bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of heat shock proteins in anoxic crucian carp (Carassius carassius): support for cold as a preparatory cue for anoxia
Authors: Stensløkken Kåre-Olav , Ellefsen Stian , Larsen Helene Kile , Vaage Jarle , Nilsson Göran E.
Published: March 2010

The crucian carp ( Carassius carassius ) tolerates anoxia for days to months depending on temperature. During episodes of stress, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are important for limiting cellular damage, mainly by ensuring protein function. Accordingly, we hypothesized that anoxia would change the expression of HSPs and that this response would be temperature dependent. Real-time RT-PCR was used to investigate the effects of 1 and 7 days anoxia (A1 and A7) on the expression of HSP70a, HSP70b, HSC70, HSP90, and HSP30 in the brain and heart of 8°C- and 13°C-acclimated crucian carp. In general, the expression of all HSPs changed in response to anoxia, although varying in size and direction, and with organ and temperature. HSP70a expression increased drastically (∼10-fold) in A7 brains and hearts at 13°C but not at 8°C. HSC70 and HSP90 expression decreased in A7 brains (by 60–70%), but not in A7 hearts. HSC70 expression increased in A1 brains and hearts at both temperatures (by 60–160%), and HSP30 expression decreased in A7 brains and hearts at both temperatures (by 50–80%). Notably, normoxic fish showed 7- and 11-fold higher HSP70a expression in the brain and heart at 8°C compared with 13°C. This difference disappeared during anoxia, suggesting that cold may function as a cue for preconditioning the crucian carp's HSP70a expression to the approaching anoxic winter period.
Effects of pH and medullary blood flow on oxygen transport and sodium reabsorption in the rat outer medulla
Authors: Chen Jing , Edwards Aurélie , Layton Anita T.
Published: March 2010

We used a mathematical model of O2transport and the urine concentrating mechanism of the outer medulla of the rat kidney to study the effects of blood pH and medullary blood flow on O2availability and Na+reabsorption. The model predicts that in vivo paracellular Na+fluxes across medullary thick ascending limbs (mTALs) are small relative to transcellular Na+fluxes and that paracellular fluxes favor Na+reabsorption from the lumen along most of the mTAL segments. In addition, model results suggest that blood pH has a significant impact on O2transport and Na+reabsorption owing to the Bohr effect, according to which a lower pH reduces the binding affinity of hemoglobin for O2. Thus our model predicts that the presumed greater acidity of blood in the interbundle regions, where mTALs are located, relative to that in the vascular bundles, facilitates the delivery of O2to support the high metabolic requirements of the mTALs and raises the concentrating capability of the outer medulla. Model results also suggest that increases in vascular and tubular flow rates result in disproportional, smaller increases in active O2consumption and mTAL active Na+transport, despite the higher delivery of O2and Na+. That is, at a sufficiently high medullary O2supply, O2demand in the outer medulla does not adjust precisely to changes in O2delivery.
CCL2 and CCR2 polymorphisms are associated with markers of exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage
Authors: Hubal Monica J. , Devaney Joseph M. , Hoffman Eric P. , Zambraski Edward J. , Gordish-Dressman Heather , Kearns Amy K. , Larkin Justin S. , Adham Kasra , Patel Ronak R. , Clarkson Priscilla M.
Published: March 2010

Novel eccentric (lengthening contraction) exercise typically results in muscle damage, which manifests as prolonged muscle dysfunction, delayed onset muscle soreness, and leakage of muscle proteins into circulation. There is a large degree of variability in the damage response of individuals to eccentric exercise, with higher responders at risk for potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chemokine ligand 2 ( CCL2) and its receptor chemokine receptor 2 ( CCR2) associate with the high degrees of variability in the muscle damage response. We based this hypothesis on CCL2's roles in macrophage and satellite cell signaling in injured muscle. DNA was obtained from 157 untrained men and women following maximal eccentric exercise. Strength loss, soreness, serum creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin levels before and during recovery from a single exercise bout were tested for association with 16 SNPs in CCL2 and CCR2. The rare alleles for rs768539 and rs3918358 (CCR2) were significantly ( P < 0.05) associated with lower preexercise strength in men, whereas CCL2 SNPs (rs13900, rs1024611, and rs1860189) and CCR2 (rs1799865) were associated with altered preexercise CK levels in women. During recovery, the rs3917878 genotype ( CCL2) was associated with attenuated strength recovery in men and an elevated CK response in women. CCR2 variants were associated with slower strength recovery in women (rs3918358) and elevated soreness (rs1799865) across all subjects. In summary, we found that SNPs in CCL2 and CCR2 are associated with exercise-induced muscle damage and that the presence of certain variants may result in an exaggerated damage response to strenuous exercise.
Renal Dysfunction, Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Authors: Martins David , Ani Chizobam , Pan Deyu , Ogunyemi Omolola , Norris Keith
Published: March 2010

