bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On a Systematic Approach to the Study of International Migration Processes
Authors: Topilin Anatoly V.
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the review of current trends in international migration in conditions of turbulence. The article substantiates the need to study migration processes within the framework of a single global migration system consisting of separate migration subsystems formed on a geographical basis and having stable internal and external migration links. The concept of “unified world migration system EMMS is given. The nature of the impact of all system-wide factors on international migration is considered. Along with the impact of socio-economic factors, in particular, the reaction of migrants to crisis phenomena in the economy, which is reflected in the scientific literature, attention is paid to the nature of the impact on the mobility of the population of factors related to the deterioration of the human environment, climate change, disasters, and the coronavirus pandemic. As a hypothesis, the article substantiates the assumption that the system-wide factors influence the scale and speed of migration exchange between individual migration subsystems in different directions, which served as the basis for providing for an increase in migration activity of the population in the future. Analytical and statistical methods, as well as the method of geographical zoning, were used to solve the research problems. The forecast of the number of international migrants by migration subsystems up to 2050 is made, and structural shifts in the distribution of international migrant flows by migration subsystems are revealed. In the international migration exchange in 2050, the number and share of migrants from the migration subsystems of Africa, Asia and Latin America will increase. The results obtained can be used for further in-depth research of migration patterns within the framework of a single global migration system, development of a methodology for predicting movements, taking into account various hypotheses of changes in migration behavior of the population.
Genesis Structure of the Russian Population
Authors: Maksimova Anastasia S.
Published: February 2021

The article presents the results of assessing the population structure by length of residence based on empirical data from the longitudinal study “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring survey» RLMS-HSE. The author describes the dynamics of the Genesis structure of the Russian population over the two decades of 1998-2018 in the context of 3 five-year groups by length of residence among those who live up to 16 years, and the fourth group-the longest living in the last place of residence-16 years or more. When extending the results to the General population, it was found that 42-43% of the total population of Russia moved at least once in their life and the locality of their residence does not coincide with the locality of their birth. Taking into account local natives who resettled, but returned to the locality of their birth, the share of the Russian population that has ever had the experience of resettlement is 56.5-58.1%. The author proposed the introduction of the concepts of “Genesis age” and “average Genesis age” of the population. The first is identical to the concept of “duration of stay”, the second reflects the average length of stay is a calculated value and represents the average number of man-years continuously lived by people of a particular territory, including natives and non-natives, until the time of the survey, census, or other temporary point of reference. An increase in the average Genesis age indicates a lower mobility of the population. The method is proposed and the average Genesis age of the Russian population in 2018 and 2008 is calculated. The results obtained, along with an increase in the share of local natives over the specified period, confirm the lower mobility of the population in recent years compared to the last decade.
African Immigrants in Russia
Authors: Virkkunen Joni , Piipponen Minna
Published: February 2021

While the Russian migration literature captures well social and economic realities of Central Asian labour migrants, it takes only an infrequent notice of other less visible groups of immigrants. One of such groups, African immigrants, is estimated to consist of about 40,000 individuals, mainly from North and Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper looks at the African immigrants in Russia. After identifying the African immigrants, the article focuses on refugees and economic migrants in more detail. Who are the African immigrants in Russia? How do they see Russia and Finland as the countries of immigration? The study is based on scholarly literature of African immigration to Russia and asylum interview documents of the African asylum seekers in Finland. The most prominent group of Africans in Russia are immigrants distributing advertisements at metro stations in large cities such as Moscow. However, these immigrants struggling with their poor status are only part of the Africans in Russia. The highly educated African diaspora and businessmen trained in the Soviet Union, as well as the staff of the delegations, live well- off lives in Russia and there is little interaction between the above-mentioned “new” immigrant groups. In this article, we focus especially on the “new” immigrants who arrived in Russia after the break-up of the Soviet Union and their stories of everyday insecurity. International crime and human trafficking enable asylum seekers to move around in Europe today. At the same time, it puts several groups of people, such as women, children and the low-skilled, particularly vulnerable to various forms of exploitation during the journey.
Social Adaptation of Orphans in the Post-Boarding Period: Sociological Aspect
Authors: Nesterov Artem Yu.
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to one of the pressing problems, such as post-boarding adaptation of graduates-orphans of boarding schools. The author of the publication defines the essence of interinstitutional (interdepartmental) interaction in the work on post-boarding support for graduates-orphans. The main problems of post-boarding support for orphans are identified. Also, the author of the publication defines the concept of “post-boarding support for graduates-orphans” in a broad and narrow sense. Recommendations are given for improving the process of post-boarding support for orphans graduated from boarding schools.It is noted that post-boarding adaptation of boarding school graduates is one of the most difficult stages of their life, therefore, the result of this process is the formation of positive skills of social adaptation in society, such as the ability to live and interact in the social space of rights and responsibilities; the need for study and work as a means of personal self-realization; an active and responsible attitude towards oneself and one’s own destiny, as well as the manifestation of an active attitude in helping and supporting people in need. Almost all (or more than 90%) of orphans in boarding schools, especially in adolescence, experience difficulties in the formation of a system of value orientations, professional and personal self-determination, the establishment of emotional (positive) connections with other people, the free mastery of leisure, social, everyday activities ... It is also undeniable that the difficulties of the process of social adaptation of graduates-orphans of boarding schools are due, on the one hand, to the specifics and type of the boarding institution itself, in which the graduate was brought up, the use of methods and techniques of pedagogical influence on orphans in the process of education, etc. on the other hand, the lack of a family and family education, as well as a positive experience of being in a family environment in the life of orphans, as the dominant institution of socialization.
Reducing delays in the transfer of patients from psychiatric intensive care units (PICU) to acute inpatient services: a quality improvement project
Authors: Challinor Alexander , Lewis Emily , Mitchell Andrew , Williams Debbie
Published: February 2021

