bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Des mots et des mets. Protestantisme et frugalité
Authors: VINCENT Gilbert
Published: March 2007

At first sight, the way in which Protestantism (at least Churches dating from the Reformation) defines its relation to food seems to spring from reaction against Roman Catholicism. This explains the importance ascribed to the twofold critique levelled on the one hand against the ritualistic observances imposed by an overbearing institution and, on the other, against any quest for ascetic perfectionism. However, further scrutiny shows the Protestant approach to be both authentic and remarkably similar to the Protestant definition of one's relation to language and, in particular, to Biblical language. Reading and taking food are seen in terms of a common achievement — frugality. Homologous, they rest on accepting that which is given as something “natural”. Language and food take on a new, different consistency, freed from their earlier cosmo-biological order. The result is an understanding of the self as responsible for itself in a desacralized environment.
Les prises de position du Vatican sur les questions d'environnement
Authors: VAILLANCOURT Jean-Guy
Published: March 2007

Throughout his pontificate Pope John Paul II has issued important statements concerning respect for nature and environmental protection. These statements, which stand in contrast to the pontiff's relative conservatism on certain political and moral questions, are remarkably progressive and numerous. Between 1979 and 1992 he authored more than 100 documents in which environmental issues were discussed or mentioned, and this rate of production has subsequently increased. This article examines the main aspects of this new type of Catholic social teaching, which is now ranged alongside the more traditional and better known teachings advanced by the Vatican since the time of Leo XIII just over a century ago. The conclusion briefly explores reasons why such a progressive position has emerged in parallel with the Pope's more conservative moral stances, for example in the area of sexual ethics, and in conjunction with the reaffirmation of the Church's social teachings.
Baha'i: A Religious Approach to Globalization
Authors: WARBURG Margit
Published: March 2007

Globalization brings with it an increased relativization of religious values between different communities. According to Peter Beyer, religious organizations, faced with the relativization of their moral codes, react in one of two ways: the liberal or the conservative option. Conservatives reject religious pluralism, striving for the adoption of their own values in the political arena. Liberals, however, accept religious pluralism as a consequence of globalization. The Islamic revolution in Iran is an example of the conservative response; Baha'i, in contrast, seems to be a clear expression of the liberal approach. Data gathered about the Baha'is in Denmark, including the author's own fieldwork, suggest that they have a liberal and cosmopolitan outlook. They are shown to be promoting world citizenship—yet, at the same time, since they view their religious doctrine as the foundation of an international politics with an ultimate aim of merging political and religious institutions, Baha'is may be found to be following the same trajectory as conservative religious organizations.
Did Early Christianity Succeed Because of Jewish Conversions?
Authors: SANDERS Jack T.
Published: March 2007

Responding to Rodney Stark's recent work on societal factors leading to the success of early Christianity, the author challenges Stark's finding of a majority Jewish component in early Christianity. First, Sanders argues that Hellenized Jews in the Roman period were not comparable to assimilationist Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries: most in reality remained firmly oriented to their religious culture. Second, he questions Stark's proposal that Christianity took root in those cities where there was already a sizable Jewish population, on the grounds that Jews were everywhere around the Mediterranean, so that prior Jewish presence loses all significance. An examination of the surviving evidence shows that, while a Jewish-Christian presence can be identified in some locations, in fact most people who became Christians in the early years were non-Jews.
L'idéologie de l'Eglise chrétienne primitive dans l'Epître de saint Paul aux Romains et la lettre de recommandation de Phébée
Authors: BLASI Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

The concept of ideology, as traditionally defined in the sociological literature, is applied to the early Christian movement as reflected in prominent literary texts—Paul's Letter to the Romans and the letter of recommendation for Phoebe that is appended to it in modern Bibles. Sweeping but commonplace assertions about the nature of the first century CE world in which the early Christian movement emerged are called into question. Specifically, the simple “honor/shame” paradigm is found wanting. The textual evidence is shown to suggest a setting in which status group stratification, including inequality by ethnic group and by gender, was contested rather than taken for granted.
The Detection of Fungal Growth in Cellulosic Textiles
Authors: Rose G.R.F. , Mitton M. , Gardner B.J. , Laird D.M. , Bayley C.H.
Published: March 2007

A staining test has been developed for the detection of the presence of fungal hyphae in cellulosic fibers. It is a modification of the Pianese IIIb test and depends on a simple differentiation in color between fungal hyphae and substrate. The test can be used to detect superficial growth, or more deep-seated growth such as that associated with the cellulolytic breakdown of the fiber. The test has been found to he successful over a range of cellulosic fibers. including dyed fibers. It may be of use in estimating the degree of maturity in cotton and in detecting the presence of fungal damage in raw cotton. A survey of previously described staining methods for the detection of micro biological damage is given.
Cotton Fibers as Means of Transmitting Water Vapor
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Craig R. Allan , Rutherford Marjorie B.
Published: March 2007

The water vapor transmission of fibers can be measured independent of any air space surrounding the fibers, by using sections cut from embedments of the fibers in polyacrylic resins. The rate of water vapor transmission, measured as the diffusion constant, is larger for cotton than for rayon, wool, nylon, or Dacron. The respective diffusion con stants are on the order of 134. 56. 39, 8 and 7 × 10 4 cm.2 sec., under the relatively moist conditions of the tests, between 54 and 93% relative humidity.

