bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pressure Zone Audits Pinpoint Water Loss
Authors: Wallenstein David , Chastain‐Howley Andrew
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how automatic meter reading (AMR) with data‐logging functions and hourly system comparisons allow utilities to analyze new levels of detail in system supply and customer demand. This information helps utilities better understand water losses and whether the losses result from inaccurate meters, system leaks, or water theft. The article offers an example of California's East Bay Municipal Utility District evaluating the conservation benefits of mobile and fixed‐network AMR systems, equipped with data‐logging capabilities, in two pressure zones known as Round Hill and Holly. The goal was to determine the true nature of lost water – leaks, flushing, fire flow, system meter error, customer meter error, theft, leaks from one zone to another, or any combination of these factors. In addition to AMR and data‐logging‐equipped customer meters, the audit used historical hourly supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) operations data for flow rates and reservoir level indicators, acoustic leak‐detection equipment, and customer‐meter testing equipment. Audit details are provided, along with study findings. Field tests revealed that apparent losses are evident from graphical analysis. The leakage survey revealed no significant distribution system leaks within the pressure zones. Slow customer‐side leaks, especially on large meters, are sleeping giants of system loss within pressure zones.
Robo‐OpeRooter Blasts Grit to Reduce Maintenance, Downtime
Authors: Caruthers Robert
Published: June 2018

This article presents the Robo‐OpeRooter, a device that can be connected to a standard water hose and inserted in the slaker piping or the tank to blast accumulated grit with a high‐velocity water jet spray. The device effectively remixes the sediment with slurry and forces it out of the pipe, so it can be collected and removed properly. The Robo‐OpeRooter is a simple device that eliminates the need to dismantle and clean pipes. It also eliminates disruptions in service because the process can be conducted without shutting down the lime slurry system, thereby avoiding treatment upset and the time previously required to reestablish service. It can be customized to specific sand, sludge, and grit applications.
How Can We Make Pipe Repair and Replacement More Efficient?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how replacement crews can better organize their tools/equipment/materials they need to conduct their maintenance activities in the field. The answer suggests organizing the things taken with you all the time; tracking the things that get broken, lost, or used up, and replace them; and, know your distribution system. Employee training for this type of job is discussed, along with community notification requirements, recording distribution system water quality parameters in the service area before and after repairs occur, and updating project files and O&M files to include global positioning system updates to system maps showing the exact location of repairs, the pipe's outside diameter, material, names of the manufacturer and supplier, date of manufacture, and any photographs taken of the job. The article recommends keeping track of time and costs associated with the job, along with any equipment that was damaged or lost during the job.
Sidestep Disaster With a Business Continuity Plan
Authors: Warren Linda , Moyer Jack , Cyr Chris
Published: June 2018

This article discusses utility business continuity planning (BCP), which is a strategy to keep a utility operating during and after a disaster. Unlike emergency operations or response plans, which focus on disaster response, a BCP defines how a utility continues its everyday business functions, including the financial effects of a crisis, as well as adapting policies to meet the changing needs of employees and the utility, resuming normal operations, keeping and paying employees, keeping and billing customers, and staying in business. BCP goals are listed, along with a 10‐step approach for developing a BCP, and benefits gained by having a BCP.
Sprayer Device Streamlines Sodium Hypochlorite Cleanup
Authors: Bumbalek Ken
Published: June 2018

This article describes the 2008 Opflow Gimmicks & Gadgets Contest First Place Winner, a rotating sprayer device that uses a standard garden hose for a water supply and runs with minimal monitoring to rinse down the lining of a sodium hypochlorite storage tank. The article provides a list of materials used for building the device, describes how it is constructed and operated, and discusses the benefits of using the device.
Laboratory Placemat Eases Sample Testing Procedures
Authors: Long Joel
Published: June 2018

This article describes the 2008 Opflow Gimmicks & Gadgets Contest Third Place Winner, a laboratory testing placemat that streamlines and enhances water sample testing procedures. The placemat has a water‐proof, chemical‐resistant plastic coating and can be customized for specific tests. The article provides examples of how the placemats can be customized.
Envisioning a Secure Water Future
Authors: McCarthy Dan
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how sustainable planning for a secure water future is no longer a regionally isolated challenge. Global trends in water scarcity and watershed management are forcing water utilities to take a long and broad view of the future. The article lists several questions concerning sustainable development.
A Tale of Two Utilities Comparing Diverse Distribution Systems
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Pryor Marsha A.
Published: June 2018

This article compares the challenges in maintaining distribution system water quality between the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) and Pinellas County (Florida) Utilities (PCU). Specifically, the article focuses on water quality, total coliforms, nitrification, and storage tanks. PCU and PWD have a lot in common in that they both apply a phosphate‐based corrosion inhibitor and use a chloramine residual for distribution, find occasional positive coliform samples without any indication of a problem in the system, and need to control biological nitrification in the system, especially in storage facilities, because they use a chloramine residual. The main difference between these systems is in seasonal water temperatures.
Corrosion Simulation: A Stabilized Approach
Authors: Spon Robert
Published: June 2018

