bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: COMBINING NOMINAL GROUP PROCESS AND MICROCOMPUTERS1
Authors: Pizor Peter J. , Holler Sandra M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The growing concern for public participation in water resource decision‐making has invited researchers to improve and develop reliable, quick, and inexpensive techniques for measuring public preferences. It is increasingly clear that traditional participation mechanisms, though useful, are no longer sufficient in providing the level of participation desired by many. A combination of microcomputer technology with Nominal Group Process (a step‐by‐step process ending in ranked recommendations) offers numerous possibilities for active participatory planning.

Efforts at participation occurring through a well developed and defined process cannot be successful without a sensitivity to the conceptual, methodological, and pragmatic problems involved. This paper prefaces presentation of an alternative active process technique with discussion of the theoretical basis of participatory democracy and the frustration with practical implementation procedures.
WATER POLLUTION FROM OIL AND GAS RECOVERY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Sidhu Amarjit , Mitsch William J.
Published: June 2007

The effects of water quality on brine discharged from oil and gas recovery operations are described for surface water and ground water in two small watersheds in eastern Kentucky. The brine, which had salinity that was often several times that of sea water, led to significantly higher concentrations of several minerals in surface water, particularly in the first and second order streams. Concentractions as high as 50,000 mg/I for sodium and 64,000 mg/I for chloride were measured in streams. The. differences in chemical concentrations for various chemicals over the period of the study were ascribed to temporal variability, particularly due to differences between wet and dry seasons, and to spatial variability, particularly due to dilution and other chemical decay processes. Chemical decay coefficients for sodium and chloride were developed as a function of watershed area for possible application to similar watersheds. There was some evidence that the brine was influencing the Licking River, the major stream that drains the eastern part of Kentucky.
PROJECTION OF URBANIZATION EFFECTS ON RUNOFF USING CLARK INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH PARAMETERS1
Authors: Bhaskar Nageshwar Rao
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: To alleviate serious flooding problems brought upon by rapid urbanization in the Beargrass Creek watershed, located in Louisville, Kentucky, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertook a major flood study in 1973. In order to predict flood conditions in 1990, the year when the watershed was expected to undergo complete urbanization, trends in the Clark Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (Clark IUH) parameters were utilized to determine the 1990 unit hydrograph and flood conditions. Based on the results from this flood study, this paper demonstrates the applicability of using projected Clark IUH parameters for modeling future runoff conditions in an urbanizing watershed. Values of these parameters, as estimated from maximum annual historical flood data, are used to develop regression models for predicting future Clark IUH parameters. Using the projected parameters, selected annual flood events since 1973 are simulated in order to verify the accuracy of these projections. Results show a close correspondence between the simulated and observed flood characteristics. Hence, the use of projected Clark IUH parameters is an appropriate procedure for modeling future runoff conditions in an urbanizing watershed.
PLANNING OF URBAN BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES1
Authors: Kuo Chin Y. , Cave Kelly A. , Loganathan G. V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A “user‐friendly” computer program has been developed for application in personal computers for preliminary design, evaluation, and cost effectiveness analysis of various best management practice (BMP) measures to control stormwater quantity and quality. The algorithms utilize the SCS TR‐55 method for calculating runoff hydrographs for a single storm event and a first order pollutant washoff equation to generate pollutographs. Sensitivity analyses based on different policy scenarios is performed on a hypothetical watershed for the purpose of illustration. Three types of BMP measures, namely detention ponds (dry, wet, and extended wet ponds), infiltration trenches, and porous pavements are considered. It is found that the extended wet ponds have the best cost effective performance of the measures evaluated.
INFLUENCE OF SMALL MAMMALS ON STORMFLOW RESPONSES OF PINE‐COVERED CATCHMENTS1
Authors: Ursic S. J. , Esher Robert J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The relative abundance of small mammals in five forest land cover types on the upper Coastal Plain of north Mississippi was determined. Burrowing mammals accounted for one‐half of the total captures; one shrew species that accounted for over one‐fourth of the total captures had a strong affinity for well‐stocked pine plantations. The opportunity for detention and retention of rainfall was enhanced by burrowing activity. Reductions of stormflow volumes 12 to 15 years after replacing poor quality, upland hardwoods with loblolly pine were only partially explained by increased interception of rainfall; much of the residual reductions are postulated to be due to small mammal burrows. Small mammal activity deserves further study as an important aspect of forest land hydrology.
