bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Coping and Problem Drinking in Men’s Abuse of Female Partners: Test of a Path Model
Authors: Snow David L. , Sullivan Tami P. , Swan Suzanne C. , Tate David C. , Klein Ilene
Published: June 2006

This article examines the relationship of coping and problem drinking to men’s abusive behavior towards female partners. While previous research has demonstrated a consistent association between problem drinking and male abuse of intimate partners, virtually no studies have assessed the role of coping in relation to men’s violence. Furthermore, multivariate studies have not examined how these factors operate together to increase risk for abusive behavior. An ethnically diverse sample of 147 men in a court-mandated program for domestic violence offenders completed questionnaires at the first session. Path modeling was conducted to test the extent to which coping and problem drinking predicted both physical and psychological abuse. In addition, the relationships of problem drinking and physical abuse to injury of the men’s female partners were examined. Results indicated that both the use of avoidance and problem-solving coping to deal with relationship problems were related indirectly to abusive behavior through problem drinking. Greater use of avoidance coping strategies was more likely among problem drinkers. By contrast, men who used higher levels of problem-solving coping were less likely to be problem drinkers. Avoidance, but not problem-solving coping also was directly and positively related to physical and psychological abuse. Men identified as problem drinkers were more likely to use both physical and psychological abuse. Finally, greater use of physical violence was strongly related to higher levels of injury among female partners, and served to mediate the relationship between problem drinking and injury. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the identification of risk and protective factors for men’s violent behavior toward intimate female partners and implications for developing intervention strategies.
Scale Formation and Prevention in the Presence of Hydrate Inhibitors
Authors: Tomson M. B. , Kan A. T. , Fu G. , Al-Thubaiti M. , Shen Dong , Shipley Heather J.
Published: June 2006

There is no accepted methodology to correlate the effects of hydrate inhibitors on scale formation as there is for electrolytes. Similarly, the effect of hydrate inhibitor on scale inhibition with common inhibitors is not well known. In this paper, a semi-empirical approach is proposed to correlate the effect of hydrate inhibitors on scale formation from experimental solubility measurements of halite, barite, gypsum, calcite, and carbonate equilibrium chemistry. The ion-cosolvent activity coefficients can be used directly in any solution speciation code to evaluate the effect of cosolvent on mineral scale formation. The validity of the equation has been tested between 4 and 50°C as well as between 1 and 6 M ionic strength. Working equations that can be used in gas and oil production to calculate the effect of cosolvents on scale formation are presented. Details about how to predict hydrate-inhibitor-induced scale formation and case studies that demonstrate the severity of methanol on scaling tendency are also discussed. Finally, barite nucleation and kinetics are studied in the presence and absence of methanol. A semi-empirical equation to predict the nucleation time is proposed. Preliminary studies of scale-inhibitor efficiency in the presence of methanol are also discussed. At high methanol concentration, scale inhibition may not be possible because of precipitation of metal-inhibitor salt. Glycols have a less adverse effect than methanol on both mineral scale formation and inhibition.
Reservoir Characterization During Underbalanced Drilling (UBD): Methodology and Active Tests
Authors: Vefring Erlend H. , Nygaard Gerhard , Lorentzen Rolf Johan , Nævdal Geir , Fjelde Kjell Kåre
Published: June 2006

Two methods for characterizing reservoir pore pressure and reservoir permeability during UBD while applying active tests are presented and evaluated. Both methods utilize a fast, dynamic well fluid-flow model that is extended with a transient reservoir model. Active testing of the well is applied by varying the bottomhole pressure in the well during the drilling operations.

The first method uses the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm to estimate the reservoir parameters by minimizing the difference between measurements from the drilling process and the corresponding model states. The method is applied after the drilling process is finished, using all the recorded measurements. The second method is the ensemble Kalman filter, which simulates the drilling process using the dynamic model while drilling is performed, and updates the model states and parameters each time new measurements are available. Measurements are used that usually are available while drilling are used, such as pump rates, pump pressure, bottomhole pressure, and outlet rates.

The methods are applied to different cases, and the results indicate that active tests might improve the estimation results. The results also show that both estimation methods give useful results, and that the ensemble Kalman filter calculates these results during the UB operation.
Sand-Production Prediction: A New Set of Criteria for Modeling Based on Large-Scale Transient Experiments and Numerical Investigation
Authors: Nouri Alireza , Vaziri Hans , Belhaj Hadi , Islam Rafiqul
Published: June 2006

This paper introduces a predictive tool that forecasts the drawdown associated with the onset of sanding as well as it predicts the sanding rate in real time. Experimental data on hollow cylinder samples (HCS) are used to support the validity of the numerical model.

Experiments on hollow-cylinder synthetic-sandstone specimens were conducted, involving real-time sand-production measurement under various conditions. A numerical approach was used for simulating the experimental results. The material behavior was simulated using an elastoplastic stress-strain relationship. The model simulated the interaction between fluid flow and mechanical deformation of the medium in predicting sand production. The model simulated strain softening of the material accompanied with shear-bands formation as well as tensile failure. In the post-disaggregation phase, additional features were considered, including allowing for the removal of the disaggregated elements that have satisfied the sanding criteria and, consequently, making the necessary adjustments to the size and properties of the domain under consideration. The model can be used for time-dependent analysis of wellbore stability as it undergoes disaggregation and sand production induced by depletion, drawdown, and water cut. Such numerical tools can be used in designing the completion by identifying the critical operational conditions associated with severe sanding over the lifetime of the wellbore.

