bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis
Authors: Platt Michael
Published: September 2014

Background

Pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis is a mainstay of treatment for patients with mild to severe nasal allergy symptoms. A wide array of medical treatment options is available for both episodic relief and prevention of symptoms. Treatment regimens can be tailored to individual patients based on nasal symptoms, severity, and associated atopic disorders. The purposes of this review are to identify available pharmacotherapies for allergic rhinitis, to discuss the benefits and limitations of each treatment option, and to help guide practitioners in providing optimal medical treatment for patients with allergic rhinitis.

Methods

A comprehensive review of pharmacotherapies for allergic rhinitis was performed using a PubMed search. Secondary sources within indexed studies were also compiled to review current medication options for patients with allergic rhinitis. The benefits and limitations of each class of allergy medication were reviewed to provide information on selecting the optimal treatment regimen for patients with allergic rhinitis.

Results

Pharmacotherapies for allergic rhinitis that are currently used in clinical practice include antihistamines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, expectorants, and decongestants. Symptoms of nasal congestion, itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea can be targeted with specific therapies that modulate the acute‐phase or late‐phase allergic reactions. Associated atopic disorders, including conjunctivitis and asthma, can help guide medication selection.

Conclusion

Pharmacotherapies for allergic rhinitis offer numerous options that are safe, effective, and readily available to target specific nasal symptoms. Symptom‐based selection of allergy medications can result in optimal treatment for patients with allergic rhinitis.
Subcutaneous immunotherapy
Authors: Roche Ansley M. , Wise Sarah K.
Published: September 2014

Background

Allergic rhinitis, asthma, and Hymenoptera sensitivity affect approximately 20%, 9%, and 0.66% to 3.3% of adults in the United States, respectively. Various environmental control measures and pharmacologic options are available for symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. However, allergen‐specific immunotherapy is the only form of treatment that alters the natural history of allergic disease.

Methods

A literature review was performed. Information from systematic reviews, meta‐analyses, and practice parameters were closely examined and summarized, and they are included in this primer.

Results

There is evidence that supports the use of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) for the treatment of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, and Hymenoptera sensitivity. Efficacy of SCIT has been established in the adult and pediatric populations. Adverse reactions occur in up to 71% of patients. However, the rate of serious or fatal side effects is very rare.

Conclusion

SCIT is safe and effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, and Hymenoptera sensitivity. Adverse reactions occur but, in general, SCIT is well tolerated, and the vast majority of reactions are mild and very rarely fatal.
Asthma and the otolaryngologist
Authors: Reisacher William R.
Published: September 2014

Background

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airway that is commonly encountered by the otolaryngologist. This article provides information on how to recognize patients with asthma and discuss issues related to diagnosis, treatment, and continued management within the context of current guidelines.

Methods

A literature review was conducted and relevant sources are referenced concerning the epidemiology of asthma, the pathophysiology of asthma, diagnostic strategies, treatment options, and continued management.

Results

Asthma is a common condition worldwide and is often associated with other atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and eczema, though other genetic and environmental factors appear to be important as well. The lower airway and upper airways share similar histology, as well as patterns of inflammation in response to environmental triggers. The diagnosis of asthma involves a careful history and a complete physical exam, including auscultation of the lungs and pulmonary function testing. Pharmacotherapy represents the primary method of treating asthma, though current evidence supports a positive role for antigen‐specific immunotherapy for both prevention and treatment. Guidelines are available that can assist the otolaryngologist in classifying the severity of asthma, determining the level of control and recommending modifications in the treatment plan.

Conclusion

As airway specialists, otolaryngologists are in a unique position to recognize and manage asthma in their patients, particularly those with allergic disease. Maintaining a high index of suspicion and understanding the key elements of diagnosis and treatment are extremely important in order to achieve this goal.
Sublingual immunotherapy: current concepts for the U.S. practitioner
Authors: Lin Sandra Y.
Published: September 2014

Background

Estimates of the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the United States range from 20% to 40%. Allergen‐specific immunotherapy (SIT) is typically recommended for patients with allergic rhinitis who fail medical treatment, desire an alternative to pharmacotherapy, or would like to pursue therapy that can potentially change the natural history of the disease. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) involves dosing the allergen under the tongue of the sensitized individual in controlled amounts, frequently, over a period of several years, in order to increase immunologic tolerance and diminish symptoms to that allergen. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of SLIT tablets in 2014, whereas the use of aqueous SLIT by U.S. practitioners is considered an “off‐label” use.

Methods

This study is a review of published English language scientific literature, focusing on systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials of SLIT for inhalant allergic rhinitis.

Results

SLIT is a safe and effective immune modulating treatment that decreases symptoms and medication use for allergic rhinitis. Further study is needed to determine the relative effectiveness of SLIT compared to subcutaneous immunotherapy, the role of multiple‐allergen vs single‐allergen SLIT, the use of SLIT in special populations (pregnancy, patients taking beta‐blockers), and optimal dosing of U.S. products.

