bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fairtrade Urbanism? The Politics of Place Beyond Place in the Bristol Fairtrade City Campaign
Authors: MALPASS ALICE , CLOKE PAUL , BARNETT CLIVE , CLARKE NICK
Published: October 2007

Understandings of fairtrade, ethical trading and sustainability often assume a relationship involving disparate placeless consumers being stitched together with place‐specific producers in developing world contexts. Using an ethnographic study of the policy‐making and political processes of the Bristol Fairtrade City campaign, we suggest ways in which fairtrade consumption can become aligned with place. The campaign was a vehicle for enlisting the ordinary people of Bristol into awareness of and identification with fairtrade issues. Citizens of Bristol were enrolled into a re‐ imagination of the city involving aspects of what Massey terms the politics of place beyond place. The campaign also enlisted the jurisdictional governance of the local authority, including the introduction of the fairtrade procurement practices. As a result, employees, residents and visitors became fairtrade consumers, knowingly or unknowingly, when visiting the canteens and restaurants of the local authority and other significant sites and institutions in the city. The Fairtrade City campaign can therefore be seen to have deployed ideas of place, fairness and local–global relations as scale frames of mobility through which to embed ethical consumption in place, and to govern consumption at a distance.

Commerce équitable, pratiques commerciales éthiques et qualité durable supposent souvent de tisser un lien entre des consommateurs disparates sans spécificité de lieu et des producteurs d'un lieu donné, dans des cadres liés au développement mondial. A partir d'une étude ethnographique sur les processus décisionnaires et politiques de la campagne ‘Ville équitable’ de Bristol, on peut suggérer des manières de mettre en adéquation consommation de produits équitables et lieu. La campagne de Bristol a permis de recruter des gens ordinaires pour qu'ils prennent conscience des problèmes de commerce équitable. Les habitants de Bristol ont été impliqués afin de réimaginer la ville en utilisant des aspects de ce que Massey appelle la politique de lieu qui dépasse le lieu. La campagne a aussi rallié la gouvernance de l'autorité locale, notamment par des pratiques d'achats associant le commerce équitable. En conséquence, personnel, habitants et visiteurs sont devenus consommateurs de produits équitables, consciemment ou non, en se rendant dans les restaurants et cantines gérés par la municipalité et dans d'autres sites et organismes importants de la ville. La campagne ‘Ville équitable’ a donc mobilisé les idées de lieu, d'équité et de relations local‐mondial pour recalibrer les échelles de mobilité grâce auxquelles on peut intégrer une consommation éthique dans un lieu et régir la consommation à distance.
Green Subjection: The Politics of Neoliberal Urban Environmental Management
Authors: BRAND PETER
Published: October 2007

This article addresses the question as to why, in contrast to national governments, city administrations engage so enthusiastically with urban environmental problems. It argues that the politics of urban environmentalism need to be examined not from the point of view of ecological rationality and alternative politics, but as an integral part of spatial transformation and social regulation under neoliberal urbanization. Recent contributions to theoretical debate on this issue are examined, with especial attention paid to the themes of governance, citizenship, subjectivity and ‘regulation of the self’, and their relevance to the understanding of contemporary urban environmental policy and management practices. The article explores the way in which urban environmental management can be understood as contributing to the constitution of the self‐governing citizen in the individualized urban milieu of contemporary cities, a process in which the progressive and libertarian aspirations of much early environmental thought have been subtly converted into a new form of subjection to the strategic requirements and political conveniences of neoliberal city administrations.

Quelles sont les raisons pour lesquelles, contrairement aux gouvernements nationaux, les autorités administratives des villes se lancent avec autant d'enthousiasme dans les questions d'environnement urbain ? Il faut examiner la politique d'environnementalisme urbain, non pas en termes de rationalitéécologique ou de politique alternative, mais comme une partie intégrante de la transformation spatiale et de la régulation sociale découlant d'une urbanisation néolibérale. En étudiant de récentes contributions au débat théorique à cet égard, l'article s'attache aux thèmes de gouvernance, citoyenneté, subjectivité et ‘régulation de soi’, ainsi qu'à leur pertinence aux fins de mieux comprendre la politique publique contemporaine en environnement urbain et ses pratiques de gestion. Ainsi, la gestion environnementale urbaine peut‐elle être envisagée comme un apport permettant la constitution du citoyen autonome dans le milieu urbain individualisé que sont les grandes villes contemporaines, un processus dans lequel les aspirations progressistes et libertaires d'une réflexion environnementale déjà ancienne ont été converties subtilement en une nouvelle forme de soumission aux besoins stratégiques et convenances politiques propres aux administrations municipales néolibérales.
Migraine Aura and Related Phenomena: Beyond Scotomata and Scintillations
Authors: Vincent MB , Hadjikhani N
Published: October 2007

