bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prostate cancer grading in 2018: limitations, implementations, cribriform morphology, and biological markers
Authors: Montironi Rodolfo , Cimadamore Alessia , Cheng Liang , Lopez-Beltran Antonio , Scarpelli Marina
Published: June 2018

The Gleason grading system is among the most important prognostic factors in patients with prostate cancer. From the 2005 to the 2014 consensus conferences, organized by the International Society of Urological Pathology, the morphologic criteria for the identification of the Gleason patterns were redefined, thus resulting in the shrinkage of the Gleason pattern 3. This led to the expansion of the Gleason pattern 4. The newly proposed grade group system reduces the Gleason scores of prostate cancer to the lowest number, each associated with a unique behavior from the prognostic point of view. The advantage is that the simplified system with five groups allows for a more accurate stratification of the patients in comparison with the Gleason system. Cribriform, fused, ill-defined and glomeruloid glands are part of the histologic spectrum of the Gleason pattern 4. Cribriform morphology has a prognosis that is worse in comparison with the other non-cribriform Gleason 4 patterns. One of the major implications of the cribriform growth is that it precludes a patient from choosing active surveillance.
The controversial role of Enterococcus faecalis in colorectal cancer
Authors: de Almeida Carolina Vieira , Taddei Antonio , Amedei Amedeo
Published: June 2018

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex and widespread disease, currently ranked as the third most frequent cancer worldwide. It is well known that the gut microbiota has an essential role in the initiation and promotion of different cancer types, particularly gastrointestinal tumors. In fact, bacteria can trigger chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosal, which can induce irreversible changes to intestinal epithelial cells, thus predisposing individuals to cancer. Some bacterial strains, such as Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus bovis, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium septicum and Fusobacterium spp. have a well established role in CRC development. However, the role of Enterococcus faecalis still remains controversial. While part of the literature suggests a harmful role, other papers reported E. faecalis as an important probiotic microorganism, with great applicability in food products. In this review we have examined the vast majority of published data about E. faecalis either in CRC development or concerning its protective role. Our analysis should provide some answers regarding the controversial role of E. faecalis in CRC.
Inflammation, obesity and rheumatic disease: common mechanistic links. A narrative review
Authors: Nikiphorou Elena , Fragoulis George E.
Published: June 2018

Obesity represents a rising global health concern, linked to significant social, psychological and physical burden to the individual affected, people around them and the society as a whole. Obesity has been described as a low-grade inflammatory condition, associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin 6 and altered expression of adipokines. Adipokines, mainly produced by adipose tissue, have mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. Obesity rarely exists on its own; instead, it tends to coexist with (often multiple) other comorbidities, including metabolic, cardiovascular, and rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). In the case of RMDs, evidence is rapidly accumulating on common mechanistic pathways implicated in the inflammatory states seen between RMDs and obesity. Although there remain unanswered questions on the exact mechanisms of inflammation that link obesity to RMDs, what is becoming increasingly known is the association between obesity and adverse clinical outcomes in RMDs. This narrative review discusses insights into mechanisms of inflammation linking obesity and RMDs and evidence on the impact of obesity on treatment response and important disease outcomes. We highlight the importance of targeting obesity, a common and modifiable comorbidity, as part of the routine care of people with RMDs.
Development of a gait module to complement the 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale: a mixed methods study
Authors: Strzok Sara , Cleanthous Sophie , Pompilus Farrah , Cano Stefan J , Marquis Patrick , Cohan Stanley , Goldman Myla D , Kresa-Reahl Kiren , Petrillo Jennifer , Castrillo-Viguera Carmen , Cadavid Diego , Chen Shih-Yin
Published: June 2018

Background and objective

The 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) is a patient-reported outcome instrument that quantifies the progressive loss of walking ability from the patient perspective. However, previous psychometric analyses indicated floor and ceiling effects across the multiple sclerosis severity spectrum. This study aimed to address floor effects by creating a gait module that can be used in conjunction with the MSWS-12 for better measurement of treatment benefit in the higher functioning multiple sclerosis population.

Methods

We used a step-wise mixed methods study design, with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients (wave 1, n=88; wave 2, n=30), combining qualitative (concept elicitation and cognitive debriefing interviews) and quantitative (Rasch Measurement Theory) data collection and analytical techniques and consultation interviews with three neurologists specializing in multiple sclerosis.

Results

Thirty-seven walking ability concepts were identified, and a five-domain conceptual framework was created. Draft items were generated and refined with patient and neurologist input. Draft items covered gait-related concepts such as dragging, shuffling, limping, tripping and falling. Rasch measurement theory psychometric analysis indicated administering MSWS-12 plus gait items improved measurement precision in targeted populations with better walking ability.

Conclusion

Study findings indicate that new gait items could improve sensitivity to detect clinical change in walking ability for higher functioning multiple sclerosis patients.
Similar Interstage Outcomes for Single Ventricle Infants Palliated With an Aortopulmonary Shunt Compared to the Norwood Procedure
Authors: Pizzuto Matthew , Patel Mehul , Romano Jennifer , Retzloff Lauren , Yu Sunkyung , Lowery Ray , Gelehrter Sarah
Published: June 2018

Background:

Interstage outcomes for single ventricle infants following Norwood operation have been well studied, showing significant mortality. Other single ventricle infants require only an aortopulmonary shunt. The aim of the study was to describe the interstage outcomes of this group compared to Norwood patients and identify risk factors for mortality.

