bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Green Extraction of Caffeine and Catechins from Green Tea
Authors: SERDAR Gönül , DEMİR Ezgi , SÖKMEN Münevver
Published: October 2019

Separation
of caffeine and catechins from tea extracts usually requires conventional
liquid-liquid extraction employing chloroform. 
This work was planned to improve a green extraction technique to
distunguish these important chemicals from green tea. Extraction of caffeine and catechins from Turkish green tea firstly employing MAE, and then to
separate these compounds from each other using a SFE method were purpose of this study. Microwave assisted extraction was applied to
extract tea components from green tea then i)
conventional liquid-liquid extraction or ii)
supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) method was charged with the
effective separation of caffeine and catechins. Initially, an ethanol: water mixture was used in a close
microwave system under the particuler extraction situations of green tea
samples (fresh, frozen or dried) picked up in three collection periods (first, second and third collection periods). MAE of tea samples was
exerted under a controlled 600 W microwave power for 4 min irradiation time at
80 oC temperature. Then MAE crude aqueous extract was divided in
to two portions. The first portion was fractionated first with chloroform to
distunguish caffeine then ethyl acetate for catechins. Caffeine and
catechins were successfully separated. Second portion was freeze-dried and
obtained lyophilized solid was used for SFE. Caffeine (3.68% extract
yield)  was successfully separated from
catechins with SFE at 250 bar and 60°C for 180 min. Constituents of the
extracts were determined (caffeine and four catechins namely EGC, EC, C, EGCG)
by HPLC to evaluate the effectiveness of the separation.
Impact of climate change on the hydrology of Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia: a review
Authors: Gelete Gebre , Gokcekus Huseyin , Gichamo Tagesse
Published: October 2019

Climate change alters the spacial and temporal availability of water resources by affecting the hydrologic cycle. The main objective of this paper is to review the climate change effect on the water resources of the Blue Nile River, Ethiopia. The impact of climate change on water resources is highly significant as all natural ecosystems and humans are heavily dependent on water. It alters precipitation, temperature, and streamflow of the Blue Nile river basin which is threatening the lives and livelihoods of people and life-supporting systems. Rainfall within the Blue Nile river basin is highly erratic and seasonal due to it being located in the inter-tropical convergent zone. The temperature and sediment load are shown to increase in the future while the rainfall and streamflow are decreasing. The Blue Nile basin is characterized by highly erosive rainfall, erodible soil, and shrinking forest cover. Therefore, mitigation and adaptation measures should be applied by considering these characteristics of the basin. Watershed management methods like afforestation and water conservation are recommended to reduce the impact on the Blue Nile basin.
Probabilistic and fuzzy approaches for uncertainty consideration in water distribution networks – a review
Authors: Pandey Prerna , Dongre Shilpa , Gupta Rajesh
Published: October 2019

The performance of a water distribution system of providing a required flow rate at all the nodes with required pressure heads throughout its design life is affected by uncertainties associated with different parameters such as future water demands, pipe roughness coefficient values, required pressure heads at nodes, etc. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review on the nature of uncertainties (random or fuzzy), various models and methods used for their quantification, and different ways of handling them in the design of water distribution networks. While probabilistic based approaches are used for handling uncertainty of random type, the possibilistic based approach considers uncertainty of fuzzy nature. Some key issues and serious limitations of the existing approaches for modeling uncertain parameters related to water distribution networks are identified. The uncertainty in water demands is due to both their random nature and lack of information about their values. Therefore, a combination of both types of approaches, called the fuzzy random approach, is found to be more effective. The fuzzy random approach can provide optimal design solutions that are not only cost-effective but also has higher reliability to cope with severe future uncertainties.
Chemokines: A Potential Therapeutic Target to Suppress Autoimmune Arthritis
Authors: Khan Mahmood A. , Khurana Nikhil , Ahmed Rafat S. , Umar Sadiq , Md. G. Sarwar Abu H. , Alam Qamre , Kamal Mohammad A. , Ashraf Ghulam Md
Published: October 2019

Background::

Chemokines are a family of low molecular weight proteins that induce chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, which mainly depends on the recognition of a chemo-attractant gradient and interaction with the substratum. In Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), abundant chemokines are expressed in synovial tissue, cause inflammatory cells migration into the inflamed joint that necessitates the formation of new blood vessels i.e. angiogenesis. Over the decades, studies showed that continuous inflammation may lead to the loss of tissue architecture and function, causing severe disability and cartilage destruction. In spite of the advancement of modern drug therapy, thousands of arthritic patients suffer mortality and morbidity globally. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of RA.

Methods::

This review is carried out throughout a non-systematic search of the accessible literature, will provide an overview of the current information of chemokine in RA and also exploring the future perspective of the vital role of targeting chemokine in RA treatment.

Results::

Since, chemokines are associated with inflammatory cells/leucocyte migration at the site of inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases and hence, blockade or interference with chemokines activity showing a potential approach for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents. Currently, results obtained from both preclinical and clinical studies showed significant improvement in arthritis.

Conclusion::

This review summarizes the role of chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of RA and also indicates possible interactions of chemokines/receptors with various synthetic and natural compounds that may be used as a potential therapeutic target in the future for the treatment of RA.
Quality Characteristics and Acceptability of Chin-chin Prepared from Rice and High Quality Cassava Composite Flour
Authors: Adeyeye Samuel A.O. , Idowu-Adebayo Folake , Bolaji Olushola T. , Abegunde Titilope A. , Adebayo-Oyetoro Abiodun O. , Tiamiyu Hussaina K.
Published: October 2019

Objective:

This study was carried to assess the quality characteristics and acceptability of chin-chin prepared from rice and high-quality cassava composite flour.

