bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of recurrent selection for drought tolerant tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) using rain‐out shelters
Authors: Qu Yuanshuo , Green Edwin J. , Bonos Stacy A. , Meyer William A.
Published: November 2021

Rain‐out shelters provide an effective tool to establish controlled water‐stress environments by excluding undesired rain events and have been widely used in the selection and breeding of cool‐season turfgrass for improved drought tolerance. However, the efficiency of recurrent selection using rain‐out shelters has seldomly been investigated. In this study, we documented the selection process of tall fescue in one cycle of recurrent selection, compared the drought tolerance of two consecutive generations and estimated selection gain of tall fescue using rain‐out shelters. Depending on days of drought, relative selection gain ranges from −4.20% to 3.60%, indicating small and unstable improvement from the parental generation. A subsequent analysis of experimental data using Bayesian mixed linear model revealed low narrow‐sense heritability estimations (0.18 for parental generation and 0.08 for progeny generation), providing an explanation for this observation.
Compensating the socioeconomic achievement gap with computer‐assisted instruction
Authors: Chevalère Johann , Cazenave Loreleï , Berthon Mickaël , Martinez Ruben , Mazenod Vincent , Borion Marie‐Claude , Pailler Delphine , Rocher Nicolas , Cadet Rémi , Lenne Catherine , Maïonchi‐Pino Norbert , Huguet Pascal
Published: November 2021

Background

As educational digital technologies are increasingly being used in schools, past research left unanswered the question of these technologies' impact on the socioeconomic achievement gap even when equal access is guaranteed.

Objectives

The objectives of the present study are to examine whether and how the socioeconomic achievement gap can be reduced through the use of computer‐assisted instruction (CAI).

Methods

We addressed this issue experimentally by comparing CAI to conventional teacher‐led classroom instruction with more than 800 middle and high school students from disadvantaged and highly privileged socioeconomic backgrounds in a range of topics.

Results and Conclusions

Both disadvantaged and highly privileged students taught with CAI outperformed those taught with conventional instruction, thus maintaining the socioeconomic achievement gap constant. However, we also found that disadvantaged students receiving CAI performed as well as highly privileged students receiving conventional teacher‐led instruction.

Takeaways

The positive effects associated with CAI may therefore help compensate the difficulties of students with a disadvantaged background, a still neglected possibility.
Assessing fidelity of implementation to a technology‐mediated early intervention using process data
Authors: Helsabeck Nathan P. , Justice Laura M. , Logan Jessica A. R.
Published: November 2021

Background

Process data, data generated by a user's interaction with a web‐based application, is an emerging tool in educational research. The current study explores using process data as a measure of implementation fidelity to a randomized control trial (RCT) of the Read It Again Mobile (RIA‐M) curricular supplement.

Objectives

To determine the extent to which teachers implemented RIA‐M and to assess the utility of using process data in the assessment of fidelity.

Methods

The RCT involved 30 pre‐kindergarten classrooms with a sample of n = 216 students. RIA‐M provides a curricular supplement which teachers may incorporate into classroom instruction and is delivered via a tablet computer. Pre and post literacy assessments are used to determine treatment effect. Process data, produced from teacher interactions with the tablet, and classroom observations are used to assess fidelity.

Results and Conclusions

Our findings indicate no difference between treatment and control students in the RCT. Yet, we find that process data provides unique fidelity information concerning treatment exposure, adherence, and quality of program delivery. Specifically, process data indicated that teachers did not demonstrate the same level of fidelity that was captured in classroom observations. This finding provides some evidence for the absence of an intervention effect.

Major Takeaways

The current study improves our understanding of how web‐based interventions may be assessed for implementation fidelity using process data. Further, process data offers a potentially reliable and scalable measure of fidelity for other web‐based educational interventions.
Quality improvement strategies enhance primary care dietetics: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kirkegaard Amy , Ball Lauren , Mitchell Lana , Brickley Bryce , Williams Lauren T.
Published: November 2021

Background

Quality improvement strategies have been widely applied in health care; however, little is known about their use in primary care dietetics. This review aims to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of quality improvement strategies that seek to improve patient outcomes by enhancing dietetic care compared to standard dietetic care.

Methods

The study employed a systematic review and meta‐analysis design following PRISMA guidelines and included studies up to March 2021. Studies were included if they used a randomised controlled trial (RCT) design to evaluate the effect of a quality improvement strategy applied to care delivered by a dietitian on patient outcomes. A meta‐analysis was conducted where there were sufficient studies with homogeneous populations and outcome measures.

