bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obesity, Diabetes, and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Gong Zhihong , Neuhouser Marian L. , Goodman Phyllis J. , Albanes Demetrius , Chi Chen , Hsing Ann W. , Lippman Scott M. , Platz Elizabeth A. , Pollak Michael N. , Thompson Ian M. , Kristal Alan R.
Published: October 2006

Studies on the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer incidence are inconsistent. In part, this inconsistency may be due to a differential effect of obesity on low-grade and high-grade cancer or confounding of the association of obesity with prostate cancer risk by diabetes. We investigated the associations of obesity and diabetes with low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer risk. Data were from 10,258 participants (1,936 prostate cancers) in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial who all had cancer presence or absence determined by prostate biopsy. Multiple logistic regression was used to model the risk of total prostate cancer, and polytomous logistic regression was used to model the risk of low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer. Compared with men with body mass index < 25, obese men (body mass index ≥30) had an 18% [odds ratio (OR), 0.82; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.69-0.98] decreased risk of low-grade prostate cancer (Gleason <7) and a 29% (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.01-1.67) increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer (Gleason ≥7) or, alternatively, a 78% (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.10-2.87) increased risk defining high-grade cancer as Gleason sum 8 to 10. Diabetes was associated with a 47% (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34-0.83) reduced risk of low-grade prostate cancer and a 28% (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55-0.94) reduced risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Associations of obesity or diabetes with cancer risk were not substantially changed by mutually statistical controlling for each other. Obesity increases the risk of high-grade but decreases the risk of low-grade prostate cancer, and this relationship is independent of the lower risk for prostate cancer among men with diabetes. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(10):1977–83)
Friends Like These: Counterinsurgency and the War on Terrorism
Authors: Byman Daniel L.
Published: October 2006

U.S. allies that are fighting al-Qaida-linked insurgencies often suffer illegitimate regimes, civil-military tension manifested by fears of a coup, economic backwardness, and discriminatory societies. These problems, coupled with allies' divergent interests, serve to weaken allied military and security forces tactically, operationally, and strategically. The ability of the United States to change its allies' behavior is limited, despite the tremendous difficulties these problems create, because relying on allied forces is a key component of U.S. strategy in the war on terrorism and the U.S. goal of handing off security to Iraqi military forces. To reduce the effects of allies' weaknesses, the United States should try to increase its intelligence on allied security forces and at times act more like a third party to a conflict. In addition, Washington must have realistic expectations of what training and other efforts can accomplish.
Kin biased investment in wild chimpanzees
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Lehmann Julia , Fickenscher Gisela
Published: October 2006

Kin selection theory predicts that recognition and preferences for kin can be highly beneficial. However, evidence of recognition of offspring by fathers in mammals has accumulated very slowly. Especially, in multi-male groups with a promiscuous mating system, like the chimpanzee, where offspring survival does not seem to depend on paternal care, paternal kin recognition has not yet been observed. In this study, we examined whether adult males of a wild chimpanzee community show recognition of their offspring (as determined genetically) and whether infants prefer to interact with kin rather than with unrelated peers. Our analysis utilises up to 14 years of observational data to investigate if adult males associate more frequently and behave less aggressively with females that carry their offspring. Furthermore, we use grooming and play behaviour to establish whether adult males and youngsters show preferences for kin versus non-kin. We found that, adult males did not associate preferentially with females with which they had offspring, but they were generally less aggressive towards any given female when she had a new born infant. Interestingly, however, fathers maintained these low rates of aggression long after the aggression rates of the non-sires had returned to their basal levels. Furthermore, fathers spent significantly more time playing with their own offspring. Thus, our data show for the first time that wild chimpanzee males can recognise their own offspring. Infants preferred to groom and tended to play more with their maternal siblings, but showed only a weak preference for playing with their paternal siblings when given the choice between similarly aged related and unrelated interaction partners. Despite the fact that paternal care does not play an obvious role in chimpanzee survival, kin recognition is observed in different aspects of the life of adult males and youngsters.
Male leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) can discriminate between two familiar females
Authors: Ferkin Michael H. , LaDage Lara D.
Published: October 2006

Much is known about the abilities of various taxa concerning discrimination of species, sex, familiarity-based discrimination and individual discrimination. However, literature pertaining to the precision of discrimination within lizard taxa assumes that discrimination between familiar and unfamiliar individuals can be extrapolated to include individual discrimination between two familiar individuals. The present study had two aims. First, we determined that male leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) can concurrently become familiar with two different females and discriminate those females from a novel female. Second, we investigated the ability of male leopard geckos to distinguish between two familiar females using a habituation-dishabituation paradigm. Males habituated to the presence of the first female, exhibited by decreased typical courtship behaviours directed towards that female. Male courtship behaviours, however, were reinstated upon introduction of the second familiar female. These results indicate that males possess the ability to discriminate between two familiar females and adjust their courtship efforts appropriately.
Brain Drain and Its Impact on Ethiopia's Higher Learning Institutions: Medical Establishments and the Military Academies Between 1970s and 2000
Authors: Getahun Solomon
Published: October 2006

