bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Foreign Office and the Special Operations Executive and the Expedition of Józef Hieronim Retinger to Poland, April–July 1944
Authors: Bułhak Władysław
Published: October 2016

The author attempts to compare existing interpretations of the origins, political objectives, and course of the secret mission to occupied Poland undertaken by Józef Hieronim Retinger in the first half of 1944 with source materials presently available in Polish and British archives. During this source reconstruction the author established that the genesis of the mission should be identified in the events of 1943, when decisions by the superpowers (later confirmed in Tehran) concerning the future place of Poland in postwar Europe were taken. The objective of Retinger’s mission was to provide information on those decisions to politicians in the occupied country, and also to convince them to come to an agreement with the Soviet Union so that Poland could retain internal sovereignty in exchange for concessions on the future shape of its borders. Retinger himself proposed this dangerous adventure, obtaining the approval of Stanisław Mikołajczyk, Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile. Anthony Eden, head of the UK’s Foreign Office, personally approved the political aims of the mission, while the British Special Operations Executive supplied the means for it to be conducted, such as outbound and inbound special flights. While in the country Retinger met with a number of leading politicians, and in that sense his mission was fulfilled. On the political plane his arguments were rejected, and there was even an attempt on Retinger’s life engineered by Polish secret services.
The Impact of Thoughts in the Creation of International Law Rules: From Former Thinkers to the Future Scholars
Authors: Ebrahimi Roghieh , Tarazkouhi Hossein Sharifi
Published: October 2016

International law as one of the human sciences which has been formed in the light of governments’ needs for regulation of relations and pertinences is a set of rules which based on the increasing complexity of international life; it has been added to its importance gradually. The international nature of rules in this science leads the main followers of international system namely government to be identified as drafters of aforementioned rules. In this research we will discussed about the status of human thoughts as the smallest subjects of international system and we try to prove this hypothesis that human thoughts had been an essential component in the formation of rules in the international legal system.
Investigating the Relationship between Marketing Knowledge Sharing and Developing Competitive Advantage (Case Study: Arak Shazand Petrochemical)
Authors: Hamidizadeh Mohamad Reza , Meibodi Parinaz Aghaei
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between marketing knowledge sharing and developing competitive advantage. This research is an applied objective research and data collection method of description-correlation nature the subjects under study by this research are employees of Arak Shazand petrochemical industry. The sample size was estimated 90 people. The method is stratified random sampling. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. Marketing knowledge sharing questionnaire of Moghimi and Ramazani (2011) contains 17 items and developing competitive advantage questionnaire of Hill and Jones (2010) contains 16 items. Logical validity (face and content) of questionnaires was reviewed and approved through several university professors and several experts of this industry. Also, construct validity was reviewed and approved by confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS software. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.7 was obtained for variables that indicate internal consistency of items and acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. The research hypothesis test using univariate linear regression was performed with application of SPSS software. The results showed that, given that the t-statistic value is greater than 1.96 (t = 6.48), the relationship between two variables, competitive advantage and marketing knowledge sharing was significant at the 5% error level  Standard regression coefficient (0.57) also specified the share of independent variable in explaining the changes of dependent variable so that for every one unit increase in variable of marketing knowledge sharing, competitive advantage increases 0.57.
Impact of the Farm Income Stabilization Insurance Program on Production Decisions in the Quebec Pork Industry: An Empirical and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Atozou Baoubadi , Lawin Kotchikpa Gabriel
Published: October 2016

The Farm Income Stabilization Insurance Program (ASRA) is an agricultural program implemented in several agricultural sectors in Quebec, including the pork sector. This article aims to empirically assess the effects of this program on production decisions in the pork industry in Quebec using a Vector Error Correction Model (VEC). As variables we used the pig supply, the price of pork, and stabilized income. The dataset contains information about the pork sector which cover the period 1981-2014. The annual average growth rate of the quantity offered in this period is 5.24%. The results suggest that the supply of pork is strongly correlated with lagged values of stabilized income. The results also show that there is only one long-term relationship between the three variables above-mentioned. By contrast, in the short term, an increase of one percentage point of the stabilized income leads to an increase of 0.80 percentage point of pork supply in the next period while an increase of one percentage point of pork price will result to a decrease of 0.47 percentage point of the production. Pork production decisions are dominated in short-term by the presence of ASRA program. This shows evidence that without the ASRA program, pork production would be less. These results confirm some of the criticisms of this program. Thus, through this article we suggest a compensation indicator which internalizes market signals in order to improve pork industry efficiency. Simulations of the compensation indicator were also performed. The adoption of this indicator as a measure of compensation for the ASRA program will generate an efficient production system, reduce the deficit of the program, and improve the competitiveness of pork industry. This indicator can be applied to other agricultural sectors covered by the ASRA program.
Hoe lang zijn ouders aansprakelijk wegens slecht bewind?
Authors: ter Haar J.H.M.
Published: October 2016

Hoe lang zijn ouders aansprakelijk wegens slecht bewind?

