bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold Defense Reactions Elicited by Electrical Stimulation within the Septal Area of the Brain in Goats.
Authors: ANDERSSON B.
Published: December 2008

Electrical stimulations in, or in the vicinity of the septum pellucidum of unanaesthetized goats were observed to produce shivering, peripheral vasoconstriction, sometimes piloerection and in animals exposed to heat an inhibition of polypneic panting.

Prolonged stimulation in room temperature caused a rise in rectal temperature of up to 0.5° C, at which stage shivering was no longer seen as result of stimulation.

A lowering of the body temperature of the animals, or the exposure to cold (4° C) facilitated the shivering response.
On the Contraction of Glycerol‐extracted Muscle Fibre Bundles under Highly Isometric Conditions.
Authors: EDMAN K. A. PAUL
Published: December 2008

A new technique for strictly isometric recording of glycerol‐extracted muscle fibre bundles is described. The apparatus works on the principle of a torsion balance.

By comparing contractions of fibre bundles of different thickness from rabbit psoas conclusions can be drawn about the diffusion depth for ATP into the bundle. ATP in a concentration of 2.3 × 10‐4 M penetrates about 40 μ into a fibre bundle, probably via the endomysium, the diffusion into a single fibre amounting to only about 1 μ.

The final isometric tension is proportional to the circumference of the fibre bundle, not to the cross section area.

The magnitude of the final isometric tension and the rate of the isometric contraction have been studied as functions of the ATP concentration.

The latency between the moment of immersion of the fibre bundle into the ATP solution and the start of the contraction is compatible with the assumption of an unstirred fluid layer of 30–45 μ around the fibre bundle.

Possible factors influencing the course of isometric contraction of glycerol‐extracted muscle fibre bundles are discussed.
The Effect of Iproniazid on the Blood Pressure Responses in Dogs to Histamine Injected into the Renal Artery.
Authors: LINDELL SVEN‐ERIC
Published: December 2008

1. Iproniazid potentiated the depressor responses in dogs to histamine injected into the renal artery.

2. Some evidence was obtained that this potentiation was due to an inhibition of the histaminase in the kidney rather than to any interference with the action of a “histamine metabolizing enzyme II”.
Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Coronary Blood Flow during Potassium‐Induced Cardiac Arrest and during Ventricular Fibrillation1
Authors: BERGLUND E. , MONROE R. G. , SCHREINER G. L.
Published: December 2008

During perfusion of the left coronary artery from a donor dog's carotid artery, cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation were induced. Myocardial oxygen consumption, obtained as the product of coronary flow and coronary a‐v oxygen difference, was reduced during arrest to values below 3.5 ml/minute in 5 of the 6 dogs studied. During fibrillation the oxygen consumption was 4—9 times as high as during arrest. The importance of these findings for cardiac surgery is emphasized. The role of myocardial oxygen consumption in determining coronary flow is discussed.
On the Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Sodium Monothiophosphate.
Authors: CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , FREDRIKSSON TORSTEN , SÖRBO BO
Published: December 2008

1. Monothiophosphate is oxidized to thiosulphate in the presence of liver tissue. The mechanism of this reaction has been elucidated.

2. Thiophosphate can replace phosphate in the triose phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. However, an unstable intermediate is formed.

3. The LD50‐dose of the compound is 950 mg per kg body weight as determined by intraperitoneal injection in unanaesthetized mice.

4. Intravenous injection in the anaesthetized cat resulted in depression of respiration and blood pressure. No cumulative effects could be demonstrated. The neuromuscular transmission was unaffected.

5. The pharmacological effects of thiophosphate has been compared with those of hydrogen sulfide and found to be different.
Oxygen Dissociation Curves in Fish Blood1
Authors: SCHOLANDER P. F.
Published: December 2008

The oxygen dissociation curve of the common silver hake (Merluccius bilineatus) is described at pH 5.9—7.7 and pO2 0.2—140 atmospheres. At pH 7 the curve has a conspicuous plateau before it reaches full saturation at about 100 atmospheres. It is pointed out that high pressure curves from fish in general cannot readily be described or interpreted in terms of current theories evolved for mammalian blood.
The Effect of Tetraethylammoninum (TEA) and Temperature on the Neuromuscular Block Produced by Magnesium
Authors: STOVNER JACOB
Published: December 2008

An investigation of the effect of temperature on the neuromuscular block caused by magnesium in the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation from the rat has been carried out. The effect of tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the neuromuscular depression produced by magnesium has been investigated in the rat diaphragm preparation as well as in nerve muscle preparationsin situin rabbits and cats.

 A concentration of 6 mM magnesium in the bath just produced complete neuromuscular block of the responses to single nerve shocks at 37°C. At 22° C 10 mM magnesium was needed. In the presence of a neuromuscular block due to magnesium at 37° C, lowering the temperature to 22° C restored transmission.

 TEA in a concentration of 1 mM in the bath partly restored neuromuscular transmission depressed by magnesium. The β‐hydroxy‐derivative of TEA and choline only increased the magnesium block. In the rabbit and cat TEA in a dose of 4 to 7 mg per kg body weight injected intravenously restored neuromuscular transmission strongly depressed by continuous infusion of magnesium. In spite of continuous magnesium infusion, the restoration of muscle contractions obtained with the single dose of TEA was far more sustained than the blood pressure fall caused by TEA.

