bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical bone augmentation procedures: Basics and techniques in dental implantology
Authors: Draenert F. G. , Huetzen D. , Neff A. , Mueller W. E. G.
Published: June 2013

An appropriate bony situation is essential for dental implant placement and bony support of soft tissues (pink esthetic). Loss of teeth often results in complex horizontal and vertical alveolar ridge defects. They demand advanced bone augmentation techniques for reconstruction. We present the different techniques and materials used in complex bone augmentation. Clinical cases show the application of the methods in the clinical setting. We present current techniques and materials used in complex bone augmentations. Clinical cases show the application of the methods in the clinical setting. Applied techniques include stabilized‐guided bone regeneration (GBR), autologous local block augmentation, modified techniques such as Gellrich shell technique including piezosurgery, pelvic bone blocks, complex materials such as graft‐derived bone blocks and their unique handling problems. Successful basic principles are reduction of cortical bone healing due to long remodeling time and possible late loss; extended application of materials with interconnecting porous system and particulate material resulting in fast healing analogous to cancellous bone; mechanical stabilization of the augmentation to allow bony healing in vertical defect situations. GBR and autologous bone blocks with minimal cortical thickness and a high volume of particulated material are most favorable techniques. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1605–1613, 2014.
One‐dimensional patterning of cells in silicone wells via compression‐induced fracture
Authors: Dixon Angela R. , Moraes Christopher , Csete Marie E. , Thouless M. D. , Philbert Martin A. , Takayama Shuichi
Published: June 2013

We have adapted our existing compression‐induced fracture technology to cell culture studies by generating linear patterns on a complex cell culture well structure rather than on simple solid constructs. We present a simple method to create one‐dimensional (1D), submicron, and linear patterns of extracellular matrix on a multilayer silicone material. We identified critical design parameters necessary to optimize compression‐induced fracture patterning on the wells, and applied stresses using compression Hoffman clamps. Finite‐element analyses show that the incorporation of the well improves stress homogeneity (stress variation = 25%), and, thus, crack uniformity over the patterned region. Notably, a shallow well with a thick base (vs. deeper wells with thinner bases) reduces out‐of‐plane deflections by greater than a sixth in the cell culture region, improving clarity for optical imaging. The comparison of cellular and nuclear shape indices of a neuroblast line cultured on patterned 1D lines and unpatterned 2D surfaces reveals significant differences in cellular morphology, which could impact many cellular functions. Because 1D cell cultures recapitulate many important phenotypical traits of 3D cell cultures, our culture system offers a simple means to further study the relationship between 1D and 3D cell culture environments, without demanding expensive engineering techniques and expertise. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1361–1369, 2014.
Measure of microscopy mineral image clarity constructed using the sequentially combined toggle and top‐hat based contrast operator
Authors: Bai Xiangzhi
Published: June 2013

Correctly and effectively quantifying the clarity of microscopy mineral image is important and useful to produce clear image for mineral analysis. To well quantify the clarity of mineral image, an effective measure constructed using the sequentially combined toggle and top‐hat based contrast operator is proposed in this article. First, the sequentially combined toggle and top‐hat based contrast operator is used to extract the effective features which represent the clarity of mineral image. Second, the multiscale clarity features corresponding to each scale are extracted. Finally, after combining the multiscale clarity features in one feature image, the mean value of the feature image is constructed as the measure of mineral image clarity. Because the sequentially combined toggle and top‐hat based contrast operator could effectively extract the clarity features, the clarity features are directly used as the measure of image clarity. Therefore, the proposed measure is effective and reasonable. The experimental results on different types of microscopy mineral images verified the effective performance of the proposed measure. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:811–817, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneity of spine density in pyramidal neurons of isocortex of mongoose, Herpestes edwardsii (É. Geoffroy Saint‐Hilaire 1818)
Authors: Srivastava U.C. , Singh Sippy , Chauhan Prashant
Published: June 2013

The characteristics of pyramidal neurons within six layers of Indian gray mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) isocortex have been investigated using Golgi and Cresyl‐Violet methods. Pyramidal neurons and the cytoarchitecture of isocortex of mongoose were photographed with the help of computer aided Nikon eclipse 80i microscope whereas the lucida drawings were made by simple light microscope equipped with camera lucida. The cortical neurons exhibit marked regional differences in phenotype. The differences occur in morphology and distribution of spines within the cortical neurons not only among different species but also within an animal's brain. The present investigation aims at studying the features of pyramidal neurons and to find out the differences if any in distribution of spines in different layers (II–VI) as well as regions (Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital) of isocortex of mongoose, which will provide information regarding importance of different layer and region. This piece of work embarks the findings that spine density shows inter‐regional as well as interlaminar variations within isocortex of mongoose indicating that pyramidal cells present in varied layer and region are not equally functional and there do exists differences in activity among layers and regions. Among regions, the Temporal region possessing highest spine density contributes more toward functioning of mongoose isocortex and might play significant role in predatory nature of mongoose because this region in mammals is associated with auditory, visual perception, and object recognition. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:818–828, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fine structure of the ommatidia of the short‐faced scorpionfly Panorpodes kuandianensis (Mecoptera: Panorpodidae)
Authors: Chen Qingxiao , Wei Yao , Hua Baozhen
Published: June 2013

