bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The design and significance of synergic action tests
Authors: Mather K.
Published: May 2009

The question of testing for synergic action of treatments of Vibrion septique infection in mice is considered. Henderson and Gorer's data are used as the basis of the analysis.

Their six experiments are tested for heterogeneity and one experiment is found to be discrepant. This is then removed and only the remaining five used in the later working.

A x2 formula is derived for testing the significance of the evidence for synergic action. Sulphapyridine shows such interaction in effect with both antitoxin and antibacterial serum. These last two show no interaction.

The most efficient design of such experiments is then considered, and it is shown that the death rate in the single treatment tests should be kept at least as high as 90 %, and that whereas the numbers of mice assigned to the single treatment tests should be equal, that assigned to the joint treatment should be 1·5 times as great.

A graphical method for testing the significance of the results is described. These graphs also allow of an opinion being formed as to the number of mice which would be necessary to detect an interaction of given magnitude.
The inactivation of poliovirus in aerosols
Authors: De Jong J. C. , Winkler K. C.
Published: May 2009

Poliovirus type 1, strain LSc2ab, was directly sprayed in a static air cabinet at 20° C. and sampled afterwards with impingers. Virus inactivation during spraying was maximal in dry air; during storage maximal decay occurred at moderate humidity.

With regard to the mechanism of the inactivation the following facts have been observed: (1) The RNA in the virus decays simultaneously with the whole virus particle. (2) Oxidation does not play any significant role. (3) Incubation with L-cystine protects the virus against inactivation at 50° C. in aqueous suspension, but not against decay in aerosols.

On the strength of these observations it is concluded that in aerosols denatura-tion of the viral RNA is the cause of the inactivation of poliovirus. The decay in aerosols has some features in common with the thermal inactivation in aqueous suspensions at room temperature.
The persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sheep
Authors: Burrows R.
Published: May 2009

Sheep infected with FMDV strains of different epizootiological origin developed a carrier state which persisted in the majority of animals for 1–5 months.

The sites of virus persistence and multiplication in the convalescent animal were identified by titration of suspensions of mucosae and epithelia taken post mortem. Virus was recovered most frequently and in highest titre from the tonsillar area and less frequently from the pharynx and dorsal surface of the soft palate. No virus was found in samples taken from the nasal passages, the trachea or the rumen.
Effect of suspending media on freeze-drying and preservation of vaccinia virus
Authors: Suzuki Masatoshi
Published: May 2009

Unpurified and purified smallpox vaccines were prepared from calf dermal pulp, or chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of hen eggs infected with vaccinia virus, and freeze-dried. The protective effect of various suspending media was investigated both in the course of the freeze-drying and in the period of subsequent storage of the dried product at different temperatures, including 100° C.

Single media consisting of either sodium glutamate or peptone were effective in the preservation of both unpurified and purified vaccines prepared from calf dermal pulp or CAM. It was shown that there was an optimal concentration of sodium glutamate for the preservation of the vaccine preparations, especially of the purified vaccine.

Combined media, consisting of soluble starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with sodium glutamate, were effective with the purified vaccine when the concentration of sodium glutamate exceeded the optimum necessary for preservation.
Staphylococcal epidemiology in Antarctica
Authors: Cameron A. S.
Published: May 2009

An investigation of staphylococcal epidemiology was undertaken at an Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition station during 1965–1966. It concerned the carriage of staphylococci by the men and their dogs, and the occurrence of staphylococci in the station environment. The year-long study indicated that coagulase-negative strains survived better in the Antarctic environment than coagulase-positive strains. It was demonstrated that naturally acquired coagulase-positive strains could not maintain colonization on forearm skin under the usual cold exposure experienced at Mawson station, though coagulase-negative skin strains appeared to thrive during the winter. Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus were able to persist in the anterior nares, despite the sometimes lower temperatures recorded in this micro-climate, probably because of the greater humidity and denser populations found there. The majority of the nasal carriers of S. aureus were persistent carriers, only two men in 27 being found to be occasional carriers of nasal strains, which was consistent with the observation that transfer of this pathogen from man to man is not common under Antarctic conditions. Half of the 27 sledge dogs at the station were found to carry coagulase-positive staphylococci but this did not appear to be of pathological significance to their human handlers. The local inanimate environment, including mess hut, sleeping huts and sleeping bags used on expeditions, was searched for contamination by S. aureus but none was detected.
A survey on the occurrence ofVibrio parahaemolyticuson fish and shellfish, marketed in The Netherlands
Authors: Kampelmacher E. H. , Mossel D. A. A. , Jansen L. M. van Noorle , Vincentie H.
Published: May 2009

A survey was carried out on the occurrence ofVibrio parahaemolyticuson fish and shellfish, as sold in The Netherlands.

