bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bildungsherkunft und Promotionen: Wie beeinflusst das elterliche Bildungsniveau den Übergang in die Promotionsphase? / Social Background and PhDs: How Does the Educational Background of Parents Affect the Likelihood of Entering Doctoral Studies?
Authors: Jaksztat Steffen
Published: May 2016

Dieser Beitrag behandelt den Zusammenhang zwischen der Bildungsherkunft von Universitätsabsolvent( inn)en und der Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Promotionsaufnahme nach dem Studium. Auf der Basis einer bundesweit repräsentativen Absolvent(inn)enstudie wird erstens überprüft, inwieweit beim Übergang in die Promotionsphase herkunftsspezifische Unterschiede bestehen, und zweitens, welche Prozesse und Mechanismen zu diesen Unterschieden führen. Die Analysen zeigen, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Aufnahme einer Promotion deutlich mit der Bildungsherkunft variiert. Dieser Herkunftseffekt lässt sich zu großen Teilen auf Unterschiede in der Fachrichtungswahl, Leistungsunterschiede sowie auf Unterschiede im Ausmaß der akademischen Integration während des Studiums zurückführen.
Synapse Formation in Monosynaptic Sensory–Motor Connections Is Regulated by Presynaptic Rho GTPase Cdc42
Authors: Imai Fumiyasu , Ladle David R. , Leslie Jennifer R. , Duan Xin , Rizvi Tilat A. , Ciraolo Georgianne M. , Zheng Yi , Yoshida Yutaka
Published: May 2016

Spinal reflex circuit development requires the precise regulation of axon trajectories, synaptic specificity, and synapse formation. Of these three crucial steps, the molecular mechanisms underlying synapse formation between group Ia proprioceptive sensory neurons and motor neurons is the least understood. Here, we show that the Rho GTPase Cdc42 controls synapse formation in monosynaptic sensory–motor connections in presynaptic, but not postsynaptic, neurons. In mice lackingCdc42in presynaptic sensory neurons, proprioceptive sensory axons appropriately reach the ventral spinal cord, but significantly fewer synapses are formed with motor neurons compared with wild-type mice. Concordantly, electrophysiological analyses show diminished EPSP amplitudes in monosynaptic sensory–motor circuits in these mutants. Temporally targeted deletion ofCdc42in sensory neurons after sensory–motor circuit establishment reveals that Cdc42 does not affect synaptic transmission. Furthermore, addition of the synaptic organizers, neuroligins, induces presynaptic differentiation of wild-type, but notCdc42-deficient, proprioceptive sensory neuronsin vitro. Together, our findings demonstrate that Cdc42 in presynaptic neurons is required for synapse formation in monosynaptic sensory–motor circuits.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGroup Ia proprioceptive sensory neurons form direct synapses with motor neurons, but the molecular mechanisms underlying synapse formation in these monosynaptic sensory–motor connections are unknown. We show that deleting Cdc42 in sensory neurons does not affect proprioceptive sensory axon targeting because axons reach the ventral spinal cord appropriately, but these neurons form significantly fewer presynaptic terminals on motor neurons. Electrophysiological analysis further shows that EPSPs are decreased in these mice. Finally, we demonstrate that Cdc42 is involved in neuroligin-dependent presynaptic differentiation of proprioceptive sensory neuronsin vitro. These data suggest that Cdc42 in presynaptic sensory neurons is essential for proper synapse formation in the development of monosynaptic sensory–motor circuits.
Catecholamine-Mediated Increases in Gain Enhance the Precision of Cortical Representations
Authors: Warren Christopher M. , Eldar Eran , van den Brink Ruud L. , Tona Klodiana-Daphne , van der Wee Nic J. , Giltay Eric J. , van Noorden Martijn S. , Bosch Jos A. , Wilson Robert C. , Cohen Jonathan D. , Nieuwenhuis Sander
Published: May 2016

Neurophysiological evidence suggests that neuromodulators, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, increase neural gain in target brain areas. Computational models and prominent theoretical frameworks indicate that this should enhance the precision of neural representations, but direct empirical evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. In two functional MRI studies, we examine the effect of baseline catecholamine levels (as indexed by pupil diameter and manipulated pharmacologically) on the precision of object representations in the human ventral temporal cortex using angular dispersion, a powerful, multivariate metric of representational similarity (precision). We first report the results of computational model simulations indicating that increasing catecholaminergic gain should reduce the angular dispersion, and thus increase the precision, of object representations from the same category, as well as reduce the angular dispersion of object representations from distinct categories when distinct-category representations overlap. In Study 1 (N= 24), we show that angular dispersion covaries with pupil diameter, an index of baseline catecholamine levels. In Study 2 (N= 24), we manipulate catecholamine levels and neural gain using the norepinephrine transporter blocker atomoxetine and demonstrate consistent, causal effects on angular dispersion and brain-wide functional connectivity. Despite the use of very different methods of examining the effect of baseline catecholamine levels, our results show a striking convergence and demonstrate that catecholamines increase the precision of neural representations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNorepinephrine and dopamine are among the most widely distributed and ubiquitous neuromodulators in the mammalian brain and have a profound and pervasive impact on cognition. Baseline catecholamine levels tend to increase with increasing task engagement in tasks involving perceptual decisions, yet there is currently no direct evidence of the specific impact of these increases in catecholamine levels on perceptual encoding. Our results fill this void by showing that catecholamines enhance the precision of encoding cortical object representations, and by suggesting that this effect is mediated by increases in neural gain, thus offering a mechanistic account of our key finding.
Rescue of Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration by Differentially Modulating Neuronal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Molecules
Authors: Yang Liu , Li Shaohua , Miao Linqing , Huang Haoliang , Liang Feisi , Teng Xiuyin , Xu Lin , Wang Qizhao , Xiao Weidong , Ridder William H. , Ferguson Toby A. , Chen Dong Feng , Kaufman Randal J. , Hu Yang
Published: May 2016

