bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of vulnerability to hypoxic damage in in vitro hippocampal neurons
Authors: Di Loreto Silvia , Balestrino Maurizio
Published: July 2002

We investigated the relationship between sensitivity to hypoxia and culture age in in vitro hippocampal neurons. Hypoxia was induced by 24 hr incubation in an oxygen‐free environment. Up to 6 days in vitro (DIV) mortality was very low or negligible, with few exceptions. Starting at 7 DIV, significant mortality began to be observed: in the age range 7–10 DIV, mortality of 50% or more was observed in five out of 11 experiments (45%) and average mortality was 51 ± 15% (mean standard deviation, N = 11). In older (12–18 DIV) cultures, mortality of 50% or more was the rule (13 out of 13 experiments) and average mortality was 83±16% (mean±standard deviation, N = 13). The data could be fitted by a sigmoid line (r = 0.87, P < 10−6) in which 50% mortality corresponds to 8.6 DIV. The N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate antagonist amino‐phosphono‐valerate and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitroarginine both provided protection. Degree of protection was comparable for the two compounds, but was not observed in cultures younger than approximately 7 DIV. By contrast, exogenous creatine was not protective, at variance with findings from other models. The data represent the first description of how sensitivity to hypoxic damage varies during the lifetime of an in vitro neuronal hippocampal culture. Moreover, they suggest the hypothesis that some maturational changes occurring at 7–9 days in vitro may make previously resistant in vitro neurons significantly sensitive to hypoxic damage, and that at least some of these changes may reflect the development of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐mediated glutamatergic transmission.
Economic impact of using mirtazapine compared to amitriptyline and fluoxetine in the treatment of moderate and severe depression in the UK
Authors: Borghi J. , Guest J.F.
Published: July 2002

summary

This study modelled the economic impact of mirtazapine, compared to amitriptyline and fluoxetine, in the management of moderate and severe depression in the UK, as well as the costs related to discontinuation of antidepressant treatment.

Decision models of the management of moderate and severe depression were developed from clinical trial data, resource use obtained from interviews with general practitioners and psychiatrists, and published literature, and were used to estimate the expected direct National Health Service (NHS) costs of managing a patient with moderate or severe depression.

The expected cost of healthcare resource use attributable to managing a patient suffering from moderate or severe depression who discontinues antidepressant treatment, irrespective of the initial treatment, was estimated to be £206 (range £50 to £504) over five months.

Using mirtazapine instead of amitriptyline for seven months increases the proportion of successfully treated patients by 21% (from 19.2 to 23.2%) and reduces the expected direct NHS cost by £35 per patient (from £448 to £413). Using mirtazapine instead of fluoxetine for six months increases the proportion of successfully treated patients by 22% (from 15.6 to 19.1%), albeit for an additional cost to the NHS of £27 per patient (from £394 to £420).

In conclusion, this study suggests that mirtazapine is a cost-effective antidepressant compared to amitriptyline and fluoxetine in the management of moderate and severe depression in the UK.
Asymmetric bilateral bargaining in the new Russian Federation: A path-dependence explanation
Authors: Filippov Mikhail , Shvetsova Olga
Published: July 2002

In this essay we identify economic and political factors that led both the federal centre and the regions in Russia first to open the process of federal bargaining and then to pursue it in the form of signing bilateral treaties, unique for each region. Many Russian politicians and most scholars of Russian politics view asymmetric bilateral bargaining as a dangerous institutional choice contributing to federal instability and potentially threatening the disintegration of Russia. We offer an alternative view. While the treaty-signing practices are actively maintained by Russian political elites, we argue that the genesis of asymmetric bilateral bargaining in Russia had a strong ‘path dependence’ component. In particular, it was precipitated by the developments of the last period in evolution of the Soviet federalism.
Impact of perioperative factors on nadir serum prostate‐specific antigen levels after holmium laser enucleation of prostate
Authors: Martos Mary , Katz Jonathan E. , Parmar Madhumita , Jain Anika , Soodana‐Prakash Nachiketh , Punnen Sanoj , Gonzalgo Mark L. , Miao Feng , Reis Isildinha M. , Smith Nicholas , Shah Hemendra N.
Published: January 2021

Objective

To investigate the relationship of preoperative prostate size, urinary retention, positive urine culture, and histopathological evidence of prostatitis or incidental prostate cancer on baseline and 3‐month nadir prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) value after Holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP).

Patients and methods

Data from 90 patients who underwent a HoLEP by En‐bloc technique were analyzed. PSA values at baseline and at 3‐month follow‐up, preoperative urinary retention and urine culture status, weight of resected tissue, and histopathological evidence of prostatitis or prostate cancer were recorded. We performed univariable and multivariable gamma‐regression analyses to determine the impact of the aforementioned perioperative variables on preoperative PSA, 3‐month postoperative PSA, and change in PSA.

