bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exosomal sorting of the viral oncoprotein LMP1 is restrained by TRAF2 association at signalling endosomes
Authors: Verweij Frederik J. , de Heus Cecilia , Kroeze Stefanie , Cai Houjian , Kieff Elliott , Piersma Sander R. , Jimenez Connie R. , Middeldorp Jaap M. , Pegtel Dirk Michiel
Published: April 2015

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐encoded oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) constitutively activates nuclear factor κB (NFκB) from intracellular membranes to promote cell growth and survival. LMP1 associates with CD63 in intracellular membranes and is released via exosomes. Whether tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor‐associated factors (TRAFs) mediate LMP1 NFκB signalling from endosomes and modulate exosomal sorting is unknown. In this article, we show that LMP1–TRAF2 signalling complexes accumulate at endosomes in a palmitoylation‐dependent manner, thereby driving LMP1‐dependent oncogenicity. Palmitoylation is a reversible post‐translational modification and is considered to function as a membrane anchor for proteins. Mutagenesis studies showed that LMP1–TRAF2 trafficking to endosomes is dependent on one single cysteine residue (C78), a known palmitoylation site of LMP1. Notably, growth assays in soft agar revealed that oncogenic properties of the palmitoylation‐deficient LMP1 mutant C78A were diminished compared to wild‐type LMP1. Since LMP1 recruitment of TRAF2 and downstream NFκB signalling were not affected by a disturbance in palmitoylation, the specific localization of LMP1 at endosomal membranes appears crucial for its transforming potential. The importance of palmitoylation for trafficking to and signalling from endosomal membranes was not restricted to LMP1, as similar observations were made for the cellular oncoproteins Src and Fyn. Despite abundant LMP1–TRAF2 association at endosomal membranes TRAF2 could not be detected in exosomes by Western blotting or proteomics. Interestingly, point mutations that prevented TRAF binding strongly promoted the sorting and release of LMP1 via exosomes. These observations reveal that LMP1–TRAF2 complexes at endosomes support oncogenic NFκB activation and suggest that LMP1 dissociates from the activated signalling complexes upon sorting into intraluminal vesicles. We propose that “signalling endosomes” in EBV‐infected tumour cells can fuse with the plasma membrane, explaining LMP1 release via exosomes.
A variation on chloroplast development: The bizonoplast and photosynthetic efficiency in the deep‐shade plant Selaginella erythropus
Authors: Sheue Chiou‐Rong , Liu Jian‐Wei , Ho Jia‐Fang , Yao Ai‐Wen , Wu Yeh‐Hua , Das Sauren , Tsai Chi‐Chu , Chu Hsiu‐An , Ku Maurice S. B. , Chesson Peter
Published: April 2015

• Premise of the study: Chloroplast development and structure are highly conserved in vascular plants, but the bizonoplast of Selaginella is a notable exception. In the shade plant S. erythropus, each dorsal epidermal cell contains one bizonoplast, while other cells have normal chloroplasts. Our quest was to (1) determine the origin of bizonoplasts, (2) explore developmental plasticity, and (3) correlate developmental changes with photosynthetic activity to provide insights unavailable in other green plants with more constrained development.

• Methods: Bizonoplast development was studied in juvenile prostrate and older erect shoots of S. erythropus. Plastid plasticity was studied in plants cultivated under different light conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured and correlated with photosynthetic activity.

• Key results: The bizonoplast originates from a proplastid, forming a distinctive upper zone rapidly after exposure to low light. In the prostrate shoots, the proplastid develops through early stages only. When the shoot becomes erect, the proplastid soon develops into a mature bizonoplast. Erect shoots have significantly higher photosynthetic efficiency than prostrate shoots. No bizonoplasts were found in the plants growing in high light, where 2–4 spheroidal chloroplasts formed, or with light from below.

• Conclusions: The upper zone develops above a normal‐looking chloroplast structure to produce a bizonoplast. Bizonoplast developmental plasticity suggests that regular lamellar structure and monoplastidy are adaptations to deep shade environments. Such novel variation in S. erythropus is in stark contrast to known plastid development in other vascular plants, possibly reflecting retention of developmental flexibility in the basal clade, Lycophyta, to which it belongs.
De l’événement dans l’espace thérapeutique de personnes ayant été torturées
Authors: Montagut Muriel
Published: April 2015

Les sujets ayant été torturés tentent de se défaire de l’emprise d’un système dans l’espace thérapeutique. Leur lutte, toujours singulière, se fait entendre par des temps de rupture avec les logiques acquises durant les sévices. Ces ruptures constituent le ressaisissement de l’être et marquent sa volonté de s’inscrire dans de nouvelles possibilités d’être. Ces temps, en ponctuant le dégagement du sujet de l’emprise de la torture, font événement (c’est-à-dire créent une rupture dans la continuité d’être du sujet) et nécessiteront un travail d’élaboration pour que cette entreprise de dégagement soit conscientisée par le sujet et puisse se consolider. Cet article revient sur trois temps fondamentaux capables de faire événement dans ce type de thérapie : le temps inaugural de la rencontre avec le thérapeute, le temps de la réémergence du sujet par l’irruption de métaphores poétiques et le temps de la reconnaissance sociale par l’obtention du statut de réfugié politique.
Événements et formation tout au long de la vie. Les enseignements d’une recherche internationale
Authors: Lani-Bayle Martine
Published: April 2015

