bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faces of Abjectivity
Authors: Alexander Dorian L.
Published: January 2020

Raven Darkholme, also called Mystique, first appeared in Ms. Marvel #16 in 1978, beginning a long career in Marvel comics as a character of suspect alliances and shadowy glamour, a complex mixture of anti-hero and villain. Across the various X-Men lines, Mystique has maintained numerous romantic and implicitly sexual relationships with both male and female characters. The majority of these relationships are presented as heterosexual, although her homosexual relationship with Irene Adler, also called Destiny, is usually portrayed as the most longstanding and genuine. Consequently, Mystique is commonly read as bisexual, although this aspect of her character is explored to varying degrees depending on the writer and largely ignored in the X-Men film franchise. The nature of her specific mutant powers, however, require a queer reading of an entirely different sort, one that has not yet been discussed in the existing literature concerned with the X-Men comics.
Introduction
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: January 2020

As an institution, the Catholic Church in the South did not challenge prevailing race relations in the United States until the second half of the twentieth century. The southern Catholic Church participated in slavery and defended the practice while urging masters to manage their slaves with compassion. When the South adopted segregation laws in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, southern prelates began establishing churches and schools for African Americans. Although the Vatican permitted these racially separate institutions, in the 1930s it exerted growing pressure on the southern Catholic hierarchy to address racial discrimination and foster black evangelism. The papacy also endorsed the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ, which heavily influenced American Catholic advocates of racial equality, including some active in the Catholic Committee of the South that focused on the region’s economic, social and political problems.
An Overview: Catholics in the South and Desegregation, 1945–1970
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: January 2020

Although segregation laws did not apply to private institutions in most southern states, most prelates were unwilling to defy segregationist white majority opinion, both Protestant and Catholic, and risk opposition that might undermine their primary duty of preserving and spreading the faith. While some ordinaries and many priests supported or accepted segregation, other Catholic prelates, and some clergy and white laity, were troubled by southern segregation and by a growing appreciation that Jim Crow conflicted with Vatican condemnations of racism and support for the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ. Whatever their personal feelings, most prelates ordered desegregation in the postwar decades only in anticipation of, or to correlate with, secular desegregation in their dioceses. By 1970, few southern white Catholics identified themselves as segregationists, and southern Catholic institutions had abandoned overt exclusionary or segregationist practices. Yet, in many cases desegregation of Catholic institutions did not exceed tokenism.
Catholic Segregationist Thought in the South
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: January 2020

Only a minority of southern white Catholics declared God’s approval for segregation and cited biblical verses in supposed justification, but many Catholic segregationists criticized the Church for condemning segregation and gave secular arguments in its defense. Biblical segregationists did not conduct a widespread, coordinated campaign but many segregationists asked how could segregation be wrong when Catholic dioceses in the South had long practiced it? Segregationists often argued that communism lay behind integration and some argued that segregation protected whites from supposedly immoral, inferior African Americans. Public expression of Catholic segregationist views virtually disappeared in the 1970s. In part, the decline reflected a sense of futility in protesting against desegregation once it became the official policy of every southern diocese and a belief that desegregation either could not be reversed or had become inevitable. However, other segregationists repudiated their views, influenced by the Church’s teachings, and by diocesan and secular desegregation.
White Catholics in the South and Secular Desegregation, 1954–1970
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: January 2020

For decades prior to the civil rights movement, most Catholic prelates, clergy and white laity in the South did not perceive or acknowledge any conflict between their commitment to law and order and democracy, and the existence of public segregation and the denial of voting rights to most African Americans in the region. By outlawing public school segregation in 1954, the United States Supreme Court’s Brown ruling brought southern state and federal law into conflict and bore directly on Catholic leaders’ concerns about public education, law and order, democracy and the Cold War. When southern state governments took measures designed to thwart Brown’s implementation, or when public school desegregation under federal court order became imminent, diocesan leaders and some lay groups in the areas affected often spoke out in defense of public education and obedience to federal law, and called for acceptance of desegregation. Some Catholics also supported voting rights.
Desegregation of Southern Catholic Institutions, 1945–1970
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: January 2020

Many of the values that led southern Catholic leaders to support secular desegregation also led them to desegregate Catholic institutions. In some cases, particularly in parts of the peripheral South, prelates desegregated Catholic schools, hospitals and churches ahead of secular change. In other instances, especially in the Deep South, ordinaries acted largely in tandem with secular desegregation, although occasionally more extensively, and sometimes partly or substantially in response to federal financial pressure. Some ordinaries eschewed publicity, while others publicly announced desegregation. In deciding policy, all prelates considered the extent or absence of secular desegregation and the nature of public and Catholic lay and clergy opinion in their dioceses, as well as the views of their consultors. Most prelates confined school desegregation to Catholic admissions, thereby restricting its impact because of large African American Protestant enrollment in black Catholic schools and limiting opposition to a change that brought only token desegregation.
Southern Catholics and Desegregation in Denominational Perspective, 1945–1971
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: January 2020

