bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Moisture Content of Fresh Pecans on Mechanical Shelling Efficiency, Nutritional Features, and Packaging Method
Authors: Tan Wenyue , He Yunfang , Wang Ziyan , Ni Yang , Xu Mengyang , Du Jianke , Liu Chenghang , Jia Xiaodong
Published: February 2025

Fresh pecans are increasingly popular for their sweet taste and high nutritional value. To facilitate their commercialization, it is crucial to screen the proper moisture content for efficient mechanical shelling while retaining nutritional quality and finding a reasonable packaging method for storage. This study compared the mechanical shelling efficiencies of fresh pecans with different moisture contents via a standardized evaluation system used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for over 70 years. The results indicated that pecans dried for 24 h (17.51% moisture, wet basis) achieved the highest mechanical shelling efficiency with the lowest kernel shoulders damaged (DSh%, 31.7%), shortest separation time (10.67 min·kg−1), and highest rate of complete halves (CH, 91.6%). Compared with dried pecans, fresh pecans had a lighter testa color (L*, 55.05), higher 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, 18.88 μg TE·g−1) and 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS, 87.15 μmol TE·g−1), free-radical scavenging activity, and lower acid values (AV, 0.21 mg·g−1) and peroxide values (PV, 0.003 mg·g−1). Aluminum film packaging with vacuum (ALV) best preserved the quality of fresh pecans during 9 months of storage, as indicated by the acid and peroxide values. The results of this study provided a first report for the industrialization of fresh pecans.
Effects of Konjac Glucomannan and Chitin Nanowhiskers on Structural and Physical Properties of Soy Protein Isolate Composite Hydrogels
Authors: Zhao Jianbo , Li Danjie , Deng Ronghua , Pang Jie , Tong Cailing , Wu Chunhua
Published: February 2025

Soybean protein isolates (SPIs) have been widely studied because of their excellent gel-forming properties. However, their unstable gel structures and poor strength limit their applications in the food industry. To address this, konjac glucomannan (KGM) and oxidized chitin nanocrystals (O-ChNCs) were introduced into SPI-based hydrogels to enhance their mechanical properties. The present study investigated the effects of incorporating KGM and O-ChNCs on the physical properties and microstructure of SPI hydrogels, as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. The rheological behavior test of the solution demonstrated that the viscoelastic properties of the sol were enhanced upon incorporating O-ChNCs and KGM. Scanning electron microscopy showed highly compact and uniformly distributed SPI hydrogels with the addition of O-ChNCs and KGM. Gel strength and textural property tests showed that the gel strength and gel hardness of SPI hydrogels with the addition of O-ChNCs and KGM were 102.57 ± 1.91 g/cm2 and 545.29 ± 6.84 g. O-ChNCs effectively filled the SPI hydrogel network, while KGM enhanced physical entanglement between SPI molecular chains and formed intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Therefore, this study provides an important basis for the introduction of SPI-based hydrogels in the biomedical and food industries.
Bioactive Enrichment and Sustainable Processing of Vegetable Oils: New Frontiers in Agri-Food Technology
Authors: Montoro-Alonso Sandra , Expósito-Almellón Xavier , Martínez-Baena Daniel , Martínez-Martí Joana , Rueda-Robles Ascensión , Pérez-Gálvez Raúl , Quirantes-Piné Rosa , Lozano-Sánchez Jesús
Published: February 2025

Vegetable oils are highly valued for their nutritional and functional properties, driving scientific interest in developing innovative technologies to enhance production processes. These advancements aim to improve yield, nutritional profiles and organoleptic and functional characteristics. Additionally, vegetable oils have been recognised for their ability to incorporate phenolics as bioactive compounds through stabilisation methods, further enhancing their health benefits. This study conducts a systematic review addressing two main objectives: (i) advanced technologies intended to enhance extraction efficiency while improving the overall quality of vegetable oils and (ii) stabilisation strategies developed to enrich and fortify edible vegetable oils with special focus on phenolic compounds. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was applied to evaluate their applications in developing bioactive vegetable oil ingredients and foods. Extraction techniques were assessed based on efficiency in yield and their impact on nutritional, organoleptic and functional properties. Pulsed electric field technology emerged as the most promising approach, offering an optimal balance between oil yield and quality. Combining stirring or high-performance dispersion with ultrasound proved effective in forming stable emulsions for phenolic stabilisation. These strategies provide valuable insights for the agro-industrial sector to enhance production processes and develop healthier, bioactive vegetable oils.
Coix Seed Extract Attenuates Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder in Hyperlipidemia Mice Through PPAR Signaling Pathway Based on Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology
Authors: Wang Min , Yang Tianming , Xiang Yongjing , Pang Junxiao , Wang Yao , Sun Dali
Published: February 2025

