bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxation of expatriate executives
Authors: Holleman Wilbur J.
Published: April 2007

Of two things that are certain, you can do something about only one of them–find out what the rules are and practice some tax planning. There are rules that may limit and even eliminate the tax liability of U.S. expatriates.
Latin America: Trade objectives beyond U.S.—Mexico negotiations
Authors: Diebold David K. , Bej Natalie
Published: April 2007

Countries in Latin America are realizing that the best way to promote economic growth is to create regional trading blocs. Since the announcement of the Americas Initiative last June, several nations have been at work developing trade and investment opportunities.
Application of military strategies to business: Why they are more relevant to Japanese than American companies
Authors: Wee Chow Hou
Published: April 2007

Among various factors contributing to the economic success of the Japanese, the use of military‐like strategies has been recently cited by scholars, prominent journalists, and politicians in the United States. Some of them are now advocating retaliation through the use of similar military‐type methods. However, will the American companies and their government be able to do this successfully? A lot depends on a clear appreciation of some of the fundamental principles underlying the use of military strategies to business practices. This article seeks to highlight and explain why militarytype strategies are more applicable to Japanese than American companies. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The evolution of multinational participation in Eastern Europe
Authors: Bangert David C. , Poór József
Published: April 2007

Eastern Europe needs investment, access to world‐wide distribution networks, and managerial/marketing/technical expertise. To fulfill these needs, it offers firms major incentives to establish presence in the region. Interviews with the senior representatives of six multinational firms in Hungary, the leading country in the transition to a market economy, revealed an evolutionary pattern of the firms' involvement and investment in the Hungarian economy. This article describes the evolutionary pattern, provides firms with strategic insight, and makes recommendations to accelerate the entrance of global firms into the region. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intranasal corticosteroid use is associated with lower rates of bacterial recovery in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Desrosiers Martin , Hussain Abdolmohsen , Frenkiel Saul , Kilty Shaun , Marsan Joseph , Witterick Ian , Wright Erin
Published: April 2007

Objective

To determine whether use of a topical intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) preoperatively had an effect on the bacterial recovery rate and flora recovered at endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

Study Design and Setting

A prospective, multicenter, observational study from academic‐based rhinology practices. Consecutive, unselected patients undergoing ESS had protected sinus cultures done at the time of ESS.

Results

157 patients were assessed. Overall growth rate was 45.5%. INCS users had a positive culture rate of 35.4% vs 61.7% in nonusers (P = 0.0001). This effect was most pronounced in the subgroup undergoing revision surgeries (bacterial recovery rate INCS: 40.0%, no INCS: 82.6%, P = 0.001) and most marked for S. aureus (INCS: 12.5%, no INCS: 40.0%, P = 0.04) and CNS (INCS: 12.5%, no INCS: 30.4%, P = 0.05). While the rate of nasal polyposis was higher in both revision and the INCS‐treated groups, rate of bacterial recovery was not influenced by a diagnosis of nasal polyposis.

Conclusion

INCS use preoperatively is associated with a lesser rate of bacterial recovery at the time of ESS, especially in individuals with previous ESS.

Significance

The results suggest a possible role of INCS in the management of post‐ESS disease.
Interactions between protein and vegetable oils in the maternal diet determine the programming of the insulin axis in the rat
Authors: Maloney Christopher A. , Lilley Christina , Czopek Alicja , Hay Susan M. , Rees William D.
Published: April 2007

The available evidence suggests that metabolic control mechanisms are programmed early in life. Previous studies of pregnant rats fed low-protein diets have suggested that the vegetable oils used in the experimental diets influence the outcome. The present study investigated the offspring of female rats fed semi-synthetic diets containing either 180 or 90 g casein/kg with 70 g/kg (w/w) of either corn oil or soya oil during gestation. During lactation, the dams received stock diet, and the offspring were subsequently weaned onto the stock diet. The offspring of dams fed the low-protein diets were smaller at birth. At 25 weeks of age, the offspring were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test. In the offspring of dams fed the diet containing soya oil, the area under the insulin curve was affected by the protein content of the maternal diet. There was no effect of protein on the area under the insulin curve in the offspring of dams fed the diet prepared with corn oil. There were no differences in plasma glucose concentrations. The levels of mRNA for acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 in the livers of female offspring were affected by the protein and oil content of the maternal diet. The level of carnitine palmitoyl transferase mRNA was affected by the protein content of the maternal diet. The present study suggests that PUFA in the maternal diet can interact with protein metabolism to influence the development of the offspring. This may involve the higher content of α-linolenic acid in soya oil compared with corn oil.
Nurse-led ‘one stop’ clinic for elective tonsillectomy referrals
Authors: Wu K , Walker E , Owen G
Published: April 2007

Objectives: Balancing new referrals with limited clinic capacity is a challenge. At Lincoln County Hospital, referrals for tonsillectomy have been managed by an experienced ENT nurse practitioner, in order to deal with this problem more effectively. We reviewed tonsillectomy referrals made in a one year period to determine if surgical outcomes were satisfactory. Results were compared with figures available from the national prospective tonsillectomy audit.