White the possible influence of air in the lumen of cotton has not been completely evaluated, there is evidence that such influence has been reduced if not eliminated. How , ever, this same evidence indicates that the cotton fibers were in part in an altered condition as a result of the embedment. Even so, the results suggest that cotton is a good choice of fiber for high water vapor transmission along the fiber.
Continuous Twist Irregularity Tester
Authors: Uno Minoru , Shiomi Akira
Published: March 2007

Three types of continuous twist irregularity testers were constructed which measure the variability of twist along a specified length of yarn utilizing a continuous untwist- twist principle. These testers can also be used to detect periodicities.
Physical Properties of Fibers and Yarns of Partially Acety lated Cottons
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , Weiss Louis C. , Burgis Albert W. , Grant James N.
Published: March 2007

Samples of cotton of Deltapine, Rowden, and Stoneville varieties were partially acetylated as bulk cotton and as untreated 14/3 yarns to acetyl contents ranging from 9 to 26%. Breaking loads and elongations at break of single fibers, fiber bundles, and yarns were decreased by the partial acetylation up to about 17%, but showed a tendency to increase above 20% acetyl content. Moisture conditions have less effect on tenacity of yarns of 25% than on those with lower acetyl content. Tenacities of the acetylated yarns when wet were slightly lower, and when desiccator-dried were higher than those of the untreated controls. Below 15%, the relation of density to acetyl content was consistent with calculations based on the preferential reaction of amorphous cellulose in the initial stages of the reaction. Resistançe to heat degradation increased with acetyl content up to 25% acetyl. The pH of the water used to rinse the reacted yarns was an important factor influencing heat degradation. Maximum retention of strength occurred when the wash water was in the pH range of 10-11. A slight but consistent difference in heat resistance of the partially acetylated cottons was associated with differ ent varieties.
The Surface of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Tripp Verne W. , Moore Anna T. , Porter Blanche R. , Rollins Mary L.
Published: March 2007

The location of soiling agents such as colloidal and activated carbon, floor soil. a syn thetic soil, and a clay on gray and modified plain weave cotton fabrics soiled under con trolled conditions was determined by light and electron microscopical examination. Cross and fine geometry of fabric and fiber play a major role in determining the dis tribution of soil in most cases. The mechanical entrapment of soil particles and ag glomerates between fibers near the surface of the fabric is repeated in the accumulation of soil in the natural or induced irregularities of the native and modified fiber surface. The presence of soft films on the fiber surface extends the quantity of soil and its dis tribution. Sorption of the soil particles on apparently smooth areas of the fiber also occurs to a significant extent.
The Evaluation of the Spinning Properties of Man-Made Staple Fibers
Authors: Röder H.L.
Published: March 2007

A survey is given of the five properties of individual fibers which determine behavior during processing—length, thickness, geometrical structure, surface layer, and the inside structure of the fiber. The geometrical structure consists of three elements: the length structure, the cross-sectional structure, and the surface structure.

The existing spinning techniques have been based on length and thickness of the fibers. The complete conversion of fibers into yarns is divided into two main opera tions: those which lead to the formation of a card sliver and those which convert the card sliver into a yarn. The criteria for normal processing on the cotton system and on the worsted system are mentioned and illustrated with some data.

The methods used for measurement of these fiber properties are described. They are subdivided into two categories : those by which properties of one fiber are measured and those by which the effect of the interaction of fibers is measured.

Special attention is paid to those measuring techniques which have originally been developed in the Textile Research Department of the "Algemene Kunstzijde Unie," viz., equipment for measuring fiber length. linear density, crimp, surface friction, and stiffness (all of individual fibers) and equipment for determining sliver strength and drafting forces for assemblages of fibers.

The behavior of fibers during processing is determined by their interactions. For this reason the determination of drafting forces is most effective in studying processing qualities of fibers. It is demonstrated that man-made fibers exhibit relativdy large drafting forces at drafts between 1.2 and 1.8.

