bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Semi-Supervised Electronic Nose Learning Technique: M-Training
Authors: Jia Pengfei , Huang Tailai , Duan Shukai , Ge Lingpu , Yan Jia , Wang Lidan
Published: March 2016

When an electronic nose (E-nose) is used to distinguish different kinds of gases, the label information of the target gas could be lost due to some fault of the operators or some other reason, although this is not expected. Another fact is that the cost of getting the labeled samples is usually higher than for unlabeled ones. In most cases, the classification accuracy of an E-nose trained using labeled samples is higher than that of the E-nose trained by unlabeled ones, so gases without label information should not be used to train an E-nose, however, this wastes resources and can even delay the progress of research. In this work a novel multi-class semi-supervised learning technique called M-training is proposed to train E-noses with both labeled and unlabeled samples. We employ M-training to train the E-nose which is used to distinguish three indoor pollutant gases (benzene, toluene and formaldehyde). Data processing results prove that the classification accuracy of E-nose trained by semi-supervised techniques (tri-training and M-training) is higher than that of an E-nose trained only with labeled samples, and the performance of M-training is better than that of tri-training because more base classifiers can be employed by M-training.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Sustainable Asia Conference 2015
Authors: Choi Yongrok , Song Malin , Myeong Seunghwan
Published: March 2016

Of late, Asian countries have been experiencing serious environmental disasters, such as the particulate matter (PM) smog in China, a yellow sand storm in Korea, and the Fukuyama nuclear power station shutdown in Japan. Since its inauguration in 2009, the Sustainable Asia Conference (SAC) has evolved into one of the leading international conferences for coping with these environmental challenges and presenting novel and fundamental advances in sustainable development for Asia. This editorial for SAC 2015 will highlight the contents and new methodologies put forth by selected papers, presenting diverse implications in sustainable policies and business strategies.
Effect of the Cosmological Constant on Light Deflection: Time Transfer Function Approach
Authors: Arakida Hideyoshi
Published: March 2016

We revisit the role of the cosmological constant Λ in the deflection of light by means of the Schwarzschild–de Sitter/Kottler metric. In order to obtain the total deflection angle α, the time transfer function approach is adopted, instead of the commonly used approach of solving the geodesic equation of photon. We show that the cosmological constant does appear in expression of the deflection angle, and it diminishes light bending due to the mass of the central body M. However, in contrast to previous results, for instance, that by Rindler and Ishak (Phys. Rev. D. 2007), the leading order effect due to the cosmological constant does not couple with the mass of the central body M.
Long Terminal Repeat Circular DNA as Markers of Active Viral Replication of Human T Lymphotropic Virus-1 in Vivo
Authors: Fox James , Hilburn Silva , Demontis Maria-Antonietta , Brighty David , Rios Grassi Maria , Galvão-Castro Bernardo , Taylor Graham , Martin Fabiola
Published: March 2016

Clonal expansion of human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infected cells in vivo is well documented. Unlike human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HTLV-1 plasma RNA is sparse. The contribution of the “mitotic” spread of HTLV-1 compared with infectious spread of the virus to HTLV-1 viral burden in established infection is uncertain. Since extrachromosomal long terminal repeat (LTR) DNA circles are indicators of viral replication in HIV-1 carriers with undetectable plasma HIV RNA, we hypothesised that HTLV-1 LTR circles could indicate reverse transcriptase (RT) usage and infectious activity. 1LTR and 2LTR DNA circles were measured in HTLV-1 cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL). 1LTR DNA circles were detected in 14/20 patients at a mean of 1.38/100 PBMC but did not differentiate disease status nor correlate with HTLV-1 DNA copies. 2LTR DNA circles were detected in 30/31 patients and at higher concentrations in patients with HTLV-1-associated diseases, independent of HTLV-1 DNA load. In an incident case the 2LTR DNA circle concentration increased 2.1 fold at the onset of HAM/TSP compared to baseline. Detectable and fluctuating levels of HTLV-1 DNA circles in patients indicate viral RT usage and virus replication. Our results indicate HTLV-1 viral replication capacity is maintained in chronic infection and may be associated with disease onset.
Regional Patterns of Baseflow Variability in Mexican Subwatersheds
Authors: Salas-Aguilar Víctor , Macedo-Cruz Antonia , Paz Fernando , Palacios Enrique , Ortiz Carlos , Quevedo Abel
Published: March 2016

One of the challenges faced by subwatershed hydrology is the discovery of patterns associated with climate and landscape variability with the available data. This study has three objectives: (1) to evaluate the annual recession curves; (2) to relate the recession parameter (RP) with physiographic characteristics of 21 Mexican subwatersheds in different climate regions; and (3) to formulate a Baseflow (BF) model based on a top-down approach. The RP was calibrated utilizing the largest magnitude curves. The RP was related to topographical, climate and soil variables. A non-linear model was employed to separate the baseflow which considers RP as a recharge rate. Our results show that RP increases with longitude and decreases with latitude. RP displayed a sustained non-linear behavior determined by precipitation rate and evapotranspiration replace the P/E parts with \(\frac{P}{E}\) over years and subwatersheds. The model was fit to a parameter concurrent with invariance and space-time symmetry conditions. The dispersion of our model was associated with the product of replace the P/E parts with \(\frac{P}{E}\) by the aquifer’s transmissivity. We put forward a generalized baseflow model, which made the discrimination of baseflow from direct flow in subwatersheds possible. The proposed model involves the recharge-storage-discharge relation and could be implemented in basins where there are no suitable ground-based data.
Les députés du Nord au début de la Troisième République (1871-1885)
Authors: Przybyla Francis
Published: March 2016

Francis przybyla, De afgevaardigden van het Noorden in het begin van de Derde Republiek (1871-1885).

