bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How do occupational norms shape mothers’ career and caring options?
Authors: Carney Tanya , Junor Anne
Published: August 2014

Occupationally-differentiated patterns of paid work arrangements help shape the extent to which mothers of children under the age of 16 have access to both career and caring security (stable paid jobs with career prospects that also guarantee the ongoing capacity to provide and arrange high-quality care for children). Five sets of conditions critical to mothers’ work and caring security are: contracts providing two-way mobility between full-time and part-time work; actual hours worked; work scheduling; work location; and contractual security. Occupations can be clustered into ‘shapes’, based on the relative mother-friendliness of different ways in which they combine these conditions. Some shapes provide both employment security and caring security; others involve types of ‘flexibility focusing a trade-off between the two types of security. Data for 64 occupations, taken from early waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) Survey, were used to identify statistical norms for key aspects of each employment condition, and also the strength of these norms – that is, how flexible they were, for better or worse. These occupational norms and strengths were assumed to reflect regulatory standards or commonly accepted organisational practices. The 64 occupations could be grouped into five shapes that were associated with different concentrations of mothers. Occupational ‘shapes’ may thus act as barriers or enablers to mothers’ labour market transitions. They may tend to exclude mothers by denying caring security; allow employment maintenance based on a trade between caring and career security; or enable full occupational integration by providing both forms of security. The concept of shapes aids theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of occupational segregation and labour market segmentation, and may aid the targeting of regulatory interventions to improve mothers’ access to both career and caring security.
The Role of Leader Support in Facilitating Proactive Work Behavior
Authors: Wu Chia-Huei , Parker Sharon K.
Published: August 2014

Researchers have proposed that leader support helps employees behave proactively at work. Leader support can facilitate the opportunities for employees to bring about change, as well as their motivation to do so. Nevertheless, empirical studies have shown mixed effects of leader support on employees’ proactive behavior. In this study, to reconcile the inconsistent findings on the impact of leader support on employees’ proactive behavior, the authors consider the content, mediating mechanisms, and boundary conditions of leader support in shaping employees’ proactive behavior. On the basis of attachment theory, the authors propose that secure-base support from leaders (support in the form of leader availability, encouragement, and noninterference) positively predicts employees’ proactive work behavior by increasing their role breadth self-efficacy and autonomous motivation. These hypotheses are supported in an online-survey sample from U.S. participants (N = 138) and a sample from a large gas and oil company in China (N = 212). The authors further propose that the beneficial effects of secure-base support from leaders are more prominent for individuals with lower attachment security. This hypothesis was also supported: Individuals high in attachment anxiety especially benefited from leader secure-base support in terms of its effect on role breadth self-efficacy; whereas those who are high in attachment avoidance especially benefited from leader secure-base support in terms of its effect on autonomous motivation. Our study helps explain how leaders’ support motivates employees’ proactive behavior, particularly for those individuals who have lower attachment security.
Territorial Trap
Authors: Milutinovic Zoran
Published: August 2014

Most attempts to integrate “small,” or “minor,” or “third-world” literatures into a larger whole tend to be inadequate, deductive, and reductionist. Small literatures and their writers may crave recognition and attention, but they are not exactly helped if approached with a set of newly created stereotypes and dubious generalizations, which equate them with the geopolitical situation of their respective nations. This article focuses on Casanova’s The World Republic of Letters as an instance of this attitude towards small literatures. The article uses the example of Danilo Kiš, who figures prominently in Casanova’s book, and argues that his position within his native literary space and the place occupied by this space within world literature are misrepresented in The World Republic of Letters. This misrepresentation is not accidental: It necessarily follows from Casanova’s double mapping of this space, which is strongly influenced by geopolitical imagination and popular cultural geography. As long as the international literary space is imagined as overlapping with the space of great consecrating nations, comprising both their national as well as international writers, with the addition of international writers from the periphery “annexed” to them, the world literary map will only reproduce the (geo)political map of the world. The task of constructing a conceptual framework that will do justice to small or third-world literatures and their writers cannot be achieved so long as it is influenced by geopolitical imagination and popular cultural geography, and divides the world literature into the “first-world” and the rest.
Translating space in narrative fiction: Patrick Chamoiseau’s Martinique seen from a Dutch and English perspective
Authors: De Bleeker Liesbeth
Published: August 2014

This article analyzes what happens to the space of a narrative when it is translated. Its main goal is to demonstrate how we can deepen our understanding of space by seeing it through the twin lenses of narratology and comparative translation analysis. I will refer to the fictional universe created by the French Caribbean author Patrick Chamoiseau to illustrate this point. In particular, examples will be taken from Chronique des sept misères (2002 [1986]), from Texaco (2003 [1992]), and from the English and Dutch translations of these novels.

After an introductory first section, the article sets out the narratological framework used in the analysis, based on a three-layered approach to space: the space constructed by the reader, its textual rendering, and the discursive space of the text itself. Adopting the same threefold structure, the third section offers an analysis of Chamoiseau’s texts, through a comparison of original and translated texts. In Section 4, the results of the analysis will be confronted with Chamoiseau’s own view on translation.