In this region drafting forces are much larger than those with cotton and probably those with wool fibers. Therefore, in the processing of man-made fibers. "breaking- draft" zones should be avoided. This is illustrated by the improvements brought about by two-line drafting on drawing frames, two-zone drafting on slubbing and roving frames. and elimination of the top-rollers on the back cylinder in the spinning machines of the cotton system when processing rayon polyamide and polyester fibers. A relation exists between the coefficients of friction of a staple fiber, the drafting forces as meas ured on the instrument. and the behavior of fibers during the conversion of slivers into yarns in actual processing.
Moments of Distributions and Their Interrelation
Authors: Whitwell J.C. , Wakelin J.H.
Published: March 2007

In the field of textile research and processing, variability, both of raw material and of measurements, is unavoidable. It is explicitly implied, therefore, that analysis of data should involve an accounting of the variability and should include considerable information concerning the forms of the distribution encountered.

In such a presentation, a knowledge of distribution relationships and interrelation ships is of paramount importance. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the relationships between the first few moments of several of the more common types of distributions and to point out a few applications in the analysis of data.

Specific problems are in two general categories. First, related distributions, par ticularly those related by a power of the variable, as with number vs. length-biased distributions, will be considered. Second, several problems regarding the sampling of mixed distributions are included. The latter deal with samples from the strata which will comprise the blend or from the blend itself. In each of these situations the effect of single and of bulk samples is treated separately.

Finally, some methods of establishing the forms of the distribution are noted for the use of those fortunate enough to be dealing with relatively large numbers of statistics.
Turning Standardized Test Scores into a Tool for Improving Teaching and Learning
Authors: Chen Jie-Qi , Salahuddin Renee , Horsch Patricia , Wagner Suzanne L.
Published: March 2007

In many public school districts, standardized test scores have become the focus of accountability systems. Little has been done to help schools and teachers understand the connection between test scores and day-to-day classroom practices, however, and without this understanding, score-based accountability systems will not lead to meaningful educational reform. This article describes the Erikson Institute Schools Project’s efforts to use analyses of standardized test scores as the entry point for an assessment and intervention process aimed at improving school curricula and instruction.
Claiming Forgotten Leadership
Authors: Méndez-Morse Sylvia
Published: March 2007

This article presents examples and research findings that contradict the typical stereotypes of Latina leadership. The idea that Latina superintendents are atypical of their ethnicity and gender is examined for the purpose of claiming Latina leadership legacies. These legacies bring an alternative perspective to the discourse on leadership.
Teaching Other People’s Ideas to Other People’s Children
Authors: Harding Carol Gibb , London Lorna H. , Safer L. Arthur
Published: March 2007

Educational endeavors are enriched by diverse forms of knowledge and experience and, particularly in urban schools, by children and teachers from diverse backgrounds. Although our educational task has always been one of teaching other people’s ideas to other people’s children, we do not necessarily act as if we know this. Recent work in critical pedagogy as well as revised perspectives in traditional disciplines such as psychology can be used in ongoing efforts to improve the education of all children. The generation and shared evaluation of many and diverse ideas must shape the educational process.
The Impact of a Historically Black College on African American Students
Authors: Fleming Jacqueline
Published: March 2007

An exploratory study assessed the impact of LeMoyne-Owen College (LOC) on students. Eighty randomly selected students (34 freshmen and 46 seniors) participated. They received measures of college adjustment (to the LOC mission), faculty interaction, study habits, personal management, and social adjustment. Results were controlled for social class, aptitude, and variations in age. The results showed that (a) seniors scored higher on all five scales measuring aspects of college adjustment, (b) the strongest effect was the impact of the LOC mission, (c) males showed more widespread development by a factor of 3 to 1, (d) vocational aspiration was the best predictor of grades, and (e) grade point average was the best predictor of the socioeconomic status of vocational aspiration and was positively affected by LOC. The most important implication for institutional action is the power of the mission statement to presage effects on students. Implications for the study of Black student development in college are discussed.
Client Influence on a New Organization
Authors: Rader Victoria Fries
Published: March 2007

Student-client (and other) influences in the conventionalizing of a new college.
Alternative Schools for the `80s
Authors: Hamilton Stephen F.
Published: March 2007

The clarity and orientation of staff roles aided the survival of one alternative school.
Teacher Unionism in New York City
Authors: Pellicano Roy R.
Published: March 2007

In New York City the United Federation of Teachers has aided in support of the schools and been partner of the Board of Education.
Criteria to Determine which Schools to Close
Authors: Dean Joena Than
Published: March 2007

Which school to close is determined by both management and social factors. As with most other areas in education, political issues also arise.
Ethnic Awareness of Chinese-American Teenagers
Authors: Yao Esther Lee
Published: March 2007

