bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upaya Guru PAI dalam Pembentukan Akhlakul Karimah pada Siswa
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Kholik Chasan Khairul , Mujahidin Mujahidin
Published: July 2024

The formation of the akhlakul karimah in students is a very important aspect in Islamic religion education (PAI). PAI teacher has a central role in guiding students to a noble akhlak, in accordance with the teachings of Islam. This research aims to find out the efforts made by PAI teachers in the formation of karimah achlakul in students. In this research, the method used is a qualitative approach with case studies as research design. Data is collected in several ways, including in-person observations, interviews with PAI teachers, as well as analysis of PAI curriculum-related documents and PAI learning materials. The strategy includes direct teaching of Islamic values, giving examples in everyday life, as well as accustoming positive behavior through extracurricular activities. PAI teachers also use a holistic approach, which combines aspects of knowledge, attitudes, and practice in an effort to shape a charitable attitude in students
Spindle cell sarcoma as a groin swelling- A rare case report
Authors: VORA PALAK , KALASWA RASHMIN , PALEKAR HARESH , PARIKH KUSH
Published: July 2024

Sarcomas are rare malignant neoplasms originating from mesenchymal layer, which comprises of less than 1% of adult malignancies. Among all the sarcomas, cutaneous sarcomas are found rarely. Surgery remains the main stay of treatment for majority of sarcomas. Awareness about such clinical entity and feasibility of diagnostic accurate histological type is important for managing these patients in a better way. Long term follow-up of patient is required to detect early recurrence. Here, we report a case of spindle cell sarcoma developed as a groin swelling in a 40-year-old male patient at rural tertiary care center in North Gujarat.
SEGMENTECTOMIES FOR LUNG CANCER: THE CONCERN OF DOING LESS
Authors: Inzirillo Francesco , Scanagatta Paolo
Published: July 2024

We read with interest the results of the trial “Lobar or Sublobar Resection for Peripheral Stage IA Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer” published in NEJM. The authors should be congratulated for their efforts to organize and manage this large multicenter trial. In fact, in the surgical-oncology field, there are several examples when a study is conducted with the aim to demonstrate a "maintained oncological efficacy" using a "less destructive intervention". We believe that the dream of all thoracic surgeons is to be able to go down the same road that breast surgeons took when they abandoned mastectomy in favor of quadrantectomy. We fear that the time is yet to come, and who knows when it will ever be due to epidemiologic variability of lung cancer or the introduction of new and more effective systemic therapy.
Global Nursing Shortage: Future Challenges
Authors: Alghazali Ali , ALKHAQANI AHMED
Published: July 2024

The global nursing shortage poses a significant challenge to future healthcare workforce planning, highlighting the urgent need for strategic endeavors to address this issue. The shortage of nurses is exacerbated by a significant increase in the shortage of nurses and the elderly nursing workforce. Furthermore, many health problems in the healthcare industry affect their well-being and negatively affect their performance. Moreover, there is a recognized worldwide shortage of nurse educators. The search for workable solutions for nurses' health can significantly improve morale, recruitment, and retention. A short-term and long-term solution is now needed to prevent the escalation of the shortage of nursing staff. This article delves into the myriad factors contributing to the increasing deficit of nurses on a global scale, the implications of these deficiencies on patient care, and the multifaceted challenges that we can expect to encounter in the future. The article aims to catalyze policymakers, healthcare providers, and leaders across the globe to navigate the complex world of healthcare staffing and provide plans for effective reform.
COVID-19 Pandemisinin Diş Hekimliği Öğrencilerinin Anksiyete Bozukluğu ve Kariyer Seçimlerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Akbeyaz Şivet Ecem , Altıntaş Sena , Atmaca Neslihan , Kargul Betul
Published: July 2024

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemisinin diş̧ hekimliği öğrencilerinin anksiyete seviyelerine, kariyer tercihlerine ve mezuniyet sonrası uzmanlık planlarına etkisini araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: COVID-19 pandemi döneminde, diş hekimliği mesleğini tercih etmiş Marmara Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören 252 diş hekimliği öğrencisine sosyo-demografik bilgilerini, diş hekimliği seçme motivasyonlarını, mezuniyet sonrası kariyer planlarını ve Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu (YAB-7) testini içeren 4 bölümden ve 42 sorudan oluşan bir anket uygulanmıştır. Ki-kare testi ve Mann Whitney U testi kullanılarak kategorik değişkenler arasındaki ilişki değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Öğrencilerin YAB-7 testi ortalama skorları 15.2±5.7 olup kadınlar (16.2±5.2) ve erkekler (14.6±5.8) arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p
Trigeminal Nevralji ile İlgili Türkçe YouTube™ Videolarının Yararlılık Düzeyinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Çetin Genç Çiğdem
Published: July 2024

