bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rolling Temperature on the SHS Reaction of Rolled Al/Ni Reactive Multilayer Foils
Authors: Lu Hua Fei , Yuan Xuan Yi , Cui Wei , Ning Xiao Shan , Chen Ke Xin
Published: July 2012

In this article, the Al/Ni reactive multilayer foils that can be used for joining materials in an efficient and energy-saving way were prepared by a hot rolling method, during which the Al/Ni multilayer foils were kept in furnace at a certain temperature for a period before the multilayer foils were rolled for each pass. After the cold rolling and hot rolling procedure at the temperature of 200 oC and 300 oC, no reaction between Al and Ni could be detected. The effect of rolling temperature on the self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction of the Al/Ni multilayer foils was investigated. As the rolling temperature rose to 300 oC, the SHS reaction of the Al/Ni multilayer was hard to be ignited and was even quenched before the SHS reaction completed. The XRD patterns and SEM images results demonstrated that the higher temperature increased the deformation of the samples during the rolling passes so the Ni particles increased, and thereby led to the decrease of the mix homogeneity of Al and Ni foils.
Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as High Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Huai Liang , Shen Yang , Bi Hong
Published: July 2012

A composite of reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) decorated densely with 20 nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles has been prepared by a facile solvothermal method. The Fe3O4/r-GO composites are used as the anode material for lithium ion batteries, which show an extremely high initial discharge specific capacity of 1702 mAh/g. Compared with the pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the composite anode exhibits a higher capacity retention capability since its specific capacity fades very slowly and retains a value of 711 mAh/g after 30 cycles. The r-GO sheets worked as an ultra-thin and conductive substrate can not only prevent the detachment and agglomeration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, but also compensate for the volume change of Fe3O4 nanoparticles during the charge-discharge cycles, and thus extend the cycling life of the Fe3O4/r-GO composites electrode.
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of LiMnPO4 Anode Material Doped with Fe
Authors: Zou Ji Zhao , Fu Qian Gang , Zeng Xie Rong , Deng Fei , Yan Ye
Published: July 2012

LiMn1-xFexPO4 cathode materials were synthesized by microwave hydrothermal using ascorbic acid as reducing agent. The crystal structure, microstructure, electrochemical properties were characterized by XRD and SEM, the discharge capacity and cycling performance were compared. The results show that the lattice parameters of LiMnPO4 decreased by doping Fe, and the doping amount is x = 0.4, the discharge capacity of the prepared material reaches to 145 mAh/g, which has improved of 76.8% compared with the undoped LiMnPO4 at 0.1C.
Effects of Ta Ion Doping on Structure and Electrochemical Performances of Li3V2(PO4)3/C Cathode Materials
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yang Tao , Yang Qian , Huang Zhao Hui , Fang Ming Hao , Liu Yan Gai
Published: July 2012

Ta-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode material coated by carbon was synthesized via a sol-gel method. Effects of Ta5+ doping on the physical structure and electrochemical performances of the Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode materials were investigated. Compared with the undoped sample, the Ta-doped samples had no excess peaks but the larger particle size and the narrower distribution of the particle size, indicating that Ta5+ entered into the structure of (Li1-5xTax)3V2(PO4)3/C rather than forming any impurities. When x was up to 0.01, the best electrochemical properties of the Ta-doped cathode materials had been displayed at the charge and discharge rate of 0.1C with the voltage of 3.0～4.8V. The analysis of cyclic voltammetry revealed that the polarization of the Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode materials could be effectively decreased by Ta5+ doping(x=0.01), mainly resulting from the better electronic conductivity.
Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Electrolyte Based on Comb-Shaped Poly(oxyethylene) with Ether Side Chains
Authors: Bai Lian , Li Ming , Nan Ce Wen
Published: July 2012

A kind of comb-shaped poly(oxyethylene) with nine oxyethylene units in ether side chains has been synthesized via chemical modification on ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin copolymer [P(EO/EH)s] with a kind of alcohol ether carboxylate. The prepared polyether was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. A series of polymer electrolytes were prepared by dissolving LiN(SO2CF3)2 at different ratios in the polymer matrix. It is found that the ionic conductivity of the comb-shaped poly(oxyethylene) based polymer electrolytes could reach 4.3×10-5 S/cm at 30°C and 6.2×10-4 S/cm at 80°C, which increase by an order of magnitude compared with that of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based ones at corresponding temperatures. Both the amorphous feature of the polymer electrolytes above the ambient temperature and the highly mobile ether side chains of the comb-shaped polyether contribute to the increase of ionic conductivity.
Strain Effect on the Electrochemical Properties of Li2MnO3 Cathode Material: A First Principles Calculation
Authors: Ren Xiao Dong , Liu Jian Jun , Zhang Wen Qing
Published: July 2012

The strain effect on the properties of Li2MnO3 cathode material is investigated by means of first principles method. The intercalation potential decreases with the strains at the extent of about 0.1V. The strain effect on the intercalation potential is anisotropic with the strain perpendicular to the host layer brings the largest decrease to the potential. Additionally, the tensile paralleling to the host layer can also open up the migrating pathway of lithium in the transition metal layer. The strain effect on the anomalously large charging capacity of Li2MnO3 stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co, etc.) solid solution system is also evaluated from the two factors.
Theoretical Study of the Filling Fraction Limit of Fe-Substituted Ba-Filled Skutterudite BayFe4xCo4-4xSb12
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Yang Jiong
Published: July 2012

