bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meditations: John Coltrane and Freedom
Authors: Hall James C
Published: November 2023

In May 1957, John Coltrane’s life changed. His career had progressed steadily but—it was whispered—his abuse of drugs and alcohol was making him a risk. While Miles Davis knew that Coltrane could be the sideman to provide him with a lifetime’s worth of musical challenges, he was increasingly concerned that Coltrane simply did not embarrass him on the bandstand by nodding off to sleep. In some ways it was fundamentally perplexing. This was—everyone agreed—a young man who was going places. Moreover, he was positively driven toward mastery of his instrument and jazz tradition. Why get caught up in the madness of heroin? There are no adequate answers, really. Some have speculated that he had begun using it to get relief from physical pain, perhaps dental pain, the product of both excessive practicing and an out-of-control sweet tooth.
The Prevalence of Ritual in an Age of Change: Romare Bearden
Authors: Hall James C
Published: November 2023

One could ask for no more compelling example of the paradox of continuity and change in American culture than that presented by the career of Romare Bearden.3 His “Two Women in a Landscape” (1941; see figure 2) is regarded by most art historians as a work derivative of the end of American social realist and regionalist painting, of an artist not yet aware of the dramatic changes coming to American art and society during and after World War II. Like a swing trumpeter not yet aware of the musical changes being wrought by Dizzy Gillespie or Charlie Parker at Minton’s, the mythic home of modernist jazz, one might see Bearden as backward, unable to commit to either the social program of the realists or the disruptions of the avant-garde. His “Blue Lady” (1955; see figure 3) might extend the tale. Despite the emerging dominance of a Jackson Pollock-Mark Rothko axis in the world of American art, this misguided artist flirts with narrative, the barely visible shape of the woman on the canvas further evidence of an artist unable to dispense with an outmoded humanism.
California Gold and European Revolution: Stephen Foster and the American 1848
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

An extraordinary confluence of forces destroyed the minstrel show’s hermetic self-satisfaction. The hedging politics of reform were overshadowed in the late 1840s by the slavery issue, and class-consciousness played an unpredicted role in its return. The manner in which social change was registered and produced in public discourse was itself changing, saturated by a consolidating “sentimental” ethos not unrelated to women’s rights agitation for female control of the public sphere. The inescapable synecdoches of plantation, factory, and home signified not only a slowly clarifying historical predicament of outrageous proportion but also, perhaps not paradoxically, a highly confused and contested one; each of these images, for instance, often contained significant admixtures of the others. Indeed, so visible were the social contradictions in American life from the start of the Mexican War in 1846 to the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1851 that earnest analogies and casual representations, generic conventions and allegorical flights of fancy-social figurations of almost every kind-threatened a formidable visitation of unwelcome meanings and resonances. Markers of historical change too convoluted to comprehend fully, such figurations frequently overwhelmed the intentions of their putative users.
Early Race Theories
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

WHEN THE ENGLISH COLONISTS first landed in this country, they immediately encountered one race “problem” in the Indians. In a few years they imported another when, in 1619, the first boat-load of Negro slaves arrived. What had been the history of ideas about race up until that time? Is the problem of race an age-old one in human relations, or is it mainly the result of revolutions of thought in biology and anthropology which took place in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
Nineteenth-Century Anthropology
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

THE OPTIMISM of the Enlightenment on the subject of race faded quickly in the nineteenth century. We can see the change clearly in the continuing debates over whether the human races were one or many species. Though the debate was acrimonious, the contestants do not now seem nearly as far apart as they seemed to themselves. The leading exponents of both schools of thought came more and more to believe that the Negro is innately inferior and that neither education nor environment can do much to improve him. Other nonwhite races fared scarcely better. The nonwhites stood to gain more from the advocates of the proposition that all races are a single species, but sometimes the only benefit they won from the monogenist school was the concession that they had the right to the consolations of religion. The advocates of the polygenist theory, on the other hand, frequently denied that the nonwhite races were people at all and maintained that missionary efforts among them were wholly wasted.
The Teutonic Origins Theory
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, America showed little interest in race theories which made invidious distinctions among white men. The country needed manpower and, in general, was not much concerned with which particular branch of the white race a man came from. In Europe, however, there were already a few theorists who, to defend the claims to eminence of a particular class or nation, were relying on race theory. In France, for example, the Count de Boulainvilliers ( 1658-1722) developed a racist theory to explain the special privileges of the nobles. The Franks, he said, had been the ancient tribe in France. They were the Germani, a blond, courageous, chaste, and self-governing people. In their conquest of Gaul they had acquired rights over the Gallo-Romans. The nobility of France were descendants of the Germani; the commoners were descendants of the plebeian Gallo-Romans.1
Literary Naturalism and Race
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

