bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional safety verification of train control procedure in train-centric CBTC by colored petri net
Authors: Lin Junting , Xu Qian
Published: July 2020

Communication-based Train Control (CBTC) system is a widely-used signaling system. There is an increasing demand for innovating the traditional ground-centric architecture. With the application of train-train communication, object control and other advanced techniques, Train-centric CBTC (TcCBTC) system is expected to be the most promising tendency of train control system. The safe tracking interval would be reduced as well as the life-cycle costs. Formal methods play an essential role in the development of safety-critical systems, which provides an early integration of the verifiable design process. In the paper, the architecture design of TcCBTC is first analyzed. The official system specification of TcCBTC has not issued, so it takes efforts to perform the systematic summarization of the functional requirements. Secondly, we propose an integrated framework that combines the Colored Petri Net (CPN) models with the functional safety verification of the underlying systems. Functional safety depends on the logic accuracy and is a part of overall safety. The framework also specifies what kinds of functions, behaviors or properties need to be verified. The train control procedure of TcCBTC is regarded as the link among new functional modules, thus it is chosen as the modelling content. Thirdly, the scenarios and the color sets are prepared. Models are established with the novel design thought from top to bottom. Simulation and testing are implemented during the model establishment to discover the apparent errors. Lastly, the model checking by state space is performed. All possible states are checked in detail. Standard behavioral properties and other user-defined properties are verified by state space report and ASK-CTL (Computation Tree Logic) queries, respectively. Verification results reveal that the models are reasonable to depict the dynamic behaviors of train control procedure. The functional safety properties are satisfied and prepared for further drafting the system functional specification.
Communicative and Participatory Reason. A critical reading of Kant's Distinction between the public use and the private use of Reason
Authors: Beade Ileana
Published: July 2020

In this paper I shall analyze Kant's distinction between the public use and the private use of reason, as formulated in What is Enlightenment?-, in relation to the characteristics that Kant attributes to the faculty of reason in several of his main philosophical works. I will try to show that such a radical distinction between both uses of reason turns out to be rather problematic, since -as we shall see- the restrictions imposed on reason in its private use may affect its public use as well. In effect, if we take into account the essential communicative and participative character of reason, the impossibility of a free use of critical reason in certain professional contexts may substantially restrict our possibilities of making a free public use of reason. The examination of the specific features that Kant marks as essential features of reason will allow us to conclude that the restrictions imposed on reason in its private use would restrict our chances of participating in public argumentations. To think “in community with others” (WDO, AA 08, 144) involves the capacity to express our thoughts publicly. And this involvement in a participatory (equitable) and communicative process of public argumentation obviously demands certain political and juridical conditions.
Just KOS! Enriching Digital Collections with Hypertexts to Enhance Accessibility of Non-Western Knowledge Materials in Libraries
Authors: Tharani Karim
Published: July 2020

The knowledge organization systems (KOS) in use at libraries are social constructs that were conceived in the Euro-American context to organize and retrieve Western knowledge materials. As social constructs of the West, the effectiveness of library KOSs is limited when it comes to organization and retrieval of non-Western knowledge materials. How can librarians respond if asked to make non-Western knowledge materials as accessible as Western materials in their libraries? The accessibility of Western and non-Western knowledge materials in libraries need not be an either-or proposition. By way of a case study, a practical way forward is presented by which librarians can use their professional agency and existing digital technologies to exercise social justice. More specifically I demonstrate the design and development of a specialized KOS that enriches digital collections with hypertext features to enhance the accessibility of non-Western knowledge materials in libraries.
Peirce’s Classification of the Sciences
Authors: Midtgarden Torjus
Published: July 2020

Charles Peirce’s classification of the sciences was designed shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. The classification has two main sources of inspiration: Comte’s science classification and Kant’s theoretical philosophy. Peirce’s classification, like that of Comte, is hierarchically organised in that the more general and abstract sciences provide principles for the less general and more concrete sciences. However, Peirce includes and assigns a superordinate role to philosophical disciplines which analyse and provide logical, methodological and ontological principles for the specialised sciences, and which are based on everyday life experience. Moreover, Peirce recognises two main branches of specialised empirical science: the natural sciences, on the one hand, and the social sciences, the humanities and psychology on the other. While both branches share logical and methodological principles, they are based on different ontological principles in studying physical nature and the human mind and its products, respectively. Peirce’s most basic philosophical discipline, phenomenology, transforms his early engagement with Kant. Peirce’s classification of aesthetics, ethics and logic as normative sub-disciplines of philosophy relate to his philosophical pragmatism. Yet his more overarching division between theoretical (philosophical and specialised) sciences and practical sciences may be seen as problematic. Taking Peirce’s historical account of scientific developments into consideration, however, I argue that his science classification and its emphasis on the interdependencies between the sciences could be seen as sustaining and supporting interdisciplinarity and interaction across fields of research, even across the divide between theoretical and practical sciences.
Die Vergütung ärztlicher Leistungen – ein „dornenvolles Problem“
Authors: Reiners Hartmut
Published: July 2020

