bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PIRANTI KOHESI SUBSTITUSI DALAM CERITA RADIN DJAMBAT (Kajian Intertekstual sebagai Pelansir Martabat dan Budaya Masyarakat Lampung)
Authors: Ariyani Farida , Suyanto Edi , Agustina Eka Sofia
Published: March 2019

Indonesia kaya akan peninggalan cerita rakyat, termasuk cerita Radin Djambat yang ada di Lampung. Cerita Radin Djambat memuat nilai-nilai perjuangan, persahabatan, dan filosofi yang dapat dijadikan teladan bagi perkembangan dan pembangunan budaya bagi masyarakat Lampung secara khusus dan masyarakat Indonesia secara umum untuk kehidupan saat ini dan masa datang. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan piranti kohesi substitusi dalam legenda Radin Djambat, sebagai pelansir martabat dan budaya masyarakat Lampung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi dokumentasi melalui pendekatan intertekstual yang bersifat kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa piranti kohesi substitusi yang terdapat dalam cerita Radin Djambat meliputi piranti yang bersifat anafora dan katafora. Piranti kohesi substitusi yang bersifat anafora ditemukan dalam bentuk substitusi nominal, verbal, dan klausal. Selanjutnya,  piranti kohesi substitusi yang bersifat katafora yang ditemukan hanya dalam bentuk substitusi nominal dan klausal. Selanjutnya, hasil penelitian dapat dijadikan rujukan bagi masyarakat akademisi (peneliti), guru/dosen, mahasiswa, tokoh adat, dan masyarakat luas.ABSTRACTIndonesia is rich in relics of folklore, including the story of Radin Djambat in Lampung. Radin Djambat's story contains the values of struggle, friendship, and philosophy that can be exemplary for the development and cultural development for the people of Lampung in particular and the people of Indonesia in general This study aims to describe the substitution cohesion device in the legend of Radin Djambat, as the spreader of the dignity and culture of the people of Lampung. The research method used is documentation study through qualitative intertextual approach. The results showed that the substitution cohesion devices contained in the Radin Djambat story include anaphoric and cataphoric devices. Anaphoric substitution cohesion devices are found in the form of nominal, verbal, and clausal substitutions. Furthermore, the cataphoric substitution cohesion device is found only in the form of nominal substitution and clause. The results of the research can be used as a reference for other researchers, teachers, lecturers, students, traditional leaders, and the others community.
Actividades para el aprendizaje del Inglés como Lengua Extranjera en libros de texto de primaria
Authors: Gris Roca Joaquín
Published: March 2019

Alcanzar la fluidez necesaria en las destrezas orales y escritas es una de las metas más importantes para los aprendices de Inglés como Lengua Extranjera (ILE). Las distintas actividades presentes en los libros de texto pueden tener diferentes potenciales de enseñanza explícita e implícita según el tipo de conocimiento que promuevan. Por tanto, el tipo de conocimiento que los aprendices logran va a depender, en gran medida, del énfasis que los profesores pongan en las distintas actividades. Dado que los aprendices jóvenes tienden a beneficiarse más de las actividades de carácter comunicativo, el presente estudio exploratorio tiene como objetivo examinar el potencial explícito e implícito de una muestra de 1.952 actividades extraídas de 10 libros de texto de primaria para la Enseñanza del ILE en España. Los resultados mostraron que la proporción de actividades dedicadas a la enseñanza de las formas es más elevada de lo esperable.
PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER PADA MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH DI KOTA SALATIGA
Authors: Mahmud Miftachur Rif’ah
Published: March 2019

This qualitative research was conducted to determine the implementation of character education in MIN Gamol, Kecandran, Salatiga. The research problem are how the concept of character education in MI is, how are the methods and strategies of character education, and what are the factors supporting and inhibiting the process of maintaining character education. Research data was collected by interviews which related to the informants, documentation, and field observations. The result shows that the concept of character education in MIN Gamol, Kecandran, Salatiga generally understood as moral education or good moral as a part of character education is less discussed. The emphasized main values are religious, discipline, responsibility, patriotism, nationalism spirit, and achievement appreciation. The method to accustomed character education in MIN Gamol is integrated in all subjects by performing some strategies with habituation, exemplary, discipline, observation and home visit. The educational character is supporting by a young and vibrant teacher, exemplary by school leaders, and students who are ready to respond the tasks from the teacher. The completeness of published documents and the attention of the foundation committee and parents also influence the goals to success. While the inhibiting factors are limited control power of teachers, lack of teachers counseling, inactive parenting club, the condition of school environment and less of parental attention.
CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP OF FINANCIAL LITERACY WITH INDICATORS OF THE FINANCIAL AND SOCIAL SECTORS
Authors: Bielova Inna , Oliinyk Viktor , Nilova Nataliia , Nilova Mariia
Published: March 2019

