bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Meaning of Time-Related Concepts across the Life-Span: An Israeli Sample
Authors: Lomranz Jacob , Friedman Ariella , Gitter George , Shmotkin Dov , Medini Gedon
Published: May 2005

Three-hundred-thirty-eight Israeli participants rated five time-related concepts on Semantic Differential Scales. Participants constituted six, age-based, groups, representing different life stages: childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood, late adulthood, and old age. The concepts rated were: time, past, present, and future. In addition, each group rated its own life stage. Results were analyzed in terms of the relationship between age and attributed meaning of these concepts, as denoted by the three Semantic Differential dimensions: evaluation, potency, and activity. The results indicate that people of different ages differ significantly in the way they construe most of the time-related concepts. Past ratings show a significant tendency to increase with progressive age, while future ratings decrease with progressive age. The ratings of present tend to remain stable across the life-span, and the ratings of life stages are significantly lower in older groups as compared to the younger ones. Results are discussed in light of developmental processes, the role that meaning of time-related concepts play in psychological adjustment, and methodological aspects.
Rural/Urban Elderly and Siblings: Their Value Consensus
Authors: Suggs Patricia K. , Kivett Vira R.
Published: May 2005

Consensus is the level of agreement about life felt among kin and has been identified as a dimension of family solidarity with important implications for the family network. This investigation studied the factors contributing to the consensus between older adults (age sixty-five and older) and the sibling with whom they had the most contact. Respondents ( N = 275) lived in a rural/urban area. Seven independent variables were entered into a multiple-regression model to determine their relative importance to consensus of the sibling relationship. Results showed that 7 percent of the variance in consensus could be explained. Filial expectations, educational disparity, and the brother/sister link were the only variables of relative importance to older adult/sibling consensus. There was greater consensus when there were fewer expectations of the sibling, similarity of educational backgrounds, and when the respondent was male and his sibling was female. Brother/sister and brother/brother links, residential proximity, communication by mail or telephone, helping behaviors, and marital status were of no relative importance to consensus. The results suggest that factors previously found to be associated with intergenerational consensus may vary in their importance to intragenerational consensus.
Individual Interventions to Prevent Drunk Driving: Types, Efficacy, and a Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Shore Elsie R. , Compton Kristi L.
Published: May 2005

College students ( n = 100) who had tried to stop someone from driving drunk, or who someone else had tried to stop, provided information about their interaction, including what was said and whether the intervention worked. Results suggest that the manner in which people intervene can affect the likelihood that the impaired person will not drive, with forceful statements, clear demands, and concrete action being more effective than requests, pleas, or suggestions. The hypothesis that intervention represents a threat to the person's image received limited support, possibly for methodological reasons. The concept of threat to competence is discussed, as are implications of the results for prevention and education activities.
The Subjective Experience of Love through Adult Life
Authors: Reeder Heidi M.
Published: May 2005

While research on interpersonal love is growing, there is a relative dirge of literature on the experience of love across age. This study uses Sternberg's triangular theory of love to investigate how commitment, intimacy, and passion are subjectively experienced among actual lovers across age. The evidence presented here suggests that lovers' definition and communication of commitment, intimacy, and passion remain relatively stable among age cohorts. However, traditional expressions of commitment, affection, and togetherness, significantly declined over age, unrelated to length of relationship.
Prevalent and Preferred Styles in Drug Education
Authors: Antonow Walter , Eicke F. J. , Mathews Walter M.
Published: May 2005

A survey of prevalent and preferred drug education styles revealed that a significant difference (p < .002) exists between the present approach to drug education and the preferred. Attitudes concerning program design, student involvement in planning and implementation of programs, in-service training of educators, and the focus of drug education were also polled by the questionnaire mailed to the drug education specialists in Mississippi. The attitudes of the drug education specialists were found to be in congruence with the national attitudes toward the above mentioned areas.
Clarification and Application of Erik Erikson's Eighth Stage of Man
Authors: Rosel Natalie
Published: May 2005

Erik Erikson used the film character of Dr. Borg from Wild Strawberries to flesh out his life cycle conception of ego integrity versus despair in old age. The present application of Erikson is to three women: Augusta Turnley (fiction), Florida Scott-Maxwell, and Arie Carpenter-three distinctly different lifestyles and educational backgrounds. Both the dialectical struggle contained in Erikson's model of old age and the specific concepts of ego integrity, despair and wisdom are made concrete in this theoretical exploration.
Health and Life-Style of Longevous Palauans: Implications for Developmental Theory
Authors: Jensen Gordon D. , Polloi Anthony H.
Published: May 2005

