bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Conditional Funding of Religious Schools
Authors: Macedo Stephen
Published: February 2009

The Article defends against various objections, the practice of funding religious schools and other faith-based social service providers, but only on condition that they comply with various public regulations and requirements. Critics of conditional fundingincluding Moshe Cohen- Eliyaargue that conditional funding is coercive and unfair to poorer religious parents, is often divisive or ineffective, and it threatens the autonomy and integrity of religious communities by putting a price on (or increasing the cost of) some of their religious practices; it would be better simply to prohibit the disfavored educational practices targeted by funding conditionalities. I argue that typical funding conditionalities are not objectionably coercive as long as they are designed to advance defensible public purposes. Unfairness to the poor should be addressed by general redistributive policies. The Article allows that funding conditionalities might undermine religious communities integrity, and cause social divisions, but that these concerns are speculative and not an adequate basis for disallowing in advance conditional public funding of faith-based institutions.
On the Jehovah's Witnesses Cases, Balancing Tests, and Three Kinds of Multicultural Claims
Authors: Porat Iddo
Published: February 2009

The Jehovahs Witnesses cases of the late 1930s and early 1940s presented some of the first instances of American Supreme Courts attempts to grapple with the challenges of a multicultural society. Taken as a whole, these cases represented a favorable position towards minorities claims, even to some extent a path breaking one. The Jehovahs Witnesses cases were a precursor of the Courts growing involvement in the protection of minorities rights, which colored the entire second half of the 20th century. They further introduced a new language, and new judicial forms into constitutional jurisprudencethe language of balancing and balancing tests. In all these aspects the Jehovahs Witnesses cases seem to have shown the early sings of multicultural ideology in Supreme Court jurisprudence. However, not all Jehovahs Witnesses cases showed the same kind of judicial willingness to protect minorities interests from the will of the majority, and not all involved the new judicial rhetoric of balancing. What explains these different judicial responses in cases which are similar in their facts and close to each other in time? In this Article I will attempt to distinguish between three types of Jehovahs Witnesses cases and argue that the different judicial responses in each of them indicates a different structure of the multicultural conflict, and a different structure of the multicultural claims in each of them.
Teaching Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis
Authors: Blocher Edward J.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT: Cost management has been tied in the past to the concepts of score-keeping, attention directing, and problem solving, but the expectations of accountants in today's world have changed dramatically, extending well beyond these concepts. This paper presents a different way to view cost management. It is not a planning or decision-making focus, but instead a focus on helping the organization be successful, through the implementation of an effective competitive strategy. Strategy is implemented by the appropriate use of cost management methods. The “why strategy?” question is answered by a review of survey findings, a discussion of the potential errors in nonstrategic decision making, and a review of changes at the Institute of Management Accountants that reflect a greater emphasis on strategy, including a new definition of management accounting which focuses on strategy. The paper shows the strategy-based content flowcharts for each of the three courses: management accounting, cost accounting, and advanced management accounting.
Depreciation of Airplanes and Garbage Trucks: Information Value and Fraud Prevention in Financial Reporting
Authors: Mohrman Mary Beth
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT: This assignment will provide you with a better understanding of the costs and benefits of management's use of judgment in financial reporting. First, you will look at the differences in depreciation policies among three firms in one industry (airlines). This provides an opportunity to examine why firms in the same industry might adopt different depreciation policies for similar assets. Then, you will read about Waste Management, a case in which managers manipulated depreciation estimates to manage earnings. Finally, you will be asked to evaluate a hypothetical proposal to require all firms owning similar assets to depreciate them over the same period.

Analyzing depreciation differences between three airlines and speculating about the reasons for those differences will give you an appreciation for how firms can reveal information through their accounting policies. The Waste Management case shows how firms can abuse the discretion that GAAP allows. Assessing a proposal to require uniform depreciation estimates will provide an opportunity to analyze the tradeoff between information value and prevention of earnings management.
The Effect of Professional Context on Accounting Students' Moral Reasoning
Authors: Fleming Damon M. , Lightner Sharon M. , Romanus Robin N.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT: This study investigates whether the professional context of accounting ethical dilemmas influences accounting students' moral reasoning. In a between-subjects experiment, 101 accounting students from a large public AACSB-accredited university in the U.S. responded to four ethical dilemmas faced by either auditors or corporate accountants designed to measure their deliberative moral reasoning. As expected, students in the audit condition exhibited significantly higher deliberative moral reasoning than students in the corporate accounting condition. Supplemental analysis indicates this finding is robust to commonly influential demographic characteristics and perceptions about the current business environment. These results are consistent with accounting students having more audit-based ethical knowledge structures which do not flexibly transfer to resolving ethical issues in the corporate accounting context.
Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case
Authors: Norman Carolyn Strand , Payne Mark D. , Vendrzyk Valaria P.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT: Information Technology General Controls (ITGCs), a fundamental category of internal controls, provide an overall foundation for reliance on any information produced by a system. Since the relation between ITGCs and the information produced by an organization's various application programs is indirect, understanding how ITGCs interact and affect an auditor's risk assessment is often challenging for students. This case helps students assess overall ITGC risk within an organization's information systems. Students identify specific strengths and weaknesses within five ITGC areas, provide a risk assessment for each area, and then evaluate an organization's overall level of ITGC risk within the context of an integrated audit.
Amazing Deals Auto Mart: Financial Reporting and Analysis of Receivables and Securitization
Authors: Gujarathi Mahendra R. , McQuade Ralph J.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT: Amazing Deals Auto Mart (ADAM) is a nationwide retailer of late model pre-owned premium cars. Due to the changes in the industry and economy, its senior management is concerned with a slowdown in collections and loan defaults, and is worried whether or not ADAM will meet the 2005 consensus earnings estimate of analysts. You are required to analyze the accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts data to assess a possibility of earnings management. You are also required to perform financial analyses of the two financing alternatives (securitization and secured borrowing) that ADAM is considering for cash generation from receivables and to determine their effects on financial statements and ratios.
Asa Grant Hilliard III: Scholar Supreme
Authors: Watkins William H.
Published: February 2009

