bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to Stress Levels in School-Age Children in South Tangerang City Elementary School in 2024
Authors: Vivi Silawati  , Nabilah  , Suprihatin
Published: October 2024

According to WHO (World Health Organization), stress is the fourth health problem in the world and will be number two in 2020, the prevalence of stress is quite high, namely 350 million people in the world experience stress. The prevalence of student stress in the world is 38.91%, in Asia 61.3% and Indonesia 71.6%. The purpose of this research was to determine the factors related to stress levels in school-age children at SDN Kota Tangerang Selatan in 2024. Analytical survey research with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study were students at SDN Kota Tangerang Selatan as many as 90 students in grade 6 and were taken using the total sampling technique. Data were obtained by distributing questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out univariately and bivariately with the Spearman test. The study results showed that out of 90 respondents, 25 people (27.8%) had severe stress. There was a relationship between parenting patterns and stress levels in school-age children (P = 0.018) with a low correlation strength (Zcount = 0.249), there was a relationship between class conditions and stress levels (P = 0.001) with a low correlation strength (Zcount = 0.354), there was a relationship between tasks and stress levels (P = 0.004) with a low correlation strength (Zcount = 0.304), there was a relationship between school exams and stress levels (P = 0.039) with a low correlation strength (Zcount = 0.218), there was a relationship between personality and stress levels (P = 0.012) with a low correlation strength (Zcount = 0.262), and there was a relationship between gender and stress levels in school-age children (P = 0.000) with a moderate correlation strength (Zcount = 0.591). These findings indicate that student stress was influenced by various environmental and individual factors. Schools and parents should pay attention to these factors and create an environment that supports children's mental development. Special assistance during exams, workload management, and good parenting can reduce students' stress levels.
Imperialism and labour: why global migration governance is unnecessary and why it works
Authors: Cross Hannah
Published: October 2024

In West Africa, the Maghreb and elsewhere, regular livelihoods and patterns of circulation have been uprooted, while migrants are terrorised by state policies in Africa and Europe. Global migration governance is apparently failing to encourage ‘safe, orderly and regular migration’ despite its rhetoric of human rights, African integration, free circulation and policy harmonisation. This article compares migration governance with structural adjustment in order to evaluate and expose the impact of its hegemonic policy frameworks. A political economy analysis of the historical formation of global migration governance and its current policies in Africa shows how European states and the USA contribute to the imperialist redivision of territories, the continued polarisation of wealth and destruction of the productive forces in African societies, both directly and via organisations like the International Organization for Migration. As they organise and regulate labour within and beyond their borders, these states reproduce social hierarchies and structures of exploitation in the service of capital. This contradiction of capitalist imperialism with the policy goals of global governance demands a radical approach to migrant solidarity which centres on an internationalist class response and continued pressure for justice in the international system.
The Influence of Problematic Social Media Use on Impulsive Buying in Early Adulthood in Padang City
Authors: Anggi Adhari  , Rahayu Hardianti Utami
Published: October 2024

The amount of interesting information on TikTok that TikTok users see will make users interested and often there is a sudden and unconscious desire to buy a product without any prior planning or it is called impulsive buying. This is because many and often individuals access TikTok for a long time or because they are in a negative mood if they do not access TikTok. This research aims to determine the problematic social media use on impulsive buying among early adult TikTok users in the city of Padang. This research design uses quantitative sampling techniques used namely purposive sampling. The sample in this study was 200 respondents whose characteristics were determined by the researcher to be used as samples. The results of the data were processed and analyzed using simple linaer regression analysis techniques, obtaining values of r = 0,535 and p = 0,000. The final results of the research show that there is a positive influence of the independent variable (problematic social media use) on the dependent variable (impulsive buying). These results show that the higher the problematic social media use in early adults using TikTok the higher impulsive buying.
Parenting Styles and Their Impact on the Emotional Intelligence of Adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang
Authors: Fadhila fitri  , Rinaldi
Published: October 2024

