bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First clinical implementation of a highly efficient daily online adapted proton therapy (DAPT) workflow
Authors: Albertini F , Czerska K , Vazquez M , Andaca I , Bachtiary B , Besson R , Bolsi A , Bogaert A , Choulilitsa E , Hrbacek J , Jakobsen S , Leiser D , Matter M , Mayor A , Meier G , Nanz A , Nenoff L , Oxley D , Siewert D , Rohrer Schnidrig B A , Smolders A , Szweda H , Van Heerden M , Winterhalter C , Lomax AJ , Weber DC
Published: September 2024

Objective. This study presents the first clinical implementation of an efficient online daily adaptive proton therapy workflow (DAPT). Approach. The DAPT workflow includes a pre-treatment phase, where a template and a fallback plan are optimized on the planning computed tomography (CT). In the online phase, the adapted plan is re-optimized on daily images from an in-room CT. Daily structures are rigidly propagated from the planning CT. Automated Quality Assurance (QA) involves geometric, sanity checks and an independent dose calculation from the machine files. Differences from the template plan are analyzed field-by-field, and clinical plan is assessed by reviewing the achieved clinical goals using a traffic light protocol. If the daily adapted plan fails any QA or clinical goals, the fallback plan is used. In the offline phase the delivered dose is recalculated from log-files onto the daily CT, and a gamma analysis is performed (3%/3 mm). The DAPT workflow has been applied to selected adult patients treated in rigid anatomy for the last serie of the treatment between October 2023 and April 2024. Main Results. DAPT treatment sessions averaged around 23 min [range: 15–30 min] and did not exceed the typical 30 minute time slot. Treatment adaptation, including QA and clinical plan assessment, averaged just under 7 min [range: 3:30–16 min] per fraction. All plans passed the online QAs steps. In the offline phase a good agreement with the log-files reconstructed dose was achieved (minimum gamma pass rate of 97.5%). The online adapted plan was delivered for >85% of the fractions. In 92% of total fractions, adapted plans exhibited improved individual dose metrics to the targets and/or organs at risk. Significance. This study demonstrates the successful implementation of an online daily DAPT workflow. Notably, the duration of a DAPT session did not exceed the time slot typically allocated for non-DAPT treatment. As far as we are aware, this is a first clinical implementation of daily online adaptive proton therapy.
Fundamental study on performances of fiber-superconducting composite CORC cable: electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical and quench behaviors
Authors: Hu Zhitao , Jiang Junjie , Sheng Jie , Jin Zhijian
Published: September 2024

Common terminal voltage measurement can be hardly applied to detect quenches in long high temperature superconducting (HTS) conductor on round core (CORC) cable because not only the HTS normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV) is low but also immobilizing a large number of voltage leads is inconvenient. Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology is a promising method for quench detection of long superconductors. To sense the thermal changes of CORC cables during quenches more directly and prevent optical fibers from damages by external stress, a fiber-superconducting composite (FSC) CORC cable was fabricated. For this cable, three optical fibers were placed in three grooves of the copper core respectively, then three HTS tapes were spirally wound on the copper core in sequence. Comparing to a traditional CORC cable, obviously, the FSC CORC cable structure has been changed. To promote FSC CORC cable engineering applications, it is necessary to study the fundamental performance of the cable. In this paper, we investigated the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical properties of the FSC CORC cable by comparing those with a common one. The results demonstrated that, compared to the common one, the magnetic distribution of the FSC CORC cable hardly changed, but the current distribution of the copper core in the FSC CORC cable slightly changed which led to decreases of transport AC loss, in addition, the thermal characteristics of the FSC CORC cable was slightly changed and the bending tolerance ability of the cables reduced within a bending diameter range of 15 cm. What’s more, the embedded optical fibers combined with DOFS system are successfully used to detect the temperature changes of the cable surface. Finally, to study the quench behaviors of the cable, we built a quench detection platform, which equips with a voltage acquisition system, a thermocouple temperature acquisition system and the DOFS system. By using the platform to detect the quenches of the FSC CORC cable, minimum quench energy of the cable and NZPV of the tape and cable at different currents was tested.
Momentum distributions of symmetric (

H
2
+

) and asymmetric (HeH2+) molecular ions in a circularly polarized laser field under different ionization mechanisms
Authors: Hao 郝 Xin-Yu 欣宇 , Yan 闫 Shu-Juan 淑娟 , Guo 郭 Ying 颖 , Guo 郭 Jing 静
Published: September 2024

By numerically solving the two-dimensional (2D) time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE), we present photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) and photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) of symmetric (

H
2
+

) and asymmetric (HeH2+) molecular ions in circularly polarized (CP) laser pulses. By adjusting the laser wavelength, two circumstances of resonance excitation and direct ionization were considered. The ionization mechanism of the resonance excitation was mainly investigated. The results show that the PMDs of

