bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field weighs in on Trump's call to bring back mental health institutions
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: August 2019

More than 50 years ago, President John F. Kennedy signed the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963, which provided $150 million for new mental health center programs and a reform of this country's mental health system. People were no longer confined to institutions, and programs were available for them to be a part of the community.
A highly accurate numerical method for solving nonlinear time‐fractional differential difference equation
Authors: Khalid Muhammad , Khan Fareeha Sami , Sultana Mariam
Published: August 2019

This work is based on the implementation of an iterative perturbation method to attain the series solutions of nonlinear fractional differential difference equation (NFDΔE). Perturbation‐iteration algorithm (PIA) assigns a perturbation parameterϵto all nonlinear terms and converts it into a simple fractional differential difference equation (FDΔE). By simply solving this FDΔE, series solutions can be obtained. To show the efficacy and accuracy of this method, three famous NFDΔE, i.e, fractional Lotka‐Volterra equation, fractional discrete KdV equation and discretized fractional mKdV lattice equation, will be solved numerically via PIA. Also, comparison of numerical results forα=1 will be done with exact solutions, and their absolute error will also be provided. Graphical illustrations for different values ofαwill be given to establish the certainty of results. Also, to prove the proficiency among other methods, comparison with different numerical methods is given. Advantage of PIA is that nonlinear terms get vanished during the calculations of Taylor series expansion; therefore, less calculation effort can obtain comprehensive accurate solutions.
Compact quasi‐elliptic bandpass filter with high selectivity using short‐circuited coupled line
Authors: Li Daotong , Wang Ju‐An , Liu Ying , Chen Zhen , Yang Lisheng
Published: August 2019

A design strategy of a bandpass filter (BPF) with sharp roll‐off and improved stopband performances is presented in this paper. The proposed filter prototype consists of a couple of parallel‐coupled stepped‐impedance resonators (SIRs) and two short‐circuited coupled lines (SCCLs). The theoretical analysis and numerical simulations on the parallel‐coupled SIRs and coupling structure are carried out. Furthermore, a Butterworth BPF is studied and designed first. By loading the SCCL at the I/O ports of the Chebyshev BPF, four transmission zeros can be introduced beside the passband, which improves the selectivity and stopband performances significantly. For demonstration, a BPF prototype with the center frequency of 2.02 GHz and 3‐dB fractional bandwidth of 5.2% is designed, fabricated, and measured. Moreover, the measured insertion loss is less than 1.5 dB and the rejection levels are larger than 40 dB in both lower and upper stopbands. Thus, the measurement results verify the feasibility of the design.
Influence of the pH Value on the Hydrothermal Degradation of Fructose
Authors: Körner Paul , Jung Dennis , Kruse Andrea
Published: August 2019

The hydrothermal treatment of sugars features a promising technology for the production of fine and platform chemicals from renewable resources. In this work the hydrothermal decomposition of fructose was studied in a buffered medium at a pH range between 2.2 and 8.0. It is demonstrated that at lower pH values mainly 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid and humin are generated, while lactic acid and acetic acid are produced at higher pH values. The work shows that the use of moderate acidic conditions may have advantages for the hydrothermal HMF production over the use of strongly acidic conditions, as especially the degradation into levulinic acid is suppressed. Besides, this study deals with a rather complex reaction network, hence limitations and need for adaption of the kinetic model are discussed.
Clinical investigation of α1‐antitrypsin and lactoferrin in gingival sulcus fluid from elderly patients—A preliminary report
Authors: Uchiyama Kimio , Kotani Kazuhiko , Kato Toru , Asoda Seiji
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To compare levels of α1‐antitrypsin (AT) and lactoferrin (LF) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and on the tongue and determine whether MATATACORO® (MA‐T), a stabilized chlorine dioxide solution, affects GCF AT and LF levels.

Methodology

The α1‐antitrypsin and lactoferrin levels in GCF and on the tongue were measured for 18 elderly patients (mean age: 83 years) and correlations were analyzed. AT and LF levels in GCF were assessed before and 1 hr after treatment with MA‐T.

Results

The α1‐antitrypsin and lactoferrin levels were lower on the tongue than in GCF (median 0.6, 0.4 μg/mL vs median 2.4, 3.6 μg/mL). The respective AT and LF levels in GCF and on the tongue were positively correlated (AT:r = .43, LF:r = .69). GCF AT and LF levels were reduced following MA‐T treatment (AT: median 3.6 and 1.9 μg/mL and LF: 2.3 and 0.4 μg/mL pre‐ and post‐treatment, respectively; bothP < .01).

