bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐pot synthesis of trifluoromethylated benzimidazolines catalyzed by phosphotungstic acid with a low catalyst loading
Authors: Feng Xue , Yang Tao , He Xing , Yu Bing , Hu Chang‐Wen
Published: February 2018

The inexpensive Keggin‐type polyoxometalate, i.e. H3PW12O40 was found to be an effect catalyst for the condensation‐cyclization reaction of 1,2‐phenylenediamines and trifluoromethyl ketones to synthesize trifluoromethylated heterocycles, including benzimidazolines, benzoxazolines and benzothiazolines. Only 1 mol% of H3PW12O40 was required in this work, and the synergistic effect of proton and polyanion was vital for the reaction. Significantly, the POM catalyst could be easily recovered by using a biphasic solvent system (H2O/toluene, V/V = 1:5), and reused at least for four times without significant loss in activity.
Quantitative Structural Analysis of Fat Crystal Networks by Means of Raman Confocal Imaging
Authors: Martens Koen J. A. , van Dalen Gerard , Heussen Patricia C. M. , Voda Mihai A. , Nikolaeva Tatiana , van Duynhoven John P. M.
Published: February 2018

The techniques that are currently available to assess fat crystal networks are compromised with respect to invasive sample preparation and ability to quantify compositional and structural features. Raman confocal hyperspectral imaging coupled to analysis with multivariate curve resolution can address these bottlenecks, as it provides label‐free, noninvasive chemical information in three dimensions (3D). We demonstrate the ability to acquire compositional maps of dispersions of micronized fat crystals (MFC) in oil, which contain local concentrations of liquid oil and solid fat with submicron spatial resolution and with acquisition times in the order of 10 min. From the compositional maps, we can derive quantitative information on the size and porosity of fat crystal flocs, as well as the solid fat content of the embedding continuous phase. Furthermore, the fractal dimension of the fat crystal network could be determined from the compositional maps via the box‐counting method and via the porosities of the crystal flocs. This makes it feasible to assess the validity of the weak‐link network theory under industrial relevant conditions. The confocal imaging mode allows for straightforward acquisition of 3D compositional cubes by recording a stack of two‐dimensional (2D) images. The box‐counting fractal dimension analysis performed on 2D maps can be extended to 3D cubes, which allows for straightforward verification that MFC networks are self‐similar rather than self‐affine.
A stochastic techno‐economic analysis of the catalytic hydrothermolysis aviation biofuel technology
Authors: McGarvey Elspeth , Tyner Wallace E.
Published: February 2018

This study analyzed the financial feasibility of catalytic hydrothermolysis (CH) aviation biofuel technology. Three feedstocks were assessed: brown grease (rendered from grease trap waste), yellow grease (rendered from used cooking oil), and carinata oil. Since the technology carries risk, a stochastic analysis was conducted, which resulted in a distribution of net present values (NPVs) and breakeven prices. The breakeven price was the price of jet fuel per gallon that made the NPV equal to zero. A scenario where fuel price grew over time and a scenario where fuel price did not grow were both analyzed. Four plant scenarios were analyzed: 1. pioneer brownfield, 2. Nth brownfield, 3. pioneer greenfield, 4. Nth greenfield. Brown grease was the most promising feedstock scenario, in terms of financial feasibility. Breakeven prices in each feedstock scenario were lowest in the brownfield nth plant scenario, and highest in the greenfield pioneer plant scenario. Across the four plant scenarios and two fuel price growth scenarios, mean breakeven prices ranged from $2.02 to $2.83/gal in the brown grease scenario, $2.82 to $3.81/gal in the yellow grease scenario, and $3.90 to $5.66/gal in the carinata oil scenario. With the addition of RINs and LCFS credits, the probability of loss was as low as 0.0%, 18.9%, and 74.6% in the brown grease, yellow grease, and carinata oil scenarios, respectively. However, without RIN or LCFS credits, the process was not found to be financially viable. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Bayesian nonparametric inference for panel count data with an informative observation process
Authors: Liang Ye , Li Yang , Zhang Bin
Published: February 2018

In this paper, the panel count data analysis for recurrent events is considered. Such analysis is useful for studying tumor or infection recurrences in both clinical trial and observational studies. A bivariate Gaussian Cox process model is proposed to jointly model the observation process and the recurrent event process. Bayesian nonparametric inference is proposed for simultaneously estimating regression parameters, bivariate frailty effects, and baseline intensity functions. Inference is done through Markov chain Monte Carlo, with fully developed computational techniques. Predictive inference is also discussed under the Bayesian setting. The proposed method is shown to be efficient via simulation studies. A clinical trial dataset on skin cancer patients is analyzed to illustrate the proposed approach.
Home versus hospital immunoglobulin treatment for autoimmune neuropathies: A cost minimization analysis
Authors: Le Masson Gwendal , Solé Guilhem , Desnuelle Claude , Delmont Emilien , Gauthier‐Darnis Marc , Puget Sophie , Durand‐Zaleski Isabelle
Published: February 2018

Background

Prior clinical trials have suggested that home‐based Ig treatment in multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and its variant Lewis–Sumner syndrome (LSS) is safe and effective and is less costly than hospital‐administered intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg).