 The sensitivity of the motor end plate to externally applied acetylcholine was not increased after TEA had restored transmission in the magnesium‐blocked rat diaphragm.

 The end plate potential obtained under a magnesium block was increased in amplitude without significant change in time course, when TEA was added.

It is concluded that TEA like calcium antagonizes the neuromuscular block caused by magnesium by effecting an increased output of acetylcholine from the presynaptic nerve terminals.
Column Chromatography of Histaminase
Authors: SWEDIN B.
Published: December 2008

In recent years the metabolism of histamine has been studied with isotope techniques by Schayerand co‐workers (1956) who made several interesting discoveries. They found for instance that histamine is eliminated from the organism by a united action of at least three different enzyme systems, one of which is the classical histaminase. For further studies of the problem it is most important to get the enzymes as pure as possible.

I should like to give a report on an improved preparation method of histaminase. The use of a chromatographic step in the method gave a good yield with a high purification.
An Improved Method for Drop Recording of Arterial or Venous Blood Flow.
Authors: LINDGREN PERCY
Published: December 2008

An improved method for drop recording of blood flow is described. Its principle is that the blood drops collect and fall through a colorless incompressible fluid (silicone) instead of through air. The principal advantages of the silicone drop chamber over the original air drop chamber are largely the following:

1. The method is equally suitable for arterial and for venous blood flow.

2. The large drops, 7—9 per ml (as compared with 17—20 per ml when the drops fall in air from the same nozzle), enable relatively large blood flows to be recorded; 30 ml per minute has been recorded without difficulty.

3. No blood can splash on the chamber walls and thus affect the light intensity; the photocell may be quite sensitive to such changes.

4. There is no Windkessel effect which is of special importance in arterial recording. Pulse waves have less influence on the release of drops from the nozzle. The intervals between drops are almost as regular as those in recording of venous blood flow.

5. There are no errors in measurement during rapid and extreme changes of blood pressure.
On the Toxicity of Sodium β‐mercaptopyruvate and Its Antidotal Effect against Cyanide
Authors: CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , FREDRIKSSON TORSTEN , HANSEN BERTIL , HULTMAN HOLTER , SÖRBO BO
Published: December 2008

1. Sodium β‐mercaptopyruvate (MPA) was found to have a low toxicity when injected in different animals.

2. The compound had no or only weak cholinergic effects.

3. The antidote effect against hydrogen cyanide was low in the rabbit, but in the rat MPA gave protection against about 4 lethal doses of hydrogen cyanide.

4. The difference in the antidote effect of MPA in the rabbit and the rat is briefly discussed.
Cold Defense Reactions Elicited by Electrical Stimulation within the Septal Area of the Brain in Goats
Authors: ANDERSSON B.
Published: December 2008

1. Responses were evoked in the hippocampal pyramidal and granule cells by stimulation of the dorsal fornix.

2. Current flow at different instants after the shock and from different positions within the hippocampal laminae is described.

3. Evidence is presented to show that the evoked potential is not propagated in the apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells.

4. After repetitive stimulation, or after injury, signs of inward current may be detected in the layer of apical dendrites.

5. This inward current is associated in some way with seizure discharges.

6. Seizure discharges may propagate by routes which do not correspond to normally conducting pathways.
Effects of Atropine on “Waltzing Syndrome” in Mice after Iminodipropionitrile
Authors: RUDBERG T.
Published: December 2008

If atropine sulphate, in doses of 0.2 g/kg, is given subcutaneously to mice, previously treated with iminodipropionitrile and showing “waltzing syndrome” with pronounced hyperactivity and compulsive, circling movements, these symptoms are greatly reduced. The effect of atropine generally lasts 3—6 hours; after 24 hours full hyperactivity has returned. The effect of atropine can then be repeated.
Glycolysis and Respiration in Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells.1
Authors: KVAMME ELLING
Published: December 2008

1. Between 0—40 μmoles of inorganic phosphate per ml of extracellular fluid was rate determining for aerobic glycolysis in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. The oxygen uptake during aerobic glycolysis was either unaffected or slightly inhibited by phosphate.

2. Aerobic glycolysis was accompanied by a reduction in cellular inorganic phosphate and an accumulation of total acid soluble organic phosphate, acid labile phosphate, hexosephosphates and ATP. The ATP increased at the expense of ADP and AMP. In IAA inhibited cells, acid soluble phosphate esters accumulated during aerobic glycolysis, but the total adenine nucleotides decreased markedly.

3. Glycolysis as well as respiration greatly stimulated the uptake of P32 into organic phosphate fractions, while the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the medium seemed to be a major factor determining the total uptake of P32 by the ascites tumour cells.
Methylation of Noradrenaline in Beef Suprarenal Homogenates
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , FLODING I.
Published: December 2008

1. Noradrenaline added to homogenate of beef adrenal medulla is methylated to about 10 per cent after incubation in Krebs‐Ringer solution for 2 hours at pH 6.0 7.5 but not at pH 5.0. No ATP or methyl donors were added in these experiments.

