bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Policy of the European Union: Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Industrial Enterprises
Authors: Musaeva Bela , Annadurdyeva Gulpam
Published: July 2023

The global climate is determined by the global average temperature, which depends on the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, which continue to rise. The key to addressing climate change is to reduce emissions and reduce GHG concentrations through removals. As part of the global climate agenda, a goal has been developed: to reach net-zero emissions in the second half of the 21st century (anthropogenic emissions should be equal to GHG removals). Currently, the climate policy of developed countries is undergoing a stage of major changes, and new energy technologies play the main role in this process. At the same time, the future of global energy and climate is increasingly dependent on decisions made in emerging market and developing countries. Emerging market and developing economies now account for more than two-thirds of global CO2 emissions, while emissions in advanced economies are declining structurally. On a per capita basis, emissions are a quarter of those of advanced economies, but economic growth and rising incomes create potential for demand and emissions growth. The challenge for developing countries is to find new models of economic development that avoid high levels of emissions, rather than repeating the path traveled by developed countries. Lowering the cost of key clean energy technologies opens up opportunities for lower-emission economic growth, addressing climate change and achieving sustainable development goals.
Environmental Agenda in the Context of Russia’s Climate Development
Authors: Sadulaeva Albika
Published: July 2023

It is important to understand that the current trends in international relations and the national character of Russia, its strengths and advantages, as well as the external challenges it faces, require the development or implementation of new domestic and foreign policy in the field of nature protection, its transformation into one of the national and foreign policy priorities. The topic of this article is “Nature Protection”. Preservation and conservation of nature will be an important part in the Russian national idea, its mission for itself as well as towards other countries. International relations with Russia in nature protection should become one of the main elements of Russian international attractiveness and authority.
Tasks of State Management of the Fuel and Energy Complex for Sustainable Development
Authors: Dzhamilya Saralinova , Fursov Victor , Dokhkilgova Diba
Published: July 2023

At the present stage, one of the scientific problems of research is the study of processes and factors influencing sustainable development. The increasing relevance of methods for achieving sustainable development of the world economy is due to several factors. The fuel and energy complex is not only the backbone of the Russian economy, but also one of the most important elements in ensuring (taking into account climatic conditions) the country’s energy security. The geopolitical factor today forms the energy reality, and this trend implies the growing importance of developing an optimal mechanism for managing all processes in this area. Particular attention in public administration should be given to updating the priority tasks of the state energy policy and energy strategies of the Russian Federation, taking into account the goals of sustainable development. The strategic task today is to protect Russia’s interests in the dynamic system of regulation of world energy markets.
The Legal Aspect of the Problem of Biodiversity Conservation of Specially Protected and Protected Areas in the Regions
Authors: Cheldieva Dinara , Cheldiev Daniil , Ayskhanova Ekaterina
Published: July 2023

A particularly significant position of the economy of the Russian Federation is occupied by the agro-industrial complex, since in this area the production process necessary for the life of products is carried out and the country’s enormous economic opportunities are included. That is why the study of the agro-industrial complex is relevant. The improvement of the agro-industrial complex, for the most part, affects the entire volume of the national economy, the degree of provisional reliability of the country, and the socio-economic situation. Measures of state regulation should be developed and practically implemented based on the special specifics of the agro-industrial complex. As a result of the entry of the Russian Federation into the WTO, the degree of competitiveness of domestic agro-industrial organizations has significantly decreased, and the problems associated with the limited provision of provisional security and the low level of profitability of the agro-industrial complex have also become relevant. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop methods and tools for administrative and legal control of the agro-industrial complex.
Current Environmental Problems and their Solutions with the Help of New Technologies
Authors: Duchaeva Rayana , Magomadov Sherip
Published: July 2023

The problem of ecology in these times is becoming more acute every day. An environmental problem is a change in the natural environment that leads to disruption of the functioning and structure of nature. Global problems are generated by the contradictions of social development, affecting the surrounding world by a sharply increased scale of human activity. Also associated with the uneven scientific, technical and socio-economic development of countries and regions. From the point of view of modern scientists, humanity lives in a world where everything is already collapsing.
Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals: Environmental and Resource Efficiency
Authors: Nemtsova Elena , Magomaev Tamirlan , Magomadov Emin
Published: July 2023

Greening means not only a positive impact on society and the state of the environment through the introduction of green standards in the business processes of an organization hosting a congress or exhibition. significant cost savings are also possible, which can be achieved through more efficient use of resources and waste minimization. In addition, the rationalization of activities and the creation of a positive and healthy working environment can lead to improved product quality. Environmental quality indicators, participation in the greening of events, the ability of regions or individual venues to host “green” events can also attract environmentally responsible event organizers to further cooperation. In addition, the greening of an event can create a positive informational occasion and increase the prestige of the event itself, as well as the venue. Improving the public image will help expand the circle of participants, involve the public, the media, minimize potential conflicts and provide support from government authorities.
Derivatives of Sub-Riemannian Geodesics are Lp-Hölder Continuous
Authors: Lokutsievskiy Lev , Zelikin Mikhail
Published: July 2023