Slecht bewind over erfrechtelijke verkrijgingen van minderjarigen door ouders kan lange tijd verborgen blijven. De vraag is dan in hoeverre ouders jaren nadat een kind meerderjarig is geworden alsnog aansprakelijk gesteld kunnen worden voor de schade die uit het slechte bewind is voortgevloeid. Aan de hand van twee recente uitspraken wordt hierop nader ingegaan. Daarbij wordt tevens de rol van de kantonrechter als toezichthouder belicht.
Securitology – security of a subject
Authors: Korzeniowski Leszek Fryderyk
Published: October 2016

Subjective security (security of a subject) is a state of a subject, his potential and abilities of adequate reaction to hazards as well as an issue of protecting a subject from any hazards. The first scientific analyses of security issue have been known for eighty years now, however, formally science on security as an academic subject was registered (in Poland) just in 2011, in a new distinguished area and field of social science. Science is an intentional activity of man aimed at exploring the world we live in. Scientific knowledge is based on searching constant relations between facts (colloquial knowledge restricts to occasional relations).
Possibility of the Use of Different Types of Materials in Passive Ventilation Systems of Munitions
Authors: WIŚNIEWSKI Adam
Published: October 2016

The paper presents different types of insensitive munition used in military equipment, especially in western countries. Tests of this munition, their parameters, e.g. fast and slow heating, bullet, fragment and shaped charge jet impact and sympathetic reaction are described. The characteristics of shape-memory materials like alloys and polymers are presented. Behaviour of shape-memory alloy is explained by example of TiNi al-loys during mechanical or thermal loading, and martensitic transformation into austen-ite during unloading. Material parameters of the TiNi alloys, their testing and mathematical equations are shown. Venting systems used in the explosive reactive armour cassettes are presented. Different examples of materials, including shape-memory materials in munition, are demonstrated.
Modal Analysis of a Discrete System in the Form of a Rocket Launcher Installed on a Motor Vehicle
Authors: DZIOPA Zbigniew , NYCKOWSKI Maciej
Published: October 2016

A discrete model of an unguided rocket missile launcher installed on a motor vehicle was developed on the basis of a real assembly. The model is simplified to a vertical plane; it has four degrees of freedom and is adapted for a modal analysis. A mathematical model was derived using the variational method on the basis of the assumed physical model. Analytical dependencies in the form of adjoint second order equations taking ordinary derivatives describe the dynamics of the considered system. The equations describing the autonomous motion of the system provided a definition of the generalized eigenvalue problem and the age equation forming the basis of the characteristic values. An analytical form of particular integrals was assumed for equations describing proper vibrations and the amplitude distribution coefficients were calculated. Four forms of proper vibrations of the considered system were obtained on the basis of the determined eigenvectors.
Analysis of Heat Transfer in a 35 mm Barrel of an Anti-Aircraft Cannon
Authors: DĘBSKI Andrzej , KONIORCZYK Piotr , Leciejewski Zbigniew , PREISKORN Marek , SURMA Zbigniew , ZMYWACZYK Janusz
Published: October 2016

The paper presents the results of computer simulations of unidentified transient heat transfer in the wall of a 35 mm cannon barrel for a single shot and for a sequence of seven shots with a subsequent firing break. The cannon barrel was made of 32CrMoV12-28 steel. For the phenomenon modelling, it was assumed that the material of the barrel wall is uniform and the barrel’s inner surface does not feature a protective coating of galvanic chrome or a nitrided casing. Calculations were performed for two input data variants: (i) for constant values of thermophysical parameters and (ii) for a temperature-dependent specific heat. The barrel with an overall length of 3150 mm was divided into 6 zones. On the inner surface of the barrel in each zone there were assumed various values of heat flux density expressed as rectangular functions in the range from 0 to 10 ms (with the start of ti of the function shifted in the subsequent zones). The calculation time for a single shot was assumed as equal to 100 ms. The calculations were performed with a finite element method in COSMOS/M software.
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Effectors Used in Active Protection Systems
Authors: PANOWICZ Robert , NIEZGODA Tadeusz , KONARZEWSKI Marcin
Published: October 2016

The paper presents numerical and experimental analyses of effectors used in active protection systems. In the numerical analyses, the ALE method was used with FSI. Two types of destructors were analysed. The first destructor is a rectangular directed fragmentation warhead which can be mounted on the protected object. The second one is cylindrical and is a component of an antimissile. In both types of destructors we can distinguish several main parts, such as: the case, explosive material and fragmentation liner. The fragmentation liner is built from resin with submerged metallic spheres or cylinders. The fragmentation liner forms a cloud of fragments when the explosive material, located in direct contact with the liner, explodes. In order to perform numerical analyses, three-dimensional models of the destructors were designed in the HyperMesh software. The numerical analyses were performed with the Ls-Dyna software. The results of experimental tests carried out on one of the destructors are also presented in the study.
Laboratorio de museología en una escuela de arte en Cabo Verde. Pescar en mar abierto
Authors: Rainho Rita
Published: October 2016

