bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPETÊNCIA EM INFORMAÇÃO NA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR: UM PLANO DE AÇÃO USANDO METODOLOGIAS DE SISTEMAS SOFT
Authors: Teixeira Thiciane Mary Carvalho , Valentim Marta Lígia Pomim
Published: March 2024

O processo de mundialização tecnológico, sociocultural e econômico impôs às universidades adaptação às novas tecnologias, bem como alterações nos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos de graduação, no intuito de estimular a competência em informação, a competência midiática, a aprendizagem independente e a responsabilidade social, visando garantir as dimensões: técnica, estética, ética e política na educação superior. Esta pesquisa utilizou o método denominado ‘Metodologia de Sistemas Soft’, uma vez que enfoca situações problemáticas envolvendo vários atores em torno dos padrões e categorias da competência em informação. Para cada categoria de competência em informação definiu-se uma situação problema a ser explorada e estabeleceu-se um plano de ação. O objetivo é elaborar um programa de competência em informação na educação superior que desenvolva habilidades para acessar, encontrar, avaliar, apropriar e usar a informação, bem como desenvolva capacidades para manusear as novas tecnologias. Como objetivos específicos: 1) incluir propostas para a aprendizagem independente do aluno, além das disciplinas curriculares; 2) propor ações para estimular o uso adequado da informação com preservação da memória; 3) apresentar práticas para exercitar a cidadania com participação nas decisões e nas transformações sociais. O programa de competência em informação na educação superior apresenta um plano de ação possível com sugestões de mudanças desejáveis, que pode estimular a aprendizagem independente, a responsabilidade social e a competência midiática, nas dimensões técnica, estética, ética e política da competência em informação no contexto da educação superior.
Upaya Meningkatkan Keterampilan Manajerial Kepala Madrasah Melalui Pelatihan Kepemimpinan Pada Madrasah Aliyah di Kecamatan Pujut Kabupaten Lombok Tengah
Authors: Syamsussabri Muhammad , Wahab Wahab
Published: March 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan penerapan pelatihan kepemimpinan dalam meningkatkan keterampilan manajerial kepala Madrasah Aliyah di di Kecamatan Pujut Kabupaten Lombok Tengah tahun pelajaran 2020/2021. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kepengawasan, yang dilakukan secara bertahap sampai mendapatkan hasil yang diharapkan. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah semua kepala Madrasah Aliyah di kecamatan Pujut Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021, berjumlah 13 orang. Tindakan dilaksanakan dalam 3 siklus dan setiap siklus dilaksanakan dua kali pertemuan (2x60’). Adapun alur penelitian tindakan kepengawasan yaitu perencanaan, tindakan, observasi kelas dan refleksi. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan kepemimpinan berpengaruh positif terhadap keterampilan manajerial kepala Madrasah Aliyah di Kecamatan Pujut. Peningkatan dapat terlihat pada peningkatan hasil tes penguasaan materi pelatihan, dan ketuntasan klasikal. Berdasarkan temuan-temuan di atas disarankan: (1) merancang kegiatan pelatihan diperlukan perencanaan yang baik, terutama dalam pemilihan materi pelatihan, pendistribusian materi ke dalam perangkat pelatihan dan alokasi waktu; (2) kepada kepala madrasah hendaknya banyak membaca hasil karya dari para ahli terutama terkait dengan ilmu kepemimpinan, sehingga kepala madrasah memiliki wawasan yang luas sebagai bekal dalam menjalankan tugas masing-masing selaku pimpinan di madrasah masing-masing.
Analisis Perilaku Konsumtif Gen Z Pada Bulan Ramadhan 1444 Hijriah (Studi Kasus di Desa Ketegan)
Authors: Adinata Alfath Fabian , Pujianto Wahyu Eko
Published: March 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat perubahan pola perilaku muslim ketika menjelang puasa pada bulan Ramadhan di kota Sidoarjo, tepatnya di Desa Ketegan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data yang dicari merupakan data primer yang dikumpulkan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner kepada responden. Perilaku konsumtif generasi Z pada bulan Ramadhan 1444 Hijriah menjadi fokus utama dalam penelitian ini. Desa Ketegan dipilih sebagai studi kasus untuk melihat perilaku konsumtif generasi Z pada bulan Ramadhan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi partisipan. Sampel terdiri dari 15 responden generasi Z yang aktif berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan konsumsi di bulan Ramadhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari  15  responden  Gen Z yang aktif di kegiatan Bulan Ramadhan sebanyak  10 responden memilih untuk berbelanja pada waktu Bulan Ramadan. Hal yang paling menonjol dilakukan  oleh  7 responden (46%)  saat  berbelanja  adalah  membeli  makanan  secara langsung dan responden lain menggunakan platform online seperti ShopeFood, GrabFood, GoFood.   Serta   kami   telah   melakukan wawancara langsung dengan 5 responden Generasi Z yang memilih untuk berbisnis. Saya harap penelitian ini bisa menjadikan desa menjadi lebih unggul, khususnya generasi Z, dalam mengelola konsumsi mereka pada bulan suci Ramadhan. Tujuan penelitian ini tidak lain untuk menumbuhkembangkan dunia digital di desa tersebut biar tidak tertinggal dengan desa-desa yang lainnya.
Analisis Peran Komunikasi Oraganisasi IPNU-IPPNU Ranting Jambangan Candi Sidoarjo Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Organisasi
Authors: Fahim Abdullah , Pujianto Wahyu Eko
Published: March 2024