This article is devoted to the long-standing problem on the smoothness of sub-Riemannian geodesics. We prove that the derivatives of sub-Riemannian geodesics are always Lp-Hölder continuous. Additionally, this result has several interesting implications. These include (i) the decay of Fourier coefficients on abnormal controls, (ii) the rate at which they can be approximated by smooth functions, (iii) a generalization of the Poincaré inequality, and (iv) a compact embedding of the set of shortest paths into the space of Bessel potentials.
Intraoperative Cell Saving: Is the Solution the Actual Problem?
Authors: Pillay Krishnan , Perumal Shobashini
Published: July 2023

Allogenic blood is a scarce, precious, and expensive resource that is not always available on demand. After termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, a large amount of residual pump blood remains in the extracorporeal circuit. The cell saver washes and concentrates this blood with .9% normal saline (NS), making autologous blood available and reducing the demand for allogenic blood. To quantify the quality of residual pump blood it was washed with either NS or a bicarbonate-buffered solution (Balsol). A qualitative in vitro analysis was conducted. Residual cardiopulmonary bypass blood from forty bypass circuits was processed with a cell saver device, using NS or Balsol solution. Measurements made compared the pH, electrolytes, metabolites, hematocrit, hemoglobin, osmolality, albumin, total protein, and strong ion difference. There were significant differences between the NS and Balsol groups. In the Balsol group, osmolality, electrolytes, and strong ion difference were similar to the constitution of Balsol solution after washing, but not with the normal saline group. Washing residual cardiopulmonary bypass pump blood with Balsol solution results in a resuspended red cell concentrate with a superior electrolyte profile and a strong ion difference similar to that of residual pump blood.
Perfusion Practice in Kenya
Authors: Rutto Anyasius , Koech Philip , Korir Aron , Groom Robert , White Russ
Published: July 2023

Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary bypass have been established by various professional societies. They serve as an instrument to guide safe and effective patient care. We conducted a survey of practicing perfusionists in Kenya to learn about their background, education, current clinical practice and about their knowledge, and attitude regarding standards and guidelines. Two multiple-choice surveys were distributed to all known practicing perfusionist in Kenya using SurveyMonkey (San Mateo, CA). Multiple-choice questions related to professional background, training, annual procedure volume, staffing models, clinical practices, the use of safety devices, and the use of checklists were included in the questionnaires. The survey also inquired about familiarity with American and European perfusion practice standards and guidelines and opinions on establishing standards in Kenya. Responses were received from 12 perfusionists practicing at 10 centers. Professional backgrounds included anesthesia nursing, clinical officers, and critical care nursing. Sixty-seven percent (8/12) received formal training and 33% (4/12) trained primarily through clinical instruction. Of those that received formal training, 63% (5/8) received 1–2 years of training, 25% (2/8) <1 year but more than 6 months, and 12.5% (1/8) received 6 months of formal training. The median clinical experience was 5 years (range 1–22). The median annual case load was 54 (range 0–100). Use of safety devices was reported as follows: level sensor 75% (9/12), air bubble detector 17% (2/12), one-way vent valves 67% (8/12), continuous venous oxygen saturation monitoring 25% (3/12), and gas supply analyzers 33% (4/12). More than one-third of the respondents had no knowledge of the American and European perfusion practice standards, and nearly two-thirds were aware of or had read them. This survey provides contextual information about perfusion practice in Kenya in 2021. There was consensus among perfusionists to develop standards and practice guidelines for Kenya.
A New Evaluation Q-Factor to Be Calculated for Suction Geometries as a Basis for Smooth Suction in the Operating Field to Ensure the Highest Possible Blood Integrity for Retransfusion Systems
Authors: Iwanowski Ireneusz , Böckhaus Jan , Richardt Pascal , Kutschka Ingo , Hanekop Gunnar G. , Friedrich Martin G.
Published: July 2023

Blood hemolysis caused by mechanical impact is a serious problem in medicine. In addition to the heart-lung machine (artificial surfaces, flow irritating connection points) which contributes to hemolysis, blood suction and surgical suction devices are influencing factors. Goal of our research is to develop best flow optimizing suction geometry that represents the best compromise between all influencing effects. Based on data that negative pressure and turbulence have a negative impact on blood components, 27 surgical suction tips have been examined for acoustic stress and negative pressure behavior. Furthermore, a dimensionless factor Q was introduced to assess the overall performance of the suction tips investigated.
Design, manufacturing, and testing of 0.35/25 kV, 20 kHz transformers for particle accelerators
Authors: Chakraborty Aritra , Christian Paul D. , S Amal , Kumar Saurabh , Kundu Ananya , Mankani Ashok , Baruah Ujjwal K.
Published: July 2023

