bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorenone Derivatives Through Pd‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Cyclization.
Authors: Li Hu , Zhu Ru‐Yi , Shi Wen‐Juan , He Ke‐Han , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: February 2013

Fluorenone derivatives bearing strong electron‐withdrawing groups such as ‐NO2 and ‐CN are not generated.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkene Carboetherification: Synthesis of Fused‐Ring and Bridged‐Ring Tetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Miller Yan , Miao Lei , Hosseini Azade S. , Chemler Sherry R.
Published: February 2013

For the first time the title reaction is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Cyano‐3‐benzoyloxyoxindoles via Cyanoacylation of Isatins in the Presence of 4 Å Molecular Sieves.
Authors: Esmaeili Abbas Ali , Ghalandarabad Saeid Amini , Zangouei Mahdieh
Published: February 2013

The method allows the preparation of isatin derivatives with high functionalization at C‐3.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Use of a Surfactant for Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Arylboronic Acids with Imidazoles in Water.
Authors: Inamoto Kiyofumi , Nozawa Kanako , Kadokawa Jun , Kondo Yoshinori
Published: February 2013

Copper‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of arylboronic acids with imidazoles can be performed in water just using an amphiphilic surfactant.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Reactions and Anthelmintic Activity of 1‐[Benzimidazol‐2‐yl]‐4‐formyl‐3‐[2′‐(substituted phenyl)indole‐3‐yl] Pyrazoles.
Authors: Sharma Kanti , jian Renuka
Published: February 2013

A green synthesis of the title 4‐formylpyrazoles (V) and their conversion into corresponding chalcones (VII) and Schiff bases (IX) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of 5‐Iminooxazolines and Their Subsequent Transformation to α,α‐Disubstituted Dipeptide Esters: A Formal [4 + 1] Cycloaddition Reaction of Cyclohexyl Isocyanide and Z‐Alkyl‐α‐benzoyl Amino‐Acrylates.
Authors: Esmaeili Abbas Ali , Shahmansouri Shima , Habibi Azizollah , Fakhari Ali Reza
Published: February 2013

Reaction of Z‐α‐benzoyl amino‐acrylic acid alkyl esters (I) with cyclohexyl isocyanide (II) gives iminooxazolines (III) under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction of 1,3‐Bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐dienes with Aldehydes Catalyzed by Chiral Disulfonimide.
Authors: Guin Joyram , Rabalakos Constantinos , List Benjamin
Published: February 2013

2,6‐Disubstituted and 2,5,6‐trisubstituted dihydropyranones are prepared from aromatic, heteroaromatic, or conjugated aromatic aldehydes and a variety of 1,3‐bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐dienes or analogues in the presence of only 1 mol% of the new axially chiral disulfonimide (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Chiral Pyrylium Salts and Their Phosphinine and Pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: van der Velde Nelson A. , Korbitz Holland T. , Garner Charles M.
Published: February 2013

Reactions of ketone (I) with acyl chlorides provide new chiral and achiral pyrylium salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Route Toward Benzofuranpyridine‐Based Spirans.
Authors: Voskressensky Leonid G. , Kovaleva Svetlana , Borisova Tatiana N. , Eresko Alexandr B. , Tolkumov Valery S. , Tolkumov Sergey V. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Varlamov Alexey V.
Published: February 2013

A novel domino reaction of tetrahydrobenzofuropyridines with activated alkynes leads to benzofuropyridine‐based spirans which may be considered as analogues of the antifungal drug griseofulvin.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Metal/Organo‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative sp3 C—H Olefination of Tertiary Amines Using Molecular Oxygen as the Sole Oxidant.
Authors: Zhang Gen , Ma Yunxia , Wang Shoulei , Zhang Yaohu , Wang Rui
Published: February 2013

N‐Aryltetrahydroisoquinolines are olefinated by acrylaldehyde, methyl or ethyl vinyl ketone, or acrylonitrile in the presence of a copper(II)/quinine catalyst system to give the corresponding 1‐alkenyltetrahydroisoquinolines (22 examples) with up to 99% enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium(III) Triflate Catalyzed Transacetalization Reactions of Diols and Triols under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Smith Brendan M. , Kubczyk Tomasz M. , Graham Andrew E.
Published: February 2013

Acyclic acetals and ketals undergo transacetalization with diols and triols in the presence of catalytic amounts of indium(III) triflate under solvent‐free conditions to generate the corresponding cyclic acetals and ketals in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Biginelli Reaction Catalyzed by a Simple Chiral Primary Amine Catalyst: Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines.
Authors: Xu Da‐Zhen , Li Hui , Wang Yongmei
Published: February 2013

The present asymmetric Biginelli reaction is promoted by the chiral bifunctional primary amine—pyridine catalyst CDP in combination with hydrochloric acid.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones from Azides, Alkynes, Anilines, and Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Shen Yang , Han Chao , Cai Shuying , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: February 2013

Generally, the amidine intermediates undergo Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation and hydrolysis of the sulfonamide substituent to afford the desired heterocyclic ring system.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective N9 Alkylation of Purine Rings Assisted by β‐Cyclodextrin.
Authors: Zhang Qian , Cheng Gang , Huang Yong‐Zhen , Qu Gui‐Rong , Niu Hong‐Ying , Guo Hai‐Ming
Published: February 2013

