bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Debating Early Republican Urbanism in Latium Vetus: The Town Planning of Gabii, between Archaeology and History
Authors: Johnston Andrew C. , Mogetta Marcello
Published: June 2020

Recent archaeological investigations have revealed that at the end of the fifth centuryb.c.e., Gabii, an ancient centre of Latium Vetus, was reorganised in a planned, quasi-orthogonal pattern, which constitutes an anomaly in the regional context. This is indicative of an important transformational moment in its history, representing a break from previous patterns of occupation and involving significant spatial and socio-political discontinuities with the previous settlement. This article proposes that the reorganisation reflects a moment of refoundation after a period of abandonment, an urban trajectory that can be clarified by a critical re-examination of the historical evidence, focusing on two pivotal processes: thedevotioof the city by the Romans and the dynamics of early colonisation in Latium. This new interpretation not only has important implications for understanding the archaeology of Gabii and of early republican urbanism, but also sheds light on one of the ‘darkest’ ages in Roman history.
Transposition of the great vessels and intact ventricular septum: is there an age limit for the arterial switch? Personal experience and review of the literature
Authors: Daoud Zied , Nuri Halkawt Ali , Miette Ambra , Pomè Giuseppe
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Prognosis of the transposition of the great arteries has completely changed since the introduction of the arterial switch. Time limit to perform this intervention is still controversial. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the early and late outcome of primary arterial switch operation beyond the age of months.

Methods:

We included all patients with the diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum beyond the age of 8 weeks who underwent primary arterial switch operation. The procedures were performed by the same surgeon, in two different institutes. Patients who had transposition of the great arteries and associated anomalies (except atrial septal defect and persistent arterial duct) were excluded. Ventricular shape, geometry, and mass were not considered during the decision on procedure type.

Results:

In the study, 11 patients with the diagnosis of simple d-transposition of the great arteries beyond 8 weeks were undergone primary arterial switch operation with a mean age of 90.63 days (60–137 days), and 7 patients had a Rashkind procedure. All patients had squashed left ventricle shape with preserved function. The sternum was left open in 10 patients. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was necessary in 45.45% of cases. The mean mechanical ventilation time was 7.27 days (1–16 days). No mortality was recorded until now. Post-operatory left ventricular function was preserved in 90.9% of the patients. Only one patient had mild myocardial dysfunction at the time of discharge.

Conclusions:

Primary arterial switch procedure can still be the best surgical option in patients with the diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum beyond 8 weeks of age, providing that mechanical circulatory support and an expert cardiac intensive care unit service are available.
Single-ventricle palliation in children with atrioventricular septal defect and transposition of the great arteries: 45 years of experience
Authors: Buratto Edward , Fricke Tyson A. , Ye Xin Tao , Brink Johann , Brizard Christian P. , d’Udekem Yves , Konstantinov Igor E.
Published: June 2020

Background:

The association of atrioventricular septal defect and transposition of the great arteries is very rare. As a rule, these patients have unbalanced ventricles. However, there have been no studies describing the results of single-ventricle palliation in these children.

Methods:

All children who underwent surgery with a diagnosis of atrioventricular septal defect and transposition of the great arteries were included in the study. Data were obtained from medical records.

Results:

A total of 38 patients with atrioventricular septal defect and transposition of the great arteries underwent single-ventricle palliation at the study institution between 1971 and 2016. The mean follow-up was 12.4 years (median: 14.6 years, range 2–43.3 years). Most children had unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (94.7%, 36/38). Survival was 67.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50.0–80.2%) at 10 years and 57.8% (95% CI: 38.0–73.4%) at 20 years. By 10 years, 58.6% (95% CI: 40.8–72.7%) had progressed to Fontan completion, while 32.5% (95% CI: 18.2–47.6%) had died. In patients achieving Fontan completion, 20-year event-free survival was 73.3% (95% CI: 34.8–91.3%), while 5.0% (95% CI: 0.4–20.5%) had undergone cardiac transplantation and 21.7% (95% CI: 3.2–50.8%) had undergone takedown of the Fontan circulation. Freedom from atrioventricular valve surgery was 57.0% (95% CI: 37.2–72.7%) at 10 and 20 years.

Conclusions:

The association of atrioventricular septal defect and transposition of the great arteries is very rare, and most of these children have unbalanced ventricles. Single-ventricle palliation results in 25-year overall survival of 50%. However, in patients, who had Fontan completion, survival was 75% at 25 years after Fontan operation.
Relative validity of a computer-based semi-quantitative FFQ for use in the Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Studies
Authors: Vaz Juliana S , Buffarini Romina , Schneider Bruna C , Bielemann Renata M , Gonçalves Helen , Assunção Maria Cecilia F
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To assess the relative validity of a FFQ developed for the Pelotas Birth Cohort Studies.

Design:

Participants completed a ninety-two-food-item FFQ and then answered two 24-h recalls (24HR), one in-person interview and a second one by telephone, administered 14–28 d apart. Median and relative differences of energy, fifteen nutrients and eleven food groups were estimated based on the FFQ and the average of two 24HR. Nutrients were log-transformed and energy-adjusted using residual method. Validity was assessed by crude, energy-adjusted and de-attenuated Pearson and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients. Agreement of quartiles and weighted κ were performed. Differences in energy and nutrient estimations between methods were plotted in Bland–Altman graphs.