Conclusion

SLIT is safe and effective, and offers a convenient alternative to injection immunotherapy for appropriate patients with allergic rhinitis.
Preparation and characterization of a nanofiber mat consisting of Tetra‐PEG prepolymers
Authors: Asai Hanako , Miswan Muhammad Haziq bin , Shimada Naoki , Nakane Koji , Sakai Takamasa , Ogata Nobuo
Published: September 2014

Tetra‐PEG gel, which has been known as a mechanically tough and biocompatible gel, was processed into a nanofiber mat by electro‐spinning (ES) and 2‐step treatment process using w/o type emulsion consisted of the Tetra‐PEG prepolymer 1‐octanol/water solution. The 2‐step treatment was carried out in order to increase the cross‐linking points to the as‐spun nanofibers. From this study, we succeeded in insolubilizing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanofiber, and it was found that the Tetra‐PEG gel nanofiber mat showed high tensile property even at swollen state. The elastic modulus at equilibrium swollen state was 4.5 kPa. In addition, we compared the differences of the structure and tensile property between the Tetra‐PEG nanofiber mat and porous Tetra‐PEG gel prepared by freeze‐dry method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41353.
Films made from poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) and soluble biopolymers isolated from municipal biowaste
Authors: Franzoso Flavia , Tabasso Silvia , Antonioli Diego , Montoneri Enzo , Persico Paola , Laus Michele , Mendichi Raniero , Negre Michele
Published: September 2014

Blends were obtained from poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) and water‐soluble biopolymers isolated from the alkaline hydrolysate of two materials sampled from an urban waste treatment plant: that is, an anaerobic fermentation digestate and a compost. The digestate biopolymers contained more lipophilic and aliphatic C and less acidic functional groups than the compost biopolymers. Evidence was obtained for a condensation reaction occurring between the biopolymers and the synthetic polymer. The thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of the blends were studied. Films containing a low concentration (ca. 6–7%) of biopolymers exhibited up to three times higher yield strength than the neat synthetic polymer. The films' properties were found to be dependent on the concentration and nature of the biopolymers. The results offer a scope for investigating biopolymers sourced from other biowastes and for a better understanding of the reasons for the observed effects and exploiting their full potential for modifying or replacing synthetic polymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41359.
Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene coated iron oxide nanoparticles and asymmetric assemblies by phase inversion
Authors: Xie Yihui , Sougrat Rachid , Nunes Suzana P.
Published: September 2014

Films with a gradient concentration of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are reported, based on a phase inversion membrane process. Nanoparticles with ∼13 nm diameter were prepared by coprecipitation in aqueous solution and stabilized by oleic acid. They were further functionalized by ATRP leading to grafted polystyrene brush. The final nanoparticles of 33 nm diameter were characterized by TGA, FTIR spectroscopy, GPC, transmission electron microscopy, and dynanmic light scattering. Asymmetric porous nanoparticle assemblies were then prepared by solution casting and immersion in water. The nanocomposite film production with functionalized nanoparticles is fast and technically scalable. The morphologies of films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, demonstrating the presence of sponge‐like structures and finger‐like cavities when 50 and 13 wt % casting solutions were, respectively, used. The magnetic properties were evaluated using vibrating sample magnetometer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41368.
Effects of crosslinking on the mechanical properties and biodegradability of soybean protein‐based composites
Authors: Yue‐Hong Zhang , Wu‐Quan Zhu , Zhen‐Hua Gao , Ji‐You Gu
Published: September 2014

A green composite with good mechanical properties and acceptable biodegradability was developed using wood flour and soybean protein that was modified by thermal‐caustic degradation and chemical crosslinking with glyoxal and polyisocyanate (PMDI). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in combination with the traditional evaluations were employed to investigate the structure, morphology, and properties of the crosslinked soybean protein and the crosslinking‐modified wood/soybean protein composites to understand the effects of the crosslinker species on the mechanical properties, water resistance, and microbial biodegradation of soybean protein‐wood flour composites. The results indicated that the chemical crosslinking modification could improve the mechanical properties and water resistance but decrease the biodegradability of the wood/protein composite to a certain extent. Both glyoxal and PMDI alone as crosslinkers could not perfectly modify the soybean protein because of the high reactivity of PMDI and low crosslinking reactivity of glyoxal. The incorporation of glyoxal with PMDI could result in the desired crosslinking efficiency and good interfacial adhesion by compromising the advantages and disadvantages of glyoxal or PMDI alone as crosslinkers, which balanced the performances of the wood flour/soybean protein composite. The preferable combination crosslinker was composed of 50 wt % glyoxal and 50 wt % PMDI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41387.
Preparation of novel CNSL‐based urethane polyol via nonisocyanate route: Curing with melamine‐formaldehyde resin and structure–property relationship
Authors: Kathalewar Mukesh , Sabnis Anagha
Published: September 2014