Results

Serum PSA reduced significantly at 3 months from 6.3 ± 5.9 ng/mL to 0.6 ± 0.6 ng/mL. On both univariable and multivariable analysis, 3‐month nadir level was independent of all preoperative factors examined, except preoperative urinary retention status. Although patients with smaller prostate (resected tissue weight <40 g) had less percentile reduction in PSA when compared with those with larger prostate (resected tissue weight >80 g) (77.67% vs 89.06%; P < .001), patients from both these groups noted a similar PSA nadir level after 3 months (0.54 vs 0.56 ng/dL). The drop in PSA level after HoLEP remained stable up to 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

PSA nadir 3 months after HoLEP remains relatively consistent across patients, regardless of preoperative prostate size, PSA value, urine culture status, and histopathological evidence of prostatitis or incidental prostate cancer.
Genetic progress in grain yield and the associated physiological traits of popular wheat in southwestern China from 1969 to 2012
Authors: Liu Miao , Tong Hanwen , Liu Yubin , Li Chaosu , Wu Xiaoli , Li Ming , Li Xuyi , Tang Yonglu
Published: January 2021

Knowledge about the key traits related to genetic gains in grain yield (GY) is necessary for understanding the main yield‐limiting factors and guiding future wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. The objective of this research was to investigate the genetic progress in GY and the associated physiological traits in popular wheat cultivars released from 1969 to 2012 in southwestern China. Field experiments included eight representative cultivars that were evaluated at three experimental sites for three growing seasons. Grain yield increased at a linear rate of 0.69% or 52.52 kg ha−1 yr−1, which was mainly attributed to the increases in dry matter (DM) accumulation at maturity, harvest index (HI), and thousand‐kernel weight (TKW). The soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) values of flag and penultimate leaves at anthesis increased with the year of release and were significantly related to GY. Significant genetic gains were made in both nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation and NSC translocation efficiency from anthesis to maturity, and there was a trend over time towards a high net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of flag leaf and canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) at anthesis and at 30 d post‐anthesis (DPA). In addition, the linear increases in N uptake efficiency and N utilization efficiency were both significant and positive related to GY. Therefore, these key physiological traits can be used as selection criteria for further improving yield potential. Our results also reveal the potential for using synthetic hexaploid wheat in high‐yielding wheat breeding.
Is orthorexia nervosa a healthy way of being or a mental health disorder? Commentary on He et al. (2020)
Authors: Hay Phillipa
Published: January 2021

Orthorexia nervosa is a new syndrome that has seen a marked increase in research in the past decade. Very high prevalence estimates in non‐clinical populations have fuelled the debate as to whether it is a disorder in its own right, or only a problem when occurring in the context of another mental health or eating disorder. More recent assessment instruments have gone some way to address this issue. However, He et al.'s (2020, International Journal of Eating Disorder) study in older East Asian persons was not supportive of orthorexia nervosa as a disorder. Rather, people with orthorexia nervosa had better physical and mental health and lower or similar levels of eating disorder features such as body dissatisfaction when compared with people who did not have orthorexia nervosa. Albeit that selection bias in participant recruitment may in part explain their findings, the status of orthorexia nervosa is unresolved. Further studies need to employ appropriate instruments that measure psychopathology and function more broadly and investigate people with orthorexia nervosa symptoms in representative populations with longitudinal designs. The last is critical, as the most compelling evidence supporting a disorder is to find an adverse health impact over time that can be avoided by appropriate intervention.
In‐process evaluation of continuous generating gear grinding for maintaining workpiece quality and acoustic behavior of gear wheels
Authors: Böttger Jonas , Gentzen Jens , Kimme Simon , Putz Matthias , Drossel Welf‐Guntram
Published: January 2021

Hard finishing of gearings such as continuous generating gear grinding is highly essential for manufacturers due to increasing demands on gearboxes regarding quality and economical aspects, especially in the growing field of electric mobility. Here, high requirements on the acoustic behavior and low production cost come into conflict in the last stage of manufacturing gearings in a particular way. Against this background, in‐process evaluation methods for manufacturing processes are developed in order to reduce scrap parts and to exploit the process limits by collecting and processing of sensor signal data and by adapting measures based on reasonable process models. This investigation shows how the condition of abrasive tools and workpiece quality are evaluated by means of process near acoustic emission sensor application and motor current of the grinding spindle in order to adapt shifting and feed movement in generating gear grinding process. A calculation method based on a simulation process model is introduced to characterize relevant vibration frequency bands and the resulting acoustically effective waviness on tooth flanks, depending on workpiece and process parameters. Appropriate adaption of the grinding process for increasing productivity while maintaining workpiece quality is based on the findings of an intelligent in‐process evaluation.
Reducing l‐lactate release from hippocampal astrocytes by intracellular oxidation increases novelty induced activity in mice
Authors: Vaccari Cardoso Barbara , Shevelkin Alexey V. , Terrillion Chantelle , Mychko Olga , Mosienko Valentina , Kasparov Sergey , Pletnikov Mikhail V. , Teschemacher Anja G.
Published: January 2021

Astrocytes are in control of metabolic homeostasis in the brain and support and modulate neuronal function in various ways. Astrocyte‐derived l‐lactate (lactate) is thought to play a dual role as a metabolic and a signaling molecule in inter‐cellular communication. The biological significance of lactate release from astrocytes is poorly understood, largely because the tools to manipulate lactate levels in vivo are limited. We therefore developed new viral vectors for astrocyte‐specific expression of a mammalianized version of lactate oxidase (LOx) from Aerococcus viridans. LOx expression in astrocytes in vitro reduced their intracellular lactate levels as well as the release of lactate to the extracellular space. Selective expression of LOx in astrocytes of the dorsal hippocampus in mice resulted in increased locomotor activity in response to novel stimuli. Our findings suggest that a localized decreased intracellular lactate pool in hippocampal astrocytes could contribute to greater responsiveness to environmental novelty. We expect that use of this molecular tool to chronically limit astrocytic lactate release will significantly facilitate future studies into the roles and mechanisms of intercellular lactate communication in the brain.
Clean version: Electrospun fibrinogen scaffolds from discarded blood for wound healing
Authors: Yang Long , Sun Yu , Zou Qiang , Lu Tao , Wang Weiyu , Ma Minxian , He Zhixu , Liu Qin , Ye Chuan
Published: January 2021

