bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note From the Editors
Authors: Traube Dorian E. , Rice Eric
Published: July 2016

In 2015, the University of Southern California School of Social Work convened the Social Work Innovation Roundtable with the goal of rigorously discussing the role of innovation in social work science and research. We convened a group of senior scholars in the field of social work along with emerging scholars (doctoral students and early career professors or researchers) to debate the practice of innovation, the nature of innovation, and how innovation may move social work forward. We posed the following questions to presenters and discussants: (1) Is innovation the enemy of science? (2) Does innovation have a role in science? and (3) Are innovation and scientific ideas simply different? During the course of 2 days, we argued over different perspectives on science and innovation with our colleagues. Out of those debates, this special issue of Research on Social Work Practice emerged.
Opening-mode micro-cracking in brittle coatings on ductile wires/rods
Authors: He Xin , Chen Fangliang , Yin Huiming
Published: July 2016

A simplified two-dimensional model is presented to simulate periodically distributed micro-cracking in a thin coating fully bonded to an elastoplastic aluminum wire/rod. The alumina coating which is generated by anodic oxidation is treated as an elastic material, while the ductile aluminum wire substrate is characterized by a bi-linear elastoplastic hardening model. An elastoplastic shear lag model is applied to transfer the shearing stress from the substrate layer to the thin coating. When the coated structure is subjected to different applied load, the system will undergo different stress levels and exhibit different cracking stages. Accordingly, explicit solutions corresponding to different loading stages are presented based on a generalized axisymmetric formulation. Finite element simulation is employed to verify the present elastic solution when the applied load is relatively small and the whole system is in the elastic state. Experimental characterization is conducted to validate the present elastoplastic solution when the substrate or interlayer undergoes large deformation. A versatile high-fidelity optical microscope is utilized to check the micro structure of the coating and continuously monitor the fracture development in the coating layer, through which valuable detailed micro-cracking information, such as critical applied load corresponding to crack initiation, crack pattern and crack spacing, is obtained. It shows that the presented fracture model is able to accurately capture the stress and strain distribution in the coated structure and predict the fracture initiation, infilling, and saturation in the thin coating layer.
Cultural Transformation After Implementation of Crew Resource Management: Is It Really Possible?
Authors: Hefner Jennifer L. , Hilligoss Brian , Knupp Amy , Bournique Judy , Sullivan John , Adkins Eric , Moffatt-Bruce Susan D.
Published: July 2016

Crew resource management (CRM) has the potential to improve safety culture and reduce patient safety errors across different hospitals and inherent cultures, but hospital-wide implementations have not been studied. The authors examined the impact of a systematic CRM implementation across 8 departments spanning 3 hospitals and 2 campuses. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) was administered electronically to all employees before CRM implementation and about 2 years after; changes in percent positive composite scores were compared in pre-post analyses. Across all respondents, there was a statistically significant increase in composite score for 10 of the 12 HSOPS dimensions ( P < .05). These significant results persisted across the 8 departments studied and among both practitioners and staff. Consideration of score changes across dimensions reveals that the teamwork and communication dimensions of patient safety culture may be more highly influenced by CRM training than supervisor and management dimensions.
Primary Sellar Rhabdomyosarcoma Arising in Association With a Pituitary Adenoma
Authors: Duncan Virginia E. , Nabors L. Burt , Warren Paula P. , Conry Robert M. , Willey Christopher D. , Perry Arie , Riley Kristen O. , Hackney James R.
Published: July 2016

Intrasellar rhabdomyosarcoma is rare, and when arising in collusion with an unrelated entity, can present a diagnostic pitfall. We describe a case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with right eye ptosis and a pituitary mass, which was resected and diagnosed as atypical pituitary adenoma. Because of residual disease and atypical pathology, the patient received adjuvant radiation. Tumor recurrence was noted after 5 months, and a second resection was performed. Nests of atypical pituitary adenoma cells within an exuberant spindle cell stroma were noted, with areas of presumed radiation necrosis. A second recurrence prompted a third resection. After expert consultation and additional immunohistochemical stains for muscle markers, a diagnosis was rendered of primary rhabdomyosarcoma arising in association with a pituitary adenoma. Despite its rarity, a high index of suspicion for rhabdomyosarcoma arising within a pituitary adenoma should be maintained in cases of atypical pituitary adenoma with a stromal response.
Clear Cell Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Mai Kien T. , Bateman Justin , Djordjevic Bojana , Flood Trevor A. , Belanger Eric C.
Published: July 2016

