bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Psychological Correlates of Civil Rights Activity
Authors: Evans Dorothy A. , Alexander Sheldon
Published: September 2011

Northern Negroes and whites at varying levels of participation in college student civil rights groups were compared with selected groups of northern, Negro non-members of civil rights groups on a number of personality and demographic variables (race, geographic location). Negro Actives showed more repression and ego strength than Negto non-actives. White Actives showed less social approval motivation and less repression than Negro Actives. In contrast to studies of southern Negroes, in this study, Negro Actives came from a lower socioeconomic background than Negro non-actives; internal vs external control of reinforcement and number of non-civil rights group memberships were unrelated to civil rights activity level. Factors other than activity level are important in predicting personality and demographic differences among civil rights activists and non-activists. The importance of additonal empirical research is also discussed.
Acquisition and Extinction of Schedule-Induced Polydipsic Consumption of Alcohol and Water
Authors: Freed Earl X. , Carpenter John A. , Hymowitz Norman
Published: September 2011

16 Charles River (cd) rats were trained to bar-press on an FI 60 schedule for varying number of days, half with water present and half with alcohol. Predictably, schedule-induced fluid consumption resulted. 10 days of extinction of bar-pressing followed. During FI 60 both groups bar-pressed approximately equally often but greater fluid consumption occurred in the group on water. During extinction, both groups showed reduced bar-pressing behavior. Whereas water consumption was extinguished in two days, alcohol consumption remained high and quite variable after bar-pressing had stopped. Results suggest that bar-pressing and fluid consumption are independent behaviors which finding argues against explanations of schedule-induced polydipsia based on adventitious reinforcement. For some rats, the termination of alcohol intake prior to the end of an FI 60 session without an associated cessation of bar-pressing suggested that schedule-induced polydipsia may have been a function of the aversiveness of the reinforcement schedule.
Smoking and Anxiety
Authors: Schneider Nina G. , Houston John P.
Published: September 2011

460 of 1025 contacted individuals completed the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and a questionnaire on smoking behavior. The data indicated that smokers, as a group, scored higher on the anxiety scale than nonsmokers. No support for the notion of a significant correlation between amount of smoking and level of anxiety was obtained. Ss reported increases in smoking behavior during periods of stress but indicated that these increases were usually not maintained beyond the period of stress.
Dimensions of Meaning and Attitude Change
Authors: Jones James Marc
Published: September 2011

In a pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1963) with 2 experimental samples and a treated control sample, 132 Ss responded twice to a Sherif-Hovland instrument (Sherif & Hovland, 1961). The intervening treatments written by E appeared to be Xeroxed copies of newspaper articles: 1 represented primarily the evaluative (E) dimension of meaning (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957); 1 was a fusion of potency (P) and activity (A), i.e., dynamism (D). A control (C) article was irrelevant to the experimental issue, viz., censorship of movies. Posttest-pretest change scores were compared for the 3 samples by 15 t tests for independent samples (Walker & Lev, 1953). E and D were not significantly different because both changed on the 5 Sherif-Hovland measures in the same directions. Compared with C, however, E was quite effective; 4 of the 5 measures changed significantly; comparisons of D and C indicated that 2 of the 5 measures changed significantly. For this issue E was more effective than D, although more research is needed to clarify the effects of dimensions of meaning of communications on attitude change.
Diagnostic Implications of Wisc Scores
Authors: Schoonover Sarah M. , Hertel Richard K.
Published: September 2011

The WISC scores of 351 children in 9 diagnostic categories were compared in terms of differences in subtest scores, Verbal IQ-Performance IQ difference, subtest scatter, and subtest patterning. The 9 categories, Psychoneurotic Disorder, Personality Pattern Disturbance, Personality Trait Disturbance, Sociopathic Personality Disturbance, Special Symptom Reaction, Transient Situational Personality Disorder, Schizophrenic Reaction, Chronic Brain Syndrome, and Mental Deficiency, were not differentiated adequately by any of the above techniques.
Frustration Theory and Quality of Performance: Elicitation and Elimination of Competing Responses
Authors: Schmeck Ronald R. , Bruning James L.
Published: September 2011

Within a Hull-Spence framework, an attempt is made to elucidate the implications of “frustration theory” regarding the quality of complex task performance. A distinction is made between the specific and nonspecific effects of frustration. Specific effects relate to the compatible or incompatible nature of the responses directly elicited by the stimulus properties of frustration. Nonspecific effects relate to the increase in the probability of occurrence of competing responses due to the general drive increase produced by frustration. It is proposed that the number and habit strengths of the competing responses will determine whether the motivational increase produced by frustration is beneficial or detrimental to performance. Further, the competing responses will produce more frustration which will raise the general drive level of the organism and increase the probability that more competing responses will occur. At the same time, the possibility exists that the association of the competing responses with a frustration reaction will cause them to acquire classically conditioned inhibitory properties leading to a decrease in the probability that those particular competing responses will occur again. Finally, the correct response could reduce the frustration produced by the competing responses and produce an increase in the probability of that response recurring.
Effects of Awareness of Alternative Incentive Magnitude and Shifts in Magnitude on Card Sorting
Authors: Blank Harriett D. , Monge Rolf H.
Published: September 2011