Methods: This was a retrospective study, assessing patients referred to the ENT department at Lincoln County Hospital. We reviewed the number of patients who had proceeded to surgery and the rate of complications.

Results: One hundred and fifty-nine patients had been referred for tonsillectomy over the one year period. One hundred and forty-seven patients had been seen in clinic and 12 had not attended their clinic appointment. Following consultation with the nurse practitioner, 125 patients had proceeded to surgery. Five episodes of bleeding were recorded as complications postoperatively; giving a bleeding complication rate of 4.7 per cent, compared with a rate of 5.7 per cent from the national prospective tonsillectomy audit.

Conclusion: A trained nurse practitioner can safely and effectively facilitate the complete process of managing a routine pre-operative tonsillectomy patient, from primary care referral to arranging admission for surgery.
Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of Paraprionospio pinnata (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in central Chile
Authors: Quiroga Eduardo , Quiñones Renato A. , González Rodrigo R. , Gallardo Victor A. , Jessen Gerdhard
Published: April 2007

The aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of Paraprionospio pinnata were estimated under laboratory conditions. Paraprionospio pinnata is a widely distributed, often dominant polychaete inhabiting sublittoral sediments on the continental shelf off central Chile, where there is a pronounced oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The aerobic respiration rates ranged from 0.25 to 1.28 ml O2 h-1 g-1 dry weight. Paraprionospio pinnata displayed oxyconformity between 30 mm Hg (4 kPa) and 104 mm Hg (14 kPa) of oxygen tension levels (pO2) under laboratory conditions. We found that P. pinnata is an aerobic oxygen conformer and is able to endure very low oxygen conditions. High anaerobic activity of alanopine dehydrogenase (5.74 ±1.20 μmol NADH min-1 g-1 wet weight) and strombine dehydrogenase (8.82 ±4.04 μmol NADH min-1 g-1 wet weight) were observed. The ratio between the calculated aerobic respiration rates and the electron transfer system activity were 0.28 and 0.12 for normoxic and hypoxic conditions, respectively. Based on the observed respiration rates and the average densities of P. pinnata in the study site, we estimated the population carbon flux via aerobic respiration to be about 32 mg C m-2 d-1 in spring and 80 mg C m-2 d-1 in winter. Paraprionospio pinnata would be using, then, about 8.6% of the total downward flux of organic carbon to the seabed and contributing between 18 and 44% of the total sediment community oxygen consumption.
Long-term changes in the geographic distribution and population structures of Osilinus lineatus (Gastropoda: Trochidae) in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Mieszkowska N. , Hawkins S.J. , Burrows M.T. , Kendall M.A.
Published: April 2007

Since the rate of global climate change began to accelerate in the 1980s, the coastal seas of Britain have warmed by up to 1°C. Locations close to the northern range edges of a southern trochid gastropod Osilinus lineatus in Britain previously surveyed in the 1950s and 1980s were resurveyed during 2002–2004 to determine whether changes in the success of near-limit populations had occurred during the period of climate warming. Between the 1980s and the 2000s, the range limits had extended by up to 55 km. Populations sampled over a latitudinal extent of 4 degrees from northern limits towards the centre of the range showed synchronous increases in abundance throughout the years sampled, suggesting a large-scale factor such as climate was driving the observed changes. These increases in abundance and changes in range limits are likely to have occurred via increased recruitment success in recent years.
Why does the mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris form territories in farming ponds?
Authors: Chen Shixi , Hong Wanshu , Zhang Qiyong , Su Yongquan
Published: April 2007

The mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris maintained territories in farming ponds during the cold season between November and February. There were two types of territory, one was surrounded by mud-walls, and the other was without mud-walls. Both types of territory were entirely covered by shallow water. The area of walled territories was significantly bigger than that of non-walled ones. The nearest neighbour distance of walled territories was significantly shorter than that of non-walled territories. In January, fish surface activity occurred between 1200 and 1500 hours at which time the territorial water temperature reached a maximum, being significantly higher than that of the air, mud surface or deep burrow. The territorial sediments exhibited a significantly greater benthic microalgal biomass (chlorophyll-a and total chlorophyll-a) as compared to the non-territorial sediments. The present study indicates that B. pectinirostris forms a territory during the cold season to keep a pool of water that encourages diatom growth and enables the fish to engage in surface activity.
Revision of Chauvinelia, redescriptions of Flabelliseta incrusta, and Helmetophorus rankini, and their recognition as acrocirrids (Polychaeta: Acrocirridae)
Authors: Salazar-Vallejo Sergio I. , Gillet Patrick , Carrera-Parra Luis F.
Published: April 2007

