bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le paysage climatique. Pour une formulation systémique du climat (The climatic landscape. For a systemic formulation of climate)
Authors: Joly Daniel
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Nous nous appuyons sur le concept de paysage pour proposer une formulation systémique du climat. Trois sens peuvent être perçus ; chacun d'eux constitue un sous-système distinct. Le système «producteurs» concerne les études analytiques du climat (physiciens de l'atmosphère, naturalistes, climatologie séparative...), et les études synthétiques fondées sur la notion de type de temps. Le système «paysage climatique » a été conçu pour répondre aux problèmes posés par l'étude du climat vécu et s'intéresse particulièrement à la question des niveaux d'échelle. Il repose sur les notions d'« ambiance climatique instantanée» et d'« ambiance climatique journalière », et sert d'intermédiaire entre les deux systèmes voisins. Le système «utilisateurs » présente différents aspects : c'est le domaine du climat vécu, consommé, et des actions que l'homme déploie pour modifier le climat.
Spécialisation géographique du système agricole français. Une méthode d'évaluation (Geographical specialization in the french agriculture)
Authors: Rey Violette
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - L'article, grâce à de nouvelles sources (OTEX), qui permettent l'approche exhaustive du comportement des agents agriculteurs, et à l'aide de traitements statistiques appropriés, dissocie systématiquement la tendance commune des variations spécifiques au cours de la décennie 1970-1980. Il fournit une définition expérimentale de ce qu'est la spécialisation et la diversification agricole à un niveau d'observation donné.
Le commerce urbain français et les rapports centre-périphérie : la nouvelle donne (French urban retailing and centre-periphery connections : the new deal)
Authors: Bondue Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les bouleversements commerciaux de ces vingt dernières années s'appuient sur une dynamique très forte des rapports centre-périphérie, mais le durcissement de la concurrence entraîne un déplacement de la compétition à la fois dans le centre et en périphérie. Il s'ensuit une contraction de l'armature commerciale dans l'espace urbain au profit du développement d'une grande variété de pôles commerciaux.
Le rôle de la départementalisation dans les grandes conquêtes sanitaires et sociales à l'île de la Réunion (The part played by the « departementalisation » in welfare and health progresses in La Réunion)
Authors: Lopez Albert
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - L'auteur étudie le rôle joué par la départementalisation (1946) dans l'évolution sanitaire et sociale de l'île de la Réunion. Il part de la situation initiale, très mauvaise, qui s'expliquait par l'environnement tropical et le passé colonial. Il montre ensuite les effets positifs de la départementalisation sur l'équipement de l'île, notamment sanitaire, et ses lacunes. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'état sanitaire actuel, et à l'analyse de l'évolution de la courbe de la mortalité. Les causes de mortalité (en particulier de mortalité infantile), sont passées de celles d'un milieu tropical sous développé à celles d'un pays évolué, au prix d'une aide financière de la métropole très importante.
Etude de la pédogenèse par l'analyse des phases gazeuse et liquide (Study of the pedogenesis by analyze of the gazous and liquid phases)
Authors: Durand R. , Vachier P.
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les études pédogénétiques classiques portent sur les phases solides. L'étude des phases liquides et gazeuses permet de mieux saisir la dynamique de la pédogenèse. Cette communication porte sur le cycle annuel d'évolution d'un sol calcaire sur craie. En hiver une fraction des constituants provenant des réactions aux interfaces nourrit des néoformations. En été la majeure partie des éléments mis en solution s'immobilise dans des néoformations.
Datation par 14C en sol calcaire (14C dating in calcareous soil)
Authors: Durand R. , Dever L.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - The determination of the absolute age of a calcareous soil is possible by mean of 14C rate in the calcites of neoformation, initiated by the present pedogenesis. This paper exams the difficulties of this determination.
A WAVELET BASED ALTERNATIVE ITERATION METHOD FOR THE ORIENTATION REFINEMENT OF CRYO-ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 3D RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Jing Zhucui , Li Ming
Published: June 2015

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single particle method (SPM) reconstructs the three-dimensional (3D) density map of biological macromolecules using 2D particle images with estimated orientations. The estimated orientations have errors which result in the decrease in resolution of the reconstructed map. We propose a wavelet orthonormal bases based iteration method by refining alternatively the orientations and the map using Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and soft-thresholding, respectively. The convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm is provided and numerical experiments for simulated particle images show its good performance.
EXPERT ESTIMATES AVERAGING BY CONSTRUCTING INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY TRIANGLES
Authors: Krylovas Aleksandras , Kosareva Natalja
Published: June 2015

The problem of ranking (sorting) of m alternatives is considered when experts evaluate each alternative according to k criteria. Functions of arithmetic and geometric averages are constructed for decision making. We present a generalization of this scheme when there are evaluation matrices of several experts and this information is aggregated in the form of triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Fuzzy triangles were constructed with different uncertainty levels, experts decision matrices and the number of experts varied from 2 to 5. Moreover, method for construction of experts decision probability matrices is proposed in the paper. Ranking results obtained by performing Monte Carlo simulations. Probabilities of errors are compared for arithmetic, geometric, fuzzy arithmetic and fuzzy geometric averages.
Question identitaire et curricula d'histoire et éducation civique depuis les années 1980
Authors: De Cock Laurence
Published: June 2015

