bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective information or objective information? How does review content contribute to the patients’ review helpfulness in online health communities? (Preprint)
Authors: Ouyang Peng , Yao Min , Liu Jiaming , Zhang Pengfei , Tang Junbin
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND

Online review has become an important topic in OHCs. However, the factors contributing to review helpfulness remain ambiguous.

OBJECTIVE

To fill this gap, this study examines the effects of review content on review helpfulness in OHCs by focusing on two variables: sentiment and informational support description, based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Furthermore, the moderating effect of informational support description is also investigated.

METHODS

A dataset comprising 210,555 reviews from a prominent OHC platform in China was collected using a self-developed Python web crawler. The review sentiment was analyzed by Baidu AI opening platform and the presence of medical-specific words within a review served as an indicator for measuring the informational support description. Given that review helpfulness is a truncated variable, we employ Tobit regression models to evaluate the effects.

RESULTS

The results indicate that both positive and negative sentiment contribute to review helpfulness. Moreover, there exists a positive association between informational support description and review helpfulness. When affecting review helpfulness, informational support description negatively moderates the impact of sentiment on review helpfulness.

CONCLUSIONS

By adopting the ELM as our theoretical framework, this study makes valuable contributions to existing literatures on online reviews within OHCs. The findings can help OHC managers guide patients generating more informative and useful reviews.
Healthcare utilization patterns and long-term all-cause mortality after acute myocardial infarction using National Sample Cohort in Korea (Preprint)
Authors: Nam Ji-Woong , Lee Woo-Ri , Song Ji-Soo , Kim Gi-Hyun , Won Young-Joo , Yoo Ki-Bong
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a disease associated with high mortality. Therefore, patient groups with a higher risk of death should be identified, and early intervention is required to improve long-term survival rates.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to find out the association between long-term all-cause mortality after acute myocardial infarction discharge using healthcare utilization patterns in Korea.

METHODS

This study used the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort in South Korea, 2011 to 2019. The study participants consisted of 3,535 patients who survived for 120 days after discharge following the AMI surgery. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality after 120 days from AMI discharge. The extracted patterns of healthcare utilization (health expenditure, length of stay, and number of outpatients) were divided into four groups using the latent class linear mixed model. We estimated the hazard ratios for all-cause mortality after 120 days from AMI discharge using the Cox proportional hazard model.

RESULTS

There were 3,535 individuals included in this study, among whom 266 (7.5%) had died and the mean (SD) age were 74.0 (10.2) years. Among the elderly population (age > 65 years), high-utilization group (HR = 1.84; p = 0.032), second-high-utilization group (HR = 1.92; p = 0.013), and reverse J-shaped utilization group (HR = 1.75; p = 0.049) had a significantly higher risk of mortality compared to the decreasing-utilization group.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirmed the association between healthcare utilization patterns and long-term mortality among the elderly. Therefore, healthcare utilization patterns can be considered a predictor of long-term all-cause mortality after AMI discharge.
Generative AI-ChatGPT responses related to HIV across gender, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity (Preprint)
Authors: Hswen Yulin
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND

Artificial intelligence (AI) bias can occur because of historical, and social inequities that exist in the data the algorithms are trained on.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate ChatGPT across multiple social dimensions.

METHODS

The free ChatGPT3.5 and the subscription version ChatGPT4.0 were evaluated on the following help-seeking structured question: “I just found out I have HIV, what should I do?” This was repeated across the variables of: gender (Man, Woman, Transgender), race/ethnicity (White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, Native American), and sexual orientation (Straight, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual).

RESULTS

Disparities in ChatGPT3.5 and 4.0 were found in providing evidence-based recommendations for HIV and across social variables.

CONCLUSIONS

Bias can arise without intention, a specific focus on transparency, health equity, and deliberate designs to evaluate and remove bias are needed. Additional testing and evaluation are needed to determine bias, and further research is warranted.
Pengaruh Tax Planning, Investment Opportunity Set dan Growth Opportunity Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan
Authors: Ariyadni Fenny Tidar , Irawati Wiwit
Published: December 2023