Die Bundesregierung beauftragte im Sommer 2018 eine wissenschaftliche Kommission mit der Entwicklung eines modernen Vergütungssystems für ärztliche Leistungen in der ambulanten Versorgung. Deren im Dezember 2019 vorgelegter Bericht lässt zentrale Fragen offen, vor allem die nach einer einheitlichen Kalkulationsgrundlage für ärztliche Leistungen.
Cities as actors of globalization: differences between federal subjects and municipalities in Russia and Germany
Authors: Kuznetsova O.V.
Published: July 2020

The article compares the situation in Russia and Germany with differences between cities of various status by their powers and budget revenues. We analyze data on the number and population of urban districts in Russia and their analogues in Germany, on the execution of budgets of cities-municipalities and cities-regions. It is shown that the system of territorial division in Russia at the municipal level differs from the German one by noticeably greater fragmentation and the dominance of urban districts of low population. In both countries, local budgets are focused on solving social problems and developing local infrastructure, and approaches to securing tax sources for local budgets are common. At the same time, the contrast between the budget indicators (income and expenditure per capita, the share of inter- budget transfers in income) of cities-regions and cities-municipalities in Russia is significantly higher than in Germany, which limits the ability of city district authorities to conduct independent economic policy, including support for the development of foreign economic relations. The author suggests ways to increase the revenue base of local budgets in Russia (crediting all small business taxes to their budgets, improving the quality of land and real estate accounting, managing non-tax revenues), as well as giving local government bodies of different population groups different powers.
What did Joseph Wright mean by meaning
Authors: Markus Manfred
Published: July 2020

EDD Online, the online version of Joseph Wright’s English Dialect Dictionary, was completed by a project team at the University of Innsbruck in 2019. The sophisticated search-engine of the new interface 3.0 reveals the multi-faceted role of semantics in dialect words. Its complexity is due to both the fuzziness of lexical forms and the ambiguity of their meanings. This paper, beyond the theory-biased “complexity debate”, supports the opinion that traditional regional dialects, qua low-contact varieties, have developed a higher degree of lexical complexity than high-contact varieties, i.e. pidgins and creoles, and, in terms of word formation, than the Standard variety of English. The paper first discusses the often polysemous or homophonous meanings of headwords, then of strings within word compositions and phrases. The lemmas also sometimes turn out to be (bound) morphemes or variants. A major aspect in this paper is the wealth of figurative meanings in dialect. This is simply due to the essential role of iconicity, that is, a result of the fact that dialect speakers (“people”) want to “see” in their minds what they mean.
Entrepreneurial Potential of Students Graduating from Translation Studies
Authors: Klimkowska Katarzyna , Klimkowski Konrad
Published: July 2020

Entrepreneurship is becoming a central issue in social, economic and educational policies globally. It is classified among the key assets that a contemporary university graduate needs to successfully enter the labour market – as an employee or a freelancer. Academic students who specialize in translation care about how their education translates onto their career. In this article, the authors present results of the research on how a selection of 436 Polish students of full-time translation courses perceive their future professional functioning in a hard and a soft-skill perspectives. The diagnostic procedure developed in the article can be of use to translation curricula designers and teachers in getting to know what their students think about being entrepreneurial translators. The data presented also show where educational interventions can be in place. A list of suggested didactic activities to exemplify such interventions is also provided.
Words at Work: The Dynamics of Company-Speak in the Work Place
Authors: De Vecchi Dardo
Published: July 2020

This paper outlines the pragmaterminological approach of terms in companies and organizations as an efficient way to study situated, dynamic elements conveying sense and meaning for knowledge and communication purposes in the workplace, and making up what we will call company-speak. Broadly speaking, we will define company-speak as the specific sociolect used in a specific company or organization to work and do business and reflecting the ongoing construction of its own knowledge, corporate culture, and identity. Company-speak is truly unique and every single company or organization will develop its own company-speak that competing companies or organizations operating in the same sector or branch of activity cannot and will not use. Particularly, the pragmaterminological approach aims at answering the question of what exactly has to be known to work at micro-level in work communities, and how knowledge must be shared to cope with knowledge asymmetries and ensure cooperation between experts within the company or organization.
Brasilianske selvmål bremser væksten
Authors: Nielsen Svend Roed
Published: July 2020

Svend Roed analyserer de problemer, Brasilien står over for.
Indien efter 2014
Authors: Svane Freddy
Published: July 2020

Ambassadør Freddy Svane giver sit bud på Indien efter 2014.
Den tikkende miljøbombe i øst
Authors: Pundak Ron
Published: July 2020

Ron Pundak skriver om at bringe Israel-Palæstina- konflikten til en afslutning, 20 år efter Oslo-aftalen.
Archéologie du monde de la vie et phénoménologie de la corporéité chez Jan Patočka
Authors: Zincq Aurélien
Published: July 2020

