bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN ACUTE UNDERNUTRITION
Authors: Ashley BCE , Whyte HM
Published: December 2007

Five healthy male subjects were studied during a total of sixteen six‐day periods of undernutrition. The treatments offered were 1200 kcal. per day from sucrose, else starvation, with or without norethandrolone (40 mg. daily) and/or cortisone (600 mg. over the first three days only). One subject tested all eight possible combinations.

In starvation body protein catabolism continued at a rate equivalent to the previous dietary protein intake. Starvation caused excessive loss of body water and electrolytes (over and above the losses attributable to cellular breakdown), ketonuria, acidosis, hperuricaemia and a 4–5 kg. loss of body weight.

Sucrose feeding decreased protein catabolism by 60% and was the most effective protein‐sparing treatment tested. It abolished ketonuria, hyperuricaemia and acidosis, reduced the loss of body water and electrolytes and resulted in a 2 kg. loss of body weight.

Cortisone did not increase protein catabolism. It caused retention of sodium, especially in starvation, and of water and chloride in starvation but not with sucrose feeding.

Norethandrolone caused a 30% reduction of protein catabolism in starvation but was without effect when sucrose was fed. It had no effects on water and electrolytes. It caused a decrease in the excretion of steroid material during cortisone administration.

There is an obvious relevance of these observations to the treatment of oliguric renal failure.
THE ACTION OF TRYPSIN AND OF CHYMOTRYPSIN ON PHENYLTHIOCARBAMYL‐ANGIOTENSIN II
Authors: Osborn EC , Doyle AE , Murray M
Published: December 2007

The effects of incubaling angiotensin II (valyl5‐angiotensin II‐ aspartic‐β‐amide) and a mixture of [35S] and [32S] phenylthiocarbainyl‐angiotensin II (PTC‐angiotensin) with trypsin and chymotrypsin at varying concentrations have been studied, and the chromatographic and electrophoretic properties of the breakdown products determined The results indicate that PTC‐angiotensin, like angiotensin, is readily split by trypsin between arginine and valine3 and by chymotrypsin between tyrosine and valine. The rate of destruction by the two enzymes, as judged by the decline in pressor activity, was similar with both compounds. In addition to the expected cleavage between arginie and valine3, trypsin induced cleavage between asparagine and arginine, in PTC‐angiotensin but not in angiotensin, with the liberation of free arginine and PTC‐asparagine.
GENERATION AND USE OF ANTIBODIES TO ANGIOTENSIN II
Authors: Catt Kevin , Coghlan JP
Published: December 2007

The rabbit antibodies produced by immunization with angiotensin II amide, coupled to pig gamma globulin, react equally well with the naturally‐occurring α aspartyl angiotensin II and exhibit only very slight cross reaction with angiotensin I. The use of these antibodies in a simple ion exchange radioimmunoassay procedure allows the estimation of as little as 0·25 ng. of angiotensin II.

It is likely that the antigenic portion of the angiotensin molecule which reacts with this particular antibody is close to the C‐terminal end of the octapeptide. Since angiotensiniases act by removing amino acids from the N‐terminal end of the molecule, biologically inactive metabolites of angiotensin II may retain immunological reactivity. The presence of such fragments in circulating blood could lead to disparity between the results of bioassay and radioimmunoassay of blood angiotensin II unless adequate isolation procedures are performed.
THE PRODUCTION OF RESISTANCE TO SPIRAMYCIN IN A POPULATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Frost AJ
Published: December 2007

A dairy herd, heavily infected with Staph. aureus, was sampled monthly and infected quarters treated with spiramycin after each of seven samplings. No resistant strains were found using a disc method, but there was a significant increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration of spiramycin for the strains isolated as the therapy continued. After concluding treatment, the minimum inhibitory concentration pattern of the isolates reverted to pretrial levels.

The rate of mutation to resistance to spiramycin was estimated as 0·82 × 10−10 per division cycle.
THE INFLUENCE OF HEPARIN AND OF SECTION OF THE BUFFER NERVES ON THE RESPONSES OF THE CAT KIDNEY TO SALINE‐LOADING
Authors: Lockett Mary F
Published: December 2007

Isolated cat kidneys perfused at constant pressure with defibrinated blood from normal animals respond to haemodilution with 0·9% NaCl. Tyrode's fluid or Locke's solution (10 ml./150 ml. blood) by diuresis and natriuresis. This response is biphasic. Phase I has very short latency and is characterized by a sharp rise in renal blood flow and filtration fraction and in the concentration of urinary Na. Phase II has a latency of 7–10 min., is of more gradual onset, and is characterized by a rise in renal plasma flow, a normal filtration fraction and a fall in the concentration of urinary Na. Heparinization abolishes the phase I response of the isolated perfused kidney to haemodilution with saline.

Kidneys perfused either with defibrinated or with heparinized blood from headless animals failed to respond to the haemodilution.