Theoretical study of the filling fraction limit (FFL) of the Fe-substituted Ba-filled skutterudite was carried out via first principle method calculations. The lattice constant of BayFe4xCo4-4xSb12 increases with the Ba filling fraction under fixed Fe content while it does not simply increases with Fe content under fixed Ba filling fraction. The FFL is determined by the competition between the formation of filled skutterudite phases and the corresponding secondary phases. The FFL of Ba in the Fe-substituted CoSb3 skutterudites increases monotonically from 37.5% with Fe content of 0 to 100% with Fe content of ~50%. The most stable composition of the BayFe4xCo4-4xSb12is expected to be BayFe2.8Co1.2Sb12.
Laser Induced Thermoelectric Voltage Effect of LaNiO3/LaAlO3 Multilayer
Authors: Ding Xuan , Chen Qing Ming , Ma Ji , Theingi Mya , Li Ying Juan , Zhang Hui
Published: July 2012

LaNiO3 single layer, LaNiO3/LaAlO3 superlattice on vicinal-cut single crystalline LaAlO3 (100) and LSAT (100) substrates were prepared by pulsed laser deposition technique. Single-phased LaNiO3 polycrystal target, which is synthesized by sol-gel method, is employed in the thin film deposition process. The structure and physical properties of both the targets and thin films are analyzed. X-ray diffraction results show LaNiO3 single layer is of c-orientation and textural growth, therefore LaNiO3/LaAlO3 forms not superlattice but multilayer. The ultra-violet LITV (laser induced thermoelectric voltage) effects of the LaNiO3/LaAlO3 mutilayer and LaNiO3 single layer were investigated. A comparison study of the influence of LaNiO3 targets prepared by different sol-gel method on the physical property, and LITV effect of thin films was performed as well.
Preparation and Electromagnetic Properties of Manganese Zinc Ferrite/Barium Ferrite Composite Materials
Authors: Yuan Quan , Qun Wang , Qu Zhi Xue , Gu Zi Xin , Wu Tong
Published: July 2012

Abstract: Manganese zinc ferrite/barium ferrite composite materials were prepared with various content of Z type barium ferrite (0, 10, 20 wt%) using solid state reaction method. The effect of the compositon on the microstructure and electromagnetic properties of the composites are investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and impedance analyzer. The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that W phase of barium ferrite instead of Z phase appears in the composite sintered as well as the spinel phase. Some small hexagonal grains were observed in the SEM images and the proportion increases with increasing content of barium ferrite. The cut-off frequencies of the composite systematically shift towards high frequency from 2.5 MHz to 32.6 MHz which is attributed to the increasing of W phase. The composites show a higher frequency for the maximum of the impedance as well as a higher value of the impedance at certain frequency which may be benefit for the application at GHz frequency range.
Influence of Ca Content on LITV Effect of La1-xCaxMnO3 Epitaxial Thin Films
Authors: Ma Ji , Theingi Mya , Zhang Hui , Ding Xuan , Li Ying Juan , Chen Qing Ming
Published: July 2012

La1-xCaxMnO3 (x=0.0-1.0) epitaxial thin films were deposited on both tilted and untilted LaAlO3 (0 0 1) single crystalline substrates using PLD (pulsed laser deposition) technique, in which the employed qualified polycrystalline La1-xCaxMnO3 targets were synthesized by sol-gel method. The structural properties and the ultraviolet LITV (laser induced thermoelectric voltage) effect of the as-grown films on the tilted substrates were studied. The results demonstrate that the intensities of the LITV signals depend non-monotonously on Ca content, that is, the peak values of the LITV signals firstly increase and then decrease with Ca content increasing. The maximal peak value of LITV was found in the film with Ca=0.33.
High Quality Al2O3 Nanoparticles Used for Energy Saving Lamps
Authors: Meng Xiu Qing , Li Jing Bo , Wu Feng Min
Published: July 2012

High quality Al2O3 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by a simple sol-gel method. Analysis on phase and structure based on x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques indicate that the as-synthesized samples are well crystallized γ-Al2O3. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques further confirm a NP is single crystal with size less than 20 nm, the size distribution is uniform as a whole. Raman spectra analysis indicates the vibrational models are in accordance with γ-Al2O3. The density of the obtained γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles material is very small and have a loosen structure, elemental analysis suggests that the nanoparticles are high purity. The as-synthesized γ-Al2O3 material is comparable to the corresponding products that bought abroad in structure, density and purity, and is suitable for energy saving lamps.
Microstructure Design and Optimization of ZnO-Bi2O3-Sb2O3 Based Ceramic Varistors
Authors: Peng Cheng , Xie Dan , Ren Tian Ling , Peng Zhi Jian
Published: July 2012