Methods

A French prospective, dual‐center, cost minimization analysis was carried out to evaluate IVIg administration (5% concentrated) at home versus in hospital with regard to costs, patients’ autonomy, and patients’ quality of life. The primary endpoint was the overall cost of treatment, and we adopted the perspective of the payer (French Social Health Insurance).

Results

Twenty‐four patients aged 52.3 (12.2) years were analyzed: nine patients with MMN, eight with CIDP, and seven with LSS. IVIg (g/kg) dosage was 1.51 ± 0.43 in hospital and 1.52 ± 0.4 at home. Nine‐month total costs per patient extrapolated to 1 year of treatment were €48,189 ± 26,105 versus €91,798 ± 51,125 in the home and hospital groups, respectively (p < .0001). The most frequently reported factors for choosing home treatment were the good tolerance and absence of side effects of IVIg administration, as well as a good understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of home treatment (75% of respondents). The mRankin scores before and after switch to home treatment were 1.61 ± 0.72 and 1.36 ± 0.76, respectively (p = .027).

Discussion

The switch from hospital‐based to home‐based IVIg treatment for patients with immune neuropathy represents potentially significant savings in the management of the disease.
The prevalence of false confessions in experimental laboratory simulations: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Stewart Joshua M. , Woody William Douglas , Pulos Steven
Published: February 2018

We assessed experimental false confession studies using a meta‐analysis to evaluate the prevalence of false confessions across methodologies and several moderator variables. False confessions were more likely in typing task studies than in collaborative or individual cheating studies. In typing studies, speed of typing did not affect false confession rates, but placement of the forbidden key in locations that rendered errors less plausible lowered the false confession rates. False‐evidence ploys increased the likelihood of false confessions. We explore implications for courts, expert witnesses, scholars, and police interrogators.
Effect of continuing care for people with cocaine dependence on criminal justice sentences
Authors: Wimberly Alexandra S. , Hyatt Jordan M. , McKay James R.
Published: February 2018

While continuing care for substance use treatment has been associated with reduced involvement in the criminal justice system, much of this research lacks random assignment to continuing care and so is limited by self‐selection bias. This study sought to determine the impact of adding telephone‐based continuing care to intensive outpatient programs on criminal justice outcomes for people with cocaine dependence. In three continuing care studies, spanning 1998–2008, participants were randomly assigned to an intensive outpatient program or an intensive outpatient program plus a telephone‐based continuing care intervention. Cocaine‐dependent participants from these three studies were included in the analyses, with outcomes derived from a dataset of jurisdiction‐wide criminal sentences from a state sentencing agency. Multiple logistic regression was employed to examine the odds of a criminal conviction occurring in the 4 years after enrollment in a continuing care study. The results showed that, controlling for a criminal sentence in the previous year, gender, age, and continuing care study, people with cocaine dependence randomized to an intensive outpatient program plus a telephone‐based continuing care intervention had 54% lower odds (p = 0.05, odds ratio = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.20–1.02) of a criminal sentence in the 4 years after enrollment in the continuing care study, compared with those randomized to an intensive outpatient program alone. We can conclude that adding telephone monitoring and counseling to intensive outpatient programs is associated with fewer criminal convictions over a 4‐year follow‐up period compared with intensive outpatient programs alone.
Coil embolization to successfully treat annular rupture during transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Azarrafiy Ryan , Albuquerque Felipe N. , Carrillo Roger G. , Cohen Mauricio G.
Published: February 2018

Aortic annular rupture is one of the most feared complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). This complication often presents as sudden cardiac tamponade with hypotension and requires urgent intervention. The traditional rescue strategy for such cases is emergency surgical intervention, yet the mortality remains high considering most patients who undergo TAVR are not candidates for open heart surgery. As such, there is a need for percutaneous alternatives to treat this critical complication. Here, we describe a case of annular rupture during TAVR that was successfully treated with coil embolization at the rupture site. This case illustrates the use of coil embolization as a treatment strategy in patients with acute aortic annular rupture who are at high‐risk for surgical intervention.
Cough and ACE Inhibitors: The Truth Beyond Placebo
Authors: Borghi Claudio , Veronesi Maddalena
Published: February 2018