Background. Renal disease is commonly described as a complication of metabolic syndrome (MetS) but some recent studies suggest that Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) may actually antecede MetS. Few studies have explored the predictive utility of co-clustering CKD with MetS for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.Methods. Data from a nationally representative sample of United States adults (NHANES) was utilized. A sample of 13115 non-pregnant individuals aged years, with available follow-up mortality assessment was selected. Multivariable Cox Proportional hazard regression analysis techniques explored the relationship between co-clustered CKD, MetS and CVD mortality. Bayesian analysis techniques tested the predictive accuracy for CVD Mortality of two models using co-clustered MetS and CKD and MetS alone.Results. Co-clustering early and late CKD respectively resulted in statistically significant higher hazard for CVD mortality (HR = 1.80, CI = 1.45–2.23, and HR = 3.23, CI = 2.56–3.70) when compared with individuals with no MetS and no CKD. A model with early CKD and MetS has a higher predictive accuracy (72.0% versus 67.6%), area under the ROC (0.74 versus 0.66), and Cohen's kappa (0.38 versus 0.21) than that with MetS alone.Conclusion. The study findings suggest that the co-clustering of early CKD with MetS increases the accuracy of risk prediction for CVD mortality.
The Role of Rho Kinase in Sex-Dependent Vascular Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Nuno Daniel W. , Lamping Kathryn G.
Published: March 2010

We hypothesized that rho/rho kinase plays a role in sex differences in vascular dysfunction of diabetics. Contractions to serotonin were greater in isolated aortic rings from nondiabetic males versus females and increased further in streptozotocin-induced diabetic males but not females. The increased contractions to serotonin in males were reduced by inhibitors of rho kinase (fasudil, Y27632 and H1152) despite no change in expression of rhoA or rho kinase. Contractions to U46619 were not altered by fasudil or Y27632 or the presence of diabetes. In contrast to acute effects of fasudil, chronic treatment with fasudil increased contractions to serotonin in aorta from both non-diabetic and diabetic males. In summary, serotonin-induced contractions were increased in aorta from diabetic males but not females. Although administration of rho kinase inhibitors acutely decreased contractions to serotonin, long-term treatment with fasudil increased contractions. Long-term fasudil treatment may increase compensatory mechanisms to enhance vasoconstrictions.
Møller′s Energy in the Kantowski‐Sachs Space‐Time
Authors: Abdel-Megied M. , Gad Ragab M.
Published: March 2010

We have shown that the fourth component of Einstein′s complex
for the Kantowski‐Sachs space‐time is not identically zero. We have
calculated the total energy of this space‐time by using the energy‐momentum definitions of Møller in the theory of general relativity and
the tetrad theory of gravity.
Successful Transplantation of a Split Crossed Fused Ectopic Kidney into a Patient with End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Mekeel Kristin L. , Daley Shane M. , Andrews Paul E. , Moss Adyr A. , Heilman R. L. , Mazur Marek J. , Chakkera Harini A. , Hamawi Khalid , Mulligan David C. , Sudhakar Reddy K.
Published: March 2010

Potential donors with congenital renal anomalies but normal renal function are often overlooked because of a possible increase in technical difficulty and complications associated with the surgery. However, as the waiting list for a deceased donor kidney transplant continues to grow, it is important to consider these kidneys for potential transplant. This paper describes the procurement of a crossed fused ectopic kidney, and subsequent parenchymal transection prior to transplantation as part of a combined simultaneous kidney pancreas transplant. The transplant was uncomplicated, and the graft had immediate function. The patient is now two years from transplant with excellent function.
Unexplained Aspects of Anemia of Inflammation
Authors: Price Elizabeth A. , Schrier Stanley L.
Published: March 2010

Anemia of inflammation (AI), also known as anemia of chronic inflammation or anemia of chronic disease was described over 50 years ago as anemia in association with clinically overt inflammatory disease, and the findings of low plasma iron, decreased bone marrow sideroblasts and increased reticuloendothelial iron. Pathogenic features underlying AI include a mild shortening of red cell survival, impaired erythropoietin production, blunted responsiveness of the marrow to erythropoietin, and impaired iron metabolism mediated by inflammatory cytokines and the iron regulatory peptide, hepcidin. Despite marked recent advances in understanding AI, gaps remain, including understanding of the pathogenesis of AI associated with “noninflammatory” or mildly inflammatory diseases, the challenge of excluding iron deficiency anemia in the context of concomitant inflammation, and understanding more precisely the contributory role of hepcidin in the development of AI in human inflammatory diseases.
Eigenfunctions and Fundamental Solutions of the Fractional Two‐Parameter Laplacian
Authors: Yakubovich Semyon
Published: March 2010

We deal with the following fractional generalization of the Laplace equation for rectangular domains (x, y) ∈ (x0, X0) × (y0, Y0) ⊂ ℝ+ × ℝ+, which is associated with the Riemann‐Liouville fractional derivatives Δα,βu(x, y) = λu(x, y), , where λ ∈ ℂ, (α, β) ∈ [0, 1] × [0, 1]. Reducing the left‐hand side of this equation to
the sum of fractional integrals by x and y, we then use the operational technique for
the conventional right‐sided Laplace transformation and its extension to generalized
functions to describe a complete family of eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions
of the operator Δα,β in classes of functions represented by the left‐sided fractional
integral of a summable function or just admitting a summable fractional derivative.
A symbolic operational form of the solutions in terms of the Mittag‐Leffler functions
is exhibited. The case of the separation of variables is also considered. An analog
of the fractional logarithmic solution is presented. Classical particular cases of
solutions are demonstrated.
A Rademacher Type Formula for Partitions and Overpartitions
Authors: Sills Andrew V.
Published: March 2010

