bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining the Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Patients with Bipolar Disorder Type I (BID) within Their Remission Phase
Authors: Bidaki Reza , Ghaffary Azadeh , Hosseinpoor Sara
Published: January 2022

Background: There have been several studies conducted on the relationship between bipolar mood disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during the recent years, and in most of them the rate of this association had been estimated as 22-90% and had been reported as noticeable. The goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of ADHD in patients with Bipolar mood disorder type I (BID).

Materials and Methods: In this Cross-sectional study, 152 patients with BID that were referred to psychiatric clinic of Tehran psychiatric Institute for a better observation and treatment were included. Two questionnaires, Wenderâ€™s for childhood ADHD and Connerâ€™sâ€™ for adulthood ADHD were filled by the patients.

Results: 102 patients (67%) were males and 50 were females. The average age of patients at the time of our study (with the minimum of 17 and maximum of 76) was 33.5Â±10.9. The prevalence of ADHD in our patients was 11.8%. 46 people (30.9%) had a history of childhood ADHD. 21 persons had adult ADHD from whom only 3 ones mentioned a history of childhood ADHD (which means 18 people of our adulthood ADHD had no history of childhood ADHD).

Conclusion: Since some treatments lead to improvement of ADHD and worsening of BID, investigations on their correlations and their alternative treatments seemed to be necessary. This study showed a significant correlation between ADHD and BID, which was similar to the results of other studies in this field.
Epidemiologic and Clinical Aspects of Tuberculosis in Hamadan, Iran, from 2002 to 2008
Authors: Eini Peyman , Torabian Saadat , Rahighi Amir Hossein , Mikaeilinia Sepideh
Published: January 2022

Background: One-third of the worldâ€™s population is currently infected by tubercle bacillus. This study was performed to evaluate epidemiological and clinical aspects of confirmed cases of tuberculosis infections in a seven-year time period, between years of 2002 to 2008, in the city of Hamadan, west of Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive retrospective study, medical records of 375 patients from the year of 2002 to 2008 were evaluated and analyzed. Required data were obtained from medical records of all the patients and inserted into a detailed checklist. Obtained data were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software (version 11.0).Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 

Results: The mean age of the patients was 53.69Â±20.37. Most patients were female (58.7%). 78.1% of the cases were from urban areas. 58.7% of the patients were diagnosed by pulmonary tuberculosis. The mean age of the patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly younger than patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. 29.1% of males and 47% of females had extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. 72.2% of the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis had a positive-sputum smear. Most patients with positive-smear for pulmonary tuberculosis were diagnosed (53%). Sputum culture was the most frequent diagnostic technique used in patients with negative-sputum smear. In patients suffering from extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, lymph node involvement was the most frequent (34.2%). 44 patients (11.7%) were expired.

Conclusion: Due to the increasing number of tuberculosis infections from 2005 to 2008, it is important for the health care providers and department of public health to monitor and pursue screening and prevention guidelines closely.
Neurobrucellosis in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis; a Case Report
Authors: Sharifian Maryam , Petramfar Peyman , Nikseresht Alireza , Davarpanah Mohammadali , Nemovi Masoud , Sharifian Amirhossein
Published: January 2022

Background: Neurobrucellosis is a rare complication of brucellosis. Acute meningitis and encephalitis are the most common clinical manifestations; however, symptoms of these two conditions may be subacute and diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion in patients from endemic areas. Diagnosis is often based on neurological symptoms, serology, and suggestive brain imaging because cerebrospinal fluid culture yields are low.

Case report: Herein we report a 30 year old Â female a known case of MS (Multiple Sclerosis) who presented Â with ataxia and agitation, in physical examination the patientÂ  had ataxic gait and decreased concentration, Brain MRI showed significant brain atrophy and hydrocephaly. Laboratory workups showed a lymph dominant leukocytosis. ESR and CRP rose significantly. CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) was obtained and sent for cell count and chemistry analysis. The CSF analysis showed 1734 mg/dl protein, 254 leukocytes (80% lymphocyte). Complete blood count (CBC) showed lymph dominant leukocytosis. Wright test in CSF was positive. Accordingly Neurobrucellosis was considered as the cause.

Conclusion: Due to several of immunomodulating or immunosuppressive treatments in the patients with MS, and Chronic suppression of cell-mediated immunity these patients may be more prone to infections. So in such patients careful evaluation of clinical findings are of great importance.
A Hypothesis on the Possible Potential of Plantago Major in the Treatment of Urticaria
Authors: Yazdian Mohammad Ali , Khodadoost Mahmood , Gheisari Mehdi , Kamalinejad Mohammad , Ehsani Amir Hooshang
Published: January 2022

Background:

Urticaria is a skin disease characterized by pruritic edematous lesions also called wheals. Although these lesions are self-limited they may result in lowered quality of life index. By far, the most recognized mechanisms that trigger the progression of this condition are hypersensitivity reactions. As an herbal therapy, Plantago major has been named in several references of Persian traditional medicine with effective properties in ameliorating urticarial symptoms. In this study we aimed to investigate whether Plantago major has the potential to be used clinically in treatment of urticaria according to the current knowledge about the plant effects.