The model showed a reasonable agreement with experimental results in terms of rock deformation and sanding rate. Further validation of the model against experimental and field data is necessary for its potential field applications.
An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Crossflow Effects in Two-Phase Displacements
Authors: Cinar Y. , Jessen K. , Berenblyum R. , Juanes R. , Orr F. M.
Published: June 2006

In this paper, we present flow visualization experiments and numerical simulations that demonstrate the combined effects of viscous and capillary forces and gravity segregation on crossflow that occurs in two-phase displacements in layered porous media.

We report results of a series of immiscible flooding experiments in 2D, two-layered glass bead models. Favorable mobility-ratio imbibition and unfavorable mobility-ratio drainage experiments were performed. We used pre-equilibrated immiscible phases from a ternary isooctane/isopropanol/water system, which allowed control of the interfacial tension (IFT) by varying the isopropanol concentration. Experiments were performed for a wide range of capillary and gravity numbers. The experimental results illustrate the transitions from flow dominated by capillary pressure at high IFT to flow dominated by gravity and viscous forces at low IFT. The experiments also illustrate the complex interplay of capillary, gravity, and viscous forces that controls crossflow. The experimental results confirm that the transition ranges of scaling groups suggested by Zhou et al. (1994) are appropriate/valid.

We report also results of simulations of the displacement experiments by two different numerical techniques: finite-difference and streamline methods. The numerical simulation results agree well with experimental observations when gravity and viscous forces were most important. For capillary-dominated flows, the simulation results are in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.
Distributions stationnaires d'un système bonus–malus et probabilité de ruine
Authors: Dufresne Par François
Published: June 2006

It is shown how the stationary distributions of a bonus–malus system can be computed recursively. It is further shown that there is an intrinsic relationship between such a stationary distribution and the probability of ruin in the risk-theoretical model. The recursive algorithm is applied to the Swiss bonus–malus system for automobile third-party liability and can be used to evaluate ruin probabilities.
A Credibility Model with Random Fluctuations in Delay Probabilities for the Prediction of IBNR Claims
Authors: Hesselager Ole , Witting Thomas
Published: June 2006

We consider a general credibility model for the prediction of IBNR-claims which allows for random fluctuations in the underlying delay distribution. Such fluctuations always bring about decreasing credibility. It is shown that even negative credibility is achieved for more substantial fluctuations in the delay distribution. Special attention is paid to the mixed Poisson case for claim numbers including the discussion of parameter estimation.
Mathematical Fun with the Compound Binomial Process
Authors: Gerber Hans U.
Published: June 2006

The compound binomial model is a discrete time analogue (or approximation) of the compound Poisson model of classical risk theory. In this paper, several results are derived for the probability of ruin as well as for the joint distribution of the surpluses immediately before and at ruin. The starting point of the probabilistic arguments are two series of random variables with a surprisingly simple expectation (Theorem 1) and a more classical result of the theory of random walks (Theorem 2) that is best proved by a martingale argument.
A Multivariate Extension of Equilibrium Pricing Transforms: The Multivariate Esscher and Wang Transforms for Pricing Financial and Insurance Risks
Authors: Kijima Masaaki
Published: June 2006

This paper proposes a multivariate extension of the equilibrium pricing transforms for pricing general financial and insurance risks. The multivariate Esscher and Wang transforms are derived from Bühlmann’s equilibrium pricing model (1980) under some assumptions on the aggregate risk. It is shown that the Esscher and Wang transforms coincide with each other when the underlying risks are normally distributed.
Evolving methodologies in the management of preserved removed parts in Japanese architectural cultural properties
Authors: Kiyonaga Yohei
Published: March 2024

In this inquiry, the author intends to investigate the evolving methodologies in the management of preserved removed parts within the scope of Japanese architectural cultural properties, as recognized by the national government. Central to this examination is a focus on the selection criteria stipulated in the official preservation guidelines. This exploration involves a comprehensive analysis structured in three phases: firstly, scrutinizing the modifications in selection criteria as delineated in the guidelines governing repair projects; secondly, compiling and categorizing additional designated preserved removed parts recognized as cultural properties into six distinct types; and thirdly, identifying the inaugural instances of such preserved components or the initial reports pertaining to repair projects. Through this multifaceted research approach, the study endeavors to elucidate the evolving methodologies in the management of preserved removed parts in the realm of Japanese architectural cultural properties.
Spatial prioritisation for crested newt conservation in Luxembourg: Insights from population genetics and species distribution modelling
Authors: Schleimer Anna , Cantú‐Salazar Lisette , Luttringer Amanda , Frantz Alain C.
Published: March 2024

The intensification of agriculture and urbanisation has precipitated the decline of numerous species, including the northern crested newt (Triturus cristatus). To mitigate the impacts of habitat degradation and loss, restoration initiatives depend on evidence‐based decision‐making to identify priority sites for conservation efforts. Here, we employed a multidisciplinary approach, drawing on population genetics, species distribution modelling (SDMs) and landscape genetics to develop a spatial prioritisation framework for the creation and/or restoration of crested newt breeding ponds in Luxembourg.

