bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Progress on the Effect and Mechanism of Superchilling Preservation Technology on Meat Quality Control
Authors: Wang Bo , Liang Jiamin , Zhou Changyu , Zhang Jiamin , Ji Lili , Li Congyan , Mei Xiuli , Chen Hongyue
Published: October 2024

During storage and transportation, meat is susceptible to the effects of microorganisms, endogenous enzymes, and oxygen, leading to issues such as moisture loss, spoilage, and deterioration. Superchilling, as a preservation method that combines the benefits of refrigeration and freezing, can effectively slow the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, control protein and lipid oxidation, reduce water loss, and maintain the quality and sensory properties of meat. This paper reviews the current application status of superchilling technology in meat preservation, focusing on the mechanisms of ice crystal formation, water retention, tenderness preservation, protein and fat oxidation control, and microbial growth inhibition under superchilling conditions. Additionally, it summarizes the research progress on the combined application of superchilling with emerging technologies such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and electron beams in meat preservation and explores its potential and future prospects for improving meat quality. The aim is to provide scientific evidence and technical support for the application of superchilling technology in enhancing meat quality.
Bone Spheroid Development Under Flow Conditions with Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells in a 3D Porous Hydrogel Supplemented with Hydroxyapatite
Authors: El Hajj Soukaina , Ntaté Martial Bankoué , Breton Cyril , Siadous Robin , Aid Rachida , Dupuy Magali , Letourneur Didier , Amédée Joëlle , Duval Hervé , David Bertrand
Published: October 2024

Understanding the niche interactions between blood and bone through the in vitro co-culture of osteo-competent cells and endothelial cells is a key factor in unraveling therapeutic potentials in bone regeneration. This can be additionally supported by employing numerical simulation techniques to assess local physical factors, such as oxygen concentration, and mechanical stimuli, such as shear stress, that can mediate cellular communication. In this study, we developed a Mesenchymal Stem Cell line (MSC) and a Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell line (HUVEC), which were co-cultured under flow conditions in a three-dimensional, porous, natural pullulan/dextran scaffold that was supplemented with hydroxyapatite crystals that allowed for the spontaneous formation of spheroids. After 2 weeks, their viability was higher under the dynamic conditions (>94%) than the static conditions (<75%), with dead cells central in the spheroids. Mineralization and collagen IV production increased under the dynamic conditions, correlating with osteogenesis and vasculogenesis. The endothelial cells clustered at the spheroidal core by day 7. Proliferation doubled in the dynamic conditions, especially at the scaffold peripheries. Lattice Boltzmann simulations showed negligible wall shear stress in the hydrogel pores but highlighted highly oxygenated zones coinciding with cell proliferation. A strong oxygen gradient likely influenced endothelial migration and cell distribution. Hypoxia was minimal, explaining high viability and spheroid maturation in the dynamic conditions.
Genetic Variation, Polyploidy, Hybridization Influencing the Aroma Profiles of Rosaceae Family
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhang Yu , Tang Weihua , Zhang Geng , Wang Yuanhua , Yan Zhiming
Published: October 2024

Background: The fragrance and aroma of Rosaceae plants are complex traits influenced by a multitude of factors, with genetic variation standing out as a key determinant which is largely impacted by polyploidy. Polyploidy serves as a crucial evolutionary mechanism in plants, significantly boosting genetic diversity and fostering speciation. Objective: This review focuses on the Rosaceae family, emphasizing how polyploidy influences the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are essential for the aromatic characteristics of economically important fruits like strawberries, apples, and cherries. The review delves into the biochemical pathways responsible for VOC biosynthesis, particularly highlighting the roles of terpenoids, esters alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenolics, hydrocarbons, alongside the genetic mechanisms that regulate these pathways. Key enzymes, such as terpene synthases and alcohol acyltransferases, are central to this process. This review further explores how polyploidy and hybridization can lead to the development of novel metabolic pathways, contributing to greater phenotypic diversity and complexity in fruit aromas. It underscores the importance of gene dosage effects, isoenzyme diversity, and regulatory elements in determining VOC profiles. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights for breeding strategies aimed at improving fruit quality and aligning with consumer preferences. Present review not only elucidates the complex interplay between genomic evolution and fruit aroma but also offers a framework for future investigations in plant biology and agricultural innovation.
Unraveling Gastric and Small Intestine Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Review of Our Current Knowledge
Authors: Eskitzis Panagiotis , Michou Vasiliki , Theoti Rodoula , Antoniou Antonia , Tsavlis Drosos , Anestakis Doxakis
Published: October 2024