L’événement est ce qui provoque une rupture dans l’intelligibilité, en ce sens il nous bouscule en bousculant notre façon d’apprendre, qui n’est pas indépendante de ce que nous vivons, à titre individuel comme à titre collectif. En 2003, en Pologne, une recherche sur ce thème a été amorcée, qui s’est étendue à quatorze pays répartis sur les cinq continents. S’appuyant sur un court questionnaire et recueillant des témoignages, elle a interrogé ce qui nous marque et nous (dé)forme dans la vie, dans notre vie, en lien avec ce qui se passe en nous comme autour de nous, du plus proche au plus lointain, dans l’espace comme dans le temps. En ont été tirés des enseignements pour la compréhension du processus d’apprentissage et de formation en lien avec les conditions de vie.
Chercher l’événement pour se sentir vivant
Authors: Lévy André , Giust-Desprairies Florence
Published: April 2015

Boris Cyrulnik, au cours d’un entretien, veut voir l’événement comme constitutif de la vie : sans événement, pas de vie. C’est ainsi que, se référant à son expérience de neuropsychiatre et d’éthologue, il soutient que l’on va le chercher. L’événement participe ainsi à la constitution de la sensation de vivre chez les animaux, chez les bébés préverbaux comme chez tout être humain. Sa représentation, largement tributaire de la qualité des rapports affectifs avec les proches, se traduit matériellement par des modifications de la structure du cerveau. Deux temps sont à distinguer : celui de la nécessité d’une sensation d’être vivant et le temps de la représentation de ce qui nous est arrivé. Le neurologue développe ainsi sa pensée en prenant différents exemples qui lui permettent de rendre compte des processus de restauration de soi, en soulignant notamment l’importance de la dimension culturelle.
Les stratégies de déconnexion des cadres équipés en TIC mobiles
Authors: Felio Cindy
Published: April 2015

Cet article s’intéresse au vécu expérientiel d’une population de cadres équipés en TIC . En s’appuyant sur le lien entre risques psychosociaux au travail et usages des dispositifs communicationnels, son contenu met en évidence les capacités mobilisatrices des individus pour contourner les effets insatisfaisants de la mise en usage des TIC (mésusages du mail, caractéristiques disruptives, porosité entre les sphères de vie). Les stratégies développées par les cadres pour faire face aux problématiques organisationnelles, collectives et individuelles médiées par les TIC constituent différentes formes de déconnexion (du filtrage à la préservation, de la connexion maîtrisée à la déconnexion totale). L’objectif sous-jacent au déploiement de ces régulations est celui de la structuration des temporalités : à travers ces arts de faire, les cadres cherchent à orienter la dynamique de connexion en fonction de leurs besoins personnels et professionnels, autrement dit à adapter leurs usages à leur propre rythme.
L’évolution actuelle des intellectuels en France
Authors: Peyrous Bernard
Published: April 2015

Le monde des intellectuels est, depuis longtemps, extrêmement présent en France. Il a connu une évolution décisive au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale et s’est constitué en une sorte de système clos qui promeut, par toutes sortes de canaux de diffusion, une forme de pensée d’abord largement inspirée du marxisme, puis de l’idéologie libertaire d’après 68. Ce système tend à devenir totalitaire. Il provoque actuellement une vague considérable de protestations et de contestations, au point qu’on pourrait parler d’une insurrection de la pensée. Dans ce contexte, le catholicisme peut avoir une place importante pour un renouveau de la pensée.
L’Église, les religions et la culture moderne
Authors: Tihon Paul
Published: April 2015

Dans une étude récente, le théologien de Strasbourg Philippe Vallin met vigoureusement en relief l’originalité de l’Église du Christ par rapport aux religions et son aptitude à conduire « à la désaliénation réciproque et à l’accomplissement conjoint du fait religieux et du fait culturel ». Son « hypothèse » est ici présentée dans sa cohérence, ses points forts sont soulignés, mais aussi ses limites. Du même coup se trouvent indiqués les défis auxquels sont affrontées les Églises chrétiennes face à la diversité des cultures et à la modernité.
Les femmes sont-elles à l’image de Dieu de la même manière que les hommes ?
Authors: Legrand Hervé
Published: April 2015

Les Pères grecs, immergés dans leur culture, partagent l’androcentrisme de saint Paul : « L’homme n’a pas été créé pour la femme mais la femme pour l’homme » (1 Co 11,9). Aucun ne met en cause une telle hiérarchisation sociale : tous, sauf Grégoire de Nazianze et Basile de Césarée, refusent, par divers raisonnements, que la femme soit à l’image de Dieu de la même manière que l’homme. Prendre conscience de ce conditionnement culturel du christianisme a son intérêt quand l’androcentrisme a perdu sa plausibilité en Occident sous les effets conjugués de la médecine, du travail salarié des femmes et des législations contemporaines.
Lorsque l’opposition massif / comptable rencontre les noms superordonnés
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: April 2015

