bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal and External Focus of Attention During Gait Re-Education: An Observational Study of Physical Therapist Practice in Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Johnson Louise , Burridge Jane H. , Demain Sara H.
Published: April 2013

Background

Focus of attention is known to play an important role in motor skill learning, yet little is known about how attention is directed within the context of stroke rehabilitation.

Objective

The aims of this study were: (1) to identify physical therapists' use of internal and external focus of attention during gait rehabilitation for individuals with hemiplegia following stroke and (2) to use the findings to design an experimental study examining the impact of focus of attention on learning poststroke.

Design

The study design involved direct nonparticipation observation of physical therapy treatment sessions.

Methods

Eight physical therapy treatment sessions, in which gait rehabilitation was taking place, were video recorded. Patients were aged between 36 and 85 years, and ranged from 7 to 216 days poststroke; physical therapists had between 3 and 12 years of experience in stroke rehabilitation. Data analysis took 2 forms: (1) clear definitions of internal and external focus of attention were agreed on via a consensus group and used to develop an analysis matrix through which incidences of instruction and feedback were identified, categorized, and counted; and (2) verbal dialogue was transcribed verbatim and transcripts were thematically analyzed to provide a detailed description of how instructions and feedback were used, illustrated by examples.

Results

The use of instructions and feedback (internal and external focus) was high; an average of one verbal instruction or feedback statement was delivered every 14 seconds. Sixty-seven percent of the statements were internally focused, 22% were externally focused, and 11% were of mixed focus. Unfocused statements (eg, “good”) also were used regularly. Patients were frequently encouraged to “think about” their performance.

Limitations

Observational data collection methods may result in changes in the behavior of those observed, which is a potential source of bias. The small sample size also was a limitation of the study.

Conclusion

Physical therapists frequently encouraged patients to be aware of their movements and their performance (internal focus). This approach may reduce automaticity and hinder learning and retention.
Psychometric Properties of the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) in Community-Dwelling Individuals With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Tsang Charlotte S.L. , Liao Lin-Rong , Chung Raymond C.K. , Pang Marco Y.C.
Published: April 2013

Background

The Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) is a new balance assessment, but its psychometric properties have not been specifically tested in individuals with stroke.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Mini-BESTest and its accuracy in categorizing people with stroke based on fall history.

Design

An observational measurement study with a test-retest design was conducted.

Methods

One hundred six people with chronic stroke were recruited. Intrarater reliability was evaluated by repeating the Mini-BESTest within 10 days by the same rater. The Mini-BESTest was administered by 2 independent raters to establish interrater reliability. Validity was assessed by correlating Mini-BESTest scores with scores of other balance measures (Berg Balance Scale, one-leg-standing, Functional Reach Test, and Timed “Up & Go” Test) in the stroke group and by comparing Mini-BESTest scores between the stroke group and 48 control participants, and between fallers (≥1 falls in the previous 12 months, n=25) and nonfallers (n=81) in the stroke group.

Results

The Mini-BESTest had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach alpha=.89–.94), intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [3,1]=.97), and interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1]=.96). The minimal detectable change at 95% confidence interval was 3.0 points. The Mini-BESTest was strongly correlated with other balance measures. Significant differences in Mini-BESTest total scores were found between the stroke and control groups and between fallers and nonfallers in the stroke group. In terms of floor and ceiling effects, the Mini-BESTest was significantly less skewed than other balance measures, except for one-leg-standing on the nonparetic side. The Berg Balance Scale showed significantly better ability to identify fallers (positive likelihood ratio=2.6) than the Mini-BESTest (positive likelihood ratio=1.8).

Limitations

The results are generalizable only to people with mild to moderate chronic stroke.

Conclusions

The Mini-BESTest is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating balance in people with chronic stroke.
Alzheimer Disease Alters the Relationship of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Brain Activity During the Stroop Task
Authors: Vidoni Eric D. , Gayed Matthew R. , Honea Robyn A. , Savage Cary R. , Hobbs Derek , Burns Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2013

Background

Despite mounting evidence that physical activity has positive benefits for brain and cognitive health, there has been little characterization of the relationship between cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness and cognition-associated brain activity as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The lack of evidence is particularly glaring for diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) that degrade cognitive and functional performance.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between regional brain activity during cognitive tasks and CR fitness level in people with and without AD.

Design

A case-control, single-observation study design was used.

Methods

Thirty-four individuals (18 without dementia and 16 in the earliest stages of AD) completed maximal exercise testing and performed a Stroop task during fMRI.

Results

Cardiorespiratory fitness was inversely associated with anterior cingulate activity in the participants without dementia (r=−.48, P=.05) and unassociated with activation in those with AD (P>.7). Weak associations of CR fitness and middle frontal cortex were noted.

Limitations

The wide age range and the use of a single task in fMRI rather than multiple tasks challenging different cognitive capacities were limitations of the study.