Materials and Methods:

A combination of â€œPlantago majorâ€ and other terms related to urticarial therapy such as â€œmast cellâ€, â€œanti-inflammatoryâ€, â€œprostaglandinâ€, â€œhistamineâ€ and â€œIgEâ€ that may have possible role in progression or suppression of urticaria was searched in Google Scholar and PubMed as the reference databases.

Results:

Eleven articles discussing either the direct role of Plantago major or any of its constituents in urticarial related bimolecular pathways were selected.

Conclusion:

Review of the selected articles indicated that Plantago major can effectively suppress many of hypersensitivity reactions which are also contributors in the pathophysiology of urticaria development. Further clinical trials are needed to prove the efficacy of this herbal treatment.
How to Prepare Biological Samples and Live Tissues for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Authors: Tahemanesh Kobra , Mehdizadeh Kashi Abolfazl , Chaichian Shahla , Joghataei Mohammad Taghi , Moradi Fateme , Tavangar Seyed Mohammad , Mousavi Najafabadi Ashraf Sadat , Lotfibakhshaiesh Nasrin , Pour Beyranvand Shahram , Fazel Anvari-Yazdi Abbas , Abed Seyedeh Mehr
Published: January 2022

In this article we review the application and procedures involved in scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe biological and live tissues through using SEM at high resolution. We discuss practical methods for optimizing tissue preservation to achieve the two principal goals of biological specimen preparation: (a) preserving biological structures as close to their living configuration as possible, and (b) rendering them visible with the desired imaging method. We also review and discuss the relative merits of different fixing (chemical fixation and cryofixation), drying (air-drying, critical point-drying, freeze-drying and chemical-drying) and coating procedures of biological specimens with metals to facilitate visualization in the SEM.
Impact of Bimaxillary Position on Esthetic Preferences among Health Professionals and Lay Persons
Authors: Esnaashari Negin , Ajami Shabnam , Oshagh Morteza
Published: January 2022

Background: Facial harmony and beauty make people attractive. One of the important parts that has a significant role in esthetics is the position of maxillary and mandibular bones. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different positions of both jaws on esthetic preferences among health professionals and laypersons.

Materials and Methods: Two colored photographs of e profile were selected among one-hundred patients by evaluating the soft tissue parameters. Photographs were changed with Onyx-ceph software. All soft tissue landmarks of lower 3rd part of the profiles were displaced in the horizontal plane by 2mm intervals relative to the true vertical plane. We selected different group of people as judges, who were lay persons (N=100), general dentists (N=100), plastic surgeons (N=25), orthodontists (N=25), and maxillofacial surgeons (N=24); and asked them to select their preferred profile and acceptable anterior and posterior limits. ANOVA and LSD post-hoc tests were carried out to determine the differences among the responses of groups.

Results: No significant differences were found among the judgesÂ´ opinion regarding the most attractive profile. Ranges for male photographs were statistically different in evaluators groups. A wider range was accepted for the male subject by plastic surgeons and general dentists which was significant comparing to laypersons (P<0.05).

Conclusion:Â  All of the evaluators selected the straight profile as the most preferred one. However, the range of acceptability was the narrowest in the layperson group in comparison with plastic surgeons and general dentists. Gender of the judges did not have an impact on their selections.
Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitor Based Triple Therapy with Apple Cider Vinegar on Helicobacter Pylori Eradication
Authors: Shahbazi Shaahin , Vahdat Shariatpanahi Zahra , Sadeghifard Nourkhoda
Published: January 2022

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of apple cider vinegar plus PPI-based triple therapy on eradication of Helicobacter Pylori (H.pylori) infection.

Materials and Methods: 116 patients with H. pylori infection were included in this randomized clinical trial. Patients in control group (n=59) received amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and pantaprazole twice daily. Patients in study group (57 patients) received the same regimen plus 30 mL of apple cider vinegar twice daily. The duration of therapy for study and control were 10 and 14 days respectively. Four weeks after the completion of therapy, Urea breath test was performed to assess the success of H.pylori infection eradication.

Results: 86% of patients in control group in comparison to 88% in apple cider vinegar group responded to eradication therapy (P=0.41).

Conclusion: Addition of apple cider vinegar to proton pomp inhibitor (PPI)-based triple therapy may decrease the duration of H. pylori treatment but it was not statistically significant. Thus, our results showed no efficacy of apple cider vinegar in H. pylory eradication treatment.
Effects of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Anthropometric Characteristics, Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: An Iranian Experience
Authors: Zamani Mohammad Mahdi , Ghoghaei Morteza , Khajeh Elias , Taghdiri Foad , Taghdiri Soudeh , Sedaghat Mojtaba , Toolabi Karamollah
Published: January 2022

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Background: Surgically induced weight loss is a treatment option for the management of obesity and the related common disorders. This study evaluated the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on metabolic profile and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Iranian patients.

Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on 26 morbidly obese patients scheduled for bariatric surgery, using laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). The parameters of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hyperlipidemia, MetS prevalence, and anthropometric measurements of Iranian patients, were recorded, at the preoperative visit and in follow-ups. The follow-up was performed for a median of 12 months, and the change in MetS prevalence and its componnts were assesed.

Results: LRYGB induced a mean weight loss of 69.0Â±21.2%, after 12 months. Preoperative MetS was diagnosed in 21 patients (84%) and decreased to 6 patients (24%) after LRYGB (P=0.001). Likewise, the prevalence of hypertension was significantly decreased from 76% (pre-LRYGB values) to 20% (post-LRYGB values) (P=0.001). The prevalence of T2DM was also decreased from 20% to 8% (P=0.5).

Conclusion: According to our results,Â RYGB produced a rapid and significant weight loss and improvement in hypertension and MetS within one year but there was a controversy about the improvement of T2DM, in Iranian morbidly obese patients.
Evaluating Maternal Social Support in Low Birth Weight Neonates Comparing With Normal Neonates in 2012
Authors: Kazemi Reza , Riahinejad Soheila , Farhangfar Behrouz , Arabi Marzieh
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Pregnancy as a stressful event may cause some consequence for both mother and infant such as low birth weight (LBW). LBW is seen in about 7% of pregnancies in Iran. It was proved there is a correlation between infants weight and maternal social support. This study was designed to evaluate maternal perceived social support in LBW infants and infants with normal weight.

Methods and Materials: This was a case-Control study which was done in Isfahan, Iran during April-November 2012 on 188 participants in 2 groups. In case group we had evaluated mothers with low birth weight infants and control group were mother with normal infants. Farsi version of Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS-P) was used for social support evaluation.

Results: In LBW group mean family support subscale score was 14.87 Â± 4.33, Mean friends support subscale score was 9.65 Â± 5.89 and significant others support subscale mean score was 15.18 Â± 5.11. In normal weightÂ  group mean family support subscale score was 18.46 Â± 3.98, Mean friends support subscale score was 15.4 Â± 6.41 and significant others support subscale mean score was 18.46 Â± 4.1.

Conclusion: Maternal perceived prenatal social support could be a predictor for Â infants birth weight. Supportive family could helps pregnant women to reduce adverse pregnancy out comes such as low birth weight.
Prevalence of Late-Onset Multiple Sclerosis in Fars Province, Southern Iran
Authors: Sharifian Maryam , Izadi Sadegh , Nikseresht Alireza , Rafiee Shima
Published: January 2022

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and inflammatory disease of the central nevus system especially in young adults, but in a subgroup of patients the first clinical symptoms present after the age of 50. This clinical presentation is defined as Late-Onset Multiple Sclerosis (LOMS). The incidence and prevalence of MS including LOMS vary geographically. The aim of this study is to determine epidemiological characteristics of LOMS in Fars province, South of Iran.Materials andÂ  Methods: All patients aged over 50, known to have had definite MS according to MC Donaldâ€™s criteria, being members of Shiraz University Multiple Sclerosis Database (SUMSD), were evaluated in this study. The following data were recorded via a questionnaire indicating gender, age at the time of diagnosis, clinical course and details of disease- modifying therapies (Beta-Interferon).Results: Among a total of 1705 patients, 7.2% were identified as having LOMS and 3.1% identified as having very late-onset MS (VLOMS). Mean age of the patients with LOMS at the time of diagnosis was 58.81 Â± 2.6 yearsÂ  (20.8% were male and 107 (79.2%) were female). 8.9 % had EDSS 6 and more. 89.1% of patients received Beta-Interferon as a disease-modifying treatment including Avonex (16.3 %), Cinovex (32.6%), Rebif (14.1%) and Betaferon (26.1 %). Conclusion: In our study, 7.2% of all MS patients were identified as LOMS. In LOMS subgroup, clinical history and para-clinical data should be thoroughly evaluated to exclude more common conditions like cerebrovascular disease. [GMJ. 2014;3(4):228-31]
Sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii in Two Migrating Lore and Khamseh Tribes in Southern Iran
Authors: Mehrabani Davood , Motazedian Mohammad Hossein , Asgari Qasem , Mehrabani Golnoush
Published: January 2022