The absolute and relative interpretations of incentive magnitude were examined. 80 Ss aged 20 to 67 yr. sorted cards for 20 trials. During Trials 1 to 13, Ss responded under either high or low reward (25¢ vs $3.00) and were either aware or unaware of the alternative incentive size. Rewards were earned for a women's club. Neither interpretation was supported, as no differences were found. Half of each group was shifted to the alternative size and all Ss sorted for 7 more trials. No effects of shift were found. Failure to find differences in either phase was discussed in terms of the incentive used and its delivery to the organization.
Limitations in the Conceptualizations of Behavior Therapists: Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Behavior Therapy
Authors: Friedman Philip H.
Published: September 2011

This paper proposes a cognitive-behavioral approach to behavior therapy as an alternative to the counterconditioning model presently in vogue. The key terms in this model are cognitive appraisal, threat, counterharm resources, behavioral coping action tendencies, situational constraints, internalized values and affects. The approach based on R. Lazarus' theorizing is briefly described, personalistic broad-spectrum behavior therapy techniques are classified according to this model and an outline is presented to demonstrate the value of the cognitive-behavioral approach in conceptualizing the development and change of maladaptive behavior.
Validation Study of the Psychotic Inpatient Profile
Authors: Vestre Norris D. , Zimmermann Robert
Published: September 2011

Validity data on the Psychotic Inpatient Profile (PIP), a revision of the Psychotic Reaction Profile, were obtained by comparing ratings of closed- (locked) ward versus open-ward patients and admissions versus releases. Discriminant analyses differentiated the groups in each comparison at the .01 level. Correct classification was obtained for 84.2% of the patients in the closed versus open comparison and for 75.5% in the admissions versus releases comparison. Univariate tests indicated that all 12 PIP scales discriminated between groups in the expected direction in at least one of the two comparisons made.
Role of Multiple-Pellet Rewards in Acquisition and Extinction of a Runway Response
Authors: Padilla Amado M. , Spanier Douglas
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 10 rats were given continuous reinforcement training in a straight runway. All Ss received 100 pellet rewards, but groups differed in number of locomotor responses, goalbox placements, and number of pellets received on each trial. Following acquisition, Ss in each of the main groups were given massed or distributed extinction training. The results showed that Ss required to make a greater number of locomotor responses had faster terminal acquisition speeds and were more resistant to extinction. The results are discussed in terms of the Amsel, Hug, and Surtidge (1968) multiple-pellet reward hypothesis.
Some Personality Characteristics of Thai and American University Students
Authors: Wohl Julian , Horowitz Irwin A. , Tapingkae Amnuay , Pardthaisong Thieng
Published: September 2011

The Test of Social Insight (TSI) was utilized for a cross-cultural comparison of American and Thai university students. The data indicated that Thai students scored significantly higher on the withdrawal, passivity, competitiveness, and aggressivity subscales of the TSI than American students. Americans exhibited significantly greater cooperative tendencies than Thai students. Interpretative problems due to translation techniques, use of multiple t tests, and the structure of the TSI were discussed.
Comparison of Video-Tape and Face-to-Face Interviewing
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Stenmark David E. , Smith Robert E.
Published: September 2011

One highly verbal S was interviewed via a standardized videotaped presentation of E followed later by a live E reading the same library of utterances from a script to S in a face-to-face encounter. The temporal data of the two interview techniques are quite similar.
Suicidal Behavior, Sex, and Mental Disorder
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that sexual status, a diagnosis of neurosis versus psychosis, and attempting versus completing suicide should be associated in the general population. An examination of available data gave some support to this hypothesis.
Memory and Ribonucleic Acid (Rna): Transfer of an Avoidance Response
Authors: Lepore Franco , Ducharme Raymond , Cardu Bruno
Published: September 2011

4 groups of rats were used to test the hypothesis that learning can be “transferred” by means of “ribonucleic” acid (RNA). The experimental group was injected with RNA obtained from the brains of rats conditioned to an avoidance response. The control group received no RNA. A second control group was given RNA which came from the brains of non-conditioned rats. The fourth group received RNA extracted from the muscles of conditioned rats. The results did not confirm the transfer hypothesis since no RNA facilitating effect on subsequent avoidance training was observed.
Note on the Personality Traits of Student Nurses
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