This integrative review uses two of Asa Grant Hilliard’s books, SBA: The Reawakening of the African Mind and The Maroon Within Us: Selected Essays on African American Community Socialization, to discuss aspects of his scholarly legacy in teaching, history, and psychology. His scholarship is provocative. Hilliard rejected the supremacy of the Western world and, thus, its canons. A seminal thinker, he wrote in streams of consciousness, moving freely among and across disciplines. His work includes a body of information, data, analyses, critique, and polemic for the ages.
Sources of Self-Efficacy in School: Critical Review of the Literature and Future Directions
Authors: Usher Ellen L. , Pajares Frank
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this review was threefold. First, the theorized sources of self-efficacy beliefs proposed by A. Bandura (1986) are described and explained, including how they are typically assessed and analyzed. Second, findings from investigations of these sources in academic contexts are reviewed and critiqued, and problems and oversights in current research and in conceptualizations of the sources are identified. Although mastery experience is typically the most influential source of self-efficacy, the strength and influence of the sources differ as a function of contextual factors such as gender, ethnicity, academic ability, and academic domain. Finally, suggestions are offered to help guide researchers investigating the psychological mechanisms at work in the formation of self-efficacy beliefs in academic contexts.
Commercial Teacher Selection Instruments: The Validity of Selecting Teachers Through Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values
Authors: Metzger Scott Alan , Wu Meng-Jia
Published: February 2009

One influential hypothesis for what makes teachers effective contends that the best teachers share a particular set of values about education, such as commitment, caring, or persistence. To translate affective beliefs, attitudes, and values into practicable teacher selection, many schools have turned to commercial teacher hiring instruments. This article synthesizes 24 studies of the most prominent teacher selection instrument, Gallup’s Teacher Perceiver Interview (TPI). Overall, we find a modest relationship (r̄=.28) between the TPI and some measure of teaching quality. The article explores complications that arise for schools from using beliefs, attitudes, and values to select among teacher candidates and discusses their implications for the educational-values hypothesis.
Culturally Responsive Schooling for Indigenous Youth: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Castagno Angelina E , Brayboy Bryan McKinley Jones
Published: February 2009

This article reviews the literature on culturally responsive schooling (CRS) for Indigenous youth with an eye toward how we might provide more equitable and culturally responsive education within the current context of standardization and accountability. Although CRS for Indigenous youth has been advocated for over the past 40 years, schools and classrooms are failing to meet the needs of Indigenous students. The authors suggest that although the plethora of writing on CRS reviewed here is insightful, it has had little impact on what teachers do because it is too easily reduced to essentializations, meaningless generalizations, or trivial anecdotes—none of which result in systemic, institutional, or lasting changes to schools serving Indigenous youth. The authors argue for a more central and explicit focus on sovereignty and self-determination, racism, and Indigenous epistemologies in future work on CRS for Indigenous youth.
Teaching English Language Learners in the Content Areas
Authors: Janzen Joy
Published: February 2009

This review examines current research on teaching English Language Learners (ELLs) in four content area subjects: History, math, English, and science. The following topics are examined in each content area: The linguistic, cognitive, and sociocultural features of academic literacy and how this literacy can be taught; general investigations of teaching; and professional development or teacher education issues. The article summarizes key findings in the literature, examining trends and discontinuities across the different content areas, and concludes with implications for teaching and suggestions for further research.
Washington Irving in Muslim Translation: Revising the American Mahomet
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: February 2009

Washington Irving's ‘sketch of the life of the founder of the Islam Faith’, Mahomet (1849), was one of the first works by an American dedicated to explaining Muslim history and its prophetic heritage to Western readers. For its time it was an enlightened work, recognizing many virtues within Islamic belief and practice alike, but nevertheless Irving's presentation frequently challenges Muslim orthodoxy, and has the potential to offend Muslim sensibilities. This article considers the tactics of its first Arabic translator in 1960, the prominent Muslim scholar ‘Alī Husnī al-Kharbūtlī. The translation encourages readers to understand Irving's work as a ‘meeting’ between ‘Western Christian thought and Arab Islamic thought’. It does so through a revisionary procedure commencing with minor shifts in diction, and culminating in comprehensive inversions. Through radical changes to his source, al-Kharbūtlī depicts Irving as Islamic advocate, rather than the Islamic critic he intended to be.
Translations from Greek and Latin Classics 1550–1700: A Revised Bibliography
Authors: Cummings Robert , Gillespie Stuart
Published: February 2009

