bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divining Disposition: The Role of Elite Beliefs and Gender Narratives in Women’s Suffrage
Authors: Barnes Mariel J.
Published: February 2020

Most accounts of franchise extension hold that elites extend electoral rights when they believe expansions will consolidate their political power. Yet, how do elites come to believe this? And how do elites make inferences about the political preferences of the disenfranchised? I argue that elites utilize the cue of “disposition” to determine the consequences of enfranchisement. Disposition refers to the innate characteristics of an individual (or group) that are believed to shape behavior and decision-making. Importantly, because disposition is perceived to be intrinsic, elites assume it is more stable and permanent than party identification or policy preferences. Using historical process-tracing and discourse analysis of primary documents, I determine that disposition was frequently and repeatedly used to either support or oppose women’s enfranchisement in New Zealand.
A study of the influence of tropospheric subsidence on spring and summer surface ozone concentrations at the JRC Ispra station in northern Italy
Authors: Kalabokas Pavlos , Jensen Niels Roland , Roveri Mauro , Hjorth Jens , Eremenko Maxim , Cuesta Juan , Dufour Gaëlle , Foret Gilles , Beekmann Matthias
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The influence of tropospheric ozone on the surface ozone
concentrations is investigated at the monitoring station of JRC Ispra, based
on 10 years of measurements (2006–2015) of surface ozone data. In situ
hourly measurements of ozone and other air pollutants, meteorological
parameters, and weekly averaged 7Be (as an indicator of
upper-tropospheric–stratospheric influence) and 210Pb measurements (as
an indicator of boundary layer influence) have been used for the analysis. In
addition, IASI + GOME-2 and IASI ozone satellite data have also been used. It
is observed that frequently 7Be and ozone weekly peaks coincide, which
might be explained by the impact of deep atmospheric subsidence on surface
ozone, particularly during late spring and early summer. Based on this
observation, a detailed analysis of selected 7Be and ozone episodes
occurring during that period of the year has been performed in order to
further elucidate the mechanisms of tropospheric influence on the surface
pollutant concentrations. For the analysis, composite NOAA/ESRL reanalysis
synoptic meteorological charts in the troposphere have been used as well as
IASI satellite ozone measurements and NOAA HYSPLIT back trajectories. The
JRC station hourly measurements during subsidence episodes show very low
values of local pollution parameters (e.g., NOx, 222Rn,
nephelometer data, PM10), close to zero. Conversely, during these
periods ozone levels usually reach values around 45–60 ppb during the
afternoon hours but also show significantly higher values than the average
during the night and morning hours, which is a sign of direct tropospheric
influence on the surface ozone concentrations.
An improved air mass factor calculation for nitrogen dioxide measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2)
Authors: Liu Song , Valks Pieter , Pinardi Gaia , Xu Jian , Argyrouli Athina , Lutz Ronny , Tilstra L. Gijsbert , Huijnen Vincent , Hendrick François , Van Roozendael Michel
Published: February 2020

Abstract. An improved tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrieval algorithm from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument based on air mass factor (AMF) calculations performed with more realistic model parameters is presented. The viewing angle dependency of surface albedo is taken into account by improving the GOME-2 Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (LER) climatology with a directionally dependent LER (DLER) dataset over land and an ocean surface albedo parameterisation over water. A priori NO2 profiles with higher spatial and temporal resolutions are obtained from the IFS (CB05BASCOE) chemistry transport model based on recent emission inventories. A more realistic cloud treatment is provided by a clouds-as-layers (CAL) approach, which treats the clouds as uniform layers of water droplets, instead of the current clouds-as-reflecting-boundaries (CRB) model, which assumes that the clouds are Lambertian reflectors. On average, improvements in the AMF calculation affect the tropospheric NO2 columns by ±15 % in winter and ±5 % in summer over largely polluted regions. In addition, the impact of aerosols on our tropospheric NO2 retrieval is investigated by comparing the concurrent retrievals based on ground-based aerosol measurements (explicit aerosol correction) and the aerosol-induced cloud parameters (implicit aerosol correction). Compared with the implicit aerosol correction utilising the CRB cloud parameters, the use of the CAL approach reduces the AMF errors by more than 10 %. Finally, to evaluate the improved GOME-2 tropospheric NO2 columns, a validation is performed using ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAXDOAS) measurements at different BIRA-IASB stations. At the suburban Xianghe station, the improved tropospheric NO2 dataset shows better agreement with coincident ground-based measurements with a correlation coefficient of 0.94.
Atmospheric observations with E-band microwave links – challenges and opportunities
Authors: Fencl Martin , Dohnal Michal , Valtr Pavel , Grabner Martin , Bareš Vojtěch
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Opportunistic sensing of rainfall and water vapor using commercial microwave links operated within cellular networks was conceived more than a decade ago. It has since been further investigated in numerous studies predominantly concentrating on the frequency region of 15–40 GHz. This manuscript provides the first evaluation of rainfall and water vapor sensing with microwave links operating at an E band (specifically, 71–76 GHz and 81–86 GHz), which are increasingly updating, and frequently replacing, older communication infrastructure. Attenuation-rainfall relations are investigated theoretically on drop size distribution data. Furthermore, quantitative rainfall estimates from six microwave links, operated within cellular backhaul, are compared with observed rainfall intensities. Finally, the capability to detect water vapor is demonstrated on the longest microwave link measuring 4.86 km in path length. The results show that E-band microwave links are by one order of magnitude more sensitive to rainfall than devices operating in the 15–40 GHz range and are thus able to observe even light rainfalls, a feat practically impossible to achieve previously. The E-band links are, however, substantially more affected by errors related to variable drop size distribution. Water vapor retrieval might be possible from long E band microwave links, nevertheless, the efficient separation of gaseous attenuation from other signal losses will be challenging in practice.
Three-dimensional wind profiles using a stabilized shipborne cloud radar in wind profiler mode
Authors: Protat Alain , McRobert Ian
Published: February 2020

