bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Postponed: Giving Apoptosis a Break?
Authors: Kisiswa Lilian , Dervan Adrian G. , Albon Julie , Morgan James E. , Wride Michael A.
Published: October 2009

Glaucoma is characterised by the preferential death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). However, mammalian models indicate that neurons pass through a period in which they manifest signs of neuronal damage, but have yet to fully commit to death. Mounting evidence suggests that one of the clearest indications of this process is the reduction in RGC dendritic arborisation, resulting in functional compromise. The extent to which this may be reversible is unclear, since the molecular events that precede changes in dendritic structure have received little attention. Furthermore, there are likely to be many factors involved in this process potentially acting in different individual cells at different times. Recent work in Drosophila shows that dendritic reorganisation/remodelling involves local activation and tight regulation of caspase activity. Here, we propose a model in which the balance between caspases and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) contributes towards the regulation of dendritic remodelling. Thus, RGC dendrite reorganisation and cell death represent opposite ends of a spectrum of events regulated by apoptosis signalling pathways. We summarise relevant events in apoptosis, focusing on caspases and IAPs. We also discuss mechanisms of dendrite development, structure and reorganisation and the implications for early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma and neurodegenerative disease.
Transfection with pax6 Gene of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Subsequent Cell Cloning Induced Retinal Neuron Progenitors, Including Retinal Ganglion Cell-Like Cells, in vitro
Authors: Kayama Maki , Kurokawa Manae S. , Ueda Yuji , Ueno Hiroki , Kumagai Yuta , Chiba Shummei , Takada Erika , Ueno Satoki , Tadokoro Mamoru , Suzuki Noboru
Published: October 2009

Objective: It is theoretically possible to induce various cell types, including retinal neurons, from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). pax6 regulates early events in eye development, including the generation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We previously reported the successful induction of corneal epithelial cells from ESCs transfected with the pax6 gene. Here, we attempted to establish cloned RGC-like cells from ESCs transfected with the pax6 gene. Methods: Undifferentiated mouse ESCs were transfected with pax6 cDNA by electroporation, followed by selection with G418. We conducted limiting-dilution culture of pax6-transfected cells. We expanded the cloned pax6-transfected cells, which expressed nestin and musashi-1, for further characterization in culture media containing fibronectin. The cells were characterized using RT-PCR, immunostaining, electron microscopy, renal subcapsular transplantation assay and Ca imaging. Results: We obtained clonally expanding pax6-transfected cells, all of which were positive for six3, sonic hedgehog (shh), math5, brn3, thy1 and melanopsin, by using several ESCs. When transplanted into a mouse renal capsule, they differentiated into neurons with elongated axons, expressing βIII tubulin and neurofilament middle chain, and were free from teratoma development. Electron-microscopic examination showed neurotubules and neurofilaments in the axon-like processes of the cloned pax6-transfected cells. High KCl stimulation increased free Ca influx on Ca2+ imaging. Conclusions: ESCs were applicable for the induction of retinal progenitor cells, including RGC-like cells, by transfection with the pax6 gene and subsequent limiting-dilution culture. Cloned cell lines may be useful to analyze the requirements for retinal progenitor cell differentiation, and our study suggests the clinical application of this cell type.
The Epidermal Pentapeptide pyroGlu-Glu-Asp-Ser-GlyOH Inhibits Murine Hair Growth in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Paus R. , Stenn K.S. , Elgjo K.
Published: October 2009

Tissue growth may be controlled by negative feedback mechanisms. Recently, a pentapeptide, pyroGlu-Glu-Asp-Ser-GlyOH (‘epidermal pentapeptide’, EPP), which slows the growth of mouse epidermis in vivo and of mouse keratinocytes in vitro, was isolated from mouse epidermis. Since inhibitory molecules like EPP might be part of the feedback systems underlying hair growth control, we assessed the effect of synthesized EPP on the growth of hair follicles, using rodent in vivo and in vitro assays. We report for the first time that intraperitoneally injected EPP (30 nmol/animal/day over 6 days) significantly slows the growth of hair follicles in plucking-induced anagen skin of C 57 B1-6 mice (as assessed by microscopic morphometry). Using an in vitro organ culture assay EPP inhibits the incorporation of 3Η-thymidine into mouse pelage anagen follicles. That this epidermal-derived peptide affects hair growth raises the possibility that hair growth may be regulated by an inhibition/disinhibition mechanism under participation of EPP-like molecules and that the epidermis may play a role in the control of hair growth.
Giant Solitary Sebaceous Gland Hyperplasia on the Frontal Region
Authors: Uchiyama Noriko , Yamaji Kazuhiko , Shindo Yasuko
Published: October 2009

A case of a 39 year-old Japanese woman with a dome-shaped elevated nodule on the frontal region of the scalp is reported. Our case is very similar both clinically and histologically to that of ‘giant solitary sebaceous gland hyperplasia’ described by Kudoh et al. in 1988.
RAST and PRIST in Children with Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Rudzki E. , Litewska D.
Published: October 2009

The study was carried out in 535 children. The frequency of positive RAST for food allergens decreased with age. whereas the frequency of positive RAST for inhalant allergens increased with age. Coexistence of asthma and/ or rhinitis was not related to the results of RAST with food allergens. Positive RAST and multiple sensitivity for inhalant allergens were significantly greater in children with coexistent atopic respiratory disease. Total IgE was significantly higher in children with coexistent atopic respiratory disease in all age groups. This study provides information for the critical analysis of a RAST in atopic dermatitis.
Reticulate Pigmentation due to Bleomycin: Light- and Electron-Microscopic Studies
Authors: Wright A.L. , Bleehen S.S. , Champion A.E.
Published: October 2009

