bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raising money for public libraries: Insights from experience
Authors: Burlingame Dwight
Published: July 2007

The author presents a brief history of public libraries' involvement in fundraising, examples of current library fundraising campaigns and techniques, and lessons to be learned from these libraries' experiences.
Public hospital fundraising in an era of health care reform
Authors: Hogan Margaret Mullen
Published: July 2007

The author examines public hospital fundraising practices and discusses ways that market changes in the health care industry may present threats and opportunities for public hospital fundraising.
Communication contexts of fundraising
Authors: Brebmer Dianne A. , Ragsdale J. D.
Published: July 2007

Communication is the lifeblood of fundraising. To examine communication, fundraisers need to understand the basic ways in which scholars approach the subject.
Communication in cultivation and solicitation of major gift donors
Authors: Matheny Richard E.
Published: July 2007

Major gift development officers often avoid face‐to‐face communication with prospective donors without examining the basis of their fears. Reviewing the sequential process of major gift solicitation allows us to identify the key ingredients for success.
Listening in fundraising
Authors: Sawyer Jesse C. “Buzz”
Published: July 2007

Effective listening is the cornerstone on which relationships are built and sustained. Successful development professionals understand that their profession requires a combination of effective communication, perceptive listening, and meaningful relationships, anchored by a solid commitment to the essence of philanthropy.
How to raise revenue without raising taxes
Authors: Roady Celia
Published: July 2007

This chapter summarizes the rules of the unrelated business income tax (UBIT), analyzes the federal tax treatment of common income‐producing opportunities for exempt organizations, and explains how nonprofits may structure new business opportunities to minimize or avoid UBIT.
An introduction to program‐related investments
Authors: Weiser John , Brody Frances
Published: July 2007

Program‐related investments can be, and have been, used t o fund almost every type of project, allowing foundations to increase the impact of their charitable dollars.
Tax issues regarding planned giving and recent legislative developments
Authors: Giese James O.
Published: July 2007

Recent changes in tax regulations may bring new challenges and opportunities to the nonprofit organization looking to strengthen its fundraising program and asset base.
Prudent investment strategies for endowment growth
Authors: Pillman Stanley M.
Published: July 2007

Managing endowment assets in a nonprofit organization requires a strategy for balancing the need to maximize institutional income while protecting and building principal.
Preserving family assets: The use of planned charitable giving
Authors: Weber Gerald A. , Korman Thomas A. , Gustafson Steven C. , Silverman John R.
Published: July 2007

This chapter discusses the compatibility of the goals and objectives of the prospective donor family and the charitable organization and the ways in which the implementation of a deferred charitable giving program can advance those goals. The role of the family counselor in helping to defne and prioritize these goals and objectives is discussed.
The perceptions of do‐not‐resuscitate policies of dying patients with cancer
Authors: Olver Ian , Eliott Jaklin A.
Published: July 2007

Patients in hospitals must authorize do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) orders or the default cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) occurs. Using discursive analysis, we examined the speech of 28 cancer patients, judged as within 3 months of death, to determine how they justified preferences for DNR orders. Most saw these as a positive outcome of not interfering with a natural death with the decision being personal and the legal right of a competent autonomous person. If surrogates were required, they needed knowledge of the medical facts and the patient's wishes. The doctor was crucial, while family although likely to be supportive may be burdened by the responsibility. Some favored an early DNR discussion, but the majority favored a later discussion when it was applicable. At interview, 58% patients had a DNR order, rising to 82% by the time of death. Written orders were favored, yet 9 of 21 who did not want CPR had no DNR order. Hope was mentioned spontaneously by 25 patients, both as a thing over which patients had little control and as the desire of a positive future outcome. If doctors' and patients' assessments of eligibility for DNR orders do not coincide, the process and documentation of decision‐making needs revision. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchrotron radiation is not a blackbody but a graybody
Authors: Tanigaki Takeshi , Kawai Jun
Published: July 2007

Though synchrotron radiation and blackbody radiation are considered as completely different phenomena, spectral shape of synchrotron radiation is somewhat similar to that of the blackbody radiation. Synchrotron radiation is a graybody radiation with a finite value of emmisivity, which varies as a function of wavelength. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous hydrogenation of vegetable oils in reactors equipped with static mixers
Authors: Rusnac Lucian M. , Floarea Octavian , Vladea Radu V.
Published: July 2007

Continuous hydrogenation of industrially refined soybean oil with Harshaw Ni catalyst was achieved in a slurry column equipped with Sulzer SMV motionless mixers. The influence of the operating parameters (temperature, pressure, catalyst concentration and gas velocity) was investigated. The presumption that, in this equipment, the liquid‐solid mass transfer limits the rate of the process is in good agreement with the experimental data.
Polymerization of styrene in the presence of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Falkenburg L. B. , Hill W. H. , Wolff Hans
Published: July 2007

Data on the products obtained on polymerizing styrene in the presence of various methyl esters of fatty acid have been presented. These data show that no copolymerization between the esters and styrene occurs and that homogeneity of some of the reaction products cannot be considered as proof for interpolymerization.
Fatty acid amides. IV. Reaction of fats with ammonia and amines
Authors: Roe Edward T. , Stutzman Jeanne M. , Scanlan John T. , Swern Daniel
Published: July 2007

Conditions have been worked out for the quantitative conversion of oleo oil, olive oil, castor oil, and tobacco seed oil to amides and glycerol by reaction with liquid ammonia under pressure. Similarly methyl oleate has been converted to oleamide in excellent yield. The reaction of aqueous ammonia with methyl oleate, however, gives a maximum yield of isolated oleamide of only 50%, apparently because of competition between hydrolytic and ammonolytic reactions.