Abstract. In this study, a shipborne 95 GHz Doppler cloud radar mounted on a stabilized platform is used to retrieve vertical profiles of three-dimensional (3D) winds by sequentially pointing the stabilized platform in different directions. A specific challenge is that the maximum angle off zenith is 8°, which implies that the projection of the horizontal wind components onto the radar beam directions is a small component of Doppler velocity in most cases. A variational 3D wind retrieval technique is then described, allowing for 1-minute resolution 3D wind profiles to be retrieved. Statistical comparisons with 3-hourly radiosonde launches and qualitative comparisons with ship-level horizontal winds demonstrate that accurate 3D wind profiles can be obtained from such cloud radar observations at small off-zenith angles.
Influence of oceanic conditions in the energy transfer efficiency estimation of a micronekton model
Authors: Delpech Audrey , Conchon Anna , Titaud Olivier , Lehodey Patrick
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Micronekton – small marine pelagic organisms around 1–10 cm in size – are a key component of the ocean ecosystem, as they constitute the main source of forage for all larger predators. Moreover, the mesopelagic component of micronekton that undergoes diel vertical migration (DVM) likely plays a key role in the transfer and storage of CO2 in the deep ocean: this is known as the “biological pump”. SEAPODYM-MTL is a spatially explicit dynamical model of micronekton. It simulates six functional groups of vertically migrant (DVM) and nonmigrant (no DVM) micronekton, in the epipelagic and mesopelagic layers. Coefficients of energy transfer efficiency between primary production and each group are unknown, but they are essential as they control the production of micronekton biomass. Since these coefficients are not directly measurable, a data assimilation method is used to estimate them. In this study, Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are used at a global scale to explore the response of oceanic regions regarding energy transfer coefficient estimation. In our experiments, we obtained different results for spatially distinct sampling regions based on their prevailing ocean conditions. According to our study, ideal sampling areas are warm and productive waters associated with weak surface currents like the eastern side of tropical oceans. These regions are found to reduce the error of estimated coefficients by 20 % compared to cold and more dynamic sampling regions.
No nitrogen fixation in the Bay of Bengal?
Authors: Löscher Carolin R. , Mohr Wiebke , Bange Hermann W. , Canfield Donald E.
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The Bay of Bengal (BoB) has long stood as a biogeochemical enigma, with
subsurface waters containing extremely low, but persistent, concentrations
of oxygen in the nanomolar range which – for some, yet unconstrained, reason –
are prevented from becoming anoxic. One reason for this may be the low
productivity of the BoB waters due to nutrient limitation and the resulting
lack of respiration of organic material at intermediate waters. Thus, the
parameters determining primary production are key in understanding what
prevents the BoB from developing anoxia. Primary productivity in the sunlit
surface layers of tropical oceans is mostly limited by the supply of
reactive nitrogen through upwelling, riverine flux, atmospheric deposition,
and biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation. In the BoB, a stable
stratification limits nutrient supply via upwelling in the open waters, and
riverine or atmospheric fluxes have been shown to support only less than one-quarter of the nitrogen for primary production. This leaves a large
uncertainty for most of the BoB's nitrogen input, suggesting a potential
role of N2 fixation in those waters. Here, we present a survey of N2 fixation and carbon fixation in the BoB
during the winter monsoon season. We detected a community of N2 fixers
comparable to other oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) regions, with only a few
cyanobacterial clades and a broad diversity of non-phototrophic N2
fixers present throughout the water column (samples collected between 10
and 560 m water depth). While similar communities of N2 fixers were
shown to actively fix N2 in other OMZs, N2 fixation rates were
below the detection limit in our samples covering the water column between
the deep chlorophyll maximum and the OMZ. Consistent with this, no N2
fixation signal was visible in δ15N signatures. We suggest that
the absence of N2 fixation may be a consequence of a micronutrient
limitation or of an O2 sensitivity of the OMZ diazotrophs in the BoB.
Exploring how the onset of N2 fixation by cyanobacteria compared to
non-phototrophic N2 fixers would impact on OMZ O2 concentrations,
a simple model exercise was carried out. We observed that both photic-zone-based and OMZ-based N2 fixation are very sensitive to even
minimal changes in water column stratification, with stronger mixing
increasing organic matter production and export, which can exhaust
remaining O2 traces in the BoB.
Glaciers and climate of the Upper Susitna basin, Alaska
Authors: Bliss Andrew , Hock Regine , Wolken Gabriel , Whorton Erin , Aubry-Wake Caroline , Braun Juliana , Gusmeroli Alessio , Harrison Will , Hoffman Andrew , Liljedahl Anna , Zhang Jing
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Extensive field observations were conducted in the Upper Susitna basin, a 13 289 km2 glacierized catchment in central Alaska in 2012–2014. This paper describes the comprehensive data set of meteorological, glacier mass balance, snow cover, and soil measurements, as well as the data collection and processing. Results are compared to similar observations from the 1980s. Environmental lapse rates measured with weather stations between about 1000 and 2000 m a.s.l. were significantly lower over the glaciers than the non-glacierized areas. Glacier-wide mass balances shifted from close to balanced in 1981–1983 to less than −1.5 m w.e. yr−1 in 2012–2014. Winter snow accumulation measured with ablation stakes on the glaciers closely matched observations from helicopter-borne radar. Soil temperature measurements across the basin showed that there was no permafrost in the upper 1 m of the soil column. The data produced by this study are available at: https://doi.org/10.14509/30138 (Bliss et al., 2019) and will be useful for hydrological and glaciological studies including modeling efforts.
Measurements of Hydrodynamics, Sediment, Morphology and
Benthos on Ameland Ebb-Tidal Delta and Lower Shoreface
Authors: van Prooijen Bram C. , Tissier Marion F. S. , de Wit Floris P. , Pearson Stuart G. , Brakenhoff Laura B. , van Maarseveen Marcel C. G. , van der Vegt Maarten , Mol Jan-Willem , Kok Frank , Holzhauer Harriette , van der Werf Jebbe J. , Vermaas Tommer , Gawehn Matthijs , Grasmeijer Bart , Elias Edwin P. L. , Tonnon Pieter Koen , Reniers Ad J. H. M. , Wang Zeng Bing , den Heijer Cornelis , van Gelder-Maas Carola , Wilmink Rinse J. A. , Schipper Cor A. , de Looff Harry
Published: February 2020