An unusual case of extensive reticulate pigmentation due to bleomycin is reported. Light- and electron-microscopic studies showed a marked increase of melanin pigment in the basal keratinocytes and a number of melanophages in the upper dermis. The number of melanocytes appeared to be normal. Electron microscopy also revealed damage to subcellular organelles. The increase in pigmentation is thought to be a consequence of this focal damage.
Another CHILD Syndrome with Xanthomatous Pattern
Authors: Zamora-Martinez Elena , Martin-Moreno Lucia , Barat-Cascante Antonio , Castro-Torres Antonio
Published: October 2009

We report on a patient with verruciform xanthoma lesions in an epithelial nevus and developmental anomalies since birth that may be classified as CHILD syndrome (congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects). Histological analyses of the lesion revealed verrucous features with acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and the typical infiltrate of xanthomatous cells in dermal papillae. To our knowledge only 5 cases of verruciform xanthoma on epidermal nevus have been reported to date. In our view the present case of CHILD syndrome is the first reported in which xanthomatous transformation has been revealed in biopsies taken when the girl was a baby.
A Case of Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis of Childhood: Immunoelectron Microscopic and IgA Subclass Studies
Authors: Onodera Yuko , Hashimoto Takashi , Miyakawa Shunichi , Shimizu Hiroshi , Nishikawa Takeji , Yamamoto Kazuya
Published: October 2009

A 2-year-old girl developed small tense bullae on the diaper area, face and extremities. Immunofluorescent studies revealed linear deposits of IgA, IgM and C3 at the basement membrane zone (BMZ). In addition, IgA2 deposits, as well as IgA1, were clearly demonstrated in the lesional skin. However, in circulation, only IgA1 anti-BMZ antibodies were found. Immunoelectron microscopic study showed IgA deposits just underneath the basilar surface of the basal cells, which seemed to be associated with hemidesmosomes. The survey of the literature suggests that the involvement of IgA2 is extremely rare in this disease.
Congenital Cutis laxa
Authors: Oku T. , Nakayama F. , Imaizumi S. , Takigawa M. , Yamada M.
Published: October 2009

We have encountered 2 cases (mother and son) with an autosomal dominant form of cutis laxa, which is clinically characterized by inelastic, loose, and pendulous skin without systemic organ involvement. The histopathological findings disclosed that the elastic fibers were decreased in number and had abnormalities in shape. Furthermore, electron microscopic observations showed some variations in structural abnormalities of the elastic fibers between the 2 cases.These findings may suggest that the elastic fibers seen in congenital cutis laxa give various features for elastogenesis and elastolysis in the individual cases, perhaps due to aging.
Globozoospermia (Round-Headed Human Spermatozoa)
Authors: Sigg Christian
Published: October 2009

Round-headed human spermatozoa (also called globozoospermia) are characterized by the absence of acrosomes and postacrosomal structures of the spermatozoa causing an atypical roundish shape of the head. A typical case of round-headed human spermatozoa (total globozoospermia) is presented and the literature concerning the morphological and biochemical data known about this rare andrological syndrome is reviewed.
Immunological Parameters in Darier’s Disease
Authors: Patrizi Annalisa , Ricci Giampaolo , Neri Iria , Specchia Fernando , Varotti Claudio , Masi Massimo
Published: October 2009

Patients with Darier’s disease have frequently been observed to develop severe bacterial and viral infections. Previous studies have indicated some derangement in the immune system, even though no consistent or specific abnormality has yet been demonstrated. We performed the results of immunologic studies in 10 patients with Darier’s disease. In each patient humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity (in vivo and in vitro) were evaluated and leukocyte chemotactic function was assayed. Humoral immunity was normal; as regards clusters of differentiation (CD), a slight increase in CD4 lymphocyte subpopulations was observed in 7 patients and of CD4/CD8 ratio in 1 case. The lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were normal, whereas the response to pokeweed mitogen was decreased slightly, but not significantly. Normal random and chemotactic mobility was found in all the patients except one. The data obtained do not show important immunological alterations. Our patients did not have a high propensity to develop severe infections and this may explain the absence of significant immunological derangement. Our data confirm that no immunological derangement is associated with Darier’s disease.
Pharmacological Demonstration of Inflammatory Mediators Using Experimental Inflammatory Models: Rat Pleurisy Induced by Carrageenin and Phorbol Myristate Acetate
Authors: Oh-ishi S. , Hayashi I. , Hayashi M. , Yamaki K. , Utsunomiya I.
Published: October 2009

Rat pleurisy induced by carrageenin or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was utilized for examination of the plasma exudation process of inflammation. Chemical mediators responsible for induction of vascular permeability increase were examined. In carrageenin-induced pleurisy, kinin and PGI2 were demonstrated as the main mediators, and in PMA pleurisy histamine, PGI2 and platelet-activating factor were the main mediators. These results indicate that different stimuli may activate different enzymatic processes to produce different mediators, but they may result in similar inflammatory reactions by action of these multiple mediators simultaneously released.
Interleukin-1 Production by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes during the Course of Acute Inflammation in Rabbits
Authors: Ohkawara S. , Goto K. , Mori S. , Goto F. , Saita N. , Sagara T. , Yoshinaga M.
Published: October 2009

