bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harmonization and standardization of nucleus pulposus cell extraction and culture methods
Authors: Basatvat Shaghayegh , Bach Frances C. , Barcellona Marcos N. , Binch Abbie L. , Buckley Conor T. , Bueno Brian , Chahine Nadeen O. , Chee Ana , Creemers Laura B. , Dudli Stefan , Fearing Bailey , Ferguson Stephen J. , Gansau Jennifer , Gantenbein Benjamin , Gawri Rahul , Glaeser Juliane D. , Grad Sibylle , Guerrero Julien , Haglund Lisbet , Hernandez Paula A. , Hoyland Judith A. , Huang Charles , Iatridis James C. , Illien‐Junger Svenja , Jing Liufang , Kraus Petra , Laagland Lisanne T. , Lang Gernot , Leung Victor , Li Zhen , Lufkin Thomas , van Maanen Josette C. , McDonnell Emily E. , Panebianco Chris J. , Presciutti Steven M. , Rao Sanjna , Richardson Stephen M. , Romereim Sarah , Schmitz Tara C. , Schol Jordy , Setton Lori , Sheyn Dmitriy , Snuggs Joseph W. , Sun Y. , Tan Xiaohong , Tryfonidou Marianna A. , Vo Nam , Wang Dong , Williams Brandon , Williams Rebecca , Yoon S. Tim , Le Maitre Christine L.
Published: January 2023

Background

In vitro studies using nucleus pulposus (NP) cells are commonly used to investigate disc cell biology and pathogenesis, or to aid in the development of new therapies. However, lab‐to‐lab variability jeopardizes the much‐needed progress in the field. Here, an international group of spine scientists collaborated to standardize extraction and expansion techniques for NP cells to reduce variability, improve comparability between labs and improve utilization of funding and resources.

Methods

The most commonly applied methods for NP cell extraction, expansion, and re‐differentiation were identified using a questionnaire to research groups worldwide. NP cell extraction methods from rat, rabbit, pig, dog, cow, and human NP tissue were experimentally assessed. Expansion and re‐differentiation media and techniques were also investigated.

Results

Recommended protocols are provided for extraction, expansion, and re‐differentiation of NP cells from common species utilized for NP cell culture.

Conclusions

This international, multilab and multispecies study identified cell extraction methods for greater cell yield and fewer gene expression changes by applying species‐specific pronase usage, 60–100 U/ml collagenase for shorter durations. Recommendations for NP cell expansion, passage number, and many factors driving successful cell culture in different species are also addressed to support harmonization, rigor, and cross‐lab comparisons on NP cells worldwide.
Circadian‐mediated regulation of cardiometabolic disorders and aging with time‐restricted feeding
Authors: Roth Jonathan R. , Varshney Shweta , de Moraes Ruan Carlos Macedo , Melkani Girish C.
Published: January 2023

Circadian rhythms are present throughout biology, from the molecular level to complex behaviors such as eating and sleeping. They are driven by molecular clocks within cells, and different tissues can have unique rhythms. Circadian disruption can trigger obesity and other common metabolic disorders such as aging, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and circadian genes control metabolism. At an organismal level, feeding and fasting rhythms are key drivers of circadian rhythms. This underscores the bidirectional relationship between metabolism and circadian rhythms, and many metabolic disorders have circadian disruption or misalignment. Therefore, studying circadian rhythms may offer new avenues for understanding the etiology and management of obesity. This review describes how circadian rhythm dysregulation is linked with cardiometabolic disorders and how the lifestyle intervention of time‐restricted feeding (TRF) regulates them. TRF reinforces feeding‐fasting rhythms without reducing caloric intake and ameliorates metabolic disorders such as obesity and associated cardiac dysfunction, along with reducing inflammation. TRF optimizes the expression of genes and pathways related to normal metabolic function, linking metabolism with TRF's benefits and demonstrating the molecular link between metabolic disorders and circadian rhythms. Thus, TRF has tremendous therapeutic potential that could be easily adopted to reduce obesity‐linked dysfunction and cardiometabolic disorders.
In silico Genotoxicity Prediction by Similarity Search and Machine Learning Algorithm: Optimization and Validation of the Method for High Energetic Materials
Authors: Fournier Mailys , Vroland Christophe , Megy Simon , Aguero Stéphanie , Chemelle Julie‐Anne , Defoort Brigitte , Jacob Guy , Terreux Raphaël
Published: January 2023

The European regulation REACh (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and restriction of Chemicals) has placed responsibility on the industry to manage the risk from chemicals since 2006. In order to ensure a high level of protection of human health and environment, toxicity prediction methods are now a widely used tool for regulatory decision making and selection of leads in new substances design. These in silico methods are an alternative to traditional in vitro and in vivo testing methods, which are laborious, time‐consuming, highly expensive, and even involve animal welfare issues. Many computational methods have been employed to predict the toxicity profile of substances, but they are mostly adapted to pharmaceutical molecules and not to High Energetic Materials (HEMs).