In this study, we report preparation of a novel cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)‐based polyol bearing urethane groups. The urethane group in the polyol was induced via isocyanate free route from the reaction of cyclic carbonate with primary amine. The polyol was characterized by determination of hydroxyl number, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and so forth. The polyol was then used as coating component and cured with hexamethoxy methylene melamine (HMMM). Another CNSL‐based polyol without urethane moiety from our earlier reported work was used for preparation of coating for comparative study to determine the effect of urethane group on the coating properties. The coating formulations based on these two polyols were cured with variable amounts of HMMM hardener to optimize coating properties. All the coatings were evaluated for mechanical properties such as adhesion, flexibility, pencil and scratch hardness, impact resistance, pull‐off, and adhesion. The optimized coatings were also evaluated for chemical and thermal properties. It was observed that the urethane containing polyol resulted in better adhesion to the metal substrate at higher quantity of HMMM hardener compared to the other polyol providing significant improvement in various coating properties. The final coating properties were also compared with the acrylic polyurethane coatings. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41391.
PMMA/o‐MMT nanocomposites obtained using thermally stable surfactants
Authors: Di Pasquale Giovanna , Pollicino Antonino
Published: September 2014

In the preparation of polymer/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, the commonly used compatibilizers (cations of long carbon‐chain alkyl ammonium salts) present the drawback of a poor thermal stability. During bulk processing of nanocomposites elevated temperatures are usually required and, if processing temperature is close to decomposition temperature of the surfactant, decomposition will occur altering the interface between filler and polymer. To solve this problem, organically modified MMTs with thermally stable imidazolium surfactants have been prepared. A series of nanocomposites were obtained by dispersing o‐MMT in poly(methyl methacryate) (PMMA) matrix via an in situ free radical polymerization. The nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and nanoindentation measurements. The results showed that nanocomposite thermal stability depended on both the kind of used surfactant and degree of exfoliation. Under the same values of molecular weight, the nanocomposites containing imidazolium cations showed a better thermal stability with respect to the nanocomposite obtained using a standard alkylammonium surfactant. Dynamic mechanical and Nanoindentation measurements showed an improvement of mechanical properties, such as modulus and hardness, with respect to pure PMMA. Solution blending treatments on these nanocomposites led to obtaining of further improvement of the thermal performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41393.
Properties of polyetherimide/graphite composites prepared using ultrasonic twin‐screw extrusion
Authors: Zhong Jing , Isayev Avraam I.
Published: September 2014

The dispersion of various graphites in polymers is a challenging problem limiting their potential use. To solve this problem, an ultrasound assisted twin‐screw extruder was developed and utilized to compound polyetherimide (PEI) with untreated nature graphite (UG), modified graphite (MG) and expanded graphite (EG) at concentrations up to 10 wt %. The effect of ultrasonic amplitude on rheological, mechanical and electrical properties of the PEI composites was investigated. Ultrasonic treatment of PEI/UG composites showed little effect on these properties. In contrast, ultrasonic treatment of PEI/MG and PEI/EG composites led to an increase of the storage (G′), loss (G″) moduli and complex viscosity and to a decrease of the damping characteristics. In particular, the PEI/5 wt %EG composite ultrasonically treated at an amplitude of 10 μm showed a 45% higher complex viscosity than the untreated composite at a frequency of 0.5 rad/s. Also, the PEI/5 wt % EG composite treated at an amplitude of 10 μm showed a reduction in the electrical volume resistivity by almost three orders of magnitude leading to a lower percolation threshold. The untreated and treated PEI/UG and PEI/MG composites did not show any percolation within all graphite concentrations studied, due to large size of particles of UG and MG and their strong agglomeration. The ultrasonic treatment showed slight effect on mechanical properties of all these composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41397.
Differences in risk factors for second and third degree hypospadias in the national birth defects prevention study
Authors: Woud Sander Groen in 't , van Rooij Iris A.L.M. , van Gelder Marleen M.H.J. , Olney Richard S. , Carmichael Suzan L. , Roeleveld Nel , Reefhuis Jennita ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: September 2014

Background

Hypospadias is a frequent birth defect with three phenotypic subtypes. With data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large, multi‐state, population‐based, case–control study, we compared risk factors for second and third degree hypospadias.

Methods

A wide variety of data on maternal and pregnancy‐related risk factors for isolated second and third degree hypospadias was collected by means of computer‐assisted telephone interviews to identify potential etiological differences between the two phenotypes. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios including a random effect by study center.

Results

In total, 1547 second degree cases, 389 third degree cases, and 5183 male controls were included in our study. Third degree cases were more likely to have a non‐Hispanic black or Asian/Pacific Islander mother, be delivered preterm, have a low birth weight, be small for gestational age, and be conceived with fertility treatments than second degree cases and controls. Associations with both second and third degree hypospadias were observed for maternal age, family history, parity, plurality, and hypertension during pregnancy. Risk estimates were generally higher for third degree hypospadias except for family history.

