bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vocabulary limitations undermine bilingual children’s reading comprehension despite bilingual cognitive strengths
Authors: Babayiğit Selma , Hitch Graham J. , Kandru-Pothineni Swathi , Clarke Annie , Warmington Meesha
Published: February 2022

Previous research reported bilingual cognitive strengths in working memory, executive function and novel-word learning skills (Bialystok in Psychol Bull 143:233–262, 2017; Kaushanskaya and Marian in Psychon Bull Rev 16:705–710, 2009). These skills should also support bilingual children’s vocabulary and reading development, yet bilingual children show weaknesses in their second language vocabulary and reading comprehension skills. Our primary aim was to clarify these seemingly paradoxical reports by investigating the cognitive strengths and weaknesses associated with both bilingual experience and reading comprehension in a single study. The participants were 102 English-speaking monolingual children and 104 Hindi/Urdu-English speaking bilingual children (mean age = 118.26 months, SD = 11.23 months) in the UK. We tested children’s vocabulary, working memory, executive function (cognitive inhibition, updating memory), novel-word learning, and reading skills. All testing was conducted in English. The findings supported the previous reports of bilingual cognitive strengths in working memory, novel-word learning and cognitive inhibition skills. However, despite their cognitive strengths and adequate word reading skills, the bilingual group displayed weaker reading comprehension than their monolingual peers. As anticipated, there was a direct association between bilingual children’s smaller English vocabulary size and underperformance on reading comprehension. Along with word reading, vocabulary was the most powerful unique predictor of reading comprehension. The effects of cognitive control skills on reading comprehension were mixed and mostly indirect through word reading skills. These relations were comparable across the monolingual and bilingual groups. Together, our findings highlighted the importance of clear educational policies on oral language assessment and support in our increasingly multilingual classrooms.
Associations between morphological awareness and literacy skills in German primary school children: the roles of grade level, phonological processing and vocabulary
Authors: Haase Astrid , Steinbrink Claudia
Published: February 2022

Studies investigating relations between morphological awareness and literacy in German, a language with a rather transparent but asymmetric orthography, are sparse. Little is known about the role of grade level for these relationships and of their relative strength compared to those between other language-related variables and literacy skills. This cross-sectional study was conducted with German-speaking second-, third- and fourth-graders (n of final sample ≥ 85 per grade). Morphological awareness tasks required the production of inflections, derivations and compounds. Additionally, phonological processing, vocabulary, reading fluency, reading comprehension and spelling were measured. Factor analyses revealed two facets of morphological awareness: morphological fluency and morphological awareness for pseudowords. These were correlated with both reading and spelling skills in all grades. More literacy variables were related to morphological fluency in Grade 4 than in Grades 2 and 3. In regression analyses, variance in literacy skills was predominantly explained by phonological awareness. Morphological awareness did not explain additional variance. The results reveal that different facets of morphological awareness are related to literacy skills in German primary school children. Despite the asymmetry of German orthography, no evidence was found for differences in the association of morphological awareness with spelling versus reading. Phonological processing shows stronger relations with literacy than morphological awareness does. This might indicate that in the transparent German orthography, alphabetic reading and spelling strategies are particularly relevant until the end of Grade 4. Yet, morphological fluency might start to unfold its relevance for reading and spelling near the end of fourth grade in German.
Sexist Hate Speech and the International Human Rights Law: Towards Legal Recognition of the Phenomenon by the United Nations and the Council of Europe
Authors: Sękowska-Kozłowska Katarzyna , Baranowska Grażyna , Gliszczyńska-Grabias Aleksandra
Published: February 2022

For many women and girls sexist and misogynistic language is an everyday experience. Some instances of this speech can be categorized as ‘sexist hate speech’, as not only having an insulting or degrading character towards the individuals to whom the speech is addressed, but also resonating with the entire group, contributing to its silencing, marginalization and exclusion. The aim of this article is to examine how sexist hate speech is handled in international human rights law. The argument derives from the claim than that legal discourse should distinguish between ‘sexist speech’ and ‘sexist hate speech’, and that the later may be qualified as a form of violence against women. Then it analyses the approaches of two human rights protection systems—the United Nations and the Council of Europe system—towards the phenomenon of sexist hate speech, by taking their position towards hate speech in general as a point of reference. In both systems, sexist hate speech is being addressed more eagerly under the gender equality framework, including counteracting violence against women, than in their interpretation of hate speech under general human rights law. The article argues the importance of recognizing and addressing sexist hate speech both within the framework of gender equality instruments and anti-hate speech framework established by international human rights bodies.
Models to Predict Development or Recurence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Patients with Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis
Authors: Yilma Mignote , Saxena Varun , Mehta Neil
Published: February 2022

Purpose of Review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States (U.S.).1 The purpose of this review is to highlight published models that predict development of HCC and estimate risk of HCC recurrence after treatments.