Nous ferons ici l’hypothèse d’une coexistence et d’une concurrence des deux finalités identitaires de l’enseignement de l’histoire depuis une trentaine d’années. D’un côté, l’histoire scolaire reste le vecteur d’une identité nationale relevant d’un récit commun et consensuel à partager ; de l’autre, elle fait l’objet d’une inflation de demandes de reconnaissance de la part d’identités plus singulières, soucieuses d’être circonscrites comme telles dans le récit scolaire du passé. La seconde finalité ne se substitue pas à la première, elles tiennent ensemble. Nous étudierons trois moments spécifiques où s’est négociée cette concurrence : la décennie des années 1980 au cours de laquelle la question migratoire se rend politiquement visible et oblige l’École et l’enseignement de l’histoire à se repositionner ; les années 1990 où fait religieux et laïcité deviennent une manière de reconnaître et d’aborder les identités multiples tandis que se développe le paradigme mémoriel, et enfin les années 2000 où les finalités s’émiettent mais tiennent encore ensemble le multiple, le commun, le singulier et le pluriel, non sans de véritables tensions politiques.
École et sentiment identitaire en Corse, sous la III e République
Authors: Ottavi Pascal
Published: June 2015

La Corse, sous la III e République et même avant, a pleinement joué le jeu de l’intégration à l’ensemble national. Pour autant, elle n’en a pas, dans le même temps, renoncé à y signifier sa singularité. Cela se manifeste particulièrement dans la façon dont, historiquement, question linguistique et question politiques sont indissolublement liées. Cet article examine les contradictions dont l’installation du paradigme républicain fait l’objet au sein du système éducatif, avant et après la première guerre mondiale en Corse. Sur un plan général, est posée la question des visions de l’école à travers la question de l’imposition du français vue par deux auteurs ayant vécu cette époque, Mathieu Ceccaldi et Antoniu Trojani. Sur un plan plus spécifique, est abordée la question de l’enseignement de l’histoire, à laquelle on peut annexer celui de la géographie. Il s’agit d’examiner comment les auteurs locaux, encouragés qu’ils sont à promouvoir l’enseignement des petites patries, concilient aspirations identitaires et exigences républicaines, parfois au prix de contorsions assez confondantes vis-à-vis de la réalité des faits.
Curricula cachés et biais perceptifs en EPS
Authors: Moniotte Julien , Poggi Marie-Paule
Published: June 2015

Malgré leur meilleure réussite scolaire, les filles réussissent moins bien que les garçons en éducation physique et sportive (EPS). A partir de la sociologie des curricula, nous analysons les curricula réel et caché, ainsi que les représentations des enseignants d’EPS dans un lycée d’enseignement général fréquenté par une population favorisée. Notre étude est centrée sur une analyse thématique des appréciations portées par trois enseignants d’EPS sur les bulletins scolaires. Nos résultats montrent que le curriculum réel est plus proche de la culture des garçons. De plus, les bulletins scolaires véhiculent un curriculum caché affirmant la supériorité des garçons en EPS. Les représentations professorales sont affectées par des biais de perception selon le sexe des élèves. Ces dernières sont transmises au travers du curriculum caché.
Satisfaction professionnelle, formation et santé au travail des enseignants
Authors: Amathieu Jérôme , Chaliès Sébastien
Published: June 2015

Après un recueil des principaux textes institutionnels du domaine, cet article propose une synthèse des résultats scientifiques relatifs aux liens pouvant être établis entre la satisfaction professionnelle des enseignants et leur santé au travail. En prenant appui sur le modèle de Duffy et Lent (2009) faisant consensus dans la littérature, il détaille plus précisément les cinq facteurs interdépendants influençant la satisfaction professionnelle des enseignants : leur type de personnalité ; leur sentiment d’efficacité personnelle ; la qualité et l’atteinte du but qu’ils poursuivent ; les conditions humaines et matérielles qui leur sont offertes dans leur établissement et les aides placées à leur disposition. L’article montre plus en détails que les préconisations des textes institutionnels en matière d’accroissement et d’adaptation de la formation pour accentuer la satisfaction professionnelle, et par-là même la santé au travail des enseignants, ne traduisent pas véritablement les résultats scientifiques. Après avoir détaillé les quelques études ayant à ce jour établi un lien de causalité entre la satisfaction professionnelle des enseignants au travail et la possibilité qui leur est offerte d’être formés, cet article ouvre finalement une nouvelle perspective de recherche.
Entre geste impériale et cause internationale : défendre les indigènes à Genève dans les années 1920
Authors: Sibeud Emmanuelle
Published: June 2015

En 1913, un Bureau international de défense des indigènes est fondé à Genève. La protection des indigènes redevient alors une cause internationale dont les objectifs restent cependant assez flous. À partir de 1920, l’installation des institutions internationales à Genève donne un second souffle au Bureau, mais elle souligne aussi sa marginalité, au moment où s’affirment de nouvelles formes d’expertise et où la protection des sujets coloniaux devient un enjeu idéologique pour les empires.
Comment naît-on mère ?
Authors: Knibiehler Yvonne
Published: June 2015