N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐ and N‐(n‐dodecyl) amides have also been prepared by the reaction of oleo oil with monoethanolamine andn‐dodecylamine, respectively, at atmospheric pressure. Particularly significant is the quantitative conversion of oleo oil to N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides by refluxing with monoethanolamine for only 15 minutes. The conversion to N‐(n‐dodecyl) amides however required three hours heating at 230° C. withn‐dodecylamine, and conversion to unsubstituted amides required six hours heating at 170°C. under pressure with liquid ammonia.

Crystallization of the amides obtained from the various fats yielded oleamide (purity, 92%) from olive oil, ricinoleamide (purity, >95%) from castor oil, and N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) oleamide (purity, 90%) from oleo oil. Little fractionation was accomplished with the amides of tobacco seed oil however. In the fractionation of the unsubstituted and N‐(n‐dodecyl) amides from oleo oil, fractions which were predominantly saturated and monounsaturated were obtained readily, but no greater purification could be effected by recrystallization.

Unsubstituted and N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides were readily converted to the corresponding free acids by refluxing for two hours with constant boiling (approximately 20%) aqueous hydrochloric acid.
Characterization of corn oil, soybean oil and sunflowerseed oil nonpolar material
Authors: Trost Vernon W.
Published: July 2007

Normal phase preparative and semi‐preparative liquid chromatography were used to isolate fractions of varying polarity from corn, soybean and sunflowerseed oils. Reported here is the composition of one fraction, less polar than triglycerides, determined by isolating the individual «peaks» of a semi‐preparative separation using as starting material the mix of compounds obtained from a large scale separation. These peaks were then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (LC) gas chromatography (GC), mass‐spectrometry (MS) with and without GC, in both electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) modes, and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Semi‐quantitative data were obtained for many of the components found in these semi‐preparative isolates including hydrocarbons, steryl esters, triterpenyl esters, phytyl esters and geranylgeranyl esters. The weight percent and composition of the preparative fraction differed substantially among the three oils. Corn oil had the greatest amount, at 1.25% of the starting oil, and was composed mostly of steryl and triterpenyl esters. Sunflowerseed oil, at 0.7%, and soybean oil, at 0.3%, showed greater variety in that branched chain esters were included with the steryl/triterpenyl distributions.
Preparation of 9,15‐octadecadienoate isomers
Authors: Butterfield R. O. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

Linolenic acid was reduced with hydrazine to produce a mixture containing a max of dienoic acids. After methylation this mixture was separated into trienoic, dienoic, monoenoic, and saturated esters by countercurrent distribution (CCD) with acetonitrile and hexane. The dienoic ester was further fractionated by CCD with methanolic silver nitrate and hexane to separate purecis,cis‐9,15‐octadecadienoate and the equimixture ofcis,cis‐9,12‐ and 12,15‐octadecadienoates.

Following isomerization of thecis,cis‐9,15‐octadecadienoate with selenium, the geometric isomers were fractionated by CCD with methanolic silver nitrate and hexane. Puretrans,trans and purecis,cis isomers were isolated, as well as an unresolved mixture ofcis,trans andtrans,cis isomers. The characteristics of these isomers and related compounds are compared as determined by CCD, IR absorption, and capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC).
Metal pelleting and cooling
Authors: Robinson Roy A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Pelleting is a process of conditioning, compacting, and extruding a finely divided material resulting in larger particle sizes with greater bulk density and improved flow characteristics in which dust is essentially eliminated. The process has a relatively short history beginning in 1929 with the conception and design of equipment using the die and roller principle. Conditioning is accomplished by the use of good quality steam added at a controlled rate to a regulated flow of material in a paddle type mixer integrally mounted on the pellet mill. This steam adds heat and moisture to enhance the pelleting characteristics of the material. Compaction is accomplished by the action of the rolls upon the die face which also supplies the force necessary to extrude the material through the die holes thus forming pellets. In the pelleting of oilseed meals the sizes of pellets are generally limited to 1/4 in, diameter for export with 1/4 in., 3/4 in., and 7/8 in. being quite common for animal feeding. Many times the 3/4 in. or 7/8 in. pellets are broken through crumbling rolls to form a coarse, granular product. A cooling and drying step is necessary following the pelleting process to remove heat and excess moisture to result in a stable product. This step is accomplished by the use of either a vertical or horizontal cooler by means of which ambient air is drawn through a moving bed of pellets. Exhaust air from this process must be discharged to atmosphere through an efficient cyclone collector to remove entrained dust and feed particles. Following the cooling step the pellets are usually screened to remove the particles smaller than the pellet, thought in the export trade this step may be eliminated. It is desirable to remove extraneous material from the feedstock ahead of the pellet mill in order to protect the dies and rolls. This is accomplished by magnets in the case of magnetic materials and high capacity centrifugal screeners for nonmagnetic materials. In the case of solvent extracted meals with a very low residual oil content, it is usually customary to blend back refinery residues to supply a small amount of oil to enhance pellet quality and equipment capacity. Various oilseed meals exhibit different pelleting characteristics resulting in a wide variation in pellet mill performance.
Sperm oil replacements: Synthetic wax esters from selectively hydrogenated soybean and linseed oils
Authors: Bell E. W. , Gast L. E. , Thomas F. L. , Koos R. E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Synthetic wax esters with properties similar to those of sperm whale oil have been prepared entirely from soybean and linseed oils. the synthesis required: (a) selective hydrogenation of the oils with copper‐on‐silica gel catalyst, (b) hydrogenolysis of fatty acids to fatty alcohols with copper‐cadmiumchromium catalyst, and (c) esterification of hydrogenolysis products to yield predominantly long chain fatty esters which contained unsaturation in both the alcohol and acid moieties. Similarity of physical and chemical properties indicate that these wax esters are possible replacements for sperm oil. After sulfurization, the wax esters also have potential as extreme pressure lubricant additives.
Nutrition of rice bran oil in relation to its purification
Authors: Sarkar S. , Bhattacharyya D. K.
Published: July 2007