A high voltage, high frequency transformer unit has been designed and built for powering the Cockcroft–Walton voltage multiplier to be used as part of a particle accelerator power supply at the Institute For Plasma Research, India, for the nuclear fusion research facility. A novel combination of high voltage (25 kV), high frequency (20 kHz), and high power (70 kV A) specifications makes its design distinctive and more challenging. The complete unit is composed of two 0.350/25 kV amorphous core transformers connected in center-tap configuration and immersed in an oil-filled tank. To facilitate an iterative design procedure, a spreadsheet method was utilized. The design involved a methodical approach for the core and winding selection, followed by the magnetic analysis and high voltage insulation layout through the finite element method. All the magnetic, electrical, and thermal parameters have been evaluated in detail, assuring a continuous stable operation having an efficiency of greater than 95%. Finally, the transformers were made, and preliminary experiments, including turns ratio, short-circuit, and dielectric tests, were carried out to verify the accuracy of the proposed design. The unit was also field tested under actual load conditions, and the test results were presented and corroborated with the design calculations.
Prediction of transonic flow over supercritical airfoils using geometric-encoding and deep-learning strategies
Authors: Deng Zhiwen , Wang Jing , Liu Hongsheng , Xie Hairun , Li BoKai , Zhang Miao , Jia Tingmeng , Zhang Yi , Wang Zidong , Dong Bin
Published: July 2023

The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation for compressible flow over supercritical airfoils under various flow conditions must be rapidly and accurately solved to shorten design cycles for such airfoils. Although deep-learning methods can effectively predict flow fields, the accuracy of these predictions near sensitive regions and their generalizability to large-scale datasets in engineering applications must be enhanced. In this study, a modified vision transformer-based encoder–decoder network is designed for the prediction of transonic flow over supercritical airfoils. In addition, four methods are designed to encode the geometric input with various information points and the performances of these methods are compared. The statistical results show that these methods generate accurate predictions over the complete flow field, with a mean absolute error on the order of 1 × 10−4. To increase accuracy near the shock area, multilevel wavelet transformation and gradient distribution losses are introduced into the loss function. This results in the maximum error that is typically observed near the shock area decreasing by 50%. Furthermore, the models are pretrained through transfer learning on large-scale datasets and fine-tuned on small datasets to improve their generalizability in engineering applications. The results generated by various pretrained models demonstrate that transfer learning yields a comparable accuracy from a reduced training time.
Reduced-order modeling of transport of infectious aerosols in ventilated rooms
Authors: Xiang Linyan , Lee Cheol W. , Zikanov Oleg , Abuhegazy Mohamed , Poroseva Svetlana V.
Published: July 2023

A new approach to numerical modeling of airborne transmission of respiratory infections, such as COVID-19, influenza, or those caused by common rhinoviruses, is presented. The focus is on the long-range transport of infectious aerosol particles by air flows in indoor environments. The approach is based on the Eulerian description of the aerosol field and the reduced-order modeling (ROM) applied to reduce the computational cost of analysis. The ROM is based on the projection of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution onto a Krylov subspace by an Arnoldi-type algorithm. The algorithm does not require access to the original discretization matrix and, therefore, can be applied to solutions of Eulerian transport problems by general-purpose CFD software, in which such a matrix is often unavailable. The model is validated for a realistic setting via direct comparison of its predictions with the results of the full-order CFD solution based on the Eulerian model and the data of Lagrangian tracking of aerosol particles. Applicability of the ROM to simulation of long-term evolution of the aerosol field and to assessment of infection hazard is demonstrated. Computational tests show that use of ROM reduces the computational cost of analysis by a factor of about 103 without a significant loss in the accuracy of the results.
Numerical analysis of reverse wake-induced vibration at low Reynolds number
Authors: Gu Yubin , Yurchenko Daniil , Wang Junlei , Li Shenfang , Wei Sihang , Tang Rongjiang
Published: July 2023

Reverse wake-induced vibration (RWIV) of two tandem cylinders with the downstream one fixed is numerically studied in this paper; Reynolds number is set as 150 (Re = 150). The effect of different spacing ratios (α) ranging from 3 to 6 with a gap of 0.5 is simulated to investigate the vibration characteristics of RWIV, where the spacing ratio (α) is defined as the nondimensional ratio of the center-to-center separation between the cylinders. As the spacing ratio increases from 3 to 6, RWIV shows a transition from galloping to vortex-induced vibration (VIV), which is also a reverse phenomenon compared to wake-induced vibration (WIV). As to the wake mode, two different types of vortex motion (2S - 2P - 2S and 2S - 2P) are observed within the given range of spacing ratio. Empirical modal decomposition is also applied to further analyze the vibration characteristics of galloping and VIV in RWIV. When the system shows galloping, the number of decomposed modes is larger with the increasing reduced velocity, and different vibration modes show evident mutual anisotropy. In addition, the vortex line diagram is used to analyze the wake vortex characteristics of the RWIV and to supplement the above findings.
Numerical study of droplet behavior passing through a constricted square channel
Authors: Gu Qingqing , Zhang Jinggang , Liu Haihu , Wu Lei
Published: July 2023