Efforts to achieve Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) compliance, limit disinfection byproducts and coliforms, and satisfy consumer complaints may prompt operators to simulate changes in water chemistry before making treatment adjustments. Changing chemical dosage rates in a computer simulator prepares water operators to optimize corrosion control without risk to public health, damage to the water distribution system, or regulatory violations. Each step forward in the simulation registers a change in results, prompting a user to scan the indicated corrosion results and continue into the program or adjust chemicals and dosage rates for desired results. Progress is confirmed by reductions in lead, copper, and zinc levels and progress toward stabilized water quality. The article provides the steps to follow for the simulation procedure, and also a treatment checklist.
How Can We Dispose of Membrane Waste?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about residual issues associated with membrane processes for water reuse. The article first discusses various types of membranes that are used in drinking water treatment including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO), and nanofiltration (NF). The article then focuses on the two types of RO residuals: concentrate that contains dissolved constituents, particulates and chemicals; and, spent cleaning solutions that are generated intermittently and contain acids, alkaline solutions, detergents and surfactants, and feedwater constitutents.
Work as a Team to Optimize Filtration
Authors: Linder Kevin , Zachman Brad
Published: June 2018

This article describes how to optimally control filters to strike the right balance among chemical feeds, loading rates, and other operational parameters to meet finished water quality goals. The article discusses common practices that can help operators optimize filtration, including: develop formal procedures and establish goals; establish a surveillance program; diagnose the worst filter run; develop a log sheet; use filter‐to‐waste (FTW); maintain constant loading; track daily maximum turbidity; and, optimize backwash.
Fire Hydrant Lift Eases Load
Authors: Hardin Richard
Published: June 2018

This article describes the Fire Hydrant Lift, a device that can be used by one or two people to lift a hydrant's upper barrel and bonnet. The tool gives the workers a firm hold on the hydrant, and, because the entire weight of the hydrant is beneath the tool, stability is also ensured. Construction of the device is discussed, along with benefits and materials used to build it.
Why Monitor Drawdown, Drainage, and Drought?
Authors: Dufresne Douglas
Published: June 2018

Water utilities that withdraw groundwater from aquifers should monitor withdrawals for potential impacts on other wells, wetlands, or surface water bodies. Monitoring wells can be constructed to monitor water levels in one or more aquifers and provide data for a historical record. Because monitoring usually isn't conducted before a well or wellfield is built and operating, impacts that occur after pumping begins are often attributed to well or wellfield operation. Unfortunately, without hydrologic data to the contrary, utilities may be required to offset the perceived impact, whether or not they caused it. In addition to water‐level data, this article discusses collecting precipitation and air‐temperature data near production wells and wellfields. Topics covered include: hydrologic conditions; rainfall and temperature; climatic variability; hydroperiod; hydrograph and hydroperiod analysis; drawdown; and, monitoring.
Measuring Turbidity in the Laser Age
Authors: Sadar Michael , Cason Steve , Engelhardt Terry
Published: June 2018

This article discusses turbidimeter technology advancements that now include laser nephelometers whose detection capabilities approach the functionality of particle counters. Laser nephelometers can detect ultra‐low turbidity changes, as well as filter deterioration and breakthrough. Increasingly, these capabilities allow turbidity and particle‐counting measurements to become complementary technologies. In addition, a laser nephelometer plays two roles at conventional water treatment facilities by providing accurate, on‐line turbidity measurements to meet regulatory reporting requirements and serving as a sensitive, highly accurate process instrument for optimizing filter performance and run times.
Model Sheds Light on TTHM Formation
Authors: Oneby Michael , Reid Andrew L. , Mahmutoglu Serkan
Published: June 2018

Implementation of the Stage 2 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts Rule has increased the necessity for a utility's operations staff to better understand what parameters affect disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. To address this problem, a model was developed to manage water age from a 5‐mil‐gal below‐hydraulic‐gradient storage tank that feeds back into a clearwell at Pawtucket (R.I.) Water Supply Board's new water treatment facility. The article discusses process flow, black‐box model, model calibration, storage tank water age, model estimation, and modeling DBPs.
How Should Water Utilities Prepare for: Climate Change?
Authors: Sykes Richard G. , Chan Clifford C. , Encarnacion Rey C. , Richards Kevin T.
Published: June 2018

