bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Coordinated Heteronuclear Calcium–Iron Carbonyl Cation Complexes [CaFe(CO)n]+(n=5–12) with d−d Bonding
Authors: Jin Xiaoyang , Bai Yuna , Zhou Yangyu , Wang Guanjun , Zhao Lili , Zhou Mingfei , Frenking Gernot
Published: April 2021

Heteronuclear calcium–iron carbonyl cation complexes in the form of [CaFe(CO)n]+(n=5–12) are produced in the gas phase. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations confirm that then=10 complex is the coordination saturated ion where a Fe(CO)4fragment is bonded with a Ca(CO)6fragment through two side‐on bridging carbonyl ligands. Bonding analysis indicates that it is best described by the bonding interactions between a [Ca(CO)6]2+dication and an [Fe(CO)4]−anion forming a Fe→Ca d−d dative bond in the [(CO)6Ca–Fe(CO)4]+structure, which enriches the pool of experimentally observed complexes of calcium that mimic transition metal compounds. The molecule is the first example of a heteronuclear carbonyl complex featuring a d−d bond between calcium and a transition metal.
Purification of Propylene and Ethylene by a Robust Metal–Organic Framework Mediated by Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Li Jiangnan , Han Xue , Kang Xinchen , Chen Yinlin , Xu Shaojun , Smith Gemma L. , Tillotson Evan , Cheng Yongqiang , McCormick McPherson Laura J. , Teat Simon J. , Rudić Svemir , Ramirez‐Cuesta Anibal J. , Haigh Sarah J. , Schröder Martin , Yang Sihai
Published: April 2021

Industrial purification of propylene and ethylene requires cryogenic distillation and selective hydrogenation over palladium catalysts to remove propane, ethane and/or trace amounts of acetylene. Here, we report the excellent separation of equimolar mixtures of propylene/propane and ethylene/ethane, and of a 1/100 mixture of acetylene/ethylene by a highly robust microporous material, MFM‐520, under dynamic conditions. In situ synchrotron single crystal X‐ray diffraction, inelastic neutron scattering and analysis of adsorption thermodynamic parameters reveal that a series of synergistic host–guest interactions involving hydrogen bonding and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions underpin the cooperative binding of alkenes within the pore. Notably, the optimal pore geometry of the material enables selective accommodation of acetylene. The practical potential of this porous material has been demonstrated by fabricating mixed‐matrix membranes comprising MFM‐520, Matrimid and PIM‐1, and these exhibit not only a high permeability for propylene (≈1984 Barrer), but also a separation factor of 7.8 for an equimolar mixture of propylene/propane at 298 K.
Mechanochemical Gold(III)‐Carbon Bond Formation
Authors: Eppel Daniel , Eryiğit Alpay , Rudolph Matthias , Brückner Margit , Rominger Frank , Asiri Abdullah M. , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: April 2021

Starting from a [(MeOC^N^C)AuCl] complex as precursor, a direct substitution by C,H‐activation from sp‐, sp2‐ or sp3‐C,H‐bonds under basic conditions in a planetary ball mill was achieved. Because of the extraordinary photophysical properties of the target compounds, this protocol provides an easy access to a highly valued complex class. In contrast to existing protocols, no pre‐functionalization of the starting materials is necessary and the use of expensive transition metal catalysts can be avoided, which makes this application appealing also for industrial purposes. In addition the methodology was not restricted to pincer complexes, which was demonstrated by the substitution of chelate type [(tpy)AuCl2] complexes.
In‐circuit high‐frequency jet ventilation to reduce organ motion in a child undergoing sarcoma ablation
Authors: Elgie L. D. , McPherson K. , Yeung J. , Marshall L. , Windsor R. , Bandula S.
Published: April 2021

Patients with primary or metastatic solid tumours can be treated with minimally invasive image‐guided procedures as an alternative to surgical resection. Reducing organ motion during these procedures is crucial so that tumours can be accurately targeted and treatment delivered within a small margin, limiting potential damage to adjacent structures. As ventilation is the main cause of motion, there has been a shift from conventional ventilation towards the use of in‐circuit high‐frequency jet ventilation techniques for these procedures. We present the case of a 7‐year‐old who required computed tomography‐guided microwave ablation of a right lung metastatic nodule under general anaesthesia. The patient's lungs were ventilated with in‐circuit high‐frequency jet ventilation in order to provide optimum conditions for ablation. The treatment was successfully completed and she was discharged home the following day. High‐frequency jet ventilation is regularly used in our institution for adult computed tomography‐guided treatments and to our knowledge, this application has not been described yet in a child this young. Our experience suggests that this technique can be safely used in paediatric patients, though further investigation of the optimum parameters for in‐circuit high‐frequency jet ventilation in this population is warranted.
Synthesis and performance evaluation of a new drag reducer based on acrylamide/12‐allyloxydodecyl acid sodium
Authors: Chen Pengfei , Chang Honggang , Peng Tao , Tang Yongfan , Liu Youquan , Xiang Chao
Published: April 2021

