bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Super- and sub-Lorentzian effects in the Ar-broadened line wings of HCl gas
Authors: Tran Ha , Li Gang , Ebert Volker , Hartmann Jean-Michel
Published: May 2017

Using previously recorded spectra of HCl diluted in Ar gas at room temperature for several pressure conditions, we show that the absorptions in between successive P and R transitions are significantly different from those predicted using purely Lorentzian line shapes. Direct theoretical predictions of the spectra are also made using requantized classical molecular dynamics simulations and an input HCl–Ar interaction potential. They provide the time evolution of the dipole auto-correlation function (DAF) whose Fourier-Laplace transform yields the absorption spectrum. These calculations very well reproduce the observed super-Lorentzian behavior in the troughs between the intense lines in the central part of the band and the tendency of absorption to become sub-Lorentzian in the band wings between high J lines. The analysis shows that the former behavior is essentially due to incomplete collisions which govern the DAF at very short times. In addition, the increasing influence of line-mixing when going away from the band center explains the tendency of absorption to become more and more sub-Lorentzian in the wings.
Theoretical studies on stability and feasibility of 0.34 THz EIK
Authors: Li Shuang , Wang Jianguo , Wang Guangqiang , Wang Dongyang
Published: May 2017

The stability of the circuit and the tolerance during the manufacture process are theoretically studied in the design of 0.34 THz extended interaction klystron, which are helpful to increase the feasibility of the device. By using the small signal theory, the beam-loading conductance is studied to increase the efficiency of the beam-wave interaction. Combined with the study of start current for oscillation modes, the analysis of stability in multi-gap cavity is proposed, leading to the optimization of cavity. As a crucial factor affecting the ultimate performance of device, the inaccuracy during the fabrication process is researched. The acceptable tolerance is summarized through discussion of various geometrical dimensions' influences on cavity's characteristics. The study of power loss in the conductive wall is presented and the copper is believed to be adapted in making the device practicable with low attenuation. The physical design is simulated and verified by the particle-in-cell (PIC) method, and the results show that the output power of 142 W can be reached steadily at the frequency of 347.7 GHz, approaching the gain of 37.9 dB.
The role of hot spot mix in the low-foot and high-foot implosions on the NIF
Authors: Ma T. , Patel P. K. , Izumi N. , Springer P. T. , Key M. H. , Atherton L. J. , Barrios M. A. , Benedetti L. R. , Bionta R. , Bond E. , Bradley D. K. , Caggiano J. , Callahan D. A. , Casey D. T. , Celliers P. M. , Cerjan C. J. , Church J. A. , Clark D. S. , Dewald E. L. , Dittrich T. R. , Dixit S. N. , Döppner T. , Dylla-Spears R. , Edgell D. H. , Epstein R. , Field J. , Fittinghoff D. N. , Frenje J. A. , Gatu Johnson M. , Glenn S. , Glenzer S. H. , Grim G. , Guler N. , Haan S. W. , Hammel B. A. , Hatarik R. , Herrmann H. W. , Hicks D. , Hinkel D. E. , Berzak Hopkins L. F. , Hsing W. W. , Hurricane O. A. , Jones O. S. , Kauffman R. , Khan S. F. , Kilkenny J. D. , Kline J. L. , Kozioziemski B. , Kritcher A. , Kyrala G. A. , Landen O. L. , Lindl J. D. , Le Pape S. , MacGowan B. J. , Mackinnon A. J. , MacPhee A. G. , Meezan N. B. , Merrill F. E. , Moody J. D. , Moses E. I. , Nagel S. R. , Nikroo A. , Pak A. , Parham T. , Park H.-S. , Ralph J. E. , Regan S. P. , Remington B. A. , Robey H. F. , Rosen M. D. , Rygg J. R. , Ross J. S. , Salmonson J. D. , Sater J. , Sayre D. , Schneider M. B. , Shaughnessy D. , Sio H. , Spears B. K. , Smalyuk V. , Suter L. J. , Tommasini R. , Town R. P. J. , Volegov P. L. , Wan A. , Weber S. V. , Widmann K. , Wilde C. H. , Yeamans C. , Edwards M. J.
Published: May 2017

Hydrodynamic mix of the ablator into the DT fuel layer and hot spot can be a critical performance limitation in inertial confinement fusion implosions. This mix results in increased radiation loss, cooling of the hot spot, and reduced neutron yield. To quantify the level of mix, we have developed a simple model that infers the level of contamination using the ratio of the measured x-ray emission to the neutron yield. The principal source for the performance limitation of the “low-foot” class of implosions appears to have been mix. Lower convergence “high-foot” implosions are found to be less susceptible to mix, allowing velocities of >380 km/s to be achieved.
Key results from the first plasma operation phase and outlook for future performance in Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Sunn Pedersen Thomas , Dinklage Andreas , Turkin Yuriy , Wolf Robert , Bozhenkov Sergey , Geiger Joachim , Fuchert Golo , Bosch Hans-Stephan , Rahbarnia Kian , Thomsen Henning , Neuner Ulrich , Klinger Thomas , Langenberg Andreas , Trimiño Mora Humberto , Kornejew Petra , Knauer Jens , Hirsch Matthias ,   the W7-X Team, Pablant Novimir
Published: May 2017