2. There was no indication of any inactivation during the incubation period.
Intravenous Assay of Antidiuretic Hormone Using the Goat
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , PERSSON N.
Published: December 2008

A method used for the intravenous assay of antidiuretic hormone in the goat is described. The useful range of doses of hormone is at least 2—6 mU.
On the Arylsulphatase Activity of the Rat Liver During the Fetal Life. Comparison of in vivo and Tissue Cultivation Analyses
Authors: HARTIALA K. J. V. , HÄKKINEN I. P. T. , PULKKINEN M. O. , SAVOLA P.
Published: December 2008

The arylsulphatase activity of rat liver was measured at different fetal age. An increase in this activity was associated with the increasing age of the fetus. Specimens from the same material were cultivated in free medium and on cellulose sponge. With the former cultivation method the enzyme activity disappeared whereas the sponge method gave constant readings for arylsulphatase activity. No increase in this activity took place, however, during the cultivation.
The Action of Tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the Kitten Diaphragm
Authors: STOVNER JACOB
Published: December 2008

1. The action of tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the contractions of the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation from kittens has been investigated and compared with the action on other mammalian nerve‐muscle preparations.

2. TEA in a concentration of 1 mM increased the height of isotonically recorded muscle twitches about 20 to 30% after stimulation of the muscle both indirectly and directly after full curarization. No change in the muscle action potentials was observed after addition of TEA to a concentration of 1 mM. The β‐hydroxy‐derivative of TEA had a similar but slightly less potent effect on the twitch height.

3. Addition of TEA to the bath fluid of the kitten diaphragm increased the isometric peak twitch tension and the time from stimulus to twitch peak without significant increase in the rate of rise of tension. The maximal tetanic tension was unaltered or lowered after addition of TEA. These changes can be accounted for by a prolongation of the active state of the muscle by TEA.

4. TEA in a concentration of 1 mM did not significantly change the twitch height of isolated diaphragm preparations from rats, young guinea pigs or young rabbits. Injection of TEA (5 mg/kg) in rabbits and cats did not increase the twitch height of the hind limb muscles. The respiratory excursions of rabbits were unchanged while those of the cat increased markedly after this dose of TEA. It is concluded that the diaphragm muscle of kittens and of cats is more sensitive to TEA than the other mammalian muscles investigated.
The Fluorescence of Tetracycline in Rats Treated with Dihydrotachysterol
Authors: HÄKKINEN ILKKA P. T.
Published: December 2008

Typical calcified metastases were produced with AT 10 in the kidneys, stomachs, heart muscles and lungs of rats. Tetracycline given parenterally to these rats led to the appearance of regions in the calcified areas that fluoresced yellow in ultraviolet light. The intensity of the fluorescence was observed to increase in proportion to the dose of AT 10.
Erythropoietic Activity of Saline Washings of Blood Cells Subjected to Low Atmospheric Pressure in vitro
Authors: HIRSJÄRVI EVA
Published: December 2008

In order to test the erythropoietic activity of saline in which blood cells were suspended during low pressure exposure the following experiments were performed.

1. Six rabbits had intraperitoneal injections of 2—5 ml of “anoxic saline”. The injection was followed by an increase in the number of red cells on the 4 first days. (Average increase on 3—4 days 0.42 ± 0.14 millions/μl.)

2. Eight rabbits were given intravenously 7—15 ml of “anoxic saline”. The animals reacted to the injection with an increase in the erythrocyte count which was of a smaller magnitude than in the previous group. (Average increase on 2—3 days 0.20 ± 0.07 millions/μl.)

3. Eight control rabbits had intravenous injections of saline in which blood cells were suspended under normal pressure. In this group the injection was followed by a moderate decrease in the erythrocyte count. The difference between the reactions in the second and third groups is statistically significant (difference on the 3rd day 0.47 ± 0.15 millions/μl).

4. Three rabbits had intravenous injections of saline in which cells from anoxic blood were suspended for 20 minutes. The injection was followed by an increase in the erythrocyte count of a similar magnitude as in group 2.
Effect of Decentralisation on the Content of Catechol Amines in the Spleen and Kidney of the Cat
Authors: REHN NILS O.
Published: December 2008

The adrenaline and noradrenaline content has been determined in the kidneys and in the spleen of the cat with and without preganglionic denervation, effected by splanchnicotomy on the left side. No significant difference was observed between the catechol amine values in the control organs and after decentralization. It is concluded that the preganglionic sympathetic fibres do not exert an influence on the noradrenaline content in the postganglionic nerve fibres nor on the adrenaline content of the organ. The postganglionic neurones are in this way similar to the chromaffin cells. The results further suggest that the splanchnic nerve does not supply postganglionic fibres to the spleen and the kidney.
Catechol Amines in the Vascular Wall
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LISHAJKO F.
Published: December 2008

1. Bovine splenic arteries and veins contain about 0.3—0.4 μg noradrenaline per g indicating that also the veins have an important supply of adrenergic vasomotor nerves.

2. Bovine pulmonary vessels with a diameter of 2 mm and above (“large vessels”) contain similar amounts of catechol amines as the splenic vessels; lung vessels and other vessels from dog show even higher figures.

3. “Large” bovine lung vessels contain some 10 times more noradrenaline than peripheral lung tissue. This implies that while the larger pulmonary vessels are amply supplied with adrenergic‐vasomotor fibres, the small lung vessels are poorly innervated with adrenergic vasomotor fibres.

4. Chromatographic separation of catechol substances in splenic and pulmonary vessels has indicated the presence of dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, dihydroxymandelic acid, dopamine and noradrenaline in amounts which are similar for the two kinds of vessels but differ greatly from the relative and absolute amounts found in lung tissue.
The Influence of Hypoglycemia on the Histolog‐ic Structure of the Alpha Cells in the Pancreas.
Authors: HÖKFELT BERNT , HULTQUIST GÖSTA
Published: December 2008

After the administration of insulin and of BZ 55 to rabbits identical reduction in the stainability of the alpha cells in the pancreas was obtained; the degree of the changes was closely related to the degree and duration of the hypoglycemia. The nuclear surface of the alpha cells tended to increase as the granulation and stainability decreased, signs probably representing a state of hyperactivity.