Chinese-American high schoolers in Houston are genuinely bicultural and have escaped the stereotyped roles of minority group members.
Stress and Teachers
Authors: Smith Dorothy , Milstein Mike M.
Published: March 2007

Now we call it "burnout. " Under one name or another, teacher stress has been an object of concern for at least fifty years.
Mathematics Aptitude
Authors: Moore Elsie G.J. , Smith A. Wade
Published: March 2007

Data from a longitudinal study show causes of Hispanics' relatively low mathematics aptitude scores.
The Urban School District
Authors: Viteritti Joseph P.
Published: March 2007

Under today's conditions, the conventional pattern of school governance is no longer suitable. Political realities should be recognized and a school commissioner should be responsible to the mayor.
Legislating School Discipline
Authors: Menacker Julius C. , Hurwitz Emanuel , Weldon Ward
Published: March 2007

In some Chicago schools the system's discipline code is ignored, even unfamiliar.
Cost Analysis in Schools and Other Nonprofits
Authors: Chbotar Kent John
Published: March 2007

Cost analysis "in pursuit of excellence, " a primer.
New York City Schools March Off to War
Authors: Brumberg Stephan F.
Published: March 2007

The New York City schools responded to the First World War without regard to civil liberties or other niceties.
Colleges, Universities, and the Urban School District
Authors: Anglin Leo W. , Mooradian Paul W.
Published: March 2007

The improvement of Cleveland's schools is the intended outcome of collaborations of colleges and universities.
Standardized Testing as Symbolic Improvement
Authors: Allard Janicemarie , Fish Judy
Published: March 2007

Test scores as documentation become substitutes for reality.
Do Public Schools Increase Juvenile Delinquency?
Authors: Tygart C. E.
Published: March 2007

Acts of juvenile delinquency are related to school attendance, sex; and age.
School Board Member Role Expectations in Making Decisions about Educational Programs
Authors: Newman Dianna L. , Brown Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the role expectations of school board members when confronted with decisions about curriculum and social programs and to gain insights into how they make these decisions. A national sample of 293 school board members responded to a survey asking what role they might expect to play in program decisions, the role of community members in decision making, the status of superintendent recommendations, and who board members would consult in making decisions. Of major interest was whether the size of the school district and the region of the country were related to role expectations and decision processes. Results indicated that region and size interacted to affect perceptions of community involvement, that size of school affected status of superintendent recommendations, and that region of the country was related to responses on all variables.
Mentoring with Future Urban Teachers
Authors: Padak Nancy D. , K. Stadulis Janet , Barton Lyle E. , Meadows Ferguson B. , Padak Gary M.
Published: March 2007

Increasing educational opportunities for children who live in urban areas is a social, moral, and economic imperative. Teacher preparation is one key to facing this challenge, and mentoring appears to hold promise as a critical component of urban teacher education programs. This article summarizes the mentoring component of a large, federally funded partnership project designed to support future urban teachers. Procedures for recruiting and selecting mentor teachers, typical mentor-student activities, and participants' perceptions of the mentoring activities are described.
Perspectives of Rural Prospective Teachers toward Teaching in Urban Schools
Authors: Gilbert Sharon L
Published: March 2007

Educational inequity in urban schools is due in part to an inability to attract and retain fully educated and experienced teachers. According to data gathered in a study of rural teacher candidates, they have little knowledge or experience about teaching in urban schools. Their information comes primarily from secondary sources rather than from direct experiences. Although they lack both knowledge and experience, these participants reported that they would seek employment in urban schools to be assured of a teaching position. This and other attitudes uncovered in this study raise serious questions for teacher education programs and reforms.
Responding to the Expressed Needs of Urban Middle School Principals
Authors: Neufeld Barbara
Published: March 2007

School principals are deemed essential to current school reform, yet the rhetoric about their importance is often unaccompanied by sufficient attention either to what new knowledge and skills they need or to how they will learn what they need to know to forward today s complex reform agenda. Principals who were trained to be managers are now expected to be leaders in the context of school reform and district decentralization. Despite these role changes, many school reform efforts provide little opportunity for principals to learn what they need to know to forward reform at the school and classroom levels. This article, based on a study of 23 urban middle school principals who participated in extended professional development designed to address their knowledge and skill needs, addresses two questions: (a) What do principals engaged in urban middle school reform report that they need to know to lead reform that includes a significant focus on teaching and learning? and (b) Based on their reports and other knowledge about professional development, what pedagogical strategies might maximize principals' learning?
Effects of Assets and Deficits on the Social Control of At-Risk Behavior among Youth
Authors: DUKES RICHARD L. , STEIN JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

