bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral sensitivities and visual attractant studies on the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), olive fly, Dacus oleae (Gmelin), and the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (Diptera, Tephritidae)1
Authors: Agee H. R. , Boller E. , Remund U. , Davis J. C. , Chambers D. L.
Published: July 2010

The spectral sensitivities of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), olive fly, Dacus oleae (Gmelin), and the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) were determined, and the relative attractiveness of wing traps of 5 selected colors was tested under field conditions in 5 countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. The spectral sensitivities of all 3 species were basically similar, with a broad major peak at 485–500 nm (yellow‐green) and a secondary peak at 365 nm (ultraviolet). A distinct color preference was shown only by the cherry fruit fly, for which the yellow polypropylene (Rebell 78) trap was the most attractive of all colors tested. For the other species, however, no specific yellow color was significantly preferred.

Die spektrale Sensitivität und Attraktivität visueller Stimuli bei der Mittelmeerfruchtfliege, Ceratitis capitata, der Olivenfliege, Dacus oleae, und der Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Mittels elektrophysiologischer Methoden (Elektroretinogramm) wurde die spektrale Sensitivität der Augen von drei Fruchtfliegenarten (Ceratitis capitata, Dacus oleae und Rhagoletis cerasi) im Rahmen einer gemeinsamen Untersuchung der OILB‐Arbeitsgruppe Fruchtfliegen untersucht und durch ein Prüfprogramm in 5 Ländern der Mittelmeerregion ergänzt, in welchem die Fängigkeit von Flügelfallen mit 5 ausgewählten Gelbtönen im Feldversuch geprüft wurde. Die erstellten Kurven der spektralen Sensitivität der Fruchtfliegenaugen sind bei allen drei untersuchten Arten ähnlich, weisen einen breiteren Hauptgipfel in der Region von 485–500 nm (gelb‐grün) und einen Nebengipfel im Ultraviolettbereich (365 nm) auf. Eine ausgeprägte Präferenz für bestimmte Gelbtöne wurde lediglich bei der Kirschenfliege festgestellt, welche am stärksten durch den Gelbton der Kreuzfalle des Types Rebell 78 angezogen wurde. Die beiden anderen Fruchtfliegenarten bevorzugten keinen der 5 vorgelegten Gelbtöne in signifikanter Weise.

Die mögliche Ausnutzung der vorliegenden Ergebnisse im Prognosewesen und bei ökologischen Untersuchungen wird diskutiert.
Field and laboratory tests on the effect of juvenile hormone analogue on the larvae of Galleria mellonella L. (Lep., Pyralidae)
Authors: Hussein M. H.
Published: July 2010

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, was tested for mortality of larvae, adult emergence and some morphological responses under normal conditions and following exposure to Altosid SR‐10 (ZR515) in laboratory and apiary. Water solutions of Altosid SR‐10 (isopropyl [2E, 4E]‐11‐methoxy‐3,7,11‐trimethyl‐2,4 dodecadionate) were used for dipping of G. mellonella larvae for 5 seconds, in laboratory. Percent larval mortality, one week after treatment, was ranged from 5.0 to 8.6 % at 31.25 ppm to 500 ppm of Altosid. Percent malformed adults, five weeks after treatment, was ranged from 1.7 to 20.0 % at 31.25 ppm to 500 ppm of Altosid. The dose expected to produce 50 % inhibition of normal adult emergence (ED50) was 400 ppm of Altosid. Field treatment of G. mellonella in the apiary inside the honey bee colonies using musclin‐cloth pieces which previously dipped in water solutions of Altosid, indicated that a dosage of 1500 ppm caused complete inhibition of normal adult emergence of G. mellonella accompanied with 36 % increase on brood rearing ability of treated colonies as compared with control ones.

Freiland‐ und Laborversuche zur Wirkung von JHA auf die Raupen von Galleria mellonella L. (Lep., Pyralidae)

Die Große Wachsmotte, Galleria mellonella, wurde hinsichtlich Raupenmortalität, Falterschlüpfen und einiger morphologischer Merkmale unter der Wirkung normaler Verhältnisse sowie des JHA Altosid SR‐10 im Labor und in Bienenstöcken untersucht. Im Labor wurden die Raupen 5 s in wäßrige Lösungen von Altosid getaucht. Die Raupenmortalität betrug eine Woche nach Behandlung zwischen 5,0 und 8,6 % bei Altosid‐Dosen zwischen 31,25 und 500 ppm. 5 Wochen nach Behandlung wurden 1,7 bis 20,0% deformierter geschlüpfter Falter bei 31,25–500 ppm Altosid festgestellt. Die zu 50%iger Deformierung führende Altosid‐Dosis betrug 400 ppm. In Bienenstöcken aufgehängte Stücke von Musselingewebe, die mit Altosid getränkt waren, führten bei einer Dosis von 1500 ppm zu vollständiger Verhinderung des normalen Falterschlüpf ens der Wachsmotte, was einen im Mittel 36%igen Anstieg des Brutumfangs des Bienenvolkes zur Folge hatte.
Effects of the sterilant thiotepa on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Aphididae, Homoptera)
Authors: Sharma M. L. , Gareau A. , Thériault L. M.
Published: July 2010

Thiotepa [tris (1‐aziridinyl) phosphine sulphide] employed as contact sterilant for two hours induced either total or partial sterility accompanied by mortality, decrease in the reproduction period and in the total life span of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Concentrations of 2.5% and 5% were toxic while concentrations of 0.5% and 1% were less toxic. They greatly decreased the fecundity of aphids.

