bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteomic Profiling of Primary Breast Cancer Predicts Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis
Authors: Nakagawa Taku , Huang Sharon K. , Martinez Steve R. , Tran Andy N. , Elashoff David , Ye Xing , Turner Roderick R. , Giuliano Armando E. , Hoon Dave S.B.
Published: December 2006

To determine if protein expression in primary breast cancers can predict axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis, we assessed differences in protein expression between primary breast cancers with and without ALN metastasis using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). Laser capture microdissection was performed on invasive breast cancer frozen sections from 65 patients undergoing resection with sentinel lymph node (SLN) or level I and II ALN dissection. Isolated proteins from these tumors were applied to immobilized metal affinity capture (IMAC-3) ProteinChip arrays and analyzed by SELDI-TOF-MS to generate unique protein profiles. Correlations between unique protein peaks and histologically confirmed ALN status and other known clinicopathologic factors were examined using ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression. Two metal-binding polypeptides at 4,871 and 8,596 Da were identified as significant risk factors for nodal metastasis (P = 0.034 and 0.015, respectively) in a multivariate analysis. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) was the only clinicopathologic factor predictive of ALN metastasis (P = 0.0038). In a logistic regression model combining the 4,871 and 8,596 Da peaks with LVI, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.87. Compared with patients with negative ALN, those with ≥2 positive ALN or non-SLN metastases were significantly more likely to have an increased peak at 4,871 Da (P = 0.016 and 0.0083, respectively). ProteinChip array analysis identified differential protein peaks in primary breast cancers that predict the presence and number of ALN metastases and non-SLN status. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11825-30)
Up-regulation of GPR48 Induced by Down-regulation of p27Kip1 Enhances Carcinoma Cell Invasiveness and Metastasis
Authors: Gao Yun , Kitagawa Kyoko , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Isobe Tomoyasu , Shimada Mai , Uchida Chiharu , Hattori Takayuki , Oda Toshiaki , Nakayama Keiko , Nakayama Keiichi I. , Tanaka Tatsuo , Konno Hiroyuki , Kitagawa Masatoshi
Published: December 2006

A reduced expression level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is associated with increased tumor malignancy and poor prognosis in individuals with various types of cancer. To investigate the basis for this relation, we applied microarray analysis to screen for genes differentially expressed between p27+/− and parental (p27+/+) HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells. Expression of the gene for G protein–coupled receptor 48 (GPR48) was increased in the p27+/− cells. Forced expression of GPR48 increased both in vitro invasive activity and lung metastasis potency of HCT116 cells. In contrast, depletion of endogenous GPR48 by RNA interference reduced the invasive potential of HeLa and Lewis lung carcinoma cells not only in vitro but also in vivo. Moreover, GPR48 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and inversely correlated with p27 expression in human colon carcinomas. GPR48 may thus play an important role in invasiveness and metastasis of carcinoma and might therefore represent a potential prognostic marker or therapeutic target. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11623-31)
Architectural Languages, Functions, and Spaces: The Crown of Castile and Al-Andalus
Authors: Ruiz Souza Juan Carlos
Published: December 2006

Since 1859, when Rodrigo Amador de los Ríos gave his speech “El estilo mudéjar en la arquitectura” at the Fine Arts Academy of San Fernando, the study of medieval Spanish art has been marked by the notion of the mudejar. Through it, Spain found a style and the basis of an identity that set it apart from other European countries. Mudejar became the name for every work that showed some indication of Islamic influence: buildings constructed with traditional techniques and materials, yet with some decorative element of Andalusian origin or simply buildings that contained a mudejar name in the list of those supervising their construction. In this essay, the influence of Islamic architecture in Christian territories is approached from a diVerent angle. Buildings are considered primarily spaces created for certain functions and secondarily representatives of a style or technique. Islamic styles were copied by Christians to very diVerent degrees. In some cases, completely, as in certain royal or noble palaces. In other cases, such as the façades of many Wfteenth-century city buildings or funerary chapels, Islamic spaces were appropriated and refashioned in Gothic style.
Medium-Range, Monthly, and Seasonal Prediction for Europe and the Use of Forecast Information
Authors: Rodwell Mark J. , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J.
Published: December 2006

Operational probabilistic (ensemble) forecasts made at ECMWF during the European summer heat wave of 2003 indicate significant skill on medium (3–10 day) and monthly (10–30 day) time scales. A more general “unified” analysis of many medium-range, monthly, and seasonal forecasts confirms a high degree of probabilistic forecast skill for European temperatures over the first month. The unified analysis also identifies seasonal predictability for Europe, which is not yet realized in seasonal forecasts. Interestingly, the initial atmospheric state appears to be important even for month 2 of a coupled forecast.

Seasonal coupled model forecasts capture the general level of observed European deterministic predictability associated with the persistence of anomalies. A review is made of the possibilities to improve seasonal forecasts. This includes multimodel and probabilistic techniques and the potential for “windows of opportunity” where better representation of the effects of boundary conditions (e.g., sea surface temperature and soil moisture) may improve forecasts. “Perfect coupled model” potential predictability estimates are sensitive to the coupled model used and so it is not yet possible to estimate ultimate levels of seasonal predictability.

