bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal sites of actuation and activation in thin elastic films and membranes of finite thickness
Authors: Lutz Tyler , Menzel Andreas M. , Daddi-Moussa-Ider Abdallah
Published: May 2024

Functionalized thin elastic films and membranes frequently feature internal sites of net forces or stresses. These are, for instance, active sites of actuation, or rigid inclusions in a strained membrane that induce counterstress upon externally imposed deformations. We theoretically analyze the geometry of isotropic, flat, thin, linearly elastic films or membranes of finite thickness, laterally extended to infinity. At the mathematical core of such characterizations are the fundamental solutions for localized force and stress singularities associated with corresponding Green's functions. We derive such solutions in three dimensions and place them into the context of previous two-dimensional calculations. To this end, we consider both no-slip and stress-free conditions at the top and/or bottom surfaces. We provide an understanding for why the fully free-standing thin elastic membrane leads to diverging solutions in most geometries and compare these situations to the truly two-dimensional case. A no-slip support of at least one of the surfaces stabilizes the solution, which illustrates that the divergences in the fully free-standing case are connected to global deformations. Within the aforementioned framework, our results are important for associated theoretical characterizations of thin elastic films, whether supported or free-standing, and of membranes subject to internal or external forces or stresses.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Heavy-Quark Momentum Broadening in a Non-Abelian Plasma away from Thermal Equilibrium
Authors: Pandey Harshit , Schlichting Sören , Sharma Sayantan
Published: May 2024

We perform classical-statistical real-time lattice simulations to compute real-time spectral functions and momentum broadening of quarks in the presence of strongly populated non-Abelian gauge fields. Based on a novel methodology to extract the momentum broadening for relativistic quarks, we find that the momentum distribution of quarks exhibit interesting nonperturbative features as a function of time due to correlated momentum kicks it receives from the medium, eventually going over to a diffusive regime. We extract the momentum diffusion coefficient for a mass range describing charm and bottom quarks and find sizable discrepancies from the heavy-quark limit.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Glassy Word Problems: Ultraslow Relaxation, Hilbert Space Jamming, and Computational Complexity
Authors: Balasubramanian Shankar , Gopalakrishnan Sarang , Khudorozhkov Alexey , Lake Ethan
Published: May 2024

We introduce a family of local models of dynamics based on “word problems” from computer science and group theory, for which we can place rigorous lower bounds on relaxation timescales. These models can be regarded either as random circuit or local Hamiltonian dynamics and include many familiar examples of constrained dynamics as special cases. The configuration space of these models splits into dynamically disconnected sectors, and for initial states to relax, they must “work out” the other states in the sector to which they belong. When this problem has a high time complexity, relaxation is slow. In some of the cases we study, this problem also has high space complexity. When the space complexity is larger than the system size, an unconventional type of jamming transition can occur, whereby a system of a fixed size is not ergodic but can be made ergodic by appending a large reservoir of sites in a trivial product state. This finding manifests itself in a new type of Hilbert space fragmentation that we call fragile fragmentation. We present explicit examples where slow relaxation and jamming strongly modify the hydrodynamics of conserved densities. In one example, density modulations of wave vector q exhibit almost no relaxation until times O(exp(1/q)), at which point they abruptly collapse. We also comment on extensions of our results to higher dimensions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Combating green innovation in Italian luxury hotels: combination of social cognitive theory and natural resource-based view
Authors: Aslam Nadia , Shi Da , Sahibzada Umar Farooq
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The objective of this investigation is to examine the correlation between green transformational leadership (GTL) and organizational green innovation (GI) by employing a mediation model. Drawing upon the social cognitive theory and natural resource-based view, the present study explores the role of green creativity (GC) as a mediating variable in the relationship between GTL and GI in the hotel industry.

Design/methodology/approach

The research was conducted in Italian luxury hotels to assess the efficacy of our conceptual framework among workers in the hospitality industry. The study utilized a three-wave 2-week time-lagged design (N = 303). In addition, the study also intends to apply the Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and the fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to have distinctive discernment into model rapport.

Findings

The results of the study indicate the linkage between GTL and GI. Furthermore, the study also found the partial mediation of GC of employees. The results show numerous combinations using fsQCA that can be utilized to increase green performance (GP).

