bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings of Retinal Macroaneurysm
Authors: Shah Vinay A. , Poulose Abraham , Cassell Michael , Sabates Nelson R.
Published: March 2010

A 47-year-old healthy male presented to the ophthalmology clinic with complaint of dry eyes. Examination revealed visual acuity 20/20 in both eyes (OU). Anterior segment examination was normal. Fundus examination and fluorescein angiogram findings were consistent with a non-ruptured macroaneurysm. Spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Ophthalmic Technologies, Ontario, Canada) demonstrated a large 215 µ lumen with inferior hyperreflectivity at the area of hemorrhage. There was focal thickening of the retina to encompass the macroaneurysm but no associated retinal edema. The higher resolution afforded by SD OCT may allow more accurate measurement of the size of the aneurysm, making it possible to evaluate prognostically relevant characteristics of the aneurysm such as hemorrhage in the vessel wall or thrombus in the lumen. This may also allow us to possibly intervene earlier in high-risk cases. SD OCT may be of value in management of retinal macroaneurysm.
Bilateral Choroidal Osteoma Associated with Optic Neuritis in Behçet's Disease
Authors: Casaroli-Marano Ricardo P. , Molina Juan J. , Adán Alfredo , Corretger Xavier
Published: March 2010

Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) were founded to be useful to evaluate posterior pole involvement in an unusual concurrence of bilateral choroidal osteoma after optic disk inflammation in a 36-year-old woman in whom optic neuritis was the first symptom of Behçet's disease. Bilateral asymmetric choroidal osteoma was observed after optic disk inflammation following disease recurrence. B-scan ultrasonography and orbital axial CT were essential for the diagnosis. Bilateral full-thickness calcified plaques in juxtapapillary choroids were the main intraocular feature after optic neuritis. The pathogenesis of bone formation in choroidal osteoma remains uncertain and although several etiological factors have been associated with its onset, intraocular inflammation is a very unusual cause.
Latanoprost-Dependent Cystoid Macular Edema Following Uncomplicated Cataract Surgery in Pseudoexfoliative Eyes
Authors: Panteleontidis Vassilios , Detorakis Efstathios T. , Pallikaris Ioannis G. , Tsilimbaris Miltiadis K
Published: March 2010

Cystoid macular edema (CME) following uncomplicated phacoemulcification associated with latanoprost is uncommon. OCT-proven CME associated with latanoprost in 3 eyes with pseudoexfoliation after uncomplicated phacoemulcification was reported. Latanoprost was discontinued whereas topical ketorolac was administered. In all cases, CME resolved completely within the following weeks. In one case the re-administration of latanoprost lead to CME recurrence, which was treated with permanent discontinuation of latanoprost. The correlation between latanoprost and CME and the complete resolution of CME following discontinuation of the drug suggest a causative association between latanoprost and CME.
Unilateral Optic Nerve Entrance Coloboma: The Broken Disc Anomaly
Authors: Sengupta Sabyasachi , Venkatesh Rengaraj , Ravindran Ravilla D.
Published: March 2010

A 30-year-old man presented with poor vision in his right eye since childhood. Funduscopic examination revealed a congenital optic disc anomaly that was atypical in appearance, but most likely a variant of optic nerve coloboma, the entrance coloboma, in which the defect is limited to the junction of the optic nerve and its sheaths with the sclera alone. The primitive choroid was found to traverse the colobomatous cavity in a horizontal manner, giving it a broken disc appearance. Photographic and optical coherence tomographic documentations punctuate the case report and emphasize the rather rare nature of this disease entity.
Temporary Repair of Corneal Perforation Using Tutoplast
®-
Processed Pericardium Graft
Authors: Yoo Chungkwon , Kang Su Y. , Eom Young S. , Kim Hyo-Myung
Published: March 2010

A 30-year-old woman with a history of long-standing poor vision since her previous left ocular trauma in her early childhood presented with traumatic corneal perforation in her left eye. She underwent three amniotic membrane grafts along with tissue glue application, which failed to halt the progressive corneal thinning and recurrent perforation. Penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) was planned. However, a donor cornea was not immediately available for transplantation. Therefore, a Tutoplast
®
-processed pericardium graft was placed over the edges of the corneal lesion for a temporary tectonic purpose. Three days later, PKP was performed. A pericardium graft is an effective alternative method to maintain the structural integrity of the cornea while waiting for the arrival of a donor cornea for keratoplasty in the case of severe corneal perforation.
Late-Onset Cystoid Macular Edema Associated With Small-Incision Cataract Surgery and Inadvertent Entry of Chloramphenicol Ointment Into the Anterior Chamber
Authors: Lee Edward J. , Wong Roger , Laidlaw D. Alistair H.
Published: March 2010

The authors report the long-term outcome of a 78-year-old man who experienced inadvertent entry of chloramphenicol ointment into the anterior chamber following small-incision sutureless cataract surgery. The chloramphenicol initially formed a single spherical mass on the interior aspect of the corneal section with no discernable effect on visual acuity. However, in the following 6 years the vision deteriorated with the development of multiple fine droplets within the anterior chamber and cystoid macular edema. An anterior chamber washout and removal of the ointment was performed with a subsequent improvement in vision. The authors discuss risks associated with unsutured corneal wounds and the use of ocular ointments.
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Macular Edema From Idiopathic Retinal Vasculitis, Aneurysms, and Neuroretinitis
Authors: Moon Suk J. , Misch David M.
Published: March 2010