The impact of forecast information on different users with different mitigation strategies (i.e., ways of coping with a weather or climate event) is investigated. The importance of using forecast information to reduce volatility as well as reducing the expected expense is highlighted. The possibility that weather forecasts can affect the cost of mitigating actions is considered. The simplified analysis leads to different conclusions about the usefulness of forecasts that could guide decisions about the development of “end-to-end” (forecast-to-user decision) systems.
Hemispheric Insolation Forcing of the Indian Ocean and Asian Monsoon: Local versus Remote Impacts*
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Liu Zhengyu , Kutzbach John E. , Clemens Steven C. , Prell Warren L.
Published: December 2006

Insolation forcing related to the earth’s orbital parameters is known to play an important role in regulating variations of the South Asian monsoon on geological time scales. The influence of insolation forcing on the Indian Ocean and Asian monsoon is studied in this paper by isolating the Northern and Southern Hemispheric insolation changes in several numerical experiments with a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. The focus is on the response of South Asian summer rainfall (monsoon strength) with emphasis on impacts of the local versus remote forcing and possible mechanisms. The model results show that both Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer insolation changes affect the Indian Ocean and Asian monsoon as a local forcing (in the same hemisphere), but only the SH changes result in remote (in the other hemisphere) forcing. The NH insolation change has a local and immediate impact on NH summer monsoons from North Africa to South and East Asia, while the SH insolation change has a remote and seasonal-scale delayed effect on the South Asian summer monsoon rainfall. When the SH insolation is increased from December to April, the sea surface temperature (SST) in the southern tropical Indian Ocean remains high from January to July. The increased SST produces more atmospheric precipitable water over the southern tropical Indian Ocean by promoting evaporation from the ocean. The enhanced precipitable water over the southern Indian Ocean is transported northward to the South Asian monsoon region by the lower-tropospheric mean cross-equatorial flows with the onset of the Asian monsoon increasing precipitable water over South Asia, eventually leading to the increase of Indian summer monsoon precipitation. Thus, these model experiments, while idealized and not fully representing actual orbitally forced insolation changes, confirm the broadscale response of northern monsoons to NH summer insolation increases and also illustrate how SH summer insolation increases can have a delayed influence on the Indian summer monsoon.
On a new method for studying the optical properties of crystals
Authors: Sorby Henry Clifton
Published: December 2006

Before treating of the subject before me, I must describe its history. At a soirée of the Royal Society on April 25, 1877, I showed a number of specimens illustrating a new class of optical properties, applicable to the identification of minerals. These greatly interested the late Sir G. G. Stokes, Bart., and led to a considerable amount of correspondence between us ; and he communicated a paper to the Royal Society on the mathematical part of the subject, and I sent a short one on my apparatus and observations. This was admitted to be very imperfect, since the crystals examined, though showing the general facts perfectly well, had not been cut so as to be suitable for such quantitative measurements as could be compared with Stokes's theoretical determinations.
On a Meteoric Stone from Simondium, Cape Colony
Authors: Prior G. T.
Published: December 2006

In October 1907 two mineral-specimens were sent for investigation to the Mineral Department of the British Museum by Mr R. T. Hancock, of Cardiff, who had brought them back from South Africa. On examination they proved to contain patches of olivine and troilite and particles of nickeliferous iron, and appeared therefore to be of meteoric origin. According to Mr. Hancock two ‘boulders’ of similar material had been found, 100 yards apart and a foot below the surface, in gravel near Simondium Station on the Paarl to French Hock line, Cape Colony. These ‘boulders’, which were as much as a foot in diameter, were broken up into small fragments by the finders, who supposed the bright particles of metallic iron exposed on the fractured surfaces to be silver.
On the structure and composition of the Chandakapur meteoric stone
Authors: Bowman H. L. , Clarke H. E.
Published: December 2006

Among the chief treasures of the University Museum is a large piece of the meteoric stone which fell at or near Chandakapur in the valley of Berar, India, on June 6, 1838. The specimen has been for many years in the collection, but there seems to be no record of its acquisition or previous history. The weight was formerly 3329.5 grams, but the stone was cut in two in 1899 and a portion exchanged with the late Mr. J. R. Gregory for a number of representative specimens of meteorites. A series of five thin sections were prepared at the same time, and about five grams of fragments remained, which have been used for the analysis described below.
Hoba (South-West Africa), the largest known meteorite
Authors: Spencer L. J.
Published: December 2006

In 1910 in volume 15 of this Magazine I was able to place on record some details respecting the 'Cullinan' diamond from South Africa, the largest crystal of diamond yet found. I have now been able to collect some information about the largest known meteorite. The facts concerning remarkable obiects such as these are apt to become exaggerated and distorted, and it is well to place on record the true and accurate data while they can still be ascertained.
A new meteoric stone from Suwahib, Arabia
Authors: Campbell Smith W.
Published: December 2006