Amaç
Bu çalışmada, YouTube™’da “trigeminal nevralji” ile ilgili Türkçe videoların içerikleri ve yararlılık düzeyleri değerlendirilmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Videoların yararlılık düzeyini saptamak için önceden belirlenmiş 10 parametre değerlendirilmiş ve skorlanmıştır. Videoların izlenme süresi, izlenme, beğenme sayıları ve yüklenme kaynağı ile ilgili veriler kaydedilmiştir. Videolar arasındaki ortalama farkların analizi için Kruskal Wallis-H testi; video süresi, görüntülenme ve beğenme sayıları ile toplam skor arasındaki korelasyonun belirlenmesinde Spearman Korelasyon Analizi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular
İzlenen 110 videonun değerlendirme kriterlerine uyan 88’i çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Ortalama video süresi (±standart sapma) 455.34±800.685 saniye, video görüntülenme sayısı 8296.20±15828.179, beğenme sayısı 55.32±106.483 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Videoların %27.2’sinin az, %54.5’inin orta ve %18.1 yüksek yararlılıkta olduğu görülmüştür. Toplam video skoru ile video süresi ve beğenme sayısı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu (sırasıyla r=0.732, p
Yetişkin Bireylerin Akdeniz Diyetine Uyumlarının Diş Çürüğü ve DMFT İndeksi Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi: Tanımlayıcı Araştırma
Authors: Bayram Buse , Özsöyler Bozan Perya Pelin
Published: July 2024

Amaç: Bu araştırmada, yetişkin bireylerde diş çürüğü ile Akdeniz Diyeti Kalite İndeksi (MEDAS) ile DMFT indeksi arasındaki ilişkiyi saptamak amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya, tanımlayıcı bir araştırma olarak Gaziantep ili Şehitkamil ilçesinde Ekim-Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında 1 özel diş kliniğinde araştırmayı gönüllü olarak kabul eden kabul eden diş rahatsızlığı şikâyeti olan 18-65 yaş arasında 34 erkek (%42.5), 46 kadın (%57.5) olmak üzere toplam 80 hasta katılmıştır. Araştırmayı kabul eden diş rahatsızlığı tanısı almış bireylere sorumlu diş hekimi diş muayenesinin sonucunda DMFT indeksini anket formuna işledikten sonra bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıkları, oral hijyen alışkanlıkları, Akdeniz Diyeti Kalite İndeksi Ölçeğini içeren 25 soruluk anket uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Bireylerin MEDAS ölçeğine verdiği cevapların dağılımı incelendiğinde; zeytinyağının mutfakta sıklıkla kullanılan bir yağ türü olduğu (%68.8), günde 4 yemek kaşığı ve üstü zeytinyağ tüketiminin bireylerde sıklıkla olduğu (%52.5) görülmüştür. Tüm bireylerde, PREDIMED puan dağılımı 6-9 puan aralığında olduğu gözlemlenmiştir (%65.0). Bireylerin DMFT indeksi ve PREDIMED puanı arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde 10 puan ve üzeri PREDIMED puanı olan bireylerde dolgu sayıları ve DMFT indeksi düşüş göstermiştir (sırasıyla 0.75(2); 0.07(0.2)) (p=0.068,0.041).

Sonuç: Düzensiz beslenmenin ve düzensiz öğün tüketiminin ağız ve diş sağlığına olumsuz etkisinin bulunduğunu, bu etkinin ise diyet kalitesinin düşmesinden ötürü besin gruplarından yeterince beslenememenin etki yarattığı bilinmektedir. Diş çürüğü şikayetine gelen hastaların tam tahılları az tükettikleri, şekerli ve gazlı içecekleri bireylerin %57.3’ünün 330 ml’den yüksek tükettikleri, günde 2 kereden fazla olmak üzere şekerli yiyecekleri tükettikleri saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, bireylerin Akdeniz diyetine uyumları orta seviyede bulunmuş olup beslenme alışkanlıkları düzensizdir ve dolayısıyla DMFT indeksleri benzer çalışmalara nazaran yüksek bulunmuştur.
Aile Diş Hekimlerinin Ve Diş Hekimlerinin Koruyucu Diş Hekimliği Uygulamaları Ve Acil Tedavi Yaklaşımlarının Değerlendirilmesi: Bir Anket Çalışması
Authors: Bağ İrem , Kandemir Ülker Elif , Çalışkan Seçil
Published: July 2024

AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada, aile diş hekimlerinin ve diş hekimlerinin koruyucu diş hekimliği uygulamaları ve acil tedavilere yaklaşımlarının karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışmaya 35 aile diş hekimi ve 35 diş hekimi toplam 70 gönüllü dahil edildi. Veriler, dijital platformda hazırlanmış anket sorularının cevaplarının değerlendirmesiyle elde edildi. Çalışmada, gönüllülerin demografik özellikleri, koruyucu uygulamalara ve acil tedavilere yönelik tutumları değerlendirildi. Verilerin karşılaştırılmasında ki-kare, t testi, tamamlayıcı istatistiklerden faydalanıldı.
BULGULAR: Klinikte florür uygulayan aile diş hekimlerinin oranı (%91.4) diş hekimlerine (%60.0) göre önemli ölçüde yüksekti (p
In-vitro Testing Methods For The Evaluation Of The Mechanical Properties Of Composite Resins
Authors: Bayar Naz , Nezir Merve , Özcan Suat
Published: July 2024