Hydraulic fracturing with slickwater is a field‐proven stimulation technology used in tight reservoirs. Because of the high pumping rate associated with slickwater fracturing, drag reduction (DR) is critical in minimizing pressure drop and the success of oilfield operations. In this paper, a new type of drag reducer (SPR) was synthesized with acrylamide and 12‐allyloxydodecyl acid sodium, and its drag reduction performance was evaluated. The results showed that the new drag reducer features low molecular weight, fast‐dissolving rate and low interfacial tension. The algorithm of estimating the drag reduction rate of non‐Newtonian fluid SPR was proposed and validated. Empirical or semianalytical models for estimating the friction ratio (σ) or friction factor (λ or f) were used to simulate the turbulence behavior of the SPR drag reducer under different Reynolds numbers (Re). The modified Virk's correlation could accurately model the turbulent behavior of the SPR drag reducer. A unified calculation formula was established in this study for different pipe diameters.
Safe and flexible chitosan‐based polymer gel as an electrolyte for use in zinc‐alkaline based chemistries
Authors: Poosapati Aswani , Negrete Karla , Thorpe Micah , Hutchison John , Zupan Mark , Lan Yucheng , Madan Deepa
Published: April 2021

A novel flexible, high performing chitosan‐based gel electrolyte with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) additives is prepared, using an optimized energy and time efficient method. Incorporation of a gel‐based electrolyte in batteries aims to eliminate safety hazards present within conventional liquid‐based electrolyte constructions. The ionic conductivity values obtained at room temperature are in the range of 5.32–105 mS/cm depending on composition. Optical, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectra studies are conducted to understand morphological and structural changes in the films with additives. Thermogravimetric analysis, manual bending and tensile tests, linear scan and cyclic voltammetry analysis are also conducted to study the physical and electrochemical stability of the films. Also, the prepared electrolytes are incorporated to form Zn‐MnO2 batteries and tested. Results reveal no physical damage of the films under continuous bending over 250 cycles. Mechanical properties for CPK0.3 suggest a strong and ductile material well suited for the intended application. Additionally, the novel electrolyte exhibits excellent physical stability up to 50οC, electrochemical stability until 2 V for zinc electrodes and prove to successfully accommodate redox reactions involved in the Zn‐MnO2 alkaline system.
Effect of glassy carbon addition and photodegradation on the biodegradation in aqueous medium of poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)/glassy carbon green composites
Authors: Vieira Leonardo de Souza , Montagna Larissa Stieven , Silva Ana Paula Bernardo da , Verginio Gleice Ellen Almeida , Passador Fabio Roberto
Published: April 2021

The use of biodegradable polymers is an interesting way to reduce the polymeric waste accumulation in the environment. However, the addition of fillers to biodegradable polymer matrices may decrease their biodegradability. Glassy carbon (GC) is a promising carbon material that can be employed as a filler in the production of antistatic packaging utilized to protect electronic components. The use of a biodegradable polymeric matrix such as poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) can be an excellent alternative for the preparation of green composites to be used in these packages. This work aims to evaluate the effect of the GC addition and the GC particle size on the biodegradability of the PHBV matrix, as well as to study the result of the employment of a previous photodegradation treatment on the biodegradation in aqueous medium of PHBV/GC composites. Scanning electron microscopy, residual weight measurement (%) and surface roughness showed that GC does not interfere negatively with PHBV biodegradability. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis and residual weight measurement permitted to suggest that the increase in the crystallinity degree of PHBV and PHBV/GC samples occasioned by the ultraviolet radiation hindered the water and enzyme access to the bulk of the materials, decreasing the biodegradability.
Movement System Theory and Anatomical Competence: Threshold Concepts for Physical Therapist Anatomy Education
Authors: Carroll Melissa A. , McKenzie Alison , Tracy‐Bee Mary
Published: April 2021

This viewpoint proposes eight anatomy threshold concepts related to physical therapist education, considering both movement system theory and anatomical competence. Movement system theory provides classifications and terminology that succinctly identifies and describes physical therapy practice from a theoretical and philosophical framework. The cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, integumentary, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems are all included within this schema as the movement system theory encompasses all body systems interacting to create movement across the lifespan. Implementing movement system theory requires an ability to use human anatomy in physical therapist education and practice. Understanding the human body is a mandatory prerequisite for effective diagnosis, assessment, treatment, and patient evaluation. Anatomical competence refers to the ability to apply anatomic knowledge within the appropriate professional and clinical contexts. Exploring the required anatomical concepts for competent entry‐level physical therapist education and clinical practice is warranted. The recommended threshold concepts (fluency, dimensionality, adaptability, connectivity, complexity, stability or homeostasis, progression or development, and humanity) could serve as an integral and long‐awaited tool for guiding anatomy educators in physical therapy education.
Interrupting epistemicide: A practical framework for naming, identifying, and ending epistemic injustice in the information professions
Authors: Patin Beth , Sebastian Melinda , Yeon Jieun , Bertolini Danielle , Grimm Alexandra
Published: April 2021