IDENTIFICATION OF MONTHLY TRENDS IN URBAN WATER USE1
Authors: Whitlatch E. Earl , Martin Michael J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Monthly water use for the period 1960–1984 for the Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area is analyzed to identify differential monthly trends in growth of water use. By associating water use activities with the identified trend months, inferences may be made as to the possible underlying causes of the observed trend in overall water use. Three methods were found useful in determining monthly trends: 1) regression analysis on the monthly percentage of annual use, 2) regression analysis on the monthly water use data itself, and 3) analysis of the slope of the monthly water use regression line. Agreement between the three methods is strong, but each provides some insight not found in the others. All three should be used in drawing final conclusions. For the case study, usage in the Winter months January‐April has grown considerably relative to the other months, while the Summer‐Fall months of June, August, September, and October show a relative decline. A possible explanation for the trend is aging of the distribution system, with consequent general leakage and increased water main breakage caused by freeze/thaw conditions. More research needs to be carried out linking water use activities to particular months or groups of months.
NONPARAMETRIC APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Hipel Keith W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The interesting developments in non‐parainetric testing and estimation methods presented in the upcoming sequence of nine papers are evaluated, compared, and put into proper perspective. Because a deterioration in water quality constitutes a direct threat to human health, it is of utmost importance to have flexible non‐parametric methods available for detecting and describing trends in water quality time series. A distinct advantage of nonparametric tests is that they are usually very effective when applied to “messy” environmental data which may, for example, contain many missing observations and not be normally distributed. By applying their enhanced approaches for nonparametric methods to water quality time series, as well as employing well designed simulation experiments, the authors of the papers clearly demonstrate the efficacy of utilizing nonparametric tests in environmental impact assessment.
STATISTICAL METHODS AND SAMPLING DESIGN FOR ESTIMATING STEP TRENDS IN SURFACE‐WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Hirsch Robert M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses two components of the problem of estimating the magnitude of step trends in surface water quality. The first is finding a robust estimator appropriate to the data characteristics expected in water‐quality time series. The Hodges‐Lehmann class of estimators is found to be robust in comparison to other nonparametric and moment‐based estimators. A seasonal Hodges‐Lehmann estimator is developed and shown to have desirable properties. Second, the effectiveness of various sampling strategies are examined using Monte Carlo simulation coupled with application of this estimator. The simulation is based on a large set of total phosphorus data from the Potomac River. To assure that the simulated records have realistic properties, the data are modeled in a multiplicative fashion incorporating flow, hysteresis, seasonal, and noise components. The results demonstrate the importance of balancing the length of the two sampling periods and balancing the number of data values between the two periods. The inefficiency of sampling at frequencies much in excess of 12 samples per year is demonstrated. Rotational sampling designs are discussed, and efficient designs, at least for this river and constituent, are shown to involve more than one year of active sampling at frequencies of about 12 per year.
DATA ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES IN LAKE ERIE1
Authors: Hipel Keith W. , McLeod A. Jan , Weller Roland R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A comprehensive data analysis study is carried out for detecting trends and other statistical characteristics in water quality time series measured in Long Point Bay, Lake Erie. In order to glean an optimal amount of useful information from the available data, the exploratory and confirmatory data anslysis stages are adhered to. To test a range of hypotheses regarding the statistical properties of the time series, a wide variety of both parametric and nonparametric techniques are employed. A particularly useful nonparametric method for discovering trends is the seasonal Mann‐Kendall test.
COMPARISON OF INSTREAM AND LABORATORY METHODS OF MEASURING SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND1
Authors: Hall Dennis C. , Berkas Wayne R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) was determined at three sites in a gravel‐bottomed central Missouri stream by: (1) two variations of an instream method, and (2) a laboratory method. SOD generally was greatest by the instream methods, which are considered more accurate, and least by the laboratory method. Disturbing stream sediment did not significantly decrease SOD by the instream method. Temperature ranges of up to 12° Celsius had no significant effect on the SOD. In the gravel‐bottomed stream, the placement of chambers was critical to obtain reliable measurements. SOD rates were dependent on the method; therefore, care should be taken in comparing SOD data obtained by different methods. There is a need for a carefully researched standardized method for SOD determinations.
O&M SPENDING LEVELS IN THIRD WORLD IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: EXPLORING ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES1
Authors: McLoughlin Peter F. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Third World irrigation and drainage systems have experienced major declines recently in both capability and performance. This is due initially to working them well beyond their design capaci‐capacities; scouring, sedimentation, and overtopping result. Chronic O&M underfunding then adds heavily to this worsening malaise. International donors have assisted irrigation departments with rehabilitation projects and programs to improve O&M effectiveness on a grand (billions of dollars) scale. Despite their historical propensity to examine, almost fastidiously, program economic justifications (B/C, IRR, etc), the donors apparently have glossed over two basic analytic elements for (a) more spending on O&M as distinct from an equivalent spending on other means to provide farmers with an m3 of water; and (b) different levels of O&M spending on canals and drains. Surely those different levels provide differing benefits, in total, and at the margin. Which level is most economic? This paper identifies these latter analytical issues, posits methodologies key to an O&M spending level analysis, and discusses the information base. Particular attention is paid to identifying relevant costs and benefits, and to suggesting supplementary criteria for O&M spending level selection. The paper is an exercise in delineation of an imminently practical area of irrigation engineering economics.
