bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal study comparing IgG antibodies induced by heterologous prime‐boost COVID‐19 vaccine
Authors: Lin‐Wang Hui Tzu , Damiani Lucas Petri , Farias Eduardo da Silva , Bajgelman Marcio Chaim , Gun Carlos
Published: December 2022

Vaccines are critical cost‐effective tools to control the COVID‐19 pandemic. The heterologous prime‐boost vaccination has been used by many countries to overcome supply issues, so the effectiveness and safety of this strategy need to be better clarified. This study aims to verify the effect of heterologous prime‐boost COVID‐19 vaccination on healthcare professionals from Dante Pazzanese Hospital in Brazil. It was performed serological assays of vaccinated individuals after 2‐dose of CoronaVac (Sinovac; n = 89) or ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 (Oxford‐AstraZeneca; n = 166) followed by a BNT162b2 booster (Pfizer‐BioNTech; n = 255). The serum antibodies anti‐S (spike), anti‐N (nucleocapsid), and anti‐RBD (receptor binding domain) were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The heterologous booster dose induced a 10‐fold higher anti‐Spike antibody regardless of the 2‐dose of a prime vaccine. It was strikingly observed that BNT162b2 enhanced levels of anti‐spike antibodies, even in those individuals who did not previously respond to the 2‐dose of CoronaVac. In conclusion, the heterologous scheme of vaccination using mRNA as a booster vaccine efficiently enhanced the antibody response against SARS‐CoV‐2, especially benefiting those elderly who were seronegative with a virus‐inactivated vaccine.
Association between public attention and monkeypox epidemic: A global lag‐correlation analysis
Authors: Yan Wenxin , Du Min , Qin Chenyuan , Liu Qiao , Wang Yaping , Liang Wannian , Liu Min , Liu Jue
Published: December 2022

The human monkeypox has become a public health problem globally. Google Trends Index (GTI) is an indicator of public attention, being potential for infectious disease outbreak surveillance. In this study, we used lag‐correlation analysis to evaluate the spearman correlation coefficients between public attention and monkeypox epidemic by −36 to +36 days‐lag in top 20 countries with most cumulated cases until September 30, 2022, the meta‐analyses were performed to pool the coefficients of countries among all lags. We also constructed vector autoregression model and Granger‐causality test to probe the significance of GTI in monkeypox forecasting. The strongest spearman correlation was found at lag +13 day (r = 0.53, 95% confidence interval: 0.371–0.703, p < 0.05). Meta‐analysis showed significantly positive correlation when the lag was from −12 to +36 day, which was most notable on the third posterior day (lag +3 day). The pooled spearman correlation coefficients were all above 0.200 when the lag ranged from +1 to +20 day, and the causality of GTI for daily case was significant in worldwide and multiple countries. The findings suggested a robust association between 13‐days‐priority GTI and daily cases worldwide. This work introduced a potential monitor indicator on the early warning and surveillance of monkeypox outbreak.
Reassessing the age of the Early Pleistocene Longgupo fauna, southern China: An updated magnetostratigraphic perspective
Authors: SUN LU , DENG CHENGLONG , LIU CAICAI , GE JUNYI , YANG SHIXIA , ZHANG SHUAI , HAN FEI , BAHAIN JEAN‐JACQUES , RASSE MICHEL , BOËDA ÉRIC , HOU YAMEI , WEI GUANGBIAO , HUANG WANBO
Published: December 2022

As the northernmost locality yielding one of the most representative Early PleistoceneGigantopithecus–Sinomastodonfaunas in southern China, the Longgupo site has preserved valuable geological archives that have significantly improved our understanding of Pleistocene biostratigraphy and biogeography. A convincing chronological framework of this locality is therefore important to elaborate on the evolution of Quaternary faunas as well as paleoenvironment. To reconcile the existing geochronological results with new advances in geochronology and biochronology, we present here a revised magnetostratigraphic age model based on detailed rock magnetic and paleomagnetic data and strengthened by biochronology as well as recently published electron spin resonance and uranium series (ESR/U‐series) age data. Two geomagnetic polarities were identified from the Longgupo sequence: the upper one is thin and normal, corresponding to the Olduvai normal subchron; and the lower one is distinctly thick and reversed, corresponding to the pre‐Olduvai Matuyama Chron. The age of the Longgupo fauna constrained by this refined magnetochronological framework is therefore estimated to be about 2.5–2.0 Ma, consistent with the newly published ESR/U‐series age of 2.5–2.2 Ma.
Flipping the Otolaryngology Didactics Curriculum: Results of a Novel Resident Course Structure
Authors: Salmon Mandy K. , Triantafillou Vasiliki , Frost Ariel S. , Maina Ivy W. , Kearney James J. , Ruckenstein Michael J. , Chao Tiffany N.
Published: December 2022

Objective

To assess the impact of a novel flipped‐classroom (FC) otolaryngology resident didactic curriculum on resident learning.

Methods

Based on the preferences elicited in a survey of preferred learning styles of residents, a hybrid web‐based and in‐person FC otolaryngology didactic curriculum was implemented over a 6‐month period in 2020–2021.