In a situation where the growing likelihood of financial sector crises in both individual countries and globally, the issue of fragility of financial institutions as a result of significant credit, accumulation of "toxic" loans is becoming increasingly important. And low level of financial literacy of the population also plays an important role.Low financial literacy of the population has many consequences, including: excessive credit, lack of proper responsibility for their own financial decisions, etc. All this, as a result, has an impact on the personal financial status, and even on the spread of poverty.A significant contribution to the development of the theory, methodology and practical issues of financial literacy development has been made by the following famous scientists: A. Lusardi, O.Mitchell; A.Hasler; A. Meir, Y. Mugerman, O. Sade; V. R. Maarten, others.At the same time, there are not enough scientific papers that highlight the peculiarities of influencing the level of financial literacy on the development of the financial and social sectors.In this research, the task of checking hypotheses about the existence of a relationship between the level of financial literacy and the indicators of financial and social sectors development is set. The article deals with the relationship between the level of financial literacy and the indicators of the development of financial and social sectors according to the data of the EU-28 and countries of the world as a whole. The results are: as financial literacy grows, the borrowers less often take money from a private informal lender and from a family or friends and more frequently - from a financial institution; there is an inverse interrelation between the level of financial literacy among adults and the NPL (nonperforming loans); also, for the EU-28 countries, the direct interrelation between the severely materially deprived people (% of total population) and the NPL level has been confirmed.The problem of raising the level of financial literacy should be a public priority in countries with high rates of "bad" loans, with widespread poverty.
Guidelines for risk reduction and quality improvement in the provision of dental care in medical institutions of the municipality "Ekaterinburg»
Authors: Чернавский Александр , Chernavskiy Aleksandr , Русакова Ирина , Rusakova Irina , Бичун Антон , Bichun Anton
Published: March 2019

This model of management of medical organizations providing dental care in the municipality "city of Yekaterinburg" (hereinafter ― the Guide), developed by the North-West state medical University. I. Mechnikova (SZSMU), the Department of emergency medical care, the Department of therapeutic dentistry and propaedeutics of dental diseases, the Department of public health and health organization of the Ural state medical University (UMMU), the Department of clinical psychology and psychophysiology of the Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin (Urfu) in the framework of the Priority project "Creation of a new model of medical organization providing primary health care". The main objectives of the Priority project " Creation of a new model of medical organization..."and this Manual recommended for performance by all organizations and the medical organizations in the territory of municipality" the city of Yekaterinburg " performing the municipal task on rendering free medical care within the Territorial program of the state guarantees of free rendering medical care to citizens: improving the work of outpatient departments of municipal health care institutions of the municipality " Ekaterinburg city»; the introduction of a unified institutional approach to the modus operandi of the staff of the clinics; introduction of patient-oriented technologies in polyclinics of Yekaterinburg; increasing the availability of outpatient medical care; prevention and risk reduction in the provision of dental care through the introduction of an identification Protocol and standardization of medical care; rational organization of work of medical personnel of polyclinics; improving the psychology of the relationship of patient and medical worker, psycho, psycho-corrective and therapeutic ways to help patients.
Comparison of the Quality of Life in Three Groups: Women with Premenstrual Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and General Population in Yazd
Authors: Karimiankakolaki Zohreh , Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed , Heidari Fatemeh , Khadibi Maryam , Gerayllo Sakineh , Yoshany Nooshin
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome can lead to numerous problems for women and increase their susceptibility to depression compared to men. PMS is not a serious threat, but it can influence women's quality of life and mental health and reproductive. This research was conducted to compare the quality of life (QOL) in the three groups: women with premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and general population in Yazd (a city in the center of Iran).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 246 women referring to Yazd health centers. They were voluntarily or randomly selected. Data collection tools were quality of life questionnaire SF36 and the premenstrual syndrome screening tool. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS18.0 with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test for comparison groups on SF-36 subscales.
Results: Among samples, 102(41.5%) had premenstrual syndrome (PMS), in 20(8.1%) the diagnostic characteristics for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) were found, and 124 (50.4%) were in general population (GP) group, respectively. Comparison groups with Kruskal-Wallis test on SF-36 subscales showed that except for physical function in other components of quality of life, PMS and PMDD groups and non-clinical populations were significantly different (p< 0.05). Considering the Mann-Whitney test, women with PMDD reported a poor health-related quality of life as measured by the SF-36. Women with PMS and PMDD had lower mean score especially in the aspect of role limitation- emotional problems.
Conclusion: Quality of life is significantly affected by premenstrual symptoms, especially in the aspect of role limitation- emotional problems. Further studies and training program regarding PMS is recommended to improve the quality of life in this population, particularly for those experiencing severe premenstrual disorders.
Survey of Financial Literacy of Bank Customers on the Use of Electronic Banking and Reducing of Traffic Accidents
Authors: Ghane Mohsen , Shahmoradi Nasim , Moein Mahmoud
Published: March 2019