The health, illness, and life styles of the oldest Palauans were investigated by interview and examination in their homes. Thirty-eight citizens ranged in age from 86 to 111. Ten were 100 years or older. They were in unusually good physical and mental health. The most common physical problem is arthritis. Life style is described in terms of diet, physical activity, smoking and drinking habits, use of medical services, and living conditions. It is theorized that the characteristic physical limitations bring on a crisis of usefulness; role intention and respect may be critical developmental issues as well at this oldest age period of the human life span.
Drug Survey: A Knowledge and Attitude Inventory of Youth in a Typical High School in Georgia
Authors: Arthur Gary L. , Sisson P. Joe , Nation Sandra
Published: May 2005

This survey attempted to elicit from youth in a Columbus, Georgia, High School present knowledge and attitudes of the drug culture. The student body composed of 1,167 students, freshmen through seniors, were surveyed. The results revealed that 63% of the student body possessed knowledge of the drug culture with very little difference from one grade to the next. Of notable interest was the high degree of knowledge concerning legality and subsequent attitudes concerning law enforcement. In comparing grade levels for differences in knowledge about drugs, it was found that the sophomore and junior classes were more informed on general items than freshmen and senior classes. The freshman class, as would be expected, deviated more from the mean on the questionnaire than did upper classmen. The survey calls for understanding, openness, and re-evaluation of current drug programs in the schools.
A Grounded Approach to Social and Ethical Concerns about Technology and Education
Authors: Nissenbaum Helen , Walker Decker
Published: May 2005

This is an inquiry into the problem of how practicing educators can build the conviction to act in response to social and ethical concerns they hold about technology and education. The inquiry is essentially philosophical in that it consists of a close examination of the language, concepts, and meanings people employ in thinking and talking about these matters. It is not an empirical study of the nature, extent, or frequency of teachers' concerns about computers nor of the ways they actually do respond to their concerns. Rather, it is an effort to show by example how educators who are concerned about one issue—dehumanization—could examine their concern and reach a responsible, informed judgment about its validity and seriousness. The method we use to examine these concerns combines the conceptual analysis characteristic of analytic philosophy with the review and interpretation of social science research on important empirical questions. We refer to this as a grounded approach. The goal of the inquiry is to use the grounded approach to examine and evaluate one particular set of concerns and to show how it can offer responsible educators a justifiable basis for acting (or refraining from action) on their concerns.
Older Urban Migrants in Rural Settings: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Sofranko Andrew J. , Fliegel Frederick C. , Glasgow Nina
Published: May 2005

A substantial portion of the current urban to rural migration stream consists of older persons who are choosing to live in countryside residences rather than in towns. This article draws on experiences of older migrants in order to explore some of the objective and subjective implications of residential choice. The data demonstrate that while older persons living in the countryside have less access to goods and services, they are more satisfied, more likely to perceive a net improvement over the former residence, and more attached to their residences. The research suggests that the circumstances of older migrants in rural areas must be closely monitored to determine what effects aging and living costs will have on subsequent residential mobility.
Psychosocial Development and Subjective Well-Being in an Age Cross-Section of Adults
Authors: Tesch Stephanie A.
Published: May 2005

Though often cited, Erikson's theory has been relatively neglected in empirical studies of adult development, partly because few measures operationalize his psychosocial constructs. The present research examined the internal consistency and construct validity of an expanded version of the Inventory of Psychosocial Development (E-IPD) which included the generativity and ego integrity scales created by Boylin et al. [1]. Participants were seventy-nine adults with a mean age of forty-two and mean educational level of fifteen years. Total E-IPD scores were found to have high internal consistency but many individual stage scales did not. Men's E-IPD scores showed discriminant validity with respect to social desirability and women's E-IPD scores showed convergent validity with a measure of subjective well-being. Psychosocial development scores were largely unrelated to age, indicating that the E-IPD may have little validity as a measure of adult development.
The Aged in Hispanic Groups: A Review
Authors: Aguirre B. E. , Bigelow Abbie
Published: May 2005

This study presents an inventory of social science published reports about the elderly in Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban subnationalities in the United States. A review of this literature indicates that Cuban and Puerto Rican elderly have been disregarded by gerontologists interested in the study of ethnic groups. Available information on service availability and utilization and extended family support, as well as methodological and theoretical problems in this area of investigation, are assessed. The study concludes with a call for greater attention to matters of ethnic population density and ecology for understanding the life experiences of the ethnic elderly.
Is Reminiscence Adaptive? Relations among Social Activity Level, Reminiscence, and Morale
Authors: Brennan Penny L. , Steinberg Laurence D.
Published: May 2005

