bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing maltreated children's early adjustment in foster care
Authors: MILAN STEPHANIE E. , PINDERHUGHES ELLEN E.
Published: July 2002

Internal representations of self and primary attachment figures may be one mechanism by
which maltreatment affects children's interpersonal behavior and relationships with others.
Research on the continuity and influence of maltreated children's attachment
representations, however, has not included youngsters removed from abusive or neglectful home
environments. This paper examines the influence of maltreated children's maternal and
self-representations on subsequent relationships with foster mothers and behavioral adjustment in
foster care. Participants included 32 children, ages 9–13 years, who entered foster
placement for the first time after a sustained relationship with a maltreating biological mother.
Upon initially entering foster care, children's maternal and self-representations were
significantly related to each other and to severity of maltreatment history but not to other factors
believed to influence the quality of parent–child relationship (e.g., maternal mental health,
partner stability). In addition, these representations significantly predicted children's
subsequent views of their relationships with foster mothers. Finally, children's behavior in
their foster homes was associated with maltreatment severity, internal representations assessed at
entry into foster care, and to concurrent perceptions of their new foster mothers. These findings
advance our understanding of foster placement's role in maltreated children's
development and provide preliminary insight into the processes associated with the formation of
potentially compensatory relationships.
Almost-highest gravity waves
on water of finite depth
Authors: MAKLAKOV DMITRI V.
Published: July 2002

The paper presents a method of computing periodic water waves based on solving an integral
equation by means of discretization and automatically finding the mesh on which the functions
to be found are approximated by the best way. The power of the method to describe ‘bad
functions’ well makes it possible to reproduce all the main results of asymptotic theory for
the almost-highest waves (Longuet-Higgins & Fox, 1977, 1978, 1996) by a direct numerical
simulation. The method is able to compute two full periods of the oscillations of wave
properties for all wave height-to-length ratios. The end of the second period corresponds
to the wave steepness that achieves 99.99997% of the limiting value. So, the validity of
the asymptotic formulae by Longuet-Higgins & Fox is proved for the steep waves of any
finite depth. The refined value of the maximum slope of the free-surfaces is found to be
30.3787°.
Draw resonance in isothermal fibre spinning of Newtonian and power-law fluids
Authors: VAN DER HOUT R.
Published: July 2002

The linearized stability problem for fibre spinning of Newtonian and power law fluids, in
a one-dimensional, isothermal setting, is reduced to a single Volterra integral equation. A
rigorous linear stability criterion is presented, and we compute the corresponding ‘critical
stretch ratios’, using methods of complex analysis. The results of this paper prove the
correctness of earlier results by Matovich, Pearson and Shah.
Older people and falls: a randomized controlled trial of a health visitor (HV)
intervention
Authors: Kingston Paul , Jones Mary , Lally Frank , Crome Peter
Published: July 2002

Research shows that approximately one in three people over the age of 65 years
falls in any one year, with approximately one in three falling again in the following
year. Prevalence of falls also increases with age, and women are more
likely to fall than men. However, in advanced old age the ratio of men and women
fallers reaches equal proportions.
Organizational Ethics Programs and the Law
Authors: SPIELMAN BETHANY
Published: July 2002

Max Weber, the grandfather of organizational theory, recognized
the close association between health care organizations and law.
When he introduced the concept of a legal–rational
bureaucracy, he used hospitals and clinics to illustrate it.
Today, there is little doubt that healthcare organizations are
“law-saturated,” if not always fully compliant with
the law. Like Weber's legal–rational bureaucracies,
healthcare organizations have highly formalized rules and procedures.
They pay a great deal of attention to legal criteria in decisionmaking,
and some have entire departments devoted to legal risk management.
Pricing Life: Why It's Time for Health Care Rationing,
by Peter A. Ubel, M.D. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000. 208 pp. $25.00
Authors: Fleck Leonard M.
Published: July 2002

This is a book for reflective laypersons and health
professionals who wish to better understand what the problem
of healthcare rationing is all about. Ubel says clearly
in the Introduction that it is unlikely that professional
economists or philosophers are going to be very satisfied
with this effort. For him it is more important “to
draw people into the debates who might otherwise stand
on the sidelines” (p. xix). This is a reasonable
aim made achievable by Ubel's clear and engaging writing
style. Probably the people who most need to be drawn into
these debates are physicians and medical students, this
because one of Ubel's central claims is that the need
for “bedside rationing” is both inescapable
and sometimes morally permissible. What he wants to reject
is the view of many physicians that bedside rationing by
physicians is never morally permissible and that healthcare
costs can be contained without having to resort to rationing
of any kind. Before I explore this point any further, it
is necessary to summarize the larger argument of this book.
Respecting Bodies and Saving Lives: Jewish Perspectives on
Organ Donation and Transplantation
Authors: MACKLER AARON L.
Published: July 2002

Organ donation and transplantation touch on profound, and
at times elusive, values and beliefs. These involve personal
identity, embodiment, the relationship between the individual
and the community, and death. Different cultural and religious
perspectives, reflecting deeply ingrained but often unspoken
assumptions about human identity and responsibilities, subtly
but profoundly affect attitudes to donation and transplantation.
‘A monument to defective administration’? The London Commissions of Sewers in the early nineteenth century
Authors: Sunderland David
Published: July 2002