Africa is beset with problems that range from natural calamities to civil wars and epidemics such as HIV-AIDS. Ironically, countries like Ethiopia, which badly need trained manpower, continued to lose highly skilled professionals, both military and civilian, to Western Europe and the United States. Ethiopia, for instance, loses more than a third of all its students who were sent for further education to Europe and the U.S. This is in addition to those who leave the country for various reasons but refuse to return home and those educated Ethiopians who became refugees in African countries. One of the consequences of the outflow of highly educated Ethiopians is that today there are more Ethiopian professionals, including MDs, working in the U.S. than in Ethiopia. However, not all Ethiopian professionals are successful in practicing their profession. Among these professionals, highly trained military officers constituted the largest group. They end up being taxi drivers and security guards; they represent the worst case of brain drain—brain hemorrhage. My paper will examine the causes and processes of migration of highly educated Ethiopians to the U.S. and its impact on higher education, both military and civilian, and health institutions in Ethiopia—a country with the least developed higher education establishments, even by African standards, and one of the worst HIV-AIDS affected areas in the world.
Biodiversity Management: A Current Trace of the African Diaspora
Authors: Moreno-Zapata Paula
Published: October 2006

This study investigates an aspect of the African Diaspora that to date, has received scant attention. Environmental affairs of African Colombians have been woefully understudied and largely undocumented in major international scholarship. This is surprising since Colombia has the second largest Africandescendant population in Latin America, and the AfricanColombian territory in the Pacific coast is one of the most biologically diverse regions on the entire planet. The potential economic advantages of this could be enormous for African Colombians and has affected their models of development. However, African Colombians are like other African Diasporas— they are presently disproportionately poor, uneducated, and powerless in their respective societies. A principal objective of this study is to discuss the political-economic and environmental aspects inherent to high biodiversity presence in the African Colombians' territories, identifying the advantages and obstacles standing in the way of realizing the real dimension of these natural endowments.
The Actor-Observer Bias in Beliefs of Interpersonal Insights
Authors: Park Jisun , Choi Incheol , Cho Gukhyun
Published: October 2006

The present research aimed to test the cultural generality of the asymmetry in perceptions of interpersonal knowledge (i.e., I-know-you-but-you-do-not-know-me phenomenon) and to explore the perceived behavioral variability of self versus other as a determinant of the asymmetry. In Study 1, the authors found that the asymmetry in beliefs of interpersonal insights was present among Koreans, suggesting a possible cultural universality of the phenomenon. Study 2 extended the finding of Study 1 and revealed that the asymmetry reflects a bias, not a reality. In Study 3, the authors examined a possible mechanism for the asymmetry and found that it stemmed, in part, from the difference in perceptions of situational variability of one’s own versus others’ behavior. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Risky Bodies at Leisure: Young Women Negotiating Space and Place
Authors: Green Eileen , Singleton Carrie
Published: October 2006

This article explores constructions of risk and safety in the leisure lives of young women. Drawing upon qualitative data from two action research projects based in the north-east of England, we analyse the risk narratives of two groups of young women, one white and one South Asian, in order to ground theoretical perspectives on risk. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, we address the ways in which risk emotions, risk calculations and management strategies are perceived as embodied, temporal and spatially located, arguing that risk is also deeply embedded in social and cultural discourses around female ‘respectability’. Young women share some common risk perceptions and experiences, in particular linked to male violence, many choosing to inhabit inside ‘safe’ spaces for leisure. What is also clear is that taking a risk can be a fun and desirable aspect of leisurely activity, ‘risky’ behaviour providing a way for young women to negotiate and contest dominant discourses around feminine, cultural identities.
Recovering Emotion from Emotion Management
Authors: Theodosius Catherine
Published: October 2006

This article develops Hochschild’s (1975, 1979, 1983) notion of emotion and emotion management/emotional labour through a critical analysis of her ‘new social theory of emotion’ as laid out in Appendix A of The Managed Heart (1983). The article suggests that Hochschild’s theory conceptually limits the interactive, relational nature of emotion (Burkitt, 1997, 2002) and prioritizes external social factors at the expense of unconscious ones. Drawing on empirical research (including 14 months of participant observation, audio diaries and semi-structured interviews) examining emotion and emotional labour among nurses, I develop Hochschild’s theory to include both its relational and unconscious aspects. This article attempts to begin the process of recovering emotion by identifying hidden unconscious emotion processes from its management.
The metamorphosis of caste among Trinidad Hindus
Authors: Jayaram N.
Published: October 2006