Snap-off is a crucial mechanism for drop breakup in multiphase flow within porous media. However, the systematic investigation of snap-off dynamics in constricted capillaries with varying pore and throat heights remains limited. In this study, we conducted three-dimensional simulations of drop behavior in a constricted square capillary with non-uniform depth, employing a color-gradient lattice Boltzmann model. Our analysis encompassed a comprehensive range of parameters, including geometrical factors and physical properties, such as capillary number, initial drop size, viscosity ratio, constriction length, and the presence of soluble surfactants. Depending on these parameters, the drop exhibited either breakup or deformation as it traversed the constriction. Upon snap-off occurrence, we quantified two significant aspects: the snap-off time t̂b, which represents the time interval between the drop front passing the constriction center and the snap-off event, and the volume of the first daughter drop V̂d generated by the breakup mechanism. Consistently, we observed a power-law relationship between t̂b and the capillary number Ca. However, the variation of V̂d with Ca exhibited a more complex behavior, influenced by additional factors, such as the viscosity ratio and the presence of surfactants, which break the linear increase in V̂d with Ca. Notably, the inclusion of surfactants is able to homogenize the volume of the first daughter drop. Through our comprehensive numerical study, we provide valuable insight into the snap-off process in constricted capillaries. This research contributes to the understanding of multiphase flow behavior and facilitates the optimization of processes involving snap-off in porous media.
Electromagnetic pulse protective shielding for digital x-ray detectors
Authors: Schreiner Stephan , Rauch Constantin , Akstaller Bernhard , Bleuel Paulina , Fröjdh Eric , Martynenko Artem S. , Mozzanica Aldo , Neumayer Paul , Wegert Leonard , Zielbauer Bernhard , Zink Adrian , Anton Gisela , Michel Thilo , Funk Stefan
Published: July 2023

Laser-driven x-ray backlighting can be used to image fast dynamic processes like the propagation of laser-driven shock waves in matter. We demonstrate and evaluate the feasibility of operating the JUNGFRAU detector designed by PSI, a direct detecting x-ray detector, in environments with extreme electromagnetic pulses. The electromagnetic pulse-protective housing is specifically designed for this detector and optimized for pump-probe experiments at the Petawatt High-Energy Laser for Heavy Ion EXperiments (PHELIX) facility at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH. The beryllium x-ray entrance window of the protective housing has a high x-ray transmission of 94% at 8 keV. Measurements have shown that the housing simultaneously provides a relative damping of the electromagnetic field on average higher than 1000 in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 5 GHz. The results demonstrate the feasibility of operating digital detectors in experiments where strong electromagnetic pulses are present.
Single hormone or synthetic agonist induces Gs/Gicoupling selectivity of EP receptors via distinct binding modes and propagating paths
Authors: Huang Shen-Ming , Xiong Meng-Yao , Liu Lei , Mu Jianqiang , Wang Ming-Wei , Jia Ying-Li , Cai Kui , Tie Lu , Zhang Chao , Cao Sheng , Wen Xin , Wang Jia-Le , Guo Sheng-Chao , Li Yu , Qu Chang-Xiu , He Qing-Tao , Cai Bo-Yang , Xue Chenyang , Gan Shiyi , Xie Yihe , Cong Xin , Yang Zhao , Kong Wei , Li Shuo , Li Zijian , Xiao Peng , Yang Fan , Yu Xiao , Guan You-Fei , Zhang Xiaoyan , Liu Zhongmin , Yang Bao-Xue , Du Yang , Sun Jin-Peng
Published: July 2023

To accomplish concerted physiological reactions, nature has diversified functions of a single hormone at at least two primary levels: 1) Different receptors recognize the same hormone, and 2) different cellular effectors couple to the same hormone–receptor pair [R.P. Xiao,Sci STKE2001, re15 (2001); L. Hein, J. D. Altman, B.K. Kobilka,Nature402, 181–184 (1999); Y. Daaka, L. M. Luttrell, R. J. Lefkowitz,Nature390, 88–91 (1997)]. Not only these questions lie in the heart of hormone actions and receptor signaling but also dissecting mechanisms underlying these questions could offer therapeutic routes for refractory diseases, such as kidney injury (KI) or X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Here, we identified that Gs-biased signaling, but not Giactivation downstream of EP4, showed beneficial effects for both KI and NDI treatments. Notably, by solving Cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM) structures of EP3-Gi, EP4-Gs, and EP4-Giin complex with endogenous prostaglandin E2(PGE2)or two synthetic agonists and comparing with PGE2-EP2-Gsstructures, we found that unique primary sequences of prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) receptors and distinct conformational states of the EP4 ligand pocket govern the Gs/Gitransducer coupling selectivity through different structural propagation paths, especially via TM6 and TM7, to generate selective cytoplasmic structural features. In particular, the orientation of the PGE2ω-chain and two distinct pockets encompassing agonist L902688 of EP4 were differentiated by their Gs/Gicoupling ability. Further, we identified common and distinct features of cytoplasmic side of EP receptors for Gs/Gicoupling and provide a structural basis for selective and biased agonist design of EP4 with therapeutic potential.
Versatile recognition of graphene layers from optical images under controlled illumination through green channel correlation method
Authors: Sahriar Miah Abdullah , Abed Mohd. Rakibul Hasan , Nirjhar Ahsiur Rahman , Dipon Nazmul Ahsan , Tan-Ema Sadika Jannath , Somphonsane Ratchanok , Buapan Kanokwan , Wei Yong , Ramamoorthy Harihara , Jang Houk , Nam Chang-Yong , Ahmed Saquib
Published: July 2023

