bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Scope of the Powers of the Minister of Finance in Terms of Section 48(1)(b) of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964: An Appraisal of Recent Developments in Case Law
Authors: Vinti Clive
Published: June 2019

This paper evaluates the scope of the powers of the Minister of Finance upon a request from the Minister of Trade and Industry to amend Schedule 1 to the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 (hereafter, CEA) in respect of imported goods as provided by section 48(1)(b) of the CEA. This assessment entails a case analysis of the High Court decisions in South Africa Sugar Association v the Minister of Trade and Industry 2017 4 All SA 555 (GP) and Pioneer Foods (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Finance 2017 ZAWCHC 110 (29 September 2017). These two cases offer for the first time, clarification on the nature of the power conferred on the Minister of Finance by section 48(1)(b) of the CEA. The High Court in these two cases rejected the argument that the role of the Minister of Finance in respect of the power conferred upon him/her by section 48(1)(b) is that of a "registrar" who merely 'rubberstamps' the decision of the Minister of Trade and Industry. Consequently, the High Court in both matters held that a veto power is conferred on the Minister of Finance which permits him/her to either accept or decline the request of the Minister of Trade and Industry to amend Schedule 1 of the CEA.To the contrary, this paper argues that if the Minister of Finance declines the request of the Minister of Trade and Industry, s/he is not 'giving effect' to the request of the Minister of Trade and Industry as required by section 48(1)(b) of the CEA and is thus acting ultra vires because s/he is assuming powers which never conferred on him/her by the legislature. This paper also argues that the High Court in both matters, misconstrued the relationship between section 48(1)(b) and the "public interest" provisions in section 48 and thus unjustifiably stripped the Minister of Trade and Industry of his/her power to implement an amendment to Schedule 1. In the final analysis, this paper explores the impact of the Customs Duty Act 30 of 2014 on the Minister of Finance's powers in this regard.
The Protection of Children's Right to Self-Determination in South African Law with Specific Reference to Medical Treatment and Operations
Authors: Kruger Hanneretha
Published: June 2019

The Children's Act 38 of 2005 provides that children over the age of 12 years can consent to their own medical treatment or that of their children, provided they are of sufficient maturity and have the mental capacity to understand the benefits, risks, social and other implications of the treatment (section 129(2)). The predecessor of the Children's Act set the age at which children could consent to medical treatment at 14 years, and no maturity assessment was required (Child Care Act 74 of 1983 section 39(4)). Children over the age of 12 years can consent to the performance of surgical operations on themselves or their children, provided that they have the level of maturity described above and they are duly assisted by their parents or guardians (Children's Act section 129(3)). Before the Children's Act came into operation, the Child Care Act allowed children over the age of 18 to consent to their own operations (section 39(4)). Neither a maturity assessment nor parental assistance was required. (Note that when the Child Care Act was in operation the majority age was still 21 years.) In this article the question is considered if the relaxation of the limitations on children's capacity to consent to medical treatment and surgical operations in the Children's Act recognises the right of children to make independent decisions without the assistance of their parents or guardians or other substitute decision-makers. Firstly the article investigates the theoretical foundations of the protection of children's rights, particularly their autonomy rights. Secondly the meaning of the concept "competence" in medical decision-making and the related concept of "informed consent" are discussed. Thirdly some developmental and neuroscientific research on children's decision-making capacities and how they influence children's competence to give consent valid in law are highlighted. Fourthly possible legal foundations for the protection of children's right to self-determination in medical decision-making are sought in the Constitution and international and regional human rights treaties. Finally the relevant provisions of the Children's Act are examined in order to ascertain whether children's right to self-determination is sufficiently protected in South African law
"The Common Law is … not what it used to be"*: Revisiting Recognition of a Constitutionally-Inspired Implied Duty of Fair Dealing in the Common Law Contract of Employment (Part 1)
Authors: Louw Andre
Published: June 2019

This piece, which is in three parts, will revisit the importation of fairness into the employment contract (outside and independent of the fairness-based provisions of our labour legislation) by a line of Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) judgments during the 2000s. This process culminated in the recognition of an "implied duty of fair dealing" in the common-law employment contract. This piece will discuss such developments, will argue that such an implied duty still forms part of our law (despite apparent consensus in the literature that the SCA turned its back on such earlier judgments), will critically examine some of the arguments for and against the recognition of such a duty, and will then consider the issue within the broader context of the role of good faith and fairness in our general law of contract.
Metaphysical Anthropocentrism, Limitrophy, and Responsibility: An Explication of the Subject of Animal Rights
Authors: De Villiers Jan-Harm
Published: June 2019