Conclusions

The results offer further support of the relationship between CR fitness and regional brain activity. However, this relationship may be attenuated by disease. Future work in this area may provide clinicians and researchers with interpretable and dependable regional fMRI biomarker signatures responsive to exercise intervention. It also may shed light on mechanisms by which exercise can support cognitive function.
In vivo embolization of lateral wall aneurysms in canines using the liquid-to-solid gelling PPODA-QT polymer system: 6-month pilot study
Authors: Brennecka Celeste R. , Preul Mark C. , Becker Timothy A. , Vernon Brent L.
Published: April 2013

Object

Over the past 20 years, endovascular embolization has become the preferred method of treating cerebral aneurysms. While there are many embolic devices on the market, none is ideal. In this study the authors investigated the use of a liquid-to-solid gelling polymer system—that is, poly(propylene glycol) diacrylate and pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate) (PPODA-QT)—to embolize in vivo aneurysms over a 6-month period.

Methods

Experimental aneurysms were created in the carotid arteries of 9 canines. Aneurysms were embolized with the polymer only (PPODA-QT, 3 dogs), filled with PPODA-QT after placement of a “framing” platinum coil (coil + PPODA-QT, 3 dogs), or packed with platinum coils (coils only, 3 dogs). Aneurysm occlusion was angiographically monitored immediately and 6 months after embolization. After 6 months, the ostial regions of explanted aneurysms were assessed macroscopically and histologically.

Results

All aneurysms showed 100% angiographic occlusion at 6 months, but turbulent blood flow was observed in 1 coils-only sample. Ostial regions of explanted coils-only aneurysms showed neointimal tissue surrounding individual coils but no continuous tissue layer over the aneurysm neck. All PPODA-QT aneurysms displayed smooth ostial surfaces, but 2 of 3 coil + PPODA-QT aneurysms showed polymer (unassociated with the coil) protruding into the vessel lumen, contributing to rough ostial surfaces. Neointimal tissue was present in PPODA-QT and coil + PPODA-QT aneurysms and covered smooth ostial surfaces more completely than in coils-only aneurysms.

Conclusions

This study compared neointimal tissue overgrowth in the ostium of experimental aneurysms embolized with PPODA-QT, PPODA-QT plus a framing coil, or coils alone. The coils-only and coil + PPODA-QT groups showed rough and discontinuous ostial surfaces, which hindered neointimal tissue coverage. The PPODA-QT aneurysms consistently produced smooth ostial surfaces that facilitated more complete neointimal tissue coverage over aneurysm necks.
Imaging Neural Stem Cell Graft-Induced Structural Repair in Stroke
Authors: Daadi Marcel M. , Hu Shijun , Klausner Jill , Li Zongjin , Sofilos Marc , Sun Guohua , Wu Joseph C. , Steinberg Gary K.
Published: April 2013

Stem cell therapy ameliorates motor deficits in experimental stroke model. Multimodal molecular imaging enables real-time longitudinal monitoring of infarct location, size, and transplant survival. In the present study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) to track the infarct evolution, tissue repair, and the fate of grafted cells. We genetically engineered embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) with a triple fusion reporter gene to express monomeric red fluorescence protein and herpes simplex virus-truncated thymidine kinase for multimodal molecular imaging and SPIO labeled for MRI. The infarct size as well as fate and function of grafted cells were tracked in real time for 3 months using MRI and PET. We report that grafted NSCs reduced the infarct size in animals with less than 0.1 cm3 initial infarct in a dose-dependent manner, while larger stroke was not amenable to such beneficial effects. PET imaging revealed increased metabolic activity in grafted animals and visualized functioning grafted cells in vivo. Immunohistopathological analysis demonstrated that, after a 3-month survival period, grafted NSCs dispersed in the stroke-lesioned parenchyma and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Longitudinal multimodal imaging provides insights into time course dose-dependent interactions between NSC grafts and structural changes in infarcted tissue.
Delayed Intranasal Delivery of Hypoxic-Preconditioned Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhanced Cell Homing and Therapeutic Benefits after Ischemic Stroke in Mice
Authors: Wei Ning , Yu Shan Ping , Gu Xiaohuan , Taylor Tammi M. , Song Denise , Liu Xin-Feng , Wei Ling
Published: April 2013

Stem cell transplantation therapy has emerged as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases. Effective delivery of exogenous cells and homing of these cells to the lesion region, however, have been challenging issues that hinder the efficacy and efficiency of cell-based therapy. In the present investigation, we tested a delayed treatment of noninvasive and brain-targeted intranasal delivery of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a mouse focal cerebral ischemia model. The investigation tested the feasibility and effectiveness of intranasal delivery of BMSCs to the ischemic cortex. Hypoxia preconditioning (HP) of BMSCs was performed before transplantation in order to promote their survival, migration, and homing to the ischemic brain region after intranasal transplantation. Hoechst dye-labeled normoxic- or hypoxic-pretreated BMSCs (1 × 106cells/animal) were delivered intranasally 24 h after stroke. Cells reached the ischemic cortex and deposited outside of vasculatures as early as 1.5 h after administration. HP-treated BMSCs (HP-BMSCs) showed a higher level of expression of proteins associated with migration, including CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9. HP-BMSCs exhibited enhanced migratory capacities in vitro and dramatically enhanced homing efficiency to the infarct cortex when compared with normoxic cultured BMSCs (N-BMSCs). Three days after transplantation and 4 days after stroke, both N-BMSCs and HP-BMSCs decreased cell death in the peri-infarct region; significant neuroprotection of reduced infarct volume was seen in mice that received HP-BMSCs. In adhesive removal test of sensorimotor functional assay performed 3 days after transplantation, HP-BMSC-treated mice performed significantly better than N-BMSC- and vehicle-treated animals. These data suggest that delayed intranasal administration of stem cells is feasible in the treatment of stroke and hypoxic preconditioning of transplanted cells, significantly enhances cell's homing to the ischemic region, and optimizes the therapeutic efficacy.
Autocrine TGF-β Induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells
Authors: Alcaraz Antonia , Mrowiec Anna , Insausti Carmen L. , García-Vizcaíno Eva M. , Ruiz-Canada Catalina , López-Martínez María C. , Moraleda José M. , Nicolás Francisco J.
Published: April 2013