Kidneys in situ in the intact unheparinized animal show a biphasic response to the rapid intravenous injection of 15 ml./kg. isotonic saline, 20 ml. per min. The phase I response of these kidneys in situ is reduced but is not abolished by heparinization, and is larger, relatively, than the phase I response shown by a kidney perfused with defibrinated blood. The heparin stable component of the phase I response to haemodilution is found attributable to the rise in arterial pressure caused by the rapid intravenous injection of saline and is enhanced by section of the moderator nerves or by ligature of the brachiocephalic and L. subclavian arteries in the vagotomized animal. Denervation of a kidney causes only small reduction in the phase I resporse to haemodilution. Kidneys perfused from the neck respond to rises in blood pressure occasioned by saline injections similarly. Phase II of the response of the kidney in situ is reduced by section of the moderator nerves and is abolished by ligature of the brachiocephalic and L. subclavian arteries at their origins.

It is inferred that a hormone of intracranial, but not of hypophyseal, origin may exert permissive control over the renal response to haemodilution, and that the two phases of the response of the isolated cat kidney to haemodilution may prove attributable to two separate hormones, intrarenal in their origin.
LOCATION OF NORADRENERGIC STRUCTURES IN THE CENTRAL ARTERY OF THE RABBIT EAR
Authors: Waterson JG , Smale DE
Published: December 2007

A modified histochemical technique for demonstrating specific fluorescence in the rabbit ear artery has been described. Indirect evidence is presented that the fluorescence may be due to the presence of noradrenaline in the arterial wall. It is suggested that the specific fluorescent structures shown are noradrenaline containing granules in adrenergic nerve terminals, and are confined to the outer border of the smooth muscle layer of the rabbit ear central artery.
SEQUENCE OF IgM AND IgG ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS IN MICE
Authors: Auzins Ieva
Published: December 2007

A comparison of the ability of IgM and IgG antibody to suppress the humoral response to sheep erythrocytes in mice shows that, unlike IgG antibody, IgM antibody does not cause a suppression of the IgG response. The significance of this finding is discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF NUCLEAR UPTAKE OF POLYMERISED DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID OF SPERM PHAGOCYTOSED BY MACROPHACES
Authors: Reid BL , Blackwell PM
Published: December 2007

The pattern of saline elution of deoxyribonucleic acid prepared from cultured sheep macrophage cells is changed after these cells have been exposed to rat sperm. Reasons are discussed for believing that this altered pattern is due to the incorporation by the macrophage nucleus of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid in polymerised form.
THE REPRODUCIBILITY AND ACCURACY OF PLASMA VOLUME ESTIMATION IN THE SHEEP WITH BOTH 131I GAMMA GLOBULIN AND EVAN'S BLUE.
Authors: Boyd GW
Published: December 2007

The reproducibility and accuracy of estimation of plasma volume in the sheep were investigated for each of two separate plasma labels—131I gamma globulin and Evan's blue dye. The results showed that the 131I gamma globulin space was more reproducible than the simultaneously estimated Evan's blue space (P < 0·05), and that the latter indicator measured a space some 12% larger than the former (P < 0·01). The “error” term associated with the estimation of the 131I gamma globulin space in well‐trained animals (coefficient of variation 2·5%) was comparable with the theoretical error (coefficient) of variation 1·2%) derived by combining the errors associated with the individual methodological procedures. In less well‐trained animals the in vivo “error” for the estimation of the 131I gamma globulin space was significantly higher than that observed in the well‐trained animals (P < 0·01). It is suggested that this may have been due to a variation in the amount of circulating protein and ultrafiltrate during the experiments in the less well‐trained animals. Evidence for the accuracy of estimation of true plasma volume with 131I gamma globulin is discussed, with particular reference to the finding of a high “F cells” ratio (mean 0·96) In a chronically splenectomised sheep, using 131I gamma globulin and 31Cr labelled red cells.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF A VARIETY OF FACTORS ON THE METABOLIC RATE OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R
Published: December 2007

Measurements of resting and total metabolic rate were made on a series of different strains of mice at six different ambient temperatures: 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36°.

At temperatures al and above 32° mice acclimatized as adults to 36° had significantly lower rates of oxygen consumption than mice acclimatized to 21°.

Second and third generation animals reared at 34° had higher rates of oxygen utilization than those reared at 21°. By the sixth generation the oxygen utilization at 32° and above was decreased to levels below those of mice reared at 21°.

Mice of different genetic backgrounds were found to have significantly different rates of O2 consumption.

Animals with short ears and vestigial tails had higher rates of oxygen consumption than animals with long ears and tails at temperatures of 32° and above. The oxygen consumptions of naked mice were also elevated at these temperatures, as well as at temperatures below the thermoneutral point (33°). Hairless animals had rates of oxygen consumption significantly higher than those of furred sibs at all temperatures investigated. There was no difference between the oxygen consumptions of white and black mice.

Activity caused a significant rise in metabolic rate at all temperatures investigated. This was less noticeable at the thermoneutral point than at the extremes of the temperature range investigated.

Lactation almost doubled the metabolic rate of mice reared and measured at 34°.
THE EFFECT OF α− AND β‐ADRENORECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENTS ON POST‐EXERCISE HYPERAEMIA IN MAN
Authors: Fewings JD
Published: December 2007

The effect of intra‐arterial infusion of the β‐adrenoreceptor blocking agent propranolol and the α‐adrenoreceptor blocking agent phenoxybenzamine on post‐exercise hyperaemia has been examined in the human forearm. The post‐exercise hyperaemia was significantly reduced by propranolol. but not affected by phenoxybenzamine.

