bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The interaction between types of cover crop residue and digestate application methods affects ammonia volatilization during maize cropping season
Authors: Maris Stefania Codruta , Capra Federico , Ardenti Federico , Boselli Roberta , Pochintesta Davide , Beone Gian Maria , Tabaglio Vincenzo , Fiorini Andrea
Published: February 2021

Organic and mineral fertilizers are important sources of ammonia (NH3) emissions from agricultural fields. The objectives of this study were (a) to evaluate how different cover crop (CC) residues (i.e., rye [Secale cereale L.], white mustard [Sinapis alba L.], and bare soil as control) in combination with different application methods of digestate (surface broadcast vs. shallow injection) affect NH3 volatilization before planting maize (Zea mays L.) and (b) to assess the residual effect of previous CCs on NH3 volatilization after urea top‐dress application at the V5‐V6 phonological stage of maize. Ammonia volatilization was measured using semi‐static chambers for 14 d (335 h) after planting and for 6 d (150 h) at the V5‐V6 stage. Overall, NH3 emissions decreased by 67–77% with digestate injection compared with surface broadcasting. However, the reduction in NH3 volatilization using the injection method was significantly lower with mustard residue (6.72 kg NH3–N ha–1) than with rye residue (14.15 kg NH3–N ha–1), which allowed for more volatilization by increasing the exposure of digestate to the air. Broadcast digestate method did not affect the cumulative NH3–N losses obtained with different CC types. After urea top‐dressing at the V5‐V6 stage of maize, the cumulative losses of NH3 (during 150 h) were 2.99 kg NH3–N ha–1 with rye as previous CC and 2.49 kg NH3–N ha–1 with mustard. Our study shows that digestate injection before maize planting and urea top‐dressing application followed immediately by irrigation (15 mm) could be considered as useful strategies to mitigate NH3 volatilization and increase N use efficiency in maize.
Potential human inhalation exposure to soil contaminants in urban gardens on brownfields sites: A breath of fresh air?
Authors: Weeks Joseph J. , Hettiarachchi Ganga M. , Santos Eduardo , Tatarko John
Published: February 2021

Urban gardening has been experiencing increased popularity around the world. Many urban gardens are located on sites that may be contaminated by trace elements or organic compounds due to previous use. The three main exposure pathways to the human body for soil contaminants are (a) ingestion of soil directly, (b) consumption of produce containing or superficially contaminated with a contaminant, (c) and inhalation of soil dust. The first two modes have received much attention; however, the contribution of the inhalation route has not been investigated adequately. Two inhalation risk studies were carried out in urban gardens located in Kansas City, MO, by collecting dust while 25‐m2 plots were rototilled. Microclimatic variables were monitored, and total inhalable dust mass was determined using a personal sampling train including a small pump and air filter. Soil lead (Pb) concentration was assessed at both sites. For Study 1, particle size distribution of collected particles was estimated through analysis of scanning electron microscope images of filters. Little dust was collected at either site. Most particles captured, however, appeared to be <4 μm in diameter. The amount of dust emitted was correlated with soil moisture. Tilling reduced soil aggregate size and blended soil, resulting in a more homogeneous distribution of Pb. Dust inhalation while tilling is likely not a major Pb exposure risk for gardeners, but given the preponderance of very small particles in what was captured, care should be taken to prevent dust from entering the respiratory system.
Treatment strategies for reflux esophagitis including a potassium‐competitive acid blocker: A cost‐effectiveness analysis in Japan
Authors: Habu Yasuki , Hamasaki Ryuhei , Maruo Motonobu , Nakagawa Tatsuya , Aono Yuki , Hachimine Daisaku
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common condition, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the mainstays of treatment. However, concerns have been raised about the safety of PPIs. A potassium‐competitive acid blocker (P‐CAB), vonoprazan (VPZ), was recently introduced, which may provide clinical benefits. This study was performed to investigate the cost‐effectiveness of alternative long‐term strategies including continuous and discontinuous treatment with VPZ for the management of reflux esophagitis in Japan.

Methods

A health state transition model was developed to capture the long‐term management of reflux esophagitis. Four different strategies were compared: (a) intermittent PPI using lansoprazole (LPZ); (b) intermittent P‐CAB; (c) maintenance PPI using LPZ; and (d) maintenance P‐CAB.

Results

Intermittent P‐CAB was the most cost‐effective, and the number of days for which medication was required with this strategy was fewest. Maintenance PPI was more efficacious, but more costly than intermittent P‐CAB. Maintenance P‐CAB was more efficacious, but more costly than maintenance PPI. Co‐payments were higher for maintenance PPI than for intermittent P‐CAB, and for maintenance P‐CAB than for maintenance PPI, which were considered reasonable for the majority of patients to improve symptoms.

Conclusions

Intermittent P‐CAB appears to be the strategy of choice for the majority of reflux esophagitis patients in clinical practice. If a patient is not satisfied with the symptom control of the current strategy, switching to a more effective strategy appears to be a reasonable option for the majority of patients.
Prenatal diagnosis of 913 fetuses samples using copy number variation sequencing
Authors: Lan Liubing , She Lingna , Zhang Bosen , He Yanhong , Zheng Zhiyuan
Published: February 2021

Background

The present study aimed to explore the etiological relationship between fetal abnormalities and copy number variations (CNVs) with the aim of intervening and preventing the birth of children with birth defects in time.

