bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water‐controlled ecosystems as complex networks: Evaluation of network‐based approaches to quantify patterns of connectivity
Authors: Tiwari Shubham , Brizuela Sonia Recinos , Hein Thomas , Turnbull Laura , Wainwright John , Funk Andrea
Published: July 2024

This study provides a new perspective on understanding the intricacies of water‐mediated connectivity in ecosystems, bridging landscape ecology and geomorphology through network science. We highlight dryland and river‐floodplain ecosystems as distinct examples of contrasting water‐controlled systems. We (1) discuss central considerations in developing structural connectivity and functional connectivity networks of water‐mediated connectivity; (2) quantify the emergent patterns in these networks; and (3) evaluate the capacity of network science tools for investigating connectivity characteristics. With a focus on strength (weights) and direction, connectivity is quantified using seven parameters at both network and node levels. We find that link density, betweenness centrality and page rank centrality are highly sensitive to directionality; global efficiency and degree centrality are particularly sensitive to weights; and relative node efficiency remains unaffected by weights and directions. Our study underscores how network science approaches can transform how we quantify and understand water‐mediated connectivity, especially in consideration of the role(s) of weights and directionality. This interdisciplinary perspective, linking ecology, hydrology and geomorphology, has implications for both theoretical insights and practical applications in environmental management and conservation efforts.
Cardiac power output ratio: Novel survival predictor after percutaneous ventricular assist device in cardiogenic shock
Authors: Leung Calvin , Wong Ivan Man Ho , Ho Cheuk Bong , Chiang Michael Chi Shing , Fong Yan Hang , Lee Pok Him , So Tai Chung , Yeung Yin Kei , Leung Chung Yin , Cheng Yuet Wong , Chui Shing Fung , Chan Alan Ka Chun , Wong Chi Yuen , Chan Kam Tim , Lee Michael Kang Yin
Published: July 2024

A novel haemodynamic metric—CPO ratio—measure the capacity of native heart recovery after PVAD in cardiogenic shock and may outperform absolute CPO value and other parameters!
Lymphocyte‐to‐C‐reactive protein ratio and score in patients with heart failure: Nutritional status, physical function, and prognosis
Authors: Maeda Daichi , Matsue Yuya , Kagiyama Nobuyuki , Fujimoto Yudai , Sunayama Tsutomu , Dotare Taishi , Nakade Taisuke , Jujo Kentaro , Saito Kazuya , Kamiya Kentaro , Saito Hiroshi , Ogasahara Yuki , Maekawa Emi , Konishi Masaaki , Kitai Takeshi , Iwata Kentaro , Wada Hiroshi , Hiki Masaru , Kasai Takatoshi , Nagamatsu Hirofumi , Ozawa Tetsuya , Izawa Katsuya , Yamamoto Shuhei , Aizawa Naoki , Wakaume Kazuki , Oka Kazuhiro , Momomura Shin‐ichi , Minamino Tohru
Published: July 2024

Aims

In heart failure (HF), inflammation is linked to malnutrition and impaired physical function. In this study, we aimed to assess how novel nutritional–inflammatory markers and lymphocyte‐to‐C‐reactive protein ratio (LCR) and score (LCS) are associated with the nutritional status, physical function, and prognosis of patients with HF.

Methods and results

This study was a secondary analysis of the FRAGILE‐HF study, a prospective observational study conducted across 15 hospitals in Japan. We included 1212 patients (mean age, 80.2 ± 7.8 years; 513 women) hospitalized with HF, who were classified into three groups according to their LCS score: 0 (n = 498), 1 (n = 533), and 2 (n = 181). Baseline data on physical examination, echocardiography, blood test results (including lymphocyte counts and CRP levels), and oral medication usage were collected in a clinically compensated state before discharge. Nutritional status and physical function were evaluated using several indices and tests. The primary outcome of this study was all‐cause death within 2 years. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations among the nutritional status, physical function, and LCR/LCS. Patients with an LCS score of 2 were older and had a lower body mass index than those in the other two groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that lower LCR and higher LCS were independently associated with worse nutritional status, lower handgrip strength, shorter physical performance battery score, and shorter 6‐min walk distance. At 2 years, all‐cause death occurred in 254 patients: 86 (17.6%), 113 (21.5%), and 55 (30.9%) with LCS scores of 0, 1, and 2, respectively (P = 0.001). Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that LCR and LCS were significantly associated with 2‐year mortality even after adjusting for the conventional risk model (LCS score, 0 vs. 2: hazard ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.14–2.35; P = 0.007; log‐transformed LCR: hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81–0.95; P = 0.002). LCR yielded additional prognostic predictability compared with the conventional risk model (continuous net reclassification improvement, 0.153; 95% CI, 0.007–0.299; P = 0.041).