L’opposition massif / comptable est généralement traitée au niveau des noms de base et des noms subordonnés. Nous nous proposons de l’aborder à un niveau supérieur, celui des noms dits superordonnés . Nous étudierons successivement les noms superordonnés qui subsument des noms de base intrinsèquement comptables et ceux qui dominent des noms de base intrinsèquement massifs. Notre étude permettra d’éclairer certains aspects de la problématique de l’opposition massif / comptable restés jusqu’ici équivoques et confirmera l’importance de la notion d’ occurrence pour saisir le fonctionnement de cette opposition. Elle apportera aussi des éléments nouveaux à la fois sur la sémantique des noms qui ont une vocation à occuper le sommet des hiérarchies nominales et sur l’opposition massif / comptable elle-même.
Una nota sobre escultura castellana del siglo XIII: Juan González, el pintor de las imágenes de Burgos, y el sepulcro de doña Mayor Guillén de Guzmán en el convento de Santa Clara de Alcocer (Guadalajara)
Authors: Gutiérrez Baños Fernando
Published: April 2015

En 2009 Christie’s de Londres dio a conocer el contrato del sepulcro de doña Mayor Guillén de Guzmán († c. 1263), antigua amante del rey Alfonso X el Sabio. El contrato procede del convento de Santa Clara de Alcocer (Guadalajara), donde el propio sepulcro se conservó hasta su completa destrucción en 1936 al estallar la Guerra Civil. Datado en Burgos en 1276, el documento nos proporciona una completa descripción de la obra a realizar. Esto nos permitirá compararla con otros sepulcros contemporáneos, subrayando los rasgos altamente innovadores del sepulcro de doña Mayor. Por otra parte, el documento nos permitirá acceder a la personalidad del artista responsable de la obra: un cierto Juan González, desconocido hasta la fecha, que se presenta como el pintor de las imágenes de Burgos.
La iglesia de los santos Ildefonso y Tomás de Villanueva en Roma: un monumento barroco a la pietas hispanica
Authors: González Tornel Pablo
Published: April 2015

En 1667 se pone la primera piedra del Hospicio de los santos Ildefonso y Tomás de Villanueva en la Via Sistina romana. La sede de la orden de los agustinos recoletos en Roma toma una particular configuración arquitectónica, directamente inspirada en la Capilla de los Reyes Magos de Francesco Borromini, y una muy definida iconografía vinculada con la situación política de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII. Así, la iglesia se erige en un monumento a la Inmaculada Concepción concretado en las imágenes de la letanía lauretana que ornan sus muros y reforzado por las pinturas de las vírgenes de Copacabana y Guadalupe en su interior. Todo ello, junto a la advocación a Santo Tomás de Villanueva, canonizado en 1658, convierte el templo en un alegato a la pietas hispanica en un área de la ciudad que fue escenario de los enfrentamientos entre Francia y España.
Automatic Endmember Extraction from Hyperspectral Data for Mineral Exploration
Authors: Neville R A , Staenz K , Szeredi T , Lefebvre J , Hauff P
Published: April 2015

Linear unmixing is a commonly used technique for the analysis of imaging spectrometer data. This procedure requires the use of 'endmember' spectra which represent pure target species. One of the methods under investigation at Canada Centre for Remote Sensing
for the automatic extraction of endmembers from the image cube, is called the 'Iterative Error Analysis', (IEA) method. This procedure is described, and the results of its application to a data set acquired over Nevada are presented.
A Multi-Scale Analytical Canopy (MAC) Reflectance Model Based on the Angular Second Order Gap Size Distribution
Authors: Fernandes R A , Leblanc S G , Simic A
Published: April 2015

Anisotropy in direction hemispherical reflectance of vegetation canopies has been exploited both as a source of information regarding canopy structure and has been considered a source of noise. Geometric optics canopy reflectance models have had some success in
relating canopy structure to observed top-of-canopy anisotropy, especially within wavelengths where multiple scattering is not important. However, these models are often scale specific. Furthermore, most models use simplified methods for treating the hotspot effectwhere both the view and
illumination direction vectors from a point in the canopy pass through the same gap in the vegetation. We present a multi-scale analytical canopy model (MAC) that deals with an arbitrary number of scales of canopy organisation. The angular gap size distribution defined as the probability of a gap of
length along the plane containing both view and illumination direction vectors is applied to describe the extent of the hotspoteffect in a manner that includes all scales. Validation of the MAC model is presented over boreal stands in terms of both top-of-canopy BRDF's as well as sub-canopy gap size
distribution. The possibility of using high-resolution imagery to characterize crown clumping using second order reflectance distributions is discussed.
The deposit financing gap: another Dutch disease
Authors: Meijers Huub , Muysken Joan , Sleijpen Olaf
Published: April 2015

In the last 2 decades, the Netherlands has experienced an increase in real-estate prices, accompanied by an increase in mortgages and a marked decline in household savings. As a consequence, banks are faced with a large retail funding gap: outstanding mortgage debt is insufficiently matched by retail deposits, whereas other funding possibilities of banks have increasingly been constrained – also due to their large foreign exposures.