This study aims to evaluate the impact of parenting styles on the emotional intelligence of adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang. Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others. Parenting styles play a fundamental role in the development of emotional intelligence in adolescents. The research method applied is quantitative with a survey approach. Data were collected from questionnaires distributed to 208 students at SMKN 1 Padang. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression to examine the impact of parenting styles on emotional intelligence. The analysis results obtained an F value of 92.616 with a probability (P) of 0.000 < 0.005. This means that the regression coefficients of the parenting style variables collectively influence emotional intelligence. This explains that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Overall, parenting styles contribute 57% to the variance in emotional intelligence of adolescents at SMKN 1 Padang. The significance values for authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles are 0.004 (<0.05), 0.000 (<0.05), and 0.000 (<0.05), respectively, indicating that these parenting styles have a significant impact on emotional intelligence. The study results show that authoritative parenting style has a positive effect on adolescents' emotional intelligence. Conversely, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles have a negative impact. The influence of authoritative parenting style on emotional intelligence is 52%, permissive parenting style is 3%, and authoritarian parenting style is 2%. This study contributes to understanding how different parenting styles affect adolescents' emotional intelligence. The findings can serve as a reference for parents, educators, and policymakers in developing effective parenting strategies to enhance emotional intelligence and reduce juvenile delinquency.
Management of a Todani Type 1b Choledochal Cyst: Case report
Authors: Tidjane Anisse , Tabeti Benali , Bengueddach Aicha
Published: October 2024

This case report describes the management of a Todani Type 1b choledochal cyst in a 26-year-old woman who presented with chronic epigastric dyspepsia and acute epigastric pain. MRI revealed a cystic dilatation of the distal common bile duct. The patient underwent successful surgical excision of the cyst, cystic duct, and gallbladder, followed by reconstruction with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. The postoperative course was uneventful, with discharge on the sixth day. This case highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and surgical intervention to prevent complications such as biliary cirrhosis and malignancy.
DISCRIMINATION: AN UNHOLY BEHAVIOR
Authors:   International Open University, Kanifing South, Banjul, The Gambia, A. Amin Hassan
Published: October 2024

Discrimination is a global phenomenon and given the opportunity to grow in any society, it will negatively impact all recipients, Muslims and non-Muslims. This observation has emitted a research topic that cannot be discounted. This research study focused on the various factors affecting the negative impact of discrimination on society members. Additionally, this study highlighted the strategy of multiple types of discrimination, such as individual, social media and cyber hate and the Islamic stands regarding discrimination. The research methodology approaches used are exploratory and qualitative literature review collection. Also, the data obtained is centered on the primary data, the Quran and the Sunnah and secondary data, such as journals and articles - significant findings: societal discrimination, racism and Islamic solutions. Furthermore, discrimination has left the majority of people untouched by its poisonous sting. On the other hand, discrimination spread without any end, except by the implementation of the guidance from both the Quran and Sunnah. Encouraging further research on the factors that influence the establishment of discrimination would help resolve and erase it from all of society. Moreover, research can be done to understand further the factors that affect discrimination.
Enacting Business Education Employability Skills Through a UDL Lens
Authors:   University of Melbourne, Edwards Miriam , Cotronei-Baird Valeria ,   University of Melbourne
Published: October 2024

This article introduces the notion of synergies between employability skills embedded within the university curriculum and the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework. It draws on a previous study which examined the disjuncture between espoused and that of actual teaching and assessment practice of employability skills within the business curriculum. While that study produced a typology to aid in the development of these skills, this paper now considers how a UDL perspective might make the teaching more relevant to individual students and in doing so more inclusive. We argue that employability skills applied through a UDL lens is particularly appropriate since they have a common goal – to create expert learners. As defined by the UDL guidelines (CAST, 2018) such learners are purposeful and motivated, resourceful and knowledgeable, as well as being strategic and goal-directed. While this is one example of UDL underpinning effective teaching and assessment practice, it also reflects a growing awareness around the potential of UDL within higher education curriculum design.
ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS SCIENCE AT SECONDARY LEVEL IN RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOLS OF JAMMU
Authors:   MIER College of Education (Autonomous), Jammu, India., Bajaj . Monika
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the attitude of secondary-level students towards science in both rural and urban schools in Jammu, aiming to assess the influence of gender and geographic location on students' perspectives. A sample of 200 students was selected from four rural and four urban schools in Jammu. The research utilized a standardized "Attitude Towards Science" scale developed by Dr. Savita Mishra. The findings suggest that students in both rural and urban areas have a generally positive attitude towards science, but urban students display more favorable attitudes in specific domains such as scientific inquiry and career aspirations. Gender differences were also significant, with female students showing more interest in adopting a scientific attitude. The implications of the study provide insights for policymakers and educators to enhance science education, particularly by addressing the specific needs of rural students.
Circular construction indicator : a strategy to evaluate structural material efficiency and reuse potential in circular pedestrian bridge design
Authors:   , Anastasiades Kostas
Published: October 2024

