bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern principles for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a focus on bisphosphonates
Authors: Belyaeva I. B. , Mazurov V. I. , Chudinov A. L.
Published: August 2020

The article presents the relevance of the problem of postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) in modern medicine, due to the social and economic consequences of fractures. The pathogenetic mechanisms of its formation are highlighted, indicating that during postmenopausal women amid estrogen deficiency, there is a violation of bone remodeling processes with increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Modern recommendations of the pathogenetic therapy of OP are presented, in which it is noted that the drugs of the first choice are drugs of the bisphosphonate class (BF). The ability of BF to suppress the pathological resorption of bone tissue and stimulate bone formation determines their therapeutic effect in OP. One of the drugs of the BF class is alendronate. In the treatment with alendronate, the processes of resorption by osteoclasts are suppressed and the processes of bone metabolism are restored to the premenopausal level, microarchitectural disturbances and bone loss are prevented. It has been demonstrated that the processes of bone metabolism remain stable during prolonged treatment with alendronate for 10 years, while the accumulation of the drug in the bone does not lead to excessive suppression of bone metabolism, but rather remains at the premenopausal level. The data of international and Russian randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) are presented, which indicate the high effectiveness of alendronate at a dose of 70 mg 1 time / week in the treatment of primary OP in postmenopausal women: it had a positive effect on bone mineral density (BMD), reduced pain and, as a result, reduced the restriction of physical activity of patients. Quite good tolerability of the drug was noted, side effects in the treatment group were comparable to those in the placebo group. An analysis of the action of alenadronate shows that it has an aftereffect within a 12-month period after the end of treatment in relation to the BMD of the spine.
Strategy for the management of osteoarthritis in multimorbid patients: the balance of effectiveness and safety while choosing drug therapy
Authors: Belova K. Yu. , Nazarova A. V.
Published: August 2020

Due to the increase in life expectancy, the number of elderly and senile people with various chronic diseases is growing. One of the most common diseases of the musculoskeletal system is osteoarthritis. According to existing recommendations among all medications the leading place in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis is given to symptomatic slowacting drugs (SYSADOA). Data from numerous studies show that these patients are often multimorbid, and this fact significantly restricts the appointment of many medications. In such cases, the use of drugs from the SYSADOA group becomes the basis of therapy due to their safety. Medications of this group include chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate. They are the main structural components of cartilage and synovial fluid and they are used for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, they reduce the degradation of cartilage, and also exhibit analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, a number of other pleiotropic effects of these drugs have been shown, including a positive effect on muscles in sarcopenia, on reducing the risk of death from several cancers and complications of diabetes mellitus. In recent years, there has also been evidence of the use of the natural egg membrane preparation (NEM), which contains natural glycosaminoglycans and proteins necessary for maintaining the condition of the cartilage and synovial membrane. Studies have shown its anti-inflammatory effect, reducing the intensity of pain and improving functional indicators in patients with osteoarthritis. There was also a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in osteoarthritis for the plant-derived substance harpagophytum, which has therapeutic potential in the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.
Problem of prescribing anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation on the regional level
Authors: Nazarkina M. G. , Stolyarova V. V. , Karpova D. A.
Published: August 2020

Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with heart rhythm disorders accounting for a significant proportion of them. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that poses a risk of thromboembolic complications and is difficult to treat with ongoing preventive anticoagulant therapy. Aim of the study. To analyze the prescription of anticoagulant therapy to patients with AF on the regional level. Methods and results. The study included 72 patients with the nonvalvular form of AF (from 41 to 82 years old) of the Department of Rhythm and Conductivity Abnormalities of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Mordovia RCH № 4 for 2019. Three groups were singled out depending on the AF form: the first one – patients with the constant form (n = 22), the second one (n = 24) – with the persistent form, the third one (n = 24) – with the paroxysmal form. The risk of thromboembolic complications was assessed using the CHA2DS2-VASc scale and hemorrhagic complications using the HAS-BLED scale. All patients had a high risk of thromboembolism (index above 2 points), which reflects multiple risk factors and indicates the need for oral anticoagulants (OAC). According to HAS-BLED scale calculations, the risk of haemorrhagic complications was low in most patients (2 or less points) – there was no significant increase in the risk of bleeding, but careful monitoring is required. Analysis of the results revealed that only 54% of patients took OAC, despite the fact that all patients were shown anticoagulant therapy. When analyzing the cases of patients who did not take anticoagulants, it was found that 23% of patients, despite the doctor’s recommendations, refused to take the drugs, 47% of patients justified the inability to control IHR and 30% were unable to purchase expensive new OAC. Conclusion. Despite the recommendations for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation, only 54% were prescribed oral anticoagulants.
Development of a medical methodology for telemedicine screening of adult health in outpatient settings for population monitoring of chronic noncommunicable diseases
Authors: Seliverstov P. V. , Bakaeva S. R. , Shapovalov V. V.
Published: August 2020