Traditional macroeconomic models cannot analyse this phenomenon appropriately as they lack a proper model of the financial sector and underestimate the potential for interactions between the monetary and the real sphere. We present a stock-flow consistent approach developed by Godley and Lavoie as a valuable alternative to traditional and New Keynesian macroeconomic models, enabling us to analyse the deposit financing gap for the Netherlands.
Bad banks choking good banks: simulating balance sheet contagion
Authors: Khalil Saed , Kinsella Stephen
Published: April 2015

We investigate the propagation of contagion through banks’ balance sheets in a two-country model. We simulate an increase in non-performing loans in one bank, and study the effects on other banks and the macro-economy of each country. We show that credit crunches destabilize each economy in the short run and in the long run reduce potential output. We quantify this loss.
Comparative numerical analysis of two stock-flow consistent post-Keynesian growth models
Authors: Ciuffo Biagio , Rosenbaum Eckehard
Published: April 2015

Stock-flow consistent (SFC) models become complex and hence rather intractable once they seek to incorporate more features of reality. Solving such models numerically for preselected parameter values can help to overcome this problem. But how should the parameters be selected given that there often exists a host of economically plausible values?

In order to address this problem, this paper suggests using a Monte Carlo approach to examine which combinations of parameters and starting values (feasibility regions) produce economically meaningful equilibria for the short and long run, and whether the long-term equilibria thus identified are in fact stable. In addition, we undertake a sensitivity analysis for all parameters which allows us to gauge the extent to which model results are driven by certain parameters and starting values.
Conflict in the Profit-Led Growth Model
Authors: Correa Romar
Published: April 2015