Stauffacher and Navran (1968) gave the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) to student nurses and found that personality factors are related to the type of nursing area chosen. George and Stephens (1968) found public health nurses showing greater need for Autonomy and Abasement in the EPPS, whereas, psychiatric nurses placed greater emphasis on Deference and Aggression. The present study assessed the personality of student nurses as measured by Jackson's (1967) Personality Research Form (PRF) with respect to possible differences with a more general student population.
Relationship between Somatization and Effects of Stress on Electrogastric Waveforms in Humans
Authors: Smith Robert M. , Hain Jack D.
Published: September 2011

Electrogastric waveforms of human Ss were examined in relation to conditions of response contingent avoidance of a noxious tone, altered feedback of successful and unsuccessful avoidance, non-response contingent aversive stimulation and somatization scores on the Mini-Mult Test. Significant differences were observed in electrogastric waveform frequency measures between baseline and tone periods. There was a significant difference for amplitude measures between trials based on presence and absence of tone, and in the interaction between presence and absence of tones and the personality characteristic of somatization. A trend was observed for amplitude in an interaction effect of successful vs unsuccessful avoidance and high vs low somatization.
Suicidal Behavior and External Constraints
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that suicide is common where external frustrations and restraints are minimal was discussed. The hypothesis was used to account for several phenomena, such as the high suicide rate on the West Coast, the high rate in Spring, and the low rate during war, and to predict other cases where suicidal behavior might be more common, such as after restoration of sight to those blind from birth.
Discrimination Learning, Social Class, and Type of Reward
Authors: Norton J. C. , Versteeg Arlen D. , Rogers Cecil A.
Published: September 2011

A visual discrimination task was used to determine the effectiveness of verbal reward alone (Verbal group) vs a combination of candy and verbal reward (Combined group) with 16 middle-class 5-yr.-olds and 16 5-yr.-olds from a Head Start class. Social class proved to be the only significant variable, the performance of the higher status group being superior to that of the lower status group. Only a tendency for the verbally rewarded Ss to be superior to combined reward Ss was noted.
Level of Risk Advocated by Alcoholics
Authors: Rule Brendan Gail , Besier Dorothy Phillips
Published: September 2011

12 male alcoholism counsellors and 12 male late stage alcoholic patients responded to a 5-item questionnaire consisting of 3 items chosen from the Wallach and Kogan Choice Dilemmas questionnaire and 2 items constructed to represent dilemmas concerning alcohol. Ss indicated the lowest probability of success they would accept to take the risky alternative, which was clearly the more desirable choice. Results of a 2 × 5 analysis of variance indicated that alcoholics were more conservative in the probabilities they would accept to take the risky alternative, than were the counsellors. Furthermore, the items differed significantly from each other.
Failure to Find Experimenter-Expectancy Effects in IQ Estimations
Authors: Ginley Hugh Mc , Ginley Pat Mc , Shames Morris
Published: September 2011

128 Ss were given the task of estimating the IQs of 10 women whose photographs they viewed. 4 Es were assigned to each of 4 conditions, 3 of which were of expectancy inducement and one of which was of no-expectancy inducement. No expectancy effects were observed.
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of the Number of Small and Large Rewarded Runway Trials
Authors: Campbell Patrick E. , Crumbaugh Charles M. , Snodgrass M. Emily , Knouse Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 10 rats were trained in a runway for 0, 5, 10, or 15 small rewarded (2 pellets) trials prior to being shifted to large reward (24 pellets) for the remainder of 45 trials. Acquisition performance was slower for small than for large reward during the early trials but the groups were not different by the end of acquisition. Resistance to extinction was an increasing linear function of the number of small rewarded trials.
Prose Learning: Effects of Pretesting and Reduction of Passage Length
Authors: Newsom R. S. , Gaite A. J. H.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to investigate the learning and retention of prose materials. Immediate and 1-wk retention was examined in Ss who had either read a 2,300-word passage (LP) on science fiction or a 300-word short passage (SP). The short passage was derived from the information retained over a 1-wk period by Ss who read and learned the long passage. Retention was assessed by a 30-item multiple-choice test based upon information in the long passage. One-way analysis of variance of posttest scores from 200 adults indicated that for 1-wk retention the short passage was retained significantly ( p < .01) better than the long one. There was no significant difference on immediate retention. The results were discussed in terms of current cognitive learning theory, prose-learning paradigms, and classroom procedures related to the presentation of new material.
Beyond Empiricism
Authors: Abramovitz Carole
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that the question of goals in psychotherapy is a value-laden choice that is logically prior to the choice of techniques. It is argued that techniques whose outcome is not empirically verifiable should not necessarily be rejected.
Attitudes of Adolescents and Adults toward Contemporary Issues
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Pendorf James , Emery Anne
Published: September 2011