Setting:

Pelotas, southern Brazil.

Participants:

Two hundred fifty-four participants randomly selected from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort during the 22-year follow-up (2015).

Results:

The FFQ overestimated energy and most nutrients and food groups compared with the two 24HR. Energy-adjusted and de-attenuated Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0·21 to 0·66. The highest energy-adjusted and de-attenuated concordance correlation coefficients were observed for Ca (0·48), niacin (0·32), Na (0·29), vitamin C (0·28) and riboflavin (0·25). The percentage of nutrients classified into the same and opposite quartiles ranged from 36·5 to 60·3 %, and from 4·8 to 19·1 %, respectively. Weighted κ was moderate for Ca (0·51), beans and legumes (0·50) and milk and dairies (0·49).

Conclusions:

The FFQ provides a reasonable dietary intake assessment for habitual food consumption. However, the relative validity was weak for specific nutrients and food groups.
Biogas digestate as a renewable fertilizer: effects of digestate application on crop growth and nutrient composition
Authors: Lee Maxwell E. , Steiman Matthew W. , St. Angelo Sarah K.
Published: June 2020

Biogas digesters convert waste matter into a natural gas-like fuel and a nutrient-rich digestate by-product. This digestate has the potential to be used as a soil amendment to benefit crop production with or without biochar, a purported nutrient sponge. In a greenhouse study of several crop species, the effects of digestate fertilization on crop growth, photosynthetic efficiency, vegetable production and chemical nutrient levels were tested. Results indicate that increasing potency of the applied digestate fosters higher growth and fruit production rates of several studied plants but to a lesser degree than a conventional fertilizer. More potent digestate application increases antioxidant capacity, total phenolics content and ascorbic acid levels in kale compared to the control chemical fertilizer test groups but has confounding results on legume nutrient levels. Additionally, the combined application of biochar and biogas digestate added to compost and used as potting media positively impacts crop germination. This work has relevance to agrarian communities that could benefit from recycling livestock and food waste into fuel and a renewable fertilizer.
Aborting Global Women's Rights: The Boundaries of Women's Representation in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Angevine Sara
Published: June 2020

American foreign policy has expanded in recent years to address issues that affect women and girls worldwide, global women's rights, yet there has been minimal investigation into how these representative claims for women worldwide are formed and the substantive U.S. commitment. Is this a reflection of a growing American feminist foreign policy or symbolic rhetoric for domestic audiences? To better understand the representation of global women's rights in American foreign policy, I analyze the political context behind three widely supported American foreign policy bills focusing on women that were introduced during the 111th Congress (2009–10). Each of these bills failed to become statute. Drawing from qualitative comparative case study analysis, I show how antiabortion politics constrain the legislative success of any American foreign policy legislation that focuses on women, regardless of relevance. This suggests that foreign women's bodies are a terrain for U.S. legislators to advance abortion policy objectives with minimal electoral constraint. Although advancing women's rights furthers broader U.S. foreign policy objectives, such as preventing terrorism and growing market economies, domestic abortion politics shape the boundaries of how global women's rights are represented in American foreign policy.
Herbicide resistance in turfgrass: a chance to change the future?
Authors: Brosnan James T. , Barrett Michael W. , Bhowmik Prasanta C.
Published: June 2020

Herbicide resistance has for decades been an increasing problem of agronomic crops such as corn and soybean. Several weed species have evolved herbicide resistance in turfgrass systems such as golf courses, sports fields, and sod production—particularly biotypes of annual bluegrass and goosegrass. Consequences of herbicide resistance in agronomic cropping systems indicate what could happen in turfgrass if herbicide resistance becomes broader in terms of species, distribution, and mechanisms of action. The turfgrass industry must take action to develop effective resistance management programs while this problem is still relatively small in scope. We propose that lessons learned from a series of national listening sessions conducted by the Herbicide Resistance Education Committee of the Weed Science Society of America to better understand the human dimensions affecting herbicide resistance in crop production provide tremendous insight into what themes to address when developing effective resistance management programs for the turfgrass industry.
Emotional Intelligence Relates to Emotions, Emotion Dynamics, and	Emotion Complexity
Authors: MacCann Carolyn , Erbas Yasemin , Dejonckheere Egon , Minbashian Amirali , Kuppens Peter , Fayn Kirill
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Emotional intelligence (EI) should relate to people’s emotional experiences. We meta-analytically summarize associations of felt affect with ability EI branches (perception, facilitation, understanding, and management) and total scores ( k = 7–14; N = 1,584–2,813). We then use experience sampling ( N = 122 undergraduates over 5 days, 24 beeps) to test whether EI predicts emotion dynamics and complexity. Meta-analyses show that EI correlates significantly with lower negative affect (NA; ρ = −.21) but not higher positive affect (PA; ρ = .05). PA (but not NA) shows a significantly stronger relationship with emotion management (ρ = .23) versus other EI branches (ρ = −.01 to .07). In the experience sampling study, only management significantly related to higher PA, whereas lower NA was significantly related to total EI, perception, facilitation, and management. After controlling for mean affect: (a) only understanding significantly predicted NA dynamics whereas only management and facilitation significantly predicted PA dynamics; (b) management and facilitation predicted lower PA differentiation (EI was unrelated to NA differentiation); and (c) perception and facilitation predicted greater bipolarity. Results show that EI predicts affect, emotion dynamics, and emotion complexity. We discuss the importance of distinguishing between different branches of ability EI.
Regionally Coupled Atmosphere‐Ocean‐Marine Biogeochemistry Model ROM: 2. Studying the Climate Change Signal in the North Atlantic and Europe
Authors: Sein Dmitry V. , Gröger Matthias , Cabos William , Alvarez‐Garcia Francisco J. , Hagemann Stefan , Pinto Joaquim G. , Izquierdo Alfredo , de la Vara Alba , Koldunov Nikolay V. , Dvornikov Anton Yu. , Limareva Natalia , Alekseeva Evgenia , Martinez‐Lopez Benjamin , Jacob Daniela
Published: June 2020

Climate simulations for the North Atlantic and Europe for recent and future conditions simulated with the regionally coupled ROM model are analyzed and compared to the results from the MPI‐ESM. The ROM simulations also include a biogeochemistry and ocean tides. For recent climate conditions, ROM generally improves the simulations compared to the driving model MPI‐ESM. Reduced oceanic biases in the Northern Atlantic are found, as well as a better simulation of the atmospheric circulation, notably storm tracks and blocking. Regarding future climate projections for the 21st century following the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, MPI‐ESM and ROM largely agree qualitatively on the climate change signal over Europe. However, many important differences are identified. For example, ROM shows an SST cooling in the Subpolar Gyre, which is not present in MPI‐ESM. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, ROM Arctic sea ice cover is thinner and reaches the seasonally ice‐free state by 2055, well before MPI‐ESM. This shows the decisive importance of higher ocean resolution and regional coupling for determining the regional responses to global warming trends. Regarding biogeochemistry, both ROM and MPI‐ESM simulate a widespread decline in winter nutrient concentration in the North Atlantic of up to ~35%. On the other hand, the phytoplankton spring bloom in the Arctic and in the North‐Western Atlantic starts earlier, and the yearly primary production is enhanced in the Arctic in the late 21st century. These results clearly demonstrate the added value of ROM to determine more detailed and more reliable climate projections at the regional scale.
Low-threshold topological nanolasers based on the second-order corner state
Authors: Zhang Weixuan , Xie Xin , Hao Huiming , Dang Jianchen , Xiao Shan , Shi Shushu , Ni Haiqiao , Niu Zhichuan , Wang Can , Jin Kuijuan , Zhang Xiangdong , Xu Xiulai
Published: June 2020

Topological lasers are immune to imperfections and disorder. They have been recently demonstrated based on many kinds of robust edge states, which are mostly at the microscale. The realization of 2D on-chip topological nanolasers with a small footprint, a low threshold and high energy efficiency has yet to be explored. Here, we report the first experimental demonstration of a topological nanolaser with high performance in a 2D photonic crystal slab. A topological nanocavity is formed utilizing the Wannier-type 0D corner state. Lasing behaviour with a low threshold of approximately 1 µW and a high spontaneous emission coupling factor of 0.25 is observed with quantum dots as the active material. Such performance is much better than that of topological edge lasers and comparable to that of conventional photonic crystal nanolasers. Our experimental demonstration of a low-threshold topological nanolaser will be of great significance to the development of topological nanophotonic circuitry for the manipulation of photons in classical and quantum regimes.
Biomarkers of neonatal skin barrier adaptation reveal substantial differences compared to adult skin
Authors: Visscher Marty O. , Carr Andrew N. , Winget Jason , Huggins Thomas , Bascom Charles C. , Isfort Robert , Lammers Karen , Narendran Vivek
Published: June 2020

Background

The objective of this study was to measure skin characteristics in premature (PT), late preterm (LPT), and full-term (FT) neonates compared with adults at two times (T1, T2).

Methods

Skin samples of 61 neonates and 34 adults were analyzed for protein biomarkers, natural moisturizing factor (NMF), and biophysical parameters. Infant groups were: <34 weeks (PT), 34–<37 weeks (LPT), and ≥37 weeks (FT).

Results

Forty proteins were differentially expressed in FT infant skin, 38 in LPT infant skin, and 12 in PT infant skin compared with adult skin at T1. At T2, 40 proteins were differentially expressed in FT infants, 38 in LPT infants, and 54 in PT infants compared with adults. All proteins were increased at both times, except TMG3, S100A7, and PEBP1, and decreased in PTs at T1. The proteins are involved in filaggrin processing, protease inhibition/enzyme regulation, and antimicrobial function. Eight proteins were decreased in PT skin compared with FT skin at T1. LPT and FT proteins were generally comparable at both times. Total NMF was lower in infants than adults at T1, but higher in infants at T2.

Conclusions

Neonates respond to the physiological transitions at birth by upregulating processes that drive the production of lower pH of the skin and water-binding NMF components, prevent protease activity leading to desquamation, and increase the barrier antimicrobial properties.

Impact

Neonates respond to the transitions at birth by upregulating processes that drive the production of lower pH of the skin and NMF, prevent protease activity leading to desquamation, and increase the antimicrobial properties of the barrier.

The neonatal epidermal barrier exhibits a markedly different array of protein biomarkers both shortly after birth and 2–3 months later, which are differentially expressed versus adults.

The major biomarker-functional classes included filaggrin processing, protease inhibitor/enzyme regulators, antimicrobials, keratins, lipids, and cathepsins.

The findings will guide improvement of infant skin care practices, particularly for the most premature infants with the ultimate goals mitigating nosocomial infection.
Heterotrophy in the earliest gut: a single-cell view of heterotrophic carbon and nitrogen assimilation in sponge-microbe symbioses
Authors: Rix Laura , Ribes Marta , Coma Rafel , Jahn Martin T , de Goeij Jasper M , van Oevelen Dick , Escrig Stéphane , Meibom Anders , Hentschel Ute
Published: June 2020

Sponges are the oldest known extant animal-microbe symbiosis. These ubiquitous benthic animals play an important role in marine ecosystems in the cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the largest source of organic matter on Earth. The conventional view on DOM cycling through microbial processing has been challenged by the interaction between this efficient filter-feeding host and its diverse and abundant microbiome. Here we quantify, for the first time, the role of host cells and microbial symbionts in sponge heterotrophy. We combined stable isotope probing and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry to compare the processing of different sources of DOM (glucose, amino acids, algal-produced) and particulate organic matter (POM) by a high-microbial abundance (HMA) and low-microbial abundance (LMA) sponge with single-cell resolution. Contrary to common notion, we found that both microbial symbionts and host choanocyte (i.e. filter) cells and were active in DOM uptake. Although all DOM sources were assimilated by both sponges, higher microbial biomass in the HMA sponge corresponded to an increased capacity to process a greater variety of dissolved compounds. Nevertheless, in situ feeding data demonstrated that DOM was the primary carbon source for both the LMA and HMA sponge, accounting for ~90% of their heterotrophic diets. Microbes accounted for the majority (65–87%) of DOM assimilated by the HMA sponge (and ~60% of its total heterotrophic diet) but <5% in the LMA sponge. We propose that the evolutionary success of sponges is due to their different strategies to exploit the vast reservoir of DOM in the ocean.
EGFR/Ras-induced CCL20 production modulates the tumour microenvironment
Authors: Hippe Andreas , Braun Stephan Alexander , Oláh Péter , Gerber Peter Arne , Schorr Anne , Seeliger Stephan , Holtz Stephanie , Jannasch Katharina , Pivarcsi Andor , Buhren Bettina , Schrumpf Holger , Kislat Andreas , Bünemann Erich , Steinhoff Martin , Fischer Jens , Lira Sérgio A. , Boukamp Petra , Hevezi Peter , Stoecklein Nikolas Hendrik , Hoffmann Thomas , Alves Frauke , Sleeman Jonathan , Bauer Thomas , Klufa Jörg , Amberg Nicole , Sibilia Maria , Zlotnik Albert , Müller-Homey Anja , Homey Bernhard
Published: June 2020

Background

The activation of the EGFR/Ras-signalling pathway in tumour cells induces a distinct chemokine repertoire, which in turn modulates the tumour microenvironment.

Methods

The effects of EGFR/Ras on the expression and translation of CCL20 were analysed in a large set of epithelial cancer cell lines and tumour tissues by RT-qPCR and ELISA in vitro. CCL20 production was verified by immunohistochemistry in different tumour tissues and correlated with clinical data. The effects of CCL20 on endothelial cell migration and tumour-associated vascularisation were comprehensively analysed with chemotaxis assays in vitro and in CCR6-deficient mice in vivo.

Results

Tumours facilitate progression by the EGFR/Ras-induced production of CCL20. Expression of the chemokine CCL20 in tumours correlates with advanced tumour stage, increased lymph node metastasis and decreased survival in patients. Microvascular endothelial cells abundantly express the specific CCL20 receptor CCR6. CCR6 signalling in endothelial cells induces angiogenesis. CCR6-deficient mice show significantly decreased tumour growth and tumour-associated vascularisation. The observed phenotype is dependent on CCR6 deficiency in stromal cells but not within the immune system.

Conclusion

We propose that the chemokine axis CCL20–CCR6 represents a novel and promising target to interfere with the tumour microenvironment, and opens an innovative multimodal strategy for cancer therapy.
Inverse iron oxide/metal catalysts from galvanic replacement
Authors: Zhu Yifeng , Zhang Xin , Koh Katherine , Kovarik Libor , Fulton John L. , Rosso Kevin M. , Gutiérrez Oliver Y.
Published: June 2020

Key chemical transformations require metal and redox sites in proximity at interfaces; however, in traditional oxide-supported materials, this requirement is met only at the perimeters of metal nanoparticles. We report that galvanic replacement can produce inverse FeOx/metal nanostructures in which the concentration of oxide species adjoining metal domains is maximal. The synthesis involves reductive deposition of rhodium or platinum and oxidation of Fe2+ from magnetite (Fe3O4). We discovered a parallel dissolution and adsorption of Fe2+ onto the metal, yielding inverse FeOx-coated metal nanoparticles. This nanostructure exhibits the intrinsic activity in selective CO2 reduction that simple metal nanoparticles have only at interfaces with the support. By enabling a simple way to control the surface functionality of metal particles, our approach is not only scalable but also enables a versatile palette for catalyst design.
Quantifying molecular bias in DNA data storage
Authors: Chen Yuan-Jyue , Takahashi Christopher N. , Organick Lee , Bee Callista , Ang Siena Dumas , Weiss Patrick , Peck Bill , Seelig Georg , Ceze Luis , Strauss Karin
Published: June 2020

DNA has recently emerged as an attractive medium for archival data storage. Recent work has demonstrated proof-of-principle prototype systems; however, very uneven (biased) sequencing coverage has been reported, which indicates inefficiencies in the storage process. Deviations from the average coverage in the sequence copy distribution can either cause wasteful provisioning in sequencing or excessive number of missing sequences. Here, we use millions of unique sequences from a DNA-based digital data archival system to study the oligonucleotide copy unevenness problem and show that the two paramount sources of bias are the synthesis and amplification (PCR) processes. Based on these findings, we develop a statistical model for each molecular process as well as the overall process. We further use our model to explore the trade-offs between synthesis bias, storage physical density, logical redundancy, and sequencing redundancy, providing insights for engineering efficient, robust DNA data storage systems.
On-chip coherent microwave-to-optical transduction mediated by ytterbium in YVO4
Authors: Bartholomew John G. , Rochman Jake , Xie Tian , Kindem Jonathan M. , Ruskuc Andrei , Craiciu Ioana , Lei Mi , Faraon Andrei
Published: June 2020

Optical networks that distribute entanglement among various quantum systems will form a powerful framework for quantum science but are yet to interface with leading quantum hardware such as superconducting qubits. Consequently, these systems remain isolated because microwave links at room temperature are noisy and lossy. Building long distance connectivity requires interfaces that map quantum information between microwave and optical fields. While preliminary microwave-to-optical transducers have been realized, developing efficient, low-noise devices that match superconducting qubit frequencies (gigahertz) and bandwidths (10 kilohertz – 1 megahertz) remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate a proof-of-concept on-chip transducer using trivalent ytterbium-171 ions in yttrium orthovanadate coupled to a nanophotonic waveguide and a microwave transmission line. The device′s miniaturization, material, and zero-magnetic-field operation are important advances for rare-earth ion magneto-optical devices. Further integration with high quality factor microwave and optical resonators will enable efficient transduction and create opportunities toward multi-platform quantum networks.
Life on a Mesoarchean marine shelf – insights from the world’s oldest known granular iron formation
Authors: Smith Albertus J. B. , Beukes Nicolas J. , Gutzmer Jens , Johnson Clark M. , Czaja Andrew D. , Nhleko Noah , de Beer Frikkie , Hoffman Jakobus W. , Awramik Stanley M.
Published: June 2020

The Nconga Formation of the Mesoarchean (~2.96–2.84 Ga) Mozaan Group of the Pongola Supergroup of southern Africa contains the world’s oldest known granular iron formation. Three dimensional reconstructions of the granules using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography reveal that these granules are microstromatolites coated by magnetite and calcite, and can therefore be classified as oncoids. The reconstructions also show damage to the granule coatings caused by sedimentary transport during formation of the granules and eventual deposition as density currents. The detailed, three dimensional morphology of the granules in conjunction with previously published geochemical and isotope data indicate a biogenic origin for iron precipitation around chert granules on the shallow shelf of one of the oldest supracratonic environments on Earth almost three billion years ago. It broadens our understanding of biologically-mediated iron precipitation during the Archean by illustrating that it took place on the shallow marine shelf coevally with deeper water, below-wave base iron precipitation in micritic iron formations.
Characterization of the phenotypic and genotypic tolerance to abiotic stresses of natural populations of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
Authors: Levy Noa , Faigenboim Adi , Salame Liora , Molina Carlos , Ehlers Ralf-Udo , Glazer Itamar , Ment Dana
Published: June 2020

Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective biocontrol agents against arthropod pests. However, their efficacy is limited due to sensitivity to environmental extremes. The objective of the present study was to establish a foundation of genetic-based selection tools for beneficial traits of heat and desiccation tolerance in entomopathogenic nematodes. Screening of natural populations enabled us to create a diverse genetic and phenotypic pool. Gene expression patterns and genomic variation were studied in natural isolates.Heterorhabditisisolates were phenotyped by heat- and desiccation-stress bioassays to determine their survival rates compared to a commercial line. Transcriptomic study was carried out for the commercial line, a high heat-tolerant strain, and for the natural, low heat-tolerant isolate. The results revealed a higher number of upregulated vs. downregulated transcripts in both isolates vs. their respective controls. Functional annotation of the differentially expressed transcripts revealed several known stress-related genes and pathways uniquely expressed. Genome sequencing of isolates with varied degrees of stress tolerance indicated variation among the isolates regardless of their phenotypic characterization. The obtained data lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at identifying genes and molecular markers as genetic selection tools for enhancement of entomopathogenic nematodes ability to withstand environmental stress conditions.
Associations of oxygenated hemoglobin with disease burden and prognosis in stable COPD: Results from COSYCONET
Authors: Trudzinski F. C. , Jörres R. A. , Alter P. , Kahnert K. , Waschki B. , Herr C. , Kellerer C. , Omlor A. , Vogelmeier C. F. , Fähndrich S. , Watz H. , Welte T. , Jany B. , Söhler S. , Biertz F. , Herth F. , Kauczor H.-U. , Bals R. ,   the COSYCONET consortium, Andreas Stefan , Behr Jürgen , Bewig Burkhard , Buhl Roland , Ewert Ralf , Stubbe Beate , Ficker Joachim H. , Gogol Manfred , Grohé Christian , Hauck Rainer , Held Matthias , Henke Markus , Höffken Gerd , Katus Hugo A. , Kirsten Anne-Marie , Koczulla Rembert , Kenn Klaus , Kronsbein Juliane , Kropf-Sanchen  , Lange Christoph , Zabel Peter , Pfeifer Michael , Randerath Winfried J. , Seeger Werner , Studnicka Michael , Taube Christian , Teschler Helmut , Timmermann Hartmut , Virchow J. Christian , Wagner  , Wirtz Hubert
Published: June 2020

We studied whether in patients with stable COPD blood gases (BG), especially oxygenated hemoglobin (OxyHem) as a novel biomarker confer information on disease burden and prognosis and how this adds to the information provided by the comorbidity pattern and systemic inflammation. Data from 2137 patients (GOLD grades 1–4) of the baseline dataset of the COSYCONET COPD cohort were used. The associations with dyspnea, exacerbation history, BODE-Index (cut-off ≤2) and all-cause mortality over 3 years of follow-up were determined by logistic and Cox regression analyses, with sex, age, BMI and pack years as covariates. Predictive values were evaluated by ROC curves. Capillary blood gases included SaO2, PaO2, PaCO2, pH, BE and the concentration of OxyHem [haemoglobin (Hb) x fractional SaO2, g/dL] as a simple-to-measure correlate of oxygen content. Inflammatory markers were WBC, CRP, IL-6 and -8, TNF-alpha and fibrinogen, and comorbidities comprised a broad panel including cardiac and metabolic disorders. Among BG, OxyHem was associated with dyspnoea, exacerbation history, BODE-Index and mortality. Among inflammatory markers and comorbidities, only WBC and heart failure were consistently related to all outcomes. ROC analyses indicated that OxyHem provided information of a magnitude comparable to that of WBC, with optimal cut-off values of 12.5 g/dL and 8000/µL, respectively. Regarding mortality, OxyHem also carried independent, additional information, showing a hazard ratio of 2.77 (95% CI: 1.85–4.15, p < 0.0001) for values <12.5 g/dL. For comparison, the hazard ratio for WBC > 8000/µL was 2.33 (95% CI: 1.60–3.39, p < 0.0001). In stable COPD, the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin provided additional information on disease state, especially mortality risk. OxyHem can be calculated from hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation without the need for the measurement of PaO2. It thus appears well suited for clinical use with minimal equipment, especially for GPs.
Efficient uptake and retention of iron oxide-based nanoparticles in HeLa cells leads to an effective intracellular delivery of doxorubicin
Authors: Popescu R. C. , Savu D. , Dorobantu I. , Vasile B. S. , Hosser H. , Boldeiu A. , Temelie M. , Straticiuc M. , Iancu D. A. , Andronescu E. , Wenz F. , Giordano F. A. , Herskind C. , Veldwijk M. R.
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this study was to construct and characterize iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPCO) for intracellular delivery of the anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX; IONPDOX) in order to induce tumor cell inactivation. More than 80% of the loaded drug was released from IONPDOX within 24 h (100% at 70 h). Efficient internalization of IONPDOX and IONPCO in HeLa cells occurred through pino- and endocytosis, with both IONP accumulating in a perinuclear pattern. IONPCO were biocompatible with maximum 27.9% ± 6.1% reduction in proliferation 96 h after treatment with up to 200 µg/mL IONPCO. Treatment with IONPDOX resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell proliferation (IC50 = 27.5 ± 12.0 μg/mL after 96 h) and a reduced clonogenic survival (surviving fraction, SF = 0.56 ± 0.14; versus IONPCO (SF = 1.07 ± 0.38)). Both IONP constructs were efficiently internalized and retained in the cells, and IONPDOX efficiently delivered DOX resulting in increased cell death vs IONPCO.
Enhancing carrier transport and carrier capture with a good current spreading characteristic via graphene transparent conductive electrodes in InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light emitting diodes
Authors: Feng Shih-Wei , Wang Ying-Hsiang , Tsai Chin-Yi , Cheng Tzu-Huan , Wang Hsiang-Chen
Published: June 2020

In this work, InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-wells light-emitting diodes with and without graphene transparent conductive electrodes are studied with current-voltage, electroluminescence, and time-resolved electroluminescence (TREL) measurements. The results demonstrate that the applications of graphene electrodes on LED devices will spread injection carriers more uniformly into the active region and therefore result in a larger current density, broader luminescence area, and stronger EL intensity. In addition, the TREL data will be further analyzed by employing a 2-N theoretical model of carrier transport, capture, and escape processes. The combined experimental and theoretical results clearly indicate that those LEDs with graphene transparent conductive electrodes at p-junctions will have a shorter hole transport time along the lateral direction and thus a more efficient current spreading and a larger luminescence area. In addition, a shorter hole transport time will also expedite hole capture processes and result in a shorter capture time and better light emitting efficiency. Furthermore, as more carrier injected into the active regions of LEDs, thanks to graphene transparent conductive electrodes, excessive carriers need more time to proceed carrier recombination processes in QWs and result in a longer carrier recombination time. In short, the LED samples, with the help of graphene electrodes, are shown to have a better carrier transport efficiency, better carrier capture efficiency, and more electron-hole recombination. These research results provide important information for the carrier transport, carrier capture, and recombination processes in InGaN/GaN MQW LEDs with graphene transparent conductive electrodes.
Proof-of-concept for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in human preadipocytes: Deletion of FKBP5 and PPARG and effects on adipocyte differentiation and metabolism
Authors: Kamble Prasad G. , Hetty Susanne , Vranic Milica , Almby Kristina , Castillejo-López Casimiro , Abalo Xesús M. , Pereira Maria J. , Eriksson Jan W.
Published: June 2020

CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized the genome-editing field. So far, successful application in human adipose tissue has not been convincingly shown. We present a method for gene knockout using electroporation in preadipocytes from human adipose tissue that achieved at least 90% efficiency without any need for selection of edited cells or clonal isolation. We knocked out the FKBP5 and PPARG genes in preadipocytes and studied the resulting phenotypes. PPARG knockout prevented differentiation into adipocytes. Conversely, deletion of FKBP51, the protein coded by the FKBP5 gene, did not affect adipogenesis. Instead, it markedly modulated glucocorticoid effects on adipocyte glucose metabolism and, furthermore, we show some evidence of altered transcriptional activity of glucocorticoid receptors. This has potential implications for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The reported method is simple, easy to adapt, and enables the use of human primary preadipocytes instead of animal adipose cell models to assess the role of key genes and their products in adipose tissue development, metabolism and pathobiology.
Isothermal crystallization kinetics of (Cu60Zr25Ti15)99.3Nb0.7 bulk metallic glass
Authors: Mandal Soumen , Lee Dong-Eun , Park Taejoon
Published: June 2020

This paper reports the crystallization kinetics of (Cu60Zr25Ti15)99.3Nb0.7bulk metallic glass under isothermal conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been employed for isothermal annealing at ten different temperatures prior to the onset of crystallization (To) temperature. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have been used to confirm the amorphous structure of the as cast sample. Crystallized volume fractions (x) are calculated from the exothermic peaks of DSC scans. Crystallized volume fractions (x) against time show sigmoidal type of curves as well as the curves become steeper at higher annealing temperatures. Continuous heating transformation diagram has been simulated to understand the stability of the bulk metallic glass. Crystallization kinetics parameters are calculated using Arrhenius and Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equations. Activation energy (Ea) and Avrami exponential factor (n) have exhibited strong correlation with crystallized volume fraction (x). The average activation energy for isothermal crystallization is found to be 330 ± 30 kJ/mol by Arrhenius equation. Nucleation activation energy (Enucleation) is found to be higher than that of growth activation energy (Egrowth). The Avrami exponential factor (n) indicates about the diffusion controlled mechanism of the nucleation and three-dimensional growth.
Rescue of mutant gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor function independent of cognate receptor activity
Authors: Smith Emery , Janovick Jo Ann , Bannister Thomas D. , Shumate Justin , Ganapathy Vadivel , Scampavia Louis , Spicer Timothy P.
Published: June 2020

Molecules that correct the folding of protein mutants, restoring their functional trafficking, are called pharmacoperones. Most are clinically irrelevant and possess intrinsic antagonist or agonist activity. Here, we identify compounds capable of rescuing the activity of mutant gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor or GnRHR which, is sequestered within the cell and if dysfunctional leads to Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. To do this we screened the E90K GnRHR mutant vs. a library of 645,000 compounds using a cell-based calcium detection system. Ultimately, we identified 399 compounds with EC50 ≤ 5 µM with no effect in counterscreen assays. Medicinal chemistry efforts confirmed activity of 70 pure samples and mode of action studies, including radioligand binding, inositol phosphate, and toxicity assays, proved that we have a series of tractable compounds that can be categorized into structural clusters. These early lead molecules rescue mutant GnRHR function and are neither agonist nor antagonists of the GnRHR cognate receptor, a feature required for potential clinical utility.
The dose–response characteristics of four NTCP models: using a novel CT-based radiomic method to quantify radiation-induced lung density changes
Authors: Begosh-Mayne Dustin , Kumar Shruti Siva , Toffel Steven , Okunieff Paul , O’Dell Walter
Published: June 2020

Multiple competing normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models have been proposed for predicting symptomatic radiation-induced lung injury in human. In this paper we tested the efficacy of four common NTCP models applied quantitatively to sub-clinical X-ray computed tomography (CT)-density changes in the lung following radiotherapy. Radiotherapy planning datasets and follow-up chest CTs were obtained in eight patients treated for targets within the lung or hilar region. Image pixel-wise radiation dose exposure versus change in observable CT Hounsfield units was recorded for early (2–5 months) and late (6–9 months) time-points. Four NTCP models, Lyman, Logistic, Weibull and Poisson, were fit to the population data. The quality of fits was assessed by five statistical criteria. All four models fit the data significantly (p < 0.05) well at early, late and cumulative time points. The Lyman model fitted best for early effects while the Weibull Model fitted best for late effects. No significant difference was found between the fits of the models and with respect to parameters D50 and γ50. The D50 estimates were more robust than γ50 to image registration error. For analyzing population-based sub-clinical CT pixel intensity-based dose response, all four models performed well.
Quantitative SPECT/CT for differentiating between enchondroma and grade I chondrosarcoma
Authors: Choi Woo Hee , Han Eun Ji , Chang Ki Bong , Joo Min Wook
Published: June 2020

Although differentiation between central chondroid tumors is important, their parallelism makes it a diagnostic conundrum for clinicians and radiologists. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of quantitative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) in differentiating grade I chondrosarcomas from enchondromas. We reviewed SPECT/CT images of patients with enchondromas and grade I chondrosarcomas arising in the long bones. Volume, mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean), and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of tumors were calculated from SPECT/CT images. In addition, clinical characteristics and radiological information were assessed. Of a total of 34 patients, 14 had chondrosarcomas. Chondrosarcoma group had significantly larger volume, and higher SUVmean and SUVmax of tumors than enchondroma group. There was no significant difference in age and tumor size between two groups. Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for tumor volume, SUVmean, and SUVmax were 0.727, 0.757, and 0.875. In pairwise analyses, SUVmax had larger AUC than SUVmean (p = 0.0216). With a cut-off value of 15.6 for SUVmax, its sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 75% for differentiating between enchondroma and grade I chondrosarcoma. Quantitative SPECT/CT is a potential method to differentiate grade I chondroarcomas from enchondromas in patients with central chondroid tumors.
DMY protects the knee joints of rats with collagen-induced arthritis by inhibition of NF-κB signaling and osteoclastic bone resorption
Authors: Wu Jing , Fan Kai-Jian , Wang Qi-Shan , Xu Bing-Xin , Cai Qing , Wang Ting-Yu
Published: June 2020

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a widely used animal model for studying rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which manifests serious joint dysfunction, progressive bone erosion and articular cartilage destruction.
Prediction of room-temperature ferromagnetism in a two-dimensional direct band gap semiconductor
Authors: Chen Shanbao , Wu Fang , Li Qiongyu , Sun Huasheng , Ding Junfei , Huang Chengxi , Kan Erjun
Published: June 2020

Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductors with a direct electric band gap have recently drawn much attention due to their promising potential for spintronic and magneto-optical applications.
Bioinspired by both mussel foot protein and bone sialoprotein: universal adhesive coatings for the promotion of mineralization and osteogenic differentiation
Authors: Long Xiaoling , Xu Huilin , Zhang Dongyue , Li Jianshu
Published: June 2020

Natural protein bioinspired coatings are developed to promote the mineralization and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells for implant material use.
A solution blown superporous nonwoven hydrogel based on hydroxypropyl cellulose
Authors: Yang Nilsson Ting , Andersson Trojer Markus
Published: June 2020

Large pores combined with a fine mesh of interconnected fibres provided by the nonwoven microstructure were key for fast water sorption.
Methodological approach to grain yield planning
Authors: Makarova Olga , Makarov Valentin , Gasparyan Svetlana , Napris Zhanna , Shemyakin Alexander
Published: June 2020

The global problems of mankind, especially in recent decades, have an increasing impact on the agrarian sphere of activity of any country, including Russia. In modern conditions, the strategic goals outlined for increasing the productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in the agricultural sector of the country should be solved comprehensively within the framework of adaptive landscape farming, taking into account specific soil-climatic, organizational, economic, environmental and other factors. The concept of “maximum possible grain yield” will always change upward with increasing intensification of agriculture, maintaining soil fertility, creating and introducing highly productive varieties, using a mineral nutrition system, as well as means of protection against pests and diseases, etc. The article establishes the conditions under which it is necessary to focus on obtaining the planned yield, the dependence of the possible yield on the utilization factor of photosynthetic activity and radiation for the growing season is provided. Based on the determination of the yield, a set of measures and techniques is developed to obtain a planned crop and an organization chart is proposed on the problem of planning grains. According to the results of the research, the dependence of the crop cost on the level of optimal planning is provided.
Inheritance of the main quantitative traits in sweet sorghum hybrids F1
Authors: Kovtunova Natalia , Kovtunov Vladimir , Popov Aleksey , Volodin Aleksandr , Shishova Elena , Romanyukin Aleksandr
Published: June 2020

Sweet sorghum hybrids F1 in productivity can surpass the parental forms on 50-60%. Thus the breeding process is aimed to develop first generation hybrids with a strong potential of productivity and quality of green mass and silage. The purpose of the work is to study heritability and heterosis of the quantitative traits of sweet sorghum hybrids F1 obtained on a sterile basis. The study was conducted in 2013-2015 on the lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (‘A-63’, ‘Knyazhna’, ‘APV-1115), the varieties (‘Listvenit’, ‘Severnoe 44’, ‘Zernogradskoe 454’, ‘Stavropolskoe 36’, ‘Galiya’ and ‘Larets’) and the hybrids. The inheritance of green mass productivity and absolutely dry matter, the length of a vegetation period, plant height and leaf formation (foliage), protein content in dry matter of the hybrids occurred according to the type of dominance and overdominance. It has been determined that while choosing the parental forms for hybridization it’s essential to select the forms with differences in the vegetation period of 4-6 days to avoid the dominance of late maturity. The height pollinator increase results in the hybrid height increase and large heterosis. It’s necessary to select the parental forms with maximum foliage to improve leaf formation in the hybrids.