bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E-tailer website attributes and trust: understanding the role of online reviews
Authors: Sebastianelli Rose , Tamimi Nabil
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an experimental study designed to better understand the role of online product reviews, both valence and volume, in the formation of initial online trust during a consumer’s exploratory stage with an e-tailer. This is done within the context of simultaneously varying e-tailer reputation and product type.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants take part in a conjoint task that involves viewing fictitious web pages and indicating their level of trust in using the site to purchase the product displayed. The web pages are developed by manipulating four attributes (e-tailer reputation, product type, summary product star rating and number of online reviews) according to a full factorial design. Conjoint models are estimated to determine the relative influence of each attribute on trust perceptions, the significance of selected two-way interactions among the four attributes, and potential moderating effects of varied prior online experiences, including previous usage frequency of online reviews.

Findings

Results reveal that e-tailer reputation has the greatest impact on initial trust perceptions, followed by the summary review star rating of the product. Significant two-way interactions show that a large number of reviews enhance the effect of a positive summary review on trust while shopping for high priced experience products diminishes the positive influence of e-tailer reputation. Prior online experiences moderate the relationship between these website attributes and perceived trust by interacting with the two strongest trust cues in the model. The effects of these attributes on trust perceptions are less for those with higher levels of prior online experiences.

Originality/value

The study uses conjoint analysis, which requires participants to implicitly “tradeoff” among website attributes in making overall judgments about e-tailer trustworthiness. Consequently, the relative influence of online reviews (both valence and volume) on initial trust perceptions is derived empirically in a realistic setting that involves online shopping contexts with different risk (by varying product type). Moreover, the authors are able to estimate interaction effects. A significant interaction between summary product star rating and number of reviews implies that online review volume may be more important to perceived e-tailer trustworthiness than earlier studies suggest.
The power of agentic women and SOURCES
Authors: Waring Scott M. , LaVallee Carol , Purdin Tammara
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline the SOURCES framework for teaching with primary sources and document why it is imperative that students utilize a variety of sources, as they become aware of the power of history and become more proficient at discussing, expressing, and persuasively defending opinions about various issues and topics from history. The focus of the inquiry investigations outlined is on the agentic power of women throughout the American history.

Design/methodology/approach

To initiate and cultivate historical thinking practices and working with primary sources with students at various levels of expertise, it is important to properly scaffold the learning process and allow opportunities for students to successfully build historical thinking skills. The lessons shared will demonstrate how teachers can enable students to interact with children’s literature, other resources, and to examine primary and secondary sources to think critically and historically.

Findings

Through the use of the SOURCES Framework, students are given the opportunity to learn about historical agents in an authentic manner and can find ways to serve as their own agents of change.

Social implications

Students need to understand that civic participation is a necessity of our American democracy and that women from the past and today have been and are continuing to encourage the legacy of civic participation. These women deserve to be heard and should be learned about in our social studies classroom today. Framing an inquiry about the agentic powers of women, using the SOURCES Framework, will encourage authentic inquiry, corroboration with different sources before making assertions, and the construction of evidence-based narratives. Ultimately, this will also inspire students to be their own advocates in their world around them and become active members in our greater society.

Originality/value

This is an original piece that documents how students can think historically, utilize sources, and think about their own agentic abilities. The SOURCES Framework has been utilized in a variety of ways and has been tested in grades K-16.
Know Thy Selfie: using contemporary art to teach adolescent identity exploration
Authors: Mead Sarah , Ellerbrock Cheryl R.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight how one high school psychology teacher helped students explore the concept of identity exploration and express their own personal identity through the use of contemporary art in a high school psychology course.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, techniques one high school teacher used for utilizing the visual arts to teach identity exploration in a high school psychology course are shared, including student discussion surrounding the visual analysis of contemporary artwork, thoughtful student application of developmental theories and the student production of original artwork to express one’s identity.

Findings

Students participating in the lesson engaged enthusiastically in the discussion of the use of selfies in contemporary art and demonstrated thoughtful reflection in the creation of their own selfies.

Research limitations/implications

Future research is needed to systematically investigate the effectiveness of incorporating contemporary art as a means of teaching identity exploration to adolescents as part of a high school psychology curriculum.

Practical implications

Adolescent exploration is a key feature of the adolescent experience and is part of the psychology curriculum at the high school level. Such courses afford students the unique opportunity to apply developmental theories and theories of identity exploration to recent occurrences in their lives. One possibility for teaching identity exploration is through the visual arts.