Chauvinelia contains two abyssal species, C. biscayensis, and C. arctica. Because of the lack of some relevant details in the original descriptions, they are redescribed, the generic diagnosis is emended, and a key to separate them is included. Flabelliseta incrusta and Helmetophorus rankini, the type and only species for these genera are redescribed; they lack annulated or multi-articulated capillaries, their chaetae have a detachable cortex carrying successive rows of tiny spines, and they share several features with Chauvinelia. Therefore Flabelliseta, and Helmetophorus, currently regarded as members of Flabelligeridae de Saint-Joseph, 1894, are transferred to the Acrocirridae Banse, 1969. Consequently the family diagnosis is emended to include simple capillary neurochaetae, and a key for all acrocirrid genera is also included.
Observation of intersexuality in land hermit crabs (Anomura: Coenobitidae)
Authors: Gusev Oleg , Zabotin Yaroslav
Published: April 2007

We report here the first observation of intersexuality in a land hermit crab (Coenobitidae). Three species of land hermit crabs from Okinawa were investigated. In the population of the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita rugosus two per cent of males were found to be intersex. Besides the true male gonopores on the coxae of the 5th pair of pereopods, they had additional openings on the coxae of the 3rd pair of pereopods. Both specimens examined had a normally developed male reproductive system. In the populations of two other species studied, C. brevimanus and C. purpureus, however, no intersex individuals have been found. Examples of intersexuality in decapod crustaceans are discussed and putative explanations of this phenomenon in land hermit crabs are proposed.
Movements and distribution of cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern North Sea and English Channel: results from conventional and electronic tagging experiments
Authors: Righton David , Quayle Victoria Anne , Hetherington Stuart , Burt Gary
Published: April 2007

The sub-structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks in the North Sea has important consequences for fisheries management as the Common Fisheries Policy moves towards a more regional approach. We investigated the movements, distribution and behaviour of cod in the southern North Sea (ICES IVc) and English Channel (ICES VIId) by re-analysing historic data from conventional tagging experiments, and by conducting new experiments with electronic tags. Cod tagged and released in IVc showed a northwards shift in distribution during the feeding season consistent with a homing migration away from spawning grounds along the coasts of the UK and the Netherlands. In contrast, cod tagged and released in VIId did not exhibit a consistent pattern of seasonal movement. Many cod released in VIId were subsequently recaptured close to their release position, although some moved out of the Channel and into the southern North Sea. Overlap between the recapture areas of cod released in the different management areas was no more than 25% in either the spawning or feeding season. Behavioural data from electronic tags suggest that cod in IVc make use of tidal streams to migrate northwards and eastwards in spring, whereas selective tidal stream transport was rarely exhibited by cod tagged and released in VIId. Overall, the evidence suggests that there are behavioural differences between cod in IVc and VIId that limit the mixing of cod from these two areas during the feeding and spawning seasons.
Boninia neotethydis sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea)—the first lessepsian flatworm
Authors: Curini-Galletti M. , Campus P.
Published: April 2007

Based on specimens collected in the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts of Israel, the first lessepsian flatworm (Boninia neotethydis sp. nov.) is described. The genus Boninia includes cotylean polyclads characterized by the presence of multiple accessory (prostatoid) organs. The three species described are distributed in the western Pacific (B. mirabilis) and in the Caribbean (B. antillarum and B. divae). The new species differ from congenerics in the number and arrangement of the prostatoid organs, and in the number of marginal eyes. Specimens of the new species feed on mussels, and their possible effects on Mediterranean mussel cultures should be monitored.
Salinity preferences and habitat partitioning between dominant mysids at the Río de la Plata estuary (Uruguay)
Authors: Calliari Danilo , Cervetto Guillermo , Castiglioni Rafael , Rodríguez Laura
Published: April 2007

Mysids are common and abundant organisms in estuaries and coastal waters, where they have a central role in the functioning of food webs. The Río de la Plata (RdlP) is a major estuary that affects biogeographic patterns of marine coastal organisms in the south-west Atlantic, but studies of the plankton in the RdlP are scarce. Knowledge of the mysid fauna in particular is very limited with a single species (likely alien, Neomysis americana), traditionally known to inhabit this 38,000 km2 estuary, and a second one, Mysidopsis tortonesei, only recently reported. The purpose of this paper is to contribute with the knowledge of the mysid fauna of this ecosystem by exploring the spatial distribution and in situ salinity preferences of N. americana and M. tortonesei in the mixohaline region of the RdlP during austral autumn, 2001. Both species showed clear and contrasting haline affinities that resulted in an almost perfect spatial segregation within the study area. Neomysis americana occurred preferentially in oligo- and meso-haline conditions (range <1 to 33.37, but most abundant at salinities <28), while M. tortonesei occurred at salinities >28. Temperature range was quite narrow and it was unlikely that it affected mysid distribution in the estuary. Temporal variability in observed patterns, as well as the role of biological interactions in shaping spatial distribution of N. americana and M. tortonesei within the estuary are subjects that deserve further attention in future studies.
A new genus and species of polyclad flatworm found in the mantle cavities of gastropod molluscs in the high-intertidal zone of the Pacific coast of Central America
Authors: Faubel Anno , Sluys Ronald , Reid David G.
Published: April 2007

