bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPECIES OF THE GENUS FULVIUS STÅL FOUND IN CANADA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: CYLAPINAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

In a recent monograph of the plant bugs of the prairie provinces (Kelton 1980), I stated that the subfamily Cylapinae did not occur in the prairie provinces. However, collections in 1982 and 1983 in Manitoba and Alberta produced specimens of Fulvius imbecilis (Say). This is the first record of this species in Canada. Additional records for Canada are given for F. slateri Wheeler, imbecilis is illustrated, and a key to separate them is provided.
DETECTION OF A CHALKBROOD FUNGUS, ASCOSPHAERA AGGREGATA, IN LARVAE OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Richards K.W.
Published: December 2009

The alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), is the primary pollinator of commercially grown seed alfalfa in Canada. Chalkbrood is a fungal disease, caused by a complex of Ascosphaerales species (Skou and King 1984) that infect the larvae of many species of bees. One species, Ascosphaera aggregata Skou (Skou 1975), is a severe problem in leafcutter bees in the United States and in some cases has caused losses of more than 65% (Stephen et al. 1981). Mode of dispersal, infestation of bee larvae, sporulation, and associated symptomatology of this pathogen have been described (Vandenberg et al. 1980; Vandenberg and Stephen 1982; McManus and Youssef 1984).
OBSERVATIONS ON NESTING BEHAVIOR AND TURRET CONSTRUCTION BYODYNERUS DILECTUS(HYMENOPTERA: EUMENIDAE)
Authors: Schaber B.D.
Published: December 2009

A search is being conducted to determine the indigenous parasites and predators of the alfalfa weevil,Hypera postica(Gyll.), in Alberta (Schaber 1981). A clearer understanding of the biology of the predatorOdynerus dilectusSaussure will augment control of the alfalfa weevil in an integrated pest management program.

Odynerus dilectushas been recorded in the United States (Bohartet al.1982) and in Alberta, Canada (Strickland 1947). In California, Linsley and Michener (1942) reported that females stocked their nests with small caterpillars, but Bohartet al.(1982) reported that in Utah females ofO. dilectusprovisioned their nests with larvae of the alfalfa weevil. This paper summarizes data about the nesting and prey-provisioning behavior ofO. dilectusin southern Alberta.
COMPARATIVE PATHOGENICITY OF NOSEMA ACRIDOPHAGUS HENRY AND NOSEMA CUNEATUM HENRY (MICROSPORIA: NOSEMATIDAE) FOR MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (FAB.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Erlandson M.A. , Mukerji M.K. , Ewen Al B. , Gillott C.
Published: December 2009

Nosema acridophagus Henry was shown to be more virulent than N. cuneatum Henry to 3rd-instar nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.) following peroral inoculation with 1.0 × 106, 105, 104, or 103 spores/individual. The lethal time was dose dependent and significantly shorter and the lethal dose (LD50) was significantly lower in grasshoppers inoculated with N. acridophagus than for those inoculated with N. cuneatum. Grasshoppers inoculated with N. acridophagus died earlier and a smaller proportion survived to the adult stage compared with those inoculated with N. cuneatum. Nosema acridophagus was more infectious at the lower doses than was N. cuneatum; however, N. cuneatum reached an intensity of infection in host tissues which was 2–10 times higher. Both microsporidians appeared to have similar pathogenicity for both individually and group-reared M. sanguinipes.
CONE AND SEED INSECTS IN DOUGLAS-FIR,PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII(MIRB.) FRANCO, SEED ORCHARDS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE IMPACT
Authors: Schowalter T.D. , Haverty M.I. , Koerber T.W.
Published: December 2009

Douglas-fir cones were collected from 17 seed orchards in California, Oregon, and Washington in the fall of 1983. Cones were completely dissected and seed losses ascribed to the Douglas-fir cone gall midge (Contarinia oregonensis(Foote)), the Douglas-fir seed chalcid (Megastigmus spermotrophus(Wachtl)), the Douglas-fir cone moth (Barbara colfaxiana(Kearfott)), and the fir coneworm (Dioryctria abietivorella(Groté)). There appear to be great differences between orchards, but overallC. oregonensisandM. spermotrophuscollectively destroyed approximately 70% of the filled seed. Physiographic province significantly (P<0.05) explained variation in damage by all insect species between seed orchards. In general, damage by all species increased from northern provinces to southern mountainous provinces. Damage byC. oregonensisandB. colfaxianaappeared to be related to land use or management factors, as well.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF APHID PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS ON PUBESCENT POTATO PLANTS
Authors: Obrycki John J. , Tauber Maurice J.
Published: December 2009

During 2 field seasons, Coccinellidae (primarily Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni, Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, H. tridecimpunctata, and H. glacialis) were the most abundant predators on potato hybrids (Solanum tuberosum × S. berthaultii, F3) with various densities of glandular pubescence. Highly pubescent clones had the highest percentage of predator eggs, while clones with the lowest trichome densities had the highest percentages of immature and adult predators. By comparison, high numbers of aphid parasitoid mummies (primarily Aphidius and Praon spp.) occurred on clones with moderate to high densities of glandular pubescence. During both years, predators and parasitoids were most abundant in late July and August.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF BANCHUS FLAVESCENS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Arthur A.P. , Mason P.G.
Published: December 2009