Originality/value

This lesson advances psychology instruction through the purposeful scaffolding of identity exploration as both content and process using contemporary art.
Abraham Lincoln’s historical representation in children’s literature and young adult trade books
Authors: Bickford John H.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

History-based trade books have an important and expanding role in various curricula. Contemporary education initiatives urge English and language arts educators to spend half their time on non-fiction and history and social studies teachers to include diverse sources starting in the early grades. Diverse professional organizations annually make financial commitments to promote new trade books. Research indicates misrepresentations abound in history-based trade books, yet few empirical studies have been completed. The purpose of this paper is to research examine the historical representation of Abraham Lincoln, arguably the most consequential nineteenth-century American.

Design/methodology/approach

Data samples included trade books intended for early grades and middle grades students. These grade ranges were selected because these students have the least prior knowledge and are perhaps most dependent on the text. Qualitative content analysis research methods were employed.

Findings

Misrepresentations emerged regarding Lincoln’s poverty, actions, motivations for actions, and implications of his actions as seemingly necessary historical content was minimized, vaguely included, or omitted. Findings are juxtaposed across and between selected grade ranges.

Practical implications

Discussion focused on the significance of findings for teachers and researchers. Teachers are guided to supplement trade books with primary sources to position students to distinguish historical misrepresentations.

Originality/value

This research builds on previous scholarship on Lincoln-based trade books by expanding grade range, data samples and research questions.
Process complexity as a future challenge – a quality management perspective
Authors: Kuhn Marlene , Schaefer Franziska , Otten Heiner
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to integrate process complexity as an object of analysis within effective quality management (QM).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper systematically analyzes different conceptions of complexity theory and characterizes process complexity from a QM perspective producing new insights how to address process complexity for continuous improvement.

Findings

The authors identified and specified four complexity characteristics, which we integrated in a holistic process complexity model (PCM). The author further developed the idea of internal and external process complexity and demonstrated that internal complexity needs to balance external complexity. Based on the PCM, internal process complexity can be analyzed and suitable management approaches can be selected, while conventional QM practices showed to be inefficient or even contra-productive when applied in the context of process complexity.

Research limitations/implications

This research is adapted to fit the needs of production processes. The PCM is designed from a QM perspective.

Practical implications

The developed model allows companies to specify and characterize process complexity in order to reflect on the appropriateness of their process management approaches. Furthermore, it gives an additional perspective on process analysis for tapping the full potential of process improvement programs.

Originality/value

This paper combines complexity theory with QM.
Maternal stress alters the phenotype of the mother, her eggs and her offspring in a wild‐caught lizard
Authors: Ensminger David C. , Langkilde Tracy , Owen Dustin A. S. , MacLeod Kirsty J. , Sheriff Michael J.
Published: August 2018

While biomedical researchers have long appreciated the influence of maternally derived glucocorticoids (GCs) on offspring phenotype, ecologists have only recently begun exploring its impact in wild animals. Interpreting biomedical findings within an ecological context has posited that maternal stress, mediated by elevations of maternal GCs, may play an adaptive role preparing offspring for a stressful or rigorous environment. Yet, the influence of maternal stress on offspring phenotype has been little studied in wild animals.

We experimentally elevated GCs to ecologically relevant levels (mimicking increases in maternal stress hormones following a nonlethal predator encounter, a heat challenge, or a chasing or confinement stressor) in female eastern fence lizards Sceloporus undulatus during gestation. We tested the hypothesis that maternally derived stress hormones themselves are sufficient to alter offspring phenotype. Specifically, we examined the effects of experimentally elevated maternal GCs on fitness‐relevant traits of the mother, her eggs and her subsequent offspring.

We found that daily maternal GC elevation: (a) increased maternal antipredator behaviours and postlaying glucose levels; (b) had no effect on egg morphology or caloric value, but altered yolk hormone (elevated GC) and nutrient content; and (c) altered offspring phenotype including stress‐relevant physiology, morphology and behaviour.

These findings reveal that maternally derived GCs alone can alter offspring phenotype in a wild animal, changes that may be mediated via maternal behaviour, and egg hormone and nutrient content. Understanding the ecological consequences of these effects under different environmental conditions will be critical for determining the adaptive significance of elevated maternal GCs for offspring.
The Acute Aphasia IMplementation Study (AAIMS): a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shrubsole Kirstine , Worrall Linda , Power Emma , O'Connor Denise A.
Published: August 2018

Background

Effective implementation strategies to improve speech and language therapists’ (SLTs) aphasia management practices are needed. Australian SLTs working in the acute setting have reported inconsistent implementation of post‐stroke aphasia guideline recommendations. Therefore, implementation efforts to address these gaps are necessary. However, little is known about the effectiveness of behaviour‐change strategies in SLTs providing acute aphasia management.

