bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of radiation-based reference evapotranspiration equation developed for Indian sub-humid conditions
Authors: ARVIND SINGH TOMAR
Published: March 2022

In this study, asite-specific radiation based equation for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was developed and its performance was statistically analysed in comparison to widely accepted FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM) model and four radiation-based ETo methods for sub-humid Hazaribagh region of Jharkhand state. The equation was developed with daily values of incoming solar radiation in conjunction with air temperature (minimum and maximum) by considering daily FAO-56 PM ET0 values as index with weather dataset of 15 years (1990-2004). The performance of developed equation validated with eight years (2005-2012) daily weather dataset revealed that it estimated ETo values better than other radiation-based methods. The respective higher and lower values of agreement index and root mean square error with FAO-56 PM ET0 values during validation period confirms efficacy of developed equation whose performance tested at another Indian sub-humid location (Pantnagar) confirmed its suitability as well. Considering the limitations associated with reliability and availability of weather data especially in developing countries, developed equation is recommended as practical one to estimate ETo in sub-humid climatic conditions if FAO-56 PM model cannot be used due to non-availability of required weather parameters at a location.
Crop water requirement (ETc) of different crops of middle Gujarat
Authors: RASHMI MEHTA  , VYAS PANDEY
Published: March 2022

Accurate estimation of crop water requirements (ETc) of any crop is essentially required for irrigation scheduling and water management. The present study was undertaken to estimate the crop water requirement (ETc) of ten major crops (rice, wheat, maize, pearl millet, chickpea, green gram, soybean, groundnut, mustard and cotton) grown in different seasons inmiddle Gujarat region. The daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by FAO Penman-Monteith method using 20 years (1993 to 2013) mean meteorological data of Anand. The growth stage wise crop coefficients (Kc) modified for daily climatic variation was used to estimate the daily ETc for the selected crops.The daily ETo was found to increase continuously from 4.2 mm day-1 in January to its maximum values of 10.1 mm day-1 during 25th-30thMay, thereafter ETo decreased sharply during June and remained low during July and August (H”5.4 mm day-1). With slight increase during September and October, it decreased further and reached to its minimum value (4.0 mm day-1) at the end of year. The seasonal crop water requirement (ETc) estimates showed that, among summer crops, groundnut has higher ETc (849.0 mm) value than pearlmillet (499.2 mm) and green gram (476.5 mm).Among kharif crops,cotton (848.0 mm) and rice(729.3 mm) have the highest crop water requirement whereas pearlmillet (323.6 mm) and green gram (324.6 mm) have the lowest ETc. Amongst winter season crops,wheat has the highest (501.2 mm) ETc and mustard has the lowest (411.7 mm) ETc.These results can be used in efficient management of irrigation water.
Projected climate change under different scenarios in central region of Punjab, India
Authors: NAVNEET KAUR  , PRABHJYOT-KAUR
Published: March 2022

The regional climate model viz. PRECIS(Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies) model was used to downscale the future climatic data for the central region of Punjab, India.The projected data for the 21st century under different scenarios was corrected by using the climate data recorded for the 1971-1990 at meteorological station of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Central Region of Punjab) and baseline data derived from PRECIS model. The corrected data was then analyzed on annual, seasonal and monthly basis to quantify the changes in maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall. The projected data showed increase inmaximum and minimum temperature where as an irregular trend in rainfall was observed.It was projected that maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall would increase linearly under the A1B scenario for the mid century. At the end of the century, the rise in maximum  and minimum temperature in B2 scenario will continue but at slower rate than the A1B and A2 scenarios. There would be deficit of rainfall by 78 and 30 % during the winter season under the A2 and B2 scenarios of the end century.
Heat utilization and radiation interception in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to seedling age
Authors: NAVNEET AGGARWAL  , AVTAR SINGH  , SOM PAL SINGH
Published: March 2022

The experiment comprising of mechanical transplanting of 3, 4 and 5 weeks-old seedlings was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2010 and 2011 to study the effect of seedling age on heat utilization, radiation interception and productivity of rice. Mechanical transplanting of 3 weeksold seedlings recorded highest accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) of 2045oC day resulting from highest number of days taken to maturity. The heat use efficiency (HUE) was similar in all transplantedseedlings. The growth and yield attributes in terms of plant height, tiller number, panicle length, panicle weight, leaf area index (LAI) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception by the crop declined with increasing seedling age from 3 to 5 weeks. The 3 weeks-old transplanted seedlings recorded 0.90 and 2.79 per cent higher grain yield over 4 and 5 weeks old seedlings, respectively although the differences were non-significant.
Climate variability impacts on wheat productivity in central Punjab
Authors: P. K. KINGRA
Published: March 2022

Long-term (1970-71 to 2014-15) climatic variability analysis during wheat growing period of Ludhiana indicated significant increasing trend in minimum temperature (0.06oC year-1) and decreasing trend in sunshine hours (0.03 hrs day-1) and wind speed (0.03 km hr-1). Lower minimum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days during the reproductive growth period of wheat covering the months of February and March have been found favourable for higher grain yield. Multiple regression model developed between weather parameters during critical periods and grain yield of wheat explained 81% variation in wheat productivity. Verification of this model for three years depicted under-estimation of wheat yield between 4-8%.
Simulating the impact of climate change on chickpea yield under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Madhya Pradesh
Authors: A.K.SRIVASTAVA  , SANDIP SILAWAT  , K.K.AGRAWAL
Published: March 2022