Background: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease which occurs mostly through ingestion of tissue cysts or oocyst excreted by infected cats. This study was conducted to determine the sero-prevalence of toxoplasmosis in two migrating Lore and Khamseh tribes in southern Iran living in tents with their domestic animals.Materials and Methods: During 2010, using cluster random sampling method, 357 blood samples were collected from two migrating tribes (Khamseh and Lore) in both genders and age groups of 8-80 years in Fars Province, southern Iran. Samples were tested for prevalence of toxoplasmosis using IgG Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique (IFAT). Findings in both tribes were compared regarding age, sex and lifestyle.Results: Prevalence of toxoplasmosis among both tribes was 12.3%. There was a significant difference for prevalence of toxoplasmosis between Khamseh (15.6%) and Lore (6.77%) tribes. No significant difference was observed between males (14.3%) and females (10.8%). The rate of infection increased with age. The highest prevalence was seen among those who used unhygienic water from well (15.7%). No relationship was observed between the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and the rate of abortion. In our study, sero-prevalence was lower than other studies in Iran.Conclusion: It seems that lifestyle trends like low consumption of vegetables and absence of cats in their lives are the most important factors for this low prevalence. This infection may be due to their lifestyle of consuming undercooked barbecue meat.[GMJ. 2014;3(4):238-44]
Frequency of Suicide Ideation and Attempt in HIV infected patients referred to behavioral health counseling center of Rafsanjan (RUMS) and Kerman University of medical sciences (KUMS) in 2012
Authors: Bidaki Reza , Soltani Hossein , Zolala Hossein , Sayadi Anari Ahmadreza , Asadi Razie , Shafee Ali , Riahy Ali , Asadpour Mohammad , Salehi  Shahrbabaki Mohammad  Hossein , Sabouri Ghannad Masoud , Khajekarimaddini Zahiraddin
Published: January 2022

Background: Suicidal behavior and HIV/AIDS are considered as significant public health concerns. HIV infection has been associated with elevated risk of suicidal ideation.

Methods and Materials: Cross-sectional and descriptive research design was used to record socio-demographic data of the study. The suicidal ideation scale BECK was used to determine and measure the frequency of suicide ideation and attempt in HIV infected (HIV+) persons referred to behavioral health counseling center of Rafsanjan University of medical sciences (RUMS) and Kerman University of medical sciences (KUMS) in 2012.

Results: Â Â Men had more suicidal ideation than women after the diagnosis of infection with HIV. More cases of Â HIV positive persons Â with durationÂ  of Â lessÂ  than 10Â  andÂ  moreÂ Â  thanÂ Â  14 years, andÂ  most cases of lessÂ  than 40 years-oldÂ  had suicidal ideation. There was no significant difference between suicidal ideation in HIV-infected individuals and factors such as gender, age, and duration of HIV-infection (p >0.05).

Conclusion: Suicidal ideation and attempt is common in HIV infected patients which needs more assessment and prevention.
Transient Yellow Finger Nails Discoloration: Two Different Causes
Authors: Brzezinski Piotr , Chiriac Anca , Chiriac Anca E
Published: January 2022

Background: Nail disorders comprise approximately 10% of all dermatological conditions. Abnormalities in the color of nails are called ungal dyschromia or chromonychia. Ungual dyschromia may be endogenous or exogenous. Yellow discoloration of the nails has been reported during the last years as separate observation related to drug administration, during hemodialysis and associated with pulmonary diseases as yellow nail syndrome.

Case reports:Â A 23-year-old female patient was diagnosed with yellow nails induced by application of a specific nail polish. A 67-year-old man presented with transient nail discoloration as a result of the exacerbation of his chronic pulmonary disease.

Conclusion:Â Our cases illustrate transient yellow discoloration of finger nails associated with the use of nail polish, and with an acute episode of chronic bronchitis, with full recovery in the absence of any treatment.
Stroke subtypes in southern Iran
Authors: Safari Rasool , Borhanihaghighi Afshin , Heydari Seyed Taghi , Safari Anahid , Cruz-Flores Salvador
Published: January 2022

Objective: To investigate about frequency of different subtypes of stroke in south of Iran

Methods: ThisÂ  is a retrospective, single-center studyÂ  conducted at Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, south of Iran. Age, sex, length of hospitalization and Â mortalityÂ  ofÂ  stroke patients were recorded by reviewing hospital medical records.

Results: 16Â 351 patients (53.6% male, 46.4%female) were recruited. Â Ischemic stroke (10750 patients, 65.7%), intracerebral hemorrhage(3282 patients,20.1%) and subarachnoid hemorrhage(1057 patients,6.5%) Â were the most common subtypes of stroke, respectively. In 1262 patients (7.7%) the stroke subtype could not been specified. Ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage were more common in men but subarachnoid hemorrhage was more common in women. Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred significantly in younger patients. Mortality was significantly higher in intracerebral hemorrhage. Hospital stay was significantly longer in subarachnoid hemorrhage group.

Conclusion: the distribution of the differentÂ  subtypes of stroke in Iran is similar to Caucasians.
Idiopathic subglottic stenosis in a patient with generalized port-wine stain (PWS): A case report and review of literature
Authors: Azizian Zahra , Behrangi Elham , Yousefian Laya , Moodi Aliakbar
Published: January 2022

Background: Subglottic stenosis is defined as inflammatory narrowing of the airway. It can be related to trauma, intubation, autoimmune disorders, vascular malformations, infection and congenital abnormalities. Pot-Wine Stain (PWS) is a small dermis venous malformation which is present at birth. PWS is found on face and neck, but can occur in throat and can cause subglottic stenosis. Case Report: Authors describe an 18-year-old girl with progressive dyspnea misdiagnosed with asthma having no response to medication. She has no histories of trauma, intubation, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) or allergy symptoms. Conclusion: Evaluations revealed subglottic stenosis in association with generalized PWS. To the best of our knowledge, this finding has not been reported in English medical literature. [GMJ.2015;4(2):126-28]
Effects of Vitamin E on Fasting and Postprandial Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Markers, Glucose Status, Insulin Resistance, Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in Type-2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Mazloom Zohreh , Hejazi Najmeh , Dabbaghmanesh Mohammad Hossein , Dashtabi Arash
Published: January 2022