93 adolescents ( Mago = 16.1 yr.) and 91 adults ( Mago = 44.1 yr.) completed a 29-item questionnaire containing items pertaining to such contemporary issues as drug use, police and military authority and power, sexual behavior, and religion. Significant attitudinal differences between the generations obtained on 89.5% of the items. Insofar as attitudes toward these contemporary issues are concerned, it is concluded that evidence for a generation gap was found with this sample. The results are compared with those of other studies which have investigated the political-social attitudes of adolescents and are found to be discrepant.
Social Desirability, Marital Satisfaction, and Concomitant Perceptions of Self and Spouse
Authors: Cone John D.
Published: September 2011

Data from a study by Luckey (1964) were re-analyzed in terms of social desirability (SD). Correlations between endorsement of adjectives of the Interpersonal Check List and marital adjustment varied linearly with the social desirability scale values (SDSVs) of the adjectives. The respective correlations between SDSVs and adjective-adjustment correlations were .75 and .89 for self- and spouse-rating conditions ( N = .80 couples). Thus, SD may be an important moderator influencing correlations of personality scales and marital adjustment.
Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Trust: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Vondracek Fred W. , Marshall Marilyn J.
Published: September 2011

The Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale and a Self-disclosure Questionnaire developed by the junior author were administered to two samples of college students. In the first sample ( N = 54) self-disclosure to a specific target person was related to Interpersonal Trust; in the second sample ( N = 52) it was attempted to tap a more generalized concept of revealingness and to relate it to Interpersonal Trust. Failure to demonstrate the hypothesized relationships is discussed with reference to unsatisfactory conceptualization of the major concepts and their relation to one another, and possible weaknesses in the measurement procedures.
Hair Color, Personality, and the Observer
Authors: Lawson E. D.
Published: September 2011

To investigate stereotypes associated with hair color, 240 Ss completed semantic differential scales. Ss were 79 men and 161 women of differing hair colors. Results indicate that Dark Men clearly preferred Brunette Women, Blonde Men were equally divided in preference for Blondes and Brunettes. Blonde, Brunette, and Red-headed Women clearly preferred Dark Men, while Artificial Blondes perceived Dark and Blonde Men in a similar way. Other comparisons were made within sex and between hair-color groups. Results indicate: (a) stereotypes based on hair color are widely held, (b) different stereo-types exist on the basis of the hair color and sex of the respondent, and (c) four of the six hair-color categories gave the highest scores to their own group.
Effects of Game Structure, Range of Pay-Off and Strategy of the other on Cooperation in Mixed-Motive Games
Authors: Wahba Mahmoud A.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with repeated measures was employed in two experiments to determine the effects of: (a) game structure, (PDG vs CDG); (b) range of pay-off (equal vs unequal); (c) strategy of the other (cooperative vs defective) on the frequency of cooperative responses in 2 × 2 mixed-motive games. Analysis showed significant effects for game structure, strategy of the other, and all the two-way interaction effects ( p = .001) but no significant effect for range of pay-off. The frequency of cooperative responses was higher in the CDG than in the PDG. In the PDG, defective strategy generated defection, and cooperative strategy also generated defection. In the CDG, defective strategy generated cooperation while cooperative strategy generated defection.
Reliability and Validity of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Scores of Disadvantaged Preschool Children
Authors: Costello Joan , Ali Faizunisa
Published: September 2011

Test-retest correlations over a 2-wk. period for 36 black preschoolers was 0.77 for the standard Peabody test; values of 0.87 and 0.80 were obtained for a modified format with similar samples. Quite modest validity was suggested by correlations of the standard Peabody test with 2 other psychological tests assessing intellectual behaviors and with teachers' ratings of several classroom verbal behaviors. While Form A of the Peabody could be used as a first approximation in a continuing assessment program, scores cannot be considered alone for either intellectual or language evaluation.
Physical Rehabilitation and Attitudes of CVA and Pulmonary Patients
Authors: Menapace Robert H. , Lana Robert E.
Published: September 2011

28 cerebro-vascular accident inpatients and 28 pulmonary outpatients were examined for attitudes toward hospital personnel and procedures, toward self, and toward socio-political issues. GSR records were also taken during testing. The ensuing 4 to 6 wk. of rehabilitation therapy was conceived to be the attitude-influencing procedure. Then Ss were again given the attitude questions, and GSR recordings were taken. The following major conclusions were reached: the physical rehabilitation process did a better job in changing attitudes in a desirable direction regarding self-perception for CVA inpatients than the pulmonary ourpatients. CVA inpatients became more skeptical than the pulmonary outpatients about hospital procedure and personnel though the latter displayed a reduction in tension about the attitude assessment.
Perceptual and Linguistic Encoding in Recognition Memory and Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Chenoweth Edgar A. , Wilcove Gerry L.
Published: September 2011

A perceptual paired-associates task was presented in which pictures of objects and consonant-vowel-consonant trigrams served as stimulus and response members of the P-A unit, respectively. Introductory psychology students had been classified previously into encoding groups on the basis of their performance on a memory task. The prediction that the linguistic encoders would learn the PA task more slowly than the perceptual encoders was supported by the results.
Personality Characteristics of Alcoholics in Relation to Age and Intelligence
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Nelson Paul C.
Published: September 2011