Les femelles animales naissent mères ontologiquement. Une femme choisit de l’être et apprend à le devenir en s’adaptant aux normes de son milieu et de son temps. Depuis que le sujet-femme a accédé à la citoyenneté, le sujet-mère assume des responsabilités nouvelles sur les plans social et politique : elle doit s’impliquer dans la gestion de la cité, dans le gouvernement de la nation et dans le processus de la mondialisation.
Du maternage des mères à la reconnaissance du bébé
Authors: Israël Jacky
Published: June 2015

Peu de mamans se sentent « suffisamment bonnes » et beaucoup sont prisonnières de la transparence psychique. Bien des pères sont de véritables bouées de sauvetage. Le pédiatre peut amortir les débordements psychiques par ses capacités d’accueil. Les parents ressentent d’emblée s’ils sont bien accueillis, et surtout entendus. Le fait d’expliquer le mode de fonctionnement du bébé dédramatise et rassure. Reconnaître les difficultés rencontrées par les parents ouvre un véritable dialogue. Enfin, les compétences du bébé et sa manière de « danser » après sa mise en relation avec le pédiatre, suffisent à détendre ses parents, avant un examen médical rigoureux qui permettra la plupart du temps d’éliminer une réelle souffrance, voire une maladie.
Il y a de nombreux parents dans les albums…
Authors: Rateau Dominique
Published: June 2015

Il est urgent de lire ! Il est urgent de lire des livres avec des images ! Il est urgent de lire ensemble des albums — œuvres littéraires et artistiques — qui interrogent et permettent à chacun de cheminer vers une pensée personnelle et indépendante. Il est urgent de proposer aux enfants, dès le plus jeune âge, mais aussi aux adultes qui les accompagnent, des lectures qui permettent à chacun de cultiver ses questions, ses doutes, ses croyances et de les exprimer… Il est urgent et primordial de « penser » et d’interroger constamment nos connaissances, nos théories, nos cadres de références, nos croyances… Il y a de nombreux parents et de nombreux enfants dans les livres avec des mots et des images publiés par les éditeurs jeunesse. Les histoires de familles y sont omniprésentes, mettant en scène toutes sortes de mères, de pères, toutes sortes de masculin, de féminin, toutes sortes d’hommes, de femmes, toutes sortes de parents… Mais tous les albums ne se valent pas. Nombreux sont ceux qui proposent des modèles. Devenus des manuels de bonne ou d’anti-conduite, ils envahissent le marché. Ils font consensus, et pourtant ils ne servent ni la littérature, ni la lecture, ni les lecteurs, ni les enfants, ni les parents, ni la réflexion, ni la société. D’autres font œuvres. Ils développent nos imaginaires, éveillent nos désirs, donnent à rêver et à penser. Il est urgent d’agir en lisant de la littérature. Il est urgent de transmettre partout et en tous lieux la nécessité de lire, de réfléchir, de penser.
Impact of a yogurt matrix and cell microencapsulation on the survival of Lactobacillus reuteri in three in vitro gastric digestion procedures
Authors: Champagne C.P. , Raymond Y. , Guertin N. , Martoni C.J. , Jones M.L. , Mainville I. , Arcand Y.
Published: June 2015

The goal of this study was to assess the interaction between microencapsulation and a yogurt food matrix on the survival of Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 in four different in vitro systems that simulate a gastric environment. The four systems were: United States Pharmacopeia (USP) solutions, a static two-step (STS) procedure which included simulated food ingredients, a constantly dynamic digestion procedure (IViDiS), as well a multi-step dynamic digestion scheme (S’IViDiS). The pH profiles of the various procedures varied between systems with acidity levels being: USP > STS > IViDiS = S’IVIDiS. Addition of a food matrix increased the pH in all systems except for the USP methodology. Microencapsulation in alginate-based gels was effective in protecting the cells in model solutions when no food ingredients were present. The stability of the probiotic culture in the in vitro gastric environments was enhanced when (1) yoghurt or simulated food ingredient were present in the medium in sufficient quantity, (2) pH was higher. The procedure-comparison data of this study will be helpful in interpreting the literature with respect to viable counts of probiotics obtained from different static or dynamic in vitro gastric systems.
Alternaria toxins of the alternariol type are not metabolised by human faecal microbiota
Authors: Lemke A. , Burkhardt B. , Bunzel D. , Pfeiffer E. , Metzler M. , Huch M. , Kulling S. E. , Franz C.M.A.P.
Published: June 2015