In line with these restrictions, ArianeGroup set up a collaborative project with the French CNRS to develop optimized tools for the prediction of HEM properties, such as genotoxicity. Several in silico methods can be used to predict the properties of molecules, such as QSAR, Local QSAR or Machine Learning. We already demonstrated that using Local QSAR allows for better predictions with a good reliability [1].

We therefore developed a genotoxicity prediction tool based on the structural similarity search coupled with a supervised machine learning algorithm. This tool is composed of 3 predictive models: the Ames test, the Chromosomal Aberration test and the Mouse Lymphoma Assay. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of these models to predict the genotoxicity of HEMs. We also present the methodology we applied to build these models and to optimize their performances. The dimensional reduction of the training set and the hyperparameters tuning of the different algorithms showed a performance acceleration and a significant reduction of the overfitting, which caused a decline in the generalization capacity of the predictive models. The performance of the predictive models was evaluated on a test set of HEMs and compared to the results of other prediction softwares.
Predictive output feedback control of networked control system with Markov DoS attack and time delay
Authors: Qiu Li , Xiang Caixia , Wen Yidan , Najariyan Marzieh , Liu Chengxiang , Wu Zongze
Published: January 2023

This paper studies the networked control systems (NCS) predictive output feedback control issue with random time delay and denial of service (DoS) attacks. The mathematical description of the random DoS attacks and time delays in controller‐to‐actuator (C‐A) and sensor‐to‐controller (S‐C) communication channels is researched based on Markov stochastic theory. Considering the random characteristics of network‐induced attacks and delays, the closed‐loop NCS is modeled as a discrete‐time linear system with Markov DoS attack and time delay. The stochastic stability criterion of a class of networked predictive control systems with random attack and delay is proposed based on Lyapunov stability theory and the predictive compensation control method. The networked model predictive output feedback controller is designed by applying the parameter compensation method and linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique. Numerical simulation results are proposed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Practical output regulation for nonlinear multiagent systems with event‐triggered control protocol under directed switching networks
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Ma Jiali , Fei Shumin
Published: January 2023

In this paper, the event‐triggered‐based cooperative global robust practical output regulation problem is studied for nonlinear multiagent systems with directed switching networks. Firstly, the considered problem can be resolved with a prerequisite where the problem is solvable by an input‐to‐state stabilizing controller with measurement feedback. Specifically, the considered problem can be converted into a stabilization one for the so‐called augmented system through the canonical internal model construction. Then by combining the multiple Lyapunov functions (MLF) with the average dwell time (ADT) method, it is demonstrated that this stabilization problem can be solved by output feedback with measurement disturbances, which indicates a solution to the initial problem. At last, a suitable event‐triggering mechanism is proposed to save communication resources and reduce computational burden among all the agents. Finally, a group of FitzHugh‐Nagumo multiagent systems is provided to verify our theoretical results.
Balancing or prioritising for sustainable development? Perceptions of sustainability integration among professionals
Authors: Montesano Francesco S. , Biermann Frank , Kalfagianni Agni , Vijge Marjanneke J.
Published: January 2023

The effective integration of the environmental with the economic and social dimensions of sustainability will only succeed when the core problem perceptions of professionals in these fields adjust as well. Yet, while sustainability integration in general has been thoroughly researched, few studies have analysed the specific role of subjective understandings among professionals. This article bridges this gap by asking how professionals understand and operationalise sustainability integration. Which factors shape their perceptions and practices? We present the results of an online survey that was circulated to a diverse sample of professionals and then analysed using statistical methods. Responses from 508 participants show that sustainability integration is mostly perceived as a balance across all three sustainability dimensions rather than a hierarchy with the environment at its basis. However, perceptions also vary significantly across professional and geographical contexts. This signifies the need to better account for how individual circumstances affect processes of integration.
Analysing agricultural policy outcomes in the uplands of Indonesia: A multi‐dimensional sustainability assessment
Authors: Amaruzaman Sacha , Bardsley Douglas K. , Stringer Randy
Published: January 2023

A wide range of holistic frameworks are used to assess the sustainability of agricultural policies and programs, but much of the existing research tends to overlook the socio‐cultural and governance dimensions of sustainability. This article aims to address those gaps by comprehensively assessing the environmental, economic, social, and political dimensions of sustainability. We use a case study of irrigation policies for agricultural expansion that target the Pagar Alam upland region in Indonesia. The assessment reveals opportunities and threats from the policy that affect the sustainability of upland landscapes and communities. By overly focusing on productivity goals while ignoring other sustainability criteria, the policy generates risks that threaten existing sustainable development pathways. To achieve positive policy outcomes, Indonesia needs to reconcile its national food production goal with local development goals. Lastly, to optimise policy outcomes, agri‐sustainability research should apply comprehensive approaches that simultaneously address multiple sustainability dimensions.
Cost and Life Cycle Analysis for Deep CO2 Emissions Reduction for Steel Making: Direct Reduced Iron Technologies
Authors: Zang Guiyan , Sun Pingping , Elgowainy Amgad , Bobba Pallavi , McMillan Colin , Ma Ookie , Podkaminer Kara , Rustagi Neha , Melaina Marc , Koleva Mariya
Published: January 2023