A commensal relationship is described between the polyclad flatworm Paraprostatum echinolittorinae Faubel & Sluys gen. et sp. nov. and gastropod molluscs living on the Pacific coast of central America. Although the worms are relatively large in comparison with their hosts, the latter sustained no apparent damage. Considering the fact that the molluscs live in the upper eulittoral zone and littoral fringe of the shore, it is unlikely that the polyclads could survive for long outside the hosts. Diagnostic characters for the new genus and species are a long penial stylet joined to the proximal vesicle and absence of Lang's vesicle. It is pointed out that Aprostatum clippertoni Bock, 1913 and A. longipenis (Kato, 1943) have been incorrectly transferred to the genus Euplana Girard, 1893 and that Discoplana malagensis Doignon, Artois & Deheyn, 2003 should be transferred to the genus Ilyella Faubel, 1983.
Laboratory observations on early development of the oncaeid copepod Triconia canadensis from the mesopelagic zone of the western subarctic Pacific
Authors: Nishibe Yuichiro , Ikeda Tsutomu
Published: April 2007

Egg development time and hatching success were determined for the oncaeid copepod, Triconia canadensis, from the mesopelagic zone of the western subarctic Pacific. The egg development time was estimated to be 74.7–84.5 days at in situ temperature (3°C), which is much longer than those reported previously on the other oncaeid copepods even if the differences in experimental temperatures are taken into account. The egg hatching success varied between 50 and 100%, with a grand mean of 88%. The newly hatched nauplii of T. canadensis were elongate ellipsoid in shape, and had many large-sized lipid droplets in their body. Possible adaptive significance of apparent longer egg developmment time of T. canadensis is discussed in the light of their life cycle strategy.
A review of the genus Iridogorgia (Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae) and its relatives, chiefly from the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Watling Les
Published: April 2007

Exploration of the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts produced four new species of chrysogorgiid octocorals with the spiral iridogorgiid growth form. Three species are described as new in the genus Iridogorgia and one is described in the new genus Rhodaniridogorgia. Both genera have representatives in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Iridogorgia magnispiralis sp. nov., is one of the largest octocorals encountered in the deep sea and seems to be widespread in the Atlantic.
Patterns in the invertebrate assemblage associated with Corallina officinalis in tide pools
Authors: Bussell James A. , Lucas Ian A.N. , Seed Ray
Published: April 2007

Ecological studies of diversity at different spatial scales are important for our understanding of community processes. Here the patterns in the invertebrate fauna associated with the turf-forming red alga, Corallina officinalis, with increasing tide pool depth and in pools of different surface area and at different tidal heights are presented for two similar shores in north Wales. Corallina turf supports a diverse assemblage of invertebrates achieving high densities of individuals which makes an important contribution to local biodiversity. Overall 123 different taxa were identified with the most dominant species being the polychaete Spirorbis corallinae and small individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis. There are significant differences in the invertebrate assemblage at different depths in tide pools and higher diversity and richness at shallower depths nearer the edge of pools where the alga is shorter and more compact than at deeper depths. Pool size and tidal height were also clearly important in structuring the assemblage where there were significant differences in diversity, richness and assemblage pattern, although these differences were not consistent between shores. Some measures of habitat complexity, such as algal volume, correlate well with species richness, though occasionally diversity is negatively correlated with the number of holdfasts. Variations in physical conditions afforded by different depths and in tide pools of different size at different tidal heights at the scales measured clearly play an important role in structuring both the complexity of habitat and its associated assemblage
Duplication of the ribosomal gene cluster in the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii correlates with ITS polymorphism
Authors: Hui Jerome H.L. , Kortchagina Natalia , Arendt Detlev , Balavoine Guillaume , Ferrier David E.K.
Published: April 2007

Platynereis dumerilii is an emerging model system for both comparative developmental biology and ecotoxicology. As such it would be extremely valuable to be able to map the location of genes and markers in its genome, in order to understand how the genome changes or has changed, either due to chemical and environmental insults or during evolution. Here we report the adaptation of the technique of chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to P. dumerilii for the localization of single-copy genes. Also the duplicated ribosomal gene cluster of this annelid is more reliably revealed with FISH than with the previous technique of silver staining. This duplicated ribosomal cluster correlates with polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, which has implications for the use of these regions in phylogenetic or population biology work.
Apposition compound eyes of Spongicoloides koehleri (Crustacea: Spongicolidae) are derived by neoteny
Authors: Gaten Edward
Published: April 2007

Wedding shrimps, Spongicoloides koehleri, spend the adult phase of their life cycle within the cavity of a hexactinellid sponge. Although there is little light at the depths at which the sponges are found, the shrimps do not use the highly sensitive reflecting superposition optics commonly found in other shrimp-like decapods. Instead they have apposition eyes which are virtually free of shielding pigment. It is proposed that this is due to the paedomorphic retention of the larval optics through the process of neoteny.
A longitudinal study of personality and major depression in a population-based sample of male twins
Authors: FANOUS AYMAN H. , NEALE MICHAEL C. , AGGEN STEVEN H. , KENDLER KENNETH S.
Published: April 2007

Background

The relationship between personality and psychiatric illness is complex. It is not clear whether one directly causes the other.