This study aims to examine and obtain empirical evidence of the effect of tax planning, investment opportunities and growth opportunities on firm value. Sampling using purposive sampling obtained a sample of 9 companies with 45 data. The population in this study are manufacturing companies in the basic and chemical industry sectors which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2017 – 2021. The regression model in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study show that there is a significant positive influence between the investment opportunity set on firm value, meaning that the higher the investment opportunity set of a company, the higher the tendency of the company to increase firm value in manufacturing companies in the basic industrial and chemical sectors. And the results of the study show that there is no effect of tax planning and growth opportunities on firm value, meaning that the company is not motivated by the value of the company that will be generated but rather towards a smaller tax that must be paid without taking into account the stock price besides that there is a change in the total assets owned by the company in During the research period, economic conditions were unstable, so companies were unable to increase firm value in manufacturing companies in the basic and chemical industries.
Effectiveness of Multiple Representation (MR) in Removing Misconceptions Related to Acid-base Titration
Authors: Karma Karma , Dorji Melam , Tshering Karma , Wangchuk Norzang Wangchuk , Dungyel Krishna P , Wangdi Pema
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to investigate misconceptions related to acid-base titration among grade eleven students and evaluate the effectiveness of Multiple Representation (MR) in addressing these misconceptions. A quasi-experimental design was used, and data were collected from 30 grade eleven students using a multiple-choice diagnostic test with open-ended reasoning questions. The diagnostic test was administered before the implementation of MR to identify areas of misconceptions. Misconceptions were identified by combining two developed instruments: the multiple-choice test and the Certainty of Response Index (CRI) scale technique. The MR intervention strategy utilized verbal, visual, and digital representations while teaching acid-base titration. A post-test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of MR. Descriptive analysis was employed, including measures such as mean, standard deviation, and percentiles. Inferential analysis included statistical tests such as paired sample t-tests and Cohen's d-effect size. Results from the misconception diagnostic tests revealed that 15.3% of the students had misconceptions about acid-base titration. Both descriptive analysis (MD = 11.67) and inferential analysis (p < 0.05, d = 1.16) indicated that MR was effective in removing misconceptions and enhancing academic achievement in grade eleven chemistry. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends that teachers adopt the MR strategy while teaching chemistry. The use of multiple representations, including verbal, visual, and digital elements, can help address misconceptions and improve academic achievement in the context of acid-base titration. Implementing MR in the classroom can provide students with a more comprehensive and engaging learning experience, enabling them to better understand and apply key concepts in chemistry.
Stock Market Price Prediction
Authors: Grover Arman , Burman Debajyoti Roy , Kapaida Priyansh , Samal Neelamani
Published: December 2023

Abstract: Investing in the stock market can be a convoluted and refined method of conducting business. Stock prediction is an extremely difficult and complex endeavor since stock values can fluctuate abruptly owing to a variety of reasons, making the stock market incredibly unpredictable.This paper explores predictive models for the stock market, aiming to forecast stock prices using machine learning algorithms. By analyzing historical market data and employing various predictive techniques, thestudy aims to enhance accuracy in predicting future stock movements. this paper contributes understanding into the potential of LSTM models for enhancing stock market prediction accuracy and reliability.
Eye-Tracker to Control Pointer Using Machine Learning
Authors: K Mahender , A Mahesh Chandra , A Malika. , E Mallesh , Neelam Malleswari , O Mallikarjun , Karthik Ragipati
Published: December 2023

Abstract: For preprocessing and analyzing eye-tracking data In an increasingly digital world, human-computer interaction has become a vital aspect of daily life. Traditionalinput devices like mice and touchpads may not be accessible to all individuals, especially those with physicaldisabilities. This project aims to develop an innovative solution to address this issue by creating an eye-tracking- based pointer control system using machine learning techniques. The primary goal of this project is to design and imp element a system that allows users to control a computer's cursor or pointer solely through the movement of their eyes. This will be achieved by leveraging state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms to accurately track and interpret the user's eye movements. we envision a novel eye-tracking-based pointer control system that can enhance the accessibility and usability of computers for diverse range of users. This technology has the potential to empower individuals with disabilities and make computing more intuitive and inclusive for everyone. The front-end involves Html, CSS, and JavaScript which are the fundamental web technologies for creating the userinterfaceand displaying the eye-tracking results. and the backend involves Python. The framework used is Tkinter and OpenCV is used which is a computer vision library thatcan be used
Congestion Detection with Sentiment Analysis
Authors: Wadikar Pinak , Jaiswal Dr. Rupesh C.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: This paper describes an approach to get insights into congestion on roads as well as get the general feedback of the state of transportation in a particular city and/or state. Google Maps gives you the location of the congestion but not the reason behind it. In this innovative approach, we try to extract the cause of the congestion as well as its severity with the help of sentiment analysis on Twitter feed. This data is especially helpful for authorities to arrange medical help, civic authorities for city planning as well as the common man who is new to a particular location.
Adaptive Re-use as a Strategy for Sustainable Indian Cities
Authors: Bose Kashmika , Khushwa Neelam
Published: December 2023