Resident reactions to the new curriculum were assessed via a second survey. Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare mean stanine scores on the Otolaryngology Training Examination (OTE) exam for topics taught in the new format with topics delivered in the old format.

Results

After instituting the curriculum reform, engagement in at least a moderate amount of the pre‐didactic work and synchronous case discussions was reported by 67% and 88% of the residents, respectively. After the curriculum change, residents in years PGY2 and above reported statistically significant increases in self‐reported ability to retain information from didactics, to feel prepared for the OTE, and to feel confident in fund of knowledge (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, and p = 0.004, respectively). Compared to the prior year, mean stanine increased on OTE scores for residents in years PGY2‐PGY5 to a statistically significant degree (5.45 vs. 4.41, p = 0.001) for the topics delivered in the new format compared to topics delivered in the traditional format (5.13 vs. 4.70, p = 0.07).

Conclusion

By organizing a didactic curriculum through online modules that incorporate pre‐recorded lectures and external resources, residents reported and demonstrated improved knowledge retention.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 133:2129–2134, 2023
Factors Leading to Gastrostomy Tube and Tracheostomy Requirements in Patients Treated Initially With Radiotherapy and Salvaged With Surgery and Free Flap Reconstruction
Authors: Tassone Patrick , Wieser Margaret , Givens Alyssa , Elliott Zachary , Philips Ramez , Curry Joseph , Barrette Louis‐Xavier , Cannady Steven , Mahomva Chenge , Lamarre Eric , Prendes Brandon , Robillard Katelyn , Sweeny Larissa
Published: December 2022

Objective

Patients with recurrent oropharyngeal cancer can achieve survival benefits from surgical salvage, and often require simultaneous free‐flap reconstruction. Resection and reconstruction can impact function, leading to tube dependence. Primary objective: describe rates of tracheostomy and gastrostomy tube dependence after oropharyngeal resection and free flap after prior radiation. Secondary objective: evaluate patient, tumor, and treatment factors associated with tube dependence.

Study Design

Retrospective, multi‐institutional cohort study. Patients treated from 2003 to 2020. Average follow‐up 21.4 months.

Setting

Five tertiary care centers.

Methods

Consecutive cohort of patients undergoing resection and simultaneous free‐flap reconstruction for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after head and neck radiation. Primary outcomes: gastrostomy tube dependence and tracheostomy or tracheostoma 1 year after surgery. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with dependence.

Results

89 patients underwent oropharyngectomy and free‐flap reconstruction; 18 (20%) underwent total laryngectomy as part of tumor extirpation. After surgery, 51 patients (57%) lived 12 months. Among patients alive at 12 months, 22 (43%) were at least partially‐dependent on gastrostomy tube, and 15 (29%) had either tracheostomy or tracheostoma. On multivariable analysis, extensive glossectomy (OR 16.6, 95% CI 1.83–389, p = 0.026) and total laryngectomy (OR 11.2, 95% CI 1.71–105, p = 0.018) were associated with long‐term gastrostomy tube. No factors were associated with long‐term tracheostomy on multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Even among long‐term survivors after salvage resection and free‐flap reconstruction, rates of tube dependence are significant. This multi‐institutional review is the largest such study to the date and may help inform shared decision‐making.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 133:2141–2147, 2023
A Virtual Workshop for Science Communication Skills in Early Career Scientists
Authors: Schiebel Hayley , Stone Rebecca , Rossi Tullio , Smisek Michelle
Published: December 2022

To provide early career scientists with professional development related to science communication, we developed a full day workshop funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) entitled Developing the Science of Science Communication. This workshop has been funded since 2019 by NSF and presented in both virtual and in‐person formats. Because of the success of the virtual 2021 workshop and building upon foundations from prior years (in‐person in February 2019 and February 2020), a second virtual workshop was held in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences Meeting in January 2022. 2022 workshop attendees voluntarily participated in a full day virtual workshop comprised of verbal and visual communication skill sessions. In previous years, attendance was capped at 50 participants. In 2022, only 17 participants completed the pre‐workshop survey. The all‐day workshop included two presentation skills‐focused sessions and two poster design sessions. Participants overwhelmingly agreed that they (a) would recommend the workshop to others and (b) found the workshop content would be useful in their careers. The low attendance in 2022 is believed to be due to the virtual format combined with the timing of the workshop. In years prior, the workshop was held the day before the conference. This year, we attempted to hold the workshop 1 month prior to the conference to help students prepare in advance—we think most students simply had not prepared their presentations this far in advance. NSF has already funded an exciting future workshop structure for 2023. The workshop will be held across 2 days with a virtual “pre‐workshop” day for those who are ready and would like extra time and materials along with a second, in‐person workshop the day prior to the conference in Palma de Mallorca, Spain in conjunction with the June 2023 Aquatic Sciences Meeting.
Do financial constraints and corruption limit firms' innovation capability? Evidence from developing economies
Authors: Priya Pragati , Sharma Chandan
Published: December 2022

