bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiation therapy for recurrent extrahepatic bile duct cancer
Authors: Koh Minji , Park Jin-hong , Yoo Changhoon , Yoon Sang Min , Jung Jinhong , Ryoo Baek-Yeol , Chang Heung-Moon , Kim Kyu-pyo , Jeong Jae Ho , Kim Jong Hoon
Published: June 2021

Purpose

More than half of patients with bile duct cancer (BDC) develop recurrence even after curative resection. Recurrent BDC has a poor prognosis, and no optimal treatment modality has been established. We therefore analyzed our experience on the survival outcomes of radiation therapy (RT) for recurrent extrahepatic bile duct cancer (EHBDC).

Patients and methods

We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients with recurrent EHBDC who underwent concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) or RT alone at our institution between January 2001 and June 2015. Freedom from locoregional progression (FFLP), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the prognostic factors.

Results

A total of 76 patients were included in the analysis. The median OS was 16 months and the rates of 2-year FFLP, PFS, and OS were 61%, 25%, and 33%, respectively. Among the evaluable patients, the first site of failure was the locoregional area in 16 patients, distant metastasis in 27, and both sites in 8. On univariate analysis, disease-free interval (p = 0.012) and concurrent chemotherapy (p = 0.040) were found as significant prognostic factors for OS. One patient with CCRT developed a grade 3 hematologic toxicity, and two patients experienced late grade 3 toxicities including duodenal ulcer bleeding and obstruction.

Conclusions

RT for recurrent EHBDC showed favorable survival and local control with limited treatment-related toxicities. Considering that the most common pattern of failure was distant metastasis, further studies on the optimal scheme of chemotherapy and RT are warranted.
Vegan versus meat-based pet foods: Owner-reported palatability behaviours and implications for canine and feline welfare
Authors: Knight Andrew , Satchell Liam
Published: June 2021

Consumer suspicion of conventional pet foods, along with perceived health benefits of alternative diets, are fuelling development of the latter. These include raw meat diets, in vitro meat products, and diets based on novel protein sources such as terrestrial and marine plants, insects, yeast and fungi. However, some claim vegan diets may be less palatable, or may compromise animal welfare. We surveyed 4,060 dog or cat guardians to determine the importance to them of pet food palatability, and the degree to which their animals displayed specific behavioural indicators of palatability at meal times. Guardians were asked to choose one dog or cat that had been within their household for at least one year, and not on a prescription or therapeutic diet. Of 3,976 respondents who played some role in pet diet decision-making, palatability was the third most important among 12 factors cited as important when choosing pet diets. For 1,585 respondents feeding conventional or raw meat diets, who stated they would realistically consider alternative diets, palatability was the fourth most important among 14 desired attributes. For the 2,308 dogs included, reported observations of 10 behavioural indicators of palatability at meal times reliably indicated significant effects of increased reports of appetitive behaviour by dogs on a raw meat diet, as opposed to a conventional diet. There was no consistent evidence of a difference between vegan diets and either the conventional or raw meat diets. For the 1,135 cats included, reported observations of 15 behavioural indicators indicated that diet made little difference to food-oriented behaviour. Based on these owner-reported behaviours, our results indicate that vegan pet foods are generally at least as palatable to dogs and cats as conventional meat or raw meat diets, and do not compromise their welfare, when other welfare determinants, such as nutritional requirements, are adequately provided.
Short communication: Evaluation of charged membrane filters and buffers for concentration and recovery of infectious salmon anaemia virus in seawater
Authors: Weli Simon Chioma , Tartor Haitham , Spilsberg Bjørn , Dale Ole Bendik , Lillehaug Atle
Published: June 2021

Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is the cause of an important waterborne disease of farmed Atlantic salmon. Detection of virus in water samples may constitute an alternative method to sacrificing fish for surveillance of fish populations for the presence of ISA-virus. We aimed to evaluate different membrane filters and buffers for concentration and recovery of ISAV in seawater, prior to molecular detection. One litre each of artificial and natural seawater was spiked with ISAV, followed by concentration with different filters and subsequent elution with different buffers. The negatively charged MF hydrophilic membrane filter, combined with NucliSENS® lysis buffer, presented the highest ISAV recovery percentages with 12.5 ± 1.3% by RT-qPCR and 31.7 ± 10.7% by RT-ddPCR. For the positively charged 1 MDS Zeta Plus® Virosorb® membrane filter, combined with NucliSENS® lysis buffer, the ISAV recovery percentages were 3.4 ± 0.1% by RT-qPCR and 10.8 ± 14.2% by RT-ddPCR. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were estimated to be 2.2 x 103 ISAV copies/L of natural seawater for both RT-qPCR and RT-ddPCR. The ISAV concentration method was more efficient in natural seawater.
The rice blast fungus MoRgs1 functioning in cAMP signaling and pathogenicity is regulated by casein kinase MoCk2 phosphorylation and modulated by membrane protein MoEmc2
Authors: Yu Rui , Shen Xuetong , Liu Muxing , Liu Xinyu , Yin Ziyi , Li Xiao , Feng Wanzhen , Hu Jiexiong , Zhang Haifeng , Zheng Xiaobo , Wang Ping , Zhang Zhengguang
Published: June 2021