Although it is widely believed that reminiscence is adaptive during later life, research on the psychological benefits of reviewing the past has yielded inconsistent findings. In the present study, forty women between the ages of sixty-four and eighty-eight whose reminiscences had been elicited through a structured interview provided information regarding both their morale and level of social activity. The pattern of interrelations among measures of reminiscence, morale, and activity level do not support prevailing views of the adaptive significance of reminiscence. Specifically, reminiscence was not found to be positively related to morale or negatively related to activity level, nor was it found to mediate between activity level and morale. In general, the findings indicate that recalling the past is a correlate of, rather than a substitute for, social activity.
Aging and Posture Control: Changes in Sensory Organization and Muscular Coordination
Authors: Woollacott Marjorie H. , Shumway-Cook Anne , Nashner Lewis M.
Published: May 2005

The following study examined two aspects of balance control in the older adult: 1) the coordination of the timing and the amplitude of muscle responses to postural perturbations, and 2) the ability of the participant to reorganize sensory inputs and subsequently modify postural responses as a consequence of changing environmental conditions. Coordination of muscle activity in postural responses of twelve elderly (sixty-one to seventy-eight years) participants were compared to those of young (nineteen to thirty-eight years) adults using a movable platform and recording the electromyographic activity of muscles of the legs. The following changes were noted in the timing and amplitude of muscle activity within a postural response synergy: 1) increases in the absolute latency of distal muscle responses were observed in all older adults; 2) in five of the twelve older adults temporal reversals of proximal and distal muscle response onset were observed; and 3) there was a breakdown in the correlation of the amplitude of responses within a synergy. The ability of the older adult to balance under conditions of reduced or conflicting sensory information was also impaired. When confronted with functionally inappropriate visual and/or somatosensory inputs, half of the older group lost balance. In most instances, however, the older participants were able to maintain stability during subsequent responses to conflicting stimuli.
Applying Standard Network Analysis to Hypermedia Systems: Implications for Learning
Authors: Astleitner Hermann , Leutner Detlev
Published: May 2005

Hypermedia systems may be considered as networks of interconnected fragments of information. In the literature, several attempts have been made to describe characteristics of nodes, links, and of the overall structure of such systems. However, the utility of these attempts is only limited for educational purposes because most of them are uneconomic in measuring and almost none of them is explicitly concerned with learning. In this article, an analogy between information networks and social networks is established. This analogy is used to illustrate the application of standard network analysis procedures. These procedures are available in widespread PC software (e.g., UCINET) and are used for calculating indices mapping structural aspects of hypermedia systems which are hypothesized to be relevant for learning. It is shown how the graphical representation of a hypothetical hypermedia system can be transformed into a matrix format which functions as the basis for computing standard network indices for nodes, groups of nodes, and entire networks (e.g., among others, centrality, cliques, or path distances). For each index, its potential influence on learning processes or learning outcomes is discussed. Implications of using standard network indices for research and practice in the field of educational or instructional hypermedia systems are outlined.
The Church and the Elderly: The Impact of Changing Age Strata on Congregations
Authors: Doka Kenneth J.
Published: May 2005

This study reports the results of a survey of forty-four Lutheran Churches in the New York metropolitan area. It describes present and projected services and programs churches offer to the elderly, specifically investigating the impact of changing age strata upon congregations. A significant relationship was found between proportion of the elderly within the congregation and the pastors' interest in developing specialized ministries to the elderly. There was also a significant relationship between the proportion of the elderly within the congregation and the pastors' interest in structural modifications of the church building. However, no significant differences were found between the proportion of elderly with the congregation and the actual programs and services to the elderly. This may be an indication that churches with high proportions of the elderly had less financial and congregational resources.
Multinational Corporate Penetration, Industrialism, Region, and Social Security Expenditures: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Clark Roger , Filinson Rachel
Published: May 2005

This study examines the determinants of spending on social security programs. We draw predictions from industrialism and dependency theories for the explanation of social security programs. The explanations are tested with data on seventy-five nations, representative of core, semipheripheral and peripheral nations. Industrialization variables such a the percentage of older adults and economic productivity have strong effects in models involving all nations, as does multinational corporate (MNC) penetration in extraction, particularly when region is controlled; such penetration is negatively associated with spending on social security. We then look at industrialism and dependency effects for peripheral and non-core nations alone. The effects of all industrialization variables, except economic productivity, appear insignificant for peripheral nations, while the effects of region and multinational corporate penetration in extractive and agricultural industries appears significant. Models involving all non-core nations (peripheral and semi-peripheral) look more like models for all nations than for peripheral nations alone.
“Toward a Social Profile of the Aged Black Population in the United States: An Exploratory Study”
Authors: Ehrlich Ira F.
Published: May 2005