Resumen: Este artículo surge a partir del contexto pedagógico en torno a la conceptualización y primera fase de implementación del Museo de la Pesca en Cabo Verde, archipiélago en el Océano Atlántico. Este contexto está promovido por el M_EIA, Instituto Universitario de Arte, Tecnología y Cultura. El M_EIA abrazó el proyecto del Museo en 2012 con equipos de estudiantes, profesores y profesionales de diversas áreas, cuestionando sus papeles, relaciones y la contribución del diseño en la expresión de las memorias del archipiélago. La herencia museológica en Cabo Verde, así como de la educación y del diseño, está marcada de forma general por tendencias occidentales normativizadas. Por ello, es preciso trabajar para provocar, a partir de cambios en la educación, mayor implicación en los discursos y prácticas en la museología. El artículo se centra en la confrontación de los conceptoshistoria-memoria, así como en la problemática de las relaciones entre las narrativas oficiales y la representación de las voces de las comunidades locales en el museo. Se presenta una lectura de los desafíos experimentados en el proceso de conceptualización y diseño del Museo de la Pesca, a través de la lente de la Nueva Museología/Museología Crítica y Pedagogía Crítica. Palabras clave: Nueva Museología,  Museología Crítica, Cabo Verde, Diseño, Pedagogía Crítica, Educación Artística, Memoria colectiva, Comunidades. Abstract: This article emerges from the pedagogical context around the conceptualisation and first stage of implementation of the Museu da Pesca (Fishing Museum) in Cape Verde, an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. M_EIA, University Institute of Art, Technology and Culture, started the project for the Museum in 2012, bringing together teams of students, teachers, and several professionals, questioning their roles, relations and the contribution of design/drawing in the expression of the archipelago's memories. The history of museology in Cape Verde, as well as the history of education and design/drawing, is generally marked by western normative trends. For that reason, it is necessary to work in order to provoke, through changes in education, a greater implication in the discourses and practices of museology. The article is centred in the confrontation of the concepts of history and memory, and in the relations between official narratives and the representation of the voices of local communities in the museum. We present a reading of the challenges experienced in the process of conceptualising and designing the Fishing Museum, through the lens of New Museology, Critical Museology and Critical Pedagogy. Keywords: New Museology, Critical Museology, Cape Verde, Design, Critical Pedagogy, Art Education, Collective Memory, Communitieshttp://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.7.8050
Arte y Educación: Espacios comunes. Reflexiones en torno a la práctica artística Mapa dels desitjos
Authors: Vidagañ Maria , Soria Verónica , Lozano Neus
Published: October 2016

Resumen: El siguiente artículo pretende identificar posibles espacios comunes entre arte y educación partiendo de la propuesta artística Mapa dels Desitjos[1] del colectivo Cràter[2]. Esta propuesta se llevó a cabo en el contexto de la XVII Mostra d’Art Públic / Universitat Pública de la Universitat de València. Mapa dels Desitjos surgió de la idea de preguntar a la comunidad universitaria cómo organizarían su vida si no tuviesen en cuenta la cuestión económica y de hacer públicas sus respuestas. A partir de esta experiencia, analizamos y reflexionamos en torno a cuatro preguntas que estructuran el análisis: ¿Qué paralelismos existen entre los roles de artista/público y maestro/estudiante? ¿Cómo se utiliza el espacio? ¿Cómo se comporta el factor tiempo? ¿Cuál es el conocimiento que se genera? Siguiendo las relaciones entre estos elementos, presentes tanto en el arte como en la educación, abordamos algunas reflexiones sobre conceptos educativos en permanente desarrollo, tales como educación expandida (Díaz et al., 2012), aprendizajes colaterales (González, del Rincón, Bonilla y Sáez, 2012) y currículum oculto (Freire, 1975).   Palabras Clave: Educación Artística, Investigación Artística, Práctica artística, Educación Superior, Entornos de aprendizaje. Abstract: The following paper aims to identify possible common spaces between art and education, departing from the art project Mapa dels Desitjos1 (Map of Wishes), by the collective Cràter2. The project took place in the framework of the 17 Show of Public Art / Public University at University of Valencia. Mapa dels desitjos emerged from the idea of asking members of the university community about how they would organize their lives if they did not have to consider any economic constraints, and then making their answers public. Based on this experience, we analyze and reflect on four questions that structure our analysis: What paralels are there between the roles of artist/audience and teacher/student? How is the space used? What role does time play? What is the knowledge being generated? Through the relationships between these elements, present both in art as well as in education, we engage in some reflections on educational concepts that are in continuous development, such as expanded education (Díaz et al., 2012), collateral learning (González, del Rincón, Bonilla & Sáez, 2012) and hidden curriculum (Freire, 1975).   Keywords: Artistic Education, Artistic Research, Artistic Practice, Higher Education, Learning Environments.http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.7.8071  [1] http://mapadelsdesitjos.com/ [2] http://lescrater.com
PrEP as a feature in the optimal landscape of combination HIV prevention in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: McGillen Jessica B , Anderson Sarah‐Jane , Hallett Timothy B
Published: October 2016

Introduction

The new WHO guidelines recommend offering pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to people who are at substantial risk of HIV infection. However, where PrEP should be prioritised, and for which population groups, remains an open question. The HIV landscape in sub‐Saharan Africa features limited prevention resources, multiple options for achieving cost saving, and epidemic heterogeneity. This paper examines what role PrEP should play in optimal prevention in this complex and dynamic landscape.

