bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speculation, philosophy and the end of religion: Save the name 'God' and the folly of this name as the queen of the sciences or the jester of academia
Authors: Meylahn Johann-Albrecht
Published: April 2014

In this article, Meillassoux and Laruelle were brought into conversation with Derrida concerning contingency, temporality, non-philosophy and God. The conversation between Derrida and Meillassoux focused on their respective views on trace and radical contingency, which opened towards reflections on God as either divinology (Meillassoux) or the endless desertification of language (Derrida), thus saving the name �God� and keeping the name safe. One cannot think this desertification of language, �God�, without a reflection on khōra. This opened a conversational space with Laruelle�s non-philosophy. One of the major criticisms against Laruelle is that his non-philosophy has no worth in terms of the extra-philosophical (ethical, political or juridical) and the same could be said with regards to khōra and, specifically, Derrida�s interpretation of khōra. Therefore Derrida�s interpretation of khōra with its �unilateral� relation to logos, the giving and receiving of khōra without giving and receiving anything and thus remaining indifferent, were brought into conversation with Laruelle�s unilateral duality. This unilateral duality, although indifferent to philosophy, makes all the difference to logos and thus to philosophy. The question is: what place is given to khōra and/or non-philosophy within academia? Derrida�s God can be interpreted as a kind of autodeconstructive divine violence or holy folly. What place is given to divine violence or holy folly within academia? What is the relation of non-philosophy to philosophy? Is it the non-foundational foundation that remains totally indifferent to philosophy as it does not engage in a dialectical relationship with philosophy and yet it is the theory or science of philosophy? Can academia afford to �give place� to this holy folly, this non-philosophy, this khōratic theo-logic, but on the other hand, can it afford not to �give place� to the queen and/or jester of academia?
On the variability of atmospheric 222Rn activity concentrations measured at Neumayer, coastal Antarctica
Authors: Weller R. , Levin I. , Schmithüsen D. , Nachbar M. , Asseng J. , Wagenbach D.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We report on continuously measured 222Rn activity concentrations in near-surface air at Neumayer Station in the period 1995–2011. This 17-year record showed no long-term trend and has overall mean ± standard deviation of (0.019 ± 0.012) Bq m−3. A distinct and persistent seasonality could be distinguished with maximum values of (0.028 ± 0.013) Bq m−3 from January to March and minimum values of (0.015 ± 0.009) Bq m−3 from May to October. Elevated 222Rn activity concentrations were typically associated with air mass transport from the Antarctic Plateau. Our results do not support a relation between enhanced 222Rn activity concentrations at Neumayer and cyclonic activity or long-range transport from South America. The impact of oceanic 222Rn emissions could not be properly assessed but we tentatively identified regional sea ice extent (SIE) variability as a significant driver of the annual 222Rn cycle.
High-resolution atmospheric reconstruction for Europe 1948–2012: coastDat2
Authors: Geyer B.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The coastDat data sets were produced to give a consistent and homogeneous database mainly for assessing weather statistics and climate changes since 1948, e.g., in frequencies of extremes for Europe, especially in data sparse regions. A sequence of numerical models was employed to reconstruct all aspects of marine climate (such as storms, waves, surges, etc.) over many decades. The acronym coastDat stands for the set of consistent ocean and atmospheric data, where the atmospheric data where used as forcing for the reconstruction of the sea state. Here, we describe the atmospheric part of coastDat2 (Geyer and Rockel, 2013; doi:10.1594/WDCC/coastDat-2_COSMO-CLM). It consists of a regional climate reconstruction for the entire European continent, including the Baltic Sea and North Sea and parts of the Atlantic. The simulation was done for 1948 to 2012 with the regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM) and a horizontal grid size of 0.22 degree in rotated coordinates. Global reanalysis data of NCEP1 were used as forcing and spectral nudging was applied. To meet the demands on the coastDat data set about 70 variables are stored hourly.
Meridional transport of salt in the global ocean from an eddy-resolving model
Authors: Treguier A. M. , Deshayes J. , Le Sommer J. , Lique C. , Madec G. , Penduff T. , Molines J.-M. , Barnier B. , Bourdalle-Badie R. , Talandier C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The meridional transport of salt is computed in a global eddy-resolving numerical model (1/12° resolution) in order to improve our understanding of the ocean salinity budget. A methodology is proposed that allows a global analysis of the salinity balance in relation to surface water fluxes, without defining a "freshwater anomaly" based on an arbitrary reference salinity. The method consists of a decomposition of the meridional transport into (i) the transport by the time–longitude–depth mean velocity, (ii) time–mean velocity recirculations and (iii) transient eddy perturbations. Water is added (rainfall and rivers) or removed (evaporation) at the ocean surface at different latitudes, which creates convergences and divergences of mass transport with maximum and minimum values close to ±1 Sv. The resulting meridional velocity effects a net transport of salt at each latitude (±30 Sv PSU), which is balanced by the time–mean recirculations and by the net effect of eddy salinity–velocity correlations. This balance ensures that the total meridional transport of salt is close to zero, a necessary condition for maintaining a quasi-stationary salinity distribution. Our model confirms that the eddy salt transport cannot be neglected: it is comparable to the transport by the time–mean recirculation (up to 15 Sv PSU) at the poleward and equatorial boundaries of the subtropical gyres. Two different mechanisms are found: eddy contributions are localized in intense currents such as the Kuroshio at the poleward boundary of the subtropical gyres, while they are distributed across the basins at the equatorward boundaries. Closer to the Equator, salinity–velocity correlations are mainly due to the seasonal cycle and large-scale perturbations such as tropical instability waves.
Modeling near-surface firn temperature in a cold accumulation zone (Col du Dôme, French Alps): from a physical to a semi-parameterized approach
Authors: Gilbert A. , Vincent C. , Six D. , Wagnon P. , Piard L. , Ginot P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Analysis of the thermal regime of glaciers is crucial for glacier hazard assessment, especially in the context of a changing climate. In particular, the transient thermal regime of cold accumulation zones needs to be modeled. A modeling approach has therefore been developed to determine this thermal regime using only near-surface boundary conditions coming from meteorological observations. In the first step, a surface energy balance (SEB) model accounting for water percolation and radiation penetration in firn was applied to identify the main processes that control the subsurface temperatures in cold firn. Results agree well with subsurface temperatures measured at Col du Dôme (4250 m above sea level (a.s.l.)), France. In the second step, a simplified model using only daily mean air temperature and potential solar radiation was developed. This model properly simulates the spatial variability of surface melting and subsurface firn temperatures and was used to accurately reconstruct the deep borehole temperature profiles measured at Col du Dôme. Results show that percolation and refreezing are efficient processes for the transfer of energy from the surface to underlying layers. However, they are not responsible for any higher energy uptake at the surface, which is exclusively triggered by increasing energy flux from the atmosphere due to SEB changes when surface temperatures reach 0 °C. The resulting enhanced energy uptake makes cold accumulation zones very vulnerable to air temperature rise.
Clinical Significance of Heterotopic Ossification after Metal-On-Metal Total Hip Resurfacing
Authors: Geller Jeffrey A. , Wang Wenbao , Goyal Amrit , Liabaud Barthelemy , Brown Marc
Published: April 2014

