bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Being in the spotlight is not something we are used to’
Authors: Jones Ben
Published: August 2022

An important venture in the world of media and development is The Guardian’s ‘Katine’ project in Uganda. The newspaper, with funding from its readers and Barclays Bank, put more than £2.5 million into a Ugandan sub-county over the course of four years. The project was profiled on a dedicated Guardian microsite, with regular updates in the printed edition of the newspaper. In this chapter, I look at the relationship that developed between journalists and the non-governmental organization managing the project, and show that the experience of ‘being in the spotlight’ was both disorienting and reorienting. The scrutiny of the project disoriented the non-governmental organization, making its work the subject of public criticism. At the same time, particular issues explored by journalists in the project reoriented what the organization did on the ground. As the project progressed, the relationship between journalists and the organization grew more settled, part of a larger story about a non-governmental organization using media to become ‘the voice on health in Africa’, and getting used to ‘being in the spotlight’.
Maximum entropy methods
Authors: Schulman L. S.
Published: August 2022

A careful definition of information is given. Entropy is its opposite and for some situations it is useful to give a distribution by maximizing entropy, given a variety of constraints. After a simple example and a mathematical way of fixing the maximum entropy the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States of America are studied. In calculation the maximum entropy subject to constraints Lagrange multipliers are used. (These are explained in an appendix.)
Universality, renormalization and critical phenomena
Authors: Schulman L. S.
Published: August 2022

The Ising model of ferromagnetism (defined in Chapter 5) is studied in three ways: mean field (which is incorrect), transfer matrix, and renormalization. Renormalization has the advantage of ignoring details and breaks the world into universality classes, each of which behaves in the same way in the neighborhood of the critical point. Spatial correlations are an example and are computed in two ways, which agree.
Biological sciences
Authors: Schulman L. S.
Published: August 2022

Synchronization is important in biology, from heart beats to firefly mating. But those are not the only phenomena that become simpler as the number of constituents increases. Integrate and fire models as well as the Kuramoto theory are studied. Ants and biorobotics are similar to---of all things---glass. Systems that show power laws are genes and neural matter, both products of evolution. Emergent behavior is displayed in flocks of birds, fish, and other animals. Ecology uses maximum entropy methods to predict the number of species in a given area and other features. In some cases computers are used in agent-based modelling, in others analytic methods are used, and finally sometimes it takes both.
The elements of relativistic mechanics
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

After discussing Newton’s laws of motion, Chapter 4 examines the concept of mass in special relativity. It turns out that the appropriate concept is the rest mass, that is, the mass measured in an inertial frame in which the object is at rest. However, in general, the mass of a moving object depends on its velocity. Relativistic energy is then introduced and it is shown that mass and energy are equivalent and are related by the famous equation ‘E equals m c squared’. The chapter ends with a discussion of Planck’s hypothesis relating the energy of photons to their frequency and shows how this fits in well with the notion of energy in special relativity.
Special relativity revisited
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

Following on the introduction of the concept of tensors in the previous chapter, Chapter 8 gives a geometric description of special relativity in terms of the geometry of a flat space-time, using a general coordinate system rather than the Minkowski coordinates used in Part A. It is shown that space-time in Minkowski coordinates is flat and, since this is a coordinate-invariant statement, this provides a characterization of Minkowski space-time. There follows a discussion of the null cone and the concept of proper time along a general (time-like) curve is introduced. The chapter ends with an axiomatic formulation of special relativity.
The verticalization model of language shift from a population-structure perspective
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S.
Published: August 2022

In Chapter 7 I evaluate the verticalization model’s capacity to explain language shift universally (according to Joshua R. Brown and Joseph Salmons) against a population-structure approach that I have developed in my work to account for differential language evolution, which subsumes language shift. I argue that although the verticalization model has its merits, especially in articulating the economic factors and patterns and networks of social interactions (among other ecological factors), its explanatory power appears to be overstated regarding not only its alleged universal applicability but also the case studies themselves. I show in the commentary that horizontal accommodation appears to account for the different cases of shift more accurately than vertical pressures (alone), be they economic or otherwise. I also adduce evidence from different parts of the world – including cases where members of the colonizing population actually shifted languages in favor of those spoken by the people they ruled, in addition to cases where the shifts are from one indigenous vernacular to another – which disputes the claim that the verticalization model applies universally. However, I also underscore the fact that there is a great deal to learn from the verticalization model of language shift regarding how this process occurs in diverse ecologies.
Reflecting on the commentaries
Authors: Bousquette Joshua , Brown Joshua R. , Frey Benjamin , Johnson Mirva , Natvig David , Salmons Joseph
Published: August 2022