Conclusion

The α1‐antitrypsin and lactoferrin levels in GCF were higher than those on the tongue, but AT and LF were detectable for both sampling types. The reduction in GCF AT and LF levels after MA‐T treatment suggests that MA‐T could be used to control periodontal inflammation.
The Preparation and Rheological Properties of Novel Energetic Composites TEGDN/NBC
Authors: Huang Xiaorui , Luo Qingping , Zhu Juan , Li Zhaoqian , Li Chunzhi , Pei Chonghua
Published: August 2019

Nitrated bacterial cellulose (NBC) has been used to displace nitrocellulose (NC) because of its superior physicochemical properties, such as mechanical strength and purity, compared with NC. To meet the high energy and high strength requirements of propellants, TEGDN/NBC composites were prepared following the designs of triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN) propellant. The basic properties such as structure, morphology and thermal properties were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and simultaneous thermal analysis (TG‐DSC). The rheological properties were measured and the effects of the solvents, solution concentrations and TEGDN Contents on rheological properties of TEGDN/NBC solutions were studied in detail. The results showed TEGDN/NBC composites had good flowability and low viscosity in DMF solvent. As solution concentrations increased, the viscosities of the TEGDN/NBC solutions greatly increased. As the TEGDN content increased, the viscosities, storage modulus and loss modulus firstly increased and then decreased, reached their maximum values when the TEGDN content was 15 wt %. The addition of TEGDN into NBC improved the thermal stability of NBC and the elasticity of the NBC solutions and was beneficial for its processing.
Environment‐Friendly Formation of High Energetic Nano‐Al/Fe2O3 Bilayer by Aqueous Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Zhang Daixiong , Pei Rui , Peng Xiofei , Xiang Qing , Wang Xia
Published: August 2019

In this study, nano‐Al/Fe2O3 bilayer was successfully formed via aqueous electrophoretic deposition (EPD) route for the first time. For this formation, the first layer of nano‐Fe2O3 was prepared by EPD using the bi‐additive of 0.015 mM HCl+10 mg L−1 PEI, and then the second layer of nano‐Al was immediately prepared by EPD using 5 mg L−1 PEI as additive. The electrophoretic nano‐Al/Fe2O3 bilayer had high heat release of ∼2800 J g−1 and exhibited good combustion performance. In comparison with the previous work realized by using organic‐solvent‐EPD, we believe this study can pave a new way for preparing the bilayers of nanothermites or metallic reactive materials by more cost‐effective and environment‐friendly aqueous EPD route.
4‐Amino‐1‐Butyl‐1,2,4‐Triazolium Nitrate – Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Schaller Uwe , Keicher Thomas , Weiser Volker , Hürttlen Jürgen
Published: August 2019

An improved synthesis of the energetic ionic liquid 4‐amino‐1‐butyl‐1,2,4‐triazolium nitrate (C4 N) is presented via a one‐step metal‐free route using butyl nitrate. C4 N offers promising properties like very low vapour pressure combined with good insensitivity. In addition, long‐term and thermal stability were investigated. The potential use as an energetic additive to improve the rheological properties of GAP‐based energetic polymers was studied resulting in an almost four times lower viscosity at 15 wt.‐% C4 N content. As an additive to a nitromethane‐based monopropellant C4 N works as burning rate modifier which additionally reduces the propellant sensitivity.
HAN‐Based Green Propellant, SHP163 – Its R&D and Test in Space
Authors: Hori Keiichi , Katsumi Toshiyuki , Sawai Shujiro , Azuma Nobuyuki , Hatai Keigo , Nakatsuka Junichi
Published: August 2019

HAN‐based green liquid propellant, SHP163 is tested in space at the Rapid Innovative Payload Demonstration Satellite (RAPIS) project. The first RAPIS satellite, RAPIS‐1, was successfully launched with six other small satellites on January 18th, 2019 by the Epsilon‐4 launcher. In addition, the thruster of the 1 N Green Propellant Reaction Control System (GPRCS) fueled with SHP163 was installed on RAPIS‐1, which has started its operation in space. The first injection was performed on February 18th, 2019 for 20 s, and the combustion was recognized with an increase in temperature of the catalyst bed and the increment of semi‐major axis of the satellite. The combustion efficiency evaluated using the semi‐major axis data was more than 80 %. The test in space will continue till the end of January 2020, setting the full success at 3,000 s of accumulated operation time and 10,000 times pulse mode burn.
Microscopic Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Working Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Mariani Federica , Conzuelo Felipe , Cramer Tobias , Gualandi Isacco , Possanzini Luca , Tessarolo Marta , Fraboni Beatrice , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Scavetta Erika
Published: August 2019

A comprehensive understanding of electrochemical and physical phenomena originating the response of electrolyte‐gated transistors is crucial for improved handling and design of these devices. However, the lack of suitable tools for direct investigation of microscale effects has hindered the possibility to bridge the gap between experiments and theoretical models. In this contribution, a scanning probe setup is used to explore the operation mechanisms of organic electrochemical transistors by probing the local electrochemical potential of the organic film composing the device channel. Moreover, an interpretative model is developed in order to highlight the meaning of electrochemical doping and to show how the experimental data can give direct access to fundamental device parameters, such as local charge carrier concentration and mobility. This approach is versatile and provides insight into the organic semiconductor/electrolyte interface and useful information for materials characterization, device scaling, and sensing optimization.
Influence of Chain Architecture on Nanopore Accessibility in Polyelectrolyte Block‐Co‐Oligomer Functionalized Mesopores
Authors: Brilmayer Robert , Hess Christian , Andrieu‐Brunsen Annette
Published: August 2019