Methods:

Chin-chin samples were made from the blends of rice flour (RF) and high quality cassava composite flour (HQCF) at varying proportions (100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; 0:100). The proximate composition, calorific and total energy values, physical quality, crust colour and the sensory properties of various chin-chin samples were analyzed.

Results:

The results showed that there was an inverse relationship between moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre and the ash of the chin-chin samples as the quantity of the high-quality cassava flour (HQCF) added increased. There was also a decrease in the values of proximate components of the chin-chin from RF. The % moisture, protein, crude fibre and ash ranged from 6.6 to 3.9, 7.9 to 4.6, 0.8 to 0.4 and 1.3 to 0.8 while % fat ranged from 18.4 to 24.7, respectively. The starch, sugar and calorific values of chin-chin samples ranged from 73.6 to 81.3%, 6.8-8.9 mg/100g, 431 to 496 cal/100 g respectively as the quantity of the high-quality cassava flour (HQCF) increased. As the quantity of the high-quality cassava flour increased in the chin-chin samples, the weight and volume ranged from 2.3 to 4.7 g and 1.8 to 0.8 cm3 respectively. The crust colour L*, a* and b* ranged from 68.01 to 78.81, 14.86 to 10.16 and 33.94 to 21.51 respectively. As the proportions of HQCF increased in the chin-chin, lightness of samples increased. The results of sensory evaluation showed that chin-chin samples from rice flour, HQCF and their composite flour had high sensory ratings and were acceptable to the consumers but chin-chin samples from 100% rice flour had highest overall consumer acceptability and were more preferred by the consumers when compared with chin-chin samples from rice and the high-quality cassava composite flour.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, it was observed that acceptable chin-chin could be prepared from rice and the high-quality cassava composite flour. Acceptable chin-chin samples could be produced optimally from rice-high quality cassava composite flour in a ratio of 60 to 40. However, it was also observed that chin-chin samples from 100% rice flour had the highest overall consumer acceptability and were more preferred by the consumers when compared with chin-chin samples from rice and the high-quality cassava composite flour.
What are the Characteristics of Patients Experiencing Adverse Drug Reactions to Oral Anticogulants and How Can Such Reactions be Prevented?
Authors: Spada G. , Vighi G.V. , Pagani S. , Vighi G.D. , Venegoni M. , Ruocco M.
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

Oral anticoagulants, including vitamin K inhibitors (VKAs) and direct anticoagulants
(DOACs) are important for preventing and treating thromboembolic diseases.
However, they are not recommended for use in all patients due to negative side effects and adverse
drug reactions (ADRs). Currently, there is a paucity of information about their use in real life.
Therefore, the aim of this pilot study is to report on the rate of serious ADRs in oral anticoagulant
users, determine patient characteristics associated with increased risk of ADRs, and identify
possible management strategies for reducing risk of ADRs within a hospital setting.

Methods:

Patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Department of the Vimercate Hospital were
recruited between November 1, 2015 and October 31, 2016. All patients reporting an ADR
associated with anticoagulant use were selected. Demographic, clinical, and observational data were
extracted from electronic hospital records, in particular, by the hospital discharge letters and other
clinical records. The main outcome of the study was to evaluate the incidence of anticoagulants
serious adverse drug reactions conditioning hospital admission, the percentage of preventable reactions,
and the determinants of those.

Results and Discussion:

Of the 2,064 admissions, 102 (4.9%) eligible patients were identified. Age
ranged from 60-95 years (mean = 81.9, standard deviation = 6,59) and 47.1% (n=48) were female.
Of the 102 cases, 68 used VKAs and 34 used DOACs. The most common admission diagnosis was
heart failure following anemia or hemorrhage (56 cases), followed by acute hemorrhage (with or
without anemia; 29 cases), and anemia not associated with evident hemorrhage (17cases). The majority
of VKA users (n=65, 95.6%) had a high risk of major bleeding. ADRs were found to be preventable
in 96% of VKA users and 68% of DOACs users.

Conclusion:

This study highlights the large percentage of ADRs from oral anticoagulants that can be
avoided with more careful patient management. Periodic check-up of cardiac and renal function, as
well as blood count, may be useful for reducing the risk of ADRs, especially in older DOACs users.
Further research is needed to get new data to improve the patients monitoring system.
Docking Techniques in Toxicology: An Overview
Authors: Gupta Meenakshi , Sharma Ruchika , Kumar Anoop
Published: October 2019