Background: Atherosclerosis is one of the prevalent complications in diabetic patients. Increased free radical levels in diabetes activate stress-sensitive signaling pathway, resulting in this outcome. This study examines the effect of short-term supplementation of vitamin E on different biochemical markers in type 2 diabetic patients to prevent from atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: In this single-blind placebo controlled trial, 30 type 2 diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups of study to receive vitamin E (400IU) or identical placebo capsules daily for 6 weeks. Serum level of lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs CRP), pulse rate and blood pressure were measured in fasting and postprandial (after a fatty meal) states before and after six weeks of supplementation. Results: There was not any significant difference in fasting and postprandial lipid profile (Triglyceride, HDL-, LDL- and total Cholesterol), glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR after six weeks of intervention between the two groups. However, results of our study showed a significant decrease in fasting and postprandial MDA levels and postprandial pulse rate and a significant increase in fasting IL-6 in vitamin E group compared to the controls after supplementation. There were no significant differences between the groups in other markers. Conclusion: This study suggests that short term supplementation of vitamin E can reduce oxidative stress in fasting and postprandial states in type 2 diabetic patients and may prevent diabetic complications; in addition, increment of IL-6 after supplementation may play a role in attenuating Type 2 diabetes by anti-inflammatory effects.[GMJ. 2015;4(3):67-74]
Analysis of Hyperthermia Effect on Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity against SW-872 Cell Line
Authors: Atashzar Mohammad Reza , Jalili Sajad
Published: January 2022

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte. It is revealed that hyperthermia which is used in cancer treatment, increases natural killer cell activity. In this study, our aim was to analyze effects of in-vitro hyperthermia on human Natural Killer cytotoxicity against SW-872 cell line. Materials and Methods: In this study, we used SW-872 liposarcoma cell line as a target cell. Peripheral blood NK cells were isolated from normal individuals by MACS. NK cells were treated at 39Â°C for 1hr .The expression of CD69 on the surface of NK cells was examined by flow cytometry at different time points including 0, 6 and 12 hrs. NK cell cytotoxicity was measured by LDH assay 12hrs after co-culture with SW-872. The results were compared to the conditions that both NK cells and SW-872 cells were heat treated at 39Â°C for 12hrs. Results: Our results revealed that cell killing activity of NK cells treated with heating alone was increased 6hrs after heat treatment at 39Â°C compared with heat-treated NK-target cells co-culture. While in heat-treated NK-target cells co-culture the maximum cytotoxicity was observed 12hrs after heat treatment at 39Â°C. Conclusion: These results showed that thermotherapy could be a feasible method to stimulate immune response against tumor cells. [GMJ. Â 2015;4(3):75-81]
Prognosis and Predictive Factors Related to Breast Cancer
Authors: Aalipour Ezatollah , Jangholi Ehsan
Published: January 2022

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Herbal Treatment of Oligomenorrhea with Sesamum indicum L.: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yavari Maryam , Rouholamin Safoura , Tansaz Mojgan , Esmaeili Somayeh
Published: January 2022

Background: Oligomenorrhea (defined as infrequent menstrual flow at intervals of 36 days to 6 months or 5â€“7 cycles in a year) is mostly managed with hormone therapy; however, there is an increasing demand for alternative medicine treatments in this field. This study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of Sesamum indicum L. in inducing menstrual bleeding in women with oligomenorrhea. Materials and Methods: A single-blind clinical trial was performed on 56 cases of oligomenorrhea, admitted to Beheshti hospital clinic. Patients randomly received treatment for a week either in the sesame or progesterone group and then were followed for 8 weeks. Menstrual bleeding occurrence, waiting period, volume of blood flow, severity of pain, uterus temperament, menstruation in the next episode and side effects were assessed by interview. Results: Twenty-seven patients (mean age 29.42 Â± 8.99 years) and 29 patients (mean age 26.63Â±5.63 years) were enrolled in the sesame and progesterone groups, respectively. Seventy and two percent and 93.10% of the patients in the sesame and progesterone groups experienced menstrual bleeding (P=0.012) on an average of 10.38 and 11.88 days (P>0.05) respectively. Volume of blood flow and severity of pain were not increased in both groups. Fifty percent and 6% of the patients in the sesame and progesterone groups experienced on-time menstruation in the next (drug-free) episode of menstruation, respectively (P= 0.016).Conclusion: Although the rate of bleeding following sesame consumption was lower than progesterone-treated group, it seems that the response rate is high enough to suggest more assessments in the future; moreover, in the sesame group, the rate of menstruation in the next drug-free episode was significantly higher than the progesterone group. Therefore, sesame, as a well-tolerated, partially effective choice in inducing and maintaining regular bleeding, could be considered in the patients who are not suitable candidates for hormone therapy.[GMJ.2016;5(3):114-121]
Trend of Inequality in the Distribution of Health Care Resources in Iran
Authors: Darzi Ramandi Sajad , Niakan Leili , Aboutorabi Mina , Javan Noghabi Javad , Khammarnia Mohammad , Sadeghi Ahmad
Published: January 2022