Abstract. A large-scale ﬁeld campaign has been carried out on the ebb-tidal delta (ETD) of Ameland Inlet, a basin of the Wadden Sea in the Netherlands, as well as on three transects along the Dutch lower shoreface. With this campaign, as part of KustGenese2.0 (Coastal Genesis 2.0) and SEAWAD, we aimed to gain new knowledge on the processes driving sediment transport and benthic species distribution in such a dynamic environment. These new insights will ultimately help the development of optimal strategies to nourish the Dutch coastal zone in order to prevent coastal erosion and keep up with sea level rise. The dataset obtained from the ﬁeld campaign consists of: (i) bathymetry data from single beam and multibeam measurements; (ii) ﬂow, waves, sediment concentration, conductivity and temperature, and bedforms at 10 locations on the delta; 7 stand-alone pressure sensors deployed on the ebb-tidal shoal; and 6 ADCPs on the watersheds; (iii) bed composition and macro benthic species from 166 (in 2017), 53 (in 2018) boxcores, 21 vibrocores; (iv) discharge measurements through the inlet; (v) X-band radar; (vi) meterological data. The combination of all these measurements at the same time makes this dataset unique and enables us to investigate the interactions between sediment transport, hydrodynamics, morphology and the benthic ecosystem in more detail. The data is publicly available at 4TU Centre for Research Data at https://doi.org/10.4121/collection:seawad (Delft University of Technology et al., 2019).
Signal Processing for In-Situ Detection of Effective Heat Pulse Probe Spacing Radius as the Basis of a Self-Calibrating Heat Pulse Probe
Authors: Kinar Nicholas J. , Pomeroy John W. , Si Bing
Published: February 2020