Methods

We use a model that was previously developed to capture subnational HIV transmission in sub‐Saharan Africa. With this model, we can consider how prevention funds could be distributed across and within countries throughout sub‐Saharan Africa to enable optimal HIV prevention (that is, avert the greatest number of infections for the lowest cost). Here, we focus on PrEP to elucidate where, and to whom, it would optimally be offered in portfolios of interventions (alongside voluntary medical male circumcision, treatment as prevention, and behaviour change communication). Over a range of continental expenditure levels, we use our model to explore prevention patterns that incorporate PrEP, exclude PrEP, or implement PrEP according to a fixed incidence threshold.

Results

At low‐to‐moderate levels of total prevention expenditure, we find that the optimal intervention portfolios would include PrEP in only a few regions and primarily for female sex workers (FSW). Prioritisation of PrEP would expand with increasing total expenditure, such that the optimal prevention portfolios would offer PrEP in more subnational regions and increasingly for men who have sex with men (MSM) and the lower incidence general population. The marginal benefit of including PrEP among the available interventions increases with overall expenditure by up to 14% (relative to excluding PrEP). The minimum baseline incidence for the optimal offer of PrEP declines for all population groups as expenditure increases. We find that using a fixed incidence benchmark to guide PrEP decisions would incur considerable losses in impact (up to 7%) compared with an approach that uses PrEP more flexibly in light of prevailing budget conditions.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that, for an optimal distribution of prevention resources, choices of whether to implement PrEP in subnational regions should depend on the scope for impact of other possible interventions, local incidence in population groups, and total resources available. If prevention funding were to become restricted in the future, it may be suboptimal to use PrEP according to a fixed incidence benchmark, and other prevention modalities may be more cost‐effective. In contrast, expansions in funding could permit PrEP to be used to its full potential in epidemiologically driven prevention portfolios and thereby enable a more cost‐effective HIV response across Africa.
Towards a fair consideration of PrEP as part of combination HIV prevention in Latin America
Authors: Ravasi Giovanni , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Baruch Ricardo , Guanira Juan Vicente , Luque Ricardo , Cáceres Carlos F , Ghidinelli Massimo
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Despite progress in scaling up antiretroviral treatment, HIV prevention strategies have not been successful in significantly curbing HIV incidence in Latin America. HIV prevention interventions need to be expanded to target the most affected key populations with a combination approach, including new high impact technologies. Oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended as additional prevention choice for individuals at higher risk of infection and could become a cost‐effective prevention tool. We discuss the barriers and solutions for a fair consideration of PrEP as part of combination HIV prevention strategies in Latin America.

Discussion

Although demonstration projects are ongoing or being planned in a number of countries, to date no Latin American country has implemented a public PrEP programme. The knowledge of policymakers about PrEP implementation needs to be strengthened, and programmatic guidance and cost estimate tools need to be developed to support adequate planning. Despite high levels of awareness among health providers, especially if engaged in HIV or key population care, willingness to prescribe PrEP is still low due to the lack of national policies and guidelines. Key populations, especially men who have sex with men, transgender women and sex workers, have been engaged in demonstration projects, and qualitative research shows high awareness and willingness to use PrEP, especially if accessible in the public sector for free or at affordable price. Concerns of safety, adherence, effectiveness and risk compensation need to be addressed through targeted social communication strategies to improve PrEP knowledge and stimulate demand. Alliance among policymakers, civil society and representatives from key populations, healthcare providers and researchers will be critical for the design and successful implementation of PrEP demonstration projects of locally adapted delivery models. The use of mechanisms of joint negotiation and procurement of antiretrovirals could reduce costs and significantly increase the cost‐effectiveness of PrEP.

Conclusions

PrEP is an additional prevention tool and should be implemented in combination and synergy with other prevention interventions. PrEP programmes should target high‐risk individuals from key populations for higher cost‐effectiveness. Demonstration projects may generate strategic information for and lead to the implementation of full‐scale PrEP programmes.
Surgical Resection of Metachronous Lymph Node Metastasis From Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Three Case Reports and Review of the Literature
Authors: Shrestha Santosh , Miyazawa Mitsuo , Aikawa Masayasu , Watanabe Yukihiro , Okada Katsuya , Okamoto Kojun , Koyama Isamu
Published: October 2016

The prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with lymph node (LN) metastasis is generally poor, and no consensus has yet been reached on the optimum treatment strategy. We observed 3 cases involving patients with HCC and associated metachronous LN metastasis, who benefited from surgical resection of the metastatic LNs. Each of the 3 patients had solitary LN metastasis for which selective LN resection was performed, and all had C-type cirrhosis as a background disease. There were no other uncontrolled lesions at the time of LN resection. However, additional treatments were required in cases 1 and 3 to control intrahepatic lesions that recurred following the lymphadenectomy. The overall survival in cases 1 and 3 has been >5 years, with case 1 still under observation. Case 2 also remains under follow-up at 6 months after surgery. Surgical resection could be a beneficial strategy for treatment of metachronous LN metastasis arising from HCC in some cases, particularly those involving a solitary LN metastasis with no other uncontrolled lesions.
Early Addition of Selexipag to Double Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Burger Charles D. , Tang Wenze , Tsang Yuen , Panjabi Sumeet
Published: September 2024