Aims

This study designed and tested the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of a tailored implementation strategy to improve acute SLTs’ uptake of evidence in two areas of practice: aphasia‐friendly information provision; and collaborative goal setting.

Methods & Procedures

A pilot cluster randomized controlled trial design was used (retrospective trial registration number ACTRN12618000170224). Four acute SLT teams were randomly assigned to receive either Intervention A (targeted at improving information provision) or Intervention B (targeted at improving collaborative goal setting), and were blinded to their allocation. Interventions were tailored to address known barriers and included a face‐to‐face workshop incorporating behaviour‐change techniques. Outcomes addressed the research questions of feasibility (e.g., treatment fidelity and retention of participants), acceptability (e.g., post‐study focus groups) and potential effectiveness (e.g., medical record audits and behaviour construct surveys). The quantitative data were recorded at baseline and 3–6‐month follow‐up, allowing for change scores to be calculated.

Outcomes & Results

All four clusters completed the study, with 37 SLTs participating. The majority of participants were female (36/37 = 97.3%), entry‐level clinicians (15/37 = 40.5%), with a mean age of 30 years. Medical record data from 107 patients were included (post‐intervention n = 61; information provision intervention n = 36, goal‐setting intervention n = 25). Overall, there was a significant improvement in the target behaviour for Intervention A (mean improvement 52.78%, p = 0.001), but a small non‐significant change in the target behaviour for Intervention B (8.46%, p = 0.406). There were potentially significant changes seen in several, but not all, of the domains targeted by the interventions (e.g., Knowledge (p = 0.014), Beliefs about Capabilities (p = 0.032), and Environmental Context and Resources (p = 0.000) for Intervention A).

Conclusions & Implications

This study showed that a tailored implementation intervention targeting acute SLTs’ aphasia management practices was feasible to deliver and acceptable for most participants. In addition, the interventions were potentially effective, particularly for the information provision behaviour targeted by Intervention A. It was possible partially to explain the mechanisms of behaviour change that occurred during the study.
Generating the perception of choice: the remarkable malleability of option‐listing
Authors: Toerien Merran , Reuber Markus , Shaw Rebecca , Duncan Roderick
Published: August 2018

The normative view that patients should be offered more choice both within and beyond theUK's National Health Service (NHS) has been increasingly endorsed. However, there is very little research on whether – and how – this is enacted in practice. Based on 223 recordings of neurology outpatient consultations and participants’ subsequent self‐reports, this article shows that ‘option‐listing’ is a key practice for generating the perception of choice. The evidence is two‐fold: first, we show that neurologists and patients overwhelmingly reported that choice was offered in those consultations where option‐listing was used; second, we demonstrate how option‐listing can be seen, in the interaction itself, to create a moment of choice for the patient. Surprisingly, however, we found that even when the patient resisted making the choice or the neurologist adapted the practice of option‐listing in ways that sought acceptance of the neurologist's own recommendation, participants still agreed that a choice had been offered. There was only one exception: despite the use of option‐listing, the patient reported having no choice, whereas the neurologist reported having offered a choice. We explore this deviant case in order to shed light on the limits of option‐listing as a mechanism for generating the perception of choice.
Everyday and unavoidable coproduction: exploring patient participation in the delivery of healthcare services
Authors: Baim‐Lance Abigail , Tietz Daniel , Lever Hazel , Swart Madeleine , Agins Bruce
Published: August 2018

The financial and capacity pressures facing healthcare systems call for new strategies to deliver high‐quality, efficient services. ‘Coproduction’ is a concept gaining recognition as an approach to create patient partnerships that enable better functioning healthcare systems. Yet, this framing obscures coproduction's ‘everyday and unavoidable’ character, already part of healthcare service delivery. This paper aims to understand these everyday and unavoidable dimensions of coproduced healthcare services by drawing upon thematic and process analyses of a 15‐month ethnography of 45 patients in three HIV clinics in New York. A ‘health practices’ approach guided exploring patients’ activities, their effects on clinical processes, and the conditions surrounding their performances. By constructing a typology of activity types – Building, Accepting, and Objecting – and tracing patients’ descriptions of activity performances, the paper shows how coproduction is forged by making and relying upon clinic‐based relationships, and for patients also with a broader human community. These dynamics reveal how patients’ bodily and temporal understandings are brought into and shape coproduced services. From these insights, we recommend that healthcare practitioners incorporate into their coproduction analytic methods and perspectives to engage patients as capable and aware individuals, who can support clinic efficiencies while producing new delivery possibilities.
Critically Assessing Estimated DSGE Models: A Case Study of a Multi‐sector Model
Authors: Liu Xianglong , Pagan Adrian R. , Robinson Tim
Published: August 2018