Abstract: The Indian metropolises are going through delicate times, feeding the burgeoning demands of society, frugality and the terrain. The current practice of direct product- in which commodity is produced, used and discarded is no longer doable for a sustainable future. The new way of allowing emphasizes the recycling, reusing and reducing consumption of what have formerly been produced. In simple words, adaptive play is the process of changing an ineffective or rejected item into a useful reality with a different purpose. conforming being structures and spots to realize contemporary conditions is the most practical option than obliteration or relief, therefore upgrading the socio- profitable and environmental status of the position, with giving it a new life. incontrovertibly, re-using an being structure becomes more responsive to prevailing climatic changes and global warming issues by drastically reducing the energy destruction and consumption involved in erecting new structures. Accordingly, adaptive play could be elevated to a new status rather than looking at it as just a strategy for conservation of heritage structures. numerous metropolises in Australia, Europe and USA are laboriously encouraging adaptive play as a strategy towards sustainable carbon-neutral metropolises. Keeping all these factors in mind, designing our unborn structures with essential adaptive play eventuality would be a clever approach towards making our metropolises more sustainable. This paper aims at how efficiently we can determine the adaptivere-use eventuality of being structures by briefly explaining the Adaptive Play Implicit( ARP) model, along with exploring a strategy to assess the ARP of unborn structures.
FONDASI KEMANANAN SIBER UNTUK LAYANAN PEMERINTAH
Authors: Witjaksono Dhanang Ksatrio , Kriswibowo Arimurti
Published: December 2023

The use of the internet in the current government environment continues to grow. The increasingly complex use of the internet can cause vulnerabilities to cyber attacks in information security, which include aspects of confidentiality, integrity, and service availability, so that it can disrupt the performance of public service delivery. The systematic literature review research method was carried out because of the large amount of information and data regarding cyber security strategies. This can be traced through various information in books, scientific journals, newspapers, magazines, as well as sources of information from web pages/websites via the internet. This method is important in analyzing the concept of cyber security strategy in Indonesia. The obstacles that the government has are expired devices that are still used on local government networks, which may not have the latest updates, security devices such as antiviruses have expired, human resources have not fully supported this cybersecurity. Indonesia needs policies that regulate all elements related to cyber security. This infrastructure standard must comply with international standards for dealing with cyber warfare.
Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) melalui Gerakan Literasi pada Siswa Madrasah Tsanawiyah di Aceh Barat Daya
Authors: Wahab Imrullah
Published: December 2023

The implementation of the literacy program at Madrasah Tsanawiyah in Southwest Aceh Regency which simultaneously started in 2015 has shown positive results in increasing student achievement, but the program has not been able to raise the achievement of madrasas at the provincial level, especially in PAI Subjects. In implementing the literacy program, each madrasa applies a pattern designed according to the conditions of the madrasa. The literacy pattern applied to some madrasas is less effective, so it has less effect on increasing student achievement. The purpose of this research is to describe the improvement of PAI learning achievement through literacy movement at Madrasah Tsanawiyah in Southwest Aceh Regency and to describe the pattern of application of literacy movement at Madrasah  Tsanawiyah in Southwest Aceh Regency in an effort to improve PAI learning achievement. This research is a qualitative research, data collection in this research is done through document study, observation and interviews. The results showed that: First, the implementation of the literacy movement program at MTsN 1 and MTsN 4 Aceh Barat Daya directly or indirectly had a positive influence on improving student achievement in PAI subjects (Akidah-Akhlak, Al-qur'an-Hadith, Jurisprudence, and SKI) both academically and non-academicly. Second, the pattern of implementing the literacy program at the two madrasas (MTsN 1 and MTsN 4 Aceh Barat Daya) is very different, where MTsN 1 applies a regular and varied pattern for each level, so as to achieve optimal student achievement in PAI subjects. . While MTsN 4 applies a very simple and not varied pattern, so that it becomes one of the causes of the less than optimal achievement of student achievement in PAI subjects.
Pseudomonas oryzihabitans: un microorganismo de creciente interés científico
Authors: Gutiérrez Bustos Diana Carolina , Hernández Marín Ana María , Corrales Ramírez Lucía Constanza
Published: December 2023

Este artículo tiene por objetivo determinar las características microbiológicas, bioquímicas y moleculares de la bacteria Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, la importancia que tiene en la salud pública y su competencia como agentenosocomial. Se establecen las condiciones de sostenibilidad in vitro para proyectar su uso en diferentes áreas biotecnológicas como: agroambiental, particularmente como biocontrolador de larvas y promotor de crecimientode plantas, y en la industrial, como alternativa en la producción de vitamina C.La identificación de esta especie de Pseudomonas por técnicas de biología molecular resulta más complicado que para otras, ya que de esta se encuentran reportados muy pocos genes en la base de datos del Centro Nacional para la Información Biotecnológica NCBI. La secuencia que se ha utilizado con mayor frecuencia para identificar esta bacteria en sus diferentes habitats es la de la subunidad ADNr 16S, codificada por el gen rrs o 16S ADNr, considerado un buen marcador molecular; debido a que su estructura y función han permanecido constantes durante un tiempo muy prolongado. La técnica de la PCR, resulta ser adecuada para confirmar la identificación de esta cepa dada su especificidad, precisión y bajo costo.
Green sukuk in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and potentials of sustainability in the light of Saudi Vision 2030
Authors: Shalhoob Hebah
Published: December 2023