Among heavy industrial sectors worldwide, the steel industry ranks first in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Technologies that produce direct reduced iron (DRI) enable the industry to reduce emissions or even approach net‐zero CO2 emissions for steel production. Herein, comprehensive cradle‐to‐gate (CTG) life cycle analysis (LCA) and techno‐economic analysis (TEA) are used to evaluate the CO2 emissions of three DRI technologies. Compared to the baseline of blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) technology for steel making, using natural gas (NG) to produce DRI has the potential to reduce CTG CO2 emissions by 33%. When 83% or 100% renewable H2 is used for DRI production, DRI technologies can potentially reduce CO2 emissions by 57% and 67%, respectively, compared to baseline BF–BOF technology. However, the renewable H2 application for DRI increases the levelized cost of steel (LCOS). When renewable natural gas (RNG) and clean electricity are used for steel production, the CTG CO2 emissions of all the DRI technologies can potentially be reduced by more than 90% compared to the baseline BF–BOF technology, although the LCOS depends largely on the cost of RNG and clean electricity.
Towards federated learning: An overview of methods and applications
Authors: Silva Paula Raissa , Vinagre João , Gama João
Published: January 2023

Federated learning (FL) is a collaborative, decentralized privacy‐preserving method to attach the challenges of storing data and data privacy. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, smart devices, and deep learning have strongly marked the last years. Two challenges arose in data science as a result. First, the regulation protected the data by creating the General Data Protection Regulation, in which organizations are not allowed to keep or transfer data without the owner's authorization. Another challenge is the large volume of data generated in the era of big data, and keeping that data in one only server becomes increasingly tricky. Therefore, the data is allocated into different locations or generated by devices, creating the need to build models or perform calculations without transferring data to a single location. The new term FL emerged as a sub‐area of machine learning that aims to solve the challenge of making distributed models with privacy considerations. This survey starts by describing relevant concepts, definitions, and methods, followed by an in‐depth investigation of federated model evaluation. Finally, we discuss three promising applications for further research: anomaly detection, distributed data streams, and graph representation.

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Machine Learning

Technologies > Artificial Intelligence
Mathematical considerations for evaluating X‐ray beam size in micro‐XRF analysis
Authors: Nakae Masanori , Matsuyama Tsugufumi , Ishi Hideyuki , Tsuji Kouichi
Published: January 2023

Micro X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (micro‐XRF) is conducted for elemental imaging and analysis of small regions, by focusing on primary X‐rays. An appropriate beam diameter evaluation is essential as is directly related to the spatial resolution of micro‐XRF imaging. The X‐ray beam size was experimentally determined from the XRF intensity with respect to the scanning distance (thin‐wire scanning method) or its differentiated curve (knife‐edge scanning method). However, a beam diameter is not currently evaluated in a mathematically appropriate method and is known to differ significantly from the actual value under certain conditions. A formula to correct this difference has been proposed; however, to the best of our knowledge, no study has discussed the performance of the correction formula and conditions under which they can be applied. By mathematically analyzing the overlapping volume between the X‐ray beam and the scanning material, we succeeded in deriving an appropriate fitting function that replaces the Gaussian function taking into account the effect of absorption. The fitting function is effective for each method. This technique was applied to evaluate the micro X‐ray beam created using polycapillary X‐ray focusing optics. Both thin‐wire and knife‐edge scanning methods were used with wires of different sizes to determine the X‐ray beam size. The beam size obtained by the conventional fitting function can be accurately corrected using the newly derived correction formula. Simulations were performed using the derived fitting function, and the applicability of the correction formulas was demonstrated.
Transition to Peace, 1945–1946
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Wartime can create significant changes in people and institutions. New opportunities are envisaged. Australian scientists imagined many new scientific projects, and they also dreamed of improvements to society and culture to which science might contribute. Many people emerged from wartime with significant, passionate commitments to building a better future. As Schedvin (1987, p. 334) wrote of the immediate post-war period:These general remarks were certainly true of most of those who worked on radar during the war and became part of radio astronomy in the post-war decades. The importance of building capacity in Australian science—independent of the UK, and able to thrive nationally—was a priority for many. At the same time, the importance of developing scientific internationalism, which often seemed like the obverse of the populist authoritarianism that had underpinned the dreadful brutality of WWII, was also keenly felt.
A New Field of Science, Postwar
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