Conclusions

LCR and LCS emerge as potential predictors of nutritional status, physical function, and prognosis in older patients with HF.
Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Palladium‐Butadienyl Complexes Bearing Picolyl‐NHC and Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Scattolin Thomas , Mauceri Matteo , Demitri Nicola , Rizzolio Flavio , Visentin Fabiano
Published: July 2024

This work presents the synthesis and full characterization of Pd(II)‐butadienyl complexes incorporating picolyl‐NHC or phosphine ligands (PPh3 or PTA). These complexes were evaluated against four different cancer cell lines and human lung fibroblasts. Our findings indicate a slightly lower antiproliferative activity of picolyl‐NHC Pd(II)‐butadienyl complexes compared to recently published ones featuring N−N, P−P, and C−C ligands but, above all, they exhibited selectivity for ovarian cancer cells. Additionally, trans‐[PdX (phosphine)2C4(COOMe)4Y)] derivatives (X=Br, Cl and Y=CH3, Br) proved excellent anticancer activity across all tested cancer cell lines, especially the bisPTA complexes. Importantly, the IC50 values suggest minimal impact from the halide coordinated to palladium or that present in the butadienyl terminal position. Furthermore, the low activity observed towards non‐cancerous cells underscores the potential of these synthesized Pd(II)‐butadienyl compounds as promising candidates for further investigation in anticancer research.
Complexation of ThoriumIV with Fluorinated Heterocyclic β‐Diketones in Aqueous Hydrochloric Solutions
Authors: Lutoshkin Maxim A. , Taydakov Ilya V. , Patrusheva Anastasia A. , Matveev Petr I.
Published: July 2024

The interaction of Thorium(IV) with a group of non‐symmetric CF3‐diketones has been studied by means of electronic absorption spectroscopy in HCl aqueous solutions at I=0.5 M (NaCl) and T=298 K. Six heterocyclic dicarbonyl ligands (2‐thenoyl‐trifluoroacetone, 2‐furoyl‐trifluoroacetone, 2‐selenophen‐trifluoroacetone, 2‐tellurophen‐trifluoroacetone, phenyl‐trifluoroacetone, and 2‐naphthyl‐trifluoroacetone) demonstrate the chelation activity toward ThIV in the acidic pH range. Obtained values of the “true” stability constants lie in the range 6.2–6.8 logarithmic units, respectively. A significant (10–15 nm) bathochromic shift between the maximum absorption wavelength of lanthanide and actinide monocomplexes has been detected. Observed spectral shift increases with the atomic number of substituted chalcogen atoms in the heterocyclic ring of the corresponding ligand: 10 nm for furan, 11 nm for thiophen, 14 nm for selenophen, and 15 nm for tellurophene rings. The complexation with Thorium occurs in an acidic media, where studied ligands do not interact with transition and rare earth metals. Spectral and pH shifts make studied ligands useful reagents for the detection and analytical determination of Thorium in the mixture with other metals without prior separation. Quantum‐chemical simulations (DFT and TD‐DFT) demonstrate that the nine‐ and deco‐coordinated structures of ThoriumIV complexes reproduce experimental values within reasonable errors.
Improving Zonisamide Manufacturing: Insights into Stereochemistry and Mechanisms for Continuous Optimization
Authors: Travagin Fabio , Vladiskovic Chiara , Giovenzana Giovanni B. , Mantegazza Simone , Razzetti Gabriele
Published: July 2024

Zonisamide is a heterocyclic sulfonamide widely employed as anticonvulsant. In this work, we report an efficient process for the preparation of zonisamide, obtained in a six‐step synthesis from phenyl salicylate with an overall 31 % yield. The key step is represented by a base‐promoted intramolecular rearrangement of a β‐ketosultone oxime, leading to the concomitant formation of the benzisoxazole ring and of the exocyclic sulfonic group. This intriguing transformation is investigated with a combination of analytical techniques (NMR, HRMS, PXRD), leading to a preliminary mechanistic proposal.
Gyratory seizures as a manifestation of possible generalized epilepsy
Authors: Ortiz‐Guerrero Gloria , Perez‐Ortiz Judit M. , Saify Mariya , Selcen Duygu , Fine Anthony L.
Published: July 2024

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Effect of curing conditions on heat resistance in white chocolate
Authors: Laughter Julie A. , Brown B. Douglas , Anantheswaran Ramaswamy C.
Published: July 2024

Heat‐resistant chocolate is of much interest to confectionery companies for marketing in tropical areas. Methods exist to produce heat‐resistant chocolate by exposing the product to high relative humidity (RH) and increased temperatures. The overall objective of this research project was to explore the curing of white chocolate (30% whole milk powder, 44% sucrose, and 26% cocoa butter) to make it heat resistant and able to be picked up at 33 and 55°C. The curing involved storing solid chocolate samples at 83% RH at 29°C for 1 week. Moisture content before and after curing was measured using the Karl Fischer technique. Force required to penetrate (hardness) was measured at 29°C using a texturometer. Curing samples of white chocolate bars at a lower relative humidity (50% RH at 18°C for 12 weeks or 50% RH at 29°C for 12 weeks) also resulted in a heat‐resistant chocolate that exhibited internal structure, as monitored by SEM. The moisture content in heat‐resistant milk chocolate increased from an average value of 0.84% to 4.6% during the curing process. Curing increased the penetration force, indicating the development of internal structure. This study showed that heat resistance in white chocolate can be achieved by curing solid chocolate samples at controlled humidity and temperature conditions.
A comparative study on bath and horn ultrasound‐assisted modification of bentonite and their effects on the bleaching efficiency of soybean and sunflower oil: Machine learning as a new approach for mathematical modeling
Authors: Abedi Elahe , Sayadi Mehran , Mousavifard Maryam , Roshanzamir Farzad
Published: July 2024