Banchus flavescens Cresson is the most abundant hymenopterous parasitoid of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, in western Canada. The females attack 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instars of the host. The speed of parasitoid development is adjusted so that the 2nd instar is completed when the host finishes feeding. Banchus flavescens has an obligate diapause and overwinters as a prepupa within a cocoon in the soil. Notes on life history and descriptions of the egg and 5 larval instars of B. flavescens are given.
DEVELOPMENTAL, SURVIVAL, AND REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON FOUR PLANT SPECIES
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: December 2009

The species of plant on which larvae of Mamestra configurata (Wlk.) fed had significant effects on the rate of larval development, larval and pupal survival, pupal weight, the percentage of females that mated, and the number of fertile eggs/mated female. Among the four plant species tested, using living plants, the canola cultivars (Brassica napus cv. Regent and B. campestris cv. Candle) were approximately equal in suitability, lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album) was less suitable, and lentils (Lens culinaris cv. Chilean) was unsuitable as food for M. configurata. The parameters recorded for larval survival, pupal weight, and the number of eggs/female on the most suitable food plants were higher than those recorded previously for larvae reared on excised leaves of suitable hosts.
CERATOZETIDAE OF THE WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN ARCTIC
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: December 2009

The Ceratozetidae of arctic western North America, represented by 12 species in 9 genera, are discussed. A new genus,Cyrtozetes, and species,Cyrtozetes denaliensis, are proposed, andTrichoribates copperminensisHammer,T. polarisHammer,Svalbardia paludicolaThor,Iugoribates gracilisSellnick,Diapterobates notatus(Thorell) both adults and immatures,D. variabilisHammer,Sphaerozetes arcticusHammer,Fuscozetes sellnickiHammer,Melanozetes longisetosusHammer, andCeratozetes spitsbergensisThor andC. parvulusSellnick are redescribed. Immatures ofT. polaris,S. paludicola,F. sellnicki, andM. longisetosusare described. Distribution records ofCeratozetes gracilis(Michael) in the western North American arctic are listed. The new combination,Cyrtozetes shiranensis(Aoki and Fujikawa), is proposed.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE), TO MIXTURES OF NOSEMA LOCUSTAE (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE) AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) is one of several species of grasshoppers that periodically causes severe economic damage to cultivated crops and rangeland plants in western Canada and the USA. The usual method of controlling outbreaks of these pests has been the application of broad-spectrum chemical insecticides, such as malathion, an organophosphate, and sevin, a carbamate (Blickenstaff et al. 1974; Onsager 1978). These insecticides can cause undesirable environmental side effects.
HABITAT STRUCTURE OF A DROSOPHILID COMMUNITY AT INUVIK, NWT, CANADA (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)
Authors: Toda Masanori J.
Published: December 2009

The northern subarctic region is the limit of the distribution of Drosophilidae (Toda 1984); the family is of tropical origin (Throckmorton 1975). Hence, a drosophilid community inhabiting the northernmost subarctic region is likely to have a relatively simple community structure. This note presents information on the habitat preferences of a drosophilid community at Inuvik (68°22′ N, 133°45′ W) in the Mackenzie delta, Northwest Territories, Canada.
SEASONAL BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE DOGWOOD BORER, SYNANTHEDON SCITULA (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) ON CLONAL APPLE ROOTSTOCKS IN NEW YORK
Authors: Riedl H. , Weires R.W. , Seaman A. , Hoying S.A.
Published: December 2009

The dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris), is a relatively new pest problem on apples. Larvae feed principally in burr knots on the above-ground portion of clonal rootstocks. According to a survey of 33 orchards on dwarf or semidwarf apple root-stocks, about 70% of the trees had burr knots. The tendency to develop burr knots was similar among the rootstocks examined in this survey. The proportion of trees infested with dogwood borer in an orchard ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 30%. The dogwood borer overwinters in the larval stage (2nd to 6th instar) and pupates in the feeding tunnel. Emergence and pheromone-trap records indicate 1 generation a year. In western New York, adults begin to emerge in mid-June, peak in mid-July, and continue to emerge through September. In several tests conducted over a 3-year period, chlorpyrifos at 180 g/100 L provided the most consistent control. At this rate a single spray timed to first or peak egg hatch was as effective as 2 sprays. Latex paint applied by brush to the trunk at the beginning of the oviposition period also reduced the infestation. In established plantings, dogwood borer can also be controlled by berming with soil up to the graft union to prevent access to burr knots. Destroying burr knots chemically with naphthalene acetic acid will not eliminate an infestation and may invite other borer problems.
MONITORING FUNGUS GNATS (DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE) IN CUCUMBER GREENHOUSES
Authors: Rutherford T.A. , Trotter D.B. , Webster J.M.
Published: December 2009

