bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dexmedetomidine in Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Effects on Postoperative Pain and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Altamimi Reem , Alnajjar Danah , Bin Salamah Rawan , Mandoorah Joana , Alghamdi Abdulaziz , Aloteibi Reema E. , Almusharaf Lamya , Albabtain Bader
Published: January 2025

Background: Bariatric surgery is associated with significant postoperative challenges, including pain and nausea. Dexmedetomidine (Dex), an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, is commonly used to manage pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in various surgical settings. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of Dex in bariatric surgery patients, focusing on postoperative pain intensity, opioid consumption, and PONV. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2010 and 2023, assessing Dex use during or after bariatric surgery. Studies comparing Dex to placebo or standard care were included. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers, and statistical analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results: Six RCTs (485 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Dex significantly reduced intraoperative fentanyl use (SMD −1.33, 95% CI [−2.19, −0.47], p = 0.002). Pain scores showed mixed results, with some studies reporting lower pain intensity in the Dex group, while others found no significant difference compared to morphine or placebo. PONV scores were generally lower in the Dex group (p = 0.01) compared to placebo and morphine. No significant differences were found in morphine consumption (SMD −1.13, 95% CI [−2.24, 0.01], p = 0.05) or recovery time. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine appears to reduce opioid requirements and postoperative nausea in bariatric surgery patients. However, the variability in pain management outcomes suggests that further well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm its overall efficacy. The findings are based on moderate-quality evidence, and further research should aim to standardize dosing protocols and patient populations.
Straightforward Determination of the Average Electron-Hole Distance in Charge-Transfer State Organic Photovoltaic Donor/Acceptor Composites from Out-of-Phase Electron Spin Echo Data
Authors: Matveeva Anna G. , Syryamina Victoria N. , Nekrasov Vyacheslav M. , Lukina Ekaterina A. , Molchanov Ivan A. , Sysoev Vitalii I. , Kulik Leonid V.
Published: January 2025

Photoinduced charge separation at donor–acceptor composites (active layer material of organic solar cells) is an important step of photoelectric energy conversion. It results in the formation of the interfacial charge-transfer state (CTS), which is a Coulombically bound electron-hole pair. We developed the mathematical procedure of direct quantification of the electron-hole distance on the basis of time-domain pulse electron paramagnetic resonance data, obtained in an electron spin echo (ESE) experiment. For an ensemble of CTSs characterized by a distribution of electron-hole distances, this procedure derives the average electron-hole distance without numerical simulation of the experimental data, which is a superposition of the oscillating functions, corresponding to CTSs with a certain electron-hole distance. This procedure was tested on model distance distributions, yielding very accurate results. The data for highly efficient organic photovoltaic composite PM6/Y6 were also analyzed; the average electron-hole distance within the CTS and its dependence on temperature were determined. This procedure can be useful for tracing small changes in CTS structure during optimization of the donor–acceptor composite morphology, which is tightly related to the photovoltaic efficiency of the composite.
Seasonal Variations in the Physical Fitness of South African Premier Soccer League Players over an Annual Training Macrocycle (Nine Months)
Authors: Rhini Mduduzi , Hickner Robert Charles , Naidoo Rowena , Sookan-Kassie Takshita
Published: January 2025

Background: Anecdotal data indicate that the physical fitness of soccer players fluctuates across the season. This is often a concern for coaches, since players are expected to be at optimal fitness during matches on weekly basis across the season. Objectives: To analyze the physical fitness variation in South African Premier Soccer League players over an annual training macrocycle. Methods: Twenty-four Premier Soccer League players belonging to the same team participated in the study. Players went through fitness assessments at three stages of the season: at the beginning of pre-season (T1); mid-first round in-season (T2); and mid-second round in-season (T3). The assessments included body fat percentage; sit and reach; vertical jump; 10 and 30 m sprints; and YoYo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YoYo IR2). Results: There was a significant increase in body fat percentage from T1 to T2 (p < 0.001), and a slight decline was evident at T3 (p = 0.04). Flexibility was significantly greater at T2 (p < 0.001) compared to T1 and T3. Vertical jump significantly improved at T3 (p = 0.004) compared to T1 and T2. A similar trend was evident in the YoYo IR2, where players reached the highest levels at T3 (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant changes in the 10 and 30 m sprints across the season. Conclusions: These results indicate that, indeed, some parameters, such as body fat percentage and flexibility, are likely to fluctuate as the season progresses. However, it is also evident that a gradual improvement can be achieved, as seen in vertical jump and YoYo IR2.
Remote Sensing Target Tracking Method Based on Super-Resolution Reconstruction and Hybrid Networks
Authors: Wan Hongqing , Xu Sha , Yang Yali , Li Yongfang
Published: January 2025