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR STORMWATER DETENTION1
Authors: Nix Stephan J. , Tsay Ting‐Kuei
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In a simulation experiment, stormwater flows are partially diverted, at various levels, to a detention basin in order to compare the recombined (i.e., undiverted flows and basin discharges) hydrograph to the response of the traditional, in‐line design. The use of off‐line detention basins is shown to be an effective technique for reducing peak flows from developed watersheds to pre‐development levels with lower storage requirements. In addition, the discharge hydrographs produced by off‐line detention are significantly different from those produced by the traditional design and may be more suited to certain stormwater management situations.
EXPERIMENTAL MARVIN WINDSHIELD EFFECTS ON PRECIPITATION RECORDS IN LEADVILLE, COLORADO1
Authors: Jarrett Robert D. , Crow Loren W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An evaluation of the Leadville, Colorado, precipitation records that include a reported record‐breaking storm (and flood) at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains has indicated that the use of an experimental Marvin windshield (designed to decrease the effects of wind on precipitation‐gage catchment of snow during winter) resulted in substantially overregistered summer precipitation for 1919 to 1938. The July monthly precipitation for these years was over‐registered by an average of 157 percent of the long‐term July monthly precipitation at Leadville. The cause of the overregistration of precipitation was the almost 4‐foot‐top‐diameter cone‐shaped windshield that had the effect of “funneling” hail and rain splash into the rain gage. Other nearby precipitation gages, which did not use this Marvin windshield, did not have this trend of increased precipitation for the same period. Streamflow records from the Leadville area also do not indicate an increase in streamfiow from 1919 to 1938. The storm of July 27, 1937, considered one of the few, large, intense rainstorms at higher elevations, had a recorded precipitation of total 4.34 inches (4.26 inches in 1 hour). Streamflow‐gaging‐station records indicate that only 0.09 inch of storm runoff occurred. Paleoflood investigations of channels in the Leadville area and old newspaper accounts also indicate no substantial flood from this storm. This study indicates that the 1937 storm probably totaled about 1.7 inches of precipitation, much of which occurred as hail.
DEVELOPING AND ASSESSING A MODEL OF RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION1
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Smith Bruce R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Relevant literature was reviewed from which a model of residential water conservation was developed. Four residential conservation program interventions were posited: 1) public education, 2) pricing variables, 3) water use restrictions, and 4) building code requirements. Four exogenous variables affecting residential water use were also posited: 1) temperature, 2) rainfall, 3) household income, and 4) household size. The impacts of these eight variables on residential per capita daily use were assessed by cross sectional and time series analysis. Study results generally supported the porposed model, with less consistent support obtained for pricing variables and conservation beliefs. The paper concludes with the hypothesis that an inclining block rate structure coupled with an informational program designed to inform consumers of their consumption under each block will have a synergistic impact.
PHOSPHORUS LOSSES FROM CROPLAND AS AFFECTED BY TILLAGE SYSTEM AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION METHOD1
Authors: Mostaghimi Saied , Flagg J. Michael , Dillaha Theo A. , Shanholtz Vernon O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A rainfall simulator was used to study the effectiveness of no‐till and fertilizer application method on reducing phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural lands. Simulated rainfall was applied to 12 experimental field plots, each 0.01 ha in size. The plots were divided into no‐till and conventional tillage systems. Two fertilizer application methods, subsurface injection and surface application, were investigated for the two tillage systems. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied at a rate of 46 kg/ha, 24 to 48 hours before the start of rain simulation. Water samples were collected from the base of each plot and analyzed for sediment and P content. No‐till was found to be very effective in reducing runoff and sediment losses. No‐till reduced sediment loss and total runoff volume by 92 and 67 percent, respectively. Subsurface injection of fertilizer, as compared to surface application, reduced PO4 losses by 39 percent for no‐till and by 35 percent for conventional tillage. The effect of tillage system on PO4 losses was not significant. Reductions in total‐P (PT) losses due to no‐till compared to the conventional tillage system were 89 and 91 percent for surface application and subsurface injection methods, respectively. Averaged across all fertilizer treatments, an equivalent of 0.9 and 8.9 percent of the P applied to the plots were lost from the no‐till and conventional tillage plots, respectively.
CONSUMPTIVE USE OF STREAMFLOW INCREASES IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Brown Thomas C. , Harding Benjamin L. , Lord William B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study examined the disposition of streamflow increases that could be created by vegetation management on forest land along the upper reaches of the Colorado River. A network optimization model was used to simulate water flow, storage, consumptive use, and loss within the entire Colorado River Basin with and without the flow increases, according to various scenarios incorporating both current and future consumptive use levels as well as existing and potential institutional constraints. Results indicate that very little of the flow increases would be consumptively used at current use levels, or even at future use levels, if water allocation institutions remain unchanged. Given future use levels and economically based water allocation institutions, up to one‐half of the flow increases could be consumptively used. The timing of streamflow increases, and the institutional constraints on water allocation, often limit the potential for consumptive use of flow increases.