Half of all the annually excavated raw materials worldwide is destined for the construction industry, rendering this a critical industry for the depletion of earth’s resources. In addition, our society is going through a modal shift in terms of transportation means where walking and cycling are prioritised. Therefore, many new cycling and pedestrian bridges are needed to literally bridge unsafe and uncomfortable crossings on land and over water. This PhD research thus investigates how circularity assessment can aid in designing circular pedestrian bridges. Within this global investigation, three subtopics were the main focus: 1. The development of a material volume prediction methodology to assess the efficiency of a bridge’s structural design. The aim is to reduce material consumption by designing efficient structures. 2. The development of a service life prediction model that can be used to assess the remaining service life of bridge components. The aim here is to promote the reuse of components before turning to virgin materials. 3. Reuse is only possible when components are standardised, at least to some extent. In addition, procedures for the disassembly and certification of reusable components need to be established. Following these three major research topics, a framework is presented that designers can use to move towards a circular and more sustainable construction industry.
Disruptive Technologies and Strategic Nuclear Stability: A Russian and Chinese Perspective
Authors: Bassey Steven , Asere Gbenga Femi , Iyeh Adegbe William , Haruna Ada’ava Faruk
Published: October 2024

This research article examines the impact of disruptive technologies on strategic nuclear stability, with a focus on the perspectives of Russia and China. As emerging technologies such as hypersonic weapons, low-yield nuclear warheads, space-based systems, and advanced cyber capabilities become more prominent, their influence on global nuclear stability and arms control frameworks is increasingly significant. This study employs case studies to analyze how these technologies are being developed and deployed by Russia and China and their implications for nuclear deterrence and strategic stability. The research highlights several key findings: the vulnerability of nuclear command and control systems to cyberattacks, the challenges posed by low-yield and hypersonic weapons to traditional arms control agreements, and the potential for space-based weapons to disrupt strategic stability. Through detailed examination of specific cases, including Russia’s hypersonic weapons program and China’s space-based technologies, the study reveals how these advancements are reshaping military strategies and influencing international security dynamics. The article underscores the urgent need for updated arms control frameworks to address the unique challenges posed by these emerging technologies. Recommendations include enhancing verification measures, investing in cybersecurity, and fostering international cooperation through new treaties and confidence-building measures. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how technological advancements are impacting nuclear stability and offer guidance for policymakers to navigate the evolving landscape of global security.
OS EFEITOS DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CREATINA NO DESEMPENHO DOS ATLETAS: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Authors: Borges Albertino Neto Lopes , Melo Daniel de Aquino Iedo de , Lima Líllian Tavares de , Figueiredo Ronildo Oliveira
Published: October 2024

Creatine is a highly popular dietary supplement among athletes due to its ergogenic potential. In view of this, this study aims to verify in the specialized literature the main effects of creatine supplementation on athlete performance. The methodology used comprised a narrative literature review, with 12 scientific articles selected from the period 2017 to 2024 in the following databases: PubMed, Medline, Scielo and Lilacs. The results demonstrate that creatine supplementation produces ergogenic effects, positively impacting athletes' muscle strength, endurance and power, reducing the incidence of cramps and injuries, especially in American football, soccer, basketball, tennis and handball. Thus, it is concluded that this supplementation promotes significant improvements in muscle performance and body composition during athletes' periodized training, involving the repetition of high-intensity exercises in short, medium and prolonged periods.
AVALIAÇÃO E COMPARAÇÃO DE SITES INSTITUCIONAIS COM BASE NOS PADRÕES DE ACESSIBILIDADE WEB
Authors: Borges Barkley Aires Mendes , Ribeiro Tayse Virgulino
Published: October 2024

According to the Brazilian Government Services and Information website (gov.br), "Digital Accessibility is the elimination of barriers on the Web. The concept assumes that websites and portals are designed so that all people can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact effectively with the pages." In other words, it is crucial to ensure that all users, regardless of their abilities, can interact with web resources. In this context, this study investigates the web accessibility of two institutional websites. The research adopts an exploratory approach, analyzing the application of WCAG standards and their impact on web accessibility and user experience. Using qualitative and inductive methods, manual and automated tests were conducted on two institutional websites to evaluate compliance with accessibility standards. The results showed that both sites need improvements to ensure better digital accessibility. It was highlighted that, although automated tests and manual verification are valid, a deeper investigation using real user testing is necessary to ensure that digital accessibility and inclusion are being effectively respected.
Brevetoxins
Authors: Tanriverdi Zubeyde
Published: October 2024

Brevetoxins (BTXs) are potent marine toxins produced by certain microalgae during harmful algal blooms (HABs). These lipophilic polyether compounds, notably PbTx-1 and PbTx-2, primarily affect seafood safety by bioaccumulating in filter-feeding shellfish and finfish. Human exposure to BTXs through contaminated seafood can lead to Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP), causing a range of neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms. BTXs disrupt nerve and muscle cell function by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, affecting the initiation and propagation of action potentials.