Remote sensing images have the characteristics of high complexity, being easily distorted, and having large-scale variations. Moreover, the motion of remote sensing targets usually has nonlinear features, and existing target tracking methods based on remote sensing data cannot accurately track remote sensing targets. And obtaining high-resolution images by optimizing algorithms will save a lot of costs. Aiming at the problem of large tracking errors in remote sensing target tracking by current tracking algorithms, this paper proposes a target tracking method combined with a super-resolution hybrid network. Firstly, this method utilizes the super-resolution reconstruction network to improve the resolution of remote sensing images. Then, the hybrid neural network is used to estimate the target motion after target detection. Finally, identity matching is completed through the Hungarian algorithm. The experimental results show that the tracking accuracy of this method is 67.8%, and the recognition identification F-measure (IDF1) value is 0.636. Its performance indicators are better than those of traditional target tracking algorithms, and it can meet the requirements for accurate tracking of remote sensing targets.
Towards Zero Defect and Zero Waste Manufacturing by Implementing Non-Destructive Inspection Technologies
Authors: Lario Joan , Mateos Javier , Psarommatis Foivos , Ortiz Ángel
Published: January 2025

This study aims to provide an overview of Zero Defect, Zero Waste, and non-destructive inspection technologies (NDITs), which play a crucial role in the early detection of defects and material consumption in industrial processes. Integrating Zero Defect and Zero Waste strategies with non-destructive inspection technologies supports Industry 4.0 by using advanced sensors, robotics, and AI to create smart manufacturing systems that optimise resources and improve quality. The analysis covers the main functionalities, applications and technical specifications of several NDITs to automate the inspection of industrial processes. It also discusses both the benefits and limitations of these techniques through benchmarking. Deploying inspection as a service solution based on NDITs with data-driven decision-making Artificial Intelligence for in-process or in-line inspection policies increases production control by reducing material waste and energy use, and by optimising the final factory cost. After a comprehensive assessment, this paper aims to examine and review recent developments in the Zero Defects and Zero Waste field due to emerging non-destructive inspection systems, and their combination with other technologies, such as augmented reality. Advances in sensors, robotics, and decision-making processes through Artificial Intelligence can increase Human–Robot Collaboration in the inspection process by enhancing quality assurance during production.
Distribution of Environmental Phenols into Follicular Fluid and Urine of Women Attending Infertility Clinic
Authors: Klimowska Anna , Jurewicz Joanna , Radwan Michał , Radwan Paweł , Pol Paweł , Wielgomas Bartosz
Published: January 2025

Infertility and environmental pollution are two globally prevalent and related issues. To explore women’s reproductive health, the composition of follicular fluid (FF) has been studied and it was found that changes to its composition, including the presence of exogenous chemicals, can adversely affect the fertilization process. Two groups of women (idiopathic infertility and controls) who were patients at a fertility clinic were recruited for this study. Samples of urine and FF were gathered from each participant to determine the concentration of 14 common phenols (four parabens, six bisphenols, two benzophenones, and two naphthols). Associations between phenol concentrations (free and total) in both matrices were described using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and were compared between two groups by the Mann–Whitney U test. Eight phenols were quantified in more than 50% of the urine samples, while only three parabens were quantified in hydrolyzed FF samples, and only methylparaben was quantified in non-hydrolyzed FF samples. Conjugates were the predominant form in FF samples. However, a significant correlation of 0.533 (p < 0.0001) was observed between free and total methylparaben concentrations in FF. Differences in concentrations between cases and controls in both matrices were not statistically significant, except for benzophenone-3 in urine, with a higher median observed in the control group (p = 0.04). The total paraben concentrations in urine and FF samples were rather weakly correlated (r = 0.232–0.473), implying that urine concentrations may not be appropriate for predicting their concentration in FF.
Central Bank Credibility and Exchange Rate Volatility: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Jannet Wejden Ben , Barguellil Achouak
Published: January 2025

Recently, there has been increasing interest in exploring the link between central bank credibility and exchange rate volatility within the banking sector; however, despite this increased attention, there is a significant lack of systematic analyses on this topic. To fill this gap, a detailed literature review was conducted, employing bibliometric and scientometric methods to investigate research related to central bank credibility and exchange rate volatility. The review included 1124 documents from Web of Science (WoS) datasets and 169 documents from the Scopus database. The findings indicated a considerable grow thin publications in this area of research, driven by efforts from various researchers, institutions, nations, and academic journals worldwide. Key research themes, trends, approaches, and knowledge structures were identified, providing insights into the intellectual, social, and conceptual aspects of this field. Additionally, this study covered the implications, restrictions, and potential future avenues for research.
Regional Differences in the Impact of Land Use Pattern on Total Phosphorus Concentration in the Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Deng Fuliang , Liu Wenhui , Liu Wei , Xu Yanxue , Sun Yuanzhuo , Zhang Chen , Sun Mei , Yuan Ying
Published: January 2025