A stratified random sample of black men and women aged 70 and over was developed in two high rise age segregated urban housing units. Normative activity was classified in terms of three life styles: alone, reciprocal, and nonreciprocal. An internal comparison was made with a black sample and an external comparison with a white sample differing on several major demographic characteristics. Although the modal activity pattern was to do things alone, the findings were equivocal with respect to the disengagement framework. Involvement with others tended to increase with age, and was usually of a religious or leisure time nature. Findings of this study suggest the desirability for encouraging flexible life style options.
Human Development in the Context of Aging and Chronic Illness: The Role of Attachment in Alzheimer's Disease and Stroke
Authors: Wright Lore K. , Hickey Joanne V. , Buckwalter Kathleen C. , Clipp Elizabeth C.
Published: May 2005

Does chronic illness in older people provide potentials for human development? To date, this question has not been adequately addressed by dynamic theorists of human development. In this article, two illness trajectories, Alzheimer's disease and stroke, are examined to illustrate emerging changes in human development over each course of illness and the increasing importance of attachment behavior among ill elders and their family members. It is argued that the phenomenon of attachment links ailing older people to their environment, and that attachment is vital if human development is to continue.
Current Research Issues in Caregiving to the Elderly
Authors: Malonebeach Eileen E. , Zarit Steven H.
Published: May 2005

Caregivers for dependent elders have been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. This first wave of research demonstrates that caregiving is demanding and may be expensive to the caregiver socially, psychologically, physically, and financially. This article reviews the caregiving literature and focuses on current limitations and future directions for study in two areas: sampling and research design. Specifically suggested are ways to refine sampling procedures and to more carefully define what a caregiver is. In the design of caregiving studies, both group and individual differences offer insight into the impact of caregiving. In addition, dyadic measurement of the caregiver, the elder, and the family are suggested. Finally, in examining a progressive phenomenon such as Alzheimer's disease or memory loss, longitudinal designs are necessary and timely.
African-American, Anglo-American, and Anglo-Canadian Grade 4 Children's Concepts of Old People and of Extended Family
Authors: Slaughter-Defoe Diana T. , Kuehne Valerie Shahariw , Straker Jane K.
Published: May 2005

A cross-national study of 104 fourth grade children's concepts of old people and extended family was conducted in Canada and the United States, using the Children's Attitudes Toward the Elderly Scale (CATE), and a modified version of the Gilby and Pederson (1982) Family Concept Interview. Both Anglo-American and African-American children were included in the U.S. sample. Results indicated that Anglo-American and Anglo-Canadian children were significantly more similar in their attitudes toward the elderly and their concepts of family than African-American and Anglo-American children. In comparison with the other two cultural groups, Anglo-American children were significantly more likely to include extended family members in their concept of who is family; Anglo-Canadian children had a significantly higher level of age discrimination ability; and African-American children showed a trend toward more positive attitudes toward older people. Overall findings of negative attitudes toward old people were consistent with earlier studies. The implications of children's ageist attitudes for increasingly aging Western societies are noted, particularly given impoverished children's potential need for extrafamilial social supports.
Social Psychology, Contexts of Aging, and a Contextual World View
Authors: Blank Thomas O.
Published: May 2005

Two world views—mechanism and organicism-have dominated the youthful history of social psychological study of adult development and aging. Despite differences, both assume a stable, universal, transhistorical structure underlying social psychology; the goal of research is to discover and delineate such universals. A third world view, contextualism, begins with an assumption that action and thought are developed within relationships, which form the contexts for particular actions. It stresses the negotiated, constructed nature of “reality,” the historical embeddedness and unique quality of action as it unfolds, and the importance of negotiation making use of multiple perspectives. The approach and contextualist goals are significantly different from more typical approaches. Three areas of research in social gerontology and social psychology—environmental relations, attribution, and social relations in a social reconstruction/social breakdown model-illustrate a contextualist approach. Control and a “voice” in a negotiation of relationships and the characteristics of one's contexts are central to a contextual approach to all three.
Do Computers Affect ‘The Mind’?
Authors: Fletcher-Flinn Claire M. , Suddendorf Thomas
Published: May 2005