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) have been the object of intense research due to their potential therapeutic use. In this paper, we present molecular evidence of a bona fide epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) undergone by hAECs. Amniotic membrane (AM)-derived hAECs showed the presence of typical epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and cytokeratins. hAECs in culture, however, underwent morphological changes acquiring a mesenchymal shape. Epithelial cell markers were lost and typical mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin and α-SMA, appeared. Several genes associated with EMT, such as SNAI1, MMP9, PAI1, or ACTA2, increased their expression. The expression of the transcription activators KLF4 or MTA3 was consistent with the downregulation of CDH1. We have shown that hAECs undergo EMT due to the autocrine production of TGF-β. Furthermore, the addition of the TGF-β receptor I (ALK5) inhibitor SB-431542 or TGF-β neutralizing antibody to hAECs prevented EMT and preserved the hAECs' epithelial phenotype. Altogether, these results suggest that cultured hAECs undergo EMT through the autocrine production of TGF-β.
Effects of MSC Coadministration and Route of Delivery on Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment
Authors: Carrancio S. , Romo C. , Ramos T. , Lopez-Holgado N. , Muntion S. , Prins H. J. , Martens A. C. , Briñón J. G. , San Miguel J. F. , Del Cañizo M. C. , Sanchez-Guijo F.
Published: April 2013

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using umbilical cord blood (UCB) progenitors is increasingly being used. One of the problems that may arise after UCB transplantation is an impaired engraftment. Either intrabone (IB) injection of hematopoietic progenitors or mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) coadministration has been proposed among the strategies to improve engraftment. In the current study, we have assessed the effects of both approaches. Thus, NOD/SCID recipients were transplanted with human UCB CD34+ cells administered either intravenously (IV) or IB, receiving or not bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs also IV or IB (in the right femur). Human HSC engraftment was measured 3 and 6 weeks after transplantation. Injected MSCs were tracked weekly by bioluminescence. Also, lodgment within the BM niche was assessed at the latter time point by immunofluorescence. Our study shows regarding HSC engraftment that the number of BM human CD45+ cells detected 3 weeks after transplantation was significantly higher in mice cotransplanted with human MSCs. Moreover, these mice had a higher myeloid (CD13+) engraftment and a faster B-cell (CD19+) chimerism. At the late time point evaluated (6 weeks), human engraftment was higher in the group in which both strategies were employed (IB injection of HSC and MSC coadministration). When assessing human MSC administration route, we were able to track MSCs only in the injected femurs, whereas they lost their signal in the contralateral bones. These human MSCs were mainly located around blood vessels in the subendosteal region. In summary, our study shows that MSC coadministration can enhance HSC engraftment in our xenogenic transplantation model, as well as IB administration of the CD34+ cells does. The combination of both strategies seems to be synergistic. Interestingly, MSCs were detected only where they were IB injected contributing to the vascular niche.
Macroporous Three-Dimensional PDMS Scaffolds for Extrahepatic Islet Transplantation
Authors: Pedraza Eileen , Brady Ann-Christina , Fraker Christopher A. , Molano R. Damaris , Sukert Steven , Berman Dora M. , Kenyon Norma S. , Pileggi Antonello , Ricordi Camillo , Stabler Cherie L.
Published: April 2013

Clinical islet transplantation has demonstrated success in treating type 1 diabetes. A current limitation is the intrahepatic portal vein transplant site, which is prone to mechanical stress and inflammation. Transplantation of pancreatic islets into alternative sites is preferable, but challenging, as it may require a three-dimensional vehicle to confer mechanical protection and to confine islets to a well-defined, retrievable space where islet neovascularization can occur. We have fabricated biostable, macroporous scaffolds from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and investigated islet retention and distribution, metabolic function, and glucose-dependent insulin secretion within these scaffolds. Islets from multiple sources, including rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans, were tested in vitro. We observed high islet retention and distribution within PDMS scaffolds, with retention of small islets (<100 μm) improved through the postloading addition of fibrin gel. Islets loaded within PDMS scaffolds exhibited viability and function comparable to standard culture conditions when incubated under normal oxygen tensions, but displayed improved viability compared to standard two-dimensional culture controls under low oxygen tensions. In vivo efficacy of scaffolds to support islet grafts was evaluated after transplantation in the omental pouch of chemically induced diabetic syngeneic rats, which promptly achieved normoglycemia. Collectively, these results are promising in that they indicate the potential for transplanting islets into a clinically relevant, extrahepatic site that provides spatial distribution of islets as well as intradevice vascularization.
Psychopharmacological Medication Use Among Older Adults with Dementia in Nursing Homes
Authors: Brandt Nicole J. , Pyhtila Jessica
Published: April 2013

