bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunology of premalignant and malignant conditions of the oral cavity. II. Circulating immune complexes
Authors: Balaram Prabha , Pillai M. Radhakrishna , Abraham Thomas
Published: August 2010

Prabha B, Pillai MR, Abraham T. Immunology of premalignant and malignant conditions of the oral cavity. II. Circulating immune complexes. J Oral Pathol 1987: 16: 389–391.

Quantitation of circulating immune complexes (CIC) levels was established in patients with oral cancer and oral precancerous lesions. The levels were compared with that in normal controls and chronic chewers of betal quid with no signs of any disease. Both patients with oral cancer and oral precancerous lesions had elevated CIC when compared to both the control groups. The most interesting observations were (a) the CIC levels in the chewing controls were significantly raised when compared to normal controls; and (b) the CIC levels in the patients with premalignant lesions were elevated almost to the same levels as in the oral cancer patients.
The salivary peroxidase system: thermodynamic, kinetic and antibacterial properties
Authors: Pruitt K. M.
Published: August 2010

Pruitt KM. The salivary peroxidase system: thermodynamic, kinetic and antibacterial properties. J Oral Pathol 1987: 16: 417–420.

Enzymes are specific catalysts which optimize the rates of reactions vital to living organisms. If the oxidation of thiocyanate (which occurs, in vivo, in human saliva and salivary glands) is a vital reaction for the maintenance of oral health, then the enzyme (salivary peroxidase), which catalyzes this reaction, should function optimally under in vivo conditions. Studies have shown that salivary peroxidase maintains the SCN‐ oxidation reaction in an apparent state of dynamic equilibrium, that the kinetic properties of the enzyme provide optimum rates of reaction under in vivo conditions, and that the antibacterial properties of the products of the reaction are optimum under those conditions where unlimited bacterial metabolism provides the greatest threat to host tissues. The evidence indicates that the salivary peroxidase enzyme has evolved in such a way as to maximize its protective value in the oral cavity.
Autofluorescence in normal and malignant human oral tissues and in DMBA‐induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis
Authors: Chen Chin‐Tin , Chiang Huihua Kenny , Chow Song‐Nan , Wang Chih‐Yu , Lee Yu‐Shan , Tsai Jui‐Chang , Chiang Chun‐Pin
Published: August 2010

Light‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy was conducted on human oral malignant and normal tissues. Under 330‐nm excitation wavelength, significant differences in fluorescence intensity were observed around 380‐ and 460‐nm emission. Furthermore, 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)‐induced carcinogenesis in hamster buccal pouch was investigated to elucidate whether similar alterations of fluorescence spectroscopy occurred during the development of squamous cell carcinoma. Similar to the spectral profiles of human oral malignant and normal tissues, the most intense fluorescence peaks in the pouches occurred at 380 nm and 460 nm emission under 330 nm excitation wavelength. At 380 nm emission, the fluorescence intensity of normal pouch mucosa was stronger than those of DMBAtreated abnormal tissues at different stages of carcinogenesis. However, at 460 nm emission, the fluorescence intensity of DMBA‐treated tissues was not only stronger than that of normal pouch mucosa but also shifted to 470 nm. These results suggest that under 330 nm excitation wavelength fluorescence spectroscopy may be useful for the detection of oral malignant lesions.
A comparison of the management of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions by oral medicine practitioners and oral & maxillofacial surgeons in the UK
Authors: Marley J. J. , Linden G. J. , Cowan C. G. , Lamey P.‐J. , Johnson N. W. , Warnakulasuriya K. A. A. S. , Scully C.
Published: August 2010

This study describes the results of a survey undertaken to assess the management of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions by oral medicine practitioners and compares their approach with that of oral & maxillofacial surgeons that we have previously described. Significant differences were noted between the two groups in the use of photography to document the lesions and in the use of certain special investigations, which included measurement of serum iron, serum ferritin, serum Vit B12, red cell folate and candidal isolation. The groups also varied in the perceived importance of the age of the patient and anatomical site of the lesion when deciding on the need for further biopsy. There was also significant variation in the use of certain treatment modalities, including excising non‐dysplastic and severely dysplastic/carcinoma in‐situ lesions and eliminating trauma when treating mild/moderately dysplastic and severely dysplastic/carcinoma in‐situ lesions. Significant differences in the frequency and duration of follow‐up were noted for non‐dysplastic lesions. Finally, the two groups differed significantly when asked to rank the perceived importance of certain factors (the histopathology of the most recent biopsy and the anatomical site of the lesion) when deciding the need to follow‐up. Possible reasons for the variation are discussed.
Ultrastructural organization and microanalysis studies of deciduous enamel crystallites in regional odontodysplasia (RO)
Authors: Rohanizadeh R. , Pouëzat J. , Bohne W. , Ajacques J.C.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructural organization and chemical components of enamel crystallites in two deciduous teeth affected by RO, an uncommon developmental condition giving the tooth a ghost‐like appearance, were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis and Fourier transform improved microspectroscopy. Pathologic mineralizations involving prismatic structures, which affected the size, shape and stoichiometric structure of crystallites and led to enhanced Mg/Ca and Na/Ca ratios and crystal defects, were observed. Local circulatory disorders may have caused this developmental anomaly.
Interferon‐γ‐producing cells and inducible nitric oxide synthase‐producing cells in periapical granulomas
Authors: Kabashima Hiroaki , Nagata Kengo , Maeda Katsumasa , Lijima Tadahiko
Published: August 2010