The analysis shows how space is not only created by narratological and stylistic procedures, but also on the level of discourse, in the space the text creates for itself to speak from, which Maingueneau (1993: 123) has termed ‘scenography’. It also demonstrates how insights gained from translation studies can help narratologists to become aware of this interaction, and how a thorough narratological analysis that takes into account constructed space, its textual manifestation, and the space of enunciation, may help translation scholars better evaluate the impact of the translator’s choices.
Pre-Service Teachers’ Perception of Age Through a Developmental Lens
Authors: J-F  , Swabey K. , Pullen D.
Published: August 2014

The present study examined the perception of aging among a cohort of pre-service teachers undertaking an undergraduate degree in primary school education. Using a self-reported questionnaire adapted from the work of Rubin and Berntsen, 331 undergraduate students were asked a series of questions relating to their perceptions of aging. It was concluded that younger pre-service teachers held a more positive perception of aging than older pre-service teachers. Younger pre-service teachers seemed to display a greater level of optimism toward future life experiences, eager to explore their world and make new relationships, than were older aged students.
Human Resource Outsourcing Success
Authors: Abdul-Halim Hasliza , Ee Elaine , Ramayah T. , Ahmad Noor Hazlina
Published: August 2014

The existing literature on partnership seems to take the relationship between partnership quality and outsourcing success for granted. Therefore, this article aims at examining the role of service quality in strengthening the relationship between partnership quality and human resource (HR) outsourcing success. The samples were obtained from 96 manufacturing organizations in Penang, Malaysia. The results showed that partnership quality variables such as trust, business understanding, and communication have significant positive impact on HR outsourcing success, whereas in general, service quality was found to partially moderate these relationships. Therefore, comprehending the HR outsourcing relationship in the context of service quality may assist the organizations to accomplish HR outsourcing success by identifying areas of expected benefits and improvements.
RUNX1 positively regulates a cell adhesion and migration program in murine hemogenic endothelium prior to blood emergence
Authors: Lie-A-Ling Michael , Marinopoulou Elli , Li Yaoyong , Patel Rahima , Stefanska Monika , Bonifer Constanze , Miller Crispin , Kouskoff Valerie , Lacaud Georges
Published: August 2014

Key Points

Generated the first comprehensive RUNX1b-specific transcriptome and binding profile in HE. RUNX1b induces a cell adhesion and migration program prior to the downregulation of endothelial genes and the emergence of blood cells.
Mechanisms and etiologies of thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit: impact of extensive investigations
Authors: Antier Nadiejda , Quenot Jean-Pierre , Doise Jean-Marc , Noel Robin , Demaistre Emmanuel , Devilliers Hervé
Published: August 2014

Background

Thrombocytopenia is common in the intensive care unit. Potential mechanisms and etiologies behind this phenomenon are multiple and often entangled. We assessed the effect of a systematic approach, using routinely available tests, on the proportion of patients in whom the mechanism (primary objective) and etiology (secondary objective) of thrombocytopenia in a mixed intensive care unit (ICU) could be identified.

Methods

Before-and-after study of all patients with thrombocytopenia was used. ‘Before’ group had no intervention. New standard operating procedures for thrombocytopenia management were introduced. In the ‘After’ group, bone marrow aspiration; determination of fibrinogen dosage, prothrombin time, factor V, D-dimers; assay of fibrin monomers, ferritin, triglycerides, lactic acid dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, vitamin B12, folates, reticulocytes, haptoglobin, and bilirubin were performed.

Results

In the Before group (n = 20), the mechanism (central, peripheral, or mixed) was identified in 10 % versus 83% in After group (n = 23) (p < 0.001) (48% peripheral, 35% mixed). Before intervention, ≥1 etiology was identified in 15% versus 95.7% in the After group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Systematic and extensive investigation using routine tests highlights the mechanisms and etiology of thrombocytopenia in most cases.
How safe is curettage of low-grade cartilaginous neoplasms diagnosed by imaging with or without pre-operative needle biopsy?
Authors: Brown M. T. , Gikas P. D. , Bhamra J. S. , Skinner J. A. , Aston W. J. S. , Pollock R. C. , Saifuddin A. , Briggs T. W. R.
Published: August 2014

The pre-operative differentiation between enchondroma, low-grade chondrosarcoma and high-grade chondrosarcoma remains a diagnostic challenge. We reviewed the accuracy and safety of the radiological grading of cartilaginous tumours through the assessment of, first, pre-operative radiological and post-operative histological agreement, and second the rate of recurrence in lesions confirmed as high-grade on histology. We performed a retrospective review of major long bone cartilaginous tumours managed by curettage as low grade between 2001 and 2012. A total of 53 patients with a mean age of 47.6 years (8 to 71) were included. There were 23 men and 30 women. The tumours involved the femur (n = 20), humerus (n = 18), tibia (n = 9), fibula (n = 3), radius (n = 2) and ulna (n = 1). Pre-operative diagnoses resulted from multidisciplinary consensus following radiological review alone for 35 tumours, or with the addition of pre-operative image guided needle biopsy for 18. The histologically confirmed diagnosis was enchondroma for two (3.7%), low-grade chondrosarcoma for 49 (92.6%) and high-grade chondrosarcoma for two (3.7%). Three patients with a low-grade tumour developed a local recurrence at a mean of 15 months (12 to 17) post-operatively. A single high-grade recurrence (grade II) was treated with tibial diaphyseal replacement. The overall recurrence rate was 7.5% at a mean follow-up of 4.7 years (1.2 to 12.3). Cartilaginous tumours identified as low-grade on pre-operative imaging with or without additional image-guided needle biopsy can safely be managed as low-grade without pre-operative histological diagnosis. A few tumours may demonstrate high-grade features histologically, but the rates of recurrence are not affected.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1098–105.
Compression stockings in the management of fractures of the ankle
Authors: Sultan M. J. , Zhing T. , Morris J. , Kurdy N. , McCollum C. N.
Published: August 2014

