bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fountain Codes Over GF(q)
Authors: Li Xiangming , Jiang Tao
Published: September 2011

Binary fountain codes such as Luby transform codes are a class of erasure codes which have demonstrated an asymptotic performance close to the Shannon limit when decoded with the belief propagation algorithm. When these codes are generalized to GF(q) for q  >  2, their performance approaches the Shannon limit much faster than the usual binary fountain codes. In this paper, we extend binary fountain codes to GF(q). In particular, we generalize binary Luby transform codes to GF(q) to develop a low complexity maximum likelihood decoder. The proposed codes have numerous advantages, including low coding overhead, low encoding and decoding complexity, and good performance over various message block lengths, making them practical for real‐time applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal and suboptimal receivers for code‐multiplexed transmitted‐reference ultra‐wideband systems
Authors: Tutay Mehmet Emin , Gezici Sinan
Published: September 2011

In this study, optimal and suboptimal receivers are investigated for code‐multiplexed transmitted‐reference (CM‐TR) ultra‐wideband systems. First, a single‐user scenario is considered, and a CM‐TR system is modeled as a generalized noncoherent pulse‐position modulated system. Based on that model, the optimal receiver that minimizes the bit error probability is derived. Then, it is shown that the conventional CM‐TR receiver converges to the optimal receiver under certain conditions and achieves close‐to‐optimal performance in practical cases. Next, multi‐user systems are considered, and the conventional receiver, blinking receiver, and chip discriminator are investigated. Also, the linear minimum mean‐squared error (MMSE) receiver is derived for the downlink of a multi‐user CM‐TR system. In addition, the maximum likelihood receiver is obtained as a performance benchmark. The practicality and the computational complexity of the receivers are discussed, and their performance is evaluated via simulations. The linear MMSE receiver is observed to provide the best trade‐off between performance and complexity/practicality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
About the Reaction of BeCl2 with the Carbodiphosphorane Addition Compound O2C←C(PPh3)2 and its Hydrolysis Product Ph3PCHP(O)Ph2
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Dehnicke Kurt , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Reaction of BeCl2 and (PPh4)[Be2Cl6] with Ph3PCHP(O)Ph2 (2) and of BeCl2 with O2C←C(PPh3)2 (3) were studied under various conditions. Whereas the addition compound of 2 with BeCl2 could only traced by 31P NMR spectroscopy the molecular structure of the O‐addition compound [Ph3PCH2P(OBeCl3)Ph2]·0.75CH2Cl2 (5) from 2 and (PPh4)[Be2Cl6] could be performed. From 3 and BeCl2 in dichloromethane crystals of (H2C{PPh3}2)[BeCl4] (6) and (H2C{PPh3}2)Cl2·CH2Cl2 (7) separated. The cluster [Be6(OH)6Cl5(O2C2{PPh3}2)3]Cl(8) formed upon unintentionally admitting some humidity to the initial reaction mixture. In 8 each of the bidentate ligands 3 bridges two different beryllium atoms via the oxygen atoms. All compounds are characterized by X‐ray diffraction analyses.
The intense vorticity structures near the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in a jet
Authors: da Silva Carlos B. , dos Reis Ricardo J. N. , Pereira José C. F.
Published: September 2011

The characteristics of the intense vorticity structures (IVSs) near the turbulent/non-turbulent (T/NT) interface separating the turbulent and the irrotational flow regions are analysed using a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a turbulent plane jet. The T/NT interface is defined by the radius of the large vorticity structures (LVSs) bordering the jet edge, while the IVSs arise only at a depth of about $5\eta $ from the T/NT interface, where $\eta $ is the Kolmogorov micro-scale. Deep inside the jet shear layer the characteristics of the IVSs are similar to the IVSs found in many other flows: the mean radius, tangential velocity and circulation Reynolds number are $R/ \eta \approx 4. 6$, ${u}_{0} / {u}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } \approx 0. 8$, and ${\mathit{Re}}_{\Gamma } / { \mathit{Re}}_{\lambda }^{1/ 2} \approx 28$, where ${u}_{0} $, and ${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } $ are the root mean square of the velocity fluctuations and the Reynolds number based on the Taylor micro-scale, respectively. Moreover, as in forced isotropic turbulence the IVSs inside the jet are well described by the Burgers vortex model, where the vortex core radius is stable due to a balance between the competing effects of axial vorticity production and viscous diffusion. Statistics conditioned on the distance from the T/NT interface are used to analyse the effect of the T/NT interface on the geometry and dynamics of the IVSs and show that the mean radius $R$, tangential velocity ${u}_{0} $ and circulation $\Gamma $ of the IVSs increase as the T/NT interface is approached, while the vorticity norm $\vert \omega \vert $ stays approximately constant. Specifically $R$, ${u}_{0} $ and $\Gamma $ exhibit maxima at a distance of roughly one Taylor micro-scale from the T/NT interface, before decreasing as the T/NT is approached. Analysis of the dynamics of the IVS shows that this is caused by a sharp decrease in the axial stretching rate acting on the axis of the IVSs near the jet edge. Unlike the IVSs deep inside the shear layer, there is a small predominance of vortex diffusion over stretching for the IVSs near the T/NT interface implying that the core of these structures is not stable i.e. it will tend to grow in time. Nevertheless the Burgers vortex model can still be considered to be a good representation for the IVSs near the jet edge, although it is not as accurate as for the IVSs deep inside the jet shear layer, since the observed magnitude of this imbalance is relatively small.
Number of degrees of freedom and energy spectrum of surface quasi-geostrophic turbulence
Authors: Tran Chuong V. , Blackbourn Luke A. K. , Scott Richard K.
Published: September 2011