By the time Joe and Lenore Pawsey were ready to embark on their voyage to North America and Europe in September 1947, the scientific importance of the trip had increased substantially. In the 2 years since the conclusion of the war, radio observations of the sun had produced dramatic results. The first discrete radio source had been discovered by Hey in the UK, and early data from radio observations of the cosmos promised to lead to startling new discoveries.
Scintillating Relationship with Cambridge, 1948–1951
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Pawsey returned from his travels clearly determined to maintain the RPL’s leading position in “radio astronomy” internationally. His trip had shown him that no other group was quite so advanced as RPL—and had also underscored the reality that maintaining this leadership required the additional effort of keeping the work at RPL prominent in the awareness of groups of scientists at a significant distance. As with most forms of structural disadvantage, the costs of distance were visible to those who bore them (ie, the Australians) but not so to those who benefited (Cambridge).
Finite Resources: Pawsey and the HI-Line, 1948–1960
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

It is well known that the group at RPL had the equipment and the talent to have achieved one of the ground-breaking discoveries of early radio astronomy—the detection of the HI line in 1951. Yet they did not. In this chapter we revisit the question of why not, adding additional insights into the chain of events, including some revision of earlier versions of these events. As the group’s leader, this missed opportunity must be, and was, attributable to Pawsey; and yet not for the reasons that some retrospective accounts have suggested (see ESM 20.1, A Review of Recollections, for additional details of the imperfect memories of Bowen and Bolton.).
Reflections on GRT Science, post 1961
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

As 1961 began, John Bolton re-joined CSIRO in early January. On 24 February 1961, a meeting of the 210-foot Radio Telescope Committee (aka the GRT) was held with Bowen (chair), Minnett (secretary), Pawsey, Beard, Higgs, Bolton, Cooper, Day, Mathewson, McCready and McGee. Pawsey had prepared a document 2 days earlier that set out a plan of action for the GRT; the construction was expected to be completed by August 1961. Pawsey described Phase 1 tests of the new aerial, consisting of determinations of the shape of the dish, pointing accuracy as a function of position, wind and temperature. An example was the determination of the “… directional patterns at various polarisations to access dish accuracy, the determination of the radio axis of the dish … The measurements will require a series of radio sources of known positions distributed over the coverage of the telescope.”
Pawsey and Philosophy of Science
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Scientists are mostly not especially reflective on the nature of science itself—or at least not in public. The history, philosophy and sociology (HPS) of science may be of interest, but science is complex and time for contemplation of the enterprise is limited. Pawsey, from the records that remain, was little different. But he had grown up in a family where ideas and values were taken seriously, and in an era that questioned established truths concerning religion, morality, the relations of Empire, the rights of working men (and women), and of course, after WWII, unquestioned loyalty to authorities.
The Evolution of Aperture Synthesis Imaging
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

The theme of interference between radio waves played a key unifying role throughout Pawsey’s career. Pawsey used radio-wave interference to study the structure of the ionosphere for his PhD research (Chap. 7), and it was Pawsey who first realised that radio images of the sky could be made from measurements of radio interference. Since these observations are made in the aperture plane and not the image plane, this is referred to as “indirect imaging”. When electromagnetic waves from the same source combine, they can either reinforce or cancel depending on the path difference. This makes the classical beating interference patterns often referred to as “fringes”. The first interference patterns in the radio were seen by Hertz between 1886 and 1889 during the course of his experiments to prove that the radio waves he had detected had the interference properties predicted by Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory (Pierce, 1910).
Visions for NRAO, 1962
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

Edge and Mulkay (1976, p. 453):
After the PhD: Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) and Marriage to Lenore Nicoll, 1934–1939
Authors: Goss W. M. , Hooker Claire , Ekers Ronald D.
Published: January 2023

We do not know how Pawsey envisioned the best possible life and career for himself as he neared the end of his PhD studies. The evidence suggests that he was not interested in basic research, and he would not become so until after World War II. His correspondence indicates that he considered himself best suited to applied work and wanted to undertake this in an industry context. He had sought such work before coming to Cambridge. Or was the Depression affecting his optimism about a research career?
A Global Database of Giant Landslides on Volcanic Islands
Authors: Rowberry Matt , Klimeš Jan , Blahůt Jan , Balek Jan , Kusák Michal
Published: January 2023

This paper describes a comprehensive online database of giant landslides on volcanic islands compiled by researchers from the Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, in the framework of IPL Project 212. The database was constructed from 2016 to 2018. It comprises a total of seventy-five events from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, sixty-seven events from the Pacific Ocean, and forty events from the Indian Ocean. In this paper some of the main benefits of landslide inventories and thematic databases are outlined and the global distribution of giant landslides on volcanic islands is described in depth. The database is hosted on the website of the Institute of Rock Structure & Mechanics and records can be downloaded as a spreadsheet or kml file for integration in a number of geospatial programs including ArcGIS and Google Earth. However, since completion of the database in 2018, a number of potentially significant studies of giant landslides on volcanic islands have been published from archipelagos in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans while outstanding modern analogues for past events are represented by the collapse of Anak Krakatau on 22 December 2018 and the collapse of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai on 15 January 2022. Consequently, the recent literature will be scrutinized with the aim of updating information already contained in the database while two new layers are planned: the first of these will provide information about recent volcanic collapses and the second will provide information about the long-term instrumental monitoring of giant landslides. It is intended that the second release of the database will be available online in early 2023.
LS-RAPID Manual with Video Tutorials
Authors: Ajmera Beena , Ahari Hossein Emami , Loi Doan Huy , Setiawan Hendy , Dang Khang , Sassa Kyoji
Published: January 2023

