bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School democratization in prefigurative form: two Brazilian experiences
Authors: McCowan Tristan
Published: March 2010

Recent moves towards greater pupil participation in school decision-making have in part been based on instrumental rationales, such as increases in test scores and improvements in behaviour. This article assesses a different approach — that of the ‘prefigurative’ — through which the school embodies the democratic society it aims to create.Two examples of prefigurative initiatives in Brazil are assessed: the Landless Movement, a social movement for agrarian reform that runs a large network of schools in its rural communities, and the Plural School, a framework of social inclusion in the municipal education system of Belo Horizonte. Qualitative case studies of the two showed significant enhancement of the democratic culture of the schools and changes in the teacher—student relationship. However, a number of problematic issues were also raised, including the difficulties in extending participation to the whole student body, and the tensions with teachers when students began to exert greater influence in school. Finally, the implications of these prefigurative cases for an understanding of education for democratic citizenship are drawn out.
Review: Treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Lam Brian , Younossi Zobair M.
Published: March 2010

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become increasingly recognized as the most common cause of abnormal liver enzymes in the last few decades and is among the most common forms of chronic liver disease in the Western world and across the globe. With the growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes, NAFLD is estimated to affect about one-quarter of the US population. Although most patients with NAFLD have nonprogressive bland steatosis, a minority of patients develop the histological subtype of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related death. This is especially true when NASH patients have type 2 diabetes. Treatment of NAFLD should therefore be directed towards patients with established NASH. Sustained weight loss seems to improve insulin resistance and associated NASH. In fact, weight loss with bariatric surgery leads to biochemical and histological improvement in morbidly obese patients with NASH. Several pharmacologic agents have been studied in an effort to improve insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory mediators potentially responsible for the development and progression of NASH. While some studies have shown initial promise, none has established long-term efficacy using randomized clinical trials. This paper briefly reviews the epidemiology, natural history, and pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH and then focuses on the clinical trials of various therapeutic modalities for NAFLD. These include weight loss agents, bariatric surgery, insulin-sensitizing agents, lipid-lowering agents, antioxidants, probiotics, anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, cytoprotective and other novel agents.
Review: Current trends in inflammatory bowel disease: the natural history
Authors: Langholz Ebbe
Published: March 2010

The description of the prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is based on systematic follow-up of population-based cohorts. A steady increase in incidence of IBD has occurred. The distribution of ulcerative colitis (UC) is fairly uniform with a preponderance of left-sided disease. One-third of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients present with colonic disease, one-third with ileocolonic disease and one-third with small bowel disease. IBD is associated with extra-intestinal manifestations (EIMs) in up to 36% of patients. Uveitis and episcleritis are the most common. The cumulative probability of a relapsing course in UC is 90% after 25 years. In CD disease behaviour varies substantially with time. At diagnosis behaviour is inflammatory in 70% of patients. At follow-up there is a change to either stricturing or penetrating disease. Most patients with CD will eventually require surgery. Risk factors for CD recurrence after surgery include penetrating/fistulizing disease behaviour, young age, short duration of disease before first surgery and ileocolonic disease. The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in UC seems to be decreasing. The risk of CRC in CD seems to be equivalent to the risk in UC. Patients with small bowel CD are also at increased risk of small bowel adenocarcinoma. CD is associated with a mortality rate 20-70% higher than expected, whereas mortality in UC is equivalent to that of the general population. The improved prognosis of IBD, especially UC, could be due to a chemopreventive effect of the medications used. Further studies are needed to develop the best strategy for the reduction of mortality and cancer risk in IBD.
Pharmacologic modulation of niche accessibility via tyrosine kinase inhibition enhances marrow and thymic engraftment after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Fewkes Natasha M. , Krauss Aviva C. , Guimond Martin , Meadors Joanna L. , Dobre Stefania , Mackall Crystal L.
Published: March 2010

Essential survival signals within hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and thymic niches are mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases, which can be reversibly inhibited using clinically available drugs. We studied whether sunitinib, a multityrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits KIT, enhances engraftment after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in mice. Sunitinib diminished hematopoietic progenitor cell numbers, and sunitinib enhanced marrow, peripheral myeloid, and lymphoid engraftment after BMT in Rag1−/− mice. Sunitinib augmented HSC engraftment because recipients displayed increased myeloid and lymphoid engraftment and because sunitinib-treated recipients of purified HSCs showed enhanced engraftment of secondary hosts. However, sunitinib preferentially augmented T-cell engraftment with lesser effects on myeloid and HSC engraftment. Consistent with this, sunitinib preferentially depleted the early thymic progenitor subset in the thymus. Sunitinib did not increase engraftment in mice with deficient KIT signaling, and the pattern of more potent effects on T cell compared with HSC engraftment observed in sunitinib-treated hosts was also observed after BMT into KITW/Wv mice. These results implicate KIT as a critical modulator of thymic niches. We conclude that transient, pharmacologic inhibition of KIT enhances accessibility of marrow and thymic niches, and provides a novel, noncytotoxic approach to accomplish engraftment after stem cell transplantation.
Multidisciplinary Cancer Conferences: Exploring Obstacles and Facilitators to Their Implementation
Authors: Look Hong Nicole J. , Gagliardi Anna R. , Bronskill Susan E. , Paszat Lawrence F. , Wright Frances C.
Published: March 2010