Accurately assessing the impact of land use patterns on total phosphorus (TP) concentration in surface water is crucial for protecting the water environment of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). However, due to the heterogeneity of land use patterns, the regional differences in the intensity and direction of their impacts on TP concentrations in the YRB remain insufficiently understood. This study utilizes water quality monitoring data from state-controlled sections in 2021 and employs spatial autocorrelation analysis, geographic detectors, and Pearson correlation models to identify the impacts of land use on TP concentrations at multiple scales across the YRB. The results indicate that TP concentrations at 98.8% of the monitoring stations in the YRB exceed the Class III standard, with high concentrations of TP concentrated in the Pudu River Basin, Chengdu Plain, Jianghan Plain, and Yangtze River Delta regions. At the YRB scale, the spatial pattern of built-up land, cropland, and industrial and mining land significantly increases TP concentrations, while the pattern of forest and grassland areas exert mitigating effects. At the sub-basin scale, the impact of land use patterns on TP concentrations varies regionally. Specifically, TP concentrations in the Pudu River Basin are primarily attributed to the spatial pattern of industrial and mining land, in the Chengdu Plain to the spatial pattern of cropland and industrial and mining land, and in the Jianghan Plain to the spatial pattern of cropland, built-up land, and industrial and mining land. These results provided decision support for TP concentration control strategies and effective mitigation measures.
FONPS6, a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase, Plays a Crucial Role in Achieving the Full Virulence Potential of the Vascular Wilt Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum
Authors: Li Jiaqi , Gao Yanyang , Li Bowen , Zhang Li , Fang Yi , Zou Hongtao , Ye Xuhong
Published: January 2025

NPS6 is one of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) family members. The roles of NPS6 in ascomycetes are well known, but its roles in Fusarium oxysporum are unidentified. We investigated its function in the growth, morphology, stress sensitivity, allelochemical secretion, and pathogenesis in F. oxysporum (FoNPS6). The partial deletion of FoNPS6 orthologs (ΔFON-NPS6) resulted in hypersensitivity to H2O2 and KO2, iron depletion, and reduced virulence. Full virulence was restored by complementation. ΔFON-NPS6 not only inhibited spore formation but also displayed hyphal growth patterns that differed significantly from the wild-type strain. Plant leaching released allelochemicals, which FON-NPS6 broke down. All of these findings show that FoNPS6 quantitatively increases F. oxysporum’s pathogenicity.
The Scrapping Mechanism for the Corundum–Mullite Refractory Material in Rotary Kiln Incinerators
Authors: Dong Zhunqin , Wang Zhongbing , Zhao Zongwen , Song Yuxia
Published: January 2025

Corundum–mullite refractory material is an important material in rotary kiln incinerators due to its excellent properties, e.g., high temperature stability and chemical resistance, etc. However, in the process of use, the complexity of the sintering process will inevitably produce a large amount of spent corundum–mullite refractory material. Therefore, it is important to study the failure mechanism of corundum–mullite refractory material to prolong its service life. In this manuscript, the scrapping mechanism for the corundum–mullite refractory material was studied by XRD, XPS, SEM-EDS, FTIR, etc. The results indicate that chemical corrosion caused by impurity elements, such as Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti, etc., is one of the important scrapping mechanisms. The corundum structure remains stable throughout the service life, while mullite exhibits the opposite phenomenon. The Al-O-Si bonds in the mullite structure are depolymerized by impurity elements to release free tetrahedral structures, including the [AlO4] tetrahedron and [SiO4] tetrahedron. In the intervention of iron, the free tetrahedra, including [AlO4], [FeO4], and [SiO4] can bond with each other by sharing bridging oxygen (BO), probably forming Fe-O(BO)-Si, Fe-O(BO)-Al, and Al-O(BO)-Si in an Al2O3-SiO2-Fe2O3-MexOy (Me = Ca, Mg, Ti, etc.)-based amorphous phase. These findings provide theoretical support for prolonging the service life of refractory materials in rotary kiln incinerators.
A Dual-Bandpass Frequency Selective Absorber with Wide-Angle Oblique Incidence
Authors: Che Yong-Xing , Sun Qiang , Du Xue-Mei , Ban Yong-Ling
Published: January 2025

This study proposes a frequency-selective absorber (FSA) with dual passbands and wide-angle oblique incidence. The design consists of a circuit analog (CA) sheet and a dual-bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) sheet, both embedded in dielectric slabs separated by a foam spacer. The CA sheet unit cell is based on a tripole loaded with multiple shorted transmission lines and lumped resistors. In this way, the performance of the CA sheet is equivalent to a resistive sheet in a low-frequency band and a transparent sheet in two high-frequency bands. By comprehensively designing the CA sheet and the dual-bandpass FSS sheet, we created an FSA structure that exhibits microwave absorption in the band from 2.6 GHz to 9.2 GHz with a reflectivity lower than −10 dB. It also possesses transmission in the 12.2–15.1 GHz and 30.6–31.5 GHz bands, with a transmittance greater than −3 dB in both. In addition, the FSA structure provides a stable transmission response of up to 60° of oblique incidence and absorption performance of up to 45° of oblique incidence in TE and TM polarization. A 400 × 400 mm flat FSA sample was fabricated, was measured, and is discussed. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results, proving that the proposed FSA design holds great potential for applications in dual-frequency low-scattering radomes with high curvature and multi-directional electromagnetic interference suppression.
Behaviour of Knitted Materials in a Vibrating Environment
Authors: Blaga Mirela , Seghedin Neculai Eugen , Horodincă Mihăiță , Grosu Cristina , Gaaloul Hassen , Babay Amel , Dhouib Soufien , Azouz Bechir
Published: January 2025