The authors tested control theory using protective effects of personal and social assets and risk effects of personal deficits on deviant behaviors of drug use, delinquency, truancy, and weapons possession. Structural equations modeling was used to analyze data from a population of students in grades 6 through 12 in Colorado (N = 13,207). Second-order factors of assets and deficits explained deviant behavior. Findings were consistent for subgroups of young men and women in both middle school and high school.
Assessing After-School Programs as Contexts for Youth Development
Authors: KAHNE JOSEPH , NAGAOKA JENNY , BROWN ANDREA , O'BRIEN JAMES , QUINN THERESE , THIEDE KEITH
Published: March 2007

Educators, policy makers, and funders increasingly argue that structured afterschool activities can provide youth with valuable supports for development. Studies assessing the impact of particular programs and strategies, however, are rare. This study presents a method of assessment that enables evaluation of varied youth programs in accordance with a youth development agenda. The data include a sample of 6th-through 10th-grade African American students (N = 125) as well as samples of students who participated in three other after-school programs. The analysis of survey data indicates that only some after-school programs provide more opportunities and supports for youth development than students receive during the school day but that almost all provide significantly more attractive affective contexts than students experience during the school day. This difference is particularly great for African American male youth. The study also compares community- and school-based afterschool programs and identifies possible directions for future research.
Aids Knowledge and Sexual Responsibility
Authors: LAMPORT LYNDA L. , ANDRE THOMAS
Published: March 2007

A sample of 221 midwestern high school and college adolescents completed the AIDS Knowledge Test and Sexual Responsibility Scale. Overall, students had a moderate to high level of AIDS knowledge. Females had greater knowledge of AIDS than males. Adolescents who had not engaged in sexual intercourse had greater AIDS knowledge than did adolescents who had engaged in sexual intercourse. Sexually active college students scored higher on the AIDS Knowledge Test than did sexually active high school adolescents. AIDS Knowledge Test scores were significantly positively correlated with Sexual Responsibility scores. Female adolescents were found to be more sexually responsible than male adolescents. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Patterns of Video Game Play in Parlors as a Function of Endogenous and Exogenous Factors
Authors: MICHAELS JAMES W.
Published: March 2007

The present study addresses two aspects of commercial video game parlors. Information on the physical and social environments parlors provide for youth was collected from interviews with parlor managers and informal observation. The general conclusion is that the environment provided varies considerably across parlors. In the second part of the study, parlor traffic was found to be largely a function of temporal and ecological variables, including season of year, day of week, time of day, and location of parlor.
Athletic Participation and the Social Status of Adolescent Males and Females
Authors: HOLLAND ALYCE , ANDRE THOMAS
Published: March 2007

This study examined the role of athletic participation in the social system of adolescent males and females. Social status was measured by criteria for remembrance after high school, type of sport participant preferred for a date or friend, and self-esteem. The sample consisted of 422 high school and 319 college students. There were significant differences between and among males and females on all three social status measures. Participants who were identified with sex-appropriate sports received greater social status than did participants in sex-inappropriate sports.
Attacking the Personal Fable
Authors: SALTZ ELI , PERRY AGNES , CABRAL REBECCA
Published: March 2007

The premise behind this study was that teens engage in early sex because they believe the “personal fable” concerning pregnancy: “It can't happen to me.” Because role-play is a powerful tool for attitude change, the basic intervention consisted of teens enacting the consequences of teen pregnancy. Ss were 267 9th graders (both male and female) in a high-risk urban high school. Factor analysis of a questionnaire concerning sexual attitudes yielded orthogonal attitudes toward (a) abstaining from teen sexual behavior, and (b) use of contraceptives. ANOVAs indicated that, compared to a control group, both role-playing the consequences of teen pregnancy, and watching videos of friends role-playing, significantly increased the favorable attitude toward abstinence in girls but not boys. However, these interventions did not affect attitudes toward contraceptive use.
Community Factors in Secondary Educational Achievement in Appalachia
Authors: STALLMANN JUDITH I. , JOHNSON THOMAS G.
Published: March 2007

Human capital theory suggests that job opportunities will create incentives for students to invest, or not invest, in education. If the economic structure of the community does not reward education, students might drop out of school. The existing research on this topic, which is based on several disciplinary perspectives, is reviewed. Data from Virginia indicate that a higher percentage of service occupations in the county increases the dropout rate. A higher percentage of managerial/professional occupations decreases the dropout rate and increases the percentage of graduates continuing their education. In addition, the model tested for differences in educational achievement in Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties. Appalachian counties differ from urban, but not from other rural counties. Urban counties have a higher percentage of both dropouts and graduates continuing their education.
Community-Based Youth Violence Prevention
Authors: CORVO KENNETH N.
Published: March 2007