Abstract. A sensor comprised of an electronic circuit and a hybrid single and dual heat pulse probe was constructed and tested along with a novel signal processing procedure to determine changes in the effective dual-probe spacing radius over the time of measurement. The circuit utilized a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller to control heat inputs into the soil medium in lieu of a variable resistor. The system was designed for on-board signal processing and implemented USB, RS-232 and SDI-12 interfaces for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) exchange of data, thereby enabling heat inputs to be adjusted to soil conditions and data availability shortly after the time of experiment. Signal processing was introduced to provide a simplified single-probe model to determine thermal conductivity instead of reliance on late-time logarithmic curve-fitting. Homomorphic and derivative filters were used with a dual-probe model to detect changes in the effective probe spacing radius over the time of experiment to compensate for physical changes in radius as well as model and experimental error. Theoretical constraints were developed for an efficient inverse of the exponential integral on an embedded system. Application of the signal processing to experiments on sand and peat improved the estimates of soil water content and bulk density compared to methods of curve-fitting nominally used for heat pulse probe experiments. Applications of the technology may be especially useful for soil and environmental conditions where effective changes in probe spacing radius need to be detected and compensated over the time of experiment.
The Influence of a Prolonged Meteorological Drought on the Catchment Water Storage Capacity: A Hydrological Model Perspective
Authors: Pan Zhengke , Liu Pan , Xu Chongyu , Cheng Lei , Tian Jing , Cheng Shujie , Xie Kang
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Understanding the propagation process of prolonged meteorological droughts (i.e., decade) helps solve the problem of increasing water scarcity around the world. Historical literature studied the propagation between different drought types (e.g., from meteorological to hydrological drought) with mainly statistical approaches, however, little attention has been paid to the causality between the meteorological drought with potential changes in the Catchment Water Storage Capacity (CWSC) where the latter plays a critical role in catchment response behavior to former. This study used the temporal variation in the estimated value of a model parameter that denotes the CWSC in its model structure to reflect the potential changes in real CWSC. The most likely Change points of the CWSC were determined based on the Bayesian Change point analysis. Also, the possible association and linkage between the shift in the CWSC and the time-lag of the catchment (i.e., time-lag between the occurrence of the drought with the Change point) with multiple catchment properties and climate characteristics have been studied. Catchments from southeastern Australia were used as a study area to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Results indicated that (1) in 62.7 % of the catchments, the sustained drought causes significant shifts in the CWSC. The shift led to the opposite response in two subsets of catchments, i.e., 48.2 % of catchments had lower runoff generation rates for a given rainfall while 14.5 % of catchments had higher runoff generation rate. (2) Catchments with larger elevation and slope, lower forest coverage of Evergreen Broadleaf Forest are more likely to have increase in the CWSC during a chronic drought while smaller catchments with lower elevation, lower coverage of the Evergreen Broadleaf Forest are more likely to have a decrease in the CWSC. (3) The changed catchments were not equally susceptible to the pressure due to persistent meteorological drought. Catchments with a lower proportion of Evergreen Broadleaf Forest usually have longer time-lag and are more resilient. This study improves our understanding of possible changes in CWSC induced by a prolonged meteorological drought, which will help improve our ability to simulate the hydrological system.
The Heterogeneous Discrete Generalized Nash Model for Flood Routing
Authors: Yan Baowei , Jiang Huining , Li Zhengkun , Zhang Jun , Yang Wenfa
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The topographic heterogeneity of the rivers has great effects on the river flood routing. The discrete generalized Nash model (DGNM), developed on the basis of the Nash's instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH), is a lumped model that can't reflect the spatial heterogeneity of the river topography. The heterogeneous DGNM (HDGNM) with a consideration of such heterogeneity has been developed by the conceptual interpretation of the DGNM. Two compositions of the downstream outflow generated by the recession of the old water stored in the river channel and the discharge of the new water from upstream inflow were deduced respectively with the help of the heterogeneous IUH and the corresponding heterogeneous S curve. The HDGNM is finally expressed as a linear combination of the inflows and outflows, whose weight coefficients are calculated by the heterogeneous S curve. The HDGNM expands the application scope, and becomes more applicable, especially in river reaches where the river slopes and cross-sections change greatly. The middle Hanjiang River was selected as a case study to test the model performance. It is suggested that the HDGNM performs better than the DGNM, with higher model efficiency and smaller relative error in the simulated flood hydrographs.
Linking mangroves and fish catch: a correlational study in the southern Caribbean Sea (Colombia)
Authors: Sandoval Londoño Luis Alejandro , Leal-Flórez Jenny , Blanco-Libreros Juan F
Published: February 2020