The energy generated by the impact of vibrations from industrial tools or ongoing activities can be transmitted to humans and cause various injuries. Knitted materials can be considered as parts of anti-vibration equipment as they have proven their ability to absorb shocks. In this study, six spacer knitted fabrics consisting of two outer layers of cotton yarns (Nm 1/50 and Nm 1/40) and cashmere yarns (Nm 2/56) connected by PES monofilaments with a diameter of 0.08 mm were tested. To date, the use of natural yarns in the outer layers of spacer fabrics used in environments subject to vibration has been less studied. The first part of the experiments deals with the measurement of the natural frequencies of the materials, which were determined using the free vibration method. The results show that the direction of the experiment, the yarn count, the stitch density, and the thickness of the material influence the value of the natural frequencies. These values are relevant in order to avoid undesirable resonances that occur when the excitation frequency of an external system overlaps with the natural frequency of the material. In the second part, the vibration transmissibility was simulated using a vibration system with one degree of freedom. The fabrics composed of cotton yarns Nm 1/50 had the highest damping capacity and the highest specific damping coefficient and the lowest value for vibration transmission, which make them recommendable for protective materials.
Research on Laser Cleaning of Graphite Lubrication Coating on the Magnesium Alloy Surface
Authors: Xu Zhenhai , Yue Yunhui , Zhang Donghe , Xue Shaoxi , Liu Erju , Shan Debin , Xu Jie , Guo Bin
Published: January 2025

The lubricating coating must be removed from the forged or stamped workpieces. Developing environment-friendly and high-precision cleaning technology is necessary. In this study, a nanosecond pulsed laser was used to clean the graphite lubricating coating of 15 μm thickness on the surface of an MB15 magnesium alloy. The effects of various laser cleaning parameters on the cleaning quality and the cleaning mechanism were studied. When the laser fluence (F) increases from 1.27 to 7.64 J/cm2, the clearance rate increases, and the surface roughness initially decreases before increasing. When the pulse frequency (f) increases from 10 to 30 kHz, the single-pulse energy decreases, the clearance rate decreases, and the surface roughness increases. When the scanning speed (v) increases from 1000 to 5000 mm/s, the spot overlap rate decreases, the clearance rate decreases, and the surface roughness firstly decreases and then increases. The optimal cleaning parameter combinations are F = 3.82 J/cm2, f = 10 kHz, and v = 3000 mm/s. The graphite lubrication coating was almost completely removed without damaging the substrate surface, and the surface carbon content of the sample was decreased to 6.42%. The laser cleaning mechanism of the graphite lubricating coating on the magnesium alloy surface is dominated by thermal ablation. As the laser fluence increases, the physical and chemical reactions become more violent.
A First-Principles Study on the Dislocation Properties of Face-Centered Cubic Metals
Authors: Liu Linghong , Han Yingqian , Fan Touwen
Published: January 2025

The generalized stacking fault energy (GSFE) surface is investigated based on a new anti-alias model and first-principles calculation. Then, based on the outcomes derived from the GSFE surface analysis and the improved Peierls–Nabarro model, the major core properties including core width, Peierls energy, and stress of edge and screw dislocations in Al, Ni, Cu, and Ag are investigated in detail, and the lowest-energy migration pathways for diverse dislocations are investigated. Finally, a quantitative relationship between the ratio of core width to atomic spacing and the Peierls stress is established.
Comparing Different Montages of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Treating Treatment-Resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized, Single-Blind Clinical Trial
Authors: Chu Che-Sheng , Lin Yen-Yue , Huang Cathy Chia-Yu , Chung Yong-An , Park Sonya Youngju , Chang Wei-Chou , Chang Chuan-Chia , Chang Hsin-An
Published: January 2025