Few studies about how heterotopic ossification (HO) affects functional outcome after metal-on-metal total hip resurfacing (MOMHR) have been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of HO after MOMHR. We retrospectively reviewed 122 consecutive patients, who underwent MOMHR from June 2006 to October 2008, with adequate follow-up information. All patients had four weeks of aspirin (325 mg twice a day) for DVT prophylaxis and two weeks of celecoxib (400 mg once a day) for pain control. All data were collected prospectively including radiographs and functional scores preoperatively, at three months and at one year postoperatively. An independent musculoskeletal radiologist, using the Brooker classification, reviewed radiographs. Unbalanced ANOVA analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of HO on outcome. The overall incidence of HO at three months was 62.1% (grade 1:39.8%, grade 2:20.4%, grade 3:1.9%) and 75% at one year (grade 1: 41.7%, grade 2: 27.8%, grade 3: 5.5%). There were no significant differences in the functional status scores among Brooker grade 0 to 3 groups at three months and one year follow-up. The incidence of HO after MOMHR was 62.1% at three months and 75% at one year despite a post-operative regimen of aspirin and celecoxib. We found no evidence that predominantly Brooker grade 1 or 2 HO affected the clinical outcome at three months or one year when compared across all Brooker classes of patients.
Challenging Bluebeard: ‘Bluebeard’s Egg’ (1983), The Piano (1993) and Barbe Bleue (2009)
Authors: Giuliana Elisa
Published: April 2014

In this essay, I analyse contemporary feminist retellings of the Bluebeard tale. I concentrate in particular on three revisions: Margaret Atwood’s short story, ‘Bluebeard’s Egg’ (1983); Jane Campion’s film, The Piano (1993); and Catherine Breillat’s film, Barbe Bleue (2009). I compare these works on the basis of their challenging nature in respect to traditional perceptions of women and femininity pursued by modern understandings of the folk story. I thus argue that Atwood’s, Campion’s, and Breillat’s variations on the Bluebeard theme complicate the view of women as passive objects of agency, and also the belief that curiosity is a vicious feminine feature that leads to disobedience that has to be punished by death. I focus on the outstanding features of the Bluebeard story: the characters of Bluebeard and his wife; the role of the secret chamber; and the meaning of the key. Showing how the three authors transform the old tale through the narrative approaches of mirroring and doubling, I explain how they reach a complex, often problematic, representation of their female protagonists.
Los vaivenes de la política exterior argentina re-democratizada (1983-2013). Reflexiones sobre el impacto de los condicionantes internos
Authors: Busso Anabella
Published: April 2014

La estabilidad institucional vigente en la Argentina desde finales de 1983 no trajo consigo un escenario de continuidad para la política exterior. Frente a esto, este artículo sostiene que, sin desconocer el impacto de las variables sistémicas, los vaivenes de la política exterior se explican mayoritariamente por causas internas entre las cuales se destacan las crisis político/económicas, las tensiones entre los distintos modelos de desarrollo y sus respectivas estrategias de inserción internacional y las

variaciones en la concepción de democracia. Consecuentemente, se hará una revisión breve de estas causas analizando su impacto en el devenir de la política exterior.
La Responsabilidad Social Corporativa: una estrategia para conseguir imagen y reputación
Authors: García Guardia María Luisa , Llorente Barroso Carmen
Published: April 2014