This research aimed to provide insights into the green sukuk in Saudi Arabia regarding its challenges and potential of sustainability in the light of Saudi Vision 2030 for financing green projects. Moreover, it examines the current framework adopted by the Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) for facilitating transition to a low–carbon economy and circular economy, empowering communities, and enabling responsible business practices. Due to the nature of the topic, the research followed the descriptive research design. The results indicated that the issuance of green sukuk faces some challenges including lack of a clear definition, lack of awareness of its benefits, absence of a standard for measuring it, lack of institutional capacity, and the long time required to structure and legalize it. Consequently, a clear definition and measurement standard should be presented. Furthermore, the results of this research have implications for researchers, governments, policymakers, industries, businesses, investors and regulators regarding the development and raising of green sukuk.
New Observations and Modeling of Dart Leader Initiation and Development with Broadband Interferometric Mapping and Polarization in 3D (BIMAP-3D)
Authors: Jensen Daniel , Shao Xuan-Min , Sonnenfeld Richard , Silva Caitano da
Published: December 2023

One of the outstanding questions in lightning research is how dart
leaders (also called recoil leaders or K-leaders) initiate and develop
during a lightning flash. Dart leaders travel quickly
(10-10 m/s) along previously
ionized channels and occur intermittently in the later stage of a flash.
We have recently reported some insights into dart leader initiation and
development based on our BIMAP-3D observations. In this presentation we
will expand on that work by combining observations and modeling to try
to understand the observed dart leader behaviors. BIMAP-3D consists of
two broadband interferometric mapping and polarization (BIMAP) systems
that are separated by 11.5km at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Each
station maps the lightning VHF sources in a 2D space, and the
combination of the 2-station measurements provides a detailed 3D source
map. A fast antenna is also included at each station for electric field
change measurements. Our previously reported observations suggest dart
leaders commonly exhibit an initial acceleration, followed by a more
gradual deceleration to a stop. We also modeled the dart leader electric
field change with a simple configuration of two point-charges, finding
that the modeled tip charge increased in magnitude during the initial
acceleration in some simple cases. We now employ a more sophisticated
model to better understand the distribution of charge along the dart
leader channel, and the background electric field in which the dart
leader develops.

Presented at the AGU 2023 Fall Meeting
Direct Evidence for Diverse Source Complexity in Small Earthquakes (Mw3.3-5.0) Obtained from Short-Range Borehole Seismic Data
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke
Published: December 2023

A good understanding of the rupture patterns of small earthquakes is
essential to understand the differences between earthquakes of different
sizes. However, resolving the source complexity of small events
(Mw<5) is challenging, because their seismic waveforms are
distorted during propagation. In this study, we used high-quality
seismic waveforms recorded by an excellent downhole sensor in Japan to
directly examine the source complexities of 64 Mw3.3-5.0 short-range
earthquakes (< 8 km). We found that even the waveforms of
microearthquakes (Mw < 2) were simple at the sensor,
indicating that the waveforms were scarcely disturbed by structural
inhomogeneities. We inferred the moment rate functions from the shapes
of the direct P-waves, which showed diversity in their complexity. Even
conservatively estimated, 30% of the events had multiple subevents. The
results suggest that methods that account for complexity, rather than
those that assume a simple source pattern, are required to characterize
even small earthquakes.
Assessing the change in soil water deficit characteristics from farmland to forestland on the Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhang Yongwang , Gao Mingyu , Liu Ming , Wang Kaibo , Wang Jun , Liu Changhai , Shangguan Zhouping
Published: December 2023

Soil moisture is an important factor that affects terrestrial vegetation
ecosystems and biological growth and development, and water deficit is
one of the major environmental factors threatening vegetation
restoration in the Loess Plateau. To determine the change in the soil
water deficit characteristics from farmland to forestland on the Loess
Plateau, in this study, we measured the soil water storage and deficit
in abandoned grassland, shrubland, pioneer forestland and climax
forestland along with vegetation succession. The results showed that the
soil water content and the soil water storage with natural vegetation
recovery from the abandoned grassland to shrubland and forestland showed
a gradual declining trend, while on the contrary, the soil water deficit
was increasing during succession, it was more severe in the deep soil
than in the shallow soil layers, and the soil water deficit in July and
September of the rainy season as well as that the vigorous growing
period of plants was more serious than that in May and November, which
are in the non-rainy season of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The vegetation
types, soil texture and soil depth were the key factors affecting the
soil water deficiency status in the process of vegetation succession.
The results could have great potential in the sustainable development of
forestry and provide a theoretical basis for effective water management
and reasonable vegetation restoration in arid and semiarid loess
regions.
Simulating Global Terrestrial Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemical Cycles with Implicit and Explicit Representations of Soil Microbial Activity
Authors: Wieder William R , Hartman Melannie , Kyker-Snowman Emily , Eastman Brooke , Georgiou Katerina , Pierson Derek , Rocci Katherine , grandy stuart
Published: December 2023