We study both theoretically and numerically surface quasi-geostrophic turbulence regularized by the usual molecular viscosity, with an emphasis on a number of classical predictions. It is found that the system’s number of degrees of freedom $N$, which is defined in terms of local Lyapunov exponents, scales as ${\mathit{Re}}^{3/ 2} $, where $\mathit{Re}$ is the Reynolds number expressible in terms of the viscosity, energy dissipation rate and system’s integral scale. For general power-law energy spectra ${k}^{\ensuremath{-} \ensuremath{\alpha} } $, a comparison of $N$ with the number of dynamically active Fourier modes, i.e. the modes within the energy inertial range, yields $\ensuremath{\alpha} = 5/ 3$. This comparison further renders the scaling ${\mathit{Re}}^{1/ 2} $ for the exponential dissipation rate at the dissipation wavenumber. These results have been predicted on the basis of Kolmogorov’s theory. Our approach thus recovers these classical predictions and is an analytic alternative to the traditional phenomenological method. The implications of the present findings are discussed in conjunction with related results in the literature. Support for the analytic results is provided through a series of direct numerical simulations.
Urinary excretion ofin vivo13C-labelled milk oligosaccharides in breastfed infants
Authors: Rudloff Silvia , Pohlentz Gottfried , Borsch Christian , Lentze Michael J. , Kunz Clemens
Published: September 2011

Recent observations indicate that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are involved in a variety of physiological processes in infants. Their metabolic fate, however, is virtually unknown. We investigated metabolic aspects in infants after endogenous13C-labelling of HMO. An oral bolus of natural and13C-labelled galactose (Gal; 23 g Gal+4 g13C-Gal) was given to ten lactating women. Aliquots of milk at each nursing as well as breath samples from the mothers and urine from their infants were collected over 36 h. The13C-enrichment of HMO and their renal excretion was determined by isotope ratio-MS; characterisation was achieved by fast atom bombardment-MS. After the Gal bolus was given, an immediate13C-enrichment in milk and in infants' urine was observed which lasted 36 h. Mass spectrometric analysis of13C-enriched urinary fractions confirmed the excretion of a variety of neutral and acidic HMO without metabolic modification of their structures. Components with glucose split off at the reducing end were also detectable. Quantitative data regarding the infants' intake of lacto-N-tetraose and its monofucosylated derivative lacto-N-fucopentaose II ranged from 50 to 160 mg with each suckling, respectively; renal excretion of both components varied between 1 and 3 mg/d. Since the intake of individual HMO by the infants was in the range of several hundred mg per suckling, i.e. several g/d, and some of these components were excreted in mg amounts as intact HMO with the infants' urine, not only local but also systemic effects might be expected.
Metternich's Plan for a Viennese Conference in 1839
Authors: Šedivý Miroslav
Published: September 2011

After the Napoleonic Wars, central Europe frequently witnessed important diplomatic discussions, and cities such as Vienna, Aix-la-Chapelle, Carlsbad, Troppau, and Laibach served as the places for rendezvous of European monarchs and diplomats. Austrian Chancellor Clemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk Prince von Metternich-Winneburg played a leading role at these meetings between 1814 and 1822, and he particularly wanted them to take place in the territories of the Austrian Empire because he could therefore better control their course and exert influence over the events to an extent undoubtedly exceeding the real power of the state whose interests he advocated. This is exactly what happened after 1814, and the subsequent years were definitely the happiest period in the life of the man known for his extraordinary diplomatic talent as well as his vanity. It was all the more difficult for him to reconcile himself with the loss of the position of the “coachman of Europe” in the 1820s when the alliance formed by the five European powers (Great Britain, France, Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and Russia) failed to solve the Greek war of independence. The July Revolution of 1830 then created a gulf between the liberal and conservative powers, so that neither the willingness of the five powers to cooperate under his leadership nor the necessary conditions for his leadership existed in the 1830s.
The Teenagers' Revolution:Schülerrätein the Democratization and Right-Wing Radicalization of Germany, 1918–1923
Authors: Donson Andrew
Published: September 2011