Historically, the use of psychopharmacological medications, such as antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anxiolytic agents, have been scrutinized due to concerns with safety and efficacy especially in older adults with dementia. Over the past year, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services launched a national initiative to improve the behavioral health of older adults residing in America’s nursing homes with a focus on reducing the inappropriate use of antipsychotic agents. This article reviews the risks and benefits of these medications to inform the practitioner of the importance of not just evaluating antipsychotic agents but all medications that an older person with dementia may be prescribed. This is critical due to the increased vulnerability of this population to adverse effects coupled with varying degrees of efficacy. Online national resources are also provided.
Levantine Intermediate Water characteristics: an astounding general misunderstanding!
Authors: Millot Claude
Published: April 2013

Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) is a warm salty water formed in one out of four main zones of dense water formation in the Mediterranean Sea. LIW spreads as a density current and first appears on a ϴ-S diagram as a sharp peak that then smoothens out, often leading to the so-called “scorpion-tail” image with a ϴ (S) maximum above (below) the expected core. Both maxima have always been considered, somewhat fuzzily (even by us), as LIW characteristics without having ever been analysed theoretically. We question neither the “scorpion-tail” image nor the “core-method” nor qualitative analyses of either LIW or other waters characterized by similar extrema. But data from the Strait of Gibraltar demonstrate that characterizing and/or delimiting LIW by these maxima gives LIW a much greater importance than it actually merits so all quantitative analyses of LIW musts be reconsidered. Calculations made as simple as possible to simulate a warm salty layer of intermediate water (IW) mixing with waters lying above and below suggest that these maxima i) can be understood only when all three waters are considered together, ii) can evolve in different ways, iii) generally tend to move from the core of the IW layer outwards, and hence iv) can neither characterize nor delimit the IW in any way. Actual simulations with more sophisticated parameterizations are obviously needed. In addition, we suggest that what has to date been called LIW in the western basin in fact represents all intermediate waters formed in all zones of dense water formation in the eastern basin, i.e. not only Levantine waters but also, in particular, Aegean/Cretan waters. To provide a logical counterpart to WIW (Western Intermediate Water), we therefore suggest that, from the Channel of Sicily downstream, LIW should be renamed Eastern Intermediate Water (EIW).
Les correspondances interceptées publiées dans les presses officielles pendant la Guerre d’Indépendance
Authors: Dufour Gérard
Published: April 2013

Après avoir présenté la presse officielle publiée pendant la Guerre d’Indépendance aussi bien par le gouvernement afrancesado que par la Junta Central et la Régence, on examine comment les correspondances interceptées (authentiques ou non) ont été utilisées dans les deux camps, et avec quelle efficacité.
Une presse faite pour et par le public dans l’Espagne des Lumières
Authors: Larriba Elisabel
Published: April 2013

Portés par leur idéal patriotique, leur passion des Lumières ou caressant tout simplement l’espoir de réaliser de juteux bénéfices, ceux qui choisirent (ou tentèrent) dans l’Espagne du XVIIIe siècle de servir la presse ne furent jamais à cours d’idées afin de répondre aux attentes du public, voire de faire naître en lui de nouveaux besoins. Cet article analyse les stratégies mises en place par certains publicistes (avec plus ou moins de succès) afin de donner vie à des périodiques fait pour et par le public, en qui ils voyaient bien plus qu’un simple récepteur.
Le Telégrafo mercantil, rural, político-económico e historiográfico del Río de la Plata (1801-1802)
Authors: Bonardi Laurent
Published: April 2013

La mise en place de l’imprimerie Niños Expósitos à Buenos Aires en 1780 marque le début de l’ère de la presse dans le Río de la Plata. Après la publication de feuilles volantes, les porteños assistent à la naissance du premier périodique imprimé de Buenos Aires : le Telégrafo mercantil, rural, político-económico e historiográfico del Río de la Plata, fondé par Francisco Cabello. Cet article propose une analyse des principales caractéristiques de ce journal ainsi que de sa trajectoire.
Notas sobre propaganda probonapartista : proclamas y Gazeta de Santander (1809)
Authors: Fernández Sirvent Rafael
Published: April 2013

En 1809, le fonctionnaire afrancesado Francisco Amorós y Ondeano fit paraître la Gaceta de Santander, un instrument de propagande au service du gouvernement bonapartiste de Madrid. Les proclamations furent également l’un des instruments utilisés par le nouveau régime pour attirer de nouveaux adeptes. Dans cet article sont présentées et analysées quelques unes des premières mesures adoptées par l’administration joséphine dans la province de Santander pendant les premiers mois de la Guerre d’Indépendance espagnole
L’image de l’Argentine péroniste dans la presse espagnole (1946-1955)
Authors: Bonardi Laurent
Published: April 2013

