establish a regional insurance policy against failures to maintain those commitments, and to obligate the great power and neighboring states to precommit to working through the regional system instead of unilaterally. As a proposal that emerged from a weak state—and garnered support from states that faced internal and external threats to democracy and rights—the Larreta Doctrine offers insights on the central tension between state sovereignty and international commitments.
How Land Use Affects Nutrient Pollution in a Changing Climate
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: September 2019

As heavy rain falls more frequently, the land alongside a river has a greater effect on the waterway’s nutrient levels—for better or worse.
Theoretical Models Advance Knowledge of Ocean Circulation
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: September 2019

A review of recent advancements highlights key insights into the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and what might be in store for future research.
Influence of Biogenic Organics on the Chemical Composition of Arctic Aerosols
Authors: Choi J. H. , Jang E. , Yoon Y. J. , Park J. Y. , Kim T.‐W. , Becagli S. , Caiazzo L. , Cappelletti D. , Krejci R. , Eleftheriadis K. , Park K.‐T. , Jang K. S.
Published: September 2019

We use an ultrahigh‐resolution 15‐T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer to elucidate the compositional changes in Arctic organic aerosols collected at Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard, in May 2015. The Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer analysis of airborne organic matter provided information on the molecular compositions of aerosol particles collected during the Arctic spring period. The air mass transport history, combined with satellite‐derived geographical information and chlorophyll concentration data, revealed that the molecular compositions of organic aerosols drastically differed depending on the origin of the potential source region. The protein and lignin compound populations contributed more than 70% of the total intensity of assigned molecules when the air masses mainly passed over the ocean region. Interestingly, the intensity of microbe‐derived organics (protein and carbohydrate compounds) was positively correlated with the air mass exposure to phytoplankton biomass proxied as chlorophyll. Furthermore, the intensities of lignin and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds, typically derived from terrestrial vegetation, increased with an increase in the advection time of the air mass over the ocean domain. These results suggest that the accumulation of dissolved biogenic organics in the Arctic Ocean possibly derived from both phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation could significantly influence the chemical properties of Arctic organic aerosols during a productive spring period. The interpretation of molecular changes in organic aerosols using an ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometer could provide deep insight for understanding organic aerosols in the atmosphere over the Arctic and the relationship of organic aerosols with biogeochemical processes in terms of aerosol formation and environmental changes.
Warm Events Induce Loss of Resilience in Organic Carbon Production in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Bif Mariana B. , Siqueira Leo , Hansell Dennis A.
Published: September 2019

Between 2013 and 2016, a series of warm events induced by ocean atmosphere oscillations negatively impacted productivity in the northeast Pacific Ocean. For two consecutive winters (2013–2014 and 2014–2015), suppressed wind stress and warm near‐surface ocean temperature anomalies restricted vertical mixing between the surface and underlying nutrient‐enriched waters. Here we assess historical data of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure, along with nearly a decade of biogeochemical float data to evaluate the impact of these warm events on organic carbon production. The first stratified winter experienced little apparent impact on the magnitude of net organic carbon production in the growing season relative to prior years, suggesting an immediate resilience from reduced new nutrients, apparently depending on recycled iron. However, the subsequent winter experienced virtually zero net production; a loss of resilience, perhaps due to net iron removal with export, was evident. We find that consistently enhanced winter stratification decreased carbon production much more so than a single warm winter. This study highlights the sensitivity of marine productivity to ocean atmosphere oscillations, reducing deep ocean carbon sequestration with prolonged ocean warming and stratification.
The Generic Mapping Tools Version 6
Authors: Wessel P. , Luis J. F. , Uieda L. , Scharroo R. , Wobbe F. , Smith W. H. F. , Tian D.
Published: September 2019