A study of the implementation in Canada of multidisciplinary cancer conferences—which can facilitate diagnosis and treatment discussions and optimize patient management—using grounded theory methodology.
When the Family Requests Withholding the Diagnosis: Who Owns the Truth?
Authors: McCabe Mary S. , Wood William A. , Goldberg Richard M.
Published: March 2010

Patient autonomy has extended beyond providing sufficient, understandable information before obtaining consent for treatment to the practice of telling patients the truth about their diagnoses and prognoses.
Review of the Safety and Feasibility of Rapid Infusion of Rituximab
Authors: Atmar Jill
Published: March 2010

Added to standard chemotherapy, rituximab improved survival in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; added to fludarabine-based regimens, it improved response and survival in patients with chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukemia.
An Atomic Force Microscopy Assay of Intercalation Binding, Unwinding, and Elongation of DNA, Using a Water-Soluble Psoralen Derivative as a Covalent Binding Probe Molecule
Authors: Nakano Koji , Katsumi Yosuke , Soh Nobuaki , Imato Toshihiko
Published: March 2010

A single-molecule strategy using atomic force microscopy has simply yet robustly probed an intercalation binding related specific structural relaxation of covalently closed circular pBR322 DNA as well as double-strand elongation in its linear form by taking advantage of a new psoralen derivative, N,N,N-trimethyl-1-(2,5,9-trimethyl-7-oxo-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-3-yl)methanaminium chloride, that covalently binds to DNA through a photo-crosslinking reaction.
Dibridged Bis(Zn2+–cyclen): A Novel Host Molecule of Malonate Dianion in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Fujioka Haruto , Kishida Sayuri , Ishizu Takashi , Shiro Motoo , Kinoshita Eiji , Koike Tohru
Published: March 2010

A dinuclear zinc(II) complex, m,m-bis(Zn2+–cyclen) was synthesized as a novel host molecule for a malonate dianion. The dizinc(II) complex has two zinc(II)–cyclen moieties (cyclen = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) connected through two m-xylene bridges. The 1:1 association constant of log K (K = {[malonate-bound m,m-bis(Zn2+–cyclen)]/[m,m-bis(Zn2+–cyclen)][malonate]}/M−1) was determined to be 3.6 by potentiometric pH titration at 25 °C with I = 0.10 M (NaNO3) in aqueous solution. The H/D exchange reaction of methylene hydrogen atoms of malonate dianion was accelerated by m,m-bis(Zn2+–cyclen) in D2O. The half-life was determined to be 80 min for a 1:1 mixture (2 mM) of malonate and m,m-bis(Zn2+–cyclen) at 25 °C and pD 7. From an aqueous solution of equimolar malonate and m,m-bis(Zn2+–cyclen) however, a cyclic 2:2 malonate/m,m-bis(Zn2+–cyclen) complex was isolated. The structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Water Molecules as Binders in Transformation of 2D Coordination Polymer [Cu(4,4′-bpy)2(OTf)2]n into Parallel Aligned 3D Architectures
Authors: Komori-Orisaku Keiko , Hoshino Kazuma , Yamashita Shinya , Koide Yoshihiro
Published: March 2010

Solvent-mediated structural transformation of {[Cu(4,4′-bpy)2(OTf)2]·2CH3CN}n coordination polymer (CP) was crystallographically characterized and confirmed the formation of infinite linear water networks that bind metal centers through the interplay of coordination and hydrogen bonding of water molecules.
Aryne, ortho-Quinone Methide, and ortho-Quinodimethane: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Arenes Using the Aromatic Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Ohshita Joji , Kunai Atsutaka
Published: March 2010

A useful synthetic method for building up multisubstituted arenes of structural complexity and diversity by use of aromatic reactive intermediates is described. Regardless of the transient character arising from a highly strained carbon–carbon triple bond, arynes have been found to undergo facile insertion into an element–element σ-bond and three-component coupling reactions. In addition, ortho-quinone methides and ortho-quinodimethanes have also been demonstrated to be convertible into multisubstituted arenes by utilizing their exo-dienyl moieties.
Thermostable Rh Catalysts Supported on Metal Phosphates: Effect of Aging on Catalytic Activity for NO–CO–C3H6–O2 Reactions
Authors: Ikeue Keita , Murakami Kyosuke , Hinokuma Satoshi , Uemura Kosuke , Zhang Dongjie , Machida Masato
Published: March 2010