Methods

Samples of 913 fetuses with puncture indications were collected from January 2017 to December 2019. Karyotype analysis and CNV sequencing (CNV‐seq) testing was performed for fetuses with ultrasonic abnormalities, a high risk of Down’s syndrome and an adverse birth history. All cases were followed up.

Results

In total, 123 cases (13.47%) had abnormal karyotypes, including 109 cases with chromosome number abnormalities and 14 cases of chromosomal structural abnormalities. Thirty‐seven (4.05%) cases with pathogenic CNVs were detected. The detection rate of pathogenicity CNVs was 12.82% for mixed indications, followed by 7.5% for an adverse birth history, 5.88% at high risk of non‐invasive prenatal testing, 5.00% with an abnormal ultrasonic marker, 1.89% at high risk of screening for Down's syndrome and 1.45% with advanced maternal age. There were 12 (1.31%) cases with microduplications and 25 (2.74%) cases with microdeletions. Trisomy 21 (39.02%), trisomy 18 (13.82%) and Turner syndrome (9.76%) were the top three chromosome abnormalities. There were 104, 746 and 63 cases in the 11–13 weeks, 14–27 weeks 28–38 weeks gestational ages, respectively. The abnormal rates of fetal chromosome aneuploidy and the rate of pathogenic CNVs were decreased and increased with the increase of gestational age (p < 0.05), respectively.

Conclusions

Compared with karyotype analysis, CNV‐seq can improve the detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities. CNV‐seq combined karyotype analysis should be performed simultaneously in fetuses with puncture indications.
Factors affecting antidepressant use by patients requiring home parenteral nutrition
Authors: Cloutier Anabelle , Deutsch Liat , Miller Bethany , Leahy Gavin , Ablett Joanne , Healey Andrew , Twist Katherine , Teubner Antje , Abraham Arun , Taylor Michael , Pironi Loris , Lal Simon
Published: February 2021

Background

Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is a life‐saving therapy for patients with chronic intestinal failure but can be associated with a degree of psychological distress. The factors associated with the need for antidepressants (ADs) in this cohort have not yet been described.

Methods

The study involved prospective data collection from patients attending an HPN clinic at a national intestinal failure referral center. Patients requiring HPN as a result of active malignancy were excluded. Patients were divided in 2 groups according to AD usage; demographic, anthropometric, socioeconomic characteristics, and intravenous supplementation (IVS) regimens were compared between groups.

Results

A total of 184 patients were recruited between July 2018 and April 2019, with an overall prevalence of AD use of 41.7% (70/168 patients). Daily mean IVS volume was significantly higher among patients taking AD (“AD” group; 2125.48 ± 991.8 ml/day, “no‐AD” group; 1828.54 ± 847.0 ml/day, P = .039), with the proportion of patients needing high‐volume IVS (≥3000 ml/day) being 3 times higher in the AD group (20.0%(14/70 patients) vs 6.1% (6/98 patients), P = .006). The average energy IVS infusion per day was similar between the groups.

Conclusion

This is the first study to demonstrate that AD use correlates with higher IVS volume rather than energy requirements in HPN patients, suggesting that high IVS volume requirements may be better associated with the patient's disease burden. Early and tailored mental health intervention may be beneficial in those with high IVS volume requirements.
Identification of high‐value generating molecules from the wastes of tuna fishery industry by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography hyphenated techniques with automated sample preparation
Authors: Rigano Francesca , Arena Paola , Mangraviti Domenica , Donnarumma Danilo , Dugo Paola , Donato Paola , Mondello Luigi , Micalizzi Giuseppe
Published: February 2021

The present work aims to a promising re‐utilization of the massive waste derived from the tuna fishing industry, for which by‐products can represent more than 50% of the original material. Due to the considerable content in polyunsaturated fatty acids and noble proteins, such wastes can be used as primary source of functional ingredients in the production of nutraceuticals. The composition of the lipid and protein tuna fractions was investigated by means of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry methods (in wastes and edible parts), and a preliminary characterization of potential bioactive peptides was achieved. Automated sample preparation allowed speeding up the analytical workflow, while allowing for highly sensitive and selective lipid characterization. The ω3 fatty acid content was found higher in waste products compared to the muscle, in terms of fatty acids as well as complex lipids. As for peptides, extraction by isoelectric solubilization/precipitation was performed, followed by enzymatic digestion and high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, the use of bioinformatics tools highlighted the presence of potential antimicrobial peptides in the samples investigated.
Could Radiofrequency Echographic Multi‐Spectrometry (REMS) Overcome the Limitations of BMD by DXA Related to Artifacts? A Series of 3 Cases
Authors: Tomai Pitinca Maria Dea , Fortini Pietro , Gonnelli Stefano , Caffarelli Carla
Published: February 2021

Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered the gold standard in the evaluation of bone mineral density (BMD) and in the diagnosis of osteoporosis.The diagnostic sensitivity of BMD at lumbar spine is frequently reduced by the presence of artifacts. This study aimed to show the usefulness of radiofrequency echographic multi‐spectrometry (REMS) in determining lumbar BMD in the presence of artifacts with DXA measurements. We present 3 cases in which REMS technology, by the analysis of native raw unfiltered ultrasound signals, appears to be able to recognize and overcome the most common artifacts that affect the value of the BMD by DXA, thus allowing a better assessment of fracture risk.
Estimation of In‐Water Density and Abundance of Harbor Seals
Authors: Ampela Kristen , Jefferson Thomas A. , Smultea Mari A.
Published: February 2021

Ecologists and managers require accurate population estimates of marine mammals to assess potential anthropogenic threats to these animals. We present estimates of in‐water density and abundance of a distinct stock of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in Hood Canal, Washington, USA. We used aerial line‐transect survey data collected from 2013 to 2016 to directly estimate harbor seal density and abundance in the waters of Hood Canal, a deep‐water fjord in the Salish Sea. We estimated a correction factor for trackline detection probability from dive and surface time data gathered from regional seal tagging studies, and applied this factor to correct for seals missed on the trackline during surveys. We applied conventional and multiple covariate line‐transect approaches in the analysis. The resulting best estimate of in‐water density of harbor seals in the Hood Canal study region was 5.80 seals/km2, with an estimated abundance of 2,009 seals. We did not derive a correction factor to account for the number of seals on land (i.e., hauled out). Therefore, these estimates do not reflect total stock size but provide a starting point to evaluate potential influences of anthropogenic activities, particularly those involving underwater noise, on this marine mammal stock. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Endoscopy‐Assisted Transoral Approach to Resect Parapharyngeal Space Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Chen Huihong , He Zhiying , Li Guo , Liu Chao , Zhang Diekuo , Huang Donghai , Xie Changning , Jiang Weihong , Qiu Yuanzheng , Zhang Xin , Liu Yong
Published: February 2021

Objectives

By comparing the endoscopy‐assisted transoral approach (EATA) with external approaches (EAs) for the resection of parapharyngeal space tumors (PPSTs), we determined whether the EATA has advantages in terms of operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative hospitalization, drainage volume, and complications. At the same time, we summarized the surgical indications for the EATA.

Methods

Systematic literature retrieval was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and CQVIP databases up to February 2020. We calculated the mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous outcomes and pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI for dichotomous outcomes. The measured outcomes were operative time, bleeding volume, postoperative hospitalization, drainage volume, and complications.

Results

Seven studies involving 318 patients were eligible. Of these patients, 145 patients underwent EATA and 173 patients underwent EA surgery. All the former tumors were benign and located medial or anteromedial to the carotid sheath except for the unrecorded tumors. Compared with EAs, the EATA significantly shortened the operation time (MD = −5.56 min, 95% CI: −9.58 to −1.55), shrank the bleeding volume (MD = −89.02 ml, 95% CI: −126.16 to −51.88), shortened the postoperative hospitalization (MD = −2.44 days, 95% CI: −3.37 to −1.51), reduced the drainage volume (MD = −32.97 ml, 95% CI: −36.24 to −29.70), and lowered the incidence of complications (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.59).

Conclusion

As for PPSTs, with an appropriate and precise patient selection, the EATA is a safe, effective, minimally invasive, and aesthetic surgical modality. Laryngoscope, 131:2246–2253, 2021
A Structure‐Properties Relationship Study of Self‐Healing Materials Based on Styrene and Furfuryl Methacrylate Cross‐Linked via Diels–Alder Chemistry
Authors: Raffa Patrizio , Kassi Adamantia , Gosschalk Julian , Migliore Nicola , Polgar Lorenzo Massimo , Picchioni Francesco
Published: February 2021

A series of copolymers of styrene and furfuryl methacrylate characterized by various molecular structures (linear and star, block and random) is synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization, and cross‐linked with a bismaleimide by means of thermally reversible Diels–Alder (DA) reaction, to obtain self‐healing materials. The prepared materials are studied in terms of gelation, swelling, thermal, and dynamic‐mechanical analysis, with the aim of correlating relevant properties to their chemical structure. It is found that the furan/styrene ratio, as well as the molecular architecture, have a major influence on the properties. It is also found that the reversibility of the DA reaction is not complete in the solid state for materials with high cross‐linking density. This study provides some important tools for the design of materials characterized by thermally reversible behavior, which find usually application as self‐healing thermosets, coatings, or adhesives.
Glycerol‐Filled Silicone Adhesive Patches with Excellent Sun Protection
Authors: Yu Liyun , Mazurek Piotr , Madsen Frederikke Bahrt , Skov Anne Ladegaard
Published: February 2021

Numerous medical conditions such as cancer, eczema, moles, and burns may leave patients with increased sensitivity to UV light. A UV‐protective patch that provides a healing environment for sensitive or broken skin is therefore developed from two‐phase glycerol‐silicone adhesives. The adhesives are prepared using a simple processing method in which high shear forces mix glycerol and silicone prepolymers that are subsequently cured to form a stable, free‐standing adhesive containing inherent discrete glycerol droplets. These materials are excellent candidates for wound care adhesives, since glycerol increases the silicone adhesives’ water absorption while providing low peel forces and gentle adherence to the skin. Adhesives show increased sun protection properties with increasing glycerol content. When TiO2, a well‐known ingredient in sunscreen products, is added to the glycerol‐filled silicone adhesives, the sun protection factor reached SPF 100 without compromising the mechanical or peel strength properties. Further, the sun protective properties of the TiO2‐filled glycerol‐silicone adhesives prove to be stable when exposed to 80% relative humidity for 20 h to simulate performance during typical usage.
β‐Blocker–Induced Tremor
Authors: Al‐Shorafat Duha M. , Bhowmick Suvorit , Espay Alberto J. , Fasano Alfonso
Published: February 2021