CROPGRO-chickpea model calibrated and validated with data collected from the experiments conducted with two cultivars (JG 315 and JG 11) of chickpea at Jabalpur (irrigated) and Tikamgarh (rainfed) during 2009-10 and 2010-11, was used to study the impact of climate change on phenology, growth and yield of chickpea. It was found that model closely simulated the phenological event as well as biomass. The model underestimated seed yield of both the cultivars but more error was involved in simulation of JG 11. Under rainfed conditions there was large differences between observed and simulated. Under climate change scenarios (increasing maximum temperature by +1 to +3 °C, minimum temperature by+0.5 to 2.5°C and CO2 from 400 to 600ppm); the seed yield of the chickpea cultivars would increased by 102.8 and 187.7 per cent under irrigated conditions at Jabalpur. The large variability in yield was noted under rainfed as compared to irrigated conditions.
Rainfall estimation using multiple linear regression based statistical downscaling for Piperiya watershed in Chhattisgarh
Authors: S. K. CHANDNIHA  , M. L. KANSAL
Published: March 2022

Climatic variability and its behavior is a complex phenomenon that is directly associated with uncertainties. In the climate change study, particularly in hydrological aspects, it is necessary to identify the parameters (predictors) that are directly or indirectly associated with predictands. The forecasted results are directly associated with the selection of predictors. In the present study, the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) has been advocated to downscale the daily rainfall in Piperiya watershed of Chhattisgarh state. SDSM is based on multiple linear regression (MLR) technique. The daily rainfall data (1961-2001) of the Piperiya watershed in Chhattisgarh is considered as input (predictand) to the model. The model has been calibrated and validated on the basis of rainfall period of 1961-1990 and 1991-2001 respectively with large scale predictors of National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. Finally, monthly rainfall is predicted on the basis of forecasted future daily rainfall for the periods of 2020s, 2050s and 2080s under the consideration of HadCM3 A2 and B2 emission scenarios.
Constructing the downscale precipitation using ANN model over the Kshipra river basin, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: P. K. MEENA  , DEEPAK KHARE  , M. K. NEMA
Published: March 2022

The present study is focused on simulating the impact of climate change on the behavior of precipitationof Kshipra river basin in Madhya Pradesh, India.Artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to construct of the downscale precipitation scenario. A General Circulation Model (GCM) viz. Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3), from Hadley Center, UK has been used for the study. In Model, monthly weather data on the basis of rapid economic growth under A1B scenario (A balanced emphasis on all energy sources) were considered. The four predictor variables which are used in ANN model formulation are screened from a set of 26 predictors based on correlation analysis of observed precipitation. The basic ANN architecture was optimized for training of the model byfirst selecting the training algorithm and then varying the number of neurons in the hidden layer. Twelve different training algorithms have been used. Further, the model was evaluated by varying the number of neurons from 1 to 30 in the hidden layer.The performance of modelwas evaluated in terms of the correlation coefficient (R), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The results of model revealed that the predicted precipitation and observed precipitation are better correlated (R=0.911 and 0.853 during training and validation runs) with back propagation variable learning rate “traingdx” algorithm.
Evaluation of CERES-Rice model for the selected rice varieties of Kerala
Authors: ARJUN VYSAKH  , B. AJITHKUMAR  , A. V. M. SUBBA RAO
Published: March 2022

A field experiment was conducted at Thrissur during kharif seasons of 2013 and 2014 using two rice varieties (Jyothi and Kanchana) and five dates of planting (June 5th, June 20th, July 5th, July 20th and August 5th). CERES-Rice model of DSSAT v 4.6 was used to simulate the phenology and grain yield of rice. Calibration of genetic coefficients was done with 6000 iterations and then the model was validated. The model could simulate the phenology of both the rice varieties with RMSE ranging between 0.89 to 1.92 for physiological maturity.The model overestimated the grain yield of rice cultivars which need further refinement.
Fluxes and production efficiency of irrigated wheat ecosystem under edaphic constraints of western Maharashtra plateau: a micrometeorological investigation
Authors: SUNAYAN SAHA  , S. K. BAL  , K. P. BHAGAT
Published: March 2022

Energy fluxes and canopy microclimate of wheat grown on the edaphically stressed shallow basaltic soil at Baramati, India were studied during 2014-15.The crop was grown with optimum irrigation, applied at frequent intervals, resulting in a low seasonal Bowen ratio (H/LE: Sensible heat flux/Latent heat flux) value of 0.23. The diurnal average flux rate for H during various phenophases varied between 2.2 and 16.2 Wm-2 and had a seasonal mean of 11.0 Wm-2. LE exchange rates varied between 44.2 and 56.8 Wm-2 and the seasonal mean was 49.0 Wm-2.Evapo-transpiration (ET) of wheat in the location under standard growing condition was estimated at 312 mm.However, the crop could actually evapotranspire water in the range of 187-248 mm,as measured through an eddy covariance based protocol, even though it received about 410 mm of water through irrigation and rainfall. Canopy condition were interpreted through hyperspectra based indices, viz. NDVI and LSWI which indicated atleast two instances of stress, one around maximum tillering and the other between anthesis and dough stages.Net primary production and yield during the 105 day long growing season were 558 g C m-2 and 3.3 t ha-1, respectively and the productivity gap could be minimized by addressing the major edaphic limitations, i.e. low soil volume and high seepage losses.
Radiation utilization efficiency and evaporative fraction of rainfed rice in eastern India
Authors: GOURANGA KAR  , ASHWANI KUMAR
Published: March 2022