Clear cell urothelial carcinoma (CCUC) is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC) and its clinical significance has not been well elucidated. Consecutive cases of UC over a period of 5 years were reviewed. Histopathological tumor parameters, including the proportion of tumor cells with clear cell change, and patient outcomes were recorded. Expression of the following immunohistochemical markers was investigated: CK7, CK20, CK5, CD44, and PAX8. We also conducted a review of the literature for case reports/series of CCUC. Ten CCUCs were identified out of a total of 872 cases of UC. The clear cell component was characterized by prominent cytoplasmic membranes and voluminous clear cytoplasm, and accounted for 30% to 90% of the invasive tumor component. Of all the non-CCUC cases reviewed, at least 50% (noninvasive or invasive UC) showed focal areas of clear cell change that accounted for less than 5% of the neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemically, CCUC exhibited positive reactivity for CK5/CD44 (n = 9); CK20 (n = 5), PAX8 (very focal to extensive) (n = 6), and GATA3/CK7 (n = 10). Eight of 10 CCUC were of advanced clinical stage (pT3/pT4) and 6 of 10 experienced tumor recurrence and/or death due to disease. In conclusion, CCUC can be distinguished from non-CCUC by the extensive clear cell change in more than 30% of cells. This variant is associated with rapid progression to muscle invasion and metastasis, with an aggressive clinical course. Expression of CK5/CD44 may represent basal cell features in most CCUC cases, while PAX8 expression is suggestive of mesonephric derivation.
Validating the Hamilton Anatomy of Risk Management–Forensic Version and the Aggressive Incidents Scale
Authors: Cook Alana N. , Moulden Heather M. , Mamak Mini , Lalani Shams , Messina Katrina , Chaimowitz Gary
Published: July 2016

The Hamilton Anatomy of Risk Management–Forensic Version (HARM-FV) is a structured professional judgement tool of violence risk developed for use in forensic inpatient psychiatric settings. The HARM-FV is used with the Aggressive Incidents Scale (AIS), which provides a standardized method of recording aggressive incidents. We report the findings of the concurrent validity of the HARM-FV and the AIS with widely used measures of violence risk and aggressive acts, the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management–20, Version 3 (HCR-20V3) and a modified version of the Overt Aggression Scale. We also present findings on the predictive validity of the HARM-FV in the short term (1-month follow-up periods) for varying severities of aggressive acts. The results indicated strong support for the concurrent validity of the HARM-FV and AIS and promising support for the predictive accuracy of the tool for inpatient aggression. This article provides support for the continued clinical use of the HARM-FV within an inpatient forensic setting and highlights areas for further research.
Biographical Entanglements, Self-Reflexivity, and Transnational Knowledge Production
Authors: Ruokonen-Engler Minna-Kristiina , Siouti Irini
Published: July 2016

The critique of methodological nationalism in the social sciences has posed a theoretical and methodological challenge to qualitative social research. It has forced researchers to reflect on the possibilities and limitations of applying qualitative research methods in their research on transnational social phenomena. We underline the need to examine the influence of the biographical experiences of the researcher on the research process in transnational research settings. We argue that by inducing biographical self-reflection during the research process, it is possible to work out the possible biographical entanglements with the research topic and to reflect their influence on the further development of the research process. In consequence, it is possible to tackle methodologically the “invisible” role of the researcher in the narrative construction of transnational social fields and to show how transnational knowledge production is an intersubjective, relational activity.
Ethical Conundrums in Rural South Africa
Authors: Teman Eric D. , Richard Veronica M.
Published: July 2016

We engage in story- retelling by recounting, reconstructing, and reflecting on our experiences as evaluators in a cross-cultural setting, a South African village. A principal focus on the serendipitous ethical and methodological issues that arose is highlighted. As most ethical dilemmas go, solutions are not clear. Therefore, the authors spend time critically considering the soundness of the decisions that were made, from the lack of diversity of the research team, to the ways we interacted with local citizens, to research design issues. We share our thoughts through a confessional tale via research poetry.
Working Across Contexts: Practical Considerations of Doing Indigenist/Anti-Colonial Research
Authors: Hart Michael A. , Straka Silvia , Rowe Gladys
Published: July 2016

Although Indigenous scholars have been documenting Indigenous research methodologies, little has been written on the practical considerations of doing research across Indigenous/Settler contexts. As a small social work research team (two Cree researchers and one Settler) exploring Indigenous aging, our work crossed several contexts: academic and community, social locations within the team, and epistemes. Centering the research on an Indigenist, anti-colonial framework allowed us to highlight and correct for colonial power dynamics throughout the project. By enacting Indigenism together, we found that Indigenous and Settler researchers can create a space of deep learning and knowledge co-creation with communities. However, this work was challenging, risky, and at times difficult. Learning to navigate some of these complexities required ongoing attention to our relational accountabilities. We detail lessons learned from each of our perspectives, concluding with implications, community obligations, and directions for future research.
Riding the Lines and Overwriting in the Margins
Authors: Lenters Kimberly
Published: July 2016