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui peran komunikasi pada organisasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja organisasi pada IPNU-IPPNU Desa Jambangan di Kecamatan Candi, Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Komunikasi dalam organisasi adalah proses penting untuk menghubungkan anggota organisasi satu sama lain. Komunikasi yang efektif dapat membantu anggota organisasi untuk memahami tugas dan tanggung jawabnya dengan lebih baik. Untuk Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu kualitatif, yaitu suatu proses pengumpulan data deskriptif  berupa data gejala hasil observasi atau wawancara yang dikumpulkan dalam bentuk dokumen, dan juga dokumentasi selama proses penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi organisasi mempunyai peran yang signifikan untuk meningkatkan kinerja organisasi IPNU-IPPNU Desa Jambangan, Kecamatan Candi, Kabupaten Sidoarjo.
The Unjustified Decision of Roe v. Wade and the Equal Protection Clause
Authors: Andersen Mathilde
Published: March 2024

In the 1973 Roe v. Wade case, abortion rights were secured in the United States by use of the argument that the U.S. Constitution provided an implicit right to privacy, which could be found in various amendments. This article aims to show how the right to privacy was not a solid foundation for securing abortion rights. Instead, this article will focus on how Roe v. Wade could have strengthened its position by emphasizing the explicit Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The use of the Equal Protection Clause could potentially have served as a justification for asserting the right to abortion on the basis of gender equality.
Inclusion as Revolution?
Authors: Krarup Ida
Published: March 2024

This article examines the inclusion and exclusion of disabled women in pop music by conducting a sociolinguistic article. Mintz (2020) argued that disabled women will always be excluded from pop music because they cannot conform to the postfeminist ideal of the strong independent woman or the normative postfeminist body. In my analyses of three music videos, I examine the validity of this thesis. As my analysis of Run the World (Girls) shows, disability is often erased from postfeminist media due to the ableism inherent in postfeminism. However, as I show in my analysis of Prototype disabled women can be portrayed as strong independent women, but this involves accepting the stigmatization of dependency and perpetuating ableism. Finally, in my analysis of Running Underwater, I argue that non-ableist representations of disabled women in pop music are possible, but it must involve deconstructing ableist ideas such as the paradigm of a normative body.
Epistasis facilitates functional evolution in an ancient transcription factor
Authors: Metzger Brian P.H. , Park Yeonwoo , Starr Tyler N. , Thornton Joseph W.
Published: March 2024

A protein’s genetic architecture – the set of causal rules by which its sequence produces its functions – also determines its possible evolutionary trajectories. Prior research has proposed that genetic architecture of proteins is very complex, with pervasive epistatic interactions that constrain evolution and make function difficult to predict from sequence. Most of this work has analyzed only the direct paths between two proteins of interest – excluding the vast majority of possible genotypes and evolutionary trajectories – and has considered only a single protein function, leaving unaddressed the genetic architecture of functional specificity and its impact on the evolution of new functions. Here we develop a new method based on ordinal logistic regression to directly characterize the global genetic determinants of multiple protein functions from 20-state combinatorial deep mutational scanning (DMS) experiments. We use it to dissect the genetic architecture and evolution of a transcription factor’s specificity for DNA, using data from a combinatorial DMS of an ancient steroid hormone receptor’s capacity to activate transcription from two biologically relevant DNA elements. We show that the genetic architecture of DNA recognition consists of a dense set of main and pairwise effects that involve virtually every possible amino acid state in the protein-DNA interface, but higher-order epistasis plays only a tiny role. Pairwise interactions enlarge the set of functional sequences and are the primary determinants of specificity for different DNA elements. They also massively expand the number of opportunities for single-residue mutations to switch specificity from one DNA target to another. By bringing variants with different functions close together in sequence space, pairwise epistasis therefore facilitates rather than constrains the evolution of new functions.
Quorum-sensing agr system of Staphylococcus aureus primes gene expression for protection from lethal oxidative stress
Authors: Podkowik Magdalena , Perault Andrew I. , Putzel Gregory , Pountain Andrew , Kim Jisun , Dumont Ashley , Zwack Erin , Ulrich Robert J. , Karagounis Theodora K. , Zhou Chunyi , Haag Andreas F. , Shenderovich Julia , Wasserman Gregory A. , Kwon Junbeom , Chen John , Richardson Anthony R. , Weiser Jeffrey N. , Nowosad Carla R. , Lun Desmond S. , Parker Dane , Pironti Alejandro , Zhao Xilin , Drlica Karl , Yanai Itai , Torres Victor J. , Shopsin Bo
Published: March 2024