To assess the potential visual benefit of intravitreal bevacizumab in a patient with macular edema from idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis, an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg) was given. Within 1 week, visual acuity improved from 20/60 to 20/30 and optical coherence tomography demonstrated resolution of macular edema. There was no adverse effect. The macular edema returned after 3 months, and a repeat treatment of bevacizumab led to resolution of macular edema once again. An intravitreal injection of bevacizumab may provide potential short-term visual benefit in patients with macular edema from idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis.
CXC Chemokine Ligand 4 Induces a Unique Transcriptome in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
Authors: Gleissner Christian A. , Shaked Iftach , Little Kristina M. , Ley Klaus
Published: March 2010

In atherosclerotic arteries, blood monocytes differentiate to macrophages in the presence of growth factors, such as macrophage colony-stimulation factor (M-CSF), and chemokines, such as platelet factor 4 (CXCL4). To compare the gene expression signature of CXCL4-induced macrophages with M-CSF–induced macrophages or macrophages polarized with IFN-γ/LPS (M1) or IL-4 (M2), we cultured primary human peripheral blood monocytes for 6 d. mRNA expression was measured by Affymetrix gene chips, and differences were analyzed by local pooled error test, profile of complex functionality, and gene set enrichment analysis. Three hundred seventy-five genes were differentially expressed between M-CSF– and CXCL4-induced macrophages; 206 of them overexpressed in CXCL4 macrophages coding for genes implicated in the inflammatory/immune response, Ag processing and presentation, and lipid metabolism. CXCL4-induced macrophages overexpressed some M1 and M2 genes and the corresponding cytokines at the protein level; however, their transcriptome clustered with neither M1 nor M2 transcriptomes. They almost completely lost the ability to phagocytose zymosan beads. Genes linked to atherosclerosis were not consistently upregulated or downregulated. Scavenger receptors showed lower and cholesterol efflux transporters showed higher expression in CXCL4- than M-CSF–induced macrophages, resulting in lower low-density lipoprotein content. We conclude that CXCL4 induces a unique macrophage transcriptome distinct from known macrophage types, defining a new macrophage differentiation that we propose to call M4.
HLA-B35 Upregulates Endothelin-1 and Downregulates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Lenna Stefania , Townsend Danyelle M. , Tan Filemon K. , Kapanadze Bagrat , Markiewicz Malgorzata , Trojanowska Maria , Scorza Raffaella
Published: March 2010

The presence of the HLA-B35 allele has emerged as an important risk factor for the development of isolated pulmonary hypertension in patients with scleroderma, however the mechanisms underlying this association have not been fully elucidated. The goal of our study was to determine the molecular mechanisms that mediate the biological effects of HLA-B35 in endothelial cells (ECs). Our data demonstrate that HLA-B35 expression at physiological levels via adenoviral vector resulted in significantly increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) and a significantly decreased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), mRNA, and protein levels. Furthermore, HLA-B35 greatly upregulated expression of chaperones, including heat shock proteins (HSPs) HSP70 (HSPA1A and HSPA1B) and HSP40 (DNAJB1 and DNAJB9), suggesting that HLA-B35 induces the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response in ECs. Examination of selected mediators of the unfolded protein response, including H chain binding protein (BiP; GRP78), C/Ebp homologous protein (CHOP; GADD153), endoplasmic reticulum oxidase, and protein disulfide isomerase has revealed a consistent increase of BiP expression levels. Accordingly, thapsigargin, a known ER stress inducer, stimulated ET-1 mRNA and protein levels in ECs. This study suggests that HLA-B35 could contribute to EC dysfunction via ER stress-mediated induction of ET-1 in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Transgenic Expression of TGF-β on Thyrocytes Inhibits Development of Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Increases Regulatory T Cells in Thyroids of NOD.H-2h4 Mice
Authors: Yu Shiguang , Fang Yujiang , Sharp Gordon C. , Braley-Mullen Helen
Published: March 2010

Transgenic NOD.H-2h4 mice expressing TGF-β under control of the thyroglobulin promoter were generated to assess the role of TGF-β in the development of thyrocyte hyperplasia. In contrast to nontransgenic littermates, which develop lymphocytic spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (L-SAT), all TGF-β transgenic (Tg) mice given NaI water for 2–7 mo developed thyroid lesions characterized by severe thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia and proliferation, with fibrosis and less lymphocyte infiltration than in nontransgenic mice. Most Tg mice produced less anti-mouse thyroglobulin autoantibody than did wild type (WT) mice. T cells from Tg and WT mice were equivalent in their ability to induce L-SAT after transfer to SCID or TCRα−/− mice. WT lymphocytes could transfer experimental autoimmune thyroiditis or L-SAT to Tg mice, indicating that the transgenic environment did not prevent migration of lymphocytes to the thyroid. Thyroids of Tg mice had higher frequencies of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) compared with nontransgenic WT mice. Transient depletion of Tregs by anti-CD25 resulted in increased infiltration of inflammatory cells into thyroids of transgenic mice. Treg depletion also resulted in increased anti-mouse thyroglobulin autoantibody responses and increased expression of IFN-γ and IFN-γ–inducible chemokines in thyroids of Tg mice. The results suggest that spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis is inhibited in mice expressing transgenic TGF-β on thyrocytes, at least in part, because there is an increased frequency of Tregs in their thyroids.
Genetic Determinants of Osteoporosis: Common Bases to Cardiovascular Diseases?
Authors: Marini Francesca , Brandi Maria Luisa
Published: March 2010