We describe methods for assessing estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. One involves the computation of alternative impulse responses from models constrained to have an identical likelihood and the same contemporaneous signs as responses in the DSGE model. Others ask how well the model matches the data‐generating process; whether there is weak identification; the consequences of including measurement error with growth rates of non‐stationary variables; and whether the model can reproduce features of the data that involve combinations of moments. The methods are applied to a large‐scale small‐open economy DSGE model, typical of those used at policy institutions.
Effects of Nonthermal Plasma Technology on Functional Food Components
Authors: Muhammad Aliyu Idris , Liao Xinyu , Cullen Patrick J. , Liu Donghong , Xiang Qisen , Wang Jun , Chen Shiguo , Ye Xingqian , Ding Tian
Published: August 2018

Understanding the impact of nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology on key nutritional and functional food components is of paramount importance for the successful adoption of the technology by industry. NTP technology (NTPT) has demonstrated marked antimicrobial efficacies with good retention of important physical, chemical, sensory, and nutritional parameters for an array of food products. This paper presents the influence of NTPT on selected functional food components with a focus on low‐molecular‐weight bioactive compounds and vitamins. We discuss the mechanisms of bioactive compound alteration by plasma‐reactive species and classify their influence on vitamins and their antioxidant capacities. The impact of NTP on specific bioactive compounds depends both on plasma properties and the food matrix. Induced changes are mainly associated with oxidative degradation and cleavage of double bonds in organic compounds. The effects reported to date are mainly time‐dependent increases in the concentrations of polyphenols, vitamin C, or increases in antioxidant activity. Also, improvement in the extraction efficiency of polyphenols is observed. The review highlights future research needs regarding the complex mechanisms of interaction with plasma species. NTP is a novel technology that can both negatively and positively affect the functional components in food.
Use of the Fractional Excretion of Urea in an Azotemic Nonoliguric State: Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Diskin James B , Walker Christopher Brandon , Oberle Michael D , Diskin Charles J
Published: August 2018

The fractional excretion of urea is a useful tool to evaluate renal function in oliguric states; however, it remains unexplored in nonoliguric states. We evaluated its use to predict responses in patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome. This was a prospective observational study of 116 patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome referred over a 4‐year period. Fractional excretion of urea and sodium, ejection fraction, mean arterial pressure, age, sex, diabetes, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), serum sodium and blood urea nitrogen were analyzed for effects upon serum creatinine and survival. Improvement of renal function correlated most significantly with FeUrea (P = 0.00001) followed by the FeNa (P = 0.005) but no other variable studied reached significance. Survival was best predicted by improvement of the serum creatinine at 24 h (P = 0.005) and 7 days after all inotropes were stopped (P = 0.001). A limitation of this study is that it cannot be extrapolated to all cardiorenal syndrome patients other than type 1. Also, the study was not randomized and those with potentially worse disease have had worse outcomes due merely to worse underlying disease. The success of the FeUrea may possibly be related to interference of dobutamine on creatinine levels. Despite being a nonoliguric state, the FeUrea appears to provide insight to those patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome whose renal function (as measured by serum creatinine) and survival might improve.
PRISON OFFICER LEGITIMACY, THEIR EXERCISE OF POWER, AND INMATE RULE BREAKING*
Authors: STEINER BENJAMIN , WOOLDREDGE JOHN
Published: August 2018

Prison officers are directly responsible for transmitting penal culture and prison policy to the confined, yet few studies of officers’ impact on inmate behavior have been conducted. We examined the effect of inmates’ perceptions of officer legitimacy on rule breaking within prisons, as well as the effects of officers’ reliance on different power bases on rates of rule breaking across prisons. The findings from bi‐level analyses of data from inmates and officers from 33 prisons revealed that inmates who held stronger views regarding officer legitimacy committed fewer nonviolent infractions but that perceived legitimacy did not affect the number of violent offenses inmates committed. We also examined a subsample of inmates encountered by officers for a rule violation and found no relationship between perceived legitimacy and subsequent rule breaking, although stronger perceptions of procedural justice related to the incident did directly and indirectly (through perceived legitimacy) coincide with lower odds of nonviolent misconduct. At the prison level, we found that prisons in which officers exercised their authority more lawfully and fairly (positional power) or by relying more on their skills and expertise (expert power) had lower rates of violent or nonviolent rule violations. Prisons in which officers relied more on coercion had higher levels of nonviolent infractions.
Study of the Interactions Occurring During the Encapsulation of Sesamol within Casein Micelles Reformed from Sodium Caseinate Solutions
Authors: Santos Basurto Manuel A. , Cardador Martínez Anaberta , Castaño Tostado Eduardo , Bah Moustapha , Reynoso Camacho Rosalía , Amaya Llano Silvia L.
Published: August 2018

