bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Umbilical metastasis as an initial presentation of gastrointestinal stromal tumour diagnosed on aspiration cytology
Authors: Kundu Reetu , Iangngap Elgiva , Bhujade Harish , Dey Pranab
Published: June 2022

Umbilical metastasis is a rare event, with a majority being adenocarcinomas. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma, and rarely malignant mesenchymal tumours like leiomyosarcoma can occur as umbilical nodules. These often emerge during a known malignancy, but once in a while they may be an initial presentation of an undetected tumour. An extensive literature search failed to reveal a case of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) with umbilical metastasis as an initial presentation. We believe that this is an exceptional phenomenon. The diagnosis may easily be missed considering the rarity of this occurrence. A history of primary diagnosis of GIST, when available, is helpful. Here we present cytological findings of metastatic GIST presenting as an umbilical lump, where the diagnosis was reached with the help of limited immunocytochemistry. A timely diagnosis is valuable for locating the primary and initiating surgical management, which may have survival benefits for the patient.
Predictive modeling of suicidal ideation in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Nemesure Matthew D. , Streltzov Nicholas , Schommer Lindsay M. , Lekkas Damien , Jacobson Nicholas C. , Bujarski Krzysztof A.
Published: June 2022

Objective

The prevalence of suicide in the United States has seen an increasing trend and is responsible for 1.6% of all mortality nationwide. Although suicide has the potential to broadly impact the entire population, it has a substantially increased prevalence in persons with epilepsy (PWE), despite many of these individuals consistently seeing a health care provider. The goal of this work is to predict the development of suicidal ideation (SI) in PWE using machine learning methodology such that providers can be better prepared to address suicidality at visits where it is likely to be prominent.

Methods

The current study leverages data collected at an epilepsy clinic during patient visits to predict whether an individual will exhibit SI at their next visit. The data used for prediction consisted of patient responses to questions about the severity of their epilepsy, issues with memory/concentration, somatic problems, markers for mental health, and demographic information. A machine learning approach was then applied to predict whether an individual would display SI at their following visit using only data collected at the prior visit.

Results

The modeling approach allowed for the successful prediction of an individual's passive and active SI severity at the following visit (r = .42, r = .39) as well as the presence of SI regardless of severity (area under the curve [AUC] = .82, AUC = .8). This shows that the model was successfully able to synthesize the unique combination of an individual's responses to important questions during a clinical visit and utilize that information to indicate whether that individual will exhibit SI at their next visit.

Significance

The results of this modeling approach allow the health care team to be prepared, in advance of a clinical visit, for the potential reporting of SI. By allowing the necessary support to be prepared ahead of time, it can be better integrated at the point of care, where patients are most likely to follow up on potential referrals or treatment.
Rural–urban migration, family arrangement, and children's welfare: Evidence from China's rural areas
Authors: Wei Lili , Yang Ying , Zhang Jing , Si Lijuan
Published: June 2022

Objective

The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of different migration arrangements on child welfare.

Background

With the rapid economic development in China, large numbers of migrants are moving to metropolitan areas in search of better jobs. They are faced with the dilemma of whether to leave their children behind in the countryside due to various socioeconomic factors.

Method

A total of 1005 children with migrant parents and 532 children with nonimmigrant parents were included. An order logit method was used to estimate the impact of family arrangements on child welfare by using China Family Panel Survey Database 2016. To control for the initial heterogeneity of individual, family, and regional characteristics, propensity score matching was used.

Results

The findings revealed that the types of family arrangement were complicated, with 66.2% of migrant children in the city with their parents and 74.1% of children were left behind in the rural area. Children who migrate to the city with their parents had significantly greater improvement in their math and Chinese grades, overall school performance, and better physical health than left‐behind children. The impact of family arrangements on mental health was not statistically significant. The impact of migration was more pronounced for children under 12 years of age.

Conclusion

Parents' migration decisions have significant implications for child's welfare. The presence of parents and better educational and medical resources are conducive to school performance and physical health for children. The impact of life circumstances and social identity on child's psychological health needs closer attention.

Implications

Relaxing the household registration system, making policy adjustments that aim to improve the standard of living in places where migrants relocate, and providing conditions for integration are positive, significant steps that could be taken to promote the physical and mental health of both left‐behind and migrant children.
Not alone: Family experiences across the life course of single, baby boom sexual‐minority women
Authors: Lavender‐Stott Erin S. , Allen Katherine R.
Published: June 2022

Objective

As older LGBTQ+ people are less likely to be married than non‐LGBTQ+ peers and historically may have been disconnected from their families of origin, the aim of this study was to understand the family life of single sexual minority women of the baby boom cohort throughout their lives.

Background

Singlehood, in general, has meant not being in a heterosexual—or legally recognized—relationship; thus women in same‐sex relationships historically were considered single. As women gained more rights, single and lesbian, bisexual, and queer women have gained opportunities to live outside heterosexual marriage, financially and with regard to social acceptability. Women of the baby boom cohort, born between 1946 and 1964, came of age during this societal shift.