It has been claimed that computers affect the way children think and learn, yet no research has examined the capacity of computer interaction to affect “the minds” of young children. This study aimed to examine the relation between computer use and the development of metacognitive abilities, in particular the child's theory of mind and mental time travel. The parents of forty preschool children were surveyed as to whether there was a computer in the home, accessibility of a computer at home or elsewhere, and the frequency of use by their child. Each child was given a battery of tests measuring mental age, source memory, false-belief understanding, the ability to dissociate past from present, and to predict future knowledge. In addition, the children were observed during choice play, and the amount and level of social play, as well as the frequency of other play with conventional materials was calculated. Results showed a significant and positive relation between various measures of computer use and metacognition. Except for an association with single toy play, computer use was not related to the frequency of social or other play behavior. It is suggested that computer interaction is qualitatively different from other play activities that the child engages in, and this is due to specific task demands associated with computer use. That is, computer interactions promote the assumption of an intentional stance which must be observable and explicit. Communication with a computer, therefore, affords the child opportunities that foster the development of representational ability which forms the basis for mental time travel and mature social thinking about self and others.
Developing a Drug Abuse Curriculum in the School System
Authors: Quinones Mark A. , Wolfson Edward A. , Einstein Stanley
Published: May 2005

The authors have attempted to outline in the form of model methodology the most effective way for implementing an overall drug curriculum in the existing school structure. They have given special attention to the importance of the following crucial points:

The urgency of understanding the problem. Identifying goals and establishing priorities. Development of appropriate committees. Coordinating the findings of the committees. Early preparation of the budget for the program. Development of appropriate evaluative instruments and continual involvement of the school administration as the program evolves.

Involvement between the faculty and staff as the program is developed is stressed.
Predicting Age from Body Measurements and Observations
Authors: Damon Albert
Published: May 2005

From 51 body measurements and two qualitative observations on 600 men ranging in age from the third to the eighth decade of life (mean age, 43 years), sixteen measurements plus grayness of hair and baldness were entered into a multiple-regression equation to predict chronologic age. Ten variables gave an R of 0.77, predicting age with a standard error of estimate 5.88 years. The predictors, in order of their contribution, were grayness of hair (r = 0.64), hand grip, ear breadth and length, sitting height, nose breadth, bideltoid breadth, abdominal depth, triceps skinfold, and baldness. Eight variables did not contribute significantly: height, weight, chest depth and expansion, bi-iliac breadth, upper arm and calf circumferences, and nose length. Functional traits predicted age more closely than did gross body dimensions.
Age and Skilled Psychomotor Performance: A Comparison of Younger and Older Golfers
Authors: Over Ray , Thomas Patrick
Published: May 2005

Younger golfers (mean age 33.6 years) and older golfers (mean age 62.3 years) who were equivalent at a molar level of performance (shots taken per round of golf) were compared through componential analysis in order to identify age differences in psychomotor skills. Consistent with an age-related decline in physical strength, older golfers drove the ball a shorter distance from the tee than younger golfers. They also adopted a more conservative approach to shotmaking when playing golf and reported experiencing fewer negative emotions and cognitions in relation to performance. Such differences suggest that age-related impairment in some component skills are, at least in the case of some individuals, compensated for by greater reliance on skills that either improve or remain stable with age. Directions for further study of compensatory adjustment are noted.
The Semiotics of Logo
Authors: Arnold Michael
Published: May 2005

Logo is a computer language that has been located in a variety of classrooms, in a variety of experimental settings, and has been examined and interpreted from the perspective provided by a variety of discursive frames. Logo is also a sign, and Peirce's construction of iconic, indexical, and symbolic sign functions are used in this article to link Logo to one particular frame, labelled “progressive education” for the purposes of this article. It is argued that an explication of Logo's sign function contributes to the debate about Logo in so much as it allows discussants to either proceed within a common frame of language, presuppositions and constructions, or, if coming from different epistemological directions, allows discussants to challenge the language, presuppositions and constructions of opposing frames.
The Outer Limits of the Welfare State: Discrimination, Racism and Their Effect on Human Services
Authors: Wershow Harold J.
Published: May 2005

The European social democracies have been more generous than the United States in social provision, including services to aged. The momentum of provision has slowed down in recent years. We suggest that prosperity which has led to use of foreign laborers in menial jobs has caused this slow down. The dynamics are similar to the historical U.S. use of “non-100% Americans” as our menial workers. Changes in social policy strategies are needed: 1) universal provision, rather than programs aimed at minorities, is needed to enlist support of stable working and middle classes; 2) tax reforms, which lower progressive income-tax structures for middle incomes, and value-added tax, may be necessary to overcome anti-tax ideologies; 3) clear priorities as to most necessary services must be established by the gerontological community.
Attitudes of Israeli Jewish and Arab High School Students toward Alcohol Control Measures
Authors: Weiss Shoshana
Published: May 2005

