bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraints on volcanism, igneous intrusion and stretching on the Rockall–Faroe continental margin
Authors: White R. S. , Eccles J. D. , Roberts A. W.
Published: May 2011

The northern North Atlantic margins are classic examples of ‘volcanic’ rifted continental margins, where breakup was accompanied by massive volcanism. We discuss strategies used to obtain good intra- and sub-basalt seismic penetration so as to map the structure and the extruded and intruded igneous volume. We recorded deep penetration reflection data using a 12 000 m long single sensor (Q-)streamer and wide-angle seismic profiles with 85 4-component ocean bottom seismometers, along two transects across the Faroe and Hatton Bank continental margins in the NE Atlantic. Tomographic inversion of both compressional (P) and shear (S) wave crustal velocities are crucial in improving the reflection image and in constraining the nature of the sub-basalt lithology and the volume of extruded and intruded melt. Beneath the basalts, which reach 5 km thickness, is a low-velocity zone with P- and S-wave velocities characteristic of sedimentary rocks intruded by basalt sills. The underlying stretched continental basement contains abundant intrusive igneous sills on the rifted margin. Near the Faroe Islands, for every 1 km along-strike, 340–420 km
3
of basalt was extruded, while 560–780 km
3
was intruded into the continent–ocean transition (COT). Lower-crustal intrusions are focussed mainly into a narrow zone less than 50 km wide on the COT, whereas extruded basalts flow >100 km from the rift. Melt on the COT is intruded into the lower crust as sills which cross-cut the stretched and tilted continental fabric, rather than as ‘underplate’ of 100% melt, as has often been assumed previously. Our igneous thickness and velocity observations are consistent with the dominant control on the melt production being rifting above mantle with a temperature elevated above normal. The mantle temperature anomaly was up to 150°C above normal at the time of continental breakup, decreasing by
c
. 70–80°C over the first 10 Ma of seafloor spreading.
The breakup of the South Atlantic Ocean: formation of failed spreading axes and blocks of thinned continental crust in the Santos Basin, Brazil and its consequences for petroleum system development
Authors: Scotchman I. C. , Gilchrist G. , Kusznir N. J. , Roberts A. M. , Fletcher R.
Published: May 2011

The occurrence of failed breakup basins and deepwater blocks of thinned continental crust is commonplace in the rifting and breakup of continents, as part of passive margin development. This paper examines the rifting of Pangaea–Gondwanaland and subsequent breakup to form the South Atlantic Ocean, with development of a failed breakup basin and seafloor spreading axis (the deepwater Santos Basin) and an adjacent deepwater block of thinned continental crust (the Sao Paulo Plateau) using a combination of 2D flexural backstripping and gravity inversion modelling. The effects of the varying amounts of continental crustal thinning on the contrasting depositional and petroleum systems in the Santos Basin and on the São Paulo Plateau are discussed, the former having a predominant post-breakup petroleum system compared with a pre-breakup system in the latter. An analogy is also made to a potentially similar failed breakup basin/thinned continental crustal block pairing in the Faroes region in the NE Atlantic Ocean.
Cretaceous revisited: exploring the syn-rift play of the Faroe–Shetland Basin
Authors: Larsen M. , Rasmussen T. , Hjelm L.
Published: May 2011

Improved seismic imaging of the deep structures in the Faroe–Shetland Basin has revealed a complex Mesozoic rift system with shifting block polarity along the West Shetland Platform. Newly acquired seismic data has led to the focus of hydrocarbon exploration on structurally defined Mesozoic traps and has re-opened exploration in the deeper stratigraphic sections beyond the stratigraphic, Paleocene deep-water play. In the study area, rift geometry changes from symmetrical (south) to asymmetrical (north), the latter creating a large-scale seaward-dipping flexure. The polarity shift may link up with deep-seated basement structures (rift-oblique lineaments) segmenting the rift zone. The initial rifting along the West Shetland Platform strongly influenced the depositional setting and lateral distribution of the Lower Cretaceous sediments. During rift initiation in the Early Cretaceous faulting took place along numerous small faults, which eventually linked up, creating a set of basin master faults in the main rift phase. Sand derived from rivers and longshore currents on the West Shetland Platform was transported down the axis of relay ramps and filled the juvenile rift basins. These sediments formed thick onlapping wedges, reflecting the continuous creation of accommodation space and the overall transgressive nature of the syn-rift and early post-rift succession. In this period, rift basins were elongated, which to some extent hindered cross-rift transport of coarse material except at relay ramps and rift-oblique lineaments. As fault movements ceased, the rift topography was levelled out and allowed gravity-driven systems to reach further into the basin, overstepping former cross-rift barriers. Lower Cretaceous syn-rift sediments are well exposed at several localities along the margins of the northern North Atlantic including onshore NE Greenland. The close analogy to the syn-rift structural setting imaged in the west of Shetland seismic succession may provide valuable information on structurally controlled depositional systems, reservoir architecture and properties.
New methods of improving seismic data to aid understanding of passive margin evolution: a series of case histories from offshore west of Ireland
Authors: Hardy R. J. J. , Querendez E. , Biancotto F. , Jones S. M. , O'sullivan J. , White N.
Published: May 2011