This article undertakes a critical analysis of subjectivity and exposes the metaphysical and anthropocentric quasi-transcendental conditions that give rise to the construct(ion) of the Subject. I locate a critical moment for the metaphysical Subject in the work of Martin Heidegger which, whilst sadly not sustained in his later writings, provides a point of departure for an examination of the significance that animality plays in the metaphysical tradition and its constitutive relation to the construct of subjectivity. I discern this relation to be violent and sacrificial and draw on Jacques Derrida's nonanthropocentric ethics against the background of Drucilla Cornell's ethical reading of deconstruction to construct a critique of approaches that assimilate animals to the traditional model of subjectivity in order to represent their identity and interests in the legal paradigm. The main argument that I seek to advance is that such an approach paradoxically re-constructs the classical humanist subject of metaphysics and re-establishes the subject-centred system that silences the call of the animal Other, thereby solidifying and extending the legitimacy of a discourse and mode of social regulation that is fundamentally anthropocentric. I examine how we can address, incapacitate and move beyond this schemata of power through a rigorous deconstruction of the partitions that institute the Subject and how deconstruction clears a space for a de novo determination of the animal "subject" that can proceed from different sites of nonanthropocentric interruption. What follows is a call to refuse the mechanical utilisation of traditional legal constructs and I argue in favour of an approach to the question of the animal (in law) that identifies and challenges anthropocentrism as its critical target. I ultimately propose a critical engagement with the underlying metaphysical support of animal rights at a conceptual level, rather than simply utilising the law pragmatically as an instrument of immediate resolution.
Publish or Perish. Perceived Benefits versus Unintended Consequences
Authors: Carnelley Marita
Published: June 2019

This contribution reviews the book by Imad A Moosa entitled Publish or Perish. Perceived Benefits versus Unintended Consequences published by Edward Elgar Publishing in 2018.
"The Common Law is … not what it used to be"*: Revisiting Recognition of a Constitutionally-Inspired Implied Duty of Fair Dealing in the Common Law Contract of Employment (Part 2)
Authors: Louw Andre
Published: June 2019

This piece, which is in three parts, will revisit the importation of fairness into the employment contract (outside and independent of the fairness-based provisions of our labour legislation) by a line of Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) judgments during the 2000s. This process culminated in the recognition of an "implied duty of fair dealing" in the common-law employment contract. This piece will discuss such developments, will argue that such an implied duty still forms part of our law (despite the apparent consensus in the literature that the SCA turned its back on such earlier judgments), will critically examine some of the arguments for and against the recognition of such a duty, and will then consider the issue within the broader context of the role of good faith and fairness in our general law of contract.
Standing on Unsteady Ground: AREVA NP Incorporated in France v Eskom SOC LTD
Authors: Van Eetveldt Henri-Willem
Published: June 2019

Areva NP Incorporated in France v Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd 2017 6 BCLR 675 (CC) was a dispute over a multi-billion-rand tender. Although the majority of the Constitutional Court recognised the public importance of the case, it adjudicated the dispute entirely on a preliminary point. It found that the applicant did not have legal standing to seek the judicial review of the award of the tender.

This case note has three aims. First, I will argue that the Constitutional Court's majority judgment in Areva was generally unpersuasive. Second, I will attempt to show that Areva exposes an unresolved legal question: when should a court consider the merits of a case made by a litigant with questionable standing? Third, I will propose a method for resolving this question by way of substantive judicial reasoning in any given case.
The Appointment of a Proxy "At Any Time" in Terms of Section 58 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008: Richard Du Plessis Barry v Clearwater Estates NPC [2017] ZASCA 11
Authors: Madlela Vela
Published: June 2019

Section 58(1) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 gives a shareholder the right to appoint a proxy "at any time" for the purpose of participating in, speaking and voting on behalf of that shareholder at a shareholders′ meeting, or providing or withholding written consent on behalf of the shareholder in terms of section 60. One important issue that arises in regard to the appointment of a proxy relates to the proper interpretation of section 58(1) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008, namely whether this section, as read with section 58(3)(c), constitutes an unalterable provision giving a shareholder an unlimited right to appoint a proxy "at any time" before the proxy exercises the shareholder's rights at the shareholders meeting, or whether the time period within which the instrument of a proxy′s appointment must be delivered to the company may be restricted by the MOI. This issue was considered by the SCA in the Richard Du Plessis Barry case in view of the appellant′s contention that the provisions of the MOI that limited the time period within which the instrument appointing a proxy must be delivered to the company, or other person on behalf of the company, were valid. In this note, I examine the Richard Du Plessis Barry case with a focus on the proper interpretation of the right of a shareholder to appoint a proxy "at any time" as conferred by section 58(1) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008. I provide some critical comments on the main issues that this judgement raises, including the interpretation of section 58(1) in the context of "alterable" and "unalterable" provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008, a purposive interpretation of section 58(1), the interaction between section 58(1) and section 58(3)(c), the significance of the difference in the wording of section 58(1) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and section 189 of the previous Companies Act 61 of 1973, as well as the practical implications of the court's decision in this matter. This is followed by a brief comparative analysis with selected international jurisdictions and some concluding remarks.
The South African Class Action Mechanism: Comparing the Opt-In Regime to the Opt-Out Regime
Authors: Broodryk Theo
Published: June 2019

