bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Hydrolysis and Conjugation of a Pesticidal Carbamate in vitro
Authors: Pekas J. C. , Paulson G. D.
Published: October 2006

The metabolite 1-[1-
14
C]naphthyl glucuronide was isolated from mucosal and serosal fluids of everted sacs of rat small intestine incubated in media containing either the insecticide 1-[1-
14
C]naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl) or 1-[1-
14
C]naphthol. The hydrolysis of carbaryl and conjugation of the liberated naphthol indicated some degree of metabolism by the intestine before absorption.
Reduced Nicotinamide-adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase: Activity Enhanced by Ethanol Consumption
Authors: Lieber Charles S. , DeCarli Leonore M.
Published: October 2006

Prolonged consumption of ethanol enhances the activities of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, but not of catalase. The oxidase-catalase system is not part of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system since catalase inhibitors dissociate ethanol oxidation by the two pathways. Enhanced reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity may contribute to liver injury, possibly by favoring lipoperoxidation.
Biochemically Marked Lymphocytoid Lines: Establishment of Lesch-Nyhan Cells
Authors: Choi Kyoo W. , Bloom Arthur D.
Published: October 2006

Two lymphocytoid cell lines have been established from a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The cells are deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, as demonstrated by their failure to incorporate [H
3
]hypoxanthine and by their inability to grow in medium in which they were nutritionally dependent upon exogenous hypoxanthine. This represents the first establishment of presumptively permanent human lymphocytoid cell lines that are deficient in a specific enzyme.
Rainfall Enhancement by Dynamic Cloud Modification
Authors: Woodley William L.
Published: October 2006

In summary, the following points are made:

1) There are essentially two approaches to seeding for rain inducement, static and dynamic.

2) The dynamic approach is effective in inducing growth and increasing precipitation from individually seeded convective clouds under specifiable conditions.

3) The static approach to seeding for precipitation increases is apparently not relevant to the summer cumuli of Florida and Missouri.

4) Regional seeding climatologies, including studies of natural freezing processes in convective clouds, should be completed before commencement of a seeding operation.

5) The results of a seeding operation are frequently better understood by stratification of the data, especially with respect to weather conditions. Precipitation increases from seeding are usually found under fair weather regimes with isolated showers, whereas decreases are often noted under naturally rainy conditions.
Harderian Gland: Influence on Pineal Hydroxyindole-
O
-Methyltransferase Activity in Neonatal Rats
Authors: Wetterberg Lennart , Yuwiler Arthur , Ulrich Renee , Geller Edward , Wallace Raymond
Published: October 2006

A circadian rhythm has been found in hydroxyindole-
O
-methyltransferase activity of the pineal gland of blinded 12-day-old rats. Five additional hours of lighting can partly prevent the nocturnal increase in pineal hydroxyindole-
O
-methyltransferase activity in such rats. Removal of the Harderian gland abolishes this response to light in 12-day-old blinded animals, giving further support to the suggestion that this gland may function as an extraretinal photosensitive organ influencing the pineal gland in blinded suckling rats.
Cytokinin Activity of Ureidopurine Derivatives Related to a Modified Nucleoside Found in Transfer RNA
Authors: Dyson William H. , Chen C. M. , Alam Syed N. , Hall Ross H. , Hong C. I. , Chheda Girish B.
Published: October 2006

By use of a radioactive labeling technique
N
-(nebularin-6-ylcarbamoyl)threonine has been detected in plant transfer RNA. Derivatives of this nucleoside promote cell division of a cytokinin-requiring soya bean tissue.
Macrophage Membranes Viewed through a Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Warfel Alwin Harry , Elberg S. S.
Published: October 2006

When rabbit peritoneal macrophages were cultured in serum and Tyrode medium, numerous membranous structures varying in size and transparency were observed to cover the surface in complex cascading patterns. Modifications in the methods of fixation and drying probably accounted for the new perspective of macrophage surfaces gained in this study.
Coagulation Inhibitor Elicited by Thrombin
Authors: Marciniak Ewa
Published: October 2006

A protein fraction present in bovine prothrombin complex, or in prothrombin-free preparations obtained from serum, is converted by thrombin into an anticoagulant that strongly interferes with the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation and with thrombin formation, initiated also by the extrinsic mechanism. If one assumes that a similar phenomenon takes place in vivo, the association between thrombosis and hemorrhage may be better understood.
Rapid Axonal Transport of Sulfated Mucopolysaccharide Proteins
Authors: Elam John S. , Goldberg Jack M. , Radin Norman S. , Agranoff Bernard W.
Published: October 2006

When sulfur-35-labeled sodium sulfate is injected intraocularly in the goldfish, labeled sulfated mucopolysaccharides rapidly appear in the contralateral optic tectum of the brain, demonstrating the axonal flow of sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The transport rate is the same as that observed for proteins labeled after intraocular injection of tritiated proline. Treatment of the sulfur-35-labeled material with precipitants and enzymes reveals the presence of substances with properties similar to those of heparan sulfate (the major component) and chondroitin sulfate. Dermatan sulfate was not detected.
Mercury: The Dark-Side Temperature
Authors: Murdock T. L. , Ney E. P.
Published: October 2006