Results

Twelve RCTs (n = 1604) met the inclusion criteria for review and five studies (n = 511) were eligible for meta‐analysis for glycated haemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes. The most frequently reported quality improvement strategies addressed disease management programs (58%), patient education (67%), group care (42%) and patient self‐management (42%). A positive intervention effect was reported in 50% of the included studies. A low grade of evidence supported a positive intervention effect for quality improvement intervention by a dietitian for glycated haemoglobin (pooled mean difference = −0.39% with 95% confidence interval = −0.70 to −0.08, p = 0.01) in n = 511 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions

Interventions aimed at enhancing quality in primary care dietetic practice support improvements in patient outcomes. Further research on quality improvement interventions for patient outcomes is required to strengthen the evidence base in this important topic.
OsRLR4 binds to the OsAUX1 promoter to negatively regulate primary root development in rice
Authors: Sun Chendong , Li Dongming , Gao Zhenyu , Gao Lei , Shang Lianguang , Wang Mei , Qiao Jiyue , Ding Shilin , Li Chuanyou , Geisler Markus , Jiang Dean , Qi Yanhua , Qian Qian
Published: November 2021

Root architecture is one of the most important agronomic traits that determines rice crop yield. The primary root (PR) absorbs mineral nutrients and provides mechanical support; however, the molecular mechanisms of PR elongation remain unclear in rice. Here, the two loss‐of‐function T‐DNA insertion mutants of root length regulator 4 (OsRLR4), osrlr4‐1 and osrlr4‐2 with longer PR, and three OsRLR4 overexpression lines, OE‐OsRLR4‐1/‐2/‐3 with shorter PR compared to the wild type/Hwayoung (WT/HY), were identified. OsRLR4 is one of five members of the PRAF subfamily of the regulator chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) family. Phylogenetic analysis of OsRLR4 from wild and cultivated rice indicated that it is under selective sweeps, suggesting its potential role in domestication. OsRLR4 controls PR development by regulating auxin accumulation in the PR tip and thus the root apical meristem activity. A series of biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrated that OsRLR4 functions directly upstream of the auxin transporter OsAUX1. Moreover, OsRLR4 interacts with the TRITHORAX‐like protein OsTrx1 to promote H3K4me3 deposition at the OsAUX1 promoter, thus altering its transcription level. This work provides insight into the cooperation of auxin and epigenetic modifications in regulating root architecture and provides a genetic resource for plant architecture breeding.
Family burden of hospital‐managed pediatric atopic dermatitis: A nationwide registry‐based study
Authors: Vittrup Ida , Droitcourt Catherine , Andersen Yuki M. F. , Skov Lone , Egeberg Alexander , Delevry Dimittry , Fenton Miriam C. , Thyssen Jacob P.
Published: November 2021

Background

Parents of children with atopic dermatitis (AD) report reduced quality of life and higher stress level, which could increase risk of psychiatric and pain disorders, and medication use.

Methods

By use of Danish national registries, we identified family members of all first‐born Danish children born between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2013 with a hospital diagnosis of AD, matched them 1:10 with family members of children without AD, and followed the cohorts over time.

Results

Mothers of children with hospital‐managed AD had higher risk of filling a prescription for medications for depression, anxiety, pain and sleep problems, and of consulting a psychologist, but most associations disappeared after full adjustment. Siblings had higher risk of receiving a diagnosis for adjustment disorder, and fathers showed increased risk of filling a prescription for pain medication and of divorce, in crude but not adjusted models.

Conclusions

The increased risk of study endpoints seen in mothers of children with hospital‐managed AD was not explained by pediatric AD alone. Rather, the total burden in these families including parent and child morbidity and socioeconomic resources seems to explain these observations. The burden in families of children with AD may potentially affect the overall management of their child's AD.
Religion and Nonviolent Movements: The Catholic Church’s Influence on Chilean Resistance
Authors: Edmonds Amy E.
Published: November 2021

This study examines the relationship between religion and nonviolent resistance. I assess the influence of the Catholic Church in Chile on the nonviolent opposition to the Pinochet‐led military regime by producing a systematic account of the Church’s contribution to twelve factors necessary for successful nonviolent movements. The Church’s role was the most crucial in that it provided organizational strength and resources, delegitimized the opponent’s strategy for consolidating control, and helped formulate objectives for the opposition. The role of the Catholic Church in opposing the Pinochet regime in Chile provides an instructive case study of the influential and determinative role religious institutions can play in the outcomes of nonviolent social movements.
Nurse‐driven early rehabilitation protocol for critically ill children
Authors: Chaiyakulsil Chanapai , Thippanate Panitnard
Published: November 2021

Background

Physical impairment is a major morbidity in children surviving intensive care. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse‐driven protocol in the early mobilization of critically ill children in terms of reduction of motor dysfunction, pediatric intensive care unit stays, and ventilator days. The secondary objective was to evaluate safety, in terms of injury, dislodgement of medical devices, and cardiorespiratory instability attributable to the intervention.

Methods

The early rehabilitation intervention was initiated in July 2020. This retrospective interrupted time‐series study was divided into the pre‐implementation phase (January–June 2020) and the post‐implementation phase (July–December 2020). The motor function domain of the Functional Status Scale was used to define the motor dysfunction after pediatric intensive care unit discharge.

Results

Twenty‐five children were allocated in each group. The median age of the whole cohort was 11.5 months and approximately 58% of the population was male. The baseline characteristics of both groups were not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant reduction in motor dysfunction after protocol implementation (64.0% vs 36.0%; P = 0.044) with an absolute risk reduction of 28%. The number needed to treat was 3.6 children. There were no statistically significant differences in the median ventilator days, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and hospital length of stay. No complications were found.