The metabolism of theAlternaria toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol-9-O-methyl ether (AME) and altenuene (ALT) by the microbiota present in faeces from three human volunteers was studied. Faecal cultures were prepared as a 5% faeces suspension in brain-heart infusion broth and incubated with 50 μM of the toxins under anaerobic conditions for 72 h at 37 °C. The metabolism of AOH was also studied in pure bacterial cultures with eitherEscherichia coli DH5α orLactobacillus plantarum BFE 5092 for 72 h at 37 °C. The three parent toxins were stable in uninoculated, heat-treated medium over a 72 h incubation period with a recovery of more than 90%. As a control for the activity of the faecal microbiota, the isoflavone daidzein was incubated with the faecal cultures and was transformed to its expected metabolites. In contrast, no metabolites of AOH, AME and ALT could be detected in the faecal cultures from the same volunteers, indicating that the gut microbiota was not capable of metabolising these substances. TheAlternaria toxins could be shown to be at least partially bound to bacterial cells in a non-covalent manner, which may serve as a mechanism for their removal from the gut.
The Impact upon Comprehension and Reading Tasks of Preservice Elementary Teachers Using a Web 2.0 Reading Extension
Authors: Thomas Jeff A. , Parkison Paul
Published: June 2015

This study explored the impact of using a Web 2.0 technology to augment and enhance the efficiency of face-to-face meetings and the amount and quality of time students spent out of class working with a reading assignment in an undergraduate science methods course. Treatment subjects (versus control subjects) used a discussion board style site called TitanPad® to respond to a journal prompt after reading an article and before attending a subsequent class to discuss the journal article. Results indicated that significantly more treatment students read the article and perceived that they more substantially contributed to a follow-up discussion. Results also indicated no significant differences between groups in the amount of time spent, between perceptions of being ready to discuss the reading material, and the groups' comprehension of the reading material. One inference was that with no additional time investment, instructors might increase student in-class participation using a Web 2.0 tool.
Disability, gender, and employment relationships in Africa: The case of Ghana
Authors: Naami Augustina
Published: June 2015

The exploratory quantitative study sought to develop an understanding about the relationships among disability, gender and employment in Northern Ghana. A total of 110 individuals with disabilities (20–60 years) from various disability groups participated in the study. The results indicate that many persons with disabilities are unemployed, the majority being women. Discrimination is cited as the greatest barrier to the employment of persons with disabilities, particularly women. The majority of persons with disabilities, typically women, live in poverty; given that some are unemployed and those who are employed worked mostly in marginal, seasonal and menial jobs. Persons with disabilities also experience several challenges on the job, including negative perceptions about their capabilities, discrimination and exclusion, irrespective of the employment sector and disability type. Educational interventions such as workshops, documenting and showcasing success stories of persons with disabilities could be helpful to reduce negative perceptions about their capabilities as well as discrimination against them. Government intervention to support persons with disabilities with start-up capital and funding for formal education is also recommended as these two elements were identified respectively as barriers to self-employment and employment in the public/private sectors. Government interventions to create educational opportunities for persons with disabilities are essential given that lower educational attainment affect their employment.
Authentic leadership as a source of optimism, trust in the organisation and work engagement in the public health care sector
Authors: Stander Frederick W. , De Beer Leon T. , Stander Marius W.
Published: June 2015

Orientation: The orientation of this study is towards authentic leadership (AL) and its influence on optimism, trust in the organisation and work engagement of employees in the public health care sector.Research purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine whether the leadership style of AL could predict optimism, trust in the organisation and work engagement amongst a large sample of employees from various functions in public hospitals and clinics in Gauteng and to establish whether optimism and trust in the organisation could mediate the relationship between AL and work engagement.Research approach, design and method: A convenience sample of 633 public health employees from various functions within 27 public hospitals and clinics in the province was used in this research. A cross-sectional research design was implemented. Structural equation modelling was utilised to investigate the Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI), and the validity and fit of the measurement model, to position AL as a job resource within the nomological net and to test its mediating effects.Main findings: The statistical analysis revealed that AL was a significant predictor of optimism and trust in the organisation and that optimism and trust in the organisation mediated the relationship between AL and work engagement.Practical/managerial implications: The research results suggested that organisations in the public health care sector should encourage their managers to adopt a more authentic leadership style. This will lead to higher levels of optimism, trust in the organisation and eventually work engagement. This will greatly assist employees in the domain of public health care to manage their demanding working environment.Contribution: This study provides evidence that the ALI can be used reliably within the South African context and specifically within the public health care sector. It further substantiates for the implementation of AL as a leadership style in the South African public health care sector, supporting work that has been done internationally in health care where AL has been associated with a number of positive outcomes. Finally, the study puts forward two practical suggestions, on both an individual and an organisational level, to facilitate a culture in which AL can be translated more effectively into an engaged workforce.
Monotone Classes of Dendrites
Authors: Martínez-de-la-Vega Veronica , Mouron Christopher
Published: June 2015

Continua X and Y are monotone equivalent if there exist monotone onto maps f : X→ Y and g: Y →X. A continuum X is isolated with respect to monotone maps if every continuumthat is monotone equivalent to X must also be homeomorphic to X. In this paper we show that a dendrite X is isolated with respect to monotone maps if and only if the set of ramification points of X is finite. In this way we fully characterize the classes of dendrites that are monotone isolated.
Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Thermocapillary Motion of Droplets in Microfluidic Channels
Authors: Li Jonathan , Liu Haihu , Ioannou Nikolaos , Zhang Yonghao , Reese Jason M.
Published: June 2015