GTP-binding protein (G-protein) and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) mediated signal transduction are critical in the growth and virulence of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. We have previously reported that there are eight RGS and RGS-like proteins named MoRgs1 to MoRgs8 playing distinct and shared regulatory functions in M. oryzae and that MoRgs1 has a more prominent role compared to others in the fungus. To further explore the unique regulatory mechanism of MoRgs1, we screened a M. oryzae cDNA library for genes encoding MoRgs1-interacting proteins and identified MoCkb2, one of the two regulatory subunits of the casein kinase (CK) 2 MoCk2. We found that MoCkb2 and the sole catalytic subunit MoCka1 are required for the phosphorylation of MoRgs1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and late endosome (LE). We further found that an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein complex (EMC) subunit, MoEmc2, modulates the phosphorylation of MoRgs1 by MoCk2. Interestingly, this phosphorylation is also essential for the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) function of MoRgs1. The balance among MoRgs1, MoCk2, and MoEmc2 ensures normal operation of the G-protein MoMagA-cAMP signaling required for appressorium formation and pathogenicity of the fungus. This has been the first report that an EMC subunit is directly linked to G-protein signaling through modulation of an RGS-casein kinase interaction.
Paisajes y producción en la historia. Enfoques y métodos
Authors: Novoa Jáuregui Cristina
Published: June 2021

Esta ponencia se plantea como reflexión general, a partir de dos casos, del análisis del paisaje en dos momentos históricos dispares, respondiendo a estímulos igualmente dispares, pero que comparten su preocupación en las transformaciones del medio como consecuencia de la producción del hombre, en el seno de una rqueología que se consolida, en nuestro país, como ciencia autónoma, ciencia social.
Arqueología e Historia. Propuestas para una reflexión conjunta
Authors: Carvajal Castro Álvaro , De Soto García Mª de los Reyes
Published: June 2021

Tradicionalmente, en la historiografía medieval el estudio de los textos ha relegado la arqueología a un segundo plano. Sin embargo, los arqueólogos medievalistas han realizado en las últimas dos décadas aportaciones teóricas y metodológicas y han producido unos resultados que obligan a replantear abiertamente la relación entre las dos disciplinas, así como las tesis sostenidas hasta ahora por los historiadores. Nuestra comunicación tiene como objetivo exponer los problemas derivados de la ausencia de una base común tanto teóricacomo metodológica para la Arqueología y la historiografía, así como los problemas a los que nos enfrentamos en nuestras disciplinas, con el objetivo de buscar nexos que permitan la producción de un conocimiento histórico unitario. En este sentido, consideraremosalgunas de las cuestiones más candentes del debate sobre la base de nuestras propias investigaciones: el espacio y el poder en el condado de Monzón y el poblamiento rural del valle del Río Almar desde la II Edad del Hierro hasta la Alta Edad Media.
El análisis de contenido aplicado al legado cultural de las villas romanas tardoantiguas en Castilla y León
Authors: López San Segundo Carmen
Published: June 2021

El presente texto pretende ser un avance de las líneas generales de la investigación que se están siguiendo para la confección de la tesis titulada: El legado cultural de las villas romanas tardoantiguas en Castilla y León. Las villas romanas tardoantiguas conservadas en Castilla y León son depositarias de un rico patrimonio arqueológico e histórico, ya que albergan una valiosa información sobre la sociedad romana que las habitó. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer un sistema de análisis cuantitativo y sistemático del legado cultural relacionado con estas villas, a travésde un método, el análisis de contenido, no usado hasta el momento en el área de la Arqueología. Como punto de partida se pretende revisar las diferentes perspectivas de análisis de los estudios arqueológicos realizados sobre las villas hispanas, puesto que su variación hasido notable en las últimas décadas. A continuación, mediante la aplicación del análisis de contenido se elaborará un sistema de indicadores, lo más completo posible, cuyo objetivo es obtener una clasificación o proporcionar unos factores claves para una posible definición tipológica de las villas, que sirvan para comprobar en que medida la definición de su organización espacial y funcional, su programa iconográfico, así como la presencia de materiales de lujo permiten definir la interrelación con el entorno social de época tardorromana.
Estudios de urbanismo y arquitectura de los siglos XIX y XX desde la óptica de la Historia del Arte. Cuestiones metodológicas y aproximación a las fuentes
Authors: Ávila De La Torre Álvaro
Published: June 2021