A casein micelle is a natural structure found in milk, based on the association between individual caseins and colloidal calcium phosphate, which can be used as vehicle for the encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds. In this project the capacity of micelles to encapsulate sesamol, a powerful antioxidant present in roasted sesame seeds, was evaluated. The micelles were reformed from sodium caseinate solutions at 2% or 5% (w/v) concentration, and then 1 or 2 mg/mL sesamol were added. A significant increase on the encapsulation efficiency was observed as caseinate concentration increased, going from 28% to 35% of sesamol encapsulated, while the encapsulation yield was greater in all cases for micelles from solutions with lower caseinate concentration. The average size of micelles ranged from 150 to 165 nm with an average zeta potential of −27.3 ± 1.86 mV. FTIR and fluorescence analysis confirm interactions within the casein chains and sesamol molecules with a bathochromic shift which suggests a predominant hydrophilic nature of such interactions. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed that denaturation enthalpy tended to decrease as sesamol concentration increased, suggesting that sesamol molecules may be displacing the water molecules associated with the casein chains, reinforcing the idea of predominant hydrophilic interactions. Based on the results from encapsulation efficiency, it is estimated that about 7 g of casein micelles reformed from 2% (w/v) caseinate solutions with 2 mg/mL of added sesamol may provide the recommended daily dose and may be useful for the development of new functional food products.

Practical Applications

The development of a nanodelivery system for different bioactives will allow the enrichment of foods and drinks to develop new functional products that will satisfy consumers’ demands. Additionally, the study of interactions between these molecules will allow us to understand how sesamol is being incorporated within the reformed micelles and how this process can even be improved.
Ethnographic Accounting Research: Field Notes from the Frontier
Authors: Kalyta Pavlo , Malsch Bertrand
Published: August 2018

Ethnographic fieldwork in accounting is scarce and remains a “frontier” methodology, unfamiliar to most accounting researchers. Building on our field research project on corporate accountability and stakeholder engagement, set in the Canadian Arctic, we illustrate in this article the use and explanatory power of ethnographic methods for studying social groups and individual actors in the broader accounting universe. We share our fieldwork strategies and provide a few practical tips for conducting ethnographic research in both corporate and community environments. We then argue that ethnographies provide accounting researchers with untapped opportunities to discover vast reservoirs of knowledge inaccessible to other research methods, and offer a path to humanize accounting research.
Current Trends within Social and Environmental Accounting Research: A Literature Review
Authors: Chung Jieun , Cho Charles H.
Published: August 2018

Given the recent rise in the evolution and maturity of social and environmental accounting (SEA) research and scholarship, we provide a literature review of the current trends within this area in a concise and harmonized manner for a wider audience in academia and practice. More specifically, we visit the current state of scholarly work, which can be useful in facilitating future research questions and further development of SEA research associated with relations between corporate social performance (CSP), corporate social disclosure (CSD), and corporate financial performance (CFP). Our goal is to offer insights to the current state of SEA research that is informative to both novice and expert SEA scholars, with the hope to promote and stimulate further advancement of research in this particular area. Drawing knowledge from relevant disciplines such as accounting, management, finance, and economics, this article visits the current trends within SEA research in terms of definition, research topics, theoretical viewpoints, methodological approaches, as well as suggestions for future research.
The Effect of Environmental Risk on the Efficiency of Negotiated Transfer Prices
Authors: Arnold Markus C. , Gillenkirch Robert M. , Hannan R. Lynn
Published: August 2018

This study investigates whether environmental risk affects the efficiency of negotiated transfer prices. We analyze a setting where the buyer faces environmental risk but the seller does not. From the risk‐neutral firm's perspective, the transfer should be made in our setting because the expected value of the buyer's profit is greater than the certain opportunity cost of the seller from the transfer. We develop hypotheses to predict that, as environmental risk increases, it becomes more difficult for buyers and sellers to reach agreement. Such difficulty reduces efficiency in terms of both firm profit and negotiation time. We test our hypotheses via an experiment in which buyer and seller dyads negotiate over the transfer of a resource at six levels of environmental risk. Results show that, as predicted, environmental risk decreases efficiency. Specifically, as environmental risk increases, the frequency of agreement decreases, thereby reducing expected firm profit. Further, environmental risk increases negotiation time for those dyads that are able to reach an agreement. Data suggest that the cause of the decreased efficiency is that buyers and sellers use different reference points for determining a fair transfer price and environmental risk exacerbates the effects of such differences.
Information‐Processing Costs and Breadth of Ownership
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Bon , Li Bing , Liu Zhenbin
Published: August 2018