The catalytic activity and thermostability of Rh catalysts (0.4% loading) have been studied using various metal phosphates (B, Al, Ga, Y, La, Pr, Zr, and Ce) as support materials. Temperature-programmed reactions of mixtures of NO, CO, C3H6, and O2 with the stoichiometric A/F ratio (14.6) exhibited a steep rise in conversion efficiency as a common feature of Rh supported on metal phosphates. The activity of Rh/AlPO4 was found to be the highest even after aging at 900 °C for 25 h in a stream of 10% H2O/air. Among four types of AlPO4 polymorphs having different BET surface area, i.e, berlinite (5 m2 g−1), cristobalite (1 m2 g−1), tridymite (82 m2 g−1), and microporous AlPO4-5 (330 m2 g−1), tridymite AlPO4 achieved the lowest light-off temperature. The slow grain growth of tridymite AlPO4 at ≤1000 °C is a possible reason for the stability against sintering, whereas one-dimensional micropores of AlPO4-5 are unstable in the high-temperature steam.
Dissociative Electron Capture of Hydrogen-Bonded Hydroxy Groups: Molecular Dynamics and Matrix Isolation ESR Study
Authors: Kasai Paul H
Published: March 2010

While examining PFPE (perfluoropolyether)-based disk lubricants, extra lability was suspected for a hydrogen-bonded pair of hydroxy end-groups in the presence of a nucleophile (electron donor). Plausible reaction sequences upon electron capture of hydrogen-bonded methanol dimer, hydrogen-bonded ethanol dimer, and 1,2-propanediol were first examined by a molecular dynamics method based on the potential given by a semiempirical SCF molecular orbital calculation, and subsequently by matrix isolation ESR spectroscopy. In the latter experimental study, alcohol dimer anions were generated by co-trapping Na atoms and alcohol molecules in argon matrices and inducing electron transfer by photo-irradiation. In the cases of methanol and ethanol dimers, the molecular dynamics study predicted that on capture of an electron, the hydroxy hydrogen of the acceptor side would cleave as an atom, and then abstract a hydrogen atom from the nearest carbon of the proton donating alcohol. For 1,2-propanediol anion, the molecular dynamics study predicted C1–C2 bond scission followed by abstraction of the C2 hydroxy hydrogen by the C1 radical fragment. The matrix isolation ESR study revealed generation of radicals upon photo-irradiation when the alcohol concentration was sufficiently high to warrant the presence of dimers. The spectral patterns thus observed were totally consistent with the radical products predicted by the molecular dynamics calculations.
Efficient and Enantioselective Kinetic Resolution of Cyclic β-Hydroxy Sulfides by Chiral 1,2-Diamine Catalyzed Asymmetric Acylation
Authors: Kawamata Yoshiyuki , Oriyama Takeshi
Published: March 2010

Kinetic resolution of cyclic β-hydroxy sulfides has been achieved by reaction with benzoyl chloride in the presence of a catalytic amount (0.1 mol %) of a chiral 1,2-diamine combined with triethylamine. This reaction affords the corresponding benzoates and unreacted alcohols with excellent enantioselectivities.
Synthesis of Symmetric Diaryl Sulfones with Dimethyl Sulfate
Authors: Khodaei Mohammad Mehdi , Nazari Ehsan
Published: March 2010

In this procedure dimethyl sulfate was used for preparation of symmetric diaryl sulfones. First, dimethyl sulfate was treated with pyridine, then activated by Tf2O to generate SO2 as the functional group for synthesis of diaryl sulfones. It is noticeable that this reaction was carried out in moderate conditions and products obtained in short times and good yields.
Syntheses of Novel C2-Symmetric Chiral Bidentate Bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) Ligands and Their Molybdenum Complexes
Authors: Anezaki Satoshi , Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Asami Masatoshi
Published: March 2010

Novel chiral bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) was prepared starting from (S,S)- and (R,R)-1,2-bis(1-hydroxypropyl)benzene. The chiral bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) (NHC) ligand formed C2-symmetric chiral complex of molybdenum formulated as cis-[Mo(CO)4{bis(NHC)}].
Matching and Sorting in Online Dating
Authors: Hitsch Günter J , Hortaçsu Alı , Ariely Dan
Published: March 2010

Using data on user attributes and interactions from an online dating site, we estimate mate preferences, and use the Gale-Shapley algorithm to predict stable matches. The predicted matches are similar to the actual matches achieved by the dating site, and the actual matches are approximately efficient. Out-of-sample predictions of offline matches, i.e., marriages, exhibit assortative mating patterns similar to those observed in actual marriages. Thus, mate preferences, without resort to search frictions, can generate sorting in marriages. However, we underpredict some of the correlation patterns; search frictions may play a role in explaining the discrepancy. (JEL C78, J12)
Contractibility and the Design of Research Agreements
Authors: Lerner Josh , Malmendier Ulrike
Published: March 2010

We analyze how contractibility affects contract design. A major concern when designing research agreements is that researchers use their funding to subsidize other projects. We show that, when research activities are not contractible, an option contract is optimal. The financing firm obtains the option to terminate the agreement and, in case of termination, broad property rights. The threat of termination deters researchers from cross-subsidization, and the cost of exercising the termination option deters the financing firm from opportunistic termination. We test this prediction using 580 biotechnology research agreements. Contracts with termination options are more common when research is non-contractible. (JEL D86, L65, O31, O34)
Multinationals and Anti-Sweatshop Activism
Authors: Harrison Ann , Scorse Jason
Published: March 2010

