bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Citrus Leafminer on Red Grapefruit with Spinosad and other Biorational Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Fulcher G. L.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted in a nursery block of 1.5 year old ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit on Swingle citrumelo rootstock planted in single rows, 6 inches between trees. Treatments, all of which included 1.5% Sunspray 7E oil, were applied on 2 Oct using a hand held boom fitted with 5 Albuz ceramic hollow cone nozzles (two on each side and one over top) supplied by a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi to deliver a spray volume of 25 gpa. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications and 11 treatments. Blocks were single rows and plots consisted of 30 trees each. Evaluations on 10 new leaf flushes per plot at 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment (DAT) included total mines on the five smallest leaves per flush starting with a one inch leaf, number of live larvae on the entire flush, and a foliage damage index (percent leaf surface damaged).
California Red Scale Control on Nursery Citrus, 1996
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Experimental V-71639, alone and tank-mixed with NR 435 spray oil, were compared with the insecticides Danitol, Provado and Supracide for efficacy against CRS. Each treatment was replicated on 3-4 container-grown sweet orange trees, each 4-5 ft tall. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff, with control trees receiving a water spray, using a TQ-40 Koke Kap CO2 sprayer at 30 psi. Treatment sprays were applied on 2 Jul. At weekly post-spray intervals, 3 mature leaves per replicate were randomly selected and lst-3rd stage CRS (minimum of 250 per treatment) were examined under a binocular microscope. Sessile CRS were recorded as dead by the absence of body fluid when probed with a teasing needle. Percent mortality of crawlers and sessile CRS was determined for each treatment.
Control of Cabbage Insects, 1996
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Sclar D. Casey , Al-Doghairi Mohammad , Gerace Dan , Tupy Andrea
Published: December 2017

A trial was established at the Colorado State University Horticulture Field Research Center in Ft. Collins, CO. Cabbage (cv ‘Copenhagen Market’) was transplanted in early summer to 30-in rows (18-in spacing), producing 3-row by 30-ft plots arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Treatments were applied 2 Aug using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 14 gpa at 35 psi. A reapplication was made 24 Aug. All treatments included the addition of the organosilicant surfactant Kinetic at a rate of 12 oz/A. Treatments were evaluated weekly by counting all larvae on 10 plants in the center of each plot. At the end of the experiment (30 Sep) the marketability of plants was assessed using the damage rating system of Greene et al. 1969 (J. Econ. Entomol. 62:790-800).
Potato/Tomato Psyllid Control on Pepper, 1997
Authors: Demirel Nihat , Al-Doghairi Mohammed , Gerace Dan , Tupy Andrea , McElwey Sally , KramerrWilson Karen , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at the Colorado State Horticulture Research Farm, Ft. Collins, CO on transplanted peppers. Emphasis of the trial was to evaluate treatments that were accessible to home gardeners or showed interesting “bio-rational” insecticide characteristics. Individual plots consisted of 8 plants, on single-row beds at approximately 15-in spacing. Plot design was a RCB with 4 replications. Applications of sprayed treatments were applied as a single pass on each side of the plants with CO2 compressed air sprayer directing spray to the leaf underside. Dust applications of sulfur (FloTox Garden Sulfur) were applied with a Dustin-Miser applicator. Evaluations of psyllid populations were made by counting all insects on the center four plants of each plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Green Peach Aphid on Spinach, 1997
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: December 2017

