bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—The Geology of the Lower Coal-measures of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire portion of the Yorkshire Coalfield
Authors: Vernon Robert Douglass
Published: May 2009

The lithological character and sequence of the lower part of the Coal-measures of the Yorkshire Coalfield have been well known since the publication of the memoir by the Geological Survey in 1878. No connected account of the explorations in the equivalent measures of the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire portion of the coalfield has been written; thus the close correspondence which exists between the lower part of the Coal-measures of Yorkshire and that of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire is still generally unknown.
I.—Pitted Pebbles in the Bunter Conglomerate of Cannock Chase
Authors: Mellard Reade T.
Published: May 2009

In a letter to this Magazine of May, 1895, headed “The Indentation of the Bunter Pebbles,” Mr. W. S. Gresley criticizes the summing-up of my views, given in the ‘Annals of British Geology’ (1892, p. 52), that “The indentation of the pebbles he considers to be the result of contact-solution, the water being retained at these spots by capillary attraction.” It would have been more satisfactory if Mr. Gresley could have read my original paper before penning his letter, as he would then not have assumed that I “adduce no evidence in support of the chemical theory.”
The Seismological Journal of Japan. Vol. IV, 1895 (corresponding to vol. xx of the “Transactions of the Seismological Society): Edited By Prof.J. Milne. pp. xxi + 367.
Authors: Davison C.
Published: May 2009

Many of the preceding volumes of this well-known series may have possessed a wider interest, but few, if any, are of greater value, or will more profoundly influence the progress of seismology, than that which is now before us. This evidently is a work which is neither to be “tasted” nor “swallowed,” nor even to be “chewed and digested.” It is intended for those who make books, not for those who read them. It will be the parent of many papers. For in these somewhat unattractive-looking pages are gathered materials for the harmonic analyzer and facts for the student of terrestrial evolution. Only the labour is required, and that will soon be forthcoming, and we shall know something about the laws which govern the distribution of earthquakes in space and time, at any rate in the country where they have been most widely and successfully studied.
V.—The Zone of Hoplites Interruptus (Brugdière) at Black Ven, Charmouth
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

Lying unconformably upon the well-known Liassic beds of Black Ven, the cliff which overhangs the sea-shore between Lyme Regis and Charmouth, occur beds of Cretaceous age, representing the Gault and Upper Greensand of other localities. The lower beds consist of loams, dark and almost black where the clay predominates over the sand, and lighter where the sand is present in larger quantities. Above these loams are yellow sands containing indurated nodules called ‘Cowstones,’ which, with the ‘Foxmould’ sands above them, have been considered to represent the zone of Schlœnbachia rostrata (Sowerby). The dark loams below them represent, therefore, the zone of Hoplites interruptus (Bruguière).
III.—Hot Springs
Authors: Schwarz Ernest H. L.
Published: May 2009

Through the great kindness of Professor Suess I have received the full text of his paper on Hot Springs, read before the Congress of Naturforscher und Aerzte held last year in Karlsbad, in which he adduces very strong arguments in favour of their being due to vapours given off from the molten interior of the earth as it gradually cools. I have for a long time been observing the hot springs that occur in the Cape Colony, and had come to the conclusion that they were surface-waters that had sunk deep into the earth's crust, and were returned heated in consequence of their having been in the neighbourhood of potential fusion of the rocks. This latter view I alluded to in a recent paper, and I do not like to have to give up a long-cherished idea before submitting to the public a statement of the reasons that led me to my view of the subject.
III.—On the Zone of Marsupites in the Chalk at Beddington, Near Croydon, Surrey
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: May 2009

On hearing that Mr. G. E. Dibley, F.G.S., had exhibited at the June meeting of the Geologists' Association some test-plates of Marsupites from the Chalk of a new road near Russell Hill, I made inquiries of him, and he most kindly told me the particular locality where he and others had obtained these fossils. As the place was within an easy walk of my home, I visited it, in company with the younger members of my family, on an evening in June, and found, as Mr. Dibley had told me, that the greater part of the Chalk had been refilled into the sewer-trench, and the residue had been spread over the roadway and was now partly trodden down by the traffic. We patiently broke a number of the remaining blocks of chalk, and, in spite of the fact that Mr. Dibley had already carefully worked at the place, succeeded in finding not only a couple of plates of Marsupites with Echinocorys scutatus, etc., but also some smaller inconspicuous plates which, when cleaned from the matrix, proved to be test-plates of the unstalked, free-swimming crinoid, Uintacrinus, Grinnell. These showed the existence at this place of the lower portion of the Marsupites-zone, which has been designated by Dr. Rowe the “Band of Uintacrinus.”
VII.—On the Cause of Compression of the Earth's Crust
Authors: Fisher Rev. O.
Published: May 2009