Optimum utilization of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) along with proper nitrogen management for sustainable rice production is still a promising management recommendation in order to increase profit for the low income rice farmers of the eastern India. The objective of this investigation was to relate the cumulative development of above ground dry biomass to cumulative absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) of 2 rainfed rice varieties (‘Lalat’ and ‘Gayatri’) with 3 nitrogen levels (50, 100 and 130 kg ha-1) under tropical monsoon climate of the region. Averaged over yeas and nitrogen level, radiation utilization efficiency in terms of above ground dry biomass (REUbio) of 1.88 (± 0.08) and 2.06 (± 0.09) gMJ-1 were recorded for the cultivar ‘Lalat’ and ‘Gayatri’, respectively. Higher dose of nitrogen increased the RUE significantly, averaged over years and varieties, mean values of it (RUEbio) were 1.68 (± 0.10), 2.04 (± 0.09) and 2.19 (± 0.08) gMJ-1 under 50, 100 and 130 kg ha-1 nitrogen respectively. The ratio of the latent heat flux to the available energy or evaporative fraction was found to be 79-82% in different cultivars and seasons. Partitioning of evapo-transpiration (ET) indicated that about 70-80% of seasonal ET came from transpiration.
Radiation utilization efficiency and surface energy exchange of winter maize (Zea mays L.) under different irrigation regimes
Authors: GOURANGA KAR  , ASHWANI KUMAR
Published: March 2022

Knowledge of resource capture particularly, energy, nutrients and radiation by crop species under different management practices helps in improving productivity of any crop.Growth and yield of any grain crop are largely determined by intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), the efficienc y of conversion of it into dry matter (RUE) and partitioning of dry matter to grain. In this investigation IPAR, RUE andenergy flux of the winter maize were studied and relationships were established among biomass, yield, RUE and IPAR under different irrigation (120, 180, 240, 300, 360 mm) and nitrogen (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg ha-1) levels. Simulation models that rely on RUE for biomass accumulation can use these relationships for predicting biomass and yield of the crop. The RUE of the crop ranged from 1.01 to 2.16 g MJ-1under different irrigation and nitrogen levels whereas, latent heat flux varied with the growth stages and values ranged between 8.64 to 18.77 MJ m-2 day-1.
Heat and water-use efficiency in summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under different thermal and moisture regimes
Authors: HARI RAM  , NAVNEET AGGARWAL  , GURIQBAL SINGH  , SOM PAL SINGH
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted during summer seasons of 2007 to 2009 with three sowing dates (20 March, 5 April and 20 April) and four termination of last irrigation (45, 50, 55 and 60 days after sowing) to study the growth and yield of mungbean as influenced by thermal and moisture regimes at Ludhiana. The highest grain yield (1474 kg ha-1) was recorded in April 5 sowing date. The delayedsowing caused early maturity but increased water use. The maximum heat accumulation as well as heat use efficiency was reduced after April 5 sowing. Among the irrigation treatments, the delay in termination of last irrigation had increased crop duration, yield as well as water and heat use efficiencies.
Thermal requirements, heat use efficiency and plant responses of Indian mustard (Brassica Juncea) for different levels of nitrogen under different environments
Authors: P.KEERTHI  , R.K.PANNU  , RAJ SINGH  , A.K.DHAKA
Published: March 2022

Field experiment was conducted during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15 to study the thermal requirement for Indian mustard at research farm, College of Agriculture, Hisar,Haryana (latitude 290 10’ N and longitude 750 36’ E Latitude). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications consisted four dates of sowing (Oct15th&25th and Nov5th& 15th) as main plots and five nitrogen levels(0 (Control), 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg N ha-1) as sub plots treatments. Results revealed that duration of phenological stages andthermal unit during days to 50 % flowering to maturity increased with successive delay in sowing. October 15 sowing crop produced significantly higher total dry matter accumulation, more number of siliquae, higher seed yield, and biological yield as compared to October 25, November 5 and November 15. Among the doses of nitrogen, 100 kg Nha-1 exhibited significantly higher total dry matter accumulation, heat use efficiency, more number of siliquae plant-1, higher 1000 seed weight , seed yield and biological yield followed by 80, 60, 40 and 0 kg N.
Effect of heat stress on crop phenology, yield and seed quality attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: MONIKA A. JOSHI  , FARIDULLAH S.  , ATUL KUMAR
Published: March 2022