Osteoporosis is the most common and serious age-related skeletal disorder, characterized by a low bone mass and bone microarchitectural deterioration, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to spontaneous fractures, and it represents a major worldwide health care problem with important implications for health care costs, morbidity and mortality. Today is well accepted that osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder caused by the interaction between environment and genes that singularly exert modest effects on bone mass and other aspects of bone strength and fracture risk. The individuation of genetic factors responsible for osteoporosis predisposition and development is fundamental for the disease prevention and for the setting of novel therapies, before fracture occurrence. In the last decades the interest of the Scientific Community has been concentrated in the understanding the genetic bases of this disease but with controversial and/or inconclusive results. This review tries to summarize data on the most representative osteoporosis candidate genes. Moreover, since recently osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases have shown to share common physiopathological mechanisms, this review also provides information on the current understanding of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases common genetic bases.
Endobronchial Perineurioma: An Unusual Soft Tissue Lesion in an Unreported Location
Authors: Duncan Lisa , Tharp Daryl R. , Branca Paul , Lyons Jim
Published: March 2010

We report the first case of an endobronchial perineurioma, a rare benign neoplasm typically occurring in soft tissue. A 53-year-old nonsmoking female presented with a three-month history of persistent bronchitis. A CT scan followed by bronchoscopy demonstrated an endobronchial lesion involving the left mainstem bronchus. Removal of the lesion by bronchoscopy was accomplished. The tumor was composed of bland spindle cells in a variably collagenized stroma. These cells had long cytoplasmic processes. No mitotic activity or necrosis was observed. Neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), CD34, and claudin-1. Smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin, and S-100 immunostains were all negative. Based on the morphologic appearance and immunophenotype, a diagnosis of perineurioma was rendered.
Gene/Environment Interaction in Atherosclerosis: An Example of Clinical Medicine as Seen from the Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Mertens Gerhard
Published: March 2010

Evolutionary medicine is the application of evolution theory to understanding health and disease. It provides a complementary scientific approach to the present mechanistic explanations that dominate medical science, and particularly medical education. The chronic multifactorial disease of atherosclerosis clearly illustrates the Darwinian paradigm. Recent research, combining the effects of genes and environment, has provided surprising clues to the pathogenesis of this major public health problem. This example makes a strong case for recognizing evolution biology as a basic science for medicine.
RELATIONSHIP OF CHLOROGENIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN SUNFLOWER ACHENES TO BIRD PREDATION OF SUNFLOWER
Authors: PARFITT D. E. , FOX G. J. , BROSZ J. D.
Published: March 2010

Blackbird feeding on sunflower is a significant problem in parts of the Northern Great Plains. Therefore, experiments were initiated to determine the relationship of chlorogenic acid (CA) in sunflower achenes to bird predation and the amount of variability for CA in sunflower genotypes. Eight inbred sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes with variable levels of resistance to blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus L. and Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bonaparte) and house sparrow (Passer domesticus L.) predation were evaluated at two locations in 1979 and 1980 for seed and hull CA. Differences were observed among inbred sunflower genotypes for CA concentration in both hull and seed. However, no significant correlation between percent CA in seed and mean percent bird damage over the four tested environments was observed. An unexpected positive correlation for hull CA and bird damage was found, however. Achene samples were taken from three positions within the sunflower head (outside, middle and inside) from seven inbred lines at three sampling dates. Genotype influenced CA level in both achene components while sampling date influenced CA level in the seed only. Position of achenes within the sunflower head did not influence CA concentration of either hull or seed. Thus, it is unlikely that the CA concentration of physiologically mature sunflower achenes (hull or seed) causes the observed bird predation pattern (edge to center) on sunflower heads. CA concentration is not apparently related to bird damage.Key words: Sunflower, bird feeding, chlorogenic acid, Helianthus annus L., blackbird
GENETIC SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO BLACKBIRD PREDATION IN SUNFLOWER
Authors: PARFITT DAN E. , FOX GREGORY J.
Published: March 2010

Fifty-one sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) inbreds were grown at three environments (locations) in North Dakota. Inbreds at two locations were subjected to naturally occurring bird predation by redwinged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and yellowheaded blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bonaparte). The third sunflower plot was surrounded by a cage into which redwinged blackbirds were introduced. Bird damage was estimated as percent achenes removed from individual sunflower heads. Significant differences among environments were observed (P < 0.01). However, genotype performance among environments was highly correlated (P < 0.01). Half sib progeny from 36 of these inbreds were grown along with their maternal inbred parents to estimate narrow sense heritability (h2NS) of resistance to bird predation. Estimates of h2NS obtained by parent offspring regression and by covariance among half-sib families were h2NS = 0.69 and h2NS = 0.66, respectively. These estimates indicate a 67% level of heritability for resistance to bird predation, and suggest that it should be possible to develop sunflower lines with improved resistance.Key words: Sunflower, bird feeding, redwinged blackbird, yellowheaded blackbird
THE RESPONSE OF FALL-SOWN CEREALS TO WINTER STRESSES IN EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: ANDREWS C. J. , POMEROY M. K. , SEAMAN W. L.
Published: March 2010