In this study, the effect of high‐power bath and horn ultrasound at different powers on specific surface area (SBET), total pore volume (Vtotal), and average pore volume (Dave) of bleaching clay was examined. After subjecting the bleaching clay to ultrasonication treatment, the SBET values demonstrated an escalation from 31.4 ± 2.7 m2 g−1 to 59.8 ± 3.1 m2 g−1 for HU200BC, 143.8 ± 3.9 m2 g−1 for HU400BC, 54.4 ± 3.6 m2 g−1 for BU400BC, and 137.5 ± 2.8 m2 g−1 for BU800BC. The mean pore diameter (Dave) declined from 29.7 ± 0.14 nm in bleaching clay to 11.3 ± 0.13 nm in HU200BC, 8.3 ± 0.12 nm in HU400BC, 16.7 ± 0.14 nm in BU400BC, and 9.6 ± 0.12 nm in BU800BC. Therefore, horn ultrasound‐treated bleaching clay significantly increased SBET and Vtotal, indicating improved adsorption capacity. Moreover, to establish the relationship between bleaching parameters, seven multi‐output ML regression models of Feedforward Neural Network (FNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Multi‐Task Lasso, Ridge regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Gradient Boosting are used, and compared with response surface methodology (RSM). ML has revolutionized the understanding of complex relationships between ultrasonic parameters, oil color, and pigment degradation, providing insights into how various factors such as temperature, ultrasonic power, and time can influence the bleaching process, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and precision of the treatment. The XGBoost model showed outstanding performance in predicting the target variables with a high R2‐train up to 1, R2‐test up to .983, and a minimum mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.498. The lower error between the predicted and experimental values implies the superiority of the XGBoost model to predict outcomes rather than RSM. It represents the suitability of bath ultrasound as a mild condition for low‐pigmented oil bleaching. Finally, the Bayesian optimization method in conjunction with XGBoost was used to optimize the amount of bleaching clay and energy consumption, and its performance was compared with RSM. It was observed that the consumption of bleaching clay was reduced by approximately 60% for sunflower oil and 30%–35% for soybean oil.
Polygenic hazard score models for the prediction of Alzheimer's free survival using the lasso for Cox's proportional hazards model
Authors: Hahn Georg , Prokopenko Dmitry , Hecker Julian , Lutz Sharon M. , Mullin Kristina , Tanzi Rudolph E. , DeSantis Stacia , Lange Christoph
Published: July 2024

The prediction of the susceptibility of an individual to a certain disease is an important and timely research area. An established technique is to estimate the risk of an individual with the help of an integrated risk model, that is, a polygenic risk score with added epidemiological covariates. However, integrated risk models do not capture any time dependence, and may provide a point estimate of the relative risk with respect to a reference population. The aim of this work is twofold. First, we explore and advocate the idea of predicting the time‐dependent hazard and survival (defined as disease‐free time) of an individual for the onset of a disease. This provides a practitioner with a much more differentiated view of absolute survival as a function of time. Second, to compute the time‐dependent risk of an individual, we use published methodology to fit a Cox's proportional hazard model to data from a genetic SNP study of time to Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset, using the lasso to incorporate further epidemiological variables such as sex, APOE (apolipoprotein E, a genetic risk factor for AD) status, 10 leading principal components, and selected genomic loci. We apply the lasso for Cox's proportional hazards to a data set of 6792 AD patients (composed of 4102 cases and 2690 controls) and 87 covariates. We demonstrate that fitting a lasso model for Cox's proportional hazards allows one to obtain more accurate survival curves than with state‐of‐the‐art (likelihood‐based) methods. Moreover, the methodology allows one to obtain personalized survival curves for a patient, thus giving a much more differentiated view of the expected progression of a disease than the view offered by integrated risk models. The runtime to compute personalized survival curves is under a minute for the entire data set of AD patients, thus enabling it to handle datasets with 60,000–100,000 subjects in less than 1 h.
Ablation of oligodendrogenesis in adult mice alters brain microstructure and activity independently of behavioral deficits
Authors: Kaller Malte S. , Lazari Alberto , Feng Yingshi , van der Toorn Annette , Rühling Sebastian , Thomas Christopher W. , Shimizu Takahiro , Bannerman David , Vyazovskiy Vladyslav , Richardson William D. , Sampaio‐Baptista Cassandra , Johansen‐Berg Heidi
Published: July 2024

Oligodendrocytes continue to differentiate from their precursor cells even in adulthood, a process that can be modulated by neuronal activity and experience. Previous work has indicated that conditional ablation of oligodendrogenesis in adult mice leads to learning and memory deficits in a range of behavioral tasks. The current study replicated and re‐evaluated evidence for a role of oligodendrogenesis in motor learning, using a complex running wheel task. Further, we found that ablating oligodendrogenesis alters brain microstructure (ex vivo MRI) and brain activity (in vivo EEG) independent of experience with the task. This suggests a role for adult oligodendrocyte formation in the maintenance of brain function and indicates that task‐independent changes due to oligodendrogenesis ablation need to be considered when interpreting learning and memory deficits in this model.
Connexin 30 locally controls actin cytoskeleton and mechanical remodeling in motile astrocytes
Authors: Ghézali Grégory , Ribot Jérôme , Curry Nathan , Pillet Laure‐Elise , Boutet‐Porretta Flora , Mozheiko Daria , Calvo Charles‐Félix , Ezan Pascal , Perfettini Isabelle , Lecoin Laure , Janel Sébastien , Zapata Jonathan , Escartin Carole , Etienne‐Manneville Sandrine , Kaminski Clemens F. , Rouach Nathalie
Published: July 2024