The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software is ubiquitous in the Earth and ocean sciences. As a cross‐platform tool producing high‐quality maps and figures, it is used by tens of thousands of scientists around the world. The basic syntax of GMT scripts has evolved very slowly since the 1990s, despite the fact that GMT is generally perceived to have a steep learning curve with many pitfalls for beginners and experienced users alike. Reducing these pitfalls means changing the interface, which would break compatibility with thousands of existing scripts. With the latest GMT version 6, we solve this conundrum by introducing a new “modern mode” to complement the interface used in previous versions, which GMT 6 now calls “classic mode.” GMT 6 defaults to classic mode and thus is a recommended upgrade for all GMT 5 users. Nonetheless, new users should take advantage of modern mode to make shorter scripts, quickly access commonly used global data sets, and take full advantage of the new tools to draw subplots, place insets, and create animations.
The Midlatitude Thermospheric Dynamics From an Interhemispheric Perspective
Authors: Wu Qian , Sheng Cheng , Wang Wenbin , Noto John , Kerr Robert , McCarthy Michael , Huang Cong , Zhang Xiaoxin , Sarris Theodoros
Published: September 2019

Using Fabry‐Perot interferometers at five midlatitude stations (Boulder, Palmer, Millstone Hill, Mount John, and Kelan) in both hemispheres, we examine the interhemispheric and seasonal variations of midlatitude thermospheric dynamics. We also use the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) to simulate the seasonal changes of winds and the effects from Sub‐Auroral Polarization Streams. The observations and TIEGCM simulations show a clear seasonal variation with more westward and equatorward summer winds. The TIEGCM runs overestimate the westward zonal winds and underestimate the electron densities in the northern summer. We believe that the underestimated TIEGCM electron density leads to a weak ion drag effect in the model, and strong westward zonal winds. TIEGCM overestimates the Sub‐Auroral Polarization Stream effects on neutral winds in most cases, probably because the empirical Sub‐Auroral Polarization Stream model used by the TIEGCM applies an unrealistic persistent electric field for a long period of time (over 3 hr) due to the low temporal resolution of the Kp index.
Comment on “A New One‐Equation Model of Fluid Drag for Irregularly Shaped Particles Valid Over a Wide Range of Reynolds Number” by F. Dioguardi et al.
Authors: Bagheri G. , Bonadonna C.
Published: September 2019

With this comment we want to clarify a number of aspects of the paper recently published by Dioguardi, Mele, and Dellino “A New One‐Equation Model of Fluid Drag for Irregularly Shaped Particles Valid Over a Wide Range of Reynolds Number” (hereafter referred to as DMD2018). In particular, we show that contrary to the conclusions of DMD2018, the model of Bagheri and Bonadonna (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.06.015), hereafter referred to as BB2016, is the best model in predicting the drag and terminal velocity of particles measured by DMD2018, as demonstrated here by comparison of estimation errors. The discrepancy is mainly due to a production error (misplaced parentheses) introduced in BB2016 during the publication process and partly due to the incorrect methodology used by DMD2018 to calculate particle terminal velocity. Here we present the correct sets of equations and methodology to show that typo‐free model of BB2016 outperforms all existing drag models including the new model suggested by DMD2018.
Well-Being and Suicidality Among Transgender Youth After Gender-Affirming Hormones
Authors: Allen Luke R. , Watson Laurel B. , Egan Anna M. , Moser Christine N.
Published: September 2019

Objective: This study is a longitudinal evaluation of the effectiveness of gender-affirming hormones for improving psychological well-being and decreasing suicidality among transgender youth referred to a transgender health specialty clinic at a large Midwest children’s hospital. Method: Forty-seven youth (13.73–19.04 years; M = 16.59, SD = 1.19) who received gender-affirming hormones were assessed at least 2 times: before the start of treatment and at least 3 months after treatment. Results: After gender-affirming hormones, a significant increase in levels of general well-being and a significant decrease in levels of suicidality were observed. Conclusion: These findings suggest that gender-affirming hormones are a valuable medical intervention with promising psychosocial outcomes for transgender youth.

