bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journeys to the Spiritual Lands
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

Although much has been written on the Afro-Catholic syncretic religions of Vodou, Candomble, and Santeria, the Spiritual Baptists--an Afro-Caribbean religion based on Protestant Christianity--have received little attention. This fieldwork-based study offers the first detailed examination of the Spiritual Baptists or “Converted”. The most distinguishing characteristic of their religion is the emphasis on spiritual travel on a regular basis for all believers. On these travels, all are required to do spiritual work by ecstatic means on behalf of the community. This makes Converted religion a possibly unique form of shamanism. Their cosmology is a distinct expression of Vincentian culture, neither African nor European, Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is a sacred text for them, serving as a guidebook to the spritual realm in which they travel. They also travel in the spirit to the Biblical lands, and to the British colonial lands of Africa, India, and China. In their dream states, the Converted learn practical skills such as cooking, sewing, and reading - a phenomenon occasionally seen elsewhere among individuals but unheard of as an enculturated trait. Yet despite all of this their beliefs are strictly based on a fundamentalist Christianity in which every action is justified by the Bible. Based on 18 months among the Converted on the island of St. Vincent (where the religion arose) and among Vincentian immigrants in Brooklyn, Zane’s spellbinding account of his experiences and his lucid analysis of the Converted religion, its origins, and development make this book an outstanding contribution to the literature on African-American and African Diaspora religion, and the anthropology of religion more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

I Was A Little Nervous At My first Converted church service. I sat on the unpainted bench trying to adjust to the humid weight of the tropical air while the congregation said the opening prayers. Presently the pastor gestured to me and invited me to introduce myself to the church. As I stood, he stopped me and said, “Would one of the sisters ... ?” A song in polyphonous harmony sprang from the congregation, “All the Way from Africaland, Coming to Hear them Singing, All the Way from Africaland, Coming to Hear them Sing.” The song continued for five minutes while two older women danced with me at the front of the church. I was later told, “That is a greeting song. We don’t have one for America. So we give you that.”
Conclusion
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

When I Arrived In Brooklyn IN October 1995, I had never been there before. Although I was in my own country, Vincentians became my guide in the city nicknamed “America’s Home Town.” I began my study in one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere; I ended it in the capital of the world. I went to Brooklyn thinking I would find out how the religion changed in a place that is opposite to St. Vincent in so many ways. I found out that the religion had largely stayed the same. Vincentians in New York need it to stay the same. The religion represents home. The main point of this study is that Converted religion is a part of that home; it is Vincentian culture.
Here Be Dragons
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

It is only recently that advances in chemistry, physics, and biology and in their application to space and the space sciences, have provided scientists with the tools to make accurate and well-informed predictions about the possibility of life on other planets. In this book, the authors summarize and present the scientific search for life in the universe, and the current level of scientific understanding of how life begins, grows, and becomes intelligent in our Solar System and beyond. This engaging book promises to appeal not only to the general reader but to scientists as well, many of whom strive to acquire an informed perspective on the search for extraterrestrial life in fields not their own.
Introduction
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

These people have little in common, except this: Each is responding in his or her own way—with denial, with fantasy, or with scientific derring-do—to a revolution in human thought. A revolution that knocked us off our throne at the hub of a wheeling universe and exiled us to a remote and humble planet, there to lament our downfall, or perhaps to plot a comeback.
Going to Extremes
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

It’s an early April morning, and Death Valley has never looked better. El Nino’s battering storms brought mayhem to coastal California, but as they charged inland, a succession of mountain ranges squeezed the wrath out of them, and they had nothing but nourishing showers for the sunken valley on California’s eastern border. Desert sunflower seeds, dormant for decades, have sprouted and blossomed by the million, carpeting the valley floor with a cloth of gold.
The Planet Finders
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

Detecting extrasolar planets is difficult, and nowhere is that difficulty better illustrated than by the “holes” in the disks of stars like Beta Pictoris and HR 4796. Matter finely spread out, as in a disk, can radiate and reflect photons on a grand scale; but bundle that same matter into planets, as may have happened in those holes, and most of the matter is hidden from view, unable to communicate its presence by optical means. The light that planets do emit is likely to be swamped by the far more intense radiation from their parent stars. How, then, can we detect planets? The efforts devoted to doing so, which have been crowned with success only within the last 10 years, say a lot about our yearning to find Earth’s peers in the galaxy.
Many Worlds
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