The reduction of the post‐exercise hyperaemia by propranolol appears to be due to its β‐adrenoreceptor blocking action on adrenaline, released as a result of the emotional stress involved in performing the exercise.
THE INFLUENCE OF PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES ON BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: Fantl P
Published: December 2007

In contrast to hypertonic urea which causes an immediate but transient increase in absorbancy of human platelet‐containing plasma, hypertonic antipyrine causes an immediate reduction of absorbancy.

The urea effect is characteristic for human and pig platelets; antipyrine affects both human and dog platelets.

Antipyrine in isotonic concentration causes little change in absorbancy of platelet‐containing plasma but platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate is inhibited at pH values between 7·1 to 7·9.

As inhibitors of platelet adenosine diphosphate aggregation, butazolidine, tanderil and anturan are more potent than antipyrine.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN RATS FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF PEYER'S PATCHES
Authors: Cooper GN , Turner Kaye
Published: December 2007

A technique for inoculating small amounts of particulate antigens in the Peyer's of rats is described. When sheep red cells or their stroma an used, significant amount of the antigen are retained in the Peyer's patch and a draining mesenteric lymph node; while relatively small amounts of I125 labelled flagella particles are retained in these tissues, very little of this antigen can be detected in other lymphoid tissues of the animals 48 hr. after injection. Serum antibody responses following injection of both antigens are characterized by a rapid development reaching maximal levels in 6–8 days and a relatively rapid decline over a period of 2–5 weeks in both instances a relationship between the antigen dose and the height and time of appearance of the maximal serum titres was observed.

Using the Jerne technique for detection antibody‐producing cells, it seems that the response to sheep cell antigens (and presumably the flagella antigen) is confined to the injected Peyer's patch and its local draining mesenteric node. The potential value of this technique for studying certain aspects of the immunology reactivity of the gut‐associated lymphoid cells is discussed.
CHANGES IN CARDIAC HEAT PRODUCTION WITH ACENTS THAT ALTER CONTRACTILITY
Authors: Gibbs CL
Published: December 2007

The isometric response of isolated rabbit papillary muscles was altered either by changing the external calcium concentration or by exposing the muscles to adrenaline 1·0 μg./ml. Changes in cardiac heat production were measured using a myothermic technique. Increasing the calcium concentration from 0·6 mM to 5·0 mM did not alter the slope of the relationship between total active heat production and developed tension. The rate at which heat was liberated increased as the calcium concentration was raised. Adrenaline always increased resting heat production (16 to 37%) but active heat production, for a given level of tension development, only increased at the higher calcium concentrations. This effect was due to an increase in the magnitude of the tension ‐ independent heat. At all calcium concentrations adrenaline increased the rate at which heat was liberated. The fast phase of heat production associated with the contractile response was sometimes decreased by adrenaline, but total heat production (fast plus slow phases) measured in a steadily beating preparation never decreased. The decrease in fast phase heat production was associated with the rapid mechanical relaxation induced by adrenaline.
THE STEADY STATE IN CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Gray DF , Cheers Christina
Published: December 2007

The steady state of the immune phase of murine pulmonary tuberculosis follows a short bacteriolytic phase in which most, but never all, of the tubercle bacilli are destroyed.

The results are recorded here of interference with the steady state. Whether lung bacilli were deliberately decreased by chemotherapy, or increased by super‐infection, with or without prior reduction by chemotherapy, the steady state was restored within a few weeks of ending interference.

Country to the implications of Koch's phenomenon, the superinfecting strain was regularly established and also persisted in the restored steady state.

The steady state in murine tuberculosis is, therefore, probably not due to a simple feedback inhibition nor to numerical depletion or paralysis of immuno‐competent cell production; nor is it likely to be the result of inaccessibility of bacilli within caseous tissue.

It appears to be a dynamic state, delicately controlling multiplication and death of virulent bacilli over long periods, for which the term ‘immunological complaisance” is now proposed. No explanation of the mechanisms involved is offered at this stage.
REGULATION OF METHAEMOGLOBINAEMIA IN HORSE AND HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES.
Authors: Robin Helen , Harley JD
Published: December 2007

Differences have been shown between horse and human erythrocytes with regard to the regulation of methaemoglobinaemia. In general, horse erythrocytes are more prone than normal human erythrocytes to accumulation of methaemoglobin and to depletion of reduced glutathione. This greater susceptibility to methaemoglobinaemia seems related to decreased reductive capacity of the horse erythrocyte rather than to greater inherent susceptibility of horse haemoglobin to oxidation. The results suggest that horse erythrocytes utilise plasma lactate to keep haemoglobin reduced and in a functional state, in the face of relative inability to absorb and utilise glucose. Although adequate under normal conditions, this lactate‐dependent pathway of methaemoglobin reduction appears unable to respond substantially to the stress of erythrocytic exposure to catalytic oxidants.
THE STEADY STATE IN CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Gray DF , Cheers Christina
Published: December 2007

Murine pertussis infection showed the phenomenon of immunological complaisance previously observed in murine pulmonary tuberculosis. Following a brief period of about bactericidal activity at the onset of immunity, a steady State ensured for about one month. During this time artificial disturbances in the host‐bacterial equilibrium were rapidly corrected. The control exercised was both positive and sensitive