The
agr
quorum-sensing system links
Staphylococcus aureus
metabolism to virulence, in part by increasing bacterial survival during exposure to lethal concentrations of H
2
O
2
, a crucial host defense against
S. aureus
. We now report that protection by
agr
surprisingly extends beyond post-exponential growth to the exit from stationary phase when the
agr
system is no longer turned on. Thus,
agr
can be considered a constitutive protective factor. Deletion of
agr
increased both respiration and fermentation but decreased ATP levels and growth, suggesting that Δ
agr
cells assume a hyperactive metabolic state in response to reduced metabolic efficiency. As expected from increased respiratory gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated more in the
agr
mutant than in wild-type cells, thereby explaining elevated susceptibility of Δ
agr
strains to lethal H
2
O
2
doses. Increased survival of wild-type
agr
cells during H
2
O
2
exposure required
sodA
, which detoxifies superoxide. Additionally, pretreatment of
S. aureus
with respiration-reducing menadione protected Δ
agr
cells from killing by H
2
O
2
. Thus, genetic deletion and pharmacologic experiments indicate that
agr
helps control endogenous ROS, thereby providing resilience against exogenous ROS. The long-lived “memory” of
agr
-mediated protection, which is uncoupled from
agr
activation kinetics, increased hematogenous dissemination to certain tissues during sepsis in ROS-producing, wild-type mice but not ROS-deficient (Nox2
−/−
) mice. These results demonstrate the importance of protection that anticipates impending ROS-mediated immune attack. The ubiquity of quorum sensing suggests that it protects many bacterial species from oxidative damage.
DePARylation is critical for S phase progression and cell survival
Authors: Nie Litong , Wang Chao , Huang Min , Liu Xiaoguang , Feng Xu , Tang Mengfan , Li Siting , Hang Qinglei , Teng Hongqi , Shen Xi , Ma Li , Gan Boyi , Chen Junjie
Published: March 2024

Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation or PARylation by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and dePARylation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) are equally important for the dynamic regulation of DNA damage response. PARG, the most active dePARylation enzyme, is recruited to sites of DNA damage via pADPr-dependent and PCNA-dependent mechanisms. Targeting dePARylation is considered an alternative strategy to overcome PARP inhibitor resistance. However, precisely how dePARylation functions in normal unperturbed cells remains elusive. To address this challenge, we conducted multiple CRISPR screens and revealed that dePARylation of S phase pADPr by PARG is essential for cell viability. Loss of dePARylation activity initially induced S phase-specific pADPr signaling, which resulted from unligated Okazaki fragments and eventually led to uncontrolled pADPr accumulation and PARP1/2-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, we demonstrated that proteins involved in Okazaki fragment ligation and/or base excision repair regulate pADPr signaling and cell death induced by PARG inhibition. In addition, we determined that PARG expression is critical for cellular sensitivity to PARG inhibition. Additionally, we revealed that PARG is essential for cell survival by suppressing pADPr. Collectively, our data not only identify an essential role for PARG in normal proliferating cells but also provide a potential biomarker for the further development of PARG inhibitors in cancer therapy.
Elimination of subtelomeric repeat sequences exerts little effect on telomere essential functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hu Can , Zhu Xue-Ting , He Ming-Hong , Shao Yangyang , Qin Zhongjun , Wu Zhi-Jing , Zhou Jin-Qiu
Published: March 2024

Telomeres, which are chromosomal end structures, play a crucial role in maintaining genome stability and integrity in eukaryotes. In the baker’s yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, the X-and Y’-elements are subtelomeric repetitive sequences found in all thirty-two and seventeen telomeres, respectively. While the Y’-elements serve as a backup for telomere functions in cells lacking telomerase, the function of the X-elements remains unclear. This study utilized the
S. cerevisiae
strain SY12, which has three chromosomes and six telomeres, to investigate the role of X-elements (as well as Y’-elements) in telomere maintenance. Deletion of Y’-elements (SY12
YΔ
), X-elements (SY12
XYΔ+Y
), or both X- and Y’-elements (SY12
XYΔ
) did not impact the length of the terminal TG
1-3
tracks or telomere silencing. However, inactivation of telomerase in SY12
YΔ
, SY12
XYΔ+Y
, and SY12
XYΔ
cells resulted in cellular senescence and the generation of survivors. These survivors either maintained their telomeres through homologous recombination-dependent TG
1-3
track elongation or underwent microhomology-mediated intra-chromosomal end-to-end joining. Our findings indicate the non-essential role of subtelomeric X-and Y’-elements in telomere regulation in both telomerase-proficient and telomerase-null cells and suggest that these elements may represent remnants of
S. cerevisiae
genome evolution. Furthermore, strains with fewer or no subtelomeric elements exhibit more concise telomere structures and offer potential models for future studies in telomere biology.
Sibling chimerism among microglia in marmosets
Authors: Rosario Ricardo C.H. del , Krienen Fenna M. , Zhang Qiangge , Goldman Melissa , Mello Curtis , Lutservitz Alyssa , Ichihara Kiku , Wysoker Alec , Nemesh James , Feng Guoping , McCarroll Steven A.
Published: March 2024

