bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ROLE OF THE ERYTHROCYTES IN TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM OF 4-14C-CORTISOL
Authors: Vermeulen A.
Published: December 2008

After infusion of 4-14C-cortisol, radioactivity associated with red cells amounts to 16 – 37 % of total blood radioactivity and its biological half life is similar to the half life of plasma radioactivity. Cortisol is not metabolized by erythrocytes in vitro.

Our data suggest that the corticoids are adsorbed at the red cells surface.
OESTROGEN METABOLISM IN THE HUMAN FOETUS
Authors: Diczfalusy E. , Cassmer O. , Alonso C. , de Miquel M.
Published: December 2008

In order to test the validity of a previously advanced hypothesis, that the human foetus actively participates in the oestrogen metabolism of pregnancy attempts were made to introduce different oestrogens into the foetal organism prior to surgical interruption of gestation.

Intravenous infusion into the mother of as much as 100 mg of oestriol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol) resulted in no rise at all in the oestriol concentration of amniotic fluid and only in an extremely limited increase in the conjugated oestriol content of the foetal lungs and livers. It was found that intra-amniotic injection is a most effective way of introducing oestrogen into the foetal organism, since the oestrogen injected is rapidly swallowed (perhaps also aspirated) by the foetus. The administration of 25 mg amounts of 17β-oestradiol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol) or oestriol by this route resulted in a greatly elevated concentration of conjugated oestrone (3-hydroxy-oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-17-one) + oestradiol and oestriol, respectively, in a variety of foetal organs, such as the lungs, liver, intestines, and adrenals + kidneys. Especially the lungs seemed to represent a very active site of conjugation, whereas the increase in conjugated oestrogens in the placenta was very limited.

Intra-amniotically administered 17β-oestradiol or oestriol rapidly disappeared from the amniotic fluid; it was halved in less than 2 hours and disappeared within 24 hours.
LUTEINISATION INDUCED IN »CONSTANT OESTRUS RATS« BY LOWERING OESTROGEN PRODUCTION
Authors: Flerkó Béla , Bárdos Vera
Published: December 2008

In albino rats with bilaterally placed electrolytic lesions between the optic chiasma and paraventricular nuclei and in constant vaginal oestrus with no corpora lutea in the ovaries, luteinisation could be induced (1) by unilateral ovariectomy and hemiresection of the other; (2) by grafting half of one ovary after bilateral ovariectomy into the renal capsule or (3) into the spleen. While under the experimental conditions (1) and (2) the degree of luteinisation was found to be in a reciprocal relation to the amount of the remaining or grafted ovarian tissue, intrasplenic ovarian grafts (3) always contained a large number of corpora lutea. Formation of corpora lutea could accordingly be induced in rats with constant vaginal oestrus due to hypothalamic lesions by decreasing the oestrogen level in the blood. Luteinisation was most pronounced in the intrasplenic grafted animals in which a reduction of the oestrogen producing tissue had been combined with a practically quantitative oestrogen inactivation by the liver.
IMMUNOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF HUMAN PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
Authors: Wide Leif , Roos Paul , Gemzell Carl
Published: December 2008

Human pituitary LH inhibits an haemagglutination reaction between anti-HCG-sera and HCG-coated blood cells. This immunological technique can be used for quantitative and qualitative estimation of human pituitary LH and of LH in human urine, provided no chorionic gonadotrophin is present.
THE THYROID FUNCTION IN ACUTE STEROID DEPRIVATION FOLLOWING BILATERAL ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: Einhorn J. , Franksson C.
Published: December 2008

The changes in thyroid function associated with adrenal crisis were studied in patients who had undergone bilateral adrenalectomy.

Following interruption of the cortisone therapy the thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine rose, as did the PBI concentration in the blood. On resumption of the cortisone administration, in connection with adrenal crisis, the uptake of radioiodine and PBI fell again – the latter to levels significantly lower than those prior to withdrawal of the cortisone. No similar fall was observed in adrenalectomized patients when corresponding doses of cortisone were given without preceding cortisone deprivation.

The causal relationship of changes in thyroid function to adrenal crisis is discussed.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF POST-PARTUM NECROSIS OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: Sheehan H. L. , Stanfield J. P.
Published: December 2008

From a histological study of the lesions which develop in the vessels of the human pituitary gland during the first two days after the onset of post-partum necrosis of the anterior lobe, it is concluded that the primary vascular disturbance is a spasm involving the arteries which supply the anterior lobe and the stalk. This arrests the portal blood supply and also the direct arterial blood supply to the lobe, but permits a slight circulation to continue in the stalk. If the spasm is relieved within about an hour the parenchyma suffers only a transient functional damage. If it continues for several hours all the tissues in the anterior lobe are killed and, when blood finally attempts to flow into the dead vessels, stasis and thrombosis occurs. This thrombosis is a secondary phenomenon and is not the cause of the necrosis. Variations in the extent and the duration of the spasm account for the variations in the size of the necrosis; in about half the cases the lesion involves 97 to 99 per cent of the anterior lobe, but the pars tuberalis and a small amount of the pars interloralis always survive. The arterial spasm is certainly related to a severe general circulatory collapse at the time of delivery, but the reason for its very specific localisation to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland remains obscure.
OESTROGEN METABOLISM IN THE HUMAN FOETUS
Authors: Diczfalusy E. , Cassmer O. , Alonso C. , de Miquel M. , Westin B.
Published: December 2008

In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out in order to test a previously advanced hypothesis according to which the human foetus is capable of carrying out oestrogen conjugation reactions.

