bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How fats and carbohydrates in familiar foods contribute to everyday satiety by their sensory and physiological actions
Authors: Dibsdall L.A. , Wainwright C.J. , Booth D.A. , Read N.W.
Published: July 2002

Duodenal action of rapidly digested carbohydrate can induce an intense satiation shortly after the meal, which conditions down the volume of food eaten in the later part of the meal. In contrast, after a meal rich in spreading fat, separation of fat above the aqueous contents of the stomach is liable to delay the fat’s emptying and hence its contact with satiety receptors in the small intestine; eaters are therefore unlikely to learn to eat less of a menu rich in separated fat. Yet the delayed emptying may prolong the period of digestion and absorption of separated fat beyond that for the same amount of fat emulsified or bound in the aqueous phase. Hence, separating fat might help to delay better the rise of appetite for the next meal several hours later. These ideas explain some of the diversity of claims about satiation from fats in foods. Observes how individuals learn from the post‐ingestional effects on appetite of variants of the foods they choose routinely.
Statistics for food science IV: two‐sample tests
Authors: Bower John A.
Published: July 2002

Describes statistical methods applied to two‐sample significance tests. Discusses independent, related and paired samples, Wilcoxon, sign, Mann‐Whitney U and t‐tests and illustrates their application.
Prevention and management of obesity in Scotland ‐ a review of the SIGN report
Authors: Buss David H.
Published: July 2002

Summarizes the main recommendations of a new report from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) entitled Obesity in Scotland: Integrating Prevention with Weight Management. Describes how being overweight carries an increased risk of a wide range of health problems and how the report is especially concerned about the measurement and management of their various risk factors.
Escherichia coli 0157: an increasingly significant food‐poisoning pathogen
Authors: Eley Adrian
Published: July 2002

Escherichia coli 0157 is responsible for an emerging enteric disease which became a growing public health concern in 1996 with major outbreaks in Japan and Scotland. Unfortunately, the more common haemorrhagic colitis can at times develop into the haemolytic uraemic syndrome with associated renal disease which can lead to fatalities. It is now apparent that few bacterial cells are needed to spread infection and that cross‐contamination is therefore a significant problem. Although there are national programmes to investigate E. coli 0157 infection and gain new information on epidemiology, handwashing is seen as a very simple but effective approach to prevent transmission from contaminated material to food. We need to be made aware of the clinical importance of E. coli infection and how best we can bring it under control.
Listeria in the domestic environment
Authors: Duggan Jodie , Phillips Carol A.
Published: July 2002

The numbers of reported cases of Listeria particularly Listeria monocytogenes in the UK have remained at a relatively low level since the peak which occurred in 1988‐1989. The majority of cases are sporadic and often the source of contamination is unknown. This study investigates the possibility that the home environment, which has previously been found to be the most common place of contamination for other bacteria, also provides a reservoir for human infection by Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp.
Assessment of the acceptance of tofu‐based products in the UK
Authors: Bartlett Suraya , Hayes George D. , Wong Joseph H.F.
Published: July 2002

Experimental studies were undertaken at Hollings Faculty, Manchester Metropolitan University, whereby soybean curd or tofu was incorporated into a range of sauces and casserole products. The newly developed products were then subjected to taste, texture and overall acceptability acceptance by targeted groups of consumers. The results of the study indicate that the potential market for tofu in the UK has not been fully exploited.
Statistics for food science ‐ V part C: non‐parametric ANOVA
Authors: Bower John A.
Published: July 2002

Describes non‐parametric methods applied to comparisons of three or more sample groups.Illustrates non‐parametric ANOVA applied to a randomized block design for a consumer sensory experiment.
Food hygiene information: power to the people?
Authors: Reid Alison , Wood Dawn , Kinney David
Published: July 2002

The issues of microbial food poisoning are never far from the headlines. Of particular concern is the emergence of strains of increased virulence, for example Escherichia coli 0157. As we are likely to be faced with a succession of food hygiene challenges in our kitchens, do consumers have access to the information they need and is it presented in such a way that it encourages and motivates towards good food handling and food hygiene practices? This paper concentrates on a range of food hygiene information provided by the Government, the Health Education Authority and the media. The information is examined with respect to availability, content and context. Observations are made from sociological, scientific and visual communications perspectives.
Registered Public Health Nutritionist (RPHNutr): a new qualification in public health nutrition
Authors: Buss David
Published: July 2002