Background

Although the β‐blocker propranolol is considered one of the most effective tremor treatments and other β‐blockers are often prescribed to patients with tremor, those with partial β‐agonist activity on β‐adrenoreceptors can theoretically induce or exacerbate tremor. Here we report 2 patients with tremor induced or worsened by such β‐blockers.

Cases

Case 1 is a 38‐year‐old man with worsening of tremor in both upper extremities after the introduction of pindolol as an adjunct treatment for severe depression. The tremor improved 1 month after discontinuing this medication. Case 2 is a 77‐year‐old woman with new bilateral hand tremor after receiving labetalol for the management of hypertension during a hospital admission. Tremor markedly attenuated after eliminating labetalol.

Conclusion

β‐Blockers with partial agonist activity can induce or exacerbate tremor.
Natural convection nanofluid flow with heat transfer analysis of carbon nanotubes–water nanofluid inside a vertical truncated wavy cone
Authors: Ellahi Rahmat , Zeeshan Ahmed , Waheed Aamir , Shehzad Nasir , Sait Sadiq M.
Published: February 2021

The flow of heat transfer study of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)–water nanofluid over vertical truncated wavy cone is considered. The present boundary layer power law fluid is analyzed near the truncated wavy cone. The considered cone is wavy in physical configuration and placed in a vertical direction. Moreover, nanosized particles of CNTs suspended into water (base fluid) are transporting in two directions, which are modeled by using Boussinesq's approximation. Coordinate transformation is applied in order to shift the wavy surface to a flat surface. Then governing equation dealing with the momentum of nanofluid along with thermal stratification are reduced in dimensionless form by using appropriate transformation. Results point out that the thickness of thermal boundary layer decreases by increasing the value of  volume fraction of carbon nanotubes. Finally, the obtained solution is related through a graphical survey, and it is inferred that the investigation is in good accordance with the current literature.
Design of assessment tool for unplanned endotracheal extubation of artificial airway patients
Authors: Zhang Ping , Liu Li‐Ping
Published: February 2021

Aim

Unplanned endotracheal extubation (UEE) is one of the most common adverse events reported in patients with artificial airway. Current research in UEE is mostly limited to the summary of risk factors and analysis of prevention strategies. The aim of the study was to develop an assessment tool for medical staff to assess the risk of unplanned extubation in endotracheal intubation patients.

Design

The design was a qualitative study.

Methods

Based on literature review, group discussion, pre‐investigation, the initial risk assessment scale on unplanned extubation for endotracheal intubation patients was established. Fifteen experts from thirteen tertiary‐A hospitals across eight provinces participated in two rounds of Delphi panel.

Results

The risk assessment tool on unplanned extubation for endotracheal intubation patients was established by the Delphi method. It was composed of 11 indicators, which got agreement among two rounds panel.
Functional connectivity between the amygdala and subgenual cingulate gyrus predicts the antidepressant effects of ketamine in patients with treatment‐resistant depression
Authors: Nakamura Tomoyuki , Tomita Masaru , Horikawa Naoki , Ishibashi Masatoshi , Uematsu Ken , Hiraki Teruyuki , Abe Toshi , Uchimura Naohisa
Published: February 2021

Aim

Approximately one‐third of patients with major depressive disorder develop treatment‐resistant depression. One‐third of patients with treatment‐resistant depression demonstrate resistance to ketamine, which is a novel antidepressant effective for this disorder. The objective of this study was to examine the utility of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of treatment response to ketamine in treatment‐resistant depression.

Methods

An exploratory seed‐based resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis was performed to examine baseline resting‐state functional connectivity differences between ketamine responders and nonresponders before treatment with multiple intravenous ketamine infusions.

Results

Fifteen patients with treatment‐resistant depression received multiple intravenous subanesthetic (0.5 mg/kg/40 minutes) ketamine infusions, and nine were identified as responders. The exploratory resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis identified a cluster of significant baseline resting‐state functional connectivity differences associating ketamine response between the amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus in the right hemisphere. Using anatomical region of interest analysis of the resting‐state functional connectivity, ketamine response was predicted with 88.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The resting‐state functional connectivity of significant group differences between responders and nonresponders retained throughout the treatment were considered a trait‐like feature of heterogeneity in treatment‐resistant depression.