A Rademacher‐type convergent series formula which generalizes the Hardy‐Ramanujan‐Rademacher formula for the number of partitions of n and the Zuckerman formula for the Fourier coefficients of ϑ4(0 | τ) −1 is presented.
Is Single‐View Fluoroscopy Sufficient in Guiding Cardiac Ablation Procedures?
Authors: Fallavollita Pascal
Published: March 2010

The CARTO XP ablation system provides real‐time data on 3D, color‐coded maps of the electrical activity of the heart; however, it is expensive and can only use a dedicated costly magnetic catheter per patient intervention. The purpose of our study is to shorten the duration of the radiofrequency ablation procedure and increase its efficacy by developing an affordable prototype catheter navigation system that simulates the CARTO system. To obtain 3D geometrical data from catheter locations inside the heart chamber, we acquired only single‐view images using an Integris Allura fluoroscope and estimated the depth of the mapping electrode using pattern recognition techniques. Validation was performed in ideal and clinical conditions. For phantom experiment, when using a 7‐French catheter, the average recovered depth error was 2.05 ± 1.46 mm using a single image. However, when using the 8‐French catheter, the average recovered depth error was 1.54 ± 1.29 mm. In clinical experimentation, the standard error of estimate for the estimated depth was about 13.1 mm and 10.1 mm, respectively, for the posterior and lateral views. In conclusion, this paper describes our achievements and shortfalls in developing an affordable fluoroscopic navigation system to guide RF catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias.
IEEE 802.11-Based Wireless Sensor System for Vibration Measurement
Authors: Uchimura Yutaka , Nasu Tadashi , Takahashi Motoichi
Published: March 2010

Network-based wireless sensing has become an important area of research and various new applications for remote sensing are expected to emerge. One of the promising applications is structural health monitoring of building or civil engineering structure and it often requires vibration measurement. For the vibration measurement via wireless network, time synchronization is indispensable. In this paper, we introduce a newly developed time synchronized wireless sensor network system. The system employs IEEE 802.11 standard-based TSF-counter and sends the measured data with the counter value. TSF based synchronization enables consistency on common clock among different wireless nodes. We consider the scale effect on synchronization accuracy and evaluated the effect by taking beacon collisions into account. The scalability issue by numerical simulations is also studied. This paper also introduces a newly developed wireless sensing system and the hardware and software specifications are introduced. The experiments were conducted in a reinforced concrete building to evaluate synchronization accuracy. The developed system was also applied for a vibration measurement of a 22-story steel structured high rise building. The experimental results showed that the system performed more than sufficiently.
Gelsolin Restores Aβ-Induced Alterations in Choroid Plexus Epithelium
Authors: Vargas Teo , Antequera Desiree , Ugalde Cristina , Spuch Carlos , Carro Eva
Published: March 2010

Histologically, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid deposits. In previous studies we demonstrated that in AD patients, amyloid-β(Aβ) peptide also accumulates in choroid plexus, and that this process is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and epithelial cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Aβaccumulation at the choroid plexus epithelium remain unclear. Aβclearance, from the brain to the blood, involves Aβcarrier proteins that bind to megalin, including gelsolin, a protein produced specifically by the choroid plexus epithelial cells. In this study, we show that treatment with gelsolin reduces Aβ-induced cytoskeletal disruption of blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier at the choroid plexus. Additionally, our results demonstrate that gelsolin plays an important role in decreasing Aβ-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting nitric oxide production and apoptotic mitochondrial changes. Taken together, these findings make gelsolin an appealing tool for the prophylactic treatment of AD.
Could CD4 Capture byCD8+T Cells Play a Role in HIV Spreading?
Authors: Aucher Anne , Puigdomènech Isabel , Joly Etienne , Clotet Bonaventura , Hudrisier Denis , Blanco Julià
Published: March 2010

CD8+T cells have been shown to capture plasma membrane fragments from target cells expressing their cognate antigen, a process termed “trogocytosis”. Here, we report that human CD4, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) receptor, can be found among the proteins transferred by trogocytosis. CD4 is expressed in a correct orientation after its capture byCD8+T cells as shown by its detection using conformational antibodies and its ability to allow HIV binding on recipientCD8+T cells. Although we could not find direct evidence for infection ofCD8+T cells having captured CD4 by HIV, CD4 was virologically functional on these cells as it conferred on them the ability to undergo syncytia formation induced by HIV-infected MOLT-4 cells. Our results show that acquisition of CD4 byCD8+T cells via trogocytosis could play a previously unappreciated role forCD8+T cells in HIV spreading possibly without leading to their infection.
Differential Modulation of Sonic-Hedgehog-Induced Cerebellar Granule Cell Precursor Proliferation by the IGF Signaling Network
Authors: Fernandez Carla , Tatard Valérie M. , Bertrand Nicolas , Dahmane Nadia
Published: March 2010