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTIVE LOSS FROM MAN‐MADE SNOW1
Authors: Eisel Leo M. , Mills Kimberly D. , Leaf Charles F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Consumptive loss of water attributable to man‐made snowmaking was estimated using an energy balance model and a mass balance procedure. Data from nine field experiments at Colorado ski areas were collected and used in these models. The mean consumptive loss using the energy balance model for the nine experiments was 6.0 percent and 5.8 percent for the mass balance model A thermodynamic relationship and a regression equation were developed to provide a procedure to estimate consumptive loss as a linear function of atmospheric temperature.
LEAF LITTER BREAKDOWN IN A RECENTLY IMPOUNDED RESERVOIR1
Authors: James William F. , Kennedy Robert H. , Sham William E. , Myers Richard K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The impoundment of Richard B. Russell Lake resulted in the inundation of 3490 ha of forested area or 33 percent of the total area of the lake. Estimates of the total inundated leaf litter biomass were combined with a leaf litter decomposition study to determine the nutrient load and dissolved oxygen demand to the reservoir. Hickory leaf bags broke down most rapidly at the 3‐m and 28‐rn depths, followed by short‐needle pine, white oak, a hardwood litter mixture, beech, and red oak. Leaf bags incubated at the 3‐m depth exhibited significantly higher breakdown rates than those at the 28‐m depth for most leaf types, due to differences in dissolved oxygen and temperature. Respiration rates of litter were also higher at the 3‐m depth. Most leaf types accumulated nitrogen and phosphorus and lost organic carbon after an initial leaching period. Richard B. Russell Lake exhibited extensive anoxia and the buildup of total organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus during summer stratification. Leaf litter breakdown accounted for 64 percent of the organic carbon increase but acted as a sink for nitrogen and phosphorus. The dissolved oxygen demand of the litter accounted for over 50 percent of the demand incurred in the lake.
AN INDEX FOR MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH AN APPLICATION1
Authors: Seckler David , Sampath R. K. , Raheja S. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a statistically valid index for measuring the performance of irrigation systems. The index is applied to a sample of 39 farms on a watercourse under the warabandi system of irrigation management in India. It is found that while the farmers in fact irrigated almost exactly the total amount of irrigated area as designed, inter‐farm variations were considerable. The index shows that the degree of error of managerial effectiveness of irrigation on this watercourse is 20 percent. Therefore it is concluded that the system is performing at 80 percent effectiveness.
A PROBABILISTIC BENEFIT‐COST ANALYSIS OF A ZONING PROGRAM FOR FLOOD PLAINS1
Authors: Leblanc Daniel , Ouellette Pierre
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Various techniques, one of which is zoning, are used to control the extent of flood damage. The benefit‐cost analysis of zoning programs must take into account the random nature of flooding. This paper outlines a method for determining not only the expected value of the benefit‐cost ratio, but also the probability of such a zoning program being profitable. It also presents an application of the method to the assessment of the Outaouais Regional Community zoning program.
SEDIMENT AND WATER YIELDS FROM MANAGED FORESTS ON FLAT COASTAL PLAIN SITES1
Authors: Beasley R. Scott. , Granillo Aifredo B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sediment losses and water yields were measured for five years on nine forested watersheds in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas. After one year of pretreatment measurements, three watersheds were clearcut and mechanically site prepared, three were selectively harvested, and three control watersheds were left undisturbed. Sediment losses and water yields were similar for the selectively harvested and cohtrol watersheds during all four post‐treatment years. However, clearcutting with mechanical site preparation significantly increased sediment losses and water yields above levels measured on other watersheds. Increased sediment losses persisted for two years, while water yields increased for one year. Although sediment losses from clear‐cutting were greater than for other treatments, actual losses averaged only 264 kg/ha and 63 kg/ha for the first and second post‐treatment years, respectively. The relatively low sediment losses are attributed to the flat terrain and the relatively low flow discharge rates that typify these sites.
