bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure of the pheromone peptide of the Staphylococcus epidermidis agr system
Authors: Otto Michael , Süßmuth Roderich , Jung Günther , Götz Friedrich
Published: July 2002

The agr quorum‐sensing system is responsible for the regulation of several virulence factors in staphylococci, with an extracellular pheromone peptide as signalling molecule. By monitoring the biological activity of synthetic peptides, it could be demonstrated that the pheromone of the agr system in Staphylococcus epidermidis is an octapeptide containing a thiolester linkage between the central cysteine and the C‐terminal carboxyl group. The peptide was active at nanomolar concentrations. The N‐terminus of the peptide pheromone, which is encoded as part of a protein precursor, proved to be crucial for biological activity.
Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a pollen extracellular protein as a potential source of a pollen allergen in Brassica rapa
Authors: Toriyama Kinya , Hanaoka Kazunori , Okada Takashi , Watanabe Masao
Published: July 2002

A polyclonal antiserum was raised against the extracellular pollen proteins of Brassica rapa and used for screening the expression cDNA libraries made from immature anthers. We obtained five groups of cDNA clones, including cDNAs similar to PCP1, thioredoxin, and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Recombinant protein of the cDNA clone showing sequence similarity to LTP was demonstrated to bind IgE of a patient allergic to Brassica pollen. The cDNA clone reported here, therefore, represents a novel pollen allergen of Brassica rapa.
Identification of communication networks in Spo0F: a model for phosphorylation‐induced conformational change and implications for activation of multiple domain bacterial response regulators
Authors: Feher Victoria A , Tzeng Yih-Ling , Hoch James A , Cavanagh John
Published: July 2002

Fundamental to understanding the mechanism by which phosphorylation activates bacterial signal transduction response regulator proteins is the identification of regions and residues that are responsible for the phosphorylation‐induced conformational change. Here we review results from structural and protein dynamics investigations, and combine them with mutagenesis studies on the response regulator protein Spo0F to suggest a model in which a network of buried and surface residues link surface regions required for protein:protein interactions to the site of phosphorylation. The network described for Spo0F may provide pathways through which information is transmitted from the site of phosphorylation, propagating a conformational change many angstroms away. The general applicability of the communication network model for all bacterial response regulator proteins is discussed.
Human l‐ficolin: plasma levels, sugar specificity, and assignment of its lectin activity to the fibrinogen‐like (FBG) domain
Authors: Le Y , Lee S.H , Kon O.L , Lu J
Published: July 2002

Ficolins are characterised by the presence of collagen‐like and fibrinogen‐like (FBG) sequences. Human l‐ficolin is synthesised in the liver and secreted into blood circulation. In previous studies, it was shown to bind to N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine (GlcNAc). In the present study, its detailed sugar specificity and binding site have been investigated. It was found to bind to GlcNAc and GalNAc (N‐acetyl‐d‐galactosamine) while showing no significant affinity for the precursor sugars. The structure in these molecules which is recognised by l‐ficolin has been deduced to include an amide (‐CO‐NH‐) or similar group. l‐Ficolin was digested with collagenase and the collagenase resistant FBG domain was shown to bind to GlcNAc. Its levels in adult and cord blood‐derived human plasma were also determined and showed that adult plasma contains approximately three times more l‐ficolin than that of newborn babies.
Development of an antigen presentation system based on plum pox potyvirus
Authors: Fernández-Fernández M.Rosario , Martı́nez-Torrecuadrada Jorge L , Casal J.Ignacio , Garcı́a Juan Antonio
Published: July 2002

The development of an antigen presentation system based on the plum pox potyvirus (PPV) is here described. The amino‐terminal part of PPV capsid protein was chosen as the site for expression of foreign antigenic peptides. Modifications in this site were engineered to avoid the capability of natural transmission by aphids of this PPV vector. As a first practical attempt, different forms of an antigenic peptide (single and tandem repetition) from the VP2 capsid protein of canine parvovirus (CPV) were expressed. Both chimeras are able to infect Nicotiana clevelandii plants with similar characteristics to wild‐type virus and remain genetically stable after several plant passages. The antigenicity of purified chimeric virions was demonstrated, proving the suitability of this system for diagnostic purposes. Moreover, mice and rabbits immunized with chimeric virions developed CPV‐specific antibodies, which showed neutralizing activity.
Purification and characterisation of a new hypothalamic satiety peptide, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), produced in yeast
Authors: Thim Lars , Nielsen Per F. , Judge Martin E. , Andersen Asser S. , Diers Ivan , Egel-Mitani Michi , Hastrup Sven
Published: July 2002