The planet Mercury was observed before, during, and after the inferior conjunctions of 29 September 1969 and 9 May 1970 at wavelengths of 3.75, 4.75, 8.6, and 12 microns. The average dark-side temperature is 111° ± 3°K. The thermal inertia of the surface required to fit this temperature is close to that for the moon and indicates that Mercury and the moon have very similar top surface layers.
Phosphorylation Coupled to the Transfer of Electrons from Glutathione to Cytochrome c
Authors: Painter Audrey A. , Hunter F. Edmund
Published: October 2006

Formation of adenosine diphosphate from adenosine monophosphate and inorganic phosphate can be coupled to the oxidation of reduced glutathione by cytochrome c in a reaction which requires oxidized glutathione as a catalyst. The reaction occurs with purified materials in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer and may represent the type reaction for one or more oxidative phosphorylations.
Central North Atlantic Plate Motions over the Last 40 Million Years
Authors: Phillips J. D. , Luyendyk Bruce P.
Published: October 2006

The relative motion vector for the North American and African plates has been determined from detailed charting of the trend of the Atlantis fracture zone for over 1000 kilometers in the central North Atlantic near 30°N and from identification of marine magnetic anomalies and deep-sea drilling results. The vector (pole) is located at 52.5°N, 34°W and has a magnitude (opening rate) of 5.7 × 10
-7
degree per year. Major changes in either the pole location or the opening rate are not evident for the last 40 million years.
Energy Transduction: Inhibition of Cockroach Feeding by Naphthoquinone
Authors: Norris Dale M. , Ferkovich Stephen M. , Rozental Jack M. , Baker James E. , Borg Thomas K.
Published: October 2006

1,4-Naphthoquinones inhibit feeding of
Periplaneta americana
by complexing with sulfhydryl groups of receptor protein in sensory neurons, by oxidizing the sulfhydryl groups, and by being reduced.
Dendritic-Tree Anatomy Codes Form-Vision Physiology in Tadpole Retina
Authors: Pomeranz B. , Chung S. H.
Published: October 2006

In tadpole frog retina, the development of four classes of visual form detectors matched the growth of four types of ganglion cell dendritic trees. From this correlation of electrophysiology and anatomy we concluded that the structure of retinal ganglion cell dendritic trees provides the code for detection of visual shapes.
Mixed Leukocyte Stimulation of Normal Peripheral Leukocytes by Autologous Lymphoblastoid Cells
Authors: Green Stanley S. , Sell Kenneth W.
Published: October 2006

Lymphocyte culture lines can be established by using buffy coat cells from normal or diseased individuals. Established lymphocytoblasts from a normal donor were used in the one-way mixed leukocyte culture test and were found to stimulate the peripheral lymphocytes of that donor. These lymphocytoblasts were also capable of stimulating allogeneic lymphocyte populations.
Collagen Molecules: Distribution of Alpha Chains
Authors: Nold Julianne G. , Kang Andrew H. , Gross Jerome
Published: October 2006

To ascertain the distribution of alpha chains within the collagen molecule, intramolecular cross-links were introduced into tropocollagen by reacting formaldehyde with dilute homogeneous molecular dispersions of collagen extracted from lathyritic guinea pig skin. Denaturation, chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose, measurement of molecular weight, and analyses of the amino acids of the cross-linked product indicate that most, if not all, of the collagen molecules consist of two α1 chains and one α2 chain [(α1)
2
(α2)
1
].
Antigen Competition: A Paradox
Authors: Waterston Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Immunization of mice with pig erythrocytes caused impairment of the antibody response to subsequent immunization with sheep erythrocytes, a phenomenon called "antigen competition." Paradoxically, spleen cells from mice previously injected with pig erythrocytes produced an
increased
response when immunized in vitro with sheep erythrocytes. Augmentation of the in vitro response is due to an increase in one of the interacting cell types. "Antigen competition" is not due to competition for cells. Cell transfer experiments provided evidence that "antigen competition" observed in animals is the result of a humoral factor, presumably antibody, present in the animal but eliminated during preparation of cells for culture.
Particle Track Identification: Application of a New Technique to Apollo Helmets
Authors: Fleischer R. L. , Hart H. R. , Giard W. R.
Published: October 2006

The Apollo helmets are being used to record the dose of heavy particles to which astronauts are exposed on space missions. An improved method for examining and identifying the etched tracks of heavy charged particles consists of replicating tracks and measuring the etching rate as a function of position along the track. Tracks have been observed in Apollo helmets that correspond to ionized atoms heavier than iron.
Enzyme Specificity as a Factor in Regulation of Fatty Acid Chain Length in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Greenspan Michael D. , Birge Claire H. , Powell Gary , Hancock William S. , Vagelos P. Roy
Published: October 2006

Various acyl-acyl carrier protein intermediates in saturated and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were tested as substrates for β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase. With both classes of substrates the condensing enzyme in fatty biosynthesis demonstrates specificities which indicate that it might be an important factor in determining fatty acid chain length in
Escherichia coli
.
Antimalarials: Effects on in vivo and in vitro Protein Synthesis
Authors: Conklin K. A. , Chou S. C.
Published: October 2006

The antimalarials quinine, chloroquine, primaquine, and quinacrine inhibited the uptake and incorporation of amino acids in vivo, but these drugs had considerably less effect on cell-free protein synthesis. The results indicate that the primary effect of the four drugs on protein synthesis is blocking of amino acid uptake by the cells.
Liver Mitochondria from Manganese-Deficient and Pallid Mice: Function and Ultrastructure
Authors: Hurley Lucille S. , Theriault Linda L. , Dreosti Ivor E.
Published: October 2006