Originality/value

The study helps the hotel industry maximize its performance by unravelling irregular relationships. Therefore, it contributes by explaining previously unexplored factors and elucidating causal recipes to build a higher GP base through GTL, GC and GI. The research findings hold significant implications for comprehending the effects of GTL on organizational GI as well as its influence on GP. The limitations of the study are discussed for avenues of future research.
A comprehensive review of techniques for documenting artificial intelligence
Authors: Königstorfer Florian
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Companies are increasingly benefiting from artificial intelligence (AI) applications in various domains, but also facing its negative impacts. The challenge lies in the lack of clear governance mechanisms for AI. While documentation is a key governance tool, standard software engineering practices are inadequate for AI. Practitioners are unsure about how to document AI, raising questions about the effectiveness of current documentation guidelines. This review examines whether AI documentation guidelines meet regulatory and industry needs for AI applications and suggests directions for future research.

Design/methodology/approach

A structured literature review was conducted. In total, 38 papers from top journals and conferences in the fields of medicine and information systems as well as journals focused on fair, accountable and transparent AI were reviewed.

Findings

This literature review contributes to the literature by investigating the extent to which current documentation guidelines can meet the documentation requirements for AI applications from regulatory bodies and industry practitioners and by presenting avenues for future research. This paper finds contemporary documentation guidelines inadequate in meeting regulators’ and professionals’' expectations. This paper concludes with three recommended avenues for future research.

Originality/value

This paper benefits from the insights from comprehensive and up-to-date sources on the documentation of AI applications.
A gender-specific view on entrepreneurial recovery – effects on and responses of micro-entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany
Authors: Terstriep Judith , Schäfer Susann , David Alexandra , Rieger-Fels Markus , García Schmidt Armando , Kay Rosemarie , Rosenberger Theresa
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Given the adversity of the COVID-19 pandemic, there remains an incomplete understanding of the gender disparities in the affectedness and recovery of micro-entrepreneurs from the crisis. Consequently, this paper aims to scrutinise gender disparities in the initial repercussions of the crisis and throughout the recovery phase.

Design/methodology/approach

Acknowledging the interconnectedness of micro-entrepreneurs’ professional and private spheres, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach combining a representative quantitative study with qualitative data from 36 semi-structured interviews with self-employed individuals in Germany amidst the COVID-19 crisis.

Findings

The findings indicate a gender gap in the impact and recovery trajectory, particularly affecting female entrepreneurs in caregiving roles beyond immediate financial repercussions. These disparities did not result in more pronounced business measures for recovery but rather involved more experimentation and prosocial behaviours, with a preference for alternatives to state aid, such as personal reserves and social networks.

Originality/value

Unveiling the dual influence of economic and social factors as essential for female entrepreneurs’ recovery from the crisis adds to the literature by providing a comprehensive understanding of gender-specifics.
Implementing artificial intelligence across task types: constraints of automation and affordances of augmentation
Authors: Mazurova Elena , Standaert Willem
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aims to uncover the constraints of automation and the affordances of augmentation related to implementing artificial intelligence (AI)-powered systems across different task types: mechanical, thinking and feeling.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative study involving 45 interviews with various stakeholders in artistic gymnastics, for which AI-powered systems for the judging process are currently developed and tested. Stakeholders include judges, gymnasts, coaches and a technology vendor.

Findings

We identify perceived constraints of automation, such as too much mechanization, preciseness and inability of the system to evaluate artistry or to provide human interaction. Moreover, we find that the complexity and impreciseness of the rules prevent automation. In addition, we identify affordances of augmentation such as speedier, fault-less, more accurate and objective evaluation. Moreover, augmentation affords to provide an explanation, which in turn may decrease the number of decision disputes.

Research limitations/implications

While the unique context of our study is revealing, the generalizability of our specific findings still needs to be established. However, the approach of considering task types is readily applicable in other contexts.

Practical implications

Our research provides useful insights for organizations that consider implementing AI for evaluation in terms of possible constraints, risks and implications of automation for the organizational practices and human agents while suggesting augmented AI-human work as a more beneficial approach in the long term.

Originality/value

Our granular approach provides a novel point of view on AI implementation, as our findings challenge the notion of full automation of mechanical and partial automation of thinking tasks. Therefore, we put forward augmentation as the most viable AI implementation approach. In addition, we developed a rich understanding of the perception of various stakeholders with a similar institutional background, which responds to recent calls in socio-technical research.
Navigating diversity: identity perceptions and workplace dynamics
Authors: Qureshi Fareed ud din
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the impact of dissimilarity perceptions, specifically related to religious identity and socioeconomic class, on identity disclosure behavior within the workplace. It also explores the relationship between disclosure behavior and perceptions of workplace ostracism. The study further examines the moderating roles of psychological safety climate and diversity-focused human resource (HR) practices in these dynamics.