Chaotic inflation? I think that’s really neat stuff!” says Ned Wright, his eyes sparkling. The ucla astronomer is a connoisseur of cosmological theories, and this one—the brainchild of Russian-born physicist Andrei Linde—he savors especially. He thinks it could explain a lot about the universe we see around us, especially the curious ways in which it seems almost tailor-made to accommodate human beings.
Sketches Of Life In Chile 1841-1861
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Writing under the pseudonym “Jotabeche,” José Joaquín Vallejo wrote forty-one short articles on Chilean life and society in the early republic. Known for their caustic wit, his writings were an instant success when they were first published in Chilean magazines and newspapers. This volume presents these vivid essays for the first time in English. Vallejo made famous the style of writing termed “costumbrista”--sketches and vignettes of society and local customs. He focused on the Norte Chico, or the mining zone of Copiapó where he was born and where he lived most of his later life. His essays include vivid studies of mineworkers; the advancement of modernity in the steamships at Caldera; the religious, intensely cultural province of CopiapÓ; and the general atmosphere of liberalism beginning to pervade the country of Chile during that time. Considered the founder of his country's "genuinely national literature," he is the first creative writer of stature to emerge in Chile after the country's wars of independence. A provincial northerner, his writings give a sense of what these parts of Chile looked and felt like during the years of the early Chilean republic, and are consequently of ultimate value.
Eye of the Camera, Eye of the Victim: Iphigenia by Euripides and Cacoyannis
Authors: McDonald Marianne
Published: November 2023

Michael Cacoyannis has produced and directed three films based on plays by Euripides: Electra (1961), The Trojan Women (1971), and Iphigenia (1977).1 The last of these, after Euripides’ play Iphigenia in Aulis, is severe and forbidding, challenging its audience to struggle for an appreciation of ancient tragedy and the patterns of experience it represents rather than reducing its source to an easily understood story. Cacoyannis makes things strange to us, for instance in our comprehension of Clytemnestra. How, and to what extent, do we understand, imaginatively even become, Clytemnestra? Do we bring our own experience of war and human suffering to Cacoyannis’s version of Euripides’ artistic vision? Is this process itself reductive, so that all we are left with is one more depiction of how women and children suffer when men rattle their swords?
Tragic Features in John Ford’s The Searchers
Authors: Winkler Martin M
Published: November 2023

One of the chief reasons for the lasting appeal of Greek tragedy lies in its mythical nature. With their archetypal qualities, myths are the foundation of tragedy. In modern societies, too, myths have preserved much of their appeal, although today they often appear in a diluted or not readily apparent form. In American culture, the mythology of the West has given twentieth-century literature and art one of its enduring new archetypes: that of the westerner. In ways comparable to the Greek tragedians’ use of received mythology for social, political, and moral reflection on their day and age, the myths of the West have frequently been used for similar purposes. In the words of director Sam Peckinpah: “The Western is a universal frame within which it is possible to comment on today.”1
An American Tragedy: Chinatown
Authors: Gamel Mary-Kay
Published: November 2023

Since the late twentieth century, generic distinctions in the arts seem to have been rapidly breaking down, as old genres merge and new ones arise.1 Contemporary literary studies often dismiss genre criticism. In film, however, genre remains a widely used system of classification for producers, critics, and consumers. Every video store, for example, displays its wares as “drama,” “comedy,” “action,” and so on.2 For classical antiquity, the idea of genre is so central to the production, presentation, discussion, and evaluation of texts that a systematic discussion of genre in those texts and in film is appropriate.
Ancient Poetics and Eisenstein’s Films
Authors: Newman J K
Published: November 2023

The application of filmic principles to criticism of classical literature is now well established and includes interpretation drawn from the Soviet director Sergei M. Eisenstein.1 My essay has a different purpose: to link certain procedures of ancient narrative and the critical maxims they generate, notably in Aristotle, with specific aspects of Eisenstein’s writings. This approach is encouraged by Eisenstein’s habit of quoting widely from the most disparate sources, although his incidental acknowledgments of classical predecessors are never supported by sustained examination of ancient texts. In that respect, an essay such as this fills a gap in the great filmmaker’s own explication and defense of his artistic positions.
Film Sense in the Aeneid
Authors: Mench Fred
Published: November 2023

The literary critic should study not only philology or comparative literature but also the techniques employed by the filmmaker if he wishes to appreciate those literary works that utilize a kinetic visual approach: montage, variation of viewing angle, alternation of close-up and distance shot, and the like.
Expansion of Egon Brunswik’s Psychology,1955-1995
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

In the eulogy for his colleague Egon Brunswik, Edward Tolman, the famous psychologist at the University of California (Berkeley), noted that Brunswik had studied with Karl Buhler and “came under the influence of Moritz Schlick and the Vienna Circle of logical positivists.” (See Hammond, 19666, pp. 1-12). It was during his 1933-1934 sabbatical in Vienna that Tolman met Brunswik, found that they had much in common, and arranged for Brunswik to visit Berkeley and eventually to become a member of the Berkeley faculty in 1937. There, Brunswik developed and deepened his interests in Darwinism and functionalist psychology; that led to a Brunswikian psychology that was centered on uncertainty, fallibilism, and vicarious functioning.
Media, Millennium, Nationhood
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