RACE PLAYED an important part in American literature long before the era of literary naturalism when Social Darwinist ideas turned the attention of writers increasingly to biological and evolutionary explanations of human character. In the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, early in the nineteenth century, we find fairly complete the popular stereotypes of racial character—Negroes of jovial disposition but with very limited intelligence (one of them has a skull so thick that he is almost immune to Indian tomahawk attacks), Indians who are naturally wild and ferocious except for the few “good” Indians made necessary by the demands of plot, sly and wily half-breeds, and so forth. By the end of the century, however, racism had greatly expanded its influence. In earlier novels, such as those of Cooper, the heroes and heroines are usually presumed to be Anglo-Saxon or perhaps Norman, with the implicit conviction that these “races” are superior; but race is most often used to identify quickly and easily the characteristics of minor figures in the plot.
The Indian In the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

THE PATTERN of the treatment of the Indian by the English colonists had been set in the seventeenth century. It was not the kindly attitude of Roger Williams, John Eliot, and the Quakers which generally prevailed. When the Indians gave trouble, the colonists made war against them, often adopting customs as savage as those of the Indians themselves. As early as 1653, the English had begun the system of reservations—assigning each warrior fifty acres of land and the privilege of hunting in unoccupied territory. As the white men moved west, they developed a pattern with regard to the land of the Indians which was repeated over and over again. The Indians would be assigned to a reservation. In time, the white men would covet their land and by one means or another seek to acquire it. They would send to the Indians agents who would offer gifts—often trinkets or whiskey—in exchange for vast tracts of land. Sometimes they would choose some chief or chiefs willing to sign away the land for a price and then assume arbitrarily that this man or these men spoke for all the members of a tribe or of many tribes. Old treaties which had promised eternal boundaries for Indian lands were ignored. If cajolery, trickery, or threats failed, the white men would use force to move the Indians westward.1
Anti-Immigration Agitation: 1865-1915
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

THE REASONS for hostility to immigrants in this country have not invariably been racial. The differences in customs and traditions of many of the immigrant peoples must, in the nature of things, have led to some suspicion of them. Xenophobia has changed according to conditions both here and abroad. After the French Revolution, there was prejudice in this country against French immigrants because they were thought to be atheists and revolutionaries. During the Know Nothing movement of the 1840’s and 185O’s, prejudice against the Irish was entangled with prejudice against Catholicism. The prejudice against German immigrants later in the century was associated in the public mind with dislike of socialism, with which the German immigrants were thought to be infected. But of all the reasons for prejudice against immigrants, it was race which eventually outdistanced the others and became, toward the end of the nineteenth century, by far the most powerful source of objection to them.1 The prejudice against immigrants has generally developed from two quite different sources. The workingmen’s organizations were usually the first to become alarmed because immigrants, often coming from countries which had a low living standard, were willing to accept low wages when they came here. In addition, cultural and language differences made it difficult to organize the immigrants into unions.
The Scientific Revolt Against Racism
Authors: Gossett Thomas F
Published: November 2023

ALL ATTEMPTS to construct any theory of history or civilization upon racial theory, all attempts to describe accurately the differences of character, temperament, and intelligence among the races, have been failures. Race theory has frequently lent itself to the crudest kind of manipulation by the people who wished to justify a scheme of exploitation or discrimination. It was in the 1920’s that the racists first met a serious check among the sciences and among the academic disciplines generally. One can hardly help wondering—now that the claims of the racists are widely recognized as having little or no scientific backing—why the opposition to racism was so long in developing. Were not the effusions of the nineteenth-century racists, for example, extreme enough to call for a more sober scrutiny among serious thinkers? One reason was that the scientists themselves frequently spoke of race in personal and emotional tones rather than in terms of fact. There could hardly be a subject more likely to involve prejudice than that of race.
Introduction
Authors: Feld Barry C
Published: November 2023

Within the past three decades, judicial decisions, legislative amendments, and administrative changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative social welfare agency into a scaled-down second-class criminal court for young people. Politicians and the public have repudiated the court’s original rehabilitative premises and endorsed punishment of young offenders. Judicial opinions and statutory changes have rejected procedural informality and incorporated imperfectly many of the safeguards of criminal courts. These substantive and procedural reforms have converted the historical ideal of the juvenile court as a welfare agency into a quasi-penal system that provides young offenders with neither therapy nor justice.
Abolish the Juvenile Court Sentencing Policy When the Child is a Criminal and the Criminal is a Child
Authors: Feld Barry C
Published: November 2023