Este artículo surge a partir del interés que nos ha suscitado el desarrollo de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC), en las empresas, como una estrategia para la consecución de una imagen positiva y estable. En el desarrollo de mencionado análisis, nos hemos centrado en la multinacional Coca-Cola, ya que esta empresa se ha constituido como referente internacional en términos de imagen corporativa.
Comparaison de deux enquêtes de victimisation
Authors: Lebeau Amélie , Wemmers1 Jo-Anne , Cyr Katie , Chamberland Claire
Published: April 2014

Les questionnaires de victimisation ont montré que le risque de victimisation diminue avec l’âge. Au Canada, l’Enquête sociale générale (ESG) qui mesure la victimisation de la population n’inclut pas les moins de 15 ans. Les informations disponibles concernant la victimisation des jeunes viennent donc de sources officielles comme la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse ou la police. Ces sources sont incomplètes et ne représentent que la pointe de l’iceberg puisque le chiffre noir concernant la victimisation des enfants est important. Le Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) a été développé aux États-Unis par David Finkelhor et ses collègues afin de combler ces lacunes. Dans cet article nous comparons les résultats de ce nouvel instrument avec ceux de l’Enquête sociale générale obtenus par un questionnaire testé et utilisé pendant près de 20 ans au Canada, afin d’évaluer si les données du JVQ sont fiables pour décrire la victimisation des jeunes. Plus spécifiquement, les mesures de la victimisation à vie et celle des 12 derniers mois sont comparées. Les résultats indiquent que malgré les différences inhérentes aux deux questionnaires, les échantillons des 15 à 17 ans présentent des taux relativement comparables pour la victimisation des 12 derniers mois, mais des différences sur le plan de la victimisation à vie.
L’exposition à la violence familiale
Authors: Dumont1 Annie , Lessard Geneviève , Cyr Katie , Chamberland Claire , Clément Marie-Ève
Published: April 2014

Les résultats de cette recherche portent sur l’accumulation de diverses formes de violence et leurs conséquences sur les jeunes exposés à la violence familiale (EVF). Les hypothèses de départ sont : 1- les jeunes EVF vivent plus de violences diverses et plus de symptômes de trauma que les enfants non exposés ; 2- l’accumulation de violences dans la vie de ces jeunes a un effet modérateur sur les conséquences de l’EVF. Des analyses statistiques sont faites à partir de données secondaires issues de deux études québécoises sur la polyvictimisation. Les résultats démontrent que les jeunes EVF vivent davantage de formes de violence différentes annuellement. De plus, le niveau d’anxiété, de colère, de dépression et de syndrome de stress post-traumatique (SSPT) est également plus important pour eux. Par ailleurs, cette accumulation de violences a un effet modérateur sur la colère des 2 à 11 ans. Ces résultats nous amènent à constater l’importance de faire un dépistage de toutes les formes de violence autres que l’EVF pouvant prendre place dans la vie de ces jeunes. Cette vision holistique doit également être présente dans la recherche, puisque l’accumulation de violences peut avoir un effet modérateur sur les symptômes de trauma étudiés.
Victimisation : réalité préoccupante pour les jeunes pris en charge par la DPJ
Authors: Cyr1 Katie , Chamberland Claire , Clément Marie-Ève , Lessard Geneviève
Published: April 2014

Cet article compare la violence annuellement vécue par un échantillon de jeunes (2 à 17 ans) Québécois pris en charge par la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse (DPJ) et celle subie par les jeunes de la population générale. Les résultats démontrent que les jeunes pris en charge vivent significativement plus de violence et qu’une grande partie d’entre eux font face à de la violence chronique dans plusieurs sphères de leur vie. Les trajectoires susceptibles d’expliquer leur risque accru de victimisation et les implications pour l’intervention sont discutées. Les besoins multiples de ces jeunes soulignent l’importance de développer une vision plus holistique de leur vécu de victimisation et de leurs problèmes. Une plus grande collaboration des divers intervenants et organismes impliqués auprès des jeunes est susceptible de favoriser une approche moins fragmentée et une intervention mieux adaptée.
Adolescents en centre de réadaptation : évaluation du trauma
Authors: Collin-Vézina1 Delphine , Milne Lise
Published: April 2014