In this randomised controlled trial, we evaluated the role of elastic compression using ankle injury stockings (AIS) in the management of fractures of the ankle. A total of 90 patients with a mean age of 47 years (16 to 79) were treated within 72 hours of presentation with a fracture of the ankle, 31 of whom were treated operatively and 59 conservatively, were randomised to be treated either with compression by AIS plus an Aircast boot or Tubigrip plus an Aircast boot. Male to female ratio was 36:54. The primary outcome measure was the functional Olerud–Molander ankle score (OMAS). The secondary outcome measures were; the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score (AOFAS); the Short Form (SF)-12v2 Quality of Life score; and the frequency of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Compression using AIS reduced swelling of the ankle at all time points and improved the mean OMAS score at six months to 98 (95% confidence interval (CI) 96 to 99) compared with a mean of 67 (95% CI 62 to 73) for the Tubigrip group (p < 0.001). The mean AOFAS and SF-12v2 scores at six months were also significantly improved by compression. Of 86 patients with duplex imaging at four weeks, five (12%) of 43 in the AIS group and ten (23%) of 43 in the Tubigrip group developed a DVT (p = 0.26).

Compression improved functional outcome and quality of life following fracture of the ankle. DVTs were frequent, but a larger study would be needed to confirm that compression with AISs reduces the incidence of DVT.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1062–9.
The clinical and radiological evaluation of the use of an allograft–prosthesis composite in the treatment of proximal femoral giant cell tumours
Authors: Malhotra R. , Kiran Kumar G. N. , K. Digge V. , Kumar V.
Published: August 2014

Giant cell tumour is the most common aggressive benign tumour of the musculoskeletal system and has a high rate of local recurrence. When it occurs in proximity to the hip, reconstruction of the joint is a challenge. Options for reconstruction after wide resection include the use of a megaprosthesis or an allograft-prosthesis composite. We performed a clinical and radiological study to evaluate the functional results of a proximal femoral allograft-prosthesis composite in the treatment of proximal femoral giant cell tumour after wide resection. This was an observational study, between 2006 and 2012, of 18 patients with a mean age of 32 years (28 to 42) and a mean follow-up of 54 months (18 to 79). We achieved excellent outcomes using Harris Hip Score in 13 patients and a good outcome in five. All allografts united. There were no complications such as infection, failure, fracture or resorption of the graft, or recurrent tumour. Resection and reconstruction of giant cell tumours with proximal femoral allograft–prosthesis composite is a better option than using a prosthesis considering preservation of bone stock and excellent restoration of function.

A good result requires demanding bone banking techniques, effective measures to prevent infection and stability at the allograft-host junction.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1106–10.
An X-Linked Sex Ratio Distorter in Drosophila simulans That Kills or Incapacitates Both Noncarrier Sperm and Sons
Authors: Rice William R
Published: August 2014

Genomic conflict occurs when a genomic component gains a reproductive advantage at the expense of the organism as a whole. X-linked segregation distorters kill or incapacitate Y-bearing sperm, thereby gaining a transmission advantage but also reducing male fertility and generating a female-biased sex ratio. When some damaged, Y-bearing sperm survive and fertilize eggs, then the segregation distortion phenotype could be expanded by harming or killing sons in the next generation. X-linked son-killers are predicted by theory to be favored by natural selection and evolve when brothers and sisters compete for shared limiting resources and/or when brothers reduce the inclusive fitness of their sisters via sib-mating—a phenomenon called SA-zygotic drive. Here I develop and use a process-of-elimination screen to show that an unclassified X-linked sex ratio distorter (skew) in Drosophila simulans kills or incapacitates noncarrier sperm and also kills a substantial proportion of sons, i.e., it has both a segregation distortion and a SA-zygotic drive phenotype. There are three unique X-linked segregation distorters known to occur in D. simulans named Winters, Durham, and Paris. Autosomal-dominant suppressors of Winters (Nmy) and Durham (Tmy) failed to suppress skew. A Y-linked suppressor of Paris, however, did suppress skew, and a recombination test failed to detect recombinants between these two sex ratio distorters, indicating that they are tightly linked and plausibly identical or allelic. Son-killing may be an important yet unrecognized component of other X-linked segregation distorters.
Soybean peroxidase for industrial wastewater treatment: a mini review
Authors: Steevensz Aaron , Cordova Villegas Laura G. , Feng Wei , Taylor Keith E. , Bewtra Jatinder K. , Biswas Nihar
Published: August 2014