Design/methodology/approach

Using quantitative methods, this confirmatory study analyzes the relationships between dissimilarity perceptions, identity disclosure behavior, workplace ostracism perceptions, psychological safety climate and diversity-focused HR policies. Hypotheses are tested to understand the effects of these variables in the workplace context.

Findings

The findings reveal that subjective dissimilarity perceptions are negatively associated with identity disclosure behavior. In addition, disclosure behavior is positively linked to perceptions of workplace ostracism. Surprisingly, the study finds that the psychological safety climate moderates the relationship between dissimilarity perceptions and identity disclosure behavior, showing a positive relationship when psychological safety climate perceptions are high. Furthermore, perceptions of diversity-focused HR policies moderate the relationship between disclosure behavior and perceptions of workplace ostracism, indicating a weakened relationship when diversity-focused HR practices are perceived as stronger.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the understanding of workplace diversity, inclusion and management by emphasizing the role of subjective dissimilarity perceptions, identity disclosure behavior and workplace ostracism. It explores the moderating influence of psychological safety climate and diversity-focused HR practices, offering valuable insights for both theory and practical strategies in the context of diversity management.
African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement investor protection and capital market in Africa
Authors: Ajibo Collins Chikodili
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the modalities for the curtailment of expropriation of investment in the course of implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement and to ensure that the African capital markets contribute robustly to economic growth.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper relies on the doctrinal approach to assess the state of play and the prospects for the future.

Findings

The paper found that African capital markets are fragmented and continue to suffer from poor investor protection which lowers market confidence.

Originality/value

The paper offers new insights on the regulatory approaches to foster investor protection in light of the emergence of the AfCFTA, regulation of executive compensation and need for harmonization of best practices across African markets.
When leaders and their employees disagree: investigating the consequences of differences in cognitions of workplace event criticality
Authors: Song Qi , Gong Li , Zhao Man , Shen Tao , Chen Yang , Wang Jialin
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Criticality cognitions regarding the same workplace event often differ between leaders and employees. Nevertheless, its consequences on employee work outcomes remain unknown. In this study, we draw on cognitive dissonance theory to examine how and why leader–employee differences in cognitions of workplace event criticality impact employee job-related outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

Wu used multilevel polynomial regression analyses from a time-lagged, multi-source field study with 145 leader–employee dyads to test our proposed model.

Findings

Leader–employee differences in cognitions of workplace event criticality can bring both benefits and perils to employees. Specifically, such differences can cause employee rumination, which in turn leads to an increase in both employee voice and fatigue.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the event and cognitive discrepancy literature in four ways. First, prior event studies largely adopted a singular employee perspective for investigation (e.g. Chen et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2021). By examining the impacts of event criticality from the dual perspective of leaders and employees, we attain a more comprehensive understanding of the implications of workplace events in organizational life. Second, extant studies have predominantly focused on the dark side of cognitive discrepancy (e.g. Bashshur et al., 2011; Erdogan et al., 2004; Grandey et al., 2013). Our study reveals that leader–employee differences in criticality cognitions can have both a bright and a dark side on employee outcomes, offering a more balanced and dialectical view of the consequences of cognitive discrepancy. Third, drawing on cognitive dissonance theory, we introduce employee rumination as an underlying mechanism to explain the impacts of leader–employee differences in criticality cognitions on employee voice and fatigue. Finally, while prior cognitive dissonance research has primarily employed an intrapersonal perspective (e.g. Sivanathan et al., 2008; Pugh et al., 2011; Grandey et al., 2013), our study adopts an interpersonal lens and underscores that interpersonal differences in cognitions can also serve as an example of cognitive discrepancy to instigate internal dissonance processes. By doing so, we enrich our understanding of cognitive dissonance theory.
Connecting leaders and employees' affective commitment: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Santana-Martins Marisa , Sánchez-Hernández M. Isabel , Nascimento Jose Luis , Stinglhamber Florence
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This research aims to identify whether leaders' affective organizational commitment influences employees' affective commitment to both the leader and the organization. Additionally, the study explores the role of employees' emotional awareness in shaping these relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

Examining a sample of 154 leaders and 249 employees in multinational companies, this study adopts a multilevel approach.

Findings

The results reveal a positive influence between the two foci of commitment (leaders and organization) at both the leader and employee levels. Furthermore, it confirms that employees' emotional awareness plays a positive role in the commitment process.

Practical implications

This research highlights the significance of implementing internal policies and measures that consider the various foci of commitment. To foster employees' commitment, it is crucial to establish a robust alignment between human resources management and leaders.