Deepwater sedimentary basins are attracting increased attention from the hydrocarbon industry and academia as they remain one of the last geological frontiers still to be fully explored and understood. As part of a regional project to understand basin development offshore Ireland, we have developed and tested new ways of improving seismic images, and of incorporating these improvements into geological interpretations. Here we illustrate this methodology using three case histories from the Porcupine, Slyne and Erris Basins. In each case, the first stage of the workflow consists of reprocessing a selection of key seismic data. Processing includes relative amplitude preservation and advanced demultiple and interpretation-driven pre-stack depth imaging. Interpretation of the data is assisted by incorporating products such as multiple models, pre-stack gathers, velocity models and attributes. Finally, we show how a velocity model can be inverted to exhumation estimates. The results and approach developed here can be applied to other deepwater exploration areas.
WATS it take to image an oil field subsalt offshore Angola?
Authors: Ekstrand E. , Hickman G. , Thomas R. , Threadgold I. , Harrison D. , Los A. , Summers T. , Regone C. , O'Brien M.
Published: May 2011

BP's exploration success in deepwater Block 31, offshore Angola, has been driven by conventional narrow-azimuth 3D seismic data coupled with the latest available imaging algorithms. However limitations in these data are now apparent and the data is deemed insufficient for the appraisal and development of the subsalt discoveries in the western part of the block. 3D acoustic finite-difference modelling was applied to Block 31 to evaluate the potential data quality uplift from a wide-azimuth towed streamer (WATS) survey. Results showed that a significant improvement in data quality is possible. The modelling also investigated key acquisition variables (acquisition direction, sail line separation, number of tiles, cable length) to arrive at a solution that optimized both data quality and cost. Acquisition of this survey began in December 2008 and it is expected to complete in August 2009. This is the first WATS seismic survey outside the Gulf of Mexico and the first in Angola.
Sub-basalt hydrocarbon prospectivity in the Rockall, Faroe–Shetland and Møre basins, NE Atlantic
Authors: Davison I. , Stasiuk S. , Nuttall P. , Keane P.
Published: May 2011

The seismic imaging below the basalts in the NE Atlantic basins is generally poor and the thickness of the basalts is difficult to predict. Two recent wells (William, 6005/13-1 and Brugdan, 6104/21-1) drilled in Faroes waters were suspended before reaching the main sub-basalt reservoir targets, because the basalts were thicker than expected. New deep-tow (18 m) seismic reflection data has now allowed more detailed imaging of the sub-basalt Mesozoic strata. The base of the basalt is not always reflective and is probably a transitional contact, with low acoustic impedance. The underlying Mesozoic strata produce coherent reflectivity. Large structural closures produced by Cretaceous rifting and Cenozoic folding have been imaged in the Rockall and Faroe–Shetland basins and these may contain Cretaceous and Paleocene clastic reservoirs at drillable depths of about 4 km. The Rockall Trough contains 4–7 km thickness of Mesozoic strata and appears to be floored by stretched continental crust throughout. The lower section may contain Jurassic source rocks similar to the areas to the south, east and north of the basin. Large Cenozoic age folds are present which produce potential traps at Late Cretaceous level, where sandstones equivalent to the Upper Cretaceous Nise Formation may occur. These folds represent some of the largest undrilled structures in NW Europe.
Bulk composition and phase behaviour of petroleum sourced by the Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin
Authors: Kuhn P. , Primio R. Di , Horsfield B.
Published: May 2011

The Bakken Formation is currently regarded primarily as a self-contained, unconventional petroleum system. While previously viewed as a source for oil occurring in overlying formations, it is now predicted that resources of more than 3.5 billion barrels of oil are trapped intraformationally. New insights into the formation's open v. closed nature are presented here using the physical properties of natural petroleum, source rock characteristics and the numerical modelling of phase behaviour. In the mature western part of the basin petroleum accumulations have been postulated to be continuous in nature, characterized by very short migration distances of indigenous hydrocarbons. This necessitates that the composition and therefore physical properties of the generated hydrocarbons must be controlled by the maturity of the source rock in the immediate vicinity. This assumption is not supported by the clustering of higher gas–oil ratios and lighter oil gravities along the locations of the anticlines in the basin. We have used open and closed system pyrolysis techniques to predict the bulk composition of the petroleum generated at different transformation stages, both cumulatively and instantaneously. Based on these predictions the Bakken would contain dominantly undersaturated fluids throughout the basin. Differences in predicted GORs of cumulative and instantaneous models support the conclusion that the reported hydrocarbon compositions cannot completely be explained by a tight self-contained petroleum system. The observed variability of in-place hydrocarbon compositions is readily explained by lateral migration of petroleum in the main middle Bakken carrier, and vertical leakage of emplaced hydrocarbons from the fractured reservoir at anticline locations. This has resulted in the loss of the early generated petroleum, and led to a present-day dominance of late generation products. These results reveal that the Bakken Formation is a partly open petroleum system, at least along the major anticlines of the Williston Basin.
The Western Canada Foreland Basin: a basin-centred gas system
Authors: Boettcher D. J. , Thomas M. , Hrudey M. G. , Lewis D. J. , O'Brien C. , Oz B. , Repol D. , Yuan R.
Published: May 2011