This study examines the effects of financial constraints and corruption on product and process innovation of firms in developing nations. We contribute to the existing literature by analyzing the singular and joint effects of financial constraints and corruption on firms' innovation activities. We examine firm‐level data for 74 developing nations for the period 2015–2020. Our findings show that (a) financial constraints have an adverse impact on firms' innovation, (b) corruption has a positive outcome on the innovation of firms, (c) positive effects of corruption on their innovation decisions are dampened when firms are subjected to high financial constraints, (d) larger, older, and exporting firms that are equipped with foreign technology are more prevalent in innovation schemes than smaller, younger, nonexporting, and technologically disrupted firms.
High‐efficiency genome editing of an extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus using endogenous type I and type III CRISPR‐Cas systems
Authors: Wang Jinting , Wei Junwei , Li Haijuan , Li Yingjun
Published: December 2022

Thermus thermophilus is an attractive species in the bioindustry due to its valuable natural products, abundant thermophilic enzymes, and promising fermentation capacities. However, efficient and versatile genome editing tools are not available for this species. In this study, we developed an efficient genome editing tool for T. thermophilus HB27 based on its endogenous type I‐B, I‐C, and III‐A/B CRISPR‐Cas systems. First, we systematically characterized the DNA interference capabilities of the different types of the native CRISPR‐Cas systems in T. thermophilus HB27. We found that genomic manipulations such as gene deletion, mutation, and in situ tagging could be easily implemented by a series of genome‐editing plasmids carrying an artificial self‐targeting mini‐CRISPR and a donor DNA responsible for the recombinant recovery. We also compared the genome editing efficiency of different CRISPR‐Cas systems and the editing plasmids with donor DNAs of different lengths. Additionally, we developed a reporter gene system for T. thermophilus based on a heat‐stable β‐galactosidase gene TTP0042, and constructed an engineered strain with a high production capacity of superoxide dismutases by genome modification.
Ce 4f electronic spectrum function in Ce3Al intermetallic compound studied via a many‐body method
Authors: Li Ru‐Song , Zheng Xiao‐Hai , Dang Hong‐Tao , Zhou Xiao‐Hua , Huo Ge , Zhang Chuan
Published: December 2022

A first principle calculation is performed on Ce3Al by means of density functional theory combined with dynamical mean‐field theory. We find that j = 5/2, j = 7/2 components are in the metallic and insulating regimes, respectively. Itinerant 4f electrons result in the so‐called virtual charge fluctuations in the context of Kondo model with an average occupancy number of 4f electrons about 1.0. Finally, the so‐called quasiparticle band structure is also discussed for comparison with experimental angle‐resolved photoemission spectrum.
World professional association for transgender health guidelines: 2022 surgical treatment updates in the standards of care for transgender and gender diverse people
Authors: Lai Andrew , Johnson Rachael
Published: December 2022

Introduction: The World Professional Association for Transgender Health has recently updated its Standards of Care (SOC) clinical guidelines for the transgender and gender diverse (TGD) population. This article aims to outline the 2012 SOC for surgical management of TGD people and describe the changes to the surgical management guidelines in this year's update.Methods and Results: The surgical management guidelines between the 7th and 8th SOC were compared and contrasted. The 8th SCO included language that broadened surgical interventions and emphasized the new responsibilities of surgeons. Major changes include reducing the number of letters of referral by a mental health provider to one for those choosing to undergo surgical treatment.Conclusions: The latest surgical management guidelines for the TGD population emphasizes a holistic approach utilizing a multidisciplinary team in both pre‐ and postoperative settings.
The demands of caregivers of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in different therapy stages and the exploration of possible interventions: A longitudinal investigation survey at a Tertiary Medical Institution
Authors: Liu Yang , Ma Linyu , Mo Lin , Shen Xuelan , Zhong Dahui
Published: December 2022

Aim

To describe the demands of family caregivers of children with ALL at different therapy stages and explore the possible interventions to address their care demands.

Design

A longitudinal investigation study.

Method

A total of 157 family caregivers of children treated in the Haematological oncology ward of a tertiary medical hospital in China between March and December in 2020 were included in this study. The Comprehensive Needs of Caregivers of Cancer Patients and Families Taking Care of Children Scale was used to investigate the family caregivers of children with ALL. The family caregivers completed the questionnaire accompanied by a researcher within two weeks of each therapy stage, which included the induction, consolidation and continuation stages.

Results

Family caregivers of children with ALL had many demands that varied based on the stage of therapy. Family caregivers in the induction therapy stage needed more information about their children's disease, having the highest score in information demands (35.60 ± 5.85). The family caregivers in the consolidation therapy stage needed more information on symptom management and socio‐economic support, having the highest score in care and support demands (36.14 ± 5.12). The family caregivers in the continuation therapy stage (including interim and maintenance therapy stages) focused more on their own and the children's social adaptation, so they scored the highest for psychosocial demands (35.96 ± 5.69).