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) is a newly discovered hypothalamic peptide with a potent appetite suppressing activity following intracerebroventricular administration. When the mature rat CART sequence encoding CART(1–102) was inserted in the yeast expression plasmid three CART peptides could be purified from the fermentation broth reflecting processing at dibasic sequences. None of these corresponded to the naturally occurring CART(55–102). In order to obtain CART(55–102) the precursor Glu‐Glu‐Ile‐Asp‐CART(55–102) has been produced and CART(55–102) was generated by digestion of the precursor with dipeptidylaminopeptidase‐1. All four generated CART peptides have been characterised by N‐terminal amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry. The CART peptides contain six cysteine residues and using the yeast expressed CART(62–102) the disulphide bond configuration was found to be I–III, II–V and IV–VI. When the four CART peptides were intracerebroventricularly injected in fasted mice (0.1 to 2.0 μg) they all produced a dose dependent inhibition of food intake.
Heterodimerization is mainly responsible for the dominant negative activity of amino‐terminally truncated rat androgen receptor forms
Authors: Ikonen T. , Palvimo J.J. , Jänne O.A.
Published: July 2002

Rat androgen receptor (rAR) mutants devoid of the amino‐terminal transactivation domain are able to behave as dominant negative regulators of wild‐type rAR. To address the underlying mechanisms of the trans‐dominant negative action, we have examined the roles of the DNA‐binding domain (DBD) and the ligand‐binding domain (LBD) in this process. Transactivation experiments in CV‐1 cells complemented by electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the dominant negative receptor forms repress the function of wild‐type rAR mainly through heterodimer formation, rather than through competition for binding to cognate DNA elements. Heterodimerization of receptor forms containing LBDs may take place even in the absence of specific DNA binding.
cDNA cloning and characterization of mouse nifS‐like protein, m‐Nfs1: mitochondrial localization of eukaryotic NifS‐like proteins
Authors: Nakai Yumi , Yoshihara Yoshihiro , Hayashi Hideyuki , Kagamiyama Hiroyuki
Published: July 2002

We have isolated a mouse cDNA which shows significant sequence similarity to the yeast nifS‐like gene (y‐NFS1), and termed it m‐Nfs1. The deduced protein sequence (459 amino acids long) has several characteristic features common to those of bacterial NifS proteins, but distinct from them by its amino‐terminal extension which contains a typical mitochondrial targeting presequence. m‐Nfs1 was found to be a soluble 47‐kDa protein in the matrix fraction of mouse liver mitochondria. The m‐Nfs1 gene was ubiquitously expressed in most tissues, suggesting its housekeeping function in vivo. We also found that the y‐NFS1 protein was localized in the mitochondrial matrix in yeast cells. These results suggest that both eukaryotic NifS‐like proteins may play some roles in mitochondrial functions.
The β‐isoform of heat shock protein hsp‐90 is structurally related with human microtubule‐interacting protein Mip‐90
Authors: Cambiazo Verónica , González Mauricio , Isamit Cristián , Maccioni Ricardo B
Published: July 2002

Through major research advances in the study of cytoskeletal organization, an integrated view of the complexity of this system has emerged. Recent findings on the microtubule‐interacting protein Mip‐90, which associates with microtubules and actin filaments in different cell domains, have shed light on its roles in cytoskeletal regulation. In order to study structural features of Mip‐90, we sequenced several peptide fragments. A comparative sequence analysis revealed a high degree of similarity between the primary structure of this protein and the human heat shock protein of 90 kDa (hsp‐90). Taken together, the present studies indicate the identity between Mip‐90 and the the β‐isoform of hsp‐90 (hsp‐90β). Western blot assays with an anti‐hsp‐90 monoclonal antibody showed cross‐reactivity of hsp‐90 and Mip‐90 affinity purified from HeLa cells. Furthermore, the observed structural identity of Mip‐90 with the hsp‐90β was sustained by immunoblot assays using monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize the α‐ and β‐forms of hsp‐90. Comparative fingerprinting analysis, along with the evidence of a remarkably similar biochemical behavior of both hsp‐90 and Mip‐90 in different affinity chromatographic systems, supported these observations. These studies, along with previous investigations, provide new data to elucidate the functional significance of these interesting cellular components and its relationships with other proteins linked to the cell architecture.
The practice of female genital mutilation in Upper Egypt
Authors: Sayed G.H. , El‐Aty M.A. Abd , Fadel K.A.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To study the prevalence of and reasons for female genital mutilation in an Egyptian village population. Methods: A survey of all 819 households in an Upper Egyptian village near Assiut was conducted in 1992. The mothers of 1732 girls under 20 years of age were interviewed to obtain information about their daughters. When possible, fathers and grandparents were also interviewed. Results: Respectively, 62%, 36.6% and 1.1% were girls who had undergone female genital mutilation (FGM), were to undergo the procedure and were not to have the operation. A total of 67% of the fathers of girls who had undergone FGM and 92% of their mothers were illiterate. FGM was performed most often when girls were 5–9 years old. Almost all procedures (97.5%) were performed by dayas; 1.3% were performed by barbers. A razor was used in 80.7% of the cases, and a knife in 18.5%; in less than 1% (0.7%) of the procedures were medical instruments used. The most prevalent reason for FGM was that it followed customs and traditions (77%). Serious bleeding (5.7%) and pain (3%) were the most commonly reported complications of the procedure. Conclusions: The study raises a number of questions about the experience of FGM by young girls, the reasons for maintaining this practice and the kinds of interventions which might be effective in eliminating it.
Thrombomodulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI‐1) and fibronectin as biomarkers of endothelial damage in preeclampsia and eclampsia
Authors: Shaarawy Mohamed , El Didy Hany
Published: July 2002