Conclusion

Most risk factors were associated with both or neither phenotype. Therefore, it is likely that the underlying mechanism is at least partly similar for both phenotypes. However, some associations were different between second and third degree hypospadias, and went in opposite directions for second and third degree hypospadias for Asian/Pacific Islander mothers. Effect estimates for subtypes of hypospadias may be over‐ or underestimated in studies without stratification by phenotype. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:703–711, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing coral health and resilience in a warming ocean: Why looks can be deceptive
Authors: Wooldridge Scott A.
Published: September 2014

In this paper I challenge the notion that a healthy and resilient coral is (in all cases) a fast‐growing coral, and by inference, that a reef characterised by a fast trajectory toward high coral cover is necessarily a healthy and resilient reef. Instead, I explain how emerging evidence links fast skeletal extension rates with elevated coral‐algae (symbiotic) respiration rates, most‐often mediated by nutrient‐enlarged symbiont populations and/or rising sea temperatures. Elevated respiration rates can act to reduce the autotrophic capacity (photosynthesis:respiration ratio) of the symbiosis. This restricts the capacity of the coral host to build and maintain sufficient energy reserves (e.g. lipids) needed to sustain essential homeostatic functions, including sexual reproduction and biophysical stress resistance. Moreover, it explains the somewhat paradoxical scenario, whereby at the ecological instant before the reef‐building capacity of the symbiosis is lost, a reef can look visually at its best and be accreting CaCO3 at its maximum.
The alien replicon: Artificial genetic constructs to direct the synthesis of transmissible self‐replicating RNAs
Authors: Kochetov Alex V.
Published: September 2014

Artificial genetic constructs that direct the synthesis of self‐replicating RNA molecules are used widely to induce gene silencing, for bioproduction, and for vaccination. Interestingly, one variant of the self‐replicon has not been discussed in the literature: namely, transgenic organisms that synthesise alien replicons. For example, plant cells may be easily genetically modified to produce bacteriophages or insect viruses. Alien replicon‐producing organisms (ARPOs) may serve as a unique tool for biocontrol or to selectively influence the characteristics of a target organism. The ARPO approach would have to meet strict biosafety criteria, and its practical applications are problematic. However, a discussion on ARPO applicability would be valuable to outline the full set of options available in the bioengineering toolbox. In this paper, RNA replicons for bioengineering are reviewed briefly, and the ARPO approach is discussed.
Virus elimination during the purification of monoclonal antibodies by column chromatography and additional steps
Authors: Roberts Peter L.
Published: September 2014

The theoretical potential for virus transmission by monoclonal antibody based therapeutic products has led to the inclusion of appropriate virus reduction steps. In this study, virus elimination by the chromatographic steps used during the purification process for two (IgG‐1 & −3) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been investigated. Both the Protein G (>7log) and ion‐exchange (5 log) chromatography steps were very effective for eliminating both enveloped and non‐enveloped viruses over the life‐time of the chromatographic gel. However, the contribution made by the final gel filtration step was more limited, i.e., 3 log. Because these chromatographic columns were recycled between uses, the effectiveness of the column sanitization procedures (guanidinium chloride for protein G or NaOH for ion‐exchange) were tested. By evaluating standard column runs immediately after each virus spiked run, it was possible to directly confirm that there was no cross contamination with virus between column runs (guanidinium chloride or NaOH). To further ensure the virus safety of the product, two specific virus elimination steps have also been included in the process. A solvent/detergent step based on 1% triton X‐100 rapidly inactivating a range of enveloped viruses by >6 log inactivation within 1 min of a 60 min treatment time. Virus removal by virus filtration step was also confirmed to be effective for those viruses of about 50 nm or greater. In conclusion, the combination of these multiple steps ensures a high margin of virus safety for this purification process. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1341–1347, 2014
Structural, Functional, and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Substrate Scope of the Novel Nitrating Cytochrome P450 TxtE
Authors: Dodani Sheel C. , Cahn Jackson K. B. , Heinisch Tillmann , Brinkmann‐Chen Sabine , McIntosh John A. , Arnold Frances H.
Published: September 2014

A novel cytochrome P450 enzyme, TxtE, was recently shown to catalyze the direct aromatic nitration of L‐tryptophan. This unique chemistry inspired us to ask whether TxtE could serve as a platform for engineering new nitration biocatalysts to replace current harsh synthetic methods. As a first step toward this goal, and to better understand the wild‐type enzyme, we obtained high‐resolution structures of TxtE in its substrate‐free and substrate‐bound forms. We also screened a library of substrate analogues for spectroscopic indicators of binding and for production of nitrated products. From these results, we found that the wild‐type enzyme accepts moderate decoration of the indole ring, but the amino acid moiety is crucial for binding and correct positioning of the substrate and therefore less amenable to modification. A nitrogen atom is essential for catalysis, and a carbonyl must be present to recruit the αB′1 helix of the protein to seal the binding pocket.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Alkenes with Paraformaldehyde as a Carbon Monoxide Substitute
Authors: Liu Qiang , Wu Lipeng , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: September 2014

The first efficient use of paraformaldehyde in the alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes is reported. Using a combination of readily available [Ru3(CO)12] and PCy3 (Cy=cyclohexyl) as catalyst, industrially important esters are produced in good to high yield (up to 90 %) at relatively low temperature. This new method is applicable to a series of alkenes and alcohols. Moreover, the use of formaldehyde as the carbonyl source provides the potential to avoid both reliance on CO in carbonylation reactions, and the requirement for special high‐pressure reactors.
Fabrication of Palladium Membranes Supported on a Silicalite‐1 Zeolite‐Modified Alumina Tube for Hydrogen Separation
Authors: Guo Yu , Wu Hongmei , Zhou Lidai , Zhang Zhenbin , Liu Haiou , Zhang Xiongfu
Published: September 2014