The molecular mechanisms regulating organ growth and size remain unclear. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is a major player in the regulation of cerebellar development: SHH is secreted by Purkinje neurons and acts on the proliferation of granule cell precursors (GCPs) in the external germinal layer. These then become postmitotic and form the internal granular layer but do so in the presence of SHH ligand, begging the question of how the proliferative response to SHH signaling is downregulated in differentiating GCPs. Here, we have determined the precise cellular localization of the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) network components in the developing mouse cerebellum and show that this network modulates the proliferative effects of SHH signaling on GCPs. IGF1 and IGF2 are potent mitogens for GCPs and both synergize with SHH in inducing GCP proliferation. Whereas the proliferative activity of IGF1 or IGF2 on GCPs does not require intact SHH signaling, aspects of SHH activity on GCP proliferation require signaling through the IGF receptor 1. Moreover, we find that 3 of the IGF-binding proteins, IGFBP2, IGFBP3 and IGFBP5, inhibit IGF1/2-induced cell proliferation, whereas IGFBP5 also inhibits SHH-induced GCPs proliferation. This novel function of IGFBP5 that we have uncovered demonstrates the exquisite regulation of SHH signaling by different components of the IGF network.
Evaluación clínica básica de la malnutrición pediátrica
Authors: Hartman Corina , Shamir Raanan
Published: March 2010

El examen colectivo y la evaluación del riesgo nutricional deben constituir una parte sistemática de la evaluación clínica. Los objetivos de la evaluación nutricional consisten en determinar el riesgo o la presencia de malnutrición y proporcionar normas para el tratamiento a corto y a largo plazo. El estado nutricional se evalúa por medio de un abordaje simple, principalmente clínico, basado en la historia clínica, la exploración física, las mediciones antropométricas, la ingestión alimentaria, la composición corporal y los parámetros biológicos. La evaluación del estado nutricional debe comenzar con la historia y la exploración física en combinación con el registro alimentario. Cuando se presume que un niño presenta riesgo de desnutrición es imprescindible la evaluación de la ingestión inadecuada, la reducción de la absorción, las pérdidas excesivas, el deterioro de la utilización o el aumento de las necesidades. El crecimiento es el mejor indicador del estado nutricional. El análisis del crecimiento (ganancia de peso y velocidad del crecimiento) mediante curvas de crecimiento sigue siendo la herramienta más simple para evaluar los cambios en el estado nutricional. Otros índices antropométricos utilizados para evaluar el estado nutricional son el índice de masa corporal, el espesor del pliegue cutáneo y el perímetro del antebrazo (MAC, por sus siglas en inglés). Aunque se utilizan varias clasificaciones para definir la malnutrición, ninguna de ellas ha sido validada correctamente para diagnosticar la malnutrición en los niños. Hasta la fecha, el examen colectivo nutricional sistemático se realiza raramente en pacientes pediátricos debido a la ausencia de una herramienta de detección sistemática nutricional simple y válida. Todavía no se ha elaborado una herramienta de detección sistemática fácil de usar que haya sido validada en diversos procesos pediátricos.
La malnutrición en los países desarrollados
Authors: Puntis John W.L.
Published: March 2010

En las sociedades desarrolladas se ha constatado repetidamente que la desnutrición es común en pacientes hospitalizados. A pesar de contribuir a desenlaces adversos, puede pasar inadvertida a menos que se emprenda sistemáticamente una evaluación formal. El equipo de apoyo nutricional desempeña papeles importantes en la formación del personal con respecto a la importancia de la nutrición para todos los pacientes y la garantía de intervenciones eficaces y seguras. Sobre las organizaciones de asistencia sanitaria recae la responsabilidad de fomentar el cuidado nutricional como prioridad fundamental. El trabajo multidisciplinario, la flexibilidad y la buena comunicación entre diferentes departamentos son requisitos para un apoyo nutricional efectivo en el hospital.
La malnutrición en los países en vías de desarrollo: un cambio de apariencia
Authors: Solomons Noel W.
Published: March 2010

La malnutrición implica anomalías de sobrenutrición y subnutrición. Los países en vías de desarrollo se caracterizan por la pobreza generalizada, debida a la escasez de recursos económicos o la distribución injusta de la riqueza en la sociedad. Aunque la subnutrición se manifiesta como la insuficiencia ponderal, emaciación y retraso del crecimiento en la población, y el tratamiento hospitalario de la nutrición clínica grave, de tercer grado, ha sido la preocupación clásica de la nutrición en países en vías de desarrollo, el proceso de transición nutricional ha cambiado este equilibrio desproporcionado. Actualmente, en los ámbitos hospitalario y extrahospitalario debe abordarse una carga doble de nutrición deficiente y excesiva. Mientras que las tasas específicas de subnutrición declinan, el crecimiento de la población impulsa un número de niños subnutridos cada vez mayor en todo el mundo. Aunque no representa nada nuevo, la atención de la salud pública a las deficiencias de vitamina A, yodo, hierro, cinc, vitamina D y vitamina B12 ha tomado nuevos impulsos. Las tasas de sobrepeso y obesidad se están elevando en ciertas subpoblaciones de países en vías de desarrollo y el síndrome metabólico está llegando a establecerse en sociedades de bajos ingresos. Es importante que los conceptos y las prioridades para los países en vías de desarrollo se actualicen continuamente, tal como intentamos aquí, de manera que no nos quedemos aferrados a realidades de décadas pasadas para crear mitos que oscurezcan la evolución contemporánea de la desnutrición en todo el planeta.
Métodos y objetivos terapéuticos en la malnutrición pediátrica
Authors: Kolaček Sanja
Published: March 2010