The optimal mode of detection of this bacterium appeared to be: (i) enrichment of swabs taken from the surface and the gills in freshly prepared meat broth with 5% NaCl; (ii) streaking onto Teepol bromothymol blue agar (BTB) and taurocholate bromothymol blue sucrose agar (TCBS); (iii) confirmation of suspect colonies by testing for mode of growth in butts/slants of a Kligler type glucose sucrose iron thiosulphate agar, formation of indole in 2% NaCl 2% trypticase water, anaerobic utilization of starch in the presence of 5% NaCl and oxidase reaction according to Kovacs (1956).

A total of 407 samples, stemming from 17 types of fish and shellfish, taken at three fish shops, was examined by this technique. Only one specimen, i.e. a haddock, was found to containV. parahaemolyticus. This contamination rate of approximately 0·3% correlates well with data found earlier for fish landed in Northern Germany.
Inactivated smallpox vaccine. A comparison of inactivation methods
Authors: Turner G. S. , Squires E. J. , Murray H. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Vaccines were prepared from a single pool of high-titred vaccinia virus and inactivated by six methods, namely heat, formalin, hydroxylamine, β-propiolactone, ultraviolet irradiation, and visible light and methylene blue. Large doses of the vaccines were required to protect mice against intracerebral challenge. Differences in protection were not attributable to the method of their inactivation. The vaccines also induced similar degrees of skin immunity in rabbits which showed no severe dermal reactions when challenged with either homologous killed vaccine or live virus. The virus-neutralizing, haemagglutinin-inhibiting and complement fixing antibody responses to the vaccines differed; heat-inactivation preserved these antigens least well and β-propiolactone apparently the best. In both rabbits and mice there was little association between the different antibody responses to each vaccine or between the degrees of antibody response and the protection they induced. The relation of these findings to pox-virus immunity and the use of inactivated smallpox vaccine in man is discussed.
The use of cough/nasal swabs in the rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection by the fluorescent antibody technique
Authors: McQuillin Joyce , Gardner P. S. , sturdy Patricia M.
Published: May 2009

Thirty-five consecutive infants admitted into hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne with acute respiratory disease had cough/nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal secretions taken. Both types of specimens were examined the fluorescent antibody technique for respiratory syncytial virus; isolation techniques were also used. Twenty-eight specimens of nasopharyngeal secretion were positive, as were 26 of the corresponding cough/nasal swab preparations. Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from all but one.

Sixteen consecutive children who were only suitable for examination cough/nasal swab preparations were also investigated isolation and fluorescent antibody techniques for respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from eight, seven of whom were positive the fluorescent antibody technique. The use of cough/nasal swab preparations stained the fluorescent antibody technique, although not as efficient as nasopharyngeal secretions, may have a place in the rapid diagnosis of respiratory virus infection in older children and children in general practice. The importance of rapid diagnosis for respiratory virus infection in relationship to antiviral therapy was also discussed.
Epidemiological features of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in Great Britain
Authors: Wilesmith J. W.
Published: May 2009

Particular epidemiological features of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle herds in Great Britain during the period 1972–8 were examined. During these seven years 1099 herds became infected, the mean annual incidence of herd infection being of the order of one infected herd per 1000 cattle herds.

Infection in herds was predominantly a sporadic occurrence; 938 (85·4%) herds experienced only one incident of infection which persisted for less than 12 months. The concentration of infected herds in localized areas of the south-west region England, where infected badgers were the most significant attributed source infection, is demonstrated.

The risk of herd infection in relation to badger sett density was also examined in Cornwall, Gloucestershire/Avon and counties in England and Wales outside south-west region of England. The numbers of herds at risk in six categories badger sett density in these three areas were estimated from three random samples of herds drawn from the annual agricultural census. In Cornwall and Gloucestershire/Avon herd infection, associated with infected badgers or for which no source of infection could be found, was positively associated with badger sett density. A similar association between herd infection, not attributable to a source of infection, and badger sett density was found in counties in England and Wales outside the south-west region of England.
Studies on well water and possible health risks in Katsina, Nigeria
Authors: Adesiyun A. A. , Adekeye J. O. , Umoh J. U. , Nadarajah M.
Published: May 2009

Well water was sampled from all four major wards in Katsina town. All 20 samples taken showed high coliform counts. Sixty-five per cent contained ≥ 2400 coliforms per 100 ml while the remainder had counts ranging from 79 to 920. Faecal coliforms and non-cholera vibrios were detected in all samples. There was no significant relationship between the coliform counts and the distances of latrines to wells, water table to ground level, slope relationship between wells and latrines, the pH of water and whether the wells were left permanently open or not.Salmonellasp.,Enterobactersp. andPseudomonassp. were each isolated from about 10% of the samples, whileProteussp. was isolated from 40%,Citrobactersp. 15%,Alcaligenessp. 5% and an unidentified Gram-negative rod from 5%.