In our opinion, it is conceivable that the alpha cells play a part in counteracting hypoglycemia and thus are of significance for the blood sugar homeostasis.
The Mechanism of the Vasodilator Effect of Adrenaline
Authors: LUNDHOLM LENNART
Published: December 2008

The effects of adrenaline. noradrenaline. lactic acid and sodium lactate. in intravenous infusion. upon the cardiac output. blood pressure. oxygen consumption. heart and respiration rates, and lactic, acid content of the blood were investigated in unanesthetized rabbits. Control experiments were performed with infusion of saline alone.

Both adrenaline and lactic acid infusions were followed by a rise in the cardiac output but no change in blood pressure, which finding indicated a reduction of the total peripheral resistance. The increase in cardiac output was greater than the rise in oxygen consumption.

After sodium lactate the cardiac output rose only to the same degree as the oxygen consumption.

Noradrenaline elevated the cardiac output. oxygen consumption and lactic. acid production very slightly. concurrently with a pressor effect.

The stimulating action of adrenaline in a low‐ concentration on the cardiac output is thought to be largely of reflex origin. resulting from a primary vasodilator effect. caused by adrenaline's stimulation of the lactic acid production in skeletal muscle. Lactic acid induces vasodilatation in the following ways: (1) Through the rise in the lactic acid content of skeletal muscle, CO, is liberated from the tissue bicarbonate and vasodilatation is produced via the increased CO2 tension. (2) When the lactic acid content rises in the blood, the latter's CO2 transporting capacity is impaired, and this also tends to raise the CO2 tension in the tissues. (3) With oxidation of the lactate the blood flow increases, chiefly in the liver.

The discrepancies in the hemodynamic effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline are attributed to the fact that the former hormone, even in low concentrations, has a powerful stimulatory action on the lactic acid production, but the latter almost none.

The lactic acid producing effect of adrenaline in muscle is assumed to be a phase of the mechanism by which it elicits an emergency reaction in the organism.
Changes in the Content of Nucleic Acids in Organs of Young Rats During Arrested Growth
Authors: LØVTRUP SØREN , SWANSON. VIRGINIA L.
Published: December 2008

Normal growing rats were fed a diet deficient in protein for varying periods up to four months. Data were collected on changes in organ weight, total nitrogen, DNA and RKA content per organ. Organs studied were liver, heart, kidney, brain, lung, spleen arid thymus.

The constancy of the DNA content during protein starvation was confirmed. In the livers of protein‐starved animals, while DNA per gram of tissue remained constant, histologically cell size diminished and the number of nuclei tripled. It is suggested that reduction of polyploid nuclei to the diploid form might partly account for this finding.

Alterations in RNA content paralleled those of DNA and seem to establish that in young rats RNA is almost as “stable” metabolically as DNA.
The Effect of Acetaldehyde on the Secretion of Adrenaline and Korndrenaline from the Suprarenal Gland of the Cat
Authors: PERMAN E. S.
Published: December 2008

The secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the suprarenal was determined by bioassay of suprarenal venous plasma collected from nembutalized cats. The administration of acetaldehyde 7.5–50 mg/kg regularly produced a marked increase in the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. The increase was more pronounced for adrenaline. The effect remained after section of the splanchnic nerves. The results are discussed in relation to some pharmacological effects of alcohol.
Studies of the Effect of X‐Rays on the Glucuronide Synthesis by the Gastric Mucous Membrane
Authors: HARTIALA K. , NÄNTÖ V. , RINNE U. K.
Published: December 2008

The effect of X‐rays on the glucuronide synthesis by the gastric mucous membrane was studied in the rat. The glucuronide conjugation capacity was measured in vitro with tissue slices incubated in the presence of o‐aminophenol. It appeared that radiation doses of 400 r and 1,200 r given locally to the isolated stomach reduced equally the glucuronide conjugation capacity but not more than to about half of the original capacity. The effect is reversible. The recovery appears to be slower after the higher irradiation doses.
Isolation and Some Biochemical Properties of the Catechol Amine Granules in the Cow Adrenal Medulla
Authors: HILLARP NILS‐AKE
Published: December 2008

By means of density gradient centrifugation the catechol amine granules in the cow adrenal medulla have been isolated free or practically free from mitochondria and microsomal material.

The isolated granules have a very high content of pressor amines (about 35 μmoles/mg protein‐N). The soluble protein fraction that is released together with the amines at osinoticlysis of the granules, represents the main part (77 per cent) of the total granule proteins.

The granules show a high ATPase activity and probably contain an adenylate kinase.
Enzymic Conversion of Mononucleotides by Rat Diaphragm in vitro.
Authors: ALERTSEN AA. RYE , WALAAS O. , WALAAS E.
Published: December 2008

The enzymatic conversion of mononucleotides by the isolated rat diaphragm during incubation in Krebs Ringer phosphate medium has been investigated. This has been achieved by adding several different mononucleotides to the incubation medium and fractionation of the reaction products by a chromatographic procedure on an anion exchange resin.