This is the first instalment of a two-part revision of the classical translation sections of the second edition of The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, Vols 2–3. The recent discontinuation of the revised edition of CBEL deprives the scholarly world of an up-to-date version of the most complete bibliography of its kind; this contribution makes good that loss for this topic. Over its eventual two parts 1550–1800 it runs to some 1,500 items of translation for what might be held to constitute the golden age of the English classical translating tradition. Checking of existing entries in the listings has led to a large number of internal corrections, including deletions, but the records have been expanded by a net 20%, with several minor classical authors added. As compared to the previous CBEL editions of the 1940s, this reflects the availability of digital-era resources such as the English Short Title Catalogue.
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMAN FLOURISHING: THE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT AND TODAY
Authors: HANLEY RYAN PATRICK
Published: February 2009

The Scottish Enlightenment is commonly identified as the birthplace of modern social science. But while Scottish and contemporary social science share a commitment to empiricism, contemporary insistence on the separation of empirical analysis from normative judgment invokes a distinction unintelligible to the Scots. In this respect the methods of modern social science seem an attenuation of those of Scottish social science. A similar attenuation can be found in the modern aspiration to judge the outcome of institutions or processes only with regard to efficiency. While the tenet that efficiency is preferable to inefficiency is central to Scottish social thought, the Scots regarded maximization of quantifiable returns as only one among three ends that well-functioning institutions and processes promote. Scottish social science speaks also of virtue and liberty where ours speaks only of utility. This essay develops these differences in three sections. Its first section compares Scottish and contemporary understandings of social science methods. Its second section examines how these differing methodologies inform their differing conceptions of human flourishing and particularly led Scottish social science to focus on virtue and freedom in addition to wealth. The essay concludes by calling attention to three movements in social science today which might help us recover the best features of Scottish social science.
METAPHYSICS AND MODERNITY: NATURAL LAW AND NATURAL RIGHTS IN GERSHOM CARMICHAEL AND FRANCIS HUTCHESON
Authors: GREGG SAMUEL
Published: February 2009

This paper argues that the founding fathers of the tradition of Scottish Enlightenment natural jurisprudence, Gersholm Carmichael (1672–1729) and Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746), articulated a view of rights that is pertinent to the contemporary dominance of the language of rights. Maintaining a metaphysical foundation for rights while drawing upon the early-modern Protestant natural law tradition, their conception of rights is more significantly indebted to the pre-modern scholastic natural law tradition than often realized. This is illustrated by exploring some of the background to their respective theories of rights, detailing the precise reasoning that Carmichael and Hutcheson brought to bear upon their conception of rights, and then exploring their application of their understanding of rights to the question of property.
The clinical spectrum of fetal Niemann–Pick type C
Authors: Spiegel Ronen , Raas‐Rothschild Annick , Reish Orit , Regev Miriam , Meiner Vardiella , Bargal Ruth , Sury Vivi , Meir Karen , Nadjari Michel , Hermann Gratiana , Iancu Theodor C. , Shalev Stavit A. , Zeigler Marsha
Published: February 2009

Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal neurovisceral storage disease. The spectrum of the clinical presentation as well as the severity of the disease and the age of presentation may be highly variable. Fetal presentation is rarely described in the literature. Here, we report on seven new cases of fetal onset NPC of whom two were diagnosed in utero and five postnatally. The fetal clinical presentation, included, in utero splenomegaly (6/7), in utero hepatomegaly (5/7), in utero ascites (4/7), intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR) (2/7), and oligohydramnios (2/7). Placentomegaly was present in two of the three pregnancies examined. Congenital thrombocytopenia (4/4), congenital anemia (2/4), and petechial rash (2/5) were diagnosed immediately after birth. Three patients were born preterm. Pregnancy and postnatal outcome were remarkably poor with one case of intrauterine fetal death, one elective termination of pregnancy, and four patients who died within the first months of life from a rapidly fatal neonatal cholestatic disease. NPC1 gene mutation analysis identified all of the mutant alleles including three novel mutations. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and ascites were the most consistent prenatal ultrasonographic findings of the NPC fetuses. We suggest that once identified these findings, should raise the suspicion of fetal NPC. Our study further expands the antenatal clinical spectrum of NPC and provides clues to its prenatal diagnosis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genitopatellar syndrome in an adolescent female with severe osteoporosis and endocrine abnormalities
Authors: Penttinen Maila , Koillinen Hannele , Niinikoski Harri , Mäkitie Outi , Hietala Marja
Published: February 2009

Genitopatellar syndrome (GPS) is a rare disorder with characteristic craniofacial features, congenital flexion contractures of the lower limbs, absent or abnormal patellae, urogenital anomalies, and severe psychomotor retardation. Twelve patients with ages from 15 days to 12 years and two affected fetuses have been reported. We describe a 17‐year‐old female with a phenotype consistent with GPS. Being the oldest reported patient, she is the first one showing severe symptomatic osteoporosis and endocrine abnormalities including primary hypothyroidism and delayed puberty. We suggest that these novel findings are also manifestations of GPS. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteogenesis imperfecta type III with intracranial hemorrhage and brachydactyly associated with mutations in exon 49 of COL1A2
Authors: Faqeih Eissa , Roughley Peter , Glorieux Francis H. , Rauch Frank
Published: February 2009