The first physics operation phase on the stellarator experiment Wendelstein 7-X was successfully completed in March 2016 after about 10 weeks of operation. Experiments in this phase were conducted with five graphite limiters as the primary plasma-facing components. Overall, the results were beyond the expectations published shortly before the start of operation [Sunn Pedersen et al., Nucl. Fusion 55, 126001 (2015)] both with respect to parameters reached and with respect to physics themes addressed. We report here on some of the most important plasma experiments that were conducted. The importance of electric fields on global confinement will be discussed, and the obtained results will be compared and contrasted with results from other devices, quantified in terms of the fusion triple product. Expected values for the triple product in future operation phases will also be described and put into a broader fusion perspective.
Intra-domain periodic defects in monolayer MoS2
Authors: Roy Anupam , Ghosh Rudresh , Rai Amritesh , Sanne Atresh , Kim Kyounghwan , Movva Hema C. P. , Dey Rik , Pramanik Tanmoy , Chowdhury Sayema , Tutuc Emanuel , Banerjee Sanjay K.
Published: May 2017

We present an ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy study of structural defects in molybdenum disulfide thin films grown on silicon substrates by chemical vapor deposition. A distinctive type of grain boundary periodically arranged inside an isolated triangular domain, along with other inter-domain grain boundaries of various types, is observed. These periodic defects, about 50 nm apart and a few nanometers in width, remain hidden in optical or low-resolution microscopy studies. We report a complex growth mechanism that produces 2D nucleation and spiral growth features that can explain the topography in our films.
Sexual difficulties faced by men in the Solomon Islands: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Lui Paraniala Silas C. , Dunne Michael P. , Baker Philip , Isom Verzilyn
Published: May 2017

Background
To date there has been little research into men’s sexual and reproductive health in Pacific Island countries. The aim of this study was to describe men’s sexual difficulties and barriers to their seeking reproductive health care in the Solomon Islands. Methods: The study included qualitative inquiry (17 individual interviews and three focus group discussions with a total of 21 men) and a quantitative quasi-randomised quota sample household survey (n = 400). The prevalence of sexual difficulties and potential risk factors, such as chronic diseases, health risk behaviours, depression and psychological distress were measured using standardised questions translated into pidgin. Results: The most commonly self-reported sexual difficulties were premature ejaculation (39.5%), low sexual desire (29.0%), orgasm difficulty (27.3%) and erectile difficulty (4.3%). More than half (56%) of the men experienced at least one sexual difficulty. Relatively few men (7.3%) had ever sought professional health care for reproductive health problems, and 15.4% of men preferred to use kastom (traditional) medicine for sexual problems. Multivariate analysis revealed that comorbid non-communicable diseases (NCDs), low health-related quality of life and dissatisfaction with sexual relationships were independently correlated with sexual difficulties. Contrary to expectations, self-reported psychological distress was inversely associated with these difficulties. In general, the insights gained from in-depth interviews validated the survey findings. Conclusion: This study adds the first data on symptoms of sexual dysfunction among men in the Solomon Islands and is one of few studies from the Pacific region. The findings strongly suggest the need for comprehensive health services that are gender-specific and sensitive to the sexual difficulties of Islander men.
Low temperature nullifies the circadian clock in cyanobacteria through Hopf bifurcation
Authors: Murayama Yoriko , Kori Hiroshi , Oshima Chiaki , Kondo Takao , Iwasaki Hideo , Ito Hiroshi
Published: May 2017

Significance

Loss of circadian rhythms of poikilotherms or plants occurs widely at low temperatures. Here we chilled the simplest circadian oscillator reconstituted in a test tube and found that a reduction in amplitude abrogated rhythmicity, which transitioned into a damped circadian rhythm oscillator at approximately 19 °C. Physicists in the field of dynamical systems refer to this phenomenon as the Hopf bifurcation. Further, diminished amplitude was restored by resonating with temperature cycles. These results suggest that the amplitude of the cyanobacterial circadian rhythm is sufficiently maintained during periods of cold temperatures through resonating with a periodical environment.
The state and civility: a crucial nexus
Authors: Wickham Gary , Evers Anna Louise Barbara , Goodie Jo-Ann
Published: May 2017

The study of civility is branching out. A wide range of new studies have been published in the last twenty years. While the increase in the diversity of approaches usefully expands the scope of the concept, it is also a cause for concern. Much of the new work pays little attention to civility’s complex history as a practice and simply assumes its fundamental capacity to lead interaction between human beings in a peaceful direction, leaving this body of work in no position to fully appreciate the crucial role of the state. Our main argument here is that civility emerged alongside the modern state in early-modern Europe to form an ongoing state–civility nexus, a nexus by which the state produces and maintains conditions that allow civility to flourish, in turn allowing civility to help the state maintain itself, particularly by restraining the state’s raw power. We pursue this argument by exploring two sets of writings. One set is composed of work by early-modern writers, especially Thomas Hobbes, with some attention paid to four others: Justus Lipsius, Jean Bodin, Samuel Pufendorf, and Christian Thomasius. The second set is composed of work by twentieth-century writers, especially Norbert Elias, with some attention paid to two others: Max Weber and Edward Shils.
Autophagy in the presynaptic compartment in health and disease
Authors: Vijayan Vinoy , Verstreken Patrik
Published: May 2017