A study was made from 1979 to 1982 of the overwintering capacity of winter cereals at six sites in eastern Ontario outside the traditional winter wheat growing area. Cultivars of soft white, soft and hard red wheats, a rye and a triticale were compared for winter survival in the field, cold hardiness and ice tolerance of plants removed from the field in winter, and grain yield. Overall mean grain yield of four wheats was the equivalent of 3980 kg/ha with a high mean yield of Houser in 1982 of 5035 kg/ha. In 3 yr good survival and yields were obtained with a range of cultivars, while in the fourth year only the hardiest cultivars survived well at most sites. Survival was reduced at one site in all 4 yr by snow mold. There were significant cultivar × site interactions in winter survival in 3 of the 4 yr. Fall-developed cold hardiness showed significant differences between sites and between cultivars with site means ranging from LD50 values of −20.6 °C to −10.2 °C. There were major differences in cold hardiness and ice tolerance of field-grown plants of 23 cultivars at Ottawa in 1981, but correlations between the two parameters were not significant. Ice tolerance in winter 1982 showed significant differences between sites and between cultivars. Winter survival and cold hardiness were significantly correlated at two of the five sites in 1982 — the most stressful winter season. Overall, Norstar, the highest winter survivor of the wheats, was frequently the lowest yielder. The red wheats Lennox and Valor showed consistenty high cold hardiness and winter survival accompanied by good yields, while of the soft white wheats, Houser showed frequent superiority in cold hardiness, and inconsistent advantages in winter survival and yield.Key words: Wheat (winter), winter injury, survival, cold hardiness, ice
EFFET DE L’HUMIDITÉ DU SOL SUR LA TENEUR DE LA PROLINE LIBRE ET DES SUCRES TOTAUX DE LA LUZERNE ENDURCIE AU FROID ET À LA SÉCHERESSE
Authors: PAQUIN ROGER
Published: March 2010

Plants of the hardy cultivar of alfalfa, Rambler (Medicago media Pers.) were hardened either at 1–2 °C or at 20/17 °C (day/night) at various soil moistures to determine whether cold hardening has a direct influence on the accumulation of free proline and total sugars in plant tissues or if the accumulation is due to a drought effect caused by the cold hardening temperatures. The very low soil moisture (25% of the water holding capacity) caused a dry state in the plants, increased the cold tolerance (LT50), the proline content and the percentage of the total sugars and dry matter of the tissues. High soil moisture (saturated and flooded soils) generally had opposite effects. The cold hardening of plants at 1–2 °C in the very low soil moisture for 2 or 3 weeks caused a lower accumulation in the proline content of leaves and crowns than the hardening at 20/17 °C. However, in these conditions, the total sugars and the LT50 in cold-hardened plants increased at a higher pace than in plants hardened at 20/17 °C. These results favor the hypothesis that the proline accumulation in cold-stressed plants is not directly caused by the cold hardening temperatures while sugars are, but is due to a drought effect related to the cold hardening.Key words: Proline, sugars, alfalfa, soil moisture, cold tolerance, drought stress
TOLERANCE OF LENTIL (Lens culinaris Medik.) TO HERBICIDES
Authors: FRIESEN G. H. , WALL D. A.
Published: March 2010

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) was tolerant to trifluralin, ethalfluralin, triallate, metolachlor and metribuzin applied preplant soil incorporated at rates of 1.1, 1.1, 1.7, 2.6 and 0.28 kg (a.i.)/ha, respectively. Chloramben and EPTC applied in a similar manner at rates of 2.0 and 3.0 kg (a.i.)/ha, respectively, injured lentils. Diclofop methyl, sethoxydim, fluazifop butyl, haloxyfop methyl and several experimental grass-specific herbicides were tolerated by lentil but propanil and flam-prop methyl were phytotoxic to this crop. Lentil was also tolerant to tank mixtures of trifluralin and triallate, trifluralin and metribuzin, metolachlor and metribuzin, and sequential treatments of dinitroaniline-type herbicides applied preplant incorporated followed by a post-emergence application of metribuzin or dinoseb. Lentil seed density was reduced by triallate in 1983 and seed size was reduced by flamprop methyl in 1982 and by trifluralin, triallate, metolachlor, EPTC, chloramben, metribuzin and trifluralin + metribuzin mixtures in 1983.Key words: Herbicides, lentil, preplant incorporated, postemergence, seed quality, sequential treatments
NORLIN FLAX
Authors: KENASCHUK EDWARD O. , HOES JOHN A.
Published: March 2010

NorLin is a medium-early, high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba from the cross (Rocket/Raja)//Linott. The cultivar is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.), resistance being conditioned by the L6 gene. NorLin is adapted to all flax production areas of the Canadian prairies.Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
AN INEXPENSIVE SYSTEM USING DRIP-EMITTERS FOR IRRIGATING SMALL PLOTS
Authors: BITTMAN S. , JAN E.-Z. , SIMPSON G. M.
Published: March 2010

