bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of an empowering Internet‐based Breast Cancer Patient Pathway program on breast cancer patients' clinical outcomes: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ryhänen Anne M , Rankinen Sirkku , Siekkinen Mervi , Saarinen Maiju , Korvenranta Heikki , Leino‐Kilpi Helena
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the effect of the Breast Cancer Patient Pathway program on breast cancer patient's empowerment process.

Background

The results of earlier studies indicate that the use of tailored Internet‐based patient education programs increased patient's knowledge level; however, other outcome measures differed.

Design

This randomised control trial studied the effect of the Internet‐based patient educational program on breast cancer patients' empowerment. In this study, we measured the quality of life, anxiety and managing with treatment‐related side effects as the outcomes of breast cancer patients' empowering process.

Methods

Breast cancer patients who were Internet users in one Finnish university hospital during 2008–2010 were randomised to the control group (n = 43) and the intervention group (n = 47). Baseline data were collected first in the hospital and the following data seven times during the treatment process, the last time one year after breast cancer diagnosis.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences in the quality of life, anxiety or side effects of treatment between the groups. The amount of treatment‐related side effects was connected to both physical and psychological well‐being.

Conclusions

In this study, the Breast Cancer Patient Pathway program did not decrease anxiety level or treatment‐related side effects among breast cancer patients or improve subscales of quality of life when compared with controls.

Relevance to clinical practice

There is a need to relieve the side effects caused by patients' care with the help of patient education. Internet‐based patient education programs need more focus when developing new patient education methods.
Anxiety and depression in parents of sick neonates: a hospital‐based study
Authors: Kong Li‐Ping , Cui Yan , Qiu Yu‐Fang , Han Shu‐Ping , Yu Zhang‐Bin , Guo Xi‐Rong
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in parents of hospitalised neonates and to analyse their relationship with other factors such as stress and social support, to provide evidence for targeted clinical interventions.

Background

The perinatal period, a special susceptibility to negative emotions, is a period that women and their spouses have to face. In this time, the fact that the neonates have to be hospitalised is no doubt a huge psychological stress to their parents. Little understanding of the hospitalisation environment, lacking awareness of neonatal diseases as well as concerns about the neonates' safety, can easily lead to negative emotions in parents. Under the influence of negative mood, parents could become irritable and vulnerable, which may do harm to their physical and mental health, impact family harmony and even result in ineffective communication with doctors, affecting the care of neonates.

Design

This study applied a cross‐sectional study design.

Methods

The psychological status of 600 parents (400 fathers and 200 mothers) was assessed in the first week of the hospitalisation of neonates, using the Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale, Self‐Rating Depressive Scale, Social Support Rating Scale and Perceived Stress Scale.

Results

The results of the cross‐sectional survey showed that 20% of fathers and 24% of mothers had symptoms of anxiety, while 30·8% of fathers and 35% of mothers had depressive symptoms. The total scores for anxiety and depression in these parents were significantly higher than the normal population (p < 0·01). The level of social support and perceived stress were the most important factors relating to parental anxiety and depression.

Conclusion

Parents of hospitalised neonates are more prone to suffer from negative emotions than normal population. Anxiety and depression are common emotions in these parents. However, the social support they receive is far from satisfactory, so timely and effective nursing interventions are essential.

Relevance to clinical practice

Health professionals should understand the mental health of parents with hospitalised neonates and take measures to reduce their psychological pressure so as to improve their care of the neonates, and help to maintain the harmony and stability of families and the whole society.
Effectiveness of a nurse‐led intensive educational programme on chronic kidney failure patients with hyperphosphataemia: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Shi Yue‐Xian , Fan Xiao‐Yan , Han Hui‐Juan , Wu Qiu‐Xia , Di Hong‐Jun , Hou Ya‐Hong , Zhao Yue
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To prospectively evaluate the effects of a nurse‐led educational intervention on the management of hyperphosphataemia as well as knowledge of phosphate among patients with end‐stage renal disease.

Background

Haemodialysis and phosphate binder therapy are the major methods used to reduce the phosphate level in dialysis patients. However, patient education related to hyperphosphataemia, diet and phosphate binders may be another important factor associated with the success of the control of the hyperphosphataemia.

Design

This prospective randomised controlled trial was conducted during the period from June 2009–March 2011 at the HD units of two hospitals in Tianjin, China.

Methods

A total of 80 participants were randomly assigned to experimental group (n = 40) and control group (n = 40). Participants in the experimental group received the nurse‐led intensive educational programme, including individualised education and educational session about diet and medicine regimes, etc., while participants in the control group received the routine guidance.

Results

There were statistically significant differences between the study groups in decline in serum phosphorus and calcium–phosphorus product levels and improvement in patients' general knowledge three months postintervention, and these differences sustained until the end of the study. Increased serum calcium level was observed both in the experimental group and in the control group, but there was no significant difference between groups. No statistical significance was found regarding serum albumin level between the groups. No significant difference in the serum parathyroid hormone level was found between the groups by month 6.