Simple, sticky traps were used to monitor adult sciarid populations, and soil cores were used to monitor larval sciarid populations in commercial cucumber greenhouses. Four methods of sticky-trap placement were compared and it was found that 5 traps in a “W” formation correlated closely with more intensive 12- and 30-trap random placements. All 4 of the greenhouses studied exhibited similar sciarid population patterns in 1983 but only 2 showed large sciarid populations in 1984 and the other 2, using different overwinter sanitation methods, had no detectable sciarid populations. Moth-flies (Psychodidae) were often the most numerous form of small dipteran found on the traps. Larval sciarids occurred in the upper 5 cm of each 10-cucumber bag, and weekly 50-mL core samples showed a range of 0.0 to 1.1 larvae/mL which corresponded to estimated larval populations of up to 2500 per bag. Plants that had succumbed to fungal pathogens and then been sampled immediately for sciarid larvae were found to have fewer larvae per bag than apparently healthy plants. Insect monitoring in cucumber greenhouses has enabled growers to reduce and/or eliminate the need for insecticide applications against sciarids during the growing season.
EFFECT OF SPACING AND CLUMPING OF CORN PLANTS ON DENSITY OF CORN-ROOTWORM LARVAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) PER ROOT SYSTEM
Authors: Piedrahita Olga , Ellis C. R. , Allen O. B.
Published: December 2009

The relative density of corn-rootworm larvae was estimated in two field plots with 4 different plant spacings and with up to 4 plants clumped per location. In both fields the relationship between plant spacing and the number of corn rootworms per sample was similar with the maximum number of larvae occurring when plants were 46 or 50 cm apart. The number of plants clumped per location affected the numbers of corn rootworm in only one field. The relationship between clumping of plants and number of corn rootworms was curvilinear in this field with the most corn rootworms occurring at 3 plants per location.
SOME PRO- AND MESOTHORACIC STRUCTURES IMPORTANT FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HYMENOPTERA, WITH A REVIEW OF TERMS USED FOR THE STRUCTURES
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P.
Published: December 2009

The character-state distribution of various external and internal pro- and mesothoracic structures of Hymenoptera is described. Structures discussed are the transscutal articulation, axillae, notauli, median mesoscutal sulcus, parapsidal lines, pronotal lobe, postspiracular sclerite, prepectus, netrion, epicnemium, basalare, pronotal-mesothor-acic attachment mechanism, and 2 mesothoracic muscles,viz.mesotrochanteral depressor and second-phragmal flexor. Ancestral state and transformation of the characters are hypothesized, and shared derived states of higher taxa are determined. Hypotheses of synapomorphy are based on the shared derived states, and these hypotheses used to test previous hypotheses of relationship and classification. Relationships of Symphyta to Apocrita and of Aculeata to Terebrantes are discussed, and various aspects of classification of Symphyta and Terebrantes are examined. Finally, prior use of terms is reviewed for the thoracic structures studied. A single set of terms is selected for use throughout the order based on original use of each term and on hypotheses of homology.
RESIDUES OF FOUR SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS AND AZINPHOS-METHYL ON APPLE FOLIAGE AND THEIR TOXICITY TO AMBLYSEIUS FALLACIS (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE)
Authors: Bostanian N. J. , Belanger A. , Rivard I.
Published: December 2009

Residue analysis of apple foliage obtained from an orchard treated with the insecticides cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, permethrin, and azinphos-methyl revealed detectable residues on the leaves 8–9 weeks after the last treatment. Laboratory studies of foliage showed that of the synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin was initially as toxic as the other synthetic pyrethroids; however, its toxicity decreased considerably by the 5th and 6th week post-treatment. Azinphos-methyl was the least persistent and toxic insecticide evaluated. Unless new pest-management strategies are developed, the use of synthetic pyrethroids post-bloom in an integrated-pest-management program would not be desirable where Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) is the principal predator of phytophagous mites.
PETROVA ALBICAPITANA (BUSCK) AND P. METALLICA (BUSCK) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN PINUS CONTORTA DOUGL. STANDS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Wong H.R. , Drouin J.A. , Rentz C.L.
Published: December 2009

Both Petrova albicapitana (Busck) and P. metallica (Busck) attack Pinus contorta Dougl. in Alberta. The similarity of their larvae and of the pitch-blister nodules that they construct make it difficult to identify the 2 species in the field; however, they can be separated on the basis of their feeding damage. The abundance of males caught in pheromone traps indicates that P. metallica was more common than P. albicapitana in 1981–1984, and more widely distributed than previously recorded in Alberta. The examination of the feeding damage and the pheromone trapping of males indicate P. metallica occur only in stands of P. contorta in Alberta. Petrova albicapitana, however, was collected in stands of P. contorta, P. banksiana Lamb., and a mixture of P. contorta and P. banksiana. The 2 species differed in seasonal occurrence and abundance at different elevations.
POST-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPATRIC CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND THEIR HYBRIDS
Authors: Volney W. Jan A. , Liebhold Andrew M.
Published: December 2009

Emergence from hibernacula of 2nd instars of Choristoneura occidentalis was more variable but later than that of C. retiniana. However, early-instar development was faster in C. occidentalis and compensated for the difference in emergence times so that both species entered the 6th instar simultaneously. There were no species-related differences in development beyond the 6th instar. Though they have different resource-tracking patterns early in their life cycle, temporal isolation between these species is unlikely. No developmental morphs were found in either species but there were several instances where individuals that developed at an increased (or decreased) rate in one stage developed slower (or faster) than the mean rate in a substantial stage. Negative correlations between development times were indicative of this. These correlations reduced variation in adult eclosion times induced by extended spring emergence and are indicative of homeostasis in development within populations. Negative correlation coefficients between development periods were more common in C. occidentalis, which also had the more variable spring-emergence pattern. Hybrids were intermediate in almost all development traits.
POLLINATOR ACTIVITY AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN AN APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: Boyle-Makowski R.M.D. , Philogène B.J.R.
Published: December 2009