The information professions need a paradigmatic shift to address the epistemicide happening within our field and the ways we have systematically undermined knowledge systems falling outside of Western traditions. Epistemicide is the killing, silencing, annihilation, or devaluing of a knowledge system. We argue epistemicide happens when epistemic injustices are persistent and systematic and collectively work as a structured and systemic oppression of particular ways of knowing. We present epistemicide as a conceptual approach for understanding and analyzing ways knowledge systems are silenced or devalued within Information Science. We extend Fricker's framework by: (a) identifying new types of epistemic injustices, and (b) by adding to Fricker's concepts of Primary and Secondary Harm and introducing the concept of aThird Harmhappening at an intergenerational level. Addressing epistemicide is critical for information professionals because we task ourselves with handling knowledge from every field. Acknowledgement of and taking steps to interrupt epistemic injustices and these specific harms are supportive of the social justice movements already happening. This paper serves as an interruption of epistemic injustice by presenting actions toward justice in the form of operationalized interventions of epistemicide.
Matrix approach to I‐detectability of partially observed discrete event systems
Authors: Dou Wenhui , Li Haitao , Li Yalu
Published: April 2021

I‐detectability is an important issue in partially observed discrete event systems (DESs). In this paper, a Boolean semi‐tensor product (BSTP) approach is proposed to investigate the I‐detectability problem of partially observed DESs. First, two concepts of I‐detectability, that is, strong I‐detectability and weak I‐detectability, are recalled for partially observed DESs. Second, in order to estimate the initial state of DESs after finite observation events, an observer is constructed and converted to an algebraic form based on BSTP. Third, based on the algebraic form of observer, two necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for strong I‐detectability and weak I‐detectability of partially observed DESs, respectively. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the obtained results.
Weitspannende Sandwichelemente mit vorgespannten Textilbetondeckschichten und geschäumter Kernschicht
Authors: von der Heid Ann‐Christine , Stark Alexander , Will Norbert , Hegger Josef
Published: April 2021

Durch die Kombination von hochfestem Beton und korrosionsresistenten Bewehrungsmaterialien aus carbonfaserverstärktem Kunststoff (CFK) lassen sich Sandwichelemente mit dünnen Deckschichten herstellen, die sich durch eine hohe Tragfähigkeit bei gleichzeitig geringem Gewicht und sehr gute bauphysikalische Eigenschaften auszeichnen. Die hohe Zugfestigkeit des CFK von etwa 2 500 N/mm2 ermöglicht auch das Vorspannen der Deckschichten zur Reduzierung der Durchbiegung bei weitspannenden Elementen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Sandwichelemente wird maßgeblich durch die Schubsteifigkeit des Kerns und den Verbund zwischen den einzelnen Schichten beeinflusst. Mit konventionellen Herstellungsmethoden und vorkonfektionierten Dämmstoffplatten wird nur ein mäßiger Verbund zu den Betondeckschichten erreicht. Daher wird ein Zwei‐Komponenten‐Reaktionsgemisch aus Polyurethan (PUR) zwischen die bereits erhärteten Deckschichten eingebracht, das die Verbundeigenschaften zwischen den einzelnen Schichten signifikant verbessert.

Im Zuge eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderten Projekts wurden solche weitspannende Sandwichelemente mit filigranen und vorgespannten Deckschichten entwickelt, die über einen geschäumten PUR‐Kern und linienförmige Verbundmittel miteinander verbunden sind. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der Aufbau der Sandwichelemente, die Herstellung von großformatigen Plattenstreifen und die Ergebnisse von Biegeversuchen vorgestellt.
Mock grant application roleplay as an alternative to lab‐based activities in molecular biology
Authors: Tan Hock Siew
Published: April 2021

Many universities resort to online teaching due to COVID‐19 pandemic. It is a challenging endeavor, especially in Molecular Biology courses that require lab access. Mock grant application roleplay is one alternative to lab‐based activities. Students are engaged in three aspects: (i) targeted literature review, (ii) research proposal writing and (iii) 5‐min project pitching. The design of this module is flexible and, other lab‐based courses can adopt it. This module encourages undergraduate students to explore the lab techniques they learnt and concisely present their research proposal.
What drives market construction for fair trade, organic, and GlobalGAP certification in the global citrus value chain? Evidence at the importer level in the Netherlands and the United States
Authors: Mook Anne , Overdevest Christine
Published: April 2021

Because national governments have limited power to regulate the conditions of production abroad, voluntary certification schemes have come to play a significant role in transnational regulation of many global supply chains, particularly in the food sector, where multiple regulatory issues are in play and different certification schemes compete. However, we still know relatively little about the political‐economic factors that shape the construction of certified citrus markets for these competing standards. Based on an original dataset from a comparative survey of US and Dutch importers, this paper investigates factors that shape the construction of certification markets for citrus, focusing on the construction of markets for different kinds of certification schemes including Fair Trade, Organic, and GlobalGAP certification. The paper investigates from a comparative perspective whether the construction of markets differs across the US and Dutch political economies. The results show both the enduring effects of national political economies and the importance of global value chain dynamics. Across competing schemes, the industry‐sponsored business‐to‐business certification systems have outcompeted consumer‐facing label systems.
How ‘helicopter parenting’ can hurt young children: Parents striking the balance
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2021

Scaffolding — supporting the development of children at the right time (instead of supporting them every step of the way) — helps children learn to regulate their own behaviors, but at the same time, standing back and simply letting the child find his or her own way is equally important. This is true with very young children as well as older children. But more research is needed to help parents understand that they can actually undermine their child's development by being overly directive.
Percutaneous deep venous arterialization at femoropopliteal segment for unhealed amputated stump ulcer after below the knee amputation
Authors: Ichihashi Shigeo , Tamura Yamato , Maeda Shinsaku , Kichikawa Kimihiko
Published: April 2021