Today, in many countries of the world, there is a steady increase in public spending related to health. One of the promising options for optimizing these costs is the widespread use of telemedicine as a method of remote medical care. It is known that the main contribution to the health of an individual and the population as a whole is made by lifestyle. Effective screening, timely detection of risk factors and diseases at the early stages of their development, medical examinations, universal opening of health centers, prevention offices, health schools – all these measures are aimed at increasing the duration and quality of life of the nation. Despite the availability and relatively low cost of well-known programs for remote screening, it is impossible not to mention their significant disadvantages: the lack of final analytical documents, the coverage of one or more systems, the need for a face-to-face visit to the doctor to calculate risks and determine further patient management tactics. The article proposes a methodology for telemedicine screening of adult health in outpatient settings using a system for analyzing unstructured data for population monitoring of chronic non-communicable diseases. The development is based on risk calculation using the method of “decision rules” as a means of description used in the theory of fuzzy sets. The result of the method developed by the authors is a variant of telemedicine questionnaire screening, which allows determining health risks by specific profiles, forming a final conclusion with recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, further examination, treatment and prevention of chronic diseases. The development can be used in public and private medical institutions. Of particular interest is the possibility of integrating software into medical practice in the current conditions of the pandemic, as well as in the state projects “Lean polyclinic”, “Arctic doctor” and “Zemsky doctor”.
Аpplication of plasma proteins cryoheparinoprecipitation method in the treatment of patients with cryoglobulinemia
Authors: Belinin G. Ju. , Vasiliev V. I. , Efremov E. E. , Gorgidze L. A. , Zozulya N. I. , Moiseeva T. N. , Al-Radi L. S. , Vasiliev S. A.
Published: August 2020

Introduction.The term “cryoglobulinemia” is currently used to identify immunoglobulins in vitro in the blood serum that precipitate at temperatures below 37 °C; in vivo they form immune complexes that can be deposited in small vessels and activate the complement system with the development of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Cryoglobulinemia may develop in various lymphoproliferative, autoimmune and infectious diseases.Aim of study.To develop the technique of plasma proteins cryofraction (selective plasmapheresis with the use of heparin as a stimulant of fibronectin opsonic activity and purified autoplasma to compensate for the removed volume), to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of the developed technique in the treatment of patients with cryoglobulinemia.Materials and methods.159 patients were treated (120 women and 39 men aged 21 to 83 years).Research results.Heparinocryofraction technique is a highly effective method of extracorporeal blood purification, which allows to selectively remove from the patients’ plasma such pathological components as cryoglobulins (up to 100% of the initial content), adhesive proteins (up to 84% of the initial content), fibronectin and immune complexes (up to 7% of the initial content). It is possible to reduce significantly and reliably the level of cryoglobulins, circulating immune complexes, non-specific markers of inflammation, daily proteinuria, as well as to normalize the initially reduced concentration of complement components and hemoglobin in the blood of patients with cryoglobulinemia before and after the procedure of cryofractionation. Purified by the proposed method autoplasma is a solution of albumin and normal immunoglobulins, which allows to use it for plasma substitution during a course of cryofractionation procedures, on average 7 procedures with an interval of 1–2 days.Conclusion.The technique of cryofractionation using heparin and purified autoplasma can and should be widely used in the complex treatment of patients with cryoglobulinemia. Carrying out 6–-7 sessions of plasma cryofractionation allows to remove cryoglobulins from plasma effectively and selectively. Application of purified autoplasma allows to avoid using of blood preparations in plasmapheresis. The proposed method allows to significantly improve the efficiency and tolerance of medication therapy and increase the duration of disease remission.
Experience of joint use of physiotherapeutic treatment and complex bioregulatory medicines in the multidisciplinary clinic practice
Authors: Lurie D. M.
Published: August 2020

Sports injuries of the musculoskeletal system of different localization represent actual problems of modern traumatology and rehabilitation. Despite the large number of proposed methods of therapy, the question of the management of injuries in athletes remains open. The main goal is to identify effective and safe approach to drug and non-pharmacological treatment and rehabilitation of athletes, allowing them to restore damaged structures and functional capabilities of the body to the initial level in a short time, as well as reduce the risk of relapse and repeated injury of athletes of any age. This review of clinical cases demonstrates a modern approach to this problem based on recent breakthroughs in the inflammation resolution. Particular attention is paid to the role of complex bioregulatory medicines Traumeel S and Zeel T in the management of sport injuries. Four clinical cases of patients of different ages and sexes are presented for consideration, two of them had knee injury, one patient presented with acromioclavicular joint injury, and the last one was suffering from achilles tendon rupture. The treatment algorithms based on the complex bioregulatory medicines Traumeel S and Zeel T in different forms (injectables, ointment and tablet) are actively used in multidisciplinary clinic. In these settings patients can receive the necessary therapy according to clinical experience of other colleagues that was published in scientific articles. Abovementioned clinical cases demonstrate that complex bioregulatory medicines and various physiotherapeutic methods may be considered as an effective treatment option in sport injuries.
Progress of non-invasive diagnostic of liver fibrosis: review of modern laboratory methods
Authors: Kulebina E. A. , Surkov A. N.
Published: August 2020