Our recently developed lattice Boltzmann model is used to simulate droplet dynamical behaviour governed by thermocapillary force in microchannels. One key research challenge for developing droplet-based microfluidic systems is control of droplet motion and its dynamic behaviour. We numerically demonstrate that the thermocapillary force can be exploited for microdroplet manipulations including synchronisation, sorting, and splitting. This work indicates that the lattice Boltzmann method provides a promising design simulation tool for developing complex droplet-based microfluidic devices.
Characterization and testing of a new environmental chamber
Authors: Leskinen A. , Yli-Pirilä P. , Kuuspalo K. , Sippula O. , Jalava P. , Hirvonen M.-R. , Jokiniemi J. , Virtanen A. , Komppula M. , Lehtinen K. E. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A 29 m3 Teflon chamber, designed for studies on the aging of combustion aerosols, at the University of Eastern Finland is described and characterized. The chamber is part of a research facility, called Ilmari, where small-scale combustion devices, a dynamometer for vehicle exhaust studies, dilution systems, the chamber, and cell and animal exposure devices are located side by side under the same roof. The small surface-to-volume ratio of the chamber enables reasonably long experiment times, with particle wall loss rate constants of 0.088, 0.080, 0.045, and 0.040 h−1 for polydisperse, 50, 100, and 200 nm monodisperse aerosols, respectively. The NO2 photolysis rate can be adjusted from 0 to 0.62 min−1. The irradiance spectrum is centered at either 350 or 365 nm, and the maximum irradiance, produced by up to 160 blacklight lamps, is 29.7 W m−2, which corresponds to the ultraviolet (UV) irradiance in Central Finland at noon on a sunny day in the midsummer. The temperature inside the chamber is uniform and can be kept at 25±1 °C. The chamber is kept in an overpressure with a moving top frame, which reduces sample dilution and entrance of contamination during an experiment. The functionality of the chamber was tested with oxidation experiments of toluene, resulting in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields of 12–42%, depending on the initial conditions, such as NOx concentration and UV irradiation. The highest gaseous oxidation product yields of 12.4–19.5% and 5.8–19.5% were detected with ions corresponding to methyl glyoxal (m/z 73.029) and 4-oxo-2-pentenal (m/z 99.044), respectively. Overall, reasonable yields of SOA and gaseous reaction products, comparable to those obtained in other laboratories, were obtained.
The FORBIO Climate data set for climate analyses
Authors: Delvaux C. , Journée M. , Bertrand C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In the framework of the interdisciplinary FORBIO Climate research project, the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium is in charge of providing high resolution gridded past climate data (i.e. temperature and precipitation). This climate data set will be linked to the measurements on seedlings, saplings and mature trees to assess the effects of climate variation on tree performance. This paper explains how the gridded daily temperature (minimum and maximum) data set was generated from a consistent station network between 1980 and 2013. After station selection, data quality control procedures were developed and applied to the station records to ensure that only valid measurements will be involved in the gridding process. Thereafter, the set of unevenly distributed validated temperature data was interpolated on a 4 km × 4 km regular grid over Belgium. The performance of different interpolation methods has been assessed. The method of kriging with external drift using correlation between temperature and altitude gave the most relevant results.
Ideas and perspectives: on the emission of amines from terrestrial vegetation in the context of new atmospheric particle formation
Authors: Sintermann J. , Neftel A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In this article we summarise recent science which shows how airborne amines, specifically methylamines (MAs), play a key role in new atmospheric particle formation (NPF) by stabilising small molecule clusters. Agricultural emissions are assumed to constitute the most important MA source, but given the short atmospheric residence time of MAs, they can hardly have a direct impact on NPF events observed in remote regions. This leads us to the presentation of existing knowledge focussing on natural vegetation-related MA sources. High MA contents as well as emissions by plants was already described in the 19th century. Strong MA emissions predominantly occur during flowering as part of a pollination strategy. The behaviour is species-specific, but examples of such species are common and widespread. In addition, vegetative plant tissue exhibiting high amounts of MAs might potentially lead to significant emissions. The decomposition of organic material constitutes another, potentially ubiquitous, source of airborne MAs. These mechanisms would provide sources, which could be crucial for the amine's role in NPF, especially in remote regions. Knowledge about vegetation-related amine emissions is, however, very limited, and thus it is also an open question how global change and the intensified cycling of reactive nitrogen over the last 200 years have altered amine emissions from vegetation with a corresponding effect on NPF.
Technical Note: A simple method for vaterite precipitation for isotopic studies: implications for bulk and clumped isotope analysis
Authors: Kluge T. , John C. M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plays an important role in the natural environment as a major constituent of the skeleton and supporting structure of marine life and has high economic importance as an additive in food, chemicals and medical products. Anhydrous CaCO3 occurs in the three different polymorphs calcite, aragonite and vaterite, whereof calcite is the most abundant and best characterized mineral. In contrast, little is known about the rare polymorph vaterite, in particular with regard to the oxygen isotope fractionation between H2O and the mineral. Synthetic precipitation of vaterite in the laboratory typically involves rapid processes and isotopic non-equilibrium, which excludes isotope studies focused on the characterization of vaterite under equilibrium conditions. Here, we used a new experimental approach that enables vaterite mineral formation from an isotopically equilibrated solution. The solution consists of a ~0.007 mol L−1 CaCO3 solution that is saturated with NaCl at room temperature (up to 6.4 mol L−1). Vaterite precipitated as single phase or major phase (≥94%) in experiments performed between 23 and 91 °C. Only at 80 °C was vaterite a minor phase with a relative abundance of 27%. The high mineral yield per experiment of up to 235 mg relative to the initially dissolved CaCO3 amount of on average 360 mg enables an investigation of the oxygen isotope fractionation between the mineral and water, and the determination of clumped isotope values in vaterite.
Emergence of multiple ocean ecosystem drivers in a large ensemble suite with an Earth system model