L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence la façon dont la phénoménologie de la corporéité, développée dans ses derniers textes par le philosophe tchèque Jan Patocka, peut être envisagée comme l’ultime étape de l’archéologie de la Lebenswelt telle qu’elle a été pensée par Edmund Husserl et réélaborée par Martin Heidegger. Suivant cette hypothèse exégétique et philosophique, une phénoménologie du corps vivant peut seule être considérée comme une tentative sérieuse pour résoudre le conflit entre les images « manifeste » et « scientifique » du monde. La particularité de la phénoménologie du corps propre de Patočka est d’accentuer la connexion entre la notion de sens, la dimension affective de l’expérience humaine et la nécessité de tenir compte du point de vue de la corporéité dans l’expérience.
Nussbaum et la théorie stoïcienne des passions
Authors: Burelle Mathieu
Published: July 2020

Martha Nussbaum a proposé une interprétation influente de la théorie stoïcienne des passions, que le présent article remet en question. Nussbaum soutient que les passions, pour les stoïciens, sont des jugements plutôt que des états intentionnels causés par des jugements préalables. Il sera montré que Nussbaum n’établit pas une distinction entre la passion, qui est en fait une impulsion de l’hegemonikon, et le jugement qui la cause. Cette distinction permet pourtant aux stoïciens de soutenir qu’une passion est un mouvement intentionnel ayant des dimensions évaluative, kinétique et affective, tout en affirmant qu’elle est causée par des jugements préalables. Il sera également montré que Nussbaum néglige l’existence d’un premier mouvement proche de l’impulsion, annonçant la passion, dont l’existence est pourtant prise en considération par Chrysippe, Cicéron et Sénèque dans leur thérapie des passions.
David Hume et les règles générales
Authors: Lapidus André
Published: July 2020

Cet article soutient la thèse selon laquelle les règles générales que Hume introduit dans le Traité de la nature humaine (THN 1.3.15) constituent un dispositif de sélection des inférences inductives écartant deux sources d’inefficacités : (i) d’origine émotionnelle, qui réduirait le malaise face à l’éventualité d’une faille dans l’uniformité de la nature ; (ii) d’origine cognitive, qui tolèrerait les possibles débordements de l’imagination sur le jugement. Un consensus grandissant depuis quelques décennies fait apparaître à la base de ce dispositif la distinction entre deux sortes de règles — extensives et correctives. Alors que les premières permettent de dépasser une expérience singulière pour en dériver une inférence de plus large portée, les secondes, dont la maîtrise oppose le philosophe au vulgaire, contrôlent et rectifient les effets des seules règles extensives, de façon à éliminer les inefficacités d’origines émotionnelle et cognitive et à réaliser des inférences qu’en empruntant l’expression à Peirce on désignera comme abductives.
Competence approach to professional education of stage directors in creating visual image in theatrical and concert in the conditions of innovative decisions
Authors: Glazov Evgeniy Anatolyevich
Published: July 2020

This article raises a question on the essence, types and role of competence approach to professional training of stage directors. The subject of this research is the competence approach to professional education of stage directors in creating a visual image in theatrical and concert in the conditions of innovative decisions. The goal consists in substantiation of the importance of competence approach to preparation of students in this field and their professional fulfillment, determination of acting and music competencies that could and should become the key results of professional education. The main research method is the analytical examination of sources, which allows clarifying the logic and content of the concept “competence approach to professional education of stage directors”. The methods of comparative analysis were used of identification of the quality of artistic education and its functions. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this article is first within the framework of professional training of stage directors to consider comprehensive approach to realization of the modern ideas of stage direction. The key parameter is the ability to utilize modern innovative lightening of the audience halls. An example of advanced use of the modern technological capabilities is the events held in the State Kremlin Palace. The results of this work are reflected in the following statements: examination of any pedagogical phenomenon requires clarification of its components; many researchers pay attention to determination of the essence of competences, their elements and the need for their structurization; the questions of competence approach in the area of artistic education, and its functions in preparation of future stage directors have repeatedly become the subject of research. The analysis of scientific literature give grounds to state that professional competences of the students in this field are not sufficiently defined. Artistic education currently experiences a difficult period of modern transformations, when on the background of traditional classical methodology, advances the practice of implementation of innovative learning technologies.
Preparing Our Home by reclaiming resilience
Authors: Yumagulova Lilia , Yellow Old Woman-Munro Darlene , Gabriel Casey , Francis Mia , Henry Sandy , Smith Astokomii , Ostertag Julia
Published: July 2020