Fibrosis and cirrhosis are traditionally diagnosed by making a biopsy. However, in recent decades, scientists around the world have shown that the accepted “gold standard of diagnosis” – morphological assessment of biopsy – has a number of limitations. The search for non-invasive techniques to diagnose fibrosis has led to the development of many scales using laboratory indices. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques are safer for the patient than liver biopsy. In addition, they can be repeated in a dynamic to assess the condition of the liver over time. Most currently available non-invasive diagnostic techniques are considerably cheaper than the accepted “gold standard”. Their practical use is increasing every year, and in a number of countries the frequency of liver biopsies in viral hepatitis B and C is steadily decreasing due to the development of serum and imaging diagnostic systems. Recent studies show that the assessment of the degree of fibrosis by non-invasive methods is as accurate as a morphological study. In recent years, a number of serum markers have been considered as non-invasive diagnostics of the stages of liver fibrosis, among which the largest number of studies are devoted to hyaluronic acid, type IV collagen, and their combination with various common laboratory tests. The latest non-invasive techniques will make a significant paradigm shift in the evaluation of liver fibrosis in the near future. In this review we have analyzed widely used as well as experimental laboratory techniques used in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis.
Structure of risk factors, comorbid conditions and emotional disorders in patients with myocardial infarction with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Neobutov N. N. , Kolbasnikov S. V.
Published: August 2020

Introduction: the majority of patients with cardiovascular diseases in real medical practice are characterized by a combination of two or more diseases and conditions, that is, comorbidity. This places additional demands on the observation and treatment of this category of patients. Objective: to assess risk factors, the structure of comorbid conditions and the severity of psychoemotional disorders in patients with myocardial infarction with various forms of atrial fibrillation. Materials and methods: 138 patients (63 men, 75 women) who were hospitalized in the cardiology department of the City Clinical Hospital No. 7 GBUZ with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction with atrial fibrillation were examined. Depending on the form of atrial fibrillation, the patients were divided into 2 groups: the 1st consisted of 83 (60,1%) patients with a paroxysmal form, the 2nd group – 55 (39,9%) with a constant form. The examination was carried out in the first three days of hospitalization of patients. Results: in patients with myocardial infarction with a paroxysmal form of atrial fibrillation, the structure of risk factors is dominated by an average degree of nicotine addiction, dangerous alcohol consumption, high salt intake and excess body weight, and with a constant form of atrial fibrillation, a mostly weak and high degree of nicotine addiction, harmful alcohol consumption and obesity. Conclusion: in patients with myocardial infarction with a paroxysmal form of atrial fibrillation, the predominant risk factors are: dangerous alcohol consumption, high salt intake and overweight combined with depressive disorders in the form of subclinical and clinical depression, and with a constant form of atrial fibrillation, a high degree of nicotinic dependence and mild anxiety disorders: subclinically and clinically severe anxiety, which must be taken into account when carrying out preventive, rehabilitation measures and the solution of expert issues.
Rheumatoid arthritis: influence of inflammation and anti-inflammatory therapy on cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Trukhan D. I. , Ivanova D. S. , Belus K. D.
Published: August 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis is a frequent and one of the most severe immuno-inflammatory diseases in humans, which determines the great medical and socio-economic importance of this pathology. One of the priority problems of modern cardiac rheumatology is an increased risk of cardiovascular complications in rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, traditional cardiovascular risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (metabolic syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, smoking and hypodynamia) and a genetic predisposition are expressed. Their specific features also have a certain effect: the “lipid paradox” and the “obesity paradox”. However, chronic inflammation as a key factor in the development of progression of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction plays a leading role in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in rheumatoid arthritis. This review discusses the effect of chronic inflammation and its mediators on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and its independent significance in the development of CVD. Drug therapy (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids, basic anti-inflammatory drugs, genetically engineered biological drugs) of the underlying disease also has a definite effect on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A review of studies on this problem suggests a positive effect of pharmacological intervention in rheumatoid arthritis on cardiovascular risk factors, their reduction to a level comparable to the populations of patients not suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The interaction of rheumatologists, cardiologists and first-contact doctors (therapist and general practitioner) in studying the mechanisms of the development of atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis will allow in real clinical practice to develop adequate methods for the timely diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Myofascial pain syndrome: risk factors, diagnosis and local therapy
Authors: Tsurko V. V. , Samokhina E. O. , Malysheva N. V.
Published: August 2020