Explores the background to the launch of a new qualification in public health nutrition ‐ Registered Public Health Nutritionist (RPHNutr) ‐ in the UK. This new qualification was led by the Nutrition Society and aims to set professional standards, promote the recognition of the need for such expertise, promote the role, create links with other relevant bodies, and provide a publicly available register of qualified people. Defines the role of public health nutritionist and outlines the requirements for accreditation.
Waste minimisation in the food and drink industry
Authors: Bates Margaret P. , Phillips Paul S.
Published: July 2002

In the food and retailing sector only 25 per cent of companies were found to operate waste minimisation programmes. The benefits of waste minimisation are well proven in both financial and environmental terms. Large food companies have found they can make savings of millions of pounds by implementing waste minimisation strategies.
Cooling ability of cutting fluids and measurement of the chip‐tool interface temperatures
Authors: Sales W.F. , Guimarães G. , Machado Á.R. , Ezugwu E.O.
Published: July 2002

Many machining researches are focused on cutting tools mainly due to the wear developed as a result of high temperatures generated that accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms, consequently reducing tool life. Cutting fluids are used in machining operations to minimize cutting temperature although there is no available indicator of their cooling ability. In this study, a method to determine the cooling ability of cutting fluids is proposed. A thermocouple technique was used to verify the chip‐tool interface temperature of various cutting fluids during turning operation. The method consists of measuring the temperature drop from 300°C up to room temperature after heating a standardised AISI 8640 workpiece and fixing it to the chuck of a lathe and with a constant spindle speed of 150 rpm the cutting fluid was applied to a specific point. The temperature was measured and registered by an infrared thermosensor with the aid of an AC/DC data acquisition board and a PC. The convective heat exchange coefficient, h, was determined and used to classify the cooling ability of the cutting fluids. The machining tests showed that the application of the fluid with better cooling ability will not always guarantee lower chip‐tool interface temperature.
The challenge of education for active citizenship
Authors: Potter John
Published: July 2002

Draws on the 1998 Crick Report, Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools, to provide a “viewpoint” on citizenship education in the UK. Summarises the purpose and nature of citizenship education in schools and then explores the implications of this for government, the education sector and schools. Stresses the relationship between emerging political thinking, societal values and citizenship education and that the “challenge” is to nurture a new political consensus with active citizenship at its heart. Assesses the prospects for citizenship education and utilises case study data to illustrate positive developments and encouraging practice, although conclusions as to whether citizenship education can ultimately achieve a change in the political culture of the country remain essentially speculative.
Six sigma and introductory statistics education
Authors: Maleyeff John , Kaminsky Frank C.
Published: July 2002

A conflict exists between the way statistics is practiced in contemporary business environments and the way statistics is taught in schools of management. While businesses are embracing programs, such as six sigma and TQM, that bring statistical methods to the forefront of management decision making, students do not graduate with the skills to apply these methods effectively. Based on the concept of process thinking, it is argued that evolutionary rather than revolutionary changes should be made in the way statistics is taught. The difference between the process thinking approach and the classic statistical approach is illustrated using several business‐related examples.
The PhD process: the supervisor as manager
Authors: Vilkinas Tricia
Published: July 2002

Argues that generic research on leadership and management has much to offer those responsible for the academic supervision of research students, particularly PhD students. The analogies between the two “supervisory” roles are clear and the qualities and benefits of good supervisory practice can easily be transferred from corporate to academic arenas. Uses a conceptual framework, the competing values framework modified for academic supervision purposes, to illustrate the capabilities required of the PhD supervisor in the current tertiary environment.
Teaching Maori students business issues: an experiential approach
Authors: Zapalska Alina M. , Brozik Dallas , Dabb Helen , Keiha Pare
Published: July 2002

Effective teaching arises when each class accommodates all types of learners. Individual students have different learning styles, and an effective classroom presentation should mix different teaching methods in order to accommodate these individual differences. In order to help Maori students improve their academic performance, cooperative and active learning activities were used to match the learning style preferences of the students. The supply/demand simulation permits students to become actively involved in a market scenario. The simulation gives students a real experience and makes economic theory more meaningful.
Performance measurement and government productivity
Authors: Halachmi Arie
Published: July 2002

To be able to compete in the global economy, firms must become more efficient, more flexible and, above all, more customer‐oriented. The competitive edge of firms is determined not only by their own strategic choices, but also by what their respective governments do (or fail to do) in terms of providing a supportive infrastructure that helps them compete. This paper examines the changing nature of government, and in particular the changing nature of performance measurement and management as governments attempt to balance accountability for the resources they manage with flexibility in terms of the services they provide.
Robust design in new product development process: a neglected methodology in UK manufacturing organizations
Authors: Antony Jiju
Published: July 2002