Conclusions

Nurse‐led intensive educational programme plays an important role in the control of hyperphosphataemia among patients with end‐stage renal disease.

Relevance to clinical practice

Chronic kidney failure patients with hyperphosphataemia are more likely to benefit from nurse‐led intensive educational programmes.
Fatigue self‐management: a survey of Chinese cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: Lou Yan , Yates Patsy , McCarthy Alexandra , Wang HeMei
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To examine Chinese cancer patients' fatigue self‐management, including the types of self‐management behaviours used, their confidence in using these behaviours, the degree of relief obtained and the factors associated with patients' use of fatigue self‐management behaviours.

Background

Fatigue places significant burden on patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. While some studies have explored fatigue self‐management in Western settings, very few studies have explored self‐management behaviours in China.

Design

Cross‐sectional self‐ and/or interviewer‐administered survey.

Methods

A total of 271 participants with self‐reported fatigue in the past week were recruited from a specialist cancer hospital in south‐east China. Participants completed measures assessing the use of fatigue self‐management behaviours, corresponding self‐efficacy, perceived relief levels plus items assessing demographic characteristics, fatigue experiences, distress and social support.

Results

A mean of 4·94 (±2·07; range 1–10) fatigue self‐management behaviours was reported. Most behaviours were rated as providing moderate relief and were implemented with moderate self‐efficacy. Regression analyses identified that having more support from one's neighbourhood and better functional status predicted the use of a greater number of self‐management behaviours. Separate regression analyses identified that greater neighbourhood support predicted greater relief from ‘activity enhancement behaviours’ and that better functional status predicted greater relief from ‘rest and sleep behaviours’. Higher self‐efficacy scores predicted greater relief from corresponding behaviours.

Conclusions

A range of fatigue self‐management behaviours were initiated by Chinese patients with cancer. Individual, condition and environmental factors were found to influence engagement in and relief from fatigue self‐management behaviours.

Relevance to clinical practice

Findings highlight the need for nurses to explore patients' use of fatigue self‐management behaviours and the effectiveness of these behaviours in reducing fatigue. Interventions that improve patients' self‐efficacy and neighbourhood supports have the potential to improve outcomes from fatigue self‐management behaviours.
Stable tooth contacts in intercuspal occlusion makes for utilities of the jaw elevators during maximal voluntary clenching
Authors: Wang X.‐R. , Zhang Y. , Xing N. , Xu Y.‐F. , Wang M.‐Q.
Published: March 2013

Data are inconsistent concerning whether the level of the surface electromyographic (SEMG) activity of jaw‐closing muscles increases when biting forces elevated during maximal voluntary clenching (MVC). In this study, T‐Scan III system and BioEMG III system were used to record bite force, occlusal contacts and SEMG activity of the anterior temporalis (TA) and of the masseter muscles (MM) simultaneously. Recordings were obtained from 16 healthy young adult males during different conditions: (i) a fast MVC from resting position to intercuspal position (ICP); (ii) mandibular movements from ICP to protrusive or lateral edge‐to‐edge positions with teeth in contact with biting; (iii) a fast MVC in protrusive and lateral edge‐to‐edge positions. A higher level of SEMG activity was associated with a higher bite force during occluding movements (P < 0·05). However, during fast MVC from rest to ICP, the largest number of occlusal contacts was achieved and distributed more symmetrically, the highest level of biting force was obtained, but the SEMG activity of the jaw elevator muscles was reduced compared with its maximum level (P < 0·05). This phenomenon was not observed during the fast MVC in protrusive or lateral edge‐to‐edge positions. The present results that a lower SEMG activity was associated with the largest number of occlusal contacts and the highest level of bite force during centric MVC demonstrated a complex integration of jaw‐closing muscles when a stable occlusion is present.
Reactive oxygen species activation of MAPK pathway results in VEGF upregulation as an undesired irradiation response
Authors: Drigotas Martynas , Affolter Annette , Mann Wolf J. , Brieger Juergen
Published: March 2013

Background

Radioresistance limits the effectiveness of radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. We previously demonstrated post‐radiogenic mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release resulting in reduced tumor cell response. Here, we examined the association of this mechanism with the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation (IR).

Methods

Intracellular ROS after IR were measured. We modeled radiation‐induced ROS by exposure of two SCC lines to H2O2 and evaluated the impact of irradiation and ROS on ERK phosphorylation by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA.

Results

We found elevated pERK levels after treatment with IR and H2O2, which could be distinctly suppressed by U0126. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA revealed increased intracellular VEGF levels after H2O2 application.