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are extensively used for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases with a wide range of clinical recommendations. The use of ACE inhibitors can cause the onset of a dry cough, whose prevalence has probably been overestimated because of the lack of adequate control. A correct interpretation of available data requires a careful evaluation of placebo‐controlled studies to definitely assess the rate of the most frequent adverse event of ACE inhibition.
Towards High‐Performance Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Stabilizing the Solid/Liquid Interface for NASICON‐Type Na2VTi(PO4)3 using Concentrated Electrolytes
Authors: Zhang Huang , Jeong Sangsik , Qin Bingsheng , Vieira Carvalho Diogo , Buchholz Daniel , Passerini Stefano
Published: February 2018

Aqueous Na‐ion batteries may offer a solution to the cost and safety issues of high‐energy batteries. However, substantial challenges remain in the development of electrode materials and electrolytes enabling high performance and long cycle life. Herein, we report the characterization of a symmetric Na‐ion battery with a NASICON‐type Na2VTi(PO4)3 electrode material in conventional aqueous and “water‐in‐salt” electrolytes. Extremely stable cycling performance for 1000 cycles at a high rate (20 C) is found with the highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes owing to the formation of a resistive but protective interphase between the electrode and electrolyte. These results provide important insight for the development of aqueous Na‐ion batteries with stable long‐term cycling performance for large‐scale energy storage.
Living in a high CO2 world: a global meta‐analysis shows multiple trait‐mediated fish responses to ocean acidification
Authors: Cattano Carlo , Claudet Joachim , Domenici Paolo , Milazzo Marco
Published: February 2018

Understanding how marine organisms will be affected by global change is of primary importance to ensure ecosystem functioning and nature contributions to people. This study meets the call for addressing how life‐history traits mediate effects of ocean acidification on fish. We built a database of overall and trait‐mediated responses of teleost fish to future CO2 levels by searching the scientific literature. Using a meta‐analytical approach, we investigated the effects of projected CO2 levels by IPCC for 2050–2070 and 2100 on fish eco‐physiology and behavior from 320 contrasts on 42 species, stemming from polar to tropical regions. Moreover, since organisms may experience a mosaic of carbonate chemistry in coastal environments (e.g., in estuaries, upwelling zones and intertidal habitats), which may have higher pCO2 values than open ocean waters, we assessed responses from additional 103 contrasts on 21 fish species using pCO2 levels well above IPCC projections. Under mid‐century and end‐of‐century CO2 emission scenarios, we found multiple CO2‐dose‐dependent effects on calcification, resting metabolic rate, yolk, and behavioral performances, along with increased predation risk and decreased foraging, particularly for larvae. Importantly, many of the traits considered will not confer fish tolerance to elevated CO2 and far‐reaching ecological consequences on fish population replenishment and community structure will likely occur. Extreme CO2 levels well above IPCC projections showed effects on fish mortality and calcification, while growth, metabolism, and yolk were unaffected. CO2 exposures in short‐term experiments increased fish mortality, which in turn decreased in longer‐term exposures. Whatever the elevated CO2 levels considered, some key biological processes (e.g., reproduction, development, habitat choice) were critically understudied. Fish are an important resource for livelihoods in coastal communities and a key component for stability of marine ecosystems. Given the multiple trait‐mediated effects evidenced here, we stress the need to fill the knowledge gap on important eco‐physiological processes and to expand the number and duration of ocean acidification studies to multi‐generational, multiple stressor (e.g., warming, hypoxia, fishing), and species interactions experiments to better elucidate complex ecosystem‐level changes and how these changes might alter provisioning of ecosystem services.
Variability, tendencies, and climate controls of terrestrial evapotranspiration and gross primary productivity in the recent decade over China
Authors: Mo Xingguo , Liu Suxia , Chen Xuejuan , Hu Shi
Published: February 2018

Accurately estimating regional water and vegetation carbon fixation and understanding their covariation mechanisms will benefit regional water resources and ecosystem management. The process‐based vegetation interface processes model was employed to simulate the spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration (ET) and vegetation gross primary production (GPP) over the land mass of China, by integrating the 8‐day Terra‐MODIS leaf area index dataset from 2000 to 2013. It is found that there are remarkable spatial variations in annual ET and GPP across the country, top values being around 1,200 mm for ET and 3,000 gC m−2 for GPP mostly occurred in the southern rainforests. Average annual ET and GPP are weakly increasing, in which about one third is significant. At annual scale, variability of ET follows precipitation variations, whereas variability of GPP follows variations of both precipitation and leaf area index. At monthly scale, variations of ET and GPP are more correlated with net radiation than precipitation. It is revealed that the climatic factors dominating water and carbon fluxes are different over the typical climate zones. The increasing GPP and water use efficiency are benefitting the regional vegetation recovery and carbon fixation, however, more water consumption may exaggerate the ecosystem vulnerability in water‐limited zones.
Oxidation of Fish Oil Oleogels Formed by Natural Waxes in Comparison With Bulk Oil
Authors: Hwang Hong‐Sik , Fhaner Matthew , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Liu Sean X.
Published: February 2018

