bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Interactions of Carbon and Nitrogen in Liquid Silicon
Authors: Dalaker Halvor , Tangstad Merete
Published: November 2013

The interactions between carbon and nitrogen in liquid silicon have been studied experimentally. High purity silicon was melted in silicon nitride crucibles under an Ar atmosphere with a graphite slab inserted in the crucible prior to melting as a carbon source. The system was thus simultaneously equilibrated with Si3N4 and SiC. Samples were extracted in the temperature range 1695–1798 K and analyzed using Leco.

It was observed that the simultaneous saturation of nitrogen and carbon caused a significant increase in the solubilities of both elements. The interaction parameters were derived as

The solubility of carbon in liquid silicon as a function of temperature and nitrogen content was found to follow:

And the solubility of nitrogen in liquid silicon found to follow:
Body size preferences among young women in five Arab countries: a cross-cultural study
Authors: Musaiger Abdulrahman O.
Published: November 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to highlight body size preferences among university females in five Arab countries.

Methods: The sample comprised 1134 females between 17 and 32 years old from universities in five Arab countries: Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Oman and Syria. A silhouette figure scale was used to examine body size preferences.

Results: There were significant differences between countries regarding female body size preferences (p<0.001) and for preferred body size for men (p<0.001). In general, the university females preferred a thinner body size for themselves than that perceived for men.

Conclusion: There was a drastic change in body size preferences for women from plumpness to thinness. Sociocultural factors may play a role in the differences in the body size preferences between countries.
Practical and Symbolic Geometry in Borromini’s San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
Authors: Hill Michael
Published: November 2013

Leo Steinberg’s doctoral dissertation of 1960 contained an exposé of the complex geometry of Francesco Borromini’s San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, and while his scheme has been the starting point for subsequent interpretations, Joseph Connors points out that the majority of drawings relied upon by Steinberg were in fact reworked by Borromini in the 1660s, after the church was built. The geometrical armature of the 1660s plans must therefore be read with caution, measured against the dimensions of the actual building and the geometry discernible in the drawings of the design stage. Whatever the basis of the geometrical reconstruction, something remains unclear, namely, the rationale of the curvature of the lateral chapels. In Practical and Symbolic Geometry in Borromini’s San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Michael Hill explores the geometrical rationale of the plan, particularly the role of the biangolo, to unlock its developmental sequence. He also argues for the symbolic importance of the biangolo that provides a cue for a consideration of the plan in terms of an epiphanic representation of the Trinity, a characterization that in turn sheds light on the devotion of San Carlo Borromeo, co-dedicatee of the church, as well as the meaning of the normally ignored altarpieces.
Who Deserves Good Schools? Cultural Categories of Worth and School Finance Reform
Authors: Meanwell Emily , Swando Julie
Published: November 2013

From the standpoint of the existing literature on cultural categories of worthiness or deservingness, school funding equalization presents a paradox: why has a reform targeted at morally deserving children been so difficult to enact? This article investigates cultural constructions of worthiness, which have been shown to affect the debate and implementation of social welfare policies, in this new policy arena. The authors analyze newspaper coverage in California and Texas, over multiple time periods, to explore whether and how arguments about deservingness of the policy's beneficiaries appear in debates surrounding school finance reform. The authors find that even though children are widely accepted to be morally worthy, the deservingness of other groups complicates the debate. The deservingness of taxpayers, teachers and administrators, and parents is contested, and can challenge or dilute claims about the deservingness of children. These findings help make sense of the paradoxes of school finance reform by showing how deservingness can still be contested even though the target population is widely accepted to be morally worthy.
Trans-Kin Undoing and Redoing Gender: Negotiating Relational Identity among Friends and Family of Transgender Persons
Authors: Whitley Cameron T.
Published: November 2013

The experiences of transgender persons have gained increased attention in academic discourse; however, few studies address how significant others, family members, friends, and allies (SOFFAs) process the transition of a loved one. This study seeks to fill this gap with research based on 133 observational hours and fifty interviews. Focusing on three relational identity themes—sexual orientation, social role, and religious identity—the findings suggest that SOFFAs use various intentional and unintentional strategies to negotiate relational identities. Furthermore, reflected appraisals and social stigma mediate the ability of SOFFAS to “undo” and “redo” gender when negotiating their relational identities.
Predisposing, Enabling and Reinforcing Factors Associated with Smoking Relapse among Hospital Workers
Authors: Bautista‐Rentero Daniel , Moret‐Tatay Carmen , Chaparro‐Barrios Carolina , Ciancotti‐Oliver Lucia , González‐Steinbauer Cristina , Zanón‐Viguer Vicente
Published: November 2013

Predisposing, Enabling and Reinforcing Factors Associated with Smoking Relapse among Hospital Workers: Daniel BAUTISTA‐RENTERO, et al. Preventive Medicine Service, “Dr. Peset” Hospital, Spain—

Objectives

A better identification of the determinants of smoking relapse among hospital workers would be helpful in development of more effective interventions to decrease the frequency of relapses in this group. The aim of this study was to determine the predisposing enabling, and reinforcing factors associated with smoking relapse among workers at a university hospital.