EFFECTS OF PRECIPITATION AND LAND USE ON STORM RUNOFF1
Authors: Brown R. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Storm‐runoff quantity and quality were studied in three watersheds located near St. Paul in Ramsey County, Minnesota, from April 15 through September 15 of 1984, 1985, and 1986 to qualitatively determine the effects of precipitation and selected land uses on storm runoff. In respect to precipitation effects, differences in stormrunoff quantity between years in an urban watershed that lacks wetlands appear to be related to the average storm size (amount of precipitation) during the study period of each year. In contrast, the differences in storm‐runoff quantity from watersheds that contain wetlands appear to be related to total precipitation during study period of each year. In respect to land use, the differences in storm‐runoff quantity appear to be related to the amounts of impervious and wetland area. The watershed that contains the largest amount of impervious area and smallest amount of wetland area has the largest amount of storm runoff. Differences in storm‐runoff quality appear to be related to the amounts of wetland and lake area. The watershed that contains the largest amounts of wetland and lake area has the smallest storm‐runoff loading of suspended solids, phosphorus, and nitrogen. The wetland and lake areas likely retain the loading and, subsequently, lower the amount of storm‐runoff loading exported from a watershed.
ABNORMALITIES AND DISEASES OBSERVED IN COMMERCIAL FISH CATCHES FROM BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA1
Authors: Skinner Renate H. , Kandrashoff Walter
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Many of the most productive fishing grounds in the United States are estuaries and bays which are located near population and industrial centers, and therefore subjected to pollution. Observations made on 17 fish species from commercial catches harvested in north Biscayne Bay, Florida, an urban area, showed high numbers of individuals suffering from abnormalities and diseases. Seven groups of disorders most frequently affected bottom feeders. Fin and integumental hemorrhages occurred in all individuals in 26 of 43 catches of Mugil cephalus (striped mullet), and in all individuals in 24 of 30 catches of Micropogon undulatus (Atlantic croaker). Disorders occurring consistently in a location exposed to pollutants, but uncommon in other areas of the species' range, point to environmental stress as a probable cause.
RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPRAP IN STEEP CHANNELS1
Authors: Abt Steven R. , Wittier Rodney J. , Ruff James F. , Khattak Mohammad S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A series of flume tests were conducted to determine the flow resistance of angular shaped riprap in steep channels. Flow resistance was expressed in terms of the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor and the Manning's roughness coefficient. Prototype channels of 4 ft. (1.2 m) and 12 ft. (3.7 m) in width were constructed at slopes ranging from 0.01 to 0.20. The channel beds were comprised of angular riprap of median diameters of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 inches (2.59, 5.59, 10.41, 12.95, and 15.75 cms). The Darcy‐Weisbach and Manning's coefficients were determined for each test condition prior to bed failure.

The resulting Darcy‐Weisbach coefficients were related to the channel energy gradient and the bed relative submergence for highly turbulent flow. Also, Manning's roughness coefficients were related to the product of the median stone diameter and energy gradient. Because of the angular shape of the riprap and the wedging and/or packing of the bed materials, the resistance to flow was found to exceed the flow resistance values predicted by previous studies. Expressions were presented for estimating the resistance to flow for angular riprap in steep channels.
APPROACHES TO WATER RESOURCE POLICY AND PLANNING IN TEXAS1
Authors: Smerdon Ernest T. , Gronouski John A. , Clarkson Judith M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Texas is one of the states in which limitations in water supplies could severely constrain economic growth in certain areas. The traditional planning approach for addressing this problem has involved devising schemes for large water development projects, which for many years included the importation of water from other states. Now the attitude towards water resource management is changing, and it is generally agreed that better management of existing supplies is the preferred approach. In this paper we review some of the changes that have recently occurred in Texas, including attempts to streamline the water institutions in such a way that they might be more responsive to the need for more comprehensive management of water resources statewide, with greater emphasis on social and environmental concerns.
THE W‐INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION1
Authors: DeCook K. James. , Foster Kennith E. , Karpiscak Martin M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An index of residential water efficiency ‐ a “W‐Index” ‐ can serve as a measure of effectiveness of water conservation features in the home. The index provides a calculated numerical value for each dwelling unit, derived from the number and kind of water‐saving features present, including indoor and outdoor water savers and water harvesting or recycling systems.

A W‐Index worksheet, devised for on‐site evaluation of single‐family residences in the Tucson, Arizona, region shows that a nonconserving residence with all the water‐using features would use 151,000 gallons per year or 148 gallons per capita per day (gpcpd), while the fully conserving model would use 35,300 gallons per year or 35 gpcpd and with water harvesting and graywater recycling systems would have a maximum W‐Index of W‐160. A Tucson water conservation demonstration home, Casa del Agua, received a rating of W‐139, and field tests of about 30 homes in new Tucson subdivisions show values ranging from W‐75 to W‐100, indicating the incorporation of some water conservation in current new models.

By adjustment of some climatic or water‐use parameters, the W‐Index format can be applied to various types of dwelling units or to other urban areas. The W‐Index can be used by individual homeowners or builders to evaluate water efficiency of residential units, or by water providers or water management agencies as a device for promoting and achieving water conservation goals.