In this study, a simple yet versatile method is proposed for identifying the number of exfoliated graphene layers transferred on an oxide substrate from optical images, utilizing a limited number of input images for training, paired with a more traditional number of a few thousand well-published Github images for testing and predicting. Two thresholding approaches, namely the standard deviation-based approach and the linear regression-based approach, were employed in this study. The method specifically leverages the red, green, and blue color channels of image pixels and creates a correlation between the green channel of the background and the green channel of the various layers of graphene. This method proves to be a feasible alternative to deep learning-based graphene recognition and traditional microscopic analysis. The proposed methodology performs well under conditions where the effect of surrounding light on the graphene-on-oxide sample is minimum and allows rapid identification of the various graphene layers. The study additionally addresses the functionality of the proposed methodology with nonhomogeneous lighting conditions, showcasing successful prediction of graphene layers from images that are lower in quality compared to typically published in literature. In all, the proposed methodology opens up the possibility for the non-destructive identification of graphene layers from optical images by utilizing a new and versatile method that is quick, inexpensive, and works well with fewer images that are not necessarily of high quality.
Phase transition in bilayer MoS2 under tensile loading: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Rahman Mahabubur , Zhao Huijuan
Published: July 2023

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), especially single-layer MoS2, has been experimentally and computationally discovered to exist in several different polymorphs exhibiting various electronic and mechanical properties. The morphology of MoS2 can be tuned through strain engineering. Molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to systematically study the phase transition of single-layer MoS2 and bilayer MoS2 under the uniaxial tensile condition at room temperature. The roles of edge and S-line vacancy are investigated. Phase transitions are always triggered near the edge and vacancy sites. The initiation of the metastable T″ phase can release the tensile stress in the lattice, followed by I4/mmm phase initiation, regardless of the edge conditions. The growth of the I4/mmm phase can cause the local buckling of the MoS2 plane. With a tilted S-line vacancy, I4/mmm phase is first initiated to reduce the local shear stress accumulated near the vacancy line. Overall, the phase transition mechanism of single layer and bilayer MoS2 under the uniaxial tensile loading is provided, which guides the future strain engineering of MoS2 in nanoelectronics applications.
Enhancement of catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol using MoO3 nanobelts incorporated SiO2 nanocomposite fabricated by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation technique
Authors: Baroot Abbad Al , Haladu Shamsuddeen A , Ibrahim Mansur B , Akhtar Sultan , Alshammari Alhulw H , Taha Taha AbdelMohaymen , Elsayed Khaled A , Manda Abdullah A
Published: July 2023

Nanocomposites of SiO2/MoO3 having respective weight ratios of 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3 were synthesized using a nanosecond pulsed laser ablation method. The prepared samples were analyzed with UV–Vis and Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM. Based on the TEM analysis, the morphology and the structure of the nanocomposites varied with the change in the ratio of MoO3, and the sample containing the highest amount of MoO3 shows a compact morphology and a higher number of nanoparticles. The band gap energy of the nanocomposites increases with an increase in MoO3 load. The nanocomposites were used in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in the presence of NaBH4. The reduction time of 4-NP decreases as the amount of MoO3 increases in the nanocomposite. The rate constants were estimated at 0.0878, 0.2319, and 0.1726 min−1 for SiO2/MoO3 (3:1, 2:2, and 1:3) catalysts respectively. The results demonstrate the good catalytic performance of the prepared materials by enabling fast reduction of 4-NP.
Quantum metrology with critical driven-dissipative collective spin system
Authors: Pavlov Venelin P , Porras Diego , Ivanov Peter A
Published: July 2023

We propose two critical dissipative quantum metrology schemes for single parameter estimation which are based on a quantum probe consisting of a coherently driven ensemble of N spin-1/2 particles under the effect of a collective spin decay. The collective spin system exhibits a dissipative phase transition between thermal and ferromagnetic phases, which is characterized by a nonanalytical behavior of the spin observables. We show that thanks to the dissipative phase transition the sensitivity of the parameter estimation can be significantly enhanced. Furthermore, we show that our steady state is a spin squeezed state which allows one to perform parameter estimation with sub shot-noise limited measurement uncertainty.
Relativistic charged stellar modeling with a perfect fluid sphere
Authors: Estevez-Delgado Joaquin , Rodríguez Ceballos Joel Arturo , Paulin-Fuentes Jorge Mauricio , Vega Cabrera José , Rendón Romero Antonio
Published: July 2023

In this report we present the generalization of a solution to Einstein’s equations with perfect fluid for the case of Einstein–Maxwell with perfect fluid. The effect of the charge is reflected by a parameter, ν, and its interval is determined by the positivity condition from the pressure in the interior of the star. It is shown that the solution is stable according to the Zeldovich criteria as well as in relation to the criteria of the adiabatic index. The compactness, u = GM/c
2
R, of this charged model is greater than it is for the chargeless case as a result of the effect of the presence of the charge. This allows it to represent stars with a high compactness, in particular a graphic analysis is presented for the star SAX J1808.4-3658 with mass M = 1.435M
⊙ and radius R = 7.07 km. From these data and employing the solution, we obtain that the total maximum charge for the star is Q = 2.4085 × 1020 C.
Embrittlement of WCLL blanket and its fracture mechanical assessment
Authors: Aktaa Jarir , Gaganidze Ermile , Bongioví Gaetano , Arena Pietro , Spagnuolo Gandolfo Alessandro , Aiello Giacomo , Chiovaro Pierluigi , Bachmann Christian
Published: July 2023