Background: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) are characterized as round, well–defined mass lesions in the submucosal layer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GISTs often present histological diversity and mutations in c-KIT and PDGFRA genes. Symptoms usually appear as abdominal pain, often accompanied by gastrointestinal bleeding or abdominal mass. The prognosis relies on tumor size, mitotic index, and different mutations, such as KIT mutations. There are a variety of diagnostic measures in the case of GISTs. However, it is important to note that ultrasound is the most common and reliable method for diagnosing gastric GISTs. The treatment methods followed vary from preoperative systemic therapy to surgical interventions. Depending on the type of GIST, professionals decide upon the best treatment plan for the patient. Objective: This review aims to inform the scientific community about the intricacies of gastric and small intestine GISTs to enhance understanding and improve patient management, with a particular focus on the importance of understanding and interpreting the unique microscopic histopathological findings of GISTs.
Winter Bathing in Denmark: A Qualitative Case Study on Winter Bathing’s Impact on Mental Health
Authors: Østergaard Elisabeth Bomholt , Petersen Anders Aagaard , van den Hengel Linda , Jensen Anne Møller , Jensen Nikolaj Bonde , Sparre Pernille Wobeser , Dahlgaard Jesper
Published: October 2024

Background: Mental health disease constitutes 25% of the total burden of disease in Denmark. In the last few years, an increasing tendency for seeking the ocean has arisen, and winter bathing is one of the outdoor activities with a large rise in popularity. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore if and how regular winter bathing in blue spaces can affect people’s mental health. Methods: This study employed a qualitative design using fieldwork with semi-structured interviews with four members from three different winter bathing clubs. The empirical data were thematically analyzed followed by theoretical analysis. Results: The results revealed five themes: Social Connectedness; Blue Nature as a Free Space; The Motivation Behind Winter Bathing; It is More Than an Ice-Cold Shock; and Finding Mental Peace in Winter Bathing. The results suggest that winter bathing in blue spaces contributed to improved mental health for the informants. Conclusions: In conclusion, regular winter bathing enhanced the participants’ mental health. A relatively short time in the ice-cold water provided mental peace which transferred to the rest of daily life in general, which emphasizes the mental health-promoting potential of winter bathing. Positive emotions were cultivated through exposure to blue spaces, including inner calm and a sense of safety. Winter bathing also served as a space for social connectedness and community building, facilitated by the club environment in which meaningful social interactions occurred.
Pancytopenia Related to Splenic Angiosarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Misiak Jakub , Sokołowski Bernard , Skrobisz Norbert , Matczak Mateusz , Braun Marcin
Published: October 2024

Background: Angiosarcomas are highly aggressive malignancies with endothelial differentiation, presenting considerable challenges in oncology, especially when arising in rare locations such as the spleen. These tumors predominantly affect adults and are commonly found in the skin, breast, liver, or soft tissues, with more unusual occurrences in other organs. Angiosarcomas have a high propensity for metastasis, typically spreading to the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Splenic angiosarcoma, with fewer than 300 documented cases, is an especially rare and complex form of this malignancy. Case presentation: This report details a case of splenic angiosarcoma in a 45-year-old male, where bone marrow metastases were the first clinical presentation, initially mimicking myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) due to persistent pancytopenia. Conclusions: The eventual identification of the splenic origin underscores the diagnostic difficulties and clinical challenges inherent in managing such atypical and rare presentations.
Geoheritage and Cultural Heritage Interface in a Place of Worship: The Historical Development of the Monumental Complex of San Francesco le Moniche in Aversa (Italy) and Its Underground Artificial Cavities
Authors: Ruberti Daniela , Fabozzi Maria Assunta , Guarino Paolo Maria , Guidone Ivana , Pellegrino Arcangelo , Vigliotti Marco
Published: October 2024

The case study of the monumental complex of San Francesco le Moniche, built in the ancient Norman county Aversa, in northern Campania (Italy), is analyzed here. The cultural heritage of the complex and the additional value associated with geoheritage (building stones and underground extraction cavities) have been highlighted. The building stratification of the complex was reconstructed based on documentary sources, including historical cartography and photographic documentation of postcards from the early 1900s. It began around 1200 and ended in the 20th century; part of the original citadel was dismantled and incorporated into the urban fabric in the Fascist era. The building stratification of the complex was also read from the distribution and architecture of the existing underground cavities from which the building stones were extracted. The subsoil, reconstructed on the basis of geological and geophysical data, is made up of a tuff substrate, starting from approximately 5–6 m from the ground level, which represents the main building stone as well as being an important testimony to the long volcanological history of northern Campania. Laser scanner surveys of the known and accessible cavities were carried out to obtain a three-dimensional view of the entire monumental complex and its underground spaces. The results provide a clear example of a geoheritage–cultural heritage interface which reminds us of the importance of an integrated approach in their valorization, specifically in urban areas. Additionally, the results of the study allowed us to improve the knowledge of the complex and the site, and provide useful tools for the planning of future targeted investigations.
A Pilot and Feasibility Study on a Mindfulness-Based Intervention Adapted for LGBTQ+ Adolescents
Authors: Klimo Kasey D. , Wilson Jessica Walls , Farewell Charlotte , Grose Rose Grace , Puma Jini E. , Brittain Danielle , Shomaker Lauren B. , Quirk Kelley
Published: October 2024