Wirkungen des Sterilants Thiotepa auf die Erbsenblattlaus Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Aphididae, Homoptera)

Thiotepa führte bei A. pisum nach 2stündigem Kontakt entweder zu totaler oder partieller Sterilität, begleitet von Mortalität sowie Verkürzung der Reproduktionsperiode und der Lebensdauer. Konzentrationen von 2,5 und 5% waren toxisch, 0,5 und 1% nur gering toxisch. Sie senkten die Eizahl von A. pisum stark ab.
Über zwei Protozoen‐Arten, Adelina tribolii Bhatia comb. nov. (Coccidia) und Nosema ptinidorum n. sp. (Microsporidia) als Krankheitserreger der vorratsschädlichen Käfer Ptinus pusillus Strm. und P. brunneus Dft. (Col., Ptinidae)1
Authors: Purrini K.
Published: July 2010

Studies on Adelina tribolii Bhatia comb. nov. (Coccidia) and Nosema ptinidorum n. sp. (Microsporidia) parasitizing stored product pests, Ptinus pusillus Strm. and P. brunneus Dft. (Ptinidae, Col.)

Two species of stored product pests, Ptinus pusillus and P. brunneus which were collected in watermills, and later reared in laboratory, became infected by two protozoan parasites, a coccidian Adelina tribolii comb. nov., and a microsporidian Nosema ptinidorum n. sp. Both parasites invade the fat body of adults of host‐animals. The larvae remained free from infection. The two new pathogens are described and pictured. This is the first report on coccidian and microsporidian parasites found in stored product pests of the Family Ptinidae, Coleoptera.

Zwei Arten der vorratsschädlichen Käfer Ptinus pusillus und P. brunneus, die in Rückständen in Wassermühlen im Gebiet von Kosovo, Jugoslawien, gesammelt und 3 Jahre lang im Labor weitergezüchtet wurden, erwiesen sich von 2 Protozoenarten, einer Coccidie, Adelina tribolii Bhatia comb. nov. und einer Mikrosporidie, Nosema ptinidorum n. sp. befallen. Die beiden Parasiten befielen den Fettkörper der Käfer. Die Käferlarven blieben befallsfrei. Die beiden neuen Arten werden beschrieben und abgebildet. Dies ist der erste Fund von Coccidien und Mikrosporidien als Protozonosen innerhalb der Käferfamilie Ptinidae.
The oviposition‐deterring pheromone in Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera, Tephritidae)
Authors: Mumtaz M. M. , Aliniazee M. T.
Published: July 2010

The oviposition‐deterring pheromone (ODP) of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran is an extremely stable compound(s) both under acidic and basic conditions. The extraction experiments showed that the pheromonal compound(s) was unextractable into any of the organic solvents including chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate and ether, both in acidic and basic conditions, and that the activity remained in the aqueous phase. Dialysis experiments suggest that the molecular weight of the ODP component(s) is less than 12,000. A generalized scheme for partial purification and accumulation of the pheromone is described.

Das die Eiablage verhindernde Pheromon von Rhagoletis indifferens Curr. (Dipt., Tephritidae). 2. Chemische Charakterisierung und partielle Reinigung

Das die Eiablage verhindernde Pheromon der Westlichen Kirschfruchtfliege, Rh. indifferens, ist eine extrem stabile Verbindung sowohl in saurem als basischem Medium. Die Extraktions‐Experimente zeigten, daß die Pheromonverbindung mit Hilfe von organischen Lösungen wie Chloroform, Hexan, Äthylazetat, Äther u. a. ‐ im sauren oder basischen Bereich ‐ unextrahierbar war und daß ihre Aktivität in wäßriger Phase erhalten blieb. Dialyse‐Experimente ergaben, daß das Molekulargewicht weniger als 12 000 beträgt. Es wird ein allgemeines Schema zur partiellen Reinigung und Akkumulation des Pheromons beschrieben.
Zur Bedeutung des Inhaltsstoffmusters von Fichtennadeln für die Entwicklung phytophager Insekten1
Authors: Schopf R.
Published: July 2010

Patterns of spruce needle composition and development of phytophagous insects

The development of the spruce needle feeding sawfly Gilpinia hercyniae Htg. (Hym., Diprionidae) correlates with a numerical index which is calculated from the concentrations of 8 spruce needle compounds. One term of this index shows an antagonistic relation between protein amino acids and shikimic and quinic acid. Detailed investigations proved that the protein digestion of G. hercyniae might be a possible target of the disturbing effect of the acids. The main part of the protons which were neutralized in the gut of G. hercyniae results from the dissoziation of shikimic and quinic acid. In vitro experiments show that increasing pH values accelerate the activity of the gut proteases. This influence of pH on protein digesting enzymes could be confirmed by in vivo studies, too. The results support the assumption that the needle index describes quantitatively the food quality of spruce needles.

Die Entwicklung der Fichtennadeln fressenden Blattwespe Gilpinia hercyniae Htg. (Hym., Diprionidae) korreliert eng mit den Konzentrationen von 8 Fichtennadelinhaltsstoffen, die zu einem Index IN verrechnet wurden. In einem Term des Nadelindex erscheinen Shikimi‐ und Chinasäure als antagonistische Größen zu den Proteinaminosäuren. Kausalanalytische Untersuchungen ergaben, daß ein möglicher Angriffspunkt für eine störende Wirkung der Säuren die Proteinverdauung im Darm von G. hercyniae ist. 70–80% der Protonen, die von G. hercyniae während der Nahrungspassage neutralisiert werden, resultieren aus der Dissoziation dieser beiden Säuren. In vitro‐Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Proteasen‐Aktivität des Darmhomogenats mit wachsendem pH‐Wert deutlich ansteigt. Die pH‐Abhängigkeit der Proteasen kann auch in vivo bestätigt werden Die Ergebnisse stützen die Annahme, daß der Nadelindex eine Maßzahl für die Nahrungsqualität der Fichtennadeln darstellt.
Untersuchungen zur Mikrohabitatbindung von Laufkäfern des Hypolithions eines Seeufers (Col., Carabidae)
Authors: Stein W.
Published: July 2010

Studies on the microhabitats of Carabidae living at the shore of Lake Eder (Fed. Rep. of Germany)

The under‐stone carabid fauna of Lake Eder (Fed. Rep. of Germany, North Hesse) was investigated along a shore strip of 3 m distance from the water level. Its dependence from several factors was determined. The main results were as following.