Thin palladium membranes were fabricated on macroporous α‐Al2O3 tubes by electroless plating. The silicalite‐1 (Sil‐1) zeolite serving as intermediate and diffusion barrier layer was introduced to modify the surface roughness and pore size of the porous substrate and prevent the atomic interdiffusions of the metal elements between Pd layer and the support. The Pd composite membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), revealing that morphology and structure of the Sil‐1 layer significantly influence the Pd membrane preparation. Single‐gas permeation tests were carried out with gas H2 and N2 to determine the permeation performance of the membranes. The resulting membrane exhibited long‐term stability under hydrogen permeation.
Microwave Setup Design for Continuous Fine‐Chemicals Synthesis
Authors: Patil Narendra G. , Benaskar Faysal , Rebrov Evgeny V. , Meuldijk Jan , Hulshof† Lumbertus A. , Hessel Volker , Schouten Jaap C.
Published: September 2014

A feasibility study in state‐of‐the‐art multi‐ and monomode microwave cavities was conducted to outline important functionalities necessary in a microwave setup for continuous fine‐chemicals synthesis. For multimode operation, the heating efficiency depends on the position as well as on the volume distribution of the load. For monomode operation, the heating efficiency does not depend on the axial position and has a maximum with respect to the load diameter. Based on this study, a microwave setup consisting of four cavities was designed and constructed. The setup provided a defined microwave field pattern and allowed focusing of the microwave power. A near‐uniform distribution of microwave energy in all four cavities of the setup was achieved at reduced grid to applicator losses.
Comparative Study on Thermodynamic Analysis of CO2 Utilization Reactions
Authors: Swapnesh Anang , Srivastava Vimal C. , Mall Indra D.
Published: September 2014

Thermodynamic analysis of dimethyl ether (DME) and methane synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation, and dry reforming of methane was performed using Gibbs free energy minimization. The effects of temperature, pressure, and feed composition on conversion, selectivity, and yield were investigated for each process. High pressure, high H2/CO2 ratio, and low temperature favored DME production. The yield of methane during CO2 methanation increased at lower temperature, higher pressure, and H2/CO2 ratio. The yield of synthesis gas improved at higher temperature. Comparison of the three processes demonstrated that the CO2 conversion was highest during CO2 methanation reaction if the fraction of CO2 mol in the feed was less than 0.3. Above this value in the feed, dry reforming allowed the highest CO2 conversion.
Sperm mixing in the polyandrous leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior
Authors: Stürup Marlene , Nash David R. , Hughes William O. H. , Boomsma Jacobus J.
Published: September 2014

The insemination of queens by sperm from multiple males (polyandry) has evolved in a number of eusocial insect lineages despite the likely costs of the behavior. The selective advantages in terms of colony fitness must therefore also be significant and there is now good evidence that polyandry increases genetic variation among workers, thereby improving the efficiency of division of labor, resistance against disease, and diluting the impact of genetically incompatible matings. However, these advantages will only be maximized if the sperm of initially discrete ejaculates are mixed when stored in queen spermathecae and used for egg fertilization in a “fair raffle.” Remarkably, however, very few studies have addressed the level of sperm mixing in social insects. Here we analyzed sperm use over time in the highly polyandrous leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior. We genotyped cohorts of workers produced either 2 months apart or up to over a year apart, and batches of eggs laid up to over 2 years apart, and tested whether fluctuations in patriline distributions deviated from random. We show that the representation of father males in both egg and worker cohorts does not change over time, consistent with obligatorily polyandrous queens maximizing their fitness when workers are as genetically diverse as possible.
Life history variation in Barents Sea fish: implications for sensitivity to fishing in a changing environment
Authors: Wiedmann Magnus A. , Primicerio Raul , Dolgov Andrey , Ottesen Camilla A. M. , Aschan Michaela
Published: September 2014

Under exploitation and environmental change, it is essential to assess the sensitivity and vulnerability of marine ecosystems to such stress. A species' response to stress depends on its life history. Sensitivity to harvesting is related to the life history “fast–slow” continuum, where “slow” species (i.e., large, long lived, and late maturing) are expected to be more sensitive to fishing than “fast” ones. We analyze life history traits variation for all common fish species in the Barents Sea and rank fishes along fast–slow gradients obtained by ordination analyses. In addition, we integrate species' fast–slow ranks with ecosystem survey data for the period 2004–2009, to assess life history variation at the community level in space and time. Arctic fishes were smaller, had shorter life spans, earlier maturation, larger offspring, and lower fecundity than boreal ones. Arctic fishes could thus be considered faster than the boreal species, even when body size was corrected for. Phylogenetically related species possessed similar life histories. Early in the study period, we found a strong spatial gradient, where members of fish assemblages in the southwestern Barents Sea displayed slower life histories than in the northeast. However, in later, warmer years, the gradient weakened caused by a northward movement of boreal species. As a consequence, the northeast experienced increasing proportions of slower fish species. This study is a step toward integrating life history traits in ecosystem‐based areal management. On the basis of life history traits, we assess the fish sensitivity to fishing, at the species and community level. We show that climate warming promotes a borealization of fish assemblages in the northeast, associated with slower life histories in that area. The biology of Arctic species is still poorly known, and boreal species that now establish in the Arctic are fishery sensitive, which calls for cautious ecosystem management of these areas.
Electrochemical Characterization of Chemically Synthesized Polythiophene Thin Films: Performance of Asymmetric Supercapacitor Device
Authors: Patil B. H. , Patil S. J. , Lokhande C. D.
Published: September 2014