Following an introductory chapter that establishes the theoretical framework of the verticalization model, this volume continues with a variety of case studies. One of the limiting factors of these case studies is that they are all based in the US. Although both the theoretical premise and the case studies make appeals to work that has been done globally, the authors invited two leading scholars with different perspectives on language maintenance and shift to engage critically with the verticalization model and examine its applicability beyond our US case studies. This chapter responds to the issues raised in the commentary chapters and makes suggestions for how the verticalization model might be applied to global situations. Further, the chapter suggests areas of further research and refinement of the theoretical framework.
Income During Retirement
Authors: Hougaard Jensen Svend E. , Hansen Niels Lynggård
Published: August 2022

This chapter offers a broad overview of the three-pillar Danish pension system. A key part is focused on the funded, occupational pension system. Launched in the blue-collar segment of the labour market in 1987, as a grand agreement between social partners backed by the government, and as part of the collective wage-bargaining process, the Danish occupational pension system differs from the set-up in most other countries, where occupational pension schemes typically have been introduced as part of the legislative process. The schemes play a key role behind the overall system’s success with respect to achieving satisfactory coverage, providing high replacement rates, and, not least, for keeping fiscal policy on a sustainable path. The chapter also examines the potential of home equity as a pension device. Using a new, unique data set comprising all Danish households, with data for household wealth and debt broken down on several categories, the value of home equity across different age, income, and wealth groups is computed. This is performed not only in a historical context but also as a future scenario. It is found that home equity effectively represents an additional pillar to the Danish pension system.
Regulation and Supervision of the Danish Pension System
Authors: Berg Jesper
Published: August 2022

The first section of this chapter summarizes the core regulation of the Danish pension system. The second section tells the story of the four decisions that explain why the Danish pension system is well funded. The third section introduces the other regulation that governs the system. The fourth section provides an overview of the economics of the pension system. The fifth section shows how the Danish Financial Supervisory Authority applies risk-based supervision in practice, listing key risks identified and the associated supervisory initiatives. The sixth section reviews recent supervisory actions that the Danish Financial Supervisory Authority has taken. The seventh section briefly reflects on the situation in other EU countries and concludes the chapter.
The Twisted Road to Geneva
Authors: van Dijk Boyd
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 begins by sketching the winding road to Geneva from the ruins of the Second World War to the diplomatic conference of 1949. This introductory chapter of the book presents the most important actors who participated in the process of humanizing warfare, the steps they took to realize that vision, what challenges they faced during this trajectory, and the compromises that they were willing to accept along the way. The chapter underscores the contingent nature of the drafting process and it shows why the delegates were keenly aware not just of the inhumanity of total warfare or the need to make it less destructive, but also that the fate of human beings depended upon their decisions in Geneva.
The Strange Death of Liberal England
Authors: Patten Eve
Published: August 2022

Virginia Woolf provides a centrepiece for this book, and this chapter shows how the trajectory of her fictional oeuvre dovetails suggestively with the course of Irish history from the Home Rule crisis to the Civil War and into the formative years of Ireland’s independent statehood. In this temporal alignment, Woolf’s Irish references form a cryptic pattern of textual punctuation and interruption, her narrative allusions to Ireland providing a sideline commentary on her main theme: the post-war decline of English liberalism and the interwar rise of domestic patriarchy and international fascism. The chapter tracks Woolf’s Irish allusions from the early novel The Voyage Out to her late work The Years—a faux-historical family saga strung chronologically between the fall of Parnell and the ascendancy of de Valera, while also assessing the impact of her relationship with the Irish writer Elizabeth Bowen.
Ways of Escape
Authors: Patten Eve
Published: August 2022

This chapter revises critical readings of the Irish big house tradition and addresses, within the context of late modernism, the related category of ‘small house’ affectations. It asks how this spatial shift of emphasis helped to sustain Ireland as an imagined—and indeed, literal—retreat for a jaded wartime English sensibility, and how this reconfiguration lends itself to a political reading of neutral Ireland’s function as a figurative antechamber for England’s late imperial desire for ‘small nationhood’. The chapter assesses various representations of Ireland as the site of a time-locked minimalism, a theme encouraged by English film and travel writing, and by several novelists, including the two studied closely in this chapter, Evelyn Waugh, whose inclinations to an Irish escape indicate a protest at the left-wing statist turn in the English political landscape, and Graham Greene, whose 1940s retreat to Achill Island (including contact with retired Irish revolutionary Ernie O’Malley) is read as a figurative shedding of an overburdened imperial sensibility.
Dorotheus of Gaza and Ascetic Education
Authors: Champion Michael W.
Published: August 2022