The selection of the right composite resin restorative material for clinical applications can be difficult, due to the wide range of available options. The mechanical properties of these materials have a significant impact on their longevity in the oral environment. Results from laboratory experiments that analyze the effects of compositional modifications can assist clinicians in making a more informed decision about the choice of the most appropriate material. This review examines the testing methods used to evaluate the mechanical properties of composite resin restorative materials.
Effect of Different MMP Inhibitors on the Bond Strength and Durability of an Etch-and-rinse and a Self-etch Adhesive
Authors: Hazar Ahmet , Üçtaşlı Mine Betül
Published: July 2024

Aim: To compare the effect of different matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of an etch-and-rinse adhesive and a self-etch adhesive at baseline and after aging. Materials and Method: Flat dentin surfaces were prepared from 96 extracted, sound human molars. Teeth were randomly divided into two main groups according to the adhesives (Adper Single Bond 2, and Clearfil 3S Plus) used (n=48). Each group was divided into four subgroups according to the dentin surface treatments; untreated (control), pretreated with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) before adhesive application, pretreated with 1% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) before adhesive application, and pretreated with 2% hesperidin (HPN) before adhesive application (n=12). Composite resin was then placed on the prepared surfaces and polymerized. The specimens were cut to obtain dentin beams and randomly divided into two groups for microtensile analysis at baseline and after 6 months of aging. Failure types were observed test after microtensile tests and data were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD, and Chi-Square tests (p
Concurrently Simultaneously
Authors: Dunne Killian
Published: July 2024

Concurrently Simultaneously is a book that contains not only the art and academic research and explorations of two artists but also a more intimate narrative of the experience of a family momentarily divided by the implications of Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. 
On 30 August 2020, Killian Dunne arrived in Scotland from Ecuador to begin his new role as a Lecturer in Printmaking, Publishing, and Editions at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee. His wife Désirée and their three-year-old son were to stay in Quito, Ecuador until Christmas while he organised accommodation for the family and while Désirée concluded her university teaching semester. Unfortunately, COVID-19 restrictions and the complications of Brexit meant that by May 2021 Désirée and their son had still not arrived in Scotland. At that point, the artists decided to create an artist book responding to this experience. Killian created his section of the book in Scotland, and Désirée created her section of the book in Ecuador. They then digitally printed the book’s editions in Ecuador and Désirée brought the books to their new life in Scotland when she and their son could travel.
Grave / Grebh / Græf
Authors: Poole Kathryn
Published: July 2024

Through this paper and research project, I explore the question of how the resting place of the body can become a catalyst for growth. Grave/Grebh/ Græf explores the potential for metamorphosis and renewal through the liveliness of decay. My practice originally centred on the corpse itself, tracking the decay of individual animals found on the roadside to try to capture the last residual trace of the spirit after the body has gone. I am now searching for these traces in the vegetation that grows from their resting places. 
Grave/Grebh/Græf examines various burial sites through observational drawing and grieving rituals. The drawings require intense periods, focus, respect, and reverence, paralleling the intention of the rosary prayers or other devotional obits repetitively performed by parishioners to preserve the memory of the deceased. Gallagher and Hiller (2011, p. 17) said, “That we who are still alive must perform obligatory tasks to care for the needy dead is a powerful, nearly universal human belief.” We choose to notice and attend to the familiar through that attention. To notice is to care.
The International Minimum Standard of Treatment and Human Rights: A Pedigree in the Rule of Law
Authors: Legum Barton
Published: July 2024

Human rights and the international minimum standard of treatment of aliens share a common origin and a similar pedigree in the rule of law. Like human rights, the substantive standards of investment treaties protect individual persons or entities against specified acts of governmental authority. That this is so does not diminish those standards’ contribution to the rule of law.
Transparency and Independence of Arbitrators in Investment Arbitration: Rule of Law Implications
Authors: Wolkewitz Mathias
Published: July 2024

This article picks up the debate on transparency and independence of arbitrators in investment arbitration prominently taking place in Europe since the beginning of the negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the EU and the us. With a view to the rule of law it is argued that its elements transparency and independence can be implemented in different but still compliant ways. Regarding the current status of transparency and independence of arbitrators in investment arbitration the author takes the position that with certain modifications both elements still comply with the rule of law. Critical questions are raised about concepts introduced in the current debate with respect to the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration as means of increasing transparency and regarding a permanent investment court system under TTIP to allegedly foster independence of arbitrators. For the first it is argued that the rules should be handled with care to comply with the fair trial and due process; the latter concept raises various concerns regarding the rule of law as well as practical aspects.
Promoting Renewables in the Energy Union: Current Strategies and the Challenges Ahead
Authors: Espa Ilaria
Published: July 2024