This case study examines the multimodal literacy practices of 11-year-old Nigel as he plays with assemblages of people, objects, and practices in his storywriting. The study asks “How does following the seemingly off-task multimodal literacy practices of one pre-adolescent youth across his home-community-school terrain provide insight into contemporary literacy learning and instruction?” Using assemblage theory, the article maps a period in time, the early months of his fifth-grade experience, when one boy approached the literacies privileged in his classroom with what appeared to be a certain amount of disregard, while engaging in personal literacy practices that were both rich and, at times, subversive. The analysis maps the people, signs, material objects, events, and places in the unfolding of Nigel’s play with two symbolic figures, the line rider and the stick man. Viewed across time and place, Nigel’s textual and embodied play with these figures demonstrate ways a young adolescent, fully immersed in and engaged with his digital and material world, “overwrites” official texts and produces rich stories that go unnoticed by the adults around him. This unfolding took place in unpredictable ways, and as it occurred, literacy practices that brought intellectual and visceral engagement, pleasure and pride, and agentive recourse to Nigel in his practice of literacy came into focus. The emergence of Nigel’s inscriptions across multiple terrains provides insight into ways in which a socio-material perspective, with its focus on the role of affect and the body, may assist us in re-thinking multimodal writing development.
Public-sector Unions and Government Policy
Authors: Crowley George R. , Beaulier Scott A.
Published: July 2016

Recent events, including the failed recall of Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker and the Chicago teachers strike, have shed light on the relationship between state fiscal policy and public-sector union power. While a literature has developed focusing on various aspects of the link between public-sector unions and government policy, scholars have yet to reach consensus. In most cases, public-sector unions have multiple tools they can use to influence policy. We find that union political contributions and collective bargaining are associated with higher incomes for state and local employees and with higher public employment, both across state and local governments overall as well as within the education sector. We also find relatively little evidence that union activity influences total spending.
Nonlinear free and forced vibration analysis of embedded functionally graded sandwich micro beam with moving mass
Authors: Arefi M , Pourjamshidian M , Ghorbanpour Arani A
Published: July 2016

In this study, nonlinear free and forced vibration analysis of an embedded functionally graded sandwich micro-beam with a moving mass is investigated. The velocity of moving mass is assumed constant. The structure is resting on nonlinear Pasternak foundation. The governing equation of motion is obtained using Hamilton's principle based on the Euler–Bernouli model with considering nonlinear terms in strain–displacement relation. Strain gradient elasticity theory is used to model the small scale effects. The micro-beam contains a homogenous core and two integrated functionally graded face-sheets. Mechanical properties except Poisson ratio are assumed to be variable based on the power-law distribution along the thickness direction. Galerkin's decomposition technique is implemented to convert nonlinear partial differential equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Multiple times scale method is applied to derive closed form approximate solution for free and forced vibration and nonlinear natural frequencies of the micro-beams. Accuracy of the obtained results using current issue may be justified by comparing with those obtained by existing results of the literature. The effect of some important parameters such as length scale parameter, power gradient index, nonlinear elastic foundation, aspect ratio, position, and velocity of moving mass and boundary conditions is studied on the various responses of the micro-beam such as nonlinear natural frequency, frequency response, and force–response curves.
Networking in education: From concept to action – An analytical view on the Educational Territories of Priority Intervention (TEIP) in Northern Portugal
Authors: Silva Marisa , da Silva Sofia Marques , Araújo Helena C
Published: July 2016

This article presents an analysis of school principals’ perspectives on networking concerning schools and school clusters from areas of social vulnerability (Educational Territories of Priority Intervention (TEIP)) in Northern Portugal. The meanings, purpose, benefits and difficulties of networking in education are examined, based on interviews with school principals. The concept of networking has a theoretical, conceptual and methodological organising function. The data show that networking, partnership and collaboration are used similarly when considering the work inside the school and between schools, as well as with the outside community. Networking is viewed as crucial for the school, and benefits are underlined both for the school and for students and teachers. The culture of isolation and individualism in teachers’ work is a challenge schools face. Although there is a wide recognition of the value of networking in education, there is an equally wide and diverse perspective on it as well as on strategies to implement it.
Does receiving care in a medical home reduce racial/ethnic disparities in ED visits among children with asthma in the United States?
Authors: Lin Susan X , Younge Richard G , Kleinman Lawrence C
Published: July 2016

Evidence has shown the implementation of medical home model improves care quality and outcomes. However, it is not clear whether receiving care from a medical home has any impact on racial/ethnic disparities in emergency department (ED) use by children with asthma. This study using the US National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, 2009–2010, estimated racial/ethnic disparities in ED use. Generalized liner models were used to examine factors associated with ED use. Racial/ethnic differences in ED use were attenuated after adjusting for socio-economic variables. Ratios of prevalence ratios were calculated to examine the effect modification of medical home on ED use associated with race/ethnicity. The adjusted prevalence ratio of ED use of the Black to non-Hispanic White was 1.51 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36–1.67) with medical home and 1.35 (95% CI: 1.24–1.47) without medical home. Among those with care from a medical home Latino children had higher ED use compared with White children. There is no evidence that the self-reported care from a medical home narrows the gaps in ED use between non-Hispanic White and Black or Latino children with asthma.
The construction of grievable death: Toward an analytical framework for the study of mediatized death
Authors: Morse Tal
Published: July 2016