Axon injury is an early event in neurodegenerative diseases that often leads to retrograde neuronal cell death and progressive permanent loss of vital neuronal functions. The connection of these two obviously sequential degenerative events, however, is elusive. Deciphering the upstream signals that trigger the neurodegeneration cascades in both neuronal soma and axon would be a key step toward developing the effective neuroprotectants that are greatly needed in the clinic. We showed previously that optic nerve injury-induced neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Using twoin vivomouse models of optic neuropathies (traumatic optic nerve injury and glaucoma) and adeno-associated virus–mediated RGC-specific gene targeting, we now show that differential manipulation of unfolded protein response pathways in opposite directions—inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α-C/EBP homologous protein and activation of X-box binding protein 1—promotes both RGC axons and somata survival and preserves visual function. Our results indicate that axon injury-induced neuronal ER stress plays an important role in both axon degeneration and neuron soma death. Neuronal ER stress is therefore a promising therapeutic target for glaucoma and potentially other types of neurodegeneration.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuron soma and axon degeneration have distinct molecular mechanisms although they are clearly connected after axon injury. We previously demonstrated that axon injury induces neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and that manipulation of ER stress molecules synergistically promotes neuron cell body survival. Here we investigated the possibility that ER stress also plays a role in axon degeneration and whether ER stress modulation preserves neuronal function in neurodegenerative diseases. Our results suggest that neuronal ER stress is a general mechanism of degeneration for both neuronal cell body and axon, and that therapeutic targeting of ER stress produces significant functional recovery.
Neogenin Promotes BMP2 Activation of YAP and Smad1 and Enhances Astrocytic Differentiation in Developing Mouse Neocortex
Authors: Huang Zhihui , Sun Dong , Hu Jin-Xia , Tang Fu-Lei , Lee Dae-Hoon , Wang Ying , Hu Guoqing , Zhu Xiao-Juan , Zhou Jiliang , Mei Lin , Xiong Wen-Cheng
Published: May 2016

Neogenin, a DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) family receptor, is highly expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs). However, its function in NSCs remains to be explored. Here we providein vitroandin vivoevidence for neogenin's function in NSCs to promote neocortical astrogliogenesis, but not self-renewal or neural differentiation. Mechanistically, neogenin in neocortical NSCs was required for BMP2 activation of YAP (yes associated protein). The active/nuclear YAP stabilized phospho-Smad1/5/8 and was necessary for BMP2 induction of astrocytic differentiation. Deletion ofyapin mouse neocortical NSCs caused a similar deficit in neocortical astrogliogenesis as that inneogeninmutant mice. Expression of YAP inneogeninmutant NSCs diminished the astrocytic differentiation deficit in response to BMP2. Together, these results reveal an unrecognized function of neogenin in increasing neocortical astrogliogenesis, and identify a pathway of BMP2-neogenin-YAP-Smad1 for astrocytic differentiation in developing mouse neocortex.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAstrocytes, a major type of glial cells in the brain, play important roles in modulating synaptic transmission and information processing, and maintaining CNS homeostasis. The abnormal astrocytic differentiation during development contributes to dysfunctions of synaptic plasticity and neuropsychological disorders. Here we provide evidence for neogenin's function in regulation of the neocortical astrocyte differentiation during mouse brain development. We also provide evidence for the necessity of neogenin in BMP2/Smad1-induced astrocyte differentiation through YAP. Thus, our findings identify an unrecognized function of neogenin in mouse neocortical astrocyte differentiation, and suggest a signaling pathway, BMP2-neogenin-YAP-Smad1, underlying astrogliogenesis in developing mouse neocortex.
Regulation of fibrillins and modulators of TGFβ in fetal bovine and human ovaries
Authors: Bastian Nicole A , Bayne Rosemary A , Hummitzsch Katja , Hatzirodos Nicholas , Bonner Wendy M , Hartanti Monica D , Irving-Rodgers Helen F , Anderson Richard A , Rodgers Raymond J
Published: May 2016