Conclusion

Family caregivers of children with ALL had different demands that varied based on the stage of therapy. Medical personnel should be aware of the primary needs of family caregivers at different therapy stages to provide early interventions and support based on their demands, ultimately improving the physical and mental condition of family caregivers and the quality of care.
Molecular methods to study protein trafficking between organs
Authors: Kreissl Felix K. , Banki Michael A. , Droujinine Ilia A.
Published: December 2022

Interorgan communication networks are key regulators of organismal homeostasis, and their dysregulation is associated with a variety of pathologies. While mass spectrometry proteomics identifies circulating proteins and can correlate their abundance with disease phenotypes, the tissues of origin and destinations of these secreted proteins remain largely unknown. In vitro approaches to study protein secretion are valuable, however, they may not mimic the complexity of in vivo environments. More recently, the development of engineered promiscuous BirA* biotin ligase derivatives has enabled tissue‐specific tagging of cellular secreted proteomes in vivo. The use of biotin as a molecular tag provides information on the tissue of origin and destination, and enables the enrichment of low‐abundance hormone proteins. Therefore, promiscuous protein biotinylation is a valuable tool to study protein secretion in vivo.
A single‐center descriptive account of the use of pectoral nerve I and II nerve blocks for post‐operative pain relief following pediatric sternotomy
Authors: Freedman Zachary , AuBuchon Jacob , Montana Michael
Published: December 2022

Regional anesthesia between the pectoralis major and minor was first described in 2011 as an alternative method to paravertebral blocks or epidurals for post‐operative mastectomies. Since then, the use of pectoral nerve (PECS) blocks for post‐operative pain management following thoracotomy, sternotomy, and other procedures in the anterior thorax has increased. While experience with this block is growing, the current understanding of its use in pediatric patients is limited. We reviewed pediatric cases at a single institution and provide a descriptive account of our use of PECS I and II blocks for post‐operative pain management following operations involving sternotomy in pediatric patients. We performed a retrospective database analysis of the use of PECS I and II blocks following procedures requiring sternotomy from 2018 to 2021 at St. Louis Children's Hospital. Patients 21 years old and younger who received either a PECS I or II block following a sternotomy for a cardiac procedure were included in the analysis. Patient's demographics, pre‐, intra‐, and post‐operative medications, operative time, extubation status, pain evaluations, and hospital course were assessed from the electronic medical record. From 2018 to 2021, 73 ultrasound‐guided PECS blocks were performed for pain relief for pediatric sternotomy. The most commonly performed operations were atrial septal defect closure (n = 12), mitral valve repair (n = 8), and ventricle septal defect closure (n = 8). Out of the 73 patients, 47 received a PECS I block and 26 received a PECS II Block. 70 of the blocks were administered after closure of the sternum while 3 were done before incision. The time to perform blocks took on average of 6 (±4) min. Mean operating room time was 7.5 h. Local anesthetics used for the blocks were as follows: Ropivacaine 0.2% (n = 54), Ropivacaine 0.5% (n = 18), and Bupivacaine 0.25% (n = 1). Twenty‐five out of 73 patients did not experience severe pain, defined as ≥7/10 on a numeric pain scale, at any point in the first 24 h following surgery. We describe the of use PECS I and II nerve block following pediatric sternotomy. Blocks were straight forward to perform, and typically took a short amount of time to administer (6 min), when compared to the total operating room time (7.5 h). While this study did not include a comparative group that did not receive a block, 34 percent of patients did not suffer from severe pain in the first 24 h following surgery. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of PECS blocks for pain relief following sternotomy in pediatric patients when compared to current standard of care. PECS blocks may be beneficial for a range of cardiac surgeries that typically result in severe postoperative pain.
Aerosol delivery in models of pediatric high flow nasal oxygen and mechanical ventilation
Authors: Wang Ran , Leime Ciaran O. , Gao Weiwei , MacLoughlin Ronan
Published: December 2022

Background

Aerosol drug delivery during high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are key respiratory care strategies available for the treatment of pediatric patients. We aimed to quantify the impact of different HFNO and IMV set‐ups on tracheal drug delivery via a vibrating mesh nebuliser (VMN).

Methods

Percent tracheal dose via VMN was quantified during HFNO therapy and IMV in a benchtop model of a 9‐month‐old infant. Under HFNO, 3 cannula sizes were used at 3 flow rate settings with the VMN placed at the dry side of the humidifier. Under IMV, tracheal dose when VMN was placed at the dry side of the humidifier, 15 cm from the wye and between the wye and endotracheal tube (ETT) was assessed. Salbutamol at 2.5 mg/2.5 ml (1 mg/ml) was used for each test (N = 5). The impact of VMN refill on circuit pressure under HFNO and IMV was also assessed.

Results

Tracheal dose was highest during HFNO with the largest cannula size (OPT318) set to the lowest flow rate setting of 2 L/min (liter per minute) (5.80 ± 0.17%). Increasing flow rate reduced tracheal drug delivery for all cannulas. For IMV, VMN on the dry side of the humidifier and between the wye and ETT gave optimal drug delivery (4.49 ± 0.14% vs. 4.43 ± 0.26% respectively). VMN refill did not impact circuit pressure for either HFNO therapy or IMV.