La desnutrición hospitalaria sigue siendo un problema generalizado en todos los hospitales europeos, que afecta al 20–40% de pacientes adultos y pediátricos. En combinación con una enfermedad subyacente, la desnutrición deteriora la función inmunitaria y muscular, prolonga la cicatrización de las heridas, inicia la disfunción intestinal y, en consecuencia, incrementa los riesgos de complicaciones graves y reduce la calidad de vida. Idealmente, el papel del apoyo nutricional consiste en prevenir la subnutrición y, en caso de que ésta estuviera ya presente, restablecer la situación nutricional normal, evitando al mismo tiempo las complicaciones nutricionales, y fomentar hábitos y aptitudes alimentarios adecuados con el desarrollo. El objetivo de este artículo es comentar cómo alcanzar esta finalidad en pacientes pediátricos y describir los métodos elegibles de tratamiento nutricional. La selección del método terapéutico depende de la enfermedad subyacente, la edad del paciente, la situación gastrointestinal, las posibilidades de ingestión oral y los costes y hábitos alimentarios familiares. Con respecto a todos estos factores y particularmente a las necesidades nutricionales individuales y a la situación nutricional actual, la intensidad del apoyo nutricional debe incrementarse de forma paulatina desde una asesoría dietética reforzada, pasando por varias modalidades de nutrición enteral, hasta la nutrición parenteral. Como recomendación general, cuando la situación clínica impide la ingestión oral, debe utilizarse la nutrición enteral siempre que el tubo digestivo sea funcional. La nutrición parenteral se reserva para niños con intestino inexistente, inaccesible o disfuncional y, en estas condiciones clínicas, es un procedimiento que salva vidas. Independientemente de la modalidad de apoyo nutricional, en niños con desnutrición grave debe adoptarse un cuidado particular para evitar la aparición del síndrome de realimentación. Los objetivos de la asistencia nutricional se obtienen de la mejor manera, y con una relación entre costes y beneficios óptima, a través del establecimiento de un equipo de apoyo nutricional, que está formado por un pediatra con experiencia en nutrición clínica, una enfermera, un dietista/especialista en nutrición y, en la medida de lo posible, un farmacéutico.
Evaluation clinique de la dénutrition en pédiatrie
Authors: Hartman Corina , Shamir Raanan
Published: March 2010

La recherche et l’évaluation du risque nutritionnel devraient faire partie intégrante de l’évaluation clinique. Les objectifs d’une telle évaluation sont de déterminer le risque ou la présence d’une dénutrition et de proposer des directives pour un traitement à court et long terme. Le statut nutritionnel est évalué par une approche simple et principalement clinique basée sur les antécédents médicaux, l’examen clinique, les mesures anthropométriques, la consommation alimentaire, la composition corporelle et des paramètres biologiques. L’évaluation du statut nutritionnel devrait débuter par une étude des antécédents médicaux et un examen clinique associés à une évaluation de la consommation alimentaire. Des ingesta inadaptés, une diminution de l’absorption, des pertes excessives, une mauvaise utilisation des nutriments ou une augmentation des besoins sont autant de facteurs permettant de supposer qu’un enfant présente un risque nutritionnel. La croissance est le meilleur indicateur du statut nutritionnel. L’analyse de la croissance (gain pondéral et vitesse de croissance) en utilisant les courbes de croissance demeure l’outil le plus simple pour évaluer les changements du statut nutritionnel. Des mesures anthropométriques peuvent aussi être utilisées: indice de masse corporelle, pli cutané et circonférence brachiale. Plusieurs classifications sont utilisées pour définir la dénutrition, mais aucune n’a été correctement validée chez les enfants. De nos jours, il est rare qu’une évaluation nutritionnelle soit systématiquement réalisée chez l’enfant par manque de paramètres simples et validés. De tels outils de dépistage doivent être développés et validés dans différentes situations en pédiatrie.
Prise en charge et stratégies thérapeutiques de la dénutrition
Authors: Kolaček Sanja
Published: March 2010