High temperature is a major determinant of wheat development and growth and causes yield loss in many regions of the world. The present study was aimed at assessing the effects of heat stress on phenologic, floral, yield and seed quality attributes of fourteen wheat genotypes under four environmental conditions; raised at two dates: November (favourable) and January (heat stress) duringrabi seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14. Under heat stress condition, 5-12°C higher temperatures were recorded at anthesis and post-anthesis stage than the normal sown. The study revealed significant differences among dates of sowing, thereby indicating sensitivity to heat stress. Among the plant morphological traits, there was a maximum reduction in plant height under heat stress condition (January sown) as compared to normal sown condition.Phenology of wheat crop was also significantly affected by higher temperature. Wheat varieties sown during the month of November took more time to reach maturity while late sown material recorded lesser crop growth duration. Among the seed yield and quality parameters, high temperature caused maximum reduction in tiller number (70%) followed by grain yield (67.3% reduction), 1000-grain weight (47% reduction) and vigour Index II (52.7% reduction). Hence, these traits were identified as the most susceptible traits to heat stress. Heat stress also caused a reduction of 39.7 per cent for canopy temperature depression at grain filling stage. Flag leaf area, spikelet fertility and pollen fertility reduced by 33.1%, 22.7% and 7.7%, respectively, thereby indicating that these traits were less affected due to higher temperature.Genotypes GW 366 and HD 2888 showed least heat susceptibility index (HSI)for grain yield whereas for seed quality, HD 3093 showed better tolerance compared to others.
Evaluation of selection indices for improving terminal heat tolerance in greengram (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek)
Authors: CHANDAN KUMAR  , S.B. MISHRA  , NILANJAYA  , CHANDRA MOHAN SINGH
Published: March 2022

An investigation was carried out with forty greengram genotypes including one check Samrat during summer 2015 to find out suitable selection indices for influencing the performance of genotypes under heat stress. Seed yield showed positive and significant association with days to maturity (DM), growing degree days (GDD), relative temperature depression (RTD) and heat use efficiency (HUE). Stepwise regression analysis showed that maximum contribution was made by HUE followed by photothermal index (PTI) and DM. This indicated that HUE might be utilized as primary key factor, whereas PTI, DM and RTD might be utilized as secondary key factor for improving heat tolerance in greengram. The comparison of different functions revealed that among the single character selection index HUE (index IV) was the key component to construct selection index for terminal heat tolerance in greengram. Besidethis DM, PTI, RTD, HUE and seed yield per plant (SYP) (index XV) should be simultaneously selected to achieve maximum gain and improve the heat tolerance in greengram.
Effect of intra-seasonal temperature on wheat at different locations of India: A study using CERES-Wheat model
Authors: S. S. SANDHU  , PRABHJYOT-KAUR  , PADMAKAR TRIPATHI  , S. R. PATEL  , RAJENDRA PRASAD  , N. S. SOLANKI  , RAMESH KUMAR  , C. B. SINGH  , A. P. DUBEY  , V. U. M RAO
Published: March 2022

CERES-Wheat model (DSSAT v 4.5.0.0) was used to analyze the effects of rise in intra-seasonal temperature on productivity of wheat and to optimize sowing time for mitigating the effects of rise in intraseasonal temperature at seven wheat growing locations representing different zones of India. The results showed that the temperature rise had differential effect on wheat yield in different zones and also with dates of sowing. Central zone(Udaipur and Raipur) was the most susceptible (yield reduced upto 10.2%) to the rise in temperature by 3.0°C from normal. The Northern hills (Palampur) zone was least susceptible. At Palampur, wheat yield increased upto 4.07% with rise in temperature by 3.0°C from normal during early phases of crop growth while during later phases of crop growth the yield decrease was 3.46-5.79%. The temperature during first fortnight of February was most critical to wheat productivity. However in Northern hills zone, second fortnight of March was most critical as during this period the above normal temperature caused a reduction in productivity of wheat.
Calibration and validation study of sugarcane (DSSAT- CANEGRO V4.6.1) model over North Indian region
Authors: A.H.BHENGRA  , M.K. YADAV  , CHANDRABHAN PATEL  , P.K. SINGH  , K.K. SINGH  , R.S.SINGH
Published: March 2022

The DSSAT CANEGRO model was calibrated and validated using field experimental data (1997-2013) from four locations of north Indian region.The genetic coefficients for 10 cultivars of sugarcane were estimated.R2 obtained between measured and simulated stalk yield was 0.69 with the nRMSE (7.50%) and D-index (0.91) and R2 between measured and simulated sucrose mass was 0.57 with the nRMSE (11.75%) and D-index (0.85). The model underestimated both the stalk fresh mass as well as sucrose mass by 2 and 6 per cent only, respectively. Hence,the CANEGRO model can be used to simulate the phenology and yield attributes of sugarcane cultivars of north India particularly of Uttar Pradesh region. The model can also be used to evaluate and improve the present practices of sugarcane crop management to obtain increased cane production and sugar recovery.
Simulating mustard crop phenology and productivity with InfoCrop-Mustard model under temperature increase scenarios
Authors: K. K. GILL  , K. K. GILL  , S. S. SANDHU  , PRABHJYOT KAUR
Published: March 2022