Methods

This was a case‐control study based on a self‐administered and structured questionnaire. Cases were all those workers who had relapsed after at least 6 months without smoking, and controls were ex‐smokers without relapse for more than 6 months. We obtained the following information: sociodemographic and tobacco consumption characteristics and a list of predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors.

Results

There were 342 respondents: 114 cases and 228 controls. The variables significantly and independently associated with increased risk of relapse were smoking is my vice (OR=4.02), I’ll be able to quit smoking whenever I want (OR=3.43), I have no intention to quit forever (OR=6.02), celebrations (OR=3.93) and weight gain (OR=10.61), while variables associated with lower risk were age (OR=0.88), health‐care worker (OR=0.13), years of abstinence (OR=0.91), smoking is a useless habit (OR=0.19) and illness related to tobacco (OR=0.07).

Conclusions

Health programs against smoking in the hospital setting should include measures aimed at preventing relapse through behavioral support therapies and dietary control with particular attention to changes in factors related to lifestyle and false beliefs (predisposing factors).
What Encourages Sun Protection among Outdoor Workers from Four Industries?
Authors: Janda Monika , Stoneham Melissa , Youl Philippa , Crane Phil , Sendall Marguerite C , Tenkate Thomas , Kimlin Michael
Published: November 2013

What Encourages Sun Protection among Outdoor Workers from Four Industries?: Monika JANDA, et al. School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia—

Objectives

We aimed to identify current practice of sun protection and factors associated with effective use in four outdoor worker industries in Queensland, Australia.

Methods

Workplaces in four industries with a high proportion of outdoor workers (building/construction, rural/farming, local government, and public sector industries) were identified using an online telephone directory, screened for eligibility, and invited to participant via mail (n=15, recruitment rate 37%). A convenience sample of workers were recruited within each workplace (n=162). Workplaces' sun protective policies and procedures were identified using interviews and policy analysis with workplace representatives, and discussion groups and computer‐assisted telephone interviews with workers. Personal characteristics and sun protection knowledge, attitudes and behaviors were collated and analysed.

Results

Just over half the workplaces had an existing policy which referred to sun protection (58%), and most provided at least some personal protective equipment (PPE), but few scheduled work outside peak sun hours (43%) or provided skin checks (21%). Several worker and workplace characteristics were associated with greater sun protection behaviour among workers, including having Received education on the use of PPE (p<0.001), being concerned about being in the sun (p=0.002); and working in a smaller workplace (p=0.035).