Chimerism happens rarely among most mammals but is common in marmosets and tamarins, a result of fraternal twin or triplet birth patterns in which
in utero
connected circulatory systems (through which stem cells transit) lead to persistent blood chimerism (12-80%) throughout life. The presence of Y-chromosome DNA sequences in other organs of female marmosets has long suggested that chimerism might also affect these organs. However, a longstanding question is whether this chimerism is driven by blood-derived cells or involves contributions from other cell types. To address this question, we analyzed single-cell RNA-seq data from blood, liver, kidney and multiple brain regions across a number of marmosets, using transcribed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify cells with the sibling’s genome in various cell types within these tissues. Sibling-derived chimerism in all tissues arose entirely from cells of hematopoietic origin (i.e., myeloid and lymphoid lineages). In brain tissue this was reflected as sibling-derived chimerism among microglia (20-52%) and macrophages (18-64%) but not among other resident cell types (i.e., neurons, glia or ependymal cells). The percentage of microglia that were sibling-derived showed significant variation across brain regions, even within individual animals, likely reflecting distinct responses by siblings’ microglia to local recruitment or proliferation cues or, potentially, distinct clonal expansion histories in different brain areas. In the animals and tissues we analyzed, microglial gene expression profiles bore a much stronger relationship to local/host context than to sibling genetic differences. Naturally occurring marmoset chimerism will provide new ways to understand the effects of genes, mutations and brain contexts on microglial biology and to distinguish between effects of microglia and other cell types on brain phenotypes.
The transcriptional landscape underlying larval development and metamorphosis in the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus)
Authors: Huerlimann Roger , Roux Natacha , Maeda Ken , Pilieva Polina , Miura Saori , Chian Hsiao , Izumiyama Michael , Laudet Vincent , Ravasi Timothy
Published: March 2024

Teleost fishes typically have a bi-phasic life cycle with a transition between larval and juvenile phases called metamorphosis, which is known to be regulated by thyroid hormones (TH). However, other hormonal systems might be involved as it is the case in amphibians in which corticosteroids are interacting with TH pathways to trigger and regulate metamorphosis. Unfortunately, such interplay is poorly understood in teleost fishes. In order to investigate the potential involvement of these two hormonal pathways, we used the Malabar grouper (
Epinephelus malabaricus
) as a model system. We assembled a chromosome-scale genome and conducted a transcriptomic analysis of nine larval developmental stages. We studied the expression patterns of genes involved in TH and corticoid pathways, as well as four biological processes known to be regulated by TH in other teleost species: ossification, pigmentation, visual perception, and metabolism. Surprisingly, we observed an activation of many of the same pathways involved in metamorphosis at an earlier stage, suggesting an additional implication of these pathways in early larval development. Overall, our data reveal that on a common background (TH controlling metamorphosis) evolution is assembling species-specific peculiarities that allow to precisely align the molecular completion of metamorphosis with the ecological constraints.
Disparity in temporal and spatial relationships between resting-state electrophysiological and fMRI signals
Authors: Tu Wenyu , Cramer Samuel R. , Zhang Nanyin
Published: March 2024

Resting-state brain networks (RSNs) have been widely applied in health and disease, but their interpretation in terms of the underlying neural activity is unclear. To systematically investigate this cornerstone issue, here we simultaneously recorded whole-brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and electrophysiology signals in two separate brain regions in rats. Our data show that for both recording sites, band-specific local field potential (LFP) power-derived spatial maps can explain up to 90% of the spatial variance of RSNs obtained by the rsfMRI signal. Paradoxically, the time series of LFP band power can only explain up to 35% of the temporal variance of the local rsfMRI time course from the same site. In addition, regressing out time series of LFP power from rsfMRI signals has limited impact on the spatial patterns of rsfMRI-based RSNs. This disparity in the spatial and temporal relationships between resting-state electrophysiology and rsfMRI signals suggest that the electrophysiological activity alone does not account for all effects in the rsfMRI signal. To further interpret this disparity, we propose a model hypothesizing that a significant component in the rsfMRI signal is driven by electrophysiology-invisible neural activities that are active in neurovascular coupling. Temporally, this electrophysiology-invisible signal is weakly correlated to electrophysiology data. However, as signaling of these two types of neural activities are both constrained by the same anatomical backbone, they can generate similar RSN spatial patterns. These data and the model provide a new perspective of our interpretation of RSNs.
Impact of Income Inequality on Poverty Level in Nigeria: Evidence from ARDL Model
Authors: Musa Ibrahim , Enaberue Emmanuel , Magaji Sule
Published: March 2024

This study used the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to assess the impact of income disparity on the degree of poverty in Nigeria. Based on the association each income determinant showed with the Gini coefficient of income disparity in the Nigerian economy, the study's findings indicated that there is a long-run positive relationship between the poverty level and the Gini coefficient of income inequality in Nigeria. Therefore, it is advised to improve a more equitable distribution of wealth, which will effectively lessen income inequality and poverty in Nigeria. The government should concentrate its efforts on developing and implementing more realistic employment programs in Nigeria. Since the empirical results of this study have demonstrated that decreasing income disparity in Nigeria by an increase in the employment rate has not been sufficient. A more practical approach to employment would allow people to use their money to build wealth rather than just get by, which would increase the level of income distribution.
Some Results Regarding \(\varphi\) -maps on G-Cone Metric Spaces with Banach Algebra
Authors: Mishra Anil Kumar , Padmavati
Published: March 2024

