bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data driven fault detection and diagnostics for hydronic and monitoring systems in a residential building
Authors: Abdollah M A F , Scoccia R , Aprille M
Published: December 2022

Buildings are responsible for 40% of the global energy use and associated with up to 30% of the total CO2 emissions. The drive to reduce the environmental impact of the built environment was the catalyst to the increasing installation of meters and sensors to monitor the energy use and environmental monitoring. This is key to cost effective Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD) which guarantees enhanced thermal comfort for the occupants and reduction in energy use. Most of FDD research work in buildings was focused on the commercial buildings due to the higher consumption and the higher saving potential, while limited work was directed towards residential buildings. This paper investigates the usage of two supervised machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forest, K nearest neighbour, to detect and diagnose twelve faults in both the monitoring system of the indoor/outdoor conditions, and the hydronic circuit inside an apartment located in Milan using minimal features that are easy to access and inexpensive to monitor to cut down in both computational and financial costs. The thermal zones are being conditioned using an electric air to water heat pump connected to fan coils for cooling and radiant floor for heating. The faults include valve leakage, faulty temperature sensors and recirculating pump’s inadequate flow rate. The faults were modelled in a Modelica based detailed model of the apartment. After tuning the hyper-parameters of all three algorithms, the Receiver Operator Characteristics curve for each fault were compared for each algorithm to compare the optimal one to be used. The Random Forest algorithms showed the highest accuracy with almost 89% across the twelve faults. Generalization of the trained algorithm across different weathers were tested but the results were not promising.
Decarbonization of the heating sector from a system point of view: the case study of the Lombardy Region.
Authors: Marianna Pozzi , Muliere Giuseppe , Mezzera Francesco , Fattori Fabrizio , Dénarié Alice , Motta Mario , Mazzarella Livio
Published: December 2022

This work aims at defining the optimal technological mix which minimizes the total cost of the energy system in 2030 in the Lombardy region, in northern Italy. The goal is reached through a bottom-up model built on a linear optimization problem considering different technical and economic inputs and constraints. Civil sector is one of the sectors to focus on for the decarbonization process. Different areas, types of buildings and thermal systems are included in the model to consider the peculiarities of the available solutions in each context. The overall technological mix is constraint by a CO2 emission limit. For the civil sector the more the emission is constrained, the higher is the penetrations of electric heat pumps, coupled with envelope retrofit, (10% of the total thermal energy demand) and of district heating (18%), while natural gas boilers decrease (66%). Biomass boilers reach a maximum penetration of 29% in mountain areas. District heating is relevant in areas with available sources (max 29%). Natural gas boilers coupled with air conditioners have an important role and they reach a maximum penetration of 89% in certain areas. Electric heat pumps are quite homogeneous through the areas for residential buildings.
A comparison between new European technical standards and dynamic simulation tools for chiller modelling
Authors: Bianco Mauthe Degerfeld F. , De Luca G. , Ballarini I. , Corrado V.
Published: December 2022

In the last years, new technical standards for the assessment of the energy efficiency of technical building systems were developed by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). These procedures were conceived as to combine the easiness of the calculation methodologies and their related assumptions with a sufficient level of accuracy. While the former objective is often achieved, the latter is a challenging task as the procedures sometimes fail to simulate in a proper way the actual performance of the technical systems. On the other hand, the detailed procedures applied by detailed dynamic energy simulation tools are more precise and complex; however, for their application, they need a wide range of input data that are often hard to collect. For this reason, simplified procedures are now commonly applied, above all in the case of existing buildings. Nevertheless, these procedures need to be deeply analysed and validated. In this paper, the main standard calculation procedures addressed to chillers and specified in EN 16798-13:2017 were analysed, with a focus on the required input data and the calculation procedures. The same approach was then applied to the more detailed calculation methods used in the dynamic tools EnergyPlus and TRNSYS, and the results were compared. The theoretical analysis was then followed by a case study approach. A reference office building, representative of the Italian building stock, was selected and analysed in two different Italian climatic zones. The determination of the thermal energy need for cooling was performed by means of EnergyPlus, while the assessment of the energy demand related to technical building systems was performed both with EnergyPlus and with the standard procedures. This paper is part of a wider research activity finalised to the analysis of the technical building systems calculation procedures, taking into account different generation systems and thermal coupling modes between the technical systems and the building itself.
Numerical study of shell and tube latent thermal energy storage partially filled with metal foam and corrugated internal tube with external heat losses
Authors: Buonomo B , Golia M R , Manca O , Nardini S , Plomitallo R E
Published: December 2022