Conclusions

Uptake of sun protection by outdoor workers is affected by a complex interplay of both workplace and personal factors, and there is a need for effective strategies targeting both the workplace environment and workers' knowledge, attitudes and behaviors to decrease harmful sun exposure further.
Effect of Finish Line on Marginal Fit of Sintered Gold Copings
Authors: Gwinner Fernanda Pelogia , Bottino Marco Antonio , Nogueira-Junior Lafayete , Bona Alvaro Della
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the vertical marginal gap of sintered gold copings and metal-ceramic crowns with different finish line preparations: a beveled round shoulder (BRS) and a beveled long chamfer (BLC), testing the null hypotheses that there are no differences in marginal gap regardless of finish line and phase of restoration (coping or crown). Stainless steel master models were fabricated to simulate tooth preparation for metal-ceramic crowns with different finish lines (BRS and BLC). Ten dies were obtained from each model. Preparations were coated with 2 layers of spacer to 1 mm from the margin. Sintercast gold copings were prepared, sintered and adjusted to the dies. The copings (n=10) were placed onto the master model and the marginal gap was measured in 24 equidistant points using optical microscopy (X230). An opaque and two body ceramic layers were subsequently applied to the copings and the same measuring procedure was performed for the crowns. The data were analyzed statistically using paired and unpaired Student's t-test (α=0.05). Mean marginal gap values (µm) for the copings and crowns were, respectively: 113.6 and 117.1 for the BRS; and 58.2 and 74.3 for the BLC preparation. Significantly greater marginal gaps (p=0.0307) were found for restorations with BRS than with BLC finish line, which also showed statistically significant differences in the gap size between coping and crown (p=0.001). In conclusion, marginal gap is influenced by ceramic application on copings fabricated on BLC preparation, and greater marginal gaps were found for restorations with BRS finish line, rejecting the experimental null hypotheses.
Linear and Angular Deviations of Implants Placed in Experimental Casts with Stereolithographic Drill Guides Fixed by O'ring Ortho Implant Devices
Authors: Novellino Marcelo Michele , Sesma Newton , Lagana Dalva Cruz , Ferrari Glais
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the introduction of a device, resulting from the combination of an o'ring attachment with an orthodontic implant (o'ring ortho implant, O'ROI), to affix the surgical template of CAD/CAM-guided implant surgery contribute to minimizing the deviations in the position and inclination of implants at the time of their placement. Ten models simulating bone tissue were fabricated and randomly divided into 2 groups: 5 with the scanning and surgical template of the usual technique, representing the Control Group (C), and 5 with scanning and surgical templates fixed by o'ring ortho implants (O'ROI), representing the Test Group (T). Forty implants measuring 4×11 mm were placed in the groups, using the respective templates. The results were evaluated by the fusion of CT images of the planned and placed implants. The locations and axes were compared. There were no statistically significant differences for the angular (Tukey's test F = 1.06 and p = 0. 3124) and linear (ANOVA F = 2.54 and p = 0.11) deviations. However, the angular values of Group T showed a lower standard deviation in comparison with those of Group C. The use of o'ring ortho implants (O'ROI) is able to minimize the angular and linear deviation of implants at the time of their placement.
Onset and Duration Period of Pulpal Anesthesia of Articaine and Lidocaine in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
Authors: Tortamano Isabel Peixoto , Siviero Marcelo , Lee Sara , Sampaio Roberta Moura , Simone Jose Leonardo , Rocha Rodney Garcia
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double blind study was to compare the onset and duration periods of pulpal anesthesia using 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). Thirty subjects received 1.8 mL of each of the three local anesthetic solutions in IANB. Onset and duration periods of pulpal anesthesia were determined using electric pulp stimulation. The mean time of onset of pulpal anesthesia was 8.7, 7.4 and 7.7 min and the mean duration of pulpal anesthesia was 61.8, 106.6 and 88.0 min for 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine, respectively. For onset, there was only a significant difference between 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (p=0.037). For duration, there was significant difference for all the local anesthetic solutions (p≤0.05). In conclusion, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine exhibited faster onset and also had longest duration of pulpal anesthesia in IANB.
Morphological Changes of Condyles and Helkimo Clinical Dysfunction Index in Patients Treated with Herbst - Orthodontic Appliance
Authors: Aidar Luis Antonio de Arruda , Abrahao Marcio , Yamashita Helio K. , Dominguez Gladys Cristina
Published: November 2013

This study evaluated the morphological changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyles and calculated the Helkimo clinical dysfunction index (CDI) in adolescents with Class II Division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrognathism treated with the Herbst appliance (phase I) and fixed orthodontic appliances (phase II). Thirty-two consecutive adolescents underwent phase I, and 23 completed phase II. The TMJs were evaluated qualitatively using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the beginning of treatment (T1), during phase I (T2), at the end of phase I (T3) and at the end of phase II (T4). The CDI was calculated at T1, T3 and T4. From T1 to T3 (p=0.326), there were no changes in condyle morphology in 86.0% of the TMJs. From T3 to T4 (p<0.05) and T1 to T4 (p<0.05), changes occurred in 39.1% and 43.4% of the condyles. No significant changes in CDI occurred from T1 to T3, T3 to T4 and T1 to T4 (p=1.000; 86.6%, 76.2% and 76.2% concordance). After phase I, there were practically no changes in condyle morphology. At the end of phase II, a mild flattening was observed in some condyles. It may be concluded that no significant changes occurred in CDI after both treatment phases.
Radioprotective Effect of Sodium Selenite on Developing Teeth
Authors: Neves Ellen Gaby , Ramos-Perez Flavia Maria de Moraes , Freitas Deborah Queiroz , Boscolo Frab Norberto , Almeida Solange Maria
Published: November 2013

Radioprotective agents like selenium are used to reduce the damage caused by radiation in healthy tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium selenite on the development of the molars of offspring of rats irradiated during odontogenesis. Twenty pregnant rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, irradiated, selenium and selenium/irradiated. The selenium and selenium/irradiated groups received 0.3 mg/kg of sodium selenite at 18 days of pregnancy. The rats of the irradiated and selenium/irradiated groups received a single dose of 4 Gy of X rays on the abdominal region at the 19th day of pregnancy. The offspring was sacrificed at 3 and 4 days after birth for evaluation of the birefringence of the enamel organic matrix, and at 30 days for evaluation of the intercuspal dimensions of the molars. The selenium/irradiated group was similar to the irradiated group with respect to the thickness and irregularity of the enamel organic matrix region in the evaluated birefringence, as the intercuspal dimensions of the molars. In conclusion, sodium selenite had no radioprotective action on the development of the molars of offspring of rats irradiated during odontogenesis and had a toxic effect in the initial time.
Performance assessment of reinforced ballasted rail track
Authors: Indraratna Buddhima , Nimbalkar Sanjay , Neville Tim
Published: November 2013