The aim of this study is to evaluate the oleogel (or organogel) technology as a new method to prevent oxidation of fish oil by immobilizing oil and to provide useful information on oxidation of oleogels for their application in actual food products. Four different natural waxes, rice bran wax, sunflower wax, candelilla wax, and beeswax are used to prepare fish oil oleogels. Peroxide value, conjugated diene value, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are measured after storing oleogels at 35 and 50 °C, respectively. All 3% wax‐fish oil oleogels shows slower oxidation than the bulk fish oil at 35 °C. Beeswax is not as effective as other waxes during storage at 50 °C due to its lower melting point. The color penetration measurement method is developed as a convenient method to predict the oxidation rate of oleogel. Cooling oleogel at a faster rate can significantly reduce the oxidation rate of the oleogel. A larger amount of wax is not recommended to increase the protective effect, which can give a negative effect due to the prooxidant activity of wax. The oleogel technology may be applied to reduce oxidation of food products and nutritional supplements containing omega‐3 oil.

Practical Application: This study clearly shows that the oleogel technology can be used to prevent oil oxidation by immobilizing oil in food products. This technology can be used for commercial products such as fish oil supplements to prevent oil oxidation during production, transportation, and storage. The information presented in this study can also be used for new omega‐3 oil fortified food products such as margarine, spreads, shortening, cookies, and other related products. The oleogel technology can be easily applied as a drop‐in method. Natural waxes used as oleogelator are inexpensive and widely available, and most of them are already used in many food products.

Peroxide value of 3% wax‐fish oil oleogels stored at 35 °C for 7 days.
Base‐Promoted Transition‐Metal‐Free Arylation of Imidazo‐Fused Heterocycles with Diaryliodonium Salts
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Ravi Chitrakar , Rawat Deepa , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: February 2018

Potassium tert‐butoxide was used to promote the arylation of imidazo‐fused heterocycles with diaryliodonium salts under transition‐metal‐free conditions. The described process proceeds through a radical pathway without the addition of oxidants or additives. A number of functional groups were tolerated in this transformation, which provided good to excellent yields of the arylation products.
On Nudging Health
Authors: Cohen Shlomo
Published: February 2018

Ideas of nudging, choice architecture, and libertarian paternalism have sparked much controversy. Some find in them a long‐sought optimal harmonization of the commitments to beneficent, welfare‐increasing influence and to respecting persons, whereas people on the opposite end see in them an especially sinister form of control. One area in which these ideas are of greatest importance is health care, where improving people's decisions, under the constraint of respect for persons, is a vital concern. Nudging Health: Health Law and Behavioral Economics, edited by Glenn Cohen, Holly Fernandez Lynch, and Christopher Robertson, is the first book dedicated to this important topic. This anthology of twenty‐four chapters, with section introductions and a foreword by Cass Sunstein, presents a wide spectrum of perspectives on both the promise and the difficulties in applying choice architecture to health care. The short and readable chapters, written for the book, cover questions of public health law and policy, clinical practice, medical ethics, and political philosophy. They present a synopsis of the types of questions that nudging brings up in health care broadly construed, offer new analyses, and provide much fodder for thought.
A comparison of manual tracing and FreeSurfer for estimating hippocampal volume over the adult lifespan
Authors: Schmidt Mike F , Storrs Judd M , Freeman Kevin B , Jack Clifford R , Turner Stephen T , Griswold Michael E , Mosley Thomas H
Published: February 2018

MRI has become an indispensable tool for brain volumetric studies, with the hippocampus an important region of interest. Automation of the MRI segmentation process has helped advance the field by facilitating the volumetric analysis of larger cohorts and more studies. FreeSurfer has emerged as the de facto standard tool for these analyses, but studies validating its output are all based on older versions. To characterize FreeSurfer's validity, we compare several versions of FreeSurfer software with traditional hand‐tracing. Using MRI images of 262 males and 402 females aged 38 to 84, we directly compare estimates of hippocampal volume from multiple versions of FreeSurfer, its hippocampal subfield routines, and our manual tracing protocol. We then use those estimates to assess asymmetry and atrophy, comparing performance of different estimators with each other and with brain atrophy measures. FreeSurfer consistently reports larger volumes than manual tracing. This difference is smaller in larger hippocampi or older people, with these biases weaker in version 6.0.0 than prior versions. All methods tested agree qualitatively on rightward asymmetry and increasing atrophy in older people. FreeSurfer saves time and money, and approximates the same atrophy measures as manual tracing, but it introduces biases that could require statistical adjustments in some studies.
Explaining the heterogeneity of functional connectivity findings in multiple sclerosis: An empirically informed modeling study
Authors: Tewarie Prejaas , Steenwijk Martijn D. , Brookes Matthew J. , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J. , Geurts Jeroen J. G. , Stam Cornelis J. , Schoonheim Menno M.
Published: February 2018