There were many aspects to the complex social phenomenon of the Second Great Awakening, a period of revivals that enlisted rural and urban Americans in the cause and practices of evangelical Protestantism during the opening decades of the nineteenth century. The cause was to convert a young nation of postrevolutionary Americans and immigrants in search of a new life. The practices ranged from camp meetings, domestic devotion, mission work, Sabbath worship, and the religious instruction of children to various social and moral reform agendas embraced by the country’s broad range of conservative and liberal Protestants. The significance of two interrelated strands concerns us here, whether the discussion refers to Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, or Adventists. On the one hand, the revival of evangelical Protestantism meant for its participants the return to the primitive truth of Christianity as experienced in the press and duress of camp-meeting conversion or congregational renewal. On the other hand, the success of the revival, its staying power, depended on subsequent application of the new vision of purpose through the convert’s involvement in such voluntary efforts as tract distribution and the formation of sabbath societies or through the consumption of tracts, the practice of temperance or abstinence, and the attendance of church or associational meetings. The benevolent work of the voluntary organizations such as the American Bible Society (ABS), the American Sunday School Union (ASSU), and the American Tract Society (ATS) provided the activity to which converted or rededicated Christians applied their commitment.
The Visual Rhetoric of Northern Evangelicalism
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

iewed as a single iconographical system, the images illustrating the tracts, almanacs, books, and periodicals of the ATS form a pattern of messages that circulated a distinct ideology about Protestantism and the new American republic. The argument of this chapter is that images distributed by the Tract Society articulated a more or less uniform rhetoric and propagated a national mythology that consisted of expanding boundaries emanating from an inner heartland. In the introduction to their important study of sacred space, David Chidester and Edward Linenthal have argued quite cogently that a boundary or frontier is not a line but “a zone of intercultural contact and interchange.”1 Living as a native on the border of an expansive society means living in a situation that places the heartland to one’s back and the land of others before one’s face. The mass-mediated images produced by the ATS envisioned a national ideology that configured a border advancing against aliens in order to expand the heartland. The two-border and heartland-were constructed as parts of a single cultural system, positing one another in the politics of representation. The border was coded male and consisted of the conquest of such others as Mexicans, Indians, and Catholic immigrants; whereas the heartland was female, the domestic domain of the interior that generated the nation from within. While male colporteurs and missionaries engaged ethnic and racial others on the advancing borders of the American republic, the heartland was visualized in Tract Society publications as the sphere of the nurturing mother, ensconced in her domestic space caring for children. The two iconographies were part of a single ideology and intermingled on occasion, as I will show.
Rhetoric and Poetics In Antiquity
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

One of the leading poets and cultural icons of the 20th century, Stephen Spender was a prominent writer, literary critic, and social commentator--and close friend of some of the best-know creative talents of his day. Now, in this penetrating biography, John Sutherland paints a vivid portrait of Spender and of the glittering literary world of which he was a part, drawing on exclusive access to Spender’s private papers. This briskly paced, compelling narrative illuminates the vast range of Spender’s literary, political, and artistic interests. We follow Spender from childhood to his days at Oxford (where he first became friends with W.H. Auden, Christopher Isherwood, and Isaiah Berlin); to his meteoric rise as poet in the 1930s, while still in his twenties; to his later years as cultural statesman, at home in both Britain and America. We witness many of the century’s defining moments through Spender’s eyes: the Spanish Civil War, World War II, the Cold War, the 1960s sexual revolution, and the rise of America as a cultural force. And along the way, we are introduced to many of Spender’s accomplished friends, including Dylan Thomas, Sylvia Plath, Cecil Day-Lewis, Joseph Brodsky, Lucian Freud, George Orwell, Virginia Woolf, and T.S. Eliot. Perhaps most important, Sutherland has been granted exclusive access to Spender’s private papers by his wife Natasha Spender. Thus he is able to provide a far more intimate look at the poet’s personal life than has appeared in previous biographies. Featuring 36 unpublished photographs, Stephen Spender: A Literary Life throws light not only on this supremely gifted writer, but also on the literary and social history of the twentieth century.
Theognis’ Octopus
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Theognis, as it happens, is one of the “poets of previous generations” whom lsocrates recommends to Nicocles as offering “suggestions that are needful for living” (To Nicocles 3, 43). Here, however, we might consider these verses from Theognis and Evenus as an embodiment, on one hand, of a fundamentally rhetorical understanding of the poetic that persisted and generally prevailed from early to late antiquity and, indeed, into the early modern period. On the other hand, these verses embody not only a recognition of the cultural place of poetry as an instrument of paideia, but also an intimation of the potential for a rhetorically diminished poetics, and hence for a rhetorically limited poetic practice, which this placement has at times entailed, and not least in the century that now has run its course.
Early Traumas and Triumphs in South Africa
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Their second son, Manilal, had been born in October 1892, barely six months before Gandhi so cavalierly steamed off again from Bombay, leaving him, Kasturba, and their four-year-old Harilal at home in Rajkot. Gandhi was no more of a chauvinist than most of his equally affluent Indian contemporaries, nor was he any less. Though Gandhi prided himself on having become his wife’ s teacher and guide, he also admitted that “our love could not yet be called free from lust.” Kasturba may well have felt more relieved to see him go than he was eager to be off again.
Chrysler’s Extended Enterprise: The Results
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

