bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional Super-resolved Imaging of Paraffin-embedded Kidney Samples
Authors: Unnersjö-Jess David , Ramdedovic Amer , Höhne Martin , Butt Linus , Koehler Felix C. , Müller Roman-Ulrich , Hoyer Peter F. , Blom Hans , Schermer Bernhard , Benzing Thomas
Published: September 2021

Diseases of the glomeruli, the renal filtration units, are a leading cause of progressive kidney disease. Assessment of the ultrastructure of podocytes at the glomerular filtration barrier is essential for diagnosing diverse disease entities, providing insight into the disease pathogenesis as well as monitoring treatment responses. New technologies, including superresolved nanoscopy and expansion microscopy, as well as new sample preparation techniques, are starting to revolutionize imaging of biopsy specimens. However, our previous approaches for simple and fast three-dimensional imaging of optically cleared samples are to date not compatible with formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, impeding application in clinical routine. Here we provide protocols that circumvent these limitations and allow for three dimensional STED and confocal imaging of FFPE kidney tissue with similar staining and image quality as compared to our previous approaches. This would increase the feasibility to implement these protocols in clinical routines, as FFPE is the gold standard method for storage of patient samples.
Distinct neutralizing kinetics and magnitudes elicited by different SARS-CoV-2 variant spikes
Authors: Liu Yang , Liu Jianying , Zou Jing , Ren Ping , Weaver Scott C. , Xie Xuping , Shi Pei-Yong
Published: September 2021

The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 mandates a better understanding of cross-protection between variants after vaccination or infection, but studies directly evaluating such cross-protection are lacking. Here we report that immunization with different variant spikes elicits distinct neutralizing kinetics and magnitudes against other SARS-CoV-2 variants. After immunizing hamsters with wild-type or mutant SARS-CoV-2 bearing variant spikes from Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Epsilon, the animals developed faster and greater neutralization activities against homologous SARS-CoV-2 variants than heterologous variants, including Delta. The rank of neutralizing titers against different heterologous variants varied, depending on the immunized variant spikes. The differences in neutralizing titers between homologous and heterologous variants were as large as 62-, 15-, and 9.7-fold at days 14, 28, and 45 post-immunization, respectively. Nevertheless, all immunized hamsters were protected from challenges with all SARS-CoV-2 variants, including those exhibiting the lowest neutralizing antibody titers. The results provide insights into the COVID-19 vaccine booster strategies.
FGFR3 activating mutations induce luminal-like papillary bladder tumor formation and favor a male gender bias
Authors: Shi Ming-Jun , Moreno-Vega Aura , Fontugne Jacqueline , Meng Xiang-Yu , Dufour Florent , Kamoun Aurélie , Lindskrog Sia Viborg , Rapinat Audrey , Dunois-Larde Claire , Lepage May-Linda , Chapeaublanc Elodie , Levrel Olivier , Lebret Thierry , Almeida Anna , De Reynies Aurélien , Dyrskjøt Lars , Allory Yves , Radvanyi François , Bernard-Pierrot Isabelle
Published: September 2021

Background

FGFR3 mutations are among the most frequent genetic alterations in bladder cancer and are enriched in the luminal papillary subtype of muscle-invasive tumors (MIBC) and luminal-like classes 1 and 3 of non-MIBC. To study their oncogenic propertiesin vivo, we developed here a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model expressing the most frequent FGFR3 mutation, FGFR3-S249C, in urothelial cells.

Methods

Bladder tumorigenesis was monitored in FGFR3-S249C mice. FGFR3 expression was assessed by RT-qPCR in the transgenic mice urothelium and in various human epithelia. Transcriptomic data were obtained from mouse bladder tumors and crossspecies comparisons were performed. Sex bias in FGFR3-mutated tumors was evaluated in our GEM model and in the TCGA and UROMOL cohorts of patients including 408 MIBC and 419 NMIBC, respectively. The association of androgen receptor (AR) activity, based on the expression of its target genes, with FGFR3 mutations was examined in these two cohorts. Binding of AR to its response element and AR phosphorylation in FGFR3-dependent cell lines were evaluated.

Results

FGFR3-S249C expression in the urothelium of mice induced spontaneous low-grade papillary bladder tumors resembling the human counterpart at the histological and transcriptomic levels. Mutant-FGFR3 expression levels impacted tumor formation incidence in mice and mutant-FGFR3-driven human tumors were restricted to epithelia presenting high normal expression levels of FGFR3. The known bladder cancer male gender bias, also found in our model, was even higher in human FGFR3-mutated compared to wild-type tumors and associated with a higher AR regulon activity considering gender adjustment. AR phosphorylation and regulon activity were modulated by FGFR3 in FGFR3-dependent models.