In Mukaddam v Pioneer Food (Pty) Ltd 2013 2 SA 254 (SCA), Nugent JA stated that, once the class is confined to claimants who choose positively to advance their claims and are required to come forward for that purpose, he can see no reason why they are not capable of doing so in their own names through joinder – they do not need a representative to do so on their behalf. The members who choose to opt in to the class action will thus be identifiable. If that is the case then, according Nugent JA, joinder may be the appropriate procedural device. A problem evidenced by this approach is accordingly that, by suggesting that joinder is the appropriate procedural device where all the claimants are identifiable, rather than a class action, the court essentially attacked the viability of the opt-in regime of class action litigation.

The preferential treatment afforded by our courts to the opt-out class action regime is further reinforced by the finding of Nugent JA that the opt-in class action regime can be utilised only in exceptional circumstances. As exceptional circumstances had not been proved, he found that a class action was not the most appropriate way to pursue the claims. He accordingly suggested that joinder was a viable option to pursue the claims.

The opt-in class action regime requires individual class members to take positive steps to participate in the class action. In other words, class members are required to come forward and opt into the class action, failing which they will not be bound by or benefit from the outcome of the litigation. Support for the opt-in regime is essentially premised on the belief that individuals who are unaware of the litigation should not be bound by its outcome. The opt-out class action regime, on the other hand, automatically binds members of the class to the class action and the outcome of the litigation unless the individual class members take steps to opt out of the class action. Support for the opt-out regime is essentially based on the view that the opting-in requirement could undermine one of the primary purposes of class action litigation, which is to facilitate access to justice.

The Constitutional Court in Mukaddam v Pioneer Foods (Pty) Ltd 2013 5 SA 89 (CC) held that Nugent JA was wrong to find that an applicant in an opt-in class action is required to show exceptional circumstances. However, the court did not provide reasons for its disagreement. The issue relating to exceptional circumstances in opt-in class actions was dealt with in two sentences. The Constitutional Court also failed to deal with the nature and status of the opt-in class action compared with opt-out class actions in South African law.

The note will accordingly consider when, if at all, it is appropriate to use the opt-in class action regime compared to the opt-out class action regime.
Analysing and Comparing Warrantless Tax Inspections and Searches
Authors: Moosa Fareed
Published: June 2019

Sections 45 and 63 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (TAA) confer drastic information gathering powers on officials of the South African Revenue Service (SARS). On the one hand, section 45 permits warrantless routine (non-targeted) and non-routine (targeted) inspections by a SARS official in respect of records, books of accounts and documents found at premises where a taxpayer is reasonably believed to be conducting a trade or enterprise. The purpose of such inspection is to determine whether there has been compliance with specific obligations by the taxpayer. Section 63, on the other hand, permits, on the grounds of urgency and expediency in exceptional circumstances only, warrantless non-routine (targeted) searches by a senior SARS official of a taxpayer and of third parties associated with a taxpayer, as well as searches of a taxpayer's premises and those of third parties. In addition, section 63 permits the seizure of relevant material found at premises searched. All searches and seizures must occur for the purposes of the efficient and effective administration of tax Acts generally. A comparative analysis of sections 45 and 63 of the TAA reveals the existence of key differences in the substance and practical operation of their provisions. This article distils these differences through an in-depth discussion of the nature and extent of the powers of inspection and search conferred by these provisions, as well as by conceptualising the terms “inspection” and “search” for the purposes of sections 45 and 63 respectively.
Gender Inequality and Land Rights: The Situation of Indigenous Women in Cameroon
Authors: Njieassam Esther Effundem
Published: June 2019

Land is an essential resource that serves as a means of subsistence for millions of people in the world and indigenous communities and women in particular. Most indigenous societies' survival is closely tied to land. In Cameroon, indigenous women are the backbone of food production in their communities. That makes access to land important, as it is a significant source of wealth and power for indigenous peoples in general and indigenous women in particular. While women all over the world encounter gender-based discrimination in relation to the control and ownership of land, indigenous women face triple discrimination on the basis of their gender (as women), their ethnicity (as indigenous peoples) and their economic class (economically poor). They are often dehumanised, degraded and subjected to treatment as second-class human beings despite the existence of national legislation that discourages such practices. This paper interrogates the possibility of including indigenous women in government and decision-making processes in Cameroon in the hope that they may be involved in key decision-making processes that affect them, thereby reducing their economic and social vulnerability. It concludes with some thoughtful recommendations on policy reform aimed at ensuring access to land for indigenous women as well as socio-economic justice in its broadest sense.
Alternatives to Bankruptcy in South Africa that Provides for a Discharge of Debts: Lessons from Kenya
Authors: Mabe Zingaphi
Published: June 2019