To understand the heterogeneity of functional connectivity results reported in the literature, we analyzed the separate effects of grey and white matter damage on functional connectivity and networks in multiple sclerosis. For this, we employed a biophysical thalamo‐cortical model consisting of interconnected cortical and thalamic neuronal populations, informed and amended by empirical diffusion MRI tractography data, to simulate functional data that mimic neurophysiological signals. Grey matter degeneration was simulated by decreasing within population connections and white matter degeneration by lowering between population connections, based on lesion predilection sites in multiple sclerosis. For all simulations, functional connectivity and functional network organization are quantified by phase synchronization and network integration, respectively. Modeling results showed that both cortical and thalamic grey matter damage induced a global increase in functional connectivity, whereas white matter damage induced an initially increased connectivity followed by a global decrease. Both white and especially grey matter damage, however, induced a decrease in network integration. These empirically informed simulations show that specific topology and timing of structural damage are nontrivial aspects in explaining functional abnormalities in MS. Insufficient attention to these aspects likely explains contradictory findings in multiple sclerosis functional imaging studies so far.
Armed conflict, health spending, and HIV
Authors: Kim Yiyeon
Published: February 2018

Among current studies, there is still question as to whether conflict increases, decreases, or has no effect on HIV prevalence. This lack of clarity can be attributed to the scarcity of quantitative analysis in this field. Thus, studies about conflict and HIV have failed to specify the ways conflict affects HIV prevalence, if indeed it does. In this paper, I argue that armed conflict increases HIV prevalence by reducing total per capita health spending. Using HIV prevalence data from 1990 to 2009, I find supporting evidence in the case of civil conflicts for these arguments. In addition, I find that as the severity of civil conflict increases, so do HIV rates. These findings have significant policy implications for individual governments, as well as for the international community.
Are embedded employees active or passive? The roles of learning goal orientation and preferences for wide task boundaries and job mobility in the embeddedness–voice link
Authors: Ng Thomas W. H. , Lucianetti Lorenzo
Published: February 2018

Does embedding employees in their organizations turn them into active organizational members who are increasingly interested in improvement, or passive members who increasingly lose interest in improvement? Addressing this embeddedness dilemma, this study aims to examine why and when perceived organizational embeddedness relates to the psychological orientation toward improvement that in turn relates to such improvement‐oriented behavior as voice. First, based on the future time perspective, we posit that increasingly embedded employees anticipate that their futures will be intertwined with that of their organizations, thereby motivating them to demonstrate increased learning goal orientation, which in turn promotes voice behavior. Second, this mediating relationship is less likely to occur for those who experience stronger increases in preferences for wide task boundaries and preferences for job mobility. Such preferences create a short‐term future time perspective in an employment relationship that is not aligned with the long‐term future time perspective inherent in increased embeddedness. Longitudinal data collected from 267 Italian employees over an eight‐month period provide empirical support for the proposed moderated mediation relationships.
FOOD NEGLECT AND INFANT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Helton Jesse J. , Cross Theodore P. , Vaughn Michael G. , Gochez‐Kerr Tatiana
Published: February 2018

The impact of food insecurity on child development in the general U.S. population is well‐established, yet little is known about the harm of food neglect relative to other types of maltreatment. Due to the harmful physiological impact of inadequate nutrients and the social impact of food‐related stress, it was hypothesized that food neglect would be more likely to impair infant cognitive and language development than physical abuse, sexual abuse, and other forms of neglect. Families of infants (N = 1,951) investigated by Child Protective Services were studied using the second cohort of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well‐Being (NSCAW II; NSCAW Research Group, 2002). Results from multivariable logistic regression models that controlled for likely confounding variables showed that the odds of impairment in cognition and language were significantly greater when food neglect was the most serious form of maltreatment. Considering that both food insecurity and child neglect are associated with poverty and parental mental health problems, it will be important for child welfare and mental health professionals to work collaboratively to better the health of these vulnerable children.
A simulated annealing algorithm for the placement of dynamic mesh routers in a wireless mesh network with mobile clients
Authors: Sayad Lamri , Bouallouche‐Medjkoune Louiza , Aissani Djamil
Published: February 2018