The activity of native and domestic insect pollinators was studied for 3 consecutive years, during the blossom period in a semi-dwarf apple orchard of the Niagara Peninsula. Insect numbers and activity were correlated with apple cultivars (Empire, McIntosh, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious) located on the east and west slopes of the orchard and with temperature, humidity, and light intensity fluctuations. The physical factors, especially temperature, were mainly responsible for the variation in the numbers of honeybees. Factors such as cultivar, east and west slopes, and year were more significant for native pollinators. Native pollinators less affected by adverse conditions seem to compensate for reduced honeybee activity during unfavorable years.
SAMPLING FOR ADULT COCCINELLIDS AND THEIR NUMERICAL RESPONSE TO STRAWBERRY APHIDS (COLEOPTERA:COCCINELLIDAE: HOMOPTERA:APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Raworth D. A.
Published: December 2009

Searching for adult coccinellids in large cages placed over sections of strawberry fields produced an average of 10 times as many coccinellids per metre of row as a relative method of sampling. Methods of converting relative indices to absolute indices of abundance were found. Results suggest that the frequently observed slow increase in abundance of aphid predators in response to increasing aphid abundance may be an artifact resulting from using relative indices of abundance that make no correction for the effects of hunger on predator activity. Calibrating the samples shows that numbers of adult coccinellids follow the trend of aphid abundance closely enough that coccinellid numbers may be predictable.
ELYMANA SULPHURELLA (ZETTERSTEDT): BIOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND RELATIVES IN NORTH AMERICA (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Chiykowski L.N. , Hamilton K.G.A.
Published: December 2009

Elymana sulphurella (Zetterstedt) is confirmed as an introduced European species, and is distinguished from its relatives in the New World, including 2 new species E. circius (British Columbia to Saskatchewan) and E. pacifica Hamilton (British Columbia). Elymana acrita DeLong 1936 is synonymized with E. acuma DeLong 1936, and E. caduca DeLong 1936 is synonymized with E. inornata (Van Duzee 1892). A key to the New World species is presented. A method of rearing E. sulphurella in a controlled environment is described. Of 11 plant species tested as food hosts, Agrostis gigantea Roth., Elymus glaucus Buckl., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., F. elatior L., F. rubra L., and Phleum pratense L. were suitable for nymphs and adults, Lolium perenne L. for nymphs, and Alopecurus pratensis L., Bromus inermis Leyss., and Dactylis glomerata L. for adults. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. were unsuitable for both stages. Ten of 11 plant species tested as oviposition hosts yielded nymphs but the numbers varied widely. Leaf blades were preferred over sheaths as oviposition sites and most eggs were laid in the lower two-thirds of the leaf. Eggs appeared to be in diapause when laid and required several months to hatch if held at room temperature. Cold treatment of such eggs decreased the minimum hatching time and reduced the period over which hatching occurred. The mean developmental period of females was 24.9 days and males 23.5 days. The mean longevity of mated females (83.2 days) was significantly (P = 0.05) longer than that of males (62.1 days).
DIEL PERIODICITY OF SONG TYPE IN AN AQUATIC INSECT (PALMACORIXA BUENOI: HETEROPTERA: CORIXIDAE)
Authors: Aiken R.B.
Published: December 2009

The existence of a diurnal cycle in the rate of production of acoustic signals by aquatic heteropterans has been observed by several workers (Leston 1955; Mitis 1936; Schaller 1951; Theiss 1983). These accounts all mention an increase in acoustic activity in early evening. Jansson (1968, 1973) determined that the single strongest component releasing acoustic behavior was light level in the genera Cenocorixa and Callicorixa and that different species of Cenocorixa had different maxima. The study reported here began as an examination of diel periodicity of song incidence in the corixid bug Palmacorixa buenoi but results were substantially different in kind from most other studies of this nature in the literature.
A HYPOTHESIS FOR DECREASING PARASITIZATION OF LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) ON LARCH FOLIAGE BY AGATHIS PUMILA
Authors: Ryan R.B.
Published: December 2009

Parasitization of larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hübner), by the internal larval parasite, Agathis pumila (Ratz.), commonly has been found to decrease between successive samples in the spring. The decrease has been attributed in part to mortality of A. pumila, which prolongs the casebearer's larval stage, thereby exposing it to subsequent parasitism by other species that are intrinsically superior (Smith 1929) and to secondary parasitism of A. pumila (Graham 1949; Quednau 1970; Raske and Schooley 1979; Ismail and Long 1982). Another reason may exist for this decrease in parasitization by A. pumila: A higher percentage of parasitized than unparasitized larvae may descend from the larch foliage to the understory vegetation, which is not in the normally sampled universe (Webb 1953; Moody 1977; Denton 1979; Long and Theroux 1979; Ryan 1983). Eidmann (1965) reports that casebearers are often found on the undergrowth when high populations strip the trees, but prior to this no one had reported any connection with parasitism. This movement may result in a decreased percentage of parasitized larvae remaining on the larch foliage. Evidence presented here substantiates this hypothesis for one location, but for a more general conclusion other areas should also be examined.
ADULT SURVIVORSHIP, FECUNDITY, AND FACTORS AFFECTING LABORATORY OVIPOSITION OF PISSODES NEMORENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Fontaine Mark S. , Foltz John L.
Published: December 2009