The problems faced by debtors in South Africa is not that there are no alternatives to insolvency proceedings, but that the available alternatives do not provide for a discharge of debt as with a sequestration order, which is ultimately what the debtor seeks to achieve. Debtors in South Africa can make use of debt review in terms of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 or administration orders in terms of the Magistrates' Court Act 32 of 1944 to circumvent the sequestration process. However, both debt review and administration orders do not provide for a discharge of debt and provide for debt-restructuring only, in order to eventually satisfy the creditor's claims. Attention is given to the sequestration process and the alternatives to sequestration as they relate specifically to the discharge or lack of a discharge of a debtor's debts. The South African law is compared to Kenyan Law. This article seeks to analyse the alternatives to the bankruptcy provisions of the newly enacted Kenyan Insolvency Act 18 of 2015 in order to influence the possible reform of insolvency law in South Africa. Like the South African Insolvency Act, the old Kenyan Bankruptcy Act (Cap 53 of the Laws of Kenya) also did not have alternatives to bankruptcy. The old Kenyan Bankruptcy Act, however, contained a provision on schemes of arrangement and compositions. The Kenyan Insolvency Act now caters for alternatives to bankruptcy and provides a wide range of alternatives to bankruptcy, some of which allow debtors in different financial positions to obtain a discharge.
Testing the mitigation manual on trainers
Authors: Nkomo JC
Published: June 2019

The Energy Research Centre (ERC), together with the Munasinghe Institute for Development (MIND) in Sri Lanka and the Environment and Development Action (ENDA) in Senegal, are developing training manuals to train trainers under UNITAR’s Climate Change Capacity Development Programme (C3D). The rationale for this is clear. The UNFCCC seeks to strengthen non-Annex 1 countries’ effective participation in the Kyoto Protocol process, and to strengthen existing and/or establish new training and research institutions to ensure sustainability of capacity building programmes. These capacity building initiatives should be country driven, involve stakeholder participation, and address specific needs and conditions of the country. For this reason, the ERC is developing training modules on climate change mitigation. ENDA is developing modules on climate change on vulnerability and adaptation; and MIND on sustainable development.
Thermal modelling of a night sky radiation cooling system
Authors: Dobson RT
Published: June 2019

The thermal modelling of a night sky radiation cooling system suitable for a room situated in the Namib Desert at Gobabeb, Namibia, is considered in this paper. The system consists of the following components: radiator panels, a single water storage tank, room air-to-water natural convection heat exchangers or convectors, circulating pump(s), interconnecting pipe work and temperature sensors and controls. The mathematical equations describing the thermal behaviour of the various system components are given. These equations are solved using an Excel spreadsheet and the hourly panel surface, water storage tank and room temperatures are calculated for a given internally generated heat load and weather pattern. Given the maximum allowable room temperature, the sizes of the system components may be calculated. The results obtained compared favourably with values reported in the literature. It is thus concluded that the thermal model presented can be used with confidence as a design tool for the sizing of a night sky radiation cooling system.
Generating power and controversy: Understanding Tanzania’s independent power projects
Authors: Gratwick K , Ghanadan R , Eberhard A
Published: June 2019

Initially conceived of within the broader context of power sector reform in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Independent Power Projects (IPPs) were intended to relieve state utilities of the burden of financing new plants, bring quick, quality power and reduce costs for end-users. Although IPPs have indeed contributed to generation capacity in Tanzania, much of the power that resulted from investments has been supplied neither quickly nor cheaply. Embarking on power sector reform in the early 1990s, Tanzania made IPPs a pillar of its reform strategy. Presently, Songas and IPTL, the country’s two IPPs are helping to reduce load shedding. However, these projects have not been without controversy. One of Tanzania’s IPPs was taken to international arbitration over a dispute related to construction costs. The state electric utility, Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO), currently pays more than 50% of its current revenue towards combined fuel and capacity charges for the IPPs. Capacity charges for the country’s two IPPs are equivalent to approximately one percent of GDP. The Government of Tanzania (GoT) is intervening to assist TANESCO with its monthly IPP payments at present. With twenty-year Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) between IPPs and TANESCO, these costs are expected to continue, albeit with some modifications due to refinancing, fuel conversion and further development of the natural gas market. This paper provides a detailed summary of how and why IPPs developed in Tanzania as well as their impact to date. Development outcomes, namely the extent to which the host country is benefiting from reliable, affordable power and investment outcomes, the degree to which investors have made favourable returns and been able to expand market share, are analysed in turn. IPPs offer more than a decade of experiences in private sector investment in developing countries and a detailed understanding of them may be the key to unlocking and sustaining future power investment.
Financing strategies for growth in the renewable energy industry in South Africa
Authors: Foster-Pedley J , Hertzog H
Published: June 2019