The placement of mesh routers in a mobile mesh network strongly influences the network performance. In particular, when the mesh clients are mobile, this deployment issue becomes more difficult to solve since mesh routers should adapt their locations to the dynamic network topology. In this letter, we propose to apply a simulated annealing algorithm to deal with the dynamic router node placement issue. The performance metrics considered when deploying these routers are: client coverage, network connectivity, and the average distance traveled by routers. Simulation results show a significant performance improvement in terms of client coverage and network connectivity and a considerable decrease in router movements.
Long‐Range Planning by Water Utilities
Authors: Steel Ernest W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses current deficiencies in the water supply due to the rapid expansion of cities and the metropolitan areas around them. The seriousness of the water supply problem is presented through statistics complied by the U.S. Public Health Service in a report published in 1955; and, these statistics reflect the deficiency in long‐range planning by utility managers. The article argues that it is the responsibility of utility managers to initiate long‐range plans, and the following topics are discussed: project scope; area specifications; population factors; source investigations; a distribution system study; and, financial considerations.
Good Practices in Painting Steel Elevated Tanks and Standpipes
Authors: Jackson James O.
Published: February 2018

In order to prolong the life of paint, the surface to be painted should be adequately prepared. This is true for both the interior, or water‐immersed, surfaces and for the exterior, or weather‐exposed, surfaces. When the steel plates are rolled or dished in fabrication, the mill scale is cracked and left in such a condition that moisture penetrating the paint film may cause corrosion underneath the mill scale, which results in the lifting and breaking, or bulging, of the paint film. The types of paints most resistant to this kind of damage are those that have enough strength and thickness to resist the loosening of the mill scale. Such paints are the heavy tar coatings and the cement linings. The wax or grease coatings are more tolerant to mill scale than the usual paints, because the plasticity of the coating permits some movement of the mill scale without a breaking of the protective film. It has, however, been well proven that even the heavy tar coatings, cement linings, waxes, and greases last longer and give more economical service if the mill scale is completely removed. Toxicity from lead absorption is also discussed.
Test Program for Filter Evaluation at Hanford
Authors: Conley Walter R. , Pitman Raymond W.
Published: February 2018

A filter evaluation program, in which small experimental filters are utilized, has been conducted at Hanford, Washington, since 1950. The program became most useful when a 5‐gpm experimental plant was constructed and operated at Hanford in 1955. The test data presented have been confirmed in the production plants at Hanford. It is believed that the experimental results may be of use to water utility engineers and operators. Study conclusions indicate that there is not much need for filters with the two‐layer bed since few are in use in the average water treatment plant. The results obtained by Conley and Pitman are amazing and should be studied by the water industry, particularly in places where filter runs are short over long periods of time, or where the use of high‐rate filtration is being considered. If water of the highest quality can be produced at filtration rates of 6 gpm/sq ft, fewer filters would be required in new plants, and extension of existing filters would not be needed so early. One important consideration, however, is that the water must be conditioned properly for high‐rate filtration.
Interpretation of Boundary Effects From Pumping Test Data
Authors: Lang S. M.
Published: February 2018

The hydraulic characteristics of an aquifer that define its abilities to store and transmit water are generally determined from the analysis of pumping test data by means of various formulas, of which the most widely used is the nonequilibrium formula developed by Theis. The development of the formula was based, in part, on assumptions that the aquifer pumped is of infinite areal extent and of uniform permeability. Stallman presented a modification of the Theis formula to extend its application to situations in which the pumped formation is adjacent to another formation of a vastly different transmissibility and the boundary between the formations approximates a straight line. Stallman's modification and the analytical procedures described by Brown for analyzing data from aquifer tests involving boundaries are based on the image well theory, according to which the hydraulic effects actually caused by the geologic boundaries may be theoretically ascribed to strategically placed imaginary wells. The application of the image well model makes it possible to treat a problem involving boundary conditions like one of a multiple‐well system in an infinite aquifer. Methods and procedures outlined by Stallman and Brown make possible the solution of problems involving one boundary; the hydraulic system may be balanced by the proper positioning of one image well. The resultant drawdown patterns have been described by Lang. The article presents the Theis nonequilibrium formula, along with a hypothetical example.
Cost Comparison of Unmetered and Metered Systems at Idaho Falls
Authors: Lloyd Donald F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of a simple dollars‐and‐cents cost comparison by the city of Idaho Falls, Idaho, to convince unmetered customers of the benefits of metering. The article discusses how the comparison was accomplished, the first requirement being the determination of use rate, and then by prorating the recorded use rate to the peak day production for the season, the city was able to determine a projected peak use rate. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of metering are listed, along with three factors affecting the total cost of supplying water that include developing the supply, delivering the water, and installing the meters.
Improved Entry to Transfer Line in Primary Sedimentation Basin
Authors: Hirsch A. Adler
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an extension of the entrance of an auxiliary transfer line from an unshielded position to a screened position behind the orifice wall at the effluent end of the east basin of the McNeil Street water plant in Shreveport, Louisiana. This action almost completely eliminated carryover of alum floc to the west basin, thus greatly improving the clarity of applied water on the filters. Better conditions for lime dispersion were also provided by the creation of a whirlpool where the suspension was added. A method of streamlining bell ends of pipe with glass‐fibered polyester resin filler was successful in reducing hydraulic losses at the entrance of the pipe. Significant savings in alum and lime are indicated.
New Jersey State Water Development Program
Authors: Shanklin George R.
Published: February 2018