Conclusions

Mutant-FGFR3 is an oncogene per se, inducing bladder tumorigenesis. Patients with early stage bladder lesions could thus potentially benefit from FGFR3 targeting. Our results also reinforce the interest in elucidating the role of AR in bladder carcinogenesis, specifically in FGFR3-mutated driven tumors. Finally, our results suggest FGFR3 expression level in epithelium as a determinant for the FGFR3-driven tumors tissue specificity.
Pubertal sex hormones control transcriptional trajectories in the medial preoptic area
Authors: Hashikawa Koichi , Hashikawa Yoshiko , Liu Yuejia , Rossi Mark A. , Basiri Marcus L. , Chen Jane Y. , Ahmad Omar R. , Mukundan Rishi V. , Johnston Nathan L. , McHenry Jenna A. , Palmiter Richard D. , Rubinow David R. , Zweifel Larry S. , Stuber Garret D.
Published: September 2021

Pubertal maturation aids development of emotion, cognition, and reproduction. We investigated transcriptional dynamics in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), a hypothalamic center for reproductive behaviors, in male and female mice at single-cell resolution (scRNAseq) during puberty. Defined subsets of neurons expressingSlc32a1andEsr1(Vgat+Esr1+) were the most transcriptionally dynamic compared to other cell types throughout puberty. These cell type specific transcriptional progressions towards adulthood were bidirectionally controlled by the levels of circulating testosterone and estradiol. Selective deletion ofEsr1inSlc32a1-expressing cells in the MPOA prior to puberty arrested transcriptional progression and revealed a sexually dimorphic gene-regulatory network governed by Esr1. Deletion ofEsr1in Vgat+cells prevented the development of mating behavior in both sexes. These analyses reveal both sexually common and dimorphic transcriptional progressions during puberty as well as their regulatory mechanisms, which have important implications towards understanding adaptative and maladaptive processes governing adolescent brain development.
Single cell RNA Sequencing Identifies G-protein Coupled Receptor 87 as a Novel Basal Cell Marker of Distal Honeycomb Cysts in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Heinzelmann Katharina , Hu Qianjiang , Hu Yan , Dobrinskikh Evgenia , Ulke Henrik M. , Ansari Meshal , Leavitt Colton , Mirita Carol , Trudeau Tammy , Saal Maxwell L. , Rice Pamela , Gao Bifeng , Janssen William J. , Yang Ivana V. , Schiller Herbert B. , Vladar Eszter K. , Lehmann Mareike , Königshoff Melanie
Published: September 2021

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease with limited therapeutic options. Epithelial reprogramming and honeycomb cysts are key pathological features of IPF, however, the IPF distal bronchiole cell subtypes and their potential contribution to IPF development and progression still remain poorly characterized. Here, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing on enriched EpCAM+ cells of the distal IPF and Donor lung. Using the 10x Genomics platform, we generated a dataset of 47,881 cells and found distinct cell clusters, including rare cell types, such as suprabasal cells recently reported in the healthy lung. We identified G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) 87 as a novel surface marker of distal Keratin (KRT)5+ basal cells. GPR87 expression was localized to distal bronchioles and honeycomb cysts in IPF in situ by RNA Scope and immunolabeling. Modulation of GPR87 in primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultures resulted in impaired airway differentiation and ciliogenesis. Thus, GPR87 is a novel marker and potentially druggable target of KRT5+ basal progenitor cells likely contributing to bronchiole remodeling and honeycomb cyst development in IPF.
Are corporate social responsibility reports informative? Evidence from textual analysis of banks in China
Authors: Ho Jerry C. , Chen Ting-Hsuan , Wu Jia-Jin
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The authors investigate the association of the constructed corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures with the banks’ profitability, social contributions and CSR spending as well as the market reaction to CSR spending.

Design/methodology/approach

Using textual analysis of the CSR reports of banks listed on the Chinese market, the authors construct CSR measures in six domains: business, environment, human rights, corporate governance, charity and social capital. Our textual-based CSR measures contain substantial and valuable information beyond what Rankins CSR ratings offer.

Findings

The findings suggest that banks with stronger engagements and interests in the business-related CSR domain experience higher profitability, while those that are more committed to the corporate governance and charity-related domains create larger social contributions. Banks tend to incur higher CSR spending when they are more active in corporate governance. Although the stock market reacts positively to CSR expenditures, the reaction is less favorable for banks with CSR expenditures above the industry norm.

Practical implications

This study offers insights to policymakers of the regulatory bodies and the banks in China. To enhance the financial safety and soundness of the banking system, the regulatory bodies should encourage banks to strategically allocate corporate resources to achieve higher CSR ratings and engage more business-related CSR activities. To create larger social values, bank management should invest more in philanthropic CSR initiatives such as corporate governance and charity activities. To pursue higher corporate profits, they should engage more in self-centered business-related CSR activities. However, according to the reaction of the market, they should not over-invest in CSR activities.