Only 2 (10%) of the sampled households, representing 23 (9·6%) of the 239 people exposed to well-water had pipeborne water in addition. It was concluded that well water in Katsina town could be a human health hazard.
The incidence and level of contamination of British fresh sausages and ingredients with salmonellas
Authors: Banks J. G. , Board R. G.
Published: May 2009

A five-tube most probable number (MPN) method, with pre-enrichment and enrichment stages, was used in a study of the incidence of salmonella contamination of British fresh sausages and the ingredients used in their manufacture. All samples were taken from a large factory in the course of routine production. There was an incidence of 65 % contamination of pork (n= 20) and 55% (n= 20) in pork and beef sausages. The incidences of contamination of uncooked ingredients varied from 95 % for mechanically recovered meat (n= 20) to 10 % for another type of meat. Cooked and/or dried ingredients were rarely contaminated with these organisms and, when contamination occurred, coliforms were also important.

The numbers of salmonellas isolated ranged from 7–40 for pork sausages, from 8–24 for beef and pork sausages and from 0·8–378 organisms/g for ingredients.

The following salmonella serotypes were isolated (ranked in descending order of incidence):S. derby, S. dublin, S. newport, S. stanley, S. typhimurium, S. heidelberg, S. infantisandS. agona.
Rubella-specific IgM reactivity in sera from cases of infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Morgan-Capner P. , Tedder R. S. , Mace J. E.
Published: May 2009

Eight sera from 125 cases of infectious mononucleosis (IM) were reactive for rubella-specific IgM in an M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay. The reactivity of individual sera varied depending upon the source of the rubella antigen used in the assay. One serum gave strongly positive results with some rubella haemagglutinating antigens but negative results with others and may have contained an IgM antibody which was capable of distinguishing between strains of rubella virus.

If the diagnosis of rubella is based solely on detection in solid-phase immunoassay of rubella-specific IgM, IM should be excluded.
Multiple plating from enrichment media as an aid to salmonella isolation
Authors: Price T. H.
Published: May 2009

Faeces samples enriched for salmonellas in selenite F broth incubated at 43°C were subcultured to brilliant green MacConkey agar after 6 h. Four platings were made. As a control technique, each sample was enriched in selenite F incubated at 37°C for 24 h and subcultured once to brilliant green MacConkey agar. Of the specimens plated at 6 h, out of a total of 25 positive samples, 6 required more than a single subculture to reveal the presence of salmonellas. Twenty-four positive isolations were made from the selenite broths incubated at 37°C for 24 h and subcultured once only. All faecal samples positive by enrichment were also positive by direct plating. Nine samples seeded by 6 h produced only 1–2 salmonella colonies per plate. Convalescent specimens are, therefore, unlikely to be efficiently diagnosed by early subculture even if it is combined with multiple plating.

River Taff samples, after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water, were enriched in Rappaport's medium at 37°C for 6 h. Subcultures were made to four plates of brilliant green MacConkey agar. A control subculture was made at 24 h to a single plate of brilliant green MacConkey. Although multiple subculture at 6 h improved salmonella isolation, the method was not as efficient as a single plating from the same enrichment culture at 24 h. There was no evidence that subculture at 6 h combined with multiple plating had a value either for faecal examination or for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage-polluted natural water.

Samples of other natural waters submitted routinely by Environmental Health Officers were pre-enriched in buffered peptone water before subculture to Rappa port's medium. The enrichment cultures were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and duplicate platings were made to brilliant green MacConkey agar. By double plating at 24 h, a gain of 16% in salmonella recovery was made. This compares favourably with the gain obtained by subculture from Rappaport after 24 and 48 h incubation. It also saves 24 h in examination time.
Rats and Salmonella Group Bacilli
Authors: Savage William G. , White P. Bruce
Published: May 2009

In connexion with our inverstigations upon the methods of casuation of food Poisoning outbreaks we considered it advisable to examine a further series of rats.
The Second Pneumonic Plague Epidemic in Manchuria, 1920–21. I. A General Survey of the Outbreak and its Course
Authors: Teh Wu Lien
Published: May 2009

Transbaikalia or Zabaikalia is a vast stretch of land lying to the north-west of Manchuria, bounded on the east by River Argun from China and on the west by Lake irkutsk and Irkutsk Mountains from the Irkutsk region. Its most important cities are Chita (capital), Stretinsk, Nerchinsk, Kiakhta and Borzia. The region around borzia for a hundred miles is composed of undulating hillocks inhabited by a species of large (cat-size) marmots or tarabagans (Arctomys bobac) whose skin is much sought after for the manufacture of imitation sable. The Russians and Buriats find the flesh of these animals whole-some, and often bunt them for the meat and the fat which they use for greasing shoes. It is among the trappers and eaters of tarabagans that the early case of bubonic plague are usually reported.
Cholera and the ship “Cockroach”
Authors: Toda T.
Published: May 2009

For the past five or six years, epidemics of cholera have occurred every summer in Japan and the early cases in each outbreak are believed to have been imported from Manila or Shanghai.