One of the main reasons for seeking medical help is myofascial syndrome (MFS), which is manifested by local inflammation with elements of degenerative changes in the affected tissue, pain and muscle spasm due to dysfunctional disorders in the nociceptive system and a decrease in the quality of life. This review discusses etiopathogenesis in detail, taking into account the factors predisposing to the development of MFS, which are divided into anatomical, ergonomic, medical and psychosocial, and also provides diagnostic criteria for pain MFS, including 5 large and 3 small criteria necessary for diagnosis. The second part of the review examines the indications, efficacy, safety, and benefits of topical forms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which have a moderate effect on pain, but have a much better safety profile due to reduced systemic absorption. The use of topical drugs allows you to create an effective concentration of the drug directly in the lesion and avoid undesirable systemic effects. Experts strongly recommend prescribing primarily topical, rather than oral, NSAIDs to patients aged 65 years and older who have concomitant cardiovascular and renal pathology, as well as diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In more detail, the review examines topical forms of diclofenac, which differ in the maximum degree of transdermal penetration compared to other NSAIDs and the effect of slow release of the active substance into the surrounding tissues.
The modern concept of neuroprotective therapy in the acute period of ischemic stroke
Authors: Kulesh A. A.
Published: August 2020

In recent years, significant successes have been achieved in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Given the trend towards an increase in the proportion of patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis and / or mechanical thrombectomy, the question justifies: is there place for neuroprotective therapy (NT) in the era of active introduction of reperfusion treatment? The review discusses the main mechanisms of brain damage in ischemia / reperfusion and the leading neuroprotective strategies studied in clinical trials. Neuroprotective approaches to suppress excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress are presented. The clinical efficacy of magnesium sulfate, uric acid, and edaravone is discussed. Non-pharmacological methods of neuroprotection have been characterized, including remote ischemic conditioning, therapeutic hypothermia and neurostimulation. NT in a situation of impossibility of cerebral reperfusion is discussed. The results of randomized clinical trials and meta-analyzes on citicoline (ceraxon) are analyzed. A clinical case is presented illustrating the management of a patient for whom reperfusion therapy was not feasible due to the course of the disease. In the era of the active development of reperfusion methods for the treatment of ischemic stroke, the goal-setting of NT has changed: it is intended to expand the possibilities of application and increase the effectiveness of intravenous thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectome, as well as neutralize their negative reperfusion effects. The main targets for NT remain excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress. On the other hand, the real clinical situation associated with the low frequency of reperfusion technology in our country necessitates the use of neuroprotectors effective in this category of patients. In this regard, the administration of ceraxon increases the chances of achieving functional independence. The most effective use of the drug from the first day of the disease at a dose of 2000 mg per day intravenously for at least 4-6 weeks with further long-term oral administration at a dose of 1000 mg per day.
The use of the ultrasound for otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases (literature review)
Authors: Trukhin D. V. , Kim I. A. , Nosulya E. V. , Zubareva E. A. , Garashchenko T. I.
Published: August 2020

Despite the fact that otorhinolaryngologists are already very busy finding a solution to the problem of chronic tonsillitis, it remains unresolved. The prevalence of chronic tonsillitis does not decrease, but rather increases. Diseases of the tonsils are characteristic primarily of the child and adult working population. Chronic tonsillitis attracts attention not only as an independent disease, but as a cause of frequent local and especially systemic complications, which number more than 100. All these facts speak about the unresolved and urgency of the problem of chronic tonsil disease. In the diagnosis of neck diseases, one of the most common methods is ultrasound. It has a number of significant advantages over other methods, such as high sensitivity and specificity, the ability to detect minor changes in the organs, non-invasiveness of the study, painlessness, accessibility, and the absence of ionizing radiation. The aim of the literature review is to identify, analyze, and systematize literature data on the application of the ultrasonic research method in neck organ pathology. Ultrasound diagnostics in the neck is widely used and is actively studied in acute inflammatory-purulent pathology (paratonsillar abscesses, phlegmon), in the pathology of the larynx and trachea, salivary and thyroid glands, as well as in the metastasis of malignant neoplasms to the lymph nodes. There are several methods for diagnosing lymph nodes, such as: puncture and excision biopsy, lymphography, scintigraphy, thermography and ultrasound ultrasound. Despite such a variety of diagnostic methods, ultrasound is the method of choice for imaging cervical lymph nodes. One of the most modern methods in ultrasound diagnostics is elastography. This method is most informative in cases when changes in tissues are small in size and cannot be detected using standard ultrasound modes.
Effects of dust phenomenon on heavy metals in raw milk in western Iran
Authors: Karimi Elahe , Yari Monireh , Ghaneialvar Hori , Kazemi Hamid Reza , Asadzadeh Reza , Aidy Ali , Abbasi Naser
Published: August 2020

Introduction. After the Iraq war, the dust phenomenon has increased in western Iran. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of the dust phenomenon on the content of heavy metals in raw milk in Ilam province.