Originality/value

While the use of textual analysis to evaluate CSR disclosure has recently emerged in the literature, few studies focus on banks in China. Using the term frequency–inverse data frequency (TF-IDF) method, the authors constructed a score for each of the six CSR domains: business (BUS), environment (ENV), human rights (HR), corporate governance (GOV), charity (CHY) and social capital (SCAP). To the best of our knowledge, no studies have adopted the textual approach to evaluate social reporting quality and CSR activities in the context of the banking industry in China.
Trends and developments of on-site crane layout planning 1983–2020: bibliometric, scientometric and qualitative analyses
Authors: Tariq Salman , Hussein Mohamed , Wang Roy Dong , Zayed Tarek
Published: September 2021

Purpose

This study aims to thoroughly examine the trends and developments of crane layout planning (CLP) in the construction field and reveal future research directions for modular integrated construction (MiC).

Design/methodology/approach

Through a rigorous systematic mixed-review methodology that integrates bibliometric, scientometric and qualitative analysis, this study explored the crane layout research trend; the scientometric analysis of journal sources and keywords occurrence network; the research contributions and links between influential countries; the classification of research articles based on the type of problems and solution approaches; the qualitative analysis of existing findings and research gaps; and the future research direction for CLP in MiC.

Findings

This study found five categories under the CLP domain, namely, crane selection, crane location, integrated crane selection and location, integrated crane location and allocation of supply points and hybrid problems. The major research approaches used to solve CLP is optimization (43%), visualization (23%), decision support systems (16%), simulation (11%) and qualitative techniques (7%). The possible future research directions include artificial intelligence-based models, multi-crane locations, CLP for MiC re-use, dynamic models representing real-life scenarios and building information modeling-based virtual reality models.

Originality/value

Through a mixed-review methodology, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of problem settings and solution methods of CLP while mitigating the subjectivity of traditional review methods. Also, it presents a repertoire on CLP and illuminates future directions for seasoned researchers in the context of MiC.
Lone Star Wars: LNGs, communities and globalization versus local resistance in the Laguna Madre region of coastal South Texas
Authors: Garrett Terence , Sementelli Arthur
Published: September 2021

Purpose

This study aims to theoretically contextualize the liquefied natural gas (LNG) issue using Bauman and Debord. More generally, this research provides a theoretical and qualitative context to understand the LNG issue in discussions of environmental management, globalization and local government.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses Boje’s narrative case study approach to analyze the politics around localized resistance movements to LNG production in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV). Specifically, this study examines the data collected from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, personal interviews and public declarations (newspapers, blogs, social media) to create an historiographical account of LNGs in the RGV to analyze the Laguna Madre resistance case regarding three LNG companies.

Findings

The development of LNG in Laguna Madre has been at least temporarily halted. This is considered partially because of the pandemic, reduced demand and local resistance. In the Laguna Madre case, controlling narratives by the LNG resistance appeared to be an essential component of their overall strategy.

Originality/value

Understanding the impact of energy development locally and globally becomes increasingly important, as access to fossil fuels become more limited. This case helps understand the overall adverse actions taken by LNGs to exploit communities, individuals and the environment while illustrating practical tools being used to resist the less desirable elements of energy development.
Identifying the aspects of organizational culture: a study of Indian banking industry
Authors: Negi Pooja Singh , Dangwal Ramesh Chandra
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The purpose of the present study is to identify the core cultural aspects perceived by the executives of public, private and foreign banks in India.

Design/methodology/approach

Of the 124 responses, 96 usable responses were assessed from middle and lower level managers. Qualitative content analysis and deconstruction method were used to identify the perceived cultural aspects.

Findings

Interestingly, managers of Indian banking industry stated that cultural aspects of their banks possess good work and working environment, prefer people, management, experience and promotions in comparison to other factors like policy, bonus, market, commitment, project, etc. It is also noted that cultural aspects of banks prefer learning, training and team working.

Practical implications

Assessment of the perception of managers toward their culture will foster the banks to develop integral subculture and to achieve the long-term organizational goals.

Originality/value

The study analyze the cultural aspects in Indian banking industry qualitatively, based on executives characteristics. This qualitative analysis helps to find out more contemporary and prevailing factors of banks.
Microbial diversity regulates ecosystem multifunctionality during natural secondary succession
Authors: Shi Xiuzhen , Wang Jianqing , Lucas‐Borja Manuel Esteban , Wang Zhenyu , Li Xue , Huang Zhiqun
Published: September 2021

Natural forest succession after disturbances is one of the most important restoration strategies. However, the responses of ecosystem multifunctionality during natural forest succession remains poorly understood in forest ecosystem.

Here we evaluated how the ecosystem multifunctionality including nutrient cycling, carbon stocks, water regulation, decomposition, wood production and symbiosis develops using a chronosequence, and identified the key factors contributing to the variations in the ecosystem multifunctionality during natural forest succession.

