bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Combined Experimental, DFT and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Binary Mixture of Ethylbenzene and Aniline
Authors: Fakhri Zahra , Soltanabadi Azim
Published: May 2024

Density and viscosity values of the binary mixture of ethylbenzene and aniline have been experimentally measured in different mole fractions at temperatures of 293.15 to 313.15 K and at an absolute pressure of 86.7 kPa. Based on the obtained experimental data, the excess molar volume and viscosity deviations have been reported, which can interpret the interactions in this mixture. The obtained data were fitted with the Redlich‐Kister equation. In addition, the viscosity results are discussed using the equation proposed by Gruenberg‐Nissan. After experimental studies, in order to investigate the interactions of these two components and their mixture, quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics simulation have been used. In this way, the structures of the desired molecules have been optimized. Then Atoms in Molecules (AIM) and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) techniques have been used for a more detailed investigation. Finally, by plotting radial distribution functions (RDFs) obtained from molecular dynamics, these interactions have been investigated in a more comprehensive way. In addition, the simulated densities at 298.15 K have been reported. At the end, clear pictures of the interactions of molecules in mixtures were obtained by comparing the achievements of experimental measurements, quantum chemical and calculations MD simulation.
An Affordable and Efficient Graphite‐Coated Electrode for the Voltammetric Determination of Catechol
Authors: Stoytcheva Margarita , Velkova Zdravka , Gochev Velizar , Valdez Benjamin , Curiel Mario
Published: May 2024

An affordable and highly efficient graphite‐coated electrode was developed and applied in this work as a compelling alternative to other modified electrodes in catechol determination. Electrode modification involved a simple deposition process using a commercial graphite dispersion, Aquadag®Acheson. Morphological and electrochemical studies revealed the formation of a uniform layer with enhanced surface area and significant conductivity. Catechol quantification was successfully achieved in the linear concentration range extended up to 80 μmol L−1 with a detection limit of 0.5 μmol L−1 under optimized conditions (pH 7 and an accumulation time of 2 min). Spike‐and‐recovery experiments validated the accuracy of the determination. Unlike hydroquinone, structurally similar compounds such as phenol and resorcinol did not interfere with catechol analysis. The interference posed by hydroquinone was addressed by derivative treatment of the voltammograms allowing peaks resolution.
Extracellular Vesicle‐Contained Thrombospondin 1 Retards Age‐Related Degenerative Tendinopathy by Rejuvenating Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cell Senescence
Authors: Cai Zhuochang , Xin Zhiyi , Wang Haoyuan , Wang Chongyang , Liu Xudong
Published: May 2024

Advanced age is a major risk factor for age‐related degenerative tendinopathy. During aging, tendon stem/progenitor cell (TSPC) function declines owing to the transition from a normal quiescent state to a senescent state. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from young stem cells are reported to possess anti‐aging functions. However, it remains unclear whether EVs from young TSPCs (TSPC‐EVs) can rejuvenate senescent TSPCs to delay age‐related degeneration. Here, this study finds that TSPC‐EVs can mitigate the aging phenotypes of senescent TSPCs and maintain their tenogenic capacity. In vitro studies reveal that TSPC‐EVs can reinstall autophagy in senescent TSPCs to alleviate cellular senescence, and that the re‐establishment of autophagy is mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway. Mechanistically, this study finds that thrombospondin 1, a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway, is enriched in TSPC‐EVs and can be transported to senescent TSPCs. Moreover, in vivo studies show that the local delivery of TSPC‐EVs can rejuvenate senescent TSPCs and promote their tenogenic differentiation, thereby rescuing tendon regeneration in aged rats. Taken together, TSPC‐EVs as a novel cell‐free approach have promising therapeutic potential for aging‐related degenerative tendinopathy.
A 3.2 V Binary Layered Oxide Cathode for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jha Pawan Kumar , Parate Shubham Kumar , Sada Krishnakanth , Yoshii Kazuki , Masese Titus , Nukala Pavan , Sai Gautam Gopalakrishnan , Pralong Valérie , Fichtner Maximilian , Barpanda Prabeer
Published: May 2024

Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) can offer high energy density, cyclability, and operational safety while being economical due to the natural abundance of potassium. Utilizing graphite as an anode, suitable cathodes can realize full cells. Searching for potential cathodes, this work introduces P3‐type K0.5Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 layered oxide as a potential candidate synthesized by a simple solid‐state method. The material works as a 3.2 V cathode combining Ni redox at high voltage and Mn redox at low voltage and exhibits highly reversible K+ ion (de)insertion at ambient and elevated (40–50 °C) temperatures. First‐principles calculations suggest the ground state in‐plane Mn–Ni ordering in the MO2 sheets is strongly correlated to the K‐content in the framework, leading to an interwoven and alternative row ordering of Ni–Mn in K0.5Ni1/3Mn2/3O2. Postmortem and electrochemical titration reveal the occurrence of a solid solution mechanism during K+ (de)insertion. The findings suggest that the Ni addition can effectively tune the electronic and structural properties of the cathode, leading to improved electrochemical performance. This work provides new insights in the quest to develop potential low‐cost Co‐free KIB cathodes for practical applications in stationary energy storage.
Coordination Engineering of Carbon Dots and Mn in Co‐Based Phosphides for Highly Efficient Seawater Splitting at Ampere‐Level Current Density
Authors: Fang Tingting , Yu Xin , Han Xingzhuo , Gao Juan , Ma Yurong
Published: May 2024