Conclusions

Gas flow rate and cannula size during HFNO and VMN position during IMV has a significant effect on tracheal drug delivery in a pediatric setting.
Ribonuclease T2 represents a distinct circularly permutated version of the BECR RNases
Authors: Li Huan , Schneider Theresa , Tan Yongjun , Zhang Dapeng
Published: December 2022

Detection of homologous relationships among proteins and understanding their mechanisms of diversification are major topics in the fields of protein science, bioinformatics, and phylogenetics. Recent developments in sequence/profile‐based and structural similarity‐based methods have greatly facilitated the unification and classification of many protein families into superfamilies or folds, yet many proteins remain unclassified in current protein databases. As one of the three earliest identified RNases in biology, ribonuclease T2, also known as RNase I in Escherichia coli, RNase Rh in fungi, or S‐RNase in plant, is thought to be an ancient RNase family due to its widespread distribution and distinct structure. In this study, we present evidence that RNase T2 represents a circularly permutated version of the BECR (Barnase‐EndoU‐Colicin E5/D‐RelE) fold RNases. This subtle relationship cannot be detected by traditional methods such as sequence/profile‐based comparisons, structure‐similarity searches, and circular permutation detections. However, we were able to identify the structural similarity using rational reconstruction of a theoretical RNase T2 ancestor via a reverse circular permutation process, followed by structural modeling using AlphaFold2, and structural comparisons. This relationship is further supported by the fact that RNase T2 and other typical BECR RNases, namely Colicin D, RNase A, and BrnT, share similar catalytic site configurations, all involving an analogous set of conserved residues on the α0 helix and the β4 strand of the BECR fold. This study revealed a hidden root of RNase T2 in bacterial toxin systems and demonstrated that reconstruction and modeling of ancestral topology is an effective strategy to identify remote relationship between proteins.
The cribriform morphology impairs Gleason 7 prostate cancer lesion detection on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kazan Ozgur , Gunduz Nesrin , Kir Gozde , Iplikci Ayberk , Dogan Mahmut B. , Cecikoglu Gozde E. , Culpan Meftun , Yildirim Asif
Published: December 2022

Background

Prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is a useful tool for the detection of tumor lesions however, some clinically significant lesions are still missed. We determined whether the cribriform pattern has an effect on lesion detection in mpMRI.

Methods

We reviewed the single‐institution database of the patients who underwent mpMRI before radical prostatectomy. We included the patients only with the Gleason 7 final pathology of open radical prostatectomy with curative intent between 2016 and 2021. Prostatectomy mappings according to the 16‐sector map and cribriform patterns were re‐evaluated by two genitourinary pathologists. Prostate mpMRIs were read by two genitourinary radiologists. If the index and nonindex lesions in pathology mapping were matched with mpMRI as Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System‐3 or higher, it was defined as detectable. We compared the detection rates of lesions with and without cribriform morphology. In regression analysis, we also assessed the factors affecting the detectability of prostate cancer lesions.

Results

A total of 120 patients and 157 lesions were included in our study. While 52 of 83 cribriform pattern positive lesions could be detected in mpMRI, 59 of 74 cribriform pattern negative lesions could be detected (62.7% vs. 79.7%, respectively, p = 0.019). The lesions were also distributed homogeneously according to diameters and analyzed separately. All lesions between 21 and 30 mm with the negative cribriform pattern were detected on mpMRI. However, only 77.8% of cribriform pattern positive lesions between 21 and 30 mm could be detected (p = 0.034). The Higher D'Amico risk group and the absence of cribriform morphology were independent predictors for the lesion detection on mpMRI.

Conclusion

The presence of cribriform pattern in Gleason 7 prostate cancer lesions decreases the lesion detection rate of mpMRI.
Prostate fibroblasts enhance androgen receptor splice variant 7 expression in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Sasaki Takeshi , Yoshikawa Yumi , Kageyama Takumi , Sugino Yusuke , Kato Manabu , Masui Satoru , Nishikawa Kouhei , Inoue Takahiro
Published: December 2022

Background

Androgen receptor splice variant (AR‐V) expression has been associated with prostate cancer (PCa) progression to castration‐resistant PCa during androgen deprivation therapy, which reduces androgen production and inhibits androgen action in PCa cells. However, the mechanisms whereby aberrant AR‐V expression is increased in PCa are still largely unknown. Fibroblasts in tumor stroma influence PCa initiation and aggressiveness, and which may play a crucial role in eliciting genetic changes during malignant transformation in human prostate epithelium. Here, our aim was to determine whether prostate fibroblasts in tumor stroma induce aberrant AR‐V7 expression in PCa cells under low androgen concentration.

Methods

We performed in vitro experiments using androgen‐sensitive, AR‐positive PCa cell lines (LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells), commercially available prostate stromal cells (PrSC), and primary cultured prostate fibroblasts (pcPrF) from PCa specimens collected from biopsies of patients with advanced PCa. PCa cells were cocultured with each of the three fibroblast lines (PrSC, pcPrF‐M37, and pcPrF‐M48).