Importance

A subgroup analysis of a randomized clinical trial established the efficacy of selexipag plus background therapy (monotherapy or double oral therapy [DOT]) vs placebo plus background therapy and found that the addition of selexipag within 6 months had an added benefit. However, the timing of selexipag addition to DOT and the incremental benefit in clinical practice is not well studied.

Objective

To compare triple oral therapy (TOT) consisting of selexipag, endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA), and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) vs DOT consisting of ERA and PDE5i.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This comparative effectiveness study was conducted using data from the US Komodo claims database to emulate a randomized trial. Patients aged 18 years or older with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) treated with ERA plus PDE5i with records from July 2015 through June 2022 were duplicated to TOT and DOT and artificially censored when observed treatment deviated from assigned treatment. Hypothetical randomization was emulated using inverse probability of treatment weighting, and the study accounted for censoring-induced selection bias using inverse probability of censoring weighting. A pooled logistic model estimated the per-protocol difference between treatment groups. Data were analyzed from November 2022 through July 2023.

Interventions

TOT (addition of selexipag within 3, 6, and 12 months of initiating DOT) vs DOT.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Adjusted risk of all-cause hospitalization, PAH-related hospitalization, and PAH-related disease progression over a 2-year follow-up.

Results

A total of 2966 patients with PAH (mean [SD] age, 54.3 [14.0] years; 2125 female [71.6%]) met eligibility criteria. Adding selexipag within 6 months of ongoing DOT was associated with a reduction in risk for all-cause hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.94), PAH-related hospitalization (aHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.95), and PAH-related progression (aHR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.95) vs DOT alone. There were no associations if selexipag was initiated within 12 months for all-cause hospitalization, PAH-related hospitalization, or PAH-related disease progression. The association remained with a greater decrease in risk for disease progression vs DOT for selexipag initiation within 3 months (aHR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.90).

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found that early selexipag addition to ERA plus PDE5i was associated with a reduction in risk of hospitalization and disease progression. These findings suggest that delays in selexipag initiation likely contribute to suboptimal patient and health system outcomes.
Gender Representation of Health Care Professionals in Large Language Model–Generated Stories
Authors: Menz Bradley D. , Kuderer Nicole M. , Chin-Yee Benjamin , Logan Jessica M. , Rowland Andrew , Sorich Michael J. , Hopkins Ashley M.
Published: September 2024

Importance

With the growing use of large language models (LLMs) in education and health care settings, it is important to ensure that the information they generate is diverse and equitable, to avoid reinforcing or creating stereotypes that may influence the aspirations of upcoming generations.

Objective

To evaluate the gender representation of LLM-generated stories involving medical doctors, surgeons, and nurses and to investigate the association of varying personality and professional seniority descriptors with the gender proportions for these professions.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This is a cross-sectional simulation study of publicly accessible LLMs, accessed from December 2023 to January 2024. GPT-3.5-turbo and GPT-4 (OpenAI), Gemini-pro (Google), and Llama-2-70B-chat (Meta) were prompted to generate 500 stories featuring medical doctors, surgeons, and nurses for a total 6000 stories. A further 43 200 prompts were submitted to the LLMs containing varying descriptors of personality (agreeableness, neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness) and professional seniority.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the gender proportion (she/her vs he/him) within stories generated by LLMs about medical doctors, surgeons, and nurses, through analyzing the pronouns contained within the stories using χ2 analyses. The pronoun proportions for each health care profession were compared with US Census data by descriptive statistics and χ2 tests.

Results

In the initial 6000 prompts submitted to the LLMs, 98% of nurses were referred to by she/her pronouns. The representation of she/her for medical doctors ranged from 50% to 84%, and that for surgeons ranged from 36% to 80%. In the 43 200 additional prompts containing personality and seniority descriptors, stories of medical doctors and surgeons with higher agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness, as well as lower neuroticism, resulted in higher she/her (reduced he/him) representation. For several LLMs, stories focusing on senior medical doctors and surgeons were less likely to be she/her than stories focusing on junior medical doctors and surgeons.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study highlights the need for LLM developers to update their tools for equitable and diverse gender representation in essential health care roles, including medical doctors, surgeons, and nurses. As LLMs become increasingly adopted throughout health care and education, continuous monitoring of these tools is needed to ensure that they reflect a diverse workforce, capable of serving society’s needs effectively.
Four-Repeat Tau Seeding in the Skin of Patients With Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Martinez-Valbuena Ivan , Tartaglia M. Carmela , Fox Susan H. , Lang Anthony E. , Kovacs Gabor G.
Published: September 2024