During the 1990s, anti-sweatshop activists campaigned to improve conditions for workers in developing countries. This paper analyzes the impact of anti-sweatshop campaigns in Indonesia on wages and employment. Identification is based on comparing the wage growth of workers in foreign-owned and exporting firms in targeted regions or sectors before and after the initiation of anti-sweatshop campaigns. We find the campaigns led to large real wage increases for targeted enterprises. There were some costs in terms of reduced investment, falling profits, and increased probability of closure for smaller plants, but we fail to find significant effects on employment. (JEL F23, J31, J81, L67, O14, O15)
Robustly Optimal Monetary Policy with Near-Rational Expectations
Authors: Woodford Michael
Published: March 2010

The paper considers optimal monetary stabilization policy in a forward-looking model, when the central bank recognizes that private sector expectations need not be precisely model-consistent, and wishes to choose a policy that will be as good as possible in the case of any beliefs that are close enough to model-consistency. It is found that commitment continues to be important for optimal policy, that the optimal long-run inflation target is unaffected by the degree of potential distortion of beliefs, and that optimal policy is even more history-dependent than if rational expectations are assumed. (JEL C62, D84, E13, E31, E32, E52)
Currency Choice and Exchange Rate Pass-Through
Authors: Gopinath Gita , Itskhoki Oleg , Rigobon Roberto
Published: March 2010

We show, using novel data on currency and prices for US imports, that even conditional on a price change, there is a large difference in the exchange rate pass-through of the average good priced in dollars (25 percent) versus nondollars (95 percent). We document this to be the case across countries and within disaggregated sectors. This finding contradicts the assumption in an important class of models that the currency of pricing is exogenous. We present a model of endogenous currency choice in a dynamic price setting environment and show that the predictions of the model are strongly supported by the data. (JEL E31, F14, F31)
Tournaments and Office Politics: Evidence from a Real Effort Experiment
Authors: Carpenter Jeffrey , Matthews Peter Hans , Schirm John
Published: March 2010

Tournaments can elicit more effort but sabotage may attenuate the effect of competition. Because it is hard to separate effort and ability, the evidence on tournaments is thin. There is even less evidence on sabotage because these acts often consist of subjective peer evaluation or “office politics.” We discuss real effort experiments in which quality adjusted output and office politics are compared under piece rates and tournaments and find that tournaments increase effort only in the absence of office politics. Competitors subvert each other more in tournaments, and as a result, workers produce less because they expect to be sabotaged. (D82, M54)
The Effect of Medicare Part D on Pharmaceutical Prices and Utilization
Authors: Duggan Mark , Morton Fiona Scott
Published: March 2010

Medicare Part D began coverage of prescription drugs in 2006. Rather than setting pharmaceutical prices, the government contracted with private insurers to provide drug coverage. Theory suggests that additional insured consumers will raise the optimal price of a branded drug, while the insurer's ability to move demand to substitute treatments may lower prices. We estimate the program's effect on the price and utilization of pharmaceutical treatments. We find that Part D enrollees paid substantially lower prices than while uninsured, and increased their utilization of prescription drugs. We find relative price declines only for drugs with significant therapeutic competition.
Generalizing the Taylor Principle: Comment
Authors: Farmer Roger E. A , Waggoner Daniel F , Zha Tao
Published: March 2010

Troy Davig and Eric Leeper (2007) have proposed a condition they call the generalized Taylor principle to rule out indeterminate equilibria in a version of the new-Keynesian model where the parameters of the policy rule follow a Markov-switching process. We show that although their condition rules out a subset of indeterminate equilibria, it does not establish uniqueness of the fundamental equilibrium. We discuss the differences between indeterminate fundamental equilibria included by Davig and Leeper's condition and fundamental equilibria that their condition misses
Multiple-Product Firms and Product Switching
Authors: Bernard Andrew B , Redding Stephen J , Schott Peter K
Published: March 2010

This paper examines the frequency, pervasiveness, and determinants of product switching by US manufacturing firms. We find that one-half of firms alter their mix of five-digit SIC products every five years, that product switching is correlated with both firm- and firm-product attributes, and that product adding and dropping induce large changes in firm scope. The behavior we observe is consistent with a natural generalization of existing theories of industry dynamics that incorporates endogenous product selection within firms. Our findings suggest that product switching contributes to a reallocation of resources within firms toward their most efficient use. (JEL L11, L21, L25, L60)
A Practical Combinatorial Clock Exchange for Spectrum Licenses
Authors: Hoffman Karla , Menon Dinesh
Published: March 2010