Les années 1940/1950 sont essentielles pour la configuration de l’image que la société espagnole a des pays latino-américains et en particulier de l’Argentine. En effet, les étroites relations Perón-Franco (coopération politique, économique et culturelle) favorisent la diffusion des informations relatives à l’Argentine dans la presse espagnole. Cet article se centre sur l’image de l’Argentine péroniste diffusée par les journaux Ya, Arriba et ABC.
L’art au service de la divulgation scientifique : le rôle des gravures dans le Semanario de Agricultura y Artes dirigido a los Párrocos (1797-1808)
Authors: Larriba Elisabel
Published: April 2013

Commandité par Godoy pour diffuser l’enseignement des nouvelles techniques, tant dans le domaine de l’agriculture que dans celui des arts et métiers, le Semanario de Agricultura y Artes dirigido a los Párrocos (1797-1808), périodique hors-normes à bien des égards, s’adressait aussi bien aux élites éclairées qu’à un public illettré (à travers la médiation du clergé paroissial). Pour attirer leur attention, les rédacteurs du Semanario… firent feu de tout bois, et au poids des mots ils n’hésitèrent pas à ajouter le charme et le prestige des illustrations. Cet article, qui s’ouvre sur une présentation de cet hebdomadaire ainsi que sur des considérations générales portant sur la gravure au XVIIIème siècle, analyse le rôle des illustrations dans le Semanario…qui se voulait tout à la fois une œuvre de haut niveau scientifique et une encyclopédie populaire.
Une éphémère revue afrancesada : El Imparcial de Pedro Estala (mars-août 1809)
Authors: Dufour Gérard
Published: April 2013

Pour convaincre leurs compatriotes d’adhérer à la nouvelle dynastie, les afrancesados eurent largement recours à la presse. Le plus souvent, en vain. On examine ici l’une de ces tentatives infructueuses : la création par l’un des hommes de lettres les plus brillants de son temps, Pedro Estala, d’un périodique bihebdomadaire, El Imparcial, dont le prospectus, publié dans la Gaceta de Madrid permet de comprendre la stratégie éditoriale de son rédacteur et les causes de son échec.
José de la Croix, barón de la Bruère. Desde Valencia a su Diario Histórico y Político de Sevilla (1790-1793)
Authors: Román López María
Published: April 2013

Cet article, en suivant les pas du Baron de la Bruère, rend compte de ce que fut son parcours jusqu’au terme du Diario Histórico y Político de Sevilla, sa deuxième entreprise journalistique. Il couvre l’une des périodes les plus intéressantes et oubliées de ce singulier éditeur, celle qui le rattache à un journal qui ne figure pas sur le podium des grands titres de l’histoire de la presse, mais fut le premier quotidien andalou et réussit à jouer un rôle essentiel auprès d’un public qui, éloigné de la capitale, commençait à croître à la faveur d’une économie périphérique émergente.
De la Guerra Civil Española al exilio: discurso, propaganda y reflexión a través de la revista Nuestra Bandera
Authors: Martínez García Ana
Published: April 2013

Pendant la Guerre Civile la presse fut l’une des armes plus utilisées par les belligérants. À sa fin, les groupes partisans de la République qui firent entendre leur voix pendant le conflit ne devinrent pas muets, ils survécurent à distance, leur pensée outrepassant les limites géographiques de l’exil à travers d’importants projets éditoriaux. C’est le cas de Nuestra Bandera, revue née à Valence en 1937 et continuée à Barcelone en 1938 aux mains d’un groupe de militants du Parti Communiste dirigé par Dolores Ibárruri. L’objectif était de promouvoir l’unité entre ceux qui luttaient en faveur de la cause, d’informer sur le déroulement de la guerre, etc. Et, à la différence des autres revues, elle ne périt pas après la défaite: elle s’expatria au Mexique et en France tandis qu’elle survivait dans la clandestinité en Espagne.
Anticipando la Transición en Andalucía. La Ilustración Regional (1974-1976), una revista profética
Authors: Ruiz Romero Manuel
Published: April 2013

Cet article analyse le contexte historique et médiatique qui a permis la parution à Séville d’une revue de dimension andalouse. La Ilustración Regional fut publiée entre 1974 et 1976, années essentielles de l’histoire récente de l’Espagne en ce qui concerne la fin du Franquisme et le début du processus de Transition à la démocratie. On analyse la structure patronale à l’origine de ce projet, le développement et but éditorial de ce périodique, les caractéristiques internes d’édition, ainsi que le groupe humain professionnel qui a géré ce mensuel. Une expérience qui annonce des thématiques, des perceptions et des discours propres à la future démocratie. Notamment, l’option d’un régionalisme andalou modéré, s’appuyant sur une solide documentation.
De editores a periodistas: hacia el periodismo contemporáneo en Inglaterra
Authors: Durán De Porras Elías
Published: April 2013