Nutrient limitation is widespread in terrestrial ecosystems.
Accordingly, representations of nitrogen (N) limitation in land models
typically dampen rates of terrestrial carbon (C) accrual, compared with
C-only simulations. These previous findings, however, rely on soil
biogeochemical models that implicitly represent microbial activity and
physiology. Here we present results from a biogeochemical model testbed
that allows us to investigate how an explicit vs. implicit
representation of soil microbial activity, as represented in the
MIcrobial-MIneral Carbon Stabilization (MIMICS) and
Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) soil biogeochemical models,
respectively, influence plant productivity and terrestrial C and N
fluxes at initialization and over the historical period. When forced
with common boundary conditions, larger soil C pools simulated by the
MIMICS model reflect longer inferred soil organic matter (SOM) turnover
times than those simulated by CASA. At steady state, terrestrial
ecosystems experience greater N limitation when using the MIMICS-CN
model, which also increases the inferred SOM turnover time. Over the
historical period, however, higher rates of N mineralization were fueled
by warming-induced acceleration of SOM decomposition over high latitude
ecosystems in the MIMICS-CN simulation reduce this N limitation,
resulting in faster rates of vegetation C accrual. Moreover, as SOM
stoichiometry is an emergent property of MIMICS-CN, we highlight
opportunities to deepen understanding of sources of persistent SOM and
explore its potential sensitivity to environmental change. Our findings
underscore the need to improve understanding and representation of plant
and microbial resource allocation and competition in land models that
represent coupled biogeochemical cycles under global change scenarios.
Numerical diffusion and turbulent mixing in convective self-aggregation
Authors: Silvestri Lorenzo , Saraceni Miriam , Cerlini Paolina Bongioannini
Published: December 2023

Spontaneous aggregation of deep convection is a common feature of
idealized numerical simulations of the tropical atmosphere in
Radiative-Convective Equilibrium (RCE). However, at coarse grid
resolution where deep convection is not fully resolved, the occurrence
of this phenomenon is extremely sensitive to subgrid-scale processes.
This study focuses on the role played by mixing and entrainment, either
provided by the turbulence model or the implicit numerical dissipation.
We have analyzed the results of two different models, WRF and SAM, and
compared different configurations by varying the turbulence models, the
initial conditions and the horizontal spatial resolution. At coarse grid
resolution (3 km), the removal of turbulent mixing prevents the
occurrence of Convective Self-Aggregation (CSA) in models with low
numerical diffusivity, while it is preserved in models with high
numerical diffusivity. When the horizontal grid resolution is refined to
1 km (thus reducing the implicit numerical dissipation), CSA is only
achieved by increasing the explicit turbulent mixing. In this case, CSA
was found to occur even with a small amount of shallow clouds.
Therefore, this study suggests that the sensitivity of CSA to horizontal
grid resolution is not primarily due to the corresponding decrease in
shallow clouds. Instead, it is found that turbulent mixing and
dissipation at small scales regulate the amplitude of initial humidity
perturbations introduced by convection in the free troposphere: the
greater the dissipation at small scales, the greater the size and the
strength of humidity perturbations in the free troposphere that can
destabilize the RCE state.
A safe space but not a soft landing: Observation needs for a warming world
Authors: Miner Kimberley Rain , Braghiere Renato Kerches , Miller Charles E. , Schlegel Nicole -Jeanne , Schimel David
Published: December 2023

Since 2007, the National Academy for Sciences Engineering and Medicine
(NASEM) has recommended priorities for Earth Science research and
investment every ten years. The Decadal Survey balances the continuation
of essential climate variable time series against unmet measurement
needs and new Earth Observations made possible by technological
breakthroughs. The next survey (2027-2028, DS28) must anticipate the
observational needs of the 2030s-2040s, a world increasingly dominated
by climate extremes and a rapidly changing Earth system. Here, we
identify the critical Earth Observation needs for a hotter, more extreme
world where expect challenges in maintaining a safe operating space.
Unveiling the 3D Structure of Magnetosheath Jets
Authors: Fatemi Shahab , Hamrin Maria , Krämer Eva , Gunell Herbert , Nordin Gabriella , Karlsson Tomas , Goncharov Oleksandr
Published: December 2023

Magnetosheath jets represent localized enhancements in dynamic pressure
observed within the magnetosheath. These energetic entities, carrying
excess energy and momentum, can impact the magnetopause and disrupt the
magnetosphere. Therefore, they play a vital role in coupling the solar
wind and terrestrial magnetosphere. However, our understanding of the
morphology and formation of these complex, transient events remains
incomplete over two decades after their initial observation. Previous
studies have relied on oversimplified assumptions, considering jets as
elongated cylinders with dimensions ranging from 0.1 RE to 5.0 RE (Earth
radii). In this study, we present simulation results obtained from
Amitis, a high-performance hybrid-kinetic plasma framework (particle
ions and fluid electrons) running in parallel on Graphics Processing
Units (GPUs) for fast and more environmentally friendly computation
compared to CPU-based models. Considering realistic scales, we present
the first global, three-dimensional (3D in both configuration and
velocity spaces) hybrid-kinetic simulation results of the interaction
between solar wind plasma and Earth. Our high-resolution kinetic
simulations reveal the 3D structure of magnetosheath jets, showing that
jets are far from being simple cylinders. Instead, they exhibit
intricate and highly interconnected structures with dynamic 3D
characteristics. As they move through the magnetosheath, they wrinkle,
fold, merge, and split in complex ways before a subset reaches the
magnetopause.
“Fires of Unusual Size: Future of Extreme and Emerging Wildfires in a Warming United States (2020-2060)”
Authors: Stephens Jilmarie Juarez , Joseph Maxwell B , Iglesias Virginia , Tuff Ty A , Mahood Adam L. , Rangwala Imtiaz , Wolken Jane , Balch Jennifer K.
Published: December 2023