Aims/ objectives: In our study, we used generalized contraction mapping in G-cone metric space with Banach algebras to establish various fixed point and common fixed point results. Beg [1] defines this space in terms of a few contractive conditions on \(\varphi\) -maps. Our outcomes are a generalization and an extension of several well-known fixed point results.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Soil Moisture in Maize Using Frequency Domain Reflectometry Sensor
Authors: Kumar K. N. Raja , Mani A. , Babu G. Ravi , Rao Ch. Sujani
Published: March 2024

Field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018, rabi 2018-19 and kharif 2019 at Department of Soil Water Engineering, Dr. NTR College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh to study the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture in maize using FDR sensor.The experiment was laid out in split plot design consisting of three irrigation levels (0.6 ETc (I1), 0.8 ETc (I2) and 1.0 ETc (I3)) and four nitrogen levels consisting of fertigation levels (80% RDN (N1), 100% RDN (N2), 120% RDN (N3) and Manual application (N4) on sandy clay loam soil. Water requirement of the maize crop was calculated on the daily basis by using CROPWAT 8.0. Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) Sensor was used to measure soil moisture data by installing 34 access tubes up to a depth of 100 cm with an interval of 10 cm from the soil surface and measured soil water content during crop period. Soil moisture was evaluated for 2.0 lph emitter discharges at 3h after irrigation, 6h after irrigation, 24h after irrigation at emitter, 15 cm from emitter, 30 cm from emitter and 45 cm from emitter for soil moisture in the soil for arriving the best irrigation strategy. The soil water distribution under all drip irrigation treatments indicated that it was relatively high near the dripper and decreased as the distance from the dripper point increased.
Assessment of Lipaphis erysimi Multiplication Rates on Various Mustard Cultivars In-vitro Condition
Authors: Sinha Sandhya , Shukla Abhishek , Kakade Sumit , Singh Yashowardhan
Published: March 2024

Mustard cultivation, a vital aspect of agriculture in India, faces significant challenges due to the infestation of Lipaphis erysimi, commonly known as the mustard aphid. This study aimed to assess the in-vitro multiplication of aphids across various mustard cultivars during the 2019-20 rabi season. A total of 45 cultivars were evaluated using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The aphid multiplication index was calculated by aphid multiplication index method, and cultivars were classified based on their resistance to L. erysimi. Results revealed a range of responses among cultivars. Two cultivars, Aravali and RP-9, classified as highly resistant, had the lowest aphid multiplication index values. The resistant category included three cultivars Durgamani, RH-406, and RVM-2. Thirty-seven cultivars were identified as moderately resistant. Three cultivars, YSH-406, Rohini, and NC-1, were found to be moderately sensitive.
Block Format Solves the Collatz Conjecture
Authors: Moftah Khaled
Published: March 2024

Blocks are unit convergence between two consecutive odd numbers formed according to the three x plus one conjecture rules. The left odd number is the left hook, L, and the right odd number is the right hook, R. They include even numbers between their boundaries. They are divided into families (F1 = 5, 11, 17, … & F2 = 1, 7, 11, … & F3 = 3, 9, 15, …) and groups based on their group length (The number of the middle-even numbers between the two hooks). Blocks are taken individually and placed beside each other, similar to the domino tiles play, which, by their formulation, satisfies the conjecture rules. Formed chains reach number one in the convergence mode or continue generating odd positive numbers infinitely according to the generation mode. The final convergence to number one is reached because these blocks have all the positive integers included as left hooks (L1, L2, L3), and all the F1 and F2 odd positive numbers are included as right hooks (R1 and R2). Block rules mandate that a single left hook produces only one right hook. Accordingly, no looping or entanglement (Joining and consequent splitting) between chain branches would occur. Statistics show that R cannot increase infinitely. Repeated oscillation up and down without reaching number one would also violate the statistics. Statistics reveal that blocks of various lengths have a strict occurrence and repetition sequence along the positive integer series. Block lengths can extend infinitely, and each block length repeats its occurrence infinitely. In the generation mode, blocks are attached in reverse order to the conjecture/convergence rules. According to the rules, all positive integers can be generated starting from number one. Multiple sequences and clusters of specific block lengths occur according to specific rules and cannot continue infinitely.
Phenology of Apple Cultivars with Different Chilling Requirements
Authors: Petri José Luiz , Fenili Cristhian Leonardo , Esperança Caroline de Fátima
Published: March 2024

Under mild climate conditions where chilling requirements are not met, the different phenological stages tend to extend and vary according to the year and chilling intensity. Knowledge on the phenological stages becomes important for the management of some cultural practices such as fruit thinning and phytosanitary treatments. The phenology of ‘Condesa’, ‘Imperatriz’, ‘Fred Hough’, ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Baronesa’ apple cultivars with different chilling requirements was studied for a period of 20 years. The method employed made it possible to analyze the evolution of the different phenological stages, allowing the chronological determination of their development. The results suggest adaptability of the different cultivars in the same region, highlighting the influence of environmental factors. The duration of the different phenological stages varied according to the chilling requirements of each cultivar, being directly influenced by climatic factors.
Distributed Parameter Systems
Authors: Curtain Ruth
Published: July 2007

The sections in this article are
Target Tracking
Authors: Drummond Oliver E.
Published: July 2007

Target tracking design and development is challenging if the measurement density is not sparse. Close targets, clutter, or false signal can cause conditions of dense measurements. The tracking algorithms used for a system need to be selected based on the specifics of the application. This article addresses alternative algorithms for both single and multiple target tracking; tracking using either a single sensor of data from multiple sensors (sensor data fusion); and discusses trade‐offs considerations for selecting appropriate algorithms for a system.