Mangroves provide habitat to a variety of fish species, potentially enhancing fish production in small-scale fisheries. Fish production ecosystem services have been correlated with mangrove area and perimeter in many tropical locations; however, nothing has been published linking small-scale
fish catch and mangrove attributes in the southern Caribbean Sea. We correlated environmental variables with experimentally-derived catch per unit effort (CPUE) and richness of fishes in the Colombian southern Caribbean Sea, an area not directly connected with other productive coastal habitats.
Concurrently, we measured mangrove attributes (area, perimeter, above-ground carbon), water quality (salinity, total dissolved solids), and water column productivity parameters (chlorophyll a, seston, zooplankton biovolume). Mangrove area and zooplankton biovolume were the main factors
influencing fish species richness. Mangrove area was positively correlated with catches for three of the most common fish species in the local artisanal fishery: Ariopsis canteri Acero P, Betancur-R, and Marceniuk, 2017, Mugil incilis Hancock, 1830, and Sciades proops
(Valenciennes, 1840), which represent about 22% of the total regional annual catch. Our results suggest causal links between mangrove habitat and fishery production through a mangrove trophic contribution. Ariopsis canteri appears to be a mangrove-dependent species and M. incilis
a mangrove- associated species. These results support managing or preserving mangroves in the most extensive areas in the southern Caribbean to sustain small-scale fishery resources used mainly for community sustenance where alternative resources are limited.
PRECIPITAÇÃO NA AMÉRICA DO SUL – DADOS OBTIDOS POR ESTAÇÕES METEOROLÓGICAS AUTOMÁTICAS E POR SISTEMAS ORBITAIS
Authors: Silva Carlos Batista , Silva Maria Elisa Siqueira , Ambrizzi Tércio , Tommaselli José Tadeu Garcia , Patucci Natália Nunes , Mataveli Guilherme Augusto Verola , Lima Bruna Simões , Correa Wesley Campos
Published: February 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar os dados de precipitação obtidos em estações meteorológicas automáticas a dados oriundos de precipitação compilados em grades regulares globais. Os dados de precipitação das estações automáticas foram obtidos da rede do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, INMET, para os municípios de Paranaponema/PR, Ourinhos/SP, Joaquim Távora/PR e Presidente Prudente/SP. Os conjuntos de dados globais comparados aos dados das estações meteorológicas foram obtidos junto aos projetos do CHIRPS, GPCP e TRMM. Em geral, o padrão espacial médio da precipitação anual e sazonal dos dados do CHIRPS e TRMM são mais similares entre si do que os obtidos com os dados do GPCP. Para médias anuais e sazonais, os dados dos GPCP apresentam valores mais altos do que os dados do TRMM e CHIRPS. Os resultados de correlação linear entre os dados diários de precipitação das estações automáticas e os dados globais são baixos (r < 0,16), destacando-se, contudo, a estação de Presidente Prudente que apresenta correlação maior, 0,53, em relação aos dados do CHIRPS. Na escala pentadal, os dados globais CHIRPS, TRMM e GPCP apresentam valores de correlação relativamente mais altos, superiores a 0,60 para as estações de Presidente Prudente e Paranaponema. Na escala mensal, todas as três bases de dados globais apresentam valores de correlação linear superiores a 0,48, no caso das estações de Ourinhos e Joaquim Távora. Os resultados obtidos a partir das análises de correlação e de regressão linear múltipla sugerem alternativas viáveis para o preenchimento de dados faltantes.
VARIABILIDADE INTERANUAL DAS PROPRIEDADES ÓTICAS DE AEROSSÓIS EM BIOMAS DISTINTOS NA AMAZÔNIA LEGAL
Authors: Romera Kelly Sousa , De Musis Carlo Ralph , Palácios Rafael Da Silva , Curado Leone Francisco Amorim , Nogueira José De Souza , Marques João Basso , Costa Rayanna De Oliveira , Brunelli Thaís Costa , Duarte Leilane Gomes
Published: February 2020

A análise das propriedades óticas dos aerossóis é extremamente importante para o entendimento dos impactos que o material particulado pode provocar nos fluxos radiativos. Nesse sentido, este estudo teve como principal objetivo utilizar as medidas da AERONET (do inglês, AErosol RObotic NETwork) para avaliar as propriedades absortivas e espalhadoras dos aerossóis atmosféricos nos biomas cerrado e floresta amazônica (ambos na Amazônia Legal), além de avaliar a aplicabilidade do novo algoritmo (V3) da AERONET. Neste trabalho foram recuperados os dados dos radiômetros CIMEL sun-sky para os sites de Alta Floresta e Cuiabá MIRANDA, com nível 2.0 de processamento (V3), para o período de 17 anos (2000-2016). As variáveis analisadas foram a AAOD (do inglês, Absorption Aerosol Optical Deph), profundidade ótica de absorção do aerossol o SSA (do inglês, Single Scattering Albedo), albedo de espalhamento simples e o EAA (do inglês, Expoent Angstrom Absorption) expoente Angstrom de Absorção (440 a 870 nm). Os resultados evidenciaram que ambos biomas são fortemente impactados pela queima de biomassa. Os maiores valores encontrados para SSA e AAOD ocorreram para os menores comprimentos de onda, indicando a predominância de carbono orgânico. Este resultado indica que estas partículas são compostas por elementos que apresentam forte dependência espectral. Apesar da queda anual no desmatamento na região amazônica após 2004, observa-se que AAOD não seguiu o mesmo padrão. Também foi verificado que o produto de inversão V3 se mostrou eficiente para avaliação das propriedades óticas dos aerossóis no período seco da série estudada.
AVALIAÇÃO DE DADOS DE PRECIPITAÇÃO PARA O MONITORAMENTO DO PADRÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DA SECA NO NORDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Dos Santos Sergio Rodrigo Quadros , Cunha Ana Paula Martins do Amaral , Ribeiro-Neto Germano Gondim
Published: February 2020

Um importante fator intrínseco da região Nordeste do Brasil (NEB) é sua variabilidade climática natural. A caracterização da variabilidade espaço-temporal da chuva nesta região torna-se importante no contexto da gestão do risco de seca, seja para subsidiar a tomada de decisões em relação às tendências climáticas, como para o monitoramento de eventos extremos de precipitação em curto e médio prazo. No entanto, a falta de conjuntos de dados observacionais de precipitação de longo prazo e concomitantemente consistentes, são os grandes obstáculos para o estudo e o monitoramento do padrão espaço-temporal da chuva. Posto isto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho espaço-temporal de duas diferentes fontes de dados de precipitação (dados observacionais interpolados e obtidos por sensoriamento remoto) com a finalidade de criar um banco de dados conciso para a caracterização e o monitoramento da seca no NEB. De modo geral, o padrão sazonal de precipitação no NEB foi bem representado tanto por meio dos dados observacionais interpolados (dados oriundos do CPTEC/INPE) como pelos dados obtidos por sensoriamento remoto (CHIRPS). As análises quantitativas evidenciaram também que o CHIRPS apresenta erros sistemáticos de subestimativa e superestimava, porém, os valores de RMSE não ultrapassam 5 mm por estação do ano. Dessa maneira, foi possível a criação de uma nova série temporal de precipitação que compreende o período 1988 a 2017. O SPI calculado considerando o novo conjunto de dados de precipitação (CHIRPS-CPTEC/INPE) representou de maneira acurada os eventos secos e chuvosos no NEB quando comparados com aqueles identificados apenas com o uso do CHIRPS. Tal resultado corrobora a utilização da nova série climatológica no monitoramento de eventos extremos na região, principalmente os eventos de seca, uma vez que, são recorrentes e persistentes, permitindo assim uma melhor avaliação dos seus impactos na região.
EPIDEMIOLOGIA, FATORES CLIMÁTICAS E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DA DENGUE EM UMA CAPITAL DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Santos Júnior Claudio José dos , Silva Jackson Pinto
Published: February 2020