Recent alarm concerning youth violence has generated much program planning and development activity. Planners and funders often approach youth violence with weak models of explanation and intervention. The George Gund Foundation, a large private foundation in Cleveland, Ohio, has undertaken a three-year, $1.2 million youth violence prevention initiative. In support of this grants-making process, foundation staff members have developed a conceptual framework that can guide others who also seek to establish or enhance community-based youth violence prevention programs.
Teenage Violence Toward Parents as an Adaptation to Family Strain
Authors: BREZINA TIMOTHY
Published: March 2007

Certain strain and social learning theorists contend that child-to-parent violence represents a functional response to family adversity (or strain). In particular, these theorists suggest that child-to-parent aggression can be understood partly as an attempt to cope with negative treatment by parents or other family members. Furthermore, violent responses may work for children, allowing them to terminate such treatment. In this study, longitudinal data from a national survey of male adolescents are analyzed to test the assumption that child aggression represents a functional response to family strain. Consistent with theoretical accounts, the results indicate a reciprocal relationship between parental and child aggression, characterized by countervailing effects. Although aggression by parents (slapping) tends to foster aggression on the part of the male adolescent child, aggression by the male adolescent child tends to deter the assaultive behavior of parents. Implications for criminological theory, research, and the control of violent behavior are discussed.
Teaching Social Justice and Encountering Society
Authors: RABOW JEROME , STEIN JILL M. , CONLEY TERRI D.
Published: March 2007

Professors can involve students in social problems through the use of dynamic classroom pedagogy. This approach is demonstrated by presenting data based on student responses to an exercise in which they were given the opportunity to take on a stigmatized role. Students were asked to wear a pink triangle pin symbolizing support for gay rights and reflected upon their thoughts, feelings, biases, and the reactions of others. Papers were analyzed according to Helm's (1990) theory of identity and Goffman's (1964) work on stigma. Many students were able to advance through stages of identity development and move toward more open and positive ways of thinking about others. This study joins with the strong legacy of sociologists who have advocated using the classroom as the basis for doing experiments in the field, which would provide students with a deeper intellectual and moral understanding of social problems.
Scared Kids, Unattached Kids, or Peer Pressure
Authors: MAY DAVID C.
Published: March 2007

This study assesses the impact of fear of criminal victimization on juvenile firearm possession at school, while controlling for variables in Hirschi's social bond theory and a derivative of Sutherland's differential association theory. Using responses from a sample of approximately 8,000 public high school students in a southeastern state, this research highlights a statistically significant association between adolescents' fear of criminal victimization and their firearm possession at school, even after controlling for the aforementioned explanations of crime.
Some Organizational Features in the Local Production of a Plausible Text*‡
Authors: Anderson Digby C.
Published: March 2007

Given that written texts are characterized by indexicality and incompleteness; how is it that they are read and followed then judged adequate? In particular how are social scientific arguments read as plausible under such conditions?

It is suggested that the very natural language that renders such arguments in principle problematic, provides a resource in its textual particulars for the repair of indexicality. The article analyzes some local textual features with methods borrowed from conversational analysis to demonstrate three reader/writer strategies 'age orientation', the categorization of a population as more than incidentally juvenile; establishing 'author authority' ; and 'investing' (apparently senseless actors with 'purpose'.
Racism and Rationality
Authors: Goldberg David Theo
Published: March 2007

Two classes of argument, logical and moral, are usually offered for the general assumption that racism is inherently irrational. The logical arguments involve accusations concerning stereotyping (category mistakes and empirical errors resulting from overgeneralization) as well as inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior and inconsistencies in beliefs. Moral arguments claim that racism fails as means to well-defined ends, or that racist acts achieve ends other than moral ones. Based on a rationality-neutral definition of racism, it is argued in this article that none of these arguments establish exhaustively that racism is inherently irrational. Ways are suggested to proceed in condemning racism(s) as morally and socially unacceptable, independent of the irrationality claim.
Rational Choice Theory Considered as Psychology and Moral Philosophy
Authors: Mongin Philippe
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to assess Jon Elster's contribution to rational choice in Ulysses and the Sirens and Sour Grapes. After reviewing Elster's analysis of functional versus intentional explanations, the essay moves on to the crucial distinction between the thin and broad theories of rationality. The former elabo rates on the traditional economist's preference / feasible set apparatus; the latter is the more demanding theory which inquires into the rationality of beliefs and preferences. Elster's approach to the broad theory normally consists in using the thin theory as a reference point and in making purposefully limited departures from it. The essay illustrates the method while commenting on Elster's discus sion of autonomous preferences in Sour Grapes. It goes on to stress some impor tant analogies between Elster's use of the thin and broad theories, on one hand, and Weber's ideal-typical method, on the other. The final assessment is phrased in terms of these analogies; it is suggested that Elster is at his best when the ideal-typical method and his own separate from each other, that is, when he comes to grips with the broad theory in its own terms.
The Philosophical Politics of Jean-Franqois Lyotard
Authors: Jordan Tim
Published: March 2007