This article presents new developments by East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) in Oakland, California, in using current climate change research for water resource and operational planning. By using available information on water supply availability, flood control and storage, operational reliability, and water quality, EBMUD conducted various studies to analyze how its system may be required to operate in the future. Reducing greenhouse gases, the effect of climate change on supply sources, and rising sea levels are discussed in relation to effects on utilities. The article provides two figures that, first, show unimpaired runoff under historical and climate change conditions; and, second, show the onset of flooding potential for the five worst floods on record. A table is included in the article that presents the possible impacts of climate change on water resources.
Cyber Security: Is Your System Safe?
Authors: Hartson Marla K.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses security for information technology systems, to keep a utility's plant control systems such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems safe from terrorists' attacks. The article discusses various viruses and malicious software (called “malware”) that infiltrate a computer system without the owner's consent or knowledge. Examples of malicious software that have infiltrated control stations are provided, along with a discussion of new personalized threats on corporate executives, “zero‐day exploits”, personally identifiable information, fail‐safe malware, and infection speed. The article discusses maintaining a water plant's security technologies, including security awareness training, and the Control Systems Cyber Security Self Assessment Tool (CS2SAT) that promotes communication between an Information Technology (IT) department and operators and technicians to assess the process control network's IT security. The tool is specifically relevant for water‐sector utilities.
How Do We Test for Viruses?
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Rose Joan B. , Xagoraraki Irene , Couliette Angela D. , Aslan‐Yilmaz Asli
Published: June 2018

This article begins by discussing enteric viruses, specifically those that have been associated with waterborne disease outbreaks. Advances in molecular techniques for virus detection and identification are discussed, specifically polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which is a technique that copies a virus's genetic material (RNA or DNA) for detecting and identifying viruses in water samples. Techniques for sample collection, virus concentration, and cell culturing are discussed, along with coliphage assays. The article includes an inset that provides information on viruses, how they are spread, waterborne viral diseases, and four viruses on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Contaminant Candidate List.
Leak Detection: Recovering a Precious Resource
Authors: Jones Cliff , Laven Kevin
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how aging infrastructure and increasing supply pressures are prompting a growing effort by water utilities to manage water loss. The article provides examples of utilities that are using sophisticated correlators to filter out background noise and compare signals from multiple sensors to locate small main leaks. The article also provides examples of utilities using tethered inline acoustic leak‐detection systems for locating trunk main leaks. The article discusses the type of pipe that is more likely to break and/or leak.
Lighted Meter Reader Solves Direct‐Read Problems
Authors: Inch Scott
Published: June 2018

This article presents the Lighted Meter Reader, first place winner of the 2010 Opflow Gimmicks & Gadgets Contest. This device can be lowered into a submerged water meter box to read the water meter, magnifying the numbers on the meter and illuminating them with it's own LED light. The Lighted Meter Reader consists of a 3 1/2‐ft piece of black ABS pipe, a lens from a 3/4‐in. meter, a project box, a switch, four LED lights, and batteries.
Unidirectional Flushing Enhance Water Quality and Improve Customer Relations
Authors: Reiss C. Robert , Nantz Harold , Mazana Kelcia , Schumi Paul , Murin James , Robert Christophe
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a successful unidirectional flushing (UDF) program that requires a structured approach, including detailed planning, coordination, communication, and quality control. The article discusses the key steps of a UDF program that include the following: UDF design model development; asset assessments; public notification; flushing; and, water quality sampling. The article presents lessons learned from the city of Melbourne, Florida's experience with developing, implementing, and recently completing a successful UDF program.
Beware of SCADA System Vulnerability
Authors: Brilliant Mark , Mains Ken
Published: June 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of how automated hacking programs exploit computer systems. The article lists the characteristics of an ideal host computer that allow a hacking program to imbed a small remote access and control application, turning the infected computer system into a “zombie” that remains dormant while awaiting instructions from its master. A water or wastewater supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system usually satisfies these ideal conditions. The most vulnerable are small and medium‐size SCADA systems that are connected to the Internet for data transfer and control needs. The article provides guidelines for protecting SCADA systems from hackers, and recommends avoiding Internet connectivity if at all possible, along with developing a Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System for the Internet that defines proper rules and regulations.
Escalating Chemical Costs A Wake‐up Call for Process Optimization
Authors: Wang Yong , Forrest Yvonne , Pham Hanh
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a plan developed by the city of Houston Public Works and Engineering (COHPWE) Department to minimize the use of chemicals for enhanced coagulation, flocculation, disinfection and other processes in response to the dramatic price increases of the past few years for aluminum sulfate with sulfuric acid (acid alum) and caustic soda. COHPWE decided to use lime slurry instead of caustic soda for enhanced coagulation. Jar tests, acid alum tests, and lime dose tests are discussed, along with implementation procedures, and cost benefit analyses.
What Are Some Guidelines for Meeting TCR Requirements?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about total coliform (TC) sampling guidelines under the Total Coliform Rule (TCR). The answer specifically states the TCR requirements for monitoring for the presence of TCs in distribution systems. The article discusses what to include when developing a TC sampling plan, along with proper procedures for sample collection.
Lessons Learned Maintain Fire Hydrants Today to Prevent Problems Tomorrow
Authors: Culbertson Kent
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the fire hydrant inspection and maintenance program at the Lawrence, Kansas, Department of Utilities. More than 3,400 city‐maintained fire hydrants are integrated into the city's geographic information system and identified with Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates. The system allows Bob Brower, utility field operations manager, to review line segment maps; zoom in to specific fire hydrants; and review installation, inspection, and maintenance records. The article provides a brief overview of the program, including step‐by‐step procedures, considerations for adding a new fire hydrant, and existing hydrant maintenance. The article includes an insert on the department's certification by numerous standards organizations.
Mapping Ground Water Rule Requirements
Authors: McMahan Erin K. , Lopez‐Carbo Maria
Published: June 2018