Migraine affects the cortical physiology and may induce dysfunction both ictally and interictally Although visual symptoms predominate during aura, other contiguous cortical areas related to less impressive symptoms are also impaired in migraine. Answers from 72.2% migraine with aura and 48.6% of migraine without aura patients on human faces and objects recognition, colour perception, proper names recalling and memory in general showed dysfunctions suggestive of prosopagnosia, dyschromatopsia, ideational apraxia, alien hand syndrome, proper name anomia or aphasia, varying in duration and severity. Symptoms frequently occurred in a successively building-up pattern fitting with the geographical distribution of the various cortical functions. When specifically inquired, migraineurs reveal less evident symptoms that are not usually considered during routine examination. Spreading depression most likely underlies the aura symptoms progression. Interictal involvement indicates that MWA and MWoA are not completely silent outside attacks, and that both subforms of migraine may share common mechanisms.
The Difference Between Epileptic Auras and Migrainous Auras in the 19th Century
Authors: Lardreau E
Published: October 2007

In the International Headache Society classification of headaches, the concept of aura is given a key role. It serves as a boundary between ‘migraine without aura’ and ‘migraine with aura’. Historically, the concept of an aura was borrowed from the epilepsy vocabulary; a borrowing that took place in English medicine at the beginning of the 19th century and in French medicine in the mid-19th century. It would therefore be interesting to see which features of the epileptic aura are used to explain the migraine aura. Based on the French and English medical literature of the 19th century, two processes have been reviewed: (i) the emergence of the concept of aura, and (ii) the modifications of this concept throughout the 19th century. It appears that the original medical use of the term ‘aura’ as a set of rising tactile sensations was in use from the 2nd century until late in the 19th century, but then various other symptoms were recognized and the aura gradually became accepted as an early part of the seizure. By the end of the 19th century the aura that preceded a migraine was seen as a similar process, and thought of as part of the migraine sequence.
Identification of Negative Predictors of Pain-Free Response to Triptans: Analysis of the Eletriptan Database
Authors: Diener H-C , Dodick DW , Goadsby PJ , Lipton RB , Almas M , Parsons B
Published: October 2007

Thirty to forty percent of migraineurs do not respond to any given triptan treatment. We identified clinical variables that significantly predict therapeutic non-response and evaluated the efficacy of eletriptan (20, 40 and 80 mg) and sumatriptan (100 mg) vs. placebo in a subgroup of patients with all predictor variables. First-attack data were pooled from 10 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled migraine trials ( n = 8473). Multivariate regression analyses identified three significant baseline predictors of failure to achieve 2-h pain-free response: severe headache pain, presence of photophobia/phonophobia and presence of nausea. Time of dosing following headache onset did not influence 2-h pain-free response. Among patients with all three risk factors ( n = 2010; 24± of total sample), 2-h pain-free response was significantly higher in patients receiving all three doses of eletriptan or sumatriptan vs. placebo (all P< 0.01). Thus, eletriptan and sumatriptan are efficacious in difficult-to-treat patients at high risk for non-response to triptans.
Pathways to participatory research in developing a tool to measure feelings
Authors: Brooks Michelle , Davies Stephanie
Published: October 2007

Accessible summary

This article is about people with a learning disability doing research with therapists. It is about how we are learning to do research together.

The research is trying to see if counselling and therapy helps people with a learning  disability feel better. One way of doing this is to ask people questions  about their feelings before and after counselling.

We want to have some questions about how it feels living with a learning disability. Our group is talking about this. They have made a list of what they have said. They plan to ask other people if they agree.

This research matters because people with learning disabilities are doing the research. They know what it is like living with a learning disability. They know what things that are important to them. They can help make a questionnaire that other people with learning disabilities will find easy to understand. The questionnaire should help people see how feelings can change over time.

People with a learning disability, the experts of their own experience are increasingly involved in research. We will be discussing in this paper their centrality in the development of a psychological therapy outcome measure for people with learning disabilities. Their involvement needs to go beyond giving their views to being included in the whole research process. It is anticipated that such participatory research will help create a measurement tool that has greater meaning and validity for people with a learning disability. We are adapting clinical outcomes in routine evaluation – outcome measure (CORE‐OM) Evans et al. (2000, J Ment Health, 9, 247), the dominant psychotherapy outcome measure in routine use in the UK, for this purpose. However the existing four domains of CORE‐OM (well being, problems/symptoms, functioning and risk) do not address some of the issues and feelings that impact on the lives of people with a learning disability. This we call the ‘missing domain’ and it is the focus of this present research. Within the Collaborative Research Group (CoRG) we are seeking to uncover the essential elements of this missing domain and convert them into items for a new domain. This article examines some of the issues involved in the complex interrelationship between the process of research and the outcome of research.
Specialist advocacy services for parents with learning disabilities involved in child protection proceedings
Authors: Tarleton Beth
Published: October 2007

Accessible summary

Many parents with learning with learning disabilities have their children taken away.