Oxidative phosphorylation was studied in isolated liver mitochondria from manganese-deficient mice and in those from a mutant strain, pallid. In mitochondria from manganese-deficient mice, ratios of adenosine triphosphate formed to oxygen consumed were normal, but oxygen uptake was reduced. Electron microscopy of these mitochondria revealed ultrastructural abnormalities including elongation and reorientation of cristae. No biochemical or structural abnormalities were found in mitochondria from pallid mice.
Cytotoxicity: Specificity after in vitro Sensitization
Authors: Solliday S. , Bach F. H.
Published: October 2006

Animals sensitized in vivo against an allogeneic tissue subsequently show accelerated rejection specifically of that or antigenically similar tissues. Lymphocytes sensitized in vitro will destroy target cells isogeneic with the sensitizing cells. Lymphocytes sensitized in vitro can differentiate specifically between different allogeneic target cells—as occurs in vivo.
Threonine Deaminase: A Novel Activity Stain on Polyacrylamide Gels
Authors: Feldberg Ross S. , Datta Prasanta
Published: October 2006

With phenazine methosulfate and nitro blue tetrazolium, an activity stain for threonine deaminase has been developed. Because the deamination reaction does not involve any overall oxidation or reduction, it is proposed that one of the intermediates of the reaction, α-aminocrotonate or α-iminobutyrate, is the reducing agent. Studies with ferricyanide as the artificial electron acceptor indicate that a decarboxylation of the intermediate occurs during the dye reduction.
Krabbe's Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy: Deficiency of Galactocerebrosidase in Serum, Leukocytes, and Fibroblasts
Authors: Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Kunihiko
Published: October 2006

The activity of galactocerebroside β-galactosidase was extremely low in serum, leukocytes, and cultured fibroblasts of patients with Krabbe's disease. Antemortem diagnosis is possible without organ biopsies. The parents of patients showed enzyme activities generally lower than that of normal controls. This finding provides supportive evidence that the deficient activity of galactocerebroside β-galactosidase is the genetically determined enzymatic defect underlying the disease. Demonstration of this deficiency requires the use of the specific substrate, galactocerebroside. Assays carried out with synthetic, unnatural substrates, such as 4-methylumbelliferyl β-galactoside, do not distinguish patients or heterozygous carriers from normal individuals.
Release of Nuclear DNA Template Restrictions by Specific Polyribonucleotides
Authors: Brown David G. , Coffey Donald S.
Published: October 2006

Certain synthetic homo- and copolyribonucleotide polymers are capable of releasing the DNA template restriction of isolated nuclei of rat liver cells when assayed with an excess of or in the absence of exogenous DNA polymerase. The purine homopolyribonucleotides are far more effective than are the pyrimidine polymers.
Silent Hemoglobin Alpha Genes in Apes: Potential Source of Thalassemia
Authors: Boyer Samuel H. , Noyes Andrea N. , Vrablik George R. , Donaldson Lois J. , Schaefer Edward W. , Gray Clinton W. , Thurmon Theodore F.
Published: October 2006

Small quantities of unusual hemoglobins were found in 1 of 37 chimpanzees and 2 of 6 gorillas. In each genus these hemoglobins contain unique α chains that differ from the ordinary by eight to nine scattered amino acid changes. The unusual chains arise from a hitherto undetected hemoglobin
3
α locus. No
3
α products are found in most apes; accordingly,
3
α is considered synthetically inactive in all but a few reversion mutants. Indirect evidence that the inactive
3
α locus is juxtaposed to an active α locus together with the supposition that
3
α exists in man provides a setting wherein thalassemia might be produced by nonhomologous recombination between two loci.
Carcinogen and Microsomal Membrane Interactions: Changes in Membrane Density and Ability to Bind Nucleic Acids
Authors: Kubinski H. , Kasper Charles B.
Published: October 2006

DNA and synthetic copolymer polyribocytidylic-polyriboguanylic acid bind to microsomal membrane. The nucleic acid-membrane complex may be detected by centrifugation in cesium chloride density gradients. The density of the nucleic acid-membrane complex and, in certain cases, the amount of nucleic acid associated with the membrane was changed in the presence of various carcinogenic chemicals.
Human Circadian Rhythms in Continuous Darkness: Entrainment by Social Cues
Authors: Aschoff J. , Fatranska M. , Giedke H. , Doerr P. , Stamm D. , Wisser H.
Published: October 2006

Three groups of two subjects each were kept in underground chambers, first for 4 days in an artificial light-dark cycle, and thereafter for 4 days in complete darkness. They lived on a rigorous time schedule. Physiological as well as psychological functions were measured at 3-hour intervals. There were no differences in the results between the two sections of the experiment. Social cues are sufficient to entrain human circadian rhythms, and absence of light has no immediate effect on the functions measured.
Internal Cellular Details of
Euglena gracilis
Visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Guttman Helene N.
Published: October 2006

Simple washing of live
Euglena gracilis
cleans the pellicle of external coating material. When these cleaned cells are viewed with a scanning electron microscope, organelle outlines can be seen through the thinned pellicle. To view organelles directly, fixed Euglena cells are gently broken first or first frozen and then broken as part of their preparation for scanning electron microscopy. Subsequent viewing at magnifications of × 5,000 to × 21,000 reveals organelles, storage granules, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear pores, while retaining great depth of focus.
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Power Plants: Their Effect on Air Quality
Authors: Golden J. , Mongan T. R.
Published: October 2006