Plot irrigation systems have a number of deficiencies including uneven water distribution and high cost. A system that overcomes many of these problems, using drip irrigation emitters, was designed and tested. It was found to perform well provided that clean water was supplied.Key words: Irrigation system, drip emitters, plots
EFFET DES MODES, TAUX ET DATES DE SEMIS DES CÉRÉALES SUR LE RENDEMENT ET SES COMPOSANTES SUR QUATRE TYPES DE SOL
Authors: RIOUX R. , BARNETT G. M. , COMEAU J. E.
Published: March 2010

Four soil types were used to evaluate the effects of seeding rates and dates, and seed placement for spring cereal production near La Pocatière, Québec. Head population and head weight at maturity explained an important part of the success or the failure of species and management practices. On all soils, early seeding and seed placement were important factors for yields, but seeding rates had to be adjusted at each site. On De l’Anse loam, high grain yield was related to high head population but on Kamouraska clay and Du Creux loam, head weight was a more important factor. However, on Du Creux loam, population varied from year to year. On St-André loam, cereal production was limited by an early maturity meaning small and low density kernels. With oats, a high head population produced high yields but for barley production, head weight was more important. Wheat yield was limited by the head weight.Key words: Grain, seeding methods, seeding rates, seeding dates
INTERACTIONS OF THE SAFENER FLURAZOLE WITH CHLOROACETANILIDE AND THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES ON MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
Authors: HATZIOS KRITON K.
Published: March 2010

The efficacy of the safener flurazole as a protectant of maize (Zea mays L. ’Pioneer 3780’) against injury from preplant-incorporated applications of the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor and EPTC was examined under greenhouse conditions. All herbicides were applied preplant-incorporated at rates of 0, 2.24, 4.48, 6.72 and 8.96 kg ha−1. Flurazole was applied also preplant-incorporated at rates of 0, 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, 1.12 or 2.24 kg ha−1. Growth responses of maize seedlings revealed that flurazole at 1.12 or 2.24 kg ha−1 interacted antagonistically with all rates of alachlor, metolachlor and EPTC offering partial to complete protection to maize against injury from these herbicides. At rates lower than 1.12 kg ha−1, flurazole was less effective as a maize protectant against chloroacetanilide or thiocarbamate herbicide injury.Key words: Antagonism, alachlor, metochlor, EPTC, antidote
TIBOR OAT
Authors: BURROWS VERNON D.
Published: March 2010

Tibor is a new naked-seeded or hulless oat cultivar (Avena nuda L.) suitable for growing in eastern Canada. Compared with the naked-seeded check cultivar Terra, Tibor is higher in groat yield, seed and hectolitre weight and seed protein content. It has excellent straw strength coupled with tall plant height and early maturity, but shows no improvement over Terra in the percentage of covered seeds (approximately 5%) in threshed grain samples or in resistance to diseases such as barley yellow dwarf virus, septoria or stem rust. Tibor is susceptible to prevalent races of crown rust but the disease is slow to develop in field-scale plantings. Tibor is resistant to loose smut and Victoria blight.Key words: Avena nuda L., cultivar description, oat (hulless)
LEAF CO2 EXCHANGE RATES IN WINTER RYE GROWN AT COLD-HARDENING AND NONHARDENING TEMPERATURES
Authors: HUNER N. P. A. , MIGUS W. , TOLLENAAR M.
Published: March 2010

CO2 gas exchange measurements were performed on cold-hardened and unhardened Puma rye (Secale cereale L.) leaves at 10 and 20 °C in the presence of 2 and 21% O2 and as a function of irradiance and CO2 concentration. A decrease in O2 concentration from 21 to 2% appeared to result in a differential stimulation of photosynthetic rates in cold-hardened and unhardened rye leaves. Under light saturating conditions the former exhibited photosynthetic rates that tended to be 1.4- to 1.5-fold higher in the presence of 2% O2 than 21% O2 when measured at either 10 or 20 °C. In contrast, unhardened rye leaves exhibited photosynthetic rates that tended to be about 1.3-fold higher in the presence of 2% O2 than 21% O2 when measured at 10 °C but about 1.8-fold higher when measured at 20 °C. Similarly, at high CO2 concentrations, leaves of unhardened plants exhibited a greater temperature-dependent stimulation of photosynthetic rates by low O2 than leaves of hardened plants. An increased capacity for CO2 utilization in cold-hardened rye could be observed when photosynthetic rates were monitored at 2% O2. Differences in transpiration rates were insufficient to account for these results. The increased capacity for CO2 utilization observed in vivo is discussed with respect to a recent report which described an increased capacity for photosynthetic electron transport in vitro in cold-hardened rye thylakoid membranes. However, photosynthetic acclimation to the contrasting growth temperatures could only be observed when CO2 exchange was measured at 2% O2. We conclude that photosynthetic acclimation in vivo may be severely limited due to the restrictions imposed by photorespiration.Key words: Cold-hardening, winter rye, CO2 exchange, photosynthesis
THE EFFECT OF A GENE FOR SEMIDWARFISM (Rht1) ON VARIOUS CHARACTERS IN A SPRING WHEAT CROSS
Authors: BRANDLE J. E. , KNOTT D. R.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four F2-derived F4 lines were produced from a cross between the semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar CSP-44 (Condor sib, Rht1) and the tall cultivar Glenlea (rht1). Thirty-two homozygous tall lines and thirty-two homozygous short lines were tested at Saskatoon under rainfed conditions in 1982 and both rainfed and irrigated conditions in 1983. The objective was to determine the effects of the gene for demidwarfism on yield and other characters under Saskatchewan conditions. The semidwarf lines consistently had more spikes per metre of row and more kernels per spike, but a lower weight per kernel. The percent increase in the number of kernels per spike for the semidwarfs compared to the tails varied more in different environments than the change in the other two components of yield. As a result, the semidwarf lines outyielded the tall lines by 13.1% in the 1982 rainfed test and by 4.1% in the 1983 irrigated test but yielded 2.7% less in the 1983 rainfed test. In general, yield showed only low positive correlations with the yield components, while the yield components showed relatively low negative correlations among themselves.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum, height, semidwarfs, yield components
SNOW AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT FOR CONTINUOUS ZERO-TILL SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , ZENTNER R. P. , NICHOLAICHUK W. , BEATON J. D.
Published: March 2010