Dephosphorylating as well as transphosphorylating enzymic activity are exerted by the rat diaphragm in vitro. Particularly the presence of ATPase, myokinase, 5'adenylic acid deaminase and nucleoside diphosphokinase has been demonstrated.

The breakdown of ATP added to the medium proceeds by the sequence ATP + ADP – AMP –. IMP –f Inosine. By addition of ITP, GTP, CTP, and UTP, these nucleoside triphosphates are broken down to the corresponding diphosphate and mono‐phosphate derivatives.

Indications have been obtained that ATPase is firmly bound at or near the muscle cell surface. On the other hand a leakage of myokinase, 5′ adenylic acid deaminase and nucleoside diphospho‐kinase from the diaphragm into the medium during incubation has been demonstrated.
The Release of Catechols from the Adrenal Medulla on Activation of the Sympathetic Vasodilator Nerves to the Skeletal Muscles in the Cat by Hypothalamic Stimulation.
Authors: GRANT R. , LINDGREN P. , ROSEN A. , UVNÄS B.
Published: December 2008

The amount of catechols secreted from the adrenal glands concomitant with activation of the sympathetic vasodilator outflow by hypothalamic stimulation was studied in 14 cats.

Blood samples from the left adrenal vein were collected during control and stimulation periods, and were tested (rat uterus and rat colon) after separating adrenaline and noradrenaline by paper chromatography.

The mean values for the adrenaline output in the control samples and those taken during hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic vasodilator area were 0.06 and 0.32 μg/kg/min (increase 433 per cent). The corresponding figures for noradrenaline were 0.19 and 0.35 μg/kg/min (increase 84 per cent). As will be seen from these values the increase of catechol output consisted predominantly of adrenaline.

The conclusion is drawn that in most experiments the amounts of adrenaline released were of such a low magnitude as to have only minor vascular effects, they may have been sufficient to produce metabolic effects.

The findings are discussed in view of our hypothesis that activation of the vasodilator outflow under physiologic conditions is an integral part of emergency reactions.
Methylation of Histamine by Mouse Liver in Vitro
Authors: LINDAHL KERSTIN M.
Published: December 2008

The exposed experiments give evidence that the histamine degradation in mouse liver is achieved by the methylating enzyme system, demonstrated in vivo by Schayer. Thus the main histamine metabolite found in slices is l‐methylimidazole‐4‐acetic acid. Furthermore, the histamine destruction is largely resistant to aminoguanidine which is a strong diamine oxidase inhibitor. Isobutyl‐isonicotinylhydrazin, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, prevents the formation of l‐methylimidazole‐4‐acetic acid, but does not altogether exclude the formation of l‐methyl‐4–(β‐ami‐noethyl) imidazole. These characteristics are to be expected for the methylating enzyme system on account of recent findings in vivo (Schayer and Karjala 1956).
Uber die Anzahl der motorischen Impulse (die Periodenzahl) des Elektromyogranims als quantitativer Ausdruck der volnntären, zentrnlen Kontrolle der Muskelaktion
Authors: BERGSTRÖM. Von R. M.
Published: December 2008

In vorliegender Arbeit liess sich innerhalb der Grenzen der Versuchsbedingungen (leichte Muskelaktionen des m. interosseus dors. I) eine lineare Proportionalität zwischen Anzahl der im Muskel registrierten motorischen EMG‐Impulse (Periodenzahl) und dem vom Muskel erzeugten physikalischen Kraftimpuls nachweisen. Da sich bei erlebnismässig äquivalenten Muskelkontraktionen eine Äquivalenz sowohl der Anzahl der motorischen Impulse als der vom Muskel erzeugten Kraftimpuls nachweisen liess, wird angenommen, dass die Kontrolle der voluntären Muskelaktionen teilweise im Bereich einces sog., zentralin Faktors, d. h. durch Regulierung der Anzahl der motorischen Impulse im motorischen Nervensystem, der den vom Muskel währen einer Zeitperiode erzeugten physikalischen Kraftimpuls angiebt. Unter Berücksichtgung der Versuchsergebnisse wurde ein quantitativer Ausdruck hergeleitet, der diese voluntäre Kontrolle der Muskelaktion beschreibt und sowohl den zentraleu als den peripheren Faktor enthält.
A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Total Serum Cholesterol.
Authors: HAUGE JENS G. , NICOLAYSEN RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

Total cholesterol is determined in 50 μl of serum by extraction with chloroform. The acetyl chloride‐ZnCl2 colour reaction for cholesterol is carried out directly in this extract. The procedure includes an initial brief saponification step, and dehydration of the chloroform phase with anhydrous MgSO4. Serum values for duplicate determinations arc obtained with an accuracy of ± 2% for intermediate cholesterol concentrations.
Activation of the Contractile Mechanism in Striated Muscle
Authors: AXELSSON J. , THESLEFF S.
Published: December 2008

When a frog's striated muscle (m. sartorius) is immersed in Ringer solution containing 2.5–10 × 10–4 w/v of the free base caffeine tension develops and the muscle contracts. The contracture is graded according to dose and reverses rapidly upon removal of the drug. Higher concentrations of caffeine produce an irreversible contracture.

In a muscle immersed in isotonic K2SO4 or KCl solution caffeine produces exactly the same kind of muscle contracture as in a muscle kept in Ringer's fluid. Prolonged soaking (96 hours) of a muscle in isotonic K2SO4 solution does not reduce its responsiveness to caffeine.