H
2
+

and HeH2+ in the y-direction gradually increase with increasing intensity, and the number of PMDs lobes is in good agreement with the results predicted by the ultrafast ionization model. In the resonance excitation scenario, the PMDs of

H
2
+

are dominated by two-photon ionization, whereas the PMDs of HeH2+ are dominated by three-photon ionization. Furthermore, the PMDs of HeH2+ are stronger in the resonance excitation scenario than those of

H
2
+

, which can be explained by the time-dependent population of electrons. In addition, the molecular structure is clearly imprinted onto the PMDs.
Simulations of the stationary Q = 10 and the exit phase from the flat-top of an ITER 15MA baseline scenario: predictive JINTRAC simulation with a consistent treatment of D and T in the whole plasma
Authors: Eriksson F. , Tholerus E. , Corrigan G. , Baranov Y. , Bonnin X. , Farina D. , Figini L. , Garzotti L. , Kim S.H. , Koechl F. , Loarte A. , Militello Asp E. , Olde C. , Parail V. , Pinches S.D. , Polevoi A. , Strand P.
Published: September 2024

Designing a robust termination scenario for a burning ITER plasma is a challenge that requires extensive core plasma and divertor modelling. The presented work consists of coupled core/edge/SOL/divertor simulations, performed with the JINTRAC code, to study the Q = 10 flat-top phase and exit phase of the ITER 15 MA/5.3 T DT scenario. The modelling utilizes the recently implemented option to treat deuterium and tritium separately in the SOL/divertor, enabling a consistent treatment of deuterium and tritium in the whole plasma volume, which is a unique capability of JINTRAC. In addition, these are the first JINTRAC simulations of this scenario that use a first-principles transport model to self-consistently model the ECRH power deposition and to include tungsten while keeping track of tungsten sputtering and accumulation. The flat-top simulations demonstrate the possibility of sustaining a steady state fusion Q of 10 using pure deuterium gas puffs together with DT mixed pellets, which is an option to make a more effective use of tritium. Simulations of the exit phase are set up sequentially, with each phase providing initial conditions for the next, starting with a density decay at full current and auxiliary power, and demonstrate the possibility of reducing the density robustly within a few seconds. Following the density decay, a subsequent auxiliary power ramp-down in H-mode is performed with a late H–L transition at low auxiliary power, which may provide an option for the optimization of the plasma termination. The final ramp-down phase consists of a current ramp-down in L-mode to 3.75 MA.
CO2 emission heat map of Gulf Cooperation Council region using Python for Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Deshmukh Amol Ganesh
Published: September 2024

As part of the efforts to ensure a place in the global competitive landscape, Oman is aligning itself with sustainable development through diversified economic measures. To address the United Nations thirteenth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) which is climate action, the stakeholders of Oman need to understand the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and compare the amount of CO2 with the emissions in neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries such as United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In this research, an attempt is being made to collect the CO2 emission for all these countries and show them on a web map using python programming language. The data ranging from year 1964 to 2021 is collected from CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Comma Separated Values (csv) format. For each country, an approximate location for Capital in terms of Latitude and Longitude is taken from google maps. Using folium library of python, these locations and CO2 emission for a particular year is plotted on google map Application Programming Interface (API). The findings reveal that Oman’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry in 2022 year is 72 million tonnes which is relatively lower when compared to those of smaller GCC countries such as Qatar (101 million tonnes) and the UAE (244 million tonnes). Nonetheless, a gradual upward trend of 12 million tonnes of CO2 emissions has been observed in Oman between the years 2019 to 2022. The python program provides an easy way to visualise the CO2 emission heatmap without the need of any proprietary software or program.
Nexus approach: Valorising underrated lignocellulosic waste biomass through conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for thermal energy storage facilities
Authors: Tony Maha A.
Published: September 2024

Converting waste to a value-added material is a fortune. At the meantime highlighting the utilization of renewable solar energy as an inconsumable energy cradle is a future prospect to overcome the energy shortage and crisis. In this regard, storing the solar energy for the use at the off-sun periods is essential. Introducing sawdust waste for thermal energy storage system is a ecological chance. Treated sawdust was mixed with the environmentally benign magnetite to be a composite and mixed with technical grade paraffin base PCM. The composite was characterized through X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy, TEM analysis and Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM (augmented with Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, EDX). Micrographs and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) exhibited that the prepared composite substance is well prepared. The sawdust is subjected to the PCM system in various mass % ranged from 0.5 to 4%. Subsequently, the thermal system outline is presented and compared. The experimental data revealed that the addition of 2.0 weight percentage of the PCM of composite material showed the superior system performance. The system is achieved a heat gained reached to 82 kJ/min in comparison to 7 kJ/min for the 2.0% WCM-PCM and pristine PCM, respectively. Thereby, the current investigation is introducing the waste sawdust as an energy storage enhancement system that could be applied in heating application systems.
UIO-66 (Zr)-Metal Organic Frameworks for oil orange SS adsorption from aqueous effluent towards eco-friendly wastewater management
Authors: Monir Safa H , El-Sayed Ibrahim E.T. , Abdel-Bary Hamed M. , Abou-Elyazed Ahmed S. , Tony MA.
Published: September 2024