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation for treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). We aim to compare the treatment outcomes of a newly developed dual-site cathodal tDCS method over the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and two previously reported montages (cerebellum-OFC and pre-SMA) in patients with treatment-resistant OCD. Methods: Eighteen OCD patients were randomly assigned to receive twice-daily 2 mA/20 min sessions for 10 consecutive weekdays, with the active cathode placed on the cerebellum-OFC, bilateral pre-SMA, or OFC-pre-SMA tDCS. The primary outcome was the change in the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). The resting electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded to obtain the default mode network (DMN) via low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. Each patient received one-week and one-month follow-ups after two weeks of stimulation. Results: At the end of the stimulation, the Y-BOCS scores in the cerebellum-OFC, pre-SMA, and OFC-pre-SMA tDCS groups (n = 6 in each group) were decreased by 14.15 ± 13.31, 7.4 ± 9.59, and 20.75 ± 8.70%, respectively, but no significant differences were found among the groups. In the OFC-pre-SMA tDCS group, OC symptoms significantly decreased by a mean of −20.75% immediately after the 20th tDCS session, and the improvement remained at 1 week and 1 month after tDCS. EEG source functional connectivity analyses revealed increased functional connectivity within the frontal network after OFC-pre-SMA tDCS, whereas decreased functional connectivity within the DMN was observed after cerebellum-OFC tDCS. Conclusions: Dual-site cathodal tDCS over the OFC and pre-SMA might be considered a potential montage to treat patients with treatment-resistant OCD. Future studies using randomized sham-controlled designs are needed.
Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) as a Potential Drug for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Das Undurti N.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this review is to propose that lipoxin A4 (LXA4), derived from arachidonic acid (AA), a potent anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and wound healing agent, may be useful to prevent and manage diabetic retinopathy (DR). LXA4 suppresses inappropriate angiogenesis and the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotrienes (LTs), 12-HETE (12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), derived from AA by the action of 12-lioxygenase (12-LOX)) interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as the expression of NF-κB, inducible NO (nitric oxide) synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)—factors that play a role in DR. Thus, the intravitreal injection of LXA4 may form a new approach to the treatment of DR and other similar conditions such as AMD (age-associated macular degeneration) and SARS-CoV-2-associated hyperinflammatory immune response in the retina. The data for this review are derived from our previous work conducted in individuals with DR and from various publications on LXA4, inflammation, and DR.
Risk of Job Loss During the COVID-19 Pandemic Predicts Anxiety in Women
Authors: Krohne Nina , Podlogar Tina , Gomboc Vanja , Lavrič Meta , Zadravec Šedivy Nuša , De Leo Diego , Poštuvan Vita
Published: January 2025

Background and Objective: During the COVID-19 pandemic, women faced unique employment-related stressors, including higher exposure to unstable working conditions, increased workload changes due to motherhood, and greater risk of infection in certain jobs. This study explores how these factors influence women’s anxiety and subjective well-being, aiming to identify vulnerable groups. Materials and Methods: 230 employed Slovene women, aged from 19 to 64 years (M = 32.60, SD = 10.41), participated in an online survey containing a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), WHO-5 Well-being Index, and a set of questions regarding their occupation and demographic profile. Hierarchical linear regressions and chi-squared tests were performed. Results: The risk of job or income loss significantly predicted an increase in anxiety levels. However, despite fear of infection, none of the work-related variables predicted a significant decrease in subjective well-being. Women reporting risk of job or income loss are predominantly those with lower education and income, working students, self-employed, or working in the private sector. Conclusions: Employment insecurity is an important contributor to anxiety in women. The findings highlight the need to ensure job security, particularly for women working in precariat working conditions, as their work and economic stability prove to be vulnerable to external economic disturbances.
Atomistic Insight into the Effects of Collision Angle on the Characteristics of Cu-Ta Joining by Explosive Welding
Authors: Nguyen Van-Thuc , Hien Nguyen Quang , Duc Pham Minh , Nam Tran Duy , Hoang Van Huong , Nguyen Van Thanh Tien
Published: January 2025

This study aims to examine how the collision angle affects the Cu-Ta weld generated by the explosive welding method using molecular dynamics modeling. When two blocks collide, the metallic substrates melt rapidly. Subsequently, when heat energy dissipates to the surrounding areas, the weld interface begins rapidly cooling. Eventually, the weld joint’s surface shape and temperature stabilize. A meta-solid solution state between Cu and Ta could develop under extreme collision conditions of explosive welding through a dynamic diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, the plastic deformation process of the face-centered cubic (FCC) matrix after the explosive collision causes twin boundary scattering in the Cu substrate. The stress evolution experiences three stages: quick increasing, spreading out, and stabling. The stress mainly concentrates on the weld joint. Due to its dynamic recrystallization mechanism, the Cu substrate has a lower residual stress level than the Ta substrate. The atomic strain of the Cu-Ta weld joint improves dramatically as the impact angle increases. The high-strain zone extends toward the lower Ta block between 5° and 15°. Furthermore, the atomic strain and amorphous structure rates increase when the impact angles increase from 5° to 15°. After further improvement up to 20°, they then suffer a decrease. The Cu-Ta weld achieves a tensile strength ranging from 6.37 to 8.94 GPa. The Cu/Cu-Ta/Cu welding joint’s interface is coherent, transforming from an amorphous to a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure. Because of the dynamic diffusion mechanism at the interface, which creates an almost identical atomic rate between Cu and Ta atoms, combined with the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon, explosive welding provides the advantage of combining two low-solubility solid-solution metals.
Elemental Segregation and Solute Effects on Mechanical Properties and Processing of Vanadium Alloys: A Review
Authors: Lei Tianjiao , Hu Chongze , Zhang Qiaofu , Wang Xin
Published: January 2025