Introduction: One of the factors affecting the health of the society is economic factors, and financial literacy and familiarity in the field of electronic banking can affect the economics of individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of financial literacy of bank customers on the use of electronic banking and the reduction of traffic accidents.
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a researcher-made questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha = 0.87. The research community was Yazd banks' customers in 2017. The research sample was determined and 380 people were randomly selected. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS) approach.
Results: Data analysis showed that 73% of the samples were male and 38% of them were between the ages of 30-39 and 41% had a bachelor's degree. The value of the path coefficient (beta) of the customers’ financial literacy to the use of electronic banking is equal to (493/0).
Conclusion: The results indicated a positive and significant impact of financial literacy and its domains on the use of electronic banking, which can indirectly reduce traffic and road accidents.
The Effect of Disaster Management Training Program on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Hospital Staffs in Natural Disasters
Authors: Mirzaei Samaneh , Eftekhari Adel , Sadeghian Mohammad reza , Kazemi Sadegh , Nadjarzadeh Azadeh
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Hospitals have a very important role in responding to disasters. Since nurses are one of the largest group of the health team and play multi-roles in patient treatment, improvement of their knowledge and skills helps them to act better in disasters.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a disaster management training program on the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of nursing staffs.
Methods: The present interventional study was conducted in Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital, Yazd, Iran in 2018. At first, 40 nurses were randomly selected and their level of knowledge, attitude, and practice was measured using the questionnaire of nurses’ preparedness in disasters. The questionnaire consisted of 72 items; The total attainable score was 132 in the questionnaire. Then, the disaster preparedness training program was implemented. The program was conducted in the form of a one-day workshop for eight hours. One month after the education program, the nurses' level of readiness, including their knowledge, attitude, and practice was re-evaluated using the same questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted by paired samples t-test using SPSS 22.
Results: The results of the study showed that the mean score of nurses' knowledge increased from 14.23 to 21.30, the mean scores of their attitude increased from 62.20 to 71.67, and their performance mean score increased from 7.28 to 11.88. These differences were statistically significant (p <0.001). Furthermore, the total mean score of nurses’ readiness increased from 82.28 to 104.53, which was statistically significant (p <0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the educational program increased the nurses' preparedness containing their knowledge, attitude, and practice in responding to disasters. Consequently, continuous education courses on crisis and disaster management are necessary. The nurses are also recommended to participate in these courses to increase their readiness.
Investigating the Factors That Reduce the Urban Gas Pipeline Vulnerability to Explosion Threats
Authors: Fallah Ghanbari Mohammad reza , Eskandari Mohammad , Alidoosti Ali
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Buried pipelines used to distribute water, gas, oil, and etc. are considered as one of the vital arteries. The experiences of the past wars have confirmed that the invading country focuses on bombing and destroying vital centers, and that gas pipelines can be a source of serious personal and financial losses as an important transmission arteries during war in the event of damage
Methods: The vulnerability of buried urban gas pipelines to explosion was determined and the methods for reducing the vulnerability of pipelines were investigated. To this end, the three-dimensional model of the soil-pipe system in ABAQUS software was used to study the effect of factors affecting the pipe behavior, including pipe diameters, diameter to pipe thickness, internal friction angle of soil, soil type, amount of explosives, depth of buried, the distance of explosion site to the pipe burial site, has been investigated on the pipe deformation capacity according to the ALA regulation. The soil was modeled using Solid three elements and shell element. For parametric studies, analyses were performed by the finite element method using ABAQUS software 6.10.1.
Results: Studies were conducted for 4 and 12 inch diameter, diameter/thickness ratio of 26, 21 and 35, burial depth of 1, 2, 3 and 4 meters, the explosive charge of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 200 kg TNT and for soil material, hard, soft and clay sands. The results showed that proper burial depth had the most effect in reducing the vulnerability of pipelines against explosive threats. By increasing the pipe thickness and increasing the diameter and applying soft soil around the pipe, a better behavior of the pipe was observed during the explosion
Conclusion: To reduce the vulnerability of gas pipelines against explosive threats, the use of buried pipelines has a greater effect on reducing damage due to explosion compared to other parameters, and it is recommended to use this method to increase the resilience of highly important gas pipelines.
Postcolonial Identity Crisis in the Mimic Men a Novel by V.S.Naipaul
Authors: Hussein Dizayi Saman Abdulqadir
Published: March 2019