The InfoCrop-mustard model was calibrated and validated using field experiment conducted during 2010-11 to 213-14 at research farm of Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, Punjab, having three dates of sowing (25thOctober, 5thNovember and 15thNovember) and three crop cultivars (PBR 91, Hyolla PAC 401 and GSL 1). The simulated crop phenology and seed yield agreed fairly well with field observations. The validated model was used to simulate the response of mustard to increase in temperatures on crop productivity. The seed yield decreased linearly as a result of increase in maximum and minimum temperatures. The study revealed that the InfoCrop-Mustard model can be used to predict crop phenological events and productivity under presumptive climate change scenarios in central Punjab.
Impact assessment of intra seasonal temperature variations on wheat yield using CERES Wheat model
Authors: PRAGYAN KUMARI  , A.WADOOD
Published: March 2022

A field experiment was conducted at Ranchi (Jharkhand) during rabi season of 2009-10 to 2011-12 with wheat cultivar K 9107 sown on three dates (Nov 20,Dec 5 and Dec 20) to calibrate and validate the CERES-wheat model. There was a good agreement between simulated and observed wheat yields, days to anthesis and days to maturity. The validated model was used to study the impact of intra seasonal temperature variation on wheat. The sensitivity analysis of CERES wheat model, with respect to temperature variations and wheat yield, revealed that increase in temperature above the normal values to 3 oC, showed considerable yield reduction (12- 17 per cent) under different sowing dates. Similarly, with decrease in seasonal temperature up to 3oC, the yield enhancement by 12-16 per cent was observed. Sensitivity of CERES wheat model to incremental units of intra seasonal temperature showed a gradual decrease in yield as well as days to maturity under varied sowing dates. Increase in temperature ( 3 oC from normal) during 2nd fortnight of January (16-31st ) was observed to be the most detrimental for wheat crop with respect to its yield for timely sowing date (20thNov) whereas it would be maximum during 2nd fortnight of February (15-28th) for moderately normal sown (5th Nov) and late sown crops (20thDec).
Assessment of impact of climate change on rice and wheat yield in sub humid climate of Bihar
Authors: SUNIL KUMAR  , SUJEET KUMAR
Published: March 2022

The present study deals with the impact of temperature and CO2 projection obtained for different time periods 2020, 2050 and 2080 using HADCM3 factors on the productivity of rice and wheat crop at four stations viz. Pusa, Purnea, Sabour and Patna of Bihar using InfoCrop model performed. The results showed that the simulated yield of rice and wheat decreased in the range of 1.1-9.2 %, 6.1-13.2 % and 15.9-22.4 % from baseline in 2020, 2050 and 2080 respectively over the stations. Decrease in simulated yield in wheat was observed in the range of 3.5-21.1 %, 14.0-37.9 % for 2050 and 2080 for all the stations.
Impact of climate change on rice yield at Jorhat, Assam
Authors: B. GOSWAMI  , R. HUSSAIN  , V.U.M. RAO  , U.S. SAIKIA
Published: March 2022

Impact of climate change on rice yield variabilities under various Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) has been estimated for Jorhat district, under Upper Brahmaputra Valley Agroclimatic Zone of Assam. CERES-Rice module of DSSAT 4.5 was calibrated and validated for rice cultivar ‘Mahsuri’ under three different dates of transplanting between May and July. Increase in both maximum and minimum temperatures at Jorhat, under all the RCPs for 2020, 2050 and 2080, suggests increasing level of heat stress during crop growth period. The deviations in projected grain yield over observed mean yield of 2009-2013 was found ranging from -12.7 to -43.4 per cent under all the scenario and dates of transplanting. Among all the climate scenarios, the reduction in grain yield was highest (-43.4%) under RCP 8.5 and lowest (-12.7%) under RCP 2.6.The mean yield reduction, considering all scenarios together, was highest in second transplanting date(-38.5%), followed by third(-28.8%) and first one (-23.3%).
Development of the crop coefficient for capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) under protected structures
Authors: CHITRA SHUKLA  , S. R. BHAKAR  , S.S. LAKHAWAT
Published: March 2022

The study was undertaken to determine the crop water requirement and crop coefficient for capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) at plasticulture farm of CTAE, Udaipur, Rajasthan under four small protected structures; (i) shednet house (ii) insectnet house (iii) poly house with ventilation through shed net and (iv) polyhouse with ventilation through insect net. The reference evapotranspiration under each structure was determined by Penman Monteith method based on microclimatic observations under all four protected structures. Crop evapotranspiration was determined by soil moisture balance method. Reference evapotranspiration and crop coefficient observed minimum under structure covered with shadenet for all the growth stages. Reference evapotranspiration for shadenet house was 21.5 % less than the reference evapotranspiration outside the structure. It was found that shadenet house minimized crop evapotranspiration by 33.4% as compared to outside crop evapotranspiration. However, the higher fruit yield per plant (1720 g plant-1) was recorded under polyhouse with ventilation through insectnet, which was significantly superior over the all growing structures while the lowest yield (1285 g plant-1) was recorded under shadenet house.
Development of relationship between crop coefficient and NDVI using geospatial technology
Authors: PAWAN N. BHAVSAR  , JAYANTILAL N. PATEL
Published: March 2022