ZnO-based varistor; Microstructure; design and optimization; Electrical properties Abstract. ZnO-based ceramic varistors of a commercially available ZnO-based varistor composition were prepared under sintering system of different temperatures and dwelling times. The microstructure and electrical properties were investigated systematically and optimized. With increasing sintering temperature from 1035 to 1175 °C and dwelling time from 1 to 4 h, the composition and microstructure phases of the samples almost had no change, but the samples prepared at 1035 and 1175 °C presented the highest porosity; the nonlinear coefficient generally increased, but the samples prepared at 1145 and 1175 °C almost presented the same value of nonlinear coefficient; the varistor voltage decreased; and the samples sintered at 1035 and 1175 °C presented the highest leakage current. From the microstructure and electrical performance, it was proposed that, for the given varistors, the optimum sintering system was 1145 °C for 2 h.
Effects of Zinc Cations Doping and the Photo-Absorbed Mechanism for NaTaO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Xie Yu Ze , Liu Yu Lu , Wang Xiao Jing
Published: July 2012

Effects of zinc cations doping into wide band gap semiconductor photocatalysts of electronic structure, visible light response, and photo-absorbed mechanism were studied. A series of Zn-doped NaTaO3 catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal method. XRD results suggested that zinc were successfully doped into the NaTaO3 nanocrystal in the Zn2+ ions state. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicated no obvious red-shift was observed in the series of zinc doped NaTaO3 photo-catalysts. The simulation of energy band structure by density functional theory unfolded that d orbital of Zn2+ is lower than the Ta 5d and also O 2p orbital, thus it located at the lower energy region of the valence band. Therefore the substitution of Ta5+ ions by Zn2+ ions can not form an intermediate band (IB) between the top of the valence band (VB) and the bottom of conduct band. Meanwhile Zn species can become the recombination centers of photoinduced electrons and holes. Thus, the quickly recombination of e--h+ pairs is one of the most significant factors which deteriorate the photoactivity of Zn-doped NaTaO3
Research Progress on Technology of Adsorption and Store Gasoline by Reticular Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Guo Jie , Ren Wei Guo , Jiang Yang , Lu Zhi Gang
Published: July 2012

With powerful security and reliability of storage, the SFAM that is visibly different from the technology of storage fuel oil by the empty container adsorbs storage fuel oil by the adsorption material. Using reticular polyurethane foam to adsorb gasoline, is the application of the SFAM technology. In order to promote the development of the SFAM technology, the article analyzes the research status of the basic theory and the related theory at home and abroad of the fuel oil adsorption storage.
Study on Multi-Doped Ceria-Based Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Yao Yong Li , Liu Yan Gai , Huang Zhao Hui , Fang Ming Hao
Published: July 2012

Doped ceria-based (Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9, GDC) solid electrolytes were prepared by Solid-phase synthesis method. The effect of doping bismuth oxide and samarium oxide on the phase and microstructure of GDC was investigated. The phase composition was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD).The single cubic fluorite structure was observed after doping these oxides. Appearance and microstructure of doped ceria-based solid electrolytes were analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the doped trivalent cations had entered into the ceria structure uniformly. The density, porosity rate and water absorption of GDC were measured by Archimedes principle. It indicated that the density of doped GDC solid electrolyte increased with the rising of sintering temperature.
Investigation of Cobalt-Free Cathode Material Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Cu0.2O3−δ for Micro-Tubular SOFC with Asymmetric Structure Anode
Authors: Zhang Xiao Zhen , Wang Yong Qing , Zhang Jing , Chang Qi Bing , Jiang Yu Hua , Zhou Jian Er
Published: July 2012

A cobalt-free perovskite oxide Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Cu0.2O3−δ (BSFCu) is applied as the cathode material for intermediate temperature micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with asymmetric structure anode. The NiO-YSZ hollow fiber anode as support was prepared by the phase inversion technique. The as-prepared fiber anode shows a special asymmetric structure consisting of porous sponge-like structure in the middle and finger-like porous structure on the inner and outer side. Dense thin YSZ electrolyte membrane and SDC transition layer were deposited on the NiO-YSZ hollow fiber anode by a vacuum-assisted dip-coating and co-sintering technique. Laboratory-sized micro-tubular single cells of NiO-YSZ/YSZ+SDC/BSFCu-SDC were tested at 650-750°C with humidified H2 as the fuel and static ambient air as the oxidant. The peak power densities of 437.2, 326.5 and 214.4 mWcm-2 can be obtained at 750, 700 and 650°C, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the cobalt-free perovskite oxide BSFCu is a promising cathode material candidate for the developed intermediate temperature micro-tubular SOFC with asymmetric hollow fiber anode.
Technology of Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) Resin/Graphite Conductive Composite for Bipolar Plate
Authors: Zhang Hua Yong , Guan Cong Sheng , Li Tian Duo , Yang Xiao Deng
Published: July 2012

A kind of conductive composite material for the bipolar plate of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) was fabricated by the hot-pressure molding with graphite powders and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resin powders. The influencing factors including PPS resin content, molding pressure and molding temperature, and temperature holding time on the conductivity, flexural strength and density of the composite were investigated. It was found that the perfect conditions for the fabrication of bipolar plate were that the PPS resin content was 25%wt, the forming pressure was 20 MPa, the mold temperature was 320°C and the holding time was 25 min.
The Parameter Estimate Method to Determine the Optimal Thickness for DSSC Electrode
Authors: Tian Han Min , Chen Ai Hua , Duan Wen Feng , Yang Rui Xia , Tian Feng Lan
Published: July 2012

For physical structure of TiO2 films is the core of photoelectric conversion on the photovoltaic performance of DSSC, the method by parameter estimate to determine the optimal thickness of DSSC working electrode is deduced, which is consistent with the analysis of real physical meaning about the TiO2 layer thickness and the photocurrent, while gives the specific optimal value as an addition. As a mathematical proof of the optimal conclusion extracting from the complex working mechanism of DSSCs and accidental factors, the equivalent circuit parameters of each curve are estimated corresponds to the equivalent circuit method first. According to the inflection point, which obtained through the synthesis of scattered experment points to the trend curve, the optimal thickness of DSSC working electrode are optimal identified.
Low Cost Chemical Synthesis of Ammonia Borane Complex for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Cao Feng , Fang Zhen Yu , Chen Fei , Shen Qiang , Wang Si Qing , Li Bin
Published: July 2012

Ammonia borane (AB) hydrides have been employed as disposable hydrogen (H2) sources for fuel cell applications, due to their high hydrogen capacity. In this paper, ammonia borane (AB) complex with high purity was synthesized by chemical method, using the low cost raw materials of NaBH4, CO2, and NH3. The thermal dynamic for the synthesis process is analyzed. The phase composition for the obtained ammonia borane (AB) complex powders was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. The results suggest that, very high purity ammonia borane (AB) complex powders were obtained, which was quite in agreement with the standard index of ammonia borane.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans diagnosed by a single biopsy
Authors: Arvesen Kristian Bakke , Mikkelsen Carsten Sauer , Steiniche Torben , Stausbøl-Grøn Birgitte
Published: July 2012

This brief report is about a 9 year old girl presenting with a 2.5 cm circular blue to violet discoloration on the anterolateral upper left thigh. The first biopsy taken revealed the diagnosis dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. The patient underwent surgery at a specialized sarcoma center with post operative histology showing free wide resection margin. Preoperative chest x-ray showed no sign of metastasis. This brief report emphasizes the significance of the use of biopsy when cutaneous elements look suspicious and diagnosis is unclear.
Buried valleys and till in the Canadian Prairies: geology, hydrogeology, and origin
Authors: Cummings D I , Russell H A J , Sharpe D R
Published: July 2012

We review over 100 years of literature on Prairie buried valleys and till to provide a platform for future research and policy development. Buried-valley aquifers in the Prairies commonly yield abundant groundwater. They have distinct geologies and distinct
stratigraphic settings, which impart them with distinct hydrogeological properties and give clues as to how they formed and filled. Prairie buried-valley aquifers are commonly encased in low-permeability strata: Cretaceous shale tends to underlie them and thick (10-300 m) low-permeability Quaternary
till tends to overlie them. This reduces recharge, in rare cases nearly completely, while protecting groundwater resources from contamination and drought. It also tends to lead to highly mineralized groundwater chemistries. The stratigraphic positions of Prairie buried valleys also speak to their
origin: those that subtend ('hang') from the bedrock unconformity were likely eroded by preglacial fluvial systems during late Tertiary uplift of the Rocky Mountains, whereas those that subtend from surfaces within the till package are likely glaciofluvial valleys eroded in proglacial spillway or
tunnel-valley settings. Another key trait of Prairie buried valleys is that their fills tend to be heterogeneous and architecturally complex. Sand, gravel, mud, and diamicton are common; any one can dominate the fill at a given location. This heterogeneity, in conjunction with irregularity common to
buried-valley bedrock floors, commonly causes aquifer compartmentalization and makes prediction of aquifer potential difficult prior to drilling. It also suggests that most Prairie buried valleys filled over time, and possibly over multiple glaciations, in multiple deposition
environments.
Group-as-a-whole as a context for studying individual behaviour: A group diagnostic intervention
Authors: Geldenhuys Dirk J.
Published: July 2012

Orientation: Traditionalists view group interventions from three perspectives: singletons, dyads and whole groups. The focus of this research was on interventions from the third perspective, that of the whole group, using a systems psychodynamic stance. Research purpose: The purpose of the research was to use group-as-a-whole to study individual behaviour in organisations.Motivation for the study: Team research and practice is not on a par with the complexities that teams actually experience. Traditional group interventions use humanistic and functionalistic paradigms that do not consider the unconscious functioning of groups. Interventions that use the system psychodynamic paradigm could address these dynamics because they study behaviour of individual group members in the context of the group-as-a-whole. Research design, approach and method: The researcher conducted action research in a publishing company. He used purposive sampling and analysed the data using qualitative content analysis.Main findings: The researcher found that the group-as-a-whole partly explains the behaviour of team members and that intervening from this perspective could improve negative relationships.Practical/managerial implications: Managers can use interventions that use the groupas- a-whole concept as a diagnostic intervention to study and possibly change the complex behavioural issues that team members experience.Contribution/value-add: The findings give one an understanding of the behaviour of individual group members when one views it from a systems psychodynamic stance. Furthermore, the researcher proposes a group diagnostic intervention that will allow some of the root causes of poor interpersonal behaviour to surface and group members to diagnose and take ownership of their own behaviour.
Presunción de inocencia y deontología periodística: el ‘caso Aitana’
Authors: Maciá-Barber Carlos , Galván-Arias María-Ángeles
Published: July 2012

El 26 de noviembre de 2009, Aitana, de 3 años, fallecía en Arona (Tenerife). Las causas de su muerte apuntaban, según el informe médico, a la existencia de diversos politraumatismos causados por malos tratos, junto con lesiones vaginales y anales. Diego Pastrana, compañero sentimental de la madre, fue detenido. Explicó ante la Guardia Civil que las heridas eran fruto de un accidente en un parque infantil días antes. Una nota de prensa oficial anunciaba la imputación del joven. Los juicios paralelos mediáticos arrancaron de inmediato. Diego apareció esposado mientras la clase periodística repudiaba los hechos y condenaba al acusado. No faltaron altisonantes declaraciones de repulsa entre las autoridades públicas canarias. Con posterioridad, la autopsia descartó las presuntas –y erróneas– causas del fallecimiento. Diego, víctima de una depresión, fue hospitalizado. Días después, abandonó Canarias. En algún diario, los menos, se realizó examen de conciencia; algunos periodistas se disculparon; poco más. Tanto la perspectiva jurídica como la deontología periodística coinciden al trazar el obligado proceder en la cobertura informativa de esta clase de noticias. Preocupa la facilidad con que un reportero puede sesgar la realidad. Este estudio de caso en diarios españoles permite detectar posibles y probables fallas informativas desde múltiples perspectivas: uso impropio de los géneros periodísticos, insuficiente contraste de las fuentes informativas, estilo impreciso, tono y titulación sensacionalistas, disfunciones en la estructura del mensaje y empleo inadecuado de las imágenes.
Organizační učení v odborných diskurzech
Authors: Lazarová B. , Pol M. , Hloušková L. , Novotný P. , Sedláček M.
Published: July 2012

Autoři textu pojednávají o pojmu organizační učení. Poukazují na širokou škálu jeho definic a pojetí, upozorňují na některé odlišnosti od pojmů příbuzných či analogicky používaných, jako je např. znalostní management či učící se organizace. Všímají si pak zejména vybraných diskuzí, které se k tomuto tématu vztahují. Jde o úrovně, na kterých může organizační učení probíhat, a vliv organizačního učení na chování, resp. výkon organizace. V další části textu je organizační učení představováno jako proces a jsou zde popsány fáze organizačního učení tak, jak se uvádějí v literatuře tomuto tématu věnované. Účelem textu je podat přehled snah o vymezení organizačního učení včetně kritických diskuzí. Poslední část textu je pak věnována vybraným teoriím a empirickým zkušenostem s organizačním učením ve školním prostředí. Autoři zdůrazňují význam organizačního učení pro školy jako specifické organizace a zároveň požadavek výzkumu procesů organizačního učení v tomto pracovním kontextu.
The Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility: A Study of Marketing Professionals
Authors: Vitell Scott J. , Paolillo Joseph G. P. , Thomas James L.
Published: July 2012

This study examined the effect of various antecedent variables on marketers’ perceptions of the role of ethics and social responsibility in the overall success of the firm. Variables examined included Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (i.e., power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and Confucian dynamism), as well as corporate ethical values and enforcement of an ethics code. Additionally, individual variables such as ethical idealism and relativism were included. Results indicated that most of these variables impacted marketers’ perceptions of the importance of ethics and social responsibility, although to varying degrees.
Global Rules and Private Actors: Toward a New Role of the Transnational Corporation in Global Governance
Authors: Scherer Andreas Georg , Palazzo Guido , Baumann Dorothée
Published: July 2012

We discuss the role that transnational corporations (TNCs) should play in developing global governance, creating a framework of rules and regulations for the global economy. The central issue is whether TNCs should provide global rules and guarantee individual citizenship rights, or instead focus on maximizing profits. First, we describe the problems arising from the globalization process that affect the relationship between public rules and private firms. Next we consider the position of economic and management theories in relation to the social responsibility of the firm. We argue that instrumental stakeholder theory and business and society research can only partially solve the global governance issue, and that more recent concepts of corporate citizenship and republican business ethics deliver theoretically and practically helpful, fresh insights. However, even these need further development, especially with regard to the legitimacy of corporate political activity.
Business Citizenship as Metaphor and Reality
Authors: Wood Donna J. , Logsdon Jeanne M.
Published: July 2012

We argue that Néron and Norman’s article stops short of the point where it would truly advance our understanding of corporate citizenship. Their article, in our view, fosters normative confusion and displays significant gaps in logic. In addition, the large and useful literature on business-government relations has for the most part been overlooked by Néron and Norman, even though their article ends with an enthusiastic call for scholarly attention to this subject.
Corporate Rules, Distributive Justice, and Efficiency
Authors: Witztum Amos
Published: July 2012

The question whether corporations should be used as a means for administering distributive justice is crucial. There are two fundamental issues associated with this. Firstly, would the introduction of rules have any distributional effect? Secondly, what would be the efficiency cost? In this paper, we explore both questions with reference to a job-security corporate rule. We show that the job-security rule will always produce distributional consequences which are consistent with its objectives. However, whether or not it is a socially desirable policy depends on whether the economy is at an efficient allocation and what motivated the policy. It can be shown that under some conditions, even if the initial allocation is efficient, yet not the socially desirable one, a corporate rule—like the job security one—may produce socially desirable gains. The same can be said in the case where the initial allocation is inefficient even in the presence of competitive markets (due to incompleteness problems). However, these social gains would come at the expense of competitiveness. In an internationally open environment this may offset the initial social gains from this policy. Whether or not this happens would then depend on whether agents have a social dimension to their preferences or not. If they do, their response to the initiative may offset the initial loss of competitiveness. Alternatively, society may face the dilemma whether to remain open to uphold local conceptions of distributive justice
The Ethics of Lateral Hiring
Authors: Gardner Timothy M. , Stansbury Jason , Hart David
Published: July 2012