The occurrence of BTXs in marine environments is influenced by factors such as water temperature, nutrient levels, and oceanographic conditions, which promote HAB formation. Coastal regions, particularly in temperate and subtropical zones, are susceptible to these blooms, impacting seafood safety and ecosystem health. Detection of BTXs in seafood presents challenges due to their heat stability and lack of taste or odor, necessitating specialized testing methods like LC-MS and ELISA for accurate quantification.

Regulatory agencies set maximum allowable levels for BTXs in seafood to mitigate health risks, supported by monitoring programs and industry standards. Prevention strategies include early HAB detection, closure of affected harvesting areas, and rigorous seafood processing protocols to ensure consumer safety. Continued research and innovation in BTX detection and mitigation are essential for enhancing food safety measures globally.
Nitrosamines
Authors: Tural Servet , Tural Bilsen
Published: October 2024

Nitrosamines are chemical compounds that form from the reaction of nitrites with secondary amines and are found in processed meats, tobacco products, and certain industrial environments. These compounds are known carcinogens, linked to various cancers, including liver, lung, and stomach cancer. The formation of nitrosamines can be mitigated through controlled use of nitrites, optimized processing conditions, and the inclusion of inhibitors like ascorbic acid. Regulatory bodies such as the FDA and EFSA have established limits to manage their levels in food and pharmaceuticals. Consumer awareness and informed choices play a crucial role in reducing exposure to these harmful compounds.
Tetrodotoxin
Authors: Karakus Fuat
Published: October 2024

The world of food safety is a complex tapestry, woven together by various contaminants and hazards that can compromise consumer well-being. Among these, tetrodotoxin (TTX) stands out as a potent and potentially lethal neurotoxin found in certain marine creatures, notably the pufferfish. TTX presents a formidable challenge in food safety due to its minuscule lethal dose and paralyzing effects. This chapter explores TTX’s origins, toxicology, distribution, and mitigation measures. Contrary to popular belief, TTX is produced by marine bacteria, which can transfer their TTX-producing genes to marine hosts, such as pufferfish. TTX exerts its effects by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to rapid onset of symptoms including paralysis. The occurrence and distribution of TTX in marine organisms and the complexities of its ecological dynamics are examined, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and assessment of seafood safety. Furthermore, TTX’s heat stability and lack of taste or odor complicate its detection in food. Reliable detection methods, including LC-MS and ELISA, are essential for assessing and mitigating risks associated with TTX. The chapter underscores the importance of stringent regulations, public education, and international collaboration to ensure food safety and prevent TTX-related poisoning incidents.
Saxitoxin
Authors: Ozsoy Senanur , Bilinmis Izem , Basaran Ayse Nursen
Published: October 2024

The surface waters contaminated with cyanobacteria, which are utilized for drinking, irrigation, and recreational purposes, poses a potential hazard to population health, as well as domestic animals and wildlife. Due to the observed trends of rising temperatures and the increased levels of nutrient pollution in surface waters, the occurrence of marine biotoxins is a growing concern worldwide. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), described in marine invertebrates, humans, and bacteria are a large neurotoxic group consisting of saxitoxin (STX) and its about 57 derivatives. It is produced by eukaryotic dinoflagellates and prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Paralytic shellfish toxicity is mostly associated with seafood consumption. STXs effectively inhibit the distribution of nerve impulses, and the function of sodium channels located on the nerve cells. As a result, the activation of muscular activity is inhibited, leading to respiratory paralysis. Understanding of the conversion of PST into less toxic derivatives and its degradation both chemically and enzymatically is important for the detoxification of eutrophied water resources and consumed seafood. Since some PSTs have been identified as having pharmaceutical potential, studies on elucidating the STX biosynthesis genes in cyanobacteria will guide research in order to better understand the pharmaceutical potential of these alkaloids and to elucidate their structures.
Gene Therapy in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Aluclu Mehmet Ufuk
Published: October 2024

Gene therapy methods have gained importance in the fi eld of neurology in recent years and have begun to be used especially in the treatment of neurological disorders of genetic origin. Gene therapy aims to correct pathologies, neuroprotection, neurorestoration and correct

clinical fi ndings in neurological diseases. Gene transfer treatments, in which artifi cial transgenes are inserted into cells to correct the lack of expression of a damaged gene, are being tried to be provided through experimental studies for many neurological diseases.
Gene Therapy in Heart Diseases
Authors: Ozdabakoglu Osman , Akpolat Veysi
Published: October 2024