This study discusses 4-repeat tau seeding in the skin of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy.
Influence of Ni‐Coating Thickness on Interface Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg/Ti Bimetal via Compound Casting
Authors: Wu Yuanbing , Zhao Jianhua , Wei Chao , Gu Cheng
Published: September 2024

In this article, the influence of Nickel (Ni)coating thickness on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91D/Ti–6Al–4 V bimetal fabricated by compound casting is investigated. In the results, it is shown that the Ni coating and its thickness have a significant effect on the interfacial phase compositions and mechanical properties of AZ91D/Ti–6Al–4 V bimetal. At a Ni‐coating thickness of 6.5–27.3 μm, it transforms into α‐Mg + Mg2Ni eutectic structures + blocky τ‐Ni2Mg3Al ternary compounds at the interface zone. When the Ni‐coating thickness increases to 36.1 μm, part of the Ni coating remains, and the interface layer forms, comprising the Ni solid solution layer, Mg2Ni layer, τ‐Ni2Mg3Al ternary compounds, and α‐Mg + τ‐Ni2Mg3Al particles from Ti–6Al–4 V to AZ91D side in sequence. The microhardness of the interface zone is lower than that of the Ti–6Al–4 V but higher than AZ91D. The bimetal shear strength reaches a maximum value of 87.6 MPa at a Ni‐coating thickness of 19.7 μm enhanced by 78.5% in comparison with that of the bimetal without Ni coating. The results are helpful to further enrich the interface control method of compound casting of Ti/Mg bimetal and determine the ideal interlayer thickness for maximizing interface strength.
SnAgCu Solder Joint Microstructure Evolution During Thermal Aging: Influence of Flux
Authors: Veselý Petr , Králová Iva , Pilnaj Dominik , Plaček Martin , Dušek Karel
Published: September 2024

An intermetallic layer (IML) between the solder alloy and the soldered surface affects the mechanical and electrical performance of the resulting joints. Numerous studies have explored the possibilities of influencing the IML to achieve more reliable interconnections. However, the type and composition of the used flux, crucial for the proper creation of solder joints, is rarely included as a possible influencing factor. In this article, a comprehensive study on the interfacial microstructure evolution of lead‐free SnAgCu solder joints, accounting for the flux type and the temperature of the preheating phase of reflow soldering, where the flux contained in the solder paste becomes active, is presented. In the results, it is shown that the IML of as‐reflowed and thermally aged solder joints depends significantly on the flux. The IML activation energy is 57% higher for rosin‐based low‐activity (ROL)0 flux compared to ROL1 flux. The ROL0 flux, containing fewer active components, also outperforms the ROL1 flux in both the mechanical and electrical properties of the joints. Furthermore, the temperature profiles also show slight differences in measured properties, with the fluxes responding differently to changes in preheating temperature. In the presented results, importance of the used flux on solder joint microstructure is demonstrated.
Photo Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Using Sn Doped In2S3 Homologous Series Synthesized in Oxygen Deficient Flame
Authors: Pokhrel Suman , Stahl Jakob , Wang Lizhuo , Tang Rui , Sun Haoyue , Schalk Malte , Schowalter Marco , Rosenauer Andreas , Huang Jun , Kiefer Johannes , Birkenstock Johannes , Mädler Lutz
Published: September 2024

The innovative development of reactive‐spray systems for gas‐phase production of metal sulfides are potential materials for next‐generation technologies. These flame‐synthesized sulfides (doped, functionalized, and heterogeneously mixed derivatives) hold significant potential as photocatalysts for water splitting. The knowledge acquired from nonaqueous precursor‐solvent and high‐temperature aerosol chemistries, optimal process parameters are established to generate In2‐(4/3)xSnxS3, solid‐solutions. The thermally driven reducing gas‐phase reactions are controlled through fuel/oxygen ratio. Particles characterizations (X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and imaging) revealed structural stability and crystallinity. The In2‐(4/3)xSnxS3, at higher Sn doping had enhanced photoexcitation. Donor‐acceptor levels within the material facilitated electron‐hole pair trapping, crucial for redox reactions. With suitable band gap energies for water oxidation (1.9‐1.1 eV) closely matched flat band potentials (4.38‐4.67 eV) for redox reactions. The powder characterization showed 8% In2O3 in InSn0.75S3 after photocatalysis due to S‐degradation in the initial light “on/off cycles”. The pioneering process of employing oxygen‐deficient reducing flame enabled a series of photo‐catalytically active metal sulfide nanoparticles with work function energies in the range of 5.19‐5.37 eV. This synthesis strategy holds the potential for impactful advancements in both industry and R&D, addressing the urgent need for new materials capable of inducing water oxidation under visible light.
Ultrasmall Sulfur‐Dots‐Mediated Facile Photopolymerization for the Production of Smart Injectable Ink for 3D Printing Applications
Authors: Singh Nishikanta , Sinha Priyank , Sahu Bhanendra , Mandal Srayee , Bhattacharyya Santanu , Banerjee Sanjib
Published: September 2024