The potential of oxidoreductases, such as laccases and peroxidases, to remove organic pollutants from industrial wastewater and process water is addressed in this short review, with an emphasis on the peroxidase work completed or in progress in the authors’ laboratory. The major drawback to this treatment is the cost of the enzyme. However, with new sources and recent advances in the biotechnology industry, it is becoming a feasible alternative. A niche where enzymatic treatment may be first applied is not as a primary treatment but as a secondary treatment (pretreatment or polishing) coupled to existing physico-chemical or biological processes to increase their overall efficiency and economy. Soybean seed coat peroxidase is well suited because of its stability, ease of extraction, widespread availability and potential for adding to the soy value chain. Since crude enzyme often works better than purified enzyme, the only additional cost may be in concentrating the extract. This review briefly covers aspects of the enzymatic treatment such as cost, use of additives for increased enzyme economy, enzyme recycling and studies already completed on industrial wastewaters.
Resin Composite Class I Restorations: A 54-month Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: de Andrade AKM , Duarte RM , Silva FDSC Medeiros e , Batista AUD , Lima KC , Monteiro GQM , Montes MAJR
Published: August 2014

The objective of this longitudinal clinical randomized trial was to evaluate the clinical performance of a nanofilled and a nanohybrid resin composite in Class I occlusal restorations of posterior teeth over the course of 54 months. Forty-one adolescents participated in the study. The teeth were restored with Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) and nanofilled (Filtek Z350, 3M ESPE), nanohybrid (Esthet-X, Dentsply) and microhybrid Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE) used as a control. After 54 months, the restorations were evaluated in accordance with the modified United States Public Health Service criteria. The McNemar and Friedman tests were used for statistical analysis, at a level of significance of 5%. Five failed restorations were observed during the follow-up. A change to unacceptable restoration occurred for one Esthet-X, two Filtek Z350, and two Filtek Z250 restorations, which received the clinically unacceptable score, Charlie, for both anatomic form and marginal adaptation. Secondary caries and postoperative sensitivity occurred in one Filtek Z250 and one Filtek Z350 restoration. When the five evaluation periods (baseline and six, 12, 30, and 54 months) were compared, significant differences were found in the marginal adaptation of Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z350. Significant differences in the roughness criteria (p=0.005) were also observed when the three composites were compared after 54 months (Filtek Z350 > Filtek Z250 > Esthet-X), always within clinically acceptable limits. The materials investigated showed acceptable clinical performance for Class I restoration after 54 months. Long-term reevaluations are necessary for a more detailed analysis of these composites.
JOSPT Launches Search for a New Editor-in-Chief
Authors: Chmielewski Terese L. , Nyland John A.
Published: August 2014

Following Dr. Guy Simoneau's decision not to renew his contract as Editor-in-Chief of JOSPT, the JOSPT Board of Directors has launched a search to fill the position. For details about the position and how to apply, please visit http://www.jospt.org/page/jospt_EIC_position_announcement . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(8):559. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.0111
An Overview of 5 Years of Patient Self-Referral for Physical Therapy in the Netherlands
Authors: Swinkels Ilse C.S. , Kooijman Margit K. , Spreeuwenberg Peter M. , Bossen Daniël , Leemrijse Chantal J. , van Dijk Christel E. , Verheij Robert , de Bakker Dinny H. , Veenhof Cindy
Published: August 2014

Background

Self-referral for physical therapy was introduced in 2006 in the Netherlands. Internationally, debate on self-referral is still ongoing.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-referral for physical therapy in the Netherlands, focusing on volume of general practice and physical therapy care (incidence rates and utilization of services).

Design

The study was based on monitoring data from existing data sources.

Methods

Longitudinal electronic medical record data from general practitioners (GPs) and physical therapists participating in the NIVEL Primary Care Database were used, as well as public data from Statistics Netherlands. Descriptive statistics and Poisson multilevel regression analyses were used for analyzing the data.

Results

Incidence rates of back (including low back), shoulder, and neck pain in general practice declined slightly from 2004 to 2009. No linear trends were found for number of contacts in GP care for back (including low back) and neck pain. The number of patients visiting physical therapists and the proportion of self-referrers are growing. Self-referrers receive treatment less often after initial intake than referred patients, and the mean number of visits is lower.

Limitations

This study was based on data of various patient populations from existing data sources.

Conclusions

The current study indicates that self-referral in the Netherlands has fulfilled most expectations held prior to its introduction, although no changes to the workload of GP care have been found. Use of physical therapy grew, but due to population aging and increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, it remains unclear whether self-referral affects health care utilization. Therefore, cost-benefit analyses are recommended.
Interventional MRI–guided deep brain stimulation in pediatric dystonia: first experience with the ClearPoint system
Authors: Starr Philip A. , Markun Leslie C. , Larson Paul S. , Volz Monica M. , Martin Alastair J. , Ostrem Jill L.
Published: August 2014

Object

The placement of deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads in adults is traditionally performed using physiological confirmation of lead location in the awake patient. Most children are unable to tolerate awake surgery, which poses a challenge for intraoperative confirmation of lead location. The authors have developed an interventional MRI (iMRI)–guided procedure to allow for real-time anatomical imaging, with the goal of achieving very accurate lead placement in patients who are under general anesthesia.