Fibrillins 1–3 are stromal extracellular matrix proteins that play important roles in regulating TGFβ activity, which stimulates fibroblasts to proliferate and synthesize collagen. In the developing ovary, the action of stroma is initially necessary for the formation of ovigerous cords and subsequently for the formation of follicles and the surface epithelium of the ovary.FBN3is highly expressed only in early ovarian development and then it declines. In contrast,FBN1and2are upregulated in later ovarian development. We examined the expression ofFBN1–3in bovine and human fetal ovaries. We used cell dispersion and monolayer culture, cell passaging and tissue culture. Cells were treated with growth factors, hormones or inhibitors to assess the regulation of expression ofFBN1–3. When bovine fetal ovarian tissue was cultured,FBN3expression declined significantly. Treatment with TGFβ-1 increasedFBN1andFBN2expression in bovine fibroblasts, but did not affectFBN3expression. Additionally, in cultures of human fetal ovarian fibroblasts (9–17weeks gestational age), the expression ofFBN1andFBN2increased with passage, whereasFBN3dramatically decreased. Treatment with activin A and a TGFβ family signaling inhibitor, SB431542, differentially regulated the expression of a range of modulators of TGFβ signaling and of other growth factors in cultured human fetal ovarian fibroblasts suggesting that TGFβ signaling is differentially involved in the regulation of ovarian fibroblasts. Additionally, since the changes inFBN1–3expression that occurin vitroare those that occur with increasing gestational agein vivo, we suggest that the fetal ovarian fibroblasts maturein vitro.
Synthesis and reception of prostaglandins in corpora lutea of domestic cat and lynx
Authors: Zschockelt Lina , Amelkina Olga , Siemieniuch Marta J , Kowalewski Mariusz P , Dehnhard Martin , Jewgenow Katarina , Braun Beate C
Published: May 2016

Felids show different reproductive strategies related to the luteal phase. Domestic cats exhibit a seasonal polyoestrus and ovulation is followed by formation ofcorpora lutea(CL). Pregnant and non-pregnant cycles are reflected by diverging plasma progesterone (P4) profiles. Eurasian and Iberian lynxes show a seasonal monooestrus, in which physiologically persistent CL (perCL) support constantly elevated plasma P4 levels. Prostaglandins (PGs) represent key regulators of reproduction, and we aimed to characterise PG synthesis in feline CL to identify their contribution to the luteal lifespan. We assessed mRNA and protein expression of PG synthases (PTGS2/COX2, PTGES, PGFS/AKR1C3) and PG receptors (PTGER2, PTGER4, PTGFR), and intra-luteal levels of PGE2and PGF2α. Therefore, CL of pregnant (pre-implantation, post-implantation, regression stages) and non-pregnant (formation, development/maintenance, early regression, late regression stages) domestic cats, and prooestrous Eurasian (perCL, pre-mating) and metoestrous Iberian (perCL, freshCL, post-mating) lynxes were investigated. Expression ofPTGS2/COX2, PTGES and PTGER4 was independent of the luteal stage in the investigated species. High levels of luteotrophic PGE2in perCL might be associated with persistence of luteal function in lynxes. Signals for PGFS/AKR1C3 expression were weak in mid and late luteal stages of cats but were absent in lynxes, concomitant with low PGF2αlevels in these species. Thus, regulation of CL regression by luteal PGF2αseems negligible. In contrast, expression of PTGFR was evident in nearly all investigated CL of cat and lynxes, implying that luteal regression, e.g. at the end of pregnancy, is triggered by extra-luteal PGF2α.
Mesothelin as a biomarker for ovarian carcinoma: a meta-analysis
Authors: MADEIRA KRISTIAN , DONDOSSOLA EDUARDO R. , FARIAS BRUNA F. DE , SIMON CARLA S. , ALEXANDRE MARIA C.M. , SILVA BRUNO R. , ROSA MARIA INÊS
Published: May 2016