Types of Target Tracking

Introduction to Small Target Tracking

Single Target Track Maintenance with False Signals

Multiple Target Tracking with Data from a Single Sensor

Multiple‐Sensor (Fusion) Algorithm Architectures

Performance Evaluation
Infrared Imaging
Authors: Meitzler Thomas J. , Gerhart Grant R. , Sohn Euijung , Singh Harpreet , Ha Kyung–Jae
Published: July 2007

The sections in this article are

Theory of Infrared Imaging

Infrared Image Processing

Infrared Systems and Array Geometries

Metrics in Cluttered Image Environments

Equipment and Experimental Methods

Wavelet Transforms of IR Images

Fuzzy Logic and Detection Metrics for IR Images

Applications of Infrared Imaging Sensors

Infrared Imaging and Image Fusion used for Situational Awareness

Appendix A
The clinical utility of enhanced subtelomeric coverage in array CGH
Authors: Ballif Blake C. , Sulpizio Scott G. , Lloyd Richard M. , Minier Sara L. , Theisen Aaron , Bejjani Bassem A. , Shaffer Lisa G.
Published: July 2007

Telomeric chromosome abnormalities are a substantial cause of mental retardation and birth defects. Although subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes have been widely used to identify submicroscopic telomeric rearrangements, array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) has emerged as a more efficient and comprehensive detection method. Due to the clinical relevance of telomeric abnormalities, it has been proposed that array CGH using panels of BAC clones that map to regularly spaced intervals along the length of each telomere could be used to characterize subtelomeric aberrations more precisely in a single experiment. We have added 1,120 FISH‐mapped BAC clones to our microarray to enhance the coverage of the 41 unique human subtelomeric regions. Contigs of clones were selected in increments of ∼0.5 Mb beginning with the most distal unique sequence for each subtelomere and extending on average ∼5.7 Mb toward the centromere. We have used this microarray to characterize 169 clinically significant subtelomeric abnormalities identified out of nearly 7,000 consecutive clinical cases analyzed by array CGH in our diagnostic laboratory. The expanded telomere coverage was sufficient to define the breakpoints of over half (56%) of the chromosome abnormalities. However, 44% of the subtelomeric aberrations extended beyond the size of this expanded coverage suggesting that many subtelomeric abnormalities are >5 Mb in size and that greater representation may be of even more value. In addition to identifying 6 cases of complex rearrangements, we have identified 42 cases of interstitial deletions that would have been missed by subtelomere FISH panels that use a single clone to the most distal unique sequence for each region. Microarrays designed to investigate regions known to be involved in chromosome abnormalities will enhance the detection of cytogenetic abnormalities at unprecedented resolution and frequency. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interstitial del(20)(q11.2q12)—Clinical and molecular cytogenetic characterization
Authors: Iqbal M. Anwar , Al‐Owain Mohammad
Published: July 2007

A 2‐year‐old male patient with dysmorphic facial features and multiple congenital anomalies suggestive of a chromosome syndrome is presented. The facial features consisted of a large and high forehead, mild metopic ridging, a small triangular face, depressed nasal bridge, microphthalmia (right more than the left), protruding ears, and mildly prominent anteverted nose with long and smooth philtrum. Cytogenetic analysis showed 46,XY,del(20)(q11.2q12). Parental karyotypes were normal. Molecular characterization of del(20)(q11.2q12) by high‐resolution microarray comparative genomic hybridization (arrayCGH) showed an approximately 6.8 Mb deletion. To our knowledge this is the first report of a de novo interstitial del(20)(q11.2q12) characterized by arrayCGH. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of maternal lineage and biogeographic analyses of ancient and modern Hungarian populations
Authors: Tömöry Gyöngyvér , Csányi Bernadett , Bogácsi‐Szabó Erika , Kalmár Tibor , Czibula Ágnes , Csősz Aranka , Priskin Katalin , Mende Balázs , Langó Péter , Downes C. Stephen , Raskó István
Published: July 2007