This study analyses empirical qualitative data collected from key stakeholders in the renewable energy industry in South Africa. As a step on the path towards developing better success in financing for renewable energy entrepreneurs, a financing framework is proposed and used to create a holistic view of the financing process in the renewable energy sector. It allows stakeholders to get an understanding of all the motives, barriers, sources of capital and possible destinations of capital in one system. Many good reasons exist for South Africa to invest in renewable energy with motives dominated by environmental concerns, diversity of supply, job creation and economic development. Internationally, investment in renewable energy projects has been growing despite a significant slump in overall global investment trends. In a decentralised business model, smaller renewable energy based businesses will continue to have difficulty in raising finance in South Africa. Key barriers include the high price of energy and equipment resulting in poor profitability, the reliability and quality of government policy, a lack of awareness and experience and a lack of innovative financing solutions. The study finds there are many expectations for government to address the needs of the industry within the context of its current regulated status. There appears to be a preference for demand side interventions, which rely on levies, subsidies and tax incentives. This paper strives to offer new ways of looking at the financing problems currently being experienced in the industry and proposes an innovative framework to assist the stakeholders in the industry in structuring financing for renewable energy ventures.
Design and development of a 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for a wood-chip gasifier
Authors: Mandwe D S , Gadge S R , Dubey A K , Khambalkar V P
Published: June 2019

The present study was undertaken with the objectives to develop a filter system for a 20 kW engine application and to test the filter. It was observed that tar content in the gas ranged from 12.4 to 85 mg/m3 , which was considered on the higher side, in some cases, compared from an accepted limit of 50 mg/m3 . The 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for cleaning of producer gas was developed by calculating the gas flow and maximum retention time in the filter. The diameter of these three filters, viz., water scrubber, wet filter and dry filter was calculated from retention time and velocity in the filter, which was found to be 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 m respectively, with filter height of 0.80 m. The developed filter was evaluated for reduction of tar in the producer gas after cleaning. The tar content in the producer gas after filtration by using the system varies from 24 to 53.52 mg/m3 . The tar absorption using this filter system was 99.35%, while the pressure drop varied between 10 to 25 mm of the water column. The system was also operated by coupling with a small capacity IC engine. The diesel replacement was found to be in the range of 65.66 %.
A solar energy resources assessment in Mozambique
Authors: Cuamba B C , Chenene M L , Mahumane G , Quissico D Z , Lovseth J , O’Keefe P
Published: June 2019

Just as with other Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, Mozambique faces severe, interrelated problems of energy and environment linked, with massive consumption of fuel wood biomass. The conventional power grid provides less than 7% of the energy needs for the country’s 17 million inhabitants, and about 83% of the energy consumed in the country comes from biomass. Renewable energy resources can play an important role in the process of development of the country. From the vast renewable energy resources available in the country, solar energy represents one of those with the highest potential. Thus, the evaluation of the potential of solar energy systems in small-scale applications suitable for villages is a strategically good starting point for promotion of sustainable rural development. One of the major impediments in carrying out such studies is the fact that the exact behaviour of solar energy resources throughout the country has not been well studied. In this paper a general characterisation of the global, diffuse and direct solar radiation fields in Mozambique is presented. The study is based on experimental data measured by the National Institute of Meteorology (INAM) in the period 1970- 2000. For these analyses global, diffuse and direct solar radiation data from three stations along the coast line and three stations in the interior of the country have been used. The six stations were representative of the three main regions of the country, namely south, centre and north. Furthermore, sunshine hours data of one selected station was analysed.
Heat recovery in the textile dyeing and finishing industry: lessons from developing economies
Authors: Elahee Khalil
Published: June 2019

Many developing countries, including African ones, look forward to developing strong integrated textile industries to add value to already-available raw materials. Dyeing and finishing activities are, however, energy-intensive. In many cases, these depend on imported fossil fuels. By turning to heat recovery, significant cost savings can be achieved improving profitability and competitiveness. The techniques and technologies of heat recovery from waste water and exhaust air are analysed. Experiences prove that in most cases heat recovery requires low investment and has a low payback of normally less than 2 years. The case of the Mauritian dyeing and finishing industry is highlighted, including the possible use of a low-cost heat recovery unit made from indigenous resources.
Sustainable cooling alternatives for buildings
Authors: Vorster Jaco , Dobson Robert
Published: June 2019

Four sustainable alternative-energy cooling system options are investigated to quantify the actual energy that may be saved when employed in conjunction with conventional air conditioning systems. The four systems considered are active mass cooling, night flushing, roof-spraying and a roof-pond. A one-room building configuration is assumed of which the hourly cooling load and temperature is modelled for both a base case and different combinations of the four sustainable cooling alternative systems. Active mass cooling, night flushing and the roof-spray system proved to be viable options in which the cooling load of an air conditioner may be reduced to maintain a constant room temperature. The roof-spray system showed the most effective results in limiting heat gains to the one-room building and keeping peak room temperatures low.
Policy review and analysis: Energy efficiency strategy for the Republic of South Africa
Authors: Rosenberg Shirene A. , Winkler Harald
Published: June 2019