In vitro incubation of slices of different foetal tissues with oestriol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol) resulted in a significantly increased concentration of conjugated oestriol in foetal liver, lungs, kidneys, adrenals, and perhaps also in skeletal muscle. No such increase was found when endometrial or myometrial tissue from an adult subject was incubated under the same experimental conditions, or when foetal tissues were incubated in the absence of oestriol.

Countercurrent distribution studies of the conjugated material formed in vitro suggest that it might be identical with oestriol

Intra-amniotic injection of 17β-estradiol ((oestra-1,3,5(10))-triene-3,17βdiol) or oestriol to volunteers in whom the foetus was previously separated in situ from its placental connections resulted in a significantly elevated concentration of conjugated oestrone ((3-hydroxy-oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien17-one). 17β-oestradiol and oestriol, respectively, in the foetal lungs and livers and – following 17β administration – also in the intestines. On the other hand, the concentration of conjugated oestrone, 17β-oestradiol or oestriol in the placental tissue was significantly lower under these conditions than in similarly treated patients with an intact foeto-placental connection.

When previable foetuses were perfused with diluted blood to which 17β-oestradiol, or oestriol was added, a significantly elevated concentration of conjugated oestrone + 17β-oestradiol, and oestriol, respectively, was found in the foetal lungs, liver, intestines, kidneys + adrenals.

It is concluded that the human foetus is already an important site of oestrogen conjugation at relatively early stages of gestation. It is suggested that these conjugation processes take place in several foetal organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, adrenals, intestines, and perhaps also other tissues.
THE SECRETION OF ANDROGEN BY THE X-IRRADIATED OVARY OF THE ADULT RAT
Authors: Shelton Margaret
Published: December 2008

In order to determine whether the secretion of androgen by the ovary of the adult rat increases after X-irradiation, irradiated ovaries were implanted into castrated male litter-mates, and pieces of prostate into both X-irradiated and normal female rats.

The grafts of irradiated ovaries failed to vascularize and grow, and did not appear to secrete androgen, as judged by the weight of the accessory sex organs of the male hosts. The results of these experiments were therefore considered inconclusive.

On the other hand, the structure of the prostatic grafts removed from female hosts indicated that the circulating level of androgen was higher in the irradiated than in the non-irradiated animals.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN ENDOCRINE RESPONSE TO CRYPTORCHIDISM
Authors: Gunn Samuel A. , Gould Thelma Clark , Anderson W. A. D.
Published: December 2008

Previous studies have revealed that the amount of administered 65Zn taken up by the rat dorsolateral prostate is a sensitive indicator of androgen level. Further experimentation demonstrated seasonal variations in the capacity of the rat dorsolateral prostate to take up 65Zn, i. e., 60 to 85 % higher 65Zn uptake values were noted at certain times of year (high phase) than at other times of year (low phase). These studies suggested using the 65Zn uptake technique to determine if there were any subtle alterations in male hormone level following surgically induced cryptorchidism in rats. This publication demonstrated than when the 65Zn uptake by the dorsolateral prostate of control animals was in a high phase, there was a transient lowering of 65Zn approximately one week following cryptorchid surgery. In contrast, at times of year when the capacity of the dorsolateral prostate to take up 65Z was already in a physiological low, there was no further depression of glandular activity caused by the cryptorchid state. These experiments emphasize the importance of hidden seasonal rhythms in endocrine experimentation, even in the laboratory rat housed under constant environmental conditions.
STUDIES OF STABLE IODINE METABOLISM AS A GUIDE TO THE INTERPRETATION OF RADIOIODINE TESTS
Authors: Koutras D. A. , Alexander W. D. , Buchanan W. W. , Crooks J. , Wayne E. J.
Published: December 2008

The results of radioiodine tests are dependent not only on thyroid function but also on the size of the iodine pools in which the radioiodine is diluted. The significance of the second factor is analysed in this paper and it is shown that there is a danger in interpreting radioiodine tests in isolation. The uptake of 131I is inversely related to the extrathyroidal inorganic iodine pool and the PB131I is inversely related to the intrathyroidal iodine pool. Both these pools may be diminished in euthyroid persons and thus a high uptake of 131I may be associated with a high PB131I and so lead to false diagnostic conclusions.

In order to avoid diagnostic errors standard 131I tests should never be reported without some knowledge of relevant clinical features, for example, whether there is the possibility of prolonged iodine deficiency, of previous treatment, of Hashimoto's disease, or of dyshormonogenesis. In this way due weight can be given to factors which increase or decrease the iodine pools of the body and discrepancies between the clinical picture and radioiodine tests become obvious. More specific investigations can then be undertaken in appropriate cases.
PLASMA LEVEL, URINARY EXCRETION AND CLEARANCE OF 17-OHCS IN RENAL PATIENTS AFTER INTRAVENOUS CORTISOL INJECTION
Authors: Pekkarinen A. , Kasanen A.
Published: December 2008

The concentrations of free and conjugated 17-OHCS in the plasma, the excretion of 17-OHCS into the urine, and the 17-OHCS clearance were determined in control subjects and renal patients after an intravenous injection of cortisol.