Periapical granulomas contain a large number of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages and a small number of B lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Sections from eight periapical granulomas were stained by a variety of immunohistochemical methods. The vascular endothelial cells stained positively for intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1. Helper T cells were identified by immunostaining for CD4 and stained positively for interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). However, CD4‐positive T cells did not stain for interleukin‐4 (IL‐4). Monocytes/macrophages were identified by immunostaining for CD68 and stained positively for IL‐lγ or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). IL‐1β could not be detected in the same samples. No cytokine expression was observed in B cells identified by immunostaining for CD20. IFN‐γ‐and iNOS‐positive cells could not be detected in clinically healthy periodontal ligament being used as a negative control. These results suggest that the IFN‐γ‐producing T cells and iNOS‐positive cells may modulate the progress of disease in local inflammation sites such as in periapical granulomas.
Detection of telomerase activity in oral lesions
Authors: Sumida Tomoki , Sogawa Kenichi , Hamakawa Hiroyuki , Sugita Atsuro , Tanioka Hiroaki , Ueda Norifumi
Published: August 2010

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex intimately associated with cell immortalization and neoplastic transformation. In almost all types of cancer this enzyme is reactivated and stabilizes telomere length. It may be necessary for continuous cell proliferation. In this study we used a non‐radioactive polymerase chain reaction assay to analyze telomerase activity in various tissue specimens taken from the oral cavity. Four of 4 (100%) squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, 28 of 29 (96%) malignant tumors, 10 of 28 (36%) benign lesions, and none of the 14 (0%) oral control tissues possessed telomerase activity. Moreover, 4 of 15 (27%) oral rinses and 3 of 3 (100%) samples of ascites and pleural effusion taken from patients with oral malignancy were telomerase positive. These findings indicate that the evaluation of telomerase activity in tissue and body fluid specimens may provide information useful in the diagnosis of oral malignancy.
Intra‐epithelial subpopulations of T lymphocytes and Langerhans cells in oral lichen planus
Authors: Walton L. J. , Macey M. G. , Thornhill M. H. , Farthing P. M.
Published: August 2010

This study has addressed the question of whether there is selective recruitment and distribution of intra‐epithelial leucocytes in lesions of oral lichen planus (OLP). T‐lymphocyte subsets were examined in the epithelium and peripheral blood of patients and controls using flow cytometry and double immunofluorescence, and the relationship between keratinocyte intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) expression with T‐lymphocyte and Langerhans cell (LC) distribution was examined. The circulating ‘memory’subset (CD45RO+) of T‐helper cells (CD4+) was increased from 49.1% in controls to 65.7% in patients (P= 0.005), while the ‘naive’subset (CD45RA+), which was absent from control epithelium, comprised 24% of helper cells in OLP (P=0.037) and all T‐cell and LC counts were significantly raised in ICAM‐1‐expressing areas of epithelium. These data demonstrate changes in intra‐epithelial T‐lymphocyte and LC populations compared with normal oral mucosa and suggest there is selective recruitment in OLP. In addition, Keratinocyte ICAM‐1 expression does appear to be associated with accumulation of infiltrating T lymphocytes and LC.
Concurrent HPV infection in oral and genital mucosa
Authors: Badaracco Gianna , Venuti Aldo , Di Lonardo Anna , Scambia Giovanni , Mozzetti Simona , Panici Pierluigi Benedetti , Mancuso Salvatore , Marcante Maria Luisa
Published: August 2010

Screening for human papillomavirus (HPV) types was performed by a PCR‐ based assay on 29 women (mean age 34.0 years, range 21‐48 years). HPV‐DNA was demonstrated in 16 women (55.2%), with a detection rate of 37.9% in the oral cavity and 34.5% in the genital tract. HPV‐16 was the most prevalent genotype (53.8%), followed by HPV‐6, which was present in 34.6% of the positive samples. Other types were more rarely detected. Five subjects showed concurrent genital tract and oral cavity infections but HPV type‐specific concordance was detected in only 3 patients. Multiple HPV infections were found in 9 of the 26 positive samples, where HPV‐6 appeared frequently associated with the other types. These data confirm the occurrence of mixed HPV infections and the wide diffusion of different types of HPV in the genital mucosa and in the oral cavity; they also stress the need to utilize diagnostic methods with a wide typing capacity.
Betel chewer's mucosa ‐ a review
Authors: Reichart P. A. , Philipsen H. P.
Published: August 2010

Betel chewer's mucosa (BCM) was first described and defined in 1971. Its clinical appearance is characterised by a brownish‐red discolouration of the oral mucosa with an irregular epithelial surface that has a tendency to desquamate or peel off. The buccal mucosa is most frequently affected. The prevalence of BCM varies between 0.2% and 60% in different studies from South and Southeast Asia. Women are more frequently affected than men. Betel chewer's mucosa may be found together with other oral mucosal lesions such as leukoedema, leukoplakia and ulceration. The histological features are characteristic. The epithelium is often hyperplastic, and brownish amorphous material derived from the betel quid may be demonstrated not only on the epithelial surface but also intra‐ and inter ‐cellularly. Ballooning of epithelial cells may occur. The etiology is traumatic and possibly chemical. Betel chewer's mucosa is most likely not precancerous. Differential diagnoses include cheek biting, with which it has a number of similarities, and other predominantly white lesions that may have taken up stains from tobacco and other substances. The natural history of BCM should be studied in more detail and its association with other oral mucosal diseases, particularly of a precancerous nature, should be the aim of further investigations.
An electrochemotherapy model for rat tongue carcinoma
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroshi , Kano Makoto , Hoshi Nobuo , Watanabe Kazuo , Satoh Eijyu , Nakayama Bin , Suzuki Toshimitsu
Published: August 2010