Hyperlipidemia is characterized by a high level of blood lipid which poses a serious threat to human health. Coix seed is a traditional crop of medicine and food homology with a wide range of pharmacological actions. To make clear the attenuation effect of coix seed against hyperlipidemia, low and high doses of coix seed extract (CSE) were orally administered to hyperlipidemia model mice developed by high-fat diet (HFD). Our results showed that CSE notably improved liver pathological injury, and oxidative stress, and declined the levels of glucose and lipid in hyperlipidemia mice. Liver metabolomics showed that lipid-related metabolites notably decreased, and pathways of glycolipid metabolism were seriously affected by CSE intervention. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that CSE treatment notably increased the diversity of gut microbiota. Meanwhile, the microbiota with the function of regulating intestinal balance as well as relieving obesity and nervous diseases significantly enhanced while harmful flora notably decreased after CSE intervention. The results of network pharmacology and molecular docking indicated that the PPAR signaling pathway may be the core path of anti-hyperlipidemia for coix seeds. RT-qPCR further verified that the expression levels of genes from the PPAR pathway notably changed by CSE treatment with fat synthesis genes significantly decreased while lipolysis genes notably enhanced. Therefore, coix seed might be a potential candidate for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
Genomic and Transcriptomic Profiling of Bacillus cereus in Milk: Insights into the Sweet Curdling Defect
Authors: Kyritsi Maria , Tsiolas George , Tsoureki Antiopi , Schoretsaniti Vasiliki , Gougouli Maria , Michailidou Sofia , Argiriou Anagnostis
Published: February 2025

Bacillus cereus sensu lato (B. cereus s.l.) are significant spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms found in various foodstuffs. They are responsible for defects like sweet curdling in milk, which impacts dairy product storage and distribution. Nevertheless, the genetic mechanisms underlying B. cereus-induced sweet curdling remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated the genetic and functional basis underlying this phenomenon through whole genome sequencing of the newly isolated B. cereus strain BC46 and transcriptome sequencing at two phases of its growth in milk. Hybrid assembly of Illumina and Nanopore reads resulted in a 5.6 Mb genome with 35.1% GC content, classifying BC46 as B. cereus sensu stricto (B. cereus s.s.) within the panC group IV. Several virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes, and cold shock proteins were identified in the genome. A distinct functional profile of BC46 was observed before and after the development of sweet curdling in milk. Genes associated with sporulation, toxin production, hydrolysis, and proteolysis were upregulated in sweet-curdled samples. Our findings highlight potential gene targets that may play an important role in the BC46-induced sweet curdling in milk, enhancing our understanding of its molecular basis and supporting the development of new genetic approaches for early spoilage detection.
Pairing Red Wine and Closure: New Achievements from Short-to-Medium Storage Time Assays
Authors: Mota João , Viana André , Martins Cátia , Pais Adriana C. S. , Santos Sónia A. O. , Silvestre Armando J. D. , Machado José Pedro , Rocha Sílvia M.
Published: February 2025

The physicochemical and sensory properties of wines are influenced by several factors, starting in the vineyard and evolving during the winemaking stages. After bottling, variables such as bottle position, closure type, storage temperature, and storage time shape wine characteristics. In this study, red wines stored for approximately 0.5 and 3 years with natural cork, micro-agglomerated cork stoppers, and screw cap closures were analyzed. Various techniques were employed to investigate changes during bottle storage, including the determination of volatile components by comprehensive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with time-of-flight analyzer (GC × GC-ToFMS), phenolic profile by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MSn), general physicochemical parameters, the oxygen transfer rate of cork stoppers, and sensorial analysis performed by a trained panel. The results revealed that the type of closure created distinct environments within the bottles, slightly influencing both sensory attributes and chemical evolution of the red wines. These findings highlight the value of combining diverse analytical techniques to reveal closure-driven differences, with volatile compound profiling emerging as the most sensitive methodology. Additionally, this study emphasizes that differences modulated by the wine–closure pairing, which become more pronounced during storage, can serve as an oenological tool in the construction of a wine’s identity.
Impact of Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid on Bok Choy and Mechanism of Combined Vitamin C from Bok Choy and Allicin in Treatment of DSS Colitis
Authors: Pan Junhui , Peng Kaitao , Ruan Roger , Liu Yuhuan , Cui Xian
Published: February 2025