We provide evidence that the ecosystem multifunctionality gradually increased along with succession stages. The individual functions of carbon stocks and water regulation also exhibited increasing patterns with stand development. The microbial diversity were more principal factors than plant diversity and soil properties for the explanation of changes in the ecosystem multifunctionality. The regression analysis showed that the diversity of bacteria, general fungi, actinomycetes, nematodes, G+ bacteria and G− bacteria significantly and positively associated with ecosystem multifunctionality. Soil nematodes exhibited significantly positive correlation with most of the individual functions.

Synthesis and applications. Taken together, our results demonstrate that natural forest restoration plays a key role in promoting ecosystem multifunctionality, and emphasize the importance of soil microbial diversity for the maintenance of ecosystem functions and health.
An innovative approach combining metabarcoding and ecological interaction networks for selecting candidate biological control agents
Authors: Ollivier Mélodie , Lesieur Vincent , Tavoillot Johannes , Bénetière Fanny , Tixier Marie‐Stéphane , Martin Jean‐François
Published: September 2021

Classical biological control (CBC) can be used to decrease the density of invasive species to below an acceptable ecological and economic threshold. Natural enemies specific to the invasive species are selected from its native range and released into the invaded range. This approach has drawbacks, despite the performance of specificity tests to ensure its safety, because the fundamental host range defined under controlled conditions does not represent the actual host rangein natura, and these tests omit indirect interactions within community.

We focus onSonchus oleraceus(Asteraceae), a weed species originating from Western Palearctic that is invasive in many countries and notably in Australia. We explore how analyses of interaction network within its native range can be used to (a) inventory herbivores associated to the target plant, (b) characterize their ecological host ranges and (c) guide the selection of candidate biocontrol agents considering interactions with species from higher trophic levels. Arthropods were collected from plant community sympatric toS. oleraceus, in three bioclimatic regions, and interactions were inferred by a combination of molecular and morphological approaches.

The networks reconstructed were structured in several trophic levels from basal species (plant community), to intermediate and top species (herbivorous arthropods and their natural enemies). The sub‐network centred onS. oleraceus‐related interactions contained 116 taxa and 213 interactions. We identified 47 herbivores feeding onS. oleraceus, 15 of which were specific to the target species. Some discrepancies with respect to published findings or conventional specificity tests suggested possible insufficient sampling effort for the recording of interactions or the existence of cryptic species. Among potential candidate agents, six exhibited interactions with natural enemies.

Synthesis and applications. Adopting a network approach as prerequisite step of the classical biological control programme can provide a rapid screening of potential agents to be tested in priority. Once ecological host range defined, we suggest that priority should be given to agent used by a minimum species, and, when they exist, to agents that possess enemies from the most distant taxonomical group from those occurring in the range of introduction.
Fatherhood in Labour Zionist Children's Literature: Space, Masculinity and Hegemony in Mandate Palestine
Authors: Boord Matan
Published: September 2021

This article analyses the connection between gender and fatherhood in Labour Zionist children's literature during the formative years of the Zionist project which preceded the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. Contrary to most similar social movements in the interwar period, Labour Zionism was leading a settler‐colonial project with the imperative to expand the Jewish presence throughout the country, making the category of space particularly relevant to the success of its hegemonic project. This article contributes to the understanding of the role of gender in the process of Zionist settlement and colonisation, and at the same time calls for more attention to the entanglement of gender and masculinity with space in the study of colonial history.
Effect of size fractionation of a raw bentonite on the excretion rate of aflatoxin M1 in milk from dairy cows fed with aflatoxin B1
Authors: Hajmohammadi Marzieh , Valizadeh Reza , Naserian Abassali , Nourozi Mohammad E , Oliveira Carlos A F
Published: September 2021

The effectiveness of size‐fractionated raw bentonite to reduce the excretion rate of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk from dairy cows receiving aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was investigated. The reduction effect of the size‐fractionated clay (particle size: < 5 micrometers) on the carry‐over of the AFB1 ingested by dairy cows into AFM1 in milk (0.43%) was equivalent to the value obtained by a commercially available adsorbent (0.40%). The transferring rate of AFM1 to cows' milk can be reduced effectively by using more economic, raw mineral clays with appropriate particle sizes as prepared in this study.
Course of postoperative relapse in non‐small cell lung cancer is strongly associated with post‐progression survival
Authors: Imai Hisao , Onozato Ryoichi , Kaira Kyoichi , Kawashima Sayaka , Masubuchi Ken , Nagashima Toshiteru , Tajima Kohei , Minato Koichi
Published: September 2021

Background

For early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), surgical resection is considered the most effective treatment strategy and curative treatment. Unfortunately, even after complete resection, almost half of all patients with stage I–IIIA NSCLC relapse and die. Although the possibility of a cure for postoperative recurrence of NSCLC is significantly low, the course of subsequent treatment can possibly affect overall survival (OS). Here, we examined the association of relapse‐free survival (RFS) and post‐progression survival (PPS) with OS in patients with postoperative recurrence of NSCLC.

Methods

We evaluated 128 patients with NSCLC who underwent complete resection between January 2007 and December 2018. The association between RFS and PPS on OS was examined at the patient level.