This article describes a study carried out in the winter of 1997 in order to determine the attitudes of 2,186 adolescents of four religions in the north of Israel toward eight alcohol control measures: Taxation on alcohol, age limit for buying alcohol, restrictions on types of outlets which are allowed to sell alcohol to minors, restrictions on opening hours of pubs, restrictions on advertising of alcohol, limit of blood level of alcohol when driving, the authority of policemen concerning the testing of drunk drivers, and restrictions on roadside alcohol outlets. Findings indicate that the majority of the respondents tend to enhance alcohol control measures pertaining to alcohol and driving issues, but only about a third of the participants tend to enhance alcohol control measures in the other domains. In addition, Arabs tend to favor restrictive attitudes toward alcohol control measures in comparison with Jews, and Arab females tend to favor such attitudes more than Arab males. Implications for prevention and effective alcohol policy are discussed.
Employee Age and Perceptions of Work in Self-Managing and Traditional Work Groups
Authors: Hayslip Bert , Miller Carolyn , Beyerlein Michael M. , Johnson Douglas , Metheny William , Yeatts Dale
Published: May 2005

Self-managing work groups are a form of work design in which employees take responsibility for the group's tasks and have discretion over decisions which impact group performance. To explore the impact of age and work teams on job attitudes, data from 477 employees suggested that self-managed work group members differed from traditional job holders regarding perceived general job satisfaction, perceived control by supervisors, as well as a number of specific dimensions of the work environment. Moreover, while there was evidence of an age effect on attitudes toward supervisory control, there was no joint effect of age by work design on job attitudes, i.e., one's perceived general job satisfaction. Older employees who were members of self-managed work groups were however, more impacted by this form of work design in reporting more positive perceptions of their access to information essential to the performance of their work. These findings suggest that an “older” work force should not be considered a barrier to implementing a work teams approach to job design.
Generation and Ethnic Identity: A Typological Analysis
Authors: Pierce Robert C. , Clark Margaret , Kaufman Sharon
Published: May 2005

Data bearing on cognitive acculturation, ethnic behavior, and values were gathered from three generations of Mexican and Japanese Americans. Two dimensions of ethnic behavior were identified and named: Anglo Face and Traditional Orientation. Although subcultures and generations differed in value orientation, the values data did not contribute to the identification of ethnic identity types. Typological analysis using Anglo Face, Traditional Orientation, and Acculturative Balance Scale scores identified six types of ethnic identity, two for each generation. Immigrants differ mainly on whether or not they retain Traditional Orientation; later generations differ mainly on Anglo Face. Although there are large differences between generations in Acculturative Balance, the two types within each generation do not differ.
Looking Inward: Introspectiveness, Physical Disability, and Depression across the Life Course
Authors: Van Gundy Karen , Schieman Scott
Published: May 2005

This study investigates the interrelationships among age, physical disability, introspectiveness, and depression. Using data from a community sample of disabled and non-disabled adults ( N = 1,567), this study tests: 1) if there are age variations in introspectiveness; 2) if age variations in introspectiveness differ by physical disability status; 3) if introspectiveness mediates the association between age and depression; 4) if introspectiveness and disability status have synergistic effects on depression; and if so, 5) if subjective health differences between disabled and nondisabled account for the joint impact of introspectiveness and disability status on depression. Results show that older people report less introspectiveness than younger people do—which explains part of the negative association between age and depression. Additionally, the negative association between age and introspectiveness is significantly stronger among nondisabled respondents. Adjustment for less introspectiveness among older adults accounts for about 24 percent of the negative association between age and depression. Disabled respondents experience a more positive relationship between introspectiveness and depression; however, disabled respondents' poorer global health explains most of that pattern.
A Multivariate Analysis of Selected Psychosocial Variables on the Development of Subsequent Youth Smoking Behavior
Authors: Allegrante John P. , O'Rourke Thomas W. , Tuncalp Secil
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine if interaction effects of selected psychosocial variables could be utilized as indicators of subsequent smoking behavior among youth who had originally identified themselves on a survey as having never smoked. Interaction effects of several psychosocial variables selected for study were found to be indicative of subsequent smoking behavior.
Support from Others and Efficacy of Volunteer Ombudsmen in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Keith Pat M.
Published: May 2005