Study objects and methods. The dust samples were collected during one year. The concentrations of dust particles were determined with the Enviro Check Laser System, using the Dust Monitor Check. The concentration of heavy metals in dust was determined by using the high volume air samplers and glass fiber filters.

Results and discussion. Heavy metals (lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, and iron) were measured at four sampling sites in raw milk by the atomic absorption method. The mean and standard deviations of dust particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were 105.6 ± 90.5 and 25.9 ± 15.4 μg/m3, respectively. The amounts of arsenic, zinc, lead, and copper were higher in the spring and summer. Lead levels in western and southern regions were higher than those in the east, center, and north.

Conclusion. We found similar trends for arsenic, zinc, copper, and iron in raw milk. Our results showed the potential effect of the dust phenomenon on the presence of heavy metals in raw milk.
Conventional and zero liquid discharge treatment plants for textile wastewater through the lens of carbon footprint analysis
Authors: Mohan S. , Oke Ninad , Gokul D.
Published: August 2020

Effluent treatment plants act as the last line of defense against the discharge of pollutants from industrial effluents. The higher resource consumption, variety of dyes, and auxiliary chemicals used for textile manufacturing classify it as a highly polluting industry. Standards for color, organics, and dissolved solids are becoming more stringent with time, and local regulators are forced to insist on the establishment of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) units. However, the application of the ZLD concept has the major limitation of high energy consumption when compared with the conventional wastewater treatment plant. The application of carbon footprint analysis to both units would provide a comprehensive solution to the carbon footprint computation and bring out the advantages of the ZLD. The carbon footprint of a typical ZLD treatment facility in south India was found to be 10,598 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year (tCO2eq/year), which is only one-third more than that of a conventional treatment plant. The carbon footprint of a given ZLD treatment facility can effectively be used as a performance indicator to limit the overall energy consumption.
Dual-targeting Approach on Histamine H3 and Sigma-1 Receptor Ligands as Promising Pharmacological Tools in the Treatment of CNS-linked Disorders
Authors: Szczepańska Katarzyna , Kuder Kamil J. , Kieć-Kononowicz Katarzyna
Published: August 2020

With the recent market approval of Pitolisant (Wakix®), the interest in clinical application
for novel multifunctional histamine H3 receptor antagonists has clearly increased.
Several combinations of different H3R pharmacophores with pharmacophoric elements of
other G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, or enzymes have been synthesized by numerous
pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions. Since central nervous system disorders
are characterized by diverse physiological dysfunctions and deregulations of a complex
network of signaling pathways, optimal multipotent drugs should simultaneously and peculiarly
modulate selected groups of biological targets. Interestingly, very recent studies have
shown that some clinically evaluated histamine H3 receptor antagonists possess a nanomolar
affinity for sigma-1 receptor binding sites, suggesting that this property might play a role in
their overall efficacy. The sigma-1 receptor, unusual and yet obscure protein, is supposed to
be involved in numerous CNS pathologies through neuroprotection and neuroplasticity. These
two different biological structures, histamine H3 and sigma-1 receptors, combined, can represent
a potential fruitful target for therapeutic developments in tackling numerous human diseases.
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG): Breakthrough and Clinical Perspective
Authors: Perrone Maria Grazia , Ruggiero Antonio , Centonze Antonella , Carrieri Antonio , Ferorelli Savina , Scilimati Antonio
Published: August 2020

:

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) mainly affects children with a median age
of 6-7 years old. It accounts for 10% of all pediatric tumors. Unfortunately, DIPG has a poor
prognosis, and the median survival is generally less than 16-24 months independently from
the treatment received. Up to now, children with DIPG are treated with focal radiotherapy
alone or in combination with antitumor agents.

:

In the last decade, ONC201 known as dopamine receptor antagonist was uncovered, by a high
throughput screening of public libraries of compounds, to be endowed with cytotoxic activity
against several cancer cell lines. Efforts were made to identify the real ONC201 target, responsible
for its antiproliferative effect. The hypothesized targets were the Tumor necrosis
factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand stimulation (TRAIL), two oncogenic kinases
(ERK/AKT system) that target the same tumor-suppressor gene (FOXO3a), dopamine receptors
(DRD2 and DRD3 subtypes) and finally the mitochondrial Caseynolitic Protease P
(ClpP). ONC201 structure-activity relationship is extensively discussed in this review, together
with other two classes of compounds, namely ADEPs and D9, already known for their
antibiotic activity but noteworthy to be discussed and studied as potential “leads” for the development
of new drugs to be used in the treatment of DIPG.