Le XVIIIe siècle est une période de grands changements dans tous les domaines de la vie anglaise. L’espace public croît avec le siècle et la société dans son ensemble commence à prendre part à la vie politique du pays. La presse et les journalistes qui la servaient jouèrent un rôle déterminant dans ce phénomène. L’évolution, au fil du siècle des Lumières, de la profession journalistique et du travail des tous premiers gazetiers est un intéressant exemple pour observer les changements qui se sont opérés dans les relations entre les hommes politiques, les aristocrates, les journalistes et les lecteurs.
Juan Antonio Llorente, collaborateur de périodiques français et espagnols, rédacteur des Conversaciones de Cándido y Prudencio sobre el estado actual de España (1820)
Authors: Dufour Gérard
Published: April 2013

Parmi ceux qui, nés dans l’Espagne des Lumières, mirent leur plume au service de ce nouveau moyen de communication que constituait la presse figuraient nombre d’ecclésiastiques dont Juan Antonio Llorente, passé à la postérité comme le premier historien de l’Inquisition. Ce dernier présente la particularité d’avoir collaboré aussi bien à des journaux français qu’espagnols et d’avoir publié à Paris, en 1820, un périodique destiné à ses compatriotes : Conversaciones entre Cándido y Prudencio sobre el estado actual de España. C’est sa trajectoire de journaliste, peu connue, qui est ici présentée et analysée.
La Nueva España, los inicios de la prensa del Movimiento en Asturias (1936-1939)
Authors: Fleites Marcos Álvaro
Published: April 2013

Cet article offre une analyse du plus important quotidien asturien du vingtième siècle, La Nueva España, pendant ses trois premières années d’existence, qui coïncidèrent avec la période de la Guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939). Y sont étudiés les aspects matériels, formels et idéologiques de ce journal qui compte au nombre des fondateurs de la future chaîne de Presse du Movimiento. Le quotidien d’Oviedo constitue un magnifique observatoire pour analyser l’attitude de la presse phalangiste face à la guerre civile, l’intervention des puissances fascistes en faveur des franquistes et l’évolution politique de la zone rebelle. Par ailleurs, l’isolement d’Oviedo et sa position avancée sur la ligne de front accentua dans le journal asturien la conception phalangiste de la presse comme instrument de combat, ce qui impliqua l’adoption de nouveaux modèles de financement, d’édition et de renseignement. De ce fait, La Nueva España constitua un original hybride entre la rudimentaire presse de la ligne du front et celle plus ordinaire de l’arrière garde.
Un miroir infidèle : la guerre d’Espagne vue à travers le Giornale Italiano de Milan
Authors: Scotti Douglas Vittorio
Published: April 2013

Après une courte introduction sur l’état de la presse en Italie durant la période révolutionnaire et napoléonienne, l’article offre des informations sur la fondation et le programme du Giornale Italiano ainsi que sur son fondateur, Vincenzo Cuoco. S’ensuit un large choix de citations concernant la Guerre d’Espagne, qui montre que ce journal italien n’était en fait qu’une copie fidèle des journaux français s’inscrivant dans le schéma rigide de la propagande napoléonienne en Europe.
Mayo de 1808 en la Prensa Gaditana de la Guerra de la Independencia
Authors: Sánchez Hita Beatriz
Published: April 2013

De tous les symboles générés par la Guerre d’Indépendance celui du Deux mai est assurément l’un des plus connus. Mais l’image du peuple en armes luttant pour sa liberté a été utilisée à diverses fins et a revêtu différentes significations au fil du conflit. En ce sens on observe qu’à partir de 1811 où cette date s’institutionnalise, le Deux mai sera dans un premier temps utilisé par les libéraux comme emblème d’une liberté, garantie en 1812 par la Constitution, alors que les « serviles » passeront sous silence cette date si importante. En 1814 les choses changent. Le Deux mai est à nouveau utilisé par les libéraux afin d’inciter le peuple à prendre les armes pour sauver le système politique, alors que, dans le camp des « serviles », le souvenir des martyrs est mis à contribution afin de rappeler que ces héros s’étaient soulevés contre les Français, au nom de leur roi et de la religion.
Complement in Immune and Inflammatory Disorders: Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Authors: Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D.
Published: April 2013

