bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Invisible: An Overview of and Outlook for Tax Non-Compliance Estimates and Measurement Methods for Switzerland
Authors: Schmutz Felix
Published: January 2018

This paper gives an overview of tax non-compliance estimates and evaluates the suitability of various tax non-compliance measurement methods for Switzerland. The existing estimates for Switzerland focus strongly on non-declared assets and are based on a limited number of measurement methods. Nevertheless, the estimates range widely, between CHF 106 to over 500 billion for non-declared assets and 12.6 to 35.1 percent for income, for the time period 1970 to today. These estimates could be taken as a starting point for further tax non-compliance research. They should however be verified and supplemented by estimates resulting from other methods as a solid measurement of tax non-compliance requires a comprehensive approach including several methods. Further, the focus should shift from non-declared assets towards non-declared income.
On the Regressivity of Gambling Taxes in Switzerland
Authors: Kohler Dimitri
Published: January 2018

In this study, the author assesses whether the gambling tax in Switzerland is regressive using a large, representative sample of the population and the reported gambling expenditures of the Swiss Health Survey 2007 (SHS 07). To analyze the tax incidence, the Suits index was constructed. This result is supported by a regression analysis, which highlights the income elasticity of gambling expenditures The two measures provide converging results and demonstrate the regressive pattern of the gambling tax in Switzerland As such, this taxation structure contributes to increased income inequality in Switzerland.
Impact of Annual Weather Fluctuations on Wine Production in Germany
Authors: Niklas Britta
Published: January 2018

This paper analyzes the impact of annual weather fluctuations on the total output of wine and on the share of output of different wine-quality categories in Germany, using a set of wine data from all thirteen German wine regions and daily weather data taken from regional weather stations. The empirical analysis suggests that rising average temperatures have a significantly positive impact on the total output of wine as well as on the output shares of wine in higher-quality categories. The number of freezing days appears to be detrimental to overall production; precipitation during the growing season impairs higher-quality wines in particular. (JEL Classifications: Q21, Q13)
Fairtrade Wine Price Dispersion in the United Kingdom
Authors: Niklas Britta , Storchmann Karl , Vink Nick
Published: January 2018

This paper analyzes wine price dispersion in the United Kingdom. In particular, we are interested in examining whether Fairtrade wines are different from non-Fairtrade wines. Because Fairtrade wines serve an additional social purpose, one may think that consumers search less aggressively for the outlet with the lowest price, thus allowing for a larger price dispersion than for regular wines. We draw on data for about seven thousand wines from South Africa, Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade, sold in the United Kingdom between 2007 and 2012. In a first step, we run a hedonic regression model explaining the wine prices using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) Instrumental Variable (IV) approaches. In the next step, we regress the squared residuals from the first step on a Fairtrade 0-1 dummy-variable. When using the squared residuals from the OLS model, we find that Fairtrade is a negative determinant of price dispersion. Therefore, Fairtrade wines exhibit a significant lower price dispersion than the comparison group. When using the squared residuals from the IV model, we find mixed results and suspect the presence of a substantial bias due to weak instruments. Finally, in order to avoid IV pitfalls, we ran Fairtrade and Non-Fairtrade wines in separate equations. We find support for the OLS results, i.e., Fairtrade wines appear to exhibit lower price dispersion than their non-Fairtrade counterparts. Whether this is due to consumer search is aprioriunclear. (JEL Classifications: L31, L81, Q11)
How Newspapers Reveal Political Power
Authors: Ban Pamela , Fouirnaies Alexander , Hall Andrew B , Snyder James M
Published: January 2018

Political science is in large part the study of power, but power itself is difficult to measure. We argue that we can use newspaper coverage—in particular, the relative amount of space devoted to particular subjects in newspapers—to measure the relative power of an important set of political actors and offices. We use a new dataset containing nearly 50 million historical newspaper pages from 2,700 local US newspapers over the years 1877–1977. We define and discuss a measure of power we develop based on observed word frequencies, and we validate it through a series of analyses. Overall, we find that the relative coverage of political actors and of political offices is a strong indicator of political power for the cases we study. To illustrate its usefulness, we then apply the measure to understand when (and where) state party committees lost their power. Taken together, the paper sheds light on the nature of political news coverage and offers both a new dataset and a new measure for studying political power in a wide set of contexts.
“A Fondness for Military Display”: Conquest and Intrigue in South India during the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839–40
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: January 2018

As the East India Company prepared for its First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42), its officials grew suspicious of a Muslim uprising within British India. They became convinced that itinerant Muslim reformers—mislabeled “Wahhabis”—were inciting princes of India's Deccan region to rebellion. This article describes how the very talk of this “Wahhabi conspiracy” not only triggered the interventionist impulses of the colonial state, but also inspired local intrigues associated with the downfall of two Indo-Afghan princes of the Deccan, Kurnool's Ghulam Rasul Khan and Udayagiri's Abbas Ali Khan. In both cases a preoccupation with the transnational Wahhabi operative masked local and sometimes petty interests, which drove the politics of these smaller regimes. The case studies of Kurnool and Udayagiri illustrate how news of events arising in one region of imperial conflict could “travel” to remote regions of India's Deccan, evolving into conspiracy narratives along the way. The discourse of conspiracy provided a pretext for military action and the annexation of territory. The story being told, however, is not simply about paranoid colonial officers who were all too eager to intervene, but is also about local entrepreneurs who knew how to exploit the situation toward their own ends.
Adsorption, Desorption, and Leaching of Nitrofen and Oxyfluorfen
Authors: Fadayomi Omosuyi , Warren G. F.
Published: January 2018