Death generates rituals that organize the social world and bring to the fore the relational ties individuals have with one another. The media not only constitute the space where some of these death rituals take place but also are pivotal institutions that provide moral orientation. This article is interested in death-related media rituals and the extent to which these propose a way for individuals to situate themselves within a broader, social and political structure. Inspired by Judith Butler’s discussion of grievability, the article introduces the analytics of mediatized grievability, which offers a way of studying and analyzing news about death. This analytical framework unpacks the notion of grievability and accounts both for the properties of mediatized death rituals and for the moral principles embedded in these. The framework offers a systematic method of analyzing news about death and identifying the ethical solicitation such news addresses to its spectators with regard to how they should feel and act in situations of distant death.
Experimental and numerical studies on a test method for damage diagnosis of stay cables
Authors: An Yonghui , Zhong Yue , Tan Yanbin , Ou Jinping
Published: July 2016

To diagnose the state of stay cables, a vibration-based model-free damage diagnosis method of stay cables using the changes in natural frequencies is further proposed and validated. The structural frequency is rapidly and easily acquired; moreover, it is simple and reliable for damage diagnosis. The frequency would change after the stay cable is damaged, so the frequency change could be used as the damage index. However, the stay cables are very long in long-span cable-stayed bridges, and their frequencies are very small; the frequency change due to small damage of the stay cable would be submerged by the surrounding noise and error of parameter identification process. A temporary diagonal steel bar–based method is used to solve this issue. The steel bar is installed with one end on the stay cable close to the bottom anchor head and the other end on the bridge deck; thus, the stay cable is divided into a short part and a long part by the steel bar. The frequency of a stay cable with a given tension force increases with the decrease in its length; according to the qualitative analysis, the frequency of the short part increases dramatically, and the local frequency change of the short part due to the same damage in the whole stay cable is amplified dramatically; thus, the small damage of a stay cable can be diagnosed easily. Numerical simulations of a stay cable selected from a cable-stayed bridge and a laboratorial stay cable are used to validate the method and also give a recommended rule for design of the temporary diagonal steel bar; experimental validation has also been conducted. All the results indicate that the proposed method works very well in damage diagnosis of stay cables. The proposed method is an output-only, model-free, fast and economical damage diagnosis method for stay cables.
A monitoring-mining-modeling system and its application to the temperature status of the Xiluodu arch dam
Authors: Hu Yu , Liang Guohe , Li Qingbin , Zuo Zheng
Published: July 2016

Knowledge of the concrete temperature of a dam is necessary for the implementation of improved construction methodologies. A monitoring-mining-modeling system is proposed in this article to study the thermal state of a super high arch dam in China. The monitoring-mining-modeling system includes an in situ monitoring network setup, data mining methods, and numerical finite element analysis. Two engineering cases are surveyed in detail using monitoring-mining-modeling system. The first case is the long-term temperature rise phenomenon, whose cause is determined from the data mining result, and the numerical modeling of the external boundary condition is improved using the result. The modeling result then shows that the effect of the TRP is also a dangerous factor for the deformation and stress state of the dam. The second case is the performance of cooling pipes. The energy absorption capability of the cooling pipes is revealed by the data mining result, as well as the performance difference between high-density polyethylene and iron pipes. The numerical modeling result shows good agreement with the monitored result, which demonstrates the closed-loop validity of the monitoring-mining-modeling system.
Sustainable building strategies on regional scale: Proposal for the Valencian region in Spain
Authors: Alonso Monterde M. , Gómez Lozano V. , Guillén Guillamón I. , Higón Calvet J. , López-Jiménez P. A.
Published: July 2016