This is the first column in a series by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water & Drinking Water to summarize key components of the Ground Water Rule (GWR) and help groundwater systems (GWSs) navigate their way through GWR requirements. The purpose of the rule, the type of water system it applies to, and critical deadlines and requirements are all discussed. The four major components of the rule are listed, and two “frequently asked questions” are answered in the article.
Best Available Technology: Make the Right Choice
Authors: Bridges Ben
Published: June 2018

This article states that the best available technology isn't always affordable, so a good substitute is educating yourself by attending seminars, meetings, and conferences to share ideas and learn. The author recommends taking time to study and learn from other systems and operators, and read articles in trade journals dedicated to improving water quality. Operators know the inner workings of their systems better than anyone. Only operators can tweak a chlorinator or fool a control gear to get optimal results. By learning what's available, what works, and why it works, operators can educate others.
Water Audits: Coming to a Neighborhood Near You?
Authors:   THE AWWA WATER LOSS CONTROL COMMITTEE
Published: June 2018

This article presents highlights from agencies that have created new regulations and/or are closely evaluating the water audit methodology published in 2000 by the International Water Association (IWA) with assistance from AWWA. Developments are reported from Texas, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Virginia, Georgia, Calgary (Alberta, Canada), North Carolina, Tennessee, and California.
Mapping Ground Water Rule Requirements: Triggered and Additional Source Water Monitoring
Authors: McMahan Erin K. , Lopez‐Oarbo Maria
Published: June 2018

This is the second of five columns developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), summarizing key components of the Ground Water Rule (GWR). This column details source water monitoring, focusing on triggered and additional source water monitoring. These apply to groundwater systems (GWSs) that don't reliably provide 4‐log virus treatment, which includes inactivation or removal or a state‐approved combination of these technologies before or at the first customer. These systems may have to conduct source water monitoring to comply with the GWR if a total coliform‐positive (TC+) sample is collected in their distribution system.
How Can We Improve Granular Media Filter Operation?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks for pointers on improving the performance of granular media filters. The answer recommends pretreatment optimization, but the main focus of the article is on benchmarking filter performance, including unit filter‐run volume, head‐loss buildup, filter bed solids retention, and backwash water turbidity. Filter surveillance is then recommended, and the article provides general surveillance steps that can be followed.
From Plant to Tap: Optimize Quality
Authors: Wilkes David R.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the need for comprehensive analysis and review of water system components, as well as how changing those components affects distribution system water quality. Biological stability and biofilm, corrosion and corrosion control, disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and aesthetic quality are primary issues to consider. Although several approaches ultimately will be combined to provide effective management, the primary tools discussed in the article are real‐time water quality monitoring and computer hydraulic modeling.
Is ASR a Viable Strategy for Emergency Water Supplies?
Authors: Bloetscher Frederick , Muniz Albert
Published: June 2018

This article discusses specific issues to evaluate when a utility is considering an aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) project, including: aquifer parameters; injection‐zone confinement; bubble geometry; buoyancy in brackish systems; recovery percentage; water quality changes; and, cost savings and plant efficiency.
Consumer Education: The Missing Link in Cross‐Connection Control
Authors: Byus Lou Allyn
Published: June 2018

This article stresses the importance of water utilities actively continuing cross‐connection education for their customers. The article suggests that utilities establish alliances with the plumbing industry and backflow associations to educate consumers, and lists several forms of outreach for conducting ongoing consumer education.
Mission Impossible: Inspecting a 54‐in. Water Main Without Being Noticed
Authors: Jones David Stewart
Published: June 2018