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable bone disorder characterized by fractures with minimal trauma. Intracranial hemorrhage has been reported in a small number of OI patients. Here we describe three patients, a boy (aged 15 years) and two girls (aged 17 and 7 years) with OI type III who suffered intracranial hemorrhage and in addition had brachydactyly and nail hypoplasia. In all of these patients, OI was caused by glycine mutations affecting exon 49 of the COL1A2 gene, which codes for the most carboxy‐terminal part of the triple‐helical domain of the collagen type I alpha 2 chain. These observations suggest that mutations in this region of the collagen type I alpha 2 chain carry a high risk of abnormal limb development and intracranial bleeding. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aplasia of cochlear nerves and olfactory bulbs in association with SOX10 mutation
Authors: Barnett C.P. , Mendoza‐Londono R. , Blaser S. , Gillis J. , Dupuis L. , Levin A.V. , Chiang P.W. , Spector E. , Reardon W.
Published: February 2009

A 17‐month‐old boy was referred with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), severe visual impairment and developmental delay. Neuroimaging identified hypomyelination and cochlear nerve aplasia. He was noted to have fair skin and hair and multiple areas of cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Previous investigations including karyotype, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and a full metabolic screen were normal. A novel missense mutation of the highly conserved high mobility group (HMG) domain of SOX10 was identified (Q174P:c.521A>C). This case represents the first description of aplasia of the cochlear nerve due to a SOX10 mutation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing reproductive profiles in female brown mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus) from Ranomafana National Park, southeast Madagascar, using fecal hormone analysis
Authors: Blanco Marina B. , Meyer Jerrold S.
Published: February 2009

Studies on reproductive endocrinology in wild primate populations have greatly increased in the last decades owing to the development of noninvasive techniques that can be applied under field conditions. However, small‐bodied nocturnal species are not well represented on the long list of primates surveyed in the wild, and reproductive inferences regarding these animals in their natural habitats have not benefited from direct observations of hormonal changes. We collected fecal samples from female brown mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus) in a southeastern rainforest of Madagascar in order to determine whether or not fecally excreted steroid levels show a consistent pattern of change during the reproductive season and are a useful complement to reproductive observations in wild‐trapped individuals. Initial data show variation in reproductive hormone levels before and after estrus and estimated day of parturition. Elevated levels of excreted estradiol (E2) were observed around the time of estrus, whereas high levels of fecal progesterone (P) were seen during later stages of pregnancy and around parturition. A more complete picture of reproductive profiles in female mouse lemurs, and how they may change over the life span, can be obtained if hormone analyses are used to supplement field observations. Am. J. Primatol. 71:439–446, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unterdrückte Partikelbildung durch kinetisch kontrollierten Ozonentzug: zur Bedeutung der Chemie kurzlebiger Spezies bei der Alkenozonolyse
Authors: Wolf Jan L. , Suhm Martin A. , Zeuch Thomas
Published: February 2009

Mit dem neuartigen Ansatz des kinetisch kontrollierten Ozonentzugs wurde aufgedeckt, dass bei der Gasphasenozonolyse von Methylcyclohexen und Methylencyclohexan (MCHa) unter Alkenüberschussbedingungen die Partikelbildung unterdrückt wird (siehe Graph). Die Ergebnisse stützen die Hypothese, dass Peroxyradikale an der Nukleation und am Wachstum organischer Aerosole beteiligt sind.

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Integrated Oxidative Folding of Cysteine/Selenocysteine Containing Peptides: Improving Chemical Synthesis of Conotoxins
Authors: Walewska Aleksandra , Zhang Min‐Min , Skalicky Jack J. , Yoshikami Doju , Olivera Baldomero M. , Bulaj Grzegorz
Published: February 2009

Brückenbau: Eine Kombination aus Diselenid‐ und selektiv 15N/13C‐markierten Disulfidbrücken erleichtert die oxidative Faltung und die Disulfidkartierung. Conotoxin‐Analoga mit je einem Paar von Selenocystein‐ (Sec) und markierten Cysteinresten (siehe Schema, rot) wiesen ein deutlich verbessertes Faltungsverhalten auf, und dank der markierten Cysteinreste ließ sich die gefaltete Spezies schnell NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisieren.

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Self‐Assembly Made Durable: Water‐Repellent Materials Formed by Cross‐Linking Fullerene Derivatives
Authors: Wang Jiaobing , Shen Yanfei , Kessel Stefanie , Fernandes Paulo , Yoshida Kaname , Yagai Shiki , Kurth Dirk G. , Möhwald Helmuth , Nakanishi Takashi
Published: February 2009

Fulleren‐Flocken: Ein Fullerenderivat mit Diacetylen‐Funktionen ordnet sich in flockenförmigen Mikropartikeln an (siehe Bild). Sowohl die Diacetylen‐ als auch die C60‐Einheiten können effektiv vernetzt werden. Dabei entstehen supramolekulare Materialien, die gegen Lösungsmittel, Hitze und mechanische Belastung erstaunlich beständig sind. Die Oberfläche der vernetzten Flocken ist überdies sehr haltbar und wasserabweisend.