A comparative nutritive study was made to show that the extent of purification markedly influences the nutritive characteristics of rice bran oil. The coefficient of digestibility was 93.8% when rice bran oil that had been purified by degumming, deacidifying, bleaching and deodorizing was fed to rats; whereas it was 94.8% when extremely pure rice bran oil, which was achieved by including an additional dewaxing step, was used. Rice bran oil without deodorization, but purified by other treatments, showed a 96.2% coefficient of digestibility, which is somewhat lower than that of groundnut oil. However, after a feeding experiment over three months, the highly purified rice bran oil showed better results than the other two purified samples of rice bran oil, and was sometimes better than groundnut oil in terms of total lipid, triglyceride and especially in cholesterol content in serum, liver and heart tissues.
Preparation and surface‐ active properties of new amphipathic compounds with two phosphate groups and two long‐ chain alkyl groups
Authors: Zhu Yun‐ peng , Masuyama Araki , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: July 2007

New compounds bearing two dihydrogen phosphate groups and two long‐ chain alkyl groups (octyl or decyl) were prepared in good yields by the reaction of 1,ω‐bis(alkyloxymethyl)‐ oligo (ethylene glycol)s with polyphosphoric acid.

Amphipathic di‐ or tetrasodium phosphates were obtained by neutralization of the free acids with sodium hydroxide, and their surface‐ active properties in water were measured. Almost all these di‐ or tetrasodium phosphates showed good water solubility. Their abilities to form micelles and to lower surface tension were fairly good as compared with general monoalkyl phosphates consisting of one longer alkyl chain and one hydrophilic group. The foaming property of aqueous solutions of the tetrasodium salts was different from that of the disodium salts. The former showed very low foaming ability.
The industrial uses of special lecithins: A review
Authors: Van Nieuwenhuyzen Willem
Published: July 2007

The surface activity and ultimately the performance of commercial lecithin can be improved by physical, chemical or enzymatic methods. These methods are reviewed along with a brief survey of the use of special lecithins in certain food and non‐food applications. Emphasis is placed on margarine, instant foods, leather fatting and mosquito control systems.
Simultaneous analysis of BHA, TBHQ, BHT and propyl gallate by gas chromatography as extracted from refined vegetable oil
Authors: Wyatt D. M.
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed for the simultaneous gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of 4 phenolic antioxidants extracted from refined cottonseed oil. The antioxidants in the study were butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and propyl gallate (PG). The method involves extraction with acetonitrile, followed by silyl derivatization prior to GC injection. The method was applied to a study designed to measure the percentage of recovery of each antioxidant at the 100 ppm level over a two‐week time span. Statistical treatment of the results indicate there is no significant time trend in any of the 4 antioxidants. The percentage recoveries range from 84% to 108%. The standard deviations for the analysis range from 8 ppm to 10.2 ppm.
Some observations on the AOAC method for the analysis of brominated oils
Authors: Lowry R. R. , Tinsley I. J.
Published: July 2007

Increased sensitivity and improved reproducibility in the analysis by gas liquid Chromatograph y of brominated oils has been ob‐tained by re‐esterification following denomination. The variety of reactions that can occur at various temperatures and their effects on the procedure are discussed. In addition to defining optimal pro‐cedures, it was established that reagents that are more easily and safely handled than metallic sodium give equivalent results. Technical paper no. 5831, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.
A comparison of the stability of sunflower oil and corn oil
Authors: Huang A. S. , Hsieh O. A. L. , Huang C. L. , Chang S. S.
Published: July 2007

The stability of a northern sunflower oil was evaluated against a corn oil. The sunflower oil was tested before and after winteriza‐tion, as well as with and without the addition of methyl silicone and antioxidants. The corn oil was tested after winterization with and without the addition of methyl silicone and antioxidants. Under normal use conditions at room temperature and 35 C, in the pres‐ence of air in the headspace gas, sunflower oil samples developed peroxides more rapidly than corn oil. However, these higher perox‐ide numbers did not seem to affect their organoleptic scores. Starch chunks, deep‐fat fried in corn oil, had better flavor stability than those fried in sunflower oil. The peroxide values of the corn‐oil‐fried starch chunks were consistently lower than the sunflower‐oil‐fried starch chunks at various stages of aging. The chemical and physical changes of the corn oil and sunflower oil samples during simulated deep‐fat frying were compared. The stability of the corn oil was approximately the same as that of the sunflower oil.
Determination of tocopherols in vegetable oils
Authors: Carpenter A. P.
Published: July 2007