Indigenous communities in Canada are faced with a disproportionate risk of disasters and climate change (CIER, 2008). Indigenous communities in Canada are also at the forefront of climate change adaptation and resilience solutions. One program in Canada that aids in decolonizing curriculum for reclaiming resilience in Indigenous communities is Preparing Our Home (POH). Drawing on three POH case studies, this article seeks to answer the following question: How can community-led decolonial educational processes help reclaim Indigenous youth and community resilience? The three communities that held POH workshops, which this article draws upon, include: The Líľwat Nation, where Canada’s first youth-led community-based POH Home curriculum was developed at the Xet̓ólacw Community School; The Siksika Nation, where the workshop engaged youth with experienced instructors and Elders to enhance culturally informed community preparedness through actionable outcomes by developing a curriculum that focused on hazard identification, First Aid, and traditional food preservation; and Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, where political leaders, community members, and community emergency personnel gathered together to discuss emergency preparedness, hazard awareness and ways to rediscover resilience. The participants shared their lived experiences, stories, and knowledge to explore community strengths and weaknesses and community reaction and resilience. The article concludes with a discussion section, key lessons learned in these communities, and recommendations for developing Indigenous community-led curricula. These recommendations include the importance of Indigenous Knowledge, intergenerational learning, land-based learning, participatory methodologies, and the role of traditional language for community resilience. We contribute to the Indigenous education literature by providing specific examples of community-owned curricula that move beyond decolonial education to Indigenous knowledges and experiences sharing, owned by the people and led by the community.
Ministros y precandidatos presidenciales en Chile 1990-2014
Authors: Olivares Lavados Alejandro
Published: July 2020

¿Pasar por un gabinete presidencial entrega alguna ventaja para ser considerado como precandidato presidencial? En Chile los gabinetes han permitido la figuración de líderes que podrían tener aspiraciones presidenciales. Distintos factores podrían influenciar esta posibilidad tales como ser la cara visible del gobierno, las redes o que los votantes son influenciados por los medios de comunicación y las redes sociales debido a su poderoso rol en la sociedad, por lo tanto, ellos son esenciales para configurar nuevos liderazgos políticos. A pesar de dicha realidad, la academia no ha realizado la suficiente investigación sobre la vinculación entre ser ministro y ser precandidato presidencial. En este contexto, el artículo examina las posibles dimensiones de dicha vinculación.
Non‐additive response of the high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere climate to aerosol forcing in a climate model with interactive chemistry
Authors: Pope James O. , Orr Andrew , Marshall Gareth J. , Abraham Nathan Luke
Published: July 2020

A suite of chemistry‐climate model simulations, forced by pairs of anthropogenic forcings [comprising greenhouse gases (GHGs), ozone depleting substances (ODSs), or aerosols], were employed to investigate whether the high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere (SH) circulation response to these forcings is linearly additive, a common assumption in attribution studies. We find that the geographical pattern of sea‐level pressure (SLP) response to a combination of GHGs and ODSs is linearly additive. However, we find significant differences in the SLP response when combining GHGs and aerosols compared to the sum of the individual forcings, a non‐additivity that is currently masked by the dominance of the ODSs forcing. This non‐linearity also results in changes to the SH split jet. These results were obtained using a coupled chemistry‐climate model, indicating that the non‐linear response is due to chemical interactions between the forcing agents. As such, future simulations investigating a post‐ozone hole Southern Hemisphere climate should consider this chemical interaction.
Accounts in 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Sensors: Towards Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Muñoz Jose , Pumera Martin
Published: July 2020

Heavy metal ions, small organic molecules and inorganic pollutants are some environmentally hazardous compounds that negatively impact the ecosystem and public health, owing to their high toxicity, persistency and bioaccumulation. This makes it essential to develop rapid, simple, low‐cost and sensitive devices for in situ monitoring of these toxic contaminants. In this sense, 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique, which is transforming the way that materials are turned into functional devices by prototyping bespoke 3D materials via layer‐by‐layer deposition. This technology can offer enormous potential to environmental devices, where electrochemical sensing platforms have been on the rise, as they offer decentralized and tailored fabrication of on‐demand, low‐cost, at‐point‐of‐use systems. Although this research is still in an early stage, this Minireview aims to point out the most widely used additive manufacturing technology and materials for 3D‐printed electrode fabrication, as well as some pivotal activation procedural steps necessary to enhance their electroanalytical capabilities. Indeed, the potential of 3D‐printed electrochemical sensors to monitor a range of important hazardous pollutants in aqueous samples is reported, visualizing the future of this technology to develop integrated low‐cost analytical electronic systems for direct environmental detection in remote areas of the globe.
Electrochemical Evaluation of the Stability and Capacity of r‐GO‐Wrapped Copper Antimony Chalcogenide Anode for Li‐Ion battery
Authors: Yadav Poonam , Sharma Neha , Patrike Apurva , Sabri Ylias M. , Jones Lathe A. , Shelke Manjusha V.
Published: July 2020

Poor cycling stability and capacity fade are primary concerns for next‐generation anode materials for Li‐ion batteries. In non‐carbonaceous anode materials, alloying with Li leads to volume increase that affects practical applications, and increase in particle size, amorphization and reduced conductivity can all lead to a loss of performance. In this work, binary antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) and ternary copper antimony sulfide (CuSbS2) are synthesized by a convenient solvothermal process. These materials are used to study the Li‐active/inactive concept, by incorporating Cu into Sb2S3 forming CuSbS2 wherein Cu is Li inactive whereas Sb is Li active. By direct comparison, we have shown that incorporating Cu into binary antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) resulting into ternary copper antimony sulfide (CuSbS2) addresses the problem of poor conductivity and capacity loss, as Cu provides conductivity leading to enhanced charge transfer and prevents Sb particle aggregation while charge‐discharge by exhibiting spectator or diluent ion effect. The better performance of CuSbS2 is associated with the better Li+ ion diffusion in the CuSbS2 (D=8.97×10−15 cm2 s−1) compared to Sb2S3 (D=2.76×10−15 cm2 s−1) and lower series resistance of CuSbS2 (R=4.70×105 Ω) compared to Sb2S3 (R=5.81×108 Ω). We have also investigated the composite with the addition of rGO. The CuSbS2‐rGO delivered a reversible capacity of 672 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 200 mA g−1 which has shown best performance.
CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products
Authors: Mandal Mrinmay
Published: July 2020