The fine structure of the ommatidia in males of the short‐faced scorpionfly Panorpodes kuandianensis was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The result shows that the compound eyes of male P. kuandianensis are of the apposition type, consisting of over 1700 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of a laminated cornea, a eucone crystalline cone, eight retinula cells, a pair of primary pigment cells, and a group of 16 secondary pigment cells. Along the optical axis of the ommatidium, seven elongated retinula cells contribute their rhabdomeres to a centrally fused rhabdom, which is in tight contact with the proximal end of the crystalline cone, but smaller than the cone end in diameter. The eighth retinula cell is located above the basal lamina and only contributes its rhabdomere to the proximal part of the rhabdom. The microvilli of the rhabdom show an orthogonally‐arranged orientation. The ommatidia of Panorpodidae are more similar to those of Panorpidae than Bittacidae in structure, adding weight to the view that the sister group of Panorpodidae is Panorpidae rather than Bittacidae. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:862–869, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Oxygen Intermediates in the Retention Time of Diacetyl Adaptation in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Nishino Asuka , Kanno Ryo , Matsuura Tetsuya
Published: June 2013

Continuous presentation of the odorant diacetyl to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans causes a decrease in the level of chemotactic response to diacetyl. This decline in response is caused by diacetyl adaptation. When wild‐type nematodes were maintained at 15°C after pre‐exposure to diacetyl, diacetyl adaptation did not continue up to 2 hr. Adaptation continued up to 6 hr in nematodes bred at 20°C, and it continued beyond 12 hr in nematodes bred at 25°C. These results indicate that the retention time of diacetyl adaptation is dependent on the environmental breeding temperature and suggest that moderate oxygen signals are required for maintaining the attenuated response to diacetyl because of the correlation between breeding temperature and production of oxygen intermediates. When isp‐1 and clk‐1 mutants, which show reduced rates of oxygen intermediate production, were maintained at 20 and 25°C after pre‐exposure to diacetyl, the mutants showed a shorter retention time of diacetyl adaptation compared with that of wild‐type nematodes. When gas‐1 and mev‐1 mutants, which have a hypersensitive response to oxidative stress, were maintained at 15 and 20°C, they showed a longer retention time of adaptation, that is, adaptation continued beyond 2 and 12 hr, respectively. When wild‐type nematodes were maintained on plates that included 0.05% α‐lipoic acid, which suppresses production of oxygen intermediates, the retention time of adaptation did not continue up to 6 hr in nematodes bred at 20°C and up to 12 hr in nematodes bred at 25°C. These results support the possibility that oxygen intermediates contribute to retention time for diacetyl adaptation in the nematode C. elegans. J. Exp. Zool. 319A: 431–439, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of muscle function and bone strain in the hindlimb of the river cooter turtle (Pseudemys concinna)
Authors: Aiello Brett R. , Blob Richard W. , Butcher Michael T.
Published: June 2013

During terrestrial locomotion, limb muscles must generate mechanical work and stabilize joints against the ground reaction force. These demands can require high force production that imposes substantial loads on limb bones. To better understand how muscle contractile function influences patterns of bone loading in terrestrial locomotion, and refine force platform equilibrium models used to estimate limb bone safety factors, we correlated in vivo recordings of femoral strain with muscle activation and strain in a major propulsive hindlimb muscle, flexor tibialis internus (FTI), of a species with a published model of hindlimb force production (river cooter turtles,Pseudemys concinna). Electromyography (EMG) recordings indicate FTI activity prior to footfall that continues through approximately 50% of the stance phase. Large EMG bursts occur just after footfall when the muscle has reached its maximum length and is beginning to actively shorten, concurrent with increasing compressive strain on the anterior femur. The FTI muscle shortens through 35% of stance, with mean fascicle shortening strains reaching 14.0 ± 5.4% resting length (L0). At the time of peak compressive strains on the femur, the muscle fascicles remain active, but fascicles typically lengthen until mid‐stance as the knee extends. Influenced by the activity of the dorsal knee extensor femorotibialis, the FTI muscle continues to passively lengthen simultaneously with knee extension and a shift to tensile axial strain on the anterior femur at approximately 40% of stance. The near coincidence in timing of peak compressive bone strain and peak muscle shortening (5.4 ± 4.1% stance) indicates a close correlation between the action of the hip extensor/knee flexor, FTI, and femoral loading in the cooter hindlimb. In the context of equilibrium models of limb bone loading, these results may help explain differences in safety factor estimates observed between previous force platform and in vivo strain analyses in cooters. J. Morphol. 274:1060–1069, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of fasting on human brain acid‐base homeostasis using natural abundance 13C and 31P MRS
Authors: Sailasuta Napapon , Harris Kent C. , Tran Thao T. , Abulseoud Osama , Ross Brian D.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

To use 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 31P MRS to develop a direct assay for regional [HCO3−] in the human brain and to define brain pH and physiological response of [HCO3−] to fasting.