Considérant que les jeunes placés en centre de réadaptation ont souvent vécu des événements traumatiques multiples et que les services spécialisés en trauma ne sont pas systématiquement implantés en protection de la jeunesse, il serait souhaitable qu’une évaluation standardisée des événements et des séquelles traumatiques soit mise en place auprès de cette clientèle à risque. L’objectif de cet article est d’offrir une synthèse des outils psychométriques pour évaluer le trauma chez les jeunes, et ce, dans le but de rendre plus accessible cette information nécessaire au développement d’un programme solide et cohésif de santé mentale axé sur le traumatisme en protection de la jeunesse. Sur la base d’une démarche systématique, 13 outils qui visent les événements et les symptômes traumatiques ont été sélectionnés, la plupart étant des questionnaires que les jeunes remplissent et des entrevues dirigées. Les considérations pratiques et méthodologiques de ces outils sont présentées. L’implantation d’une évaluation systématique des traumas pour les enfants et les jeunes en centre de réadaptation pourrait servir de tremplin à la mise sur pied de services spécialisés pour cette clientèle dont les besoins sont criants. Les interventions les plus prometteuses sont discutées.
La pensée magique chez les enfants soldats congolais
Authors: Daxhelet1 Marie-Laure , Brunet Louis
Published: April 2014

Malgré plusieurs efforts de la part de la communauté internationale pour enrayer le phénomène des enfants soldats, encore des centaines de milliers d’enfants sont contraints à faire la guerre. La littérature démontre chez ces enfants diverses psychopathologies à la suite de cette expérience militaire, telles que l’anxiété, la dépression et l’état de stress post-traumatique. Cette recherche, menée sur le terrain, tente de mieux comprendre les processus psychiques permettant à ces jeunes militaires de survivre psychologiquement à une expérience de guerre. À cette fin, 78 entrevues effectuées auprès de 22 ex-enfants soldats et des données issues de l’observation participante réalisée pendant trois mois dans un centre de transit pour enfants soldats en République démocratique du Congo ont été soumises à une analyse qualitative par consensus. Cette analyse démontre un élément spécifique qui semble jouer un rôle protecteur considérable dans l’évitement d’un traumatisme chez les enfants : l’utilisation de la pensée magique incarnée par l’arme et par ce que les enfants nomment « fétiches ». Cet article explore donc ces deux composantes antitraumatiques, tente d’en expliquer l’efficacité par l’influence du groupe et du leader et aborde la désubjectivation comme conséquence à l’utilisation de cette pensée magique.
Adenovirus-mediated ING4 Gene Transfer in Osteosarcoma Suppresses Tumor Growth via Induction of Apoptosis and Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Xu Ming , Xie Yufeng , Sheng Weihua , Miao Jingcheng , Yang Jicheng
Published: April 2014

The inhibitor of growth (ING) family proteins have been defined as candidate tumor suppressors. ING4 as a novel member of ING family has potential tumor-suppressive effects via multiple pathways. However, the therapeutic effect of adenovirus-mediated ING4 (Ad-ING4) gene transfer in human osteosarcoma is still unknown. In this study, we explored the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of Ad-ING4 in human osteosarcoma and its potential mechanism using a MG-63 human osteosarcoma cell line. We demonstrated that Ad-ING4 induced significant growth inhibition and apoptosis, upregulated the expression of P21, P27 and Bax, downregulated the Bcl-2 expression and activated Caspase-3 in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, intratumoral injections of Ad-ING4 in athymic nude mice bearing MG-63 human osteosarcoma tumors significantly suppressed osteosarcoma xenografted tumor growth, increased the expression of P21, P27 and Bax, reduced the Bcl-2 and CD34 expression and microvessel density (MVD) in tumors. This retarded MG-63 osteosarcoma growth in vitro and in vivo in an athymic nude mouse model elicited by Ad-ING4 was closely associated with the increase in the expression of cell cycle-related molecules P21 and P27, decrease in the ratio of anti- to pro-apoptotic molecules Bcl-2/Bax followed by the activation of Caspase-3 leading to apoptosis via intrinsic apoptotic pathways, and the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Thus, our results indicate that Ad-ING4 is a potential candidate for human osteosarcoma gene therapy.
Differentiating flow, melt, or fossil seismic anisotropy beneath Ethiopia
Authors: Hammond J. O. S. , Kendall J.‐M. , Wookey J. , Stuart G. W. , Keir D. , Ayele A.
Published: April 2014

Ethiopia is a region where continental rifting gives way to oceanic spreading. Yet the role that pre‐existing lithospheric structure, melt, mantle flow, or active upwellings may play in this process is debated. Measurements of seismic anisotropy are often used to attempt to understand the contribution that these mechanisms may play. In this study, we use new data in Afar, Ethiopia along with legacy data across Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Yemen to obtain estimates of mantle anisotropy using SKS‐wave splitting. We show that two layers of anisotropy exist, and we directly invert for these. We show that fossil anisotropy with fast directions oriented northeast‐southwest may be preserved in the lithosphere away from the rift. Beneath the Main Ethiopian Rift and parts of Afar, anisotropy due to shear segregated melt along sharp changes in lithospheric thickness dominates the shear‐wave splitting signal in the mantle. Beneath Afar, away from regions with significant lithospheric topography, melt pockets associated with the crustal and uppermost mantle magma storage dominate the signal in localized regions. In general, little anisotropy is seen in the uppermost mantle beneath Afar suggesting melt retains no preferential alignment. These results show the important role melt plays in weakening the lithosphere and imply that as rifting evolves passive upwelling sustains extension. A dominant northeast‐southwest anisotropic fast direction is observed in a deeper layer across all of Ethiopia. This suggests that a conduit like plume is lacking beneath Afar today, rather a broad flow from the southwest dominates flow in the upper mantle.
Ionospheric model‐observation comparisons: E layer at Arecibo Incorporation of SDO‐EVE solar irradiances
Authors: Sojka Jan J. , Jensen Joseph B. , David Michael , Schunk Robert W. , Woods Tom , Eparvier Frank , Sulzer Michael P. , Gonzalez Sixto A. , Eccles J. Vincent
Published: April 2014

