bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behandlung von Harnwegsinfektionen mit Harnblasenspülungen: Vom Leitungswasser zu Bakteriophagen
Authors: Leitner Lorenz , Kessler Thomas M.
Published: June 2021

Harnwegsinfektionen (HWIs) gehören zu den grössten medizinischen Herausforderungen, insbesondere stellt uns der weltweit dramatische Anstieg von Antibiotikaresistenzen vor ungelöste Probleme. Patienten mit Dauerkatheter oder intermittierendem Katheterismus haben ein hohes Risiko für rezidivierende HWIs, aber auch für eine Übertherapie mit Antibiotika. Harnblasenspülungen mit Leitungswasser oder physiologischer Kochsalzlösung respektive Harnblaseninstillationen mit säurehaltigen, antiseptischen oder antimikrobiellen Substanzen sind eine vielversprechende Option zur Prophylaxe und Therapie von HWIs. Im Kampf gegen Antibiotikaresistenzen könnten Bakteriophagen, Viren, die ausschliesslich Bakterien befallen und abtöten, zu einem Durchbruch bei der Therapie von HWIs und bakteriellen Infektionen im Allgemeinen führen – doch der Weg dazu ist weit, und gut geplante prospektive Studien werden die nötige Evidenz liefern müssen.
Fachspezifität von Unterrichtsqualität – aus der Perspektive der Mathematikdidaktik
Authors: Dreher Anika , Leuders Timo
Published: June 2021

Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Diskussion (und aktuelle Forschung) zur Fachspezifität von Unterrichtsqualität aus der Perspektive der Mathematikdidaktik. Sowohl theoretische als auch empirische Argumente verdeutlichen, dass bei einer Konzeptualisierung von Unterrichtsqualität fachspezifische Aspekte nicht außer Acht gelassen werden sollten. Die Berücksichtigung fachspezifischer Aspekte bezieht sich derzeit meist auf die Spezifizierung von Kriterien bei der Erfassung Unterrichtsqualität durch Ratings. Wir argumentieren jedoch, dass Kriterien dabei nicht die einzige relevante Varianzquelle darstellen, in der sich Fachspezifität niederschlägt. Um der Fachspezifität von Unterrichtsqualität systematisch auf die Spur zu kommen, schlagen wir daher eine mehrdimensionale Perspektive auf die Fachspezifität von Unterrichtsqualität als Grundlage für empirische Forschungsstrategien vor. Demnach zeigt sich die Fachspezifität von Unterrichtsqualität in unterschiedlichen Varianzquellen (Kriterien, Situationen, Ratern), die sich durch verschiedene Grade an Fachspezifität systematisch auf die eingeschätzte Unterrichtsqualität auswirken können. Insbesondere illustrieren wir anhand eines Beispiels, wie das fach- und inhaltsbezogene Wissen von Ratern (und damit die Fachspezifität von Ratern) ihre Interpretationen von Kriterien und Unterrichtssituationen beeinflussen und sich systematisch in ihren Einschätzungen von Unterrichtsqualität niederschlagen können.
Intraplate earthquake occurrence and distribution in Peninsular Malaysia over the past 100 years
Authors: Nazaruddin Dony Adriansyah , Duerrast Helmut
Published: June 2021

Peninsular Malaysia is tectonically situated on a stable craton (intraplate) and so far experiences relatively little earthquake activities, thus considered as a region with low seismicity. This study uses earthquake data from 59 events obtained from various sources in the period 1922 to 2020. The overall seismicity in the study area is low as expected due to the general intraplate setting. Earthquakes occurred onshore and offshore of Peninsular Malaysia between latitudes 1° and 7° N and longitudes 99° and 105° E. The seismicity pattern shows that the epicenters are distributed spatially in some parts of the peninsula and in the Malacca Strait with several epicenter zones. Most of earthquakes are associated with several preexisting faults and fault zones indicating that they are the major contributor to the local seismicity. Meanwhile, some further earthquakes were caused by activities related to reservoirs. Magnitudes are ranging from Mw 0.7 to 5.4 with the majority is Mw 1.0 + and 2.0 +. Hypocenters are located in between 1 and 167 km deep (shallow to intermediate earthquakes) with the majority being shallow earthquakes (1–70 km). The deepest earthquake located in the Straits of Malacca can be associated with a slab detachment broken off from the Sumatran Subduction Zone. Finally, this study contributes to the understanding of the intraplate seismicity of Peninsular Malaysia as a basis for seismic hazard and risk assessment.

Article Highlights

Earthquake assessment over the last 100 year reveals low but clear seismicity with an associated seismic hazard and risk for certain areas.

Shallow, low-magnitude earthquakes associated with reservoir activities and preexisting faults reactivated by the nearby subduction zone.

A deeper, low-magnitude earthquake can be related to slab detachment from the Sumatran subduction zone toward the east.
The impact of exogenous vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid men with autoimmune thyroiditis and early-onset androgenic alopecia
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Kowalcze Karolina , Okopień Bogusław
Published: June 2021

Background

Early-onset androgenic alopecia is regarded as the phenotypic equivalent of polycystic ovary syndrome in men. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at high risk of autoimmune thyroiditis. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether early-onset androgenic alopecia determines the impact of exogenous vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid function in men with autoimmune thyroiditis.