A rapid (ten minute) and selective method for measuring individual tocopherols found in vegetable oils has been developed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet absorbance detection. The samples are analyzed directly following dissolution in the mobile phase. α ‐and γ‐tocopherols are quantitated based upon their peak areas relative to standard calibration curves. The measurement of β ‐ and δ‐tocopherols in the samples is also based upon the calibration data for the α ‐ and δ‐tocopherol standards since the individual β‐ and δ‐ standards were unavailable. The data obtained are compared with the total tocopherol content as found by a standard colorimetric procedure. The results indicate the HPLC method to be more reliable in the measurement of samples with high α ‐tocopherol levels. Soybean, safflower, sunflower, cottonseed, corn, peanut and olive oils have been examined using this method.
Characterization of lipids extracted from pickled lambskins by a new industrial degreasing process
Authors: Rajonhson O. , Rocrelle C. , Delmas M. , Gaset A.
Published: July 2007

In the manufacturing of leather from lambskins, skin degreasing is an important preliminary stage in which excess fats are removed. A new solvent‐phase degreasing process, which leads to a complete recovery of extracted fats, has been studied and scaled up in our laboratory. In this paper, we study the characteristics of these extracted fatty substances that have not been reported previously. Extracted fats which, up to now, were considered waste, can be used. Different methods have been proposed for their possible utilization.
Adsorption isotherms of squash (Cucurbita moschata) seed oil on activated carbon
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F. , García‐L O. Elizabeth , Guerrero‐E Liliana L.
Published: July 2007

With vegetal carbon as adsorbent (5% w/w), the effects of temperature (30°C and 50°C), concentration of H2O (0% and 25%) and adsorption time (0 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr) on the chemical characteristics of unrefinedCucurbita moschata seed oil were studied in a batch adsorption system by using a “split‐plot” experimental design. With the exception of the iodine value, the chemical properties of the oil (saponification and peroxide value, carotenoid, and free fatty acids concentration) were affected significantly by interactions among the adsorption time, temperature and concentration of H2O in the adsorption system. The results suggest that the physicochemical characteristics of the oil, and therefore its functional properties, may be modified and controlled by the conditions utilized during the adsorption process.
Reconsideration of polymorphic transformations in cocoa butter using the DSC
Authors: Schlichter Aronhime Judith , Sarig Sara , Garti Nissim
Published: July 2007

Cocoa butter was crystallized in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) in the presence and the absence of sorbitan monostearate at different cooling rates. The solidification and fusion curves were recorded. It was found that cooling rate affects enthalpies and temperatures of phase transitions. The very slow cooling rate causes a significant decrease in crystallization enthalpy, suggesting that fractionation of glycerides occurs under these conditions. In the presence of sorbitan monostearate 5%, cooling and heating curves of cocoa butter are sharper, the solidification point is higher and the fusion point is slightly lower. Further, in the presence of sorbitan monostearate both crystallization and fusion enthalpies are lower than in pure cocoa butter. The presence of the emulsifier seems mainly to promote the fractional crystallization.

Fusion curves after different periods of isothermal crystallization suggest that higher polymorphic forms differ in chemical composition from lower ones, and that the presence of sorbitan monostearate affects the fractionation in the fat.
Evaluation of the mechanism of dilauryl thiodipropionate antioxidant activity
Authors: Karahadian C. , Lindsay R. C.
Published: July 2007

Dilauryl thiodipropionate (DLTDP) was ineffective as an antioxidant for decomposing lipid hydroperoxides when incorporated into fish oil at concentrations less than 50,000 ppm (0.1 M) at 50 C. However, some general antioxidant properties for DLTDP were observed in fish oil containing 200 ppm DLTDP at 50 C under oxygen for 72 hr. An anomolous prooxidant behavior for DLTDP in fish oil was observed under some conditions of accelerated oxidation which was attributed to the formation of the bisulfite ion free radicals derived from DLTDP degradations. DLTDP was effective for inactivating peracids in model systems containing performic acid and nonanal, ethyl oleate or cholesterol. In these systems DLTDP (2:1 DLTDP:performic acid mole ratio) was preferentially oxidized to the sulfoxide, and prevented the formation of nonanoic acid, 9‐epoxy ethyl oleate and 5,6‐epoxy cholesterol, respectively.
The inhibitory effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on aflatoxin synthesis inAspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Bhatnagar Deepar , McCormick Susan P.
Published: July 2007

The effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts onAspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis was investigated. The extracts were prepared by blending 50 g (wet weight) of fresh leaves in one 1 of 10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) or by boiling the leaves in the buffer. Extracts were added to fungal growth media at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50% (vol/vol) concentrations prior to inoculation. The formulations did not affect fungal growth (i.e., mycelial dry weight) but essentially blocked (>98%) aflatoxin biosynthesis at concentrations greater than 10% (vol/vol). The inhibitory effect was somewhat diminished (60–70%) inhibition) in heated leaf extracts. Volatile components of the extracts were analyzed using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; the major volatile component was 3‐methyl 2‐buten‐1‐ol. However, volatiles from blended leaf extracts did not affect either aflatoxin synthesis or fungal growth. The neem‐mediated inhibition appears to involve regulation of secondary metabolism, because once secondary biosynthesis was initiated the inhibitory effect of the neem leaf constituents was lost.
Synthesis and surface properties of oxyethylenated 2‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐ethyl‐1,3‐dioxanes
Authors: Burczyk B. , Banaszczyk M. , Sokolowski A. , Piasecki A.
Published: July 2007

In acid‐catalyzed reactions of long chain aliphatic aldehydes (I) (R=n−C7H15; n−C9H19; n−C11H23) with 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (II), 2‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐ethyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (III) were obtained. The latter were then reacted with ethylene oxide in the presence of sodium methoxide.