Inflammation-induced immune enhancement was observed when an antigen was introduced during an early period of casein-induced inflammation. An immune potentiation factor was detected at the early inflammatory site of mice and rabbits. This immune potentiation factor of rabbits was identified as interleukin-1 (IL-1) in respect of either its biologic activities or its molecular structure. Expression of IL-1 mRNA was observed only in peritoneal exudate cells from the early inflammatory site in parallel with the generation of the immune potentiation activity. The inflammation-induced immune potentiation was assumed to be mediated by newly synthesized IL-1 at the early inflammatory site. By using immunocytochemical staining, it was definitely proved with respect to a single cell level that the polymorphonuclear leukocytes were the major cells in synthesizing IL-1 at the casein-induced inflammation in rabbits.
Possible Role of H2O2-Mediated Complement Activation and Cytokines-Mediated Fibroblasts Superoxide Generation on Skin Inflammation
Authors: Shingu M. , Nonaka S. , Nobunaga M. , Ahamadzadeh N.
Published: October 2009

The degree of complement activation produced by hydrogen peroxide was estimated by the inhibition of serum homolytic activity (%IHA). Sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis vulgaris were resistant to hydrogen-peroxide-mediated complement activation. %IHA negatively correlated with ceruloplasmin level or catalase activity in systemic lupus erythematosus sera, but did not correlate with transferrin level. The addition of free metal ions, FeCl2 or CuCl2, promoted hydrogen-peroxide-mediated complement activation. These results suggest that hydroxyl radical is involved in complement activation and that the factors responsible for the insensitivity of pathological sera to H2O2 are catalase and ceruloplasmin in the sera. Human skin fibroblasts generate superoxide and tumor necrosis factor enhanced it, but interleukin-1β inhibited it. Normal serum cultured with fibroblasts for 24 h showed complement activation via catalase-inhibitable process, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide has an important role in fibroblast-mediated complement activation. It is speculated that fibroblasts and complement activation by oxygen radicals have an important role in inflammation and subsequent tissue damage at the site of skin lesion.
Architectural Features in Melanocytic Lesions with Cellular Atypia
Authors: Balkau D. , Gartmann H. , Wischer W. , Grootens A. , Hagemeier H.-H. , Hundeiker M. , Suter L.
Published: October 2009

According to the quantity of single atypical melanocytes at the dermoepidermal junction 334 nevi were assigned to 3 groups: (1) with pronounced nuclear and cellular atypia (n = 73); (2) with moderate atypia (n = 127), and (3) without atypical melanocytes (n = 134). Three architectural features were almost exclusively observed in groups 1 and 2 with cellular and nuclear atypia: atypical localization of melanocytes in the epidermis, irregular distribution of melanocytes in the junctional zone and atypical nests of melanocytes. A combination of 2 or 3 of these features was seen in 76% of the nevi with pronounced cellular and nuclear atypia, in 28% of those with moderate atypia and in none of those without atypical melanocytes. Regarding 4 other criteria only minor but still statistically significant differences were found between the 3 groups of nevi. We conclude that these 4 other criteria, i.e. inflammatory infiltrate, lamellar and/or concentric fibroplasia, persisting lentiginous hyperplasia and dust-like pigment in melanocytes and nevus cells are not helpful for the diagnosis of a dysplastic nevus because of their low specificity. Minimal requirements for the diagnosis of a dysplastic nevus are suggested.
Juvenile Pemphigus vulgaris: A 4- to 19-Year Follow-Up of 4 Patients
Authors: David Michael , Zaidenbaum Moshe , Sandbank Miriam
Published: October 2009

Juvenile pemphigus (JP) is a rare disease. Of 274 pemphigus patients who were under our care during the last 26 years, 4 (1.4%) were in the JP category. The course and prognosis of the disease in the 4 patients who have been followed for 4–19 years are presented. Two patients are still in complete remission and off treatment for 4 and 6 years. In view of the literature and our experience, it appears that the clinical manifestations and course of JP are variable, similar to adult pemphigus. However, it seems that JP has a favorable prognosis quoad vitam.
Are Nailfold Capillary Changes Indicators of Organ Involvement in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis?
Authors: Schmidt Klaus-Ullrich , Mensing Hartwig
Published: October 2009

Nailfold capillary abnormalities in 40 patients suffering from progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma; PSS) were studied by widefield nailfold capillary microscopy. Capillary enlargement and loss were graded using the rating scales of Maricq and Minkin. Capillary changes were correlated with organ involvement and immunological abnormalities. A high correlation was found between the grade of nailfold capillary changes and the clinical severity of PSS. Nailfold capillary microscopy seems to be a useful method to get quick information in order to predict organ involvement in PSS.
Protective Effect of Tonapofylline (BG9928), an Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonist, against Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats
Authors: Gill Alan , Wortham Kathleen , Costa Don , Davis Wendell , Ticho Barry , Whalley Eric
Published: October 2009