Results

Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression analyses revealed that PPS was strongly correlated with OS (r = 0.83, p < 0.05, R2 = 0.72), whereas RFS was weakly associated with OS (r = 0.56, p < 0.05, R2 = 0.37). Additionally, the performance status at relapse and administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors were significantly correlated with PPS.

Conclusions

PPS was significantly more strongly correlated with OS than was RFS in patients with postoperative recurrence of NSCLC. These results suggest that therapy following postoperative recurrence affects OS. Therefore, it is necessary to validate these promising results in a large prospective study.
Autologous blood pleurodesis for the treatment of postoperative air leaks. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Karampinis Ioannis , Galata Christian , Arani Alireza , Grilli Maurizio , Hetjens Svetlana , Shackcloth Michael , Buderi Silviu , Stamenovic Davor , Roessner Eric D.
Published: September 2021

Background

Postoperative air leaks are a common complication after lung surgery. They are associated with prolonged hospital stay, increased postoperative pain and treatment costs. The treatment of prolonged air leaks remains controversial. Several treatments have been proposed including different types of sealants, chemical pleurodesis, or early surgical intervention. The aim of this review was to analyze the impact of autologous blood pleurodesis in a systematic way.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted until July 2020. Studies with more than five adult patients undergoing lung resections were included. Studies in patients receiving blood pleurodesis for pneumothorax were excluded. The search strategy included proper combinations of the MeSH terms “air leak”, “blood transfusion” and “lung surgery”.

Results

Ten studies with a total of 198 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled success rate for sealing the air leak within 48 h of the blood pleurodesis was 83.7% (95% CI: 75.7; 90.3). The pooled incidence of the post‐interventional empyema was 1.5%, with a pooled incidence of post‐interventional fever of 8.6%.

Conclusions

Current evidence supports the idea that autologous blood pleurodesis leads to a faster healing of postoperative air leaks than conservative treatment. The complication rate is very low. Formal recommendations on how to perform the procedure are not possible with the current evidence. A randomized controlled trial in the modern era is necessary to confirm the benefits.
Concepts‐based Accounting Standards
Authors: Penno Mark
Published: September 2021

While comparability across firms and consistency over time are generally held to be fundamental goals of financial reporting, I provide an analytic representation of a concept that explains why concepts‐based accounting standards cannot assure comparability and why their induced consistency may not always be desirable. While the term ‘concepts‐based accounting standards’ has not caught on in the academic and professional literatures, its use here emphasizes the foundational role that language‐based concepts play in constructing accounting standards. I appeal to the academic literature in machine learning, neural networks, and especially cognitive science—all of which may represent concepts by ‐curve (sigmoid) signatures. I then show how ‐curves can explain an accounting standard's (1) precision, (2) comparability across firms, (3) demands placed on judgement, and (4) consistency across time. Accordingly, an ‐curve formulation may guide both analytical modelling of accounting standards and add structure to empirical research designs.
“Revenue Generating Machines”? London’s Local Housing Companies and the Emergence of Local State Rentierism
Authors: Penny Joe
Published: September 2021

Since 2010, faced with deep austerity measures, 27 London councils have set up a housing company to acquire, develop, and manage housing. Following 40 years of privatisation, these council‐owned companies have been celebrated as a post‐neoliberal municipal alternative to the hegemony of market‐led urban policy. By developing commodified real estate and monetising rising land values, they promise to deliver well‐designed housing, generate long‐term fiscal rents, and secure local state autonomy. Drawing on in‐depth empirical research, this paper develops a situated political economic critique of the limitations, contradictions, and risks of local housing companies in London. Framed as a “critical case”, providing insight into the politics of speculative urban provisioning and land value extraction, I argue that local housing companies represent a mode of municipal statecraft—a local state rentierism—that leans into and reproduces a political economy of financialisation and rentierism with potentially long‐term implications for collective urban provisioning.
The long‐term risk for myocardial infarction or stroke after proton pump inhibitor therapy (2008‐2018)
Authors: Nolde Michael , Ahn Nayeon , Dreischulte Tobias , Rückert‐Eheberg Ina‐Maria , Güntner Florian , Günter Alexander , Gerlach Roman , Tauscher Martin , Amann Ute , Linseisen Jakob , Meisinger Christa , Baumeister Sebastian‐Edgar
Published: September 2021

Background

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are well tolerated in the short term but have recently been associated with increased long‐term cardiovascular risk in observational studies.

Aims

To evaluate long‐term risks of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke (IS) associated with PPI vs H2‐receptor antagonist (H2RA) therapy in adults without pre‐existing cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease

Methods

Using administrative claims data (2008–2018), we emulated a target trial comparing MI and IS risks in new users of PPIs vs H2RAs. Treatment was identified using dispensed prescriptions. MI and IS were defined using hospital discharge codes. Inverse probability weighting was used to adjust for confounding, and Cox models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Survival curves were estimated using weighted Kaplan‐Meier estimators.