A variety of environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, pesticides, organic
chemicals, etc produce harmful effects in our living systems. In the literature, various reports have
indicated the detrimental effects of toxicants such as immunotoxicity, cardiotoxicity,
nephrotoxicity, etc. Experimental animals are generally used to investigate the safety profile of
environmental chemicals, but research on animals has some limitations. Thus, there is a need for
alternative approaches. Docking study is one of the alternate techniques which predict the binding
affinity of molecules in the active site of a particular receptor without using animals. These
techniques can also be used to check the interactions of environmental toxicants towards biological
targets. Varieties of user-friendly software are available in the market for molecular docking, but
very few toxicologists use these techniques in the field of toxicology. To increase the use of these
techniques in the field of toxicology, understanding of basic concepts of these techniques is
required among toxicological scientists. This article has summarized the fundamental concepts of
docking in the context of its role in toxicology. Furthermore, these promising techniques are also
discussed in this study.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of a Bis-steroid-methanocyclobutanaphthalene- dione Derivative against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Calcium Channel Activation
Authors: Lauro Figueroa-Valverde , Francisco Diaz-Cedillo , Marcela Rosas-Nexticapa , Virginia Mateu-Armand , Alejandra Garcimarero-Espino E. , Maria Lopez-Ramos , Lenin Hau-Heredia , Yaritza Borges-Ballote , Jhair Cabrera-Tuz
Published: October 2019

Background:

There is some experimental data on the effect exerted by some
steroid derivatives against ischemia/reperfusion injury; however, the molecular mechanism
is very confusing, perhaps this phenomenon could be due to the protocols used and/or differences
in the chemical structure of each one of the steroid derivatives.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to synthesize a new bis-steroid-methanocyclobutanaphthalene-
dione derivative using some tools chemical.

Methodology:

The biological activity exerted by the bis-steroid-methanocyclobutanaphthalene-
dione derivative against ischemia/reperfusion injury was evaluated in an isolated
heart model using noradrenaline, milrinone, dobutamine, levosimendan, and Bay-K-
8644 as controls. In addition, other alternative experiments were carried out to evaluate the
biological activity induced by the bis-steroid-methanocyclobuta-naphthalene-dione derivative
against left ventricular pressure in the absence or presence of nifedipine.

Results:

The results showed that 1) the bis-steroid-methanocyclobuta-naphthalene-dione
derivative significantly decreases the ischemia-reperfusion injury translated as a decrease
in the the infarct area in a similar manner to levosimendan drug; 2) both bis-steroidmethanocyclobuta-
naphthalene-dione and Bay-K-8644 increase the left ventricular pressure
and 3) the biological activity exerted by bis-steroid-methanocyclobuta-naphthalenedione
derivative against left ventricular pressure is inhibited by nifedipine.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the bis-steroid-methanocyclobuta-naphthalene-dione derivative
decreases the area of infarction and increases left ventricle pressure via calcium channels
activation; this phenomenon could constitute a new therapy for ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization of the Randu Kuning Porphyry Cu-Au and Intermediate Sulphidation Epithermal Au-Base Metals Deposits in Selogiri, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Sutarto Sutarto , Idrus Arifudin , Harijoko Agung , Setijadji Lucas Donny , Meyer Franz Michael , Sindern Sven , Putranto Sapto
Published: October 2019

The Randu Kuning Porphyry Cu-Au prospect area is situated in the Selogiri district, Wonogiri regency, Central Java, Indonesia, about 40 km to the South-East from Solo city, or approximately 70 km east of Yogyakarta city. The Randu Kuning area and its vicinity is a part of the East Java Southern Mountain Zone, mostly occupied by both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks, volcaniclastic, silisiclastic and carbonate rocks. Magmatism-volcanism products were indicated by the abundant of igneous and volcaniclastic rocks of Mandalika and Semilir Formation. The Alteration zones distribution are generally controlled by the NE–SW and NW–SE trending structures. At least eight types of hydrothermal alteration at the Randu Kuning area and its vicinity had been identified, i.e. magnetite + biotite ± K-feldspar ± chlorite (potassic), chlorite + sericite + magnetite ± actinolite, chlorite + magnetite ± actinolite ± carbonate (inner propylitic), chlorite + epidote ± carbonate (outer propylitic), sericite + quartz + pyrite (phyllic), illite + kaolinite ± smectite (intermediate argillic), illite + kaolinite ± pyrophyllite ± alunite (advanced argillic) and quatz + chlorite (sillisic) zones. The Randu Kuning mineralization at Selogiri is co existing with the porphyry Cu-Au and intermediate sulphidation epithermal Au-base metals. Mineralization in the porphyry environment is mostly associated with the present of quartz-sulphides veins including AB, C, carbonate-sulphides veins (D vein) as well as disseminated sulphides. While in the epithermal prospect, mineralization is particularly associated with pyrite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + carbonate ± galena veins as well as hydrothermal breccias. The Randu Kuning porphyry prospect has copper gold grade in range at about 0.66–5.7 gr/t Au and 0.04–1.24 % Cu, whereas in the intermediate sulphidation epithermal contain around 0.1–20.8 gr/t Au, 1.2–28.1 gr/t Ag, 0.05–0.9 % Zn, 0.14–0.59 % Pb and 0.01–0.65 % Cu.
DETERMINATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE IN WEST BANGKA BASED ON ROCK MASS RATING AND GEOLOGICAL STRENGTH INDEX
Authors: Irvani Irvani , Wilopo Wahyu , Karnawati Dwikorita
Published: October 2019