During brain maturation, astrocytes establish complex morphologies unveiling intense structural plasticity. Connexin 30 (Cx30), a gap‐junction channel‐forming protein expressed postnatally, dynamically regulates during development astrocyte morphological properties by controlling ramification and extension of fine processes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, we found in vitro that Cx30 interacts with the actin cytoskeleton in astrocytes and inhibits its structural reorganization and dynamics during cell migration. This translates into an alteration of local physical surface properties, as assessed by correlative imaging using stimulated emission depletion (STED) super resolution imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Specifically, Cx30 impaired astrocyte cell surface topology and cortical stiffness in motile astrocytes. As Cx30 alters actin organization, dynamics, and membrane physical properties, we assessed whether it controls astrocyte migration. We found that Cx30 reduced persistence and directionality of migrating astrocytes. Altogether, these data reveal Cx30 as a brake for astrocyte structural and mechanical plasticity.
Free flap reconstruction following head and neck trauma
Authors: Sweeny Larissa , Kane Anne C. , Thomas Carissa M. , Futran Neal , Curry Joseph M. , Bur Andrés M. , Lu G Nina , Shukla Aishwarya , Skoog Hunter , Pena Garcia Jaime A. , Alnemri Angela E. , Alapati Rahul , DiLeo Michael , Fuson Andrew , Tan Kenneth , Taghizadeh Farshid , Jefferson Gina D. , Petrisor Daniel , Wax Mark K.
Published: July 2024

Background

Free flap (FF) reconstruction of traumatic injuries to the head and neck is uncommon.

Methods

Multi‐institutional retrospective case series of patients undergoing FF reconstruction for a traumatic injury (n = 103).

Results

Majority were gunshot wounds (GSW; 85%, n = 88) and motor vehicle accidents (11%, n = 11). Majority underwent osseous reconstruction (82%, n = 84). FF failures (9%, n = 9/103) occurred in GSW patients (100%, n = 9/9) and when multiple subsites were injured (89%, n = 8/9). Preoperative antibiotics correlated with lower rates of a neck washouts (4% vs. 19%) (p = 0.01) and 30‐day readmissions (4% vs. 17%) (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

All FF failures occurred in the setting of a GSW and the majority involved multiple subsites. Preoperative antibiotics correlated with lower rates of postoperative washout procedures and 30‐day readmission.
Thyroid auto‐antibodies in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients: A cross sectional study
Authors: Poursadeghfard Maryam , Mallahzadeh Arashk , Hamidi Ava , Owjfard Maryam
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease in which the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of the central nervous system (CNS). It has been proposed that autoimmune conditions may occur together and an individual's immune system may attack more than one system. Autoimmune thyroid disease is one of the most common comorbidities along with MS. Since thyroid hormones are crucial for normal brain function and remyelination, we aimed to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in a group of MS patients compared with healthy controls.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted in medical clinics affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, South of Iran. To prevent the effects of MS modifying drugs on thyroid function, we examined 73 newly diagnosed MS patients, which had not been treated yet, compared to 72 healthy individuals.

Results

After measurement of the serum level of TSH, Anti TPO‐Ab, and Anti TG‐Ab, we found a significantly higher prevalence rate of abnormal TSH levels (high or low) in the MS group (p = 0.02). We also found a higher frequency of thyroid dysfunction in the female MS group (p = 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the two other anti‐thyroid antibodies among the groups. Our results demonstrate a significant and positive linear relationship between age and TSH levels (R = 0.402; p < 0.001) and also age and Anti TPO‐Ab levels (R = 0.397; p < 0.001) among the MS population.

Conclusion

We found a higher prevalence of TSH alteration among the MS population. Anti TPO‐Ab and Anti TG‐Ab levels did not differ among groups. These findings suggest that MS patients might be at an increased risk for thyroid dysfunction. However, further studies are required to determine the underlying cause. The linear relationship between age and TSH and Anti TPO‐Ab levels in MS patients suggest that there is an association between TSH dysfunction and age.
Cross‐Species Segmentation of Animal Prostate Using a Human Prostate Dataset and Limited Preoperative Animal Images: A Sampled Experiment on Dog Prostate Tissue
Authors: Yang Yang , Ko Seong Young
Published: July 2024