Avon’ Spinach was planted 9 mi. southeast of Hydro, OK on 23 Sep 1996. Plots consisted of a single 6-ft-wide and 50-ft-long row. Experimental design was RCB with four replications. Treatments were applied 26 Mar 1997 with a backpack sprayer equipped with 3 Tee Jet 80015 nozzles calibrated to deliver 11.1 gpa at 30 psi. Insecticide effectiveness was assessed by counting the number of GPA on each of 15 randomly selected plants per plot 5, 11, and 19 DAT.
Evaluation of Egg-Laying Deterrent Treatments for Potato/Tomato Psyllid
Authors: Al-Jaber Ahmed M. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse trials were conducted on potted tomatoes, approximately 18 inches in height. Experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. Pots were placed among tomatoes sustaining high populations of potato/tomato psyllid, all ready for migration to the plants involved in experimental treatments. Applications were made 17, 20, and 24 May using a hand-operated pump mister to cover foliage. Evaluations were made by examining four leaves from each plant and counting the number of eggs present.
Controll Of Insect Pests on Spring Canola, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established in a RCBD 4 replicates of 6 X 20 ft. at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA. Treatments were made at full bloom with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi on 24 Jun, 1997 except for 4 rates of Gaucho 75 ST applied as seed treatments at planting on 28 May. All sprayed insecticides were buffered to pH 5.0. Treatments were evaluated for pre-treatment count 46 DAE, 2 DAT (48 DAE) and 10 DAT (56 DAE) by counting the number of CA colonies per m2 (6.6 linear ft of row) with mean number of CA per colony. Counts of CSPW exit holes per 100 pods per replicate were made at harvest, and yield data was collected
Control of Boll Weevil on Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Adamczyk J. J. , Leonard B. R. , Fife J. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil on cotton planted 22 Apr. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 28 and 30 Jun, 3, 8, and 11 Jul. Applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 47 psi. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton flower buds (squares) per plot 2-4 DAT for evidence of boll weevil damage. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during the test. The plots received 0.10, 2.08, and 0.08 inch rainfall on 28 Jun, 7 Jul, and 8 Jul, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
A Field Cage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Beet Armyworm on Transgenic Bt Cotton, 1997
Authors: Halcomb J. L. , Benedict J. H. , Correa J. C. , Mann J.
Published: December 2017