In the three decades since Gault, judicial decisions, legislative amendments, and administrative changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative welfare agency into a scaled-down, second-class criminal court for young people. These revisions have converted the historical ideal of the juvenile court as a social welfare institution into a penal system that provides young offenders with neither therapy nor justice. Even as legal reforms foster increased punitiveness and convergence with criminal court, juvenile courts deflect, co-opt, ignore, or accommodate constitutional procedural mandates with minimal institutional change. They use courtroom procedures under which no adult would consent to be tried if she faced the prospect of confinement and then incarcerate youths in prisonlike settings for substantial terms.
Singing the Lord’s Song in a Strange Land: Gospel Music and Popular Culture in the United States
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

Gospel music is an American music form developed and nurtured by the saints at worship. It is both the product and by-product of”having church” in that it serves the primary purpose of supplying appropriate sounds, lyrics, and rhythms for use in worship and provides recordings and performances for broader consumption outside the church as a by-product. Gospel music provides the accompaniment for the shout or holy dance. The liturgical chant of affirmation, “Yes, Lord,” is a part of the genre. As exilic liturgy, gospel music is the characteristic twentieth-century African American Christian response to the Psalmist’s query: “How shall we sing the Lord’s song [have church] in a strange land [in exile]? (Psalm 137:4, KJV).

In their landmark sociological study of the black churches, C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya found that the vast majority of black churches (96.9 percent) approved of the use of some form of gospel music and only 1.5 percent did not approve. Even more churches approved the use of Negro spirituals (97.1 percent). Their findings also show that 74.2 percent of black churches disapproved the use of jazz, blues, and other unspecified types of black music. In order to meet the need for diverse musical styles in worship, the average black church has three (actually 2.89) choirs, according to Lincoln and Mamiya. Another way of interpreting the same data is to say that 79.7 percent of the churches have more than one choir. Although not specified in these data, in actuality the pattern of having multiple choirs was established with the advent of gospel music in the 1930s, and to this day, almost every black church has a “gospel” choir or chorus. Strangely enough, more attention is devoted in the study to explaining the resistance to gospel music on the part of the minuscule minority than is given to accounting for the appeal of the music to the overwhelming majority.
Black Intellectuals and Storefront Religion in the Age of Black Consciousness
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

By definition, exile is the experience of being a stranger or outsider far removed from home. In the conceptual language and context of the black intellectual, exile is a way of describing the predicament and state of mind of critical thinkers who self-consciously maintain a sense of racial and cultural identity with another country or nationality. For the African American, it implies a peculiar “both-and” dialectic, identifying the self as both American and African, as a permanent resident of an alien land.

In his book Prophesy Deliverance! philosopher Cornel West presented a typology of black intellectual traditions that rests on diverse depictions of Afro-American religion and takes a significant step toward formulation of a “unified theory” of black culture and religion. West outlined four traditions, drawing his examples from the ranks of notable twentieth-century black intellectuals and writers: the exceptionalists (e.g., W. E. B. DuBois) laud the uniqueness of Afro-American culture; the assimilationists (e.g., E. Franklin Frazier) consider Afro-American culture and personality to be pathological; the marginalists (e.g., James Baldwin) see the culture as restrictive, constraining, and confining; and the humanists (e.g., Ralph Ellison) extol the distinctiveness of the culture while affirming that AfroAmericans are not above or below the rest of the human race. Each of West’s categories rests on a particular depiction or evaluation of black religion.
Living in Time
Authors: Gelpi Albert
Published: November 2023

The Oxford poets of the 1930s--W. H. Auden, C. Day Lewis, Stephen Spender, and Louis MacNeice--represented the first concerted British challenge to the domination of twentieth-century poetry by the innovations of American modernists such as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. Known for their radical politics and aesthetic conservatism, the "Auden Generation" has come to loom large in our map of twentieth century literary history. Yet Auden's voluble domination of the group in its brief period of association, and Auden's sway with critics ever since, has made it difficult to hear the others on their own terms and in their own distinct voices. Here, rendered in eloquent prose by one of our most distinguished critics of modern poetry, is the first full-length study of the poetry of C. Day Lewis, a book that introduces the reader to a profoundly revealing and beautifully wrought record of his poetry against the cultural and literary ferment of this century. Albert Gelpi explores in three expansive sections the major periods of the poet's development, beginning with the emergence of Day Lewis in the thirties as the most radical of the Oxford poets. An artist who sought through poetry a way of "living in time" without traditional religious assurances, Day Lewis went further than his friends in seeking to forge a revolutionary poetry out of his commitment to Marxism. When Stalinism led to his resignation from the Communist Party, Day Lewis in the forties went on to shape a rich, fiercely perceptive poetry out of the convergence of the wartime crisis with the explosive events of his own inner life, intensified by the erotics of a decade-long affair. Returning to his Irish roots and meditating on the persistent tension between agnosticism and faith in the work of his third and final period, Day Lewis wrote some of the most moving poems in the language about mortality and dying, the limits and possibilities of human striving. Through the traumatic changes of his life C. Day Lewis came increasingly to depend on the intricacies of poetry itself as a way of living in time. His abiding belief in the psychological and moral functions of poetry impelled him in his critical writings and in his own poetic practice to delineate a modern poetics that presents an effective alternative to the elitist experimentation associated with Modernism. This vital revisionist reading of Day Lewis demonstrates that much of his best work was written after the thirties and establishes him as one of the most significant and accomplished British poets of the modern period.
Necessary Madness
Authors: Camfield Gregg
Published: November 2023