Conclusions

A nurse‐driven protocol for the early mobilization of critically ill children was feasible and could be effective in reducing post‐intensive care motor dysfunction.
Childhood: Value and duties
Authors: Gheaus Anca
Published: November 2021

In philosophy, there are two competitor views about the nature and value of childhood: The first is the traditional, deficiency, view, according to which children are mere unfinished adults. The second is a view that has recently become increasingly popular amongst philosophers, and according to which children, perhaps in virtue of their biological features, have special and valuable capacities, and, more generally, privileged access to some sources of value. This article provides a conceptual map of these views and their possible interpretations, and notes their bearing on issues of population ethics and on the duties that we are owed during childhood.
Efficacy of narrow band UVB with or without OMP in stabilization of vitiligo activity in skin photo‐types (III–V): A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, prospective, multicenter study
Authors: Esmat Samia M. , El‐Mofty Medhat , Rasheed H. , Mostafa Wedad Z. , Anbar Tag S. , Abdallah Marwa , Bassiouny Dalia , Abdel‐Halim Dalia , Hegazy Rehab , Eid Amira Abulfotooh , Nassar Ahmed , Abdel‐Aziz Rasha TA , Fawzy Marwa M. , Gawdat Heba I. , EL Hawary Marwa , Sany Iman , Shalaby Suzan , Ragab Nanis , Abdel‐Gaber Reham M. , Tawfik Yasmin M. , El‐Bassiouny Mahy , El‐Husseiny Rania , Attia Miriam Samir , Farid Carmen , Genedy Rasha Mahmoud , Mogawer Rania M.
Published: November 2021

Background

NB‐UVB has long been the vitiligo management pillar with capability of achieving the main treatment outcomes; repigmentation and stabilization. Its stabilizing effect in dark skin has been debatable. However, randomized controlled trials regarding NB‐UVB ability to control disease activity are lacking.

Purpose

To assess stabilizing effect of NB‐UVB in comparison to systemic corticosteroids, the mainstay in vitiligo stabilization, in skin photo‐types (III‐V).

Methods

This is a multicenter, placebo‐controlled, randomized, prospective study. Eighty patients with active nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV) (Vitiligo disease activity (VIDA) ≥2) were randomized to either NB‐UVB and placebo (NB‐placebo) or NB‐UVB and dexamethasone oral mini‐pulse (OMP) therapy (NB‐OMP) for 6 months. Sixty four patients completed the study, 34 in the NB‐OMP group and 30 in the NB‐placebo group. Patients were evaluated fortnightly according to presence or absence of symptoms/signs of activity.

Results

In spite of earlier control of disease activity observed in the NB‐OMP group, it was comparable in both groups by the end of the study period. Disease activity prior to therapy, but not extent, was found to influence control of activity in both groups. Thus, NB‐UVB is a safe sole therapeutic tool in vitiligo management. Not only does it efficiently achieve repigmentation, but also it is a comparable stabilizing tool for systemic corticosteroids in spite of slightly delayed control.

Conclusion

NB‐UVB is the only well‐established vitiligo therapy that can be used solely whenever corticosteroids are contraindicated or immune‐suppression is unjustified. Nonetheless, its combination with corticosteroids expedites response and improves compliance.
Synergistic/antagonistic interactions between Neopseudocercosporella, Alternaria, Leptosphaeria, and Hyaloperonospora determine aggregate foliar disease severity in rapeseed
Authors: Murtza Tamsal , Pei You Ming , Barbetti Martin J.
Published: November 2021

White leaf spot (Neopseudocercosporella capsellae), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae), blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans), and downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora brassicae) commonly co‐occur on rapeseed (Brassica napus). In controlled environment studies, the synergistic/antagonistic interactions between these four pathogens were determined using two cultivars (Surpass 400, Thunder TT) with contrasting susceptibilities/resistances towards these pathogens. A spectrum of significant (p < 0.001) contrasting synergistic/antagonistic interactions between the four pathogens was observed and specific pathogen–pathogen interaction outcomes were determined by sequence of inoculation of different pathogens on each cultivar. On Thunder TT, Alternaria leaf spot was more severe (p < 0.001) when A. brassicae was applied prior to N. capsellae, but was reduced (p < 0.001) when A. brassicae was applied following N. capsellae. On Surpass 400, Alternaria leaf spot was enhanced (p < 0.001) when A. brassicae was applied following N. capsellae. For interactions involving H. brassicae on Thunder TT, downy mildew was reduced (p < 0.001) when co‐inoculated with N. capsellae, A. brassicae, or L. maculans, irrespective of co‐inoculating pathogen application sequence. This study highlights how disease severity of one or more co‐occurring pathogens is enhanced/decreased in the presence of other co‐occurring pathogens and emphasizes the importance of both pathogen inoculation sequence and relative host plant resistances/susceptibilities to different pathogens in together determining the total disease burden from these co‐occurring rapeseed diseases. Clearly, there is a need for rapeseed germplasm selection and breeding programmes to seriously consider the implications of co‐occurring pathogen complexes rather than solely relying upon single‐pathogen screening tests.
Identification of lncRNAs involved in maternal‐to‐zygotic transition of in vitro‐produced porcine embryos by single‐cell RNA‐seq
Authors: Yang Cai‐Xia , Liang Hao , Wu Zi‐Wei , Huo Li‐Jun , Du Zhi‐Qiang
Published: November 2021