Transgenic cotton, expressing the crylA(c) gene (Bollgard Gene, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO) from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki and non-transgenic cotton were planted 17 Apr in Corpus Christi, Texas. Plots consisted of 4 rows X 30 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 5 replications. A 6-inch band of insecticide, Temik 15 G (0.7 lb [AI]/acre), was applied at the time of planting and all plots were oversprayed with insecticides as needed for control of non-lepidopteran pests such as cotton fleahoppers, aphids, and boll weevils. Beneficial insects were eliminated by overspraying the entire test with pyrenone on 14 Jun, 2 d prior to infesting cages with beet armyworms. Tracer (0.045 lb [AI]/acre) and Pirate (0.09 lb [AI]/acre) were applied on the appropriate plots on 16 (replicates 1, 2, and 3) and 17 Jun (replicates 4 and 5) using a backpack CO2-powered sprayer with a 2-row hand-held spray boom. Plants were caged and infested within 4 h following the spray applications of Pirate and Tracer. In each plot, two nylon organdy cages were placed over blooming cotton plants, 3 adjacent plants per cage. Then the plants in each cage were uniformly infested with 50 beet armyworm neonates. Natural infestations of bollworm, tobacco budworm, fall armyworm, and cabbage looper were also present. Cages containing the cotton plants were removed lid after infestation and taken to the laboratory for evaluation. Data collected per cage were number of larvae, larval weight, number of injured terminals, flower buds and bolls, and an overall rating of leaf injury. The leaf injury was visually rated using the following scale: 0≤5%; 1=6-25%; 2 = 26-50%; 3>50% of leaves injured. All data, except larval weight and leaf injury rating were transformed ln(x + 1) prior to statistical analysis. Untransformed means are presented here.
Evaluation of Combinations of Fulfill and Curacron for Control of Cotton Aphids, 1997
Authors: Parajulee M. N. , Slosser J. E. , Idol G. B.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 19 Jun in 40-inch rows (8-row X 75-ft plot) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Chillicothe, Texas. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 insecticide treatments and a check replicated 4 times. Cotton was inspected for aphids on 17, 22, and 29 Jul to determine the treatment threshold of �20 aphids per leaf. Ten leaves from the top half and 10 leaves from the lower half of plants from each plot were examined, and the numbers of aphids were counted and recorded on each inspection date. Pre-treatment counts were made and the insecticide treatments were applied on 5 Aug. Treatments were applied with a John Deere High Cycle 6000 sprayer. Spray drops were used to provide 3 nozzles per row, delivering 11.7 total gallons of spray solution per acre at 40 psi. After the application of Fulfill (all replicates), Curacron alone (1st and 3rd replicate) and Curacron + Fulfill + Organosilicant (3rd replicate and one-half of 2nd replicate), it rained hard on the treatment plots. As a result, the spray materials were probably washed off the plants. Also, Curacron foamed badly and sprayer pressure was completely lost; the pressure bypass and agitation system were then turned off to eliminate foaming. Thereafter, all treatments were reapplied on those plots that were sprayed before the rain. Approximately 30 h post-treatment, it rained again 0.38 inches which probably washed the aphids off of the leaves to some degree. Post-treatment aphid counts were made at 3, 7, 13, and 17 DAT. Test plots received additional rainfall on 10 Aug (1.75") and 19 Aug (1.85").
Toxicities of Selected Insecticides Against Tarnished Plant Bug Adults Caged on Seedling Cotton, 1997
Authors: Russell J. S. , Gore J. , Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The toxicities of selected insecticides were evaluated against TPB at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station. Cotton seed was planted 5 May in a Gigger Gilbert silt loam in plots four rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecti-cides were applied on 5 Jun using a John Deere 5400N equipped with a 4-row boom calibrated to deliver 10gpaat40psi with 8001 flat-fan nozzles (1/row). TPB adults were collected on 5 Jun from flowering Coreopsis spp. with a 15-inch diameter sweep net, held in the laboratory in a 1.5-ft3 wire mesh cage, and fed green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. After 24 h, TPB were placed in 20-ml glass vials (5/vial), transported to the field, and caged in 3 X 4-inch mesh bags over a terminal. Plant terminals from 5 plants randomly chosen from the 2 center rows of each plot were infested. The bags were removed and TPB mortality was determined at 24 h after infestation. Mortality was analyzed with ANOVA, and means separated with DMRT. No rainfall was recorded dur-ing this test.
Control of Insects on Lentils, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E. , Burns J. W.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established 12 May near Albion, WA, on the Mills-Farr farm in a RCBD with 4 replicates of 6 X 10 ft. each. Seven insecticide treatments and an untreated check were used, with Gaucho 480 applied as a seed treatment at 0.5 and 1.0 oz (AI)/cwt. Foliar treatments were applied at the appearance of PA ca. 40-DAE using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi. All treatments were rated by counts of PA per 20 cm terminal stem 4 per replicate at pre-treatment, PrCt, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15 DAT. Counts of (TPB) damaged lentils/100 lentil sample per replicate were made at harvest. Yield data in oz lentils per replicate were collected by threshing through a stationary thresher.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 80698A 75 Fs in a Water-Seeded, Pinpoint Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 19 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and treated with Ordram 15 G at 17 lb/acre. Selected plots were sprayed with selected insecticide treatments on 19 Apr using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens); hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16 gpa. The insecticides were incorporated into dry League soil using a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flooded. On 22 Apr, plots were planted with sprouted seed at 120 lb dry seed/acre. Sprouted seeds were prepared by soaking untreated, dry seed for 24 h followed by draining and drying for 24 h. Selected plots were hand planted with selected seed treatments which were applied using the “Le Sak” method in which sprouted seed was placed in a plastic bag and insecticide poured over the seed. The seed and insecticide were mixed inside the bag until seed adsorbed all insecticide. The bag was opened and insecticide allowed to dry on seed. On 25 Apr, plots were drained and reflooded 29 Apr. Rice in most treatments emerged through water on 1 May; however, untreated rice and rice seed treated with EXP 80698A at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre did not emerge through water for 1 to 3 d later. On 10 May (9 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 22 May, 11 Jun, and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied to plots during the growing season was 203 lb/acre. On each of 28 May and 10 Jun (27 and 43 d, respectively, after emergence of rice through water), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (15 Aug = 106 to 109 d after emergence of rice through water) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil, with Exp 60949A and Exp 80572B in a Water-Seeded, Pinpoint Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of fertilizer and insecticides. On 19 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre, treated with Ordram 15 G at 27 lb/acre, and selected plots treated with EXP 60949A 1.5 G at the rates shown in the table. Fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide were incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. On 19 Apr, plots were flooded to a depth of about 4 inches, and on 22 Apr, plots were hand planted with sprouted seed at 120 lb dry seed/acre. Sprouted seed was prepared by soaking untreated seed 24 h then draining and drying 24 h. The seed treatment (EXP 80572B 44.1 FC) was applied to sprouted seed using the “Le Sak” method in which sprouted seed was placed in a plastic bag and insecticide poured over the seed. The seed and insecticide were mixed inside the bag until seed adsorbed all insecticide. The bag was opened and insecticide allowed to dry on seed. On 25 Apr, plots were drained and reflooded 3 d later. Immediately before reflooding, selected plots were treated with EXP 60949A 1.5 G at the rates shown in the table. On 1 May, rice emerged through water. On 10 May (9 after emergence of rice through water), Furadan 3 G was applied at 20 lb/acre to selected plots. All granular insecticides were applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On 22 May, 11 Jun, and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 203 lb/acre. On each of 30 May and 9 Jun (29 and 39 d, respectively, after emergence of rice through water), five, 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (16 Aug =110 d from permanent flood to harvest) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Insecticidal Control of the Sugarcane Borer-Small-Plot Test, 1997
Authors: Ostheimer E. A. , Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Schexnayder H. P. , Reagan T. E.
Published: December 2017