Enormous volumes of gas (>30 Tcf) are contained within the deepest portions of the Western Canada Foreland Basin, where tight gas-saturated Cretaceous sandstones grade updip into porous water-saturated sandstones. Production has occurred from coarse-grained shoreline sands both near the updip gas–water interface, such as those found in the Elmworth Field, and from low-porosity–permeability reservoirs found deeper in the basin. These basin-centred gas (BCG) reservoirs are characterized by regionally pervasive gas-saturated lithologies, abnormal pressures and no downdip water contact, and occur in low-permeability reservoirs. The keys to Shell's exploration success were an understanding of the stratigraphy, sedimentology and rock properties of the basin, the development of structural, petrophysical and geomechanical models, development of an understanding of the desiccation or dewatering process, the distribution of water within the basin and how the pressure regime evolved, interpretation of 3D seismic, and an aggressive land strategy. The evaluation of structural leads was aided when seismic and geomechanical modelling were combined, thereby aiding in the prediction of zones with a higher probability of encountering favourable reservoir producibility characteristics, that is, areas where a well developed, well connected open fracture network is expected. This multidisciplinary approach has resulted in economic success in regions once thought to be non-productive, and where it was once said, ‘People go broke chasing the Nikanassin’.
King coal: restoring the monarchy by underground gasification coupled to CCS
Authors: Younger P. L. , Roddy D. J. , González G.
Published: May 2011

Coal has hitherto been seen as a potential fall-back resource as hydrocarbons become depleted. However, amidst anxieties over peak oil and gas, some recent studies have painted a picture almost as gloomy about the longer term prospects for coal. Such evaluations are misleading, as they identify as reserves only that coal accessible at reasonable cost by means of conventional mining, which are increasingly modest compared with deeper-seated coal reserves amenable to underground coal gasification (UCG) using directionally drilled boreholes from the surface. Significantly for the petroleum industry, the technological requirements for UCG are far more akin to those of oil and gas production than they are to those of deep mining. A number of projects around the world are revealing the feasibility of UCG. We highlight preliminary findings from a recent investigation of the potential for UCG in NE England, which has the longest history of conventional coal mining at industrial scale anywhere in the world. Despite this history, fully 75% of the coal resources in NE England remain in place. A significant proportion of these is likely to move to the ‘reserves’ register as underground gasification technology begins to be deployed. A particular attraction of UCG lies in its suitability for coupling to CCS: we can use our long-standing knowledge of the response of incumbent strata to longwall coal mining to predict substantial increases in permeability in and immediately above the voids created by gasification. As these engineered zones of high permeability will already be connected to surface power plants by the wells and pipelines used to produce synthesis gas during gasification, they represent ideal prospects for permanent sequestration of a large proportion of the carbon dioxide arising. Stored CO
2
will be kept in place by cap rocks higher up in the sequence.
Preparing for a carbon constrained world; overview of the United States regional carbon sequestration partnerships programme and its Southwest Regional Partnership
Authors: Esser R. , Levey R. , Mcpherson B. , O'Dowd W. , Litynski J. , Plasynski S.
Published: May 2011

The Southwest Carbon Partnership (SWP), one of seven United States Department of Energy-funded Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships, has been tasked with assessing the CO
2
sequestration potential within the southwestern United States. Carbon dioxide is considered a ‘greenhouse’ gas and is emitted, in large volumes, by the burning of fossil fuels and other industrial processes. CO
2
capture from point source emitters and subsequent geological sequestration is being considered as a viable short- to intermediate-range mitigation option to combat the phenomena of global warming. Significant fossil fuel reserves and consumers exist within the seven member states of the SWP and, as such, the Partnership is dedicating a large amount of resources to the challenges posed by large-scale CO
2
sequestration. Three distinct phases of work have been or will be performed by the SWP: a Characterization Phase to identify carbon capture and sequestration potential; a Validation Phase to test small-scale field injection of CO
2
; and a Deployment Phase to test commercial-scale field injection of CO
2
. Each phase presents challenges and opportunities to the refinement of the best approach to safe and efficient geological storage of CO
2
within the SW region of the United States.
Towards ubiquitous computing with call prediction
Authors: Phithakkitnukoon Santi , Dantu Ram
Published: May 2011