The Hungarian language belongs to the Finno‐Ugric branch of the Uralic family, but Hungarian speakers have been living in Central Europe for more than 1000 years, surrounded by speakers of unrelated Indo‐European languages. In order to study the continuity in maternal lineage between ancient and modern Hungarian populations, polymorphisms in the HVSI and protein coding regions of mitochondrial DNA sequences of 27 ancient samples (10th–11th centuries), 101 modern Hungarian, and 76 modern Hungarian‐speaking Sekler samples from Transylvania were analyzed. The data were compared with sequences derived from 57 European and Asian populations, including Finno‐Ugric populations, and statistical analyses were performed to investigate their genetic relationships. Only 2 of 27 ancient Hungarian samples are unambiguously Asian: the rest belong to one of the western Eurasian haplogroups, but some Asian affinities, and the genetic effect of populations who came into contact with ancient Hungarians during their migrations are seen. Strong differences appear when the ancient Hungarian samples are analyzed according to apparent social status, as judged by grave goods. Commoners show a predominance of mtDNA haplotypes and haplogroups (H, R, T), common in west Eurasia, while high‐status individuals, presumably conquering Hungarians, show a more heterogeneous haplogroup distribution, with haplogroups (N1a, X) which are present at very low frequencies in modern worldwide populations and are absent in recent Hungarian and Sekler populations. Modern Hungarian‐speaking populations seem to be specifically European. Our findings demonstrate that significant genetic differences exist between the ancient and recent Hungarian‐speaking populations, and no genetic continuity is seen. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Anti‐tumor Activities of Novel Methylthio‐, Sulfinyl‐, and Sulfonyl‐8H‐thieno[2,3‐b]pyrrolizin‐8‐oximino Derivatives
Authors: Guo Shuchun , Zhao Yanfang , Zhao Xianglin , Zhang Sisi , Xie Lijun , Kong Weiyong , Gong Ping
Published: July 2007

A series of novel methylthio‐, sulfinyl‐, and sulfonyl‐8H‐thieno[2,3‐b]pyrrolizin‐8‐oximino derivatives 7A–12P was designed and synthesized as anti‐tumor agents. Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H‐NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The anti‐tumor activities of all the target compounds were tested by the MTT method in vitro against Bel‐7402 (human liver cancer) and HT‐1080 (human fibro sarcoma) cell lines. Among them, compound 11N (IC50 = 18.2 μM, 8.2 μM), was the most promising compound of all synthesized molecules, it was 2.5‐ and 3.3‐times more active than cisplatin (IC50 = 45.2 μM, 26.7 μM), respectively.
Ambiguity and rationality
Authors: Frisch Deborah , Baron Jonathan
Published: July 2007

Recently, several theories of decision making and probability judgment have been proposed that take into account ambiguity (Einhorn and Hogarth, 1985; Gardenfors and Sahlin, 1982). However, none of these theories explains exactly what the psychological causes of ambiguity are or addresses the issue of whether ambiguity effects are rational. In this paper, we define ambiguity as the subjective experience of missing information relevant to a prediction. We show how this definition can explain why ambiguity affects decisions in the ways it does. We argue that there are a variety of rational reasons ambiguity affects probability judgments and choices in the ways it does. However, we argue that the ambiguity effect does not cast doubt on the claim that utility theory is a standard of rational choice. Rather, we suggest that the effect of ambiguity on decisions highlights the fact that utility theory, like any normative model of decision making only prescribes the optimal decision, given what one knows.
An advantage model of choice
Authors: Shafir Eldar B. , Osherson Daniel N. , Smith Edward E.
Published: July 2007

A descriptive model of choice between simple lotteries is proposed. According to the model, people combine 'absolute' and 'comparative' strategies in choice situations. Three experimental tests of the model are reported. In its limited domain, the model appears superior to Prospect Theory on qualitative grounds, and to 1‐parameter versions of Expected Utility Theory on both qualitative and quantitative grounds.
Experts, Novices, and the St. Petersburg paradox: Is one solution enough?
Authors: Bottom William P. , Bontempo Robert N. , Holtgrave David Robert
Published: July 2007

Although the controversy over the correct solution to the St. Petersburg paradox continues in the decision making literature, few of the solutions have been empirically evaluated. Via the development of alternative versions of the St. Petersburg game, we were able to empirically test some of these solutions. Experts and novices behaved in accordance with Treisman's expectation heuristic when bidding for the right to play the various versions of the St. Petersburg game. When subjects were asked their preferences among the game versions. novices continued to behave in accordance with the expectation heuristic but a plurality of experts seemed to follow another strategy. This preference reversal and its implications and possible causes are thoroughly discussed. An alternative theory which mimicks the expectation heuristic is considered, and generalizations of the expectation heuristic and the St. Petersburg Paradox for z‐sided 'coins' (where z is any integer greater than or equal to 2) are presented. It appears that no one solution is yet rich enough for the St. Petersburg paradox.
The impact of task complexity on information use in multi‐attribute decision making
Authors: Timmermans Danielle
Published: July 2007

This study presents a process analysis of multi‐attribute decision making. The decision problems concerned the selection of the most suitable candidate for a job opening. The problems varied in terms of complexity, i.e. the number of candidates and the number of attributes used to describe these alternatives. Results show that with an increasing number of alternatives, subjects (N = 48) used fewer attributes for the evaluation of alternatives, and made, on average, less references to the alternatives. The type of judgment most often used was absolute dimensional (comparison of an attribute to an absolute standard) and was used more often at the beginning than toward the end of the decision process. Overall, judgments were predominantly positive. The percentage of positive judgments decreased with increasing complexity, and toward the end of the decision process. Significantly more judgments, particularly positive ones, concerned the finally chosen alternative as compared to the rest of the alternatives. Finally, analysis of subjects' usage of decision rules revealed that increasing the number of alternatives resulted in an increasing use of elimination strategies. Implications of these findings for the design of decision aids will be discussed.
Accountability amplifies the status quo effect when change creates victims
Authors: Tetlock Philip E. , Boettger Richard
Published: July 2007