The chapter compares the response of the Catholic Church in the South to desegregation with that of the region’s larger white denominations: the Southern Baptist Convention, the Methodist Church, the Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Protestant Episcopal Church, and the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. It also makes comparisons with Catholics outside the South and with southern Jews, a minority, like Catholics, subject to suspicion and even hostility from the Protestant majority, and with the Northern (later American) Baptist Convention and the Disciples of Christ, both of which had a substantial African American membership. The comparison suggests that white lay sensibilities, more than polity or theology, influenced the implementation of desegregation in the South by the major white religious bodies. Like the major white Protestant denominations, Catholic prelates and clergy took a more progressive approach to desegregation in the peripheral than the Deep South.
An Overview: Catholics in the South and Desegregation, 1971–1992
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: January 2020

The early 1970s saw growing disillusionment among southern African American Catholics with diocesan desegregation policies that had produced little desegregation, ignored blacks in the decision-making process and deprived black communities of valued institutions, leaving their members often feeling unwelcome in formerly white schools and churches. In response, the vast majority of prelates continued, and some, occasionally, built new, de facto black churches, no longer viewing them as unacceptable signs of segregation but as a vital part of the Church’s outreach to the African American community. In 1989, George A. Stallings Jr. broke with the Catholic Church by forming Imani Temple and inaugurating the independent African-American Catholic Congregation. Most African American Catholics did not follow him out of the church, although many sympathized with his criticism of racism within it. Blacks in the South and nation remained underrepresented among Catholic clergy and religious and on the staff of diocesan agencies.
Conclusion
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: January 2020

Prelates appointed by the Vatican before the 1940s were more reluctant or cautious than later episcopal appointments regarding desegregation. Now screened for their racial attitudes by the apostolic delegate and with more exposure to Mystical Body teachings, prelates appointed when the civil rights movement achieved increasing success faced a more pressing issue than their predecessors that they could less easily avoid, down play, or slow peddle. Secular change, federal financial imperatives, the American Catholic hierarchy’s endorsement of desegregation and the efforts of progressive African American and white laity in the South exerted a growing pressure on ordinaries to act, but desegregation mostly involved closing black Catholic institutions. Most southern white Catholics no longer publicly defended or supported segregation, but many did not embrace racial integration based on inclusiveness, reciprocity and mutual understanding. The Catholic Church desegregated its institutions, but, for the most part, it had not truly integrated them.
Implementing the Changes
Authors: Luke Jenny M.
Published: January 2020

With county and state structures in place this chapter focuses on the ways in which licensed midwives adapted to the regulations and supervision and the improvisation that was required to transfer the “new laws” into the community in the face of overwhelming poverty. Ensuring attendance at prenatal clinic and adequate preparation for delivery were hallmarks of the midwife’s role, as were home demonstrations of the ideal delivery room. Using a deep foundation of trust and authority midwives were able to distance themselves from traditional practices that were no longer permitted, however evidence suggests that on occasion the regulations stipulated in the midwife manual were overlooked for a number of reasons. The chapter demonstrates how supervising public health nurses used the midwife’s bag to monitor adherence to the rules and how it came symbolize the modern licensed midwife.
African American Nurse-Midwives
Authors: Luke Jenny M.
Published: January 2020

With the greatest need for improvements of maternity care in the south, this chapter returns the focus to the southern states. The National Organization of Public Health Nurses acknowledged the vital role African American nurse-midwives played in the public health education of black women and their families and two schools were established, one of which was the Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery in Alabama. Much of the chapter is devoted to the specific training required to be effective in the isolated, poverty stricken communities of the rural south and shows how cultural sensitivity was central to nurse-midwives’ work.
African American Women Turn to Hospital Birth
Authors: Luke Jenny M.
Published: January 2020

Once given an option African American women in the south chose physician managed hospitalized childbirth, but their experience was generally unsatisfactory for the reasons explored in this chapter. Dr. Thomas Boulware’s five-year maternal mortality study in Alabama is used to highlight physician opposition to funding prenatal clinics in poor, rural counties. The situation was no better in the segregated facilities of labor and delivery wards, or in the care black women received in hospital. Despite racism featuring heavily in their experience of macro-level care African American women’s expectations of childbirth changed and with it the culture.
Changing Childbirth Customs
Authors: Luke Jenny M.
Published: January 2020

The shift towards macro-centered maternity care was not merely about improved safety in childbirth, a more complex situation is unravelled in chapter 13. Hopes for progress and inclusion and equality of access stimulated black women’s agency for change and micro level childbirth customs were adjusted accordingly. The implementation of Medicaid solidified the shift leaving licensed lay midwives in the distant past, figuratively speaking.
Lay Midwives “Retire”
Authors: Luke Jenny M.
Published: January 2020