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Titelbild: Solid‐State Scrolls from Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of T‐Shaped Rod–Coil Molecules (Angew. Chem. 9/2009)
Authors: Hong Dong‐Je , Lee Eunji , Jeong Haemi , Lee Jeong‐kyu , Zin Wang‐Cheol , Nguyen Trung Dac , Glotzer Sharon C. , Lee Myongsoo
Published: February 2009

Feste Rollen bilden sich reversibel durch Selbstorganisation stabförmiger Moleküle, an die seitlich knäuelförmige Einheiten angebracht sind, im Unterschied zu Schichtstrukturen, die durch Selbstorganisation planarer Moleküle entstehen. Wie M. Lee et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 1692 ff. schildern, lässt sich die Kernstruktur der Rollen, die entweder gefüllten Zylindern oder hohlen Röhren entsprechen, durch Variation der Länge der Knäuel‐Einheit steuern. Das Titelbild zeigt ausgerichtete röhrenförmige Rollen mit wohldefinierter Ordnung der Stabsegmente innerhalb einer Ebene.

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Innentitelbild: Synthese, Struktur und Komplexierungseigenschaften von partiell und vollständig reduzierten meso‐Octamethylporphyrinogenen (Calix[4]pyrrolen) (Angew. Chem. 9/2009)
Authors: Blangy Valeria , Heiss Christoph , Khlebnikov Vsevolod , Letondor Christophe , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen , Neier Reinhard
Published: February 2009

Calix[4]pyrrol ein leicht zugänglicher Makrocyclus, der seit über 120 Jahren dank der Arbeiten von Adolf von Baeyer bekannt ist, ändert seine Eigenschaften vollständig bei einer Reduktion. Der reduzierte Makrocyclus wird in der Zuschrift von H. Stoeckli‐Evans, R. Neier et al. auf S. 1716 ff. zum ersten Mal beschrieben. Metallkomplexe können leicht synthetisiert werden, wobei eine fixierte Anordnung von vier gerichteten Wasserstoffbrückendonoren gebildet wird.

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Icon of Chemistry: The Periodic System of Chemical Elements in the New Century
Authors: Wang Shu‐Guang , Schwarz W. H. Eugen
Published: February 2009

A closer look: A deeper theoretical understanding of the multifaceted periodic system of elements (PSE) has been achieved in recent years. The large energy gaps above the noble gas shells 1s2andnp6(n=2–6) impress periodicity onto the whole PSE, which is complete with Period 7. The electron configurations of unbound atoms are chemically misleading. The commonn+lrule is an example of the “invention of facts” even in the hard sciences.

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Polymer‐Mediated Hierarchical and Reversible Emulsion Droplet Assembly
Authors: Weaver Jonathan V. M. , Rannard Steven P. , Cooper Andrew I.
Published: February 2009

Making and breaking: Stable, functional micrometer‐sized emulsion droplets can be assembled into various complex macroscopic liquid structures (see picture). The hierarchical assembly process is mediated by interactions between polymeric surfactant molecules located on the droplet surfaces. These interdroplet interactions are reversible, therefore these “engineered emulsions” can be readily disassembled by using a simple pH switch.

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Integrated Oxidative Folding of Cysteine/Selenocysteine Containing Peptides: Improving Chemical Synthesis of Conotoxins
Authors: Walewska Aleksandra , Zhang Min‐Min , Skalicky Jack J. , Yoshikami Doju , Olivera Baldomero M. , Bulaj Grzegorz
Published: February 2009

Building bridges: The use of diselenide and selectively (15N/13C)‐labeled disulfide bridges is combined to give improvements in oxidative folding and disulfide mapping. Conotoxin analogues, each with a pair of selenocysteines (Sec) and labeled cysteines (see scheme, red), exhibited significantly improved folding and the labeled cysteines allow correctly folded species to be rapidly identified by NMR spectroscopy.

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Singly Hydrogen Bonded Supramolecular Ligands for Highly Selective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Breuil Pierre‐Alain R. , Patureau Frederic W. , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: February 2009

H bonds make the catalysts! A single hydrogen bond between ligands coordinated to a rhodium center is critical for the formation of pure supramolecular catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation reactions. The ester group of the amidite ligand (see scheme) also forms a hydrogen bond with the coordinated substrate. Use of the heterocomplex afforded the highest enantioselectivity reported to date for the hydrogenation of several ester substrates.

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Color Tunability and Electrochemiluminescence of Silver Nanoclusters
Authors: Díez Isabel , Pusa Matti , Kulmala Sakari , Jiang Hua , Walther Andreas , Goldmann Anja S. , Müller Axel H. E. , Ikkala Olli , Ras Robin H. A.
Published: February 2009

Colorful clusters: Silver nanoclusters consisting of only a few atoms exhibit large chemical‐environment‐responsive shifts of their optical absorption and emission bands, that is, large solvatochromism (see picture). The photophysical characteristics and electrochemiluminescence of the Ag clusters give them remarkable advantages over larger nanoparticles in applications such as molecular sensing.

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Cover Picture: Solid‐State Scrolls from Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of T‐Shaped Rod–Coil Molecules (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 9/2009)
Authors: Hong Dong‐Je , Lee Eunji , Jeong Haemi , Lee Jeong‐kyu , Zin Wang‐Cheol , Nguyen Trung Dac , Glotzer Sharon C. , Lee Myongsoo
Published: February 2009

Solid scrolls are reversibly formed by self‐assembly of rod‐shaped molecules with laterally attached coil units, in contrast to the layered structures formed from self‐assembly of planar molecules. As described by M. Lee and co‐workers in their Communication on page 1664 ff., the core structure of the scrolls, which are either filled cylinders or hollow tubes, can be controlled by variation of the length of the coil unit. The cover picture shows aligned tubular scrolls displaying well‐defined in‐plane ordering of the rod segments.

