bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Textiles
Authors: Wardman Roger H.
Published: June 2006

This article gives an overview of textile materials, their classification, methods of manufacture, and uses. An attempt has been made, wherever possible, to demonstrate the broad range of applications textile materials have. It surveys the types and characteristics of textile fibers, indicating the chemical nature of fiber‐forming polymers. Statistics on the worldwide production of the various fiber types are given. The methods of production of natural and synthetic fibers are discussed, and their conversion to yarns, fabrics, and nonwoven structures are described. The article explains the processes of dyeing and finishing for enhancing appearance and functionality of textile materials. An important section deals with the nonapparel uses of textiles, technical textiles that are manufactured for their technical performance rather than their aesthetic qualities. The final section deals with the latest developments in textiles, the smart (or intelligent) textiles. These types of textile materials are generating new applications for textiles, especially in healthcare and personal protective equipment, because they are capable of monitoring and responding to their environment. These materials represent the textile industry of the future and the article indicates the exciting prospect ahead for the textile industry.
Vinyl Chloride Polymers
Authors: Summers James W. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: June 2006

PVC has a large sales volume, second only to polyethylene. Its high chlorine content provides it with a high level of combustion resistance for building products, electrical enclosures, and wire and cable insulation. PVC has a unique ability to be compounded with a wide variety of additives, making it possible to produce materials in a range from flexible elastomers (the first thermoplastic elastomers) to rigid compounds, materials that are weatherable such as for siding and windows, compounds that have stiff melts and little elastic recovery for outstanding dimensional control useful in profile extrusion, or low viscosity melts which compete effectively with ABS and PC/ABS in thin‐walled injection molding parts such as computer monitor housings.

Some PVC properties are attributed to unique morphology. The polymer precipitates from its monomer and grows into primary particles, which are later the melt flow units. Fusion into larger structures and product strength are controlled by breakdown of the grains into primary particles, by choice of additives, by amount of melting (temperature), and by number of tie molecules (molecular weight).

The main type of polymerization is the suspension process, with significant polymerization made by the mass, solution, microsuspension, and emulsion processes. In the suspension process, the polymerization takes place in droplets of monomer suspended in water. From an environmental viewpoint, PVC is over 50% chlorine and as a result, is one of the most energy‐efficient polymers. PVC is an inherent flame retardant, and acts as a marker, enabling automated equipment to sort PVC containers from other plastics in the waste stream. All types of vinyl products can be recycled and processed into second generation products. The analysis from 155 large‐scale, commercial incinerator facilities found no relationship between the chlorine content of waste nor the addition of PVC, and dioxin emissions from combustion processes. New requirements from the U.S. EPA make scrubbers mandatory on all incinerators and are necessary whether or not PVC is present in the waste feed.
Silica, Vitreous
Authors: Smith Charlene M.
Published: June 2006

Vitreous silica is a single‐component glass commercially available in a wide range of purities. It is used in a wide variety of applications, from “low tech” tubing and container applications to “high tech” applications, such as lens elements in microlithography steppers and optical waveguides. It has superior chemical resistance, low thermal expansion, and excellent optical transmission from the vacuum ultraviolet (uv) to the near‐infrared (ir). Thermal history and trace contamination can have significant effects on a number of properties, ranging from electrical conductivity to absorption characteristics. Vitreous silica is the material of choice for a variety of commercial and scientific applications, including tubing and containers for chemical processing, uv‐optical elements, envelope material of mercury vapor lamps, and windows for space vehicles. Vitreous silica’s high viscosity, even at its melting point, precludes the use of traditional glass‐forming techniques. Manufacture usually involves specialized methods, such as flame hydrolysis or high temperature sintering in helium or vacuum.
Determination of S‐phenylmercapturic acid in human urine using an automated sample extraction and fast liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometric method
Authors: Li Yinghe , Li Austin C. , Shi Haihong , Junga Heiko , Jiang Xiangyu , Naidong Weng , Lauterbach John H.
Published: June 2006