The work of the ombudsman has been described as the most difficult in the field of aging. Hypotheses about support from ten sources, relationships with peers, and efficacy were tested using questionnaire data from 607 volunteer ombudsmen in nursing facilities. Support from facility administrators and residents contributed to efficacy whereas help from other volunteers had a negative effect. Committed peers, however, facilitated the perception of a job well done. Efficacious ombudsmen believed their needs were taken into account suggesting the importance of caring for volunteers who in turn care for others.
The Swedish Centenarian Study: A Multidisciplinary Study of Five Consecutive Cohorts at the Age of 100
Authors: Samuelsson S.-M. , Alfredson B. Bauer , Hagberg B. , Samuelsson G. , Nordbeck B. , Brun A. , Gustafson L. , Risberg J.
Published: May 2005

Centenarians born 1887–91, who lived in southern Sweden were asked to participate in this multidisciplinary study ( N = 164). Of the survivors ( N = 143), 70 percent agreed ( N = 100). The purpose was to describe the population from physical, social, and psychological points of view; to characterize centenarians with various health conditions and diverse degrees of autonomy and life satisfaction; and to identify factors at 100 years that predict future survival. Results: Eighty-two percent were women, 25 percent lived in their own home, 37 percent in old age homes, and 38 percent in nursing homes. Socioeconomic status showed a similar distribution compared to nationally representative data. Fifty-two percent managed activities of daily living with or without minor assistance. The incidence of severe diseases was low. In 39 percent a disorder of the circulatory system was found. Thirty-nine percent (women) and 11 percent (men) had had at least one hip fracture. Twenty percent had good hearing and good vision. Twenty-seven percent were demented according to DSM III-R criteria. Means on cognitive tests (word-list, digit-span, learning, and memory) were lower compared to seventy to eighty year old groups. The variation in performance was extremely widespread. Personality profiles (MMPI) indicated that the centenarians were more responsible, capable, easygoing and less prone to anxiety than the population in general. Extensive neuropathological investigation revealed no major diseases or large lesions but mild though multiple changes. Results suggest that centenarians are a special group genetically. A causal structure model emphasized body constitution, marital status, cognition and blood pressure as particularly important determinants for survival after 100 years.
Attempts to Dissuade Drinkers from Driving: The Effect of Driver Characteristics
Authors: Pandiani John A. , McGrath Robert J.
Published: May 2005

Data on 148 convicted DWI offenders were analyzed to determine whether characteristics of intoxicated drivers have an influence on the likelihood that other people would attempt to dissuade them from driving. Results indicate that women, older people, people who are fearful or anxious, and people who are seriously impaired by alcohol are more likely than others to be the object of attempts to dissuade them from driving while intoxicated. Two explanations of these patterns are offered. One is based on the notion of perceived social threat. The other is based on the notion of perceived self-sufficiency (or the lack thereof).
Bereaved Elderly Mothers: Changes in Health, Functional Activities, Family Cohesion, and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Lesher Emerson L. , Bergey Karen J.
Published: May 2005

Although the death of an adult child is not uncommon, little is known about its impact on elderly parents. This study examined changes in health, functional activities, family cohesion, and psychological well-being among eighteen bereaved elderly mothers. Changes were reported in all areas, but especially striking was the high level of psychological distress. The death of an adult child appears to have a significant impact on elderly mothers and warrants increased research and clinical attention.
Validating African American Students at Predominantly White Institutions
Authors: Holmes Sharon L. , Ebbers Larry H. , Robinson Daniel C. , Mugenda Abel G.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to provide a review of research and theory focusing on factors that have been cited as contributing to the retention and graduation of African-American students attending predominantly White institutions. The authors use recommendations cited in the literature to develop a model for predominantly White institutions to provide African-American students with positive learning experiences. While African-American students are the primary focus of this discussion, the model can be adapted to meet the needs of other minority students in higher education.
The Tentative Drug Use Scale: A Quick and Relatively Problem Free Outcome Measure for Drug Abuse Prevention Projects
Authors: Horan John J. , Williams John M.
Published: May 2005

Difficulties involved with the evaluation of drug abuse prevention programs are numerous. The Tentative Drug Use Scale (TDUS) was designed in response to a number of specific problems associated with obtaining behavioral data. Advantages of this scale over others are discussed. Reliability and validity information are provided.
Education, Gender, and the Compression of Morbidity
Authors: Leigh J. Paul , Fries James F.
Published: May 2005