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Modified 26 and 28 π Hexaphyrins with Five meso‐Links: Optical, Redox, and Structural Properties
Authors: Gokulnath Sabapathi , Prabhuraja Viswanathan , Suresh Cherumuttathu H. , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K.
Published: February 2009

Redox active hexaphyrins: Modified hexaphyrins with five meso links have been synthesized and characterized. These hexaphyrins not only exhibit conformational flexibility but also undergo facile redox interconversion between aromatic 26π and 28π non‐aromatic systems in accordance with (4n+2) Hückel's rule.

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The syntheses of new aromatic 26π and non‐aromatic 28π hexaphyrins through a [4+2] acid catalyzed condensation of easily available and air‐stable precursors are reported. Both 26π and 28π hexaphyrins are reversibly transformed into one another by two‐electron reduction with NaBH4 or two‐electron oxidation with dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) respectively. Detailed optical and NMR spectral studies suggests that the [26]hexaphyrin is aromatic and possesses a diatropic ring current, while [28]hexaphyrin exhibits non‐aromatic characteristics. The structural characterization has been done with extensive 1H and 2D NMR studies. Theoretical calculations performed with various conformational possibilities tested for the unsubstituted hexaphyrin, at semiempirical level, suggest that the most stable conformation takes an inverted structure with one pyrrole ring inversion. The energy optimization for the final geometry of the unsubstituted hexaphyrin, performed at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level of DFT, shows excellent agreement with the structure derived from the solution NMR data. Electrochemical data reveals HOMO destabilization with increasing π‐electron conjugation consistent with the large red shifts of the absorption bands.
Überlegenheit moderner, innovativer Planungswerkzeuge in der Gebäudeplanung
Authors: Pültz Gunter , Barp Stefan , Vogel Peter
Published: February 2009

Die normale, übliche Planung von Gebäuden läuft in Deutschland traditionell häufig ausschließlich nach der Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure (HOAI) ab. Dabei kommen meist ausschließlich die standardmäßigen, vereinfachenden Planungswerkzeuge zum Einsatz. Bei hochwertigen und komplexen Gebäuden reichen diese jedoch nicht immer aus, um die oftmals hohen Nutzungsanforderungen an das Raumklima im Betrieb verlässlich zu erreichen. Insbesondere bei anspruchsvollen Gebäuden, die im Gebäudeinneren viele offene Lufträume sowie offene Verbindungen nach außen oder zu Nachbargebäuden aufweisen und dennoch hohe Anforderungen an das Raumklima stellen, kommt den Wechselwirkungen zwischen den einzelnen Gebäudebereichen untereinander und mit der Außenluft eine erhebliche Bedeutung zu.

Diese Gebäude zeigen oftmals ein transparentes Erscheinungsbild, um für Besucher attraktiv zu sein; dabei wird mit Hilfe offenstehender Eingangstüren versucht, die Aufmerksamkeit von Passanten zu erregen und den einladenden Gebäudecharakter zu erhöhen. Die resultierenden hohen Besucherströme bedingen oft‐mals viele, offenstehende Türen, welche zu mehr oder weniger intensiven Luftströmungen innerhalb dieser Gebäude führen.

Die Auswirkungen dieser wind‐ und thermikinduzierten Luftströmungen auf das jeweilige Klimakonzept im Gebäude können meist nur mittels moderner, innovativer Planungsmethoden in Form von Simulationstechnik beurteilt werden.

Diese Luftströmungen im Gebäudeinneren werfen im Rahmen der Planung jedoch durchaus unterschiedliche Fragestellungen auf, welche nur mit verschiedenen Simulationsarten beantwortet werden können. Am Beispiel des Neuen Eingangsgebäudes auf der Museumsinsel Berlin werden exemplarisch häufige und typische Planungsfragen erläutert und die dazugehörige Simulationsart vorgestellt. Dadurch wird die – dringend notwendige – Transparenz hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von Simulationstechnik im Bauwesen gefördert (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermisches Komfortmodell für inhomogene Umgebungsbedingungen
Authors: Streblow Rita , Müller Dirk , Gores Ingo , Bendfeldt Peggy
Published: February 2009

Thermische Umgebungsbedingungen in Räumen und Fahrzeuginnenräumen weisen sehr komplexe Strukturen auf und sind fast immer asymmetrisch. Zur Bewertung des thermischen Komforts sind Modelle notwendig, die eine Auflösung der lokalen Umgebungseinflüsse ermöglichen. Für diese Aufgabenstellung wurde ein physiologisches Komfortmodell basierend auf dem Tanabe ‐Modell in der objektorientierten Programmiersprache Modelica erstellt. Die Überführung der physiologischen Größen in eine Komfortbewertung wird durch ein nachgeschaltetes psychologisches Modell basierend auf dem Ansatz von Zhang erreicht. Das Gesamtmodell für die Vorhersage des thermischen Komforts wird in einem Optimierungsprozess anhand umfangreicher experimenteller Daten, die in einer generischen Flugzeugkabine ermittelt wurden, kalibriert. Detailinformationen der komplexen Umgebungsbedingungen werden durch eine Kopplung zwischen dem Komfortmodell und einer dreidimensionalen Strömungssimulation in ANSYS CFX, V. 11.0 bereitgestellt (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transgene Pflanzen in China
Authors: Brennicke Axel
Published: February 2009