Three series of oxyethylenated cyclic acetal derivatives (IV) were obtained. They constitute a new group of chemodegradable surfactants which readily hydrolyze and oxidize in natural water reservoirs. Physical data of the new compounds and some surface properties such as cloud points (Cp), critical micelle concentrations (cmc), changes of free energy of micellization, (ΔG°cmc), surface tensions of aqueous solutions near cmc, γmin, and wetting and foaming properties, were determined. The surfactants (IV) have aqueous solution properties similar to those of oxyethylenated longchain aliphatic alcohols. It is shown that the micellization of surfactants (IV), expressed in terms of ΔG°cmc, depends both on the length of the aliphatic chain at the C‐2 carbon atom and on the presence of ethyl group at C‐5 of 1,3‐dioxane ring which enhances the hydrophobic character of derivatives (III). Hence, the surfactants have a higher surface activity than oxyethylenated 2‐alkyl‐4‐hydroxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes or 2‐alkyl‐5,5‐bis‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1,3‐dioxanes. The use of 2‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐ethyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (III) in surfactant synthesis is an example of applying hydrophobic intermediates obtained from aldehydes only. This, and the chemodegradability mentioned make the compounds a very interesting group of new surfactants.
Synergistic antioxidative effects of tocopherol and ascorbic acid in fish oil/lecithin/water system
Authors: YI Ock‐Sook , Han Daeseok , Shin Hyun‐Kyung
Published: July 2007

Individual and combined effects of ascorbic acid andδ‐tocopherol on the autoxidation of fish oil have been evaluated with the induction period monitored by Rancimat. The antioxidative efficiency of them was found to increase with increasing concentration.δ‐Tocopherol and ascorbic acid acted highly synergistic with each other. Whenδ‐tocopherol content was varied at a fixed content of ascorbic acid, the synergistic efficiency was generally 100% or more. On the other hand, when ascorbic acid content was varied at a fixed content ofδ‐tocopherol, the synergistic efficiency rose sigmoidally with increasing concentration. We concluded that at least 0.01–0.02% ascorbic acid is required to obtain a considerable synergistic effect withδ‐tocopherol in stabilizing fish oil.
Modeling solvent extraction of vegetable oil in a packed bed
Authors: Majumdar G. C. , Samanta A. N. , Sengupta S. P.
Published: July 2007

A one‐dimensional model was developed for solvent extraction of oil from a packed bed of oil‐bearing vegetable materials. The equilibrium relationship between the residual oil content of marc and oil concentration of stagnant miscella in pores of the bed material was generated through experiments with rice bran and hexane. The nondimensional parameters recognized from the model describing extraction were initial Reynolds number (Rei), initial Schmidt number (Sci), bed void fraction (εb), particle porosity (εp), ratio of bed diameter to particle diameter (Dt/dp), ratio of bed depth to bed diameter (L/Dt), ratio of particle surface area to bed cross‐section (apAL/A=apL), and recycle of solvent and equilibrium distribution coefficient (EDC). For reducing the time required to extract to the same residual oil content of marc, higher values of Rei, εb, and apL were beneficial, whereas higher values of Sci, εp, Dt/dp, L/Dt, and EDC were detrimental.
Chemical composition ofRumex crispus L. seed
Authors: Wiese B. , Quiroga O. E. , Vigo M. S. , Nolasco S. M.
Published: July 2007

Rumex crispus L. seeds harvested in Olavarría (Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina) were extracted with 60–80°C petroleum ether to render 6.0% (dry basis) of a lipid fraction with a 152.4 saponification value and 15.4% unsaponifiable matter. Fatty acid composition obtained by gas‐liquid chromatography was: 14:0, 2.7; 16:0, 13.5; 16:1, 1.2; 18:0, 1.2; 18:1, 38.6; 18:2, 36.3; 18:3, 0.5; 20:0, 2.4; 20:2, 0.3; 22:0, 0.9; 22:1, 1.2; and 24:0, 1.2; with traces of 14:1, 15:1, 17:0, and 17:1. Residual meal contained 10.62% crude protein, with a low value of available lysine (3.31 g/16 g N). Ash, crude fiber, sugars, hydrolyzable carbohydrates, total and phytic acid phosphorus, calcium and residual lipids contents are reported here.
Volatiles from microwave‐treated, stored soybeans
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Mounts T. L. , Holloway R. K.
Published: July 2007