Insecticidal control of SCB was evaluated in ; RCB design (5 replications) first ratoon sugarcane at the St. Gabriel Research Station, St. Gabriel, LA, during the summer of 1997. All treatments were applied to 18 X 30 ft (3-6 ft wide rows) plots utilizing an ATV-mounted CO2 sprayer adjusted to 14 inches above the canopy. Three TK 2.5 (Spraying Systems Inc.) nozzles (1 per row) were used to apply a 10-gpa finished formulation. Prior to experiment initiation, the study field was treated twice (5 lun and 24 Jun with Lorsban 15 G at 15 product/acre to suppress red imported fire ant predation on SCB larvae. The experiment was treated when the SCB infestation reachec treatment threshold (5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leaf sheats). The initial application was made 18 Jul, following a delay caused by environ mental conditions. Second and third applications were made on 4 and 27 Aug, respectively, when the re-infestation level in the Asana treated plots exceedec threshold. SCB injury was assessed by determining the percentage of internodes with boring and emergence holes from 75 randomly selected stalks of sugar cane (15 stalks/plot) in each treatment. Due to lateness of the first application, the first internode (if bored) was dropped from the analysis if the stalk had 12 or more internodes. Conform treatments were applied with Latron CS-7 at 0.125% v/v. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD.
Evaluation of Foliar Applied Insecticides for the Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle on Wheat, 1994 and 1995
Authors: Ihrig R. A. , Duyn J. Van , Herbert A. , Bradley J. R. , Bowman D.
Published: December 2017

Field experiments were conducted in the spring of 1994 at the V. G. James Research and Extension Center in Plymouth, NC and 1995 at the Gaylon Ambrose farm near Washington, NC. A RCB test design was employed each season. Plots in each year were 6.0 ft X 50.0 ft with 6.0 ft alleyways between plots. Insecticide applications were made on 21 Apr 1994 and 28 Apr 1995. Treatments were applied by a CO, powered backpack sprayer equipped with three hollow cone Tee Jet® X-8 nozzles spaced 1.5 ft apart. The sprayer delivered 14.9 gpa at 44.0 psi which provided an effective spray swath of 4.5 ft when operated at 2.0 ft above the canopy. Treatments were evaluated four days after application by taking 25 and 15 sweeps from each plot in 1994 and 1995, respectively. The sweep net had a standard 1.0-inch.
Suppression of Black Cutworm Larvae with Spinosad, Bifenthrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Experimental Formulations on Creeping Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6 x 8 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. White PVC cylinders (8-inch diam x 6 inch length) were placed in each replicate and secured in place. One cylinder was placed in each replicate per evaluation period (28 Jul and 30 Jul). Fifteen 0.125-inch black cutworm larvae were placed in each cylinder on 22 Jul. Bird netting was placed over the experimental area from 22 Jul through 28 Jul to prevent bird predation. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer with 4 8002VS Tee-Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 363 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 2.0 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (25 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 63° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 62° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 60° F; RH, 96%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 61.3% sand, 27.7% silt, 11.0% clay; soil percent water weight (percent by weight), 24.2%; organic matter, 5.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; time of application, early morning; and overcast skies. A total of 2.8 inches of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 22 Jul through 25 Jul; a total of 0.3 inch rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 25 Jul through 26 Jul; and a total of 1.0 inch rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 27 Jul through 30 Jul. Efficacy data were recorded on 28 Jul and 30 Jul by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within each PVC cylinder by using a soap irritant drench.
Management of Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Halofenozide and Imida-Cloprid Formulations, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in Bedford County, PA. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 6 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed-air sprayer with four 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 272 ml of water/36 ft2 or delivering 2 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker with top-dressing sand used to provide even distribution of product. At treatment time (2 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 61° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 54° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 64° F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.375 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 15.6% sand, 59.7% silt, 24.7% clay; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 34.0%; organic matter, 10.2%; water pH, 7; soil pH, 6.1; application time, late morning; and clear skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water immediately after treatment. A total of 9.73 inches of rain was recorded from 2 May through 24 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made on 24 Jun. Annual blue-grass weevil control was evaluated by removing two 4-inch cup cutter sod samples from each replicate and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Concentration-Response Evaluation of Imidacloprid Against Western Corn Rootworm Adults, 1996
Authors: Chandler L. D.
Published: December 2017