Aim: To investigate the delays in the transfer of care of patients from psychiatric intensive care units (PICU) to acute care inpatient wards.
 Background: Few studies have focused on the characteristics of patients requiring transfer from PICU or delays in transfer
of care from PICU to inpatient beds. The efficient transfer of patients from a PICU is essential to provide a dynamic service, promote patient recovery, enable safe, timely discharges and reduce stay in unnecessarily restrictive settings.
 Method: A 3-month prospective study
was performed on two PICUs (Brooklands and Willow), investigating delays to transfer from PICUs to open wards. Days and percentage of discharges was also examined. Following collection of the initial data cycle, Brooklands implemented a 'traffic light' tool to identify delays. Following implementation,
the project was repeated one year later.
 Results: A total of 122 patients were analysed for delays in the transfer of care from PICU to acute open wards. Brooklands PICU demonstrated a prolonged delay to transfer of patients, prompting implementation of a delayed discharge
tool, the 'traffic-light' system. Brooklands PICU subsequently demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the days to transfer.
 Conclusions: This quality improvement project adds to the limited research base for delays in the transfer of PICU patients and is
the first study to implement a delayed discharge tool within a PICU. Further research is required on the transfer of patients from PICUs, examining barriers for these delays and the impact of this on patients within PICU.
Ataksja u dzieci – jak rozpoznać i jak leczyć?
Authors: Komasińska Paulina , Steinborn Barbara
Published: February 2021

Ataksja to zaburzenie koordynacji ruchowej ujawniające się podczas wykonywania ruchów celowych najczęściej poruszania i siedzenia. Wynika z uszkodzenia struktur móżdżku i jego połączeń lub sznurów tylnych rdzenia kręgowego. Na podstawie przebiegu klinicznego wyróżnia się ataksję ostrą – pojawia się nagle u najczęściej zdrowego dziecka, a jej objawy narastają dynamiczne. W większości przypadków ma łagodny, samoograniczający charakter, ale może również pojawić się w przebiegu procesów zagrażający życiu takich jak guz czy krwawienie w tylnym dole czaszki. W ataksjach nawracających związanych głównie z wrodzonymi wadami metabolizmu, objawy ujawniają się pod wpływem czynników prowokujących takich jak: infekcja z gorączką, głodzenie, szczepienie. Ataksje przewlekłe stanowią heterogenną grupę chorób uwarunkowanych genetycznie lub wynikających z wad wrodzonych struktur tylnego dołu czaszki oraz będących konsekwencją encefalopatii niedotlenieniowo-niedokrwiennej, które mogą się ujawniać w różnym wieku i mieć charakter postępujący lub niepostępujący. W diagnostyce ataksji podstawowe znaczenie mają badania neuroobrazowe (rezonans magnetyczny głowy i rdzenia kręgowego), a przy podejrzeniu chorób neurodegeneracyjnych i metabolicznych wykonanie badań genetycznych. Pomimo postępu jaki dokonał się w leczeniu niektórych zespołów chorobowych przebiegających z ataksją w ciągu ostatnich lat, poza nielicznymi wyjątkami, dla większości z nich terapią z wyboru pozostaje leczenie objawowe i wspomagające.
Metody oceny funkcji poznawczych u dzieci chorych na padaczkę leczonych dietą ketogenną
Authors: Dąbrowska Aleksandra , Steinborn Barbara
Published: February 2021

Dieta ketogenna jest alternatywną metodą leczenia padaczki, stosowaną w przypadku chorych, u których farmakoterapia nie przynosi oczekiwanych efektów. Wśród tej grupy pacjentów bardzo często stwierdza się występowanie nieprawidłowości w przebiegu funkcji poznawczych. Deficyty mogą dotyczyć pojedynczych lub bardziej złożonych procesów. W artykule zaproponowano metody oceny funkcji poznawczych, które mogą być użyteczne w diagnozie neuropsychologicznej dzieci chorych na padaczkę leczonych przy wykorzystaniu diety ketogennej. Zastosowanie tych narzędzi pełni istotną rolę w określaniu poziomu funkcjonowania pacjentów w odniesieniu do norm rozwojowych oraz pozwala na obserwację zmian poznawczych w trakcie terapii.
Wczesna diagnostyka mózgowego porażenia dziecięcego. Czy jest możliwa już w pierwszym półroczu życia?
Authors: Eliks Małgorzata , Gajewska Ewa
Published: February 2021