Soybeans were microwaved to inactivate enzymes and prevent oil deterioration during storage. Microwave time was varied from 4 to 10 min, in 2‐min increments, and the treated and control soybeans were stored for 8 weeks at 40°C. Damage was monitored by analysis of peroxide value and free fatty acid content of the extracted oil and by volatile analysis of the full‐fat meal and extracted oil. Volatiles were measured by multiple headspace extraction, and the formation of hexanal was monitored in both oil and meal. During storage of the control beans, peroxide value increased from 0.41 to 1.20 meq/kg, hexanal concentration changed from 29 to 94 ppb and free fatty acid content increased from 0.4 to 1.7%. Oils extracted from soybeans that were microwaved for 4 or 6 min had peroxide values of about 1 meq/kg and hexanal concentrations of 39–44 ppb after storage, indicating partial inactivation of lipoxygenase enzymes. However, soybeans that were microwaved for 8 min or more tended to oxidize during storage to a greater extent than the control soybeans, showing higher peroxide values and greater formation of hexanal in the samples. This suggests that soybeans microwave‐treated in excess of 8 min are heat‐damaged and susceptible to deterioration during storage. Free fatty acid content of the oils from all of the microwave‐treated soybeans was about 0.4% initially, and did not increase with storage, indicating inactivation of hydrolytic enzymes.
A simplified Horiuti‐Polanyi scheme for the hydrogenation of triacylglycerols
Authors: Šimon Peter , Čelkova Adriana , Šchmidt Stefan
Published: July 2007

A simplification of the Horiuti‐Polanyi reaction scheme for the hydrogenation of triacylglycerols taking into account saturation andcis‐trans isomerization of double bonds and neglecting their positional isomerization is presented. From the comparison of experimental and calculated kinetic runs, the rate constants of individual reaction steps are obtained and the effects of hydrogen flow, hydrogen dispersion, oil unsaturation and catalyst quality on the rate constants are examined. Criteria for comprehensive characterization of the processes occurring in the course of hydrogenation, i.e., saturation and isomerization indices, are proposed.
Lipid of sunflower seeds produced in japan
Authors: Nagao Akihiko , Yamazaki Megumi
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of sunflower seeds from experimental plantings in Japan were determined. Lipid content of sunflower seed was almost the same irrespective of the variety and the average lipid content was 38.8%. The saturated fatty acids were low and the combined percentage of linoleic acid and oleic acid was ca. 90%. The ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid largely varied with the planting location and date. There was a strong correlation between the percentage of linoleic acid or oleic acid and the temperature during maturation of seed. The sunflower seed contained predominantly α‐tocopherol and small amounts ofβ‐,γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol. There was no correlation between a‐tocopherol content and the percentage of linoleic acid.
Quantitative triacylglycerol analysis of whole vegetable seeds by1H and13C magic angle sample spinning NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Wollenberg Kurt
Published: July 2007

High‐resolution13C and1H magic angle sample spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been obtained and used to define the relative unsaturated acyl distribution of triacylglycerols in whole oil seeds. Inverse gated proton decoupled13C and1H NMR spectra permit the quantitative analysis of seeds containing simple oils,e.g., sunflower seeds containing oleyl and linoleyl unsaturates only. More sensitive13C NMR techniques are necessary for the analysis of specific seed classes. One such class is the rapeseed, which is especially difficult due to its low oil content (≈ 2 mg oil/seed) and complex unsaturated acyl profile of oleyl, linoleyl, linolenyl, erucyl, and eicosenoyl. The Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer technique significantly improves sensitivity to the extent that single rapeseeds can be examined within an hour of acquisition time. Furthermore, some positional (1,3‐ or 2‐glycerol attachment) groups can be identified leading to a partial estimation of the 1,3‐, 2‐acyl distribution.
Separation of saturated and unsaturated acids from rice bran oil
Authors: El‐Zanati E. M. , Khedr M. A.
Published: July 2007

Rice bran oil, a by‐product of rice milling, is an excellent source of a variety of fatty acids. Saponification yielded C16 saturated and C18 unsaturated acids. Saturated and unsaturated acids were separated by solvent crystallization. Hexane and methanol were both investigated as solvents. Gas‐liquid chromatography and iodine value showed that hexane was the more effective crystallization solvent at a solvent/oil ratio of three and crystallization temperature of 5°C. The percent yield and purity of 88.8% and 91% unsaturated acids, respectively, and of 65% and 59% saturated acids were obtained. A process description is proposed for an integrated process.
Occurrence of conjugated fatty acids in the seed oil ofcouepia longipendula (chrysobalanaceae)
Authors: Spitzer V. , Marx F. , Maia J. G. S. , Pfeilsticker K.
Published: July 2007

The seeds ofCouepia longipendula contain 74.2% oil. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the methyl esters and oxazoline derivatives of the fatty acids and ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR),1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and13C‐NMR spectra of the oil showed the presence of palmitic (25.2%), palmitoleic (0.9%), stearic (6.2%), oleic (26.5%), vaccenic (0.4%), linoleic (7.4%), arachidic (0.3%), α‐eleostearic (11.3%) and α‐licanic (21.8%) acids. Licanic acid methyl ester was isolated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and the13C‐NMR and1H‐NMR data are presented.
Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on normal mouse mammary epithelial cells
Authors: McIntyre Barry S. , Briski Karen P. , Tirmenstein Mark A. , Fariss Marc W. , Gapor Abdul , Sylvester Paul W.
Published: July 2007