Functionalized ordered mesoporous silica materials are commonly investigated for applications such as drug release, sensing, and separation processes. Although, various homopolymer functionalized responsive mesopores are reported, little focus has been put on copolymers in mesopores. Mesoporous silica films are functionalized with responsive and orthogonally charged block‐co‐oligomers. Responsive 2‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)‐block‐2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphate (DMAEMA‐b‐MEP) block‐co‐oligomers are introduced into mesoporous films using controlled photoiniferter initiated polymerization. This approach allows a very flexible charge composition design. The obtained block‐co‐oligomer functionalized mesopores show a complex gating behavior indicating a strong interplay between the different blocks emphasizing the strong influence of charge distribution inside mesopores on ionic pore accessibility. For example, in contrast to mesopores functionalized with zwitterionic polymers, DMAEMA‐b‐MEP block‐co‐oligomer functionalized mesopores, containing two oppositely charged blocks, do not show bipolar ion exclusion, demonstrating the influence of the chain architecture on mesopore accessibility. Furthermore, ligand binding–based selective gating is strongly influenced by this chain architecture as demonstrated by an expansion of pore accessibility states for block‐co‐oligomer functionalized mesopores as compared to the individual polyelectrolyte functionalization for calcium induced gating.
On‐Demand Droplet Collection for Capturing Single Cells
Authors: Nan Lang , Lai Man Yuk Alison , Tang Matthew Yuk Heng , Chan Yau Kei , Poon Leo Lit Man , Shum Ho Cheung
Published: August 2019

Droplet‐based microfluidic techniques are extensively used in efficient manipulation and genome‐wide analysis of individual cells, probing the heterogeneity among populations of individuals. However, the extraction and isolation of single cells from individual droplets remains difficult due to the inevitable sample loss during processing. Herein, an automated system for accurate collection of defined numbers of droplets containing single cells is presented. Based on alternate sorting and dispensing in three branch channels, the droplet number can be precisely controlled down to single‐droplet resolution. While encapsulating single cells and reserving one branch as a waste channel, sorting can be seamlessly integrated to enable on‐demand collection of single cells. Combined with a lossless recovery strategy, this technique achieves capture and culture of individual cells with a harvest rate of over 95%. The on‐demand droplet collection technique has great potential to realize quantitative processing and analysis of single cells for elucidating the role of cell‐to‐cell variations.
Monitoring the State‐of‐Charge of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with the Acoustic Attenuation Coefficient: An In Operando Noninvasive Method
Authors: Zang Xiaoqin , Yan Litao , Yang Yang , Pan Huilin , Nie Zimin , Jung Ki Won , Deng Zhiqun Daniel , Wang Wei
Published: August 2019

Redox flow battery technology has been increasingly recognized as a promising option for large‐scale grid energy storage. Access to high‐fidelity information on the health status of the electrolyte, including the state‐of‐charge (SOC), is vital to maintaining optimal and economical battery operation. In this study, an ultrasonic probing cell that can be used to measure SOC in real time is designed. This unprecedented, new measurement approach overcomes the influence of varying temperatures by measuring the acoustic attenuation coefficient of the redox flow battery electrolyte online and noninvasively. The new approach is used to estimate the SOC of a vanadium redox flow battery in operando from measured acoustic properties. The accuracy of the SOC estimated from the acoustic properties is validated against SOC calculated by the titration method. The results show that the acoustic attenuation coefficient is a robust parameter for SOC monitoring, with a maximum error of 4.8% and extremely low sensitivity to temperature, while sound speed appears to be less accurate in the benchmark‐inference method, with a maximum error of 22.5% and high sensitivity to temperature. The acoustic measurement approach has great potential for inexpensive real‐time SOC monitoring of redox flow battery operations.
Über eine singuläre Integralgleichung 1. Art mit logarithmischer Unstetigkeit
Authors: Hasse Maria
Published: August 2019

Die Lösung der Integralgleichung
urn:x-wiley:00442267:zamm030010002:equation:zamm030010002-math-0001
wird äuf numerischem Wege mit Hilfe eines trigonometrischen Interpolationspolynoms für die spezielle Funktion gewonnen.
Herleitung der Näherungsformel von Laplace für die Binomialverteilung, ohne Grenzübergang
Authors: Lorenz Paul
Published: August 2019

Eine für die Anwendungen wesentliche Eigenschaft der Laplace sehen Näherungsformel ist, daß sie auch für Binomialverteilungen nichtgroßen Umfangs brauchbare Näherungswerte liefert. Die übliche Herleitung über ins Unendliche wachsenden Reihenumfang ist daher unerwünscht, und ist auch vermeidbar, wie durch geometrische Betrachtungen und mit Hilfe der Differenzenrechnung gezeigt wird. Die Methode liefert auch die Näherungsformel für beliebig viele Dimensionen. Die Auswertung des auftretenden vielfachen Integrals gelingt durch drei Reihen von Substitutionen.
Strahlungseffekte in Ein‐ und Mehrphasenströmungen
Authors: Schneider Wilhelm
Published: August 2019

An einer Reihe von Anwendungsbeispielen wird zunächst gezeigt, wie vielfältig die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Strahlung und Strömung sind, die in Natur und Technik auftreten. Im zweiten Teil werden die Grundgleichungen der Strahlungsgasdynamik bzw. Strahlungshydrodynamik und geeignete Lösungsmethoden besprochen. Da es sich bei den Grundgleichungen um ein System von Integro‐Differentialgleichungen handelt, muß die Übersicht über strenge Lösungsmethoden recht bescheiden ausfallen. Relativ ausführlich werden dagegen verschiedene Näherungemethoden, vor allem die Differentialapproximation und ihre Modifikationen, behandelt. Im dritten Teil schließlich wird aufgezeigt, welchen Einfluß Strahlung auf spezielle Strömungevorgänge, die meist zu den klassischen Strömungsproblemen gehören, hat. Dabei ergibt sich Gelegenheit, typische Strahlungseffekte kennenzulernen.
A survey of logical realism
Authors: Tahko Tuomas E.
Published: August 2019