In the present work, a vertical shell and tube Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System is analyzed. The cylinder is filled with phase change material and parts of metal foam. The inner face of the cylinder is corrugated, and it is assumed a constant temperature over the melting temperature of the paraffin wax to simulate the heat transfer. The external surface loses heat to the outside and the top and bottom surfaces are adiabatic. Paraffin wax is used as phase change material that melts over a range of temperatures and has a high latent heat of fusion. The thermal conductivity of the phase change material is low and due to this, it is enhanced with metal foam. In this numerical simulation, it is used the aluminum foam. Enthalpy-porosity theory is used to simulate the phase transition process, and the Local Thermal Equilibrium and Darcy-Forchheimer models are used to examine heat transport between the paraffin and the metal foam. Using the commercial code Ansys-Fluent, the governing equations’ solutions are calculated. In the paper, it is considered different conductivity variations on the external wall and the distinct filling ratio of metal foam. The melting time, enthalpy stored, and energy loss from the numerical simulations of the LHTESS charging phase are provided as a function of time and evaluated.
Fuels systems and components for future airliners fuelled with liquid hydrogen
Authors: Tamburrano P , Romagnuolo L , Frosina E , Caramia G , Distaso E , Sciatti F , Senatore A , De Palma P , Amirante R
Published: December 2022

The prospect of using liquid hydrogen as fuel in airliners in place of kerosene-based fuels is regarded as one of the most effective solutions to achieve low-carbon air transport in the near future, which is a target defined by the EU to reduce global warming caused by CO2 emissions. The development of hydrogen-fuelled airliners must face issues related to the production and supply chain of green hydrogen, to the fuel systems for hydrogen handling aboard aircraft, and to the combustion of hydrogen. This paper is concerned with the literature study of fuel systems for hydrogen, keeping in mind that the other two aspects are currently being studied extensively in industries and universities. This paper analyses difficulties, proposals and advances related to the four main parts composing future fuel systems for hydrogen-fuelled airliners: fuel storage, fuel delivery, thermal management and fuel metering.
Development of a novel CO2 splitting fixed-bed reactor based on copper-doped cerium oxide
Authors: Milanese Marco , Manzo Andrea , Colangelo Gianpiero , Risi Arturo de
Published: December 2022

Global warming has received widespread attention in recent years due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide. Looking at the current energy landscape, new technologies must be developed to reduce CO2 emissions. The present work is aimed to develop and test a new prototype of an innovative reactor for the conversion of CO2 into CO, operating according to a two-phase thermochemical cycle. The innovative and main aspect of this study was the use of a reactor coupled with a new type of catalyst, a copper-doped cerium oxide (Cuδ+2Ce(1-δ)O2), which allowed to decrease the temperature of the reaction up to 850°C, much lower than the models present in the literature, tested on 1300/1400°C and even beyond.
Hydrogen production from low-quality water: challenges and perspectives
Authors: Baldinelli Arianna , Cinti Giovanni , Barelli Linda , Bidini Gianni
Published: December 2022

The Next Generation EU plan fosters the development of a large capacity for hydrogen generation. However, water and energy resources are strictly connected to an indissoluble nexus. For that, water electrolysis may counteract the coexistence of two primary UNO Sustainable Development Goals humankind must face to achieve a prosperous and equal society, namely SDG 7 (Affordable access to renewable energy sources) and SDG 6 (clean water). To design innovative energy systems implementing hydrogen as an efficient and sustainable vector, water resources need careful management and energy use ought not to compete with freshwater delivery. Therefore, the present study reviews the technologies available for hydrogen production and their fitness to water quality standards. Among the feeding possibilities to be scrutinized, wastewaters and saline waters are worth attention. Each source of water asks for a specific design and management of the water treatment pre-process. Since these steps are energy-demanding, in some applications, the direct use of low-quality water to produce hydrogen may be envisaged. An example is the direct feeding of seawater to Solid Oxide Electrolysers (SOE). SOEs appear more promising than commercial low-temperature electrolysis systems since water steam production integrates the function of preliminary water treatment.
Analysis and performance assessment of the use of ammonia-based nano additive for lean combustion
Authors: Di Gloria P , Strafella L , De Giorgi M G , Ciccarella G , Castelluzzo G G , Baldassarre F , Ficarella A
Published: December 2022

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in exploring new applications of fuel additives to reduce emissions. Reduction of total nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions can be achieved by decreasing the flame temperature by using fuel emulsified with water and/or using ammonia-based nano additives such as urea. The use of water as part of the hydrocarbon fuel is also one of the prospective directions in the development of new types of fuel systems. For the preparation of emulsified fuel, it is desirable to achieve greater stability of the emulsified fuel with minimum expenditure of chemicals and energy, so that the emulsified fuel can be used for a longer period. The paper analyzed the influence of nano-dispersed urea particles, water, and surfactant (Span 80/Tween 80) on the combustion stability and emission characteristics of aviation fuel. The experimental campaign was conducted on a test stand (a 300kW liquid vortex combustor of 300 kW) consisting of a cylindrical combustion chamber with four optical windows and equipped with high-precision pressure sensors, thermocouples, and an exhaust gas analyzer for acquiring emissions. The experimental campaign was conducted at a constant fuel/air ratio (Φ). One of the main focus is related to the stability of the emulsion. Chemiluminescence imaging was performed to characterize the effects of the additive on flame emissions. In addition, a statistical and spectral analysis was performed using the pressure sensor for instability analysis. Exhaust gas analysis was performed both with the additive described above and without additive for a constant Φ condition. The analysis was performed for NOx, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2).
Experimental and numerical analysis of the convective flow induced over a dry-ice bank with Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Vitali M , Biancini G , Marchetti B , Corvaro F
Published: December 2022