(1) Background: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other gender and sexual minority-identified (LGBTQ+) adolescents face mental and physical health disparities compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) may be a potential method to intervene upon health disparities in this population. This pilot study explores the initial acceptability and feasibility, along with the descriptive health changes of an online MBI, Learning to Breathe-Queer (L2B-Q), which was adapted to meet the needs of LGBTQ+ adolescents. (2) Methods: Twenty adolescents completed baseline and post-intervention assessments of mental health, stress-related health behaviors, physical stress, and LGBTQ+ identity indicators. In addition, the adolescents participated in a post-intervention focus group providing qualitative feedback regarding the acceptability of L2B-Q. (3) Results: L2B-Q demonstrated feasible recruitment and assessment retention, acceptability of content with areas for improvement in delivery processes, and safety/tolerability. From baseline to post-intervention, adolescents reported decreased depression and anxiety and improved intuitive eating, physical activity, and LGBTQ+ identity self-awareness with moderate-to-large effects. (4) Conclusions: These findings underscore the need and the benefits of adapted interventions among LGBTQ+ youth. L2B-Q warrants continued optimization and testing within the LGBTQ+ adolescent community.
Health Risks Associated with Adopting New-Generation Disposable Products Among Young Adults Who Use E-Cigarettes
Authors: Ran Shuyao , Yang James J. , Piper Megan E. , Lin Hsien-Chang , Buu Anne
Published: October 2024

New-generation disposable e-cigarettes have become increasingly popular among young adults in the USA since the FDA’s partial flavor ban. This study aims to examine longitudinal changes in health risks among young adults who adopted these novel products, as well as the health effects of device types beyond the effects of other important e-cigarette characteristics. This study recruited e-cigarette users via voluntary response sampling from three college campuses in the USA to respond to four-wave online surveys conducted in four consecutive semesters. Among the participants who adopted disposables during the study, their health risks (dependence symptoms, respiratory symptoms, combustible tobacco use) and e-cigarette consumption characteristics (use frequency, nicotine concentration and flavors) before and after the adoption were compared using paired-sample t- or McNemar’s tests. Generalized linear mixed models with a random intercept were conducted on data from the entire sample to investigate the effects of device type (tank, cartridge/pod, disposable) on health risks, controlling for other e-cigarette consumption characteristics. The study sample of 650 e-cigarette users were, on average, 20 years old, with 49% being male, 70% being White, and 13% being Hispanic. Adopting disposables may increase secondary dependence motives (t = 2.42, p < 0.05) and the use of higher levels of nicotine concentration (t = 2.09, p < 0.05) and sweet flavors (x2 = 22.53, p < 0.05) but decrease the number of times of vaping per day (t = −2.18, p < 0.05) and the use of menthol flavors (x2 = 4.57, p < 0.05). Tank use is associated with a higher level of primary dependence motives (b = 0.1998, p < 0.05) and a greater odds of using combustible tobacco (b = 0.4772, p < 0.05). Although disposable use is not associated with the likelihood of using combustible tobacco, it is associated with higher levels of both primary (b = 0.2158, p < 0.05) and secondary (b = 0.2533, p < 0.05) dependence motives. It is not the device type, but rather the frequency of vaping, that affects respiratory symptoms (b = 0.0602, p < 0.05). The findings indicate that when young adults switch to disposables, their e-cigarette dependence and use of sweet-flavored e-liquids increase. Even after controlling for use frequency, nicotine concentration and flavors, using disposables is related to not only instrumental motives that are influenced by psychological and environmental contexts but also heavy, automatic use that can operate without environmental cues. Given the health risks associated with disposable e-cigarettes, more comprehensive tobacco product regulations that consider the impact of device types may be needed.
Comparative Assessment of Cellular Responses to Microscale Silica Morphologies in Human Gastrointestinal Cells: Insights for Occupational Health
Authors: Yamin Mohammad Z. , Liu James Y. , Sayes Christie M.
Published: October 2024

Silicon dioxide (SiO2), commonly known as silica, is a naturally occurring mineral extracted from the Earth’s crust. It is widely used in commercial products such as food, medicine, and dental ceramics. There are few studies on the health effects of pyrogenic and colloidal silica after ingestion. No research has compared the impact of microscale morphologies on mitochondrial activity in colon cells after acute exposure. The results show that crystalline and amorphous silica had a concentration-independent effect on cells, with an initial increase in mitochondrial activity followed by a decrease. Vitreous silica did not affect cells. Diatomaceous earth and pyrogenic silica had a concentration-dependent response, causing a reduction in mitochondrial activity as concentration increased. Diatomaceous earth triggered the highest cellular response, with mitochondrial activity ranging from 78.84% ± 12.34 at the highest concentration (1000 ppm) to 62.54% ± 17.43 at the lowest concentration (0.01 ppm) and an average H2O2 concentration of 1.48 ± 0.15 RLUs. This research advances our understanding of silica’s impact on human gastrointestinal cells, highlighting the need for ongoing exploration. These findings can improve risk mitigation strategies in silica-exposed environments.
Exosome-Laden Hydrogels as Promising Carriers for Oral and Bone Tissue Engineering: Insight into Cell-Free Drug Delivery
Authors: Villani Cassandra , Murugan Prasathkumar , George Anne
Published: October 2024