A modeling study of atmospheric diffusion indicates that emission from power plants contributed only a modest percentage of the yearly average concentration of sulfur dioxide at ground level in the most polluted areas of Cook County, Illinois, during 1968.
Selective Stimulation of Allelic Expression: Effect of Antibodies to Allotypic Markers on Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Frensdorff Asher , Jones Patricia P. , Berwald-Netter Yoheved , Cebra John J. , Mage Rose
Published: October 2006

Peripheral blood leukocytes from rabbits which were heterozygous (
b
5
/
b
9
) for markers on their immunoglobulin light chains were maintained in vitro for up to 24 hours in the presence or absence of antibody to b9. After culture they were transferred into lethally irradiated
b
4
/
b
4
hosts. Recipients of cells exposed to antibodies to allotype markers showed a striking increase in concentration of circulating b9 molecules and number of b9 plasma cells in their spleens compared to control animals receiving untreated cells from the same donor. There was no appreciable difference between the two groups of recipients with respect to their content of b5 molecules and immunocytes
Carbon, Carbides, and Methane in an Apollo 12 Sample
Authors: Chang Sherwood , Kvenvolden Keith , Lawless James , Ponnamperuma Cyril , Kaplan I. R.
Published: October 2006

Total carbon in the Apollo 12 sample 12023 fines was 110 micrograms per gram of sample with a carbon isotopic abundance δ
13
C (relative to the Pee Dee belemnite standard) of +12 per mil. Hydrolysis of the fines with deuterium chloride yielded undeuterated methane along with deuterated hydrocarbons, thus confirming the presence of 7 to 21 micrograms of carbon per gram of sample as carbide and about 2 micrograms of carbon per gram of sample as indigenous methane. After vacuum pyrolysis of the fines to 1100°C the following gases were detected in the relative abundance: carbon monoxide ⪢ carbon dioxide > methane. Variations of the δ
13
C value with the pyrolysis temperature indicated the presence of carbon with more than one range of isotopic values. The observed δ
13
C value of +14 per mil for lunar carbide is much higher than that of carbide in meteorites. These results suggest that lunar carbide is either indigenous to the moon or a meteoritic contribution that has been highly fractionated isotopically.
Sound from Apollo Rockets in Space
Authors: Cotten Donald , Donn William L.
Published: October 2006

Low-frequency sound has been recorded on at least two occasions in Bermuda with the passage of Apollo rocket vehicles 188 kilometers aloft. The signals, which are reminiscent of N-waves from sonic booms, are (i) horizontally coherent; (ii) have extremely high (supersonic) trace velocities across the tripartite arrays; (iii) have nearly identical appearance and frequencies; (iv) have essentially identical arrival times after rocket launch; and (v) are the only coherent signals recorded over many hours. These observations seem to establish that the recorded sound comes from the rockets at high elevation. Despite this high elevation, the values of surface pressure appear to be explainable on the basis of a combination of a kinetic theory approach to shock formation in rarefied atmospheres with established gas-dynamics shock theory.
Sex Attractant in a Brown Alga: Chemical Structure
Authors: Müller D. G. , Jaenicke L. , Donike M. , Akintobi T.
Published: October 2006

The male-attracting substance produced by the female gametes of the marine brown alga
Ectocarpus siliculosus
was identified as all-
cis
-l-(cycloheptadien-2′,5′-yl)-butene-1.
Possible Fossil Lunar Magnetism Inferred from Satellite Data
Authors: Mihalov J. D. , Sonett C. P. , Binsack J. H. , Moutsoulas M. D.
Published: October 2006

Magnetization of selected nonmare areas, principally on the moon's far side, is inferred from positive disturbances in the magnitude of the magnetic field exterior to the magnetic signature of the lunar cavity observed in magnetometer data from the lunar orbiter Explorer 35. A less favored model for the field perturbations involves variations in the thickness of the low-conductivity crustal layer of the moon.
Sex Pheromone Specificity and Taxonomy of Budworm Moths (
Choristoneura
)
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: October 2006

Of six closely related species of budworm moths, three share the same or similar sex pheromones. Two of the others share another sex pheromone, but are geographically isolated. The sixth species, which is the most morphologically distinct, shows only slight affinity to the others.
Density Gradient Separation of Marrow Cells Restricted for Antibody Class
Authors: Miller Harold C. , Cudkowicz Gustavo
Published: October 2006

Primitive cells of (C3H × C57BL/10)F
1
mouse bone marrow, participating with thymocytes in immune responses to sheep erythrocytes, are already committed to the immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody class. By equilibrium centrifugation in discontinuous gradients of bovine serum albumin, cells responsible for production of IgM immunocytes migrate to the denser regions, whereas those responsible for IgG immunocytes remain in the lower density regions.
Dissociation of Impairment after Lateral and Medial Prefrontal Lesions in Dogs
Authors: Dabrowska Jadwiga
Published: October 2006

Dogs were trained before operation on a go, no-go test with symmetrical reinforcement. Lesions situated on the medial surface of the prefrontal cortex caused slight or no impairment in retention, whereas removal of the lateral prefrontal cortex induced severe and long-lasting impairment. The lateral prefrontal cortex is probably related to selection of the proper instrumental responses to corresponding stimuli.
Developmental Behaviors: Delayed Appearance in Monkeys Asphyxiated at Birth
Authors: Sechzer Jeri A. , Faro Maria D. , Barker June N. , Barsky David , Gutierrez Sergio , Windle William F.
Published: October 2006