Immediate reutilization of discarded blood from surgery has not received much attention, leading to the waste of a large amount of autologous blood. We used a concentration gradient and high‐voltage electrospinning technology to immediately prepare a scaffold material with high biological activity but without immunogenicity from autologous waste blood collected during surgery. Here, we fabricated and characterized a 90 mg/mL group, 110 mg/mL group, and 130 mg/mL group of fibrinogen (FBG) scaffolds. Analyses revealed that the FBG scaffolds had good film‐forming properties and a clear fiber structure. in vitro cell viability experiments confirmed that the cells showed an increasing trend with increasing FBG concentrations. The cells grew well in the scaffold material and secreted more cell matrix. When human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were cocultured with the scaffold material, the hBMSCs expressed osteogenic and chondrogenic biomarkers. The cellular scaffold complexes from the 3 groups were implanted in four full‐thickness round wounds (Φ12 mm) on the dorsal back of each rat, the 130 mg/mL group showed a 90% reduction in wound size and the data compared to other groups were better at 14 day. These results suggest that electrospinning technology‐based FBG scaffold materials derived from autologous waste blood may become an ideal tissue engineering scaffold and can be immediately used for autologous hemostasis, anti‐adhesion films, and wound dressing in surgery.
Prognostic Features in Intermediate‐Size Supraglottic Tumors Treated With Open Supraglottic Laryngectomy
Authors: Damiani Marialessia , Mercante Giuseppe , Abdellaoui Mohammed , Guerlain Joanne , Moya‐Plana Antoine , Casiraghi Odile , Temam Stéphane , Tao Yungan , Gorphe Philippe
Published: January 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

We investigated growth patterns and pathological features in intermediate‐size laryngeal carcinoma amenable to supraglottic laryngectomy.

Study design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

We reviewed patients who underwent an open partial horizontal laryngectomy (OPHL) type I. We analyzed pathological data, tumor sizes, overall survival, disease‐specific survival, local control, and laryngeal preservation. Results were stratified between three groups: group I comprised patients with endolaryngeal carcinoma, group II comprised patients with anterior epilaryngeal carcinoma who underwent an OPHL type I + base of tongue (BOT), group III comprised patients with lateral epilaryngeal carcinoma who underwent an OPHL type I + pyriform sinus (PIR).

Results

Sixty‐eight patients were analyzed. The 5‐year rates of overall survival, disease‐specific survival, local control, and laryngeal preservation were 68.4%, 83.7%, 91.6%, and 98.3%, respectively. The tumor sizes at pathological examination were similar between the three groups (mean 27 mm, P = .80) and were associated with pathological features, notably pre‐epiglottic space (PES) invasion (24.9 mm vs. 32.2 mm, P = .01), occult invaded lymph nodes (22.6 mm vs. 29.9 mm, P = .03), and trends for margins status (26.5 mm vs. 29.3 mm, P = .45). The risks of PES invasion, occult lymph nodes, and positive margins, respectively, predominated in group I (41.7%), group II (56.3%), and group III (23.3%).

Conclusion

In intermediate‐size tumors amenable to supraglottic laryngectomy, pathological features are associated with tumor size according to group stratification based on tumor location.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1980–E1986, 2021
The variable‐extended immersed boundary method for compressible gaseous reactive flows past solid bodies
Authors: Wang Jian‐Hang , Zhang Chi
Published: January 2021

An immersed boundary method (IBM) has been developed to handle the solid body embedded flowfield simulation for compressible reactive flows, paving the way of application for a wide range of fluid–solid interaction problems. Previously, the Brinkman penalization method (BPM), originated from porous media flows, has been successfully used for incompressible Navier–Stokes equations by adding penalization terms to momentum equations. However, it is nontrivial to solve the compressible form due to the penalized continuity equation that usually poses severe numerical stiffness. In order to circumvent this issue, an extending procedure for relevant variables from the fluid to solid domain is considered, by analyzing the ordinary differential equations remained after operator splitting. Density can be then determined with the help of an equation of state (EoS). Meanwhile, efforts of enforcing the Neumann boundary condition, for example, the adiabatic wall condition, on the fluid–solid interface can be minimized by extending temperature across the interface directly. One more advantage of the extending step lies in that it can quickly reach a steady state when performed within a narrow band around the interface. Implemented into an adaptive Cartesian grid‐based flow solver for compressible Navier–Stokes equations with chemical reaction source terms, the present variable‐extended IBM is validated by numerical examples ranging from single‐species nonreactive to multispecies detonative flows in one‐ and two‐dimensional domains. Numerical results show (1) the successful specification of slip or nonslip, adiabatic or isothermal wall condition on the fluid–solid interface and (2) loss of total energy in the original BPM being avoided and the numerical accuracy being improved especially for energy‐sensitive reactive flows.
Disforming the Kerr metric
Authors: Anson Timothy , Babichev Eugeny , Charmousis Christos , Hassaine Mokhtar
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Starting from a recently constructed stealth Kerr solution of higher order scalar tensor theory involving scalar hair, we analytically construct disformal versions of the Kerr spacetime with a constant degree of disformality and a regular scalar field. While the disformed metric has only a ring singularity and asymptotically is quite similar to Kerr, it is found to be neither Ricci flat nor circular. Non-circularity has far reaching consequences on the structure of the solution. As we approach the rotating compact object from asymptotic infinity we find a static limit ergosurface similar to the Kerr spacetime with an enclosed ergoregion. However, the stationary limit of infalling observers is found to be a timelike hypersurface. A candidate event horizon is found in the interior of this stationary limit surface. It is a null hypersurface generated by a null congruence of light rays which are no longer Killing vectors. Under a mild regularity assumption, we find that the candidate surface is indeed an event horizon and the disformed Kerr metric is therefore a black hole quite distinct from the Kerr solution.
Gadolinium retention within multiple rat organs after intra-articular administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents
Authors: Ringler Michael D. , Rhodes Nicholas G. , Ayers-Ringler Jennifer R. , Jakaitis Daniel R. , McDonald Robert J. , Kallmes David F. , McDonald Jennifer S.
Published: January 2021