Originality/value

This study delves into the exploration of two commitment foci to deepen our comprehension of the directional relationship between them in the workplace. More specifically, our research scrutinizes the impact of leaders' affective organizational commitment on employees' affective commitment to the organization, while also analyzing its reciprocal influence on employees' affective commitment toward their leaders.
Conceptual underpinnings: theory selection in strategic management research
Authors: Hou Tianyu , Li Julie Juan
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Theories are crucial for addressing research questions and advancing the boundaries of knowledge. However, in the field of strategic management, the existence of diverse schools of thought from various disciplines, including economics, politics, and sociology, poses significant challenges for researchers seeking to develop theories for argumentation and theorization. In this study, we have conceptualized a novel approach to selecting an appropriate theory for addressing specific research questions.

Design/methodology/approach

Thought experiment, disciplined imagination, and a conceptual examination of a diverse set of theories.

Findings

Because the central focus in the field of strategic management revolves around how firms achieve sustainable high performance, a research question should initially clarify the fundamental phenomenological issues it aims to address. Subsequently, the process of problematization should identify the ontological assumptions and premises that establish a connection between the research question and existing theories. Finally, the identification and abstraction of rhetorical concepts derived from these assumptions and premises lead to theory selection criteria, namely connectedness, reliability, parsimoniousness, and falsifiability.

Research limitations/implications

Although we believe that our model for theory selection is generalizable to a wide range of management disciplines, we have primarily focused on its application in the field of strategic management. Future work could validate and further explore the applicability and effectiveness of this model in selecting appropriate theories for conceptual development in other domains.

Originality/value

While many researchers have proposed methods for writing theoretical papers, few have provided suggestions specifically focused on theory selection. This paper stands out as one of the few that not only attempts to address this gap but successfully develops a comprehensive model for theory selection.
Musical retail therapy: toward a conceptual framework on the impact of musical elements on consumer mood, attention, and decision-making
Authors: Raja Md Washim , Allan David , Bandyopadhyay Chinmoy
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive framework on how and when musical elements such as keys, complexity, tempo and volume influence consumers’ mood, attention, information recall, product evaluation and purchase decisions in the context of retail therapy.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper builds on a critical literature review to develop a conceptual framework and formulate relevant propositions, leveraging self-regulation and self-control theories.

Findings

Through our analysis of these studies, we found that in musical retail therapy, minor keys paired with high complexity can intensify negative moods and negative product evaluation. Conversely, major keys combined with low complexity can moderate negative and positive moods, leading to positive product evaluations. We argue that high tempo and high volume can invoke high arousal and low impulse control, leading to low attention and low recall. This subsequently moderates the negative mood, resulting in weak negative product evaluation. Low tempo and low volume, however, invoke low arousal and high impulse control, leading to high attention and high recall, which moderates negative mood and negative product evaluation.

Originality/value

Reflecting on the limitations of the existing studies, this conceptual work proposes a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the significance of musical elements in retail therapy that can enhance consumers moods and experiences. Further, the current paper is different from the existing literature in that it helps academic researchers and marketers understand different ways to use musical elements that can positively affect consumer behavior in a complex situation like retail therapy.
Optimising corporate social responsibility communication in Asia: A comparative case study of Uniqlo and Shein
Authors: Chong Jia Hui , Wang Changsong
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Fast fashion brands in Asia are increasingly incorporating corporate social responsibility (CSR) into their business strategies in response to the mounting environmental and social concerns. The study aims to provide insights into the current landscape of CSR practices and communication within the Asian context through focusing on two prominent Asian brands to understand how these fashion brands articulate and convey their CSR activities on their respective websites.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used a qualitative content analysis to critically evaluate the CSR communication used by Uniqlo and Shein, with the incorporation of signalling theory as a theoretical framework to discuss the observed elements on their websites.

Findings

The results indicate that the two Asian fast fashion brands actively engage in CSR’s environmental and social dimensions. Notably, the social dimension is more prominently expressed on both brands’ websites than on other dimensions. Through a nuanced interplay of colour, imagery and keywords, these Asian fast fashion brands strategically signify their commitment to environmental stewardship and stakeholder well-being.

Originality/value

This study fills a gap in the literature by examining CSR programs on Asian-owned fast fashion brands’ websites through the application of signalling theory. The research contributes to the theoretical foundation of CSR communication outcome research, offering actionable insights for marketers entering the Asian fashion market to enhance brand reputation and legitimacy.
Investigating the impact of different solder alloy materials during laser soldering process
Authors: Bachok Zuraihana , Abas Aizat , Tang Hooi Feng , Nazarudin Muhammad Zaim Hanif , Mohd Sharif Mohamad Fikri , Che Ani Fakhrozi
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the influence of different solder alloy materials on passive devices during laser soldering process. Solder alloy material has been found to significantly influence the solder joint’s quality, such as void formation that can lead to cracks, filling time that affects productivity and fillet shape that determines the solder joint’s reliability.