The elimination of midwifery was finally achieved when many states across the South passed legislation prohibiting lay midwifery practice. Chapter 14 uses the personal experience of lay midwives to explore various methods employed by state boards of health to control the activity of midwives and enforce retirement. As the evidence shows, the economic marketplace of childbirth became a factor in some physicians’ interactions with lay midwives; for others commitment and mutual respect rescinded state legislation for a while. For some lay midwives their duty to serve eclipsed any legal restriction.
Midwifery Becomes a White Woman’s Realm
Authors: Luke Jenny M.
Published: January 2020

In competition with a powerful medical establishment nurse-midwifery has struggled to gain legitimacy and carve out a space in which to practice. This chapter provides some historical background of the American College of Nurse-Midwives, the importance of “whiteness” to the preceding professional body, and the effect that state legislation has on the growth of the profession. The experience of Dr. J. Edward Hill demonstrates the benefits of a collaboration between physicians and nurse-midwives.
Coda
Authors: Lanzendörfer Tim
Published: January 2020

The coda explores what the book takes to be the most expansive question about contemporary zombie fiction, its meaning for literature at large. It departs from the question of whether we will be able to read literature again without the zombie, and takes zombie fiction, in its many manifestations but especially in its appearance in ostensibly “literary” fiction, as a crucial part of the contemporary generic turn, and as a harbinger of the future of fiction. More than that, however, it suggests that the processes at work in zombie fiction prefigure a larger shift in the literary field, one which ultimately depends on the zombie’s capacity to broadly signal possibility, rather than symbolic meaning.
“That’s the Excuse You Guys Use Whenever You Want to Exclude Me from Something”
Authors: Roche David
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses first on the relation between gender and genre conventions on the general level, then on how the narratives are often based on an assault on patriarchy, third on the linguistic deconstruction of gender effected through the usage of specific words, and finally on how some of the major concerns of feminist film theories are taken into account in the figuration of the body. I argue that deconstructing the material his films are based on enables Tarantino to come to terms with genre films and, more generally, cinema, and, in turn, qualify the theories he engages with. In so doing, his cinematic metafictions endeavor to resolve the contradiction between the celebration and the deconstruction of film genre: redeeming it by queering it, so to speak
“Everything’s the Same Except for One Change”
Authors: Roche David
Published: January 2020

This chapter seeks to further determine Tarantino’s place in the history of film aesthetics, and his relationship to classical, contemporary and art cinema. It analyzes how the films relate to the extrinsic norms of the film genres they rework, how they produce their own intrinsic norms and how they ultimately play with the two. It foregrounds the various functions of these devices, that can be dramatic, narrative and/or metafictional. It progresses from a general overview of the Tarantino style by focusing on the body of his work, before studying a certain number of signature devices, and finally some of the specific color schemes and devices utilized in each film.
“Lookin’ Back on the Track, Gonna Do It My Way”
Authors: Roche David
Published: January 2020

The study of pre-existing music confirms the poetics and politics of these films come together in the very contemporary notion that everything, notably art and identity, is a re-representation. If the songs featured on the original motion picture soundtracks have unquestionably played an important role in constructing the Tarantino brand as an emblem of cool retro, their functions in the films have always been varied and complex: reinforcing and establishing structural and thematic relationships (notably regarding character relations), endowing specific scenes with a certain tone or emotional ambience, and also highly contributing, on a metafictional level, to the political subtexts by way of intertextuality.
“He’s Just Not Used to Seein’ a Man Ripped Apart by Dogs Is All”
Authors: Roche David
Published: January 2020

It analyzes both the treatment of violence and the metafictional discourses that the body of films develops on the topic. Despite the director’s claims in early interviews, the movies reveal an awareness of how sensitive and complex it is: violence is a core feature of the films not so much by token of its presence, but because it is the point where the aesthetics, ethics and politics of the films converge—this explains why discussions of violence inevitably crop up in each chapter, as in writings on Tarantino in general.
Conclusion
Authors: Roche David
Published: January 2020