Recent Findings

There have been several models created for both de novo HCC and HCC recurrence, with the more recent models using a combination of age, sex, decompensation, and laboratory values (platelet count, albumin, bilirubin), and liver disease etiology to predict both 5 and 10-year HCC incidence. For chronic hepatitis C, sustained virologic response has been a useful component of understanding HCC risk reduction. BMI and diabetes have been utilized in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) models to predict HCC risk. For HCC recurrence after treatment (for both surgical resection and liver transplant), tumor size and number, vascular invasion, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are all components of HCC recurrence risk models.

Although numerous HCC risk prediction models have been established over the last several years, challenges remain including how to best incorporate these models into clinical practice, improve surveillance for NAFLD-HCC development, and determine timing and duration of post-resection recurrence surveillance.
10 tips on working with human body donors in medical training and research
Authors: Balta Joy Y. , Venne Gabriel , Noël Geoffroy P. J. C.
Published: February 2022

Human body donors selflessly decided to make the ultimate gift to donate their bodies to education. Being on the receiving end, the health sciences education community owes it to the donors to ensure that they are being treated with utmost respect by promoting and developing high ethical standards and maximizing the benefits from this gift. Working with human body donors for research purposes has increased over the years, while regulations associated with these processes did not change. This article draws upon current literature and author’s experiences to offer practical tips for health educators and everyone working with body donors to achieve these goals. We offer 10 practical tips that help in starting the conversation about the best ways to work with body donors to maximize their contribution to health sciences education.
Invertible analytic functions on Drinfeld symmetric spaces and universal extensions of Steinberg representations
Authors: Gehrmann Lennart
Published: February 2022

Recently, Gekeler proved that the group of invertible analytic functions modulo constant functions on Drinfeld’s upper half space is isomorphic to the dual of an integral generalized Steinberg representation. In this note, we show that the group of invertible functions is the dual of a universal extension of that Steinberg representation. As an application, we show that lifting obstructions of rigid analytic theta cocycles of Hilbert modular forms in the sense of Darmon–Vonk can be computed in terms of$$\mathcal {L}$$L-invariants of the associated Galois representation. The same argument applies to theta cocycles for definite unitary groups.
The effects of religious education on prodemocratic positions in the face of the right-wing populism in Poland: Theoretical analysis and clues for educational practices
Authors: Chrostowski Mariusz
Published: February 2022

The Right-wing populism in Poland faces multiple challenges with respect to Religious Education. This is a complex issue, given it is not only about school education supporting pro-democratic positions in the modern generation of students, but also the fact that today’s populists have participated in long-term and complex educational processes of a similar nature. In this sense, the aim of this article is to seek an answer to the question of how Religious Education in Poland—with all of its theoretical and cognitive background rooted in the Christian vision of God and human and the world—can contribute to the elimination of the alliance of the right-wing populist perspectives from the dominant religion of the nation. The article will explain how practical educational opportunities will help students to understand the political strategy of populists, decipher their presentations and approaches, and so shape a positive attitude towards democracy as a desired ideological system within government and social life.
A top-down supervised learning approach to hierarchical multi-label classification in networks
Authors: Romero Miguel , Finke Jorge , Rocha Camilo
Published: February 2022

Node classification is the task of inferring or predicting missing node attributes from information available for other nodes in a network. This paper presents a general prediction model to hierarchical multi-label classification, where the attributes to be inferred can be specified as a strict poset. It is based on a top-down classification approach that addresses hierarchical multi-label classification with supervised learning by building a local classifier per class. The proposed model is showcased with a case study on the prediction of gene functions for Oryza sativa Japonica, a variety of rice. It is compared to the Hierarchical Binomial-Neighborhood, a probabilistic model, by evaluating both approaches in terms of prediction performance and computational cost. The results in this work support the working hypothesis that the proposed model can achieve good levels of prediction efficiency, while scaling up in relation to the state of the art.
The Flame Characteristics of a Tyre Fire on a Mining Vehicle
Authors: Hansen Rickard
Published: February 2022