In dit artikel is de vraag of de afgevaardigden van het Noorden een eigen profiel hadden meegekregen en of dat veranderde.

Na een lang en nauwkeurig bronnenonderzoek kan de auteur op drie punten nieuwe informatie brengen. In de eerste plaats op het gebied van de sociale, familiale en culturele achtergrond van de afgevaardigde. Daarna tijdens zijn leven, van zijn huwelijk tot zijn dood, via zijn sociale positie en zijn fortuin. Tenslotte volgt men de individuele politieke loopbaan, met aandacht voor de wetgevende aktiviteit.
Les entrées inaugurales des princes dans les villes. Usage et signification. L'exemple des trois comtés de Hainaut, Hollande et Zélande entre 1417 et 1433.
Authors: Populer Michèle
Published: March 2016

The Princes' Inaugural Entries in Cities. Customs and their significance. The example of the three Counties of Hainaut, Holland and Zealand between 1417 and 1433.

The analysis of the many cycles of inaugural entries which followed one another in the cities of Hainaut, Holland and Zealand between the death of Count William and the accession of Duke Philippe le Bon led us to these conclusions :

1° the fact that the many pretenders to the Counties' triple crown systematically resort to this ritual, sometimes prompted by the towns or the States, demonstrates that all the parties, whether governed or governing, agree to impart this practise the power to ascertain a disputed authority and even to reinforce its legitimacy ;

2° the multiplicity of the cycles of entries and the frequent changes of commitment of the urban communities are themselves evidence of the limits in the efficiency of this ritual : the ties it establishes won't, most of the times, survive long to an alteration in the balance of powers to the detriment of the previously recognized prince.
La diffusion de la Regula pastoralis de Grégoire le Grand dans l'Église de Cambrai, une première enquête.
Authors: Judic Bruno
Published: March 2016

La Regula Pastoralis ou Pastoral du pape Grégoire le Grand (590-604) est un guide de vie et de prédication destiné aux évêques. Dès le haut Moyen Age ce traité a connu une grande diffusion. Comment a-t-il été reçu et utilisé dans l'Église de Cambrai jusqu'au XIe siècle ? Plusieurs documents permettent de suivre le destin du Pastoral dans ce vaste diocèse depuis le VIIIe siècle au moins jusqu'au XIe siècle. L'époque carolingienne prépare des éléments qui se retrouvent ensuite au début du XIe siècle chez l'évêque Gérard Ier. Ce dernier est bien connu en particulier par les Gesta episcoporum cameracensium. Or on peut rassembler un dossier de textes liés à Gérard et manifestant une utilisation précise du Pastoral. Ceci concerne aussi au moins un manuscrit provenant de Marchiennes qui pourrait avoir été utilisé par Gérard lui-même et sur lequel des textes brefs ont été ajoutés au traité de Grégoire dans un contexte qui paraît être directement celui des grandes causes (la paix, l'hérésie) qui agitèrent l'épiscopat de Gérard Ier.
Les donnés à Lille au Moyen Age. Une forme de vie religieuse laïque.
Authors: De Miramon Charles
Published: March 2016

De schenkers in Rijsel in de middeleeuwen. Een vorm van wereldlijk religious leven.

Men treft in de middeleeuwse Rijselse hospitalen burgers aan die in rull voor de schenking van een goed levenslang onderdak en verzorging kregen. In de middeleeuwse teksten worden zij schenkers genoemd en zij vormen blijkbaar een semireligieuze groep aan de rand van het hospitaal. In deze studie worden een aantal gegevens over de schenkers verzameld om een portret van deze instelling te maken, van haar ontstaan in de xme eeuw tot de ondergang in de XVe eeuw. In bijlage worden zes onuitgegeven dokumenten gepublieeerd.
Usages judiciaires à Aire-sur-la-Lys sous l'Ancien Régime.
Authors: Renaut Marie-Hélène
Published: March 2016

Judicial Customs in Aire-sur-la-Lys in the Ancien Régime.

The City of Aire-sur-la-Lys, situated in the north of the Artois, has been, as early as the XIIIth century, a borough administered by a "maieur" and a "collège d'échevins". The major privilege enjoyed by the city is that of the administration of justice.

The texts of the customs, edited in 1509 and reformed in 1739, are exemplary of its style. The "échevinage" or Aire Magistrate is an "attribution" jurisdiction that deals with real, personal or criminal "matter", and rules over everybody and every property in the town and borough.

In real matter, the procedure is characterized by the solemnity and the number of the adjournments, the multiplicity of the delays before the trial. Accusatory, contradictory, oral, the hearings can be completed by a written procedure.