The feature films of Quentin Tarantino are clearly inscribed in a long tradition of anti-illusionist fiction. They deploy an impressive arsenal of reflexive devices—chapter headings, conspicuous camerawork and editing, intertexuality, theatricality—some of which draw attention away from the diegesis to the medium of film by invoking another medium (comics, drama, the novel). These practices, however, do more than just flaunt the films’ artificiality. Rather, they are integral to the production of metafictional discourses. These cinematic metafictions rely on many of the overt and covert strategies identified by Hutcheon in literary metafiction. On the formal level, the specifically cinematic reflexive devices, including the iconization of genre characters, draw attention to the films’ building blocks. On a diegetic level, storytelling, role-playing, and making movies are thematized through dialogue, narrative, and ...
The Ineffability of Form
Authors: Hochman Leah
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses how two graphic novels—The Rabbi’s Cat by Joann Sfar and Tina’s Mouth: An Existential Diary by KeshniKashyap—illustrate awe, sanctity and ineffability. In exploring how each narrative exposes the sacred, this chapter looks at the interplay between word and image, suggesting multiple, concurrent, and layered definitions of divinity. Each text creates a multi-layered conversation inviting the reader to explore textual/visual accounts of the sacred. This dynamic relationship between visual and written narratives informs how readers integrate words from a type of visual dialogue in order to unpack multiple meanings. That kind of agency suggests a graphic articulation of what Mikhail Bakhtin named heteroglossia (multi-languagedness)—the multiple contemporaneous literary exchanges that operate in different spheres. The heteroglossia of the graphic novel allows the reader to envisage multiple, simultaneous interpretations of the sacred.
Many Comic Book Ramayanas
Authors: McLain Karline
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the multivocal nature of the Ramayana epic in Indian graphic narratives from the 1970s to the present. There are two dominant narrative trends that arise in these graphic retellings. The first trend is to uphold Rama as the ideal god-king by presenting Rama as the clear hero of the epic story both textually and visually. The second trend is to critique Rama as the ideal god-king by focusing the textual and visual narrative on other protagonists within the epic storyline, and thereby engage in a critical examination of Rama through feminist and/or subaltern perspectives. This essay sheds light on the contested interpretation of the god Rama within contemporary Hinduism and South Asian culture more broadly. These comics that idealize Rama and those that question his idealism, when taken together, are valuable for their ongoing contributions to the multivocal nature of the Ramayana story.
The Ending of Mark as a Page-Turn Reveal
Authors: Coody Elizabeth Rae
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses how biblical scholars have much to learn from what comics can reveal about the act of reading texts. Readers of the Christian Testament might find The Action Bible (2010), Marked (2005), and the “Gospel of Mark” story in the Yummy Fur series (1987-89) useful for identifying characteristics of the peculiar ending of Mark. In particular, this chapter explores how the ending of Mark, which has long puzzled scholars, can be more fully understood when compared to the technique of the page-turn reveal commonly used by comics creators. That is, the shorter ending of Mark is a “page-turn” teaser. It is not a deficient ending, but rather invites the reader or listener to create the verso(on the turned side of the page). Reading Mark through comics makes visible how the author of Mark accomplished with language what the comics form is uniquely able to display visually.
Transrendering Biblical Bodies
Authors: Elliott Scott S.
Published: January 2020

This essay compares and contrasts The Action Bible by Sergio Cariello and Doug Mauss, and Genesis Illustrated by R. Crumb, focusing foremost on the ways that each work handles gender and sexuality, particularly vis-a-vis Roland Barthes’s concepts of readerly and writerly texts. The essay argues that the best of comic and graphic art productions of biblical literature does not attempt to replicate the work. Instead, by virtue of the inherently “guttural” language of the comics medium (i.e., speaking between the panels and enlisting readers in the process of writing the story), these works highlight the Bible’s own fragmentary nature, and thus leave open the possibility of a more “writerly” engagement with the Biblical text and sacred.
The Dark Phoenix as “Promising Monster”
Authors: Langsdale Samantha
Published: January 2020

This essay argues that mainstream superhero comics have real pedagogical potential and that the Dark Phoenix Saga in particular might be taught in ways which are both critical and creative. Through employing an interdisciplinary approach — including feminist analysis of Christian mysticism, as well as postmodern theories of corporeality—the character of Jean Grey/Phoenix may be interpreted in ways which critique hegemonic definitions of female sexuality as monstrous and which constructively challenge certain assumptions about agency, identity, and embodiment.
Specifically, this essay explores theories of religious subjectivity that do not rely solely on agency as subversion and disruption of the hegemonic narrative. The essay employs different theories and notions, like that of promising monsters (among others), to encourage reading of the Dark Phoenix saga not only as a monological patriarchal narrative about the threat of female sexuality and corporeality, and the dangers of mystical religious subjectivity, but as a text full of narratives, agencies, interpretative and pedagogical possibilities.
“Honor the Power Within”
Authors: Richey Jeffrey L.
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes and analyzes the ways in which Japanese youth interest in onmyōji—particularly the disproportionate interest shown by young Japanese women—engages the social realities of contemporary Japanese life., where feelings of uncertainty and precariousness abound.
By utilizing a variety of disciplinary approaches to culture—among them those of anthropology, gender theory, history, literary criticism, and religious studies—it seeks to produce a fresh look at how the onmyōji “boom,” now some thirty years in duration with apparently enduring appeal, is relevant to contemporary concerns about cultural authenticity and identity, gender and sexuality, and spirituality and religion in Japan.
Joe Kubert’s Yossel: April 19, 1943
Authors: Baskind Samantha
Published: January 2020