The carabids show a clear binding to the area directly bordering on the water (up to 1 m distance). Within this zone, most species are living in distinct regions. Most beetles live under stones where the water content of the soil is low (0–20%). Soils with a low content of organic matter are preferred by most species. The particle size of the soil is very important for the distribution of the carabids. A high content of particles beneath 4 mm is avoided, while medium and high contents of particles with more than 4 mm diameter favour the presence of carabids. The two most common species Bembidion decorum and B. dentellum show a different reaction in respect to the factors investigated. Thus, they are separated even within this small area and an interspecific competition is avoided.

Am Edersee (Nordhessen), einer Talsperre mit starken jährlichen Schwankungen des Wasserspiegels, wurden in einem 3 m breiten Uferstreifen die unter Steinen lebenden Carabiden erfaßt und ihre Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Faktoren ermittelt. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt:

Die Carabiden zeigten eine deutliche Bindung an den unmittelbar an das Wasser grenzenden Bereich (bis etwa 1 m). Die in größerer Zahl vorkommenden Arten lassen darüber hinaus eine Bevorzugung bestimmter Zonierungen innerhalb dieses Streifens erkennen.

Die meisten Käfer kamen unter solchen Steinen vor, bei denen der Wassergehalt des Bodens zwischen 0 und 20% lag.

Böden mit einem geringen Anteil organischer Substanz hatten hinsichtlich der Arten‐ und Individuenzahl das stärkste Carabiden‐Vorkommen.

Für das Auftreten von Carabiden unter Steinen hat die Korngröße des Bodens eine besondere Bedeutung. Ein hoher Anteil mittlerer und feiner Körnung (unter 4 mm) wurde weitgehend gemieden, mittlerer und hoher Anteil grober Körnung (über 4 mm) bevorzugt.

Die beiden wichtigsten Arten, Bembidion decorum und B. dentellum, zeigten gegenüber allen untersuchten Kriterien ein unterschiedliches Verhalten. Das gemeinsame Vorkommen und damit eine interspezifische Konkurrenz werden dadurch weitgehend ausgeschaltet.
Studies on colony founding behaviours of Bifiditermes beesoni (Gardner) (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)1
Authors: Afzal Mohammad
Published: July 2010

The alates of Bifiditermes beesoni (Gardner) may not shed their wings for many months after the nuptial flight. The entrance hole for colony foundation and moisture stimulates dealation. To perform dealation, the wings are snapped vertically or horizontally, along the line of the body. The alates may also loose their wings by rubbing the articulation of the wing‐suture against the walls of an entrance hole.

The reproductives of B. beesoni do not exhibit “calling” and tandem behaviours.

There is an indication that some glands may be located in the area of sterno‐metathoracic plates and first abdominal sternite of the female which attracts the male. The attraction is only tactile in nature.

über das Koloniegründungs‐Verhalten von Bifiditermes beesoni (Gardner) (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)

Die Geflügelten von B. beesoni können ihre Flügel nach Beendigung des Hochzeitsflugs viele Monate lang nicht abwerfen. Die Eingangspforte eines neuen Nestes sowie die Feuchtigkeit stimulieren den Flügelabwurf. Bei letzterem werden die Flügel vertikal oder horizontal in Körperlängslinie abgebrochen. Die Geflügelten können auch ihre Flügel durch Reiben der Bruchstelle an den Wänden des Nesteingangs verlieren. Die Fortpflanzungstiere von B. beesoni zeigen kein Lautgebungs‐ oder Tandem‐Verhalten. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, daß einige Drüsen in der Gegend der sternalen Metathorakalplatten und der ersten Abdomonalsternite des Weibchens die Männchen anlocken. Die Anlockung funktioniert nur im Freiland.
Studies on the distribution, morphology, biology and ecology of Pronocera angusta (Kriechb.) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
Authors: STARZYK J. R. , LESSAER M.
Published: July 2010

The morphology of adults, larvae and eggs of Pronocera angusta (Kriechb.) is described taking also the structure of the copulatory organs into account. The phenology of this species is discussed and the host plants of larvae and adults are given. The biology and ecology are discusses in detail taking the place of occurrence, the pattern of larval and adult feeding, character of injuries caused, and the life cycle into account. On the basis of the Literature data, museum collections and authors' own investigations the distribution of this species has been presented against a natural range of Norway spruce which is a host tree of the larvae.

Untersuchungen über Verbreitung, Morphologie, Biologie und Ökologie von Pronocera angusta (Kriechb.) (Col., Cerambycidae)

Es wird die Morphologie der Adulten, Larven und Eier von P. angusta unter Einbeziehung der Kopulationsorgane beschrieben. Sodann werden die Phänologie und die Wirtsbaumarten betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse von biologischen und ökologischen Untersuchungen werden mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Auftretens, der larvalen und imaginalen Ernährung, der Schadensweise und des Generationszyklus erörtert. Schließlich werden die Ergebnisse mit der Literatur im Hinblick auf die Verbreitung von P. angusta und Picea abies verglichen.
A key to the mites associated with flying Ips typographus in South Germany
Authors: MOSER J. C. , BOGENSCHUÜTZ H.
Published: July 2010

A key identifies 32 species of mites associated with flying Ips typographus collected from nondestructive pheromone traps in South Germany. Fifteen species were judged phoretic because they were attached to the beetles. The biologies of most of the 32 species are unknown, but three are potential predators.