The chloronicotinyle insecticide imidacloprid, BAY NTN 33893 240FS, was evaluated to determine its potential effectiveness against WCR adults. A topical bioassay was conducted using formulated insecticide. Six concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 1.12% (AI) were mixed in water and topically applied (1.0 μl/insect) to the ventral abdomen of WCR adults obtained from a colony at the Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory. Insects were also treated with water only (untreated check). On each treatment date, 40 individuals were treated per concentration (total tested/date = 280). After application of the insecticide, beetles were placed into 100-mm petri dishes containing artificial diet and held in the laboratory at 24° C and 50% RH. The numbers of mori-bund and alive insects were determined at 1, 2,4, and 24 hours after application. The bioassay was repeated four times. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (SAS Institute, 1988) and the POLO-PC Probit procedure (LeOra Software, 1987).
Grain Yield of Sorghum Midge-Resistant Sorghum Hybrids, 1997
Authors: Peterson Gary C. , Jones Jerry W. , Teetes George L. , Pendleton Bonnie B. , Anderson Roger M.
Published: December 2017

Resistance to sorghum midge (SM) was evaluated ir a 3-replication RCB design experiment composed of 52 sorghum hybrids at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center a Corpus Christi and the Texas A&M University Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station. Evaluated were 43 resistant X resistant experimental hybrids, 3 resistant X resistant checks, 1 resistant X susceptible check, and 5 susceptible checks. Three weeks before planting the experimental hybrids, eight rows of a susceptible hybrid were planted adjacent to the area to be used for the experiment. This sorghum provided a source of sorghum midge to infest the experimental sorghums. At Corpus Christi, seed of the experimental sorghum was planted 8 Apr in 6-m-long plots, with 97.1 cm between rows. Sorghum was planted at College Station 8 May, with 76.2 cm between rows. The sorghums were planted approximately 1 month late than normal for the region. SM were not controlled with insecticide. Performance of the experimental hybrids was compared with that of the checks (resistant X resistant, resistant X susceptible, and susceptible X susceptible) for grain yield (kg/ha) and damage caused by SM. Sorghum at physiological maturity was rated by plot for SM damage based on a scale of 1 to 9: 1 = 1-10%, 2=11-20%, to 9 = 81-100% of kernels failed to develop. Sorghun panicles in plots (0.0025 ha) were hand harvested and threshed using a stationary plot thresher. Threshed grain weight (g) was converted to kg/ha to ob tain grain yield. ANOVA and LSD0.05 were used for data analysis and mean separation, respectively.
California Citrus Thrips Small Plot Trial, 1997
Authors: Morse J. G. , Schweizer H. , Urena A. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of citrus thrips during spring, 1997 in Field 12 (27-year-old ‘Atwood’ navel oranges) at the University of California’s Lindcove Research and Extension Center near Exeter, California. The majority of pesticides were applied to trees with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gpa. One treatment was applied to the soil: the Metasystox-R soil treatment was applied by pre-watering trees for 2 hours, applying the chemical in 1 gallon of water to the area between 2 trees wetted by drippers, and post-watering for an additional 4 hours (Bowsmith emitters, 2 under each tree, 10 gallons of water per hour per emitter). Field 12 was divided into 4 contiguous blocks of 96 trees and 24 treatments were applied with one replicate of each treatment assigned randomly to each block; each replicate included four contiguous trees. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were done early September on all fruit of the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring a fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Collard, 1997
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M. , Duthie J. , Roberts W.
Published: December 2017

Collard seed was planted in Mar at the AREC, Lane, OK. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates and 9 treatments. Plots were 2 rows wide (72 inches) and 20 ft long with 20 ft alleys cut between plots. Plots were treated with insecticides using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a broadcast application of 72 inches from 4 hollow-cone nozzles applying 33 gal/A at 40 psi. Plots were treated on 4, 8, and 14 Jul. Plots were surveyed to determine larval abundance on 7, 11, and 17 Jul by examining 3 plants per plot and recording all larvae present.
Assessment of Tear Film Using Videokeratoscopy Based on Fractal Dimension
Authors: Llorens-Quintana Clara , Iskander D. Robert
Published: December 2017

SIGNIFICANCE

The proposed automated approach for estimating the quality of the tear film closes the gap between the manual and automated assessment, translating the high-speed videokeratoscopy technology from scientific laboratories to a clinical practice.

PURPOSE

To develop and test a new method for characterizing Tear Film Surface Quality with high-speed videokeratoscopy utilizing a fractal dimension approach.