With the long-awaited era of the pervasive computing approaches, the handheld devices such as personal mobile phones begin to evolve into ubiquitous computing devices. At this early stage of the evolution, we propose a model of a call predictor based on the naïve Bayesian classifier. As an incoming call predictor, our model makes use of the user's call history to generate a list of numbers/contacts that are the most likely to be the callers within the next hour. On the other hand, when the user wants to make an outgoing call (e.g., user flips open the phone or unlocks the phone, etc.), the outgoing call predictor generates a list of number/contacts to be called. Our model has been evaluated with the real-life call logs and it shows a promising result in accuracy.
Cooperation in two person games, revisited
Authors: Kalai Adam , Kalai Ehud
Published: May 2011

Luminaries such as Nash (1953), Raiffa (1953), and Selten (1960), studied cooperation in two-person strategic games. We point out that when players may make monetary side payments, i.e., bimatrix games with
transferable utility
(TU), all previous solutions coincide. This solution is justified by simple axioms and an elementary decomposition of every such game into a (competitive) zero-sum game and a (cooperative) team game.
Storage Strife
Authors: Neville-Neil George V.
Published: May 2011

Where I work we are very serious about storing all of our data, not just our source code, in our source-code control system. When we started the company we made the decision to store as much as possible in one place. The problem is that over time we have moved from a pure programming environment to one where there are other people - the kind of people who send e-mails using Outlook and who keep their data in binary and proprietary formats.
A novel architecture for conversion of binary to single digit double base numbers
Authors: Mukherjee Manideepa , Sinha Amitabha
Published: May 2011

Double base number systems are increasingly attractive for many compute intensive applications especially in signal processing because of their capabilities of handling arithmetic operations efficiently. However, the complexity involved in converting binary to DBNS becomes a major bottleneck and the efficiency of performance goes down drastically due to the complexity involved in conversion . Since complexity of multi digit DBNS multiplications and additions increases with the number of digits ( index i ,j) ,in this paper a novel conversion scheme has been proposed where a given binary number will be converted to a single digit (index i ,j) double base number . The proposed scheme not only reduces the hardware complexity of the arithmetic operations but also reduces the time of execution.
Reverse ontology matching
Authors: Martinez-Gil Jorge , Aldana-Montes Jose F.
Published: May 2011

Ontology Matching aims to find the semantic correspondences between ontologies that belong to a single domain but that have been developed separately. However, there are still some problem areas to be solved, because experts are still needed to supervise the matching processes and an efficient way to reuse the alignments has not yet been found. We propose a novel technique named Reverse Ontology Matching, which aims to find the matching functions that were used in the original process. The use of these functions is very useful for aspects such as modeling behavior from experts, performing matching-by-example, reverse engineering existing ontology matching tools or compressing ontology alignment repositories. Moreover, the results obtained from a widely used benchmark dataset provide evidence of the effectiveness of this approach.
On the Formation and Functions of High and Very High Magnesium Calcites in the Continuously Growing Teeth of the Echinoderm Lytechinus variegatus: Development of Crystallinity and Protein Involvement
Authors: Veis Arthur , Stock Stuart R. , Alvares Keith , Lux Elizabeth
Published: May 2011

Sea urchin teeth grow continuously and develop a complex mineralized structure consisting of spatially separate but crystallographically aligned first stage calcitic elements of high Mg content (5–15 mol% mineral). These become cemented together by epitaxially oriented second stage very high Mg calcite (30–40 mol% mineral). In the tooth plumula, ingressing preodontoblasts create layered cellular syncytia. Mineral deposits develop within membrane-bound compartments between cellular syncytial layers. We seek to understand how this complex tooth architecture is developed, how individual crystalline calcitic elements become crystallographically aligned, and how their Mg composition is regulated. Synchrotron microbeam X-ray scattering was performed on live, freshly dissected teeth. We observed that the initial diffracting crystals lie within independent syncytial spaces in the plumula. These diffraction patterns match those of mature tooth calcite. Thus, the spatially separate crystallites grow with the same crystallographic orientation seen in the mature tooth. Mineral-related proteins from regions with differing Mg contents were isolated, sequenced, and characterized. A tooth cDNA library was constructed, and selected matrix-related proteins were cloned. Antibodies were prepared and used for immunolocaliztion. Matrix-related proteins are acidic, phosphorylated, and associated with the syncytial membranes. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy of various crystal elements shows unique amino acid, Mg, and Ca ion distributions. High and very high Mg calcites differ in Asp content. Matrix-related proteins are phosphorylated. Very high Mg calcite is associated with Asp-rich protein, and it is restricted to the second stage mineral. Thus, the composition at each part of the tooth is related to architecture and function.
Citrate Modulates Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth by Face-Specific Interactions
Authors: Grohe Bernd , O’Young Jason , Langdon Aaron , Karttunen Mikko , Goldberg Harvey A. , Hunter Graeme K.
Published: May 2011