Ein Schlüssel zur Bestimmung der mit fliegenden Ips typographus in Süddeutschland assoziierten Milbenarten

Es wird ein Bestimmungsschlüssel mit 32 Arten Milben aufgestellt, die in Süddeutschland an Ips typographus aus Pheromonfallen gefunden wurden. Alle Arten werden abgebildet. 15 Arten sind als phoretisch zu betrachten, 3 bilden potentielle Prädatoren.
Infestationincidence and mortality in white spruce stands by Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in central British Columbia1
Authors: Safranyik L.
Published: July 2010

The incidence of spruce beetle infestations was evaluated in relation to elevation, site quality, stand age and spruce component of stands op a 2800 km2 area that included 166 infestations. The effects of tree and stand diameter and total mortality on percentage of spruce trees killed in the various diameter classes of spruce were also evaluated in 29 infested stands. In general, the incidence of spruce beetle infestations was directly related to site quality, stand age and the spruce component of stands, and inversely related to elevation. The results suggest that an effective stand hazard rating could be developed for the spruce beetle based on these factors. Two simple models were developed: one predicts the percent spruce mortality from the spruce beetle in terms of tree diameter and total mortality and the other predicts the post‐infestation average diameter of the live spruce from pre‐outbreak average diameter of spruce and total spruce mortality.

Befallstärke von Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby (Col., Scolytidae) und dadurch bedingte Mortalität in Fichtenbeständen Zentral‐Britisch Kolumbiens

Das Auftreten von Fichtenborkenkäfer‐Befall wurde auf einem 2800 km2 umfassenden Areal, in welchem sich 166 Befallsherde befanden, in Beziehung zu Standorts‐ und Bestandseigenschaften gesetzt. Inbesondere wurde die Beziehung zwischen Baum, Standweite und Gesamtmortalität einerseits und der Prozentsatz abgetöteter Fichten verschiedener Durchmesserklassen in 29 Befallsstandorten untersucht. Im allgemeinen war das Auftreten des Borkenkäfer‐Befalls proportional zu Standort, Baumalter und Fichtenanteil, dagegen umgekehrt proportional zur Höhe. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß aus den genannten Faktoren sich eine Gefahrenquote für die Fichte ableiten läßt. Zwei einfache Modelle wurden hierzu entwickelt: das eine Modell prognostiziert die Fichenmortalität aus dem Stammdurchmesser und der Gesamtmortalität, das andere bestimmt den mittleren Durchmesser der Fichten vor dem Befall und der Gesamtmortalität der Fichten.
Pheromone‐mediated competitive replacement between two bark beetle populations: Influence on infestation suppression1,2
Authors: Payne T. L. , Richerson J. V.
Published: July 2010

The naturally occurring within‐tree interspecific competition between Dendroctonus frontalis and Ips avulsus was artificially changed by presence of the synthetic inhibitor pheromones verbenone and brevicomin isomers. When these chemicals were eluted from the pine bole, I. avulsus colonized in larger densities and significantly dominated that portion of the pine bole which D. frontalis naturally occupies during its epidemics. This pheromone‐mediated competitive replacement between two sympatric bark beetle species mimicked the interspecific relationship which occurs during endemic population levels of D. frontalis. The findings suggest that the inhibitors might be useful in suppressing D. frontalis infestations by replacing the species with the less aggressive I. avulsus which would subsequently decline in the absence of additional D. frontalis stressed trees.

Pheromon‐vermittelter Konkurrenz‐Ersatz bei Populationen zweier Borkenkäferarten zur Unter drückung des Befalls

Die naturgemäß vorhandene interspezifische Konkurrenz zwischen Dendroctonus frontalis und Ips avulsus wurde künstlich durch Zugabe der Hemm‐Pheromone Verbenon und Brevicomin‐Isomere verändert: I. avulsus besiedelte jene Stammstücke stärker und dominierte über D. frontalis. Dieser pheromon‐vermittelte Konkurrenz‐Ersatz zwischen 2 sympatrischen Borkenkäferarten ahmt die interspezifischen Beziehungen nach, die bei einer endemischen Population von D. frontalis bestehen. Die Ergebnisse eröffnen die Möglichkeit, mit Hilfe dieser Hemmstoffe eine Unterdrückung des D. frontalis‐Befalls zugunsten der weniger aggressiven Art Ips avulsus zu erreichen, deren Dichte dann anschließend durch das Fehlen von durch D. frontalis gestreßten Bäumen wieder zurückgeht.
Growth‐disrupting effects of azadirachtin on the larvae of the Asiatic corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) (Lepid., Pyralidae)
Authors: Shinfoon Chiu , Xing Zhang , Siuking Liu , Duanping Huang
Published: July 2010

After feeding with artificial diet containing 20 ppm azadirachtin for two days, then transferred to normal diet, the 3rd or 4th instar larvae of Ostrinia furnacalis shrank, the body weight decreased gradually, and the lipid content was less than that of control. The brain, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata and the prothoracic gland of the larvae in 15–20 days after treatment all showed histopathological changes. The titre of 20 ‐ hydroxyecdysone of the treated larvae was significantly lower than that of the control at the time of pupation as examined by the method of radioimmunoassay. The black thoracic legs and brown thoracic spots appeared on the treated larvae and the examination by light and electron microscopes showed that the necrosis occurred in the epidermis of the black thoracic leg and the thoracic epidermis became invisible. All these pathological alterations of the larval organs and tissues indicate that azadirachtin profoundly affects the insect, perhaps by acting on the neuroendocrine system.