Starting in December 1930, Mr. Bertram Thomas made the crossing of the Rub' al Khali, the desert region of Arabia lying between the mountains of the south coast and the Persian Gulf. Never before had this desert been crossed by any European, and probably rarely even by Arabs. The material collected on this expedition has been presented by Mr. Thomas for preservation in the British Museum.
On bultfonteinite, a new fluorine-bearing hydrous calcium silicate from South Africa.
Authors: Parry John , Williams Alpiieus F. , Wright F. E.
Published: December 2006

This new mineral was first found by a miner named Cann in 1903 or 1904 on the 480-foot level of the Bultfontein mine at Kimberley. It occurred, associated with calcite, apophyllite, and natrolite, in a large ‘horse’ of dolerite and shale fragments enclosed in kimberlite. This huge inclusion, several hundred feet in height, undoubtedly formed part of the country-rock that now encloses the kimberlite pipe. The Specimens of the new mineral were considered to be natrolite and were presented to Mr. A. F. Williams. Several years later the same mineral was found by Mr. C. E. Adams in the Dutoitspan mine, which is located about half a mile from the Bultfontein mine; he presented his specimens to the MacGregor Museum at Kimberley. Recently, Mr. Miller, Underground Manager of the Jagersfontein mine in Orange River Colony, discovered the new mineral in that mine, which is located 100 miles south-east of Kimberley.
Studies on the zeolites. Part IV. Ashcroftine (kalithomsonite of S. G. Gordon)
Authors: Hey Max H. , Bannister F. A.
Published: December 2006

In 1924 S. G. Gordon described as a variety of thomsonite a pink zeolitic mineral occurring as a fine crystalline powder in cavities of augite-syenite at Narsarsuk, Greenland. The material was described as orthorhombie, with two good cleavages a(100) and b(010) and a less perfect one c(001) ; no other faces were observed on the minute prismatic crystals. The refractive indices Gordon measured as ± 1.535, ² 1.537, ³ 1.545, with the optic orientation a = b, ² = ±, ³ = c, and optic sign positive. Analysis gave the figures under I (p. 307), and as these agree with the composition to be expected for a potassiferous thomsonite, apart from the high water content, Gordon regarded it as such, and gave it the varietal name kalithomsonite.
Meteoric stones from Suwahib, Arabia
Authors: Campbell Smith W.
Published: December 2006

A meteoric stone found in 1931 by Mr. Bertram Thomas at Buwah (lat. 20° 3ʹ 10ʺ N., long. 51° 25ʹ E.) in the region of Suwahib in the Rub' al Khali, Arabia, has already been described in this Magazine. In 1932, Mr. H. St. J. B. Philby, travelling on a route some miles to the west of that followed by Mr. Bertram Thomas, picked up meteoric stones at three other places. Two of these are between 25 and 30 miles to the west of Buwah, and the third, Umm Tina, 3 miles north of Shanna, lies about 70 miles to the south.
Biographical notices of mineralogists recently deceased. (Fifth series.)
Authors: Spencer L. J.
Published: December 2006

In the following list of 41 lives, with a range in ages from 45 to 94 years, the average age is 70.7 years. Including previous lists, the average of 424 lives is 65.4 years. As shown in the following table there has been a gradual increase in this average during past years.
The dehydration of thomsonite
Authors: Mourant A. E.
Published: December 2006

The dehydration of thomsonite has recently been studied by Mr. M. H. Hey. The work here described was carried out in the Mineralogy Department at Oxford in the years 1925 and 1926. At the suggestion of Mr. Hey the results, though inconclusive by themselves, are now published for comparison with his own, which were mostly obtained by a different method.
The determination of rock constituents by semi-micro-methods
Authors: Guthrie Winifred C. A. , C. Miller Christina
Published: December 2006

The accurate analysis of an igneous silicate rock is a task beset with difficulties and one which, on account of the very complete analyses now required by petrologists, involves the expenditure of a considerable amount of time. The advantages which accrue from the performance of quantitative analytical operations on the micro-scale are becoming more and more apparent, and the application of at least semi-micro-analytical methods to rocks was thought to have profitable possibilities, particularly in the way of hastening the analyses.
Progressive metasomatism in the flint nodules of the Scawt Hill contact-zone
Authors: Tilley C. E. , Alderman A. R.
Published: December 2006

In describing the chief assemblages of the Scawt Hill contact-zone in Co. Antrim brief reference was made to the occurrence of wollastonite and xonotlite associated with the flint nodules of the contact-altered chalk. A more detailed examination of these nodules has now been made and the study of a large number of examples has revealed an interesting group of mineral assemblages which have developed by a progressive metasomatism of these siliceous bodies.
On zoned associations of antigorite, talc, actinolite, chlorite, and biotite in Unst, Shetland Islands.
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: December 2006

During my mapping for the Geological Survey in 1930 of the metamorphic rocks of western Unst, numerous small masses were encountered that were composed of a central part of talc followed outwards in order by zones of actinolite, chlorite, and biotite. Whilst revisiting the island in 1933 I was able to examine these associations in detail and to collect abundant material for study. As in many cases the zones are made up of a single mineral and may be a foot or so in thickness, specimens of great beauty are obtainable.
Berthierite from Kisbánya, Carpathians
Authors: Zsivny Victor , Zombory László
Published: December 2006