Hospitalized male alcoholics were administered the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), the MMPI, and the Shipley-Hartford Intelligence scale. When Ss were divided into three age groups and three intelligence groups, it was found that both age and intelligence influence the personality pattern of alcoholics. In comparison with the normative group for the EPPS, alcoholics score lower in Aggression, Affiliation, Autonomy and Dominance but higher in Abasement and Change.
The MMPI in Differentiating Early Multiple Sclerosis and Conversion Hysteria
Authors: Dodge Gordon R. , Kolstoe Ralph H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the MMPI in differentiating early multiple sclerosis and conversion hysteria. The 13 basic MMPI scales, Hovey's “Index,” and Shaw and Matthew's Pseudo-neurological scale were used. Approximately 18,500 case files were examined to locate 14 early multiple sclerosis and 13 conversion hysteria cases. Longitudinal data were gathered to verify the diagnosis of each case. The MMPI data were obtained before a differential diagnosis could be made. A 2 × 13 analysis of variance indicated no difference between the two groups. Hovey's “Index” was also ineffective but Shaw and Matthew's P-N scale significantly differentiated the two groups. Further research in the use of the Shaw and Matthew's scale seems warranted.
Self-Punishment for Responding by Monkeys during Extinction of Discriminated Avoidance: Effects of Previous Stimulus Change Reinforcement
Authors: McGovern L. P. , Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of rhesus monkeys acquired a discriminated avoidance response (lever-pressing) under different training procedures. One group was trained using a conventional escape-avoidance procedure for 6 training sessions. The other group received one escape-avoidance session following 5 training sessions with stimulus-change reinforcement in which lever pressing momentarily terminated the light-tone combination later used as CS during avoidance training. Experience with stimulus change reinforcement facilitated acquisition of avoidance responding. Both groups showed self-punishment during extinction and did not differ significantly on this dimension.
Validation of Gilberstadt and Duker's 8–6 Profile Type on a Black Sample
Authors: Clark Carl G. , Miller Howard L.
Published: September 2011

The procedure employed by Gilberstadt and Duker (1965) with a Midwestern sample to determine the characteristics of the 8–6 MMPI profile type was replicated with a Southeastern black sample. The cardinal features of paranoid schizophrenia seemed remarkably similar in both groups but significant differences were found in traits, symptoms, and MMPI scale scores. In general, the Southeastern black sample showed a somewhat greater surface manifestation of pathological traits and admitted to more experiences that are viewed in the while culture as odd and bizarre. The differences were interpreted as probably reflecting different baseline personality characteristics between Southeastern blacks and Midwestern whites. The more apparently pathological symptoms and traits in the black population are interpreted as a manifestation of truly adaptive behavior for this subgroup in an aversive social environment.
RPM Correlates of Attitudes toward Delinquency: Before and after Contact with Delinquents
Authors: Zelhart Paul F.
Published: September 2011

The co-operative and submissive roles of the RPM were related to “unfavorable” attitudes of 24 staff persons toward delinquency both before and after contact with delinquents. After contact with delinquents, the permissive role was related to “favorable” attitudes toward delinquency. Such findings indicate that the RPM might be successfully used in the screening of prospective employees who are to work with delinquents.
Behavioral Choice as a Function of Novelty-Seeking and Anxiety-Avoidance Motivations
Authors: McReynolds Paul
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the tendency of individuals to engage in an unknown, ambiguous activity would be a joint function of their needs for novelty and their levels of anxiety. Preliminary supporting data are presented.
Alternative Measures of Locus of Control and the Prediction of Academic Performance
Authors: Powell Arnold
Published: September 2011

Correlations between the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire and several measures of academic achievement did not support the hypothesis that this scale measures locus of control attitudes in intellectual-academic achievement situations. Support was obtained for the hypothesis that a measure of more generalized locus of control attitudes was related to academic achievement.
Conceptual Systems Theory and Control of Individual Differences in Psychological Experimentation
Authors: Greaves George
Published: September 2011

Conceptual Systems Theory is described in some detail and discussed in terms of its relevance in experimental settings. Because extensive research has shown that persons representing the various levels of conceptual system functioning routinely perform differentially and predictably under the influence of authority and stress, the author concludes that it behooves E in many types of experiments to identify his experimental sample by “system type” so as not to attribute systematic variance to error variance.
Effects of Social Status and Attitude Similarity on Behavior in Dyads
Authors: Kahn Arnold , Alexander Sheldon
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to (1) incorporate social status into Newcomb's theory of dyadic behavior, (2) replicate in the dyad the differences due to status found in larger groups, and (3) see if results due to actual differences in social status could be obtained when status differences were perceived rather than real. Social status and attitude similarity were varied in a 2 × 2 design with attraction, communication, attitude change, perceived attitudinal similarity, and system strain the dependent variables. Ss, matched on age, year in school, and grade-point average, were first led to believe a status difference existed and then discussed capital punishment for 20 min. Results showed that perceived status affects attraction and communication in the dyad in the same way actual status differences affect these variables in larger groups. Differences for attitude change were in the predicted direction but not significant. Little support was found for either Newcomb's theory or the attempted addition of status to the theory.
Percentile Norms for the Adjective Check List (ACL) Creativity Scale
Authors: Yarnell Thomas
Published: September 2011