This study evaluates how the new irradiance observations from the NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) can, with its high spectral resolution and 10 s cadence, improve the modeling of the E region. To demonstrate this a campaign combining EVE observations with that of the NSF Arecibo incoherent scatter radar (ISR) was conducted. The ISR provides E region electron density observations with high‐altitude resolution, 300 m, and absolute densities using the plasma line technique. Two independent ionospheric models were used, the Utah State University Time‐Dependent Ionospheric Model (TDIM) and Space Environment Corporation's Data‐Driven D Region (DDDR) model. Each used the same EVE irradiance spectrum binned at 1 nm resolution from 0.1 to 106 nm. At the E region peak the modeled TDIM density is 20% lower and that of the DDDR is 6% higher than observed. These differences could correspond to a 36% lower (TDIM) and 12% higher (DDDR) production rate if the differences were entirely attributed to the solar irradiance source. The detailed profile shapes that included the E region altitude and that of the valley region were only qualitatively similar to observations. Differences on the order of a neutral‐scale height were present. Neither model captured a distinct dawn to dusk tilt in the E region peak altitude. A model sensitivity study demonstrated how future improved spectral resolution of the 0.1 to 7 nm irradiance could account for some of these model shortcomings although other relevant processes are also poorly modeled.
Properties of plasma ions in the distant Jovian magnetosheath using Solar Wind Around Pluto data on New Horizons
Authors: Nicolaou G. , McComas D. J. , Bagenal F. , Elliott H. A.
Published: April 2014

The Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on New Horizons (NH) made in situ observations of ions in Jupiter's distant magnetotail and magnetosheath during its 2007 flyby. NH observed 16 magnetopause crossings between 1654 and 2429 RJ antisunward from Jupiter. We have developed a method to calculate the bulk properties of the plasma ions (density, velocity, and temperature) based on a forward model of the SWAP instrument response. We fit the observations using both Maxwell and kappa distributions. In this paper we describe our technique, which includes accounting for the detailed and asymmetric response of the SWAP electrostatic analyzer, and present the results for the distant Jovian magnetosheath. Finally, we discuss the characteristics of the derived bulk properties and compare these results to previously developed gas dynamic models for magnetospheres of giant planets.
Constructing empirical resolution diagnostics for kriging and minimum curvature gridding
Authors: Chiao Ling‐Yun , Chen Ying‐Nien , Gung Yuancheng
Published: April 2014

Resolution analysis is a crucial appraisal procedure in solving general estimation problems, especially for correctly interpreting the results of spatial analysis schemes. Resolution analyses based on the resolving kernels are typically applied to small inverse problems only when the inverse operators are explicitly accessible. Stochastic simulation schemes have been proposed to extract empirical resolution information for solving large inverse problem. In this study, we generalize the formulation of the empirical resolution length and derive the characteristic length of the point spread function for general estimation methods such as minimum curvature gridding and kriging interpolation schemes that are not equipped with explicitly accessible resolving kernels. The implementation of these resolution diagnostics has not been possible in the past and is demonstrated in this study to facilitate clarifying the advantages and limitations of these widely used methods. In addition, we compare these schemes, based on the resolution appraisal, with a multiscale gridding algorithm in the spatial analysis of the Pacific seafloor heat flow observations. By depicting the pattern of the resolution length variations of both the empirical averaging function and the point spread function for each of the estimated models, we demonstrate that schemes equipped with multiscale capability are more favorable for accommodating sparse, nonuniform data distribution than stationary schemes, such as the kriging method. Furthermore, the empirical resolution pattern constructed in this study facilitates the selection of an appropriate reference function and radii of influence for fitting the variogram, which is difficult but critical when using the kriging method.
Coordinated ionospheric observations indicating coupling between preonset flow bursts and waves that lead to substorm onset
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Lyons L. R. , Nicolls M. J. , Hampton D. L. , Michell R. G. , Samara M. , Bristow W. A. , Donovan E. F. , Spanswick E. , Angelopoulos V. , Mende S. B.
Published: April 2014