In analyzing Joe Kubert'sYossel: April 19, 1943, this essay argues that the 1943 Jewish uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto only peripherally propels the story forward, despite the book’s title. Nor does Kubert’s tale about his alter ego reign solely supreme, even as concern about Yossel’s welfare in the festering ghetto factors into how readers receive the story. This essay centers on a third theme that runs through the graphic narrative, as important but more subtly conveyed: one of faith during the Holocaust, and consequently how Kubert employs tropes from art history’s history to make points about the challenges of belief and the agony of its loss. While doing so, this essay argues that Kubert upends those visual tropes in order to expose how the Holocaust mercilessly upended humanity, transforming and displacing even the most devout.
Urban Revelation in Paul Madonna’s Postsecular Comics
Authors: Amihay Ofra
Published: January 2020

This essay explores the work of San Francisco-based artist Paul Madonna, his unique use of the tropes of imagetext and its implications concerning authority, readership and meaning in a post-modern, post-secular world. In reading through the absences in Madonna’s work – the absence of people in the landscape, the absence of an observing entity, the absence of a clear symbol and reference, this essay argues for a philosophical approach that underlies this work, one that can be dubbed “Durkheimian Existentialism.” In analyzing the ‘space’ Madonna creates in his work between an empty city landscape and human communication through the French thinker, Émile Durkheim, this essay argues for meaning behind the visual absence of people in Madonna’s comics: a celebration of people’s centrality and importance in a reality with no external meaning, to the extent that they themselves can become a revelation.
The Common Place
Authors: Kwa Shiamin
Published: January 2020

This essay analyzes Kevin Huizenga’s comicsand shows how they signal our awareness to the conscious act of supposing in the construction of meaning in our everyday lives. Purposely withholding explanation, and making the reader do the work of parsing the visual assumptions of the surface to understand the basic action depicted in the frame, Walkin’ models the processes we use when we try to make sense of what we see. Those processes are each small narratives of meaning, but they are occurring so quickly in our minds that their strangeness is hardly ever noticed. This comic continuously reminds the reader of the strangeness of the common, a strangeness that should give them pause. By making readers attend to the intersections of lines on the surface of the page, Huizenga’s comics suggest the possibilities of more metaphysical intersections.
Marvel’s Fallen Son and Making the Ordinary Sacred
Authors: Plencner Joshua
Published: January 2020

This essay analyses Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America (2007), a five-issue limited series from Marvel Comics. The series is designed as an exploration of grief and bereavement, looking in on the moments unfolding in the wake of Captain America’s death and tracing out the reactions of Marvel’s most central characters to the loss of their friend and comrade as they work through the stages model of grief famously articulated by Kübler-Ross. But rather than analyze Fallen Son as a demonstration of that model, this essay suggests that it is more useful to read the series for the ways that it undermines Kübler-Ross’ framework, navigating the complex affective territory of grief in loss by challenging the very diagrammatic structure of staged emotional categories it purports to employ as narrative chapters.
Will Eisner
Authors: Kaplan Leonard V.
Published: January 2020

This essay explores Will Eisner’s work in A Contract with God (1978). The book, emanating from pre-biblical wisdom, is paradigmatic for its harsh warning about human expectations. In it, Eisner created parables and midrash, literary criticism and political commentary, to capture moments that reveal a culture to itself. This emerging paradigm, the essay argues, is a new form of Jewish wisdom.The essay reads Eisner’s work both through the work of Isaiah Berlin, but also as a Midrash on the book of Job. In utilizing Berlin’s political thought, along with the foundation of the biblical tale, one can discern Eisner’s vision of transformative, messianic politics, that lie in the vicissitudes and battles of the everyday.
With No Deliberate Speed
Authors: Adams Natalie G. , Adams James H.
Published: January 2020