Design/methodology/approach

Finite volume method (FVM)-based simulation that was validated using real laser soldering experiment is used to evaluate the effect of various solder alloy materials, including SAC305, SAC387, SAC396 and SAC405 in laser soldering. These solders are commonly used to assemble the pin-through hole (PTH) capacitor onto the printed circuit board.

Findings

The simulation results show how the void ratio, filling time and flow characteristics of different solder alloy materials affect the quality of the solder joint. The optimal solder alloy is SAC396 due to its low void ratio of 1.95%, fastest filling time (1.3 s) to fill a 98% PTH barrel and excellent flow characteristics. The results give the ideal setting for the parameters that can increase the effectiveness of the laser soldering process, which include reducing filling time from 2.2 s to less than 1.5 s while maintaining a high-quality solder joint with a void ratio of less than 2%. Industries that emphasize reliable soldering and effective joint formation gain the advantage of minimal occurrence of void formation, quick filling time and exceptional flowability offered by this solution.

Practical implications

This research is expected not only to improve solder joint reliability but also to drive advancements in laser soldering technology, supporting the development of efficient and reliable microelectronics assembly processes for future electronic devices. The optimized laser soldering material will enable the production of superior passive devices, meeting the growing demands of the electronics market for smaller, high-performance electronic products.

Originality/value

The comparison of different solder alloy materials for PTH capacitor assembly during the laser soldering process has not been reported to date. Additionally, volume of fluid numerical analysis of the quality and reliability of different solder alloy joints has never been conducted on real PTH capacitor assemblies.
Bad, mad or both: A legal history of battered woman syndrome
Authors: Fischer Anne Gray
Published: May 2024

The legal struggle for women's right to self‐defence since the feminist mobilisation against violence in the 1970s reveals the startling history of the briefly expanded, and swiftly foreclosed, strategies for battered women's freedom in the late twentieth century. Voluminous legal scholarship focuses on the uses, promises and shortcomings of battered woman syndrome in the courts. But a historical accounting of the development and legal career of battered woman syndrome is essential to contextualising why this defence strategy took such tenacious root in the courtroom after the feminist self‐defence cases of the 1970s and what was lost in the lurch toward a psychological theory of women's protective violence.
A holistic digital forensic analysis of Discord – Storage, memory, and network perspectives
Authors: Gupta Khushi , Lanka Phani , Varol Cihan
Published: May 2024

In the last decade, the market share and user base of social media applications have witnessed significant growth. However, this surge in popularity has inadvertently drawn the attention of criminals aiming to exploit these platforms for illicit activities. The forensic examination of these applications emerges as a pivotal avenue for uncovering valuable insights into criminal behavior and identifying suspects. Discord, a social media platform, has become a significant focal point for such illicit activities. In this paper, we examine the remnants of Discord on both Windows and Linux operating systems, employing storage, memory, and network analysis techniques to review the remnants of Discord. Our investigation reveals a range of crucial artifacts that have been successfully recovered across all three areas of analysis, including login and payment details, chat history, account information, and much more. Collectively, these artifacts constitute a valuable resource for forensic investigations, allowing the reconstruction of most of the user's activity.
Split liver transplantation: Current status and future trend
Authors: Zhao Lijin , Zheng Zhihong
Published: May 2024

Liver transplantation (LT) remains the most effective treatment for end‐stage liver disease. However, there continues to be a severe shortage of liver donors worldwide, resulting in a significant disparity between the number of patients on the liver transplant waiting list and the available donor organs. Split liver transplantation (SLT) enables a single whole liver graft to be divided into two partial grafts, which can then be transplanted into two recipients. This approach expands the pool of available liver donors and reduces the waiting time for LT. Since its inception, SLT has undergone continuous development and research. As a complex variant of LT, SLT requires a high level of surgical expertise, and many aspects of SLT have not yet reached a consensus or clear definition within the transplantation community. In addition, it represents a smaller proportion among all LT techniques, which hampers the further development of SLT technology. This review concludes recent developments in SLT, offering a comprehensive summary of current practices regarding donor selection criteria, surgical techniques, and clinical outcomes. Its purpose is to serve as a reference for real clinical scenarios and explore potential future trends in SLT.
Bacterial imaging in tumour diagnosis
Authors: Chu Jian , Yu Xiang , Jiang Gaofei , Tao Ye , Wu Wei , Han Shuwen
Published: May 2024