Method

In a population-based sample of male twins (n=3030), we attempted to predict major depression (MD) from neuroticism (N) and extraversion (E) and vice versa, to evaluate the causal, scar, state, and prodromal hypotheses. In a longitudinal, structural equation twin model, we decomposed the covariation between N and MD into (a) genetic and environmental factors that are common to both traits, as well as specific to each one and (b) direct causal effects of N at time 1 on subsequent MD, as well as between MD and subsequent N.

Results

E was negatively correlated with lifetime and one-year prevalence of MD. N predicted the new onset of MD, and was predicted by both current and past MD. It did not predict the time to onset of MD. All of the covariation between N and MD was due to additive genetic and individual-specific environmental factors shared by both traits and a direct causal path between MD and N assessed later. No genetic factors were unique to either trait.

Conclusions

In men, N may be a vulnerability factor for MD but does not cause it directly. However, MD may have a direct causal effect on N. The genetic overlap between N and MD in men may be greater than in women.
Body mass index in middle life and future risk of hospital admission for psychoses or depression: findings from the Renfrew/Paisley study
Authors: LAWLOR DEBBIE A. , HART CAROLE L. , HOLE DAVID J. , GUNNELL DAVID , DAVEY SMITH GEORGE
Published: April 2007

Background

There is evidence that greater body mass index (BMI) protects against depression, schizophrenia and suicide. However, there is a need for prospective studies.

Method

We examined the association of BMI with future hospital admissions for psychoses or depression/anxiety disorders in a large prospective study of 7036 men and 8327 women. Weight and height were measured at baseline (1972–76) when participants were aged 45–64. Follow-up was for a median of 29 years.

Results

Greater BMI and obesity were associated with a reduced risk of hospital admission for psychoses and depression/anxiety in both genders, with the magnitude of these associations being the same for males and females. With adjustment for age, sex, smoking and social class, a 1 standard deviation (s.d.) greater BMI at baseline was associated with a rate ratio of 0·91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·82–1·01] for psychoses and 0·87 (95% CI 0·77–0·98) for depression/anxiety. Further adjustment for baseline psychological distress and total cholesterol did not alter these associations.

Conclusions

Our findings add to the growing body of evidence that suggests that greater BMI is associated with a reduced risk of major psychiatric outcomes. Long-term follow-up of participants in randomized controlled trials of interventions that effectively result in weight loss and the use of genetic variants that are functionally related to obesity as instrumental variables could help to elucidate whether these associations are causal.
Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men
Authors: MELCHIOR MARIA , CASPI AVSHALOM , MILNE BARRY J. , DANESE ANDREA , POULTON RICHIE , MOFFITT TERRIE E.
Published: April 2007

Background

Rates of depression have been rising, as have rates of work stress. We tested the influence of work stress on diagnosed depression and anxiety in young working adults.

Method

Participants were enrolled in the Dunedin study, a 1972–1973 longitudinal birth cohort assessed most recently in 2004–2005, at age 32 (n=972, 96% of 1015 cohort members still alive). Work stress (psychological job demands, work decision latitude, low work social support, physical work demands) was ascertained by interview. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were ascertained using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria.

Results

Participants exposed to high psychological job demands (excessive workload, extreme time pressures) had a twofold risk of MDD or GAD compared to those with low job demands. Relative risks (RRs) adjusting for all work characteristics were: 1·90 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·22–2·98] in women, and 2·00 (95% CI 1·13–3·56) in men. Analyses ruled out the possibility that the association between work stress and disorder resulted from study members' socio-economic position, a personality tendency to report negatively, or a history of psychiatric disorder prior to labour-market entry. Prospective longitudinal analyses showed that high-demand jobs were associated with the onset of new depression and anxiety disorder in individuals without any pre-job history of diagnosis or treatment for either disorder.

Conclusions

Work stress appears to precipitate diagnosable depression and anxiety in previously healthy young workers. Helping workers cope with work stress or reducing work stress levels could prevent the occurrence of clinically significant depression and anxiety.
Hepatitis B virus transmission in The Netherlands: a population-based, hierarchical case-control study in a very low-incidence country
Authors: HAHNÉ S. J. M. , VELDHUIJZEN I. K. , SMITS L. J. M. , NAGELKERKE N. , VAN DE LAAR M. J. W.
Published: April 2007