Wachstumsunterbrechende Wirkung von Azadirachtin auf die Larven des asiatischen Getreidezünslers, Ostrinia furnacalis Guen. (Lepid., Pyralidae)

Nach zweitägiger Fütterung mit künstlicher Nahrung, die 20 ppm Azadirachtin enthielt, und anschließender Rückkehr zur Normalnahrung, schrumpften die L3 bzw. L4 von O. furnacalis ein, ihr Körpergewicht sank stufenweise ab, und ihr Fettgehalt war geringer als in der Kontrolle. Gehirn, Corpora cardiaca, Corpora allata und Prothorakaldrüsen zeigten 15–20 Tage nach Behandlung auffällige histopathologische Veränderungen. Der Titer von 20‐Hydroxyecdyson der behandelten Larven war zur Zeit der Verpuppung signifikant niedriger als jener der Kontrolle, wie durch radio‐immunologische Untersuchungen festgestellt wurde. Schwarze Abschnitte und braune Flecken erschienen auf dem Thorax der Larven, und die Untersuchung im Licht‐ und Elektronenmikroskop zeigte, daß an den schwarz verfärbten Stellen Nekrosen auftraten und daß die Thoraxepidermis unsichtbar wurde. Alle diese pathologischen Veränderungen der larvalen Organe und Gewebe zeigten, daß Azadirachtin den Insektenkörper wahrscheinlich auf dem Wege über das neuroendokrine System tiefgreifend verändert.
Pathogenic involvement of Mallophaga
Authors: Saxena A. K. , Agarwal G. P. , Chandra Suresh , Singh O. P.
Published: July 2010

Very little attention has been paid towards the role of Mallophaga in reservoiring and transmitting infectious agents amongst their hosts. A survey of literature reveals that two haematophagous mallophagans infesting poultry birds can act as vectors of pathogens causing cholera, typhoid or even toxoplasmosis amongst their hosts. Their ability to reservoire Ornithosis bedsoniae and to transmit viruses of eastern equine encephalomyelitis has also been proved. Few other non haematophagous Mallophaga infesting swifts, dogs and swans are able to act as an intermediate host for filarial worms and one other infesting dogs is reported to act as vector of a cestode. On the other hand, some mallophagan species harbour rickettsia and bacteria and are reported to exhibit endosymbiosis or commensalism. Most of the species, noted for bacterial endosymbiosis are haematophagous. In the present article an attempt has been made to discuss the earlier work done on the pathogenecity and endosymbiosis of Mallophaga, so as to expose the scope of further work on this problem.

Beziehung von Mallophagen zu Vogel‐ und Säugerpathogenen

Bisher ist noch sehr wenig über die Rolle von Mallophagen als Reservoir und Überträger von Infektionskrankheiten ihrer Wirte bekannt. Eine Literaturübersicht zeigt, daß zwei bei Geflügel vorkommende Mallophagen als Vektor bei Cholera‐, Typhus‐ und Toxoplasmose‐Erreger fungieren können. Ihre Fähigkeit als Reservoir der Ornithosis bedsoniae zu dienen sowie zur Übertragung des Virus der östlichen Pferde‐Enzephalomyelitis ist ebenfalls erwiesen. Einige andere hämatophage Mallophagen, die auf Tauben, Hunde und Schwäne leben, können Zwischenwirte von Fadenwürmern, in einem Falle auch Vektor eines Bandwurms sein. Andererseits beherbergen einige mallophage Arten Rickettsien und Bakterien als Endosymbionten oder Kommensalen. Die meisten Arten mit bakteriellen Endosymbionten sind blutfressend. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, die bisherigen Erkenntnisse über die Pathogenität und Endosymbiose von Mallophagen auszuwerten, um damit eine Grundlage für künftige Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet zu schaffen.
Potential of some chemicals to increase the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)
Authors: SALAMA H. S. , FODA M. S. , SHARABY A.
Published: July 2010

Biochemical approaches have been adopted to increase the potency of Bacillus thuringiensis var. entomocidus against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. Chemicals of various groups were assessed with respect to their effect in increasing the potency of the endotoxin. Results indicate that some lipid emulsifying agents, protein solubilizing agents, and some of the non‐toxic nitrogenous compounds tested increased the potency of the endotoxin in varying degrees (2.7–21.7 fold increase). Sodium benzoate as a representative of aromatic compounds also enhanced the endotoxin potency (2.5 fold increase), while the chelating agent EDTA had an antagonistic effect. Calcium, zinc, and copper salts remarkably potentiated the effectiveness of the endotoxin; the factors of increase were 24 and 19 as shown with zinc sulphate and calcium oxide salts. In the light of the results obtained, the mode of action of these chemicals has been discussed. So, B. thuringiensis may perform with high potency at lower concentrations if it is combined with some of these active and low cost chemicals and thus adding to the feasibilities of use.