In this 3-yr study the effect of snow management, by means of cereal straw trap strips, and fertilizer management (rates of N and P, time and placement of N) on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, N use efficiency, and moisture conservation were examined in a zero-till system on a Brown Chernozemic loam soil in southwestern Saskatchewan. Fall and winter precipitation equivalent to 132, 93 and 68 mm of water was received in 1981–1982, 1982–1983, and 1983–1984, respectively. Efficiency of soil water intake in short stubble was constant at 29% but in tall stubble it was 35, 33 and 65% for the 3 yr. The advantage of water conserved by cereal straw trap strips compared to the standard short stubble treatments averaged 13 mm to the 120 cm soil depth and ranged between 5 mm in 1982–1983 and 25 mm in 1983–1984. Growing season rainfall averaged 244, 176, and 100 mm in 1982, 1983, and 1984, respectively. The use of straw trap strips resulted in greater grain yields than when the straw was cut at one standard height (about 18 cm), the difference being most marked in the driest year. In the two wet years, yields were greater for spring-applied than for fall-applied urea N, and for deep-banded than for broadcast N. In the dry year, fertilizer treatments had no effect on yield. Broadcasting urea in the fall was the least efficient treatment. Yield response to P applied at rates as high as 53 kg ha−1 was only significant in the second year, and even here the response was not large. Grain protein and N use efficiency generally responded in a manner similar to grain yield. Although the moisture conserving advantage of trap strips does not so far support a plausible move to continuous cropping in the Brown soil zone, the yield responses are encouraging and might result in producers making more extensive use of this inexpensive technique.Key words: Wheat, fertilizer placement, fertilizer timing, cereal straw trap strips, zero tillage, snow management
THE CRITICAL FALL HARVEST PERIOD FOR ALFALFA IN INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: STOUT DARRYL G.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was grown under irrigation and harvested three times each year at Kamloops, British Columbia. The third cut was taken at five or six different times between 15 Aug. and 1 Nov. to identify the critical fall harvest period. Harvesting the third cut on 15 Aug. or 20 Aug. caused the most decrease in the yield of the first cut in the next year; thus the critical fall harvest period is from about 15 Aug. to 15 Sept. On average the total annual yield varied by only about 10% for the different times of third cut. When the third cutting was made on 15 Sept. or later, the average total yield varied by only about 6%. The winters of 3 of the 6 yr of the experiment were colder than normal. Thus, when yield is of prime concern, it is recommended that the timing of the third cut in interior B.C. be taken between 15 Sept. and 16 Oct.Key words: Alfalfa, cutting management, winter injury, yield, fall harvest period, Medicago sativa
THE EFFECT OF HARVESTING BEFORE AND AFTER FROST ON CORN SILAGE COMPOSITION, AND ITS INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY IN SHEEP
Authors: NARASIMHALU P. , WHITE R. P. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Early-maturing forage corn (Zea mays L.), DK-22, was harvested in Prince Edward Island twice, 3 and 6 wk before the occurrence of the first killing frost, and twice again, 2 and 4 wk after the first killing frost, and ensiled during each of the three experimental years. Each silage was fed to six sheep in order to measure voluntary intake and digestibility. Magnesium content was severely reduced by ensiling fresh forage from prefrost harvest. The postfrost silages were drier and higher in pH than the other silages. Detergent fiber levels were lower in the prefrost than in the postfrost silages (P < 0.05). Intake was slightly higher for prefrost silages and this was significant in the third year (P < 0.05). The depression in digestibility between prefrost and postfrost silages was highest for nitrogen. Using digestible dry matter intake as a measure of feed value, the silage harvested in mid-September was assigned a relative feed value of 100, and by comparison, the two postfrost silages were 16 and 34% lower in feed value, respectively.Key words: Relative feed value, forage quality, frosted crop
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON 14C-PHOTOSYNTHATE LABELING STUDIES UTILIZING A MODIFIED ASSIMILATION CELL
Authors: MAUK C. S. , BAUSHER M. G. , YELENOSKY G.
Published: March 2010