The regulatory framework established by the new European Directive on Building Energy Efficiency requires the implementation of measures to reduce energy consumption and increase the use of renewable sources. Therefore, efficiency improvement implies a reduction of energy demand in buildings, combined with improved performance of passive systems that provide smarter energy saving solutions. These actions have the potential to improve the benchmark of the entire performance, particularly when prioritizing renewable energy sources. At the regional scale, it is necessary to consider environmental conditions during the initial building design to develop smarter buildings with smaller carbon emissions. To address this issue, some Sustainable Building Strategies are proposed on regional scale, methodologically applied to Valencian Community (Spain). This methodology is the outcome of considering local and regional environmental conditions with comfort climograms, allowing designers to recommend passive strategies for correcting thermal discomfort inside buildings. The recommendation process depends on the detailed analysis of the local conditions of each site, i.e. sunlight exposure, radiation values, wind patterns, existence of obstacles, etc. In summary, the here described methodology allows designers to select the best strategies according to the climatic and geographical conditions of each location, thus, helping them to plan smarter buildings.
Experimental characterizations of laser cladding of iron- and nickel-based alloy powders on carbon steel 1045 for remanufacturing
Authors: Xu Mingsan , Jiang Jibin , Li Bingbing , Cong Weilong , Zhang Dongdong
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this investigation is to test the laser cladding of different alloy powders onto 1045 medium-carbon steel substrates for parts remanufacturing. The types of alloy powder, laser output powers, and scanning speeds are selected as influencing factors to conduct laser cladding experiments with orthogonal design on the carbon steel 1045 substrate. Bonding shear strength and microhardness of the cladding layer and the substrate are tested and analyzed. The high resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are also used to analyze cladding layers, microstructures, and elements. The experimental results show that a good metallurgical bond is formed between the cladding layer and the substrate without porous cracks and other defects. Shear stress intensity of nickel-based powder is two to three times higher than that of substrate material, while iron-based powder is five times higher than the substrate material. The type of the powder is the most significant factor and laser power is the least. The hardness of outer cladding layer is higher than that of bonding section and inner section. In the heat-affected zone, hardness is higher than that of the substrate material.
Beyond the ‘other’ as constitutive outside: The politics of immunity in Roberto Esposito and Niklas Luhmann
Authors: Richter Hannah
Published: July 2016

This article re-conceptualises the ‘constitutive outside’ through Roberto Esposito’s theory of immunity to detach it from Laclau and Mouffe’s political antagonism. It identifies Esposito’s thought as an innovative epistemological perspective to dissolve post-ontological political theories of community from the intertwinement with a foundational self/other dialectic. Esposito shows how a community can sustain its relations through introversive immunisation against a primarily undefined outside. But it is argued that his theory of immunity slips back to a vitalist depth ontology which ultimately de-politicises the construction of the communal outside. This article draws on Niklas Luhmann’s immunity theory to resituate immunisation in the political production of social connectivity. Following Luhmann, politics relies on immunisation through contradictions to reproduce its functional role as a decision-making institution, but is at the same time constantly exposed to potential rupture through the political openness immunity introduces. Through Esposito and Luhmann, this article identifies the relationship between a social inside and its outside as open-ended and secondary to an introversive process of socio-political self-differentiation. It can involve, but does epistemologically necessitate, the construction of an external other.
The compliance of Iraqi pharmacists with ethical principles in applying the pharmaceutical care for diabetic patients
Authors: Mikhael Ehab Mudher , Al-Tukmagi Haydar F
Published: July 2016

Pharmacists play a central role in caring of diabetic patients. During patient-centered care, important ethical issues and conflicts may arise, which makes ethical skills for pharmacist important toward conflict-resolution so this study aimed to assess compliance of Iraqi pharmacists with ethical principles while providing their care to diabetic patients. A cross sectional study by a validated questionnaire format was given to a convenient sample of 95 community pharmacists in Baghdad—Iraq. The questionnaire assesses the ethical practices of each pharmacist by using indirect questions through a simulated case which is commonly encountered in private pharmacies in Iraq. Most participated pharmacists failed to respect patient autonomy and they are not encouraging their patients to participate in decision making about their treatment. Participated pharmacists also failed in applying ethical principle of veracity during educating the patient about serious drug side effects. Furthermore most pharmacists had financial conflict of interests that undermine the pharmacist ability to fulfill the primary professional and ethical obligation to ensure patient's beneficence, justice and autonomy. Meanwhile most participated pharmacist may be good in maintaining their professional competence, yet the majority failed to develop their competence by keeping their knowledge up to-dated. In conclusion pharmacists failed to apply ethical principles during their usual care for diabetic patients.
The Use of an Eight-Step Instructional Model to Train School Staff in Partner-Augmented Input
Authors: Senner Jill E. , Baud Matthew R.
Published: July 2016

An eight-step instruction model was used to train a self-contained classroom teacher, speech-language pathologist, and two instructional assistants in partner-augmented input, a modeling strategy for teaching augmentative and alternative communication use. With the exception of a 2-hr training session, instruction primarily was conducted during naturally occurring lessons in a self-contained classroom. All staff increased modeling on students’ speech-generating devices between pre- and post-test measures across activities.
Endovascular Repair of Ruptured Infected Arteries as a Temporizing Measure Versus Destination Therapy
Authors: Shahi Niti , Kwon Jeontaik J. , Arosemena Mariano , Salvatore Dawn M. , DiMuzio Paul J. , Abai Babak
Published: July 2016

Objective:

Mycotic rupture of the arteries is a rare but deadly disorder. Current management typically involves open surgical repair. However, endovascular repair is a potential treatment that can be used to delay open repair, especially in acutely unstable patients. A case report and review of the literature was conducted to determine whether endovascular therapy could be a destination therapy for patients with arterial rupture secondary to infection.