I Used to think that the corrugations of the earth's crust were due to compression through the shrinking of the interior. To judge of the sufficiency of this cause the first thing to be done is to seek a measure of the compression, and then to compare the result of the effects of cooling with the actual amount of compression. The most satisfactory measure appears to be the thickness of the layer which the corrugations would form if levelled down. The question then becomes one of how much. In 1863 Lord Kelvin (then Sir W. Thomson) formulated a law of secular cooling upon the hypothesis that the interior is solid. Adopting a probable value for the contraction of rocks in cooling, I calculated the thickness of the layer which would be produced by the corrugations resulting, and found it far short of that which the existing inequalities would form if levelled down. Mr. Mellard Reade and Dr. Davison subsequently discovered the existence of a level of no strain within the crust, and this greatly reduces the possible amount of corrugations. The conclusion at which I arrived was that, on the hypothesis of a solid globe, secular contraction through cooling would not account for the corrugations.
V.—On Boulders from the Cambridge Drift, Collected by the Sedgwick Club
Authors: Rastall E. H.
Published: May 2009

During the past two years the Sedgwick Club has been at work on the glacial deposits in the neighbourhood of Cambridge, with special reference to the boulders contained therein. As usual, the great majority of the boulders are of local origin, but far-travelled rocks are fairly abundant, and several hundred specimens which appeared likely to be of interest have been collected. By the kindness of Professor T. McKenny Hughes, F.R.S., about fifty of the more promising types have been sliced.
V.—The Older Deutozoic Rooks of North Britain
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

It appears to be a common belief that there are two Old Red Sandstones in Scotland, and only two, which are referred to respectively as the Upper and the Lower. It is generally recognised that neither of these can be paralleled with any one of the subdivisions of the Devonian Rocks, properly so-called; though the fact that the Scottish rocks in question occupy a stratigraphical position somewhere between the top of the Silurian Rocks and the base of the Carboniferous System places their Devonian age beyond the possibility of a doubt. The Upper Old Red is considered by most persons to graduate upwards into the Carboniferous Rocks, which, by the way, is by no means universally the case. It is also stated, with equal confidence, and with as little regard to the facts, that the Lower Old Red Sandstone graduates downward into the Silurian Rocks, which it certainly does not, as will be shown more fully in another part of this paper. Furthermore, it is still commonly believed that bands yielding Silurian graptolites alternate with the base of the Lower Old Red Sandstone, and that Lower Carboniferous fossils occur in bands of rock interstratified with true Upper Old Red Sandstone. Both of these ideas are well known to have been due to errors of observation; yet the statements in question, having found their way into the papers set by examiners, seem destined to die a hard death, and therefore need to be contradicted.
VII.—The Rhætic Section at Wigston, Leicestershire
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

At the Glen-Parva Brickworks, Wigston, near Leicester, is the finest section of the Rhætic beds that is to be seen in the Midlands. The large subcircular pit where the beds are displayd at once arrests the attention of the traveller on the adjacent railway as an excavation of more than usual size.
I.—Preliminary Note on a New Artiodactyle from Majorca, Myotragus balearicus, gen. et sp. nov.
Authors: Bate Dorothea M. A.
Published: May 2009

In March of the present year (1909) the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen, who was then travelling in Majorca, wrote to inform me of the existence of a supposed ossiferous breccia situated on the east coast of that island. This caused a long-deferred project of exploring the Balearic Islands in search of Pleistocene cave-deposits to be carried out, and a month was spent in this manner, although a much longer period would be required for an exhaustive examination of Majorca alone, which was the only one of the group visited. A considerable tract of limestone country was investigated, and the result was the discovery of three ossiferous cave-deposits, including the one mentioned above. Similar remains were procured from each of these, and on examination prove to be those of an ungulate which appears to be without parallel. No great quantity of material was obtained, but this fortunately includes a well-preserved skull of an old individual with the associated mandible and atlas vertebra—the typespecimen, see Fig. 1—as well as a number of perfect examples of various limb-bones.
VI.—On the Correlation of the English Tertiary Beds with those of the Continent
Authors: von Koenen A.
Published: May 2009

Schimper (Traité de Paléontologie végétale, t. iii, p. 680) established in 1874 his Étage paléocène pour les “Sables de Bracheux, Travertins anciens, Lignites et grés du Soissonnais”, which are coeval with the Thanet Sands and the Woolwich Series. As there is a natural break between these and the London Clay (=the French Sables de Cuise), and as the Eocene contained more varied faunas than the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene Tertiaries, I accepted that division in my description of the Kopenhague fauna, which formed the Lower Palæocene, together with the Montien of Belgium, older marine beds which are unknown in England.
VII.—Obsidianites in the Malay Peninsula
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

The appearance of Professor E. Weinschenk's paper at the close of last year on two specimens of Moldavite from Kuttenburg, in Bohemia, affords a convenient opportunity of recording occurrences of the related ‘obsidianites’ (referred to by Professor Weinschenk as Billitonite and Australite) in the Malay Peninsula.
II.—An Account of Some Marine Fossils Contained in Limestone Nodules Found on the Mekran Beach, off the Ormara Headland, Baluchistan
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