Port quarantine in Japan has consequently been strict. Specimens of excreta from passengers and crew of vessels arriving from infected ports require to be examined bacteriologically and declared free before landing is permitted. The method is irksome and laborious though probably effective.
Reduction of Sulphites by certain Bacteria in Media containing a Fermentable Carbohydrate and Metallic Salts
Authors: Wilson W. James
Published: May 2009

(1) In media containing sodium sulphite, glucose, and iron salts, reduction of sulphite to sulphide is effected by B. typhosus, B. enteritidis (Gaertner), B. paratyphosus B, and various other members of the Salmonella group. No reduction was shown by B. paratyphosus A, and the various dysentery bacilli.

(2) The use of certain media containing sodium sulphite is recommended in attempting to’ isolate typhoid and paratyphoid B bacilli from excreta, water, milk, etc.

(3) It is suggested that the blackening which is brought about by certain members of the Typhoid-Paratyphoid-Enteritidis group in nutrient agar containing lead acetate is due, at least in part, to the reduction of sulphite im purities and that in order to get constant results with different brands of peptone an addition of sodium sulphite and a suitable fermentable carbo hydrate should be made to the medium.
Study on the Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever
Authors: Kligler I. J.
Published: May 2009

A study was made of the available statistical data bearing on the epidemiology of typhoid in Palestine. It apears from this analysis that:

1. The typhiod epidemicity is not due to a single source such as contaminated water or food. The seasonal prevalence of the disease corresponds with the normal seasonal incidence of typhiod, and is, therefore, in the nature of a contact infection.

2. There is no striking difference in age, sex or race susceptibility. In Tel Aviv the age group 5–14 shows a lower incidence than the corresponding age group in Jerusalem or the higher age group 15–29 in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. There is, however, no difference in susceptibility between the age group 15–29 in Jerusalem and that in Tel Aviv.

3. From a graphic comparisos, the calculation of the coefficient of correlation of the limited experience (six years), and a comparison of the prevalence of the disease in the immigrant and indigenous population, there appears to be a significant correlation between the net population increment and epidemicity. These results, if confirmed by a longer experience, are in accord with those obtained in the remarkable mice experiments conducted by the English and American investigators.

4. Although, at the beginning, the morbidity and mortality is higher in the immigrant group, there is an evident tendency at equalisation, and in the second year the incidence in the indigenous population is the same as that among the immigrants.

5. The above results indicate the path of control: (a) every immigrant, particularly those between the ages 5–29, should be properly vaccinated against typhoid. By raising the resistance of the new population, the possibility of epidemics among them, and consequently later among the resident population, will be averted; (b) the reduction of endemic typhoid can be brought about by reducing the dosage of the infectious microbes. This can only be brought about by concentration of effort on the early detection and isolation of cases and the vaccination of all contacts. These two measures would seem to offer a prompt and relatively simple solution to the typhoid problem in Palestine.
Spontaneous Cures in Rats reared upon a Diet devoid of Vitamin B and Antineurtic vitamin
Authors: Roscoe Margaret Honora
Published: May 2009

The Preceding paper by Fridericia and his co-workers on “A Transmissible Change in the Instestinal Content, enabling Rats to Grow and Thrive without vitamin B in the Food” deals with results so novel and unexpected that a brief statement from another laboratory confirming them, is not redundant.
The Relation between Puerperal Septicaemia and certain Infectious Diseases
Authors: McKinlay Peter L.
Published: May 2009

The possibility that the prevalence of diseases in which there is no specific causal organism may be affected by the prevalence of other diseasses of a contagious nature is well recognised. Even in the early days of bactriology interrelationships between infectious diseases and puerperal septicaemia were suspected on purely statistical grounds. Longstaff (1891), for example, pointed out the remarkably close correlation between the seasonal variations and the secular trends of the mortalities of erysipelas and childbed fever—a relationship so close that he “found it difficult to avoid the conclusion that they were both due to the one poison.” A somewhat similar but less striking association was shown with other inflammatory diseases, such as pyaemia, scarlet fever, “rheumatism of the heart or pericardium” and diphtheria. Even more emphatic were the views of Minor (quoted by Longstaff) who, with reference to the association between erysipelas and puerperal fever, gave reasons for the belief that there existed an intimate connection between them, and that “in any place where erysipelas is found, there will be found puerperal fever.”
Iodine in Drinking Waters
Authors: Orr J. B. , Godden W. , Dundas J. M.
Published: May 2009

Drinking water has long been supposed to play an important part in the causation of endemic goitre. Estimations by v. Fellenberg (1923, 1924) in Switzerland and by Mcclendon and Hathaway (1924) in the United States have shown that, in these countries, drinking water in goitre areas contains less iodine than in goitre-free areas. The iodine content of several waters has
been estimated at this Institute. The results show that in this country there is no correlation between presence of goitre and a low iodine content in drinking water. It is true that the lowest figure (Swindon) is for water from a goitre area, but the next one (Aberdeen) is not. The figures for Cumberland and Derbyshire, both goitre areas, are not low.
The Epidemic Potency of Strains of Bact. aertrycke of varying virulence
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Geeenwood M. , Wilson J. , Newbold E. M.
Published: May 2009

Summarising the results obtained in this series of experiments, it would appear that, in the case of Bact. aertrycke infection spreading among a closed community of mice:

(1) The character and severity of the epidemic are mainly determined by the virulence of the infecting bacterial strain.