The adsorption of nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) and oxyfluorfen [2-cholor-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] from aqueous solution by muck soil, and by kaolinite and bentonite saturated with hydrogen or calcium ions, was studied using14C-labeled herbicides. Both compounds were readily adsorbed from solution by muck soil and Ca- and H-Al-bentonite but only slightly by Ca- and H-Al-kaolinite. Very little of the adsorbed compounds was desorbed after four extractions with distilled water. A bioactivity study using sorghum seedlings (Sorghum bicolorL. ‘RS610′) was conducted with the herbicides in a silica sand medium amended with 1% (w/w) of the various adsorbents. The herbicides were strongly inactivated by muck soil but there was very little inactivation by the clays. There was essentially no movement of either herbicide through 5-cm columns of a silt loam soil and a fine sand soil.
Ecological Effects of Barnyardgrass on Soybeans in a Greenhouse
Authors: Maun M.A.
Published: January 2018

Greenhouse studies were conducted to study the competition between soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Vansoy’] and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.]. The competition was initiated or terminated when soybeans were 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 weeks old. The reproductive efficiency of soybeans was not lowered by 4 to 7 weeks of competition after planting of soybeans. Competition between the two species for the entire growing season resulted in a significant decrease in plant height of soybeans. The total dry matter per plant was negatively correlated with an increase in the length of competition. Competition during the first 5 to 9 weeks of the life cycle of soybeans was more deleterious to soybean productivity than the last 5 to 9 weeks of its life cycle.
Response of Cotton to Cultivation
Authors: Buchanan G.A. , Hiltbold A.E.
Published: January 2018

Yields of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′) did not differ with various cultivation practices on two soils in Alabama over a 3 to 5-yr period. Cultivation treatments resulted in cotton yields equivalent to but not greater than those resulting from weed removal without soil stirring. However, lack of any weed control resulted in more than 90% yield reduction on Decatur clay loam soil based on a 5-yr average and 95% yield reduction on Hartsells fine sandy loam soil, based on a 3-yr average.
Weed Control in Nursery Stock by Controlled Release of Alachlor
Authors: Smith A.E. , Verma B.P.
Published: January 2018

Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide] mixed with plaster-of-paris in concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% (w/w) was cast into tablets of three sizes. The controlled release of the herbicide was tested by the following methods: (a) in the laboratory with eduction by soaking tablets in water, (b) in the greenhouse with azalea (Rhododendron obtuseumPlanch. ‘Richardii’) stock in container, and (c) in the lathe house with azalea stock in containers. In the laboratory experiment, the quantity of herbicide educed from tablets of equivalent volumes, weights, and concentrations were similar regardless of surface area of the three tablet sizes. Successively decreasing quantitites of alachlor were educed with each of the first 10 soakings. Following these soakings, the quantity of alachlor educed per soaking stabilized for the next 30 soakings. In both greenhouse and lathe house experiments, azalea plants treated with as much as 45 kg/ha alachlor formulated in tablet(s) were not damaged. In the best greenhouse treatments, two small tablets per container, effective weed control was obtained for up to 7.5 months from a single application of alachlor at rates of 11, 22, and 45 kg/ha.
Moisture Stress Effects on the Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Haloxyfop in Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)
Authors: Peregoy Robert S. , Kitchen Lynn M. , Jordan Peter W. , Griffin James L.
Published: January 2018

Glasshouse studies were undertaken to determine the effect of imposed moisture stress on the phytotoxicity of haloxyfop; the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of14C-haloxyfop; and14C-photoassimilate partitioning in johnsongrass and large crabgrass. Following foliar applications of haloxyfop at 30 and 25 g ai ha–1to large crabgrass and johnsongrass, respectively, control 15 days after treatment was 92% for nonstressed plants and less than 12% for water-stressed plants. Foliar absorption of14C-haloxyfop was reduced by moisture stress 1, 3, 5, and 24 h after treatment (HAT) in large crabgrass and 1, 3, 5, 48, and 72 HAT in johnsongrass. Regardless of stress treatment, absorption in both species reached a maximum by 24 HAT. Translocation of the radiolabel from the treated leaf to plant parts above and below the node of the treated leaf was inhibited by moisture stress in large crabgrass and johnsongrass at all harvest intervals beginning 5 and 24 HAT, respectively. Metabolism of14C-haloxyfop was not altered by moisture stress. Fixation of14CO2and subsequent distribution of the14C-photoassimilates were reduced by moisture stress. Decreases in photoassimilate translocation were similar to reductions in14C-haloxyfop translocation. Moisture stress reduced the phytotoxicity of haloxyfop in the two grasses, and the reduced activity of haloxyfop appeared to be partially related to changes in herbicide absorption and translocation.
Postemergence Control of Weeds in Winter Rapeseed,Brassica napus, by DPX-A7881
Authors: Buchanan Finlay S. , Swanton Clarence J. , Gillespie Terry J.
Published: January 2018