Through the kindness of Miss Caroline Birley, of Kensington, I have been privileged to examine a collection of fossil marine shells and other organisms in her possession, which occur in drabcoloured, gritty, and siliceous limestone nodules picked up on the beach off the Ormara Headland, facing the Mekran or Baluchistan coast, 130 miles west of Karachi, by Mr. F. W. Townsend, chief executive officer of the Submarine Telegraph Service in the North Indian Ocean.
III.—A Wind-Worn Pebble in Boulder Clay
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Nearly forty years ago Mr. R. D. Darbishire obtained from the Glacial gravel of Bowdon, Cheshire, a facetted pebble, which I afterwards had the privilege of describing (Proc. Geol. Assoc., xvi, pp. 396–420, pl. xi, June, 1900). The conclusion then reached was that the pebble bore witness to the action of blown sand at a period during or not long before the deposition of that particular bed of Glacial Drift. Since, however, the pebble was in other respects similar to pebbles common in the Bunter beds, and since some had supposed the existence of desert conditions in those Triassic times, there remained the possibility, and to some minds the probability that the pebble in question had received its facets during the Triassic epoch. It may, therefore, be useful to draw attention to a distinctly facetted pebble from the Boulder Clay within twenty -five miles of Bowdon. This was found by Mr. W. D. Brown, of Burscough (north-west of Ormskirk, Lancashire), at about three feet below the surface in the Burscough Brick Company's clay pit. The pebble is composed of a greyish micaceous sandstone, weathering yellow, and too coarse and loose in texture to be capable of taking a polish. The facets on it, however, are clearly cut, and do not appear to have undergone much, if any, subsequent abrasion. Its greatest length is 37.5 mm.; greatest width, 29.5 mm.; greatest thickness, 7.9 mm. What was probably its uppermost surface, during the latest period of its exposure to wind action, shows a flat central area, of irregularly pentagonal outline, surrounded by five facets, of which one is slightly concave, one rather irregular, two slightly convex, and the last markedly convex and probably retaining the original curved surface of the pebble.
IV.—Note on the Langkofl Thrust-mass
Authors: Gordon Maria M. Ogilvie
Published: May 2009

It will be remembered that two years ago, in 1907, I pointed out the occurrence of important planes of overthrust at the base of the Dolomite Mountain-massive of Langkofl and Plattkofl in South Tyrol, which explained its apparent ‘reef-like’ form, and its curious position above Wengen lavas in some places and Muschelkalk at others. I showed that at Langkofl the Upper Werfen Strata and Muschelkalk form a shear-slice above which the Schlern Dolomite rocks of the Langkofl Mountain have been overthrust, and below which the Wengen lavas and tuffs of the Ciampinoi meadowland are present; also that the planes above and below this shear-slice are crush-planes of extremely low inclination.
V.—Some Glacial Features at Aberedw in the Wye Valley, near Builth Wells
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

While pioneering for an excursion of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Ḟield Club at Aberedw in the Wye Valley, between Builth Wells and Hay, certain very interesting physiographic features, obviously connected with Glacial action, were observed which appear worthy of record.
VIII.—Notes on the Pre-Glacial Rock-Platform on the Wexford Coast
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of a pre-Glacial marine terrace and raised beach along the coast of the south of Ireland was described by Messrs. Wright & Muff in 1904, and its development in the eastern part of co. Waterford was the subject of two short papers by the author in 1907 in this Magazine. Messrs. Wright & Muff (op. cit.) observed the same raised beach only in the south-eastern portion of co. Wexford, so that its recognition this summer by the author further north along the east coast of Ireland deserves recording, for it has been traced for several miles to the north and south of Courtown Harbour, and its height, characters, and relations to the overlying deposits show that it is a continuation of the same feature. The first locality to be mentioned is about 3 miles to the south of the village of Courtown, where relics of it are preserved between Roney Point and Salt Rock; it is still more distinct as a rock-terrace a little further north at Pollshone Head and Breanoge Head, but in the bays between these points the conditions are not favourable for its exposure, as there are no rocky cliffs, only extensive sand-dunes stretching along the shore. From Courtown Harbour northwards for about 2 miles to Duffcarrig Rocks sand-dunes are similarly developed, forming a nearly continuous line of ridges rising to heights of over 50 feet. Thick drift deposits occur behind them, but no pre-Glacial cliff or platform is exposed. At Duffcarrig Rocks solid rock again appears forming the headland, and we can recognize remnants of the rock-cut shelf in a much eroded and fissured condition.
III.—Notes on the Stratigraphical Position of Beds with Equisetum
Authors: Kendall Percy Fry
Published: May 2009

Dr. Nathorst mentioned to me in 1910 the fact that the rhizomes of Equisetum columnaris had not been observed, and I offered to show him a place where I thought they would be found. He had not time to visit the section on that occasion, but in the following year Dr. T. G. Halle accompanied me to the exposure and agreeably to expectation the rhizomes were found within a few minutes of our arrival.
VI.—Spilite Lavas and Radiolarian Rocks in New South Wales
Authors: Benson W. Noël
Published: May 2009