Authors: Rodgers K. B. , Lin J. , Frölicher T. L.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Marine ecosystems are increasingly stressed by human-induced changes. Marine ecosystem drivers that contribute to stressing ecosystems – including warming, acidification, deoxygenation and perturbations to biological productivity – can co-occur in space and time, but detecting their trends is complicated by the presence of noise associated with natural variability in the climate system. Here we use large initial-condition ensemble simulations with an Earth system model under a historical/RCP8.5 (representative concentration pathway 8.5) scenario over 1950–2100 to consider emergence characteristics for the four individual and combined drivers. Using a 1-standard-deviation (67% confidence) threshold of signal to noise to define emergence with a 30-year trend window, we show that ocean acidification emerges much earlier than other drivers, namely during the 20th century over most of the global ocean. For biological productivity, the anthropogenic signal does not emerge from the noise over most of the global ocean before the end of the 21st century. The early emergence pattern for sea surface temperature in low latitudes is reversed from that of subsurface oxygen inventories, where emergence occurs earlier in the Southern Ocean. For the combined multiple-driver field, 41% of the global ocean exhibits emergence for the 2005–2014 period, and 63% for the 2075–2084 period. The combined multiple-driver field reveals emergence patterns by the end of this century that are relatively high over much of the Southern Ocean, North Pacific, and Atlantic, but relatively low over the tropics and the South Pacific. For the case of two drivers, the tropics including habitats of coral reefs emerges earliest, with this driven by the joint effects of acidification and warming. It is precisely in the regions with pronounced emergence characteristics where marine ecosystems may be expected to be pushed outside of their comfort zone determined by the degree of natural background variability to which they are adapted. The results underscore the importance of sustained multi-decadal observing systems for monitoring multiple ecosystems drivers.
Eastern Andean environmental and climate synthesis for the last 2000 years BP from terrestrial pollen and charcoal records of Patagonia
Authors: Sottile G. D. , Echeverria M. E. , Mancini M. V. , Bianchi M. M. , Marcos M. A. , Bamonte F. P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds (SWW) constitute an important zonal circulation system that dominates the dynamics of Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude climate. Little is known about climatic changes in the Southern South America in comparison to the Northern Hemisphere due to the low density of proxy records, and adequate chronology and sampling resolution to address environmental changes of the last 2000 years. Since 2009, new pollen and charcoal records from bog and lakes in northern and southern Patagonia at the east side of the Andes have been published with an adequate calibration of pollen assemblages related to modern vegetation and ecological behaviour. In this work we improve the chronological control of some eastern Andean previously published sequences and integrate pollen and charcoal dataset available east of the Andes to interpret possible environmental and SWW variability at centennial time scales. Through the analysis of modern and past hydric balance dynamics we compare these scenarios with other western Andean SWW sensitive proxy records for the last 2000 years. Due to the distinct precipitation regimes that exist between Northern (40–45° S) and Southern Patagonia (48–52° S) pollen sites locations, shifts on latitudinal and strength of the SWW results in large changes on hydric availability on forest and steppe communities. Therefore, we can interpret fossil pollen dataset as changes on paleohydric balance at every single site by the construction of paleohydric indices and comparison to charcoal records during the last 2000 cal yrs BP. Our composite pollen-based Northern and Southern Patagonia indices can be interpreted as changes in latitudinal variation and intensity of the SWW respectively. Dataset integration suggest poleward SWW between 2000 and 750 cal yrs BP and northward-weaker SWW during the Little Ice Age (750–200 cal yrs BP). These SWW variations are synchronous to Patagonian fire activity major shifts. We found an in phase fire regime (in terms of timing of biomass burning) between northern Patagonia Monte shrubland and Southern Patagonia steppe environments. Conversely, there is an antiphase fire regime between Northern and Southern Patagonia forest and forest-steppe ecotone environments. SWW variability may be associated to ENSO variability especially during the last millennia. For the last 200 cal yrs BP we can concluded that the SWW belt were more intense and poleward than the previous interval. Our composite pollen-based SWW indices show the potential of pollen dataset integration to improve the understanding of paleohydric variability especially for the last 2000 millennial in Patagonia.
Ice-sheet configuration in the CMIP5/PMIP3 Last Glacial Maximum experiments
Authors: Abe-Ouchi A. , Saito F. , Kageyama M. , Braconnot P. , Harrison S. P. , Lambeck K. , Otto-Bliesner B. L. , Peltier W. R. , Tarasov L. , Peterschmitt J.-Y. , Takahashi K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We describe the creation of boundary conditions related to the presence of ice sheets, including ice sheet extent and height, ice shelf extent, and the distribution and altitude of ice-free land, at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) for use in LGM experiments conducted as part of the fifth phase of the Coupled Modelling Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and the third phase of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3). The CMIP5/PMIP3 data sets were created from reconstructions made by three different groups, which were all obtained using a model-inversion approach but differ in the assumptions used in the modelling and in the type of data used as constraints. The ice sheet extent, and thus the albedo mask, for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) does not vary substantially between the three individual data sources. The difference in the topography of the NH ice sheets is also moderate, and smaller than the differences between these reconstructions (and the resultant composite reconstruction) and ice-sheet reconstructions used in previous generations of PMIP. Only two of the individual reconstructions provide information for Antarctica. The discrepancy between these two reconstructions is larger than the difference for the NH ice sheets although still less than the difference between the composite reconstruction and previous PMIP ice-sheet reconstructions. Differences in the climate response to the individual LGM reconstructions, and between these reconstructions and the CMIP5/PMIP3 composite, are largely confined to the ice-covered regions, but also extend over North Atlantic Ocean and Northern Hemisphere continents through atmospheric stationary waves. There are much larger differences in the climate response to the latest reconstructions (or the derived composite) and ice-sheet reconstructions used in previous phases of PMIP.
Evaluation of a compound distribution based on weather patterns subsampling for extreme rainfall in Norway
Authors: Blanchet J. , Touati J. , Lawrence D. , Garavaglia F. , Paquet E.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Simulation methods for design flood analyses require estimates of extreme precipitation for simulating maximum discharges. This article evaluates the MEWP model, a compound model based on weather pattern classification, seasonal splitting and exponential distributions, for its suitability for use in Norway. The MEWP model is the probabilistic rainfall model used in the SCHADEX method for extreme flood estimation. Regional scores of evaluation are used in a split sample framework to compare the MEWP distribution with more general heavy-tailed distributions, in this case the Multi Generalized Pareto Weather Pattern (MGPWP) distribution. The analysis shows the clear benefit obtained from seasonal and weather pattern-based subsampling for extreme value estimation. The MEWP distribution is found to have an overall better performance as compared with the MGPWP, which tends to overfit the data and lacks robustness. Finally, we take advantage of the split sample framework to present evidence for an increase in extreme rainfall in the south-western part of Norway during the period 1979–2009, relative to 1948–1978.
Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Zn) Contents in Ungulates of Ogun State Agricultural Farm Settlement, Ago - Iwoye, Nigeria
Authors: YEMI OLADUNJOYE RASHEED , R. A. Asiru , D. A. Shokoya
Published: June 2015