In the European fusion programme, the Water Cooled Lithium Lead breeding blanket (WCLL BB) uses EUROFER as a structural material cooled with water at temperatures between 295 °C–328 °C and a pressure of 155 bar. The WCLL BB will be significantly irradiated (>2 dpa), while some parts will not receive significant heat loads, e.g. the sidewalls or the back-supporting structures. The irradiation, together with the irradiation temperature of EUROFER below 350 °C, produces a shift of the ductile-to-brittle-transition temperature (DBTT) to levels above room temperature at neutron doses, causing material damage as low as 2–3 dpa. Even though the DBTT does not reach the operating temperature level, brittle/non-ductile fracture is a concern during in-vessel maintenance when the BB temperature is below the DBTT. Two loading scenarios were identified as severe in this respect: (i) re-pressurization of the WCLL BB cooling loop after in-vessel maintenance, and (ii) dead weight loads during lifting of the BB segment. The embrittlement of the WCLL BB was investigated by quantifying the local DBTT shift in its parts based on current knowledge of the embrittlement behaviour of EUROFER under neutron irradiation. Therefore, a suitable, not overly conservative procedure was derived considering dpa damage and transmuted helium effects. The results demonstrate the ability to identify the 3D spread of the severely embrittled zones in the structure whose impact on the structural integrity was assessed considering the risk of brittle/non-ductile fracture. Thereby, the fracture mechanics approach established in nuclear codes was applied assuming its applicability to EUROFER. The embrittled zones in the first wall (FW) and its sidewalls pass the criteria when assessing the relatively low stresses resulting from the coolant pressure. The assessment was then continued considering stresses appearing in the FW during maintenance, in particular, when lifting the BB segment and transporting it out of the vacuum vessel. In this context, the maximum tolerable flaw sizes were determined in a parameter study considering designs of the FW with different cooling channel wall thicknesses.
Preface
Authors: Zank G P
Published: July 2023

The 20th Annual International Astrophysics Conference (AIAC) was held at the La Posada de Santa Fe Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA from October 31 to November 4, 2022. This year’s meeting followed in the footsteps of 2020’s COVID-19-affected meeting and was the first AIAC since the pandemic. Understandably, the re-opening of the AIAC meetings proceeded cautiously but we are happy to report that the meeting went exceptionally smoothly, safety protocols were followed, and an enjoyable and stimulating meeting was held. Leading the way in ensuring a safe and successful meeting was of course the conference organizer Adele Corona of ICNS and her assistant Kathy Tolbert, and the staff at the La Posada. With the successful conclusion of this meeting, we look forward to a degree of normalcy in organizing meetings and conferences in future.

The theme of the 20th AIAC was “From the Depths of the Solar Corona to the Darkness of Interstellar Space: A 20 Year Perspective” with our now traditional format of 25-minute presentations punctuated by selected 40-minute invited talks that explored various themes in greater detail.

The intent of the 20th AIAC was twofold – retrospective, celebrating the solar, space, and astrophysical accomplishments of the past 20 years as expressed in the 19 prior AIAC conferences, and perspective, i.e., examining some of the pressing questions that taxed our community over the past 20 years from the perspective of what we think we now know and understand. Since the 19 previous meetings addressed the broad themes of the interaction of the outer heliosphere and the local interstellar medium, shock waves and nonlinear processes, energetic particles, particle acceleration and transport, the heating and physics of the solar corona and solar wind, turbulence processes, and much more, these were the themes of the 20th iteration of the AIAC. A characteristic theme of previous meetings was the universality of many of the physical processes that informed the conference, and this was a central element of the 20th celebration.

Finally, let me thank again Adele Corona for another outstanding meeting. Her ability to create and organize superbly run and efficient conferences is unmatched. Likewise, we thank her long-time assistant Kathy Tolbert for her excellent help. Finally, thanks as always to Adele for her help in providing the logistical support for this volume of papers.
Impact of Magnetic Focusing on the Transport of Energetic Electrons in the Solar Corona
Authors: Tang Bofeng , Che Haihong , Zank Gary P.
Published: July 2023

Observations of Type III radio bursts discovered that electron beams with power-law energy spectra are commonly produced during solar flares. The locations of these electron beams are ~ 300 Mm above the particle acceleration region of the photosphere, and the velocities range from 3 to 10 times the local background electron thermal velocity. However, the mechanism that can commonly produce electron beams during the propagation of energetic electrons with power-law energy spectra in the corona remains unclear. In this paper, using kinetic transport theory, we find for the first time that the magnetic focusing effect governs the formation of electron beams over the observational desired distance in the corona. The magnetic focusing effect can sharply increase the bulk velocity of energetic electrons to the observed electron beam velocity within 0.4 solar radii (300 Mm) as they escape from the acceleration region and propagate upward along magnetic field lines. In more rapidly decreasing magnetic fields, energetic electrons with a harder power-law energy spectrum can generate a higher bulk velocity, producing type III radio bursts at a location much closer to the acceleration region. During propagation, the spectral index of the energetic electrons is unchanged.
Third-Generation Single-Molecule Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing of Aneuploidy and Segmental Imbalances
Authors: Tan Vivienne J , Liu Timing , Arifin Zainul , Pak Beatrice , Tan Arnold S C , Wong Simin , Khor Chiea-Chuen , Yang Henry , Lee Caroline G , Huang Zhongwei , Choolani Mahesh A , Chong Samuel S
Published: July 2023

Background

Current strategies for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy or structural rearrangements (PGT-A/SR) rely mainly on next-generation sequencing (NGS) and microarray platforms, which are robust but require expensive instrumentation. We explored the suitability of third-generation single-molecule sequencing as a PGT-A/SR screening platform for both aneuploidy and segmental imbalance.