The very interesting remarks made by Messrs. Dewey and Flett on “Some British Pillow-lavas and the Rocks associated with them” have further emphasized Dr. Teall's observation of the intimate association of Radiolarian rocks with lavas of this character, and which is particularly well developed in Europe in the later Devonian formations. It is further shown that such rocks are characteristic of areas of continuous off-shore subsidence, and are often intimately associated with intrusions of dolerite, quartz dolerite, gabbro, and serpentine.
VII.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

The Upper Trias of Leicestershire as a whole occupies the western half of the county, being bounded on the east more or less by the Soar Valley, following the strike (as a subsequent in part of its course up to its junction with the Wreake). In fact, it is on the eastern boundary near the outcrop that the beds are mainly best exposed, the region to the west south of the coal-field around which it mantles being little developed and presenting fewer exposures.
V.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

This district is bounded on the north by the Coalville and Ashby line, on the west and south by the county boundaries, on the east by the Shackerstone and Market Bosworth lines. In the north are exposures of Coal-measures, Permian breccias, and Bunter, which the Trias in turn rests upon unconformably. The Lower Keuper forms a long tract on the west not more than two miles in breadth, forming a good feature, the sandstones giving rise to scarps, whilst the Red Mail occupies the rest of the district to the east. On the south-west beds of sandstone form marked features, which also give rise to bold escarpments, whilst the Red Marl itself constitutes a uniform plateau with little or no variation in heights. There are few exposures in the marls, which on the extreme east are covered by a mantle of Boulder-clay and sands. The River Sence and the Sence Brook, however, cut down to the lower parts of the Red Marl, and a good deal of alluvium fills the valleys to the south. The altitude over most of this ground rises uniformly above 300 feet, and in some parts to over 400, rarely sinking below 250. A ridge of hills is formed by the Orton Sandstone striking north-west and south-east, and another ridge meets it at right angles from Market Bosworth.
I.—On a new Cynodont from the Stormberg
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

When I visited the town of Burghersdorp, Cape Colony, with the aid of a grant from the Percy Sladen Trustees, I was given by Mr. Maasdorp, the district surveyor, some fossil bones which he had collected at a locality on the farm Witkop, District Albert. Subsequently, through the kindness of D. V. Kannemeyer, Esq., its owner, I had the opportunity of examining the spot and obtained remains of Theropodous Dermosaurs, showing, as was already perfectly clear from its stratigraphical relations, that the locality lay in the ‘Red Beds’ of the Stormberg Series far above the Cynognathus beds of Burghersdorp, which have yielded so many Cynodont remains.
II.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Three are a number of simple Cheilostomata which develop avicularia distinctly larger than the zoœcia and more or less constricted in the middle by prominent masses apparently due to infolds of the side walls. Eschara Lesueuri, Hag., sp., is a good example, and others have been figured by D'Orbigny. Similar forms are not uncommon in the English Chalk, but it is curious that all the foreign forms seem to be of branching Biflustrine habit, while all the English species I have yet met with form unilaminate sheets.
V.—On the Discovery of Fossil Plants in the Old Hill Marls of the South Staffordshire Coal-field
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: May 2009

It is unfortunately true that our present knowledge of the fossil flora of the South Staffordshire Coal-field is lamentable, considering its size and importance and the abundance of fossils which it is known to contain. All that has been recorded from this coal-field is contained in a single paper by Dr. Kidston, published twenty-five years ago, on the fossil plants of the Hamstead boring, with the addition more recently of a scanty list of fossils from the Langley Green boring, and some other special studies on certain particular fossils, such as Crossotheca and the fructification of Neuropteris. Prior to these records Hooker alone appears to have described plants from this coal-field.
II.—Notes on new or Imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Avicularia of what I have called the Lesueuri-type are not confined to Membranipora. There are at least two species provided with them which come nearer to Semieschara.
IV.—The Minerals of the Barrington Bone-bed
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

One of the most important and most interesting features of the geology of the Cambridge district is the deposit at Barrington, so widely known for its richness in mammalian remains. This bone-bed has been described many times, and the literature is large. Most of the descriptions, however, confine themselves chiefly to the organic contents, mentioning briefly the character of the larger stones and pebbles, and saying little or nothing about the nature of the finer matrix in which these are embedded.
VI.—On the Occurrence of the Lynx in North Wales and Derbyshire
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

On looking over a miscellaneous collection of animal bones from a cave in North Wales, sent to me for identification by Mr. John H. Morris, of West Bromwich, I was pleased to discover the remains of the lynx, and as our knowledge of the occurrences of this animal in the British Isles is so scanty, it seems to me to be of some interest to record the present discovery.
III.—The Position of the Merostomata
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

More than fifty years since a great impulse was given to the study of a new and strange group of Palæozoic Arthropoda whose remains were almost simultaneously brought to light in New York, in England, Scotland, and in the Baltic island of Oesel, and attracted the attention of numerous palæontologists both in this country and in America. Among others may be cited Hugh Miller and the elder Agassiz, who at first believed them to be fish (1844), but the latter afterwards was convinced that they were in reality the remains of an enormous Crustacean.
IV.—The Lantern of Perischodomus
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