Conclusions

Our data show that irradiation‐induced ROS activate the MAPK pathway and release of VEGF. As VEGF is known to be released after cellular distress resulting in cytoprotection, the described mechanism is potentially of importance for therapy success.
Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum horii on Sweet Persimmon in Korea: Dissemination of Conidia and Disease Development
Authors: Kwon Jin‐Hyeuk , Kim Jinwoo , Choi Okryun , Gang Guen‐Hye , Han Sangjo , Kwak Youn‐Sig
Published: March 2013

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum horii (C. gloeosporioides), results in considerable economic damage to sweet persimmon in southern Korea yearly. This study deals with the life cycle of the pathogen in terms of seasonal fluctuations of spore dispersal and the development of disease based on field surveys, spore potential and fungal isolation. Anthracnose disease was observed first on twigs in the last week of May and reached an incidence of 1.2%. Subsequently, the disease increased rapidly and reached an incidence of 86% by the end of July. Infection of fruits started in mid‐June (2.8%) and increased gradually to 64.4% by the end of July. In severely infected orchards, 46.2% of diseased fruits were dropped. The pathogen began releasing conidia in the first week of May and continued until the end of September. The maximum release of spores was observed in mid‐July. To determine the optimal use of chemicals for control of anthracnose, the following spray programme was evaluated. Spraying two or three times resulted in 89.4 and 93% control, respectively, whereas spraying more than four times led to 100% control. In comparison, the disease rate of unsprayed trees was 89.8%. To control anthracnose effectively, it is recommended to take steps to eliminate inoculum sources in sweet persimmon orchards before spraying chemicals.
Prophylactic effects of methyl-3-O-methyl gallate against sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes in vivo
Authors: Nabavi Seyed Mohammad , Habtemariam Solomon , Nabavi Seyed Fazel , Moghaddam Akbar Hajizadeh , Latifi Ali Mohammad
Published: March 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of methyl-3-O-methyl gallate (M3OMG), a rare polyphenolic natural product with a potent in-vitro antioxidant effect, against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vivo.

Methods

Male Wistar rats were treated daily with either M3OMG (10 and 20 mg/kg) obtained through synthesis, vitamin C (10 mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally for 7 days. Oxidative stress was then induced by exposing animals to NaF (600 ppm) through drinking water for 7 days. At the end of intoxication period, rats were killed and erythrocytes isolated. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and levels of reduced glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured in erythrocyte haemolysates.

Results

NaF intoxication resulted in a 1.9-fold increase in erythrocyte lipid peroxidation associated with significant (P < 0.001) depletion of reduced glutathione level. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was suppressed by NaF treatment by 3.069 and 2.3 fold when compared with untreated control groups. Pretreatment of rats with M3OMG or vitamin C afforded protection against NaF-induced oxidative stress as assessed through the measured oxidant/antioxidant markers.

Conclusion

This finding provided in-vivo evidence for the therapeutic potential of M3OMG in combating fluoride-induced oxidative damage in cellular systems.
Chloropyrula uraliensis gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), a new green coccoid alga with a unique ultrastructure, isolated from soil in South Urals
Authors: GAYSINA Lira , NĚMCOVÁ Yvonne , ŠKALOUD Pavel , ŠEVČÍKOVÁ Tereza , ELIÁŠ Marek
Published: March 2013

Soil hosts diverse communities of photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae) that have not yet been fully explored. Here we describe an interesting coccoid green alga isolated from a soil sample from a forest‐steppe in South Urals (Bashkortostan, Russia) that, based on a phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequence, appears to represent a new phylogenetic lineage related to the genus Leptosira within the class Trebouxiophyceae. This new alga is characterized by uninucleate cells with a shape ranging from spherical to ellipsoid or egg‐like, occurring solitary or more often grouped in irregular masses or colonies. Remarkably, cells with a characteristic pyriform shape are encountered in cultures grown on a solid medium. The cells harbour a single pyrenoid‐lacking parietal chloroplast with the margin undulated or forming finger‐like projections; in mature cells the chloroplast becomes divided by deep incisions into more or less separate lobes. Transmission electron microscopy of vegetative cells revealed an unprecedented structure in the form of a cluster of microfibrils located in the cytoplasm near the plasma membrane, often appressed to the chloroplast. Reproduction takes place via autospores or biflagellated zoospores. The unique suite of characters of our isolate distinguishes it from previously described coccoid green algae and suggests that it should be classified as a new species in a new genus; we propose it be named Chloropyrula uraliensis.
The Breakdown of the Hegemonic Representation of Madness in Africa
Authors: Coudin Geneviève
Published: March 2013

Social science has recently examined the dramatic increase of witchcraft and magic in everyday contemporary African. A study, which took place in the 1970's, on the representation of madness in postcolonial Congo, contributes to the elucidation of such an outgrowth. In line with the first version of La Psychoanalyse, it aimed at identifying variations in the images, beliefs, and attitudes associated with groups whose social positioning differed in relation to modernity. Sixty old men were interviewed. The respondents provided a representation in the making that neither reflected Western knowledge nor faithfully echoed local patterns. The Western elements were anchored in a strongly objectified local belief system. For “traditional” informants the meaning attributed to madness testifies to the transformation of a hegemonic representation into a polemical one since it addressed the question of their identity shaken by modernity. An emancipated representation emerged within the most educated group. A secondary analysis of the data contributes to current theoretical debates within social representations theory in focusing on tolerance/intolerance to alternative representations through semantic barriers. It brings more evidence to the fragmentation of the hegemonic system of belief and confirms how social—identity content and relations mediate knowledge construction.
Ex vivo analysis of resident hepatic pro‐inflammatory CD1d‐reactive T cells and hepatocyte surface CD1d expression in hepatitis C
Authors: Yanagisawa K. , Yue S. , van der Vliet H. J. , Wang R. , Alatrakchi N. , Golden‐Mason L. , Schuppan D. , Koziel M. J. , Rosen H. R. , Exley M. A.
Published: March 2013