Indonesian government through the NationalAtomic Energy Agency has planned to build anuclear power plant. One of the proposed sitesis in West Bangka Regency, Bangka BelitungArchipelago Province. The engineering geologyof this area is, however, not fully understood andrequires further investigations. Engineering geology investigations were carried out by assessing therock mass quality and bearing capacity based onfield observation and drilling data. The assessmentwas conducted using Rock Mass Rating (RMR)and Geological Strength Index (GSI) classifications.The rock masses in the study area were dividedinto four units, namely units of sandstone, granite,mudstone and pebbly sandstone. The RMR andGSI values in the study area were influenced by theparameters of discontinuity space density, the slopeof discontinuity orientation, grade of weatheringand groundwater conditions. The assessment showsthat the granite unit had the best quality which wasshown by a 53 average RMR value and 66 GSIvalue. Based on the average RMR value, the graniteunit was estimated to have cohesion value between0.2 and 0.3 MPa, friction angle between 25° and35°, and allowable bearing pressure between 280and 135 T/m2. Based on the GSI value, the graniteunit was estimated to have uniaxial compressivestrength value between 1.0465 and 183.8 MPa, ten-sile strength between (-0.0122) and (-5.2625) MPa,rock mass strength values between 24.5244 and220.351 MPa, and modulus of deformation withina range of 1.73 - 86.68 GPa. The Granite Unit wasconsidered to be the most appropriate location forthe nuclear power plants.
Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Hazard by Nitrate in Samas Area, Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Souvannachith Thilavanh , Eka Putra Doni Prakasa , Hendrayana Heru
Published: October 2019

Groundwater resource is an essential for various purposes in Bantul district, Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia, especially on Poncosari village where the water supply are depending on shallow groundwater resources. On this village, most of the houses using dug wells to provide their water needs and applying inappropriate on-site sanitation system, however there are also difference land uses. This condition increase the hazard of groundwater contamination by fecal coli bacteria and nitrate. Therefore, this research aims in term of three main objectives: ﬁrstly, to know the level of nitrate concentration in groundwater, secondly, to assess groundwater vulnerability and thirdly, to assess the level of groundwater contaminant hazard. Hydrogeology observation was conducted and 47 water samples (44 groundwater samples and 3 surface water samples) were collected from different land use type and analyze for nitrate (NO 3) content. Methodology used to assess the groundwater vulnerability was Simple Vertical Vulnerability method and the groundwater contamination hazard built based on the combination of groundwater vulnerability and nitrate loading potential map. Results show that groundwater concentrations of nitrate range from 0.09–74.80 mg/L and the highest concentration found in the settlement area. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability reveals three areas of moderate, moderate high and high classes of vulnerability due to shallow groundwater and the sandy dominated overlying material in the study area. Combination of groundwater vulnerability and nitrate loading potential map indicated that groundwater contaminant hazard of nitrate range from low to high class. High class of hazard located in the settlement area, and low hazard of nitrate contamination found in the irrigated rice ﬁeld area
Landslide Risk Assessment for Designing Monitoring and EarlyWarning System
Authors: Anh Bui Tuan , Fathani Teuku Faisal , Wilopo Wahyu
Published: October 2019

Landslide is the most frequent natural disaster in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the mid-March 2018, a few cracks appeared in the north of the hill in the Pendoworejo Village, Kulon Progo District, Yogyakarta Special Province. The landslide movement of this area still threatens the residents and makes them evacuated due to their fear upon potential landslide disaster. In order to reduce the risk, landslide investigation and risk assessment were conducted. The stability analysis focused on the relationship of the displacement,the velocity and the fluctuation of groundwater level due to the rainfall intensity. Then, a monitoring and warning system was designed as a non-structural mitigation effort. Based on the preliminary investigation on April 2018, there was no evidence of mass movement on the west and south part of the hill. On the other hand, the north part area was estimated to have risk as indicated by the occurrence of many cracks. Based on the result of analysis, the fluctuation of the groundwater level rose or dropped substantially before and after heavy rainfall. In the rainy season, the velocity and the displacement increased slightly in the first three months and grew rapidly afterward. In fact, the landslide risk increased in every rainy season. Therefore, the risk could be more dangerous in the future.
Rock Mass Characterization for Assessment of Safe Cut Slope and Rock Bearing Capacity at Gondang Dam Site, Karanganyar, Indonesia
Authors: Sochan Sao , Indrawan I Gde Budi , Kuncoro Dwi Agus
Published: October 2019

This paper presents results of surface rock mass characterization for assessment of safe cut slopes and allowable bearing capacity of foundation rocks at the construction area of Gondang Dam. The rock mass characterization involved determination of intact rock engineering properties and rock mass quality based on the Geological Strength Index. The rock mass characterization results showed that the research area consisted of moderately to highly weathered and very weak to weak andesite breccia and andesite tuff breccia. The andesite breccia had very poor to fair rock mass quality, while the andesite tuff breccia had poor to fair rock mass quality. The research area was divided into three zones of safe cut slope and allowable bearing capacity. Landslides occurred at natural slopes having poor to very poor rock mass quality and inclinations greater than the determined safe cut slopes.The foundation rock of the embankment dam had fair rock massquality and 135–280 T/m2 allowable bearing capacity
Origin of the Late Paleozoic metamorphic rocks in East Johor, Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Surjono Sugeng Sapto , Leman Shafeea
Published: October 2019