We report the first population-based case-control study on acute hepatitis B in a very low-incidence country. A case was a Netherlands resident, notified between May 1999 and July 2000 with symptoms and serology compatible with acute hepatitis B. Population controls were randomly selected, with oversampling from men and persons aged 20–39 years. Risk factors were studied using logistical regression, distinguishing confounders and mediators through hierarchical analysis. Participants were 120 cases and 3948 controls. The risk of acute hepatitis B was increased in men who have sex with men, with reporting to have had more than two partners in the past 6 months the only significant risk. In children, adult females and heterosexual males, having parents born in a hepatitis B endemic country was a significant risk. For adult females and heterosexual males, this was largely explained by having a foreign partner. For children this was partly explained by parenteral exposures abroad.
Worrying about Trust
Authors: SZTOMPKA PIOTR
Published: April 2007

In the last few decades, the subject of trust has become one of the central research topics in sociology and political science. Various theoretical approaches have crystallized, and an immense amount of empirical data has been collected. The focus on trust is for two kinds of reasons. One has to do with immanent developments in the social sciences. We have witnessed a turn from almost exclusive preoccupation with the macro-social level, that is the organizational, systemic or structuralist images of society, toward the micro-foundations of social life; that is, everyday actions and interactions, including their ‘soft’ dimensions, mental and cultural intangibles and imponderables. Another set of reasons has to do with the changing quality of social structures and social processes in the late-modern period. The ascendance of democracy means that the role of human agency is growing, and more depends on what common people think and do, how they feel toward others and toward their rulers and how they choose to participate and cooperate. The process of globalization means that more and more of the factors impinging on everyday life of people are non-transparent, unfamiliar and distant, demanding new type of attitudes. The expansion of risk means that people have to act more often than before in conditions of uncertainty. The traumas of rapid, comprehensive and often unexpected social change produce disorientation and a loss of existential security. If the ambition of sociology to become the reflexive awareness of society is to be realized, then the current interest in trust seems to be wholly warranted.
Changes of the Knowledge System and their Implication for the Formative Stage of Scholars: Experiences in the Natural Sciences
Authors: FENSTAD JENS ERIK
Published: April 2007

This paper reviews some recent trends in the natural and biomedical sciences related to issues of complexity and reductionism, mathematical modelling and simulations, with particular reference to system biology, and discusses the impact of these developments on future research training.
Mind-reading as Control Theory
Authors: GÄRDENFORS PETER
Published: April 2007

In contrast to other animals, humans are good at mind-reading in the sense that they can represent the contents of the minds of others. In this article, the competence for inter-subjectivity is divided into representing the emotions, the attention, the intentions and the beliefs and knowledge of others. Recent attempts to exploit control theory for modelling various cognitive functions are discussed and it is outlined how this modelling approach can be combined with the analysis of inter-subjectivity.
God's Brain. Some Critical Remarks
on Modern Neurotheology
Authors: GRAF FRIEDRICH WILHELM
Published: April 2007

The author starts from an observed increase in theoretical contributions to the debate on neurotheology, illustrated by the example of the moral implications of certain discourse types in the novel God's Brain (Johler and Burow). Central scriptural passages of the Judeo-Christian tradition are then interpreted; a crucial shared aspect of these is the implication of an eternal divine memory, the physiological dimension of which has fostered, not just in terminology, a general openness of theology from the ‘neuronal turn’ to the neurotheological diagnostics since the late 19th century. Once the question of a possible self-reflection by the neurologist is systematically excluded, it becomes obvious that the ‘twilight of neurosciences’ still contains a considerable ideological potential. This is particularly evident in light of the questions addressed since the 1970s, despite the most modern methods in imaging and measurement.
Materials against materiality
Authors: Ingold Tim
Published: April 2007

This article seeks to reverse the emphasis, in current studies of material culture, on the materiality of objects as against the properties of materials. Drawing on James Gibson's tripartite division of the inhabited environment into medium, substances and surfaces, it is argued that the forms of things are not imposed from without upon an inert substrate of matter, but are continually generated and dissolved within the fluxes of materials across the interface between substances and the medium that surrounds them. Thus things are active not because they are imbued with agency but because of ways in which they are caught up in these currents of the lifeworld. The properties of materials, then, are not fixed attributes of matter but are processual and relational. To describe these properties means telling their stories.
Materials with materiality?
Authors: Knappett Carl
Published: April 2007

Many scholars working in the domain of material culture will welcome this forceful statement from Ingold, sharing his frustration with the seemingly immaterial materiality emergent in the material-culture literature, the singular focus on things already made rather than their processes of becoming, and the apparent lack of contribution from those who do study materials in depth (e.g. archaeologists) to questions of materiality and material culture. His intervention is a timely one, although the message has been expressed before, albeit in more muted tones (e.g. Ingold 2000, 53). But while Ingold may be justified in bemoaning the lack of definition and clarity in ‘materiality’, is there scope for stepping back from the polemic and finding a middle ground? I would argue that materiality may still be a useful way of understanding the conjunction or intersection of the social and the material, without the former swallowing the latter.
Local ideological strategies and the politics of ritual space in the Chimú Empire
Authors: Swenson Edward R.
Published: April 2007