Method

Framed by feminist and life course perspectives, this study was qualitative, used semistructured interviews, and was guided by a constructivist paradigm and thematic analysis to understand how 13 older sexual minority women perceived family.

Findings

The women noted their connection to family of origin, then romantic relationships and partners, and currently, identify family as including biological, adopted, and chosen kin.

Conclusion

Single LBQ women of the baby boom cohort have relational resources through friends as family, biological kin, legal kin, and creating community.

Implications

More expansive understandings of family, including chosen family and invisible kin, comprise the support networks of older women who have lived outside heteronormativity.
Thirteen novel ideas and underutilised resources to support progress towards a range‐wide American eel stock assessment
Authors: Cairns David K. , Benchetrit José , Bernatchez Louis , Bornarel Virginie , Casselman John M. , Castonguay Martin , Charsley Anthony R. , Dorow Malte , Drouineau Hilaire , Frankowski Jens , Haro Alex , Hoyle Simon D. , Knickle D. Craig , Koops Marten A. , Poirier Luke A. , Thorson James T. , Young John , Zhu Xinhua
Published: June 2022

A robust assessment of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) stock, required to guide conservation efforts, is challenged by the species’ vast range, high variability in demographic parameters and data inadequacies. Novel ideas and underutilised resources that may assist both analytic assessments and spatially oriented modelling include (1) species and environmental databases; (2) mining of data from scattered sources; (3) infilling of data gaps by spatial analysis; (4) age estimation from measurements of DNA methylation; evaluation of eel abundance by (5) larval, (6) glass‐bottom boat, (7) net enclosure and (8) eDNA surveys; (9) accounting for dam‐induced habitat increases in eel watercourse modelling; (10) spatially oriented modelling with and without temporal components; (11) geographically nested modelling of glass eel recruitment; (12) spawner per recruit modelling and (13) life cycle modelling to examine larval allocation effects. Eel biologists are too few to gather the required assessment data across all of the species’ range. Public posting of electrofishing and eDNA metabarcoding data sets and the use of machine learning techniques to comprehensively inventory small dams will help meet some data needs. These approaches address only a small proportion of the assessment challenges that face American eels. Worldwide collaboration amongst Anguilla scientists is a key enabler of progress towards stock assessment goals.
Processes and mechanisms of coastal woody‐plant mortality
Authors: McDowell Nate G. , Ball Marilyn , Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Kirwan Matthew L. , Krauss Ken W. , Megonigal J. Patrick , Mencuccini Maurizio , Ward Nicholas D. , Weintraub Michael N. , Bailey Vanessa
Published: June 2022

Observations of woody plant mortality in coastal ecosystems are globally widespread, but the overarching processes and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This knowledge deficiency, combined with rapidly changing water levels, storm surges, atmospheric CO2, and vapor pressure deficit, creates large predictive uncertainty regarding how coastal ecosystems will respond to global change. Here, we synthesize the literature on the mechanisms that underlie coastal woody‐plant mortality, with the goal of producing a testable hypothesis framework. The key emergent mechanisms underlying mortality include hypoxic, osmotic, and ionic‐driven reductions in whole‐plant hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis that ultimately drive the coupled processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. The relative importance of these processes in driving mortality, their order of progression, and their degree of coupling depends on the characteristics of the anomalous water exposure, on topographic effects, and on taxa‐specific variation in traits and trait acclimation. Greater inundation exposure could accelerate mortality globally; however, the interaction of changing inundation exposure with elevated CO2, drought, and rising vapor pressure deficit could influence mortality likelihood. Models of coastal forests that incorporate the frequency and duration of inundation, the role of climatic drivers, and the processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation can yield improved estimates of inundation‐induced woody‐plant mortality.
Closing an open balance: The impact of increased tree harvest on forest carbon
Authors: Soimakallio Sampo , Böttcher Hannes , Niemi Jari , Mosley Fredric , Turunen Sara , Hennenberg Klaus Josef , Reise Judith , Fehrenbach Horst
Published: June 2022