La dénutrition hospitalière reste un problème répandu dans les hôpitaux européens, affectant 20 à 40% des patients adultes et enfants. Associée à une maladie sous-jacente, la dénutrition altère les fonctions immunitaires et musculaires, retarde la cicatrisation, et elle est à l’origine de dysfonctionnements intestinaux et, par conséquent, augmente les risques de complications graves et réduit la qualité de vie. Idéalement, le rôle d’un support nutritionnel est de prévenir la dénutrition et, s’il était existant auparavant, de restaurer un statut nutritionnel normal, en évitant ainsi les complications nutritionnelles. Il peut également promouvoir un comportement alimentaire adapté. Cet article vise à discuter comment atteindre ces objectifs chez les patients pédiatriques et à présenter les différentes prises en charge nutritionnelles possibles. Le choix du traitement dépend de la maladie sous-jacente, de l’âge du patient, de son statut gastro-intestinal, des possibilités d’une alimentation orale, des coûts et des habitudes alimentaires de la famille. Au regard de tous ces paramètres, et particulièrement des besoins nutritionnels du patients et de son statut nutritionnel au moment du traitement, l’intensité de la prise en charge nutritionnelle doit évoluer par étapes, en commençant par des conseils diététiques, puis en évoluant vers la nutrition entérale et parentérale si nécessaire. Lorsque l’état clinique ne permet pas une prise orale, la nutrition entérale doit être le traitement de première intention quand le tractus gastro-intestinal est fonctionnel. La nutrition parentérale est réservée aux enfants avec un intestin inexistant, inaccessible ou dysfonctionnel. Dans ces conditions cliniques, la nutrition parentérale est indispensable. Concernant les procédures de prises en charge nutritionnelles, la vigilance est particulièrement requise pour éviter un syndrome de renutrition chez les enfants sévèrement dénutris. C’est dans les établissements où il y a une équipe transversale de nutrition que les objectifs du traitement sont les mieux atteints, avec un rapport coût-bénéfice optimal. Une telle équipe est généralement composée d’un pédiatre ayant une expertise en nutrition clinique, d’une infirmière, d’un diététicien ou nutritionniste et, idéalement, d’un pharmacien.
Gender-Dependent Effects of Early Maternal Separation and Variable Chronic Stress on Vasopressinergic Activity and Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression in Adult Rats
Authors: Renard G.M. , Rivarola M.A. , Suárez M.M.
Published: March 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of early maternal separation on Fos, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the medial parvocellular portion of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PaMP), and GR expression in the hippocampus of adult male and female rats subjected to variable chronic stress (VCS). Male and female Wistar rats were isolated 4.5 h daily, during the first 3 weeks of life. At 48 days of age, the rats were exposed to VCS. Nonmaternally separated (NMS) females had a higher number of activated AVP neurons than NMS male rats. Maternally separated (MS) females subjected to VCS also showed a higher number of Fos/AVP double-labeled neurons than males with the same treatment. Males and females subjected to early maternal separation and VCS, compared with the MS animals, showed a decrease in the expression of GR in the PaMP. As regards GR expression in the hippocampus, MS animals subjected to VCS as adults, both males and females, showed an increase in GR expression in the subfields CA1, CA2 and CA3. The increase in AVP-immunoreactive neurons coexpressing Fos in response to stress in females exposed to early maternal separation suggests that perhaps early life stress results in a more reactive neuroendocrine stress response in females. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the different anatomical levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have different roles related to its stress response and support the evidence of regional specificity in GR regulation.
Platelet Hyporesponsiveness to Acetylsalicylic Acid Can Be Transferred by Plasma in Humans
Authors: Anger Katja , Kempfert Jörg , Kostelka Martin , Mohr Friedrich-Wilhelm , Dhein Stefan
Published: March 2010

In the present study, we investigated prospectively whether an existing platelet hyporesponsiveness to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) can be transferred to platelets with a previously normal reactivity to ASA. Therefore, 80 patients who had undergone coronary bypass surgery were selected, and the efficacy of their oral aspirin therapy was tested. Platelet aggregation was measured by means of light transmission aggregometry (LTA) after stimulation by 1 mmol/l arachidonic acid (ARA) as well as by 1 mmol/l ARA + in vitro addition of 25 µmol/l ASA. The threshold for a sufficient inhibition of platelet aggregation was set to ≤30% aggregation after ARA stimulation. A group of healthy volunteers with normal, almost complete inhibition of ARA-induced aggregation after in vitro addition of ASA served as control (group A). On the basis of the LTA measurement, 20 patients exhibited a hyporesponsiveness to oral and in vitro ASA (group B). Despite oral ASA treatment, in these patients ARA stimulation still induced aggregation, which could not be inhibited by in vitro addition of ASA. If group B plasma (from these hyporesponsive patients) was added to group A platelets (with normal reaction to ASA), this resulted in a conversion to hyporesponsive platelets, which then showed full aggregation in response to ARA (81%), and which could no longer be inhibited by in vitro ASA addition. In contrast, the normal ASA-responsive patients (group C) exhibited a nearly complete inhibition of ARA-induced aggregation by ASA. If group C plasma was incubated with group A platelets, ARA-induced aggregation could nearly completely be inhibited by in vitro addition of aspirin (ARA aggregation before ASA: 79%; after ASA addition: 7%). In conclusion, it can be stated that platelet hyporesponsiveness to ASA seems to be mediated by a transferable plasma factor.
Evaluation of Left Atrial Lesions After Initial and Repeat Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: Badger Troy J. , Daccarett Marcos , Akoum Nazem W. , Adjei-Poku Yaw A. , Burgon Nathan S. , Haslam Thomas S. , Kalvaitis Saul , Kuppahally Suman , Vergara Gaston , McMullen Lori , Anderson Paul A. , Kholmovski Eugene , MacLeod Rob S. , Marrouche Nassir F.
Published: March 2010

Background—

We evaluated scar lesions after initial and repeat catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) and correlated these regions to low-voltage tissue on repeat electroanatomic mapping. We also identified gaps in lesion sets that could be targeted and closed during repeat procedures.