For the genetic analyses, more than 1000 crested newts from 98 ponds across Luxembourg were genotyped at 15 microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity and spatial clustering. The relationship between newt presence and environmental variables was evaluated using SDMs. Priority restoration areas were identified with PRIORITZR, integrating genetic diversity, habitat suitability and connectivity.

The population genetic structure was characterised by spatial clustering, which followed an isolation‐by‐distance pattern. Five sites were identified as significantly differentiated from the remaining populations, warranting targeted conservation efforts.

Standing water bodies and proximity to the nearest occupied pond were the most important predictors of crested newt presence. The highest gain in habitat suitability through the creation of new ponds was predicted to occur in southwest Luxembourg.

Based on the country‐wide predicted occurrence of crested newts and gains in habitat suitability, areas of highest restoration potential were identified in close proximity to existing crested newt populations. The produced maps of priority restoration areas should inform future conservation efforts of the crested newt in Luxembourg.

While the importance of preserving genetic diversity is widely recognised, the theory‐practice gap frequently precludes the incorporation of genetic aspects into in situ conservation measures or management policies. This case study demonstrates the integration of multidisciplinary analyses within an evidence‐based framework to guide species conservation efforts.
Adaptive cluster consensus control of nonlinear multi‐agent system via the dynamic event‐triggered strategy
Authors: Xia Yaping , Li Ruiyu , Liu Renfei , Wan Hang , Zhao Haiyan
Published: March 2024

In this article, the cluster consensus problems of two classes of nonlinear multi‐agent systems (NMASs) are studied under the dynamic event‐triggered control (ETC) strategy, where cooperative‐competitive interactions among agents and high‐order dynamics are considered. First, two dynamic ETC protocols are developed to realize the cluster synchronization of NMASs. Different from the static ETC, a dynamic parameter regulated by an adaptive law is used in place of a constant which can improve the trigger time intervals and reduce the energy consumption. Subsequently, an adaptive control mechanism based on the proposed ETC strategy is designed to adjust the controller parameter for agents. Some sufficient conditions for achieving the cluster consensus of NMASs are derived by using the Lyapunov stability theory and algebraic graph theory. Moreover, it is proved in theory that Zeno phenomenon can be excluded with these control schemes. Finally, two simulation examples validate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Robust attitude tracking control for a variable‐pitch quadrotor with uncertainties
Authors: Zhao Bo , Yue Dong , Yang Yang
Published: March 2024

Variable‐pitch quadrotors have demonstrated their capability to enhance control performance and overcome limitations compared to conventional fixed‐pitch quadrotors, while still facing challenges such as nonlinearity, couplings, uncertainties and so on. This article aims to address the robust attitude control problem of variable‐pitch quadrotors afflicted with parametric uncertainties and unpredictable external disturbances. Initially, a practical actuator allocation strategy for the motor‐propeller is proposed, followed by the development of a nonlinear robust attitude tracking controller capable of addressing all uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed controller in ensuring exponential stability of the closed‐loop system, thereby driving the attitude tracking error to a small range within a finite time, has been substantiated. To evaluate the control performance, a hardware‐in‐the‐loop testbed is constructed to conduct real‐time experiments. The experimental results from attitude control case, comparative case, and position control case demonstrate that the designed motor‐propeller allocation method and robust controller are effective in achieving a fast response and excellent control performance.
Fixed‐time distributed adaptive optimization for third‐order nonlinear fully heterogeneous vehicular platoon systems
Authors: Lei Jiayi , Li Yuan‐Xin
Published: March 2024

In this article, the problem of fixed‐time distributed optimization is researched for third‐order fully heterogeneous nonlinear connected and autonomous vehicles. To address this problem, a fixed‐time distributed optimization algorithm is proposed via a two‐step strategy. First, an optimization algorithm is proposed to generate a virtual reference signal that can converge to the optimal solution. Then, we further construct an adaptive tracking controller to track the virtual signal based on the first step. In the design process of the controller, the virtual control variables and the actual control input are obtained by using the backstepping technique. Furthermore, a fast fixed‐time filter is introduced to avoid the issue of discontinuous gradient functions. Fuzzy logic systems are employed to address the unknown part of the nonlinear function. By using tools from the fixed‐time stability criterion, convex optimization theory, and Lyapunov stability theory, it can be demonstrated that the provided strategy drives all optimization variables to the optimal solution within a fixed time and guarantees the closed‐loop system signals are bounded. Finally, the effectiveness of control strategy is verified via a numerical simulation.
Two‐Photon Laser Printing to Mechanically Stimulate Multicellular Systems in 3D
Authors: Colombo Federico , Taale Mohammadreza , Taheri Fereydoon , Villiou Maria , Debatin Teresa , Dulatahu Gent , Kollenz Philipp , Schmidt Målin , Schlagheck Christina , Wittbrodt Joachim , Selhuber‐Unkel Christine
Published: March 2024