The mineral berthierite has hitherto been known from two localities in the region of the Carpathian Mountains. It was first recorded by A. Löwe in 1847 from Aranyidka in the Hungarian comitat Abauj-Torna, where it occurred' massive and disseminated, columnar and fibrous, with jamesonite and stibnite'. Much later, about 1908, J. Krenner recognized it from Felsőbánya in the Hungarian comitat Szatmár but his paper describing it, which was read before the Hungarian Academy of Sciences on October 19, 1908, was not published until after his death.
The crystal-structure and optical properties of matlockite (PbFCl)
Authors: Bannister F. A.
Published: December 2006

It has recently been shown by W. Nieuwenkamp that matlockite is identical in chemical composition and crystal-structure with artificial lead fluochloride PbFC1. His conclusion is based upon powder photographs of the two substances and a fluorine determination of a specimen of matlockite from Matlock, Derbyshire. The present work was undertaken primarily to check Nieuwenkamp's interesting results. Access to an exceptionally fine suite of matlockite specimens in the British Museum collection made possible single crystal X-ray measurements, accurate optical determinations, and a new chemical analysis.
Calc-silicate skarn veins in the limestone of Lough Anure, Co. Donegal
Authors: Pitcher Wallace Spencer
Published: December 2006

A remarkable series of wollastonite-garnet-idocrase veins occurs in the limestone quarries of Lough Anure in the Thorr area of Donegal. This locality lies on the extreme south of the one-inch Geological Survey of Ireland Sheet no. 9, and on the six-inch O.S. Sheet no. 41. S.E. In this area large isolated relics of Dalradian sediments are surrounded by a quartz-diorite which is highly modified at the contacts. This complex is intruded by an alkali-granite. The relict masses may be roof pendants or enclosures, and they are certainly structurally related to one another. It is the purpose of the present paper to describe the mineralization of one particular set of veins in a limestone forming part of one of the masses and exposed in two quarries about 300 yards SW. of the Lough Anure Technical School.
A method to determine the indicatrix of small crystals
Authors: Joel N.
Published: December 2006

In the course of the investigation of the crystal structure of sodiumthyroxine- dl it appeared to be necessary, in order to find the approximate orientation of the molecule, to determine the orientation of the indicatrix and the values of the principal refractive indices.

The crystals are flat and very thin (about 0-03 mm. thickness), and when put on a glass slide they all lie on their (100) face. This suggested the use of the universal stage, but the high birefringence of the crystals prevented it from giving good results. Moreover, as the crystals belong to the triclinic system and have no regular contour, it would have been difficult to refer the indicatrix to the unit cell. The interference figures seen when the crystals lie on a glass slide were mis-oriented, though sufficient to determine the sign of the indicatrix, and no clear interference figures could be seen when the crystals were far from horizontal.

To overcome these difficulties the method which follows was developed, and proved to be very useful for all uniaxial crystals and highly birefringent biaxial crystals, whatever their habit.
Fluorescent felspar and zircon as petrological aids
Authors: Wilson Allan F.
Published: December 2006

Although there have been many publications on the fluorescence MX. of minerals in ultra-violet light, very little systematic work has yet been done in utilizing this property for the elucidation of petrological problems, The response of various minerals would seem to be entirely capricious; but the extensive work done on phosphors shows that this depends on the presence of traces of impurities. The spectacular display given by certain minerals has made a strong appeal to amateur collectors.

In 1943 the present writer made use of a fluorescent variety of zircon to assist in the subdivision of the Archaezoic gneisses and igneous rocks of the Mnsgrave Ranges in Central Australia; and after further fieldwork preliminary observations were published in 1947.
Pseudomorphs of pyrrhotine after pyrite in the Ballachulish slates
Authors: Neumann Henrich
Published: December 2006

The Ballachulish slates, exposed to the north and south of Loch Leven in Argyllshire, contain, in most places, cubes of pyrite up to half an inch in diameter. During a visit to the area in the spring of 1949 the writer's attention was attracted by the dark colour of the 'pyrite' cubes in the North Ballaehulish slate quarry a little more than a mile east of Onich. On examination these proved to consist of a mass of haphazardly orientated crystals of pyrrhotine with irregular outlines. Slates collected from the main working quarry on the south shore of Loch Leven, on the other hand, contain cubes which are single crystals of unaltered pyrite.
Thermal study of some manganese oxide minerals
Authors: Kulp J. Laurence , Perfetti Jose N.
Published: December 2006