A critical, long‐standing problem in substorm research is identification of the sequence of events leading to substorm expansion phase onset. Recent Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imager (ASI) array observations have shown a repeatable preonset sequence, which is initiated by a poleward boundary intensification (PBI) and is followed by auroral streamers moving equatorward (earthward flow in the plasma sheet) and then by substorm onset. On the other hand, substorm onset is also preceded by azimuthally propagating waves, indicating a possible importance of wave instability for triggering substorm onset. However, it has been difficult to identify the link between fast flows and waves. We have found an isolated substorm event that was well instrumented with the Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar (PFISR), THEMIS white‐light ASI, and multispectral ASI, where the auroral onset occurred within the PFISR and ASI fields of view. This substorm onset was preceded by a PBI, and ionospheric flows propagated equatorward from the polar cap, crossed the PBI, and reached the growth phase arc. This sequence provides evidence that flows from open magnetic field lines propagate across the open‐closed boundary and reach the near‐Earth plasma sheet prior to the onset. Quasi‐stable oscillations in auroral luminosity and ionospheric density are found along the growth phase arc. These preonset auroral waves amplified abruptly at the onset time, soon after the equatorward flows reached the onset region. This sequence suggests a coupling process where preexisting stable waves in the near‐Earth plasma sheet interact with flows from farther downtail and then evolve to onset instability.
Multiscale temporal variations of pulsating auroras: On‐off pulsation and a few Hz modulation
Authors: Nishiyama Takanori , Sakanoi Takeshi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Hampton Donald L. , Katoh Yuto , Kataoka Ryuho , Okano Shoichi
Published: April 2014

A statistical study on the cross‐scale property on the temporal variations of pulsating aurora intensity was conducted on 53 events observed at the Poker Flat Research Range during the period from 1 December 2011 to 1 March 2012. The observed modulation frequency ranged from 1.5 to 3.3 Hz, and strong modulations were not seen in the frequency range higher than about 3 Hz. This suggests that the time of flight of electrons has a time‐smoothing effect on the more rapid variations above 3 Hz. Furthermore, the frequency of modulation showed relatively strong correlation to auroral intensity (correlation coefficient of 0.58), and it can be explained with nonlinear wave growth theory, in which the modulation frequency increases with the wave amplitude of the whistler mode chorus. In contrast, the on‐off pulsations showed no significant correlations with auroral intensity. This result probably implies that several different plasma processes with different time scales from nonlinear wave growth should be taken into account when determining the on‐off periods. In particular, we suggest that long‐term variations in the cold plasma density play a dominant role in controlling the conditions of wave‐particle interactions that have temporal scale of the on‐off pulsation periods.
Improvements in total column ozone in GEOSCCM and comparisons with a new ozone‐depleting substances scenario
Authors: Oman Luke D. , Douglass Anne R.
Published: April 2014

The evolution of ozone is examined in the latest version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry‐Climate Model (GEOSCCM) using old and new ozone‐depleting substances (ODS) scenarios. This version of GEOSCCM includes a representation of the quasi‐biennial oscillation, a more realistic implementation of ozone chemistry at high solar zenith angles, an improved air/sea roughness parameterization, and an extra 5 parts per trillion of CH3Br to account for brominated very short‐lived substances. Together these additions improve the representation of ozone compared to observations. This improved version of GEOSCCM was used to simulate the ozone evolution for the A1 2010 and the new Stratosphere‐troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC) 2013 ODS scenario derived using the SPARC Lifetimes Report 2013. This new ODS scenario results in a maximum Cltot increase of 65 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), decreasing slightly to 60 pptv by 2100. Approximately 72% of the increase is due to the longer lifetime of CFC‐11. The quasi‐global (60°S–60°N) total column ozone difference is relatively small and less than 1 Dobson unit on average and consistent with the 3–4% larger 2050–2080 average Cly in the new SPARC 2013 scenario. Over high latitudes, this small change in Cly compared to the relatively large natural variability makes it not possible to discern a significant impact on ozone in the second half of the 21st century in a single set of simulations.
Active fault‐tolerant control for near space vehicles based on reference model adaptive sliding mode scheme
Authors: Zhao Jing , Jiang Bin , Chowdhury Fahmida N. , Shi Peng
Published: April 2014

In this paper, an adaptive sliding mode (ASM) scheme is proposed for fault identification and fault‐tolerant control of near space vehicles (NSVs). First, the attitude dynamic model is introduced, and a baseline controller based on reference sliding mode scheme is designed in the case of no faults. Then fault parameterizations with actuator dynamics is presented for several classes of faults: lock‐in‐place, float, hard‐over, and loss of effectiveness. On the basis of adaptive observer design, fault parameters can be accurately estimated on‐line. Furthermore, an ASM fault‐tolerant controller is designed for both cases of actuator dynamic faults and control effector damage. Finally, simulation experiments show that the proposed ASM scheme is able to quickly and accurately identify faults and reconfigure the controller, resulting in excellent overall system performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation in a Nanograined 7475 Aluminium Alloy—Processing, Properties and Nanoanalysis
Authors: Lewandowska Malgorzata , Wawer Kinga , Kozikowski Pawel , Ohnuma Masato , Kurzydlowski Krzysztof J.
Published: April 2014

The precipitation phenomena in 7475 nanograined aluminium alloy was analysed by means of microhardness measurements, small angle X‐ray scattering and electron microscopy. The nanograined samples were obtained by the hydrostatic extrusion of solution annealed and water quenched samples. It has been established that low temperature ageing causes precipitation processes to occur. However, the precipitation phenomena in nanograined materials proceed differently to those in micrograined materials. Moreover, the particle strengthening is limited by enhanced grain boundary precipitation which does not contribute to an increase in strength (when dislocation slip is the dominant deformation mechanism) and by the smaller size of precipitates.
Selection of Functional Human Sperm with Higher DNA Integrity and Fewer Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Asghar Waseem , Velasco Vanessa , Kingsley James L. , Shoukat Muhammad S. , Shafiee Hadi , Anchan Raymond M. , Mutter George L. , Tüzel Erkan , Demirci Utkan
Published: April 2014