The utilization of carbon dioxide in new technologies opens a wide range of interesting applications which depend strictly upon heat transfer phenomena. The momentum on the deployment of Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) infrastructures will potentially enlarge the diffusion of technologies for the utilization and recycling of CO2. Such applications, however, require appropriate laboratory investigations for a complete characterization of the CO2 thermo-fluid-dynamic behaviour. The safety management of carbon dioxide is important; thus, accurate modelling is needed since solidification and sublimation of dry-ice can be very challenging to predict analytically. One of the dry-ice applications is the utilisation in refrigeration cycles and in novel CO2 heat pump technologies. For this reason, knowledge about the entity of sublimating CO2 from a solid surface is crucial. This work proposes an innovative experimental setup for the measurement of temperature and convective velocity fields in the sublimating phenomenon of CO2 under atmospheric conditions by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The experimental results have been compared and validated with numeric CFD models.
Thermal control of lithium-ion batteries for electric cars by metal foam partially filled with Phase Change Material
Authors: Buonomo B , Manca O , Menale F , Nardini S
Published: December 2022

A viable solution to environmental problems related to pollutant emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles is electric cars. The main problem with electric vehicles, which also limits their widespread use, is due to lithium batteries and in particular their thermal control. Thermal control of lithium batteries is an extremely topical issue since it is not only related to the performance of the vehicles on which they are mounted, but also to the safety of the vehicles and drivers. For this purpose, both factors internal to the battery itself and external causes such as environmental conditions must be considered.

In this work, a thermal control system based on metal foams partially filled by the phase change material (PCM) was numerically investigated as a possible application for cooling lithium batteries. For this purpose, a two-dimensional numerical model was constructed in which the PCM partially fills the metal foam. The finite volume method used through the ANSYS Fluent code was used for the governing equations, which are written assuming local thermal equilibrium. Several cases were simulated for different values of the external convective heat transfer coefficient. The results obtained, are reported in terms of temperatures and liquid fractions. Comparisons with partially filled and totally filled cases by PCM in the thermal control system are reported to show the advantage obtained, in terms of thermal control, with a composite system of metal foam and PCM.
Hybrid Propulsion for Motorcycle Application to Reduce Engine-out Emissions: An Analytical-Experimental Investigation
Authors: Iodice P , Fornaro E , Cardone M
Published: December 2022

All over the world, motorcycles represent an important share of motorized vehicles helping to meet daily urban transport needs, thus, particularly in urban contexts, two-wheelers impact to air pollution is significant. In a previous experimental investigation, emissions of regulated pollutants were measured in the exhaust of a four-stroke motorcycle belonging to the Euro-3 legislative category. Since exhaust emissions and fuel consumption are very sensitive to variations in vehicles instantaneous speed and acceleration, such experimental results are used in this research to recognize the kinematic parameters that cause higher CO and HC emissions. The hybrid electric propulsion is then proposed to reduce exhaust emissions in particular driving conditions which include high levels of acceleration with resultant sudden steep increase in engine speed. In such phases, in fact, an enrichment of the air/fuel mixture is needed which affects the catalyst conversion efficiency. Subsequently, the power requirements and the grade of electrical assistance in such driving situations are estimated by a procedure based on both the measured exhaust emissions and the kinematic parameters that characterize the driving dynamics collected during the experimental tests. Finally, the share of CO and HC emissions that could be saved utilizing a hybrid motorcycle instead of a conventional thermal motorcycle is calculated through an environmental analysis.
Towards the development of smart weather routing systems for leisure planing boats
Authors: Ciampolini M , Balduzzi F , Romani L , Bellucci L , Bianchini A , Ferrara G
Published: December 2022