Synapses are functionally distinct neuronal compartments that are critical for brain function, with synaptic dysfunction being an early pathological feature in aging and disease. Given the large number of proteins needed for synaptic function, the proliferation of defective proteins and the subsequent loss of protein homeostasis may be a leading cause of synaptic dysfunction. Autophagic mechanisms are cellular digestion processes that recycle cellular components and contribute to protein homeostasis. Autophagy is important within the nervous system, but its function in specific compartments such as the synapse has been unclear. Evidence from research on both autophagy and synaptic function suggests that there are links between the two and that synaptic homeostasis during aging requires autophagy to regulate protein homeostasis. Exciting new work on autophagy-modulating proteins that are enriched at the synapse has begun to link autophagy to synapses and synaptic dysfunction in disease. A better understanding of these links will help us harness the potential therapeutic benefits of autophagy in combating age-related disorders of the nervous system.
Interpreting the functional role of a novel interaction motif in prokaryotic sodium channels
Authors: Sula Altin , Wallace B.A.
Published: May 2017

Voltage-gated sodium channels enable the translocation of sodium ions across cell membranes and play crucial roles in electrical signaling by initiating the action potential. In humans, mutations in sodium channels give rise to several neurological and cardiovascular diseases, and hence they are targets for pharmaceutical drug developments. Prokaryotic sodium channel crystal structures have provided detailed views of sodium channels, which by homology have suggested potentially important functionally related structural features in human sodium channels. A new crystal structure of a full-length prokaryotic channel, NavMs, in a conformation we proposed to represent the open, activated state, has revealed a novel interaction motif associated with channel opening. This motif is associated with disease when mutated in human sodium channels and plays an important and dynamic role in our new model for channel activation.
Preoperative Ultrasound-Guided Wire Localization of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Authors: Hanna Amgad S. , Ehlers Mark E. , Lee Kenneth S.
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND: Difficulty and sometimes inability to find the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) intraoperatively is well known. Variabilities in the course of the nerve are well documented in the literature. In a previous paper, we defined a tight fascial canal that completely surrounds the LFCN in the proximal thigh. These 2 factors sometimes render finding the nerve intraoperatively, to treat meralgia paresthetica, very challenging.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of preoperative ultrasound to minimize operative time and eliminate situations in which the nerve is not found.

METHODS: Since 2011, we have used preoperative ultrasound-guided wire localization (USWL) in 19 cases to facilitate finding the nerve intraoperatively. Data were collected prospectively with recording of the timing from skin incision to identifying the LFCN; this will be referred to as the skin-to-nerve time.

RESULTS: In 2 cases, the localization was incorrect. In the 17 cases in which the LFCN was correctly localized, the skin-to-nerve time ranged from 3 min to 19 min. The mean was 8.5 min, and the median was 8 min.

CONCLUSION: Preoperative USWL is a useful technique that minimizes the time needed to find the LFCN. For the less experienced surgeon, it is extremely valuable. For the experienced surgeon, it can identify anatomical abnormalities such as duplicate nerves, which may not be readily recognizable without ultrasound. Collaboration between the surgeon and the radiologist is very important, especially in the early cases.
Tarlov Cyst Causing Sacral Insufficiency Fracture
Authors: Puffer Ross C. , Gates Marcus J. , Copeland William , Krauss William E. , Fogelson Jeremy
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Tarlov cysts, also known as perineural cysts, have been described as meningeal dilations of the spinal nerve root sheath between the peri- and endoneurium at the dorsal root ganglion. Most often they are found in the sacrum involving the nerve roots. Normally asymptomatic, they have been reported to present with radiculopathy, paresthesias, and even urinary or bowel dysfunction. Sacral insufficiency has not been a well-documented presentation.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The patient is a 38-year-old female who started to develop left low back pain and buttock pain that rapidly progressed into severe pain with some radiation down the posterior aspect of her left leg. There was no recent history of spine or pelvic trauma. These symptoms prompted her initial emergency department evaluation, and imaging demonstrated a large Tarlov cyst with an associated sacral insufficiency fracture. She was noted to have a normal neurological examination notable only for an antalgic gait. She was taken to surgery via a posterior approach and the cyst was identified eccentric to the left. The cyst was fenestrated and the nerve roots identified. Given her large area of bone erosion and insufficiency fractures, fixation of the sacroiliac joints was deemed necessary. Fusion was extended to the L5 vertebral body to buttress the fixation. She tolerated the procedure well and was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 3.

CONCLUSION: Tarlov cysts of the sacrum can lead to significant bone erosion and subsequent insufficiency fractures, requiring fenestration and in some cases, complex sacropelvic fixation.
A Rapid Seedling Resistance Assay Identifies Wild Tomato Lines That Are Resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Race 1
Authors: Hassan J. A. , Zhou Y. J. , Lewis J. D.
Published: May 2017

Bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae has historically been controlled by the Pto/Prf gene cluster. Emerging strains like P. syringae pv. tomato race 1 overcome resistance conferred by Pto/Prf, and can cause serious crop loss under appropriate environmental conditions. We developed a rapid assay to screen wild tomato seedlings for resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato race 1. We established the seedling resistance assay using the well-characterized P. syringae pv. tomato race 0 strain, DC3000, which is recognized in tomato cultivars carrying Pto/Prf (PtoR) and causes disease in isogenic lines lacking this cluster (PtoS). We optimized infectious conditions for P. syringae on tomato seedlings and demonstrated that tomato seedlings respond like adult tomato plants in critical measures of susceptibility and immunity, including the hypersensitive response, rapid ion leakage, restricted bacterial proliferation, and phenotypic resistance. After establishing infectious conditions for P. syringae pv. tomato race 1 on tomato seedlings, we screened 96 wild accessions and identified two accessions with strong P. syringae pv. tomato race 1 resistance, Solanum neorickii LA1329 and S. habrochaites LA1253, which are also resistant to bacterial infection as adult plants. This rapid high throughput seedling assay has many advantages, including reduced plant growth time and large sample sizes, and will allow for large-scale screening of resistance in tomato.
First Detection of Boscalid Resistance in Podosphaera xanthii in the United States Associated With Failure to Control Cucurbit Powdery Mildew in New York and New Jersey in 2009
Authors: McGrath M. T. , Wyenandt C. A.
Published: May 2017

The most effective management tool for powdery mildew on cucurbit crops is mobile, targeted fungicides having a moderate or high resistance risk and the causal pathogen has proven to be a high-risk organism. Information about occurrence of resistance to a new chemical group and impact on resistance management is important for guiding fungicide programs and contributing to scientific knowledge about resistance development. This brief reports the first known occurrence of resistance to a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide in Podosphaera xanthii in the United States.
First Report of Resistance to Quinoxyfen in Podosphaera xanthii, Causal Agent of Cucurbit Powdery Mildew, in the United States
Authors: McGrath M. T.
Published: May 2017

This brief reports the first known occurrence of resistance to quinoxyfen, a quinoline (FRAC Group 13) fungicide, in Podosphaera xanthii in the United States. This fungus causes powdery mildew in cucurbit crops, the most common disease of this important crop group. Mobile, targeted fungicides, which have moderate or high resistance risk, are the most effective management tool for this disease. The pathogen is a documented high resistance-risk organism, having already developed resistance to fungicides in FRAC Groups 1, 3, 7, and 11.
First Report of Stem and Bulb Nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci on Garlic in New Mexico
Authors: French Jason M. , Beacham Jacki , Garcia Amanda , Goldberg Natalie P. , Thomas Stephen H. , Hanson Stephen F.
Published: May 2017

Taken together, symptoms present, microscopic characterization, and ITS-1 sequence data indicate New Mexico garlic samples infested with Ditylenchus dipsaci, making this the first known report of this pest in the state. This discovery is significant because D. dipsaci can be a persistent pest and has the potential to cause significant economic losses on agronomically important hosts including onion, garlic, and alfalfa. Its longevity in the soil and international trade issues will be concerns for producers. Monitoring of production areas in the region will be performed to determine if this was an isolated and contained introduction or if this important pest has become established in New Mexico.
Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension and High Normal Blood Pressure Among Young Adult Saudi Females
Authors: Al-Mohaissen Maha A. , Al-Obaid Qumasha Y. , AlGhamdi Wafa A. , Al-Alyani Haneen S. , Dahman Sheima M. , Al-Wahhabi Nora A. , Al-Awaji Noura M. , Lee Terry
Published: May 2017

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and high normal blood pressure and their risk factors among young adult Saudi females. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a women's university. A questionnaire evaluated the subjects' demographic data and risk factors for hypertension and the blood pressure, height, and weight were recorded. In all, 4.1% of the participants were hypertensive and 6.2% had high normal blood pressure. Significant predictors of hypertension/high normal blood pressure were increased body mass index, increased heart rate, walking fewer days per week, and dietary factors. Attention to these risk factors through educational programs is warranted to reduce disease burden in the community.
Priorities and Preferences for Weight Management and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Primary Care
Authors: Nemeth Lynne S. , Rice LaShanta J. , Potts Maryellen , Melvin Cathy , Jefferson Melanie , Hughes-Halbert Chanita
Published: May 2017

Implementing behavioral interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction and weight management is challenging in primary care. Primary care patients and providers were recruited for qualitative interviews to identify priorities and preferences for addressing weight management. Thematic analysis was used to identify relevant resources, barriers to lifestyle modification, health behavior change, and implementation of weight management strategies into care. Patients and providers prioritized increasing physical activity and healthy diets when managing chronic disease; and reported decreased patient motivation, knowledge, and limited organizational capacity and time among providers to deliver intensive interventions. Providers and patients disagreed regarding who owns accountability for weight management.
The Cardiac Rehabilitation Model Improves Fitness, Quality of Life, and Depression in Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Dolan Lianne B. , Barry Danielle , Petrella Teresa , Davey Lindsay , Minnes Ann , Yantzi Allison , Marzolini Susan , Oh Paul
Published: May 2017

Purpose:

Exercise is a demonstrated, therapeutic strategy for cancer survivors to minimize many treatment-induced side effects and may decrease risk of recurrence. Nonetheless, structured programs that combine exercise and education are not yet standardized within cancer care. The Health, Exercise, Active Living, Therapeutic lifestyle (HEALTh) program is a clinical exercise program based on the established cardiac rehabilitation model, but customized for female breast cancer survivors. This study assessed the effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program on cardiorespiratory fitness, quality of life, and depressive symptoms in breast cancer survivors.