Methods:

A single-center retrospective cohort review was performed in patients who underwent a Norwood operation (Norwood) or aortopulmonary shunt (Shunt) during 2000 to 2011 and survived to discharge. Hybrid or pulmonary artery banding patients were excluded. Univariate comparison was made between Norwood and Shunt patients as well as a Shunt subgroup analysis.

Results:

A total of 486 patients (368 Norwood and 118 Shunt) were included. Norwood and Shunt patients were similar in terms of preterm birth, surgery weight, and stage 1 complications. Shunt patients were more likely to be female, have an extracardiac or genetic anomaly, and have a shorter hospital length of stay compared to the Norwood patients (all P < .0001). No significant difference in interstage mortality was seen between the Shunt and Norwood patients (6.8% vs 11.1%, respectively; P = .17). Stage 2 mortality was also similar (Shunt 4.6% vs Norwood 7.8%; P = .25). In the Shunt patients, those who died during interstage weighed less at surgery (2.7 [0.7] kg vs 3.3 [0.7] kg, P = .03) and were more likely to have arrhythmias (50% vs 12%, P = .01), compared to survivors.

Conclusions:

Shunt patients have an interstage mortality that is not significantly less than Norwood patients. Lower weight at surgery and arrhythmias are risk factors for interstage death in Shunt patients.
Assessment of decision-making capacity in patients requesting assisted suicide
Authors: Shaw David , Trachsel Manuel , Elger Bernice
Published: June 2018

In this editorial, we argue that current attitudes toward terminally ill patients are generally too paternalistic, and that it is wrong to assume that patients suffering from mental health issues (including depression) cannot consent to assisted suicide.

Declaration of interest

None.
Interim Futility Monitoring Assessing Immune Therapies With a Potentially Delayed Treatment Effect
Authors: Korn Edward L. , Freidlin Boris
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Introduction of new immune therapies that may have a delayed beneficial effect necessitates re-evaluation of traditional clinical trial designs in oncology. A key design feature of randomized trials is interim futility monitoring, which allows stopping early if the accruing data convincingly demonstrate that the experimental treatment is detrimental or is unlikely to be shown superior to the standard treatment. The appropriateness of futility monitoring is frequently questioned when the effect of the experimental treatment may be delayed (eg, in trials of many immune agents). We examine the advisability of using futility monitoring when there is potential for a delayed treatment effect and make recommendations concerning its use.

Methods

We evaluated the loss of statistical power when using some common futility interim monitoring rules and a new proposed conservative rule via simulation under varying amounts of treatment-effect delay and varying accrual periods. We also considered scenarios where the experimental treatment starts out being worse than the standard treatment but ends up being better, as may sometimes be the case when an immune therapy is compared with an active standard therapy.

Results

Some standard methods of futility monitoring can result in an unacceptable loss of power when there is a delayed treatment effect, especially if the accrual period is rapid or the experimental treatment is initially worse. The proposed conservative futility rule has a negligible loss of power in the situations considered.

Conclusion

Although care must be taken with the choice of futility monitoring when there is a delayed treatment effect, inclusion of appropriate rules can reduce the exposure of patients to ineffective therapies without reducing the probability of correctly identifying effective treatments.
ΦΑΙΝΟΜΕΝΑ ΑΛΕΡΓΙΑΣ ΖΩΩΝ ΕΝ ΤΗ ΠΡΑΞΕΙ
Authors: ΜΠΑΛΩΜΕΝΟΣ ΠΕΤΡΟΣ
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΒΙΤΑΜΙΝΗ (Ε) ΚΑΙ ΣΠΕΡΜΑΤΟΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΤΑΥΡΟΝ
Authors: ΔΗΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ Ε.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
Η ΠΥΟΚΥΑΝΙΚΗ ΜΑΣΤΙΤΙΣ ΤΩΝ ΓΑΛΑΚΤΟΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΩΝ ΑΓΕΛΑΔΩΝ ΠΑΡ' ΗΜΙΝ
Authors: ΤΑΡΛΑΤΖΗΣ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΣ
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
H ΘΕΪΙΚΗ ΜΑΓΝΗΣΙΑ ΚΑΙ H ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΚΟΛΙΚΩΝ
Authors: ΜΑΤΘΑΙΑΚΗΣ ΕΜΜΑΝΟΥΗΛ
Published: June 2018