An inexpensive, portable assimilation cell was developed to facilitate 14CO2 uptake and distribution experiments under different environmental settings. The device was used to expose citrus foliage to 14CO2 under both constant (growth chamber) and variable (field) conditions. Design features such as a large internal volume (14 L), gastight access ports, portable battery-powered source, and internal fans afforded the versatility necessary for utilization under a variety of conditions. The chamber remained airtight during operation and maintained a uniform internal distribution of 14CO2. During 14CO2 exposure under nonfluctuating environmental conditions (constant external temperature and relatively low light intensity), 14CO2 intake was fairly constant reaching a maximum of 67% at 30 min. In contrast, 14CO2 uptake under increasing external temperature and light intensity (1380–1680 μmol m−2 s−1) reached its maximum in 14 min and remained constant thereafter. Rising internal chamber and leaf temperature limits reasonable exposure times to 10–15 min under field conditions. These results stress the importance of measuring 14CO2 uptake and distribution under varying environmental conditions compared to a fixed set of parameters when utilizing a closed system. Results also indicate that data obtained under an artificial, stable set of conditions cannot be extrapolated to the variable extremes often encountered in a natural setting.Key words: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, 14CO2 uptake, temperature, light intensity
EFFECT OF ROOT TEMPERATURE AND VARYING CATION RATIOS ON GROWTH AND LEAF CATION CONCENTRATION OF APPLE SEEDLINGS GROWN IN NUTRIENT SOLUTION
Authors: HOGUE E. J. , NEILSEN G. H.
Published: March 2010

Apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown at high (256 mg L−1) and low 32 mg L−1) Ca concentration in Long Ashton nutrient solutions at 8, 12, 16 and 20 °C root temperature. Top and root dry weight of seedlings increased as temperature increased. Leaf Ca, K and Mn concentrations increased with root temperature from 12 to 20 °C. Leaf Zn concentration decreased over the same temperature range at low solution Ca concentration, leaf Mg concentration was lowest at 16 °C while leaf Fe was unaffected by temperature. In further experiments, seedlings were grown at 12 and 16 °C root temperatures at five concentration ratios of Ca:K (4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4) and five concentration ratios of K:Mg (17:1, 10:1,4:1,2:1 and 2:3) in nutrient solution. Seedling growth was higher at 16 °C and varied inversely with K:Mg ratio but was unaffected by Ca:K ratio. Leaf Ca concentration increased with temperature regardless of nutrient solution composition. Leaf K concentration increased with temperature over the range of Ca:K ratios but not over the range of K:Mg ratios. Leaf Mg concentration was unaffected by temperature. These data show that leaf Ca, Mg and K concentration increase in response to their respective availabilities in solution, being most pronounced for Mg and least for Ca.Key words: Apple seedlings, root temperature, nutrient solution, leaf Ca, Mg and K, Malus domestica
AN ESTIMATION EQUATION FOR SQUASH LEAF AREA USING LEAF MEASUREMENTS
Authors: FARGO W. S. , BONJOUR E. L. , WAGNER T. L.
Published: March 2010

An equation was developed which may be used to estimate the area of all sizes of developing squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) leaves. The equation uses two leaf measurements (midrib length (ML) and the distance between tertiary lobes (TD)) which may be taken quickly in the laboratory or field without disturbing the host plant. The equation is:[Formula: see text]The equation is applicable in monitoring individual leaf expansion as well as total plant leaf area increase and in examining the dynamics of the plant under various environmental conditions.Key words: Cucurbita pepo L., leaf area, growth, development, leaf expansion
ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY OF YIELD AND HOLLOW STEM IN BROCCOLI (Brassica oleracea var. Italica)
Authors: SHATTUCK V. I. , SHELP B. J. , LOUGHTON A. , BAKER R.
Published: March 2010

Adaptability and stability of yield, harvest date and incidence of hollow stem were assessed by regression analysis for six broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) cultivars. Significant cultivar variation for yield and harvest date was found within each year. All characters exhibited significant differences among the years. Cultivar × environment interaction was significant for yield and hollow stem. Most of the cultivars exhibited only average or below average stability and only one, Green Valiant (b = 0.77) was stable and better adapted to unfavorable environments. Similarly, all cultivars but Green Comet (b = 0.10) exhibited average or below-average stability for hollow stem performance.Key words: Broccoli, stability, genotype × environment interaction, yield, hollow stem
MOBILITY AND DISSIPATION OF METALAXYL IN TOBACCO SOILS
Authors: SHAROM M. S. , EDGINGTON L. V.
Published: March 2010

Soil thin layer chromatography studies showed that metalaxyl (methyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxyacetyl)alaninate) was similar to 2,4-D and more mobile than pyrazone > permethrin. Soil column studies indicated that approximately 0, 9, 73 and 83% of the applied fungicide leached through a 25-cm soil column after being subjected to 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm of simulated rainfall, respectively. A study on the effects of sequential periods of rain and dry spells on movement of metalaxyl showed that the fungicide was leached with each 5 cm simulated rainfall but moved upward during the dry cycle. There was no leachate from soil columns that received four increments of 5 cm of simulated rainfall alternated with a 48-h drying cycle. However, approximately 32% of the applied metalaxyl was leached through soil columns that received similar rainfall treatment alternated with a 24-h drying cycle. Field plot studies indicated that most of the soil-incorporated metalaxyl remained in the upper 0–30 cm, with approximately 10% being leached into the 30- to 45-cm zone. The half-life of metalaxyl in soil from field plots and six growers’ farms ranged from 3 to 5 wk. Metalaxyl acid, a possible metabolite, was not detected in any of the soil samples. Metalaxyl and its acid were not detected in either the water or sediment of Big Creek which drains the tobacco region.Key words: Metalaxyl, mobility, persistence, environmental contamination
EFFET DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTEE SUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA RHYNCHOSPORIOSE DE L’ORGE
Authors: COUTURE LUC , ISFAN DANIEL
Published: March 2010