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) function through multiple tiers of molecular circuits and are vital to gamete maturation and early embryo development. However, in pig early embryos, identification and expression dynamics of lncRNAs remain less studied. Here, we systematically analysed the expression dynamics of lncRNAs based on our previously published single‐cell RNA‐seq data from pig mature oocytes (GSE160334), and single blastomeres biopsied from pig in vitro fertilized (IVF) and early parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos (1‐ to 8‐cell stages; GSE164812). With the progression of embryo development, the total number of expressed lncRNAs gradually decreased and showed great variation at each developmental stage for both IVF and PA groups. Consecutive stage pairwise comparison of MII oocytes, 1‐cell zygotes, 2‐cell, 4‐cell and 8‐cell IVF embryos identified 151, 245, 1119 and 188 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, including 119, 80, 867, 77 up‐regulated and 32, 165, 252, 111 down‐regulated, while 289, 437, 895 and 495 DE lncRNAs (141, 89, 768, 97 up‐regulated and 148, 348, 127, 398 down‐regulated) were identified in PA embryos at the same stages. The DE lncRNAs identified within IVF embryos were much different from that identified within PA embryos, showing embryo type‐specific manner. Further cross‐comparison between PA and IVF embryos identified 184, 656, 2502 and 266 DE lncRNAs for the 1‐ to 8‐cell embryo stages, respectively. Further GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DE mRNAs targeted by DELs indicated that different signalling pathways were involved in maternal‐only and bi‐parental embryo development. Collectively, comparative profiling of lncRNA expression dynamics between pig IVF and PA embryos provides a valuable resource, to investigate further regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs associated with ZGA and maternal RNA decay during early embryo development.
Sisterhood and the law in Thomas Watson’s Antigone
Authors: Spinelli Elena
Published: November 2021

This article focuses on the portrayal of sisters Antigone and Ismene in Thomas Watson’s 1581 Latin translation of Antigone. In particular, I argue that Watson’s portrayal of Antigone is more complex than previously thought and that she is in fact acquitted to some degree. Indeed, the prefatory paratexts and Watson’s own legal commentary to the play (the Pomps and Themes) demonstrate that Watson’s aim in translating Antigone is likely to have been to produce a practice law‐case. In this case, Watson’s translation would illustrate an example of the need for the legal principle of equity, whereby a culprit could be granted mercy if the punishment in turn proved harmful to the community. Furthermore, the relationship between sisters Antigone and Ismene is inscribed within Watson’s legal interpretation of the play. In particular, I argue, their portrayal in the play as being simultaneously of one blood and yet of opposite views is reprised in Watson’s commentary as he raises both characters to represent different approaches to virtuous citizenship.
Measuring true stress–strain curves of cylindrical bar samples with mirror‐assisted multi‐view digital image correlation
Authors: Chen Bin , Pan Bing
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes to measure true stress–strain curves at the necking region of cylindrical bar samples by using an advanced mirror‐assisted multi‐view digital image correlation (MV–DIC) technique. The mirror‐assisted MV–DIC can measure the panoramic shape and deformation fields of a cylindrical bar sample with only a single two‐camera stereo‐DIC system and two planar mirrors. The measured panoramic shape enables accurate determination of the cross‐section area and radius of curvature at the necking region by using cylindrical or torus fitting. The retrieved cross‐section area and radius of curvature at the necking region further enable the measurement of the true stress–strain curves and even the Bridgman's correction of the true stress.
Spatial variation in soil properties and crop yield on stone bund terraces in southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Wolka Kebede , Biazin Birhanu , Martinsen Vegard , Mulder Jan
Published: November 2021

Erosion and associated soil degradation are major threats to cropland productivity on the steep slopes of the Ethiopian highlands. To limit erosion from cultivated land on sloping terrain, stone bunds for soil conservation have been used for decades, resulting in the formation of terraces. Although qualitatively well known, the difference in soil properties and crop performance between the upper and lower sections of the terraces (intra‐bund areas) has not been documented quantitatively. Here, we assess differences in soil properties of the plough layer and crop performance in the upper and lower sections of terraces in between stone bunds in southwest Ethiopia. A total of 27 terraces, with a length of 28.5–57 m and a distance of 6.5–14.7 m in between adjacent stone bunds, were sampled on six different farms during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. The difference in soil properties was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that, in the lower section of a terrace, the concentration of soil organic carbon (18.6 g kg−1), total soil nitrogen (2.1 g kg−1) and exchangeable potassium (328 mg kg−1) was significantly greater (p < .01) than in the upper section. Also, grain yield and biomass of maize, teff, broad bean and sorghum were significantly greater (p < .05) in the lower section. This was particularly true for maize for which the yield in 2018 increased from 0.7 t ha−1 in the upper sections to 2.6 t ha−1 in the lower sections. Optimizing crop yields on terraces requires adaptive fertilizer application and crop choice.
Some Remarks on the Role of Essence in Kripke's “Naming and Necessity”
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2021