We model the interaction between capitalists and entrepreneurs as a dynamic game. The open-loop Nash equilibrium and the closed-loop Nash equilibrium are distinguished. The purpose is to answer some questions that have arisen in the development of profit-led versus wage-led growth models. We find that the rate of profit and the discount rate as well as the responsiveness of the wage rate or aggregate consumption to the accumulation of capital are critical to explaining the change in regimes.
Paradigm transitions in solar–terrestrial physics from 1900: my personal view
Authors: Akasofu S.-I.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Solar–terrestrial physics, like any other scientific field, has evolved and developed by replacing older theories with newer theories. Unfortunately, each generation of young researchers tends to learn naturally only the latest, and perhaps the most popular theory and believes that it is the only useful one to pursue. Therefore, they do not necessarily realize that in the past the theory they chose had struggled to reach its presently acceptable state, and that eventually it might be replaced with a new theory. Two generations of scientists or in some subjects even more generations tend to be guided by one particular idea or theory. Thus, among us (namely, one or two generations) a high degree of agreement occurs, both on the theoretical assumptions and on the problem to be solved within the framework provided by the theory. Such an idea or theory was termed paradigm by Kuhn (1970). The purpose of this article is to describe several examples of the transition of paradigms and ideas in the subjects of solar–terrestrial physics. The examples are subjects that experienced a paradigm change after prevailing in the field for a few generations and also some that are perhaps on the verge of the transition. The chosen subjects are (1) Stormer's single particle theory to Chapman's plasma theory (1907–1963), (2) the auroral zone to the auroral oval (1860–1971), (3) the closed to open magnetosphere (1931–1971), (4) the current system controversies (1918–1963) and (1964–present), (5) the fixed pattern concept to the concept of auroral/magnetospheric substorms (1935–1982), (6) the importance of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the development of geomagnetic storms (1905–1966), (7) the ring current: solar wind protons to oxygen ions from the ionosphere (1933–1977), (8) the storm–substorm controversy (1963–present), (9) substorm onset (1964-present), (10) solar flares (1958–present) and (11) sunspots (1961–present).
Open space suitability analysis for emergency shelter after an earthquake
Authors: Anhorn J. , Khazai B.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In an emergency situation shelter space is crucial for people affected by natural hazards. Emergency planners in disaster relief and mass care can greatly benefit from a sound methodology that identifies suitable shelter areas and sites where shelter services need to be improved. A methodology to rank suitability of open spaces for contingency planning and placement of shelter in the immediate aftermath of a disaster is introduced. The Open Space Suitability Index uses the combination of two different measures: a qualitative evaluation criterion for the suitability and manageability of open spaces to be used as shelter sites and another quantitative criterion using a capacitated accessibility analysis based on network analysis. For the qualitative assessment implementation issues, environmental considerations and basic utility supply are the main categories to rank candidate shelter sites. A geographic information system is used to reveal spatial patterns of shelter demand. Advantages and limitations of this method are discussed on the basis of an earthquake hazard case study in the Kathmandu Metropolitan City. According to the results, out of 410 open spaces under investigation, 12.2% have to be considered not suitable (Category D and E) while 10.7% are Category A and 17.6% are Category B. Almost two-thirds (59.55%) are fairly suitable (Category C).
The importance of erosion for debris flow runout modelling from applications to the Swiss Alps
Authors: Frank F. , McArdell B. W. , Huggel C. , Vieli A.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. This study describes an investigation of channel-bed erosion of sediment by debris flows. An erosion model, developed using field data from debris flows at the Illgraben catchment, Switzerland, was incorporated into the existing RAMMS debris-flow model, which solves the 2-D shallow-water equations for granular flows. In the erosion model, the relationship between maximum shear stress and measured erosion is used to determine the maximum potential erosion depth. Additionally, the maximum rate of erosion, measured at the same field site, is used to constrain the erosion rate. The model predicts plausible erosion values in comparison with field data from highly erosive debris flow events at the Spreitgraben torrent channel, Switzerland in 2010, without any adjustment to the coefficients in the erosion model. We find that by including channel erosion in runout models a more realistic flow pattern is produced than in simulations where entrainment is not included. In detail, simulations without channel bed erosion show more lateral outflow from the channel where it has not been observed in the field. Therefore the erosion model may be especially useful for practical applications such as hazard analysis and mapping, as well as scientific case studies of erosive debris flows.
The hostel or the warehouse? Spatiotemporal exposure assessment for natural hazards
Authors: Fuchs S. , Keiler M. , Zischg A.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. A spatially explicit object-based temporal assessment of buildings and citizens exposed to natural hazards in Austria is presented, including elements at risk to river flooding, torrential flooding, and snow avalanches. It is shown that the repeatedly-stated assumption of increasing losses due to continued population growth and related increase in assets has to be opposed to the local development of building stock. While some regions have shown a clearly above-average increase in assets, other regions were characterised by a below-average development. This mirrors the topography of the country, but also the different economic activities. While hotels and hostels are extraordinary prone to mountain hazards, commercial buildings as well as buildings used for recreation purpose are considerably exposed to river flooding. Residential buildings have shown an average exposure, compared to the amount of buildings of this type in the overall building stock. In sum, around 5% of all buildings are exposed to mountain hazards, and around 9% to river flooding, with around 1% of the buildings stock being multi-exposed. It is shown that the dynamics of elements at risk exposed have a time lag once land use regulations are enforced, and it is concluded that an object-based assessment has clear advantages compared to the assessment using aggregated land use data.
Adapting to climate change: water distribution in BBA City, Algeria
Authors: Zeroual A. , Meddi M. , Assani A. A.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. For over 20 years, the eastern Algeria region has had significant rainfall deficits that resulted in severe droughts, which seriously affected the availability of water for drinking. Owing to considerations of affordability, drinking water is systematically underpriced because water is essential for life. Such a low price results in water being used inefficiently. This research presents the impact that a high leakage level in the water distribution network has on the water service price in BBA (Bordj Bou Arréridj) city and expected future water resources management scenarios in BBA watersheds by taking into account to the river flow simulated by GR2M using the outputs of climate models with emissions scenarios A1 and A1B. The analysis of the results shows a large economy can be made with regard to water losses, reaching up to 47% saving of the produced water volume; also, BBA city is expected to experience water stress before 2030.
Contribution of piezometric measurement to knowledge and management of low water levels: examples on the chalk aquifer in the Champagne Ardennes region
Authors: Stollsteiner P. , Bessiere H. , Nicolas J. , Allier D. , Berthet O.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. This article is based on a BRGM study on piezometric indicators, threshold values of discharge and groundwater levels for the assessment of potentially-exploitable water resources of chalky watersheds. A method for estimating low water levels based on groundwater levels is presented from three examples representing chalk aquifers with different cycles: annual, combined and interannual. The first is located in Picardy and the two others in the Champagne-Ardennes region. Piezometers with annual cycles, used in these examples, are supposed to be representative of the aquifer hydro-dynamics. Except for multi-annual systems, the analysis between discharge measurements at a hydrometric station and groundwater levels measured at a piezometer representative of the main aquifer, leads to relatively precise and satisfactory relationships within a chalky context. These relationships may be useful for monitoring, validation, extension or reconstruction of the low water flow data. On the one hand, they allow definition of the piezometric levels corresponding to the different alert thresholds of river discharges. On the other hand, they clarify the proportions of low surface water flow from runoff or drainage of the aquifer. Finally, these correlations give an assessment of the minimum flow for the coming weeks. However, these correlations cannot be used to optimize the value of the exploitable water resource because it seems to be difficult to integrate the value of the effective rainfall that could occur during the draining period. Moreover, in the case of multi-annual systems, the solution is to attempt a comprehensive system modelling and, if it is satisfactory, using the simulated values to get rid of parasites or running the model for forecasting purposes.
Using geochemical investigations for determining the interaction between groundwater and saline water in arid areas: case of the Wadi Ouazzi basin (Morocco)
Authors: El Moukhayar R. , Bahir M. , Youbi N. , Chkir N. , Chamchati H. , Caréra P.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The characteristics of the Essaouira basin water resources are a semi-arid climate, which is severely impacted by the climate (quantity and quality). Considering the importance of the Essaouira aquifer in the groundwater supply of the region, a study was conducted in order to understand groundwater evolution in this aquifer. The Essaouira aquifer is a coastal aquifer located on the Atlantic coastline of southern Morocco, corresponding to a sedimentary basin with an area of nearly 200 km2. The control of the fluid exchange and the influence of mixing zones between the groundwater and saline water was investigated by sampling from 20 wells, drillings and sources belonging to the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian aquifers. It is hypothesized that groundwater major ions chemistry can be employed to determine the interaction between the groundwater and saline water (coastal aquifers). Groundwater samples examined for electric conductivity and temperature showed that waters belonging to the Plio-Quaternary and Turonian aquifers present very variable electric conductivities, from 900 μs/cm to 3880 μs/cm. Despite this variability, they are from the same family and are characterized by sodium-chloride facies. However, a good correlation exists between the electrical conductivity and chloride and sodium contents. The lower electrical conductivities are situated in the North quarter immediately to the south of the Wadi Ouazzi.
Prediction of mean monthly river discharges in Colombia through Empirical Mode Decomposition
Authors: Carmona A. M. , Poveda G.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The hydro-climatology of Colombia exhibits strong natural variability at a broad range of time scales including: inter-decadal, decadal, inter-annual, annual, intra-annual, intra-seasonal, and diurnal. Diverse applied sectors rely on quantitative predictions of river discharges for operational purposes including hydropower generation, agriculture, human health, fluvial navigation, territorial planning and management, risk preparedness and mitigation, among others. Various methodologies have been used to predict monthly mean river discharges that are based on "Predictive Analytics", an area of statistical analysis that studies the extraction of information from historical data to infer future trends and patterns. Our study couples the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with traditional methods, e.g. Autoregressive Model of Order 1 (AR1) and Neural Networks (NN), to predict mean monthly river discharges in Colombia, South America. The EMD allows us to decompose the historical time series of river discharges into a finite number of intrinsic mode functions (IMF) that capture the different oscillatory modes of different frequencies associated with the inherent time scales coexisting simultaneously in the signal (Huang et al. 1998, Huang and Wu 2008, Rao and Hsu, 2008). Our predictive method states that it is easier and simpler to predict each IMF at a time and then add them up together to obtain the predicted river discharge for a certain month, than predicting the full signal. This method is applied to 10 series of monthly mean river discharges in Colombia, using calibration periods of more than 25 years, and validation periods of about 12 years. Predictions are performed for time horizons spanning from 1 to 12 months. Our results show that predictions obtained through the traditional methods improve when the EMD is used as a previous step, since errors decrease by up to 13% when the AR1 model is used, and by up to 18% when using Neural Networks is combined with the EMD.
Panta Rhei, the new science decade of IAHS
Authors: Savenije H. H. G.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. To address the water related problems that society is facing in this time and age, hydrologists can no longer consider the hydrological system as if there is no human influence. The human and water systems are closely intertwined and in this interaction patterns emerge that are the result of two co-evolving systems. The hydrology and the water resources form conditions under which societies develop, but as a result, and in turn, societies influence the functioning of the hydrological system. This calls for a new science that tries to understand these interactions with the objective to explore feasible futures and strategies to guide this co-evolution towards sustainable use of our natural resources. After the closure of the PUB decade on Prediction in Ungauged Basins, the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) has taken up the challenge of trying to make fundamental contributions to this new science of integrated hydrological and societal processes under the title of "Panta Rhei", symbolising that everything changes in a perpetual dynamic interaction between people and water. This may be a big step in the science of hydrology, venturing well outside the comfortable boundaries of pristine hydrology, but the urgency of water issues around the globe forces us to do so, and in the process, hydrologists are likely to discover new paradigms, new modelling approaches, enhanced understanding of the human-water system, and hopefully new ways to steer our society towards a more sustainable future.
Soil erosion assessment of a Himalayan river basin using TRMM data
Authors: Pandey A. , Mishra S. K. , Gautam A. K. , Kumar D.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the soil erosion of a Himalayan river basin, the Karnali basin, Nepal, using rainfall erosivity (R-factor) derived from satellite-based rainfall estimates (TRMM-3B42 V7). Average annual sediment yield was estimated using the well-known Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The eight-year annual average rainfall erosivity factor (R) for the Karnali River basin was found to be 2620.84 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 year−1. Using intensity–erosivity relationships and eight years of the TRMM daily rainfall dataset (1998–2005), average annual soil erosion was also estimated for Karnali River basin. The minimum and maximum values of the rainfall erosivity factor were 1108.7 and 4868.49 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 year−1, respectively, during the assessment period. The average annual soil loss of the Karnali River basin was found to be 38.17 t ha−1 year−1. Finally, the basin area was categorized according to the following scale of erosion severity classes: Slight (0 to 5 t ha−1 year−1), Moderate (5 to 10 t ha−1 year−1), High (10 to 20 t ha−1 year−1), Very High (20 to 40 t ha−1 year−1), Severe (40 to 80 t ha−1 year−1) and Very Severe (>80 t ha−1 year−1). About 30.86% of the river basin area was found to be in the slight erosion class. The areas covered by the moderate, high, very high, severe and very severe erosion potential zones were 13.09%, 6.36%, 11.09%, 22.02% and 16.64% respectively. The study revealed that approximately 69% of the Karnali River basin needs immediate attention from a soil conservation point of view.
What part of natural flow can be considered a "water resource"?
Authors: Andréassian V. , Margat J. , Thirel G. , Hubert P.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In this paper, we discuss an unfortunate semantic shortcut – the use of the expression "water resources" as a synonym for "river/groundwater flow" – which causes great confusion in all Water Security-related discussions. We show that only a part of the flow can be considered a resource, and that the efficiency of the flow-to-resource conversion is a complex function of: (i) the hydrologic regime, (ii) environmental constraints (in-stream reserved flows), (iii) the type of water demand, and (iv) the existence of artificial reservoirs. Last, we illustrate how the flow-to-resource conversion can be affected by future climatic changes. Hydrologic data and climate change simulations for three French rivers (the rivers Vilaine, Durance and Garonne) are used to illustrate this discussion.
Contribution et rôle de l’économie sociale au processus de revitalisation en milieu rural fragile : radioscopie de cas de succès et d’insuccès
Authors: Simard Majella
Published: April 2015