Efficacy of percutaneous deep venous arterialization (pDVA) has been reported for patients with no‐option chronic limb threatening ischemia. To date, the procedure has been limited for below the knee/below the ankle occlusive disease. The present report describes the pDVA performed at a femoropopliteal segment for a patient with a stump complication after below the knee amputation. The patient was a 70‐year‐old male who had a history of endovascular treatment in the right superficial femoral artery (SFA) and below knee amputation 6 years before. He had an unhealed ulcer at the amputated stump for 3 years. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated occluded right SFA, with a stenotic popliteal artery. Revascularization was considered unfeasible due to the absence of run off vessels. In order to improve the perfusion at the ulcer, pDVA was performed at the distal SFA level, bridging SFA and femoral vein using stent grafts. The final angiogram demonstrated the revascularized SFA connecting to popliteal vein with a brisk flow. After pDVA, the stump ulcer improved and the stent grafts were kept patent after 6 months of the procedure. pDVA at the SFA level was technically feasible and could be a useful approach for stump complication after below knee amputation.
Bifunctional Co‐based Catalysts for Fischer‐Tropsch Synthesis: Descriptors Affecting the Product Distribution
Authors: Straß‐Eifert Angela , van der Wal Lars I. , Hernández Mejía Carlos , Weber Lennart J. , Yoshida Hideto , Zečević Jovana , de Jong Krijn P. , Güttel Robert
Published: April 2021

The conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons in the Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) synthesis suffers from a broad product distribution not directly providing high fuel quality. This work, therefore, aims at bifunctional catalysts combining the FT and hydroprocessing (HP) reaction for tailoring the product spectrum. Therefore, we applied a bottom‐up synthesis strategy for bifunctional cobalt/zeolite catalysts and investigated the obtained materials by advanced characterizations such as 3D TEM tomography. Based on the results, descriptors are defined for the acidity and the porosity, which are varied by changing the material preparation parameters. The catalytic properties of the obtained materials are studied in FT experiments at industrially relevant conditions (20 bar, 240 and 260 °C) and are correlated to the material properties by means of the respective descriptors. Therefore, the product distribution was analyzed in detail and distinguished between n‐paraffins and 1‐olefins as typical FT‐products as well as paraffinic and olefinic isomers formed in the HP classified in different fractions. It was found that, apart from the acidity, the pore structure plays a vital role in primary and secondary cracking/isomerization reactions. In addition to that, the particular 3D pore structure and thus the individual transport trajectories of the FT products are strongly affecting the cracking and isomerization probability and consequently the product distribution.
Polyoxotungstate Archetype {P4W27} and its 3d Derivatives
Authors: Iftikhar Tuba , Izarova Natalya V. , van Leusen Jan , Kögerler Paul
Published: April 2021

The propensity of the new, phenylphosphonate‐stabilized polyoxotungstate [(C6H5PVO)2P4W24O92]16− to act as a precursor for new 3d metal‐functionalized polyanions has been investigated. Reactions with MnII and CuII induce the formation of the previously unknown polyoxotungstate archetype {P4W27}, isolated as salts of the polyanions [Na⊂{MnII(H2O)}{WO(H2O)}P4W26O98]13− (1) and [K⊂{CuII(H2O)}{W(OH)(H2O)}P4W27O99]14− (2), which were characterized in the solid state (single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental and TG analyses, IR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry) and in aqueous solution (UV/Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry).
Enhanced Synergism and Mechanism of Action Studies of Synthetic Antimicrobial Metallopeptides
Authors: Thompson Zechariah , Greve Jenna M. , Cowan James Allan
Published: April 2021

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found throughout most kingdoms of life, are an important part of host immunity, and have been shown to act synergistically in various organisms to ameliorate bacterial infections. Herein, we report the synergistic behavior observed between two AMPs, Sub5 and CP10A, against E. coli. In addition, enhanced synergistic activity against E. coli and MRSA 43300 for two derivatives of Sub5, extended with the amino‐terminal copper and nickel (ATCUN) binding motif, is observed when dosed together with CP10A, while displaying little cytotoxicity towards human dermal fibroblasts. All three combinations of peptides co‐localized within bacterial cells as evidenced by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Investigations into the mechanism of synergy shows that all peptides indirectly damage DNA within cells, while only the ATCUN derivatives can oxidize phospholipids. Combinations of peptides were also shown to upregulate the concentration of reactive oxygen species within both E. coli and MRSA 43300. These results suggest that the production of reactive oxygen species is an important aspect mechanistically and further highlights the potential of these metallopeptides to aid in the treatment of antibiotic‐resistant infections.
Clinical evaluation of p16INK4a immunocytology in cervical cancer screening: A population‐based cross‐sectional study from rural China
Authors: Rezhake Remila , Wang Yan , Chen Feng , Hu Shang‐Ying , Zhang Xun , Cao Jian , Qiao You‐Lin , Zhao Fang‐Hui , Arbyn Marc
Published: April 2021

Background

Cervical cancer screening with cytology suffers from low sensitivity, whereas the efficiency of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐based screening is limited by low specificity. The authors evaluated a novel p16INK4a immunocytology approach in cervical cancer screening compared with HPV‐based and cytology‐based screening.