This article aims at critically assessing the renewable energy promotion policies pursued by the European Union (EU) within the context of both its climate policy and Energy Union policy, with a view to identify main strengths and weaknesses and the potential for improvement inherent to the recent proposals for reform launched by the European Commission through the ‘Clean Energy for All’ package. It starts by giving an overview of the main pillars of the Energy Union decarbonisation strategy, focusing on the renewable energy promotion policies undertaken in the power sector. It goes on identifying the main challenges that the development of renewable energy electricity production has posed to both the EU internal market and other decarbonisation policies. It then accordingly examines the main innovations introduced and/or proposed to improve European renewable energy promotion policies and, finally, concludes that they address the most pressing issues experienced by the EU electricity system following rapid renewable energy development in addition to creating an enabling environment for investment in electricity transmission and distribution infrastructures, particularly physical interconnections, which are essential to ensure successful renewable integration.
Some Observations on the Significance of Local Law for Energy Contracts: The Example of Norwegian Law
Authors: Cordero-Moss Giuditta
Published: July 2024

In the past years it has been increasingly questioned whether investment arbitration is the appropriate dispute resolution mechanism capable of striking a balance between the conflicting interests in safeguarding investors’ acquired rights and expectations on the one hand, and ensuring the host state’s right to regulate for the purpose of protecting the public interest on the other hand. This article analyses the significance of local law and local circumstances, which often are only considered as a first, necessary step preceding the institution of investment arbitration proceedings, but under some circumstances may turn out to be so attractive, that they even may substitute investment arbitration. The main point of the paper is that investment arbitration, or the larger concept of investor-state dispute settlement, is not the only mechanism available to foreign investors. Local law may provide remedies that are at least as interesting as, if not more interesting than, investment arbitration.
Requiem for Transparency
Authors: Menkes Marcin
Published: July 2024

In the public discourse, transparency often appears as something inherently positive, as if it was a value, a goal in itself. This may explain why democracies so often appear lost when it comes to the pursuit of transparency. I argue that without restoring the rationale behind transparency, its current degeneration is detrimental both to democratic legitimacy and to legal certainty. Rather than championing transparency for its own sake, it should serve as an instrument to enhance social trust and thus one of the factors contributing to the accumulation of social capital. A test case of the problem is the role of the European Parliament, national authorities and international investors as stakeholders in the TTIP/CETA negotiations on investment arbitration. The changing geometry or relations between citizens, the public authority and foreign investors matched with the current shortcomings in transparency regulation entail normative conflicts and undermine the legitimacy of the system.
The Chevron Saga: The Denial of Justice Standard under the Fair and Equitable Treatment and Customary International Law
Authors: Jaroslavsky Pablo , Wajnman Florencia
Published: July 2024

The Chevron saga is a paramount example of parallel proceedings. It includes several judicial proceedings in Ecuador and the U.S., different settlements, decisions at all levels of the Ecuadorian judicial system, and enforcement proceedings before the courts of several countries. In 2009, Chevron Corporation and Texaco Petroleum initiated arbitration proceedings against the Republic of Ecuador claiming that Ecuador had breached Article II of the Treaty between the United States of America and Ecuador concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment (the BIT) by failing to provide them fair and equitable treatment. Further, they also claimed that Ecuador committed a denial of justice. In its recent decision, the arbitral tribunal analysed the denial of justice standard under the fair and equitable treatment provision of the treaty and customary international law and concluded that Ecuador had in fact committed a denial of justice. The purpose of this case-note is to analyse the Tribunal’s findings on the denial of justice standard.
Report of the 4th EFILA Annual Conference 2019
Authors: Mata Dona José Rafael
Published: July 2024

On 31 January 2019, Herbert Smith Freehills kindly hosted in London the 4th EFILA Annual Conference on the “European Union (EU) and the future of International Investment Law and Arbitration”. The EU’s external investment policy and its investment policy towards Asia featured as the topics of the first two panels, which were followed by a keynote speech on the construction of a Multilateral Investment Court (MIC). The conference’s last panel dealt with the EU’s energy investment policy. This report presents the most relevant developments behind the EU’s external investment policy until the end of January 2019, its implementation towards Asia and influence in new global trends in investor-State dispute settlement. Further, it confronts the arguments of followers and detractors of the idea of a permanent standing two-tier mechanism with full-time adjudicators, which is promoted by the EU as the only option that can successfully respond to all the problems and challenges of the current ad hoc system. Finally, it conveys both the EU’ and investors’ needs in the construction of new carbon-friendly infrastructure and their enquiries into the modernisation process of the Energy Charter Treaty.
A Sceptical Analysis of the Enforcement of ISDS Awards in the EU Following the Decision of the CJEU on CETA
Authors: Gordon Brady
Published: July 2024

This paper provides a sceptical analysis of the enforcement of
investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) awards against the European Union or
its Member States in a conflict with EU norms following Opinion 1/17 of the
CJEU on the Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). It
argues that the CETA decision has obscured, but has failed to alleviate, three
fundamental incompatibilities between sui generis doctrines of EU law and
essential tenets of international investment arbitration. It is not at all
clear whether the CJEU accepts the jurisdiction of the ISDS tribunal in Chapter
8-F of CETA to rule on a breach of CETA contrary to the CJEU’s interpretation
of the validity of EU acts under the EU’s own rules, and the CETA decision does
nothing to modify the formal procedures and doctrines by which the autonomy and
supremacy of EU law have supplanted conflict of law norms permitting the
application of arbitral awards over conflicting European law. The article
cautions that Canadians may prove little better able to enforce arbitral awards
against deprivations of CETA rights by EU norms than if the CJEU had simply
ruled that the CETA Tribunal must be subsumed within the EU court system
itself.
The (ab)use of Third-Party Submissions
Authors: Lavranos Nikos
Published: July 2024