With vehicles frequently found in underground mines and tyres being a major fuel item, the risk of tyre fires will be severe underground. This study presents an in-depth analysis of tyre fires on mining vehicles to increase the knowledge of the risk, applying data from full-scale fire experiments and CFD simulations. It was found that the wheelhouse of the loader caused an increase in the flame tilt angle of approximately 10%, decreasing the flame impingement and heat flux downstream. The flame temperature of the drilling rig tyre was found to be approximately 7% higher than the loader tyre, increasing the risk of igniting adjacent fuel items. The construction of the wheelhouse/mudguard will contribute to a longer flame length by creating a fuel-rich environment. The CFD simulations predicted higher flame tilt angles for the drilling rig case for higher flow velocities, indicating the influence of a varying wheelhouse/mudguard construction and tyre geometry on the flame tilt angle. The construction of the loader resulted in a flow behaviour, where the short distance to the front mudguard/tyre and the separation of flow directly downstream of the protruding construction led to fire gases being steered past the front mudguard/tyre. In the drilling rig case, the longer distance to the front mudguard/tyre led to fire gases being directed towards the body of the vehicle after passing the area with flow separation. An increased knowledge of the tyre fire risk on mining vehicles and mitigating measures would improve the fire safety in underground mines.
Sexual Sadism Disorder and Coercive Paraphilic Disorder: A Scoping Review
Authors: Liu Alissa , Zhang Emma , Leroux Elisabeth J. , Benassi Paul
Published: February 2022

Background

Valid and reliable diagnostic criteria are essential in forensic psychiatry and sexual medicine due to the severe implications of potential misdiagnoses. One challenge in this field is the poor operationalization of sexual sadism disorder (SSD) and coercive paraphilic disorder (CP+) definitions.

Aim

The aim of this scoping literature review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the key conceptual differences between SSD and CP+, as well as consider pragmatic and clinically useful approaches to their diagnostic formulation.

Methods

Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework was followed. A literature search of Medline, PsychInfo, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature electronic databases was conducted. Publications in English describing the construct and/or operational definition of SSD or CP+ were included. Full-text studies were reviewed by 2 authors and data was charted and synthesized qualitatively.

Results

The initial search provided 1,271 records, after which 120 full-text papers were considered for eligibility and 48 studies were ultimately included. The most common sources of definitions for SSD and CP+ were the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (n = 53) and the International Classification of Disease (n = 12). There was more variation of terms used for CP+ than SSD. Both CP+ and SSD are critiqued by reviewed literature for having low validity, reliability, and consistency, as well as being conflated with sexual crime. SSD is better described due to having diagnostic criteria and validated diagnostic tools.

Clinical Implications

Currently, clinicians rely mostly on the DSM to diagnose SSD or CP+. As applications of SSD and CP+ definitions vary, interpretations may not be generalizable between clinicians. Furthermore, specific diagnoses may be practically unhelpful and unreliable. It may therefore be beneficial for treatment to be determined by risk of harm. In addition to these concerns, the stigma associated with SSD and CP+ may also impact treatment.

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths of this study include duplicate review and charting to increase methodological rigor, transparent reporting to minimize publication bias, and encompassing a comprehensive scope. Limitations include the weaknesses of low strength of reviewed literature and risk of publication bias.

Conclusion

Despite their significant implications, the definitions of SSD and CP+ are inconsistent and lack reliability. Future research is necessary to develop stronger diagnostic criteria and tools.
An Introduction to International Organizations Law
Authors: Klabbers Jan
Published: February 2022

The fourth edition of this market-leading textbook offers students a clear framework for understanding the practice and logic of International Organizations Law. It is structured around the three defining relationships IOs engage in – namely, with their member states, with their organs and staff, and with the outside world. These different dynamics give rise to different concerns, which each help to explain the logic behind international institutional law. The text also discusses the essential topics of the law of IOs, including powers and finances, privileges and immunities, institutional structures, and accountability. By demonstrating how the theory works in practice, with recent examples, students will observe the impact and significance of International Organizations Law. Updated with the latest case law and literature, this new edition also contains discussions of the withdrawal of Israel and the US from UNESCO, Brexit, and the Covid-19 pandemic, and how these affect the law of international organizations.
The Social Data Foundation model: Facilitating health and social care transformation throughdatatrust services
Authors: Boniface Michael , Carmichael Laura , Hall Wendy , Pickering Brian , Stalla-Bourdillon Sophie , Taylor Steve
Published: February 2022

Turning the wealth of health and social data into insights to promote better public health, while enabling more effective personalized care, is critically important for society. In particular, social determinants of health have a significant impact on individual health, well-being, and inequalities in health. However, concerns around accessing and processing such sensitive data, and linking different datasets, involve significant challenges, not least to demonstrate trustworthiness to all stakeholders. Emergingdatatrust servicesprovide an opportunity to address key barriers to health and social care data linkage schemes, specifically a loss of control experienced by data providers, including the difficulty to maintain a remote reidentification risk over time, and the challenge of establishing and maintaining a social license.Datatrust servicesare a sociotechnical evolution that advances databases and data management systems, and brings together stakeholder-sensitive data governance mechanisms with data services to create a trusted research environment. In this article, we explore the requirements fordatatrust services, a proposed implementation—the Social Data Foundation, and an illustrative test case. Moving forward, such an approach would help incentivize, accelerate, and join up the sharing of regulated data, and the use of generated outputs safely amongst stakeholders, including healthcare providers, social care providers, researchers, public health authorities, and citizens.
The effect of terrorist attacks on attitudes and its duration
Authors: Turkoglu Oguzhan , Chadefaux Thomas
Published: February 2022