Methods

In total, 2112 women aged 49 to 69 years from Shanxi, China were screened from March to July 2019. HPV testing, liquid‐based cytology (LBC), and p16INK4a immunocytology were performed on samples from all women. Any positive result triggered a referral to colposcopy with biopsy, if indicated. Screening performance for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and 3 or worse (CIN2+/CIN3+) was evaluated using multiple algorithms.

Results

p16INK4a had a lower positive rate (10.0%) than LBC abnormality (vs 12.1%; P = .004) and a high‐risk HPV positivity (21.4%; P < .001). For the detection of CIN3+, the relative sensitivity of p16INK4a compared with HPV and LBC was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.82‐1.07) and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.95‐1.32), respectively. The specificity of p16INK4a was significantly higher than that for HPV and LBC, with a relative specificity of 1.13 (95% CI, 1.11‐1.16) and 1.02 (95% CI, 1.01‐1.04), respectively. In addition, p16INK4a alone yielded a clinical performance very similar to that of the current mainstream strategy of using HPV16/18 with reflex cytology (ASC‐US+, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse). The immediate risk of CIN3+ was 14.6% if p16INK4a results were positive and 0.2% if p16INK4a results were negative.

Conclusions

With minimal colposcopy referrals, p16INK4a screening demonstrated promising utility for risk stratification and yielded a better balance between sensitivity and specificity compared with HPV and LBC primary screening. Moreover, with accuracy and efficiency similar to what is achieved using mainstream cotest algorithms, p16 may simplify the screening practice. More evidence will be required before clinical recommendation.
American Cancer Society signals transition in cervical cancer screening from cytology to HPV tests
Authors: Davey Diane Davis
Published: April 2021

The 2020 American Cancer Society cervical cancer screening guidelines call for a shift to primary human papillomavirus testing every 5 years, with cotesting and cytology alone acceptable where primary testing platforms are not available. Initiation of screening is recommended at the age of 25 years instead of 21 years.
Computational fluid dynamics of the airways after left‐upper pulmonary lobectomy: A case study
Authors: Tullio Marta , Aliboni Lorenzo , Pennati Francesca , Carrinola Rosaria , Palleschi Alessandro , Aliverti Andrea
Published: April 2021

Pulmonary lobectomy is the gold standard intervention for lung cancer removal and consists of the complete resection of the affected lung lobe, which, coupled with the re‐adaptation of the remaining thoracic structures, decreases the postoperative pulmonary function of the patient. Current clinical practice, based on spirometry and cardiopulmonary exercise tests, does not consider local changes, providing an average at‐the‐mouth estimation of residual functionality. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has proved a valuable solution to obtain quantitative and local information about airways airflow dynamics. A CFD investigation was performed on the airway tree of a left‐upper pulmonary lobectomy patient, to quantify the effects of the postoperative alterations. The patient‐specific bronchial models were reconstructed from pre‐ and postoperative CT scans. A parametric laryngeal model was merged to the geometries to account for physiological‐like inlet conditions. Numerical simulations were performed in Fluent. The postoperative configuration revealed fluid dynamic variations in terms of global velocity (+23%), wall pressure (+48%), and wall shear stress (+39%). Local flow disturbances emerged at the resection site: a high‐velocity peak of 4.92 m/s was found at the left‐lower lobe entrance, with a local increase of pressure at the suture zone (18 Pa). The magnitude of pressure and secondary flows increased in the trachea and flow dynamics variations were observed also in the contralateral lung, causing altered lobar ventilation. The results confirmed that CFD is a patient‐specific approach for a quantitative evaluation of fluid dynamics parameters and local ventilation providing additional information with respect to current clinical approaches.
Dual‐Metal Electrolytes for Hybrid‐Ion Batteries: Synergism or Antagonism?
Authors: Rasheev Hristo , Stoyanova Radostina , Tadjer Alia
Published: April 2021

The construction of hybrid metal‐ion batteries faces a plethora of challenges. A critical one is to unveil the solvation/desolvation processes at the molecular level in electrolytes that ensure efficient transfer of several types of charge carriers. This study reports first results on simulations of mixed‐ion electrolytes. All combinations of homo‐ and hetero‐binuclear complexes of Li+, Na+ and Mg2+, solvated with varying number of ethylene carbonate (EC) molecules are modeled in non‐polar and polar environment by means of first principles calculations and compared to the mononuclear analogues in terms of stability, spatial organization, charge distribution and solvation/desolvation behavior. The used PF6− counterion is shown to have minor impact on the geometry of the complexes. The desolvation energy penalty of binuclear complexes can be lowered by the fluoride ions, emerging upon the PF6− decay. These model investigations could be extended to rationalize the solvation structure and ionic mobility in dual‐ion electrolytes.
Bipolar Electrochemiluminescence Imaging: A Way to Investigate the Passivation of Silicon Surfaces
Authors: Ismail Abdulghani , Voci Silvia , Descamps Lucie , Buhot Arnaud , Sojic Neso , Leroy Loïc , Bouchet‐Spinelli Aurélie
Published: April 2021