Developmental behaviors were studied in monkeys subjected to asphyxia at birth. Visual depth perception, visual placing, and locomotion appeared significantly later than in nonasphyxiated monkeys. After these behaviors had been established in asphyxiates, however, there was little difference from those observed in normal monkeys. These results were compared with reports of permanent learning deficits that occur in monkeys asphyxiated at birth for similar periods of time. Such comparison suggests that the neural structures responsible for the developmental behaviors studied are not damaged by asphyxia to the same extent as those for acquisition. Delay in development may be an early indication of brain damage with subsequent mental retardation.
Compound Eyes: Localization of Two Color Receptors in the Same Ommatidium
Authors: Mote Michael I. , Goldsmith Timothy H.
Published: October 2006

The compound eye of the cockroach
Periplaneta
has receptors for ultraviolet light (maximum sensitivity at 365 nanometers) and green light (maximum sensitivity at 510 nanometers). Single photoreceptor cells in the compound eye were impaled, identified by spectral response, and marked with dye-filled microelectrodes. Using two different dyes, we showed that both types of receptors can be found in the same ommatidium.
Melatonin: Effect on Punished and Nonpunished Operant Behavior of the Pigeon
Authors: Schoenfeld R. I.
Published: October 2006

Intramuscular injections of melatonin had a dose-dependent, rate-increasing effect on responding maintained by a fixed-interval schedule of positive reinforcement. When a punishment contingency was added to the fixed-interval schedule, the overall rates were not increased although responding was increased during the initial part of each interval.
Recognition by Class II Alloreactive T Cells of Processed Determinants from Human Serum Proteins
Authors: Panina-Bordignon Paola , Corradin Giampietro , Roosnek Eddy , Sette Alessandro , Lanzavecchia Antonio
Published: October 2006

Alloreactive T cells recognize a complex composed of an allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule and a peptide derived from the processing of nonpolymorphic proteins. A sizable fraction of MHC class II alloreactive T cells is shown to recognize peptides derived from constitutive processing of human serum proteins. One such epitope is a fragment of human serum albumin. This epitope bound selectively to the human class II molecule DRw11 and was constitutively present on antigen-presenting cells in vivo. These data indicate that, in the case of MHC class II, peptides involved in allorecognition may originate from exogenous proteins.
Conductance Changes Produced by Acetylcholine in Lipidic Membranes Containing a Proteolipid from
Electrophorus
Authors: Parisi Mario , Rivas Emilio , De Robertis E.
Published: October 2006

Ultrathin lipidic membranes containing one ten-thousandth of a special proteolipid from electric organ of
Electrophorus
reacted to the addition of acetylcholine by a rapid and transient increase in conductance. Such a change was not induced by choline and is greatly reduced by a previous application of
d
-tubocurarine. These properties, resembling those from chemically excitable membranes, were not observed with another proteolipid from the same tissue.
Cosmic-Ray Tracks in Plastics: The Apollo Helmet Dosimetry Experiment
Authors: Comstock G. M. , Fleischer R. L. , Giard W. R. , Hart H. R. , Nichols G. E. , Price P. B.
Published: October 2006

Counts of tracks from heavy cosmic-ray nuclei in helmets from Apollo missions 8 and 12 show variations caused by solar modulation of the galactic cosmic-ray flux. Specific estimates of the biological damage to certain nonreplaceable cells by track-forming particles during these space missions indicate that the fraction of deactivated cells could range from a lower limit of 3 × 10
-7
to an upper limit of 1.4 × 10
-4
.
Regulation of Chromosome Replication in
Bacillus subtilis
: Marker Frequency Analysis after Amino Acid Starvation
Authors: Copeland James C.
Published: October 2006

Marker frequency analysis of DNA isolated from amino acid-starved
Bacillus subtilis
cells shows that most chromosomes have not completed replication to the terminus. This finding agrees with earlier results concerning replication after amino acid starvation in this organism. The results are not compatible with regulation of chromosome replication at the initiation step only, and they suggest that a second regulatory circuit controls replication under conditions of amino acid starvation.
Inhibition of Growth of Leukemia Cells by Enzymic Folate Depletion
Authors: Bertino J. R. , O'Brien P. , McCullough J. L.
Published: October 2006

A new bacterial enzyme, designated as carboxypeptidase G
1
, inhibited growth of the L5178Y and L1210 murine leukemias, as well as the Walker carcinoma and the human lymphoblastoid line (RPMI 4265), propogated in vitro. This enzyme hydrolyzes the glutamate moiety from both oxidized and reduced folate forms, and thus it may prove to be of value in creating rapid folate depletion in vivo.
Alcohol Dependence and Opiate Dependence: Lack of Relationship in Mice
Authors: Goldstein Avram , Judson Barbara A.
Published: October 2006

According to a recently proposed hypothesis, physical dependence upon alcohol is due to the formation of an endogenous opiate. We tested the hypothesis by determining whether or not ethanol-dependent mice would show typical opiate-dependent behavior (withdrawal jumping syndrome) when challenged with the opiate antagonist naloxone. Our results do not support the hypothesis.
Preparation of Highly Labeled [
32
P]Nucleic Acids from Yeast; Isolation of "Denaturable" Leucine Acceptor Transfer RNA
Authors: Kowalski Steven , Fresco Jacques R.
Published: October 2006