Dorotheus of Gaza and Ascetic Education approaches fundamental questions about the role and function of education in late antiquity through a detailed study of the thought of Dorotheus of Gaza, a sixth-century Palestinian monk. It illumines the thought of a significant figure in Palestinian monasticism, clarifies relationships between ascetic and classical education, and contributes to debates about how different educational projects related to late-antique cultural change. Dorotheus appropriates and reconfigures classical discourses of rhetoric, philosophy, and medicine and builds on earlier ascetic traditions. Education is a powerful site for the reconfiguration and reproduction of culture, and Dorotheus’ educational programme can be read as a microcosm of the wider culture he aims to construct partly through his adaptation and representation of classical and ascetic discourses. Key features of his educational programme include the role of the notion of godlikeness, the governing role of humility as an epistemic virtue intended to organize affective and ethical development, and his notion of education as life-long habituation. For Dorotheus, education is irreducibly affective and transformative, rather than merely informative, at the individual and communal scales. His epistemology and ethics are set within an account of the divine plan of salvation which is intended to provide a narrative framework through which his students come to understand the world and their place in it. His account of ways of knowing and ordering knowledge, ethics and moral development, emotions of education, and relationships between affect, cognition, and ethical action aims towards transformation of his students and their communities.
Accent shift and the reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio
Published: August 2022

Among geographical varieties of the Basque language, we find a surprising diversity of accentual systems, including several different accent assignment rules and systems with lexical accentual melodies (lexical pitch accent). On the other hand, it is now generally accepted that a common unified ancestor of all present-day Basque dialects (Old Common Basque) was spoken in the early Middle Ages. Prosodic diversification has thus taken place within a narrow timeframe. Here, I offer a reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation that accounts for present-day and historical diversity. An important mechanism that has driven prosodic diversification has been accent shift due to ambiguity either in the accent assignment rules or in the phonetics of accent.
Stress, tone, and intonation in Choguita Rarámuri
Authors: Caballero Gabriela , Chai Yuan , Garellek Marc
Published: August 2022

Choguita Rarámuri is a Uto-Aztecan language from Northern Mexico featuring both stress and tone in its word prosody, as well as postlexical intonation. Based on the analysis of instrumental data obtained through field research, this chapter describes how lexical tones in this language are realized in terms of fundamental frequency (f0); how tonal realization varies by phrasal position in declarative sentences; and also how correlates of voice quality help increase the acoustic differentiation across tones for some speakers. In addition, the chapter describes how tone and intonation interact and shows that the incorporation of f0 over pre- and post-tonic syllables generally improves the statistical discriminability of the three tones in utterance-medial position. Therefore, tonal contrasts in this language are as much about paradigmatic differences across the tone categories during the tone-bearing syllable, as they are about syntagmatic changes over at least three syllables centered around the tone-bearing syllable.
Unaccentedness and the formation of prosodic structure in Lekeitio Basque
Authors: Elordieta Gorka , Selkirk Elisabeth
Published: August 2022

In Lekeitio Basque, radical mismatches between the morphosyntactic phrase structure of a sentence and the phonological/prosodic phrase structure of the phonological output representation appear when one or more of the words of a sentence display(s) unaccentedness, i.e., lack(s) lexical accent. Evidence of these constituency mismatches is provided by the distribution of predictable phrasal edge tones and prosodic-structure-sensitive patterns of pitch downstep and upstep. A purely phonological, optimality-theoretic analysis of the mismatches is given. This phonological analysis relies on assuming that morphosyntactic constituent structure is spelled out as prosodic constituent structure in the input representation of the phonology module and that a language-particular ranking of purely phonological constituency faithfulness and markedness constraints relates the constituency of the phonological input to the constituency of the phonological output representation.
January
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: August 2022

January is on average the coldest month of the year in Durham. In the 30 years used for the current standard averaging period, 1991–2020, January was the coldest month of the winter 13 times. January is also the second-windiest month of the year, and wind chill can often be significant. Although rainfall is frequent and can be persistent, heavy falls are rare in January. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall, and fog at Durham during the month of January. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month.
The calendar year
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: August 2022

The Pennine hills, although relatively modest in altitude, are sufficiently high to create an inhospitable climate of low temperatures, high rainfall, and frequent cloud cover. Durham lies in the rain shadow of the Pennines with a very different precipitation regime compared to the hills to the west. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall and fog at Durham during the calendar year, including sections on heatwaves, cold spells, driest and wettest 12-month periods and trends in sunshine duration. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events, and includes Durham’s ‘climate stripe’ since 1795.
Chronology of notable weather events in and around Durham
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: August 2022