Der Anbau transgener Pflanzen ist in anderen Ländern bereits Alltag. Der kommerzielle Einsatz von genetisch veränderter Baumwolle und verbessertem Reis zum Beispiel in China kann ohne zusätzliche Feldexperimente direkt ausgewertet werden. Derartige Studien zeigen, dass Reis mit Resistenzgenen gegen Insekten die Gesundheit von Kleinbauern schützt. Eine andere Analyse belegt, dass solche resistenten Pflanzen auch andere Pflanzen in ihrer Nähe schützen können.
Apomixis: Klonpflanzen aus Samen
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: February 2009

Etwa 400 Wildpflanzen, z.B. Löwenzahn, Brombeere und viele Gräser, haben eine bemerkenswerte Eigenschaft: Aus ihren Samen können Klonpflanzen heranwachsen, die genetisch vollkommen mit der Mutterpflanze übereinstimmen. Apomixis heißt diese besondere Form der eingeschlechtlichen Fortpflanzung von Bedecktsamern. Übertragen auf Nutzpflanzen könnten Apomixis‐Gene die Pflanzenzucht revolutionieren.
The palmaris longus muscle and its relations with the antebrachial fascia and the palmar aponeurosis
Authors: Stecco Carla , Lancerotto Luca , Porzionato Andrea , Macchi Veronica , Tiengo Cesare , Parenti Anna , Sanudo Jose Ramon , De Caro Raffaele
Published: February 2009

The palmaris longus (PL) is a muscle of the forearm with a long distal tendon that is continuous with the palmar aponeurosis (PA). It is generally assumed that the muscle lies deep to the antebrachial fascia from origin to termination, but a detailed description is lacking. The relationship of the PL tendon with the antebrachial fascia was studied in 30 dissections. The PL was completely absent in six specimens (20%), whereas the PA was identified in all. Average length of the forearm was 25.5 cm (SD: 2.1 cm, range 22–29 cm), overall length of the PL muscle 26.9 cm (SD: 2.6 cm, range 22.5–31.5 cm), muscular belly 13.8 cm (SD: 3.4 cm, range 9.5–23 cm), tendon 13.1 cm (SD: 3.3 cm, range 8–15.5 cm). Proximally, the PL was situated deep to the antebrachial fascia, then in the lower third of the forearm its tendon perforated the antebrachial fascia (at 4.7 ± 1.7 cm from the bistyloid line) moving to a suprafascial plane, inserting in the PA. The PA could be divided into two layers: the superficial one formed by longitudinal fibers and adherent to the skin, the deep one formed by transverse fibers continuous laterally with the deep fascia of the hand. The PL tendon was found to be in continuity only with the longitudinal fibers of the PA. Based on the anatomical findings, it may be suggested that the superficial part of the PA is situated in the subcutaneous planes of the palm, and that the muscle should be considered as a tensor of the superficial fascial system of the subcutaneous tissue. Clin. Anat. 22:221–229, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Educational simulator for multicomponent distillation research and teaching in chemical engineering
Authors: Mendes D. , Marangoni C. , Meneguelo A. P. , Machado R. A. F. , Bolzan A.
Published: February 2009

In this article we described the use of an educational simulator for a multicomponent distillation process with process control. This tool was shown to be flexible, allowing students to study the dynamic behavior of the tower and its control, and to explore the possibility for the design of this kind of equipment on their courses. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 175–182, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20134
Studies on Regime Transition, Operating Range and System Stability in a Liquid‐Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed
Authors: Natarajan P. , Velraj R. , Seeniraj R. V.
Published: February 2009

In the present work, the variations in the solids circulation rate and solids holdup were analyzed to study the behavior of a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized‐bed (LSCFB) regime. The results confirm the existence of two regions in the regime of LSCFB. A new concept of critical liquid velocity, jlc, is proposed in the present work for demarcation between region 1 and region 2, which is found to be a constant value of about 1.3 ut for all particles considered. The operating range of the LSCFB regime is obtained for the various particles and a correlation is developed from the data to estimate the maximum total liquid velocity. The predicted maximum liquid velocity was compared with the experimental values and found to be in good agreement within ±9 %. The effects of total liquid velocity, particle size and density on the stable operating range are discussed. Analysis of the experimental results shows that stable operation prevails both in region 1 and region 2.
Rapid Crystallization of Silicalite Nanocrystals in a Capillary Microreactor
Authors: Pan Y.‐C. , Yao J.‐F. , Zhang L.‐X. , Ju J.‐X. , Wang H.‐T. , Xu N.‐P.
Published: February 2009

Silicalite nanocrystals were synthesized in a pressurized capillary microreactor at 150 °C within 11 min with synthesis solutions aged at 80 or 100 °C for 1–6 h. The effects of aging of the synthesis solution and the reaction pressure were examined. The resulting products were characterized by XRD, DLS, TEM, FT‐IR and TG‐DSC. Aging of the synthesis solution played an important role in shortening the crystallization time of the silicalites. The synthesis pressure should be higher than the saturation vapor pressure of water at 150 °C (∼0.5 MPa) and silicalite nanocrystals with crystallinities of 70 % and 100 % could be produced from the synthesis solution aged at 100 °C for 2 h with residence times of 11 min at 0.7 MPa and 1 MPa, respectively. The mean particle sizes of these two samples were 102.2 nm and 166.4 nm, respectively. Thus, the crystallization time of the silicalite nanocrystals is shown to be significantly reduced in the capillary microreactor compared to a traditional batch system.
Hydrodynamics of Conical Spouted Beds Using Different Types of Internal Devices
Authors: Altzibar H. , Lopez G. , Aguado R. , Alvarez S. , San Jose M. J. , Olazar M.
Published: February 2009