INSTANTANEOUS PEAK FLOW ESTIMATION PROCEDURES FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STREAMS1
Authors: Panu U.S. , Smith D.A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A procedure of estimating instantaneous flood flows for various return periods on the Island of Newfoundland is presented. The procedure is based on annual maximum instantaneous flows rather than annual maximum daily‐mean flows, as the latter requires the conversion of estimated daily‐mean flows into instantaneous flows. Regression equations were developed for each of three homogeneous regions for the desired return periods. The flood flow estimation capability of the presented procedure is demonstrated to be better than any other currently available procedure on the Island.
ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL REDUCTIONS IN RECREATIONAL BENEFITS DUE TO SEDIMENTATION1
Authors: Ralston Scott N. , Park William M
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A travel cost model is developed to estimate the potential reductions in recreational benefits from sedimentation in Reelfoot Lake in northwestern Tennessee. In addition to the consumer surplus estimates generated by the model, three other aspects of the study were significant. First, the study applied a relatively untested methodology for deriving the opportunity cost of travel time. The study resulted in a value that is less than one‐half of the Water Resource Council's “one‐third of the wage rate” rule‐of‐thumb. Second, water quality perceptions were unsuccessfully incorporated into the model as a demand shifter. This raised questions as to the appropriate manner in which perceptions could be included in a travel cost model. Finally, a simple methodology was outlined by which estimates of the recreational value of Reelfoot Lake could be used to suggest how much cost could be justified for soil erosion control on agricultural land surrounding the lake.
PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES FOR DISSOLVED MERCURY1
Authors: Hamlin Scott N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water samples for dissolved mercury require special treatment because of the high chemical mobility and volatility of this element. Widespread use of mercury and its compounds has provided many avenues for contamination of water. Two laboratory tests were done to determine the relative permeabilities of glass and plastic sample bottles to mercury vapor. Plastic containers were confirmed to be quite permeable to airborne mercury, glass containers were virtually impermeable. Methods of preservation include the use of various combinations of acids, oxidants, and complexing agents. The combination of nitric acid and potassium dichromate successfully preserved mercury in a large variety of concentrations and dissolved forms. Because this acid‐oxidant preservative acts as a sink for airborne mercury and plastic containers are permeable to mercury vapor, glass bottles are preferred for sample collection. To maintain a healthy work environment and minimize the potential for contamination of water samples, mercury and its compounds are isolated from the atmosphere while in storage. Concurrently, a program to monitor environmental levels of mercury vapor in areas of potential contamination is needed to define the extent of mercury contamination and to assess the effectiveness of mercury clean‐up procedures.
OPTIMAL ESTIMATION OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN GROUND WATER1
Authors: Yu Yun‐Sheng , Heidari Manoutchehr , Guang‐Te Wang
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Finite element and finite difference representations of the convective‐dispersive equation have been widely used in determining contaminant transport in ground water. Due to inherent uncertainties of the transport process, those representations are inexact and contain errors. Errors in field measurements are unavoidable. By combining a numerical model, a measurement equation, and the Kalman filter, optimal estimates of the state variable (contaminant concentration) can be obtained. This paper describes the algorithm and gives a numerical example of contaminant transport in a two‐dimensional ground water flow. The results show significant improvement in the estimated concentration distribution by using the filtering technique.
COORDINATION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE AC A CASE STUDY OF LAKE RESTORATION1
Authors: Fonyo Carolyn M. , Boggess William G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The potential for joint public and private action for lake restoration is examined using Lake Apopka, Florida, as a case study. Initial calculations indicate that private incentives alone are inadequate to attract investment in a facility to grow and harvest water hyacinths for conversion to methane gas. However, the private externality of water quality improvement associated with harvesting water hyacinths provides a key linkage between the public's water quality objectives and the private gas producer's actions. In order to establish the potential basis for negotiation, the public's willingness‐to‐pay for environmental services associated with improved water quality is estimated and compared with the estimated subsidy required to induce private action. A conceptual framework is then presented for coordinating actions between private firms and public water management agencies in order to internalize the private externality of water quality improvement while simultaneously achieving the public and private objectives. Results indicate that the subsidization of water hyacinth production and harvesting compares favorably with alternative means of enhancing the water quality of Lake Apopka.
INACTIVATION OF GIARDIA MURIS CYSTS BY CHLORAMINES1
Authors: Meyer Ernest A. , Glicker Joe , Bingham Alan K. , Edwards Roger
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In a study to measure the efficacy of chioramines at inactivating Giardia cysts, the ability of cysts to excyst was measured after exposure to different concentrations of chloramines, for different times, and at different temperatures and pH. The chloramines were generated by mixing ammonium sulfate and sodium hypochlorate in water to approximate a 7:1 chlorine:ammonia ratio by weight. Times of 40, 80, 180, and 270 minutes; temperatures of 3, 10, and 18°C; target chioramine concentrations of 0.4, 1.4, 2.0, and 2.6 mg/L; and pH of 7.0 and 8.5 were the actual values tested. The combinations of these variables that were able to inactivate >99.8 percent of the cysts were a minimum chloramine concentration of 2.26 mg/L applied for 270 minutes at a water temperature of 10°C; and at 18°C, averaged minimum chloramine concentrations of 2.14 and 1.55 mg/L applied for 180 and 270 minutes, respectively. The minimum CT values corresponding to these combinations capable of >99.8 percent cyst inactivation, are 610 at 10°C and 385 at 18°C. Temperature was noted to exert a major effect on the ability of chloramines to inactivate cysts. Modifications of the methods used to generate chloramines may have an effect on the capacity of this disinfectant to inactivate cysts.