Low grade metamorphic rocks including slate, phyllite, metasandstone with subordinate schist and quartzite are widely distributed in the East Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Regionally, this rock unit is extended northward up to northern Terengganu area. The protolith of this rocks unit were deposited in shallow marine depositional environment that subsequently metamorphosed during Carboniferous time. The very thick argillaceous and arenaceous rocks more than 5000 metres were produced by fast rate accommodation spaces due to global sea level rise during Early to Late Carboniferous against with high fine-grained sediment supply. Tectonic setting, basin formation and sedimentation processes were controlled by rifting of Indochina-East Malaya continental block from Gondwanaland during Devonian to Late Carboniferous. This rifting formed basins within a passive margin tectonic setting along the western margin of Indochina-East Malaya continental block.Keywords: Metamorphic rocks, shallow marine, Carboniferous, passive margin
Geology and characteristics of Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag skarn deposit at Ruwai, Lamandau Regency, Central Kalimantan
Authors: Idrus Arifudin , Setijadji Lucas Donny , Tamba Fenny , Anggara Ferian
Published: October 2019

This study is dealing with geology and characteristics of mineralogy, geochemistry and physicochemical conditions of hydrothermal fluid responsible for the formation of skarn Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag deposit at Ruwai, Lamandau Regency, Central Kalimantan. The formation of Ruwai skarn is genetically associated with calcareous rocks consisting of limestone and siltstone (derived from marl?) and controlled by NNE-SSW-trending strike slip faults and localized along N 70° E-trending thrust fault, which also acts as contact zone between sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the area. Ruwai skarn is mineralogically characterized by prograde alteration (garnet and clino-pyroxene) and retrograde alteration (epidote, chlorite, calcite and sericite). Ore mineralization is characterized by sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and Ag-sulphides (particularly acanthite and argentite), which formed at early retrograde stage. Geochemically, SiO2 is enriched and CaO is depleted in limestone, consistent with silicic alteration (quartz and calc-silicate) and decarbonatization of the wallrock. The measured reserves of the deposit are 2,297,185 tonnes at average grades of 14.98 % Zn, 6.44 % Pb, 2.49 % Cu and 370.87 g/t Ag. Ruwai skarn orebody originated at moderate temperature of 250-266 °C and low salinity of 0.3-0.5 wt.% NaCl eq. The late retrograde stage formed at low temperature of 190-220 °C and low salinity of ~0.35 wt.% NaCl eq., which was influenced by meteoric water incursion at the late stage of the Ruwai Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag skarn formation.

Keywords: Geology, skarn, mineralogy, geochemistry, Ruwai, Central Kalimantan
SITE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF H/V SPECTRUM BY MICROTREMOR SINGLE STATION OBSERVATIONS AT PALU CITY, INDONESIA
Authors: Thein Pyi Soe , Pramumijoyo Subagyo , Brotopuspito Kirbani Sri , Wilopo Wahyu , Kiyono Junji , Setianto Agung
Published: October 2019

In this study, we estimated predominant period of an H/V spectrum in Palu City, Indonesia, by using microtremor single station observations. Sulawesi Island, eastern Indonesia, is located at the junction between the converging Pacific-Philippine, Indo- Australian Plates and the Eurasian Plate. One of the major structures in Central Sulawesi is the Palu- Koro Fault system, which extends NNW-SSE direction and cross-cuts Sulawesi along more than 300 km from the North Sulawesi trench passing southward through Palu Bay then turn to the southeast, connecting to the Matano and Lawanopo Faults and further eastward both faults join to Tolo trench. Several earthquakes have been known along Palu-Koro Fault system such as Gimpu earthquake (1905), Kulawi earthquake (1907), Kantewu earthquake (1934), and offshore Donggala earthquake (1968) which caused tsunami that destroyed 800 houses and killed 200 people at Donggala district. Palu City, located at the northern tip of Palu depression, is a capital of the Central Sulawesi Province. It is located in the active seismic zone of the Palu-Koro fault. Spectral ratios for horizontal and vertical motion (H/V) from single-station microtremor records were used to identify the predominant periods of the ground vi- brations. Understanding the parameters of predominant period[s] and seismichazard is important for mitigation and environmental planning of the Palu region. Keywords: H/V spectrum, predominant period[s], microtremor single station observation
HOST ROCKS’ GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALIZATION POTENTIAL OF POLYMETALLIC EPITHERMAL QUARTZ VEINS AT SORIPESA PROSPECT AREA, SUMBAWA ISLAND, INDONESIA
Authors: Khant Win , Warmada I Wayan , Idrus Arifudin , Setijadji Lucas Donny , Watanabe Koichiro
Published: October 2019

The Soripesa prospect area is located at Maria village, Wawo district, Bima region in the eastern part of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. This area is a part of Cenozoic Calc-alkaline volcanic inner Banda- Sunda Arc. There are five main polymetallic epithermal quartz veins in the Soripesa prospect area, namely, Rini vein, Jambu air vein, Dollah vein,Merpati vein, and Arif vein. The dominant lithology is a lithic-crystal tuff of andesitic and dacitic composition and bedded limestone. Major oxides and trace elements were analyzed by using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to identify the host rock geochemistry. The main veins are hosted by andesitic and andesitic/ basaltic volcanic host rocks. Major elements compositions are affected by alteration. Based on the trace element data, host rocks of all veins were formed in the volcanic arc basalt (VAB) and island arc basalt (IAB) tectonic settings. Host rocks of Rini vein contain higher amount of precious and base metal elements (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ag.etc.) than those of other host rocks. Keywords: Soripesa prospect area, lithology, tectonic setting, mineralization.
ASSESSMENT OF OPTIMUM YIELD OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL IN THE YOGYAKARTA CITY, INDONESIA
Authors: Eka Putra Doni Prakasa , Iqbal Muhammad , Hendrayana Heru , Putranto Thomas Triadi
Published: October 2019