Results

The proliferation under low androgen concentration of LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells cocultured with PrSC, pcPrF‐M37, or pcPrF‐M48 was significantly increased compared to that of PCa cells cultured alone. Androgen receptor‐full length (AR‐FL) protein expression was increased in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells cocultured with PrSC, pcPrF‐M37, or pcPrF‐M48. AR‐V7 protein expression was increased in 22Rv1 cells cocultured with PrSC, pcPrF‐M37, or pcPrF‐M48. Under low androgen concentration, AR‐V7 protein expression was slightly detected in LNCaP cells cocultured with PrSC or pcPrF‐M37. Cytokine array analysis revealed that monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) levels in the conditioned medium of 22Rv1 cells cocultured with PrSC, pcPrF‐M37, or pcPrF‐M48 were increased under low androgen concentration. High IL‐8 concentration (30 ng/ml) resulted in significantly increased protein expression of AR‐FL, AR‐V7, and phospho‐NF‐κB p65 in 22Rv1 cells. In contrast, IL‐8 antibody (1 µg/ml) decreased AR‐V7 protein expression in 22Rv1 cells cocultured with PrSC, pcPrF‐M37, or pcPrF‐M48.

Conclusions

pcPrF from PCa specimens increase the expression of aberrant AR‐V7 in PCa cells. IL‐8 may be a target for preventing the expression of aberrant AR‐Vs in PCa.
Urban exodus? Understanding human mobility in Britain during the COVID‐19 pandemic using Meta‐Facebook data
Authors: Rowe Francisco , Calafiore Alessia , Arribas‐Bel Daniel , Samardzhiev Krasen , Fleischmann Martin
Published: December 2022

Existing empirical work has focused on assessing the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions on human mobility to contain the spread of COVID‐19. Less is known about the ways in which the COVID‐19 pandemic has reshaped the spatial patterns of population movement within countries. Anecdotal evidence of an urban exodus from large cities to rural areas emerged during early phases of the pandemic across western societies. Yet, these claims have not been empirically assessed. Traditional data sources, such as censuses offer coarse temporal frequency to analyse population movement over infrequent time intervals. Drawing on a data set of 21 million observations from Meta‐Facebook users, we aim to analyse the extent and evolution of changes in the spatial patterns of population movement across the rural–urban continuum in Britain over an 18‐month period from March 2020 to August 2021. Our findings show an overall and sustained decline in population movement during periods of high stringency measures, with the most densely populated areas reporting the largest reductions. During these periods, we also find evidence of higher‐than‐average mobility from high‐density population areas to low‐density areas, lending some support to claims of large‐scale population movements from large cities. Yet, we show that these trends were temporary. Overall mobility levels trended back to precoronavirus levels after the easing of nonpharmaceutical interventions. Following these interventions, we found a reduction in movement to low‐density areas and a rise in mobility to high‐density agglomerations. Overall, these findings reveal that while COVID‐19 generated shock waves leading to temporary changes in the patterns of population movement in Britain, the resulting vibrations have not significantly reshaped the prevalent structures in the national pattern of population movement. As of 2021, internal population movements sit at an intermediate level between those observed pre‐ and early phases of the pandemic.
The global health challenge of counterfeit vaccination certificates: The case of yellow fever vaccination among travelers departing from Khartoum International Airport in Sudan
Authors: Abdalla Razan Osman , Yousif Salwa Abdulrahman , Tagelsir Ahmed , Akola Marwa , Almaleeh Alaa , Elhadi Yasir Ahmed Mohammed , Sabahelzain Majdi M.
Published: December 2022

Background

Counterfeit travel vaccination certificates pose a significant threat to public health and compromise disease control measures. We investigated the self‐reported vaccination status, the validity of yellow fever vaccine (YFV) certificates (ICVPs), and knowledge and perception about the disease and its vaccine among Sudanese travelers departing through the Khartoum International Airport (KIA).

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional survey using a non‐probability convenience sampling technique among Sudanese travelers departing through KIA between October and November 2021. We assessed the self‐reported uptake of YFV and subsequently verified the ICVPs among those reported to be vaccinated. We also assessed participants’ knowledge about the disease in addition to their knowledge and perception of YFV.

Results

Four hundred travelers were interviewed. Most participants (88.0%) reported being vaccinated. However, two‐thirds of their ICVPs (63.0%) were counterfeit. More than one‐third of the participants (35.3%) had poor knowledge of YF and YFV. Carrying a valid ICVP was associated with participants' overall good level of knowledge about YFV (p = 0.030), knowledge about the nature of infection (p‐value = 0.008), disease transmission (p = 0.016) and prevention (p = 0.028), and countries that require a mandatory YFV proof (p = 0.005). Many participants perceived YFV as important (93.3%), safe (86.5%), and effective (82.0%).

Conclusion

The proportion of counterfeit ICVPs was high. Many of the participants had a poor level of knowledge about YF and YFV. Counterfeit ICVPs have grievous implications for YF prevention and control in Sudan and other countries. There is an urgent need to revisit the implementation of the International Health Regulations in Sudan to leverage recent technological advancements in immunization information systems such as electronic certification.
Automated brain tumour segmentation from multi‐modality magnetic resonance imaging data based on new particle swarm optimisation segmentation method
Authors: Gtifa Wafa , Hamdaoui Fayçal , Sakly Anis
Published: December 2022

Background

Segmentation of brain tumours is a complex problem in medical image processing and analysis. It is a time‐consuming and error‐prone task. Therefore, computer‐aided detection systems need to be developed to decrease physicians' workload and improve the accuracy of segmentation.