In coastal Australia, high population density and increased traffic volumes have promoted rapid expansion of urban transportation infrastructure including railways. Coastal soft clays pose significant construction challenges. Therefore, the search for innovative ground improvement techniques imperative for more resilient and sustainable transport infrastructure has become an obvious priority in research and development. Use of artificial inclusions such as polymeric geosynthetics and energy-absorbing shock mats is described in this paper as a suitable alternative for reducing unacceptable track degradation and for ensuring sustainable track alignment. An extensive monitoring programme was undertaken on fully instrumented track sections constructed near Singleton, New South Wales, Australia. Four types of geosynthetics were installed at the ballast–capping interface of track sections located on different types of subgrades. It was found that geogrids could decrease the vertical settlement of the ballast layer with the obvious benefits of improved track stability and decreased cost of maintenance. It was also found that the effectiveness of reinforcing geogrids is greater when the subgrade is soft.
Beach response due to sand nourishment on the east coast of Malaysia
Authors: Shahrizal Ab Razak Mohd , Roelvink Dano , Reyns Johan
Published: November 2013

The Cempedak Bay beach stability assessment was performed by comparing the spatial and temporal pattern of beach variability before and after sand nourishment. The analysis of temporal sand volume patterns shows that the beach has lost about 6% or 10 000 m3 volume of sand which is equivalent to 4 m3/m per year from the nourishment zone over the 2·5-year monitoring period. The present shoreline recession rate is established to be 1·7 m/year (valid for data set of March 2005 to July 2007). The analysis of seasonal changes is assessed through temporal beach volume patterns, which indicate that shoreline variability can be characterised by an alongshore rhythmic pattern of alternating seasonal behaviour. A simple seasonal transport pattern is proposed to account for alternating erosion and accretion. The temporal distribution pattern of beach level changes reveals the existence of a nodal point around 40 to 50 m offshore, which is influenced by the monsoonal system. The spatial distribution of the beach width indicates that the northern beach area is wider whereas the southern beach area experiences lower beach width, which is coincident with the temporal pattern of sand volume and beach profile changes. A slight beach rotation does exist attributed to a seasonal or periodic shift in wave climate, in particular wave direction. The planform stability of the beach is tricky to determine due to model uncertainties, especially the selection of the diffraction point. This baseline study is important towards the development of a process-based model in order to investigate the morphological nearshore behaviour of headland bay beaches.
Factors Associated With a Positive Birth Experience: An Exploration of Swedish Women’s Experiences
Authors: Hildingsson Ingegerd , Johansson Margareta , Karlström Annika , Fenwick Jennifer
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND: The birth of a baby is a powerful life event that has implications for a woman’s well-being and future health. A positive birth experience promotes a sense of achievement, enhances feeling of self-worth, and facilitates confidence—all of which are important for a healthy adaptation to motherhood and psychological growth. Understanding what constitutes a positive birth experience is critical to providing maternity care that meets childbearing women’s individual needs, preferences, and priorities.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of Swedish women reporting a very positive birth experience 2 months and 1 year after childbirth and identify factors associated with this experience. In addition, the study aimed to identify whether women’s assessment of their birth experience changed over time.

METHOD: A prospective, longitudinal study where the main outcome variable was perceptions of a very positive birth experience. The study was undertaken in a Northern region of Sweden in 2007. Women were recruited at their ultrasound examination in midpregnancy. Data was collected via questionnaires. There were 928 women who responded to questions about their birth experience at 2 months postpartum. Nearly 83% of these women (n= 763) also completed the questionnaire package 1 year after birth. Descriptive statistics were used together with Friedman’s test to detect changes over time. Logistic regression analysis was performed to reveal which factors contributed most to a very positive birth experience.

RESULT: More than a third of the women reported a very positive birth experience. Women’s assessment of birth changed over time with 22% of the women becoming more positive and 15% more negative. Important associated factors for a very positive birth experience included positive feelings about the approaching birth as well as feeling in control, using no or only cognitive forms of pain management, and achieving a spontaneous vaginal birth. Furthermore, how women rated their midwifery care was also shown to affect their assessment of their birth experience.

CONCLUSION: This study found that women’s birth experiences changed over time and most becoming more positive after 1 year. Factors associated with a very positive birth experience were related to women’s prenatal attitudes, intrapartum procedures, pain relief used, and care received during labor and birth. Respectful individualized midwifery care that remains focused on the woman and keeping birth normal increases positive perceptions of the birth experience.
Editorial
Authors: Ashley Kevin
Published: November 2013

Kevin Ashley, Chief Editor, introduces Volume 8, Issue 2 (2013) of the International Journal of Digital Curation.
Thermodynamics of the complexation between salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with Cu2+ ion in methanol +1,4-dioxane binary solutions
Authors: Biswas Rashmidipta , Brahman Dhiraj , Sinha Biswajit
Published: November 2013