Background: Equity of access to health care services is one of the main goals of health system. Equity in resource distribution in health section constitutes one of the main dimensions of the equity. The aim of the study is determining how doctors, paramedics and hospital beds are distributed in Iran.Materials and Methods: This analytical study was conducted in Iran. Data on 2006-2013 were collected from Statistics Center of Iran and Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education. After determining the population of 31 provinces and number of physician, paramedics and hospital beds in them, the equal distribution of these facilities and personnel were analyzed using Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. Stata 12 and DASP2.2 were used for analyzing Gini index. Results: The total number of physicians, paramedics and hospital beds were 37,000, 217,000 and 138,000, respectively in 2013. Tehran as the capital of Iran had the highest percentage of beds among all provinces. The number of physicians, paramedics and hospital beds per 10,000 population of the country were 5.6, 31.3 and 18.5, respectively for 2013. The calculated Gini coefficients for each of them were 0.47, 0.39 and 0.58, respectively.Conclusion: According to Gini coefficients, physicians, paramedics and hospital beds have an unequal distribution throughout the country. However, these distributions are different in different provinces. We recommend creating a comprehensive and continuous monitoring system for equitable allocation of health care resources.[GMJ.2016;5(3):122-130]
The Effectiveness of Group-Therapy Intervention on Quality of Life and Hope of Women Infected with Human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Mohammadpour DoughAbadi Niloufar , Soleimani Aliakbar , Ahmadi Khodabakhsh , Javidi Nasirudin
Published: January 2022

Background: AIDS is one of the most important causes of death in the world and the affected patients, in addition to physical problems, experience various psychological problems, especially symptoms of depression such as hopelessness, isolation and social isolation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group-therapy intervention to improve quality of life and hope in women with HIV.

Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, pretest and post-test design with a control group was used. The sample size included 24 HIV-positive patients referring to Health Care Center of Mashhad city in 2014 that were randomly divided into 12 patients in the case group and 12 in the control group. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance was used.

Results: The results showed that hope therapy interventions improved the quality of life of patients with HIV in two dimensions (cognitive and social). The interventions led to a significant increase in both navigational and operating dimensions of hope in the experimental group, compared with the control group.

Conclusion: Therefore, interventions with the protocol of hope therapy can improve quality of life and hope in patients with certain diseases. Regarding the efficacy of the intervention of hope therapy, it is suggested that this method be used as a procedure in AIDS counselling.

Keywords: Group Therapy, Quality Of Life, Hope, AIDS
A 9-Year Old Boy with Leukemia and Oral Manifestation: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Gharib Behdad , Safari Alieh , Kompani Farzad , Memarian Sara , Monajemzadeh Maryam , Khosravi Rahman
Published: January 2022

Background: Childhood leukemia is not a common disease. However, the most common malignant neoplasms in children are the leukemias, and 77% of these cases are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Case Report: We report a case of precursor B-cell ALL, initially presented by unusual manifestations such as; teeth ache, loose teeth and gum swelling, knee pain and a normal cell blood count (CBC). It was first considered to be Histiocytosis. Several laboratory workups have been performed to rule out the immunologic, infectious and rheumatologic diseases. A bone marrow aspiration revealed the diagnosis of leukemia. However, acute myeloid leukemia is more famous for being accompanied by oral presentation; our patient was afflicted by ALL. The patient was first referred to a dentist for the oral manifestations. Conclusion: This case reminds the importance of systemic evaluation of localized signs and symptoms in children and detailed history taking, follow-ups and physical examination.[GMJ.2016;5(4):215-18]
The First Classification of Acute Pericarditis by a Traditional Persian Medicine Practitioner; Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
Authors: Pasalar Mehdi , Mosaffa-Jahromi Maryam
Published: January 2022

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Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Preconditioning Combined with Arachydonilcyclopropylamide (ACPA) on Exploratory Locomotion in Male Mice
Authors: Nasehi Mohammad , Manteghi Fariborz , Zarrindast Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2022

Background: When confronting with an unfamiliar environment, animals exert orderly and complex behaviors called exploration. Locomotion is the most important part of exploratory behavior, but the principles of this behavior have not been fully understood yet. Here we studied the effects of the frontal region preconditioning with right and left frontal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, arachydonilcyclopropylamide (ACPA) on locomotion in NMRI male mice. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out with 12 groups of NMRI mice (each group consisted of 8 mice), which were divided into 3 categories of ACPA alone, right, and left frontal anodal tDCS combined with ACPA. Anodal tDCS (with a current intensity of 0.2 mA for 20 minutes) was performed one day prior to ACPA intraperitoneal injection (0.01,0.05,0.1 mg/kg) and 15 minutes after injection the exploratory locomotion test was carried out. Results: The data showed that right frontal anodal tDCS combined with 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg of ACPA and left frontal anodal tDCS combined with 0.05 mg/kg ACPA increased exploratory locomotion. Conclusions: Our finding suggested that combined implementation of right and left anodal tDCS and ACPA exerted anxiolytic properties and could increase exploratory related locomotion.[GMJ. 2016;5(4):173-79]
Immunology of stroke
Authors: Safari Anahid , Safari Rasool , Borhani-Haghighi Afshin
Published: January 2022