(2) Strains of high virulence may give rise to non-fatal persistent infections, maintaining their full virulence over long periods of time within the spleens of the infected mice.

(3) Strains of low virulence may persist for long periods of time within such closed populations, spreading to some extent among the mice at risk, causing occasional deaths, and leading to an appreciable number of latent infections.

(4) It would appear that virulence and power to spread are highly corre lated.
The keeping qualities of vaccine lymph
Authors: Butler G. G.
Published: May 2009

The object of this investigation is to gain more precise information concerning the retention of potency of vaccine lymph at those temperatures which are likely to be encountered by lymph after issue from the laboratory and before use by public vaccinators. These temperatures are—broadly speaking—likely to be those of the ice-box (say 5–7° C.) and average room temperature (say 15–16° C.).
An Outbreak of Ankylostomiasis in England. No. I.
Authors: Boycott A. E. , Haldane J. S.
Published: May 2009

The outbreak which is the subject of the present paper was discovered in the course of an enquiry which is at present being made on the request of the Home Secretary by Mr J. S. Martin, Inspector of Mines, and one of us, into the ventilation of Cornish mines. A number of cases of anaemia had occurred among the miners employed at Dolcoath Mine, Cornwall; and as the anaemia was generally attributed to some defect in the ventilation, this mine, was among the first visited. On examination into the state of the mine, the symptoms of the affected men, and the history of the outbreak, it appeared that the anaemia was almost certainly caused by ankylostomiasis. A more detailed enquiry, in which we have both been engaged, established beyond all doubt the nature of the disease, and has furnished the opportunity of investigating a number of points bearing on the nature and method of spread of ankylostomiasis. A short report on the outbreak has already appeared. We are indebted to Dr S. G. Scott, who has also been engaged in the Home Office Enquiry, for a number of valuable notes as to blood-examinations, and many other details.
Note on the Co-relation of several Diseases occurring among Animals in South Africa
Authors: Edington Alexander
Published: May 2009

In South Africa one finds quite a number of ailments occurring in the domesticated animals, and while the onset, symptoms, and morbid anatomy of those affected show the ailments to be peculiar to Africa, the names given to the maladies are unknown in any other country.
A new Life-Table for England and Wales
Authors: Hayward T. E.
Published: May 2009

When the publication of the series of Reports for each separate County, dealing with the facts ascertained at the Census of 1901, was completed last March, it was possible for anyone, who would take the trouble, to arrive at the facts relating to the whole of England and Wales, that is, to ascertain not only the finally corrected total population number, but the numbers classified into age and sex groups.
Notes on Cases of Fever frequently confounded with Typhoid and Malaria in the Tropics
Authors: Castellani Aldo
Published: May 2009

Every practitioner in Tropical Countries knows how frequently cases of fever occur in which it is impossible to arrive at a definite diagnosis.

Much light has been thrown on the subject of long-continued fevers by the researches of Leishman, Donovan, Manson, Rogers, etc., especially with regard to Kala-azar. Moreover, the work of Wright, Lamb, and others, has shown that some other forms of long-continued tropical fevers represent cases of Malta fever.
A Note on the Influence of the Chemical Rays of Daylight on Vaccinia in Animals
Authors: Green Alan B.
Published: May 2009

In view of the observations made of late years on the action of red light in variola, it was thought that it might be of interest to ascertain, if possible, whether the red, or other rays of daylight, exerted any influence in cases of vaccinia; that is to say, with a disease the specific virus of which differs from that of variola probably only in that its pathogenic capabilities are modified, while vaccinia presents clinically many points of resemblance to variola.
The Bacteriological Examination of Surface Wells
Authors: Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

1. Numerical counts on gelatin media are of very limited value for surface well examinations and are quite useless for open draw-wells. The blood-heat enumeration is of use, but still of but limited value.

2. The influence of rainfall and local conditions generally is marked for this class of waters with regard to their bacterial content.

Whether the well is uncovered, or covered and provided with a pump has a very important influence upon the bacteriological results. For a good many wells which show very bad bacteriological findings the cause of pollution is frequently due to surface pollution rather than to pollution of the ground water through the soil. If these wells are properly protected they will become suitable sources of drinking supply.

3. The results obtained confirm the value of B. coli and streptococci estimations as the best tests by which to judge the freedom from pollution of such waters.