Electroreduction of CO2 to value‐added products has garnered considerable attention as a promising low‐cost technology to combat the increasing risks from global warming by reducing the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. This sustainable process uses renewable energy sources for electroreduction reactions. Recently, a novel electrode design facilitating ion and gas transport has shown record high current density and energy efficiency for the electroreduction reactions.
Corporate social responsibility in nonprofit organizations: The brokerage role of community housing mutuals
Authors: Phillips Steve , Taylor Dan
Published: July 2020

Focusing on both internally and externally social responsibility practices can help dual mission organizations to become “responsible” beyond their raison d'etre and so improve the services they provide to their communities. Organizations within the nonprofit sector are facing dual pressures of being more commercial in approach in addition to adhering to their social mission, particularly in a period of lower public funding and increased stakeholder expectation. The importance of the social mission and the requirements of stakeholders has led to nonprofit organizations having to address social responsibility by adopting Corporate Social Responsibility approaches usually associated with private, for‐profit organizations. Through the study of a Community Housing Mutual Association, concentrating on partnerships, corporate philosophy, and their internal and external features and practices, these organizations can become more socially responsible and, therefore, improve the services they provide to the communities they support.
Market competition and pricing strategies in retail supply chains
Authors: Park Imsu , Jung Ilyoung , Choi Jeonghoon
Published: July 2020

This study provides a better explanation for the continued prevalence of high–low (Hi–Lo) pricing strategy. We investigate the impact of market competition on adopting two different pricing strategies in the retail industry: everyday low price (EDLP) strategy and Hi–Lo strategy. We developed two analytic models using a game‐theoretic modeling approach: the profit maximization model and the sales revenue maximization model. We then conducted an econometric analysis based on retail store‐level dataset. The result shows that an EDLP player's equilibrium price depends highly on the cost level rather than competitor's price whereas the Hi–Lo player's equilibrium price depends mainly on the range of promotional basket as well as the cost level.
Effects of Nickel Aluminate Spinel (NiAl2O4) as Catalyst Support and Promoters (Ru, Rh) in Fischer‐Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Khalighi Reza , Bahadoran Farzad , Panjeshahi M. Hassan , Zamaniyan Akbar , Tahouni Nassim
Published: July 2020

The novel NiAl2O4 spinel was used as support to synthesis cobalt catalysts and investigated for Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts (Co/NiAl2O4, Co/Rh/NiAl2O4, Co/Ru/NiAl2O4 and Co/γ‐Al2O3) were characterized by XRD, BET, ICP, SEM, FESEM, HRTEM, TPR and TGA analysis before reaction. It was shown the use of novel NiAl2O4 support that was prepared by a modified sol‐gel process had a good dispersion. Besides that, Nickel aluminate decreased the interaction of Co and support and resulting in a significant increase in the reduction degree and the catalytic activity. The catalyst of 15Co/0.5Rh/NiAl2O4 shows the highest catalytic activity. It is worth noting that the NiAl2O4 support decreased the CH4 selectivity but enhanced the C5+ selectivity and catalytic stability.
Investigation of Oiling‐Out Phenomenon of Small Organic Molecules in Crystallization Processes: A Review
Authors: Meng Zichao , Huang Yan , Cheng Shuo , Wang Jingtao
Published: July 2020

Oiling‐out phenomenon occurs in many crystallization processes and might cause processing problems especially in the drug crystallization. This paper discusses the mechanism of oiling‐out processes from the thermodynamics, crystallization kinetics, molecular simulation and other important factors. This review clarifies the intrinsic relationship between oiling‐out and crystal nucleation and growth on the basis of the relevant theories, and tries to explore possible strategies to the problems caused by oiling‐out. Three strategies, optimization of initial conditions, seeding and ultrasonic irradiation, have been developed to control and avoid oiling‐out. Finally, several suggestions for the future research of oiling‐out including the study in molecular level (Van deer Waals forces, H‐bonding and dipole moments et al.), simulation and microfluidics are presented. This review will be helpful to those readers whose researches involve the liquid‐liquid phase separation and crystallization.
A High Performance Electrochemical Sensor for Pb2+ Ions Based on Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized CoMn2O4 Nanocomposite
Authors: Bashir Nagina , Akhtar Mehwish , Nawaz Hafiza Zahra Rab , Warsi Muhammad Farooq , Shakir Imran , Agboola Philips O , Zulfiqar Sonia
Published: July 2020