Biological activities take place in 3D environments, where cells interact in various directions in a defined, often microstructured, space. A sub‐millimeter‐sized stretching device is developed to mechanically stimulate a structurally restricted, soft multicellular microenvironment to investigate the effect of defined cyclic mechanical forces on a multicellular system. It consists of a multi‐material 3D microstructure made of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and gelatine‐based hydrogel, which is printed using the 2‐photon polymerization (2PP) method. The printed structures are first characterized microscopically and mechanically to study the effect of different printing parameters. Using 2PP, organotypic cell cultures are then directly printed into the hydrogel structures to create true 3D cell culture systems. These systems are mechanically stimulated with a cantilever by indenting at defined positions. The cells in the 3D organotypic cell culture change morphology and actin orientation when exposed to cyclic mechanical stretch, even within short timescales of 30 min. As proof of concept, a Medaka retinal organoid is encapsulated in the same structure to demonstrate that even preformed organoids can be stimulated by this method. The results highlight the capability of 2PP for manufacturing multifunctional soft devices to mechanically control multicellular systems at micrometer resolution and thus mimic mechanical stresses as they occur in vivo.
In Situ Imaging of Dynamic Current Paths in a Neuromorphic Nanoparticle Network with Critical Spiking Behavior
Authors: Gronenberg Ole , Adejube Blessing , Hemke Torben , Drewes Jonas , Asnaz Oguz Han , Ziegler Florian , Carstens Niko , Strunskus Thomas , Schürmann Ulrich , Benedikt Jan , Mussenbrock Thomas , Faupel Franz , Vahl Alexander , Kienle Lorenz
Published: March 2024

In the strive for energy efficient computing, many different neuromorphic computing and engineering schemes have been introduced. Nanoparticle networks (NPNs) at the percolation threshold have been established as one of the promising candidates, e.g., for reservoir computing because among other useful properties they show self‐organization and brain‐like avalanche dynamics. The dynamic resistance changes trace back to spatio‐temporal reconfigurations in the connectivity upon resistive switching in distributed memristive nano‐junctions and nano‐gaps between neighboring nanoparticles. Until now, however, there has not yet been any direct imaging or monitoring of current paths in NPN. In this study, an NPN comprising of Ag/CxOyHzcore/shell and Ag nanoparticles at the percolation threshold is reported. It is shown that this NPN is within a critical regime, exhibiting avalanche dynamics. To monitor in situ the evolving current paths in this NPN, active voltage contrast and resistive contrast imaging are used complementarily. Including simulations, the results provide experimental insight toward understanding the complex current response of the memristive NPN. As such, this study paves the way toward an experimental characterization of dynamic reorganizations in current paths inside NPN, which is highly relevant for validating and improving simulations and finally establishing a deeper understanding of switching dynamics in NPNs.
Electrically/Magnetically Dual‐Driven Shape Memory Composites Fabricated by Multi‐Material Magnetic Field‐Assisted 4D Printing
Authors: Wu Pan , Yu Tianyu , Chen Mingjun , Kang Nan , Mansori Mohamed El
Published: March 2024

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that enable to transform back to their original shape from the deformed state when subjected to external stimuli. They have shown great potential used as sensors and actuators in diverse applications. However, current research on SMPs primarily focuses on the utilization of a single source of stimuli (e.g., electricity, magnetism, light, etc.), which heavily restricts their potential in complex circumstances. In this study, a novel approach is developed to fabricate multi‐layer electrically/magnetically dual‐driven shape memory composites (ML‐EMSMCs) based on a magnetic field‐assisted digital light processing (MF‐DLP) 4D printing technique. The fabricated ML‐EMSMCs contain alternating high electric conductive layers (up to 5.37 × 10−3 S cm−1) and magnetic responsive layers (10.7 emu g−1), enabling Joule heat‐based and high‐frequency magnetic field induction‐based stimuli. Furthermore, the ML‐EMSMCs exhibited excellent shape memory behavior, good formability, and magnetic properties. The developed 4D printing techniques allows for the alignment of magnetic particles with a unidirectional magnetic field, significantly improving their shape recovery speed. The developed electrically/magnetically dual‐driven and photocurable SMP composites shed light on the development of actuators and sensors with multiple functionalities.
Iron Molybdenum Sulfide‐Supported Ultrafine Ru Nanoclusters for Robust Sulfion Degradation‐Assisted Hydrogen Production
Authors: Wang Jiahui , Zhou Min , Fu Rong , Ge Ju , Yang Wei , Hong Xufeng , Sun Congli , Liao Xiaobin , Zhao Yan , Wang Zhaoyang
Published: March 2024