The objective of this work was to estimate the accuracy of mesothelin as a biomarker for ovarian cancer. A quantitative systematic review was performed. A comprehensive search of the Medline, LILACS, SCOPUS, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Biomed Central, and ISI Web of Science databases was conducted from January 1990 to June 2015. For inclusion in this systematic review, the papers must have measured mesothelin levels in at least two histological diagnoses; ovarian cancer (borderline or ovarian tumor) vs. benign or normal ovarian tissue. For each study, 2 x 2 contingency tables were constructed. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio. The verification bias was performed according to QUADAS-2. Statistical analysis was performed with the software Stata 11, Meta-DiSc(r) and RevMan 5.2. Twelve studies were analyzed, which included 1,561 women. The pooled sensitivity was 0.62 (CI 95% 0.58 - 0.66) and specificity was 0.94 (CI 95% 0.92 - 0.95). The DOR was 38.92 (CI 95% 17.82 - 84.99). Our systematic review shows that mesothelin cannot serve alone as a biomarker for the detection of ovarian cancer.
A economia solidária no centro das discussões: um trabalho bibliométrico de estudos brasileiros
Authors: Alves Juliano Nunes , Flaviano Viviane , Klein Leander Luiz , Löbler Mauri Leodir , Pereira Breno Augusto Diniz
Published: May 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e avaliar as publicações sobre o tema Economia Solidária. Com isso, busca-se compreender o estado de evolução do tema por meio de um processo de organização, classificação e análise de um conjunto de informações e dados bibliométricos. A pesquisa sobre Economia Solidária foi estabelecida nas publicações em periódicos da base da SciELO e SPELL. Foram encontrados 93 artigos publicados sobre o tema em 13 anos de análise (2001 a 2013). Com as recomendações contidas nessas agendas, foram analisados os progressos obtidos pela pesquisa, mostrando a evolução das publicações com o aumento ou a diminuição de sua quantidade a cada ano, os principais autores e as redes de relações entre eles. Os critérios de análise empregados foram os títulos e os resumos de todos os artigos publicados. Os artigos avaliados demonstraram que as publicações são oriundas de diferentes grupos de pesquisas sobre o tema, mas, em contraponto, verificou-se a necessidade de periódicos sobre Economia Solidária.
Influence of body mass index on the frequency of lymphedema and other complications after surgery for breast cancer
Authors: Oliveira Riza Rute , Nascimento Simony Lira , Amaral Maria Teresa Pace do , Silva Marcela Ponzio Pinto e , Oliveira Mariana Maia Freire
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT Objective: this study assessed the influence of pre-operative body mass index (BMI) has upon lymphedema, scar tissue adhesion, pain, and heaviness in the upper limb at two years after surgery for breast cancer. Methods: retrospective analysis of 631 medical records of women who underwent surgery for breast cancer and were referred to the Physiotherapy Program at Prof. Dr. José Aristodemo Pinotti Women's Hospital of the Center for Integral Women's Health Care, CAISM/UNICAMP between January 2006 and December 2007. Results: mean age of women was 56.5 years (±13.7 years) and the most part (55%) were overweight or obese, surgical stages II and III were present in 63% of women studied. Radical mastectomy was the most frequent surgery (54.4%), followed by quadrantectomy (32.1%). In the first year after surgery, there was no significant association between BMI categories and incidence of scar tissue adhesion, pain, heaviness and lymphedema. In the second year, overweight and obese women had higher rates of heaviness in the upper limb and lymphedema. For lymphedema, there was a significant difference among BMI categories (p=0.0268). Obese women are 3.6 times more likely to develop lymphedema in the second year after surgery (odds ratio 3.61 95% CI 1.36 to 9.41). Conclusion: BMI ≥25kg/m2 prior to treatment for breast cancer can be considered a risk factor for developing lymphedema in the two years after surgery. There was no association between BMI and the development of other complications.
A influência do afastamento do trabalho na percepção de saúde e qualidade de vida de indivíduos adultos
Authors: Dutra Fabiana Caetano Martins Silva e , Costa Letícia Cardoso , Sampaio Rosana Ferreira
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Este estudo comparou percepção de saúde e qualidade de vida entre trabalhadores ativos e afastados do trabalho atendidos nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) de Uberaba (MG). Foram estudados 111 trabalhadores avaliados por um questionário com dados sociodemográficos e ocupacionais, avaliação da percepção de saúde e SF-36 para qualidade de vida. Os dados foram submetidos à análise descritiva, teste qui-quadrado para comparação da percepção de saúde e teste U de Mann-Whitney para comparação da qualidade de vida. Mais da metade da amostra era do sexo feminino (63,1%), com média de idade de 36 anos. Quanto à situação atual no trabalho, a maioria (69,4%) estava ativa e 30,6% afastada, sendo a média de 2,85 meses de afastamento. Mais de 75% dos respondentes avaliaram sua saúde como muito boa ou boa, e 23,4% como regular, ruim ou muito ruim. Os trabalhadores afastados tinham qualidade de vida significativamente pior nos domínios capacidade funcional, aspecto físico, dor, estado geral de saúde, aspecto social, aspecto emocional e saúde mental, e pior percepção de saúde quando comparados aos trabalhadores ativos. Estar fora do mercado de trabalho associou-se a uma pior percepção de saúde e qualidade de vida; dessa forma, ações e políticas para inserção de indivíduos adultos em atividades laborais devem ser incentivadas.
Gênese da atenção domiciliária no Brasil no início do século XX
Authors: Oliveira Stefanie Griebeler , Kruse Maria Henriqueta Luce
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Objetivo problematizar as condições de possibilidade para o aparecimento da atenção domiciliária no início do século XX no Brasil. Método estudo de inspiração genealógica sobre a atenção domiciliária. O material empírico foi constituído por dois documentos legais sobre o tema publicados no Diário Oficial. A análise documental utilizou as ferramentas analíticas poder, poder disciplinar e biopolítica, inspiradas em Foucault. Resultados foram elaboradas duas categorias: “Vigilância no domicílio: as enfermeiras visitadoras e a tuberculose” e “Registros: o aparelho político e econômico”. Considerações finais A tuberculose, a nova profissão das enfermeiras visitadoras, os registros produzidos pela vigilância e a análise minuciosa das cidades conferiram à atenção domiciliária um caráter de vigilância, inspeção e controle voltado a conduzir as condutas dos indivíduos.
Developing critical literacy in a PARFOR teaching practicum module
Authors: Tagata William Mineo
Published: May 2016