On November 4, 1958, the people of New Jersey overwhelmingly approved, by referendum vote, the New Jersey Water Supply Law of 1958 and its companion Water Bond Act. This legislation places with the State Department of Conservation and Economic Development, through the Division of Water Policy and Supply, the authority, responsibility, and funds for the formulation and conduct of a threefold state water program to: insure, through long‐range planning, the availability of adequate future supplies in all parts of the state; insure, through long‐range intensive investigations, the protection and orderly development of statewide groundwater resources; and, provide, as authorized, the new water required to meet the critical demands of the northern metropolitan area by the design, construction, and operation of storage facilities to augment the natural surface water resources of the South Branch Raritan Basin. The $45,850,000 bond issue authorized by the referendum provides funds (not to exceed $39,500,000)‐ when satisfactory assurances are obtained by the commissioner of conservation and economic development, relative to the net income to be derived from the sale of water ‐ for the construction of: a 55‐bil gal off‐river storage reservoir in Round Valley, including diversion works required to fill the reservoir with water from the South Branch Raritan River; and, an 11‐bil gal reservoir on Spruce Run Lake for stream flow regulation and sale of water from the river. These two storage facilities are designed to meet the immediate and near‐future water demands of the northeastern metropolitan and Raritan Valley areas. The article lists other projects included in this bond issue.
Test of Paints for Water Tank Interiors
Authors: Keane John D. , Bigos Joseph
Published: February 2018

In 1950, the Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC), the Ambridge Water Authority, and the Pittsburgh‐ Des Moines Steel Co., all located in the Pittsburgh area, cooperated in undertaking an extensive test of paints for use on the interior of water tanks. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the relative performance of several of the most serviceable conventional paint systems applied to surfaces that had been blast cleaned. Also evaluated were several of the vinyl paints available at that time. A 1‐mil gal open‐topped steel tank, 84 ft. in diameter and 25 ft high, was selected as the test site. It is located about 20 mi north of Pittsburgh, at Ambridge, Pennsylvania. The inside of the tank was divided into 54 panels. Each of the panels received a system consisting of some combination made up from twelve paint systems, two pretreatments, and ten methods of surface preparation. Pretreatment consisted of either a vinyl washcoat or a phosphoric acid treatment. In all instances, the panels were blast cleaned and the pretreatment or primer applied before any detrimental rusting could occur. The article discusses test preparation, along with results and conclusions.
History and Present Status of Chlorination Practice in Kansas
Authors: Culp Russell L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses four events that had a significant effect on chlorination practice in Kansas: the discovery and use of hypochlorite solutions in 1908; the development of compressed chlorine gas and the development in 1917 of equipment to feed this material; the Newton waterborne epidemic of 1942; and, the Kansas State Board of Health's chlorination order of 1956. Each of these events has been followed by an upsurge in installation of chlorinators, and in each instance there has been a corresponding improvement in the bacteriologic quality of public water supplies. At present, with only one exception, all municipal water supplies in Kansas are chlorinated.
Algae and Other Interference Organisms in the Waters of the South Central United States
Authors: Palmer C. Mervin
Published: February 2018

This paper, the fourth of a series dealing with interference organisms in various regions of the United States, represents a summary of reports describing conditions and problems in the south‐central states and the methods used to combat them. Types of algal growth are discussed, along with river plankton, tastes and odors, treatment plant problems, infestations in distribution systems, interference organisms in impoundments, toxic algae, detection of interference organisms, preventive measures, chemical controls, use of activated carbon, and mechanical controls.
Simulation of Filtration on Electronic Digital Computer
Authors: Ives Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a study of water filters under conditions of one‐dimensional mass flow (varying only with time and position) and a concentration of suspended material too small to affect the physical properties, viscosity and density, for example, of the fluid. For simplicity, the filter medium is assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous throughout its depth, and the suspended material is assumed to consist of discrete, unisize, homogeneously dispersed particles that are approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than the pore openings. It is further assumed that the concentration of the suspended particles applied to the filter remains constant. A brief overview of the kinetics of filtration is provided, along with a discussion of the mathematics of filtration, filtration simulation and computational block, difference equations, automatic computer programming system, typical data, and complex situations. The study summary and conclusions indicate that when a fluid containing particles in suspension is filtered through a porous granular medium, particles are removed from the flow and deposited in the pores. The concentrations of particles in the flow and in the pores vary with time and position‐that is, when the flow is one‐dimensional. Such variations can be expressed by two linked partial differential equations, which, expressed in difference form, can be used to provide numerical distributions of the particles. Such distributions were obtained by using an electronic digital computer, with the program arranged so that the computer numerically simulated the filtration action. Results are given from a computer run, the operating data for which was derived from a filtration experiment.
1958 Federal Water Supply Act and Future Water Requirements
Authors: McCallum Gordon E. , Haywood Robert W.
Published: February 2018