A centralized combinatorial exchange has been considered as a means to enable efficient restructuring of spectrum holdings by allowing traders to buy and sell spectrum resources. We propose a new, two-sided, multiple-round, combinatorial clock exchange mechanism that enables traders to specify reserve prices and submit consolidated bundle orders on spectrum assets to be bought and sold. Any trader may submit multiple orders over several rounds. A trading agent's order can only be executed when it matches with bids and asks from one or more other agents. Acceptable bid and ask prices are adjusted each round to decrease the spread, and the final, market-clearing trades are executed to maximize the gains from trade. This paper outlines the clock mechanism and presents a new approach for allocation of surplus among the market-clearing agents to maximize incentives for participation.
Measuring Risk Aversion in a Name-Your-Own-Price Channel
Authors: Abbas Ali E. , Hann Il-Horn
Published: March 2010

This paper measures the risk aversion coefficients exhibited by online customers at a name-your-own-price (NYOP) intermediary that allowed the submission of subsequent offers. We present a decision analytic model to determine the optimal sequence of offers for a decision maker with a constant risk aversion coefficient. We show how the optimal sequence of offers can be determined by simple sensitivity analysis. We then discuss the inverse problem of estimating the risk aversion coefficient from a sequence of offers placed by a customer. We provide a direct expression for the risk aversion coefficient in terms of the increments between each two successive offers. This expression separates the estimation of the risk aversion from the remaining model parameters and enables its calculation directly by observing a sequence of offers from a customer. We then use field data from an NYOP firm to estimate the risk aversion that is exhibited throughout the online process. We find that customers exhibit relatively high risk aversion coefficients on Internet sites. Based on three different product groups, we also find that risk aversion is a significant variable in the offer strategy of the customers. To our knowledge, this is the first work that empirically examines risk aversion in a nonexperimental Internet-based NYOP setting.
Coexisting Follicular and Mantle Cell Lymphoma With Each Having an In Situ Component
Authors: Roullet Michele R. , Martinez Daniel , Ma Lisa , Fowler Melissa Halpern , McPhail Ellen D. , Judkins Alexander , Arber Daniel A. , Bagg Adam
Published: March 2010

A diagnosis of composite lymphoma is typically prompted by the observation of morphologic discordance. We present a case of a spleen revealing histologic features of follicular lymphoma, without any indication of a second lymphoma. Immunohistochemical stains supported this diagnosis and showed the follicular lymphoma to be BCL2–. However, these studies revealed 2 additional unexpected findings: cyclin D1+ mantle zone cells surrounding neoplastic and reactive follicles (indicative of in situ mantle cell lymphoma) and BCL2-bright, histologically nonneoplastic follicles (indicative of in situ follicular lymphoma). ImmunoFISH and microdissection and polymerase chain reaction analysis documented the clonal nature of the cyclin D1+ mantle zones and illustrated clonal independence from the follicular lymphoma. This case illustrates an uncommon and unusual composite follicular and mantle cell lymphoma, with the follicular lymphoma accompanied by an in situ component, whereas the only manifestation of the mantle cell lymphoma was in situ.
Comparison of QIAGEN Automated Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods for CMV Quantitative PCR Testing
Authors: Miller Steve , Seet Henrietta , Khan Yasmeen , Wright Carolyn , Nadarajah Rohan
Published: March 2010

We examined the effect of nucleic acid extraction methods on the analytic characteristics of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for cytomegalovirus (CMV). Human serum samples were extracted with 2 automated instruments (BioRobot EZ1 and QIAsymphony SP, QIAGEN, Valencia, CA) and CMV PCR results compared with those of pp65 antigenemia testing. Both extraction methods yielded results that were comparably linear and precise, whereas the QIAsymphony SP had a slightly lower limit of detection (1.92 log10 copies/mL vs 2.26 log10 copies/mL). In both cases, PCR was more sensitive than CMV antigen detection, detecting CMV viremia in 12% (EZ1) and 21% (QIAsymphony) of antigen-negative specimens. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using 2 different extraction techniques to yield results within 0.5 log10 copies/mL of the mean value, a level that would allow for clinical comparison between different laboratory assays.
Presence of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and a Dominant Nodule Within Primary Melanoma Are Prognostic Factors for Relapse-Free Survival of Patients With Thick (T4) Primary Melanoma
Authors: Rao Uma N. M. , Lee Sandra J. , Luo Weixiu , Mihm Martin C. , Kirkwood John M.
Published: March 2010

Lymphocytic infiltration of primary cutaneous melanoma has been demonstrated to be of prognostic significance. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated on histologic sections of pT4 primary cutaneous melanoma from 293 patients, accrued in protocols 1690 and 1694 of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Data for the 60-month follow-up were available. Statistical analysis of the pathologic data evaluated the correlation of regional lymph node metastasis and response to interferon therapy, overall survival, and relapse-free survival.

In multivariate analysis, there was significant correlation of the presence of TILs and improved survival. The presence of TILs did not affect the survival of patients treated with interferon alfa-2b. Presence of a localized dominant tumor nodule within the primary tumor had an adverse effect on relapse-free survival (P = .044) that was also marginally present for overall survival (P = .112).