Sulfur dots (S‐dots) eliminate the need of expensive and toxic conventional photocatalysts or transition metal in photoinduced reversible deactivation radical polymerization (photoRDRP). Herein, non‐metallic S‐dots mediated photoRDRP of N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) are developed for the first time. This technique allows for the precise synthesis of narrow‐dispersed poly(N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMA) and double hydrophilic poly(N, N‐dimethyl acrylamide)‐block‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (PDMA‐b‐PHEAA) diblock copolymer suitable for contaminant removal from water. Also, its subsequent modification into a poly(N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide)‐block‐poly(N‐(2‐((4‐vinylbenzyl)oxy)ethyl)acrylamide) (PDMA‐b‐PVBEAA) diblock copolymer gives ultra‐fast gelation and production of writable ink‐gel, which is exceptionally well‐suited for 3D printing applications, enabling the creation of precise and defined shapes. This innovative material serves as an intriguing scaffold for tissue engineering and other biomaterial applications, especially in areas that demand rapid and customizable manufacturing solutions.
Active Formation of Friedrich–Wintgen Bound States in the Continuum in a Hybrid Plasmonic–Photonic Structure
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Fei , Wang Xin‐Yang , Lin Qi , Wang Ling‐Ling , Liu Gui‐Dong
Published: September 2024

The Friedrich–Wintgen bound state in the continuum (FW BIC) provides a unique approach for achieving high quality factor (Q‐factor) resonance, which has attracted wide attention and promoted the development of various applications. However, the FW BIC is usually considered as accident BIC resulting from the continuous parameters tuning, and a systematic approach to generate the FW BIC is still lacking. To address this issue, a method is proposed for actively generating FW BIC in a hybrid plasmonic–photonic structure near the commercially important communication wavelength. The hybrid system comprises an electrically tunable borophene plasmon mode and a Brillouin zone folding‐induced BIC (BZF‐BIC) supported by a dielectric dimer grating. More interestingly, the BZF‐BIC can be directly excited by the localized borophene plasmon (LBP) mode through near‐field coupling as LBP mode can be considered as a dipole source. The interaction between them can further form the FW BIC and support electromagnetically induced transparency‐like with maximum group index up to 2043, indicating its great potential for slow light applications. The results provide a promising strategy and theoretical support for the generation of FW BIC in active plasmonic optical devices.
Sensor‐Embedded Muscle for Closed‐Loop Controllable Actuation in Proprioceptive Biohybrid Robots
Authors: Filippi Miriam , Balciunaite Aiste , Georgopoulou Antonia , Paniagua Pablo , Drescher Felix , Nie Minghao , Takeuchi Shoji , Clemens Frank , Katzschmann Robert K.
Published: September 2024

Biohybrid robots are soft robots that exploit unique characteristics of biological cells and tissues for motion generation. Skeletal muscle tissue‐based bioactuators respond to externally applied stimuli, such as electrical fields. However, current bioactuation systems rely on open‐loop control strategies that lack knowledge of the actuator's state. The regulation of output force and position of biohybrid robots requires self‐sensing control systems that combine bioactuators with sensors and control paradigms. Herein, a soft, fiber‐shaped mechanical sensor based on a piezoresistive composite is proposed that efficiently integrates with engineered skeletal muscle tissue and senses its contracting states in a cell culture environment in the presence of applied electrical fields. After testing the sensor's insulation and biocompatibility, its sensitivity for typical strains (<1%) is characterized, and its ability is proven to detect motions from contractile skeletal muscle tissue constructs. Finally, it is shown that the sensor response can feed an autonomous control system, thus demonstrating the first proprioceptive biohybrid robot that senses and responds to its contraction state. In addition to inspiring implantable systems, biomedical models, and other bioelectronic devices, the proposed technology will confer biohybrids with decisional autonomy, thus driving the paradigm shift between bioactuators and intelligent biohybrid robots.
Intermolekulare 1,2‐Aminoborierung von Alkinen und die Kritische Rolle Elektronenreicher Alkine
Authors: Dotzauer Simon , Jayaraman Arumugam , Reinhart David , Braunschweig Holger
Published: September 2024

Während die intramolekulare 1,2‐Aminoborierung von Alkinen durch Aminoborane selten ist und stets einen Katalysator erfordert, ist die intermolekulare Aminoborierung von Alkinen noch gänzlich unerforscht. Dank Untersuchungen der elektronischen Faktoren, die zur Aktivierung der B−N‐σ‐Bindung von Aminoboranen durch Alkine beitragen, legen wir in dieser Arbeit die erste intermolekulare 1,2‐Aminoborierung von Alkinen dar. Diese Reaktionen, in denen eine Reihe von (Amino)dihalogenboranen und Aminoborsäureestern verwendet wird, laufen unter milden Bedingungen und ohne Katalysatoren ab, was zu syn‐Additionsprodukten führt, die zwei entscheidende Funktionalitäten aufweisen, nämlich Amino‐ und Borylgruppen. Während besonders elektronenreiche Alkine (Z)‐2‐Borylethenamine liefern, führen andere, weniger aktivierte bzw. elektronenärmere Alkine aufgrund endergoner Reaktionen nicht zu den entsprechenden Aminoborierungsprodukten.
Catalytic Edges in One‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Chang Yumeng , Lin Chao , Wang Haifeng , Wu Xiaotong , Zou Luyao , Shi Jixin , Xiao Qi , Xu Qing , Li Xiaopeng , Luo Wei
Published: September 2024