The personal cases (debts) are dealt with through a faster procedure in which one can identify our current procedure of the decisory oath.

The criminal procedure only considers banishment and the procedure by default.

In all cases, appeal is allowed. In common law cases, it is taken to the Aire bailiwick and beyond to the Artois Council ; in criminal cases, it is directly brought to the Artois Council.

During the XVIIIth century, the Aire-sur-la-Lys "échevinage" models its style on the French reference : the common law order of 1667 and the criminal order of 1670.
Les réformes sociales de la Libération : le poids des parlementaires M.R.P.
Authors: Béthouart Bruno
Published: March 2016

Les députés républicains populaires ne sont pas les seuls à intervenir et à influer sur la mise en place des réformes de la Libération, étape importante dans la législation sociale du pays, mais ils se retrouvent souvent en première ligne. Nourris du passé démocrate chrétien en matière de convictions sociales, des députés issus du syndicalisme chrétien comme Henri Meck, Louis Beugniez, présidents de la commission de Travail et de la Sécurité sociale travaillent en symbiose avec des ministres M.R.P. tels que Robert Prigent à la Population, Paul Bacon au Travail et à la Sécurité sociale. En tant que porte-parole de leur groupe comme Jules Catoire pour les nationalisations, rapporteur ou président de commission, ils ont participé à la mise en place des nationalisations, des conventions collectives, des délégués du personnel, des comités d'entreprise, de la Sécurité sociale notamment dans sa structure et son mode de représentativité.
Les institutions de l'économie de marché. Le regard d'un juriste.
Authors: Marcou Gérard
Published: March 2016

On distingue, dans la doctrine juridique, deux notions d'institution, l'une et l'autre sous-tendues par l'idée d'une volonté humaine créatrice et organisatrice : l'institution-organisation et l'institution-statut. Ni l'Etat ni le marché ne peuvent être considérés comme des institutions à proprement parler, mais on désigne par ces concepts des réalités qui se caractérisent par l'existence d'institutions juridiques. Les institutions publiques ne sont pas les seules, mais la phase historique de constitution des Etats et de formation des espaces nationaux leur a conféré durablement une certaine primauté. L'intégration européenne se traduira plus vraisemblablement par des transferts que par un déclin des institutions publiques. Par rapport au thème général de la recherche, on doit se demander quels types d'institutions peuvent être distingués dans l'économie de marché, et quelles incidences sur le fonctionnement de l'économie de marché leurs différences permettent d'expliquer.
Institutions du marché et histoire du droit, à propos des institutions de commerce en Allemagne.
Authors: Hoock Jochen
Published: March 2016

Cette intervention orale résume les positions méthodologiques et les choix théoriques d'un article précédemment publié dans la Revue du Nord. L'auteur se distancie à la fois de l'histoire traditionnelle du droit commercial, d'une conception réductionniste du droit et des modèles linéaires de la modernisation qui restent de mise dans l'histoire économique. L'approche proposée est celle d'une histoire historienne du droit qui analyse surtout les structures de litigiosité et les conflits exprimés en termes de droit. Donner un caractère systématique à ce type d'analyse semble à l'auteur un préalable à toute analyse sérieuse des rapports entre les institutions du marché et l'évolution du droit.
Deux siècles d'économie polonaise.
Authors: Landau Zbigniew
Published: March 2016

Twee eeuwen Pooolse ekonomie.

Op het einde van de XVIIIe eeuw wordt Polen verdeeld tussen Oostenrijk, Pruisen en Rusland. Dat brengt mee dat de uitbouw van een nationale markt voor produktie en arbeid voor een eeuw onderbroken wordt omdat elk gebied deel uitmaakt van de evolutie van een ander land.

In 1918 wordt Polen opnieuw onafhankelijk. Een groot deel van het grondgebied is verwoest door de oorlog ; lokaal blijven er grote verschillen bestaan. Noch het Poolse, noch het buitenlandse kapitaal kan daaraan verhelpen. Na de grote depressie neemt de staat het voortouw in de modernisatie.

Maar Polen heeft zijn eigen lot slechts korte tijd in handen. De integratie in het Sovjetgebied maakt de heropbouw na de ramp van W.O. 11 mogelijk maar plaatst het land opnieuw in een ondergeschikte positie. Is het nu anders, nu de vrije onderneming triomfeert en het land deel uitmaakt van de kapitalistische wereldorde ?
EVOLUTION OF INTRINSIC SCATTER IN THE SFR–STELLAR MASS CORRELATION AT 0.5 < z < 3
Authors: Kurczynski Peter , Gawiser Eric , Acquaviva Viviana , Bell Eric F. , Dekel Avishai , de Mello Duilia F. , Ferguson Henry C. , Gardner Jonathan P. , Grogin Norman A. , Guo Yicheng , Hopkins Philip F. , Koekemoer Anton M. , Koo David C. , Lee Seong-Kook , Mobasher Bahram , Primack Joel R. , Rafelski Marc , Soto Emmaris , Teplitz Harry I.
Published: March 2016