Logical realism is a view about the metaphysical status of logic. Common to most if not all the views captured by the label ‘logical realism’ is that logical facts are mind- and language-independent. But that does not tell us anything about the nature of logical facts or about our epistemic access to them. The goal of this paper is to outline and systematize the different ways that logical realism could be entertained and to examine some of the challenges that these views face. It will be suggested that logical realism is best understood as a metaphysical view about the logical structure of the world, but this raises an important question: does logical realism collapse into standard metaphysical realism? It will be argued that this result can be accommodated, even if it cannot be altogether avoided.
Chloroprocaine Provides Safe, Effective, Short-Acting Spinal Anesthesia Ideal for Ambulatory Surgeries: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Kim David H. , Kahn Richard , Lee Andrew , Mac Phuong Dinh , Chiu Yu-fen , Yadeau Jacques , Liu Jiabin
Published: August 2019

Background

The ideal local anesthetic for use in ambulatory spinal anesthesia is safe, with minimal adverse effects, and of a duration that does not impede post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge. Since its approval for use in spinal anesthesia in Europe in 2012, chloroprocaine has seen a resurgence. Recent studies have investigated the safety and efficacy of preservative-free chloroprocaine for use in spinal anesthesia, but few provide the incidence of adverse events such as urinary retention and transient neurologic symptoms.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to assess the safety of chloroprocaine for spinal anesthesia, including the incidence of adverse events and the duration and quality of its use, in the initial 6 months of its use at our institution. We hypothesized that chloroprocaine would provide effective spinal anesthesia for orthopedic cases of short duration, with a low rate of complications.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients from June to December 2016 at our institution who had ambulatory knee arthroscopy or foot procedures in which chloroprocaine spinal anesthesia was used. For all 445 charts analyzed, data were collected on anesthesia characteristics, office visits, nursing PACU assessment, and nursing post-operative day 1 follow-up phone calls.

Results

The median chloroprocaine dosage was 44 mg (interquartile range [IQR], 40 to 50). The median duration of sensory block was 156 min (IQR, 128 to 189) and of motor block was 148 min (IQR, 123 to 181). Time to ambulation was 186 min (IQR, 158 to 218) and time to meeting of discharge criteria was 218 min (IQR, 189 to 250). The most common adverse events in the PACU were bradycardia and hypotension. No patients had urinary retention or transient neurologic symptoms.

Conclusions

In 6 months of use at our institution, chloroprocaine provided safe and effective spinal anesthesia for short orthopedic procedures, with no incidence of transient neurologic symptoms, neuropraxia, or urinary retention.
Mortality and Macroeconomic Conditions: What Can We Learn From France?
Authors: Brüning Max , Thuilliez Josselin
Published: August 2019

This study uses aggregate panel data on French départements to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and mortality from 1982 to 2014. We find no consistent relationship between macroeconomic conditions and all-cause mortality in France. The results are robust across different specifications, over time, and across different geographic levels. However, we find that heterogeneity across age groups and mortality causes matters. Furthermore, in areas with a low average educational level, a large population, and a high share of migrants, mortality is significantly countercyclical. Similar to the case in the United States, the relationship between the unemployment rate and mortality seems to have moved from slightly procyclical to slightly countercyclical over the period of analysis.
The Q0-matrix completion problem
Authors: Sinha Kalyan
Published: August 2019

A matrix is a Q0-matrix if for every k∈{1,2,…,n}, the sum of all k×k principal minors is nonnegative. In this paper, we study some necessary and sufficient conditions for a digraph to have Q0-completion. Later on we discuss the relationship between Q and Q0-matrix completion problem. Finally, a classification of the digraphs of order up to four is done based on Q0-completion.
Validating a Test for Measuring Knowledge and Understanding of Economics Among University Students
Authors: Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia Olga , Jitomirski Judith , Happ Roland , Molerov Dimitri , Schlax Jasmin , Kühling-Thees Carla , Förster Manuel , Brückner Sebastian
Published: August 2019