ΝO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΤΟ ΦΑΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΝ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΤΤΑΡΟΕΜΠΛΟΚΗΣ (INTERFERENCE PHENOMENON)
Authors: DALLING THOMAS
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
Η ΝΟΣΟΣ TOY AUJESKY EN ΕΛΛΑΔΙ (ΨΕΥΔΟΛΥΣΣΑ - MAD ITCH)
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΟΔΟΥΛΟΥ Θ. , ΤΑΡΛΑΤΖΗΣ Κ.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
OMΑΔIKAI ΔΗΛΗΤΗΡΙΑΣΕΙΣ ΚΤΗΝΩΝ ΕΚ MERCURIALIS ANNUA ΕΙΣ ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑΝ ΣΥΚΙΑΣ ΧΑΛΚΙΔΙΚΗΣ
Authors: ΜΕΝΑΣΕ Ι.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΝΕΩΤΕΡΑΙ ΠΑΘΟΓΟΝΙΚΑΙ ΑΝΤΙΛΗΨΕΙΣ
Authors: ΜΑΤΘΑΙΑΚΗΣ ΕΜΜΑΝΟΥΗΛ Α.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
Al ΕΝΤΕΡΙΔΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΝΕΟΓΝΩΝ ΜΟΣΧΩΝ ΚΑΙ Η ΔΙΑ ΧΡΥΣΟΜΥΚΙΝΗΣ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ ΑΥΤΩΝ
Authors: ΤΑΡΛΑΤΖΗΣ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΣ Β.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΕΠΙΔΗΜΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΛΥΣΣΗΣ
Authors: KAPLAN MARTIN M.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΙΝΕΣ ΞΗΡΟΦΘΑΛΜΙΑΣ ΙΑΘΕΙΣΑΙ ΔΙΑ ΧΟΛΙΝΗΣ
Authors: ΔΗΜΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ Ι. , ΚΑΛΑΪΣΑΚΗΣ Π.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ANIMAL BRUCELLOSIS IN DENMARK METHODS OF CONTROL AND ERADICATION
Authors: BENDIXEN H. C.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
H ΤΡΙΧΙΝΩΣΙΣ
Authors: ΚΑΡΔΑΣΗΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
Η ΣΠΟΡΟΤΡΙΧΩΣΙΣ-ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΜΙΑΣ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΕΩΣ ΕΙΣ ΗΜΙΟΝΟΝ
Authors: ΜΑΤΘΑΙΑΚΗ ΕΜΜΑΝΟΥΗΛ Α.
Published: June 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
State of the art of the Fontan strategy for treatment of univentricular heart disease
Authors: van der Ven Jelle P. G. , van den Bosch Eva , Bogers Ad J.C.C. , Helbing Willem A.
Published: June 2018

In patients with a functionally univentricular heart, the Fontan strategy achieves separation of the systemic and pulmonary circulation and reduction of ventricular volume overload. Contemporary modifications of surgical techniques have significantly improved survival. However, the resulting Fontan physiology is associated with high morbidity. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of the Fontan strategy by assessing survival and risk factors for mortality. Complications of the Fontan circulation, such as cardiac arrhythmia, thromboembolism, and protein-losing enteropathy, are discussed. Common surgical and catheter-based interventions following Fontan completion are outlined. We describe functional status measurements such as quality of life and developmental outcomes in the contemporary Fontan patient. The current role of drug therapy in the Fontan patient is explored. Furthermore, we assess the current use and outcomes of mechanical circulatory support in the Fontan circulation and novel surgical innovations. Despite large improvements in outcomes for contemporary Fontan patients, a large burden of disease exists in this patient population. Continued efforts to improve outcomes are warranted. Several remaining challenges in the Fontan field are outlined.
High monocyte to lymphocyte ratio is associated with impaired protection after subcutaneous administration of BCG in a mouse model of tuberculosis
Authors: Zelmer Andrea , Stockdale Lisa , Prabowo Satria A. , Cia Felipe , Spink Natasha , Gibb Matthew , Eddaoudi Ayad , Fletcher Helen A.
Published: June 2018

Background:The only available tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has variable efficacy. New vaccines are therefore urgently needed. Why BCG fails is incompletely understood, and the tools used for early assessment of new vaccine candidates do not account for BCG variability. Taking correlates of risk of TB disease observed in human studies and back-translating them into mice to create models of BCG variability should allow novel vaccine candidates to be tested early in animal models that are more representative of the human populations most at risk. Furthermore, this could help to elucidate the immunological mechanisms leading to BCG failure. We have chosen the monocyte to lymphocyte (ML) ratio as a correlate of risk of TB disease and have back-translated this into a mouse model.

Methods: Four commercially available, inbred mouse strains were chosen. We investigated their baseline ML ratio by flow cytometry; extent of BCG-mediated protection from Mycobacterium tuberculosisinfection by experimental challenge; vaccine-induced interferon gamma (IFNγ) response by ELISPOT assay; and tissue distribution of BCG by plating tissue homogenates.

Results:The ML ratio varied significantly between A/J, DBA/2, C57Bl/6 and 129S2 mice. A/J mice showed the highest BCG-mediated protection and lowest ML ratio, while 129S2 mice showed the lowest protection and higher ML ratio. We also found that A/J mice had a lower antigen specific IFNγ response than 129S2 mice. BCG tissue distribution appeared higher in A/J mice, although this was not statistically significant.

Conclusions:These results suggest that the ML ratio has an impact on BCG-mediated protection in mice, in alignment with observations from clinical studies. A/J and 129S2 mice may therefore be useful models of BCG vaccine variability for early TB vaccine testing. We speculate that failure of BCG to protect from TB disease is linked to poor tissue distribution in a ML high immune environment.
Preparation of organotypic brain slice cultures for the study of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Croft Cara L. , Noble Wendy
Published: June 2018

Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by amyloid-beta deposits in extracellular plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of aggregated tau, synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death.

Transgenic rodent models to study Alzheimer’s mimic features of human disease such as age-dependent accumulation of abnormal beta-amyloid and tau, synaptic dysfunction, cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration. These models have proven vital for improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AD and for identifying promising therapeutic approaches. However, modelling neurodegenerative disease in animals commonly involves aging animals until they develop harmful phenotypes, often coupled with invasive procedures.