The deodar weevil, Pissodes nemorensis Germar, is a vector and wounding agent associated with pitch canker fungus, Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. var. subglutinans Wr. & Reink., in the southeastern United States (Blakeslee et al. 1981). This univoltine weevil breeds in southern pines that have been stressed by factors such as fire, lightning, or mechanical injury (Baker 1972). The adults feed on phloem after chewing through the outer bark. Females deposit eggs in some of these feeding pits and then plug the hole with macerated phloem (Atkinson 1979). Larvae tunnel under the bark and feed on phloem as they develop.
OPIINE PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA AND R. ZEPHYRIA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OREGON
Authors: AliNiazee M. T.
Published: December 2009

Two species of opiine (Braconidae) parasitoids, Opius lectoides Gahan and O. downesi Gahan parasitized Rhagoletis zephyria Snow and R. pomonella (Walsh) in the Willamette Valley, OR. Almost equal numbers of O. lectoides and O. downesi were recorded from R. zephyria, whereas about 91% of the opiines associated with R. pomonella were O. downesi. In general, percent parasitization of R. pomonella was variable from sample to sample, but substantially higher on hawthorn than on apple fruit. It appears that both the opiine species have made a rapid host shift from R. zephyria to newly introduced populations of R. pomonella.
SOME POPULATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SPRUCE CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIA RENICULELLOIDES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Spies C. J. , Dimond J. B.
Published: December 2009

Coincident populations of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculelloides (Mutuura and Munroe) were studied to compare spatial distribution, temporal abundance, relative abundance on spruce species, and the relative efficacy of aerial insecticide treatments.Most individuals of both species were found overwintering on the mid-crown branches of red spruce, and a whole branch is a suitable unit for simultaneous sampling of overwintering budworm/coneworm populations on red spruce. Survey records since 1949 show similar geographical and temporal population trends for these 2 insects in Maine. A correlation analysis (r = 0.87) indicates that the size of their coincident populations is related spatially. Both species were found overwintering in nearly equal proportions on red and white spruce sampled from the same stands. But twice as many budworm and coneworm were found overwintering on red spruce when red and black spruce were sampled on the same stands. Due to behavioral or physiological traits the coneworm appeared resistant to aerial spray treatments that significantly reduced budworm populations.
INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR NITROGEN LEVELS ON SURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Brewer J. Wayne , Capinera John L. , Deshon Robert E. , Walmsley Mary L.
Published: December 2009

The influence of nitrogen levels in foliage of white-fir, Abies concolor, and Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, seedlings on various biological characteristics of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was studied. Seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions and provided with nutrient solutions to maintain five foliar nitrogen levels ranging from 1.29 to 4.42% dry weight for white fir and 1.43 to 3.94% for Douglas fir. Larvae confined to treated seedlings were monitored through the next generation. Larval mortality was higher, and development time longer, at both upper and lower extremes of foliar nitrogen than at mid-level. Mean pupal weight was significantly greater for larvae reared on white fir with the mid-range foliar-nitrogen level. Mean number, and weight, of eggs laid were highest when larvae fed on foliage from the mid-range nitrogen level. Total number of larvae produced was lowest at the high and low extremes of foliar nitrogen levels.
NOTE ON SPECIFIC STATUS OF TRIMEROTROPIS VERRUCULATA AND T. SUFFUSA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE: LOCUSTINAE)
Authors: Vickery V.R.
Published: December 2009

In a series of papers (Vickery and Nagy 1973; Vickery et al. 1974; Vickery and Kevan 1983), 2 members of the genus Trimerotropis were considered to be subspecies, T. verrruculata verruculata (Kirby) and T. verruculata suffusa Scudder. This relationship was based in part on a statement by Hebard (1929) that 1 was sometimes mistaken for the other where the ranges meet. The former is widespread across the northern part of the continent from Newfoundland to British Columbia and north into the Northwest Territories. The latter is a western taxon, occurring from British Columbia southward into California. Helwig (1955) reported on genetic studies of hybrids between the 2. We made no careful study of the problem, but accepted that production of hybrids indicated a lack of reproductive isolation and therefore considered them as subspecies even though the work of Helwig (1955) indicated that the F, hybrids may be infertile.
EPIDAMAEUS (ACARI: DAMAEIDAE) OF SUBARCTIC WESTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EXTREME NORTHEASTERN USSR
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Norton Roy A.
Published: December 2009

Nine species of Epidamaeus of subarctic western North America and extreme northeastern USSR are discussed. Six new species, Epidamaeus aborigensis, E. chukchi, E. floccosus, E. gilyarovi, E. koyukon and E. nasutus, are proposed; E. gibbofemoratus, E. hastatus and E. tenuissimus, previously described by Hammer, are redescribed.
DIAPAUSE AND THE SEASONAL ECOLOGY OF THE INTRODUCED PARASITE, COTESIA (APANTELES) RUBECULA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Nealis Vincent
Published: December 2009

The insect parasite Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) shows a long-day, photoperiodic response that results in diapause in the eonymph. Within the region of the critical photoperiod, the diapause response is modified by temperature and by the duration of the developmental period of the larval parasite, but in field populations in Vancouver, diapause is predominantly a response to short photoperiods. There is evidence that the parasite's response is largely independent of the host's response. Once diapause is induced, there is an obligatory dormant period of at least 2 months after which diapause terminates when specific-heat requirements are fulfilled. The estimated heat requirements are used to predict the date of diapause termination and the emergence of parasite adults in the field. Parasite activity begins almost 6 weeks after that of its host.