Methods

Single-cell and multicell replicates from aneuploid or segmentally unbalanced cell lines (n = 208) were SurePlex-amplified, randomized, and subjected to (a) Nanopore-based single-molecule sequencing (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) and (b) NGS using a leading commercial PGT-A solution (Illumina VeriSeq PGS). Archival SurePlex-amplified trophectoderm biopsy samples (n = 96) previously analyzed using the commercial kit were blinded and reanalyzed using Nanopore.

Results

Nanopore-based PGT-A identified the specific aberration in 95.45% (84/88) and 97.78% (88/90) of single-/multicells with an aneuploidy or segmental imbalance (10–30.5 Mb), respectively. Comparison against the commercial kit’s results revealed concordances of 98.86% (87/88) and 98.89% (89/90) for the aneuploid and segmentally unbalanced (10–30.5 Mb aberration) samples, respectively. Detection sensitivity for smaller segmental imbalances (5–5.8 Mb aberration, n = 30) decreased markedly on both platforms. Nanopore-based PGT-A reanalysis of trophectoderm biopsy samples was 97.92% (94/96) concordant with the commercial kit results.

Conclusion

Up to 24 SurePlex-amplified single-cell, multicell, or trophectoderm samples could be sequenced in a single MinION flow-cell for subsequent preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy or structural rearrangements (PGT-A/SR) analysis, with results obtainable in ≤3 days and at per-sample costs that are competitive with commercial offerings. Nanopore’s third-generation single-molecule sequencing represents a viable alternative to current commercial NGS-based PGT-A solutions for aneuploidy and segmental imbalance (≥10 Mb) screening of single-/multicell or trophectoderm biopsy samples.
Interactions of beet leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), vector of beet curly top virus, and hemp in New Mexico
Authors: Creamer Rebecca , Simpson Annabel , Rheay Hanah T , Brewer Catherine E
Published: July 2023

The beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker 1896), is the sole vector of beet curly top virus (BCTV). Both the virus and the vector have very wide host ranges, including many crops and weeds. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been reported as a host for both the virus and leafhopper in the past few years with the legal cultivation of the crop in the United States. This research assessed the interactions of the beet leafhopper and hemp in New Mexico by determining the natural infection of hemp with BCTV in 3 field plots in 2021 and 2022 and monitoring the numbers of leafhoppers using yellow sticky traps. The relative preference of beet leafhopper for hemp types and varieties of hemp was assessed using cafeteria-style choice tests. Higher numbers of beet leafhoppers were trapped in and around hemp fields in 2022 than in 2021 in all 3 locations. BCTV was found to infect all 3 types of hemp (cannabidiol or CBD, fiber, and grain) in 2022 in 1 location and only a single CBD variety of hemp in the other 2 locations. Two BCTV strains were identified in CBD hemp, while an additional BCTV strain was found infecting chile pepper grown at the same location.
Safety and Immunogenicity of a ChAd155-Vectored Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine in Infants 6–7 Months of age: A Phase 1/2 Randomized Trial
Authors: Sáez-Llorens Xavier , Norero Ximena , Mussi-Pinhata Marisa Márcia , Luciani Kathia , de la Cueva Ignacio Salamanca , Díez-Domingo Javier , Lopez-Medina Eduardo , Epalza Cristina , Brzostek Jerzy , Szymański Henryk , Boucher François D , Cetin Benhur S , De Leon Tirza , Dinleyici Ener Cagri , Gabriel Miguel Ángel Marín , Ince Tolga , Macias-Parra Mercedes , Langley Joanne M , Martinón-Torres Federico , Rämet Mika , Kuchar Ernest , Pinto Jorge , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Baquero-Artigao Fernando , Gattinara Guido Castelli , Arribas Jose Manuel Merino , Ramos Amador Jose Tomas , Szenborn Leszek , Tapiero Bruce , Anderson Evan J , Campbell James D , Faust Saul N , Nikic Vanja , Zhou Yingjun , Pu Wenji , Friel Damien , Dieussaert Ilse , Lopez Antonio Gonzalez , McPhee Roderick , Stoszek Sonia K , Vanhoutte Nicolas
Published: July 2023

Background

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. This phase 1/2, observer-blind, randomized, controlled study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of an investigational chimpanzee-derived adenoviral vector RSV vaccine (ChAd155-RSV, expressing RSV F, N, and M2-1) in infants.

Methods

Healthy 6- to 7-month-olds were 1:1:1-randomized to receive 1 low ChAd155-RSV dose (1.5 × 1010 viral particles) followed by placebo (RSV_1D); 2 high ChAd155-RSV doses (5 × 1010 viral particles) (RSV_2D); or active comparator vaccines/placebo (comparator) on days 1 and 31. Follow-up lasted approximately 2 years.