Ante la realización de una tesis doctoral sobre la arquitectura y el urbanismo de los siglos XIX y XX desde la perspectiva de la Historia del Arte, las particulares características de estos campos en ese período cronológico concreto determinan la aparición de una serie de puntos objeto de debate. El primero es la diversa naturaleza de las citadas disciplinas, el segundo la libertad que caracterizó la arquitectura de la época y el tercero, que es también una de sus virtudes, la amplitud y heterogeneidad de las fuentes. De este modo,como primer objetivo, a través de mi ejemplo personal, ofrezco a los jóvenes investigadores unas sucintas pinceladas orientativas ante la multiplicidad y diversidad de la documentación existente y, en segundo lugar, pretendo dejar constancia de los problemas de metodología que surgieron, así como sus soluciones, sin querer aportar conclusiones generales o definitivas, sino con el objeto de enriquecer el debate.
Las antinomias de la poesía española contemporánea: la poética de José-Miguel Ullán como desmontaje de la Historia literaria
Authors: Benéitez Andrés Rosa
Published: June 2021

La poesía española contemporánea tiende a ser dividida en dos grandesgrupos: “Poesía de los 70” o “Novísima” y “Poesía de la experiencia”. Este sistema de clasificación se debe no sólo a ciertos estudios de tipo generalizador, promovidos desde la institución,sino también al deseo de los propios poetas por crear un grupo al que adscribirse y con el que diferenciarse del temido “otro”. Tal caracterización dual ha provocado numerosos debates en torno a la pertenencia y pertinencia de dichas categorías, que además perduranen las perspectivas con la que el fenómeno es abordado en la actualidad. En este sentido, la propuesta estética del poeta José Miguel Ullán, considerado tradicionalmente como miembro de la llamada generación del 70´, puede servir como ejemplo de autor noclasificable en ninguna de las corrientes mencionadas y por tanto, como punto de partida para una posible revisión y desmontaje de una historia, la de la poesía española contemporánea, contada de manera parcial.
Los primeros momentos del auxilio social y sus construcciones para la infancia. La prensa como medio de propaganda
Authors: González Maza Cristina
Published: June 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de Auxilio Social, una de las organizaciones asistenciales más importantes y con mayor actividad del pasado reciente de España. Surgió para cubrir las necesidades de una población carente de medios por los efectosdevastadores de la guerra. De todas sus construcciones para los más necesitados, un elevado número estaban destinadas al mundo infantil. Para conocer mejor el funcionamiento de esta organización, además de la consulta de algunos trabajos monográficos, el manejo de la prensa local ha resultado de gran ayuda, ya que es un reflejo de la sociedad en la que surge.
Comparing the characteristics of boom-corridor and selectively thinned stands of Scots pine and birch
Authors: Nuutinen Yrjö , Miina Jari , Saksa Timo , Bergström Dan , Routa Johanna
Published: June 2021

Young, dense forest in Finland and Sweden urgently need to receive first thinning. In such stands, conventional selective thinning methods make the harvester work time consuming and, thus, costly. To make small-sized trees economically competitive as raw material for bioenergy and biorefining, new harvesting technologies and/or thinning methods need to be developed. A potential solution is boom-corridor thinning (BCT), rendering effective cutting work. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the stand structure of two Scots pine stands ( L.) and one birch-dominated ( Roth with natural downy birch, Ehrh.) stand after BCT and selective thinning at the first thinning phase. Furthermore, simulations were conducted to predict the future stand development after the first thinning treatments. The density of the growing stock was 16â46% higher after BCT treatment than after selective thinning because BCT stands included more small and supressed trees with a dbh < 100 mm. However, the numbers of future crop trees with a dbh > 140 mm per hectare were at the same level in both treatments. The stem volume removal per hectare did not differ between treatments. However, simulation of stand development and intermediate thinning and clearcutting revealed that the total removal volume was 10â18% higher in BCT stands compared to selectively thinned ones. The saw log volumes harvested did, however, not differ between treatments. This study shows that BCT generates stands with higher biodiversity compared to conventional thinning as higher levels of biomass removal can be reached throughout stand rotations.Pinus sylvestrisBetula pendulaB. pubescens
ROLE OF INSULIN IN BRAIN: DELVE INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS
Authors: Khanam Sofia
Published: June 2021

We have learned over the last several decades that the brain is an important target for insulin action. In central nervous system (CNS) it mainly affects feeding behaviour and various aspects of memory and cognition. Insulin signalling in CNS has emerged as a novel field of research since decreases brain insulin levels and signalling were associated to impaired learning, memory and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Alterations of these functional activities may contribute to the manifestation of several clinical entities, such as central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A close alliance between T2DM and AD has been reported, to the extent that AD is twice more frequent in diabetic patients. There are links between T2DM and AD through mitochondrial alterations and oxidative stress, altered energy and glucose metabolism, cholesterol modifications, dysfunctional protein O-GlcNAcylation, formation of amyloid plaques, altered Aβ metabolism and tau hyperphosphorylation. Herewith, we aim to integrate the metabolic, neuromodulatory, and neuroprotective roles of insulin in two age-related pathologies: T2DM and AD, both in terms of intracellular signalling and potential therapeutic approach.
Design Features of Online Teacher Professional Development: A Design Case for Re-Developing the EdHub Library to Improve Usability and Alignment of Content with Teacher Standards
Authors: Leung Javier
Published: June 2021