Some years ago Mr. D. M. S. Watson and I collected, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Clitheroe, Lancashire, a considerable series of Echinoids. One slab of the limestone (measuring 16 × 12 cm.) is covered by a great number of disjointed plates and other skeletal fragments of a large Perischodomus, probably P. bliserialis, M'Coy. Dr. R. T. Jackson refers to the specimen (Phylogeny of the Echini, p. 406), and, as the jaw fragments show features not hitherto described for the genus, it seems advisable to give a brief account of it. The preservation of a compass is a point of special interest, as these delicate structures are known in very few cases in the fossil state.
II.—Micropholis Stowi, Huxley, A Temnospondylous Amphibian from South Africa
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

Micropholis Stowi was described by Huxley in 1859 from a small and very incompletely preserved skull found by G. W. Stow at Rhenosterberg (north-west of New Bethesda), District Graaf Reinet, Cape Colony. Subsequently R. Owen described another specimen as Petrophryne granulata. In his description he suggested that it might prove to be identical with Huxley's type. The British Museum now contains these two type-specimens and three other examples of the form, all except Huxley's type being from the Procolophon zone of Donnybrook, Upper Zwartkei, District Queenstown.
III.—Psalidocrinus: A new genus of Crinoidea from the Tithonian of Stramberg
Authors: Remeš Mauric , Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The species Eugeniacrinites stramlergensis was described by me in 1912 (pp. 161, 167, pi. iii, fig. 2) on the evidence of a single specimen (A). Examination of a better specimen (B), subsequently acquired, and believed to be of the same species, has convinced me that, though the species appears to belong to the family Eugeniacrinidæ, Zittel, still it belongs to none of the known genera. This new genus, it is true, resembles Apsidocrinus in the union of its interradial processes, which, form a kind of vault above the patinal cavity (Jaekel, 1907, p. 304; Remeš, 1912, pp. 163, 168), but it differs from that genus in the form of the interradial processes, and especially in the size and shape of the radial facets.
V.—Notes on the Cretaceous Formation of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Mawson Joseph
Published: May 2009

The Cretaceous formation of Bahia, first brought prominently to notice by the discoveries of Allport in 1859, has been in great part examined and described by the late Professor Hartt, by Dr. O. A. Derby, by Dr. B,. Rathbun, and by Dr. J. C. Branner. Some additional observations made by the present writer were published in the Geological Society's Journal of May, 1907, to accompany Dr. A. Smith Woodward's paper on the Vertebrate Fossils of the formation.
VII.–Geological Notes on a Human Skeleton found in Silt at Savonas, British Columbia
Authors: Monckton Geoffrey F.
Published: May 2009

In the early part of 1910 I noticed some bones projecting from a cliff near the foot of Kamloops Lake, B.C. The cliff is composed of silt, and belongs to the formation known as the White Silts. These belong to the Quaternary period, having been laid down during the retreat of the great glacier. They stand in very steep banks, which is partly due to the small rainfall, only 7 inches, in this district. Little streams of water from melting snow, collecting in a hollow on the flat behind, had been for three years or so gradually cutting a fissure, and it was in the side of this fissure that these bones appeared. Some cutting down of the face of the cliff to bank up the trail exposed them more, and at the end of the year a road was made up it and we took them out. The silt is very definitely laminated. There are also a few seams of fine pebbles through it.
VI.—Note on a Buried (East Mercian) River Channel near Peterborough
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

In the Peterborough, Advertiser for December 16, 1911, there appeared an illustrated article on a “recent discovery” of a silted-up pre-glacial river-valley, 250 yards wide, at Fletton, near Peterborough. Eliminating from that article a good deal of scientific romance, there remains a certain residuum of geological facts, so far as the determination of them by the writer of this note has been carried out, through the courtesy of Mr. A. Adams, the Manager of the London Brick Company's works.
VII.—The ‘Weathering out’ of Striations upon Flint
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: May 2009

For some time past I have had a difficulty in understanding how certain striated flints from various horizons stood, without breaking, the pressure to which they must have been subjected when such markings were imposed upon them. This difficulty increased when I found that thin flakes from the present land surface exhibited well-marked striæ, and as experiments with my presses had shown that even large flints will break up under no very great pressure, the possibility occurred to me of these scratches having altered since the flints were first subjected to the scratching process. I reasoned that if a point passed over a flint under pressure the area upon which the point impinged would be shattered, and that small plates or splinters of flint would be formed along the line of movement. I also concluded that, as with the thin plates which are produced on a flint when flaking, and which are not found upon implements which have been exposed to atmospheric conditions, these fragments would in time, by thermal effects, ‘weather out’ and leave a clean-cut groove behind.
II.—“The Origin of Mountains”: a Reply
Authors: Fisher Rev. O.
Published: May 2009