The average content of conjugated 17-OHCS in the plasma before the injection was three times higher in the renal group than in the control group. The conjugated 17-OHCS clearance after cortisol injection in the renal patients was three times lower than in the control group.

As the clearance investigation does not offer any advantages compared with the determination of conjugated 17-OHCS in the plasma, the authors consider that, because of its simplicity the last-mentioned determination is as the best clinical test for measuring the steroid status in renal patients.
ALDOSTERONAUSSCHEIDUNG UND ELEKTROLYTHAUSHALT UNTER PITRESSINEINWIRKUNG BEI NICHT HYDRIERTEN NORMALEN VERSUCHSPERSONEN
Authors: Franken F. H. , Irmscher K. , Daweke H.
Published: December 2008

11 normal subjects were kept on a standard diet containing 120–150 mval Na and 60–70 mval K pro die. The total fluid supply was 1500–2000 ml in 24 h. After a 6 days control period during which continuously the haematocrit values, Na, K and Cl in serum, the excretion of Na, K, Cl and aldosterone in urine, and the body weight have been checked, the subjects were given intramuscular injections each 5 IU Pitressin in oil. Further studies of the above values on the following 6–7 days showed no changement of the Na, K and Cl concentrations in serum under pitressin and also a little drop of the hematocrit values. Likewise the excretion of Na, K and Cl in urine and the body weight remained unchanged. On the contrary there was a significant drop of the aldosterone excretion in urine of about 50 % on the 2. and 3. day after pitressin was given followed by an increase above the control values.

The possible mechanism of the decreased aldosterone excretion is discussed. Since no retention of fluid and no corresponding increase of intravasal fluid volume were found an inhibition of the adrenoglomerulotrophin, and by that a decreased secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex is suggested.
OESTROGEN METABOLISM IN THE HUMAN FOETUS
Authors: Diczfalusy E. , Cassmer O. , Alonso C. , de Miquel M.
Published: December 2008

The nature of the conjugated oestrogen formed by the human foetus in vivo following intra-amniotic administration or perfusion of 17β-oestradiol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol) and oestriol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol), respectively, was studied.

Sodium 17β-oestradiol-3-sulphate and (indirectly) sodium oestrone sulphate were identified in extracts of lungs, liver and kidneys of foetuses treated with 17β-oestradiol. An additional compound, probably a conjugated form of 2-methoxy-17β-oestradiol was also detected in the liver of such foetuses.

Sodium oestriol-3-sulphate was identified in extracts of lungs, liver and kidneys of foetuses treated with oestriol.

In pooled extracts of intestines of untreated foetuses two conjugated forms of oestriol were detected; one was characterized as sodium oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate, whereas the other is presumably identical with sodium oestriol-3-sulphate.

It is concluded that among the different foetal organs at least the lungs, liver and kidneys are capable of sulphurylating steroid oestrogens. It is likely that oestrogen sulphurylation reactions also take place in other foetal organs. It is suggested that the intestinal mucosa of the human may be a potential site of oestrogen glucosiduronation.
CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF A LONG-ACTING OESTRIOL (POLYOESTRIOL PHOSPHATE)
Authors: Lauritzen Christian , Velibese Semih
Published: December 2008

A description is given of experimental investigations and preliminary clinical experience with the long-acting oestriol compound polyoestriol phosphate – a water-soluble polymere of oestriol and phosphoric acid. The compound seems to exert all the physiologically important effects of oestriol. Even with high doses the hormone causes no proliferation of the endometrium and no withdrawal bleeding. It has no untoward effect on metabolism. It decreases slightly the cholesterol concentration (to the extent of ⅓–⅕ of the effect produced by long-acting oestradiol esters). The compound has a wide therapeutic range. No side-effects have been observed. Doses of 10 mg or more have a prolonged duration. Additional prolongation of the effect is largely dependent on dosage. To ensure an effect lasting for 4 weeks 40 mg polyoestriol phosphate (corresponding with 30 mg oestriol) is required – an amount which roughly corresponds with physiological quantitative data.

The compound, which involves an interesting new principle of prolongation, was most effectively used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and genital organic disorders. For these indications it can be recommended without reservation.
THE ROLE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN INITIATION OF MILK SECRETION
Authors: Haun Charles K. , Sawyer Charles H.
Published: December 2008

Electrolytic lesions were stereotaxically placed within the hypothalamus of ovariectomized, oestrogen-primed rabbits in order to determine what influence this area of the brain exerts upon lactogenesis. Before and after production of the lesions, the mammary glands were examined grossly (in situ) and microscopically for signs of secretory activity. Milk secretion was initiated or greatly enhanced (indicating release of abundant amounts of prolactin) in those, and only those, cases in which the lesions destroyed the arcuate nucleus and the base of the ventromedial nucleus. Since this identical region has been shown to be essential for the release of pituitary ovulating hormone, the present evidence strongly supports the concept that the hypothalamo-hypophysial mechanism which stimulates the release of gonadotrophins simultaneously inhibits the release of prolactin. Lactogenesis in the rabbit would thus seen to be a phenomenon in which the adenohypophysis liberates prolactin as a consequence of suppression of the release of gonadotrophin.
PARALLEL BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF AN ADRENOCORTICAL ADENOMA FROM A PATIENT WITH PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM
Authors: Davignon Jean , Tremblay Gilles , Nowaczynski Wojciech , Koiw Erich , Genest Jacques
Published: December 2008