Hepatic CD1d‐restricted and natural killer T‐cell populations are heterogeneous. Classical ‘type 1′ α‐galactosylceramide‐reactive CD1d‐restricted T cells express ‘invariant’ TCRα (‘iNKT’). iNKT dominating rodent liver are implicated in inflammation, including in hepatitis models. Low levels of iNKT are detected in human liver, decreased in subjects with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). However, high levels of human hepatic CD161±CD56± noninvariant pro‐inflammatory CD1d‐restricted ‘type 2′ T cells have been identified in vitro. Unlike rodents, healthy human hepatocytes only express trace and intracellular CD1d. Total hepatic CD1d appears to be increased in CHC and primary biliary cirrhosis. Direct ex vivo analysis of human intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHL), including matched ex vivo versus in vitro expanded IHL, demonstrated detectable noninvariant CD1d reactivity in substantial proportions of HCV‐positive livers and significant fractions of HCV‐negative livers. However, α‐galactosylceramide‐reactive iNKT were detected only relatively rarely. Liver CD1d‐restricted IHL produced IFNγ, variable levels of IL‐10 and modest levels of Th2 cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐13 ex vivo. In a novel FACS assay, a major fraction (10–20%) of hepatic T cells rapidly produced IFNγ and up‐regulated activation marker CD69 in response to CD1d. As previously only shown with murine iNKT, noninvariant human CD1d‐specific responses were also augmented by IL‐12. Interestingly, CD1d was found selectively expressed on the surface of hepatocytes in CHC, but not those CHC subjects with history of alcohol usage or resolved CHC. In contrast to hepatic iNKT, noninvariant IFNγ‐producing type 2 CD1d‐reactive NKT cells are commonly detected in CHC, together with cognate ligand CD1d, implicating them in CHC liver damage.
Protein phosphatase 2A impairs IFNα‐induced antiviral activity against the hepatitis C virus through the inhibition of STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation
Authors: Shanker V. , Trincucci G. , Heim H. M. , Duong H. T. F.
Published: March 2013

Mammalian cells have developed several mechanisms to sense viruses and initiate adequate responses such as production of interferons. Interferons activate the antiviral response through the Jak‐STAT signalling pathway. To establish a chronic infection, viruses need to counteract this barrier of defence. The hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses are known to up‐regulate the expression of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). In this study, we show that PP2Ac associates with Jak1/Tyk2/STAT1 and reduces Jak1/Tyk2/STAT1 phosphorylation resulting in an impairment of the IFNα‐induced HCV antiviral response. Using the fully infectious HCV cell culture system (HCVcc), we demonstrate that the PP2A catalytic activity is not required to block the antiviral effect of IFNα, although it is needed to support HCVcc replication. Our data suggest an important contribution of virus‐induced PP2Ac up‐regulation in the establishment of a chronic infection.
The Effects of Hyperglycemia and Endotoxemia on Coagulation Parameters in Healthy Adult Horses
Authors: McGovern K.F. , Lascola K.M. , Smith S.A. , Clark‐Price S.C. , Wilkins P.A. , Schaeffer D.J. , Foreman J.H.
Published: March 2013

Background

Hyperglycemia and endotoxemia have been associated with coagulation abnormalities in horses. Studies in humans suggest greater disturbances in coagulation with hyperglycemia and concurrent endotoxemia.

Objectives

To compare coagulation parameters in horses administered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with and without concurrent hyperglycemia.

Animals

Twelve healthy adult horses.

Methods

Hyperglycemia (180–240 mg/dL) was maintained for 6 hours in 6 horses (GLU‐LPS) using 140 mg/kg IV bolus of dextrose followed by a 20% dextrose constant rate infusion. A similar volume of saline was administered to an additional 6 horses (SAL‐LPS). LPS (20 ng/kg) was administered to each horse. Fibrogen concentration, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin antithrombin concentration (TAT), and thromboelastometry were measured at baseline and after 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, and 22 hours. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine temporal changes.

Results

Increases in PT (P = .001) and TAT (P = .027) were observed in the GLU‐LPS group. Changes in thromboelastometry parameters including increased clot formation time (In‐TEM, P = .006; Ex‐TEM, P = .002) and decreased alpha angle (Ex‐TEM, P = .04) and maximal clot firmness (Ex‐TEM, P = .014) were observed in the SAL‐LPS group. Differences between SAL‐LPS and GLU‐LPS groups were limited to increased maximal clot firmness (Ex‐TEM) at 3, 6, and 22 hours (P < .001) in the SAL‐LPS group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Minor alterations in coagulation parameters identified for each group are most likely not clinically relevant. Observed differences between groups do not suggest that concurrent hyperglycemia and endotoxemia are associated with greater coagulation abnormalities in horses.
Prognosis for Racing with Conservative Management of Cervical Vertebral Malformation in Thoroughbreds: 103 Cases (2002–2010)
Authors: Hoffman C.J. , Clark C.K.
Published: March 2013

Background

Cervical vertebral malformation (CVM) is seen in young, rapidly growing horses, and is commonly associated with a poor prognosis for racing.