An efficient electrochemical sensor for the trace level detection of heavy metal ion (Pb2+) was successfully developed using carbon nanotubes functionalized CoMn2O4 nanocomposite. The structural and morphological studies of prepared nanocomposite were confirmed by means of XRD, FTIR, FESEM and EDX analyses. Electrochemical properties were investigated by means of EIS and CV studies using standard potassium ferrocyanide as a redox couple while the stripping behaviour of fabricated electrode was determined by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Effect of various parameters such as deposition potential, stripping medium and deposition time were analyzed to have best detecting response on modified electrode. The designed sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity, selectivity, stability along with good reproducibility for the detection of lead ions which can be ascribed to the integrated high adsorption capacity of CoMn2O4 and large surface area of carbon nanotubes. A linear relationship between current response and lead ion concentrations was obtained in the range from 0.01 μM to 0.85 μM with a detection limit of 0.004 μM. Moreover, the developed sensor was not much affected by the presence of other foreign species. From these results, it is expected that the developed sensor can be applied for detection of various organic, metallic and organometallic environmental toxins with slight modification.
Synthesis of Bi(III) Immobilized on Carboxyl‐Terminated Triazine Dendrimer Stabilized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Improvement of Catalytic Activity for Synthesis of Indol‐3‐yl Acrylates
Authors: Asadi Beheshteh , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Mirkhani Valiollah , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Moghadam Majid
Published: July 2020

For the first time, the unusual ability of a Bi(III) immobilized on carboxyl‐terminated triazine dendrimer stabilized magnetic nanoparticles [Bi(III)‐CTTDS@Fe3O4] catalyst in the synthesis of indol‐3‐yl acrylates through the one‐pot four‐component reaction is reported. [Bi(III)‐CTTDS@Fe3O4] was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA), elemental analysis (EA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating‐sample magnetometer (VSM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) techniques. Additionally, this catalyst can be conveniently separated from the reaction mixture and reused several times without significant loss of its activity.
Efficient Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate via Transesterification from Ethylene Carbonate with Methanol Using KAlO2/γ‐Al2O3 Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Wei Qiang , Hu Jing , Zhang Hua , Wang Gongying , Yang Xiangui
Published: July 2020

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is an important environmentally‐friendly organic compound. The need for efficient synthesis of DMC has given a fillip to search for new catalysts and their cost‐effective preparation. In this work, a series of KAlO2/γ‐Al2O3 heterogeneous catalysts were rapidly prepared by impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS, TG‐MS, ICP‐OES, BET and Hammett acid‐base titration and tested for the synthesis of DMC via transesterification from ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol. The results demonstrated that KAlO2, as the active species, was produced in large quantities during the calcination process. The catalyst with a calcination temperature of 700 °C and a K2CO3 loading of 45 wt % exhibited the best catalytic activity. The optimum conditions for the process resulted in a catalyst amount of 1.0 wt %, a reaction temperature of 100 °C and a reaction time of 80 min, in which the EC conversion and DMC selectivity were 80.2 % and 98.9 %, respectively. In addition, the TON, TOF and reaction rate were 80.3, 61.2 h−1 and 3.91 gDMC⋅gcat−1⋅min−1. The reusability of the catalyst with best catalytic activity was also studied.
Filling the Pores of the Post‐Cross‐Linked Polymers with Different Rigid Cross‐Linking Bridges
Authors: Hao Aiping , Wang Siqi , Huang Jianhan
Published: July 2020

Herein, the one‐pot Friedel‐Crafts reaction was performed for polydivinylbenzene and 1,2‐dichloroethane, tetrachloride, and cyanuric chloride were used as the external cross‐linking agents to fill the mesopores of polydivinylbenzene. The results indicated that methylene, carbonyl, and triazine ring filled the mesopores of polydivinylbenzene as the rigid cross‐linking bridges successfully and the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area and total pore volume of the resultant post‐cross‐linked polymers were greatly increased and the pore size distribution was readily tuned. Importantly, using cyanuric chloride as the cross‐linking agent produced abundant micropores with considerable micropore area and micropore volume, and the pore size distribution had an obvious transfer from mainly distributed mesopores to predominated micropores. The equilibrium adsorption revealed that the resulting polymer PDVB‐CC using cyanuric chloride as the post‐cross‐linking agent exhibited the best adsorption to phenol with the maximum capacity (qmax) of 448.5 mg/g while the least adsorption to Congo red (qmax: 128.5 mg/g). The kinetic adsorption demonstrated that PDVB‐CC needed the least time to the equilibrium while more than 300 min was required for the adsorption of Congo red attaining the equilibrium due to the much difficult diffusion of Congo red in the micropores.
A Practical Approach to Ureas and Thiocarbamates: SO2F2‐Promoted Lossen Rearrangement of Hydroxamic Acid
Authors: Zhang Guofu , Cui Yin , Zhao Yiyong , Cui Yunqiang , Bao Shenxiao , Ding Chengrong
Published: July 2020