The paper investigates the activities of the eight London Commissions of Sewers during the period 1800–47. It is argued that the criticisms of the Commissions made by Edwin Chadwick and later historians are undeserved. The Commissions were efficient, innovative and honest, and successfully kept pace with the ever-changing sanitary needs of the capital. Although they operated under severe statutory constraints, they constructed many miles of sewer and can be seen as the true instigators of the nineteenth-century sanitary revolution.
Comparison of heat-treated and tetraploid blastocysts for the production of completely ES-cell-derived mice
Authors: Amano T. , Kato Y. , Tsunoda Y.
Published: July 2002

The present study compared the production efficiency and incidence of postnatal death in mice derived by injecting embryonic stem (ES) cells into either heat-treated blastocysts or tetraploid blastocysts. The proportion of completely ES-cell-derived mice from the tetraploid blastocyst group (3.3%) was significantly higher than that obtained from the heat-treated blastocyst group (1.5%). The incidence of postnatal death was the same between the two groups: 10 of 15 young (67%) in the heat-treated group and 21 of 34 young (62%) in the tetraploid group died within 13 days of birth. The remaining young grew to adulthood, had normal fertility, and their germ cells were of ES cell origin. There was no clear correlation, however, between the postnatal lethality of ES-cell-derived mice and the genetic background of the ES cells. The causes of postnatal death are discussed.
Initiation of sperm motility in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, is induced by a heat-stable component of egg-jelly
Authors: Mizuno Jun-Ichi , Watanabe Akihiko , Onitake Kazuo
Published: July 2002

Sperm motility in amphibians is thought to be initiated by a decrease in environmental osmolarity. However, fertilisation in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, is achieved in an environment without osmotic change. We show here that sperm motility initiating activity is present in jelly layer extract (JE). JE was gel-filtrated and a single peak with sperm motility initiating activity was detected in the fraction corresponding to about 50 kDa. The activity was strengthened by heat treatment of JE at 100 °C for 30 min. This suggests that JE includes the inactive form of sperm motility inducing substance (SMIS) in addition to active substance. Thus JE was fractionated before and after the heat treatment. When JE was fractionated first and then each fraction was heated, the activity was detected in the fraction both above 500 kDa and below 500 kDa. When heat-treated JE was fractionated, the activity was detected only in the fraction below 500 kDa. These results suggest that JE includes the inactive form of SMIS of more than 500 kDa in molecular weight. A regulatory mechanism for the initiation of sperm motility in C. pyrrhogaster is proposed according to the results of the present study.
The characterisation of orographic rainfall
Authors: Gray W R , Seed A W
Published: July 2002

The Otaki Precipitation Estimation by Radar (OPERA) programme was designed to investigate the processes that lead to enhancement of rainfall over the Tararua ranges of New Zealand. These ranges rise to 1500 m above the coastal plain and enhancement of rainfall by windflow over these hills leads to annual hill‐top rainfall of over four times that upwind. The OPERA experimental campaigns aimed to characterise the enhancement processes by analysing data collected from a transect of high‐resolution rain gauges and a locally deployed, high‐resolution radar, supported by scanning radar and satellite observations. Measurements made during these experiments showed that orographic enhancement led to hill‐top accumulations often twice that upwind, and up to as much as a factor of seven in one case. The data suggest that the most frequent occurring enhancement mechanism was triggered convection. This mechanism leads to an increase in rainfall over the hills of around a factor of two, primarily through an increase in the duration of rain. Seeder/feeder‐type enhancement occurs less frequently but leads to larger enhancements. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
The importance of meteorological data for modelling air pollution using ADMS‐Urban
Authors: Arciszewska Christine , McClatchey John
Published: July 2002

Atmospheric dispersion models are now being used by some local authorities in the United Kingdom as part of their management of urban air quality. Local authorities are also involved in using air pollution model output in environmental impact assessments for industrial projects, assessing the impact of road improvement or traffic management schemes and environmental health studies. The study, based in Northampton, UK, is concerned with the limitations of the meteorological data available to local authorities. The results indicate that while there is no major problem in the case of long‐term average pollution concentration, meteorological data limitations pose problems when modelling individual events, particularly on occasions when higher pollution levels are expected. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Differential decline in word generation from phonemic and
semantic categories during the course of Alzheimer's
disease: Implications for the integrity of semantic memory
Authors: SALMON DAVID P. , HEINDEL WILLIAM C. , LANGE KELLY L.
Published: July 2002