This paper investigates the concepts of Identity and estrangement in the postcolonial novel entitled The Mimic Men by V.S. Naipaul. In Naipaul’s The Mimic Men, Ralph Singh has showed different aspects that reflects his nature of a “prototypical colonial character” who is quite commonly estranged with the biased and pluralistic society he has inhaled most of his breaths in it. For Ralph, identity is a core issue that is depicted by his mimicry of European or Western views on different aspects of life. Also, Ralph’s self identification is in strong conflict with that of the Western world. For following the footsteps of colonialists, he has abandoned his home, family and even his self-identity only for the sake of mimicking the West. He has married an Englishwoman and has gone through formal education in the West. The alienation of his identity has resulted in the scattering of his personal being thereby leading towards vulnerability and corruption of his inner self.
Gettier Problemi Bağlamında Epistemik Gerekçelendirme Anlayışının Kritiği
Authors: DURHAN Gülümser
Published: March 2019

Kesin bilginin imkânı sorunu, geleneksel epistemolojide bilgi konusundaki tartışmaların zeminini oluşturmaktadır. Kimi, kesin bilginin imkânını savunurken; kimi, kesin bilgiye ulaşmanın imkânsız olduğu düşüncesiyle epistemolojide şüpheci tartışmalara vesile olmuşlardır. Ancak çağdaş epistemolojide bu anlayış yerini, gerekçelendirme sorununa bırakmıştır ve bilginin koşulu, inanç, doğruluk ve gerekçelendirmeye bağlı kılınmıştır. Gettier bu koşullardan, kesin bilginin elde edilemeyeceğini savunur ve gerekçelendirilmiş doğru inanç bilgi midir sorunsalı üzerinden düşüncelerine açıklık kazandırır. Ona göre, gerekçelendirme, bilgi için yetersizdir ve gerekçelendirilmiş olduğu düşünülen hallerde bile yanılabilirlik ihtimali ve rastlantısal durumlar olabilir. O halde çağdaş epistemolojinin merkezi problemi, doğru inancın bilgiye nasıl dönüşeceği, ne ölçüde gerekçelendirilebileceği ve gerekçelendirme yöntemlerinin bilgi de yanılma ihtimalini bütün olası durumlar için ortadan kaldırıp kaldıramayacağı düşüncesidir. Bu doğrultuda amacımız, Gettier düşüncesinde epistemik gerekçelendirmenin gerek ve yeterliliğinin mantıksal analizini yapmak ve bütün olası durumlar için bilgide yanılabilirliğin bütünüyle ortadan kaldırılmasının olanaklılığını tartışmaktır.
Multidirectionally Unstable Supracondylar Humeral Fractures in Children
Authors: Sharma Anmol , Sethi Anisha
Published: March 2019

» Type-IV supracondylar humeral fracture is a rare pattern that presents with severe instability in both flexion and extension.

» These fractures cause considerable difficulty in the achievement and maintenance of reduction by means of pinning with use of closed methods and may result in malalignment and a poor outcome.

» Various authors have recommended their own modifications of Kirschner-wiring techniques for the treatment of these fractures.

» Four studies focusing on the treatment of this fracture, including a total of 56 type-IV supracondylar humeral fractures and 406 type-III fractures (controls), were identified.

» Because of its highly unstable nature, this type of fracture poses great difficulty in achieving and maintaining reduction with use of Kirschner wires and therefore requires special techniques.

» Regardless of the technique used, the outcome of type-IV fractures appears to be similar to that of type-III fractures once a stable reduction is achieved.
Alternative Payment Models in Total Joint Arthroplasty Under the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Cizmic Zlatan , Novikov David , Feng James , Iorio Richard , Meftah Morteza
Published: March 2019

» Since the passage of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), health care has transitioned from a volume-based enterprise to a quality-based enterprise. Under this legislation, Alternative Payment Models (Bundled Payments for Care Improvement [BPCI], Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement [CJR], and Accountable Care Organizations [ACOs]) have been developed to provide stakeholders with reimbursement systems that reward high-quality care and cost reduction.

» The goal of this article was to elaborate on the various Alternative Payment Models and recent amendments and how these unique payment paradigms may offer orthopaedic surgeons innovative principles to further advance the quality and efficiency of total joint arthroplasty.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Using 4-Nitroanilline by Oxidative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Et al. Al-rashidy
Published: March 2019

A simple, rapid spectrophotometric method has been established for the determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) in its pure form and in a tablet formulations. The  suggested  method  is  based  on  the  oxidative coupling  reaction  with4-nitroainlline using KIO3 in acidic solution to produce a violet colored product with maximum absorption at λ=526 nm.The  analytical data  obtained  throughout  this  study  could  be  summarid  as  follows:  1ml of 1M HCl (pH=2.2), 1 ml  of  4-nitroanilline (1x10-2M), and 1.5ml  of (1x10-2)KIO3 per 25 ml reaction medium. The order of additions, coupling reaction time, and temperature in addition to the type of solvent were studied.