Methods

The study included 67 young men with autoimmune thyroiditis, 25 of whom had early-onset androgenic alopecia (group A). All 25 men with alopecia and 23 out of the 42 men with no evidence of hair loss, matched for age, antibody titers and thyrotropin levels (group B), were then treated with vitamin D (100 μg daily). Serum titers of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies, serum levels of thyrotropin, free thyroid hormones, total and calculated free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, estradiol, prolactin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as the calculated parameters of thyroid homeostasis were assessed before vitamin D treatment and 6 months later.

Results

At baseline, thyroid antibody titers were higher in subjects with than without alopecia and correlated with calculated free testosterone levels. Vitamin D reduced antibody titers in both groups but this effect was stronger in group B than group A. Only in group B, vitamin D increased SPINA-GT. The impact of vitamin D on antibody titers correlated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, calculated free testosterone, treatment-induced increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the improvement in insulin sensitivity.

Conclusion

This study suggests that euthyroid men with early-onset androgenic alopecia may benefit to a lesser degree from vitamin D treatment than other subjects with autoimmune thyroiditis.
How implicit image of woman changed in Japanese sixth-grade children after a gender equality education lesson
Authors: Akita Shin , Mori Kazuo
Published: June 2021

Ninety-two Japanese elementary school sixth-graders (46 boys and 46 girls; 11–12 years old) learned the quota system as part of gender equality education. We used a group performance implicit association test (Mori, Uchida, and Imada, 2008) to evaluate the lesson's effect by assessing the children's image of “woman” before and after the class. The results showed that the image of “woman” among boys improved significantly from neutral to positive through the lesson. We also found that girls’ implicit image of “woman” was statistically higher than that of boys before learning, and was raised considerably after the class.
Reviving Haydn
Authors: Proksch Bryan
Published: June 2021

By the 1840s Joseph Haydn, who died in 1809 as the most celebrated composer of his generation, had degenerated into the bewigged "Papa Haydn," a shallow placeholder in music history who merely invented the forms used by Beethoven. In a remarkable reversal, Haydn swiftly regained his former stature within the opening decades of the twentieth century. Reviving Haydn: New Appreciations in the Twentieth Century examines both the decline and the subsequent resurgence of Haydn's reputation in an effort to better understand the forces that shape critical reception on a broad scale. Nosingle person or event marked the turning point for Haydn's reputation. Instead a broad resurgence reshaped opinion in Europe and the United States in short order. The Haydn revival engaged many of the music world's leading figures -- composers (Vincent d'Indy and Arnold Schoenberg), conductors (Arturo Toscanini), performers (Wanda Landowska), critics (Lawrence Gilman), and scholars (Heinrich Schenker and Donald Tovey) -- each of whom valued Haydn's music for specific reasons and used it to advance particular goals. Yet each advocated for a rehearing and rereading of the composer's works, calling for a new appreciation of Haydn's music. Bryan Proksch is assistant professor of music history at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas, where he specializes in the music of the late eighteenth century.
Tuning the Kingdom
Authors: Kafumbe Damascus
Published: June 2021

Examines how the Kawuugulu Clan-Royal Musical Ensemble uses musical performance and storytelling to manage, structure, model, and legitimize power relations among the Baganda people of south-central Uganda.
The Sonatas of Henry Purcell
Authors: Schab Alon
Published: June 2021

This pathbreaking study reveals Purcell's extensive use of symmetry and reversal in his much-loved trio sonatas, and shows how these hidden structural processes make his music multilayered and appealing.
Assessing the Preparedness of Healthcare Facilities for Disasters and Emergencies in Damghan, Iran
Authors: Pourmohammadi Behrad , Heydari Ahad , Fatemi Farin , Modarresi Ali
Published: June 2021

Objectives:

Iran is exposed to a wide range of natural and man-made hazards. Health-care facilities can play a significant role in providing life-saving measures in the minutes and hours immediately following the impact or exposure. The aim of this study was to determine the preparedness of health-care facilities in disasters and emergencies.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Damghan, Semnan Province, in 2019. The samples consisted of all the 11 health-care facilities located in Damghan County. A developed checklist was used to collect the data, including 272 questions in 4 sections: understanding threatening hazards, functional, structural, and nonstructural vulnerability of health-care facilities. The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.

Results:

The results revealed that the health-care facilities were exposed to 22 different natural and man-made hazards throughout the county. The total level of preparedness of the health-care centers under assessment was 45.8%. The average functional, structural, and nonstructural vulnerability was assessed at 49.3%, 31.6%, and 56.4%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Conducting mitigation measures is necessary for promoting the functional and structural preparedness. Disaster educational programs and exercises are recommended among the health staff in health-care facilities.
Production of the utterance-final moraic nasal in Japanese: A real-time MRI study
Authors: Maekawa Kikuo
Published: June 2021