Polythiophene (PT) thin films have been prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at room temperature (300 K) via oxidative polymerization of thiophene using ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as an oxidizing agent. Globular particulates of PT are deposited on the stainless steel and glass substrates. The morphology and chain structure of PT are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of PT electrode is studied using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic chargedischarge studies. PT thin film shows maximum specific capacitance of 300 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 in 0.1 M LiClO4/PC electrolyte. The asymmetric device formed with PT and graphite shows supercapacitive properties useful in the power applications.
A Highly Sensitive and Selective Enzymatic Biosensor Based on Direct Electrochemistry of Hemoglobin at Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Modified Activated Screen Printed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Palanisamy Selvakumar , Karuppiah Chelladurai , Chen Shen‐Ming , Periakaruppan Prakash
Published: September 2014

A sensitive enzymatic biosensor has been developed for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrite (${{\rm NO}{{- \hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) by using hemoglobin (Hb) immobilized on activated screen printed carbon electrode (ASPCE) and zinc oxide (ZnO) composite. A pair of well defined redox peaks is observed with a heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (Ks) of 5.27 s−1 for Hb at ASPCE/ZnO. The biosensor exhibits the detection of H2O2, TCA and ${{\rm NO}{{- \hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$ in the concentration range of 0.5–129.5 µmol L−1, 2.5–72.5 mmol L−1 and 0.2–674 µmol L−1 with the detection limit of 0.083 µmol L−1, 0.12 mmol L−1 and 0.069 µmol L−1, respectively.
Spray‐Coated Polymer Solar Cells based on Low‐Band‐Gap Donors Processed with ortho‐Xylene
Authors: La Notte Luca , Polino Giuseppina , Ciceroni Claudio , Brunetti Francesca , Brown Thomas M. , Di Carlo Aldo , Reale Andrea
Published: September 2014

The use of low‐band‐gap polymer donors in the field of polymer solar cells (PSCs) allows to reduce the gap with other consolidated photovoltaic technologies because high conversion efficiencies can be achieved. Unfortunately, optimal performance is strongly correlated to the use of chlorinated solvents, known to be harmful in working conditions due to their toxicity towards environment and human health. For this reason, high‐performing PSCs have been deposited via small‐area techniques. We report on the use of a PBDTTT‐C‐T:PC70BM blend dissolved in the non‐chlorinated solvent ortho‐xylene for the deposition of spin‐coated and spray‐coated active layers in direct PSCs. An impressive conversion efficiency of 8 % is obtained for the spin‐coated blend, whereas the significant value of 4.4 % is achieved by using the spray‐coated blend. The work opens the way to the use of low‐band‐gap materials in spray coating, a non‐wasteful technique compatible with coating large areas.
Nutritional composition of “gari” analog produced from cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) tuber
Authors: Bamidele Oluwaseun P. , Ogundele Femi G. , Ojubanire Basirat A. , Fasogbon Mofoluwaso B. , Bello Olayide W.
Published: September 2014

Physicochemical properties of gari analog produced from coprocessing of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) were investigated. Cassava tuber and cocoyam were coprocessed at different percentages before frying separately. Proximate composition, mineral content, antinutritional factors, and sensory evaluation of various samples were determined. The results showed that the moisture content of all the samples was in the same range (7.28 ± 0.30 to 7.78 ± 0.14%). The protein content (1.57 ± 0.14 to 4.43 ± 0.16), ash (1.89 ± 0.10 to 2.15 ± 0.30), and crude fiber (1.53 ± 0.50 to 2.19 ± 0.10%) showed a significant increase with increase in the level of cocoyam substitution. The fat and carbohydrate content decreased with an increase in cocoyam level. The mineral contents of the samples increased with an increase in cocoyam content with sample F having the highest value of potassium, followed by samples E and D (68 mg/100 g, 35 mg/100 g, and 24 mg/100 g). The antinutritional factors of all the samples were at very low concentration while samples B, C, and D competed favorably with sample A (control) in sensory evaluation. In conclusion, coprocessing of cassava and cocoyam improved the nutritional quality of the gari produced with high level of acceptance from the taste panelist.
Zeb1 and Snail1 engage miR‐200f transcriptional and epigenetic regulation during EMT
Authors: Díaz‐López Antonio , Díaz‐Martín Juan , Moreno‐Bueno Gema , Cuevas Eva P. , Santos Vanesa , Olmeda David , Portillo Francisco , Palacios José , Cano Amparo
Published: September 2014