Objective

To characterize the extent of retention and biodistribution of gadolinium (Gd) following intra-articular (IA) injection of linear and macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) into the knee joint of a rat model.

Materials and methods

Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into five groups and underwent fluoroscopically-guided injections of both knee joints of (1) clinical 1:200 dilution (low dose, LD) gadodiamide (linear GBCA), (2) LD gadobutrol (macrocyclic GBCA), (3) undiluted (high dose, HD) gadodiamide, (4) HD gadobutrol, and (5) saline. Gd concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in (1) blood and urine samples obtained over a 72 h period and (2) knee joint tissues, brain, kidney, and bone marrow at 3 days post-injection.

Results

Both HD and LD gadodiamide and gadobutrol were rapidly absorbed from the joint with peak serum and urine concentration at 1 h post-injection, with relatively faster clearance of gadobutrol. All GBCA-exposed groups had detectable levels of Gd in the joint tissues, bone marrow, and/or kidneys (median tissue gadolinium range: 0.1–71 μg Gd/g tissue), with higher amounts observed with gadodiamide versus gadobutrol. Retention within brain tissues was only detected following HD gadodiamide administration but not LD gadodiamide nor HD or LD gadobutrol.

Conclusion

There was rapid systemic absorption, redistribution, and widespread multi-organ retention of Gd following IA injection of both linear and macrocyclic GBCAs, despite substantial amounts of urinary excretion. Higher concentrations of Gd were observed with administration of gadodiamide compared to gadobutrol in most tissues and biofluids.
Topographic organization in the olfactory bulb
Authors: Lodovichi Claudia
Published: January 2021

The ability of the olfactory system to detect and discriminate a broad spectrum of odor molecules with extraordinary sensitivity relies on a wide range of odorant receptors and on the distinct architecture of neuronal circuits in olfactory brain areas. More than 1000 odorant receptors, distributed almost randomly in the olfactory epithelium, are plotted out in two mirror-symmetric maps of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, the first relay station of the olfactory system. How does such a precise spatial arrangement of glomeruli emerge from a random distribution of receptor neurons? Remarkably, the identity of odorant receptors defines not only the molecular receptive range of sensory neurons but also their glomerular target. Despite their key role, odorant receptors are not the only determinant, since the specificity of neuronal connections emerges from a complex interplay between several molecular cues and electrical activity. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying olfactory circuit formation. In particular, recent findings on the role of odorant receptors in regulating axon targeting and of spontaneous activity in the development and maintenance of synaptic connections are discussed.
Correction to: Widespread army ant aversion among East African jumping spiders (Salticidae)
Authors: Nelson Ximena J. , Aguilar-Arguello Samuel , Jackson Robert R.
Published: January 2021

The article Widespread army ant aversion among East African jumping spiders (Salticidae)
Progesterone Attenuates Brain Inflammatory Response and Inflammation-Induced Increase in Immature Myeloid Cells in a Mouse Model
Authors: Gutzeit Ola , Segal Linoy , Korin Ben , Iluz Roee , Khatib Nizar , Dabbah-Assadi Fadwa , Ginsberg Yuval , Fainaru Ofer , Ross Michael G. , Weiner Zeev , Beloosesky Ron
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Progesterone has been shown to regulate immunity during pregnancy, and progesterone administration may reduce inflammation-induced preterm labor. We sought to determine the maternal brain immune response to LPS-induced inflammation in pregnant and non-pregnant mice and whether additional progesterone supplementation attenuates this response. Pregnant (P: n = 9) and non-pregnant mice (NP: n = 9) were randomized to pretreatment with vaginal progesterone/carrier (Replens), daily from days 13 to 16. On days 15 and 16, LPS/saline was administered by intraperitoneal injection (Replens + saline n = 3; Replens + LPS n = 3; progesterone + LPS n = 3). Mice were sacrificed on day 16 and maternal serum analyzed for IL-6 levels and brains analyzed for nNOS, NF-kB, IL-6 protein levels and for immature myeloid cells (IMCs) and microglial activity. LPS significantly increased brain nNOS, NF-kB, and IL-6 in both NP and P mice, with significantly greater responses in P mice. In both NP and P groups, progesterone significantly attenuated LPS-induced increase of nNOS and NF-kB, however with no effect on serum IL-6. In the NP brains, LPS significantly increased IMC population and progesterone reduced the IMC phenotype to levels similar to controls. In P mice, neither LPS nor LPS + progesterone altered the brain IMC population. LPS significantly increased the microglial activity in both NP and P groups, which was attenuated by progesterone. Progesterone attenuates brain inflammatory response to LPS in both NP and P mice although it has no effect on systemic inflammation. In NP mice, progesterone attenuated the increase in brain IMC following LPS administration. Our results suggest that endogenous progesterone during pregnancy may protect the brain from LPS-induced inflammation.
Mesoscale-dependent near-inertial internal waves and microscale turbulence in the Tsushima Warm Current
Authors: Kawaguchi Yusuke , Wagawa Taku , Yabe Itsuka , Ito Daiki , Senjyu Tomoharu , Itoh Sachihiko , Igeta Yosuke
Published: January 2021