The high demand of clean water supply and groundwater usages in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia has caused the lowering of groundwater table of about 3 m in average since 1984. This condition is caused by the increase number of groundwater pumping in this city relate to the rising of the urban population, economics condition, education and cultural activities, change of land use and increase number of hotels on this famous tourism city in Indonesia. Therefore, it became necessary to assess the optimum yield from the groundwater system beneath this city which can still preserve the recent level of shallow groundwater. This is important because most of the people in this city depends their daily water supply from shallow dug well. In order to assess the safe yield, a groundwater modeling is conducted. The data used on this modeling was taken from previous research and also primary data collected during this research such as; aquifer geometry, aquifer characteristics, shallow groundwater level, water usage/pumping wells discharge, river discharge and surface water level, and climate data. Prediction of the impact of groundwater pumping was made by increasing the water usage/pumping wells discharge on several scenarios. The result of this modeling shows that the optimum yield of the aquifer beneath Yogyakarta City area is about 125,000 m3/day. Keywords: Optimum yield, groundwater usage, groundwater table, pumping, urban population, shallow dug well.
DETERMINATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE IN WEST BANGKA BASED ON ROCK MASS RATING AND GEOLOGICAL STRENGTH INDEX
Authors: Irvani Irvani , Wilopo Wahyu , Karnawati Dwikorita
Published: October 2019

Indonesian government through the National Atomic Energy Agency has planned to build a nuclear power plant. One of the proposed sites is in West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province. The engineering geology of this area is, however, not fully understood and requires further investigations. Engineering geology investigations were carried out by assessing the rock mass quality and bearing capacity based on field observation and drilling data. The assessment was conducted using Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) classification. The rock mass in the study area was divided into four units, namely Units of Sandstone, Granite, Mudstone and Pebbly Sandstone. The RMR and GSI values in the study area are influenced by the parameters of discontinuity space density, the slope of discontinuity orientation, grade of weathering and groundwater conditions. The assessment shows that the Granite Unit has the best quality which is shown by the average RMR value of 53 and GSI value of 66. Based on the average RMR value, the Granite Unit is estimated to have cohesion value between 0.2 and 0.3 MPa, friction angle between 25° and 35°, and allowable bearing pressure between 280 and 135 T/m2. Based on the GSI value, the Granite Unit is estimated to have uniaxial compressive strength value between 1.0465 and 183.8 MPa, tensile strength between (-0.0122) and (-5.2625) MPa, rock mass strength values between 24.5244 and 220.351 MPa, and modulus of deformation within a range of 1.73–86.68 GPa. The Granite Unit is considered to be the most appropriate location for the nuclear power plants. Keywords: Nuclear power plant foundation, geological strength index, rock mass rating, rock mass quality
HIGH SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL MINERALIZATION AND ORE MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES OF CIJULANG PROSPECT, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Authors: Tun Myo Min , Warmada I Wayan , Idrus Arifudin , Harijoko Agung , Verdiansyah Okki , Watanabe Koichiro
Published: October 2019

Cijulang is a high-sulfidation epithermal system hosted in the calc-alkaline rocks of andesite lava and lapilli tuff. Mineralization in the prospect is characterized by pyrite-enargite-gold and associated acid sulfate alteration. Studies on ore and gangue mineral assemblages and their mutual textural relationships were carried out in order to explore the paragenetic sequence of mineralization. Hypogene mineralization primarily occurs in the silicic core and the advanced argillic zone in the form of massive replacement, fracture-filling veinlets, vug-filling, patches and dissemination. Mineralization is apparently controlled by both lithology and structures. Common ore minerals include pyrite, enargite, luzonite, tennantite, chalcopyrite, covellite, galena, emplectite and Te-bearing minerals. The paragenetic study indicates that the epithermal prospect evolved from an early stage of intense acid leaching resulting in the formation of vuggy silica and advantage argillic mineral assemblage which was followed by the sulfides deposition. Two metal stages were identified during ore deposition: an early Fe-As-S stage and the later Cu-Fe-As-S stage. The former stage is char- acterized high-sulfidation state sulfides such as enargite/ luzonite+covellite whereas a later stage of Cu- Fe-As–S is represented by intermediate sulfidation state sulfides assemblage of tennantite+chalcopyrite. Gold is probably introduced in the early stage within the ore system and more abundant in the late stage. Keywords: Cijulang, high-sulfidation, acid sulfate, mineralization, enargite, paragenetic, metal stages
METAMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF GARNET–BIOTITE–MUSCOVITE SCHIST FROM BARRU COMPLEX IN SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Authors: Setiawan Nugroho Imam , Osanai Yasuhito , Nakano Nobuhiko , Adachi Tatsuro
Published: October 2019