The effect of nitrogen fertilizers applied as urea or ammonium nitrate at doses of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha−1 on scald in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) grown on two different soils was examined during 2 yr. A strong significant positive correlation was found between nitrogen dose and severity of scald during the 2 yr. Nitrogen influenced disease severity the same way in both soils although the absolute level of disease was higher in plots set up in sandy loam than in clay soil. Disease severity was approximately the same in barley fertilized with urea or ammonium nitrate.Key words: Nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen form, barley, Hordeum vulgare, scald, Rhynchosporium secalis
EFFECT OF FRUIT COLOR ON HARVEST SPEED OF ZUCCHINI
Authors: PARIS HARRY S. , NERSON HAIM , KARCHI ZVI
Published: March 2010

Two zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) cultivars having dark green fruits, Ambassador and Bareqet, and one having golden-yellow fruits, Goldy, were compared for speed of harvest under field conditions. Plots of Goldy were harvested 18%, fruits 20%, marketable fruits 26% and Grade A fruits 33% faster than those of Ambassador or Bareqet. All three cultivars had an open growth habit and produced nearly identical numbers of fruits. The results indicate that the differences in harvest speed among the cultivars were based mainly on camouflage of the green fruits and contrast of the golden-yellow fruits with the green foliage.Key words: Zucchini, Cucurbita pepo, gene B, summer squash, marrow, courgette
INFLUENCE OF FALL APPLIED 2,4-D AMINE AND MCPA ON COLD HARDINESS AND OTHER AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE
Authors: FOWLER D. B. , GRAHAM M. L. , ASHFORD R.
Published: March 2010

The effects of 2,4-D and MCPA amine treatments on cold tolerance and other agronomic characters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were studied in controlled environment and field trails. For both species, the level of cold tolerance achieved in controlled environments was reduced following exposure to 2,4-D and MCPA at rates up to 2.24 kg ha−1. In contrast, similar rates of fall applied 2,4-D and MCPA did not affect the cold tolerance of wheat and rye growing in the field. Treatment of plants from different seeding dates indicated that the observed field herbicide tolerance was not influenced by large differences in plant growth stage. Yield and other agronomic characters were also unaffected by fall 2,4-D and MCPA treatment. In contrast, broadleaf weed control was obtained with rates as low as 0.28 kg ha−1 for both herbicides, emphasizing the large safety margin between rates required for effective winter annual weed control and crop tolerance levels. From a practical standpoint, the influence of other management practices, such as delayed seeding, were of much greater importance in winter cereal production than the effects of commerical rates of 2,4-D or MCPA applied in the fall for broadleaf weed control.Key words: Wheat (winter), rye, 2,4-D amine, MCPA amine, cold tolerance
HERITABILITY OF RL 4137 TYPE OF DORMANCY IN TWO POPULATIONS OF RANDOM LINES OF SPRING WHEAT
Authors: DYCK P. L. , NOLL J. S. , CZARNECKI E.
Published: March 2010

Random lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed from crosses RL 4137/Timgalen and RL 4137/Neepawa were used to study the inheritance of harvest-time dormancy, as measured by falling number values of rain-simulator treated samples, as well as its association with leaf rust resistance, awnedness and seed color. Heritability estimates for falling number were 0.74 and 0.78. Differences in seedling leaf rust resistance were due to Lr16, for awnedness due to a single gene and for seed color due to three genes. A positive association between leaf rust resistance and falling number was observed in RL 4137/Neepawa while a slight negative association was observed in RL 4137/Timgalen. In the latter cross, the red-seeded lines had a higher mean falling number than the white-seeded lines, while the awned lines had a lower mean falling number than the awnless lines.Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (spring), dormancy, falling number values, heritability
KERNEL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES IN FALLING NUMBER IN TRITICALE COMPARED WITH WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M. , McCAIG THOMAS N. , TOWNLEY-SMITH T. FRED
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted in 1981, 1982 and 1983 at Swift Current, Saskatchewan to compare kernel development and changes in falling number with maturation and weathering of recently-developed triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) lines and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Kernel development and falling number changes with maturation were studied in sequential samples taken from 2 wk after anthesis to maturity. Test weight and falling number were measured in nonweathered and weathered grain samples. The triticales tended to reach physiological maturity at higher kernel water concentrations than wheat. There were no differences in water concentration at physiological maturity between recently developed plump-seeded lines and existing shrivel-seeded cultivars. Falling numbers of wheat increased with advancing maturity, while those of the triticales declined, did not change, or increased. Falling number of the triticale cultivar Welsh decreased with advancing maturity, while most of the advanced lines showed relatively constant or moderately increasing falling numbers. At harvest maturity, falling numbers of most of the advanced lines were greater than those of Welsh. Falling numbers of wheat declined following weathering damage, as did those of some advanced triticale lines. Test weights of triticale and wheat were reduced about 7% by weathering.Key words: Triticale, wheat, alpha-amylase, falling number, physiological maturity, weathering