Fossil‐based emissions can be avoided by using wood in place of non‐renewable raw materials as energy and materials. However, wood harvest influences forest carbon stocks. Increased harvest may reduce the overall climate benefit of wood use significantly, but is widely overlooked. We reviewed selected simulation studies and compared differences in forest carbon and amount of wood harvested between harvest scenarios of different intensities for three different time perspectives: short‐ (1–30 years), mid‐ (31–70 years), and long‐term (71–100 years). Out of more than 450 reviewed studies 45 provided adequate data. Our results show that increased harvest reduces carbon stocks over 100 years in temperate and boreal forests by about 1.6 (stdev 0.9) tC per tC harvested (referred to as carbon balance indicator (CBI)). CBI proved to be robust when outliers explicitly influenced by factors other than changes in the harvest rate, such as fertilization or increase in forest area, were removed. The carbon impacts tend to be greatest in the mid‐term, but no significant difference in was found for average values between short and long time‐horizons. CBI can be interpreted as carbon opportunity costs of wood harvest in forests. Our results indicate that even after 100 years, CBI is significant compared to the typical GHG credits expected in the technosphere by avoiding fossil emissions in substitution and increasing carbon stocks in harvested wood products. Our estimates provide typical values that can directly be included in GHG balances of products or assessments of mitigation policies and measures related to wood use. However, more systematic scenarios with transparent information on influencing factors for forest carbon stocks are required to provide better constrained estimates for specific forest types.
Clinical conditions and risk factors for inhibitor‐development in patients with haemophilia: A decade‐long prospective cohort study in Japan, J‐HIS2 (Japan Hemophilia Inhibitor Study 2)
Authors: Nogami Keiji , Taki Masashi , Matsushita Tadashi , Kojima Tetsuhito , Oka Toshiaki , Ohga Shouichi , Kawakami Kiyoshi , Sakai Michio , Suzuki Takashi , Higasa Satoshi , Horikoshi Yasuo , Shinozawa Keiko , Tamura Shogo , Yada Koji , Imaizumi Masue , Ohtsuka Yoshitoshi , Iwasaki Fuminori , Kobayashi Masao , Takamatsu Junki , Takedani Hideyuki , Nakadate Hisaya , Matsuo Yoko , Matsumoto Takeshi , Fujii Teruhisa , Fukutake Katsuyuki , Shirahata Akira , Yoshioka Akira , Shima Midori ,   the J‐HIS2 study group
Published: June 2022

Background

Inhibitor‐development is a serious complication in patients with haemophilia (PwH). Previous studies reported that therapeutic and genetic factors could be associated with these alloantibodies. Relevant clinical features such as genetic‐background and different treatment regimens in Japan remain unclear, however.

Aims

To analyse a nation‐wide Japanese registry for PwH, and to examine risk factors for inhibitor‐development.

Methods and results

Newly diagnosed patients with haemophilia A (PwHA) or haemophilia B (PwHB) without inhibitors after 2007, and with treatment records traceable from 0 to 75 exposure days (ED), were enrolled in the Japan Hemophilia Inhibitor Study 2 (J‐HIS2) initiated in 2008. Of 417 patients (340 PwHA, 77 PwHB) from 46 facilities, 83 (76 PwHA, 7 PwHB) were recorded with inhibitors by July 2020. Inhibitors were observed in 31.0% of severe PwHA, 8.0% moderate and 1.6% mild and in 17.1% of severe PwHB. The majority of inhibitors (89.7% in severe PwHA and 71.4% in severe PwHB) were detected on or before 25ED (median 12ED in PwHA and 19ED in PwHB). Genotyping in these severe patients identified an association between inhibitor‐development and null variants of F8 (P < .01) or F9 (P < .05). A lower incidence of inhibitors was recorded in severe PwHA treated with prophylaxis than in those treated on‐demand (P < .01). A past‐history of intracranial‐haemorrhage appeared to be associated with inhibitor‐development, while FVIII‐concentrates infusion and routine vaccination on the same day was not related to inhibitor‐development.

Conclusion

The J‐HIS2 study has identified significant clinical variables associated with inhibitor‐development in Japanese PwH, consistent with other global studies.
The protective effect of a novel sunscreen against blue light
Authors: Francois‐Newton Veronique , Kolanthan Vimi Lutchmanen , Mandary Madiiha Bibi , Philibert Evans Georges , Soobramaney Vitisha , Petkar Gitanjali , Sokeechand Bibi Nusayha , Hosenally Muzzammil , Cavagnino Andrea , Baraibar Martin Andres , Ng Sue Phay
Published: June 2022

Background and objective

Premature skin ageing, and skin hyperpigmentation are influenced by exogenous factors, such as ultraviolet radiation and blue light. In this study, we assess the protective effect of a sunscreen (TDF® Blu Voile Sunscreen) in protecting the skin against the harmful effects of blue light irradiation in vivo and through the in situ quantitative and qualitative evaluation of protein carbonylation in human skin explants.

Methodology

The protective effect of the test product against blue light was first evaluated ex vivo on human skin explants. The treated and non‐treated explants were exposed to 14 J/cm2 of blue light 460 nm following which the protein carbonylation was evaluated by in situ epifluorescence imaging and separation by high‐resolution gel electrophoresis. To determine whether the test product could also protect against the immediate and persistent pigmenting effect of blue light, two randomized in vivo studies were conducted, which included respectively 17 subjects with a skin phototype of IV and V (Fitzpatrick classification) and 22 subjects with a skin phototype of IV, V, and VI (Fitzpatrick classification). The duration of the study for each subject was 2 days (D1 and D2) for immediate observations and 5 days (D1–D5) for persistent observations. Specific zones on the subjects' back were either left non‐treated or treated with the test product and were then exposed to a unique dose of blue light 415 nm. The onset of pigmentation between the treated and exposed zones was then assessed relative to the non‐exposed treated zone through colorimetric measurements of the Individual Typology Angle (ITAo).