In March 2010, a 54‐inch high‐pressure concrete water main ruptured in a densely populated suburb of Miami, Florida, and although the Miami‐Dade Water and Sewer Department field crews quickly repaired the damaged pipe section, other sections around the rupture point were in poor condition, and there was a possibility of more failures along the pipeline. This article discusses an effort by the Miami‐Dade Water and Sewer Department to inspect 16 miles of high‐pressure water pipeline in two nights, without disabling and draining a large‐diameter water main serving 1 million people. Effective coordination was key to this project's success.
Savings Multiplied: Conserve Water and Energy to Maximize Efficiency, Reduce Emissions
Authors: Hannah Craig , Kuse Tricia
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the water/energy nexus: the interconnectivity of water needed for producing energy, and the energy required to distribute, purify, and heat water. An effective efficiency program should follow a continuous cycle: measure, manage, monitor, and report. The article discusses several basic ways in which water users and providers can reduce water consumption, increase efficiency in systems that distribute and use water, and employ sustainable practices. An inset is provided that lists water efficiency case studies.
How Do I Calculate CT for My Storage Tank?
Authors: Lauer William C.
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how to calculate CT for a storage tank. The answer begins with a brief regulatory overview of CT requirements for compliance with the Ground Water Rule. To determine whether disinfection regulatory requirements for storage tanks are being met, two CT values are discussed, along with methods for calculation: regulatory CT requirement (CTreq); and, calculated CT (CTcal) achieved by a system. Calculation examples are provided, along with tables for CTreq for 4‐log virus removal, and for baffling factors.
Coliform Management: What are Utilities Doing to Mitigate Occurrences?
Authors: Friedman Melinda , Hanson Amie , Kirmeyer Gregory , Dewis Kylee , Lechevallier Mark
Published: June 2018

This article presents case studies that detail the activities by water utilities to investigate microbial occurrences. The following investigative strategies are described: sampling and detection methods; disinfectant concentration; speciation; additional monitoring and analysis; biofilm pipe coupons; and, nutrients. The case studies also highlight mitigation strategies such as distribution system disinfectant, change in treatment, water quality, operation and maintenance, and source water monitoring.
Pipe‐Bursting Challenges Provide Valuable Lessons
Authors: Orton Collins
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a project by the city of St. Helena (California) to replace 2,627 linear ft. of 12‐in. welded steel pipe (WSP). In the fall of 2009, the city bid a project to replace the aging pipeline using static pipe bursting. Trenchless pipe bursting was chosen to accommodate the pipeline's proximity to a highway, Wine Train, and numerous utilities. The article describes the bursting operations, and discusses lessons learned from the project.
Searching for Practical Sustainability Applications
Authors: Binney Peter D.
Published: June 2018

Beyond current commitments, water providers will have to meet a growing demand for water supplies as the nation's population increases by another 100 million people by 2050. Increasingly, utilities will compete with reservations of water for environmental purposes and a range of other water‐dependent users, including agriculture and energy producers.
Adapt to a Changing World: Protect and Diversify to Sustain Water Supplies for the Future
Authors: Bloetscher Frederick , Heimlich Barry
Published: June 2018

Changes in the nature of global precipitation, evaporation, snowpack, streamflow, and other factors will affect freshwater supply and quality. For example, the effects of sea level rise in low‐lying areas, such as Florida, are potentially significant and represent permanent problems that will require substantial investment to overcome. Additional water will be needed to retard saltwater intrusion, limit saltwater migration into surface water bodies, and secure water supplies. Water managers should evaluate how changes in climate will affect the hydrologic cycle in their areas and how to mitigate the effects to prevent freshwater crises in the future. Site‐specific strategies for improving water supplies may include water conservation, protecting existing water sources from saltwater intrusion, developing alternative water sources, and regionalization.
How Can We Improve Our Credit Rating?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the concept of creditworthiness, defined as a credit rating for utilities in terms of assessing their ability to obtain capital but also in the broader context of technical, managerial, and financial (TMF) capacity development. The article discusses principles in several areas that can improve a utility's standing with credit agencies or loan providers, which are good utility management principles in general.
Pipe Study, Optimization Analysis Reduce Costs and Improve Operations
Authors: Hickmann Tom , Mann Elsinore , Lansdowne Heidi
Published: June 2018

The City of Bend, Oregon, initiated a study to prioritize its capital improvement plan and reduce expenditures. To achieve its goals, the city needed to better understand its system and how performance could change under dynamic conditions. The study's purpose was to help the city operate more efficiently, improve service, and optimize its master plan. The study consisted of three phases: pipe criticality, operational efficiency, and capital improvements.
New Filtration Process Improves Iron and Manganese Removal
Authors: Manz David H.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a new filtration technology, a polishing sand filter (PSF), that effectively removes iron and manganese; treats water with sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S); reduces capital, operating, maintenance, and chemical costs; uses less energy; produces less waste; and, is easy to operate. PSF design enhances traditional slow sand filtration's (TSSF's) polishing capabilities and replaces onerous cleaning processes with a backwash process that doesn't require media to be removed or lost from the filter. A biological layer isn't required for successful operation, allowing loading rates three or more times greater than TSSF and a shallower filter bed, resulting in a more compact filter design.
Enhance Small Water Systems: Through Automation
Authors: Fron Gregory A.
Published: June 2018

The need to enhance small system automation is inevitable whether the community's population is stable or growing. However, economics and regulation determine feasibility and requirements and such improvements must be evaluated by assessing an entire system and an ability to predict and plan for repairs or enhancements. The article discusses equipment and controls, automation technologies, two separate recommended enhancements that include a programmable logic controller (PLC) and data management and control. A comparison of the two options is provided. An inset to the article discusses common supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) benefits. Financial viability is discussed along with obtaining adequate funding.
Periodic Operator Inspection
Authors: Meier Stephen
Published: June 2018