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new technique that enhances the antitumor effect of various anticancer agents by delivering high‐voltage electrical impulses to the tumor. A rat squamous cell carcinoma and a hepatocellular carcinoma were transplanted into the tongues of rats and subjected to a) high‐voltage electrical impulses 30 min after the injection of bleomycin, b) bleomycin treatment alone, and c) electrical treatment alone. A non‐treated control group was also included. Following ECT, the tongue tumors were no longer visible from the 3rd day after treatment and histological examination revealed complete regression, whereas tumors that received either high‐voltage impulses alone or bleomycin alone showed no detectable changes. The healing process following ECT progressed smoothly, including that of the normal tissue within the electrical field that was seriously damaged. ECT was shown to be an efficient therapy for treating tumors of the tongue, and it is expected to be suitable for the treatment of human oral cancers as soon as problems related to ECT damage of normal tissue are overcome.
Expression of cadherins and catenins in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Williams H. K. , Sanders D. S. A. , Jankowski J. A. Z. , Landini G. , Brown A. M. S.
Published: August 2010

The immunocytochemical expression of cadherins and catenins was examined during the process of oral carcinogenesis by comparing their expression in normal and dysplastic epithelium with primary and metastatic carcinomas. While control epithelium showed normal distribution for P and E cadherin and the catenins, in severe dysplasia P‐cadherin was upregulated. In other cases and in carcinoma‐in‐situ adjacent to infiltrating carcinomas, membranous expression of the cadherins and catenins was reduced or lost. The changes in expression of E‐cadherin and the catenins suggest that disruption of the E‐cadherin/catenin complex is a late event associated with invasion. In primary carcinomas reduced membranous and cytoplasmic staining were observed for both cadherins and catenins. Abnormal localisation of E‐cadherin occurred in the more superficial parts of the better differentiated carcinomas, suggesting abnormality to the E‐cadherin complex(es). In contrast, membranous expression of cadherins and catenins was reduced or lost in the deep invasive margin of primary carcinomas and in most poorly differentiated carcinomas. For E‐cadherin at least, this reduction appears associated with differentiation, invasion and possibly prognosis. Possible mechanisms involved for changes in expression of the cadherins and associated catenins and areas for further study are discussed.
Epithelial p53 gene expression and mutational analysis, combined with growth fraction assessment, in oral lichen planus
Authors: Schifter Mark , Jones Alexandra M. , Walker D. Murray
Published: August 2010

The immunohistochemical detection of epithelial p53 protein expression in oral lichen planus (OLP) biopsies was supplemented with molecular analysis for mutations of the p53 gene using the polymerase chain reaction ‐ single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) technique. p53 protein expression, in the basal epithelial cell layer, as detected by the DO7 and 1801 antibodies, was significantly more frequent in OLP compared with other oral keratoses and normal mucosa, as was the growth fraction. The 10 OLP biopsies that had the most frequent p53 staining (plus a case of OLP found in continuity with a SCC) were screened by the PCR‐SSCP technique, but no mutations were detected in the p53 gene (exons 5–9). The p53 overexpression in the OLP samples may be a physiological response to the hyper‐proliferative state, as revealed by the growth fraction determination. This may usefully serve to protect against mutagenesis, and so be a factor in the low incidence of carcinoma associated with OLP.
Relationship of p53 overexpression to other cell cycle regulatory proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Warnakulasuriya K. A. A. S. , Tavassoli M. , Johnson N. W.
Published: August 2010

Aberrations of the p53 gene and the overexpression of its protein are described in a variety of neoplasms, including oral and other head and neck cancers. Here we report the association of p53 (over)expression with a downstream cell cycle inhibitor p21/waf 1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The loss of expression of p16 and p27, two other cyclin‐dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors, was also examined. In this panel of tumours, 10/24 carcinomas were p53‐immunopositive. Heterogeneous expression of p21 and p27 was seen in 10/24 SCC and 9/16 SCC, respectively, and this was not correlated to p53 status. The expression of p21 and p27 in these SCCs suggests the existence of mechanisms by which some growing tumour cells may tolerate these cell cycle inhibitors; eight SCCs lacked expression of both inhibitors but only two of these cancers overexpressed p53, suggesting that accumulation of p21/p27 can be independent of the functional status of the p53 gene. Data do not support a clear example of a phenotype that shows an overexpression of p53 with downregulation of p21 or p27 leading to cell cycle alterations. Furthermore, only three SCCs were p16‐negative and p53‐positive. This suggests that these two tumour suppressors may act in separate pathways.
Localization of mRNA for inflammatory cytokines in radicular cyst tissue by in situ hybridization, and induction of inflammatory cytokines by human gingival fibroblasts in response to radicular cyst contents
Authors: Honma Masanori , Hayakawa Yumiko , Kosugi Hiromi , Koizumi Fumitomo
Published: August 2010