Advocates help parents with learning disabilities understand what is happening and to get their voice heard.

Advocates should know how to work with people with learning disabilities and know about the child protection system. The child protection system happens when others think that parents aren’t looking after their children well enough.

Parents with learning disabilities frequently become involved with child protection and judicial proceedings. Parents report not understanding and being disempowered by the child protection system. This paper presents fourteen parents’ views regarding how two specialist advocacy services supported them during child protection. The parents believed that they were treated with more respect by child protection professionals when their advocate was with them. They reported being able to understand the child protection process and have their voice heard. The parents also praised their advocates for the emotional support they provided them and the way in which they were able to challenge child protection professionals’ practice because of their advocates’ experience in child protection. The advocates were supporting parents according to the guidance regarding supporting parents involved in child protection. They used strategies common to advocates working with adults with learning disabilities. The development of specific advocacy services supporting parents with learning disabilities should be supported.
Realist Power Europe? The EU in the Negotiations about China's and Russia's WTO Accession*
Authors: ZIMMERMANN HUBERT
Published: October 2007

What determines the preferences the EU represents in international trade negotiations? This article argues that realist theories can help to answer this question. Whereas, the majority of the literature on EU trade policy‐making looks at ‘domestic’ variables such as institutional factors and the influence of interest groups, a systemic approach such as realism is rarely employed. However, as the empirical case studies of China's and Russia's WTO accession show, in international trade negotiations the EU is motivated by geoeconomic and mercantilist considerations to an important degree, specifically the interest to maximize EU wealth relative to other powers. The article is a pledge for taking realism seriously in research on preference formation in EU external policies.
Trade Negotiations between the EU and South Africa: A Three‐Level Game*
Authors: LARSÉN MAGDALENA FRENNHOFF
Published: October 2007

This article develops and uses an adapted version of Putnam's two‐ (extended to three‐) level game model to analyse the EU agenda‐setting process in the negotiations between the EU and South Africa that led to the Trade, Development and Co‐operation Agreement in 1999. The article argues that the model needs to place its domestic focus at the level of the Commission, rather than at the level of the Member States. It demonstrates that the negotiations within the Commission, as well as the location of the Commission negotiating team within DG Development, were central for understanding the EU agenda and the final outcome of the negotiations.
EU Delegation and Agency in International Trade Negotiations: A Cautionary Comparison*
Authors: DAMRO CHAD
Published: October 2007

The principal‐agent (PA) approach is increasingly used to explain how and why the EU formulates its trade policy and engages in international trade negotiations. This article evaluates the utility of PA in trade policy through a comparative analysis of the EU's participation in two different international negotiations: the International Competition Network and World Trade Organization (2001–06). The comparison of EU institutions and activities in these two empirical cases suggests that while PA seems well suited to explain international negotiations in regulatory policies (competition), it seems less suited to explain developments in distributive policies (trade). The findings, which reveal potential problems of multiple agents and a greater likelihood of observational equivalence in trade policy, advise caution when using PA to explain the EU's behaviour in international trade negotiations.
Managing Globalization? The EU in International Trade Negotiations*
Authors: MEUNIER SOPHIE
Published: October 2007

Through a study of the evolution of the concept of ‘managed globalization’ in trade, an idea conceptualized by EU Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy in 1999 and replaced by the new policy of ‘Global Europe’ in 2006, this article analyses whether the Commission has had an autonomous impact on the EU position in international trade negotiations, especially in the Doha Round of the WTO. Such autonomy appears wider at first glance than it actually is, since it is hard to find evidence that the doctrinal shift occurred against Member State preferences. In the end, the true (but limited) autonomy of the Commission comes from its entrepreneurial ability to repackage Member State preferences into a consensual doctrine.
Outsiders' Perceptions of the European Union in International Trade Negotiations
Authors: ELGSTRÖM OLE
Published: October 2007

The question approached in this article is whether the almost unanimous picture, drawn by both academic observers and EU representatives, of the EU as a major power and leading actor in global trade negotiations, is also shared by ‘outsiders’. I describe and analyse how representatives of non‐EU Member States picture and evaluate the EU's role in the WTO and the strategies it uses to achieve its goals. Special attention is given to perceived constraints on EU leadership. In brief, my results demonstrate that the EU is indeed seen as a key actor in the WTO but that it is not necessarily seen as a leader. Its leadership potential is diminished by perceived incoherence across issue areas, by a lack of perceived legitimacy and, to a lesser extent, by an excessive focus on internal co‐ordination.
Unstable dynamics and population limitation in mountain hares
Authors: Newey Scott , Dahl Fredrik , Willebrand Tomas , Thirgood Simon
Published: October 2007

The regular large‐scale population fluctuations that characterize many species of northern vertebrates have fascinated ecologists since the time of Charles Elton. There is still, however, no clear consensus on what drives these fluctuations. Throughout their circumpolar distribution, mountain haresLepus timidusshow regular and at times dramatic changes in density. There are distinct differences in the nature, amplitude and periodicity of these fluctuations between regions and the reasons for these population fluctuations and the geographic differences remain largely unknown. In this review we synthesize knowledge on the factors that limit or regulate mountain hare populations across their range in an attempt to identify the drivers of unstable dynamics.