Fertilization and reproduction are central to the survival and propagation of a species. Couples who cannot reproduce naturally have to undergo in vitro clinical procedures. An integral part of these clinical procedures includes isolation of healthy sperm from raw semen. Existing sperm sorting methods are not efficient and isolate sperm having high DNA fragmentation and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and suffer from multiple manual steps and variations between operators. Inspired by in vivo natural sperm sorting mechanisms where vaginal mucus becomes less viscous to form microchannels to guide sperm towards egg, a chip is presented that efficiently sorts healthy, motile and morphologically normal sperm without centrifugation. Higher percentage of sorted sperm show significantly lesser ROS and DNA fragmentation than the conventional swim‐up method. The presented chip is an easy‐to‐use high‐throughput sperm sorter that provides standardized sperm sorting assay with less reliance on operators's skills, facilitating reliable operational steps.
Injection Molding of Free‐Standing, Three‐Dimensional, All‐Metal Terahertz Metamaterials
Authors: Wang Jinqi , Liu Shuchang , Guruswamy Sivaraman , Nahata Ajay
Published: April 2014

Fabrication of free‐standing two‐ and three‐dimensional terahertz meta­materials is demonstrated via injection molding of gallium, a metal that melts at temperatures just slightly above room temperature. Molds are created by inscribing the desired microchannel geometries in one or two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films using conventional soft lithography techniques and then reversibly bonding the two films together using van der Waals forces. After heating gallium above its melting point (∼30 °C), the liquid metal is injected into the mold. Surprisingly, the metal does not solidify even after cooling the filled mold at −16 °C for 24 h. However, when the liquid metal comes into contact with solid gallium at room temperature, the entire metal device solidifies within the mold immediately. The PDMS films can then be peeled away, yielding a free‐standing solid gallium structure. A 2D split ring resonator‐based metamaterial is fabricated and three different approaches for creating 3D metamaterials are demonstrated: a multilayer stack, a manually folded structure that maintains its shape after folding, and a directly injection molded 3D structure. The transmission properties of these devices are measured using terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy and are shown to not suffer from limitations imposed by substrates.
Diffusion and sorption of nitroplasticizers in vinyl copolymer elastomer and its composites
Authors: Yang Dali , Pacheco Robin , Henderson Kevin , Hubbard Kevin , Devlin David
Published: April 2014

To study the aging behavior of cured vinyl copolymer elastomer (VCE) under thermal and nitroplasticizer (NP) environment, we investigated the sorption and diffusion of NP in VCE and its composites. The sorption kinetics of NP into VCE and its composites with respect to filler concentration (0–80%) and temperature (18–70°C) were investigated by conventional gravimetric method. The NP sorption process is endothermic. Kinetic studies show that Fickian diffusion can describe the NP sorption in the VCE polymer. The samples with a high filler concentration show more complicated behavior at low temperature than that at high temperature. The present article discusses the dependences of diffusion coefficient and other related parameters on the polymer concentration and morphological structures of the samples. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40729.
Reinforcement on the mechanical‐, thermal‐, and water‐resistance properties of the wood flour/chitosan/poly(vinyl chloride) composites by physical and chemical modification
Authors: Xu Kaimeng , Li Kaifu , Tu Dengyun , Zhong Tuhua , Xie Chengping
Published: April 2014

In this study, we aimed to physically and chemically modify wood flour (WF)/chitosan (CS) mixtures to reinforce the mechanical‐, thermal‐, and water‐resistance properties of WF/CS/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites with a three‐step modification process. This was a vacuum‐pressure treatment of sodium montmorillonite, inner intercalation replacement of organically modified montmorillonite, and surface grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The untreated and modified mixtures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and contact angle measurement. Meanwhile, the mechanical strengths and water absorption of WF/CS/PVC were estimated. The results indicate that the samples had a better performance after they were modified by montmorillonite (MMT) + GMA than when they were modified by only MMT. MMT and GMA showed a very synergistic enhancement to the mechanical‐, thermal‐, and water‐resistance properties of the WF/CS/PVC composites. Specifically, the maximum flexural and tensile strengths were increased by 10.59 and 12.28%, respectively. The maximum water absorption rate was decreased by 61.99%, and the maximum degradation temperature was delayed to the higher value from 314.3 and 374.9°C in the untreated sample to 388.8 and 412.8°C. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40757.
Zein‐based ultrathin fibers containing ceramic nanofillers obtained by electrospinning. II. Mechanical properties, gas barrier, and sustained release capacity of biocide thymol in multilayer polylactide films
Authors: Torres‐Giner Sergio , Martinez‐Abad Antonio , Lagaron Jose Maria
Published: April 2014