The streptococci results are of great value, only second in importance to the B. coli determinations. In numerical distribution these two organisms closely agree. The presence of streptococci is more reliable as evidence to deduce pollution than their absence is to exclude it.

4. An opinion regarding the freedom of surface wells from pollution is best formed on the basis of combined topographical and bacteriological investigation.

5. Inspection alone is frequently quite insufficient for the purpose of determining if a well is contaminated and if it should be closed.

Of the 50 wells examined no less than 31 had to be classed as doubtful (Series C), topographical examination alone affording insufficient data for the expression of a decided opinion.

In view of the fact that pure water supplies are not easy to obtain in many rural districts, a water supply, which may have been in use for many years, cannot be condemned in the absence of clear evidence that it is unsatisfactory and dangerous.

6. In surface well waters a large proportion of the coli-like organisms isolated are atypical in one or more particulars.

7. Typical B. coli implanted into soil showed some alteration of character, but the changes were not extensive and no evidence was obtained that the widely aberrant organisms met with in different soils and waters ever represent typical B. coli altered by unfavourable environment.

8. Organisms closely allied to B. coli, but differing in one or more characters, possess significance as indicators of faecal contamination.

The more nearly the organism isolated resembles an “excretal” B. coli the greater is its significance as an indicator of pollution. Consequently the fewer the number required to condemn a sample water in which they occur. Stated as a working proposition, the more the characters of the coli-like organisms deviate from that which for convenience may be spoken of as the typical form, the greater the proportionate number of them required to condemn the water.

9. The presence of ‘excretal’ B. coli in 10 c.c. or less of a surface well water points to undesirable pollution and is sufficient to condemn the water.
Notes on the Production of Immunity to Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Südmersen H. J.
Published: May 2009

(a) Primary Stimulus. In animals possessing no normal antitoxin a single injection of toxin either “attenuated” or under cover of antitoxin, whether injected previously or at the same time or present in the form of passive immunity maternally transmitted, is followed by a latent period of about three weeks, and the maximum immunity is reached in about eight weeks.

(b) Secondary Stimulus. In immune animals, whether naturally immune or artificially immunised, a single injection of toxin or of a toxin-antitoxin mixture is followed by a latent period of about four days and the maximum immunity is reached in about ten days; the great and rapid immunity response to the secondary stimulus offers a striking contrast to the small and gradual response to the primary stimulus.

(c) Intermediate Stimulus. In partially immune animals the response to an injection of toxin is in magnitude and rapidity of a character intermediate between the responses following a primary and a secondary stimulus.
A Comparative Study of Bovine Abortion and Undulant Fever, from the Bacteriological point of View
Authors: Khaled Z.
Published: May 2009

1. Morphologically B. abortus and B. melitensis are identical. The “coccoid” form is not a constant feature and a more satisfactory generic name would be “Brucella.”

2. The organisms cannot be differentiated by cultural, bio-chemical, or staining methods, or by the agglutination reaction.

3. From absorption experiments, it would appear that B. melitensis is a sub-strain of B. abortus.

4. Dose for dose B. abortus is much less virulent for the guinea-pig than B. melitensis, approximately about 1: 6.

5. Immunisation of monkeys (one experiment only) with killed suspensions of B. abortus protected against subsequent infection with B. melitensis.

In conclusion I wish to thank Professor Ledingham for much valuable advice throughout the investigation, and Dr R. St John Brooks for supplying me with cultures from the National Collection.
Infection with Coliform Bacilli as a Cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Chronic Rheumatism: its Diagnosis and its Treatment by Autogenous Vaccines
Authors: Kauntze W. H.
Published: May 2009

A technique is described for the preparation of a vaccine from coliform bacilli isolated from the faeces of a patient and agglutinated by his blood serum.

The encouraging results obtained in the treatment of a number of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, chronic rheumatism, and allied diseases with an autogenous vaccine prepared by this technique, are reported.

The absence of agglutinins for coliform bacilli from the blood of healthy persons is established, while it is shown that such agglutinins are present in high concentration in the group of diseases under consideration.

A report is made on the result of attempts to classify the coliform bacilli by cultural and serological reactions.

The facts reported are discussed, and the proposition adduced therefrom that if a patient has in his blood a certain concentration of agglutinins for a coliform bacillus isolated from his faeces, he is suffering from an infection with, or from the absorption of toxins elaborated by, that coliform bacillus, and a vaccine prepared from this organism will probably have a marked curative effect.

Suggestions are made as to the mechanism of infection with coliform baciffi, and as to the significance of variants in that group of organisms found in the faeces.
Tuberculosis in the Hebrides: the Rarity of Tubercle Bacilli in the Milk of Cows—with a Note on the Vitality of Tubercle Bacilli preserved in Frozen Milk
Authors: McCallum Gavin B. , Kirkpatrick John
Published: May 2009

The serious problem presented by the high prevalence of severe pulmonary tuberculosis in early adult life in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland is exemplified by the figures in the following table, for which we are indebted to the Department of Health and the Registrar-General for Scotland.
The Bacteriological Examination of Mussels
Authors: Bigger Joseph W.
Published: May 2009

1. This paper reports the results obtained by the cultivation of the bacteria of ten batches each of ten mussels, 100 mussels in all, in lactose bile broth.