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and (S2−) recycling present promising strategies for cost‐effective hydrogen production and simultaneous removal of environmental pollutants. However, the advancement of this technology is hindered by the limited availability of affordable, efficient, and stable catalysts. Herein, the study synthesizes ultrafine ruthenium (Ru) nanoclusters on a substrate of iron molybdenum sulfide (FeMo‐S) nanosheets, creating a new heterointerface catalyst (FeMo‐S/Ru) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and sulfion oxidation reaction (SOR). Experimental and theoretical calculations suggest that strong electron interactions between Ru nanoclusters and FeMo‐S substrate, optimizing *H adsorption and promoting HER activity on one side while facilitating the production and adsorption of sulfur intermediates on the other side, effectively catalyzing SOR. Additionally, the assembled electrocatalytic coupling system with FeMo‐S/Ru displays an ultralow cell voltage of 0.57 V at 100 mA cm−2, achieving high Faradaic efficiencies (>96%) for H2 production, while also exhibiting remarkable durability over 1 month (838 h). This work paves the way for the development of highly efficient and durable supported catalysts, enabling energy‐saving hydrogen production and environmentally friendly sulfion recycling.
Designing a Corrosion Inhibiting Layer to Enhance Cycling Stability of 4.7 V Ni‐Rich Cathode
Authors: Wu Kai , Li Zhonghong , Chen Xiaobo
Published: March 2024

The advent of Ni‐rich cathode promises to increase their energy density of lithium (Li) ion batteries. However, the inherent catalytic activity and resultant decomposition products deteriorate the interfacial stability of Ni‐rich cathode. This case is further exacerbated by a higher operation voltage for delivering more capacity. Here, a facile strategy is reported for coating garnet solid electrolyte as a corrosion inhibiting layer for Ni‐rich cathode, aiming to establish an efficient Li‐conducting and stable interface that reinforces the Li transport and withstands the HF attack, respectively. Benefiting from this design, the interface of modified Ni‐rich cathode exhibits less polarization and fewer side reactions even at a cut‐off voltage of 4.7 V. This difference is mainly attributed to the fast Li transport stemming from the compatibility between Ni‐rich cathode and garnet solid electrolyte. Meanwhile, the stable and dense cathode electrolyte layer, observed by cryo‐transmission electron microscopy characterization, inhibits side reaction between Ni‐rich cathode and liquid electrolyte. This work provides an effective strategy to reinforce the interfacial stability of Ni‐rich cathode and has the potential to advance the commercialization of Ni‐rich cathodes.
Flexoelectricity‐Enhanced Self‐Powered Photodetection in 2D van der Waals Heterojunctions With Large Curvatures
Authors: Qi Lu , Tang Wei , Weng Xiaoliang , Wu Kewen , Cen Yingqian , Sun Yuting , Zhou Shasha , Li Zelong , Wu Xiaokeng , Kang Chenxu , Zhao Duo , Dai Sichao , Xie Yifei , Liang Huawei , Zhang Wenjing , Zeng Yu‐Jia , Ruan Shuangchen
Published: March 2024

The unique morphology of 2D van der Waals materials enables them to withstand large deformations and significant nonuniform strain, potentially inducing a strong flexoelectric effect. Despite the size‐dependent flexoelectric effect showing potential for modulating the optoelectronic performance of 2D van der Waals materials, it is far from being fully exploited owing to various challenges. Herein, the use of nanowires with different diameters as the bending media to fabricate 2D α‐In2Se3/β‐InSe heterojunctions with large curvatures of 0.1–1 µm−1 is proposed. The significant band alignment modulation in α‐In2Se3 resulting from the bending‐induced flexoelectric effect is verified through Kelvin probe force microscopy. The strain‐induced piezoelectric effect can be negated because of the weak vdW forces at the interface. The flexoelectric polarization in β‐InSe is screened via the accumulated electrons in the unilateral depleted heterojunction. Compared to the flat heterojunction, the curved heterojunction with an average curvature of 0.9 µm−1 shows 2.48‐fold and 7.62‐fold increases in open‐circuit voltage and zero‐biased responsivity, respectively. This study demonstrates the first successful modulation of photodetection in 2D heterojunctions by exploiting the flexoelectric effect, providing a new perspective for high‐performance 2D vdW optoelectronic devices.
Ion‐Dipole Interaction for Self‐Assembled Monolayers: A New Strategy for Buried Interface in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Shuanglin , Khan Danish , Zhou Wencai , Sui Yujie , Zhang Tong , Yu Guoping , Huang Yuanmei , Yang Xiqi , Chen Xiaoqing , Yan Hui , Tang Jun , Yang Fan , Han Peigang , Zheng Zilong , Zhang Yongzhe , Tang Zeguo
Published: March 2024

Nickel oxide (NiOX) has a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and stability of p‐i‐n inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which hold great potential for commercialization. However, improving contact passivation between perovskites and NiOX is a challenge due to a hindered buried interface. In order to address this issue, self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are introduced as a buffer layer to prevent direct contact and non‐radiative recombination. While, the large dipole moment of SAMs increases the work function of NiOX, which is crucial for enhancing hole transport performance, given the low interfacial potential barrier for hole transfer. By a combination of the first‐principles calculations, drive‐level capacitance profiling, and transient absorption spectrum characterization, the understanding of the ion‐dipole interactions and interface passivation mechanism of potassium fluoride (KF) ultra‐thin buffer layer between SAMs and perovskites is provided. The efficiency of inverted PSCs as high as 23.25% is obtained, and the unencapsulated devices kept 90% of initial efficiency following 1400 h aging under nitrogen, which demonstrate remarkable long‐term stability as well. This novel strategy highlights the significance of SAMs dipole moment at the NiOX/perovskites interface and provides a new approach to address buried interfaces for high‐efficiency and long‐term stability in inverted PSCs.
Structural Engineering Enables Suppressed Ion Migration and Enhanced Hard X‐Ray Detection Performance in Novel Oxide Single Crystals
Authors: Guo Xiaojie , Cao Tingting , Sun Youxuan , Wang Lei , Gao Zeliang , Tao Xutang
Published: March 2024