This study examined characteristics of near-inertial internal waves (NIWs) associated with the background mesoscale field near the Tsushima Warm Current. Observational stations off Sado Island were visited recurrently to assess spatiotemporal changes of fine-scale and microscale properties of seawater. Also, NIWs were inspected in terms of relative vorticity and total strain in surface geostrophic motion. During summer expeditions in 2019, current and hydrographic surveys at the rim of an anticyclonic eddy provided clear evidence of downward-travelling NIWs, which were most amplified near the depth of lower pycnocline. The amplification of NIW coincided with elevation in the dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and microscale variation of temperature. The fall 2019 expedition found details of wave and turbulence properties associated with the mesoscale structure of paired vortices, where a cyclone and anticyclone were, respectively, adjacent to the east and west. Amplified signals of NIW-related vertical shear and TKE dissipation were found at isopycnals between the dipole cores. From the theoretical perspective of internal wave, the baroclinic term attributable to vertical shear of geostrophic current was interpreted as inducing downward travel of NIW through the lower pycnoclines between the dipole cores. It is also noted that cyclones, passing through the central part of Sea of Japan, can deliver kinetic energy into 10-km scale internal waves as a consequence of interaction between easterly wind and mountainous topography in the Honshu Island.
Kinematics of the motorcar body side deformation process during front-to-side vehicle collision and the emergence of a hazard to car occupants
Authors: Prochowski Leon , Gidlewski Mirosław , Ziubiński Mateusz , Dziewiecki Krzysztof
Published: January 2021

The kinematics of the process of deformation of the motorcar body side in the culminating phase of a front-to-side vehicle collision has been examined as a possible basis for analyzing and modeling the process of emergence of a hazard to car occupants during a road accident. The course of such accidents has a complex nature and their models are necessarily based on the approximation of non-linear elastoplastic characteristics of impact processes, especially during the transition from the compression phase to the restitution phase of the deformation process. For such characteristics to be obtained, a lot of experimental tests have to be carried out. This paper addresses the short-duration processes with a high degree of complexity.

A front-to-side motorcar collision model has been prepared, which made it possible to analyze the process of deformation of the car body side and the emergence of a hazard and injuries to car occupants. The results of calculation of the deformation rate and range in various car body zones, velocity of the test dummy placed on driver’s seat and velocity of possible dummy’s impact against the car body side being deformed may be taken as a basis for designing effective occupant protection systems. The kinematics of the phase of vehicle contact and deformation process was modeled with taking into account results of experimental tests, including the curves characterizing the largely non-linear processes that are decisive for the deformation of the car body side. The deformation processes analyzed on these grounds showed at the same time the range of penetration of the deformed body part into the car interior, which causes a hazard to vehicle occupants. The calculation results have shown e.g. that the car body side is deformed to a depth of 0.2 m as quickly as within 0.02–0.03 s. At such a car body side deformation range, the car body part being deformed hits occupant’s body in his/her hips and pelvis area with a velocity of about 6 m/s.
A Mineralogical Investigation on Volatilization of Impurity Elements from Cu-Rich Polymetallic Concentrates During Roasting in Inert Atmosphere
Authors: Prasad Pande Nishant , McElroy Iris , Lennartsson Andreas , Samuelsson Caisa
Published: January 2021

Four different Cu-rich polymetallic concentrates are tested for volatilization of Sb and As during laboratory-scale roasting. The experiments are performed between 200 °C and 700 °C, at intervals of 100 °C and in an inert atmosphere. Sb volatilization is much less (maximum approximately 45 pct) than As volatilization (maximum approximately 95 pct) in these conditions at 700 °C. As volatilization is however limited from the concentrate having As mainly in a tetrahedrite solid solution ((Cu,Ag,Fe,Zn)12(Sb,As)4S13). Sb and As retained in the roasted calcine are found in the low-melting liquid phase, formed at approximately 500 °C. This melt phase gets enlarged and enriched in Sb with an increase in temperature. However, there is noticeable As volatilization from this melt phase with the temperature approaching 700 °C. Furthermore, there is an early and relatively high Sb volatilization from the concentrate having Sb substantially as gudmundite. Micron-scale elemental redistribution in gudmundite in the 350 °C roasted calcine confirms its transformation at this temperature. Other Sb minerals did not undergo any detectable transformation at this temperature, suggesting that the significant Sb volatilization starting between 300 °C and 400 °C was primarily from gudmundite. This benign attribute of gudmundite featured in this work in the context of roasting should also be relevant from the geometallurgical perspective during concentrate production, where concentrates bearing Sb are considered substandard for further Cu extraction irrespective of the Sb mineralogy.
Numerical investigation of the effects of fuselage upsweep in a propulsive fuselage concept
Authors: Habermann Anaïs Luisa , Gokhale Anubhav , Hornung Mirko
Published: January 2021