Japanese moraic nasal /N/ is a nasal segment having the status of an independent mora. In utterance-medial position, it is realized as a nasal segment sharing the same place of articulation as the immediately following segment, but in utterance-final position, it is believed to be realized as a uvular nasal. This final-/N/-as-uvular view, which is wide-spread in the literature on Japanese phonetics and phonology, was examined objectively by use of a real-time MRI movie of the articulatory movement of eleven Tokyo Japanese speakers. It turned out that the utterance-final /N/ is realized in a wide range of locations on the palate from the hard palate to the uvula. GLMM modeling showed that the closure locations of the utterance-final /N/ can be predicted accurately from the identity of the preceding vowel. In addition, leave-one-out cross validation showed that the model can be generalized to new data. We conclude that the realization of utterance-final /N/ is not fixed to uvular; its place of articulation is determined largely by the property of the preceding vowel.
Chinese Classical Dancers Have Improved Spontaneous Activity in Visual Brain Areas
Authors: Wen Rou , Hou Lijuan , Shi Jilong , Zhang Mi
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies demonstrate that long-term exercise or dance training may cause changes in brain structure and function. However, the changes of neurofunction in the long-term practitioners of Chinese classical dance are still unclear. The purpose of the study is to explore the neurofunctional alterations associated with long-term Chinese classical dance training. Thirty female college students were selected, 15 students majoring in Chinese classical dance (average training years = 9.73 ± 1.75 years) and 15 education-matched non-dancer students with no previous experience of regular dance training. In this cross-sectional design, the resting-state fMRI data were acquired only once to observe the structural and functional changes of the brain. Compared with non-dancers, professional dancers had no significant difference in the total volume of whole brain, gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. While in professional dancers, we found increased amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in the left superior occipital gyrus, right Cuneus, and left calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex (Calcarine); increased fractional ALFF and regional homogeneity in the right Calcarine, indicating the increase of spontaneous brain activity in these brain areas. Since these brain areas are related to visual cognitive function, the results suggest that long-term Chinese classical dance training is associated with increased spontaneous regional brain activity in the visual areas. This may be closely related to the specific characteristics of Chinese classical dance and long-term professional training.
Modeling GPS Signal Propagation Through Volcanic Plumes
Authors: Rainville Nicholas , Palo Scott , Larson Kristine M.
Published: June 2021

Volcanic plumes have been detected by monitoring for a drop in the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals at receivers close to the erupting volcano. Understanding the physical processes causing this decrease in GPS SNR during eruptions can help to both refine the plume detection technique and to better understand the structure of the observed plume. However, there are multiple physical effects that may cause signal extinction within a plume, and understanding how GPS signals interact with tephra particles is critical to explaining the loss in signal strength. To uncover which conditions could significantly affect GPS signals, a forward model for electromagnetic scattering and absorption through a plume is developed. Plume geometry as well as particle composition, density, and charge is considered and evaluated for contribution to GPS signal extinction. The simulated results are compared against GPS data taken during two eruptions: the 23 November 2013 eruption at Etna Volcano and the 23 March 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano.
Plio‐Pleistocene Establishment of Irtysh River in Junggar, Northwest China: Implications for Siberian‐Arctic River System Evolution and Resulting Climate Impact
Authors: Ma Yan , Zheng Dewen , Zhang Huiping , Pang Jianzhang , Wang Weitao , Wang Yizhou , Wu Ying , He Huaiyu , Stuart Finlay M. , Xu Sheng
Published: June 2021

The influence of Siberian freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean on Northern Hemisphere ice‐sheet expansions remains poorly known due to the incomplete geologic record of Siberian‐Arctic river systems during the late Pliocene. The Irtysh River is a major Siberian river, rising from the Altay Mountains, northwestern China, and flowing 4,282 km before joining the Ob River. Here, we present new field evidence and chronological data from a combination of cosmogenic 21Ne and 26Al/10Be measurements that constrain the establishment of the Irtysh River to ca. 2.77+0.39/‐0.33 Ma. These first quantitative chronological results, together with previous sedimentological, geomorphological, and geochemical evidence, support a young Siberian‐Arctic river system. Its coincidence with the late Pliocene ice‐sheet expansions in the Northern Hemisphere implies a profound impact of Siberian freshwater input to the Arctic on the major ice advances that significantly affected global oceanographic and climatic systems.
Lake Spray Aerosol Emissions Alter Nitrogen Partitioning in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Amiri‐Farahani Anahita , Olson Nicole E. , Neubauer David , Roozitalab Behrooz , Ault Andrew P. , Steiner Allison L.
Published: June 2021

We develop an improved, wind‐driven lake spray aerosol (LSA) emissions parameterization that resolves particle size and size‐independent chemical composition, and investigate the impact of these emissions on regional chemistry in the Great Lakes region. We conduct Weather Research and Forecasting model with online Chemistry simulations for November 2015, a time period with high LSA emissions. LSA particles emitted from the surface of the Great Lakes increase particulate by 37% over the Great Lakes and by 13% over land, primarily due to heterogeneous reactions between CaCO3 and HNO3. Cations emitted from lake spray affect the thermodynamic equilibrium, reducing particulate by 16% over the Great Lakes and by 7% over the surrounding land. This also influences gas‐phase species in the region, decreasing nitric acid by up to 32% over lakes. Overall, these simulations suggest that understanding LSA and its impact on other air pollutants is important for determining health and climate effects in the Great Lakes region.
Persistent Model Biases in the CMIP6 Representation of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Variability
Authors: Hall Richard J. , Mitchell Daniel M. , Seviour William J. M. , Wright Corwin J.
Published: June 2021

Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) can have major impact on surface wintertime weather, especially at mid‐high latitudes. We do not yet have a complete understanding of why some of these events influence our weather more than others, but one factor may be the dynamical nature of the SSW; whether it involves a split or a displacement of the polar vortex, and one way to explore this is through comprehensive climate models. Here, we analyze the stratospheric dynamics of SSWs within models from the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). All CMIP6 models simulate SSWs to some degree, although we find a persistent bias in the relative underrepresentation of split vortex events. When comparing with CMIP5 models, large biases persist despite significant model improvements in resolution and in representing atmospheric processes. We show that the simulated displacement frequency is strongly related to climatological lower stratospheric eddy heat flux. The split frequency, on the other hand, is not related to lower stratospheric eddy heat flux, but is strongly related to both the vortex geometry (aspect ratio) and lower stratospheric zonal winds. This suggests that those models with a large positive bias in zonal winds may inhibit the propagation of zonal wavenumber 2 planetary waves from the troposphere, which are associated with split events. Our results suggest how future model development may address these longstanding biases.
Hepcidin contributes to Swedish mutant APP-induced osteoclastogenesis and trabecular bone loss
Authors: Guo Hao-Han , Xiong Lei , Pan Jin-Xiu , Lee Daehoon , Liu Kevin , Ren Xiao , Wang Bo , Yang Xiao , Cui Shun , Mei Lin , Xiong Wen-Cheng
Published: June 2021

Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) often have lower bone mass than healthy individuals. However, the mechanisms underlying this change remain elusive. Previously, we found that Tg2576 mice, an AD animal model that ubiquitously expresses Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein (APPswe), shows osteoporotic changes, reduced bone formation, and increased bone resorption. To understand how bone deficits develop in Tg2576 mice, we used a multiplex antibody array to screen for serum proteins that are altered in Tg2576 mice and identified hepcidin, a master regulator of iron homeostasis. We further investigated hepcidin’s function in bone homeostasis and found that hepcidin levels were increased not only in the serum but also in the liver, muscle, and osteoblast (OB) lineage cells in Tg2576 mice at both the mRNA and protein levels. We then generated mice selectively expressing hepcidin in hepatocytes or OB lineage cells, which showed trabecular bone loss and increased osteoclast (OC)-mediated bone resorption. Further cell studies suggested that hepcidin increased OC precursor proliferation and differentiation by downregulating ferroportin (FPN) expression and increasing intracellular iron levels. In OB lineage cells, APPswe enhanced hepcidin expression by inducing ER stress and increasing OC formation, in part through hepcidin. Together, these results suggest that increased hepcidin expression in hepatocytes and OB lineage cells in Tg2576 mice contributes to enhanced osteoclastogenesis and trabecular bone loss, identifying the hepcidin-FPN-iron axis as a potential therapeutic target to prevent AD-associated bone loss.
RNA m6A modification orchestrates a LINE-1–host interaction that facilitates retrotransposition and contributes to long gene vulnerability
Authors: Xiong Feng , Wang Ruoyu , Lee Joo-Hyung , Li Shenglan , Chen Shin-Fu , Liao Zian , Hasani Lana Al , Nguyen Phuoc T. , Zhu Xiaoyu , Krakowiak Joanna , Lee Dung-Fang , Han Leng , Tsai Kuang-Lei , Liu Ying , Li Wenbo
Published: June 2021

The molecular basis underlying the interaction between retrotransposable elements (RTEs) and the human genome remains poorly understood. Here, we profiled N6-methyladenosine (m6A) deposition on nascent RNAs in human cells by developing a new method MINT-Seq, which revealed that many classes of RTE RNAs, particularly intronic LINE-1s (L1s), are strongly methylated. These m6A-marked intronic L1s (MILs) are evolutionarily young, sense-oriented to hosting genes, and are bound by a dozen RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that are putative novel readers of m6A-modified RNAs, including a nuclear matrix protein SAFB. Notably, m6A positively controls the expression of both autonomous L1s and co-transcribed L1 relics, promoting L1 retrotransposition. We showed that MILs preferentially reside in long genes with critical roles in DNA damage repair and sometimes in L1 suppression per se, where they act as transcriptional “roadblocks” to impede the hosting gene expression, revealing a novel host-weakening strategy by the L1s. In counteraction, the host uses the SAFB reader complex to bind m6A-L1s to reduce their levels, and to safeguard hosting gene transcription. Remarkably, our analysis identified thousands of MILs in multiple human fetal tissues, enlisting them as a novel category of cell-type-specific regulatory elements that often compromise transcription of long genes and confer their vulnerability in neurodevelopmental disorders. We propose that this m6A-orchestrated L1–host interaction plays widespread roles in gene regulation, genome integrity, human development and diseases.
Updating salamander datasets with phenotypic and stomach content information for two mainland Speleomantes
Authors: Lunghi Enrico , Cianferoni Fabio , Giachello Simone , Zhao Yahui , Manenti Raoul , Corti Claudia , Ficetola Gentile Francesco
Published: June 2021

European plethodontid salamanders (genus Speleomantes; formerly Hydromantes) are a group of eight strictly protected amphibian species which are sensitive to human-induced environmental changes. Long-term monitoring is highly recommended to evaluate their status and to assess potential threats. Here we used two low-impact methodologies to build up a large dataset on two mainland Speleomantes species (S. strinatii and S. ambrosii), which represents an update to two previously published datasets, but also includes several new populations. Specifically, we provide a set of 851 high quality images and a table gathering stomach contents recognized from 560 salamanders. This dataset offers the opportunity to analyse phenotypic traits and stomach contents of eight populations belonging to two Speleomantes species. Furthermore, the data collection performed over different periods allows to expand the potential analyses through a wide temporal scale, allowing long-term studies.
Prognostic significance of bone marrow and spleen 18F-FDG uptake in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Lee Jae-Hoon , Lee Hye Sun , Kim Soyoung , Park Eun Jung , Baik Seung Hyuk , Jeon Tae Joo , Lee Kang Young , Ryu Young Hoon , Kang Jeonghyun
Published: June 2021