Using the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's mandate of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) as a natural experiment, this study investigates whether and how the decreased information‐processing costs brought about by XBRL influence firms’ breadth of share ownership. We find that the XBRL mandate is associated with an increase in the total number of a firm's shareholders. This finding is consistent with the notion that XBRL facilitates a more transparent environment and decreases information‐processing costs, thereby attracting more shareholders in general. More interestingly, we find that while XBRL adoption is associated with an increase in share ownership of individual and non‐U.S. foreign institutional investors, it is associated with a decrease in share ownership of U.S. domestic institutional investors. Further evidence shows that this asymmetric shift in share ownership is more pronounced for more complex firms. Our findings, taken together, suggest that the decreased information‐processing costs brought about by XBRL help firms establish a level playing field by reducing the information disadvantages of individual and foreign institutional investors over domestic institutional investors. Our results are robust to potential endogeneity concerns and alternative research designs.
A generic remote sensing approach to derive operational essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) for conservation planning
Authors: Alleaume Samuel , Dusseux Pauline , Thierion Vincent , Commagnac Loïc , Laventure Sylvio , Lang Marc , Féret Jean‐Baptiste , Hubert‐Moy Laurence , Luque Sandra
Published: August 2018

The open access availability of satellite images from new sensors characterized by various spatial and temporal resolutions provides new challenges and possibilities for biodiversity conservation. Methodologies aiming at characterizing vegetation type, phenology, and function can now benefit from metric spatial resolution imagery combined with an improved revisit capability. Here, we test hybrid methods and data fusion, using very high spatial resolution (VHSR) sensors in different complex landscapes encompassing three French biogeographical regions.

The methodological approach presented herein has a generic value in response to national conservation targets based on the concept of essential biodiversity variables accessed by remote sensing (RS‐enabled EBVs). We focused on deriving five RS‐enabled EBVs from natural and seminatural open ecosystems: (1) ecosystem distribution, (2) land cover, (3) heterogeneity, (4) primary productivity and (5) vegetation phenology. The challenge was to develop a method that would be technically feasible, economically viable, and sustainable in time.

We demonstrated that it is possible to derive key parameters required to develop a set of EBVs from remote sensing (RS) data. The combined use of remote sensing data sources with various spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions is essential to obtain different indicators of natural habitats.

One major current challenge for an improved contribution of RS to conservation is to strengthen multiple collaborative frameworks among remote sensing scientists, conservation biologists, and ecologists in order to increase the efficiency of methodological exchange and draw benefits for successful conservation planning strategies.
10 years on
Authors: JACOBIDES MICHAEL G , PORTES RICHARD
Published: August 2018

It is now a decade since the onset of the great financial crisis. We ask Michael G Jacobides and Richard Portes: What have we learnt – and could it happen again?
Research summaries: inclusion and diversity
Authors: BRANDS RAINA , INESI ENA , CABLE DAN , PILLUTLA MADAN , LEE MARGARET , NICHOLSON NIGEL , CHANDY RAJESH , RATTAN ANEETA
Published: August 2018

New studies by LBS experts reveal startling findings in workplace behaviour and attitudes – with major implications for organisations
Mitigating the Harshness of FCPA Enforcement Through a Qualifying Good‐Faith Compliance Defense
Authors: Salbu Steven R.
Published: August 2018

In recent years, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have enforced the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) with increasing rigor. These zealous enforcement practices have been criticized for putting excessive pressure on companies to settle, often through nonprosecution or deferred prosecution agreements. The resulting proliferation of such settlements has created a dearth of case law interpreting the statute, resulting in legal ambiguity that reinforces pressures on companies to continue to settle rather than litigate, as uncertainty of the law adds to risk. This dynamic is exacerbated by the broad vicarious liability that firms face for the wrongdoing of individual actors. Given the need for government to enlist business as a partner in any effective battle against global corruption, the current highly adversarial relationship between enforcement agencies and firms is unreasonable and counterproductive. The law and its enforcement agencies should go further in providing incentives for businesses to develop and implement strong good‐faith FCPA compliance programs. They should establish standards for rigorous compliance programs that would provide qualifying companies with a defense against entity liability for the corrupt behavior of individuals. Creation of a qualifying good‐faith compliance program defense would help to prevent future FCPA violations, to recruit companies as partners in fighting corruption, to encourage ethics‐oriented corporate cultures, and to encourage upstanding firms to do business in regimes where rectitude is most needed.
Sex Differences in Motivation to Self‐Administer Alcohol After 2 Weeks of Abstinence in Young‐Adult Heavy Drinkers
Authors: Plawecki Martin Henry , White Kurt , Kosobud Ann E. K. , Grahame Nicholas , Zimmermann Ulrich S. , Crabb David , O'Connor Sean
Published: August 2018

Background

Studies in animal models document that forced abstinence from usual consumption of alcohol changes subsequent seeking and consumption, with increases or decreases depending on the species, duration of abstinence, number of deprivations, and sex. Human laboratory‐based alcohol deprivation studies are rare.