In the context of pollution-free waste treatment, anaerobic fermentation liquid (AFL), a prominent by-product of biogas engineering, has emerged as a focal point in contemporary research. Concurrently, vitamin C, an active compound abundant in fruits and vegetables, possesses extensive application potential. The development of efficient extraction processes and the utilization of its biological activities have garnered significant attention from researchers. This study investigated the impact of AFL on the growth and vitamin C content of Bok choy through field trials of varying concentrations of AFL. The results indicated that the growth characteristics of Bok choy exhibited a concentration-dependent trend with increasing AFL dosage, with the highest yield observed in the AFL-2 group (8.43 kg/m2). Additionally, with the increase in the concentration of the AFL application, the vitamin C content in Bok choy exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing, reaching its highest value (70.83 mg/100 g) in the AFL-1 group. Furthermore, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the microwave-assisted organic solvent extraction process of vitamin C, revealing that the optimal conditions for microwave-assisted extraction using a 2% citric acid solution were as follows: a microwave power of 313 W, a microwave time of 1.3 min, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16.4:1 v/w, achieving a vitamin C extraction rate of 90.77%. Subsequent mechanistic studies on colitis repair demonstrated that the combination of vitamin C and allicin significantly enhanced the ability of intestinal microorganisms to ferment and degrade complex carbohydrates in colitis-afflicted mice, thereby alleviating intestinal inflammation, markedly reducing bacterial invasion signals on intestinal epithelial cells, and decreasing the risk of intestinal infection. This study provides a valuable perspective for the harmless utilization of agricultural waste, and provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the high-value utilization of natural active ingredients.
Bleaching of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. Oil Using a Metal-Organic Framework-Based Adsorbent: Kinetics and Adsorption Isotherms
Authors: Dong Yiyang , Wang Chengming , Gao Yu , Xu Jing , Ping Hongzheng , Liu Fangrong , Niu Aifeng
Published: February 2025

Idesia polycarpa Maxim. is a woody oil crop with great potential for edible oil production. While crude oil is rich in pigments, traditional bleaching methods have limited effectiveness in improving its color. In this study, a metal-organic framework (MOF) material, MIL-88B(Fe), was synthesized and used for the bleaching of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. oil. The adsorption selectivity of MIL-88B(Fe) and the adsorption process of carotenoids and chlorophyll were investigated. The results demonstrated that the synthesized MIL-88B(Fe) exhibited excellent bleaching capability, achieving a bleaching rate of 97.67% in 65 min. It showed a strong adsorption effect on pigments, particularly carotenoids. The content of lutein decreased from 118.27 mg/kg to 0.01 mg/kg after 65 min of bleaching. The squalene and phytosterol contents in the oil were minimally affected by the bleaching process, while the free fatty acid content slightly increased due to the high reaction temperature and the adsorbent properties. The adsorption process of MIL-88B(Fe) was best described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic chemical process. Moreover, MIL-88B(Fe) demonstrated good safety and reusability, making it a promising novel adsorbent for the bleaching of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. oil and other oils with a high pigment content for the vegetable oil industry.
Contribution to Modern Economic Region Theory: Factor of Intangible Digital Resources
Authors: Popova Yelena , Cernisevs Olegs , Popovs Sergejs
Published: February 2025

This article explores the transformative role of intangible resources and products such as data, algorithms, and digital platforms in redefining economic region theory. The goal of the study is to provide a framework for dealing with intangible resources and products and refining the cost calculation techniques for them. The article includes the genesis of a theoretical approach to regional development and consideration of the implications of theoretical provisions in practice. Intangible inputs have significant peculiarities compared to tangible resources, and these peculiarities require a specific approach to the management of regions, especially considering their impact on agglomeration, cost structures, and market dynamics. The research is based on a comprehensive literature review and comparison, and application of theoretical provisions to practice. The development of the cost calculation framework is based on classical cost analysis considering the peculiarities of intangible resources. The findings demonstrate that integrating intangible resources into economic region theory broadens its applicability, offering a roadmap for regions to achieve growth and resilience in the digital economy while addressing evolving global challenges.
Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Supporting Glycemic Control Among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Alshehri Norah A. , Alessa Maha Saud , Alrasheed Abdullah A. , Alyousefi Nada , Alwatban Lemmese , AlSaif Haytham I. , Alshehri Ameerah Ali
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has emerged as an important tool for the improvement of glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, its use has not been greatly explored among adolescents with special physiological and psychosocial challenges. This study evaluated the role of CGM in supporting glycemic control among high-risk adolescents with T1D in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted among 73 adolescents aged 12–19 with T1D and baseline HbA1c ≥ 9% treated at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were extracted from electronic health records over a three-month period. The HbA1c levels before and after CGM use were analyzed using paired t-tests. In addition, analyses included studying the correlations and regression models and assessing associations between changes in HbA1c and patient characteristics. Results: Mean HbA1c was significantly reduced from 9.48 ± 2.22% to 9.06 ± 1.91% following three months of CGM, with an average decrease of −0.42 ± 1.37%, p = 0.011. Changes in HbA1c did not correlate with various patient factors of interest: age, gender, body mass index, disease duration, and insulin type. Within a specified timeframe, 54.8% of patients reported hypoglycemia, and 38.4% reported diabetic ketoacidosis. Conclusions: CGM resulted in a small but statistically significant improvement in glycemic control in adolescents with T1D. Given such results, these findings highlight the need for larger, long-term trials to optimize CGM use in this vulnerable population, particularly through integrating advanced features (e.g., predictive alarms) and structured education programs to reduce hypoglycemia and DKA risks. Effective integration of CGM in daily diabetes management may lead to better long-term clinical outcomes and improved quality of life for adolescents.
Detecting Three-Dimensional Straight Edges in Point Clouds Based on Normal Vectors
Authors: Makka Antonia , Pateraki Maria , Betsas Thodoris , Georgopoulos Andreas
Published: February 2025