The expression of mRNA encoding the inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) have been examined in radicular cysts by in situ hybridization. Furthermore, the biological activity of the contents of radicular cysts (RCC) has been assayed by adding extracts of RCC to cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and analyzing the culture medium for the release of inflammatory cytokines. In the epithelial layer, keratinocytes expressed all cytokine mRNAs examined at various levels. Basal layer cells expressed mRNA for each cytokine. In the subepithelial granulation tissue of the cysts, fibroblasts and macrophages expressed mRNA for IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1β and TNF‐α mRNA at varying levels; especially clear expression of TNF‐α and IL‐1β mRNA was detected on macrophages. The infiltrating lymphoid cells, largely composed of T cells and plasma cells, expressed these cytokine mRNAs, especially those encoding IL‐6 and IL‐8, at various levels. In vitro analysis indicated dose‐dependent release of both IL‐6 and IL‐8 by HGFs in response to RCC. After heating to 100°C for 10 min, RCC almost completely failed to stimulate IL‐6 release from HGFs. Furthermore, anti‐IL‐1β antibody (neutralization test) did not prevent the stimulation of IL‐6 release by RCC. Significant amounts of IL‐6 and IL‐8 were detected in RCC in two cases, and a trace amount of IL‐1β was detected in one case. This study demonstrated the wide expression of mRNA encoding inflammatory cytokines in radicular cyst tissues, and RCC itself was capable of stimulating 1L‐6 and 1L‐8 production from HGFs.
High‐resolution DNA flow cytometry in papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumour)
Authors: Hemmer Joerg , van Heerden Willie F. P. , Polackova Jitka , Kraft Klaus
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐eight examples of papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumour) of the parotid gland were analysed by high‐resolution DNA flow cytometry. The mean coefficient of variation was found to be 1.19% (SD:0.41). All tumours were DNA diploid. These results did not correspond with expected deviations based on published chromosomal studies. Also, the homogeneously low Sphase fractions (mean: 4.8%; SD: 2.7) found did not support the hypothesis of etiologically distinctive subgroups in these tumours.
Multiple supernumerary teeth in two brothers: a case report
Authors: Desai Rajiv S. , Shah Nandini P.
Published: August 2010

Supernumerary teeth (hypersontia) are relatively common in the general population and occur more frequently in patients with a family history of such teeth. Supernumerary teeth have been reported in many genetic syndromes, but multiple supernumerary teeth occurring as an isolated non‐syndromic trait are rare. This article describes a rare non‐syndromic variety of multiple impacted supernumerary teeth in two brothers.
Detection of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA and antigens in oral mucosa of renal transplant patients without clinical evidence of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL)
Authors: Ammatuna Pietro , Capone Francesca , Giambelluca Daniela , Pizzo Ignazio , D'Alia Giuseppe , Margiotta Valerio
Published: August 2010

The use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA in oral mucosa in the absence of specific lesions gives rise to the problem of identifying the real viral replication sites. To verify whether the detection of EBV is due to salivary contamination or its true replicative capacity in oral mucosa, saliva samples and exfoliated cells from four different oral mucosa sites were taken from 40 renal transplant patients and 20 normal subjects for examination by PCR using two pairs of primers specific for the BamHI‐L and BamHI‐K genomic regions. EBV‐specific sequences were detected in one or more of the oral mucosa samples from 29 transplant patients (72.5%) and six healthy controls (30%), and in the sliva samples of 16 transplant patients (40%) and three healty controls (15%). A total of 89 oral mucosa smears from 29 transplant patients, and 13 from healthy subjects, were EBV‐positive. The positive samples were also investigated by means of in situ hybridization in order to confirm the intracellular presence of the viral genome, and by means of immunofluorescence testing with monoclonal antibodies to assess the possible expression of viral antigens. Hybridization with the EBV‐specific probe was observed in 40/89 and 2/13 samples, respectively. Latent antigens (with or without lytic antigens) were detected in only 23 of the 40 samples (collected from eight different transplant patients) that were positive by in situ hybridization. Our data show that EBV is more frequently present in the oral mucosa of immunodeficient patients (where it can efficiently replicate) than in normal subjects.
p53, PCNA and Ki‐67 expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas: the vagaries of fixation and microwave enhancement of immunocytochemistry
Authors: Allison R. T. , Best Teresa
Published: August 2010

Proliferation markers are widely used as indicators of tumour progression and aggression. Fixation and antigen retrieval methods may enhance the immunocytochemical sensitivity of these markers but may also lead to loss of specificity. As these methods are often used quantitatively, standardisation of internal and external methodology is paramount. This study aimed to compare the effects of alcohol and formalin fixation and of microwaving on the immunocytochemical demonstration of p53, PCNA and Ki‐67 in oral squamous cell carcinoma using duplicate tissue blocks from 24 cases. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in antigen expression were revealed. Whilst alcohol fixation alone at least maintained and usually increased the strength of positive staining, microwaving alcohol‐fixed sections often gave rise to non‐specific staining. p53 staining following microwave enhancement of alcohol‐fixed tissue showed a significant incidence of conversion of negative results to positive and of positive staining in unexpected tissue components. Alcohol fixation increased the sensitivity of PCNA detection with a far less dramatic loss of specificity. The results emphasise the need for careful standardisation of immunocytochemical methods, particularly when used quantitatively and for inter‐laboratory comparisons.
Prevalence of Candida species in AIDS patients and HIV‐free subjects in Thailand
Authors: Teanpaisan R. , Nittayananta W.
Published: August 2010