Implications for Impact Statement

This study suggests that gender-affirming hormones are a helpful medical intervention for transgender youth. Gender-affirming hormones were found to be associated with decreases in suicidality and improvements in general well-being.
Family Discussions of Early Childhood Social Transitions
Authors: Olson Kristina R. , Blotner Charlie , Alonso Daniel , Lewis Kayla , Edwards Deja , Durwood Lily
Published: September 2019

Objective: An increasing number of children are socially transitioning to live as their identified genders rather than their assigned sexes, yet little empirical work has examined the decision-making process surrounding social transitions. We aimed to understand (a) why parents and their gender-nonconforming children do and do not consider social transitions and (b) whether families discuss social transitions both before and after initial social transitions. Method: Studies 1 and 2 involved telephone interviews of parents of socially transitioned transgender children ( N = 60) and gender-nonconforming children who were not socially transitioned ( N = 60), respectively. Study 3 involved an online survey of 266 parents of socially transitioned transgender children. Results: Parents of socially transitioned transgender children (Study 1) and parents of gender-nonconforming children who are not socially transitioned (Study 2) often reported that their children had led the decision to transition or not. Most parents of gender-nonconforming children who had not transitioned had discussed transitioning (Study 2), and most parents of socially transitioned transgender children reported discussing the option of future retransitions (Study 3). Conclusions: Parents often report that they and their children are discussing social transitions, a process that children are leading. In contrast to possible concerns about discussing transitions, our results suggest that many families openly discuss the possibility of their children transitioning (or retransitioning), yet these discussions do not inevitably lead to an imminent transition.

Implications for Impact Statement

Parents report that they are discussing social transitions and retransitions with their children and that their children are leading the decision-making process. These findings suggest that pediatric psychologists can play a role in facilitating discussions about social transitions and retransitions, knowing such discussions are unlikely to invariably lead to a transition in the short term.
The Relationship Between Family Acceptance-Rejection and Transgender Youth Psychosocial Functioning
Authors: Pariseau Emily M. , Chevalier Lydia , Long Kristin A. , Clapham Rebekah , Edwards-Leeper Laura , Tishelman Amy C.
Published: September 2019

Objective: Transgender youth have a high risk of adverse mental health outcomes. Family acceptance may play a protective role in transgender youth’s psychosocial adjustment; however, studies have largely examined acceptance independent from gender identity, averaged across family members, and in extreme examples (i.e., high acceptance or high rejection). Grounded in interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory, this study documents transgender youth’s experiences of family acceptance-rejection across family members, including siblings, and investigates the relationship between family acceptance-rejection and youth psychosocial functioning. Method: Fifty-four youth completed psychosocial questionnaires, and youth and caregivers completed semistructured clinical interviews, which were coded for family acceptance-rejection. Analyses examined associations between acceptance-rejection and psychosocial variables. Results: Lower primary caregiver past acceptance predicted increased youth depressive/anxiety symptoms/internalizing problems. Higher secondary caregiver indifference predicted increased youth depressive symptoms. Lower sibling acceptance predicted increased youth suicidal ideation. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate that family acceptance-rejection plays an important role in the psychosocial adjustment of transgender youth. New to the existing literature are the findings that caregiver indifference and sibling acceptance are associated with mental health outcomes.

Implications for Impact Statement

Family acceptance and rejection play an important role in the adjustment of transgender youth. It is imperative for providers to evaluate acceptance and rejection across family members and to work with families to foster supportive relationships.
Building Professional Competency: Training Psychologists in Gender Affirmative Care
Authors: Oransky Matthew , Burke Elizabeth Zacher , Steever John
Published: September 2019

Objective: This article describes a curriculum aimed at training psychology doctoral interns to provide gender affirmative care to transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGNC) youth. Method: The training curriculum has been developed over the last 4 years, during which time it has been offered as an elective rotation in an American Psychological Association–Accredited doctoral internship. Results: We present our educational philosophy, the progression of training activities, and 7 areas of competency that are targeted in the training. Each competency area includes a rationale for including it in the curriculum and a set of training activities organized along three primary principles of training: training that is sequential and graduated in difficulty, training that is interdisciplinary, and training that emphasizes self-reflection. Conclusion: Child and adolescent psychologists trained to work in interdisciplinary medical settings may be especially equipped to meet the mental health needs of TGNC youth. Psychologists with expertise in providing care to TGNC youth can help improve access to care through implementing training curricula for psychology trainees.