The coldest year in the Central England Temperature (CET) series, which commenced in 1659, was 1740. This year includes the second-coldest winter on the series. Beginning with the year 1740 and continuing to the present, this chapter provides a chronology of notable weather events in and around Durham. It deals with extreme events and spells of weather, some of them before the Durham Observatory was built. This information is mostly based on the daily weather record since 1843. The events listed in this chapter include severe winters, snowstorms, floods, droughts, heatwaves, occasions of high or low barometric pressure, poor summers, and fine summers.
East Asia and the South Seas
Authors: Dimmock Matthew , Hadfield Andrew
Published: August 2022

Following in the footsteps of Marco Polo many English travellers sought to get to China and Japan and to establish trade with these long-established, wealthy and important nations. Many also sought to make contact with the powerful Mughal dynasty in India. This chapter opens with Francis Petty’s observations of the South Sea islanders encountered on Thomas Cavendish’s circumnavigation of the globe. The chapter includes a translation of a letter from a Jesuit describing the fabulous wealth and abundance of natural resources he observed in China; Sir Henry Middleton’s account of his voyage to the Moluccas; two accounts of Japan by Arthur Hatch and John Saris; Edward Terry’s observation of the Mughal court; extracts from the logbook of William Adams, one of the few Westerners to have been accepted into Chinese society in the period; and it concludes with Peter Mundy’s observations of India.
What Is ‘Gender’ in International Criminal Law?
Authors: Rosenthal Indira , Oosterveld Valerie , SáCouto Susana
Published: August 2022

This chapter, authored by the editors, opens the discussion on the book’s main themes, including: the definition of the term ‘gender’ and misconceptions about it; the term’s importance in international criminal law (ICL) and in securing robust and effective accountability for crimes under international law; the mixed progress on gender within ICL to date; the existing impasse, the risks posed by the current approach and some ways forward.
Kant on Concepts, Intuitions and Sensible Synthesis
Authors: Grüne Stefanie
Published: August 2022

For several years there has been a debate about whether Kantian intuitions have conceptual or non-conceptual content. Those who ascribe conceptual content to intuitions argue that for an intuition to be generated representations delivered by sensibility have to be synthesized by the understanding and that concepts have to be deployed in this act of synthesis. Defenders of the view that intuitions have non-conceptual content, by contrast, assume that a concept-involving synthesis is not a necessary condition for having an intuition, but for having a cognition and thus that having an intuition does not require deploying any concepts. In this chapter it is argued that Kant occupies a middle position between these two views. On the one hand, for Kant a concept-involving synthesis is indeed a presupposition for the production of intuitions. On the other hand, from this it does not follow that intuitions have conceptual content in the contemporary sense. This is because Kant distinguishes between different kinds of concepts, namely between obscure, clear, indistinct and distinct concepts. According to him, for a subject to synthesize sensible representations she only has to possess obscure concepts but does not have to possess clear or distinct ones. Yet, if one takes as a basis contemporary conceptions of concepts, then Kantian obscure concepts do not count as concepts at all. Thus, even though Kant claims that sensible synthesis requires possession of concepts, his position resembles the position of those contemporary philosophers who ascribe non-conceptual content to perceptions.
Graphs
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F.
Published: August 2022

Let us put aside random graphs, statistical ensembles, and probabilities for a while in favour of individual graphs while we introduce a few necessary basic notions.1 First we discuss undirected graphs. Two (hyper)graphs are isomorphic iff their vertices are connected in the same way, that is, there exists a permutation of the vertices of the first graph such that the adjacent vertices of this graph, after the permutation, become the adjacent vertices of the second.
Classical Random Graphs
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F.
Published: August 2022

Here we give an insight into two basic models of equilibrium random networks. Often they are both called the Erdős–Rényi random graph, although, strictly speaking, this name is only for the second model. This qualitative picture is generic for random networks. The general properties of a network are primarily determined by whether or not a giant connected component is present. So the first question about any network should be about the presence and relative size of this component.
Connected Components
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F.
Published: August 2022

Let us return to the configuration model of uncorrelated networks with a given degree distribution P(q) and exploit its local tree-likeness to explore basic structural features of these networks. The elements of the techniques that we use here were first implemented in graph theory (Pittel 1990; Molloy and Reed, 1995, 1998), and physicists developed it into a convenient and powerful mathematical apparatus (Newman, Strogatz, and Watts, 2001) applicable to various locally tree-like networks, including directed, multipartite, and correlated ones, and many others. For the sake of simplicity, we first consider uncorrelated undirected networks. The generating functions techniques is ideally suited for random trees and tree-like structures (Appendix C). The generating function for the degree distribution is defined as
Networks of Networks
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F.
Published: August 2022