Some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), have an inherent ability to locate solid tumours, making them a versatile platform that can be combined with other tools to improve the tumour diagnosis and treatment. In anti‐cancer therapy, bacteria function by carrying drugs directly or expressing exogenous therapeutic genes. The application of bacterial imaging in tumour diagnosis, a novel and promising research area, can indeed provide dynamic and real‐time monitoring in both pre‐treatment assessment and post‐treatment detection. Different imaging techniques, including optical technology, acoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear medicine imaging, allow us to observe and track tumour‐associated bacteria. Optical imaging, including bioluminescence and fluorescence, provides high‐sensitivity and high‐resolution imaging. Acoustic imaging is a real‐time and non‐invasive imaging technique with good penetration depth and spatial resolution. MRI provides high spatial resolution and radiation‐free imaging. Nuclear medicine imaging, including positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can provide information on the distribution and dynamics of bacterial population. Moreover, strategies of synthetic biology modification and nanomaterial engineering modification can improve the viability and localization ability of bacteria while maintaining their autonomy and vitality, thus aiding the visualization of gut bacteria. However, there are some challenges, such as the relatively low bacterial abundance and heterogeneously distribution within the tumour, the high dimensionality of spatial datasets and the limitations of imaging labeling tools. In summary, with the continuous development of imaging technology and nanotechnology, it is expected to further make in‐depth study on tumour‐associated bacteria and develop new bacterial imaging methods for tumour diagnosis.
The impacts of federal judge ideology on auditor litigation risk and auditor behavior
Authors: Li Liuchuang , Qi Baolei , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we investigate whether federal judge ideology, ceteris paribus, affects auditor litigation risk and auditor behavior. We find that auditors whose client firms are in jurisdictions dominated by liberal judges are more likely to be sued and make higher payouts to plaintiffs when sued. Furthermore, these client firms are more likely to receive going‐concern opinions and pay higher audit fees. Finally, we find no evidence that the quality of audited financial statements is affected by judge ideology. The evidence documented in this paper indicates that federal judge ideology affects auditor litigation risk and some aspects of auditor behavior.
Lithuania: Political Developments and Data in 2023
Authors: JASTRAMSKIS MAŽVYDAS , RAMONAITĖ AINĖ
Published: May 2024

In 2023, the NATO Vilnius Summit was the major political event in Lithuania that attracted significant global media attention. In addition, Lithuania underwent local elections and faced a municipal expenses scandal that nearly brought down the government. Nevertheless, the Cabinet remained stable with only one minister being replaced.
The impact of emergency guidance to the COVID‐19 pandemic on treatment entry, retention and mortality among patients on methadone in Ukraine
Authors: Ivasiy Roman , Madden Lynn M. , Meteliuk Anna , Machavariani Eteri , Ahmad Bachar , Zelenev Alexei , Desai Mayur M. , Bromberg Daniel J. , Polonsky Maxim , Galvez de Leon Samy J. , Farnum Scott O. , Islam Zahedul , Altice Frederick L.
Published: May 2024

Background and aims

Ukraine’s Ministry of Health released urgent COVID‐19 guidelines, allowing for early implementation of take‐home dosing (THD) for opioid agonist therapies (OAT) such as methadone. Enrollment in OAT and retention in the program are the most effective HIV prevention strategies for people who inject drugs (PWID). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Ukraine’s COVID‐19 emergency guidance on OAT treatment enrollment, retention on treatment and mortality.

Design and setting

Using Ukraine’s national OAT registry for 252 governmental clinics across 25 regions, we conducted a 12‐month comparative prospective cohort survival analysis. This study compared newly enrolled methadone patients within the initial 6 months following the COVID‐19 guidance (COVID) with patients from the preceding year (pre‐COVID) in a country with high adult HIV prevalence (1.2%) that is concentrated in PWID.

Participants

In the nation‐wide sample of newly enrolled PWID in Ukraine, comprising 2798 individuals, 1423 were in the COVID cohort and 1375 were in the pre‐COVID cohort. The majority were male (86.7%), with an average age of 39.3 years.

Measurements

Primary outcomes were average monthly enrollment per cohort, treatment retention and mortality, with internal time‐dependent predictors, including THD and optimal (> 85 mg) methadone dosing.