Möglichkeiten zur Steigerung der Wirkung von Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. gegenüber Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) mit Hilfe einiger Chemikalien

Es wurden biochemische Versuche unternommen, um die Wirkung von B. thuringiensis var. entomocidus gegen die Raupen der Baumwolleule, S. littoralis, zu erhöhen. Dabei wurden chemische Verbindungen verschiedener Gruppen im Hinblick auf eine Steigerung der Endotoxin‐Wirkung betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß einige Fett‐emulgierende und Protein‐lösende Substanzen sowie einige nicht‐giftige Stickstoffverbindungen die Endotoxin‐Wirkung in verschiedenem Maße (2,7‐21,7fache Steigerung) erhöhten. Auch Natriumbenzoat als eine repräsentative aromatische Verbindung führte zur Wirkungssteigerung (2,5fach). Dagegen zeigte der Chelatbildner EDTA einen antagonistischen Effekt. Kalzium‐, Zink‐ und Kupfersalze vergrößerten die Wirksamkeit des Endotoxins erheblich (Zinksulfat 24fach, Kalziumoxyd 19fach). Im Lichte dieser Ergebnisse wird der Wirkungsmechanismus der getesteten Chemikalien erörtert. Demnach könnte B. thuringiensis bei niedrigerer Konzentration eine höhere Wirkung erlangen, wenn es mit einem dieser aktiven, billigen und unschädlichen chemischen Verbindungen kombiniert wird.
Seasonal changes in the nutrient content in the bodies of Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: ZUMR V. , NĚMEC V. , STARÝ P.
Published: July 2010

The content of nutrients in the bodies of adult spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus L.) of an overwintering generation and a summer one, caught in pheromone traps, were compared with the nutrient content of beetles boring in the bark. The content of nutrients, especially glycogen, was much lower in beetles of the summer generation: in females it amounted to 27% of the values found in controls, in males to mere 24%. Glycogen content is then a much more sensitive indicator of physiological changes related to season than the content of lipids.

Saisonaler Wechsel des Nährstoffgehalts im Körper von Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae)

Der Gehalt an Nährstoffen im Körper adulter Käfer einer Überwinterungs‐ und einer Sommer‐Generation von I. typographus aus Pheromonfallen wurde mit dem Nährstoffgehalt der sich einbohrenden Käfer verglichen. Bei den Käfern der Sommergeneration war insbesondere Glykogen in wesentlich geringerer Menge enthalten. Es machte bei Weibchen maximal 27% und bei Männchen 24% der Kontrolltierwerte aus. Der Glykogengehalt ist ein viel empfindlicherer Indikator für den saisonalen physiologischen Wechsel als der Fettgehalt.
Strategies for the Derivation of Pluripotent Cells from Farm Animals
Authors: Kues WA , Nowak‐Imialek M , Haridoss S , Niemann H
Published: July 2010

Contents

Recent experiments demonstrated that forced expression of few critical genes drives conversion of a somatic into a pluripotent cell state. These induced pluripotent cells (iPS) were first generated from murine fibroblasts by Shinya Yamanaka’s laboratory in 2006. By using retroviral vectors to express combinations of stemness genes, they identified Oct4, Sox2, Krueppel‐like factor 4 and c‐Myc as essential factors for reprogramming of somatic cells. Subsequent experiments applied this technology to human and rat fibroblasts, as well as other cell types and several groups showed that iPS can be generated by an even smaller number of transcription factors. The efficiency of conversion and maintenance of a pluripotent state can be supported by small molecules, such as valproic acid and specific pharmacological inhibitors. This technology is a milestone for a basic understanding of cell potency, cell fate and pathogenesis, as well as for development of cell therapies and potential applications in animal breeding.
Epiblast stem cells contribute new insight into pluripotency and gastrulation
Authors: Chenoweth Josh G. , McKay Ronald D. G. , Tesar Paul J.
Published: July 2010

Gastrulation is the defining feature of metazoan development where it serves to apportion seemingly equivalent, pluripotent cells to specific fates. The three embryonic germ layers generated during gastrulation from the pluripotent epiblast including ectoderm, mesoderm, and definitive endoderm, contain the progenitors required to build all of the tissues of the developing organism. As a result, there is great interest in understanding the events that coordinate gastrulation. Because developing embryos in placental mammals are relatively inaccessible, stem cells are widely used for experimental and biochemical interrogation of these processes. Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are grown from the post‐implantation epiblast, which is the most proximal pluripotent tissue to the early somatic and germ cell precursors. Because EpiSCs can be propagated indefinitely in vitro as a stable state that recapitulates the properties of the post‐implantation epiblast, they are uniquely positioned to provide novel insight into the developmental window where somatic and germ cell lineages are first established. Here we discuss the nature of EpiSCs and their significance in understanding gastrulation and cell specification in relationship to other pluripotent cell culture models.
Role of methylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter in the development of gastric and colorectal carcinoma in the elderly
Authors: Arai Tomio , Kasahara Ichiro , Sawabe Motoji , Honma Naoko , Aida Junko , Tabubo Kaiyo
Published: July 2010

The occurrence of malignant neoplasms increases with advancing age. Although aging and carcinogenesis are basically different processes, they share phenomena such as the accumulation of DNA damage and abnormal proteins. Recent advances in molecular biology have shown an accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in both aging and carcinogenesis, as well as the alteration of metabolism, immunosenescence and shortened telomeres. DNA methylation is a representative epigenetic phenomenon and is frequently involved in controlling gene functions during development and tumorigenesis. We herein focused on methylation of genes in the development of gastrointestinal carcinomas in the elderly. The proportion of gastric and colorectal carcinomas with hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter increases with age, reaching 25–30% of all carcinomas of the stomach and large intestine in elderly patients. These tumors have clinicopathological and molecular characteristics such as loss of hMLH1 expression, microsatellite instability, poorly differentiated histology, peritumoral inflammatory cell infiltration, low incidence of lymph node metastasis and favorable prognosis. However, methylation‐related carcinogenesis accounts for up to approximately one‐third of tumors, and other mechanisms; for example chromosomal instability as a result of telomere dysfunction, are responsible for the development of most carcinomas in the elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 (Suppl. 1): S207–S212.
Proficiency and Animacy Effects on L2 Gender Agreement Processes During Comprehension
Authors: Sagarra Nuria , Herschensohn Julia
Published: July 2010