Conclusion

This study suggests the possible clinical utility of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging for predicting the antidepressant effects of ketamine in treatment‐resistant depression patients and implicated resting‐state functional connectivity alterations to determine the trait‐like pathophysiology underlying treatment response heterogeneity in treatment‐resistant depression.
Exome Sequencing of 21 Bardet‐Biedl Syndrome (BBS) Genes to Identify Obesity Variants in 6,851 American Indians
Authors: Day Samantha E. , Muller Yunhua L. , Koroglu Cigdem , Kobes Sayuko , Wiedrich Kim , Mahkee Darin , Kim Hye In , Van Hout Cris , Gosalia Nehal , Ye Bin ,   Regeneron Genetics Center, Shuldiner Alan R. , Knowler William C. , Hanson Robert L. , Bogardus Clifton , Baier Leslie J.
Published: February 2021

Objective

In an ongoing effort to identify the genetic variation that contributes to obesity in American Indians, known Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) genes were analyzed for an effect on BMI and leptin signaling.

Methods

Potentially deleterious variants (Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion score > 20) in BBS genes were identified in whole‐exome sequence data from 6,851 American Indians informative for BMI. Common variants (detected in ≥ 10 individuals) were analyzed for association with BMI; rare variants (detected in < 10 individuals) were analyzed for mean BMI of carriers. Functional assessment of variants’ effect on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity was performed in vitro.

Results

One common variant, rs59252892 (Thr549Ile) in BBS9, was associated with BMI (P = 0.0008, β = 25% increase per risk allele). Among rare variants for which carriers had severe obesity (mean BMI > 40 kg/m2), four were in BBS9. In vitro analysis of BBS9 found the Ile allele at Thr549Ile had a 20% increase in STAT3 activity compared with the Thr allele (P = 0.01). Western blot analysis showed the Ile allele had a 15% increase in STAT3 phosphorylation (P = 0.006). Comparable functional results were observed with Ser545Gly and Val209Leu but not Leu665Phe and Lys810Glu.

Conclusions

Potentially functional variants in BBS genes in American Indians are reported. However, functional evidence supporting a causal role for BBS9 in obesity is inconclusive.
Amphoteric functional polymers for leather wet finishing auxiliaries: A review
Authors: Wang Xuechuan , Wang Wanni , Liu Xinhua , Wang Youyou
Published: February 2021

Amphoteric functional polymers containing anionic and cationic groups have the advantages of pH‐responsive function, self‐assembly, and anti‐polyelectrolyte effect, which have been diffusely applied in the healthcare industry, leather area, and so forth. Very recently, with the development of organic chrome‐free tanned ecological leather manufacturing technology, the anionic retanning and fatliquoring agents for traditional chrome tanning system have gradually lost their dominant position due to the weak interactions between positively charged collagen fibers and negatively charged wet finishing auxiliaries, resulting in a series of problems such as low dye uptake, uneven dyeing, and so forth. To address this issue, recent researches have been devoted to developing amphoteric polymers for leather retanning and fatliquoring processes. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the preparation and application of amphoteric materials for leather retanning and fatliquoring agents. With the perspective of their properties, current challenges, and outlook in the future, crafting functional and environmentally friendly amphoteric materials are further put forward. The development and application of amphoteric polymer wet finishing auxiliaries will greatly promote the integrated manufacturing of ecological leather, and further motivate the upgrading, transformation, and sustainable development of the traditional leather industry.
The role of rheological premonitory of hydrogels based on cellulose nanofibers and polymethylsilsesquioxane on the physical properties of corresponding aerogels
Authors: Gupta Pragya , Pandey Akanksha , Gaikwad Kirtiraj K. , Roy Sunanda , Maji Pradip K.
Published: February 2021

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ)‐based aerogels (CNF/PMSQ aerogels) have been prepared by the sol–gel method. The extraction of CNFs from pine wood and formation of composite aerogel with PMSQ were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic and field emission scanning electron microscopic analyses. The rheological premonitory of hydrogel has been performed to predict the physical properties (i.e., density, mechanical properties) of aerogels. The variation in the precursor (methyltrimethoxysilane [MTMS]) and urea content has shown a considerable effect on the storage modulus and phase angle of the hydrogel. The variation in urea content showed a 4–8% increment in the density with a pronounced difference in aerogel's morphology. The increment in the MTMS concentration demonstrated a 10–20% enhancement in density with a minor change in morphology. The van Gurp–Palmen plot of hydrogel has represented a relationship between complex modulus and phase angle. This study establishes that hydrogel's premonitory analysis could compare aerogel's physical properties without going through drying and further analysis.
Theoretical unraveling detailed excited state proton transfer mechanism for 2,5‐bis (benzoxazol‐2‐yl)thiophene‐3,4‐diol‐ethyl compound in different solvents
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Wan Huilin , Li Chaozheng , Liu Yufang
Published: February 2021

Excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) of organic molecules has been drawing continuously considerable interests. It is not only one of the most basic processes in life but also exists in wide of application fields. In this work, we theoretically make a thorough inquiry about molecular excited state trends and ESIPT procedures for the novel highly miscible 2,5‐bis (benzoxazol‐2‐yl)thiophene‐3,4‐diol‐ethyl (BBTE) molecule. Based on DFT and TDDFT means, we first examine and certify hydrogen bond O1–H2···N3 role in BBTE. Probing into molecular structure and infrared (IR) vibrational behaviors, we validate O1–H2···N3 of BBTE is enhanced in S1 state via photo‐induced excitation. Accessorial negative electronic densities over N3 atom facilitate attracting hydrogen proton, which caters to the truth of strengthening hydrogen bond in S1. In addition, frontier orbital gap indicates the solvent polarity plays vital roles in affecting excited state courses for BBTE. By means of potential energy curves (PECs) in three kinds of solvents, we propose the ultrafast ESIPT mechanism for BBTE with explaining previous experimental characteristics. Along the way of ESIPT, we present the regulation mechanism for BBTE via solvent polarities.