Culture conditions were developed that permit efficient incorporation of [
32
P]phosphate into nucleic acids of baker's yeast. RNA sufficiently labeled for sequence determination was obtained in this way. Pure "denaturable" leucine acceptor transfer RNA (tRNA
Leu
3
) was isolated for this purpose.
Deuterium Effects on Binding of Reduced Coenzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme EE
Authors: Bush Karen , Mahler H. R. , Shiner V. J.
Published: October 2006

Determination of dissociation constants by two different methods yield the following mean values in 20 millimolar phosphate,
p
H 7.0, 25°C: 0.27 micromolar for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH); 0.29 micromolar for NADH with deuterium in the nicotinamide 4-B position (B-NADD); and 0.46 micromolar for NADH with deuterium in the nicotinamide 4-A position (A-NADD). These results indicate that dehydrogenases are capable of recognizing and distinguishing the appropriate hydrogen in the coenzyme already in the initial binding reaction.
Uncoupling Cell Junctions in a Glandular Epithelium by Depolarizing Current
Authors: Socolar Sidney J. , Politoff Alberto L.
Published: October 2006

The high electrical conductance linking adjacent border cells in
Chironomus
salivary gland is depressed reversibly when current is passed outward from one of the cells, though not when current is passed inward. This "uncoupling" is closely associated with an electrically induced increase in conductance in the (nonjunctional) membrane of that cell.
Glazed Lunar Rocks: Origin by Impact
Authors: Morgan John W. , Laul J. C. , Ganapathy R. , Anders Edward
Published: October 2006

The glassy coating of lunar rock 12017 is enriched in 15 trace elements relative to the crystalline interior. It apparently consists chiefly of shock-melted rock, somewhat richer in rare earth elements and alkali metals than rock 12017 itself. The glass has been contaminated by about 0.5 percent carbonaceous-chondrite-like material or, alternatively, by a mixture of 0.06 to 0.3 percent fractionated meteoritic material and approximately 10 to 15 percent local soil. The glazing seems to represent molten material splashed from a nearby meteorite impact and not in situ melting by a sudden increase in solar luminosity.
Activity of an NADPH-Dependent Nitroreductase in Houseflies
Authors: Lichtenstein E. P. , Fuhremann T. W.
Published: October 2006

A nitroreductase, reducing parathion to aminoparathion, was found in the soluble fraction that was obtained from abdomens of female houseflies. The reaction required reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), but was not affected by the presence or absence of oxygen. Further degradation of aminoparathion into water-soluble compounds occurred in NADPH-fortified incubation mixtures over prolonged incubation periods. The effect of sesamex or SKF 525-A on these reactions is described.
GA
32
: A Polar Gibberellin with High Biological Potency
Authors: Coombe B. G.
Published: October 2006

A new gibberellin, GA
32
, purified from
Prunus
seed, has three interesting properties: (i) it is the most polar of the 34 gibberellins presently known, (ii) it is the most potent of all gibberellins tested in the barley endosperm bioassay, and (iii) it is very active in promoting the growth of unpollinated apricot ovaries with a normal ratio of length to diameter.
Steady-State Sieving across Membranes
Authors: Bresler E. H. , Wendt R. P. , Mason E. A.
Published: October 2006

The constraint of steady-state operation for sieving or ultrafiltration across membranes greatly restricts possible theoretical mechanisms. Effective sieving in the steady state requires the coexistence of a removal mechanism with the rejection mechanism. These points are illustrated without elaborate mathematics by a model of membranes in a series array with intervening compartments. This model also shows that in certain regimes the structure of the first membrane alone determines the overall sieving characteristics of the array.
Density Gradients in a Rotating Stratified Fluid: Experimental Evidence for a New Instability
Authors: Baker D. James
Published: October 2006

Velocity gradients induced in a rapidly rotating, density-stratified saltwater solution by a slowly rotating disk produce sharp vertical gradients of density, which appear as regularly spaced, curved horizontal sheets when the ratio of angular velocities exceeds a critical value. The existence of the sheets is apparently a finite amplitude manifestation of a recently proposed viscous instability.
Marihuana Components: Effects of Smoking on Δ
9
-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol
Authors: Mikeš František , Waser Peter G.
Published: October 2006

Cigarettes impregnated with various preparations of Δ
9
-tetrahydro-cannabinol (Δ
9
-THC) and cannabidiol were artificially smoked, and the smoke was analyzed by means of gas chromatography and a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Retention of the two test substances in smoke was 21 to 23 percent of the starting amount. The ratio of Δ
9
-THC to cannabidiol in smoke is different from that in starting material. It is suggested that these differences are the result of partial cyclization of the cannabidiol to Δ
9
-THC. An increase in the percentage of cannabinol in smoke is the result of a partial dehydrogenation of Δ
9
-THC or cannabidiol. No evidence for the isomerization of Δ
9
-THC to Δ
8
-THC or for the formation of new pyrolyzed products was found.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Increases Capacity for RNA Synthesis in Rat Liver Nuclei
Authors: Dokas Linda A. , Kleinsmith Lewis J.
Published: October 2006

Liver nuclei isolated from rats injected with adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate exhibit an increased capacity for RNA synthesis compared with nuclei from control animals. This effect, which is highly specific for the cyclic nucleotide. can be observed within 1 hour after injection in both unoperated and adrenalectomized rats. These findings suggest that induction of enzyme synthesis mediated by way of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate may be controlled, at least in part, at the level of gene transcription.
Fertilization of Rabbit Ova in vitro by Sperm with Adsorbed Sendai Virus
Authors: Ericsson R. J. , Buthala D. A. , Norland J. F.
Published: October 2006