Is terrorism effective as a tool of political influence? In particular, do terrorists succeed in affecting their targets’ attitudes, and how long does the effect last? Existing research unfortunately is either limited to small samples or does not address two main difficulties: issues of endogeneity and the inability to assess the duration of the effect. Here, we first exploit the exogeneity to the selection process of the success or failure of an attack as an identification mechanism. Second, we take advantage of the random allocation of survey respondents to interview times to estimate the duration of the impact of terrorist events on attitudes. Using survey data from 30 European democracies between 2002 and 2017, we find first that terrorism affects people's reported life satisfaction and happiness—a proxy for the cost of terrorism in terms of utility. However, we also find that terrorist attacks do not affect respondents’ attitude toward their government, institutions, or immigrants. This suggests that terrorism is ineffective at translating discontent into political pressure. Importantly, we also find that all effects disappear within less than two weeks.
Early pregnancy hemoglobin is associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yong Heng Yaw , Mohd Shariff Zalilah , Mohd Yusof Barakatun Nisak , Rejali Zulida , Tee Yvonne Yee Siang , Bindels Jacques , van der Beek Eline M.
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to determine the association between hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and Hb change, during early to mid-pregnancy with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This was a clinic-based retrospective cohort study of 1951 healthy pregnant women (18–45 years old) with a singleton gestation attending antenatal care at government health clinics. Hb concentration at first prenatal visit and each trimester was extracted from the antenatal cards. Hb changes from first prenatal visit to first and second trimester as well as from second to third trimester were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was used with adjustment for covariates. Women with GDM had significantly higher Hb concentrations (Hb 1) at first prenatal visit (< 12 weeks) compared with non-GDM women (11·91 g/dlv.11·74 g/dl). Hb 1 and Hb changes (Hb change 2) from first prenatal visit to the second trimester (23–27th weeks) were significantly associated with GDM risk, with an adjusted OR of 1·14 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·29) and 1·25 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·49), respectively. The significant associations between Hb 1 and Hb change 2 with the risk of GDM were found among non-Malays, overweight/obese and women aged 35 years and above. Women with higher Hb concentrations in early pregnancy were at higher risk of GDM, and such association was significant among women aged 35 years and above, non-Malays and overweight/obese. This raises a potential concern for elevated Fe status in early pregnancy as a risk factor of GDM among Fe-replete women.
Association of tea-drinking habits with the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a prospective cohort study among postmenopausal women
Authors: Wang Zikun , Arthur Rhonda , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Saquib Nazmus , Johnson Karen C. , Snetselaar Linda G. , Mu Lina , Chen Zhongxue , Luo Juhua
Published: February 2022

Although biological evidence suggests that tea consumption may protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), epidemiological evidence has been unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the association between tea-drinking habits and the risk of NHL in a large nationwide prospective cohort of postmenopausal US women. 68 854 women who were enrolled from 1993 through 1998 in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study and responded to year 3 annual follow-up questionnaire comprised the analytic cohort. Newly diagnosed NHL cases after the year 3 visit were confirmed by medical and pathology reports. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were performed to assess the associations of tea-drinking habits (specifically, the amounts of caffeinated/herbal/decaffeinated tea intake) with the overall risk of NHL and three major subtypes (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n 195, 0·3 %), follicular lymphoma (n 128, 0·2 %) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (n 51, 0·1 %)). Among 62 622 participants, a total of 663 (1·1 %) women developed NHL during a median follow-up of 16·51 (sd 6·20) years. Overall, different amounts of type-specific tea intake were not associated with the risk of NHL regardless of its histologic subtypes after adjustment for confounders. Our findings suggest that tea intake at the current consumption level does not influence the risk of NHL, regardless of its histologic types.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Aporcelinus abeokutaensis sp. n. (Dorylaimida, Aporcelaimidae) from Nigeria
Authors: Bello T.T. , Rashidifard M. , Fourie H. , Peña-Santiago R.
Published: February 2022

A new species of dorylaimid nematode, Aporcelinus abeokutaensis sp. n., collected from a watermelon field in Nigeria, is described, illustrated and molecularly (D2–D3 28S ribosomal DNA) studied. It is characterized by its 1.18–1.52-mm-long body, lip region offset by weak constriction, 15.5–17.5 μm broad with perioral liplets, odontostyle 18–21.5 μm long at its dorsal side or 1.1–1.3 times the lip region diameter, neck 333–401 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 45–51% of total neck length, uterus simple and 0.7–1.5 times the corresponding body diameter long, V = 48–53, tail conical with finely rounded tip (33–52 μm long, c = 26–41, c′ = 1.3–1.9) and a variably distinct dorsal concavity, and male unknown. Molecular analysis reveals that the new species grouped with other species of Aporcelinus in a highly supported clade, confirming the monophyly of the genus.
The formulation of an enhanced recovery programme for patients undergoing laryngectomy
Authors: Wilson G , Nistor M , Beasley N
Published: February 2022

Objective

Enhanced recovery programmes have been widely adopted in other surgical disciplines but are not commonplace in head and neck surgery. The authors of this study created a pathway for post-operative laryngectomy patients.