Depuis plusieurs années, l’économie sociale joue un rôle d’avant-plan dans la vie sociale et économique du Bas-Saint-Laurent. S’inscrivant d’abord dans le cadre d’un mouvement communautaire de type régionaliste, l’économie sociale tend aujourd’hui à constituer, au sein de cette région comme ailleurs au Québec, un modèle de développement visant à satisfaire des besoins que l’appareil étatique et le secteur privé parviennent difficilement à combler. S’appuyant sur le modèle de dynamisme local qui illustre l’effet structurant de l’initiative locale dans le processus de développement, cet article a pour but d’examiner, à partir de deux études de cas effectuées en milieu rural fragile, la contribution de la mobilisation et du leadership comme conditions essentielles à la mise en oeuvre de projets issus de l’économie sociale. À cette fin, nous nous intéresserons à deux communautés rurales qui ont misé sur l’économie sociale en vue de donner un second souffle à leur économie. L’un représente une « histoire à succès », en l’occurrence Sainte-Irène-de-Matapédia, alors que l’autre, Saint-Bruno-de-Kamouraska, constitue plutôt un cas problématique.
Expression levels of MHC class I molecules are inversely correlated with promiscuity of peptide binding
Authors: Chappell Paul E , Meziane El Kahina , Harrison Michael , Magiera Łukasz , Hermann Clemens , Mears Laura , Wrobel Antoni G , Durant Charlotte , Nielsen Lise Lotte , Buus Søren , Ternette Nicola , Mwangi William , Butter Colin , Nair Venugopal , Ahyee Trudy , Duggleby Richard , Madrigal Alejandro , Roversi Pietro , Lea Susan M , Kaufman Jim
Published: April 2015

Highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are at the heart of adaptive immune responses, playing crucial roles in many kinds of disease and in vaccination. We report that breadth of peptide presentation and level of cell surface expression of class I molecules are inversely correlated in both chickens and humans. This relationship correlates with protective responses against infectious pathogens including Marek's disease virus leading to lethal tumours in chickens and human immunodeficiency virus infection progressing to AIDS in humans. We propose that differences in peptide binding repertoire define two groups of MHC class I molecules strategically evolved as generalists and specialists for different modes of pathogen resistance. We suggest that differences in cell surface expression level ensure the development of optimal peripheral T cell responses. The inverse relationship of peptide repertoire and expression is evidently a fundamental property of MHC molecules, with ramifications extending beyond immunology and medicine to evolutionary biology and conservation.
Att fånga komplexiteten i små barns lärande: En metodologisk reflektion
Authors: Björklund Camilla
Published: April 2015

The aim of this article is to discuss methodological issues that appear as video technology is being used more frequently in research on early childhood. Research with a video camera as a tool for collecting data has made it possible to more thoroughly interpret and understand children's experiences and learning. One video episode may be interpreted from several different perspectives, which makes the research elusive and sets claimson validity, on the other hand it strengthens the interpretation of the variety in the learning processes due to the opportunity to bring forth the complexity in children's spontaneous learning activities. In this article the concept of videography in research on early childhood education is discussed concerning its methodical and methodological possibilities and limitations.
Fysisk aktivitet i barnehagen: Et casestudium av daglig fysisk aktivitet i en avdeling med femåringer
Authors: Giske Rune , Tjensvoll Magrethe , Dyrstad Sindre M.
Published: April 2015

Physical activity in early childhood education and care: A case study of daily physical activity in a group of 5 year old children: Our knowledge of the physical activity level in kindergarten is limited. The intention of the inquiry was to study the variations in the level of activity among 5-year-old children in a section of a day care centre for a week, and find out whether the children reach the recommendations for physical activity. Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT 1M) was used for unbiased measuring of physical activity. In regard to reaching the latest recommendations for physical activity, the results show that the children’s level of activity varies during their stay. It varies both among the children and from one day to the next. During the week seen as a whole, five of ten children meet the recommendation of minimum 60 minutes moderate to high intensity physical activity. The level of activity was a lot higher when the children were playing outside and in a gym as opposed to playing inside.
Kartlegging i et profesjonsperspektiv
Authors: Bellika Elin
Published: April 2015