The enhanced hydrogen bond and charge redistribution facilitate excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction for 2,5‐bis (benzoxazol‐2‐yl)thiophene‐3,4‐diol‐ethyl (BBTE) system. Frontier orbital gap reveals that solvent polarity could play vital roles in controlling excited state dynamical behaviors for BBTE compound. Solvent polarity could regulate and control the ultrafast ESIPT behavior for BBTE molecule.
Synthesis of poly(hydroxyurethane) from 5‐membered cyclic carbonate under mild conditions in the presence of bicyclic guanidine and their reaction process
Authors: Dong Wenyong , Yoshida Yoshiaki , Endo Takeshi
Published: February 2021

A series of amines are applied as catalysts in the aminolysis reactions of five‐membered cyclic carbonate (5CC). Kinetic results display that TBD, which has a guanidine structure, exhibits the best catalytic efficacy and the reaction rate constant is about 100 times higher than the blank system without catalyst. The reaction medium, NMP is found to be as both solvent and promoter in the aminolysis of 5CC. Finally, with TBD and NMP as catalyst and solvent, respectively, the polymerization of bis‐functional 5CC (B5CC) and 1, 6‐diaminohexane can proceed almost 100% at room temperature in less than 4 h to obtain poly(hydroxyurethane)s (PHUs) with moderate molecular weight.
Effects of Preparation Methods for Cu Foil on the Electric‐Explosion Properties
Authors: Ye Qin , Li Airong , Fu Qiubo , Yang Shuang , Lei Fan
Published: February 2021

In order to study the different structural characteristics and electric explosion properties of Cu foils prepared by different methods, Cu films were prepared by electron beam evaporation, electroplating, evaporation, and magnetron sputtering in this work. The morphology and structure of the Cu films were characterized by SEM, AFM, XRD. Furtherly, the Cu films were separately etched into a bridge foil shape to measure the explosion process of the Cu foil in the discharge circuit at the charging voltage of 3000 V, and the resistance and deposition energy were calculated. The results showed that the particle size and surface roughness of Cu foil prepared by evaporation was smallest, and the crystallization peak of Cu (111) texture was strongest. The surface roughness of the Cu foil prepared by magnetron sputtering was the largest, and the peak voltage was the highest of 1640 V. The Cu foil prepared by electroplating had the smallest initial resistance and the longest time to reach the peak resistance during the explosion process. The deposition energy of the Cu film is 93.37 mJ, which is the largest. Among these methods, the Cu foil prepared by electroplating is more conducive to energy conversion.
Hitting the sweet spot: A systematic review of the bioactivity and health benefits of phenolic glycosides from medicinally used plants
Authors: Johnson Joel B. , Mani Janice S. , Broszczak Daniel , Prasad Shirtika S. , Ekanayake Charitha P. , Strappe Padraig , Valeris Peter , Naiker Mani
Published: February 2021

Phenolic acid and flavonoid glycosides form a varied class of naturally occurring compounds, characterised by high polarity—resulting from the glycone moiety—and the presence of multiple phenol functionalities, which often leads to strong antioxidant activity. Phenolic glycosides, and in particular flavonoid glycosides, may possess strong bioactive properties with broad spectrum activity. This systematic literature review provides a detailed overview of 28 studies examining the biological activity of phenolic and flavonoid glycosides from plant sources, highlighting the potential of these compounds as therapeutic agents. The activity of glycosides depends upon the biological activity type, identity of the aglycone and the identity and specific location of the glycone moiety. From studies reporting the activity of both glycosides and their respective aglycones, phenolic glycosides appear to generally be a storage/reserve pool of precursors of more bioactive compounds. The glycosylated compounds are likely to be more bioavailable compared to their aglycone forms, due to the presence of the sugar moieties. Hydrolysis of the glycoside in the in vivo environment would release the free aglycone, potentiating their biological activity. However, further high‐quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of glycosides from many of the plant species studied.
Evaluation and optimization of the peel performance of a heat sealed topfilm and bottomweb undergoing cool processing
Authors: Bamps Bram , De Ketelaere Bart , Wolf Johanna , Peeters Roos
Published: February 2021

Easy opening of heat sealable tray and topfilm food packaging concepts is often realized by using a peelable seal layer. Peel strength needs to be strong enough to prevent the package from opening during and after storage, transportation and handling at different environmental temperatures. It also needs to be weak enough to be convenient for an ageing population. When designing packaging concepts, a balance needs to be found assuring food quality, safety and convenience. This study presents a method to evaluate and optimize peel performance of a packaging concept with polyethylene seal layer undergoing cool processing at −18°C and 4°C. A design of experiment approach is used as a basis. With a limited amount of tests, models are fitted and experimentally validated to obtain an optimal peel strength of 0.5 N mm−1 at an environmental temperature of 23°C. When measured during thermal treatment at −18°C and 4°C, the peel strength increased but no effect was seen once the seals are tested at 23°C after treatment. Bending of the bottomweb during the peel test slightly decreased peel strength while bending stiffness increased at low temperatures, suggesting a minor impact of bending of the bottomweb related to environmental temperature on the observed peel performance. Increased peel strengths during cool processing were clearly related to a change in seal failure mechanism. Besides cohesive peeling, partial delamination occurred in these stronger seals.
Magnetoelectric Coupling Triggered by Noncollinear Magnetic Structure in M‐Type Hexaferrite
Authors: Shao Ye , Huang Fengzhen , Zhang Junting , Yan Shuo , Xiao Shuyu , Lu Xiaomei , Zhu Jinsong
Published: February 2021