Observed increases in wildfire activity across the contiguous United
States, which have occurred amid a warming climate and expanding
residential footprint within flammable landscapes, illustrate the
urgency of understanding near-future changes in fire regimes. Here, we
use a statistical model including future projections of both human
population distribution and atmospheric conditions from climate models
to predict the number, size, and cumulative area burned by wildfires. We
find an overall increase in both the number of fires (+56%) and total
burned area (+60%) during 2020-2060 relative to a 1984-2019 baseline,
as well as ubiquitous increases in area burned (+63%) by the largest
fires. Additionally, we predict the emergence of observationally
unprecedented fire frequency in eastern U.S. locations where wildfire
was rare historically (+71%), and unprecedented increases in the size
of the largest fires in the Western U.S. where fires were historically
common—underscoring the need to prepare for more frequent and severe
fire even in communities unaccustomed to them.
in-situ Observations of Ionospheric Plasma Blobs Over Nigeria (9.08⁰N, 8.67⁰E) During Deep Solar Minimum: Possible Influence of Small-Scale Fluctuations in Ionospheric Plasma Density
Authors: Adebayo Oluwasegun Micheal , Rabiu A. Babatunde , Shiokawa Kazuo , Okoh Daniel Izuikedinachi , Obafaye Aderonke Adekemi , Pimenta Alexandre Alvares , Otsuka Yuichi , Dare-Idowu Oluwakemi Esther
Published: December 2023

Ionospheric plasma blobs have long been studied since it was first
reported in 1986. Blobs are localized regions of enhanced plasma with a
factor of 2 or 3 above ambient plasma. In this paper, we studied the
occurrence of blobs over Nigeria (9.08⁰N, 8.67⁰E geographic coordinates)
using the SWARM constellation satellites – ionospheric plasma density
dataset specifically. We considered only the nighttime pass of the
satellites over Nigeria with time frame 18:00 to 04:59 LT. The
satellites passed over Nigeria 126 times in 2019 with 41 cases of plasma
blobs. The results show that 58% of the cases were found without
bubbles nearby, 29% of the cases were found in the presence of
small-scale fluctuations in ionospheric plasma density (henceforth
“SSFiI”). From the spectral analysis, the average wavelength, period
and the propagating speed of SSFiI are 11 km, 2-4 seconds, and 2.75 –
5.5 km/s, respectively. The rate of change of the electron density
inside the blobs associated with SSFiI was ~50% above
that of the blobs in the absence of SSFiI. This suggests that bubbles
may not be the only prerequisite for the development and dynamics of
blobs; and SSFiI may play a significant role in the morphology and
dynamics of blobs.
Hazarika et al._AGU23_1443996
Authors: Hazarika Pallab Jyoti , Baruah Amiya , Dasgupta Ritabrata
Published: December 2023

The crustal components in a magma plumbing system often contain
mechanically heterogeneous layers and structural discontinuities such as
pre-existing fracture (PEF) systems. Such layers and discontinuities,
depending upon their mechanical properties, can either facilitate upward
magma movement or inhibit it at some depths by acting as stress
barriers. This study considers a visco-plastic crustal rheology to study
the variation of yield strength around the two lateral tips of an
elliptical magma chamber (MC), aided by the presence of a PEF, by
employing a finite element modelling (FEM) approach. The orientation of
the PEF is varied in the FE models and the patterns of localized tensile
stress have been examined from these models. The model results find no
difference between the yield strength at the two lateral tips of the MC,
when there is no PEF in the crustal domain. On the other hand, the
presence of a PEF significantly decreases the yield strength around the
associated MC tip. We also observed that the yield strength around the
MC is also dependent upon the vertical and horizontal separation between
the MC and the PEF. When a heterogeneous layer above the MC is taken
into consideration, the yield strength depends on whether the PEF
terminates above, within, or below the heterogeneous layer. The model
results show that the difference in the magnitude of yield strength
between the two MC tips is least when the PEF is located above the
heterogeneous layer, whereas, it is maximum when the PEF is located
below the MC. These results provide finer interpretation in
understanding the kinematic evolution of a magma plumbing system, with
large structural discontinuities housed within shallow crustal depths.
Numerical Modelling of Coupled Climate, Tectonics and Surface Processes on the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis
Authors: Lu Xueyun , Lai Jingtao , Wang Lining , Ji Jianqing , Zhong Dalai
Published: December 2023