Mineralization is a key biological process that is required for the development and repair of tissues such as teeth, bone and cartilage. Exosomes (Exo) are a subset of extracellular vesicles (~50–150 nm) that are secreted by cells and contain genetic material, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biological substances that have been extensively researched for bone and oral tissue regeneration. However, Exo-free biomaterials or exosome treatments exhibit poor bioavailability and lack controlled release mechanisms at the target site during tissue regeneration. By encapsulating the Exos into biomaterials like hydrogels, these disadvantages can be mitigated. Several tissue engineering approaches, such as those for wound healing processes in diabetes mellitus, treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) and cartilage degeneration, repair of intervertebral disc degeneration, and cardiovascular diseases, etc., have been exploited to deliver exosomes containing a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic cargos to target tissues. Despite the significant efficacy of Exo-laden hydrogels, their use in mineralized tissues, such as oral and bone tissue, is very sparse. This review aims to explore and summarize the literature related to the therapeutic potential of hydrogel-encapsulated exosomes for bone and oral tissue engineering and provides insight and practical procedures for the development of future clinical techniques.
Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Co-Culture of Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 with Trichoderma harzianum T11-W Exhibits Improved Antagonistic Activities against Fungal Phytopathogens
Authors: Li Wenzhe , Wang Xinyue , Jiang Yanqing , Cui Shuning , Hu Jindong , Wei Yanli , Li Jishun , Wu Yuanzheng
Published: October 2024

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the biocontrol activity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms. This study specifically focuses on the effects of VOCs produced by the co-culture of Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 and Trichoderma harzianum T11-W for the control of two phytopathogenic fungi, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium Owen. The antagonistic activity of VOCs released in mono- and co-culture modes was evaluated by inhibition assays on a Petri dish and in detached fruit experiments, with the co-culture demonstrating significantly higher inhibitory effects on the phytopathogens on both the plates and fruits compared with the mono-cultures. Metabolomic profiles of VOCs were conducted using the solid–liquid microextraction technique, revealing 341 compounds with significant changes in their production during the co-culture. Among these compounds, linalool, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, geranylacetone, 2-phenylethanol, and acetophenone were identified as having strong antagonistic activity through a standard inhibition assay. These key compounds were found to be related to the improved inhibitory effect of the B418 and T11-W co-culture. Overall, the results suggest that VOCs produced by the co-culture of B. vietnamiensis B418 and T. harzianum T11-W possess great potential in biological control.
Protective Effect of EBF Transcription Factor 1 (EBF1) Polymorphism in Sporadic and Familial Spontaneous Preterm Birth: Insights from a Case-Control Study
Authors: Mladenić Tea , Wagner Jasenka , Kadivnik Mirta , Pereza Nina , Ostojić Saša , Peterlin Borut , Dević Pavlić Sanja
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the potential role of specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes Astrotactin 1 (ASTN1), EBF Transcription Factor 1 (EBF1), Eukaryotic Elongation Factor, Selenocysteine-tRNA Specific (EEFSEC), Microtubule-Associated Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (MAST1), and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) to assess whether these genetic variants contribute to the risk of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). A case-control study was conducted involving 573 women from Croatia and Slovenia: 248 with sporadic sPTB (positive personal and negative family history of sPTB before 37 weeks’ gestation), 44 with familial sPTB (positive personal and family history of sPTB before 37 weeks’ gestation), and 281 control women. The analysis of ASTN1 rs146756455, EBF1 rs2963463, EBF1 rs2946169, EEFSEC rs201450565, MAST1 rs188343966, and TNF-α rs1800629 SNPs was performed using TaqMan real-time PCR. p-values were Bonferroni-adjusted for multiple comparisons. EBF1 SNP rs2963463 was significantly associated with sPTB (p adj = 0.03). Women carrying the CC genotype had a 3–4-times lower risk of sPTB (p adj < 0.0001). In addition, a significant difference in the frequency of the minor C allele was observed when comparing familial sPTB cases with controls (p adj < 0.0001). All other associations were based on unadjusted p-values. The minor T allele of EBF1 SNP rs2946169 was more frequent in sPTB cases overall than in controls, especially in sporadic sPTB (p = 0.045). Similarly, the CC genotype of ASTN1 SNP rs146756455 was more frequent in sporadic sPTB cases compared to controls (p = 0.019). Finally, the TNF-α SNP rs1800629 minor A allele and AA genotype were more common in the familial sPTB group compared to sporadic sPTB and controls (p < 0.05). The EBF1 SNP rs2963463 polymorphism showed a protective effect in the pathogenesis of sPTB, particularly in women carrying the CC genotype. Moreover, EBF1 SNP rs2946169 and ASTN1 SNP rs146756455, as well as TNF-α SNP rs1800629, were associated with an increased risk of sPTB, representing suggestive potential risk factors for sporadic and familial sPTB, respectively.
Subduing the Inflammatory Cytokine Storm
Authors: Kaempfer Raymond
Published: October 2024