Unlike murine tuberculosis, tuberculosis, however, the pertussis complaisant state tended to be replaced by further bactericidal activity leading to complete recovery. The mechanisms o f the complaisant state in murine pertussis and of the subsequent decline phase are being examined.
THE EFFECT OF CYTOTOXIC DRUGS ON SERUM ALBUMIN IN THE RAT
Authors: Vincent PC , Reeve TS , Brittle Nea , Nicholls Annette , Richards Margaret
Published: December 2007

Rats treated with single large doses of cyclophosphamide developed significant and selective hypoalbuminaemia, leading to a decrease in total serum protein concentration despite normal globulin levels. The depression in serum albumin coincided with the time of greatest weight loss, but starvation causing similar weight loss did not cause a fall in serum albumin. Increased urinary excretion of protein was observed in treated rats, but malabsorption, gastro‐intestinal protein loss and disturbed albumin metabolism may also have contributed to the hypoalbuminaemia. Three other cytotoxic drugs were studied, but none showed a similarly specific effect on serum albumin.
EFFECT OF ANAEMIA ON OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN SHEEP WITH DIFFERENT HAEMOGLOBIN TYPES
Authors: Dawson Terence J , Evans JV
Published: December 2007

The effect of chronic anaemia on oxygen transport in sheep with genetically different haemoglobins was studied. Measurements were made before and after the haematocrits of the two types of sheep had been reduced by blood removal to the same low anaemic level. The results showed that sheep with haemoglobin‐A (the haemoglobin with higher oxygen affinity) had a significantly greater cardiac output than sheep with haemoglobin‐B. Most of the difference in cardiac output could be attributed to the poorer ability of the blood of sheep with Hb‐A to liberate oxygen in the tissue capillaries, although there was some difference in oxygen consumption between the two groups.

The results were considered with respect to the more complex chronic anaemias which occur under field conditions.
LOCAL THERMODILUTION METHOD FOR MEASURING BLOOD FLOW IN THE PORTAL AND RENAL VEINS OF THE UNANAESTHETIZED KABBIT
Authors: White SW , Chalmers JP , Hilder K , Korner PI
Published: December 2007

A new type of local themodilution catheter is described for measuring portal vein and renal vein blood flow in unanaesthetized rabbits. Local thermodilution catheters are inserted at a preliminary operation directly through the vein wall and fixed in position with the tissue adhesive methyl 2‐cyanoacrylate or isobutyl acrylate. The presence of the catheter for at least 10 days does not cause intravascular thrombosis. The renal vein catheter does not interfere with total renal blood flow but produces slight depression in the glomerular filtration rate and urine flow on the implanted side.

The accuracy of the local thermodilution method has been examined in model experiments and by comparing it with para‐amino hippurate estimates of renal blood flow in the same kidney. Good agreement between local themodilution and independent flow methods was observed, the standard error of a single local thermodilution estimate of flow being ± 8% of the mean flow value.

In 13 unanaesthetized rabbits (mean body weight 2·7 kg.) the renal blood flow Was 60 ± 6·3 (S.E. of mean) ml./min. /Kidney, and the portal vein blood flow was 100 ± 5·7 (S.E. of mean) ml./min. Some applications of the local thermodilution method for examining regional blood flow patterns in unanaesthetized animals are discussed.
UPTAKE AND INCREASED BINDING BY SMOOTH MUSCLE IN HALF ISOTONIC SUCROSE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CONTRACTILITY
Authors: Sparrow MP , Mayrhofeh G , Simmonds WJ
Published: December 2007

Contractility and content of Ca, Mg, Na and K were measured in strips of toad stomach muscle in 0–12 M sucrose (half istotonic). When sucrose was completely freed from contaminant C a, contractility was rapidly lost and the muscle swelled considerbly. Addition of Ca then in the low concentration of 0·05 mM supported spontaneous contractility and responses to ACh for nanny hours and greatly reduced the swelling. Strips which had lost contractility in deionized sucrose contained more Ca than non‐contractilc strips in Ca‐free NaCl or K2SO4 Ringer. Prior exposure to Ca‐containing sucrose prolonged the period of contractility in ion‐free sucrose and the Ca content when contractility failed was greater. Enhanced binding of Ca in sucrose and the measured contaminant Ca in analytical grade chemicals could explain previous reports of contractility in “non‐ionic” solutions.

Compared with strips in NaCl or K2SO4‐Ringer, the uptake of Ca required to restore contractility was greater in muscle depleted in ion‐free sucrose. This enhanced uptake was presumably associated with the maintenance of cell volume as well as contractility. Attempts to determine separately the uptake involved in excitation‐contraction coupling by the use of isotonic sucrose or of Mg to prevent swelling were unsuccessful, due to prolonged contracture in hypertonic sucrose and to an incompletely reversible inhibition of contraction by Mg.
PRECIPITATION OF A SUBSTANCE IN SALIVAS FROM A1 AND A2 SECRETORS
Authors: Boettcher B
Published: December 2007

A‐substance molecules were precipitated from salivas from A1 and A2 secretors with a Dolichos biflorus seed extract. The amounts of precipitate formed were shown to be proportional to the agglutination inhibition titres with the extract. It is concluded that both precipitating ability and inhibition titre can be taken as quantitative measures of antigen present in saliva.