We present estimates of intrinsic scatter in the star formation rate (SFR)–stellar mass (M
*) correlation in the redshift range

and in the mass range

M
⊙. We utilize photometry in the Hubble Ultradeep Field (HUDF12) and Ultraviolet Ultra Deep Field (UVUDF) campaigns and CANDELS/GOODS-S and estimate SFR, M
* from broadband spectral energy distributions and the best-available redshifts. The maximum depth of the UDF photometry (F160W 29.9 AB, 5σ depth) probes the SFR–M
* correlation down to

107
M
⊙, a factor of 10–100× lower in M
* than previous studies, and comparable to dwarf galaxies in the local universe. We find the slope of the SFR–M
* relationship to be near unity at all redshifts and the normalization to decrease with cosmic time. We find a moderate increase in intrinsic scatter with cosmic time from 0.2 to 0.4 dex across the epoch of peak cosmic star formation. None of our redshift bins show a statistically significant increase in intrinsic scatter at low mass. However, it remains possible that intrinsic scatter increases at low mass on timescales shorter than ∼100 Myr. Our results are consistent with a picture of gradual and self-similar assembly of galaxies across more than three orders of magnitude in stellar mass from as low as 107
M
⊙.
MISALIGNMENT OF OUTFLOW AXES IN THE PROTO-MULTIPLE SYSTEMS IN PERSEUS
Authors: Lee Katherine I. , Dunham Michael M. , Myers Philip C. , Arce Héctor G. , Bourke Tyler L. , Goodman Alyssa A. , Jørgensen Jes K. , Kristensen Lars E. , Offner Stella S. R. , Pineda Jaime E. , Tobin John J. , Vorobyov Eduard I.
Published: March 2016

We investigate the alignment between outflow axes in nine of the youngest binary/multiple systems in the Perseus Molecular Cloud. These systems have typical member spacing larger than 1000 au. For outflow identification, we use 12CO(2-1) and 12CO(3-2) data from a large survey with the Submillimeter Array: Mass Assembly of Stellar Systems and their Evolution with the SMA. The distribution of outflow orientations in the binary pairs is consistent with random or preferentially anti-aligned distributions, demonstrating that these outflows are misaligned. This result suggests that these systems are possibly formed in environments where the distribution of angular momentum is complex and disordered, and these systems do not come from the same co-rotating structures or from an initial cloud with aligned vectors of angular momentum.
CLUSTER–VOID DEGENERACY BREAKING: DARK ENERGY, PLANCK, AND THE LARGEST CLUSTER AND VOID
Authors: Sahlén Martin , Zubeldía Íñigo , Silk Joseph
Published: March 2016

Combining galaxy cluster and void abundances breaks the degeneracy between mean matter density

and power-spectrum normalization

. For the first time for voids, we constrain

and

for a flat Λ CDM universe, using extreme-value statistics on the claimed largest cluster and void. The Planck-consistent results detect dark energy with two objects, independently of other dark energy probes. Cluster–void studies are also complementary in scale, density, and nonlinearity, and are of particular interest for testing modified-gravity models.
The international circulation of social science knowledge
Authors: Keim Wiebke
Published: March 2016

The paper intends to develop a framework for the understanding of theoretical and epistemological aspects of international circulation of social science knowledge in the specific form of social science texts. It problematizes a series of intrinsic parameters that influence the acceptance or rejection of a given circulating text beyond its historical, political, economic and cultural contexts of production. Obviously, geo-political, economic, political and ideological constellations, institutional structures, educational systems and book markets, differentiated and stratified audiences, funding opportunities and networks, the classic domains of history and sociology of science and of STS, affect knowledge-production and circulation. Such arguments, however, suggest that the concerned approaches are not accepted or rejected because of their content but because of their assumed political instrumentalization, or because of the material support that enabled their imposition and domination. The intention of this paper, instead, is to provide a programmatic outline for a serious consideration of text-intrinsic parameters, i.e. of the knowledge-dimension itself and its efficacy, and the specific ways in which they affect circulation of social science texts.
Surveillance de la grippe d’origine animale à l’OMS
Authors: Aranzazu Ana
Published: March 2016

La surveillance de la grippe circulant chez les animaux à l’OMS résulte de la fusion de deux programmes. Le premier, les études de l’écologie de la grippe d’origine animale, s’occupe de la surveillance des virus grippaux d’origine animale et de leur relation avec l’épidémiologie humaine. Le second, le programme de la grippe, s’intéresse à la production du vaccin antigrippal. Ce dernier, conscient du rôle des virus d’origine animale dans les pandémies grippales, a graduellement intégré les études d’écologie du virus grippal. Simultanément, le concept d’écologie virale s’est déplacé d’une écologie in extenso, la surveillance globale de toute espèce animale, vers une surveillance ciblée des oiseaux et des porcs en Chine, lieu suspecté d’être à l’origine des pandémies. Cette surveillance est la condition de la prévention et du contrôle des pandémies grippales grâce à la production d’un vaccin efficace. Le présent article aborde l’histoire de cette surveillance afin de comprendre l’adoption du paradigme techno-scientifique de contrôle des pandémies grippales et la transformation épistémique du concept d’écologie virale.
Cobalt use and regulation in horseracing: a review
Authors: Brewer K. , Maylin G.A. , Fenger C.K. , Tobin T.
Published: March 2016