Field experiments were established to determine the dose and timing of DPX-A7881 applied postemergence for control of weeds in winter rapeseed. Wild mustard and shepherdspurse were effectively controlled by DPX-A7881. Control of these weeds by DPX-A7881 was dependent upon growth stage. The later the growth stage at time of herbicide application the poorer the control. Fall applications of DPX-A7881 provided greater control of wild mustard and shepherdspurse seedlings compared to spring applications. The 0.010 kg ai ha-1dose was as effective in controlling susceptible weed species as 0.030 kg ai ha-1. Control of common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed by DPX-A7881 was poor. Regardless of timing or amount of herbicide applied, DPX-A7881 did not significantly reduce dry weights of either barnyardgrass or green foxtail. Doses of DPX-A7881 ranging from 0.010 to 0.030 kg ai ha-1did not injure or adversely affect winter survival of rapeseed seedlings. Rapeseed yield and seed quality were not affected by DPX-A7881 applied postemergence.
Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) Competition in Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Wall David A. , Friesen George H.
Published: January 2018

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of green foxtail density and location on the yield of potato under dryland conditions. Total and marketable tuber yields were reduced by green foxtail densities of less than 75 plants m-2. Marketable yields were affected more by increasing green foxtail density than were total yields. Increasing weed density reduced both the number and size (tuber weight) of marketable tubers but not the specific gravity or the sucrose content of the tubers at harvest. Green foxtail growing between crop rows was as competitive with potato as plants growing within the row. The effect of weed competition on total and marketable tuber yields was more pronounced in drought years than years with normal precipitation.
Emergence and Growth of Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) with Various Planting and Herbicide Incorporation Depths
Authors: Shaw David R. , Rainero Hector P. , Smith Clyde A. , Wixson Marshall B. , Ratnayake W.R.A.S. , Bruff Stacey A. , Newsom Larry J.
Published: January 2018

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of sicklepod planting depths and chlorimuron, imazaquin, and metribuzin incorporation depths on sicklepod seedling emergence and growth. There was 35 and 90% sicklepod seedling emergence from 0- and 2-cm planting depths, respectively, in untreated soil 26 days after planting; emergence decreased with each additional increment below 2 cm. Chlorimuron at 63 g ai ha reduced the number of plants present 11 days after planting at 1- and 2-cm planting depths except when unincorporated. However, deeper sicklepod planting required chlorimuron incorporation to at least 6 cm for maximum reduction of plants. Imazaquin at 140 g ai ha was not as effective as chlorimuron, but a reduction in the number of plants was noted at 1- and 2-cm planting depths when imazaquin was incorporated to 4, 6, or 8 cm. Metribuzin at 420 g ai ha consistently reduced the number of plants at all incorporation depths except when unincorporated but had little effect on emergence. Chlorimuron and imazaquin reduced sicklepod dry weight most for all planting depths when incorporated 4 to 10 and 6 to 10 cm, respectively. Metribuzin reduced sicklepod biomass at all incorporation depths.
Validation of Four Bioeconomic Weed Management Models for Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) Production
Authors: Shribbs John M. , Schweizer Edward E. , Hergert Lauren , Lybecker Donald W.
Published: January 2018

The performance of four sequential weed management models that assumed either low or high risk was compared to the performance of two sugarbeet consultants, one who assumed low risk and the other high risk. Weed management recommendations were performed over one growing season at two locations, each with several levels of weed populations. Recommendations for preplant, postemergence, and layby herbicide treatments or late-season handweeding differed among the four weed management levels. The high-risk management level was labor intensive and the low-risk management level was herbicide intensive. Weed populations at harvest, recoverable sucrose, and net return above weed control costs were not different among the four weed management levels. Weeds can be controlled in sugarbeets by employing weed management practices based on bioeconomic modeling.
Mechanism of Inheritance of Diclofop Resistance in Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)
Authors: Betts Kevin J. , Ehlke Nancy J. , Wyse Donald L. , Gronwald John W. , Somers David A.
Published: January 2018