Mózgowe porażenie dziecięce jest złożoną grupą zaburzeń powstałych w wyniku uszkodzenia rozwijającego się mózgu. Dotychczas mózgowe porażenie dziecięce było rozpoznawane około 2 roku życia. Według najnowszych rekomendacji rozpoznanie mózgowego porażenia dziecięcego lub wysokiego ryzyka mózgowego porażenia dziecięcego możliwe jest w pierwszym półroczu życia. Do 5 miesiąca życia metodami o największej predykcyjności są ocena globalnych ruchów, the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination oraz badanie rezonansu magnetycznego. U starszych niemowląt natomiast stosuje się the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, rezonans magnetyczny oraz skalę the Developmental Assessment of Young Children. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zaleceń dotyczących wczesnego rozpoznania mózgowego porażenia dziecięcego i omówienie metod diagnostycznych.
Tężyczka u dzieci – diagnostyka i leczenie
Authors: Jopek Aleksandra , Steinborn Barbara
Published: February 2021

Tężyczka jest zespołem objawów będących wynikiem nadpobudliwości nerwowo-mięśniowej. Bezpośrednią przyczyną nadmiernej pobudliwości nerwowo-mięśniowej są zaburzenia elektrolitowe, najczęściej związane z niedoborem Ca2+, Mg2+ czy H+ (alkalozą). Charakterystyczne objawy tężyczkowe obejmują skurcze toniczne konkretnych grup mięśniowych i zaburzenia sensoryczne. W swej najcięższej postaci tężyczka może stanowić zagrożenie dla życia. Praca ta ma na celu przedstawienie najistotniejszych klinicznie zagadnień związanych z tym zespołem – objawów, diagnostyki oraz leczenia.
Zaburzenia zachowania i emocji w zespole Tourette’a
Authors: Dąbrowska Aleksandra , Steinborn Barbara
Published: February 2021

Zespół Tourette’a (TS) jest zaburzeniem neurorozwojowym, które charakteryzuje się współwystępowaniem tików motorycznych i wokalnych. Zaburzenie zwykle ma swój początek w dzieciństwie, a jego objawy mogą utrzymywać się również w okresie dorosłości. U większości pacjentów z TS rozpoznaje się zaburzenia współwystępujące, które mogą w znaczącym stopniu wpływać na obraz kliniczny choroby. W artykule przedstawiono zaburzenia zachowania i emocji, które są diagnozowane u osób z TS najczęściej, a mianowicie: zespół nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi (ADHD), zaburzenia obsesyjno-kompulsyjne (OCD), depresję, zaburzenia zachowania (CD) oraz zachowania samookaleczające (SIB).
Obraz czynności bioelektrycznej mózgu w autyźmie dziecięcym
Authors: Michalska Joanna , Malendowicz-Major Bogna
Published: February 2021

Zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu (ASD) stanowią częsty problem kliniczny. Aktualnie poza metodami psychologicznymi i psychiatrycznymi bazującymi na obserwacji zachowań dziecka nie istnieje żaden biomarker, który byłby patognomoniczny dla ASD. Wykonywane rutynowo badania elektroencefalograficzne i neuroobrazowe niewiele wnoszą do rozpoznania ASD i monitorowania jego przebiegu. Elektroencefalografia może być jednak narzędziem, które w przyszłości pomoże poznać procesy leżące u podłoża ASD.
Kleefstra Syndrome – case report
Authors: Kukla Marzena , Karoń Martyna , Chrościńska-Krawczyk Magdalena
Published: February 2021

Kleefstra Syndrome is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the presence of multiple congenital defects. Patients present a large variety of clinical symptoms: delay in psychomotor and speech development, intellectual disability, muscular hypotension and characteristic facial dysmorphic features. The cause of the syndrome is submicroscopic deletion in the chromosomal region 9q34.3 or an intragenic mutation of the euchromatin histone methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) gene. Early diagnosis is extremely important for children and their families as it allows quick implementation of appropriate therapeutic management and comprehensive care, which has a great impact on improving the quality of life and prognosis for patients with Kleefstra syndrome. We present the case of a 9-year-old girl with Kleefstra Syndrome in whom the diagnosis of the genetic syndrome was proved at the age of 2 years by chromosome analysis using CGH, which showed deletion in the terminal band 9q34.3 of the long arm of chromosome 9.
Epidemiology of Opportunistic Infections in HIV Infected Patients on Treatment in Accredited HIV Treatment Centers in Cameroon
Authors: Kouanfack Ornella Sybile D. , Kouanfack Charles , Billong Serges Clotaire , Cumber Samuel N. , Nkfusai Claude N. , Bede Fala , Wepngong Emerson , Hubert Chombong , Tsague Georges Georges N. K. , Singwe Madeleine N.
Published: February 2021

Background: The African continent accounts for over 70% of people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The HIV sero-prevalence rate in Africa is estimated at 4.3%. In developed countries, such as France, pneumocystis is indicative of AIDS in 30% of patients; however, in Africa, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the most-documented opportunistic infection (OI) and the leading cause of death in HIV-infected patients. In 2016, Cameroon had 32,000 new cases of OI and 29,000 deaths as a result of these infections. However, there is little existing data on the epidemiological profile of OIs in Cameroon, which is why we conducted this study in accredited HIV treatment centers and care/ treatment units in the two cities of Douala and Yaounde, Cameroon.

Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive and analytical study carried out in 12 accredited HIV treatment centers in the cities of Yaound
Risk and Protective Factors Associated Mental Health among Female Military Veterans: Results from the Veterans’ Health Study
Authors: Adams Richard , Hu Yirui , Figley Charles R. , Urosevich Thomas G. , Hoffman Stuart N. , Kirchner H. Lester , Dugan Ryan J. , Boscarino Joseph J. , Withey Carrie A. , Boscarino Joseph A.
Published: February 2021

Background: This study focuses on factors that may affect female veterans’ mental health, compared to men, and is part of a large study assessing the prevalence of mental health disorders and treatment seeking among formerly deployed US military service members.Methods: We surveyed a random sample of 1,730 veterans who were patients in a large non-VA hospital system in the US. Based on previous research, women were hypothesized to be at higher risk for psychological problems. We adjusted our models for confounding factors, including history of childhood abuse, combat exposure, stressful life events, alcohol misuse, psychological resources, and social support. Results: Among the veterans studied, 5% (N=85) were female, 96% were White, 22.9% were Iraq/Afghanistan veterans, and the mean age was 59 years old. Compared to males, female veterans were younger, unmarried, college graduates, have less combat exposure, but more likely to have lifetime PTSD (29% vs. 12%.), lifetime depression (46% vs. 21%), lifetime suicide ideation (27% vs. 11%), to have ever used psychological services (67 vs. 47%). Females were more likely to have low psychological resilience and use psychotropic medicines. Using multivariate logistic regression analyses that controlled for risk and protective factors, female veterans had greater risk for lifetime PTSD, lifetime depression, and lifetime suicidal thoughts, compared to males. Since 95% of the population in this study were male and these results may have been statistically biased, we reran our analyses using propensity score matching. The results were consistent.Conclusion: Using a sample of post-deployment veterans receiving services from a non-VA healthcare system, we find that female veterans are at greater risk for lifetime psychological problems, compared to male veterans. We discuss these findings and their implications for service providers.
Managing Plant Disease Risk in Diversified Cropping Systems
Authors: Krupinsky Joseph M. , Bailey Karen L. , McMullen Marcia P. , Gossen Bruce D. , Turkington T. Kelly
Published: February 2021

Diversification of cereal cropping systems with alternative crops, such as oilseed, pulse, and forage crops, furnishes producers with a range of agronomic and economic options. Crop diversification also improves management of plant diseases through manipulation of host factors such as crop and cultivar selection; interruption of disease cycles through crop rotation, fungicide application, and removal of weeds and volunteer crop plants; and modification of the microenvironment within the crop canopy using tillage practices and stand density. Management practices, such as seed treatment, date and rate of seeding, balanced fertility, control of weeds, field scouting, harvest management, and record keeping, can also be utilized to manage plant diseases. This review evaluates the risks to diversified crop production systems associated with the major plant diseases in the northern Great Plains and the influence of host, pathogen, and environmental factors on disease control. Principles to help producers reduce and manage the risk from plant diseases are presented, and discussion includes strategies for countering fusarium head blight (Fusarium spp.), commonly called scab; and leaf spot diseases in cereals; sclerotinia stem rot [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary] in oilseed and pulse crops; and ascochyta blight (Ascochyta lentis Vassil.; teleomorph: Didymella lentis Kaiser, Wang & Rogers) and anthracnose blight [Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore] in pulse crops. Producers should not rely exclusively on a single management practice but rather integrate a combination of practices to develop a consistent long‐term strategy for disease management that is suited to their production system and location.
Economics of Crop Diversification and Soil Tillage Opportunities in the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Zentner Robert P. , Wall David D. , Nagy Cecil N. , Smith Elwin G. , Young Doug L. , Miller Perry R. , Campbell Con A. , McConkey Brian G. , Brandt Stewart A. , Lafond Guy P. , Johnston Adrian M. , Derksen Doug A.
Published: February 2021

Annual crop production in the Canadian prairies is undergoing significant change. Traditional monoculture cereal cropping systems, which rely on frequent summer‐fallowing and use of mechanical tillage, are being replaced by extended and diversified crop rotations together with the use of conservation tillage (minimum and zero‐tillage) practices. This paper reviews the findings of western Canadian empirical studies that have examined the economic forces behind these land use and soil tillage changes. The evidence suggests that including oilseed and pulse crops in the rotation with cereal grains contributes to higher and more stable net farm income in most soil–climatic regions, despite a requirement for increased expenditures on purchased inputs. In the very dry Brown soil zone and drier regions of the Dark Brown soil zone where the production risk with stubble cropping is high, the elimination of summer fallow from the cropping system may not be economically feasible under present and near‐future economic conditions. The use of conservation tillage practices in the management of mixed cropping systems is highly profitable in the more moist Black and Gray soil zones (compared with conventional mechanical tillage methods) because of significant yield advantages and substantial resource savings that can be obtained by substituting herbicides for the large amount of tillage that is normally used. However, in the Brown soil zone and parts of the Dark Brown soil zone, the short‐term economic benefits of using conservation tillage practices are more marginal and often less profitable than comparable conventional tillage practices.
Oilseed Crops for Semiarid Cropping Systems in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Johnston Adrian M. , Tanaka Donald L. , Miller Perry R. , Brandt Stewart A. , Nielsen David C. , Lafond Guy P. , Riveland Neil R.
Published: February 2021