The critical photoperiod for populations in Vancouver, Canada, lies between 15- and 16-h photophase but in Canberra, Australia, the critical photoperiod is less than 13 h. The significance of this difference in the diapause response of the 2 introduced populations is discussed and recommendations are made for further biocontrol efforts.
ACTION OF MOUTHPARTS DURING FEEDING IN THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Devitt B.D. , Smith J.J.B.
Published: December 2009

Film records of cutworms feeding on cabbage showed that in sampling and continuous feeding, the mandibles, maxillary palps, galeae, labial palps, and labrum contacted the leaf. Sampling involves palpation with the maxillary palps; this is followed by test biting, during which the galeae, labrum, and labial palps make initial contact with the plant. Test biting may be followed by continuous feeding in which all of the mouthparts contact the leaf in characteristic patterns. The actions of the mouthparts are discussed in relation to the function of their chemosensilla.
PARASITES RECOVERED FROM THE OVERWINTERING GENERATION OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) IN PEST-MANAGEMENT APPLE ORCHARDS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Hagley E.A.C.
Published: December 2009

The braconid Pholetesor (= Apanteles) ornigis (Weed) was the major parasite of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), at 21 sites, in 9 counties in southern Ontario. The eulophids Sympiesis sericeicornis (Nees) (12 sites, 6 counties), S. dolichogaster Ashmead (9 sites, 5 counties), S. marylandensis Girault (8 sites, 6 counties) and Pnigalio maculipes (Crawford) (6 sites, 5 counties) were the major chalcidoids recovered. Other species recovered were 10 eulophids, 2 pteromalids, and 2 ichneumonids. The major hyperparasite of P. ornigis was S. sericeicornis, but S. dolichogaster, Habrocytus sp., Catolaccus sp., Gelis sp., and Hypopteromalus sp. were also recovered.
SYSTEMATICS OF NEW WORLDTRISSOLCUS(HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE): SPECIES RELATED TOT. BASALIS
Authors: Johnson Norman F.
Published: December 2009

The New World species ofTrissolcus, exclusive of the flavipes and thyantae species groups, are revised. This encompasses seven species:T. basalis(Wollaston) recorded in the southeastern USA, West Indies, Venezuela, and southeastern Brazil;T. cosmopeplae(Gahan) from the USA and Canada;T. erugatusn. sp. from the western USA and Canada;T. hullensis(Harrington) widely distributed throughout Canada, USA, Mexico, Dominica, and Venezuela;T. radixn. sp. from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, and the southeastern USA;T. solocisn. sp. from Mexico and the southeastern USA; andT. utahensis(Ashmead) from the western USA and Canada. Available host information for each species is summarized. These species are described and an identification key is provided.
EFFECTS OF ATTRACTANT COMPOSITION AND RELEASE RATE ON ATTRACTION OF MALE CHORISTONEURA RETINIANA, C. OCCIDENTALS, AND C. CARNANA (LEPIDOPTERA : TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , Volney W. Jan A.
Published: December 2009

Attraction of male Choristoneura spp. to various mixtures of the pheromone components of C. occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) released at various rates was evaluated at several sites in western North America. At all but 1 location, male trap capture increased with progressively greater release rates of a 92:8 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenals (TDALs), previously identified as active components of the attractant pheromone of C. occidentalis. Similarly, trap catch was positively correlated with release rate of an 84:7:8:1 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetates and (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenols (1:0.1 TDACs:TDOLs), previously identified as active components of the attractant pheromone of C. retiniana. All release rates of TDALs attracted only C. carnana (C. occidentalis and C. carnana probably are subspecies of the same species) in the central Sierra Nevada, but in the southern Cascades all but the lowest release rate of TDALs attracted significant numbers of males classified as C. retiniana in addition to those classified as C. occidentalis. At all locations, 1:0.1 TDACs: TDOLs exhibited complete species specificity, attracting only C. retiniana at all release rates tested. The 1:0.1 ratio of TDACs: TDOLs was the most attractive mixture of these components to C. retiniana. Addition of 1:0.1 TDACs: TDOLs did not significantly affect attraction of C. carnana to TDALs. However addition of TDALs significantly decreased attraction of C. retiniana to 1:0.1 TDACs:TDOLs.
A SURVEY FOR THE AMBROSIA BEETLES TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM AND GNATHOTRICHUS RETUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN A SAWMILL USING PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS
Authors: Shore T. L. , McLean J. A.
Published: December 2009

The pheromones lineatum and (+)-sulcatol were used in traps in a sawmill to survey the ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte) respectively. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns for both species were identified. This information can be used for the establishment of a pheromone-based mass-trapping program for ambrosia beetles. The addition of ethanol and α-pinene to traps baited with (+)-sulcatol significantly increased the catches of G. retusus.
EFFECTS OF DENSITY ON THE PROPORTION OF MALE AND FEMALE PUPAE IN GYPSY-MOTH POPULATIONS
Authors: Mauffette Yves , Jobin Luc
Published: December 2009