Methods and Results—

One hundred forty-four patients underwent AF ablation and received a delayed-enhancement MRI at 3 months after ablation. The number of pulmonary veins (PV) with circumferential lesions were assessed and correlated with procedural outcome. Eighteen patients with AF recurrence underwent repeat ablation. MRI scar regions were compared with electroanatomic maps during the repeat procedure. Regions of incomplete scar around the PVs were then identified and targeted during repeat ablation to ensure complete circumferential lesions. After the initial procedure, complete circumferential scarring of all 4 PV antrum (PVA) was achieved in only 7% of patients, with the majority of patients (69%) having <2 completely scarred PVA. After the first procedure, the number of PVs with complete circumferential scarring and total left atrial wall (LA) scar burden was associated with better clinical outcome. Patients with successful AF termination had higher average total left atrial wall scar of 16.4%±9.8 (
P
=0.004) and percent PVA scar of 66.2±25.4 (
P
=0.01) compared with patients with AF recurrence who had an average total LA wall scar 11.3%±8.1 and PVA percent scar 50.0±24.7. In patients who underwent repeat ablation, the PVA scar percentage was 56.1%±21.4 after the first procedure compared with 77.2%±19.5 after the second procedure. The average total LA scar after the first ablation was 11.0%±4.1, whereas the average total LA scar after second ablation was 21.2%±7.4. All patients had an increased number of completely scarred pulmonary vein antra after the second procedure. MRI scar after the first procedure and low-voltage regions on electroanatomic mapping obtained during repeat ablation demonstrated a positive quantitative correlation of
R
2
=0.57.

Conclusions—

Complete circumferential PV scarring difficult to achieve but is associated with better clinical outcome. Delayed-enhancement MRI can accurately define scar lesions after AF ablation and can be used to target breaks in lesion sets during repeat ablation.
Sample-Spacings-Based Density and Entropy Estimators for Spherically Invariant Multidimensional Data
Authors: Lee Intae
Published: March 2010

While the sample-spacings-based density estimation method is simple and efficient, its applicability has been restricted to one-dimensional data. In this letter, the method is generalized such that it can be extended to multiple dimensions in certain circumstances. As a consequence, a multidimensional entropy estimator of spherically invariant continuous random variables is derived. Partial bias of the estimator is analyzed, and the estimator is further used to derive a nonparametric objective function for frequency-domain independent component analysis. The robustness and the effectiveness of the objective function are demonstrated with simulation results.
Estimating a State-Space Model from Point Process Observations: A Note on Convergence
Authors: Yuan Ke , Niranjan Mahesan
Published: March 2010

Physiological signals such as neural spikes and heartbeats are discrete events in time, driven by continuous underlying systems. A recently introduced data-driven model to analyze such a system is a state-space model with point process observations, parameters of which and the underlying state sequence are simultaneously identified in a maximum likelihood setting using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. In this note, we observe some simple convergence properties of such a setting, previously un-noticed. Simulations show that the likelihood is unimodal in the unknown parameters, and hence the EM iterations are always able to find the globally optimal solution.
The Hebrew Consecutive Wāw as a North West Semitic “Augment”: A Typological Comparison with Indo-European
Authors: Wikander Ola
Published: March 2010

The classical problem of the Hebrew consecutive tenses is here attacked from a different angle: that of comparative language typology. The article explores parallel typological developments between West Semitic and early Indo-European as pertains to the creation of verbal forms by means of adding an “augment” or temporalizing particle to otherwise Aktionsart- or aspect-based morphological constructs. A typological comparison between the consecutive Wāw and the Indo-European augment is used to highlight some of the factors which may have been involved in the genesis of the consecutive forms, as well as to illustrate some of the typological similarities in verbal syntax in the two phyla.
A Philological Approach to the Problem of King So (2 Kgs 17:4)
Authors: Kang Seung Il
Published: March 2010

This paper supports Kitchen’s identification of with Osorkon IV and supplements it with philological details. The results of this study, however, demand a modification of Kitchen’s suggestion by proposing that the Hebrew word should be seen as a transcription of s3-r in Osorkon’s name w3-s3-r-kn, and not just of s3.
The Duplicity of the Theoretical: On Heidegger’s First Freiburg Lectures
Authors: Gasché Rodolphe
Published: March 2010

At first sight, “theory” does not seem to be a major issue in Heidegger’s thought. Yet, as his early Freiburg lectures from 1919 demonstrate, Heidegger’s development of a phenomenological method of his own required a systematic debate with the neo-Kantians and the philosophical privilege they accorded to theoretization. While laying the foundation for a phenomenological method whose prime object is the lived experience of the surrounding world, Heidegger sketches out a double concept of theorization, one which, through a process of successive stages of un-living, culminates in the objectified conception of an empty “something,” and another concept of theoretization for which the “something” is “the experienceable in general,” and which guides the a-theoretical encounter of phenomenology as an “archontic form of life” with the world, the other, and the “not yet.”
The Endangerment of Moses: Towards a New Reading of Exodus 4:24-26
Authors: Embry B.
Published: March 2010