The quotation above from Automotive Industries reveals that Chrysler’s profit performance, beginning in 1993, hit levels never before seen in the U.S. automobile industry (at least in the last 25 years since Automotive Industries began tracking profitability). And 1993 was no fluke. In fact, Chrysler surpassed its 1993 profit per unit performance to achlieve record profits in 1994, 1996, and 1997 (1995 did not exceed 1993 but it was still more than 100 percent higher than what Chrysler had achieved in any year in the 1980s).
The Ultimate Company Town
Authors: Littlejohn David
Published: November 2023

Las Vegas Valley is a flat-a very flat-stretch of about 500 square miles of dry desert land surrounded by smooth, treeless brown mountains. In 1999 it was home to well over a million people. Projecting into the future the valley’s current rate of growth (there were about 1100,000 people here in 1980, 700,000 in 1990), the Nevada State demographer envisions two million people living in Las Vegas Valley by 2010. This prospect horrifies some residents, who insist that they will be long gone before the two-millionth citizen arrives, at the same time that it tantalizes real estate developers. These million or two million people arc or will be here-whether or not they realize or admit it-because of the Industry, as insiders tend to call it, the way people in Los Angeles refer to the companies that make movies and television films.
Organizing Las Vegas
Authors: Lampros Andrea
Published: November 2023

On the northern end of the Las Vegas Strip, outside the frontier Hotel and Casino, five picketers sat on a brick landing with dog-eared “On Strike” signs propped between their knees, listening to salsa music on an old radio. Half a block down, four more workers listened to seventies soul on a beat-up boombox. Nearby, a taped message from the Culinary Union crack.led from a kiosk, appealing to tourists to support the strikers by refusing to enter the frontier.Across the wide street, a woman impatiently waited for a walk signal. She held a Starbucks iced coffee in one hand as she gestured towards the strikers with the other.
Skin City
Authors: Hansen Maia
Published: November 2023

As you drive into Las Vegas from the airport or the edges of town, it’s hard to miss the army of billboards that confronts you along every major road. Giant, garish images and verbal invitations promise free slots and cheap buffets, while larger-than-life lines of dancers grin from static poses above the freeways. Casino showrooms offer beautiful, near-naked showgirls in “Splash II” at the Riviera, “Enter the Night” at the Stardust, and “Folies Rergere” at the Tropicana. Showing a surplus of cleavage fore and aft, these dancers perform to sold-out houses where customers have paid up to fifty dollars a ticket.
Law And Disorder
Authors: World Heather
Published: November 2023

Gordon Dickie, director of security and surveillance at Harrah’s Hotel and Casino, slides a video cassette into a VCR in his windowless basement office. When he presses “Play,” the grainy black-andwhite surveillance film of the casino’s first and only armed robbery pops up on screen, with the date (4/24/!J4) and time (2:45 AM) noted in the corner.
The hope of progress
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

We can look back over a century of unprecedented progress in most areas of practical achievement. Machines, medicines, education, computer systems, transport, ... the roster of achievements seems endless and relentless. Progress is undeniable, but what of the rate of progress. Is it accelerating or decelerating? Will our knowledge of Nature continue to grow? Or could it eventually slow to a trickle? Present theories of physics lead us to believe that there are surprisingly few fundamental laws of Nature.
On The Translation
Authors: Sleigh Tom , Wolff Christian
Published: November 2023

I wanted a line that could embody swift shifts in mood and thought, whose nimbleness and speed kept pace with the play’s sudden reversals and disasters. In the speeches, generally used a pentameter-based line frequently broken up into smaller units and a trimeter-based line for the choruses. When the original or my English demanded it, I’ve broken with this scheme, particularly in the alternating, single lines of dialogue known as stichomythia. (In the case of turnover lines, short turnover lines are aligned flush right. To avoid long turnover lines, I’ve indented the entire line to the left so that the line can fit within the bounds of the right margin.)
Geoffrey Wainwright:Teacher, Scholar, Churchman
Authors: Tripp David
Published: November 2023

To know Geoffrey Wainwright is to know a man whose life and work are unified. A Yorkshire Methodist, Geoffrey is the heir of a vigorous and determined culture; of a sporting tradition (cricket) in which teamwork, tradition, and individual responsibility are inseparable; and of a style of Christianity that prefers consistency to compromise. This inheritance alone does not explain Geoffrey; but all who know him at all must know that he has made this inheritance his own. All of it, cricket included, has been forged into his theological discipline.