The discussion on caste among diasporic Hindus is often phrased in terms of a ‘retention’ versus ‘change’ hypothesis. Based on a review of literature and field observations in Trinidad, this paper argues that such an antithesis distorts our understanding of caste as a diasporic reality and clouds many of its fascinating nuances. The analysis of change that caste as an integral institution of Hinduism has undergone in Trinidad shows the heuristic significance of the concept of metamorphosis as an analytical device for the study of the dynamics of social institutions.
Trust and Citizen Involvement Decisions
Authors: Yang Kaifeng
Published: October 2006

This study assesses the relative importance of administrators’ trust in citizens, trust in participation institutions, and propensity to trust in explaining their willingness to involve more citizens in public decision making. The results show that administrators’ trust in participation institutions is a mediator between trust in citizens and administrators’ promotion of participation activities. Propensity to trust has a positive impact on administrators’ trust in citizens, but it does not directly contribute to trust in participation institutions or promotion of participation activities. The results imply that trust in institutional arrangements is at least as important as trust in citizens in explaining administrative behaviors.
Financial Participation and Productivity: Insights from Stochastic Frontier Estimation
Authors: Robinson Andrew , Wilson Nick
Published: October 2006

This article revisits the relationship between employees’ financial participation in the firm and productive efficiency. The most recent empirical work highlights a growing number of influences on the success (or otherwise) of financial participation - organizational and labour force characteristics as well as the operation of ‘bundles’ of participatory arrangements. Yet, to date the empirical literature has relied totally on the conventional production function specification to investigate these issues. This article is an attempt to move beyond this approach and consider the merits of an alternative specification of the production technology, the stochastic production frontier. For this study’s data at least, the findings confirm this potential, revealing an alternative interpretation of the effectiveness of financial participation and additional insights into their ability to improve the level and variability of technical inefficiency within firms.
Equating Scores From Adaptive to Linear Tests
Authors: van der Linden Wim J.
Published: October 2006

Two local methods for observed-score equating are applied to the problem of equating an adaptive test to a linear test. In an empirical study, the methods were evaluated against a method based on the test characteristic function (TCF) of the linear test and traditional equipercentile equating applied to the ability estimates on the adaptive test for a population of test takers. The two local methods were generally best. Surprisingly, the TCF method performed slightly worse than the equipercentile method. Both methods showed strong bias and uniformly large inaccuracy, but the TCF method suffered from extra error due to the lower asymptote of the test characteristic function. It is argued that the worse performances of the two methods are a consequence of the fact that they use a single equating transformation for an entire population of test takers and therefore have to compromise between the individual score distributions.
A similarity-based method for retrieving documents from the SCI/SSCI database
Authors: Chen Yen-Liang , Wei Jhong-Jhih , Wu Shin-Yi , Hu Ya-Han
Published: October 2006

As more and more documents become electronically available, finding documents in large databases that fit users' needs is becoming increasingly important. In the past, the document search problem was dealt with using the database query approach or the text-based search approach. In this paper, we investigate this problem, focusing on the SCI/SSCI databases from ISI. Specifically, we design our search methodology based on the four fields commonly seen in a scientific research document: abstract, title, keywords, and reference list. Of these four, only the abstract field can be viewed as a normal text, while the other three have their own characteristics to differentiate them from texts. Therefore, we first develop a method to compute the similarity value for each field. Our next problem is combining the four similarity values into a final value. One approach is to assign weights to each and compute the weighted sum. We have not adopted this simple weighting method, however, because it is difficult to determine appropriate weights. Instead, we use the back propagation neural network to combine them. Finally, extensive experiments have been carried out using real documents drawn from TKDE journal, and the results indicate that in all situations our method has a much higher accuracy than the traditional text-based search approach.
Nightmares, Demons, and Slaves
Authors: Tracy Sarah J. , Lutgen-Sandvik Pamela , Alberts Jess K.
Published: October 2006

Although considerable research has linked workplace bullying with psychosocial and physical costs, the stories and conceptualizations of mistreatment by those targeted are largely untold. This study uses metaphor analysis to articulate and explore the emotional pain of workplace bullying and, in doing so, helps to translate its devastation and encourage change. Based on qualitative data gathered from focus groups, narrative interviews, and target drawings, the analysis describes how bullying can feel like a battle, water torture, nightmare, or noxious substance. Abused workers frame bullies as narcissistic dictators, two-faced actors, and devil figures. Employees targeted with workplace bullying liken themselves to vulnerable children, slaves, prisoners, animals, and heartbroken lovers. These metaphors highlight and delimit possibilities for agency and action. Furthermore, they may serve as diagnostic cues, providing shorthand necessary for early intervention.
The Dogs that Sometimes Bark: Globalization and Works Council Bargaining in Germany
Authors: Raess Damian , Burgoon Brian
Published: October 2006