Direct electrolysis of seawater to generate hydrogen is an attractive approach for storing renewable energy. However, direct seawater splitting suffers from low current density and limited operating stability, which severely hinders its industrialization. Herein, a promising strategy is reported to obtain a nano needle‐like array catalyst‐CDs‐Mn‐CoxP on nickel foam, in which the Mn─O─C bond tightly binds Mn, Carbon dots (CDs), and CoxP together. The coordination engineering of CDs and Mn not only effectively regulates the electronic structure of CoxP, but also endows the as‐prepared catalyst with selectivity and marked long‐term stability at ampere‐level current density. Low overpotentials of 208 and 447 mV are required to achieve 1000 mA cm−2 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in simulated seawater, respectively. Cell potentials of 1.78 and 1.86 V are needed to reach 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 in alkaline seawater along with excellent durability for 350 h. DFT studies have verified that the introduction of Mn and CDs effectively shifts the d‐band center of Co‐3d toward higher energy, thereby strengthening the adsorption of intermediates and enhancing the catalytic activity. This study sheds light on the development of highly effective and stable catalysts for large‐scale seawater electrolysis.
Stabilization of 2D Raft Structures of Au Nanoclusters with up to 60 Atoms by a Carbon Support
Authors: Lethbridge Sean , Pavloudis Theodoros , McCormack James , Slater Thomas , Kioseoglou Joseph , Palmer Richard E.
Published: May 2024

Herein, the stabilization of 2D single‐atom high gold rafts containing up to ≈60 Au atoms on amorphous carbon, fabricated by sputtering of atoms and imaged by aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, is demonstrated. These rafts deviate from the established cluster transition from 2D to 3D Au structural motifs in free clusters, which occurs in the region of 10–14 atoms. The experimental findings are supported by explicit ab initio calculations of Aun (n = 3–147) clusters on graphene and the role of cluster–surface interactions in the stabilization of the 2D single‐atom high Au cluster rafts on graphene is revealed. The transition from equilibrium 2D–3D structures is delayed to n = 19, while metastable 2D single‐atom high rafts compete with 3D structures up to about n = 60 atoms. The catalytic activity of supported nanoclusters depends strongly on their structure (and carbon‐based supports are used for a number of reactions); therefore these results are relevant to the catalytic performance of nanocluster‐based catalysts.
Light‐Assisted 3D‐Printed Hydrogels for Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Nasar Naufal Kabir Ahamed , Huang Xumin , Hu Chenyang , Pang Xuan , Chen Xuesi , Qiao Ruirui , Davis Thomas Paul
Published: May 2024

Light‐assisted 3D printing technology, which uses a light source to solidify a photopolymerizable prepolymer solution, has shown great potential in the development of antibacterial hydrogels with high‐resolution, specific features and functionalities. 3D‐printed hydrogels with customized structures and antibacterial functions are widely used in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, wound healing, and implants to advance the modeling and treatment of diseases. In the current review, an overview of light‐assisted 3D printing technologies is first provided for the development of antibacterial hydrogels. Novel strategies involving the integration of inorganic nanomaterials, antibiotics, and functional polymers into 3D‐printed hydrogels for the enhancement of antibacterial effects are then discussed. Finally, the perspective of advanced design using artificial intelligence and machine learning is proposed, providing a comprehensive yet succinct examination of 3D‐printed hydrogels for antibacterial purposes.
Bonding Behavior and Mechanism of Composite Interface Between Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel Laminates at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates
Authors: Hu Xiaoke , Song Hechuan , Yang Kai , Zhou Xiaomin , Zhang Qingdong , Zhang Boyang
Published: May 2024

Compared to hot roll and explosive bonding, there are relatively few studies on warm/cold roll bonding under low temperature conditions. In this article, the warm/cold roll bonding simulation experiment is conducted to research the deformation, interface bonding rate, microstructure, element diffusion behavior, metallographic structure, and phase of carbon steel/stainless steel. The results show that the plastic deformation remains consistent below 400 °C but exhibits temperature sensitivity above 400 °C. The lower strain rate can increase the bonding rate, while insulation treatment may reduce the bonding rate. The formation of cracks is inhibited at 25 °C and 45% reduction rate due to the challenge of cracking the surface oxide film. Temperature significantly affects bonding, with improved performance observed above 600 °C. Uneven element distribution of bonding area may be related to the precipitated compounds, while insulation treatment increases the mutual diffusion ability of elements. The increase in temperature leads to an increase in pearlite, a decrease in ferrite, and decarburization occurs within the carbon steel matrix. The carbon elements diffuse from carbon steel to the surface of stainless steel. The increase in temperature increases the content of surface compounds.
Development of a Biodegradable Cassava Starch Biofilm based on a Combination of Plasticizers with Bio‐SiO2 Extracted from Sugarcane Leaves
Authors: Boonphayak Piyanan , Muenyong Nutradee , Chinchao Rattanaporn , Khansumled Sirikarn
Published: May 2024

This study prepares biodegradable biofilms for packaging applications from biomass to help reduce plastic waste while also adding value to biomass. Furthermore, the effects of plasticization with 30 wt% plasticizer (relative to the mass of cassava starch) by glycerol (G), sorbitol (S), and a mixture of glycerol and sorbitol (GS) plasticizers are investigated, and the effects of bio‐SiO2 particles extracted from sugarcane leave via the sol–gel method are evaluated in terms of the mechanical and biodegradability properties of the cassava starch‐based biofilms. Biofilms used for packing applications must be insoluble and exhibit good elongation properties. In this context, the results indicate that the GS mixture produces a biofilm that exhibits these desirable properties. Thus, cassava starch‐based biofilms are prepared using GS and varying concentrations of the bio‐SiO2 particles (i.e., 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt%). The films containing bio‐SiO2 exhibit significantly lower water solubilities and moisture contents than the corresponding bio‐SiO2‐free films. Additionally, the inclusion of bio‐SiO2 particles increases the water resistance properties of the biofilms. Overall, the results suggest that cassava starch films prepared using a mixture of plasticizers and reinforced with bio‐SiO2 particles can be considered a safe material for application in biodegradable food packaging.
Exploring miR‐21 as a key regulator in two distinct approaches of bone marrow stromal cells differentiation into Schwann‐like cells
Authors: Liu Yu‐Mei , Wang He‐Ying , Wei Cai‐Hong , Li Jun‐Ping , Wang Ying , Ma Wen‐Zhi , Jia Hua
Published: May 2024

The differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into Schwann‐like cells (SCLCs) has the potential to promote the structural and functional restoration of injured axons. However, the optimal induction protocol and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different induction protocols in promoting the differentiation of rat BMSCs into SCLCs and to explore their potential mechanisms. BMSCs were induced using two distinct methods: a composite factor induction approach (Protocol‐1) and a conditioned culture medium induction approach (Protocol‐2). The expression of Schwann cells (SCs) marker proteins and neurotrophic factors (NTFs) in the differentiated cells was assessed. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were also measured. During induction, changes in miR‐21 and Sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2 (SPRY2) mRNA were analyzed. Following the transfection of BMSCs with miR‐21 agomir or miR‐21 antagomir, induction was carried out using both protocols, and the expression of SPRY2, ERK1/2, and SCs marker proteins was examined. The results revealed that NTFs expression was higher in Protocol‐1, whereas SCs marker proteins expression did not significantly differ between the two groups. Compared to Protocol‐1, Protocol‐2 exhibited enhanced cell proliferation and fewer apoptotic and necrotic cells. Both protocols showed a negative correlation between miR‐21 and SPRY2 expression throughout the induction stages. After induction, the miR‐21 agomir group exhibited reduced SPRY2 expression, increased ERK1/2 expression, and significantly elevated expression of SCs marker proteins. This study demonstrates that Protocol‐1 yields higher NTFs expression, whereas Protocol‐2 results in stronger SCLCs proliferation. Upregulating miR‐21 suppresses SPRY2 expression, activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and promotes BMSC differentiation into SCLCs.
Examining the relationship between disciplinary counterspaces for undergraduate women and sense of belonging: A physics exemplar
Authors: Hazari Zahra , Rodriguez Idaykis
Published: May 2024

For students who face marginalization in a discipline, counterspaces are safe spaces of refuge that allow them to express their multiple identities and foster their sense of belonging. While prior qualitative work on counterspaces has highlighted how and why these spaces support marginalized students, there is little quantitative work that provides systemic evidence on broad counterspace initiatives formed to support students' disciplinary sense of belonging. In physics, a discipline that is deeply androcentric, two potential counterspaces have emerged for undergraduate women: the Conferences for Undergraduate Women in Physics (CUWiP) and Women in Physics Groups (WiPG). Drawing on survey data collected from undergraduate women in physics programs across the country who were registering for the 2018 CUWiP (N = 1388), we used structural equation modeling to test the effect of earlier participation in CUWiP and WiPG on students' current sense of belonging and interest in physics. We also tested the mediating effect of believing that there are serious gender issues in physics since these spaces have been found to increase students' consciousness of gender bias. The results revealed a significant positive direct effect of CUWiP and WiPG on sense of belonging. A more complex story emerged for indirect effects where believing in serious gender issues can negatively affect sense of belonging if interest in physics is not positively reinforced. Overall, the findings clearly provide quantitative evidence that broad diversity conference and affinity group initiatives, such as CUWiP and WiPG, can act as counterspaces that bolster belonging for women in disciplines like physics where they are marginalized. However, activities in these spaces should also continue to foster students' unique disciplinary interests.
Renal candidiasis associated with papillary necrosis in a captive tiger (Panthera tigris)
Authors: Wilson Floyd D. , Baughman Brittany , Mauel Michael J. , Holifield Michael , Todd Donna , Pace Lanny
Published: May 2024