Objective: Preeclampsia has been recently suggested to be an endothelial cell disorder. This study was initiated to determine the levels of various biomarkers of endothelial damage in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Methods: Blood samples were withdrawn from 70 pregnant women in their third trimester grouped as 25 mild preeclampsia, 15 severe preeclampsia, 10 eclampsia and 20 normotensive healthy women (controls) for the determination of thrombomodulin by ELISA, PAI‐1 by urokinase method and fibronectin by radial immunodiffusion. Results were statistically analyzed by Student's t‐test. Results: Circulation levels of PAI‐1, thrombomodulin and fibronectin were increased with increasing severity of the disease. Thrombomodulin was the only parameter which did not change significantly in mild preeclampsia. The average percent increments in preeclampsia and eclampsia were 63%, 102% and 132%, respectively. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that fibronectin may be a more valuable biomarker than thrombomodulin and PAI‐1 for the assessment of endothelial damage in preeclampsia and eclampsia.
Acute reversal of oligohydramnios‐polyhydramnios sequence in monochorionic twins
Authors: Bromley B. , Benacerraf B.R.
Published: July 2002

Two cases of monochorionic diamniotic twin gestation with severe oligohydramnios‐polyhydramnios sequence (‘stuck’ twin) are described. In each of these cases there was a marked fluctuation in amniotic fluid volume and reversal of which twin was ‘stuck’. The definitive identification of the twins was evident due to a discordant fetal malformations in each twin pair.
Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in patients with ovarian cancer stage I and II
Authors: Kodama S. , Tanaka K. , Tokunaga A. , Sudo N. , Takahashi T. , Matsui K.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To evaluate prognostic factors such as surface capsular invasion, rupture of the capsule and intraperitoneal cytology in patients with stage I or II ovarian cancer. Method: Multivariate analysis was performed using 11 clinicopathologic prognostic factors obtained from 183 cases of stage I and II ovarian cancer, which had been surgically treated between 1983 and 1993. Results: Significant prognostic factors determined by the Kaplan‐Meier method were rupture and invasion of the capsule in stage II ovarian cancer. Multivariate analysis showed that spontaneous rupture of the capsule was the only significant factor, and intrapelvic cytology was an important factor without significance. Although capsular rupture caused by the surgeon showed poor prognosis by the Kaplan‐Meier method, no significance was observed for this factor by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Multivariate analysis showed that capsular rupture caused by the surgeon did not affect the prognosis in stage I and II ovarian cancer.
Gestational and pre‐gestational diabetes: comparison of maternal and fetal characteristics and outcome
Authors: El Mallah K.O. , Narchi H. , Kulaylat N.A. , Shaban M.S.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To determine the incidence of antenatal and intrapartum maternal and fetal complications of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and compare them with pre‐gestational diabetes mellitus (pre‐GDM) and non‐diabetic pregnancies in our population. Study design: Nine‐hundred and seventy‐two women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 71 women with pre‐gestational diabetes mellitus, and their offspring (delivered in our hospital between January 1991 and April 1994) were studied. Maternal and fetal prenatal and intrapartum complications were analyzed. Results: The incidence of GDM was 9.8%. The maternal complications included higher incidences of cesarean section and perineal lacerations in GDM and pre‐GDM patients than in the non‐diabetic pregnancies, and higher rates of macrosomia and hypoglycemic episodes in their offspring. Conclusion: The incidence of maternal, fetal and neonatal complications in GDM is similar to pre‐GDM patients and their offspring. Both GDM and pre‐GDM pregnancies and the offspring should, therefore, be monitored and managed identically.
The Pryor technique of uterine morcellation
Authors: Pelosi M.A. , Pelosia M.A.
Published: July 2002

Objective: An efficient, yet largely forgotten technique of transvaginal uterine wedge morcellation developed by William Pryor at the turn of the century is described. Method: Pryor's technique of transvaginal wedge morcellation was employed to reduce uterine size in four cases of vaginal hysterectomy and in 10 cases of laparoscopicssisted vaginal hysterectomy in 14 patients with symptomatic uterine enlargement. Result: Operating time ranged from 49–170 min (mean 92 min). Estimated blood loss ranged from 150 to 480 ml (mean 225 ml). Uterine size ranged from 360–710 g (mean 455 g). No procedure required conversion to laparotomy. Primary indications for preliminary laparoscopy were confirmed in nine of 10 cases. No vaginal hysterectomy required subsequent laparoscopy. No patient required blood transfusion. No intra‐ or post‐operative complications were noted. All patients were discharged home within 48 h post‐surgery. Conclusion: Pryor's technique of wedge morcellation appears to be a safe and efficient method for the reduction of uterine size transvaginally.
The strategic model for the PMM Network
Authors: Maine D
Published: July 2002

The projects of the PMM Network are based on a strategic model that focuses sharply on the interval between the obvious onset of a serious obstetric complication and the provision of emergency obstetric care (EmOC). The reason for this is that most of these complications cannot be predicted or prevented, but they can be successfully treated. The implications of this model for program design are profound. The emphasis is on improving the accessibility, quality and utilization of EmOC for women who develop such complications, rather than on having contact with all pregnant women. © 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Community mobilization for blood donation, Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Ottong J.G , Asuquo E.E.J , Olaniran N.S , Duke F.D , Abia R.P ,   (The Calabar PMM Team)
Published: July 2002