DROUGHT INDICATED IN CARBON‐13/CARBON‐12 RATIOS OF SOUTHWESTERN TREE RINGS1
Authors: Leavitt Steven W. , Long Austin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Stomatal closure during periods of moisture deficiency should theoretically lead to elevated 13C/12C ratios as reduction of available CO2 leads to diminished photosynthetic discrimination against 13C in favor of 12C. Stable‐carbon isotope ratio chronologies developed from 5‐yr tree‐ring groups at 17 sites in six southwestern states were tested for a drought relationship by first fitting a spline curve to each chronology to remove the long‐term trend and calculating indices as the ratio of actual to spline curve value. The time series of “Del Indices” so developed are significantly correlated with 5‐yr mean Palmer Hydrological Drought Indices (post‐1930 period) and reconstructed July Palmer Drought Severity Indices from respective areas. Overall, in the period since 1790, the driest pentads were 1900–04 and 1960–64, whereas the wettest were 1980–84 and 1915–19. Maps of drought represented for two pentads seem to be reasonable representations, although spatial correlations of Del Indices with PHDI were generally not significant. These Del Index drought reconstructions may provide a useful measure of past physiological response to drought (stomatal closure), although the present cost of analysis would prevent this from being a routine method.
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE LIMITED IRRIGATION‐DRYLANI) (LID) FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM'
Authors: Harman Wyatte L. , Stewart B. A. , Musick J. T. , Dusek D. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Changes in cropping patterns, water use, and profitability of producing sorghum with the LID (Limited Irrigation‐Dryland) furrow irrigation system were compared with conventional irrigation practices. A recursive linear programming model was used to assess the economic impacts over a ten‐year period. The analysis of various water resource situations in the High Plains of Texas indicated the LID system increased irrigated sorghum acreage over conventional practices. Although less irrigated and dryland wheat was generally produced, present value of returns increased from about $18 per acre to $50 per acre. Water use was slightly higher in most situations when using the LID system.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FROM BASINS1
Authors: Warner James W. , Molden David , Chehata Mondher , Sunada Daniel K
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: One of the most common methods of artificial recharge to the ground water is from basins. In this paper, seven analytical solutions that describe artificial recharge from basins are presented. Most of these solutions are derived by directly solving the general partial differential equation for ground water flow. The solutions differ in that they use different boundary conditions, basin shapes, and consider the nonlinearity of the artificial recharge problem differently. Use of each analytical solution is demonstrated in this paper by application to an example problem. A comparison of each analytical solution presented in this paper was made to give suggestions on their use, their ease of implementation, and their relative agreement. Although no attempt is made in the paper to conclude which analytical solution is best for all problems, some general conclusions can be stated on the applicability of the various analytical solutions. Of the analytical solutions presented in this paper, Glovers and Hantush's solutions for rectangular recharge basins are highly recommended. Baumanns solution for a circular basin also gave fairly reliable results and is very easy to evaluate numerically.
MERITS OF STATISTICAL CRITERIA FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS1
Authors: Martinec J. , Rango A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The performance of a hydrological model is usually assessed first by visual inspection of the measured and computed hydrographs. Numerous statistical criteria are available for numerical evaluations of model accuracy in each single year, in a particular season of the year, or in a sequence of years or seasons. In the last case, the problem of computing the overall result has to be considered. If too many criteria are used and the criteria are switched frequently, an assessment of a model's performance becomes difficult for a potential user. Therefore, this paper concentrates on just three criteria and their combined evaluation: The Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient, which compares the model computed discharge with the average measured discharge; the “coefficient of gain from daily means” in which a uniform average discharge is replaced by daily average discharges; and the volumetric difference between the total measured and computed runoff. The three criteria are combined in a three dimensional representation that allows intercomparisons of model performance in a single diagram.
HEDONIC PRICE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF A FLOODPLAIN ON PROPERTY VALUES1
Authors: Donnelly William A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effect of a floodplain location on the market value for property is controversial, with the conventional wisdom being that buyers are myopic. Previous parametric and nonparametric statistical tests have proven inconclusive in deciding the issue. Herein, a theoretical model, that of hedonic price indexes, is posited and tested, using housing sales characteristics data obtained from a Multi‐List Service cooperative. This study suggests that home buyers do adjust the purchase price for houses within a floodplain, and this amounts to, on average, just over 12 percent. The data are from a small midwestern town in which the last severe flooding occurred a decade ago.