Robust design (RD) is a powerful methodology for making products’ performance insensitive to variations in manufacturing conditions, environmental variations and product‐to‐product variation. Although it has been widely accepted for tackling variability problems in manufacturing processes, research has shown that very little has been done on the application of such a powerful methodology in the UK manufacturing sector within the new product development process (NPDP). Engineers and scientists in the UK organizations are far more likely to use the traditional one‐factor‐at‐a‐time (OFAT) approach to experimentation than RD. This paper investigates why RD is not commonly accepted and applied in the UK manufacturing organizations as opposed to Japan and even the USA today. The paper will also illustrate what benefits could be achieved if RD principles are effectively applied in the NPDP in manufacturing organizations.
Just‐in‐time implementation in small and medium enterprises
Authors: Rajam Ramaswamy N. , Selladurai V. , Gunasekaran A.
Published: July 2002

JIT is a manufacturing philosophy, successfully implemented mostly in large‐scale industries. Research reviews indicate it is rarely adopted in SMEs; there appear to be problems in promoting and deploying the concept of JIT to such organizations. Reports on a study performed in SMEs to select and prioritize various techniques for the implementation of JIT in a seasonal order‐manufacturing environment through the QFD technique. Analysis indicates that buffer stock removal and lot size reduction were the key issues to be assigned higher priority than throughput improvement. However, this prioritization has to be carried out on a case‐by‐case basis as each manufacturing system has different predefined goals and targets, and is set within a different context.
Aggregate planning today
Authors: Pan Lin , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: July 2002

A firm must plan its manufacturing activities at a variety of levels
and operate these as a system. Aggregate planning is medium‐range
capacity planning which typically covers a time horizon of anywhere from
three to 18 months. The goal of aggregate planning is to achieve a
production plan which will effectively utilize the organization′s
resources to satisfy expected demand. Planners must make decisions on
output rates, employment levels and changes, inventory levels and
changes, back orders, and subcontracting. Aggregate planning determines
not only the output levels planned but also the appropriate resource
input mix to be used.
Re‐engineering without a safety net
Authors: Baines Anna
Published: July 2002

Re‐engineering is usually carried out by external consultants. Argues that an internal review team can be considerably cheaper, and just as effective. Describes the major factors involved in establishing a successful internal process review operation.
Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems: quality survey results
Authors: Huff Richard A. , Prybutok Victor R. , Kappelman Leon A. , Cohen Jon , Beck Larry
Published: July 2002

Rapidly changing business conditions make it difficult to see the future with any degree of certainty. Consequently, many firms have undertaken a thorough self‐examination and reworking of procedures and methods to position themselves to compete in the global marketplace of the 1990s. A crucial element in the changing and improving processes is raising the quality of the product or service the firm provides. Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems has a vested interest in changing to meet the new requirements of the aerospace industry and decided to re‐evaluate its business practices, with the goal of increasing productivity while simultaneously increasing quality. Management decided to conduct a large‐scale quality survey throughout the company to understand the company’s current level of quality and the quality perceptions among employees. Reports on the results of that study, with a brief description of the development of the quality survey instrument and the information discovered during the data analysis.
IIP and SMEs: awareness, benefits and barriers
Authors: Smith Alison Jane , Boocock Grahame , Loan‐Clarke John , Whittaker John
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the impact of the Investors in People (IIP) Standard upon small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Midlands. The paper describes IIP, then considers the significance of SMEs and the impact of training and development in that sector. The paper then presents an analytical framework, firmly rooted in a literature review, that provides the basis for an examination of the reasons why SMEs might commit (or fail to commit) to IIP, the difficulties encountered and the benefits received. Our empirical findings are discussed in the context of this framework. These findings are based on questionnaire responses from almost 600 SMEs, and interviews with promoters of IIP. Some key responses are broken down according to size‐band and/or growth‐orientation. In addition, follow‐up interviews were conducted with selected firms, ranging from IIP enthusiasts to rejecters. This study therefore combines quantitative data with qualitative input. The attitudes and experiences of the respondents offer fresh insight into the appropriateness of IIP as an organisational development tool for the SME sector. The SME support network in England and Wales is undergoing a critical transition. The role of the Training and Enterprise Councils in promoting IIP to SMEs also comes under scrutiny, and our study has lessons for the promotion of IIP by the new learning and skills councils.
Organisational incentive plans in Spanish manufacturing industry
Authors: Bayo‐Moriones Alberto , Huerta‐Arribas Emilio
Published: July 2002