The numbers of larvae and pupae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., were monitored in southwestern Quebec from June through August 1980 at 13 sites. In 10 sites, the proportion of male pupae was significantly different from an expected proportion of 0.5. Linear-regression analyses of the proportion of male pupae on larval density showed a significant increase in the number of male pupae with increasing larval density. Changes in the sex ratio could be an important indicator of the dynamic state of a population, and should be considered in modeling the population dynamics of gypsy moth.
THE PERIODICITY OF FEMALE CALLING IN THE BLUEBERRY SPANWORM ITAME ARGILLACEARIA PACK. (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Alford A. Randall , Diehl Jennifer R.
Published: December 2009

The calling of female blueberry spanworms occurs primarily during the first few hours of the photophase under controlled laboratory and field conditions. Peak calling occurred 2 h after lights-on at laboratory test temperatures of 20,15, and 10 °C under a light:dark regime of 16:8; duration of calling was prolonged at 10 °C. Under continuous scotophase, female calling activity free-runs at a natural periodicity of ca. 27 h. However, under continuous photophase the circadian rhythm is damped to a low level of activity but maintains a ca.24-h periodicity.
REGIONAL RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES IN PSYLLA PYRICOLA FROM PEAR ORCHARDS IN OREGON
Authors: Follett P.A. , Croft B.A. , Westigard P.H.
Published: December 2009

Using a slide-dip bioassay, Psylla pyricola Forester from intensively sprayed, minimally sprayed (IPM), recently abandoned, and long-abandoned pear orchards in the Hood River, Rogue River, and Willamette valleys of Oregon were surveyed for resistances to azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, Perthane®, and fenvalerate. Lethal-concentration (LC50) values showed resistance levels from 12- to 41-fold to azinphosmethyl and 5- to 12-fold for endosulfan in selected populations. Resistance patterns did not correlate with orchard-treatment histories in the Hood River and Rogue River valleys, where even long-abandoned orchards harbored resistance psylla. There was better association between treatment histories and resistance levels in populations from the more widely scattered orchards in the Willamette Valley. A regional analysis of mean LC50 values indicated that psylla resistance was significantly higher to azinphosmethyl in the Rogue River Valley and to endosulfan in the Hood River Valley. Regional resistance levels for these compounds reflect differences in intensity of past use. A regional hypothesis is proposed to explain the patterns of resistance developed in the Hood River and Rogue River Valleys, where pear production is intensive as opposed to the more localized patterns of resistance in the Willamette Valley. Applications of results to the management of resistance are discussed.
EFFICACY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER FOR SUPPRESSING POPULATIONS OF LARGE ASPEN TORTRIX IN ALASKA
Authors: Holsten E.H. , Hard J.
Published: December 2009

The efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated against the large aspen tortrix on trembling aspen in Alaska. A concentration of 4 × 109 IU per 378.5 L of water was applied to infested trees using a hydraulic sprayer. Treatments with Dipel 4L and Thuricide 32LV resulted in population reductions of 69 and 76% respectively. Both products provided significant foliage protection. Timing of treatment is critical to successful population suppression and foliage protection.
THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION
Authors: Houck Marilyn A. , Strauss Richard E.
Published: December 2009

Mathematical discussions of models of functional response (predation rate as a function of prey density) have usually emphasized description of the shape of the functional-response curve. However, lack of congruence between experimental design and data analysis and under-utilization of appropriate statistical methods of analysis have hindered an empirical synthetic treatment of such feeding behavior. Here we review existing experimental and statistical procedures with reference to Holling's generalized model of functional response, and describe: (1) an experimental design compatible with the assumptions of the model; (2) a maximum-likelihood method for fitting the model; (3) several methods for statistical comparison of sets of functional-response curves; and (4) an exploratory graphical method for examining patterns of variation among larger numbers of samples.
FURTHER DIFFICULTIES IN THE ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE EXPERIMENTS AND A RESOLUTION
Authors: Williams F.M. , Juliano Steven A.
Published: December 2009

The Holling disc equation (Type-II functional response) for predation, which is mathematically equivalent to the Michaelis–Menten enzyme-kinetics and to the Monod microbial-growth equations, has been used in several linear transformations for parameter estimation. The most commonly used is the Lineweaver–Burk double reciprocal. We compare 4 linearizations of the disc equation and a direct nonlinear fit to stimulated predation data. We conclude that (1) the best parameter estimates are obtained by the direct nonlinear method and (2) the Lineweaver–Burk is the worst of the (all unsatisfactory) linearizations. We propose a new nonparametric technique to use when nonlinear methods cannot be used.
THE TAXONOMY OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFPEDIOBIUS(HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), ESPECIALLY CANADIAN AND ALASKAN FORMS
Authors: Peck Oswald
Published: December 2009