The systematic philosophical foundation for Jean-François Lyotard's postmodern and post-Marxist politics is described. The central principle of the right to create different "phrases" is uncovered and examined. The political consequences of this philosophical system are explored, leading to the conclusion that Lyotard's commitment to difference leads to political indifference. The philosophical roots of this indifference are detailed in Lyotard's Cartesian starting point and his analysis of Holocaust revisionism. This analysis reveals an idealist basis to Lyotard's philosophy of difference. Lyotard's concept of difference is compared to that of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe.
On the Development of Different Kinds of Criminal Activity
Authors: BRAME ROBERT , MULVEY EDWARD P. , PIQUERO ALEX R.
Published: March 2007

Research has established that individuals who participate in one form of antisocial behavior are at relatively high risk of participating in other forms of antisocial behavior as well. In this article, the authors rely on recent methodological advances to study the longitudinal development of two different forms of antisocial behavior: serious violent offenses and other offenses. The results of their analysis of two Philadelphia birth cohorts suggest that trajectories of offending differ more in degree than in kind and that relative standing in the distribution of violent offending is associated with relative standing in the distribution of other types of offending activity.
Work and Earnings
Authors: Angle John
Published: March 2007

Conventional methods of model construction and testing are not well suited to the features of large longitudinal survey data sets. Conventional methods assume (1) equal time intervals between observations, (2) simultaneous observations, and (3) that missing observations are rare. As a result, the analysis of whole multiwave sets of longitudinal surveys becomes virtually impossible as the num ber of waves increases. This paper poses a research question about how a per son's work experience affects his or her earnings and shows how the Cumu lative Experience Method (CEM) can provide an answer to the question using all available information in a longitudinal data set. CEM interpolates a person's experience between obcervation points and weights these inferred observations by the inverse of their expected error. The linear interpolation and weighting pro cedure of CEM accommodates easily to missing observations where these occur between earlier and later observations.
Interpreting Modal Frequencies To Measure Social Norms
Authors: Jacobsen Chanoch , Van Der Voordt Theo J.M.
Published: March 2007

The empirical study of social norms has been hampered b y a lack of standardized quantitative measures and criteria for the interpretation of research data. Two such criteria are suggested, both of them derived from the modal proportion of responses. The first, pk1rep , signifies a modal proportion large enough to represent a population norm The second criterian, pk1prom, is less stringent and indicates the presence of a prominent norm. Minority norms and plurality norms are also quantitatively defined. Two empirical examples are given to illustrate the utility of the suggested criteria.
Inequality and Careers
Authors: ROSENFELD RACHEL A. , NIELSEN FRANÇOIS
Published: March 2007

Socioeconomic careers involve a process of attainment. One model that explicitly recognizes this is a simple linear differential equation model. This article shows how such a model can be used to describe careers in terms of entry levels and their determinants, potential levels and their determinants, and the rate of achievement. Such models, while conceptually simple, have some statistical complications over the usual models used when it comes time to estimate them. The second half of the article describes some of these complications and ways of dealing with them.
Exploratory Data Analysis Methods
Authors: COHEN AYALA
Published: March 2007

This article describes several exploratory data analysis (EDA) methods, which were implemented in a study on work role centrality. The purpose of the study was to find the factors that affect work role centrality of industrial workers. The article illustrates the implementation of EDA methods for revealing relationships among variables, for detecting outliers, and for drawing conclusions that are not based on the assumptions of classical formal tests. All the EDA methods described are graphical.
Model Selection Procedures for Network Autocorrelated Disturbances Models
Authors: DOW MALCOLM M.
Published: March 2007

Strategies for model selection within the regression framework typically involve choices among several sometimes competing criteria. In this article, the interrelated criteria of goodness-of-fit and parameter invariance are explored with respect to a class of maximum likelihood network autocorrelation models. A GLS measure of generalized goodness-of-fit, R2G, is proposed for these models based on the equivalence of ML and GLS in the exponential family. This R2G statistic can be used to test for stability of parameters across various samples or subsamples. A second test of parameter invariance across subsamples is proposed: Schwarz's (1978) information Criterion. An example illustrates how these identification and testing procedures may be jointly used to help select the most adequate model for a given data set.
Variations on a Theme
Authors: KAUFMAN ROBERT L. , SCHERVISH PAUL G.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an expository discussion of the use of odds, odds ratios, and functions of odds ratios as an aid to the interpretation of log-linear parameters. While there have been some previous presentations on the use of odds ratios, this method has never been fully and systematically developed for complex situations, nor have the potential problems of interpretation using odds ratios been discussed. The presentation in this article more fully elaborates the possible modes of drawing contrasts with odds ratios using any of the three common parameterizations of a log-linear model (ANOVA-like, regression-like, and logit). The sampling distribution and the calculation of standard errors for odds ratios are also discussed as are some cautions on the interpretation of odds ratios. A data analysis of unemployment using polytomous variables illustrates the application and interpretation of the odds-ratio approach.
A Cautionary Note on the Use of Principal Components Analysis
Authors: HUBBARD RAYMOND , ALLEN STUART J.
Published: March 2007