Analyses the factors that influence the adoption by Spanish manufacturing firms of incentive schemes that link blue‐collar workers’ pay to the results achieved by the organisation for which they work. In pursuing this aim information from 719 manufacturing plants, each with at least 50 employees, is used. Findings reveal the positive influence of factors such as the small size of the plant, the prospects of growth in the workforce or membership of a multinational company. It has also been found that workplace or firm incentives are more usual in factories with automated technologies, with widely defined jobs, and in plants that encourage workers’ involvement and that do not consider personality traits in new employee selection processes.
Teamworking and managerial control within a Japanese manufacturing subsidiary in the UK
Authors: Rosemary Sharpe Diana
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an in‐depth analysis of processes of “team” working within a shopfloor manufacturing setting. Drawing on ethnographic case studies, the paper examines how human resource management (HRM) practices shaped and influenced the outcomes of “team” work, and addresses the influence of context in examining how and why team‐based systems took on their own particular characteristics and processes with both intended and unintended consequences on the shopfloors studied. The paper argues that an interplay of contextual factors (important factors include company history and worker orientation), HRM strategies and features of the socio‐technical system (including technology, work organisation and control, and social dimensions of the managerial control system in the teams) influenced team processes and outcomes. This analysis builds on Mueller’s work on contextual factors by recognising the influence of traditional modes of managerial control, management style and company culture.
Retaining and motivating employees
Authors: Chiu Randy K. , Wai‐Mei Luk Vivienne , Li‐Ping Tang Thomas
Published: July 2002

This paper reports two studies involving data collected from 583 participants in Hong Kong and 121 participants in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and examines the most popular compensation components offered by organizations to employees and participants’ perceptions regarding the five most important compensation components to retain and motivate people in Hong Kong and PRC, respectively. Results suggested that in Hong Kong, base salary, merit pay, year‐end bonus, annual leave, mortgage loan, and profit sharing were the most important factors to retain and motivate employees. In China, base salary, merit pay, year‐end bonus, housing provision, cash allowance, overtime allowance, and individual bonus were the most important factors to retain and motivate employees. Results are discussed in light of economic, geographic, and culture‐related factors.
Litigation against US tobacco companies
Authors: Thorpe Suzanne
Published: July 2002

Briefly highlights the history of litigation against tobacco companies in the USA. Introduces the legal issues brought before the courts, the parties involved and the outcome of significant cases. This overview is followed by a guide to relevant legal research tools that are useful for exploring tobacco litigation in depth.
Research in undergraduate mathematics education
Authors: Brown Cecelia M. , Murphy Teri J.
Published: July 2002

Research in undergraduate mathematics education (RUME), the study of teaching and learning of college mathematics, is a new area of research in mathematics. Information to support this discipline is found in publications from all over the world, in the form of monographs, reports, research guidelines and resource manuals, as well as journal articles. Researchers in RUME require access to materials that are specific not only to their field, but also to the broader literature of mathematics, education, learning theories, instructional strategies, alternative assessment techniques, cognitive development and human behavior. This annotated bibliography is designed to be a template for a comprehensive and up‐to‐date collection of RUME resources. World Wide Web (Web) locations for many of the items are provided, as are descriptions of several Web sites that present information of interest to RUME researchers.
Healthcare information delivery in public libraries: implications for academic reference librarians
Authors: Spang Lothar , Baker Lynda M.
Published: July 2002

Changes in the US healthcare system in the past 20 years have meant increasing pressure on consumers to find their own healthcare information. Their search, amid an ever‐widening array of information resources, has profound implications for library reference services. A recent study of 350 public librarians in Michigan is, to date, the only investigation of librarian practices in health information provision in a large region of the USA. Examines services, queries, problems, librarian training and health collection resources. The findings have special meaning for academic librarians as they delineate their unique role in the health information system and, with public librarians, seek to devise effective means for responsive library service in today’s competitive health information resources environment.
Challenges in building an incremental, multi‐year information literacy plan
Authors: MacDonald Mary C. , Rathemacher Andrée J. , Burkhardt Joanna M.
Published: July 2002

The authors discuss the plan for building an incremental, multi‐year information literacy program at the University of Rhode Island. Review of the current library instruction program leads to why and how they plan to change the program by focusing on the concepts of understanding what information is, in addition to learning how to gather, evaluate, and use information. The Draft Plan for Information Literacy at the University of Rhode Island Libraries addresses the information and research needs of undergraduate and graduate students, as well as faculty needs. The development of credit‐bearing courses in information literacy, the creation of information literacy modules for specific disciplines, and the Draft Plan for Information Literacy are discussed.
Immigration: an overview of information resources
Authors: Chapman Bert
Published: July 2002