EFFECTS OF FOREST HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS ON STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA1
Authors: Feller M.C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The herbicide glyphosate was applied to portions of two watersheds in southwestern British Columbia to kill vegetation that was competing withPseudotsuga menziesii(Douglas‐fir) plantations. This application had little significant effect on streamwater chemistry (K+, Na2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl‐, NOs3‐, NH4+, PO43‐, SO4=, and SiO2concentrations, electrical conductivity, and pH) when vegetation cover in a watershed was reduced by 4%, but had significant (P>0.05) effects, which lasted for at least five years, when cover was reduced by 43%. In this case, most parameters increased in value following the application, with K+and Mg2+concentrations and pH values exhibiting the most prolonged increases and NO3‐concentrations exhibiting the greatest percentage increases. Sulphate and dissolved SiO2concentrations decreased following the application. Streamwater chemical fluxes showed similar trends to concentrations except that changes in fluxes were less significant and no decreases were observed. Forest management induced losses of NO3‐N in streamwater during the first five post‐treatment years in the study area decreased in the order: herbicide application (approximately 40 kg/ha) < clearcutting and slashburning (approximately 20 kg/ha) < clearcutting (approximately 10 kg/ha). In watersheds similar to those of the study area, herbicide application is likely to have a greater impact on streamwater chemistry, in general, than would clearcutting or clearcutting followed by slashburning.
EFFECT OF SULFOMETURON METHYL ON GROUND WATER AND STREAM QUALITY IN COASTAL PLAIN FOREST WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Neary D.G. , Michael J. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sulfometuron methyl [methyl 2‐[[[[4,6‐dimethly 2‐(pyrimidinyl) a‐mino] carbony l]amino] sulfonyl] benzoate] was applied by a ground sprayer at a maximum labeled rate of 0.42 kg ha‐1 a.i. to a 4 ha Coastal Plain flatwoods watershed as site preparation for tree planting. Herbicide residues were detected in Streamflow for only seven days after treatment and did not exceed 7 mg m‐3. Sulfometuron methyl was not detected in any stormflow and was not found in any sediment (both bedload and suspended). Sampling of a shallow ground water aquifer, > 1.5 m below ground surface, did not detect any sulfometuron methyl residues for 203 days after herbicide application. Lack of herbicide residue movement was attributed to low application rates, rapid hydrolysis in acidic soils and water and dilution in streamflow.
EFFECTS OF PLACER MINING DISCHARGE ON HEALTH AND FOOD OF ARCTIC GRAYLING1
Authors: Reynolds James B. , Simmons Rodney C. , Burkholder Alan R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the summers of 1982, 1983, and 1985, we assessed the effects of placer mining sedimentation on Arctic grayling, Thymallus arcticus, in the headwaters of Birch Creek, northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. We compared differences between two streams (one that was undisturbed and one with mining activity upstream) near the confluence. Studies of caged fish demonstrated that, if grayling could not escape from streams carrying mining sediments, they would either die at high rates (sac fry) or suffer gill damage, starvation, and slowed maturation (age‐O fingerlings and age‐2 juveniles). Indirect effects of sedimentation, through loss of summer habitat for feeding and reproduction, may more severely affect grayling populations than the direct effects of sedimentation on the health and survival of individual fish.
A CLOSED SYSTEM SAMPLE TRANSFER DEVICE FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNI)S1
Authors: Morrison Robert D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A sample transfer device was designed to provide a closed loop sampling system between a ground water sampling pump and a 40 ml volatile organic compound (VOC) vial. The same attachment can also be used with a bailer. The unit is constructed of a poly‐tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) body into which two stainless steel needles are press fitted. The needles puncture the Teflon septum of a vial; fluid flows through the longer needle into the vial and exits the vial from the shorter needle. The device eliminates sample transfer bias associated with head space, visible gas bubbles, and atmospheric contamination. Field sampling designed to determine differences in trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations presumedly due to the device were statistically significant in one case, and insignificant in the second.
ESTIMATING ANNUAL FLOOD PROBABILITIES USING FOURIER SERIES METHOD1
Authors: Wu Kai , Woo Ming‐ko
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Fourier series method is proposed as a feasible non‐parametric approach for the estimation of the density and distribution functions of annual floods. Clearly, the goodness of fit to empirical data improves as higher Fourier terms are incorporated, and the choice of a higher term depends on whether the inclusion of this term will reduce the fitting error to within a specified tolerance level. This method was applied to the flood data from eight rivers, and to data simulated from known distributions. The results are clearly better than other parametric methods, just like other non‐parametric techniques currently used to estimate annual flood probabilities.