This work depicts the original combination of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) to map in real‐time the oxidation of silicon in microchannels. We fabricated model silicon‐PDMS microfluidic chips, optionally containing a restriction, and monitored the evolution of the surface reactivity using ECL. BPE was used to remotely promote ECL at the silicon surface inside microfluidic channels. The effects of the fluidic design, the applied potential and the resistance of the channel (controlled by the fluidic configuration) on the silicon polarization and oxide formation were investigated. A potential difference down to 6 V was sufficient to induce ECL, which is two orders of magnitude less than in classical BPE configurations. Increasing the resistance of the channel led to an increase in the current passing through the silicon and boosted the intensity of ECL signals. Finally, the possibility of achieving electrochemical reactions at predetermined locations on the microfluidic chip was investigated using a patterning of the silicon oxide surface by etched micrometric squares. This ECL imaging approach opens exciting perspectives for the precise understanding and implementation of electrochemical functionalization on passivating materials. In addition, it may help the development and the design of fully integrated microfluidic biochips paving the way for development of original bioanalytical applications.
Clinimetric properties of the Chinese version of the Euthymia Scale
Authors: Zhang Yuqun , Wang Xiaoyan , Carrozzino Danilo , Yuan Yonggui
Published: April 2021

The present study was conducted to primarily evaluate the clinimetric sensitivity of the Chinese version of the Euthymia Scale (ES), testing whether this measure discriminated between different groups of patients. Concurrent validity, a clinimetric property that refers to the assessment of the extent to which the rating scale under examination correlates with another related, previously validated, assessment instrument, was also tested investigating whether the ES significantly and negatively correlated with measures of depression and anxiety. A cross‐sectional study was conducted. A total of 295 inpatients were recruited from different medical settings and included in this study. In addition to the ES, participants completed the PHQ‐9 for the assessment of depression and the GAD‐7 for the evaluation of symptoms of generalized anxiety. The clinimetric sensitivity of the ES was evaluated using the Mann–Whitney test and the Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance, whereas the concurrent validity was tested via Spearman's correlation coefficients. The ES total score and its subscales of psychological flexibility and well‐being discriminated between different groups of inpatients and sensitively differentiated depressed from non‐depressed patients. Negative and statistically significant correlations between the ES and measures of depression and anxiety were found. Findings of the present study indicate that the Chinese version of the ES is a valid and sensitive clinimetric index that can be used not only to differentiate depressed from non‐depressed patients but also as a screening measure to detect vulnerability to depression in a wide range of medical patients.
Live psychotherapy by video versus in‐person: A meta‐analysis of efficacy and its relationship to types and targets of treatment
Authors: Fernandez Ephrem , Woldgabreal Yilma , Day Andrew , Pham Tuan , Gleich Bianca , Aboujaoude Elias
Published: April 2021

In‐person psychotherapy (IPP) has a long and storied past, but technology advances have ushered in a new era of video‐delivered psychotherapy (VDP). In this meta‐analysis, pre‐post changes within VDP were evaluated as were outcome differences between VDP versus IPP or other comparison groups. A literature search identified k = 56 within‐group studies (N = 1681 participants) and 47 between‐group studies (N = 3564). The pre‐post effect size of VDP was large and highly significant, g = +0.99 95% CI [0.67–0.31]. VDP was significantly better in outcome than wait list controls (g = 0.77) but negligible in difference from IPP. Within‐groups heterogeneity of effect sizes was reduced after subgrouping studies by treatment target, of which anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (each with k > 5) had effect sizes nearing 1.00. Disaggregating within‐groups studies by therapy type, the effect size was 1.34 for CBT and 0.66 for non‐CBT. Adjusted for possible publication bias, the overall effect size of VDP within groups was g = 0.54. In conclusion, substantial and significant improvement occurs from pre‐ to post‐phases of VDP, this in turn differing negligibly from IPP treatment outcome. The VDP improvement is most pronounced when CBT is used, and when anxiety, depression, or PTSD are targeted, and it remains strong though attenuated by publication bias. Clinically, therapy is no less efficacious when delivered via videoconferencing than in‐person, with efficacy being most pronounced in CBT for affective disorders. Live psychotherapy by video emerges not only as a popular and convenient choice but also one that is now upheld by meta‐analytic evidence.
High‐Throughput and Low‐Cost Genotyping Method for Plant Genome Editing
Authors: Liu Lei , Chen Richelle , Fugina Christopher John , Siegel Ben , Jackson David
Published: April 2021

Genome editing technologies have revolutionized genetic studies in the life sciences community in recent years. The application of these technologies allows researchers to conveniently generate mutations in almost any gene of interest. This is very useful for species such as maize that have complex genomes and lack comprehensive mutant collections. With the improvement of genome editing tools and transformation methods, these technologies are also widely used to assist breeding research and implementation in maize. However, the detection and genotyping of genomic edits rely on low‐throughput, high‐cost methods, such as traditional agarose gel electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing. This article describes a method to barcode the target regions of genomic edits from many individuals by low‐cost polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. It also employs next‐generation sequencing (NGS) to genotype the genome‐edited plants at high throughput and low cost. This protocol can be used for initial screening of genomic edits as well as derived population genotyping on a small or large scale, at high efficiency and low cost. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: A fast genomic DNA preparation method from genome edited plants

Basic Protocol 2: Barcoding the amplicons of edited regions from each individual by two rounds of PCR