Results

Relative to the pre‐COVID period, the monthly average patient enrollment was statistically significantly higher during the COVID period (283.7 versus 236.0; P < 0.0001), where patients were more likely to transition to THD and achieve optimal dosing earlier. Significant differences were observed in the proportions of person‐months on THD (41 versus 13%, P < 0.0001) and optimal dosing (38 versus 31%, P < 0.0001) between the COVID and pre‐COVID cohorts. Predictors of treatment retention, expressed as adjusted hazard ratios (aHR), included early THD [aHR = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.47–2.45], early optimal dosing (aHR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.37–2.13) and prior methadone treatment (aHR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.15–1.68). These factors persisted, respectively, in the pre‐COVID (aHR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.41–3.70; aHR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.32–2.56; and aHR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.06–1.74) and COVID (aHR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.40–2.59; aHR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.20–2.16; and aHR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.08–1.94) cohorts. Survival did not differ significantly between the two prospective cohorts.

Conclusion

Ukraine’s prompt adoption of early take‐home dosing for opioid agonist therapies, such as methadone, following the emergency COVID‐19 guidance appears to have increased enrollment into methadone and improved treatment retention for people who inject drugs without adverse effects on patient survival.
Decreased spermatogonial numbers in boys with severe haematological diseases
Authors: Lahtinen Atte K. , Funke Miriam , Krallmann Claudia , Wyrwoll Margot J. , Jarisch Andrea , Yang Yifan , Bjarnason Ragnar , Romerius Patrik , Sundin Mikael , Norén‐Nyström Ulrika , Langenskiöld Cecilia , Cremers Jann‐Frederik , Kliesch Sabine , Stukenborg Jan‐Bernd , Neuhaus Nina , Jahnukainen Kirsi
Published: May 2024

This study examines spermatogonial numbers in testicular samples from 43 prepubertal patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). High‐dose chemotherapy and/or radiation during HSCT can impact spermatogenesis requiring fertility preservation. Results show that 49% of patients have decreased and 19% severely depleted spermatogonial pool prior to HSCT. Patients with Fanconi anaemia exhibit significantly reduced spermatogonial numbers. Patients with immunodeficiency or aplastic anaemia generally present within the normal range, while results in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm vary. The study emphasizes the importance of assessing spermatogonial numbers in patients with severe haematological diseases for informed fertility preservation decisions.
VolTeMorph: Real‐time, Controllable and Generalizable Animation of Volumetric Representations
Authors: Garbin Stephan J. , Kowalski Marek , Estellers Virginia , Szymanowicz Stanislaw , Rezaeifar Shideh , Shen Jingjing , Johnson Matthew A. , Valentin Julien
Published: May 2024

The recent increase in popularity of volumetric representations for scene reconstruction and novel view synthesis has put renewed focus on animating volumetric content at high visual quality and in real‐time. While implicit deformation methods based on learned functions can produce impressive results, they are ‘black boxes’ to artists and content creators, they require large amounts of training data to generalize meaningfully, and they do not produce realistic extrapolations outside of this data. In this work, we solve these issues by introducing a volume deformation method which is real‐time even for complex deformations, easy to edit with off‐the‐shelf software and can extrapolate convincingly. To demonstrate the versatility of our method, we apply it in two scenarios: physics‐based object deformation and telepresence where avatars are controlled using blendshapes. We also perform thorough experiments showing that our method compares favourably to both volumetric approaches combined with implicit deformation and methods based on mesh deformation.
Effects of sterilization and disinfection methods on digitally designed surgical implant guide accuracy: An in vitro study
Authors: Li Ruikun , Zhu Jie , Wang Shuo , Li Xueyuan , Li Songhang
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Surgical guides are commonly used to assist with dental implant placement. This study investigated the effects of five sterilization and disinfection methods on the accuracy of implant guides.

Methods

Thirty surgical guides (five in each group) were designed and printed (with digital light processing technology) using different sterilization or disinfection methods categorized into six groups: hydrogen peroxide sterilization (group one); glutaraldehyde sterilization (group two); autoclaving (group three); plasma sterilization (group four); iodophor disinfection (group five); and blank group (group six). Verification was determined using three methods: distance and angle between the cross‐shaped marks, deformation after superimposing the guides, and displacement and axial changes in the virtual implant.