Weather routing (WR) systems are widely adopted in the maritime transport since safety of goods and saving of fuel are crucial for shipping companies. However, the need of protecting the local coasts and reducing CO2 emission is making WR attractive even for the market of leisure boats, especially if comfort and safety are also accounted. In the present study, a prototype of a WR system is presented. The developed tool implements the Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the fuel-optimal path while ensuring comfort and safety. A computationally efficient digital twin of a planing boat, based on a 2D+t model and a powertrain mapped model, has been implemented for the estimation of the fuel consumption and the evaluation of vertical accelerations. The methodology for the acquisition of online weather data is presented, together with the strategy for the assessment of comfort and habitability. The application of the WR tool in a typical path of the Tuscan Archipelago shows improvements in fuel usage and comfort even in moderate weather conditions. The influence of each weather variable on fuel efficiency is assessed, highlighting the requirement of an accurate dynamic modelling. Criteria for the graph design are also outlined, showing a wrong estimation of comfort and fuel usage in case of low-definition graphs. The paper proves the potential and the effectiveness of the developed tool, moving toward a greener and more comfortable navigation in local seas.
CFD simulation of water droplet adhesion on the GDL of a low temperature PEM FC in air cross-flow conditions
Authors: Antetomaso C , Irimescu A , Merola S S , Vaglieco B M , Di Micco S , Jannelli E , Scarpati G , Simeoni E
Published: December 2022

Water management is a critical challenge in low temperature (LT) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM FC); condensed liquid appears mainly at the cathode side, where water from the reduction reaction is generated. Differences in concentration may result in the transfer of water to the anode side across the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Excessive liquid can negatively affect fuel cell performance, causing low efficiency and instability. This occurs due to water movement through porous layers and channels that are the essential pathways for the reactant gas to reach the MEA. However, water is necessary in the PEM FC for enhancing ion conductivity of the membrane. The present study can contribute to the optimization of LT PEM FCs by analysing the water behaviour under flow conditions. The widely used Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method is adopted for simulating multiphase flow. CFD simulation of droplet adhesion on the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is performed to describe the interaction between water and gas flow. Deformation and oscillations of droplets with diameters in the 0.3-1.0 mm range are investigated by considering airflow rates up to 15.0 m/s. CFD analysis is validated by optical data from digital imaging with high spatial (up to 5.8 μm/pixel) and temporal (up to 1.0 ms) resolution.
Comparison on the energy absorbed of volumetric and centrifugal pumps for automotive engine cooling
Authors: Di Giovine G. , Mariani L. , Di Bartolomeo M. , Di Battista D. , Cipollone R. , Carminati A.
Published: December 2022

Engine thermal management can reduce significantly CO2 emissions in road vehicles without altering sensibly the engine layout. However, more efficient auxiliaries also participate to fuel consumption saving and, therefore, to CO2 emissions reduction. Typically, centrifugal cooling pumps are adopted as circulating devices, but their efficiency varies highly with rotational speed, wasting energy during real operation despite being optimized at the design point. Instead, volumetric pumps keep a high efficiency also far from it, enhancing the overall engine efficiency. In this paper, the performances of a screw-type volumetric pump have been compared with those of a centrifugal pump considering the same cooling circuit of a mid-size engine for passenger vehicles. Both pumps have been designed to satisfy the cooling flow rate required by the engine during a homologation cycle, while verifying their capability to cool the engine operating at maximum power. Once prototyped, the pumps performance maps have been measured, showing a high Best Efficiency Point for both cases. However, the screw pump has better performance in off-design conditions, being the centrifugal pump efficiency strictly dependent on its rotational speed which significantly changes during a real driving. The comparison of the two pumps has been done by reproducing the WLTC on a dynamic test bench. The rotational speed of the volumetric pump has been adjusted to deliver the same flow rate produced by the centrifugal pump as requested by the engine. Results show that the prototyped screw-type volumetric pump absorbs 21% less energy than the prototyped centrifugal pump, reducing CO2 emissions by 0.28 g/km.
Model Parameterized Assessment of a Thermal Storage Unit for Engine Oil Warm-up Improvement
Authors: Vittorini Diego , Diomede Domenico Di , Battista Davide Di , Carapellucci Roberto , Cipollone Roberto
Published: December 2022

Despite the attention paid to components downsizing and down weighting, as well as to combustion control and exhaust gases after-treatment, friction reduction remains a promising area of intervention when it comes to the reduction of the environmental impact of internal combustion engines. The larger gain must be sought at cold starts, when the viscosity of the lubricant oil is higher and does not allow proper friction reduction. Moreover, during the first phases of engine operation, the metallic masses are not yet warm and do not contribute to the thermal stabilization of the lubricant. Further consequences of unfavourable thermal conditions are increased specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Proper thermal management could effectively speed up the reaching of the design operating temperature of the oil and positively affect both homologation and on-road operation. The abundance of waste thermal energy during normal operation supports the option of on-board thermal storage for faster oil heating: water, heated by exhaust gases or residual thermal energy from previous use or by a combination of the two, can be stored inside a thermally insulated tank and serve as heating fluid in a dedicated water/oil heat exchanger. The paper presents a model based evaluation of this opportunity. The model has been validated thanks to an experimental activity carried out on an IVECO 3.0 L light-duty diesel engine, during a transient cycle (i.e., homologation one) reproduced on a dynamometric test bench. Different configurations in terms of hot storage volume, hot storage initial temperature, and the flow rate of the hot water during operation have been studied, producing optimized values for the hot water and storage unit design.
Feed-Forward Neural Network for health monitoring of a parallel hybrid electric power system
Authors: De Giorgi M G , Donateo T , Ficarella A , Menga N , Spada Chiodo L , Strafella L
Published: December 2022