The Beer′s law is obeyed over the concentration range of(5–40) µg ml-1, but the detection limit and quantification limit are 0.34 besides 1.03 µg ml-1 respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) for the calibration graph was found to be 0.9980, molar absorptivity of 10. 25 × 103 L.mol -1.cm-1, and Sandell′s sensitivity index of 0.03467 µg.cm-2. The precision and accuracy of the method were tested by calculating the percentage of relative standard deviation (RSD%) (<1.831%) and the average recovery percent (99.22%) average error percent Erel%(0.558).

Direct and standard addition procedures were applied to both standards and specimens of pharmaceutical and the results indicate that the suggested method was successfully applied for the determination of CPZ.
Managing Wax-Deposition Risks in Oil Subsea Pipelines by Integrating Wax Modeling and Pigging Performance
Authors: Aslanov H.. , Novruzov A.. , Harun A..
Published: March 2019

Routine pigging is one of the strategies used to manage wax-deposition risks in an oil pipeline. When routine pigging cannot be performed, the excessive amount of wax must be gradually removed by progressive pigging—launching a series of pigs with increasing diameters. We successfully optimized the progressive-pigging process in a subsea oil pipeline network by integrating wax-deposition modeling and pigging performance data into a pig-size calculation tool. The tool assists in selecting the diameter size of the first pig to launch while minimizing the duration of the remediation pigging program and preventing the production deferral.
Enhanced Oil Recovery Test Based on Wells and Stations Utilization to Reduce Cost After Polymer Flooding
Authors: Gao Shuling , Peng Shukai , Han Peihui , Chen Guo , Liu Haibo , Yan Wei , Gao Ershuang
Published: March 2019

How to improve oil recovery for ultra-high water cut reservoir efficiently is a major technical problem needed to resolve in oilfield development at home and abroad. Currently, the water cut of reservoir and average oil recovery recovery factor have been as high as 95% and 56% after polymer flooding in Daqing Oilfeild, respectively, with 44% of the remaining geological reserves underground showing a great potential for further tapping. During the development of ultra-high water cut oilfield, we should consider reducing the investment cost of the new well drilling and stations so as to decrease cost and increase benefit. Specifically, we re-utilize the spare wells and injection distribution system of the injection stations after ASP flooding tests and significantly reduce investment cost. In this paper, we propose a new scheme of combining spare well station reusing and ASP flooding to further enhance oil recovery for the reservoir after polymer flooding. The field test, with 35 injection wells and 44 production wells, has been conducted in B2X block in Daqing Oilfield to reduce the cost of new drilling wells and new injection stations construction by 31.835 million dollars. By implementing physical simulation experiment to optimize the injection parameters and system formula, we determined that ASP formula for this test is to use polymer with 25 million molecular weight, petroleum sulfonate surfactant and sodium carbonate. The numerical simulation forecast shows that ASP flooding could further improve oil recovery by more than 10 percent. This test has been carried out and good response has been seen. The polymer pre-slug and the ASP main slug were injected in February and May 2015 respectively. Up to October 2017, the accumulated injection pore volume has been 0.61 PV, the injection pressure has risen by 4.2 MPa, the fluid absorption thickness ratio has increased by 31.4%, largest water cut decline of single well has reached 20.8% and the stage incremental oil recovery was 8.13%. Due to the reduced cost of no new drilling wells and no new injection station construction, the field test has achieved good technical and economic development effect. Now, the test area has increased oil by 1.161million barrels (158.9 thousand tons), with 58.07 million dollars economic returns. The prediction via numerical simulation shows that the final incremental oil recovery would be increased by 10.44%, the accumulated increasing oil production would be 1.491 million barrels (204 thousand tons), and the economic returns would be 74.57 million dollars (calculated as $50 per barrel). Through combing largely reducing the investment cost by reusing well station with ASP flooding, this field test achieved good technical and economic development effect. It can be broadly applied in ultra-high water cut blocks after polymer flooding in Daqing Oilfield.
The Effects of Initial Roughness and Mechanical Property of Fracture Surface on Acid Fracture Conductivity in Tight Dolomite Reservoir
Authors: Lai Jie , Guo Jianchun , Chen Chi , Wu Kaidi , Ma Huiyun , Zhou Changlin , Wang Shibin , Ren Jichuan , Wang Zhi
Published: March 2019

As the most commonly used technology to exploit tight dolomite reservoirs, acid fracturing usually begins with injecting pad fluid to create rough-surface fractures, followed by pumping acid to form non-uniform etching on fracture surfaces. Thus, the etching pattern and acid fracture conductivity depend largely on initial character of rough-surface fractures. In this work, experiments were conducted to examine the effects of initial roughness and mechanical property of fracture surface on acid fracture conductivity.

Eight artificially split core samples were collected from tight dolomite outcrops and classified into three categories based on the surface topography and splitting force curve. Rough fracture surfaces were scanned utilizing the 3D laser scanner. Then, dynamic acid etching tests were conducted, varying the acid flow rate and acid-rock contact time. Besides, the roughness of fracture surfaces were measured utilizing the 3D laser scanner again. After that, acid fracture conductivity was determined. The effects of acid flow rate, acid-rock contact time, fracture surface topography and mechanical property on acid etching and acid fracture conductivity were discussed.