A diclofop-methyl-resistant biotype of Italian ryegrass was characterized to determine the expression and inheritance of herbicide resistance and whether this trait was due to the presence of a diclofop-insensitive form of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase). At the whole plant level, the resistant biotype was > 93-fold more resistant to diclofop-methyl than the susceptible biotype. Crosses of diclofop-resistant and –susceptible plants were performed to produce F1 plants. No maternal effects were evident in responses of reciprocal F1 plants to diclofop. GR50diclofop rates determined for resistant, F1, and susceptible plants were 15, 6.3, and 0.16 kg ha−1, respectively. F2 populations treated with a 7.5 kg ha−1rate of diclofop exhibited three injury response phenotypes 3 wk after treatment: a susceptible (S) phenotype which was killed, an intermediate resistance (I) phenotype with severe injury, and a resistant (R) phenotype with little or no injury. Testcross progeny exhibited only I and S phenotypes. Observed segregation of phenotypes in F2 and testcross populations conformed to segregation ratios predicted for a trait with inheritance controlled by a single partially dominant nuclear gene. ACCase activity determined in crude cell-free extracts of resistant, F1, and susceptible biotypes exhibited I50values of 50, 20, and 0.7 μM diclofop, respectively. A positive relationship between the injury response phenotype and site of action (ACCase) response to diclofop was evident in both F1 and F2 populations. In extracts from R, I, and S phenotype F2 plants, 20 μM diclofop acid inhibited ACCase-mediated incorporation of14C by 27.1, 45.1, and 78.9%, respectively. The ACCase data are consistent with the hypothesis that diclofop resistance in Italian ryegrass is conferred by a diclofop-insensitive form of ACCase.
Genetic Diversity for Competitive and Reproductive Ability in Wild Oats (Avena fatua)
Authors: Darmency Henri , Aujas Catherine
Published: January 2018

Three wild oats phenotypes were grown in wheat stands sown at different dates in greenhouse and field trials. Wild oats growth and seed output, and their effects on wheat biomass were not different among phenotypes when wild oats emerged 2 wk after the wheat. In experiments in which wild oats were planted in germinated wheat, one phenotype was shorter, weighed less, and produced fewer seed than the other phenotypes. Another phenotype reduced wheat biomass more than the other phenotypes. Vernalization increased vegetative growth and reduced spikelet production of one phenotype, but had no effect on its competitiveness with wheat.
Timing of Herbicide Applications for Control of Larkspurs (Delphiniumspp.)
Authors: Ralphs Michael H. , Evans John O. , Dewey Steven A.
Published: January 2018

Timing and application rates of herbicides were evaluated for control of duncecap and tall larkspur on mountain rangelands. Picloram, triclopyr, glyphosate, and metsulfuron were applied at three rates during three growth stages (vegetative, bud, and flower) to evaluate the rate by growth stage interaction. Picloram was equally effective over all growth stages when applied at 1.1 or 2.2 kg ae ha−1. Metsulfuron was most effective when applied in the vegetative stage; 0.035 kg ai ha−1killed 95% of duncecap larkspur, but 0.14 kg ha−1was required to kill the same percentage of tall larkspur. Glyphosate at ≤ 2.2 kg ai ha−1was least effective when applied in the flower stage compared to earlier growth stages. Triclopyr showed variable control at rates from 1.1 to 4.5 kg ae ha−1.
Diethatyl for Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata) Control in Peppers (Capsicum annuum) Integrated with Cultural Practices for Phytophthora Blight Control
Authors: Majek Bradley A. , Johnston Stephen A.
Published: January 2018

Diethatyl [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl) glycine] applied posttransplant in peppers (Capsicum annuumL.) but preemergence to hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata(Raf.) Blake # GASCI] controlled the weed at 1.7 to 2.2 kg ai/ha. No serious crop injury or yield reduction was observed when diethatyl was applied to peppers at 9 kg/ha posttransplant or at bloom. Soil ridging, practiced to improve drainage and control the crown rot phase of Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsiciL.), limited the duration of weed control by disrupting the herbicide-treated surface soil and exposing untreated soil. Diethatyl applied at 2.2 kg/ha posttransplant and again at pepper bloom, after the soil ridges were formed, controlled hairy galinsoga throughout the entire growing and harvest season.
Persistence of Fluridone in Five Georgia Soils
Authors: Schroeder Jill , Banks Philip A.
Published: January 2018

Field research was conducted in 1982 and 1983 to characterize the persistence of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)pyridinone} in five Georgia soils. Fluridone persisted less than 365 days in all soils, with shorter persistence upon reapplication in 1983 which indicated the potential for enhanced microbial degradation. A significantly higher rate of loss in 1983 compared to 1982 was recorded in the Greenville sandy clay and Dothan loamy sand soils. A higher rate of loss was recorded for the 1.7 kg ai/ha than the 0.6 kg/ha treatment in the Bradson clay loam and Rome gravelly clay loam soils. No grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’) injury was observed in a field bio assay planted in the spring of 1984. Herbicide leaching did not appear to be an important method of loss.
Economics and New Alternatives in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Weed Management Programs
Authors: Nastasi Paolo , Frans Robert , McClelland Marilyn
Published: January 2018

Field experiments were conducted in 1982 and 1983 in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) to evaluate alternatives in grass weed management programs with the use of postemergence herbicides and to assess the economic potential for incorporating the new over-the-top grass weed herbicides into total cotton production practices. Twelve weed management systems using the grass herbicides sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} and fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} were compared to six standard systems. Differences in cotton production costs among the 18 systems were due to cost differences in total weed management. Equal or greater net return values were obtained when over-the-top herbicides followed fluometuron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea} preemergence or when these materials were applied twice compared to the over-the-top materials used in conjunction with trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] preplant incorporated or with directed postemergence materials. High net returns were the result of both high seed cotton yields and low total production costs.
François Cointereaux’s École d’ Architecture Rurale (1790-91) and its Influence in Europe and the Colonies
Authors: Cellauro Louis , Richaud Gilbert
Published: January 2018