Camfield offers a comprehensive examination of the ways humour was used by major writers of fiction in nineteenth-century America. Camfield argues that humour serves as an important tool for both men and women to manage the ideology of domesticity so prevalent at the time, and he shows how gender comes to bear upon comic techniques and sensibilities.
Humorneutics
Authors: Camfield Gregg
Published: November 2023

From an ancient myth of the creative power of humor, to a contemporary Freudian critic who understands humor not as creativity in any absolute sense, but rather as misconstruction of the world, to Mikhail Bakhtin who suggests that in the Renaissance, humor was held to be an alternative point of view, a philosophical position of great profundity—these three epigraphs suggest something of the problem confronting a study of humor. In its very seriousness, a serious study of humor may limit rather than expand our understanding. Neil Schmitz is one of the most discerning commentators on American humor, and throughout this book I have been indebted to his insights, but framed by these two very different conceptions of humor, Schmitz’s seems remarkably limited, remarkably stuck within the “serious standpoint” that of course sees any other standpoint as giving wrong answers to the puzzles of the world. Thus, I begin this chapter by referring to a nineteenth-century comic cautionary tale, John Phoenix’s “A New System of English Grammar,” one point of which is that it is absurdly easy to be seduced into believing ardently in absolute truth. I then apply the point of this story to two approaches to comedy before I ignore my own advice and present a total theory about the nature of comedy.
Preserving the Wilderness
Authors: lowrey Gerald
Published: November 2023

It was the great British Victorian sociologist-economist Arnold Toynbee who advised that those who refuse to study history are condemned to repeat it. Gerald Lowrey, an admirer of the AT and its founders, took Toynbee to heart and wrote his doctoral dissertation in American Studies about the Appalachian Trail as a cultural symbol, with a careful examination of the history of American concepts of the wilderness as background. Lowrey’s work situates AT visionary Benton MacKaye clearly among the romantics who feared that urbanization and secularization would eventually wreck the landscape and weaken the soul. From Lowrey’s articulate overview we can also see our own generation as a participant in a continuing debate about the importance of wilderness to the national psyche.
Georgia
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

Blooming shadbush and cumulus clouds, Blood Mt., Georgia. Trail miles: 75.4 Trail maintenance: Georgia AT Club Highest point: Blood Mt., 4,461 ft. Features: Springer Mt. (3,728 ft.), southern terminus of the AT. Rugged wilderness, few towns, high elevation, lovely flowering plants (dogwood). Parks, forests, and nature preserves: Amicalola Falls State Park, Chattahoochee National Forest, Vogel State Park Most intriguing names on the trail: Chattahoochee, Slaughter Gap, Blood Mt.
Virginia
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

Punch Bowl Shelter, George Washington National Forest, Virginia. Trail miles: 544.6 (including about 21.5 miles on West Virginia border) or about 25% of the entire AT, the longest section of the AT all in one state Trail maintenance: Mt. Rogers AT Club, Virginia Tech Outing Club, Roanoke AT Club, Kanawha Trail Club, Natural Bridge AT Club, Tidewater AT Club, Potomac AT Club Highest point: Mt. Rogers, 5,729 ft. (trail bypasses summit) Broadest river: James Features: Enormous wilderness areas and high peaks. Famous rhododendron and azalea displays in the wilds of Mt. Rogers region (southwest Virginia). McAfee Knob (3,201 ft.), perhaps the most photogenic rock outcropping on the AT.
Maryland
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

Painting an AT trail blaze near Black Rock, Maryland. Trail miles: 39.8, the second-shortest distance on the AT Trail maintenance: Potomac AT Club Highest point: Near High Rock, 1,880 ft. (Washington County) Broadest river: Potomac, crossable on 600-ft.-long Goodloe Byron Pedestrian Walkway Features: Largely a ridge walk at about 1,300 ft., through an area of intense Civil War historic interest.
New Jersey
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