The ability to generate words from phonemic (i.e.,
words beginning with ‘F,’ ‘A,’
and ‘S’) and semantic (i.e., animals, fruits,
and vegetables) categories was assessed longitudinally
in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; N
= 59) and normal controls (NC; N = 59). Patients
with AD performed worse than NC participants on both tasks
at each of 4 annual evaluations and exhibited greater impairment
relative to controls on the semantic-category task than
on the phonemic-category task. In addition, the performance
of the patients with AD declined over time on both tasks,
but the rate of decline was faster on the semantic-category
than on the phonemic-category task. Examination of individual
responses across the annual evaluations revealed that patients
with AD were more consistent than NC participants in failing
to generate previously produced semantic-category, but
not phonemic-category, items in all years following the
1st year in which the item was not produced. These results
are consistent with the notion that patients with AD suffer
a gradual deterioration of the organization and content
of semantic memory as the disease progresses. (JINS,
1999, 5, 692–703.)
Lifting Bodies: interactive dance – finding new methodologies in the motifs prompted by new technology – a critique and progress report with particular reference to the Bodycoder System
Authors: WILSON JULIE A. , BROMWICH MARK A.
Published: July 2002

This paper offers a critique of what are seen as key issues which are
problematised within the field of interactive dance, centring on the role of
the various artists and technologies involved in the development of
interactive dance systems, the notion of interactivity versus
non-interactivity, and the influence of traditional single art-form
practices. The paper proposes that it is only through identifying the
particular motifs promoted by the technology itself that a way forward can
be found, and an interactive dance aesthetic can begin to emerge in
earnest. The arguments presented in this paper are framed within the
context of the authors' long-term work and collaboration within the area of
interactive dance, and provides a detailed case study of the piece Lifting Bodies (1999).
The Electronic Music Foundation
Authors: CHADABE JOEL
Published: July 2002

The background to the creation of an international resource organisation is discussed. The author goes on to describe various activities of the Foundation, including the provision of hard-to-obtain CDs and access to other materials of interest to the electroacoustic community. The Foundation
maintains a substantial presence on the World Wide Web: http://www.emf.org
An Early Description of ADHD (Inattentive Subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and ‘Mental Restlessness’ (1798)
Authors: Palmer Erica D. , Finger Stanley
Published: July 2002

Reviews of the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) typically begin early in the twentieth century with the descriptions
provided by paediatrician George Still. Physician Alexander Crichton,
however, described all of the essential features of the Inattentive subtype
of ADHD more than a century earlier than Still. This article presents a short
biography of Crichton, looks at his 1798 publication describing attentional
disorders in otherwise healthy individuals, contrasts his medical writing
with the moralism of Still, and shows how his thoughts and observations
are very much in accord with DSM-IV criteria for the Inattentive subtype of
ADHD.
The Law and a Child's Consent to
Treatment (England and Wales)
Authors: Bailey Susan , Harbour Anthony
Published: July 2002

In a series of recent judgements the courts have authorised
the treatment of adolescents against their will. What effect
have these judgements and other legal developments had
on the legal basis of medical treatment for children? How
do they affect the professionals involved in decision-
making? This article attempts to address the most
commonly expressed concerns and queries about the
changing legal context of work in the field of child mental
health. It is based on the authors' discussions with
professionals from backgrounds in health care, social
care, and justice during training we have carried out with
multidisciplinary and multiagency teams in England and
Wales. For the purposes of this article, we will, in keeping
with The Children Act 1989 (s105 (1)), use the term ‘child’

and ‘children’ to refer to everyone under 18 years old.
Collaboration Between the NHS and Social Services in the
Provision of Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Services: A Personal View
Authors: Pearce John B.
Published: July 2002

The quality of collaborative links between the NHS and Social Services in
the field of child mental health is dependent on the culture of co-operation
set at the highest level of government. There needs to be an understanding
of the different theoretical models that underpin working practices. The
importance of personality factors, power struggles and misperceptions is
highlighted. Constructive suggestions are made on how to ensure that
collaboration works effectively.
EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS IN MACROECONOMIC MODELS
Authors: Arifovic Jasmina
Published: July 2002

This paper provides a survey of the applications of evolutionary
algorithms in macroeconomic models. Discussion is organized around
the issues related to stability of equilibria, equilibrium
selection, transitional dynamics, and the long-run evolutionary
dynamics different from rational-expectations equilibrium outcomes.
The survey also discusses criteria that can be used to evaluate
the performance and usefulness of evolutionary algorithms in the macroeconomic
context.
Role of human population size in raising bird and mammal threat among nations
Authors: McKinney Michael L.
Published: July 2002

It is commonly held that species loss is linked to human population size but there are surprisingly few quantitative studies that measure the strength and nature of this linkage. In a study of about 150 nations, a highly significant positive relationship (P << 0.01) was found between population size and threat levels of birds and mammals. For continental nations, log population explains 16‐33% of the variation in threat level among nations. The pattern of the continental population‐threat correlation indicates that per capita human impacts are initially very high and asymptotically diminish with increasing population size. No population‐threat correlation was found for island nations, since human impacts are apparently so catastrophic that human population size is largely irrelevant. Surprisingly, for both islands and continents, area does not affect the level of threat after human population size is accounted for. Thus, even on continents the harmful impacts of humans, for a given population size, are evidently so profound that no amount of added area provides compensatory refugia for native species. Major regional differences in levels of threat are shown, with nations in Asia and the Middle East having generally higher proportions of threatened species than nations in Africa. The causes of these differences are only partly related to population size. Other factors not related to population size are that Asian nations tend to have much higher rates of mammal over‐harvesting and Middle Eastern nations tend to have statistically lower percentages of area set aside as preserves. Threat proportions are correlated between birds and mammals among nations implying that one group may be a proxy indicator of impacts on the other. The slope of this relationship indicates that mammals suffer more losses during initial human impacts but proportions of threatened birds increase more rapidly than mammals as human impacts become more widespread.
Concerning the chemical structure of the dicyanogen photopolymer and its presence in certain bodies of the Solar system. Implications on the synthesis of some prebiotic molecules
Authors: Cataldo Franco
Published: July 2002