Materials and Methods

Seven healthy subjects underwent MRS examinations on a 1.5T MRI scanner. Subjects were well fed with repeated examinations performed after 4 and 12 hours of fasting. Proton noise decoupling 13C MRS were acquired using pulse and acquired acquisition while 31P MRS were acquired using a 2D chemical shift imaging method with relaxation time (TR) of 2 seconds.

Results

Fasting brain bicarbonate concentrations (6.7 ± 2.5 mM for 12‐hour fasting, P = 0.002 and 8.3 ± 2.1 mM for 4‐hour fasting, P = 0.015) are significantly reduced compared to fed state (11.6 ± 1.3 mM). However, no significant difference in brain pH was observed, confirming the critical role of pCO2 in intracerebral pH homeostasis.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that the intracellular HCO3− in human brain is readily modified by diet but appears to have no measurable effect on cerebral pH. Natural abundance 13C can provide useful information relevant to human brain pH homeostasis by providing information for HCO3−. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:398–401. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of three dynamical urban climate downscaling methods: Brussels's future urban heat island under an A1B emission scenario
Authors: Hamdi R. , Van de Vyver H. , De Troch R. , Termonia P.
Published: June 2013

A new high‐resolution dynamical downscaling strategy to examine how rural and urban areas respond to change in future climate, is presented. The regional climate simulations have been performed with a new version of the limited‐area model of the ARPEGE‐IFS system running at 4 km resolution coupled with the Town Energy Balance (TEB) scheme. To downscale further the regional climate projections to a urban scale, at 1‐km resolution, a stand‐alone surface scheme is employed in offline mode. We performed downscaling simulations according to three model set‐ups: (1) reference run, where TEB is not activated neither in 4 km simulations nor in 1 km urban simulation, (2) offline run, where TEB is activated only for 1 km urban simulation and (3) inline run, where TEB is activated both for regional and urban simulations. The applicability of this method is demonstrated for Brussels Capital Region, Belgium. For present climate conditions, another set of simulations were performed using European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts global reanalysis ERA40 data. Results from our simulations indicate that the reference and offline runs have comparable values of daytime and nocturnal urban heat island (UHI) and lower values than the inline run. The inline values are closer to observations. In the future climate, under and A1B emission scenario, the three downscaling methods project a decrease of daytime UHI between −0.24 and −0.20 °C, however, their responses are different for nocturnal UHI: (1) reference run values remains unaltered, (2) for the offline runs, the frequency of present climate weak nocturnal UHI decreases to the benefit of negative UHIs leading to a significant decrease in the nocturnal UHI over the city and (3) for the inline run, nocturnal UHIs stays always positive but the frequency of the strong UHI decreases significantly in the future by 1 °C. The physical explanation is put forth. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
An Emerging Functional Natural Silk Biomaterial from the only Domesticated Non‐mulberry Silkworm Samia ricini
Authors: Pal Shilpa , Kundu Joydip , Talukdar Sarmistha , Thomas Tintu , Kundu Subhas C.
Published: June 2013

Mulberry silk fibroin is a widely used biomaterial and recent work on non‐mulberry silk fibroin also suggests it may have similar uses. We expect silk fibroin from the only domesticated non‐mulberry eri silkworm, Samia ricini, to possess useful properties as a biomaterial. Eri silk gland fibroin is a heterodimeric protein of approximately 450 kDa. Cytocompatibility evaluation with fibroblasts and osteoblast‐like cells shows good cell attachment, viability and proliferation. The matrices, which have high thermal stability and good swellability, are also haemocompatible. Eri silk production is cost effective as no agronomic practices are required for their host plant cultivation. This fibroin provide new opportunities as an alternative natural functional biomaterial in various biomedical applications.
Shape deformation for vibrating hinged plates
Authors: Buoso Davide , Lamberti Pier Domenico
Published: June 2013

We consider the biharmonic operator subject to homogeneous intermediate boundary conditions of Steklov‐type. We prove an analyticity result for the dependence of the eigenvalues upon domain perturbation and compute the appropriate Hadamard‐type formulas for the shape derivatives. Finally, we prove that balls are critical domains for the symmetric functions of multiple eigenvalues subject to volume constraint. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of human high‐energy phosphate metabolite concentrations at 3 T with partial volume and sensitivity corrections
Authors: El‐Sharkawy AbdEl‐Monem M. , Gabr Refaat E. , Schär Michael , Weiss Robert G. , Bottomley Paul A.
Published: June 2013