Methods

Six pediatric patients with primary dystonia were prospectively enrolled. Patients were candidates for surgery if they had marked disability and medical therapy had been ineffective. Five patients had the DYT1 mutation, and mean age at surgery was 11.0 ± 2.8 years. Patients underwent bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi, n = 5) or sub-thalamic nucleus (STN, n = 1) DBS. The leads were implanted using a novel skull-mounted aiming device in conjunction with dedicated software (ClearPoint system), used within a 1.5-T diagnostic MRI unit in a radiology suite, without physiological testing. The Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) was used at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. Further measures included lead placement accuracy, quality of life, adverse events, and stimulation settings.

Results

A single brain penetration was used for placement of all 12 leads. The mean difference (± SD) between the intended target location and the actual lead location, in the axial plane passing through the intended target, was 0.6 ± 0.5 mm, and the mean surgical time (leads only) was 190 ± 26 minutes. The mean percent improvement in the BFMDRS movement scores was 86.1% ± 12.5% at 6 months (n = 6, p = 0.028) and 87.6% ± 19.2% at 12 months (p = 0.028). The mean stimulation settings at 12 months were 3.0 V, 83 μsec, 135 Hz for GPi DBS, and 2.1 V, 60 μsec, 145 Hz for STN DBS). There were no serious adverse events.

Conclusions

Interventional MRI–guided DBS using the ClearPoint system was extremely accurate, provided real-time confirmation of DBS placement, and could be used in any diagnostic MRI suite. Clinical outcomes for pediatric dystonia are comparable with the best reported results using traditional frame-based stereotaxy. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00792532 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Increased incidence of pseudarthrosis after unilateral instrumented transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in patients with lumbar spondylosis
Authors: Gologorsky Yakov , Skovrlj Branko , Steinberger Jeremy , Moore Max , Arginteanu Marc , Moore Frank , Steinberger Alfred
Published: August 2014

Object

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with segmental pedicular instrumentation is a wellestablished procedure used to treat lumbar spondylosis with or without spondylolisthesis. Available biomechanical and clinical studies that compared unilateral and bilateral constructs have produced conflicting data regarding patient outcomes and hardware complications.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was undertaken by a group of neurosurgeons. They prospectively enrolled 80 patients into either bilateral or unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation groups (40 patients/group). Demographic data collected for each group included sex, age, body mass index, tobacco use, and Workers' Compensation/litigation status. Operative data included segments operated on, number of levels involved, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and perioperative complications. Long-term outcomes (hardware malfunction, wound dehiscence, and pseudarthrosis) were recorded. For all patients, preoperative baseline and 6-month postoperative scores for Medical Outcomes 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) outcomes were recorded.

Results

Patient follow-up times ranged from 37 to 63 months (mean 52 months). No patients were lost to follow-up. The patients who underwent unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation (unilateral cohort) were slightly younger than those who underwent bilateral pedicle screw instrumentation (bilateral cohort) (mean age 42 vs 47 years, respectively; p = 0.02). No other significant differences were detected between cohorts with regard to demographic data, mean number of lumbar levels operated on, or distribution of the levels operated on. Estimated blood loss was higher for patients in the bilateral cohort, but length of stay was similar for patients in both cohorts. The incidence of pseudarthrosis was significantly higher among patients in the unilateral cohort (7 patients [17.5%]) than among those in the bilateral cohort (1 patient [2.5%]) (p = 0.02). Wound dehiscence occurred for 1 patient in the unilateral cohort. Reoperation was offered to 8 patients in the unilateral cohort and 1 patient in the bilateral cohort (p = 0.03). The physical component scores of the Medical Outcomes SF-36 outcomes improved significantly for all patients (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with either unilateral or bilateral segmental pedicular instrumentation is an effective treatment for lumbar spondylosis. Because patients with unilateral constructs were 7 times more likely to experience pseudarthrosis and require reoperation, TLIF with bilateral constructs might be the biomechanically superior technique.
The Relationship Between Cycle Tourism and Sustainable Transport in the UK
Authors: Weed Mike , Bull Chris , Brown Mat , Dowse Suzanne , Lovell Jane , Mansfield Louise , Wellard Ian
Published: August 2014

The use of both sustainable transport outcomes and tourism impacts as a mixed justification for investment in cycling infrastructure has led to the two often being seen as synonymous. The environmentally friendly credentials of cycle tourism are predicated on a conceptualization of
cycle tourism in which cycling as a form of transport supplants other energy-consuming and -polluting forms of transport within the tourism trip. However, using a recent meta-analysis of UK data, this research note shows that even when the environmental costs of major cycling events are excluded,
in absolute terms recreational cycle tourism across its full range of forms in the UK still generates considerable motorized transport use. But, the use of counterfactual models shows that in relative terms, on average across all its forms, recreational cycle tourism in the UK
reduces the use of motorized transport to get to and from destinations by 12.2% and reduces motorized transport use at destinations by 7.6%. Consequently, recreational cycle tourism in the UK does have a positive sustainable transport outcome, but this is far smaller than is often visualized.
« Percer » sur la Toile
Authors: Aterianus-Owanga Alice
Published: August 2014