This paper aims to draw attention to the complex landscape of translating policy into implementation actions. It underscores the disjuncture between a broad global response to climate change mitigation measures and the requirements for national action in this regard. Individual countries face this challenge of interpreting and translating the cross-cutting response measures into local action. Climate change mitigation and energy security are two themes that are growing in importance in terms of its contribution towards South Africa’s developmental agenda, thereby requiring an understanding of how policies and strategies are geared towards supporting this developmental agenda, in a way that does not compromise existing or future growth and progress. An assessment of the implementation of the South African energy efficiency strategy, demonstrates that the translation of policy intent into implementation is not self evident and associated with a number of prerequisites. These do not merely relate to the competence or capacity of an institution to implement the policy, but to a complex interrelationship of a number of factors. This includes supporting legislation, institutional arrangements, sources of finance and the need for co-operative governance.
Train CNN model using Gnina v1
Authors: Chen Eric , Cruz Anthony , Hornak Viktor , Koes David , Kurtzman Tom
Published: June 2019

In this protocal, we described the precedures to train a CNN model using DUD-E dataset. we docked all compunds to the binding site of each DUD-E target and use the docked pose as the input for model training.
The evaluation of nutritional composition and functional and pasting properties of
wheat flour-coconut flour blends
Authors: Makinde Folasade Maria , Eyitayo Ayobami Opeyemi
Published: June 2019

The feasibility of partially replacing wheat flour with coconut flour in baked products was investigated. Matured coconut (Cocos nucifera) endocarp was grated for the extraction of milk, dried, milled,and pulverized. Five blends of composite flour were prepared by combining wheat flour with 10% to 50% of partially defatted coconut flour,respectively. The 100% wheat flour served as control. The samples were analysed for proximate, mineral, functional,and pasting properties using standard procedures. The proximate analysis indicated 5.52 % moisture, 23.6% protein, 11.14% fibre, 5.4% fat, 5.21% ash,and 49.1% carbohydrate for coconut flour. The ranges of the proximate composition forthe flour blends were:moisture (4.79-5.55%), protein (14.9 -19.1%), fibre (0.44 -5.12%), fat (2.9 -5.3%), ash (0.68-2.13%), carbohydrate (62.7-76.2%),and energy (315.26-335.28 kCal). The values for moisture, protein, fat, fibre,and ash increased with the increasing levels of coconut substitution,except for carbohydrate and energy contents. There were significant differences (p≤0.05) in calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, iron,and zinc concentrations of the samples. The range of values obtained for these parameters was1.32-2.59 mg/kg, 2.60-3.83 mg/kg, 12.10-16.89 mg/kg, 12.40-18.50 mg/kg,0.50-1.22 mg/kg and 0.30-1.23 mg/kg, respectively. The ranges of functional properties were:loosed bulk density (0.28-0.49 g/mL),packed bulk density (0.44-0.75 g/mL), pH (5.77-6.57), swelling capacity (3.89-6.56%), water absorption capacity (0.89-3.97 ml/g),oil absorption capacity (1.26-3.20 ml/g),and gelation (12.0-18.0%). The pasting characteristics showed significant differences betweenthe100% wheat flour and coconut substituted samples. The results revealed modifications in nutritional, functional,and pasting properties in blends containing fractions of partially defatted coconut flour,which suggeststheir application in diverse food products.
Influence of different hydrocolloids on dispersion of sweet basil seeds (Ocimum
basilicum) in fruit-flavoured beverages
Authors: Prabhuswamy Thanushree , Tamilselvan Kathiravan , Michael Maria Leena , Moses Jeyan Arthur , Chinnasamy Anandharamkrishnan
Published: June 2019

Sweet basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum) are a rich source of dietary fiber.
Considering the importance of dietary fiber on human health and the rising
market demand for functional beverages, an attempt was made to develop
fruit-flavoured beverages with basil seeds suspension. Different
hydrocolloids like carrageenan, xanthan gum, gelatin and gum arabic were
used at 0.02, 0.3, 1 and 2% w/v, respectively, to understand the stability of
dispersed sweet basil seeds in fruit-flavoured beverages. The developed
beverage samples were analyzed for colour (L*, a*, b*), zeta potential (Z),
viscosity and relevant organoleptic qualities. Results showed that beverage
composition with xanthan gum had Z value of -34.1 mV and viscosity of
232.6 cP, provided better stability for the dispersion of basil seeds. The
hydrocolloids gelatin and xanthan gum showed a slight variation in colour
values. Beverages containing 0.3% w/v xanthan gum were found to be the
best formulation for the production of fruit-flavoured beverages with
uniformly suspended basil seeds
Influence of chitosan edible coating on postharvest qualities of Capsicum annum L. during storage in evaporative cooling system
Authors: Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun , Ojediran John Olusegun , Adetunji Juliana Bunmi , Owa Stephen Olumuyiwa
Published: June 2019