Implications for Impact Statement

This article addresses a critical gap in pediatric psychology training—training to provide gender affirmative care to transgender and gender nonconforming youth. The article describes a comprehensive training curriculum that can be adapted for multiple settings.
Newly identified LMO3-BORCS5 fusion oncogene in Ewing sarcoma at relapse is a driver of tumor progression
Authors: Dupain Célia , Gracia Céline , Harttrampf Anne C. , Rivière Julie , Geoerger Birgit , Massaad-Massade Liliane
Published: September 2019

Recently, we detected a new fusion transcript LMO3-BORCS5 in a patient with Ewing sarcoma within a cohort of relapsed pediatric cancers. LMO3-BORCS5 was as highly expressed as the characteristic fusion oncogene EWS/FLI1. However, the expression level of LMO3-BORCS5 at diagnosis was very low. Sanger sequencing depicted two LMO3-BORCS5 variants leading to loss of the functional domain LIM2 in LMO3 gene, and disruption of BORCS5. In vitro studies showed that LMO3-BORCS5 (i) increases proliferation, (ii) decreases expression of apoptosis-related genes and treatment sensitivity, and (iii) downregulates genes involved in differentiation and upregulates proliferative and extracellular matrix-related pathways. Remarkably, in vivo LMO3-BORCS5 demonstrated its high oncogenic potential by inducing tumors in mouse fibroblastic NIH-3T3 cell line. Moreover, BORCS5 probably acts, in vivo, as a tumor-suppressor gene. In conclusion, functional studies of fusion oncogenes at relapse are of great importance to define mechanisms involved in tumor progression and resistance to conventional treatments.
A role for vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids in major depression? An exploration using genomics
Authors: Milaneschi Yuri , Peyrot Wouter J. , Nivard Michel G. , Mbarek Hamdi , Boomsma Dorret I. , W.J.H. Penninx Brenda
Published: September 2019

Trials testing the effect of vitamin D or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3-PUFA) supplementation on major depressive disorder (MDD) reported conflicting findings. These trials were inspired by epidemiological evidence suggesting an inverse association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) and n3-PUFA levels with MDD. Observational associations may emerge from unresolved confounding, shared genetic risk, or direct causal relationships. We explored the nature of these associations exploiting data and statistical tools from genomics. Results from genome-wide association studies on 25-OH-D (N = 79 366), n3-PUFA (N = 24 925), and MDD (135 458 cases, 344 901 controls) were applied to individual-level data (>2000 subjects with measures of genotype, DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) lifetime MDD diagnoses and circulating 25-OH-D and n3-PUFA) and summary-level data analyses. Shared genetic risk between traits was tested by polygenic risk scores (PRS). Two-sample Mendelian Randomization (2SMR) analyses tested the potential bidirectional causality between traits. In individual-level data analyses, PRS were associated with the phenotype of the same trait (PRS 25-OH-D p = 1.4e − 20, PRS n3-PUFA p = 9.3e − 6, PRS MDD p = 1.4e − 4), but not with the other phenotypes, suggesting a lack of shared genetic effects. In summary-level data analyses, 2SMR analyses provided no evidence of a causal role on MDD of 25-OH-D (p = 0.50) or n3-PUFA (p = 0.16), or for a causal role of MDD on 25-OH-D (p = 0.25) or n3-PUFA (p = 0.66). Applying genomics tools indicated that shared genetic risk or direct causality between 25-OH-D, n3-PUFA, and MDD is unlikely: unresolved confounding may explain the associations reported in observational studies. These findings represent a cautionary tale for testing supplementation of these compounds in preventing or treating MDD.
Coordination chemistry of 2D and layered gray arsenic: photochemical functionalization with chromium hexacarbonyl
Authors: Sturala Jiri , Sofer Zdenek , Pumera Martin
Published: September 2019