The complexation reaction between salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone,
abbreviated as STSC, with Cu2+ ion was studied in the binary mixtures of
methanol + 1,4-dioxane binary by using UV-Visible spectrophotometric and
conductometric methods at different temperatures. The formation constants
(Kf) for the 1:1 complex, Cu2+-STSC, were calculated from computer fitting of
the absorbance and molar conductance data against various mole ratios (cM:cL
or cL:cM) in different binary solvent mixtures. A non-linear correlation was
observed for the variation of logKf for the complex against the solvent
compositions. Various thermodynamic parameters (?H, ?S and ?G) for the
formation of Cu2+-STSC complex were also determined from the temperature
dependence of the stability constants (Kf). The results showed that the
complexation reaction is affected by the nature and composition of the mixed
solvents.
Electrocatalysis of the HER in acid and alkaline media
Authors: Danilovic Nemanja , Subbaraman Ram , Strmcnik Dusan , Stamenkovic Vojislav , Markovic Nenad
Published: November 2013

Trends in the HER are studied on selected metals (M= Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Ru, Ir,
Ti) in acid and alkaline environments. We found that with the exception of
Pt, Ir and Au, due to high coverage by spectator species on non-noble metal
catalysts, experimentally established positions of Cu , Ag, Ru and Ti in the
observed volcano relations are still uncertain. We also found that while in
acidic solutions the M-Hupd binding energy most likely is controlling the
activity trends, the trends in activity in alkaline solutions are controlled
by a delicate balance between two descriptors: the M-Had interaction as well
as the energetics required to dissociate water molecules. The importance of
the second descriptor is confirmed by introducing bifunctional catalysts
such as M modified by Ni(OH); e.g. while the latter serves to enhance
catalytic decomposition of water, the metal sites are required for
collecting and recombining the produced hydrogen intermediates.
College and University President Pay and Future Performance
Authors: Parsons Linda M. , Reitenga Austin L.
Published: November 2013

SYNOPSIS

Just as with executive compensation in the corporate environment, the pay of university presidents has come under scrutiny. In this study, we examine the link between the level of abnormal compensation for university presidents in the current period and the subsequent performance of the university. We find that private schools awarding “excess” compensation (relative to schools with similar characteristics) improve their reputation and resources to a greater extent in the next two years than private schools not awarding “excess” compensation. Our results suggest that some portion of what appears to be excess pay in private schools is related to differences in the president's ability to deliver performance changes that would be valued by the university's stakeholders. Specifically, we find that private schools reward improvements in academic quality, but do not reward improvements in the academic environment such as reductions in class size. Conversely, what appears to be excess compensation in public schools is not related to performance metrics that are commonly used by the business press to rank universities, suggesting that performance metrics differ significantly between private and public schools.
Onset and quality of sedation after intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine and hydromorphone in various muscle groups in dogs
Authors: Carter Jennifer E. , Lewis Crace , Beths Thierry
Published: November 2013

Objective—To compare onset time and quality of sedation achieved by IM injection of hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine into either the semimembranosus, cervical, gluteal, or lumbar muscle groups in dogs.

Design—Prospective, randomized, crossover study.

Animals—7 dogs.

Procedures—Each dog was assigned to receive each treatment in random order, and at least 1 week elapsed between treatments. Dogs were sedated with dexmedetomidine and hydromorphone combined and injected IM into the assigned muscle group. An observer unaware of group assignments assessed physiologic variables every 5 minutes for 30 minutes, and a videographic recording was obtained. Recordings were evaluated by 16 individuals who were unaware of group assignments; these reviewers assessed time to onset of sedation and assigned a sedation score to each dog every 5 minutes.

Results—Resting pulse and respiratory rates did not differ among injection site groups. The semimembranosus site had a significantly higher sedation score than all other sites, and the cervical site had a significantly higher sedation score than the lumbar and gluteal sites. The semimembranosus and cervical sites had significantly shorter time to onset of sedation than did the gluteal and lumbar sites.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When the combination of dexmedetomidine and hydromorphone was used to induce sedation in dogs, rapid and profound sedation was achieved with IM injection into the semimembranosus muscle.
Duration of immunity to experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal vaccination of young passively immune calves
Authors: Ellis John A. , Gow Sheryl P. , Mahan Suman , Leyh Randy
Published: November 2013

Objective—To determine whether a combination modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine could stimulate protective immunity in young BRSV-seropositive calves following intranasal administration and determine the duration of clinical immunity.

Design—Controlled challenge study.

Animals—84 dairy calves (3 to 11 days old).

Procedures—Responses to BRSV challenge of seronegative calves vaccinated under licensing trial conditions were compared with those of seropositive calves 2 times after vaccination. In experiment 1, young BRSV-seronegative calves were vaccinated intranasally with a minimum immunizing dose of BRSV and challenged with BRSV approximately 7 weeks later. In experiments 2 and 3, young BRSV-seropositive calves were vaccinated intranasally with a commercially available combination modified-live virus vaccine containing the commercial dose of the BRSV fraction and challenged with BRSV 9 weeks or approximately 14 weeks later, respectively.