Delaware Water Gap, the Pennsylvania-New Jersey border. Trail miles: 74 Trail maintenance: New York-New Jersey Trail Conference Highest point: High Point, 1,803 ft. Broadest river: Delaware Features: Moderately challenging ridge hiking on Kittatinny Ridge at about 1,100-1,400 ft.; the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area at the Pennsylvania border.
Maine
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

The end and the beginning: atop foggy, mile-high Katahdin, Baxter State Park, Maine. Trail miles: 281.4 Trail maintenance: Appalachian Mountain Club, Maine AT Club Highest point: Mt. Katahdin, 5,267 ft. (Baxter Peak) Broadest river: Kennebec, dangerous to ford, crossable by ferry (provided in season by Appalachian Trail Conference and Maine AT Club) Features: Northern terminus of AT, 2,150+ miles from Springer Mt., Georgia. Western section begins with the Mahoosucs, known as the toughest, bedeviling narrow, rocky climb on the AT, then continues with several steep 4,000-ft. mountains, including Saddleback (4,116 ft.), which the AT climbs, and Sugarloaf (4,237 ft.), which the trail skirts. Northernmost section, from Monson to Mt. Katahdin, offers 100+ miles of isolated, roadless travel.
Introduction
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

My goal in this book is to bring together two significant aspects of biblical interpretation: the history of biblical interpretation and the appropriation of the Bible for Christian ethics. In both instances my focus is on the twentieth century, particularly on how the Bible has been used in constructing Christian theological ethics. Although many books and articles have been written describing how the Bible should be used in Christian theological ethics, very little research has been done on how the Bible actually has been used in the work of twentieth-century Christian theological ethicists. (The work that has been done comes almost exclusively from those with primary formal training in Christian theological ethics rather than from those whose primary formal training is in biblical studies.) Further, although many studies have examined the ethics of Scripture, that is, the various moral visions and moral worlds of the different biblical writers, relatively little work has been devoted to what might be called the scriptures of ethics-namely, an assessment of construals of the Bible for contemporary theological ethics.
Reinhold Niebuhr
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

On 8 March 1948, Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) appeared on the cover of Time magazine, its twenty-fifth anniversary issue. The article inside referred to Reinhold Niebuhr as the number one theologian in America, a statement that could find little dispute in the 1940s. Niebuhr’s powerful writings together with memories of his personal presence have continued to exercise considerable influence on theological and ethical discussions to the present time. His legacy has been enormous. One indication of his influence can be seen from the number of volumes on Niebuhr that have appeared from the 1950s through the 1980s and into the 1990s. There is, however, a surprising and significant lacuna in the many studies on Reinhold Niebuhr’s theology and ethics: his use of Scripture. To a large degree Niebuhr grounded his theology and ethics in Scripture, and yet the relationship between his use of Scripture and his theological ethics has received almost no attention, despite renewed interest in the use of Scripture in Christian ethics. Since Reinhold Niebuhr and his brand of Christian realism have made such a significant mark on contemporary Christian theologians and ethicists, it is important to be aware of how he used Scripture. Indeed, commenting on the enduring influence of Niebuhr’s approach to Scripture, Michael Cartwright has observed that “scholars in the field of Christian ethics have rarely noted the extent of Niebuhr’s influence with respect to the use of Scripture in Christian ethics.... Christian ethicists writing after Niebuhr may not even realize how much they have been influenced by his use of Scripture.” Here I seek to describe and assess Niebuhr’s use of the Bible in his theological ethics.
Bernard Häring
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

Bemard Haring, C.SS.R., a Redemptorist priest (b. 1912), is generally considered to be one of the most significant (and arguably the most significant) Roman Catholic moral theologians of the twentieth century. The reasons for this appraisal are not difficult to see. During the early 1950s well before Vatican II was convened, Haring had already moved in a sharply different direction from the manual tradition in moral theology that had endured for over three hundred years. Indeed, most scholars consider his three-volume work The Law of Christ, first published in 1954, to have been pivotal for the renewal of moral theology during the generation following Vatican II. In many ways, this book already initiated changes that Vatican II sought to bring about a decade later. Twenty-five years after the appearance of The Law of Christ, Haring published another monumental three-volume work, Free and Faithful in Christ (1978-81), which sought to address significantly different situations in the Roman Catholic church after Vatican II, in theological ethics, and in the general world scene.
Gustavo Gutierrez
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