In the presence of β‐cyclodextrin, purine is effectively alkylated at N9 using water as solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of New C2‐ and C1‐Symmetric Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur Derivatives and Analogues of TADDOL. Part 3. Some New Chiral Broensted Acids for Organocatalysis and pKa Values in MeO—(CH2)2—OH/H2O — A Survey
Authors: Seebach Dieter , Beck Albert K. , Bichsel Hans‐Ulrich , Pichota Arkadius , Sparr Christof , Wuensch Ralf , Schweizer W. Bernd
Published: February 2013

A brief overview is given involving the role of TADDOLs as H‐bond donors and the importance of an intramolecular H‐bond for acidity enhancement.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of 3‐(Arylamino)‐1‐ferrocenylpropan‐1‐ones.
Authors: Pejovic Anka , Stevanovic Dragana , Damljanovic Ivan , Vukicevic Mirjana , Novakovic Sladjana B. , Bogdanovic Goran A. , Mihajilov‐Krstev Tatjana , Radulovic Niko , Vukicevic Rastko D.
Published: February 2013

Under solvent‐free conditions and using montmorillonite K‐10 as catalyst, the ultrasonic irradiation of acryloylferrocene and arylamines affords the title ferrocenylamines (III) (17 examples), which all exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative strains.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Synthesis and the Determination of Absolute Configuration of Docetaxel, an Anticancer Drug.
Authors: Sekhar N. M. , Vishweshwar Peddy , Acharyulu Palle V. R. , Anjaneyulu Yerramilli
Published: February 2013

For the first time, the absolute configuration of the title compound (I) is determined unambiguously by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine and Its Interhalogen Compounds: Versatile Reagents in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Part 25. A Facile and Convenient Synthesis of Disarmed Glycosyl Fluorides Using in situ Generated Iodine Monofluoride.
Authors: Mugunthan G. , Kartha K. P. Ravindranathan
Published: February 2013

Various thioglycosides are investigated to yield the α‐anomeric glycosyl fluorides exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Oxide Nanowires by Thermal Oxidation Reaction Technique
Authors: Choopun Supab , Hongsith Niyom , Wongrat Ekasiddh
Published: February 2013

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoro‐Pummerer Rearrangement and Analogous Reactions
Authors: Hugenberg Verena , Haufe Guenter
Published: February 2013

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Polypeptide and Polypeptide Hybrid Vesicles: From Synthesis to Application
Authors: Choe Uh‐Joo , Sun Victor Z. , Tan James‐Kevin Y. , Kamei Daniel T.
Published: February 2013

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “Nonsolvent” Applications of Ionic Liquids in Organocatalysis
Authors: Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Giacalone Francesco , Agrigento Paola , Noto Renato
Published: February 2013

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Homogeneous Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acid Esters
Authors: Clarke Matthew L.
Published: February 2013

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using N4‐Metallomacrocyclic Catalysts: Fundamentals on Rational Catalyst Design
Authors: Masa Justus , Ozoemena Kenneth , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Zagal Jose H.
Published: February 2013

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Fluctuations of Magnetic Nanoparticles: Fifty Years After Brown
Authors: Coffey William T. , Kalmykov Yuri P.
Published: February 2013

Review: 258 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Advanced Biodiesel Fuel Production Process
Authors: Guan Guoqing , Kusakabe Katsuki
Published: February 2013

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mass Spectrometry of Hydroxylamines, Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Giorgi Gianluca
Published: February 2013

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Spin‐Spin Couplings
Authors: Kamienska‐Trela Krystyna , Wojcik Jacek
Published: February 2013

Review: 346 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Reversible Covalent Chemistry in Analytical Sample Preparation
Authors: Siegel David
Published: February 2013

Review: 205 refs.
Cardiac Valve Involvement in Systemic Diseases: A Review
Authors: Grimaldi Antonio , De Gennaro Luisa , Chiara Vermi Anna , Pappalardo Federico , Daniele Brunetti Natale , Di Biase Matteo , La Canna Giovanni , Alfieri Ottavio
Published: February 2013

Increasing age and new trends of mixed populations have newly aroused interest in valvular heart disease in the developed countries still in need of new clinical insights. In the clinical setting of systemic diseases, the proper assessment of cardiovascular abnormalities may be challenging, and the characterization of valvular involvement might help to recognize the underlying disease and cardiac sequelae. Prompt identification of valvular lesions may, therefore, also be useful for differential diagnosis. This article reviews the cardiac involvement in systemic diseases from etiology and background definition to echocardiographic assessment and clinical interpretation.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Preparation of DNA from cytological material
Authors: Dejmek Annika , Zendehrokh Nooreldin , Tomaszewska Malgorzata , Edsjö Anders
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND

Personalized oncology requires molecular analysis of tumor cells. Several studies have demonstrated that cytological material is suitable for DNA analysis, but to the authors' knowledge there are no systematic studies comparing how the yield and quality of extracted DNA is affected by the various techniques used for the preparation of cytological material.

METHODS

DNA yield and quality were compared using cultured human lung cancer cells subjected to different preparation techniques used in routine cytology, including fixation, mounting medium, and staining. The results were compared with the outcome of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genotyping of 66 clinical cytological samples using the same DNA preparation protocol.