An adrenocortical adenoma surgically removed from a patient with primary aldosteronism was investigated by histological, histochemical and incubation-chromatographic techniques and compared to intact adrenal tissue excised from the contralateral gland. The tumour was composed almost entirely of fasciculata-like tissue and released »in vitro« cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, cortisone and 17-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone but no measurable amounts of 11β-hydroxy-androstenedione. In contrast to the contralateral gland with prominent zona glomerulosa and atrophic zona fasciculata, which responded poorly to corticotrophin (ACTH) stimulation, the tumour responded by a striking increase in the formation of cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone. An attempt was made to correlate the morphological aspect with the biochemical findings »in vitro«.
CONGENITALE NEBENNIERENRINDENHYPERPLASIE BEIM MANN MIT NORMALER KEIMDRÜSENFUNKTION UND FERTILITÄT
Authors: Bahner Friedrich , Schwarz Gerhard
Published: December 2008

Brother and sister with congenital hyperplasia of adrenal glands are described. The female, 21 years old, presents a feminine pseudohermaphroditism having before undergone a precocious puberty of the heterosexual type. The male, 33 years old, has had a precocious puberty of isosexual type. His testes are of normal size, the spermiogram permits fertility. He is father of two children.

Similar cases of congenital hyperplasia of adrenal glands with and without hypogonadism in male subjects are discussed. We suppose that atrophy of the testes depends on the oestrogen secretion of the adrenals. Over-production of androgens without oestrogens may lead to complete precocious puberty. In this case androgens may cause a precocious maturation of the hypothalamic sexual centre.
CONCURRENCE OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND RECURRENT HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Skanse Bengt
Published: December 2008

The rare concurrence of recurrent hyperthyroidism and postoperative hypoparathyroidism was observed in two patients. In contrast to previous reports, the development of hyperthyroidism was not accompanied by any increase of serum calcium or amelioration of the signs of tetany. The implications of these observations are discussed. It is suggested that this varying response to thyroid hormone among different patients may be due to differences in the degree of parathyroid insufficiency.
THE SITE OF PRODUCTION OF OESTROGENIC HORMONES IN HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Frandsen V. Aasted , Stakemann Georg
Published: December 2008

The hormone excretion was determined in five cases of pregnancy with anencephalic foetus who also had a hypotrophia of the adrenals. The only abnormality noted in the hormone excretion pattern was the consistently low excretion of oestrogenic hormones amounting to about 1/10 of the normal pregnancy level. A possible correlation between the low oestrogen excretion and the hypotrophia of the foetal adrenals is suggested.
METABOLIC STUDIES WITH METHANDROSTENOLONE (17β-HYDROXY-17α-METHYL-ANDROSTA-1,4-DIEN-3-ONE) IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Almqvist S. , Ikkos D. , Luft R.
Published: December 2008

The effect of graded doses (5, 10 and 25 mg/d of methandrostenolone and of 25 mg/d of testosterone propionate were compared in each of three metabolically stable adult subjects. Five mg/d of methandrostenolone induced nitrogen and calcium retention. The effects observed with larger doses of methandrostenolone (10 and 25 mg/d) were not quantitatively different from those with 5 mg/d. The nitrogen and calcium retention obtained with the daily dose of 5 mg of methandrostenolone was as great or greater than that induced by testosterone propionate (25 mg/d). Methandrostenolone induced creatinuria but had no effect on sodium and chloride balances and urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids.
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON A NEW PROGESTATIONAL AGENT, »ALLYLESTRENOL«
Authors: Aydar Cetin K. , Greenblatt Robert B.
Published: December 2008

1. A new steroid, 17α-allyl-17β-hydroxy-estr-4-ene (allylestrenol) is an orally effective progestational compound.

2. Forty-three female patients received 71 courses of allylestrenol. Withdrawal bleeding occurred in 59 instances, with as low a total dosage as 50 to 75 mg over a period of five days.

3. In five of the eleven patients a thermogenic response was noted.

4. Thirty to forty milligrams of allylestrenol with 0.12 to 0.2 mg of ethinyl oestradiol-3-methyl ether successfully delayed menses when administered for 20 days starting 6 to 7 days after ovulation.

5. Allylestrenol with an oestrogen induced progestational changes in a castrated female.

6. Allylestrenol did not suppress adrenal function in 2 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia but did appear to have some anti-oestrogenic effects in the treatment of two children with sexual precocity.

7. Allylestrenol is a pure and safe progestational agent without apparent androgenic, oestrogenic, or other side effects.
DER GEHALT VON ÖSTRON, 17β-ÖSTRADIOL UND ÖSTRIOL IN DER MENSCHLICHEN PLACENTA
Authors: Schmidt-Elmendorff H. W.
Published: December 2008

The concentration of free oestrone, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol was estimated in placental tissue which was freed from foetal blood by paraffin oil perfusion. The following results were obtained: oestrone 40.8 ± 15.1 μg, 17β-oestradiol 100.7 ± 16.0 μg and oestriol 180.4 ± 16.0 μg/kg placental tissue.