A new 59-item creativity scale for the Adjective Check List was developed by Domino (1970). The present paper presents percentile norms based on 1092 undergraduate students for that scale.
Reinforcing Properties of Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Dry Compound
Authors: Jones Elvis C. , Collins Jeremiah P.
Published: September 2011

Previous research on the reinforcing properties of saccharin used saccharin in solution with water, a primary reinforcer. In the present study rats were given extensive runway training with dry pellets containing sodium saccharin combined with purified kaolin. Even after 250 trials, neither the runway response nor the consummatory response showed any evidence of extinction.
Effects of Food Deprivation on Free-Operant Avoidance
Authors: Davidson Robert S.
Published: September 2011

2 marmoset monkeys were exposed to a schedule of continuous avoidance on which each response postponed for 30-sec. shock which otherwise occurred every 5 sec. Once stable, efficient avoidance developed, each animal was food-deprived to 80% of his free-feeding weight. Sessions continued until the behavior again stabilized, after which the animal was returned to a free-feeding schedule. Eight such weight changes showed initial increases in response rate and decreases in shocks taken, irrespective of body weight (perhaps extended acquisition). In later sessions, avoidance efficiency was clearly positively correlated with body weight. Thus, deprivation had a deleterious effect on established avoidance, producing reduced response rate and increased shock rate.
Abstraction, Associative Focusing, and Similarities Tests: Towards More Clinically Sensitive and Better Understood Tests
Authors: Willner Allen E.
Published: September 2011

A proposed associative focusing hypothesis that describes the response process in similarities tests was investigated in a series of 10 experiments. The experiments ranged from general experimental studies of the hypothesis to investigations of the clinical utility of a new unconventional similarities test. Exp. I confirmed specific predictions derived from the associative focusing hypothesis. Exp. II permitted accurate prediction of similarities item difficulty from association data. Exp. III provided evidence that an extraneous confounding variable was built into the very structure of conventional similarities tests. All three experiments were replicated, with almost identical results. Two clinical experiments suggested that a new similarities test, from which the confounding variable was excluded, was more sensitive than conventional similarities tests to diminished abstraction ability in schizophrenics. The third clinical experiment extended the investigation of these issues with a sharply contrasting sample of patients, differing markedly in age, chronicity of illness, and use of medication. The experiment also studied the assessment of impaired abstraction ability in patients with presumed brain dysfunction. The fourth clinical experiment provided further evidence that the new test is free of contamination by word association.
Relation of Birth Order to Morality Types and Attitudes toward the Poor
Authors: MacDonald A. P.
Published: September 2011

46 men and 42 women of college age received 6 statements representing each S's own highest scales on the Personality Research Form and MMPI and randomly selected items. The ranks given items showed greater endorsement of items from their own profiles.
Conditioned Jump-Out Avoidance Acquisition and “Incubation of Fear” in a Large Sample of Rats
Authors: Weissman Albert
Published: September 2011

Over 3000 naive rats received 40 avoidance conditioning trials in a jump-out box. A 2- to 3-hr. break followed Trial 20; otherwise, all trials were closely massed with an intertrial interval of 3 to 5 sec. Acquisition was orderly, with steady-state behavior demonstrated by Markov chain analysis from Trials 31 to 40. Response probabilities on all trials depended strongly on the behavior emitted on 1, 2 or 3 consecutive preceding trials. Although behavior was disrupted on Trial 21, the trial that followed the break in training, post-break performance by Trial 23 was significantly improved over the performance predicted by pre-break behavior. This enhancement of performance could not be attributed solely to results of avoidance failure on Trial 21 and may provide unique evidence for “incubation of fear.”
Sources of Intellectual Inefficiency
Authors: Shimkunas Algimantas M. , Grohmann Mary , Zwibelman Barry
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships among IQ, education, and intra-subtest scatter on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in a sample of schizophrenic patients. It was predicted that scatter would be greatest in Ss having high IQ and low educational level and in those having a low IQ and high educational level. Results failed to support these hypotheses, but indicated that Comprehension, Similarities, and Vocabulary subtest scores of high-IQ Ss had significantly more scatter than those of low-IQ Ss. Also, Ss of high educational level showed significantly more scatter on Information than Ss of low educational level. The implications of these results were discussed in terms of possible response patterns of Ss high in IQ and education.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Examiner vs Machine Administration?
Authors: Mishra Shitala P.
Published: September 2011