Practical noninvasive methods for the measurement of absolute metabolite concentrations are key to the assessment of the depletion of myocardial metabolite pools which occurs with several cardiac diseases, including infarction and heart failure. Localized MRS offers unique noninvasive access to many metabolites, but is often confounded by nonuniform sensitivity and partial volume effects in the large, poorly defined voxels commonly used for the detection of low‐concentration metabolites with surface coils. These problems are exacerbated at higher magnetic field strengths by greater radiofrequency (RF) field inhomogeneity and differences in RF penetration with heteronuclear concentration referencing. An example is the 31P measurement of cardiac adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations, which, although central to cardiac energetics, have not been measured at field strengths above 1.5 T. Here, practical acquisition and analysis protocols are presented for the quantification of [PCr] and [ATP] with one‐dimensionally resolved surface coil spectra and concentration referencing at 3 T. The effects of nonuniform sensitivity and partial tissue volumes are addressed at 3 T by the application of MRI‐based three‐dimensional sensitivity weighting and tissue segmentation. The method is validated in phantoms of different sizes and concentrations, and used to measure [PCr] and [ATP] in healthy subjects. In calf muscle (n = 8), [PCr] = 24.7 ± 3.4 and [ATP] = 5.7 ± 1.3 µmol/g wet weight, whereas, in heart (n = 18), [PCr] = 10.4 ± 1.5 and [ATP] = 6.0 ± 1.1 µmol/g wet weight (all mean ± SD), consistent with previous reports at lower fields. The method enables, for the first time, the efficient, semi‐automated quantification of high‐energy phosphate metabolites in humans at 3 T with nonuniform excitation and detection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A medication diary‐book for pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Indonesia
Authors: Sitaresmi Mei N. , Mostert Saskia , Gundy Chad M. , Ismail Djauhar , Veerman Anjo J.P.
Published: June 2013

Background

Event‐free survival of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia was low (20%). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a medication diary‐book on the treatment outcome of childhood ALL.

Procedure

A randomized study was conducted with 109 pediatric patients with ALL in a pediatric oncology center in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Both intervention and control groups received a structured parental education program and donated chemotherapy. The intervention group received a medication diary‐book to remind parents and families to take oral chemotherapy and present for scheduled appointments or admissions. Event‐free survival estimate (EFS) at 3 years was assessed.

Results

Among pediatric patients with ALL with highly educated mothers (senior high school or higher), the EFS‐estimate at 3 years of the intervention group was significantly higher than the EFS‐estimate at 3 years of the control group (62% vs. 29%, P = 0.04). Among pediatric patients with ALL with low‐educated mothers, no significant difference was found in the EFS‐estimates at 3 years between the intervention and control group (26% vs. 18%, P = 0.86).

Conclusions

We conclude that a medication diary‐book might be useful to improve the survival of pediatric patients with ALL in resource‐limited settings, particularly in patients with highly educated mothers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1593–1597. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Racial and ethnic differences in hospice enrollment among children with cancer
Authors: Thienprayoon Rachel , Lee Simon Craddock , Leonard David , Winick Naomi
Published: June 2013

Background

Hospice is an important provider of end of life care. Adult minorities are less likely to enroll on hospice; little is known regarding the prevalence of pediatric hospice use or the characteristics of its users. Our primary objective was to determine whether race/ethnicity was associated with hospice enrollment in children with cancer. We hypothesized that minority (Latino) race/ethnicity is negatively associated with hospice enrollment in children with cancer.

Procedure

In this single‐center retrospective cohort study, inclusion criteria were patients who died of cancer or stem cell transplant between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2010. The primary outcome variable was hospice enrollment and primary predictor was race/ethnicity.

Results

Of the 202 patients initially identified, 114 met inclusion criteria, of whom 95 were enrolled on hospice. Patient race/ethnicity was significantly associated with hospice enrollment (P = 0.02), the association remained significant (P = 0.024) after controlling for payor status (P = 0.995), patient diagnosis (P = 0.007), or religion (P = 0.921). Latinos enrolled on hospice significantly more often than patients of other races. Despite initial enrollment on hospice however, 34% of Latinos and 50% of non‐Latinos had withdrawn from hospice at the time of death (P = 0.10). Race/ethnicity was not significantly associated with dying on hospice.

Conclusions

These results indicate that race/ethnicity and diagnosis are likely to play a role in hospice enrollment during childhood. A striking number of patients of all race/ethnicities left hospice prior to death. More studies describing the impact of culture on end of life decision‐making and the hospice experience in childhood are warranted. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1662–1666. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do Innovative Users Generate More Useful Insights? An Analysis of Corporate Venture Capital Investments in the Medical Device industry
Authors: Smith Sheryl Winston , Shah Sonali K.
Published: June 2013

Users are an important source of innovation. Scholars have suggested that established firms will gain valuable innovative insights by working with user innovators. However, no study compares the extent to which knowledge sourced from innovative users, as compared to other external sources of knowledge, triggers the creation of new technologies and commercial products within established firms. This leaves established firms with little guidance when it comes to choosing where to search for external knowledge that ignites innovation. Based on existing empirical work in the literature on user innovation, we build a theoretical framework that explains why user knowledge will provide established firms with more ‘useful’ innovative insights than will other sources of knowledge. We test this claim in the context of corporate venture capital investment in the medical device industry. We find that established firms incorporate more knowledge from user innovators than from other sources of external knowledge into their patents and highly innovative products. Accessing the knowledge contained in user‐generated innovations enriches the product development outcomes of established firms. We trace the flow of knowledge from start‐ups to established firms using both an established method based on backward patent citation data and a novel algorithmic method that compares the content of regulatory documents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying the odds ratio estimated by a two‐stage instrumental variable analysis with a logistic regression model
Authors: Burgess Stephen ,   CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration
Published: June 2013