Basic Protocol 3: Bioinformatics analysis
An Optimized Whole‐Mount Immunofluorescence Method for Shoot Apices
Authors: Tran Thu M. , Demesa‐Arevalo Edgar , Kitagawa Munenori , Garcia‐Aguilar Marcelina , Grimanelli Daniel , Jackson David
Published: April 2021

The localization of a protein provides important information about its biological functions. The visualization of proteins by immunofluorescence has become an essential approach in cell biology. Here, we describe an easy‐to‐follow immunofluorescence protocol to localize proteins in whole‐mount tissues of maize (Zea mays) and Arabidopsis. We present the whole‐mount immunofluorescence procedure using maize ear primordia and Arabidopsis inflorescence apices as examples, followed by tips and suggestions for each step. In addition, we provide a supporting protocol to describe the use of an ImageJ plug‐in to analyze colocalization. This protocol has been optimized to observe proteins in 2‐5 mm maize ear primordia or in developing Arabidopsis inflorescence apices; however, it can be used as a reference to perform whole‐mount immunofluorescence in other plant tissues and species. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Whole‐mount immunofluorescence for maize and Arabidopsis shoot apices

Support Protocol: Measure colocalization by JACoP plugin in ImageJ
Facing Seawater Splitting Challenges by Regeneration with Ni−Mo−Fe Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Ros Carles , Murcia‐López Sebastian , Garcia Xenia , Rosado Marcos , Arbiol Jordi , Llorca Jordi , Morante Joan R.
Published: April 2021

Hydrogen, produced by water splitting, has been proposed as one of the main green energy vectors of the future if produced from renewable energy sources. However, to substitute fossil fuels, large amounts of pure water are necessary, scarce in many world regions. In this work, we fabricate efficient and earth‐abundant electrodes, study the challenges of using real seawater, and propose an electrode regeneration method to face undesired salt deposition. Ni−Mo−Fe trimetallic electrocatalyst is deposited on non‐expensive graphitic carbon felts both for hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in seawater and alkaline seawater. Cl− pitting and the chlorine oxidation reaction are suppressed on these substrates and alkalinized electrolyte. Precipitations on the electrodes, mainly CaCO3, originating from seawater‐dissolved components have been studied, and a simple regeneration technique is proposed to rapidly dissolve undesired deposited CaCO3 in acidified seawater. Under alkaline conditions, Ni−Mo−Fe‐based catalyst is found to reconfigure, under cathodic bias, into Ni−Mo−Fe alloy with a cubic crystalline structure and Ni : Fe(OH)2 redeposits whereas, under anodic bias, it is transformed into a follicular Ni:FeOOH structure. High productivities over 300 mA cm−2 and voltages down to 1.59 V@10 mA cm−2 for the overall water splitting reaction have been shown, and electrodes are found stable for over 24 h without decay in alkaline seawater conditions and with energy efficiency higher than 61.5 % which makes seawater splitting promising and economically feasible.
Development of a cost‐effective circuit hardware architecture for brushless direct current motor driver
Authors: Mishra Pratikanta , Banerjee Atanu , Ghosh Mousam , Gogoi Sushanta , Dutta Rukmi
Published: April 2021

A dual‐duty digital pulse‐width modulation (DDPWM) technique‐based cost‐effective control hardware architecture for brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive is reported in this paper. DDPWM control technique involves reduced computational complexity, which is beneficial in on‐chip area and power dissipation reduction. Simple Hall sensor‐based speed calculation and commutation circuits were also incorporated in the hardware to reduce the chip area further. The edge detection‐based speed calculation circuit was designed to be tolerant of any external noise or glitch in the Hall sensor signal. The proposed hardware architecture was implemented on the field‐programmable gate array (FPGA) and application‐specific integrated circuit (ASIC) platform using TSMC 180‐nm technology library. The ability of the integrated circuit (IC) for resource utilization reduction was validated by comparing the FPGA‐implemented architecture with the existing literature. The FPGA‐implemented architecture was also examined in real‐time using an experimental prototype BLDC motor setup. The drive response with dynamic load and speed variations, speed control precision, and glitch tolerant speed calculation is reported in the paper. The ASIC implementation demonstrates that the developed architecture sampled at 50 MHz is highly effective in the gate count and power dissipation reduction compared to the standard PI controller‐based width modulated pulse generation hardware architecture.
The costs and benefits of intensive day treatment programs and outpatient treatments for eating disorders: An idea worth researching
Authors: Ali Sarrah I. , Bodnar Emma , Gamberg Susan , Bartel Sara J. , Waller Glenn , Nunes Abraham , Dixon Laura , Keshen Aaron
Published: April 2021