Gustavo Gutierrez is widely recognized as the preeminent foundational figure of the Latin American liberation theology movement. The task of theology, to use Gutierrez’s classic definition, is “critical reflection on Christian praxis in light of the word of God.” For Gutierrez, the Bible is the “word of God” that provides a fundamental orientation for all Christian action and reflection, and as such the Bible is indispensable for Christians as a source of revelation about God and humanity. Given the central place that Gutierrez assigns to reflection on the Bible, it is somewhat surprising that so little attention has been directed at Gutierrez’s use(s) of the Bible. Various treatments of his work make reference to the significance of the Bible, and especially to reading the Bible from the perspective of the poor, but I have not found any extended analysis of his use(s) of the Bible. The present chapter is an attempt to address this lacuna. When we consider how Gutierrez employs Scripture, it is important to be aware that his approach to the Bible results from and responds to the traditional understanding he initially received as a student, namely, pre-Vatican II progressive European Roman Catholicism. Gutierrez received his formal training at two of Europe’s most prestigious and influential Roman Catholic universities: the University of Louvain (1951-55), and the Catholic Institute of Lyons (1955- 59).5 However, this traditional understanding underwent radical transformation when it came up against Gutierrez’s experiences as a priest in Lima in the early to late 1960s.
Conclusion
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to draw neat conclusions at the end of this study. The temptation is to look back on the uses and construals of Scripture by the different authors surveyed and to derive various “lessons” from their respective uses of Scripture. I intend to resist this temptation, however, as much as possible. One of my goals in this book has been to provide thickly descriptive analyses of how Scripture has been used and interpreted in the theology and ethics of some of the most prominent and influential Christian theologians of the twentieth century. I therefore want to avoid reductionistic characterizations, and I am concerned that deriving certain lessons from this undertaking might undercut the larger purpose of the project. I am convinced that we need to pay more attention to the actual practices of biblical interpretation as these are carried out in constructive theology and ethics. To this end, I have concentrated on concrete and specific uses of discrete biblical materials. I certainly hope that this study contributes to a better understanding of the constructive work of the eight figures that have been the subject of the study. Beyond this, however, I hope that this study points to some of the larger questions and issues associated with appeals to the Bible in theology and ethics. By way of summary, I will use one focal passage (the Sermon on the Mount) to provide a brief comparative overview of the various approaches to Scripture presented above.
A Jewish Rule Of Wisdom
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In the Jewish literature of the Second Temple period, the golden rule arose during the second century B.C.E., and it quickly advanced from a marginal position to one among the central religious teachings. Indeed, its rise provides a case study showing the very sense of what a moral principle is traditionally understood to be. This chapter explores a segment of the history of Jewish ethics culminating with Rabbi Hillel, who flourished between B.C.E. and Io.C.E. Upon being asked for a summary of the Torah, he replied, “What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor; that is the whole Torah, while the rest is commentary thereon; go and learn it”

To seek the origins of the golden rule in Judaism leads to the root of Judaism itself, the affirmation of God as the Creator of the heavens and the earth, who proposed, “Let us make man in our image,” the God who made a covenant with Abraham, and who, through the leadership of Moses, brought the Hebrews out of bondage and gave them the Torah, including the Ten Commandments, for the guidance of his people. The golden rule will emerge as a summary of the Torah only after centuries during which isolated examples of golden rule thinking would arise, momentarily and unsystematically. In the simplest sense, golden rule thinking may here be characterized as recognizing moral implications in the fact that others are like one self.
Maps
Authors: Booth Allyson
Published: November 2023

In the early part of the twentieth century, the perception of battlefields became increasingly problematic: they were difficult not only to see in their entirety but even to grasp conceptually. John Keegan has explained that by World War I, the expanded size of battlefields and increased range and volume of weapons had made it impossible for generals either “to be present ... at each successive point of crisis ... “ or “to survey ... the line of battle from the front rank.” Instead, “[T]he cloud of unknowing which descended on a First World War battlefield at zero hour was accepted as one of its hazards by contemporary generals.” A spatial and intellectual shift away from a deadly rain of observable fire and toward a safe, housed “cloud of unknowing,” Keegan explains, meant that “[t]he main work of the general ... had now to be done in his office, before the battle began” (265). Major General J. F. C. Fuller described the situation in similar terms, writing about “the amazing unconscious change which rose out of the Franco-Prussian War, and which in a few years obliterated true general ship, dehumanizing and despiritualizing the general until he was turned into an office soldier” (51).
Examination of the Senses
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Seeing, hearing, smelling, Tasting, touching, and mind Are the six sense faculties. Their spheres are the visible objects, etc.... That very seeing does not see Itself at all.
Examination of Desire and the Desirous
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

If prior to desire And without desire there were a desirous one, Desire would depend on him. Desire would exist when there is a desirous one. Were there no desirous one, moreover, Where would desire occur? Whether or not desire or the desirous one exist, The analysis would be the same.
Examination of Fire and Fuel
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