Method

A multidisciplinary working group reviewed the literature and agreed standards of care. A retrospective audit was conducted to measure current practice against our new pathway; after programme implementation our performance was reaudited in two prospective cycles, with an education programme and review after the first prospective cycle.

Results

Statistically significant improvement in performance was realised in catheter and surgical drain removal, opiate analgesia use, mobilisation, and timeliness of swallow assessment. The rate of hospital acquired pneumonia reduced from 23.1 to 9.5 per cent and length of stay reduced by a median of 5.2 days to 14.8 days (non-significant).

Conclusion

The programme improved consistency of patient care across most areas that were measured. Improving patient stoma training needs to be prioritised.
Lessons from behaviorism: The problem of construct-led science
Authors: Dickins Thomas E. , Rahman Qazi
Published: February 2022

Yarkoni makes a number of valid points in his critical analysis of psychology, but he misses an opportunity to expose the root of its problems. That root is the poor practice around the derivation of explanatory constructs. We make comment on this with an example from behaviorist history and relate this to the recent discussion of scientific understanding in the philosophy of science.
Separate substantive from statistical hypotheses and treat them differently
Authors: Dacey Mike
Published: February 2022

I suggest addressing the problems Yarkoni identifies by separating substantive from statistical hypotheses, and treating them differently. A statistical test of experimental data only bears directly on statistical hypotheses. Evaluation of related substantive hypotheses requires an additional, qualitative inference to the best explanation. Statistical inference cannot do all of the work of theory choice.
Is formalism the key to resolving the generalizability crisis? An experimental economics perspective
Authors: Maniadis Zacharias
Published: February 2022

I draw lessons from experimental economics. I argue that the lack of mathematical formalism cannot be usefully thought as the cause of the underappreciation of contextual and generalizability considerations. Instead, this lack is problematic because it hinders a clear relationship between theory and quantitative predictions. I also advocate a pragmatic policy-focused approach as a partial remedy to the generalizability problem.
Exposing and overcoming the fixed-effect fallacy through crowd science
Authors: Cyrus-Lai Wilson , Tierney Warren , Schweinsberg Martin , Uhlmann Eric Luis
Published: February 2022

By organizing crowds of scientists to independently tackle the same research questions, we can collectively overcome the generalizability crisis. Strategies to draw inferences from a heterogeneous set of research approaches include aggregation, for instance, meta-analyzing the effect sizes obtained by different investigators, and parsing, attempting to identify theoretically meaningful moderators that explain the variability in results.
The “‘Crisis’ Crisis” in psychology
Authors: Medaglia John D. , Fernandez Kiante A.
Published: February 2022

The recent trend to label dilemmas in psychology as “crises” is insidious. The “‘Crisis’ Crisis” in psychology can distract us from actionable practices. As a case in point, “The Generalizability Crisis” offers the valuable central thesis that verbal-quantitative gaps imperil psychological science. Focusing on the key issues rather than crisis narratives can lead to progress in our discourse and research.
The role of generalizability in moral and political psychology
Authors: Harris Elizabeth A. , Pärnamets Philip , Brady William J. , Robertson Claire E. , Van Bavel Jay J.
Published: February 2022

The aim of the social and behavioral sciences is to understand human behavior across a wide array of contexts. Our theories often make sweeping claims about human nature, assuming that our ancestors or offspring will be prone to the same biases and preferences. Yet we gloss over the fact that our research is often based in a single temporal context with a limited set of stimuli. Political and moral psychology are domains in which the context and stimuli are likely to matter a great deal (Van Bavel, Mende-Siedlecki, Brady, & Reinero, 2016). In response to Yarkoni (see BBS issue), we delve into topics related to political and moral psychology that likely depend on features of the research. These topics include understanding differences between liberals and conservatives, when people are willing to sacrifice someone to save others, the behavior of political leaders, and the dynamics of intergroup conflict.
There is no psychology without inferential statistics
Authors: Alzahawi Shilaan , Monin Benoît
Published: February 2022