In the present study, potential evapotranspiration (PET) is estimated using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) data. Linear imaging self-scanning sensor (LISS-III) satellite images of Tapi river basin area were used in the present study. The study area is classified into five different zones, namely forest land, agricultural land, barren land, urban land and water bodies bysupervised classification. NDVI values for the respective zones (class) were used to estimate crop coefficient (Kc) using linear regression model. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated from Penman–Monteith model and PET was calculated by multiplying the Kc and ETo. The results obtained by this methodology were validated using actual evapotranspiration. A new linear model was developed for the study area between NDVI and Kc. Developed methodology for the determination of Kc derived fromRS data and NDVI-Kc model may be useful for irrigation scheduling and estimating water use efficiency.
Crop water budgeting for rainfed cotton for crop planning and management in Coimbatore
Authors: M.LALITHA  , S.MANI  , R. SIVASAMY
Published: March 2022

Analysis of water balance components was carried out for cotton crop in Annur block of Coimbatore district (11o 14´ to 11o 23´ N latitude and 77o 08´ to 77o 13´E longitude)based on the soil information (1:50, 000scale) and thirty years (1975-2005) climatic data.Soil moisture availability index showed that 37th standard week was found to be highly suitable for taking up cotton sowing due to assured rainfall. The water requirement satisfaction index indicated that about 87 per cent of the crop water requirement is satisfied by the soil moisture in the control section irrespective of soil type. The crop will facemoisture deficit from 4th to 8th standard weeks which coincide with harvesting stage.
AE/PE versus crop planning in North-West Alluvial Plain Zone of Bihar
Authors: ABDUS SATTAR  , S.A. KHAN
Published: March 2022

The climatic risk for fitting of rainfed crops during kharif and rabi seasons has been worked out by employing the probabilistic values of AE/PE, i.e. index of moisture adequacy (Ima), estimated at 50 and 75 per cent probability levels on weekly basis for three district (Muzaffarpur, West Champanan and Begusarai of Bihar. Maize followed by toria appeared to be the better cropping system than other cropping systems tested in coarse-textured soil. In medium- and fine-textured soils, maize/short duration rice during kharif season followed by toria in rabi season was found to be the most efficient cropping system for potential productivity under rainfed condition. Kharif maize could successfully replace kharif rice under rainfed condition in areas where moisture stress occurs at different growth phases induced by erratic monsoon. Fair yields of short-duration rice could be expected under rainfed condition in mediumand fine-textured soils. Toria could be more successfully grown as rabi crop than lentil in the three selected locations. The study identifies the phenological phases subjected to water stress and hence, it is effective in scheduling irrigation. Alternate crops have also been suggested.
Comparing growth models for inter annual progress of yellow rust (Pucinia striiformis) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) in relation to weather
Authors: RAJENDER SINGH  , RAM NIWAS  , S.S.KARWASRA
Published: March 2022

Weather disease interaction study was carried out at Hisar (75046’E 29010’N and 215.2a.m.s.l). Nineteen years (1996-2014) yellow rust data was recorded during the peak period of yellow rust incidence (20thDecember to 20th February) on six varieties of wheat (WH 147,PBW 343,WH 711,PBW 175, KH 65 and C 306). Weather data of corresponding period (1996 to 2014) was taken from Agrometeorological observatory located at Research farm.Yellow rust incidence values were transformed using Logistic and Gompertz models for development of weather based prediction models.Transformed values of disease incidence were correlated with weather parameters and correlation coefficient indicates that rainy day was the most important/significant weather parameters in disease progression. Rainy day, minimum temperature and morning relative humidity collectively explained maximum variability in disease progression. The Gompertz model was found to be the best fit over the years for describing zonate leaf spot disease incidence in a natural inoculum population of Pucinia striiformis on wheat.
Predicting the severity of Spodoptera litura on groundnut in relation to climatic variability using ordinal logistic model
Authors: GIRISH K. JHA  , GAJAB SINGH  , S. VENNILA  , M. SRINIVASA RAO  , H. PANWAR  , M. HEGDE
Published: March 2022

In this paper, an ordinal logistic regression model was developed for predicting the severity of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) on groundnut using the pest dynamics vis a vis climatic data of twenty five years (1990-2014) pertaining to Kharif (26 to 44 standard meteorological weeks (SMW)) season of Dharwad (Karnataka). Trend analysis of climatic data using Mann-Kendall nonparametric test showed that mean and minimum temperatures, and rainfall to be increasing while morning and evening relative humidity and their mean to be decreasing over time. The weekly male moth catches of S. litura (nos./trap/week) during maximum severity period (34 SMW) was modeled with climatic variables lagged by two weeks. The developed model indicated that the maximum temperature and morning relative humidity prior to two weeks contributed significantly to the occurrence of high level of pest attack. Results suggested that for each degree increase in maximum temperature during 32 SMW, the odds of being high pest attack (as opposed to lower or medium) increased by a multiple of 8.6 as compared to the odds of being high or medium (as opposed to low) increasing by 6.4 times for each per cent rise in the morning relative humidity.
Effect of weather variables on whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) population in development of potato apical leaf curl virus disease
Authors: MANOJ KUMAR  , ANIL GUPTA
Published: March 2022