I am content to leave to the readers of the Geological Magazine the question whether Colonel Burrard's theory of the elevation of mountains and Mr. Hayford's of the distribution of density to cause isostasy are more in accordance with geological phenomena than my theory of mountain roots supported in a dense liquid substratum. But in Colonel Burrard's reply to my paper in the Magazine for June there is a fundamental but specious error. I wrote: “Is it not possible that the earth's rotation may impart to it a ‘gyroscopic’ quasi rigidity, which may enable it to withstand the deforming influence of external forces [the attraction of the moon and sun], although at the same time forces internal to the earth will be unaffected by it.” To this Colonel Burrard replies: ”Mr. Fisher has argued that the rotation of the earth will give to the liquid interior an effective rigidity; but this rotation has conferred no rigidity upon our oceans, and even if it did render the liquid interior rigid, it would only do so in low latitudes where the rotation velocity is high. I understand, moreover, that the earth's interior was assumed by Mr. Fisher to be liquid, in order to explain the floatation of the crust. If the liquid is now proved to be rigid, the crust cannot be floating upon it.”
IV.—The Plutonic Rocks of Garabal Hill
Authors: Wyllie B. K. N. , Scott Alexander
Published: May 2009

This complex of igneous rocks lies between Ardlui, at the head of Loch Lomond, and the head of Loch Fyne. In 1892 it was the subject of a fairly exhaustive paper by Teall & Dakyns, but in view of a number of new facts which we have discovered we venture to submit a re-examination of the problems connected with the complex. The mass is broken by a north-east fault. The country to the west of this fault is mainly porphyritic granite and tonalite; to the east there is tonalite and also more basic diorite and ultrabasic rocks. We shall concern ourselves mainly with the basic and ultrabasic groups, as they are somewhat unusual in the “Newer Plutonic Rocks of the Highlands”.
II.—The Recent Discussion on the Origin of the Himalayas
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

The discussion on the origin of the Himalayas, started by Sir T. H. Holland's review of Colonel Burrard's memoir, appears to have been led, by the concluding sentence of that review, into an unprofitable channel; for alike in the review and in the succeeding articles by Mr. Fisher and Colonel Burrard it seems to have been accepted that only two theories are applicable, firstly, Mr. Fisher's discussion of the theory of the disturbed tract contained in chapter x of the first and chapter xiii of the second edition of his Physics of the Earth's Crust, and, secondly, that developed by Colonel Burrard. Further, it is assumed that the former is dependent on the hypothesis of a fluid earth and the latter such as should follow from the hypothesis of a solid, highly heated, and cooling globe: the connexion, in either case, being so close that the acceptance of one or other hypothesis, of the constitution of the earth, necessitates the acceptance of one and the rejection of the other of the theories of the origin of the Himalayas.
IV.—On some Dry Chalk Valley Features
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: May 2009

The existence of a ‘wind gap’ or ‘pass’ at the head of a dry dip valley clearly points to the former extension of that valley beyond the present escarpment; and the depth of the gap is a measure of the size of the valley before being beheaded by the recession of the escarpment. Thus the gap at Merstham is about 300 feet deep, and the valley would probably have continued south some miles on to the Wealden uplands; the floor of this valley falls regularly north, and presents all the features due to a stream flowing in that direction previous to the formation of the Gault strike valley. As an instance of a less developed beheaded valley, the Maplescombe valley, which joins the Darent valley on the right bank at Farningham, may be instanced. The Maplescombe valley has a ‘wind gap’ of possibly 100 feet deep, and so its former southward extension would not have continued into the Wealden area as far as the Merstham valley; moreover, the floor does not slope regularly to the Darent, but is steepest at the head, the distance between each contour-line increasing as one descends the valley, viz.—

The present valley floor, particularly the upper part, is evidently not the one down which a stream from the Weald would have flowed, for at the above noted rate of increased slope the valley would ‘run out’ (or become extinct) at a very few hundred yards south of the present Chalk escarpment, and this short length is not compatible with the excavation of a valley 100 feet deep, such as the present wind gap.
V.—Note on the Species of Palæomastodon
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

Detailed examination of the remains of fossil mammals from the fluvio-marine beds (Upper Eocene) of the Fayûm has, in several cases, shown that the number of species of the various genera has been underestimated. This is especially the case with Palœmastodon, of which originally only one species, P. beadnelli, was recognised. Subsequently another form, P. minus, was named, and now it has become necessary to establish at least two other species, to one of which probably by far the greater number of the specimens collected must be referred.
VII.—Some Clay Beds by the Ouse
Authors: Thompson Beeby
Published: May 2009

In the maps of the Geological Survey, Quarter-sheet No. 52, S.W. (Bedford), published in 1863, Upper Lias Clay is shown as bordering the Ouse Valley between Stoke Goldington and Olney, directly overlaid by the Great Oolite, that is to say, the maps indicate an entire absence of the Inferior Oolite (Northampton Sand).
III.—Some Transvaal Eruptives
Authors: Rand R. F.
Published: May 2009

The following petrographical notes refer to examples of igneous rocks collected by the writer during a visit to the Transvaal in the Summer of 1904. Thin sections of the rocks have since been made, and it was thought the following condensed accounts of their appearances might perhaps prove a useful record.
IV.—An Occurrence of Scheelite, Near Barkerville, B.C.
Authors: Atkin Austin J. R.
Published: May 2009