Heart diseases are one of the most important health problems of our time. New and effective methods are constantly sought for the treatment of these diseases, In this book chapter, we will examine the potential and current status of gene therapy in heart diseases. First, we will cover basic concepts for understanding the genetic basis of heart disease and how gene therapy works. Next, we will discuss the results of current research and clinical studies and future directions. Finally, we will evaluate the potential of gene therapy in the treatment of heart diseases and the challenges ahead.
The Small Intestine
Authors: Deniz Gulnihal , Ozturk Soylemez Derya
Published: October 2024

This section provides a comprehensive overview of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, focusing on their anatomical characteristics, vascularization, innervation, and clinical relevance.

The duodenum, the initial segment of the small intestine, is divided into four parts: superior, descending, inferior, and ascending. The inner surface of the duodenum features numerous folds and villi that increase its surface area for nutrient absorption. Its wall structure comprises several layers, including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The arterial supply to the duodenum includes branches from the Right gastric artery, Supraduodenal artery, Right gastro-omental artery, superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Venous drainage from the duodenum occurs through the splenic (lienal), Superior mesenteric, and Hepatic portal veins. Lymphatic drainage follows a similar path, with lymph nodes along the arteries. Neural innervation of the duodenum involves the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, facilitating the regulation of digestive processes. Clinically, conditions such as duodenal ulcers and obstructions are common issues affecting the duodenum, necessitating a thorough understanding of its anatomy for effective diagnosis and treatment.

Moving to the jejunum and ileum, this section highlights the differences between these two parts of the small intestine. The jejunum, which follows the duodenum, is characterized by a thicker wall, larger diameter, and more prominent circular folds than the ileum. The ileum, the final part of the small intestine, has a thinner wall, smaller diameter, and fewer circular folds. It also features Peyer’s patches, lymphoid tissues crucial for immune function.

The mesentery, a fold of the peritoneum, supports the jejunum and ileum, providing a conduit for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. A notable clinical condition associated with the ileum is the ileal diverticulum (Meckel’s diverticulum), a congenital anomaly that can lead to complications such as bleeding or inflammation.

The wall structure of the small intestine is similar to that of the duodenum, with adaptations that facilitate absorption. Circular folds, or plicae circulares, are prominent in the jejunum and gradually diminish towards the ileum, vital in increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. In clinical practice, understanding the anatomical and functional distinctions between the jejunum and ileum and their common pathologies is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management of gastrointestinal disorders.
Neck Muscle
Authors: Akin Saygin Duygu
Published: October 2024

The neck region contains very important anatomical structures. It is a very important region from a clinical point of view, and it is very important for doctors, dentists, nurses, health technicians and everyone who provides services in the field to know the neck anatomy. The neck is the body part between the head and the trunk. The neck region is clinically important. The location of the skin lesions should be very well defined and the direction of the fluid in the lymph vessels is very important in skin cancers. The upper border of the neck is formed by the line originated from the external occipital protuberentia and superior nuchal line of the occipital bone at the back, continuing with the mastoid process of the temporal bone on the sides and the basis mandibulae at the front. The lower border of the neck is formed by the league. nuchae posteriorly, the projection of the proc. spinosus of the C7 vertebra, the upper edge of the art. acromioclavicularis and clavicula laterally and the line continuing in front at the manubrium sterni. They are classified as supra-hyoid, sub-hyoid, and muscles located lateral and deep in the neck. In the neck region, 2 large and 6 small neck triangles are defined. Knowing its boundaries and internal structures is clinically very important.
Muscles Closing the Pelvic Outlet
Authors: Ozturk Soylemez Derya
Published: October 2024

The pelvis and abdominal cavity are analysed as two separate regions, although they are a continuation of each other. The bony skeleton formed by the coxae, sacrum and coccyx is characterised as the pelvis. This bony skeleton acts as a bridge between the trunk and lower extremities. The pelvic skeleton is bowl-shaped and contains part of the digestive system, the last parts of the urinary system and the internal reproductive organs. It has a structure that supports the intra-abdominal organs. It also plays an important role during pregnancy and labour. Since it forms the bone canal through which the foetus passes, its size in women is of extra importance. This skeletal system, which is mainly composed of bones and ligaments, is completed with fascia and muscles filling the upper and lower parts. The right and left levator ani muscle and the right and left coccygeus muscles cover the base of the pelvic skeleton and form the pelvic diaphragm. The part above the pelvic diaphragm is called the pelvic cavity and the part below is called the perineum. The perineum is a quadrangular area formed by the structures that close the pelvic outlet. This region differs in men and women. The perineum is analysed in two parts: the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle. The pelvis and perineum are as clinically important as the organs it contains as well as the muscles involved in its structure. The superficial/deep transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, compressor urethra and external urethral sphincter muscles close the urogenital triangle. In the anal triangle is the external anal sphincter. Many clinical pictures such as urinary stress ıncontinence, fracture of the pelvis, urethrocele, cystocele, uterine prolapse are examined in the clinical anatomy of this region.
Upper Extremity Muscles
Authors: Atesoglu Karabas Sibel
Published: October 2024