Results

Human skin explants treated with test product showed significantly lower levels of accumulated carbonylated proteins, with a protection of 82%, following exposure to blue light 460 nm. Findings of the in vivo studies also indicated that the test product presented significantly better protective efficacy against immediate and persistent pigmentation induced by blue light 415 nm.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that the test product can protect against the oxidative stress as well as the immediate and persistent pigmentation induced by blue light.
Comparison of high‐pressure processing, ultrasound and heat treatments on the qualities of a gallic acid copigmented blueberry–grape–pineapple–cantaloupe juice blend
Authors: Bi Xiufang , Ning Nan , Wang Xiaoqiong , Li Mingyuan , Xing Yage , Che Zhenming
Published: June 2022

A blueberry–grape–pineapple–cantaloupe juice blend was copigmented with gallic acid (GA) firstly and treated by high‐pressure processing (HPP) at 550 MPa, 25 °C for 5 min, ultrasound (US) at 520 W, 40 °C for 10 min, or heat treatment (HT) at 90 °C for 3 min to determine their influence on its physicochemical qualities. The shelf lives of HPP‐, US‐ and HT‐juice blends were 72, 48 and 88 days, respectively. The total anthocyanins (ACs), ascorbic acid and total phenols content in juice blends treated by HPP, US and HT did not change immediately after treatment or during the first 16 days' storage. However, after the three treatments, the total ACs, ascorbic acid and total phenols content in juice blends decreased in the following order after 16 days: US > HPP > HT. The HPP‐ and US‐treated juices were superior to the HT‐treated juices regarding flavour, and in the preservation of more types and relative content of esters and aldehydes. In conclusion, GA improved the total ACs and ascorbic acid stability in the juice, while the flavour of the HPP‐ and US‐treated juices surpasses that of HT‐treated juice. Therefore, the HPP treatment was deemed to be more advantageous and had greater market potential for short‐term storage.
Partial hydrolysis of waxy rice starch by maltogenic α‐amylase to regulate its structures, rheological properties and digestibility
Authors: Wang Yanli , Bai Yuxiang , Dong Jingjing , Ji Hangyan , Liu Jialin , Jin Zhengyu
Published: June 2022

Although different types of starch have been modified with maltogenic α‐amylase (MGA), its behaviour on waxy rice starch (WRS) remains obscure. This study aimed to modify cooked WRS with high concentration using MGA. The molecular weight of WRS decreased from 1.8 × 107 to 4.1 × 106 Da due to the exo–endo activity of MGA, while a high proportion of short branch chain and branching degree were generated as the degrees of hydrolysis (DH) increased. Intriguingly, no retrogradation occurred for the hydrolysates, even at DH 4.65%. Rheology reveal that the hydrolysate systems exhibited better fluidity and thixotropy. Furthermore, the resistant starch content of cooked WRS was elevated by 10.43% after MGA modification. The results indicate that MGA‐modified WRS was superior to other starches that have been reported in terms of inhibition of retrogradation and resistant starch content. Our data demonstrate the potential of enzyme‐based protocol for WRS modification using MGA alone to acquire clean and functional starch.
Luminal bacteria coated with IgA and IgG during intestinal inflammation as a new and abundant stimulus for colonic macrophages
Authors: Maccio‐Maretto Lisa , Piqueras Virginia , Barrios Bibiana E. , Romagnoli Pablo A. , Denning Timothy L. , Correa Silvia G.
Published: June 2022

In the gut, secretory immunoglobulin A is the predominant humoral response against commensals, although healthy hosts also produce microbiota‐specific IgG antibodies. During intestinal inflammation, the content of IgG in the lumen increases along with the proportion of commensal bacteria coated with this antibody, suggesting signalling through the IgG‐CD64 axis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. In this work, we evaluated day by day the frequency of faecal bacteria coated with IgA and IgG during the development of DSS colitis. We studied the phenotype and phagocytic activity of F4/80+CD64+ colonic macrophages, as well as the production of cytokines and nitric oxide by lamina propria or bone marrow‐derived macrophages after stimulation with IgA+, IgG+ and IgA+IgG+ bacteria. We found that the percentage of faecal IgA+IgG+ double‐coated bacteria increased rapidly during DSS colitis. Also, analysis of the luminal content of mice with colitis showed a markedly superior ability to coat fresh bacteria. IgA+IgG+ bacteria were the most potent stimulus for phagocytic activity involving CD64 and Dectin‐1 receptors. IgA+IgG+ bacteria observed during the development of DSS colitis could represent a new marker to monitor permeability and inflammatory progression. The interaction of IgA+IgG+ bacteria with CD64+F4/80+ macrophages could be part of the complex cascade of events in colitis. Interestingly, after stimulation, CD64+ colonic macrophages showed features similar to those of restorative macrophages that are relevant for tissue repair and healing.
Peritoneal GATA6+ macrophage drives hepatic immunopathogenesis and maintains the Treg cell niche in the liver
Authors: Chang Hao , Ni Yangyue , Shen Chunxiang , Li Chen , He Kaiyue , Zhu Xinyi , Chen Lin , Chen Lu , Qiu Jingfan , Ji Yong , Hou Min , Ji Minjun , Xu Zhipeng
Published: June 2022