Lateral hiring is the intentional action of one employer to identify, solicit, and hire an individual or group of employees currently employed by another firm, a practice often pejoratively labeled “poaching.” We use the method of critical genealogy to demonstrate that the norms that discourage lateral hiring are constructions used by powerful employers to control the turnover of their employees, making them subjects of their employer’s power rather than free and autonomous people in their own right. We suggest instead that ethical responsibility for entertaining or rejecting lateral hiring offers rests with the focal employee(s). We conclude that the form and symmetry of loyalty between employees and their current employers are the determinants of the appropriateness of an employee’s decision to entertain and accept outside offers. These conclusions imply responsibilities for employers to forge (and employees to honor) symmetrical relational loyalty in the workplace, but not for alternate employers to refrain from making lateral hiring offers.
New Directions in Strategic Management and Business Ethics
Authors: Elms Heather , Brammer Stephen , Harris Jared D. , Phillips Robert A.
Published: July 2012

This essay attempts to provide a useful research agenda for researchers in both strategic managementandbusiness ethics. We motivate this agenda by suggesting that the two fields started with similar interests, diverged, and are beginning to converge again. We then identify several streams that hold particular promise for developing our understanding of the relationship between strategy and ethics: stakeholder theory, managerial discretion, behavioral strategy, strategy as practice, and environmental sustainability.
Ahoy There! Toward Greater Congruence and Synergy Between International Business and Business Ethics Theory and Research
Authors: Doh Jonathan , Husted Bryan W. , Matten Dirk , Santoro Michael
Published: July 2012

The literatures of business ethics and international business have generally had little influence on each other. Nevertheless, the decline in the power of nation states, the emergence of non-governmental organizations, the proliferation of self-regulatory bodies, and the changing responsibilities, roles, and structure of multinational corporations make constructive engagement between these two disciplines imperative. This changing institutional landscape creates many areas of common concern. In this article, we describe the changing institutional context of global business and suggest ways in which both business ethics and international business may inform each other more fruitfully.
The Effectiveness of Market-Based Social Governance Schemes: The Case of Fair Trade Coffee
Authors: Schuler Douglas A. , Christmann Petra
Published: July 2012

Market-based social governance schemes that establish standards of conduct for producers and traders in international supply chains aim to reduce the negative socio-environmental effects of globalization. While studies have examined how characteristics of social governance schemes promote socially responsible producer behavior, it has not yet been examined how these same characteristics affect consumer behavior. This is a crucial omission, because without consumer demand for socially produced products, the reach of the social benefits is likely to be limited. We develop a comprehensive model that links two characteristics of market-based social governance schemes—(1) stringency and enforcement of requirements, and (2) promotion—to two conditions required for governance schemes to generate significant social benefits: (1) socially responsible behavior of participating firms; and (2) consumer demand for socially produced products which, in turn, expands products produced according to social governance schemes, and thus, the quantity of social benefits. We discuss market-based social governance schemes in the context of fair trade coffee.
The Moral Legitimacy of NGOs as Partners of Corporations
Authors: Baur Dorothea , Palazzo Guido
Published: July 2012

Partnerships between companies and NGOs have received considerable attention in CSR in the past years. However, the role of NGO legitimacy in such partnerships has thus far been neglected. We argue that NGOs assume a status as special stakeholders of corporations which act on behalf of the common good. This role requires a particular focus on their moral legitimacy. We introduce a conceptual framework for analysing the moral legitimacy of NGOs along three dimensions, building on the theory of deliberative democracy. Against this background we outline three procedural characteristics which are essential for judging the legitimacy of NGOs as potential or actual partners of corporations.
Lying: An Experimental Investigation of the Role of Situational Factors
Authors: Ackert Lucy F. , Church Bryan K. , Kuang Xi (Jason) , Qi Li
Published: July 2012

Individuals often lie for psychological rewards (e.g., preserving self image and/or protecting others), absent economic rewards. We conducted a laboratory experiment, using a modified dictator game, to identify conditions that entice individuals to lie solely for psychological rewards. We argue that such lies can provide a ready means for individuals to manage others’ impression of them. We investigated the effect of social distance (the perceived familiarity, intimacy, or psychological proximity between two parties) and knowledge of circumstances (whether parties have common or asymmetric information) on the frequency of lying. We found that lying occurs more frequently when social distance is near and that the effect is exacerbated when information is asymmetric. Our theoretical development suggests that, under these conditions, individuals’ need to manage others’ impression is magnified. We discuss the implications of our findings.
Dialogue: The Confucian Critique of Rights-Based Business Ethics
Authors: Bailey Adam D. , Strudler Alan
Published: July 2012

Must even Confucian rights skeptics—those who are, on account of their Confucian beliefs, skeptical of the existence of human rights, and believe that asserting or recognizing rights is morally wrong—concede that in the workplace, they are morally obligated to recognize rights? Alan Strudler has recently argued that such is the case. In this article, I argue that because Confucian rights skeptics locate wrongness in inconsistency with the idea of “Confucian community,” Confucian community should be viewed as a moral ideal. I then argue that Confucian rights skeptics ought to act in a manner that is consistent with this ideal, even when the ideal has not yet been realized, just as Kantians ought to act consistently with the Kantian kingdom of ends ideal. Accordingly, contrary to Strudler, I argue that Confucian rights skeptics need not concede that they are morally obligated to recognize rights in the workplace. This conclusion suggests the need for inquiry into the metaphysical foundations of these conflicting views. However, such inquiry is commonly thought to lie beyond the scope of philosophical business ethics proper. I conclude the article by suggesting a number of reasons for business ethicists to consider rejecting the prevalent narrow conception of the scope of the discipline.

In this discussion I explore challenges to a particular Confucian system of morality that generally eschews reliance on rights. I argue that such a system may at the same time both assert that there are moral problems with rights and assert that it is acceptable to invoke rights in limited contexts. Adam Bailey has objected that the position I defend is inconsistent. I answer Bailey’s objections.
Probing Individual Layers in Functional Oxide Multilayers by Wavelength‐Dependent Raman Scattering
Authors: Kreisel Jens , Weber Mads C. , Dix Nico , Sánchez Florencio , Thomas Pamela. A. , Fontcuberta Josep
Published: July 2012

The integration of functional oxides on silicon requires the use of complex heterostructures involving oxides of which the structure and properties strongly depend on the strain state and strain‐mediated interface coupling. The experimental observation of strain‐related effects of the individual components remains challenging. Here, a Raman scattering investigation of complex multilayer BaTiO3/LaNiO3/CeO2/YSZ thin‐film structures on silicon is reported. It is shown that the Raman signature of the multilayers differs significantly for three different laser wavelengths (633, 442, and 325 nm). The results demonstrate that Raman scattering at various wavelengths allows both the identification of the individual layers of functional oxide multilayers and monitoring of their strain state. It is shown that all of the layers are strained with respect to the bulk reference samples, and that strain induces a new crystal structure in the embedded LaNiO3. Based on this, it is demonstrated that Raman scattering at various wavelengths offers a well‐adapted, non‐destructive probe for the investigation of strain and structure changes, even in complex thin‐film heterostructures.
New mononuclear diorganotin(IV) dithiocarboxylates: synthesis, characterization and study of their cytotoxic activities
Authors: Yousefi Mohammad , Safari Mojdeh , Torbati Maryam Bikhof , Kazemiha Vahid Molla , Sanati Hassan , Amanzadeh Amir
Published: July 2012

Since organotin complexes have been reported to show fewer side effects relative to other heavy metal anticancer compounds, in the present study we report for the first time four novel organotin(IV) derivatives with the general formula R2SnL2, where R = methyl (1), n‐butyl (2), phenyl (3), benzyl (4) and L = morpholine‐1‐carbodithioate (MCDT). The newly synthesized ligand was monodentate or bidentate, coordinating through a sulfur atom. The complexes were synthesized by directly mixing, refluxing and stirring the ligand, with diorganotin(IV) dichlorides in a suitable solvent. The complexes were found to be pure and their solid and solution phase structural configuration was investigated by FT‐IR, multinuclear NMR (1 H, 13 C, 119Sn) and mass spectrometry. Complex 2 was also studied for its thermal decomposition by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The results obtained on the basis of these techniques are in full concurrence with the proposed 1:2 (Sn:L) stoichiometry. The cytotoxic activity of the MCDT and diorganotin(IV) complexes (1–4) was tested against tumor cell lines – human cervix carcinoma HeLa and human myelogenous leukemia K562 – and normal immunocompetent cells: peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMC. Results of bioassay demonstrated that organotin derivatives were in general more active than the anticancer drug cisplatin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature Dependence of Viscosity of Polystyrene/Cyclohexane Mixtures of Critical Composition
Authors: Goedel W. A. , Zielesny A. , Belkoura L. , Engels T. , Woermann D.
Published: July 2012

Results of measurements of the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity of critical mixtures of polystyrene/cyclohexane and polystyrene/cyclohexane‐d12 using a capillary viscometer are reported. The polystyrene had a molar mass of Mw = 4.0 · 105 g mol−1 (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.03). The data are analysed to determine the value of the critical exponent zη of the viscosity and the value of the system specific viscosity parameter Q0. It is found that zη has a value of zη = 0.044 ± 0.005 which is smaller than the theoretically predicted value (zη (theoretically) = 0.054). The system specific viscosity parameter Q0 has the same value for both systems: Q0 = (1.2 ± 0.5) · 106 cm−1. A Q0 value of this order of magnitude leads to non‐critical contributions to the mutual diffusion coefficient near the critical point reaching up to 20%.
Computerunterstützte Knudsenzellen‐Massenspektrometrie: Die thermodynamischen Mischungsfunktionen flüssiger Gold‐Palladium‐Legierungen
Authors: Tomiska Josef , Kopecky Konrad , Neckel Adolf
Published: July 2012