In particular, if all connections are only between layers, then we get a multipartite graph, which we already discussed. In this chapter we proceed further and consider more interesting and more complicated networks having connections both within and between the layers. Distinct types of edges result in different kinds of paths between vertices, and hence to a more complex connectivity. This raises new questions, impossible for ordinary graphs. For example, we can ask about a pair of vertices: how are they interconnected by paths running within particular layers? This rich connectivity enables one to introduce new kinds of connected components playing specific roles in the integrity, robustness, and function of a network.
Spectra and Communities
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F.
Published: August 2022

Spectral properties of networks essentially determine the key features of processes and cooperative phenomena taking place in them. For example, the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a network determines the epidemic threshold of the SIS model in the quenched mean-field approximation, while the corresponding eigenvector indicates the probability that a vertex is infective near this threshold (Section 7.4). To gain some intuition about how the spectra of graphs are organized, the reader should review the chain of examples for small sample graphs in Section 2.9. In the present chapter, we focus on the spectra of undirected random networks. For an adjacency matrix, the key quantity of interest is the spectral density
Walks and Search
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F.
Published: August 2022

Milgram’s algorithm is actually the standard one in computer science, belonging to the class of decentralized search algorithms. A number of routing algorithms exploit geographic information about vertices of communication networks (Karp and Kung, 2000). The simplest geographic routing implements the greedy routing algorithm assuming that: (i) each vertex in a network has its geographic coordinate, and (ii) a vertex forwards messages (packets) to that its nearest neighbour in the network, which is geographically closest to the destination.
Cooperative Systems on Networks
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F.
Published: August 2022

Many of the problems considered in this book are equivalent to models of interacting spins or agents. For instance, the bond percolation problem is equivalent to the 1-state Potts model (Kasteleyn and Fortuin, 1969; Kasteleyn and Fortuin, 1969), the k-core problem is equivalent to the ferromagnetic Ising model in a heterogeneous magnetic field (Section 6.9), and so on. This chapter touches upon a few basic cooperative models demonstrating various behaviours.
What’s Next?
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F.
Published: August 2022

The science of complex networks has been explosively expanding over the last twenty-plus years, resulting in a number of new research directions. Some have already reached maturity, some became less exciting for the research community with time, and none of the directions has disappeared. Figure 14.1 gives an idea of how this field developed in the respect of objects, phenomena, and processes, putting aside applications. One can see the recent trends and the topics attracting particular attention and efforts of numerous academicians, whose studies on complex networks were essentially induced and multiplied by three major issues: the Big data problem, the Artificial Intelligence algorithms, and the COVID-19 pandemic. We suggest that these key problems, in addition to the growing needs of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, will largely determine the progress of the science of complex networks in the forthcoming years.
Role of caspase-3-cleaved/activated PAK2 in brusatol-triggered apoptosis of human lung cancer A549 cells
Authors: Huang Chien-Hsun , Wang Fu-Ting , Chan Wen-Hsiung
Published: August 2022

Brusatol, a major quassinoid extract of Bruceae fructus, is an important bioactive component with antineoplastic capacity. Several beneficial pharmacological and biological properties of brusatol have been uncovered to date, including anti-inflammatory, anticolitis, antimalarial, and anticancer activities. To confer anticancer benefits, brusatol is reported to effectively inhibit the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response and trigger apoptotic signaling. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms underlying apoptotic processes in brusatol-treated A549 cells in detail. Our experiments showed that brusatol induces cell death through intracellular ROS-triggered mitochondria-dependent apoptotic events and does not involve necrosis. Mechanistically, p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) was cleaved by caspase-3 to generate an activated p34 fragment involved in brusatol-induced apoptosis of A549 cells. Notably, PAK2 knockdown led to downregulation of caspase-3-mediated PAK2 activity, in turn, effectively attenuating brusatol-induced apoptosis, highlighting a crucial role of caspase-3-activated PAK2 in this process. Moreover, knockdown of PAK2 resulted in significant inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in brusatol-treated A549 cells, clearly suggesting that JNK serves as a downstream substrate of caspase-3-cleaved/activated PAK2 in the apoptotic cascade. SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor, significantly suppressed brusatol-induced JNK activity but only partially prevented apoptosis, implying that JNK serves as only one of a number of substrates for PAK2 in the brusatol-triggered apoptotic cascade. Based on the collective results, we propose a signaling cascade model for brusatol-induced apoptosis in human A549 cells involving ROS, caspases, PAK2, and JNK.
Impact of connected and autonomous vehicles on traffic safety of mixed traffic flow: from the perspective of connectivity and spatial distribution
Authors: Dong Jiakuan , Wang Jiangfeng , Luo Dongyu
Published: August 2022