An adjustment for an uncorrelated covariate in a logistic regression changes the true value of an odds ratio for a unit increase in a risk factor. Even when there is no variation due to covariates, the odds ratio for a unit increase in a risk factor also depends on the distribution of the risk factor. We can use an instrumental variable to consistently estimate a causal effect in the presence of arbitrary confounding. With a logistic outcome model, we show that the simple ratio or two‐stage instrumental variable estimate is consistent for the odds ratio of an increase in the population distribution of the risk factor equal to the change due to a unit increase in the instrument divided by the average change in the risk factor due to the increase in the instrument. This odds ratio is conditional within the strata of the instrumental variable, but marginal across all other covariates, and is averaged across the population distribution of the risk factor. Where the proportion of variance in the risk factor explained by the instrument is small, this is similar to the odds ratio from a RCT without adjustment for any covariates, where the intervention corresponds to the effect of a change in the population distribution of the risk factor. This implies that the ratio or two‐stage instrumental variable method is not biased, as has been suggested, but estimates a different quantity to the conditional odds ratio from an adjusted multiple regression, a quantity that has arguably more relevance to an epidemiologist or a policy maker, especially in the context of Mendelian randomization. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma Profiling Mass Spectrometry (PPMS)
Authors: Nehm Rainer
Published: June 2013

Die Plasma Profiling Mass Spectrometry (PPMS) ist eine neue Methode zur Charakterisierung von Oberflächen und Schichten. Dank der RF‐Anregung der abtragenden Glimmlampe können sowohl leitende als auch nicht leitende Materialien analysiert werden. Durch der Kopplung mit der Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie wird das gesamte Massenspektrum simultan erfasst. Sie liefert damit Element‐, Isotopen‐ und im Fall von organischen Schichten auch wertvolle Molekülinformationen. Retroperspektivische Analysen sind jederzeit möglich. Durch die Trennung des Flugzeitmassenspektrometers von der abtragenden Quelle kann ein Probenwechsel innerhalb von wenigen Minuten durchgeführt werden. In Abhängigkeit von den Materialeigenschaften erfolgt die Analyse der Schichten innerhalb von Sekunden bis Minuten. Damit eignet sich diese Methode nicht nur für viele Fragestellungen im Oberflächenlabor, sondern auch sehr gut zur produktionsbegleitenden Kontrolle in der Industrie.
Lager wie geschmiert
Authors: Haupt Michael , Bergrath Beate , Barz Jakob , Oehr Christian , Wemhöner Jens
Published: June 2013

Ohne Wälz‐ oder Kugellager liefe in Maschinen und Motoren nichts. Durch Reibung und Verschleiß gehen in jedem Lager jedoch sowohl Energie als auch Material unwiederbringlich verloren. Abfüllanlagen, Verpackungsmaschinen und Werkzeugmaschinen funktionieren mit solchen Kugellagern ebenso wie Getriebe und Motoren von Haushaltsgeräten, Pumpen, Autos, Flugzeugen und Schiffen. Um Reibung und Verschleiß in den Lagern möglichst gering zu halten, werden sie vielfach mit Ölen oder Fetten geschmiert. Dennoch wird ein Teil der Bewegungsenergie der Lager in Wärme umgewandelt und geht so verloren. Zudem tragen Abrieb und Korrosion zum Verschleiß der Materialoberflächen bei.

Bessere Reibeigenschaften zeigen Lager der Firma Cerobear, deren Oberfläche am Fraunhofer‐Institut für Grenzflächen‐ und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB mittels der nanodyn®‐Plasmatechnik modifiziert wurde: Die Reibung der beschichteten Lager ist um mehr als 50 Prozent gegenüber einem unbeschichteten Lager reduziert. Zudem korrodieren die beschichteten Lager weniger und lassen sich besser reinigen. Dadurch kann ein deutlicher Beitrag zur Ressourcenschonung in Deutschland durch effiziente Produktionen geleistet werden.

Im Verbundprojekt nanodyn® hat das Fraunhofer IGB gemeinsam mit Partnern aus Wirtschaft und Forschung eine Plasma‐Oberflächenbeschichtung entwickelt, die durch mikro‐ und nanostrukturierte Oberflächen das Benetzungsverhalten von Oberflächen gegenüber Schmierstoffen, Wasser und Reinigungsmitteln gezielt verändert und so Reibung, Verschleiß und Korrosion beträchtlich vermindert.
Ubiquity of, and geostatistics for, nonstationary increment random fields
Authors: O'Malley Daniel , Cushman John H.
Published: June 2013