This article examines the politics of ritual space in the Jequetepeque Valley, Peru after the conquest of the region by the Chimú Empire (A.D. 1200–1450). Interpretations are based on detailed analysis of ceremonial architecture located in the rural hinterland of urban centres. Despite imperial incorporation, the proliferation of ceremonial sites in the Jequetepeque countryside indicates that ritual production remained the prerogative of local groups. Architectural archaism, syncretism and the emulation of Chimú space in Jequetepeque demonstrate that rural communities adopted diverse ideological strategies to defend indigenous political identities and manipulate imperial authorities. The analysis improves understanding of the effects of Chimú conquest on local populations and suggests that imperial administration relied on indirect rule. Local communities were not passive consumers of state ideology but actively participated in the propagation of both corporate and indigenous religious systems. Ultimately, the article intends to advance archaeological interpretation of the political significance of patterned variability in the construction and experience of ceremonial space.
Warm-up in dressage competitions: association with level, competition type and final score
Authors: Murray Rachel C , Mann Sarah , Parkin Tim DH
Published: April 2007

Warm-up of 267 competitors at British Dressage affiliated competitions was observed, including competitors at novice (N) (n = 104), medium (M) (n = 65), Prix St Georges (PSG) (n = 60) and Grand Prix (GP) (n = 38) levels. Competitions were classified as local (n = 103), regional (n = 57) and national championship (n = 107) events. Overall, the mean warm-up duration for competitors at dressage competitions was 29 min 53 s. Total warm-up duration was 25 min 23 s ± 10 min 2 s (mean ± SD) at N level; 31 min 32 s ± 11 min 32 s at M level; 32 min 53 s ± 11 min 19 s at PSG and 34 min 34 s ± 10 min 10 s at GP. Mean proportion of walk, trot and canter at each level was N: walk = 39.26%, trot = 40.31%, canter = 20.43%; M: walk = 43.77%, trot = 32.54%, canter = 23.69%; PSG: walk = 38.53%, trot = 31.03%, canter = 30.43% and GP: walk = 38.79%, trot = 33.26%, canter = 27.95%. There was no effect of rider experience, but level and type of competition affected the proportion of time spent in different paces and total time of warm-up, which was increased at higher levels and championships. Increased warm-up time and specific warm-up design were positively associated with final score at novice and Prix St Georges levels.
The global reorganization of legitimate violence: military entrepreneurs and the private face of international humanitarian law
Authors: Cockayne James
Published: April 2007

Although long hidden from the public gaze of international humanitarian law, military entrepreneurialism has played a key role in the global organization of legitimate violence. By examining historical changes in the role and legal treatment of military entrepreneurs, the author sheds light on the contemporary “resurfacing” of privately organized violence in the form of private military companies, and its broader implications for international humanitarian law.
Promoting compliance of private security and military companies with international humanitarian law
Authors: Perrin Benjamin
Published: April 2007

Private security and military companies have become a ubiquitous part of modern armed conflict and post-conflict reconstruction. Their diverse clients include governments in the developed and developing world alike, non-state belligerents, international corporations, non-governmental organizations, the United Nations, and private individuals. The implications of this proliferation of private security and military companies for international humanitarian law and human rights are only beginning to be appreciated, as potential violations and misconduct by their employees have come to light in Iraq and Afghanistan. The author critically examines the theoretical risks posed by private military and security company activity with respect to violations of international humanitarian law and human rights, together with the incentives that these companies have to comply with those norms. Empirical evidence is also presented to expand on this theoretical framework. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the author draws on law, international relations theory, criminology, economics, corporate strategy and political economy, as well as psychology and sociology, to analyse the competing “risk-factors” and “compliance levers” that interact at each level of private military and security company activity to enhance or reduce the likelihood of a violation occurring. These findings are then applied by the author to assess emergent measures to deal with private security and military companies outside the legal sphere, including a programme of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the advent of the International Peace Operations Association.
Seasonal characteristics of air masses arriving at Gosan, Korea, using fine particle measurements between November 2001 and August 2003
Authors: Kim Jin Young , Ghim Young Sung , Song Chul Han , Yoon Soon‐Chang , Han Jin Seok
Published: April 2007

The characteristics of air masses arriving at Gosan, Korea, were investigated on the basis of PM2.5 measurements during six intensive measurement periods (IMPs) in order to delineate the influences of various types of seasonal events in northeast Asia. The air masses arrived from the northwest/west along prevailing westerlies during three IMPs performed in the nonsummer seasons. Three characteristic periods of stagnation, Asian dust, and pollution periods were identified in November 2001, spring 2002, and February 2003, respectively. Another three characteristic periods of typhoon, biomass burning, and marine background periods were identified in the summer seasons: late August to early September 2002, June 2003, and August 2003, respectively. Anthropogenic pollution levels increased significantly not only because of stagnant meteorological conditions but also because of transport from high‐emission areas with prevailing westerly winds during heating seasons (winter and/or fall). In spring, there was a good contrast between a weak Asian dust (AD) period with dusts transported from the Gobi desert and a strong AD period with dusts transported from Inner Mongolia. During the weak AD period the levels of anthropogenic pollutants were high, whereas during the strong AD period, anthropogenic ion concentrations were significantly low in spite of high mass concentrations. In summer, marine influences were strong either because of transport from the Pacific Ocean or the effects of typhoons. Influences from biomass burning from China and/or Russia were the strongest in June (biomass burning period) but continued in the marine background period.
Meridional and vertical out‐of‐phase relationships of temperature anomalies associated with the Northern Annular Mode variability
Authors: Ren R.‐C. , Cai Ming
Published: April 2007