The EdHub Library is an online teacher professional development platform that serves 250 school districts as part of the Network for Educator Effectiveness in Missouri. It has a collection of more than 300 online activities. This design case describes the efforts of re-developing EdHub due to technical and usability issues of the first generation of the content management platform. The second generation of EdHub was the product of two prototypes and two user testing sessions between January 2018–April 2018. A literature review of information-seeking habits of K-12 teachers and web design and usability standards guided the development of the second generation of EdHub to support teachers’ browsing and searching behaviors. Five design decisions support the second generation of EdHub in terms of (1) priority of visual elements, (2) ease of navigation, (3) content alignment with Missouri teacher standards, (4) organization of results in the search engine, and (5) unifying learning objectives, activities, reflection, and external resources.
Harnessing Renewable Energy at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education – A Role Model Case
Authors: T.R. Neelakandan , V Pandiyarajan , Sridharan Shasi Anand , Ramrao Nagaraj
Published: June 2021

Global energy demand and environmental concerns are the driving force for the use of alternative sustainable and ecofriendly renewable energy sources. Solar energy is the inexhaustible and CO2 emission free energy source worldwide. It produces significant environmental benefits in comparison to the conventional energy sources, thus contributing to the sustainable development of human activities. It produces clean and renewable power from the sun and benefits the environment without causing air and water pollution. Alternatives to fossil fuels reduce carbon foot print across the globe reducing emission of greenhouse gases and become ecofriendly. Solar power has attracted the largest share of new investments in solar energy across the world. This research article shows light on the solar energy sources developed by Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (KARE) for the effective utilization of solar energy in the campus and its impact on the reduction in carbon foot print and also the impact of green vegetation as a source of carbon sink for an ecofriendly campus.
How Chinese Multinational Corporations Solve Cross-cultural Conflicts in Internationalization -- A Case Study of SAIC's Merging of Ssangyong Motor
Authors: Zhou Yejian
Published: June 2021

In the context of globalization, the number of cross-cultural enterprises is increasing, making cross-cultural management of enterprises, especially cross-cultural conflicts, becoming prominent and urgent to be solved. Combined with the case of SAIC's merger and acquisition (M&A) of Ssangyong, this paper uses several methods, including case analysis, logical analysis, induction analysis, and qualitative analysis to evaluate the causes, consequences of and solutions to cross-cultural conflicts, so as to reduce the cost of the cross-cultural transaction of multinational enterprises, and further display enlightenment significance for Chinese multinational enterprises. This paper firstly reviews the case of the cross-cultural conflicts in the M&A of Ssangyong by SAIC and expounds on the multi-facet cross-cultural conflicts in the M&A process, such as corporate culture conflicts, values conflicts, etc. Then through the differences in national culture, corporate culture, and the actual situation of both sides of SAIC Ssangyong, the paper analyzes the causes of cross-cultural conflicts and elaborates on their influence on the transnational operation after M&A and possible measures taken by SAIC. Finally, the paper provides suggestions for China's transnational M&A enterprises through the analysis of the effect of countermeasures to solve cross-cultural conflicts and reduce transaction costs.
Direct Labour as A Procurement Route for Infrastructure Delivery within Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) in Ghana
Authors: Osei-Asibey Dickson
Published: June 2021

Direct Labour procurement method has been identified as one of several procurement route alternatives used for the delivery of construction projects. This study assessed Direct Labour as a procurement route for the delivery of infrastructure within the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) in Ghana. A qualitative research approach was employed using in-depth interviews conducted with ten (10) professionals who were purposively sampled from the Works Departments of the Kumasi, Accra and Tema Metropolitan Assemblies in Ghana. The qualitative data was then analysed using content analysis. Direct Labour has been revealed by this study as an effective procurement method which can be employed by the MMDAs in Ghana for the delivery of public infrastructure. The findings of the study also indicate that, the benefits of the Direct Labour procurement route include the elimination of profits to contractors and its idealness for the execution of emergency works. However, Direct Labour as a form of procurement is not used on new MMDA construction projects because the Public Procurement Act 2003 (Act 663) of Ghana as Amended in 2016, does not clearly stipulate its usage on new projects. Direct Labour procurement is used within the MMDAs mainly for maintenance works on public projects. The findings of the study would prove useful for policy re-evaluation, especially regarding the reformation of the Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663) as Amended in 2016 to include Direct Labour as one of the procurement routes for the delivery of infrastructure. This would enable the MMDAs to adopt it not only for maintenance works, but also for the execution of new infrastructural projects in order to benefit from its numerous advantages.
Sensitivity of Debt Flows to Fiscal External Shocks in Emerging Market and Capital Market Correlations
Authors: Özker Ahmet Niyazi
Published: June 2021