Abstract. University students' knowledge and understanding of economics have mostly been investigated cross-sectionally; however, longitudinal analyses are needed to determine which factors influence knowledge development and to draw valid conclusions based on test results. In the WiWiKom II project, a quasi-experimental longitudinal study was conducted assessing bachelor students of business and economics over the course of their studies in Germany (N = 39 universities). In this project, running from 2016 – 2019, the test-takers complete the WiWiKom II-test of economic knowledge (adapted TUCE4G and TEL4G items) and a general cognitive ability test (BEFKI 11) at four measurement points, each one year apart. In this paper, we describe the validation of the test instrument based on the data from the first measurement (winter semester 2016/17). We compare students' results on the economic knowledge test and the general cognitive abilities test between first-year students of economic sciences (N = 3,710) and social sciences (N = 1,347) to determine the discriminant validity of the economic knowledge test. The findings from the confirmatory factor analyses presented here show that the items on general cognitive ability and economic knowledge are empirically separable. As expected, there were no differences in the factorial structure between the comparison groups (economic vs. social science students) at the beginning of their studies.
Assessment of Competences in Sustainability Management: Analyses to the Construct Dimensionality
Authors: Seeber Susan , Michaelis Christian , Repp Anton , Hartig Johannes , Aichele Christine , Schumann Matthias , Anke Jan Moritz , Dierkes Stefan , Siepelmeyer David
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The paper discusses an examination of the dimensions of a competence model for sustainability management. A central assumption is that the dimensions of the competence model differ according to knowledge representation (i. e., declarative vs. schematic and strategic knowledge) and content area (i. e., business administration and sustainability from a societal perspective, as well as sustainability management). Study participants included 850 students from 16 universities in Germany, and the analyses were conducted on the basis of structural equation modeling. The results reveal an expectation-compliant finding whereby the types of knowledge addressed by different assessment formats and content requirements can be presented in two disjunct dimensions. On the one hand, the model analyses indicate a better fit to the multidimensional model, which distinguishes between declarative knowledge in the field of business administration and sustainability from a social perspective, while on the other hand, the analyses suggest a better fit to sustainability management.
Legacy of Holocene Landscape Changes on Soil Biogeochemistry: A Perspective From Paleo‐Active Layers in Northwestern Canada
Authors: Lacelle Denis , Fontaine Marielle , Pellerin André , Kokelj Steve V. , Clark Ian D.
Published: August 2019

Recent climate warming is contributing to permafrost degradation and vegetation change; however, little is known about the legacy of Holocene landscape change on contemporary soil biogeochemical conditions. In permafrost soils of northwestern Canada, widespread permafrost degradation occurred during the early Holocene warm interval and its impacts on soil biogeochemistry are archived in the paleo‐active layer. Here we show contrasting profiles of soil soluble chemistry and organic carbon composition at sites affected by different types of permafrost degradation. At sites that experienced increased depth of thaw, the relict active layer contained a lower abundance of soluble ions than the underlying undisturbed permafrost; however, both the relict active layer and undisturbed permafrost contained mainly old recalcitrant organics suggesting that minor microbial degradation of organics had occurred. At sites that experienced past thaw slumping, the relict active layer had a higher solute content and contained both young‐degradable and old‐recalcitrant organics due to the integration of slumped surface organic mats into the colluvial soils or vegetation re‐colonizing the surface of the former slump. Our results show that permafrost degradation that occurred during the early to mid‐Holocene have preconditioned the biogeochemical conditions in near‐surface permafrost soils such that significant local variability exist following past landscape changes. Thus, determining the state of soil soluble chemistry and SOC in permafrost should be done within a paleo‐landscape change framework to better forecast CO2–CH4 emissions and solutes release from thawing permafrost.
Constraining Climate Model Projections of Regional Precipitation Change
Authors: Zhang Bosong , Soden Brian J.
Published: August 2019

As communities prepare for the impacts of climate change, policy makers and stakeholders increasingly require locally resolved projections of future climate. Statistical downscaling uses low‐resolution outputs from climate models and historical observations to both enhance the spatial resolution and correct for systematic biases. By examining the downscaled rainfall over land, we show that although bias corrections are effective in reducing biases in the current climate, they do not reduce the intermodel spread in future rainfall projections. This failure stems from the strong dependence of future rainfall change upon the current climatological rainfall patterns. Even after bias corrections are applied, the downscaled projections of precipitation change retain this dependence upon their native climatology. However, we show that this dependence can be exploited; even very simple methods to subset models according to their ability to resolve the observed rainfall climatology can substantially reduce the intermodel spread in rainfall projections.
Comparing Convective Self‐Aggregation in Idealized Models to Observed Moist Static Energy Variability Near the Equator
Authors: Beucler Tom , Abbott Tristan H. , Cronin Timothy W. , Pritchard Michael S.
Published: August 2019

Idealized convection‐permitting simulations of radiative‐convective equilibrium have become a popular tool for understanding the physical processes leading to horizontal variability of tropical water vapor and rainfall. However, the applicability of idealized simulations to nature is still unclear given that important processes are typically neglected, such as lateral water vapor advection by extratropical intrusions, or interactive ocean coupling. Here, we exploit spectral analysis to compactly summarize the multiscale processes supporting convective aggregation. By applying this framework to high‐resolution reanalysis data and satellite observations in addition to idealized simulations, we compare convective‐aggregation processes across horizontal scales and data sets. The results affirm the validity of the radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations as an analogy to the real world. Column moist static energy tendencies share similar signs and scale selectivity in convection‐permitting models and observations: Radiation increases variance at wavelengths above 1,000 km, while advection damps variance across wavelengths, and surface fluxes mostly reduce variance between 1,000 and 10,000 km.
A severe form of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome caused by novel mutations in EVC2
Authors: Ohashi Ikuko , Enomoto Yumi , Naruto Takuya , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Kuroda Yukiko , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Ohyama Makiko , Aida Noriko , Nishimura Gen , Kurosawa Kenji
Published: August 2019

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC MIM. #225500) is an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterised by thoracic hypoplasia, cardiac anomalies, acromesomelic limb shortening, and postaxial polydactyly. Affected individuals commonly manifest with cardiorespiratory failure as neonates but generally survive neonatal difficulties. We report here on affected Japanese sibs with a lethal phenotype of EvC caused by novel compound heterozygous mutations of EVC2, c.871-3 C > G and c.1991dupA.
Profiling surface proteins on individual exosomes using a proximity barcoding assay
Authors: Wu Di , Yan Junhong , Shen Xia , Sun Yu , Thulin Måns , Cai Yanling , Wik Lotta , Shen Qiujin , Oelrich Johan , Qian Xiaoyan , Dubois K. Louise , Ronquist K. Göran , Nilsson Mats , Landegren Ulf , Kamali-Moghaddam Masood
Published: August 2019