The functionalization of layered materials is one of the current challenges in material science. Exfoliated rhombohedral (gray) arsenic represents a promising layered material for the fabrication of electronic devices and sensors; however, synthetic protocols for tuning its properties or protecting the surface by covalent functionalization are not known. In this communication, we present its covalent functionalization accompanied by the exfoliation of rhombohedral arsenic in the presence of ultraviolet light irradiation and chromium hexacarbonyl. During this modification, the arsenic atoms act as ligands to the chromium metal center. We believe that this study provides a promising approach for the modification of rhombohedral few-layer arsenene and enables its application in various fields, including electronic devices, sensors, and energy devices.
Neural sensitization improves encoding fidelity in the primate retina
Authors: Appleby Todd R. , Manookin Michael B.
Published: September 2019

An animal’s motion through the environment can induce large and frequent fluctuations in light intensity on the retina. These fluctuations pose a major challenge to neural circuits tasked with encoding visual information, as they can cause cells to adapt and lose sensitivity. Here, we report that sensitization, a short-term plasticity mechanism, solves this difficult computational problem by maintaining neuronal sensitivity in the face of these fluctuations. The numerically dominant output pathway in the macaque monkey retina, the midget (parvocellular-projecting) pathway, undergoes sensitization under specific conditions, including simulated eye movements. Sensitization is present in the excitatory synaptic inputs from midget bipolar cells and is mediated by presynaptic disinhibition from a wide-field mechanism extending >0.5 mm along the retinal surface. Direct physiological recordings and a computational model indicate that sensitization in the midget pathway supports accurate sensory encoding and prevents a loss of responsiveness during dynamic visual processing.
Ethylene-mediated nitric oxide depletion pre-adapts plants to hypoxia stress
Authors: Hartman Sjon , Liu Zeguang , van Veen Hans , Vicente Jorge , Reinen Emilie , Martopawiro Shanice , Zhang Hongtao , van Dongen Nienke , Bosman Femke , Bassel George W. , Visser Eric J. W. , Bailey-Serres Julia , Theodoulou Frederica L. , Hebelstrup Kim H. , Gibbs Daniel J. , Holdsworth Michael J. , Sasidharan Rashmi , Voesenek Laurentius A. C. J.
Published: September 2019

Timely perception of adverse environmental changes is critical for survival. Dynamic changes in gases are important cues for plants to sense environmental perturbations, such as submergence. In Arabidopsis thaliana, changes in oxygen and nitric oxide (NO) control the stability of ERFVII transcription factors. ERFVII proteolysis is regulated by the N-degron pathway and mediates adaptation to flooding-induced hypoxia. However, how plants detect and transduce early submergence signals remains elusive. Here we show that plants can rapidly detect submergence through passive ethylene entrapment and use this signal to pre-adapt to impending hypoxia. Ethylene can enhance ERFVII stability prior to hypoxia by increasing the NO-scavenger PHYTOGLOBIN1. This ethylene-mediated NO depletion and consequent ERFVII accumulation pre-adapts plants to survive subsequent hypoxia. Our results reveal the biological link between three gaseous signals for the regulation of flooding survival and identifies key regulatory targets for early stress perception that could be pivotal for developing flood-tolerant crops.
Publisher Correction: CD146-HIF-1α hypoxic reprogramming drives vascular remodeling and pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Luo Yongting , Teng Xiao , Zhang Lingling , Chen Jianan , Liu Zheng , Chen Xuehui , Zhao Shuai , Yang Sai , Feng Jing , Yan Xiyun
Published: September 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Dimensional ensemble and (topological) fracton thermodynamics: the slow route to equilibrium
Authors: Flores J. C.
Published: September 2019