The experimental results demonstrated that the initial fracture surface topography and acid flow rate jointly controlled the acid etching pattern and the resulting acid fracture surface topography. The orientation of the fractures distributed on the fracture surface had significant effects on the acid fracture conductivity. Dissolved mass increased with longer acid-rock contact time. Longer acid-rock contact time brought higher acid fracture conductivity under low closure stress, while shorter contact time sustained higher acid fracture conductivity under high closure stress. Higher maximum splitting force referred to higher mechanical property, and more breaking stages referred to more microfractures developed. Rock samples with higher maximum splitting force and only one breaking stage exhibited higher acid fracture conductivity.

This paper provides a systematic method to study the effects of initial roughness and mechanical property of fracture surfaces on acid fracture conductivity. Compared with the results based on smooth-surface fracture, the experimental results based on rough-surface fracture can guide acid fracturing design and optimization in a more accurate way. Accordingly, a cost-effective stimulation outcome can be expected.
Review of the Applications of Decision Tree Analysis in Petroleum Engineering with a Rigorous Analysis
Authors: Alkinani Husam H. , Al-Hameedi Abo Taleb , Dunn-Norman Shari , Alsaba Mortadha T. , Amer Ahmed S.
Published: March 2019

As oil prices are fluctuating, decision makers are challenged to make the "best" decisions for field's developments. Decision Tree Analysis (DTA) can help decision makers to make the "best" decisions. DTA focuses on managerial decisions, such as whether to do workover or not, whether the additional information will be valuable or not. The aim of this work is to review the applications of DTA in petroleum engineering and provide a clear methodology on how to apply DTA for any petroleum engineering application.

The combination of Expected Monetary Value (EMV) and DTA is one of the most common methods used in the decision-making process. If EMV is positive, the decision is considered to be feasible. However, that doesn't mean the decision will be successful at all times. It simply means that if a similar decision is made for a larger number of cases, the decision will be successful. DTA will account for the uncertainty in the probability. A good number of papers about the applications of DTA in petroleum engineering were read and summarized into three categories. Also, a clear methodology on how to apply the DTA for any petroleum engineering application was established.

After reading and summarizing a good number of papers and case histories about the applications of DTA in petroleum engineering, it was concluded that the applications can be classified into three main categories; applications of DTA and EMV for the whole oil and gas prospect projects, applications of DTA and EMV for a specific operation or development, applications of DTA, EMV, Monte Carlo simulations, and other methods to assess the value of information. These applications were summarized into tables.

In addition, a clear methodology accomplished by a flowchart that explains how to successfully apply the EMV and DTA for any petroleum engineering application was provided. The method consists of three main steps: 1) how many scenarios need to be considered and what are they 2) collection of the required data 3) use the visual tool (DTA) or programming to find EMV. Each of the previous steps has its own challenges, thus these challenges were addressed and the solutions to overcome the challenges were provided. Finally, practical guidelines have were developed that when used with the accompanying flow chart will serve as a quick reference to apply the DTA for any petroleum engineering application.

As the petroleum engineering applications becoming more complicated nowadays, accomplished by the oil prices fluctuations, the decision-making processes becoming more difficult. The DTA is a very important tool for the decision makers to make the "best" decision. This paper provides a clear methodology on how to successfully apply the DTA which can serve as a reference for any future DTA applications in petroleum engineering.
Bringing Back the Damaged Wells into Production Using Microemulsion Technology
Authors: Abahussain Abdullah , Pino Rafael , Addagalla Ajay , Qadi Anas
Published: March 2019

Investing in new wells during a period of volatile oil prices is not the best option for E&P companies. During hard economic environments such companies make plans to produce or enhance hydrocarbon recovery from existing wells for continuous cash flow and to maximize rate of return on investors’ expectations. In several regions, it may take years to produce the hydrocarbons from the drilled well. These wells were drilled and completed successfully, but they were idle, waiting for the production commencement date. This delay depends on various factors including reservoir conditions, market conditions and geopolitical situations. Due to these delays, wells undergo severe formation damage that either minimizes hydrocarbon production or halts hydrocarbon flow completely.

A solution was identified to increase production from a damaged well or bring a non-producing well back into production. This solution is based on microemulsion chemistry. Microemulsions consist of mixtures of oil and water, along with surfactants and other components. These fluids are optically transparent, thermodynamically stable, possess extremely low interfacial tension, and require minimum or zero energy to form. Microemulsions are transparent because of an extremely small droplet size. These are naturally occurring and have less risk involved in deploying and executing the job when compared to conventional solvent treatments. Cleaning efficiency and reaction time of microemulsions depend on many parameters including reservoir conditions, salinity, temperature and type of hydrocarbon used during the drilling or completion phase. These microemulsion fluids were pumped using an inflatable straddle packer (ISP) designed to isolate and divert into the required small area of exposure. The system consists of two inflatable packers with variable spaceout possibilities, enabling adequate positioning over the selective formation area. This tool was deployed using coiled tubing and real-time depth correlation to estimate the correct treatment zones.