Serum inflammatory markers are used in the prognostication of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the corresponding role of positron emission tomography (PET)-derived inflammatory markers remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the bone marrow and spleen of patients with CRC and evaluate the relationship between FDG uptake estimates in these organs and serum inflammatory markers. In total, 411 patients who underwent preoperative FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) within 1 month of surgery were enrolled. The mean standardized uptake values of the bone marrow and spleen were normalized to the value of the liver, thereby generating bone marrow-to-liver uptake ratio (BLR) and spleen-to-liver uptake ratio (SLR) estimates. The value of BLR and SLR in predicting overall survival (OS) was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The correlation between BLR or SLR and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was evaluated. The predictive accuracy of BLR alone and in combination with SLR was compared using the integrated area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (iAUC). In the univariate analysis, BLR (> 1.06) and SLR (> 0.93) were significant predictors of OS. In the multivariate analysis, BLR was an independent predictor of OS (hazard ratio = 5.279; p < 0.001). Both BLR and SLR were correlated with NLR (p < 0.001). A combination of BLR and SLR was better than BLR alone at CRC prognostication (iAUC, 0.561 vs. 0.542). FDG uptake estimates in the bone marrow and spleen may be useful imaging-derived biomarkers of systemic inflammation, supporting CRC prognostication.
Numerical analysis for thermal–hydraulic characteristics and the laminar two-phase nanofluid flow inside a tube equipped with helically twisted tapes as swirl and turbulence promoters
Authors: Kalani Iman , Toghraie Davood
Published: June 2021

In this study, the numerical simulation of heat transfer of Al2O3-water nanofluid in a pipe equipped with helically twisted tapes is investigated. The volume fraction of nanoparticles in this study is equal to 0, 1, 2, and 3%, and a two-phase mixture method has been used to simulate the nanofluids. The flow regime is laminar in the present study, and Reynolds numbers are Re = 250, 500, 750, and 1000. The helical twisted tapes are in three different types, single, double, and triple. The same heat flux 5000Wm-2 is applied to the walls. The simulation results showed that increasing the Re increases the Nusselt number and decreasing the friction factor. Nusselt number in case 1 and volume fraction of nanoparticles 0% for Re = 250, 500, 750 and 1000 are equal to 95.8, 57.11, 56.13 and 22.15, respectively. The average friction factor is equal to 0.18, 0.09, 0.07, and 0.05. The presence of helical twisted tapes increases the $${\text{Nu}}_{ave}$$

Nu

ave

. The friction factor due to secondary flows and increases the contact of the fluid and the solid surface, so that the Nusselt number in volume fraction of nanoparticles 0%, Re = 250 for case 1, case 2, case 3, and case 4 are 95.8, 46.10, 58.11, and 51.12, respectively, and the friction factor are 18.0, 29.0, 0.38 and 0.48, respectively.
Triggering factors associated with a new episode of recurrent acute anterior uveitis
Authors: Neti Nutnicha , Pimsri Anchisa , Boonsopon Sutasinee , Tesavibul Nattaporn , Choopong Pitipol
Published: June 2021

To identify triggering factors for the next inflammatory episode of recurrent acute anterior uveitis (RAAU), a 1:1 case–control study was conducted. We interviewed RAAU patients with recent acute anterior uveitis attack and quiescent controls for their information during a previous month using Srithanya Stress Test (ST-5) and questionnaires about potential triggering factors. Asymptomatic controls were matched for age (± 5 years), sex, and HLA-B27. There were 39 pairs of cases and controls. Patients who recently experienced a uveitis attack demonstrated higher mean ST-5 scores (3.7 ± 2.9 vs 0.7 ± 1.1) and shorter sleep time (6.3 ± 1.4 vs 7.4 ± 0.7 h per day) compared with their controls. In the multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis, ST-5 score ≥ 3 (OR 9.07, 95% CI 1.14–72.16, p = 0.037) and sleep time < 7 h per day (OR 12.12, 95% CI 1.37–107.17, p = 0.025) were more likely to trigger a uveitis attack in RAAU accounted for patients’ age, sex, HLA- B27 positivity, and presence of concurrent anti-inflammatory drugs for co-existing diseases. Other suspected triggering factors were not found to have any significant association. In short, stress and inadequate sleep may lead to the future episode of acute anterior uveitis in RAAU. Both physical and emotional stress management should be advised to RAAU patients to minimize recurrences and further complications.
Radiological anatomy of the intracranial vertebral artery in a select South African cohort of patients
Authors: Omotoso B. R. , Harrichandparsad R. , Satyapal K. S. , Moodley I. G. , Lazarus L.
Published: June 2021

The intracranial segment of the vertebral artery (VA) is the unique part of the artery where the two VAs join to form a single vascular channel, viz. the basilar artery. In addition to this typical description, anatomical variations have been described; the presence of anatomical variation has been associated with some pathological processes, neurological complications, and the risk of vascular diseases in the posterior circulatory territory. We evaluated the typical anatomical features and variations of the VA4 component of the VA in a South African population to provide useful data on the prevalence of variation and morphometry of the distal VA. The study is an observational, retrospective chart review of 554 consecutive South African patients (Black, Indian, and Caucasian) who had been examined with multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) from January 2009 to September 2019. We observed various anatomical variations in the VA4 segment of the VA. We report the incidence of VA hypoplasia, hypoplastic terminal VA, and atresia. Fenestration and duplicate posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) origin were also observed. The left intracranial VA was significantly larger than the right. Our study shows that anatomical variation of the intracranial VA is common in the population studied, with a total prevalence of 36.5%. Understanding the patterns of anatomical variations of the VAs will contribute significantly to the interpretation of ischemic areas and diagnosis of various diseases in the posterior circulatory territory.
A pair of effectors encoded on a conditionally dispensable chromosome of Fusarium oxysporum suppress host-specific immunity
Authors: Ayukawa Yu , Asai Shuta , Gan Pamela , Tsushima Ayako , Ichihashi Yasunori , Shibata Arisa , Komatsu Ken , Houterman Petra M. , Rep Martijn , Shirasu Ken , Arie Tsutomu
Published: June 2021