Current knowledge of mountain hare population dynamics indicates that trophic interactions – either predator‐prey or host‐parasite – appear to be the major factor limiting populations and these interactions may contribute to the observed unstable dynamics. There is correlative and experimental evidence that some mountain hare populations in Fennoscandia are limited by predation and that predation may link hare and grouse cycles to microtine cycles. Predation is unlikely to be important in mountain hare populations in Scotland as most hares occur on sporting estates where predators are controlled, but this hypothesis remains to be experimentally tested. There is, however, emerging experimental evidence that some Scottish mountain hare populations are limited by parasites and that host‐parasite interactions contribute to unstable dynamics. By contrast, there is little evidence from Fennoscandia that parasitism is of any importance to mountain hare population dynamics, although disease may cause periodic declines. Although severe weather and food limitation may interact to cause periodic high winter mortality there is little evidence that food availability limits mountain hare populations. There is a paucity of information concerning the factors limiting or regulating mountain hare populations in the Alps of Central Europe or in the tundra and taiga belts of Russia.

Future research on mountain hare population dynamics should focus on the interactions between predation, parasitism and nutrition with stochastic factors such as climate and anthropogenic management including harvesting.
Dynamic aggregations of newborn sibling rattlesnakes exhibit stable thermoregulatory properties
Authors: Reiserer R. S. , Schuett G. W. , Earley R. L.
Published: October 2007

Information on behavioural and physiological processes of newborn reptiles is often difficult to obtain under natural conditions, especially in lizards and snakes. Consequently, we lack information on a wide range of biological phenomena (e.g. thermoregulation, digestion, circadian activity rhythms) in neonates of these taxa. Here, we report novel behaviour in newborn sibling sidewinder rattlesnakes Crotalus cerastes, a desert‐inhabiting species of south‐western North America. At the entrances of their natal burrows, neonates formed aggregations (‘balls’) during daylight hours, which involved frequent movements of individuals within these balls. Through the study of two radio‐telemetered females and their litters (n=20 offspring), we obtained temperature data from the mothers, centre of the snake balls, and from multiple sites in the immediate environment for 10 days post‐birth, the period that is coincident with maternal attendance and the first cycle of ecdysis. The core temperatures of the snake balls showed significant stability over the extreme thermal ranges of the environment. Although other functions are possible, such as those related to water conservation and antipredator defence, we suggest that frequent movements of individuals within the balls involved selection of a thermal optimum to enhance ecdysis. Based on other studies of aggregation in animals, dynamic aggregative behaviour in newborn sibling C. cerastes implicates self‐assembly and suggests that individuals benefit from behavioural interactions with their siblings. One plausible scenario for the evolution of this type of dynamic aggregation involves thermal selection among sibling neonates for optimal basking sites within natal refugia in extreme environments such as desert landscapes. Moreover, it is possibly limited to species of vipers (and other snakes) that are viviparous and where maternal care is present up to the time of shedding in neonates.
Long‐term relationships between environment and abundance in wheat of Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola
Authors: Shaw M. W. , Bearchell S. J. , Fitt B. D. L. , Fraaije B. A.
Published: October 2007

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02312.xCommentary p 8
The cellular and molecular biology of conifer embryogenesis
Authors: Cairney John , Pullman Gerald S.
Published: October 2007

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor c. 300 million yr ago. The manner in which gymnosperms and angiosperms form seeds has diverged and, although broad similarities are evident, the anatomy and cell and molecular biology of embryogenesis in gymnosperms, such as the coniferous trees pine, spruce and fir, differ significantly from those in the most widely studied model angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular analysis of signaling pathways and processes such as programmed cell death and embryo maturation indicates that many developmental pathways are conserved between angiosperms and gymnosperms. Recent genomics research reveals that almost 30% of mRNAs found in developing pine embryos are absent from other conifer expressed sequence tag (EST) collections. These data show that the conifer embryo differs markedly from other gymnosperm tissues studied to date in terms of the range of genes transcribed. Approximately 72% of conifer embryo‐expressed genes are found in the Arabidopsis proteome and conifer embryos contain mRNAs of very similar sequence to key genes that regulate seed development in Arabidopsis. However, 1388 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) embryo ESTs (11.4% of the collection) are novel and, to date, have been found in no other plant. The data imply that, in gymnosperm embryogenesis, differences in structure and development are achieved by subtle molecular interactions, control of spatial and temporal gene expression and the regulating agency of a few unique proteins.