This chapter details what transpired in Mississippi between the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, and the Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education ruling in 1969, as local blacks fought to hold their school districts accountable to the principles of Brown, and whites devised a host of ever-changing ways to delay or impede desegregation efforts. Despite the success of the Citizens' Council in stopping blacks from filing desegregation petitions with their local school boards, many blacks in the South continued to hold onto at least a modicum of optimism that the law of the land would ultimately prevail. In October 1969, the Alexander v. Holmes Board of Education ruling finally forced school districts in Mississippi to end their dual system of segregated schooling.
“A Cruel and Intolerable Burden”
Authors: Adams Natalie G. , Adams James H.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses how school districts employed “freedom-of-choice” (FOC) plans after the 1964 Civil Rights Act to comply ostensibly with school desegregation orders. It relays the stories of several black parents and students in Mississippi who were the first to test their school district's desegregation plans. Some of them were closely associated with their local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) chapters; others had no prior history or experience in challenging segregation, and they acted without help from local or national civil rights organizations. All were tenacious in waging the fight in their local communities to desegregate their schools. As reflected in the stories told in this chapter, being the first in their communities to send their children to formerly all-white schools or being the first black student to attend such a school was a fearful experience.
Big Bulls in the Local Herd
Authors: Adams Natalie G. , Adams James H.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the role of superintendents in local school desegregation efforts, focusing particularly on the stories of Julian Prince, Clyde Muse, Tom Dulin, and Harold Kelly, who between them led seven school districts through school desegregation. Their stories demonstrate the many challenges school leaders faced in trying to mitigate the daily operations of school desegregation. Even after the Alexander v. Holmes ruling in October 1969, which called for an immediate end to segregated schooling, many superintendents with their school boards continued to wage a fierce battle with the Department of Health, Education and Welfare over their desegregation plans. Ultimately, regardless of how they went about desegregating their schools, the superintendent as the educational leader of his school district was expected to direct and lead his school through the turmoil of school desegregation.
Weathering the Storm
Authors: Adams Natalie G. , Adams James H.
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the school-level administrators responsible for translating school desegregation plans into a workable model for their particular students, teachers, and staff. It looks at how principals approached such issues as discipline, curriculum, extracurricular activities, and classroom assignments. A primary challenge for many principals working through school desegregation was that they were expected to be the internal change agents responsible for enacting court orders and Department of Health, Education and Welfare desegregation plans, yet their own authority to enact substantive change was often curtailed by the bureaucratic and hierarchical structure of educational decision making. The chapter then demonstrates how race was a determining factor in the principal selection process. School desegregation provided unprecedented opportunities for many white, male teachers and coaches to advance into administration early in their careers. At the same time, a disproportionate number of experienced black principals lost their administrative positions either through dismissals, demotions to assistant principal, or reassignment to bogus positions at the central office.
“Hell No, We Won’t Go”
Authors: Adams Natalie G. , Adams James H.
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at more conventional forms of resistance, such as protests, demonstrations, marches, boycotts, and violence. It links the resistance efforts of students and parents during school desegregation to the larger freedom movement. Black parents, students, and local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) activists organized marches and boycotts to protest desegregation plans that continued to discriminate against black children. Black students staged walkouts, defied disciplinary policies particularly targeted at black students, and issued demands to their school administrators to be treated equally in their newly integrated schools. Occasionally, racial tension erupted into physical altercations between black and white students. The chapter then describes how whites employed the strategies of the civil rights movement and the antiwar movement to protest court-enforced school desegregation.
Resistance through Exodus
Authors: Adams Natalie G. , Adams James H.
Published: January 2020

This chapter suggests that the establishment of private segregationist academies throughout the state was the ultimate form of white resistance to school desegregation. In some school districts, the entire white, school-age population left the public schools in the first few years of desegregation, never to return. However, the varied responses to private schools also demonstrates that the white community was not unified or homogeneous in its beliefs about race, the role of public schools for a strong community, or the personal choices parents should make on behalf of their children's education. Indeed, the public–private school debate divided the white community in some towns, leaving severed friendships and church divisions in its wake.
Unfinished Business
Authors: Adams Natalie G. , Adams James H.
Published: January 2020

This concluding chapter summarizes the lessons learned from studying the stories of school desegregation in Mississippi. In organizing the book with separate chapters on black parents, superintendents, principals, and teachers, this study hoped to capture the nuances of how school desegregation was accomplished, fought for, resisted, and doomed in differing ways in different parts of the state. The inclusion of the role of sports, band, the prom, cheerleading, and student government during the school desegregation process is a reminder that educational reformers cannot ignore the importance of the informal curriculum, the hidden curriculum, and the extracurricular of schools. Meanwhile, the chapters on protests and private schools illustrate two primary ways in which people responded to this monumental cultural change that threatened the status quo: they resisted in various ways through conventional methods of protest, and they formed a countermovement that sought to retain the tribalism to which they clung and around which their identities were built.
Introduction
Authors: Bucuvalas Tina
Published: January 2020

Even before the waves of mass immigration to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Greeks are known to have accompanied Spanish explorers and British colonists to the New World.1 Along with many other cultural elements, they brought their treasured music. Despite a substantial history, there has been little written about Greek music in America outside of a limited number of essays in relatively ephemeral or obscure sources. This volume is intended to provide a foundation for understanding the scope, practice, and development of Greek music in America through essays and profiles written by many of the principal scholars in the field....
“Health to You, Marko, with Your Bouzouki!”: The Role of Spoken Interjection in Greek Musicians’ Imagined Performance World in Historical Recordings Made in America and Abroad 1
Authors: Kaloyanides Michael G.
Published: January 2020