This contribution examines the use of third-party submissions, such as
amicus curiae submissions, in investment treaty arbitrations. The author shows
that a surprisingly low number of amicus curiae submissions have been submitted
so far and consequently have not resulted in any discernible impact on the
jurisprudence of arbitral tribunals. At the same time, interventions by
non-disputing treaty parties appear to be more effective. The author also
discusses the ambiguous nature of amicus curiae submissions made by the
European Commission, which – it is argued – are actually more akin to
non-disputing party interventions. The author concludes that amicus curiae
submissions could be better crafted and used more often to achieve greater impact.
In addition, they could also be targeted more often against States and their
failures in implementing their international environmental obligations.
The Investment Treaty Implications of COVID-19 Responses by States
Authors: Lavranos Nikos , Mazlom Ahmed
Published: July 2024

By analysing COVID-19 measures taken by States in eleven jurisdictions –
whilst considering a range of international investment agreements (IIAs)
including ‘old-school’ European BITs, North American style treaties, and Asian investment
treaties – the authors examine to what extent COVID-19 measures could
potentially result in investment treaty claims. This study presents these
implications through a balanced overview of treaty-based grounds and
justifications, which are built upon classical investment protections and
fundamental doctrines. When State measures are examined in terms of aim,
effect, duration, and scope, a typology emerges that not only classifies, but
also reveals similar patterns crystallising across varied jurisdictions –
despite a decentralised and disparate approach taken by States. The comparative
analysis of generational differences between IIAs determines the probability of
successfully invoking claims, whilst simultaneously assessing the risks for
States seeking to rely upon treaty-based justifications. Thus, when read by
States, this legal analysis amounts to a risk assessment, and when read by
foreign investors, serves as a guide on recourse. The authors conclude that
States should include ‘pandemic-proof’ provisions in prospective IIA
negotiations, and thus, potentially ushering a dawn of new ‘pandemic-proof
IIAs’.
Micula v Romania – A Saga of Lasting Significance
Authors: Northmore-Ball Lawrence , Harvey Jennifer , Courtier Amber
Published: July 2024

The dispute between the Micula parties and Romania has continued for
over 16 years raising issues in investment arbitration and European Union (EU)
law and particularly the enforceability of arbitral awards in varying
jurisdictions. The proceedings, first brought before an ICSID Tribunal in 2005
(followed by annulment proceedings) have since led to enforcement proceedings
across multiple fora including the EU Commission (involving State aid rules) as
well as EU, English and US domestic courts. Whilst the Micula saga
may be inching near to a conclusion, it threatens to cause lasting damage to
what was intended to be a closed ecosystem of the ICSID Convention. A precedent
has been set whereby instead of enforcing awards in accordance with the
provisions of the ICSID Convention, Courts of ICSID Member States may proceed
to enforce awards as though the ICSID Convention did not apply. As such, a
discussion may need to take place in relation to the possible amendment of
certain provisions of the ICSID Convention; however, in the short term it is
important that supranational bodies unrelated to the ICSID Convention do not
interfere with the obligations of ICSID Member States or purport to prohibit
ICSID Member States from complying with ICSID awards.
Does the CJEU Misunderstand Investment Treaty Arbitration in Commission v Micula?
Authors: Gáspár-Szilágyi Szilárd , Usynin Maxim
Published: July 2024

This article focuses on the recent judgment of the Court of Justice of
the EU (CJEU) in European Commission v Micula (C-638/ 19 P)
concentrating on two paragraphs in particular, namely paragraphs 144–145.
These passages lead us to believe that the Court of Justice’s more recent and
hostile attitude towards intra- EU investment treaty arbitration (in Achmea, Komstroy,
and PL Holdings) might be a result of several misunderstandings by
the Court on how investor-state arbitration and BITs work. The first concerns
the nature of consent to arbitrate under an investment agreement. The second
concerns the purpose of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), and the third
relates to the retroactive effects of the Court’s judgment in relation to
Romania’s consent to arbitrate under the Romania-Sweden BIT. From these three
issues the fourth misunderstanding follows, which is a lack of clarity on the
relationship between EU law and the Member States’ existing obligations under
the ICSID Convention. This discussion is relevant because it shows that when a
court which is foreign to a system and uses the features of that system to define
and develop its own legal system, the chances that the foreign system will be
potentially misunderstood or mischaracterised are very high. This in turn will
not only cause legal problems, such as issues with legal certainty and the
finality of decisions for already concluded arbitrations, but it will also set
in motion other unexpected consequences.
The Law of Arbitration and EU Law – like Oil and Water?
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels
Published: July 2024