Objetivo: Avaliar correlação de parâmetros meteorológicos com a incidência de Dengue em Maceió-AL, Brasil, e descrever a distribuição espacial e perfil. Métodos: Foram considerados os registros de casos novos de 01/01/2010 a 31/12/2016. A incidência foi verificada por de Taxa Anual Média de Incidência (TAM) através da abordagem bayesiana. A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para avaliar a relação entre fatores climáticos e incidência de casos. A espacialização foi realizada por meio da geração de mapas temáticos. Resultados: Na estratificação da TAM, a capital apresentou 57% do período com alta incidência e 29% do intervalo temporal com característica de epidemia. Verificou-se que nenhum bairro apresentou ausência da doença na totalidade período em análise. As áreas consideradas de “média incidência” se distribuíram ao longo de todo território da capital, enquanto que as de “alta incidência” encontravam concentradas, principalmente, nas regiões Sul, Noroeste e Norte. O município apresentou somente dois bairros com “baixa incidência”. Na análise de densidade de casos, verificou-se alta densidade e formação clusteres em três regiões do município e grande concentração de ocorrência de dengue nas porções Sul e no Litoral. Houve correlação de forte a moderada entre a incidência de dengue e as variáveis umidade e precipitação pluviométrica em 60% e 70% do período analisado, respectivamente. Conclusão: A pesquisa apontou que as variáveis precipitação e umidade influenciam na epidemiologia da dengue, além de evidenciar a existência de áreas prioritárias de intervenção no combate da doença.
TENDÊNCIAS DE EXTREMOS CLIMÁTICOS NA REGIÃO DE TRANSIÇÃO AMAZÔNIA-CERRADO NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO
Authors: Santos Jessflan Rafael Nascimento , Araújo Mayara Lucyanne Santos de , Silva Junior Celso Henrique Leite , Santos Juliana Sales dos , Almeida Juliana Lopes , Lima Taynara Viana , Sousa Luan Victor Pereira de , Aguiar Pedro Henrique Modesto de , Silva Fabrício Brito
Published: February 2020

Os extremos climáticos têm sido tema de grande interesse em pesquisas de mudanças climáticas por proporcionar subsídios para gestão de eventos de desastres naturais e causar desequilíbrios nos sistemas sociais e produtivos. Porém, as regiões de transição entre biomas e ecossistemas têm sido pouco exploradas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os índices de extremos climáticos derivados da temperatura e precipitação na região de transição Amazônia-Cerrado no Estado do Maranhão no período de 1986 a 2016. Foi utilizado o programa computacional RClimdex e teste não paramétrico de Mann-Kendall para detectar as tendências de aumento ou decréscimo. As temperaturas máximas e mínimas mostraram uma forte tendência de aumento, evidenciando que tantos os dias quanto as noites estão mais quentes em todo os Estado. Em relação à precipitação, há uma grande variabilidade espaço-temporal, não havendo padrão bem definido, mas ocorrendo uma estação com aumento no volume de chuvas e umidade e outra com decréscimo estatisticamente significativo. Dessa forma, o clima está mudando de forma diferente em diferentes localidades no Estado do Maranhão.
Assessing Down Syndrome EFL Learner’s Language Ability: Incorporating Learners-Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Abbasian Gholam-reza , Ebrahimi Fatemeh
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to explore Down syndrome EFL learners and their teachers’ perceptions of language ability assessment and considering their perceptions in order to develop an appropriate test format which can enable them to present their best of language ability. To achieve this purpose, 35 individuals with Down syndrome (both genders), their teachers, and counselors participated in this research. 21 individuals with Down syndrome were at the basic level of second language development, 14 individuals were elementary. It is noteworthy that four instruments were used in this study: Observation, Interview, and Questionnaire and Down Syndrome EFL learners’ language proficiency test. Down syndrome individuals’ English classes were also observed to achieve information on the strengths and weaknesses in developing second language. Then, an interview was conducted among Down syndrome individuals, their teachers, and counselors for the purpose of qualitative data required to make a researchers-made questionnaire in order to elicit their assessment perceptions. The data obtained from the study revealed that the Down Syndrome learners preferred to be tested that most of students with Down Syndrome prefer to be assessed only through some especial test items which including the multiple-choice, matching, true-false, short-answer questions, fill-in-the-blanks tests, conversation with patterns and oral assessments. This study can provide teachers and material developers with the knowledge to develop and provide assessment models to help Down Syndrome EFL learners improve their learning quality.
Determining the Influence of Life Change Events on the Mental Health Nurses; A Case of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhujaili Waleed Mokhaideer , Alzghool Muneeb Mohammad
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Few researches are found concerning the relationship of life-altering events and psychological health among mental health nurses in Saudi Arabia. Thereby, the study examines the influence of life-altering events on Saudi mental health of nurses.