Results—In experiments 1 and 2, BRSV-vaccinated calves had significantly higher Pao2, significantly fewer lung lesions, and significantly lower mortality rate than did unvaccinated calves subsequent to BRSV challenge. In contrast, in experiment 3, there were no differences in Pao2, lung lesions, or mortality rate between vaccinated and control calves after BRSV challenge approximately 14 weeks after vaccination. Protected calves in experiment 1 consistently had significant anamnestic mucosal and systemic antibody responses after challenge, whereas in experiments 2 and 3, antibody responses after challenge were more variable.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A combination BRSV vaccine administered intranasally to young calves induced protective immunity in the presence of maternal antibodies. The duration of immune responses induced by intranasal vaccination was short (≤ 4 months). Boosting immunity iatrogenically, or by natural exposure, is probably required to obtain optimal responses to neonatal intranasal vaccination.
Minkowski’s inequality and sums of squares
Authors: Frenkel Péter , Horváth Péter
Published: November 2013

Positive polynomials arising from Muirhead’s inequality, from classical power mean and elementary symmetric mean inequalities and from Minkowski’s inequality can be rewritten as sums of squares.
Finite size effects in epidemic spreading: the problem of overpopulated systems
Authors: Ganczarek Wojciech
Published: November 2013

In this paper we analyze the impact of network size on the dynamics of epidemic spreading. In particular, we investigate the pace of infection in overpopulated systems. In order to do that, we design a model for epidemic spreading on a finite complex network with a restriction to at most one contamination per time step, which can serve as a model for sexually transmitted diseases spreading in some student communes. Because of the highly discrete character of the process, the analysis cannot use the continuous approximation widely exploited for most models. Using a discrete approach, we investigate the epidemic threshold and the quasi-stationary distribution. The main results are two theorems about the mixing time for the process: it scales like the logarithm of the network size and it is proportional to the inverse of the distance from the epidemic threshold.
AdS braneworld with backreaction
Authors: Bilić Neven , Tupper Gary
Published: November 2013

We review the tachyon model derived from the dynamics of a 3-brane moving in the AdS5 bulk. The bulk geometry is based on the Randall-Sundrum II model extended to include the radion. The effective tachyon Lagrangian is modified due to the back-reaction of the brane on the bulk geometry.
Association Between Centralization and Directional Preference and Functional and Pain Outcomes in Patients With Neck Pain
Authors: Edmond Susan L. , Cutrone Guillermo , Werneke Mark , Ward Jason , Grigsby David , Weinberg Jon , Oswald William , Oliver Dave , McGill Troy , Hart Dennis L.
Published: November 2013

Study Design

Retrospective cohort.

Objectives

In subjects with neck pain, the present study aimed (1) to describe the prevalence of centralization (CEN), noncentralization (non-CEN), directional preference (DP), and no directional preference (no DP); (2) to determine if age, sex, fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity, number of comorbid conditions, or symptom duration varies among subjects who demonstrate CEN versus non-CEN and DP versus no DP; and (3) to determine if CEN and/or DP are associated with changes in function and pain.

Background

CEN and DP are prevalent among patients with low back pain and should be considered when determining treatment strategies and predicting outcomes; however, these findings are not well investigated in patients with neck pain.

Methods

Three hundred four subjects contributed data. CEN and DP prevalence were calculated, as was the association between CEN and DP, and age, sex, number of comorbid conditions, fear-avoidance beliefs, and symptom duration. Multivariate models assessed whether CEN and DP predicted change in function and pain.

Results

CEN and DP prevalence were 0.4 and 0.7, respectively. Younger subjects and those with fewer comorbid conditions were more likely to centralize; however, subjects who demonstrated DP were more likely to have acute symptoms. Subjects who centralized experienced, on average, a 3.6-point (95% confidence interval: −0.3, 7.4) improvement in function scores, whereas subjects with a DP averaged a 5.4-point (95% confidence interval: 0.8, 10.0) improvement. Neither CEN nor DP was associated with pain outcomes.

Conclusion

DP and, to a lesser extent, CEN represent evaluation categories that are associated with improvements in functional outcomes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(2):68–75. Epub 21 November 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4632
Trigger Point Dry Needling as an Adjunct Treatment for a Patient With Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder
Authors: Clewley Derek , Flynn Timothy W. , Koppenhaver Shane
Published: November 2013

Study Design

Case report.

Background

Prognosis for adhesive capsulitis has been described as self-limiting and can persist for 1 to 3 years. Conservative treatment that includes physical therapy is commonly advised.

Case Description

The patient was a 54-year-old woman with primary symptoms of shoulder pain and loss of motion consistent with adhesive capsulitis. Manual physical therapy intervention initially consisted of joint mobilizations of the shoulder region and thrust manipulation of the cervicothoracic region. Although manual techniques seemed to result in some early functional improvement, continued progression was limited by pain. Subsequent examination identified trigger points in the upper trapezius, levator scapula, deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles, which were treated with dry needling to decrease pain and allow for higher grades of manual intervention.