This article continues from our previous article on François Cointereaux, published in this journal last year. The aim of this second article is to cast light on the dissemination of the technique of pisé, as perfected by this French agriculturalist and architect, in Europe and its colonies. Although Cointereaux is considered today a minor eighteenth-century architect, the fascicles (cahiers) of his École d’Architecture Rurale were translated shortly after their publication in Paris in 1790–91 into six languages (German, Russian, Danish, English, Finnish, and Italian); these in turn attracted the interest of major architects such as Henry Holland (1745-1806) in England, David Gilly (1748-1808) in Germany, and Nicolai L’vov (1751-1803) in Russia, who founded a school of earth construction in Tiukhili near Moscow based on those of Cointereaux in Paris. Through his publications, Cointereaux generated, at the end of the eighteenth century, an almost universal interest in this vernacular material that was both cheap and abundant. His influence outside France was indeed significant, especially in Europe, where many leading architects used pisé for rural and residential buildings. The sudden interest in this vernacular technique, coinciding with the neo-classical age in revolutionary France and in Europe, might seem surprising. Doubtless this success can largely be explained by a desire to revive rural architecture, as well as by the cheap price of the material and its incombustibility. Although we have no means of assessing the number of pupils who attended Cointereaux’s schools, we do know that there were many visitors, notably foreign ones. In the period 1790–95, they were attracted by the novelty of the material and by his demonstrations of its application; this facilitated the wider dissemination of pisé architecture in Europe, North America and Australasia in 1795–1840.
Bold, Weil-Defined Masses: Sir John Rennie and the Royal William Yard
Authors: Miele Chris
Published: January 2018

In summer 1823 John Rennie wrote to the Navy Victualling Board about the new depot he was planning for them at Plymouth. The future Royal William Yard would, as he put it, be ‘capable of embracing every requisite purpose’. The new facility would not just comprise thousands of square feet of stores. There would also be buildings for brewing beer, milling grain, and baking biscuit, a slaughterhouse and a cooperage for making casks to store the prodigious output (Figs 1, 2 and 3).
Red House: Some Architectural Histories
Authors: Cooper Nicholas
Published: January 2018

William Morris died in October 1896, drawing fresh attention to the circumstances of his life at a moment when he was at the height of his fame. In the same month, Hermann Muthesius took up his post as technical attaché at the German embassy, to make a study of recent English developments in architecture and industry. Just over a century ago, in 1904, he published his great Das englische Haws, the book that did more than anything to place Red House in the mainstream of architectural history. Yet already, in 1897, in the first full-length account of William Morris’s work, Aymer Vallance had written that ‘as an experiment on the part of a man who had both the hopefulness and the dauntless will necessary to enable him to make a stand against the tyranny of custom, to William Morris is owing the credit of having initiated, with his Red House, a new era in house-building’. The historiography of Red House is the story of the different versions of that often-repeated view.
The Waterhouse Collection of the RIBA and the Working of a Nineteenth-Century Office
Authors: Cunningham Colin
Published: January 2018

The RIBA's Waterhouse Collection can now be consulted in the RIBA Study Room at the Victoria and Albert Museum, having been transferred there from Portman Square, along with the rest of the RIBA Drawings Collection. This transfer has been of particular significance for Waterhouse's work since, in fact, it has opened up the possibility of fully consulting his drawings and archive for the very first time. With well over nine thousand drawings, representing over one hundred and sixty commissions, this forms a substantial collection, indeed one of the largest single holdings of the RIBA Drawings Collection. By a strange twist of historical circumstances, the catalogue for this collection has been completed at virtually the same time as the collection has, at last, become available to scholars. It therefore seems apposite to draw together a series of observations on this collection and its catalogue, and on how the two together can inform our understanding of the workings of a particular Victorian architect's office, and indeed, to some degree, of the ways in which Victorian architects more generally may have worked.
Older adults and violence: an analysis of Domestic Homicide Reviews in England involving adults over 60 years of age
Authors: BENBOW SUSAN MARY , BHATTACHARYYA SARMISHTHA , KINGSTON PAUL
Published: January 2018

Domestic Homicide Reviews (DHRs) are conducted when an individual aged 16 or over appears to have died from violence, abuse or neglect by a person to whom they are related or with whom they are in an intimate relationship or who is a member of the same household. DHRs aim to identify lessons to be learned, to improve service responses to domestic abuse and to contribute to prevention of domestic abuse/homicide. We submitted Freedom of Information requests to English Local Authorities to identify DHRs where victim, perpetrator or both were aged over 60. Collected Reports and/or Executive Summaries were thematically analysed. Analysis identified four key themes in the context of the key relationship and caring: major mental illness of the perpetrator; drug and/or alcohol abuse; financial issues; and a history of domestic abuse in key or family relationships. We analysed 14 adult family homicides, 16 intimate partner homicides and five homicide–suicides. Age per se did not emerge as a significant factor in our analysis. Terminology needs to be standardised, and training/education regarding risk assessment needs to be improved in relation to age, myths around ageing/dementia and stresses of caring. Management of mental illness is a key factor. A central repository of DHR Reports accessible for research and subject to regular review would contribute to maximising learning and improving practice.
The Effect of Dry Matter Content of A Straw/Sugar Beet Pulp Mixture Used As A Buffer Feed When Fed to Dairy Cows at Different Stages of Lactation
Authors: Hameleers A , Bronda T , Roberts D J
Published: January 2018

Buffer feeding is a widely used strategy to improve DM intakes from dairy cows at grass. A very wide range of products have been used as buffer feeds resulting in a wide range of responses. Less well understood are which factors are important in explaining these responses. In this experiment the buffer feed characteristic “dry matter content” and the animal factor “stage of lactation” were used as variables in order to gain a better understanding of responses to buffer feeding.