METHODS

The regularity of the reflected pattern in high-speed videokeratoscopy (E300; Medmont) depends on tear film stability. Thus, determining tear film stability can be addressed by estimating the fractal dimension of the reflected pattern. The method is tested on 39 normal subjects. The results of the fractal dimension approach are compared with those obtained using previously proposed automated method, based on a gray-level co-occurrence matrix approach, and with subjective results obtained by two operators that were assessing the video recordings in ideal conditions.

RESULTS

Fractal dimension method was less affected by eye movements and changes in the videokeratoscopic image background than gray-level co-occurrence matrix method. Median difference of the noninvasive break-up time between manual and automated methods was 0.03 s (IQR = 4.47 s) and 0.0 s (IQR = 2.22 s) for gray-level co-occurrence matrix and fractal dimension approaches, respectively. Correlation coefficient with manual noninvasive break-up time was r
2 = 0.86 (P < 0.001) for gray-level co-occurrence matrix approach, and r
2 = 0.82 (P < 0.001) for fractal dimension approach. Significant statistical difference was found between noninvasive break-up measurements of manual and gray-level co-occurrence matrix method (P = 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed method has the potential to characterize tear film dynamics in more detail compared to previous methods based on high-speed videokeratoscopy. It showed good correlation with manual assessment of tear film.
Number of Synergies Is Dependent on Spasticity and Gait Kinetics in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hashiguchi Yu , Ohata Koji , Osako Sayuri , Kitatani Ryosuke , Aga Yumi , Masaki Mitsuhiro , Yamada Shigehito
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

Children with cerebral palsy have motor dysfunctions, which are mainly associated with the loss of motor coordination. For the assessment of motor coordination, muscle synergies calculated by nonnegative matrix factorization have been investigated. However, the characteristics of muscle synergies in children with cerebral palsy are not understood.

Methods:

This study compared the number of muscle synergies during gait between children with cerebral palsy and children with typical development and clarified whether certain clinical parameters differed according to the number of synergies.

Results:

Children with cerebral palsy had significantly fewer synergies than children developing typically. The extent of spasticity and gait kinetics differed according to the number of synergies.

Conclusion:

Increases in the number of synergies are limited by severe spasticity. The muscle synergies calculated by nonnegative matrix factorization have the potential to enable the quantification of motor coordination during gait.
Interrelationships of Functional Status and Health Conditions in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Bartlett Doreen , Dyszuk Emily , Galuppi Barbara , Gorter Jan Willem
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

To examine the relationship among the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), and the Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to determine the average number and effect of health conditions.

Methods:

Participants were 671 children with CP aged 2 to 12 years from Canada and the United States. Cross-tabulation of functional classifications and averages were computed for the number and impact of health conditions and comparisons among groups.

Results:

A total of 78 of the 125 possible classification combinations were recorded. Most frequent were GMFCS I, MACS I, CFCS I; GMFCS I, MACS II, CFCS I; and GMFCS II, MACS II, CFCS I. With lower levels of function, the average number and average impact of associated health conditions increased.

Conclusions:

The use of functional profiles across classification systems, with data on the associated health conditions, provides a more comprehensive picture of CP than any single classification or measure.
Development of a Postburn Pruritus Relief Protocol
Authors: Kim Yeon
Published: December 2017

Background

Postburn pruritus is a syndrome of stressful symptoms that is pervasive and occurs in over 90% of burn patients and continues for years after the burn has healed. Postburn pruritus is experienced by burn survivors that may require medical management and effective interventions.

Purpose

This article shows how to effectively relieve postburn pruritus by developing a postburn pruritus relief protocol.

Design

A descriptive literature review was conducted, and relevant empirical articles written during the years 2000–2014 were appraised to create a postburn pruritus relief protocol. Twenty-six of 79 articles were selected using preestablished inclusion criteria: any age group experiencing burn-related pruritus after second- or third-degree burns. Databases were Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, EBSCO, PubMed, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, Google Scholar, and the American Burn Association website.

Conclusions

This protocol included both nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions that have been delineated for use and was developed to apply based on the healing stage: prehealing, healing, and posthealing.
Uncertainty and Quality of Life in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Delis Pamela Coombs
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The aim of this study was to explore relationships among health status, uncertainty, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Design

The study was a Web-based quantitative study using a predictive correlational design, with nonprobability, convenience sampling.

Sample

Adults (n = 196) with SLE living in 31 U.S. states and Puerto Rico participated in the study.