The concentration of the three above-mentioned oestrogens was not affected by heating the placental tissue as described by Diczfalusy & Lindkvist. Incubation of placental tissue for 3 to 24 hours at + 4° C increased the concentration of the three oestrogens.
PAPIERCHROMATOGRAPHIE DER 17-KETOSTEROIDE MIT QUANTITATIVER AUSWERTUNG
Authors: Sachs L.
Published: December 2008

The method presented is of practical value in the study of the excretion of the 17-ketosteroids, since it permits after hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid and following purification quantitative determination of:

I: 11-oxygenated 17-ketosteroids

II: 3β-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one (DHA)

III: 3β-hydroxy-androstan-17-one

IV: 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one (aetiocholanolone)

V: 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (androsterone)

VI: androstane-3,17-dione

VII: androst-5-ene-3β-chloro-17-one with other artifacts.

The separation on paperchromatogram in 7 zones is achieved by running the mobile phase two times using dimethylformamide/methylcyclohexane as solvent system. The Zimmermann reaction is employed to reveal the zones marked by reference standards which were run in lanes parallel to the extracts being tested. Then the zones are cut out and extracted with decomposition of the dyestuff and quantitative regeneration of the original ketosteroids. Pigments in the extracts were corrected for by measuring the extinctions developed in the absence of dinitrobenzene. The ketosteroids are estimated photometrically by the Zimmermann reaction. After discussing the results of recovery and related experiments, values are given concerning fractional analysis of urinary 17-ketosteroids in two normal women, and compared with tabulated data from literature. The recommended fractionation is especially valuable in the investigation of endocrinopathies, data on this will be published in a subsequent paper.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE ACTIVITY IN EXOPHTHALMOS
Authors: Björkman Sven Erik , Denneberg Torsten , Hedenskog Inge
Published: December 2008

A method for demonstrating the presence of a thyroid stimulating factor in the blood of patients with progressive exophthalmos after thyroidectomy or after treatment with radioiodine is described. The method consists of transfusing freshly drawn blood from the patients to euthyroid recipients and subsequently following the PBI level of the recipients at regular intervals.

Six exophthalmic patients tested in this manner were found to have such a factor in their circulating blood. After transfusion of their blood a significant rise in the PBI level of the recipients could be demonstrated. Two other patients, one with exophthalmos of long duration did not show this response nor did it occur after transfusion of blood from two control subjects. In one case the action of this factor was compared with that of animal thyrotrophin and found to be of the same magnitude.
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH IN TISSUE CULTURE OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM AND OF THE ISOLATED OVARIAN FOLLICLE OF THE RAT
Authors: Kullander Stig
Published: December 2008

The growth of corpus luteum tissue fragments and single ovarian follicles from rat and the hormonal influence on such growth was studied in tissue culture. Both types of tissue gave good growth.

Oestrone inhibited the growth of the theca cells around the follicles during dioestrus, but stimulated the growth of the corpus luteum fragments, provided, however, that they had been dissected from rats in dioestrus.

Progesterone appeared to inhibit the growth of theca cells from follicles removed from animals in oestrus.

F. S. H. inhibited the growth of theca cells from follicles excised from animals in dioestrus, but stimulated the growth of these cells from animals in oestrus.

L. T. H. stimulated growth of corpus luteum fragments that had been isolated from animals in oestrus, but had no effect when the specimens had been removed from animals in dioestrus.

The findings suggest that steroid hormones and gonadotrophins may directly inhibit or stimulate the growth of certain ovarian cells and that oestrogens are necessary for the gonadotrophic hormones to exert a stimulating effect locally on the ovary.
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE PROTEIN-BOUND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE CELLS OF THE SEMINAL VESICLE OF THE RAT
Authors: Hopsu Väinö K. , Kivikoski A. , Telkkä Antti
Published: December 2008

The correlation of the calculated total epithelium of rat seminal vesicle to the quantitatively determined total protein-bound sulfhydryl groups of the vesicle was investigated. The material consisted of nine testosteronetreated, nine castrated and nine control rats. The weight of the seminal vesicle, its epithelium percentage, the calculated total epithelium and the protein-bound sulfhydryl groups of the vesicle diverged in both the experimental groups significantly from the values of the control group.

A fairly good correlation was found between the calculated total epithelium of the vesicle and its calculated total sulfhydryl groups expressed in mol × 10−5. It seems likely that the quantitative determination of proteinbound sulfhydryl groups of the seminal vesicle would be a useful tool in estimating the functional state of this gland.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF THIOUREA ON THE OXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF p-PHENYLENEDIAMINE-OXIDASE (COERULOPLASMIN) IN SERUM
Authors: Keler-Bačoka Mira , Hahn A.
Published: December 2008

The effect of thiourea in concentrations of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 m on the p-phenylenediamine-oxidase activity in human sera was studied in vitro. Thiourea in a concentration of 0.01 m in serum does not significantly influence the oxidase activity of the enzyme. Concentrations of 0.05 m thiourea in serum do not significantly inhibit the p-phenylenediamine-oxidase activity after 24 hours, but after 48 hours the inhibition is significant. Concentrations of 0.10 m thiourea in serum inhibit the p-phenylenediamine-oxidase activity after 24 and 48 hours with a significance sufficiently high to destroy the enzyme completely after 72 hours.