On November 27, 1918, Konrad Haenisch, the newly installed education minister (Kultusminister) and Majority Social Democrat, issued arguably the most radical decree in the history of Prussian schooling. The “Appeal to Male and Female Pupils in Secondary Schools,” as the edict was titled, aimed to redress the alleged rampant “demons of morbid subservience, mistrust, and lies” in secondary schools. Its proposed solution was for every school to hold an assembly by the end of the year to introduce democratic governance. Each teacher and each pupil in the ninth grade (Obertertia) and higher would have an equal vote on whether they wanted to form a school parliament (Schulgemeinde), a pupil council (Schülerrat), or both. In the school parliament, all teachers and pupils would have equal rights to have an “entirely open discussion” about their school affairs, including matters of discipline, and equal votes to pass resolutions pertaining thereto. In addition, pupils alone would elect a teacher and pupil council that would be standing liaisons to the director and the other teaching staff. Most controversially, the school parliament or the standing pupil council could appoint a representative empowered to bypass the school director and teaching staff and hold conversations with the ministers in Berlin about how to redress inequities in their particular school and change youth policy in the new republic more generally. A last measure in the decree gave pupils the unlimited right to join any association, provided it was “not political.” This new right abrogated the requirement that pupils in secondary schools get permission from their directors to found or join associations in or outside school. Haenisch required that schools post this decree on all blackboards. There were similar decrees issued in December 1918 in Saxony, Württemberg, and Bavaria.
VolksgemeinschaftEngineers: The Nazi “Voyages of Technology”
Authors: Guse John C.
Published: September 2011

Punctually at 4:05 on the morning of March 31, 1938, a new diesel locomotive left the Holzkirchen Bahnhof in Munich, pulling the first traveling “achievement exhibition” (Leistungsshau) of German technology. It had been nineteen days since theAnschluss, and on April 10 all Greater Germany would vote its approval of incorporating Austria into the Reich. Despite their use of terror to influence the Austrian vote and virtual assurance of electoral success, the National Socialists embarked on an extensive propaganda effort in Austria to ensure a wide margin of victory there. Hitler campaigned throughout Austria during the last ten days before the vote, making six major speeches, and other top Nazi officials made electioneering tours. Famous for constructing theAutobahnnetwork, Fritz Todt, Inspector General for German Highways, and the engineers of the NSDAP Central Office for Technology, organized a traveling propaganda exhibit to display German technology under the motto “Austria's chimneys will smoke again.” It was the first of three “Voyages of Technology” undertaken by Todt and his Nazi engineers.
Hidden Behind the Wall: West German State Building and the Emergence of the Iron Curtain
Authors: Schaefer Sagi
Published: September 2011

It is widely accepted that the inter-German border was constructed by East German authorities to halt the emigration to the west, which had damaged the East German economy and undermined the East German state agencies' power. This article argues that this is an inaccurate understanding, which mistakenly treats perceptions and insights gained from studying the Berlin Wall as representative of the mostly rural border between East and West Germany. It emphasizes crucial transformations of frontier society during the 1950s, highlighting the important role of western as well as eastern policy in shaping them.
Case report: nodular fasciitis of the parotid region
Authors: Hidir Y , Arslan H H , Gunhan O , Satar B
Published: September 2011

Objective:

To demonstrate the clinical and histopathological features of nodular fasciitis in the parotid region.

Case report:

A 24-year-old man presented with a palpable mass in the superior border of the parotid gland. The mass was firm and immobile, with a smooth surface. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed proliferating fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes among the blood cells. Although a superficial parotidectomy was initially planned, a total excision was performed, as the mass was observed to be located in the periphery of the parotid tissue. Nodular fasciitis was diagnosed, based on the results of immunohistochemical analysis.

Conclusion:

Nodular fasciitis very rarely occurs in the parotid region. These lesions grow quickly, and may be misdiagnosed as sarcoma. Trauma may play a role in their aetiology. Total excision is adequate as treatment.
CouldHelicobacter pyloriplay a role in the aetiopathogenesis of tympanosclerosis?
Authors: Iriz A , Eryilmaz A , Gocer C , Acar A , Boynuegri S , Dursun E
Published: September 2011

Aim:

The aetiology of tympanosclerosis is not yet clear. This prospective, controlled, clinical study investigated the relationship betweenHelicobacter pyloriand tympanosclerosis aetiology.

Materials and methods:

The study included 14 patients with tympanosclerosis and 26 with other forms of chronic otitis media. All patients underwent surgery for chronic otitis media. Mucosal biopsies were taken, and examined forH pyloriusing the Campylobacter-Like Organism (CLO) test.

Results:

Tympanoplasty was performed in 29 patients (72.5 per cent), radical mastoidectomy in eight (20 per cent) and myringoplasty in three (7.5 per cent). The presence ofH pyloriwas tested in all tympanosclerosis biopsies, but in only 26.9 per cent of biopsies from other forms of chronic otitis media. A statistically significant difference inH pyloripresence was found (p ≤ 0.01).

Conclusion:

This study represents a preliminary investigation of the association betweenH pyloriand tympanosclerosis development.
Serum levels of interleukins 4 and 10 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mojtahedi Z , Khademi B , Yehya A , Talebi A , Fattahi M J , Ghaderi A
Published: September 2011

Objective:

There is currently controversy over the association between serum interleukin-4 and -10 levels and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in patients of different ethnicity. This study aimed to investigate serum levels of these cytokines in Iranian patients with this pathology, and to analyse correlations with tumour location and tumour stage at diagnosis.

Design:

Serum cytokines levels were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Subjects:

Study groups comprised 93 untreated patients and 53 healthy donors.