In a recent edition of this journal, Borgatta et al. (1986), using hypothetical data, illustrated how the results produced by principal components analysis can be substantially different from those of common factor analysis. The present article, using seven well-known data sets, extends their work into the empirical domain, and also compares the results of the maximum likelihood factor analysis model with those of the principal components model. The results strongly support those of Borgatta et al. Indeed, the discrepancies in the empirical results reported here are often larger than their hypothetical example suggests. It was found that, when comparing the performance of the principal components model with the common factor and maximum likelihood models, differences can be expected to occur in (1) the magnitudes of the factor loadings, (2) the signs attached to the factor loadings, and, most important, (3) the interpretation of the factors themselves.
Multilevel Covariance Structure Analysis
Authors: MUTHÉN BENGT O.
Published: March 2007

This article gives an introduction to some new techniques for multilevel covariance structure modeling with latent variables. Although these techniques only incorporate a subset of models that are relevant to multilevel data, the techniques do provide a large set of new analysis possibilities and have the advantage that they only require conventional structural equation modeling software. The presentation draws on methodology presented in earlier works by the author.
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Identification of Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models of Factor Complexity One
Authors: REILLY TERENCE
Published: March 2007

After specification of a structural equation model and before estimation of parameters, the identification status of the model must be determined. For the measurement portion of the model, however, there are very few rules to help the researcher verify whether the model is identified or not. This article introduces a necessary and sufficient identification rule for models of factor complexity one. The rule is easy to understand, is easy to apply, and applies to portions as well as to the whole model. Moreover, it provides a diagnostic tool that helps with identification questions. Many examples are given.
Logit Models and Related Quasi-Symmetric Log-Linear Models for Comparing Responses to Similar Items in a Survey
Authors: AGRESTI ALAN
Published: March 2007

Suppose that subjects respond to a battery of questions (items) of a similar nature in a survey, with each item having the same categorical scale. This article discusses models that express logits for the response distributions in terms of subject and item effects. The models, which generalize the Rasch model, have interpretations referring to subject-specific comparisons of the items. Recent literature shows that one can estimate item parameters using estimates of main effect parameters in corresponding quasi-symmetric log-linear models. We discuss this connection, giving primary attention to ordinal-response models using adjacent-category logits and cumulative logits. For the case of two items, we give expressions for models and corresponding parameter estimates that are the basis of simple tests of marginal homogeneity for square ordinal contingency tables.
Beyond History Versus Theory
Authors: STRYKER ROBIN
Published: March 2007

Strategic narrative is a useful frame for the history-theory relationship in qualitative, historical research. It suggests that some stories and ways of constructing stories will promote theory building more than will others, enabling historical sociologists to help cumulate knowledge more effectively. Four aspects of strategic narrative are discussed and illustrated: (a) concurrent construction and mutual adjustment of history and theory, with each defined and built with reference to the other; (b) selection and construction of history in response to a clearly developed abstract, general theoretical backdrop, with attention to how that backdrop conditions building of history; (c) construction of a theoretical and historical anomaly as the starting point for a phased-in comparative research design, with each phase building narratives and comparisons around key events to answer specific theoretical questions, and all phases cumulating to respond to the full range of general theoretical issues motivating the design; and (d) formulation of clear, precise concepts, measures, and coding techniques to build history as both path-dependent action sequence and complex institutional and cultural context/conjuncture.
Generating Symbolic Interaction
Authors: SKVORETZ JOHN , FARARO THOMAS J.
Published: March 2007

Production systems are ordered sets of if-then rules linking knowledge and action. The authors show how these systems, developed and applied in artificial intelligence and cognitive science, can be used to construct empirically based symbolic interactionist models of situated human interaction. The authors argue that production system models enhance the conceptual clarity and formal analytic capabilities of key ideas in Herbert Blumer's methodological directives for sociology's symbolic interactionist perspective. The authors present both a general discussion and outline of production system model building and a case study in which they evaluate a model for the detailed analysis of customer-waitperson interactions in a restaurant setting.