Methods

This paper proposes a level set method constrained by an intuitive artificial intelligence‐based approach to perform brain tumour segmentation. By studying 3D brain tumour images, a new segmentation technique based on the Modified Particle Swarm Optimisation (MPSO), Darwin Particle Swarm Optimisation (DPSO), and Fractional Order Darwinian Particle Swarm Optimisation (FODPSO) algorithms were developed.

Results

The introduced technique was verified according to the MICCAI RASTS 2013 database for high‐grade glioma patients. The three algorithms were evaluated using different performance measures: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Dice similarity coefficient to prove the performance and robustness of our 3D segmentation technique.

Conclusion

The result is that the MPSO algorithm consistently outperforms the DPSO and FO DPSO.
Green relational capital, integration capabilities and environmental innovation adoption: The moderating role of normative pressures
Authors: Long Siying , Liao Zhongju
Published: December 2022

Environmental innovation has received increasing attention recently among scholars and policy‐makers. Drawing on diffusion of innovation theory, social capital theory, dynamic capabilities theory and institutional theory, we propose that green relational capital positively influences firms' environmental innovation adoption activities. This research used survey data from 392 manufacturing firms in China. The results show that green relational capital produces a positive influence on both the speed and comprehensiveness of environmental innovation adoption, and this effect is mediated by firms' integration capabilities. Moreover, normative pressures positively moderate the relationship between green relational capital and integration capabilities.
Goodness‐of‐fit test for a parametric mixture cure model with partly interval‐censored data
Authors: Geng Ziqi , Li Jialiang , Niu Yi , Wang Xiaoguang
Published: December 2022

Partly interval‐censored event time data arise naturally in medical, biological, sociological and demographic studies. In practice, some patients may be immune from the event of interest, invoking a cure model for survival analysis. Choosing an appropriate parametric distribution for the failure time of susceptible patients is an important step to fully structure the mixture cure model. In the literature, goodness‐of‐fit tests for survival models are usually restricted to uncensored or right‐censored data. We fill in this gap by proposing a new goodness‐of‐fit test dealing with partly interval‐censored data under mixture cure models. Specifically, we investigate whether a parametric distribution can fit the susceptible part by using a Cramér‐von Mises type of test, and establish the asymptotic distribution of the test . Empirically, the critical value is determined from the bootstrap resamples. The proposed test, compared to the traditional leveraged bootstrap approach, yields superior practical results under various settings in extensive simulation studies. Two clinical data sets are analyzed to illustrate our method.
Effect of Oxide Metallurgy Technology on Mechanical Properties and Hydrogen‐Induced Cracking Susceptibility of High‐Strength Low‐Alloy Steel
Authors: Jia Xiao , Yang YuLong , Ma Yaxin , Wang BingXing
Published: December 2022

The oxide metallurgy is used in the fabrication of X80 pipeline steel. The mechanical properties of X80 steel at different tempering temperatures are studied by offline heat treatment process. The hydrogen‐induced cracking (HIC) susceptibility of X80 steel with optimal mechanical properties is studied. The results show that the optimal combinations of mechanical properties are obtained for the X80 pipeline steel under the heat treatment conditions of water quenched at 900 °C and tempered at 630 °C. The yield strength of the X80 steel is 569 MPa and the impact energy is higher than 300 J at −40 °C. After deoxidation by Ti and Zr, the average size of inclusions in X80 steel is 0.23 μm. Among them, the typical spherical composite inclusions are TiOX–Al2O3–ZrO2–MnS, combined with the fine (Nb, V, Ti)C and the formation of Cu2S and Cr2O3 protective layers. X80 steel has excellent HIC resistance.
A review of phase change materials and heat enhancement methodologies
Authors: Saqib Muhammad , Andrzejczyk Rafal
Published: December 2022

Phase change materials (PCMs) are an efficient alternative to store and release heat at a specific range of temperature. Here PCMs and heat enhancement methodologies for PCM storage are reviewed. A short overview of PCMs and their applications is presented in addition to the progress during the last 10 years. Heat enhancement techniques, that is, extended surfaces, multiple and composite PCMs, and encapsulation techniques, are presented along with a statistical overview of studies during 2016–2021. The importance of various fin and storage tank geometries (extended surfaces) is discussed in detail. Advancement in the latest heat enhancement techniques such as use of nano‐enhanced PCMs is presented. Recommendations for future research are provided.

This article is categorized under:

Emerging Technologies > Energy Storage

Sustainable Energy > Energy Efficiency
Introduction
Authors: Jancovich Leila , Stevenson David
Published: December 2022

The introduction provides the background to our research, specifically focusing on the context for this interest in participation and defining some of the contested meanings of the term. This chapter then moves on to outline our research methodology and the overall structure of the book.
Nearly critical holographic superfluids
Authors: Donos Aristomenis , Kailidis Polydoros
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We study the nearly critical behaviour of holographic superfluids at finite temperature and chemical potential in their probe limit. This allows us to examine the coupled dynamics of the full complex order parameter with the charge density of the system. We derive an effective theory for the long wavelength limit of the gapless and pseudo-gapped modes by using analytic techniques in the bulk. We match our construction with Model F in the classification of Hohenberg and Halperin and compute the complex dissipative kinetic transport coefficient in terms of thermodynamics and black hole horizon data. We carry out an analysis of the corresponding modes and argue that at finite density the dispersion relations are discontinuous between the normal and the broken phase. We compare and contrast our results with earlier numerical work.
The Superconducting Gravimeter CD-034 at Moxa Observatory: More than 20 Years of Scientific Experience and a Reanimation
Authors: Jahr T. , Stolz R.
Published: December 2022