Local application of caffeine from a micropipette to a muscle fibre produces a localized contracture when the tip of the pipette is at the outer surface of the cell membrane. When the tip is inserted into the fibre no contracture is observed indicating that the caffeine action is confined to the muscle membrane.

In concentrations helow 10‐3 w/v caffeine does not alter the resting meinhrane potential of iituscle fibres. Neither does the drug markedly reduce the transverse niuscle iiienibraiie resistance.

It is suggested that caffeine at the niuscle membrane starts a process which activates the contractile mechanism in the interior of the fibre. This process is believed to be the same as that activated by the propagated action potential. The nature of the process (or processes) linking the membrane to the contractile elements is unknown hut the present results makes it unlikely that it is an electric current or potential change.
Effect of Pyridoxine Deficiency on Cholcsterol and Polyenoic Fatty Acids in Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK , KRISTENSEN GUNHILD , NIELSEN GUNHILD KOFOED , SØNDERGAARD. EBBE
Published: December 2008

The influence of pyridoxine deficiency on chicks fed fat‐free and 10% peanut oil‐diets with and without 1 % cholesterol was studied.

Cholesterol: The pyridoxine‐deficient diets caused significantly higher plasma cholesterol than the diets with added pyridoxine.

The aorta vliolcsterol showed changes in the same direction. Liver chiolesterol was not, significantly affectd.

The pyridoxine‐deficient diets caused lower cholesterol content in the heart than did the supplemented diets.

Polyevie fatty acids: With a fat‐free, pyrudixine‐deficient diet a marked content of tetraenoic acid was found in heart and liver, whereas the tritenoic acid was proportionally decreased.

Feeding of 10% peanut oil without pyridoxine caused less deposition of tetraenoic in heart and especially in the liver than feeding of 10 % peanut oil with pyridoxine.

Addition of 1% cholesterol to the diets resulted in a decrease in the amount of tetraenoic acid in heart and liver.
The Life Spsn of the Erythrocytes of Normal and of Tumour‐bearing Mice as Determined by Glycine‐2–14C.
Authors: EHREXSTEIN GÜNTER v.
Published: December 2008

The life span of the erythrocytes of healthy and of tumour‐bearing mice was determined with glycine‐2–14C as a tracer.

The rate of destruction of the erythrocytes of healthy mice was found to be a function of the age of the erythrocytes.

The average life span of the erythrocytes of healthy male TE mice varied between 40–46 days, the mean value was 42 days. The rorresponcling figure for healthy male C3H mice was 40 days.

After the transplantation of an Ehrlich ascites carcinoma growing in the solid form, the average life span of the erythrocytes formed in healthy male TE mice was shortened to 26 days.

The erythrocytes of cancerous mice were found to be destroyed at random. Their mean survival time was 14 days in inale TE mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma growing in the solid form and 16 days in female C3H mice bearing spontaneous mammary carcinoma. The rates of haemoglobin and red corpuscle formation and destruction were about 3 times the rates in healthy mice.
The Stimulation Threshold of Different Sympathetic Fibre Groups as Correlated to Their Functional Differentiation.
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , JOHANSSON BÖRJE , ÖBERG. BENGT
Published: December 2008

The differences in stimulation threshold of the preganglionic fibres to a number of functionally‐differentiated sympathetic neuro‐effectors have been studied.

The results indicate that the fibres to the cutaneous arterio‐venous anastomoses, to the nictitating membrane and the pupil have as an average the lowest threshold, and hence probably the largest fibre diameters. Another group is formed by the constrictor fibres to, e. g., the ordinary skin vessels, the muscle and the tongue vessels, while the sympathetic dilator fibres to the muscle vessels have by far the highest threshold, and therefore probably the smallest diameter.
Inhibitory Action of Allicin on Degranulation of Mast Cells Produced by Compound 48/80, Histamine Liberator from Ascaris, Lecithinase A, and Antigen.
Authors: HÖGBERG BERTIL , UVNÄS. BÖRTE
Published: December 2008

Allicin — a potent enzyme inhibitor prepared from garlic —was observed to block in low concentrations (2. 10‐6‐2 * 10‐4‐ M) the in vitro degranulation of rat mast cells produced by compound 48/80, by a histamine liberator prepared from Ascaris lumbricoides, by antigen‐antibody reaction, and by lecithinase A. Glutathione in excess reversed the blocked degranulating processes.

The observations were considered to support our theory that the degranulation of mast cells produced by those agents is due to activation of a lytic enzyme attached to the mast cell membrane.

This enzyme is— in common with lecithinase A — dependent on sulfhydryl groups for its activity.
Experimental Demonstration of the Enclidean‐Pythagorean Structure and the Quadratic Metries in the Perceptutal Manifold of the Cutantous Tactile Sense.
Authors: BERGSTRÖM R. M. , LINDFORS. K. O.
Published: December 2008

It is demonstrated experimentally that quadratic metrics apply in the component structures with intensity and surface area dimensions of the haptic type of perception.
A Rapid Method for the Study of the Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Cholesterol Metabolism in Rats
Authors: HAUGE JENS G. , NICOLAYSEN RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