In the development of medical devices and surgical robot systems, animal models are often used for evaluation, necessitating accurate organ segmentation. Deep learning‐based image segmentation provides a solution for automatic and precise organ segmentation. However, a significant challenge in this approach arises from the limited availability of training data for animal models. In contrast, human medical image datasets are readily available. To address this imbalance, this study proposes a fine‐tuning approach that combines a limited set of animal model images with a comprehensive human image dataset. Various postprocessing algorithms were applied to ensure that the segmentation results met the positioning requirements for the evaluation of a medical robot under development. As one of the target applications, magnetic resonance images were used to determine the position of the dog's prostate, which was then used to determine the target location of the robot under development. The MSD TASK5 dataset was used as the human dataset for pretraining, which involved a modified U‐Net network. Ninety‐nine pretrained backbone networks were tested as encoders for U‐Net. The cross‐training validation was performed using the selected network backbone. The highest accuracy, with an IoU score of 0.949, was achieved using the independent validation set from the MSD TASK5 human dataset. Subsequently, fine‐tuning was performed using a small set of dog prostate images, resulting in the highest accuracy of an IoU score of 0.961 across different cross‐validation groups. The processed results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach for accurate prostate segmentation.
Ultrabroadband two‐beam coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering and spontaneous Raman spectroscopy of organic fluids: A comparative study
Authors: Koch Timea , Ackermann Roland , Stoecker Axel , Meyer‐Zedler Tobias , Gabler Thomas , Lippoldt Tom , Missbach‐Guentner Jeannine , Russmann Christoph , Popp Jürgen , Nolte Stefan
Published: July 2024

Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy is a well‐established diagnostic tool, allowing for the identification of all Raman active species with a single measurement. Yet, it may suffer from low‐signal intensity and fluorescent background. In contrast, coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) offers laser‐like signals, but the traditional approach lacks the multiplex capability of spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. We present an ultrabroadband CARS setup which aims at exciting the full spectrum (300–3700 cm−1) of biological molecules. A dual‐output optical parametric amplifier provides a ~7 fs pump/Stokes and a ~700 fs probe pulse. CARS spectra of DMSO, ethanol, and methanol show great agreement with spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and superiority in fluorescent environments. The spectral resolution proves sufficient to differentiate between the complex spectra of L‐proline and hydroxyproline. Moreover, decay constants in the sub picosecond range are determined for individual Raman transitions, providing an additional approach for sample characterization.
Psychometric synthesis of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
Authors: Chen Yutong , Wills Leann , Wise Hannah , Erford Bradley T. , Yao Ruonan
Published: July 2024

Hazardous or harmful alcohol use is very prevalent among the US population. With 15.1 million adults in the United States currently identified as having an alcohol use disorder, identifying hazardous and harmful drinking earlier is necessary for early intervention strategies. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test's (AUDIT) strong psychometric properties lead it to be a screening tool of choice across countries, cultures, and subgroups. A psychometric analysis aggregates all available evidence of reliability and validity to support the use of an instrument for screening, diagnosis, and treatment planning. AUDIT internal consistency for the 10‐item total scale was α = 0.817 (n = 247,963). The two‐factor model had the most structure validity support and aggregated convergent validity comparisons with other alcohol use assessments ranged from r = 0.578 to r = 0.701. The optimal cutoff score for diagnostic validity was 6/7, rather than the 8 recommended by the AUDIT authors. Clinically appropriate use and interpretation of the AUDIT as well as study limitations and suggestions for future research were discussed.
The impact of an aging simulation program for dental students in two community dental clinics
Authors: Patel Simmi , Akinlotan Marvellous A. , Nimmons Katy , Burch Dan
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Clinicians who have not experienced the difficulties that come with aging or disability may be unable to relate to the limitations and experiences of afflicted patients, which is necessary to improve patient–provider connection and treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of an aging‐simulation experience on improving dental students’ awareness of aging‐related limitations, examine the students’ perceptions, and assess planned patient‐care modifications based on the aging‐simulation experience.

Methods

A total of 78 dental students who rotated through two extramural clinic sites from August 2021 through October 2022 completed pre‐simulation surveys, donned aging simulators in the dental operatory, initiated pre‐defined tasks and their corresponding modifications, completed a post‐simulation survey, and completed a reflection questionnaire containing structured and open‐ended questions. Quantitative responses were analyzed using descriptive frequencies and paired sample t‐tests, whereas thematic analyses were used to interpret free‐text portion of the reflection questionnaire.

Results

Student awareness of the impact of the four aging‐related disabilities improved after the experience. Visual impairment was identified as the most difficult symptom to experience during simulation. Students reported increased feelings of empathy and acknowledged the effectiveness of clinical practice modifications to accommodate elderly patients with limitations. Students also expressed intentions to make similar modifications in their future clinical practice and the need for exposure to longer periods of simulated experiences to further clinical practice modifications for elderly patients.

Conclusion

The aging‐simulation experience is an effective tool for raising dental students’ awareness of aging‐related difficulties, the need for clinical practice modifications, and increasing empathy.
Differential phagocytic expression of IC‐21 macrophages and their scavenging receptors during inflammatory induction by oxysterol: A microscopic approach
Authors: Duraisamy Parimalanandhini , Ravi Sangeetha , Martin Livya Catherene , Kumaresan Manikandan , Manikandan Beulaja , Ramar Manikandan
Published: July 2024

Phagocytosis by macrophages dates back to a long history in science, this present study deals with new approaches that have been analyzed and standardized towards the interesting aspects of primary and secondary macrophages. The distinct morphological differences in primary and secondary phagocytic cells were observed and the phagocytic response of secondary macrophages under the influence of 7‐ketocholesterol and lipopolysaccharide was analyzed. The primary peritoneal and secondary IC‐21 cells unveiled explicit differences in nuclear numbers shapes and sizes of the granules present within the cytoplasmic region. Further, potent inducers 7KCh and LPS influenced an effective activation of IC‐21 macrophages and resulted in ROS generation, irregulated protein expressions of CD86, CD68, and CD206 with enhanced phagocytic responses towards goat, cow, and human RBC targets with significant phagocytic rate and index were observed. Moreover, a remarkable observation of target specificity and aggregations with IC‐21 phagocytic macrophages revealed the notion that specific membrane receptors and secretory molecules (lysosomes) are primarily involved in their phagocytic mechanism.