Vanadium (V) alloys, such as V-Cr, V-Ti, and V-Cr-Ti alloys, are promising candidates for structural components in fusion energy systems because of their low activation, excellent radiation resistance, good compatibility with liquid lithium, and high ductility. Despite these advantages, the limited high-temperature strength and poor creep performances of V alloys have constrained their operating temperature range, challenging the application of these materials over the past few decades. The mechanical behavior is strongly dependent on microstructural features, including precipitates, intergranular and intragranular boundaries, dislocations, and point defects. At the same time, these features serve as preferable sites for solute or impurity atoms to segregate. The elemental segregation alters the local chemistry and stability of these defects, influencing microstructural evolutions and various materials properties that are essential for fusion energy applications. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of experimental and computational studies on elemental segregation and solute/impurity effects on the mechanical behaviors and microstructural evolution in V alloys. The conventional and advanced manufacturing processes of V alloys will be also discussed. Finally, this review will provide a concise perspective on the potential research directions of V alloys for future fusion reaction applications.
Corrosion Mechanism of Press-Hardened Steel with Aluminum-Silicon Coating in Controlled Atmospheric Conditions
Authors: Macháčková Nikola , Rudomilova Darja , Prošek Tomáš , Sturel Thierry , Brossard Maxime
Published: January 2025

The effect of various atmospheric parameters on the corrosion mechanism of press-hardened steel (PHS) coated with Al-Si (AS) was studied. Quantitative models of the composition of soluble and stable corrosion products were developed. A high chloride concentration led to a localized corrosion due to the presence of cracks in the coating. Increased corrosion resistance of silicon-rich Al8Fe2Si and AlFe at the expense of the Al5Fe2 phase with low silicon content was shown. Under low-chloride-deposition conditions, the coating exhibited good corrosion resistance and provided sufficient protection to the underlying steel. The formation of more local anodes and cathodes under conditions of lower relative humidity led to a reduction in the depth of corrosion pits in the steel substrate. Constant high relative humidity and sulphate deposits on the surface were critical for the acceleration of steel corrosion in coating cracks.
An All-in-One Testing Chip for the Simultaneous Measurement of Multiple Thermoelectric Parameters in Doped Polysilicon
Authors: Shi Lei , Zhou Na , Wu Jintao , Shi Meng , Shi Yizhi , Lei Cheng , Mao Haiyang
Published: January 2025

Polysilicon is widely used as a thermoelectric material due to its CMOS compatibility and tunability through doping. The accurate measurement of the thermoelectric parameters—such as the Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, and electrical resistivity—of polysilicon with various doping conditions is essential for designing and fabricating high-performance thermopile sensors. This work presents an all-in-one testing chip that incorporates double-layer thermoelectric structures on a suspended membrane-based supporting layer, with polysilicon constituting at least one of these thermoelectric layers. By employing a differential calculation approach in conjunction with thermal imaging methods, we could simultaneously measure various thermoelectric parameters—including resistivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity—of polysilicon under different doping conditions. Furthermore, the method proposed in this study provides a means for accurately obtaining thermoelectric parameters for other materials, thereby facilitating the design and optimization of thermoelectric devices.
Editorial for the Glassy Materials and Micro/Nano Devices Section
Authors: Righini Giancarlo C.
Published: January 2025

Glass is an amorphous solid, renowned for its transparency and versatility, and has been widely used for centuries in both scientific instruments and daily life [...]
Functional Significance of Probiotic Bacterial Interactions with Milk Fat Globules in a Human Host
Authors: Wasana Withanage Prasadini , Waterland Mark , Everett David W. , Thum Caroline
Published: January 2025

Dairy products often serve as matrices for delivering probiotic bacteria to humans through the diet; however, little is known about the impact of milk fat globules on the growth and survival of probiotic microorganisms. This review discusses current knowledge on the structure and functionality of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and the structural components contributing to the mechanisms of interactions with probiotic bacteria. We analyzed studies published between 2001 and 2025 with reference to earlier foundational research on probiotics and MFGM structure to explore the functional significance of MFGM–probiotic interactions. Recent research indicates that the effects of MFGM interaction with bacteria are species-specific and may influence probiotic activity in the host, including enhancing probiotic viability during intestinal transit and modulating probiotic colonization. In general, research findings suggest that the MFGM holds potential for use as a probiotic carrier to the gut with beneficial health consequences.
Colored Proteins Act as Biocolorants in Escherichia coli
Authors: Sun Geng , Zha Chunmei , Su Jingwen , Cheng Feng , Tang Jian , Xu Xiuquan , Li Jincai , Wang Wenjian , Liu Yu
Published: January 2025