Lying in the heart of the gold belt known as the Barkerville District, Hardscrabble Creek was discovered by the pioneer prospectors in 1867, and has ever since been noted for the number of heavy minerals associated with the gold. Galena and various iron minerals were recognized, but the most troublesome was a heavy white substance, which caused great trouble to the miners by packing in the sluice-boxes so tightly that the gold was carried over the firmly set particles by the amount of water required to keep the riffles clean. An investigation by an economic geologist of high standing of some lumps of the alleged mineral showed it to be barium sulphate, and no examination was made of the smaller particles.
V.—Deformation and Variation in the Sea-Level
Authors: Pearson H. W.
Published: May 2009

Changes in the relative level of sea and land along the oceanic borders of the globe seem to have been in continual progress during the entire historic period. Too slow and gradual for direct observation, they can only be detected through comparison of ancient with modern maps, records, or statements. This comparison has now, in hundreds of cases, been made, and it is well established that stability of coastline is the exception, movement of elevation or depression the rule. In one region, it has been observed, the sea for long periods of time has been in continual retreat; at another location it has been long advancing over the land, while at some third point it seems to have remained fixed in position.
IV.—The Copper Deposits of Michigan
Authors: Wadsworth M. E.
Published: May 2009

In looking at the map of the Great Lake region, you have all noticed the backward bending thumb of Michigan projecting into the icy waters of Lake Superior; yet but few of you, perhaps, have realized that extending along that thumb there runs a band or ring of native copper. It does not, like most gold or silver bands, extend around the finger, but along it—from the base of the hand to the end of the thumb—this central band lies embedded in the flesh binding all together. Shall we now dissect it, laying bare its flesh, muscle, and bone, and try to explain its marvellous organization ?
III.—The Destruction and Shattering of the Chalk of Eastern England
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

A Short time ago I read a paper before the Geological Society, of which an abstract appeared in the Proceedings, in which I discussed some questions of critical interest in the geology of East Anglia.
IV.—Post-Pliocene Submergence of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

I Am tempted to offer a few notes with the conclusions I arrived at during some weeks residence this summer in the Isle of Wight, having been struck with the remarkably definite data which the island affords regarding the maximum depth of the submergence (or height of emergence) during the post-Pliocene period. The “plateau-gravels,” which are the main factors in the determination of the amount of submergence, have now been mapped by the Geological Survey, together with the other post-Tertiary deposits; but as regards their mode of formation the Survey (I believe) in its collective capacity refrains from expressing an opinion. I, for my part, have no hesitation in bespeaking for them a marine origin—(1) because of their wide distribution; (2) because of their elevated position, as shown by Mr. Codrington, Prof. Prestwich, and other writers, which is far beyond the reach of the rivers past or present; (3) because of their stratified structure and their composition. There remain the two other hypotheses, both equally out of the question—that they are lake deposits, or that they are of glacial origin. The absence of shells in the higher levels, reaching to 300–500 feet, is easily explained, and is no argument against marine conditions of deposition, as the percolation of subærial waters through such open and porous beds must necessarily have dissolved away the material of which marine organisms are mainly formed. As regards the geological age of the plateau-gravels of the Isle of Wight and Dorset, there can be little doubt that they are post-Tertiary, as they are found resting indiscriminately on all Tertiary strata of those parts. Prof. Prestwich classes them under the head of “Southern Drift,” and distinguishes them from his “Westleton Beds” on the ground mainly of difference in the composition of their constituent pebbles, and their separation from the Westleton Beds of the East of England and the Thames Basin by a barrier along the Wealden ridge. But even admitting this separation, the beds may be representative as regards age; and as for the absence or presence of certain pebbles (such as white quartz, etc), it can scarcely be expected that in any beds of conglomerate of wide extension there should be no variation in the composition of the constituent pebbles. Perhaps, on reconsideration, Prof. Prestwich might be inclined to admit that the plateau-gravel of the south and the Westleton gravel of the centre and east may be contemporaneous. With these preliminary observations, I proceed to the evidence of submergence and emergence afforded by these beds in the Isle of Wight.
II.—The Ice-Avalanche on the Gemmi Pass (Switzerland)
Authors: Du Riche Preller C. S.
Published: May 2009

It is a noteworthy fact that, although Alpine glaciers have, during the last few years, not shown any very marked oscillations, the Central Alps have, since the year 1892, been annually visited by a disaster caused, directly or indirectly, by the bursting or falling of a glacier. Thus, in 1892, the Tête Rousse glacier of the Mont Blanc group swept away the Baths of St. Gervais; in 1893, the village of Taesch, between Viess and Zermatt, was devastated by the torrent of the Weingarten glacier, not far from the village of Randa, which was destroyed by a glacier avalanche in the year 1819; again, in 1894, the torrent of the Crête glacier (Grand Combin group, Rhone valley) suddenly poured its flood into the river Dranse, and thereby endangered the town of Martigny; while last year the record was swelled by the avalanche of the Altels glacier on the north side of the Gemmi Pass, in the Bernese Oberland.
IV.—The Altered Clastic Rocks of the Southern Highlands, their Structure and Succession
Authors: Macnair Peter
Published: May 2009