The source of macrophages that contribute to human liver disease remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional mechanism of peritoneal macrophages in the development of hepatic immunopathology. By performing the natural infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) and the chemically carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced liver injured mouse model, we identified the peritoneal cavity as an essential source of hepatic macrophages. Here, we show that a large number of F4/80+ macrophages was accumulated in the peritoneal cavity during liver injury. An unknown source population of macrophages, which highly expressed GATA6 that is specific to peritoneal macrophages, was found to exist in the injured livers. Peritoneal macrophage deletion by injection with clodronate‐containing liposomes led to an attenuated hepatic pathology and the inflammatory microenvironment, while adoptive transfer of macrophages into the abdominal cavity, by contrast, results in restoring liver pathology. Importantly, there are set genes of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 that are highly related to recruit GATA6+ macrophages during S. japonicum infection, while administration of bindarit, a selective inhibitor of MCPs synthesis, dramatically decreased the hepatic expression of GATA6+ macrophages and thus attenuated hepatic pathology. Furthermore, in vivo study showed that peritoneal macrophages promote hepatic immunopathology is dependent on the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the liver. Altogether, these data provide the first clear evidence that GATA6+ peritoneal macrophages play critical roles in both the formation of hepatic immunopathology and the accumulation of Tregs cells.
A multicolor‐emitted phosphor for temperature sensing and multimode dynamic anti‐counterfeiting
Authors: Tang Yangmin , Deng Mingxue , Zhou Zhenzhen , Wang Jiacheng , Liu Qian
Published: June 2022

The charge carrier capture phosphors for multifunctional integrated applications are gaining popularity these days. The realization of multiple optical properties often requires complex modulation processes, such as multiple ions doping and matrix substitution. Herein, we designed a single‐doped Ba0.99Ga2O4:0.01Bi phosphor with two emission peaks of 500 and 610 nm, both of which have different responses when changing temperatures (298–473 K). Theoretical calculations combined with experimental studies imply that the dopant Bi3+ ions occupy regular Ba sites and the vacancy‐surrounded Ba sites, which act as luminescence centers. Meanwhile, doping‐induced and defects can operate as traps to store carriers that could be released and migrate toward specific luminescent centers under thermal disturbance. This phosphor shows excellent absolute sensitivity toward optical temperature sensing (Sa = 3.4% K−1). We also offered a quadruple anti‐counterfeiting application show based on the multicolor emission behavior of Ba0.99Ga2O4:0.01Bi with photostimulated luminescence at room temperature, different photoluminescent colors at room and high temperatures, as well as afterglow colors from yellow to green. This work stimulates the exploration of modulating the luminescence centers and trap levels to construct multifunctional fluorescent materials.
Bubble behaviors in chemical direct foaming process and effects on pore structures of geopolymer foams
Authors: Zhang Xuhao , Zhang Xiao , Li Xianghui , Ma Minghui
Published: June 2022

Geopolymer foams (GPFs) are considered potential candidates for the highly porous ceramics owing to their high porosity and simple synthesis. In this study, bubble behaviors during different phases of the foaming process and their effects on the pore structure of molded GPFs were examined. The foaming reaction characteristics in a foaming system containing H2O2 were adjusted based on variables, such as catalyst content, temperature, activator‐to‐precursor ratio, and surfactant content. The viscosity of the slurry was also measured under different experimental conditions. Bubble behaviors were determined by characterizing the change in the gas volume in the slurry and the pore structure of the molded GPFs. Different pore structures will be realized by adjusting the relationship between the extrusion effect and liquid film properties in the various foaming phases.
Corporate Governance versus Real Governance∗
Authors: Gilson Ronald J.
Published: June 2022

The rough coincidence of the 50th anniversary of Milton Friedman's Sunday New York Times Magazine article, “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,” with today's movement advocating broader corporate purpose than maximizing shareholder value and stressing the public corporation's obligation to other stakeholders raises the questions: to whom is the corporation accountable and for what? This essay broadly distinguishes different governance structures that oversee the corporation's allocation and distributive decisions: on the one hand, how it goes about allocating investor capital and creating value; and on the other, whether it chooses to distribute the value it creates to stakeholders in ways that differ from the outcomes that would result from the labor and other various factor markets through which stakeholders provide their contributions. This distinction serves to underscore the difference between corporate governance, which effectively allocates accountability for the profitability of the corporation's business to the market, and real governance, which vests accountability for distributive decisions ultimately in elected officials.