Many plant pathogenic fungi contain conditionally dispensable (CD) chromosomes that are associated with virulence, but not growth in vitro. Virulence-associated CD chromosomes carry genes encoding effectors and/or host-specific toxin biosynthesis enzymes that may contribute to determining host specificity. Fusarium oxysporum causes devastating diseases of more than 100 plant species. Among a large number of host-specific forms, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Focn) can infect Brassicaceae plants including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and cabbage. Here we show that Focn has multiple CD chromosomes. We identified specific CD chromosomes that are required for virulence on Arabidopsis, cabbage, or both, and describe a pair of effectors encoded on one of the CD chromosomes that is required for suppression of Arabidopsis-specific phytoalexin-based immunity. The effector pair is highly conserved in F. oxysporum isolates capable of infecting Arabidopsis, but not of other plants. This study provides insight into how host specificity of F. oxysporum may be determined by a pair of effector genes on a transmissible CD chromosome.
Markovianization with approximate unitary designs
Authors: Figueroa–Romero Pedro , Pollock Felix A. , Modi Kavan
Published: June 2021

Memoryless processes are ubiquitous in nature, in contrast with the mathematics of open systems theory, which states that non-Markovian processes should be the norm. This discrepancy is usually addressed by subjectively making the environment forgetful. Here we prove that there are physical non-Markovian processes that with high probability look highly Markovian for all orders of correlations; we call this phenomenon Markovianization. Formally, we show that when a quantum process has dynamics given by an approximate unitary design, a large deviation bound on the size of non-Markovian memory is implied. We exemplify our result employing an efficient construction of an approximate unitary circuit design using two-qubit interactions only, showing how seemingly simple systems can speedily become forgetful. Conversely, since the process is closed, it should be possible to detect the underlying non-Markovian effects. However, for these processes, observing non-Markovian signatures would require highly entangling resources and hence be a difficult task.
A unified perturbative approach to electrocaloric effects
Authors: Graf Mónica , Íñiguez Jorge
Published: June 2021

The electrocaloric effect, that is, the temperature change experienced by an insulator upon application of an electric field, offers promising ecofriendly alternatives to refrigeration. However, the theoretical treatments of this response are mostly case specific and lack a unified picture revealing the similarities and differences among the various known effects. Here, we show that the electrocaloric effect lends itself to a straightforward interpretation when expressed as a Taylor series in the external field. Our formalism explains in a unified and simple way the most notable small-field effects reported in the literature, namely the so-called normal and inverse electrocaloric responses, corresponding to an increase or decrease of temperature under applied field, as usually found in ferroelectrics or antiferroelectrics, respectively. This helps us to clarify their physical interpretation. We then discuss in detail atomistic simulations for the prototype ferroelectric PbTiO3, explicitly evaluating subtle predictions of the theory, such as the occurrence of competing contributions to the electrocaloric response.
Repeating earthquakes and ground deformation reveal the structure and triggering mechanisms of the Pernicana fault, Mt. Etna
Authors: Cannata Andrea , Iozzia Adriana , Alparone Salvatore , Bonforte Alessandro , Cannavò Flavio , Cesca Simone , Gresta Stefano , Rivalta Eleonora , Ursino Andrea
Published: June 2021

Structure and dynamics of fault systems can be investigated using repeating earthquakes as repeatable seismic sources, alongside ground deformation measurements. Here we utilise a dataset of repeating earthquakes which occurred between 2000 and 2019 along the transtensive Pernicana fault system on the northeast flank of Mount Etna, Italy, to investigate the fault structure, as well as the triggering mechanisms of the seismicity. By grouping the repeating earthquakes into families and integrating the seismic data with GPS measurements of ground deformation, we identify four distinct portions of the fault. Each portion shows a different behaviour in terms of seismicity, repeating earthquakes and ground deformation, which we attribute to structural differences including a segmentation of the fault plane at depth. The recurrence intervals of repeating earthquake families display a low degree of regularity which suggests an episodic triggering mechanism, such as magma intrusion, rather than displacement under a constant stress.
On the crystal structure and optical spectroscopy of rare earth comprising quaternary tungstates Li3Ba2RE3(WO4)8 (RE = La–Nd, Sm–Ho)
Authors: Keil Jan-Niklas , Paulsen Christian , Rosner Florian , Pöttgen Rainer , Jüstel Thomas
Published: June 2021

Structural elucidation and optical characterisation of so far unpublished rare earth comprising tungstates according to Li3Ba2RE3(WO4)8 (RE = La–Nd, Sm–Ho).
Non-palindromic (C^C^D) gold(iii) pincer complexes are not accessible by intramolecular oxidative addition of biphenylenes – an experimental and quantum chemical study
Authors: Feuerstein Wolfram , Breher Frank
Published: June 2021

Thirsty Gold! Oxidative additions of biphenylene to gold(i) are only possible under very tailored conditions. Which ones (and which not) and why water can do the trick is described.
Spin and valence isomerism in cyanide-bridged {FeIII2MII} (M = Fe and Co) clusters
Authors: Zhao Xin-Hua , Shao Dong , Chen Jia-Tao , Liu Min , Li Tao , Yang Jiong , Zhang Yuan-Zhu
Published: June 2021