The chemical structure of the dicyanogen photopolymer (CN)x, also known as paracyanogen, prepared in different solvents from dicyanogen (CN)2 photopolymerization under the action of ultraviolet light, is shown to be very similar to the polymer derived from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and from certain tholins obtained from a simulated Jovian atmosphere. The implications of dicyanogen and its polymer as a precursor of some organic molecules already detected in cometary comas and tails and in meteorites are discussed. In particular, paracyanogen may be present in the cometary nuclei and in the surface of certain low-albedo objects in the Solar system.
Par4 is a coactivator for a splice isoform–specific transcriptional activation domain in WT1
Authors: Richard Derek J. , Schumacher Valérie , Royer-Pokora Brigitte , Roberts Stefan G.E.
Published: July 2002

The Wilms' tumor suppressor protein WT1 is a transcriptional regulator involved in differentiation and the regulation of cell growth. WT1 is subject to alternative splicing, one isoform including a 17–amino acid region that is specific to mammals. The function of this 17–amino acid insertion is not clear, however. Here, we describe a transcriptional activation domain in WT1 that is specific to the WT1 splice isoform that contains the 17–amino acid insertion. We show that the function of this domain in transcriptional activation is dependent on a specific interaction with the prostate apoptosis response factor par4. A mutation in WT1 found in Wilms' tumor disturbs the interaction with par4 and disrupts the function of the activation domain. Analysis of WT1 derivatives in cells treated to induce par4 expression showed a strong correlation between the transcription function of the WT1 17–amino acid insertion and the ability of WT1 to regulate cell survival and proliferation. Our results provide a molecular mechanism by which alternative splicing of WT1 can regulate cell growth in development and disease.
Cap methyltransferase selective binding and methylation of GpppG-RNA are stimulated by importin-α
Authors: Wen Yingxia , Shatkin Aaron J.
Published: July 2002

We screened a human cDNA library for proteins that bind mRNA cap methyltransferase (MT) and isolated nuclear transporter importin-α (Impα). This direct association was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown, coimmunoprecipitation, and nuclear colocalization. In gel shift assays, MT selectively bound RNA containing 5′-terminal GpppG, and binding was inhibited by GpppG and not by m7GpppC. Impα markedly enhanced MT binding to GpppG-RNA and stimulated MT activity. MT/RNA/Impα complexes were dissociated by importin-β, which also blocked the stimulation of cap methylation by Impα. The presence of RanGTP but not RanGDP prevented these effects of importin-β. These findings indicate that importins play a novel role in mRNA biogenesis at the level of cap methylation.
A plastidic ABC protein involved in intercompartmental communication of light signaling
Authors: Møller Simon Geir , Kunkel Tim , Chua Nam-Hai
Published: July 2002

Plants perceive light via specialized photoreceptors of which the phytochromes (phyA-E), absorbing far-red (FR) and red light (R) are best understood. Several nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins have been characterized whose deficiencies lead to changes in light-dependent morphological responses and gene expression. However, no plastid protein has yet been identified to play a role in phytochrome signal transduction. We have isolated a new Arabidopsis mutant,laf (long after FR)6, with reduced responsiveness preferentially toward continuous FR light. The disrupted gene in laf6 encodes a novel plant ATP-binding-cassette (atABC1) protein of 557 amino acids with high homology to ABC-like proteins from lower eukaryotes. In contrast to lower eukaryotic ABCs, however, atABC1 contains an N-terminal transit peptide, which targets it to chloroplasts. atABC1 deficiency inlaf6 results in an accumulation of the chlorophyll precursor protoporphyrin IX and in attenuation of FR-regulated gene expression. The long hypocotyl phenotype of laf6 and the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the mutant can be recapitulated by treating wild-type (WT) seedlings with flumioxazin, a protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) inhibitor. Moreover, protoporphyrin IX accumulation in flumioxazin-treated WT seedlings can be reduced by overexpression of atABC1. Consistent with the notion that ABC proteins are involved in transport, these observations suggest that functional atABC1 is required for the transport and correct distribution of protoporphyrin IX, which may act as a light-specific signaling factor involved in coordinating intercompartmental communication between plastids and the nucleus.
The 19S complex of the proteasome regulates nucleotide excision repair in yeast
Authors: Gillette Thomas G. , Huang Wenya , Russell Steven Jon , Reed Simon H. , Johnston Stephen Albert , Friedberg Errol C.
Published: July 2002