Studies were conducted to determine the comparative effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols on normal mammary epithelial cell growth and viability. Cells isolated from midpregnant BALB/c mice were grown within collagen gels and maintained on serum‐free media. Treatment with 0–120 μM α‐and γ‐tocopherol had no effect, whereas 12.5–100 m μM tocotrienol‐rich fraction of palm oil (TRF), 100–120 μM δ‐tocopherol, 50–60 μM α‐tocotrienol, and 8–14 μM γ‐ or δ‐tocotrienol significantly inhibited cell growth in a dose‐responsive manner. In acute studies, 24‐h exposure to 0–250 μM α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol had no effect, whereas similar treatment with 100–250 μM TRF, 140–250 μM α‐, 25–100 μM γ‐ or δ‐tocotrienol significantly reduced cell viability. Growth‐inhibitory doses of TRF, δ‐tocopherol, and a‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocotrienol were shown to induce apoptosis in these cells, as indicated by DNA fragmentation. Results also showed that mammary epithelial cells more easily or preferentially took up tocotrienols as compared to tocopherols, suggesting that at least part of the reason tocotrienols display greater biopotency than tocopherols is because of greater cellular accumulation. In summary, these findings suggest that the highly biopotent γ‐ and δ‐tocotrienol isoforms may play a physiological role in modulating normal mammary gland growth, function, and remodeling.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats; analysis of 14 animal and vegetable fats
Authors: Subbaram M. R. , Youngs C. G.
Published: July 2007

The glyceride compositions of seven animals and seven vegetable fats have been determined by GLC analysis of the oxidized esterified glycerides as described in an earlier paper in this series. The compositions determined are compared with those calculated from lipase hydrolysis data according to the method of VanderWal. Good agreement was found between the calculated and determined compositions for the majority of the 14 fats. The exceptions were human fat and the more satu‐rated vegetable fats, palm oil and cocoa butter, where some discrepancies occurred.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. X. Comparison of products formed with platinum and nickel catalysts
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Butterfield R. O. , Davison V. L. , Jones E. P.
Published: July 2007

One mole of hydrogen/mole of ester was added to methyl linolenate over a platinum catalyst at 20C and atmospheric pressure. The product was separated into trienoic, dienoic and monenoic esters by countercurrent distribution (CCD) with acetonitrile and hexane. Bach of these ester fractions was further separated by CCD with methanolic silver nitrate and hexane. Comparison with hydrogȳnations, in which a commercial nickel catalyst at 140C and atmos‐pheric pressure was used, shows that with plati‐num more stȳarate is formed; i.e., the platinum hydrogȳnation was less selective. Also, a smaller amt oftrans esters was formed with platinum, and there was less shift of double bonds from the original 9, 12 and 15 positions.
Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids and Synergistic Catalysts
Authors: Trivedi Bhupendra C. , Grote Dace , Mason Thomas O.
Published: July 2007

Rhenium heptoxide, a known catalyst for hydrogenation of car‐boxylic acids to alcohols, forms synergistic combinations with palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium catalysts. This effect is also seen at lower presures (500 psi). Synergism is also mainfest when rhenium and palladium (or rhodium) are used as supported catalysts on silica and used in a flow mode. An interaction of un‐known nature between the metals suggests itself. The process is not very efficient at lower pressures giving lower conversion in the flow mode. At higher temperatures needed for higher rates, significant participation of side reactions such as decarboxylation of the acid and hydrogenolysis of the alcohol occurs yielding hydrocarbons.
The preparation and properties of some petroselinylamine derivatives
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Dollear F. G. , Sumrell Gene
Published: July 2007

Petroselinylamine (cis‐6‐octadecenylamine) has been prepared by an improved process in which petroselinic acid in xylene is subjected to ammonolysis and treated further to yield the pri‐mary amine without isolating the intermediate products. In addition, the petroselinylamine has been reacted with acrylonitrile, followed by reduc‐tion with metallic sodium and alcohol, to give N‐substituted petroselinyl‐l,3‐trimethylenediamine adducts, and with ethylene oxide under pressure to yield the oxyethylated tertiary amine deriva‐tives. The crude products in each case were mix‐tures of derivatives of various molecular weights. It was possible to isolate the N‐petroselinyl‐1,3‐trimethylenediamine in its pure form from the crude mixture of hydrochloride salts by repeated recrystallizations from aqueous ethanol. The mix‐ture of petroselinylamine‐ethylene oxide deriva‐tives could not be separated.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of long chain isomeric glyceryl monoethers
Authors: Wood Randall , Snyder Fred
Published: July 2007

A quantitative method is described for the gas chromatographic analysis of glyceryl ethers using their trifluoroacetate (TFA) and trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. Both derivatives are prepared at room temperature by reactions that proceed virtually to completion in less than 15 min, eliminating time‐consuming derivative preparations and laborious clean‐up steps of unreacted materials required by other methods. Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) resolves the 1‐ and 2‐isomers of the glyceryl ether TFA derivatives, which have not been separated previously. Purified synthetic 1‐ and 2‐glyceryl ethers, including saturated and mono‐ and diunsaturated, were used to evaluate several polar and nonpolar liquid phases for the analysis of the TFA and TMS derivatives. Analyses can be made on some liquid phases normally used for methyl esters, while others are unsatisfactory. A mixture of isomeric C18 saturated and monoand di‐unsaturated TFA derivatives was partially resolved; however, a complete analysis of this mixture can be made by preliminary separation of the unsaturates on silver‐ion‐impregnated thin‐layer plates or by GLC analysis alone with three different phases.
Enzymatic method of increasing phosphatidylcholine content of lecithin
Authors: Juneja Lekh Raj , Yamane Tsuneo , Shimizu Shoichi
Published: July 2007