Results:

Serum interleukin-4 levels were significantly increased in patients compared with controls (p < 0.000), but were not significantly associated with tumour stage. Serum interleukin-10 levels were not raised in patients, nor associated with tumour stage.

Conclusion:

Serum levels of interleukin-4, but not -10, were increased in Iranian head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. These data do not support an association of these cytokines with tumour progression; this is consistent with previous findings.
Bilateral cochlear implantation in a patient with petrous bone cholesteatoma in the only hearing ear: case report
Authors: Husseini S T , Guida M , Negri M , Falcioni M
Published: September 2011

Objective:

We report a case of successful cochlear implantation in a patient with petrous bone cholesteatoma in the only hearing ear.

Case report:

A 63-year-old man presented with a four-year history of right-sided, progressive hearing loss in his only hearing ear. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right supralabyrinthine petrous bone cholesteatoma, with erosion of the superior semicircular canal and the roof of the internal auditory canal. Due to the high risk of post-operative right-sided deafness, we decided first to perform left cochlear implantation. Five months later, the patient had a 40 per cent score for open-set two-syllable word recognition and an 85 per cent score for sentence recognition. Given these good performances, we decided to eradicate the cholesteatoma via a translabyrinthine approach, with insertion of a second cochlear implant, as a single-stage procedure. A successful outcome was achieved.

Conclusion:

Cochlear implantation can be an effective method of hearing rehabilitation in patients with petrous bone cholesteatoma, following total eradication of disease, if the cochlea remains intact. To our best knowledge, this is the first English language report of cochlear implantation in a patient with petrous bone cholesteatoma.
‘Flaccid neoglottis’ following supracricoid partial laryngectomy: laryngoscopic revision assisted by navigation system
Authors: Nakayama M , Seino Y , Okamoto M , Matsuki T
Published: September 2011

Objective:

Supracricoid partial laryngectomy is a reliable laryngeal preservation procedure for tumour stage 2 and selected stage 3 to 4 laryngeal cancers. Of 70 patients thus treated, two (3 per cent) had ‘flaccid neoglottis’, i.e. redundant mucosa at the inner arytenoid edge which intermittently obstructed the neoglottis. We discuss the mechanism and management of this complication.

Method:

The two cases are presented. A navigation system was used to assist surgery. Neoglottal spatial alteration (specifically cross-sectional area) was assessed pre- and post-operatively using three-dimensional computed tomography. Voice was also evaluated.

Results:

Inspiratory stridor and delayed stomal closure were the main symptoms. Minimum neoglottal cross-sectional area was smaller in case one than in non-affected patients. Both patients had relatively rougher and breathier voices, but had adapted well to this.

Conclusion:

Flaccid neoglottis is mainly due to excessive anterior retraction of residual laryngeal mucosa and to excessive mucosal pliability with age. A navigation system was useful for confirmation, but the potential for incorrect image recognition should be kept in mind. Flaccid neoglottis was treatable, with improved laryngeal function.
A rare angiosarcoma: retiform haemangioendothelioma
Authors: O'Duffy F , Timon C , Toner M
Published: September 2011

Objective:

We report the case of a rare angiosarcoma, retiform haemangioendothelioma, in an 18-year-old young man, which presented as a recurrent ulcerating lesion of the left pinna.

Method:

Case report and literature review of retiform haemangioendothelioma. This is a low grade angiosarcoma with a high local recurrence rate and low metastasis rate, and was first described in 1994 by Calonje et al.

Results:

This patient represents only the third report of lymph node metastasis in a case of retiform haemangioendothelioma. To date, 31 cases of the tumour have been reported. Histological diagnosis of this group of vascular neoplasms can be challenging, as their histopathological appearance is intermediate between haemangioma and angiosarcoma.

Conclusion:

Surgical excision remains the primary treatment modality, with adjuvant radiotherapy recommended in patients with large tumour size, local recurrence and lymph node metastasis, as seen in this case.
Management of vascular complications of head and neck cancer
Authors: Rimmer J , Giddings C E B , Vaz F , Brooks J , Hopper C
Published: September 2011

Background:

Major vascular complications in patients with head and neck cancer have previously been thought of as terminal events. However, it is now possible to intervene in many situations, with benefits for quality of life as well as survival. Endovascular techniques have reduced morbidity and mortality in many situations, both emergency and elective.

Method:

We describe the techniques that can be employed in such situations, and present illustrative case reports. Life-threatening haemorrhage, carotid compression and radiation-induced carotid stenosis are all discussed.