METHODS: A descriptive correlational research design was used where mental health nurses from three different hospitals were recruited using a random sampling method. Data was collected using Qandil’s Arabic Modified Life Events Questionnaire. Pearson correlation evaluated the relationship between variables.

RESULTS: Major change in eating habits was responsible for expressing both depression and stress. Inclusion of new members, leaving loved ones due to several causes, spouses’ death, and substantial changes in the family members’ health status are all significantly related to depression. Change occurred in the parents’ marital status due to divorce or death also became the cause of depression. This is also same when person felt burden in taking care of the sick family member. Going on vacations and short trips, change in the meetings of family and social activities may help in relieving depression.

CONCLUSION: The findings show that big personal achievements lead to negative relationship with depression. Stress-related factors are also a personal problem, which must be intervened with the enhancement of the working conditions.
Workplace Support Systems in Small- and Medium-Sized Companies for Employees Receiving Medical Treatment in Japan
Authors: Rikitake Ryoko , Kamitani Satoru , Takahashi Miyako , Higashi Takahiro
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND: Maintaining one’s current job is important for patients. Few studies have investigated the presence of support systems in small- and medium-sized companies to help balance the therapeutic needs and occupational roles of workers in Japan.

AIMS: To understand whether small- and medium-sized companies in Japan have established workplace policies to help employees with chronic disease balance medical treatment and professional life.

METHODS: We surveyed a sample of small- and medium-sized companies in Japan identified from a large database of corporate credit and marketing research companies between February and March 2017. A questionnaire addressed workplace policies that supported employees’ medical treatments and professional lives, such as flexible work arrangements and the preparation of manuals and forms to facilitate communication with treating physicians.

RESULTS: Of the 4158 companies initially contacted, 1140 companies (27%) responded to the survey. Of the valid respondents, 21% of the workplaces reported having established sufficient office rules to address employee’s necessary medical needs. Approximately half of the workplaces (53%) shared that they had a system in place to provide temporary medical leave for employees with chronic diseases. Few (12%) workplaces had established a process for having a trial return to work after a period of absence due to a medical condition.

CONCLUSIONS: Currently, a minority of small- and medium-sized companies in Japan have established workplace policies to address the medical needs of employees with chronic diseases.
The Effect of Teachers’ Level of Visual Use on Students’ Visual Reading Skills: Comparison Between the Students of Expert and Novice Teachers
Authors: Aslan Hasan , Turan Ibrahim
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of history teachers’ visual usage level on high school students’ visual reading skills. This qualitative research, consisting of two stages, was carried out using a holistic multi-case study design. In the first stage, 19 history teachers were observed in the classroom and their visual usage status in history lessons was determined (Aslan, 2015). Among these 19 teachers, a total of 4 teachers, 2 experts, and 2 novices, were determined according to their visual usage levels, and the second stage of the research was conducted with their students. The study group consisted of 92 high school students who agreed to participate in the study on a voluntary basis among the students of the teachers identified in 4 high schools.

The data required for the research was gathered via “Visual Reading Level Form” which developed by the researchers. Visual Reading Level Form aims to determine the visual reading skill levels of the participants in related sub-skills such as; estimating time and space, identifying persons, events and symbols, recognizing propaganda, understanding the message, and the historical importance of visual. According to research findings, in almost all sub-skills determined in this study, the students of the expert teachers were more successful than the students of the novice teachers. This shows that teachers’ higher levels of visual use precipitate an increase in their students’ visual reading skills.
De Omgevingswet: nieuw ruimtelijk recht(?)
Authors: Arnoldussen Tobias , Chevalier Danielle
Published: February 2020

The Environment and Planning Act, new spatial law(?)

The Environment and Planning Act (EPA), which will enter into force in 2021, has been called the most influential legislative reform in the Netherlands since World War II. This article forms the introduction to a special issue devoted to the EPA, in which scholars from various disciplines reflect on the societal and legal ramifications of this new act. The authors introduce the different articles but also offer their perspective on the emergence of this new field of research. Socio-legal research into such a vast new regulatory field benefits from the application of multiple perspectives and different research methods. Conspicuously, the authors of the various articles differ on how to assess the new regulation of Dutch spatial planning. Some are pessimistic, others strike a more optimistic note. In this introduction two more perspectives on the law are offered. The perspective of prefigurative law (Davina Cooper) embodies the more optimistic view, whilst the perspective of outsourced law (Pauline Westerman) sides with the pessimists.
Wpływ obciążenia podwieszonego
za pomocą łączników jednostronnych
na nośność płyt warstwowych
Authors: Studziński Robert , Ciesielczyk Katarzyna
Published: February 2020