The interactions between climate, tectonics and surface processes have
become a research hotspot in Earth science in recent years. Although
various insights have been achieved, the relative importance of climatic
and tectonic forcing in influencing the evolution of mountain belts
still remains controversial. In order to investigate the tectonic and
topographic evolution, as well as the formation mechanism of the eastern
Himalayan syntaxis, we developed a comprehensive 2D
climatic-geomorphological-thermomechanical numerical model and conducted
over 200 experiments to test the influences of convergence rate, average
precipitation and initial geothermal gradient on orogenic wedge. The
results indicate that, for a specific orogenic wedge, its tectonic and
topographic evolution primarily relies on the relative strength of
tectonic and climatic forces, rather than their respective magnitudes. A
syntaxis is the result of the combined effects of tectonic forces,
climatic forces and geothermal field. In mountain belts, once the
convergence rate and average precipitation fall within a Type D zone
determined by the crustal thermal structure, a sustained, stationary,
localized and relatively rapid erosion process will be established on
the windward flank of the orogenic wedge. This will further induce
sustained and rapid uplift of rocks, exhumation and deformation,
ultimately forming a syntaxis. In this context, syntaxis is the
inevitable system’s outcome under various physical laws, including
conservation of mass, momentum and energy, rheology, orographic
precipitation, surface processes, etc. Orogens are best viewed as
complex open systems controlled by multiple factors, none of which can
be considered as the sole cause of the system’s outcome.
Influences of Space Weather Forecasting Uncertainty on Satellite Conjunction Assessment
Authors: Parker William , Freeman Mervyn P. , Chisham Gareth , Kavanagh Andrew John , Siew Peng Mun , Rodriguez-Fernandez Victor , Linares Richard
Published: December 2023

A significant increase in the number of anthropogenic objects in Earth
orbit has necessitated the development of satellite conjunction
assessment and collision avoidance capabilities for new spacecraft.
Often, the greatest source of uncertainty in predicting a satellite’s
trajectory in low Earth orbit originates from atmospheric neutral mass
density variability caused by enhanced geomagnetic activity and solar
EUV absorption. This work investigates the impacts of solar and
geomagnetic index forecasting uncertainty on satellite drag and
satellite maneuver decision-making. During an averaged point in the
solar cycle, accurate index forecasts with reduced uncertainty are shown
to provide significantly improved advance notice for dangerous
conjunction events above 500 km. Below 500 km, forecast improvements are
less impactful. This boundary of utility from forecast improvements
shifts upward and downward during solar maximum and solar minimum,
respectively. Improved index forecasts are shown to have little impact
on making maneuver decisions 12-24 hours from a potential conjunction
event, but are demonstrated to be very useful when trying to make
maneuver decisions with more lead time. These improved forecasts of the
space weather indices help in making actionable, durable conjunction
predictions sooner than is currently possible.
Status of Glaciers in the Western United States based on Sentinel-2A Images and Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Abubakari Bernard Latif , Ambinakudige Shrinidhi
Published: December 2023

In this study, we employed random forest machine learning classification
to assess the current state of glaciers in the western United States
using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery. By analyzing Sentinel-2A imagery
from September 2020 and comparing it to the RGI inventory, the study
determined the current conditions of the glaciers. Our findings unveiled
a significant reduction in both glacier area and volume in the western
United States since the mid-20th century. Currently, the region hosts
4091 glaciers spanning seven states, covering a total area of 432.01 km2
with a corresponding volume of 9.02 km3. During the study period, a loss
of 237.07 km2 in glacier area was observed, representing a 35.43%
decrease when contrasted with the RGI boundaries. The volume lost during
this period amounted to 4.9 km3, roughly equivalent to 4.7 gigatons of
water. Among the states, Washington experienced the most significant
glacier area reduction, with a loss of 130.06 km2. Notably, glaciers in
the North Cascade Range of Washington, such as those in Mt. Baker and
Mt. Shuksan, now cover, on average, only 85% of their original glacier
boundaries with ice and snow at the conclusion of the 2020 hydrological
year. Major glaciers, including the White River glacier, West Nooksack
glacier, and White Chuck glacier, have lost more than 50 percent of
their original area.
"Scientific Perspectives on Climate Change and its Influence on the Spread of Infectious Diseases"
Authors: Castillo Nicolás
Published: December 2023

This article addresses the intricate interactions between climate change and the spread of infectious diseases, highlighting key scientific perspectives. The mechanisms through which climate change influences the epidemiology of these diseases are examined, considering climatic variables, changes in vector patterns, and pathogen adaptation. Additionally, the relationship between extreme weather events and the occurrence of epidemic outbreaks is explored. Findings reveal the necessity of integrated approaches and public health policies to mitigate emerging impacts on global health.
Reconciling High-resolution Strain Rate of Continental China from GNSS Data with the Spherical Spline Interpolation
Authors: Zhang Zhengfeng , Zhang Huai , Shi Yaolin
Published: December 2023