LS-RAPID is an integrated simulation model capable of capturing the entire landslide process starting from a state of stability to landslide initiation and movement to the mass deposition. This paper provides an overview of the use of LS-RAPID to simulate landslide case histories around the world, provides a manual for readers to begin using the program for simulations, and describes the use of the program for several models. Specific steps to use the basic and advanced features in LS-RAPID are provided within the paper. Additionally, video tutorials are provided to supplement the descriptive steps provided in this paper. These tutorials are developed to focus on individual aspects of the program. The paper concludes with three tutorials that provide a complete walk-through of the use of the program from start to finish. These tutorials are for (1) an example of a rainfall-induced failure, (2) an example of an earthquake-induced failure, and (3) the case study of the Atami debris flow. The Atami debris flow illustrates the ability of LS-RAPID to reproduce reliable results associated with the initiation and runout motions of the observed failure.
Natural-Hazard-Related Web Observatory as a Sustainable Development Tool
Authors: Mikoš Matjaž , Bezak Nejc , Costa Joao Pita , Massri M. Besher , Novalija Inna , Jermol Mitja , Grobelnik Marko
Published: January 2023

Using the Internet and wealth of data and knowledge available on the Web, so-called web observatories have been developed in the last decade—in very different fields of use. The article discusses the use of such observatories to support the implementation of sustainable development at different scales. The focus is on landslides as risk to society, and since they are related to water and soil, a web-based observatory on natural hazards, including landslides, can draw upon water- and soil-related observatories that are used worldwide as a sustainable development tool. A new landslide observatory may support major global initiatives to adapt to climate change. The Observatory’s vision, structure and use can be built upon the experiences gathered by developing a global water observatory for smart water management, using Artificial Intelligence tools. UNESCO Chair on Water-related Disaster Risk Reduction of the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, and the UNESCO International Research Institute on Artificial Intelligence at the Institute Jožef Stefan, Slovenia, have joined efforts and knowledge to develop a new global web observatory (tentatively first as the Landslide Observatory) to be used by different stakeholders when implementing global climate adaptation policies and relevant European Union strategies. The information gathered on the internet is structured, and shown using geolocators for different regions and/or countries. For interpretation of world-wide web data, landslide expert knowledge is used.
Mapping Post-fire Monthly Erosion Rates at the Catchment Scale Using Empirical Models Implemented in GIS. A Case Study in Northern Italy
Authors: Vacha Damiano , Mandrone Giuseppe , Morresi Donato , Garbarino Matteo
Published: January 2023

Post-wildfire geological hazards are an emerging problem for a number of different environments, including areas not typically associated with these events such as the Alpine Region. The risk connected with post-fire processes such as debris-flows and flood-type events threatens people, infrastructures, services and economical activities. Apart from a few examples, such as in the USA and Australia, there is a lack of models available to quantify the increase in susceptibility of the aforementioned phenomena as a result of the modification induced by the wildfires. In this work we test the application of a modified version of the RUSLE, on GIS, to quantify the post-fire erosive phenomena for a case study in the north-western Italian Alps. The results of its application, taking advantage of high-resolution rainfall series and data deriving from field surveys, highlight the marked increase (more than 20 times) in erosion rates, quantified by expressing both the EI (erodibility index), the A (monthly soil loss) and the SL (monthly sediment loss) rise. The months of April, May and June represent the larger share of the total quantities. This is a consequence of the noticeable increase of the EI, which for the post-fire scenario is more than one order of magnitude higher than the pre-fire one.
Challenges and Lessons Learned from Heavy Rainfall-Induced Geo-disasters Over the Last Decade in Kyushu Island, Japan
Authors: Yasufuku Noriyuki , Alowiasy Adel
Published: January 2023