Quantification has been constitutive of psychology since its inception and is core to its scientific status. The adoption of qualitative methods eschewing inferential statistics is therefore unlikely to obtain. Rather than discarding useful tools because of improper use, we recommend highlighting how inferential statistics can be more thoughtfully applied.
Rules required for operating maritime autonomous surface ships from the viewpoint of seafarers
Authors: Miyoshi Toshiyuki , Fujimoto Shoji , Rooks Matthew , Konishi Tsukasa , Suzuki Rika
Published: February 2022

Demonstrations and local tests of several maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) have recently been carried out. From a technological standpoint, MASS are becoming able to handle actual operations in certain sea areas. Since 2017, the MSC (Maritime Safety Committee) of the IMO (International Maritime Organization) has been discussing legal problems with the Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) with regard to MASS operation. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the rules from the perspective of seafarers, who need to interpret COLREGs when dealing with MASS in ship handling situations on the sea, and also to discuss possible required amendments to COLREGs. This paper attempts to clarify the extent of current interpretations while also taking into account the answers to questionnaires received from 130 pilots, ship captains and navigation officers concerning COLREGs for MASS operation. Given the four common principles of COLREGs, it is considered whether the principles need to be changed with the introduction of MASS from the viewpoint of seafarers.
Research on navigation risk of the Arctic Northeast Passage based on POLARIS
Authors: An Lei , Ma Long , Wang Hui , Zhang Heng-Yu , Li Zhen-Hua
Published: February 2022

The complex sea ice conditions in Arctic waters has different impacts on the legs of the Arctic passage, and ships of specific ice classes face different navigation risks. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of the navigation risks faced in different legs has important practical significance. Based on the POLARIS introduced by IMO, the sea ice condition data from 2011 to 2020 was used to quantify the navigation risk of the Arctic Northeast passage. The risk index outcome (RIO) of the Arctic Northeast Passage were calculated. The navigable windows of the route for ice class 1A ships sailing independently under different sea ice conditions in the last decade were determined, with a navigable period of 91 days under normal sea ice conditions, approximately 175 days under light sea ice conditions and only week 40 close to navigation under severe sea ice conditions. The three critical waters affecting the safety of ships were identified. Combined with the navigable windows and critical waters, recommendations on ship's navigation and manipulation and recommendations for stakeholders were given. The method and results provided reference and support for the assessment of the navigation risk of ships in the Northeast Passage and safety navigation and operations of ships, and satisfied the needs of relevant countries and enterprises to rationally arrange shipment dates and sailing plans based on different ice classes of ships.
New Policy Elites and the Affordable Care Act: The Making ofLong-Term Insiders
Authors: GENIEYS WILLIAM , DARVICHE MOHAMMAD-SAÏD , EPPERSON BRENT
Published: February 2022

This paper examines the career trajectories of new health policy elites in the American federal government, identifying areas of expertise, partisan alignments, relationships to interest groups, and institutional constraints. We demonstrate that, in both the American and French cases, policy elites who have risen through prestigious educational institutions and undertaken extensive professionalization in government, have in fact developed comparable characteristics that blend broad knowledge of social, institutional, and partisan issues with technical skills. We argue that, benefiting from extensive experience in the back offices of power, deeply entrenched in the health policy sector, and promoting a programmatic reform agenda that reaffirms the regulatory powers of government, the new American health policy elites worked behind the scenes to draft and implement the final ACA legislation. Their ambitious, far-reaching reform effort succeeded where many advocates of comprehensive reform had failed, anchoring the political and institutional framework of the U.S. health care system.
Clandestine Networks and Closeted Bureaucrats: AIDS and the Forming of a Gay Policy Network in California
Authors: COLBROOK STEPHEN
Published: February 2022

Equating the U.S. government with the national government, historians of the AIDS epidemic have hitherto ignored the role of the states in shaping the early policy response to the disease. Responding to this historiographical lacuna, this article argues that California acted as a policy innovator during the initial years of the epidemic, intervening more effectively than the federal government in the areas of AIDS health care, antibody testing, and prevention education. California’s policy leadership drew significant impetus from a group of gay policy makers, who entered state employment in the early 1980s and relied extensively on clandestine and illicit strategies, particularly a network of “closeted” bureaucrats. Charting the career arcs of these gay policy makers shines a spotlight on the organizational growth of state LGBTQ groups in the 1980s and the evolving role of the “closet” in the modern gay rights movement.
Quality of palliative nursing care: Meaning, death anxiety, and the mediating role of well-being
Authors: Zulueta Egea Mar , Prieto-Ursúa María , Bermejo Toro Laura , Jodar Anchía Rafa
Published: February 2022

Background

There is increasing concern regarding the quality of palliative nursing care. However, despite the growing number of studies identifying related variables, there is still a paucity of studies analyzing models of how these variables interrelate.