:

In this review, a detailed and critical description of ONC201, ADEPs, and D9 pro-apoptotic
activity is made, with particular attention to the specific interactions established with its targets
that also are intimately described. Pubmed published patents and clinical trial reports of
the last ten years were used as the bibliographic source.
Role of Opioidergic System in Regulating Depression Pathophysiology
Authors: Anderson George , Maes Michael
Published: August 2020

Background:

There is a clear clinical need for a better understanding of the biological underpinnings
of major depressive disorder (MDD), allowing for the development of a treatment that is targeted to pathophysiology.
Recent data indicate a role for the endogenous opioidergic system in MDD. This article reviews the roles
and physiological interactions of the endogenous opioidergic system in the pathophysiology and heterogeneity of
MDD.

Methods:

Articles on the pathophysiology of MDD, as well as on the endogenous opioidergic system and mitochondrial
function, form the basis of this review article.

Results:

The endogenous opioidergic system is intimately linked to wider MDD pathophysiology, including
alterations in the gut microbiome, gut permeability, circadian rhythm, amygdala-prefrontal cortex interactions,
and mitochondrial function. A decrease in the μ-/κ-opioid receptor ratio is an important mediator of the changes
in mood in MDD, with effects not only on neurons, but also on glia and immune cells.

Conclusion:

The endogenous opioidergic system is intimately interwoven with MDD pathophysiology and provides
a relevant target for novel treatment development, as well as providing a focus for the integration of wider
MDD pathophysiology.
CDKN2B-AS1: An Indispensable Long Non-coding RNA in Multiple Diseases
Authors: Song Chaoying , Qi Yuying , Zhang Jiali , Guo Chong , Yuan Chengfu
Published: August 2020

Background:

In view of the roles of long non-coding RNA CDKN2B antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2BAS1)
in various human diseases, we investigated the function of CDKN2B-AS1 and explored its therapeutic and
prognostic target value in multiple biological processes. The aim of this review was to explore the molecular
mechanism and clinical significance of CDKN2B-AS1 in various types of diseases.

Materials and Methods:

In this review, the biological functions and mechanisms of lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 in a
variety of pathophysiological processes were summarized and analyzed. The correlated studies were collected via
a systematic search of PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and ScienceDirect.

Results:

CDKN2B-AS1 is a potential long non-coding RNA that has been shown to be aberrantly expressed in
various malignancies, containing hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, esophageal
squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, colonic adenocarcinoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer,
glioma, lung cancer, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma, involving in the processes of tumor
cells proliferation, migration, invasion and inhibition of tumor cells apoptosis. Besides, CDKN2B-AS1 has been
proved implicated in numerous non-malignant diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, endometriosis,
inflammatory bowel disease, intracranial aneurysm, diabetes mellitus and its complications, primary open angle
glaucoma, ischemic stroke, atherosclerosis, coronary artery diseases, hypertension and heart failure, participating
in the procession of lipid, carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation regulation.

Conclusions:

Long non-coding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 likely serves as a promising therapeutic target or prognosis
biomarker in multiple human diseases.
Dimroth´s Rearrangement as a Synthetic Strategy Towards New Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Ferreira Vitor F. , de B. da Silva Thais , Pauli Fernanda P. , Ferreira Patricia G. , da S. M. Forezi Luana , de S. Lima Carolina G. , de C. da Silva Fernando
Published: August 2020

Molecular rearrangements are important tools to increase the molecular diversity
of new bioactive compounds, especially in the class of heterocycles. This review deals
specifically with a very famous and widely applicable rearrangement known as the Dimroth
Rearrangement. Although it has originally been observed for 1,2,3-triazoles, its amplitude
was greatly expanded to other heterocycles, as well as from laboratory to large
scale production of drugs and intermediates. The reactions that were discussed in this review
were selected with the aim of demonstrating the windows that may be open by the
Dimroth's rearrangement, especially in what regards the development of new synthetic approaches
toward biologically active compounds.
Discovery of Potent SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors from Approved Antiviral Drugs via Docking and Virtual Screening
Authors: Chtita Samir , Belhassan Assia , Aouidate Adnane , Belaidi Salah , Bouachrine Mohammed , Lakhlifi Tahar
Published: August 2020

Background:

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to threaten patients, societies and healthcare systems around the world. There is an urgent need to search for possible medications.