In the past decade, differential thermal analysis has developed into a very useful mineralogical technique. The theoretical background for this method has been treated by Speil, Berkelhamer, Pask, and Da vies (1945) and has been modified by Kerr and Kulp (1948, 1949). The application of the method to the clay minerals has been carried out with considerable success by a number of workers in Europe and America. In particular, Grim and co-workers (1942, 1947, 1948) have produced a number of significant papers dealing with the thermal analysis of clays. The method has been extended to other mineral groups such as the carbonates (Faust, 1949; Beck, 1946; Kerr and Kulp, 1947; Cuthbert and Rowland, 1947; Kulp, Kent, and Kerr, 1950), phosphates (Manly, 1950), sulphates (Kulp and Adler, 1950), quartz (Faust, 1948), and the hydrous iron oxides (Kulp and Trites, 1950).
An interpretation of the composition of high-silica sericites
Authors: Schaller Waldemar T.
Published: December 2006

The high-silica sericites generally contain a corresponding appreciable quantity of a divalent element, usually magnesium, and their chemical composition is interpreted as being intermediate between that of muscovite, KAl2 (AlSi3)O10(OH)2, and that of the equivalent high-silica mica leucophyllite, KAlMg (Si4)O10(OH)2. The series muscovite-leucophyllite includes the named micas phengite (high-silica sericite), mariposite, and alurgite. Selected analyses are plotted and fall on a corresponding straight compositional variation line from muscovite to leucophyllite. It is shown diagrammatically that the analysed sample of mariposite probably contained about 8 % of quartz. It is recommended that the only species names in this series to be retained are those of the end members muscovite and leucophyllite. Their indices of refraction and specific gravities are very similar.
Jacobsite from the Tamworth district of New South Wales
Authors: Stillwell F.L. , Edwards A. B.
Published: December 2006

Two new occurrences of the rare manganese mineral jacobsite (MnFe2O4) have come to light in the course of mineragraphic studies carried out as part of the research programme of the Mineragraphic Section of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. The jacobsite occurs as a constituent of small bodies of high-grade manganese ore at Weabonga, near Danglemah, and at the Mount Sally mine, about 6 miles west of Danglemah, both in the Tamworth district of New South Wales.
On a cupriferous Lewisian para-gneiss
Authors: Harry W. T.
Published: December 2006

The writer has recently been engaged in the investigation of a 'Lewisian' inlier within the Moine series of Glen Dessarry, at the head of Loch Arkaig, Inverness-shire. The inlier is largely composed of a series of hornblendic and felspathic gneisses but includes small lenses of marble and calc-silicate rocks. All these are to be reported later in two separate communications. There are in addition, however, some steeply inclined and impersistent ribs of mica-schist, granulite, and diopside-epidote-rocks, which will only be incidentally mentioned in those accounts in so far as they bear upon certain specific problems. In themsclves they are apparently of little petrographic interest except for the occurrence of an unusual copper-bearing recta-sediment. This it seems convenient to record in a separate note.
The thermal decomposition of afwillite
Authors: Moody K. M.
Published: December 2006

The mineral afwillite is one of the hydrated calcium silicates which are found in set cements. It has the empirical formula 3CaO.2SiO2.3H20; a recent determination of the structure by Megaw (in press) has shown that the structural formula is Cas(SiO3OH)2. 2H2O, the hydroxyl groups being linked directly to silicon atoms. When afwillite is heated it loses water. Parry and Wright observed that practically all the water could be driven off by heating for prolonged periods at 300° C., or for shorter periods at higher temperatures. They also found that a further reaction took place on heating to about 1300° C. The present work was undertaken to investigate these changes, and to identify the products formed, using-X-ray powder methods.
The growth and properties of large crystals of synthetic quartz
Authors: Brown C. S. , Kell R. C. , Thomas L. A. , Wooster Nora , Wooster W. A.
Published: December 2006

In the last twenty years quartz has become of considerable importance to the telecommunications industry, one of its most important uses being the control of the frequency of oscillation of high-frequency transmitters. In this country alone the peak war-time demand for oscillator crystals was well over a million a year.

Although quartz is very abundant in the earth's crust it is usually found in the polycrystalline state or as small crystals. Large crystals, reasonably free from twinning and flaws, are relatively rare and most of the supply for piezoelectric purposes comes from Brazil.
The identity of cryptomorphite and ginorite
Authors: Hey M. H. , Bannister F. A.
Published: December 2006

Henry How, professor of chemistry and natural history in the University of King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia, described in 1861 the occurrence of a new calcium sodium borate, which he named cryptomorphite from the microscopic size of the crystals. The mineral was found in narrow seams of mirabilite (glauber-salt) at the junction of anhydrite and gypsum in Clinton quarry, Windsor, where he had also discovered ulexite in 1857. The cryptomorphite occurred as inclusions about the size of a small bean, between the gypsum and crystals of mirabilite.
Nacrite from Groby, Leicestershire
Authors: Claringbull G. F.
Published: December 2006

In the summer of 1951 Mr. R. J. King of Leicester collected from the shatter zone of the main fault in Sheet Hedges Wood quarry, Groby, Leicestershire, specimens of slickensided syenite with quartz veins which contained a creamy white, soapy or powdery material in small cavities in the quartz and on surfaces of movement. The mineral was found from X-ray powder photographs to be the rare clay mineral nacrite. Subsequent searching by Mr. King this year has failed to produce more than a very few grams, mostly on one specimen. The mineral seems to be confined to the region of the main fault and has not been seen in any other part of the quarry.
The powder patterns and lattice parameters of plagioclase felspars. I. The soda-rich plagioclases
Authors: Smith J. V.
Published: December 2006

Geiger-counter powder records of soda-rich plagioclases have been carefully measured and indexed. The lattice parameters of the synthetic specimens are almost independent of the lime content, the largest variation (that in β*) amounting to only 0·2°. After strong heating the powder patterns of the natural specimens closely approached those of the synthetic specimens.