Nonstationary random fields such as fractional Brownian motion and fractional Lévy motion have been studied extensively in the hydrology literature. On the other hand, random fields that have nonstationary increments have seen little study. A mathematical argument is presented that demonstrates processes with stationary increments are the exception and processes with nonstationary increments are far more abundant. The abundance of nonstationary increment processes has important implications, e.g., in kriging where a translation‐invariant variogram implicitly assumes stationarity of the increments. An approach to kriging for processes with nonstationary increments is presented and accompanied by some numerical results.
A level set method for simulating capillary‐controlled displacements at the pore scale with nonzero contact angles
Authors: Jettestuen Espen , Helland Johan O. , Prodanović Maša
Published: June 2013

We present a level set method for simulating capillary‐controlled displacements with nonzero contact angles in porous media. The main feature of the method is a level set evolution velocity which is different in the pore space and solid phase. This augments the standard level set equation with an extra term such that, at steady state, the contact angle is enforced in the solid phase, whereas capillary and interfacial forces are balanced in the pore space. We employ the method to simulate quasistatic drainage and imbibition processes for different contact angles in several pore geometries, and to compute capillary pressure and fluid/fluid specific interfacial area curves in each case. We validate the method by comparing stable fluid configurations computed in idealized two‐dimensional geometries and three‐dimensional (3‐D) straight tubes with known analytical solutions. Simulations performed in a subset of a 3‐D sandstone image show that the developed method accounts for well‐known pore‐scale mechanisms such as piston‐like invasion, Haines jump, interface coalescence, and retraction, swelling of wetting films and snap‐off. The contact angle is formed by an intersection of the fluid/fluid interface and the void/solid boundary. Therefore, the solid matrix surrounding the pore space is discretized with at least an equal number of grid points as the size of the numerical stencil used to approximate the level set derivatives.
Limberg Flap Versus Bascom Cleft Lift Techniques for Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus: Prospective, Randomized Trial
Authors: Guner Ali , Boz Aydin , Ozkan Omer Faruk , Ileli Omer , Kece Can , Reis Erhan
Published: June 2013

Background

Although various methods have been described for surgical treatment of pilonidal sinus disease, which is best is under debate. Tension‐free techniques seem to be most ideal. We aimed to evaluate the effects of two tension‐free methods in terms of patient satisfaction, postoperative complications, and early recurrence.

Methods

A group of 122 patients were prospectively included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the operative method used: Limberg flap or Bascom cleft lift. Quality of life scores, pain scores, length of time for healing, hospital stay, surgical area‐related complications, excised tissue weight, and early recurrence information were evaluated.

Results

Follow‐up of patients in each group was completed. Patients in the Bascom cleft lift group had shorter operation duration, less excised tissue weight, better bodily pain score, and less role limitation due to physical problems score on postoperative day 10. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for the other criteria.

Conclusions

Although both techniques provided good results during the early period, the Bascom cleft lift procedure is a reliable technique that provides shorter operation duration and better quality of life during the early postoperative period.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Acidic Medium by Linseed Oil‐Based Imidazoline
Authors: Chen Y. , Jiang Y. Y. , Chen H. , Zhang Z. , Zhang J. Q. , Cao C. N.
Published: June 2013

A new kind of corrosion inhibitor (LOBI) based on linseed oil has been synthesized. The molecular structure of LOBI was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. Its inhibiting behavior on mild steel in 1.0 M HCl was studied by electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results reveal that LOBI was a good mixed‐type inhibitor. The adsorption of LOBI at 40 °C obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The N(1s) and S(2p) peaks of XPS measurement indicate that LOBI has been adsorbed onto a Q235 steel surface. The adsorption equilibrium constant, adsorption free energy and activation energy were also calculated, which indicated the adsorption of LOBI was chemisorption.
A characterization of topologically completely positive entropy for shifts of finite type
Authors: PAVLOV RONNIE
Published: June 2013

A topological dynamical system was defined by Blanchard [Fully Positive Topological Entropy and Topological Mixing (Symbolic Dynamics and Applications (in honor of R. L. Adler), 135). American Mathematical Society Contemporary Mathematics, Providence, RI, 1992, pp. 95–105] to have topologically completely positive entropy (or TCPE) if its only zero entropy factor is the dynamical system consisting of a single fixed point. For ${ \mathbb{Z} }^{d} $ shifts of finite type, we give a simple condition equivalent to having TCPE. We use our characterization to derive a similar equivalent condition to TCPE for the subclass of ${ \mathbb{Z} }^{d} $ group shifts, which was proved by Lind and Schmidt in the abelian case [Homoclinic points of algebraic ${ \mathbb{Z} }^{d} $-actions. J. Amer. Math. Soc. 12(4) (1999), 953–980] and by Boyle and Schraudner in the general case [${ \mathbb{Z} }^{d} $ group shifts and Bernoulli factors. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 28(2) (2008), 367–387]. We also give an example of a ${ \mathbb{Z} }^{2} $ shift of finite type which has TCPE but is not even topologically transitive, and prove a result about block gluing ${ \mathbb{Z} }^{d} $ SFTs motivated by our characterization of TCPE.
Distribution of approximants and geodesic flows
Authors: FISHER ALBERT M. , SCHMIDT THOMAS A.
Published: June 2013