Cell plasticity is emerging as a key regulator of tumor progression and metastasis. During carcinoma dissemination epithelial cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes characterized by the acquisition of migratory/invasive properties, while the reverse, mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) process, is also essential for metastasis outgrowth. Different transcription factors, called EMT‐TFs, including Snail, bHLH and Zeb families are drivers of the EMT branch of epithelial plasticity, and can be post‐transcriptionally downregulated by several miRNAs, as the miR‐200 family. The specific or redundant role of different EMT‐TFs and their functional interrelations are not fully understood. To study the interplay between different EMT‐TFs, comprehensive gain and loss‐of‐function studies of Snail1, Snail2 and/or Zeb1 factors were performed in the prototypical MDCK cell model system. We here describe that Snail1 and Zeb1 are mutually required for EMT induction while continuous Snail1 and Snail2 expression, but not Zeb1, is needed for maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype in MDCK cells. In this model system, EMT is coordinated by Snail1 and Zeb1 through transcriptional and epigenetic downregulation of the miR‐200 family. Interestingly, Snail1 is involved in epigenetic CpG DNA methylation of the miR‐200 loci, essential to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype. The present results thus define a novel functional interplay between Snail and Zeb EMT‐TFs in miR‐200 family regulation providing a molecular link to their previous involvement in the generation of EMT process in vivo.
Spline Regression in the Presence of Categorical Predictors
Authors: Ma Shujie , Racine Jeffrey S. , Yang Lijian
Published: September 2014

We consider the problem of estimating a relationship nonparametrically using regression splines when there exist both continuous and categorical predictors. We combine the global properties of regression splines with the local properties of categorical kernel functions to handle the presence of categorical predictors rather than resorting to sample splitting as is typically done to accommodate their presence. The resulting estimator possesses substantially better finite‐sample performance than either its frequency‐based peer or cross‐validated local linear kernel regression or even additive regression splines (when additivity does not hold). Theoretical underpinnings are provided and Monte Carlo simulations are undertaken to assess finite‐sample behavior; and two illustrative applications are provided. An implementation in R is available; see the R package ‘crs’ for details. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Searching for South Asian Intelligence: Psychometry in British India, 1919–1940
Authors: Setlur Shivrang
Published: September 2014

This paper describes the introduction and development of intelligence testing in British India. Between 1919 and 1940 experimenters such as C. Herbert Rice, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, and Venkatrao Vithal Kamat imported a number of intelligence tests, adapting them to suit a variety of South Asian languages and contexts. Charting South Asian psychometry's gradual move from American missionary efforts toward the state, this paper argues that political reforms in the 1920s and 1930s affected how psychometry was “indigenized” in South Asia. Describing how approaches to race and caste shifted across instruments and over time, this paper charts the gradual recession, within South Asian psychometry, of a “race” theory of caste. Describing some of the ways in which this “late colonial” period affected the postcolonial landscape, the paper concludes by suggesting potential lines for further inquiry into the later career of intelligence testing in India and Pakistan.
Renal Replacement Therapy in Infants and Children With Hepatorenal Syndrome Awaiting Liver Transplantation: a Case-Control Study
Authors: Elizabeth Parsons C. , Nelson Raoul , Book Linda S. , Kyle Jensen M.
Published: September 2014

Limited data on short- and long-term outcomes of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in pediatric liver transplantation (LT) patients exist. We evaluated risk factors for RRT in pediatric LT recipients with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and described the outcomes. We performed a single-center, case-control study of LT recipients who required RRT for HRS from 1999 to 2011. Three controls who did not receive RRT were matched with each case on the basis of age, diagnosis, and LT date. We identified 8 recipients among 133 recipients of 152 LT cases [6%, 95% confidence interval = 2%-10%; mean age = 7.7 years, range = 0.5–19.8 years) who required RRT before LT for HRS. Four patients were <1 year old and weighed 5.6 to 6.6 kg. Biliary atresia was the most common LT indication. Cases had higher Model for (Pediatric) End-Stage Liver Disease scores at listing (26 versus 16, P = 0.01) and lower glomerular filtration rates (GFRs; 15 versus 102 mL/minute/1.73 m2, P < 0.001) at RRT initiation or LT. Ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, and infections occurred more commonly among cases: (100% versus 54%, P = 0.03; 100% versus 46%, P = 0.01; and 88% versus 33%, P = 0.01, respectively). Cases also experienced toxic vancomycin troughs more frequently (38% versus 0%, P = 0.01) and received RRT for a median of 21 days (range = 3–355 days). The case mortality rate was 37.5% (3/8 at 1, 26, and 346 days after LT) and 0% for controls. The 4 infants required 0 to 3 dialysis catheter replacements during RRT. Cases and controls had similar median follow-ups [3.2 years (range = 1.5–7.6 years) versus 4.9 years (range = 0.2–11 years), P = 0.29]. After LT, they also had similar GFRs (83 versus 99 mL/minute/1.73 m2 at 1 month, P = 0.19; 80 versus 107 mL/minute/1.73 m2 at 1 year, P > 0.99; and 97 versus 114 mL/minute/1.73 m2 at the most recent follow-up, P = 0.09). The case survival rates were 75% and 63% at 1 month and 1 year, respectively; 4 cases required antihypertensives and diuretics 1 month after LT, but at the last follow-up, only 1 case required antihypertensive therapy, and none required diuretics. In conclusion, pediatric patients with HRS, including infants, benefit from RRT. Although HRS decreases survival, patients with HRS who undergo LT generally recover renal function within 1 month that persists during long-term follow-up. Liver Transpl 20:1468–1474, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
A Review: Natural Fiber Composites Selection in View of Mechanical, Light Weight, and Economic Properties
Authors: Ahmad Furqan , Choi Heung Soap , Park Myung Kyun
Published: September 2014