Methods:

Charts were reviewed to evaluate the cardiac rehabilitation model. The program consisted of 1 weekly supervised session for 22 group sessions. Each patient was provided with personalized aerobic and resistance exercises plus 12 group educational sessions to encourage behavioral adoption to a healthy lifestyle. Cardiorespiratory fitness (direct

JOURNAL/jcprh/04.03/01273116-201807000-00007/7FSM1/v/2023-09-11T074623Z/r/image-gif

o
2peak), quality of life (Short Form-36 Health Status [SF-36] and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast [FACT-B]), and depression (Centre of Epidemiological Studies Depression [CES-D]) were assessed at baseline and after program completion.

Results:

Two hundred seventy-four files were accessed with 152 eligible files analyzed. Baseline cardiorespiratory fitness and quality-of-life values were below population norms. Program adherence was 66.6%. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved by 14% (21 ± 6 to 24 ± 7 mL/kg/min, P < .001), with significant improvements in quality of life (P < .001) and depression scores (P = .019). Bodily pain was the only domain not significantly affected (P = .311).

Conclusion:

The cardiac rehabilitation model improved physical and mental health in breast cancer survivors. These results provide support for the collaborative effort between cardiology and oncology to improve patient care across the cancer care continuum.
Childhood Trauma and Lifetime Traumatic Brain Injury Among Individuals Who Are Homeless
Authors: Song Michael Jae , Nikoo Mohammadali , Choi Fiona , Schütz Christian G. , Jang Kerry , Krausz Reinhard Michael
Published: May 2017

Objectives:

To study the association of childhood trauma and lifetime prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among individuals who are homeless.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

Three cities in British Columbia, Canada.

Participants:

Five hundred individuals who are homeless and 19 years of age or older in 2009.

Measurements:

Traumatic brain injury was identified with National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients (NSHAPC) and childhood trauma using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form (CTQ-SF). The relationship between childhood trauma and TBI was explored using multivariable logistic regression approach, adjusting for age, gender, any psychiatric diagnosis (anxiety disorder, mood disorder, psychosis), alcohol dependence, and substance dependence. The effect of number of childhood trauma types on TBI was also explored using multiple variables logistic regression approach adjusting for the same covariates.

Results:

The prevalence of TBI was 63.6% and childhood maltreatment was 87.7% among the sample population. During childhood of 487 participants included in the analysis, 57.7% experienced physical abuse, 62.8% physical neglect, 45.8% sexual abuse, 62.4% emotional abuse, and 55.2% emotional neglect. After adjustment, childhood trauma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-5.02), childhood physical abuse (aOR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.19-3.87; n = 487), and childhood emotional abuse (aOR = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.09-3.51; n = 487) were significantly associated with history of TBI. After adjustment, having 4 different types of childhood trauma (aOR = 2.81; 95% CI, 1.11-7.31) was significantly associated with higher odds of reporting TBI history.

Conclusions:

Childhood trauma is significantly associated with lifetime prevalence of TBI in homeless populations in British Columbia, Canada, indicating an added level of vulnerability in this population. In addition, these findings suggest a potential role for childhood trauma prevention strategies and services mindful of the patients' history of trauma for this particularly vulnerable population.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Depression in a Community-Based Sample: A Cohort Study Across the Adult Life Span
Authors: Osborn A. J. , Mathias J. L. , Fairweather-Schmidt A. K. , Anstey K. J.
Published: May 2017

Objectives:

To determine whether self-reported traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with “cases” of clinically significant depression in the general community. To examine interactions between variables previously linked to depression after a TBI.

Setting:

Population-based community study (Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia).

Participants and Design:

Three age cohorts: young, middle-aged, and older adults (aged 20-24, 40-44, and 60-64 years at baseline) randomly selected from the electoral roll and followed across 3 waves (4 years apart). A total of 7397, 6621, and 6042 people provided their TBI history in waves 1 to 3.

Measures:

Lifetime (TBIlifetime: sustained at any time since birth), recent (TBIrecent: in the preceding 4 years), and multiple (TBImultiple: more than 1) TBIs, current depression, and known risk factors for depression (age, sex, marital/employment status, prior history of depression, medical conditions, recent life events, alcohol consumption, social support, physical activity).

Results:

Generalized estimating equations demonstrated a significant association between sustaining a TBI and experiencing clinically significant depression (cases), even after controlling for multiple demographic and health/lifestyle factors.

Conclusion:

There is an enduring association between depression and TBI, suggesting that, following a TBI, individuals should be monitored and supported to optimize their long-term psychological health.
Anxiety Disorders in Adults With Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence of Difficulties More Than 10 Years Postinjury
Authors: Albicini Michelle , McKinlay Audrey
Published: May 2017

Objective:

To explore long-term psychiatric outcomes in individuals with a history of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) or orthopedic injury (OI).

Setting:

Hospital emergency department, medical admission records and outpatient settings.

Participants:

There were 95 males (M = 22.78 years, SD = 3.44 years) and 74 females (M = 22.27 years, SD = 3.09 years), 65 with mild TBI (M = 23.25 years, SD = 3.58 years), 61 with moderate-severe TBI (M = 22.34 years, SD = 2.79 years), and 43 with OI (M = 21.81 years, SD = 3.36 years).

Design:

Longitudinal, between-subjects, cross-sectional design using retrospective and current data.