Colored proteins play an important role in synthetic biology research, providing a systematic labeling tool for visualizing microscopic biological activities in vivo. They can exhibit visible colors to the naked eye under natural light, and some of them are well-known fluorescent proteins. Here, several colored proteins were taken into consideration for acting as biocolorants in Escherichia coli, including green fluorescent proteins (eGFP and sfGFP), a red fluorescent protein (mKate2), and three chromoproteins (GfasPurple, AmilCP, and AeBlue). All of them can significantly change the colors of their bacterial colonies. The color of GfasPurple was much more stable after the heat treatments at 65 °C with 75% or 95% ethanol. In addition, several factors commonly occurring under natural conditions that lead to color dissolution, such as heat, ethanol, H2O2, vitamin C, acid, and alkali treatments, were further tested on GfasPurple. Visual observation and absorption spectroscopy analysis results showed an excellent tolerance of GfasPurple against these unfriendly conditions. GfasPurple could withstand temperatures of 65 °C for 2 h or 70 °C for 1 h in aqueous solutions, but it fades rapidly in 50% ethanol. The color of GfasPurple is more stable in 80% ethanol than in 50% ethanol, which could be attributed to its poor solubility in high-concentration ethanol. The visible light absorption curves of GfasPurple were basically not affected by physiological concentrations of vitamin C or H2O2, but reversible effects of high-concentration H2O2 were found. GfasPurple maintains its color within the pH range of 7–11; the chromophore of GfasPurple will suffer irreversible damage when pH is up to thirteen or as low as three. These results suggest that GfasPurple is an excellent biocolorant far beyond its application in prokaryotes. Furthermore, GfasPurple variants created via mutagenesis expanded the color library of chromoproteins, which have a potential value in the color manipulation of living organisms.
Functional Plant-Based Beverage Fortified with Hazelnut Cuticle Polyphenols: Antioxidant and Phenolic Content Characterization
Authors: Conte Raffaele , Sepe Fabrizia , Margarucci Sabrina , Costanzo Ezia , Petillo Orsolina , Peluso Gianfranco , Marcolongo Loredana , Calarco Anna
Published: January 2025

In recent decades, there has been growing interest in the fortification of food products with antioxidants and phenolics derived from plant by-products. The present study focused on the production of a plant-based beverage enriched with hazelnut cuticle extract to characterize its antioxidant content, phenolic profile, and organoleptic characteristics. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) enabled the identification of key polyphenols in hazelnut cuticles, including catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin derivatives, guiding the selection of a biocompatible Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) composed of choline chloride and lactic acid for efficient extraction. The obtained phytochemical profile of the extract revealed a high concentration of bioactive compounds, with a Total Phenolic Content of 160.88 ± 14.27 mg GAE/g and Antioxidant Power measured by DPPH of 5848.2 ± 11.3 μmol TE/g. The bioaccessibility of phenolics in the fortified hazelnut-based beverage was determined after in vitro digestion, reaching a value of 89.7%, indicating excellent release and stability during digestion. Organoleptic evaluation revealed high sensory acceptability, with aftertaste scoring 3.61 ± 0.4 respect the 3.94 ± 1.3 result of reference milk, on a 5-point scale. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential for sustainable valorization of hazelnut cuticles, through their incorporation as NADES extracts in plant-based milk, providing an innovative solution to reduce food waste while catering to consumer demand for nutritionally enriched and eco-friendly products.
Preparation and Biochemical Characterization of Penicillium crustosum Thom P22 Lipase Immobilization Using Adsorption, Encapsulation, and Adsorption–Encapsulation Approaches
Authors: Hasnaoui Ismail , Mechri Sondes , Dab Ahlem , Bentouhami Nour Eddine , Abouloifa Houssam , Bellaouchi Reda , Allala Fawzi , Saalaoui Ennouamane , Jaouadi Bassem , Noiriel Alexandre , Asehraou Abdeslam , Abousalham Abdelkarim
Published: January 2025

This work describes the immobilization and the characterization of purified Penicillium crustosum Thom P22 lipase (PCrL) using adsorption, encapsulation, and adsorption–encapsulation approaches. The maximum activity of the immobilized PCrL on CaCO3 microspheres and sodium alginate beads was shifted from 37 to 45 °C, compared with that of the free enzyme. When sodium alginate was coupled with zeolite or chitosan, the immobilization yield reached 100% and the immobilized PCrL showed improved stability over a wide temperature range, retaining all of its initial activity after a one-hour incubation at 60 °C. The immobilization of PCrL significantly improves its catalytic performance in organic solvents, its pH tolerance value, and its thermal stability. Interestingly, 95% and almost 50% of PCrL’s initial activity was retained after 6 and 12 cycles, respectively. The characteristics of all PCrL forms were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The maximum conversion efficiency of oleic acid and methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel), by PCrL immobilized on CaCO3, was 65% after a 12 h incubation at 40 °C, while free PCrL generated only 30% conversion, under the same conditions.
Establishing Thermodynamic Graphs of Nitrogenous Radical Cations Abstracting Hydrogen Atoms and Their Applications in Photoredox Reactions
Authors: Zhao Xia , Hou Yi-Lin , Yang Jun , Wang Xin-Hua , Hu Chong-Shan , Zhu Xiao-Qing , Shen Guang-Bin
Published: January 2025

Nitrogenous compounds have been extensively utilized as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysts in photoredox reactions, with nitrogenous radical cations being the actual hydrogen atom abstractors. Building upon our previous work, 120 thermodynamic graphs of nitrogenous radical cations abstracting hydrogen atoms, which encompass seven vital thermodynamic parameters, are designed and established to elucidate their redox characteristics. Furthermore, the applications of thermodynamic graphs to select appropriate photocatalysts, assess the feasibility of the HAT process, and diagnose the possible activation mechanism were discussed, which would enable the utilities of nitrogenous compounds as HAT catalysts or nitrogenous radical cations as hydrogen atom abstractors in photoredox reactions.
Effect of Glycosylation on the Enzymatic Degradation of D-Amino Acid-Containing Peptides
Authors: Cui Shuaishuai , Jin Zhaoyang , Yu Tonglin , Guo Cunxin , He Yujian , Kan Yuhe , Yan Liang , Wu Li
Published: January 2025