The inflammatory cytokine response is essential for protective immunity, yet bacterial and viral pathogens often elicit an exaggerated response (“cytokine storm”) harmful to the host that can cause multi-organ damage and lethality. Much has been published recently on the cytokine storm within the context of the coronavirus pandemic, yet bacterial sepsis, severe wound infections and toxic shock provide other prominent examples. The problem of the cytokine storm is compounded by the increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. We created an incisive molecular tool for analyzing the role of the B7/CD28 costimulatory axis in the human inflammatory response. To attenuate the cytokine storm underlying infection pathology, yet preserve host defenses, we uniquely targeted the engagement of CD28 with its B7 co-ligands by means of short peptide mimetics of the human CD28 and B7 receptor homodimer interfaces. These peptides are not only effective tools for dissecting mechanism but also serve to attenuate the inflammatory response as a broad host-oriented therapeutic strategy against the cytokine storm. Indeed, such peptides protect mice from lethal Gram-positive bacterial superantigen-induced toxic shock even when dosed in molar amounts well below that of the superantigen and show promise in protecting humans from the severe inflammatory disease necrotizing soft tissue infections (‘flesh-eating’ bacterial sepsis) following traumatic wound injuries.
The D75N and P161S Mutations in the C0-C2 Fragment of cMyBP-C Associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Disturb the Thin Filament Activation, Nucleotide Exchange in Myosin, and Actin–Myosin Interaction
Authors: Kochurova Anastasia M. , Beldiia Evgenia A. , Nefedova Victoria V. , Yampolskaya Daria S. , Koubassova Natalia A. , Kleymenov Sergey Y. , Antonets Julia Y. , Ryabkova Natalia S. , Katrukha Ivan A. , Bershitsky Sergey Y. , Matyushenko Alexander M. , Kopylova Galina V. , Shchepkin Daniil V.
Published: October 2024

About half of the mutations that lead to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) occur in the MYBPC3 gene. However, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of point mutations in cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C) remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of the D75N and P161S substitutions in the C0 and C1 domains of cMyBP-C on the structural and functional properties of the C0-C1-m-C2 fragment (C0-C2). Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that these mutations disorder the tertiary structure of the C0-C2 molecule. Functionally, the D75N mutation reduced the maximum sliding velocity of regulated thin filaments in an in vitro motility assay, while the P161S mutation increased it. Both mutations significantly reduced the calcium sensitivity of the actin–myosin interaction and impaired thin filament activation by cross-bridges. D75N and P161S C0-C2 fragments substantially decreased the sliding velocity of the F-actin-tropomyosin filament. ADP dose-dependently reduced filament sliding velocity in the presence of WT and P161S fragments, but the velocity remained unchanged with the D75N fragment. We suppose that the D75N mutation alters nucleotide exchange kinetics by decreasing ADP affinity to the ATPase pocket and slowing the myosin cycle. Our molecular dynamics simulations mean that the D75N mutation affects myosin S1 function. Both mutations impair cardiac contractility by disrupting thin filament activation. The results offer new insights into the HCM pathogenesis caused by missense mutations in N-terminal domains of cMyBP-C, highlighting the distinct effects of D75N and P161S mutations on cardiac contractile function.
Apoptosis, Mitochondrial Autophagy, Fission, and Fusion Maintain Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Mouse Liver Under Tail Suspension Conditions
Authors: Li Lu-Fan , Yu Jiao , Li Rui , Li Shan-Shan , Huang Jun-Yao , Wang Ming-Di , Jiang Li-Na , Xu Jin-Hui , Wang Zhe
Published: October 2024

Microgravity can induce alterations in liver morphology, structure, and function, with mitochondria playing an important role in these changes. Tail suspension (TS) is a well-established model for simulating the effects of microgravity on muscles and bones, but its impact on liver function remains unclear. In the current study, we explored the regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis, autophagy, fission, and fusion in maintaining liver mitochondrial homeostasis in mice subjected to TS for 2 or 4 weeks (TS2 and TS4). The results showed the following: (1) No significant differences were observed in nuclear ultrastructure or DNA fragmentation between the control and TS-treated groups. (2) No significant differences were detected in the mitochondrial area ratio among the three groups. (3) Cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease 3 (Caspase3) activity and the Bcl-2-associated X protein (bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl2) ratio were not higher in the TS2 and TS4 groups compared to the control group. (4) dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) protein expression was increased, while mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) protein levels were decreased in the TS2 and TS4 groups compared to the control, suggesting stable mitochondrial fission. (5) No significant differences were observed in the optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), mitofusin 1 and 2 (MFN1 and MFN2) protein expression levels across the three groups. (6) Mitochondrial autophagy vesicles were present in the TS2 and TS4 groups, with a significant increase in Parkin phosphorylation corresponding to the duration of the TS treatment. (7) ATP synthase and citrate synthase activities were significantly elevated in the TS2 group compared to the control group but were significantly reduced in the TS4 group compared to the TS2 group. In summary, the coordinated regulation of apoptosis, mitochondrial fission and fusion, and particularly mitochondrial autophagy preserved mitochondrial morphology and contributed to the restoration of the activities of these two key mitochondrial enzymes, thereby maintaining liver mitochondrial homeostasis in mice under TS conditions.
Mangiferin Represses Inflammation in Macrophages Under a Hyperglycemic Environment Through Nrf2 Signaling
Authors: Jayasuriya Ravichandran , Ganesan Kumar , Ramkumar Kunka Mohanram
Published: October 2024