Abstract: This paper aims to describe a distance education experience that took place in a teaching practicum module of PARFOR (National Plan for Educating Primary and Secondary School Teachers) at the Federal University of Uberlândia. With the aim of promoting a discussion about race and ethnicity in Brazil, the materials and activities of this module were devised in a critical literacy perspective (KNOBEL AND LANKSHEAR, 2011; COPE AND KALANTZIS, 2012). The paper begins with a discussion of relevant issues concerning learning and literacy in distance education today, and then moves on to a brief description of this teaching practicum module. After an analysis of two tasks from this module, we conclude by reflecting on some of the shortcomings regarding the implementation of the course, and suggesting ways in which they could be overcome.
Validação do questionário Parent’s Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children – PEACH em língua portuguesa brasileira
Authors: Levy Cilmara Cristina Alves da Costa , Rodrigues-Sato Lyvia Christina Camarotto Battiston
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Objetivo Traduzir, adaptar e validar o questionário Parent’s Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children para a língua portuguesa brasileira, aplicar o questionário e analisar a interação entre pais/cuidadores e crianças. Métodos Após ser traduzido, retrotraduzido e adaptado, o PEACH foi aplicado a 13 pais ou responsáveis por crianças deficientes auditivas de grau moderado a profundo atendidas no Ambulatório de Audiologia Educacional da instituição. Pediu-se aos pais que preenchessem o diário, respondessem ao questionário fornecendo o maior número de exemplos de comportamentos observados em cada questão e comparecessem ao retorno, após uma semana, para entrevista com a avaliadora ou terapeuta da criança. Resultados Os dados são apresentados em frequência e porcentagem. Usou-se o teste de qui-quadrado, tendo-se adotado 5% como nível de significância (p). Duas questões sofreram adaptação cultural para a língua portuguesa brasileira; as mães foram as pessoas que mais responderam ao questionário (69,2%). Conclusão O questionário foi traduzido e adaptado respeitando os aspectos culturais da população brasileira. Em algumas questões deve-se tomar cuidado ao analisar as respostas dos pais, levando-se em conta a idade da criança e o conteúdo linguístico exigido para que se observe o comportamento, evitando interpretações errôneas quanto à qualidade da amplificação e do uso do AASI/IC. A aplicação do questionário é de grande importância, visto que mede o desempenho das crianças em situações de sua vida diária.
Curva ROC do Protocolo Qualidade de Vida em Voz Pediátrico (QVV-P)
Authors: Krohling Lívia Lima , Paula Kely Maria Pereira de , Behlau Mara
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Verificar a eficiência e determinar a nota de corte do instrumento Qualidade de Vida em Voz Pediátrico (QVV-P), bem como as medidas de sensibilidade, especificidade e eficiência. Participaram 230 voluntários, pais/responsáveis de crianças/adolescentes com e sem queixa vocal, de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 2 e 18 anos, que responderam a versão brasileira validada do QVV-P, cujos três escores (geral, físico e socioemocional) foram analisados pela Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (curva ROC). As notas de corte, a curva ROC e as medidas de especificidade, sensibilidade e eficiência variaram conforme o escore investigado - geral, físico ou socioemocional. O escore geral apresentou poder discriminatório excelente (eficiência=0,936; especificidade=0,991; e sensibilidade=0,881), o escore socioemocional teve classificação de rendimento razoável (eficiência=0,794; especificidade=0,604; e sensibilidade=0,983), e o escore físico foi um classificador excelente (eficiência=0,918; especificidade=0,946; sensibilidade=0,890). Foram determinadas as seguintes notas de corte e área sob a curva: escore geral- corte=96,25 e AUC=0,98; escore físico- corte=91,68 e AUC=0,97; e escore socioemocional- corte=96,87 e AUC=0,79. O protocolo QVV-P é um classificador excelente e eficiente na discriminação de crianças e adolescentes com e sem queixa vocal. A percepção dos pais/responsáveis quanto à presença de uma alteração na voz de seu filho possibilita a compreensão do comprometimento na qualidade de vida relacionada à voz, em 98% dos casos, principalmente, no que se refere às questões físicas do QVV-P.
Effects of Infant Cleft Lip on Adult Gaze and Perceptions of “Cuteness”
Authors: Holly Rayson , Christine E. Parsons , Katherine S. Young , Goodacre Timothy E.E. , Kringelbach Morten L. , Bonaiuto James J. , Mcsorley Eugene , Murray Lynne
Published: May 2016

Objective:

Early mother-infant interactions are impaired in the context of infant cleft lip and are associated with adverse child psychological outcomes, but the nature of these interaction difficulties is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to explore adult gaze behavior and cuteness perception, which are particularly important during early social exchanges, in response to infants with cleft lip, in order to investigate potential foundations for the interaction difficulties seen in this population.

Methods:

Using an eye tracker, eye movements were recorded as adult participants viewed images of infant faces with and without cleft lip. Participants also rated each infant on a scale of cuteness.

Results:

Participants fixated significantly longer on the mouths of infants with cleft lip, which occurred at the expense of fixation on eyes. Severity of cleft lip was associated with the strength of fixation bias, with participants looking even longer at the mouths of infants with the most severe clefts. Infants with cleft lip were rated as significantly less cute than unaffected infants. Men rated infants as less cute than women overall but gave particularly low ratings to infants with cleft lip.