In recent years, aircraft concepts employing wake-filling devices to reduce mission fuel burn have gained increasing attention. The study presented here aims at a detailed physical understanding of the effects of integrating a propulsive fuselage device on a commercial aircraft. Compared to an isolated, axisymmetric fuselage-propulsor configuration, a propulsive fuselage device experiences an increased circumferential inlet distortion due to three-dimensional geometric features of the aircraft. This study uses three-dimensional CFD simulations to investigate the effect of fuselage upsweep on the aero-propulsive performance of an aircraft configuration featuring a boundary layer ingestion device. It is shown that fuselage upsweep has a negative impact on the performance of a propulsive fuselage device as compared to an axisymmetric configuration. Increasing the upsweep angle by $$\Delta \alpha _{{{\text{SW}},{\text{PFC}}}} = 3.5^\circ$$

Δ

α

SW
,
PFC

=
3
.

5
∘

leads to an increase in required fuselage fan shaft power by 19%. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the negative effects of fuselage upsweep on the propulsor’s performance can be effectively mitigated by a circumferential variation in the propulsor nacelle thickness.
PSA-tests bij mannen ouder dan 74 jaar: zwart-wit of toch een grijs gebied?
Authors: Remmers Sebastiaan , Hogenhout Renée , Roobol Monique J. ,   ERSPC Rotterdam Study Group
Published: January 2021

Samenvatting

Prostaatkankerscreening middels PSA bij mannen > 70–74 jaar wordt afgeraden vanwege overdiagnostiek. In deze studie proberen we te achterhalen of er een subgroep te identificeren is – levensverwachting en kwaliteit van leven in ogenschouw genomen – waarbij screening nog wel zinvol zou kunnen zijn. Geïncludeerd werden mannen van 70–74 jaar die waren ingeloot in de interventiearm van de ERSPC Rotterdam en niet waren gediagnosticeerd met prostaatcarcinoom ten tijde van de screening. In dit artikel worden de incidentie en de mortaliteitsdata beschreven. Uiteindelijk werden 3.040 mannen geïncludeerd. Gedurende een periode van 24 jaar ontwikkelden 202 mannen prostaatkanker (7 %), van wie er 52 (26 %) metastasen kregen en 26 % overleed aan de ziekte. De PSA-waarde ten tijde van screening was voorspellend voor prostaatkankersterfte. De conclusie luidde dat mannen > 74 jaar niet per definitie moeten worden uitgesloten van prostaatkankerscreening, gezien de kans op metastasen en sterftecijfers. Beoordeling van vitaliteit en counseling over nadelen van screening vormen, samen met PSA-bepaling en verdere risicostratificatie, de sleutel tot zinvolle screening.
Coming of Age: Devising Legislation for Adolescent Medical Decision-Making
Authors: Hartman Rhonda Gay
Published: January 2021

A substantial segment of the American population consists of adolescents. Adolescents, defined as persons between the ages of fourteen and eighteen, have traditionally been regarded as “minors” by law. Minors, as a group, are legally disabled, meaning they are presumed to lack the skills necessary for capable decision-making. Capable decision-making is requisite to the exercise of legal rights. Although the U.S. Supreme Court has extended federal constitutional guarantees to minors, including the liberty right for decision-making in intimate, personal matters, the Supreme Court has observed that vulnerability impairs their decision-making capability. Accordingly, the law regulates decision-making liberties of minors far more extensively than those of adults.

The underlying tenet of law governing adolescents—that they lack the skills required for capable decision-making—seems well-settled. It is an artifact from an industrial society that spawned legislation authorizing governmental regulation of adolescents for education and labor in order to protect and promote their health and well-being.
Uncovering the Rationale for Requiring Infertility in Surrogacy Arrangements
Authors: Wilson Robin Fretwell
Published: January 2021

Anyone who reads numerous statutes is frequently left scratching his or her head: is this provision a deliberate, rational requirement or filler thrown in for no apparent reason? One puzzling requirement peppering state surrogacy statutes is the limitation of surrogate parenting arrangements to couples in which the intended mother is infertile, unable to bear a child or unable to carry the child without unreasonable risk to the mother or child. The legislative history of these statutes offers no explanation for this emphasis on maternal infertility.