This article investigates how international economic openness affects works council bargaining. The focus is on how bargaining over working time, payment systems and non-standard employment in eight German factories is affected by not only various measures of ‘bite’ (exit via trade and FDI flows) but also measures of ‘bark’ (employer threats of foreign production relocation). The main conclusion is that greater foreign investment and trade tend to trigger deeper concessions in works council bargaining. The study also suggests how biting and barking interact. The research suggests that the less studied manifestations of globalization may constrain labour organization more than previous studies focused on flows have suggested.
Ever Reluctant Europeans
Authors: Findlay Allan , King Russell , Stam Alexandra , Ruiz-Gelices Enric
Published: October 2006

Students have been little studied as a mobile population, despite their increasing importance among human flows in the contemporary globalizing world. This article examines changing mobility patterns, attitudes and behaviours of UK higher education students who spend a part of their degree programme studying or working abroad. The research was stimulated by perceptions that UK students were turning away from international mobility, especially to Europe. Using a multi-method approach, based on further statistical analysis of existing data sources, notably the UK Socrates–Erasmus student dataset, and on a range of questionnaire and interview surveys to staff and students in selected UK higher education institutions, the article explores the changing patterns of student movement and the drivers and barriers to mobility for UK students. We find that UK students's decreasing mobility to Europe is more than compensated by rising flows to other world destinations, especially North America and Australia. Questionnaire and interview data reveal the prime significance of language and financial factors as barriers to European mobility. Evidence also points to the embeddedness of personal mobility in relation to social class and the ways in which the varied practices of a socially differentiated higher education system may reproduce relative social advantage and disadvantage through access to international mobility opportunities. The article concludes with further attempts to conceptualize student mobility and to draw out policy aspects.
Testing for Market Efficiency in Emerging Markets
Authors: Filis George
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study is to test the efficiency level of the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). It performs efficiency tests for the years 2000–2002. The results of these tests enable us to argue that over the two years of the study, ASE was not an efficient market as it suffered from volatility clustering. However, the FTSE/ASE 20 index showed evidence of weak form efficiency as it followed a random walk pattern.
Is Inefficiency of Banks in India a Cause for Concern? Evidence from the Post-Reforms Era
Authors: Chatterjee Goutam
Published: October 2006

Cost inefficiency of banks in many countries is quite high. Financial sector reforms in India are also aimed at improving efficiency, productivity and profitability of banks via increased competitiveness. An assessment based on a fairly general framework in the Indian context has found that cost inefficiency of domestic banks in the post-reforms period is not very high. Data also supports a declining trend in inefficiency over time. Slightly higher average inefficiency in public sector banks points to a need for granting more autonomy and instituting a proper incentive structure. Branch rationalisation may also lead to lowering their costs. However, as methodology for efficiency estimation is not fully settled, the need for testing robustness of the results through alternative formulations is stressed.
An Examination of Fatigue in Advanced Childhood Cancer
Authors: Mooney-Doyle Kim
Published: October 2006

Fatigue is a complex phenomenon without a widely accepted definition, and is one of the least explained phenomena of advanced disease. A great deal of work and research has been done to explore the experience, incidence, and management of fatigue in children with cancer. Fatigue remains, however, a source of suffering for children with advanced disease and their families. The knowledge we have gained from the study of fatigue in children receiving antineoplastic therapy can be applied to children during this phase of their illness. The goal of this article is to address the incidence of fatigue in the advanced stage of illness, review the literature regarding fatigue in pediatric oncology, and propose how such findings may be applicable to children in the later stages of their illness.
Modeling and Experimental Characterization of SMA Torsional Actuators
Authors: Prahlad Harsha , Chopra Inderjit
Published: October 2006