Exosomes have been implicated in numerous biological processes, and they may serve as important disease markers. Surface proteins on exosomes carry information about their tissues of origin. Because of the heterogeneity of exosomes it is desirable to investigate them individually, but this has so far remained impractical. Here, we demonstrate a proximity-dependent barcoding assay to profile surface proteins of individual exosomes using antibody-DNA conjugates and next-generation sequencing. We first validate the method using artificial streptavidin-oligonucleotide complexes, followed by analysis of the variable composition of surface proteins on individual exosomes, derived from human body fluids or cell culture media. Exosomes from different sources are characterized by the presence of specific combinations of surface proteins and their abundance, allowing exosomes to be separately quantified in mixed samples to serve as markers for tissue-specific engagement in disease.
A conserved regulatory program initiates lateral plate mesoderm emergence across chordates
Authors: Prummel Karin D. , Hess Christopher , Nieuwenhuize Susan , Parker Hugo J. , Rogers Katherine W. , Kozmikova Iryna , Racioppi Claudia , Brombacher Eline C. , Czarkwiani Anna , Knapp Dunja , Burger Sibylle , Chiavacci Elena , Shah Gopi , Burger Alexa , Huisken Jan , Yun Maximina H. , Christiaen Lionel , Kozmik Zbynek , Müller Patrick , Bronner Marianne , Krumlauf Robb , Mosimann Christian
Published: August 2019

Cardiovascular lineages develop together with kidney, smooth muscle, and limb connective tissue progenitors from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). How the LPM initially emerges and how its downstream fates are molecularly interconnected remain unknown. Here, we isolate a pan-LPM enhancer in the zebrafish-specific draculin (drl) gene that provides specific LPM reporter activity from early gastrulation. In toto live imaging and lineage tracing of drl-based reporters captures the dynamic LPM emergence as lineage-restricted mesendoderm field. The drl pan-LPM enhancer responds to the transcription factors EomesoderminA, FoxH1, and MixL1 that combined with Smad activity drive LPM emergence. We uncover specific activity of zebrafish-derived drl reporters in LPM-corresponding territories of several chordates including chicken, axolotl, lamprey, Ciona, and amphioxus, revealing a universal upstream LPM program. Altogether, our work provides a mechanistic framework for LPM emergence as defined progenitor field, possibly representing an ancient mesodermal cell state that predates the primordial vertebrate embryo.
Molecular profiling of tissue biopsies reveals unique signatures associated with streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections
Authors: Thänert Robert , Itzek Andreas , Hoßmann Jörn , Hamisch Domenica , Madsen Martin Bruun , Hyldegaard Ole , Skrede Steinar , Bruun Trond , Norrby-Teglund Anna ,   INFECT study group, Oppegaard Oddvar , Rath Eivind , Nedrebø Torbjørn , Arnell Per , Rosen Anders , Polzik Peter , Hansen Marco Bo , Svensson Mattias , Snäll Johanna , Karlsson Ylva , Nekludov Michael , Medina Eva , Pieper Dietmar H.
Published: August 2019

Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are devastating infections caused by either a single pathogen, predominantlyStreptococcus pyogenes, or by multiple bacterial species. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these different NSTI types could facilitate faster diagnostic and more effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we integrate microbial community profiling with host and pathogen(s) transcriptional analysis in patient biopsies to dissect the pathophysiology of streptococcal and polymicrobial NSTIs. We observe that the pathogenicity of polymicrobial communities is mediated by synergistic interactions between community members, fueling a cycle of bacterial colonization and inflammatory tissue destruction. InS. pyogenesNSTIs, expression of specialized virulence factors underlies infection pathophysiology. Furthermore, we identify a strong interferon-related response specific toS. pyogenesNSTIs that could be exploited as a potential diagnostic biomarker. Our study provides insights into the pathophysiology of mono- and polymicrobial NSTIs and highlights the potential of host-derived signatures for microbial diagnosis of NSTIs.
Author Correction: The role of energy storage in deep decarbonization of electricity production
Authors: Arbabzadeh Maryam , Sioshansi Ramteen , Johnson Jeremiah X. , Keoleian Gregory A.
Published: August 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
EZHIP constrains Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 activity in germ cells
Authors: Ragazzini Roberta , Pérez-Palacios Raquel , Baymaz Irem H. , Diop Seynabou , Ancelin Katia , Zielinski Dina , Michaud Audrey , Givelet Maëlle , Borsos Mate , Aflaki Setareh , Legoix Patricia , Jansen Pascal W. T. C. , Servant Nicolas , Torres-Padilla Maria-Elena , Bourc’his Deborah , Fouchet Pierre , Vermeulen Michiel , Margueron Raphaël
Published: August 2019