Direct magnetoelectric (ME) coupling between magnetic and ferroelectric orders, which can be realized in spiral magnets, is vital in technological applications of multifunctional materials. Multisusceptible BaFe12O19 is noteworthy for its excellent magnetic, dielectric properties and thus the application in high‐density information storage, while its collinear spin structure limits the emergence of ferroelectrics and ME coupling. In this work, nonzero Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction is created by partial substitution of the spin‐down Fe3+ sites to induce conical spin structure in BaFe12O19. Larger In3+ ions are introduced and prefer to occupy the spin‐down 4f1 and 4f2 lattice sites. The evolution of magnetization versus temperature adduces evidence of conical magnetic structure. As a result, direct ME and magnetodielectric coupling are obtained in In‐doped BaFe12O19 ceramics. An interlayer DM interaction model is built to discuss the intrinsic relationship among crystal structure, noncollinear magnetic structure, and ionic substitution. Moreover, BaZn0.9Zr0.9Fe10.2O19 ceramics are also prepared, and exhibit noncollinear magnetic structure and direct ME coupling since Zn2+ and Zr4+ also possess larger radii than Fe3+ and prefer to enter the spin‐down sites. The present result provides a feasible avenue to develop multiferroic and magnetoelectric coupling in ubiquitous M‐type hexaferrite.
Four‐Photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger Entanglement via Collective Two‐Photon Coherence in Doppler‐Broadened Atoms
Authors: Park Jiho , Kim Heonoh , Moon Han Seb
Published: February 2021

Bright, entangled multiphoton sources based on atom–photon interactions are an essential requirement in the realization of several quantum information and quantum computation schemes based on photonic quantum systems. Here, a four‐photon polarization‐entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state obtained from Doppler‐broadened atomic ensembles of 87Rb atoms is experimentally demonstrated. Owing to collective two‐photon coherence in the Doppler‐broadened cascade‐type atomic system, the setup enables the generation of robust four‐photon GHZ states with a fidelity of 82.1% and a measured four‐photon average coincidence rate of 0.58 s−1. It is believed that the generation of such bright and stable multiphoton GHZ states from atomic media is an important step toward realizing photonic quantum computation and practical quantum networks based on atom–photon interactions.
Preparation of Gadolinium‐Based Metal‐Organic Frameworks and the Modification with Boron‐10 Isotope: A Potential Dual Agent for MRI and Neutron Capture Therapy Applications
Authors: Icten Okan
Published: February 2021

Cancer has recently begun to occur very commonly in humans, and the number of new cancer cases and deaths is also increasing year by year. To reduce these numbers, the development of new materials, which have the potential to be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, is very significant for sensitively detecting and effectively destroying cancer cells. Therefore, this work purposes the development of gadolinium‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Gd‐MOFs) via solvothermal method under various conditions such as the use of different ligands types, the presence or absence of PVP and variable ligand/metal ratios, and the preparation of silica‐coated and 10B modified Gd‐MOF nanocomposites to fabricate as the potential candidate for simultaneous uses in MRI and the combined neutron capture therapy (GdNCT and BNCT) applications. The XRD patterns of Gd‐MOFs showed the formation of [Gd2(BDC)3(DMF)2(H2O)] structures with 1,4 H2BDC ligand and [Gd(BTC)] structures with 1,3,5 H3BTC ligand. In the presence of PVP by using the least amount of ligands, experimental ligand/Gd ratios were calculated as 1.52 and 1.06 for [Gd2(BDC)3(DMF)2(H2O)] and [Gd(BTC)], respectively, which are very close to theoretical ratio. After the silica coating and 10B modification, the surface appearance of the prepared nanocomposite changed in general, and Gd/10B ratio into nanocomposite was calculated as 3.0, indicating that it could be a useful candidate for the simultaneous GdBNCT and MRI applications.
Emerging Spacers‐Based Ligands for Supramolecular Coordination Complexes
Authors: Mishra Isha , Bhol Mamina , Kalimuthu Palanisamy , Sathiyendiran Malaichamy
Published: February 2021