Wastewater treatment is essential for efficient removal of harmful substances such as dyes and organic contaminants from aqueous streams. In this regard, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are introduced by academia owing to their superior properties that including efficient adsorbents as well as reliable semi-permeability. Thus, such characteristics are making them attractive for wastewater treatment applications. The experimental results revealed that the modified MOF structures namely, UIO-66 (Zr) possess a superior adsorption capacity for orange SS dye. The influence of pH value, the temperature, adsorption isotherm time, initial pollutant load, as well as coexisting ions is highlighted. Initially, 30-minutes of reaction contact time is monitored as the isotherm time. The experimental results demonstrate a maximum dye removal efficiency of 100% and an adsorption capacity of 2062.175 mg/g is investigated. Such outcomes confirm the efficient adsorption capacity of UIO-66 (Zr) based MOF material for dye elimination.
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MIL-100 (Fe)) for commercial reactive dye effluent oxidation
Authors: Genena Eman E. , El-Sayed Ibrahim E.T. , Abou-Elyazed Ahmed S. , Abdel-Bary Hamed M. , Abdelbaset Maha
Published: September 2024

Urgent calls for scientists’ contributions towards saving eco-system from toxic deterioration. Such ever increasing urgency is leading the researchers for searching for ever greening technologies such as advanced oxidation processes for aqueous effluent elimination. This current investigation is leading to investigate the metal organic frameworks, role, MIL-100(Fe) that is prepared from reacting H3BTC and ferric nitrate nona hydrate Also, Scanning electron microscopy is applied to set the surface shape of the synthesized substance. Subsequently, the prepared MIL-100(Fe) is used to oxidize Procion Blue MX-7RX in aqueous solution as a model textile wastewater effluent. The catalyst is applying in Fenton’s oxidation system and operating parameters that affecting the system is evaluated. The experimental results revealed that 40 and 800 mgL−1 for MIL-100(Fe) and hydrogen peroxide, respectively at pH 3.0 that is leading to a complete dye removal (100%). Furthermore, the dye loading affects the reaction rate since its increase reduces the removal efficacy. Finally, thermodynamic parameters and kinetics of the reaction is evaluated for the scale-up purposes for real applications.
Using Eco-Friendly Nano-Polymers in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Mohamed Nada Yahia , Reda Ehssan Mohamed , AlHameed Yasser Ibrahim Abd , AbdEl-Moneim Nabil Mahmoud
Published: September 2024

The major target of this research is to synthesize an eco-friendly coagulant, based on a biomaterial (potato starch) that contribute in industrial wastewater treatment. From this work an eco-friendly nano-polymer was produced from potato starch. Successfully not only the potatoes were used, but also the potato peel, which has an economic impact on reducing the amount of water wasted in planting such an important crop as the potatoes all over the world. Because of increasing the need for food production and changing the dietary pattern, the development of potato industry has become the first among all food crops in most of the countries. As a result potato starch became the most popular type among the polysaccharides. To achieve this, the experimental work started by extracting the starch from the potato and potato waste (peels). In order to enhance the potato starch characteristics, the synthesis of starch nano-particles (StNPs) was conducted by gelatinization using a mixture of sodium hydroxide along with glycerol in aqueous medium throughout the reaction process, while settling down the StNPs which was done by homogenization at ambient temperature. Characterization was done on both native potato starch and starch nano-particles using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The second part of the experimental work is to test the eco-friendly starch nano-particles (starch-based coagulants) in industrial wastewater treatment, and to evaluate its effectiveness as a coagulant against the most commonly used synthetic polymer (PolyDADMAC) playing the same roll in industry and whether it can really replace it or not.
Investigation of the gamma ray shielding properties of Epoxy based on Bi2O3/GO nanocomposite
Authors: Khalil Waleed F. , Mubarak Fawzia , Agha Ahmed , Zaky R. S. , Kamel Fatma A.
Published: September 2024