2. From these mussels 371 cultures of bacteria were obtained. 30·7 per cent, of these were not Gram-negative bacilli, 10·0 per cent. were Gram-negative bacilli which did not ferment lactose and glucose, 59·3 per cent. were coliform bacilli.

3. By reading the results in lactose bile broth after 24 hours' incubation, and by regarding as positive those tubes which show strong acid and good gas production the most reliable results were obtained. 93·0 per cent. of all typical, and 83·8 per cent. of all typical and atypicalB. colifound gave this reaction. 37·6 per cent. of the organisms giving this reaction were typicalB. coli, 61·1 per cent. of them were typical or atypicalB. coli, and 97·2 per cent. of them were coliform bacilli.

4. The writer's method is described in detail. Its essentials are the rejection of shell fluid, the standardisation of the volume of each mussel at 25 c.c. by the addition of saline, the inoculation of three volumes of mussel mince into lactose bile broth—0·5, 0·1 and 0·02 cc., each in duplicate, and the regarding as positive each of these amounts only when acid and gas are produced in 24 hours in both tubes.

5. It is suggested that a batch of mussels showing more than seven positives in the tubes inoculated with 0·5 cc.. of mince, or more than three in the tubes inoculated with 0·1 c.c. or more than one in the tubes inoculated with 0·02 c.c. should be considered as contaminated to an undesirable extent.

6. Three types of solid media—Salle's, MacConkey's and Burke-Gaffney's— were tested. None were considered suitable for the bacteriological examination of mussels.

7. Reasons are given for considering any solid medium inferior to fluid medium for the bacteriological examination of mussels.
Sources of Infection in Undulant Fever
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

1. Samples of milk from 183 cows were examined, and seventeen (9·2 per cent.) yielded Br. abortus.

2. Two hundred and two samples of butter, margarine, cheese, and icecream failed to yield Br. abortus, although samples of locally prepared butter and cheese both contained tubercle bacilli.

3. Examination of the serum from slaughtermen and men working in allied trades showed some evidence of latent infection, but no indication of much real illness due to Br. abortus.

4. Examination of the sera of sheep failed to show any evidence that these animals become infected with Br. abortus.

5. The examination of sera and organs from pigs failed to show any evidence that the porcine type of Br. abortus occurs.
The Reputed Antigenic Relationship between Organisms of the Brucella Group on the One Hand, and of the Pasteurella, Pfeifferella and Proteus Groups on the Other
Authors: Wilson G. S.
Published: May 2009

1. Provided that due precautions are taken to ascertain the normal level of agglutinins in a given host, and that antigenically smooth strains are used, there is every reason to believe that the occurrence of agglutinins in a titre above the normal range of variation is due to infection—latent, active or past—with the specific organism in question, or in a few instances with an organism, usually of the same genus, sharing a similar antigen.

2. This conclusion may have to be modified for the occurrence of agglutinins toProteusOX19 in human typhus sera, since the exact relationship of this organism toRickettsia prowazekiis still doubtful. If, however, future work shows the truth of Felix's (1933) contention that serological types ofProteusX correspond to serological types of typhus virus (Rickettsia), even this apparent exception will fall within the general rule.

3. The examination of sixty-four horse and fifty-three cattle sera, and the performance of numerous cross-agglutination and cross-absorption experiments with rabbit and horse antisera, lend no support to the suggestion made by certain workers of the existence of an antigenic relationship between Brucella strains on the one hand, and strains of Pfeifferella, Pasteurella andProteusX on the other.
Fertility and its relation to social conditions A study of the vital statistics of London in 1930–1932
Authors: Mitra K.
Published: May 2009

The rapid decline of the birth-rate in nearly all countries of western Europe has naturally attracted much attention. Some have studied the probable effects upon the absolute size and the age constitution of the population, and the consequence entailed upon the military and economic strength of a nation. Others have drawn attention to resulting change's in the relative importance of diseases of young, adult and old ages. Changes in mere numbers depend wholly, and the other changes to a considerable extent, upon quantitative factors; they must occur even if the quality of those born differs in no way from that of those produced when fertility was at a higher level. But, if the quality of births changes with their quantity, then the consequences of decrease of numbers may be better or worse than mere numerical changes would involve.
The nutritive value of raw and pasteurized milk for calves
Authors: Wilson G. S. , Minett F. C. , Carling H. F.
Published: May 2009

1. An experiment on the feeding of calves is described, which lasted over 2 years, and which was carried out on a healthy Shorthorn herd free from tuberculosis and contagious abortion.