The hydrodynamics and performance of conical spouted beds provided with different types of draft‐tubes have been studied for the treatment of fine particles. Correlations for calculation of the minimum spouting velocity, operating pressure drop, and peak pressure drop have been developed as a function of dimensionless moduli that take into account the geometric factors, particle characteristics, and operating conditions. A statistical analysis of the data obtained following a design of experiments shows that the height of the entrainment zone is highly significant in the nonporous draft‐tubes, whereas the stagnant bed height is the counterpart in the open‐sided draft‐tubes.
Three‐Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of a Prismatic Spouted Bed
Authors: Gryczka O. , Heinrich S. , Deen N. G. , Kuipers J. A. M. , Mörl L.
Published: February 2009

Modern simulation tools like discrete particle models or continuum models have been established as precious methods to gain insight into the complex processes in fluidized and spouted beds. Valuable information on parameters influencing the hydrodynamics can be obtained directly from computer simulations. Numerous researchers applied two‐dimensional discrete and continuum models to simulate fluidized and spouted beds. However, only few publications deal with three‐dimensional continuum simulations, and very often results of three‐dimensional experiments are compared with two‐dimensional results. In this work, a three‐dimensional simulation by application of a continuum model is presented in a prismatic spouted bed with slit‐shaped gas inlets. Comparisons with two‐dimensional simulations in the same geometry (Gryczka et al. 2009, Chem. Eng. Sci., in press) are also part of this publication. The influence of the third dimension on the hydrodynamic behavior (bubble formation, bubble size, etc.) will be discussed.
Bioinspired Supramolecular Confinement of Luminol and Heme Proteins to Enhance the Chemiluminescent Quantum Yield
Authors: Wang Qigang , Li Lihua , Xu Bing
Published: February 2009

Artificial biolumiscence: The use of a supramolecular hydrogel to confine heme proteins and luminol can enhance the quantum yield of chemiluminescence (CL) by about an order of magnitude and give an emission time 4–6 times longer.

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Confining heme proteins and luminol with the nanofibers of self‐assembled molecules was shown to enhance the quantum yield of their chemiluminescence by about an order of magnitude. Supramolecular hydrogels formed using (9‐fluorenylmethyl)carbamate (Fmoc) peptides mimicked the cellular environment of bioluminescence, which typically shows high quantum yield. The effective emission times observed were 4–6 times longer and were ascribed to the stability of the heme proteins in the hydrogel, as confirmed by quantitative analysis. This chemiluminescent system was applied to detecting trace levels of blood with 4–6 times enhancement of intensity and better sensitivity for the highly diluted sample, indicating that this approach might be extended to other applications of chemiluminescent analysis, including immunoassays.
Towards Controlling the Threading Direction of a Calix[6]arene Wheel by Using Nonsymmetric Axles
Authors: Arduini Arturo , Bussolati Rocco , Credi Alberto , Faimani Giovanni , Garaudée Sandrine , Pochini Andrea , Secchi Andrea , Semeraro Monica , Silvi Serena , Venturi Margherita
Published: February 2009

Traffic control: By exploiting the interplay of kinetic and thermodynamic effects, the direction of threading/dethreading in a nonsymmetric calixarene wheel can be selected by an appropriate choice of the head group incorporated in the molecular axle (see figure).

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The possibility of obtaining full control on the direction of axle threading in calix[6]arene wheel 1 either from its upper or lower rim was evaluated in solution. To this aim, we prepared nonsymmetric axles characterised by a 4,4′‐bipyridinium recognition unit with two alkyl side chains, one of which terminates with a stopper, and the other with either ammonium (2), hydroxy (3) or methyl (4 and 5) head groups. When the axles were mixed with 1 in apolar solvents at room temperature, the formation of oriented pseudorotaxanes derived from the threading of the axles from the upper rim was observed. The stability constants of such complexes are in the order of 107 m−1 and are almost independent of the type of axle. A detailed thermodynamic and kinetic study revealed that stability constants and activation parameters for complex formation between 1 and axles 2 and 3 are of the same order of magnitude, suggesting a common threading process. However, upon heating a solution of 1 and 2 in benzene at 340 K, the formation of another supramolecular complex was observed, the structure of which is consistent with an oriented pseudorotaxane derived from the threading of axle 2 from the lower rim of the calixarene wheel. By carrying out the threading–stoppering reaction sequence between 1 and 2 in the presence of an excess of diphenylacetyl chloride, the orientational rotaxane isomers R1 and R2, derived from lower‐ and upper‐rim threading, respectively, were collected in about a ratio of 7:3 as the unique chromatographic fraction. Our results suggest that at room temperature the threading process is under kinetic control for all axles. On increasing the temperature only the threading behaviour of axle 2 is substantially modified, most likely because the process becomes thermodynamically controlled owing to the peculiar recognition properties of the ammonium head of this axle.