Immigration has been a subject of intense historical and contemporary debate in US political life. Proponents of immigration cite the important contributions immigrants have made and continue to make to the USA’s national development and evolution. Advocates of more restrictive immigration policies stress concerns over the USA’s ability to support immigrant residents and whether newer immigrants threaten the US national identity and social cohesion. Proponents and opponents of current US immigration policy will use figures from the 2000 census to justify their respective arguments in upcoming debates on this subject. This article examines a variety of immigration literature resources such as scholarly books, government documents, and Websites and seeks to emphasize the subject’s complexities and contradictions along with US and transnational perspectives.
Follow a dream
Authors: Rockman Ilene F.
Published: July 2002

Forging partnerships between businesses and individuals can serve the library well, especially in the completion of a building project. Working in tandem with government officials and library administrators, such voluntary citizen groups can often raise needed funds to assist in the expansion or renovation of a facility. The key to success is never losing sight of the goal, and continuing to follow the dream.
Student perceptions of information literacy: insights for librarians
Authors: Seamans Nancy H.
Published: July 2002

To determine what kinds of services are appropriate and necessary for first‐year college students, it is useful to first understand how students acquire and use information during the beginning of their college lives. Questions based on the Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education were used in interviews with students in order to better understand the kinds of information first‐year students at Virginia Tech needed, and how they acquired it during their first semester at college. Students were questioned about their information use during fall semester 2000, using both e‐mail questioning and face‐to‐face interviews. The data collected provided insights into how students acquire and use information, and resulted in suggestions that are being used in revising and improving library services for this population.
LOEX and library instruction
Authors: Shirato Linda
Published: July 2002

The “Conference on Library Orientation” that eventually became the LOEX Conference began over 25 years ago in 1971. The following article looks at the history of library instruction as influenced by and illustrated by those conferences and recaps some of the major themes illustrated by articles in the conference proceedings over the LOEX Conference’s first 25 years.
Faculty‐librarian cooperation: a personal retrospective
Authors: Farber Evan
Published: July 2002

Farber surveys the past 25‐30 years in library instruction, and in particular the cooperation and collaboration between librarians and teaching faculty. Resistance has only been studied recently. Course integrated program at Earlham made cooperation and collaboration imperative. Over the years there has been increasing interest in this approach.
Theory, practice and the magic bullet
Authors: Lutzker Marilyn
Published: July 2002

In 1980 instruction librarians questioned the need to learn the theory behind research as well as the mechanics of library research. Student research is now much more complex, but the same need to understand the theory and the mechanics still exists.
Web‐based tax research services in academic libraries
Authors: Harrington Deborah L.
Published: July 2002

Tax research services are now available on the Web. Other formats include print, online, and CD‐ROM. Academic librarians are faced with choosing between the formats in the face of decreasing budgets and competing institutional needs. This article first examines the changes in format of tax services and outlines those services available to academic libraries. Next, the Web‐based products of the two major publishers, CCH Internet Tax Research Network and RIA Checkpoint, are compared on a number of factors. Differences in the needs between professional and academic subscriptions are evaluated. Finally, several issues are outlined that need to be considered before implementing a Web‐based tax service in an academic library.
Public sector outsourcing: implications for training and skills
Authors: Lafferty George , Roan Amanda
Published: July 2002

Since the early 1980s, governments and policy makers in Australia have emphasized the importance of the national skills base to the attainment of international competitiveness. Workforce training programs and institutions have undergone considerable restructuring as a consequence. In recent years, there has also been a rapid growth in the use of contract labour supplied by agencies to perform specific functions. This paper addresses the impact of these concurrent developments in the area of clerical and administrative work. Focusing on two key areas of public sector employment, the Australian Public Service and the higher education system, it highlights the potentially damaging effects a reliance on contract employees can have on training and the skills base.
Satisfaction with co‐workers’ behaviour
Authors: Oshagbemi Titus
Published: July 2002

While several publications exist on the topic of job satisfaction, little is known about satisfaction with co‐workers’ behaviour. This study investigates satisfaction with co‐workers’ behaviour amongst UK academics. Using a questionnaire methodology, the study found that about 70 per cent of the respondents were satisfied, very satisfied or extremely satisfied with their co‐workers’ behaviour. The results of a three‐way analysis of variance showed that female academics are about as satisfied with their co‐workers’ behaviour when compared with their male colleagues. When rank was examined in relation to co‐workers’ satisfaction, however, readers were most satisfied, followed by professors, senior lecturers and lecturers in that order. The differences in satisfaction levels with rank and co‐workers’ behaviour are statistically significant at 90 per cent confidence level. When examined, age was statistically significant at 95 per cent confidence level. This means that age explains the level of satisfaction with co‐workers’ behaviour – older workers deriving more satisfaction compared with younger ones.
When is a promise a strategic liability?
Authors: Terry Nicholas , White Phil
Published: July 2002