Results

We identified 1 143 948 new users of PPIs and 36 229 new users of H2RAs who were free of prevalent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease. The mean follow‐up time was 6.2 years for PPI initiators and 5.3 years for H2RA initiators. After 10 years, the HRs for MI and IS were 0.96 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80‐1.16) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.89‐1.08), respectively.

Conclusions

This analysis of claims data of a large German health insurer did not provide evidence that PPI therapy increased the risk of MI or IS in the first decade after treatment initiation.
Enhancing work‐life balance using a resilience framework
Authors: Marques Vanda C. , Berry Gregory R.
Published: September 2021

Work‐life balance is achieved when equilibrium between work and other life domains is viable and sustainable. The benefits of having work and non‐work life in balance impact both individual employees and employers. The benefit of work‐life balance to employees includes less stress and a sense of personal control over schedules and responsibilities. The benefit to employers is that a more satisfied and less stressed workforce has potential for greater stability and productivity. Although work‐life balance research identifies work‐life balance issues, the research is vague in terms of resolving and fixing problems or conflict. Insights from the research on resilience provide a framework of moving toward resolution once work‐life balance issues are identified. The resilience framework identifies behaviors/tasks/responsibilities as either energy and life enhancing or energy and life depleting. Although every individual has unique work‐life balance issues, the universal key for improved work‐life balance is to increase the weight and impact of enhancers and reduce the weight and impact of depleters. This paper offers an analytical resilience framework for examining and improving work‐life balance, supplemented with three mini‐cases followed by work‐life balance and resilience analysis of the cases, demonstrating the strength and benefits of the resilience framework.
Access to palivizumab among children at high risk of respiratory syncytial virus complications in English hospitals
Authors: Zylbersztejn Ania , Almossawi Ofran , Gudka Nikesh , Tompsett Daniel , De Stavola Bianca , Standing Joseph F. , Smyth Rosalind , Hardelid Pia
Published: September 2021

Aims

Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody which can prevent infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Due to its high cost, it is recommended for high‐risk infants only. We aimed to determine the proportion of infants eligible for palivizumab treatment in England who receive at least one dose.

Methods

We used the Hospital Treatment Insights database, which contains hospital admission records linked to hospital pharmacy dispensing data for 43 out of 153 hospitals in England. Infants born between 2010 and 2016 were considered eligible for palivizumab if their medical records indicated chronic lung disease (CLD), congenital heart disease (CHD) or severe immunodeficiency (SCID), and they met additional criteria based on gestational age at birth and age at start of the RSV season (beginning of October). We calculated the proportion of infants who received at least one dose of palivizumab in their first RSV season, and modelled the odds of treatment according to multiple child characteristics using logistic regression models.

Results

We identified 3712 eligible children, of whom 2479 (67%) had complete information on all risk factors. Palivizumab was prescribed to 832 of eligible children (34%). Being born at <30 weeks' gestation, aged <6 months at the start of RSV season, and having two or more of CLD, CHD or SCID were associated with higher odds of treatment.

Conclusion

In England, palivizumab is not prescribed to the majority of children who are eligible to receive it. Doctors managing these infants may be unfamiliar with the eligibility criteria or constrained by other considerations, such as cost.
A novel flowchart to predict mortality and analyse effectiveness of routinely used pharmacological regimens in paraquat poisoning
Authors: Chen Chun‐Kuei , Yeh Ying‐Tse , Mégarbane Bruno , Chen Yen‐Chia , Chen Kuan‐Fu , Chang Chia‐Hsun , Lin Chih‐Chuan
Published: September 2021

Paraquat is responsible for an extremely high case‐fatality rate poisoning. Mortality prediction remains a major issue since evidence to support benefits of routinely used treatments is lacking. We aimed to develop an easy‐to‐use prediction flowchart not requiring the ingestion time, for which accuracy is frequently questionable, and to evaluate the effectiveness of routinely used pharmacological therapies on mortality. We designed a two‐centre cohort study including consecutive paraquat‐poisoned adults with confirmed diagnosis based on serum/urine paraquat measurement. We built a flowchart using a multivariate analysis of death predictors and analysed the outcome according to the administered therapies. Overall, 256 patients were enrolled. Mortality rate was 75%. Independent death predictors on admission were serum creatinine (odds ratio [OR], 5.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.97–13.05) and serum paraquat concentration (OR, 2.26; CI, 1.66–3.09). The area‐under‐the flowchart curve was 0.91. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 81.5% and 94.8%, respectively. More survivors than non‐survivors of severe poisoning received methylprednisolone (P = 0.04). While not significantly differing in severity, methylprednisolone‐treated patients had better survival (P = 0.04). To conclude, we defined an efficient flowchart to predict mortality in paraquat poisoning at presentation, even if ingestion time is undetermined. Methylprednisolone seems effective to improve the outcome, especially in the most severe cases.
Evolution of normal fault displacement and length as continental lithosphere stretches
Authors: Pan Sophie , Bell Rebecca E. , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Naliboff John
Published: September 2021