The author posts a warning against those who view today's purpose‐driven governance movement as a call for a shift back to a system of management and corporate governance that Alfred Chandler, in his iconic history of the development of the structure of large U.S. corporations, labeled “managerial capitalism.” Such a solution, as Chandler's chronicles should warn us, are likely to leave us confronting the same problem with which his managerial capitalism left us: the replacement of the invisible hand of markets with the visible hand of a management hierarchy. And this in turn forces us back to the hard question: what systems hold Chandler's management hierarchy accountable for its performance? The author argues that corporate governance and markets should continue to hold management accountable for creating efficiency and value, and that real governance, and ultimately the electorate, continue to be responsible—and if anything, assume greater responsibility—for “redistributive” decisions that override factor market allocations.
Building Investor Trust in Net Zero
Authors: Babcock Ariel , He Allen , Ramani Veena
Published: June 2022

In the past five years, a growing number of investors have been taking more serious account of climate change in their investment decision‐making. Meanwhile, companies have been responding by making bold net zero commitments. But if it seems reasonable to expect that companies making such commitments would see a subsequent market reaction, the authors' recent analysis found no significant abnormal stock price reaction in the days immediately following a corporate net zero announcement.

One interpretation of this lack of investors' response is that it reflects their skepticism and desire to see more evidence of planning and execution, including details of changes in capital allocation plans. Climate transition planning could be the missing piece in this puzzle.

In 2019, FCLTGlobal issued a report called “Driving the Conversation: Long‐term Roadmaps for Long‐term Success,” which provided a tool to help corporations when building long‐term strategic plans. In this article the authors extend that reporting framework by presenting the outlines of its new “Climate Transition Conversation Guide.” Designed to help companies develop a robust climate transition plan that is integrally linked with their long‐term strategy, the Guide addresses a number of important questions about how key pillars of the business are likely to affect—and be affected by—climate change:

How does climate change affect the way that the company intends to create value now and in the future?

How does climate change impact the company's core drivers of growth, competitive environment, and management's view of the market?

What goals and KPIs would best showcase the integration of climate into the company's strategic plan?

How does climate change affect the company's capital allocation plans?

How has climate change been reflected in the company's risk management efforts?

Is the company structured to allow for the integration of climate change into its strategic plan at all levels?

By integrating climate change into their long‐term strategic plans—and perhaps drawing inspiration from some of the corporate best practices showcased in this article—companies are urged to begin the process of making good on their bold climate commitments with plans for action, thereby helping investors to move past their skepticism and recognize and support the plans.
Missing the Target: A Review of Mark Roe's New Book on U.S. Stock‐Market Short‐Termism
Authors: Gosling Tom
Published: June 2022

The narrative of pervasive short‐termism caused by the stock market, and the need to protect corporations and the economy from it, is now a well established one. Frenetic short‐term trading and aggressive activists chasing immediate increases in profit prevent corporations from thinking about the requirements for their own long‐run success. Institutional investors squeeze cash out of the corporate sector by pressuring companies into excessive share buybacks instead of supporting long‐term investments in R&D and skills development. The relentless pressure for short‐term results also causes companies to neglect long‐term social problems like climate change, human rights, and inequality as they seek to meet the stock market's expectations for quarterly earnings.

That this set of views is so widely accepted, and allowed to pass unchallenged, even in relatively sophisticated business and policy‐making circles, makes Mark Roe's new book particularly important and timely. In a measured, balanced, and utterly non‐polemical fashion, and using the highest quality academic evidence, the Harvard Law professor weighs the evidence for and against the charge that stock‐market short‐termism is a serious problem for the U.S. economy. Spoiler alert: he finds that there is no compelling case to answer. Stock‐market‐driven short‐termism is at most a minor problem.

This finding matters because rather than railing against share buybacks, putting sand in the wheels of shareholder activism, and seeking to insulate corporate managers from investor pressure, Professor Roe contends that our policymakers should instead be focusing action on areas that are much more likely to have positive outcomes for society. Chief among them have been failure to resist the persistent decline in government‐funded (not corporate sector) R&D or to beef up regulation and regulatory staffing to ensure that companies bear the costs of externalities that are currently offloaded onto society.

While ignoring these opportunities, we continue to devote too much attention to policies and actions—such as efforts to tax buybacks and limit shareholder activism—that are bound to be ineffective at best, and counterproductive at worst. Missing the Target is essential reading for policymakers, regulators, and anyone else interested in corporate governance, financial markets, and regulation that can and will actually make a positive difference to the rest of us.
The Recent Surge in Money Growth: What Would Milton Friedman Say?
Authors: Ireland Peter N.
Published: June 2022

The M2 money supply has grown by almost 40% since 2019. This number by itself raises the strong possibility that we have entered a new and remarkable era in United States monetary history. But what would Milton Friedman say?

Friedman's most famous work, his Monetary History of the United States, co‐authored with Anna Schwartz, provides a narrative account of events that links volatility in the money supply to economic instability, particularly during the Great Depression of the 1930s. And many of his subsequent articles focused on the role played by excessive money growth in generating the inflationary, boom‐bust cycles of the 1970s. An examination of these writings leaves little doubt that Friedman would be quite concerned about the recent surge in M2.

Toward the end of his career, however, Friedman saw that the tight statistical links between money, output, and inflation that formed the basis for his lifetime's work had started to weaken. These same shifting correlations led other monetary economists and Federal Reserve policymakers to downplay the importance of changes in the money supply and to emphasize instead the role of interest rates in transmitting the effects of monetary policy to the broader economy.