In this study, we attempted to reveal the reasons for possible debt changes regarding the sensitivity of capital change indices in emerging economies to global financial risks and the meaning of possible correlation effects at the global level. Overcoming to Global economic and financial instabilities in emerging economies have required to take different fiscal measure have been aimed at balancing the rising interest rates and global financial change costs, which are caused by rising global priority costs. The external effects of global financial shocks in emerging economies led to a significant increase in global borrowing in these economies. In other words, in these countries representing emerging economies at different levels of development, they have also provided a reason for the inclusion of different financial and monetary policies in the process. Sensitivity to global financial shocks in emerging economies is related to the structural characteristics of countries and structural impact scales and correlations regarding which markets are affected by the needs. In this respect, it appears that the developments regarding the sectors, especially the capital flow, are meaningful in terms of indexes created by the periodic changes in the values of the current change. In this respect, in emerging economies, these shocks mostly emerge with effects giving different correlation results in countries that differ according to global crises and have other capital accumulations. The remarkable point in terms of the correlations determined here is that debt ratios and capital accumulation variations in emerging economies have put forth a significant correlation in a period of global financial shocks.
Die rechtspopulistische PEGIDA in der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Volk Sabine
Published: June 2021

Dieser Beitrag thematisiert die Reaktionen der Dresdner rechtspopulistischen Protestbewegung „Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes“ (PEGIDA) auf die COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland. Er beschäftigt sich mit Kontinuitäten und Brüchen in PEGIDAs Aktivismus während der ersten Pandemie-Welle und „Lockdown“, insbesondere im Hinblick auf Aktionsformen, Netzwerke und diskursive Deutungsrahmen. Auf Grundlage des Verständnisses von PEGIDA als einer social movement organization (SMO), die sich in und durch öffentlichen Protest konstituiert, analysiert der Artikel zum einen Kontinuitäten in PEGIDAs Kooperation mit etablierten Figuren aus der Rechtsaußen-Szene sowie in bekannten rechtspopulistischen Artikulationsmustern. Zum anderen verweist die Analyse auf neuartige, virtuelle Aktionsformen sowie auf veränderte, der regierungskritischen „Querdenken“-Bewegung angepasste Deutungsrahmen. Abschließend argumentiert der Beitrag, dass PEGIDA während der ersten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie weder eindeutige Mobilisierungserfolge noch -misserfolge verbuchen konnte. Der Analyse liegt eine „virtuelle Ethnographie“ zugrunde.
Two modified Zagreb indices for random structures
Authors: Li Siman , Shi Li , Gao Wei
Published: June 2021

Random structure plays an important role in the composition of compounds, and topological index is an important index to measure indirectly the properties of compounds. The Zagreb indices and its revised versions (or redefined versions) are frequently used chemical topological indices, which provide the theoretical basis for the determination of various physical-chemical properties of compounds. This article uses the tricks of probability theory to determine the reduced second Zagreb index and hyper-Zagreb index of two kinds of vital random graphs:G(n,p) andG(n,m).
The Use of 3D Photogrammetry in the Analysis, Visualization, and Dissemination of the Indigenous Archaeological Heritage of the Greater Antilles
Authors: Grau González-Quevedo Esteban Rubén , Hernández Godoy Silvia Teresita , Fernández Ortega Racso , González Herrera Ulises Miguel , Garcell Domínguez Jorge , Morales Prada Alexis , López Belando Adolfo José , Roksandic Mirjana , Chinique de Armas Yadira
Published: June 2021

The development of digital technologies and the use of advanced photogrammetry programs for modeling archaeological excavations and sites have opened new possibilities for spatial analysis in archaeology and the reconstruction of archaeological contexts. In addition, these tools allow us to visually preserve the features of archaeological sites for future use and facilitate the dissemination of archaeological heritage to local communities and the general public. This paper summarizes 3D photographic visualization of three cave art sites (Los Cayucos and Cueva No. 1 in Punta del Este, Cuba, and José María Cave in the Dominican Republic) and two burial spaces (Canímar Abajo and Playa del Mango, Cuba) using photogrammetry software. The application of these novel methods at the cave art sites allowed us to visualize faint pictographs that were invisible to the naked eye, to better define the shapes of petroglyphs and to reconstruct the position of lost/removed panels. At the burial sites, 3D modeling allowed us to register the archaeological context with greater precision. The use of 3D modeling will improve spatial analysis and data safeguarding in Cuban archaeology. Moreover, 3D movies are an effective way to disseminate knowledge and connect local communities with their cultural heritage, while reducing the impact of public visits to remote or endangered sites.
Neither Philosophy nor Theology: The Origin in Heidegger’s Earliest Thought
Authors: Kuravsky Erik
Published: June 2021