Cobalt, atomic weight 58.9, is a metallic element and environmental substance found in the animal in microgram quantities, predominantly as vitamin B12, but is also a component of at least one mammalian enzyme unassociated with B12. Cobalt is a required trace mineral and has long been administered as a dietary supplement to humans and animals. Cobalt deficiency outside of its requirement in vitamin B12 has not been reported in humans. The administration of cobalt salts was once standard treatment for anaemia in humans, owing to its ability to stimulate red blood cell synthesis. Elemental cobalt acts by stabilising hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α), which activates the erythropoietin gene, which in turn increases haemoglobin/red blood cell synthesis, which had led to a presumption that cobalt may be performance enhancing in athletes. Administration of cobalt in amounts sufficient to significantly increase the haematocrit are associated with risk of toxicity in humans, and the only cobalt administration study in horses showed no effect on red blood cell parameters or toxicity. Because of the perception that cobalt administration may enhance athletic performance, racing regulators have recently begun to restrict cobalt use in horseracing which has led to the introduction of cobalt thresholds in several racing jurisdictions. The International Federation of Horseracing Authorities is considering an international regulatory threshold for cobalt of 100 ng/ml in urine, based on studies performed in five different countries. In the United States, the Racing Commissioners International has recently set a primary plasma threshold of 25 ng/ml and secondary threshold of 50 ng/ml. One New York and New Jersey racetrack owner has initiated testing for cobalt and has denied his facilities to trainers whose horses tested positive for excessive quantities of cobalt. This review seeks to summarise what is known about the use of cobalt in horse racing.
The effect of minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear of equal mass on running economy and substrate utilisation
Authors: Sinclair J. , Shore H. , Dillon S.
Published: March 2016

The aim of the current study was to explore the effects of minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear of equal mass on economy and substrate utilisation during steady state running. Ten male runners completed 6 min steady state runs in minimalist, maximalist and energy return footwear. The mass of the footwear was controlled by adding lead tape to the lighter shoes. Running economy, shoe comfort, rating of perceived exertion and % contribution of carbohydrate to total calorie expenditure were assessed. Participants also subjectively indicated which shoe condition they preferred for running. Differences in shoe comfort and physiological parameters were examined using paired samples t-tests, whilst shoe preferences were tested using a chi-square test. The results showed firstly that running economy was significantly improved in the energy return (35.9 ml∙kg/min) compared to minimalist footwear (37.8 ml∙kg/min). In addition % carbohydrate was significantly greater in the minimalist (76.4%) in comparison to energy return footwear (72.9%). As running economy was improved and carbohydrate utilisation reduced in the energy return in comparison to minimalist footwear, the current investigation shows that these footwear are more economical when shoe mass is controlled.
Tilapias and Indigenous Fish Biodiversity in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando C. H. , Sriantha R.R.A.R. , Wijeyaratne M.J.S. , Cumaranatunga R.R.T.
Published: March 2016

Some species of tilapias are now found worldwide in natural and artificial habitats in the tropics and sub tropics. Claims have been made from time to time that tilapias have displaced indigenous fishes and damaged fish culture. In this paper an attempt is made to examine some of these statements and evaluate whether there is a basis for such claims. In Sri Lanka, introduced tilapias are found mainly in manmade reservoirs and still there are no records of established populations of exotic tilapias in-the river systems in the country where indigenous and endemic freshwater fish species are found. The major threats to freshwater fish biodiversity include habitat degradation and overexploitation for the ornamental fish trade. In Sri Lanka, introduction of tilapias to lacustrine waters has been beneficial in terms of contributing to fish production. Tilapias have been in natural and artificial habitats throughout the tropics and the sub-tropics for over 50 years. Considering the immense number of introductions of tilapias into individual habitats in many parts of the tropics and subtropics, surprisingly few substantiated cases of their damaging indigenous fish communities have so far been recorded. Some of these claims of cases of presumed or real damage to local fish stocks are ambiguous or ware unsubstantiated speculations. To expect absolutely no negative effects at all on the indigenous fishes by tilapias is unrealistic. On the other hand substantial quantities of tilapias are now harvested from reservoirs or raised in culture where no such enterprises existed earlier.
Some aspects of the reproductive biology of three exotic cichlid species that colonize the Victoria reservoir, a deep upland reservoir in Sri Lanka
Authors: Nathaneal S. , Silva E.I.L
Published: March 2016