Objective

The study aimed to identify the role played in the quality of palliative care of nursing professionals by the variables meaning and death anxiety and to investigate the mediating role of psychological well-being and engagement.

Method

176 palliative nursing professionals participated, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling using the snowball method. A simple mediation analysis and a multiple mediator model were performed in parallel, and data were collected using a paper and online questionnaire between January and May 2018.

Results

Well-being mediated the impact of meaning (indirect effect = 0.096, SE = 0.044, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.028, 0.213) and death anxiety (indirect effect = −0.032, SE = 0.013, 95% CI: −0.064, −0.010) on the quality of care. Engagement, on the other hand, only mediated the impact of meaning (indirect effect = 0.185, SE = 0.085, 95% CI: 0.035, 0.372), while the indirect effect of death anxiety with the quality of care through engagement was not statistically significant (indirect effect = 0.008, SE = 0.009, 95% CI: −0.004, 0.032).

Significance of results

Death anxiety is not directly related to the quality of care, but rather has an effect through psychological well-being, a variable acting as a mediator between the two. The effect of meaning on the quality of care is explained by the mediation of both engagement and psychological well-being, and its impact on the quality of care is thereby mediated by more variables than death anxiety.
Actively Open-Minded Thinking, Bullshit Receptivity, and Susceptibility to Framing
Authors: Rachev Nikolay R. , Geiger Sandra J. , Vintr Jáchym , Kirilova Desislava , Nabutovsky Anna , Nelsson Joakim
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The framing effect occurs when different presentations of the same problem lead to predictably different preferences. The dual-process framework of higher cognition assumes that the effect violates rational principles, but alternative accounts and recent evidence have contested this interpretation. Contributing to this debate, we tested the dual-process assumption by investigating associations between susceptibility to framing and the willingness and ability to think in line with rational norms, conceptualized as actively open-minded thinking and pseudo-profound bullshit receptivity. We conducted two online studies among North American ( N = 259) and Bulgarian ( N = 248) university students and administered several framing problems within-subjects, presumably necessary for the associations to appear. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that susceptibility to framing was associated with decreased actively open-minded thinking and increased bullshit receptivity in both sites. Exploratory multi-group analyses demonstrated partial strong invariance and showed that the findings generalize across both sites in terms of direction and partially in terms of magnitude. These results broadly support the dual-process account of the framing effect. Our study further contributes to adapting existing measures to a novel setting and expanding the findings across borders and populations.
Intra‐Annual Ground Surface Deformation Detected by Site Observation, Simulation and InSAR Monitoring in Permafrost Site of Xidatan, Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Liu Shibo , Zhao Lin , Wang Lingxiao , Zhou Huayun , Zou Defu , Sun Zhe , Xie Changwei , Qiao Yongping
Published: February 2022

The permafrost degradation can cause long‐term ground surface subsidence, and the surface undergoes frost heave and thaw settlement due to the ice‐water phase change in the active layer. The multi‐year surveys by leveling observations and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar monitoring (InSAR) are helpful to understand the characteristics of seasonal deformation and to model the permafrost terrain surface deformation. In this paper, we studied the characteristics of seasonal deformation over permafrost terrain in Xidatan, obtained by leveling measurements from 2010 to 2018, Sentinel‐1 data from 2014 to 2020, and hydrothermal‐data‐based simulation. The results consistently showed a four‐stage pattern of seasonal deformation characteristics: Summer thaw subsiding, warm‐season stable‐standing, winter freeze heaving and stable‐standing. The leveling measurements proved that spatial heterogeneity also exists on a small spatial scale (400 m2). The deformation amplitude obtained by leveling data is the largest, and the InSAR data is the smallest.
Removing Diurnal Signals and Longer Term Trends From Electron Flux and ULF Correlations: A Comparison of Spectral Subtraction, Simple Differencing, and ARIMAX Models
Authors: Simms Laura E. , Engebretson Mark J. , Reeves Geoffrey D.
Published: February 2022

Simultaneously cycling space weather parameters may show high correlations even if there is no immediate relationship between them. We successfully remove diurnal cycles using spectral subtraction, and remove both diurnal and longer cycles (e.g., the 27 days solar cycle) with a difference transformation. Other methods of diurnal cycle removal (daily averaging, moving averages [MAs], and simpler spectral subtraction using regression) are less successful at removing cycles. We apply spectral subtraction (a finite impulse response equiripple bandstop filter) to hourly electron flux (Los Alamos National Laboratory satellite data) and a ground‐based ULF index to remove a 24 hr noise signal. This results in smoother time series appropriate for short‐term (approximately < 1 week) correlation and observational studies. However, spectral subtraction may not remove longer cycles such as the 27 days and 11 yr solar cycles. A differencing transformation (yt – yt−24) removes not only the 24 hr noise signal but also the 27 days solar cycle, autocorrelation, and longer trends. This results in a low correlation between electron flux and the ULF index over long periods of time (maximum of 0.1). Correlations of electron flux and the ULF index with solar wind velocity (differenced at yt – yt−1) are also lower than previously reported (≤0.1). An autoregressive, MA transfer function model (ARIMAX) shows that there are significant cumulative effects of solar wind velocity on ULF activity over long periods, but correlations of velocity and ULF waves with flux are only seen over shorter time spans of more homogeneous geomagnetic activity levels.
Identifying the Types of Loading Mode for Rock Fracture via Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Song Zhenlong , Zhang Zhenguo , Zhang Gongheng , Huang Jie , Wu Mingyang
Published: February 2022