We have developed a novel organotypic brain slice culture model to study Alzheimer’s disease using 3xTg-AD mice which brings the potential of substantially reducing the number of rodents used in dementia research from an estimated 20,000 per year. Using a McIllwain tissue chopper, we obtain 36 x 350 micron slices from each P8-P9 mouse pup for culture between 2 weeks and 6 months on semi-permeable 0.4 micron pore membranes, considerably reducing the numbers of animals required to investigate multiple stages of disease. This tractable model also allows the opportunity to modulate multiple pathways in tissues from a single animal. We believe that this model will most benefit dementia researchers in the academic and drug discovery sectors.

We validated the slice culture model against aged mice, showing that the molecular phenotype closely mimics that displayedin vivo, albeit in an accelerated timescale. We showed beneficial outcomes following treatment of slices with agents previously shown to have therapeutic effectsin vivo,and we also identified new mechanisms of action of other compounds. Thus, organotypic brain slice cultures from transgenic mouse models expressing Alzheimer’s disease-related genes may provide a valid and sensitive replacement forin vivostudies that do not involve behavioural analysis.
Recent advances in understanding inherited disorders of keratinization
Authors: Zaki Theodore , Choate Keith
Published: June 2018

The ichthyoses are a heterogeneous group of skin diseases characterized by localized or generalized scaling or both. Other common manifestations include palmoplantar keratoderma, erythroderma, recurrent infections, and hypohidrosis. Abnormal barrier function is a cardinal feature of the ichthyoses, which results in compensatory hyperproliferation and transepidermal water loss. Barrier function is maintained primarily by the stratum corneum, which is composed of cornified cells surrounded by a corneocyte lipid envelope and intercellular lipid layers. The lipid components are composed primarily of ceramides. Human genetics has advanced our understanding of the role of the epidermal lipid barrier, and a series of discoveries in animals and humans revealed mutations in novel genes causing disorders of keratinization. Recently, next-generation sequencing has further expanded our knowledge, identifying novel mutations that disrupt the ceramide pathway and result in disorders of keratinization. This review focuses on new findings in ichthyoses caused by mutations involving lipid synthesis or function or both.
Ways and means
Authors: Rawstrone Annette
Published: June 2018

How the practitioners at one nursery group have become confident in supporting the needs of visually impaired children. By Annette Rawstrone
Adsorptive Behavior of Kaolin for Amido Black Dye in Aqueous Solution
Authors: S. Ayanda Olushola , O. Sodeinde Kehinde , Okolo P. O. , A. Ajayi Ayomitide , M. Nelana Simphiwe , B. Naidoo Eliazer
Published: June 2018

In this study, the adsorption of amido black (AB) dye onto kaolin was investigated. The characterization of kaolin was carried out by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Adsorption studies showed that the adsorption of AB onto kaolin increased with increasing adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH and temperature but decreased with increasing dye concentration. Equilibrium data fitted perfectly into the Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium models, moreover, the kinetic data followed the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption process is endothermic and approximately 60.75% AB reduction was achieved when 0.75 g of kaolin was mixed with 20 mL of 40 mg/L AB for 60 min at 200 rpm. Therefore, this study shows that kaolin can be harnessed for the treatment of textile wastewater.
Fast Determination of Copper Content in Tobacco (Nicotina tabacum L.) Leaves Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy with Univariate and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Peng Jiyu , Ye Lanhan , Shen Tingting , Liu Fei , Song Kunlin , He Yong
Published: June 2018

Abstract.

Fast and effective measures to determine heavy metals play an important role in ensuring food quality and safety. In this experiment, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to detect copper content (Cu) in tobacco ( L.) leaves. The experimental parameters for detection, including laser energy, delay time, and camera gate width, were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis, including partial least squares regression (PLSR) and extreme learning machine (ELM), were used to establish calibration models. In addition, different preprocessing methods were used to eliminate the signal variations and further improve the calibration performance, including baseline correction, background normalization, area normalization, and standard normal variate (SNV) normalization. The results showed that LIBS combined with both univariate and multivariate methods could be used to detect copper content in tobacco leaves. SNV and area normalization were efficient in dealing with signal variations and improving the calibration performance. The ELM model with SNV normalized variables in the spectral region of 324.02 to 325.98 nm achieved the best performance (R2 = 0.9552 and RMSE = 4.8416 mg kg-1 in the testing set). The results provide the first proof-of-principle data for fast determination of copper content in tobacco leaves. Keywords: Copper content, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Multivariate calibration, Response surface methodology, Tobacco leaves, Univariate calibration.
A Weather Generator-Based Statistical Downscaling Tool for Site-Specific Assessment of Climate Change Impacts
Authors: Chen Jie , Zhang Xunchang John , Li Xiangquan
Published: June 2018

Abstract.