Contents

Summary
511

I.
Introduction
512

II.
Embryogenesis and seed development
515

III.
Gene expression during conifer embryogenesis
525

IV.
Conclusions
530

Acknowledgements
531

References
531
The effects of starter culture on chemical composition, microbiological and sensory characteristics of Turkish Kaşar Cheese during ripening
Authors: SERT DURMUŞ , AYAR AHMET , AKIN NIHAT
Published: October 2007

Kaşar cheese samples were produced from raw milk and starter culture‐added pasteurized milk. Chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of kaşar cheeses were analysed at certain times during the ripening periods (on the 1st, 7th, 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th days). Generally, chemical parameters were not affected by starter culture. The pH, ripening index, water‐soluble nitrogen and non‐protein nitrogen did not show significant differences between the cheese samples. The addition of starter affected the microbiological quality of the cheeses. Starter culture‐added kaşar cheeses contained low levels of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, moulds and yeasts, and coliforms, and achieved higher organoleptic scores than those of cheeses made from raw milk. The starter cultures contributed to acidity and microbial quality of the cheese.
Use of isolated autochthonous starter cultures in yogurt production
Authors: POURAHMAD REZVAN , ASSADI MAHNAZ MAZAHERI
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to produce yogurt from Iranian autochthonous starters. Strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus were isolated from autochthonous yogurts. The strains were used as starter for yogurt production. Chemical, microbial and organoleptic characteristics of products were examined. There were significant increases in acidity and acetaldehyde content, and significant decreases in pH and microbial population of samples during cold storage. There was no significant difference in organoleptic characteristics (taste, smell and texture) during cold storage. We conclude that autochthonous starters in production of yogurt can be satisfactorily used and the starters can introduce to national microbial collection.
Ripening of traditional Örgü cheese manufactured with raw or pasteurized milk: Composition and biochemical properties
Authors: CELIK SERAFETTIN , TURKOGLU HUSEYIN
Published: October 2007

The changes in composition and some biochemical properties of Örgü cheeses made from raw (RMC) and pasteurized (PMC) cow milk were investigated during a 90‐day ripening period. The average contents of total solids (TS), protein, water soluble nitrogen (WSN), trichloro‐acetic acid soluble nitrogen (TCA‐SN) and acid degree value (ADV) were lower, while salt and salt in TS were found to be statistically higher in PMC than RMC (P < 0.05). In addition, in both RMC and PMC, the TS and protein contents were decreased as compared to an increase in salt, salt in TS, WSN and TCA‐SN contents, and ADV, during ripening (P < 0.05). The evaluation of WSN, TCA‐SN and ADV shows that these two experimental Örgü cheese types undergo little proteolysis and lipolysis. On the other hand, acidity development was observed to be high in both before curdling and in cheese made from raw milk during ripening.
Optimization of processing parameters for the ultrasonic extraction of goat kid rennet
Authors: ZHANG FU‐XIN , WANG BI‐NI
Published: October 2007

Using abomasums of 2‐ to 3‐week‐old goat kids as material, the effects of some factors such as ultrasound intensity, extraction time, NaCl concentration in extraction solution and ratio of abomasums mucosa to extraction solution on the extraction yield of goat kid rennet were investigated. On the basis of single factor experiments, the processing parameters for ultrasound extraction were optimized using a four‐factor orthogonal and rotatory combinatorial design. The results showed that the optimum processing parameters for the extraction of goat kid rennet were: ultrasound intensity, 44 W/cm2; extraction time, 25 min; NaCl concentration in extraction solution, 16%; and the ratio of abomasumal mucosa to extraction solution, 1 : 30. In addition, the ultrasonic extraction, as compared with traditional extraction, proved to be more effective.
The influence of additives on the rheological and sensory properties of nonfat yogurt
Authors: TELES CAMILA DUARTE , FLÔRES SIMONE HICKMANN
Published: October 2007

In this work, response surface methodology was applied to a study of the effects of the addition of skim milk powder and stabilizers on the apparent viscosity and sensory attributes of nonfat yogurt. The addition of stabilizers has been shown to produce a significant effect on sensory attributes, while high concentrations of xanthan and guar gum are seen to decrease the overall acceptability of the yogurt, with gelatin producing the higher apparent viscosity and consistency. The correlation among apparent viscosity, which is an instrumental measurement, and consistency, which is a sensory evaluation, was 0.72.
Group I mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptors regulate proliferation of neuronal progenitors in specific forebrain developmental domains
Authors: Gandhi Rina , Luk Kelvin C. , Rymar Vladimir V. , Sadikot Abbas F.
Published: October 2007