Previous studies suggest that the amino-terminal ubiquitin-like (ubl) domain of Rad23 protein can recruit the proteasome for a stimulatory role during nucleotide excision repair in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. In this report, we show that the 19S regulatory complex of the yeast proteasome can affect nucleotide excision repair independently of Rad23 protein. Strains with mutations in 19S regulatory subunits (but not 20S subunits) of the proteasome promote partial recovery of nucleotide excision repair in vivo inrad23 deletion mutants, but not in other nucleotide excision repair-defective strains tested. In addition, a strain that expresses a temperature-degradable ATPase subunit of the 19S regulatory complex manifests a dramatically increased rate of nucleotide excision repair in vivo. These data indicate that the 19S regulatory complex of the 26S proteasome can negatively regulate the rate of nucleotide excision repair in yeast and suggest that Rad23 protein not only recruits the 19S regulatory complex, but also can mediate functional interactions between the 19S regulatory complex and the nucleotide excision repair machinery. The 19S regulatory complex of the yeast proteasome functions in nucleotide excision repair independent of proteolysis.
Regulated protein degradation controls PKA function and cell-type differentiation in Dictyostelium
Authors: Mohanty Sudhasri , Lee Susan , Yadava Nagendra , Dealy Marian J. , Johnson Randall S. , Firtel Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Cullins function as scaffolds that, along with F-box/WD40-repeat-containing proteins, mediate the ubiquitination of proteins to target them for degradation by the proteasome. We have identified a cullin CulA that is required at several stages duringDictyostelium development. culA null cells are defective in inducing cell-type-specific gene expression and exhibit defects during aggregation, including reduced chemotaxis. PKA is an important regulator of Dictyostelium development. The levels of intracellular cAMP and PKA activity are controlled by the rate of synthesis of cAMP and its degradation by the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase RegA. We show that overexpression of the PKA catalytic subunit (PKAcat) rescues many of the culA null defects and those of cells lacking FbxA/ChtA, a previously described F-box/WD40-repeat-containing protein, suggesting CulA and FbxA proteins are involved in regulating PKA function. Whereas RegA protein levels drop as the multicellular organism forms in the wild-type strain, they remain high in culA null and fbxA null cells. Although PKA can suppress the culA and fbxA null developmental phenotypes, it does not suppress the altered RegA degradation, suggesting that PKA lies downstream of RegA, CulA, and FbxA. Finally, we show that CulA, FbxA, and RegA are found in a complex in vivo, and formation of this complex is dependent on the MAP kinase ERK2, which is also required for PKA function. We propose that CulA and FbxA regulate multicellular development by targeting RegA for degradation via a pathway that requires ERK2 function, leading to an increase in cAMP and PKA activity.
Human SMG-1, a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase, associates with components of the mRNA surveillance complex and is involved in the regulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Authors: Yamashita Akio , Ohnishi Tetsuo , Kashima Isao , Taya Yoichi , Ohno Shigeo
Published: July 2002

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a conserved surveillance mechanism that eliminates imperfect mRNAs that contain premature translation termination codons (PTCs) and code for nonfunctional or potentially harmful polypeptides. We show that a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase, hSMG-1, is a human ortholog of a product of Caenorhabditis elegans smg-1, one of seven smg genes involved in NMD. hSMG-1 phosphorylates hUPF1/SMG-2 in vivo and in vitro at specific serine residues in SQ motifs. hSMG-1 can associate with hUPF1/SMG-2 and other components of the surveillance complex. In particular, overexpression of a kinase-deficient point mutant of hSMG-1, hSMG-1-DA, results in a marked suppression of the PTC-dependent β-globin mRNA degradation; whereas that of wild-type hSMG-1 enhances it. We also show that inhibitors of hSMG-1 induce the accumulation of truncated p53 proteins in human cancer cell lines with p53 PTC mutation. Taken together, we conclude that hSMG-1 plays a critical role in NMD through the direct phosphorylation of hUPF1/SMG-2 in the evolutionally conserved mRNA surveillance complex.
Initiation of tRNA maturation by RNase E is essential for cell viability in E. coli
Authors: Ow Maria C. , Kushner Sidney R.
Published: July 2002

RNase E, an essential endoribonuclease in Escherichia coli, is involved in 9S rRNA processing, the degradation of many mRNAs, and the processing of the M1 RNA subunit of RNase P. However, the reason that RNase E is required for cell viability is still not fully understood. In fact, recent experiments have suggested that defects in 9S rRNA processing and mRNA decay are not responsible for the lack of cell growth in RNase E mutants. By using several new rnealleles, we have confirmed these observations and have also ruled out that M1 processing by RNase E is required for cell viability. Rather, our data suggest that the critical in vivo role of RNase E is the initiation of tRNA maturation. Specifically, RNase E catalytic activity starts the processing of both polycistronic operons, such as glyW cysT leuZ, argX hisR leuT proM, and lysT valT lysW valZ lysY lysZ lysQ, as well as monocistronic transcripts likepheU, pheV, asnT, asnU, asnV, and asnW. Cleavage by RNase E within a few nucleotides of the mature 3′ CCA terminus is required before RNase P and the various 3′ → 5′ exonucleases can complete tRNA maturation. All 59 tRNAs tested involved RNase E processing, although some were cleaved more efficiently than others.
Genetic Profile of Insertion Mutations in Mouse Leukemias and Lymphomas
Authors: Hansen Gwenn M. , Skapura Darlene , Justice Monica J.
Published: July 2002