This study examines whether adult second language (L2) learners of an ungendered first language (L1) are sensitive to gender congruency (grammatical feature absent in the L1) and noun animacy (semantic feature present in the L1) when processing L2 gender concord and whether L2 proficiency level determines such sensitivity. To address these questions, 63 Spanish monolinguals and 69 beginning and 64 intermediate Anglophone late learners of L2 Spanish completed a moving‐window and a grammaticality judgment task with sentences with gender concord and discord with animate and inanimate nouns. The moving‐window data reveal longer reading times in sentences with gender discord than concord and in those with animate than inanimate nouns in intermediates and Spanish monolinguals but not in beginners. Similarly, grammaticality judgments show that intermediates are more accurate in sentences with inanimate than animate nouns and are better than beginners in sentences with gender agreement violations. These results suggest that intermediate learners display targetlike patterns that are more qualitatively similar to those of natives than beginners, both in terms of semantic and grammatical features. In addition, these findings indicate that agreement with animate nouns is cognitively more demanding than with inanimate nouns both for intermediates and Spanish monolinguals, in line with lexical and syntactic accounts of gender.
Do German Welfare-to-Work Programmes Reduce Welfare Dependency and Increase Employment?
Authors: Huber Martin , Lechner Michael , Wunsch Conny , Walter Thomas
Published: July 2010

During the last decade, many Western economies reformed their welfare systems with the aim of activating welfare recipients by increasing welfare-to-work programmes (WTWP) and job-search enforcement. We evaluate the short-term effects of three important German WTWP implemented after a major reform in January 2005 (‘Hartz IV’), namely short training, further training with a planned duration of up to three months and public workfare programmes (‘One-Euro-Jobs’). Our analysis is based on a combination of a large-scale survey and administrative data that is rich with respect to individual, household, agency level and regional information. We use this richness of the data to base the econometric evaluation on a selection-on-observables approach. We find that short-term training programmes, on average, increase their participants’ employment perspectives. There is also considerable effect heterogeneity across different subgroups of participants that could be exploited to improve the allocation of welfare recipients to the specific programmes and thus increase overall programme effectiveness.
Economic Growth, Public Debt and Welfare: Comparing Three Budgetary Rules
Authors: Greiner Alfred
Published: July 2010

We present an endogenous growth model with externalities of capital and elastic labor supply where we allow for public debt and welfare-enhancing public spending. We analyze different debt policies as regards convergence to a balanced growth path and their effects on long-run growth and welfare. Three budgetary rules are considered: the balanced budget rule, a budgetary rule where debt grows in the long run but at a rate lower than the balanced growth rate and a rule where public debt grows at the same rate as all other economic variables but where it guarantees that the intertemporal budget constraint is fulfilled.
Increasing Public Expenditure: Wagner’s Law in OECD Countries
Authors: Lamartina Serena , Zaghini Andrea
Published: July 2010

The paper proposes a panel cointegration analysis of the joint development of government expenditure and economic growth in 23 Organization Economic Cooperation and Development countries. The empirical evidence provides indication of a structural positive correlation between public spending and per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), which is consistent with the so-called Wagner’s law. A long-run elasticity larger than 1 suggests a more than proportional increase of government expenditure with respect to economic activity. In addition, according to the spirit of the law, we found that the correlation is usually higher in countries with lower per-capita GDP, suggesting that the catching-up period is characterized by a stronger development of government activities with respect to economies in a more advanced state of development.
Research ethics committees and the benefits of involving people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in research
Authors: Boxall Kathy , Ralph Sue
Published: July 2010

Accessible summary

People with learning disabilities who do not use speech are often left out of research.

Ways of doing research which do not use words (for example, using photographs) might make it easier for them to join in.

Ethics committees decide if plans for research projects are good enough.

It is important for ethics committees to stop people from being hurt by research. But they also need to know about thepositivethings that can happen for people with learning disabilities who get involved in research.

This article explains what happened when Martha (not her real name), a woman with learning disabilities who did not use speech, got involved in a research project at the hostel where she lived.

We hope this article will help researchers and ethics committees think about the positive things that can happen when people with learning disabilities get involved in research.

Although there is increasing interest in service user involvement in research, such involvement rarely extends to people with profound and multiple learning disabilities. New developments in visual methodologies offer the potential for people with profound and multiple learning disabilities to be included in research. At the same time, however, tighter regulation of the UK Research Governance Framework and the requirements of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have increased the complexity of ethical approval processes. In reaching decisions about whether or not to grant approval, ethics committees are obliged to consider the potential harm to research participants and also the potential benefits. This article documents the benefits of involvement for ‘Martha’, who participated in a research project using photographic methods at the hostel where she lived. We hope the article will stimulate debate about ethical approval and the use of creative methodologies in research with people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.
Threat of suffocation and defensive reflex activation
Authors: Lang Peter J. , Wangelin Bethany C. , Bradley Margaret M. , Versace Francesco , Davenport Paul W. , Costa Vincent D.
Published: July 2010

The current study examined emotional reflex reactions of participants threatened with respiratory distress caused by imposing a resistive load at inspiration. Cues signaling threat (breathing MAY be difficult) and safe periods were intermixed while startle reflexes, heart rate, skin conductance, and facial EMG activity were measured. Compared to safe cues, threat cues elicited significant startle potentiation, enhanced skin conductance, heightened corrugator EMG changes, and pronounced “fear bradycardia” consistent with defensive activation in the context of threatened respiratory dysfunction. These data indicate that anticipating respiratory resistance activates defensive responding, which may mediate symptomatology in patients with panic and other anxiety disorders.
Generation of H2O2 in Brain Mitochondria
Authors: Patole Milind S. , Swaroop Anand , Ramasarma T.
Published: July 2010