Because of its ability to inhibit the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, citrate plays an important role in preventing the formation of kidney stones. To determine the mechanism of inhibition, we studied the citrate-COM interaction using a combination of microscopic and simulation techniques. Using scanning confocal interference microscopy, we found that addition of citrate preferentially inhibits crystal growth in <100> and, to a lesser extent, <001> directions, suggesting that citrate adsorbs to the faces of COM in the order {100} > {121} > {010}. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the resulting crystals are plate shaped, with large {100} faces and rounded ends. Molecular-dynamics simulations predicted, however, that citrate interacts with the faces of COM in a different order, i.e. {100} > {010} > {121}. Our simulations showed that citrate molecules align with the rows of Ca2+ ions on the {010} face but do not form close contacts, presumably because of electrostatic repulsion by the carboxylate groups that project from the Ca2+-rich plane. We propose that this weak interaction is responsible for citrate’s limited inhibition of COM growth in <010> directions. Overall, these findings indicate that electrostatic interactions with the Ca2+-rich faces of COM crystals are responsible for the growth-modulating properties of citrate.
Impact of Fatigue on Outcomes in the Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study
Authors: Jhamb Manisha , Pike Francis , Ramer Sarah , Argyropoulos Christos , Steel Jennifer , Dew Mary Amanda , Weisbord Steven D. , Weissfeld Lisa , Unruh Mark
Published: May 2011

Background: Fatigue is a common debilitating symptom in chronic kidney disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis. However, little is known about its pathogenesis and association with survival. Methods: This study examines the correlates and outcomes of fatigue among 1,798 hemodialysis patients enrolled in the HEMO study. Fatigue was assessed using the SF-36 vitality scale. Multivariable analysis was used to assess independent associations of demographic and clinical characteristics with baseline fatigue and longitudinal changes in fatigue. The association of fatigue with all-cause and cause-specific mortality and cardiac hospitalizations was also assessed. Results: Higher index of coexistent diseases (ICED) score, diabetes, non-African-American race, lower serum albumin, use of medications for sleep and poor sleep quality were found to be significantly associated with more fatigue at baseline. In longitudinal analyses, patients who were older, had been on dialysis longer, had higher ICED score, and reported using medications for sleep were more likely to experience worsening fatigue, whereas higher serum albumin was strongly associated with an improvement in level of fatigue. A 10-point increase in vitality score was associated with 10% increase in mean survival (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Demographic and clinical factors have significant associations with fatigue, which itself predicts mortality. Improving fatigue in the end-stage renal disease population may positively impact patient well-being and survival.
Engineering the Evolution of Self-Organizing Behaviors in Swarm Robotics: A Case Study
Authors: Trianni Vito , Nolfi Stefano
Published: May 2011

Evolutionary robotics (ER) is a powerful approach for the automatic synthesis of robot controllers, as it requires little a priori knowledge about the problem to be solved in order to obtain good solutions. This is particularly true for collective and swarm robotics, in which the desired behavior of the group is an indirect result of the control and communication rules followed by each individual. However, the experimenter must make several arbitrary choices in setting up the evolutionary process, in order to define the correct selective pressures that can lead to the desired results. In some cases, only a deep understanding of the obtained results can point to the critical aspects that constrain the system, which can be later modified in order to re-engineer the evolutionary process towards better solutions. In this article, we discuss the problem of engineering the evolutionary machinery that can lead to the desired result in the swarm robotics context. We also present a case study about self-organizing synchronization in a swarm of robots, in which some arbitrarily chosen properties of the communication system hinder the scalability of the behavior to large groups. We show that by modifying the communication system, artificial evolution can synthesize behaviors that scale properly with the group size.
Autocatalysis: At the Root of Self-Replication
Authors: Plasson Raphaël , Brandenburg Axel , Jullien Ludovic , Bersini Hugues
Published: May 2011

Autocatalysis is a fundamental concept, used in a wide range of domains. From its most general definition, that is, a process in which a chemical compound is able to catalyze its own formation, several different systems can be described. We detail the different categories of autocatalyses, and compare them on the basis of their mechanistic, kinetic, and dynamic properties. It is shown how autocatalytic patterns can be generated by different systems of chemical reactions. The notion of autocatalysis covers a large variety of mechanistic realizations with very similar behaviors; it is proposed that its key signature is its kinetic pattern expressed in a mathematical form. This notion, while describing dynamic behaviors at the most fundamental level, is at the basis for developing higher-level concepts towards life: autocatalytic sets, and autopoietic systems.
Happiness Is Assortative in Online Social Networks
Authors: Bollen Johan , Gonçalves Bruno , Ruan Guangchen , Mao Huina
Published: May 2011