Foredrag fra konferansen Kartlegging i barnehagen: Innhold og konsekvenser. Utdanningsforbundet, Oslo, 20 juni 2010.
Perspektiver på hva en førskolelærer trenger å kunne om religion: Rammeplananalyse og preskriptive innspill
Authors: Andreassen Bengt Ove
Published: April 2015

Title: Perspectives on what a preschool teacher need to know about religion: Curriculum analysis and prescriptive suggestions.Abstract: What does a pre-school teacher need to know about religion? This question is discussed in two separate parts of the article. The first part is a curriculum analysis of the framework surrounding Early Childhood Education and the three year undergraduate program for pre-school teachers in Norway. The analysis leads to a critical discussion on the bias towards Christian values in this framework. The second part of the article is prescriptive, answering the article’s research question. The outline of what a pre-school teacher’s competence on religion should consist of draws on the analysis and critical discussion in the first part. Here, arguments for including perspectives drawn from secular academic Religious studies in the three-year undergraduate program for pre-school teachers are presented. The main argument is that perspectives from Religious studies will ensure equal treatment of all religions and life views, and thus ensure the teaching to be in accordance with international conventions regarding human rights, which Norway are committed to.
Barnefellesskap som demokratisk danningsarena
Authors: Grindheim Liv Torunn
Published: April 2015

Title: The community of peers as an arena for democratic education: What possibilities for participation can be found in play, among peers, in the kindergarten? Abstract: Children’s formal right to participate in the formation of their everyday life in Norwegian kindergartens, has led to several discussions of democracy connected to young children in kindergartens. This article represents an element in these discussions, based on experiences from fieldwork in a Norwegian Kindergarten. The main focus is the playful community of peers and what negotiation of participation is related to, in this community. Four observations of children’s negotiation of participation provide the content and the structure of the article. The aim is to reveal the problematic and various ways children are constructers and also being constructed as citizens in their community of peers.
Fotofloker: Vilkår for barns deltakelse når digitale bilder tas i bruk i barnehagen
Authors: Knudsen Ida Margrethe , Eriksen Ødegaard Elin
Published: April 2015

Title: Photo tangles: Conditions for children’s participation while using digital photos in kindergartenAbstract: What happens when digital photos are used as tools in kindergarten? What conditions do artefacts as digital photos bring on to children's participation and democratic education? This article describes processes and analysis from an exploratory study on the conditions for participation in kindergarten. Three varieties of participation with a potential for democratic practices were identified. Furthermore, the article critically discusses a number of “tangles”; identified risks, in terms of didactic considerations for practical work with digital photos in kindergarten.
"Læring er bare å ta trinn for trinn, det er et langt steg fra begynnelse til slutt": Noen førskolelæreres og grunnskolelæreres beskrivelser av læring og læringsprosesser i barnehage og skole
Authors: Berge Anita
Published: April 2015

Title: Learning is to take it step by step it’s a big step from beginning to the end: Teachers’ descriptions of learningand learning processes in kindergarten and primary schoolAbstract: The purpose of this article is to shed light on how teachers describe learning and the processes of learning in kindergarten and school, by metaphors. How can the metaphors contribute to understand the teachers’ interpretations and constructions of learning? Empirical data are of five preschool teachers and four primary school teachers describing how they understand and experience learning and the learning processes in kindergarten and school. Three main metaphors were identified: metaphor of craft, metaphor of movement and metaphor of balance.
How early and how long?
Authors: Løvgren Mette , Gulbrandsen Lars
Published: April 2015

Abstract: Day care centres have become a normal part of Norwegian childhood, even among quite small children. In 1970 less than 3 per cent of Norwegian children of pre-school were enrolled. At the end of 2009 as much as 70 per cent of children aged 12 to 24 months were enrolled and for 90 per cent of them a full day stay had been arranged. Norwegian children with small children opt for an early start at a day care centre. However, the day care centre employees do not share the same views as the users of the services they provide. Only one third of them express the opinion that children may start at the age of one and have a full day stay at this age. The article discusses this discrepancy between the users and providers of public financed day care.
Svenske førskolelærere om læring i planlegging og praksis relatert til den nasjonale læreplanen
Authors: Alvestad Marit , Berge Anita
Published: April 2015

Artikkelen fokuserer på en studie av svenske førskolelæreres oppfatninger av sider ved egen pedagogisk planlegging og praksis, sett i relasjon til den nasjonale læreplanen. Resultatene fra den kvalitative analysen er presentert i form av kategorier innenfor de to aspektene: læringsaspektet (I) og metode- og kunnskapsaspektet (II). Studien er basert på empiriske data fra dybdeintervjuer med åtte svenske førskolelærere. Til avslutning blir noen hovedresultater i denne studien diskuterte i relasjon til noen av funnene i to uavhengige, men parallelle studier gjennomført på New Zealand og i Norge.