Metal‐free covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are employed in oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) because of their diverse structural units and controllable catalytic sites, and the edge sites have high catalytic activity than the basal sites. However, it is still challenge to modulate the edge sites in COFs, because the extended frameworks in two‐ or three‐dimensional topologies resulted in limited edge parts. In this study, we have demonstrated the edge site modulation engineering based on one dimensional (1D) COFs to catalyze the ORR, which featured distinct edge groups‐carbonyl, diaminopyrazine, phenylimidazole, and benzaldehyde imidazole units. The synthesized COFs have same ordered frameworks, similar pore structure, but had different electronic states of the carbons along the edge sites, which results in tailored catalytic properties. Notably, the COF functionalized with a phenylimidazole edge group exhibited superior catalytic performance compared to the other synthesized COFs. And the theoretical calculation further revealed the different edge sites had tunable binding ability of the intermediates OOH*, which contributed modulated activity. Our findings introduce a novel way for designing COFs optimized for ORR applications through molecular level control of edge sites.
Bidentate Coordination Enables Anions‐Regulated Solvation Structure for Advanced Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Li Rui , Dong Jingjing , Bai Zhongchao , Wang Nana , Dou Shi Xue , Yang Jian
Published: September 2024

Rechargeable aqueous Zn metal batteries (AZMBs) are attractive for stationary energy storage due to their low cost and high safety. However, their practical application is hindered by the excessive use of zinc anodes and poor high‐temperature performance, caused by severe side reactions and dendritic growth issues. Here, an electrolyte design strategy is reported based on bidentate coordination of Zn2+ and solvent to tailor the solvation structure. The triethylene glycol (TEG) co‐solvent with two‐oxygen coordination sites is demonstrated to facilitate the formation of an anions‐involved solvation shell, greatly reducing the activity of coordinated H2O molecules. The sequential reduction of OTF− anions and TEG leads to the formation of an organic–inorganic bilayer SEI (hydrophobic organic layer and high ion conductivity inorganic layer), protecting Zn anodes from side reactions and dendrite growth, thus ensuring an unprecedented Zn reversibility (99.95 % over 5000 cycles at 0.5 mA cm−2). More importantly, the full cells of Zn||V2O5 exhibit a record‐high cumulative capacity (2552 mAh cm−2) under a lean electrolyte condition (E/C ratio=15 μl mAh−1), a limited Zn supply (N/P ratio=1.9) and a high areal capacity (3.0 mAh cm−2).
Correspondence on “Visible‐Light‐Switchable Chalcone‐Flavylium Photochromic Systems in Aqueous Media”
Authors: Basílio Nuno , Parola A. Jorge , Pina Fernando
Published: September 2024

In a recent Communication in this journal, Bandyopadhyay and co‐workers proposed a rational design of chalcone photoswitches that are claimed to convert into the respective flavylium cations upon irradiation with blue, green, and red light in aqueous media. Here we argue that the reported improvements on the optical/photochemical properties of the new chalcone photoswitches are not substantiated and that the proposed design and data interpretation rely on assumptions that have yet to be validated. We also identify a series of control experiments that can be performed to verify the hypotheses and better support the conclusions presented by the authors.
Nanohoops Favour Light‐Induced Energy Transfer over Charge Separation in Porphyrin/[10]CPP/Fullerene Rotaxanes
Authors: Schwer Fabian , Zank Simon , Freiberger Markus , Steudel Fabian M. , Geue Niklas , Ye Lei , Barran Perdita E. , Drewello Thomas , Guldi Dirk M. , von Delius Max
Published: September 2024

[2]Rotaxanes offer unique opportunities for studying and modulating charge separation and energy transfer, because the mechanical bond allows the robust, yet spatially dynamic tethering of photoactive groups. In this work, we synthesized [2]rotaxane triads comprising a central (aza)[10]CPP⊃C60 bis‐adduct complex and two zinc porphyrin stoppers to address how the movable nanohoop affects light‐induced charge separation and energy transfer between the rotaxane subcomponents. We found that neither the parent nanohoop [10]CPP nor its electron‐deficient analogue aza[10]CPP actively participate in charge separation. In contrast, the nanohoops completely prevented through‐space charge separation. This result is likely due to supramolecular “shielding”, because charge separation was observed in the thread that acted as reference dyad. On the other hand, the suppression of electron transfer allowed the observation of energy transfer from the porphyrin triplet to the fullerene triplet state with a lifetime of ca. 25 μs. The presence of the interlocked nanohoops therefore leads to a dramatic switch between charge separation and energy transfer. We suggest that our results explain observations made by others in photovoltaic devices comprising nanohoops and may pave the way toward strategic uses of mechanically interlocked architectures in devices that feature (triplet) energy transfer.