Conclusions:

Results demonstrate that the limited disturbance in infant facial configuration of cleft lip can significantly alter adult gaze patterns and cuteness perception. Our findings could have important implications for early interactions and may help in the development of interventions to foster healthy development in infants with cleft lip.
The Macroeconomic Impact of Financial and Uncertainty Shocks
Authors: Caldara Dario , Fuentes-Albero Cristina , Gilchrist Simon , Zakrajsek Egon
Published: May 2016

The extraordinary events surrounding the Great Recession have cast a considerable doubt on the traditional sources of macroeconomic instability. In their place, economists have singled out financial and uncertainty shocks as potentially important drivers of economic fluctuations. Empirically distinguishing between these two types of shocks, however, is difficult because increases in economic uncertainty are strongly associated with a widening of credit spreads, an indication of a tightening in financial conditions. This paper uses the penalty function approach within the SVAR framework to examine the interaction between financial conditions and economic uncertainty and to trace out the impact of these two types of shocks on the economy. The results indicate that (1) financial shocks have a significant adverse effect on economic outcomes and that such shocks were an important source of cyclical fluctuations since the mid-1980; (2) uncertainty shocks, especially those implied by uncertainty proxies that do not rely on financial asset prices, are also an important source of macroeconomic disturbances; and (3) uncertainty shocks have an especially negative economic impact in situations where they elicit a concomitant tightening of financial conditions. Evidence suggests that the Great Recession was likely an acute manifestation of the toxic interaction between uncertainty and financial shocks.
Infancy and the First Steps of Professional Midwifery Schools in Russia
Authors: Novikova Tatiana O
Published: May 2016

This research is devoted to the analysis of the first schools for midwives in Russia and first of all we will review the principles, which were the basis for teaching obstetricians and understanding the socio-cultural reception childhood and motherhood, which arises in connection to this. Why the focus is on the professional organization of obstetric and midwifery practice development in Russia? Ideas about how childhood is interpreted, what status does a child have in the social structure, how the concern to protect the life of the newborn may be reflected - all these problems could be found in a variety of legal laws and regulations. Establishment of professional obstetrics is not only the important milestone in the history of medicine, it is also very important for the whole of human knowledge, as the emergence of professionally organized obstetrics may be a sign of changes of the attitude to women and children in the socio-cultural system. This is especially important when it comes to infants, since this stage of life is usually beyond the scope of social and cultural reflection, infancy is not asserting itself and attitude to infants shows itself in the history of culture indirectly through the represented visual images, creating a certain material culture and formation system of views on the care of mothers and children. Providing professional medical assistance to a woman during childbirth and to an infant means that their life and health are important for the state and they should not rely only on the grace of God.
Assessment of life quality in disabled individuals
Authors: Malikova Tatyana V , Pirogov Dmitry G
Published: May 2016

This article presents the study of the features of the subjective evaluation the quality of life of disabled people. The article contains a comparative analysis of Paralympians and persons with locomotor disorders and a comparison of Paralympian and professional athletes. The study describes the features of perception of the life in a time perspective and considers some characteristics of the quality of life (self-attitude, coping strategies, values). Within the framework of the presented research which was revealed Paralympians' positive assessment of their quality of life, unlike the comparison group (athletes and persons with locomotor disorders). An orientation to the future and positive assessment of the present tense are typical for paralimpians. They demonstrate a high level of satisfaction with social relationships, positive view of their own health, and the harmonic type of relationship to the disease, which allows adequate distribute their own strength and to determine their capabilities. Paralympians confront to their physical defect by overcoming the difficulties that they face in everyday life, and through sports. The structure of the Paralympians' attitude to yourself indicates the importance of the self-development indicators and orientation to overcome the difficulties. Thus, Paralympians show less interest in the others assessment of their capabilities and achievements as opposed to professional athletes. Sport is a life that allows Paralympians feel full member of society. Sport helps Paralympians to exclude from their behavior destructive forms of responses in stressful situations, which are typical for people with disorders of the musculoskeletal system, who also not involved in sports and don't take active part in a social relations.
Clinical current and structural changes of pulmonary tissue at children with a bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the anamnesis
Authors: Zapevalova Elena Yu , Klyukhina Julia B , Boitsova Evgeniya V , Kirbyatieva Marina A
Published: May 2016

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is currently the most common chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Since the initial description of the disease, more than forty years ago, new treatments and technologies have improved the outcome for preterm infants with very - low and extremely - low - birth - weight. As a result, the survival of extremely premature infants has increased but, despite of the improvement in neonatal care, the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia continues to grow. At the same time the consequences of this disease for life has not yet been determined. The aim of the study to determine the clinical course, structural and functional changes in the lungs. In this study we surveyed 44 primary school children and adolescents who have had bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infancy. The children was carried out computed tomography of the lungs, research of function of external breath by methods of impulse oscillometry, spirometry, a body plethysmography, and also research of diffusion lung capacity. The features of the clinical course at different ages, the functional state of the respiratory system, as well as structural changes in the lung tissue. In school children and adolescents with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia found long - term structural changes in the lungs as inhomogeneity of ventilation and fibrotic changes on computed tomography of the thorax and also had evidence of airflow obstruction in the result of pulmonary function tests, in the absence of significant clinical signs of respiratory disease.
O clima escolar e a convivência respeitosa nas instituições educativas
Authors: Vinha Telma Pileggi , Morais Alessandra De , Tognetta Luciene Regina Paulino , Azzi Roberta Gurgel , Aragão Ana Maria Falcão de , Marques Carolina De Aragão Escher , Silva Lívia Maria Ferreira da , Moro Adriano , Vivaldi Flávia Maria de Campos , Ramos Adriana De Melo , Oliveira Mariana Tavares Almeida , Bozza Thais Cristina Leite
Published: May 2016