Forty Friesian cows, of which 20 were spring calving and 20 autumn calving were used in a continuous design experiment lasting 5 weeks from 3 May until 7 June 1993. The animals were allocated to four treatments on basis of milk yield, liveweight and stage of lactation. The treatments were grazing only (C), grazing and a buffer feed at 30% DM (B30), 50% DM (B50) and 80% DM (B80) and for each treatment half the cows were spring calving (S) or autumn calving (A). The grazing consisted of a 8 ha field of predominantly perennial ryegrass which was split into 4 equal paddocks which were grazed on a daily rotational basis.
Selection for lean growth in pigs with a restricted feeding regime
Authors: Curran M.K. , Cameron N.D. , Kerr J.C.
Published: January 2018

Divergent selection lines for lean growth on a restricted feeding regime, in Large White and Landrace pigs, were established to complement the lean growth selection lines on ad-libitum feeding. This study estimated the direct and correlated responses after four generations of selection and the corresponding genetic and phenotypic parameters.

The selection objective for lean growth on restricted or scale (LGS) feeding was to obtain equal correlated responses in growth rate and carcass lean content, measured in phenotypic s.d. The selection criterion included measurements of growth rate and ultrasonic backfat depth.

Large White (LW) and Landrace (LR) boars and gilts were purchased from eight British nucleus herds and boars from national artificial insemination centres in 1982. Homozygous or heterozygous halothane positive pigs were not included in the experiment. The base populations consisted of 31 LW and 19 LR sires and 57 LW and 67 LR dams. Within each population, there were high and low selection lines with a control line, each consisting of 10 boars and 20 gilts, with a generation interval of 13.5 and 12 months for LW and LR pigs. Animals were performance tested in individual pens from 30±3 kg for a period of 84 days and fed a high energy (13.8 MJ DE/kg DM) and high protein (210 g/kg DM crude protein) pelleted ration. Daily food intake was equal to 0.75 g/g of the daily food intake for ad-libitum fed pigs and the total food intake was 134 kg for LW pigs and 150 kg for LR pigs. On average, 3 boars and 3 gilts were tested per litter. The total number of pigs tested per line and average inbreeding coefficients at generation four, by population are given below.
Carcass composition in pigs selected for components of efficient lean growth
Authors: Bruce E.A. , Cameron N. D. , Curran M.K.
Published: January 2018

This study determined the correlated responses in carcass composition after four generations of divergent selection for components of efficient lean growth rate in Large White (LW) and Landrace (LR) pigs.
Genetic Progress in the Camda Group Breeding Scheme Nucleus
Authors: Pollott G.E. , Croston D. , Guy D.R.
Published: January 2018

A group breeding scheme was set up in 1976 by 10 Welsh Mountain breeders. The objective of the scheme was to improve lamb growth rate, mature size, mothering ability and litter size by selection in a nucleus flock. The original design of the scheme involved two control flocks. The Genetic Control flock was set up from the original base population and was used to monitor environmental changes in the nucleus flock. A Commercial Control flock comprised of a random selection of ewes mated to rams, which were purchased annually and represented the average animal available in the breed. An analysis of genetic progress in lamb growth in the first 9 years of the scheme was reported by Guy et al (1986). This paper presents genetic parameters and genetic trends for three traits recorded between 1977 and 1992.
Comparative Performance of Two Primiparous Continental Genotypes in a Hill Suckler Herd (1) Reproductive Performance
Authors: Keatinge R , Christensen K A , Rowlinson P A
Published: January 2018

The drive for improved carcass quality has encouraged greater use of continental cross suckler dams (MLC,1993), producing three-quarterbred continental progeny. Little information is available on the performance of these types of suckler cow under hill conditions in the UK, but significant genotype by environment interractions have been measured elsewhere (Morriset al, 1993). As a finished animal, the Piemontese cross has shown significant advantages in killing-out proportion and yield of saleable meat (Davieset al, 1992), and some improvements in eating quality (Fisheret al, 1992).