I Have not been able to trace the exact relationships of this zone, with its bands of limestone, to those already given, as underlying it. Certain grits and quartzites occurring on the top of the Ben Lawers ridge may possibly belong to it, and it is certain that many of the quartzites and grits of Glenlyon, Blair Athole, and Ben Y Ghloe belong to a horizon higher than the upper argillaceous series just described. Leaving the matter thus in the meantime, until further research shall explain their true relationship, it is certain that an arenaceous band of grits and quartzites succeeds the sericite and graphite schists of the upper argillaceous zone, thus completing the whole cycle of deposits, though no evidence has yet been forthcoming to show what or where the top of this series may be.
II.—On Enclosures of Glass in a Basalt near Bertrich, in the Eifel
Authors: Foley Mary C.
Published: May 2009

During a short holiday spent last summer in the Eifel, I was much struck with the occurrence of an extremely vesicular, dark-green glass in the lava at Bertrich, the most southerly point of the district at which traces of volcanic action are to be met with. It lies in the valley of the Uessbach, a little stream that flows into the Alf, a tributary of the Moselle. In all probability the ground on which Bertrich now stands was at one time covered with lava, and if the course of the Uessbach be followed for about a mile and a half above the town, thick patches of it may be clearly seen on either side of the present bed of the stream, all traces of it ceasing higher up the valley. It is well exposed in a quarry known as the Mühlrech, on the left bank of the Uessbach immediately below the high road to Kenfus, and about a mile above Bertrich. Here the lava exhibits a fine section about 90 feet high, but it is being rapidly cleared away for road metal. The quarry lies immediately at the mouth of a side-valley called the Müllischwiese, which commences near the foot of the Falkenlei, one of the three craters that overshadow Bertrich, and gently slopes down for a distance of about three-quarters of a mile into the valley of the Uessbach. The lava which can be thus so easily traced down to Bertrich is part of a great stream which in all probability commenced at some point in the Müllischwiese, and followed the course of the Uessbach, filling its channel to a considerable height. On its way it forms the well-known “Cheese Grotto,” about half-a-mile above Bertrich. It is difficult to determine the exact spot in the Müllischwiese at which the flow commenced, for the valley is now all under cultivation and much overgrown in places, and no traces of the flow can be seen except at the quarry to which I have referred, which is at the junction of the two valleys. Excavations have now been commenced immediately above the quarry by the side of the high-road; and the lava which is there being exposed is exactly similar to that seen below in the large quarry, only it is not so hard and compact, and presents a somewhat slaggy appearance.
V.—On Zonal Divisions of the Carboniferous System
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

The question of the zonal division of the Carboniferous system has been raised during the last twelve months, and certain fossils have already been mentioned as typical of a certain succession in a certain district or traverse of rocks. Having studied the Carboniferous system in most of the districts of Great Britain and Ireland where the beds are exposed, and chiefly from a palæontological point of view, I beg to offer for discussion a few of the facts of biological distribution which have come to my knowledge.
V.—Change of Form by Expansion as an Element in Mountain-Building
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Some critics of my theory of the “Origin of Mountain Ranges” appear to have strangely lost sight of one of the essential principles upon which it rests. This seems to have arisen through their attention having been too much engrossed with what I have said on the subject of cubical or voluminal expansion.
IX.On a new British Rock containing Nepheline and Riebeckite
Authors: Barron T.
Published: May 2009

The mineral riebeckite was first discovered by Professor T. G. Bonney in 1882, who, in a paper to the Royal Society describing a series of rock-specimens from the island of Socotra, noticed the occurrence in a granite of a mineral which, though presenting characters common to the hornblende group, he referred doubtfully to tourmaline.
IV.—The Search for Uintacrinus in England and Westphalia
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

It is just a score of years since the unstalked crinoid Uintacrinus was discovered, almost simultaneously, in the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas and the Lower Senonian of Westphalia. The American specimens were described by Grinnell and Meek, while the single European specimen was exhaustively discussed by Schlueter. Of recent years further specimens, in a better state of preservation, have been found in Kansas, and a slab purchased by the British Museum enabled me to make a more detailed study, the results of which were published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (vol. 1893, pp. 974–1004, pls. liv–lvi, April, 1896). But as to the occurrence of Uintacrinus in Europe, our knowledge at the beginning of 1896 remained as in 1876; not even from Reckling-hausen, the original Westphalian locality, had another fragment been obtained. It may therefore be a surprise to many to learn that Uintacrinus is one of the commonest fossils of the Marsupites zone, not only in the Marlstone of Westphalia, but in the Chalk of our own island, and probably at the same horizon in a good many other countries.
V.—Oscillations in the Level of the Land as shown by the Buried River-Valleys and Later Deposits in the Neighbourhood of Liverpool
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The geology of the neighbourhood of Liverpool is not on a superficial view very attractive. Nevertheless, to those interested in physical geology it presents some phenomena worthy of careful study.