We give a new proof of Moeckel’s result that for any finite index subgroup of the modular group, almost every real number has its regular continued fraction approximants equidistributed into the cusps of the subgroup according to the weighted cusp widths. Our proof uses a skew product over a cross-section for the geodesic flow on the modular surface. Our techniques show that the same result holds true for approximants found by Nakada’s $\alpha $-continued fractions, and also that the analogous result holds for approximants that are algebraic numbers given by any of Rosen’s $\lambda $-continued fractions, related to the infinite family of Hecke triangle Fuchsian groups.
Cyclicity in families of circle maps
Authors: KOZLOVSKI O.
Published: June 2013

In this paper we will study families of circle maps of the form $x\mapsto x+ 2\pi r+ af(x)({\rm mod} \hspace{0.334em} 2\pi )$ and investigate how many periodic trajectories maps from this family can have for a ‘typical’ function $f$ provided the parameter $a$ is small.
Relative reciprocities on Dedekind domains
Authors: Keune Frans
Published: June 2013

Exact sequences in algebraic K-theory contain a lot of information. Here it is shown that by using K-theory exact sequences one can easily derive Bass’ description [1] of the SK1 of an ideal in a Dedekind domain in terms of relative reciprocities.
Oil and Health Care in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan
Authors: Rzayeva Sara
Published: June 2013

Health care systems reflect historical relationships between states and citizens, as well as predominant values and institutions marking a particular social milieu. Theories that place national health care in historical social context tend to exaggerate the forces of globalization and to underestimate the role of local specificities. A health care system and its social context, however, are shaped at the intersection of global, regional, and local factors, rather than by globalization alone. In this article I demonstrate this combined influence by tracking the transition in Soviet to post-Soviet health care Azerbaijan. I show that the dissolution of Azerbaijan’s socialized health care was due not to neoliberal globalization, but rather to the historical constellation of global, regional, and national processes, including the political choice of a petroleum-based development strategy.
Double Standards? Veils and Crucifixes in the European Legal Order
Authors: Joppke Christian
Published: June 2013

Comparing the treatment of Islamic veils and Christian crucifixes by the European Court of Human Rights, this paper re-examines the charge of “double standards” on the part of this guardian of the European legal order, which is seen as disadvantaging Islam and favoring Christianity. While this is proved partially correct, the paper calls for a more differentiated treatment of the issue. For one, there is a modicum of consistency in the European Court’s decisions, because they are all meant to further “pluralism”. Only, Islam and Christianity fare differently in this respect, as “threat” to and “affirmation” of pluralism, respectively. This distinction hinges on Islam’s compatibility with the liberal-secular order, on which the jury is out. A possible way out of the “pluralism v. pluralism” dilemma, I argue, is signaled in the European Court’s recent decision inLautsi v. Italy(2011),which pairs a preference for “culturalized” Christianity with robust minority pluralism.
Retrospective lifetime dietary patterns are associated with demographic and cardiovascular health variables in an older community-dwelling Australian population
Authors: Hosking Diane , Danthiir Vanessa
Published: June 2013

Dietary patterns derived from factor analytic procedures have been demonstrated to predict demographic and health outcomes across a wide range of populations. To examine the potential utility of long-term dietary recall, in the present study, we examined associations between dietary patterns from across the lifespan and demographic and later-life cardiovascular-related health variables, using the Lifetime Diet Questionnaire (LDQ). The LDQ is a self-administered, non-quantitative, retrospective FFQ designed to assess dietary intake from childhood to older age. Participants (n 352) from the Older People, Omega-3 and Cognitive Health trial, aged 65–91 years, completed the LDQ. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the LDQ and plausible dietary patterns were derived. As a result, three patterns were extracted from each life period, with five distinct patterns overall; these were ‘traditional Australian’ and ‘non-traditional Australian’, ‘high-sugar and high-fat’, ‘vegetable’ and ‘fruit and vegetable’ patterns. In separate adjusted regression models, age, sex, education, income, parental background and childhood physical activity all significantly predicted dietary patterns across the lifespan. A ‘traditional Australian’ pattern in childhood predicted higher HDL-cholesterol levels and lower odds of cholesterol medication use; lower HDL-cholesterol levels were predicted by the adult ‘processed, high-sugar and high-fat’ pattern, and higher intake of a ‘non-traditional Australian’ pattern in adulthood also predicted lower odds of using cardiac medications. Lifetime dietary recall, as instantiated by the LDQ, provides a hitherto untapped source of long-term dietary information in older adults that may contribute to greater understanding of the impact exerted by early-life and cumulative dietary choices on later-life health.
The Contours of the Messiah inPesiqta Rabbati
Authors: Ulmer Rivka
Published: June 2013