According to the Compression of Morbidity (CM) hypothesis, people who exercise, eat nutritiously, do not smoke, and maintain good weight, i.e., people who practice healthy habits, will be more likely to live free of disabling diseases and injuries up until the last few months or years of life. The Increasing Misery (IM) hypothesis, on the other hand, holds that preventive health measures will extend life expectancy but will also increase the number of infirm years. The CM theory implies that curves of morbidity or disability with age should become increasingly “rectangular” for groups who practice healthy habits in the broadest sense. The IM theory does not. This Rectangularization hypothesis is examined with cross-sectional data measuring disability from the Epidemiological Follow-up to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, I (NHEFS), using years of schooling as the independent variable proxy representing favored health status, and examining interactions with age. A modified version of the Disability Index (DI) from the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) is used to measure disability. In some analyses, deceased subjects were assigned the worst disability score. Four subsamples of women and men, fifty years old and over, alive and deceased in 1982–84, were analyzed. Female, and especially male, subsamples which included the deceased provided evidence for the CM hypothesis. Results for the subsamples of those remaining alive in 1982–84 were ambiguous. However, lifetime (over age 50) cumulative disability was 21 to 60 percent less for the more educated than the less educated, depending upon whether deceased were included or excluded. If higher education level is an appropriate surrogate for the effect of good health practices, then extending such practices will result in less, rather than more, lifetime disability.
A Study of Word Processing Experience and its Effects on Student Essay Writing
Authors: Wolfe Edward W. , Bolton Sandra , Feltovich Brian , Bangert Art W.
Published: May 2005

This study investigates how word processing experience influences student performance on a direct writing assessment. We investigated factors influencing a student's decision about using word processors for writing; whether students with less experience writing with word processors receive lower scores on word processed essays; and differences in length, neatness, mechanical correctness, and tone of the student writing as related to experience with word processors. In this study, students with different levels of experience using word processors wrote two essays: one with word processors and one with pen and paper. Students with less experience using word processors scored considerably higher on our writing assessment when their writing was done with pen and paper. Only small differences were observed between pen and paper and word processed essays for students with more word processing experience. Content analyses revealed that word processed essays appeared neater and longer than handwritten essays but that students who favor handwriting write more words with pen and paper than with word processors.
Test of a Drug Use Causal Model Using Asymptotically Distribution Free Methods
Authors: Huba George J. , Bentler Peter M.
Published: May 2005

Previous statistical comparisons of two models for adolescent drug abuse are reexamined using new statistical estimation methods in causal modeling not requiring assumptions about normally distributed variables. Browne's asymptotically distribution free method shows that the models fit even better than assumed in the initial work, and that comparable inferences would be drawn about the significance of individual parameters and model comparisons when the assumption that the data are distributed in a multivariate normal manner is relaxed.
Male Dentists at Midlife: An Exploration of the One Life/One Career Imperative
Authors: Born David O. , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: May 2005

A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of male dentists (ages 35–50) in a single midwestern state. All dentists surveyed held similar views on the role that their careers played in shaping their identity, and 84 percent agreed with an hypothesis which suggests that most Americans believe they have the opportunity to pursue but one career during their lifetimes and that professionals, in particular, are likely to feel “trapped” in their careers as they age. A “crisis index” sought to isolate men undergoing the so-called midlife crisis, and both high and low crisis groups were identified. High-crisis dentists were markedly more concerned about health problems than were low-crisis dentists. High-crisis dentists were less satisfied with their careers, were far more likely to feel “trapped” in their positions, and experienced a greater entanglement of their domestic and professional lives.
Satisfaction with Retirement Housing: Attitudes, Recommendations and Moves
Authors: Sherman Susan R.
Published: May 2005

This paper reports on the satisfaction of 600 persons who had chosen to live in special group housing for the well-elderly. Six widely varying types of housing facilities comprised the choices: retirement hotel, urban high-rise, life-care home and retirement villages appealing to three different socioeconomic groups. Responses were compared to those given by matched controls who lived in conventional housing.

Satisfaction was measured in three ways: a direct global question; a series of projective questions; and the behavioral measure of moves away from the site: both those that had already taken place and those that were being contemplated. All satisfaction criteria were combined into a summed satisfaction score as well as analyzed separately.

The elements related to satisfaction with retirement housing were concluded to be: proximity, security, balance of independence-dependence, proper amount of age-segregation, degree of financial commitment, psychological readiness, provision of creature comforts, reference group and relative satisfaction, and alienation or integration.
Age Stratification and Value Orientations
Authors: Youmans E. Grant
Published: May 2005

The concept of age stratification provides a useful way of examining social aspects of human aging. This paper reports data on selected value orientations of two age strata in two subcultural systems-one a rural county in the Southern Appalachian Region and the other a metropolitan center adjacent to but outside the Appalachian Region. Comparisons of mean scores revealed significant differences between the younger and older age strata in both geographic areas on such value orientations as authoritarianism, dependency, achievement, religiosity, and anomia. Two hypothesis are suggested to explain the age strata differences-one of aging and the other of social change. Some implications of the social change hypothesis are discussed.