The relationship between EU law and the law of arbitration has often
been described as one of mutual indifference. However, from about 2010, the two
systems began to interact with one-another through certain decisions of the CJEU.
This led some observers to argue that the two systems had become intertwined.
In order to establish whether the decisions of the CJEU provide a basis for
such a finding, the present article considers the interaction between the two
legal systems in three different areas. Firstly, whether in certain situations
an arbitral tribunal must take EU law into consideration when deciding a
dispute. Secondly, those situations where, one way or another, a Member State
has been involved in the arbitration. Thirdly, the question whether arbitral
tribunals can make so-called preliminary references to the CJEU under the TFEU.
While the examination of the relationship between EU law and the law of
arbitration shows that increasingly the two systems interact with each other,
it also shows that in relative terms there are only a limited number of
instances where EU law plays a role within the field of private arbitration.
The article therefore concludes that the law of arbitration and EU law continue
to be distinct legal systems.
Going Out of Business: Representing Insolvent Claimants Seeking Investment Treaty Protection in Arbitrations Brought against States (Winner of the Essay Competition 2022)
Authors: Hristova Velislava , Cherkezov Stanislav
Published: July 2024

In light of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic, with its punctuating new
waves and variants, and the war in Ukraine and accompanying global sanctions,
it is likely that the number of insolvent claimants demanding investment treaty
protection is on the rise. Against this background, it is the aim of this study
to examine who can represent insolvent claimants in arbitral proceedings. In
doing so, the authors examine the roles and representative powers of the
different stakeholders in cases where an insolvent claimant has sought
investment treaty protection in an arbitration brought against a State. By
assessing the roles of insolvency administrators, companies’ shareholders and
directors, and third- party funders, and analysing existing case law, the study
serves as a guide to parties establishing their case strategy and to
arbitrators faced with such issues.
Observations on Taxation-Based Claims in International Investment Arbitration Does the power to Tax Involve the power to Extinguish? (2nd Prize Winner of the Essay Competition 2023)
Authors: Ceylan Gülnur
Published: July 2024

While taxation has been a concern for centuries, it became a universal concern with the increase in economic interaction between States. It has become yet more important with the internationalisation of investment flows. States voluntarily impose limits on their sovereignty through investment treaties to attract investors to invest in their countries. Foreign investors have arbitrated the abusive conduct of States under the guise of tax and taxation before tribunals for many years. International investment arbitration deals with the manifestation of the States’ exercise of their sovereignty within the limits of protection standards. In relation to the violation of these standards, foreign investors have succeeded in some of their claims, and failed in others. Arbitral tribunals have made case- by- case analyses for each claim. These have drawn a general picture of how state actions may cross the lines of protection standards and implicate breaches of international law. Yet, it is unclear to what extent the investment treaties that are in the process of change will affect the future attitudes of tribunals against taxation- based claims. This article will explore and unveil the crossroads of the States’ taxation powers and investment protections in investment treaties through the interpretations of investment arbitration tribunals.
Yukos Capital Limited V The Russian Federation The Swiss Federal Supreme Court Upholds Interim and Final Award in the Yukos Saga
Authors: Devitre Dilber , Singh Prabhjot K.
Published: July 2024

In 2013, Yukos Capital Ltd. (Yukos Capital, formerly Yukos Capital Sàrl), a company incorporated in Luxembourg, brought claims of expropriation and breach of the fair and equitable treatment (fet) standard under the Energy Charter Treaty (ect) against the Russian Federation (Russia). Russia objected to the arbitral tribunal’s jurisdiction on several grounds. The arbitral tribunal dismissed Russia’s objections in an interim award dated 18 January 2017 and a final award dated 23 July 2021. Russia subsequently challenged the final award as well as the interim award before the Swiss Federal Supreme Court (Supreme Court) on the grounds that the arbitral tribunal had wrongly upheld its jurisdiction and that the final award was incompatible with public policy. In its decision 4A_ 492/ 2021 dated 24 August 2022 (dfsc 4A_ 492/ 2021), the Supreme Court, having exclusive jurisdiction to hear the application for the setting aside of the two awards, rejected Russia’s application. This contribution discusses the key issues that arose before the Supreme Court resulting from Russia’s challenge of the arbitral award.
Anne van Aaken on Europe as an Investment Destination: It’s the Politics, Stupid (7th Annual EFILA Conference 2022 Keynote Speech)
Authors: Metheney Grace Abigail
Published: July 2024

In answering the question whether Europe is still an attractive investment destination various economic and institutional factors illustrate that, overall, the EU and its Member States are faring pretty well, although important differences between the Member States remain. Nonetheless, political instability can easily arise through sudden political shifts in the Member States as well as divergent views of the Member States potentially making the decision- making process within the EU difficult. Meanwhile, the war in Ukraine, the energy crisis, migration and climate crises further add to the political instability.
Report on the 8th Annual EFILA Lecture on ESG Investment Strategy
Authors: Xue Guofang
Published: July 2024

On 13 October 2022, the European Federation for Investment Law and Arbitration (efila) hosted its 8th Annual Lecture in Brussels on “esg Investment Strategy”. For the first time two speakers rather than one discussed esg issues from different perspectives. Jillian Kirn provided the legal framework regarding esg, while Laurent Lhopitallier explained the practical implications of implementing esg from Sanofi’s experience. The ensuing debate illustrated that esg is moving fast and that the increasing disclosure obligations for companies will have a significant impact on companies’ esg ambitions. The challenges that the growth of esg will pose was also discussed, in particular as regards the collecting verifiable esg data and the ranking of companies based on this data. Generally, it was concluded that both companies and States must be more ambitious in the esg standards they aim to achieve.
ASSESSMENT OF AGROBIOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN THE TURKESTAN REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE CONDITIONS
Authors: Mustafayev Zh. ,   JSC ", Skorintseva I. , Omarov A. , Tuletayev A. ,   Institute of Geography and Water Security",   JSC "Institute of Geography and Water Security",   JSC "Institute of Geography and Water Security",   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: July 2024