Jewish messianic expectations have had multiple expressions. One such expression was Messiah Ephraim. The midrashic workPesiqta Rabbaticontains numerous messianic passages, as well as entire homilies, that focus mainly upon Messiah Ephraim. Ephraim, a son of Joseph, was adopted by Jacob (Gen 48:5). In Jewish texts other thanPesiq. Rab., the Ephraimite Messiah was consistently portrayed as a militant figure, a warrior. The objective of this article is to examine the messianic contours that apply both to Messiah Ephraim inPesiq. Rab.and to Jesus in order to determine whether there are any Christian elements in the composition of certain passages inPesiq. Rab.
Nonlinear interaction of slow Alfvén wave with ion acoustic wave and applications to space plasma
Authors: DAS B. K. , SHARMA R. P. , YADAV N.
Published: June 2013

The paper is concerned with the analytical study of nonlinear coupling of slow Alfvén wave (SW) with ion acoustic waves (IAWs) in high-β and low-β plasmas. Here the pump wave (SW) number density gets perturbed in the presence of IAW. The model equations of IAW and SW turn out to be the modified Zakharov system of equations when the ponderomotive nonlinearities are incorporated in the IAW and SW dynamics. Growth rate of modulational instability has been calculated. The relevance of these investigations for solar wind plasma and solar coronal plasma has also been discussed.
Electrostatic rogue waves in a plasma with a relativistic electron beam
Authors: BENCHRIET F. , EL-TANTAWY S. A. , MOSLEM W. M. , DJEBLI M.
Published: June 2013

The properties of nonlinear electrostatic acoustic rogue waves in a three-component plasma composed of electron, positron, and relativistic electron beam are investigated. The reductive perturbation method is used to obtain a Korteweg–de Vries equation. The dynamics of the modulationally unstable wave packets described by the Korteweg–de Vries equation gives rise to the formation of rogue pulses that is described by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation for small wave number. The effects of physical parameters on the profile of rogue waves are investigated numerically. The electrostatic rogue waves, as predicted here, may be associated with the nonlinear structures caused by the interaction of relativistic jets with plasma medium, such as in the active galactic nuclei and in the magnetosphere of collapsing stars.
Kinetic description of a wiggler-pumped ion-channel free-electron laser by applying the Einstein coefficient technique
Authors: HASANBEIGI A. , ABASIROSTAMI S. , MEHDIAN H.
Published: June 2013

A kinetic theory is used to investigate the theory of a free-electron laser with a helical wiggler and an ion channel based on the Einstein coefficient method. The laser gain in the low-gain regime is obtained for the case of a cold tenuous relativistic electron beam, where the beam plasma frequency is much less than the radiation frequency, propagating in this configuration. The resulting gain equation is analyzed numerically over a wide range of system parameters.
Seasonal migration of the snailfishLiparis tanakaeand their habitat overlap with 0-year-old Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceus
Authors: Tomiyama Takeshi , Yamada Manabu , Yoshida Tetsuya
Published: June 2013

The snailfishLiparis tanakaeis an annual fish, growing up to >300 mm in total length. This species is known as a predator of 0-year-old Japanese flounderParalichthys olivaceus. To reveal when and where the predation occurs, monthly collections of both species at various depths were conducted off Fukushima, Japan. The snailfish inhabited shallow areas ≤50 m deep until June. Thereafter, they shifted their main habitat to offshore areas ≥100 m deep from July to September. The snailfish migrated to inshore areas with depths of ≤50 m again around October–December, during which time the habitat overlap between snailfish and 0-year-old Japanese flounder was observed. In that period, >40% of 0-year-old Japanese flounder were vulnerable to the snailfish. Larger snailfish showed stronger piscivory, and some flatfish were found in their stomachs. These results suggest that by not releasing hatchery-reared Japanese flounder until September can forestall predation by the snailfish.
Children choose their own stories: the impact of choice on children's learning of new narrative skills
Authors: KHAN KIREN , NELSON KEITH , WHYTE ELISABETH
Published: June 2013

Despite evidence that early narrative abilities are predictive of literacy skills and academic achievement, only limited progress has been made in understanding how the development of these narrative skills can be facilitated. The current study measured the effectiveness of a new narrative intervention conducted with 26 preschoolers. Children were assigned to one of two intervention conditions: an active-choice condition (able to choose story components) or a no-choice condition (story components were preselected). Both groups otherwise received the same explicit and engaging teaching of story grammar. As predicted, greater narrative skill gains were evident for the active-choice intervention; including larger gains on both central story grammar components and story information overall. Future implications for how stories might be presented to young children in order to more richly facilitate narrative skill acquisition are discussed.
Conservation laws for plane steady potential barotropic flow
Authors: CHIRKUNOV YU. A. , MEDVEDEV S. B.
Published: June 2013

It is shown that the set of conservation laws for the nonlinear system of equations describing plane steady potential barotropic flow of gas is given by the set of conservation laws for the linear Chaplygin system. All the conservation laws of zero order for the Chaplygin system are found. These include both known and new nonlinear conservation laws. It is found that the number of conservation laws of the first order is not more than three, assuming that the laws do not depend on the velocity potential and are not non-obvious ones. The components of these conservation laws are quadratic with respect to the stream function and its derivatives. All the Chaplygin functions are found, for which the Chaplygin system has three non-obvious conservation laws of the first order that are independent of velocity potential. All such non-obvious first-order conservation laws are found.