An enzymatic method was established to increase the phosphatidylcholine (PC) contents of soybean and egg lecithins. Other phospholipids of lecithin were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA). Seven preparations of phospholipase D (PLD), PLD‐1 to PLD‐6 ofStreptomyces origin and PLD‐7 of cabbage origin, were tested for their ability to increase PC by transphosphatidylation in the presence of choline chloride (CC). The reactions were carried out at 30 C in a biphasic system that consisted of an aqueous phase containing PLD along with a buffer (optimum pH) having desired concentration of CC and Ca2+ and an ethyl acetate phase containing lecithin phospholipids. Intermitttent samples were extracted and analyzed by HPLC. Four of six PLD’s ofStreptomyces origin showed good transphosphatidylation (increase of PC contents of soybean lecithin from approximately 35% to 60–70% on a phospholipid basis) at 2.5 M CC, but the other two microbial PLD’s completely hydrolyzed the phospholipids to PA. Cabbage PLD‐7 showed poor transphosphatidylation. PLD‐3 gave the highest PC contents (70%) at 1.75 M CC. One hundred percent transphosphatidylation of pure PE to PC was achieved with PLD‐3. PI was inert to the attack of most PLD preparations examined with the exception that PLD‐3 hydrolyzed PI significantly. Purified PI could not be transphosphatidylized to PC; 100% PA was formed. Soybean lecithin containing about 80% PC and purified egg yolk lecithin with 75% PC could be converted to products having 95% PC and almost 100% PC, respectively, by PLD‐3 at 1.75M CC.
The interaction of dimethyl ditallow ammonium chloride and sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
Authors: Smith Dewey L. , Cox Michael F. , Russell G. L. , Earl Gary W. , Lacke Phillip M. , Mays Richard L. , Fink Jean M.
Published: July 2007

The interaction of a commercial sample of dimethyl ditallow ammonium chloride (Adogen® 470E) and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (C‐550 LAS) in aqueous solution was examined. Interaction was very strong, with the ion pair association constant estimated to be 1 × 106 1/mol.

At laundry use level concentrations, the mixtures were turbid. The highest turbidity was found at equimolar concentrations of C‐550 LAS and Adogen® 470E. Turbidity was assumed to be due to the formation of an insoluble 1:1 complex.

Both filtered and unfiltered mixtures of C‐550 LAS and Adogen® 470E were evaluated for detergency, softening and antistat performance. As the mixtures approached 1:1 stoichiometry, detergency decreased and softening and antistat performance improved. Lower detergency was explained by the loss from solution of LAS to form a 1:1 LAS‐dimethyl ditallow ammonium complex. Improved softening and antistat perfromance were explained by adsorption of the insoluble complex on the cloth.
Influence of the position of unsaturated fatty acid esterified glycerol on the oxidation rate of triglyceride
Authors: Wada Shun , Koizumi Chiaki
Published: July 2007

The influence of the position of unsaturated fatty acid esterified glycerol on the oxidation rate of triglyceride was investigated at 50 C. Randomized triglycerides used were prepared by random interesterification between saturated and unsaturated monoacid triglycerides using sodium methoxide as catalyst. The monoacid triglycerides used were tripalmitin, tristearin, triolein and trilinolein. The molecular species of the randomized triglycerides were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and enzymatic hydrolysis. From the results of oxygen absorption measurement by GLC, the randomized triglycerides were more stable towards oxidation than the triglyceride mixtures which were prepared by mixing the equivalent quantities of the same monoacid triglycerides as used in the random interesterification. This may be due to the decrease in the contents of most unstable unsaturated monoacid triglycerides by random interesterification with saturated monoacid triglycerides. Furthermore, from the results obtained with the detailed analysis of the randomized triglycerides at different stages of oxidation, it became clear that the triglycerides having unsaturated fatty acids linked at the 2‐position of glycerol are more stable towards oxidation than those linked at the 1(or 3)‐position. The carbon chain length of saturated fatty acids has essentially no influence on the oxidation rates of unsaturated fatty acids esterified in the same glycerol.
Soy protein hydrolysis in membrane reactors
Authors: Cheryan Munir , David Deeslie W.
Published: July 2007

An Ultrafiltration (UF) based reactor system for continuous hydrolysis of proteins was developed to overcome limitations of the traditional batch process. A continuous stirred tank reactor was coupled to a hollow fiber module in a semiclosed loop configuration. Capacity of the reactor, defined as quantity of hydrolysate produced/time/weight of enzyme, was a sensitive function of enzyme concentration between 55 and 94% substrate conversion levels for the Pronase‐Promine D system. Increasing flow rate also improved capacity, but substrate concentration and reactor volume had small effects on capacity within the levels of expected use. Productivity (defined as weight of hydrolysate/weight of enzyme) was at least 10‐20 times greater for the continuous UF reactor than a batch reactor operating under otherwise identical conditions.