In 1958, Congress enacted new legislation providing for inclusion of water supply storage in Bureau of Reclamation and Corps of Engineers reservoir projects. This legislation, Title III of Public Law 85‐500, approved July 3, 1958, is known as the Water Supply Act of 1958. In it, a general policy is provided for including water supply in civil works projects. It is applicable to new projects and modifications of previously authorized projects. The act affects only municipal and industrial water supplies. Also specified are the basis for determining the interest rate on unpaid balances, the responsibility of the Secretary of the Treasury, and other terms and conditions concerning inclusion of storage in reservoir projects and repayment arrangements. The Water Supply Act of 1958 is an expression of an important new federal policy. The provision authorizing the inclusion of storage for anticipated demands can be the key to providing for future water needs in many areas.
Significance and Removal of Manganese in Water Supplies
Authors: Griffin Attmore E.
Published: February 2018

This article is based on data accumulated by AWWA Task Group 2680 P‐Manganese Deposition in Pipelines. Manganese is a common ingredient of impounded water and of many well waters. In public supplies, it causes such difficulties as staining of clothes and plumbing fixtures, “black” water, incrustation of mains, and interferences with the colorimetric chlorine residual test. In industrial supplies, it causes severe economic losses through discoloration of products, specks in finished goods, and reduction of pipeline carrying capacities. Chemical reactions are generally presumed to account for the greater part of the manganese in groundwater; in stored water, manganese builds up by a combination of biologic and chemical processes working simultaneously. It is difficult to obtain clear‐cut statements about the economic significance of manganese in water supplies. In spite of this, requests increase yearly for information on how to remove manganese, how much the process will cost, and what method will best suit a specific water supply. This article discusses the reporting of manganese, manganese‐reporting organisms, manganese determination, filter media, manganese stabilization, and manganese removal by the zeolite process or by oxidation.
Estimating Human Radiation Exposure on the Animas River
Authors: Tsivoglou Ernest C. , Shearer S. David , Jones John D. , Clark Don A.
Published: February 2018

The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) has recently completed comprehensive studies of radioactive pollution of the Animas River, an interstate stream, under requirements stated in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The studies were conducted as a result of the interstate pollution abatement enforcement action instituted by USPHS at the request of New Mexico. They illustrate several of the basic principles that are important to the rational, successful control of radioactive water pollutants, and provide a practical case study that may be useful as a guide for solving future problems of radioactive liquid waste control. The Animas receives wastes from a uranium ore refinery in Durango, Colorado, and flows south into New Mexico. It is the main source of water for the area and is used for domestic water supply, irrigation of croplands, recreation, and waste disposal. Study results indicated that the total internal radiation exposure of downstream populations was greater than the limits recommended for general population exposure. Studies of the fate of Ra220, the primary pollutant, in the stream environment and in local water plants, led to the development of rational, efficient pollution abatement measures. These measures were installed quickly, and subsequent surveys showed that they resulted in a much higher standard of radiation protection than would have been achieved by enforcement of preset, arbitrary effluent or stream standards.
Artificial Recharge of a Well at Walla Walla
Authors: Russell Robert H.
Published: February 2018

For many years there has been a progressive water level decline in some wells taking water from artesian zones of the Columbia River basalt of the Walla Walla Basin. Because of this decline, it became apparent that the Washington Division of Water Resources, through administrative authority, would eventually have to limit the total annual pumpage of water from the basalt aquifers or implement a program whereby the safe sustained yield could be materially increased. In 1951, a well‐spacing program was adopted, designed to maintain a reasonable distance between wells pumping from the artesian zones. This, as well as permitting a greater seasonal lowering of the water table, made possible an increased annual withdrawal from the basin with reasonable assurance that water withdrawn would be replaced annually by natural recharge. Hydrographs of observation wells suggest that the program was generally successful, with the exception of the subbasin in which Walla Walla city Wells 1, 2, and 3 are located, where water levels continued to decline. This succession of events led the Division of Water Resources to request the cooperation of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Ground Water Branch in a program to evaluate the possibility of supplementing the water supply in basalt aquifers by artificial recharge through injection wells. Fortunately, Walla Walla officials approved the use of their water supply facilities for the recharge experiment; otherwise the project would not have been economically feasible, as it would have required an expenditure of about $100,000 to duplicate the facilities.