Major classical neurotransmitters including GABA and glutamate play novel morphogenic roles during development of the mammalian CNS. During forebrain neurogenesis, glutamate regulates neuroblast proliferation in different germinal domains using receptor subtype‐specific mechanisms. For example, ionotropic N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) or alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors mediate distinct proliferative effects in ventral or dorsal forebrain germinal domains, and regulate the correct number of neurons that populate the striatum or cerebral cortex. Recent work suggests metabotropic receptors may also mediate glutamate’s proliferative effects. Group I mGluR5 receptor subtypes are highly expressed in forebrain germinal zones. Using in vitro and in vivo methods, we demonstrate mGluR5 receptor activation plays an important role in neuroblast proliferation in the ventral telencephalon, and helps determine the complement of striatum projection neurons. mGluR5 receptor‐mediated effects on striatal neuronal progenitors are restricted mainly to early cycling populations in the ventricular zone, with little effect on secondary proliferative populations in the subventricular zone. In contrast to proliferative effects in the ventral telencephalon, mGluR5 receptors do not modulate proliferation of dorsal telencephalon‐derived cortical neuroblasts. Heterogeneous domain‐specific proliferative effects of glutamate‐mediated by specific receptor subtypes provide an important developmental mechanism allowing generation of the correct complement of neuronal subtypes that populate the mammalian forebrain.
CB1 knockout mice display impaired functionality of 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A/C receptors
Authors: Mato Susana , Aso Ester , Castro Elena , Martín Miquel , Valverde Olga , Maldonado Rafael , Pazos Ángel
Published: October 2007

Interaction between brain endocannabinoid (EC) and serotonin (5‐HT) systems was investigated by examining 5‐HT‐dependent behavioral and biochemical responses in CB1 receptor knockout mice. CB1 knockout animals exhibited a significant reduction in the induction of head twitches and paw tremor by the 5‐HT2A/C receptor selective agonist (±) DOI, as well as a reduced hypothermic response following administration of the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist (±)‐8‐OH‐DPAT. Additionally, exposure to the tail suspension test induced enhanced despair responses in CB1 knockout mice. However, the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and the 5‐HT selective reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine induced similar decreases in the time of immobility in the tail suspension test in CB1 receptor knockout and wild‐type mice. No differences were found between both genotypes with regard to 5‐HT2A receptor and 5‐HT1A receptors levels, measured by autoradiography in different brain areas. However, a significant decrease in the ability of both, the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist (±)‐8‐OH‐DPAT and the 5‐HT2A/C receptor agonist (−)DOI, to stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding was detected in the hippocampal CA1 area and fronto‐parietal cortex of CB1 receptor knockout mice, respectively. This study provides evidence that CB1 receptors are involved in the regulation of serotonergic responses mediated by 5‐HT2A/C and 5‐HT1A receptors, and suggests that a reduced coupling of 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A receptors to G proteins might be involved in these effects.
The coexistence of multiple receptors in a single nerve terminal provides evidence for pre‐synaptic integration
Authors: Ladera Carolina , Godino María del Carmen , Martín Ricardo , Luján Rafael , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Ciruela Francisco , Torres Magdalena , Sánchez‐Prieto José
Published: October 2007

Excitatory synaptic transmission is inhibited by G protein coupled receptors, including the adenosine A1, GABAB, and metabotropic glutamate receptor 7. These receptors are present in nerve terminals where they reduce the release of glutamate through activating signaling pathways negatively coupled to Ca2+ channels and adenylyl cyclase. However, it is not clear whether these receptors operate in distinct subpopulations of nerve terminals or if they are co‐expressed in the same nerve terminals, despite the functional consequences that such distributions may have on synaptic transmission. Applying Ca2+ imaging and immunocytochemistry, we show that these three G protein coupled receptors coexist in a subpopulation of cerebrocortical nerve terminals. The three receptors share an intracellular signaling pathway through which their inhibitory responses are integrated and coactivation of these receptors produced an integrated response. Indeed, this response was highly variable, from a synergistic response at subthreshold agonist concentrations to an occluded response at high agonist concentrations. The presence of multiple receptors in a nerve terminal could be responsible for the physiological effects of neurotransmitter spillover from neighboring synapses or alternatively, the co‐release of transmitters by the same nerve terminal.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 functions as a neuromodulator in dorsal root ganglia neurons
Authors: Jung Hosung , Toth Peter T. , White Fletcher A. , Miller Richard J.
Published: October 2007

It has previously been observed that expression of chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1/CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)) and its receptor CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is up‐regulated by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in association with rodent models of neuropathic pain. MCP‐1 increases the excitability of nociceptive neurons after a peripheral nerve injury, while disruption of MCP‐1/CCR2 signaling blocks the development of neuropathic pain, suggesting MCP‐1 signaling is responsible for heightened pain sensitivity. To define the mechanisms of MCP‐1 signaling in DRG, we studied intracellular processing, release, and receptor‐mediated signaling of MCP‐1 in DRG neurons. We found that in a focal demyelination model of neuropathic pain both MCP‐1 and CCR2 were up‐regulated by the same neurons including transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1) expressing nociceptors. MCP‐1 expressed by DRG neurons was packaged into large dense‐core vesicles whose release could be induced from the soma by depolarization in a Ca2+‐dependent manner. Activation of CCR2 by MCP‐1 could sensitize nociceptors via transactivation of transient receptor potential channels. Our results suggest that MCP‐1 and CCR2, up‐regulated by sensory neurons following peripheral nerve injury, might participate in neural signal processing which contributes to sustained excitability of primary afferent neurons.
DNA barcode discovers two cryptic species and two geographical radiations in the invasive drosophilid Zaprionus indianus
Authors: YASSIN AMIR , CAPY PIERRE , MADI‐RAVAZZI LILIAN , OGEREAU DAVID , DAVID JEAN R.
Published: October 2007