Online social networking communities may exhibit highly complex and adaptive collective behaviors. Since emotions play such an important role in human decision making, how online networks modulate human collective mood states has become a matter of considerable interest. In spite of the increasing societal importance of online social networks, it is unknown whether assortative mixing of psychological states takes place in situations where social ties are mediated solely by online networking services in the absence of physical contact. Here, we show that the general happiness, or subjective well-being (SWB), of Twitter users, as measured from a 6-month record of their individual tweets, is indeed assortative across the Twitter social network. Our results imply that online social networks may be equally subject to the social mechanisms that cause assortative mixing in real social networks and that such assortative mixing takes place at the level of SWB. Given the increasing prevalence of online social networks, their propensity to connect users with similar levels of SWB may be an important factor in how positive and negative sentiments are maintained and spread through human society. Future research may focus on how event-specific mood states can propagate and influence user behavior in “real life.”
On the Universality of Argumentative Reasoning
Authors: Mercier Hugo
Published: May 2011

According to the argumentative theory of reasoning, humans have evolved reasoning abilities (usually known as ‘system 2’ or ‘analytic’ reasoning) for argumentative purposes. This implies that some reasoning skills should be universals. Such a claim seems to be at odd with findings from cross-cultural research. First, a wealth of research, following the work of Luria, has shown apparent difficulties for illiterate populations to solve simple but abstract syllogisms. It can be shown, however, that once they are willing to accept the pragmatics of the task, these participants can perform at or near ceiling. Second, historical, sociological and anthropological research has been used to claim that some Eastern cultures have not developed argumentation. These claims are the result of oversimplifications and of a selective view of the data. A closer looks reveals instead very elaborate forms of argumentation, in Chinese culture particularly. Third, cross-cultural psychologists have carried out an extensive research program aimed at showing that Easterners do not rely on the principle of non-contradiction and that they use holistic rather than analytic thinking. A review of these experiments shows that no qualitative difference emerges in the way Easterners and Westerners deal with argumentation and that in the proper context both populations can easily have recourse to holistic or analytic thinking. It is possible to conclude from this critical review that the reasoning skills involved in argumentation seem to be universal even though they can be used in different ways in various cultural contexts.
Just Rewards: Children and Adults Equate Accidental Inequity with Intentional Unfairness
Authors: Donovan Elizabeth , Kelemen Deborah
Published: May 2011

Humans expect resources to be distributed fairly. They also show biases to construe all acts as intentional. This study investigates whether every unequal distribution is initially assumed to be intentional unfairness. Study 1 presents a control group of adults with a movie showing one individual accidentally receiving less reward than expected for a task. The experimental group was shown the same scenario, except that the individual was now in the presence of an additional person who received the full reward. Despite the similarity of the scenarios, as predicted, participants in the control condition responded as if the disappointing reward was accidental, while those in the experimental condition responded as if the act was intentional: Their tendency to avoid the “perpetrator” did not differ from that of participants in another control condition who saw an intentionally unfair reward distribution. In Study 2, 7- and 8-year-old children’s results replicated those of adults. Implications for social and moral cognition are discussed.
Sinop: A Frontier City in Seljuq and Mongol Anatolia
Authors: Peacock Andrew C. S.
Published: May 2011

This article considers the history of Sinop in the first century of Muslim rule, from 1214 to the early fourteenth century, when the city was ruled successively by the Seljuq, Pervaneid and Candarid dynasties. During this period, the Seljuqs constantly vied with Christian Trebizond for control of the city despite both sides being nominally Mongol vassals from the mid-thirteenth century. In the first part of this article, the political history of the city is examined and some significant errors in the chronology are corrected. This is followed by an examination of three formative elements in Sinop’s history in the period: its defences, its trade and Muslim-Christian relations there. The article uses epigraphic evidence from Sinop that has not been considered by previous scholarship in addition to Arabic and Persian chronicles.
Ceramics from Sinope in Olbia Pontica
Authors: Krapivina Valentyna V.
Published: May 2011

Connections between Olbia Pontica and Sinope were firmly established by the 5th century BC. The quantity of Sinopean goods in Olbia was especially numerous in the last quarter of the 4th to the first third of the 3rd century BC. Tiles, louteria, amphorae containing wine and oil, and architectural terracottas were all imported from Sinope. These connections continued until the middle of the 1st century BC, when Olbia was destroyed by the Getae. They were renewed again in the 1st century AD and continued until the last quarter of the 4th century AD, when the settlement of Olbia came to an end.
The Reception of Calvin: Historical Considerations
Authors: Trueman Carl R.
Published: May 2011

The question of the reception of Calvin’s ideas in later Reformed theology requires, first, a clear understanding of the various forms of reception. Often historians think of this in terms of continuity or discontinuity, but there is a danger that such terms can lead to the surreptitious intrusion of anachronistic criteria into the historical task. Instead, the historian should set the question of continuity within a broader context, constructed from analysis not only of matters of doctrine, but also of philosophical framework, and the specific questions to which the texts under consideration were addressed. Then, reception itself needs to be understood as a complex matter. There is the reception of specific texts, and the reception of particular ideas and concepts. Both are susceptible to their own particular forms of historical analysis. The former, being textual and empirical, is relatively easy to assess; the latter involves careful attention to communal context, both synchronic and diachronic. Only as these various issues are addressed will scholarship truly begin to map the complex relationship between the theological work of men like Calvin and that of later generations.
Independent Yet Harmonious: Some Remarks on the Relationship between the Theology of Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) and John Calvin
Authors: Baschera Luca
Published: May 2011