Stroke, a multifactorial disease, has distinct pathophysiologic mechanisms, among which inflammation plays a pivotal role. Various types of inflammatory cells, substances, and molecules emerge in the ischemic stroke. Neutrophils, Tcell subtypes, macrophages, microglial cells, dendritic cell, mast cells, asrocytes, as influential cell,  tumor necrosis factor_α, interleukin-17, interleukin-10, as released substances, and  vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), leukocyte very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as cellular adhesion molecules. Lymphocytes' invasion to the ischemic brain tissue occurs as the result of VLA-4  ̶ VCAM-1 interaction. Regarding Tcell subtypes, CD4+ cells have known detrimental effects in the ischemic area, while natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and γδ T cells have minor importance in the early stage of ischemia. While some studies proved the cerebroprotective impact of T regulatory cells, others refuted this by presenting a prominent harmful role of them. Bcells have important protective function by releasing IL-10. Neutrophils along with microglial cell, appearing as the first inflammatory cell in the ischemic tissue, and also macrophages deteriorate ischemia. Mast cells and dendritic cells are of great value in stroke progression. The resting astrocytes are neuroprotective, whereas the activated ones present detrimental function in the ischemic region by expression of GFAP. Hence, stroke consequences occur as the result of systemic inflammatory response. The more activation of this system, the poorer neurological outcomes would be observed. As expected, anti-inflammatory interventions in the experimental stroke in animals, have revealed successful results as less infarct size and attenuated neurological damages.
Medical Ethics According to Avicenna's Stance: A Synopsis
Authors: Azmand Sajad , Heydari Mojtaba
Published: January 2022

Medical ethics has been contemplated upon by practitioners since ancient times. Avicennaâ€™s notes on medical ethics are presented in the third chapter of the manuscript â€œFi Bayan al-hajat Ela al-Teb va al-Atteba va Vasayahomâ€ (meaning: â€œon needs to medicine and physicians and their recommendationsâ€) by Qutb al-Din Shiraziâ€™s (1236-1311 CE), one of the main commentators on Avicenna Canon of Medicine. Avicenna refers to several ethical subjects which can be expressed in three main domains: considering patient interests, communication skills, and adhering to the characteristics of professional excellence. Although there are similarities between the classical medical ethics recommendations and ethics recommendations raised by Avicenna, significant moral differences can be considered between the two views [GMJ.2017;6(4):261-7]DOI: 10.22086/gmj.v6i4.768
The Effect of Oral Administration of Hypericum Perforatum on Serum Glucose and Lipids, Hepatic Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Ghosian Moghadam MohammadHassan , Ansari Iman , Roghani Mehrdad , Ghanem Ali , Mehdizade Neda
Published: January 2022

Background: In this research, the beneficial effects of oral administration of Hypericum perfoÂ­ratum (HP) on serum glucose and lipids, hepatic enzymes and the amount of malondialdehyde in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats are studied. Materials and Methods: In this experiÂ­mental study, 32 male rats where randomly divided into 4 groups of control, treatment-control, diabetic and treatment-diabetic. HP was orally administered to treatment groups over a period of 6 weeks. Serum glucose levels, triglyceride, total cholesterol along with HDL and LDL were all evaluated prior to initiation of the treatment, and at 3rd and 6th (last) week of treatment initiation, and in the end of the treatment, malondialdehyde and aminotransferase enzymes of the liver were evaluated. Results: regarding serum glucose levels and body weight measured in the 3rd and 6th week, the treatment-diabetic group didnâ€™t show a significant change compared to the diabetic group, regarding serum total cholesterol and LDL levels, a significant decrease was observed and regarding serum HDL, a significant increase was documented. Furthermore, treating the treatment-diabetic group with HP did not result in any significant decrease in serum triglyceride, malondialdehyde or alanine aminotransferase but, in fact, did cause a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase. Conclusions: Oral administration of HP did in fact have a beneficial effect on lowering serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL and the hepatic enzyme asÂ­partate aminotransferase and on raising the levels of HDL in diabetized rats with Streptozotocin. [GMJ.2017;6(4):319-29] DOI: 10.22086/gmj.v6i4.889
Assessment of the Protective Impact of Vitamin E on Sex Hormones and Sperm Parameters of Formaldehyde-treated Male Rats: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Nasiri Ebrahim , Moladoust Hassan , Gazor Rouhollah , Mahdavi Tolue , Ghorbani Reza , Rostampour Mohammad
Published: January 2022