Methods

Online data were collected from three regional and one national lupus organization. A correlational design determined relationships among uncertainty, health status, and HRQOL. Regression analysis was completed to identify variations in HRQOL. Demographics were described.

Results

As predicted, inverse relationships occurred between HRQOL and uncertainty, and between mental health and uncertainty. Mental health correlated positively with HRQOL. Physical health correlated with lower HRQOL and higher uncertainty level. Health status plus uncertainty predicted variation in HRQOL.

Conclusions

Findings support use of Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory for exploring factors related to HRQOL in adults with SLE and for designing theory-based interventions such as support groups and coping strategies.

Clinical Relevance

Decreasing uncertainty through education, social support, improvement in health status, and health literacy can positively impact HRQOL in adults with SLE.
Cost evaluation during decision making in patients at early stages of psychosis
Authors: Ermakova Anna O. , Gileadi Nimrod , Knolle Franziska , Justicia Azucena , Anderson Rachel , Fletcher Paul C. , Moutoussis Michael , Murray Graham K.
Published: December 2017

Jumping to conclusions during probabilistic reasoning is a cognitive bias reliably observed in psychosis, and linked to delusion formation. Although the reasons for this cognitive bias are unknown, one suggestion is that psychosis patients may view sampling information as more costly. However, previous computational modelling has provided evidence that patients with chronic schizophrenia jump to conclusion because of noisy decision making. We developed a novel version of the classical beads-task, systematically manipulating the cost of information gathering in four blocks. For 31 individuals with early symptoms of psychosis and 31 healthy volunteers, we examined the numbers of ‘draws to decision’ when information sampling had no, a fixed, or an escalating cost. Computational modelling involved estimating a cost of information sampling parameter and a cognitive noise parameter. Overall patients sampled less information than controls. However, group differences in numbers of draws became less prominent at higher cost trials, where less information was sampled. The attenuation of group difference was not due to floor effects, as in the most costly block participants sampled more information than an ideal Bayesian agent. Computational modelling showed that, in the condition with no objective cost to information sampling, patients attributed higher costs to information sampling than controls (Mann-Whiney U=289, p=0.007), with marginal evidence of differences in noise parameter estimates (t=1.86 df=60, p=0.07). In patients, individual differences in severity of psychotic symptoms were statistically significantly associated with higher cost of information sampling (rho=0.6, p=0.001) but not with more cognitive noise (rho=0.27, p=0.14); in controls cognitive noise predicted aspects of schizotypy (preoccupation and distress associated with delusion-like ideation on the Peters Delusion Inventory). Using a psychological manipulation and computational modelling, we provide evidence that early psychosis patients jump to conclusions because of attributing higher costs to sampling information, not because of being primarily noisy decision makers.
Multiplicative Updates for Optimization Problems with Dynamics
Authors: Kazemipour Abbas , Babadi Behtash , Wu Min , Podgorski Kaspar , Druckmann Shaul
Published: December 2017

We consider the problem of optimizing general convex objective functions with nonnegativity constraints. Using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions for the nonnegativity constraints we will derive fast multiplicative update rules for several problems of interest in signal processing, including non-negative deconvolution, point-process smoothing, ML estimation for Poisson Observations, nonnegative least squares and nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). Our algorithm can also account for temporal and spatial structure and regularization. We will analyze the performance of our algorithm on simultaneously recorded neuronal calcium imaging and electrophysiology data.
The first recorded incidence of Deinococcus radiodurans R1 biofilm formation and its implications in heavy metals bioremediation
Authors: Shukla Sudhir K. , Subba Rao T.
Published: December 2017

Radiation tolerant Deinococcus radiodurans R1 is reported to be a potential bacterium for the treatment of low level active wastes. So far there are no reports on the biofilm producing capability of D. radiodurans and heavy metal biosorption. In this study, it was observed that a recombinant D. radiodurans strain with a plasmid harbouring gfp and kanR has formed significant biofilm (~10 μm thick). Analysis of biofilm matrix components produced by D. radiodurans showed that the matrix consisted primarily of proteins and carbohydrates with a little amount of extracellular DNA (eDNA). Further, studies showed that D. radiodurans biofilm formation was enhanced at higher concentrations (up to 25 mM) of Ca2+. Further studies on D. radiodurans biofilm showed that Ca2+ enhanced significant biosorption of the heavy metals (Co, Ni). In the presence of 25 mM Ca2+, the D. radiodurans (Kanr) biofilm showed 35% and 25% removal of Co2+ and Ni2+ respectively. While in the absence of Ca2+, D. radiodurans biofilm showed relatively low biosorption of Co (7%) and Ni (3%). Ca2+ also significantly enhanced exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in the biofilm matrix. This infers that EPS could have mediated the heavy metal biosorption. This study signifies the potential use of D. radiodurans biofilm in the remediation of radioactive waste components.