In this work, we propose a new generation of high-resolution strain rate
model of present-day continental China from up-to-date GNSS observation
data of 3571 stations. To reconcile the sparsely distributed GNSS
(Global Navigation Satellite System) velocity data into an integrated
vastly regional spherical coordinate frame, a novel interpolation
method, namely the spherical spline method, is introduced as well. It
can simultaneously calculate the strain rate with an ideal order of
continuity while preserving the discontinuity from tectonically active
major fault zones or deforming blocks. We take advantage of a set of
inspection standards to assess the validity and resolution of our
proposed model. The spherical spline method is deliberately examined and
justified to fit the GNSS velocity data to illustrate inspection
standards. Moreover, we construct a spherical harmony model for the
resolution test. By the test criteria, the spherical spline method can
reproduce the velocity and strain rate field at substantial order,
suggesting that our method has high applicability and resolution in
estimating strain rate in active tectonic regions or even global models.
Finally, using the spherical spline method, we used measured GNSS
velocity data to calculate the strain rate field in continental China.
We also analyze the correlation between the seismic mechanism and the
strain rate field of earthquakes, exhibiting that our proposed
high-resolution strain rate model has great potential in explaining the
deformation or evolution models of continental China.
The Venus Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (V-GITM): A Coupled Thermosphere and Ionosphere Formulation
Authors: Ponder Brandon M. , Ridley Aaron J. , Bougher Stephen W. , Pawlowski David John , Brecht Amanda S.
Published: December 2023

This paper introduces the new Venus Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model
(V-GITM) which incorporates the terrestrial GITM framework with
Venus-specific parameters, ion-neutral chemistry, and radiative
processes in order to simulate some of the observable features regarding
the temperatures, composition, and dynamical structure of the Venus
atmosphere from 70 km to 170 km. Atmospheric processes are included
based upon formulations used in previous Venus GCMs, several
augmentations exist, such as improved horizontal and vertical momentum
equations and tracking exothermic chemistry. Explicitly solving the
momentum equations allows for the exploration of its dynamical effects
on the day-night structure. In addition, V-GITM’s use of exothermic
chemistry instead of a strong heating efficiency accounts for the
heating due to the solar EUV while producing comparable temperatures to
empirical models. V-GITM neutral temperatures and neutral-ion densities
are compared to upper atmosphere measurements obtained from Pioneer
Venus and Venus Express. V-GITM demonstrates asymmetric horizontal wind
velocities through the cloud tops to the middle thermosphere and
explains the mechanisms for sustaining the wind structure. In addition,
V-GITM produces reasonable dayside ion densities and shows that the
neutral winds can carry the ions to the nightside via an experiment
advecting O$_2^+$.
Symmetry Constraints Enhance Long-term Stability and Accuracy in Unsupervised Learning of Geophysical Fluid Flows
Authors: Huang Yunfei , Greenberg David S.
Published: December 2023

Fluid dynamical systems are well described by discretized partial
differential equations, but computational costs limit accuracy, duration
and/or resolution in numerical integrations. Recent studies showed that
deep neural networks trained on simulations or PDE-derived losses can
improve cost-accuracy tradeoffs, but purely data-centric approaches
discard physical and mathematical insights and require computationally
costly training data. Here we draw on advances in geometric deep
learning to design solver networks that respect PDE symmetries as hard
constraints. We construct equivariant convolutional layers for mixed
scalar-vector input fields in order to capture the symmetries inherent
to specific PDEs. We demonstrate our approach on a challenging 1D
semi-implicit shallow water scheme with closed boundaries, applying
unsupervised learning with a physics-derived loss function. We report
strong improvements in accuracy and stability of equivariant solvers
compared to standard convolutional networks with the same architectures
and parameter counts. Solver equivariance also improves performance on
new initial conditions not encountered during training, and suppresses
error accumulation in global momentum and energy. Strikingly, these
benefits do not reduce loss values during training, but appear later
during ML-assisted rollouts over time steps. Our results suggest that
symmetry constraints could improve deep learning performance across a
wide range of fluid dynamical tasks, learning algorithms and neural
architectures.
Pileup shocks to cause the red-aurora magnetic storm on November 4-6, 2023
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Bamba Yumi
Published: December 2023

Glancing blows of three interplanetary shocks caused an unexpectedly
large magnetic storm on November 4-6, 2023, which was popular for
citizen scientists because of the surprising appearance of the
crimson-red auroras world-wide in middle latitudes. Based on the
analysis of the in-situ interplanetary magnetic field data at DSCOVR and
STEREO-A, we show that the multi-step main phase of the magnetic storm
is explained by the shock pileup, i.e. slow interplanetary shock was
caught up from behind by the fast one, and the multi-step prolonged
recovery phase by the remnant structure associated with the shock
pileup.