Edge detection is essential for numerous applications in various engineering and scientific fields, including photogrammetry and computer vision. Edge detection can be applied to a variety of 2D and 3D data types, enabling tasks like feature extraction, object recognition and scene reconstruction. Currently, 2D edge detection in image data can achieve high accuracy through various automated methods. At the same time, edge detection in 3D space remains a challenge due to the computational demands and parameterization of existing algorithms. However, with the growing volume of data, the need for automated edge extraction that delivers high accuracy and reliable performance across diverse datasets has become more critical than ever. In this context, we propose an algorithm that implements a direct method for automated 3D edge detection in point clouds. The suggested method significantly aids architects by automating the extraction of 3D vectors, a process that is traditionally time-consuming and labor-intensive when performed manually. The proposed algorithm performs edge detection through a five-stage pipeline. More specifically, it utilizes the differences in the direction of normal vectors to identify finite edges. These edges are afterwards refined and grouped into segments which are then fitted to highlight the presence of 3D edges. The proposed approach was tested on both simulated and real-world data with promising results in terms of accuracy. For the synthetic data, the proposed method managed to detect 92% of the straight edges for the higher density meshes.
Diversity, Traditional Uses, Economic Values, and Conservation Status of Zingiberaceae in Kalasin Province, Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Jitpromma Tammanoon , Saensouk Surapon , Saensouk Piyaporn , Boonma Thawatphong
Published: February 2025

The Zingiberaceae family is widely recognized for its diversity, ecological significance, and economic value, playing a crucial role in both natural ecosystems and local livelihoods. This study investigates the species diversity, traditional uses, and economic importance of Zingiberaceae in Kalasin Province, northeastern Thailand, while also assessing the conservation status of species found in natural habitats. A total of 69 Zingiberaceae taxa were identified across the province, with 7 taxa found occurring only in natural habitats and 36 taxa found only in cultivation, while 26 taxa were found in both situations. Of these, twenty-five wild taxa represent new records for the province, and six are endemic. Traditional uses include food, spices, medicine, ornamental plants, commercial cultivation, rituals and socio-religious activities, and cosmetics, with rhizomes being the most utilized plant part. Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. displayed the highest economic value. Based on conservation assessments according to IUCN red list criteria, Globba conferta M.F.Newman is proposed as critically endangered (CR), 5 species as endangered, 10 taxa as vulnerable, and 17 taxa as least concern. These findings emphasize the ecological, horticultural, and economic importance of Zingiberaceae in Kalasin, where the trade of herbal products and commercial cultivation significantly contribute to local livelihoods. To ensure long-term sustainability, conservation strategies should be prioritized, balancing biodiversity preservation with economic and horticultural benefits.
The Action of Plant Protein Hydrolysates, Plant Extracts and Trichoderma Atroviride Modulates the Performance of Cherry Tomato Plants Cultivated in a Soilless System
Authors: Campana Emanuela , Consentino Beppe Benedetto , Vultaggio Lorena , Bellitto Pietro , Mancuso Fabiana , La Placa Gaetano Giuseppe , Colla Giuseppe , Sabatino Leo , La Bella Salvatore , Rouphael Youssef , Ciriello Michele
Published: February 2025

The study and definition of synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects among biostimulants of microbial and nonmicrobial origin represents one of the most interesting prospects for future research. As part of the SO.MI.PR.O.N regional project, we evaluated the effects of the single and combined applications of three different biostimulants [a plant-derived protein hydrolysate (PH), a tropical plant extract (PE) and a microbial biostimulant based on Trichoderma atroviride (Tricho)] on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in a protected environment. From the analysis of our results, we observed that compared with the control conditions, all combinations containing Trichoderma atroviride (Tricho+PH, Tricho+PE and Tricho+PE+PH) significantly increased the marketable fruit production. For the latter parameter, the combined application of all tested biostimulants ensured the much-aspired-for synergistic effect. The combined application of all tested biostimulants (Tricho+PE+PH) significantly improved the quality traits (lycopene content, total polyphenols and total soluble solids) of the tomatoes. Although the understanding of the mechanisms activated by the combined application of the different biostimulants still remains complex to define, the results obtained underscore their potential. Not least, it will be necessary to assess the economic feasibility of the combined applications of biostimulants in order to have a more real picture that fully considers the sustainability of this strategy.
A Progressive Clustering Approach for Buildings Using MST and SOM with Feature Factors
Authors: Zhang Tianliang , Lan Xiaoji , Feng Jianhua
Published: February 2025