Objective:

This article intends to use virtual screening and molecular docking methods to find potential inhibitors from existing drugs that can respond to COVID-19.

Methods:

To take part in the current research investigation and to define a potential target drug that may protect the world from the pandemic of corona disease, a virtual screening study of 129 approved drugs was carried out which showed that their metabolic characteristics, dosages used, potential efficacy and side effects are clear as they have been approved for treating existing infections. Especially 12 drugs against chronic hepatitis B virus, 37 against chronic hepatitis C virus, 37 against human immunodeficiency virus, 14 anti-herpesvirus, 11 anti-influenza, and 18 other drugs currently on the market were considered for this study. These drugs were then evaluated using virtual screening and molecular docking studies on the active site of the (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (6lu7). Once the efficacy of the drug is determined, it can be approved for its in vitro and in vivo activity against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can be beneficial for the rapid clinical treatment of patients.

:

These drugs were considered potentially effective against SARS-CoV-2 and those with high molecular docking scores were proposed as novel candidates for repurposing. The N3 inhibitor cocrystallized with protease (6lu7) and the anti-HIV protease inhibitor Lopinavir were used as standards for comparison.

Results:

The results suggest the effectiveness of Beclabuvir, Nilotinib, Tirilazad, Trametinib and Glecaprevir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its main protease.

Conclusion:

These promising drugs can inhibit the replication of the virus; hence, the repurposing of these compounds is suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. No toxicity measurements are required for these drugs since they were previously tested prior to their approval by the FDA. However, the assessment of these potential inhibitors as clinical drugs requires further in vivo tests of these drugs.
Three-Decade Failure to the Eradication of Refractory Helicobacter pylori Infection and Recent Efforts to Eradicate the Infection
Authors: Moghadam Majid T. , Chegini Zahra , Norouzi Amin , Dousari Amin S. , Shariati Aref
Published: August 2020

Background:

Helicobacter pylori causes dangerous and deadly diseases such as gastric cancer and duodenal ulcers. Eradication and treatment of this bacterium are very important due to the deadly diseases caused by H. pylori and the high cost of treatment for countries.

Results:

Many efforts have been made to control and eradicate this bacterium over the years, but no success has been achieved since its eradication is a complex process affected by the bacterial properties and host factors. Previous studies have shown that various factors are involved in the failure to eradicate H. pylori, such as new genotypes of the bacterium with higher pathogenicity, inappropriate patient cooperation, mutations, biofilm formation and dormant forms that cause antibiotic resistance, acidic stomach pH, high bacterial load, smoking, immunosuppressive features and intracellular occurrence of H. pylori. On the other hand, recent studies reported that the use of probiotics, nanoparticles, antimicrobial peptides, natural product and vaccines can be helpful in the treatment and eradication of H. pylori infections.

Methods:

Thus, we present a complete list of the most important causes of failure in the treatment and eradication of H. pylori, and address new therapeutic methods that may be effective in controlling this bacterium in the future.

Conclusion:

Eradication of H. pylori is crucial for the treatment of important diseases such as gastric cancer. Therefore, it seems that identifying the failure causes of treating this bacterium can be helpful in controlling the infections. Besides, further studies on new therapeutic strategies may help eradicate H. pylori in the future.
The Plausible Role of Indian Traditional Medicine in Combating Corona Virus (SARS-CoV 2): A Mini-Review
Authors: Adithya J. , Nair Bhagyalakshmi , Aishwarya T.S. , Nath Lekshmi R.
Published: August 2020

SARS-CoV 2 is a novel virus strain of Coronavirus, reported in China in late December
2019. Its highly contagious nature in humans has prompted WHO to designate the ongoing pandemic
as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. At this moment, there is no specific treatment
and the therapeutic strategies to deal with the infection are only supportive, with prevention aimed at
reducing community transmission. A permanent solution for the pandemic, which has brought the
world economy to the edge of collapse, is the need of the hour. This situation has brought intense research
in traditional systems of medicine. Indian Traditional System, Ayurveda, has a clear concept of
the cause and treatment of pandemics. Through this review, information on the potential antiviral traditional
medicines along with their immunomodulatory pathways are discussed. We have covered the
seven most important Indian traditional plants with antiviral properties: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
(family: Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (family: Menispermaceae), Phyllanthus
emblica L. (family: Euphorbiaceae), Asparagus racemosus L. (family: Liliaceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra
L. (family: Fabaceae), Ocimum sanctum L. (family: Lamiaceae) and Azadirachta indica A. Juss (family:
Meliaceae) in this review. An attempt is also made to bring into limelight the importance of dietary polyphenol,
Quercetin, which is a potential drug candidate in the making against the SARS-CoV2 virus.
Vaginitis: Review on Drug Resistance
Authors: Rigo Graziela Vargas , Tasca Tiana
Published: August 2020