Although acute or chronic inflammation is a common component of many clinical disorders, the underlying processes can be highly distinct. In recent years, the complement system has been associated with a growing number of immunological and inflammatory conditions that include degenerative diseases, cancer, and transplant rejection. It becomes evident that excessive activation or insufficient control of complement activation on host cells can cause an immune imbalance that may fuel a vicious cycle between complement, inflammatory cells, and tissue damage that exacerbates clinical complications. Although the exact involvement of complement needs to be carefully investigated for each disease, therapeutic modulation of complement activity emerges as an attractive target for upstream inhibition of inflammatory processes. This review provides an update about the functional and collaborative capabilities of complement, highlights major disease areas with known complement contribution, and indicates the potential for complement as a focal point in immunomodulatory strategies for treating inflammatory diseases.
Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol
Authors: McWhinney R. D. , Zhou S. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Chamber secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from low-NOx photooxidation of naphthalene by hydroxyl radical was examined with respect to its redox cycling behaviour using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Naphthalene SOA was highly redox active, consuming DTT at an average rate of 118 ± 14 pmol per minute per μg of SOA material. Measured particle-phase masses of the major previously identified redox active products, 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone, accounted for only 21 ± 3% of the observed redox cycling activity. The redox-active 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was identified as a new minor product of naphthalene oxidation, and including this species in redox activity predictions increased the predicted DTT reactivity to 30 ± 5% of observations. Similar attempts to predict redox behaviour of oxidised two-stroke engine exhaust particles by measuring 1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone predicted DTT decay rates only 4.9 ± 2.5% of those observed. Together, these results suggest that there are substantial unidentified redox-active SOA constituents beyond the small quinones that may be important toxic components of these particles. A gas-to-SOA particle partitioning coefficient was calculated to be (7.0 ± 2.5) × 10−4 m3 μg−1 for 1,4-naphthoquinone at 25 °C. This value suggests that under typical warm conditions, 1,4-naphthoquinone is unlikely to contribute strongly to redox behaviour of ambient particles, although further work is needed to determine the potential impact under conditions such as low temperatures where partitioning to the particle is more favourable. As well, higher order oxidation products that likely account for a substantial fraction of the redox cycling capability of the naphthalene SOA are likely to partition much more strongly to the particle phase.
Spectro-microscopic measurements of carbonaceous aerosol aging in Central California
Authors: Moffet R. C. , Rödel T. C. , Kelly S. T. , Yu X. Y. , Carroll G. T. , Fast J. , Zaveri R. A. , Laskin A. , Gilles M. K.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols are responsible for large uncertainties in climate models, degraded visibility, and adverse health effects. The Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) was designed to study carbonaceous aerosols in the natural environment of Central Valley, California, and learn more about their atmospheric formation and aging. This paper presents results from spectro-microscopic measurements of carbonaceous particles collected during CARES at the time of pollution accumulation event (27–29 June 2010), when in situ measurements indicated an increase in the organic carbon content of aerosols as the Sacramento urban plume aged. Computer controlled scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (CCSEM/EDX) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) were used to probe the chemical composition and morphology of individual particles. It was found that the mass of organic carbon on individual particles increased through condensation of secondary organic aerosol. STXM/NEXAFS indicated that the number fraction of homogenous organic particles lacking inorganic inclusions (greater than ~50 nm diameter) increased with plume age as did the organic mass per particle. Comparison of the CARES spectro-microscopic data set with a similar dataset obtained in Mexico City during the MILAGRO campaign showed that individual particles in Mexico City contained twice as much carbon as those sampled during CARES. The number fraction of soot particles at the Mexico City urban site (30%) was larger than at the CARES urban site (10%) and the most aged samples from CARES contained less carbon-carbon double bonds. Differences between carbonaceous particles in Mexico City and California result from different sources, photochemical conditions, gas phase reactants, and secondary organic aerosol precursors. The detailed results provided by these spectro-microscopic measurements will allow for a comprehensive evaluation of aerosol process models used in climate research.
Low level jet intensification by mineral dust aerosols
Authors: Alizadeh Choobari O. , Zawar-Reza P. , Sturman A.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Modification of the intensity of a low level jet (LLJ) and near-surface wind speed by mineral dust is important as it has implications for dust emission and its long-range transport. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) regional model, it is shown that direct radiative forcing by mineral dust reduces temperature in the lower atmosphere, but increases it in the layers aloft. The surface cooling is shown to be associated with a reduction of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and hence vertical mixing of horizontal momentum. Changes in the vertical profile of temperature over the regions that are under the influence of a LLJ are shown to result in an intensification of the LLJ and near-surface wind speed, but a decrease of winds aloft. These changes in the wind speed profile differ from results of previous research which suggested a decrease of wind speed in the lower atmosphere and its increase in the upper boundary layer.
The relationships between termite mound CH4/CO2 emissions and internal concentration ratios are species specific