Scores obtained when the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was administered by a trained examiner were compared with those obtained when the test was administered mechanically. Ss, 40 university students, were given half the items of the WAIS Verbal scale by an examiner and half by machine. Analysis of the scores obtained under these two modes of test presentation, using Lindquist's Type V “mixed” design, showed no significant differences in performance, except for the Information subtest. Scores on the Information subtest, when administered by the examiner, were significantly higher than when administered mechanically.
Effects of Stimulus Compounding and Time-Out on Conditional Matching Performance
Authors: Willoughby R. H.
Published: September 2011

72 college Ss were given 50 training and 20 test trials on a conditional matching task in which the color of the comparison stimuli served as the conditional cue. Comparison stimuli were presented either in runs of 1, runs of 5, or at random. All Ss received continuous reinforcement for correct responses and half received a 30-sec. TO after every incorrect response. Results showed that performance early in training was significantly higher under stimulus-compounding but that random presentation produced significantly better performance on test trials. While not significant, punishment (TO) facilitated performance under random presentation more than when stimulus-compounding was employed.
MMPI: Comparison of the Oral Form Presented by a Live Examiner and the Booklet Form
Authors: Newmark Charles S.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the oral form presented by a live E and the booklet form of the MMPI was made for 35 male hospitalized psychoneurotic patients. Results indicate the high comparability of the two forms but suggest that caution in their use should be exercised with paranoid personality disorders.
IQ Increases of Disadvantaged Minority-Group Children following Innovative Enrichment Program
Authors: Marshall M. S. , Bentler P. M.
Published: September 2011

IQs of 11 disadvantaged Negro 4-yr.-olds enrolled in a 9-mo. innovative enrichment program increased by a mean of 23.5 points on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Form A, in one school year.
Effect of Self-Esteem on an Unobtrusive Measure of Altruism
Authors: Rudestam Kjell E. , Richards Diana L. , Garrison Patsy
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of experimentally induced high and low self-esteem on altruistic behavior. While 31% of the female Ss and 46% of the male Ss in the experimental groups offered to help a female passerby carry a bulky load of boxes, these figures did not differ from those of a control group, even when competence feedback was augmented by verbal confrontation. The findings stressed the importance of using a nonreactive, unobtrusive measure of altruism and suggest that an aiding response may most appreciably be encouraged by dealing directly with the behavior rather than by manipulating antecedent affective or cognitive states.
Correlations between the WAIS and Revised Beta, Wechsler Memory Scale and Quick Test in a Vocational Rehabilitation Center
Authors: Libb J. Wesley , Coleman John M.
Published: September 2011

A correlational analysis of the Revised Beta, the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the Ammons' Quick Test (Forms 1, 2, 3) with 30 clients from a vocational rehabilitation center yielded correlations with the WAIS of .83, .80, and .84 respectively. For a retarded subgroup of 16 Ss only the Wechsler Memory Scale was significantly correlated with WAIS IQ ( R = .61). The Revised Beta correlation of .37 suggested this test may be less reliable when used with mentally retarded Ss.
Weight Loss in Gerbils (Meriones Unguiculatus) Continuously Deprived of Food, Water, and Both Food and Water
Authors: Dunstone John J. , Krupski Gerard M. , Weiss Charles S.
Published: September 2011

Daily weight measurements were taken on four groups of gerbils according to a randomized blocks design which combined presence or absence of food with presence or absence of water in the home cage. The deprivation condition appropriate for each group was experienced for a 12-day period. The major findings were: (1) all three deprived groups lost more weight than the non-deprived control group, (2) weight loss for food-deprived and totally deprived Ss was significantly more than weight loss for water-deprived Ss, (3) the food-deprived Ss did not differ in weight loss from the totally deprived Ss, (4) only 5 out of 10 Ss in the food-deprived group survived, while all Ss in the other three groups survived the deprivation period. The relevance of the deprivation-produced differences in weight loss between rats and gerbils was noted, and a tentative explanation of these differences was offered.
Positive Conditioned Reinforcement via Free-Operant Avoidance: An Extinction Test
Authors: Burnstein David D.
Published: September 2011

5 rats were trained on a free-operant avoidance schedule R-S = 20 min., S-S = 5 min., 3 with a response-produced stimulus and 2 without. As tested by avoidance extinction (shock removal) the response-produced stimulus had no conditioned reinforcing properties in those Ss trained without this response-produced stimulus. Ss trained with the response-produced stimulus did not show negatively accelerated response rates in the first extinction period when this stimulus was delivered. This conditioned reinforcing effect was of short durability.
Direction of Self-Estimate of Ability and College-Related Criteria
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Shaw William R.
Published: September 2011