Potato apical leaf curl virus disease (PALCVD) is an important disease in early sown potato crop transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The studies pertaining to impact of weather variables on population of B. tabaci and PALCV disease incidence on seven potato cultivars (Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Bahar, Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Badshah, Kufri Khyati, Kufri Surya and Kufri Sadabahar) were conductedduring 2012-13 and 2013-14. Results showed that the mean B. tabaci population was highest in the last week of October which varied from 24 to 85 white flies per plant. Thereafter, the population of B. tabaci decreased gradually with the fall in both maximum and minimum temperatures. Kufri Bahar variety had least B. tabaci population on all dates of observation. It was found that B. tabaci population (vector) was directly proportional to PALCVD. The pooled data showed that maximum temperature, minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and wind speed were the important contributing weather variables which could predict the vector populations by 57 per cent.
Impact of weather parameters on Alternaria blight of marigold incited by Alternaria tagetica Shome and Mustafee at different planting time
Authors: MAMTA  , RAJENDER SINGH
Published: March 2022

Alternaria leaf spot and flower blight of marigold caused by Alternaria tagetica Shome and Mustafee is appearing in mild to severe form in Haryana. Field experiments were conducted to see the effect of weather parameters on development of Alternaria blight of marigold transplanted on different date. Alternaria leaf spot intensity decreased from 77.6 to 71.7 and 86.0 to78.1 during 2013 and 2014, respectively with delay in transplanting. Similarly, flower blight intensity also reduced from 85.4 to 80.4 and 88.7to 82.3% during both the years with delay in transplanting. Disease progression revealed that Alternaria leaf spot and flower blight intensity had significant negative correlation with weekly maximum and minimum temperatures and sunshine hrs whereas; morning and evening relative humidity had significant positive correlation.Maximum and minimum temperature 27.5±1.0°C and 7.5±1.0°C respectively, were found to be conducive for the development of Alternaria blight of marigold. Regression analysis indicated that the 83 per cent variation in Alternaria leaf spot and 87 per cent in flower blight intensity could be explained by weather parameter which was statistically highly significant.
Influence of weather parameters on population dynamics of thrips and mites on summer season cowpea in Eastern Plateau and Hill region of India
Authors: MOANARO  , JAIPAL SINGH CHOUDHARY
Published: March 2022

Population dynamics of thrips, Megaleurothrips distalis (Karny) and mites, Tetranychus spp. were studied on summer season cowpea crop during 2013-2014 in Eastern Plateau and Hill region of India. Temperature, rainfall and host-plants were analyzed with respect to population fluctuation of pests. The population of thrips and mites were observed from low to high throughout the entire seasonand the incidence were more or less in the same pattern of the population fluctuation. Infestation of both thrips and mite initiated from 2nd week of March and continued up to the last week of June. The correlation analysis between thrips population and weather parameters indicated a strong significant positive correlation between the number of thrips and maximum temperature (p<0.01) and significant with the mean temperature (p<0.05). A significant negative correlation was observed between thrips population and rainfall, but a negative correlation with RH was found to be non-significant. Similarly, temperature showed positive and rainfall a negative correlation on mite population fluctuation. The linear regression model based on weather conditions as independent variable and thrips and mites population fluctuation as dependent variable, explained to 72 percent for thrips and 62 percent for mite population variability. Environmental factors played significant role in distribution and abundance of thrips and mites population.
Variability in rainfall and vegetation density as a response to ENSO events: A case study in Venna river basin of central India
Authors: C.RISHMA  , Y. B.KATPATAL
Published: March 2022

Remote sensing and satellite images have been used to explore the response of rainfall and vegetation density in Venna river basin of Maharashtra, India to ENSO events selected based on the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). Mean rainfall of different ENSO and normal events during 2000-2013 and anomaly maps of rainfall was generated.Study revealed that El Niño events introduced drier conditions while LaNiña caused wetter conditions. Change in vegetation studied for crop and non-crop seasons using MODIS NDVI data indicated that the year to year variability of rainfall and vegetation coincides with ENSO events.
Statistical models for forecasting pigeonpea yield in Varanasi region
Authors: PRITY KUMARI  , G.C.MISHRA  , C.P. SRIVASTAVA
Published: March 2022

Present study deals with different linear and non-linear statistical models like multiple linear regression (MLR) model, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and artificial neural network (ANN) for forecastingpigeon pea yield grown in Varanasi region of Uttar Pradesh using 27 years of data (1985-86 to 2011-12). The performance of the model was assessed by root mean squared error (RMSE). On the basis of empirical studies, ANN was found to be best suitable model having lowest RMSE with forecasted yield during the year 2012-13 for Varanasi region.
Prediction of evapotranspiration using Fuzzy logic
Authors: PRANITA N. BALVE  , JAYANTILAL N. PATEL
Published: March 2022

In this paper, evapotranspiration prediction is done using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) of Fuzzy Logic.For the prediction of evapotranspiration, mean temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and net radiation is taken as inputs to the fuzzy inference system. To check the efficiency of the FIS model, the results were compared with the FAO-56 Penman Monteith (FPM-56) method. FIS model has given the coefficient of determination (R2) 0.979. Results indicated that, FIS model has better efficiency for prediction of evapotranspiration.
Dampak Pandemi Terhadap Pelaporan Realisasi Anggaran Pada Sekretariat Utama Kementerian Pariwisata Dan Ekonomi Kreatif
Authors: Kusumajati Trisha Aisyah , Wibowo Puji
Published: March 2022