Two isostructural cyanide-bridged {Fe2M} (M = Fe (1), Co (2)) clusters were investigated. Both 1 and 2 exhibit reversible spin transition due to SCO for 1 while ETCST for 2 with additional irreversible susceptibility changes at high temperatures.
Structure, luminescence of Eu2+ and Eu3+ in CaMgSi2O6 and their co-existence for the excitation-wavelength/temperature driven colour evolution
Authors: Su Fang , Zhou Weijie , Yang Yunlin , Ou Yiyi , Qi Zeming , Duan Chang-Kui , Brik Mikhail G. , Dorenbos Pieter , Liang Hongbin
Published: June 2021

The structure, luminescence and valence stabilities of Eu2+/3+-doped CaMgSi2O6 are studied. The varied luminescence colour responses to the temperature and excitation wavelengths endow their potential application in anti-counterfeiting.
Bulky arene-bridged bis(amide) and bis(amidinate) complexes of germanium(ii) and tin(ii)
Authors: Garg Palak , Dange Deepak , Jones Cameron
Published: June 2021

Several bulky arene-bridged bis(amide) and bis(amidinate) ligands have been developed, and used in the syntheses of a series of bifunctional germanium(ii) and tin(ii) complexes (see picture; Dip and Ar† = bulky aryls).
Bandgap tuning of photo Fenton-like Fe3O4/C catalyst through oxygen vacancies for advanced visible light photocatalysis
Authors: Periyasamy Muthaimanoj , Sain Sumanta , Sengupta Utsav , Mandal Moumi , Mukhopadhyay Sudipta , Kar Arik
Published: June 2021

Fabrication of size-controlled (5–10 nm) Fe3O4/C NCsviaa simple hydrothermal reduction route using single iron precursor (FeCl3·6H2O) obtained from accumulated iron ore tailings with excellent magnetic, optical and photocatalytic properties.
Engineering a light-driven cyanine based molecular rotor to enhance the sensitivity towards a viscous medium
Authors: Kachwal Vishal , Srivastava Abhilasha , Thakar Sumukh , Zubiria-Ulacia Maria , Gautam Diplesh , Majumder Syamantak , K. P. Venkatesh , Casanova David , Chowdhury Rajdeep , Rath Nigam , Mukherjee Sudeshna , Alemany Pere , Laskar Inamur Rahaman
Published: June 2021

Engineering a photo isomerized cyanine based molecular rotor to enhance the sensitivity towards the viscosity of the medium: an efficient tool for differentiating abnormal cells by restriction of the internal motion.
An unsymmetrical thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter enables orange-red electroluminescence with 31.7% external quantum efficiency
Authors: Zeng Xuan , Huang Yu-Hsin , Gong Shaolong , Li Pan , Lee Wei-Kai , Xiao Xiao , Zhang Yu , Zhong Cheng , Wu Chung-Chih , Yang Chuluo
Published: June 2021

A record-high ηext of 31.7% for orange-red electroluminescence was realized by using an unsymmetrical TADF emitter featuring an A–D–A′ motif, which exhibited dual emission in fluid and preferentially horizontal dipole orientation in the host matrix.
Room temperature optoelectronic devices operating with spin crossover nanoparticles
Authors: Dayen Jean-Francois , Konstantinov Nikita , Palluel Marlène , Daro Nathalie , Kundys Bohdan , Soliman Mohamed , Chastanet Guillaume , Doudin Bernard
Published: June 2021

Room temperature optoelectronic operations are demonstrated on a hybrid device based on graphene and spin crossover nanoparticles, with non-volatile multiple memory states.
Creation of pure non-crystalline diamond nanostructures via room-temperature ion irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing
Authors: Picollo F. , Battiato A. , Bosia F. , Scaffidi Muta F. , Olivero P. , Rigato V. , Rubanov S.
Published: June 2021

It is possible to create full-sp3 amorphous nanostructures within the bulk crystal of diamond with room-temperature ion-beam irradiation, followed by an annealing process that does not involve the application of any external mechanical pressure.
Additive printing of recyclable anti-counterfeiting patterns with sol–gel cellulose nanocrystal inks
Authors: Li Dong , Yuan Jun , Cheng Qaoyun , Wei Peng , Cheng Gary J. , Chang Chunyu
Published: June 2021

Additive printing of anti-counterfeiting patterns using cellulose nanocrystal inks is demonstrated.
Multi-scale hybrid modified coatings on titanium implants for non-cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties
Authors: Liu Shifeng , Wang Qingge , Liu Wei , Tang Yujin , Liu Jia , Zhang Haifeng , Liu Xuanyong , Liu Jingxian , Yang Junlin , Zhang Lai-Chang , Wang Yan , Xu Jing , Lu Weijie , Wang Liqiang
Published: June 2021

Titanium and its alloys are among the widely used materials in the biomedical field, but they have poor wear resistance and antibacterial properties
Tumor microenvironment-activatable boolean logic supramolecular nanotheranostics based on a pillar[6]arene for tumor hypoxia imaging and multimodal synergistic therapy
Authors: Liu Xin , Meng Chi , Ji Guiqing , Liu Ji , Zhu Peng , Qian Jianqiang , Zhu Shun-Xing , Zhang Yanan , Ling Yong
Published: June 2021

Tumor microenvironment-triggered supramolecular nanosystems were fabricated, which showed excellent ability in cancer precision diagnosis and synergistic therapy.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives as potent fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors
Authors: Su Xingping , Liu Zhihao , Yue Lin , Wu Xiuli , Wei Wei , Que Hanyun , Ye Tinghong , Luo Yi , Zhang Yiwen
Published: June 2021