If fuel were fire Then agent and action would be one. If fire were different from fuel, Then it could arise without fuel. It would be forever aflame; Flames could be ignited without a cause. Its beginning would be meaningless. In that case, it would be without any action. Since it would not depend on another Ignition would be without a cause. If it were eternally in flames, Starting it would be meaningless.
Examination of Compounded Phenomena
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The Victorious Conqueror has said that whatever Is deceptive is false. Compounded phenomena are all deceptive. Therefore they are all false. If whatever is deceptive is false, What deceives? The Victorious Conqueror has said about this That emptiness is completely true.
Examination of Bondage
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

If compounded phenomena transmigrate, They do not transmigrate as permanent. If they are impermanent they do not transmigrate. The same approach applies to sentient beings. If someone transmigrates, Then if, when sought in the fivefold way In the aggregates and in the sense spheres and in the elements, He is not there, what transmigrates? If one transmigrates from grasping to grasping, then One would be nonexistent.
Examination of Nirvāna
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

If all this is empty, Then there is no arising or passing away. By the relinquishing or ceasing of what Does one wish nirviiQa to arise? If all this is nonempty, Then there is no arising or passing away. By the relinquishing or ceasing of what Does one wish nirviiQa to arise? Unrelinquished, unattained, Unannihilated, not permanent, Unarisen, unceased: This is how nirviiQa is described.
Examination of the Twelve Links
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Wrapped in the darkness of ignorance, One performs the three kinds of actions Which as dispositions impel one To continue to future existences. Having dispositions as its conditions, Consciousness enters transmigration. Once consciousness has entered transmigration, Name and form come to be. Once name and form come to be, The six sense spheres come into being. Depending on the six sense spheres, Contact comes into being.
Reconstructing “Real” Women From Gospel Literature
Authors: D’Angelo Mary Rose
Published: November 2023

Among the most striking and successful results of feminist reinterpretation has been the remaking of Mary Magdalene. The image of Mary as a prostitute converted to spiritual devotion to Jesus and expending the years after his death in mourning and penitential practice provided centuries of pious exhortation and artistic representation. This image appears to have arisen in the sixth century, when the example of penitent whores became fashionable in the West, producing legendary lives of Pelagia, Thais and Mary of Egypt. It was instantiated in the Western liturgy for her festival (July 22), whose gospel reading identified Mary with an unnamed woman sinner “in the city” who expressed penitence and love by washing Jesus’ feet with her tears and wiping them with her hair (Luke 7:36–50).
Women, Gender, and Gnosis In Gnostic Texts and Traditions
Authors: McGuire Anne
Published: November 2023

Female characters figure so prominently in gnostic texts and traditions that many have asked whether women played similarly significant roles in ancient gnostic communities. Unfortunately, the relation between the mythic worlds of Sophia, Barbelo, Eve, and Norea and the social worlds of real “gnostic” women is not clear, and the task of reconstructing the social roles of women in “gnosticism” remains one of the most challenging in the study of ancient Mediterranean religions. Difficulties arise in part from the problem of defining “gnosticism” and related terms, but even more serious problems of evaluation, interpretation, and analysis face those who would evaluate, interpret, and analyze the evidence for this complex and esoteric religious phenomenon of the ancient world.
The Methodist Itinerant
Authors: Wigger John H
Published: November 2023

In 1855 the historian Philip Schaff wrote that the emergence of Methodism was almost as important a step in the development of Protestantism as the Puritan revolution of the seventeenth century. Though Schaff had little sympathy for the popular nature of American Methodism’s early phase, he was a keen observer who could not help but ac knowledge some of the factors that led to the movement’s vitality and growth. Schaff, like so many commentators before and since, was particularly impressed by the effectiveness of the Methodist preachers. What Methodist preachers lacked in higher education they made up for with “a decided aptness for popu lar discourse and exhortation,” and by “fidelity and self-denial.” Added Schaff: “They are particularly fitted for breaking the way in new regions . . . and for laboring among the lower classes of the people.” Predominantly young, single minded, and remarkably dedicated, Methodist itinerants forever changed the appearance and tone of American religion. In short, they were a different kind of clergy than had ever been seen before in America.
Crafting a Program
Authors: Skogan Wesley G , Hartnett Susan M
Published: November 2023