The decrease in Ulex europaeus (anti‐H) and Dolichos biflorus (anti‐A) inhibition titres of the salivas during the precipitation procedure was determined. The ratio of these values was calculated for the individual salivas, and was found to be higher for the A2 than for the A1 salivas. It is proposed that individual A‐substance molecules from A1 secretors have a higher ratio of A : H antigenic determinants than have those from A2 secretors, and that one difference between the A antigens of A1 and A2 individuals, thus, has a quantitative basis. This conclusion forms part of the evidence leading to the proposal that the gene IA1 is basically a duplication of the gene IA2.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN INHIBITION TITRES OF BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES IN SALIVAS FROM A1, A2 AND B SECRETORS
Authors: Boettcher B
Published: December 2007

The agglutination inhibition titres of salivas from secretors of blood groups A1, A2, B and O have been determined using human anti‐A and anti‐B sera, and Ulex europaeus and Dolichos biflors seed extracts. The mean inhibition titres of A1 salivas with anli‐A and Dolichos extract are significantly greater than those for A2 salivas. The mean inhibition titres of salivas from individuals of different bloood group with Ulex extract decrease in the order O, A2, A1, B, which is noted as being different from the order for agglutination of blood cells of these groups by Ulex extract.

Correlation coefficient for the titres of A1 and A2 salivas with anti‐A and Ulex extract, and with Dolichos and Ulex extracts, are not significantly different from O, neither is the correlation coefficient for the titres of B salivas with anti‐B and Ulex extract, whereas that for A1 and A2 salivas with anti‐A and Dolichos extract is significantly O. It is concluded that the rates of production of antigenie factors controlled by the H and ABO loci are independent and that “aberrant secretors” are individuals in whom these rates differ greatly.
BLOOD BRADYKININ LEVELS IN THE HUMAN
Authors: Zacest R , Mashford ML
Published: December 2007

A method for the assay of blood levels of bradykinin is described with which it is possible to measure levels in the blood of all normal subjects so far examined. The average bradykinin level in brachial arterial blood in 18 subjects was 0·25 ng./ml. (standard deviation 0·23 ng./ml.). These levels are lower than others reported. The average recovery of internal standard of 97% suggests that these figures are not low due to losses in the procedure. The method is sufficiently sensitive to detect changes in blood levels of bradykinin during the infusion of small doses of synthetic bradykinin which produced only moderate haemodynamic effects.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF A RANCE OF HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES AND OF TWO DIFFERENT PERIODS OF ACCLIMATIZATION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R
Published: December 2007

A comparison was made between the effects of three different temperatures (21, 32·7 and 36·1°) on the fertility of the male mouse and of five different temperatures (21, 32·7, 34·6, 36·1 and 36·7°) on the fertility of the female mouse. At two temperatures (32·7 and 36·1°) the results of acclimatization for two different periods were compared.

Male fertility was found to be almost normal in animals acclimatized as weaners to 32·7°, but at 36·1° fertility was reduced. When acclimatization was delayed until adulthood, fertility was seriously impaired at both temperatures.

In the female, losses of offspring increased with rising temperature and deaths occurred at an earlier stage in the reproductive cycle. Animals acclimatized to 32·7° from weaning performed slightly better than those acclimatized as adults, but at 36·1° longer acclimatization had little effect on performance.
EFFECT OF MANGANESE IONS ON THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF MOUSE VAS DEFERENS
Authors: Hashimoto Y , Holman Mollie E
Published: December 2007

Mn Cl2, 5 mM, blocked the action potentials evoked by intra‐ cellular stimulation of the smooth muscle of mouse ves deferens. Junction potentials in response to stimulation of intramural nerve fibres were also depresssed but spontaneous junction potentials persisted in concentration of up to 10 mM Mn Cl2. These effects were reversible.
CONTROL OF FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN HOMOGENATE PREPARATIONS OF MOUSE HEPATOMA BW 7756
Authors: Sabine John R , Chaikoff IL
Published: December 2007

The malonyl‐CoA pathway for the incorporation of acetate into long‐chain fatty acids appears to be active in the mouse hepatoma BW 7756. The synthesis of fatty acids in the cell sap/microsome fraction of this tumour is inhibited by palmitate and palmityl CoA, and synthesis in the cell sap is stimulated by the addition of microsomes. These are factors that have been implicated in the “physiological” regulation of fatty acid synthesis in normal liver. It thus seems unlikely that in the tumour the enzymes of fatty acid synthesis have been appreciably altered, either during the neoplastic process or later. Therefore, some other hypothesis seems needed to explain the insensitivity of fatty acid synthesis in this hepatoma to dietary changes that can grossly affect synthesis in the liver, and we suggest this may he due to inability of the actual inhibitor(s) or activator(s) to enter the tumour cell.
THE EFFECTS OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS WHOLE SERUM UPON MULTIPLICATION OF RECENTLY‐ ISOLATED HUMAN SYNOVIAL CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: Clarris BJ , Fraser JRE
Published: December 2007

The growth of recently established strains of human synovial cells has been studied in a system designed in measure rates of multiplication after cellular attachment has occurred during subculture. It was found that cell number declined in synthetic growth medium or balanced salt solution, and that the addition of heat‐inactivated serum arrested this decline or stimulated multiplication depending upon the concentration. Heterologous serum (bovine and fetal calf) was approximately as effective human serum for this purpose, in contrast with the superiority of the former in promotion of cellular attachment and spreading. Growth‐rates of synovial cells were relatively slow in concentrations of serum customary in cell culture. Higher concentrations were well tolerated, and greatly increased rates of multiplication.
THE EFFECT OF INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON TOXOPLASMA DYE TEST TITRES
Authors: Moyle GG
Published: December 2007