To address the challenges in current research on spatial clustering algorithms for buildings in topographic maps—namely, their limited ability to effectively accommodate diverse application scenarios, including dense and regular urban environments, sparsely and irregularly distributed rural areas, and urban villages with complex structures—this paper introduces an innovative progressive clustering algorithm framework. The proposed framework operates in a hierarchical manner, progressing from macro to micro levels, thereby enhancing its adaptability and practical versatility. Specifically, it employs the minimum spanning tree (MST) technique for macro-level clustering analysis. Subsequently, a self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is utilized to perform micro-level clustering, enabling a more refined and detailed classification. Within this framework, the minimum spanning tree effectively captures the macroscopic distribution patterns of the building population. The macroscopic clustering results are then utilized as the initial weight configurations for the SOM neural network. This approach ensures that the overall spatial structural integrity is preserved during the subsequent micro-level clustering process. Moreover, the SOM neural network achieves refined optimization of micro-clustering details by incorporating building feature factors. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, this study conducts an empirical analysis and comparative testing using building data from Futian District, Shenzhen City. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm exhibits superior recognition capabilities when applied to complex and variable spatial distribution patterns of buildings. Furthermore, the clustering outcomes align closely with the principles of Gestalt visual perception and outperform the comparison algorithms in overall performance.
Interaction of Avapritinib with Congo Red in Pancreatic Cancer Cells: Molecular Modeling and Biophysical Studies
Authors: Lasota Małgorzata , Jankowski Daniel , Wiśniewska Anna , Szeleszczuk Łukasz , Misterka-Kozaka Anna , Kaczor-Kamińska Marta , Zarzycka Marta , Patena Maksym , Brzozowski Tomasz
Published: February 2025

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor with one of the worst prognoses among solid tumors, characterized by resistance to treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new methods of targeted therapy. Previous studies have shown that the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases such as c-KIT or PDGFR can increase proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. The aim of our study was to analyze aggregates between a supramolecular carrier (Congo red, CR) and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BLU-258) as well as to investigate the effect of the free inhibitor and its aggregate with Congo red (CR-BLU-258) on selected properties of pancreatic cells, including these cells’ viability and three-dimensional cell spheroid cultures. To better understand the interactions between Congo red and BLU-258, we used molecular modeling in addition to biophysical methods. These attempts allowed us to determine the optimal molar ratio, which we used for in vitro studies on pancreatic cancer cell lines. A significantly greater decrease in the viability of the tested 3D cultures was observed after 48 h of incubation with CR-BLU-258, which resulted in a lower IC50 value for the tested co-aggregate compared with BLU-258 alone. Moreover, a higher resistance of PANC-1 and BxPC3 spheroid cells to the tested compounds was noted compared with the 2D culture model. A significantly lower response was observed in 3D cell cultures (BxPC3 and PANC-1) treated with BLU-258 alone compared with the 2D culture. Thus, our results showed that both BLU-258 (alone) and in its co-aggregate with Congo red exhibit anticancer activity, inhibiting the growth of pancreatic cancer cells and reducing their viability, survival, and migration. Both tested compounds also affected the phosphorylation of the selected signaling proteins. We conclude that the selected tyrosine kinase inhibitor (alone) and in its co-aggregate with Congo red exhibit anticancer activity and should be considered as a novel effective therapy against pancreatic cancer.
Exploring the Prevalence of SMN1 Duplication and Deletion in Russia and Its Impact on Carrier Screening
Authors: Mikhalchuk Kristina , Polyakov Aleksander , Zabnenkova Viktoria V. , Ismagilova Olga , Shchagina Olga
Published: February 2025

5q spinal muscular atrophy (5q SMA) is one of the most prevalent autosomal recessive disorders worldwide. In 5q SMA, cases of silent carriers have been reported, including SMN1 duplications, intragenic subtle variants, de novo variants, and mosaicism. This study included DNA samples from 3412 unexamined unrelated individuals with no known family history of 5q SMA. In addition, we studied 15 families in which the children had a confirmed diagnosis of 5q SMA caused by a homozygous deletion of exon 7 of SMN1. Each family included one parent who was a carrier of a heterozygous deletion of SMN1, while the other parent had two copies of SMN1. The copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 was detected by MLPA. Two previously reported genetic markers of SMN1 duplication, c.*3+80T>G and c.*211_*212del, were tested in 143 Russian residents with three copies of SMN1 and 15 parents with two copies of SMN1. The frequency of a heterozygous carrier of exon 7 deletion of SMN1 is 1 in 36 individuals (95% CI 33 to 39). The frequency of exon 7 duplication of SMN1 is 1 in 25 individuals (95% CI 20 to 30). Only three individuals of the studied SMN1 duplication carriers were detected to have genetic markers of SMN1 duplication. The study of SMN1 duplication genetic markers (c.*3+80T>G and c.*211_*212del) in Russian residents reveals only 1.9% of SMN1 duplication carriers.
Exploration of Conditions for the Scaled Application of Laparoscopic Ovum Pick-Up in Sheep and Comparison of Follicular Development Differences Among Breeds
Authors: Li Dongxu , Wu Xiangli , Chen Ying , Wu Yangsheng , Abudureyimu Gulimire , Liang Hongyang , Ma Xiuling , Zhang Wei , Wang Liqin , Lin Jiapeng
Published: February 2025