Employers offer pension plans for two main reasons: paternalism and skills market competitiveness. Recent changes in legislation and business practice have prompted the scrutiny of the underpinnings for such a management tradition. Identifies several relevant factors that derive from: field work undertaken by the authors; the Pensions Act 1995; and recent changes to corporations tax. It is argued that what has emerged is a sharply focused trade‐off, relating to the asset and liability characteristics of employer‐based pension schemes. This questions the sustainability of all types of pension plans, and thereby has a place in strategies affecting financial planning and business development.
Access to the law of pensions
Authors: Nobles Richard
Published: July 2002

This article uses the litigation in National Grid v. Laws to demonstrate two aspects of the law surrounding occupational pension schemes: the wide range of interpretations that are possible when construing pension scheme rules; and the enormous difficulties faced by scheme members when seeking to assert an interpretation of those rules that runs counter to an employer’s major commercial interests.
A tale of two pension systems
Authors: Cooper Deborah R.
Published: July 2002

The article compares the major features of pension provision in the UK and in France. It considers why the UK population appears to be at best indifferent to their system of provision, when overall it is financially secure, whereas the French system, which is faced with increasing costs, receives wide support. The significant differences in provision, apart from the method of funding, are in the level of coverage and the extent of member involvement. The article concludes that, if the UK system took some steps in this direction, perhaps employees would begin to perceive pension provision as the valuable benefit it is, and more employers would be encouraged to introduce, or retain, defined benefit occupational pension schemes.
Employee participation in multinational enterprises
Authors: Kees Looise Jan , Drucker Michiel
Published: July 2002

The internationalisation of enterprises is expected to undermine national systems of employee representation. This paper assesses the extent to which this expectation can be confirmed. Using a survey of Dutch works councils, we compare national, Dutch multinational and foreign multinational firms. Using another survey, we then assess the role of European works councils within Dutch MNEs. The results of the first survey show that the influence of works councils in multinational firms, especially with respect to strategic policy, but also, to a lesser extent, regarding organisational and personnel issues is decreasing. From the second survey, we learn that European works councils have so far not compensated for this decrease in influence. We conclude that the undermining of employee representation at the national level can only be counteracted by a combination of further regulations at the European level, a change in (top) management attitudes in European MNEs and the close co‐operation of employee representatives within the respective countries and at the different levels.
Gender and diversity
Authors: Colgan Fiona , Ledwith Sue
Published: July 2002

Among trade unions, women, black, disabled and lesbian and gay members are increasingly recognised as significant in the drive for increases in membership. In turn, unions have come under mounting pressure from these constituencies to ensure that their interests and concerns are represented within the union and at the bargaining table. The challenge is how to reformulate notions and practices of trade union democracy to recognise that membership is increasingly diverse and diversely politicised. Here we examine how traditional approaches to trade union democracy have been revised following demands for gender democracy and the need to reflect membership diversity, and consider whether such strategies are sufficient. We do so by drawing on research with two unions; the print union, the GPMU, a private sector industrial union where women make up only 17 per cent of the membership, and the public service union UNISON, where women are three‐quarters of the members.
Back to Basics? Industrial Relations and the Enterprise Culture
Authors: Ackers Peter
Published: July 2002

Argues that the discipline of Industrial Relations has become
marginalized, as discussion about business, work and employment has been
increasingly dominated by the popular nostrums of “Enterprise
Culture”, “Excellence” and “Human Resources
Management”. Attempts to restate the “basic case” for
a critical industrial relations perspective on unerstanding the
employment relationship, notwithstanding important changes in
contemporary society and industry. Briefly outlines and criticizes the
challenge from popular management. Next, outlines a viable, modern
definition of industrial relations. Following this, makes the case for a
rigorous social science approach to understanding employment relations.
However, the discipline also requires an ethical vision, and the
conclusion suggests how this might inform some of the key issues in
contemporary industrial relations.
Quality management and HRM in the service industry: some case study
evidence
Authors: Rees Chris
Published: July 2002