Inflammation in macrophages is exacerbated under hyperglycemic conditions, contributing to chronic inflammation and impaired wound healing in diabetes. This study investigates the potential of mangiferin, a natural polyphenol, to alleviate this inflammatory response by targeting a redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Mangiferin, a known Nrf2 activator, was evaluated for its ability to counteract the hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of Nrf2 and enhance antioxidant defenses. The protective effects of mangiferin on macrophages in a hyperglycemic environment were assessed by examining the expression of Nrf2, NF-κB, NLRP3, HO-1, CAT, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-10 through gene and protein expression analyses using qPCR and immunoblotting, respectively. The mangiferin-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was evidenced, leading to a robust antioxidant response in macrophages exposed to a hyperglycemic microenvironment. This activation suppressed NF-κB signaling, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 and IL-6. Additionally, mangiferin decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reactive oxygen species accumulation in hyperglycemia exposed macrophages. Our findings revealed that mangiferin alleviated hyperglycemia-induced reductions in AKT phosphorylation, highlighting its potential role in modulating key signaling pathways. Furthermore, mangiferin significantly enhanced the invasiveness and migration of macrophages in a hyperglycemic environment, indicating its potential to improve wound healing. In conclusion, this study suggests that mangiferin may offer a promising therapeutic approach for managing inflammation and promoting wound healing in diabetic patients by regulating Nrf2 activity in hyperglycemia-induced macrophages.
Interconnection of CD133 Stem Cell Marker with Autophagy and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sipos Ferenc , Műzes Györgyi
Published: October 2024

CD133 protein expression is observable in differentiated cells, stem cells, and progenitor cells within normal tissues, as well as in tumor tissues, including colorectal cancer cells. The CD133 protein is the predominant cell surface marker utilized to detect cancer cells exhibiting stem cell-like characteristics. CD133 alters common abnormal processes in colorectal cancer, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Autophagy is a cellular self-digestion mechanism that preserves the intracellular milieu and plays a dual regulatory role in cancer. In cancer cells, apoptosis is a critical cell death mechanism that can impede cancer progression. CD133 can modulate autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via several signaling pathways; hence, it is involved in the regulation of these intricate processes. This can be an explanation for why CD133 expression is associated with enhanced cellular self-renewal, migration, invasion, and survival under stress conditions in colorectal cancer. The purpose of this review article is to explain the complex relationship between the CD133 protein, apoptosis, and autophagy. We also want to highlight the possible ways that CD133-mediated autophagy may affect the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Targeting the aforementioned mechanisms may have a significant therapeutic role in eliminating CD133-positive stem cell-phenotype colorectal cancer cells, which can be responsible for tumor recurrence.
Hybrid Albumin-Decorated Lipid-Nanocarrier-Mediated Delivery of Polyphenol-Rich Sambucus nigra L. in a Potential Multiple Antitumoural Therapy
Authors: Tincu Robert , Mihaila Mirela , Bostan Marinela , Istrati Daniela , Badea Nicoleta , Lacatusu Ioana
Published: October 2024

The current research attempted to address the suitability of bioactive Sambucus nigra extract entrapped in albumin-decorated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as a promising “adjuvant” in improving tumour penetration for multiple antitumour therapy. The new hybrid albumin-decorated NLCs were characterised based on, e.g., the particle size, zeta electrokinetic potential, SambucusN entrapment efficiency, and fluorescence spectroscopy and tested for different formulation parameters. The antioxidant activity of NLC-SambucusN was significantly enhanced by a bovine serum albumin (BSA) polymer coating. According to the real-time cell analysis (RTCA) results, NLC-I–SambucusN–BSA behaved similarly to the chemotherapeutic drug, cisplatin, with cell viability for LoVo tumour cells of 21.81 ± 1.18%. The new albumin–NLC–SambucusN arrested cancer cells in G1 and G2 cycles and intensified the apoptosis process in both early and late phases. An advanced induction, over 50% apoptosis in LoVo colon cells, was registered for 50 μg/mL of NLC-II-SambucusN-BSA, a fourfold increase compared to that of untreated cells. RTCA and flow cytometry results showed that concentrations of the hybrid NLC–SambucusN up to 50 μg/mL do not affect the proliferation of normal HUVEC cells. This approach provides insightful information regarding the involvement of phytochemicals in future therapeutic strategies. Albumin-decorated NLCs can be considered a noteworthy strategy to be connected to antitumour therapeutic protocols.
TGFB2 mRNA Levels Prognostically Interact with Interferon-Alpha Receptor Activation of IRF9 and IFI27, and an Immune Checkpoint LGALS9 to Impact Overall Survival in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Qazi Sanjive , Trieu Vuong
Published: October 2024

The treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an unmet challenge, with the median overall survival rate remaining less than a year, even with the use of FOLFIRINOX-based therapies. This study analyzed archived macrophage-associated mRNA expression using datasets deposited in the UCSC Xena web platform to compare normal pancreatic tissue and PDAC tumor samples. The TGFB2 gene exhibited low mRNA expression levels in normal tissue, with less than one TPM. In contrast, in tumor tissue, TGFB2 expression levels exhibited a 7.9-fold increase in mRNA expression relative to normal tissue (p < 0.0001). Additionally, components of the type-I interferon signaling pathway exhibited significant upregulation of mRNA levels in tumor tissue, including Interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (IFNAR1; 3.4-fold increase, p < 0.0001), Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9; 4.2-fold increase, p < 0.0001), Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1; 7.1-fold increase, p < 0.0001), and Interferon Alpha Inducible Protein 27 (IFI27; 66.3-fold increase, p < 0.0001). We also utilized TCGA datasets deposited in cBioportal and KMplotter to relate mRNA expression levels to overall survival outcomes. These increased levels of mRNA expression were found to be prognostically significant, whereby patients with high expression levels of either TGFB2, IRF9, or IFI27 showed median OS times ranging from 16 to 20 months (p < 0.01 compared to 72 months for patients with low levels of expression for both TGFB2 and either IRF9 or IFI27). Examination of the KMplotter database determined the prognostic impact of TGFB2 mRNA expression levels by comparing patients expressing high versus low levels of TGFB2 (50th percentile cut-off) in low macrophage TME. In TME with low macrophage levels, patients with high levels of TGFB2 mRNA exhibited significantly shorter OS outcomes than patients with low TGFB2 mRNA levels (Median OS of 15.3 versus 72.7 months, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression models were applied to control for age at diagnosis. Nine genes exhibited significant increases in hazard ratios for TGFB2 mRNA expression, marker gene mRNA expression, and a significant interaction term between TGFB2 and marker gene expression (mRNA for markers: C1QA, CD74, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-F, IFI27, IRF9, LGALS9, MARCO). The results of our study suggest that a combination of pharmacological tools can be used in treating PDAC patients, targeting both TGFB2 and the components of the type-I interferon signaling pathway. The significant statistical interaction between TGFB2 and the nine marker genes suggests that TGFB2 is a negative prognostic indicator at low levels of the IFN-I activated genes and TAM marker expression, including the immune checkpoint LGALS9 (upregulated 16.5-fold in tumor tissue; p < 0.0001).
A First Step Towards Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Welfare by Considering Dietary Regimes (Part I)
Authors: Cattaneo Arianna , Belperio Simona , Sardi Luca , Martelli Giovanna , Nannoni Eleonora , Meneguz Marco , Dabbou Sihem
Published: October 2024

The insect farming sector is expanding, but knowledge of insect welfare is still limited. This article aims to optimize the dietary regime for “black soldier fly” (Hermetia illucens L., BSF) larvae by applying a holistic view of welfare. Four diets were tested: control (CONTR, commercial laying hen feed), vegetable (VEG), omnivorous (OMN), and carnivorous (MEAT) diet, conducting experiments at a large (2000 larvae) and small scale (100 larvae). Rearing parameters were calculated including the growth rate, substrate reduction, efficiency of conversion of digested food, waste reduction index, and survival rate. Chemical analyses were conducted on BSF larvae and the residual frass. While the MEAT diet appears to be non-well-performing for the larvae, the VEG diet performed comparably to the control diet. Interestingly, the OMN diet demonstrated improved efficiency when evaluating the growth process at both scales. The chemical composition of larvae and frass highlighted the nutritional adequacy of the OMN diet, with the BSF larvae showing adequate protein and lipid content without nutrient catabolism or signs of discomfort. Applying the five freedoms of Brambell’s report as a welfare standard for animal rearing and evaluating performance as an indirect indicator of welfare, the OMN diet appears to promote larval welfare in rearing practices.
Vibration Analysis of Multilayered Quasicrystal Annular Plates, Cylindrical Shells, and Truncated Conical Shells Filled with Fluid
Authors: Feng Xin , Zhang Han , Gao Yang
Published: October 2024