Teanpaisan R, Nittayananta W: Prevalence of Candida species in AIDS patients and HIV‐free subjects in Thailand. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 4–7. © Munksgaard, 1998.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of Candida species among groups of HIV‐infected and HIV‐free subjects in Thailand and to ascertain whether particular Candida species were associated with HIV infection. Oral rinse specimens were collected from 45 AIDS patients (CDC stage IV), 74 HIV‐free healthy subjects, and 42 HIV‐free patients who had clinical candidiasis. Yeasts recovered in culture were identified and quantified. The mean ages of the cohorts were 30.75 ± 8.19 years (AIDS group), 28.50 ± 7.98 (HIV‐free healthy group) and 41.83 ± 12.25 years (HIV‐free candidiasis group). Yeasts were isolated from 30/45 (66.66%, range 6.6 ± 102‐5.7 × 106 CFU/ml) of the AIDS group, 8/74 (10.81%, range 8.0 × 101‐3.5 × 104 CFU/ml) of the HIV‐free healthy group, and 24/42 (57.14%, range l.0 × 10 102‐1.1 × 105 CFU/ml) of the HIV‐free candidiasis group. There were statistically significant differences in the Candida colony counts between the AIDS group without oral candidiasis and the healthy group (P=0.0078) and between the AIDS group with candidiasis and the HIV‐free, oral candidiasis group (P= 0.0003). Candida albicans was the most common species recovered from AIDS patients (29 out of 30; 96.66%).
Significant correlation between matrix metalloproteinase activity and tumor necrosis factor‐oc in salivary extravasation mucoceles
Authors: Hoque Mohammad Obaidul , Azuma Masayuki , Sato Mitsunobu
Published: August 2010

Hoque MO, Azuma M, Sato M: Significant correlation between matrix metalloproteinase activity and tumor necrosis factor‐a in salivary extravasation mucoceles. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 30–3. © Munksgaard, 1998.

We examined the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐a in luminal fluid of 18 extravasation mucoceles and in saliva from Wharton's duct of five patients by means of gelatin zymography and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. The luminal fluid showed a high level of MMP activity compared with the saliva. Quantitative determination by enzyme immunoassay revealed that the luminal fluid contained higher levels of TNF‐a than the saliva. In addition, the amount of TNF‐a in luminal fluid exhibited a direct correlation with MMP activity estimated by densitometric analysis of gelatin zymograms. Since TNF‐a stimulates the production of MMPs from cells such as fibroblasts, these results suggest that TNF‐a is one of the causal molecules that enhance the accumulation of proteolytic enzymes in luminal fluid of mucoceles.
Application of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the nasal and oral cavities
Authors: Mishima Kenji , Matsuoka Hiroki , Yamada Eiji , Yoshikawa Takafumi , Shiotani Hiroshi , Takayama Kenichi , Kirita Tadaaki , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Sugimura Masahito , Ichijima Kunio
Published: August 2010

Mishima K, Matsuoka H, Yamada E, Yoshikawa T, Shiotani H, Takayama K, Kirita T, Yamamoto K, Sugimura M, Ichijima K: Application of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the nasal and oral cavities. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 43–7. © Munksgaard, 1998.

Difficulties are often encountered in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the oral and nasal cavities by histology and immunohistochemistry because these malignancies may be complicated by inflammation and necrosis. In the present study, immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and T‐cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements were examined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded specimens obtained from 18 patients; the advantages of this method were evaluated. Twelve of these patients were diagnosed as having malignant lymphoma and six had tumors highly suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Fourteen (78%) of the 18 cases were diagnosed as malignant lymphoma histologically and immunohistochemically. Sixteen (89%) of the 18 cases were shown to be monoclonal by PCR. The four cases that could not be histologically or immunohistochemically diagnosed as malignant lymphoma showed monoclonal gene rearrangement by PCR. As a result, six patients suspected of having a malignant lymphoma were diagnosed as having one. The diagnosis of malignant lymphoma by PCR alone still has various problems. However, when the results of PCR are evaluated together with histopathological and immunohisto‐chemical results, PCR makes a useful contribution to the diagnosis of malignant lymphomas of the nasal and oral cavities.
Epstein‐Barr virus in tobacco‐induced oral cancers and oral lesions in patients from India
Authors: D'Costa Jenice , Saranath Dhananjaya , Sanghvi Vikram , Mehta Ashok R.
Published: August 2010

D'Costa J, Saranath D, Sanghvi V, Mehta AR: Epstein‐Barr virus in tobacco‐induced oral cancers and oral lesions in patients from India. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 78–82. © Munksgaard, 1998.

We examined 103 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), 100 oral lesions consisting primarily of leukoplakia (82 cases), and 76 clinically normal mucosa specimens from the contralateral site in the oral cavity of individuals with oral lesions, for the presence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 239 bp fragment of the BamHIL region of the EBV genome, followed by Southern blot hybridization with EBV oligonucleotide probe to increase further the specificity and sensitivity of the assay system. Since EBV seropositivity is frequent in populations, we also examined the peripheral blood cells (PBC) from 141 patients (50 oral cancer patients, 91 patients with oral lesions) for the presence of EBV We detected EBV in 25 of 103 (25%) OSCC, 13 of 100 (13%) oral lesions, 3 of 76 (4%) clinically normal mucosa samples and 10 of 141 (7%) PBC. Our results indicate that EBV may contribute as one of the multiple factors in oral cancers, in a certain proportion of Indian patients.
Cytomorphometric analysis of squames obtained from normal oral mucosa and lesions of oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ramaesh T. , Mendis B. R. R. N. , Ratnatunga N. , Thattil R. O.
Published: August 2010

Ramaesh T, Mendis BRRN, Ratnatunga N, Thattil RQ: Cytomorphometric analysis of squames obtained from normal oral mucosa and lesions of oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 83–6. © Munksgaard, 1998.