Hybrid engines are becoming more and more widespread. Electric energy instead is a valid help to reduce the environmental impact. In hybrid engines, the number of components is higher and this results in a decrease in reliability. With Engine Health Monitoring (EHM) we mean the set of techniques used to monitor the health status of a system based on the values assumed by some related parameters. Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods are widely used nowadays in this discipline. In this paper, an EHM approach was developed to monitor the health status of some components constituting an hybrid turboshaft. The dynamic model of the hybrid electric power system is described in an accompanying paper. Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) is used as AI tool to built the just cited system. The engine modelled with Simulink, was used to perform a series of steady-state simulations implementing a degradation condition in some selected components. The degradation condition was simulated by changing the value of the Performance Parameters (PPs) related to each of the selected components. The results of the simulation were used to obtain a dataset useful to train the FFNN to predict the values of the same PPs in a degraded case.
Synergy between Cities and surrounding territory to achieve the international agreements on energy and CO2 reduction. The Municipality of Avezzano in the Abruzzo Region (Italy) case.
Authors: Abbate Simona , Paolo Luca Di , Battista Davide Di , Carapellucci Roberto , Cipollone Roberto
Published: December 2022

Cities have a fundamental role in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The European Community has already addressed a specific planning under the actions referred as SEAPs (Sustainable Environmental Action Plans) and SECAPs (Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans). In fact, Municipalities are the smallest entities with a political responsibility in terms of Energy and Environmental Planning, and they must participate, as commitment, to the European Directives on Energy and fight to Climate change. They, finally, are often the most unsustainable environments due to the aggregation of many activities, energy and CO2 related.

In this paper, for a typical small/medium-size Italian city (Avezzano), an evolution of the SEAP and the SECAP has been supposed and elaborated within the Covenant of Mayors. The synergy between the energy consumption of a city and the capability of a territory to mitigate CO2 and to finalize renewable energy to electricity production appears to be the right answer to the even more stringent commitments imposed by the gas crisis at worldwide level which is pushing to a new switch-on of coal fired power plants.

Starting from the data and the list of actions elaborated to fulfil the SECAP, two scenarios have been evaluated to create a zero CO2 emission city. A model with multiple inputs has been elaborated with the main aim of reducing GHG emissions or compensating them, trying to sustain the effort to keep limited to 1,5 °C the maximum Planet’s temperature increase. Increasing the renewable energy production for all the energy final needs, exploitation of unused area finalized to carbon sequestration, energy efficiency and specific actions on the transportation sectors give all together a formidable contribution to reach this goal and to give to energy and environmental planning the right role it deserves.
Bypass Control strategy of a Pump as Turbine in a Water Distribution Network for energy recovery
Authors: Filannino Domenico , Stefanizzi Michele , Capurso Tommaso , Balacco Gabriella , Camporeale Sergio M. , Torresi Marco
Published: December 2022

Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) are subject to leakages due to pipes aging, resulting in water and pressure losses. These issues are solved by installing Pressure Reduction Valves (PRVs) to decrease the pressure in WDNs. Depending on the application, PRVs can waste large amount of energy, hence the substitution of PRVs with Pumps used as Turbines (PaTs) can be a good compromise in terms of economic and technical aspects to reduce leakages and recover energy. Currently the share of PaT is not yet fully developed due to the certain technical challenges yet to be addressed, as providing an affordable control strategy closer to the real working conditions in a WDN. Hence, more experimental activities are required. For these reasons, in this work an experimental campaign was carried with the aim to investigate the behavior of a PaT according to a possible layout that could be embedded into a WDN. Firstly, the machine was characterized both in pump and turbine modes. Moreover, the machine working conditions limits have been analysed in terms of runaway and blocked-rotor curves. Then, turbine tests were carried out at constant speed with a typical hydraulic control scheme by means of a PRV installed in series to the PaT and a second one installed on a bypass. As a result, this analysis highlighted the feasibility to recover a consistent amount of hydraulic energy otherwise wasted under typical WDN daily pressure and flow rate patterns, with promising results in terms of the operating point control of the machine.
Experimental evaluation of isentropic efficiency in turbocharger twin-entry turbines
Authors: Usai Vittorio , Cordalonga Carla , Marelli Silvia
Published: December 2022