Methods

We conducted a 2‐session, within‐participant, randomized‐order comparison of intravenous, progressive ratio, alcohol self‐administration during 2.5 hours of progressive work for alcohol and/or vehicle; once while the participants pursued their usual drinking habits and once after 2 weeks of closely monitored, voluntary outpatient abstinence from alcohol. The schedule of work for rewards and the incremental increases in breath alcohol concentration following completion of an alcohol work‐set were identical across participants. Fifty young‐adult (27 men), heavy‐drinking participants completed both sessions. Our primary hypothesis was that motivation to work for alcohol after 2 weeks of abstinence would be greater in participants with a weekly binge pattern of drinking, compared to those who regularly drink heavily, and we intended to explore associations with biological family history of alcoholism and sex.

Results

We detected no change in work for alcohol associated with recent drinking history. However, females, on average, increased their work for alcohol upon resumption after 2 weeks of abstinence (mean ± SEM = +16.3 ± 9.6%), while males decreased that work (−24.8 ± 13.8%). The sex difference was substantial and significant (p < 0.03), with a medium effect size (Cohen'sd = 0.63).

Conclusions

We believe a more comprehensive study of mechanisms underlying the sex differences in the human postabstinence response is warranted.
Refuge as major habitat driver for wolf presence in human‐modified landscapes
Authors: Grilo C. , Lucas P. M. , Fernández‐Gil A. , Seara M. , Costa G. , Roque S. , Rio‐Maior H. , Nakamura M. , Álvares F. , Petrucci‐Fonseca F. , Revilla E.
Published: August 2018

Despite severe population declines and an overall range contraction, some populations of large carnivores have managed to survive in human‐modified landscapes. From a conservation perspective, it is important to identify the factors allowing for this coexistence, including the relevant habitat characteristics associated with the presence of large carnivores. We evaluated the role of several environmental factors describing habitat quality for wolves Canis lupus in the humanised Iberian Peninsula, which currently holds an important wolf population at European level. We used maximum entropy and generalized linear model approaches in a nested‐scale design to identify the environmental factors that are related to wolf presence at three spatial scales and resolutions: (1) distribution range: wolf presence on a 10 × 10 km grid resolution, (2) wolf habitat use: wolf occurrence on a 2 × 2 km grid and (3) dens/rendezvous sites: breeding locations on a 1 × 1 km grid. Refuge availability, as defined by topography, seemed to be the key factor determining wolf presence at the multiple scales analysed. As a result, wolf populations may coexist with humans in modified landscapes when the topography is complex. We found that a significant amount of favourable habitat is not currently occupied, suggesting that the availability of suitable habitat is not the limiting factor for wolves in the Iberian Peninsula. Habitat suitability outside the current range indicates that other factors, such as direct persecution and other sources of anthropogenic mortality, may be hampering its expansion. We suggest that priorities for conservation should follow two general lines: (1) protect good quality habitat within the current range; and (2) allow dispersal to unoccupied areas of good quality habitat by reducing human‐induced mortality rates. Finally, we still need to improve our understanding of how wolves coexist with humans in modified landscapes at fine spatiotemporal scales, including its relationship with infrastructures, land uses and direct human presence.
Assessment of global polar bear abundance and vulnerability
Authors: Hamilton S. G. , Derocher A. E.
Published: August 2018

Estimates of abundance and trend are central to assessing population status; yet, are often challenging to obtain or unavailable, suffer from wide confidence intervals and may be collected at irregular intervals. Polar bearsUrsus maritimushave become an iconic species for climate change, yet information on abundance and status for significant parts of their range is unknown. We examine the existing information on subpopulation abundance of polar bears across their range to assess past monitoring. We model the relationship between subpopulation densities and ecological parameters including latitude, continental shelf habitat, prey diversity, sea ice extent and the length of the ice‐free season. Of the 19 subpopulations across the circumpolar Arctic, 14 have estimates (range: 161–2826 bears). Excluding three subpopulations that were regularly monitored, the mean interval between consecutive estimates was 10.9 years (range: 1–36 years), with only six subpopulations having estimates <10 years old. Subpopulation density estimates ranged from 0.57 to 9.30 bears per km2with a mean of 2.36 bears per 1000 km2and a median of 1.71 bears per 1000 km2. Our regression analysis found prey diversity as the only significant correlate with polar bear density. Based on this relationship, we estimate the global population at 23 315 bears (range: 15 972–31 212). An assessment of each subpopulation's vulnerability to climate change based on subpopulation size, amount of continental shelf habitat, prey diversity and changing ice conditions indicates that the Southern Beaufort Sea, Northern Beaufort Sea and Arctic Basin subpopulations are the most vulnerable followed by the Laptev Sea and Viscount Melville Sound subpopulations. With ongoing Arctic warming and the deleterious effects of sea ice loss on polar bears, we recommend that subpopulation assessments be conducted with greater frequency and in subpopulations lacking abundance estimates such that meaningful subpopulation monitoring can proceed.
Trigeminal neuropathic pain: Evidence of central changes from human brain imaging investigations
Authors: Henderson Luke A.
Published: August 2018