 

Os problemas de convivência, muitas vezes traduzidos como indisciplina ou violência, aparecem como uma das maiores dificuldades enfrentadas pelas escolas. Considerando que há uma correspondência entre a qualidade do clima escolar e das relações interpessoais, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos a construção e testagem de instrumentos para avaliar o clima escolar em alunos, docentes e gestores, assim como elaborar e desenvolver em duas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental II um projeto de intervenção objetivando a melhoria da convivência. Após o diagnóstico do clima dessas escolas, desenvolveu-se uma intervenção constituída por: inserção de uma disciplina semanal na grade horária dos alunos; implantação de procedimentos para mediação de conflitos; propostas de protagonismo juvenil; e formação continuada dos profissionais da escola. Este estudo apresenta subsídios teóricos e práticos que favorecem a melhoria da qualidade do clima escolar e possibilita às escolas planejarem a convivência.

 
LEADERSHIP IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION: STUDY OF THEMATIC AL-QUR'AN AND AL-HADIST
Authors: Ikhwan Afiful
Published: May 2016

The term leadership in Islam is associated with “the highest leadership for Muslims”, known as the Caliph, Imam, Imaratul and so forth. It means the supreme leadership for Muslims in religion and world affairs. The popular definition of the Caliphate is the supreme leader of the world in matters of religion replacing the Prophet Muhammad SAW. It is also called “Replacing the prophetic assignment to maintain and manage world affairs”. Of the supreme leader, and later expanded to all aspects of human life, to the smallest groups, families and individuals. In this case, of course we will not discuss the issue of caliphate, a succession of national leaders and so on, but we briefly cover how we should lead an institution or organization. Therefore, we need to figure out the feature of leaders, so that we can apply to choose a leader.

Istilah kepemimpinan dalam Islam biasanya difokuskan pada “kepemimpinan tertinggi bagi umat Islam” yang dikenal sebagai khalifah, Imam, Imaratuh dan sebagainya. Artinya, kepemimpinan tertinggi bagi umat Islam dalam urusan agama dan dunia. Definisi populer kekhalifahan adalah pemimpin tertinggi dalam urusan agama dan dunia menggantikan Rasulullah SAW. Pemimpin dalam Islam juga disebut “Penggantian tugas agama kenabian untuk memelihara dan mengatur urusan dunia”. Dari pimpinan tertinggi, dan kemudian berkembang ke seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia, ke kelompok terkecil, keluarga dan individu. Dalam hal ini, tentu saja kita tidak akan membahas masalah khalifah, suksesi pemimpin nasional dan sebagainya, tetapi kita hanya akan melihat sekilas bagaimana seharusnya jika kita bertugas memimpin suatu lembaga atau organisasi. Oleh karena itu, yang kita perlu tahu adalah sifat dari para pemimpin ini, sehingga kita bisa mengaplikasikannya untuk memilih seorang pemimpin.
Multiscale connectivity and graph theory highlight critical areas for conservation under climate change
Authors: Dilts Thomas E. , Weisberg Peter J. , Leitner Philip , Matocq Marjorie D. , Inman Richard D. , Nussear Kenneth E. , Esque Todd C.
Published: May 2016

Conservation planning and biodiversity management require information on landscape connectivity across a range of spatial scales from individual home ranges to large regions. Reduction in landscape connectivity due changes in land use or development is expected to act synergistically with alterations to habitat mosaic configuration arising from climate change. We illustrate a multiscale connectivity framework to aid habitat conservation prioritization in the context of changing land use and climate. Our approach, which builds upon the strengths of multiple landscape connectivity methods, including graph theory, circuit theory, and least‐cost path analysis, is here applied to the conservation planning requirements of the Mohave ground squirrel. The distribution of this threatened Californian species, as for numerous other desert species, overlaps with the proposed placement of several utility‐scale renewable energy developments in the American southwest. Our approach uses information derived at three spatial scales to forecast potential changes in habitat connectivity under various scenarios of energy development and climate change. By disentangling the potential effects of habitat loss and fragmentation across multiple scales, we identify priority conservation areas for both core habitat and critical corridor or stepping stone habitats. This approach is a first step toward applying graph theory to analyze habitat connectivity for species with continuously distributed habitat and should be applicable across a broad range of taxa.
Are cattle surrogate wildlife? Savanna plant community composition explained by total herbivory more than herbivore type
Authors: Veblen Kari E. , Porensky Lauren M. , Riginos Corinna , Young Truman P.
Published: May 2016