Preliminary studies: A study of institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria, revealed poor storage facilities and inadequate availability of blood. Focus group discussions highlighted people's fears and misconceptions about blood donations as important factors contributing to the problem. Interventions: Blood facilities were upgraded in the teaching hospital and a secondary institution. Fifteen community mobilization sessions to improve attitudes and stimulate voluntary blood donation were conducted over three months in 1994. Non‐cash incentives were offered, including certificates of honor, free blood screening and assurance of priority if a family member needed blood. Results: Blood donations to the teaching hospital maternity increased from 40 pints per month in 1991 to 81 in 1994. However, national strikes interrupted service and the increase was not sustained. At the secondary facility, blood transfusions increased from 14 in 1991 to 35 in 1995, with 100% of donations from volunteers. Costs: The cost of community mobilization for blood donation was US $17 531. Conclusions: Increasing voluntary blood donations through non‐cash incentives and community mobilization is possible. No conclusions may be drawn regarding sustainability, however. © 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Facilitating emergency obstetric care through transportation and communication, Bo, Sierra Leone
Authors: Samai O , Sengeh P ,   (The Bo PMM Team)
Published: July 2002

Preliminary studies: Focus group discussions revealed poor roads, few vehicles, and high transportation costs as major causes of delay in deciding to seek and in reaching emergency obstetric care. Interventions: Beginning in September 1992, a four‐wheel drive vehicle was posted at Bo Government Hospital (BGH). Motorbikes to summon the vehicle were posted at the eight project‐area primary health units (PHUs). Problems with the motorbike system (accidents, breakdowns) led to the installation of a radio system linking the hospital, PHUs and the referral vehicle. These interventions were complemented by community education activities and earlier improvements in the health facilities. Results: The number of women with major obstetric complications arriving at BGH from the project area increased from 0.9 to 2.6 per month, while case fatality rate dropped from 20% to 10%. In the post‐intervention period, approximately half of women with complications from the project area utilizing BGH came by project vehicle. The mean time from the vehicle being called by the PHU to the patient's arrival at BGH was 3.1 h. Case fatality rate did not differ by whether or not women came by project vehicle. Costs: Cost of the transport and communication intervention was approximately US $75 000, including: vehicle, $27 500; radios, $12 500; motorbikes, $27 000. Conclusions: Improvements in transport can help greater numbers of women with complications reach hospitals and may improve their chances of survival. © 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Impact of roles of women on health in India
Authors: Buckshee K.
Published: July 2002

India's population has more than doubled since 1961. Although India has been a leader in developing health and population policies, there have been major implementation problems due to poverty, gender discrimination, and illiteracy. Yet, three‐quarters of the food produced annually in India is because of women. In 1991, only 39.3% of Indian women were literate. The literacy level of women can affect reproductive behavior, use of contraceptives, health and upbringing of children, proper hygienic practises, access to jobs and the overall status of women in the society. Early marriage and childbirth was a major determinant of women's health and was also responsible for the prevailing socioeconomic underdevelopment in India. The overall maternal mortality for India is 572.3 per 100 000 births, ranging from 14.9% in Bihar to 1.3% in Kerala. Anemia is an indirect factor in 64.4% of the maternal deaths. Trained birth attendants currently assist in about 60–80% of all births in women at the time of delivery. Socioeconomic factors are responsible for maternal deaths to a large extent — money in 18.3%, transport in 13.7%. When the mother dies it doubles the chances of death of her surviving sons and quadruples that of her daughters. Among the avoidable factors in maternal deaths, lack of antenatal care is the most important. Women, if educated and aware, can improve the health of their children by simple measures like good hygiene, exercise and dietary habits. Because of poverty, many of the young children, especially girls living on streets are easy prey for criminal prostitution rings, drug trafficking and consequences of HIV infection, and severe emotional and mental disturbances. Women are responsible for 70–80% of all the healthcare provided in India. Female healthcare providers can play an important role in educating society to recognize their health and nutrition needs. Women professionals and empowerment of women at all levels are required for improvement of the health and nutrition structure in India.
Lumbar bone mineral density changes during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Honda A. , Kurabayashi T. , Yahata T. , Tomita M. , Takakuwa K. , Tanaka K.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To elucidate the change of bone metabolism in the lumbar trabecular and its relationship with serum hormonal changes in pregnancy and lactation. Study design: In a cross‐sectional study, we measured the bone mineral density (BMD) of 2–4 lumbar vertebrae of 571 puerperae at days 3–5 postpartum and 341 healthy, non‐pregnant women (control subjects) of approximately the same age by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. In a longitudinal study, we also measured the BMD of 111 puerperae at 3 and 6 months after delivery. Results: The mean BMD at days 3–5 postpartum was significantly lower than that of the control (1.013 ± 0.005 vs. 1.032 ± 0.006 g/cm2, P = 0.019). The lactating group showed BMD decrement to 95.1 ± 0.5% (n = 69) and 94.1 ± 0.7% (n = 61) at 3 and 6 months postpartum, respectively, compared with days 3–5 postpartum, and the amenorrhea group showed the same tendency. The non‐lactating group and resumption of menses group did not show a BMD decrement postpartum. In the lactating group, serum estradiol was significantly lower than in the non‐lactating group at 3 months postpartum, serum prolactin and bone alkaline phosphatase levels were higher than in the non‐lactating group at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Conclusions: Pregnancy may cause a decrease of lumbar BMD, and the lactation and amenorrhea also cause a decrease of BMD. In addition to lactation status, the ovarian dysfunction is one of the factors in bone loss during lactation.
Abortion and maternal health
Authors: Bernstein P.S. , Rosenfield A.
Published: July 2002