Main Measures:

Semistructured interview to obtain psychiatric diagnoses and background information, and medical records for identification of TBI.

Results:

Group with moderate-severe TBI presented with significantly higher rates of any anxiety disorder (χ2
2 = 6.81, P = .03) and comorbid anxiety disorder (χ2
2 = 6.12, P < .05). Group with overall TBI presented with significantly higher rates of any anxiety disorder (χ2
1 = 5.36, P = .02), panic attacks (χ2
1 = 4.43, P = .04), specific phobias (χ2
1 = 4.17, P = .04), and depression (χ2
1 = 3.98, P < .05). Prediction analysis revealed a statistically significant model (χ2
7 = 41.84, P < .001) explaining 23% to 37% of the variance in having any anxiety disorder, with significant predictors being group (TBI) and gender (female).

Conclusions:

Children who have sustained a TBI may be vulnerable to persistent anxiety, panic attacks, specific phobias, and depression, even 13 years after the injury event.
Anger Self-Management Training for Chronic Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hart Tessa , Brockway Jo Ann , Maiuro Roland D. , Vaccaro Monica , Fann Jesse R. , Mellick David , Harrison-Felix Cindy , Barber Jason , Temkin Nancy
Published: May 2017

Objective:

To test efficacy of 8-session, 1:1 treatment, anger self-management training (ASMT), for chronic moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Setting:

Three US outpatient treatment facilities.

Participants:

Ninety people with TBI and elevated self-reported anger; 76 significant others (SOs) provided collateral data.

Design:

Multicenter randomized controlled trial with 2:1 randomization to ASMT or structurally equivalent comparison treatment, personal readjustment and education (PRE). Primary outcome assessment 1 week posttreatment; 8-week follow-up.

Primary Outcome:

Response to treatment defined as 1 or more standard deviation change in self-reported anger.

Secondary Outcomes:

SO-rated anger, emotional and behavioral status, satisfaction with life, timing of treatment response, participant and SO-rated global change, and treatment satisfaction.

Main Measures:

State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Revised Trait Anger (TA) and Anger Expression-Out (AX-O) subscales; Brief Anger-Aggression Questionnaire (BAAQ); Likert-type ratings of treatment satisfaction, global changes in anger and well-being.

Results:

After treatment, ASMT response rate (68%) exceeded that of PRE (47%) on TA but not AX-O or BAAQ; this finding persisted at 8-week follow-up. No significant between-group differences in SO-reported response rates, emotional/behavioral status, or life satisfaction. ASMT participants were more satisfied with treatment and rated global change in anger as significantly better; SO ratings of global change in both anger and well-being were superior for ASMT.

Conclusion:

ASMT was efficacious and persistent for some aspects of problematic anger. More research is needed to determine optimal dose and essential ingredients of behavioral treatment for anger after TBI.
Incidence of Neurological Disorders Among HIV-Infected Individuals With Universal Health Care in Taiwan From 2000 to 2010
Authors: Tsai Yi-Tseng , Chen Yen-Chin , Hsieh Chen-Yang , Ko Wen-Chien , Ko Nai-Ying
Published: May 2017

Objective:

To determine the incidence of and factors associated with neurological disorders in a large Taiwanese cohort of HIV-infected persons with free access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Design:

A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Research Database for the years 2000–2010.

Methods:

We identified 13,316 HIV-positive persons from 2000 through 2010. We used direct standardization to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence rates based on the 2000 World Health Organization world standard population. Factors associated with neurological disorders were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results:

The standardized incidence of neurological disorders among HIV-infected persons increased from 22.16 per 1000 person-years in 2000 to 25.23 per 1000 person-years in 2010. Cognitive disorders increased significantly from 0.36 per 1000 person-years in 2001 to 7.44 per 1000 person-years in 2010 (trend P < 0.001). The rate of neurological disorders increased with age ≥55 years [adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.89 to 3.40], hypertension (AHR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.76), substance abuse (AHR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.36 to 2.02), opportunistic infection (AHR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.47 to 2.11), syphilis (AHR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.47), and emergency department visits >5 (AHR 2.41, 95% CI: 1.96 to 2.97). The incidence of neurological disorders was negatively associated with adherence to HAART (adherence ≥85% AHR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.97).

Conclusions:

The rising incidence of cognitive disorders among HIV-positive persons highlights the need to provide routine neurological evaluations at clinical visits. Receiving HAART with adherence ≥85% contributes to a reduced risk of neurological disorders.
Defining a Cutoff for Atazanavir in Hair Samples Associated With Virological Failure Among Adolescents Failing Second-Line Antiretroviral Treatment
Authors: Chawana Tariro D. , Gandhi Monica , Nathoo Kusum , Ngara Bernard , Louie Alexander , Horng Howard , Katzenstein David , Metcalfe John , Nhachi Charles F. B. ,   Adolescent Treatment Failure (ATF) study team
Published: May 2017

Background:

Adequate antiretroviral exposure is crucial to virological suppression. We assessed the relationship between atazanavir hair levels with self-reported adherence, virological outcomes, and the effect of a home-based adherence intervention in HIV-infected adolescents failing second-line antiretroviral treatment in Zimbabwe.