Hypothesis/Objective

To examine the records of a population of Thoroughbreds with a presumptive diagnosis ofCVMand to determine which radiographic findings and neurologic exam findings have an effect on these horses achieving athletic function when managed conservatively.

Animals

One hundred and three thoroughbreds presumptively diagnosed withCVMand treated conservatively between 2002 and 2010.

Methods

Racing records were reviewed in this retrospective study to determine which horses raced after treatment. Horses were separated into groups based on whether or not they raced. Medical records were reviewed, and results of neurologic examination, radiographic and laboratory findings, treatments, and outcome were assessed and compared between groups.

Results

Sixteen horses were excluded because of insufficient information. Of the remaining horses, thirty‐three were euthanized after diagnosis, while the remaining seventy were discharged for treatment. Twenty‐one of 70 horses treated medically (30%) went on to race. Horses that went on to race had a significantly lower neurologic grade (P = .0002), with a median of 1.0 in the thoracic limbs and 2.0 in the pelvic limbs. Euthanized horses and nonstarters were more likely to have kyphosis (P = .041) or cranial stenosis (P = .041) on standing lateral cervical radiographs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Some horses can race after the diagnosis ofCVM. Neurologic examination and radiographic findings can be helpful in predicting racing prognosis.
Comparison of Intravenous versus Intramuscular Administration of Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone in Healthy Cats
Authors: Eiler K.C. , Bruyette D.S. , Behrend E.N. , Kemppainen R.J. , Kass P.H.
Published: March 2013

Background

Because of the lack of a current validated assay for feline endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to administration of currently available ovine corticotropin‐releasing hormone (oCRH) preparations, a complete evaluation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in cats has not been possible.

Objective

This study was undertaken to (1) determine the pituitary (ACTH) and adrenal (cortisol) response to both IV and IM administration of a currently availableoCRHproduct in healthy cats, and (2) validate an endogenousACTHassay for use in cats.

Animals

Seventeen healthy cats receivingoCRH(n = 11) or placebo (n = 6).

Methods

Prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled study.oCRHat 1 μg/kg or placebo was given either IM or IV. Endogenous cortisol andACTHconcentrations were evaluated after the injection. A comparison of IM versus IV and placebo versus treatment was made.

Results

The DiaSorin immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) assay forACTHperformed well, showing both parallelism and acceptable intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation. There was a significant difference between groups (P = .025) and a significant difference between times (P = .025) when endogenousACTHconcentrations were compared afteroCRHIV or IM. No significant differences were observed in cortisol concentrations comparing IV to IMoCRH.

Conclusions

IM administration ofoCRHresults in significantly greaterACTHconcentrations but not cortisol concentrations when compared with IV administration. Samples should be drawn before and at 60 minutes after the injection. The DiasorinIRMAis valid for feline endogenousACTHmeasurements.
Investigating the Role of Verbal Working Memory in Young Children's Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Boyle Whitney , Lindell Annukka K. , Kidd Evan
Published: March 2013

This study considers the role of verbal working memory in sentence comprehension in typically developing English‐speaking children. Fifty‐six (N = 56) children aged 4;0–6;6 completed a test of language comprehension that contained sentences which varied in complexity, standardized tests of vocabulary and nonverbal intelligence, and three tests of memory that measured the three verbal components of Baddeley's model of Working Memory (WM): the phonological loop, the episodic buffer, and the central executive. The results showed that children experienced most difficulty comprehending sentences that contained noncanonical word order (passives and object relative clauses). A series of linear mixed effects models were run to analyze the contribution of each component of WM to sentence comprehension. In contrast to most previous studies, the measure of the central executive did not predict comprehension accuracy. A canonicity by episodic buffer interaction showed that the episodic buffer measure was positively associated with better performance on the noncanonical sentences. The results are discussed with reference to capacity‐limit and experience‐dependent approaches to language comprehension.
Preparation courses for a medical admissions test: effectiveness contrasts with opinion
Authors: Wilkinson Tom M , Wilkinson Tim J
Published: March 2013

Objectives  The Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admissions Test (UMAT) is used to rank applicants for admission to many medical schools. This study aimed to determine the effects of preparation courses on UMAT performance and on students’ perceptions of their performance.

Methods  We asked students who sat the UMAT twice across two consecutive years to complete an online survey. The survey was administered in 2010 and 2011 to gather information on preparation activities, costs of preparation activities and students’ opinions regarding their expected performance. Survey responses were compared with student scores on the second taking of the UMAT, adjusted for prior UMAT scores and university performance.