Oilseed crops are grown throughout the semiarid region of the northern Great Plains of North America for use as vegetable and industrial oils, spices, and birdfeed. In a region dominated by winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.), the acceptance and production of another crop requires that it both has an agronomic benefit to the cropping system and improve the farmers’ economic position. In this review, we compare the adaptation and rotational effects of oilseed crops in the northern Great Plains. Canola (Brassica sp.), mustard (B. juncea and Sinapis alba L.), and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) are well adapted to cool, short‐season conditions found on the Canadian prairies and northern Great Plains border states of the USA. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) are better adapted to the longer growing season and warmer temperatures found in the northern and central Great Plains states. Examples are presented of how agronomic practices have been used to manipulate a crop's fit into a local environment, as demonstrated with the early spring and dormant seeding management of canola, and of the role of no‐till seeding systems in allowing the establishment of small‐seeded oilseed crops in semiarid regions. Continued evaluation of oilseed crops in rotation with cereals will further expand our understanding of how they can be used to strengthen the biological, economic, and environmental role of the region's cropping systems. Specific research needs for each oilseed crop have been recommended.
Planting Date and Hybrid Influence on Corn Forage Yield and Quality
Authors: Darby Heather M. , Lauer Joseph G.
Published: February 2021

Producers believe that corn (Zea mays L.) forage can be planted at later dates than corn grain because forage harvest does not have to wait until the grain matures fully. The objectives of this study were to determine relationships between planting date and corn forage yield and quality and to determine optimum planting dates of corn forage for the state of Wisconsin. Full‐ and shorter‐season hybrids were planted on six dates at six locations in Wisconsin during 1998 and 1999. Few significant hybrid × planting date interactions or hybrid differences were observed. The optimum planting dates for dry matter yield and quality for southern, central, and northern Wisconsin were 10 May, 27 April, and 8 May, respectively. Corn forage yields remained at 95% of maximum yields when corn was planted in late May for all zones. In all zones, early June plantings exhibited an accelerated rate of yield decline of 0.2 Mg ha−1 d−1 delay in planting. Corn forage quality decreased progressively as planting dates progressed into June. The optimum planting date for milk yield ha−1 was 2 May in southern and central zones and late April in the northern zone. As planting was delayed past mid‐May, rates of quality decline were more severe in central and northern zones compared with the southern zone. Therefore, planting of corn forage should occur between late April and mid‐May for all production zones in Wisconsin, but planting could occur into late May in the southern production zone because milk yield ha−1 declined by only 8%.
Row Width and Plant Density Effect on Corn Forage Hybrids
Authors: Widdicombe William D. , Thelen Kurt D.
Published: February 2021

Information is needed on the agronomic factors that maximize yield and quality of recently developed corn (Zea mays L.) forage hybrids. This study was conducted to determine the effect of row width (76, 56, and 38 cm) and plant density (64200, 79000, and 88900 plants ha−1) on forage yield and quality of forage specialty corn hybrids and a dual‐purpose hybrid. Two of the forage hybrids evaluated were leafy hybrids, and the other one was characterized as a nutridense hybrid. The increase in forage dry matter (DM) yield when row width was narrowed from 76 to 38 cm was similar for the forage hybrids and the dual‐purpose hybrid (1.1 and 0.9 Mg ha−1, respectively). However, there were significant differences in response to decreased row width between the two leafy hybrids evaluated. The narrow row production system did not impact corn forage quality nor was there a hybrid × row width interaction. As plant density increased from the lowest level to the highest, forage DM yield increased by 1.6 Mg ha−1, DM digestibility decreased from 652 to 641 g kg−1, crude protein decreased from 76 to 72 g kg−1, acid detergent fiber increased from 259 to 270 g kg−1, and neutral detergent fiber increased from 441 to 456 g kg−1. In addition, there was no hybrid × plant density interaction for these parameters. It was concluded that these forage hybrids will react to changes in row width and plant density similar to dual‐purpose hybrids.
Timothy Yield and Nutritive Value by the CATIMO Model
Authors: Bonesmo Helge , Bélanger Gilles
Published: February 2021