S‐phenylmercapturic acid is widely accepted as a specific biomarker for the evaluation of benzene exposure. Here, we describe a fast, specific and sensitive high‐performance liquid achromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method that has been developed and validated for the determination of S‐phenylmercapturic acid in human urine. Isotope‐labeled S‐phenylmercapturic acid‐d5 was used as internal standard to improve the method ruggedness. The fully automated solid‐phase extraction method on a 96‐well Oasis MAX (mix‐mode anion exchange) plate was employed to clean up the urine samples before analysis. The rapid LC‐MS/MS analysis of extracted samples was achieved on a Genesis C18 column with a run time of only 3 min. Negative electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring (ESI‐MRM) mode was used to detect S‐phenylmercapturic acid (m/z 238 → 109) and S‐phenylmercapturic acid ‐d5 (m/z 243 → 114). The method fulfils all the standard requirements of method validation. The calibration curve was linear within the concentration range 0.400–200 ng/mL. The method performed accurately and precisely in validation with <7.5% relative error and <6.5% relative standard deviation of quality control samples. The method efficacy was also verified by the analysis of urine samples from 12 smokers and 12 non‐smokers. With the fully automated sample cleanup procedure and the fast LC‐MS/MS analysis, a sample analysis throughput of 384 samples per day could be achieved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colours in Pompeiian cityscape: Adding pieces to the puzzle
Authors: Fridell Anter Karin
Published: June 2006

This article is an extended and revised version of the paper Colour in Pompeiian Cityscape. In Search of a Lost Treasure, which was presented as an invited lecture at the AIC Congress in Granada, May 2005. It presents the preliminary results of a work in progress, carried out by an architect—myself—in close collaboration with the archaeologist Marina Weilguni. The aim is to understand the role of colour in the cityscape of Roman Pompeii. I here present some of our methods, including the study of excavation reports and artistic reproductions as well as reports on technical analyses of pigments and other material remains. For each method I will discuss how it adds to the knowledge and understanding. Finally, I take you for a walk through the streets of Pompeii, trying to see them and their colours as they were when the city was alive. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 331–340, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20228
Preparation and drug release activity of scaffolds containing collagen and poly(caprolactone)
Authors: Prabu P. , Dharmaraj N. , Aryal Santosh , Lee B.M. , Ramesh Vijaya , Kim H.Y.
Published: June 2006

A new biodegradable polymeric scaffold was prepared by using collagen and poly(caprolatctone) (PCL). These scaffolds were found to be soft, spongy, and transparent in nature and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and FTIR spectrum. To these biodegradable polymeric scaffolds, antibiotic drugs namely amikacin and gentamycin were incorporated separately to study their release pattern from scaffolds. Amikacin and gentamycin release activity of the scaffolds containing a constant quantity of collagen but different quantities of PCL were studied at various time intervals viz. 1, 4, 24, and 48 h by measuring the optical density at 257 and 255 nm, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
A Religious Diversity Tale: A Multi‐Faith Case Study
Authors: Levine Deborah J.
Published: June 2006

This article examines the creation of a network of diverse religious leadership in a Midwest suburb where the intersection of religion and national pride fomented a community‐wide conflict. Activated during a heated controversy over displaying a Christmas tree in a public school, the Network became a laboratory for testing viable strategies for community healing. The case of a Jewish student suspended for fighting when taunted for not singing Christmas Carols became a catalyst for debating what is religious, what is secular, and what is culturally American. The interaction of the key players is noted; educators, religious leaders, students and their families, particularly the mothers who regularly interacted across religious boundaries. The article describes the Network's experiment with deploying resources that accommodated diverse experiences of religion and patriotism, historically and culturally, within an American context.
Toward greater integration of insights from organization theory and supply chain management
Authors: Ketchen David J. , Hult G. Tomas M.
Published: June 2006

Organization theory (OT) has the potential to offer provocative and helpful wisdom to the field of supply chain management, yet OT's potential has remained largely underdeveloped in the supply chain arena. As a result, enormous opportunities exist to integrate insights from organization theory and supply chain management in order to build understanding of why some supply chains excel while others do not. We preview the contributions toward developing such a synthesis offered by each of the articles contained in this special issue. Collectively, the articles take a significant step toward closing the gap between ‘what we know’ and ‘what we need to know’ about supply chain management.
Gender‐Specific Effects of Medicinal Drugs on Hearing Levels of Older Persons
Authors: Lee Fu‐Shing , Matthews Lois J. , Mills John H. , Dubno Judy R. , Adkins Warren Y.
Published: June 2006

As part of a large‐scale study of presbyacusis, responses to a medicinal drug questionnaire from 85 female and 126 male human subjects were analyzed. Medicinal drugs were divided into 35 categories based on their pharmacologic effects. Subjects' ages ranged from 60 to 82 years. At least 10% of subjects reported taking drugs in 14 of 35 categories. Results were significantly different between female and male subjects. In men, none of the 14 categories showed a statistically significant relation to the pure‐tone average (PTA) of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. In women, 3 of the 14 categories showed a statistically significant relation to the PTA. First, the average PTA of female subjects taking β‐adrenergic medication was 20 dB higher (poorer) than those not taking β‐adrenergic medication. Second, women taking antihistamine/cold preparations had an average PTA 9 dB higher (poorer) than those not taking antihistamine/cold preparations. Third, the average PTA of women taking calcium‐channel blockers (CCBs) was 12 dB lower (better) than those not taking CCBs. In men, however, these drugs produced effects on the PTA of less than 3 dB. Differences between women and men were not explainable by differences in age or hearing level.
Two new species of Dicranophoridae (Rotifera: Monogononta) from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan
Authors: De Smet Willem H. , Chernyshev Alexei V.
Published: June 2006