It was a propitious moment for addressing change in the Chicago department, for the incumbent superintendent of police had reached an age at which he could gracefully be retired. The superintendent had been selected several years earlier by a reform minded mayor, in a decision that was considered surprising at the time. He was a tough and bluff “old school” cop. It was rumored that this had caught the then-mayor’s eye, in contrast to other final candidates for the position, who had espoused a more sophisticated management line. Once in office, it was apparent that the superintendent liked the department just the way it was, with himself in charge. So he proved actively hostile to the idea of community policing, and to City Hall concerns about efficiency and responsiveness. He hoped to be retained as superintendent by the new mayor, but City Hall was counting the days until he could be replaced by invoking the department’s retirement rule.
The Program in Action
Authors: Skogan Wesley G , Hartnett Susan M
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the program in action. First, it looks at how the service-delivery component of CAPS actually worked. By the 1990s, local officials had absorbed the idea that crime—and especially fear of crime—was intimately linked to both casual social disorder and the physical decay of the city’s neighborhoods. They were therefore not surprised when our first survey found that building abandonment was among the most bothersome problems in high-crime Englewood; the district commander already had a list of more than 600 abandoned buildings in his desk drawer. Like researchers (Spelman, 1993), he knew that they were a haven for drug dealers, purse snatchers, prostitutes, and squatters; that they presented a constant threat of fire; and that they were a nagging eyesore that undermined the commitment of property owners who were struggling to maintain their own buildings. Policymakers also knew that the public, when given the opportunity to speak out, would queue up to demand that something be done about neighborhood disorder as well as about crime. They created a vehicle for responding—the CAPS service request—and handed it over to the police department to make it work.
Sparks in Exile
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

My visit to Poland in 1990 was in response to an invitation from the Polish Episcopate’s Commission on Dialogue with Judaism. The previous summer, at the invitation of the Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago, twenty-two Christian seminary professors from Poland had come to Chicago to study Judaica. Catholic priests from Poland studying Judaica at an institution of higher Jewish learning, at our institution, Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies, was something that never had been done before in the United States, or in Poland—especially in Poland, though Jews and Christians had lived there side-by-side for a millennium. I had been assigned not only to help design a curriculum and to serve as the chief instructor for this program, but to devise a way to try to overcome layers of prejudices and stereotypes that had developed between Poles and Jews.
Anatomy of an Ideology
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: November 2023

If there is any central message of radical multiculturalism, that message is, “It’s all politics.” Merit, law, and truth are exercises of power by one group over another. This is supposed to be a slogan of liberation-all the apparent barriers to our heart’s desire can be over­ turned, for what lives by power can die by revolution. We have seen, however, that this form of politicization has some unhappy consequences. If merit is an exercise of power, a certain kind of racism-that directed against successful minorities like Jews and Asians-becomes excusable. Discourse becomes a political battle over the authority to speak as a group representative and an effort to silence opposition. And truth is defined by political utility. Despite its promise of liberation, the ideology of radical multiculturalism contains menacing shadows.
Selected Fiction and Drama of Eliza Haywood
Authors: Haywood Eliza
Published: November 2023

This exciting edition gathers together for the first time a sampling of Haywood's writings generous enough to represent the full range of her fiction and drama and includes material from each decade of her long writing life. All texts come back into print here and here alone. The collection features six fictions, including both racy early work and later experimental prose fiction, two plays, and some powerful political writing.
The creation story in genesis, ch. 1:1-2:4a
Authors: Brichto Herbert Chanan
Published: November 2023

The appreciation in modem scholarship of the biblical creation story is dependent, to a degree that can hardly be exaggerated, on our possession of the Mesopotamian creation traditions, particularly the Babylonia Creation Epic. To pick a single striking ex ample: How does the Genesis creation pericope begin, and how and where does it end? The how of the beginning is, of course, whether the Hebrew words constitute an independent clause (“In the beginning God created”) or a dependent clause (“When God began to create”).
Introduction: On Intellectual History
Authors: Feldman Stephen M
Published: November 2023

To travel from premodernism through modernism and into post-modernism might take several centuries and even millennia. American legal thought, remarkably so, has made the voyage in just over two hundred years. My purpose is to tell the story of this mercurial journey.
Alone Together
Authors: Regan Milton C
Published: November 2023

Contemporary marriage involves complex notions of both connection and freedom. On the one hand, spouses are members of a shared community, while on the other they are discrete individuals with their own distinct interests. Alone Together explores the ways in which law seeks to accommodate tensions between commitment and freedom in marriage. Author Milton Regan suggests that only close attention to context can guide us in deciding what weight to assign to each dimension of spousal identity in a given setting. This interdisciplinary work has relevance to family law, family studies, feminist legal theory, and the debate between liberal and communitarian social theorists.
Anatomy Of The Crisis
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Viewed from a distance, the crisis facing America’s churches is one that concerns them collectively and generally. It is a problem that in one way or another touches the ministry of every church. Some may survive longer-and prosper-by siphoning off donations that might have gone to other churches in their community or by temporarily enlisting the enthusiastic support of the previously unchurched. But the churches have always been strongest when there has been strength across the board: when Catholics and Protestants alike were strong and when small churches and large ones, or liberal congregations and fundamentalist ones, were all contributing something to the overall mix.