The only attempted justification for such a requirement comes from commentators who argue that it bars women who want to avoid the nuisance of being pregnant and giving birth from using a surrogate.
The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications
Authors: Jacobs Alan M. , Büthe Tim , Arjona Ana , Arriola Leonardo R. , Bellin Eva , Bennett Andrew , Björkman Lisa , Bleich Erik , Elkins Zachary , Fairfield Tasha , Gaikwad Nikhar , Greitens Sheena Chestnut , Hawkesworth Mary , Herrera Veronica , Herrera Yoshiko M. , Johnson Kimberley S. , Karakoç Ekrem , Koivu Kendra , Kreuzer Marcus , Lake Milli , Luke Timothy W. , MacLean Lauren M. , Majic Samantha , Maxwell Rahsaan , Mampilly Zachariah , Mickey Robert , Morgan Kimberly J. , Parkinson Sarah E. , Parsons Craig , Pearlman Wendy , Pollack Mark A. , Posner Elliot , Riedl Rachel Beatty , Schatz Edward , Schneider Carsten Q. , Schwedler Jillian , Shesterinina Anastasia , Simmons Erica S. , Singerman Diane , Soifer Hillel David , Smith Nicholas Rush , Spitzer Scott , Tallberg Jonas , Thomson Susan , Vázquez-Arroyo Antonio Y. , Vis Barbara , Wedeen Lisa , Williams Juliet A. , Wood Elisabeth Jean , Yashar Deborah J.
Published: January 2021

In recent years, a variety of efforts have been made in political science to enable, encourage, or require scholars to be more open and explicit about the bases of their empirical claims and, in turn, make those claims more readily evaluable by others. While qualitative scholars have long taken an interest in making their research open, reflexive, and systematic, the recent push for overarching transparency norms and requirements has provoked serious concern within qualitative research communities and raised fundamental questions about the meaning, value, costs, and intellectual relevance of transparency for qualitative inquiry. In this Perspectives Reflection, we crystallize the central findings of a three-year deliberative process—the Qualitative Transparency Deliberations (QTD)—involving hundreds of political scientists in a broad discussion of these issues. Following an overview of the process and the key insights that emerged, we present summaries of the QTD Working Groups’ final reports. Drawing on a series of public, online conversations that unfolded at www.qualtd.net, the reports unpack transparency’s promise, practicalities, risks, and limitations in relation to different qualitative methodologies, forms of evidence, and research contexts. Taken as a whole, these reports—the full versions of which can be found in the Supplementary Materials—offer practical guidance to scholars designing and implementing qualitative research, and to editors, reviewers, and funders seeking to develop criteria of evaluation that are appropriate—as understood by relevant research communities—to the forms of inquiry being assessed. We dedicate this Reflection to the memory of our coauthor and QTD working group leader Kendra Koivu.1
CO release from Mn(i)-based photoCORMs with single photons in the phototherapeutic region
Authors: Stenger-Smith Jenny , Chakraborty Indranil , Ouattara Ramatoulaye , Sameera W. M. C. , Rue Kelly , Mascharak Pradip
Published: January 2021

New Mn(i)-based photoCORMs with a fac-{Mn(CO)3} moiety exhibit facile CO release upon simple exposure to light within the phototherapeutic region (no two photon excitation required).
Nanoscopic observation of a DNA crystal surface and its dynamic formation and degradation using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Eki Haruhiko , Abe Katsuhiko , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Endo Masayuki
Published: January 2021

We report the direct observation and characterization of tensegrity triangle DNA crystals using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and visualization of the dynamic formation and degradation of the crystals at nano-scale resolution.
First-principles microkinetic analysis of Lewis acid sites in Zn-ZSM-5 for alkane dehydrogenation and its implication to methanol-to-aromatics conversion
Authors: Du Yu-Jue , Hu Wen-De , Wang Chuan-Ming , Zhou Jian , Yang Guang , Wang Yang-Dong , Yang Wei-Min
Published: January 2021

Stabilities and dehydrogenation activities of butane and cyclohexane on four different Zn sites in ZSM-5 zeolite were theoretically revealed. ZnOH+ was identified as the most active site at low temperature and the activity increases with the sequence of dehydrogenation.
Wheat cell walls and constituent polysaccharides induce similar microbiota profiles uponin vitrofermentation despite different short chain fatty acid end-product levels
Authors: Lu Shiyi , Mikkelsen Deirdre , Yao Hong , Williams Barbara A. , Flanagan Bernadine M. , Gidley Michael J.
Published: January 2021

Similar microbial communities but different fermentation rates and relative end-product amounts from wheat cell walls and component polysaccharides.
Revisiting the synthesis of aryl nitriles: a pivotal role of CAN
Authors: Saikia Rakhee , Park Kwihwan , Masuda Hayato , Itoh Miki , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Sajiki Hironao , Mahanta Sanjeev P. , Thakur Ashim J. , Bora Utpal
Published: January 2021

An unconventional dual behaviour of ceric ammonium nitrate was explored in the cyanation of aryl halides (I/Br). Diverse aryl nitriles were synthesized, in moderate to good yields, with the new cyanating source: CAN–DMF.
Effectiveness of inulin-type on the iron bioavailability in anemic female rats fed bio-yogurt
Authors: Mohammed Osama , Dyab Noha , Kheadr Ehab , Dabour Nassra
Published: January 2021

It is well-documented that iron deficiency leads to anemia, which is the utmost critical problem of nutrition worldwide.
Effect of Ni/Co mass ratio and NiO–Co3O4 loading on catalytic performance of NiO–Co3O4/Nb2O5–TiO2 for direct synthesis of 2-propylheptanol from n-valeraldehyde
Authors: Zhao Lili , An Hualiang , Zhao Xinqiang , Wang Yanji
Published: January 2021

NiO–Co3O4/Nb2O5–TiO2 catalyst with a Ni/Co mass ratio of 8/3 and NiO–Co3O4 loading of 14% shows the best catalytic performance.
A wrinkled structure of gold film greatly improves the signaling of electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors
Authors: Li Shaoguang , Lin Lancy , Chang Xueman , Si Zhixiao , Plaxco Kevin W. , Khine Michelle , Li Hui , Xia Fan
Published: January 2021