Turbocharging plays a fundamental role not only in improving the performance of automotive engines, but also in reducing the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of spark-ignited biofuel, diesel, liquid, and gaseous engines. Dedicated experimental investigations on turbochargers are therefore needed to evaluate a better understanding of its performance. The availability of experimental information on the steady flow performance of the turbocharger is an essential requirement to optimize the matching calculation. It is interesting to know the isentropic efficiency of the turbine in order to improve the coupling with the engine, in particular it is difficult to identify the definition of the turbine efficiency through a direct evaluation. In a radial turbine, the isentropic efficiency, evaluated directly starting from the measurement of the thermodynamic quantities at the inlet and outlet sections, can be affected by significant errors. This inaccuracy is mainly related to the incorrect evaluation of the turbine outlet temperature, due to the non-uniform distribution of the flow field in the measurement section. For this purpose, a flow conditioner was installed downstream the turbine. Tests were performed at different values of the rotational speed, and in quasi-adiabatic conditions. The flow field downstream the de-coupler was analysed through a hand-made three-hole probe with an exposed junction thermocouple inserted in the pipe with different protrusions. Thanks to this experimental campaign, it was possible to measure pressure, velocity, mass flow and temperature profiles necessary to examine the homogeneity of the flow field. As the turbocharger is fitted with a twin entry turbine, the thermodynamic quantities have been properly taken into account referring to each sector.
Optimal Quadratic Regulator PID for Motor DC
Authors: Pratama G N P , Setiawan N , Saputra S A , Pambudi L , Umam A D N , Hermansah M N P
Published: December 2022

There are various methods for optimizing the parameters of PID, such as Genetic Algorithm, Flower Pollination Algorithm, and many more. Those metaheuristics methods can be used on various applications. Nevertheless, the computational costs are quite expensive. In this paper, we design a PID controller based on the optimal regulator for a DC motor. It provides such an optimal solution that does not require highly computational resources. We simulate the responses of the closed-loop system using MATLAB. The results verify that the optimal regulated (PID-QR) has better response than Ziegler-Nichols based PID. It has no overshoot and smaller error tracking than the controller based on Ziegler-Nichols.
Batik Industrial Waste Monitoring and Control System Based on The Internet of Things
Authors: Ali M , Firdaus M F
Published: December 2022

The aims of this research are to (1) Design and build a Batik Industrial Waste Monitoring and Control System Based on the Internet of Things (BIWMCS -IoT); (2) Test the performance of the BIWMCS-IoT system. The design and implementation of the BIWMCS-IoT system consist of five stages, namely: (1) Needs analysis, (2) Design, consisting of electronic planning, hardware, and software; (3) Development, including hardware and software development; (4) Testing, and (5) implementation. The BIWMCS-IoT system consists of a sensor unit to measure the parameters of water turbidity, temperature, Power of Hydrogen (pH), and the flow velocity of the wastewater then obtained by the microcontroller and the results are sent to the Wi-Fi module to adjust the solenoid valve opening and closing. Based on the testing of the system, has been shown that the BIWMCS-IoT system can work well according to the standards in the Minister of Indonesian Environment Regulation Number 05 of 2014. The reading accuracy of the batik waste monitoring system reaches 96.6% with the delivery time to the smartphone less than 30 seconds. This shows that this system can work well to monitor and control the liquid waste produced by the batik industry.
Corn Leaf Disease Classification Using Local Binary Patterns (LBP) Feature Extraction
Authors: Rachmad Aeri , Syarief Mohammad , Rifka Silfia , Sonata Fifin , Setiawan Wahyudi , Rochman Eka Mala Sari
Published: December 2022

Corn is a plant that is widely grown in developing countries such as Indonesia. To increase maize yields, researchers are always innovating on the current state of technology for classifying maize plant diseases. Three kinds of diseases attack corn leaves, namely Gray leaf Spot, Blight, and Common Rush. The amount of data that we use is 3500 data consisting of 500 Gray Leaf Spots, 1000 Blights, 1000 Common Rushes, and 1000 healthy leaves. This study aims to develop an artificial intelligence model. The artificial intelligence model that we developed uses LBP feature extraction combined with k-NN for the classifier. In addition to using the k-NN method, our tests were carried out using several classification methods such as Naïve Bayes and Adaboost. The result of our test is that the k-NN method has the highest value compared to the Naïve Bayes and Adaboost methods. The results of the performance using k-NN with k=5 resulted in a value of 81.1%, the AUC value of 94.1%, the F1-Score of 80.9%, Precision of 81.8%, and Recall of 81.1%.
Experimental Method Research on Non-linear Characteristics of Static Friction Coefficient to Temperature
Authors: Li Erbo , Zhang Zhijing , Wang Zifu , Chen Xiao , Zhang Tingyu
Published: December 2022