A customized fluid was designed using specialized surfactants, brine and an acid. These individual components were mixed on the surface and pumped down hole. This blend works by solubilizing oil and emulsifiers from the oil-based filter cake and forming a microemulsion.

This paper discusses an openhole completion well that was drilled and then completed with ICD screens. Oil-based mud was left in the hole, causing severe damage that prevented bringing the well back to production. The designed surfactant package was pumped through an ISP tool that was suitable for the reservoir conditions. The ISP tool elastomers were designed after performing detailed lab tests that included the filter-cake destruction test, a wettability test and elastomer compatibility tests. Surfactant was pumped into the reservoir with an engineering approach, and successful results were achieved with good production results.
Reservoir Fluid Geodynamics in Brazilian Presalt Carbonate Field
Authors: Bertolini Andre Carlos , Monteiro Jacyra , Canas Jesus A. , Betancourt Soraya S. , Mullins Oliver C. , Colacelli Santiago , Polinski Ralf K.
Published: March 2019

The objective of this study is to characterize fluid distributions in a presalt field by using well data including downhole fluid analysis (DFA) from wireline formation testers (WFT), openhole logs, and a simplified structural/geological model of the field. From an understanding of the petroleum system context of the field, reservoir fluid geodynamics (RFG) scenarios are developed to link the observations in the existing datasets and suggest opportunities to optimize the field development plan (FDP).

DFA measurements of optical density (OD), fluorescence, inferred quantities of CO2 content, hydrocarbon composition, and gas/oil ratio of fluids sampled at discrete depth in six presalt wells are the basis of this study. DFA data at various depths captures fluid gradients for thermodynamic analysis of the reservoir fluids. OD linearly correlates with reservoir fluid asphaltene content. Gas-liquid equilibria are modeled with the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS) and solution-asphaltene equilibria with the Flory-Huggins-Zuo EOS based on the Yen-Mullins asphaltenes model. OD and other DFA measurements link the distribution of the gas, liquid, and solid fractions of hydrocarbon in the reservoir with reservoir architecture, hydrocarbon charging history, and postcharge RFG processes.

Asphaltene gradient modeling with DFA reduces uncertainty in reservoir connectivity. The CO2 content in some sections of the field fluids limits the solubility of asphaltene in the oil, and the small asphaltene fraction exists in a molecular dispersion state according to the Yen-Mullins model. Low values of OD and small asphaltene gradients seen in most of the upper zones reflect the small asphaltenes concentration in the crude oil. The CO2 concentration was modeled with the modified Peng-Robinson EOS in good agreement with measurements in upper reservoir zones. Matching pressure regimes and asphaltene gradients in Wells B and C indicate lateral connectivity. The hydrocarbon column in this part of the reservoir is in thermodynamic equilibrium. In Wells A, C, D, E, and F the OD of the oil indicates an asphaltene content increase by a factor of four at the base of the reservoir as compared with the crest of the reservoir. This tripled the viscosity in Wells C and D, as indicated by in-situ viscosity measurements. The accumulation of asphaltenes at the bottom of the reservoir is most likely driven by a change in solubility resulting from thermogenic CO2 diffusion into the oil column from the top down.

The challenge of the limited number of wells in the development phase of a presalt field for obtaining data to evaluate reservoir connectivity before the FDP is ably addressed by deploying the latest WFT technologies, including probes for efficient filtrate cleanup and fluid properties measurement. These measurements and methodology using a dissolved-asphaltene EOS enabled developing insightful RFG scenarios.
Tracing Production with Analytical Chemistry: Can Oil Finger Printing Provide New Answers
Authors: Nielsen Julie , Poulsen Kristoffer G. , Christensen Jan H. , Solling Theis I.
Published: March 2019