Moses’ endangerment in Exodus 4:24-26 in which Yahweh sought to kill him has perplexed scholarship as to its rationale: why kill Moses, the one chosen to deliver Israel out of slavery? Scholarly responses to this pericope tend to identify causality for Moses’ endangerment that is both Moses’ doing and external to the call and journey. The following article suggests that Moses’ endangerment is a formalized rite of passage which is part of a wider, literary unit. As such, Moses is endangered precisely because he has undertaken this journey and for no other reason; his jeopardy is both internal to the narrative and a functional component of his mission. The paper proposes that this wider, literary unit is also the framework around which the story of Balaam’s journey in Numbers 22 is built. As such, Exodus 4 and Numbers 22 are read, and best understood, in conversation with one another.
Poetic Line Structure in Qoheleth 3:1
Authors: Tod Linafelt , Dobbs-Allsopp F. W.
Published: March 2010

In this note we argue for understanding Qoh 3:1 as verse (the opening to the poem that follows in 3:2-8) and consider possible lineation options, proposing in the process a new way of under-standing its structure as a couplet. With only limited and erratic early manuscript evidence for lineation and no explicit, contemporary comment on this topic, the line structure of biblical Hebrew poems will always be in need of (re)construction. The exercise undertaken here exemplifies the kind of (re)constructive endeavor we believe necessary for thinking seriously about line structure in biblical verse.
Restructuring the Public Sphere for Social Order in the Niger Delta through Polycentric Planning: What Lessons for Africa?
Authors: Akinola Dr. Samson Ranti
Published: March 2010

The increasing deprivation, neglect and orchestrated politics of exclusion by the Nigerian-state against the people of the Niger Delta can be traced to the structurally-defective and centralized governance arrangements in the Niger Delta. The consequent stiff resistance, violent reactions, militancy and hostage taking triggered by this politics of exclusion in the region have confirmed that people matter in politics. This paper argues that in some ways, the weakness of centralized and structurally-defective governance in the Niger Delta provides an opportunity for community self-governing institutions to play the role that governments and their agencies have abandoned. Using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, this paper engages in problem solving and solution seeking strategies that could help restructure the public sphere in the Niger Delta. This paper demonstrates principles and practices needed to make polycentric planning, self-governance and adaptive development strategies resolve socio-economic and political crisis. It is in light of this exigency that this paper develops an African Public Sphere Restructuring Model (APSRM) that derives inspirations and workability mechanisms from twelve (12) African development models that cut across several sectors of the economy in the Niger Delta.
Texts, Authority, and Community in the South African ‘Ibandla lamaNazaretha’ (Church of the Nazaretha), 1910-1976
Authors: Cabrita Joel
Published: March 2010

This six-decade history of textual production in the Nazaretha church seeks to illuminate the changing practices of governance and community in the church during this period. The church’s documentary history provides insight into its leaders’ efforts to use texts to govern, centralize and discipline their geographically far-flung, often unruly congregations. In addition to focusing on the documentary regime instituted by the church’s leaders, this article also explores the reading and writing practices that animated ordinary believers. For laity, as well as for leaders, texts and a general range of literate practices were a means of knitting themselves together in opposition to the incursion of the state, and in distinction to contemporary rival Christians. Finally, this article also seeks to position the texts of Nazaretha leaders and laity as significant material objects in their own right.
The Child's Right to an Education: 'Consensus-Minus-One'?
Authors: Johnson Robert
Published: March 2010

Universal commitment to the child's right to an education is clearly insufficient for the very large number of children globally who continue to be denied that fundamental right. The right to an education places obligations on states – including donor states – and multilateral agencies within the UN system. An increasing emphasis on the merit of schooling as an effective 'investment' in the child's productive potential repudiates a rights perspective, even as purportedly rights-based UN agencies submit to such a resourcing rationale under the leadership of the World Bank, which (at best) remains silent about education as a right. The linking of access to education resources to the recipient state's submission to Bank and/or IMF budgetary mechanisms is an additional serious qualification on this right of the child. Agencies such as UNICEF must urgently act to ensure an effective rights-based framework in country-level efforts to achieve this fundamental and universal right of the child.
Constitutional Analysis: A Proclamation of Children's Right to Protection, Provision, and Participation
Authors: Driskill Samantha Tisdale , DeFalco Paige LeForce , Lang Jill Holbert , Habashi Janette
Published: March 2010

The study of children's images as delineated in constitutional documents highlights the historical transitions that have occurred within and among countries, as manifested in the Convention of the Rights of the Child. As such, content analysis was administered to examine constitutional and amendment documents of 179 nation-states listed and recognized by the United Nations Development Programme in the Human Developmental Index. This analysis produced quantitative and qualitative data in which it described the ranking of each country and it's postulation toward children's protection, provision and participation as outlined by CRC. The findings provide greater understanding of the nation-state posture towards children as active rights bearers.
Restorative Justice through a Children's Rights Lens
Authors: Lynch Nessa
Published: March 2010

Restorative justice is an alternative to the formal criminal justice system which focuses on repairing the harm caused to the victim of the offence, effecting reconciliation between victim and offender, and the re-integration of the offender. Its use is widespread in national youth justice systems. This article will analyse the use of restorative justice in connection with offending by children. It will be argued that despite evidence of endorsement by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the fundamental concepts of restorative justice are at odds with a children's rights model of youth justice as required by international standards. Not only do similar concerns about due process rights exist for children as for the adult system, it is difficult to reconcile the best interests of the child standard with the victim focused approach of restorative justice, and there are doubts as to whether children have sufficient maturity for remorse and reintegration.