Female genital tract infections have a high incidence among different age groups and represent
an important impact on public health. Among them, vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva
and/or vagina due to the presence of pathogens that cause trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal
candidiasis. Several discomforts are associated with these infections, as well as pregnancy
complications and the facilitation of HIV transmission and acquisition. The increasing resistance of
microorganisms to drugs used in therapy is remarkable, since women report the recurrence of these
infections and associated comorbidities. Different resistant mechanisms already described for the
drugs used in the therapy against Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp., and Gardnerella vaginalis, as
well as aspects related to pathogenesis and treatment, are discussed in this review. This study aims to
contribute to drug design, avoiding therapy ineffectiveness due to drug resistance. Effective alternative
therapies to treat vaginitis will reduce the recurrence of infections and, consequently, the high costs
generated in the health system, improving women’s well-being.
Diversified Synthetic Pathway of 1, 4-Dihydropyridines: A Class of Pharmacologically Important Molecules
Authors: Khot Shubham , Auti Pratibha B. , Khedkar Samrat A.
Published: August 2020

The current review discusses the different synthetic pathways for one of the most important
and interesting heterocyclic ring systems, 1,4-dihydropyridine. This cyclic system depicts diverse
pharmacological action on several receptors, channels, and enzymes. Dihydropyridine moiety plays an
important role in several calcium-channel blockers. Moreover, it has been exploited for the treatment
of a variety of cardiovascular diseases due to its potential antihypertensive, anti-angina, vasodilator,
and cardiac depressant activities. Furthermore, it also shows antibacterial, anticancer, anti-leishmanial,
anticoagulant, anticonvulsant, anti-tubercular, antioxidant, antiulcer, and neuroprotective properties.
Several reports have demonstrated dihydropyridine derivatives as a potentiator of cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator protein, potent antimalarial agent and HIV-1 protease inhibitor.
Herein, we have briefly reviewed different novel chemistry and the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine.
Recent Developments in Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Loaded by Phytochemicals for Wound Healing
Authors: Mirrezaei Neda , Yazdian-Robati Rezvan , Oroojalian Fatemeh , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Hashemi Maryam
Published: August 2020

Wound healing is a multi-stage process during which a cascade of molecular and cellular events collaborate to restore the damaged tissue to its healthy state. The inability of the available therapies to effectively heal the wounds has imposed major problems on healthcare systems. Therefore, developing novel therapeutic modalities capable of enhancing wound healing process with no/or limited scar formation is of more importance. Different studies have investigated the potential of phytochemicals on the wound healing process. They have shown to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities as well as promoting collagen synthesis and deposition, leading to enhancing wound healing. Nanotechnology, as an applicable knowledge, has provided versatile means to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of wound treatment. The application of nanoparticles has conferred various advantages in the field of wound treatment. They protect the therapeutics from degradation, release the cargo in a controlled fashion, possess healing properties, and can act as extracellular matrix (ECM) mimic. In this review, we discuss the naturally-occurring compounds with wound healing properties and their nano-formulation for skin wound therapy.
Phytochemical Profiles and their Anti-inflammatory Responses Against Influenza from Traditional Chinese Medicine or Herbs
Authors: Ti Huihui
Published: August 2020

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or herbs are widely used in the prevention and treatment
of viral infectious diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of TCMs remain largely obscure
due to complicated material basis and multi-target therapeutics. TCMs have been reported to display
anti-influenza activity associated with immunoregulatory mechanisms by enhancing host antiinfluenza
immune responses. Previous studies have helped us understand the direct harm caused by the
virus itself. In this review, we have tried to summarize recent progress in TCM-based anti-influenza
research on the indirect harmful immune responses caused by influenza viruses. In particular, the phytochemicals
from TCMs responsible for molecular mechanisms of action belonging to different classes,
including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids and polysaccharides, have been identified
and demonstrated. In addition, this review focuses on the pharmacological mechanism, e.g., inflammatory
responses and the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway, which can provide a theoretical basis
and approaches for TCM based anti-influenza treatment.
The Chemistry of Antibiofilm Phytocompounds
Authors: Lahiri Dibyajit , Nag Moupriya , Garai Sayantani , Ray Rina Rani
Published: August 2020

Phytocompounds are long known for their therapeutic uses due to their competence as antimicrobial
agents. The antimicrobial activity of these bioactive compounds manifests their ability as an
antibiofilm agent and is thereby proved to be competent to treat the widespread biofilm-associated
chronic infections. The rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has made the treatment of
these infections almost impossible by conventional antibiotic therapy, which forced a switch-over to
the use of phytocompounds. The present overview deals with the classification of a huge array of phytocompounds
according to their chemical nature, detection of their target pathogen, and elucidation of
their mode of action.