Research Highlights

IC‐21 macrophages are peritoneal origin from mice but the primary peritoneal macrophages and cell line show distinct differences.

IC‐21 macrophages express target‐specific phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis in IC‐21 macrophages is regulated by CD markers (68, 86, and 206).
Potential mechanism of gallic acid‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles against associated genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule, antibacterial and antibiofilm
Authors: Khaleel Dhuha S. , Mutter Thamer Y. , Huang Xing
Published: July 2024

Antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years, especially for pathogens like Klebsiella pneumoniae. Discovering and developing new drugs is challenging due to the high resistance of pathogens. Metal nanoparticles have been widely used in recent years to overcome and treat infections. Gallic acid‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs‐GA) were synthesized in a simple and cost‐effective method. The morphology characteristics of synthesized IONPs‐GA were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. IONPs were mostly spherical in shape with sizes ranging between 32 and 61 nm. All analyses used in this study confirmed the successful coating of gallic acid to iron oxide. Biological activities were studied phenotypically and on the molecular level, including antibacterial, antibiofilm, and mRNA levels of capsule‐associated genes. The results showed high antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles against different G+ve and G−ve bacteria. The highest activity was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus (43 mm) and K. pneumoniae (22 mm). The MIC of IONPs against K. pneumoniae was 3.12 mg/mL and SEM analysis showed adhering the IONPs‐GA to the cell surface of K. pneumoniae resulted in disrupting the cell membrane. Different concentrations of sub‐MIC inhibited K. pneumoniae biofilm formation with the highest inhibition percentage at ½ × MIC (66.86%). Also, the synthesized IONPs‐GA differently affected the regulation and mRNA level of capsule‐associated genes in K. pneumoniae. The results indicated that IONPs‐GA could be useful in biological applications such as in drug delivery and treatment wide range of pathogens.

Research Highlights

Gallic acid was successfully coated into iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized in a simple way.

IONPs‐GA was morphologically characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM.

Evaluation the activity of IONPs‐GA as antibacterial, antibiofilm, and study the potential level of mRNA affected by IONPs‐GA
A sub‐national HIV epidemic appraisal in Kenya: a new approach for identifying priority geographies, populations and programmes for optimizing coverage for HIV prevention
Authors: Banadakoppa Manjappa Ramesh , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Shaw Souradet Yuh‐Nan , Gitonga Joshua , Kioko Japheth , Songok Franklin , Emmanuel Faran , Arimi Peter , Musyoki Helgar , Masha Ruth Laibon , Blanchard James
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The HIV Prevention 2025 Roadmap, developed by UNAIDS, recommends the adoption of a precision prevention approach focused on priority populations and geographies. With reduction in new HIV acquisitions in many countries, designing a differentiated HIV prevention response, using a Programme Science approach, based on the understanding of the epidemic and transmission dynamics at a sub‐national level, is critical.

Methods

To support strategic planning, an epidemic appraisal at the sub‐national level across 47 counties, with the 2019 population ranging from 0.14 million in Lamu to 4.40 million in Nairobi City, was conducted in Kenya using several existing data sources. Using 2021 Spectrum/EPP/Naomi model estimates of national and sub‐national HIV incidence and prevalence, counties with high HIV incidence and prevalence were identified for geographic prioritization. The size of local key population (KP) networks and HIV prevalence in key and general populations were used to define epidemic typology and prioritize populations for HIV prevention programmes. Analysis of routine programme monitoring data for 2021 was used to assess coverage gaps in HIV prevention programmes, including prevention of vertical transmission, anti‐retroviral therapy, KP programmes, adolescent girls and young women programme, and voluntary male medical circumcision programme.

Results

Ten counties with more than 1000 incident acquisitions in 2021 accounted for 57% of new acquisitions. Twenty‐four counties were grouped into the concentrated epidemic type—due to their low prevalence in the general population, high prevalence in KPs and relatively higher density of female sex workers and men who have sex with men populations. Four counties reflected a generalized epidemic, where HIV prevalence was more than 10% and 30%, respectively, among the general and key populations. The remaining 19 counties were classified as having mixed epidemics. Gaps in programmes were identified and counties where these gaps need to be addressed were also prioritized.