Fertilization occurs when rabbit ova are cultured in vitro with epididymal sperm to which Sendai virus is adsorbed. These sperm do not require capacitation in vivo in order to fertilize. Evidence for fertilization is penetration of sperm, the appearance of two polar bodies and pronuclei, and cleavage through the eight-blastomere stage. The viruses attach almost exclusively to the sperm acrosome, with resultant head-to-head agglutination of the sperm.
Cyclic Urinary Leukopoietic Activity in Gray Collie Dogs
Authors: Dale David C. , Brown Clarence H. , Carbone Paul , Wolff Sheldon M.
Published: October 2006

The urinary activities for bone marrow colony formation were measured on consecutive 24-hour urine samples from two gray collie dogs with cyclic neutropenia and from two normal collies. The activity varied cyclically in the gray collies with a peak activity developing during the neutropenic phase, which antecedes the return of blood neutrophils. The activity fell to undetectable levels after the blood neutrophil counts returned to the normal range. The urine of normal dogs showed no activity. Since the dogs with cyclic neutropenia have been shown to have periodic hematopoiesis, these data suggest a regulatory hormonal role for the substance measured by this assay.
Density Gradient Separation of Marrow Precursor Cells Restricted for Antibody Specificity
Authors: Miller Harold C. , Cudkowicz Gustavo
Published: October 2006

Potentially immunocompetent cells of (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F
1
mouse bone marrow are committed to antigenic determinants of sheep or burro erythrocytes prior to interaction with thymus-derived cells and participation in immune responses to administered antigens. At this stage of differentiation marrow cells of this particular mouse strain are not yet restricted for the immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody class. By equilibrium centrifugation in discontinuous gradients of bovine serum albumin, precursors of cells that produce antibody to sheep erythrocytes migrate to denser regions, whereas the precursors of immunocytes that produce antibody to burro erythrocytes remain in the lower density regions.
Acetoxycycloheximide Enhances Audiogenic Seizures in DBA/2J Mice
Authors: Jameson H. D. , Falace P. , Prerost A. , Clemons G.
Published: October 2006

Inborn errors of metabolism often cause epilepsy, as with certain strains of mice. Aggravating the metabolic defect with a protein synthesis inhibitor increases the symptoms. Mature animals that have "outgrown" their genetic susceptibility to audiogenic seizures are made susceptible again by acetoxycycloheximide. After a single small dose the incidence and severity of audiogenic seizures increases at 16 hours, reaches a maximum of 40 hours, and then declines gradually.
Erythrocytes: Pits and Vacuoles as Seen with Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Schnitzer Bertram , Rucknagel Doanld L. , Spencer Herbert H. , Aikawa Masamichi
Published: October 2006

Vacuoles containing inclusions were observed by transmission electron microscopy in erythrocytes of a splenectomized patient with hemoglobin Ann Arbor. The membranes of these vacuoles became fused with the surface membrane of the red cell, thus opening the vacuoles and exposing their contents to the outside. These vacuoles when they have become thus attached to the cell membrane of the erythrocyte are responsible for the pits observed with scanning electron microscopy.
Glycogen Plastids in Müllerian Body Cells of
Cecropia peltata
—A Higher Green Plant
Authors: Rickson Fred R.
Published: October 2006

A glycogen-containing plastid has been found in the cells of Müllerian bodies on
Cecropia peltata
(Moraceae) trees. Plastids in cells of the leaf blade, petiole, and stem are of the usual chloroplast type and contain starch grains only. Müllerian bodies exist for the purpose of providing a food supply for a protective, mutualistically inhabiting ant population. A series of chemical tests and observations indicates that this glycogen is identical to animal glycogen.
Petrologic Implications of Plate Tectonics
Authors: Yoder H. S.
Published: October 2006

Petrologists can make significant contributions to the plate tectonic concept. Fixing the stability fields of the principal rock types involved will provide the limits of pressure and temperature of the various environments. Experimental determination of the partition coefficients of the trace elements will be helpful. Studies of the partial melting behavior of possible parental materials in the absence and presence of water, especially the undersaturated region, will contribute to the understanding of magma production. Experimental observations on the rheological properties of the peridotites below and just above the solidus will lead to a better evaluation of the convective mechanism. Measurement of the fundamental properties of rocks, such as the density of solids and liquids at high pressures and temperatures, would contribute to understanding the concepts of diapiric rise, magma segregation, and the low-velocity zone. Broader rock sampling of the oceanic areas of all environments will do much to define the petrologic provinces. The field petrologist specializing in the Paleozoic regions and Precambrian shields can contribute by examining those regions for old plate boundaries and devising new criteria for their recognition.
Variation and Homology in the Mu and Gamma Heavy Chains of Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Paul Claudine , Köhler Heinz , Shinoda Tomotaka , Putnam Frank W.
Published: October 2006

Sequence analysis of an IgM immunoglobulin shows that the variable regions of human μ and γ1 heavy chains may have twice as much homology as their constant regions and that evolutionary divergence of μ and γ1 heavy chain genes occurred not long after the separation of heavy and light chain genes.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Preoptic Area of the Rat
Authors: Raisman Geoffrey , Field Pauline M.
Published: October 2006