The design and self‐assembly of supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) i. e., discrete cyclic metalloarchitectures such as cycles, cages, mesocates, and helicates with desired size, shape, and properties have been increasing exponentially owing to their potential applications in molecular sensors, molecular cargos, molecular recognition, and catalysis. The introduction of the organic motifs and metal complexes as a spacer provides functionality to the metalloarchitecture. This review mainly focusses on newly evolving spacer based ligands employed to yield simple to high‐order metallosupramolecular assemblies using straight‐forward approaches. The new spacers including corannulene, organic cyclic framework, bicyclic organic motifs, aliphatic chain, metalloligands, triarylboron, BODIPY, azaphosphatrane, phosphine, and thio/selenophosphates offer a great set of properties and in‐built functionalities to the metalloarchitectures which are discussed in this review.
The post‐acquisition performance of cross‐border mergers and acquisitions conducted by Chinese firms in the high‐tech industries: Profitable or innovative?
Authors: Yang Monica , Ai Qi
Published: February 2021

This article examines the characteristics and performance of cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) conducted by Chinese firms in the high‐tech industries. Multiple measures of firm performance were used in exploring the profitability and innovativeness of both the acquiring and target firms. With 1,340 cross‐border M&As completed between 1990 and 2014, the major characteristics of these deals (e.g., industries of acquiring firms, countries of target firms, and the level of ownership) were identified. In terms of the performance of acquiring and target firms, the value creation hypothesis was supported by the innovation measure; however, it was not supported by accounting‐based measures. The implications of this study and directions for future research are thus discussed.
Increasing the Activity of Copper Guanidine Quinoline Catalysts: Substitution at the Quinoline Backbone Leads to Highly Active Complexes for ATRP
Authors: Kröckert Konstantin W. , Mannsperger Johannes S. , Rösener Thomas , Hoffmann Alexander , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: February 2021

Copper bromide complexes with the ligands TMG6NO2qu, TMG6Brqu, TMG6Methoxyqu, TMG6NMe2qu, TMG6EHOqu and TMG6dBAqu were examined regarding their activity in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The ligands were inspired by 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐2‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)guanidine (TMGqu) and the substituents have been chosen with a large range between electron withdrawing and donating abilities. The donor properties of the ligands can be strongly influenced and further highly active catalysts based on these systems can be obtained. The ligands with strong donating moieties were in addition modified by alkyl groups to increase the solubility in apolar monomers like styrene. CuI and CuII bromide complexes were crystallised and the structural data correlated to the different substituents and the catalyst activity. The electrochemical potentials E1/2, the equilibrium constants KATRP and rate constants kact and kdeact were determined. Polymerizations of styrene were conducted in solution whereas the catalyst based on TMG6EHOqu shows a good solubility and performance in bulk.
Deep Boltzmann Machines: Rigorous Results at Arbitrary Depth
Authors: Alberici Diego , Contucci Pierluigi , Mingione Emanuele
Published: February 2021

A class of deep Boltzmann machines is considered in the simplified framework of a quenched system with Gaussian noise and independent entries. The quenched pressure of a K-layers spin glass model is studied allowing interactions only among consecutive layers. A lower bound for the pressure is found in terms of a convex combination of K Sherrington–Kirkpatrick models and used to study the annealed and replica symmetric regimes of the system. A map with a one-dimensional monomer–dimer system is identified and used to rigorously control the annealed region at arbitrary depth K with the methods introduced by Heilmann and Lieb. The compression of this high-noise region displays a remarkable phenomenon of localisation of the processing layers. Furthermore, a replica symmetric lower bound for the limiting quenched pressure of the model is obtained in a suitable region of the parameters and the replica symmetric pressure is proved to have a unique stationary point.
Fractional Cauchy problem on random snowflakes
Authors: Capitanelli Raffaela , D’Ovidio Mirko
Published: February 2021

We consider time-changed Brownian motions on random Koch (pre-fractal and fractal) domains where the time change is given by the inverse to a subordinator. In particular, we study the fractional Cauchy problem with Robin condition on the pre-fractal boundary obtaining asymptotic results for the corresponding fractional diffusions with Robin, Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions on the fractal domain.
Aggressive behavior, emotional, and attention problems across childhood and academic attainment at the end of primary school
Authors: Tamayo Martinez Nathalie , Tiemeier Henning , Luijk Maartje P. C. M. , Law James , van der Ende Jan , Verhulst Frank , Jansen Pauline W.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To assess whether aggressive behavior and emotional problems from early childhood onwards are related to academic attainment at the end of primary education, and whether these associations are independent of attention problems.

Methods

Data on 2546 children participating in a longitudinal birth cohort in Rotterdam were analyzed. Aggressive behavior, attention and emotional problems at ages 1½, 3, 5 and 10 years were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist. Academic attainment at the end of primary school (12 years of age) was measured with the CITO test, a national Dutch academic test score.

Results

Aggressive behavior from age 1½ to 10 years was negatively associated with academic attainment, but these associations attenuated to non-significance when accounting for comorbid attention problems. For emotional problems, first, only problems at 10 years were associated with poorer academic attainment. Yet, when accounting for attention problems, the association reversed: more emotional problems from 1½ to 10 years were associated with a better academic attainment. Attention problems at ages 1½ to 10 years were negatively associated with academic attainment, independent of comorbid emotional problems or aggressive behavior.

Conclusions

Attention problems across childhood are related to a poorer academic attainment, while emotional problems predicted better academic attainment. Moreover, the relationship between aggressive behavior and academic attainment was explained by comorbid attention problems. Future research should determine the mechanisms through which attention problems and emotional problems affect academic attainment, to inform strategies for the promotion of better educational attainment.