RESULTS

All tested protocol combinations resulted in fragment lengths of at least 388 base pairs. The mounting agent EcoMount resulted in higher yields than traditional xylene‐based medium. Spray and ethanol fixation resulted in both a higher yield and better DNA quality than air drying. In liquid‐based cytology (LBC) methods, CytoLyt solution resulted in a 5‐fold higher yield than CytoRich Red. Papanicolaou staining provided twice the yield of hematoxylin and eosin staining in both liquid‐based preparations. Genotyping outcome and quality control values from the clinical EGFR genotyping demonstrated a sufficient amount and amplifiability of DNA in both spray‐fixed and air‐dried cytological samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Reliable clinical genotyping can be performed using all tested methods. However, in the cell line experiments, spray‐ or ethanol‐fixed, Papanicolaou‐stained slides provided the best results in terms of yield and fragment length. In LBC, the DNA recovery efficiency of the preserving medium may differ considerably, which should be taken into consideration when introducing LBC. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:344–353. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Cytomorphologic and immunophenotypical features of acinar cell neoplasms of the pancreas
Authors: Sigel Carlie S. , Klimstra David S.
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND

Acinar cell neoplasms of the pancreas are rare but when encountered, the diagnosis is often established based on cytology specimens. Diagnostic accuracy is important because acinar cell carcinomas are aggressive yet may mimic tumors with different outcomes and management.

METHODS

The authors identified all patients with a diagnosis of acinar cell neoplasm in the institutional database; assessed cytomorphology and immunocytochemistry for trypsin, chymotrypsin, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and MIB‐1; and compared all cytology and final histological diagnoses for diagnostic discrepancies.

RESULTS

Cytological features were described for 16 histologically proven malignant acinar cell neoplasms: acinar cell carcinoma (8 cases), mixed acinar‐neuroendocrine carcinoma (6 cases), mixed acinar‐ductal carcinoma (1 case), and pancreatoblastoma (1 case).The majority of aspirates from acinar cell cystadenomas were nondiagnostic or negative (5 of 6 cases; 83%). Acinar and neuroendocrine differentiation that was detected by immunocytochemistry in >20% of tumor cells was found to be correlated with mixed acinar‐neuroendocrine carcinoma histology. Cytohistological correlation included 32 patients with 17 discordant diagnoses (53%). The following preoperative cytology diagnoses proved to be acinar cell neoplasms on resection: neuroendocrine tumor (5 cases), adenocarcinoma (5 cases), atypical ductal cells (2 cases), solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Three aspirates diagnosed as acinar cell carcinoma by cytology proved to be chronic pancreatitis (2 cases) and ductal adenocarcinoma (1 case).

CONCLUSIONS

Acinar cell carcinoma has a distinctive cytological appearance but is frequently misdiagnosed on cytology. Immunocytochemistry is useful for identifying acinar differentiation. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:459–70. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Detection of EGFR mutations and EML4‐ALK rearrangements in lung adenocarcinomas using archived cytological slides
Authors: Mitiushkina Natalia V. , Iyevleva Aglaya G. , Poltoratskiy Artiom N. , Ivantsov Alexandr O. , Togo Alexandr V. , Polyakov Igor S. , Orlov Sergey V. , Matsko Dmitry E. , Novik Viktor I. , Imyanitov Evgeny N.
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND

Although the molecular analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in archived lung cancer tissues is relatively well established, the genetic testing of cytological material has not yet become a routine.

METHODS

The current study used cell samples that were obtained by bronchial brushing, transthoracic needle aspiration, or biopsy imprint preparation between 1993 and 2008. Islets of malignant cells were visually located on the archived cytological slides, lysed in situ by a drop of sodium dodecyl sulfate‐containing buffer, and subjected to the standard DNA and RNA extraction. Examination of paraffin‐embedded tissue blocks (resection specimens or biopsy material) from the same patients was performed in parallel.

RESULTS

A total of 75 cytological/histological lung adenocarcinoma sample pairs underwent polymerase chain reaction analysis for the EGFR mutation. Two cytological samples and 1 morphological sample failed to produce DNA. Concordance for the wild‐type and mutation status was observed in 54 of 72 and 14 of 72 informative pairs, respectively; 3 pairs and 1 pair, respectively, had mutation only in the cytological or histological material. The discrepancies could be explained by the failure to ensure a high percentage of lung cancer cells in the analyzed samples or, alternatively, by the genuine intratumoral molecular heterogeneity of some neoplasms. RNA extraction followed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis for the EML4‐ALK translocation was performed for 44 EGFR mutation‐negative sample pairs; failures were observed for 2 cytological and 6 histological specimens. All informative pairs were concordant either for the norm (32 of 36 pairs) or for the presence of EML4‐ALK gene fusion (4 of 36 pairs).