Considers management views on the operation of quality management
(QM) strategies in two service sector organizations, financial services
and hotel and catering – based on open‐ended interviews with
managerial staff. Considers some of the soft/HRM aspects of quality
management. Finds that there have been moves towards the more
quantifiable measurement of outcomes and tighter management control.
Employee empowerment is conceived of as the major defining feature of QM
in the two organizations. Both companies have also sought greater
flexibility through delayering and through efforts to break down demar‐
cations. QM does not necessarily involve these latter trends. However, a
thoroughgoing management commitment to empowering employees to take
greater responsibility for problem solving and decision making will tend
to go together with at least some reduction in organizational hierarchy.
Multinational corporations and employee relations
Authors: Innes Erik , Morris Jonathan
Published: July 2002

In the 1980s there was a growing debate surrounding the impact of
multinational corporations (MNCs) on employee relations, particularly in
the UK. Furthers this research with an empirical study of the employee
relations practices of three groups of MNCs (US, Japanese and German) in
one UK region, Wales. This analysis is set within the context of rapid
industrial, economic and social restructuring in Wales, including the
demise of traditional industrial sectors such as coal and steel and the
growth of foreign ownership. Concludes that MNCs have made a significant
impact on the creation of a new industrial relations climate, but that
there are differences in the practices of the three groups.
Employee involvement in performance improvement
Authors: Crauise O′Brien Rita
Published: July 2002

Presents summary findings from qualitative and quantitative
research with six major British companies. The original intention was to
look at the potential contribution of employee commitment to high
quality performance, the difficulties of achieving that commitment and
the relationship of the employee contribution to performance
improvement. Three particular concepts emerged as pivotal: the
distinctive focus on process improvement for generating new forms of
interaction at work; the importance of employee tacit knowledge for
contributing to process improvement; and a new form of trust based on
mutual interest between employees and management as a crucial
intermediary variable contributing to commitment.
Employee relations in small firms in Ireland: An exploratory study of small manufacturing firms
Authors: MacMahon Juliet
Published: July 2002

Claims that the understanding of employer‐employee relations in the small enterprise is essential in Ireland where firms employing less than 100 people account for 92 per cent of all manufacturing units. Reports on research into continuity and change in Irish industrial relations, examining both the external and internal dimensions of the small firm. Identifies and discusses the external and internal variables influencing employee relations in small firms.
The management of individualism in an Australian mining company
Authors: Timo Nils
Published: July 2002

Over the last decade, there has been a growing debate about the relationship between industrial relations, human resource management and business strategies. For management, this involves an ongoing reappraisal of the balance between individualism and collectivism and a critique of third party intervention in the employment relationship. Describes a case study of CRA/RTZ in Australia and New Zealand and the managerial strategy used to deconstruct collective industrial relations through the use of standardized individualized contracts.
Warning: flexibility can damage your organizational health!
Authors: Mayrhofer Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

Notes that achieving flexibility for organizations is one of the key issues of management efforts. However, making organizations more flexible may reduce the organizations’ ability to survive unless sustainable flexibility is introduced. Sustainable flexibility tries to find a balance between softness and structuredness, diversity and coherence, and reserves and tight fit. Shows how these three dimensions are characterized and how sustainable flexibility can be reached in organizations.
Employee representation on health and safety in small enterprises
Authors: Walters David
Published: July 2002

Presents an evaluation of a trade union project to appoint regional health and safety representatives in farm‐working. Outlines the background and development of the scheme and assesses its outcomes. Reviews the problem of health and safety in agriculture and discusses the scheme as a means of improving the health and safety performance of the small enterprises typical of the industry. Identifies factors that have supported or constrained the activities of the regional safety representatives and evaluates their importance. Compares the scheme with analysis of more developed provisions for regional health and safety representatives found in Sweden and identifies and discusses a number of supporting and limiting factors common to both schemes. Concludes the project has achieved very limited success in improving joint consultation on health and safety in agricultural employment. Suggests its limited progress is a result of constraints specific to the industry rather than those of employment in small enterprises in general. Proposes further strategies that the trade union might adopt to increase the chances of success within the industry.
Labour Government: change in employment law
Authors: Gennard John
Published: July 2002

Examines the changes in the UK legal framework, surrounding the employment relations system, to be introduced by the new Labour Government elected in May 1997. Discusses how these changes are designed to improve competitiveness, establish fairness at work, provide minimum employment standards and encourage a more flexible workforce.
Trade unions and bargaining for skills
Authors: Dundon Tony , Eva Dave
Published: July 2002