Recently, heavy rainfall events have been inducing devastating geo-disasters, floods, sediments and debris flows in different regions around Japan, causing severe damage to lives and properties. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the frequency and intensity of localized torrential rainfall events are expected to increase. This study initially highlights the increasing geo-disaster-inducing forces in relation to the deterioration of the social infrastructure and the decline in the labor forces in Japan. Furthermore, several geo-disasters within Kyushu Island, Japan, which seem to occur repeatedly, were analyzed considering the prevailed conditions and the adopted mitigation and prevention protocols. Consequently, the necessity for developing innovative systems and techniques that integrate the academic disciplines in collaboration with the residents and the government was evidently asserted. Moreover, the recent progress in establishing comprehensive geo-hazard vulnerability assessment methods and techniques that consider the regional characteristics, mainly Kyushu and Hokkaido islands, was introduced.
Landslide Detection and Spatial Prediction: Application of Data and Information from Landslide Maps
Authors: Mihalić Arbanas Snježana , Bernat Gazibara Sanja , Krkač Martin , Sinčić Marko , Lukačić Hrvoje , Jagodnik Petra , Arbanas Željko
Published: January 2023

The need for landslide maps of wider areas has increased with the understanding that proper planning will considerably decrease the construction and maintenance cost of structures. The main objective of the paper is to present types of data and information on landslides that can be derived from landslide inventory and landslide susceptibility maps and their use for spatial and urban planning. Recent examples of landslide zonation maps from Croatia are given to show the possibility of the derivation of data about landslides by using LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) DTM (Digital Terrain Model) for the compilation of historical landslide inventory. The application of data about landslide phenomena is compared with the application of information from landslide susceptibility zonation maps. It is concluded that a multi-level and hierarchical approach is necessary to reach the cost-effectiveness of nationwide production of landside maps for land-use planning.
Lessons Learned from Landslides of Socio-economic and Environmental Significance in India
Authors: Parkash Surya
Published: January 2023

The World Centre of Excellence on Landslides Disaster Reduction at the National Institute of Disaster Management, Delhi, India carried out a brief study on documentation of landslides to prepare archival records of the socio-economically and environmentally significant landslides in India and bring out the lessons learned from these events. The relevant literature and reports on landslides have been studied along with the news archives of the landslide events from the media. The data, thus obtained, has been analyzed, compared and categorized based on certain parameters to classify them on the basis of socio-economic and environmental damages or losses by each event. The paper provides an insight into the approach adopted, criteria devised for defining and classifying the socio-economically and environmentally significant landslides while using the available information from thee archival records of these landslide events. Though there have been more than 70,000 landslides recorded by various organizations in different parts of the country yet the author could identify only 412 landslides that can be taken up as socio-economically and environmentally significant landslides from the year 1868 to 2022. Further, these landslides have been classified as low, moderate and high socio-economic significance to differentiate the degree of damages and losses from these events, including both direct and indirect costs. The study also attempted to focus on actions taken (right or wrong, good and the bad practices) as well as the lessons learned for key takeaways in future strategies and practices. The National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India, has already brought out National Guidelines on Management of Landslides during the year 2009 and National Landslides Risk Mitigation Strategy during the year 2019. Such guidelines, policies, plans, procedures and practices may be made more effective by considering the lessons drawn from the past landslides events.
Teaching Tool “Undrained Dynamic Loading Ring Shear Testing with Video”
Authors: Loi Doan Huy , Jayakody S. H. S. , Sassa Kyoji
Published: January 2023

Undrained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus (UDRA) is most appropriate to study landslide dynamics by simulating the entire process from the initial stage of stress before landslide occurrence and stress changes due to static, dynamic loading or pore pressure changes or other types of stress loading to the formation of a sliding surface and the steady-state shear resistance. This paper describes the mechanical structure of the apparatus of UDRA and provides a manual for readers to begin using the UDRA. Specific steps for testing procedures with video tutorials and data analysis are also provided in this paper. The paper concludes with a manual from start to finish for common ring shear tests: undrained monotonic shear stress control test, undrained cyclic loading test, undrained seismic loading test, and pore pressure control test.
Landslide Research and Technology in Patent Documents
Authors: Mikoš Matjaž
Published: January 2023