Conclusions

The HIV burden in Kenya is unevenly distributed and hence the mix of prevention strategies may vary according to the epidemic typology of the county. Prioritization of programmes based not only on disease burden and epidemic typology, but also on the prevailing gaps in coverage for reducing inequities is a key aspect of this appraisal.
An improved alphaviruses‐specific RT‐qPCR facilitates monitoring and prevention of alphaviruses
Authors: Xie Lyu , Wu YanQin , Jiang JinYong , Zhou HongNing
Published: July 2024

Molecular surveillance is vital for monitoring arboviruses, often employing genus‐specific quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Despite this, an overlooked chikungunya fever outbreak occurred in Yunnan province, China, in 2019 and false negatives are commonly encountered during alphaviruses screening practice, highlighting the need for improved detection methods. In this study, we developed an improved alphaviruses‐specific RT‐qPCR capable of detecting chikungunya virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, Mayaro virus, and Ross River virus with high sensitivity and specificity. The assay identified three chikungunya virus‐positive cases out of 188 sera retrospectively. Later genetic characterization suggested that imported cases from neighboring countries may be responsible for the neglected chikungunya fever outbreak of 2019 in Yunnan. Our findings underscore the value of improved alphaviruses‐specific RT‐qPCR in bolstering alphaviruses surveillance and informing preventive strategies.
Atypical applications of transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles methodology for in‐capillary reactions in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Bržezická Taťána , Kohútová Lenka , Glatz Zdeněk
Published: July 2024

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique offering quick and efficient analyses in various fields of bioanalytical chemistry. It is characterized by many well‐known advantages, but one, which is perhaps the most important for this application field, is somewhat overlooked. It is the possibility to perform chemical and biochemical reactions at the nL scale inside the separation capillary. There are two basic formats applicable for this purpose, heterogeneous and homogeneous. In the former, one reactant is immobilized onto a particle or monolithic support or directly on the capillary wall, and the other is injected. In the latter, the reactant mixing inside a capillary is based on electromigration or diffusion. One of the diffusion‐based methodologies, termed Transverse Diffusion of Laminar Flow Profiles, is the subject of this review. Since most studies utilizing in‐capillary reactions in CE focus on enzymes, which are being continuously and exhaustively reviewed, this review covers the atypical applications of this methodology, but still in the bioanalytical field. As can be seen from the demonstrated applications, they are not limited to reactions, but can also be utilized for other biochemical systems.
The (un)sustainability of rural tourism travel in the Global South: A social practice theory perspective
Authors: Permana Rama , Dickinson Janet , Stoyanova‐Bozhkova Svetla , Smith Angela
Published: July 2024

Rural tourism transport provision makes sustainable travel challenging as evidenced by studies in the Global North. However, the nature of socio‐environmental challenges is different in the Global South, necessitating attention on resolving these different problems. Social practice theory (SPT) allows greater understanding of travel by considering the interplay between transport form and availability, the tourists' competences to make use of the provision, and the meanings associated with using it. Drawing from 31 semi‐structured interviews with tourists and destination stakeholders, this paper aims to explore and understand tourists' rural travel practices in Bali through a SPT lens to identify sustainable travel opportunities. Destination transport provision has evolved to meet residents' needs for travel and income generation, shaping the options for tourists. Motorbike and car‐rental allow tourists to achieve holiday needs and overcome travel limitations. Regional authorities need to address rural tourism provision deficiencies to tackle socio‐environmental sustainability in rural travel.
Drop in survivorship 13 years after AMIC procedures in aligned knees: A long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Barrera Uso Marc , Boillat Romane , Blümel Stefan , Schwab Joseph M. , Tannast Moritz , Petek Daniel
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Autologous matrix‐induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) showed promising short‐term results comparable to microfracture. This study aims to assess the 19‐year outcomes of AMIC, addressing the lack of long‐term data.

Methods

Retrospective cohort of 34 knees treated with AMIC underwent a 19‐year follow‐up. The primary outcome was AMIC survival, considering total knee arthroplasty as a failure event. Survival analysis for factors that were associated with longer survival of the AMIC was also performed. Clinical and radiological outcome scores were analysed for the AMIC group.

Results

Twenty‐three knees were available for follow‐up analysis. Of these, 14 (61%) underwent revision surgery for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The mean time was 13.3 ± 2.5 years (range: 9–17 years). Secondary outcomes showed that increased age at surgery (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05; p = 0.021) and larger defect size (HR: 1.95; p = 0.018) were risk factors for failure. Concomitant proximal tibial osteotomy (HR: 0.22; p = 0.019) was associated with longer survival. The remaining nine knees (39%) were analysed as a single group. The mean clinical score at follow‐up of 18.6 ± 0.9 SD years was 79.5 ± 19.7 SD for the Lysholm score, 1.8 ± 1.5 SD for the visual analog scale score, 74.2 ± 22.4 SD for the KOOS score and a median of 3 (range: 3–4) for the Tegner activity scale.

Conclusions

The mean survival time of 13.3 years indicates the durability of AMIC in properly aligned knees. Nonetheless, despite a 61% conversion to TKA, the knees that persisted until the 19‐year follow‐up remained stable, underscoring the procedure's longevity and consistent clinical outcomes.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
Safety of a Novel Upper Esophageal Sphincter Balloon Dilator
Authors: Wandell Grace M. , Swartwood Janeth Garcia , Brar Ashar Singh , Postma Gregory N. , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: July 2024

Objective

The shape of esophageal dilators has not changed in over 350 years. Clinical and animal research suggests that the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is not round but approximates a kidney shape and that cylindrical dilators may be suboptimal. The Infinity UES Dilation System has been developed specifically for the anatomic configuration of the UES. This study evaluates the safety of the UES‐specific Infinity Dilation System.