Geoffrey Wainwright was born at Monk Bretton in the West Riding on July 16, 1939 to Willie and Martha Anne (“Mattie”) Wainwright. From the Barnsley District Holgate Grammar School (a “high school,” in American terms, and one dating from Reformation times), he went up in 1957 to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, to read Modern Languages and, after proceeding to the B.A. in 1960 (M.A., 1964), Part III of the Theological Tripos.
The Lex Grandi in Recent Protestant Theology
Authors: Kay James F
Published: November 2023

Geoffrey Wainwright states that his book Doxology: The Praise of God in W orig ship, Doctrine and Life was “primarily intended” to be “a systematic theology written from a liturgical perspective.” Its publication in 1980 also prompted Wainwright’s observation that he knew of no other “complete systematic theology deliberately composed” with “the links between worship and doctrine” in mind. Doxology attempted to meld the traditionally Protestant genre of systematic theology with the Orthodox, Roman, and Anglo-Catholic traditions of theological reflection on the liturgy. Wainwright himself signaled the experimental nature of this attempt by characterizing his book as an “essay [to] encourage other systematic theologians to make more sustained use of this approach.” He added, “One of my purposes in writing has been to rescue the interplay of worship and doctrinewith both its problems and its opportunities-as an area of interest for Protestant theology.” In the intervening years, Protestant systematic theologians have, in fact, increasingly ventured appeals to worship in articulating Christian teaching. While it is too early to tell whether this development will become a trend, it certainly merits our examination; and it already represents an ecumenical enrichment for theology.
Theology and Prayer: An Orthodox
Authors: Lossky Nicholas
Published: November 2023

In offering an essay in honor of Geoffrey Wainwright, it seems appropriate to attempt a reflection, however modest, on the relation between theology and prayer. Coming from an Orthodox theologian, and a Western one at that, it will naturally endeavor to respond to what Geoffrey has written on the subject and to be true to the Orthodox perspective on the subject of the Latin adage Lex orandi, lex credendi.

The very mention of this adage immediately calls for a remark from an Orthodox point of view. When we say Lex orandi, lex credendi, it seems indispensable to add at once Lex credendi, lex orandi---or better, echoing Pope Pius XII, Lex credendi statuit legem orandi. Indeed, if we remain with the traditional saying, without correcting it by adding its converse, we run the risk of finding (as we do in the history of the Church) that sometimes certain local liturgical customs may beget heretical doctrine. One example of such deviation-apart from that of the Arians and others quoted by Professor Wainwright in his article “Lex orandi, lex credendi” in the Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement, is the “Adoptionist” heresy in eighth-century Spain. The Spanish theologians who defended the idea that Christ was the “adopted Son of God” were referring to their liturgical tradition, which contained this phrase. The relation between the rule of prayer and the rule of faith must therefore be a two-way relation. Before explaining this in detail, however, it seems necessary to reflect upon the nature of theology-and also, of course, upon certain aspects of the nature of prayer.
A NewLook At The Theology Of The Pastoral Offices
Authors: Stuhlman Byron D
Published: November 2023

In the early Christian centuries, the Church developed a liturgical theology of its principal rites of worship ( the eucharist, the rites of initiation, and the daily office). All of these liturgies found their meaning in the paschal mystery. But toward the end of the Christian antiquity, the theology of the paschal mystery began to be displaced by the theology of the sacraments.
Presbyters’ Ordination “Vows” In The Wesleyan Family Of Churches
Authors: Tripp David
Published: November 2023

“Tomorrow I shall say to you, wilt thou, wilt thou, wilt thou? But there will come a day to you when another will say to you, hast thou, hast thou, hastthou ?” -so Bishop Charles Gore addressed his ordinands during their retreat with him on the eve of their ordination. “During his second year at Boston [University School of Theology], Norman [Vincent Peale] was ordained. He promised, as did all Methodist clergymen, to keep out of debt and avoid all use of tobacco” -which would give the impression, to any reader who did not know otherwise, that these were ordination vows! These two passages illustrate, first, something of the pen, etrating spirituality attaching to the ordination examination inherited by the Wesleyan family of Churches from their Anglican origin; and second, something of the confusion in Methodist folklore as to the association of “vows” with progression into ministry.
Reordering Salvation:Church As The Proper Context For An Evangelical Ordo Salutis
Authors: Work Telford
Published: November 2023