Results

Two hundred one infants were vaccinated (RSV_1D: 65; RSV_2D: 71; comparator: 65); 159 were RSV-seronaive at baseline. Most solicited and unsolicited adverse events after ChAd155-RSV occurred at similar or lower rates than after active comparators. In infants who developed RSV infection, there was no evidence of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). RSV-A neutralizing titers and RSV F-binding antibody concentrations were higher post–ChAd155-RSV than postcomparator at days 31, 61, and end of RSV season 1 (mean follow-up, 7 months). High-dose ChAd155-RSV induced stronger responses than low-dose, with further increases post–dose 2.

Conclusions

ChAd155-RSV administered to 6- to 7-month-olds had a reactogenicity/safety profile like other childhood vaccines, showed no evidence of VAERD, and induced a humoral immune response.

Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03636906.
Long-term Prophylaxis Against Aerosolized Marburg Virus in Nonhuman Primates With an Afucosylated Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Abelson Dafna , Barajas Jennifer , Stuart Lauren , Kim Do , Marimuthu Arumugapradeep , Hu Chris , Yamamoto Brent , Ailor Eric , Whaley Kevin J , Vu Hong , Agans Krystle N , Borisevich Viktoriya , Deer Daniel J , Dobias Natalie S , Woolsey Courtney , Prasad Abhishek N , Peel Jennifer E , Lawrence William S , Cross Robert W , Geisbert Thomas W , Fenton Karla A , Zeitlin Larry
Published: July 2023

Marburg virus (MARV) causes a hemorrhagic fever disease in human and nonhuman primates with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Concerns about weaponization of aerosolized MARV have spurred the development of nonhuman primate (NHP) models of aerosol exposure. To address the potential threat of aerosol exposure, a monoclonal antibody that binds MARV glycoprotein was tested, MR186YTE, for its efficacy as a prophylactic. MR186YTE was administered intramuscularly to NHPs at 15 or 5 mg/kg 1 month prior to MARV aerosol challenge. Seventy-five percent (3/4) of the 15 mg/kg dose group and 50% (2/4) of the 5 mg/kg dose group survived. Serum analyses showed that the NHP dosed with 15 mg/kg that succumbed to infection developed an antidrug antibody response and therefore had no detectable MR186YTE at the time of challenge. These results suggest that intramuscular dosing of mAbs may be a clinically useful prophylaxis for MARV aerosol exposure.
Year-Round Respiratory Syncytial Virus Transmission in The Netherlands Following the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Nationwide Observational and Modeling Study
Authors: Löwensteyn Yvette N , Zheng Zhe , Rave Neele , Bannier Michiel A G E , Billard Marie-Noëlle , Casalegno Jean-Sebastien , Pitzer Virginia E , Wildenbeest Joanne G , Weinberger Daniel M , Bont Louis ,   for the Surveillance of Pediatric REspiratory Admissions in Dutch hospitals (SPREAD) Study Group, Vermaas-van Putten Marlies , Smit-Kleinlugtenbeld Elly , Peetsold Marieke , van der Kuip Martijn , van Goudoever Hans , van Keulen Britt , Boot Anouk , Kloos Robin , van Gool Sandy , Snepvangers Yvonne , Kuijpers Anke , Menelik Negassi , de Crom Stephanie , Miedema Carien , ten Tusscher Gavin , van Giessen Jet , de Moor Ronald , Faber Marianne , Breukels Mijke , Jaddoe Vincent , Duijts Liesbeth , Lutterman Claire , Vink Ilka , Tramper-Stranders Gerdien , Oudshoorn Annemarie , Ritman Astrid , Dubbink-Verheij Gerdien , Bolt Jantien , Cakir Cagri , Rietveld Edwin , Bekhof Jolita , Rings Edmond , de Swart Jara , Driessen Gertjan , Doedens Rienus , Nijssen Lieke , van Onzenoort-Bokken Lonneke , Meijneke Ruud , van Scherpenzeel Machteld , Faber Tina , de Groof Femke , Schouten Sarah , van de Zande Julia , de Coul Monique op , Henriet Stefanie , Stol Kim , van Rossem Maaike , Jacobs Monique , van Houten Marlies , Zuurbier Roy , Plötz Frans , de Vries Andra , van der Heide Rinske , van Boekholt Anneke , de Jong Gieneke Gonera , Rashid Amara Nassar-Sheikh , Roelofs Manouck , Illy Károly , Reijmerink Naomi , van Dorth Stefan , Schipper Saskia , Rosias Philippe , Teirlinck Anne
Published: July 2023

We initiated a nationwide prospective study to monitor respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–related pediatric hospitalizations in 46 hospitals throughout the Netherlands between May 2021 and August 2022. We showed year-round RSV transmission in the Netherlands after an initial 2021 summer outbreak. The pattern was unprecedented and distinct from neighboring countries. We extended a dynamic simulation model to evaluate the impact of waning immunity on pediatric RSV hospitalizations in the Netherlands using 4 different scenarios. Our results suggest that the observed continuous RSV transmission pattern could be associated with waning immunity due to the period of very low RSV circulation during the COVID-19 pandemic.