Intake offers Opflow readers guidelines and best practices collected from AWWA Manuals of Water Supply Practices.
Retracted: TPX2 gene silencing inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis through negative regulation of AKT signaling pathway in ovarian cancer
Authors: Tian Yuan , Liu Lian‐Lian , Guo Dong‐Mei , Wang Yan , Zha Wen‐Hui , Li Yang , Wu Fu‐Ju
Published: June 2018

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy. Accumulated studies have revealed that targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) was tightly associated with the development and progression of OC. The present study further determined a novel mechanism of TPX2 in OC via the AKT signaling pathway. The differentially expressed genes were screened in GEO database for gene expression microarray of OC. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the key differentially expressed genes in OC. We prepared CD133/1+ OC stem cells. Then cells were treated with TPX2‐1 siRNA and perifcsine to explore the correlation of TPX2 and the AKT signaling pathway. We determined the expression of TPX2, AKT, Pl3 K, PTEN, caspase‐3, Bax and Bcl‐2 in OC cells. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis rate were respectively measured using MTT and EdU assays, Transwell assay, Scratch test, and flow cytometry. Xenograft tumor in nude mice was used to determine the effect of TPX2 in OC cells in vitro. Initially, TPX2 overexpression was observed in OC, and TPX2 mediated the effect of the AKT signaling pathway in OC. TPX2 knockdown decreased expression of AKT, Pl3 K, and Bcl‐2, and the extent of AKT phosphorylation, but increased expression of PTEN, Caspase‐3, and Bax. Furthermore, TPX2 knockdown suppressed OC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but promoted OC cell apoptosis. Taken together, TPX2 silencing negatively regulates the AKT signaling pathway by which OC cell proliferation was inhibited yet cell apoptosis was accelerated, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach to OC.
LINC00968 functions as an oncogene in osteosarcoma by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling
Authors: Liu Gang , Yuan Dongtang , Sun Peng , Liu Weidong , Wu Peng‐Fei , Liu Huan , Yu Guang‐Yang
Published: June 2018

Osteosarcoma is recognized as a malignant tumor in the skeletal system. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been exhibited to play crucial roles in osteosarcoma development. Our current study focused on the biological effects and mechanism of LINC00968 in osteosarcoma pathogenesis. We observed that LINC00968 was dramatically elevated in osteosarcoma cells including U2OS, MG63, Saos‐2, SW1353, and 143‐B cells compared to human osteoblast cell line hFOB. Silence of LINC00968 inhibited osteosarcoma cell growth and proliferation in vitro. Reversely, overexpression of LINC00968 promoted osteosarcoma cell survival and cell colony formation ability in Saos‐2 and 143‐B cells. In addition, LINC00968 was able to induce osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion through up‐regulating MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 protein levels. The phosphoinosmde‐3‐kinase/Protein Kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway has been reported to participate in several cancer types. Here, in our study, we found that PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was involved in osteosarcoma progression. Knockdown of LINC00968 inactivated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro. Subsequently, in vivo tumor xenografts were established using 143‐B cells to investigate whether LINC00968 can induce osteosarcoma development in vivo. Consistently, it was indicated that inhibition of LINC00968 significantly inhibited osteosarcoma progression in vivo. Taken these together, in our research, LINC00968 could be provided as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in osteosarcoma diagnosis and treatment.
Effects of age, gender, and risk‐factors for heart failure on native myocardial T1 and extracellular volume fraction using the SASHA sequence at 1.5T
Authors: Pagano Joseph J. , Chow Kelvin , Paterson D. Ian , Mikami Yoko , Schmidt Anna , Howarth Andrew , White James , Friedrich Matthias G. , Oudit Gavin Y. , Ezekowitz Justin , Dyck Jason , Thompson Richard B.
Published: June 2018

Background

Understanding cardiac MR T1 mapping values might require examination of the effects of age, gender, and heart failure risk factors.

Purpose/Hypothesis

To evaluate the effects of gender, age, and presence of heart failure risk factors on myocardial native T1 and extracellular volume fraction (ECV).

Study Type

Retrospective, cross‐sectional, observational study.

Population

Secondary analysis of cardiac MR data, separated by gender and health status, based on the presence of at least one heart failure risk factor.

Field Strength/Sequence

Cardiac MR imaging at 1.5T, including T1 mapping using the SAturation recovery single‐SHot Acquisition (SASHA) sequence.

Assessment

Interventricular septal region‐of‐interest analysis for assessment of native T1 and ECV.

Statistical Tests

Group comparisons performed using Student t‐test, or nonparametric equivalent. Linear regression was used to assess relationships between age and T1 measurements.