“The Origin,” one of Martin Heidegger’s most important notions after 1934, is tightly related to being-historical thinking, and to the peculiar kind of divinity that being-historical thinking indicates. However, the notion of the Origin appears already in Heidegger’s early Freiburg lectures (given between 1919 and 1923), thus placing it among the fundamentals of his early thought. This article argues that Heidegger’s project of fundamental ontology emerges from that early notion of the Origin, preparing the way for its flourishing in his later thinking. Attending to Heidegger’s early notion of the Origin, I suggest, reveals a unique feature of Heidegger’s thinking; namely, an element of genuine religiosity ungraspable in terms of both philosophy and theology. Thus, rather than interpreting fundamental ontology as a transcendental project encompassing a de-theologized version of early Christianity, it should be taken as an attempt to think the truth of the Origin, thus preparing the way for the genuine religiosity of Heidegger’s later thought. In this light, a unique sense of divinity underlies Heidegger’s lectures between 1919 and 1925; a sense which can only be comprehended through Heidegger’s triple sense schema (enactment–relation–content).
Electronic structure theory study of the reactivity and structural molecular properties of halo-substituted (F, Cl, Br) and heteroatom (N, O, S) doped cyclobutane
Authors: Edim Moses M. , Louis Hitler , Bisong Emmanuel A. , Chioma Apebende G. , Enudi Obieze C. , Unimuke Tomsmith O. , Bassey Asuquo B. , Prince David , Sam Queen O. , Ubana Emmanuel I. , Mujong Tiyati H.
Published: June 2021

Cyclobutane and its halo-substituted derivatives and its heteroatom doped derivatives have been extensively investigated in this study because of the vast applications and interesting chemistry associated with them, the vibrational assignments, Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis, Conceptual Density Functional Theory, Quantum Mechanical Descriptors and Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) analysis have been explored in this study. The corresponding wavenumbers of the studied compounds have as well been assigned by Potential Energy Distribution analysis. Several inter and intramolecular hyperconjugative interactions within the studied compounds have been revealed by the NBO analysis with a confirmation of geometric hybridization and electronic occupancy. The compounds reactivity was observed to decrease down the halo group in manners such as the stability, both were observed to decrease from azetidine to thietane. The distribution of charge was observed to be affected by the ring substituent as observed from the charge population analysis; in addition, adjacent atoms are very much affected by the inherent properties of the substituted atoms. The NBO result suggests that the molecules are stabilized by lone pair delocalization of electrons from the substituted atoms and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) studies revealed that substituted halogens and doped heteroatoms are important and most probable sites of electrostatic interactions.
Patient’s Satisfaction with Health Care Services in Erbil City/Iraq
Authors:   Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq., Omer Dlzar , Qader Saleem ,   Kurdistan Board of Medical Specialties, Erbil, Iraq., Al-Banna Dara ,   Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq., Rasool Ahmed ,   College of Dentistry, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq., Shakor Jamal ,   Nursing Department, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Published: June 2021

Background and objective: Patient satisfaction is one of the most important factors to de-termine the success of a health care facility. It is a relative phenomenon, which evaluates the patients’ perceived needs, their expectations from a health system, and the experi-ence of health care. Patient satisfaction is the main goal today for most health care organi-zations, from hospitals to physician practices and other health care agencies. This study aimed to compare patient satisfaction with the health care services provided by public and private hospitals in Erbil City. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a non-probability purposive sample of 450 patients (225 from public and 225 from private hospitals) who were seeking health care in hospitals in Erbil City. The data were collected between the 7th of January and 15th of November 2016 by direct interviews and filling of the standardized questionnaires (Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-18). Results and Discussion: Most of the patients in public hospitals expressed a neutral level of satisfaction with received health services (80.9%) while 10.7% were dissatisfied and only 8.4% were satisfied with the provided health care. On the contrary, most of the patients in private hospitals (80%) were satisfied with their care, with only 20% expressing a neutral level of satisfaction with private health care services. These findings show that there is a very high statistical difference between patient satisfaction in the governmental and pri-vate hospitals in Erbil City (Mean ± Standard Deviation 45.35 ± 3.520), (56.42 ± 5.696) (p-value= <0.001). Conclusion: Most of the patients were satisfied with private health care services but not with public hospitals health services in selected hospitals in Erbil City in Iraq.
Attitudes of Faculty and Students toward Open-book Examination as a Teaching Strategy in Nursing Education at Hawler Medical University
Authors:   Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq., Anwer Dlzar , Mamhusseini Asma ,   Civil Engineering Department College of Engineering/ Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq., Omar Yousif ,   Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq., Othman Murad ,   Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.
Published: June 2021

Background and objectives: Open-book examinations (OBEs) is a non-traditional teaching strategy increasingly offered today in nursing education programs. Open-book examina-tion is one in which students are allowed to use their notes, textbooks, and other ap-proved material (preferably not electronic) while answering examination questions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of faculty and students towards open-book examinations as a teaching strategy in nursing education. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out at College of Nursing in Hawler Medical Uni-versity. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collected data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed because it produced accurate results of the study. Also, the questionnaire was reliable because it gave a consistent result throughout the study. Total of 100 nursing students and 35 teaching staff were participated in the study. Data were analyzed by using frequency and percentage for students and teachers. Results: The majority of the students (45%) and faculties (45.7%) agreed that OBEs facili-tate thinking at higher cognitive levels. Most of the students (61%) and teachers (51.4%) agreed that OBEs decreases students’ test anxiety. Also, teachers (48.6%) and students (41%) agreed that OBEs promote critical thinking regarding the contents of the course. Teachers and students agreed that OBEs encourage self-directed learning, decrease mem-orizing contents, promote student-centered approach to education, encourage students to read textbooks and articles more, and help students to be long-life learners. Conclusion: This study confirmed that open-book examinations when used as a teaching strategy in nursing education programs played an important role in improving nursing cur-riculum. To decrease students’ anxiety regarding examinations, this study pointed out that OBEs can minimize the students’ anxiety during examinations.
Lived Experiences of Patients with COVID-19 in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq: A Qualitative Study
Authors:   Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq., Ibrahim Sarhang
Published: June 2021