I discuss the use Kripke makes of the concept of essence in “Naming and Necessity”.
Probing the metabolism of γ‐glutamyl peptides in cyanobacteria via metabolite profiling and 13C labeling
Authors: Jaiswal Damini , Nenwani Minal , Mishra Vivek , Wangikar Pramod P.
Published: November 2021

Cyanobacteria are attractive model organisms for the study of photosynthesis and diurnal metabolism and as hosts for photoautotrophic production of chemicals. Exposure to bright light or environmental pollutants and a diurnal lifestyle of these prokaryotes may result in significant oxidative stress. Glutathione is a widely studied γ‐glutamyl peptide that plays a key role in managing oxidative stress and detoxification of xenobiotics in cyanobacteria. The functional role and biosynthesis pathways of this tripeptide have been studied in detail in various phyla, including cyanobacteria. However, other γ‐glutamyl peptides remain largely unexplored. We use an integrated approach to identify a number of γ‐glutamyl peptides based on signature mass fragments and mass shifts in them in 13C and 15N enriched metabolite extracts. The newly identified compounds include γ‐glutamyl dipeptides and derivatives of glutathione. Carbon backbones of the former turn over much faster than that of glutathione, suggesting that they follow a distinct biosynthesis pathway. Further, transients of isotopic 13C enrichment show positional labeling in these peptides, which allows us to delineate the alternative biosynthesis pathways. Importantly, the amino acid of γ‐glutamyl dipeptides shows much faster turnover compared to the glutamate moiety. The significant accumulation of γ‐glutamyl dipeptides under slow‐growth conditions combined with the results from dynamic 13C labeling suggests that these compounds may act as reservoirs of amino acids in cyanobacteria.
Preventing alloimmunization using a new model for matching extensively typed red blood cells
Authors: van de Weem Ronald H. G. , Wemelsfelder Merel L. , Luken Jessie S. , de Haas Masja , Niessen René W. L. M. , van der Schoot C. Ellen , Hoogeveen Han , Janssen Mart P.
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives

Alloimmunization is a well‐known adverse event associated with red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, caused by phenotype incompatibilities between donor and patient RBCs that may lead to haemolytic transfusion reactions on subsequent transfusions. Alloimmunization can be prevented by transfusing fully matched RBC units. Advances in RBC genotyping render the extensive typing of both donors and patients affordable in the foreseeable future. However, the exponential increase in the variety of extensively typed RBCs asks for a software‐driven selection to determine the ‘best product for a given patient’.

Materials and Methods

We propose the MINimize Relative Alloimmunization Risks (MINRAR) model for matching extensively typed RBC units to extensively typed patients to minimize the risk of alloimmunization. The key idea behind this model is to use antigen immunogenicity to represent the clinical implication of a mismatch. Using simulations of non‐elective transfusions in Caucasian donor and patient populations, the effect on the alloimmunization rate of the MINRAR model is compared with that of a baseline model that matches antigens A, B and RhD only.

Results

Our simulations show that with the MINRAR model, even for small inventories, the expected number of alloimmunizations can be reduced by 78.3% compared with a policy of only matching on antigens A, B and RhD. Furthermore, a reduction of 93.7% can be achieved when blood is issued from larger inventories.

Conclusion

Despite an exponential increase in phenotype variety, matching of extensively typed RBCs can be effectively implemented using our MINRAR model, effectuating a substantial reduction in alloimmunization risk without introducing additional outdating or shortages.
Web survey data on the use of the English language in the Japanese workplace
Authors: Terasawa Takunori
Published: November 2021

This study sought to determine the extent to which English has spread in Japanese society. It analyses large‐scale web panel‐based questionnaire survey data and estimates English use frequency using a bias correction method. The results show that for most types of English use investigated, the average frequencies were less than five times a year, the proportions of English users were less than 20%, and these frequencies varied according to the type of language use and workers’ attributes. These findings suggest that English use in Japan is limited to a small specific group of workers. Furthermore, the use of English productive skills was shown to be less than 10%, whereas the use of English receptive skills and other cross‐linguistic behaviours were more common. Based on these findings, this study discusses the scale of the spread of English in Japan from the perspective of English use frequency.
Optimization of the Installation Sequence for the Temporary Fasteners in the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Pogarskaia Tatiana , Lupuleac Sergey , Shinder Julia , Westphal Philipp
Published: November 2021

Riveting and bolting are common assembly methods in aircraft production. The fasteners are installed immediately after hole drilling and fix the relative tangential displacements of the parts that took place. A proper fastener sequence installation is very important because a wrong one can lead to a “bubble-effect” when gap between parts after fastening becomes larger in some areas rather than being reduced. This circumstance affects the quality of the final assembly. For that reason, the efficient methods for determination of fastening sequence taking into account the specifics of the assembly process are needed. The problem is complicated by several aspects. First of all, it is a combinatorial problem with uncertain input data. Second, the assembly quality evaluation demands the time-consuming computations of the stress–strain state of the fastened parts caused by sequential installation of fasteners. Most commonly used strategies (heuristic methods and approximation algorithms) require a large number of computational iterations what dramatically complicates the problem. The paper presents the efficient methods of fastener sequence optimization based on greedy strategy and the specifics of the assembly process. Verification of the results by comparison to commonly used installation strategies shows its quality excellence.
Attitudes Toward People With Intellectual Disability Associated With Integrated Sport Participation
Authors: Albaum Carly , Mills Annie , Morin Diane , Weiss Jonathan A.
Published: November 2021