Background/Aims: Cisplatin (CIS) induces nephrotoxicity partly through renal vasoconstriction and decreased glomerular filtration effects thought to involve adenosine acting on adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs). We studied the effect of the orally active, A1R antagonist tonapofylline (BG9928) on biochemical measures of renal function in CIS-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. Methods: Tonapofylline, 1 mg/kg b.i.d., p.o., was administered on days 0–1 or 0–6 to rats treated with CIS 5.5 mg/kg i.v. Prednisolone (PRED) 5 mg/kg s.c. (day 0) served as a positive control. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured in serial blood samples taken over the 13-day study period. Results: CIS produced significant elevations in creatinine, reduction in body weight and marked proximal tubular injury throughout the renal cortex and outer medulla. Tonapofylline, days 0–1 or 0–6 and PRED all produced sustained reductions in post-CIS serum creatinine and BUN levels compared with controls, improved body weight recovery and significant attenuation of CIS-induced kidney pathology scores. Conclusion: These data support the involvement of A1Rs in CIS-induced AKI in rats. Tonapofylline may be useful in the clinical setting for the prevention of kidney failure induced by nephrotoxic agents such as CIS.
Ciclosporin A in Acrodermatitis continua
Authors: Zachariae H. , Thestrup-Pedersen K.
Published: October 2009

A case is presented of a 58-year-old female exhibiting a severe pustular psoriasis of the acrodermatitis continua type treated with ciclosporin A. The disease which had lasted for 10 years and had lead to 14 hospitalizations had previously been treated with methotrexate, systemic steroids, etretinate, colchicine, hydroxyurea and PUVA, or combinations of some of these drugs without producing complete remissions. Ciclosporin A (14 mg/kg/day/reduced to 7.5 mg/kg/day) produced complete remission in three weeks. Whether the patient can be maintained on low-dose ciclosporin A without toxicity remains to be seen. The drug, however, seems to be effective in bringing the disease under control.
Extensive Necrobiosis in Metastatic Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Perret Christian M. , Bahmer Friedrich A.
Published: October 2009

This report is on a 33-year-old female patient with Crohn’s disease of the intestine and nonhealing leg ulcers which histologically showed the typical noncaseating epithelioid granulomas of sarcoid structure defining the so-called ‘metastatic Crohn’s disease’. Furthermore, as a very rare pattern, extensive necrobiotic areas surrounded by sarcoid granulomas were observed.
Effects of Minoxidil on Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts
Authors: Pinnell S.R. , Murad S.
Published: October 2009

Two important findings related to the effect of minoxidil on human skin fibroblasts in culture are reviewed. Treatment of cells with minoxidil is associated with a specific loss of lysyl hydroxylase activity; this loss occurs gradually and is reversed by removing minoxidil from the culture medium. Experiments with inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis reveal that minoxidil may inhibit the synthesis of lysyl hydroxylase by acting at the transcriptional level. Treatment of cells with minoxidil is also associated with inhibition of proliferation, without any sign of cytotoxicity. This effect of minoxidil is accompanied by inhibition of DNA synthesis. Since collagen is the major product of fibroblast activity and lysyl hydroxylase catalyzes a crucial reaction in collagen biosynthesis, the combined effects of minoxidil offer the potential for its use as an antifibrotic agent. Thus, minoxidil may prove to be beneficial in treating skin conditions associated with collagen accumulation.
Immunohistochemical Study of Langerhans Cells in Skin Tumors
Authors: Sudo Shigenori , Saito Akihiro , Morohashi Masaaki
Published: October 2009

The behavior of Langerhans cells in skin tumors was investigated by immunohistochemical techniques using OKT6. OKT6-positive cells were numerous in squamous cell carcinomas, seborrheic keratoses and keratoacanthomas. They were rare in basal cell carcinomas, Bowen’s disease, eccrine poromas, extramammary Paget’s disease and warts. In solar keratosis, the number of OKT6-positive cells was almost equal or slightly larger compared to the normal epidermis. These results indicate that the density of Langerhans cells may not correlate with the degree of malignancy but, to a certain extent, with the nature of the membrane of tumor cells occurring e.g. during keratinization.
Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel’s Disease)
Authors: Kanitakis J. , Hermier C. , Hokayem D. , Schmitt D.
Published: October 2009

Lesional as well as uninvolved skin were studied by light and electron microscopy in 1 case of hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel’s disease). The main ultrastructural finding was a morphological alteration of lamellar (Odland) bodies. A review of the literature on the ultrastructure of Flegel’s disease is made, and the significance of the ultrastructural findings is briefly discussed.
Sarcome de Kaposi: traitement par facteur de transfert et interféron-alpha-2
Authors: Bourlond A. , Dubois D. , de Sélys R.
Published: October 2009

Immunotherapy with interferon and transfer factor has been tried in 2 cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma of the Mediterranean type, without visceral involvement. Clinical benefits appeared almost worthless and biological data hardly improved. On the contrary, side effects such as leucopenia, malaise, mental confusion proved quite impressive. From these 2 observations it might be concluded that interferon is not the treatment of choice of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Transfer factor, much more easy to use, displayed transient efficacity in 1 patient. Fundamentals about Kaposi’s sarcoma and interferon are reviewed.
Partial Lipodystrophy, Meningoccal Meningitis and Nephritis
Authors: Schifferli J.A. , Blanc E.
Published: October 2009