The presence of TILs has prognostic but not predictive value, and the presence of a dominant nodule in the primary lesion represents a new adverse prognostic factor that should be incorporated in the evaluation of primary melanoma. This study confirmed the importance of tumor ulceration and the number of positive lymph nodes on outcome.
Use of the RQI Test for Bacterial Screening of Whole Blood Platelets
Authors: Yazer Mark H. , Stapor Daniel , Triulzi Darrell J.
Published: March 2010

We compare our experience using a new rapid qualitative immunoassay (RQI) test (platelet Pan Genera Detection, Verax, Worcester, MA) for bacterial screening of whole blood platelet (WBP) pools with our previous WBP bacterial screen, pH testing.

All WBP pools were RQI tested at the time of issue. All RQI+ pools were cultured in an automated culture system, with subsequent bacterial identification if the culture was positive.

During approximately 5.5 months, 7,733 WBP pools were RQI tested. There were 14 positive RQI tests; 12 WBP pools were sterile when cultured and considered false-positive RQI tests. One pool was positive for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, while another was positive for group B Streptococcus. The specificity and positive predictive value of the RQI test were 99.85% and 14.3%, respectively. The specificity and positive predictive value of the RQI test were higher than pH testing, leading to less waste of sterile WBP pools.
The future of radio news: BBC radio journalists on the brave new world in which they work
Authors: Luscombe Anya
Published: March 2010

Radio listeners in the United Kingdom are increasingly using new digital platforms internet, mobile phone and podcasts to tune into their favourite and new radio stations. Digitisation has allowed radio to emerge from its box on the counter or in the dashboard and take flight across
national borders and boundaries, across time and history, beyond streaming broadcasts, out of the house or car and into our pockets and headsets (Hilmes 2007). Changing technology has also meant that journalists have had to become multi-skilled and work across the spectrum of print, radio,
TV and online. This article reports on a set of 27 interviews with current and former journalists of the national BBC radio newsroom and Radio 1, carried out in the summer of 2008. Despite the increased workload and the worries expressed by some about falling standards of language and content,
the majority of those interviewed are overwhelmingly positive about the future of radio news.
Radio and affective rhythm in the everyday
Authors: Tacchi Jo
Published: March 2010

This article explores the role of radio sound in establishing what I term affective rhythms in everyday life. Through exploring the affective qualities of radio sound and its capacity for mood generation in the home, this article explores personal affective states and personal organization.
The term affective rhythm relates both to mood and to routine. It is the combination of both that allows the possibility of thinking about sound and affect, and how they relate to, and integrate with, routine everyday life. The notion of affective rhythm forces us to consider the idea of mood
in the light of the routine nature of everyday domestic life.
School of Sound Symposium, London 2009; keynote lecture
Authors: Westerkamp Hildegard
Published: March 2010

Composer, radio artist and sound ecologist, Hildegard Westerkamp focuses on her own compositional work and its inherent connection to the visual. I'll trace the process of listening from the first step of recording to the presentation of the finished piece and how the sounds themselves,
in the context of this type of listening, guide a piece into what it becomes its structure and its message. My intention is to build connections between the professional ear (of the sound designer, composer or director), the media ear (of the audience) and the daily life ear (of all of us).
Electronic realities and identity fugue in Chris Petit's Radio On (1979)
Authors: Pink Matthew
Published: March 2010

Chris Petit's Radio On (1979) is an excellent example of how to achieve a great deal through the use of film sound with relatively scarce financial and production resources. As such it serves as a fascinating document for film-makers starting out, who are interested in the possibilities
of storytelling through a subtle deployment of sound. This article is about how Petit's use of the songs and the personae of Kraftwerk and David Bowie combine with his subtle variation of auditory perspectives to create an electronic reality where music and sound serve to reveal ideas of identity.
Cold world: the deathly void of sound
Authors: Toop David
Published: March 2010

The essay begins by proposing an auditory engagement with the paintings of Caravaggio. By interpreting visual representations of sound and listening in visual media, it is possible to construct a more comprehensive history of listening prior to the invention of sound recording in the
late nineteenth century. A relationship is suggested between seventeenth century devices such as Samuel van Hoogstraten's Peep Show and the beginnings of cinema. The essay also makes links between indications of microsound in painting and the growing importance of hyper-real sound design
in American cinema between 1967 and 1979. The use of pop songs in films after Kenneth Anger's Scorpio Rising is explored, leading to a mapping of the connections between quasi-documentary narrative film, hip hop sampling, crime fiction and David Simon's television series, The Wire.
Gypsum: Connecting Science and Technology
Authors: Kuntze Richard A.
Published: March 2010

Description

The only comprehensive resource of its kind, covering both gypsum science and technology

This new ASTM manual bridges the gap in the literature between academic papers that deal with narrow subjects and applications.

Ten comprehensive chapters cover:

It also addresses how the utilization of gypsum is affected by several overall technical factors, including:
29th Symposium on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems
Authors: Zollinger Richard , Rohde Arlean
Published: March 2010

Description

The latest in this continuing series provides 13 peer-reviewed papers covering the latest advances in crop protection technologies and updates on regulatory issues related to the use of pesticides and drift reduction technology.