One of the important carbon materials, graphene oxide (GO), has several oxygen-containing functional groups. Due to its unique structure, it has attracted increasing interest in multidisciplinary studies of physical and chemical attributes. In this work, Bismuth Oxide nanoparticles (Bi2O3) is prepared and functionalized with graphene oxide nanosheets (Bi2O3-GO). The Bi2O3 and Bi2O3-GO nanocomposite were mixed with epoxy by changing the percentages to 1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. The study used a hyper-pure germanium detector to investigate the attenuation characteristics of the prepared samples. Ba133, Cs137, and Co60 point sources were used at photon energies of 81, 276, 302, 356, and 383 keV for Ba133, 661 keV for Cs137, and 1173 and 1332 keV for Co60. The linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, and tenth-value layer were estimated to investigate the radiation shielding characteristics of the prepared samples. The linear attenuation coefficient (μ) values varied from 0.45 to 0.88, 0.23 to 0.89, and 0.31 to 0.77 for Ba133, Cs137, and Co60, respectively. The mass attenuation coefficient (μm) values varied from 0.18 to 0.50, 0.19 to 0.50, and 0.15 to 0.50 for Ba133, Cs137, and Co60, respectively. Half-value layer (HVL) values varied from 0.79 to 1.55, 0.78 to 3.07, and 0.9 to 2.26 for Ba133, Cs137, and Co60, respectively. Tenth-value layer (TVL) values varied from 2.61 to 5.16, 2.58 to 10.19, and 2.98 to 7.51 for Ba133, Cs137, and Co60, respectively.
Quantifying the Natural Radioactivity and Assessing the Radiation Risks in Different Rock Types at Wadi Nassib Area
Authors: Yousef Hesham A. , Ibrahim M. A. , Elsobky T. I. , Kawady N. A. , Alshami A. , El Feky M. G.
Published: September 2024

Wadi Nassib, Egypt, has significantly higher natural radiation levels compared to global averages, particularly in uranium, thorium, radium, and potassium. This raises concerns for resident health due to potential radiation exposure. The study suggests these elements may have different origins and emphasizes the need for monitoring and managing such elevated natural radioactivity.
Microcontroller-based track axle counter system design
Authors: Chang Shuwen , Yan Shubin , Chen Zhanbo , Ren Yifeng
Published: September 2024

Axle counting technology is an extremely important part of many aspects in ensuring the safety of railroad operation. Axle counting equipment is set up on the railroad tracks, and through the operation of sensors, it detects the trains that drive into the train operating area where the axle counting equipment is arranged. A common axle counting system uses a detection device that utilizes a wheel sensor that senses the movement of the wheel cutting through magnetic lines of inductance causing a change in the magnetic field within the zone. This paper introduces a track axle counter system, the system will be a microcontroller as the core, the use of ultrasonic detection in the train interval of the train wheel distance changes, instead of the existing axle counting system using wheel sensors to sense the electromagnetic signals generated by the wheels, to achieve the axle counting and counting function, so as to determine the track occupancy.
New energy urban rail vehicle hybrid energy storage control system
Authors: Yan Zhaokun , Yan Shubin , Huang Biyi , Wu Taiquan
Published: September 2024

With the increasing demand for urban transportation and the gradual strengthening of environmental protection awareness, new energy urban rail transportation has gradually become the future trend of urban development. The hybrid energy storage system is one of the key technologies to achieve the goals of energy saving and emission reduction of new urban rail vehicles, improving operation efficiency and comfort. In the traction stage of urban rail vehicles, the energy storage unit composed of lithium batteries and supercapacitors is jointly supplied with the power grid. In the braking stage, the energy storage unit composed of lithium batteries and supercapacitors is a common way for urban rail vehicles to recover energy. This study validates the efficacy of employing fuzzy control methodology to enhance the performance of the energy storage system. The experimental results show that the fuzzy control method can better balance the load distribution between lithium batteries and supercapacitors, thus extending their service life and improving the overall system performance. Based on the SOC energy management strategy of supercapacitors, urban rail vehicle power is allocated to supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries via a low-pass filter. System power is adjusted based on supercapacitor SOC, determining capacitor charging/discharging states and suppressing system output power.
Improved Lightweight YOLOv5 Algorithm for Detecting Grid Inspection Object
Authors: Liu Huaqi , You Wenbin , Ding Yonghong
Published: September 2024

In the field of unmanned aerial vehicle-based transmission line inspection, the neural network models currently employed suffer from large model sizes and high computational requirements, resulting in a trade-off between detection speed and accuracy. We propose an improved lightweight YOLOv5 object detection algorithm based on channel pruning to address this issue. The approach incorporates the SimAM attention mechanism into the backbone network to enhance feature extraction capability without increasing computational complexity, thereby improving detection accuracy. Traditional convolutional modules in the neck network are replaced with GSconv modules to reduce convolutional computation and enhance detection speed. The Wise-IoU loss is utilized as the localization loss for the detection model, speeding up model convergence. Finally, a model compression technique is implemented to eliminate unnecessary channels within the network, resulting in a decrease in model size and a boost in detection speed. Experimental results on a constructed grid inspection dataset demonstrate that the improved model achieves a 72.1% reduction in model size, a 62.5% reduction in GFLOPs, a 5.9 FPS improvement, and a 0.3% mAP increase compared to the original YOLOv5. These findings underscore the advantages of the improved lightweight YOLOv5 object detection algorithm, offering a blend of heightened accuracy, streamlined size, and swift detection capabilities.
Pressure-tuned many-body phases through