Methods:

HIV-infected adolescents on atazanavir/ritonavir-based second-line treatment for ≥6 months with viral load (VL) >1000 copies/mL were randomized to either standard care (control) or standard care plus modified directly administered antiretroviral therapy (intervention). Questionnaires were administered; VL and hair samples were collected at baseline and after 90 days in each group. Viral suppression was defined as <1000 copies/mL after follow-up.

Results:

Fifty adolescents (10–18 years) were enrolled; 23 (46%) were randomized to intervention and 27 (54%) to control. Atazanavir hair concentration <2.35 ng/mg (lower interquartile range for those with virological suppression) defined a cutoff below which most participants experienced virological failure. Male sex (P = 0.03), virological suppression at follow-up (P = 0.013), greater reduction in VL (P = 0.006), and change in average self-reported adherence over the previous month (P = 0.031) were associated with adequate (>2.35 ng/mg) hair concentrations. Participants with virological failure were more likely to have suboptimal atazanavir hair concentrations (RR = 7.2, 95% CI: 1 to 51, P = 0.049). There were no differences in atazanavir hair concentration between the arms after follow-up.

Conclusions:

A threshold of atazanavir concentrations in hair (2.35 ng/mg), above which virological suppression was likely, was defined for adolescents failing second-line atazanavir/ritonavir-based ART in Zimbabwe. Male sex and better self-reported adherence were associated with adequate atazanavir hair concentrations. Antiretroviral hair concentrations may serve as a useful clinical tool among adolescents.
Dynein pulling forces on ruptured nuclei counteract lamin-mediated nuclear envelope repair mechanisms in vivo
Authors: Penfield Lauren , Wysolmerski Brian , Farhadifar Reza , Martinez Michael , Biggs Ronald , Wu Hai-Yin , Mauro Michael , Broberg Curtis , Needleman Daniel , Bahmanyar Shirin
Published: May 2017

Recent work done exclusively in tissue culture cells revealed that the nuclear envelope (NE) undergoes ruptures leading to transient mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic components. The duration of transient NE ruptures depends on lamins, however the underlying mechanisms and the relevance toin vivoevents is not known. Here, we useC. elegansembryos to show that dynein forces that position nuclei increase the severity of lamin-induced NE rupturesin vivo. In the absence of dynein forces, lamin prevents nuclear-cytoplasmic mixing caused by NE ruptures. By monitoring the dynamics of NE rupture events, we demonstrate that lamin is required for a distinct phase in NE recovery that restricts nucleocytoplasmic mixing prior to the full restoration of NE rupture sites. We show that laser-induced puncture of the NE recapitulates phenotypes associated with NE recovery in wild type cells. Surprisingly, we find that embryonic lethality does not correlate with the incidence of NE rupture events suggesting that embryos survive transient losses of NE compartmentalization during early embryogenesis. In addition to presenting the first mechanistic analysis of transient NE rupturesin vivo, this work demonstrates that lamin controls the duration of NE ruptures by opposing dynein forces on ruptured nuclei to allow reestablishment of the NE permeability barrier and subsequent restoration of NE rupture sites.
An Effective Model of the Retinoic Acid Induced HL-60 Differentiation Program
Authors: Tasseff Ryan , Jensen Holly A. , Congleton Johanna , Dai Wei , Rogers Katharine V. , Sagar Adithya , Bunaciu Rodica P. , Yen Andrew , Varner Jeffrey D.
Published: May 2017

In this study, we present an effective model All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. The model describes reinforcing feedback between an ATRA-inducible signalsome complex involving many proteins including Vav1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, and the activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. We decomposed the effective model into three modules; a signal initiation module that sensed and transformed an ATRA signal into program activation signals; a signal integration module that controlled the expression of upstream transcription factors; and a phenotype module which encoded the expression of functional differentiation markers from the ATRA-inducible transcription factors. We identified an ensemble of effective model parameters using measurements taken from ATRA-induced HL-60 cells. Using these parameters, model analysis predicted that MAPK activation was bistable as a function of ATRA exposure. Conformational experiments supported ATRA-induced bistability. Additionally, the model captured intermediate and phenotypic gene expression data. Knockout analysis suggested Gfi-1 and PPAR$[gamma] were critical to the ATRA-induced differentiation program. These findings, combined with other literature evidence, suggested that reinforcing feedback is central to hyperactive signaling in a diversity of cell fate programs.
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) mechanisms and protocols
Authors: Tavakoli Amir Vala , Yun Kyongsik
Published: May 2017

What if you could affect both neuroplasticity and human cognitive performance by parametrically modulating neural oscillations? Ongoing neuronal activity is susceptible to the modulation of synaptic activity and membrane potentials. This susceptibility leverages transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) for neuroplastic interventions. Through neuromodulation of phasic, neural activity, tACS presents a powerful tool for investigations of the neural correlates of cognition alongside other forms of transcranial electric stimulation (tES) and noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS). The rapid pace of development in this area requires clarification of best practices. Here, we briefly introduce tACS dogma and review the most compelling findings from the tACS literature to provide a starting point for the use of tACS under research conditions.
Poor man's two photon imaging: Scanning Laser Upconversion Microscopy
Authors: Sorbello Cecilia , Etchenique Roberto
Published: May 2017