Heavy metals are natural components of the earth's crust which can neither be degraded nor destroyed and were known as trace elements as they occur in minute concentrations in biological systems.  This study was aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the commonly consumed duikers in an agricultural farm settlement. Commercially available four duikers (Cephalophus spp.) were collected for four weeks and four organs (skin, lungs, kidney and liver) from each sample were used. All the organs sampled were subjected to 7 heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr and Cd) tests using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (VGB 210 System) following standard procedure. All data were subjected to statistical analysis to find out the significant difference of heavy metal in each organ of and their accumulation effects. Heavy metals concentration in Cephalophus spp was in descending order of Cd (0.29±0.02 - 0.92±0.01) < Pb (0.52±0.03-1.08±0.06) < Cr (0.78±0.05-2.47±0.19) < Cu (5.05±0.30-13.35±0.54) < Mn (7.30±0.49-14.20±1.06) < Zn (75.52±3.04-125.28±10.57) < Fe (381.52±14.25-761.40±5.76). They accumulated the metals in ascending order Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cd > Cr > Pb for skin, Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Cd > Pb for liver, Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd for lung and Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Cr > Pb > Cd for kidney. Variability of heavy metals in Cephalophus species may not be due to the differences in the animal diet and habitat, but, the level of acute or chronic contamination of their diet and habitat.
International Marketing in Crises Situation in Turkey
Authors: Karaduman Ilkay , Vohra Ovais
Published: June 2015