In this work, advanced methods and processing schemes for the analysis of data from a Superconducting Gravimeter (SG) will be introduced and their relevance on acquired data proved. The SG CD-034 was installed on Easter of 1999 in the Geodynamic Observatory Moxa of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany. Initially, the quality of the recorded data was examined, spectra for the detection of the parasitic modes were calculated and the calibration values for the two sensors were determined. Ever since very high-quality gravity data of this SG and most of the other worldwide SGs were made available through the storage archive of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP later changed to IGETS, International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service) for global scientific investigations at that time. SG’s such as the one in Moxa (Germany) still deliver significant scientific value for global gravitational field studies as well as for regional/local studies which will be shortly reviewed. Examples are the detection of polar motion, the influence of continental water loading in general and in particular river basin loads, the gravimetric effect of North Sea storm surges and the study of hydro-gravimetric signals, which could be compared with satellite observations and global hydraulic models. The long-term, low-noise operation of complex SG’s requires some effort on maintenance. In order to evaluate the correct operation of the SG, new data processing steps were introduced to assist in the analysis of the data in case of issues with the instrumentation. For example, in 2012/2013 and 2020/2021 severe interference in the gravimeter electronics in Moxa led to a significant loss of data. In both cases, however, the cause could be determined, and the corresponding electronic components renewed. Since July 2021, the SG in Moxa registers again with high data quality comparable or slightly better than before the incident. Initial tests and tidal analyses confirm the validity of the old calibration factors, and the authors now look forward to the re-established long-term recording with excitement and confidence.
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and long-term consequences—a retrospective follow-up study
Authors: Reuter Thea Charlott , Korell Valentina , Pfeiffer Jens , Ridder Gerd Jürgen , Ketterer Manuel Christoph , Becker Christoph
Published: December 2022

Purpose

The primary aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the progression of descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM), evaluate the impact of comorbidities on complications and mortality and to observe long-term consequences of DNM on dysphagia and measurements quality of life. DNM is a serious infectious disease that requires multimodal treatment. Current literature varies in conclusions of risk factors, management and outcome of DNM. In addition, little is known about persisting effects on quality of life.

Methods

Retrospective data analysis of 88 patients with DNM representing the largest single-center study. Recording data of patients and diseases as well as clinical progression from 1997 to 2018. Two questionnaires were sent to the participants to measure quality of life and to detect dysphagia.

Results

88 patients were included. The most frequently found pathogen were Streptococcus spp. (52%). 75% of the patients underwent multiple surgeries, mean count of surgical procedures was 4.3 times. 84% received intensive care treatment. Median length of stay on the intensive care unit was 7 days. 51% had pre-existing comorbidities associated with reduced tissue oxygenation (e.g., diabetes). The most common complication was pleural effusion (45%). During the observation period, the mortality rate was 9%. 12 questionnaires could be evaluated. 67% of the participants were affected by dysphagia at the time of the survey.

Conclusions

Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is a severe disease requiring an immediate initiation of multimodal treatment. Although quality of life usually isn´t impaired permanently, dysphagia may often persist in patients after DNM.
Children’s foot parameters and basic anthropometry — do arch height and midfoot width change?
Authors: Escalona-Marfil Carles , Prats-Puig Anna , Ortas-Deunosajut Xavier , Font-Lladó Raquel , Ruiz-Tarrazo Xavier , Evans Angela Margaret
Published: December 2022

The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to assess how foot posture and morphology assessments change according to body mass index (BMI) status; (2) to determine which body composition parameter (BMI or waist circumference) correlates better with the foot posture index (FPI), arch height index (AHI), and midfoot width (MFW) in children. Foot morphometry (FPI, AHI, and MFW) and body composition (BMI and waist circumference (WC)) were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 575 children (mean age = 7.42 ± 1.67 years; 53.27% female). When comparing BMI groups, an increase of 8.3% in AHI and 13.6% in MFW (both p < 0.0001) was seen. In linear regression analyses, BMI and WC were positively associated with MFW explaining together 64.8% of its variance. Noteworthy, MFW is the most related to body composition parameters.

Conclusion: Foot morphology assessed by FPI, AHI, and MFW differs among BMI categories in children. Noteworthy, WC correlates better with foot measures than does the more commonly used BMI, and more importantly the MFW is the foot measure best explained by children’s body weight. Since foot morphometry is different among different BMI groups, children would benefit from shoes with different patterns (thinner and wider), as well as a good system to adjust midfoot height.

What is Known:• Children who are overweight and obese have flatter feet, when assessed using footprints.• Up to 72% of people have incorrectly fitted shoes.

What is New:• Children with underweight have thinner and flatter feet than children with normal weight, while children with overweight and obesity have wider and higher arched feet.• Body weight is related to foot shape, which has relevance for footwear manufacturers.