The upper extremity muscles are integral to the wide range of movements and functions performed by the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. These muscles are categorized into several groups based on their location and function. These include the shoulder (such as the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles), the upper arm (such as the biceps brachii and triceps brachii), the forearm (such as the flexors and extensors of the wrist and fingers), and the intrinsic hand muscles.

Studying upper extremity muscles is crucial for understanding how these muscles contribute to gross and fine motor skills. Research in this area often focuses on the anatomy and biomechanics of these muscles, their neural control, and their response to various conditions such as injury, disease, and rehabilitation.

This book takes a straightforward approach to understanding the upper extremity muscles, presenting them from anatomical, clinical, and healthcare perspectives. However, the key to understanding any subject is to separate it basically and transparently. The book’s content is designed to be accessible and beneficial to anatomists, neurophysiologists, and all healthcare professionals, particularly medical students.Dear readers this book aims to increase and ease your knowledge of anatomy. Briefly, you are the main target population of this book. I hope this book will help you reach high skill awareness and develop your perspective of the upper extremity muscles.
Thoracic Surgery and ERAS Protocol
Authors: Olmez Kavak Gonul
Published: October 2024

The ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocol is a set of multidisciplinary approaches designed to speed up the recovery process and reduce postoperative complications in surgical patients. The ERAS protocol includes various measures and interventions during the perioperative period. The key components of the ERAS protocol in the context of thoracic surgery include: Preoperative Preparation, Anesthesia and Analgesia, Surgical Techniques, Postoperative Care. Implementing ERAS in thoracic surgery aims to shorten hospital stays, accelerate recovery, and improve patient satisfaction and overall outcomes.
Anesthetic Management in Lung Cyst Hydatid
Authors: Turgut Mehmet Ali
Published: October 2024

Hydatid cyst infection of the lung is a chronic disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus, prevalent in rural and livestock-raising areas. The parasite, residing in dogs’ intestines, can infect humans through contaminated feces, leading to cysts in various organs, primarily the liver and lungs. Diagnosis involves imaging and serological tests, while treatment options include medical, percutaneous, and surgical methods. Anesthesia management is crucial during hydatid cyst surgery due to respiratory system challenges, including side-lying positioning, open pneumothorax, and one-lung ventilation. Preoperative evaluation involves a multidisciplinary team assessing the patient’s medical history, physical condition, and medication use, with a focus on cardiovascular and respiratory systems. During surgery, single lung ventilation techniques are used to prevent cyst content aspiration and reduce complications such as anaphylaxis and ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Postoperative complications include prolonged air leak, atelectasis, and empyema, with recurrence rates up to 3.3% and operative mortality not exceeding 2%. Anesthetic management tailored to each patient enhances recovery and minimizes complications.
Lung Abscess
Authors: Celik Metin , Atay Ahmet Engin
Published: October 2024

Lung abscess is usually observed in patients with chronic disorders including impaired consciousness or immunosuppresants conditions that lead to repetitive aspiration attacks. The common site of involvement is apical segment of lower lobes. Fever, prolonged cough and foul-smelling sputum are frequent symptoms. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and acquiring detailed medical history that should be accompanied by radiologic studies that usually show mass appearance, air-fluid level or cavitation. Antibiotic therapy and respiratory rehabilitation with postural drainage are the mainstay of the therapy. However, patients who are unresponsive to medical approach may require percutaneous drainage or even surgical resection of the affected lobe. Prognosis of lung abscess is strongly related to persistence of abscess for more than two months, comorbidities such as malignancy, advanced age and size of the abscess.
Screening Tests Performed in the Newborn Period in Our Country for Congenital Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases: Definition and Their Importance
Authors: Surucu Kara Ilknur , Orbak Zerrin
Published: October 2024