CONCLUSIONS

Archived cytological slides appear to be well suited both for EGFR and ALK analysis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:370–376. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
IL‐33 causes selective mast cell tolerance to bacterial cell wall products by inducing IRAK1 degradation
Authors: Sandig Hilary , Jobbings Catherine E. , Roldan Nestor Gonzalez , Whittingham‐Dowd Jayde K. , Orinska Zane , Takeuchi Osamu , Akira Shizuo , Bulfone‐Paus Silvia
Published: February 2013

Mast cells are important cellular constituents of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, densely located at sites of microbial entry into the host where they are continuously exposed to products from commensals. In order to avoid excessive activation and the associated pathology, mast cell responses to TLR agonists must be tightly regulated. Here, we show that exposure in vitro to subactivating levels of the epithelial cell product, IL‐33, renders mast cells insensitive to bacterial cell wall products. Mast cell responsiveness to Ag, cytoplasmic dsDNA, and TLR7/8 agonists is unaffected or enhanced by IL‐33. The IL‐33–induced mast cell selective tolerance requires the IL‐33 receptor ST2 and peritoneal mast cells from St2−/− mice display a constitutively activated phenotype, demonstrated by increased expression of activation markers including CD11b and CD28. IL‐33 exposure neither affects the levels of TLR4, MyD88, TIRAP, IL‐1R associated kinase 2 (IRAK2), or IRAK4, nor induces persistent A20 or Tollip expression, but potently causes ST2‐dependent IRAK1 degradation. We show that while IRAK2 is redundant for TLR4 signaling, IRAK1 is essential for TLR4 signaling in mast cells. We suggest that IL‐33 produced during homeostasis retains mast cells in an unresponsive state to bacterial cell wall products via IRAK1 degradation, thus preventing chronic inflammation and tissue destruction.
Competition between T cells maintains clonal dominance during memory inflation induced by MCMV
Authors: Turula Holly , Smith Corinne J. , Grey Finn , Zurbach Katherine A. , Snyder Christopher M.
Published: February 2013

Both human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) establish persistent infections that induce the accumulation of virus‐specific T cells over time in a process called memory inflation. It has been proposed that T cells expressing T‐cell receptors (TCRs) with high affinity for HCMV‐derived peptides are preferentially selected after acute HCMV infection. To test this in the murine model, small numbers of OT‐I transgenic T cells, which express a TCR with high affinity for the SIINFEKL peptide, were transferred into congenic mice and recipients were challenged with recombinant MCMV expressing SIINFEKL. OT‐I T cells were selectively enriched during the first 3 weeks of infection. Similarly, in the absence of OT‐I T cells, the functional avidity of SIINFEKL‐specific T cells increased from early to late times postinfection. However, even when exceedingly small numbers of OT‐I T cells were transferred, their inflation limited the inflation of host‐derived T cells specific for SIINFEKL. Importantly, subtle minor histocompatibility differences led to late rejection of the transferred OT‐I T cells in some mice, which allowed host‐derived T cells to inflate substantially. Thus, T cells with a high functional avidity are selected shortly after MCMV infection and continuously sustain their clonal dominance in a competitive manner.
Orientation and Polarized Optical Emission Properties of Platinum(II) Complexes in Smectic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Sato Takeshi , Awano Hiroshi , Katagiri Hiroshi , Pu Yong‐Jin , Takahashi Tatsuhiro , Yonetake Koichiro
Published: February 2013

We have prepared a series of platinum complexes with a rodlike ligand and smectic (Sm) liquid crystals (LCs) to demonstrate polarized phosphorescence. The ligands for the Pt complexes “12F2PPyO8” [2‐(4′‐dodecyl‐5′,6′‐difluorophenyl)‐5‐octyloxypyridinato‐N,C2′] and “12F2PPyO12” [2‐(4′‐dodecyl‐5′,6′‐difluorophenyl)‐5‐dodecyloxypyridinato‐N,C2′] with long alkyl and alkoxy chains exhibited the Smectic A (SmA) phase, however no liquid crystallinity was evident in Pt complexes with LC ligands. The host LCs 1‐(4‐butyl‐2,3‐difluoro‐phenyl)‐4‐(trans‐4‐pentylcyclohexyl)benzene (4F2PPCH5) and 2‐(2,3‐difluoro‐4‐hexylphenyl)‐6‐octyloxynaphthalene (6F2PNaO8) with long flexible chains showed wide SmA phase temperature ranges. Pt complex/Sm LC mixtures were oriented on rubbed polyimide substrates or by applying a magnetic field. The orientation coefficients of the magneto‐oriented samples were recorded to be over 0.6 in the Sm LC temperature range. The oriented samples exhibited polarized optical emissions assigned to the monomer and excimer states, which were perpendicular to the orientation direction. This indicates that the transition dipole moment of the Pt complex is oriented from the ligand to the Pt atom. Pt complexes with rodlike ligands with long alkyl and alkoxy chains and host Sm LC with such chains are much more likely to obtain high order parameters and generate highly polarized optical emissions. In the mixtures, the polarization ratios of the monomer and excimer in the SmA phase were estimated to be approximately 2.5–2.9 and 4.6–5.4, respectively.
An Experimental and Theoretical Approach to the Photophysical Properties of Some Rh and Ir Complexes Incorporating the Dipyrromethene Ligand
Authors: Ramlot Diane , Rebarz Mateusz , Volker Leen , Ovaere Margriet , Beljonne David , Dehaen Wim , Van Meervelt Luc , Moucheron Cécile , Kirsch‐De Mesmaeker Andrée
Published: February 2013