Geoffrey Wainwright is one of those Christian theologians who practice Christian theology where it demands to be practiced: firmly from within the context of the gathered and worshiping Church of Jesus Christ. He has consistently worked to develop the same practices among his students and friends, whether they be in the academy, the mission field, the pulpit, or the bishop’s chair; and he has long resisted the secularization and privatization of mainline Protestant theology. My mentor makes the practice of churchly and academic theology look natural and easy-like the graceful blend of physical and mental exercise that is a professional game of cricket.
Is jesus still lord?:Lesslie N ewbigin on the Place of Christ in Trinitarian Ecclesiology
Authors: Butin Philip W
Published: November 2023

In the winter and spring of 1994, a remarkable written exchange took place between two highly influential figures in the world ecumenical movement: Lesslie Newbigin, former Bishop of the Church of South India, and Konrad Raiser,2 the recently installed general secretary of the World Council of Churches. The occasion for the exchange was Newbigin’s sharply critical review of Raiser’s programmatic book, Ecumenism in Transition: A Paradigm Shift in the Ecumenical Movement?. This review was published in the International Bulletin of Missionary Research under the title “Ecumenical Amnesia.”4 The two were agreed that the fresh articulation and appropriation of a thoroughly trinitarian ecclesiology was crucial for the future of the ecumenical movement. But the exchange illustrated significantly differing emphases between the two, both with respect to the understanding of the Trinity itself, and also regarding the specific lines along which such a trinitarian ecclesiology would be developed. At particular issue in the exchange, according to Bishop Newbigin, was the lordship of Christ-how it was to be construed within trinitarian ecclesiology, and its significance for the future of world ecumenism. Raiser intended Ecumenism in Transition to address the growing uncertainty that had characterized the ecumenical movement over the previous several decades.
Salvation In Recent Faith And Order Documents
Authors: Gassmann Gunther
Published: November 2023

The Christian faith is, above all other things, a faith grounded in, illuminated by, and responding to a saving and transforming event. It is not primarily concerned with providing people with a special and higher knowledge about themselves and the world. Rather, the Christian belief in God the creator, incarnate in God the Son, awakening such belief in human beings through God the Holy Spirit, is-in all its dimensions and aspects-a belief marked by the dynamics of the divine purpose and action toward redemption, renewal, and fulfilment. The Christian faith is a soteriological faith; it is about salvation. This faith is offered to all people, individually and corporately, as the ground of a new existence in communion with God and with fellow believers. Of course, not every aspect of the body of Christian beliefs can be pressed into a soteriological scheme. Here, Wolfhart Pannenberg’s warning is certainly appropriate: one cannot make soteriology determinative of Christology (as was done by Schleiermacher or Tillich, for whom Christology is merely a function of soteriology).1Still, it remains true that if the soteriological dimension-the announcement of God’s intervention in favor of the salvation of individuals and humanity-is completely absent from theological reflection on any aspect of the Christian faith, then something essentially Christian is missing. With his thoroughgoing focus on the sacramental nature of the Christian faith, Geoffrey Wainwright has persistently drawn attention to this soteriological basis of the faith: the Triune God’s communication of salvation through-to use my Lutheran language-the “means of grace.” And with his equally persistent focus on the liturgical-doxological nature of the Christian faith, he has drawn attention to the Church’s joyful response to God’s gratuitous gift of salvation.
TheChallenge Of Convincing Unbelievers That The Bible Is The Word Of God
Authors: Bame Michael Bame
Published: November 2023

During the past five decades or so, some biblical critics have made remorseless efforts to refute the orthodox claim that the Holy Scriptures are the inspired word of God. Their arguments have, however, had little impact on the fundamental role the Scriptures play in the life of the Church. Today, as ever before, the Scriptures remain the source from which the Church derives her preaching, teaching, and doctrine. Conservatives, liberals, and fundamentalists equally turn to the Scriptures to find support for their particular interpretation of the Christian faith.
Spirituality, Worship, Confession, and Church Unity: A Story from South Africa
Authors: Smit Dirk J
Published: November 2023

We met in 1981 at Union Theological Seminary in New York. Professor Wainwright spent almost a whole day as my host, showing me around and talking theology. Grateful and impressed, I immediately bought and read Doxology. In 1984 I spent a three-month sabbatical with him in Durham. He invited me to give a public lecture on the (then Draft) Confession of Belhar of the (then) Dutch Reformed Mission Church of South Africa. Since then he has, through his writings, constantly accompanied, instructed, and inspired me and many of my colleagues, friends, and students. Since I have not had the opportunity to spend more time in his company, discussing theology, this is perhaps an opportunity to continue with the story of Belhar, indicating where he has inspired and assisted us since then, without his knowledge.
Gnosis, Narrative, and the Occasion of Repentance
Authors: Jeffrey David L
Published: November 2023