Γ

-K valleytronics in moiré bilayer WSe2
Authors: Brzezińska Marta , Grytsiuk Sergii , Rösner Malte , Gibertini Marco , Rademaker Louk
Published: September 2024

Recent experiments in twisted bilayer transition-metal dichalcogenides have revealed a variety of strongly correlated phenomena. To theoretically explore their origin, we combine here ab initio calculations with correlated model approaches to describe and study many-body effects in twisted bilayer WSe2 under pressure. We find that the interlayer distance is a key factor for the electronic structure, as it tunes the relative energetic positions between the K and the Γ valleys of the valence band maximum of the untwisted bilayer. As a result, applying uniaxial pressure to a twisted bilayer induces a charge-transfer from the K valley to the flat bands in the Γ valley. Upon Wannierizing moiré bands from both valleys, we establish the relevant tight-binding model parameters and calculate the effective interaction strengths using the constrained random phase approximation. With this, we approximate the interacting pressure-doping phase diagram of WSe2 moiré bilayers using self-consistent mean field theory. Our results establish twisted bilayer WSe2 as a platform that allows the direct pressure-tuning of different correlated phases, ranging from Mott insulators, charge-valley-transfer insulators to Kondo lattice-like systems.
On Theocratic Criminal Law
Authors: Khodadadi Bahman
Published: September 2024

On Theocratic Criminal Law explores the roots and structures of the criminal law system of the world’s most prominent constitutional theocracy, the Islamic Republic of Iran. While discussing the processes of forced de-westernization and de-modernization which occurred in the wake of the Islamic Revolution, this work examines how the Islamic conception of civil order and polity has been established within the legal and theological framework of the Iranian Constitution. The book engages in a process of ‘rational reconstruction’ of Iranian theocratic criminal law and offers a critical analysis of the way criminal law functions as the centrepiece of this theocratic mode of political domination. It illuminates how this theocratic, revelation-based, punitive ideology functions, how the current Islamic Penal Code (IPC) mirrors prevailing Shiite jurisprudence, and ultimately, from what sort of fundamental defects theocratic criminal law in Iran is suffering. This work provides a critical assessment of the criminalization and sentencing theories that have stemmed from the shariatization (Islamization) of all law in the wake of the Islamic Revolution of 1979. By embarking upon a typology of punishment in Shiite Islamic jurisprudence and the Iranian Islamic Penal Code, the book then provides a systematic critical analysis of the three types of punishment stipulated in the Iranian Penal Code, namely ta’zir, hadd, and qisas. It also explores the jurisprudential principles and dynamic power of Shiite Islam not only as a driving force behind political and social change but as a force that has been capable of forging a whole theocratic legal system.
Prescribed Punishment (hadd) in Islamic Jurisprudence and the Islamic Penal Code
Authors: Khodadadi Bahman
Published: September 2024

Chapter 4 is devoted to the exploration of prescribed punishments (hudud) in Shiite Islamic jurisprudence and the Islamic Penal Code, which are primarily considered non-negotiable (irreversible) and severe corporal penalties. As hudud punishments play a weighty role in the criminal system of Iran, the discussion in this chapter proceeds with the examination of the theoretical bases for hudud punishments in the context of jurisprudence with reference to the penal nature of the given sanctions in Islamic jurisprudence and the existing obstacles to the execution of hudud. To address the obstacles, the chapter lays out criticisms of the implementation of the punishments in question that are made on account of debilitation and defamation of Islam and also explore the human rights challenges that the execution of such harsh penalties can bring about.
Retaliation in Kind (qisas) in Islamic Jurisprudence and the Islamic Penal Code
Authors: Khodadadi Bahman
Published: September 2024

Chapter 5 analyses retaliation in kind, or qisas, in Islamic jurisprudence and the Islamic Penal Code. To this end, the theoretical bases of qisas punishment in the context of Shiite Islamic jurisprudence are discussed with respect to fundamental issues such as the philosophy and nature of qisas in the Quran and tradition, and the concept of life and its duality in nature. This chapter proceeds with a critical analysis of how qisas law categorically violates Non-Muslims’ and women’s rights to equal treatment and how the Islamic Penal Code empowers the public to administer justice at their discretion, namely the decriminalization of honour killing and homicide of so-called wasted-blood people. This chapter closes with principled criticisms of the authorization of ordinary people to enjoy the right to engage in honour killing and homicide of the wasted-blood people (extrajudicial killings) from the perspectives of fundamental principles of criminal justice and international human rights instruments.
Literature and Olfactory Modernity
Authors: Hsu Hsuan L.
Published: September 2024