Partial lipodystrophy (PLD) started in a 12-year-old girl after measles. Aged 17 she had meningoccal meningitis. Nephritis, hypocomplementemia and nephritic factor were found some years later at the time of her first pregnancy. Only few patients with PLD and meningoccal infections have been described and all were hypocomplementemic. Like other patients with complement deficiency, patients with PLD should be aware of this life-threatening complication.
New Primary Malignant Melanoma, Epidermotropism and Indian-File Arrangement of Metastatic Tumor Cells in a Case with Intransit Metastases of Acral Type of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Kato Taizo , Demitsu Toshiro , Tomita Yasushi , Tagami Hachiro
Published: October 2009

Multiple malignant melanocytic lesions developed on a localized area of the thigh in an 80-year-old woman 3 years after excision of a primary malignant melanoma on the left second toe and dissection of left inguinal lymph nodes. Biopsy specimens obtained from 2 small pigmented macules revealed the histologic features of new primary lesions, simulating that of the primary lesion on the toe; no tumor cells were found within vessel lumina. A brown-black papule neighboring one of the macules histologically resembled compound type of melanocytic nevus, but the tumor cells compressed thinned epidermis with focal epidermotropism. Other papules, whose color ranged from light brown to reddish brown, showed metastatic tumor cells only in the dermis. In 3 of them, individual tumor cells were lined up along the collagen bundles, showing an ‘Indian-file’ arrangement. Such a combination of various histologic features in a case of intransit metastases of acral type of melanoma has not been reported in the literature.
Plasma Zinc Is Decreased Only in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis
Authors: Dreno B. , Vandermeeren M.A. , Boiteau H.L. , Stalder J.F. , Barrière H.
Published: October 2009

Plasma and cutaneous zinc were studied in 22 psoriatic patients and 14 controls. The psoriatics were divided into three groups: 10 extensive psoriasis vulgaris, 5 palmoplantar psoriasis and 7 extensive pustular psoriasis. Low plasma zinc and decreased in vitro chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found only in extensive pustular psoriasis, whereas zinc was not decreased but rather elevated in skin. This explains why conflicting results on plasma zinc have been previously reported in psoriasis and confirms that cutaneous zinc depletion is not a feature of psoriasis.
Ketoconazole Treatment of 13 Patients with Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Authors: Mobacken Håkan , Moberg Sven
Published: October 2009

Long-term results of initial ketoconazole treatment were evaluated in 13 patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis followed up for 3 years. Six of them shared 11 endocrine or autoimmune disorders. All patients responded well to treatment but 1 dropped out owing to anxiety. Clinical and mycological clearing was achieved in 1–2 months for the mouth, 2 months for the skin, 3–4 months for paronychiae and 4–14 months for the nails. Bacterial infections persisted in 2 cases. After withdrawal of ketoconazole, 2 patients have remained in remission. Continuous therapy was required in 2 cases and the others were treated intermittently owing to recurrences of Candida stomatitis. Ketoconazole was well tolerated. An asymptomatic reversible increase of serum hepatic enzymes occurred in 1 case. Oral ketoconazole is the drug of choice for treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis but long-term observation is required.
Atypical Lichen planus Associated with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Cox Neil H. , Finlay Andrew Y. , Watkinson Geoffrey
Published: October 2009

A case is reported of a patient known to have ulcerative colitis who developed atypical lichen planus. This did not resolve when the patient discontinued sulphasalazine treatment but became more extensive within 48 h of an exacerbation of colitis. This case supports the view that there may be an association between ulcerative colitis and lichen planus.
Psoriasis Treatment: Faster Clearance when UVB-Dithranol Is Combined with Topical Clobetasol Propionate
Authors: Lidbrink Peter , Johannesson Anders , Hammar Hans
Published: October 2009

Fifty patients with plaque psoriasis were treated with dithranol and UVB 5 days per week. Twenty-six of these patients also received 13 treatments (once daily in the 1st week, every other day in the 2nd week, twice in the 3rd week and once in the 4th week) with topical clobetasol propionate. The median time for clearance was 2.5 weeks for those on the clobetasol propionate-dithranol-UVB combination compared with 4 weeks when only dithranol-UVB was used. Scaling and induration of the lesions disappeared during the first 2 weeks of treatment with clobetasol propionate-dithranol-UVB which was a significant improvement compared with dithranol-UVB alone. The time of remission in patients completely cleared was the same in the two groups. Relapses occurred slightly more often in the clobetasol propionate treated than in the control group (during treatment 5 of 26 versus 2 of 24; after 6 months 7 of 18 versus 4 of 15) but the differences were not statistically significant. The study shows that addition of topical clobetasol propionate according to our schedule to the traditional dithranol-UVB regimen of psoriasis results in a more rapid clearance of lesions without undesirable side effects.
Ichthyosis of Steroid Sulphatase Deficiency
Authors: Høyer Henrik , Lykkesfeldt Gert , Ibsen Hans H. , Brandrup Flemming
Published: October 2009

A detailed clinical study of 76 males with steroid sulphatase deficiency confirmed the ichthyosis of this disorder to be identical with the classical descriptions of recessive X-linked ichthyosis. The appearance of regular ichthyotic scaling seems in most instances to be heralded by a general peeling of the skin. This characteristic feature was registered between age 1 and 3 weeks in 19 of 21 young boys followed due to a placental steroid sulphatase deficiency. Later on, polygonal scales giving a ‘dirty’ appearance were most pronounced on the distal parts of the body and extensor aspects of the extremities. The ichthyosis aggravates through childhood into adult age.
Infantile Seborrheic Dermatitis
Authors: Oranje A.P. , van Joost T. , van Reede E.C. , Vuzevski V.D. , Dzoljic-Danilovic G. , ten Kate F.J.W. , Stolz E.
Published: October 2009