Eight out of the nine natural plagioclases gave lattice parameters which fall within experimental error on a continuous line. There is a fairly large variation in lattice parameters, especially for γ*, which changes by 2°. As the lime content increases the lattice parameters of the natural plagioclases approach those for the high-temperature synthetic and heated natural specimens until at An50 the separation is only one-fifth of that at An0. The ninth specimen (from a dacite) gives parameters midway between the curves, thus exhibiting a state of partial inversion.

The partially heated natural plagioclases and the plagioclase from the dacite give parameters indistinguishable within experimental error from the parameters of unheated plagioclases with a higher lime content. There is, therefore, no reliable powder X-ray method for the determination of composition in the region An0-An50. If the composition is known the powder method may be used for the determination of the thermal state. If the plagioclase can be judged to be in the low-temperature state from geological evidence the powder method can be used to estimate the composition with an accuracy of 2 % An.
Birnessite, a new manganese oxide mineral from Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Authors: Jones L. H. P. , Milne Angela A.
Published: December 2006

A manganese pan near Birness contains grains of an optically uniaxial negative mineral near (Na0·7Ca0·3)Mn7O14·2·8H2O, giving an X-ray powder pattern similar to that of synthetic materials described as ‘manganous manganite’ and δ-MnO2. Material giving a similar pattern has been described from a natural occurrence in Canada, but no mineral name was assigned; the name birnessite is now proposed. The mineral is probably formed by air-oxidation of manganous oxides under alkaline conditions.
A note on albite twinning in plagioclase felspars
Authors: Gay P.
Published: December 2006

Previous work by Donnay on the basis of the geometrical theory of twinning related the width of albite twin lamellae to the composition of the plagioclase. The curve derived by Donnay has been recalculated for both high- and low-temperature felspars from X-ray data; the two curves differ markedly in the region between 0 and 20 % An. Some experimental evidence in support of the deductions that can be made is given.
The habit of pyrite in some sedimentary rocks
Authors: Smithson Frank
Published: December 2006

Authigenic pyrite crystals or their pseudomorphs found in heavy residues from sedimentary rocks are cubes, octahedra, or pyritohedra. Combinations of these forms are common; trapezohedron and rhombic dodecahedron faces are rare. The cube is most often recorded in the literature, but the octahedron is dominant in some districts and may be favoured by calcareous environment. X-ray tests have been applied and goethite and hematite detected as alteration products.
Accurate determination of the cell dimensions of magnetite
Authors: Basta E. Z.
Published: December 2006

An analysed magnetite from Bisperg, Säter, Dalecarlia, Sweden, gave the formula, which corresponds closely to the ideal composition. A precise determination of the cell dimensions gavea8·3963±0·0005 Å. at 18° C. Gentle heating of the powdered magnetite in evacuated silica glass tubes, before X-ray examination, resulted in sharply defined lines with high Bragg angles; an improvement which enabled precision data to be obtained. Four other new analyses of magnetites are also given and their lattice parameters are determined in the same way and are found to range from 8·3960 Å. to 8·3970 Å. The Bisperg magnetite being the purest sample examined, the value of its cell edge is taken as representative of pure magnetite.

The effect of the different ionic substitutions on the cell dimensions of natural magnetites is discussed. An attempt is also made to explain the great variations among the published values of cell dimensions of artificial preparations; one main reason being the presence of defect structures with varying oxygen contents in excess of the formula requirements.
An X-ray investigation of some rare-earth silicates: cerite, lessingite, beckelite, britholite, and stillwellite
Authors: Gay P.
Published: December 2006

An X-ray study of a number of rare-earth silicates has been carried out; single-crystal and powder data are presented.

It is found that cerites can contain up to at least 6 % CaO without disruption of the structure, which is trigonal with probable space-group P321 etc. The cell dimensions are a ca. 10·8 Å., c ca. 37–38 Å., although there is a strong pseudo-cell with halved c-axis. An ideal formula (Ca,Ln†)3Si2(O,OH,F)9 is proposed for this series.

Lessingite and beckelite can be regarded chemically as lime-rich members of this cerite series. They do not, however, have the same crystal structure as cerite; their diffraction patterns are very similar to that of britholite, and indicate a structure dimensionally comparable with apatite. For a hexagonal cell, the dimensions are a ca. 9·7 Å., c ca. 7·1 Å., with probable space-group P63, &c. An ideal formula (Ca,Ln)2(Si,Al,P)(O,OH,F)5 is proposed for this series. Marked biaxial optical properties suggest that the structure may be truly orthorhombic, with a very close dimensional approximation to a hexagonal cell.