Science, Technology, and Innovation play a crucial role in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SF DRR). The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) initiated the Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025 as a voluntary commitment to SF DRR. In 2020, the ICL launched the Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk (KLC 2020) as a follow-up of the Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025. Closely related to the above-mentioned Innovation are patents as a form of intellectual property rights and are often used as an innovation assessment parameter. This article reports on a study conducted to look at the patent documents that are available in open-access databases in order to evaluate how well they relate to the field of landslide research and technology. Landslide-related patent documents were extracted using different search terms in the patent document titles, abstracts, claims and/or their general text from the Google Patents, using the Espacenet tools from the European Patent Office, and the Derwent Patent Index inside the Web of Science offered by Clarivate Analytics, respectively. The extracted patent documents were analyzed with regard to the applicant respectively inventor affiliation (academic, non-academic, country of affiliation) and to the technical field of a patent using well-known patent classifications. The most active countries claiming landslide-related patents were recognized. Furthermore, review and research articles in SpringerLink and SCOPUS databases were searched to study how often scientific articles are citing landslide-related patents. The results of the study can be summarized as follow: (i) in the Google Patents database there are 15,000 + landslide-related patent documents, and in the Espacenet and the Derwent Innovation index database 5000+, respectively. In the patents titles, abstracts, and claims, processes are more often used to describe the patent than the technology; (ii) the number of technological (non-science) based patents is higher than that of academic (science-based) patents, with some specific field of applications, where the situation is the opposite; (iii) with regard to the different areas of technology to which landslide-related patent documents pertain, the categories “G-Physics” and “E-Fixed constructions” are clearly prevailing: “G” for debris flows and landslides, and “E” for fallings rocks and mudflows; (iv) the majority of landslide-related patents are filled and/or granted in China, followed by Japan and South Korea, USA and EU member countries—five major emerging economies (called BRICS) are outperforming developed countries, with a very prevailing Chinese contribution; (v) only a fraction of the order of a few one-in-thousands of landslide-related patents documents are cited in journal review and research articles.
Scalable Platform for UAV Flight Operations, Data Capture, Cloud Processing and Image Rendering of Landslide Hazards and Surface Change Detection for Disaster-Risk Reduction
Authors: Huntley David , Rotheram-Clarke Drew , MacLeod Roger , Cocking Robert , LeSueur Philip , Lakeland Bill , Wilson Alec
Published: January 2023

This International Programme on Landslide (IPL) Project 202 paper presents a scalable remote piloted aircraft system (RPAS) platform that streamlines unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) flight operations for data capture, cloud processing and image rendering to inventory and monitor slow-moving landslides along the national railway transportation corridor in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Merging UAV photogrammetry, ground-based real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS) measurements, and satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) datasets best characterizes the distribution, morphology and activity of landslides over time. Our study shows that epochal UAV photogrammetry, benchmarked with periodic ground-based RTK-GNSS measurements and satellite InSAR platforms with repeat visit times of weeks (e.g., RADARSAT-2 and SENTINEL-1) to days (e.g. RADARSAT Constellation Mission) provides rapid landslide monitoring capability with cm-scale precision and accuracy.
Assessment of the Effects of Rainfall Frequency on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using AHP Method: A Case Study for a Mountainous Region in Central Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Chi Cong , Vo Phuoc , Doan Viet Long , Nguyen Quang Binh , Nguyen Tien Cuong , Nguyen Quoc Dinh
Published: January 2023

Vietnam’s mountainous regions often encounter landslides, frequently resulting in fatalities, infrastructure damage, and landscape destruction. A landslide susceptibility map is an effective tool for mitigating disaster impacts on hazard-prone areas. This study investigates the applicability of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to produce a landslide susceptibility index. Eight major impact factors are analyzed using SAGA, a GIS-based toolkit, including slopes, aspect, land use, soil type, elevation, distance to road, distance to stream, and antecedent rainfall. Four landslide susceptibility maps are produced corresponding to frequency scenarios of 3-day antecedent rainfall data which is taken from Regional Frequency Analysis (RFA). We assess the modeling performances using Area Under the Curve (AUC) index and the results show that the AHP model has good performance. The findings demonstrate a significant influence of rainfall antecedent conditions on the susceptibility map of landslides in this study area.
In Situ Triaxial Creep Test on Gravelly Slip Zone Soil of a Giant Landslide: Innovative Attempts and Findings
Authors: Tan Qinwen , Tang Huiming
Published: January 2023

In recent years, numerous landslides catastrophes have occurred, generating considerable financial losses and other tolls. The deformational and mechanical properties of sliding zone soil would be of primary significance to landslide research, as the sliding zone basically controls the initiation and mobility of the landslide. An in situ triaxial test was carried out on a sample from the sliding zone of the Riverside Slump 1# landslide, a subdivision of the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges area of China. The test results indicate that a. the sliding zone exhibits low compressibility due to the high rock content (54.3%) and long-time consolidation by the overlying soil mass; b. only decaying creep occurs without abrupt failure, and a constitutive equation with both linear and nonlinear viscoplastic terms is deduced to accurately fit the test data; c. the surface with an orientation of 35° presents anisotropic traits in terms of displacement, possibly due to cracks that formed at similar orientations within the sample cube; and d. the creep behavior of the landslide may be closely related to the properties of the sliding zone soil. When a similar stress magnitude to that of the in situ stress environment is applied to the sample, the sliding zone soil behavior matches the landslide behavior. The test results indicate that the Huangtupo 1# landslide will continue to creep, as interpreted from the deformation and properties of the sample. However, unavoidable limitations of the test and extreme external factors, namely, unexpected rainfall and water fluctuation, cannot be ignored.
Amplitude/operator basis in chiral perturbation theory
Authors: Low Ian , Shu Jing , Xiao Ming-Lei , Zheng Yu-Hui
Published: January 2023