À Libreville, le déploiement récent des TIC a été à l’origine de nombreuses transformations dans le quotidien des jeunes, et plus particulièrement auprès des artistes du mouvement rap, genre qui rencontre un grand engouement auprès des audiences urbaines.Cette contribution interroge les usages de la Toile développés par quelques rappeurs de Libreville, en rapport avec leur désir de « percer » et de tisser des liens entre leur contexte local et un contexte international objet de multiples aspirations. Sur la Toile, se projettent des techniques de présentation du soi, mais aussi des aspirations collectives de reconnaissance d’un patrimoine ou d’une « identité » nationale vis-à-vis du marché mondial. En contraste avec les images de fluidité et d’accroissement des échanges communément associées au Net, les réseaux qui s’épanouissent par le canal du numérique sont aussi structurés autour de nœuds et de points de contrôle reproduisant les rapports de force et les logiques hiérarchiques de cet univers musical.
Wood characterization of Salix. 1: Influence of the site, clone, age and sampling height
Authors: Villegas M. S. , Area M. C. , Marlats R. M.
Published: August 2014

The wood of two Salix clones cultivated in the Delta of Paraná River in Argentina was characterized according to their optical properties, chemical composition, basic density, tyloses content and health condition, analysing variations in terms of site, clone, age and sampling heighAmerican willow showed more cellulose content, higher density and less lignin, extractives and tyloses than the 131/27 hybrid. The wood of the last one had the smallest damaged area in the disks and the highest brightness values. The most appropriate site for both clones was the one less affected by flood. Brightness, L* and basic density increased, whereas deteriorated area decreased from bottom to tip within each tree. The tyloses percentage also decreased, both in vertical and horizontal directions. Six different types of wood were defined. Between them, "grey-coloured rings", result of flood, and "dark zone", may be considered similar to "healthy wood". Three types of stains were responsible for the main changes in the wood analysed. The "brown stains" showed low brightness and high tyloses, but the darkest one showed high lignin and low cellulose contents. The "light-brown stain" had the highest alkali-soluble substances contenThe "blue stain" showed low brightness and high extractives content.
Oceanographic conditions over the continental shelf off Magdalena Bay (Mexico) in 2011–2012
Authors: Zaitsev Oleg , Trasviña-Castro Armando , Linero-Cueto Jean , Gaxiola-Castro Gilberto , Cepeda-Morales Jushiro
Published: August 2014

The hydrophysical results obtained during six oceanographic cruises in 2011 (February, April, July, and October) and 2012 (February and April) over a 50-station sampling grid in front of the Magdalena-Almejas lagoon system (Mexico) are presented. MODIS-Aqua sensor data (1.1 km) of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a, and geostrophic current fields were analyzed during the sampling periods. In the northern part of the study area the pattern of the thermohaline structure shows subsurface intrusion of modified subarctic water, especially during February and April of both years. To the south, in July and October 2011, evident indications of subtropical subsurface water were found. The geostrophic current fields in February and April show a surface southward flow along the coast, which changes direction towards the North Pole in July and October. In spring, the satellite-derived SST showed negative anomalies of up to 4.5 ºC in the coastal zone, corresponding to cold upwelled water rising to the surface from a depth of 60–70 m. Based on the results, the study area can be considered the southern boundary of the transition zone between the subarctic and subtropical waters of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, with marked seasonality.
Middle‐Down and Top‐Down Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Co‐occurring Histone Modifications
Authors: Molden Rosalynn C. , Garcia Benjamin A.
Published: August 2014

Histones are chromatin proteins that are highly modified with many different types of post‐translational modifications. These modifications act in concert to regulate a number of chromatin‐related processes. However, identification and quantification of co‐occurring histone post‐translational modifications is challenging because there are many potential combinations of modifications and because the commonly used strategy of fragmenting proteins using trypsin or an alternative protease prior to LC‐MS/MS analysis results in the loss of connectivity between modifications on different peptides. In this unit, mass spectrometric methods to analyze combinatorial histone modifications on histone tails (middle‐down mass spectrometry) and on intact histones (top‐down mass spectrometry) are described. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 77:23.7.1‐23.7.28. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Noise and Vibration
Authors: Daiminger Wolfgang , Hantschk Carl‐Christian , Kellenberger Michael , Schorer Edwin , Wloka Philipp
Published: August 2014

The article contains sections titled:

1.
Introduction

2.
Definitions

2.1.
Sound and Vibration Levels

2.2.
Level Calculations

2.3.
Spectra

3.
The Impact of Noise and Vibration

3.1.
Sound Perception and Noise Effects on Humans

3.2.
Effects of Vibration on Humans and Equipment

4.
Legal Aspects

4.1.
Occupational Noise

4.2.
Occupational Vibration

4.3.
Environmental Noise and Vibration

5.
Vibration

5.1.
Measurement

5.2.
Principal Sources

6.
Sound Emission

6.1.
Determination of Sound‐Power Levels

6.2.
Flow‐Induced Noise

6.3.
Major Sources of Noise

6.3.1.
Pipelines

6.3.2.
Burners

6.3.3.
Fans

6.3.4.
Compressors

6.3.5.
Pumps

6.3.6.
Electric Motors

6.3.7.
Steam Turbines

6.3.8.
Gears

6.3.9.
Valves

6.3.10.
Exhaust Noise

6.3.11.
Granule‐Conveyor Piping

6.3.12.
Water‐Splash Noise from Cooling Towers

6.3.13.
Coal Mills

6.3.14.
Belt Conveyors

6.4.
Sound‐Power Levels Associated with an Entire Plant

7.
Sound Immission

7.1.
Measurement of Sound Levels in the Vicinity of an Industrial Complex

7.2.
Outdoor Sound Propagation

7.3.
Typical Sound Levels at the Workplace and Near an Industrial Complex
Using Organotypic (Raft) Epithelial Tissue Cultures for the Biosynthesis and Isolation of Infectious Human Papillomaviruses
Authors: Ozbun Michelle A. , Patterson Nicole A.
Published: August 2014