Results  The study (cohort: n = 263) was sufficiently powered to investigate two forms of preparation: courses offered by MedEntry (a UMAT preparation provider), and tutoring offered by the students’ halls of residence. Neither was found to significantly affect UMAT score (p = 0.09 for MedEntry courses; p = 0.50 for halls of residence tutoring). There was no relationship between total time or money spent preparing and UMAT performance. However, students taking MedEntry courses and students spending more money on UMAT preparation were more likely to predict an improved score (p < 0.001 for both). A total of 85% of students improved their score on the second sitting, irrespective of preparation.

Conclusions  The use of either of two common forms of UMAT preparation does not translate to an improvement in UMAT score. However, in accordance with confirmation bias theory, the association between money spent on preparatory courses and self‐assessed predicted score suggests that students’ belief in the effectiveness of such courses may be confounded by their financial outlay.
Forging a nation: the Ethiopian millennium celebration and the multiethnic state
Authors: Orlowska Izabela
Published: March 2013

Due to a different calendric system, Ethiopia celebrated the turn of the millennium in September 2007. This paper investigates how Ethiopia's coalition government, associated by many Ethiopians with minority rule, set up and mobilised a year‐long millennium project to propose new idioms of nationhood redefining Ethiopia's identity to deal with the challenges of ethnic federalism and to accommodate its multiethnic society. I argue that the millennium celebration sought to find a solution to the divisive effects of the politics of ‘difference’ derived from a policy of ethnic federalism, and to the existing outdated metaphors of nationhood rooted in Semitic culture and Orthodox Christianity. It proposed more suitable idioms of common identity based on the idea of ‘unity in diversity’. This paper contributes to our better understanding of the role of symbolism, commemorative events and appropriation of the ‘sites of memory’ in the complex process of the transition of multiethnic societies into nation states.
Using participatory action research to foster nurse leadership in Australian rural hospitals
Authors: Bish Melanie , Kenny Amanda , Nay Rhonda
Published: March 2013

This paper outlines the processes and results of a participatory action research study undertaken to identify issues that may impact on strategies to foster nurse leadership in rural hospitals. Five Directors of Nursing from rural regions of Victoria, Australia participated. The group activities involved discussion and analysis of previous research, a review of current literature and critical reflection of the leadership performance of their organization. The analysis identified five key themes; dispel the myths, adopt big‐picture thinking, connect with colleagues, reflect on your own conduct, and create organizational buy‐in. It is essential to have an awareness of contextual challenges, an understanding of the importance of your own conduct as a visible leader, and the need for effective communication to inform the development of strategies that may be used to foster nurse leadership in rural hospitals. The platform to discuss and critically analyze leadership saw a group consensus that affirmed the need for any approach to nursing leadership to be tailored to the individual healthcare organization.
Is patient education helpful in providing care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A qualitative study involving French nurses
Authors: Fall Estelle , Chakroun Nadia , Dalle Nathalie , Izaute Marie
Published: March 2013

This French study explored nurses' involvement in patient education for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The study design was qualitative. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 16 hospital nurses. Data analysis was performed according to Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological method, and supported by specific qualitative analysis software (Sphinx). The results showed the important role of hospital nurses in rheumatoid arthritis care. Patient education is a core part of nurses' work, allowing them to give patients information and emotional support. The interviewees displayed skills in helping patients learn to care for themselves. However, patient education mostly concerned patients who are already committed to their health care. Non‐adherent patients warrant special attention; their acceptance of their disease, perceptions about disease and treatment, motivation, and autonomy should be specifically addressed. French nurses could benefit from more training, and could be aided by psychologists. Ambulatory services could also be developed for patient education in France, based on examples from other countries.
Circumferential and functional re‐entry of in vivo slow‐wave activity in the porcine small intestine
Authors: Angeli T. R. , O'Grady G. , Du P. , Paskaranandavadivel N. , Pullan A. J. , Bissett I. P. , Cheng L. K.
Published: March 2013

Background

Slow‐waves modulate the pattern of small intestine contractions. However, the large‐scale spatial organization of intestinal slow‐wave pacesetting remains uncertain because most previous studies have had limited resolution. This study applied high‐resolution (HR) mapping to evaluate intestinal pacesetting mechanisms and propagation patterns in vivo.

Methods

HR serosal mapping was performed in anesthetized pigs using flexible arrays (256 electrodes; 32 × 8; 4 mm spacing), applied along the jejunum. Slow‐wave propagation patterns, frequencies, and velocities were calculated. Slow‐wave initiation sources were identified and analyzed by animation and isochronal activation mapping.

Key Results

Analysis comprised 32 recordings from nine pigs (mean duration 5.1 ± 3.9 min). Slow‐wave propagation was analyzed, and a total of 26 sources of slow‐wave initiation were observed and classified as focal pacemakers (31%), sites of functional re‐entry (23%) and circumferential re‐entry (35%), or indeterminate sources (11%). The mean frequencies of circumferential and functional re‐entry were similar (17.0 ± 0.3 vs 17.2 ± 0.4 cycle min−1; P = 0.5), and greater than that of focal pacemakers (12.7 ± 0.8 cycle min−1; P < 0.001). Velocity was anisotropic (12.9 ± 0.7 mm s−1 circumferential vs 9.0 ± 0.7 mm s−1 longitudinal; P < 0.05), contributing to the onset and maintenance of re‐entry.