Authors: Jamali H. , Livesley S. J. , Hutley L. B. , Fest B. , Arndt S. K.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. We investigated the relative importance of CH4 and CO2 fluxes from soil and termite mounds at four different sites in the tropical savannas of northern Australia near Darwin and assessed different methods to indirectly predict CH4 fluxes based on CO2 fluxes and internal gas concentrations. The annual flux from termite mounds and surrounding soil was dominated by CO2 with large variations among sites. On a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) basis, annual CH4 flux estimates from termite mounds were 5- to 46-fold smaller than the concurrent annual CO2 flux estimates. Differences between annual soil CO2 and soil CH4 (CO2-e) fluxes were even greater, soil CO2 fluxes being almost three orders of magnitude greater than soil CH4 (CO2-e) fluxes at site. The contribution of CH4 and CO2 emissions from termite mounds to the total CH4 and CO2 emissions from termite mounds and soil in CO2-e was less than 1%. There were significant relationships between mound CH4 flux and mound CO2 flux, enabling the prediction of CH4 flux from measured CO2 flux; however, these relationships were clearly termite species specific. We also observed significant relationships between mound flux and gas concentration inside mound, for both CH4 and CO2, and for all termite species, thereby enabling the prediction of flux from measured mound internal gas concentration. However, these relationships were also termite species specific. Using the relationship between mound internal gas concentration and flux from one species to predict mound fluxes from other termite species (as has been done in the past) would result in errors of more than 5-fold for mound CH4 flux and 3-fold for mound CO2 flux. This study highlights that CO2 fluxes from termite mounds are generally more than one order of magnitude greater than CH4 fluxes. There are species-specific relationships between CH4 and CO2 fluxes from a mound, and between the inside mound concentration of a gas and the mound flux emission of the same gas, but these relationships vary greatly among termite species. Thus, there is no generic relationship that will allow for the accurate prediction of CH4 fluxes from termite mounds of all species, but given the data limitations, the above methods may still be used with caution.
Biological production in the Bellingshausen Sea from oxygen-to-argon ratios and oxygen triple isotopes
Authors: Castro-Morales K. , Cassar N. , Shoosmith D. R. , Kaiser J.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. We present estimates of mixed-layer net community oxygen production (N) and gross oxygen production (G) of the Bellingshausen Sea in March and April 2007. N was derived from oxygen-to-argon (O2/Ar) ratios; G was derived using the dual-delta method from triple oxygen isotope measurements. In addition, O2 profiles were collected at 253 CTD stations. N is often approximated by the biological oxygen air–sea exchange flux (Fbio based on the O2/Ar supersaturation, assuming that significant horizontal or vertical fluxes are absent. Here we show that the effect of vertical fluxes alone can account for Fbio values < 0 in large parts of the Bellingshausen Sea towards the end of the productive season, which could otherwise be mistaken to represent net heterotrophy. Thus, improved estimates of mixed-layer N can be derived from the sum of Fbio, Fe (entrainment from the upper thermocline during mixed-layer deepening) and Fv (diapycnal eddy diffusion across the base of the mixed layer). In the winter sea ice zone (WSIZ), the corresponding correction results in a small change of Fbio = (30 ± 17) mmol m−2 d−1 to N = (34 ± 17) mmol m−2 d−1. However, in the permanent open ocean zone (POOZ), the original Fbio value of (−17 ± 10) mmol m−2 d−1 gives a corrected value for N of (−2 ± 18) mmol m−2 d−1. We hypothesize that in the WSIZ, enhanced water column stability due to the release of freshwater and nutrients from sea ice melt may account for the higher N value. These results stress the importance of accounting for physical biases when estimating mixed-layer marine productivity from in situ O2/Ar ratios.
Productivity of aboveground coarse wood biomass and stand age related to soil hydrology of Amazonian forests in the Purus-Madeira interfluvial area
Authors: Cintra B. B. L. , Schietti J. , Emillio T. , Martins D. , Moulatlet G. , Souza P. , Levis C. , Quesada C. A. , Schöngart J.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The ongoing demand for information on forest productivity has increased the number of permanent monitoring plots across the Amazon. Those plots, however, do not comprise the whole diversity of forest types in the Amazon. The complex effects of soil, climate and hydrology on the productivity of seasonally waterlogged interfluvial wetland forests are still poorly understood. The presented study is the first field-based estimate for tree ages and wood biomass productivity in the vast interfluvial region between the Purus and Madeira rivers. We estimate stand age and wood biomass productivity by a combination of tree-ring data and allometric equations for biomass stocks of eight plots distributed along 600 km in the Purus-Madeira interfluvial area that is crossed by the BR-319 highway. We relate stand age and wood biomass productivity to hydrological and edaphic conditions. Mean productivity and stand age were 5.6 ± 1.1 Mg ha−1 yr−1 and 102 ± 18 yr, respectively. There is a strong relationship between tree age and diameter, as well as between mean diameter increment and mean wood density within a plot. Regarding the soil hydromorphic properties we find a positive correlation with wood biomass productivity and a negative relationship with stand age. Productivity also shows a positive correlation with the superficial phosphorus concentration. In addition, superficial phosphorus concentration increases with enhanced soil hydromorphic condition. We raise three hypotheses to explain these results: (1) the reduction of iron molecules on the saturated soils with plinthite layers close to the surface releases available phosphorous for the plants; (2) the poor structure of the saturated soils creates an environmental filter selecting tree species of faster growth rates and shorter life spans and (3) plant growth on saturated soil is favored during the dry season, since there should be low restrictions for soil water availability.
A regional climate palaeosimulation for Europe in the period 1500–1990 – Part 1: Model validation
Authors: Gómez-Navarro J. J. , Montávez J. P. , Wagner S. , Zorita E.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. We present and analyse a high-resolution regional climate palaeosimulation encompassing the European region for the period 1500–1990. We use the regional model MM5 coupled to the global model ECHO-G. Both models were driven by reconstructions of three external factors: greenhouse gas concentrations, Total Solar Irradiance and volcanic activity. The simulation has been assessed in a recent period by comparing the model results with the Climate Research Unit (CRU) database. The results show that although the regional model is tightly driven by the boundary conditions, it is able to improve the reliability of the simulations, narrowing the differences to the observations, especially in areas of complex topography. Additionally, the evolution of the spatial distributions of temperature and precipitation through the last five centuries has been analysed. The mean values of temperature reflects the influence of the external forcings but, contrary to the results obtained under climate change scenario conditions, we found that higher-order momenta of the probability distribution of seasonal temperature and precipitation are hardly affected by changes in the external forcings