The accumulation of D-amino acid-containing peptides is associated with age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and cataracts, while glycosylation is an important modification of proteins and plays a key role in improving the physicochemical properties of peptides and facilitating their regulation in biological systems. This study investigates the effects of glycosylation position, glycan number, and monosaccharide structure on the conformation and enzymatic degradation of D-amino acid-containing peptides, using KYNEtWRSED (5-t) as a model peptide and six monosaccharides as model glycans. The results demonstrated that glycosylation inhibited the enzymatic degradation of 5-t in the presence of most serine-like proteases. However, in the presence of chymotrypsin, glycosylation with modified monosaccharides (except for β-D-GalNAc) promoted the degradation of 5-t. Furthermore, glycosylation had no effect on the cleavage site of 5-t. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between the glycopeptide and chymotrypsin were markedly strengthened, likely serving as a key determinant of the enzymatic effects. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of glycosylation to enhance the therapeutic and biomedical applications of D-amino acid-containing peptides in disease treatment and drug design.
Correction: Baradaran Rahimi et al. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Portulaca oleracea Extract on LPS-Induced Rat Lung Injury. Molecules 2019, 24, 139
Authors: Baradaran Rahimi Vafa , Rakhshandeh Hassan , Raucci Federica , Buono Benedetta , Shirazinia Reza , Samzadeh Kermani Alireza , Maione Francesco , Mascolo Nicola , Askari Vahid Reza
Published: January 2025

In the original publication [...]
The Impact of Organic Micropollutants on the Biochemical Composition and Stress Markers in Wolffia arrhiza
Authors: Kotowska Urszula , Piotrowska-Niczyporuk Alicja , Kapelewska Justyna , Jasinska Lilla Lane
Published: January 2025

For many years, there has been a growing pollution of the aquatic environment with personal care products and industrial chemicals, the main source of which is municipal and industrial wastewater. This raises the need to assess the impact of these pollutants on ecosystems, including plants living in the aquatic environment. It is important to develop methods for their removal from wastewater, among which using plants for phytoremediation is a promising solution. This study aimed to evaluate the response of the aquatic plant Wolffia arrhiza (Lemnaceae) to low concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), triclosan (TRC), benzophenone (BPH), endosulfan alpha (α-END), and endosulfan beta (β-END). The plant growth, the content of cellular components, and oxidative stress markers were assessed in response to plant contact with single compounds at concentrations of 0.1 mg/L and 1 mg/L, and their mixture at a total concentration of 1 mg/L. All of the pollutants used in the study inhibited the W. arrhiza growth and stimulated the degradation of proteins but enhanced the level of saccharides. TRC, BPH, α-END, and β-END had a negative impact on the content of photosynthetic pigments. Increased concentrations of the oxidative stress markers MDA and H2O2 were registered in the plants exposed to BPA, TRC, and β-END. The mixture of pollutants had higher toxic effects than individual substances.
Form and Function: The Factors That Influence the Efficacy of Nanomaterials for Gene Transfer to Plants
Authors: Osmani Zhila , Kulka Marianna
Published: January 2025

Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated gene delivery offers a promising alternative to traditional methods in plant biotechnology, facilitating genetic transformations with enhanced precision and efficiency. This review discusses key factors influencing NP efficacy, including plant cell wall composition, DNA/NP ratios, exposure time, cargo loading, and post-transformation assessments. We explore the challenges of NP cytotoxicity, transformation efficiency, and regeneration while addressing environmental impacts and regulatory considerations. We emphasize the potential for stimulus-responsive NPs and scalable delivery methods to optimize gene editing in agriculture.
Functional Post-Synthetic Chemistry of Metal–Organic Cages According to Molecular Architecture and Specific Geometry of Origin
Authors: Cué-Sampedro Rodrigo , Sánchez-Fernández José Antonio
Published: January 2025

Metal–organic cages (MOCs) are discrete supramolecular entities consisting of metal nodes and organic connectors or linkers; MOCs are noted for their high porosity and processability. Chemically, they can be post-synthetically modified (PSM) and new functional groups can be introduced, presenting attractive qualities, and it is expected that their new properties will differ from those of the original compound. This is why they are highly regarded in the fields of biology and chemistry. The present review deals with the current PSM strategies used for MOCs, including covalent, coordination, and noncovalent methods and their structural benefits. The main emphasis of this review is to show to what extent and under what circumstances a MOC can be designed to obtain a tailored geometric architecture. Although sometimes unclear when examining supramolecular systems, particularizing the design of and systematic approaches to the development and characterization of families of MOCs provides new insights into structure–function relationships, which will guide future developments.