93 general psychology students were administered a self-rating scale of college ability and an objective measure of college ability. Following a 2-score transformation, students were assigned to 1 of 3 groups (Overraters, Realistic Raters, or Underraters) based on the direction of their estimates of college ability. Overraters and Realistic Raters did not differ on these measures, but as predicted, the Underraters had the lowest scores on actual ability, achievement, adjustment, and self-concept.
An Objective Measure of the Vindication Motive
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

The development of a 30-item, self-report measure of vindication motivation is discussed. The reliability coefficient (KR-20) of the measure was .81 in the validation sample comprised of 279 undergraduates.
Cholinergic Mechanisms and Avoidance Behavior Acquisition: Effects of Nicotine in Mice
Authors: Essman Walter B. , Essman Shirley G.
Published: September 2011

Mice treated with nicotine sulfate showed, as compared with saline-treated controls, a decreased incidence of active avoidance conditioning without effects upon either passive avoidance acquisition or escape behavior. The effect of nicotine was to reduce significantly the ratio of bound: free acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. This change was accounted for by a decreased content of stored amine, particularly in the synaptic vesicles, without any change in the turnover of the “free” storage pool. A difference in the ratio of brain acetylcholine storage pools accounting for different modes of avoidance is suggested.
Test of the Law of Initial Values in Four Species of Primates
Authors: Downer Thomas B. , Thompson William D.
Published: September 2011

The law of initial values was tested in the serial responses of monkeys to an auditory stimulus. The “law” was not confirmed for heart rates. GSRs were absent in the new world monkeys but supported the law of initial values for half of the Ss of old world species. Less support was found when conductance scores were used.
Effect of Explicit Examiner Expectancy upon WAIS Performance
Authors: Dickstein Louis S. , Kephart Janis L.
Published: September 2011

Previous research on the effect of teacher expectancy on pupils' intelligence-test performance has concerned very indirect relationships between the expectancy and its consequence. The present study investigates the effect of explicit examiner expectancy of good test performance upon testee performance on an intelligence test. The results indicate that female college students receiving an administration with high expectancy do significantly better on performance subtests than do control Ss receiving standard instructions. If it is assumed that expectancy effects reflect heightened motivation by the testees, the results call into question the traditional assumption that motivational factors are of minimal importance for middle-class college students' intelligence-test performance.
Partial Reinforcement Effect under Odor Control
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Bridges Cecil C. , Anderson H. R. , Hayes Larry C.
Published: September 2011

4 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting odor(s) under a partial schedule increases running speeds during acquisition and resistance to extinction. The study points to important methodological implications for partial reinforcement research.
Attitudes of Late Adolescents and Their Parents toward Contemporary Issues
Authors: Weinstock Anne , Lerner Richard M.
Published: September 2011

161 college students in their late adolescent years ( Mage = 20.7 yr.) and a sample of 100 of their parents ( Mage = 48.9 yr.) completed a 36-item questionnaire containing items pertaining to such contemporary topics as drug use, sexual behavior, religion, and civil rights. Significant differences in attitude between the generational groups obtained on 86.1% of the items. The differences appeared to reflect intensity of attitudes rather than direction. Insofar as attitudes toward the assessed contemporary issues are concerned, it was concluded that evidence of a basis for a generation gap was found with this sample.
Palmar Sweating as a Function of Failure in Preschool Children
Authors: O'Malley J. Michael
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which failure precipitates physiological arousal (palmar sweating) in kindergarten children. High interfinger and interobserver reliability were repotted on measurements of palmar sweating collected from children of varying socioeconomic, residential, and early school backgrounds; however, for none of these children did palmar sweating increase differentially contingent upon failure as contrasted with success. The lack of significant differences between success and failure groups may raise questions regarding the interpretation of studies with young children in which manipulations of failure are expected to affect learning or performance variables.
Schedule-Induced Alcohol and Water Intakes in Rats on a FFI-60-Sec. Schedule
Authors: King Glen D. , McGill Donald , Pierson Stephen C. , Schaeffer Robert W.
Published: September 2011

4 food-deprived, female albino rats were exposed to baseline and free-reinforcement schedule conditions in which either water or alcohol solution were concurrently available or the alcohol solution was available alone. The results replicate previous findings but are not explicable by current motivational or reinforcement theoretical notions. Practical and theoretical considerations with regard to these data are discussed.
Self-Produced Context Effect in Word Association
Authors: Breznitz Shlomo
Published: September 2011

Analysis of context effects upon reproduction behavior in a word-association task was made. The chances of a successful reproduction were positively affected by success with the preceding word. Success with two preceding words in a row was more influential. This finding was interpreted as a context effect. By inserting a specific stimulus word twice at far-removed serial positions in the stimulus list, it could be shown that the major contribution to the context lies in the reproduction of the preceding response rather than the external reproduction of the preceding stimulus. It is argued that such self-produced context effect is central to the understanding of many facets of verbal behavior.