Papillomaviruses have a strict tropism for epithelial cells, and they are fully reliant on cellular differentiation for completion of their life cycles, resulting in the production of progeny virions. Thus, a permissive environment for full viral replication in vitro–wherein virion morphogenesis occurs under cooperative viral and cellular cues–requires the cultivation of epithelium. Presented in the first section of this unit is a protocol to grow differentiating epithelial tissues that mimic many important morphological and biochemical aspects of normal skin. The technique involves growing epidermal cells atop a dermal equivalent consisting of live fibroblasts and a collagen lattice. Epithelial stratification and differentiation ensues when the keratinocyte‐dermal equivalent is placed at the air‐liquid interface. The apparent floating nature of the cell‐matrix in this method led to the nickname “raft” cultures. The general technique can be applied to normal low passage keratinocytes, to cells stably transfected with papillomavirus genes or genomes, or keratinocytes established from neoplastic lesions. However, infectious papillomavirus particles have only been isolated from organotypic epithelial cultures initiated with cells that maintain oncogenic human papillomavirus genomes in an extrachomosomal replicative form. The second section of this unit is dedicated to a virion isolation method that minimizes aerosol and skin exposure to these human carcinogens. Although the focus of the protocols is on the growth of tissues that yields infectious papillomavirus progeny, this culture system facilitates the investigation of these fastidious viruses during their complex replicative cycles, and raft tissues can be manipulated and harvested at any point during the process. Importantly, a single‐step virus growth cycle is achieved in this process, as it is unlikely that progeny virions are released to initiate subsequent rounds of infection. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 34:14B.3.1‐14B.3.18. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aminosulfonylation of Arenes, Sulfur Dioxide, and Hydrazines Cocatalyzed by Gold(III) Chloride and Palladium Acetate
Authors: Ye Shengqing , Wang Huanhuan , Xiao Qing , Ding Qiuping , Wu Jie
Published: August 2014

N‐Amino‐sulfonamides can be prepared via a gold(III) and palladium(II) cocatalyzed reaction of arenes, sulfur dioxide, and hydrazines. In the course of the reaction, CH functionalization and aminosulfonylation processes are involved.

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Catalytic Oxidation of β‐Keto Esters by Manganese(III)/ Cobalt(II) and Consecutive Cyclization to Heterocycles
Authors: Ju Yeming , Miao Di , Seo Jeong Gil , Koo Sangho
Published: August 2014

The manganese(III)‐mediated oxidation of β‐keto esters becomes catalytic by the addition of a second cobalt(II) oxidant. This radical‐initiated oxidation of β‐keto esters is general under aerobic condition to produce α‐oxo esters, which may consecutively undergo further heterocyclizations, either by intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction to dihydropyrans or by aromatic cyclization to furans depending upon the substitution pattern at the δ‐carbon. Since acetoacetates are very useful in carbon‐carbon bond formation with allylic halides to give various β‐keto esters, this one‐pot catalytic oxidation and heterocyclization provides an efficient repertoire for the construction of diverse heterocyclic compounds.

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In Situ Preparation of a Ti3+ Self‐Doped TiO2 Film with Enhanced Activity as Photoanode by N2H4 Reduction
Authors: Mao Chengyu , Zuo Fan , Hou Yang , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun
Published: August 2014

A new synthetic method to fabricate Ti3+‐modified, highly stable TiO2 photoanodes for H2O oxidation is reported. With Ti foil as both the conducting substrate and the Ti3+/Ti4+ source, one‐dimensional blue Ti3+/TiO2 crystals were grown by a one‐step hydrothermal reaction. The concentration of Ti3+ was further tuned by N2H4 reduction, leading to a greater photoelectrocatalytic activity, as evidenced by a high photocurrent density of 0.64 mA cm−2 at 1.0 V vs RHE under simulated AM 1.5 G illumination. Electron paramagnetic resonance and Mott–Schottky plots reveal that higher charge‐carrier density owing to N2H4 reduction contributes to the observed improvement. The generality of this synthesis method was demonstrated by its effectiveness in improving the performance of other types of photoanodes. By integrating the advantages of the 1D TiO2 architecture with those of Ti3+ self‐doping, this work provides a versatile tool toward the fabrication of efficient TiO2 photoanodes.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Dihydrofurans through Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition of β‐Ketoesters with Propargylic Esters
Authors: Zhu Fu‐Lin , Wang Ya‐Hui , Zhang De‐Yang , Xu Jie , Hu Xiang‐Ping
Published: August 2014