This paper takes a fresh look at the data, extended through the present, with the help of insights gleaned from Friedman's writings. It finds that when the sharp reduction in the velocity of money is accounted for, the historical relationships between money, output, and inflation that Friedman originally discovered reappear, even in the most recent data. These findings confirm what surely would be Friedman's concern: that unless the Federal Reserve moves decisively to wind down and reverse its large‐scale asset purchases and raise its target for the federal funds rate, higher inflation will persist.
Outcomes of atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with or without silent pulmonary veins from prior ablation procedure
Authors: Aguilera Jose , Hutt Erika , Kaur Simrat , Saliba Walid I. , Tarakji Khaldoun G. , Baranowski Bryan , Bhargava Mandeep , Kanj Mohamed , Cantillon Daniel J. , Rickard John , Sroubek Jakub , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Wazni Oussama M. , Hussein Ayman A.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Pulmonary venous (PV) electrical recovery underlies most arrhythmia recurrences after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Little is known about procedural profiles and outcomes of patients with electrically silent PVs upon redo ablation for AF.

Methods

In a prospectively maintained registry, we enrolled 838 consecutive patients (2013–2016) undergoing redo ablation procedures. Ablation procedures targeted the PVs, the PV antra, and non‐PV sites at operators' discretion. Procedural profiles and clinical outcomes were assessed. The primary outcome was freedom from AF after a 3‐month blanking period. The secondary outcome was improvement in quality of life.

Results

Most patients undergoing redo AF ablation (n = 684, 82%) had PV reconnection while the remaining 154 (18%) had electrically silent PVs. Patients with recurrent AF and electrically silent PVs were older (66 vs. 64 years, p = .02), had more prior ablation procedures (median 2 IQR 1–3 vs 1 IQR 1–2 p = .001), were more likely to have non‐paroxysmal AF (62% vs. 49%, p = .004) and atrial flutter (48% vs. 29%, p = .001) and had significantly larger left atrial volumes (89 vs. 81 ml, p = .003). Patients with silent PVs underwent a more extensive non‐PV ablation strategies with antral extension of prior ablation sets in addition to ablation of the roof, appendage, inferior to the right PVs, peri‐mitral flutter lines, cavotricuspid isthmus lines and ablation in the coronary sinus. Upon one year of follow‐up, patients with electrically silent PVs were less likely to remain free from recurrent atrial arrhythmias (64% vs. 76%, p = .008). Regardless of PV reconnection status, redo ablation resulted in improvement in quality of life.

Conclusion

Rhythm control with extensive ablation allowed maintenance of sinus rhythm in about two thirds of patients with silent PVs during redo AF ablation procedures. Regardless of PV reconnection status, redo ablation resulted in improvement in quality of life. This remains a challenging group of patients, highlighting the need to better understand non‐PV mediated AF.
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β inhibition decreases inflammation and relieves cancer induced bone pain via reducing Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial damage
Authors: Yang He‐Yu , Zhang Feng , Cheng Meng‐Lin , Wu Ji , Xie Min , Yu Liang‐Zhu , Liu Ling , Xiong Jun , Zhu Hai‐Li
Published: June 2022

Bone is the preferential site of metastasis for breast cancer. Invasion of cancer cells induces the destruction of bone tissue and damnification of peripheral nerves and consequently induced central sensitization which contributes to severe pain. Herein, cancer induced bone pain (CIBP) rats exhibited destruction of tibia, mechanical allodynia and spinal inflammation. Inflammatory response mainly mediated by astrocyte and microglia in central nervous system. Our immunofluorescence analysis revealed activation of spinal astrocytes and microglia in CIBP rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of mitochondrial outer membrane disruption and cristae damage in spinal mitochondria of CIBP rats. Proteomics analysis identified abnormal expression of proteins related to mitochondrial organization and function. Intrathecally, injection of GSK‐3β activity inhibitor TDZD‐8 significantly attenuated Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fission and recovered mitochondrial function. Inhibition of GSK‐3β activity also suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome cascade and consequently decreased mechanical pain sensitivity of CIBP rats. For cell research, TDZD‐8 treatment significantly reversed TNF‐α induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) deficiency and high mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level. Taken together, GSK‐3β inhibition by TDZD‐8 decreases spinal inflammation and relieves cancer induced bone pain via reducing Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial damage.
The distribution, ecology and predicted habitat use of the Critically Endangered angelshark (Squatina squatina) in coastal waters of Wales and the central Irish Sea
Authors: Barker Joanna , Davies Jake , Goralczyk Monika , Patel Surshti , O'Connor John , Evans Jim , Sharp Rowland , Gollock Matthew , Wood Fenella R. , Rosindell James , Bartlett Charlie , Garner Brett J. , Jones Dafydd , Quigley Declan , Wray Ben
Published: June 2022