Mature fields often times surprise with respect to the production from the various wells across reservoir sections. This is for example the case in a tight chalk field that we have used as a case study for newly developed technique that employs oil finger printing in the analysis of production data. A small subset of wells has been found to produce significantly better than the remainder and we set out to explore whether the root cause is that there is a connection to higher lying reservoir sections through natural or artificial fractures. This was done with advanced analytical chemistry (GC-MS) and a principal component analysis to map differences between key constituents of the oil from wells across the reservoir section. The comparative parameters are mainly derived from biomarker properties but we also developed a way to directly include production numbers. The approach provides means to correlate the molecular properties of the oil with the production and the general composition that determines density and adhesive (to the rock) properties. Thus, the results provide a new angle on the flow properties of the oil and on the charging history of the reservoir. It is clear from the analysis that the subset of wells does not produce better because of a connection to an upper reservoir section that contributes to the production with oil of a different composition because the molecular mix is indeed quite similar in each of the investigated wells. It is not possible to rule out that there is a connection to an upper-lying section with oil from the same source. One aspect that does differs across the field is the ratio of heavy versus light molecules within each group of molecules and the results show that the region that produce better has the lighter components. We take that to indicate that the lighter components come from oil that flows better and thus is produced more easily. The reservoir section with the lighter oil also lies higher on the structure and is therefore must likely to have been charged first so part of the favorable production seems to be a matter of "first in" "first out". A GC-MS approach such as the one proposed here is cost-effective, fast and highly promising for future predictions on where to perform infill campaigns because the results are indicative of charging history and flow properties of the oil.
Production Forecast and Optimization Utilizing In-Situ Determined Relative Permeability in a Highly Unconsolidated Sour Heavy Oil Clastic Reservoir
Authors: Ayyad Hazim , Dashti Bashaiyer , AL-Nabhan Abdulrazzaq , Al-Ajmi Afrah , Khan Badruzaman , Sassi Khaled , Liang Lin , Nagaraj Guru
Published: March 2019

In Umm Niqa field, Lower Fars (LF) is a shallow, unconsolidated, sour heavy oil and low-pressure sand reservoir. During the current appraisal and exploratory phases, oil production forecasts based on reservoir simulation models were observed to be significantly higher than actual production. Furthermore, unexpected early water breakthrough and the rapid increase in the water cut added more complexity to the reservoir production. This paper will focus on how these challenges were addressed with a unique workflow.

If the reservoir is producing more than one phase, then relative permeability determination becomes essential for the production forecast as well as production optimization to delay the water breakthrough. Due to the unconsolidated nature of LF reservoir, it was challenging to perform coring operation in this environment. In the few cases where cores were obtained, it was almost impossible to perform the relative permeability analysis on the core plugs. Therefore, there was a need to obtain this information by exploring other technique or methodology. Hence in-situ relative permeability technique was implemented in three different wells.

To address the relative permeability determination challenge, an innovative approach was implemented in three different wells. This approach determines the relative permeability at downhole conditions by utilizing the fluids clean-up and sampling data during the wireline downhole formation testing as well as some advanced petrophysical measurements such as the array resistivity, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the dielectric dispersion. The data obtained were used as inputs for a multi-physics integrated workflow, which inverts for the relative permeability curves based on the modified Brooks-Corey model.

In this paper, it will be demonstrated how the relative permeability results obtained from this technique in these three wells were applied to update the reservoir simulation models. The production forecasts were found to be significantly improved and close to the actual production figures. The early water breakthrough is better anticipated; therefore, the production rate can be adjusted to delay it and maximize the oil recovery. This method provides an alternative and efficient way to derive the relative permeability curves when it is challenging to obtain from the conventional core analysis techniques. This helped to better understand the number of wells required to be drilled to achieve the planned production target.

This paper adds to the literature unique case studies where relative permeability determination is required, however, not possible to be obtained through conventional industry techniques such as core analysis due to a highly unconsolidated formation. Hence, an innovative workflow was adopted to measure the relative permeability at downhole conditions.
NMR Wettability of Carbonate Reservoir Cores: Best Practices
Authors: Sauerer Bastian , Valori Andrea , Krinis Dimitrios , Abdallah Wael
Published: March 2019

Water flooding has been practiced for many decades as a method to recover a significant part of the post-depletion drive residual oil. Wettability has a dominant effect on reservoir fluid distribution and transport properties such as capillary pressure and relative permeabilities. Unfortunately, capturing reservoir wettability remains a challenge, leaving current input to reservoir simulation models suboptimal. The focus of this study is providing practical and experimental guidance on performing wettability inversion of heterogeneous carbonate reservoir core plugs under complex oil-water interaction using NMR-T2 distributions.

United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) wettability measurements on three restored limestone reservoir cores are reported, together with petrophysical properties and dielectric permittivity of the cores.

This paper describes the experimental challenges and the optimization achieved toward obtaining satisfying NMR wettability results under adverse conditions. The NMR measurements were first conducted using dead crude oil. However, the results of the inversion were unreliable owing to the presence of strong oil-water emulsion within the core plugs. To overcome this challenge, while maintaining the prevailing wettability, the plugs were flushed with synthetic oil, Soltrol, which helped the NMR inversion to derive the in-situ wettability. The results were quite consistent with the USBM data, indicating mixed to moderately oil-wet plugs.

The described NMR inversion method, combined with the fluids substitution by synthetic oil, if required, due to oil-brine emulsion formation, can be utilized to complement wettability characterization by conventional SCAL measurements such as USBM and Amott-Harvey. The NMR method is considerably faster than the conventional methods.