The Sabin Feldman dye test for toxoplasmosis will only function efficiently at incubation temperatures of between 35° and 39°. Any variation outside this range will produce a marked drop in dye test titres. A possible implication of this phenomenon is discussed.
AN AUTOMATED METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF URINARY BROMIDE
Authors: Underwood PJ
Published: December 2007

A rapid, fully automated method for the estimation of urinary bromide is described. Recoveries of added bromide range from 96·8 to 102·5%.
UPTAKE OF IRON BY MATURE ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Clark Peggy
Published: December 2007

Mature red cells take up iron not bound to transferrin when they are incubated with plasma in vitro. The iron is not incorporated into haemoglobin, but is probably attached to stromal iron acceptors. Red cells from blood with saturated transferrin have more iron‐acceptor sites occupied than have red cells from blood with unsaturated transferrin.
THE EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN II INFUSION, RENAL HYPERTENSION AND NEPHRECTOMY ON SALT APPETITE OF SODIUM‐DEFICIENT SHEEP
Authors: Bott Elspeth , Denton DA , Weller Sigrid
Published: December 2007

The sodium appetite of sodium deficient sheep with permanent unilateral parotid fistulae was studied under the following conditions: (i) Intravenous infusions of pressor amounts of angiotensin II; (ii) experimental renal hypertension involving the partial occlusion of one renal artery with the other left untouched. In two sheep the contralateral renal artery was clamped at a later date; (iii) intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in hypertensive sheep; (iv) following nephrectomy.

It was observed that intravenous angiotensin II infusion (60–120 μg./hr.) caused a small, but statistically significant, reduction of salt appetite evoked by salt deficiency. In three hypertensive sheep angiotensin II infusion did not cause a significant change in sodium appetite.

The induction of renal hypertension did not modify salt appetite in response to sodium deficiency. The early phase of hypertension was associated with reduction of salivary volume and in some animals, with a large natriuresis, similar to that seen in animals without parotid fistulae. Salt appetite varied with the overall effect on sodium balance. In three of six sheep studied nephrectomy did not eliminate salt appetite. This was tested 3–6 or 24 hr. post‐operatively, at which time renin would have been at a much reduced level or absent from the blood.
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF VITAMIN B12USING THE DIATOM CYCLOTELLA NANA
Authors: Davis RE , Nicol DJ
Published: December 2007

A microbiological assay for vitamin B12 using the small cetric diatom Cyclotella nana Hustedt is described. The method is suitable for measuring the vitamin B12 content of a wide variety of materials such as marine waters, tissue and serum. The organism responds equally well to both cyano‐ and hydroxocobalamin, and appears to be relatively insensitive to clinically inactive analogues of the vitamin. Results may be read after four days, either by counting the organisms in an electronic particle counter or by measuring the residual silicon using a simple colour reaction.
LYMPHOCYTOPENIA INDUCED IN A STRAIN OF LABORATORY MICE BY AGENTS COMMONLY USED IN TREATMENT OF ECTOPARASITES
Authors: Keast D , Coales MF
Published: December 2007

The normal leucocyte picture of heart blood of the Prince Henry strain of mice is presented. Tetmosol and Lanokil have been shown capable of producing gross modification to this picture by inducing an acute lymphocytopenia. The results are discussed with respect to immunological aberrations‐which might follow the use of disulfiram for the treatment of chronic alcoholism.
THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED VASOMOTOR TONE ON REACTIVE HYPERAEMIA IN THE HUMAN FOREARM
Authors: Paterson NAM
Published: December 2007

The effect of tilting from the horizontal to the 45° feet down position on reactive hyperaemia following 3‐, 5‐, and l0‐min. occlusions of the forearm circulation in normal human subjects was studied, using venous occlusion plethysmography to follow forearm blood flow. Tilting reduces forearm blood flow by a sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex.

The peak flow, the magnitude and the duration of reactive hyperaemia were significantly reduced by tilting.

It is concluded that if two functional circulations exist in skeletal muscle, they are not independently influenced by reflex vasoconstriction and the local vasodilator response to occlusion.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BLOOD BRADYKININ LEVELS IN MAN
Authors: Mashford ML , Zacest R
Published: December 2007

Using a sensitive method of blood bradykinin estimation, arterial and venous levels were compared in the human forearm. Arterial levels were usually higher, the ratio of arterial to venous levels ranging from 4 to approx. 1.

Changes in blood bradykinin in venous blood from the hand were studied during hyperaemic states in the hand produced by warming, cooling and ischaemia. Increas of bradykinin up to 53% in effluent blood from the hand occurred when the hand was warmed to 45°. However, bradykinin levels fell in the dffluent blood in association with reactive hyperaemia and cold vasodilatation.