Murine leukemia retroviruses (MuLVs) cause leukemia and lymphoma in susceptible strains of mice as a result of insertional mutation of cellular proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Using a novel approach to amplify and sequence viral insertion sites, we have sequenced >200 viral insertion sites from which we identify >35 genes altered by viral insertion in four AKXD mouse strains. The class of genes most frequently altered are transcription factors, however, insertions are found near genes involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control, DNA repair, cell division, hematopoietic differentiation, and near many ESTs and novel loci. Many of these mutations identify genes that have not been implicated in cancer. By isolating nearly all the somatic viral insertion mutations contributing to disease in these strains we show that each AKXD strain displays a unique mutation profile, suggesting strain-specific susceptibility to mutations in particular genetic pathways.
Identification of Human Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC)-Encoded Genes by Subtractive Hybridization of Entire YACs to a Gridded Keratinocyte cDNA Library
Authors: Marenholz Ingo , Zirra Maja , Fischer David F. , Backendorf Claude , Ziegler Andreas , Mischke Dietmar
Published: July 2002

The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) comprises a large number of genes that are of crucial importance for the maturation of the human epidermis. So far, 27 genes of 3 related families encoding structural as well as regulatory proteins have been mapped within a 2-Mb region on chromosome 1q21. Here we report on the identification of 10 additional EDC genes by a powerful subtractive hybridization method using entire YACs (950_e_2 and 986_e_10) to screen a gridded human keratinocyte cDNA library. Localization of the detected cDNA clones has been established on a long-range restriction map covering more than 5 Mb of this genomic region. The genes encode cytoskeletal tropomyosin TM30nm (TPM3), HS1-binding protein Hax-1 (HAX1), RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1), the 34/67-kD laminin receptor (LAMRL6), and the 26S proteasome subunit p31 (PSMD8L), as well as five hitherto uncharacterized proteins (NICE-1, NICE-2, NICE-3, NICE-4,andNICE-5). The nucleotide sequences and putative ORFs of the EDC genes identified here revealed no homology with any of the established EDC gene families. Whereas database searches revealed thatNICE-3, NICE-4,andNICE-5were expressed in many tissues, no EST or gene-specific sequence was found forNICE-2.Expression ofNICE-1was up-regulated in differentiated keratinocytes, pointing to its relevance for the terminal differentiation of the epidermis. The newly identified EDC genes are likely to provide further insights into epidermal differentiation and they are potential candidates to be involved in skin diseases and carcinogenesis that are associated with this region of chromosome 1. Moreover, the extended integrated map of the EDC, including the polymorphic sequence tag site (STS) markers D1S1664, D1S2346, and D1S305, will serve as a valuable tool for linkage analyses.

[The sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to EMBL under the accession nos.AJ243659–AJ243673.]
Detection of Spurious Interruptions of Protein-Coding Regions in Cloned cDNA Sequences by GeneMark Analysis
Authors: Hirosawa Makoto , Ishikawa Ken-ichi , Nagase Takahiro , Ohara Osamu
Published: July 2002

cDNA is an artificial copy of mRNA and, therefore, no cDNA can be completely free from suspicion of cloning errors. Because overlooking these cloning errors results in serious misinterpretation of cDNA sequences, development of an alerting system targeting spurious sequences in cloned cDNAs is an urgent requirement for massive cDNA sequence analysis. We describe here the application of a modified GeneMark program, originally designed for prokaryotic gene finding, for detection of artifacts in cDNA clones. This program serves to provide a warning when any spurious split of protein-coding regions is detected through statistical analysis of cDNA sequences based on Markov models. In this study, 817 cDNA sequences deposited in public databases by us were subjected to analysis using this alerting system to assess its sensitivity and specificity. The results indicated that any spurious split of protein-coding regions in cloned cDNAs could be sensitively detected and systematically revised by means of this system after the experimental validation of the alerts. Furthermore, this study offered us, for the first time, statistical data regarding the rates and types of errors causing protein-coding splits in cloned cDNAs obtained by conventional cloning methods.
A Genetic Linkage Map of the Apicomplexan Protozoan Parasite Eimeria tenella
Authors: Shirley Martin W. , Harvey Dora A.
Published: July 2002

Apicomplexan protozoan parasites have complex life cycles that involve phases of asexual and sexual reproduction. Some genera have intermediate insect hosts, for example, Plasmodium spp. (the cause of malaria), but related genera such as Eimeria spp. (causative agents of coccidiosis in poultry) have a direct life cycle occurring in only a single host. Mechanisms that regulate the life cycles of apicomplexan parasites are unknown, but the intracellular growth of avian Eimeria spp. is easily shortened by serial selection for the first parasites to complete the transition from asexual to sexual reproduction (to yield so-called precocious lines). To investigate the genetic basis of such an abbreviated life cycle, we have used the species E. tenella and analyzed the inheritance of 443 polymorphic DNA markers in 22 recombinant cloned progeny derived from a cross between parents that had selectable phenotypes of precocious development or resistance to an anticoccidial drug. The markers were placed in 16 linkage groups (which defined 12 chromosomes) and a further 57 unlinked groups. Two linkage groups showed an association (P = .0105) with the traits of precocious development or drug-resistance and were mapped to chromosome 2 (ca 1.2 Mbp) and chromosome 1 (ca 1.0 Mbp), respectively. The map provides a framework for further studies on the identification of genetic loci implicated in the regulation of the life cycle of an important protozoan parasite and a representative of a major taxonomic group.