The objective of this experiment was to assess the output and reproductive performance of Piemontese cross Holstein/Friesian (PxH/F) and Simmental cross Holstein/Friesian (SxH/F) heifers in an autumn calving suckler herd.
Effect of Dietary Crude Protein Level on Protein Metabolism in the Mammary Gland of the Dairy Cow
Authors: Bequette B.J. , Metcalf J.A. , Wray-Cahen D. , Backwell F.R.C. , Sutton J.D. , Lomax M.A. , Lobley G.E. , MacRae J.C.
Published: January 2018

Current ration formulation schemes for calculating the feeding requirements of dairy cattle are primarily based upon empirical relationships between nutrient availability and milk production. Although these schemes can provide reasonable estimates of nutrient requirements, they are inadequate at predicting the responses in milk yield and composition to changes in nutrient availability. Clearly, a more integrated approach is required where the predictions are based on the metabolic fate of the absorbed nutrients. An ability to achieve this requires knowledge of the precursors used for milk protein synthesis and how nutrient intake influences their partition to the mammary gland for utilisation in milk protein biosynthesis.
Evaluation of the choice-feeding system for growing and finishing pig production
Authors: Gill B. P. , Sanchez-Serrano A. P. , English P. R. , Robledo M. , Roden J.
Published: January 2018

Growing pigs offered a choice of feeds differing in nutrient density (ideal protein and energy) may select a diet to meet individual requirements for optimum lean tissue growth rate. This has the potential for reducing the inefficiencies of nutrient under or over-supply associated with conventional single-diet feeding. The aim was to evaluate the scope for using the choice-feeding system in commercial growing and finishing pig production.

Seventy-two pigs were selected in 3 equal blocks at around 25 kg and housed in single-sex (gilts and boars) groups of six. They were offered least-cost formulated growing and finishing complete diets (Table 1) as a choice (C) from 25 to 95 kg or as in conventional single-diet (S) feeding in which a growing diet was fed from 25 to 50 kg and a finishing diet from 50 to 95 kg. Pigs were fed ad libitum and had unrestricted access to water. Pigs and residual feed were weighed weekly. Pigs were selected for slaughter in the week they approached 95 kg and measurements on chilled carcasses were made according to the method of Diestre and Kempster (1985).
Diet Selection of Weaned Piglets - Is a Training Period Necessary?
Authors: Dalby J.A. , Forbes J.M. , Varley M.A. , Jagger S.
Published: January 2018

The requirements of a weaned piglet are expected to change systematically over the period 6kg-25kg. Commonly during this time animals will be offered two diets. However, initially on each diet the animal may be restricted because it's protein requirements are in excess of that supplied by the diet. Then latterly, amino acids may be oversupplied requiring deamination of the excess by the pig. This is a costly process, in terms of the energy required by the pig and commercially, in terms of food protein costs. This system also does not take into account differing individual requirements within a group of pigs due to genotype, sex, maturity and stage of growth. As a result potential benefits are to be obtained if weaned piglets can be shown to choose an adequate diet, meeting their individual requirements, when given a choice of feeds.
The Effects of Dietary Fat on the Yield and Relative Proportions of Different Milk Protein Fractions From Dairy Cows
Authors: Moorby J.M. , Dewhurst R.J. , Marsden S.
Published: January 2018

The inclusion of supplementary fat in the dairy cow diet is an effective and cheap method of increasing its metabolisable energy (ME) density. However, an increase in the fat content of the diet frequently causes a decrease in the protein concentration of milk, which, when the market requires an increase in the protein:fat ratio of milk, is not a desireable effect. This experiment was designed to compare die effect of dietary fat on die yield and concentrations of milk proteins in comparison to a carbohydrate ME source.

Twelve multiparous mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a 3x3 Latin square changeover experiment with 3 four-week periods. Cows were allocated to squares on the basis of their mean milk yield over the 7 days prior to the experiment. Within squares, treatments were randomly allocated to each cow. The first 21 days of each experimental period were used for adjustment, and the last 7 for sample collection.
The Effect of Protected Amino Acid Supplementation on the Performance of Dairy Cows Receiving Grass Silage Plus Soyabean Meal
Authors: Robert J.C. , Sloan B.K. , Denis C.
Published: January 2018

Methionine has been shown to be the first-limiting amino acid for milk protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows fed maize silage-based diets complemented with soyabean meal (Sloanet al., 1992) (Pisulewskiet al., 1993). Thus, the aim of this trial was to investigate the hypothesis that methionine was first-limiting or if not at least colimiting with lysine for milk protein synthesis in dairy cows fed grass silage complemented with soyabean meal.

8 muciparous and 4 primiparous dairy cows six weeks into lactation were randomly allocated to three 4x4 Latin squares (cows and heifers separately), each period containing 2 weeks. The four treatments consisted of Tl = Control ; T2 = 3.7 g methionine ; T3 = 7.4 g methionine ; T4 = 7.4 g methionine and 22.2 lysine . All figures relate to estimated intestinally available amino acids, g/day (Smartamine™technology Rhône-Poulenc Animal Nutrition). The basal ration was a second cut grass silage offeredad libitumplus 0.57 kg of hay plus an average 10.9 kg concentrate.
The Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Estimate the Mass of the Pectoralis Muscle of Chickens In Vivo
Authors: Scollan N.D. , Caston L.J. , Liu Z. , Zubair A.K. , Leeson S. , McBride B.W.
Published: January 2018