Cichlids form the mainstay of the fishery of the Victoria reservoir, which is the largest and deepest hydropower reservoir constructed under the accelerated Mahaweli programme. Since there is a significant variation in the relative abundance of the three species of cichlids that colonize this reservoir, namely Oreochromis niloticus, O. mossambicus and Tilapia rendalli, this investigation was carried out to determine whether there are any marked differences in their reproductive biology, which favours successful colonization of one species over the others. The reproductive biology of the three species was analyzed using standard techniques by which the mean size at maturity, fecundity, sex ratio, monthly fluctuations in maturity stages and correlations of gonadosomatic indices with rainfall were obtained. All three cichlid species are year-round breeders having around three major spawning peaks. Among the three species O. niloticus has the highest male dominance, the latest maturation and the best correlation between fecundity and body size, which appear to be the characters favouring its establishment in the reservoir. The higher female to male sex ratio in O. mossambicus in the commercial catches indicates that one of the reasons for the gradual decline of this species may be the elimination of females which are smaller in size than the males, and hence could be more susceptible to small meshed gill nets which are frequently used in this reservoir. The presence of larger heavily yolked eggs, lower fecundity and the mouth brooding habit of O. mossambicus and O. niloticus make them better adapted for survival in the reservoir than T. rendalli. T. rendalli has the lowest potential for colonizing this reservoir. The survival of this species is ensured by having a high fecundity, a 1:1 sex ratio with prolonged association between breeding pairs, and an early maturation of both sexes. The results indicate that the differences in reproductive biology play an important role in the colonization success of the three cichlid species in this reservoir.
Seasonal Abundance of Two Species of Rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus and Keratella tropica) in Kandy Lake, a Tropical Urban Water Body in Sri Lanka
Authors: Silva E.I.L , Ekanayake M. , Karunathilake K.M.B.C.
Published: March 2016

Monsoon-bound seasonal abundance of two species of rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus and Keratella tropica) was examined in relation to the population densities of Cladoceran zooplankton and phytoplankton and some limnlogical characteristics in Kandy Lake, a tropical urban water body in Sri Lanka, using standard techniques. Kandy Lake did not show marked seasonal variation influenced by the monsoons with respect to limnological parameters except for bicarbonate alkalinity and chlorophyll-a content. The population densities of Brachionus calyciflorus declined and Keratella tropica became dominant during the first inter-monsoon (March-April) when the abundance of total cladocerans and Microcystis aeruginosa, a cyanobacterial species with toxigenic strains, were high under relatively turbid conditions. Brachionus calyciflorus was re-established progressively during the subsequent season with decreasing populations of Microcystis aeruginosa and increasing densities of Aulacoseira granulata, a filamentous centric diatom, and Pediastrum simplex, a colony forming green algae. The likely explanation for the marked suppression of Brachionus calyciflorus during the first inter-monsoon could be the abundance of toxin forming cyanobacteria strains of Microcystis aeruginosa or else a combined effect of Microcystis aeruginosa and interference competition resulting from high densities of total cladocerans under unfavourable environmental factors such as high turbidity.
Species Composition and Altitudinal Distribution of Fish in Upper Walawe River Basin in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jinadasa J. , Herath H.M.B.K. , Samarasinghe J.M.H.S.K.
Published: March 2016

The fish assemblage and limnological factors at 154 sites of upper Walawe river basin, Sri Lanka were studied from April 1999 to March 2001. Out of the 26 species of fish recorded, 24 were indigenous and two were exotic. Of the indigenous species, six were endemic. Indigenous fish species were not present at an elevation above 1500 m MSL. The exotic species, Onchorynchus mykiss inhabits tributaries of Belihul Oya only in the Horton Plains at an elevation of 1900 m MSL. Garra ceylonensis is the most widely distributed endemic fish species. It was present at an elevation of even 1500 m MSL. Since there are no geomorphic impassable barriers, the altitudinal distribution of these fishes may be dependent on water temperature.
Captive Breeding of Some Endemic Ornamental Fish Species in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kithsiri H.M.P. , Rupika G.R Hemalee , Siriwardena P.P.G.S.N.
Published: March 2016

There is a high export demand for some endemic fish species in the ornamental fish trade in Sri Lanka. Many endemic ornamental fish species are reported to be in decline and some have become endangered due to a combination of several factors including overexploitation, aquatic pollution, and habitat modifications. Some of the endemic fish species in Sri Lanka are listed as either restricted or prohibited species for export. Present study reports preliminary results of a series of investigations on the factors affecting the breeding and fry rearing of some high demanded endemic fish species in captivity for the purpose of domestication of a broodstock. Eight endemic fish species namely Malpulutta kretseri, Belontia signata, Danio pathirana, Rasbora vaterifloris, Puntius cumingii, Puntius srilankensis, Puntius titteya and Puntius nigrofasciatus were used for the present study. Fish were kept in 150 cm x 90 cm x 75 cm cement tanks with water to a depth of 60 cm and provided a breeding environment using aquatic plants and pebbles. Tank environment was monitored daily for water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen content, weekly for unionized ammonia, nitrite and fortnightly for alkalinity and hardness. All the fish were fed with live feed such as Moina, mosquito larvae and microworms and pelleted feed. Though the most of the endemic fish live in waters with a pH ranging from 5 to 7, and hardness and alkalinity ranging from 40 mg l-1 to 120 mg l-1, it was found that all eight species used in the present study could be bred in captivity in waters with pH ranging from 7.5 to 9, alkalinity ranging from 26 mg l-1 to 67.2 mg l-1 and hardness ranging from 36.8 mg l-1 to 66.4 mg l-1. Survival rates of fish fry were 75%- 92% for all fish species except in Malpulutta kretseri, which had a survival rate of 41%.
Quality Index Method developed for Frigate tuna (Auxis thazard)
Authors: Ariyawansa K.W.S. , Wijendra D.N. , Senadheera S.P.S.D.
Published: March 2016