Since the beginning of recorded history, women have attempted to terminate unwanted pregnancies. Despite the safety of modern techniques of abortion, many women throughout the world still have to resort to unsafe abortions, placing themselves at considerable risk. The World Health Organization estimates that there are approximately 20 million unsafe abortions performed each year, and estimates of maternal deaths as a result of abortion range between 60 000 and 100 000 per year. With free and legal access to safe abortions, rates of complications and mortality drop dramatically. There is an urgent need for efforts to prevent unwanted pregnancies in order to reduce the need for abortion; for the early identification of abortion complications and easy access to treatment for women suffering those complications; for expansion of safe abortion availability; and for proper training and resources for providers of abortion services.
Intracervical misoprostol as an effective method of labor induction at term
Authors: Liu H.‐S , Chu T.‐Y , Chang Y.‐K , Yu M.‐H , Chen W.‐H
Published: July 2002

Objects: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of intracervical misoprostol for the induction of labor at term. Methods: Eighty‐nine term pregnancies requiring induction of labor were treated intracervically with 50 μg of misoprostol. The dose was repeated every 4 h until adequate uterine contraction and cervical dilatation were achieved. Status of cervical ripening, uterine contraction, cervical dilatation, labor course and side effects were recorded and analyzed. Results: Among the 89 patients, 58 had an unfavorable cervix (Bishop score ≤4) and 31 had a favorable cervix (Bishop score >4). Labor was successfully induced in all cases, most (93.3%) of which required a single dose of misoprostol. Seventy‐two patients (81%) proceeded to spontaneous vaginal delivery, and 61 (85%) deliveries were achieved within 12 h. The other 17 cases received cesarean delivery with indications of fetopelvic disproportion (six cases), failure of induction (seven cases) and acute fetal distress (four cases). The mean duration from induction to regular uterine contraction and to delivery was 483±537 min and 79.2±38.2 min, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups with differing status of cervical ripening. Complications of uterine contraction, including tachysystole (15 cases), hypertonus (one case) and hyperstimulation (10 cases) were more common in the group of unfavorable cervix (45%) than that of favorable cervix (23%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: In addition to the oral and intravaginal routes of administration, intracervical misoprostol at a single dose of 50 μg appears to be an effective method for induction of labor at term, but caution should be taken with cases with unfavorable cervix.
Tumor markers in endometriosis
Authors: Abrão M.S. , Podgaec S. , Pinotti J.A. , de Oliveira R.M.
Published: July 2002

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to determine the concentrations of CA 125, CA 15‐3, CA 19‐9, carcioembryogenic antigen (CEA), alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and beta‐2 microglobulin (B2MG) in patients with pelvic endometriosis. Method: Fifty women were divided into two groups: group A (control) had no endometriosis or other diseases, and group B consisted of 35 women with pelvic endometriosis. All women were submitted to serum determination of CA 125, CA 15‐3, CA 19‐9, CEA, AFP and B2MG. Samples were collected during the menstrual cycle and 1 week later. Results: Mean CA 125 concentrations were altered in patients with endometriosis, but all 50 patients studied presented normal CEA, AFP and B2MG concentrations. Small variations detected in CA 19‐9 and CA 15‐3 had no statistical significance. Conclusion: CA 125 is the only important marker in the diagnosis of stages III/IV of endometriosis, especially when blood samples for its determination are obtained during the first 3 days of the menstrual cycle.
Dietary phytoestrogens in the prevention of long‐term postmenopausal diseases
Authors: Chiechi L.M.
Published: July 2002