Results

After disinfection and sterilization, the guides in the autoclaving and iodophor groups showed a more pronounced color change and the guide in the autoclaving group had visible cracks. More significant changes were observed in the H2O2, glutaraldehyde, autoclaving, and iodophor groups regarding deformation after superimposing the guides and the distance and angle between the cross‐shaped marks. The average labial deformation values (mm) of the first through fifth groups of guides were 0.283, 0.172, 0.289, 0.153, and 0.188, respectively. All groups were statistically different from the blank group for displacement and axial changes of the virtual implant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The sizes of almost all surgical guides changed after sterilization and disinfection treatments, with between‐group differences. Plasma sterilization was more suitable for surgical guide sterilization because of the smaller deformations after treatment.
Current treatment of pT1 rectal cancers in Denmark: A retrospective national cohort study
Authors: Smith Henry G. , Schlesinger Nis H. , Krarup Peter‐Martin , Nordholm‐Carstensen Andreas
Published: May 2024

Aim

Organ preservation strategies for patients with rectal cancer are increasingly common. In appropriately selected patients, local excision (LE) of pT1 cancers can reduce morbidity without compromising cancer‐related outcomes. However, determining the need for completion surgery after LE can be challenging, and it is unknown if prior LE compromises subsequent total mesorectal excision (TME). The aim of this study is to describe the current management of patients with pT1 rectal cancers.

Method

This is a retrospective national cohort study of the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group database, including patients with newly diagnosed pT1 cancers between 2016 and 2020. Patients were stratified according to treatment into LE alone, completion TME after LE or upfront TME. The treatment and outcomes of these groups were compared.

Results

A total of 1056 patients were included. Initial LE was performed in 715 patients (67.7%), of whom 194 underwent completion TME (27.1%). The remaining 341 patients underwent upfront TME (32.3%). Patients undergoing LE alone were more likely to be male with low rectal cancers and greater comorbidity. No differences in specimen quality or perioperative outcomes were noted between patients undergoing completion or upfront TME. Eighty‐five patients (15.9%) had lymph node metastases (LNM). Pathological risk factors poorly discriminated between patients with and without LNM, with similar rates seen in patients with zero (14.1%), one (12.0%) or two (14.4%) risk factors.

Conclusion

LE is a key component of the treatment of pT1 rectal cancer and does not appear to affect the outcomes of completion TME. Patient selection for completion TME remains a major challenge, with current stratification methods appearing to be inadequate.
Real‐world effectiveness and safety of the LAight‐therapy in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Strobel Alexandra , Schultheis Michael , Staubach Petra , Grabbe Stephan , Mann Caroline , Hennig Katharina , Szepietowski Jacek C , Matusiak Lukasz , Krajewski Piotr , von Stebut Esther , Garcovich Simone , Bayer Hans , Heise Marcus , Podda Maurizio , Kirschner Uwe , Nikolakis Georgios
Published: May 2024

Background and objectives

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)/Acne inversa (Ai) is a chronic debilitating disease with limited therapy options. The device‐based LAight therapy was approved in Europe in 2017. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of real‐world care with at least one treatment with LAight therapy on disease activity and burden in 3,437 patients.

Patients and Methods

Patients were included in the analysis if they had a diagnosis of HS and received at least one treatment. The endpoints Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System (IHS4), pain on the numeric rating scale (pain‐NRS) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were analyzed using a linear mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM) over 26 weeks of care with LAight therapy. Furthermore, responder rates were calculated for all endpoints, and the therapy's safety profile and patient satisfaction were thoroughly examined.

Results

A significant decrease in IHS4, pain‐NRS, and DLQI was achieved during 26 weeks of care with LAight. The BMI at baseline had a significant negative effect on therapy response for pain‐NRS and DLQI.

Conclusions

This study confirms that LAight therapy leads to satisfactory disease control in all stages of severity and is a valuable addition to the therapeutic repertoire of HS.
Benefit‐sharing with human participants in health research in South Africa: A call for clarity
Authors: Kamau Claude , Prinsen Larisse , Thaldar Donrich
Published: May 2024

This study critically examines the concept of benefit‐sharing in the context of health research involving human participants in South Africa, identifying a significant gap in the precision and application of terminology. It introduces a new terminological framework designed to provide clarity and facilitate standardisation in both national and international discourse on benefit‐sharing. The analysis extends to the complex legal landscape in South Africa, highlighting the nuances of mandated, permitted, and prohibited practices of benefit‐sharing across various statutes. This reveals substantial implications for ethics committees, researchers, and participants, emphasising the need for a legal and ethical recalibration. Furthermore, the manuscript critiques South Africa's main ethics instruments for their inadequate guidance on benefit‐sharing and proposes recommendations for enhancing the Department of Health's ethics guidelines. By advocating for a coherent, legally informed approach to ethical decision‐making, the study underscores the need for integrating the proposed framework and legal insights into ethics guidelines. This comprehensive strategy aims not only to advance ethical practices within South Africa but also to contribute significantly to the global discourse on benefit‐sharing in health research.