Hauge, J. G. anti R. Nicolaysen. A rapid method for the study of the effect of unsaturated fatty acids on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 45. 19–25. – A method for biological testing of the effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the cholesterol metabolism in rats is described. Pregnant mothers and the litters born are given a diet containing 10 % hydrogenated coconut oil and 1 % cholesterol. The young rats grow approximately at a normal rate the first 4 weeks of life; in the following 50 days weight increase slows down and very high liver and plasma cholesterol values result together with various symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency. Serum cholesterol is analysed in each rat, and grouping follows according to sex and serum cholesterol values so that equal group values result for zero day. Next the fatty acids or fats to be tested are dosed in geometrically increasing doses with 10–12 rats in each group. Following two weeks daily dosing, a new blood sample is collected and the depression of serum cholesterol for each group is calculated. Liver and plasma cholesterol are approximately equally depressed, and group reductions of more than 50 % have been observed.
The Serum Cholesterol Depressive Effect of Linoleic, Linolenic Acids and of Cod Liver Oil in Experimental Hypercholesterolacmic Rats
Authors: HAUGCE JENS G. , NICOLAYSEN RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

Hauge, J. Cr. and R. Nicolayses. The serum cholesterol depressive effect of linoleic, linolenic acids and of cod liver oil in experimental hypercholesterolaemic rats. Acta physiol. scad. 1959. 45, 26–30. — With the aid of the method of Hauge and Nicolaysen the serum cholesterol depressive effect of various samples of highly un saturated fatty acids or oils was studied. Linolenic acid had a stronger depressive effect than linoleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids of cod liver oil seemed to have an even stronger effect, since the effect of whole cod liver oil was at least equal to that of linolenic acid.
Motor Unit Territory in Different Human Muscles
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , ERMINIO FRANUESCO , ROSENFALCK POUL
Published: December 2008

Buchthal, P., I?. Erminio and P. Rosekfalck. Motor unit territory in different human muscles. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 45. 72–47. — The spread of action potentials from motor units of different human muscles was studied by means of a twelve lead multielectrode. The occurrence of a positive‐negative deflection in the potential of less than 0.2 msec duration indicated the presence of active muscle fibres in the immediate vicinity of the recording lead. In this way the fibres of a motor unit were found to be confined to a circular area of 5–7 mm diameter for the muscles of the upper extremities and of 7–10 mm in the lower extremities. Such areas allow space for the fibres of 25 motor units each comprising 500–2,000 fibres. Within the same muscle or the same type of muscle the diameter of the motor unit territory varied by a factor of four. The maximum voltage within the motor unit increased linearly with the territory. The different average values of maximum voltage and territory in different muscles are interpreted in terms of differences in fibre concentration and total number of fibres per motor unit.
Influence of Specific Group Inhibitors and Enzymes on Intrinsic Factor Activity
Authors: GRÄBBECK RALPH
Published: December 2008

Gräsbeck, Ralph. Influence of specific group inhibitors and enzymes on intrinsic factor activitk. Acta physiol. scad. 1959. 45. 88–95. — In order to elucidate the relationship of vitamin B12‐binding capacity and physiological intrinsic factor activity, human gastric juice and a hog stomach preparation were subjected to treatment with chemicals and enzymes. Thereafter the B12‐binding capacity and physiological activity were assayed by the use of Co60‐labeled vitamin B12. In all cases where the B.,‐binding power was lost, the intrinsic factor activity was also lost. In almost all cases where the binding power was retained the physiological activity also remained, only one exception being found. The results are interpreted to indicate that intrinsic factor (a part of the molecule or a subfactor in a multifactor system) binds B12, and that a phenolic group may be contained in the binding structure. In addition, another part of the intrinsic factor seems to be involved in the physiological action but not in the binding process.
Studios on the Effect of Other Alcohols on the Metnbolism of Methanol in Rnt Livoa Homogemtes
Authors: ICOIVUSALO MARTTI
Published: December 2008

The effect of various lower aliphatic aloohols on the accumulation of formaldehyde in rat liver homogenates incubated with methanol has been studied. The addition of ethanol inhibited very clearly the accumulation of formaldehyde, n‐propanol, isopropanol or n‐butanol had no effect on the accumulation of formaldehyde.
Studies on the Metabolism of Methanol and Formaldehyde in vitro in Molybdennm Deficiency Induced by Tungstnte Feeding
Authors: KOIVUSALO MARTTI
Published: December 2008

The formation of formaldehyde from methanol in liver homogenates was almost totally abolished in molybdenum‐deficiency induced by tungstate feeding. The addition of diphosphopyridine nucleotide, adenosine triphosphate or xanthine was not able to increase the formation of formaldehyde from methanol in the molybdenum‐deficient liver homogenates as it did in normal homogenates. The utilisation of added formaldehyde was also depressed in the molybdenum‐deficient homogenates. The liver xanthine oxidase activity fell to very low values after the feeding of tungstate, but the catalase activity of liver was not affected by it.
Influence of Some Specific Group Inhibitor on Rat Intrinsic Factor
Authors: GRÄSBECH RALPH
Published: December 2008

The influence of some specific group inhibitors on rat intrinsic factor was studied in order to elucidate the nature of the active structure of intrinsic factor. Iodine and fluorodinitrobenzene inhibited both the vitamin B12‐‐binding capacity and the physiological intrinsic factor activity, whereas p‐chloromercuribenzoate and diisopropylfluorophosphate lacked effect on either activity. The results add further evidence in favor of the concept that intrinsic factor contains an essential structure which binds B12, and that a phenolic group may be involved in this structure.
The Estimation of Catechol Amines in Urine
Authors: EULER U. S. V. , LISHAJKO F.
Published: December 2008