An enantioselective synthesis of highly functionalized dihydrofurans through a copper‐catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of β‐ketoesters with propargylic esters has been developed. With a combination of Cu(OTf)2 and a chiral tridentate P,N,N ligand as the catalyst, a variety of 2,3‐dihydrofurans bearing an exocyclic double bond at the 2 position were obtained in good chemical yields and with good to high enantioselectivities. The exocyclic double bond can be hydrogenated in a highly diastereoselective fashion to give unusual cis‐2,3‐dihydrofuran derivatives, thus further enhancing the scope of this transformation.
Combined in silico and in vivo studies shed insights into the acute acetylcholinesterase response in rat and human brain
Authors: Nazam Nazia , Shaikh Sibhghatulla , Lone Mohammad Iqbal , Sharma Monika , Ahmad Waseem
Published: August 2014

Combined in vivo and in silico studies were undertaken to gain insights into the change in mammalian brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity under acute toxicity conditions in response to two representatives of organophosphates (OPs)—dichlorvos (DCV) and dimethoate (DM). In vivo experiments elucidated that DCV, at multiple sublethal doses for acute time periods, markedly reduced (10–25%) AChE activity, whereas with DM intoxication, a decrease in enzyme activity appeared to be lower, that is, (2–15%), in contrast to respective normal control (100%). Furthermore, a significant inhibition (P < 0.01) in the brain esterase activity was recorded for positive control animals treated with an alkylating agent—cyclophosphamide, with spontaneous reactivation at later time periods. In vivo results were further substantiated with in silico molecular docking analysis using “Autodock 4.2.” The lowest binding energy obtained through the computational study strongly augment that DCV binds to brain AChE with greater affinity compared with DM with reference to ∆G and Ki values. Thus, the animal biochemical assay and computational assessment suggest that DM is better to be used over DCV. The precautionary antidote for exposed humans can be developed prior to dealing with OPs. The study will aid in efficacious and safe clinical use of the above‐mentioned compounds.
Selbstdichtungsverhalten von Trennrissen in Stahlbetonkonstruktionen unter Einwirkung von landwirtschaftlichen Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Nacke Claudia , Hornig Ute , Dehn Frank
Published: August 2014

Im Rahmen eines innerhalb des Länderfinanzierungsprogramms “Wasser, Boden, Abfall” geförderten Forschungsvorhabens wurde das Durchflussverhalten von landwirtschaftlichen Flüssigkeiten in Trennrissen untersucht, um belastbare Aussagen zu erhalten, ob und in welchem Umfang Selbstdichtungsprozesse nachgewiesen und welche Rissweiten für diese Flüssigkeiten rechnerisch in Ansatz gebracht werden können.

Self‐healing behaviour of separating cracks in reinforced concrete structures under the influence of agricultural liquids

In the context of a Federal States program “Water, Soil, Waste” financially supported research project, the percolation behaviour of agricultural liquids in cracks was investigated in order to derive conclusive statements how and to which extent self‐healing processes can be proven for the aforementioned fluids and which crack widths are calculatory set.
Temporärer Korrosionsschutz von Spanngliedern
Authors: Schacht Gregor , Hampel Torsten , Curbach Manfred
Published: August 2014

Im Spannbetonbau kann es aus unterschiedlichen Gründen zu einer zeitlichen Verzögerung zwischen Einbau, Vorspannen und Verpressen von Spanngliedern kommen, was es erforderlich machen kann, eingebaute Spannglieder für eine gewisse Zeit sicher vor einer Korrosion zu schützen. Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über bekannte Untersuchungen und Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung verschiedener temporärer Korrosionsschutzmaßnahmen an Versuchskörpern und Brückenbauwerken. Im Anschluss werden über die Erfahrungen aus einer praktischen Anwendung einer Lufttrocknung bei einem Brückenbauwerk berichtet und der Korrosionszustand der Spannglieder beurteilt. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen abgeleitet, unter welchen Voraussetzungen der temporäre Korrosionsschutz durch eine Trockenluftspülung sicher und zuverlässig gewährleistet werden kann.

Temporary corrosion protection – State of the Art and Field Report

In prestressed concrete constructions there are different reasons for time delays between manufacturing, prestressing and grouting of prestressing tendons, which can require a temporary corrosion protection of the build‐in and pretensioned tendons for a certain time period. The paper gives an overview of the experimental investigations and experiences in the application of different temporary corrosion protection methods in laboratory test and bridges. Afterwards the experiences of a practical application of a dry air corrosion protection at a bridge construction are presented and the state of corrosion of the tendons is analyzed. Finally recommendations are derived, under which conditions a save and reliable temporary corrosion protection with dry air can be achieved.
Catalytic Oxidative Carbonylation over Cu2O Nanoclusters Supported on Carbon Materials: The Role of the Carbon Support
Authors: Yan Bing , Huang Shouying , Wang Shengping , Ma Xinbin
Published: August 2014

Stable catalysts prepared by dispersing Cu2O nanoparticles on activated carbon were investigated in the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate. The effect of the surface oxygen containing groups (OCGs) on the rate of dimethyl carbonate formation and the selectivities of the catalyst for dimethyl carbonate and the byproduct methyl formate were determined. The carbon support surface OCGs played a key role in the oxidative carbonylation. For carbon supports with the same amount of OCGs, the highest catalytic activity was achieved at a certain level of Cu loading. The optimal Cu loading as well as catalytic activity increased linearly with the amount of OCGs. The active sites of the catalysts were the Cu2O nanoparticles that coordinated to the OCGs on the carbon surface.