The widespread replacement of wild ungulate herbivores by domestic livestock in African savannas is composed of two interrelated phenomena: (1) loss or reduction in numbers of individual wildlife species or guilds and (2) addition of livestock to the system. Each can have important implications for plant community dynamics. Yet very few studies have experimentally addressed the individual, combined, and potentially interactive effects of wild vs. domestic herbivore species on herbaceous plant communities within a single system. Additionally, there is little information about whether, and in which contexts, livestock might functionally replace native herbivore wildlife or, alternatively, have fundamentally different effects on plant species composition. The Kenya Long‐term Exclosure Experiment, which has been running since 1995, is composed of six treatment combinations of mega‐herbivores, meso‐herbivore ungulate wildlife, and cattle. We sampled herbaceous vegetation 25 times between 1999 and 2013. We used partial redundancy analysis and linear mixed models to assess effects of herbivore treatments on overall plant community composition and key plant species. Plant communities in the six different herbivore treatments shifted directionally over time and diverged from each other substantially by 2013. Plant community composition was strongly related (R2 = 0.92) to residual plant biomass, a measure of herbivore utilization. Addition of any single herbivore type (cattle, wildlife, or mega‐herbivores) caused a shift in plant community composition that was proportional to its removal of plant biomass. These results suggest that overall herbivory pressure, rather than herbivore type or complex interactions among different herbivore types, was the main driver of changes in plant community composition. Individual plant species, however, did respond most strongly to either wild ungulates or cattle. Although these results suggest considerable functional similarity between a suite of native wild herbivores (which included grazers, browsers, and mixed feeders) and cattle (mostly grazers) with respect to understory plant community composition, responses of individual plant species demonstrate that at the plant‐population‐level impacts of a single livestock species are not functionally identical to those of a diverse group of native herbivores.
Replicated landscape genetic and network analyses reveal wide variation in functional connectivity for American pikas
Authors: Castillo Jessica A. , Epps Clinton W. , Jeffress Mackenzie R. , Ray Chris , Rodhouse Thomas J. , Schwalm Donelle
Published: May 2016

Landscape connectivity is essential for maintaining viable populations, particularly for species restricted to fragmented habitats or naturally arrayed in metapopulations and facing rapid climate change. The importance of assessing both structural connectivity (physical distribution of favorable habitat patches) and functional connectivity (how species move among habitat patches) for managing such species is well understood. However, the degree to which functional connectivity for a species varies among landscapes, and the resulting implications for conservation, have rarely been assessed. We used a landscape genetics approach to evaluate resistance to gene flow and, thus, to determine how landscape and climate‐related variables influence gene flow for American pikas (Ochotona princeps) in eight federally managed sites in the western United States. We used empirically derived, individual‐based landscape resistance models in conjunction with predictive occupancy models to generate patch‐based network models describing functional landscape connectivity. Metareplication across landscapes enabled identification of limiting factors for dispersal that would not otherwise have been apparent. Despite the cool microclimates characteristic of pika habitat, south‐facing aspects consistently represented higher resistance to movement, supporting the previous hypothesis that exposure to relatively high temperatures may limit dispersal in American pikas. We found that other barriers to dispersal included areas with a high degree of topographic relief, such as cliffs and ravines, as well as streams and distances greater than 1–4 km depending on the site. Using the empirically derived network models of habitat patch connectivity, we identified habitat patches that were likely disproportionately important for maintaining functional connectivity, areas in which habitat appeared fragmented, and locations that could be targeted for management actions to improve functional connectivity. We concluded that climate change, besides influencing patch occupancy as predicted by other studies, may alter landscape resistance for pikas, thereby influencing functional connectivity through multiple pathways simultaneously. Spatial autocorrelation among genotypes varied across study sites and was largest where habitat was most dispersed, suggesting that dispersal distances increased with habitat fragmentation, up to a point. This study demonstrates how landscape features linked to climate can affect functional connectivity for species with naturally fragmented distributions, and reinforces the importance of replicating studies across landscapes.
Repeated wildfires alter forest recovery of mixed‐conifer ecosystems
Authors: Stevens‐Rumann Camille , Morgan Penelope
Published: May 2016

Most models project warmer and drier climates that will contribute to larger and more frequent wildfires. However, it remains unknown how repeated wildfires alter post‐fire successional patterns and forest structure. Here, we test the hypothesis that the number of wildfires, as well as the order and severity of wildfire events interact to alter forest structure and vegetation recovery and implications for vegetation management. In 2014, we examined forest structure, composition, and tree regeneration in stands that burned 1–18 yr before a subsequent 2007 wildfire. Three important findings emerged: (1) Repeatedly burned forests had 15% less woody surface fuels and 31% lower tree seedling densities compared with forests that only experienced one recent wildfire. These repeatedly burned areas are recovering differently than sites burned once, which may lead to alternative ecosystem structure. (2) Order of burn severity (high followed by low severity compared with low followed by high severity) did influence forest characteristics. When low burn severity followed high, forests had 60% lower canopy closure and total basal area with 92% fewer tree seedlings than when high burn severity followed low. (3) Time between fires had no effect on most variables measured following the second fire except large woody fuels, canopy closure and tree seedling density. We conclude that repeatedly burned areas meet many vegetation management objectives of reduced fuel loads and moderate tree seedling densities. These differences in forest structure, composition, and tree regeneration have implications not only for the trajectories of these forests, but may reduce fire intensity and burn severity of subsequent wildfires and may be used in conjunction with future fire suppression tactics.