Comparing introduced to ancestral populations within a phylogeographical context is crucial in any study aiming to understand the ecological genetics of an invasive species. Zaprionus indianus is a cosmopolitan drosophilid that has recently succeeded to expand its geographical range upon three continents (Africa, Asia and the Americas). We studied the distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes for two genes (CO‐I and CO‐II) among 23 geographical populations. mtDNA revealed the presence of two well‐supported phylogenetic lineages (phylads), with bootstrap value of 100%. Phylad I included three African populations, reinforcing the African‐origin hypothesis of the species. Within phylad II, a distinct phylogeographical pattern was discovered: Atlantic populations (from the Americas and Madeira) were closer to the ancestral African populations than to Eastern ones (from Madagascar, Middle East and India). This means that during its passage from endemism to cosmopolitanism, Z. indianus exhibited two independent radiations, the older (the Eastern) to the East, and the younger (the Atlantic) to the West. Discriminant function analysis using 13 morphometrical characters was also able to discriminate between the two molecular phylads (93.34 ± 1.67%), although detailed morphological analysis of male genitalia using scanning electron microscopy showed no significant differences. Finally, crossing experiments revealed the presence of reproductive barrier between populations from the two phylads, and further between populations within phylad I. Hence, a bona species status was assigned to two new, cryptic species: Zaprionus africanus and Zaprionus gabonicus, and both were encompassed along with Z. indianus and Zaprionus megalorchis into the indianus complex. The ecology of these two species reveals that they are forest dwellers, which explains their restricted endemic distribution, in contrast to their relative cosmopolitan Z. indianus, known to be a human‐commensal. Our results reconfirm the great utility of mtDNA at both inter‐ and intraspecific analyses within the frame of an integrated taxonomical project.
The age of Rubisco: the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis
Authors: NISBET E. G. , GRASSINEAU N. V. , HOWE C. J. , ABELL P. I. , REGELOUS M. , NISBET R. E. R.
Published: October 2007

The evolutionary history of oxygenesis is controversial. Form I of ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in oxygen‐tolerant organisms both enables them to carry out oxygenic extraction of carbon from air and enables the competitive process of photorespiration. Carbon isotopic evidence is presented from ~2.9 Ga stromatolites from Steep Rock, Ontario, Canada, ~2.9 Ga stromatolites from Mushandike, Zimbabwe, and ~2.7 Ga stromatolites in the Belingwe belt, Zimbabwe. The data imply that in all three localities the reef‐building autotrophs included organisms using Form I Rubisco. This inference, though not conclusive, is supported by other geochemical evidence that these stromatolites formed in oxic conditions. Collectively, the implication is that oxygenic photosynthesizers first appeared ~2.9 Ga ago, and were abundant 2.7–2.65 Ga ago.

Rubisco specificity (its preference for CO2 over O2) and compensation constraints (the limits on carbon fixation) may explain the paradox that despite the inferred evolution of oxygenesis 2.9 Ga ago, the Late Archaean air was anoxic. The atmospheric CO2:O2 ratio, and hence greenhouse warming, may reflect Form I Rubisco's specificity for CO2 over O2. The system may be bistable under the warming Sun, with liquid oceans occurring in either anoxic (H2O with abundant CH4 plus CO2) or oxic (H2O with more abundant CO2, but little CH4) greenhouse states. Transition between the two states would involve catastrophic remaking of the biosphere. Build‐up of a very high atmospheric inventory of CO2 in the 2.3 Ga glaciation may have allowed the atmosphere to move up the CO2 compensation line to reach stability in an oxygen‐rich system. Since then, Form I Rubisco specificity and consequent compensation limits may have maintained the long‐term atmospheric disproportion between O2 and CO2, which is now close to both CO2 and O2 compensation barriers.
J.R. Firth, 1957, Papers in Linguistics 1934–51
Authors: Widdowson Henry
Published: October 2007

This feature provides a critical reappraisal of a well‐known book that was published some time ago in order to asses how far it is still relevant to current thinking.
Protein translation, 2007
Authors: Kaeberlein Matt , Kennedy Brian K.
Published: October 2007

Translation of RNA to protein is essential for life. It should perhaps not be surprising, therefore, that appropriate regulation of translation plays a key role in determining longevity. This Hot Topic article discusses papers published in the last year related to the importance of translation and its regulation by signaling through the target of rapamycin kinase, in modulating aging and age‐associated diseases.
Technical Note: Grading the vertical cup:disc ratio and the effect of scaling
Authors: Bennett Ruth , Spry Paul G. D. , Fenerty Cecilia H. , Harper Robert A.
Published: October 2007

Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of scaling on sensitivity to change for grading the vertical cup:disc ratio (CDR).