Two photon microscopy is one of the most powerful techniques for optical images. Its deep penetration, low scattering and mainly its sectioning power allows exquisite control on all three axes of 3D samples, both for imaging and actuation. Unfortunately, this technique involves very expensive femtosecond lasers. Upconverting Nanoparticles display multiphoton absorption at low instantaneous power, which can be achieved by means of cheap laser diodes. Scanning Laser Upconversion Microscopy offers the deep penetration and low scattering of NIR excitation together with the sectioning power of multiphoton techniques for under US$ 1000.
A Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Screening Disulfide Tethering Fragments
Authors: Hallenbeck Kenneth K , Davies Julia L. , Merron Connie , Ogden Pierce , Sijbesma Eline , Ottmann Christian , Renslo Adam R. , Wilson Christopher , Arkin Michelle R.
Published: May 2017

We report the refinement of a high-throughput, liquid-chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based screening method for the identification of covalent small-molecule binders to proteins. Using a custom library of 1600 disulfide-capped fragments targeting surface cysteine residues, we optimize sample preparation, chromatography, and ionization conditions to maximize the reliability and flexibility of the approach. Data collection at a rate of 90 seconds per sample balances speed and reliability for sustained screening over multiple, diverse projects run over a 24-month period. The method is applicable to protein targets of various classes and a range of molecular masses. Data are processed in a custom pipeline that calculates a % bound value for each compound and detects false-positives by calculating significance of detected masses (‘signal significance’). An example pipeline has been made available through Biovia’s ScienceCloud Protocol Exchange. Data collection and analysis methods for the screening of covalent adducts of intact proteins are now fast enough to screen the largest covalent compound libraries in 1–2 days.
A combined use of intravoxel incoherent motion MRI parameters can differentiate early stage hepatitis-b fibrotic livers from healthy livers
Authors: Wáng Yì Xiáng J. , Deng Min , Li Yáo T. , Huang Hua , Leung Jason Chi Shun , Chen Weitian , Lu Pu-Xuan
Published: May 2017

This study investigated a combined use of IVIM parameters Dslow (D), PF (f) and Dfast (D*) for liver fibrosis evaluation. 16 healthy volunteers (F0) and 33 hepatitis-b patients (stage F1= 15, stage F2-4 = 18) were included. With a 1.5-T MR scanner and respiration-gating, IVIM diffusion weighted imaging was acquired using a single-shot echo-planar imaging sequence with tenb-values of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 400, and 800 s/mm2. Signal measurement was performed on right liver parenchyma. With a 3-dimensional tool, Dslow, PF, and Dfast values were placed along the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis, and a plane was defined to separate healthy volunteers from patients. 3-dimensional tool demonstrated healthy volunteers and all patients with liver fibrosis could be separated. Classification and Regression Tree showed a combination of PF (PF < 12.55%), Dslow (Dslow < 1.152 ×10−3mm2/s) and Dfast (Dfast <13.36 ×10−3mm2/s) could differentiate healthy subjects and all fibrotic livers (F1-F4) with an area under the curve of logistic regression (AUC) of 0.986. The AUC for differentiation of healthy livers vs. F2-4 livers was 1. PF offered the best diagnostic value, followed by Dslow; however, all three parameters of PF, Dslow, and Dfast contributed to liver fibrosis detection.
Novel chemolithotrophic and anoxygenic phototrophic genomes extracted from ice-covered boreal lakes
Authors: Sinclair Lucas , Peura Sari , Hernández Pilar , Schattenhofer Martha , Eiler Alexander
Published: May 2017

Although an important fraction of the world’s lakes remains ice-covered during a large proportion of the year, little is known about the microorganisms that govern the biogeochemical processes occurring under-ice along the stratigraphic redox gradients. Reconstructed genomes provide evidence for anoxygenic photosynthesis involving fixation of carbon using reduced sulphur and iron as an electron donor in the anoxic zone of the sampled lake systems. In addition to anoxygenic photosynthesis, our molecular data reveals novel chemolithoautotrophic organisms and supports the existence of methanotrophs in bottom anoxic waters. Reconstructed genomes matched methanotrophs related toMethylobactertundripaludum, phototrophicChloroflexiandChlorobia, as well as lithoautotrophic genomes affiliated to theBetaproteobacteriaclass andPlanctomycetesphylum. Based on our in-depth characterization, complex metabolic interactomes emerge unique to each lake’s redox tower and with sulfur, iron and carbon cycling tightly intertwined through chemolithotrophy and anoxygenic photosynthesis.
The genetic landscape of animal behavior
Authors: York Ryan A
Published: May 2017

Although most animal behaviors are associated with some form of heritable genetic variation we do not yet understand how genes sculpt behavior across evolution, either directly or indirectly. To address this, I here compile a dataset comprised of over 1,000 genomic loci representing a spectrum of behavioral variation across animal taxa. Comparative analyses reveal that courtship and feeding behaviors are associated with genomic regions of significantly greater effect than other traits, on average three fold greater than other behaviors. Investigations of whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic data for 87 behavioral traits from the Drosophila Genetics Reference Panel indicate that courtship and feeding behaviors have significantly greater genetic contributions and that, in general, behavioral traits overlap little in individual base pairs but increasingly interact at the levels of genes and traits. These results provide evidence that different types of behavior are associated with variable genetic bases and suggest that, across animal evolution, the genetic landscape of behavior is more rugged, yet predictable, than previously thought.