Results

Native T1 and ECV were available in 187 and 143 subjects, respectively. T1 and ECV were independent of age in all groups (Native T1: healthy women P = 0.655; healthy men P = 0.906; at‐risk women P = 0.487; at‐risk men P = 0.683; ECV: healthy women P = 0.685; healthy men P = 0.199; at‐risk women P = 0.152; at‐risk men P = 0.747). T1 and ECV were higher in healthy women versus men (1202 ± 30 ms versus 1167 ± 36 ms, P = 0.0000 and 22 ± 2% versus 20 ± 2%, P = 0.0089), while values were similar in women and men with risk factors (1197 ± 55 ms versus 1193 ± 45 ms, P = 0.6556, 21 ± 2% versus 21 ± 3%, P = 0.5039). No differences existed in native T1 or ECV between women with or without risk factors (P = 0.6344 and P = 0.1026), whereas men with risk factors showed higher native T1 values (P = 0.0070).

Data Conclusion

Native T1 and ECV measured with SASHA do not vary with age, regardless of gender or the presence of factors for heart failure. Native T1 and ECV are higher in healthy women than men, but do not differ in the presence of risk factors, suggesting a different myocardial response to risk factors between genders.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1307–1317.
RF coils: A practical guide for nonphysicists
Authors: Gruber Bernhard , Froeling Martijn , Leiner Tim , Klomp Dennis W.J.
Published: June 2018

Radiofrequency (RF) coils are an essential MRI hardware component. They directly impact the spatial and temporal resolution, sensitivity, and uniformity in MRI. Advances in RF hardware have resulted in a variety of designs optimized for specific clinical applications. RF coils are the “antennas” of the MRI system and have two functions: first, to excite the magnetization by broadcasting the RF power (Tx‐Coil) and second to receive the signal from the excited spins (Rx‐Coil). Transmit RF Coils emit magnetic field pulses (
) to rotate the net magnetization away from its alignment with the main magnetic field (B0), resulting in a transverse precessing magnetization. Due to the precession around the static main magnetic field, the magnetic flux in the receive RF Coil (
) changes, which generates a current I. This signal is “picked‐up” by an antenna and preamplified, usually mixed down to a lower frequency, digitized, and processed by a computer to finally reconstruct an image or a spectrum. Transmit and receive functionality can be combined in one RF Coil (Tx/Rx Coils). This review looks at the fundamental principles of an MRI RF coil from the perspective of clinicians and MR technicians and summarizes the current advances and developments in technology.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 6 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:590–604.
Combination of sugar and stable isotopes analyses to detect the use of nongrape sugars in balsamic vinegar must
Authors: Perini Matteo , Nardin Tiziana , Camin Federica , Malacarne Mario , Larcher Roberto
Published: June 2018

“Aceto Balsamico di Modena” (ABM) is a protected geographical indication salad dressing obtained from cooked and/or concentrated grape must, with the addition of wine vinegar and a maximum of 2% caramel (EU Reg 583/2009).

In this study, we investigated whether the combination of 13C/12C of ethanol using isotope ratio mass spectrometry with 2H‐site‐specific natural isotope fractionation–nuclear magnetic resonance and minor sugars using ion chromatography with pulse amperometric and charged aerosol detection is able to improve detection of sugar addition to ABM must.

A large selection of authentic Italian grape musts and different samples of balsamic vinegar with an increasing percentage of added beet, cane, and sugar syrups were considered.

The possible degradation of sugars in the ABM matrix during shelf life was also investigated.

While stable isotope ratios analysis remains the favoured method for determining cane and beet sugar addition, dosage of minor sugar (in particular maltose) proved to be very useful for detecting the addition of sugar syrup.

Thanks to this innovative approach, 3 out of 27 commercial ABMs were identified as adulterated.

A combination of stable isotope ratio and ion chromatography with pulse amperometric and charged aerosol detection analysis can be therefore proposed as a suitable tool for detecting the authenticity of ABM must.
The stress hormone norepinephrine increases the growth and virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Gao Jinwei , Xi Bingwen , Chen Kai , Song Rui , Qin Ting , Xie Jun , Pan Liangkun
Published: June 2018

Stress is an important contributing factor in the outbreak of infectious fish diseases. To comprehensively understand the impact of catecholamine stress hormone norepinephrine (NE) on the pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila, we assessed variations in bacterial growth, virulence‐related genes expression and virulence factors activity after NE addition in serum‐SAPI medium. Further, we assessed the effects of NE on A. hydrophila virulence in vivo by challenging fish with pathogenic strain AH196 and following with or without NE injection. The NE‐associated stimulation of A. hydrophila strain growth was not linear‐dose‐dependent, and only 100 μM, or higher concentrations, could stimulate growth. Real‐time PCR analyses revealed that NE notably changed 13 out of the 16 virulence‐associated genes (e.g. ompW, ahp, aha, ela, ahyR, ompA, and fur) expression, which were all significantly upregulated in A. hydrophila AH196 (p < 0.01). NE could enhance the protease activity, but not affect the lipase activity, hemolysis, and motility. Further, the mortality of crucian carp challenged with A. hydrophila AH196 was significantly higher in the group treated with NE (p < 0.01). Collectively, our results showed that NE enhanced the growth and virulence of pathogenic bacterium A. hydrophila.
Tillage intensity and pasture in rotation effectively shape soil microbial communities at a landscape scale
Authors: Le Guillou Cédric , Chemidlin Prévost‐Bouré Nicolas , Karimi Battle , Akkal‐Corfini Nouraya , Dequiedt Samuel , Nowak Virginie , Terrat Sébastien , Menasseri‐Aubry Safya , Viaud Valérie , Maron Pierre‐Alain , Ranjard Lionel
Published: June 2018