The temperature difference in the working range of precision instruments is large, and the change in temperature causes the static friction coefficient between the internal assembly contact surfaces to change. The change of the static friction coefficient will cause asymmetric displacement of the contact surface, which will affect the accuracy and stability of the instrument during operation. In order to study the non-linear variation law of the static friction coefficient under different temperature conditions, this paper proposes a method to measure the static friction coefficient at different temperatures accurately and designs and develops the corresponding static friction coefficient measuring device. The static friction coefficient of a typical steel-steel contact surface was measured from 20°C to 80°C using the static friction coefficient measuring device. It was found to be non-linear with increasing temperature, with the average static friction coefficient changing by about 5% at a temperature difference of 60°C. Based on the experimental data, a simulation study on the effect of non-linear variation of static friction coefficient at different temperatures was conducted using a simulated sample of a gyroscope assembly structure, and it was found that the asymmetric deformation of the assembly structure caused by the variation of static friction coefficient will be one of the factors causing the change of gyroscope accuracy stability. This research has important implications for maintaining and optimizing precision instrumentation accuracy stability.
Fatigue Life Analysis of Wind Turbine Tower Based on Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Guo Riyang , Li Wei , Zhang Xingang , Feng Jiangzhe
Published: December 2022

According to the IEC64100-1 standard, the design life of wind turbines is usually 20 years, and when the operating life reaches the design life should be decommissioned. However, since the operating conditions of the site are usually better than the design conditions, and the cumulative fatigue damage during the design life is less than the design conditions, the actual life of the turbine components is usually greater than 20 years. The tower is an important supporting mechanism component of a wind turbine, and its safe operation has a significant impact on the life of the unit. In order to evaluate the continuous safe operation period after the unit reaches the design life and improve the economic benefits of the project, this paper selects 66 turbines in a wind farm, and the wind turbine tower is selected as the analysis component. Based on the fatigue life calculation of finite element analysis, it is found through a detailed calculation that under the risk probability of 97.7%, the average remaining life of the tower is 5.6 years, which can continue to operate safely.
Optimization of Improved PID Control Strategy Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Zhihan , Bai Di
Published: December 2022

Conventional PID control, although has the advantage that the robustness and adaptability, has certain limitations, but for nonlinear systems is difficult to achieve the desired effect. When the environment changes, control parameters cannot be adjusted in time. Aiming at these problems, this paper presents an improved PID control strategy based on genetic algorithm. Taking single-phase LCL as the research object, by analyzing the operation process of single-phase LCL grid-connected inverter and optimizing genetic algorithm, the genetic iteration process is optimized through adaptive adjustment, and the weight of objective function is adjusted, so that the system can respond quickly, better monitoring of grid-connected current improves the robustness of the system. So as to better ensure the stability of grid connection. Finally, the MATLAB model is built for simulation. Simulation endings indicate that the boosted control strategy has great stability and can effectively decrease the grid current harmonic content. The improved algorithm is global and has relatively high error tolerance, which can meet the needs of grid connection.
Partial Discharge Monitoring Method in Switchgear with Bushing High-Voltage Sensor
Authors: Hu Lidan , Wang Yali , Tian Ye
Published: December 2022

10 kV and 35 kV switchgear are the key equipment in the power grid, and the safety of their insulation is related to the stability of the entire power grid. But the accuracy of the traditional partial discharge detection method is difficult to meet the detection requirements of the new SF6 insulated switchgear. This work analyzes the feasibility of using the high-voltage sensor in the bushing to detect partial discharge, and the analysis shows that the synchronous signal and the partial discharge signal can be obtained from the bushing sensor. Detection experiments were carried out using three typical partial discharge models, with both HFCT and a bushing sensor. The measurement results show that the bushing sensor can effectively detect the partial discharge in the switchgear and obtain a PRPD plot similar to HFCT. It is also found that adjusting the sampling resistance can change the partial discharge detection range of the bushing sensor.
New readout electronics for ATLAS ZDC detector
Authors: Korcyl K.
Published: December 2022

The ATLAS ZDC detectors located in the LHC tunnel detect far-forward neutrons emerging from interactions during proton-proton or lead-lead collisions. PMT signals are transferred over the 200 m long fast air-core cable to the electronics room. A new ZDC-LUCROD readout module is a 9U VME board capable of processing signals from 8 channels with the FADC sampling rate of 320 MHz. The primary modification w.r.t. the LUCID-LUCROD is the full integration with the ATLAS TDAQ and digital triggering based on the pipelined calculation of the signal second derivative with further processing using a programmable set of thresholds.
Pl@ntNet Crops: merging citizen science observations and structured survey data to improve crop recognition for agri-food-environment applications
Authors: van der Velde M , Goeau H , Bonnet P , d’Andrimont R , Yordanov M , Affouard A , Claverie M , Czucz B , Elvekjaer N , Martinez-Sanchez L , Rotllan-Puig X , Sima A , Verhegghen A , Joly A
Published: December 2022