Conclusions & Inferences

This study has shown multiple patterns of slow‐wave initiation in the jejunum of anesthetized pigs. These results constitute the first description and analysis of circumferential re‐entry in the gastrointestinal tract and functional re‐entry in the in vivo small intestine. Re‐entry can control the direction, pattern, and frequency of slow‐wave propagation, and its occurrence and functional significance merit further investigation.
Post‐stroke dysphagia: progress at last
Authors: Rofes L. , Vilardell N. , Clavé P.
Published: March 2013

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia (OD) is both underestimated and underdiagnosed as a cause of malnutrition and respiratory complications following stroke. OD occurs in more than 50% of stroke patients. Aspiration pneumonia (AP) occurs in up to 20% of acute stroke patients and is a major cause of mortality after discharge. Systematic screening for OD should be performed on every patient with stroke before starting oral feeding, followed, if appropriate by clinical and instrumental (videofluroscopy and/or fiberoptic endoscopy) assessment. Bolus modification with adaptation of texture and viscosity of solids and fluids and postural adjustments should be part of the minimal treatment protocol, but they do not change the impaired swallow physiology nor promote recovery of damaged neural swallow networks in stroke patients. To this purpose, two new neurostimulation approaches are being developed to stimulate cortical neuroplasticity to recover swallowing function: (i) those aimed at stimulating the peripheral oropharyngeal sensory system by chemical, physical or electrical stimulus; and (ii) those aimed at directly stimulating the pharyngeal motor cortex, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The study of Park et al. in this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility evaluated the effect of rTMS in dysphagic stroke patients and showed a marked improvement in swallow physiology. Other studies also using rTMS showed plastic changes in pharyngeal motor cortical areas relevant to swallowing function. If further randomized controlled trials confirm these initial results, the neurorehabilitation strategies will be introduced to clinical practice sooner rather than later, improving the recovery of dysphagic stroke patients. Progress at last.
Oral carcinoma with perineural invasion has higher nerve growth factor expression and worse prognosis
Authors: Yu E‐H , Lui M‐T , Tu H‐F , Wu C‐H , Lo W‐L , Yang C‐C , Chang K‐W , Kao S‐Y
Published: March 2013

Background

This study elucidated the association between histopathological factors and the prognosis of oral carcinoma. As the histopathological factors were determined from the surgical specimen and this can only be used for the choices of postoperative regimens, this study also investigated the linkage between prognostic factors and the expression of key molecules to examine the feasibility of markers as predictors.

Methods

Clinicopathological factors of 101 oral carcinomas were cross‐analyzed with disease‐free survival. The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor, tyrosine kinase A receptor, was assayed with immunohistochemistry.

Results

Nodal metastasis was the most crucial clinical predictor for disease‐free survival. Perineural invasion (PNI) was an independent histopathological predictor for both nodal metastasis (P = 0.004) and disease‐free survival (P = 0.019). Patients with advanced tumor and PNI exhibited the high hazard for tumor progression and poor disease‐free survival. NGF immunoreactivity in tumors was correlated with PNI (P = 0.005) and neck lymph node metastasis (P = 0.036).

Conclusion

Perineural invasion is the indicator of worst prognosis. As NGF immunoreactivity was found to be associated with PNI and nodal metastasis, the NGF immunoreactivity of oral carcinoma revealed by diagnostic biopsy suggests that alternative therapeutic approaches might be appropriate.
A Mediated Moderation Model of Recruiting Socially and Environmentally Responsible Job Applicants
Authors: Gully Stanley M. , Phillips Jean M. , Castellano William G. , Han Kyongji , Kim Andrea
Published: March 2013

Socially and environmentally responsible organizations must attend to the fit of employees with the values of the organization. Recruiting practices are a key tool for ensuring fit with an organization's culture and values. We develop and test a model of the process through which recruitment information about an organization's social and environmental responsibility values differentially affect job seeker perceived fit, attraction, and job pursuit intentions depending on job seekers’ desire to have a significant impact through work. Our model of mediated moderation is tested with a sample of 339 actual job seekers using conditional process modeling and nonlinear bootstrapping techniques. Results support expectations that advertisement messages about an organization's social and environmental responsibility values interact with applicants’ desire to have a significant impact through work to influence job pursuit intentions through the hypothesized mediational process. Implications of the model for research on recruitment and organizational social and environmental responsibility are discussed.
Living donor liver transplantation with alternative porto‐left gastric vein anastomosis in patients with post‐Kasai extrahepatic portal vein obstruction
Authors: Kitajima Toshihiro , Sakamoto Seisuke , Uchida Hajime , Hamano Ikumi , Kobayashi Megumi , Kanazawa Hiroyuki , Fukuda Akinari , Kasahara Mureo
Published: March 2013