Thermodynamic investigations on liquid Au—Pd alloys have been performed by means of a computer‐aided mass spectrometer in combination with a high temperature Knudsen cell unit with improved temperature measurement. A further development of the “Algebraic Intensity‐Ratio”‐method (A.I.R.) has been applied for determining the thermodynamic excess functions. T.A.P.‐series (Thermodynamically adapted power series) with three adjustable parameters are used for the algebraic representation of the thermodynamic excess properties. At 1850 K the molar excess Gibbs energy GE is negative (minimum: — 1300 J/mol at 33.9 at.% Pd) nearly over the whole range of concentration, only the alloys with more than 85 at.% Pd show slight positive GE‐values (maximum: 78 J/mol at 93.2 at.% Pd). The molar heats of mixing HE, and the molar excess entropies SE show at 1850 K a similar behaviour. These quantities are mainly negative; slightly positive values occur only for alloys with more than 70 at.% Pd. The minimum HE‐value is —8220 J/mol (28.7 at.% Pd), and the minimum SE‐value is —3.8 J/mol · K (28 at.% Pd). The maximum HE‐value is 1390 J/mol at 88.15 at.% Pd. and the maximum SE‐value is 0.7 J/mol · K (87.5 at.% Pd). At 1850 K the thermodynamic Au‐activities aAu are found to show slight negative deviations from ideality over the whole concentration range. The same behaviour is observed for the Pd‐activities for Pd‐concentrations less than 50 at.‐% Pd. The Pd‐activities of alloys with more than 50 at.‐% Pd show slight positive deviations from Result's law.
Correlation Field Splitting in a Two‐Dimensional Phase: CO2Adsorbed on the NaCl(100) Cleavage Plane
Authors: Heidberg J. , Kampshoff E. , Schönekäs O. , Stein H. , Weiss H.
Published: July 2012

The infrared absorption of CO2adsorbed on the NaCl(100) cleavage plane was studied by means of Fourier transform spectroscopy. At monolayer coverage thev3vibration reveals a doublet structure, while for thev2vibration four absorption bands are observed. The dependence of thev3doublet on the isotope composition of the adsorbate excludes different adsorption sites and demonstrates that correlation field splitting is responsible for the observed spectral features. The two‐fold degeneracy of the bending mode, present in the gas, is lifted due to the adsorption site symmetry C1, and each of the twov2modes splits into a doublet due to the correlation field. From polarization measurements the tilt angle between the CO2molecular axis and the NaCl(100) surface was determined to be ϑ = (27 ± 5)°. A herringbone model for the (2 × 1) adsorbate structure with the two‐dimensional space group pg can explain the observed spectral multiplets.
Nonequilibrium States of a Binary Mixture with Miscibility Gap in the Homogeneous One‐Fluid‐Phase Region: Study of the System 2,6‐Dimethylpyridine/Water with Off‐Critical Compositions Near its Lower Critical Point
Authors: Mayer W. , Woermann D.
Published: July 2012

The temperature of homogeneous 2,6‐dimethylpyridine/water mixtures of off‐critical composition near the lower critical point of the system (|x1 — x1,c| < 0.01; x1, mole fraction of 2,6‐dimethylpyridine) is raised by a fast temperature jump (Joule heating pulse) bringing the system closer to its temperature of phase separation. The delayed increase of intensity of scattered light is measured as function of time at different scattering angles (ϑ = 20°, 30°, 40°) and different temperature differences (Tp — Tf) (TP and Tf, temperature of phase separation and final temperature of the sample after the temperature jump). The measured relaxation curves are single exponentials. The relaxation times decrease with increasing values of |x1 — x1,c|. It is found that for kζr < 0.4 (ζr, correlation length of local concentration fluctuations at Tf; k, absolute value of scattering vector) the structure factor of mixtures of off‐critical composition relaxes as expected on the basis of linear response within the accuracy of the measurements (τhyd/τexp = 1;τhyd, hydrodynamic relaxation time; τexp, experimental relaxation time). For the calculation of τhyd it is assumed that the change of τhyd with composition and temperature is caused only by changes of τf with composition and temperature. The restricted linear model of the critical equation of state is used to obtain τf as function of these variables. The data are used to calculate τhyd.
The Correlation between 35Cl NQR and Sn — CI Bond Length in Tin Compounds
Authors: Storck Peter , Weiss Alarich
Published: July 2012

The 35Cl NQR spectra of two complexes of dichlorodimethylstannane, Me2SnCl2 · 2L (L = N,N‐dimethylformamide(I) and dimethyl sulfoxide(II), respectively), have been recorded as a function of temperature between 225 K and 350 K for (I) and between 216 K and 377 K for (II). A correlation between the 35Cl NQR frequencies and Sn — Cl bond lengths was found for 42 tin compounds, where NQR and crystal structure data are known. The correlation can either be described by the linear relation v(35Cl) = −0.42(6) MHz/pm · d(Sn — Cl) + 118(15) MHz (correlation coefficient r = ‐0.937) or by the relation v(35Cl) = 5.3(8) · 108 MHz · pm3 · d−3(Sn — Cl) — 22(5) MHz (r = 0.938). The reliability of the correlation v(35Cl) = f(d(Sn — Cl)) is discussed.
Sedimentation in Suspensions
Authors: Felderhof B. U.
Published: July 2012

We give a brief review of the theory of sedimentation in suspensions. Ensemble averaging is used to obtain equations relating the average velocity of the scattering particles to the average suspension velocity and the applied forces. A theoretical difficulty due to the long range of the hydrodynamic interactions is overcome by a proper formulation of the constitutive equations on the macroscopic level.