Conclusion:

It is possible to predict where complications may arise, and to take prophylactic steps to allow treatment to continue. Early intervention can reduce both morbidity and mortality in this high-risk patient group.
The making of a career: Joseph Toynbee's first steps in otology
Authors: Mudry A
Published: September 2011

Joseph Toynbee (1815–1866) is considered one of the fathers of modern otology. He spent his whole life in London, studying and describing the anatomy and pathology of the main diseases of the ear. This paper presents some of the motivations behind Toynbee's decision to specialise in otology, by examining several of his letters published under the signature ‘J. T.’ in The Lancet between 1838 and 1839. Frustrated by the weakened state of aural surgery in Britain, and by the popularity of several ‘quacks aurists’ (including John Harrison Curtis, William Wright and Alexander Turnbull), Toynbee insisted that the study of the ear needed to distance itself from quackery and rebuild itself upon a scientific foundation. This paper evaluates several exchanges between Toynbee and Curtis, Wright and Turnbull.
Multiple-modal constructions in Mandarin Chinese and their finiteness properties
Authors: LIN T.-H. JONAH
Published: September 2011

This work examines multiple-modal constructions in Mandarin Chinese. It is shown that modals in Mandarin Chinese are ordered in specific ways, and, while a number of factors contribute to the determination of the hierarchical order of modals, the finiteness of the complement clauses that the modals take plays a particularly important role. A generalization proposed in this paper is that (i) if a modal takes a finite clause as complement, then the modal itself can only occur in a finite context; and (ii) if a modal takes a nonfinite clause as complement, then it can occur in a nonfinite context too. This generalization is shown to account for some ordering phenomena of modals in Mandarin Chinese that would otherwise remain mysterious.
Erastus of Corinth (Romans 16.23): Responding to Recent Proposals on his Rank, Status, and Faith
Authors: Goodrich John K.
Published: September 2011

Studies on Erastus, the Corinthianoikonomos(Rom 16.23), continue to dispute the fundamental make up of his identity, including his administrative rank, socio-economic standing, even his status as a believer. Ultimately seeking to defend the view that Erastus was a Christian who served as a Corinthian municipal quaestor, this article responds separately to two recent essays, replying initially to Weiss' charge that Corinth did not have the municipal quaestorship, then critiquing Friesen's claim that Erastus was an unbelieving public slave.
The Dating of New Testament Papyri
Authors: Barker Don
Published: September 2011

The narrow dating of some of the early New Testament papyri and the methodological approach that is used must be brought into question in the light of the acknowledged difficulties with palaeographical dating and especially the use of assigned dated literary papyri. The thesis of this paper is that the way forward in dating New Testament papyri, or for that matter any undated literary papyri, is first to locate the manuscript in its graphic stream and using, on the whole, dated documentary papyri belonging to the same stream, come to an approximate understanding of where in the history of the stream the manuscript lies. The following New Testament Papyri will be so treated: P52, P67+ and P46.
The Ambiguous Oracle: Narrative Configuration in Acts
Authors: Bale Alan
Published: September 2011

This paper outlines the way in which a plot-device, which for the sake of convenience we shall call the ‘ambiguous oracle’ in Acts 1.6–8, controls and influences the narrative, creating coherence and enabling interpretation. The paper begins by looking at the current interpretation of the verses, and argues that it is not sufficient to explain the narrative configuration at various points, before going on to suggest an alternative interpretation, in which the misinterpretation of the oracle by the Apostles leads to the fulfillment of the Divine will. This interpretation finds strong support in literature contemporary to Acts.
Paul and Pain: Paul's Emotional Therapy in 2 Corinthians 1.1–2.13; 7.5–16 in the Context of Ancient Psychagogic Literature
Authors: Welborn L. L.
Published: September 2011

Paul's ‘therapeutic epistle’ in 2 Cor 1.1–2.13; 7.5–16 provides material for a comparative analysis of Paul's view of the emotions and emotional therapy in the context of ancient psychagogic literature. Paul's treatment of ‘remorse’ and ‘repentance’ demonstrates his familiarity with the discourse of the philosophers on the role of the passions in moral progress. Paul's account of ‘pain’ is shown to be anomalous in the context of ancient psychagogic literature shaped by a Stoicizing theory of the emotions. Paul emerges from this comparative analysis as the harbinger of change in the ancient theory of the emotions and the practice of emotional therapy.
Luke's Preface: The Greek Decree, Classical Historiography and Christian Redefinitions
Authors: Moles John
Published: September 2011

The single type of writing that Luke's Preface resembles most is the Greek decree. Along with other indications, the structure situates Luke in the tradition of Classical historiography. It also creates important links to the narrative, helping to define: the relationships between Roman power and Christianity and between Classical and Lukan historiography; the character of the Christianpoliteia; the superiority of Lukan historiography both to Classical and to previous Christian historiography; the superiority of Lukan Christian doctrine; and the superiority of the ‘reward’ from Luke's Christian ‘contract’ to the ‘rewards’ of the Classical historians Thucydides, Livy and Augustus and to those of the Romanpoliteia.
Πίστις and Christ in Hippolytus's De Christo et Antichristo: A Response to Michael F. Bird and Michael R. Whitenton
Authors: Cirafesi Wally V. , Peterman Gerald W.
Published: September 2011

This article is a response to the recent work of Michael F. Bird and Michael R. Whitenton, in which they argue that Hippolytus's De Christo et Antichristo provides a clear instance of a subjective genitive πίστις Χριστοῦ construction and unambiguously identifies πίστις as Jesus' death on the cross. However, in light of (1) a significant textual variant, and (2) the role that πίστις plays in Hippolytus's theology of martyrdom, the construction in fact supports the reading of an objective genitive.
The Johannine Son of Man: A New Proposal
Authors: Ashton John
Published: September 2011