The article presents the results of assessment of agrobiological resources of landscapes of agricultural use of Turkestan region under conditions of changing climate, which were based on the developed concept of reference yields of H. Tooming. To develop an algorithm for assessing the agrobiological resources of the region, a climatic research base for 1941...2020 was created for 18 meteorological stations located in different natural zones, which made it possible to determine the peculiarities of the formation of different categories of agricultural yields due to climate change. The obtained results of the research on the state of agrobiological resources of landscapes of the region on potential productivity of agricultural lands, on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) input using the concept of reference yields in spatial and temporal scales have shown that there is a stable trend to increase the potential productivity of agricultural lands on photosynthetically active radiation input, climatic potential-possible productivity and decrease the potential productivity of agricultural lands on - photosynthetically active radiation input, climatic potential-possible productivity and decrease the potential productivity of agricultural lands on - photosynthetically active radiation input.
STUDY ON FLOODS AND INUNDATIONS ON THE ESIL RIVER NEAR PETROPAVLOVSK CITY
Authors: Medeu N. ,   Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi, Yeltay A. ,   RSE «Kazhydromet»
Published: July 2024

This article examines the problem, causes, and factors of floods and inundations on the Esil River near the city of Petropavlovsk from 1941 to 2020. The characteristics of floods and their consequences in the North Kazakhstan region are highlighted and described.The long- term course of discharge and water level on the Esil River – Petropavlovsk city is presented, as well as a climatogram of the Petropavlovsk weather station for 1941...2020. The values of the maximum water flow tend to decrease, which may primarily be associated with the beginning of a period of intense anthropogenic impact on the Yesil River. Thus, the average of the maximum water consumption and their average square deviations have decreased by 1.6...2 times since the late 60s-early 70s in connection with the creation of
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN THE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM OF THE PROTECTED MARKAKOL LAKE AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
Authors: Amirgaliev N. ,   JSC «Institute of Geography and Water Security», Madibekov A. , Ismukhanova L. , Zhadi A. , Sultanbekova B. ,   JSC «Institute of Geography and Water Security»,   JSC «Institute of Geography and Water Security»,   JSC «Institute of Geography and Water Security»,   JSC «Institute of Geography and Water Security»
Published: July 2024

The article presents the results of the study of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution of water and bottom sediments of Markakol Lake and rivers of its basin. Brief information about the importance of studying the accumulation and distribution of these dangerous xenobiotics in water bodies and watercourses of the republic in order to realize the tasks adopted by the Republic of Kazakhstan in accordance with the requirements of the global Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is presented. The conducted research f irst of all showed pollution of water resources and bottom sediments of the lake and rivers located in the protected area. Uneven distribution of toxicant concentration over the lake water area both in water and bottom sediments was revealed. The highest toxicant concentrations were registered in the water of the Kalzhyr River outflowing from the lake. In lake and river waters, 30 individual PCB congeners were detected, among which highly toxic dioxin-like and «marker» congeners are present. Other congeners with rather high toxicity were also found in water resources. Based on the scientific results of scientists from far and near abroad in the field of problems of distribution of these toxicants on the planet, the hypothesis about atmospheric transfer of these toxic compounds to this protected zone from highly PCB polluted territories was made.
FORTALECENDO A ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA A SAÚDE: ESTRATÉGIAS PODEROSAS PARA A EXCELÊNCIA ASSISTENCIAL
Authors: Oliveira Josimá Lima , Oliveira Lusiane Lima , Benvindo Lucimar Dias , Ramos Maria Vanderléia Saluci , Canzian Keyla Dias , Cavati Pâmela Cristina Rodrigues , Sarmento Karen Araujo , Faria Leandro Gomes de , Ferri Larissa Geaquinto , Muruci Dayane Karla Fonseca , Peixoto Leticia Martins
Published: July 2024