Equipped with high driving automation and advanced communication technologies, connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV) are expected to possess a shorter reaction time and a wider vision, which are promising to improve traffic safety and efficiency. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of connectivity and spatial distribution on the safety performance of mixed traffic flow. In this paper, we attempt to investigate the impact of CAV on traffic safety considering these factors. To this end, a car-following model for CAV is proposed first. Then, the cooperative driving strategy for CAVs is designed. Precisely, the feedback gains of the information are adjusted in real-time and are designed based on the derived stability criterion of the mixed traffic flow. Microscopic simulations of mixed traffic flow in traffic oscillation are designed and conducted to explore how the distribution and connectivity of CAV affect the safety performance of mixed traffic flow. Simulation results show that increasing the penetration rate of CAV is promising to shift the safety performance of mixed traffic flow. In addition, the safety performance of mixed traffic flow is related to the spatial distribution and communication range of CAV. Besides, increasing communication range does not inevitably improve the safety performance of mixed traffic flow when the penetration rate of CAV is low. Moreover, it is also found from the spatial–temporal trajectory of the mixed traffic flow that introducing CAV can mitigate the propagation of the stop-and-go wave and increase the throughput.
Evaluation of a Viable-Cell Detection Assay for Xanthomonas fragariae with Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Turechek William W. , Wang Hehe
Published: August 2022

Most molecular diagnostic assays are designed to detect the simple presence of a protein or nucleic acid without regard to whether that protein or nucleic acid originated from a viable and presumably pathogenic organism at the time of isolation. We recently developed a viable-cell detection assay (propidium monoazide [PMA]-qPCR) for specific detection of viable (living) cells of Xanthomonas fragariae, the pathogen causing angular leaf spot of strawberry, and herein describe a unique set of statistical analyses for validation of this assay. For any detection assay or test, calculation of its sensitivity and specificity is essential for determining its diagnostic capabilities, particularly when evaluating competing assays or tests. This is often achieved by running competing tests concurrently on a set of samples with known pathogen density or disease status and cross-tabulating results. However, the PMA-qPCR assay is unique among PCR-based diagnostics because it is designed specifically to detect DNA from living cells only, whereas most traditional PCR assays are designed to detect DNA from the target organism regardless of its state of viability. Thus, one cannot directly compare the results from a cell-viability assay with those from a general assay to gauge the performance of either assay because the assays target two different but overlapping populations (i.e., the viable-cell population and the viable- plus nonviable-cell population). To address this challenge, two standard statistical approaches to diagnostic test evaluation were used jointly to estimate the test performance of the PMA-qPCR assay relative to two common assays for detection of X. fragariae. In both analyses, the PMA-qPCR outperformed the qPCR for detection of viable cells under a range of conditions. Viability testing is extremely useful in certification and disease management applications, and with the information on test performance generated here, the test can be put to practical use to design sampling strategies to account for the errors in testing.

[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
Model of Family Caregiver Resilience and Burden in Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Tyo Mirinda B. , McCurry Mary K.
Published: August 2022

This theory synthesis provides a theoretical model for nursing researchers to examine factors that influence resilience and burden in family caregivers of individuals with opioid use disorder. Two frameworks, the Resiliency Model and the Conceptual Framework for Family Involvement with Adults with Co-occurring Substance and Mental Disorders, were synthesized and modified by incorporating concepts and conceptual relationships from recent research studies and experiential knowledge from clinical practice to develop a new model. The model predicts the impact of caregiver characteristics, caregiver support, stressors, and caregiver-care recipient dyad characteristics on caregiver well-being.
Minimally Displaced Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures: Optimizing Follow-up and Minimizing Cost
Authors: Kraft Denver B. , Moore Theresa J. , Pargas Carlos , Rogers Kenneth , Thacker Mihir M.
Published: August 2022

Background:

Minimally displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle (LHC) may be treated nonoperatively in a long arm cast, but there is not a standardized evidence-based protocol. The aim of this study was to evaluate our nonoperatively treated LHC fractures, determine the risk of subsequent displacement, analyze our practice variability, and develop an evidence-based protocol to safely manage children with LHC fractures and to evaluate potential savings related to this analysis.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed clinical and radiographic parameters of all patients with LHC fractures at our institution from 2009 to 2015. All patients treated nonoperatively initially were included. We recorded demographic data and calculated the number of visits, casts applied, and radiographs within the first 4 weeks. We also analyzed practice variation among 27 treating providers. The number of children with subsequent displacement needing operative fixation was determined. We also looked at the average duration for each follow-up visit and the charges/costs associated with casting and radiographs.