The Polycomb group of proteins is required for the proper orchestration of gene expression due to its role in maintaining transcriptional silencing. It is composed of several chromatin modifying complexes, including Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), which deposits H3K27me2/3. Here, we report the identification of a cofactor of PRC2, EZHIP (EZH1/2 Inhibitory Protein), expressed predominantly in the gonads. EZHIP limits the enzymatic activity of PRC2 and lessens the interaction between the core complex and its accessory subunits, but does not interfere with PRC2 recruitment to chromatin. Deletion of Ezhip in mice leads to a global increase in H3K27me2/3 deposition both during spermatogenesis and at late stages of oocyte maturation. This does not affect the initial number of follicles but is associated with a reduction of follicles in aging. Our results suggest that mature oocytes Ezhip−/− might not be fully functional and indicate that fertility is strongly impaired in Ezhip−/− females. Altogether, our study uncovers EZHIP as a regulator of chromatin landscape in gametes.
Liquid biopsy-based single-cell metabolic phenotyping of lung cancer patients for informative diagnostics
Authors: Li Ziming , Wang Zhuo , Tang Yin , Lu Xiang , Chen Jie , Dong Yu , Wu Baojun , Wang Chunying , Yang Liu , Guo Zhili , Xue Min , Lu Shun , Wei Wei , Shi Qihui
Published: August 2019

Accurate prediction of chemo- or targeted therapy responses for patients with similar driver oncogenes through a simple and least-invasive assay represents an unmet need in the clinical diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Using a single-cell on-chip metabolic cytometry and fluorescent metabolic probes, we show metabolic phenotyping on the rare disseminated tumor cells in pleural effusions across a panel of 32 lung adenocarcinoma patients. Our results reveal extensive metabolic heterogeneity of tumor cells that differentially engage in glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidation. The cell number ratio of the two metabolic phenotypes is found to be predictive for patient therapy response, physiological performance, and survival. Transcriptome analysis reveals that the glycolytic phenotype is associated with mesenchymal-like cell state with elevated expression of the resistant-leading receptor tyrosine kinase AXL and immune checkpoint ligands. Drug targeting AXL induces a significant cell killing in the glycolytic cells without affecting the cells with active mitochondrial oxidation.
Fermi level-tuned optics of graphene for attocoulomb-scale quantification of electron transfer at single gold nanoparticles
Authors: Xia Qing , Chen Zixuan , Xiao Pengwei , Wang Minxuan , Chen Xueqin , Zhang Jian-Rong , Chen Hong-Yuan , Zhu Jun-Jie
Published: August 2019

Measurement of electron transfer at single-molecule level is normally restricted by the detection limit of faraday current, currently in a picoampere to nanoampere range. Here we demonstrate a unique graphene-based electrochemical microscopy technique to make an advance in the detection limit. The optical signal of electron transfer arises from the Fermi level-tuned Rayleigh scattering of graphene, which is further enhanced by immobilized gold nanostars. Owing to the specific response to surface charged carriers, graphene-based electrochemical microscopy enables an attoampere-scale detection limit of faraday current at multiple individual gold nanoelectrodes simultaneously. Using the graphene-based electrochemical microscopy, we show the capability to quantitatively measure the attocoulomb-scale electron transfer in cytochrome c adsorbed at a single nanoelectrode. We anticipate the graphene-based electrochemical microscopy to be a potential electrochemical tool for in situ study of biological electron transfer process in organelles, for example the mitochondrial electron transfer, in consideration of the anti-interference ability to chemicals and organisms.
Visible-light-switched electron transfer over single porphyrin-metal atom center for highly selective electroreduction of carbon dioxide
Authors: Yang Deren , Yu Hongde , He Ting , Zuo Shouwei , Liu Xiaozhi , Yang Haozhou , Ni Bing , Li Haoyi , Gu Lin , Wang Dong , Wang Xun
Published: August 2019

External fields are introduced to catalytic processes to improve catalytic activities. The light field effect plays an important role in electrocatalytic processes, but is not fully understood. Here we report a series of photo-coupled electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction by mimicking the structure of chlorophyll. The porphyrin-Au catalyst exhibits a high turnover frequency of 37,069 h−1 at −1.1 V and CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 94.2% at −0.9 V. Under visible light, the electrocatalyst reaches similar turnover frequency and FE with potential reduced by ~ 130 mV. Interestingly, the light-induced positive shifts of 20, 100, and 130 mV for porphyrin-Co, porphyrin-Cu, and porphyrin-Au electrocatalysts are consistent with their energy gaps of 0, 1.5, and 1.7 eV, respectively, suggesting the porphyrin not only serves as a ligand but also as a photoswitch to regulate electron transfer pathway to the metal center.
Mapping insoluble indole metabolites in the gastrointestinal environment of a murine colorectal cancer model using desorption/ionisation on porous silicon imaging
Authors: Rudd David Andre , Benkendorff Kirsten , Chahal Charndeep , Guinan Taryn , Gustafsson Ove Johan Ragnar , Esmaeelian Babak , Krysinska Hanna , Pogson Lisa , Voelcker Nicolas Hans , Abbott Catherine Anne
Published: August 2019