Methods:

We present the case of a 72-year-old man with a left common iliac artery aneurysm rupture secondary to Salmonella infection treated with endovascular therapy upon initial presentation. A literature review of PubMed yielded 29 patients with ruptured aortic and iliac infected aneurysms that were initially treated with endovascular repair.

Results:

Majority of the patients (76.7%, 23 of 30) were successfully treated with the endovascular treatment and did not require open revision. These patients were often placed on long-term antibiotics.

Conclusion:

The literature review supports endovascular repair with a stent graft as a temporizing measure for infected ruptured arteries in an emergent setting and, in select cases, as a destination therapy.
Successes and Challenges in Recruiting and Retaining Gang Members in Longitudinal Research
Authors: Eidson Jillian L. , Roman Caterina G. , Cahill Meagan
Published: July 2016

Members of hidden or hard-to-survey populations present challenges to social scientists seeking to engage them in empirical studies, especially if those efforts are longitudinal. In this article, we document the retention-related successes and failures of a longitudinal, social network-based study of active and desisting street gang members in Philadelphia, PA, and the District of Columbia. A purposive sample was used to identify and track 229 gang members at three points in time over 2 years to explore how the social networks of gang members change. Although gang members have many factors in common with other hidden populations, their criminal behavior and involvement with the justice system, coupled with the sensitivity of the social network survey questions for this study, created hurdles to maintaining research contact over time. With continued and systematic documentation of successes and challenges, academics can build an extensive backdrop from which to continue to study gang youth. If the field cannot devise cost-effective and transferable ways to study gangs beyond single-gang ethnographies, it will limit its understanding of important processes related to gang behavior, including gang joining and desistance.
Training Change Agents in CTA to Bring Health Care Transformation to Scale
Authors: Potworowski Georges , Green Lee A.
Published: July 2016

Primary care medical practice is in a period of transformational change. Practices have limited capacity to cope with this transformation. Thousands of practices require support, and any intervention must both scale to that level and be usable by practices with limited change capacity. Various organizations train practice facilitators (PFs) to help with this transformation. We developed a training program for PFs to learn the basics of cognitive task analysis (CTA) to analyze and advise practices and to help them transform by improving macrocognitive functions. The training program comprised preparatory readings and 14 hr of didactic sessions and guided exercises over 2 days. That preparation was followed by a three-interview progression under actual field conditions: seconding for an experienced lead interviewer, leading with an experience interviewer as second, and leading with another PF as second. The data collection, analysis, and reporting are highly structured, tailored to the constraints of primary care, and scalable. Early experience with practices in Alberta indicates the resulting CTA reports to have significant impact. PFs have spontaneously transferred their use of CTA skills to other areas of their facilitation work.
Adaptive neural network–based synchronized control of dual-axis linear actuators
Authors: Mao Wei-Lung , Suprapto  , Hung Chung-Wen
Published: July 2016

Synchronized motion control with high accuracy becomes very essential part in industry. Due to some possible effect such as unknown disturbance or unmatched system model, it is difficult to obtain the precision of synchronous control using the conventional proportional–integral control method with parallel architecture. The adaptive compensator must be employed to eliminate tracking errors. The objective of this research is to propose the modified cross-coupling architecture using single-neuron proportional–integral controller and a synchronous compensator for dual-axis linear actuator. The single-neuron proportional–integral control strategy with delta learning algorithm can adjust the weighting coefficients of controllers to provide the robustness for each single-axis DC linear actuator system. A back-propagation neural network compensator is designed to adaptively reduce position and velocity errors between the two-axis servo systems. Both simulation and experimental results are developed to demonstrate that the synchronous position tracking performances in terms of root mean square error and sum of absolute error can be substantially improved, and the robustness to linear actuator uncertainties can be obtained as well. The proposed coupling strategy which uses the microchip platform and pulse–width modulation control technique is realized and implemented, and the synchronization performances to external disturbance load are illustrated by several experimental results.
A multibody dynamic model of the drilling system with drilling fluid
Authors: Ma Yanhui , Hong Difeng , Cheng Zaibin , Cao Yanfeng , Ren Gexue
Published: July 2016