The new mineral, stillwellite, is unrelated to either of these series. It is trigonal with cell dimensions a ca. 6·9 Å., c ca. 6·7 Å., with probable space-group P3112. An ideal formula (Ca,Ln)(Si,Al,P)B(O,OH,F)5 suggested by previous work is confirmed.
Sapphire-bearing rocks from MacRobertson Land, Antarctica
Authors: Segnit E. R.
Published: December 2006

A small isolated outcrop in a large area of charnockites in the Mawson area, MacRobertson Land, Antarctica, consists of enstatite-sapphirine-cordierite rocks. Other highly magnesian outcrops occur in the district and these rocks may be completely recrystallized xenoliths. Analyses of the country rock, the two sapphirine-bearing rocks, and the sapphirine are given; the country rock is very rich in iron and has a high FeO : MgO ratio, while the sapphirine-bearing rocks are very low in iron and high in MgO, approximating to ternary mixtures of MgO, Al2O3, and SiO2.
The morphology of the baryte group
Authors: Seager A. F.
Published: December 2006

The observed order of importance of the forms of baryte, anglesite, and celestine is first determined by a modification of the methods used by Donnay and Harker. Their hypothesis is applied to determine the space-groups of these minerals by morphological means, and a comparison is made of the observed and theoretical orders of importance of forms in these minerals. It is concluded that agreement is poor between the observed and predicted frequencies of forms in the baryte group. The rank distribution of some of the more important forms is presented graphically.
A new method for orthoscopic adjustment with the Fedorov stage
Authors: Hallimond A. F.
Published: December 2006

A new method is described to replace the standard procedure for completing the adjustment of an optical symmetry plane, with conditions for the accurate use of the biquartz. Extinction measurements are plotted to show the wide range of sensitivity (for the adjustment of A1 and A2) at various directions in the symmetry planes of a plagioclase. It is proposed that A1 and A2should be adjusted at different settings of A4 so as to obtain maximum sensitivity for each of those axes.
Pseudomorphs after olivine in Markle basalt
Authors: Smith W. W.
Published: December 2006

Pseudomorphs after olivine in Markle basalt from Holyrood Park, Edinburgh, consist of an intimate mixture of hematite and chlorite, along with a small percentage of quartz. A definite relationship exists between the orientations of the two main constituents and is dependent upon their structures.
The Lewisian pegmatites of South Harris, Outer Hebrides
Authors: von Knorring O. , Dearnley R.
Published: December 2006

A number of representative examples of the Lewisian acid pegmatites of South Harris are described, and the presence of the following minerals has been established: quartz, albite, microcline, biotite, muscovite, magnetite, beryl, spessartine, gahnite, eolumbite, monazite, zircon, pyrite, epidote, tourmaline, apatite, thorite, uraninite, thorogummite, uranophane, kasolite, betafite (?), and allanite. Spectrographic, optical, and X-ray powder data are given for some of these minerals, together with chemical analyses of magnetite, biotite, columbite, gahnite, and spessartine. It is believed that gahnite, nranophane, and the pyrochlore mineral (probably betafite) are recorded for the first time from Britain.
A note on a nordmarkite and an associated rare-earth mineral from the Ben Loyal syenite complex, Sutherlandshire
Authors: von Knorring O. , Dearnley R.
Published: December 2006

A nordmarkite from the Ben Loyal syenite complex has been analysed, in which a powdery yellow mineral occurs in miarolitic cavities. The mineral may be a new hydrated species with a monazite structure and a chemical composition essentially that of monazite but with silicon partly replacing phosphorus and with magnesium, calcium, and iron partly replacing the rare earths.
Carminite and beudantite from the northern part of the Lake District and from Cornwall
Authors: Kingsbury Arthur W. G. , Hartley J.
Published: December 2006

The parageneses are given of ten new occurrences of carminite [PbFe2(AsO4)2(OH)2] and eleven of beudantite [PbFe3AsO4SO4(OH)6] in Cornwall and Cumberland, with an account of the alteration of carminite to beudantite and of beudantite to plumbojarosite or to beaverite.
X-ray data on stokesite
Authors: Gay P. , Rickson K. O.
Published: December 2006

An X-ray examination of the type specimen of stokesite gave a 14·41, b 11·61, c 5·23 Å.; space-group Pnna. The unit cell contains 4[CaSnSi3O11H4] and is derived from Hutchinson's morphological unit by the transformation [010/001/100]. X-ray powder data are given.
The amygdale minerals in the Tertiary lavas of Ireland. IV. The crystal habit of calcite
Authors: Walker G. P. L.
Published: December 2006

Calcite is widespread in amygdales associated with the zeolites; the characteristic forms being and a steep scalenohedron in the zone , usually . Crystals from one locality have faces of , a form new to calcite.
The dehydration of brucite
Authors: Ball M. C. , Taylor H. F. W.
Published: December 2006