This article presents the material modeling and experimental characterization of SMA rod and tube actuators undergoing pure torsional deformations. The investigation of the torsional characteristics of SMAs is carried out in order to gain a fundamental understanding of the behavior of SMA torsional actuators. The proposed application is to alter the twist distribution of a tiltrotor blade from hover to forward flight modes, providing improved flight efficiency in both modes of flight. To describe the behavior of the actuator, a torsional model involving the extension of the one-dimensional (uniaxial) formulation of SMA phenomenology is presented. As an example, Brinson's model is chosen as the representative uniaxial model; however, the approach used here to extend the uniaxial model into the torsional domain is applicable to nearly any uniaxial SMA model. The parameters for the uniaxial model are derived from extensional testing of an SMA rod or tube, and are then used to predict the torsional characteristics of the same material. A major advantage of this method compared to prior art in torsional modeling is that the simplicity of deriving and implementing the parameters from uniaxial testing is carried over into the torsional domain. This simplicity derives from the fact that the measured properties (forces and displacements) in tensile loading are more readily suited to determining the model parameters than the measured properties in torsional loading which have been used by previous researchers (angles and torques which are, in fact, integrated quantities from strains and stresses). This article also presents a comprehensive experimental investigation and model correlation with both tension and torsional behavior of SMA rods and tubes. The model is compared with experimental data including torsional actuation tests against torsional springs. It is shown that the theoretical model demonstrates good agreement with the experimental data over a wide range of thermomechanical conditions. In addition, experimental phenomena associated with the torsional behavior of the SMA actuator such as the effects of heat treatment, twist rate, and loading pattern are examined.
Alternative sport programmes and social inclusion in Norway
Authors: Skille Eivind Åsrum , Waddington Ivan
Published: October 2006

This article examines the ‘alternative’ sport and physical activities provided by the Sports City Programme (SCP) in Norway, which are designed to attract more young people (especially inactive young people) to take part in physical activities. In particular, it examines whether these ‘alternative’ sports have been more successful than conventional sports in breaking down class and gender-based barriers to participation. The data indicate that the SCP has proved more attractive to working class young people than conventional sport and there is also some evidence that the SCP has had some success in breaking down gender barriers, especially among working class girls. However, one aspect of the SCP - the open sport hall - has generated a pattern of male dominance and female exclusion which is even more unequal than that which characterizes conventional sport. Within the open sport hall, young people are left largely to organize their own activities and it is argued that the relative absence of adult control in the open sport hall has facilitated the development of a distinctively masculine culture which is dominated by the older, stronger males and which marginalizes young females.
‘Not business as usual’: Sport Education pedagogy in practice
Authors: Kim Jinhee , Penney Dawn , Cho Mihye , Choi Heejin
Published: October 2006

This article focuses on a Sport Education project in Korea that has explored pedagogical issues during teachers’ initial and developing implementation of Sport Education. Drawing on data gathered between 2004 and 2005 in collaboration with teachers in a middle school in Korea, the article presents a detailed analysis of developments in one case study school. It provides qualitative insights into the teacher role of facilitator of learning in the context of introducing students to new roles and pedagogical relationships in Sport Education. The curriculum and pedagogical development is identified as underpinned by a strong commitment to professional learning and sustained partnership between researchers and teachers.
Negative Affect as a Mediator between Body Dissatisfaction and Extreme Weight Loss and Muscle Gain Behaviors
Authors: Heywood Susan , McCabe Marita P.
Published: October 2006

Negative affect has been found to mediate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimia. However, it is unknown if this relationship also applies to disordered eating, excessive exercise and strategies to increase muscle for men or women. The aim of this study was to investigate whether negative and positive affect mediate the relationship between body dissatisfaction, and these body change strategies. Respondents were 93 men and 97 women (age range: 18-25 years), who completed measures of body dissatisfaction, positive and negative affect and body change strategies to lose weight or increase muscles. Body dissatisfaction was associated with strategies to lose weight, dietary restraint and bulimia for both genders. Negative affect mediated the relationship between dissatisfaction with muscles and strategies to lose weight, dietary restraint and bulimia for women only. The results confirm previous findings related to the association between negative affect and disordered eating for women. They also demonstrate the need to further investigate the impact of negative affect on body change strategies, particularly among men, and those strategies related to increasing muscles.
A Psychosocial Resilience Model to Account for Medical Well-being in Relation to Sense of Coherence
Authors: Hart Kenneth E. , Wilson Tobi L. , Hittner James B.
Published: October 2006

We tested the suggestion that Sense of Coherence (SOC) may enhance medical well-being by virtue of a favorably balanced profile of psychosocial assets relative to liabilities. Results derived from a sample of 81 young adults who responded to a battery of inventories supported the Psychosocial Resilience Model. Our findings provide preliminary evidence to suggest that a favorable balance between psychosocial ‘protective’ and ‘risk’ factors may, in part, help explain why people with a strong SOC enjoy high levels of medical well-being.
Examining Exercise Dependence Symptomatology from a Self-determination Perspective
Authors: Edmunds Jemma , Ntoumanis Nikos , Duda Joan L.
Published: October 2006

Background Pulling from Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985), this study examined whether individuals classified as ‘nondependent-symptomatic’ and ‘nondependent-asymptomatic’ for exercise dependence differed in terms of reported levels of exercise-related psychological need satisfaction, self-determined versus controlling motivation and exercise behavior. In addition, we examined the type of motivational regulations predicting exercise behavior among these different groups, and their role as mediators between psychological need satisfaction and behavioral outcomes.