Discovery of a new class of 1H- pyrrorole [2,3-b]pyridine FGFR inhibitors with high ligand efficiency.
Bioinspired pressure-sensitive adhesive: evaluation of the effect of dopamine methacrylamide comonomer as a general property modifier using molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Heydari Mahmoud , Sharif Farhad , Ebrahimi Morteza
Published: June 2021

The use of catechol-containing comonomers as a general property enhancer to achieve unique properties has received particular attention for designing bioinspired polymeric materials.
Effect of matrix heterogeneity on cell mechanosensing
Authors: Proestaki Maria , Burkel Brian M. , Galles Emmett E. , Ponik Suzanne M. , Notbohm Jacob
Published: June 2021

(a,b) Images of collagen fibers (gray) next to mouse mammary tumors (cyan) illustrating regions of low (a) and high (b) fiber density. (c,d) Stiffness sensed by contracting in more heterogeneous (c) and more homogeneous (d) fiber networks with stiff inclusions located a distance d/R away.
Serum albumin guided plasmonic nanoassemblies with opposite chiralities
Authors: Wang Zhao-Yi , Zhang Ning-Ning , Li Jin-Cheng , Lu Jun , Zhao Li , Fang Xue-Dong , Liu Kun
Published: June 2021

Opposite chiralities were obtained via the self-assembly of gold nanorods induced by serum albumins from different species and pH modulation can reverse or enhance the chiroptical behavior of the nanoassemblies.
Electron-deficient diketone unit engineering for non-fused ring acceptors enabling over 13% efficiency in organic solar cells
Authors: Luo Dou , Li Lanqing , Shi Yongqiang , Zhang Jianqi , Wang Kai , Guo Xugang , Kyaw Aung Ko Ko
Published: June 2021

A strategy has been developed for incorporating electron-deficient diketone units into efficient non-fused ring electron acceptors via noncovalent interactions to achieve a high-performance OSC with PCE over 13.3%.
Viscosity sensitive endoplasmic reticulum fluorescent probes based on oxazolopyridinium
Authors: Wang Ya-Nan , Zhang Xiao-Qing , Qiu Li-Hua , Sun Ru , Xu Yu-Jie , Ge Jian-Feng
Published: June 2021

A series of viscosity sensitive fluorescent probes 1a–e were synthesized by linking coumarin and oxazolopyridinium via dimethylene in this paper.
Regulating the near-infrared region to visible-light emission by adjusting cuprophilic interactions for blue light-excited phosphors
Authors: Liu Guang-Ning , Xu Rang-Dong , Guo Jin-Shuang , Miao Jin-Ling , Zhang Ming-Jian , Li Cuncheng
Published: June 2021

Reported here for the first time the luminescence regulation of hexanuclear copper(i) nanoclusters by regulating cuprophilic interactions for blue light-excited phosphors.
Hypercoordinate two-dimensional transition-metal borides for spintronics and catalyst applications
Authors: Wang Shiyao , Khazaei Mohammad , Wang Junjie , Hosono Hideo
Published: June 2021

Hypercoordinate 2D planar MnB9 and TiB9, respectively, show excellent spintronic performance and catalytic activity.
Pressure-induced Jahn–Teller switch in the homoleptic hybrid perovskite [(CH3)2NH2]Cu(HCOO)3: orbital reordering by unconventional degrees of freedom
Authors: Scatena Rebecca , Andrzejewski Michał , Johnson Roger D. , Macchi Piero
Published: June 2021

Unconventional octahedral tilts unique to the coordination polymer perovskites support a high-pressure structural phase transition in [(CH3)2NH2]Cu(HCOO)3, which results in Jahn–Teller axis directional switching and orbital reordering.
Evolution of solar surface inflows around emerging active regions
Authors: Gottschling N. , Schunker H. , Birch A. C. , Löptien B. , Gizon L.
Published: June 2021

Context.Solar active regions are associated with Evershed outflows in sunspot penumbrae, moat outflows surrounding sunspots, and extended inflows surrounding active regions. Extended inflows have been identified around established active regions with various methods. The evolution of these inflows and their dependence on active region properties as well as their effect on the global magnetic field are not yet understood.

Aims.We aim to understand the evolution of the average inflows around emerging active regions and to derive an empirical model for these inflows. We expect that this can be used to better understand how the inflows act on the diffusion of the magnetic field in active regions.

Methods.We analyzed horizontal flows at the surface of the Sun using local correlation tracking of solar granules observed in continuum images of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. We measured average flows of a sample of 182 isolated active regions up to seven days before and after their emergence onto the solar surface with a cadence of 12 h. About half of the active regions in the sample developed sunspots with moat flows in addition to the surrounding inflows. We investigated the average inflow properties with respect to active region characteristics of total flux and latitude. We fit a model to these observed inflows for a quantitative analysis.

Results.We find that converging flows of about 20–30 m s−1are first visible one day prior to emergence, in agreement with recent results. These converging flows are present regardless of the active region properties of latitude or flux. We confirm a recently found prograde flow of about 40 m s−1at the leading polarity during emergence. We find that the time after emergence when the latitudinal inflows increase in amplitude depends on the flux of the active region, ranging from one to four days after emergence and increasing with flux. The largest extent of the inflows is up to about 7 ± 1° away from the center of the active region within the first six days after emergence. The inflow velocities have amplitudes of about 50 m s−1.