The use of the dimensional-ensemble becomes compulsory when spatial dimensions are not well defined. Consequently, apart from temperature, thermodynamic equilibrium requires an additional configurational parameter. Two representative cases are considered in detail: oscillators with undefined spatial dimension and topological fractons. Spatial dimension and energy are determined as a function of temperature in both cases. At low temperatures, specific heat behaves exponentially, meaning it creates a slow route to equilibrium. In accordance with experiments, calculations suggest that the spatial dimension diminishes when temperature decreases. Parameter values are computed using data obtained from almost two-dimensional graphene and porous compounds.
Development of flash-flood tolerant and durable bacterial blight resistant versions of mega rice variety ‘Swarna’ through marker-assisted backcross breeding
Authors: Pradhan Sharat Kumar , Pandit Elssa , Pawar Swapnil , Baksh Shaikh Yasin , Mukherjee Arup Kumar , Mohanty Shakti Prakash
Published: September 2019

Bacterial blight (BB) disease and submergence due to flash flood are the two major constraints for achieving higher yield from rainfed lowland rice. Marker-assisted backcross breeding was followed to develop submergence tolerant and durable BB resistant variety in the background of popular cultivar ‘Swarna’. Four BB resistance genesviz., Xa4,xa5,xa13,Xa21andSub1QTL for submergence tolerance were incorporated into the mega variety. Foreground selection for the five target genes was performed using closely linked markers and tracked in each backcross generations. Background selection in plants carrying the target genes was performed by using 100 simple sequence repeat markers. Amongst backcross derivatives, the plant carrying five target genes and maximum recurrent parent genome content was selected in each generation and hybridized with recipient parent. Eighteen BC3F2plants were obtained by selfing the selected BC3F1line. Amongst the pyramided lines, 3 lines were homozygous for all the target genes. Bioassay of the 18 pyramided lines containing BB resistance genes was conducted against differentXoostrains conferred very high levels of resistance to the predominant isolates. The pyramided lines also exhibited submergence tolerance for 14 days. The pyramided lines were similar to the recurrent parent in 14 morpho-quality traits.
Transcriptome and gene expression analysis of three developmental stages of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei
Authors: Noriega Daniel D. , Arias Paula L. , Barbosa Helena R. , Arraes Fabricio B. M. , Ossa Gustavo A. , Villegas Bernardo , Coelho Roberta R. , Albuquerque Erika V. S. , Togawa Roberto C. , Grynberg Priscila , Wang Haichuan , Vélez Ana M. , Arboleda Jorge W. , Grossi-de-Sa Maria F. , Silva Maria C. M. , Valencia-Jiménez Arnubio
Published: September 2019

Coffee production is a global industry valued at approximately 173 billion US dollars. One of the main challenges facing coffee production is the management of the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, which is considered the primary arthropod pest of coffee worldwide. Current control strategies are inefficient for CBB management. Although biotechnological alternatives, including RNA interference (RNAi), have been proposed in recent years to control insect pests, characterizing the genetics of the target pest is essential for the successful application of these emerging technologies. In this study, we employed RNA-seq to obtain the transcriptome of three developmental stages of the CBB (larva, female and male) to increase our understanding of the CBB life cycle in relation to molecular features. The CBB transcriptome was sequenced using Illumina Hiseq and assembled de novo. Differential gene expression analysis was performed across the developmental stages. The final assembly produced 29,434 unigenes, of which 4,664 transcripts were differentially expressed. Genes linked to crucial physiological functions, such as digestion and detoxification, were determined to be tightly regulated between the reproductive and nonreproductive stages of CBB. The data obtained in this study help to elucidate the critical roles that several genes play as regulatory elements in CBB development.