Methods Participants ( N = 339) completed measures of exercise-specific psychological need satisfaction, motivational regulations, exercise behavior and exercise dependence.

Results Nondependent-symptomatic individuals reported higher levels of competence need satisfaction and all forms of motivational regulation, compared to nondependent-asymptomatic individuals. Introjected regulation approached significance as a positive predictor of strenuous exercise behavior for symptomatic individuals. Identified regulation was a positive predictor of strenuous exercise, and completely mediated the relationship between competence need satisfaction and strenuous exercise behavior, for asymptomatic individuals.

Conclusions The findings reinforce the applicability of SDT to understanding the quantity and quality of engagement in exercise.
‘Why I Won’t Eat’
Authors: Dignon Andrée , Beardsmore Angela , Spain Sean , Kuan Ann
Published: October 2006

The following article describes the reasons given by 15 anorexic patients for their illness. The patients were asked the following question in an open-ended interview—‘What would you say were the causes of your illness?’ In reply detailed complex narratives were gathered from which a number of themes could be identified. These included unhappiness, control, being in a downward spiral, obsession and perfectionism. Most patients, for example explained that they were unhappy. To address their unhappiness, they adopted a strategy of control over food. Being able to exert this control gave patients a sense of enjoyment and pride and enabled them to address their underlying fear that a loss of control may be just around the corner. This pride persuaded patients to restrict further their food in the hope they would experience even greater enjoyment. Patients were thus caught in a dangerous ‘spiral’ of restriction, weight loss, euphoria and further food refusal. This spiralling behaviour resulted in many patients describing their illness as an obsession. Several patients equated this obsessional behaviour with a perfectionist trait in their personalities. In the following article, these themes of unhappiness, control, spiral, obsession and perfectionism, are presented, along with the patient testimony on which each theme was based.
Publishing Flow
Authors: Kompare Derek
Published: October 2006

Commercial television has functioned as a flow medium for more than fifty years, premised on the sale of time (and ostensible viewers) to advertisers. By contrast, the film industry has operated as a publisher, selling or renting its individual media products to theaters. During the home video era, while the film industry shifted its focus to the VCR, television remained reliant on advertising and has held only a marginal presence in the video software market. However, increasing corporate synergy and the swift rise of DVD technology have prompted the practice of publication as an alternative means of television distribution and reception. This article explores why television did not succeed on VHS but has been transformed by DVD. The DVD box set in particular, as introduced with Fox’s first set of The X-Files in 2000, has reconceived television series as collectible objects, fostering a new commodity relationship between television and its viewers.
Teaching Planning History as a Path to Social Justice
Authors: Thomas June Manning
Published: October 2006

It is important to consider ways to help planning students develop a concern for social justice before they enter professional life. In previous decades, particularly the 1960s and 1970s, the task of instilling a sense of social commitment among planning students was not so difficult. Students were very likely to come into the classroom with a heightened awareness of social justice concerns, in great part because of the civil rights movement and because of an “urban crisis” that may have actually called them into the profession. In the current situation, in which such background and sense of urgency cannot be assumed, it is important to consider ways in which to create classroom learning experiences that foster a sense of social consciousness. Only a limited number of tools exist that can help with this process, however, and each has advantages and disadvantages. Planning history is one of these tools, but it has value only if used carefully and with purposeful preparation on the part of the instructor.
Downplaying Leadership: Researching How Leaders Talk About Themselves
Authors: French Robert , Simpson Peter
Published: October 2006

This article identifies the notion of downplaying leadership. While some attempt is made to explore the meaning of this practice, our primary intention is to describe a method and framework for analysing the transcripts of leadership interviews. This method has been developed to help identify how leaders may sometimes use language in research interviews to play down the importance of their own leadership and of leadership in general.
The impact of work–family conflict on correctional staff
Authors: Lambert Eric G. , Hogan Nancy L. , Camp Scott D. , Ventura Lois A.
Published: October 2006

Work–family conflict (WFC) occurs when the work domain and family domain are incompatible with one another in some manner. A survey of staff at a private Midwestern prison measured four dimensions of WFC: time-based work on family conflict, strain-based work on family conflict, behavior-based WFC and family on work conflict. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression results indicate that strain-based conflict was the only form of WFC to have a significant effect on job stress. Both strain-based conflict and behavior-based conflict had a significant impact on job satisfaction. Finally, time-based conflict, behavior-based and family on work conflict all had significant effects on organizational commitment.
Sobering up
Authors: Hopkins Matt , Sparrow Paul
Published: October 2006