Phytoestrogens (PEs) are natural compounds, with a biological activity like estrogen, which comprise isoflavones, lignans and coumestans. A traditional Asiatic phytoestrogen‐rich diet is associated with a lower incidence of breast cancer and postmenopausal illness, and much evidence indicates that PEs prevent bone resorption, increase bone density and reduce cholesterol. The estrogenic effects of phytoestrogens can be useful in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
Calcium metabolism in pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Ray J. , Vasishta K. , Kaur S. , Majumdar S. , Sawhney H.
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To study calcium metabolism in pre‐eclampsia and normotensive gravid women. Method: Ten milliliters of heparinized blood samples and 24‐h urine samples were collected from 50 pre‐eclamptic and 50 normotensive primigravidae. Blood samples were studied for calcium uptake, intracellular calcium level and calcium‐dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of red blood cell ghost. Urinary calcium excretion was estimated from the 24‐h urine samples. These values were compared in the two groups. Results: The mean gestational age at recruitment was similar in both the groups. The mean maternal age was 24.28±2.41 years in pre‐eclamptic and 23.48±4.16 years in normotensive women. In pre‐eclampsia 24‐h urinary calcium excretion (71.20±22.95 mg/day) and calcium‐dependent ATPase activity (10.78±2.40 nmol/Pi/mg protein/min) was significantly lower compared to normotensive primigravidae (calcium excretion=189.24±57.06 mg/day; Ca2+‐dependent ATPase=12.64±2.42 nmolPi/mg /protein per min; P<0.001). Intracellular calcium levels and calcium uptake at 10 min by red blood cells were significantly higher in pre‐eclampsia (P<0.05). Calcium uptake by red blood cells at 20 and 30 min was similar in both groups. Conclusion: Pre‐eclampsia is associated with increased levels of intracellular calcium, decreased calcium‐dependent ATPase activity of erythrocytes and hypocalciuria.
Efficacy of a psychoeducational intervention in improving relatives’ knowledge about schizophrenia and reducing rehospitalisation
Authors: Cassidy E. , Hill S. , O’Callaghan E.
Published: July 2002

We sought to establish if a brief psychoeducational intervention for relatives is effective in improving relatives’ knowledge about schizophrenia and reducing rehospitalization. We evaluated 101 relatives of 55 patients with schizophrenia before and after an 8-week psychoeducational group using a self-report method. We also conducted a matched case-control study of the effects on rehospitalisation for 28 of these patients. We calculated the number of hospital days for each index case and control in the 1 and 2 years before and after the intervention.

Relatives made significant gains in their knowledge about schizophrenia, particularly about medication. Patients whose relatives attended the group had significantly fewer days in hospital and days per admission compared to controls in the year after the programme but the effect waned in the second year after the intervention. Controls were almost four times more likely to be readmitted at 2 years than cases. Median time to readmission was significantly longer in cases compared to controls. We conclude that a psychoeducational group, which is valued by carers, is effective in increasing their knowledge about schizophrenia as well as reducing and forestalling the rehospitalization of their affected relatives. Such programmes deliver what carers frequently request in a cost-effective manner.
Some statistical considerations in the development of new quality of life (QoL) scales in schizophrenia
Authors: McKellar J
Published: July 2002

Assessing the effect of novel pharmaceutical treatments on the quality of life (QoL) of a patient, or group of patients, has been approached in numerous ways over the last 20 years. Techniques as diverse as single questions to multidimensional scales requiring trained assessors to devote several hours to each assessment; from generic questions about how life might have changed to specific issues such as the ability to use a toothbrush. In the pharmaceutical industry, the emphasis is on the registration of a product with national licensing bodies. Each body has tended to see the issue from a different perspective, which has driven study designs to be different in different countries; even different over time within one country. This paper emphasises the basic statistical steps necessary to ensure that a measure of QoL is appropriately recorded, while retaining sufficient flexibility to support the registration in several countries. Aspects about possible study design are included to assist with developing some simple concepts about analysing and then interpreting the results. It is not the intention of the paper to provide the answer, merely to provide the tools to develop the answer robustly. Put briefly, with the right approach generic solutions are feasible and these solutions will have greater utility. The challenge is to recognise exactly what QoL is, and not to deviate from it.
Haemodynamic, neurohumoral and exercise effects of losartan vs. captopril in chronic heart failure: results of an ELITE trial substudy
Authors: Houghton Andrew R. , Harrison Maxine , Cowley Alan J.
Published: July 2002

Background:

The AT1 receptor antagonists differ from the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors by achieving a more complete blockade of angiotensin II's actions and by not affecting bradykinin metabolism. There is little information on whether this causes clinically significant differences in haemodynamics, neurohormones and exercise tolerance in heart failure.

Aims:

To compare the effects of losartan and captopril upon central and regional haemodynamics, neurohormones and exercise capacity in heart failure.

Methods:

In a double‐blind, randomised trial 18 patients aged ≥ 65 years with symptomatic heart failure were allocated to treatment with losartan (10 patients) or captopril (eight patients). Patients underwent assessment at baseline, after the first dose, at 12 weeks and at 24 weeks.

Results:

Systolic blood pressure fell by −10.7% 1 h after captopril 6.25 mg (P = 0.007) and by −4.8% 3 h after losartan 12.5 mg (P = 0.02). The blood pressure reduction was sustained with losartan at 12 and 24 weeks. Systemic vascular resistance fell acutely after captopril (−16.4%, P = 0.01). Captopril caused an acute and sustained rise in superior mesenteric artery blood flow (+22.9%, P = 0.04), and a slower rise in renal artery blood flow (+31.7%, P = 0.01). Losartan had no acute effects on regional haemodynamics but had increased superior mesenteric artery blood flow by 38.1% at 12 weeks (P = 0.02). There were no substantial differences between losartan and captopril, and no changes occurred in neurohormones or exercise capacity.