Rh and Ir complexes that contain meso‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)dipyrromethene (dipy) and phenylpyridine (ppy) ligands {i.e., [Rh(dipy)3], [Rh(ppy)2(dipy)] and [Ir(ppy)2(dipy)]} have been prepared and their electrochemical and luminescence behaviour are discussed and compared to results of theoretical calculations. The oxidation and reduction potentials, in agreement with the time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT calculations, indicate clearly that the HOMO–LUMO transitions are governed by the dipy ligand, which controls also the triplet excited‐state emission. However, in luminescence, the two Rh complexes exhibit, in addition to a dipy‐centred triplet emission, luminescence from the singlet excited state, which predominates at room temperature, due to a less important influence of the heavy‐metal effect in Rh than in Ir complexes. Although the TD‐DFT results are in very good agreement with the experimental emission spectra from the dipy‐centred triplet excited state, this is not the case for the absorption spectra of the complexes and free dipy ligand.
Growth kinetics of a Helianthus annuus and a Salvia fruticosa suspension cell line: Shake flask cultivations with online monitoring system
Authors: Geipel Katja , Socher Maria Lisa , Haas Christiane , Bley Thomas , Steingroewer Juliane
Published: February 2013

Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites to defend themselves against herbivores or to attract pollinating insects. Plant cell biotechnology offers excellent opportunities in order to use such secondary plant metabolites to produce goods with consistent quality and quantity throughout the year, and therefore to act independently from biotic and abiotic environmental factors. This article presents results of an extensive study of plant cell in vitro cultivation in a modern shake flask system with noninvasive online respiration activity monitoring unit. Comprehensive screening experiments confirm the successful transfer of a model culture (sunflower suspension) into the shake flask monitoring device and the suitability of this respiration activity monitoring unit as qualified tool for screening of plant in vitro cultures (sunflower and sage suspension). The authors demonstrate deviations between online and offline data due to varying water evaporation from different culture flask types. The influence of evaporation on growth‐specific parameters thereby rises with increasing cultivation time. Furthermore, possibilities to minimize the impact of evaporation, either by adjusting the inlet air moisture or by measuring the evaporation in combination with an appropriate correction of the measured growth values are shown.
Slow slip and tremor search at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Authors: Montgomery‐Brown E. K. , Thurber C. H. , Wolfe C. J. , Okubo P.
Published: February 2013

Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, has hosted a long series of slow slip events observed since the installation of the continuous GPS network in 1996. Kilauea's slow slip events are inferred to occur on the decollement fault at 8 km depth beneath its south flank, with a location updip of the epicenters of large, regular earthquakes. Fault slip typically lasts about two days, and the events have magnitudes equivalent to Mw 5.3–6.0. While slow slip events in subduction zones are commonly accompanied by tectonic tremor (also called nonvolcanic tremor), no tremor has yet been reported in association with Kilauea's slow slip events. Instead, there are swarms of small triggered earthquakes, which is a characteristic only seen at select subduction zones (e.g., Boso and Hikurangi). A temporary array of seismometers was installed at Kilauea in 2007 in anticipation of a slow slip event. Here we use several established methods to perform a systematic search for tectonic tremor during geodetically defined slow slip events, as well as searching for tremor triggered by teleseismic surface waves. We do not detect tectonic tremor using any of these methods, although we are able to detect episodes of previously identified deep offshore volcanic tremor at 15–20 km depth and volcanic tremor from Kilauea. Although Kilauea's seismic network may not be adequate to observe tectonic tremor because Hawaii is seismically noisy and its crust is highly attenuating, it is also possible that the specific fault conditions on Kilauea's decollement are not conducive to such tremor generation.
Mantle temperature under drifting deformable continents during the supercontinent cycle
Authors: Yoshida Masaki
Published: February 2013

The thermal heterogeneity of the Earth's mantle under the drifting continents during a supercontinent cycle is a controversial issue in earth science. Here, a series of numerical simulations of mantle convection are performed in 3‐D spherical‐shell geometry, incorporating drifting deformable continents and self‐consistent plate tectonics, to evaluate the subcontinental mantle temperature during a supercontinent cycle. Results show that the laterally averaged temperature anomaly of the subcontinental mantle remains within several tens of degrees (±50°C) throughout the simulation time. Even after the formation of the supercontinent and the development of subcontinental plumes due to the subduction of the oceanic plates, the laterally averaged temperature anomaly of the deep mantle under the continent is within +10°C. This implies that there is no substantial temperature difference between the subcontinental and suboceanic mantles during a supercontinent cycle. The temperature anomaly immediately beneath the supercontinent is generally positive owing to the thermal insulation effect and the active upwelling plumes from the core‐mantle boundary. In the present simulation, the formation of a supercontinent causes the laterally averaged subcontinental temperature to increase by a maximum of 50°C, which would produce sufficient tensional force to break up the supercontinent. The regular periodicity of the supercontinent cycles observed in previous 2‐D and 3‐D simulation models with rigid nondeformable continents and without self‐consistent plate tectonics is not confirmed.
Constraints on the upper crustal magma reservoir beneath Yellowstone Caldera inferred from lake‐seiche induced strain observations
Authors: Luttrell Karen , Mencin David , Francis Olivier , Hurwitz Shaul
Published: February 2013