In this study, the properties and application of natural fiber composites in automobile industries are discussed. Natural fibers are replacing the synthetic fibers in the various parts of automobiles due to their lightweight, low‐cost, and environmental aspects. For centuries, natural fibers have been used for making baskets, clothing, and ropes. Now the trend is changing and natural fibers such as: jute, hemp, flax, and sisal fibers are making their ways especially into the components of automobiles. Comparisons of material indices for beam and panel structures were made to investigate the possibility of using natural fiber composites instead of conventional and non‐conventional materials.
Development of Proteinaceous Plywood Adhesive and Optimization of Its Lap Shear Strength
Authors: Mekonnen Tizazu H. , Mussone Paolo G. , Choi Phillip , Bressler David C.
Published: September 2014

The primary goal of this research was to develop a waste protein based adhesive, and to optimize its lap shear strength under dry and wet conditions using Taguchi method. The feedstock for this work was specified risk material (SRM) that is considered the tissue potentially at risk of containing misfolded prions. SRM was hydrolyzed in accordance with government approved techniques and modified with a resin system to develop a renewable adhesive platform. Eight of the nine formulated adhesives met the minimum dry shear strength requirement of urea formaldehyde type adhesive, and three of the formulations also met the soak shear strength requirement. This work demonstrates a general valorization platform for the utilization of animal waste protein as a renewable adhesive feedstock.
One‐Step In Situ Biosynthesis of Graphene Oxide–Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Authors: Si Hongjuan , Luo Honglin , Xiong Guangyao , Yang Zhiwei , Raman Sudha R. , Guo Ruisong , Wan Yizao
Published: September 2014

Graphene oxide–bacterial cellulose (GO/BC) nanocomposite hydrogels with well‐dispersed GO in the network of BC are successfully developed using a facile one‐step in situ biosynthesis by adding GO suspension into the culture medium of BC. During the biosynthesis process, the crystallinity index of BC decreases and GO is partially reduced. The experimental results indicate that GO nanosheets are uniformly dispersed and well‐bound to the BC matrix and that the 3D porous structure of BC is sustained. This is responsible for efficient load transfer between the GO reinforcement and BC matrix. Compared with the pure BC, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the GO/BC nanocomposite hydrogel containing 0.48 wt% GO are significantly improved by about 38 and 120%, respectively. The GO/BC nanocomposite hydrogels are promising as a new material for tissue engineering scaffolds.

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Elaboration and dielectric property of modified PZT/epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Thuy , Phan Thi Tuyet Mai , Chu Ngoc Chau , Boï Luu Van , Nguyen Xuan Hoan , Martin Isabelle , Carriere Pascal
Published: September 2014

Composites of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 50 nm nanoparticles and epoxy resins have been produced with various PZT contents from 0 to 20 wt%. The morphology and thermal properties of prepared composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The PZT nanoparticles were found to be well dispersed in the epoxy resin matrix. The glass transition temperature (Tg) value of the nanocomposites increases from 164 to 178°C with increasing the PZT weight fraction. The dielectric composites properties dependences were studied via a wide range of frequency from 10 Hz to 100 kHz. The dielectric constant of PZT/epoxy composite was increased from 5.56 to 6.29 (at f = 1 kHz, T = 30°C), respectively to the incorporated PZT amount, and these values are higher than that the dielectric constant of pure cured epoxy resin, ε = 4.86. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:455–461, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Die rätselhafte Kettenfontäne
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Ucke Christian
Published: September 2014

Eine aus einem erhöht stehenden Becher herausgleitende Kugelkette steigt wie eine Fontäne steil nach oben auf, bevor sie zu Boden fällt. Ursache ist die Tatsache, dass die Kette nicht beliebig stark gebogen werden kann. Dazu sind die Verbindungsstücke zwischen den einzelnen Kugeln zu kurz. Diese unscheinbare Eigenschaft hat zur Folge, dass die Kettenglieder beim senkrechten Hochheben, mit dem anderen Ende auf die Unterlage drücken und ihrerseits einen Impuls von der Unterlage erfahren. Sie stoßen sich gewissermaßen selbst ab, steigen nach oben auf, bevor sie einen Bogen formen und zum Boden fallen.