Statistical downscaling approaches are usually used to bridge the gap between climate model outputs and data requirements of impact models such as crop and soil erosion models. This study synthesizes, integrates, and standardizes a statistical downscaling method that was initially developed in 2005 and subsequently evaluated and improved during the last decade. A new downscaling software program, Generator for Point Climate Change (GPCC), has been developed to automate and visualize the method to assist end users with detailed technical and user documentation. GPCC readily generates daily time series of climate change scenarios for local and site-specific climate change impact studies using monthly projections from global climate models or regional climate models. The downscaled variables include precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures. This software provides a simple but effective climate downscaling tool for assessing the impacts of climate change on crop production, soil hydrology, and soil erosion at a field scale. The tool can also provide an alternative downscaling method to facilitate the international collaborative efforts of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) for simulation of world food production and food security assessment. The detailed downscaling methods, their scientific bases, and the advantages of GPCC over other commonly used downscaling methods are presented. GPCC is written in the Matlab language, and a standalone version can be run on Windows XP or above without Matlab software. The tool has a graphical user interface that is simple and easy to generate downscaled climates as well as to visualize downscaled outputs. Each interface tab and key button and their functions are described to facilitate its widespread application. Keywords: Agricultural system models, Climate change impacts, Generator for point climate change, Interface, Statistical downscaling, Stochastic weather generator.
Ammonia Emissions from Dairy Lagoons in the Western U.S.
Authors: Leytem April B. , Bjorneberg David L. , Rotz C. Al , Moraes Luis E. , Kebreab Ermias , Dungan Robert S.
Published: June 2018

Abstract.

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from dairy liquid storage systems can be a source of reactive nitrogen (N) released to the environment, with a potential to adversely affect sensitive ecosystems and human health. However, little on-farm research has been conducted to estimate these emissions and determine the factors that may affect these emissions. Six lagoons in south-central Idaho were monitored for one year using open-path Fourier transform spectrometry, with NH3 emissions estimated using inverse dispersion modeling (WindTrax software). Lagoon physicochemical characteristics thought to contribute to NH3 emissions were also monitored over this period. Average total emissions from the lagoons ranged from 12 to 43 kg NH3 ha-1 d-1, or 5.4 to 85 kg NH3 d-1. Emissions from the settling basin on one dairy were 30% of the total emissions from the liquid storage system, indicating that basins are important sources of on-farm NH3 emissions. Emissions generally trended greater during the summer, when temperatures were greater. High wind events and agitation of the lagoons created temporary increases in NH3 emissions irrespective of temperature. Lagoon physicochemical characteristics, such as total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), were highly correlated with emissions (r = 0.52 and 0.55, respectively). Regression models were developed to predict on-farm NH3 emissions and indicated that TKN, TAN, wind speed, air temperature, and pH were the main drivers of these emissions. An on-farm N balance suggested that lagoon NH3-N losses represented 9% of total N lost from the facility, 65% of total lagoon N, and 5% of dairy herd N intake. A process-based model (Integrated Farm System Model) estimated values for N excretion and NH3-N loss from the lagoon within 5% of that measured on-farm. More on-farm research is needed to better refine both process-based models and emission factor estimates to more accurately predict NH3 emissions from lagoons on dairies in the western U.S. Keywords: Ammonia, Emission, Inverse dispersion, Manure.
Detecting Changes in Support Needs Over Time
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Thompson James R. , Shaw Leslie A. , Grandfield Elizabeth M. , Hagiwara Mayumi
Published: June 2018

Assessment of support needs has received significant attention in the disability field, however, little is known about the stability of support needs scores over time. Data from 82 adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) who were reassessed with the Supports Intensity Scale—Adult (SIS—A) version as well as the SIS—A Annual Review Protocol (SIS—A ARP) were analyzed. The findings suggest stability of SIS—A scores over a one- to three-year period in adults with IDD. Several sections of the SIS—A ARP showed discriminative power, particularly sections that asked if there had been changes in a subset of specific life activities assessed on the SIS—A and in medical and behavioral needs. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.
Inference From Facial Expressions Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Goldman Karen J. , Shulman Cory , Burack Jacob A.
Published: June 2018

The focus of this study was the ability of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome to infer meaning from facial expressions in the absence of emotion labels and use this inference in order to adjust their behavior. Participants with Down syndrome (N = 19, mean nonverbal mental age of 5.8 years) and 4- to 7-year-old typically developing children performed a novel task in which happy and angry faces were provided as feedback for a choice made by the participants. In making a subsequent choice, the participants with Down syndrome performed similarly to the 4 year olds, indicating a difficulty using angry faces as feedback. Individual differences within the group were also apparent. Implications for the development of social competence are discussed.
Competencias parentales positivas y Smartphones. Diagnóstico en el contexto familiar
Authors: Ramírez-García Antonia , González-Fernández Natalia , Salcines-Talledo Irina
Published: June 2018

La introducción de Internet y los dispositivos móviles, como el Smartphone en los hogares, ha tenido una gran repercusión en el seno familiar, modificando muchos de los hábitos comunicativos  y relacionales establecidos hasta el momento. En este nuevo contexto, la parentalidad positiva se convierte en el ideal para asegurar y potenciar unas relaciones paterno-filiales óptimas. Con esta investigación, se trata de establecer las competencias parentales que los progenitores deberían promover de cara a asegurar un buen uso y consumo de contenidos digitales a través del Smartphone en el marco de la parentalidad positiva. Para ello, se presenta una investigación cualitativa bibliográfica, en la que se ha realizado una revisión y análisis documental de investigaciones nacionales e internacionales actuales sobre la temática. Los resultados presentan una propuesta de competencias parentales positivas en torno al cuidado y protección del menor, la orientación y organización doméstica, el reconocimiento del menor, la educación, la agencia personal y la competencia para toda la vida.
La Educomunicación en el contexto de las nuevas dinámicas discursivas mediáticas [Editorial]
Authors: Nagamini Eliana , Aguaded Ignacio
Published: June 2018