Olfactory experience has been relatively marginalized in literary studies, and in Western aesthetics more broadly. Deodorization, as both a “civilizational” project and an ideology that stigmatizes people and communities on the basis of smell, is thus reflected in core values and methods of literary criticism such as critical distance, close attention to the play of language, and a historical orientation toward tasteful, bourgeois sensibilities. Yet many writers have critiqued the use of smell to reinforce distinctions of race, class, and gender. Literary engagements with smell range from 19th-century critiques of deodorizing discourses to genres—such as detective fiction and naturalism—that deploy smell to represent the unruly, subtle influences of modern urban environments; more recently, they include incisive critiques of smell as a tool of colonialism, environmental violence, cultural genocide, subaltern collective memory, queer intimacies, and speculative world-building.
Medico-Legal History of Infanticide in South Africa, Late 19th to the Early 20th Century
Authors: Badassy Prinisha
Published: September 2024

By early 20th-century South Africa, discourses around the definition and designation of infanticide as a criminal act developed with three main foci: medical, moral, and legal. State and official concerns about this crime were part of a larger preoccupation with moral reform specifically related to sexual morality, legitimacy, good parenting, and racial purity. Within the medical and legal fraternities, debates at the time were fixated on nebulous understandings of illicit sex and illegitimacy. The narratives of these criminal cases pry open the social dynamics of private and intimate spaces where love, lust, incest, ignorance, poverty, seduction, and rape sometimes resulted in undesirable and “illegitimate” pregnancies. In the early years of the Union, state interventions (medical and legal) in this realm were crucial to the constitution of whiteness and the consolidation of racial boundaries. The codes of shame, honor, and good conduct that operated during this time reveal that assumptions about dangerous or bad parenting, bastardy, and miscegenation served as indices from which the state regulated and created malleable categories of respectability, further mythologized the concept of motherhood, and increasingly cast women as social causalities and inescapable victims of their biological make up. However, cases of infanticide as a deliberate act also reveal that for some women and men, this implied a life saved from economic ruin or material and moral poverty. Throughout the late 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, men and women who wished to terminate and conceal unpropitious pregnancies were not only responding to socioeconomic and religious pressures but more so to the lack of effective alternatives: reliable and accessible contraception or recourse to foster care and adoption. The layers of pathos, desperation, prejudices, and pity reflected in incidences of infanticide are not only illustrative of the socioeconomic and political context in which they are located, but this also reveals the deep emotional entanglements of love, affect, and emotional currencies that were constantly under state surveillance.
Racism and Restaurant Tipping in the United States
Authors: Jayaraman Saru
Published: September 2024

The subminimum wage for tipped workers—a legacy of slavery and still only $2.13 an hour federally as of 2024—has always been a source of poverty, racial inequity, and sexual harassment for six million tipped workers and 13.6 million restaurant workers nationwide. Tipped workers of color earn less than White tipped workers due to implicit customer bias and occupational segregation of workers of color into more casual, lower-tipping establishments.

With the COVID pandemic, racial inequity, harassment, and economic instability for workers of color grew and resulted in differential experiences for workers of color when they were asked to enforce COVID protocols during the pandemic and when they returned to work as tipped workers postpandemic. As a result of these worsened experiences, 1.2 million workers left the restaurant industry during and after the pandemic, creating the most acute staffing crisis in the history of the US restaurant industry according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

As a result of this moment of worker power, thousands of restaurants have voluntarily sought to end this legacy of slavery, and there is more momentum than ever for policy to end the subminimum wage for tipped workers in multiple states nationwide. One Fair Wage, the organization the author leads, is at the forefront of these policy changes. Though there are historical and ongoing racial inequities that emanate from the current wage structure for tipped workers, 2024 also represents an incredibly hopeful moment of transformation in the marketplace and in the policy arena in dozens of states.
The Landless Rural Workers’ Movement (MST) and the Struggle for Agrarian Reform in Brazil
Authors: Robles Wilder
Published: September 2024

The Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, or Landless Rural Workers’ Movement (MST) is presently one of the largest, best organized, and most influential social movements in Latin America. The MST is one of the key founders of the Via Campesina, or Peasant Way, a global peasant movement dedicated to the struggle for agrarian reform. The MST is well known for linking both political and economic activism to contest authoritarian power structures in the Brazilian countryside. Agrarian reform is one of the most important objectives in this process. Since its formation in 1984, the MST has maintained the view that agrarian reform is fundamental to reversing Brazil’s long history of systemic marginalization of peasants and Indigenous people. Colonialism left a sad historical legacy of extreme concentration of land in the hands of a privileged few, and this situation has not changed. Brazil’s agrarian structure is controlled by a small minority that continue to promote a large-scale export-oriented agricultural economy. Currently, Brazil is the fourth largest agricultural economy in the world, exporting a high volume of diverse agricultural products such as soybean, beef, sugarcane, citrus fruit, and poultry to global markets. Yet, the intensive expansion of this export-oriented agricultural economy has caused immense human suffering and environmental destruction. These challenges have prompted the MST to propose a new vision of agrarian reform that integrates political and economic activism. Without comprehensive agrarian reform, Brazil will continue to be an inequitable society.
Food and Nationalism in India
Authors: Siegel Benjamin
Published: September 2024