X‐ray detectors have obtained great attention in medical diagnostics, security checks, and space exploration. However, ion migration of X‐ray detectors results in dark current drift, low signal‐to‐noise ratio, and degradation of detection performance. Here, ion migration properties of Li2ZrTeO6 and ZrTe3O8 are comprehensively investigated by theoretical analysis and experimental results. ZrTe3O8 single crystal exhibits a high migration barrier of O2− ion (1.89 eV), a high ion activation energy (992.6 meV), and an ultralow dark current drift (3.16 × 10−9 nA cm−1 s−1 V−1) due to the absence of Li+ cations and the disconnecting of adjacent ZrO6 octahedra, which is better than Li2ZrTeO6 single crystal. These results show that the absence of low atomic number elements and the disconnecting of adjacent octahedra in crystal structure can inhibit ion migration essentially. Owing to a high resistivity, a high mobility lifetime product, suppressed ion migration, and the lone‐pair electrons enhancement effect of detection performance for Te4+ cations, ZrTe3O8 X‐ray detector shows a high sensitivity of 348 µC Gy−1 cm−2 and an ultralow detection limit of 15.4 nGyair s−1. This work proposes an effective strategy to inhibit ion migration and proves the enhancement effect of detection performance for the cations containing lone‐pair electrons.
Biomimetic MOF‐Based Nano‐Immunoactivator via Disruption of Ion Homeostasis for Strengthened Tumor Microwave‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Chen Zengzhen , Guo Wenna , Tan Longfei , Fu Changhui , Wu Qiong , Ren Xiangling , Jiang Guihua , Ma Tengchuang , Meng Xianwei
Published: March 2024

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising strategy for anticancer immunity by inducing antigen‐presenting cell maturation. However, the traditional ICD inducers, such as chemotherapeutic agents, have largely hampered their application by severe side effects and low tumor selectivity. The changes intra/extracellular ion concentrations affect the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Interference with ion homeostasis can induce tumor cell death and elicit immune responses. Here, a biomimetic Ga‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) coated with red blood cell–platelet fusion membrane (RPM), that is, 5‐fluorouracil@GaMOF@RPM (5‐FUGR) nano‐immunoactivator, is reported as a highly efficient ICD inducer for enhanced microwave (MW)‐immunotherapy. Following intravenous administration, 5‐FUGR accumulates to tumor site via RPM biomimetic modification‐mediated long circulation and active targeting. The structure of 5‐FUGR undergoes degradation and releases Ga3+. MW combined with high concentrations of Ga3+ disrupts intracellular ion homeostasis, which leads to severe oxidative stress and intracellular Ca2+ retention to promote apoptosis of tumor cells. More importantly, 5‐FUGR combined with MW not only completely eradicates 4T1 primary tumors, but also induces efficient ICD, immune initiation, and memory effects to inhibit metastatic and recurrence of the tumor. Thus, 5‐FUGR, as a strong ICD inducer, provides new insights into achieving tumor immunity in combination with other therapies.
Organic Heterojunction Phototransistors with Bi‐Directional Photoresponse for Vision Biomimetics
Authors: Shi Xiaofang , Xu Yunchao , Liu Wanrong , Jin Chenxing , Wang Shuyang , Sun Jia , Yang Junliang
Published: March 2024

The scientific community is very interested in artificial visual perception systems because of their neuromorphological capabilities, such as image recognition, learning, and memory. This study reports on an organic heterojunction ambipolar transistor with PTCDI‐C8/C8‐BTBT/PTCDI‐C8 sandwich structure. The proposed transistor efficiently transports both holes and electrons, with a current‐on‐switch ratio of ≈106. Furthermore, hole or electron carrier transmission mechanisms are constructed to achieve the controllable adjustment of bi‐directional photoresponse under identical light illumination conditions by adjusting the gate voltage (positive photoresponse for Vg = 30 V and negative photoresponse for Vg = −30 V). The basic synaptic behaviors are simulated under light illumination, and the power consumption of the device is 18.51 fJ per synaptic event, which is comparable to the energy required for biological synapses. Finally, the simulation of human visual adaptation is completed using the bi‐directional photoresponse effects of the organic heterojunction phototransistor array, which provides a novel idea for neuromorphic visual simulation.
GSH‐Responsive Shape‐Transformable Nanotheranostics for Dual‐Modal T1/T2 MRI‐Guided Enhanced PDT of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Yang Qianyu , Wu Gang , Yang Yefeng , Zhou Yang , Song Jiali , Gao Huile , Huang Weiyuan
Published: March 2024