W artykule zostały omówione
wyniki badań doświadczalnych przedstawiające
wpływ podwieszenia obciążenia zewnętrznego
do rozciąganej okładziny płyty
warstwowej na nośność tych płyt. Podwieszenie
zostało zrealizowane za pomocą
łączników jednostronnych (ang. blind rivets).
W tym celu zostały wykorzystane nity rozchylne
BulbTite. W praktyce połączenie z wykorzystaniem
łączników jednostronnych jest połączeniem
nieprzelotowym, tj. nie wymaga
stosowania podkonstrukcji i nie tworzy punktowych
mostków termicznych. W badaniach
posłużono się schematem belki czteropunktowo
zginanej. Badanie obejmowało kilka poziomów
obciążenia podwieszonego oraz jego
wpływ na belki warstwowe z rdzeniem wykonanym
z pianki poliuretanowej, z wełny mineralnej
i styropianu. W wyniku przeprowadzonych
badań określono siły niszczące,
sztywności sieczne i mechanizmy zniszczenia
badanych elementów warstwowych
Teaching Catholic Stakeholder Thinking Using the Open-Ended Case Method
Authors: Carrascoso Carlo ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: February 2020

Today’s managers face a competitive and globalized marketplace, with a multitude of stakeholders demanding their time and attention. The fast pace of this environment can overwhelm them and may interfere with their desire for meaningful work and an integration of their personal and professional values. This paper addresses this challenge by combining stakeholder theory and Catholic Social Tradition to form Catholic Stakeholder Thinking. Possessing values that are shared by managers of diverse faiths and beliefs, it explains how key Catholic social tenets and the resulting normative obligations inform managerial responsibilities to stakeholders. Catholic Stakeholder Thinking is taught and reinforced through the open-ended case method, an approach which encourages managers to critically examine the complexities of an issue. This determines whether their decisions promote integral human development and the common good in solidarity with the poor. The open-ended case method approach anchored in Catholic Stakeholder thinking sharpens managers’ skills and may contribute to personal development. Because of its shared focus on integral human development and the common good in solidarity with the poor, it can be used by managers of good will who hold different (or no) religious affiliations.
Managing Public Dismay and Saving the Image of the Four Seasons Bali
Authors: Bosma Jasper , Bouwer Johan , van Ginneken Rob ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: February 2020

This case describes an ethical dilemma faced by the Four Seasons Resort Bali at Sayan in September 2015. The resort had hosted a ceremony which appeared to be, on pictures posted on social media, the wedding of a homosexual couple. A local uproar ensued, and several stakeholders, including the local government, considered the event an outrage – same-sex marriage being illegal in the country – and the sales executive faced criminal charges of blasphemy, as the use of Hindu symbols was considered offensive. The case should make students reflect on the nature of several moral dilemmas that emerged in this specific hospitality context, and ask themselves questions like “who is responsible for the dismay?, has the dilemma been solved adequately? and, more generally, how should international companies deal with such matters?”
Smokers: To Hire or Not?
Authors: Corbin Thomas , Al Matarneh Akram , Braendle Udo ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: February 2020

This case study attempts to frame the ethical considerations between hiring a known smoker over a non-smoker in today’s cultural climate. Referenced data from a parallel project gauging the likelihood of Human Resources representatives to hire smokers and accommodate them in the workforce could help manage the response and critical thinking components of the case scenario. Questions also arise as to whether it is advisable for employers to take particular attitudes toward smoking in the workplace. This is not only in the interest of the health of employees, customers and clients, but is also on the basis of a concern that employers may otherwise expose themselves to lawsuits where employees may, on the basis of illness contracted due to a smoking environment supported by an employer, sue for the costs of care and income.
Teaching Business Ethics Through Narrative Film
Authors: Skorin-Kapov Jadranka , Benson Martin ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: February 2020

We address the question: what can experience of narrative film bring to a business student? The medium of narrative film allows discussions of ethical issues, as well as discussions of film as a product in terms of its artistic creativity versus its business goal and its marketing of an underlying ideological position. Hence, we look at films from philosophical (ethical), aesthetic (artistic), and business perspectives. We describe the effort and the outcome of delivering a new course in the business undergraduate program at the College of Business at Stony Brook University in New York, USA. The course was entitled Ethics: Critical Thinking through Film and it was designed to address various business and societal problems through narrative films. A diverse set of films allowed us to discuss questions about problems facing contemporary society, as well as ethical issues arising in business, including workforce ethics, greediness, bribery, whistle-blowing, and fraud.
Teaching Mathematics for Conceptual Understanding: Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices and the Role of Constraints
Authors: Yurekli Bilge , Stein Mary Kay , Correnti Richard , Kisa Zahid
Published: February 2020

A major influence on mathematics teachers’ instruction is their beliefs. However, teachers’ instructional practices do not always neatly align with their beliefs because of factors perceived as constraints. The purpose of this article is to introduce a new approach for examining the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and practices, an approach that focuses on specific instructional practices that support the development of students’ conceptual understanding and on mismatches that occur between what teachers believe to be important and what they report actually doing in the classroom. We also examine the relationship between teachers’ self-reported constraints and mismatches between teachers’ beliefs and practices.