Methods:  Vertical CDR was assessed by six observers (three ophthalmologists and three optometrists) on 43 stereo disc photographs. Repeated observations were made for both 0.1 and 0.05 interval scales. Paired differences were calculated for all observers and each observer separately. Mean and standard deviation of differences and agreement statistics were used to compare scales.

Results:  Five observers demonstrated a reduction in the spread of differences (mean difference 0.19 to 0.15) and all observers demonstrated a reduction in concordance using the finer scale (mean concordance 54% to 39%).

Conclusion:  The use of a finer scale reduces test–retest variability and increases sensitivity to change when estimating the vertical CDR. Use of this scale does not require any additional resource and it may be easily implemented in routine clinical practice.
Guest Editorial: A brief history of trichromacy
Authors: Weale Robert
Published: October 2007

2007 is the bicentenary year of the publication of Thomas Young’s theory of colour vision. Ideas on trichromacy are traced here from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, and some of the chief protagonists (and antagonists) involved are mentioned. Reference is made to an early (1613) trichromatically‐generated grey. Attention is paid also to the international dimension of the subject.
Discontinuity of Coverage for Medicaid and S‐CHIP Children at a Transitional Birthday
Authors: Ketsche Patricia , Adams E. Kathleen , Snyder Angela , Zhou Mei , Minyard Karen , Kellenberg Rebecca
Published: October 2007

Research Objective. To investigate disenrollment from public insurance at the 6‐year transitional birthday when eligibility for many children moves from Medicaid to State Children's Health Insurance Program (S‐CHIP).

Data Sources. Data from Georgia's S‐CHIP (PeachCare) and Medicaid programs from 2000 to 2002.

Study Design. The likelihood of dropping public coverage after the reference birthday is modeled for children turning age 6 compared with a control cohort of children turning age 9 controlling for demographic and geographic differences between enrollees.

Principal Findings. Over 17 percent of 6‐year‐olds versus only 7 percent of the control cohort dropped coverage. After controlling for other factors (e.g., race/ethnicity, prior enrollment, and geographic region) having lower historical expenditures is predictive of dropping coverage among all children, although the unadjusted effect is stronger among children enrolled in PeachCare before their sixth birthday. Only 1 percent of Medicaid children who remained covered transitioned to PeachCare.

Conclusions. Turnover at transitional birthdays identifies a common pathway for children into the ranks of the uninsured. Facilitating continuous enrollment would retain in the programs children with lower than average expenditures. This may be one of the more cost effective ways of reducing the number of uninsured children in Georgia.
Advertising, Individual Consumption Levels, and the Natural Environment, 1900–2000
Authors: Brulle Robert J. , Young Lindsay E.
Published: October 2007

One central determinant of global environmental change is the continued expansion of personal consumption levels. In order to more fully understand the relationship between consumption and environmental degradation, the determinants of consumption must first be identified. Prior research in this area has focused on economic factors, primarily personal disposable income and population demographic characteristics. The role of cultural factors, including advertising, has been actively mentioned in theoretical analyses of the driving forces of individual consumption. However, this has not been empirically tested. In this article, we conduct an analysis of the impact of advertising on consumption levels in the United States. We start with a theoretical discussion of the literature on advertising and consumption. Based on this literature, we establish three hypotheses regarding the relationship between advertising expenditure and personal consumption. These hypotheses are then tested using time series analysis over the time period 1900–2000. The results show that advertising significantly impacts overall consumption and that these effects vary by type of consumption. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this analysis for further research into the driving forces of global environmental change.
Economic Dependency, Repression, and Deforestation: A Quantitative, Cross‐National Analysis*
Authors: Shandra John M.
Published: October 2007

This research builds upon previous cross‐national studies of deforestation. In doing so, I examine how various world‐systems indicatorsinteractwith political conditions within a nation. I test the hypothesis that repressive nations create a “good business climate” for multinational capital, which, in turn, affects deforestation. This “good business climate” consists of economic incentives (e.g., tax holidays), regulatory concessions (e.g., environmental law exemptions), and imposed political stability (e.g., outlawing strikes, protests, and unions). The results indicate that export partner concentration, commodity concentration, multinational corporate penetration, and International Monetary Fund conditionality increase deforestation more at higher rather than at lower levels of repression. I also confirm previous findings that gross domestic product per capita decreases deforestation, indicating that richer nations are able to externalize their environmental costs onto poorer nations. I conclude with the theoretical implications of this research, policy implications, and possible directions for future research.