Thirty-two species ofPediobius(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are reviewed, 9 newly noted from both Europe and North America. New Nearctic species includeP. adelphae,disparis,geshnae,liocephalatus,louisianae,magniclavatus,ni,ocellatus,pseudotsugatae, andstrobilicola. Pediobius rugosithorax(Cwfd.) andkansensis(Grlt.) are newly noted as junior synonyms ofacantha(Wlk.);lithocolletidis(Ashm.) ofalbipes(Prov.);longfellowi(Grlt), ofalcaeus(Wlk.);wilderi(How.) ofbrachycerus(Thoms.); (Asecodes)P. albitarsis(Ashm.),tarsalis(Ashm.), andashmeadi(Cwfd.) ofcrassicornis(Thoms.);utahensis(Cwfd.),longus(Grlt.), andperdubius(Grlt.) ofeubius(Wlk.); (Entedon)P. albitarsis(Ashm.) andsexdentatus(Grlt.) offacialis(Giraud);splendens(C. & D.) offoliorum(Geoffr.);glabrataBlck. ofphyllotretae(Ril.).Pediobius termerus(Wlk.) is recorded for the first time in Nearctic. A key to species and a host–parasite list are included.
MODELS OF PERIODIC INUNDATION OF PARASITOIDS FOR PEST CONTROL
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. , Otvos Imre S. , Thomson Alan J.
Published: December 2009

Several host–parasitoid models were examined to assess the feasibility of parasitoid inundation as a means of pest control or eradication. The approach is comparative, to assess independently the effects of various ecological factors on the ease of control by this means. For most of the models, there exists a critical inundation rate, I*, above which the host population is eradicated, provided inundative releases continue beyond the time of eradication. The existence of density-dependent mortality in the hosts reduces the time to eradication but does not affect I*. Density dependence in the parasitoids, however, usually increases I*. The existence of hyperparasitoids appears to have no effect on the ease of host eradication.
REVISION OF THE CADDISFLY FAMILY UENOIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B. , Weaver John S. , Unzicker John D.
Published: December 2009

The western Nearctic genera Neothremma and Farula are assigned to the family Uenoidae, previously comprising only the type genus Uenoa from Asia; a new genus Sericostriata with S. surdickae n. sp. from western North America is also added to the family. Traditionally assigned to the Limnephilidae where they have been always anomalous, Neothremma and Farula are shown to share many synapomorphic larval characters with Uenoa; under close examination, characters of the adults support this relationship. Familial and generic diagnoses are provided, reflecting the revised composition of the Uenoidae. Generic keys to adults, larvae, and pupae are given; species are briefly reviewed and keys given to adults; Uenoa arcuata n. sp. is described from Assam, Uenoa janetscheki Botosaneanu is placed as a junior subjective synonym under U. hiberna Kimmins, and Neothremma laloukesi Schmid as a junior subjective synonym of N. alicia Dodds and Hisaw. Phylogenetic relationships among the genera are considered. This study is an instructive example of the importance of larvae in providing data for the systematics of Trichoptera.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MORTALITY OF SCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN ELM BRANCHES IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Hajek Ann E. , Dahlsten Donald L.
Published: December 2009

Populations of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) from two areas of California were sampled in 1979 to investigate various factors influencing mortality. English-elm bolts (Ulmus procera Salisb.) ranging between 2.0 and 12.9 cm in diameter yielded mean mortalities from 49.1 to 86.0%. Mortality was highly correlated with egg density for branch samples from 7.0 to 12.9 cm in diameter. The minimum acceptable elm-branch diameter (2.8 cm) was attacked only during the first sampling period (mid-May to mid-June). Branch diameter, and therefore bark thickness, demonstrated a strong positive relationship with the density of S. multistriatus eggs, attacks, gallery lengths, and emerged adults. Gallery length density was positively correlated with attack density. At low attack densities in small-diameter branches, mean gallery lengths were shorter.
PEST MANAGEMENT OF DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE): MONITORING ENDEMIC POPULATIONS WITH PHEROMONE TRAPS TO DETECT INCIPIENT OUTBREAKS
Authors: Shepherd R.F. , Gray T.G. , Chorney R.J. , Daterman G.E.
Published: December 2009

The numbers of Douglas-fir tussock moths (Orgyia pseudotsugata) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) caught in sticky, delta-shaped pheromone traps baited with different concentrations of synthetic lures were compared with egg-mass densities and subsequent defoliation throughout a population cycle. A lure containing 0.01% pheromone by weight in the form of a 3 × 5-mm polyvinylchloride rod provided more consistent catches than pheromone concentrations of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.1, or 1.0%. Trap saturation occurred when >40 moths per trap were caught. To achieve a standard error of 30%, 6 traps were required at each site. There was a poor correlation between numbers of moths caught and egg-mass density or defoliation estimates in the following generation, but a threshold density was found that provides a warning of an incipient outbreak. Ground surveys for egg masses are recommended to confirm suspected infestations after continuous increases in moth catches for 2 to 3 years or if an average of 25 moths or more per trap has been caught.
ANATOMY OF THE OVIPOSITOR AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF THE GALL WASPDIPLOLEPIS ROSAE(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE)
Authors: Bronner Roberte
Published: December 2009

Females ofDiplolepis rosaeintroduce their ovipositors between the developing leaflets of an expanding bud ofRosaand attach their eggs singly to epidermal cells. The anatomy of the ovipositor is described in relation to the oviposition behavior. SEM and optical microscopic observations of the ovipositor are described, as are the relationships between the sheath and the 2 stylets. Changes in the shape of the eggs as they pass down the ovipositor are also described.