For decades, monitoring and identification of the dynamic stress states of rock masses in reservoirs have been challenging tasks owing to the lack of effective observation and analysis methods. In this study, we used deep learning methods to identify whether acoustic emission (AE) signals of rock fractures are created by different loading conditions. We performed Brazilian split and uniaxial compressive experiments on six different engineering materials, and we obtained the AE waveforms. To take advantage of the powerful image processing capabilities of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we transformed the AE waveforms into time–frequency images. We used five types of CNN to identify the time–frequency images of the AE signals created in the Brazilian split and uniaxial compressive experiments. As a result, we found that Xception model had the highest recognition accuracy. We analyzed the basis of the CNN models to recognize the AE signals using local interpretable model‐agnostic explanations and found that the Xception model mainly used the patterns of the low‐energy region of the time–frequency images to determine the loading modes of the rock fractures. Furthermore, the high‐energy time–frequency region had little effect on recognition. The findings of this work can aid in automatically monitoring the dynamic stress states of fracture areas in reservoir formations and ensure the safety of oil and gas resource exploitation.
Physical and Biogeochemical Influences on Nutrients Through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Insights From Nitrate Isotope Ratios
Authors: Lehmann N. , Kienast M. , Granger J. , Tremblay J.‐É.
Published: February 2022

The Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) provides a gateway for the flow of nutrients from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic. The transport and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients throughout the CAA, however, are sparsely documented. Here, we report water column nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrate (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) collected in a throughflow of the CAA into Baffin Bay, providing insights on inherent nutrient dynamics. The nitracline shoaled eastward into the CAA, wherein large subsurface chlorophyll maxima and coincident increases in δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 indicated enhanced nitrate assimilation relative to the oligotrophic Canada Basin. High δ15NNO3 values characteristic of Pacific Winter Water (PWW) pervaded the Archipelago and Baffin Bay, decreasing eastward due to mixing with underlying Atlantic water (AW)—from the Canada Basin west of Barrow Strait, and from Baffin Bay east thereof. Nearly 25% of nutrients in the central CAA were of Atlantic origin, a substantially larger fraction than surmised previously. Nutrient properties in the CAA were notably not influenced by benthic denitrification. Those in underlying AW in the western CAA, however, were modified by remineralization of Pacific‐sourced nutrients, manifested from increases in δ15NNO3 relative to the Canada Basin. Properties in the eastern CAA exposed the complex hydrography of Baffin Bay, characterized by lateral intrusions of nutrient‐poor winter waters into PWW and of cold mode waters in underlying AW. High δ15NNO3 values in AW revealed the presence of a substantial fraction of N from remineralization, stemming from the high productivity in Baffin Bay fueled by Pacific nutrients.
High-speed identification of suspended carbon nanotubes using Raman spectroscopy and deep learning
Authors: Zhang Jian , Perrin Mickael L. , Barba Luis , Overbeck Jan , Jung Seoho , Grassy Brock , Agal Aryan , Muff Rico , Brönnimann Rolf , Haluska Miroslav , Roman Cosmin , Hierold Christofer , Jaggi Martin , Calame Michel
Published: February 2022

The identification of nanomaterials with the properties required for energy-efficient electronic systems is usually a tedious human task. A workflow to rapidly localize and characterize nanomaterials at the various stages of their integration into large-scale fabrication processes is essential for quality control and, ultimately, their industrial adoption. In this work, we develop a high-throughput approach to rapidly identify suspended carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by using high-speed Raman imaging and deep learning analysis. Even for Raman spectra with extremely low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 0.9, we achieve a classification accuracy that exceeds 90%, while it reaches 98% for an SNR of 2.2. By applying a threshold on the output of the softmax layer of an optimized convolutional neural network (CNN), we further increase the accuracy of the classification. Moreover, we propose an optimized Raman scanning strategy to minimize the acquisition time while simultaneously identifying the position, amount, and metallicity of CNTs on each sample. Our approach can readily be extended to other types of nanomaterials and has the potential to be integrated into a production line to monitor the quality and properties of nanomaterials during fabrication.