Genetic, metabolic and endocrinological diseases are the most important causes of malformations and deaths in the first months of life. The incidence of hereditary endocrinological and metabolic diseases is higher in our country and in countries like ours where consanguineous marriages are common. Early or presymptomatic detection of treatable rare diseases and early initiation of treatment significantly reduce morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life and prognosis. In many countries, metabolic and endocrinological diseases such as phenylketonuria, biotinidase enzyme deficiency, galactosemia, homocystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and congenital hypothyroidism are screened. In addition, sickle cell anaemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, severe combined immunodeficiencies, immunological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cystic fibrosis and congenital hearing loss are also screened. Newborn screening tests are not diagnostic. Additional tests are required to confirm or exclude a suspected diagnosis. Screening programmes are expanded according to the development of countries and the prevalence of diseases. In some countries, some incurable diseases are included in the extended newborn screening programme for early diagnosis and planning of subsequent pregnancies. Screening is performed by different methods such as calorimetric method, MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry) and genetic screening. In our country, phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, biotinidase deficiency, cystic fibrosis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and spinal muscular atrophy are screened in all newborns within the scope of the national newborn screening programme.
Neonatal Screenings for Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: Orman Burce , Cetinkaya Semra
Published: October 2024

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), a condition where the thyroid gland hormone synthesis is affected, potentially leading to preventable mental retardation. It outlines the screening process for CH in newborns, the historical background of screening programs, different testing methods, and the implications of test results. Additionally, it covers treatment strategies and considerations for managing CH. CH occurs at a frequency of 1:2000-1:4000 in newborns and can have permanent or temporary causes. Diagnosis typically occurs after three months, but early detection is crucial to prevent irreversible neurological effects. Screening programs aim to identify affected infants promptly, although challenges like false positives and negatives exist. Various testing methods, including primary TSH, primary T4, and combined T4 and TSH screening, are employed, each with its advantages and limitations. False-positive and false-negative results can occur due to factors like sampling time and test cut-off values. The text also discusses the CH screening program in a specific country, detailing the screening process and recall criteria. It emphasizes the importance of considering hypothyroidism in newborns with clinical symptoms, regardless of screening results, to prevent adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. In conclusion, early detection and treatment of CH are crucial for preventing long-term complications. Screening programs play a vital role in identifying affected infants, but clinical evaluation remains essential for cases with suspicious symptoms. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach, including accurate testing, appropriate treatment, and regular monitoring.
Evaluation of Diabetes and Biochemical Markers
Authors: Ecesoy Volkan , Arici Hasan
Published: October 2024

The evaluation of diabetes through biochemical markers involves a comprehensive approach to assess metabolic disturbances and monitor disease progression. Key biochemical markers include blood glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin sensitivity indices such as the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Blood glucose levels are fundamental for diagnosing and managing diabetes, with fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests providing insights into glycemic control. HbA1c, reflecting average blood glucose levels over the preceding 2-3 months, is pivotal in assessing long-term glycemic control and guiding therapeutic interventions. Additionally, markers of insulin resistance, such as elevated HOMA-IR, indicate impaired insulin sensitivity and are crucial for understanding the underlying metabolic dysregulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, lipid profile assessments, including triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, offer insights into associated cardiovascular risk factors prevalent in diabetic patients. Overall, the use of biochemical markers in diabetes evaluation enables clinicians to tailor treatment strategies, monitor disease progression, and mitigate complications, thereby enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.
Stem Cell, Experimental Animals and Cell Culture Studies in Diabetes
Authors: Koksoy Hale , Kocabas Rahim
Published: October 2024

Research involving stem cells, experimental animals, and cell culture studies in diabetes aims to explore potential therapeutic avenues and deepen our understanding of disease mechanisms. Stem cell research holds promise in regenerative medicine for diabetes, focusing on the differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing beta cells or enhancing their survival and function post-transplantation. Experimental animal models, such as rodents and non-human primates, are crucial for studying disease pathogenesis and testing novel therapies. These models help researchers investigate the impact of genetic, environmental, and therapeutic interventions on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and diabetic complications. Additionally, cell culture studies provide insights into cellular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction, and the effects of various pharmacological agents or genetic manipulations. Integrating findings from stem cell research, animal models, and cell culture studies facilitates the development of innovative treatments, personalized therapies, and preventive strategies for diabetes mellitus.
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Bone Quality
Authors: Unal Mustafa
Published: October 2024