Seiche waves in Yellowstone Lake with a ~78‐minute period and heights <10 cm act as a load on the solid earth observed by borehole strainmeters with subnanostrain sensitivity throughout the Yellowstone Caldera. The far‐field strain induced by the load of the seiche waves calculated with a homogeneous elastic model representing the upper crust is more than an order of magnitude smaller than the measured strain amplitude ~30 km from the lake shore. By contrast, the observed far field strain amplitudes are consistent with the seiche load on a two‐layered viscoelastic model representing an elastic upper crust overlying a partially molten body deeper than 3–6 km with Maxwell viscosity less than 1011 Pa s. These strain observations and models provide independent evidence for the presence of partially molten material in the upper crust, consistent with seismic tomography studies that inferred 10%–30% melt fraction in the upper crust.
Association of rs1006737 in CACNA1C with alterations in prefrontal activation and fronto‐hippocampal connectivity
Authors: Paulus Frieder M. , Bedenbender Johannes , Krach Sören , Pyka Martin , Krug Axel , Sommer Jens , Mette Miriam , Nöthen Markus M. , Witt Stephanie H. , Rietschel Marcella , Kircher Tilo , Jansen Andreas
Published: February 2013

Background: Genome‐wide association studies have identified the rs1006737 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CACNA1C gene as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. On the neural systems level this association is explained by altered functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the hippocampal formation (HF), brain regions also affected by mental illness. In the present study we investigated the association of rs1006737 genotype with prefrontal activation and fronto‐hippocampal connectivity. Methods: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure neural activation during an n‐back working memory task in 94 healthy subjects. All subjects were genotyped for the SNP rs1006737. We tested associations of the rs1006737 genotype with changes in working‐memory‐related DLPFC activation and functional integration using a seed region functional connectivity approach. Results: Rs1006737 genotype was associated with altered right‐hemispheric DLPFC activation. The homozygous A (risk) group showed decreased activation compared to G‐allele carriers. Further, the functional connectivity analysis revealed a positive association of fronto‐hippocampal connectivity with rs1006737 A alleles. Conclusions: We did not replicate the previous findings of increased right DLPFC activation in CACNA1C rs1006737 A homozygotes. In fact, we found the opposite effect, thus questioning prefrontal inefficiency as rs1006737 genotype‐related intermediate phenotype. On the other hand, our results indicate that alterations in the functional coupling between the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe could represent a neural system phenotype that is mediated by CACNA1C rs1006737 and other genetic susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1190–1200, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deficiency of intestinal mucin-2 ameliorates experimental alcoholic liver disease in mice
Authors: Hartmann Phillipp , Chen Peng , Wang Hui J. , Wang Lirui , McCole Declan F. , Brandl Katharina , Stärkel Peter , Belzer Clara , Hellerbrand Claus , Tsukamoto Hidekazu , Ho Samuel B. , Schnabl Bernd
Published: February 2013

The intestinal mucus layer protects the epithelium from noxious agents, viruses, and pathogenic bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract. It is composed of mucins, predominantly mucin (Muc) 2, secreted by goblet cells of the intestine. Experimental alcoholic liver disease requires translocation of bacterial products across the intestinal barrier into the systemic circulation, which induces an inflammatory response in the liver and contributes to steatohepatitis. We investigated the roles of the intestinal mucus layer, and in particular Muc2, in development of experimental alcohol-associated liver disease in mice. We studied experimental alcohol-induced liver disease, induced by the Tsukamoto-French method (which involves continuous intragastric feeding of an isocaloric diet or alcohol) in wild-type and Muc2−/− mice. Muc2−/− mice showed less alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis than developed in wild-type mice. Most notably, Muc2−/− mice had significantly lower plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide than wild-type mice after alcohol feeding. In contrast to wild-type mice, Muc2−/− mice were protected from alcohol-associated microbiome changes that are dependent on intestinal mucins. The antimicrobial proteins regenerating islet-derived 3 beta and gamma were expressed at significantly higher levels in the jejunum of Muc2−/− mice fed the isocaloric diet or alcohol compared with wild-type mice. Consequently, Muc2−/− mice showed increased killing of commensal bacteria and prevented intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Conclusion: Muc2−/− mice are protected from intestinal bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis in response to alcohol feeding. Subsequently, lower amounts of bacterial products such as endotoxin translocate into the systemic circulation, decreasing liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;)
Early biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid and long-term prognosis of primary biliary cirrhosis: Results of a 14-year cohort study
Authors: Zhang Li-Na , Shi Tian-Yan , Shi Xu-Hua , Wang Li , Yang Yun-Jiao , Liu Bin , Gao Li-Xia , Shuai Zong-Wen , Kong Fang , Chen Hua , Han Wei , Han Shao-Mei , Fei Yun-Yun , Cui Quan-Cai , Wang Qian , Shen Min , Xu Dong , Zheng Wen-Jie , Li Yong-Zhe , Zhang Wen , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Feng-Chun
Published: February 2013

The biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in primary biliary cirrhosis is a strong predictor of long-term outcome and thus facilitates the rapid identification of patients needing new therapeutic approaches. Numerous criteria for predicting outcome of treatment have been studied based on biochemical response to UDCA at 1 year. We sought to determine whether an earlier biochemical response at 3 or 6 months could as efficiently identify patients at risk of poor outcome, as defined by liver-related death, liver transplantation, and complications of cirrhosis. We analyzed the prospectively collected data of 187 patients with a median follow-up of 5.8 years (range, 1.3-14 years). The survival rates without adverse outcome at 5 years and 10 years were 86% and 63%. Under UDCA therapy, laboratory liver parameters experienced the most prominent improvement in the first 3 months (P < 0.0001) and then stayed relatively stable for the following months. The Paris, Barcelona, Toronto, and Ehime definitions, but not the Rotterdam definition, applied at 3, 6, and 12 months significantly discriminated the patients in terms of long-term outcome. Compared with biochemical responses evaluated after 1 year of UDCA therapy, biochemical responses at the third month demonstrated higher positive predictive value (PPV) but lower negative predictive value (NPV) and increased negative likelihood ratio (NLR) by all definitions; biochemical responses at the sixth month showed higher or the same PPV and NPV and lower NLR by all definitions. Conclusion: For the previously published criteria, biochemical responses at the sixth month can be used in place of those evaluated after 1 year of UDCA therapy. Our findings justify a more rapid identification of patients who need new therapeutic approaches. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
The mTOR Pathway in Hepatic Malignancies
Authors: Bhat Mamatha , Sonenberg Nahum , Gores Gregory J.
Published: February 2013