2. Alternate animals as they were born were allocated, without any selection whatever, to one or other of two groups. One of these was fed on raw, the other on pasteurized milk. Every animal received its mother's colostrum for 3 days before being put on the milk diet.

3. The milk used was taken from the mixed morning's milk of the whole herd. It was divided into two parts, one of which was given raw, the other of which was submitted to low-temperature pasteurization at 145° F. (628° C.) for 30 nun, and subsequently cooled. The animals were fed morning and evening on measured quantities that were in strict relationship to their body weight.

4. In addition to the milk, hay was allowed ad lib. Observations showed that practically none was eaten during the first month, after which each animal consumed about 1 lb. a day, rising to 3 lb. by the eighth week.

5. With the exception of two weaklings which died after 15 and 23 days respectively from causes apparently unconnected with the nature of their diet, all the animals—twenty-five in the raw and twenty-three in the pasteurized group—throve well, and showed no obvious signs of rickets or anaemia.

6. The average increase in weight over the 8-week period for the animals in the raw group was 53·72 lb., and in the pasteurized group 53·86 lb., or 61·18 and 62·94 per cent respectively. This practical identity in weight increase is all the more surprising in view of the fact that the number of bull calves was very much less in the pasteurized than in the raw group.

7. The highest individual gain among the bull calves—one of 80 lb.—and the highest individual gain among the heifer calves—one of 63 lb.—both occurred in animals fed on pasteurized milk.

8. At no time throughout the experiment was any observer, lay or professional, able to distinguish between the two groups of animals.

9. The diet given, though permitting of good skeletal development, was insufficient to fatten the animals. After they had been transferred, however, to a normal diet at the conclusion of their 8 weeks in the experiment, they soon put on weight and within 2 or 3 months were indistinguishable in size or condition from animals that had received a more generous diet from birth.

10. There is nothing in these results to suggest that the nutritive value of pasteurized milk for calves is in any way inferior to that of raw milk.
Adsorption of Vi bacteriophages by typhoid bacilli and paratyphoid C strains
Authors: Scholtens R. Th.
Published: May 2009

Evidence has been obtained that where the adsorbing capacity for Vi agglutinins is known to be present it is also possible to show affinity for Vi bacteriophages. However, from the conduct of paratyphoid C strains containing Vi antigen it appears that the presence of Vi antigen causes only the adsorption of Vi bacteriophages, but that in the production of lysis by these bacteriophages other factors play a part.
The value of active immunization treatment against diphtheria
Authors: Morison A. G. , Roberts Llywelyn
Published: May 2009

Although attempts to produce an active immunity against diphtheria were made as early as 1902, it is since the Schick test was described in 1913 that there has been available some clinically applicable measurement of individual immunity, naturally obtained or artificially produced; and it is probably true to say that large-scale active immunization has been practised in this country for only some 10 or 15 years.
Purification and concentration of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease by combined centrifugation and ultrafiltration methods
Authors: Galloway I. A. , Schlesinger M.
Published: May 2009

1. It is possible to concentrate the virus of foot-and-mouth disease on filter candles coated with acetic acid collodion. The degree of concentration of the virus effected was to the limit of expectancy, i.e. the increase in titre after concentration corresponded to the reduction of the volume of the liquid.

2. By a combination of the two methods of purification of the virus, viz. washing once in the closed agar-lined cylinder of the Sharpies-Super Centrifuge and repeatedly on a graded collodion membrane of A.P.D. 25 mμ, very potent purified concentrates of virus can be rapidly obtained, especially if the final concentration is made on filter candles, coated with acetic acid collodion. In this way a concentrate of virus with a titre of 10−8 and a negative sulphosalicylic acid test for protein has been prepared in one day from virulent vesicle lymph (diluted 1 : 2) having a titre of 10−6.

3. The possibilities of the different methods of purification and concentration of the virus are discussed and a scheme suggested for their application.
Studies in the declining birth-rate, England and Wales 1. The Northern Counties: 2. Summary of Results for all Areas
Authors: Martin W. J.
Published: May 2009

The trend of fertility in Wales and the Southern and Midland counties of England was demonstrated and discussed in the previous sections of this enquiry.1 The corresponding vital statistics for Northern England are given in the present concluding section and, in addition, the results that have been found are briefly reviewed for the country as a whole. For the Northern counties the same methods have been employed as in the two previous sections. Briefly, the actual birth-rate has been measured by the number of births per 1000 married women aged 15–45, while as a rough assessment of how far a changing age distribution of married women has affected its level, a potential birth-rate and fertility ratio have also been calculated. The potential birth-rate gives the number of births per 1000 married women aged 15–45 obtained by applying Tait's fertility ratios 48.75, 41.25, 30 and 15 to the number of married women in the age groups 15–19, 20–24, 25–35 and 35–45 respectively. The fertility ratio is the ratio of the actual to the potential birth-rate.