Based on the properties of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), combining them to construct multifunctional nanotheranostics can leverage strengths and avoid weaknesses for tumor diagnosis and treatment. However, certain problems remain unsolved, notably the short observation window caused by insufficient retention time. In this study, a GSH‐responsive shape‐transformable nanotheranostics Gd‐Ce6‐FFVLGGGC‐SS‐PEG are designed (abbreviated as GdCFS) by combining a single metal Gd with Ce6, and peptide (Phe‐Phe‐Val‐Leu‐Gly‐Gly‐Gly‐Cys) disulfide‐conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to perform dual‐modal T1/T2 MRI specifically at the tumor site. Due to its amphiphilic features, GdCFS can self‐assemble to spherical nanoparticles, while transforming to nanofibers (NFs) in the presence of intracellular overexpressed GSH stimuli. After NFs formation, the hydrophobic core of GdCFS is exposed, resulting in T1 positive contrast enhancement, whereas NFs can simultaneously achieve T2 negative contrast enhancement. Furthermore, GSH depletion can cause imbalance in intracellular redox state, ultimately improving PDT efficacy. GdCFS benefits from the shape‐transformation in terms of sufficient retention time, thus positively minimizing the toxicity risk. On the tumor model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, in vivo and in vitro outcomes confirm that GdCFS can be a promising candidate for early diagnosis, real‐time monitoring, and precise treatment of tumors with great biocompatibility.
Engineered Microenvironmental Cues from Fiber‐Reinforced Hydrogel Composites Drive Tenogenesis and Aligned Collagen Deposition
Authors: Kent Robert N. , Jewett Maggie E. , Buck Trevor P. , Said Mohamed , Hold LeeAnn A. , Crawford Eileen A. , Killian Megan L. , Abraham Adam C. , Huang Alice H. , Baker Brendon M.
Published: March 2024

Effective tendon regeneration following injury is contingent on appropriate differentiation of recruited cells and deposition of mature, aligned, collagenous extracellular matrix that can withstand the extreme mechanical demands placed on the tissue. As such, myriad biomaterial approaches have been explored to provide biochemical and physical cues that encourage tenogenesis and template aligned matrix deposition in lieu of dysfunctional scar tissue formation. Fiber‐reinforced hydrogels present an ideal biomaterial system toward this end given their transdermal injectability, tunable stiffness over a range amenable to tenogenic differentiation of progenitors, and capacity for modular inclusion of biochemical cues. Here, tunable and modular, fiber‐reinforced, synthetic hydrogels are employed to elucidate salient microenvironmental determinants of tenogenesis and aligned collagen deposition by tendon progenitor cells. Transforming growth factor β3 drives a cell fate switch toward pro‐regenerative or pro‐fibrotic phenotypes, which can be biased toward the former by culture in softer microenvironments or inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK activity. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that topographical anisotropy in fiber‐reinforced hydrogels critically mediates the alignment of de novo collagen fibrils, reflecting native tendon architecture. These findings inform the design of cell‐free, injectable, synthetic hydrogels for tendon tissue regeneration and, likely, that of a range of load‐bearing connective tissues.
The LiV3O8 Superlattice Cathode with Optimized Zinc Ion Insertion Chemistry for High Mass‐Loading Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Menghua , Shi Chuan , Yang Junwei , Zong Yu , Chen Yu , Ren Zhiguo , Zhao Yuanxin , Li Zhao , Zhang Wei , Wang Liyu , Huang Xinliang , Wen Wen , Li Xiaolong , Ning Xin , Ren Xiaochuan , Zhu Daming
Published: March 2024

Resolving the sluggish transport kinetics of divalent Zn2+ in the cathode lattice and improving mass‐loading performance are crucial for advancing the zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) application. Herein, PEO‐LiV3O8 superlattice nanosheets (PEO‐LVO) with expanded interlayer spacing (1.16 nm) are fabricated to provide a high‐rate, stable lifetime, and large mass‐loading cathode. The steady in‐plane expansion without shrinkage after the first cycle, but reversible H+/Zn2+ co‐insertion in PEO‐LVO are demonstrated by operando synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and ex situ characterizations. Moreover, the large capacity of PEO‐LVO is traced back to the optimized Zn2+ insertion chemistry with increased Zn2+ storage ratio, which is facilitated by the interlayer PEO in lowering the Zn2+ diffusion barrier and increased number of active sites from additional interfaces, as anticipated by density functional theory. Due to the optimized ion insertion resulting in stalled interfacial byproducts and rapid kinetics, PEO‐LVO achieves excellent high mass‐loading performance (areal capacity up to 6.18 mAh cm−2 for freestanding electrode with 24 mg cm−2 mass‐loading and 2.8 mAh cm−2 at 130 mA cm−2 for conventional electrode with 27 mg cm−2 mass‐loading). As a proof‐of‐concept, the flexible all‐solid‐state fiber‐shaped AZIBs with high mass‐loading woven into a fabric can power an electronic watch, highlighting the application potential of PEO‐LVO cathode.
Laser Technology for Perovskite: Fabrication and Applications
Authors: Wan Zhengfen , Liu Zichen , Zhang Qiwen , Zhang Qiming , Gu Min
Published: March 2024