Background: Lifestyle factors, including environmental and occupational exposure, have a key role in reproductive health status and may impact fertility. Formaldehyde (FA) is a suspected reproductive toxicant, which may cause significant adverse effects on the reproductive system. This study was aimed at detecting the impact of FA and the possible protective role of vitamin E on the male reproductive system in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control rats, rats treated with vehicle (corn-oil), rats treated with 10 mg/kg/day FA (FAt), and rats treated with FA plus 30 mg/kg/day vitamin E plus vehicle (FAt+ vitamin E) for two weeks. After treatment, sex horÂ­mone levels were examined using ELISA. Moreover the count, morphology, and motility of sperm, were observed. Results: The sperm count and the percentage of rapid progressive sperm were significantly decreased in rats in the FAt-treated group compared with those in the control and vehicle-treated groups (p<0.05). Vitamin E treatment significantly improved the parameÂ­ters examined in the FAt+ vitamin E group (29.85Â±8.62 vs. 10.04Â±4.79 for sperm count and 60.50Â±5.67 vs. 42.19Â±8.02 for sperm motility). Moreover, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels mildly decreased in the FA exposure group, although the difference was not statisÂ­tically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that FA exposure had a negative impact on sperm parameters and some reproductive hormones in rats and vitaÂ­min E attenuated the deleterious impact of FA on the reproductive system of adult male rats. [GMJ.2017;6(4):330-7] DOI: 10.22086/gmj.v6i4.904
Effects of Apigenin and Apigenin- Loaded Nanogel on Induction of Apoptosis in Human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Authors: Hashemi Mehrdad , Samadian Nooshin
Published: January 2022

Background: Diet plays an important role in cancer prevention. Apigenin, a flavonoid with thechemical formula C15H10O5, is abundantly present in vegetables. Vegetarian foods containing flavonoids are rich sources of bioactive compounds. Flavonoids have been utilized in herbal treatment. Nanogels are drug delivery systems based on polymers and are used in tissue engineering and for drug delivery. This study was conducted to compare the effects of apigenin and a nanodrug on the viability of the K562 cell line of chronic myeloid leukemia at different durations under laboratory conditions. Materials and Methods: Chitosan was first dissolved in 1% acetic acid, and  ethylene dichloride EDC and NHS were added to the solution. Then, the nanodrug was prepared by loading apigenin into stearate–chitosan nanogel (scs nanogel), and its physical and morphological characteristics were evaluated by TEM, DLS, and FTIR. Trypan blue staining, MTT assay, and flow cytometry were used to analyze the effects of various concentrations of apigenin and apigenin-loaded chitosan–stearate nanogel (APG–SCS) at 24, 48, and 72 h after they were applied to the K562 cell line. Results: The diameter of the nanodrug particles was measured using DLS and confirmed by TEM. The K562 cells treated with APG–SCS and with apigenin exhibited significant differences compared with the control (P < 0.05). Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Conclusion: This study showed that the toxic effects of apigenin and the nanodrug improved with increasing concentrations and exposure durations compared to those in the control.The toxic effect of apigenin loaded into the stearate-chitosan nanogel was greater than apigenin, and the toxic effects of both materials were greater compared to the control under laboratory conditions.[GMJ.2018;7:e1008]
Enhancement of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Constancy of Kiss1 mRNAs Expression in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in a Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat
Authors: Nooranizadeh Mohammad Hossein , Rahmanifar Farhad , Ahmadloo Somayeh , Shaaban Zahra , Jafarzadeh Shirazi Mohammad Reza , Tamaddon Amin
Published: January 2022

Background: Hypothalamic Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and kiss1/kisspeptin systems play roles in reproductive processes. This study was conducted to evaluate changes in MC4R and kiss1 genes expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and its relationship with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in rats.Materials and Methods: In the current experimental study, 24 female rats were randomly and equally allocated into nulliparous and primiparous groups and then were divided into two subgroups of PCOS and control. PCOS was induced by exposure to continuous light. Sex-related hormones were evaluated by radioimmunoassay or immunoradiometric assay. Expressions of MC4R and kiss1 gene in the ARC of the hypothalamus of the rats were evaluated by real-time PCR. Histomorphometric alterations of ovaries were compared between groups.Results: Number of tertiary follicles and their size and number of atretic follicles in the PCOS subgroups were more than those in the controls (P<0.05) whereas the number of secondary follicles and corpus luteum in the PCOS subgroups were lower than those in the controls (P<0.05). Antrum and total diameters of tertiary follicles in the PCOS subgroups were greater and granulosa layer diameter was lower than those in the controls (P<0.05). The MC4R mRNA expression in the PCOS subgroups was 6.5-fold in nulliparous and 3.5-fold in primiparous groups more than their controls’ pairs (P<0.05). However, parity did not affect the expression of MC4R gene (P>0.05).The kiss1 mRNA expression in the PCOS and control subgroups was not significantly different (P>0.05).Conclusion: Overexpression of MC4R gene after PCOS induction in the ARC of the hypothalamus may link to metabolic disorders of induced PCOS in the rats. However, alteration in the kiss1 mRNA expression after PCOS induction was not observed in the rats. [GMJ.2018;7:e1070]