A quantitative evaluation of the relative distribution of synapses on dendritic shafts and spines serves to differentiate the neuropil of the preoptic area from that of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; it also shows that the neuropil of the preoptic area is sexually dimorphic.
Histamine Augments Leukocyte Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and Blocks Antigenic Histamine Release
Authors: Bourne Henry R. , Melmon Kenneth L. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M.
Published: October 2006

Extracellular histamine stimulates accumulation of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in human leukocytes and prevents antigenic release of histamine from cells of allergic donors. Both effects occur at histamine concentrations that can be achieved by antigenic release of the amine in vitro.
Recuperation from Illness: Flavor Enhancement for Rats
Authors: Green Kenneth F. , Garcia John
Published: October 2006

Rats were given a distinctive fluid (milk or grape) during recuperation from an injection of a noxious drug (apomorphine). Single-bottle tests conducted after treatment indicated elevated consumption of the fluid conditionally paired with recuperation. This positive "medicinal" effect is to some degree independent of initial preference, of novelty effects, and of aversive reactions to other substances paired with the onset of illness.
Lunar Apennine-Hadley Region: Geological Implications of Earth-Based Radar and Infrared Measurements
Authors: Zisk S. H. , Carr M. H. , Masursky H. , Shorthill R. W. , Thompson T. W.
Published: October 2006

Recently completed high-resolution radar maps of the moon contain information on the decimeter-scale structure of the surface. When this information is combined with eclipse thermal-enhancement data and with high-resolution Lunar Orbiter photography, the surface morphology is revealed in some detail. A geological history for certain features and subareas can be developed, which provides one possible framework for the interpretation of the findings from the Apollo 15 landing. Frequency of decimeter- and meter-size blocks in and around lunar craters, given by the remote-sensed data, supports a multilayer structure in the Palus Putredinis mare region, as well as a great age for the bordering Apennine Mountains scarp.
Homograft Rejection Delayed by Treatment of Donor Tissue in vitro with Antilymphocyte Serum
Authors: Burde Ronald M. , Waltman Stephen R. , Berrios Juan H.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of rabbit corneal tissue in vitro with pooled rabbit serum delays the onset of corneal homograft rejection in the host. Addition of antilymphocyte serum results in a further significant delay in the onset of rejection. The mechanisms by which such treatment of donor tissues may modify the antigenic content of the material are discussed.
Plasmalemma: The Seat of Dual Mechanisms of Ion Absorption in
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Authors: Kannan Seshadri
Published: October 2006

Dual mechanisms of absorption of rubidium were demonstrated in a nonvacuolate unicellular alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, in both the light and the dark. The two mechanisms were sensitive to metabolic inhibitors. At high concentrations rubidium enhanced the respiration of Chlorella cells. The findings support the conclusion that the mechanisms of rubidium absorption in both the low and high concentration ranges are active processes and reside in the plasmalemma.
Cardiac Activity Preparatory to Overt and Covert Behavior
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. , Higgins J. David
Published: October 2006

The heart rates of 17 women subjects were recorded as they prepared to make both overt (key press) and covert (silently thinking the word "stop") responses. A very reliable preparatory cardiac response was obtained regardless of whether the overt or covert response mode was employed. The temporal development of this cardiac response faithfully reflected the speed with which the subjects were asked to respond, suggesting that in the covert condition heart rate could be used to detect the time at which a mental event was being generated.
Retention Deficit Correlated with a Deficit in the Corticoid Response to Stress
Authors: Auerbach Pamela , Carlton Peter L.
Published: October 2006

Previous research has indicated that intracerebral injection of potassium chloride, and the resultant electrical silence of the brain, lead to the attenuation of a previously conditioned emotional response; this response may reflect conditioned fear. The data reported here indicate that the normal mobilization of corticosteroids, perhaps a second index of emotionality, is also attenuated by such injections.
Linkage of Genes Controlling the Rate of Synthesis and Structure of Aminolevulinate Dehydratase
Authors: Coleman D. L.
Published: October 2006

The rate of synthesis of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase in mice is controlled by alleles at the levulinate (
Lv
) locus. Two structural mutations modifying the sensitivity of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase to heat have been identified. Genetic analyses established that the structural locus for δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase was either physically close to or identical with the locus that controls its rate of synthesis.
Immunosurveillance of Naturally Occurring Feline Leukemia
Authors: Essex M. , Sliski A. , Cotter S. M. , Jakowski R. M. , Hardy W. D.
Published: October 2006

When compared to their housemates that subsequently developed leukemia, cats that remained healthy had five- to tenfold higher (geometric mean) humoral antibody titers to the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen. This is compatible with the application of the immunosurveillance hypothesis to the natural development of leukemia in an outbred mammalian species.
Predicted Structural Similarities of the DNA Binding Domains of c-Myc and Endonuclease Eco RI
Authors: Halazonetis Thanos D. , Kandil Amany N.
Published: October 2006

The c-Myc oncoprotein belongs to a family of proteins whose DNA binding domains contain a basic region-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif. Systematic mutagenesis of c-Myc revealed that dimerized bHLH motifs formed a parallel four-helix bundle with the amino termini of helices 1 and 2 directed toward the inner and outer nucleotides of the DNA binding site, respectively. Both the basic region and the carboxyl-terminal end of the loop contributed to DNA binding specificity. The DNA binding domain of c-Myc may therefore be structurally similar to that of restriction endonuclease Eco RI.