Cell and nuclear diameters (CD and ND) were measured in squames obtained from normal buccal mucosa and lesions of oral leukoplakia and squamous carcinoma (SCC) also from buccal mucosa. The study groups consisted of Group 1: normal buccal mucosa (n= 40); Group 2: lesions with no epithelial dysplasia (n= 58); Group 3: lesions with epithelial dysplasia (n= 27); and Group 4: SCC lesions (n= 51). The mean CD and ND values were: Group 1: 51.78 (± 0.11) and 8.36 (± 0.49); Group 2: 45.73 (± 0.16) and 8.31(± 0.68); Group 3: 41.32 (± 0.13) and 9.04 (± 0.46); Group 4: 38.58 (± 0.11) and 10.10 (± 0.56) urn, respectively. Correlation between the ND and CD was positive for Group 1 (r= 0.78, P < 0.05) and Group 2 (r= 0.33, P < 0.05). There were no significant correlations in Groups 3 and 4. ANOVA showed significant differences (P < 0.05) for CD between all four groups. Except between Groups 1 and 2, the ND was significantly different (P < 0.05) between all groups. The results indicate that ND and CD could possibly be sensitive parameters in the diagnosis of oral premalignant and malignant lesions.
Detection of serum antibodies against cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus and human herpesvirus 6 in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Ghodratnama F. , Wray D. , Bagg J.
Published: August 2010

There has recently been renewed interest in the possible role of viruses in recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). In this study, sera from 22 patients with RAS, 24 patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and 15 healthy controls were screened for IgG and IgM class antibodies to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6). Commercially available ELISA and immunofluorescence kits were employed. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of IgG antibodies to HCMV, VZV or HHV‐6 among the three patient groups. Similarly, there were no significant differences between the prevalence of HCMV and VZV IgM antibodies among RAS patients and controls. However, specific HHV‐6 IgM was detected in 21 (95%) of the RAS patients and 17 (71%) of the lichen planus patients compared with 8 (53%) of the healthy controls. This difference between RAS patients and controls was statistically significant (P<0.01). These results do not support an aetiological role for HCMV or VZV in RAS but suggest possible involvement of HHV‐6.
Oral lichen planus in patients infected or noninfected with hepatitis C virus: the role of autoimmunity
Authors: Carrozzo M. , Gandolfo S. , Lodi G. , Carbone M. , Garzino‐Demo P. , Carbonero C. , Porter S. R. , Scully C.
Published: August 2010

Serum proteins, serum immunoglobulins, anti‐nuclear antibodies (ANA), antismooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), anti‐mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), anti‐liver‐kidney antibodies (LKM), anti‐parietal‐cell gastric antibodies (APCA), anti‐epithelial antibodies and concomitant autoimmune disease were studied in 27 OLP‐HCV+ve subjects and in a comparable group of 23 who were OLP‐HCV‐ve. In addition, all the patients with chronic liver disease who were seropositive for ANA, AMA or LKM were scored using the new aggregate scoring system to detect those with the accepted criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Hypergammaglobulinemia was more frequent in OLP‐HCV+ve than in OLP‐HCV‐ve (P=0.008) subjects. Serum IgG and IgM levels were higher in HCV+ve than in HCV‐ve (respectively, P=0.017 and P=0.018) individuals. However, there was no difference in the frequency of any autoantibody between OLP‐HCV+ve and OLP‐HCV‐ve patients. Overall, immunologically‐related abnormalities were found in 17(63%) OLP‐HCV+ve and 11(48%) OLP‐HCV‐ve (P=0.43) patients. Three OLP‐HCV‐ve and no OLP‐HCV+ve patients had score criteria of probable AIH. The present and our previous data suggest that OLP patients with HCV infection neither had evidence of autoimmune liver damage nor had abnormal humoral immune‐responses, with the exception of higher than control levels of serum immunoglobulins. Cryoglobulins may be responsible.
Anti‐cytoplasmic autoantibodies reactive with epithelial cells of the salivary gland in sera from patients with Sjögren's syndrome: their disease‐ and organ‐specificities
Authors: Sakamoto Maya , Miyazawa Masaaki , Mori Shiro , Fujisawa Ryuichi
Published: August 2010