In small ruminants, laparotomy for ovarian exploration followed by oocyte collection has been progressively replaced by laparoscopic puncture of follicles, which has become an important method for obtaining oocytes in vivo. However, the superovulation protocols and collection frequency used for laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) in sheep still require further investigation. This study explored the factors influencing LOPU efficiency in sheep, including Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) for estrus synchronization, FSH source and dose, and recovery intervals. The optimal superovulation protocol (using the CIDR device, a total of 16 mg of long-acting recombinant ovine FSH (LR-FSH) administered in two doses, and a one-month interval between LOPU sessions) was subsequently identified. Ovarian follicles were collected via LOPU from Hu sheep and Altay sheep for transcriptomic and metabolomic sequencing to explore interbreed differences in follicular development. The results indicated that LOPU efficiency was significantly higher in the CIDR group (p < 0.05) and with a 30-day recovery interval (p < 0.05). No significant differences in LOPU efficiency were observed between FSH sources or hormone doses. Furthermore, Hu sheep exhibited significantly higher LOPU efficiency and more antral follicles than Altay sheep. Transcriptomic analysis of follicular contents and metabolomic profiling of follicular fluid revealed that differentially expressed genes and metabolites were primarily enriched in pathways related to steroidogenesis, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. This study provides an optimized treatment protocol to enhance LOPU efficiency and integrates multi-omics analyses to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying follicular development differences among various breeds.
Analysis of Population Structure and Selective Signatures for Milk Production Traits in Xinjiang Brown Cattle and Chinese Simmental Cattle
Authors: Ma Kailun , Li Xue , Ma Shengchao , Zhang Menghua , Wang Dan , Xu Lei , Chen Hong , Wang Xuguang , Qi Aladaer , Ren Yifan , Huang Xixia , Chen Qiuming
Published: February 2025

This study aims to elucidate the population structure and genetic diversity of Xinjiang brown cattle (XJBC) and Chinese Simmental cattle (CSC) while conducting genome-wide selective signatures analyses to identify selected genes associated with milk production traits in both breeds. Based on whole-genome resequencing technology, whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 83 Xinjiang brown cattle and 80 Chinese Simmental cattle were detected to resolve the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the two populations, whole-genome selective elimination analysis was performed for the two breeds of cattle using the fixation index (Fst) and nucleotide diversity (θπ ratio), and enrichment analysis was performed to explore their biological functions further. Both breeds exhibited relatively rich genetic diversity, with the Chinese Simmental cattle demonstrating higher genetic diversity than Xinjiang brown cattle. The IBS and G matrix results indicated that most individuals in the two populations were farther apart from each other. The PCA and neighbor-joining tree revealed no hybridization between the two breeds, but there was a certain degree of genetic differences among the individuals in the two breeds. Population structure analysis revealed that the optimal number of ancestors was three when K = 3. This resulted in clear genetic differentiation between the two populations, with only a few individuals having one ancestor and the majority having two or three common ancestors. A combined analysis of Fst and θπ was used to screen 112 candidate genes related to milk production traits in Xinjiang brown cattle and Chinese Simmental cattle. This study used genome-wide SNP markers to reveal the genetic diversity, population structure, and selection characteristics of two breeds. This study also screened candidate genes related to milk production traits, providing a theoretical basis for conserving genetic resources and improving genetic selection for milk production traits in Xinjiang brown cattle and Chinese Simmental cattle.
Predictive Threshold Value of the Breathing Reserve for the Decline in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among the Healthy Middle-Aged Population
Authors: Shen Tao , Wang Yang , Li Jinglin , Xu Shunlin , Wang Peng , Zhao Wei
Published: February 2025