Abstract

We establish a systematic construction of the on-shell amplitude/operator basis for Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) in D = 4 spacetime dimensions and with an arbitrary number of flavors Nf. For kinematic factors, we employ spinor-helicity variables to construct the soft blocks, which are local amplitudes satisfying the Adler’s zero condition, as well as to take into account the reduction in the kinematic basis due to the Gram determinant, which arises at O(p10) when the number of multiplicity N in an amplitude becomes large: N > D. For flavor factors, we include group-theoretic relations at small Nf, Nf≤ N, which decreases the flavor basis. The result is obtained by adapting the Young tensor method of constructing the operator basis for generic effective field theories to the case of non-linearly realized symmetries. Working in the massless quark limit, we present purely mesonic operators for both even- and odd-parity at O(p6) and O(p8) for N = 6 and arbitrary Nf, and establish a direct correspondence between the amplitude basis and the operator basis. Furthermore, the redundancy due to the Gram determinant is studied at O(p10) for N = 6, 8 and 10.
On the Hagedorn temperature in holographic confining gauge theories
Authors: Bigazzi Francesco , Canneti Tommaso , Cotrone Aldo L.
Published: January 2023

Abstract

The divergence of the string partition function due to the exponential growth of states is a well-understood issue in flat spacetime. It can be interpreted as the appearance of tachyon modes above a certain temperature, known as the Hagedorn temperature TH. In the literature, one can find some intuitions about its generalization to curved spacetimes, where computations are extremely hard and explicit results cannot be provided in general. In this paper, we present a genus-zero estimate of TH, at leading order in α′, for string theories on curved backgrounds holographically dual to confining gauge theories. This is a particularly interesting case, since the holographic correspondence equates TH with the Hagedorn temperature of the dual gauge theories. For concreteness we focus on Type IIA string theory on a well known background dual to an SU(N) Yang-Mills theory. The resulting Hagedorn temperature turns out to be proportional to the square root of the Yang-Mills confining string tension. The related coefficient, which at leading order is analytically determined, is the same as the one for Type II theories in flat space. While the calculation is performed in a specific model, the result applies in full generality to confining gauge theories with a top-down holographic dual.
Label-free sub-micrometer 3D imaging of ciprofloxacin in native-state biofilms with cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Akbari Anoosheh , Galstyan Anzhela , Peterson Richard E. , Arlinghaus Heinrich F. , Tyler Bonnie J.
Published: January 2023

High spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging has been identified as a key technology needed to improve understanding of the chemical components that influence antibiotic resistance within biofilms, which are communities of micro-organisms that grow attached to a surface. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF–SIMS) offers the unique ability for label-free 3D imaging of organic molecules with sub-micrometer spatial resolution and high sensitivity. Several studies of biofilms have been done with the help of ToF–SIMS, but none of those studies have shown 3D imaging of antibiotics in native-state hydrated biofilms with cell-level resolution. Because ToF–SIMS measurements must be performed in a high-vacuum environment, cryogenic preparation and analysis are necessary to preserve the native biofilm structure and antibiotic spatial distribution during ToF–SIMS measurements. In this study, we have investigated the penetration of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin into Bacillus subtilis biofilms using sub-micrometer resolution 3D imaging cryo-ToF–SIMS. B. subtilis biofilms were exposed to physiologically relevant levels of ciprofloxacin. The treated biofilms were then plunge-frozen in liquid propane and analyzed with ToF–SIMS under cryogenic conditions. Multivariate analysis techniques, including multivariate curve resolution (MCR) and inverse maximum signal factor (iMSF) denoising, were used to aid analysis of the data and facilitate high spatial resolution 3D imaging of the biofilm, providing individually resolved cells and spatially resolved ciprofloxacin intensity at “real world” concentrations.

Graphical Abstract
The Characteristic Dimension of Four-Dimensional $${\mathcal {N}}$$ = 2 SCFTs
Authors: Cecotti Sergio , Zotto Michele Del , Martone Mario , Moscrop Robert
Published: January 2023

In this paper we introduce the characteristic dimension of a four dimensional $${{\mathcal {N}}}=2$$

N
=
2

superconformal field theory, which is an extraordinary simple invariant determined by the scaling dimensions of its Coulomb branch operators. We prove that only nine values of the characteristic dimension are allowed, $$-\infty $$

-
∞

, 1 ,6/5, 4/3, 3/2, 2, 3, 4, and 6, thus giving a new organizing principle to the vast landscape of 4d $${\mathcal {N}}=2$$

N
=
2

SCFTs. Whenever the characteristic dimension differs from 1 or 2, only very constrained special Kähler geometries (i.e. isotrivial, diagonal and rigid) are compatible with the corresponding set of Coulomb branch dimensions and extremely special, maximally strongly coupled, BPS spectra are allowed for the theories which realize them. Our discussion applies to superconformal field theories of arbitrary rank, i.e. with Coulomb branches of any complex dimension. Along the way, we predict the existence of new $${{\mathcal {N}}}=3$$

N
=
3

theories of rank two with non-trivial one-form symmetries.