Chronic neuropathic pain imposes enormous economic and social burden on Australia and can occur following relatively minor surgical procedures. The precise mechanisms that result in one individual developing chronic pain and another individual not, following seemingly identical surgical procedures, remain unknown. However, over the past few decades, numerous preclinical and human brain imaging studies have begun to reveal possible mechanisms responsible for the development of neuropathic pain following nerve injury. In this review, the latest human brain imaging results are canvassed and an overall series of events that might occur following nerve injury and how these events may lead to the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain is outlined.
Medical, pharmacological and neurosurgical perspectives on trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Dexter Mark , Aggarwal Arun
Published: August 2018

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal cranial nerve. The typical or ‘classic’ form of the disorder (called ‘Type 1’ or TN1) causes sudden electric‐shock‐like pain that lasts anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes. These attacks can last up to 2 h. There can be months or years between attacks, but in some patients, pain is not well controlled and can lead to a chronic pain syndrome. The ‘atypical’ form of the disorder (called ‘Type 2’ or TN2), is characterised by constant rather than intermittent aching, burning, stabbing pain.
Cell‐based therapies and natural compounds for pain
Authors: Shparberg Rachel , Vickers Edward R.
Published: August 2018

Cell‐based therapies and natural compounds are increasingly being acknowledged for their potential roles in managing a variety of conditions, including pain. Stem cells have gained attention over the years for their contribution to our understanding of normal and abnormal physiology, their capacity to assist in efficient drug design and screening and their role in regenerative medicine. This chapter will review our current understanding of the complex pathophysiology of pain using adult, embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells as models. In addition, this chapter outlines several natural compounds that are used in the treatment of neuropathic pain, with a focus on evidence‐based information of the polyphenols, polyamines and endocannabinoids derived from plants and food sources. Advantages of these compounds are the higher margins of safety, low incidence of side effects. Recent evidence shows several polyphenols can induce differentiation of healthy stem cells yet inhibit cancer stem cells.
Pulp microenvironment and mechanisms of pain arising from the dental pulp: From an endodontic perspective
Authors: Yu Christine Y. , Abbott Paul V.
Published: August 2018

The dental pulp has a rich microvasculature and a dense innervation to maintain homoeostasis of the pulp microenvironment and to preserve the integrity of the pulpo‐dentine complex. In a hostile oral environment, the dental pulp is equipped with its neurovascular and cellular mechanisms to face the challenges of bacteria, trauma and functions, despite its lack of collateral blood supply and its low‐compliance microenvironment. Dentine sensitivity and inflammatory pain are the two mechanisms involved in pain arising from the dental pulp and they are mediated by different types of pulp nerve fibres with their own characteristics. Clinicians are often faced with patients who have toothaches that are elusive and evade accurate diagnosis. This review aims to help clinicians gain insights into the dynamic interaction of the pulp nerves, microvasculature and cells in the pulp microenvironment, and to offer clinicians valuable aids in understanding the mechanisms that cause and modulate pain arising from the dental pulp. Various connections are made between biological science and clinical scenarios in relation to diagnosis of painful pulp conditions.
Neuropathic pain: Diagnosis and treatment from the dental clinic to the multidisciplinary pain clinic
Authors: Delcanho Robert , Peck Chris
Published: August 2018

An understanding of the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and evidence‐based management of the various neuropathic orofacial pain conditions is particularly important for dental practitioners, as these conditions may present as, and are frequently misdiagnosed as being of dental origin. This may lead to inappropriate, invasive, irreversible, and potentially pain aggravating dental treatment. A consistent approach to assessment and management of neuropathic pain is essential to better understand the burden of this disease and determine, through research, whether or not management strategies are effective. Importantly, this consistency provides a common language for health practitioners, patients, researchers, funding bodies, policy makers and other groups involved directly or indirectly in pain management.