Perovskite has attracted considerable attention in the electronic and optical fields in recent years, fulfilling the requirements of the ever‐growing demand in energy, environment, security, and big data storage. Laser direct writing technology is a flexible and mask‐free approach for fabricating, structuring, modifying, and patterning perovskites. Laser irradiation can directly induce perovskites from precursors due to the photothermal and photochemical effects of laser. Therefore, various laser‐induced perovskites, such as perovskite quantum dots, nanowires, nanocrystals, and films, are summarized. In particular, the laser‐induced perovskites in glass are intensively investigated for their high stability and flexibility in 3D printing. The second part of this review examines various applications of perovskites based on laser technology, such as solar cells, flat lenses, microlasers, photoluminescence, lithography, sensors, optical encryption, and data storage. Diverse laser treatments employed for modulating and patterning perovskite devices, such as laser annealing, laser ablation, and laser‐induced defects, are discussed. Prospective challenges and future trends in this research field are also concluded.
Engineering MnO2 Nanomulberries for Enhancing PTT/PDT Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Chen Lili , Wang Han , Zhan Tao , Yuan Xiumei , Ma Xiaoru
Published: March 2024

Considering the great catalyzation ability to degrade H2O2 into O2, MnO2 nanoparticles are utilized as nanocarriers in phototherapies for anticancer treatments to overcome the hypoxia tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the confliction of size requirement between promoting tumor delivery and cellular uptake and catalyzing H2O2 degradation limits the functions of MnO2 nanoparticles. Herein, this work presents strategy to cross‐link small‐sized MnO2 nanoparticles, during which the indocyanine green (ICG) is loaded, thus obtaining large‐sized MnO2 nanomulberries (MnINCs) for overcoming the size requirement confliction. The MnINCs present great performances in both photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects. This work tests the therapeutic efficacy of MnINCs in various human cancer cell lines including human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7), human hepatoma cell line (HepG‐2), human gastric carcinoma cell line (MGC803), and a Hela cell‐derived xenograft model. The satisfying growth inhibition effects are observed in all these cell lines and the tumor model. The demonstrations for using MnINCs to overcome the size requirement confliction between promoting tumor delivery and cellular uptake and catalyzing H2O2 degradation highlight the promising application potentials of the clustering strategy for developing innovative treatments in cancer therapy.
Unlocking Invisible Defects of ZnSe Alloy Shells in Giant Quantum Dots with Near Unity Quantum Yield
Authors: Kim Byong Jae , Kim Hyoungjun , Jung Woon Ho , Choi Yeongho , Kim Dong Hyeon , Lee Hyeonjun , Park Kyoungwon , Jeong Mun Seok , Park Ji‐Sang , Lim Jaehoon
Published: March 2024

Photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) can be improved by growing a shell, but it is rather limited if the shell thickness exceeds a threshold. Lattice mismatch between the core and shell is known to determine this critical shell thickness, securing QDs from defect formation through strain release. However, it cannot explain the recently reported high efficiency QDs with giant shells. Based on CdSe/ZnSe thick shell QDs, this study aims to identify the culprit limiting PL QY. In the shell growth process, the gradual reduction in PL QY is accompanied by a low‐energy tail emission, but the additional compressive strain by the outmost shell eliminates such abnormalities. It is revealed that the zinc vacancy in the shell provides shallow hole trap states. The computational study successfully explains the hole‐accepting zinc vacancy states above the CdSe 1Shh state, raised by compressive strain along radial direction. Additional hydrostatic compressive strain lifts the 1Shh state for this strained heterostructure to minimize the energetic gap with the zinc vacancy states. The finding suggests that critical shell thickness can be limited by atomic vacancy incorporated during shell growth, not by formation of misfit dislocation caused by strain release.
Time‐Dependent Deep Learning Manufacturing Process Model for Battery Electrode Microstructure Prediction
Authors: Galvez‐Aranda Diego E. , Dinh Tan Le , Vijay Utkarsh , Zanotto Franco M. , Franco Alejandro A.
Published: March 2024

The manufacturing process of Lithium‐ion battery electrodes directly affects the practical properties of the cells, such as their performance, durability, and safety. While computational physics‐based modeling has been proven as a very useful method to produce insights on the manufacturing properties interdependencies as well as the formation of electrode microstructures, their high computational costs prevent their direct utilization in electrode optimization loops. In this work, a novel time‐dependent deep learning (DL) model of the battery electrodes manufacturing process is reported, demonstrated for calendering of nickel manganese cobalt (NMC111) electrodes, and trained with time‐series data arising from physics‐based Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations. The DL model predictions are validated by comparing evaluation metrics (e.g., mean square error (MSE) and R2 score) and electrode functional metrics (contact surface area, porosity, diffusivity, and tortuosity factor), showing very good accuracy with respect to the DEM simulations. The DL model can remarkably capture the elastic recovery of the electrode upon compression (spring‐back phenomenon) and the main 3D electrode microstructure features without using the functional descriptors for its training. Furthermore, the DL model has a significantly lower computational cost than the DEM simulations, paving the way toward quasi‐real‐time optimization loops of the 3D electrode architecture predicting the calendering conditions to adopt in order to obtain the desired electrode performance.