The angelshark (Squatina squatina) has the northernmost range of any angel shark species, but there is limited information on its distribution, habitat use and ecology at higher latitudes. To address this, Angel Shark Project: Wales gathered 2231 S. squatina records and 142 anecdotal resources from fishers, coastal communities and archives. These spanned the coastal waters of Wales and the central Irish Sea and were dated from 1812 to 2020, with 97.62% of records within 11.1 km (6 nm) of the coast. Commercial, recreational and charter boat fishers provided the majority of S. squatina records (97.18%), with significantly more sightings from three decades (1970s, 1980s and 1990s) and in the months of September, June, August and July (in descending order). The coastal area between Bardsey Island and Strumble Head had the most S. squatina records (n = 1279), with notable concentrations also found in Carmarthen Bay, Conwy Bay and the Outer Severn Estuary. Species distribution models (SDM) identified four environmental variables that had significant influence on S. squatina distribution, depth, chlorophyll‐a concentration, sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity, and these varied between the quarters (Q) of the year. SDM model outputs predicted a larger congruous area of suitable habitat in Q3 (3176 km2) compared to Q2 (2051 km2), with suitability along the three glacial moraines (Sarn Badrig, Sarn‐y‐Bwch and Sarn Cynfelyn) strongly presented. Comparison of modelled environmental variables at the location of S. squatina records for each Q identified reductions in depth and salinity, and increases in chlorophyll‐a and SST when comparing Q2 or Q3 with Q1 or Q4. This shift may suggest S. squatina are making seasonal movements to shallow coastal waters in Q2 and Q3. This is supported by 23 anecdotal resources and may be driven by reproductive behaviour, as there were 85 records of S. squatina individuals ≤60 cm in the dataset, inferred as recently born or juvenile life‐history stages. The results have helped fill significant evidence gaps identified in the Wales Angelshark Action Plan and immediate next research steps are suggested.
AGS and NIA bench‐to bedside conference summary: Cancer and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Mohile Supriya , Blaum Caroline S. , Abadir Peter M. , Dale William , Forman Daniel E. , Fung Chunkit , Holmes Holly M. , Moslehi Javid , Mustian Karen M. , Rich Michael W. , Whitson Heather E.
Published: June 2022

This report summarizes the presentations, discussions, and recommendations of the most recent American Geriatrics Society and National Institute on Aging research conference, “Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease,” on October 18–19, 2021. The purpose of this virtual meeting was to address the interface between cancer and heart disease, which are the two leading causes of death among older Americans. Age‐related physiologic changes are implicated in the pathogenesis of both conditions. Emerging data suggest that cancer‐related cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves disrupted cell signaling and cellular senescence. The risk factors for CVD are also risk factors for cancer and an increased likelihood of cancer death, and people who have both cancer and CVD do more poorly than those who have only cancer or only CVD. Issues addressed in this bench‐to‐bedside conference include mechanisms of cancer and CVD co‐development in older adults, cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapy, and management of comorbid cancer and CVD. Presenters discussed approaches to ensure equitable access to clinical trials and health care for diverse populations of adults with CVD and cancer, mechanisms of cancer therapy cardiotoxicity, and management of comorbid CVD and cancer, including the role of patient values and preferences in treatment decisions. Workshop participants identified many research gaps and questions that could lead to an enhanced understanding of comorbid CVD and cancer and to better and more equitable management strategies.
Global analysis of neuropeptides in cestodes identifies Attachin, a SIFamide homolog, as a stimulant of parasite motility and attachment
Authors: Preza Matías , Van Bael Sven , Temmerman Liesbet , Guarnaschelli Inés , Castillo Estela , Koziol Uriel
Published: June 2022

Many anthelmintics target the neuromuscular system, in particular by interfering with signaling mediated by classical neurotransmitters. Although peptidergic signaling has been proposed as a novel target for anthelmintics, current knowledge of the neuropeptide complement of many helminth groups is still limited, especially for parasitic flatworms (cestodes, trematodes, and monogeneans). In this work, we have characterized the neuropeptide complement of the model cestode Hymenolepis microstoma. Peptidomic characterization of adults of H. microstoma validated many of the neuropeptide precursor (npp) genes previously predicted in silico, and identified novel neuropeptides that are conserved in parasitic flatworms. Most neuropeptides from parasitic flatworms lack significant similarity to those from other animals, confirming the uniqueness of their peptidergic signaling. Analysis of gene expression of ten npp genes by in situ hybridization confirmed that all of them are expressed in the nervous system and identified cryptic features, including the first evidence of dorsoventral asymmetry, as well as a new population of peripheral peptidergic cells that appears to be conserved in the trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Finally, we characterized in greater detail Attachin, an SIFamide homolog. Although its expression is largely restricted to the longitudinal nerve cords and cerebral commissure in H. microstoma, it shows widespread localization in the larval nervous system of Echinococcus multilocularis and Mesocestoides corti. Exogenous addition of a peptide corresponding to the highly conserved C‐terminus of Attachin stimulated motility and attachment of M. corti larvae. Altogether, this work provides a robust experimental foothold for the characterization of peptidergic signaling in parasitic flatworms.

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Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15418