A wrinkled gold substrate greatly improves the signaling of electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors, achieving up to 10-fold increase in signals.
Preparation of spiro[indole-3,5′-isoxazoles] via Grignard conjugate addition/spirocyclization sequence
Authors: Aksenov Alexander V. , Aksenov Dmitrii A. , Aksenov Nicolai A. , Skomorokhov Anton A. , Aleksandrova Elena V. , Rubin Michael
Published: January 2021

One-pot procedure combining conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to (2-nitroalkenyl)indoles and subsequent acid-assisted spirocyclization allowed for diastereoselective preparation of 4′H-spiro[indole-3,5′-isoxazoles].
Climate indicators for forest landing and evaluation of forest shelterbelts
Authors: Begimova Maftuna
Published: January 2021

Forest shelter belts are one of the effective approaches in the fight against wind erosion, improving the microclimate of fields, protecting roads and reservoirs. The problem of assessing forest plantations and prospects for their creation is relevant for many countries of the world, due to the problem of desertification, water and wind erosion, as well as the global food crisis. The carried out analysis of scientific literature has shown that the existing assessments of forest shelter belts with insufficient degree are being taken into account the modern methods of remote sensing.Therefore, the problem of assessing forest shelterbelts from satellite imagery is relevant.The main part and research results. During the summer period of 2019, in the territory of the protective forest plantations of Fergana Valley of the Republic of Uzbekistan there were laid 170 testing plots. Then 20 test sites, which were used as reference for thematic mapping, there were laid with the collection of additional information: location coordinates and bookmark location.The purpose of the study is to assess the area of forest shelter belts zones of the Republic of Uzbekistan using remote sensing.The object of the study is forest shelter belts of Fergana Valley of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Assessment of the surface and structure of elements produced in additive manufacturing technology after chemical treatment
Authors: Marciniak Dawid
Published: January 2021

Samples made of ABS material were produced on devices from three different manufacturers: Stratasys, Velleman, 3Novatica. The quality of the printed surface was improved by vaporization with acetone vapours. Roughness measurements were performed, which proved the improvement of the surface after vaporization. The structure of the produced samples was also tested using a computer microtomography. It has been shown that excessive exposure to the solvent significantly changes the geometrical dimensions of models exposed to the vaporization process.
Retraction and folding on the hyperbolic black hole
Authors: Abu-Saleem M. , Taani A.
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of black holes in anti-de Sitter space-time. We focus our attention on the hyperbolic black holes with less acceleration horizons and their topology. By using a Lagrangian formalism, we deduce the equatorial geodesics on the line element of these objects. Furthermore, the phenomenon of deformation that can retract space-time is considered. The results are extended to n-dimensional hyperbolic black holes assuming the end limit of folding in 0-dimensional objects. We also take into account the initial conditions in view of studying the relation between the limit folding and the limit retraction. This relation is of particular importance in the space-time morphology and dynamics of black holes and their interaction with other self-gravitating systems due to tidal forces. This can also be observed in the formation of galaxies and the early phase of the universe at large scale structures. The commutative diagrams have also been obtained to figure out the relation between the retraction and folding of a hyperbolic black hole.
Experimental validation of shock propagation through a foam with engineered macro-pores
Authors: Kim Y. , Murphy T. J. , Kozlowski P. M. , Green L. M. , Haines B. M. , Day T. H. , Cardenas T. , Woods D. N. , Smidt J. M. , Douglas M. R. , Jones S. , Velechovsky J. , Olson R. E. , Gore R. A. , Albright B. J.
Published: January 2021

The engineered macro-pore foam provides a new way to study thermonuclear burn physics by utilizing capsules containing deuterated (D) foam and filling tritium (T) gas in the engineered macro-pores. The implosion of a thermonuclear capsule filled with an engineered macro-pore foam will be complex due to the interaction of a shock wave with the engineered macro-pores. It is our goal to quantify how substantially complex foam structures affect the shape of shock and bulk shock speed. A cylinder-shape shock tube experiment has been designed and performed at the Omega Laser Facility. In order to examine how a foam structure will affect shock propagation, we performed several tests varying (1) engineered macro-pore size, (2) average foam density, and (3) with/without neopentane (C5H12) gas. X-ray radiographic data indicate that shock speed through engineered macro-pore foams depends strongly on average foam density and less on pore size. Experimental shock propagation data helped guide two numerical simulation approaches: (1) a 2D simulation with homogenizing foams rather than explicitly simulating engineered macro-pores and (2) a 2D toroidal-pore approximation adopting a toroidal-tube geometry to model engineered macro-pores.
Coherent optical interaction between plasmonic nanoparticles and small organic dye molecules in microcavities
Authors: Mosshammer K. , Sudzius M. , Meister S. , Fröb H. , Steiner A. M. , Fery A. , Leo K.
Published: January 2021

We investigate the lasing performance of different composite gain materials consisting of small organic molecules, gold nanoparticles, and a polymer matrix mixed on a nanoscale within a spin-coated thin film. We experimentally demonstrate that the localized surface plasmon resonances of randomly distributed gold nanoparticles can oscillate in phase with the standing wave of the surrounding microcavity resonator and contribute to a lower lasing threshold.