This article is intended to present a multibody dynamic model of the drilling system, consisting of drillstring and drilling fluid. The drillstring is a complex rigid–flexible coupling system, including rigid bodies, Euler–Bernoulli beam elements, constraints and dynamic loads, and its dynamic model is established using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation. The drilling fluid, composed of internal, annulus, and under-bit fluids, is modeled as one-dimensional compressible fluid; the relative flow of the drilling fluid is modeled using the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian description; the force of the drillstring acting on the drilling fluid is introduced through the drilling fluid transport motion; meanwhile, the reaction force acting on the drillstring is taken as an external load. The contact between the drillstring and drilling fluid is simulated based on Hertz contact theory, and the rock penetration model is built based on the rock-breaking velocity equation. Based on this model, the coupled vibration of the drillstring and the effects of the drilling fluid flow rate and density on the drilling process are investigated through several examples.
An algorithm to evaluate implementation cost for liveness-enforcing supervisors designed by deadlock prevention policy
Authors: Li Shaoyong , Xiao Xingda , Cai Ying , Ma Bingshan , Hou Caiqin , Han Xilian
Published: July 2016

Deadlock prevention policy is widely used to design the liveness-enforcing supervisors because of its advantage that deadlocks are considered and solved in design and planning stages for flexible manufacturing systems modeled with Petri nets. However, how to evaluate the implementation cost of these liveness-enforcing supervisors is not done in the existing literature. This article proposes an algorithm to evaluate the implementation cost performance of different liveness-enforcing supervisors designed by deadlock prevention policy. By designing a multiple objective linear programming problem associated with two parameters (denoted as f1 and f2) to characterize the corresponding implementation costs for the added control places and the related input and out transitions and control arcs, the proposed algorithm first obtains the variable regions of f1 and f2 And then a satisfactory level coefficient (denoted as [Formula: see text]) concentrating on the optimal compromise solutions of f1 and f2 (denoted as f1* and f2*) is solved by a linear programming problem. As a result, the implementation cost performance of the corresponding liveness-enforcing supervisor can be indicated conveniently on the basis of the values of [Formula: see text], f1*, and f2*. The practical potential of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated via a theoretical analysis and several widely used examples from the existing literature.
Design and modeling of a multi-pole and dual-gap magnetorheological brake with individual currents
Authors: Wu Jie , Jiang Xuezheng , Yao Jin , Li Hua , Li Zhaochun
Published: July 2016

In this study, a novel magnetorheological brake with multi-pole and dual-gap configuration is presented to increase not merely the torque output but also the range of controllable transmission torque while maintaining a compact structure. In addition, the proposed magnetorheological brake design features several individual coils, and lower power consumption for a desired torque output could be obtained by properly controlling the input currents in those coils. Theoretical research has been done in order to reveal the relationship between the novel structure and the output torque and obtain the mathematical formulas of the output torque. Then, based on the theoretical research, finite element analysis was performed to optimize the structure, analyze the magnetic field distribution, and evaluate the capability of the designed magnetorheological brake. Finally, an optimization was performed to obtain the minimum power consumption for a desired torque. The results show that the proposed magnetorheological brake can generate a considerable torque density in its dimensions while maintaining controllable power consumption by individual input currents.
Degradation feature extraction of the hydraulic pump based on high-frequency harmonic local characteristic-scale decomposition sub-signal separation and discrete cosine transform high-order singular entropy
Authors: Sun Jian , Li Hongru , Xu Baohua
Published: July 2016

Hydraulic pump degradation feature extraction is a key step of condition-based maintenance. In this article, a novel method based on high-frequency harmonic local characteristic-scale decomposition sub-signal separation and discrete cosine transform high-order singular entropy is proposed. In order to reduce noises and other disturbances, the vibration signal is processed by the local characteristic-scale decomposition modified by the high-frequency harmonic. Sub-signal with sensitive information is obtained by blind source separation of the selected intrinsic scale components. Furthermore, the discrete cosine transform high-order spectral analysis algorithm is proposed to extract singular entropies of Shannon and Tsallis to be the degradation features of the hydraulic pump. Analysis of the hydraulic pump experiment demonstrates that the proposed method is feasible and effective in indicating the performance degradation of the hydraulic pump.
An improved particle filtering algorithm for aircraft engine gas-path fault diagnosis
Authors: Wang Qihang , Huang Jinquan , Lu Feng
Published: July 2016

In this article, an improved particle filter with electromagnetism-like mechanism algorithm is proposed for aircraft engine gas-path component abrupt fault diagnosis. In order to avoid the particle degeneracy and sample impoverishment of normal particle filter, the electromagnetism-like mechanism optimization algorithm is introduced into resampling procedure, which adjusts the position of the particles through simulating attraction–repulsion mechanism between charged particles of the electromagnetism theory. The improved particle filter can solve the particle degradation problem and ensure the diversity of the particle set. Meanwhile, it enhances the ability of tracking abrupt fault due to considering the latest measurement information. Comparison of the proposed method with three different filter algorithms is carried out on a univariate nonstationary growth model. Simulations on a turbofan engine model indicate that compared to the normal particle filter, the improved particle filter can ensure the completion of the fault diagnosis within less sampling period and the root mean square error of parameters estimation is reduced.
Structural changes in periodontium of rats exposed to a low concentration of hydrogen sulfide for 50 days
Authors: Yeler Defne Yalcin , Hocaoglu Turgay , Koraltan Melike , Aydin Murat , Gul Mehmet , Gul Semir
Published: July 2016

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of H2S inhalation at a low concentration (at human equivalent dose of pathologic halitosis) on rat periodontium over a long term (50 days). The threshold level of pathologic halitosis perceived by humans at 250 ppb of H2S was converted to rat equivalent concentration (4.15 ppm). Rats in the experimental (H2S) group (n = 8) were exposed to H2S continuously but not the control rats (n = 8). After 50 days, periodontal tissue samples were taken from the mandibular first molar region and examined histopathologically to determine inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI), osteoblastic activities, number of osteoclasts, and resorption lacunae.