Growth and nutritive value of forage crops have rarely been integrated into one mechanistic computer simulation model. In a companion paper, we described the growth and N concentration modules of an integrated model of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) primary growth and nutritive value, known as CATIMO (Canadian Timothy Model). In this paper, we describe the digestibility module, which features the cell wall (CW) digestibility and CW concentration for each of the plant morphological components derived from the growth module of the model. The model parameters were calibrated to key model attributes: concentration and digestibility of CW in leaves, stems, and forage and dry matter (DM) digestibility of leaves, stems, and forage. Calibration measurements were taken weekly on timothy primary growth in four different years at one location (Fredericton, NB, Canada). The model satisfactorily fitted the measured values with root mean square errors of estimation (RMSE) of 0.051 g g−1 DM for forage CW concentration, 0.026 g g−1 CW for forage CW digestibility, and 0.018 g g−1 DM for forage DM digestibility. The leaf and stem CW concentration (RMSE ≤ 0.044 g g−1 DM), CW digestibility (RMSE ≤ 0.019 g g−1 CW), and DM digestibility (RMSE ≤ 0.018 g g−1 DM) were also calculated satisfactorily by the model. The CATIMO model is a promising tool because of its mechanistic and flexible approach and the good agreement between measured and simulated values.
Effect of Profile Layering, Root Zone Texture, and Slope on Putting‐Green Drainage Rates
Authors: Prettyman Guy W. , McCoy Edward L.
Published: February 2021

A gravel layer underlying the root zone in a United States Golf Association (USGA) putting green and a typically higher root zone permeability in a University of California green should yield water drainage differences between these construction methods. This study examined effects of soil profile layering, root zone permeability, and slope on water drainage from experimental putting greens. The study employed either one‐tier or two‐tier putting green soil profiles, with each containing root zones having either 530 or 320 mm h−1 water permeabilities. The 1.2‐ by 7.3‐m greens were adjusted to slopes of 0, 2, and 4%, and simulated rain was applied at either 45 or 112 mm h−1. Drainage outflow from the furthest down‐slope drain line was monitored during rainfall and for 48 h after rain stopped. During rain, the two‐tier greens had greater drainage rates, and drainage in these greens did not depend on root zone permeability. In the early drainage period (from 1 to 9 h after rain stopped), profile design and root zone permeability interacted such that the largest drainage rate was from the one‐tier, higher‐permeability green and the smallest drainage rate was from the one‐tier, lower‐permeability green. Later in the drainage period (from 27 to 45 h), increased green slope contributed higher drainage rates for all experimental greens. This research illustrates that both profile design and root zone permeability contribute to the drainage process in putting greens with high sand content.
Evaluation of Soil Survey Scale for Zone Development of Site‐Specific Nitrogen Management
Authors: Franzen David W. , Hopkins David H. , Sweeney Michael D. , Ulmer Michael K. , Halvorson Ardell D.
Published: February 2021

Zone sampling for site‐specific N application has been shown to be effective in North Dakota and other areas of the Great Plains. Printed and sometimes digitized soil surveys are presently available for most agricultural counties in the USA. Order 2 soil surveys generally have scales that range from 1:12000 to 1:31680. These surveys were developed for general planning purposes. There is interest in using Order 2 soil surveys as a basis for delineating N management zone patterns, especially where the soil‐mapping units have been digitized. This study was conducted to evaluate soil survey scales at the Order 1 (scale >1:15840) and Order 2 level against grid‐ and topography‐based zone sampling to determine whether soil surveys at these scales could be used to delineate N management zones for site‐specific fertilizer application. Fields mapped at a finer scale (Order 1 survey) showed some similarity between mapping units and N management zones defined by topography. Order 2 soil‐mapping units, which are the present mapping scale of most agricultural soil surveys, were often not similar to N management zones. Published Order 2 soil surveys should not be used to develop N management zones for site‐specific agriculture unless the soil patterns are verified with other zone development tools of site‐specific management. Alternatively, a major benefit of Order 1 soil surveys would be to reinforce or redefine apparent N management zones.
Digital Media and Counter Narrative of Radicalism
Authors: Ummah Athik Hidayatul
Published: February 2021

This article aims to describe the meaning of narratives are used by digital media or online media to counter the narrative of radicalism. The research method used is discourse analysis to find the meaning in the text. The theoretical framework used is narrative theory to explain process audience can trust about a narrative because of the consistency and truth of narrative or story. Narratives are analyzed using a framework of identity prism theory. The identity prism describes that online media as a brand has a strategy to build and promote it is unique among other brands. The results of the study are Islami.co and Ruangobrol.id have different characteristics or uniqueness and segmentation to convey the counter-narratives to the public. The narratives are built is to fight or deconstruct the narratives of radicalism-terrorism as an effort to prevent radicalism and the recruitment of new members through the internet. The counter-narrative also has coherence and truth as important standards for the public to select and judge that the narrative is consistent and credible. In the digital age, digital media have an important role in the counter-narratives of radicalism. It’s because radical-terrorist groups using the internet and social media platforms to spread their thoughts and their actions.
Manuscript of Kitab Sifat Dua Puluh: The Portrait of Moderate Islamic Theological Doctrines from Interior Borneo
Authors: Amin Faizal , Ichwan Moh. Nor
Published: February 2021