A 14‐year‐old male tiger developed anorexia with elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. The patient had a palpable abdominal mass and demonstrated neutrophilic leukocytosis and anaemia. Leukocytes, yeast and bacteria were present in the urine. The animal was non‐responsive to therapy and was subsequently euthanised. Extensive acute renal papillary necrosis (RPN) with pyelonephritis, chronic nephritis and polycystic renal disease were evident during gross and microscopic pathology examinations. The histologic occurrence of fungal spores and pseudohyphae morphologically consistent with Candida species were observed within the necrotic papillary regions of the kidney and within multiple foci of mild parakeratotic hyperkeratosis present in the gingiva and tongue. Candida albicans along with a slight growth of Escherichia coli were recovered from kidney cultures. Possible contributory factors for the renal candidiasis and associated RPN include predisposing oral candidiasis, polycystic renal disease, ischaemic nephrosclerosis, age‐associated or other forms of immunodeficiency and therapy with meloxicam, a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug. The absence of apparent lower urinary tract involvement coupled with the presence of intravascular renal ‘Candida emboli’ suggest that chronic oral candidiasis was the probable source of the kidney infection.
Optimizing stoma closure: A laparoscopic technique yielding the least contamination
Authors: Jong Bor‐Kang , Chern Yih‐Jong , You Jeng‐Fu
Published: May 2024

In this study, we introduce a novel method for stoma closure, aiming to reduce wound infection rates. This method involves creating the common channel of both limbs of a loop stoma extracorporeally, which is particularly beneficial during laparoscopic stoma closure surgery by potentially avoiding contamination of the wound. We applied this technique in 23 patients undergoing laparoscopic stoma reversal surgery, comprising both loop colostomy and ileostomy cases. Notably, postoperative outcomes were promising: only two patients experienced postoperative ileus, and importantly, there were no instances of wound infection. These findings suggest that our laparoscopic stoma reversal surgery approach is not only safe and feasible but also offers a significant advantage in reducing wound infection rates.
Immunohistochemical inflammation in histologically normal gallbladders containing gallstones
Authors: Psaltis Emmanouil , Zaitoun Abed M. , Neal Keith R. , Lobo Dileep N.
Published: May 2024

Background

The aim of this study was to establish features of inflammation in histologically normal gallbladders with gallstones and compare the expression of inflammatory markers in acutely and chronically inflamed gallbladders.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded gallbladders for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐2R, and substance p in three groups: Group I (n = 60) chronic cholecystitis, Group II (n = 57) acute cholecystitis and Group III (n = 45) histologically normal gallbladders with gallstones. Expression was quantified using the H‐scoring system.

Results

Median, interquartile range expression of mucosal IL‐2R in Groups I (2.65, 0.87–7.97) and II (12.30, 6.15–25.55) was significantly increased compared with group III (0.40, 0.10–1.35, p < 0.05). Submucosal IL‐2R expression in Groups I (2.0, 1.12–4.95) and II (10.0, 5.95–14.30) was also significantly increased compared with Group III (0.50, 0.15–1.05, p < 0.05). There was no difference in the lymphoid cell IL‐6 expression between Groups I (5.95, 1.60–18.15), II (6.10, 1.1–36.15) and III (8.30, 2.60–26.35, p > 0.05). Epithelial IL‐6 expression of Group III (8.3, 2.6–26.3) was significantly increased compared with group I (0.5, 0–10.2, p < 0.05) as was epithelial TNF‐α expression in Group III (85.0, 70.50–92.0) compared with Groups I (72.50, 45.25.0–85.50, p < 0.05) and II (61.0, 30.0–92.0, p < 0.05). Lymphoid cell Substance P expression in Groups I (1.90, 1.32–2.65) and II (5.62, 2.50–20.8) was significantly increased compared with Group III (1.0,1.0–1.30, p < 0.05). Epithelial cell expression of Substance P in Group III (121.7, 94.6–167.8) was significantly increased compared with Groups I (75.7, 50.6–105.3, p < 0.05) and II (78.9, 43.5–118.5, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Histologically normal gallbladders with gallstones exhibited features of inflammation on immunohistochemistry.
Electromechanical coupling characteristics of multilayered piezoelectric quasicrystal plates in an elastic medium
Authors: Feng Xin , Zhang Liangliang , Li Yang , Gao Yang
Published: May 2024

Quasicrystals (QCs) have attracted tremendous attention of researchers for their unusual properties. In this paper, an exact electric‐elastic solution of the simply supported and multilayered three‐dimensional (3D) cubic piezoelectric quasicrystal (PQC) nanoplate with the nonlocal effect is derived. Based on the basic elasticity equation of 3D QCs, we construct the linear eigenvalue system in terms of the pseudo‐Stroh formalism, from which the general solutions of the extended displacements and stresses in any homogeneous layer can be obtained. The two‐parameter foundation model is utilized to simulate the interaction between the nanoplate and elastic medium. The propagator matrices are employed to connect the field variables at the upper interface to those at the lower interface of each layer. Based on the boundary conditions of the upper and lower surfaces of the laminate and foundation model, the solutions are employed to derive from the global propagator matrix. Compared with the conventional propagator matrix method, a new propagator method is reestablished to deal with numerical instabilities of the case of large aspect ratio and high‐order frequencies for QC laminates. Finally, typical numerical examples are presented to illustrate the influence of nonlocal parameters and elastic medium coefficients on phonon, phason, and electric variables of 3D PQC nanoplates.
Thermal analysis of natural convection in rectangular porous fin wetted with CNTs nanoparticles and thermal radiation
Authors: Thimlapura Nagaraju Tanuja , Linganna Kavitha , Varma Sibyala Vijaykumar , Channaiah Somashekar , Kumar Ravikumar Shashikala Varun , Khan Umair , Muhammad Taseer , Abdou Mohammed Modather Mohammed
Published: May 2024

In the present investigation, the phenomenon of heat conduction in rectangular shaped porous fin wetted with nanofluid (a mixture of carbon nanotube [CNT] with water as base liquid) is examined using the local thermal non‐equilibrium (LTNE) paradigm. The heat transport mechanism involving the nanofluid and solid phases is represented by the dimensional thermal governing ordinary differential equations (TGODEs). These equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using relevant non‐dimensional variables. To solve the resultant dimensionless TGODEs, probabilists collocation method with Hermite polynomials (PCMHPs) is utilized. This study of temperature analysis has examined the characteristics of internal and exterior radiation, convection, and thermal conductivity to determine the attributes affecting heat transfer. For both the nanofluid and solid phase aspects, temperature distribution characteristics are revealed in tables and graphs. Subsequently, it is determined that as surface‐ambient radiation parameter levels decreased, the temperature profile of both solid and nanofluid phase augmented. The temperature variance among the solid and nanofluid phases decreased with an escalation in the wet porous parameter. The numerical outcomes illustrate that the presented PCMHP approach is not only convenient to execute but also provides accurate results.
Introduction
Authors: Ghaly Mohammed
Published: May 2024

This introductory chapter situates the study within the broader context of the genomic revolution catalyzed by the Human Genome Project (HGP). It examines the HGP’s profound impact across three pivotal dimensions: its contribution to biomedical sciences by elucidating the human genotype, its facilitation of precision and personalized medicine through extensive genome mapping, and its intersection with ethical inquiries surrounding human nature and morality. The chapter then explores the allure of genomics within the Muslim world, spurred by scientific enthusiasm, the necessity for inclusivity in precision medicine, and the interest in reviving the Islamic civilization’s golden age of science. However, it highlights a glaring gap: while Islamic ethical deliberations initially focused on the permissibility of participating in the genomic revolution, practical “how” questions arising from the establishment of national genome projects and biobanks in Muslim-majority countries since 2013 have largely remained unaddressed, particularly regarding the ethical management of incidental findings (IFs). The chapter outlines the study’s aim to bridge this gap by constructing a comprehensive Islamic ethical framework for managing IFs, thereby contributing to both secular and Islamic bioethical discourses. It advocates for critical engagement between these discourses, rejecting oversimplified stereotypes and dogmatism, and promoting intercultural dialogue. Furthermore, the chapter delineates the study’s structure, comprising two main chapters: the first focuses on constructing a robust moral framework grounded in Islamic metaethics and normative ethics, while the second delves into the ethical evaluation of disclosing various categories of IFs. Appendices include a systematic overview of ethical judgments on IFs and a draft national policy document on Islamic ethics and genomics commissioned by the Qatar Ministry of Public Health, underscoring the study’s relevance to healthcare policymaking in Muslim-majority countries.
A worldsheet description of flux compactifications
Authors: Cho Minjae , Kim Manki
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We demonstrate how recent developments in string field theory provide a framework to systematically study type II flux compactifications with non-trivial Ramond-Ramond profiles. We present an explicit example where physical observables can be computed order by order in a small parameter which can be effectively viewed as string coupling constant. We obtain the corresponding background solution of the string field equations of motions up to the second order in the expansion. Along the way, we show how the tadpole cancellations of the string field equations lead to the minimization of the F-term potential of the low energy supergravity description. String field action expanded around the obtained background solution furnishes a “worldsheet” description of the flux compactifications.
Interplay between Higgs inflation and dark matter models with dark U(1) gauge symmetry
Authors: Khan Sarif , Kim Jinsu , Ko Pyungwon
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We investigate dark matter phenomenology and Higgs inflation in a dark U(1)D-extended model. The model features two dark matter candidates, a dark fermion and a dark vector boson. When the fermion dark matter ψ is heavier than the vector dark matter WD, there is an ample parameter space where ψ is dominant over WD. The model can then easily evade the stringent bounds from direct detection experiments, since ψ has no direct coupling to the Standard Model particles. Furthermore, the model can accommodate inflation in three different ways, one along the Standard Model Higgs direction, one along the dark Higgs direction, and one along the combination of the two. Considering the running of the parameters and various observational constraints, we perform a detailed numerical analysis and identify allowed parameter spaces that explain both dark matter and Higgs inflation in a unified manner. We discuss in detail how the imposition of Higgs inflation severely constrains the dark matter parameter space. The existence of the dark Higgs field is found to play a crucial role both in dark matter phenomenology and in generalised Higgs inflation.
Neutrinoless double beta decay in multiple isotopes for fingerprints identification of operators and models
Authors: Chen Shao-Long , Xiao Yu-Qi
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay is the most promising way to determine whether neutrinos are Majorana particles. There are many experiments based on different isotopes searching for 0νββ decay. Combining the searches of 0νββ decay in multiple isotopes provides a possible method to distinguish operators and different models. The contributions to 0νββ decay come from standard, long-range, and short-range mechanisms. We analyze the scenario in which the standard and short-range operators exist simultaneously within the framework of low-energy effective field theory. Five specific models are considered, which can realize neutrino mass and can contribute to 0νββ decay via multiple mechanisms. A criterion to evaluate the possibilities of future experiments to discriminate operators and models is built. We find that the complementary searches for 0νββ decay in different isotopes can distinguish the cases that contain the low-energy effective operators $$ {\mathcal{O}}_{1,2,5} $$