The imbrication of food and nationalism in India and South Asia was an implicit concern in early anthropological literature on primarily Hindu foodways. In time, this theme became more explicit in historiographic work on colonial encounters and culinary resistance and in political economy of domesticity. It was also increasingly overt in and the emergence of food and hunger as a locus for nationalist claim making. The Bengal famine, coming at the crux of the freedom struggle in India, helped move these claims to more central positions in postcolonial Indian politics. An emerging body of work has seen culinary identity as central to both diasporic politics and questions of marginalization in Indian political life.
Surplus Food and the Rise of Charitable Food Provision
Authors: Spring Charlotte , de Souza Rebecca , Garthwaite Kayleigh
Published: September 2024

Many wealthy but unequal countries have seen a significant expansion in systematized charitable food provision, usually in the form of food banks and food pantries. The use of food charity as a way to manage both food surplus and household food insecurity was pioneered in the United States at a time of cuts to cash-based welfare entitlements. It has expanded to Canada, Europe, Australia, and a growing number of middle-income countries, often in the wake of socio-ecological crisis including recession and pandemic, but also ideological shifts around effective and just solutions to poverty and inequality. While food charity is often presented as a “win-win” solution to food waste and hunger, it has been criticized from numerous perspectives that are explored in the article, including the argument that corporate-backed food charity in its currently expanding form masks structural causes and thus fails to resolve either problem, while offering a largely inadequate and undignified food offer to marginalized people. Alternative solutions include rights-based policies to ensure people’s access to basic needs, mutual aid in the face of systemic precarity, and movements for food sovereignty as means to address both ecological and social harms caused by existing food production and distribution systems.
The Construction of Muslim Families, Interfaith Marriage, and Religious Education in Mexico
Authors: García Linares Ruth Jatziri
Published: September 2024

Fieldwork conducted in the Islamic Center of the North (Centro Islámico del Norte, or CIN) in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, between 2015 and 2017, yielded several findings. First, it examined the reasons for women’s conversion to Islam; second, it looked at the ways these women and their husbands raise their children under Islamic religious precepts. Thus, the author seeks to shed light on how this conversion and child-rearing take place within both Muslim and interfaith homes, dividing her discussion into three parts. The first contextualizes the women and men who make up these families and households and also discusses the Muslim community settled in Monterrey, of which they are members. The second provides an outline of interreligious and Islamic marriages, as well as what Islam has to say about marriage between Muslims and people of other religious faiths. The last section consists of a series of examples taken from interviews with Muslim women who are members of the CIN in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. The narratives provide insight into how religious values are transmitted to children and young people, as well as the ways in which marriages initially considered interreligious sometimes become completely Islamic.
Museums Dedicated to Religious Art
Authors: Gahtan Maia Wellington
Published: September 2024

Collections and museums are dedicated to the accumulation and care of religious art for multiple historical and pastoral reasons—reasons that shift over time as institutions change governance and focus. Most museums holding primarily religious art today are the result of long historical processes in which earlier collections of objects intended for religious purposes and functions have been transformed into collections now available to the public. Few such collections remain close to intact, though many enjoy a continuous tradition deriving from their presence in their original locations and their ongoing religious use. Other collections demonstrate how outside forces impact the legal and cultural foundations of collections and institutions, forcing them to change function.

Perhaps the largest distinction one can make between different types of museums and collections dedicated to religious art is between those managed by religious institutions and those which are not, though the latter may once in their histories have been administered by religious institutions. Although it is not a hard and fast rule, religious entities tend to house collections of a more local nature, stemming from their own institutional collecting histories and reflective of the lived religion of their constituents. Nonreligious entities are more likely to house works reflecting a wider geography based on thematic acquisitions, though there are many exceptions to these rules, most notably museums within religious institutions deriving from missionary collections or those which have amassed many foreign objects in their treasuries as a result of pilgrimage or extensive trade.

Since the distinction between sacred and secular collections is a relatively recent one—a consequence of Enlightenment Europe’s desire to categorize objects and thought as sacred or secular—collections and individual objects formed before this period often resist such neat categorization. Sacred collections of objects in religious institutions have always been visited with attitudes that betrayed interests beyond religious ones, and royal palaces housed collections considered to be as holy as the individuals for whom the palaces were built, and many objects themselves that eventually came to partake of collections within religious institutions may not have initially been produced for a religious context but rather came to enjoy second lives as religious offerings.
Forestry Science in Argentina through the Figure of Lucas Tortorelli, 1936–1972
Authors: García-Pereda Ignacio
Published: September 2024

In the second third of the 20th century, the emergence and consolidation of forest science in Argentina gave birth to the idea that sustained forest development was indeed possible, for which the application of the appropriate principles and methods would be sufficient.