Methods

All patients undergoing dilation of the UES between January 1, 2022 and September 1, 2023 were included. Demographics, procedure indication, dilator type, minor adverse events, and major complications were abstracted. Minor adverse events, complications, and maximum dilation dimension (mm) were compared between groups.

Results

A total of 477 patients were included. Eight hundred and seventy‐three total UES dilations were performed. The primary indications for UES dilation were cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction (43%) and stenosis from radiation toxicity (40%). Twenty‐three percent (202/873) of dilations were performed with an Infinity balloon, 31% (270/873) were performed using two conventional balloons placed side by side, and 46% (401/873) were performed with one singleton conventional balloon. The average maximum dilation dimension was 33 (±4.7) mm for Infinity balloons, 32 (±3.8) mm for two side‐by‐side balloons, and 18 (±3.4) mm for singleton balloons. There were three major complications with conventional balloons and none with Infinity balloons. There were no significant differences in minor adverse events between groups.

Conclusions

A UES‐specific esophageal dilator provides a greater maximum dilation dimension and appears to be at least as safe as dilation with a single cylindrical balloon designed to dilate the esophagus.

Level of Evidence

Level 3 Laryngoscope, 2024
A web‐based operational tool for the identification of best practices in European agricultural systems
Authors: Bancheri Marialaura , Basile Angelo , Terribile Fabio , Langella Giuliano , Botta Marco , Lezzi Daniele , Cavaliere Federica , Colandrea Marco , Marotta Luigi , De Mascellis Roberto , Manna Piero , Agrillo Antonietta , Mileti Florindo Antonio , Acutis Marco , Perego Alessia
Published: July 2024

Under the same perspective of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15.3 aiming to restore degraded land and soil, one of the current priorities of the new Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) is to overcome the serious environmental problems raised by intensive agriculture. Despite the steps forward guaranteed by new technologies and innovations (e.g., IoT, precision agriculture), the availability of real operational tools, which could help the member states fulfil the high requirements and expectations of the new CAP and SDGs, is still lacking. To fill this gap, in the H2020 LandSupport project, the web‐based best practice tool was developed to identify, on‐the‐fly, optimized agronomic solutions to help achieve land‐degradation neutrality. The tool's core is the ARMOSA process‐based model, which dynamically simulates the continuum soil–plant–atmosphere, combining several cropping systems, crops, nitrogen fertilization rates, tillage solutions, and crop residue management for specific regions of interest. It provides a synthetic “Best Practice index” to identify the optimized local solutions, which combines the production, nitrate leaching, and SOC_change, according to the end‐user dynamic requests. The tool was implemented for three case studies: Marchfeld Region in Austria, Zala County in Hungary, and Campania Region in Italy, which are representative of a variety of different pedoclimatic conditions. In the present work, we report three possible cases of use in supporting best practices aiming toward soil and water conservation: (i) crop production optimization; (ii) impact of management practices (i.e., cover crops) over soil carbon; (iii) lowering the impact of nitrate leaching.
Insights from land sparing and land sharing frameworks for land productivity degradation governance in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, China
Authors: Qian Jiacheng , Zhao Huafu , Wang Xiaoxiao , Wang Tao , Liu Bingrui , Feng Zhe , Xue Chenli
Published: July 2024

Land degradation due to mismanagement is widespread globally and may threaten the achievement of several UN Sustainable Development Goals. Yet the differences in land productivity degradation under various land management patterns (land sparing vs. land sharing) are poorly known. In this research, we used remote sensing data to develop a machine learning model for assessing the risk of land productivity degradation and interpreted the model using state‐of‐the‐art interpretable artificial intelligence techniques. In 2018, the risk level of land productivity degradation in the agricultural production space of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (YRD) was 0.230. More than half of the area was at low risk (68.19% of the area), mainly in mountainous and hilly areas. The degradation risk of the land sharing management pattern is lower than that of the land sparing pattern, but there are significant differences among provinces/municipalities. The four most influential factors for land productivity degradation in YRD were Normalized Vegetation Difference Index, nighttime light, elevation, and nitrogen deposition, which together explained 72.75% of the degradation risk. This study provides a methodological framework for land degradation governance in emerging urban agglomerations. It strongly recommends that policymakers explore locally appropriate land management patterns based on regional contexts.
Topological Laser in Anomalous Quadrupole Topological Phases
Authors: Lu Guangtai , Ota Yasutomo , Iwamoto Satoshi
Published: July 2024

Topological photonics shows considerable promise in revolutionizing photonic devices through the use of topological phases, leading to innovations like topological lasers that enhance light control. One of the recent breakthroughs is reducing the size of these systems by utilizing lower‐dimensional boundary states, notably via higher‐order topological phases. This paper presents the experimental demonstration of a topological laser in an anomalous quadrupole topological phase, an instance of higher‐order phases. To facilitate this, a topological nanocavity with a quality factor near 6000 is engineered through a twisting operation. The topological nature of this system is validated by the calculation of nested Wannier centers and the emergency condition of corner states. The experimental observations reveal the manifestation of corner states and the achievement of single‐mode pulsed laser, driven by an optical gain from multiple quantum wells at telecommunication wavelengths and a temperature of 4 K. A lasing threshold of 23 µW and a cold quality factor of 1500 are deduced through rate equation. This work gives a new potential in the application of topological principles to advance nanophotonic technologies.