Since their inception in the mid-1980s, there has been a rapid increase in the number of arrest referral schemes implemented in custody suites across the United Kingdom. These schemes have generally been focused upon detainees with drug-related problems and their key aims have been to provide education and treatment for detainees immediately after arrest as this is viewed as the time when the subject will be most contemplative of and receptive to change. It is becoming recognized that the custody suite may also be an appropriate setting for tackling alcohol-related problems through both ‘arrest referral’ and ‘brief intervention’. The article outlines the principles that lie behind arrest referral and brief intervention and it presents a case study of a scheme that provided such treatment for detainees arrested for alcohol-related/specific incidents. Here the background to the initiative in question and the key data collected as part of an independent evaluation are presented. Consideration also is given throughout the article to problems encountered in implementing and evaluating the scheme and it is hoped that some of these will serve as lessons for future research.
Penal policy and political economy
Authors: Cavadino Michael , Dignan James
Published: October 2006

Globalization has not led, and is unlikely to lead, to a global homogenization of penal policy and practices. Drawing on a study of penal systems in 12 contemporary capitalist countries (the United States of America, England and Wales, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Sweden, Finland and Japan), this article demonstrates that the political economies of such countries can be broadly categorized as neo-liberal, conservative corporatist, social democratic or oriental corporatist. This categorization is strongly related to the punitiveness of the penal culture and the rates of imprisonment to be found in each country. The reasons for this association are discussed. One crucial factor may be the degree to which societies with different types of political economy are ‘inclusive’ rather than ‘exclusive’ towards deviant individuals.
Pf4-Cre transgenic mice allow the generation of lineage-restricted gene knockouts for studying megakaryocyte and platelet function in vivo
Authors: Tiedt Ralph , Schomber Tibor , Hao-Shen Hui , Skoda Radek C.
Published: October 2006

To generate transgenic mice that express Cre-recombinase exclusively in the megakaryocytic lineage, we modified a mouse bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone by homologous recombination and replaced the first exon of the platelet factor 4 (Pf4), also called CXCL4, with a codon-improved Cre cDNA. Several strains expressing the transgene were obtained and one strain, Q3, was studied in detail. Crossing Q3 mice with the ROSA26-lacZ reporter strain showed that Cre-recombinase activity was confined to megakaryocytes. These results were further verified by crossing the Q3 mice with a strain containing loxP-flanked integrin β1. Excision of this conditional allele in megakaryocytes was complete at the DNA level, and platelets were virtually devoid of the integrin β1 protein. The Pf4-Cre transgenic strain will be a valuable tool to study megakaryopoiesis, platelet formation, and platelet function.
GSK-3 mediates differentiation and activation of proinflammatory dendritic cells
Authors: Rodionova Elena , Conzelmann Michael , Maraskovsky Eugene , Hess Michael , Kirsch Michael , Giese Thomas , Ho Anthony D. , Zöller Margot , Dreger Peter , Luft Thomas
Published: October 2006

The key components of the intracellular molecular network required for the expression of a specific function of dendritic cells (DCs) are as yet undefined. Using an in vitro model of human monocyte-derived DC differentiation, this study investigates the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), a multifunctional enzyme critical for cellular differentiation, apoptosis, self-renewal, and motility, in this context. We demonstrate that GSK-3 (1) inhibits macrophage development during differentiation of DCs, (2) is constitutively active in immature DCs and suppresses spontaneous maturation, and (3) acquires a proinflammatory functional status mediating high levels of IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion, and partially inhibits IL-10 in the context of DC activation. In particular, GSK-3 enhances IL-12p35 mRNA expression and thus the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-12p70 by integrating the activities of other kinases priming GSK-3 targets and the inhibitory effects of Akt-1. GSK-3 may therefore act as a key integrator of activating and inhibitory pathways involved in proinflammatory DC differentiation and activation.
MCP-1 mediates TGF-β–induced angiogenesis by stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell migration
Authors: Ma Jing , Wang Qiang , Fei Teng , Han Jing-Dong Jackie , Chen Ye-Guang
Published: October 2006

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its signaling mediators play crucial roles in vascular formation. Our previous microarray analysis identified monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) as a TGF-β target gene in endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we report that MCP-1 mediates the angiogenic effect of TGF-β by recruiting vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and mesenchymal cells toward ECs. By using a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, we show that TGF-β promotes the formation of new blood vessels and this promotion is attenuated when MCP-1 activity is blocked by its neutralizing antibody. Wound healing and transwell assays established that MCP-1 functions as a chemoattractant to stimulate migration of VSMCs and mesenchymal 10T1/2 cells toward ECs. Furthermore, the conditioned media from TGF-β–treated ECs stimulate VSMC migration, and inhibition of MCP-1 activity attenuates TGF-β–induced VSMC migration toward ECs. Finally, we found that MCP-1 is a direct gene target of TGF-β via Smad3/4. Taken together, our findings suggest that MCP-1 mediates TGF-β–stimulated angiogenesis by enhancing migration of mural cells toward ECs and thus promoting the maturation of new blood vessels.
Donor-derived thymic-dependent T cells cause chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Sakoda Yukimi , Hashimoto Daigo , Asakura Shoji , Takeuchi Kengo , Harada Mine , Tanimoto Mitsune , Teshima Takanori
Published: October 2006