An increase in sympathetic nervous activity caused a fall in arterial bradykinin level of 20% in one case and almost complete disappearance in another Generalised sympathetic blockade with bethanidine brought about a 7·5‐fold increase

The ability of increased sympathetic nervous activity to lower blood bradykinin level may possibly contribute to the decreased venous bradykinin levels found in cold vasodilatation and reactive hyperaemia where an increase in sympathetic nervous activity occurs a result of the pain and discomfort associated with these procedures.
THE FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITY OF MACROPHAGES AT THE SINGLE CELL LEVEL
Authors: McIntrye J , Rowley D , Jenkin GR
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages to phagocytose and kill Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. This study, carried out at a single cell level, indicates that the competence of the population of macrophages may be altered by various treatments but the expression of this competence is dependent on the presence of specific antibody.
CONVERSION OF AZATHIOPRINE INTO MERCAPTOPURINE AND MERCAPTOIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES IN VITRO AND DURING IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
Authors: Chalmers AH , Knight PW , Atkinson MR
Published: December 2007

A spectrophotometric method was used to show that azathioprine (“Imuran”, BW 57–322) is converted into 6‐mercaptopurine by a second‐order reaction with glutathione. In the pH range studied (6·85·8·45), at 37° in 50 mM phosphate, the rate of formation of 6‐mercaptopurine is given by the expression: d[6‐mercaptopurine]/dt “0·32 (pH‐6·6) [azathioprine] [glutathione] mole sec.−1 litre−1. The results were applicable to the formation of 6‐mercaptopurine from azathioprine and glutathione in plasma. The half‐time for conversion of azathioprine into 6‐mercaptopurine at pH 7·35 and 37° in the presence of 1 mM glutathione was 47 min.

At pH values above 10 formation of 5‐mercapto‐1‐methyl‐4‐nitroimidazole from azathiopries was observed in vitro. The mercaptoimidazole was detected in the urine of patients after oral doses of azathioprine. A spectrophotometric assay after fractionation on Sephadex G‐15 was used to follow the time‐course of excretion of the imidazole.

Net conversion of azathioprine into 6‐thiouric acid after treatment with azathioprine was followed by a spectrophotometric assay involving co‐precipitation of urinary 6‐thiouric acid with uric acid. The time‐course of urinary 6‐thiouric acid excretion was similar to that of the mercaptoimidazole, and is consistent with the rates of azathioprine cleavage observed in vivo. These metabolites were mainly excreted within 8 hr. of an oral dose of azathioprine.

The relevance of these results to the action of azathioprine and to improvements in control of its clinical use are discussed.
THE ORIGIN OF THE ANTIBODY RELEASED INTO SERUM FOLLOWING INJECTION OF BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Hill WC , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

Increased levels of certain antibodies were detected in the serum of guinea‐pigs about 24 hr, after being injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These antibodies were found to have been presynthesized and released, rather than having been synthesized subsequent to the lipopolysaccharide injection. Simple calculations show that at least 10 times as much antibody is present in the serum. If this store is inside the antibody‐forming cells then the intracellular concentration of antibody must be about one million‐fold greater than the serum concentration.
THE CATECHOLAMINES IN THE CENTRAL ARTERY OF THE RABBIT EAR
Authors: de la Lande IS , Head RJ
Published: December 2007

Fluorimetric assay of the central artery of the rabbit ear yielded mean noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of 0·89 and 0·08 μg./g. respectively. This finding is consistent with previous histochemical observations and tends to exclude the possibility that adrenaline is of importance in neurotransmission in the rabbit ear.
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES.
Authors: Nelson DS , Mildenhall P
Published: December 2007

Non‐inbred Swiss mice were immunized by intraperitoneal or sub‐cutaneous injections of sheep erythrocytes in saline. Freund's incomplete adjuvant or Freund's complete adjuvant. Titrations were made of macrophage cytophilic antibodies. complement‐fixing (immune adherence) antibodies and direct haemagglutinating antibodies in sera obtained at weekly intervals up to 4 weeks. Early and delayed hypersensitivities were estimated by footpad tests with sheep erythrocytes. When the intraperitoneal route of immunization was used, cytophilic antibodies and delayed‐type hypersensitivity developed consistently only after the erythrocytes had been injected in Freund's complete adjuvant. When the subcutaneous route was used, cytophilic antibodies and delayed‐type hypersensitivity developed after the erythrocytes had been injected in complete or incomplete adjuvant but not after they had been injected in saline. There was a correlation between the intensity of delayed (48 hr.) footpad reactions and the levels of cytophilic antibodies in serum as well as between the intensity of early (4 hr.) reactions and the levels of complement‐fixing antibodies. A second injection of antigen in saline (footpad test) was usually followed by a rise in titre or by the reappearance, or even by the first appearance, of cytophilic antibodies in the serum. Cytophilic antibodies could appear in the absence of detectable complement‐fixing antibodies and vice versa, and there was overall no correlation between the levels of cytophilic and complement‐fixing antibodies in the sera.
THE ZINC CONTENT OF RAT MAST CELLS
Authors: Angyal Annette M , Archer GT
Published: December 2007

The zinc content of isolated rat mast cells was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mast cells were harvested by peritoneal lavage and separated from other peritoneal cavity cells by density gradient centrifugation. The zinc content of large mast cells was found to be 2·1 μg. Zn/106mast cells (standard error ± 0·23) and 40 times greater than the zinc content of other cell types. Small immature mast cells were found to contain less zinc than mature mast cells. Significant amounts of zinc were released from mast cells by freezing and thawing but not by hypotonic lysis.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF ANTIBODY‐FORMING CELLS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Cunningham AJ
Published: December 2007

The popliteal lymph nodes of mice were antigenically stimulated with sheep erythrocytes, and the changing numbers of cells releasing 19S or 7S haemolytic antibody were assayed using a modification of the Jerne‐Ingraham plaque technique. For the first 2–3 days after primary immunization, no plaque‐ forming cells could be found in these nodes. A rapid rise in the number of cells releasing 19S antibody followed during the next 3 days. By 6 days cells producing 7S antibody began to appear, reaching peak numbers at about 12 days. From this time on, and throughout the secondary response, cells producing 7S antibody were much more numerous in the nodes than those releasing 19S haemoloysin.