This paper explains the first report in metamorphic evolution of pelitic schist from Barru Complex in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Garnet-biotitemuscovite schist was examined petrologically to assess the metamorphic evolution history, which has implications on tectonic condition of this region. The rock mainly composed of garnet, biotite, muscovite, epidote, quartz, rutile, hematite, and plagioclase. Inclusions in the garnet preserve records of prograde stage of this rock, which are epidote, titanite, quartz, and apatite. Garnet, biotite, muscovite, quartz, rutile, and plagioclase are concluded as equilibrium assemblages at peak P-T condition of this rock, which estimated at 501–562 ºC and 0.89–0.97 GPa. The result is still on the ranges of the estimated geothermal gradient P-T path of eclogite from Bantimala Complex. Similar geothermal gradients of metamorphisms might be indicated that these metamorphic rocks were metamorphosed on the similar tectonic environments. Keywords: Pelitic schist, Barru Complex, South Sulawesi, metamorphic evolution.
MODIFIED NATURAL ZEOLITE AND BENTONITE AS ADSORBENTS OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM POLLUTED GROUNDWATER IN YOGYAKARTA URBAN ARE, INDONESIA
Authors: Pich Bunchoeun , Warmada I Wayan , Hendrayana Heru , Yoneda Tetsuro
Published: October 2019

Groundwater quality in Yogyakarta city has become the major concern due to the presence of heavy metals originated from batik home industries, slaughterhouses, and leather factories, especially in shallow groundwater. In response to the above problems, the naturally abundant zeolite and bentonite in Sidomulyo and Bandung areas were respectively sampled along with the metal-containing groundwater in Yogyakarta urban area for batch adsorption experiment. Before put into experiment, the zeolite and bentonite were characteristically investigated by means of XRD, SEM, chemical composition, and physical property analyses. Also, they were thermally activated to improve their qualities in terms of increase in CEC, whereas the groundwater was analyzed for heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn) and its physical property. Five logarithmic amounts of this modified zeolite or bentonite were separately and incrementally introduced into the same three solutions of heavy metals. After the experiment, all the solutions were re-analyzed for the rest of heavy metals to figure out the optimum adsorption capacity of zeolite and bentonite. The outcomes of this experiment will be beneficial in enhancing the groundwater quality for consumptions in Yogyakarta city as well as other places in Indonesia, and will also imply the zeolite and bentonite in commercialization.

Keywords: zeolite, bentonite, groundwater, heavy metal, adsorption
MERCURY AND ARSENIC CONTAMINATION FROM SMALL SCALE GOLD MINING ACTIVITIES AT SELOGIRI AREA, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
Authors: Harijoko Agung , Htun Tin May , Saputra Rodhie , Warmada I Wayan , Setijadji Lucas Donny , Imai Akira , Watanabe Koichiro
Published: October 2019

Small scale gold mines discussed here are located at Selogiri area, Central Java, Indonesia which was mined by local community mainly during gold rush in 1990s. This Selogiri gold deposit genetically is characterized by porphyry mineralization overprinted by epithermal system. The ore minerals assemblage consists of pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, chalcocite and rare arsenopyrite.

Chemical analysis of soil and stream sediment sampled over 1.5 km across at the Selogiri gold extraction site indicates that the site has been contaminated with mercury due to mining activities. The mercury concentrations in soil and stream sediments collected during dry season range from 0.01 to 481 ppm and 0.01 to 139 ppm, respectively, higher than background value of 0.05 ppm. In contrast, mercury concentration in stream sediments collected during rainy season from the same location as dry season sampling ranges from 0.01 to 13.42 ppm, and one sample has anomalous value of 331 ppm. This result show that rain water may disperse and decrease mercury concentration in stream sediments.

In case of arsenic, although the ore contains rare arsenic minerals, arsenic concentration in bulk rock and ore is high ranging from 8 to 59 ppm, while the arsenic concentration in tailing is much higher ranging from 5.8 to 385 ppm. Chemical analyses on pyrite reveal that the pyrite grains contain arsenic and might be the source of arsenic in Selogiri mine site. However, analysis of dug-well water demonstrates that the mercury and arsenic content is still lower than the maximum allowable concentration.

Keywords: Mercury, arsenic, contamination, Selogiri, gold mine
CHATODOLUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS TO INTERPRET THE REDOX CONDITION DURING THE FORMATION OF CARBONATE VEIN
Authors: Warmada I Wayan , Hartati Retno
Published: October 2019

Cathodoluminescence (CL) is generated by an electron gun coupled to an optical microscope. There are two types of chatodoluminescence, i.e., cold CL and hot CL. In the cold cathode microscopic equipment, the electrons are generated by an electric discharge between two electrodes under a low gas pressure, whereas in the hot CL microscope, the electrons are generated by heating a filament (2000–3000°C). In this paper we utilize cold CL combine with electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). The CL microscopy of carbonate shows at least three carbonate generations, i.e., rhodochrosite with dull or no luminescence, Mg-rich calcite with dark red luminescence, manganese-bearing calcite with up to 0.04 wt.% Mn with bright orange luminescence, and pure calcite and Mn-rich calcite (> 0.15 wt.% Mn) with dull or no luminescence. The result also suggests that the luminescence pattern of calcite is controlled by the amount of Mn2+. Sectoral zoning and chevron-shape growth zoning exist in some coarse-grained calcite aggregates. The sectorial zoning of calcite as reflected by dull to bright CL color indicated that slightly to more reducing environment during calcite deposition.