Seeks to locate the role of trade unions in bargaining for vocational education and training (VET) within the context of workplace industrial relations. Drawing on the experiences and findings of a TUC project aimed at improving union awareness of training initiatives, argues that any clear distinction between distributive and integrative bargaining ignores the complexity, dynamics and variation found at different workplaces. Further suggests that both policy‐makers and government agencies have misplaced the vital role which trade unions offer in formulating both a coherent labour relations and ultimately a training strategy which can utilise employee skill formation. Also suggests that a review of the voluntary employer‐led system is long overdue.
Who represents whom?
Authors: Wright Chris , Spaven Malcolm
Published: July 2002

Notes the debate concerning the maintenance of trade union influence in employee participation schemes. Explains why unions have been prevented from significantly affecting the safety representative system in the UK offshore oil and gas industry. It is shown how representative training in particular prevents unions influencing the definition of the representative role. Categorises representatives by their motivation and the source of their role definition noting also the unintended consequences of their role performance. Concludes that structural conditions favour that representative role performance which is oriented to the goals of safety management.
Business transfers, employers’ strategies and the impact of recent case law
Authors: Painter Richard W. , Hardy Stephen
Published: July 2002

Under the European Union’s 1977 Acquired Rights Directive, workers transferred to another employer can expect the majority of their original terms and conditions of employment to be protected and changes made without consultation can constitute constructive unfair dismissal. Confusion over the application of the directive greatly affected the introduction of compulsory competitive tendering to the provision of local authority services in the UK. Many of the issues remain unresolved and will cause problems as compulsory competitive tendering is replaced by the duty on authorities to “achieve best value”. This article seeks to clarify the position for employers by reviewing the most recent case law from both British and European courts.
Recruiting the acquiescent workforce
Authors: Royle Tony
Published: July 2002

Focuses on the workforce characteristics of the German and UK operations of McDonald’s Corporation. The UK workforce is characterised by predominantly young workers with very limited work experience, the German workforce is much older and mostly foreign workers. The analysis suggests that despite these differences and differences in labour market regulation, there is a key similarity between the workforces. The corporation is able to draw on similarly “weak” and marginalised segments of the labour market and these segments are likely to be particularly acquiescent to managerial prerogative. National institutional arrangements can still constrain the employment relations policies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, this analysis supports the notion that there is a growing diversity within national systems increasingly explained by MNE policies and practices. This does not necessarily mean that national systems are becoming redundant, but that there is a dynamic relationship between such systems and the needs of MNEs.
Models and opportunities for library co‐operation in the Asian region
Authors: Gorman Gary E. , Cullen Rowena
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses evolving trends in library co‐operation against the backdrop of practices in various Asian countries. Having first reviewed the rationale for co‐operation and both barriers and positive factors, the authors then present an overview of various models for co‐operation, a discussion of key features in successful co‐operative ventures and viewpoints on how such ventures might be managed.
Working with knowledge: how information professionals help organisations manage what they know
Authors: Wei Choo Chun
Published: July 2002

In order to manage knowledge, we need to understand the nature of knowledge in organisations. It is helpful to distinguish between three categories of organisational knowledge: tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge, and cultural knowledge. Tacit knowledge is personal knowledge, explicit knowledge is codified knowledge, and cultural knowledge is based on shared beliefs. We use this framework to discuss the role of the information professional with respect to each category of knowledge. Knowledge management initiatives led by information professionals in three organisations are then examined. An analysis of these experiences suggests many opportunities for information professionals to make important contributions in managing an organisation’s knowledge for growth and innovation.
Research in the further education library and learning resources centre sector: the Welsh experience
Authors: Hywel E. Roberts D. , Lamb J.A.
Published: July 2002

In the context of the publication of a survey commissioned by the Library Association into library and learning resources in further education (FE), the authors identify the key findings of a series of similar surveys of libraries and learning resource centres in the FE sector in Wales, carried out between 1984 and 1997. The impact of growth in student numbers, changes in funding and management arrangements at national and local levels, and quality assurance mechanisms, is explored. The study also describes the major problems associated with quantitative and qualitative research in this sector, compares the results achieved and identifies areas for future research.
Scalability and sustainability: research experiment to operational service
Authors: Hutton Angelina , West Liz
Published: July 2002

Emphasises the need to evaluate projects such as the HyLiFe project which focussed on the provision of information services in the healthcare field. Discusses who should be involved, what should be evaluated, and the methods that can be used. It indicates the findings of the project, some of which were expected, and others not expected. Issues raised include: use of the interfaces, technological, organisational and educational impact and evaluation. The HyLiFe for Health URL is: http://www.unn.ac.uk/central/isd/hylife/ (accessed 6 September 2000).