This study assesses the impact of accountability, the status quo, and anticipated costs and benefits on judgement of the acceptability of a drug in the US pharmaceuticals market. Several effects are documented: (1) subjects were more accepting of a drug, the lower the anticipated risks of side effects and the greater the anticipated benefits; (2) subjects were especially unwilling to accept risk when the drug was not yet on the market and when they felt accountable for their decisions; (3) accountable subjects confronted by an off‐the‐market drug that posed moderate or high risk were also especially likely to procrastinate, to buckpass, and to think in integratively complex ways about the problem, notwithstanding the fact that many more lives would be saved than lost. We explain these results by positing that perceptual‐cognitive processes (loss aversion) and political processes (blame avoidance) mutually reinforce each other when decision makers are accountable for choices that raise the possibility of changing the status quo in ways that impose losses on identifiable constituencies. We conclude by commenting on the complex normative issues that arise in labelling response tendencies as biases. Choices that look irrational within one ethical or political framework sometimes appear quite reasonable with another.
Source dependence in the valuation of objects
Authors: Loewenstein George , Issacharoff Samuel
Published: July 2007

We ran two experiments to test whether people value objects more highly when they obtain those objects due to exemplary performance at a task. In the first, subjects who believed they had obtained a prize due to their performance on a classroom exercise valued it more highly than those who believed they had obtained it by chance. In the second, subjects who obtained a prize due to exemplary performance on a task valued it more highly than those who obtained it due to their poor performance. In both experiments, this ‘source dependence’ effect is approximately equal in strength to the endowment effect, which compares the valuation of subjects with and without the prize. We suggest a possible explanation for this source‐dependence effect based on associationism, and rule out two alternative explanations.
Termination of information evaluation in auditing
Authors: Asare Stephen K. , Robert Knechel W.
Published: July 2007

A screening decision is about whether a candidate fails to meet a decision maker's criteria and must be rejected, or whether it meets the criteria and can be accepted. Image theory contends that screening decisions are based on a simple, noncompensatory process that focuses solely upon the candidate's negative attributes. This contention has received empirical support in a job screening context in which students role‐played a hypothetical person seeking a job. But how robust is image theory's prediction? The present work was done in the context of professional auditors screening prospective clients. The client screening context is a particularly interesting setting to test the implications of image theory. If auditors reject clients with negative attributes, as predicted by image theory, this will indicate that some clients are being denied access to a socially useful service. Further, auditors can accept prospective clients with negative attributes and simply adjust the audit plan and fees to compensate for the client's riskiness. Thus, it is not clear that the preliminary findings obtained in a job screening context will generalize to the audit context. On the other hand, results consistent with the image theory prediction would suggest a robust theory. Even in the client screening context, where auditors used their own criteria to screen prospective clients, we found overwhelming support for image theory's view of screening. The results indicate the potential payoffs of image theory as a robust framework to address audit and other substantive problems. Implications of a noncompensatory, negative oriented, client screening strategy are discussed.
Dominance violations in judged prices of two‐ and three‐outcome gambles
Authors: Mellers Barbara A. , Berretty Patricia M. , Birnbaum Michael H.
Published: July 2007

The dominance principle states that one should prefer the option with consequences that are at least as good as those of other options for any state of the world. When applied to judged prices of gambles, the dominance principle requires that increasing one or more outcomes of a gamble should increase the judged price of the gamble, with everything else held constant. Previous research has uncovered systematic violations of the dominance principle: people assign higher prices to a gamble with a large probability of winning an amount, Y, otherwise zero, than they do to a superior gamble with the same chance of winning Y, otherwise winning a small amount, X! These violations can be explained by a configural‐weight theory in which two‐outcome gambles are represented with two sets of decision weights; one set for outcomes having values of zero and another set for lower‐valued outcomes that have nonzero values. The present paper investigates whether dominance violations are limited to two‐outcome gambles. Results show that people violate the dominance principle with three‐outcome gambles even with financial incentives. Furthermore, results could be predicted from the configural‐weight theory. The data do not support the view that configural weighting is caused by a shift in strategy that would apply only to two‐outcome gambles.
A modified cook sheath for closure of a large secundum atrial septal defect
Authors: Spies Christian , Boosfeld Christoph , Schräder Rainer
Published: July 2007

Transcatheter closure of large secundum atrial septal defects with deficient rims is difficult. Several techniques have been described to improve delivery of the occluder in anatomically challenging cases. Among these is a recently described technique using a modified delivery sheath with the creation of a bevel. However, the initial case report was complicated by malfunction and longitudinal splitting of the sheath. We describe the successful use of a modified delivery sheath for closure of a large atrial septal defect with a deficient rim. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.