This process has been reinvestigated, mainly with X-rays, using an FeO-containing, fibrous variety (nemalite), and also a nearly pure specimen. The results confirm that the transformation is oriented, thec- anda-directions of the brucite becoming the normals to (111) and (11̄0) in the periclase. There is an intermediate, spinel-like stage; the spinela-axis is parallel to, and twice as long as, that of the periclase. This stage is especially prominent when nemalite is heated in air or nitrogen, but is shown also by the nearly pure material. The nemalite shows also a further intermediate stage under certain conditions. A new hypothesis is proposed for the dehydration mechanism, in which the number of oxygen atoms per unit volume is ahnost unchanged in those parts of the crystal that are converted into periclase. The process is essentially one of cation migration, and the occurrence of the spinel-like phase is readily explained. Similar mechanisms possibly apply to the dehydration of other lamellar hydroxides and oxy-hydroxides (e.g. gibbsite, kaolinite) and of certain carbonates and other oxy-salts.
The use of petrographic methods for the identification of non-metallic inclusions in steel (plates XIII to XVI)
Authors: Nicholson C. G.
Published: December 2006

It is shown that petrographic methods, using the microscope and micro-refractometer, can be a valuable aid in the identification of non-metallic inclusions in steel, even when their size is only a small fraction of a millimetre. Special ways of preparing the samples are given, and some of the methods used in examination are indicated. Natural chromite, corundum, merwinite, mutlite, quartz, rhodonite, spincls, and zircon are taken as examples of the minerals found.
Polytypism of heterogenite
Authors: Deliens M. , Goethals H.
Published: December 2006

A new variety of heterogenite was found in samples from Mindigi, Shaba, Zaïre. Photometric reflectance varies from 0·235 to 0·165 at λ 5890 Å in air. The bireflectance is 0·070, the degree of anisotropy is 0·7 and the main index in air is 2·7. A thermal weight-loss curve and a microprobe analysis are given and discussed, indicating the formula (Co,Ni) O.OH.

The new variety, referred to as heterogenite-H, is hexagonal with cell dimensions a 2·85, c 8·80, space group P63/mmc and cell-content 2 [(Co, Ni)O.OH)]. Indexed X-ray powder data are given. A crystal structure is suggested based on CoO.OH octahedra layers and indicating a polytypic relation between heterogenite-H, the 2H form, and normal heterogenite, the 3R form.
Xonotlite and rodingites from Wairere, New Zealand
Authors: O'Brien J. P. , Rodgers K. A.
Published: December 2006

Xenoliths of eucritic gabbros in an alpine-serpentinite body at Wairere have been altered to rodingites and xonotlite about their margins by hydrothermal metasomatism at temperatures between 430–470°C A chemical analysis and the optical properties of the xonotlite are reported, the textures of the rocks are described, and the metasomatic process is discussed.
The cause of the colour of Blue John and other purple fluorites
Authors: Braithwaite R. S. W. , Flowers W. T. , Haszeldine R. N. , Russell M.
Published: December 2006

‘Blue John’ andother purple fluorites have been studied by a wide range of techniques. Hydrocarbons are not the cause of the colour of these fluorites. No significant difference in the concentrations of 73 elements between the purple and colourless zones of Blue John has been detected. The spectroscopic and thermal bleaching behaviour of the purple zones is consistent with the presence of ‘colloidal’ calcium as colouring agent, and coloration of fluorites with calcium vapour gives material showing similar properties. The distribution of colour suggests trapping of the calcium in lattice defects along {111} (cleavage) planes through {001} (growth) zones. The ‘colloids’ could be produced by aggregation of calcium atoms liberated by irradiation from sources found in the geological environment of Blue John. The banding could arise from variations in the concentration of lattice defects caused by variations in growth rates of the fluorite.
A study of the weathering of a biotite
using the Mössbauer effect
Authors: Goodman B. A. , Wilson M. J.
Published: December 2006

The behaviour of iron in the weathering of
biotite in a sedentary soil profile developed on
appinite has been investigated using the Msbauer
effect. Both Fe2+ and
Fe3+ in sites with
cis and
trans hydroxyl groups
were observed at various stages in the weathering
sequence. The results indicate that there is
little or no ordering of the octahedral cations in
the fresh biotite and hydrobiotite, but in the
more weathered interstratified
vermiculite-chlorite samples
Fe3+ concentrates in the more
distorted sites. No evidence was obtained for the
presence of an anisotropic recoil-free
fraction.
Reverse zoning between myrmekite and albite in a quartzofeldspathic gneiss from Broken Hill, New South Wales
Authors: Phillips Evan R. , Stone Ian J.
Published: December 2006

Grain boundary migration and the exsolution of albite from alkali feldspar, followed by the precipitation of myrmekite from the same source on to adjacent plagioclase grains, will explain the reversed zoning of these phases in contrast to the normal zoning seen in igneous rocks.
Compositional variation within staurolite crystals from the Ardara aureole, Co. Donegal, Ireland
Authors: Smellie J. A. T.
Published: December 2006

Staurolite crystals from the aureole of the Ardara pluton have been analysed using the electron microprobe. Compositional variations of TiO2, MnO, and MgO take the form of irregular zoning, differences across sector twin boundaries, and variable marginal compositions, and can be attributed mostly to disequilibrium and localized diffusion.