How is the association of the descent/ascent motif with the Johannine Son of Man to be explained if the gnosticism theory no longer holds? ἀναβέβηκεν (3.13) is usually taken to refer to Jesus' final ascension. But Odeberg saw that it refers to a tradition of heavenly ascent in Jesus' lifetime. Bühner argued rather for a double reference—to the ascent of a visionary seer involving a metamorphosis into a heavenly beinganda final ascent at death. Yet he ignores the likelihood, sustained by Jarl Fossum and Morton Smith, that the transfiguration tradition was based on an authentic memory. In chs. 9 and 5 the evangelist recognizes that Jesus had been invested with the authority of the heavenly Son of Man. He sees the crucifixion as an exaltation (3.14), and follows a statement of Jesus' ascent, descent and exaltation by a full summary of God's loving gift to the world.
Is there Stylometric Evidence for Q?
Authors: Mealand David L.
Published: September 2011

Stylometric tests were run to assess whether, in Matthew, Q material differs in style from that of M. Correspondence Analysis was used on larger samples. Then counts of the five most frequent words in smaller samples were tested using three further methods: GLM, Discriminant Analysis and Cluster Analysis. These tests assigned about 80% of the samples to the expected source. This result permits a cautious preference for the Two Source Theory against the theory upheld by Farrer, Goulder and Goodacre.
Entire functions for which the escaping set is a spider's web
Authors: SIXSMITH D. J.
Published: September 2011

We construct several new classes of transcendental entire functions, f, such that both the escaping set, I(f), and the fast escaping set, A(f), have a structure known as a spider's web. We show that some of these classes have a degree of stability under changes in the function. We show that new examples of functions for which I(f) and A(f) are spiders' webs can be constructed by composition, by differentiation, and by integration of existing examples. We use a property of spiders' webs to give new results concerning functions with no unbounded Fatou components.
Anxious Children's Ability to Generate Alternative Attributions for Ambiguous Situations
Authors: Berry Alexis , Cooper Myra
Published: September 2011

Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is increasingly being used to help children overcome emotional difficulties but its suitability is still a matter of debate. Aims: This study investigated young anxious children's ability to generate alternative interpretations for events, a skill thought to be important for the effectiveness of CBT. Method: A community sample of 60 children aged 6–7 years (30 high and 30 low in anxiety) was tested. IQ, developmental level and the ability to generate alternative interpretations for ambiguous social scenarios were assessed. Results: Both groups generated alternative interpretations. However, negative self-referent scenarios were more difficult to view from alternative perspectives than positive or other-referent scenarios. Correlation analyses suggested that verbal IQ was partially associated with this skill in both groups, while developmental level was most important in the high anxious group. A “personalizing” bias was found in the negative responses of both groups. Conclusions: It is concluded that young children, whether anxious or not, do possess the ability to complete one skill thought important in CBT. While difficulty with negative self-referent scenarios and personalizing seem to be normative in the sample, those most “at risk” who also have relatively lower developmental levels may find the task particularly difficult.
Study of Mural Paintings UsingIn SituXRF, Confocal Synchrotron-μ-XRF, μ-XRD, Optical Microscopy, and SEM-EDS—The Case of the Frescoes from Misericordia Church of Odemira
Authors: Valadas S. , Candeias A. , Mirão J. , Tavares D. , Coroado J. , Simon Rolf , Silva A.S. , Gil M. , Guilherme A. , Carvalho M.L.
Published: September 2011

In this work, we present the results of an analytical method developed for detailed pigment identification, stratigraphy, and degradation of the paint layers of mural paintings applied in the study of the 17th century frescoes from the Misericordia Church of Odemira (Southwest Portugal).In situX-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses were performed on three panels of the mural paintings and complemented by colorimetric measurements. The different color areas were also sampled as microfragments (approx. 1 mm2) that were studied as taken or mounted in epoxy resin to expose the different paint layers. The microfragments of paint layers and their cross sections were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Furthermore, elemental analysis was obtained with spatially resolved confocal synchrotron radiation μ-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry performed at ANKA synchrotron FLUO beamline. Occasionally, phase analysis by μ-X-ray diffraction was also performed. Results from the different techniques allowed pigment identification and, in some cases, the evaluation of color changes due to degradation processes and, considering the Southern Portugal geology, the identification of their possible provenance. The pigments used were essentially yellow, brown and red ochres, smalt blue, copper green, and black earths, probably from local sources.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE REPAIRABLE SYSTEM
Authors: GUO L. N. , XU H. B. , GAO C. , ZHU G. T.
Published: September 2011

We consider a new kind of simple repairable system consisting of a repairman with multiple delayed-vacation strategy. A common technique in reliability studies is to substitute the steady-state reliability indexes for instantaneous ones because the dynamic solution of the system is difficult or even impossible to obtain. However, this substitution is not always valid. Therefore, it is important to study the existence, uniqueness and expression for the system’s dynamic solution, and to discuss the system’s stability. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to study the uniqueness and existence of the dynamic solution, and its expression, using C0-semigroup theory; to discuss the exponential stability of the system by analysing the spectral distribution and quasi-compactness of the system operator; to derive some reliability indexes of the system from an eigenfunction point of view, which is different from the traditional Laplace transform technique, and present a profit analysis to determine the optimal vacation time in order to achieve the maximum system profit.
EXPLICIT SERIES SOLUTION OF A CLOSURE MODEL FOR THE VON KÁRMÁN–HOWARTH EQUATION
Authors: LIU ZENG , OBERLACK MARTIN , GREBENEV VLADIMIR N. , LIAO SHI-JUN
Published: September 2011

The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) emerging from a closure model of the von Kármán–Howarth equation which models the decay of isotropic turbulence. In the infinite Reynolds number limit, the von Kármán–Howarth equation admits a symmetry reduction leading to the aforementioned one-parameter ODE. Though the latter equation is not fully integrable, it can be integrated once for two particular parameter values and, for one of these values, the relevant boundary conditions can also be satisfied. The key result of this paper is that for the generic case, HAM is employed such that solutions for arbitrary parameter values are derived. We obtain explicit analytical solutions by recursive formulas with constant coefficients, using some transformations of variables in order to express the solutions in polynomial form. We also prove that the Loitsyansky invariant is a conservation law for the asymptotic form of the original equation.
Psychosocial safety climate: a multilevel theory of work stress in the health and community service sector
Authors: Dollard M. F. , McTernan W.
Published: September 2011

Work stress is widely thought to be a significant problem in the health and community services sector. We reviewed evidence from a range of different data sources that confirms this belief. High levels of psychosocial risk factors, psychological health problems and workers compensation claims for stress are found in the sector. We propose a multilevel theoretical model of work stress to account for the results. Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) refers to a climate for psychological health and safety. It reflects the balance of concern by management about psychological healthv.productivity. By extending the health erosion and motivational paths of the Job Demands-Resources model, we propose that PSC within work organisations predicts work conditions and in turn psychological health and engagement. Over and above this, however, we expect that the external environment of the sector particularly government policies, driven by economic rationalist ideology, is increasing work pressure and exhaustion. These conditions are likely to lead to a reduced quality of service, errors and mistakes.
Photochemistry
Authors: Fausto Rui , Seixas de Melo J. Sergio , Maldotti Andrea , Kalyanasundaram K , Johnston Linda J , Harbron Elizabeth , Misawa Hiroaki , Romani Aldo
Published: September 2011

Reviewing photo-induced processes that have relevance to the wide-ranging academic and commercial disciplines, and interests in chemistry, physics, biology and technology, this series is essential reading. Each volume comprises sections concerned with photophysical processes in condensed phases, organic aspects which are sub-divided by chromophone type, polymer photochemistry, and photochemical aspects of solar energy conversion.
Light induced reactions in cryogenic matrices
Authors: Fausto Rui , Gómez-Zavaglia Andrea
Published: September 2011

In this chapter light induced reactions in cryogenic matrices are addressed, ranging from conformational isomerizations to complex bond-breaking/ bond-forming processes. These include reactions induced by radiation in both UV-visible and IR regions, and also photochemical processes where noble gas atoms participate directly, leading to formation of covalently bound noble gas containing molecules.
Photophysics of Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Puntoriero Fausto
Published: September 2011

This report summarises the literature reported in 2010 on the photophysical properties of metal complexes and their polynuclear supramolecular assemblies. The transition metal species considered here have been largely studied because of their optical properties, in particular luminescence. The complexes are from the following metal centres: d6 Ru(II), Os(II), Ir(III), d8 Pt(II) and Rh(III), and Pd(II), and some mention is given of lanthanide (Ln) complexes.
Photochemical and photocatalytic properties of transition-metal compounds
Authors: Maldotti Andrea
Published: September 2011

This contribution covers important developments published in 2010 on the photochemical and photocatalytic properties of transition-metal compounds. The emphasis is on photoactive molecular-based systems of interest in the following major area: photoreactivity and applications in synthesis; water splitting; biomimetic activity of enzyme active site models; biomedical applications such as DNA cleavage.
Photochemical energy conversion
Authors: Kalyanasundaram Kuppuswamy
Published: September 2011

This review covers research publications that appeared during the years 2009 and 2010 in two major approaches to photochemical energy conversion: photodecomposition of water to molecular hydrogen and oxygen and direct conversion of sunlight to electricity using “Dye Sensitized Solar Cells” (abbreviated hereafter as DSC).
Fluorescence Imaging on the Nanoscale: Bioimaging Using Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy
Authors: Johnston Linda J.
Published: September 2011

Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most widely used tools for visualization of biological structures, despite the fact that diffraction of light limits the spatial resolution to several hundred nanometers for visible excitation. This review will focus on one method for overcoming the diffraction limit and achieving nanoscale spatial resolution in optical microscopy, namely near-field scanning optical microscopy. A brief overview of the technical details of various aperture and apertureless-based near field methods is presented, followed by examples that illustrate recent applications of near field techniques to cellular imaging. Finally, perspectives on new approaches and a comparison with recent developments in super-resolution fluorescence imaging are presented.
Photochromic nanoparticles
Authors: Harbron Elizabeth J.
Published: September 2011