The pathomechanisms of infantile seborrheic dermatitis (ISD) are unknown. An allergic reaction to candidal antigens is one of the hypotheses. The skin of 6 patients suffering from ISD was studied by immunostaining techniques. The lymphocytic infiltrate was composed of Leu4-reactive T cells in which Leu3a-reactive (helper/inducer) cells predominated. Direct immunofluorescence studies revealed no significant deposits of immunoglobulins or complement factors. No candidal antigens could be demonstrated, either in epidermis or in dermis, although Candida species were cultured from different sites in 4 of the 6 patients.
Unusual Case of Granulomatous Dermohypodermitis with Giant Cells and Elastophagocytosis
Authors: Alessi E. , Crosti C. , Sala F.
Published: October 2009

A 27-year-old man presented with a reddish hard-elastic plaque on his back near the right armpit, which had slowly developed during 1 year. A granulomatous infiltration with many giant cells which were phagocytizing lymphocytes and elastic fibers was seen at histological examination. The lesion was removed and no new lesions developed after surgery. This case may represent a localized form of Convit’s ‘Progressive atrophying chronic granulomatous dermohypodermitis’ or a rare form of ‘Maladie de Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann chalazodermique’, but it is also possible that it is a new entity never described before.
Value of the Assay for IgA-Containing Circulating Immune Complexes in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Authors: Kawana Seiji , Ohta Mitsuko , Nishiyama Shigeo
Published: October 2009

Using a modified Raji cell radioimmunoassay, IgA- and IgG-containing circulating immune complexes (IgA-CIC, IgG-CIC) were examined in the sera of 10 patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and compared with those in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), erythema multiforme (EM), erythema nodosum (EN) and Schamberg’s disease. The mean level of IgA-CIC in HSP (233 μg/ml) was statistically higher than that in samples from healthy blood donors (14 μg/ml; p < 0.05). In the other diseases, the mean values of IgA-CIC (SLE, 72 μg/ml; EM, EN, 0 μg/ml; Schamberg’s disease, 5 μg/ml) were not statistically different from that of normal controls. The IgA-CIC level in HSP rose markedly during the active phase of the cutaneous manifestation (233 μg/ml), declining to the normal range during remission (4 μg/ml; p < 0.05). On the contrary, IgG-CIC did not increase during either phase. There was an isolated patient in whom IgA-CIC seemed to correlate with the clinical events of cutaneous and systemic involvement. The timing was such that a change in the level of IgA-CIC generally preceded disease activity. These findings suggest that IgA-CIC may be an etiologic factor in the cutaneous and systemic involvements of HSP, and the laboratory test for IgA-CIC is not only useful as a research tool, but also valuable as a predictive indicator of disease activity.
Familial Pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Brenner S. , Dorfman B. , Himelfarb M.
Published: October 2009

A case of familial pemphigus vulgaris is described in an uncle and his niece who developed the disease 18 years apart. The man died from pemphigus in 1964. The diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically in both cases, but immunofluorescent microscopic studies were performed only in the woman because the technique was not available in 1964. HLA typing in the woman and her daughter and sister showed A 26, BW 38 and DRW 4 in all of them. Clinical disease did not develop in the other family members.
Presentation anatomo-clinique de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte traitée par cyclosporine A
Authors: Al Rustom K. , Pierard-Franchimont C. , Pierard G.E.
Published: October 2009

Evaluation of the clinical and histological signs of cutaneous graft-versus-host disease present in 7 patients treated with cyclosporin A was based on a follow-up of 100 days after bone marrow transplantation. Early clinical signs consisted of acral erythema with mild to moderate edema. Histologically, the graft-versus-host reaction was moderate but not completely inhibited. As revealed by autoradiography after labeling with tritiated thymidine and uridine, the lymphoid infiltrate had a low rate of proliferation and a normal or enhanced synthetic activity of ribonucleic acid.
Two Cases of Lamellar Ichthyosis with Unusual Hair Shaft Abnormalities
Authors: Menni S. , Piccinno R. , Crosti C. , Sala F.
Published: October 2009

The authors describe two brothers presenting the clinical picture of lamellar ichthyosis. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy study of their hair demonstrated important recurrent anomalies of the hair shaft.
Amino Acid Analysis of the Horny Layer of the Soles of Patients with Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma
Authors: Gamborg Nielsen P.
Published: October 2009

The amino acid composition of keratin from soles of patients suffering from hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma of the Unna Thost variety was investigated. Patients were divided into two groups: those without dermatophytosis and those whose hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma was complicated with a dermatophyte infection. The amino acid composition of the horny layer was compared to that of control individuals and to a previously performed analysis of mammalian hair. However, no difference was found between the groups nor was any explanation as to why Trichophyton mentagrophytes occurred significantly more often in soles of patients with hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma made apparent.
T-Zone Histiocytes in Granulomatous Skin Diseases
Authors: Smolle J.
Published: October 2009