An investigation was carried out to develop and evaluate a Quality Index Method (QIM) scheme for Frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) for the prediction of past and remaining storage time in ice. The quality index method (QIM) provides weighted evaluation of the key parameters in deterioration of individual species, assigning demerit points according to the importance of each parameter. For the development and evaluation of QIM scheme, Frigate tuna were stored in ice and assessed raw and cooked. The QIM developed for raw Frigate tuna comprised of 11 parameters (appearance of skin and stiffness: cornea, form and colour of eyes; colour, smell and mucus of gills; condition of viscera; colour of blood and fillets) covering attributes, which gave a total of 25 demerit points. Sensory analysis of cooked Frigate tuna using Torry scheme were carried out in parallel to determine the shelf life. In order to obtain more information about the quality of Frigate tuna, Total viable counts (TVC), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) producing bacteria, trimethylamine (TMA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVN) content and pH value were determined. The sensory evaluation was carried out by a panel of 6-7 judges and the rejection level was found to be 22 days. The QIM scheme developed for Frigate tuna showed a linear relationship between QIM scores and storage time in ice, (r2 = 0.9378) with slope of 0.755. The TVC varied from 102 cfu g-1 to 106 cfu g-1 within 7 to 22 days and H2S producing bacteria at 102 cfu g-1 within 22 days of storage in ice. The TMA and TVN amounts increased with time and the amounts ranged from 1.2 mg/100g to 2.5 mg/100g and 17.2 mg/100g to 34.9 mg/100g respectively. The variation of pH ranged from 5.4 to 5.9 within the storage. The QIM calibration curve obtained for Frigate tuna indicates it’s applicability to determine the storage life of fish in ice. Further, it will facilitate the requirements of buyers and sellers while fulfilling the demands of inspection authorities and the consumers.
Perception of service satisfaction and quality of life of patients living with schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Afe Taiwo Opekitan , Bello-Mojeed Mashudat , Ogunsemi Olawale
Published: March 2016

Objective: To assess service-satisfaction and quality of life among patients with schizophrenia in a tertiary psychiatric healthcare facility in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 101 (out of 120) patients diagnosed with schizophrenia attending the outpatient clinic of the Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV diagnosis (SCID), Charleston Psychiatric Out-patient Scale (CPOSS), and the World-Health Organisation Quality of Life –Bref scale (WHOQOL-BREF) was used in assessing diagnosis, patient satisfaction and subjective quality of life respectively. Results: The ages of the patient ranged from 19-81. Males (49.5%) and females (50.5%) had almost equal distribution. Mean duration of attendance was 8.7years ± 8.50. Service satisfaction ranged between 25-60 on the CPOSS. Areas that had higher mean scores on CPOSS were with items (1) Helpfulness of the records clerk (3.70±1.1), (7) Helpfulness of services received (3.69±1.0). Subjective quality of life was high (3.65±1.8), satisfaction with health was also high (3.40±1.1). Service satisfaction correlated with Quality of life at P < 0.00.
Primary intra-fourth ventricular meningioma: Report two cases
Authors: Sadashiva Nishanth , Rao Shilpa , Srinivas Dwarakanath , Shukla Dhaval
Published: March 2016

Meningioma’s occurring intraventricular region are rare and these occurring in the fourth ventricle is even rare. Because of the rarity, it is not usually considered as a differential diagnosis in any age group. Clinical features and Imaging is not characteristic, and most of them are thought to be some different tumor. Here, we discuss two cases harboring a primary fourth ventricular meningioma Grade II, which was surgically excised successfully. Total excision was achieved in both cases and as the tumor was firm to soft and vermian splitting was not required. Understanding the clinical features and a careful preoperative radiological examination is required to differentiate this tumor from more commonly occurring lesions at this location.
White Coat Ceremony as a Professional Identity Formation Activity in a United States Family Medicine Residency Program
Authors: Lee Bidwell Jacob , Robinson Mark W. , De Grandville Catherine , Santana Esmeralda , Simpson Deborah
Published: March 2016

Introduction

White coat ceremonies (WCCs) in medical school mark the transition of students to medicine, beginning their professional identity formation as a physician. However, a literature/web search revealed a paucity of residency-focused WCCs.

Methods

A 90-minute Family Medicine Residency (FM) WCC was designed to support residents’ professional identity formation as a specialty physician. Through faculty narratives and brief histories of the white coat and the specialty, the WCC concludes with new residents donning their specialty embroidered white coats. A brief e-survey was sent to attendees, and WCC leaders were debriefed to determine the value and key elements of WCC.

Results

Seventy-nine percent of survey respondents (34/43) agreed that the WCC is an important transition event for residents’ identity while reaffirming FM values for faculty/staff. WCC leaders identified critical steps for initiating a WCC.

Conclusion

A resident WCC formally marks the transition to specialty physician identity.