Continental rifting is accommodated by the development of normal fault networks. Fault growth patterns control their related seismic hazards, and the tectonostratigraphic evolution and resource and CO2 storage potential of rifts. Our understanding of fault evolution is largely derived by observing the final geometry and displacement (D)‐length (L) characteristics of active and inactive fault arrays, and by subsequently inferring their kinematics. We can rarely determine how these geometric properties change through time, and how the growth of individual fault arrays relate to the temporal evolution of their host networks. Here we use 3D seismic reflection and borehole data from the Exmouth Plateau, NW Shelf, Australia to determine the growth of rift‐related, crustal‐scale fault arrays and networks over geological timescales (>106 Ma). The excellent‐quality seismic data allows us to reconstruct the entire Jurassic‐to‐Early Cretaceous fault network over a relatively large area (ca. 1,200 km2). We find that fault trace lengths were established early, within the first ca. 7.2 Myr of rifting, and that along‐strike migration of throw maxima towards the centre of individual fault arrays occurred after ca. 28.5 Myr of rifting. Faults located in stress shadows become inactive and appear under‐displaced relative to adjacent larger faults, onto which strain localises as rifting proceeds. This implies that the scatter frequently observed in D‐L plots can simply reflect fault growth and network maturity. We show that by studying complete rift‐related normal networks, rather than just individual fault arrays, we can better understand how faults grow and more generally how continental lithosphere deforms as it stretches.
Long‐term outcome of intensive home treatment for children and adolescents with mental health problems – 4 years after a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Boege Isabel , Corpus Nicole , Weichard Miriam , Schepker Renate , Young Paul , Fegert Jorg M.
Published: September 2021

Background

Admission rates to child and adolescent mental health inpatient units in Germany are substantial (58.831 admissions in 2019). Historically, different treatment pathways have not been available. The evidence suggests that home treatment could be an alternative. The objective of this study was to assess the long‐term stability of treatment gains among children and adolescents treated for serious mental health problems with home treatment (HT) as compared with inpatient treatment‐as‐usual (TAU).

Methods

Hundred patients were enrolled and randomized into an intervention (HT n = 54) and control group (TAU n = 46). Follow‐up data were available after 8.4 months (n = 78) (T3) and after 4.3 years (n = 51) (T4). The primary outcome measured was overall level of functioning, for which the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) was used. Secondary outcomes included severity of patient impairment and parental competency in dealing with their child's symptoms, measured using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOSCA). A qualitative interview with parents was performed at T3 and T4.

Results

Treatment effects remained stable for both groups at T3 and T4 (p < .001). After 4.3 years 70% of the parents in the intervention group stated satisfaction with the treatment received, while only 36.8% of the parents within the control group rated themselves as satisfied. 43.7% of parents in the home treatment group reported that the most helpful aspect of this pathway was the prompt and intensive professional help and advice they received as primary caregivers at home.

Conclusions

Home treatment may be considered a viable alternative to inpatient care.
Using interview surveys and multispecies occupancy models to inform vertebrate conservation
Authors: Pillay Rajeev , Miller David A. W. , Raghunath R. , Joshi Atul A. , Mishra Charudutt , Johnsingh A. J. T. , Madhusudan M. D.
Published: September 2021

Species distribution data are an essential biodiversity variable requiring robust monitoring to inform wildlife conservation. Yet, such data remain inherently sparse because of the logistical challenges of monitoring biodiversity across broad geographic extents. Surveys of people knowledgeable about the occurrence of wildlife provide an opportunity to evaluate species distributions and the ecology of wildlife communities across large spatial scales. We analyzed detection histories of 30 vertebrate species across the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in India, obtained from a large‐scale interview survey of 2318 people who live and work in the forests of this region. We developed a multispecies occupancy model that simultaneously corrected for false‐negative (non‐detection) and false‐positive (misidentification) errors that interview surveys can be prone to. Using this model, we integrated data across species in composite analyses of the responses of functional species groups (based on disturbance tolerance, diet, and body mass traits) to spatial variation in environmental variables, protection, and anthropogenic pressures. We observed a positive association between forest cover and the occurrence of species with low tolerance of human disturbance. Protected areas were associated with higher occurrence for species across different functional groups compared with unprotected lands. We also observed the occurrence of species with low disturbance tolerance, herbivores, and large‐bodied species was negatively associated with developmental pressures, such as human settlements, energy production and mining, and demographic pressures, such as biological resource extraction. For the conservation of threatened vertebrates, our work underscores the importance of maintaining forest cover and reducing deforestation within and outside protected areas, respectively. In addition, mitigating a suite of pervasive human pressures is also crucial for wildlife conservation in one of the world's most densely populated biodiversity hotspots.
Supermajority provisions and shareholders wealth: Evidence from South Korea's natural experiment
Authors: Kim Hyeong Joon , Han Seung Hun
Published: September 2021

Research Question/Issue

The existing research continues to debate whether firms' anti‐takeover provisions enhance or harm shareholders' wealth. In this study, we examine the causal relation between the supermajority provision and shareholders' wealth by employing a quasi‐natural experiment: the two court rulings that weaken the anti‐takeover force of the supermajority provision in Korea, where the supermajority provision is the most widely used anti‐takeover provision.