[A table with the segregation data is available as an online supplement at http://www.genome.org.]
Prediction of Protein Functional Domains from Sequences Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Murvai János , Vlahoviček Kristian , Szepesvári Csaba , Pongor Sándor
Published: July 2002

An artificial neural network (ANN) solution is described for the recognition of domains in protein sequences. A query sequence is first compared to a reference database of domain sequences by use ofBLAST and the output data, encoded in the form of six parameters, are forwarded to feed-forward artificial neural networks with six input and six hidden units with sigmoidal transfer function. The recognition is based on the distribution of BLASTscores precomputed for the known domain groups in a database versus database comparison. Applications to the prediction of function are discussed.
Genomic Anatomy of a Premier Major Histocompatibility Complex Paralogous Region on Chromosome 1q21–q22
Authors: Shiina Takashi , Ando Asako , Suto Yumiko , Kasai Fumio , Shigenari Atsuko , Takishima Nobusada , Kikkawa Eri , Iwata Kyoko , Kuwano Yuko , Kitamura Yuka , Matsuzawa Yumiko , Sano Kazumi , Nogami Masahiro , Kawata Hisako , Li Suyun , Fukuzumi Yasuhito , Yamazaki Masaaki , Tashiro Hiroyuki , Tamiya Gen , Kohda Atsushi , Okumura Katsuzumi , Ikemura Toshimichi , Soeda Eiichi , Mizuki Nobuhisa , Kimura Minoru , Bahram Seiamak , Inoko Hidetoshi
Published: July 2002

Human chromosomes 1q21–q25, 6p21.3–22.2, 9q33–q34, and 19p13.1–p13.4 carry clusters of paralogous loci, to date best defined by the flagship 6p MHC region. They have presumably been created by two rounds of large-scale genomic duplications around the time of vertebrate emergence. Phylogenetically, the 1q21–25 region seems most closely related to the 6p21.3 MHC region, as it is only the MHC paralogous region that includes bona fideMHCclass I genes, theCD1andMR1loci. Here, to clarify the genomic structure of this model MHC paralogous region as well as to gain insight into the evolutionary dynamics of the entire quadriplication process, a detailed analysis of a critical 1.7 megabase (Mb) region was performed. To this end, a composite, deep, YAC, BAC, and PAC contig encompassing all fiveCD1genes and linking the centromeric +P5 locus to the telomericKRTC7locus was constructed. Within this contig a 1.1-Mb BAC and PAC core segment joiningCD1DtoFCER1Awas fully sequenced and thoroughly analyzed. This led to the mapping of a total of 41 genes (12 expressed genes, 12 possibly expressed genes, and 17 pseudogenes), among which 31 were novel. The latter include 20 olfactory receptor (OR) genes, 9 of which are potentially expressed. Importantly,CD1, SPTA1, OR, andFCERIAbelong to multigene families, which have paralogues in the other three regions. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that 12 of the 13 expressed genes in the 1q21–q22 region around theCD1loci are immunologically relevant. In addition toCD1A-E,these includeSPTA1, MNDA, IFI-16, AIM2, BL1A, FYandFCERIA. This functional convergence of structurally unrelated genes is reminiscent of the 6p MHC region, and perhaps represents the emergence of yet another antigen presentation gene cluster, in this case dedicated to lipid/glycolipid antigens rather than antigen-derived peptides.

[The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank databases under accession nos.AB045357–AB045365.]
Purification and Characterization of Pyrophosphate-Dependent Phosphofructokinase from Phosphate-Starved Brassica nigra Suspension Cells
Authors: Theodorou M. E. , Plaxton W. C.
Published: July 2002