Among scholars and critics of “primary narrative,” it is widely recognized that the emergence to prominence of literary theory over “explication de texte” despite certain evident attractions, carries with it a disturbing proclivity to occlude the texts that were once, ostensibly, theory’s justification. One may confirm this readily in such theorizing as one now associates with figures as widely various in their focus as Gadamer, Barthes, Derrida, Eagleton, and Lacan. But it is important also to recognize that this general displacement is not unprecedented; it holds much in common with usurpation of authority from the narratives that traditionally bear it in other eras. One thinks here not only of Marxism, as one might recently have first imagined, but also more anciently, of Neoplatonist systems of all kinds. Embarrassment with biblical narrative and flight from its “shameful simplicities” (the phrase is Augustine’s) is highly visible in Philo Judaeus and Origen, for example, each of whose method of dealing with primary biblical narrative is antireahst, prophylactic, and cultivating of what we may call, in the informal sense, an elite gnosis. And it may be, as some would argue, that the reflex of allegorism in late antiquity and the Middle Ages is but one pulse of a historical dialectic for which we might find analogues in any textual tradition.
Hagiography and Hindu Historical Consciousness
Authors: Carman John B
Published: November 2023

Naipaul seems to be harking back to a Western view more commonly and boldly stated in the nineteenth century-that India has no history. Even in a book published in 1900, the professor of Sanskrit at Oxford, A. A. Macdonell, could say, “Early India wrote no history because it never made any.”2 This charge picks up both sides of the usual Western concept of history: both the events that have happened and the recounting of these events in some connected way that brings out their meaning. To say that ancient Indians did not compose histories is a serious charge, suggesting a marked peculiarity of their civilization, but to say that early India made no history is to say that this was a human community among whom nothing significant happened. This is the most dismissive form of Western scholarly judgment, and it was made by a professor who knew perfectly well that there was a Sanskrit equivalent for “history.” Like the German word Geschichte or the Dutch word geschiedenis, the Sanskrit term itihasa stresses the objective side of history: it is “what happened.” Naipaul’s reaction to Indian history has a different emotional base. Indeed, the words I quoted come just after a statement that twenty years after British withdrawal from India, “India has almost faded out of British consciousness: the Raj was an expression of the English involvement with themselves rather than with the country they ruled.”3 He certainly thinks that something had happened in India and was continuing to happen, but he believes Indians have shielded themselves from contemplating the ruin of the past and the misery of the present in what he calls “fantasy and fatalism.”
Narrative and Theological Aspects of Freudian and Jungian Psychology
Authors: Vitz Paul
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will look at narrative aspects of both Freudian and Jungian theory and practice. I will then note important liabilities, narrative and otherwise, of these two psychological approaches. Finally and briefly, concepts of a Christian narrative character will be applied to these two psychologies.
Narrative Theology from an Evangelical Perspective
Authors: Fackre Gabriel
Published: November 2023

Observation on the many meanings of “narrative” are a commonplace of narratology. And with reason. The variety of disciplines and fields of interest from which commentary on it now rises is striking, as is the diversity of points of view within each discipline and field. The extent to which the various perspectives have or have not taken one another into account makes a good story in itself. “Narrative theology,” a subset of the larger narrative discussion, has the same variety and diversity. With it has come a predictable interest in sorting out its types and models. A current typology is the division of narrative theology into the views of Hans Frei and Paul Ricoeur, “biblical narrative” and “story theology,” “pure narrative” and “impure narrative,” or against the background of larger questions of theological method, the cultural-linguistic versus the experiential-expressivist approaches (also identified as the “post-liberal” and “revisionist” options).1 One of the characteristics of current typology-making-including this one-is the absence of a tradition that has been the mother of narrative sensibility for large sections of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century church. I am referring to what I shall call “evangelical narrative.” One of the ironies of this absence, incidentally, is the prominent role C. S. Lewis, a mentor to many evangelicals, plays in the larger literary discussion of narrative.
Living within a Text
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: November 2023

This passage, though it occurs in a “secular” study of the origins of realism in Western literature, has had a deep impact on the reflections and recommendations by Christian theologians in recent years concerning the role of the Bible in the Christian community. The theologians I have in mind include, but are not limited to, those who belong to the so-called Yale school of theology.
Into History
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

Rufus Anderson continued to serve as a corresponding secretary with the A.B.C.F.M. for another decade after the clashes of 1856, and he remained a member of the Prudential Committee until 1875, after which he spent another five years as an emeritus member. However, the great creative period of his career was over. His policies had carried the day and would continue to dominate missionary practice for a generation. Furious opposition to the work of the Deputation to India had not caused Anderson to modify his views in the slightest, but it had convinced him that the American evangelical public little understood or appreciated the business of foreign missions. His career therefore took a turn toward authorship in his later years, as Anderson sought to record the lessons of his experience and educate the constituency of the American Board. The opportunity to write his own history allowed Anderson to influence missionary discourse in ways that long outlasted his specific policies.
Inner Privacy and Fallen Embodiment
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: November 2023