Results:

There were 271 children with LHC fractures treated nonoperatively. Twenty-one were excluded because of the lack of adequate radiographs. There were 157 boys and 93 girls (average age 6.7 y). According to the Jakob classification, fracture types were as follows: 1 (230), 2 (20), and 3 (0). Within the first 4 weeks, the average number of visits was 2.6 (range: 1 to 5), average number of casts was 2.4 (range: 1 to 4), and the average number of radiographs was 9.4 (range: 2 to 31). Only 3 patients with LHC fracture type Jakob 1 were taken to the operating room post injury (9, 12, and 15 d, respectively) for subsequent displacement.

Conclusion:

Displacement in appropriately selected LHC fractures treated nonoperatively was rare (3/250, 1.2%) in this cohort, and the data question the need for multiple visits and radiographs in the first 4 weeks. Optimal follow-up (proposed follow-up at 10 to 15 d after injury and then 4 to 6 wk with radiographs, including an internal oblique view) would be safe, minimize waste, and result in better value-based care.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Using the Pediatric Patient-reported Outcomes–common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events to Longitudinally Measure Symptom Adverse Events of Children With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Montgomery Kathleen E. , Raybin Jennifer L. , Ward Jessica , Grinde Krista , Smith Corey , Brown Roger
Published: August 2022

Background:

Children with advanced cancer are frequently enrolled on clinical trials and experience multiple symptoms. Inclusion of patient-reported outcomes in pediatric cancer trials to monitor for symptom adverse events (AEs) of treatment is limited.

Objective:

To (1) determine the feasibility and acceptability of administering the Ped-PRO-CTCAE biweekly over a 6-month period to children with advanced cancer, and (2) describe symptom AEs.

Interventions/Methods:

A multisite prospective longitudinal design was used to electronically collect information about symptom AEs using the Ped-PRO-CTCAE and acceptability of a biweekly assessment interval in children 2–18 of age with a diagnosis of advanced cancer who spoke English or Spanish. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze sample characteristics and symptom AE data.

Results:

Forty-nine children completed the study with a mean age of 11.1 years with diverse cancer diagnoses. Participants completed 85% of 515 administered symptom measures over an average of 16 weeks. Fatigue severity and frequency attributes for anxiety, pain, nausea, and anorexia were the most reported symptom AEs across all participants and time points, while severity attributes of pain, nausea, headache, and abdominal pain had the highest mean scores.

Conclusions:

Biweekly electronic symptom assessment using the Pediatric PRO-CTCAE is feasible and acceptable.

Implications for Practice:

Using the Ped-PRO-CTCAE to longitudinally measure symptom AEs in children with advanced cancer may support clinicians and researchers alike to understand patient-reported symptom experiences and toxicities from treatment across the continuum of care.

What is Foundational:

Inclusion of patient-reported symptom AE monitoring in therapeutic and nontherapeutic clinical trials is necessary to illuminate symptom experiences.
Androgen receptor signaling–mitochondrial DNA–oxidative phosphorylation: A critical triangle in early prostate cancer
Authors: Sakellakis Minas , Flores Laura Jacqueline
Published: August 2022

Mitochondria are more than just the cellular powerhouse. They also play key roles in vital functions such as apoptosis, metabolism regulation, and other intracellular interactions. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Depletion of mtDNA in androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines renders them androgen-independent and more aggressive. Paradoxically, pharmaceutical inhibition of OXPHOS is lethal for subsets of PCa cells, whereas others become dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for survival. Given that the AR-mitochondria interaction is critical for early PCa, it is crucial to understand the details of this interaction. Technical hurdles have made mitochondria traditionally difficult to study, with many techniques used for isolation masking the properties of given individual mitochondria. Although the isolation of mitochondria enables us to study OXPHOS, we miss the context in which mitochondria interact with the rest of the cell. Both AR signaling and mtDNA affect apoptosis, metabolism regulation, cellular calcium storage and homeostasis, intracellular calcium signaling, and redox homeostasis. In this review, we will attempt to understand how the crosstalk between AR-mtDNA-OXPHOS is responsible for “life or death” decisions inside the cells. Our aim is to point toward potential vulnerabilities that can lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
Subphenotypes of acute kidney injury in children
Authors: Gist Katja M. , Fuhrman Dana , Stanski Natalja , Menon Shina , Soranno Danielle E.
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review

The purpose of this review is to describe acute kidney injury (AKI) phenotypes in children.