The story of Argentina’s first forestry law can be studied through the concept of ecological diplomacy. It points to the diplomatic strategies mobilized by a small group of foresters with managerial skills. Forest science arrived in Argentina through the mediation of Lucas Tortorelli (1908–1978), one of the most notorious foresters of 20th-century South America, and French and Spanish forestry norms.

The first Argentinian professional foresters played an important role in shaping the course of forest management during the second third of the 20th century. It is to figures such as Tortorelli and Adamo that the credit for the introduction of scientific methods of management is given. They introduced professionalism into national forest administration and national parks administration. It is argued that the systematic forestry introduced was along the lines of forestry developed in very different social and ecological conditions, and that its development was greatly constrained by national interests.

In their years in charge of Argentina’s public forests, the first national foresters systematically set about applying the principles of forestry developed within the European tradition to the American forests. Echoing foresters such as Guinier, they stated that the objectives of forest management involved ensuring the effective protection of forests against natural and human destruction—devising a good system to secure the regeneration of the forest, and determining rules that govern the working of the forest and the expansion of wood products. The aim of forestry, they always repeated, was to steadily improve the condition of forests and never to cut more than the annual production by natural or artificial means will justify. Implicit in this mandate was the basic principle of European forestry—sustainable production and harvesting with the long-term needs of the economy at the fore.
Cannabis in Uruguay
Authors: Queirolo Rosario , Álvarez Eliana , Sotto Belén
Published: September 2024

In 2013, Uruguay became the first country in the world to legalize the entire cannabis market, from production to distribution and sales. Consuming cannabis had been legal in the country since 1974, and consumption had been increasing before the 2013 legalization. Still, the history of the regulations concerning cannabis in Uruguay had not been very different from those in most of the countries in the Western world: around 1920, the country had moved to prohibit cannabis following international conventions on the issue and pressure from conservative elements of the nation. Uruguay’s two important departures from the international norm have been Law 14.294 and Law 19.172. Law 14.294, enacted by the military regime in 1974, prohibited the planting, cultivating, and sale of any plant from which a narcotic drug could be extracted—including cannabis—but consumption and possession for personal consumption were not to be prosecuted. Law 19.172 was passed almost forty years later, in 2013, to regulate the entire cannabis market. The current regulations can be understood as a moderate version of legalization because the government is responsible for control of the import, export, cultivation, harvesting, processing, acquisition, storage, sale, and distribution of cannabis. Today, ten years after the establishment of the legal cannabis market, most users still access cannabis illegally. In other words, despite having the option of accessing cannabis legally, most users choose not to. National data from 2018 shows that unregistered users do not differ from registered ones in their socio-demographic characteristics, as one might have expected, but they do differ in their consumption patterns: registered cannabis users consume with greater frequency and, possibly as a consequence of this, they also are at greater risk of abusing the drug.
pain
Authors: Moss Candida R.
Published: September 2024

Although it was and continues to be an essential experience of the human condition, pain was understood polysemically in antiquity. Competing medical and philosophical theories of pain coexisted alongside one another and generated a variety of different ways of understanding the nature of pain. So, too, was the experience of pain evaluated either positively or negatively based on the particular.
Transformative Participation in Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction
Authors: Sagala Saut , Azhari Danang , Nailah Nailah , Vicri Rufaida Nurul , Paramitasari Debby , Herdiansyah Arief Rizky , Patricia Chelsea
Published: September 2024

The increased vulnerability to hazards over the past 21st century shows that the climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) approach is inadequate to address the needs of the sexual and gender minority (SGM) communities, which include cis-women and trans-women communities. In the last 10 years since the 2000s, empirical evidence of SGM’s role in CCA-DRR has emerged, leading to the urgency for more gender-responsive CCA-DRR. Nevertheless, the SGM communities still face gender inequalities due to rooted patriarchal norms such as marginalization, subordination, and stigmatization. They are discriminated against and excluded from the decision-making process, which significantly affects the cis-women and SGM groups with limited access to knowledge, information, and resources in facing disaster and climate crises. The urge to combine the social capital of the SGM communities and gender-responsive CCA-DRR needs concrete and well-detailed transformational steps. For instance, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, the Keluarga Besar Waria Yogyakarta (KEBAYA) community established the Waria Crisis Centre as an extra effort for the transgender community to take CCA-DRR actions. It also focuses on designing plans to respond to disasters and anticipating several things related to the stigmatization, discrimination, the frequent violence toward, and the persecution of transgender people, especially trans women. Meanwhile, the richness of community social capital in the cis- and trans-women’s groups, such as tangible and intangible social networks, empowers their roles in CCA-DRR contexts. Both empirical evidences indicated SGM communities have a significant knowledge base due to their social capital; norms, trust, and networking lead to increased community awareness toward natural hazards, social solidarity, and disaster risk information. Furthermore, accommodating marginalized gender participation and empowerment to optimize their social capital must be through mutual cooperation and encouraging, motivating, and raising awareness of the potential to develop transformation in CCA-DRR and society as a whole.