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the most common cause of poor long-term outcomes after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but the pathophysiology of chronic GVHD still remains poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the impaired thymic negative selection of the recipients will permit the emergence of pathogenic T cells that cause chronic GVHD. Lethally irradiated C3H/HeN (H-2k) recipients were reconstituted with T-cell–depleted bone marrow cells from major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class II–deficient (H2-Ab1−/−) B6 (H-2b) mice. These mice developed diseases that showed all of the clinical and histopathological features of human chronic GVHD. Thymectomy prevented chronic GVHD, thus confirming the causal association of the thymus. CD4+ T cells isolated from chronic GVHD mice were primarily donor reactive, and adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells generated in these mice caused chronic GVHD in C3H/HeN mice in the presence of B6-derived antigen-presenting cells. Our results demonstrate for the first time that T cells that escape from negative thymic selection could cause chronic GVHD after allogeneic BMT. These results also suggest that self-reactivity of donor T cells plays a role in this chronic GVHD, and improvement in the thymic function may have a potential to decrease chronic GVHD.
Age‐related changes in oral sensation
Authors: Calhoun Karen H. , Gibson Brian , Hartley Leila , Minton John , Hokanson James A.
Published: October 2006

Oral sensation (including two‐point discrimination, oral stereognosis, vibrotactile detection, somesthetic sensitivity, proprioception, and thermal sensitivity) was studied in 60 healthy adults in five age categories: 20 to 34, 35 to 49, 50 to 64, 65 to 79, and 80 years and above. Thermal and somesthetic sensitivity as well as proprioception did not change with age. Ability to differentiate tactile and vibratory sensation on the lip decreased after age 80 (P<.01), but vibration detection on the soft palate did not change. Stereognostic ability remained good up to age 80, and then declined for four of the nine shapes tested (P<.01). Two‐point discrimination deteriorated on the upper lip (P<.01), on the cheeks (P<.02), and on the lower lip (P<.06). Two‐point discrimination on the tongue and palate did not change. It was noted that oral sensation remained good with aging, showing only a slight decline in function after age 80.
Effect of a topical vasoconstrictor on computed tomography of paranasal sinus disease
Authors: Mancuso Anthony A. , Stringer Scott P. , Avino Anthony J.
Published: October 2006

Apparent ethmoid inflammation which resolved with alternation of the nasal cycle or following application of topical vasoconstrictors has been observed with magnetic resonance imaging. A similar phenomenon might occur to a lesser degree with computed tomography (CT), leading to overdiagnosis of limited sinus disease. The degree to which ostiomeatal complex disease is reversible by topical vasoconstrictors was investigated. Ten patients with histories of chronic or recurrent sinusitis underwent coronal CT studies of the paranasal sinuses before and after the application of a topical vasoconstrictor. Mucosal volume or thickness measurements were obtained from the turbinates, infundibulum, ethmoidal cells, and antrum. Vasoconstrictor application markedly reduced turbinate size and appeared to reduce mucosal thickening in the ethmoidal infundibulum. Minimal mucosal changes identified in the paranasal sinuses by computed tomography were not reversed by vasoconstrictors and therefore are likely to be pathologic.
Drug‐Induced, life‐threatening angioedema revisited
Authors: Thompson Tab , Frable Mary Ann Smith
Published: October 2006

Few drug reactions are more life threatening than the sudden development of edema involving the mucosal and submucosal layers of the upper aerodigestive tract. Drug‐induced angioedema is a recognized entity of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and despite reports in medical journals and drug insert warnings, captopril and enalapril continue to be widely prescribed. As these drugs are efficacious and usually well‐tolerated in the treatment of mild forms of hypertension, their popularity is rising.

From June 1, 1984 to August 1, 1991, 36 patients with angioedema secondary to ACE inhibitors presented at the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals. Thirty were successfully managed with medical therapy. Two were intubated, 1 had placement of a nasal trumpet, and 3 required tracheostomies.

Of extreme importance is the recognition that angioedema resulting from ACE inhibitors is probably not immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated and that antihistaminics and steroids may not alleviate the airway obstruction. The otolaryngologist must be prepared for the need of possible early surgical intervention.