The main secretariat of the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy as part of the government of the republic of Indonesia must be able to apply all applicable government standards or regulations. Since the beginning of 2020, the pandemic of Covid-19 has hit and forced the central government to issue policies related to budget treatment and expenditure realization for all ministries and institutions in Indonesia. Responding to the policy, the main secretariat of the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy began the best possible adjustments. In this study, the authors conducted interviews as primary data and examined the unaudited financial statements belonging to the main secretariat of the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy in 2020 as secondary data. With these two data, it can be seen what and how adjustments have been made during a period of 1 year. The main secretariat of the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy seems to have implemented the policy very well, all aspects that have become the author's assessment have been properly implemented by the main secretariat of the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, including one of the important points, namely the refocusing of activities and budget reallocation, which also looks very significant and on target.
Sekretariat Utama Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif sebagai bagian dari Pemerintah Republik Indonesia harus mampu menerapkan semua standar atau peraturan pemerintah yang berlaku. Sejak awal tahun 2020, pandemi Covid-19 melanda dan memaksa pemerintah pusat mengeluarkan kebijakan terkait penanganan anggaran dan realisasi belanja untuk seluruh kementerian dan lembaga di Indonesia. Menyikapi kebijakan tersebut, Sekretariat Utama Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif mulai melakukan penyesuaian sebaik mungkin. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis melakukan wawancara sebagai data primer dan meneliti laporan keuangan unaudited milik sekretariat utama Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif tahun 2020 sebagai data sekunder. Dengan kedua data tersebut dapat diketahui apa dan bagaimana penyesuaian yang telah dilakukan selama kurun waktu 1 tahun. Sekretariat utama Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif tampaknya telah menerapkan kebijakan dengan sangat baik, semua aspek yang menjadi penilaian penulis telah dilaksanakan dengan baik oleh sekretariat utama Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif, termasuk salah satu yang penting. poin yaitu refocusing kegiatan dan realokasi anggaran yang juga terlihat sangat signifikan dan tepat sasaran.
Analisis Daluwarsa Penagihan Pajak Serta Hubungannya Dengan Daluwarsa Lain Dalam Undang-Undang Ketentuan Umum Dan Tata Cara Perpajakan
Authors: Laksonoputra Nigella Sativa , Prebawa Putu Arya Wahyu , Ulhaq Raihan Dhiya , Irawan Ferry
Published: March 2022

The Republic of Indonesia has several sources of income for its country, one of which is taxes. Taxes are familiar to the public. Tax is one of the components of income for the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia which provides the largest contribution from other components of state revenue. Starting from the realization of the 2021 National Budget, it has shown that 82.8 percent of the total realization of state revenues is dominated by taxes. Indonesia as a state of law (rechtsstaat or the rule of law) is a country where the implementation of the state must be based on applicable rules or laws on the basis of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution so that when it is related to taxation, tax law is needed so that in carrying out tax collections or taxpayers have legal certainty. This study aims to analyze the legal certainty of tax that needs to be clarified again related to billing expiration. This study uses a qualitative approach. The results of the study indicate that the calculation of this expiration is affected by several things such as the issuance of Tax Collection Letters, Underpaid Tax Assessments, and Additional Underpaid Tax Assessments, and Correction Decisions, Objection Decisions, Appeal Decisions, and Judicial Review Decisions.
Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia memiliki beberapa sumber pendapatan bagi negaranya salah satunya adalah pajak. Pajak sudah tidak asing lagi dikalangan masyarakat. Pajak merupakan salah satu komponen pendapatan bagi Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang memberikan kontribusi terbesar dari komponen penerimaan negara lainnya. Terhitung dari realisasi APBN 2021 telah menunjukkan sebesar 82,8 persen dari total realisasi penerimaan negara di dominasi oleh pajak. Indonesia sebagai negara hukum (rechtsstaat atau the rule of law) adalah negara yang melaksanakan kenegaraan harus berdasarkan pada aturan atau hukum yang sesuai dengan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 sehingga apabila dihubungkan dengan perpajakan maka diperlukan hukum pajak agar dalam melakukan penagihan fiskus ataupun wajib pajak memiliki kepastian hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kepastian hukum pajak yang perlu diperjelas kembali terkait dengan daluwarsa penagihan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perhitungan daluwarsa ini terpengaruhi dari beberapa hal seperti penerbitan Surat Tagihan Pajak, Surat Ketetapan Pajak Kurang Bayar, serta Surat Ketetapan Pajak Kurang Bayar Tambahan, dan Surat Keputusan Pembetulan, Surat Keputusan Keberatan, Putusan Banding, serta Putusan Peninjauan Kembali.
Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Dan Citra Perusahaan Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen
Authors: Aswati Tika , Komara Anton Tirta , Satria Rd. Okky , Roslina Nita Yura
Published: March 2022

This study aims to determine the magnitude of the influence of service quality and corporate image on customer satisfaction at one of the delivery service companies in the city of Bandung. Respondents are customers who use delivery services as many as 90 customers. Researchers used path analysis techniques to determine the magnitude of the influence of service quality and corporate image on customer satisfaction. The calculation results show a significant effect of service quality and company image on customer satisfaction. Recommendations from the study results suggest that optimizing consumer satisfaction felt by consumers should make consumers loyal to shipping service products so that consumers are reluctant to switch to using other shipping service products. Furthermore, with service improvements that make consumers loyal, consumers will likely be willing to pay more for the services they feel.