The inhibitory action of thiourea in serum increases simultaneously with increasing concentrations of thiourea and with the time of incubation.
ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL LH CONTENT IN NORMAL, ANDROGEN-STERILIZED AND PROGESTERONE-PRIMED STERILE FEMALE RATS
Authors: Gorski Roger A. , Barraclough Charles A.
Published: December 2008

We have previously suggested that the failure of the androgen-sterilized, persistent-oestrous rat to ovulate, following electrical stimulation of the median eminence structures of the hypothalamus, is due to an insufficiency in adenohypophyseal LH concentration. Using the ovarian ascorbic acid technique for quantitative determination of pituitary LH content, the present studies have demonstrated that the sterile rat pituitary gland contains one-third the LH content of the normal prooestrous gland. Furthermore, not only does progesterone priming of this persistent-oestrous rat result in a 75 % increase in LH concentration, but on hypothalamic stimulation sufficient LH is released to induce ovulation. The decrease in LH concentration which accompanies ovulation in the progesterone-primed, sterile rat is approximately 45 % of the total gland content as compared with a 51 % decrease in pituitary content in the normal cyclic rat.
ANABOLE STEROIDE UND IHRE NEBENWIRKUNGEN
Authors: Suchowsky G. K. , Junkmann K.
Published: December 2008

Eight new steroids, which became of interest in the last few years, were studied in regard to their anabolic potency. The activity and possible sideeffects are discussed.
ADRENAL AND URINARY CORTICOSTEROIDS IN TERMINAL HEPATIC FAILURE
Authors: Ofstad J. , Støa K. F. , Emberland R.
Published: December 2008

Determinations of aldosterone (11β,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al), and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the urine and adrenals of a patient dying from hepatic insufficiency were made. In spite of an abnormally high terminal concentration in the urine of aldosterone extractable at pH 1.5, the adrenal aldosterone content was found to be on the same level as in that of three normal subjects.

The urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids was below the normal range, the fraction extractable at pH 7 being somewhat elevated, the glucuronide fraction, on the other hand, being comparatively low.
A PATIENT SUFFERING FROM TURNER'S SYNDROME AND ACROMEGALY
Authors: Willemse C. H.
Published: December 2008

A report is presented of a woman with Turner's syndrome who subsequently developed acromegaly. An eosinophil adenoma of the hypophysis was diagnosed, and removed by operation. Although there was an excess of natural growth hormone, the patient no longer showed longitudinal growth, and the epiphyseal lines were not closed. It was consequently considered that the retardation of longitudinal growth in Turner's syndrome is a result of insensitivity of the bone tissues to growth hormone.
A DISCUSSION OF THE ISOTOPE DILUTION METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SECRETORY RATES FROM URINARY METABOLITES
Authors: Gurpide Erlio , Mann Jonah , VandeWiele Raymond L. , Lieberman Seymour
Published: December 2008

The formula for estimating the secretory rate of a hormone after the intravenous administration of a single injection of a radioactive tracer of the hormone and isolation of one of its urinary metabolites has been reexamined considering a two compartment model. In this scheme the tracer is postulated to be injected into the same compartment into which the hormone is secreted. Mathematical analysis has shown that, just as in a single compartment model, the formula is valid provided the assumptions made in its derivation are maintained. However, certain situations are conceivable to which this formula would not apply. One of these is pregnancy, in which hormone made by the placenta is secreted into two compartments simultaneously (maternal and foetal pools) and metabolism occurs differently in each compartment. Secretory rate determinations of oestrogens in pregnant women by the isotope dilution method appear to be subject to the limitations defined by the model presented. Experimental data have been presented which may be rationalized by such a consideration.
THE EFFECT OF THE 11β-HYDROXYLASE BLOCKING SUBSTANCE, SU-4885, ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS AND OF MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE-LIKE ACTIVITY
Authors: Akinci T. , Apostolakis M. , Tamm J.
Published: December 2008

1. The effect of an 11β-hydroxylase inhibiting substance (SU–4885) on the urinary excretion of 17-OHCS and MSH-like activity was studied in ten normal male subjects. SU-4885 was administered both orally and intravenously in a dosage range varying from 3 to 16 g.

2. A sharp increase of free and of low polar conjugated 17-OHCS excretion was noted in every case. The 17-OHCS of higher polarity showed no consistent changes.

3. An evident increase in MSH-like activity in urine was found in only 2 subjects. A doubtful effect was present in 3 other cases.

4. It is suggested that there is no exact parallelism between ACTH and MSH response to an inhibition of cortisol biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON THE HORMONE DEPENDENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL OVARIAN TUMOURS IN RATS
Authors: Kullander Stig , Källén Bengt
Published: December 2008

Changes in experimental rat ovarian tumour response to steroids, tested in tissue culture, have been studied following subcutaneous isografting of such a tumour into animals in various endocrine conditions, and with the aid of repeated biopsies from such tumours left in situ intrasplenically in heterozygotic animals.

The in vivo response of isografted tumours indicated a stimulation by oestrogens and progesterone.

The primary tumour used for isografting experiments showed little response to steroids in vitro; the only effect obtained was a statistically non-significant arrest with oestrone (3-hydroxy-oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one). After 6 months' growth as subcutaneous grafts into hosts in various endocrine conditions, considerable changes could be demonstrated in cell response to steroids. Transplants grown in different milieus showed different responses to steroids in vitro. In some cases, stimulating effects and, in others, inhibitory ones were observed.

There was also a difference in growth activity in control cultures prepared from the various transplants.