Diabetes mellitus significantly affects bone quality through multifaceted mechanisms that contribute to increased fracture risk and impaired bone strength. Individuals with diabetes often experience alterations in bone metabolism characterized by reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption, leading to lower bone mineral density (BMD) and compromised bone microarchitecture. Chronic hyperglycemia promotes the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which accumulate in bone collagen and impair its mechanical properties. Moreover, insulin resistance and altered levels of circulating hormones such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and osteocalcin disrupt the balance between bone formation and resorption processes. Additionally, diabetic complications such as peripheral neuropathy and microvascular disease contribute to impaired bone healing and osteoporotic fractures. The management of bone health in diabetes requires a comprehensive approach that includes optimizing glycemic control, promoting physical activity, ensuring adequate vitamin D and calcium intake, and monitoring bone health through regular assessment of BMD and fracture risk. Addressing these multifactorial aspects of bone quality in diabetes is essential to mitigate fracture risk and improve overall skeletal health outcomes.
Sleep Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Karaagac Mustafa
Published: October 2024

Sleep disorders in individuals with diabetes mellitus are a significant concern due to their bidirectional relationship, impacting both diabetes management and overall health. Many diabetic patients experience disturbances such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), insomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and alterations in sleep architecture. OSA, often prevalent in diabetics, exacerbates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance through intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. Insomnia, another common issue, can worsen glycemic control and increase the risk of diabetic complications. RLS affects sleep quality and is associated with higher insulin resistance and prevalence in diabetic populations. Moreover, diabetes-related neuropathy can lead to painful sleep disturbances. Addressing these sleep disorders requires a multidisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, sleep specialists, and neurologists. Treatment may involve lifestyle modifications, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for OSA, medications for RLS and insomnia, and optimizing diabetes management to improve sleep quality and overall health outcomes.
Diabetes Mellitus and Cancer
Authors: Caglayan Melek , Eren Orhan Onder
Published: October 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been extensively studied for its association with various types of cancer. Research indicates that individuals with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing cancers such as liver, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, and bladder cancer compared to the general population. This increased risk is attributed to several factors unique to diabetes, including hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and alterations in growth factors like insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and adipokines. These biological mechanisms contribute to the promotion of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The management of diabetes, including the use of medications like metformin, has been hypothesized to potentially influence cancer risk through its anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite ongoing research into the complex relationship between diabetes and cancer, further investigation is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms and develop targeted preventive strategies. Integrating comprehensive care approaches that address both diabetes control and cancer risk management is crucial for improving outcomes in individuals affected by these chronic conditions.
Neurosarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Neurosarcoidosis, a rare and complex manifestation of sarcoidosis, presents unique challenges in both diagnosis and management. This condition involves the central nervous system (CNS), encompassing a spectrum of neurological manifestations ranging from cranial neuropathies and meningitis to more severe complications such as seizures, cognitive impairment, and spinal cord dysfunction.

This chapter delves into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic considerations, and treatment approaches specific to neurosarcoidosis.
Treatment of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Pulmonary sarcoidosis, a common manifestation of this complex disease, presents unique challenges in treatment due to its varied clinical presentations and potential for progressive lung damage. Management aims to control inflammation, preserve lung function, and improve symptoms, tailored to the severity and extent of pulmonary involvement.

This chapter delves into the therapeutic strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis, encompassing first-line therapies such as corticosteroids, second-line options including immunosuppressive agents, and emerging treatments like biologics and targeted therapies. By exploring these approaches, we aim to empower healthcare providers in delivering personalized care, optimizing respiratory outcomes, and enhancing quality of life for patients navigating pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Pulmonary sarcoidosis represents one of the most prevalent and clinically significant manifestations of this complex disease. This chapter delves into the intricate details of how sarcoidosis affects the lungs, exploring the spectrum of pulmonary manifestations from asymptomatic radiographic findings to progressive fibrosis and respiratory compromise. Central to this discussion are the patterns of granuloma formation within lung tissue, their impact on pulmonary function, and the diagnostic challenges they pose. By unraveling the nuances of pulmonary sarcoidosis—from its radiological appearance to histopathological correlates and clinical outcomes—we aim to provide a comprehensive overview that aids clinicians in optimizing patient management and improving prognostic outcomes.
Hepatic and Splenic Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Sarcoidosis, a multisystem inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, often manifests in the liver and spleen, posing unique challenges in clinical management. Hepatic sarcoidosis presents with a spectrum of manifestations, from asymptomatic hepatomegaly to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Splenic involvement, characterized by splenomegaly and occasional hypersplenism, underscores the systemic nature of the disease.

This chapter delves into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches specific to hepatic and splenic sarcoidosis. Understanding these complexities is crucial for tailored patient care and optimal outcomes in this intricate facet of sarcoidosis.