Lessons Learned

Ceremony structure will evolve over time.
Структурная разреженность
Authors: Nesetřil Jaroslav , Ossona de Mendez Patrice
Published: March 2016

В работе обсуждается понятие структурной разреженности, а также отношение этого понятия к введенной авторами для классов графов дихотомии "нигде не плотный / где-то плотный". Рассматриваются многочисленные проявления этой дихотомии и ее связь с такими понятиями, как устойчивость, независимость, VC-размерность, регулярные разбиения, энтропия, скорость класса, разложение с малой древесной глубиной, квазиширота, покрытие окрестностями, статистика подграфов и др., а также такие аспекты алгоритмической сложности, как разрешимость проверки модели первого порядка при фиксированном параметре.
Библиография: 78 названий.
The spectral signature of cloud spatial structure in shortwave irradiance
Authors: Song Shi , Schmidt K. Sebastian , Pilewskie Peter , King Michael  D. , Heidinger Andrew K. , Walther Andi , Iwabuchi Hironobu , Coddington Odele  M.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We found that cloud spatial structure manifests itself as spectral signature in shortwave irradiance fields – specifically in transmittance and net horizontal photon transport in the visible and near-ultraviolet wavelength range. In this paper, we demonstrate this through radiative transfer calculations with cloud imagery from a field experiment, and show that such three-dimensional effects may occur on scales up to 60 km. Neglecting net horizontal photon transport leads to a transmittance bias on the order of ±12–19 % even at the relatively coarse spatial resolution of 20 km, and of more than ±50 % for 1 km. This poses a problem for radiative energy budget estimates from space because the bias for any pixel depends on its spatial context in a non-trivial way. The key for solving this problem may lie in the spectral dimension, since we found a robust correlation between the magnitude of net horizontal photon transport (H) and its spectral dependence (slope). It is scale-invariant and holds for the entire pixel population of a domain. This was at first surprising given the large degree of spatial inhomogeneity, but seems to be valid for any cloud field. We prove that the underlying physical mechanism for this phenomenon is molecular scattering in conjunction with cloud inhomogeneity. On this basis, we developed a simple parameterization through a single parameter ε, which quantifies the characteristic spectral signature of spatial heterogeneities. In a companion paper, we will show that it is accompanied by spectral radiance perturbations, which can be detected from multi-spectral imagers and may be translated into bias reductions for cloud radiative effect estimates in the future.
Precipitation Susceptibility in Marine Stratocumulus and Shallow Cumulus from Airborne Measurements
Authors: Jung Eunsil , Albrecht Bruce A. , Sorooshian Armin , Zuidema Paquita , Jonsson Haflidi H.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Precipitation tends to decrease as aerosol concentration increases in warm marine boundary layer clouds at fixed liquid water path (LWP). The quantitative nature of this relationship is captured using the precipitation susceptibility (So) metric. Previously published works disagree on the qualitative behavior of So in marine low clouds: So decreases monotonically with increasing LWP or cloud depth (H) in stratocumulus clouds (Sc), while it increases and then decreases in shallow cumulus clouds (Cu). This study uses airborne measurements from four field campaigns on Cu and Sc with similar instrument packages and flight maneuvers to examine if and why So behavior varies as a function of cloud type. The findings show that So increases with H and then decreases in both Sc and Cu. Possible reasons for why these results differ from those in previous studies of Sc are discussed.
Contribution of dissolved organic matter to submicron water-soluble organic aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the eastern equatorial Pacific
Authors: Miyazaki Yuzo , Coburn Sean , Ono Kaori , Ho David T. , Pierce R. Bradley , Kawamura Kimitaka , Volkamer Rainer
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Stable carbon isotopic compositions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and organic molecular markers were measured to investigate the relative contributions of the sea-surface sources to the water-soluble fraction of submicron organic aerosols collected over the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Tropical Ocean tRoposphere Exchange of Reactive halogens and Oxygenated VOCs (TORERO)/KA-12-01 cruise. On average, the water-soluble organic fraction of the total carbon (TC) mass in submicron aerosols was ~ 30–35 % in the open oceans, whereas it was ~ 60 % in the coastal oceans. The average stable carbon isotope ratio of WSOC (δ13CWSOC) was −19.8 ± 2.0 ‰, which was systematically higher than that of TC (δ13CTC) (−21.8 ± 1.4 ‰). We found that in both coastal and open oceans, the δ13CWSOC was close to the typical values of δ13C for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ranging from −22 ‰ to −20 ‰ in surface seawater of tropical Pacific oceans. This suggests an enrichment of marine biological products in WSOC aerosols in the study region regardless of the oceanic area. In particular, enhanced levels of WSOC and biogenic organic marker compounds together with high values of WSOC/TC (~ 60 %) and δ13CWSOC were observed over upwelling areas and phytoplankton blooms, which was attributed to planktonic tissues being more enriched in δ13C. The δ13C analysis estimated that on average, marine sources contribute ~ 90 ± 25 % of the aerosol carbon, indicating the predominance of marine-derived carbon in the submicron WSOC. This conclusion is supported by Lagrangian trajectory analysis, which suggests that the majority of the sampling points on the ship had been exposed to marine boundary layer air for more than 80 % of the time during the previous 7 days. The combined analysis of the δ13C and monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, indicated that DOC concentration was the major factor controlling the concentration levels of the submicron WSOC regardless of the oceanic areas over the study region.