We present a new application to recognize 218 species of cultivated crops on geo-tagged photos, ‘Pl@ntNet Crops’. The application and underlying algorithms are developed using more than 750k photos voluntarily collected by Pl@ntNet users. The app is then enriched by data and photos coming from the European Union’s (EU) Land Use and Coverage Area frame Survey (LUCAS). During five tri-annual LUCAS campaigns from 2006 to 2018, 242 476 close-up ‘cover’ photos of crops were collected. The survey protocol for these photos specified that ‘the picture should be taken at a close distance, so that the structure of leaves can be clearly seen, as well as flowers or fruits’. This unique labelled data provides an opportunity to further generalize the Pl@ntNet computer vision algorithms to recognize crops and enlarge their geographic representivity across the EU. To include LUCAS cover photos, we semantically match Pl@ntNet species and LUCAS legends, predict the species on LUCAS cover photos with the existing Pl@ntNet algorithm, and consider the accuracy of the classification and the number of species enriched by the photos. By setting a threshold of

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0.5 on the Pl@ntNet prediction probabilities, 70 170 LUCAS photos representing 101 species classified with an accuracy of 0.9 were added to the ‘Crops’ app. The thematic accuracy of the legacy LUCAS data was improved by distinguishing 218 species, opposed to the original 36 LUCAS levels. Official and publicly financed LUCAS datastreams can now be improved because of Pl@ntNet citizen science, photo collection, and deep learning model development. Further use of the app and policy-relevant workflows in the agri-food-environment domain are discussed.
Valuing ecosystem services provided by land commons in India: implications for research and policy
Authors: Sandhu Harpinder , Zhang Wei , Meinzen-Dick Ruth , ElDidi Hagar , Perveen Saiqa , Sharma Janvi , Kaur Japneet , Priyadarshini Pratiti
Published: December 2022

Commons provide many ecosystem services that support the livelihoods of billions around the world. However, their contribution to people and the economy are rarely estimated in economic terms. Here, we estimate the economic contribution of the land-based commons in India, which cover 66.5 million hectares. We conducted a systematic literature review of publications between 1990 and 2020 and selected 161 peer-reviewed studies to develop an ecosystem services valuation database for India. We identified 34 ecosystem services from this database. We estimate that forest commons provide ecosystem services worth $2108 ha−1 yr−1. Culturable wastelands and permanent pastures, and other grazing lands provide $861 ha−1 yr−1 each, and barren and unculturable lands provide $196 ha−1 yr−1. Using the value transfer method, the average value of ecosystem services provided by land commons in India is estimated at $90.5 billion yr−1 (range $24–192 billion). This broad range reflects the status and condition of those commons. Based on the trends in the decline of land-based commons, we estimate the value of ecosystem services will decline to $68 billion by 2050: $750 million worth of ecosystem services can be lost each year over the next 30 years. This will have devastating implications for rural populations that depend on the commons for livelihoods and the delivery of critical ecosystem services. We highlight the need to use ecosystem services valuation in decision-making and policy to protect and sustainably manage commons in India.
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Review: Decision Making Category in Electrical-Vehicle Type
Authors: Islami Salsa Bila Dian , Azzahra Faradhina , Sari Diana Puspita
Published: December 2022

The use of electric vehicles (EV) has begun to be widely used and is predicted to continue to increase. It has a positive impact on some aspects of the economy and society. Still, it has negative impacts, especially on the environmental aspect, such as hazardous and toxic waste, a huge water footprint, and exploitation of material for the production process, which cause damage to ecosystems. This study aims to figure out the advantages and disadvantages of EV types and provide recommendations on which one is the best EV for use. This study was done by the systematic review method that used the LCSA method, a combination of LCA, LCC, and S-LCA. This study assessed several types of electric vehicles: ICV, HEV, PHEV, and BEV. From an environmental aspect, ICV dominated the worst score than other types. From a social aspect, no specific EV contributed to a higher impact, but HEV had the highest reduction potential on human health. From an economic aspect, HEV were considered less profitable than the others. In the end, PHEV type was more potentially used due to giving a lower impact than the other types. Furthermore, this study could help public society decide the types of EV batteries based on their need.
Creating Peatland Restoration Policy for Supporting in Indonesian Economic in a Sustainable Way
Authors: Pratama Irfandi , Purnomo Eko Priyono , Mutiaran Dyah , Adrian Maisarah Mitra , Sundari Cici
Published: December 2022

As large tracts of degraded peatlands are caused by conversion and fires, peat restoration is carried out to restore peat ecosystems to their natural condition and support the socioeconomics of communities around peatlands that are affected because they depend on the resources provided by peatlands as livelihoods. This study aims to see the implementation of peat restoration in the Rewetting, Revegetation, and Revitalization (3R) approach in Jambi Province. The research focuses on the economic revitalization of people’s livelihoods. This research method is exploratory qualitative, while data collection is through interviews, observations, documentation, and literature: data analysis techniques, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of research on the implementation of peat restoration in Jambi Province have been carried out since 2018; the implementation of the 3R has not been optimal, which is still far from the target set. In particular, assistance for the economic revitalization of people’s livelihoods lacks help, so the program’s sustainability is stopped halfway. In addition, the collaboration and coordination of the Regional Peat Restoration Team (TRGD) agencies did not go well.