EPVO is a common cause of prehepatic portal hypertension in pediatric patients and sometimes results in cavernous transformation of the PV. We herein present the cases of two patients who underwent LDLT for EPVO with post‐Kasai biliary atresia. PV reconstruction was performed with a porto‐left gastric vein anastomosis. The patient who underwent PV reconstruction using an interposition vein graft is doing well without surgical complications, whereas PV anastomotic stenosis was detected three months after LDLT in the patient who did not receive an interposition vein graft. The availability of vein grafts is limited in the LDLT setting. In such cases, performing PV reconstruction with varicose veins using interposition vein grafts is a feasible and valuable alternative option for obtaining a sufficient portal blood flow. Our experiences suggest that using interposition vein grafts may be appropriate for preventing the anastomotic stenosis caused by the fragility of varicose veins.
α‐Santalol, A Skin Cancer Chemopreventive Agent with Potential to Target Various Pathways Involved in Photocarcinogenesis
Authors: Santha Sreevidya , Dwivedi Chandradhar
Published: March 2013

This study is designed to investigate the chemopreventive effect and molecular mechanisms of α‐santalol on UVB‐induced skin tumor development in SKH‐1 hairless mouse, a widely used model for human photocarcinogenesis. A dose of UVB radiation (30 mJ cm−2 day−1) that is in the range of human sunlight exposure was used for the initiation and promotion of tumor. Topical treatment of mice with α‐santalol (10%, wt/vol in acetone) caused reduction in tumor incidence, multiplicity and volume. In our study, the anticarcinogenic action of α‐santalol against UVB‐induced photocarcinogenesis was found to be associated with inhibition of inflammation and epidermal cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. α‐Santalol pretreatment strongly inhibited UVB‐induced epidermal hyperplasia and thickness of the epidermis, expression of proliferation and inflammation markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki‐67 and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox‐2). Significant decrease in the expression of cyclins A, B1, D1 and D2 and cyclin‐dependent kinases (Cdk)s Cdk1 (Cdc2), Cdk2, Cdk4 and Cdk6 and an upregulated expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor Cip1/p21 were found in α‐santalol pretreated group. Furthermore, an elevated level of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed in α‐santalol‐treated group. Our data suggested that α‐santalol is a safer and promising skin cancer chemopreventive agent with potential to target various pathways involved in photocarcinogenesis.
The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire in Norway
Authors: Dundas Ingrid , Vøllestad Jon , Binder Per‐Einar , Sivertsen Børge
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to adapt the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) for use in Norway. Three studies involving three different samples of university students (mean age 22 years, total N = 792) were conducted. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that a five factor structure provided an acceptable fit to the data. All five factors loaded significantly on the overall mindfulness factor. As expected, correlations between the FFMQ total scores and subscales were positive and significant, ranging from 0.45 to 0.65. Correlations between FFMQ total/subscales and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were significant and negative (since low scores on the MAAS indicate high mindfulness), ranging from r = −0.17 to −0.69. The Norwegian FFMQ total score was inversely correlated with all indicators of psychological health: neuroticism (r = −0.61), ruminative tendencies (r = −0.41), self‐related negative thinking (r = −0.40), emotion regulation difficulties (r = −0.66) and depression (r = −0.46 to r = −0.65). In contrast to the other FFMQ subscales, the FFMQ Observe subscale did not have a positive relation to psychological health in our mostly non‐meditating sample. However, being able to non‐judgmentally observe one's inner life and environment is a part of the mindfulness construct that might emerge more clearly with more mindfulness training. We conclude that the Norwegian FFMQ has acceptable psychometric properties and can be recommended for use in Norway, especially in studies seeking to differentiate between different aspects of mindfulness and how these may change over time.
Mother–Adolescent Conflict: Stability, Change, and Relations with Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems
Authors: Hofer Claire , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. , Morris Amanda S. , Gershoff Elizabeth , Valiente Carlos , Kupfer Anne , Eggum Natalie D.
Published: March 2013

Stability and change in mother–adolescent conflict reactions (CRs) and the prediction of CRs from adolescents' earlier behavior problems (and vice versa) were examined with 131 mothers and their adolescents (63 boys). Dyads engaged in a 6‐min conflict discussion twice, 2 years apart [M age was 13 at Time 1 (T1)]. Non‐verbal expressive and verbal CRs during the conflict discussion were coded. Mothers, fathers, and teachers reported on adolescents' problem behaviors. There was inter‐individual (rank‐order) stability for adolescents' CRs whereas mothers' reactions were less stable. Mean levels of mothers' negativity, anger, and positive reactions and adolescents' negativity declined with time. Mothers’ CRs, more often than adolescents’ CRs, predicted and were predicted by adolescents’ problem behaviors in zero‐order correlations. In structural equation models with the stability of the constructs accounted for, adolescents' externalizing problems at T1 predicted higher maternal anger at Time 2 (T2). Mothers' anger and positive CRs at T1 predicted fewer T2 adolescents' internalizing problems. Stability and change in CRs are discussed.