Conclusion:

No substantial differences were observed between losartan and captopril on central or regional haemodynamics, neurohormones or exercise capacity in elderly patients with stable symptomatic heart failure.
Electrophysiological properties and seizure networks in hypothalamic hamartoma
Authors: Wang Di , Shan Yongzhi , Bartolomei Fabrice , Kahane Philippe , An Yang , Li Muyang , Zhang Huaqiang , Fan Xiaotong , Ou Siqi , Yang Yanfeng , Wei Penghu , Lu Chao , Wang Yihe , Du Jialin , Ren Liankun , Wang Yuping , Zhao Guoguang
Published: April 2020

Objective

Little is known about the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) in vivo and seizure network since only few cases using stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) electrodes exploring both cortex and HH have been published. To elucidate these issues, we analyzed simultaneous SEEG recordings in HH and cortex systematically.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated data from 15 consecutive patients with SEEG electrodes into the HH for the treatment purpose of radiofrequency thermocoagulation treatment. Additional SEEG electrodes were placed into the cortex in 11 patients to assess extra‐HH involvement. Interictal discharges within the HH and anatomo‐electroclinical correlations during seizures of each patient were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed.

Results

Overall, 77 electrodes with 719 contacts were implanted, and 33 spontaneous seizures were recorded during long‐term SEEG monitoring. Interictally, distinct electrophysiological patterns, including isolated intermittent spikes/sharp waves, burst spike and wave trains, paroxysmal fast discharges, periodic discharges, and high‐frequency oscillations, were identified within the HH. Notably, synchronized or independent interictal discharges in the cortex were observed. Regarding the ictal discharges, the electrical onset pattern within the HH always started with abrupt giant shifts superimposed on low‐voltage fast activity across patients. The gelastic seizure network mainly involved the HH, orbitofrontal areas, and cingulate gyrus. Seizures with automatisms and impaired awareness primarily propagated to mesial temporal lobes. Moreover, independent ictal discharges arising from the mesial temporal lobe were detected in three out of nine patients.

Interpretation

This study comprehensively reveals intrinsic electrophysiological patterns and epileptogenic networks in vivo, providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying cortical and subcortical epileptogenesis.
Nanoscale‐Dewetting‐Based Direct Interconnection of Microelectronics for a Deterministic Assembly of Transfer Printing
Authors: Lee Ju Seung , Kang Seung Ji , Shin Joo Hwan , Shin Yiel Jae , Lee Byunghoon , Koo Ja‐Myeong , Kim Tae‐il
Published: April 2020

As electronics dramatically advance, their components should be fabricated for miniaturized scale, and integrated on limited‐size substrates with extremely high density. Current technologies for the integration and interconnection of electronics show some critical limitations in the application of microscale electronics. To address these problems, herein, a new direct and vertical interconnection driven by selective dewetting of a polymer adhesive is introduced. The interconnection system consists of the polymer adhesive and nanosized metal particles, or structured electrodes. Nanoscale‐dewetting windows formed by controlling the stability and wetting property of the adhesive polymer are controlled by the interfacial property of the coated polymer adhesive. The adhesive is coated on substrate by a simple spin‐coating process, and its ultraviolet curable property allows only the device‐mounted parts to be selectively conductive and sticky, while the other parts form insulation and protection layers. The interconnection of the electronics and substrate by adhesive makes it possible to apply the technique to various microsize electronics with electrode size and pitch of 20 µm or less, and endure dramatic temperature change and a long‐term high humidity environment. Moreover, over display comprising over 10 000 microscale light‐emitting diodes (micro‐LEDs), and commercialized microchips are demonstrated with monolithic integration on flexible and transparent substrate.
Tuning the Wrinkles in 3D Graphene Architectures for Mass and Electron Transport
Authors: Lin Jianda , Yin Xiangbin , Pang Hao , Zhang Lei , Liao Bing , Xin Mingliang , Su Yu , Liu Yang , Wu Lian , Jia Kangle , Zhong Benbin , Mai Yuliang , Dai Yongqiang
Published: April 2020

Due to the high in‐plane Young's modulus and defects, graphene is prone to deformations such as wrinkles. The effects of wrinkles on the mass and electron transport properties need to be elucidated as graphene has great potential in applications such as catalysis, sensors, energy storage, and conversion. In this paper, the wrinkling of graphene oxide sheets is dominated by the mass ratio of graphene oxide to N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to fabricate 3D graphene architectures (TDGAs) with tunable porosity. This template‐free DCC tactic of regulating the wrinkling procedure forms hierarchical porosity and modulates the exposure of defect sites. Considering the confinement effect of the wrinkles and defect sites, orthorhombic phase Nb2O5 (T‐Nb2O5) nanoparticles are loaded onto TDGAs, and as‐obtained T‐Nb2O5@TDGAs composites exhibit favorable properties of Li‐ion and electron transport after the wrinkle structures are optimized. The DCC tactic manifests excellent performance in manipulating mass transport properties through tuning the wrinkles on TDGAs‐based composites, which may greatly contribute to graphene based materials with high performances in energy storage.
Halide Perovskites: Thermal Transport and Prospects for Thermoelectricity
Authors: Haque Md Azimul , Kee Seyoung , Villalva Diego Rosas , Ong Wee‐Liat , Baran Derya
Published: April 2020