13 peer-reviewed papers discuss
On the Quantification of the Constraint Effect Along a Three-Dimensional Crack Front
Authors: Wang Xin
Published: March 2010

In this paper we examined the characterization of constraint effects for surface cracked plates under uniaxial and biaxial tension loadings. First, three-dimensional (3D) modified boundary layer analyses were conducted using the finite element method to study the constraint effect at a typical 3D crack front. The analyses were carried out using small geometry change formulation and deformation plasticity material model. Elastic-plastic crack front stress fields at a constant J and various T-stress levels were obtained. Three-dimensional elastic-plastic analyses were performed for semi-circular surface cracks in a finite thickness plate, under remote uniaxial and biaxial tension loading conditions. In topological planes perpendicular to the crack fronts, the crack stress fields were obtained. Then, J-Q and J-T two-parameter approaches are used in characterizing the elastic-plastic crack-tip stress fields along the 3D crack front. It is found that the J-Q characterization provides good estimate for the constraint effect for crack-tip stress fields. Reasonable agreements are achieved between the T-stress based Q-factors and the Q-factors obtained from finite element analysis.
Influence of Residual Stresses on Fretting Fatigue Life Prediction in Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Golden Patrick J. , Buchanan Dennis , Naboulsi Sam
Published: March 2010

The objective of this work was to evaluate life prediction methodologies involving fretting fatigue of turbine engine materials with advanced surface treatments. Fretting fatigue tests were performed on Ti-6Al-4V dovetail specimens with and without advanced surface treatments. These tests were representative of the conditions found in a turbine engine blade to disk attachment. Laser shock processing and low plasticity burnishing have been shown to produce deep compressive residual stresses with relatively little cold work. Testing showed these advanced surface treatments improved fretting fatigue strength by approximately 50 %. In addition to advanced surface treatments, several specimens were also coated with diamond-like carbon applied through a nonline-of-sight process capable of coating small dovetail slots in an engine disk. Testing with this coating alone and combined with advanced surface treatments also significantly improved fretting fatigue strength due to a decreased coefficient of friction along with the compressive residual stresses. This work presents a mechanics based lifing analysis of these tests that takes into account the local plasticity and the redistribution of residual stresses due to the contact loading. The use of superposition of the residual stresses into the contact stress analysis results in unconservative crack growth life predictions. Finite element analyses were conducted to predict the redistribution of residual stresses due to the contact loading. The redistributed residual stresses were used to make improved crack growth life predictions when possible. The results showed very little redistribution of residual stresses for the advanced surface treatments, however, a significant change in shot peened residual stress gradients was predicted.
Fatigue Response of Aluminum Aircraft Structure under Engineered Residual Stress Processing
Authors: Langer Kristina , VanHoogen Scott , Hoover Jeffery
Published: March 2010

Advanced surface treatment methods for imparting beneficial residual compressive stresses into fatigue-prone metallic components such as laser shock processing (LSP) and low plasticity burnishing (LPB) have proven highly effective in prolonging the life of titanium turbine engine blades. The objective of the current effort was to experimentally evaluate whether similar life enhancement benefits are possible for metallic aircraft structures. Under this initiative, aluminum test specimens were processed using three engineered residual stress techniques, referred to as LSP 1, LSP 2, and LPB, and subsequently fatigue tested under uniaxial, constant amplitude loading conditions. Evaluation of the test results indicated that both the LSP and LPB processes, if carefully designed and applied, have the potential to increase the fatigue life of aircraft structural components.
Influence of the Peening Intensity on the Fatigue Behavior of Shot Peened Titanium Components
Authors: Leitner H. , Oberwinkler B. , Gaenser H. -P. , Stoschka M.
Published: March 2010

Although mechanical surface treatments are commonly used in engineering practice for their beneficial effect on fatigue life, little quantitative data are available from published literature. This paper presents the first results of a long-term research program that aims to develop quantitative design guidelines for the influence of mechanical surface treatments on the fatigue life of structural lightweight components. To gain a detailed understanding of the effects of mechanical surface treatments on surface roughness, residual stress distribution, and resulting fatigue strength, extensive experimental work as well as accompanying fracture analyses have been performed. Four-point rotating bending tests and alternating torsional tests were performed on a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Both smooth and notched specimen geometries were investigated. The heat-treated and machined specimens were subjected to a shot peening process with varying shot intensities within the recommendations of the MIL-S-13165C and MIL-P-81985 specifications. It was observed that shot peening can result in both an improvement as well as a deterioration in fatigue strength, depending on the shot peening intensity and the type of loading. For the assessment of the fatigue failure mechanisms, detailed investigations of the surface layer were included in the research program.
Prediction of the Fatigue Limit of Prestrained Carbon Steel under Tensile Mean Stress
Authors: Kang Minwoo , Irisa Kentaro , Aono Yuuta , Noguchi Hiroshi
Published: March 2010