Research Findings/Insights

Using market reactions around the two court rulings, we find that firms with a supermajority provision as their only anti‐takeover provision significantly underperform on average, compared with firms with no provision. This finding is robust to various empirical approaches that aim to address potential endogeneity concerns. We also find evidence that the supermajority provision plays a more significant role for firms with long‐term investments, higher complexity, or higher takeover threats. Furthermore, the second among the two court rulings appears to have a stronger impact on the firm value and institutional investors' selling compared with the first one, suggesting the reinforcing effect of similar court decisions.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our study contributes to the corporate governance literature by investigating the effect of the supermajority provisions on shareholders' wealth. While conventional wisdom holds that the anti‐takeover provisions harm shareholders' rights and wealth, our evidence from the quasi‐natural experiment in Korea suggests that the positive effect of the supermajority provision empirically dominates the negative effect. Overall, our study supports the value‐enhancing perspective on the supermajority provision, indicating that the Korean stock market views such a provision as inducing higher shareholders' wealth.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study highlights that a more contextual view of the relation between the anti‐takeover provisions and shareholders' wealth is necessary. Moreover, we suggest that a regulation prohibiting firms' anti‐takeover provisions might harm shareholders' wealth, but it appears that a firm‐specific approach should be considered.
Rare coral and reef fish species status, possible extinctions, and associated environmental perceptions in Mauritius
Authors: McClanahan Tim , Munbodhe Vikash , Naggea Josheena , Muthiga Nyawira , Bhagooli Ranjeet
Published: September 2021

Mauritius is reported to have the highest marine species endemism in the Western Indian Ocean faunal Province but the status of these species has not been evaluated. To address this knowledge gap, 119 reef sites were sampled to evaluate populations of 16 species of rare and endemic reef fish and corals using scuba‐based surveys conducted by citizen scientists and marine science professionals. Additionally, we interviewed ~1,000 households in 27 coastal villages to determine their perceptions of the environmental concerns and rare and endemic marine species. In general, population numbers of both studied corals and fish were low and distributions were patchy, with little indication that the fisheries management zones were protecting these species. The Mauritian gregory and Mauritian anemonefish were the most abundant species. The Mauritian and Creole damselfishes, which are range‐restricted Mascarene endemics, were not observed and potentially extinct. Endemic fish and coral population numbers were higher on the leeward than windward side of the island. The leeward side has higher tourism use and conservation activities that could promote endemic conservation. Environmental concerns of interviewees were high but varied by district and their socioeconomic contexts. Respondents showed an overall concern for the environment and agreed that endemic and rare species had a right to survive. Nevertheless, these rare and endemic coral reef species are threatened by isolation and habitat loss combined with rapid climate and human resource use change. National and district‐specific plans of actions could help to secure their futures.
Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma and p16 expression in acral melanocytic neoplasms
Authors: McBride Jeffrey D. , McAfee John L. , Piliang Melissa , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Fernandez Anthony P. , Ronen Shira , Billings Steven D. , Ko Jennifer S.
Published: September 2021

Acral melanocytic neoplasms often pose diagnostic difficulty. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) expression and loss of p16 expression have diagnostic utility in melanocytic tumors. We examined PRAME and p16 expression in 30 acral melanocytic neoplasms (n = 11 nevi; n = 2 dysplastic nevi; n = 7 Spitz nevi; n = 10 acral melanomas). PRAME was scored as % positive nuclei: negative = 0%; 1% to 25% = 1+; 25% to 50% = 2+; 50% to 75% = 3+, or positive: 75% to 100% = 4+. p16 expression was defined as retained (homogeneous or checkerboard) or lost (complete or partial/regionally). PRAME expression was negative in all benign, dysplastic, and Spitz nevi. Conversely, all acral melanomas were diffusely (4+) positive for PRAME expression. p16 expression was retained in all benign acral nevi (8/11 homogeneous, 3/11 checkerboard), completely lost in one dysplastic nevus, and retained in all acral Spitz nevi (3/7 homogeneous, 4/7 checkerboard). p16 was retained in five of 10 acral melanomas (3/10 homogeneous; 2/10 checkerboard), and negative in five of 10 acral melanomas (absent in 3/10, partially lost in 2/10). Our data suggest that 4+ PRAME expression is highly sensitive and specific in the setting of acral melanomas and is a more predictive diagnostic tool compared with p16 immunohistochemistry.