An approach to estimate the dynamic characteristic of multilayered three-dimensional cubic quasicrystal cylindrical shells, annular plates, and truncated conical shells with different boundary conditions is presented. These investigated structures can be in a vacuum, totally filled with quiescent fluid, and subjected to internal flowing fluid where the fluid is incompressible and inviscid. The velocity potential, Bernoulli’s equation, and the impermeability condition have been applied to the shell–fluid interface to obtain an explicit expression, from which the fluid pressure can be converted into the coupled differential equations in terms of displacement functions. The state-space method is formulated to quasicrystal linear elastic theory to derive the state equations for the three structures along the radial direction. The mixed supported boundary conditions are represented by means of the differential quadrature technique and Fourier series expansions. A global propagator matrix, which connects the field variables at the internal interface to those at the external interface for the whole structure, is further completed by joint coupling matrices to overcome the numerical instabilities. Numerical examples show the correctness of the proposed method and the influence of the semi-vertical angle, different boundary conditions, and the fluid debit on the natural frequencies and mode shapes for various geometries and boundary conditions.
Qualitative Analysis of Micro-System-Level Factors Determining Sport Persistence
Authors: Selejó Joó Bence Tamás , Czipa Hanna , Bódi Regina , Lupócz Zsuzsa , Paronai Rozália , Tóth Benedek Tibor , Tóth Hanna Léna , Kocsner Oszkár Csaba , Lovas Buda , Lukácsi Csanád , Kovács Mátyás , Kovács Karolina Eszter
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Sport persistence is the embodiment of sports performance and mental toughness. It refers to our attempts concerning the performance plateau, failures, injuries, or even the resolution and processing of stressful situations associated with success and positive events. In our research, we used qualitative methods based on Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model to investigate the factors influencing sport persistence among high school and university athletes. Methods: The research was based on semi-structured interviews with 133 athletes. ATLAS.ti software and the grounded theory methodology were applied for data analysis. Our analysis grouped the responses according to Bronfenbrenner’s categorisation system, highlighting motivational factors at the microsystem level. Our research question was as follows: What kind of factors dominate the development of sport persistence among adolescent (high school) and young adult (university) athletes along Bronfenbrenner’s dimension of the microsystem? Results: Regarding the microsystem, family, peers, and coaches were mentioned as influential factors. Concerning the family, general, person-specific, family value-related, future-oriented, introjected, and disadvantage-compensating motivational components were identified. General, individual, community and relational factors were identified concerning peers. Concerning the coach, general, individual, community, and coach personality-driven motivational segments were detected. Conclusions: By recognising the complex interplay of systemic factors, we can design interventions targeting these factors at various socio-ecological levels, promoting youth sports and increasing physical activity among young people. These findings instil hope and motivation for the future of sports and physical activity.
Design and Use of a Custom Phantom for Regular Tests of Radiography Apparatus: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Dukov Nikolay , Valkova Vanessa-Mery , Yordanova Mariana , Tsapaki Virginia , Bliznakova Kristina
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the feasibility of employing an in-house-developed physical phantom dedicated to the weekly quality control testing of radiographic systems, performed by radiographers. For this purpose, a 3D phantom was fabricated, featuring test objects, including a model representing a lesion. Alongside this phantom, a commercial phantom, specifically, IBA’s Primus L, was utilized. Weekly imaging of both phantoms was conducted over a span of four weeks, involving different imaging protocols and anode voltages. Subsequently, the obtained data underwent visual evaluation, as well as measurement of the intensity of selected regions of interest. The average values for three incident kilovoltages remained consistently stable over the four weeks, with the exception of the “low energy” case, which exhibited variability during the first week of measurements. Following experiments in “Week 1”, the X-Ray unit was identified as malfunctioning and underwent necessary repairs. The in-house-developed phantom demonstrated its utility in assessing the performance of the X-Ray system.
Accuracy of Point Load Index and Brazilian Tensile Strength in Predicting the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of the Rocks: A Comparative Study
Authors: Jamshidi Amin , Sousa Luís
Published: October 2024

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rocks is one of the main parameters required in the design of geotechnical projects such as tunnels, dams, or rock slopes. According to the literature, there are a large number of predictive regression equations to evaluate the UCS from the point load index (PLI) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS). However, the equations developed in previous studies have different accuracies in UCS prediction. A more accurate prediction of the UCS will result in a more appropriate design of the geotechnical project, and thus ensure its success during operation. In the present paper, a comparative study was conducted between the accuracy of PLI and BTS in predicting the UCS of the limestone and sandstone. Moreover, the role of porosity (n) on the accuracy of predicting the UCS from PLI and BTS was investigated. Some statistical indices were used to investigating the accuracy of predictive regression equations of UCS. The results revealed that the UCS of rocks can be predicted with a higher accuracy using BTS compared with PLI. Also, the findings showed that the n had a significant role in increasing the accuracy of PLI- and BTS-based regression equations of the UCS predictive. The predictive equations established in the present study can be used in practical applications for indirect evaluation of limestone and sandstone UCS in the site of a geotechnical project.
Unraveling Magnet Structural Defects in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines—Harmonic Diagnosis and Performance Signatures
Authors: Abdolmaleki Mehdi , Asef Pedram , Vagg Christopher
Published: October 2024

Rare-earth-based permanent magnets (PMs) have a vital role in numerous sustainable energy systems, such as electrical machines (EMs). However, their production can greatly harm the environment and their supply chain monopoly presents economic threats. Alternative materials are emerging, but the use of rare-earth PMs remains dominant due to their exceptional performance. Damage to magnet structure can cause loss of performance and efficiency, and propagation of cracks in PMs can result in breaking. In this context, prolonging the service life of PMs and ensuring that they remain damage-free and suitable for re-use is important both for sustainability reasons and cost management. This paper presents a new harmonic content diagnosis and motor performance analysis caused by various magnet structure defects or faults, such as cracked or broken magnets. The proposed method is used for modeling the successive physical failure of the magnet structure in the form of crack formation, crack growth, and magnet breakage. A surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is studied using simulation in Ansys Maxwell software (Version 2023), and different cracks and PM faults are modeled using the two-dimensional finite element method (FEM). The frequency domain simulation results demonstrate the influence of magnet cracks and their propagation on EM performance measures, such as stator current, distribution of magnetic flux density, back EMF, flux linkage, losses, and efficiency. The results show strong potential for application in health monitoring systems, which could be used to reduce the occurrence of in-service failures, thus reducing the usage of rare-earth magnet materials as well as cost.