Repeated biopsies made from tumours left in situ intrasplenically showed changes in response to androsterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one) in vitro during the life-span of the tumour. In some cases, a loss of reactivity could be found; in other cases, a capacity to respond developed.
DER EINFLUSS DES ANORGANISCHEN BLUTJODES AUF DEN JODUMSATZ BLANDER STRUMEN
Authors: Reinwein D. , Klein E.
Published: December 2008

The effect of an increased iodide level in the blood for one week on the iodine metabolism of the thyroid was investigated in 28 patients with nontoxic goiter by means of isotope and chemical analyses. The average initial values of 0.8 μg/100 ml blood iodide and of 14.3 μg/h absolute iodine uptake of the thyroid did not deviate from the previously found normal values. Increasing the iodide concentration in blood caused at first stimulation and then inhibition of the thyroid iodine uptake. Normally its complete block was reached at 30.0 μg/10 ml, whilst for the nontoxic goiter this did not occur below 100.0 μg/100 ml blood iodide. An increased thyrotrophin-effect and not the larger thyroid volume is responsible for this difference. The secretory activities of the nontoxic goiter and of the normal thyroid were equally little influenced by iodine administration.
THE SECRETORY CAPACITY OF THE AUTOTRANSPLANTED HYPOPHYSIS AS INDICATED BY THE EFFECTS OF STEROID HORMONES ON THE MAMMARY GLANDS
Authors: Ahrén Kurt
Published: December 2008

The capacity of the rat mammary gland to respond to testosterone stimulation with lobule-alveolar development only when growth hormone is present, has in these experiments been used as a method for studying whether the pituitary gland, autotransplanted into the kidney capsule, can secrete growth hormone.

Injections of 0.05 or 0.25 mg of testosterone propionate daily for 14 days did not stimulate any lobule-alveolar development in the mammary glands of castrated rats with autotransplanted hypophysis. When this treatment was given for about 4 weeks, a few alveoli were seen in the mammary glands. In castrated rats with intact pituitary gland the same doses of testosterone propionate stimulated an extense lobule-alveolar development even after only 14 days of treatment. Injections of testosterone propionate together with growth hormone in rats with autotransplanted hypophysis stimulated the same degree of lobule-alveolar development as did injections of testosterone alone in rats with intact pituitary gland.

These observations on the mammary glands indicate that there is a considerable deficiency of growth hormone in rats with the pituitary gland autotransplanted into the kidney capsule. These results are discussed, together with the value of the method used for estimating the presence of growth hormone.
ADRENOCORTICAL STEROID PROFILE IN THE HYPERTENSIVE DOG
Authors: Besch Paige K. , Brownell Katherine A. , Hartman Frank A. , Watson David J.
Published: December 2008

Five steroids more polar than cortisol were found in the adrenal vein plasma of experimentally prepared renal hypertensive dogs, while only two steroids (more polar than cortisol) were found in the adrenal effluent of the normal controls. Evidence is presented for the tentative identification of each steroid. The major compound (32%) in the hypertensive group was 11β, 17α, 20β, 21-tetrahydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one (20β-OH-cortisol).*** Those compounds that appeared in both groups were about 50% higher in the hypertensive group.
ON THE SECRETION OF CORTICOTROPHIN BY THE HOMOTRANSPLANTED PITUITARY GLAND IN THE RAT
Authors: Foster Roger , Rothchild I.
Published: December 2008

Ten week old male rats bearing pituitary gland homotransplants beneath the kidney capsule (transplanted 3 weeks previously) were hypophysectomized 24 hours prior to testing the transplant's ability to release corticotrophin (ACTH). Adrenal ascorbic acid depletion was used as the measure of ACTH release following the stimuli of ether anaesthesia and unilateral adrenalectomy, or these two stimuli, plus intravenous histamine. No significant adrenal ascorbic acid depletion occurred in such animals either 1 or 4 hours after these stimuli. The same results were obtained in rats that were hypophysectomized at the time of pituitary transplantation (7 weeks of age) and tested 3 weeks later. The transplanted pituitary glands contained ACTH at a concentration equivalent to that of the in situ glands. The rats bearing in situ as well as transplanted anterioi pituitary glands until 24 hours prior to autopsy had adrenal weights slightly but significantly heavier than comparable non-transplant-bearing animals.

The results suggest that transplantation of the adenohypophysis beneath the kidney capsule interferes with an ACTH releasing process which is most likely mediated primarily through a direct connection with the CNS. The possibility that the slightly heavier adrenals in the transplant bearing animals might be due to a non-ACTH factor secreted by the transplant was also considered.
MUCINOGENESIS AND ENZYMORPHOLOGY OF RAT VAGINA; PHOSPHORYLASE, β-GLUCURONIDASE, DPNH-DIAPHORASE AND PHOSPHATASES
Authors: Takeuchi Tadao , Hayashi Masando , Fishman William H.
Published: December 2008

Vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized rats following the subcutaneous injection of oestrogenic hormone was analyzed by enzymorphology and particular attention was given to mucin formation. Localization and intensity of enzymes examined in this study such as amylophosphorylase, amylo-1,4→ 1,6-transglucosidase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, 5-nucleotidase, esterase, DPNH-diaphorase, and β-glucuronidase varied depending on the stage of hormonal stimulation. Mucified cells contained the various enzymes examined, being especially rich in phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, β-glucuronidase and DPNH-diaphorase. These seemed to be related to the intracellular metabolism in the mucinogenous cells of epithelial layers. One of these, amylophosphorylase was demonstrated only in mucified cells within whole epithelial layers in mucified stage, and a close relationship between it and mucin formation was observed. The location of amylo-1,4→ 1,6-transglucosidase resembled the phosphorylase finding and suggests a similar physiologic function.
PROGESTATIONAL ACTIVITY OF ETHINYL-OESTRENOL IN AMENORRHOEA
Authors: Borglin N. E.
Published: December 2008

The progestational effect of 17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-oestr-4-ene, ethinyl-oestrenol, per os has been studied in 10 cases of amenorrhoea and one case of oligomenorrhoea. Ethinyl-oestradiol was given for priming in the cases of amenorrhoea. Withdrawal bleeding occurred within 1–4 days in all of the 34 cycles studied. In all the cases of amenorrhoea the endometrium showed the characteristics of the secretory phase after a total dose of 35 mg per cycle. The appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase was normal in all respects. In the patient with oligomenorrhoea the secretory phase was doubtful. The basal body temperature was biphasic in 24 of the cycles (8 cases) and doubtful though probably biphasic in a further 7 (2 cases). No side effects were observed. Ethinyl-oestrenol may thus be regarded as an effective oral progestational agent.
PAPIERCHROMATOGRAPHISCHE ISOLATION DES OESTRONS, 17β-OESTRADIOLS UND OESTRIOLS AUS MENSCHLICHEN OVARIEN
Authors: Kecskés L. , Mutschler F. , Thán E. , Farkas I.
Published: December 2008

1.) The oestrogen content of human ovaries during the menstrual cycle in ectopic pregnancy and in different gynaecological diseases was studied with paperchromatography.

2.) The presence of oestriol was also detected during the cycle as well as during pregnancy.

3.) The oestrogen values of pregnancy were found to exceed strikingly those of the cycle, especially the increase of quantity of the oestriol was very conspicuous.

4.) In the Stein-Leventhal syndrome the ovaries contained a considerable amount of oestrogen, exceeding the normal values of the cycle.
OESTRADIOL TOLERANCE TEST IN SECONDARY AMENORRHOEA
Authors: Timonen S. , Johansson C.-J. , Hirvonen E.
Published: December 2008

1. An oestradiol tolerance test was performed in ten cases of secondary amenorrhoea. Oestrogen was administered as a single injection of 10 mg of oestradiol phenyl propionate + 2.5 mg of oestradiol benzoate (Dimenformon prolongatum »Organon«).

2. The oestrogenic effect was estimated by the vaginal smear method, by the cervical fern phenomenon and by registering the interval before the occurrence of withdrawal bleeding.

3. The urinary excretion of oestrogens was measured by Ahlmark's biological method and in three cases by the chemical method of Brown.

4. The maximal urinary output as determined by both methods occurred on the third day after the injection. The maximal oestrogen effect was noted in the vaginal cells on the sixth and in the fern phenomenon, on the third day.

5. The initial output values of the »classical oestrogens« were obtained again after ten days. There was a return to the initial values of the vaginal cell effect and of the fern phenomenon after twenty days.

6. Withdrawal bleeding occurred in nine out of the ten cases, the interval being fifteen to forty-five days (mean twenty-two days).

7. In a case of secondary amenorrhoea combined with hypothyroidism, a slow oestrogen metabolism resulted in a relatively increased excretion of oestradiol and oestrone.

8. Individual variations in an oestrogen tolerance test are most conveniently registered by an oestrone + oestradiol/total oestrogens percentage curve.
IMMUNOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN THE URINE OF FERTILE AND POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN AND ADULT MEN
Authors: Wide Leif , Gemzell Carl
Published: December 2008

An immunological method to assay human pituitary luteinizing hormone (HPLH) in urine is described. It is based on the fact that HPLH crossreacts with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in an haemagglutination inhibition reaction between HCG-coated blood cells and rabbit HCG-antisera.

During the menstrual cycle the excretion of HPLH reached a peak of 200–400 U per liter at the time of ovulation.

In the urine of post-menopausal women the concentration of HPLH was between 100 and 400 U per liter.

In the urine of adult men the concentration of HPLH was between 50 and 160 U per liter.
EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF LARGE DOSES OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN ADULT, NON-DIABETIC, HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED WOMEN; STUDIES WITH 14C-LABELLED GLUCOSE
Authors: Ikkos Denis , Luft Rolf
Published: December 2008

Five adult, non-diabetic, hypophysectomized women were given human growth hormone (HGH) in doses of 10–20 mg/d for 2–3 days (total dose 30–60 mg). HGH induced nitrogen retention as well as fasting – and excessive postprandial – hyperglycaemia and glycosuria. These changes disappeared when HGH-treatment was stopped. The findings were interpreted as demonstrating that the development of »idiohypophyseal« diabetes mellitus in human subjects is possible.

Studies with 14C-labelled glucose in these subjects showed that the turnover rate of glucose was decreased by HGH, and that the absolute values for peripheral disposal of glucose were unchanged in three patients, decreased in one and transitorily decreased in the fifth. Since the blood glucose level increased during HGH, the results of the 14C-glucose studies were taken as evidence that peripheral glucose metabolism is depressed by HGH in man.