In studies of animal growth it is often necessary to assess whole body composition or organ size prior to and during the course of a particular treatment. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) offers the possibility to achieve these measurements on the same animal and in a non-invasive fashion. The use of NMR in attaining body images, referred to as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), has developed as the imaging method of choice for humans, due to its excellent soft tissue contrast and use of nonionizing radiation. The use of NMR in animal studies has been limited, which is probably related to the availability of suitable facilities and the cost of using them. However, several research groups have applied it to determining fat and water content of tissue samples and intact animals (Mitchell et al., 1991; Scollan et al., 1993). The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of MRI to determine the size (volume) and shape of the Pectoralis muscle (Pectoralis major and minor) in broiler chickens, non-invasively and in vivo.
The Response of Finishing lambs to Additional Metabolisable Energy Supplied from Either Silage or Concentrate
Authors: Johnston S.D. , Steen R.W.J. , Chestnutt D.M.B.
Published: January 2018

Increased lamb production during the 1980's stimulated interest in winter indoor finishing systems, traditionally all-concentrate. Recent research has been directed towards the supplementation of a silage-based ration as an option to reduce costs. The objective of this experiment is to compare the utilisation of metabolisable energy (ME) from silage and concentrate for carcass gain and to determine the effect of ME source on carcass quality.

Seventy-eight Blackface wether lambs (mean initial live weight 29.3 kg) were housed in late October and offered silage for two weeks prior to allocation to treatments.
Lamb Production from Grass in Galicia (North-West Spain): The Effect of Pasture Height and Creep Feeding on Ewe and Lamb Performance
Authors: Cropper Mark , García Xesús , Flores Gonzalo , Zea Jaime
Published: January 2018

Unlike most of Spain, Galicia's temperate, humid climate supports year-round grass growth, with a moderate summer drought. Local lamb markets demand lean, light carcases (10-12kg) produced from lambs grazing whilst still with the ewe. Grazing systems studies with the native Gallego breed, Flores (1992) established optimum grazing heights as 8.0 cm for individual lamb liveweight gain (LWG) and 5.5 cm for LWG/hectare but no data were recorded on the carcase yield. The objective of this trial was to test whether optimum individual LWG and carcase yield is obtained under these systems.
Limitations to Productivity
Authors: Webster A.J.F.
Published: January 2018

Productivity in livestock systems is closely correlated with gross efficiency. Improving efficiency by increasing productivity is an honourable pursuit since it minimises waste; not least the waste of animals through disease, infertility or simply the inability to provide food in excess of maintenance. By this (limited) definition the limits to productivity in any system are defined only by the quality of feed available and the genetic and physiological capacity of the animal to convert it into food for man. However, the approach to the limit is asymptotic, i.e. subject to the law of diminishing returns. Until recently most Animal Science has been directed towards marginal improvements in productivity but we now recognise the need to broaden our objectives to include quality of life criteria, such as environmental protection and animal welfare. My remit is to consider how to incorporate a proper concern for animal welfare into the assessment of limits to productivity,or more precisely, the cost/benefit analysis of marginal responses to increased intensity of production.
The immune response to diet and implications for disease
Authors: Miller Bevis
Published: January 2018

The gastrointestinal tract is a major organ of the immune system. Gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) contains approximately 40% of mature lymphocytes and represents a significant part of gut mass. GALT consists of a complex of immune cells found in discrete organs e.g. Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, as well as dispersed within the lamina propria and the epithelium. Both B cells and the two main subsets of T cells, CD4(helper/inducer) and CD8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) are found. This significant involvement of the immune system in the gut should not be a surprise, given that the gut represents a major site of interaction with the ‘outside world’ and therefore represents a major challenge to homeostasis, specifically from infectious disease.

The gut also has a fundamental dilemma, it must respond vigorously with a protective response against any pathogens presented at its mucosal surface, yet sustain digestive and absorptive function of dietary non-harmful antigens. On occasion it gets it wrong, resulting in damaging hypersensitivity reactions e.g. Coeliac Disease, milk intolerance in children, food allergies and diarrhoea in the postweaned pig and the pre-ruminant calf. It is these inappropriate immunological responses that can prove to be a constraint on animal production, specifically on the use of legumous protein sources for animal feeds.
Ammonia treated whole barley and wheat for beef cattle
Authors: Lewisl M , Lowmanl B G , Ford M
Published: January 2018

Barley and wheat require processing for feeding to cattle otherwise large amounts of whole grain pass through the animals undigested. Processing methods can be mechanical, such as rolling or grinding, or chemical, such as sodium hydroxide treatment - a method which is in common use on dairy farms in the UK. Although ammonia treatment of cereal straws is widely practiced on farms - where it results in an improvement in straw digestibility, voluntary intake and crude protein content, the use of ammonia for treating cereal grains has not been investigated in the UK. Ammonia treatment of moist grain has the potential to (1) preserve it, thus avoiding drying or preservation costs, (2) make investment in grinding/rolling equipment unnecessary, (3) increase its crude protein content and (4) make it a safer feed compared with mechanically processed grain which frequently causes digestive disorders when fed in large amounts. The aim of the current study was to investigate the use of ammonia-treated barley and wheat, fed whole, in diets for beef cattle.