Outcomes

The patient was treated for a total of 13 visits over a 6-week period. After trigger point dry needling was introduced on the third visit, improvements in pain-free shoulder range of motion and functional outcome measures, assessed with the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index and the shortened form of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, exceeded the minimal clinically important difference after 2 treatment sessions. At discharge, the patient had achieved significant improvements in shoulder range of motion in all planes, and outcome measures were significantly improved.

Discussion

This case report describes the clinical reasoning behind the use of trigger point dry needling in the treatment of a patient with adhesive capsulitis. The rapid improvement seen in this patient following the initiation of dry needling to the upper trapezius, levator scapula, deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles suggests that surrounding muscles may be a significant source of pain in this condition.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(2):92–101. Epub 21 November 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4915
The Within-Session Change in Low Back Pain Intensity Following Spinal Manipulative Therapy Is Related to Differences in Diffusion of Water in the Intervertebral Discs of the Upper Lumbar Spine and L5-S1
Authors: Beattie Paul F. , Butts Raymond , Donley Jonathan W. , Liuzzo Derek M.
Published: November 2013

Study Design

Single-group, prospective, repeated-measures design with responder analysis.

Objective

To determine differences in the changes in diffusion of water within the lumbar intervertebral discs between participants with low back pain who reported a within-session reduction in pain intensity following a single treatment of spinal manipulative therapy and those who did not.

Background

There is a paucity of research that describes the physiologic events associated with analgesia following intervention for low back pain. Postintervention increases in the diffusion of water within various soft tissues of the spine may be one of many potential mechanisms linked to pain reduction.

Methods

Nineteen adults between 20 and 45 years of age participated in this study. All participants reported low back pain of at least 2 on an 11-point (0–10) verbally administered numeric pain rating scale at the time of enrollment. Participants underwent T2- and diffusion-weighted lumbar magnetic resonance imaging scans immediately before and after receiving a single treatment of spinal manipulative therapy. Individuals who reported a decrease in current pain intensity of more than 2 following treatment were classified as “within-session responders,” and the remainder were classified as “not-within-session responders.” The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), representing the diffusion of water in the nucleus pulposus, was calculated from ADC maps derived from the midsagittal diffusion-weighted images.

Results

Two-way, repeated-measures analyses of variance indicated significant group-by-time interactions. Participants in the within-session-responder group (n = 12) had a postintervention increase in ADC at L1-2 (P = .001), L2-3 (P = .002), and L5-S1 (P = .01) compared to those in the not-within-session-responder group (n = 7). Large effect sizes in ADC between responder groups were observed at L1-2 (d = 1.74), L2-3 (d = 1.83), and L5-S1 (d = 1.49). No significant group-by-time interactions were observed at the L3-4 and L4-5 levels.

Conclusion

Changes in the diffusion of water within the lumbar intervertebral discs at the L1-2, L2-3, and L5-S1 levels appear to be related to differences in within-session pain reports following a single treatment of spinal manipulative therapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(1):19–29. Epub 21 November 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4967
Synthesis of Highly Functionalised 1-Azadienes and Ketenimines by the Reaction of Alkyl Isocyanides and Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates in the Presence of Theophylline Derivatives
Authors: Mosslemin Mohammad Hossein , Shams Nasim , Anaraki-Ardakani Hossein , Yazdani Afshin
Published: November 2013

The 1:1 reactive intermediate generated by the addition of alkyl isocyanides to dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates was trapped by theophylline derivatives as strong NH-acids to yield highly functionalised 1-azadienes and ketenimines.
An Improved Synthesis of Scutellarin-7-O-Glucuronid
Authors: Chen Duo-Zhi , Wu Ting , Zhao Zhao , Lin Xi-Quan , Yang Tao , Yang Jian
Published: November 2013

An eight-step synthesis of scutellarin-7-O-glucuronide via a novel preparation of the intermediate 5,6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone from a chalcone derivative is described. The conditions of certain steps were studied and optimised to give an overall yield of 20%.
The Homocoupling of Arylsulfonylhydrazides by Palladium-Catalysed Desulfonation in Air
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhao Baoli , Li Ke
Published: November 2013

A simple and efficient preparation of biaryl derivatives from arylsulfonyl hydrazides has been developed using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst in a mixed solvent of DMA and THF and without the use of any ligand and base.
Highly Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of (1Z,3E)-2-sulfonyl-3-stannyl-1,3-dienes by hydrostannylation of (Z)-2-sulfonyl-1,3-enynes
Authors: Xie Shiyun , Xu Ji , Yan Tao , Cai Mingzhong
Published: November 2013