This research study is conducted with the primary aim of exploring effective marketing strategies in times of crisis; using Turkey as a case study. The purpose of current study is to assess the crisis situation prevailed in Turkey The study focus on the crises situation in Turkey and recommend the number of different marketing strategies for Turkish companies  in order to retain their market share in crises situation.

Turkey is the growing economy however bigger challenges still persist. Current account deficits are still looming large on Turkey with financial turmoil that is striking constant troubles. These problems need to be tackled along with outgrowing the local business with the help of strategic marketing and communication’s plan to handle economic troubles, otherwise with these set of problems at hand, Turkey is likely to suffer even more in coming time.
The researcher has attempted to provide a number of recommended actions as suggestions that were primarily derived from a combination of secondary and primary research work undertaken within its fold. Through promoting positive features about an offered product and through converting bad promotional messages into good ones, the company can attract more customers and leads into a business. Price penetration strategy and other marketing strategies discussed that may help companies to maintain their market share in crises situation. The results of the study and the underlying survey identified the key areas of improvement in the Turkish investment climate; stating that strong regulatory frameworks, growth of the private sector and innovation policies along with employee generation are some recommended options that can go a long way in developing the markets.
Bem vindos a AtoZ!
Authors: Silva Helena de Fátima Nunes
Published: June 2015

A Profa. Dra. Helena de Fátima Nunes Silva, Coordenadora do Curso de Gestão da Informação da Universidade Federal do Paraná, dá as boas vindas aos leitores e autores desta edição de estréia da AtoZ: novas práticas em informação e conhecimento!Boa leitura!
Questões de metodologia - Parte 1
Authors: Bufrem Leilah Santiago
Published: June 2015

A Profa. Dra. Leilah Santiago Bufrem, especialista em metodologia e produção científica, responde questões dos alunos do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciência, Gestão e Tecnologia da Informação (PPCGI/UFPR) e da Graduação em Gestão da Informação (CGI/UFPR). Nesta primeira parte, a Profa. Leilah esclarece aspectos estruturantes da atividade de pesquisa, relacionadas ao roteiro, relato, papel da introdução, elaboração de objetivos, universo e amostragem e características da pesquisa qualitativa.
Produção tecnológica da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL): Mapeamento da área de Ciências Agrárias pela Plataforma Lattes
Authors: Serzedello Natan Tiago Batista , Tomaél Maria Inês
Published: June 2015

Introdução. Os produtos e os processos tecnológicos empregados com o fim de solucionar os problemas práticos da sociedade compreendem a produção tecnológica. Esta se constitui como o meio essencial de mensuração do desenvolvimento tecnológico do ambiente em que a instituição está inserida.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi averiguar a produção tecnológica da área de Ciências Agrárias na Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL). Método. Identificação e análise da produção tecnológica, por meio dos currículos, disponíveis na Plataforma Lattes, de 51 professores que receberam bolsas do Programa de Iniciação Científica (PROIC) da UEL. Os dados coletados para a análise foram tabulados e categorizados por tipologias de produções tecnológicas. Resultados. Dos 65 itens cadastrados nos curricula lattes dos professores referem-se à produção tecnológica, a qual foi mapeada, descrevendo-se as tipologias identificadas. Observou-se que as especialidades mais inovadoras são pertinentes a Agronomia; Recursos Florestais e Engenharia Florestal; Engenharia Agrícola; Zootecnia; Medicina Veterinária; Recursos Pesqueiros e Engenharia de Pesca; Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos. Conclusões. Verificou-se que a produção tecnológica encontrada, decorrente de atividades de pesquisas de desenvolvimento tecnológico, foi disseminada por meio da produção bibliográfica, principalmente por artigos de periódicos. Os pesquisadores participantes deste estudo fazem parcerias em um mesmo Departamento, ou em Departamentos variados, dentro e fora da Universidade, interagindo e compartilhando as experiências, o conhecimento e os equipamentos, o que potencializa uma produção tecnológica mais bem formulada e com maiores chances de êxito. Um percentual considerável de artigos foi publicado em periódicos adeptos da filosofia da Open Archives Initiative (OAI), o que possibilita o acesso livre e favorece a disseminação dos resultados das pesquisas.
A pesquisa sobre o fazer pesquisa: uma análise de citação da literatura periódica em Ciência da Informação
Authors: Freitas Juliana Lazzarotto , Bufrem Leilah Santiago , Oliveira Ely Francina Tannuri de , Grácio Maria Cláudia Cabrini
Published: June 2015

Introdução: Considera que a literatura na área de Ciência da Informação (CI) compreende uma diversidade temática com baixo destaque para assuntos relacionados aos modos de fazer pesquisa. Analisa a produção científica dos autores que tratam da temática metodologia de pesquisa na literatura de Ciência da Informação (CI) e o referencial no qual se fundamentam as questões metodológicas relativas à área. Discute as posições metodológicas e epistemológicas dos pesquisadores destacados como mais produtivos nacionalmente na temática. Metodologia: Adota a modalidade de análise de conteúdo aliada aos estudos métricos para contextualizar os indicadores gerados referentes à produção, à colaboração relacionada aos tipos de autoria e à análise de citação. Considera o acoplamento bibliográfico como uma modalidade de análise em que são estudadas as citações concomitantes. Desenvolve referencial teórico sobre a importância da análise de produção científica nos domínios do conhecimento. Explora concepções teóricas sobre metodologia de pesquisa e a complementaridade desta com a epistemologia no fazer pesquisa. Resultados: Evidencia, na produção dos autores, a metodologia como foco temático aplicado a contextos da CI e também como objeto de pesquisa da referida área. Considera que a produtividade proeminente dos autores justifica-se especialmente pelo aprofundamento nos metaestudos sobre modos de fazer pesquisa em CI. Identifica a tendência aos estudos de autoria única sobre o tema. Conclusão: Considera que a realização de metaestudos e também de estudos aplicados e metodológicos é importante para que se reconheça, na área de CI, um núcleo teórico e prático consistente. Em relação às influências epistemológicas identificadas com a análise de acoplamento, observa que a epistemologia racionalista crítica e a epistemologia social e política são destacadas na construção do referencial teórico dos autores.