Recent findings

AKI is a heterogenous disease that imposes significant morbidity and mortality on critically ill and noncritically ill patients across the age spectrum. As our understanding of AKI and its association with outcomes has improved, it is becoming increasingly apparent that there are distinct AKI subphenotypes that vary by cause or associated conditions. We have also learned that severity, duration, and repeated episodes of AKI impact outcomes, and that integration of novel urinary biomarkers of tubular injury can also reveal unique subphenotypes of AKI that may not be otherwise readily apparent.

Studies that further delineate these unique AKI subphenotypes are needed to better understand the impact of AKI in children. Further delineation of these phenotypes has both prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Sociodemographic Disparities in Presentation and Survival of Pediatric Bone Cancers
Authors: Goulding DeLayna , Arguinchona Lauren , Anderson-Mellies Amy , Mikkelsen Margit , Eguchi Megan , Marinoff Hannah , Zahedi Shadi , Ribeiro Karina Braga , Cockburn Myles , Rodriguez Galindo Carlos , Green Adam L.
Published: August 2022

Osteosarcoma (OST) and Ewing sarcoma (ES) are the most common pediatric bone cancers. Patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis have poorer outcomes compared with localized disease. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries, we identified children and adolescents diagnosed with OST or ES between 2004 and 2015. We examined whether demographic and socioeconomic disparities were associated with a higher likelihood of metastatic disease at diagnosis and poor survival outcomes. In OST, Hispanic patients and those living in areas of high language isolation were more likely to have metastatic disease at diagnosis. Regardless of metastatic status, OST patients with public insurance had increased odds of death compared to those with private insurance. Living in counties with lower education levels increased odds of death for adolescents with metastatic disease. In ES, non-White adolescents had higher odds of death compared with white patients. Adolescents with metastatic ES living in higher poverty areas had increased odds of death compared with those living in less impoverished areas. Disparities in both diagnostic and survival outcomes based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors exist in pediatric bone cancers, potentially due to barriers to care and treatment inequities.
Prognostic Significance of Size, Location, and Number of Lymph Node Metastases in Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Tran Lily , Christensen Paul , Barroeta Julieta E. , Hunter Krystal , Sookram Janhvi , McGregor Stephanie M. , Wilkinson Nafisa , Orsi Nicolas M. , Lastra Ricardo R.
Published: August 2022

Regional lymph node metastasis is a well-established negative predictive prognostic factor in endometrial carcinomas. Recently, our approach to the pathologic evaluation of lymph nodes in endometrial carcinomas has changed, mainly due to the utilization of immunohistochemical stains in the assessment of sentinel lymph nodes, which may result in the identification of previously unrecognized disease [particularly isolated tumor cells (ITCs)] on hematoxylin and eosin stained slides. However, the clinical significance of this finding is not entirely clear. Following the experience in other organs systems such as breast, the Eight Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer’s Cancer Staging Manual has recommended utilizing the N0(i+) terminology for this finding, without impact in the final tumor stage. We performed a comparative retrospective multi-institutional survival analysis of 247 patients with endometrial carcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis of various sizes identified in nonsentinel lymphadenectomy, demonstrating that the cumulative survival of patients with isolated tumor cells in regional lymph nodes is not statistically different from patient with negative lymph nodes, and is statistically different from those with lymph nodes showing micrometastasis or larger metastatic deposits. In addition, we evaluated the prognostic implications of the number of involved regional lymph nodes, demonstrating a worsening prognosis as the number of involved lymph nodes increases from none to one, and from one to more than one. Our data suggests that regional lymph nodes with isolated tumor cells in patients with endometrial carcinoma should likely be considered, for staging purposes, as negative lymph nodes, simply indicating their presence with the (i+) terminology.
Ovarian Malignant Mixed Germ Cell Tumor With Prominent Embryoid Bodies (Polyembryoma Background): A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Sun Yu , Liu-Jarin Xiaolin , Hamele-Bena Diane , Murty Vundavalli V. , Clancy Emily , Chen Xiaowei
Published: August 2022

Ovarian malignant mixed germ cell tumors are rare tumors occurring in young women. The presence of prominent embryoid bodies in these tumors is extremely uncommon. Herein, we report such a case, with a histomorphologic description and immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.