Chitosan is a biopolymer edible coating which can act as physical barrierwhen coated on fruits and efficiently alter their internal atmosphere and delay the ripening process. This study evaluates the usage of chitosan (CH) as edible coating to extend the shelf life of green bell pepper. Physiochemical and microbial analysis of the green bell pepper was conducted during evaporative coolant structure storage (ECS). The effect of chitosan coating on green bell pepper significantly delayed a loss in firmness, weight loss, and vitamin C content and inhibited the growth of heterotrophic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, yeast and mould during the five weeks of storage. On the whole, this study established that edible coating from chitosan could form a natural and permanent replacement to the chemically preservatives
used for postharvest management of green bell pepper.
Assessment of some attributes of unripe cooking banana (Cardaba Musa ABB), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and orange fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flour blends for use as complementary feeding
Authors: Adeola Abiodun Aderoju , Solola Oluwatebiloba Margaret , Apata Olalekan , Ohizua Ehimen Rita
Published: June 2019

This study assessed the nutrient composition, physicochemical, functional and sensory properties of flour blends prepared from cooking banana, pigeon pea and orange fleshed sweet potato flour blends for use as complementary food. Fourteen blends were generated using the simplex centroid mixture design. All data obtained were subjected to analysis of
variance and the mean values were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The protein, crude fibre, crude fat, ash and carbohydrate of
the blends were significantly (p≤0.05) different with values ranging from 10.60-21.65%, 0.36-1.24%, 1.2-1.43%, 0.77 – 2.25% and 65.86 -75.36%, respectively. There was no significant (p≤0.05) difference in the moisture content, total carotenoid content and pH value of the blends. The L* value (40.77 to 45.25) showed no significant (p≤0.05) difference while the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) value were significantly (p≤0.05) different with values ranging from 2.32 – 4.59 and 11.88 – 15.88 respectively. There was a significant (p≤0.05) difference in the bulk density (0.73 – 0.78 g/ml), water absorption capacity (122.05-178.10%), swelling power (6.21 – 8.48%) and solubility (3.77-7.30%) values. Gruels obtained from the flour blends had sensory scores of above 6.00 (on a 9-point Hedonic scale), signifying high acceptability for all the sensory attributes evaluated.
Gender specific differences of the ethanol and nicotine toxicity verified by the use of mathematical models
Authors: Tušek Kristina , Buntak Ivana , Gajdoš Kljusurić Jaseka , Jurinjak Tušek Ana
Published: June 2019

Beside the pandemic of obesity, the binge drinking becomes a huge problem. The toxicity of consuming alcohol and smoking in the late adolescent population was examined using mathematical models. The body was divided into compartments for two different models; (i) the ethanol model (4 compartments: central compartment, muscle and fat compartment, liver compartment and gastrointestinal compartment) and (ii) the nicotine model (2 compartments: liver compartment and central compartment). Different alcohol contents simulated consumptions of 90 mL
of spirits; 900 mL of beer or 600 mL of wine. Nicotine metabolism simulation was performed for three different initial doses of nicotine (light, medium and strong cigarettes). Significant differences are observed regarding the gender; where the maximum ethanol concentration is reached at 0.5 h (males: 27 mmol/dm3 and females: 33 mmol/dm3) in the
gastrointestinal compartment while complete nicotine degradation in the
liver takes approximately 10 h and in the central compartment 15 h, respectively. The skewness and kurtosis of the toxin concentrations showed their relation with the symmetry of the toxin retention in the body. Results show preferable positively skewed distribution which implies a shorter retention time in the organism while higher kurtosis implies higher toxin concentration.
Influence of drying temperature and pretreatment on the drying characteristics and quality of dried cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) apple slices
Authors: Olalusi Ayoola Patrick , Erinle Owalukemi
Published: June 2019

This study evaluated the mineral content, browning extent, proximate content, the sensory analysis in the yellow variety of cashew apple slices, for both fresh and after being subjected to pretreatment, at three different drying temperatures. Fresh cashews were harvested, sliced into 7 mm thickness, pretreated by dipping the slices into ascorbic acid and dried at the temperature of 45 °C, 55 °C and 65 °C using the hot air convective dryer at a constant air velocity of 0.8 m/s. During the drying the weight loss was measured initially at an interval of every 30 minutes for the first five hours and later at an hour hour interval. The analysis of minerals content (magnesium and calcium) and proximate analysis which included pH, color, vitamin C content, and tannin content was carried out. In addition, sensory evaluation for taste, texture, aroma, appearance and overall acceptability was carried out according to the 9-point hedonic scale using raw cashew apple as a control. For each of the plots for the drying curves from the mechanical drying test, they are mostly in the failing rate period. The results showed that the moisture loss from the cashew slices increased with increase in drying temperature and time of drying. It was observed that drying temperature has an influence on the proximate content, browning extent and mineral content of the cashew slices. An increase in temperature leads to high losses of vitamin C, less browning effect and high losses of tannin. The result of the sensory evaluation revealed that the pretreated sample dried at a temperature of 55 °C was the most acceptable.
Near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for discriminating fruit and vegetable products preserved in glass containers
Authors: Zimmer Manuel , Schneider Jan
Published: June 2019