We investigated the distribution of T-zone histiocytes by immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein in granulomatous skin diseases (granuloma annulare, 8 cases; necrobiosis lipoidica, rheumatoid nodule, sarcoidosis, lupus vulgaris, and foreign-body granuloma; 5 cases each). T-zone histiocytes were regularly found in the lymphohistiocytic mantle, but also occasionally between epitheloid cells. Our results show that, besides the monocyte-macrophage system, T-zone histiocytes consistently contribute to the formation of cutaneous granulomas. These findings may indicate a role of delayed-type hypersensitivity.
Increased Number of OKT6-Positive Dendritic Cells in the Hair Follicles of Patients with Alopecia areata
Authors: Kohchiyama A. , Hatamochi A. , Ueki H.
Published: October 2009

In 6 patients with untreated alopecia areata in the progressive stage, 6 in the stationary stage, and 6 normal individuals as controls, an in situ analysis of OKT6-positive dendritic cells in hair follicles, and peribulbar and intrabulbar infiltrates was performed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method with monoclonal antibodies. In controls, OKT6-positive dendritic cells were distributed only in the upper portions of hair follicles and were not observed in the bulbar area, and the percentage of these cells among all epithelial cells of the hair follicles was 1.0 ± 0.1% (mean ± SE). In stationary-stage patients, the distribution and the percentage of positive cells were the same as those for the controls (1.1 ± 0.1%). In the progressive stage, however, positive cells were distributed in both the upper portions of the hair follicles and the bulbar area, and the percentage of positive cells (4.9 ± 0.3%) was significantly higher than that of controls. Staining for T, B lymphocytes and T cell subsets in the peribulbar infiltrates revealed a predominance of OKT4-positive cells (the OKT4/OKT8 ratio was from 3:1 to 4:1). This indicates that the number of OKT6-positive dendritic cells increases in the hair follicles of progressive alopecia areata and that these cells may play an important role in cooperation with T cells in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata.
Pityriasis rosea and Ketotifen
Authors: Wolf Ronni , Wolf Danny , Livni Ella
Published: October 2009

A 4-year-old female patient who developed a skin eruption similar to pityriasis rosea after treatment with ketotifen (Zaditen) is presented. The relationship between ketotifen and the eruption has been based on circumstantial evidence and confirmed by the positive results of the MIF test and the rat mast cell degranulation test.
Penicillin Allergy and the Relevance of Epicutaneous Tests
Authors: Bruynzeel Derk P. , von Blomberg-van der Flier Mary , Scheper Riekeld J. , van Ketel Willem G. , de Haan Peter
Published: October 2009

Epicutaneous tests with penicillins are important in the evaluation of penicillin allergy in patients who have shown a delayed urticarial or maculo-papular rash after the administration of penicillin derivatives. Of 23 patients who showed positive epicutaneous tests only 5 also showed immediate-type reactivity upon subsequent intractuaneous tests with the major determinant of penicillin. Moreover, patients with positive epicutaneous tests were evidently immunologically reactive on penicillins, since lymphocytes from 14 out of 17 patients showed increased DNA synthesis induced by penicillin G and ampicillin in vitro. The performance of epicutaneous tests with various penicillin derivatives is recommended as a first step in establishing penicillin allergy, because it is a safe method and because an extra group of sensitized patients is detected.
13-cis-Retinoic Acid and Tetracycline versus 13-cis-Retinoic Acid Alone in the Treatment of Nodulocystic Acne
Authors: Langner A. , Wolska H. , Fraczykowska M. , Jabłonska S. , Majewski S.
Published: October 2009

A comparative clinical study on therapy of nodulocystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid was performed in 32 patients. 20 patients were treated with a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight daily, and 12 with a combined therapy: 0.25 mg/kg/day 13-cis-retinoic acid and 0.5 g of tetracycline daily. In both groups the therapy was carried out for 16 weeks. The effect of the combined therapy within 4 months was favourable in 75% of the cases versus 100% in the group treated with larger doses of 13-cis-retinoic acid. Thus, the time needed for clearing was longer in some patients (up to 6 months). However, the incidence of side effects was considerably lower in the group of combined therapy. In acne fulminans 13-cis-retinoic acid alone is not effective and should be combined with corticosteroids.
Hyperpigmentation Induced by Argon Laser Therapy of Hemangiomas
Authors: Bonafé J.L. , Laffitte F. , Chavoin J.P. , Pierraggi M.T. , Francoulon D. , Grob C.
Published: October 2009

The technique of argon laser treatment of port wine hemangiomas has been greatly improved since first used in the medical field. Complications may however occur and the authors report in this paper their experience and special studies performed on hyperpigmentation. This complication is due to an increase in melanic normal production as it has been proved by optical and electron microscope studies on pigmented skin biopsies.
Facial Hemiatrophy in a Patient with Systemic Scleroderma
Authors: Nomura Kazuo , Yagihashi Yoko , Chiyoya Shigehito , Sato Shizuo , Hashimoto Isao
Published: October 2009

A 33-year-old woman with right-sided facial hemiatrophy associated with the acrosclerotic type of systemic scleroderma is described. Symptoms of systemic scleroderma were observed more markedly in the right side.
Subpopulations of T Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood and in Skin Lesions in Lichen ruber planus
Authors: Simon, Jr. Miklós , Keller Jörg
Published: October 2009

Peripheral blood lymphocytes and different immunocompetent cells ofthe cutaneous inflammatory infiltrate were characterized by reactivity with monoclonal antibodies directed to surface antigens of T lymphocytes and Langerhans cells by means of the indirect immunofluorescence technique in 10 patients suffering from lichen ruber planus. In contrast to the controls (n = 10), lichen patients had a significantly reduced percentage of the suppressor/cytotoxic T cell subset in peripheral blood (p < 0.002). At the dermoepidermal junction suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Langerhans cells predominated. Some possible conclusions are discussed.
Anti-DNA Antibodies in Blood Serum of Psoriatic Patients
Authors: Zlatkov N.B. , Bozhkov B. , Nikolov K. , Dourmishev A.L.
Published: October 2009

The anti-DNA antibody titer (heat denatured, native and monostranded) was studied in 61 patients with psoriasis and 41 healthy controls. Positive titers of anti-DNA antibodies were established in 19.3% of the psoriatics and in 4.9% of the controls. Antibodies against heat-denatured DNA were discovered in 8.2% of the patients and in 0% of the healthy persons; against native DNA in 18% of the psoriatics and 4.9% of the controls and against monostranded DNA in 31.7% of the psoriasis patients and 9.8% of the control group. In general, the percentage of the positive titers of anti-DNA antibodies in psoriatics was about 4 times higher than that of the healthy controls.
Prurigo pigmentosa Affecting the Forehead
Authors: Miyakawa S. , Kurihara S. , Nishikawa T.
Published: October 2009

A little-known dermatosis, prurigo pigmentosa, is characterized by itchy reddish lesions and gross reticular pigmentation which occurs mainly on the trunk. Histologically, it is characterized by lichenoid tissue reaction. We present a 23-year-old male patient who showed typical eruption not only on the trunk but also on the forehead. Although the etiology remains to be explained, this unusual distribution of the eruption might help to know the real cause of this peculiar disorder.
Bifonazole, A Biochemist’s View
Authors: Berg D. , Plempel M.
Published: October 2009

Bifonazole, a new broad-spectrum antimycotic, interferes with sterol biosynthesis. Compared to clotrimazole, the primary mode of action of these two antimycotics is accepted to represent inhibition of the cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylation at the sterol-C14-methyl group, which is the first step in C14-demethylation reaction. At least in dermatophytes bifonazole additionally inhibits directly HMG-CoA-reductase, the starting and regulatory enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis, whereas after application of clotrimazole the activity of HMG-CoA-reductase is only decreased by feed-back control, resulting from accumulation of dihydrolanosterol. The inhibition of HMG-CoA-reductase obviously is pathogen specific as the mammalian enzyme is not affected. By this, in contrast to clotrimazole, bifonazole possesses a sequential mode of action, namely inhibition of cytochrome P450-dependent C14-demethylation of sterols and direct inhibition of HMG-CoA-reductase. In vitro bifonazole shows a strongly pH-dependent efficacy. The uptake kinetics of bifonazole have been measured with different pathogens. With respect to budding cells of Candida albicans it can be shown that the pH dependence of efficacy is due to a parallel pH dependence of the intracellular concentration of active ingredient. Even sublethal concentrations of bifonazole cause prior damages of young cells of C. albicans. These effects might explain the loss of infectivity of C. albicans after incubation with sublethal concentrations of bifonazole.
The Effect of Bifonazole on the Structure of Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Authors: Osumi M. , Yamada N. , Yamada Y. , Yamaguchi H.
Published: October 2009

The morphological changes in the growing hyphae of Trichophyton mentagrophytes treated with a new azole antimycotic bifonazole (Mycospor®) were studied by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Treatment with the drug at concentrations ranging from 1–10 ng/ml that were much lower than its MIC value for this fungal strain (630 ng/ml) caused a profound inhibition of hyphal growth. It was characterized by several findings: (1) development of wavy or curled hyphae; (2) occasional formation of swollen cells often arranging in chain; (3) partial exfoliation of hyphal walls, and (4) excretion of fibrillar materials. These morphological changes of the hyphae became more prominent with increasing drug concentrations up to 500 ng/ml, at which many hyphae were collapsed and distorted. These results strongly suggest that subinhibitory concentrations of bifonazole profoundly affected the normal growth and induced degenerative changes of the hyphae of T. mentagrophytes probably by affecting some essential metabolism or structure of the fungal cell.
In Vivo Activity of Bifonazole in Guinea Pigs: Its Characteristic Features and Comparison with Clotrimazole
Authors: Yamaguchi H. , Uchida K.
Published: October 2009

To investigate the in vivo antimycotic activity of bifonazole, a new imidazole antifungal agent, the therapeutic effectiveness of several bifonazole preparations in the topical treatment of experimental Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in guinea-pigs was tested. 1% cream, 1% solution or 1% polyethylene glycol solution of bifonazole was applied to infected sites on the skin at a dose of 0.3 g/day for 14 or 21 consecutive days, starting on the 3rd or 5th day after the infection. In all experiments, clotrimazole was employed as a reference drug in comparable formulations. The estimation of efficacy of treatment with active formulations was made on the basis of the score of skin lesion and the rate of positive skin cultures in comparison with those for infected, untreated or placebo-treated controls. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The treatment with each bifonazole preparation resulted in a significant improvement in local symptoms and complete heal as 6–10 days after initiation of application. After completion of the 14-day or 21-day treatment course, local skin cultures revealed either an elimination of or a significant decrease in the viable fungus count. (2) The therapeutic effectiveness of bifonazole appeared to be dependent on the duration of treatment; treatment in the 21-day course was more effective than that in the 14-day course, irrespective of the type of drug preparation. All these results clearly demonstrate a favorable topical efficacy of each bifonazole preparation in the guinea pig dermatophytosis model.