Outpatient care (e.g., individual, group, or self‐help therapies) and day treatment programs (DTPs) are common and effective treatments for adults with eating disorders. Compared to outpatient care, DTPs have additional expenses and could have unintended iatrogenic effects (e.g., may create an overly protective environment that undermines self‐efficacy). However, these potential downsides may be offset if DTPs are shown to have advantages over outpatient care. To explore this question, our team conducted a scoping review that aimed to synthesize the existing body of adult eating disorder literature (a) comparing outcomes for DTPs to outpatient care, and (b) examining the use of DTPs as a higher level of care in a stepped care model. Only four studies met the predefined search criteria. The limited results suggest that the treatments have similar effects and that outpatient care is more cost‐effective. Furthermore, no studies explored the use of DTPs as a higher level of care in a stepped care model (despite international guidelines recommending this approach). Given the clear dearth of literature on this clinically relevant topic, we have provided specific avenues for further research.
Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis. A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases
Authors: Garcia‐Pavia Pablo , Rapezzi Claudio , Adler Yehuda , Arad Michael , Basso Cristina , Brucato Antonio , Burazor Ivana , Caforio Alida L.P. , Damy Thibaud , Eriksson Urs , Fontana Marianna , Gillmore Julian D. , Gonzalez‐Lopez Esther , Grogan Martha , Heymans Stephane , Imazio Massimo , Kindermann Ingrid , Kristen Arnt V. , Maurer Mathew S. , Merlini Giampaolo , Pantazis Antonis , Pankuweit Sabine , Rigopoulos Angelos G. , Linhart Ales
Published: April 2021

Cardiac amyloidosis is a serious and progressive infiltrative disease that is caused by the deposition of amyloid fibrils at the cardiac level. It can be due to rare genetic variants in the hereditary forms or as a consequence of acquired conditions. Thanks to advances in imaging techniques and the possibility of achieving a non‐invasive diagnosis, we now know that cardiac amyloidosis is a more frequent disease than traditionally considered. In this position paper the Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease proposes an invasive and non‐invasive definition of cardiac amyloidosis, addresses clinical scenarios and situations to suspect the condition and proposes a diagnostic algorithm to aid diagnosis. Furthermore, we also review how to monitor and treat cardiac amyloidosis, in an attempt to bridge the gap between the latest advances in the field and clinical practice.
Structural Studies of Norditerpenoid Alkaloids: Conformation Analysis in Crystal and in Solution States
Authors: Zeng Ziyu , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Woodman Timothy J. , Rowan Michael G. , Blagbrough Ian S.
Published: April 2021

Conformational analyses are presented of several pharmacologically important norditerpenoid alkaloids (NDAs), in crystal and in solution states. Crystal data of 8 NDAs (4 free bases and 4 salts) were obtained, in which crassicauline A, aconitine HCl, and methyllycaconitine HClO4 are reported for the first time. 1D/2D NMR spectroscopies of 7 NDAs (5 free bases and 2 salts) were recorded comprehensively. Crystal conformations of NDAs are described with a revised cyclohexane ring nomenclature. The A/E‐rings of NDA‐free bases exist in twisted‐chair/twisted‐chair conformations, leading to examples of the 1H NMR effect of steric compression shown in the A‐ring. The A/E‐rings of NDA salts adopt boat/chair crystal conformations, as does the protonated synthetic [3.3.1]azabicycle in its crystal lattice. However, in aqueous solutions at physiological pH, this protonated analogue adopts a true chair/true chair conformation where the NDA salts retain their twisted boat/twisted chair conformations.
Recent Advances in Organic Synthesis Using Light‐Mediated N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis
Authors: Marzo Leyre
Published: April 2021

The combination of photocatalysis with other ground state catalytic systems have attracted much attention recently due to the enormous synthetic potential offered by a dual activation mode. The use of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as organocatalysts emerged as an important synthetic tool. Its ability to harness umpolung reactivity by the formation of the Breslow intermediate has been employed in the synthesis of thousands of biologically important compounds. However, the available coupling partners are relatively restricted, and its combination with other catalytic systems might improve its synthetic versatility. Thus, merging photoredox and N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis has emerged recently as a powerful strategy to develop new transformations and give access to a whole new branch of synthetic possibilities. This review compiles the NHC catalyzed methods mediated by light, either in the presence or absence of an external photocatalyst, that have been described so far, and aims to give an accurate overview of the potential of this activation mode.
Synthesis and Spectrophotometric Studies of 9‐Substituted‐4,5‐dimethoxyacridine Multifunctionalizable Fluorescent Dyes and Their Macrocyclic Derivatives
Authors: Golcs Ádám , Ádám Bálint Árpád , Vezse Panna , Huszthy Péter , Tóth Tünde
Published: April 2021

Acridine derivatives are widely used as antiseptics, disinfectants, antibiotics, and fluorescent dyes as well as a subunit of optical sensor molecules of various analytical applications. We reported here the synthesis of several new 9‐substituted‐4,5‐dimethoxyacridine derivatives (9‐bromo‐, 9‐(p‐methylphenyl)‐, 9‐(p‐benzyloxyphenyl)‐, 9‐azido‐, 9‐phenyltriazole‐, 9‐[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]‐, 9‐nitrile‐) as potential multifunctionalizable fluorescent precursors of sensor molecules, indicators or dyes including optimized procedures for preparation of 9‐haloacridines and their cross‐coupling reactions. Improved stability of several new compounds could be achieved by the synthetic modification at position 9 of the acridine unit compared to their unsubstituted acridine analogs. The basic spectroscopic characteristics of these useful intermediates were also determined. The new fluorescent compounds showed promising photochemical properties for optochemical‐based applications in the future. The extremely large Stokes‐shifts (above 15500 cm−1) should especially be emphasized. Moreover, the effects of the substituents at position 9 of the acridine unit on fluorescence signaling were studied by the examples of new precursors and their macrocyclic derivatives as known optical sensor molecules. Some interesting relationships between quantum yield and structural features were reported.