Significance and Impact of this Study

This is the first ever recorded study on the Deinococcus radiodurans R1 biofilm. This organism, being the most radioresistant micro-organism ever known, has always been speculated as a potential bacterium to develop a bioremediation process for radioactive heavy metal contaminants. However, the lack of biofilm forming capability proved to be a bottleneck in developing such technology. This study records the first incidence of biofilm formation in a recombinant D. radiodurans, serendipitously, and also discusses its implications in removal of heavy-metals, such as Co and Ni.
Cooperation of thehavesand thehave-nots
Authors: Prabhakara Kaumudi H , Bae Albert J , Bodenschatz Eberhard
Published: December 2017

Upon starvation, Dictyostelium discoideum (D.d.) exhibit social behavior mediated by the chemical messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Large scale cAMP waves synchronize the population of starving cells and enable them to aggregate and form a multi-cellular organism. Here, we explore the effect of cell-to-cell variability in the production of cAMP on aggregation. We create a mixture of extreme cell-to-cell variability by mixing a few cells that produce cAMP(haves) with a majority of mutants that cannot produce cAMP (have-nots). Surprisingly, such mixtures aggregate, although each population on its own cannot aggregate. We show that (1) a lack of divalent ions kills thehavesat low densities and (2) thehave-notssupply the cAMP degrading enzyme, phosphodiesterase, which, in the presence of divalent ions, enables the mixture to aggregate. Our results suggest that a range of degradation rates induces optimal aggregation. Thehavesand thehave-notscooperate by sharing complementary resources.
Specificity of RNAi, LNA and CRISPRi as loss-of-function methods in transcriptional analysis
Authors: Stojic Lovorka , Lun Aaron , Mangei Jasmin , Mascalchi Patrice , Quarantotti Valentina , Barr Alexis R , Bakal Chris , Marioni John C , Gergely Fanni , Odom Duncan T
Published: December 2017

Loss-of-function (LOF) methods, such as RNA interference (RNAi), antisense oligonucleotides or CRISPR-based genome editing, provide unparalleled power for studying the biological function of genes of interest. When coupled with transcriptomic analyses, LOF methods allow researchers to dissect networks of transcriptional regulation. However, a major concern is nonspecific targeting, which involves depletion of transcripts other than those intended. The off-target effects of each of these common LOF methods have yet to be compared at the whole-transcriptome level. Here, we systematically and experimentally compared non-specific activity of RNAi, antisense oligonucleotides and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). All three methods yielded non-negligible offtarget effects in gene expression, with CRISPRi exhibiting clonal variation in the transcriptional profile. As an illustrative example, we evaluated the performance of each method for deciphering the role of a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) with unknown function. Although all LOF methods reduced expression of the candidate lncRNA, each method yielded different sets of differentially expressed genes upon knockdown as well as a different cellular phenotype. Therefore, to definitively confirm the functional role of a transcriptional regulator, we recommend the simultaneous use of at least two different LOF methods and the inclusion of multiple, specifically designed negative controls.
Subjective health literacy among school-aged children
Authors: Paakkari Olli , Torppa Minna , Villberg Jari , Kannas Lasse , Paakkari Leena
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore Finnish adolescents’ subjective health literacy (HL) in association to school achievement, learning difficulties, educational aspirations, and family affluence.

Design/methodology/approach

Nationally representative data were collected in Finland as a part of the international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. The respondents consisted in total of 3,833 adolescents (7th and 9th graders) from 359 schools. The Health Literacy for School-aged Children instrument was applied to measure adolescents’ subjective HL, while the Family Affluence Scale was used to measure adolescents’ socioeconomic status. Information was gathered on school achievement, learning difficulties, and educational aspirations.

Findings

Approximately one-third of the adolescents manifested a high level of HL, around 60 per cent had a moderate level of HL, and about one-tenth had low HL. The HL level was lower for boys than for girls, and lower for 7th graders than for 9th graders. In the total sample, the strongest explanatory variables for HL were school achievement in the first language, and educational aspirations.

Originality/value

This study provides the first nationally representative examination of adolescents’ subjective HL levels, and how these vary across age and gender groups. In drawing conclusions and presenting suggestions for HL interventions, it is important to verify the nature of the HL examined in any given study, and how it was researched.