O

1
,
2
,
5

and R-parity violating supersymmetry model. For other cases and models, the experimental searches within multiple isotopes can also more effectively constrain the parameter region than with only one isotope.
A novel proton decay signature at DUNE, JUNO, and Hyper-K
Authors: Domingo Florian , Dreiner Herbi K. , Köhler Dominik , Nangia Saurabh , Shah Apoorva
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Proton decay, although unobserved so far, is a natural expectation when attempting to explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe. $$ p\to {K}^{+}\overline{\nu} $$
p
→

K
+

ν
¯

or $$ p\to {K}^{+}{\overset{\sim }{\chi}}_1^0 $$
p
→

K
+

χ
~

1
0

, with $$ {\overset{\sim }{\chi}}_1^0 $$

χ
~

1
0

a light exotic neutral particle, represent possible decay channels achievable in models of physics beyond the Standard Model, such as the MSSM with trilinear R-parity-violating terms, or the Standard Model extended by a heavy neutral lepton. Among the decay products of these modes, the neutral fermions would typically appear as missing energy in collider searches. The present study considers how such decay modes could be differentiated in experimental settings, as the exotic $$ {\overset{\sim }{\chi}}_1^0 $$

χ
~

1
0

may further decay if it is not protected by a symmetry (such as R-parity in the MSSM). We assess the detection prospects of the proposed experiments DUNE, JUNO and Hyper-K in this context.
Exponential Almost-Riordan Arrays
Authors: Alp Yasemin , Kocer E. Gokcen
Published: May 2024

The group of the almost-Riordan arrays with exponential generating functions is defined. The subgroups of the exponential almost-Riordan group are presented. Also, some isomorphisms between the exponential almost-Riordan group and the exponential Riordan group are considered. Then, the production matrix for the exponential almost-Riordan array is obtained.
Less for more? Cuts to child benefits, family adjustments, and long-run child outcomes in larger families
Authors: Mari Gabriele
Published: May 2024

Previous studies have examined how cash transfers affect children’s education and health regardless of sibship size. I examine the long-run consequences of a Dutch reform that gradually curtailed child-benefit payments for larger families. Based on administrative data and a regression discontinuity design, I find little evidence of average reform effects on children’s education and mental health. However, children in less well-off households exposed to the reform experience long-lasting educational penalties. Analyses of survey and admin data suggest that, if not for the reform, households would have relied more on centre-based care as opposed to maternal care. Lower parental investments in child-related goods and a more stressful environment accompanied heightened poverty risks after the reform.
Commodity markets and the global macroeconomy: evidence from machine learning and GVAR
Authors: Boakye Ernest Owusu , Heimonen Kari , Junttila Juha
Published: May 2024

Based on a strongly data-intensive machine learning approach, this study first identifies the most essential globally traded commodities in view of their role for the global macroeconomic performance. At the second stage we estimate a global vector autoregressive model to assess in more detail these global reactions. Our results from the first stage indicate that of the 55 analyzed commodity markets, only four are revealed as the most important. At the second step, our GVAR analysis indicates that the commodity market effects on macroeconomic activity are neither unanimous across the commodities nor across macrovariables. As an overall result, the commodity market exposure is clearly stronger among the advanced countries such as the euro area, other developed economies, and China, compared to the emerging economies of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, at both the country and regional levels. This puts a lot of pressure on economic policies aimed at reducing, e.g., the depriving effects of commodity market price development on aggregate economic performance of these countries.
An inquiry into the drivers of an entrepreneurial economy: A Bayesian clustering approach
Authors: Camacho Maximo , Congregado Emilio , Rodriguez-Santiago Ana
Published: May 2024

Understanding the worldwide drivers of qualified entrepreneurship is a key issue in economic policy design. To help policy decisions exert their intended impact, we aim to cluster a wide range of countries on the basis of their levels and trends in self-employment productivity using a finite mixture model applied to a new large dataset of 121 countries covering the period of 1991–2019. Our results point to three groups of high-, medium-, and low-productive means and tendencies, the geographical distribution of which suggests that they can be reinterpreted using the three stages of economic development, namely, innovation-, efficiency-, and factor-driven economies. Notably, we find that widespread digitalization and low unemployment enhance the probability of transitioning into a highly productive cluster. However, we failed to find that industry weight or employment protection legislation strictness serve as determinants in the transition between groups. Suggestive rationales for these results and implications for the entrepreneurship policy agenda are also provided.
New evidence for the sensorimotor mismatch theory of weight perception and the size-weight illusion
Authors: Harris Jarrod W. C. , Saccone Elizabeth J. , Chong Rebecca , Buckingham Gavin , Murphy Melanie J. , Chouinard Philippe A.
Published: May 2024

The size-weight illusion is a phenomenon where a smaller object is perceived heavier than an equally weighted larger object. The sensorimotor mismatch theory proposed that this illusion occurs because of a mismatch between efferent motor commands and afferent sensory feedback received when lifting large and small objects (i.e., the application of too little and too much lifting force, respectively). This explanation has been undermined by studies demonstrating a separation between the perceived weight of objects and the lifting forces that are applied on them. However, this research suffers from inconsistencies in the choice of lifting force measures reported. Therefore, we examined the contribution of sensorimotor mismatch in the perception of weight in the size-weight illusion and in non-size-weight illusion stimuli and evaluated the use of a lifting force aggregate measure comprising the four most common lifting force measures used in previous research. In doing so, the sensorimotor mismatch theory was mostly supported. In a size-weight illusion experiment, the lifting forces correlated with weight perception and, contrary to some earlier research, did not adapt over time. In a non-size-weight illusion experiment, switches between lifting light and heavy objects resulted in perceiving the weight of these objects differently compared to no switch trials, which mirrored differences in the manner participants applied forces on the objects. Additionally, we reveal that our force aggregate measure can allow for a more sensitive and objective examination of the effects of lifting forces on objects.
Electrical conductivity of siderite and the effect of the spin transition of iron
Authors: Mashino Izumi , Yoshino Takashi , Mitsui Takaya , Fujiwara Kosuke , Garai Máté , Yamashita Shigeru
Published: May 2024

We have conducted electrical conductivity measurements of FeCO3 siderite under high pressure up to 63 GPa in order to understand the nature and effect of iron spin transition and its influence on the geophysical properties of siderite, which is an end-member of major carbonate minerals. The results from Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements show that the high- to low-spin transition of iron occurs at around 50 GPa in agreement with previous studies. A sharp decrease of the electrical conductivity was also observed at around 50 GP, which is associated with the spin transition in iron. Although the stability of FeCO3 siderite may be limited under high-temperature conditions along with the mantle geotherm, solid solutions in the MgCO3-FeCO3 system, Mg1-xFexCO3, could be stable up to the pressure-temperature condition of the lowermost mantle. The pressure-temperature range of the spin transition in Mg1-xFexCO3 is narrower than those of the major lower mantle minerals, ferropericlase and bridgmanite, and thus the drop of the electrical conductivity induced by the spin transition could be clearer under lower mantle conditions. Therefore, the existence of Mg1-xFexCO3 may affect the observed heterogeneity of electrical conductivity in the mid-lower mantle.
MANet: Mixed Attention Network for Visual Explanation
Authors: Bai Jingjing , Kawahara Yoshinobu
Published: May 2024

Various visual explanation methods, such as CAM and Grad-CAM, have been proposed to visualize and interpret predictions made by CNNs. Recent efforts go beyond mere visual interpretability, aiming to enhance CNN performance through the utilization of these generated visual explanations. In this work, we propose MANet (Mixed Attention Network)—a network architecture that advances the stability of visual explanations through an adaptive feature refinement mechanism via a mixed attention module. Concurrently, the generated attention maps are harnessed to bolster network performance in image recognition tasks. Experimental findings underscore the efficacy of MANet, demonstrating improved visual stability and consistency. The proposed architecture not only surpasses baseline models in image classification and object detection tasks but also establishes a novel paradigm for synergizing visual interpretability and network performance enhancement.
Penile-scrotal erythrodysesthesia among rectal cancer patients receiving fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiation: a case report series
Authors: Adames Angela , O’Brien Diana Roth , Kelly Alison R. , Saltz Leonard B. , Garcia-Aguilar Julio , Zinovoy Melissa , Williams Vonetta , Wu Abraham , Reyngold Marsha , Hajj Carla , Crane Christopher , Cercek Andrea , Smith J. Joshua , Markova Alina , Cuaron John , McCann Patrick , Romesser Paul B.
Published: May 2024

Background

Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) is a slowly developing cutaneous reaction commonly experienced by patients treated with fluoropyrimidines. While erythrodysesthesia normally presents in a palmar-plantar distribution, it can also present with genital involvement, but this presentation is likely underreported and incorrectly attributed to an acute reaction from radiation therapy. This article aims to define erythrodysesthesia of the penis and scrotum as a rare but significant side effect of capecitabine.

Case presentation

We identified five cases of moderate to severe penis and scrotal erythrodysesthesia over a 2-year period at a large tertiary cancer center, representing an estimated incidence of 3.6% among male patients with rectal cancer who were treated with fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiation within our institution.

Conclusions

Improved understanding of erythrodysesthesia involving the penis and scrotum can facilitate early identification and treatment of symptoms, and possibly prevent the discontinuation or delay of cancer treatment in patients treated with capecitabine and similar drugs. These clinical advances would improve and prolong patient quality of life during cancer treatment and prevent complications that result in hospitalization.
Risk factors for pulmonary complications after colorectal cancer surgery: a Japanese multicenter study
Authors: Tominaga Tetsuro , Nonaka Takashi , Takamura Yuma , Oishi Kaido , Hashimoto Shintaro , Shiraishi Toshio , Noda Keisuke , Ono Rika , Ishii Mitsutoshi , Hisanaga Makoto , Takeshita Hiroaki , Fukuoka Hidetoshi , Oyama Shosaburo , Ishimaru Kazuhide , Kunizaki Masaki , Sawai Terumitsu , Matsumoto Keitaro
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Pulmonary complications (PC) are a serious condition with a 20% mortality rate. However, few reports have examined risk factors for PC after colorectal surgery. This study investigated the frequency, characteristics, and risk factors for PC after colorectal cancer surgery.

Methods

Between January 2016 and December 2022, we retrospectively reviewed 3979 consecutive patients who underwent colorectal cancer surgery in seven participating hospitals. Patients were divided into patients who experienced PC (PC group, n = 54) and patients who did not (non-PC group, n = 3925). Clinical and pathological features were compared between groups.

Results

Fifty-four patients (1.5%) developed PC, of whom 2 patients (3.7%) died due to PC. Age was greater (80 years vs 71 years; p < 0.001), frequency of chronic obstructive pulmonary distress was greater (9.3% vs 3.2%; p = 0.029), performance status was poorer (p < 0.001), the proportion of underweight was higher (42.6% vs 13.4%, p < 0.001), frequency of open surgery was greater (24.1% vs 9.3%; p < 0.001), and blood loss was greater (40 mL vs 22 mL; p < 0.001) in the PC group. Multivariate analysis revealed male sex (odds ratio (OR) 2.165, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.176–3.986; p = 0.013), greater age (OR 3.180, 95%CI 1.798–5.624; p < 0.001), underweight (OR 3.961, 95%CI 2.210–7.100; p < 0.001), and poorer ASA-PS (OR 3.828, 95%CI 2.144–6.834; p < 0.001) as independent predictors of PC.

Conclusion

Our study revealed male sex, greater age, underweight, and poorer ASA-PS as factors associated with development of PC, and suggested that pre- and postoperative rehabilitation and pneumonia control measures should be implemented for patients at high risk of PC.
CAR-T-Zell-Therapie in der Rheumatologie – Was wissen wir bisher?
Authors: Hagen Melanie , Wirsching Andreas , Bohr Daniela , Taubmann Jule , Müller Fabian , Mackensen Andreas , Grieshaber-Bouyer Ricardo , Schett Georg
Published: May 2024

Autoreaktive B‑Zellen spielen eine Schlüsselrolle in der Pathogenese von Autoimmunerkrankungen, wie dem systemischen Lupus erythematodes (SLE). Daher kommt einer effizienten Depletion von B‑Zellen bei Autoimmunerkrankungen eine besondere Rolle zu, insbesondere dann, wenn es sich um schwere Verlaufsformen der Erkrankung handelt. Die Therapie mit chimären Antigenrezeptor(CAR)-T-Zellen, ursprünglich für die Behandlung von B‑Zell-Lymphomen und Leukämien entwickelt, bietet die Möglichkeit, B‑Zellen auch in tieferen Geweben zu depletieren. Erste Ergebnisse von Fallserien mit diesem Verfahren bei SLE, Myositiden und systemischer Sklerose sind sehr positiv. Diese Übersichtsarbeit gibt einen Überblick über Ablauf, Wirkmechanismus, bisherige Ergebnisse sowie die Forschungsagenda der CAR-T-Zell-Therapie bei Autoimmunerkrankungen.
Surgical decision-making in superior canal dehiscence syndrome with concomitant otosclerosis
Authors: Van Dijk S. W. , Peters J. P. M. , Stokroos R. J. , Thomeer H. G. X. M.
Published: May 2024

Objective

The diagnosis and management of Superior Canal Dehiscence Syndrome (SCDS) with concomitant otosclerosis can be a challenge. Otosclerosis can mask SCDS symptoms and stapes surgery may reveal or exacerbate vestibular symptoms. Our aim is to present four cases of SCDS with concomitant otosclerosis and thereby informing the reader about the possibility of this dual occurrence and its implications for treatment.

Cases

Four patients with SCDS and concomitant otosclerosis are presented. Two patients underwent surgical treatment for both SCDS and otosclerosis and two patients opted for conservative management.

Outcomes

The main differences between surgically and non-surgically treated cases are the presence of autophony and pressure-induced vertigo and a more severe experience of symptoms in surgically treated cases. Surgically treated cases achieved a sizeable reduction in postoperative air–bone gap and resolution of vestibular symptoms.

Conclusion

The subjective severity of symptoms in combination with shared decision-making is key in determining the appropriate treatment plan for SCDS and concomitant otosclerosis.