Background and objective: COVID-19 has adverse effects on physical and mental health and threatens the quality of life significantly; therefore, it is necessary to help COVID-19 patients with their lifestyle, which is tightly bound to the quality of their lives. The present study aims to develop plans to improve the quality of life among COVID-19 patients by an-alyzing their lived experiences. Methods and patients: The present qualitative study was conducted from August to Sep-tember 2020 on twelve COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Erbil’s Emirates Hospital, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In-depth semi-structured interviews (12) were utilized to collect data. Trustworthiness was ensured by making an excellent prolonged relationship with the patients, peer-checking, member-checking, and implementing experts’ suggestion at every stage. Four main themes were extracted from the interviews, which were transcribed ver-batim and analyzed using the six methodological activities proposed by Van Manen. Results: The present study results indicated that COVID-19 patients have a difficult time dealing with the disease and getting adapted to their new situation, leading to a remarka-ble decrease in the quality of their lives. Analyzing the transcribed interviews led to emer-gence of four main themes: “disbelief in being really ill,” “fear and stress,” “changes in lifestyle,” and “seriously adhering to health guidelines.” Conclusion: Our results showed that COVID-19 patients suffer from physical pain and un-dergo poor mental health due to fear and stress resulting in worsening quality of life. A deep understanding of COVID-19 patients’ states and situations is highly significant to help nurses and nursing managers plan effective strategies for caring for patients with COVID-19.
Assessment and Clinical Outcomes of Fall Related Injuries at Emergency
Authors:   Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq., Osman Shawbo , Naqshbandi Vian ,   Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.
Published: June 2021

Background and objectives: Falls are significant cause of mortality and morbidity with a considerable burden on societies, families and victims. The study aims to determine the interventions and outcomes of fall-related injuries, and the association between injury se-verity and fall height. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 322 fall-related in-jured persons in West and East emergency hospitals in Erbil City from September 2020 to February 2021. Study sample demography, location of injury, place of affected body re-gions, outcome, and hospital stay were analyzed. Results: Of the 322 patients studied, 68.9% were males, and 31.1% were female. Less than half of the samples (48.8%) were between the ages 18 to 36 years old. The most common location for fall-related injuries was residential facilities (44.1%) followed by the place of work (35.1%). According to the type of fall, fall from ground was 38.4%, and fall from a fall height of 1-3 meters was 48.8%. Finally, according to the injury classification, more than half (56.5%) of the study sample had a significant degree of severity. The discharged status of disposition at the emergency room had the highest percentage (64.9%) of the study sample. There was a significant difference between the scores of the items of fall conse-quences and outcomes regarding to type of ground (soft or hard). There was a significant relationship between injury severity and fall height (p-value = 0.00). Conclusion: Fall-related injuries are the most common cases at emergency departments in Erbil city. Among ages 18 to 36, men are more frequently exposed to falls than women. The highest risk of fall is occupation with construction laborers at the greatest risk. Fall-related injury is a burden on the health care system, particularly on emergency services in developing countries like Iraq in relations cost of care and resources.
Investigating Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Car Buyers in Croatia
Authors: Tonković Pražić Ivana
Published: June 2021

This research sought to explore consumer decision-making styles of buyers in the car market in the Republic of Croatia. Additional aim of this research was also to add on the literature on consumer decision-making styles to further the understanding of the specificity of consumer behavior when buying a car. The research was conducted with in-depth interviews with car buyers using a non-probability purposive sample. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with car dealership employees who were consulted for additional information. The results indicate that car buyers in the Republic of Croatia make their car buying decisions based on specific consumer decision-making styles. Based on the relevant literature and empirical research, ten consumer decision-making styles specific to car buyers in the Republic of Croatia were identified: price sensitivity, susceptibility to the influence of others, interest in automobiles, involvement in car purchase, brand loyalty, and brand, quality, aesthetics, innovation and functionality consciousness. The research was conducted on a sample of respondents from the Croatian market, so the results cannot be applied to other markets. Also, the study was conducted on a smaller and a non-representative sample, so the results should be verified on a larger and representative sample.
Teaching Communications, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities with Multimedia: A University-Middle School Service-Learning Project
Authors: Varricchio Andrea
Published: June 2021