At Cassiciacum Augustine had tried to find something immutable about the soul, while deferring consideration of its Fall. In his mature Christian Platonism he reverses this, emphasizing the Fall of the soul and firmly denying that the soul is immutable or divine. Within two years of Cassiciacum he explicitly rejects the divinity of the soul, then proceeds to work out a powerful Plotinian doctrine of its Fall. His mature brand of inwardness takes shape within the constraints of this modified Neoplatonist framework. Plotinus’s inward turn, with a Plotinian Fall but without the divinity of the soul, yields Augustine’s notion of the private inner space. Or to put the equation more positively: a Plotinian inward turn plus a Plotinian doctrine of the Fall plus an orthodox Christian distinction between creature and Creator results in the concept of the individual soul as its own space, distinct from the divine intelligible world and separated from other souls.
Quantum Nonlocality: An Amazing New Fact Of Nature
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas
Published: November 2023

In the strange new world of quantum physics we have consistently uncovered aspects of physical reality at odds with our everyday sense of this reality. But no previous discovery has posed more challenges to our usual understanding of the “way things are” than the amazing new fact of nature known as nonlocality. This new fact of nature was revealed in a series of experiments testing predictions made in a theorem developed by theoretical physicist John Bell in response to a number of questions raised by Albert Einstein and two younger colleagues in 1936. Although Bell’s now famous theorem led to the discovery that physical reality is non-local, this was not his primary motive for developing the theorem, and he was quite disappointed by the results of experiments testing the theorem.
Ways Of Knowing: A New Epistemology Of Science
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas
Published: November 2023

The most fundamental aspect of the Western intellectual tradition is the assumption that there is a fundamental division between the material and the immaterial world or between the realm of matter and the realm of pure mind or spirit. The metaphysical framework based on this assumption is known as ontological dualism. As the word dual implies, the framework is predicated on an ontology, or a conception of the nature of God or Being, that assumes reality has two distinct and separable dimensions. The concept of Being as continuous, immutable, and having a prior or separate existence from the world of change dates from the ancient Greek philosopher Parmenides. The same qualities were associated with the God of the Judeo Christian tradition, and they were considerably amplified by the role played in theology by Platonic and Neoplatonic philosophy.
Licensing Hyperbaton
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

In chapters 1 and 2 we developed an account of prose Y1 hyperbaton in terms of overt syntactic movement of a modifier with strong narrow focus. However, as the analysis was extended in chapter 3 to Y2 hyperbaton, to hyperbaton in verse, and to various other classes of hyperbaton, it became increasingly clear that strong focus movement was just an explanation for one type of hyperbaton. It could not be a general theory of hyperbaton, because other types of hyperbaton involved other pragmatic structures. Y2 hyperbaton and genitive hyperbaton often had simple weak focus on the modifier; demonstratives and possessives in Y2 hyperbaton could be low in informational content; and Y1 hyperbaton in verse was even permitted for descriptive adjectives, which might be emphatic but were unable to bear focus since they did not restrict reference. Clitic hyperbaton depends on the absence of focus, and interrogative hyperbaton involves more than just focus. Conjunct hyperbaton too seemed to have only a weak basis in focus, since at best it involved the fronting of the more salient of two foci.
Images: The Need for a Biography of David
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

It is arguably the best known single work of art in the world, certainly the most famous sculpture. Michelangelo’s David shows the power of an image (Fig. 1). No one knows what David looked like, though he is one of the most popular subjects in Western art. Of the hundreds, perhaps thousands, of depictions of him, none has had the influence of Michelangelo’s statue. Its size (over 15 feet high) is, ironically, Goliath-like. David’s pose is graceful. His youthful, athletic body constitutes perfection. About to battle Goliath, his expression is humble but confident. This image has shaped people’s ideas about David for generations and has come to represent the essence of the man.
Like Father Like Son
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

Part of the appeal of the David story has always been the earthiness of its plot It reads like a modern soap opera with plenty of sex, violence, and struggles for power. The relationships are intricate. One of David’s wives is his best friend’s sister and his enemy’s daughter. She loves him, marries someone else when he goes away, and finally comes to despise him. Some of his brides were new widows whose husbands had very recently died under suspicious circumstances. In the case of Bathsheba, the Bible admits that David plotted her husbands murder in order to cover up his adulterous affair with her.
Investigative Ordinary Language Philosophy
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

As I remarked in chapter 10, there is a danger, when thinking about ordinary language philosophy, of ignoring some fundamental differences. The most important of these is the difference between the Investigative variety of ordinary language philosophy and the Standard and Metaphysical varieties, which I have already discussed. I attach such significance to this because I believe that the Investigative variety may be the only sort of philosophy that will ever produce viable results. Why, then, has it gone unnoticed—or unheralded—for so long? The reason, apparently, is that word has gotten around that ordinary language philosophy is a failure.