In “’Health to you, Marko, with your Bouzouki!’: The Role of Spoken Interjection in Greek Musicians’ Imagined Performance World in Historic Recordings,” Michael Kaloyanides categorizes and analyses the role of tsakismata, the common verbal interjections in Greek music performances, in both live and recorded performances. Not only is the world of the recording studio a topic that has been rarely explored, the verbal interjections are a practice that is ubiquitous but again rarely illuminated. As a music scholar who was raised and performed within Greek diaspora communities, Kaloyanides is unusually well-equipped to interpret the differences in usage between interjections in live community events as opposed to the recording studio conventions.
Musical Practice and Memory on the Edge of Two Worlds: Kalymnian Tsambouna and Song Repertoire in the Family of Nikitas Tsimouris 1
Authors: Wood Anna Lomax
Published: January 2020

Over a century ago, hundreds of sponge fishermen and their families settled in Tarpon Springs, Florida. Their large numbers combined with continuing immigration to create a community that has preserved much of its culture. Anna Lomax Chairetakis Wood recorded the music of Kalymnian tsambouna player and National Heritage Fellow NikitasTsimouris and his family, with whom she shared bonds of friendship and fictive kinship. "Musical Practice and Memory on the Edge of Two Worlds: Kalymnian Tsambouna and Song Repertoire in the Family of Nikitas Tsimouris,” is a sensitive and carefully delineated contextual exploration of the social, lyrical, and ethnomusical dimensions of an increasingly rare musical tradition. The author covers such diverse topics as transmission and performance practice; singing styles; song function; repertoire; Kalymnian musical genres such as table songs, poetic duels (pismatika), dance songs, task songs, and ritual songs.
Greek Music Piano Rolls in the United States
Authors: Pouliopoulos Meletios
Published: January 2020

In “Greek Piano Rolls in the U.S.,” collector Meletios Pouliopoulos presents ground-breaking research on Greek piano roll recordings of the 1920s and 1930s. Player pianos were popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and piano roll companies, like record distributers, issued significant quantities of Greek piano rolls to target the ethnic market. Pouliopoulos conducted interviews and explored existing catalogs to unearth the forgotten history of ethnic, and particularly Greek, music produced on piano rolls by the QRS Company of Buffalo, NY and Alector. He also correlates the production of rolls to both sheet music publications and phonograph recordings of the time, as well as to the production of music by particular artists or in some genres rarely heard today.
Giorgos “Nisyrios” Makrigiannis (1875–1933)
Authors: League Panayotis
Published: January 2020

Giorgos Makrigiannis or Nisyrios (“the Nisyrian”) was the dominant influence on the modern Dodecanese violin style and the musician who largely determined the course that their local traditions have taken over the last century—a course that was largely plotted in the United States. In 1916 Makrigiannis settled in New York. He performed throughout the Greek and Ottoman diasporas in the United States; and he taught an entire generation of Greek American violinists. But Makrigiannis' most lasting impact on Greek music in the twentieth century was as a recording artist.
Harilaos Piperakis (1888–1978)
Authors: League Panayotis
Published: January 2020

HarilaosPiperakis was one of Crete's finest lyra players. As a young man he emigrated to the United States to begin a career as a performer, arranger, bandleader, and recording artist that lasted over seventy years. He recorded several songs dealing with American themes or chronicling the Greek immigrant experience in the country. Piperakis left behind a remarkable legacy whose importance in the history of Cretan, Greek, and Near Eastern music grows greater with each passing year
Amalia Baka (1897–1979) 1
Authors: Soffa David
Published: January 2020

Amalia Baka was a Greek Romaniate Jew from Ioannina who settled in New York in 1912 and later converted to Orthodoxy.She became a famous singer, recording artist, and songwriter who gave live performances in Greek and Turkish clubs, café amans, restaurants, and resorts. Her recorded music also encompassed Greek and other Balkan music traditions, and she often sang with her daughter, Diamond.
Steve Zembillas (1923–2002) and the Grecophon Record Company
Authors: Frangos Stavros K.
Published: January 2020

From 1946 through 1954, Grecophon Record Company of Gary, Indiana issued the seldom recorded traditional Greek island music, or nisiotika, that had its American roots in Tarpon Springs Florida. Founded by Skevofylax (Steve) Zembillas, originally from Kalymnos, Greece, this small independent label eventually released a wide range of Greek music by popular Greek musicians and vocalists of the period.
Ilias Kementzides (1926–2006)
Authors: National Endowment for the Arts
Published: January 2020

A Pontian Greek, IliasKementzides was born in Russia and later moved to the Thessaloniki area. He learned to play the Pontian lyra from his uncle, and he began playing professionally while farming.He settled in the US in 1974, where he became a highly respected musician. He received the National Heritage Fellowship in 1989
Giannis Tatasopoulos (1928–2001)
Authors: Bucuvalas Tina
Published: January 2020