"Generación LED: Educomunicación, competencias mediáticas y smartphones", es el monográfico que en Mediterránea reúne a un interesante conjunto de reflexiones y debates en torno a la Educomunicación, proyectando caminos novedosos y singulares para entender la interfaz Comunicación y Educación y, por ende, el mundo actual.
Substrate Stiffness Influences the Time Dependence of CTGF Protein Expression in Müller Cells
Authors: Davis Joshua T , Foster William J , Foster William J , Foster William J
Published: June 2018

Following ocular trauma and retinal detachment, gliotic changes in the retina may develop over the subsequent month, a process known as PVR (proliferative vitreoretinopathy). There have been no successful therapeutic interventions to inhibit PVR. The protein CTGF (Connective Tissue Growth Factor) has been associated with retinal PVR and other fibrotic diseases of the retina in clinical studies but the mechanistic link between different pathologies and retinal gliosis has not been determined. In addition, CTGF has been previously noted to be associated, in some cases, with YAP/TAZ (Yes-associated protein and Tafazzin protein complex), transcriptional regulatory proteins that change subcellular localization in response to mechanical cues, such as the stiffness of the underlying material. We have previously shown that the mRNA for CTGF is markedly (100-fold) upregulated in retinal Müller cells grown on soft substrates.

In order to evaluate if the mechanism by which mechanotransduction modulating CTGF production in retinal Müller cells involves the YAP/TAZ complex, this study tests the influence of substrate stiffness on the time dependence of CTGF protein expression, as well as subcellular localization of YAP/TAZ using a conditionally-immortalized mouse retinal Müller cell line plated on laminin-coated, polyacrylamide substrates of varying elastic modulus. Changes were assayed using immunohistochemistry and ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay).

In retinal Müller cells, the relationship between elastic modulus and the pattern of CTGF protein expression was bimodal, with CTGF levels rising more rapidly for cells on hard substrates and more slowly for cells grown on soft substrates. In addition, nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ corresponded directly to the maximum CTGF expression.
Diurnal Variation in the Core Interthreshold Zone in Women and its Sex Difference
Authors: Kakitsuba Naoshi , Mekjavic Igor B.
Published: June 2018

Background:
The core interthreshold zone (CIZ) is defined as the range between core temperature (Tc) at the onset of shivering and the Tc at the onset of sweating under consistent mean skin temperatures of 28°C to 30°C. A previous study demonstrated a diurnal change in the CIZ for male subjects and its relationship to the cutaneous sensation threshold zone (CSZ). In the present study, diurnal changes in the CIZ and the CSZ for young Japanese female subjects were investigated using the same experimental protocol from the study of male subjects and the sex differences in these responses were then examined.

Methods:
The CIZ and the CSZ were measured in 10 female subjects who participated in three experiments in a single day during the morning, afternoon, and evening in the summer of 2014 (single-day experiment), and six female subjects who participated in the same experiments on the morning of day 1, the afternoon of day 2, and the evening of day 3 during the summer of 2016 (multiple-day experiment).

Air temperature was controlled at 25°C. Each subject wore a suit perfused with 25°C water at a rate of 600 cc/min, and exercised at 50% of their maximum work rate on an ergometer for 10–15 min until their sweating rate increased. They then remained seated, without exercising, until their oxygen uptake increased. Rectal temperature, skin temperature at seven sites, the forehead-sweating rate, and oxygen uptake were continuously monitored throughout the experiment. Cutaneous warm and cold sensation thresholds were measured at three sites using 1-cm2 and 2-cm2 probes.

Results:
The results from the single-day experiment demonstrated that the CIZ was proportional to core temperature prior to exercise (Tc-init) whereas the results from the multiple-day experiment demonstrated that the CIZ increased continuously from morning to evening despite almost a constant Tc-init. The CIZ appeared to be proportional to the CSZ measured with the 2-cm2 probe. When compared with the results from the previous study of men, no significant sex difference was observed between the CIZ of 0.25±0.07°C for female subjects and 0.21±0.05°C for male subjects.

Conclusion:
No significant sex difference or diurnal variation in the CIZ was confirmed. Continuous increase in the CIZ from morning until evening is expected in both men and women under a normal Tc circadian rhythm.
Profile of Similarity of Electron Withdrawing Structure Towards Analgesic-Anti-Inflammatory Activity of The Novel Isatin Analogue: Design and Implementation of Phase I Drug Discovery
Authors: Hajare Rahul
Published: June 2018

Isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione ) and derivatives demonstrate a diverse array of biological activities. Isatin and 5-halo derivatives has reacted to form the schiff’s bases , mannich bases and friedal craft alkylation’s to form C-C, C-N, C=N bonds. From the spectral studies, isatin has undergoes reaction at C-3 and N-1 position and synthesized
lead in present schme and seen the similarity of structure and analgesic-anti-inflammatory activity.
Insight into geochemistry of basaltic rocks from Mt Cameroon and characterization of the mantle source
Authors: Ngounouno Yamgouot Fadimatou , Bertrand Gbambie Mbowou Isaac , Ngounouno Ismaïla , Abdoul Youpoungam Azizi , Daama Isaac , Déruelle Bernard
Published: June 2018