Direct, meaningful contact with people with intellectual disability, such as through integrated sport, may be related to positive attitudes. The current study aimed to compare implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) attitudes between adults involved in integrated sport events and those in a comparison group who were not and examine the association between attitudes and degree of integrated sport involvement. An online survey measuring attitudes was completed by 295 adults without intellectual disability who participated in integrated sport activities and 450 adults who did not. Individuals involved in integrated sport reported less negative behavioral and affective attitudes relative to the comparison group, with mixed results for cognitive attitudes. Groups did not differ on implicit attitudes. Greater integrated sport involvement was related to some aspects of explicit attitudes. Involvement in integrated sport may be linked to how participants view intellectual disability, which has important implications for enhancing social inclusion and informing positive attitudes.
Perfectionism and Burnout in Athletes: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress
Authors: Olsson Luke F. , Grugan Michael C. , Martin Joseph N. , Madigan Daniel J.
Published: November 2021

Perfectionism is a consistent predictor of athlete burnout. Researchers have therefore sought to examine the psychological mechanisms that may explain this relationship. In the present study, guided by Smith’s cognitive-affective stress model, we extend existing research by examining whether perceived stress is one such explanatory factor. A sample of 256 adult athletes completed measures of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns), perceived stress, and burnout. Correlational analyses indicated that perfectionistic concerns was positively related to burnout, while perfectionistic strivings was either negatively related or unrelated to burnout. Tests of bias-corrected bootstrapped indirect effects showed that perceived stress mediated the positive relationship between perfectionistic concerns and burnout. This finding was evident when examining total burnout and all three burnout symptoms. It appears that athletes high in perfectionistic concerns are likely to experience heightened levels of stress in sport which may in turn render them more vulnerable to burnout.
Spin photovoltaic effect in magnetic van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Song Tiancheng , Anderson Eric , Tu Matisse Wei-Yuan , Seyler Kyle , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , McGuire Michael A. , Li Xiaosong , Cao Ting , Xiao Di , Yao Wang , Xu Xiaodong
Published: November 2021

Spin-photovoltaic effect in 2D magnet CrI
3
exhibits interplay between magneto-excitons, photon energy, and light helicity.
Exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and vaccine effectiveness associated with the Delta variant
Authors: Elliott Paul , Haw David , Wang Haowei , Eales Oliver , Walters Caroline E. , Ainslie Kylie E. C. , Atchison Christina , Fronterre Claudio , Diggle Peter J. , Page Andrew J. , Trotter Alexander J. , Prosolek Sophie J. ,   The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium‡, Ashby Deborah , Donnelly Christl A. , Barclay Wendy , Taylor Graham , Cooke Graham , Ward Helen , Darzi Ara , Riley Steven
Published: November 2021

Vaccination and disease

The United Kingdom has high rates of vaccination for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), exceeding 80% of adults. As immunity wanes and social distancing is relaxed, how are rates of illness and severe disease affected by more infectious variants? Elliott
et al
. used reverse transcription PCR data from the REACT-1 study, which showed exponential transmission as the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) was replaced by the Delta variant (B.1.617.2). After adjusting for age and other variables, vaccine effectiveness for the new variant averaged 55% in June and July of 2020. Despite the slower growth of the pandemic in the summer, it looks as if increased indoor mixing in the autumn will sustain transmission of the Delta variant despite high levels of adult vaccination. —CA
Mechanosensing by TRPV4 mediates stiffness-induced foreign body response and giant cell formation
Authors: Goswami Rishov , Arya Rakesh K. , Sharma Shweta , Dutta Bidisha , Stamov Dimitar R. , Zhu Xiaoping , Rahaman Shaik O.
Published: November 2021

The mechanosensitive ion channel TRPV4 promotes the foreign body response to stiff implants.
The dominant-negative mitochondrial calcium uniporter subunit MCUb drives macrophage polarization during skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Feno Simona , Munari Fabio , Reane Denis Vecellio , Gissi Rosanna , Hoang Dieu-Huong , Castegna Alessandra , Chazaud Bénédicte , Viola Antonella , Rizzuto Rosario , Raffaello Anna
Published: November 2021

MCUb is required for the phenotypic transition of macrophages that is necessary for skeletal muscle regeneration.
The Histidine Ammonia Lyase of Trypanosoma cruzi Is Involved in Acidocalcisome Alkalinization and Is Essential for Survival under Starvation Conditions
Authors: Mantilla Brian S. , Azevedo Cristina , Denny Paul W. , Saiardi Adolfo , Docampo Roberto
Published: November 2021

Trypanosoma cruzi
is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease and is characterized by the presence of acidocalcisomes, organelles rich in phosphate and calcium. Release of these molecules, which are necessary for growth and cell signaling, is induced by alkalinization, but a physiological mechanism for acidocalcisome alkalinization was unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that a histidine ammonia lyase localizes to acidocalcisomes and is responsible for their alkalinization.
Minor Alterations in Core Promoter Element Positioning Reveal Functional Plasticity of a Bacterial Transcription Factor
Authors: Chowdhury Wamiah P. , Satyshur Kenneth A. , Keck James L. , Kiley Patricia J.
Published: November 2021