At all stages of primary and secondary immune responses, individual plaque‐ forming cells producing antibody of either type were isolated, smeared individually and examined by light microscopy. A wide variety of morphological types was found. A small proportion of plaques was produced by classical mature plasma cells, but most antibody‐forming cells were basophilic mono nuclears with relatively little cytoplasm. The smaller members of this series would probably be indistinguishable from small lymphocytes in preparations of living or fluorescence‐stained cells. No consistent morphological differences were observed between cells releasing 19S or 7S antibody.

Thirteen plaque‐forming cells from the spleens of unimnunized mice have also been characterized. Six of these were lymphocytes, 6 were rather small basophilic mononuclear cells and 1 was classed as an atypical plasma cell.
PLANTAR ULCERS OCCURRING AFTER NEURECTOMY: A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: Barton AA , Barton Mary
Published: December 2007

Severance of the tendo‐calcaneus or division of the sciatic nerve caused ulcers to appear on the heels of mice within 6 hr. of operation. This was due to thrombosis of capillaries in the subcutaneous tissues, resulting from a disorder of posture. The lumen of the capillaries was filled with a thrombus of platelets and lysed red cells. The endothelial cells were contracted and separated from one another. Division of sensory nerves did not cause ulceration, nor did division of the sciatic nerve alter ulcers due to tenotomy. It was concluded that nerves did not serve a trophic function. The relation of these ulcers to decubitae and the plantar ulcers of leprosy is discussed.
THE MEDIATION OF INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN INFLAMMATION
Authors: Muller HK , Salasoo I , Wilhelm DL
Published: December 2007

Rabbit serum contains a permeability factor which increases vascular permeability in the homologous species for periods up to 4 hr. Such prolonged permeability effects contrast markedly with those of other endogenous factors, which increase permeability for only about 10–20 min.

When rabbit serum is fractionated in ethyl ether or ethanol systems, the permeability factor is mainly concentrated in preparations containing α‐ and β‐globulins. Tested in animals with circulating Evans′ blue, the permeability factor has an activity in 1‐hr. lesions that increases as much as 280‐fold in the ensuing 3 hr.

The duration of increased permeability is best demonstrated by the injection of intravenous dye in animals already bearing lesions of varying ages. Tested by this technique, rabbit permeability factor induces a maximal increase of vascular permeability in 1½–2½ hr., normal low permeability being restored in 4 hr.

On a weight basis relative to histamine, the most active preparations at this stage of the work have a permeability factor potency of 0·3 the dosage‐ response lines having a slope of 4·4–6·3.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE PERSISTENT ANTIMITOTIC EFFECT OF CERTAIN HEPATOTOXIC PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS ON RAT LIVER
Authors: Downing DT , Peterson JE
Published: December 2007

The burst of mitosis in liver cells after partial hepatectomy is inhibited by certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids given prior to operation. Thus, intraperitoneal injection of 0·05 acute LD50 of heliotrine into rats up to 8 weeks before partial hepatectomy resulted in a 50% inhibition of mitosis as measured 8 hr. after the administration of a dose of colchicine.

Heliotrine, lasiocarpine and lasiocarpinc N‐oxide given four weeks before operation produced maximal antimitotic effect when given in a single dose greater than about 0·1 acute LD50 and a graded response at lower dose levels. Heliotridine, 7‐angelythcliotridine and platyphylline showed no significant activity.

A bioassay procedure based on these findings is proposed, which is suitable for determination of the specific antimitotic activity of compounds capable of producing persistent inhibition of liver cell division.
POTASSIUM CONTRACTURES IN THE URETER OF THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Chapman JB , Holman Mollie E
Published: December 2007

The electrical and mechanical responses of the guinea‐pig ureter to raised extracellular potassium ion concentrations hove been studied.

The response consisted of an initial series of rapid contractions associated with action potentials followed by the development of maintained tension associated with maintained depolarization. Relaxation and repolarization occurred when normal potassium ion concentration was restored. The threshold potassium ion concentration for the development of maintained tension varied between 25 and 50 mM.

The amplitude of the maintained tension could be immediately and reversibly changed by varying the external calcium ion concentration, though the calcium ion concentration at which these changes appeared varied considerably between preparations. Absence or reduction of the initial contractions in low calcium ion solutions was always accompanied by absence or abnormality of the action potential.

It is suggested that the maintained tension depends on an increased influx of extracellular calcium ions during the potassium ion‐induced depolarization. Although this mechanism is not excluded as a possible basis for contraction initiated by the depolarization of the action potential, it is likely that a calcium ions “store” of unknown nature is involved in the normal excitation‐contraction coupling process.