The effect of tensile mean stress on the fatigue limit of carbon steel was investigated. Annealed 0.1 % and 0.5 % carbon steel specimens were subjected to monotonic tension to produce prestrain. Fatigue tests were performed using a servohydraulic fatigue test machine. The experimental results showed that tensile mean stress degraded the fatigue limit. However, the tensile mean stress did not affect the decrease in the surface hardness as a result of fatigue loading for the specimen without a defect. In the case of the specimen with a defect, the decrease in the hardness was small and did not depend on the mean stress or stress amplitude. Formulae for predicting the fatigue limit of prestrained carbon steel specimens under tensile mean stress were proposed. The results calculated using the formulae showed good agreement with the experimental results.
Elastic-Plastic Finite-Element Analyses of Compression Precracking and Its Influence on Subsequent Fatigue-Crack Growth
Authors: Yamada Y. , Newman J. C. , Newman J. C.
Published: March 2010

Compression precracking has been used in a renewed effort to generate fatigue-crack growth rates in the threshold and near-threshold regimes, as an alternative to the traditional load-reduction procedure. But concerns have been expressed on the influence of tensile residual stresses resulting from compressive yielding at the crack-starter notch. This paper uses elastic-plastic, finite-element analyses to study the influence of the tensile residual stresses induced by compression precracking on simulated crack growth under constant-amplitude loading. High-fidelity finite-element models (60 000 to 160 000 DOF) using two-dimensional plane-stress analyses were used to model plastic yielding during compressive loading and simulated fatigue-crack growth through the tensile residual-stress field. The finite-element code was ZIP2D and the course mesh had an element size of 2 μm. A refined mesh had an element size four times smaller (0.5 μm) than the course mesh. Fatigue-crack growth and crack-closure effects were simulated over a wide range in stress ratios (R=0 to 0.8) and load levels, after compression precracking. The crack-tip-opening displacement (CTOD) concept was used to judge the extent of the influence on the tensile residual stresses and the stabilization of the crack-opening loads. It was found that the tensile residual stress field decayed as the crack grew under cyclic loading. Once the crack had reached one compressive plastic-zone size, the tensile residual-stress field had dissipated. However, the stabilization of the crack-opening loads and merging of the CTOD values with and without compression precracking was found to be about 1.5 to 2 times the compressive plastic-zone size at R=0 loading. The effects dissipated at smaller distances from the notch tip for the higher stress ratios. The present results have validated the crack-extension criterion that had been proposed for use in the compressive precracking threshold test method, beyond which, cracks are growing under constant-amplitude (steady-state) behavior.
Compression Precracking to Generate Near Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in an Aluminum and Titanium Alloy
Authors: Ruschau John J. , Newman James C.
Published: March 2010

The scope of this paper is to determine the fatigue-crack growth rates in the near-threshold regime for both an aluminum and titanium alloy using the compression precracking constant-amplitude (CPCA) test method on compact specimens. Tests were conducted over a wide range of stress ratios (R=Pmin∕Pmax=0.1 to 0.9). Results were compared with threshold and near-threshold data generated on the same materials using the ASTM E647, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates,” load-shedding test procedure. On the 7075-T651 alloy, very little difference was observed in threshold values between the load-shedding and CPCA test methods. In contrast, the titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) showed very large differences between the CPCA and load-shedding test results in the near-threshold and threshold regimes for the low stress ratios. Results under high R conditions (R≥0.7) agreed well between the two-threshold test methods for both materials. On the titanium alloy, the load-shedding test method also produced a specimen width effect on near-threshold behavior, whereas the CPCA test method produced results that were independent of specimen width and produced “steady-state” constant-amplitude data in the near-threshold regime, after the crack had grown several compressive plastic-zone sizes.
Impact of Residual Stress and Elastic Follow-Up on Fracture
Authors: Aird C. J. , Hadidi-Moud S. , Truman C. E. , Smith D. J.
Published: March 2010

The presence of tensile residual stress in cracked structures combined with external loading leads to circumstances where a structure may fail at a lower applied load than when residual stresses are not present. This is taken into consideration in the fracture assessment codes which are usually invoked to determine whether a cracked structure is fit-for-purpose. These codes typically attempt to decompose the stresses present in the structure under consideration into either “secondary” or “primary” components, in order to simplify the assessment and avoid the need for detailed numerical modeling. It is acknowledged that whether a given residual stress field should be classified as “secondary” or as “primary” is dependent on the level of associated elastic follow-up (EFU). However, although there is a significant body of work related to the influence of EFU on the high temperature creep behavior of uncracked structures, the EFU concept has not yet been rigorously applied to the fracture assessment of cracked structures. This paper represents a first step towards a more rigorous application of the EFU concept to the fracture assessment of cracked structures containing residual stresses. Insight is provided into the influence of residual stress and EFU on fracture by considering the behavior of a simple three-bar assembly. Having introduced the concept, a three-bar type test rig capable of generating fit-up residual stresses with varying levels of EFU in a compact-tension fracture-specimen is presented. Results, produced using this test rig, from two cases with identical levels of initial residual stress but different levels of associated EFU are considered. It is concluded that EFU is important in determining how the residual force in the specimen changes (and therefore how the component of crack driving force associated with the residual force changes) as damage accumulates in the specimen subsequent to fracture initiation.