Se describe el uso de tecnología en forma de presentaciones de multimedia para facilitar la enseñanza de las Normas para el Aprendizaje de una Lengua Extranjera del Concilio Americano para la Enseñanza de Lenguas extranjeras. Las normas abarcan las comunicaciones, las culturas, las conexiones, las comparaciones y las comunidades. El estudiantado universitario aprende a crear, con multimedia, presentaciones sobre un tema cultural en la lengua meta. El componente de aprendizaje por servicio comunitario se fundamenta en las presentaciones creadas para estudiantes de colegio, quienes tienen acceso a las presentaciones en un sitio web de la universidad.A description is provided of how the use of technology in the form of multimedia presentations enhances the teaching of the Five C Standards for Foreign Language Learning of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages: communications, cultures, connections, comparisons, and communities. University students learn to create multimedia presentations on a cultural topic in the target language. The service-learning component provides the multimedia presentations for middle-school students who access them from the university website.
todo es mayor a la suma de sus partes: la teoría política de Suárez y la tradición contractualista
Authors: Schwember Augier Felipe , Loewe Henny Daniel
Published: June 2021

El presente trabajo procura situar la teoría política de Francisco Suárez en la tradición contractualista y, con ello, examinar la relación general entre contractualismo y iusnaturalismo. Se sostendrá que Suárez es contractualista en un sentido calificado del término y que, en ese peculiar sentido, no existe incompatibilidad entre contractualismo y ley natural sino, por el contrario, complementariedad. Se examina finalmente su tesis del carácter emergente de la potestad política para, a partir de ella, sugerir alguna diferencia con las teorías políticas modernas.
En defensa del yo. El gesto como símbolo de identidad
Authors: Aizpún Bobadilla Teresa
Published: June 2021

El yo, como expresión de la identidad, ha caído actualmente en un profundo descrédito. Sin embargo, no puede haber vida sin identidad y esta identidad se manifiesta de una forma privilegiada en el gesto. El gesto manifiesta tanto la individualidad como la unión del individuo con su entorno.
Reflexiones sobre la idea de comunicación en Leibniz. Contribución a una crónica del presente
Authors: Fernández Agis Domingo
Published: June 2021

Extraordinariamente original en sus planteamientos sobre los más diversos asuntos, pues sus intereses intelectuales abarcaron desde la metafísica a la ciencia, pasando por la política, Leibniz desarrolló unas ideas a propósito de la comunicación que en el momento actual tienen, a mi juicio, un extraordinario interés y operatividad. En este trabajo se realiza una confrontación de esas ideas con la realidad actual del proceso comunicativo y las interferencias que sobre éste se ejercen.
Alain Guy y el hispanismo filosófico: recepción de la filosofía española en el exterior
Authors: Arroyo Serrano Santiago
Published: June 2021

El hispanista filósofo francés Alain Guy dedicó su vida y obra a luchar contra la visión histórica que menospreciaba la filosofía española e iberoamericana, estableciendo un vínculo que va más allá de lo filosófico con los pensadores, poniendo a dialogar la filosofía española con la europea, y desarrollando una fundamental labor investigadora en el Equipe de Philosophie Ibérique de Toulouse, que lo convirtió en uno de los más importantes difusores de la filosofía en español a nivel internacional.
Bezeichnungsschutz gemäß § 40 KWG bei einer Fusion öffentlich- und privatrechtlich organisierter Sparkassen
Authors: Bitter Georg , Jochum Marcel
Published: June 2021

Gemäß § 40 Abs. 1 KWG ist es einem engen Kreis von Kreditinstituten gestattet, die Bezeichnung „Sparkasse“ zu führen. Dieses Privileg stellt für die Sparkassen einen wesentlichen Unternehmenswert dar, weshalb es bei der Umstrukturierung im Wege von Umwandlungsmaßnahmen ausgesprochen bedeutsam erscheint, jene Berechtigung zu erhalten. Vor diesem Hintergrund erlangte kürzlich die beabsichtigte Verschmelzung einer öffentlich-rechtlich organisierten Sparkasse auf eine als Aktiengesellschaft organisierte freie Sparkasse besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Der nachstehende Beitrag geht der bislang kaum diskutierten Frage nach, ob der Bezeichnungsschutz des § 40 Abs. 1 KWG bei einer solchen Vereinigung, sofern sie umwandlungsrechtlich zulässig ist, erhalten bleibt.
Security of Grading Systems
Authors: MAREŠ Martin
Published: June 2021

Programming contests often employ automatic grading of solutions. Graders need to
run potentially malicious code, which brings many security issues. We discuss various attacks on grading system security and suggest counter-measures.
Extending Computational Thinking Activities
Authors: PLUHÁR Zsuzsa
Published: June 2021

This report presents the newest extending activity idea, a challenge game of the Hungarian Bebras initiative. The goal of extension is to create unplugged computational thinking
activities based on the Hungarian Bebras competition. The target group of this challenge game is flexible, and it could be used in the motivating phase of CT education, and as a first step in Computer Science education.
Algorithmic Thinking and New Digital Literacy
Authors: TSVETKOVA Marina S. , KIRYUKHIN Vladimir M.
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the concept of algorithmic thinking in the context of the history of the formation of school informatics, in the competencies of new digital literacy and in
the system of developmental education. The structure of digital literacy based on algorithmic supports is shown and an example of an educational template of algorithmic tasks for younger students is given.