The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, growth, and proliferation and has been evaluated as a target for therapy in various malignancies. The mTOR pathway is a major tumor-initiating pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma, with up-regulation seen in up to 50% of tumors. Metformin, which represses mTOR signaling by activating adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase, has been shown to decrease liver carcinogenesis in population studies. mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus have been evaluated as adjunctive chemotherapy with some success, although efficacy has been limited by the lack of complete mTOR pathway inhibition. The active site mTOR inhibitors hold greater promise, given that they offer complete mTOR suppression. There is also evidence of mTOR pathway activation in cholangiocarcinoma, although its biological significance in initiating and promoting tumor progression remains ambiguous. This review provides an overview of the complex biochemistry behind the mTOR pathway and its role in carcinogenesis, especially as it pertains to hepatic malignancies. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;58:810–818)
Polymorphisms in the VEGFA promoter are associated with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma by altering promoter activity
Authors: Wu Xiaopan , Xin Zhenhui , Zhang Wei , Wu Jia , Chen Kangmei , Wang Huifen , Zhu Xilin , Pan Liping , Li Zhuo , Li Hui , Liu Ying
Published: February 2013

Accumulated evidences indicate that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis related genes are associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), one of the most significant mediators of angiogenesis, plays an important role in carcinogenesis and development via promoting tumor growth. We carried out a two‐stage association study in 1,838 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 1,207 hepatitis B virus (HBV) related HCC patients in Han Chinese populations from Beijing, Guangxi and Jiangsu. We systematically screened polymorphisms in the VEGFA gene and examined the association between the SNPs and susceptibility to HCC. Functional analyses were conducted to verify biological significances of associated SNPs. We identified two promoter SNPs (rs833061 and rs1570360) were associated with susceptibility to HCC (rs833061: ptrend = 0.008 in Youan_Beijing samples, ptrend = 0.01 in Guangxi samples, ptrend = 0.01 in Jiangsu samples. rs1570360: ptrend = 0.00003 in Youan_Beijing samples, ptrend = 0.006 in Guangxi samples, ptrend = 0.02 in Jiangsu samples). These two SNPs were further validated in four independent groups of major HBV outcomes, indicating rs833061 and rs1570360 may associate exclusively to HCC. Functional analyses show that CA haplotype constructed by rs833061 and rs1570360 had higher luciferase activity compared with TG haplotype (p < 0.05). A 18 bp insert/del polymorphism was in absolute linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs833061. The 18 bp insert allele created a Sp1 binding site. We observed higher VEGFA transcription in peripheral blood of HCC patients compared with CHB patients and healthy individuals (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that VEGFA promoter SNPs may contribute to susceptibility of HCC by altering promoter activity.
Magnetic resonance scan‐time reduction using echo prediction
Authors: Paul Joseph S. , Prasad Manu , Venkatesan Ramesh , Braun Michael
Published: February 2013

A linear prediction (LP) filter derived from a complete echo with zero‐phase encoding amplitude is used for recovering anatomical details from a partially acquired echo sequence. The LP filter is shown to reconstruct missing k‐space phase and amplitude information, with errors sufficiently low so as to provide image reconstruction with a contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) ≥ 3. For volume imaging using multislice acquisition, the partial‐echo sequence enables more number of slices to be acquired for a given repetition time period TR. For such sequences, separate predictors are used for reconstruction of missing k‐space data corresponding to each individual slice in the volume. The proposed filtering scheme is shown to achieve results comparable to other partial k‐space approaches such as singularity function analysis (SFA), when the noise content is less than about 0.4%. For higher noise levels, this technique is recommended as a preprocessing step for SFA to track the singularity locations more accurately. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 1–8, 2013
Wavelet‐based denoising and its impact on analytical SPECT reconstruction with nonuniform attenuation compensation
Authors: Wen Junhai , Li Yincen , Wang Wei
Published: February 2013