Este estudo analisa estratégias eficazes para fortalecer a atenção primária à saúde (APS) no Brasil, destacando a importância de modelos integrados de cuidado, inovações tecnológicas e capacitação contínua dos profissionais de saúde. A APS é essencial para a consolidação de um sistema de saúde eficaz e equitativo, promovendo a coordenação e integração dos serviços de saúde. A implementação de modelos de atenção integral visa evitar a fragmentação do cuidado e garantir uma abordagem holística ao tratamento dos pacientes. Tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs), como prontuários eletrônicos e telemedicina, são fundamentais para melhorar a qualidade e a eficiência do atendimento. A educação permanente dos profissionais de saúde é crucial para a atualização constante de conhecimentos e habilidades, capacitando-os para enfrentar desafios emergentes. Programas de capacitação devem ser contextualizados e atender às necessidades específicas das comunidades. A participação ativa da comunidade nas decisões de saúde é vital para a adesão aos tratamentos e a eficácia das intervenções. A avaliação contínua dos serviços de APS, através de indicadores de desempenho e auditorias periódicas, permite ajustes e inovações que contribuem para a excelência assistencial. A integração da APS com a pesquisa científica promove a inovação e a melhoria contínua dos serviços, garantindo um sistema de saúde mais eficiente e adaptado às necessidades da população. Por fim, a humanização do atendimento, através de práticas que respeitem a dignidade e os direitos dos pacientes, é fundamental para um ambiente acolhedor e seguro, promovendo a satisfação dos pacientes e a qualidade do cuidado na APS.
IMPACTOS DAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE REQUALIFICAÇÃO EM ÁREAS RIBEIRINHAS: REFLEXÃO SOBRE O USO DO TERRITÓRIO NA CIDADE CAPITALISTA
Authors: Silva Filipe Nascimento Ferreira da , Silva Jesse James
Published: July 2024

Este estudo investiga os impactos das políticas públicas de requalificação urbanística em comunidades ribeirinhas de Recife, visando à gentrificação do espaço urbano, norteada pelo discurso da sustentabilidade, mascarando as práticas de exclusão social. A investigação foi realizada pela análise do papel das políticas urbanísticas sob imperativos da especulação imobiliária no processo de produção do espaço urbano. Nesta perspectiva, tomamos como exemplo o uso dos parques urbanos construídos como ferramentas de valorização imobiliária das áreas ribeirinhas as quai se valorizam economicamente, depois de expulsar segmentos mais precarizados da classe trabalhadora que se haviam estabelecidos nestas áreas. Entre os resultados da pesquisa, indicamos que, embora as políticas de requalificação urbanística sejam implementadas sob o discurso da sustentabilidade, na verdade, elas têm agravado a situação da exclusão social na medida em que as populações dos segmentos mais precarizados da classe trabalhadora aí estabelecidas, são ameaçadas de serem expulsas para outras áreas, reconfigurando desafios para continuarem na luta pela efetivação dos seus direitos na cidade capitalista.
GLOBALIZAÇÃO, POLÍTICAS FISCAIS DE AUSTERIDADE, A EMENDA CONSTITUCIONAL 95/2016 E O DIREITO À EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: Medeiros Clayton Gomes de , Pimpão Carlos Henrique Diedrichs
Published: July 2024

O propósito do presente artigo será o de analisar aspectos da globalização e da atuação de organismos internacionais como o Fundo Monetário Internacional e o Banco Mundial na imposição de políticas de austeridade fiscal, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento que necessitam de investimento estatal para reduzir desigualdade social e promover justiça social, universalizando o acesso de todos os seus indivíduos a direitos fundamentais como saúde e educação. O trabalho visa compreender globalmente esta perspectiva e analisar a Emenda Constitucional 95/2016, que impõe o “teto de gastos públicos” em âmbito federal e como essa Emenda impacta no direito à educação, pedra basilar do projeto constitucional de 1988 que fica prejudicada com o esvaziamento de seu financiamento e analisar o direito à educação na teoria da justiça de John Rawls e como a Emenda Constitucional 95/2016 impacta negativamente na concretização e universalização deste direito. e como a Emenda Constitucional 95/2016 afeta diretamente este direito através de seu financiamento, inviabilizando a sua concretização e universalização, afetando negativamente os menos favorecidos.
CONTRIBUIÇÃO DO ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO NA EDUCAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL E TECNOLÓGICA NO INTERIOR DO ESTADO DO CEARÁ: ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Rocha Henrique Santiago , Penha Pedro Xavier da , Araujo Francisco Renato Cavalcante
Published: July 2024

Este estudo qualitativo investiga as contribuições do estágio supervisionado no curso de Administração na Escola Estadual de Educação Profissional (EEEP) Adolfo Ferreira de Sousa, mapeando competências por meio de um estudo de caso sobre as ferramentas utilizadas no projeto curricular, incluindo a plataforma Sistema Informatizado de Captação e Estágios (SICE), projetos sociais e relatórios de conclusão de curso. O artigo examina o curso de Educação Profissional e Técnica (EPT) em Administração e as etapas do processo de formação técnica, visando compreender a influência do estágio na formação dos estudantes. Os resultados indicam que o estágio supervisionado desempenha um papel crucial na integração entre teoria e prática, proporcionando aos alunos a oportunidade de aplicar conhecimentos teóricos em contextos práticos. A plataforma SICE foi identificada como uma ferramenta essencial para o sucesso do estágio, facilitando a documentação e o acompanhamento das atividades, o que contribui para uma experiência de aprendizado mais estruturada e produtiva. O projeto social também desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de competências pessoais, sociais e administrativas, complementando a formação teórica dos alunos e preparando-os de maneira mais abrangente para o mercado de trabalho. Além disso, o relatório final é valorizado como uma ferramenta crítica para documentar as experiências de estágio e projeto social, promovendo a reflexão crítica sobre a formação profissional dos alunos e auxiliando na autoavaliação e no planejamento de carreiras futuras.