Using the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis, we here present evidence suggesting that the out‐of‐phase relationships of temperature anomalies both between the low and high latitudes and between the stratosphere and troposphere are intimately related to the meridional and downward propagation of anomalies of both signs. The temperature anomalies propagate poleward and downward above the tropopause and propagate equatorward below the tropopause. The characteristic time scale for anomalies of one polarity to propagate from the equator to the pole (or the half period of the complete cycle) is about 55 days. The relatively slow meridional propagation helps to explain the well‐known seesaw oscillatory pattern between low and high latitudes found in monthly data. The equatorward propagation in the troposphere is synchronized with the poleward propagation of the stratospheric temperature anomalies of the opposite sign in both low and high latitudes, responsible for the out‐of‐phase relation between the stratospheric and tropospheric temperature anomalies in the polar region. Since it takes about 55 days for anomalies of one polarity to propagate from the tropics to the pole, such an intimate linkage between the anomalies in the deep tropics and high latitudes would imply a longer lead time for intra‐seasonal climate prediction in the extratropics.
Investigation of the summer Kara Sea circulation employing a variational data assimilation technique
Authors: Panteleev G. , Proshutinsky A. , Kulakov M. , Nechaev D. A. , Maslowski W.
Published: April 2007

The summer circulations and hydrographic fields of the Kara Sea are reconstructed for mean, positive and negative Arctic Oscillation regimes employing a variational data assimilation technique which provides the best fit of reconstructed fields to climatological data and satisfies dynamical and kinematic constraints of a quasi‐stationary primitive equation ocean circulation model. The reconstructed circulations agree well with the measurements and are characterized by inflow of 0.63, 0.8, 0.51 Sv through Kara Gate and 1.18, 1.1, 1.12 Sv between Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land, for mean climatologic conditions, positive and negative AO indexes, respectively. The major regions of water outflow for these regimes are the St. Anna Trough (1.17, 1.21, 1.34 Sv) and Vilkitsky/Shokalsky Straits (0.52, 0.7, 0.51 Sv). The optimized velocity pattern for the mean climatological summer reveals a strong anticyclonic circulation in the central part of the Kara Sea (Region of Fresh Water Inflow, ROFI zone) and is confirmed by ADCP surveys and laboratory modeling. This circulation is well pronounced for both high and low AO phases, but in the positive AO phase it is shifted approximately 200 km west relatively to its climatological center. During the negative AO phase the ROFI locaion is close to its climatological position. The results of the variational data assimilation approach were compared with the simulated data from the Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM) and Naval Postgraduate School 18 km resolution (NPS‐18) model to validate these models.
Diatom‐induced silicon isotopic fractionation in Antarctic sea ice
Authors: Fripiat François , Cardinal Damien , Tison Jean‐Louis , Worby Anthony , André Luc
Published: April 2007

In this study, we measure the silicon‐isotopic composition δ29Si,‰, relative to NBS28 quartz standard) of dissolved silicon and biogenic silica collected by sequential melting from spring Antarctic pack ice collected near 117°E‐64.5°S. This work aims to investigate the use of Si isotopes to quantify the activity of sea‐ice diatoms in the different brine structures and the influence of sea‐ice diatoms on the spring ice edge blooms. From three cores with contrasted physico‐chemical characteristics, we report significant isotopic fractionations linked to diatom activity with distinct silicon biogeochemical dynamics between different brine structures. The diatoms in snow ice and in brine pockets of frazil or congelation ice have the heavier silicon‐isotopic composition (+0.53 to +0.86‰), indicating that they grow in a closed system and use a significant fraction of the small dissolved silicon pool available. In the brine channels and skeletal layer, diatoms display a relatively lower silicon‐isotopic composition (+0.41 to +0.70‰), although it is still relatively positive compared to expected equilibrium fractionation. This suggests that the diatoms have grown in a semi‐closed system where the dissolved silicon pool (i.e., brine) is partially replenished. The silicon‐isotopic composition (+0.63‰) of the sea‐ice diatoms is much heavier than the one of biogenic silica in the seasonal ice zone mixed layer (+0.09‰). Our results suggest that sea‐ice diatoms either contribute to an insignificant part of the whole diatom biomass in the upper water layer, or that they are directly exported below the mixed layer.