Alkaline volcanic activities occurred in the Mt Cameroon at the ocean-continent boundary of the Cameroon Line. It is characterized by a volcanic association of alkali basalts and hawaiites extruded during the late Miocene to Recent times. The major and trace element geochemistry of the Mt Cameroon are consistent with the fractional crystallization of olivine ± clinopyroxene ± plagioclase (± amphibole). Petrographical and mineralogical study reveals the presence of xenocryts (olivine, clinopyroxene and spinel) in Mt Cameroon basalts. Their composition are similar to xenoliths and rocks crystals and they come from cumulates formed in the upper lithospheric mantle. Mt Cameroon magmas were generated near the boundary of garnet and spinel mantle stability domains (60–75 km depth), at the base of the lithospheric mantle that the compositions of the Mt Cameroon magmas are consistent with derivation from a infralithospheric mantle that was metasomatised by carbonatite melts. Basaltic volcanism in the Mt Cameroon occurred probably as a result of minor plume activity coupled with lithospheric extension.
Cultural explanations about meaning and signification in music
Müzikte anlam ve anlamlandırmaya ilişkin kültürel açıklamalar
Authors: Sakar Mümtaz Hakan
Published: June 2018

Taking music as a text and trying to understand it requires being a part of a culture. Because music is the most important cultural form of “a” culture. Meaning and signifying are the communication itself. The unknowns cultural symbols such as a sign, symbol, password, etc. are cognitively and emotionally contented in individuals. The concept of meaning that can not be considered separately with taste can be thought societally and differently and individually and contextually. This work focuses on the formation of musical meaning, the different types of meaning and signfying.  Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetBir metin olarak müziği ele almak ve bu metni anlamaya çalışmak, verili bir kültürün parçası olmayı gerektiriyor. Çünkü müzik “bir” kültürün kültürel biçimlerinden en önemlisidir. Anlam ve anlamlandırma iletişimin ta kendisidir. Verili bir kültüre ait simge, sembol, şifre gibi bilinmezler, bilişsel ve duygusal içerik olarak bireylerde karşılık bulur. Beğeni ile birlikte ayrı düşünülemeyecek anlam kavramı toplumsal olarak belirlenip bireysel ve bağlamsal olarak farklı şekillerde düşünülebilmektedir. Bu çalışma müziksel anlamın oluşumu, anlamın ve anlamlandırmanın farklı çeşitleri üzerinde duruyor.
Alternative methods for solving nonlinear two-point boundary value problems
Authors: Ghomanjani Fateme , Shateyi Stanford
Published: June 2018

In this sequel, the numerical solution of nonlinear two-point boundary value problems (NTBVPs) for ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is found by Bezier curve method (BCM) and orthonormal Bernstein polynomials (OBPs). OBPs will be constructed by Gram-Schmidt technique. Stated methods are more easier and applicable for linear and nonlinear problems. Some numerical examples are solved and they are stated the accurate findings.
Toughening effect and mechanism of polyamide 12 and modified montmorillonite in polybenzoxazine resin
Authors: Zhou Junping , Wang Ruifang , He Xiaojia , Zhao Chunxia , Gou Haolan , Zhao Ling
Published: June 2018

The mechanical properties of polybenzoxazine (PBa) resins were improved by adding polyamide 12 (PA12) and modified montmorillonite (OMMT) as additives. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of PBa and resulting PBa composites were investigated using an Instron universal material testing instrument and dynamic mechanical analysis. The morphologies of the fracture surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results of morphological studies showed that PBa/PA12/OMMT composites exhibit significantly improved mechanical properties and thermal stability compared with that of the pristine PBa. When the OMMT content increased to 1 wt%, the fracture toughness (1.36 MPa·m1/2) and the fracture energy (G
IC, 315.76 J·m−2) of PBa/PA12/OMMT-1 composites increased by 67.9% and 181.4%, respectively, compared with those of the pristine PBa. The thermal stability properties demonstrated that the storage modulus and glass transition temperature (T
g) of PBa/PA12/OMMT composites gradually increased with the addition of OMMT particles. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that PBa/PA12/OMMT composites possess a toughening mechanism of crack deflection, with a large bulk of voids and debonding induced by PA12 and OMMT clay particles. Moreover, the OMMT might provide microvoid nucleating sites at its surface to release constrains for shear yielding.
Physiotherapy pain curricula in Finland: a faculty survey
Authors: Ehrström Jolanda , Kettunen Jyrki , Salo Petri
Published: June 2018

Background and aims

Despite the recognition of pain as a global health problem and advancements achieved in what is known about effective pain management, pain education for undergraduate health care professionals remains insufficient. This study investigated the content of pain curricula and the time allocated to pain education on physiotherapy programs at bachelor’s level at Universities of Applied Sciences (UASs) in Finland.

Methods

A web-based survey questionnaire was sent to the directors of the physiotherapy programs at all the Finnish UASs (n=15) where physiotherapy is taught at bachelor’s level. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions covering basic concepts and the science of pain, pain assessment, pain management, and the adequacy of pain curricula. Each UAS completed one questionnaire i.e. returned one official opinion.