The construction of religious moderation is not only derived from the context of practices but also the texts of its theological doctrines. Manuscripts of Kitab Sifat Dua Puluh from West Kalimantan is a primary source to study the basis of Islamic religious moderation in Interior Borneo. The texts of the manuscript are no longer presented as a copy of al-Sanūsī’s Umm al-Barāhīn but it has become a corpus that accommodates local genius and tradition. This article aims to examine the moderation of Islamic theological doctrine derived from the texts of the manuscript of twenty attributes of God. The texts of a manuscript considered as one of the sustainable best practices of South-East Asian localisations of Islam because it was one of the basic references for the local Dayak Muslim community learning Islam in interior Boneo. This article is based on the results of philological studies on the manuscript collection written by Abang Ahmad Tahir (1860-1945) in Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.  The moderate Islamic theological doctrine in Abang Ahmad Tahir’s manuscript collection can be seen through three indicators namely the simplicity of the narrative articulation and arguments of the attributes of God, the synthesis of Islamic theological doctrine with Sufi doctrine, and the content of the text that gives no room for hate speech against local tradition and different systems of belief of the indigenous offspring of West Kalimantan.
Should Echocardiographic Evaluation Be Performed Routinely in the First 72 Hours in Extremely Low Birth Weight Babies?
Authors: Colak Ruya , Alkan Ozdemir Senem , Yangin Ergon Ezgi , Kulali Ferit , Kalkanli Oguz Han , Gokmen Yildirim Tulin , Yilmazer Murat Muhtar , Zihni Cuneyt , Calkavur Sebnem
Published: February 2021

Objective: Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus(hsPDA) is resulting in severe mortality and morbidity in infants with extremely low birth weight(ELBW). In our study, we aimed to evaluate the necessity of performing routine echocardiography(ECHO) in the first 72hours in ELBW infants.Study Design:This study was planned retrospectively and observationally.Between June2016 and December2018,36 patients diagnosed with hemodynamically significant PDA(hsPDA) who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU),with ≤28Gw or ≤1000g were included in this study.These babies were routinely performed ECHO for PDA between 24-72hours,although they were asymptomatic in the period from June2016 to December2017(n:23).Between January2018 and December2018, patients without PDA symptoms were expected to complete 72hours for routine PDA screening (n:13).The patients were divided into 2 groups as early ECHO group(EEG)(n=23) and late ECHO group (LEG)(n=13).In the presence of at least one of the clinical signs of systemic hypoperfusion and/or pulmonary hyperperfusion, symptomatic PDA was accepted and closure treatment was  applied with ibuprofen(n: 23) or paracetamol(n: 5).While the two groups were compared in terms of demographic features,ECHO findings,and the state of taking closure therapy,patients receiving closure therapy were compared in terms of mortality and premature morbidity.Results:The average birth weight of 36 patients was 855.9(± 241.5)g, and the average week of birth was 26.4(± 2.1)Gw.It was observed that the two groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics.Although the findings of ECHO and treatment rates were similar between the two groups,it was observed that the EEG had earlier closure treatment(p = 0.03). In patients receiving closure treatment, performing early(n:17)and late(n:11) echocardiography showed no statistical difference in the long-term results.Conclusion:Performing early ECHO without symptoms in infants with ELBW may provoke the clinician to give PDA closure treatment earlier. In infants with ELBW,unnecessary closure treatment can be prevented by closely monitoring the symptoms of PDA and performing ECHO when necessary.
Biochar produced from the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and waste tires for cadmium and tetracycline adsorption from water
Authors: Fan Xiulei , Zhang Jiajun , Xie Ya , Xu Dezhi , Liu Yu , Liu Jiaqiang , Hou Jun
Published: February 2021

Application of sewage sludge biochar as an adsorbent for pollutant removal has obtained special attention due to their low cost and surface functionality. In this research, sludge–tire composite biochar (STB) was successfully prepared through co-pyrolysis at 300, 500 and 700 °C, respectively. Cadmium (Cd) and tetracycline (TC) were selected as the target pollutant. The results indicated that STB has the highest surface area (49.71 m2/g), more inorganic minerals (Kaolinite) as well as relatively stable physicochemical properties with 10% tire particles (TP) at 700 °C. The adsorption results indicated that the pseudo-second-order equation and Langmuir isotherm model could better describe the adsorption of Cd2+ and TC by STB. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd2+ and TC was 50.25 mg/g and 90.09 mg/g, respectively. The main mechanism of the adsorption process of STB for Cd mainly involves anion binding adsorption and ion exchange. The main mechanism of the adsorption process of STB for TC mainly involves complexation and cation exchange. The present study could set a scientific foundation for further research on the recycle of sewage sludge and tires.
Breath-holding Spells: Etiological Factors, Laboratory Findings, and Rates of Response to Iron Therapy
Authors: HANCI Fatma , TÜRAY Sevim , TIRINK Ömer Faruk , KABAKUŞ Nimet
Published: February 2021