Giannis Tatasopoulos, considered the finest bouzouki player of his generation in America, developed a unique style distinguished by remarkable dexterity, phrasing, and instrumental tone. He also was a leader in the exploration of different musical genres with the bouzouki, as well as a composer, songwriter, and vocalist. Born in Athens of parents from Constantinople and southern Albania, he studied and played with most of the great Greek bouzouki players of the 1940s and 1950s before settling in the U.S. in the 1950s.
Kay Skordilis (b. 1936)
Authors: Bucuvalas Tina
Published: January 2020

In addition to the artists, there are others whose lives are anchored in the world of Greek American music. Born in Thessaloniki, as a teenager Kay Skordilis was a vivacious New York club kid whose social life centered around Greek music and its stars. She has spent most of her adult life married to two prominent artists, Spiros Skordilis and Thodoros Kavourakis, and as a valued friend to innumerable other musicians and vocalists over the last half-century.
Peter Stephen Kyvelos (1943–2017)
Authors: Kaloyanides Michael G.
Published: January 2020

Peter Kyvelos was a Greek American master luthier who opened Unique Strings in Belmont, MA in 1971. Though he repaired many Western chordophones, his greatest artistry was crafting the oud, the short-necked plucked lute found throughout Greece, Turkey, West Asia, and North Africa. Kyvelos was widely accepted as the premier maker of the instrument in the western hemisphere. He had acquired his first oud at 16 and performed professionally in California during the 1960s. In 2001 Kyvelos was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship as an instrument maker.
“Singing Was My Life”
Authors: Hobson Vic
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes Armstrong’s boyhood spent singing in a street quartet. One of the songs that he sang was “Swanee River”: a song that was a staple with barbershop singers. This chapter discusses the differences between barbershop arranging, as described by Sigmund Spaeth, and conventional quartet arranging using “Swanee River” as the principle example. This chapter also discusses the relationship between barbershop cadences – or “cracking up a chord” in the vernacular – and “blue notes.”
“Me and Music Got Married in the Home”
Authors: Hobson Vic
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores Armstrong’s introduction to playing brass instruments in the Colored Waifs’ Home. As he described in his autobiography, he knowingly applied barbershop lines (baritone and tenor voices) to the Alto Horn he was asked to play. He also continued to sing in a barbershop quartet while in the Waifs’ Home with “Kid Shots” Madison, “Kid” Rena, and Red “Happy” Bolton. With the Waifs’ orchestra, Armstrong played “Maryland My Maryland” which he recorded in later life with “Kid” Ory. The relation between the sheet music and the recording is discussed.
Did Bunk Teach Louis?
Authors: Hobson Vic
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses whether Bunk Johnson played a significant role in teaching Louis Armstrong. Sidney Bechet knew both Bunk and Louis in New Orleans and he appears to confirm that Bunk did teach Louis. It is likely from the repertoire that Bunk claimed to have taught Louis that this was predominantly after Armstrong left the Waifs’ Home. It is likely that Armstrong downplayed this in later years to avoid Bunk eclipsing Joe “King” Oliver who took a significant role in mentoring Armstrong and who died prematurely in poverty.
“Going to the Conservatory”
Authors: Hobson Vic
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at Armstrong’s development as a musician in his time with Fate Marable and his orchestra on the Streckfus riverboats. Joe Howard, Norman Mason, and Davy Jones, all good readers and veterans of the minstrel shows, helped Armstrong with his studies. This chapter explores the changing dance tempos as jazz and the Fox-Trot replaced ragtime and the One-Step. The chapter also looks at how barbershop principles were influencing white musicians and being written into sheet music arrangements in relation to “Avalon” (1920).
“Dippermouth Blues”
Authors: Hobson Vic
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses Joe Oliver’s influence on Armstrong and his advice to play more melody rather than playing “snakes.” It also discusses the breaks that Oliver and Armstrong made in Chicago and how this became a sensation. The break that opens “Dippermouth Blues” is a tonic-diminished break derived from barbershop harmony. This chapter also discusses how the melody and solo relate to blues scales and how blues scales relate to barbershop practice in relation to the analysis of Winthrop Sargeant’s tetrachords.
Fletcher Henderson
Authors: Hobson Vic
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at Armstrong’s time in New York with Fletcher Henderson. Henderson’s more privileged background, his classical education, and his employment with Black Swan Records, all affected his approach to music and expose some of the tensions inherent in the Harlem Renaissance. Using the example of the stock arrangement of “Copenhagen” this chapter explores Armstrong’s development as a soloist in the context of Henderson’s orchestra. It explores how his solos were preformed prior to performance and only played with minor alterations in one performance or recording to the next. This chapter also discusses the differences between Eastern and Western style.