Some modifications in the fluorimetric method of Euler and Floding are described. The urine sample, usually 25 ml, is adjusted to pH 8.2–8.3 and passed through a column of aluminium oxide. The catechols are eluted with acetic acid, neutralized with ammonia to pH 6.2–6.3, oxidized with potassium ferricyanide and transformed to stable lutines with alkali and ascorbic acid. The fluorescence of the lutines is read with two filter sets and the amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline computed.
Some Biological Effects of Two Crystalline Prostaglandin Factors
Authors: BERGSTRÖM S. , ELIASSON R. , EULER U. S. V. , SJÖVALL J.
Published: December 2008

The effects of two crystalline fractions of prostaglandin (PGE and PGF) were tested on a variety of isolated organs and on the blood pressure of the rabbit. Characteristic differences in the activity ratio for PGE and PGF were noted for different organs. The biological actions of partially purified preparations of prostaglandin could be largely but not wholly explained by assuming that they contained a mixture of PGF and PGE.
On the Role of Omlotic Water Transport in the Secretion of the Aqueous Huniour1
Authors: AURICCHIO GIACINTO , BÁRAANY ERNST H.
Published: December 2008

Part of the water of a hypertonic secretion will enter passively along the osmotic gradient between blood and secretion. The aqueous humour is hypertonic in several species and it is often thought that all of its water enters as a consequence of the hypertonicity. To investigate this point, the osmotic pressure difference aqueous‐plasma and the mobility of water under osmotic forces across the barrier between aqueous and plasma have been measured in anaesthetized cats.

The thermo‐electric vapour pressure method was used. In steady state, the aqueous of the posterior chamber in cats was about 5 mOsm/l hypertonic to plasma. With the secretion rate of 15 μlmin water mobility would have to be about 3 μl/min/mOsm/l in order to explain the rate of water secretion by osmotic attraction.

In order to measure the actual water mobility, sudden changes in the osmotic pressure of the plasma were induced by anisotonic injections and the initial rate of volume change of the intraocular contents correlated with the (measured) degree of anisotonicity of the plasma. The mobility found was far below 3 μl/min/mOsni/l. Hence, water movement is not due to osmotic attraction by the bulk of the aqueous.

It is stressed that osmotic pressure measurements in vitro can be quite misleading when applied to living systems. In vitro methods use perfect membranes or their equivalents, which have no certain counterpart in vivo. Since in the living organism a steady state concentration difference can be upheld even across a leaky membrane, the magnitude and even direction of the osmotic force existing in vivo can differ markedly from that measured in vitro.
Studies of the Effect of X‐Rays on the Glucuronide Synthesis by the Liver
Authors: HARTIALA K. , NäNTO V. , RINNE U. K.
Published: December 2008

The effect of local X‐irradiation of the liver on the hepatic glucuronide synthesis capacity was studied in rats. The liver was irradiated under nembutal anesthesia. The glucuronide synthesis of the liver slices was then measured in vitro using o‐aminophenol as the toxic substance. The 1,200 r radiation dose caused a depression in the glucuronide conjugation capacity, this effect reached its maximum on the 3rd day after the irradiation. This was followed by a compensatory phase. When applying a smaller radiation dose (400 r) an increase in the conjugation capacity was noted on the first day. This was followed by a decrease slightly below the control level and later by a compensatory phase. The results are discussed in light of our previous similar studies with rat gastric mucous membrane.
Quantitative Determination of Cholinesterase in Individual Spinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: GIACOBINI EZIO
Published: December 2008

The cholinesterase content of neurones belonging to the spinal ganglia of the rat has been investigated microchemically by means of a Cartesian diver technique. Most of the cells examined showed a measurable ChE activity. The ChE activity varies significantly from cell to cell and the statistical analysis of the data showed that two different groups of cells are present having respectively high and low activity. An additional group of cells did not show any measurable activity. The results are discussed in the light of morphological and physiological data.
Effect of Disulfiram (Tetrnethylthiurnin Disulphide) on the Metabolism of Methanol in Rat Liver Homogenates
Authors: KOIVUSALO MARTTI
Published: December 2008

The effect of disulfiram on the accumulation of formaldehyde in liver homogenates incubated with methanol has been studied in rats after feeding them high doses of disulfiram (1.0–4.5 g per kg daily for 9 days). The catalase and xanthine oxidase activities of the livers have also been determined. The formation of formaldehyde has been determined photometrically. The accumulation of formaldehyde in the liver homogenates from disulfiram‐treated rats was not increased, but slightly inhibited by almost lethal doses. It was not stimulated by ATP as in normal animals. The liver catalase activity was clearly lowered in the disulfiram‐treated rats. The liver xanthine oxidase activity was also diminished in these rats but not constantly.
Acetyltttion of p‐Aminobenzoic Acid in Various Animal Tissues in vitro
Authors: KOIWSALO MARTTI , LUUKKAINEN TAPANI
Published: December 2008

The acetylation of p‐aminobenzoic acid has been studied in vitro in rat heart, lung, kidney and liver preparations as well as in ox kidney. The method of Bratton and Marshall (1939) has been used for the determination of diazotizable amines. The experiments were carried out with tissue preparations cut into small pieces with scissors. All of these tissues were able to convert p‐aminobenzoic acid to non‐diazotizable derivatives, which were assumed to be acetyl conjugates. This has not been shown earlier with ox kidney tissue or with the heart and lung of any animal.