The Stille coupling of ( E)-α-stannylvinyl sulfones with alkynyl bromides in DMF in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 and CuI gave ( Z)-2-sulfonyl-1,3-enynes in good yields. ( Z)-2-Sulfonyl-1,3-enynes underwent palladium-catalysed hydrostannylation with tributyltin hydride to afford highly regio- and stereoselectively (1 Z,3 E)-2-sulfonyl-3-stannyl-1,3-dienes.
Challenges Encountered During the Veterinary Disaster Response: An Example from Chile
Authors: Garde Elena , Pérez Guillermo , Acosta-Jamett Gerardo , Bronsvoort Barend
Published: November 2013

Large-scale disasters have immeasurable effects on human and animal communities. Evaluating and reporting on the response successes and difficulties encountered serves to improve existing preparedness documents and provide support to those in the process of developing plans. Although the majority of disasters occur in low and middle income nations, less than 1% of the disaster literature originates from these countries. This report describes a response to a disease outbreak in domestic dogs in Dichato, Chile following the 2010 earthquake/tsunami. With no national plan coordinating the companion animal response, there was a chaotic approach among animal welfare organizations towards rescue, diagnosis, treatment and record-keeping. Similar to the medical response following the 1985 earthquake near Santiago, we experienced problems within our own teams in maintenance of data integrity and protocol compliance. Loss of infrastructure added complications with transportation, communications and acquisition of supplies. Similar challenges likely occur in most disasters, but can be reduced through pro-active planning at national and local levels. There is sufficient information to support the human and animal welfare benefits of including companion animals in national planning, and lessons learned through this and other experiences can assist planners in the development of comprehensive and locally relevant contingency plans.
The Dialogical Jung: Otherness within the Self
Authors: Smythe William
Published: November 2013

This paper explores dialogical currents in Jung’s analytical psychology, with reference to contemporary theories of the dialogical self. The dialogical self is a notion that has gained increasing currency in psychology since the 1990s, in response to the limitations of traditional notions of the self, based on monological, encapsulated consciousness. Modern dialogical self theory construes the self as irrevocably embedded in a matrix of real and imagined dialogues with others. The theme of dialogical otherness within the self is also taken up in Jung’s analytical psychology, both in the practice of active imagination and psychotherapy and in the theory of archetypes, and a dialogical approach to inquiry is evident in Jung’s work from the outset. The implications of a dialogical re-conceptualization of analytical psychology and of analytical psychology for dialogical theory are considered in detail.
Normality in Analytical Psychology
Authors: Myers Steve
Published: November 2013

Although C.G. Jung’s interest in normality wavered throughout his career, it was one of the areas he identified in later life as worthy of further research. He began his career using a definition of normality which would have been the target of Foucault’s criticism, had Foucault chosen to review Jung’s work. However, Jung then evolved his thinking to a standpoint that was more aligned to Foucault’s own. Thereafter, the post Jungian concept of normality has remained relatively undeveloped by comparison with psychoanalysis and mainstream psychology. Jung’s disjecta membra on the subject suggest that, in contemporary analytical psychology, too much focus is placed on the process of individuation to the neglect of applications that consider collective processes. Also, there is potential for useful research and development into the nature of conflict between individuals and societies, and how normal people typically develop in relation to the spectrum between individuation and collectivity.
Let-7 in Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart Development and Cardiovascular Differentiation from Stem Cells
Authors: Bao Mei-Hua , Feng Xing , Zhang Yi-Wen , Lou Xiao-Ya , Cheng Yu , Zhou Hong-Hao
Published: November 2013

The let-7 family is the second microRNA found in C. elegans. Recent researches have found it is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system. Studies have revealed the aberrant expression of let-7 members in cardiovascular diseases, such as heart hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmia, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Let-7 also participates in cardiovascular differentiation of embryonic stem cells. TLR4, LOX-1, Bcl-xl and AGO1 are by now the identified target genes of let-7. The circulating let-7b is suspected to be the biomarker of acute MI and let-7i, the biomarker of DCM. Further studies are necessary for identifying the gene targets and signaling pathways of let-7 in cardiovascular diseases. Let-7 might be a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the research progresses regarding the roles of let-7 in cardiovascular development and diseases.
Oxidative Stress Mechanisms Underlying Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Neurodegeneration in C. elegans
Authors: Chakraborty Sudipta , Bornhorst Julia , Nguyen Thuy , Aschner Michael
Published: November 2013

Oxidative stress is thought to play a significant role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Although it is currently considered a hallmark of such processes, the interweaving of a multitude of signaling cascades hinders complete understanding of the direct role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. In addition to its extensive use as an aging model, some researchers have turned to the invertebrate model Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in order to further investigate molecular mediators that either exacerbate or protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated neurodegeneration. Due to their fully characterized genome and short life cycle, rapid generation of C. elegans genetic models can be useful to study upstream markers of oxidative stress within interconnected signaling pathways. This report will focus on the roles of C. elegans homologs for the oxidative stress-associated transcription factor Nrf2, as well as the autosomal recessive, early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD)-associated proteins Parkin, DJ-1, and PINK1, in neurodegenerative processes.