In this update, we report a simple, mild and practical method for the synthesis of symmetrical urea via Lossen rearrangement promoted by SO2F2, which achieves the conversion from hydroxamic acid to symmetrical urea in high selectivity and provides a new method for facile initiation of Lossen rearrangement. Meanwhile, the reaction within amine or thiol also provide the efficient synthetic strategy towards unsymmetrical urea or thiocarbamates. Significant for gram‐scale application, we afford the desired product on gram‐scale by filtration without further purification. A plausible mechanism which is supported by control experimental and spectral data is proposed.
Antidemocratic and Exclusionary Practices: COVID-19 and the Continuum of Violence
Authors: Forester Summer , O'Brien Cheryl
Published: July 2020

The global coronavirus pandemic has reified divisions, inequity, and injustices rooted in systems of domination such as racism, sexism, neoliberal capitalism, and ableism. Feminist scholars have theorized these interlocking systems of domination as the “continuum of violence.” Building on this scholarship, we conceptualize the U.S. response to and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic as reflective of the continuum of violence. We argue that crises like pandemics expose the antidemocratic and exclusionary practices inherent in this continuum, which is especially racialized and gendered. To support our argument, we provide empirical evidence of the continuum of violence in relation to COVID-19 vis-à-vis the interrelated issues of militarization and what feminists call “everyday security,” such as public health and gender-based violence. The continuum of violence contributes theoretically and practically to our understanding of how violence that the pandemic illuminates is embedded in broader systems of domination and exclusion.
Political Speech in Religious Sermons
Authors: Boussalis Constantine , Coan Travis G. , Holman Mirya R.
Published: July 2020

Religious leaders and congregants alike report high levels of political discussions in their churches. Yet, direct observations of political topics in a wide set of religious settings are rare. We examine the nature of political speech by clergy with a novel dataset of over 110,000 sermons. Using a computational text analysis approach and multiple forms of validation, we find political content in more than a third of religious sermons and that seven of 10 pastors discuss political topics at some point. Common topics include the economy, war, homosexuality, welfare, and abortion. We then use a geographic data to link the sermons to demographic and political information around the church and to information about the church and pastor to evaluate the variation of political content in sermons. We find that most pastors—across location and denomination—engage around political topics, confirming the intertwined nature of religion and politics in the United States.
Why Does the CP El Niño less Frequently Evolve Into La Niña than the EP El Niño?
Authors: He Shan , Yu Jin‐Yi , Yang Song , Fang Shih‐Wei
Published: July 2020

During 1958–2017, the Central‐Pacific (CP) El Niño evolved into La Niña less frequently (38%) than the Eastern‐Pacific (EP) El Niño (75%). Composite analyses reveal that the reversal of zonal wind anomalies in the tropical western Pacific is the key mechanism for the EP El Niño's transitions to La Niña. This reversal induces oceanic Kelvin waves to promote the La Niña onset. This reversal mechanism is often triggered by the Indo‐Pacific teleconnection produced by the EP El Niño. Consequently, the EP El Niño often experiences the transitional evolution. For the CP events, the southward shift of westerly anomalies in the tropical central Pacific is the key mechanism for transitions from El Niño to La Niña via local processes. However, the subtropical teleconnection of the CP El Niño prevents this mechanism from occurring and often causes the nontransitional evolution for the CP events.
Insolation and Greenhouse Gas Forcing of the South American Monsoon System Across Three Glacial‐Interglacial Cycles
Authors: Hou Alicia , Bahr André , Raddatz Jacek , Voigt Silke , Greule Markus , Albuquerque Ana Luiza , Chiessi Cristiano M. , Friedrich Oliver
Published: July 2020

Precipitation extremes with devastating socioeconomic consequences within the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) are expected to become more frequent in the near future. The complexity in SAMS behavior, however, poses severe challenges for reliable future projections. Thus, robust paleomonsoon records are needed to constrain the high spatiotemporal variability in the response of SAMS rainfall to different climatic drivers. This study uses Ti/Ca ratios from X‐ray fluorescence scanning of a sediment core retrieved off eastern Brazilian to trace precipitation changes over the past 322 Kyr. The results indicate that despite the spatiotemporal complexity of the SAMS, insolation forcing is the primary pacemaker of variations in the monsoonal system. Additional modulation by atmospheric pCO2 suggests that SAMS intensity over eastern Brazil will be suppressed by rising CO2 emissions in the future. Lastly, our record reveals an unprecedented strong and persistent wet period during Marine Isotope Stage 6 driven by anomalously strong trade winds.
Fedratinib, a newly approved treatment for patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis
Authors: Talpaz Moshe , Kiladjian Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2020

Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN)-associated myelofibrosis (MF) is characterized by cytopenias, marrow fibrosis, constitutional symptoms, extramedullary hematopoiesis, splenomegaly, and shortened survival. Constitutive activation of the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway in MF leads to cell proliferation, inhibition of cell death, and clonal expansion of myeloproliferative malignant cells. Fedratinib is a selective oral JAK2 inhibitor recently approved in the United States for treatment of adult patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk MF. In mouse models of JAK2V617F-driven myeloproliferative disease, fedratinib blocked phosphorylation of STAT5, increased survival, and improved MF-associated disease features, including reduction of white blood cell counts, hematocrit, splenomegaly, and fibrosis. Fedratinib exerts off-target inhibitory activity against bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4); combination JAK/STAT and BRD4 inhibition was shown to synergistically block NF-kB hyperactivation and inflammatory cytokine production, attenuating disease burden and reversing bone marrow fibrosis in animal models of MPNs. In patients, fedratinib is rapidly absorbed and dosed once daily (effective half-life 41 h). Fedratinib showed robust clinical activity in JAK-inhibitor-naïve patients and in patients with MF who were relapsed, refractory, or intolerant to prior ruxolitinib therapy. Fedratinib is effective regardless of JAK2 mutation status. Onset of spleen and symptom responses are typically seen within the first 1–2 months of treatment. The most common adverse events (AEs) with fedratinib are grades 1–2 gastrointestinal events, which are most frequent during early treatment and decrease over time. Treatment discontinuation due to hematologic AEs in clinical trials was uncommon (~3%). Suspected cases of Wernicke’s encephalopathy were reported during fedratinib trials in ~1% of patients; thiamine levels should be monitored before and during fedratinib treatment as medically indicated. Phase III trials are ongoing to assess fedratinib effects on long-term safety, efficacy, and overall survival. The recent approval of fedratinib provides a much-needed addition to the limited therapeutic options available for patients with MF.
Provision of care through telemedicine during a natural disaster: a case study
Authors: Pasipanodya Elizabeth C. , Shem Kazuko
Published: July 2020

Introduction

As the frequency and intensity of natural disasters increases, disaster preparedness is necessary for individuals with disabilities, including those with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, despite vulnerability to poorer outcomes, disaster preparedness for individuals with SCI is inadequate. Telemedicine has been effectively used to mitigate the impact of natural disasters. In this case study, we describe the provision of clinical care, via telemedicine, to an individual with SCI who was affected by the California Valley Fire in 2015.

Case presentation

The individual described was an adult who sustained a SCI. Before discharge from acute inpatient rehabilitation, they enrolled in a research study, through which they received outpatient SCI-specific care via telemedicine (teleSCI). The participant attended several teleSCI visits prior to the start of the Valley Fire. In the midst and immediate aftermath of prolonged wildfire, and despite experiencing significant personal loss as a result of the fire, the participant continued to receive teleSCI services. TeleSCI was used to address emergent and extant medical concerns and to facilitate replacement of medical supplies and equipment destroyed by fire.

Discussion

TeleSCI was used to provide continuity of care and was responsive to the needs of an individual with SCI severely affected by wildfire. Emergency preparedness that meets the needs of persons with disabilities is critical during times of crisis. Telemedicine may be an effective tool that can be applied to meet the medical needs of individuals with SCI and to mitigate the impact of disasters.
The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean Version 4.0
Authors: Jakobsson Martin , Mayer Larry A. , Bringensparr Caroline , Castro Carlos F. , Mohammad Rezwan , Johnson Paul , Ketter Tomer , Accettella Daniela , Amblas David , An Lu , Arndt Jan Erik , Canals Miquel , Casamor José Luis , Chauché Nolwenn , Coakley Bernard , Danielson Seth , Demarte Maurizio , Dickson Mary-Lynn , Dorschel Boris , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Dreutter Simon , Fremand Alice C. , Gallant Dana , Hall John K. , Hehemann Laura , Hodnesdal Hanne , Hong Jongkuk , Ivaldi Roberta , Kane Emily , Klaucke Ingo , Krawczyk Diana W. , Kristoffersen Yngve , Kuipers Boele R. , Millan Romain , Masetti Giuseppe , Morlighem Mathieu , Noormets Riko , Prescott Megan M. , Rebesco Michele , Rignot Eric , Semiletov Igor , Tate Alex J. , Travaglini Paola , Velicogna Isabella , Weatherall Pauline , Weinrebe Wilhelm , Willis Joshua K. , Wood Michael , Zarayskaya Yulia , Zhang Tao , Zimmermann Mark , Zinglersen Karl B.
Published: July 2020

Bathymetry (seafloor depth), is a critical parameter providing the geospatial context for a multitude of marine scientific studies. Since 1997, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) has been the authoritative source of bathymetry for the Arctic Ocean. IBCAO has merged its efforts with the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO-Seabed 2030 Project, with the goal of mapping all of the oceans by 2030. Here we present the latest version (IBCAO Ver. 4.0), with more than twice the resolution (200 × 200 m versus 500 × 500 m) and with individual depth soundings constraining three times more area of the Arctic Ocean (∼19.8% versus 6.7%), than the previous IBCAO Ver. 3.0 released in 2012. Modern multibeam bathymetry comprises ∼14.3% in Ver. 4.0 compared to ∼5.4% in Ver. 3.0. Thus, the new IBCAO Ver. 4.0 has substantially more seafloor morphological information that offers new insights into a range of submarine features and processes; for example, the improved portrayal of Greenland fjords better serves predictive modelling of the fate of the Greenland Ice Sheet.