Soil microorganisms are essential to agroecosystem functioning and services. Yet, we still lack information on which farming practices can effectively shape the soil microbial communities. The aim of this study was to identify the farming practices, which are most effective at positively or negatively modifying bacterial and fungal diversity while considering the soil environmental variation at a landscape scale. A long‐term research study catchment (12 km2) representative of intensive mixed farming (livestock and crop) in Western Europe was investigated using a regular grid for soil sampling (n = 186). Farming systems on this landscape scale were described in terms of crop rotation, use of fertilizer, soil tillage, pesticides treatments, and liming. Molecular microbial biomass was estimated by soil DNA recovery. Bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed by 16S and 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Microbial biomass was significantly stimulated by the presence of pasture during the crop rotation since temporary and permanent pastures, as compared to annual crops, increased the soil microbial biomass by +23% and +93% respectively. While soil properties (mainly pH) explained much of the variation in bacterial diversity, soil tillage seemed to be the most influential among the farming practices. A 2.4% increase in bacterial richness was observed along our gradient of soil tillage intensity. In contrast, farming practices were the predominant drivers of fungal diversity, which was mainly determined by the presence of pastures during the crop rotation. Compared to annual crops, temporary and permanent pastures increased soil fungal richness by +10% and +14.5%, respectively. Altogether, our landscape‐scale investigation allows the identification of farming practices that can effectively shape the soil microbial abundance and diversity, with the goal to improve agricultural soil management and soil ecological integrity.
Analyzing antenna effects on mobile chassis currents using theory of characteristic modes
Authors: Ghalib Asim , Sharawi Mohammad S.
Published: June 2018

In this article, the use of the mobile chassis for frequencies greater than 2 GHz is investigated. The analysis is conducted on 120 × 60 mm2 chassis size with 2 antenna types; monopole and planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA). The use of the mobile chassis as the main radiating element for frequencies greater than 2 GHz is not practical or realistic. For such frequencies, the antenna is main radiating source that is why in an antenna and chassis scenario a 90% reduction in the ground plane for 2 different antenna types at 2.0 GHz did not affect the response (impedance bandwidth) of the system. At frequencies around 1 GHz, a 44% reduction in the ground plane did not affect the response either but one can observe that at lower frequencies the effect is more severe. The study shows that the antenna type and its localized currents are responsible for radiation. The effect of practical antenna elements on the chassis current modes is investigated. Different antenna types affect the chassis modes differently and the characteristic mode current maxima concentrate around the antenna element. Under such scenarios the excitation of a single mode is very difficult.
A wideband hybrid feeding circularly polarized magneto‐electric dipole antenna for 5G Wi‐Fi
Authors: Sun Kai , Yang Deqiang , Liu Sihao
Published: June 2018

A hybrid‐fed circularly polarized magneto‐electric (ME) dipole antenna is presented for 5G Wi‐Fi application. A single series feeding cross‐aperture coupled structure is used to stimulate the ME dipole antenna. Measurement shows that the ME dipole antenna has an overlapped bandwidth of 23.5% from 4.98 to 6.31 GHz for the standards of both |S11| < −10 dB and axial ratio < 3 dB. A measured gain of approximately 7.5 dBi is obtained and the fluctuation of the realized gain is <1 dB from the whole operating frequency band. Moreover, because of the advantages of ME dipole, the proposed design realized a stable radiation patterns and roughly coincide radiation patterns at x‐o‐z and y‐o‐z plane in the operating frequency band.
3D‐printed index‐modulated substrate for beam in Fabry‐Perot cavity antennas
Authors: Ratni Badreddine , Kessi Sayad Ourdia , de Lustrac André , Piau Gérard‐Pascal , Burokur Shah Nawaz
Published: June 2018

The design of a beam steerable Fabry‐Perot cavity antenna based on the use of a phase modulated partially reflective surface is reported. The latter partially reflective surface makes use of a 3D‐printed index‐modulated dielectric substrate so as to incorporate the phase modulation. The engineered substrate is combined with uniform inductive and capacitive grids in order to design the phase‐modulated metal‐dielectric‐metal metasurface acting as a partially reflecting surface in the cavity antenna. Thanks to the phase modulation, the radiated beam of the antenna is steered to an off‐normal direction.