Near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used in combination with multivariate analytical methods to discriminate between
different fruit and vegetable products preserved in glass containers, which are commonly used as receptacles for the pasteurization of fruit and vegetable products. To investigate the samples in this way, i.e. inside the sealed glass containers, is important for this specific application in a food processing facility. In order to adapt digitalization technologies to the pasteurization process, it is necessary to investigate usually consumed products with suitable sensors
and data analytics. NIR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis is a mighty tool to unravel various issues in food research and industry. Thus, this combination is in the focus of this investigation. It is shown for the first time that the discrimination between five types of preserved food in glass containers is possible by using NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis (including discrimination methods). The performance parameters sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency, are determined for every product group and analyzed in a misclassification table. On average, the
results show that 95 % of ca. 2100 observations are correctly classified with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).
Nutritional, functional and sensory properties of gluten-free composite flour produced from plantain (Musa AAB), tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus) and defatted soybean cake (Glycine max)
Authors: Ijarotimi Oluwole Steve , Oluwajuyitan Timilehin David , Ogunmola Grace Tosin
Published: June 2019

Plantain, tigernut and soycake were processed into flour and blended to obtain PSB (plantain, 64.46; soycake, 35.54%); TNS (tigernut, 59.83; soycake, 40.17%); PTS (plantain, 51.07; tigernut, 11.50; soycake, 37.43%); TNT (100% tigernuts); PLT (100% plantain), and CNT (a commercial flour) samples. The blended samples were evaluated for nutritional, antinutritive, functional and sensory attributes. Data were analysed using statistical package and means were subjected to ANOVA and separated using Duncan New Multiple Range (DNMR) test at p<0.05. Protein content (g/100 g) of experimental dough meals ranged from 16.22 to 29.72, and were significantly (p<0.05) higher than PLT (9.45) and CNT (14.29), while energy values (Kcal/100 g) ranged from 399.63 to 488.86. Phosphorus, iron, zinc and manganese concentration in experimental samples were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in PLT, but comparable to CNT. Total amino acids (mg/100 g protein) of experimental food samples ranged from 63.48 to 74.25, and were significantly (p<0.05) higher than CNT (60.91) and PLT (67.3). For saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid, the range values were 14.86-21.29, 55.14-56.56 and 23.14-27.84%, respectively. As far as polyunsaturated/saturatedn ratios are concerned, the values ranged from 1.09 to 1.92, and were higher than CNT (1.40).In conclusion,
the study established that composite flour produced from plantain, tigernut and soycake were rich in essential amino acids and fatty acids,
low in antinutritional factors and they exhibited good functional properties. Hence, the composite flour samples may be suitable for production of functional bakeries and dough products, particularly for diabetes and coeliac disease.
Micro- and nano-encapsulation in food industry
Authors: Bratovcic Amra , Suljagic Jasmin
Published: June 2019

Encapsulation can be defined as a process of entrapping one substance within another substance producing particles with diameters of a few nm to a few mm. The entrapped material is usually a liquid, but may be a solid or a gas. The main reason of using encapsulation is the fact that some nutrients do not remain in the food for a significant amount of time or may react with the other food components causing undesirable effects. It is possible to use micro- and nanoencapsulation techniques. The first one, microencapsulation, is a technology that can improve the
retention time of the nutrient in the food and allow controlled release
at specific times, during food consumption or in the intestinal gut (microencapsulation of vitamin). Nanoencapsulation has the potential to protect sensitive bioactive food ingredients from unfavourable environmental conditions, enhance solubilisation, improve taste and odour masking, and enhance bioavailability of poorly absorbable function
ingredients. In this review, some relevant aspects of encapsulation methodologies, coating materials and their uses in food technology were discussed.
Air source heat pump assisted drying for food applications
Authors: Budžaki Sandra , Leko Jozo , Jovanović Kristina , Viszmeg Jožef , Koški Ivo
Published: June 2019

Drying as one of the oldest food preservation processes is also the most
energy demanding process. Nowadays, when conventional energy sources are declining, reduction/rationalization of energy consumptions in industrial processes is of great importance. One of the more successful ways of saving energy and make the process energy efficient is the integration of heat pumps within the existing technological processes. Heat pump systems are successfully used for different applications such as heating and cooling, and drying as well. In addition, the quality of final dried product is a priority that can be accomplished by heat pump assisted drying systems. This paper presents up-to-date survey in the field of air source heat pump assisted drying of food: fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices.