bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Computer‐assisted Morphometry to the Analysis of Prenatal Development of Human Lung
Authors: Kayser K. , Jacinto S. D. , Böhm G. , Fritz P. , Kunze W. P. , Nehrlich A. , Gabius H. J.
Published: June 2007

Morphometry is well‐established in tumour pathology. To evaluate its potential usefulness for description of developmental processes, histological slides from paraffin‐embedded specimens of 67 human fetal lungs were Feulgen‐stained, and morphometric characteristics of nuclei of epithelial pulmonary cells were analysed with an automated image analysis system. The measured cytometric features comprised of integrated optical density (IOD), S‐phase‐related IOD fraction, IOD entropy and nuclear area. Histometric features of the specimens were based upon the minimum spanning tree (MST) and included distances between neighboring epithelial cells, between epithelial cells and neighboring lymphocytes, and assessment of MST entropy. Notably, certain parameters revealed a non‐uniform level during prenatal development. S‐phase‐related IOD fraction increased from 5% to 8% between 14 and 16 weeks of gestation, then declined to 6% until birth. The IOD entropy steadily increased during development, whereas the extent of nuclear area remained constant. In accordance with an increase of the S‐phase‐related fraction the MST entropy displayed a singular peak between 14 and 16 weeks of gestation, which is probably associated with development of glandular structures in the lung. Correlation of expression of binding sites for markers, presumably involved in functional aspects of development, with such alterations, is shown for binding capacities of biotinylated fucoidan and the S‐phase‐related fraction. This may be helpful to infer immunoor ligando histochemically defined tissue sites with potential physiological significance in morphometrically distinguished periods of development.
Morphometric Comparison between Controlateral Sciatic Nerves in the Male and Female Rabbit
Authors: Muglia U. , Vita G. , Laura' R. , Mammola C. L. , Germana' G.
Published: June 2007

Some morphometrical parameters of the axons making up the controlateral sciatic nerves, both in the male and female rabbits were calculated and compared by means of a Zeiss Vidas image analyser (Ober Kochen, Germany). The results show that the fibres constituting the left nerve have a greater mean diameter but a lower mean density than those constituting the right nerve. This suggests that the diameter of the myelinated fibres and the density of both the myelinated and unmyelinated fibres do not vary from male to female. On the other hand, the G ratio and the diameter of the unmyelinated axons do, since the nerves on the right side (in both sexes) have higher morphometric values, on average, than the controlateral ones.
Sertoli Cell ‐ Spermatid Tubulobulbar Complexes in the Ram
Authors: Bielli A.
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of the tubulobulbar complex (TBC) of the ram seminiferous epithelium was studied in immersion‐fixed testicular samples obtained in autumn (sheep's mating period). The TBC was visible during the last two stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. It originated as a tubular invagination of the Sertoli cytoplasm harbouring a complementary evagination from the spermatid head. Later, it expanded into a bulbous structure, finally becoming detached from the spermatid and apparently phagocytosed by the Sertoli cell. The significance of this transient structure is discussed and compared with previous reports for other eutherian mammals.
Anatomy of the Cranioencephalic Structures of the Goat (Capra hircus L.) by Imaging Techniques: A Computerized Tomographic Study
Authors: Arencibia A. , Vázquez J. M. , Ramirez J. A. , Sandoval J. A. , Ramirez G. , Sosa C.
Published: June 2007

A topographic study of the cranioencephalic structure was carried out by computerized tomography on Canarian breed adult goats of medium size and weight, with similar cephalic parameters. In this way, transversal, sagittal and horizontal tomographic images were obtained. Identification of the observed anatomic structures represents the basis of this work from which applicable specie data are derived.
The Soft‐tissue Components of the Vomeronasal Organ in Pigs, Cows and Horses
Authors: Salazar I. , Quinteiro P. S. , Cifuentes J. M.
Published: June 2007

The soft‐tissue components of the vomeronasal organ of the pig, the cow and the horse were studied with the aid of dissection, microdissection, and light microscopy and immunohistochemistry of series of transverse sections. In horses, the rostral end of the incisive duct was blind: thus, unlike in pigs and cows, there was no communication between the vomeronasal organ and the oral cavity. In all three species, the central part of the vomeronasal duct bore the ‘typical’ respiratory/ receptor epithelium lining on its lateral and medial walls. The rostral part of the duct was characterized by stratified columnar epithelium, while more caudal parts bore simple columnar type. The patterns of distribution of glands, blood vessels and nerves were closely associated with the patterns of distribution of duct linings. The distribution of soft‐tissue components in pigs was less clearly defined than in cows and horses. Of the three species, nerves were detected in the rostral half of the vomeronasal parenchyma only in the horse.
Development of Myelination in the Bovine Fetal Brain: an Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Urban K. , Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Trautwein G.
Published: June 2007

In this study, the development of myelination in the fetal bovine brain (age‐range: between 1–2 and 8–9 months) was examined applying: 1. Immunohistochemical staining methods and antibodies against bovine proteolipid protein (PLP), synthetic tridecapeptide of bovine PLP, human myelin basic protein (MBP), human myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG); and 2. Using the Luxol fast‐blue (LFB) technique.
A Quantitative Study of the Aorta of the Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Ocal M. K. , Mutus R. , Corekci I. , Daglioglu S.
Published: June 2007

The different segments of the aorta were studied quantitatively in five age groups of chicken. It was observed that the widest diameter and the thickest media occur on the 56th day in each segment, except for the thoracic aorta, which had the widest diameter on the 42nd day and the thickest media on the 70th day.

The percentage of the intima, media and the adventitia, as compared with the total wall thickness, was determined and it was found that this value was quite similar in age group, but the differences were significant from one segment to another. The ratio between the total wall thickness and the lumen diameter was also calculated in each segment.
Histochemical Demonstration of Lipase Activity in the Gastric Mucosa of the Cat
Authors: Knospe C. , Plendl J.
Published: June 2007

The aim of the present study was to determine, histochemically, the onset and location of production of preduodenal lipase in fetal, suckling, weaned and adult cats. Strong enzymatic activity was localized in the surface mucous cells of the gastric mucosa in animals at postpartal day 1 after ingestion of milk. Activity of gastric lipase persisted as long as animals were nursed. No gastric lipase could be demonstrated in weaned and adult cats. Lingual lipase was not found at any developmental stage examined. Thus, in the newborn cat, lipase of the gastric mucosa is responsible for milk fat lipolysis.
Lagevariationen von Caecum und Colon ascendens beim Degu (Octodon degus, Molina 1782)
Authors: González H. , Feder F.
Published: June 2007

Twenty formalin fixed animals, nine male and eleven female, belonging to the genus Octodon degus (Molina 1782) were examined as to the topography of the cecum and ascending colon (Colon ascendens). The cecum shows differing forms and positions. The position of the Caput ceci is normally on the left side, directed cranially or caudally. Besides its topography on the left side, it can extend over the median level to the right side or remain with caput and corpus on the right, while the apex appears on the left side in front of the entry to the pelvis.

Further findings were that the ascending colon (Colon ascendens) is arranged in two superimposed, often spiral folds, which may differ as to their form and extension, depending on the position of the cecum.
A Stereological Study of the Different Cell Populations in Chicken Testes Treated with Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone during Embryonic Development
Authors: González‐Morán G.
Published: June 2007

Quantitative morphological methods were used to analyse the histomorphometric changes and variations in the number and size of cells from diverse cellular populations in testes of newly hatched chicks treated with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during embryonic development.

The tissue was fixed and embedded in Epon and sections were morphometrically measured under light microscopy, using point counting for volume densities and the Floderus equation to determine numerical density. The average volume of the individual cell was determined by dividing the volume density by the numerical density.

Results indicate that FSH administration causes an increase in the number of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, as well as enlargement of the individual Sertoli cells leading consequently to an increase in the diameter and volume density of the testicular seminiferous tubules.

Results also reveal an increase in the volume density of the interstitial cords of the Leydig cells, this expansion is due to the enlargement of the individual Leydig cells and not to an increase in their number, which remains constant. We conclude that testes of chick embryos are able to respond to FSH treatment, as revealed by the changes in the number and size of the cells conforming the diverse cellular populations of the testis.

FSH treatment during embryonic development induces histomorphometric changes in both the interstitial tissue and seminiferous tubules, accelerating their growth and differentiation.
Über die intramuralen Blutgefäße des Enddarms vom Pferd (Equus przewalskii f. caballus)
Authors: Wille K.‐H. , Zahner M.
Published: June 2007

The vascular system of the large intestine of 12 horses was examined by means of vascular corrosion casts, histology and transmission electron microscopy providing the following results.

The Aa. et Vv. breves et longae leave the mesenteric vessels, respectively the subserously on the teniae lying cecal vessels to reach the tela subserosa at the mesenteric margin. The short vessels enter the deeper layers of the wall instantly, whereas the Aa. et Vv. longae move towards the submucosa by penetrating the muscular layers after a variable subserous course.

The tela submucosa contains an arterial and a venous vascular plexus. In broader areas of the submucosa a three‐dimensional vascular network can be found. This consists of a deep and a superficial vascular plexus, which are closely interconnected. The deep plexus is applied to the inner circular muscles, whereas the superficial plexus is adjacent to the muscularis mucosae. The (deep) arterial plexus receives its afflux from the Aa. breves et longae and supplies parts of the circular muscle layer with recurrent muscle branches. The vascularisation of the mucosa also originates from the submucosal (superficial) plexus.

In the basal tunica mucosa, the ascending arteries form a transversal network from which arterioles branch into periglandular capillaries around each Lieberkühn crypt. Close to the lumen, a polygonal subepithelial capillary system is formed. The capillaries turn into postcapillary venules immediately below the epithelium of the mucosal surface. Veins move vertically through the submucosa to enter the submucosal plexus after few inflowing side branches.

Branches of the subserous‐submucosal connections form an intermuscular plexus between the circular and longitudinal muscular layer. This plexus supplies the capillaries of the tunica muscularis.

The subepithelial capillaries are predominantly lined with a fenestrated endothelium, whereas the capillaries of the pericryptal mucosa mainly show a continuous endothelial lining. The latter contain multiple vesicles, which may fuse in order to form transcytoplasmic channels.

Sphincter‐like muscle bundles at the transition points from capillaries to venules may provide hemodynamic regulatory structures in the submucosa of the horse. Veins with circumferential cushions of smooth muscle fibres, so‐called ‘throttle veins’, are also found.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Transferrin in the Pre‐ and Postnatal Bovine Brain
Authors: Urban K. , Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Trautwein G.
Published: June 2007

The distribution of transferrin in brains from fetuses (age‐range: 1–2 to 8–9 months of gestational age), calves, subadult (between 1 day and 9 months old) and adult cattle (>12 months old) were examined by immunohistochemistry. In both pre‐ and postnatal brains transferrin was predominantly found in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, transferrin immunostaining was present in single to few neurons, within the lumina of vessels, in endothelial cells, in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and in ependymal cells. A caudorostral progress in the appearance of transferrinpositive cells was found. In fetuses, transferrinpositive mature oligodendrocytes and neurons were not detected before 3–4 months of gestational age. Findings in different brain areas of older fetuses suggest an association between the increase of transferrin‐positive oligodendrocytes and the process of myelination. In brains from calves and subadult cattle a continuous decrease of transferrin‐immunoreactive oligodendrocytes and neurons was noted.
Morphological study of the Forestomach of the Japanese Serow (Capricomis crispus)
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Atoji Y. , Agungpriyono S. , Suzuki Y.
Published: June 2007

Details of the morphology of the forestomach of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) were examined macroscopically, and by light and scanning electron microscopy. The rumen was sac‐like in shape, and the right accessory longitudinal groove was not visible externally. The reticulum was relatively small, while the omasum was oval and large. Inside the rumen, even in the dorsal sac, the ruminal papillae were densely distributed, although absent on the pillars. The caudodorsal coronary pillar was indistinct. In the ruminoreticular fold, ruminal papillae were observed even on the reticulum side. In the reticulum, the primary reticular fold was apparent and the ill‐defined secondary folds were also detected in some reticular cells. In the omasum, the omasal laminae of four sizes were recognized. The fourth order of laminae was occasionally absent. Histological sections of ruminal papillae revealed that softly keratinized epithelium covered the entire ruminal mucosa. In the reticulum, soft keratinized epithelium was observed throughout, with the exception of the tips of reticular papillae on which the epithelium showed evidence of hard keratinization. The epithelium of the omasal laminae was moderately keratinized. On the floor of the reticular groove, interlaminar area and in the omasal groove, the accumulations of numerous eosinophilic cells were observed in the superficial region. Under the scanning electron microscope, shallow transverse grooves were seen on the surface of the ruminal papillae. In general, the surface structure seemed to be similar to that of sheep rather than cattle. Cellular formations of the collagen fibrils were observed at the subepithelial region. In conclusion, examination of the forestomach allows classification of the Japanese serows as requiring an intermediate type of feeding habit and being between concentrate selectors and grass‐roughage eaters from a morphological view.
Expression of Renin in the Rat Liver
Authors: Kon Y. , Endoh D. , Yamashita T. , Watanabe T.
Published: June 2007

Renin is well‐known to be a trigger enzyme in the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS). In contrast to the classical RAS, the local RAS has recently been noted in several tissues. The local RAS has a function independent from that of the classical RAS, although its physiological principles are not well known. In the present study, we immunohistochemically demonstrated that hepatocytes in the rat express renin. No renin‐immunoreactive cells were detected in rat liver at 0 min after death. At 15 min after death, a small number of renin‐positive cells was demonstrated in the lamina hepatica, and they increased with time to the end of observation. Immunoreactivity for renin was scarce throughout the cytoplasm, sometimes condensed to below the cell membrane and around the intracellular granules. Histoplanimetrically, the values from 15 min to 120 min after death were significantly different from that at 0 min after death. Hybridohistochemistry revealed no hybrid signals throughout the liver at either 0 min or 30 min, although renin‐immunoreactivity was clearly demonstrated in adjacent sections of liver at 30 min after death. In RT‐PCR, the radioactivities in kidney and liver at 0 min after death were not different from those at 30 min after death, respectively. These results suggest the existence of hepatic renin in the rat.
Fine Structural and Histochemical Study of Equine Paneth Cells
Authors: Takehana K. , Masty J. , Yamaguch M. , Kobayashi A. , Yamada O. , Kuroda M. , Park Y. S. , Iwasa K. , Abe M.
Published: June 2007

Ultrastructure. lysozyme and glycoconjugate activity in duodenal Paneth cells were observed concurrently in the horse. Paneth cells were seen to uniformly line the base of the equine intestinal glands. The round secretory granules have centrally located electron densities with peripherally located electron lucent halos. Histochemically, the peripheral halo layer was positively stained for carbohydrates by the periodic acid‐thiocarbohydrazide‐silver protein‐physical development (PA‐TCH‐SP‐PD) method and the entire granules reacted positively to the WGA. The central core area reacted with anti‐lysozyme. We identified a young (Type I) and an old (Type II) cell population in the same crypt, but we suggest that the observed populations are variations of the same cell type with the varied appearance due to aging of the secretory granules.
A Sparsely Vascularised Zone in the Cortex of the Bovine Ovary
Authors: Herrmann G. , Spanel‐borowski K.
Published: June 2007

We consider that the microvascular bed may play a role in the initiation and maintenance of growth from primordial to primary follicles. Therefore, using immunochemistry, we examined microvessels in calf and cow ovaries to identify the presence of factor VIII‐related antigen endothelial cells. A vessel‐poor zone was observed in the cortex of immature and mature cow ovaries. Primordial and primary follicles were assembled in this zone. It is concluded that follicular dormancy is likely to be maintained by the scarcity of microvessels and thus by the consequent poverty of the blood supply.
Histochemistry of Complex Carbohydrate in the Major Salivary Glands of Hoary Bamboo Rats (Rhizomys purinosus)
Authors: Kimura J. , Habata I. , Endo H. , Rerkamnuaychoke W. , Kurohmaru M. , Yamada J. , Nishida T. , Tsukise1 A.
Published: June 2007

The major salivary glands (parotid glands, monostomatic sublingual glands and submandibular glands) were obtained from hoary bamboo rats (Rhizomys purinosus) and fixed in Bouin's solution. Paraffin sections were subjected to a battery of staining methods including lectin staining for demonstration of complex carbohydrates. Among the three major salivary glands, unique histochemical features were observed in the submandibular gland. Different from most myomorpha species, submandibular glands of the hoary bamboo rats have two types of secretory cells in the secretory endpieces. One type of cells showed positive reactions with Alcian blue (AB)(pH2.5), periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) and some lectins (peanuts agglutinin, Griffonia simplicifolia I. Machura pomifera agglutinin). The granular ducts, which exist in animals belonging to suborder myomorpha, were not observed in the submandibular glands of this animal.
Occurrence and Importance of Glomus Organs (Hoyer‐Grosser's Organs) in the Skin of the Equine and Bovine Mammary Gland
Authors: Ludewig T.
Published: June 2007

Glomus organs (Hoyer‐Grosser's organs) were frequently found in the corium and the subcutis of the skin of the equine and bovine mammary gland. They were most frequently situated in the border zone between the stratum profundum and the stratum superficiale corii. These specialized vascular structures (arterio‐venous anastomosis) were present in all investigated skin areas. Although the glomus organs varied in size and shape, they possessed common histologic structures: an arteriole entered the connective capsule of the glomus and divided into strongly convoluted arterio‐venous channels; the arterio‐venous channels united in the end to form a venule; the mentioned vascular elements were covered by a connective capsule and were thus united to an organ‐like structure.

Questions concerning their occurrence, their functional interpretation, their relevance, the size of the glomus organs as well as the possible involvement of the lymphatics were discussed.
Zur Entwicklung des Pferdehodens
Authors: Knospe C.
Published: June 2007

The aim of the study was to answer the open questions concerning the development of the horse's testis. This study revealed that the seminiferous tubules originate from the sex cords of the coelomic epithelium and Leydig cells from the proximal part of mesonephric nephrones, whereas the rete and the ductuli efferentes derive from intermediate and distal parts of the mesonephric tubules. During the development the Leydig cells undergo an enormous proliferation due to the PMSG secretion in the mare. The proliferation of these cells prevent the deep penetration of the rete into the medulla and is therefore the reason for the reduced extension of the rete and mediastinum testis in the stallion, although 80% of these cells degenerate in the last third of pregnancy. The growth of the seminiferous tubules during sexual maturity reduces the rete to the extremitas capitata of the testis.
Postnatal Development of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Intestinal Lymph Nodes in Goats
Authors: Seva J. , Navarro J. A. , Bernabé A. , Gómez M. A. , Sánchez J. , Gómez S.
Published: June 2007

The incidence and location of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+ and γ/δ T lymphocytes and IgM+ B lymphocytes were studied in the intestinal lymph nodes in 1‐week, 1‐month, 3‐month and 7‐month‐old goats, using monoclonal antibodies and immuno‐histochemical methods. The cortical area of the intestinal lymph nodes in 1‐week‐old animals contains only primary follicles occupied by IgM+ B lymphocytes and some CD2+CD4+ T lymphocytes. In goats older than 1 month, secondary follicles, that increased in number and size with age, were observed; the light zone of the germinal centre was occupied by IgM+ lymphocytes and some CD2+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In the other compartments of the lymph nodes, B lymphocytes were scarce, their number increasing with age in the medulla and diminishing in the paracortex. The numerous CD2+ T lymphocytes in the interfollicular area increased in number in the paracortical area of the 7‐month‐old goats, simultaneously with an increase in the MHC II+ dendritic cells and the CD4/CD8 ratio, which was greater than 1. The γ/δ T lymphocytes represented a minor subpopulation scattered through the lymph nodes.
Immunohistochemical Localization of the Spermadhesin AWN‐1 in the Equine Male Genital Tract
Authors: Hoshiba H. , Sinowatz F.
Published: June 2007

Spermadhesins are proteins with various functions in sperm capacitation and zona pellucida binding. In this study the cellular localization of the spermadhesin AWN‐1 has been examined in the equine male genital tract. Results obtained by immu‐nohistochemical methods reveal that in the horse AWN‐1 is synthesized in spermatogonia, in the rete testis, the ductus epi‐didymidis and the seminal vesicles. These findings indicate that the cellular origin of spermadhesins is species‐specific.
Characterization of Lateral Musculature in the Striped Weakfish (Cynoscion striatus Cuvier)
Authors: Devincenti C. V. , Diaz A. O. , Goldemberg A. L.
Published: June 2007

Histochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed on lateral musculature from individual female weakfish (Cynoscion striatus Cuvier). Based upon SDH, PhR, Sudan and myosin‐ATPase determinations, different kinds of red, pink and white fibres were discerned at the anterior, medium and posterior regions. Levels of glycolytic activity increased from red to white fibres, being intermediate in the pink ones. Contrarily, oxidative activity decreased from red to pink and white fibres. Histochemical stain showed a complex distribution of fibre types in each layer. A considerable variation in size and distribution was also found among fibres.
Immunohistochemical Study of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Philippine Carabao (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Baltazar E. T. , Kitamura N. , Hondo E. , Yamada J. , Maala C. P. , Simborio L. T.
Published: June 2007

The distribution and frequency of occurrence of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Philippine carabao (Bubalus bubalis) were studied by immunohistochemistry. Fourteen types of immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells were revealed. Among the cell types, only chromogranin, serotonin, and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) were present in the entire gut, while the others showed restricted distribution: somatostatin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin in the abomasum and small intestine; methionine‐enkephalin‐Arg6‐Gly7‐Leu8, motilin, neurotensin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, and substance P in the small intestine; peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in the large intestine: and glucagon in the whole intestinal tract. Most of the cell types showed peak density in the pyloric, duodenal, or rectal region. The highest cell type heterogeneity was observed in the duodenum. The distribution profile of the gut endocrine cells in the carabao is closely related to that in the Holstein cattle. Important findings include the occurrence of BPP‐IR cells in the entire gut and the high frequency of PYY‐IR cells in the large intestine.
HYPERKERATOSIS LENTICULARIS PERSTANS (FLEGEL): REPORT OF A CASE IN WHICH THE APPLICATION OF BETAMETHASONE‐17‐VALERATE CREAM CAUSED COMPLETE CLEARING OF THE LESIONS*
Authors: Donald G. F. , Hunter G. A.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The distinctive clinical and histological features of an extensive case of hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans and the rapid and complete response to topical applications of betamethasone‐17‐valerate are recorded. No previous record of effective treatment has been described in the four male cases previously recorded in the literature.

A 57 year old female has also been studied with a twenty year old history of an unremitting progressive eruption showing the clinical and histological features of hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans. In this patient initial response to topical therapy with betamethasone‐17‐valerate is most gratifying, and is the first treatment to influence the signs and symptoms of the disease state.
SKIN ELASTIC TISSUE FROM A STUDY OF A CONNECTIVE TISSUE NAEVUS AND RECENT WORK ON CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Authors: Musso L. A.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The molecular as well as the electronmicroscopic appearance of elastic tissue is reviewed. The findings in the connective tissue naevus reported in this paper of parallel, partly granular fibrils, with the granules to some extent opposite each other, in the abnormal elastic fibres are described. Their significance for the fine structure of normal skin elastic fibres is discussed.

With the aid of the suggested mode of formation of a similar elastomer, resilin, as well as what constitutes form in biological tissue, the implication of the above findings for the formation of elastic tissue in the skin is considered.
Short‐Term Observations in the Use of Intravenous Methotrexate in the Treatment of Psoriasis*
Authors: Land W. A.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The mechanism of folic acid antagonist drugs in the treatment of psoriasis is discussed The effects of therapy with one of these drugs, intravenous methotrexate, are reported One fatality is described, all the remaining patients being cleared by treatment, for an average period, of about one month. Apart from the fatality in a patient with renal damage not detected by laboratory tests, side effects of therapy were minimal.
Extravascular Tissue Factors in Purpura*
Authors: Kocsard B.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Study of the extravascular tissue factors contributing to purpuric manifestations of dermatoses might be of some help in their understanding, and could give hints of differential diagnostic importance. The various macroscopic and microscopic tissue factors contributing to the manifestations of dermatological purpuras are reviewed. While the importance of the vessel fragility factor is often stressed when the pathogenesis of dermatological purpuras is considered, the extravascular tissue factor is very often neglected. Although this tissue fragility factor is intimately bound up with the vessel fragility factor, one should strive to dissociate the two. Intracutaneous injections of the patient's own blood or of dye solutions may be of help in doing so.
Viral Infections of the Skin*
Authors: White David O.
Published: June 2007

Several dozen viruses are now known to infect the skin. The mechanism of disease production by these viruses is briefly discussed.
Aspects of Carcinogenesis in Solar Damaged Skin
Authors: Mitchell R. E.
Published: June 2007

A light and electronmicroscopical study has been made of 16 premalignant and malignant lesions arising in solar damaged skin. Cells which differ from normal basal keratinocytes and melanocytes, and from definitive cancer cells, have been seen in basal regions of the epidermis in premalignant conditions, and at the periphery of cancers. Changes in the basement membrane and in the superficial dermis which were peculiar to the individual lesions also occurred and their significance is discussed. A similarity in the fine structure of premalignant lesions arising in solar damaged skin and in the early stages of experimental chemical skin carcinogenesis is noted. These observations support the theory that cancers in solar damaged skin develop from a gradual and sometimes a multicentric change in the epidermal cells.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Tay C. H.
Published: June 2007

Sixty two cases of SLE were studied in a Medical Unit for a period of 4 years. Four different aspects of the cutaneous manifestations were analyzed and discussed. Butterfly rash, alopecia and photosensitive lesions were slightly more common than in Western series, whereas, Raynaud's phenomenon, discoid lesions and others were rarely found. Some other uncommon lesions, especially one case with bullae formation, one with gangrene of toe and another with subcutaneous calcinosis, were observed. Psoriasiform lesions and hyperkeratotic lesions were also found in this series.

Skin lesions secondary to systemic disorders and therapy were also studied and the findings discussed.
Pituitary‐Adrenal Relationships*
Authors: Espiner Eric A.
Published: June 2007

In this brief outline, an attempt will be made to give an account of the present state of knowledge regarding the normal control of cortisol secretion, and the possible results and implications of steroid therapy.
The Anti‐Nuclear Factor Immunofluorescent Test*
Authors: Hamer J. W. , Palmer P. H.
Published: June 2007

The anti‐nuclear factor immunofluorescent test as carried out in Christchurch is described. To properly interpret the results a knowledge of the technique employed in the particular laboratory is important. The difficulties of interpretation are discussed.
Death from Coronary Calcinosis Occurring in the Baby of a Mother Presenting with Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum*
Authors: Hamilton‐gibbs J. S.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports the case of a baby with coronary calcinosis born to a mother suffering from pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

The aetiology of infantile coronary calcification is discussed, and the point is made that the dystrophic type is a disease of elastic tissue.

Both conditions are rare genetic diseases and show dystrophic changes of the elastic tissue.
Mammary and Extramammary Paget's Disease
Authors: Mitchell Ruth E.
Published: June 2007

Two cases of mammary and one case of vulval Paget's disease are studied histologically and electronmicroscopically. There are no substantial morphological differences between those two types.

The Paget cell has a characteristic fine structure: it lacks tonofibrils and shows many of the features of apocrine cells. Less highly differentiated keratinocytes lie adjacent to Paget cells and desmosomes exist between them. These observations suggest that Paget cells differentiate in situ from epidermal cells.
The Fate of the Phagocyte in Dermabrasion of Tattoos with Table Salt
Authors: Larnder D. A. , Singh J.
Published: June 2007

A study has been carried out to show the cellular response in dermabrasion of tattoos with table salt. Initially neutrophils and later both neutrophils and macrophages were involved in pigment removal.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Arsenic Poisoning Due to Certain Chinese Herbal Medicine*
Authors: Tay C. H.
Published: June 2007

Certain brands of Chinese herbal preparations, especially those employed for the treatment of bronchial asthma, were found in Singapore to contain toxic amount of inorganic arsenical compounds, and were responsible for 74 recent cases of acute, subacute and chronic poisonings.

The majority (92%) of these cases demonstrated cutaneous manifestations, chief of which were generalized hyperpigmentation of the trunk (85%), hyperkeratoses of the palms and soles (65%),‘raindrop’ depigmentation (31%), and hyperhidrosis of the palms and soles (31%). Localized areas of pigmentation on the hands, feet, elbow, neck and face were found in 17 milder cases. Severe cases with long‐standing illness had multiple pigmented keratoses on the trunk and limbs (23%) and five patients (6%) eventually developed cutaneous malignancies in the form of multiple pigmented basal cell carcinomata or Bowen's disease (5%) and one squamous cell carcinoma (1%). Four of the cases also demonstrated multiple visceral cancers affecting the lungs, vocal chord, gallbladder and liver. Uncommon skin lesions found included hypersensitivity rashes (16%), mucous membrane irritation (8%), and alopecia (5%). In addition 19 patients with atopic dermatitis, four with corticosteroid skin eruptions from simultaneous systemic steroid administration prescribed by the ‘sinsehs’ and two with cutaneous side‐effects from dimercaprol therapy, were seen.
A New Method for the Evaluation of Topical Antibacterial Agents in vivo in Human Beings
Authors: Singh Gurmohan
Published: June 2007

A simple and new method for producing staphylococcal infection of intact human skin developed by the author is utilized here for evaluation of medicated soaps.
DRUG INDUCED LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS—A CASE REPORT
Authors: Adams J. D.
Published: June 2007

Summary

A fatal case of systemic lupus erythematosus which appeared to have been provoked by an allergic reaction to a topical sulphonamide is reported.
PHOTOSENSITIVE BULLOUS ERUPTION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE*
Authors: Rotstein Harvey
Published: June 2007

Summary

Eight patients with chronic renal failure developed blisters similar to those seen in porphyria cutanea tarda. However, porphyrin studies were normal and neither scarring nor milia were seen in these patients. Blistering appeared to be induced by minor trauma to light exposed areas on the dorsa of the hands and feet, and intensity of sunlight seemed more related to blister production than either the type or severity of renal disease or the patient's medication. The blisters were produced by a split at the dermo‐epidermal junction just above the PAS basement membrane zone. The upper dermal blood vessels within the region were thickened by the accumulation of PAS positive material. Although there was little cellular infiltrate, many degranulated mast cells were present in the mid‐dermis. Deviating calciphylaxis may have been associated with these changes.
ACQUIRED JUVENILE HYPOTHYROIDISM PRESENTING WITH NAIL CHANGES
Authors: Keipert James A. , Kelly Robert
Published: June 2007

Summary

Onycholysis and other nail changes are occasionally found in association with hypothyroidisin in adults, but no previous report has been found of nail changes as a presenting feature of primary acquired hypothyroidism n a child (who also has a unique combination of endocrinopathies and other disorders).
THE INVESTIGATION OF PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE AND THE ROLE OF NEW INVESTIGATIONS*
Authors: Cooksley W. G. E.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The investigation of patients with suspected liver disease requires a logical approach to diagnostic decision making. Answers to the following questions are needed‐Is hepatobiliary disease present? What is the diagnosis? What is the prognosis? A sequential approach to investigation is advocated including a two step process for the elucidation of the diagnosis. The principles expounded are readily applied to new investigations and their current role is discussed.
A NEW SUCCESSFUL APPROACH TO TRACE METAL THERAPY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE AETIOLOGY OF VARIOUS SKIN DISORDERS*
Authors: Bauer F.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, chronic prurigo of adults and bullous pemphigoid reported in this study have responded more effectively to their specific drug therapy if trace metal supplement were provided. A lesser dosage requirement or even final elimination of drugs like dapsone or corticosteroids, resulted. Most frequently, a zinc and magnesium mixture was prescribed, although zinc only or magnesium only mixture was given in some patients. The plasma zinc and plasma magnesium levels in these patients were frequently below normal or in the low normal range.
TOPICAL STEROIDS AND HYPOTHALAMO‐PITUITARY‐ADRENAL SUPPRESSION: A REVIEW*
Authors: Bartley Paul C.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Potent topical corticosteroids have been documented as causing Cushing's syndrome and hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal suppression. This can be minimized by restriction of potent preparations to specialists and by using these compounds for a minimum, but effective period. If potent corticosteroids are used for prolonged periods, then hypothalamo‐pituitary suppression should be excluded or confirmed by a metyrapone test.
THE EFFECT OF BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE CREAM 0.05% (DIPROSONE) ON ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION
Authors: Downie D. A. W. , Cains G. D. , Peek R. D.
Published: June 2007

Summary

This study was conducted with 16 subjects to determine whether the topical application of betamethasone dipropionate (Diprosone) 0.05% cream, in amounts of 30 or 60 g daily for a period of four weeks, would lead to adrenocortical suppression. Five patients were given 60 g daily, six patients given 30 g daily and five normal subjects 30 g daily. Adrenocortical function was assessed weekly by means of plasma cortisol levels. The results showed that transient adrenocortical suppression may follow the use of betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% cream daily at these dosage levels and this may be a function of heightened absorption in some individuals.

It is intended to carry out a further trial using both plasma cortisol determination and insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia as a measure of hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis suppression, as it is believed that minor and moderate degrees of adrenal suppression may not become obvious from plasma cortisol determinations.
EPITHELIOMA CUNICULATUM
Authors: Cowen Peter
Published: June 2007

Summary

Epithelioma cuniculatum is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma occurring on the extremities. It is characterised by local invasion but has little tendency to metastasise. A case fitting the clinical and histopathological description of epithelioma cuniculatumis described.
NAIL GROWTH IN ANTARCTIC REGIONS
Authors: Gormly P. J. , Ledinghamf J. E.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Finger nail and great toe nail growth was observed in 42 subjects: 28 over 11 months of an expedition at an Antarctic Station and 14 over 10 months on a Sub‐antarctic island. The mean rates of finger nail growth were 109.8μm per day and 106.4 μm per day respectively, and great toe nail growth was approximately half the finger nail growth at both locations.

These findings confirm that nail growth in Antarctic regions is comparable to that in temperate climates with no significant differences during colder months or in different cold locations. The relatively high rate of toe nail growth may be due to a hot‐house effect from almost constant use of insulating footwear.
MULTICENTRIC RETICULOHISTIOCYTOSIS: A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: Heenan Peter J. , Quirk Christopher J. , Spagnolo Dominic V.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR) with typical skin lesions and arthritis developed in a 51 year old woman. The cutaneous papules and nodules contained a dermal infiltrate of histiocytes and giant cells with ground‐glass cytoplasm. Invagination of elastin and collagen by MR cells was demonstrated by both light and electron microscopy. The patient responded well to treatment with chlorambucil but was subsequently found to have a rapidly disseminating carcinoma of the breast.
A PILOT STUDY OF A SUPPORT GROUP FOR PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH ECZEMA
Authors: Skimming Jose Mc , Gleeson Louise , Sinclair Merrianne
Published: June 2007

The parents of children with atopic dermatitis often require considerable encouragement and support to help them cope with this distressing and potentially disabling condition. Over a period of two months a time limited support group was established for parents of children with eczema at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in response to a perceived need for parental support, self help and the alleviation of feelings of isolation and not coping.
BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID: CLINICO‐EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PATIENTS SEEN AT A SINGAPORE SKIN HOSPITAL
Authors: Tham S. N. , Thirumoorthy T. , Rajan V. S.
Published: June 2007

Summary

A retrospective study of 37 patients with bullous pemphigoid was conducted at the Middle Road Hospital. The mean age of onset was 58.4 years. There was no significant difference in the incidence between males and females. Singaporeans of Indian origin had a higher incidence of bullous pemphigoid. There was no significant association with internal malignancy.

The commonest immunoreactant detected at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) was C3 (87.8 %). There was no correlation between the titre of serum anti BMZ antibody and the clinical activity of the disease. There were nine deaths in this group (24 %). Only two patients (22%) had active skin lesions at the time of death.
REVERSE HALO NAEVUS
Authors: Paver Ken , Salmon Robert
Published: June 2007

Summary

An occult naevus associated with a halo of depigmentation is described in a ten year old boy. The development of three lesions in this boy supports the concept that the development progressed from leucoderma to halo naevus to normal pigmented naevus instead of the progression from pigmented naevus to halo naevus to leucoderma as is normally found.
PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA IN A SEVEN YEAR OLD CHILD
Authors: Rogers M. , Kamatht K.R. , Poulost V.
Published: June 2007

Summary

A case of porphyria cutanea tarda in a seven year old child is reported. This was demonstrated to be a familial type by uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase estimations in the patient and her family. Treatment of the patient with chloroquin is described.
CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS*
Authors: Ellis Vivienne M.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The twenty‐four hour urinary excretions of the catecholamines were measured in 39 psoriatic patients and compared with the results obtained for 97 healthy volunteers from a previously published study using a similar technique. The psoriatic patients showed significantly lower adrenalin levels (p<0.001) and significantly higher noradrenalin (0.001<p<0.01) and dopamine levels (p<0.001). A significant positive correlation (p<0.05) was found between adrenalin excretion and % skin involvement. These preliminary findings lend further support to the theory of cyclic nucleotide axis involvement in the aetiology of psoriasis.
BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY IN MICROSPORUM CANIS KERION
Authors: Keipert James A.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Oral corticosteroid therapy has been reported to produce a rapid recovery in trichophyton kerion. In this paper three children are described with kerion due to Microsporum canis. The inflammatory changes responded dramatically to oral corticosteroid therapy with rapid healing of the kerions. The immunological basis for kerion formation and the response to corticosteroid therapy is discussed.
MULTIPLE HAMARTOMA SYNDROME WITH TRICHOEPITHELIOMAS AND BASAL CELL CARCINOMAS
Authors: Cowen P. , Connors T.
Published: June 2007

A patient with multiple hamartomas developed severe disfiguring trichoepitheliomas on her face. Some years later she developed multiple basal cell carcinomas.

The occurrence of trichoepitheliomas with multiple hamartoma syndrome has not previously been reported.

This patient with trichoepitheliomas developed undoubted basal cell carcinomas without the other major features of basal cell naevus syndrome. There do, however, appear to be some similarities between basal cell naevus syndrome and multiple hamartoma syndrome and this issue is addressed.
TRAUMATIC NASAL LEUCODERMA IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Keipert James A.
Published: June 2007

Four children have been seen with a white line across the nose due to leucoderma in a transverse nasal crease, both of which are due to the habit of pushing up the tip of the nose with the palm or fingers. The parents are usually worried about the cosmetic defect but often have not realised the relation between the habit and the white line, or had not registered that the child had the habit, so that recognition and reassurance depend on appreciation of the cause, which may not be suggested by the history.
FIXED DRUG ERUPTION TO MEFENAMIC ACID
Authors: Watson Alan , Watt Geoffrey
Published: June 2007

Summary

Two patients are presented with fixed drug eruption to mefenamic acid, an anti inflammatory drug not previously reported as a cause of fixed drug eruption. Each patient presented with an identical history relating the appearance of the rash to her menstrual period.
MULTIFOCAL FIBROSCLEROSIS: CUTANEOUS ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Fischer G. O. , de Launey W. E.
Published: June 2007

Summary

There is a group of disorders characterized by simultaneous and progressive fibrosis of several discrete regions of the body. This disease complex, “multifocal fibrosclerosis”, most commonly involves the retroperitoneal and mediastinal compartments and may be accompanied by cutaneous lesions. In most cases the aetiology is unknown but there is good evidence, supported by the patient we describe, for a vasculitic origin in a significant proportion of patients.

We report a case of multifocal fibrosclerosis associated with cutaneous lesions. These included livedo reticularis and recurrent, painful nodules and pustules on the legs and feet, which progressed to chronic ulceration. Histologically there was evidence of an underlying necrotising vasculitis.

A review of the cutaneous changes that have been reported in association with multifocal fibrosclerosis allows speculation regarding the aetiology of the disease process.
MERCURY EXANTHEM
Authors: Rogers M. , Goodhew P. , Szafraniec T. , McColl I.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The problems of diagnosing an exanthem as due to contact with mercury are fully discussed. This diagnosis should be considered if any patient with erythroderma of obscure origin is investigated.