Keywords: Chatodoluminescence, rhodochrosite, calcite, sectorial zoning
Evaluation of strong ground motion for Yogyakarta depression area, Indonesia
Authors: Thant Myo , Pramumijoyo Subagyo , Hendrayana Heru , Kawase Hiroshi , Adi Agus Darmawan
Published: October 2019

The probabilistic seismic hazard maps are developed for Yogyakarta depression area. The earthquake catalog of ANSS (1970-2007) is taken into account with the complement of NEIC (USGS, 1973-2007) and the records of BMG (2000-2004). On the basis of seismicity of the area, tectonics and geological information, the seismic source zones are characterized for this area. The seismicity parameters of each seismic source are determined by applying the classical Gutenberg-Richter recurrence model, regarding the historical records. The attenuation relation for Yogyakarta depression area cannot be evaluated since the sufficient strong ground motion records are not available for this region. Therefore the attenuation relations which were developed for other territories as Europe and Japan are used for the present hazard calculation by validating, using the aftershocks records, modeling the peak ground acceleration maps for the recent event, 27 May, 2006, Yogyakarta earthquake inserting the damage area distribution pattern. The probabilistic seismic hazard maps are finally developed by using the McGuire (1976) EQRISK computer program by modifying for the present purpose. The seismic hazard maps expressed in term of peak ground acceleration are developed for the recurrence intervals of 10, 50, 100, 200 and 500 years
THE USE OF FORAMINIFERA FOSSILS FOR RECONSTRUCTING THE YOGYAKARTA GRABEN, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA
Authors: Barianto Didit Hadi , Kuncoro Pentatok , Watanabe Koichiro
Published: October 2019

The Yogyakarta region is located in the southeastern part of Central Java, Indonesia. The region forms an elongated northeast – southwest-trending central depression bordered by two parallel faults in the west and east. These major faults divided the area into three parts, including the western, central and eastern parts. Herein, we investigate the relative uplift rate of the each part by using planktonic and benthonic foraminiferas. The foraminifera will show the initial position/datum of each part before uplift. Over sixty samples (primarily limestones and marls) were taken for this research. The uplift rates of each part were different and created a depressed block control by way of parallel faults. Based on foraminifera fossil observations, each block was in the same depositional environment (inner neritic) during N9. The present positions indicate that the western part was uplifted higher than the others, with this part being uplifted more than 590 meters. The central part was uplifted less than 120 meters, and the eastern part was uplifted above an altitude of 170-300 meters.

Keywords: Foraminifera fossil, planktonic, benthonic, graben, uplift
The Effect of Extraction Method on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Salam Leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhidrazil)
Authors: Luliana Sri , Riza Hafrizal , Indriyani Eneng Neni
Published: October 2019

Extraction is an important step in separating bioactive compounds from the plant. The selection of extraction technique is also important in the standardization of herbal products, for if not observed it can remove the desired soluble constituents. One of Indonesia’s endemic plants which have been proven to have an antioxidant activity is Salam leaves (Syzygium polyanthum). This study aims to determine the effect of extraction method on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of S. polyanthum leaves by counteracting free radicals mechanism using DPPH. The S. polyanthum leaves were extracted by maceration, soxletation, and infusa methods, and tested for the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity. The results showed that the total phenolic content of each method extration is different. The total of the phenolic content extraction by maceration, soxhlet, and infusa method respectively were 338.62±21.3; 227.72±21.6; and 144.48±8.2 mgGAE/g. The best antioxidant activity was maceration method with IC50 17.53±0.11 µg/mL followed by soxhlet and infusa which were 18.73±0.31 and 40.26±0.18 µg/mL. The research conclusion is that the extraction method has an effect on the total phenol and antioxidant activity of S. polyanthum leaves.
Prediction of Geraniol Bond Mode in Aspergillus niger Linalool Dehydratase – Isomerase
Authors: Anwar Yelfi , Putra Andrianopsyah Mas Jaya , Iftitah Elvina Dhiaul , Simanjuntak Partomuan , Kumala Shirly
Published: October 2019

Geraniol is a very valuable aroma chemical and has commonly been used in fragrances and aroma compound. Geraniol biotransformation by Aspergillus niger has been studied. The main bioconversion products obtained from geraniol and liquid culture of A. niger are linalool and alpha-terpineol. Linalool plays a major role in anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This study aims to know the interaction of geraniol in Aspergillus niger enzyme with docking molecular. Comparative modeling of Aspergillus niger enzyme was conducted by means of one of the crystal structure of Linalool Dehydratase – Idomerase (LDI) as a template. The best model of this comparative modeling was then used in docking molecular to investigate geraniol binding mode inactive site enzyme of Aspergillus niger. Inactive site enzyme of Aspergillus niger, geraniol is located with hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds: Amino acid – the amino acids are Asn 105, Arg 96, Lys 112 inactive site - OH with hydrogen bond, Arg 97 inactive site – CH3 with hydrophobic bond and Leu54 inactive site – CH3 with the hydrophobic bond. The distances among pharmacophore respectively are 3,603 A, 6,768 A, and 7,345A. It has higher score (ΔGbind: -3.4 kcal/mol) compared to linalool (ΔGbind: -3.6 kcal/mol). Virtual tethering of linalool with LDI Aspergillus niger enzyme in amino acid Leu120 and Glu118 had been done. The pharmacophore is - OH and methyl C8 group. The distances among pharmacophore respectively are 5,835 Å, 2,52 Å, and 5,32 Å. Virtual tethering of LDI Aspergillus niger enzyme with geraniol has a higher score (ΔGbind: -3.4 kcal/mol) compared to linalool (ΔGbind: -3.6 kcal/mol). It shows that interaction between linalool and LDI Aspergillus niger enzyme is easier to occur than the interaction between geraniol and LDI Aspergillus niger enzyme, geraniol reaction to linalool that occurs is rearrangement reaction.