Indole derivatives are a structurally diverse group of compounds found in food, toxins, medicines, and produced by commensal microbiota. On contact with acidic stomach conditions, indoles undergo condensation to generate metabolites that vary in solubility, activity and toxicity as they move through the gut. Here, using halogenated ions, we map promising chemo-preventative indoles, i) 6-bromoisatin (6Br), ii) the mixed indole natural extract (NE) 6Br is found in, and iii) the highly insoluble metabolites formed in vivo using desorption/ionisation on porous silicon-mass spectrometry imaging (DIOS-MSI). The functionalised porous silicon architecture allowed insoluble metabolites to be detected that would otherwise evade most analytical platforms, providing direct evidence for identifying the therapeutic component, 6Br, from the mixed indole NE. As a therapeutic lead, 0.025 mg/g 6Br acts as a chemo-preventative compound in a 12 week genotoxic mouse model; at this dose 6Br significantly reduces epithelial cell proliferation, tumour precursors (aberrant crypt foci; ACF); and tumour numbers while having minimal effects on liver, blood biochemistry and weight parameters compared to controls. The same could not be said for the NE where 6Br originates, which significantly increased liver damage markers. DIOS-MSI revealed a large range of previously unknown insoluble metabolites that could contribute to reduced efficacy and increased toxicity.
Identifying a glucose metabolic brain pattern in an adeno-associated viral vector based rat model for Parkinson’s disease using 18F-FDG PET imaging
Authors: Devrome Martijn , Casteels Cindy , Van der Perren Anke , Van Laere Koen , Baekelandt Veerle , Koole Michel
Published: August 2019

We investigated the glucose metabolism in an adeno-associated viral vector based alpha-synuclein rat model for Parkinson’s disease (PD) using longitudinal 18F-FDG PET imaging, which resulted in an improved characterization of this animal model. We generated a PD specific pattern (PDSP) based on a multivariate classification approach to differentiate between a PD and control group at a late disease stage, where the neurodegeneration is considered nearly complete. In particular, we applied a principal component analysis prior to classification by a support vector machine (SVM). Moreover, by using a SVM for regression to predict corresponding motor scores, a PD motor pattern (PDMP) was derived as well. The PDSP mainly corresponds to the PDMP and overlaps to a large extent with the human pattern. We were able to quantify disease expression at previous time points by projecting onto the PDSP and PDMP. While a univariate analysis indicated metabolic changes which did not persist through time, both PDSP and PDMP were able to differentiate significantly (p-value < 0.05) between the PD and control group at week 4, 6 and 9 post injection, while no significant differences were obtained at baseline and at week 3, which is in accordance with the animal model.
Prevalence and diversity of Bartonella species in small rodents from coastal and continental areas
Authors: Mardosaitė-Busaitienė Dalytė , Radzijevskaja Jana , Balčiauskas Linas , Bratchikov Maksim , Jurgelevičius Vaclovas , Paulauskas Algimantas
Published: August 2019

Worldwide, Bartonella infections are known to inflict a wide range of mammals and, within rodents alone, more than 20 Bartonella species have been detected. There is, however, a lack of studies on the presence of Bartonella spp. in rodents in the Baltic region. We analysed 580 individuals belonging to eight small rodent species trapped in coastal and continental areas of Lithuania during 2015–2016. The presence of Bartonella DNA was examined by real-time PCR targeting the ssrA gene. The molecular characterization of the bacteria strains was based on sequence analysis of two housekeeping genes (rpoB, groEL) and the intergenic spacer region (ITS). For the rodents overall, the prevalence of Bartonella spp. was 54.8%, while the prevalence figures for each of the individual species were 8.3% in M. musculus, 15.8% in A. agrarius, 33.3% in M. arvalis, 42.4% in M. glareolus, 53.4% in M. oeconomus, 57.5% in M. minutus, 79.6% in A. flavicollis to 80% in M. agrestis. Sequence analysis revealed that the Bartonella strains belonged to the B. grahamii, B. taylorii, B. rochalimae, B. tribocorum, B. coopersplainsensis and B. doshiae genogroups. The highest Bartonella infection rates and the highest species diversity were both detected in rodents captured in the coastal area. To our knowledge, these are the first reports of the presence of B. coopersplainsensis, B. doshiae and B. tribocorum in Lithuania.
Proteomic enzyme analysis of the marine fungus Paradendryphiella salina reveals alginate lyase as a minimal adaptation strategy for brown algae degradation
Authors: Pilgaard Bo , Wilkens Casper , Herbst Florian-Alexander , Vuillemin Marlene , Rhein-Knudsen Nanna , Meyer Anne S. , Lange Lene
Published: August 2019

We set out to investigate the genetic adaptations of the marine fungus Paradendryphiella salina CBS112865 for degradation of brown macroalgae. We performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing and shotgun proteomic analysis of the secretome of P. salina grown on three species of brown algae and under carbon limitation. Genome comparison with closely related terrestrial fungi revealed that P. salina had a similar but reduced CAZyme profile relative to the terrestrial fungi except for the presence of three putative alginate lyases from Polysaccharide Lyase (PL) family 7 and a putative PL8 with similarity to ascomycete chondroitin AC lyases. Phylogenetic and homology analyses place the PL7 sequences amongst mannuronic acid specific PL7 proteins from marine bacteria. Recombinant expression, purification and characterization of one of the PL7 genes confirmed the specificity. Proteomic analysis of the P. salina secretome when growing on brown algae, revealed the PL7 and PL8 enzymes abundantly secreted together with enzymes necessary for degradation of laminarin, cellulose, lipids and peptides. Our findings indicate that the basic CAZyme repertoire of saprobic and plant pathogenic ascomycetes, with the addition of PL7 alginate lyases, provide P. salina with sufficient enzymatic capabilities to degrade several types of brown algae polysaccharides.