Transcription regulation is a key process in all living organisms, involving a myriad of transcription factors. In
E. coli
, the regulator of the iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis pathway, IscR, acts as a global transcription factor, activating the transcription of some pathways and repressing others.
Emergence of Ceftazidime- and Avibactam-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in China
Authors: Zhu Yiwei , Chen Jie , Shen Han , Chen Zhongju , Yang Qi-wen , Zhu Jin , Li Xi , Yang Qing , Zhao Feng , Ji Jingshu , Cai Heng , Li Yue , Zhang Linghong , Leptihn Sebastian , Hua Xiaoting , Yu Yunsong
Published: November 2021

Previous research has reported several cases of KPC-PA strains and three KPC-encoding
P. aeruginosa
plasmid types in China. However, the prevalence and clinical significance of KPC-PA are not available.
The Future Is Big—and Small: Remote Sensing Enables Cross-Scale Comparisons of Microbiome Dynamics and Ecological Consequences
Authors: Beatty Deanna S. , Aoki Lillian R. , Graham Olivia J. , Yang Bo
Published: November 2021

Coupling remote sensing with microbial omics-based approaches provides a promising new frontier for scientists to scale microbial interactions across space and time. These data-rich, interdisciplinary methods allow us to better understand interactions between microbial communities and their environments and, in turn, their impact on ecosystem structure and function.
Proteomic Profiling Identifies Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)-Encoded LANA
SIM
-Associated Proteins in Hypoxia
Authors: Liu Xiaoqing , Gan Jin , Du Shujuan , Zhu Caixia , Wang Yuyan , Jia Yuping , Zhang Daizhou , Qu Di , Wei Fang , Robertson Erle S. , Cai Qiliang
Published: November 2021

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been reported to be involved in the regulation of host proteins in response to hypoxic stress. LANA, one of the key latent proteins, contains a SUMO-interacting motif (LANA
SIM
) and reduces the association with SUMOylated KAP1 upon hypoxic treatment.
Genome-Wide Identification of Tomato Xylem Sap Fitness Factors for Three Plant-Pathogenic
Ralstonia
Species
Authors: Georgoulis Stratton J. , Shalvarjian Katie E. , Helmann Tyler C. , Hamilton Corri D. , Carlson Hans K. , Deutschbauer Adam M. , Lowe-Power Tiffany M.
Published: November 2021

Traditional transposon mutagenesis genetic screens pioneered molecular plant pathology and identified core virulence traits like the type III secretion system. TnSeq approaches that leverage next-generation sequencing to rapidly quantify transposon mutant phenotypes are ushering in a new wave of biological discovery.
Lithosphere–asthenosphere interactions beneath northeast China and the origin of its intraplate volcanism
Authors: Zhang Anqi , Guo Zhen , Afonso Juan Carlos , Handley Heather , Dai Hongkun , Yang Yingjie , Chen Y. John
Published: November 2021

Northeast China hosts one of the largest Cenozoic intraplate volcanic regions in the world. However, the mechanisms that generate the volcanism, its spatial-temporal distribution, and compositional signatures remain highly debated due to the lack of high-resolution images of the mantle's thermochemical structure. We jointly inverted new surface-wave dispersion data, surface heat flow, geoid height, and elevation data to image the fine-scale thermal and compositional structures beneath northeast China and infer regions of partial melting in the mantle. Our model reveals a complex circulation pattern in the asthenosphere and a highly variable lithospheric structure. Combining predictions from our model with independent geochemical data from recent basaltic volcanism, we demonstrate that the generation, location, and composition of intraplate volcanism in this region are controlled by the interaction between shallow asthenospheric circulation and lithospheric thickness. The modeling approach and correlations between basaltic composition and mantle state identified in our study are globally applicable to assessing mantle conditions over time in other continental regions.
The ubiquitous creeping segments on oceanic transform faults
Authors: Shi Pengcheng , Wei Meng (Matt) , Pockalny Robert A.
Published: November 2021

Oceanic transform faults are a significant component of the global plate boundary system and are well known for generating fewer and smaller earthquakes than expected. Detailed studies at a handful of sites support the hypothesis that an abundance of creeping segments is responsible for most of the observed deficiency of earthquakes on those faults. We test this hypothesis on a global scale. We relocate Mw ≥5 earthquakes on 138 oceanic transform faults around the world and identify creeping segments on these faults. We demonstrate that creeping segments occur on almost all oceanic transform faults, which could explain their deficiency of earthquakes. We also find that most of the creeping segments are not associated with any large-scale geological structure such as a fault step-over, indicating that along-strike variation of fault zone properties may be the main reason for their existence.
Detrital zircon geothermochronology reveals pre-Alleghanian exhumation of regional Mississippian sediment sources in the southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province
Authors: McKay Matthew , Jackson William T. , Spurgeon Derek , Ionescu Adelie , Shaulis Barry
Published: November 2021