Generation of H2O2 by rat brain mitochondria using succinate and glycerol‐l‐phosphate as substrates has been demonstrated. Earlier workers were unable to detect this activity in sucrose‐Tris buffer. We found that this was due to a lag in the expression of activity in sucrose medium. Using phosphate buffer (50 mM), good rates are now obtained. Generation of H2O2 by rat brain mitochondria required the presence of antimycin A and was dependent on the substrates succinate and glycerol‐l‐phosphate. Low rates were obtained with NAD+‐linked substrates and none with choline, glutamate, and NADH. The Km and Vmax values for H2O2 generation were considerably lower than the corresponding values for the respective dehydrogenase activity, measured by dye reduction. Oxygen‐radical scavengers inhibited H2O2 generation, suggesting oxygen radical involvement. Depletion of ubiquinone from mitochondria resulted in loss of H2O2 generation. Reconstitution of such depleted particles with ubiquinone restored the capacity to generate H2O2 in a concentration‐dependent manner. Levels of H2O2 production were found to be maximal in cerebellum. Brain mitochondria from rabbit, hamster, mouse, and guinea pig also have the capacity to generate H2O2 on oxidation of glycerol‐l‐phosphate.
Characterization and Cellular Localization of a Developmentally Regulated Rat Neural Sialidase
Authors: Moran Niamh M. , Breen Kieran C. , Regan Ciaran M.
Published: July 2010

A developmentally regulated neural sialidase has been identified in pariculate, subcellular fractions of rat brain. Enzyme activity, measured using a [3H]sialo‐ganglioside substrate, was linear with time and had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Protein linearity was only observed at low protein concentrations. This appeared to be caused by enzyme access to a lipophilic substrate, as activity was significantly stimulated by membrane‐flu‐idizing agents. Enzyme activity was developmentally expressed in P2 pellets coincident with in vivo synapto‐genesis. It was located on the synaptosome and was particularly high in myelin‐containing fractions. Its cellular distribution was confined to neuronal cells and centrally derived oligodendrocytes.
Effect of Bilirubin on the Membrane Potential of Rat Brain Synaptosomes
Authors: Mayor F. , Díez‐Guerra J. , Valdivieso F. , Mayor F.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The effect of the neurotoxic pigment bilirubin on the membrane potential of rat brain synaptosomes was studied by using the tetraphenylphosphonium ion (TTP+) technique. Bilirubin induces a rapid depolarization of synaptosomes, as reflected by an efflux of previously accumulated [3H]TTP+. This phenomenon persisted when the membrane potential across either the plasma membrane of the synaptosome or the inner membrane of the entrapped mitochondria was selectively depressed, thus indicating that both components of the synaptosomal membrane potential were affected by bilirubin. Bovine serum albumin, used at a albumin/bilirubin molar ratio of 1:1, had the capacity to completely prevent and reverse the effect of bilirubin. This fact demonstrates that the bilirubin‐induced TPP+ release from synaptosomes is a reversible process that requires the presence of bilirubin interacting with the synaptosomal membranes. These results, together with the inhibition by bilirubin of [3H]TPP+ and [2‐14C]acetate uptake by synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles isolated from rat brain, suggest that bilirubin depresses the membrane potential across the synaptosomal plasma membrane by a mechanism involving alterations in ion permeability. This effect could be of relevance in the pathogenesis of bilirubin encephalopathy.
Probable Identity of NILE Glycoprotein and the High‐Molecular‐Weight Component of L1 Antigen
Authors: Sajovic P. , Kouvelas E. , Trenkner E.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We report here that anti‐L1 antiserum, raised against material from embryonic brain, and anti‐NILE antiserum, raised against purified NILE (nerve growth factor‐inducible large external) glycoprotein of PC12 cells, immunoprecipitate from PC12 cells material of the same apparent molecular weight (230 kilodaltons) by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, each of these immune reagents has the capacity to clear from a PC12 cell extract all of the 230‐kilodalton antigen recognized by the other antiserum. Finally, in immunohistochemicai staining of developing cerebellum the two antisera exhibit very similar staining patterns. We suggest that the NILE glycoprotein and the high‐molecular‐weight component of L1 antigen are closely related molecules, and probably the same.
Laminin B1 and Collagen Type IV Gene Expression in Transected Peripheral Nerve: Reinnervation Compared to Denervation
Authors: Siironen J. , Sandberg M. , Vuorinen V. , Röyttä M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The expression of B1 laminin and type IV collagen was followed in the microsurgically isolated endoneurium of transected rat sciatic nerves from 3 days until 8 weeks. Northern hybridizations revealed that after nerve transection the proximal stumps of denervated, as well as freely regenerating, nerves showed a markedly increased expression of laminin and type IV collagen which lasted from 3 days up to 8 weeks. In the distal stumps, close to the site of transection (2–7 mm), the expression of laminin, and to a certain extent that of type IV collagen, seemed to be enhanced if free axonal reinnervation was allowed. Further distally (10–15 mm), the patterns of B1 laminin and typeIV collagen expression were similar in both experimental groups, so that an increased expression was noticed during the first 2 weeks. The present results suggest that laminin and type IV collagen gene expression is markedly different in different parts of transected rat sciatic nerve. During peripheral nerve regeneration, there is a long‐lasting basement membrane gene expression in the proximal stump. In the distal part of the transected nerve, the axonal reinnervation possibly up‐regulates, but is not essential for, the expression of B1 laminin and type IV collagen.