Sulcular epithelium layer destruction was observed in the H2S group. Frequency of ICI was significantly higher in the H2S group compared to the control group ( P <0.05). The number of osteoclasts were found significantly higher in the H2S group (34.28 ± 3.28) compared to the control group (8.85 ± 1.85) ( P <0.05) and the number of resorption lacunae were also higher in the cementum tissue (6.1 ± 2.4) and alveolar bone (3.8 ± 1.5) versus their corresponding control groups (1.6 ± 0.5 and 1.4 ± 0.5, respectively) ( P <0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to osteoblastic activity. H2S inhalation induces inflammatory changes in the periodontium as well as resorption of the alveolar bone and cementum tissue in rats. These histopathologic changes in periodontal tissues support the idea that long-term H2S inhalation may have a destructive effect on periodontal tissues.
The Free Press: Necessary Illusions
Authors: Charney John
Published: July 2016

This article claims that the relevance of the ‘truth argument’ to free speech theory is based on an illusion. According to some critical perspectives this illusion consists in the false belief that a free press is a proper means for the mediation of social reality. The Critique of the Political Economy of the Press attributes it to the modes of production of the press in capitalist systems. Some cultural theorists, on the other hand, claim that the press cannot adequately represent reality because reality is non-representable. Building upon but superseding these approaches, this article affirms that the illusion of the free press is not merely a false idea of what the press really is. The illusion is – in contrast – an epistemological necessity: we need the illusion of a free press in order to retain the belief of a correspondence between the world that appears through the press and that same world as it is in itself.
Incidence and risk factors of intracranial aneurysm: A national cohort study in Korea
Authors: Kim Tackeun , Lee Heeyoung , Ahn Soyeon , Kwon O-Ki , Bang Jae Seung , Hwang Gyojun , Kim Jeong Eun , Kang Hyun-Seung , Son Young-Je , Cho Won-Sang , Oh Chang Wan
Published: July 2016

Background

Estimations of the intracranial aneurysm incidence require long-term follow-up of a relatively large at-risk population; as a result, the incidence remains largely unknown.

Aims

To investigate the national incidence of intracranial aneurysm in a Korean population.

Methods

After excluding 18,604 potential subjects with a previous history of stroke (I6x.x), 998,216 subjects were included in this observational cohort. The primary endpoint was the earliest date of diagnosis of either unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA; I67.1) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH; I60.x). We collected anthropometric data, blood pressure measurements, laboratory data, and smoking, drinking, and physical exercise habits of 132,355 subjects for whom healthcare screening data were available. Factors influencing intracranial aneurysm were evaluated via multivariate Cox regression.

Results

The overall observation size was 8,792,214 person-years. During follow-up, 4346 subjects were diagnosed with intracranial aneurysm (SAH, 1960; UIA, 2386). The crude incidence of intracranial aneurysm was 49.4/100,000 person-years. The hazard ratio for women was 1.56 ( p < 0.01), and older subjects had an increased hazard ratio. Subjects with hypertension had an approximately 1.5-fold higher risk of intracranial aneurysm. A history of heart disease and family history of stroke were associated with respective hazard ratios of 2.08 and 1.77.

Conclusions

In this Korean population study, the standardized incidence of intracranial aneurysm was 52.2/100,000 person-years. Older age, female sex, hypertension, history of heart disease, and family history of stroke were independent risk factors for intracranial aneurysm.
The neglected needs of care leavers in the criminal justice system: Practitioners’ perspectives and the persistence of problem (corporate) parenting
Authors: Fitzpatrick Claire , Williams Patrick
Published: July 2016

The link between experiences of care and criminal justice systems is well documented, yet curiously neglected in policy and practice. While the over-representation of care leavers in the justice system is often taken as given, there has been negligible change in policy and practice that appropriately responds to the needs of these individuals. Drawing on interviews with practitioners, this article highlights a series of organizational and institutional barriers to implementing a unique intervention. More broadly, such barriers contribute to the persistence of care(less) practice, facilitating the neglect of care leavers’ needs to a system dominated by risk. It is argued that the continued inertia within this area can only be construed as practice negligence and an affront to justice.