Aim: In this study, we aimed to investigate the etiological factors, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, rates of response to iron therapy, and factors affecting response to iron therapy in children diagnosed with breath-holding spells (BHS).
Methods: The study included 136 children aged 1 to 48 months who received iron therapy after a BHS diagnosis at our pediatric neurology clinic between November 2015 and No¬vember 2019. Patient medical records (physical examination, laboratory and EEG findings, medical history, and effectiveness of iron therapy) were reviewed retrospectively.
Results: Of all patents, 81 (59.6%) exhibited partial response (partial remission) to iron therapy (50% decrease in BHS frequency), 52 (39%) responded completely (complete remission), and 2 were unresponsive. Comparison of the patients with complete and partial remission revealed a higher rate of complete remission in girls. In addition, patients with complete remission had higher levels of hemoglobin, MCV, and ferritin than those with partial remission. Complete remission rates were also higher in patients with normal EEG findings.
Conclusion: BHS in childhood is a benign, recurring, and non-epileptic disorder and its differentiation from epilepsy is important. Children with BHS respond well to iron therapy, which can be recommended even if the serum iron and ferritin levels are normal.
Molecular Genetic Aspects of the Diagnosis of Myeloproliferative Diseases: the Example of Polycythemia Vera
Authors: MOLOTKOVA Svetlana , VOLK Tatyana , GUREVİCH Oksana , DEKHNİCH Natalia , PANDAV Krunal
Published: February 2021

Molecular genetic testing is a reliable method for the definitive diagnosis of polycythemia vera (PV). The use of interferon preparations in addition to hydroxyurea and antiplatelet agents could be associated with better therapeutic outcomes. In this report, we present the clinical case of a young patient with asymptomatic PV to demonstrate the effectiveness of molecular genetic analysis in PV diagnosis.
The Development of an Escape Room–Based Serious Game to Trigger Social Interaction and Communication Between High-Functioning Children With Autism and Their Peers: Iterative Design Approach
Authors: Terlouw Gijs , Kuipers Derek , van 't Veer Job , Prins Jelle T , Pierie Jean Pierre E N
Published: February 2021

Background

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have social deficits that affect social interactions, communication, and relationships with peers. Many existing interventions focus mainly on improving social skills in clinical settings. In addition to the direct instruction–based programs, activity-based programs could be of added value, especially to bridge the relational gap between children with ASD and their peers.

Objective

The aim of this study is to describe an iterative design process for the development of an escape room–based serious game as a boundary object. The purpose of the serious game is to facilitate direct communication between high-functioning children with ASD and their peers, for the development of social skills on the one hand and strengthening relationships with peers through a fun and engaging activity on the other hand.

Methods

This study is structured around the Design Research Framework to develop an escape room through an iterative-incremental process. With a pool of 37 children, including 23 children diagnosed with ASD (5 girls) and 14 children (7 girls) attending special primary education for other additional needs, 4 testing sessions around different prototypes were conducted. The beta prototype was subsequently reviewed by experts (n=12). During the design research process, we examined in small steps whether the developed prototypes are feasible and whether they have the potential to achieve the formulated goals of different stakeholders.

Results

By testing various prototypes, several insights were found and used to improve the design. Insights were gained in finding a fitting and appealing theme for the children, composing the content, and addressing different constraints in applying the goals from the children’s and therapeutic perspectives. Eventually, a multiplayer virtual escape room, AScapeD, was developed. Three children can play the serious game in the same room on tablets. The first test shows that the game enacts equal cooperation and communication among the children.

Conclusions

This paper presents an iterative design process for AScapeD. AScapeD enacts equal cooperation and communication in a playful way between children with ASD and their peers. The conceptual structure of an escape room contributes to the natural emergence of communication and cooperation. The iterative design process has been beneficial for finding a constructive game structure to address all formulated goals, and it contributed to the design of a serious game as a boundary object that mediates the various objectives of different stakeholders. We present 5 lessons learned from the design process. The developed prototype is feasible and has the potential to achieve the goals of the serious game.
Tabletop Board Game Elements and Gamification Interventions for Health Behavior Change: Realist Review and Proposal of a Game Design Framework
Authors: Epstein Daniel S , Zemski Adam , Enticott Joanne , Barton Christopher
Published: February 2021

Background

Games, when used as interventional tools, can influence behavior change by incentivizing, reinforcing, educating, providing feedback loops, prompting, persuading, or providing meaning, fun, and community. However, not all game elements will appeal to all consumers equally, and different elements might work for different people and in different contexts.

Objective

The aim of this study was to conduct a realist review of tabletop games targeting behavior change and to propose a framework for designing effective behavior change games.

Methods

A realist review was conducted to inform program theory in the development of tabletop games for health behavior change. The context, mechanisms used to change behavior, and outcomes of included studies were reviewed through a realist lens.

Results

Thirty-one papers met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Several design methods were identified that enhanced the efficacy of the games to change behavior. These included design by local teams, pilot testing, clearly defined targets of behavior change, conscious attention to all aspects of game design, including game mechanics, dynamics, aesthetics, and the elicitation of emotions. Delivery with other mediums, leveraging behavioral insights, prior training for delivery, and repeated play were also important. Some design elements that were found to reduce efficacy included limited replayability or lack of fun for immersive engagement.

Conclusions

Game designers need to consider all aspects of the context and the mechanisms to achieve the desired behavior change outcomes. Careful design thinking should include consideration of the game mechanics, dynamics, aesthetics, emotions, and contexts of the game and the players. People who know the players and the contexts well should design the games or have significant input. Testing in real-world settings is likely to lead to better outcomes. Careful selection and purposeful design of the behavior change mechanisms at play is essential. Fun and enjoyment of the player should be considered, as without engagement, there will be no desired intervention effect.