Objective: To investigate the cut-off value of the breathing reserve for predicting a decline in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among healthy middle-aged Chinese individuals. Methods: Healthy middle-aged individuals who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) at the Peking University Third Hospital from May to October 2021 were selected. The study included 321 participants, with an average age of 48.8 ± 5.7 years. They were divided into two groups based on the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak): the adequate CRF group and the CRF decline group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors influencing CRF. Results: In the male CRF decline group, heart rate, alanine aminotransferase, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2), and breathing reserve (BR%) were significantly higher, while the oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (VO2@AT) was lower. An elevated BR% was independently associated with CRF decline (OR = 1.111, 95% CI: 1.068–1.156). The female CRF decline group had significantly higher FEV1/FVC and BR% and significantly lower age, fasting glucose, hemoglobin, and VO2@AT compared to the adequate CRF group. Elevated BR% was independently associated with CRF decline (OR = 1.086, 95% CI: 1.038–1.137). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the males showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.769 (95% CI: 0.703–0.827) with an appropriate BR% cut-off value of 49.9%, sensitivity of 59.9%, and specificity of 77.8%. For the females, the ROC curve displayed an AUC of 0.694 (95% CI: 0.607–0.773) with an appropriate BR% cut-off value of 57.0%, sensitivity of 58.7%, and specificity of 86.0%. Conclusions: The breathing reserve was independently associated with CRF. The appropriate cut-off values for BR% to predict CRF decline were 49.9% for the males and 57.0% for the females.
The Current State of the Art in Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Review and Modern/Future Approaches
Authors: Cho Min-Jeong , Schroeder Michael , Flores Garcia Jorge , Royfman Abigail , Moreira Andrea
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Modern breast reconstruction has undergone substantial evolution, with implant-based, pedicled autologous, and free autologous techniques. The purpose of this study is to review the current state of the art in free autologous breast reconstruction, highlighting advancements in the types of flaps, donor site selection, techniques, and functional restoration. Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed to capture studies related to well-known free flaps that are used for breast reconstruction. Studies for each flap type were reviewed and sorted for inclusion into one of six categories: (1) clinical outcomes, (2) comparison studies of alternative flaps, (3) preoperative planning, (4) flap classifications and perfusion zones, (5) technique descriptions, and (6) time and cost analyses. Results: The majority (77%) of articles included were written on various types of abdominally based free flaps, including TRAM, DIEP, and SIEA flaps. These studies indicated an evolution in technique over time to minimize donor site morbidity, improve patient-reported and functional outcomes, improve efficiency, and expand clinical indications. The remaining 23% of articles discussed alternative flap choices, including PAP, TUG, S/IGAP, and LAP flaps. Studies highlighted technical challenges and the evolution of techniques to make these flaps more accessible, as well as how to combine flaps to expand clinical indications. Conclusions: Autologous breast reconstruction has evolved significantly, with advancements in techniques such as robotic-assisted surgery, multi-flap reconstruction, bipedicled flaps, and neurotization. This review highlights the current best practices while acknowledging ongoing challenges and the potential for future innovations in microsurgery, nerve regeneration, and personalized medicine, which hold promise for further refining outcomes.
Electrical Properties of Semiconductor/Conductor Composites: Polypyrrole-Coated Tungsten Microparticles
Authors: Stejskal Jaroslav , Jurča Marek , Trchová Miroslava , Prokeš Jan
Published: February 2025

Tungsten microparticles were coated with globular or nanotubular polypyrrole in situ during the oxidation of pyrrole in aqueous medium with ammonium peroxydisulfate or iron(III) chloride, respectively. The resulting core–shell composites with various contents of tungsten were obtained as powders composed of metal particles embedded in a semiconducting polymer matrix. The coating of tungsten with polypyrrole was analysed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. The resistivity of composite powders was determined by the four-point van der Pauw method as a function of pressure applied up to 10 MPa. The degree of compression was also recorded and its relation to electrical properties is discussed on the basis of the percolation concept. The electrical properties of composites are afforded by polypyrrole matrix and they are independent of tungsten content. As the conducting tungsten particles are separated by polypyrrole shells, they cannot produce conducting pathways and behave similarly as a nonconducting filler.
Development of Self-Healing Porcelain Using UV-Curable Resin: A Biomimetic Approach with Dual-Layer Structure
Authors: Tsutsumi Rui , Yada Mitsunori , Ichinose Hiromichi , Oishi Yushi , Narita Takayuki
Published: February 2025

This study presents a novel self-healing mechanism for porcelain ceramics using UV-curable resin to address the inherent brittleness of ceramic materials. A biomimetic double-layered structure was designed, consisting of a high-density outer layer for mechanical strength and a highly porous inner layer for resin storage. The porous layer, achieved through nylon microparticle addition and subsequent volatilization during sintering, reached a porosity of 67%. As confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and EDS analysis, UV-curable acrylic resin was successfully incorporated into the porous structure. Three-point bending tests demonstrated efficient healing with a recovery rate of 56% after 5 min of UV irradiation. Both cured resin weight and post-healing bending strength increased logarithmically with UV irradiation time. The bending strength after healing was strongly dependent on the cured resin weight and polymerization depth within the specimen, as evidenced by the correlation between increased polymerization area and higher bending strength. This approach offers a promising solution for developing more reliable and durable ceramic materials, which will be particularly beneficial for aerospace and medical applications where maintenance cost reduction and extended product life are crucial.
Impermeability, Strength and Microstructure of Concrete Modified by Nano-Silica and Expansive Agent
Authors: Zeng Pinmo , Abbas Mohammed A. A. M. , Ran Xinyi , Li Peipeng
Published: February 2025