In single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), the nonstationary Poisson noise in projection data (sinogram) is a major cause of compromising the quality of reconstructed images. To improve the quality, we must suppress the Poisson noise in the sinogram before or during image reconstruction. However, the conventional space or frequency domain denoising methods will likely remove some information that is very important for accurate image reconstruction, especially for analytical SPECT reconstruction with compensation for nonuniform attenuation. As a time‐frequency analysis tool, wavelet transform has been widely used in the signal and image processing fields and demonstrated its powerful functions in the application of denoising. In this article, we studied the denoising abilities of wavelet‐based denoising method and the impact of the denoising on analytical SPECT reconstruction with nonuniform attenuation. Six popular wavelet‐based denoising methods were tested. The reconstruction results showed that the Revised BivaShrink method with complex wavelet is better than others in analytical SPECT reconstruction with nonuniform attenuation compensation. Meanwhile, we found that the effect of the Anscombe transform for denoising is not significant on the wavelet‐based denoising methods, and the wavelet‐based de‐noise methods can obtain good denoising result even if we do not use Anscombe transform. The wavelet‐based denoising methods are the good choice for analytical SPECT reconstruction with compensation for nonuniform attenuation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 36–43, 2013
Integrated segmentation of brain tumor images for radiotherapy and neurosurgery
Authors: Bauer Stefan , Lu Huanxiang , May Christian P. , Nolte Lutz‐P. , Büchler Philippe , Reyes Mauricio
Published: February 2013

Segmentation of brain tumor images is an important task in diagnosis and treatment planning for cancer patients. To achieve this goal with standard clinical acquisition protocols, conventionally, either classification algorithms are applied on multimodal MR images or atlas‐based segmentation is used on a high‐resolution monomodal MR image. These two approaches have been commonly regarded separately. We propose to integrate all the available imaging information into one framework to be able to use the information gained from the tissue classification of the multimodal images to perform a more precise segmentation on the high‐resolution monomodal image by atlas‐based segmentation. For this, we combine a state of the art regularized classification method with an enhanced version of an atlas‐registration approach including multiscale tumor‐growth modeling. This contribution offers the possibility to simultaneously segment subcortical structures in the patient by warping the respective atlas labels, which is important for neurosurgical planning and radiotherapy planning. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 59–63, 2013
Theoretical design of vascular imaging based on hall effect
Authors: Pan Junjun , Zhang Jian J.
Published: February 2013

The conceptual technique of vascular imaging and blood flow functional imaging based on Hall Effect is presented in this article. With this non‐invasive approach, both 3D anatomical imaging of the vasculature and functional imaging of blood flow in the deep structure of the human body can be obtained without radiation risk. The technique is based on the fact that the induced charges can be generated when the blood flows through the magnetic field. The induced electric field strength is measured by two groups of detector arrays, which captures not only the position of vasculature in each section, but also the velocity of blood flow and vessel size. The captured images can also be used for 3D reconstruction of the anatomical models. The designed system architecture including both hardware and software is described. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 23, 85–96, 2013
Phenotypic Variability of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type V Caused by an IFITM
5 Mutation
Authors: Shapiro Jay R , Lietman Caressa , Grover Monica , Lu James T , Nagamani Sandesh CS , Dawson Brian C , Baldridge Dustin M , Bainbridge Matthew N , Cohn Dan H , Blazo Maria , Roberts Timothy T , Brennen Feng-Shu , Wu Yimei , Gibbs Richard A , Melvin Pamela , Campeau Philippe M , Lee Brendan H
Published: February 2013

In a large cohort of osteogenesis imperfecta type V (OI type V) patients (17 individuals from 12 families), we identified the same mutation in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) of the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 5 (IFITM5) gene by whole exome and Sanger sequencing (IFITM5 c.–14C > T) and provide a detailed description of their phenotype. This mutation leads to the creation of a novel start codon adding five residues to IFITM5 and was recently reported in several other OI type V families. The variability of the phenotype was quite large even within families. Whereas some patients presented with the typical calcification of the forearm interosseous membrane, radial head dislocation and hyperplastic callus (HPC) formation following fractures, others had only some of the typical OI type V findings. Thirteen had calcification of interosseous membranes, 14 had radial head dislocations, 10 had HPC, 9 had long bone bowing, 11 could ambulate without assistance, and 1 had mild unilateral mixed hearing loss. The bone mineral density varied greatly, even within families. Our study thus highlights the phenotypic variability of OI type V caused by the IFITM5 mutation.
Refining the glycerin phase from palm‐oil biodiesel by ion‐exchange with cationic resins
Authors: Gallego Morales Luis Javier , Cardeño López Fernando , Alberto Rios Luis
Published: February 2013

Background

Glycerin is produced as an 11% by‐product in biodiesel manufacturing. Impurities are concentrated in the glycerin phase. High‐vacuum distillation of glycerin is an energy‐intensive process. A new low‐cost purification strategy for glycerin is needed. This paper reports the refining of the glycerin phase obtained from palm‐oil biodiesel synthesis by ion‐exchange with cationic resins. In the literature and to the best of the authors' knowledge, the use of a real glycerin phase from biodiesel has not been reported. The ion‐exchange equilibrium was determined in a batch process, while variables for the industrial scaling‐up were studied in continuous operation.

Results

The sodium content obtained with low amounts of resin is lower than that obtained with mineral‐acid refining. Almost complete sodium removal could be achieved in continuous operation. Langmuir and Freundlich models give a good fit to the equilibrium data. Amberlyst was the best resin. Breakthrough capacity was 96% of static exchange capacity. 95% of the static ion exchange was recovered by washing with water‐soap.

Conclusion

A 96.6% purification level of glycerol was obtained with the resin Amberlyst 15, using a methanol content of 60%, liquid phase flow of 0.8 mL min−1 and 0.3 g resin g−1 glycerin phase; dynamic exchange capacity was 96% of the static exchange capacity. Exchange capacity is almost completely regenerated by washing with water‐soap. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry