UPDATE OF GEOMONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AS A FACTOR OF ENSURING THE SAFE OPERATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
Authors: Biehichev S.V. , Ishutina G.S. 
Published: October 2023

Obtaining reliable data based on the results of geomonitoring allows timely measures to stabilize deformations of buildings and structures. Implementation of the scientific justification for the development of methodological recommendations is required to increase the stability of structures and take the necessary measures to protect buildings in case of detection of unacceptable deformations. Among the causes of deformations, it is possible to single out the imperfection of the structures of the building, the influence of natural conditions (changes in temperature, groundwater level, wind action, seismic events, geological conditions) and anthropogenic human influence (mechanical loads). The purpose of the work is to study research of existing methods of geomonitoring for deformations of buildings and structures in dense urban development. Comparative analysis of geomonitoring methods and the formation of proposals for their rational and mandatory use. Methodology. Analysis of regulatory and literary sources on geodetic monitoring of buildings and structures. Analysis of foreign experience of observation of towers using modern 3D laser scanning technologies. Comparative analysis of accuracy and economic characteristics of methods of monitoring buildings and structures. Scientific novelty. It is recommended during the design process to include geodetic marks for the monitoring network in the projects of buildings and structures, so as not to spoil their architectural appearance at the stage of operation, if necessary, to carry out geodetic monitoring. By using modern geodetic monitoring methods with innovative modern technologies, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional picture of the deformation of buildings and structures. These actions are performed in order to take timely measures to combat them and develop protective measures to prevent further destruction of buildings. Practical value. Nowadays, with the development of technologies and the appearance of modern equipment, the combined method of geomonitoring has become widely used. This method involves a combination of tacheometric surveying with terrestrial laser scanning and digital stereo photography. This allows you to get a three-dimensional 3D picture of the deformations of the entire building (both foundations and walls). An analogue of this method is the use of traditional ground methods − leveling and plan-altitude surveying, and the prototype − ground stereo photography. However, there are often cases when geodetic observations of deformations of foundations and foundations of structures are neglected in order to save the construction budget. Results. Types and causes of deformations of engineering structures are analyzed. Modern technologies of geodetic monitoring are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. Attention is drawn to compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents and the rational choice of an economically feasible technology for conducting geodetic monitoring using reliable geodetic points. In large cities with different building densities and the presence of various architectural ensembles, during the development of construction works, it is necessary to have a reliable geodetic basis. A reliable geodetic network can be formed by regular monitoring of the existing urban geodetic network.