The impermeability of concrete is very important to its durability and service life, which could be affected by nanomaterial and mineral admixture additions. This paper tends to enhance the impermeability, strength, and microstructure of concrete using nano-silica (NS) and U-type expansive agent (UEA). The slump flow, compressive strength, chloride ion resistance, water penetration and absorption, hydration, and microstructure of concrete are investigated under different NS and UEA contents. The results indicate that an appropriate NS content of 2% contributes to dense pore structure and the generation of more hydration product for impermeability-enhanced concrete, which results in a compressive strength of 43.53 MPa and chloride ion and water penetration resistance improvements of 21% and 35%, respectively. The slump flow and compressive strength of concrete decrease slightly in the presence of UEA utilization, while the chloride ion and water penetration resistances are firstly enhanced and then weakened with the increase in UEA contents. In the case of 9% UEA, the concrete achieves a compressive strength of 31.54 MPa, a chloride ion penetration coefficient of 9.34 × 10−12 m2/s, and a relative permeability coefficient of 2.56 cm/s.
Comparison of the Properties of Acellular Matrix from the Skins of Cod (Gadus morhua) and Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
Authors: Liu Yu , Wei Zeyu , Duan Rui , Wang Ke , Xu Tianyue , Mao Binxian , Zhang Junjie
Published: February 2025

Acellular tissue matrices of fish skin origin are highly promising materials for tissue engineering due to their low biological risks and few religious restrictions. The main component of acellular fish skin matrices (AFSMs) is collagen, but collagen properties significantly differ between marine and freshwater fish. Although the characteristics of acellular matrices may vary, relevant reports about them are few. In this study, we used cod and tilapia fish skin as raw materials to prepare acellular matrices with low DNA content (≤50 ng/mg) and low endotoxin. They were denoted as C-AFSM (cod) and T-AFSM (tilapia) and had endotoxin removal rates of 92.47% and 96.73%, respectively. Their physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, and wound healing effects were evaluated and compared. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that C-AFSM and T-AFSM had collagenous meshwork and high porosity. They also did not induce skin irritations. Their proliferation rates on mouse fibroblasts at 36 h were 192.21% ± 33.25% and 162.89% ± 36.47%, respectively. The wound healing effect of C-AFSM was faster than that of T-AFSM group (7 and 14 days: 45.3% ± 5.99% and 93.77% ± 1.58% for C-AFSM and 39.7% ± 2.84% and 93.35% ± 1.1% for T-AFSM, respectively). Therefore, the two acellular fish skin matrices can be used as tissue-engineering materials for wound repair, with C-AFSM being more effective than T-AFSM.
Kicking, Throwing, Grappling: How Combat Sports Shape Muscular Fitness and Motor Competence in Children
Authors: Stamenković Stevan , Karničić Hrvoje , Vlašić Jadranka , Topolovec Anja , Pekas Damir
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine differences in motor competence and muscular fitness between children engaged in combat sports and their peers who do not participate in structured physical activity. Methods: The sample consisted of 120 healthy eight-year-old children, evenly divided into two groups: 60 children practicing combat sports (karate, judo, and wrestling) for at least one year and 60 children without structured sports involvement. Motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), while muscular fitness was evaluated through standing broad jump, grip strength, 30 s sit-ups, bent arm hang, medicine ball throw, and push-ups. For differences between groups, the independent samples t-test was performed. Results: Results indicated that children practicing combat sports demonstrated significantly higher locomotor and manipulative skills (p < 0.01, ES = 0.76–1.25) and superior muscular fitness across all tests (p < 0.01, ES = 0.53–1.09) compared to their peers. Conclusions: These findings highlight the positive impact of combat sports on overall physical development, particularly in enhancing motor competence, muscle strength, and endurance. Given the critical role of motor competence and physical fitness at this age, integrating combat sports into daily routines can support long-term athletic development, encourage physical activity, and enhance overall health. Future research should explore the influence of specific combat sports on distinct physical attributes and consider additional factors such as total physical activity levels.
Digging in Deep: Size and Site-Specific Variation in Burrow Morphology and Behaviour of the Mud Shrimp, Trypaea australiensis Dana, 1852
Authors: Kirby Renae L. , Wong Marian Y. L.
Published: February 2025

The importance of habitats, particularly burrows, for intertidal crustaceans is multifaceted. These habitats provide crucial shelter, food sources, and reproductive advantages that are essential for enhancing survival and fitness. However, maintaining these habitats can be costly, influencing whether individuals adapt to or relocate under changing environments. Burrowing mud shrimp present challenges when it comes to studying their behaviours and burrow morphology, owing to their cryptic lifestyle. In this study, we investigated burrow morphology and burrowing behaviour in the mud shrimp, Trypaea australiensis, to better understand the importance of burrows for these organisms. Firstly, we quantified burrow morphology in situ using resin casts and 3D imagery at two locations. Secondly, we examined shrimp burrowing behaviour in custom-made aquarium cuvettes in the laboratory. Resin casts showed that burrows at Shoalhaven Heads exhibited larger burrows with greater variation in the length of burrow measurements compared to burrows at Port Hacking. Laboratory observations of burrowing behaviour demonstrated that shrimp dedicate a large proportion of time to maintaining the structure of their burrows, irrespective of time of day or shrimp sex. Differences were observed between size categories, where smaller individuals were observed sitting significantly more and ventilating significantly less compared to larger individuals. Overall, our study provides a quantitative insight into the importance of burrow habitats and provides the first insights into burrowing behaviour and burrow structure for this endemic ecosystem engineer.