The recent re‐emergence of halide perovskites has received escalating interest for optoelectronic applications. In addition to photovoltaics, the multifunctional nature of halide perovskites has led to diverse applications. The ultralow thermal conductivity coupled with decent mobility and charge carrier tunability led to the prediction of halide perovskites as a possible contender for future thermoelectrics. Herein, recent advances in thermal transport of halide perovskites and their potentials and challenges for thermoelectrics are reviewed. An overview of the phonon behavior in halide perovskites, as well as the compositional dependency is analyzed. Understanding thermal transport and knowing the thermal conductivity value is crucial for creating effective heat dissipation schemes and determining other thermal‐related properties like thermo‐optic coefficients, hot‐carrier cooling, and thermoelectric efficiency. Recent works on halide perovskite‐based thermoelectrics together with theoretical predictions for their future viability are highlighted. Also, progress on modulating halide perovskite‐based thermoelectric properties using light and chemical doping is discussed. Finally, strategies to overcome the limiting factors in halide perovskite thermoelectrics and their prospects are emphasized.
Efficient and Reabsorption‐Free Radioluminescence in Cs3Cu2I5 Nanocrystals with Self‐Trapped Excitons
Authors: Lian Linyuan , Zheng Moyan , Zhang Weizhuo , Yin Lixiao , Du Xinyuan , Zhang Peng , Zhang Xiuwen , Gao Jianbo , Zhang Daoli , Gao Liang , Niu Guangda , Song Haisheng , Chen Rong , Lan Xinzheng , Tang Jiang , Zhang Jianbing
Published: April 2020

Radioluminescent materials (scintillators) are widely applied in medical imaging, nondestructive testing, security inspection, nuclear and radiation industries, and scientific research. Recently, all‐inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystal (NC) scintillators have attracted great attention due to their facile solution processability and ultrasensitive X‐ray detection, which allows for large area and flexible X‐ray imaging. However, the light yield of these perovskite NCs is relatively low because of the strong self‐absorption that reduces the light out‐coupling efficiency. Here, NCs with self‐trapped excitons emission are demonstrated to be sensitive, reabsorption‐free scintillators. Highly luminescent and stable Cs3Cu2I5 NCs with a photoluminescence quantum yields of 73.7%, which is a new record for blue emission lead‐free perovskite or perovskite‐like NCs, is produced with the assistance of InI3. The PL peak of the Cs3Cu2I5 NCs locates at 445 nm that matches with the response peak of a silicon photomultiplier. Thus, Cs3Cu2I5 NCs are demonstrated as efficient scintillators with zero self‐absorption and extremely high light yield (≈79 279 photons per MeV). Both Cs3Cu2I5 NC colloidal solution and film exhibit strong radioluminescence under X‐ray irradiation. The potential application of Cs3Cu2I5 NCs as reabsorption‐free, low cost, large area, and flexible scintillators is demonstrated by a prototype X‐ray imaging with a high spatial resolution.
Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations
Authors: Juras Anna , Makarowicz Przemysław , Chyleński Maciej , Ehler Edvard , Malmström Helena , Krzewińska Maja , Pospieszny Łukasz , Górski Jacek , Taras Halina , Szczepanek Anita , Polańska Marta , Włodarczak Piotr , Szyca Agnieszka , Lasota‐Kuś Anna , Wójcik Irena , Jakobsson Mattias , Dabert Miroslawa
Published: April 2020

Objective

In this work we aim to investigate the origins and genetic affinities of Bronze Age populations (2,400–1,100 BC) from the region of southern Poland and to trace maternal kinship patterns present in the burials of those populations by the use of complete mitochondrial genomes.

Materials and methods

We performed ancient DNA analyses for Bronze Age individuals from present‐day Poland associated with the Strzyżow culture, the Mierzanowice culture, and the Trzciniec Cultural circle. To obtain complete mitochondrial genomes, we sequenced genomic libraries using Illumina platform. Additionally, hybridization capture was used to enrich some of the samples for mitochondrial DNA. AMS 14C‐dating was conducted for 51 individuals to verify chronological and cultural attribution of the analyzed samples.

Results

Complete ancient mitochondrial genomes were generated for 80 of the Bronze Age individuals from present‐day Poland. The results of the population genetic analyses indicate close maternal genetic affinity between Mierzanowice, Trzciniec, and Corded Ware culture‐associated populations. This is in contrast to the genetically more distant Strzyżów people that displayed closer maternal genetic relation to steppe populations associated with the preceding Yamnaya culture and Catacomb culture, and with later Scythians. Potential maternal kinship relations were identified in burials of Mierzanowice and Trzciniec populations analyzed in this study.

Discussion

Results revealed genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic Corded Ware groups to Bronze Age Mierzanowice and Trzciniec‐associated populations, and possible additional genetic contribution from the steppe to the formation of the Strzyżów‐associated group at the end of 3rd millennium BC. Mitochondrial patterns indicated several pairs of potentially maternally related individuals mostly in Trzciniec‐associated group.