The Black Warrior foreland basin records sedimentation associated with the development of intersecting Ouachita and Alleghanian thrust belts along the southern margin of Laurentia. Mississippian–Pennsylvanian units in the Black Warrior basin are interpreted to be sourced from either the northern Appalachians and mid-continent or more regionally from the southern Appalachians or nearby Ouachita thrust belt. We present detrital zircon U-Pb ages and Th/U values from Paleozoic units that indicate zircon from the Mississippian Hartselle Sandstone are temporally and chemically compatible with being sourced from the southern Appalachians. Zircon mixing models suggest sediment was primarily recycled from Cambrian, Ordovician, and Devonian strata in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, with minor influx from Piedmont units. A ca. 415 Ma zircon population requires additional input from the Maya Block of the Yucatan Peninsula or similar outboard terranes. We present zircon (U-Th)/He analysis and thermal history modeling of Paleozoic units, which detail pre-Alleghanian exhumation in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge. Both the Cambrian Chilhowee Group and Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation exhibit (U-Th)/He dates ranging from 507 to 263 Ma with a Mississippian subset (353–329 Ma, n = 4), which indicates rapid cooling and inferred exhumation during Late Devonian–Early Mississippian Neoacadian tectonism. We propose a Mississippian drainage system that transported material along southern Appalachian structural fabrics to the juncture between Appalachian and Ouachita thrust belts followed by a sediment-routing rotation toward the Black Warrior foreland. This interpretation honors chemical-age zircon data, accounts for metamorphic grains in thin section petrography, and matches Mississippian–Pennsylvanian Black Warrior foreland lithostratigraphic relationships.
Larvae of Rhizocephalans with a Kentrogonid Type of Development and their Significance in the Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Parasitic Crustaceans
Authors: Korn O. M. , Golubinskaya D. D.
Published: November 2021

This review is devoted to the pelagic larvae of rhizocephalan crustaceans with a kentrogonid type of development (Thecostraca: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). These barnacles have undergone such a significant reduction of adult stages connected with the parasitic lifestyle that only the presence of a nauplius larva in their development indicates that this unique group belongs to crustaceans. The main attention is paid to the morphological characters of the larvae that can be used in the taxonomy and phylogeny of Rhizocephala. The differences between the larvae of peltogastrid and sacculinid types are discussed. The sexual dimorphism of cyprids associated with different functions of male and female larvae is analyzed.
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: representative cases and approach to diagnosis
Authors: Barker James Llewellyn , Swarup Oshi , Puliyayil Anish
Published: November 2021

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (ILBCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin’s large B-cell lymphoma that is characterised by neoplastic lymphocyte proliferation within the lumen of small blood vessels, which may occur without an extracellular tumour mass or peripheral blood involvement. This report highlights some of the diagnostic issues for ILBCL, and how it can be approached. The two cases described below highlight two significantly different presentations, one with predominately neurological phenomena, and the other with fever of unknown origin for investigation. Both patients were managed with chemotherapy and intercalated intrathecal chemotherapy, with good clinical outcomes, without further evidence of clinical relapse. These cases along with a review of the literature highlight the key learning points in the difficulties in the diagnosis of this condition, and the appropriate use of random skin biopsy in patient suspected of having ILBCL, such as those with constitutional symptoms with otherwise negative malignancy screening, and unexplained neurological phenomena, especially if recurrent in nature.
Hysteroscopic management of intramural ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Auer-Schmidt Maximilian Mattes , Rahimi Gohar , Wahba Amr H , Schmidt Torsten
Published: November 2021

The uterine myometrium is the rarest location for an ectopic pregnancy resulting in the so-called ‘intramural or intramyometrial ectopic pregnancy’. It presents a particular diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the treating physician. If passed undiagnosed can lead to life-threatening uterine rupture, which may warrant hysterectomy, leaving the woman with irreversible infertility. Different treatment modalities have been proposed for the management of this condition. In this case report, we are describing a rare case of intramural ectopic pregnancy and reporting the use of hysteroscopy for the surgical management of this case for the first time in the literature.
Congenital bilateral choanal atresia: an endoscopic approach with multi-flaps supported by neuronavigated CT
Authors: Galletti Cosimo , Freni Francesco , Ciodaro Francesco , Galletti Bruno
Published: November 2021

We present a case of a 2-month-old patient with CHARGE syndrome, cerebral haemorrhage and bilateral congenital choanal atresia (CCA). He was admitted to our otorhinolaryngology unit to solve his congenital bilateral choanal atresia proposing a transnasal endoscopic surgery. A study of CT of the skull showed that the air column was interrupted on both sides of nasal cavities; a nasal endoscopy with neonatology flexible optics showed the presence of a membrane and bony structure obstructing the passage into the nasopharynx. Preoperative brain magnetic resonance (MRN) has been made. We decided to carry out a transnasal endoscopic neuronavigation approach with multi-flaps without stenting apposition to solve the CCA, using a 0° 2.7-millimetre rigid endoscopic and Skeeter-type drill with a 2.3-millimetre microblade cutter. Postoperative nasal care was essential to avoid recurrences. Endoscopic follow-up was performed; a large uni-neochoane was residual at 3 months, all raw surfaces were covered by multiple mucosal flaps welded with fibrin.