The combination of electrospinning technology and nanomaterials such as nanoclays can synergistically lead to novel materials with enhanced properties and functionalities for their usage in passive and active packaging applications. Part I of this work was focused on the development of ultrathin zein fibers containing nanoclays, which were oriented along the fiber axis and increased the thermal properties. Part II presents the use of the hybrid fibers as passive and active components in multilayer packaging structures. The hybrid fibers are incorporated in poly(lactic acid) films via a two‐step process: Electrospinning and compression molding. The composites thus produced presented improved mechanical and barrier properties than the unfilled material. The natural biocide extract thymol is then incorporated in the coating, and its sustained release properties are shown. The antimicrobial capacity of the hybrid fibers was also determined against foodborne bacteria. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40768.
Consolidation by spark plasma sintering of polyimide and polyetheretherketone
Authors: Schwertz Maxime , Lemonnier Sébastien , Barraud Elodie , Carradò Adele , Vallat Marie‐France , Nardin Michel
Published: April 2014

This article presents two high‐temperature thermoplastic powders which were sintered by spark plasma sintering in order to get homogeneous mechanical properties. Dense polyimide (PI) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) specimens were obtained at temperatures as low as 320°C for PI and 200°C for PEEK, respectively. Relative densities higher than 99% were reached for both materials. In order to characterize their properties, in situ measurements with compression and hardness tests were carried out on sintered samples. This method allowed to obtain polymeric materials with improved mechanical properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40783.
Photodegradation of some low‐density polyethylene–montmorillonite nanocomposites containing an oligomeric compatibilizer
Authors: Al Abdulla Wael A. , Hill David J. T. , Whittaker Andrew K.
Published: April 2014

The photo‐oxidation behavior at the exposed surfaces of maleated low‐density polyethylene [LDPE poly(ethylene‐co‐butylacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride) (PEBAMA)] and montmorillonite (MMT) composites was studied using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mechanical testing. Two different MMT clays were used with the maleated polyethylene, an unmodified clay, MMT, and an organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) clay which was significantly exfoliated in the composite. The morphologies of sample films were examined by XRD and TEM. The results were explained in terms of the effect of the compatibilizing agent PEBAMA on the clay dispersion. It was found that the OMMT particles were exfoliated in the polymer matrix in the presence of the PEBAMA, whereas the MMT clay particles were agglomerated in this matrix. Both mechanical and spectroscopic analyses showed that the rates of photo oxidative degradation of the LDPE‐PEBAMA–OMMT were higher than those for LDPE and LDPE‐PEBAMA–MMT. The acceleration of the photo‐oxidative degradation for LDPE‐PEBAMA–OMMT is attributed to the effects of the compatibilizer and the organic modifier in the composite. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40788.
TRITERPENE ACIDS FROM APPLE PEEL INHIBIT LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAL MIDGUT LIPASES AND LARVAL GROWTH
Authors: Christeller John T. , McGhie Tony K. , Poulton Joanne , Markwick Ngaire P.
Published: April 2014

Fruit extracts from apple, kiwifruit, feijoa, boysenberry, and blueberry were screened for the presence of lipase inhibitory compounds against lepidopteran larval midgut crude extracts. From 120 extracts, six showed significant inhibition with an extract from the peel of Malus × domestica cv. “Big Red” showing highest levels of inhibition. Because this sample was the only apple peel sample in the initial screen, a survey of peels from seven apple cultivars was undertaken and showed that, despite considerable variation, all had inhibitory activity. Successive solvent fractionation and LC‐MS of cv. “Big Red” apple peel extract identified triterpene acids as the most important inhibitory compounds, of which ursolic acid and oleanolic acid were the major components and oxo‐ and hydroxyl‐triterpene acids were minor components. When ursolic acid was incorporated into artificial diet and fed to Epiphyas postvittana Walker (Tortricidae: Lepidoptera) larvae at 0.16% w/v, a significant decrease in larval weight was observed after 21 days. This concentration of ursolic acid is less than half the concentration reported in the skin of some apple cultivars.
Family‐Based Clinical Associations and Functional Characterization of the Serotonin 2AReceptor Gene (HTR2A) in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Smith Ryan M. , Banks Wesley , Hansen Emily , Sadee Wolfgang , Herman Gail E.
Published: April 2014

The serotonin 2Areceptor gene (HTR2A) harbors two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are frequent in populations ofAfrican andEuropean descent;rs6311, which affectsmRNAexpression, andrs6314, which changes the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein and affects the signaling properties of the receptor. Multiple clinical associations support a role for theseSNPsin cognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes, although studies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain equivocal. Here, we tested transmission disequilibrium of rs6311 and rs6314 in a cohort of 158ASDtrios (simplex and multiplex), observing significant under‐transmission of the minor “A” allele of rs6311 to offspring withASD(permutedP = 0.0004). Consistent with our previous findings in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of unaffected individuals,rs6311/A decreases expression ofHTR2AmRNAwith an extended 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in the frontopolar cortex in brain samples from 54ASDpatients and controls. Interpreting the clinical results in the context of ourmRNAexpression analysis, we speculate that any risk associated with rs6311 is conferred by greater expression of the long 5′UTR mRNAisoform. The current study corroborates earlier associations betweenrs6311 andASDin a family study, supporting the hypothesis thatrs6311 plays a modulatory role inASDrisk.Autism Res2014, 7: 459–467.© 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.