Results

The response rate was 80% (n=12). The mean for the total number of contact hours of pain education was 74 (standard deviation 34.2). All UASs had integrated pain education. In addition to this 42% (n=5) of the UASs had a separate pain course. The UASs offering such a course over and above the integrated pain education had twice the amount of pain content education compared to those UASs that only had integrated pain education (mean 103 h vs. 53 h, p=0.0043). Most of the education was devoted to conditions where pain is commonly a feature, manual therapy, and electrical agents for pain control. The biopsychosocial model of pain, cognitive behavioral methods of pain management, physician management, and multidisciplinary management were the least covered topics. Five UASs (42%) payed attention to the International Association for the Study of Pain curriculum outline and only 33% (n=4) considered their pain education to be sufficient.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that more contact hours are devoted to pain education on the Finnish UASs’ physiotherapy programs at bachelor’s level, than has previously been reported in faculty surveys. A separate pain course is one way to ensure a sufficient amount of pain education. Overall, despite a sufficient time devoted to pain education, some essential pain contents were inadequately covered.

Implications

The study contributes information on how pain education can be organized on physiotherapy programs at undergraduate level. Besides a sufficient amount of pain education, which can be ensured by a separate pain course, attention should be paid to pain education content being up-to-date. This could help in estimating the different proportions of pain content needed in educational settings. Efforts should also be made at keeping integrated pain education well-coordinated and purposeful. There is a need for further research estimating the effectiveness of pain education according to the different ways in which it is organized. There is also a need to investigate whether more hours allocated to pain education results in better understanding and professional skills.
Evidence for early human occupation at high altitudes in western Central Asia: the Alay site
Authors: Shnaider Svetlana , Taylor William T. , Abdykanova Aida , Kolobova Ksenia , Krivoshapkin Andrei
Published: June 2018

The Alay site represents the earliest, high-altitude human-occupation site currently known in western Central Asia. Recent recovery and analysis of a lithic assemblage from Alay underlines the importance of this site and its role in the cultural and technological development in later Eurasian prehistory.
Portable art and personal ornaments from Txina-Txina: a new Later Stone Age site in the Limpopo River Valley, southern Mozambique
Authors: Bicho Nuno , Cascalheira João , André Lino , Haws Jonathan , Gomes Ana , Gonçalves Célia , Raja Mussa , Benedetti Michael
Published: June 2018

This paper reports on preliminary fieldwork at the Later Stone Age site of Txina-Txina in Mozambique. Excavation yielded a long stratigraphic sequence, a large lithic assemblage, a unique decorated gastropod shell fragment and two ostrich eggshell beads—the first of their type recovered from a Stone Age context in Mozambique.
Evaluation of Structural Lightweight Concrete Produced Utilizing Crushed Medical Solid Waste Materials
Authors: Jomaa’h Muyasser Mohammed , Abdulazez Hanadi Abdulhakem , Ahmad Shamsad
Published: June 2018

In the reported study, lightweight concrete mixtures were prepared by utilizing different dosages of crushed medical solid waste as a partial replacement of normal coarse aggregate. An additive was used to ensure a good bond between plastic waste particles and other concrete ingredients. A slump test was conducted on each mixture to measure the workability. Specimens were prepared to evaluate their density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity. The properties of the developed concrete mixtures were compared with those of the reference concrete mixture prepared without any waste material. The unit weight, workability, and mechanical properties of the developed concrete decreased significantly with the increasing quantity of medical solid waste. However, because of the reduced unit weight of the developed concrete, a mixture with 50 to 75 % plastic materials can be used as a structural lightweight concrete.
La enseñanza de la Historia en Costa Rica: un acercamiento desde los planes de la carrera de Estudios Sociales en la Universidad Nacional (1979-2005)
Authors: López López Maximiliano
Published: June 2018

Mediante este trabajo se realizará una incursión en el análisis de los planes de estudio de lo que en Costa Rica se ha denominado “Enseñanza de los Estudios Sociales” durante los últimos 25 años. En este análisis se pondrá especial atención en reconstruir las nociones o enfoques que en términos curriculares se fundamentaron dichos planes, así como en la identificación de las “herramientas” que se proponían para los futuros docentes en el campo de la enseñanza de la Historia para la educación secundaria o media. Asimismo, con el objeto de traer a presente la discusión del tema se dará prioridad a la revisión de programas de cursos seleccionados de los últimos 5 años -cartas al estudiante- en las principales asignaturas del área de formación docente, así como de cursos específicos del área de Historia. Con este trabajo se espera contribuir al análisis del campo de la enseñanza de la historia en el marco de la re-acreditación de la carrera mencionada y aportar insumos para una discusión más amplia en torno al empoderamiento ciudadano ante la crisis civilizatoria ya declarada.
The Cause-Forming Analysis of Shangping Tungsten Deposit
Authors: Zhengru Gan
Published: June 2018

The forming of each deposit has its objective and natural conditions. Different deposits have different types because their conditions and environments are different. This paper analyzed and discussed the cause of Shangping tungsten deposit. Firstly, it is the district background. Secondly, it is the geological characteristics and the age of the deposit. We think that the deposit is the zoning deposit of intermittently reverse precipitation from the pegmatite petrography to the hydrothermal solution stage gradually from the whole developing process. And this is a more complicated high temperature hydrothermal solution deposit of (FeMn) WO4 and quartz with thin-vein type from the characteristics of the deposit. The cause classification from different was is new and original in the paper. Its aim is to finding out the distribution regulation of the tungsten deposit and to serve for directing mine production and prospecting bitterly.