To test whether the autoantibodies reactive with epithelial cells of the salivary gland in sera from Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients are specific for the organ and the disease, tissue reactivities of serum IgG obtained from the patients with SS and oral lichen planus (OLP), another immune‐mediated oral mucosal disease, were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. IgG purified from the sera of SS patients specifically localized not only on the nuclei but also on the cytoplasm of the salivary gland epithelial cells. On the other hand, no convincing staining of the epithelial cells was observed when IgG purified from the sera of OLP patients or those from healthy controls were used for immunohistochemistry. No cytoplasmic staining was observed when sections of kidneys and pancreas were stained with SS patients’IgG. In Western blotting performed by using lysates of a submandibular gland as antigens, all the IgG prepared from the SS patients reacted prominently with several protein bands, including those specific for the disease and the organ. These results suggest that production of autoantibodies reacting with the cytoplasm of salivary gland epithelial cells is a characteristic of SS, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of the sialadenitis.
Effect of epidermal growth factor administration on the development of mouse salivary gland carcinomas
Authors: Tsujimoto Hitoshi , Yura Yoshiaki , Yoshioka Yukio , Kusaka Jun , Yoshida Hideo , Sato Mitsunobu
Published: August 2010

This study investigated whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) administration was capable of modifying salivary gland carcinogenesis. Two groups of mice were given 1 mg of 9, 10‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benzanthracene (DMBA) into the left submandibular gland, and then Group 1 mice received 2 μg of EGF and Group 2 mice received vehicle subcutaneously for 8 weeks. Mice in two other groups, 3 and 4, received either EGF or vehicle alone. Twelve weeks after the start of the experiment, the incidences of submandibular gland carcinomas in Groups 1 and 2 were 39% and 58%, respectively, although this difference was not statistically significant. Duct‐ and cyst‐like structures and carcinomas in the left submandibular glands were weakly stained by anti‐EGF receptor (EGFR) antibody. Immunoblot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysesrevealed the expression of EGFR in the submandibular glands and carcinomas. However, EGFR was undetectable in YT cells that were derived from a submandibular gland undifferentiated carcinoma of a Group 2 mouse. These findings indicate that EGF does not promote tumor induction in mouse salivary gland carcinogenesis. This may be ascribed in part to the low expression level of EGFR in tumor cells.
Oral mucosal leishmaniasis as a presenting feature of HIV infection and its management
Authors: Chaudhry Zareena , Barrett Andrew W. , Corbett Elizabeth , French Patrick D. , Zakrzewska Joanna M.
Published: August 2010

Leishmaniasis is a chronic parasitic protozoal disease transmitted by sandfly vectors and is endemic in some regions of South America, Asia, Africa and Mediterranean countries. This case report describes a British patient who presented with oral mucosal leishmaniasis and in whom it was also the first sign of HIV disease. We believe it is the first reported case of isolated oral mucosal leishmaniasis as a presenting feature of otherwise unknown HIV infection.
Oral lesions in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Nicolatou Ourania , Theodoridou Maria , Mostrou Glyceria , Velegraki Aristea , Legakis Nicholas J.
Published: August 2010

Fifteen vertically HIV‐infected children aged between 2 and 12 years were followed up for 1 year, weekly to monthly, to study the incidence of oral lesions. At the time of first examination, oral candidiasis (OC) was observed in nine children. Seven children presented with the erythematous type only and two with pseudomembranous oral candidiasis. Four cases of cheilitis were seen in association with the erythematous forms of oral candidiasis. One erythematous candidiasis progressed to pseudomembranous form. A second case of erythematous OC, after multiple recurrences in the form of erythematous OC, recurred as pseudomembranous OC. Another case of erythematous OC and one of pseudomembranous OC presented after multiple recurrences as a persistent, adherent pseudomembranous OC. An orofacial herpes‐zoster infection, a hairy leukoplakia and a necrotic lingual ulcer were observed as second lesions and in association with oral candidiasis in three children. Erythematous oral candidiasis was the most frequent oral HIV‐related lesion, was observed in different stages of HIV‐infection, and in some cases progressed to pseudomembranous candidiasis. A different, selectively resistant, Candida clone was isolated in three cases of recurrent candidiasis.
Deficiency in collagen and fibronectin phagocytosis by human buccal mucosa fibroblasts in vitro as a possible mechanism for oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Tsai C. C. , Ma R. H. , Shieh T. Y.
Published: August 2010

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a chronic oral mucosal condition commonly found in south Asians, is a disorder characterized by a quantitative as well as a qualitative alteration of collagen deposition within the subepithelial layer of the oral mucosa. Since degradation of collagen by fibroblast phagocytosis is an important pathway for physiological remodelling of soft connective tissues, we have investigated phagocytosis of collagen‐ and fibronectin‐coated latex beads by fibroblast cultures with an in vitro model system. Coated fluorescent latex beads were incubated with human oral mucosa fibroblasts and the fluorescence associated with internalized beads was measured by flow cytometry. Cells from normal tissues that had been incubated with beads for 16 h contained a mean of 75% collagen phagocytic cells and 70% fibronectin phagocytic cells; however, about 15% and 10% of phagocytic cells individually contained more than twice the mean number of beads per cell. In contrast, cells from OSF tissues exhibited a 40% reduction of the proportions of collagen phagocytic cells (mean=35%) and a 48% decrease of the proportions of fibronectin phagocytic cells (mean=22%), none of the cells having a high number of beads as compared to normal fibroblasts. OSF lesions appear to contain fibroblasts with marked deficiencies in collagen and fibronectin phagocytosis. To investigate if inhibition of phagocytosis could be demonstrated in vitro, normal fibroblast cultures were incubated with areca nut alkaloids (arecoline, arecaidine). The cultures had a dose‐dependent reduction in the proportions of phagocytic cells. On the other hand, corticosteroid used in the treatment of OSF exhibited a dose‐dependent enhancement in the proportion of phagocytic cells. Therefore, our hypothesis for OSF, although over‐simplified, is that betel nut alkaloids (arecoline, arecaidine) inhibit fibroblast phagocytosis and this provides a mechanism for the development of OSF. The benefit of a local intralesional injection of corticosteroid is also possibly, at least in part, through an enhancement of fibroblast collagen phagocytosis.
Effects of areca nut, inflorescence piper betle extracts and arecoline on cytotoxicity, total and unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured gingival keratinocytes
Authors: Jeng Jiiang‐Huei , Hahn Liang‐Jiunn , Lin Bor‐Ru , Hsieh Chi‐Chuan , Chan Chiu‐Po , Chang Mei‐Chi
Published: August 2010