Nanoparticles have been doped or functionalized with photochromic molecules for a variety of applications that take advantage of the photoinduced changes in molecular properties that accompany a photochromic transformation. Many photochromic nanoparticles are designed to be fluorescent and to undergo reversible changes in fluorescence intensity or color upon irradiation. Such systems rely on the photochromic transformation to generate a fluorescence quencher. Other photochromic nanoparticle systems harness photoinduced changes in other molecular properties such as polarity and molecular size. This review features photochromic nanoparticles from the recent literature and gives examples of both organic and inorganic nanoparticles that have been doped or covalently functionalized with organic photochromic molecules.
Photochemistry and cultural heritage. What is the impact of light on works of art?
Authors: Romani Aldo , Clementi Catia , Miliani Costanza , Favaro Gianna
Published: September 2011

The scientific approach to cultural heritage is a continuously expanding research field. Art and science have become a nice combination. Scientific themes appear in art, among these, photochemistry takes up a prominent position. Articles published in this field during the last two decades are very numerous and spread over a wide and differentiated kind of journals.

This review is not intended to be exhaustive, and even it could not be exhaustive, but aims to give a view of the potential of photochemical and photophysical sciences in the knowledge of cultural heritage objects and in discovering the chemical nature of their constituting materials. To avoid a barren list of authors, titles and achievements, the review has been addressed to some selected and meaningful examples which are described in some detail. They refer to figurative arts, including paintings, tapestries and parchments. Among the large number of their components, attention is focused on polychromatic materials. Two main aspects are concerned: (1) the recognition of artwork components from their photophysical properties and (2) the study of the photochemical impact of light on artworks. For each of these lines, results from laboratory studies and in-situ investigations on real artworks are reported. Particular emphasis is given to the use of portable instrumentation which allows a non-invasive in-situ approach to works of art.
A global survey of CRM1-dependent nuclear export sequences in the human deubiquitinase family
Authors: García-Santisteban Iraia , Bañuelos Sonia , Rodríguez Jose A.
Published: September 2011

The mechanisms that regulate the nucleocytoplasmic localization of human deubiquitinases remain largely unknown. The nuclear export receptor CRM1 binds to specific amino acid motifs termed NESs (nuclear export sequences). By using in silico prediction and experimental validation of candidate sequences, we identified 32 active NESs and 78 inactive NES-like motifs in human deubiquitinases. These results allowed us to evaluate the performance of three programs widely used for NES prediction, and to add novel information to the recently redefined NES consensus. The novel NESs identified in the present study reveal a subset of 22 deubiquitinases bearing motifs that might mediate their binding to CRM1. We tested the effect of the CRM1 inhibitor LMB (leptomycin B) on the localization of YFP (yellow fluorescent protein)- or GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged versions of six NES-bearing deubiquitinases [USP (ubiquitin-specific peptidase) 1, USP3, USP7, USP21, CYLD (cylindromatosis) and OTUD7B (OTU-domain-containing 7B)]. YFP–USP21 and, to a lesser extent, GFP–OTUD7B relocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the presence of LMB, revealing their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling capability. Two sequence motifs in USP21 had been identified during our survey as active NESs in the export assay. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that one of these motifs mediates USP21 nuclear export, whereas the second motif is not functional in the context of full-length USP21.
PEG‐liposomal oxaliplatin induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via Fas/FasL and caspase‐8
Authors: Yang Chuang , Liu Hai‐Zhong , Fu Zhong‐Xue
Published: September 2011

Since cellular uptake of PEG [poly(ethylene glycol)]‐liposomal L‐OHP (oxaliplatin) induces bioactive changes in CRC (colorectal cancer), we have investigated its apoptotic effect and anticancer mechanism. Human CRC SW480 cells were treated with PEG‐liposomal L‐OHP and a caspase‐8 inhibitor [Z‐IETD‐FMK (benzyloxycarbonyl‐Ile‐Glu‐Thr‐dl‐Asp‐fluoromethylketone)]. Apoptosis was measured by FCM (flow cytometry) and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling) assay. Expression of Fas/FasL and cytochrome c was detected using FCM and an immunofluorescence assay. Expression of caspase‐8, Bid, caspase‐9, caspase‐7 and activated caspase‐3 (P17) was examined by Western blot analyses. The results indicated that PEG‐liposomal L‐OHP (28 μg/ml L‐OHP) induced marked apoptosis in SW480 cells compared with 28 μg/ml free L‐OHP. The expression levels of Fas, FasL, cytochrome c, caspase‐9, caspase‐7 and activated caspase‐3 proteins were up‐regulated, with a corresponding increase in apoptosis; however, expression of caspase‐8 and Bid were down‐regulated as apoptosis increased. When cells were treated with Z‐IETD‐FMK, apoptosis was inhibited, but there was little impact on the expression of Fas, FasL, cytochrome c, Bid, caspase‐9, caspase‐7 and activated caspase‐3. These findings indicate that PEG‐liposomal L‐OHP enhances the anticancer potency of the chemotherapeutic agent; moreover, Fas/FasL and caspase‐8 signalling pathways play a key role in mediating PEG‐liposomal L‐OHP‐induced apoptosis.