Previously, we reported that inorganic phosphate (Pi) deprivation of Brassica nigra suspension cells or seedlings leads to a progressive increase in the α-:β-subunit ratio of the inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi)-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFP) and that this coincides with a marked enhancement in the enzyme's activity and sensitivity to its allosteric activator, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2). To further investigate the effect of Pi nutrition on B. nigra PFP, the enzyme was purified and characterized from Pi-starved B. nigra suspension cell cultures. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblot, and gel-filtration analyses of the final preparation indicated that this enzyme exists as a heterooctamer of approximately 500 kD and is composed of a 1:1 ratio of immunologically distinct α- (66 kD) and [beta] (60 kD) subunits. The enzyme's α- subunit was susceptible to partial proteolysis during purification, but this was prevented by the presence of chymostatin and leupeptin. In the presence and absence of 5 [mu]M Fru-2,6-P2, the forward activity of PFP displayed pH optima of pH 6.8 and 7.6, respectively. Maximal activation of the forward and reverse reactions by Fru-2,6-P2 occurred at pH 6.8. The potent inhibition of the forward activity by Pi (concentration of inhibitor producing 50% inhibition of enzyme activity [I50] = 1.3 mM) was attributed to a marked Pi-dependent reduction in Fru-2,6-P2 binding. The reverse reaction was substrate-inhibited by Pi (I50 = 13 mM) and product-inhibited by PPi (I50 = 0.9 mM). The kinetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that PFP may function to bypass the ATP-dependent PFP in Pi-starved B. nigra. The importance of the Pi nutritional status to the regulation and predicted physiological function of PFP is emphasized.
Differential Expression and Properties of Starch Branching Enzyme Isoforms in Developing Wheat Endosperm
Authors: Morell M. K. , Blennow A. , Kosar-Hashemi B. , Samuel M. S.
Published: July 2002

Three forms of starch branching enzyme (BE) from developing hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm have been partially purified and characterized. Immunological cross-reactivities indicate that two forms (WBE-IAD, 88 kD, and WBE-IB, 87 kD) are related to the maize BE I class and that WBE-II (88 kD) is related to maize BE II. Comparison of the N-terminal sequences from WBE-IAD and WBE-II with maize and rice BEs confirms these relationships. Evidence is presented from the analysis of nullisomic-tetrasomic wheat lines demonstrating that WBE-IB is located on chromosome 7B and that the WBE-IAD fraction contains polypeptides that are encoded on chromosomes 7A and 7D. The wheat endosperm BE classes are differentially expressed during endosperm development. WBE-II is expressed at a constant level throughout mid and late endosperm development. In contrast, WBE-IAD and WBE-IB are preferentially expressed in late endosperm development. Differences are also observed in the kinetic characteristics of the enzymes. The WBE-I isoforms have a 2- to 5-fold higher affinity for amylose than does WBE-II, and the WBE-I isoforms are activated up to 5-fold by phosphorylated intermediates and inorganic phosphate, whereas WBE-II is activated only 50%. The potential implications of this activation of BE I for starch biosynthesis are discussed.
Growth and Photosynthesis under High and Low Irradiance of Arabidopsis thaliana Antisense Mutants with Reduced Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Activase Content
Authors: Eckardt N. A. , Snyder G. W. , Portis Jr A. R. , Ogren W. L.
Published: July 2002

Photosynthesis and growth to maturity of antisense ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase Arabidopsis thaliana with reduced concentrations of activase relative to wild-type (Wt) plants were measured under low (200 [mu]mol m-2 s-1) and high (600 [mu]mol m-2 s-1) photosynthetic photon flux density growing conditions. Both growth and photosynthesis were significantly reduced in an Arabidopsis clone (R100) with 30 to 40% Wt activase, an effect that was more pronounced in high light. The aboveground biomass of the antisense clone R100 reached 80% of Wt under low light and 65% of Wt under high light. Decreased growth in the antisense plants was attributed to reduced relative rates of growth and leaf area expansion early in development; all plants attained similar values of relative rates of growth and leaf elongation by 21 d after planting. Reductions in photosynthesis were attributed to decreased Rubisco activation in the antisense plants. Rubisco constituted about 40% of total soluble protein in both Wt and clone R100 under both light regimes. Activase content was 5% and 1.4% of total soluble protein in Wt and clone R100, respectively, and also was unaffected by growth irradiance. The stoichiometry of Rubisco to activase was estimated at 20 Rubisco active sites per activase tetramer in Wt Arabidopsis and 60 to 80 in the transgenic clone R100. We conclude that Wt Arabidopsis does not contain Rubisco activase in great excess of the amount required for optimal growth.
Abundant Accumulation of the Calcium-Binding Molecular Chaperone Calreticulin in Specific Floral Tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nelson D. E. , Glaunsinger B. , Bohnert H. J.
Published: July 2002

Calreticulin (CRT) is a calcium-binding protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with an established role as a molecular chaperone. An additional function in signal transduction, specifically in calcium distribution, is suggested but not proven. We have analyzed the expression pattern of Arabidopsis thaliana CRTs for a comparison with these proposed roles. Three CRT genes were expressed, with identities of the encoded proteins ranging from 54 to 86%. Protein motifs with established functions found in CRTs of other species were conserved. CRT was found in all of the cells in low amounts, whereas three distinct floral tissues showed abundant expression: secreting nectaries, ovules early in development, and a set of subepidermal cells near the abaxial surface of the anther. Localization in the developing endosperm, which is characterized by high protein synthesis rates, can be reconciled with a specific chaperone function. Equally, nectar production and secretion, a developmental stage marked by abundant ER, may require abundant CRT to accommodate the traffic of secretory proteins through the ER. Localization of CRT in the anthers, which are degenerating at the time of maximum expression of CRT, cannot easily be reconciled with a chaperone function but may indicate a role for CRT in anther maturation or dehiscence.