Betel quid (BQ) chewing has a strong correlation with oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. For elucidation of its pathogenesis, we investigated the effects of areca nut (AN) and inflorescence piper betle (IPB) extracts and arecoline on the growth, total DNA synthesis (TDS) and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) of cultured human gingival keratinocytes (GK). Arecoline and AN extract suppressed the growth of GK over 5 days of incubation in a dose‐dependent fashion. At concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml, AN extract suppressed the growth of GK by 31%, 46% and 90%, respectively. The IPB extracts exerted less inhibitory effect on the growth of GK. IPB extract (200–400 μg/ml) decreased cell numbers by 20–40% over 5 days of incubation. Moreover, at a concentration of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mM, arecoline suppressed cell growth by 44%, 77% and 96%, respectively. However, only AN extract induced TDS and UDS in cultured GK within 6 h of exposure. Induction of UDS by AN extract was concomitant with the presence of apparent intracellular vaculoization. Arecoline was also toxic to GK, but did not induce intracellular vacuolization. At a concentration range of 200–1600 μ/ml, AN extract induced TDS by 2.1‐ to 6.5‐fold. Furthermore, at a concentration of 400–1600 μ/ml, AN extract elevated the UDS by 2.4‐ to 5.5‐fold more than that of untreated control. On the contrary, IPB extract (200–1600 μ/ml) and arecoline (0.2–1.6 mM) inhibited the TDS and UDS of GK to a different extent. Simultaneous exposure of confluent GK to AN extract, IPB extract and arecoline for 1 to 5 days led to different degrees of cytotoxicity that was dose‐and time‐dependent. These results indicate that AN, IPB and arecoline take part in the pathogenesis of BQ chewing‐related oral mucosal lesions, possibly through both genotoxic and non‐genotoxic mechanisms.
Aberrant expression of cyclin A and cyclin B1 proteins in oral carcinoma
Authors: Kushner Jennifer , Bradley Grace , Young Beverley , Jordan Richad C. K.
Published: August 2010

Cyclins play an important role in regulating the passage of dividing cells through critical checkpoints in cell cycle. Aberrant exprssion of cylcin proteins has been found in a number of human cancers, including carcinomas of the head and neck, where amplification of the cyclin D1 gene is a common finding. The obective of this study was to examine cell cycle kinetics in oral carcinomas by determining the expression the S phase protein cylcin A and the M phase protein cyclin B1. Routinely processed tissue sections of 50 oral squamous cell carcinomas from the floor of the mouth were stained by immunohistochemistry for cyclin A, cyclin B1 and Ki‐67 proteins. Ten specimens of normal epithelium from the floor of the mouth were used as controls. Teh number of cells showing nuclear staining for cylin A, cyclin B1 and Ki‐67 proteins was determined by computer image analysis. There were 17 well‐differentiated, 25 moderately differentiated and 8 poorly differentiated tumours. Mean counts for cylcin A (29.50 ± 4.10, Mean ± 95% CI), cyclin B1 (2.05 ± 0.30) and Ki‐67 (49.46 ± 5.91) protiens in the carcinomas were significantly higher than counts for the normal epithelial controls (cyclin A: 930 ± 1.72; cyclin B1: 1.01 ± 0.36; Ki‐67: 17.4. ± 4.17). For cyclin A, cyclin B1 and Ki‐67, mean staining scores fosr all tumour grades were significantly higher than controsl. There was a strong correlation between ki‐67 and cyclin A scores in all tumour groups (r2=0.68); however, the correlations between cyclin B1 and Cyclin A Scores(r2=0.35) and between clylcin B1 and ki‐67 scores (r2=0.39) were weak. We conclude that there is overexpression of cyclin A and cyclin B1 proteins in oral carcinoma. Furthermore, the poor correlations for cylcin B1 scores with other cell cycle indices suggest that there may be aberrant cell cycle progression at G2/M checkpoint in oral carcinomas.
Angiosarcoma of the tongue: report of a case with immunohistochemical findings
Authors: Tabata Masashi , Sugihara Kazumasa , Matsui Ryutaro , Yonezawa Suguru , Abeyama Kazuhiro , Maruyama Ikuro
Published: August 2010

A case report of angiosarcoma of the tongue is presented. The specimen revealed single and clustered large, pleomorphic, and spindle‐shaped cells with a markedly hemorrhagic background. Tumor cells showed expression of thrombomodulin and E‐selectin, but no expression of Factor VIII‐related antigen, Ulex europaeus agglutinin‐I, vascular endothelial growth factor, and CD34. In the current study, immunohistochemical results using antibodies against thrombomodulin and E‐selection supported the diagnosis of angiosarcoma.