The essay deals with the relationship between the theology of Peter Martyr Vermigli and John Calvin. Comparing their doctrine of predestination and justification, there emerge both points of contact and divergences. Whereas their teaching coincided in content, their method and terminology could differ even significantly, not least because Vermigli—more often than Calvin—integrated into his theological works concepts and distinctions characteristic of the Aristotelian and scholastic traditions. Thus, while remaining a loyal and esteemed ally of Calvin during his entire career as a Reformed theologian, Vermigli always retained his own theological profile.
The Reception of John Calvin’s Work by Petrus van Mastricht (1630–1706)
Authors: Neele
Published: May 2011

Although Petrus van Mastricht (1630–1706) praises John Calvin (1509–1564) as one of the best commentators of Scripture, he rarely refers to Calvin’s work in his Theoretico-practica theologia, and if he does, he conflicts or concurs. This contribution explores the reception of Calvin’s work by Mastricht, thereby focusing on exegetical continuities and discontinuities in their comments on the Psalms. It concludes that Mastricht gives more attention to etymological and philological issues of the Hebrew text than Calvin does, and emphasizes more than him the doctrine of immensity and the concept of the covenant.
A “Dordtian Philosophe”: Jonathan Edwards, Calvin, and Reformed Orthodoxy
Authors: Minkema Kenneth P.
Published: May 2011

The relationship of the thought of Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) to that of John Calvin and Reformed tradition has been frequently assumed and asserted but seldom detailed. Edwards, the “last American Puritan,” influential theologian of revival, and “Dordtian Philosophe,” worked within a generally Calvinist framework of divine sovereignty but also, within the context of the Enlightenment, experimented with that framework, pushing categories such as love, beauty, and personal affections to the epicenter of Christian life. His innovative conservatism is seen first in his espousal of idealism, as enunciated in aesthetics, the relationality of being, and occasionalism; secondly, in experientialism, involving a “new sense of the heart,” delineation of the signs of grace, typology, and prophecy; and thirdly, through historicism, including millennialism, anti-Catholicism, and an emphasis on revivals, integral to his view of the Work of Redemption through guiding concepts of the “happy fall,” cessationism, and covenantalism.
The “Reception of Calvin” in Later Reformed Theology: Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Muller Richard A.
Published: May 2011

The following essay surveys and reflects on the conference as a whole. It identifies a series of significant developments in the study of later Reformed thought, notably a series of ways in which scholarship has moved beyond the dead-ends of older approaches such as the notorious “Calvin against the Calvinists” school of thought. Among other points, the issue of continuity and discontinuity in the history of Protestant thought has received considerable nuance, the diversity and variety of Reformed thought is identified both in the Reformation roots of issues and in the later developments, and the questions of the relationship of Calvin to the Reformed tradition and of the reception of his thought by later generations are reviewed. The conference, therefore, confirms the recent work of reassessing the development of “Calvinism” and points toward significant areas for future research.
Predictors of mortality in diffuse alveolar haemorrhage associated with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Martínez-Martínez MU , Abud-Mendoza C
Published: May 2011

The objective of this study was the evaluation of clinical, demographic and treatment-associated mortality factors in patients with diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clinical, laboratory test, SLEDAI-2K, predictors of mortality (APACHE II) and different treatments including cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone and rituximab were evaluated in SLE patients who were diagnosed with DAH, to determine potential association with mortality. Twenty-nine episodes of DAH in 22 SLE patients were included (one patient with four episodes, four patients with two episodes (seven recurrences)), 15 died. Mean age was 25.1 years and 1.5 years of SLE evolution with haemoglobin drop 3.4 g/dl. In 4 of 22 patients, the DAH diagnosis was confirmed by autopsy. Six episodes were in patients under 18 years of age (2 patients with recurrence). DAH was the initial manifestation of SLE in 10 patients. Of the 22 patients, 17 were women and 22/29 had DAH episodes. Dyspnoea and nephritis occurred in all patients, less common were arthritis (75.9%) and fever (65.5%); haemoptysis was present only in 44.8%. Through evaluation of all included factors, only thrombocytopenia, renal failure, requirement for mechanical ventilation and high APACHE II were associated with higher mortality. Cyclophosphamide use was associated with less mortality (not statistically significant).
Elevated circulating CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ T cells contribute to overproduction of IL-10 and are correlated with disease severity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Liu Y , Zhu T , Cai G , Qin Y , Wang W , Tang G , Zhao D , Shen Q
Published: May 2011

In this work, we aimed to investigate the frequency, possible categories and clinical significance of circulating CD4+ICOS+FoxP3+ T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The frequency of circulating CD4+ICOS+FoxP3+ T cells was analysed by flow-cytometric analysis in 32 SLE patients, 10 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 32 healthy controls. Production of IL-10 and mTGF-β by different CD4+ T-cell populations was determined by intracellular cytokine staining. Plasma levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The frequency of circulating CD4+ICOS+FoxP3+ T cells was significantly increased in SLE patients as compared with control groups. The elevated frequency of CD4+ICOS+FoxP3+ T cells had a positive correlation with SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores and serum anti-dsDNA but a negative correlation with serum C3. Additionally, the CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ T cells contained significantly higher percentages of IL-10-producing cells than CD4+ICOS−Foxp3+ T cells. A significant positive correlation was also observed between the frequency of CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ T cells and the plasma level of IL-10 in SLE patients. In conclusion, an increased frequency of circulating CD4+ICOS+Foxp3+ T cells was observed in patients with SLE, suggesting its potential importance in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. Analysis of the CD4+ICOS+FoxP3+ T-cell population may be useful for the evaluation of lupus disease severity.
Expression and function of Cbl-b in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and detection of the 2126 A/G Cblb gene polymorphism in the Mexican mestizo population
Authors: Doníz-Padilla L , Martínez-Jiménez V , Niño-Moreno P , Abud-Mendoza C , Hernández-Castro B , González-Amaro R , Layseca-Espinosa E , Baranda-Cándido L
Published: May 2011

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by abnormalities in the function of T and B lymphocytes and in the signaling pathways induced through their receptors. Cbl-b is an intracellular adaptor protein that plays a key role in the negative regulation of lymphocyte activity. We explored the expression and function of Cbl-b in T lymphocytes from SLE patients. In addition, the possible association of SLE and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the Cblb gene was determined. We studied 150 SLE patients, 163 healthy individuals, and 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The expression of Cbl-b was analyzed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the negative regulatory function of Cbl-b was assessed by analyzing actin polymerization and the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun induced through CD3. Furthermore, the 2126(A/G) SNP of the Cblb gene was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found a significant small reduction in the expression of Cbl-b as well as increased levels of activation of c-Jun and actin polymerization in T lymphocytes from patients with SLE compared with healthy controls or RA patients. In addition, a significant association between the 2126(A/G) SNP and SLE was detected. Our data suggest that Cbl-b may contribute to the deregulated activation of T lymphocytes observed in SLE.
Educational content in nurse education in Japan: A Delphi study
Authors: Ito Chiharu , Ota Katsumasa , Matsuda Masami
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this study was to clarify the minimum necessary educational content in the area of nursing ethics in a basic nursing education program, and the level of students’ mastery of this content, based on a Delphi study in both educational and clinical settings. A Delphi study was conducted in three rounds with faculty members who teach nursing ethics at all 158 four-year nursing universities in Japan as targeted panelists. In this study the opinions on nursing ethics of nursing instructors responsible for hospital education at all 82 special functioning hospitals were reflected in the panelists’ opinions. Consensus was obtained on 41 items from a total of 63 items in 4 proposed frameworks. There were 20 items related to the Concept of nursing ethics, 7 items related to Ethical codes, 13 items related to Ethical issues and methods to resolve them, and 1 item related to Efforts and issues in practical and educational settings. Consensus as to desired level of mastery was reached on a total of 40 items. This agreed-upon level involved understanding of the concept for 22 items, the ability to explain the concept for 16 items, and the ability to act based on the concept for 2 items.
Blended learning in ethics education: A survey of nursing students
Authors: Hsu Li-Ling
Published: May 2011

Nurses are experiencing new ethical issues as a result of global developments and changes in health care. With health care becoming increasingly sophisticated, and countries facing challenges of graying population, ethical issues involved in health care are bound to expand in quantity and in depth. Blended learning rather as a combination of multiple delivery media designed to promote meaningful learning. Specifically, this study was focused on two questions: (1) the students’ satisfaction and attitudes as members of a scenario-based learning process in a blended learning environment; (2) the relationship between students’ satisfaction ratings of nursing ethics course and their attitudes in the blended learning environment. In total, 99 senior undergraduate nursing students currently studying at a public nursing college in Taiwan were invited to participate in this study. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted in this study. The participants were asked to fill out two Likert-scale questionnaire surveys: CAAS (Case Analysis Attitude Scale), and BLSS (Blended Learning Satisfaction Scale). The results showed what students felt about their blended learning experiences — mostly items ranged from 3.27—3.76 (the highest score is 5). Another self-assessment of scenario analysis instrument revealed the mean scores ranged from 2.87—4.19. Nearly 57.8% of the participants rated the course ‘extremely helpful’ or ‘very helpful.’ This study showed statistically significant correlations (r = 0.43) between students’ satisfaction with blended learning and case analysis attitudes. In addition, results testified to a potential of the blended learning model proposed in this study to bridge the gap between students and instructors and the one between students and their peers, which are typical of blended learning, and to create meaningful learning by employing blended pedagogical consideration in the course design. The use of scenario instruction enables students to develop critical analysis and problem solving skills through active learning and social exchange of ideas.