Two new species of rotifer belonging to the Dicranophoridae, and provisionally placed in the genus Encentrum, are described from littoral psammon from the Ussuriyskiy Bay, Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia. Encentrumkutikovae sp. nov. is characterized by a long foot consisting of three pseudosegments, cylindrical toes, a hexagonal rami outline, and the right ramus showing an accessory chamber with alula. Encentrum ussuriensis sp. nov. is characterized by unusual stout toes with claw, an oblong-ovate and latero-caudal weakly angular rami outline, the right ramus bearing an alula, and the left one showing an accessory chamber.
Feeding habits of the velvet belly lanternshark Etmopterus spinax (Chondrichthyes: Etmopteridae) off the Algarve, southern Portugal
Authors: Neiva João , Coelho Rui , Erzini Karim
Published: June 2006

Etmopterus spinax is one of the most abundant predators of the upper continental slope off the Algarve (southern Portugal), where it is captured in large quantities in deep-water fisheries. The feeding habits of E. spinax off the Algarve were investigated through the analysis of stomach contents of 376 individuals. Prey composition was described and maturity, sex and size related variations in the diet analysed. The overall diet of E. spinax suggested a fairly generalized benthopelagic foraging behaviour primarily tuned to pelagic macroplankton/microneckton, teleost fish and cephalopods. Sex and maturity related differences in the diet were not significant. Two main ontogenic diet shifts were observed at about 17 and 28 cm total length. Small and medium sized immature sharks had a diet dominated by eurybathic crustaceans, chiefly Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Pasiphaea sivado. Larger individuals consumed more teleosts and cephalopods, in part associated with scavenging as a new feeding strategy. With increasing shark size the diet diversified both in terms of resources exploited and prey size.
Diel feeding periodicity and daily ration of shelf break fish species
Authors: Carpentieri P. , Colloca F. , Belluscio A. , Criscoli A. , Ardizzone G.D.
Published: June 2006

The evaluation of the daily ration and feeding periodicity in a Mediterranean demersal fish assemblage under natural conditions is presented. Data were obtained during four trawl surveys conducted on the shelf-edge of the central Mediterranean Sea. Recently, researchers have begun to consider this area an essential fish habitat due to its extremely high productivity and diversity. The species which typified the assemblage were the fish Macroramphosus scolopax, Lepidotrigla cavillone, Mullus barbatus, Serranus hepatus, Argentina sphyraena and Glossanodon leioglossus. Fish were collected at three hour intervals throughout four 24 h sampling periods representing annual seasons. The study was based on the analysis of catch data and stomach fullness per setting time. Results show significant variation of feeding periodicity among species within daytime. The amount of food consumed daily, calculated according to the Elliott & Persson model, is compared to the patterns reported in literature for Atlantic fish species with similar trophic habits. Higher values of daily consumption could be related to the reproductive period for most of the above mentioned species.
Growth and maturation variability of female John Dory (Zeus faber) in the East China Sea in relation to thermal gradients
Authors: Yoneda Michio , Yamamoto Keisuke , Yamasaki Shunji , Matsuyama Michiya
Published: June 2006

This study explored whether the growth and sexual maturity of female John Dory (Zeus faber) differed in relation to hydrographic conditions at sample sites in the East China Sea. John Dory were collected around the margin of the continental shelf from the north-east to south-west waters of the East China Sea, and seasonal changes in spatial distribution were unclear. These probably reflected physiological constraints on salinity, as John Dory are distributed only in waters of high salinity. Thermal gradients along latitudinal lines were evident within sample sites. The northern population was subject to lower temperatures than the southern population during all sampling periods. There were no significant differences in length–age relationships between sampling locations, although the northern population had better body condition than their southern counterparts for a given length. However, northern John Dory matured earlier than their southern counterparts with the same relative condition factor.
Diving behaviour of an immature Kemp's ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) from Gullivan Bay, Ten Thousand Islands, south-west Florida
Authors: Sasso Christopher R. , Witzell Wayne N.
Published: June 2006

We report on the first successfully deployed time-depth recorder on an immature Kemp's ridley turtle in a coastal foraging habitat in south-west Florida. The turtle exhibited three distinct dive patterns interpreted as: post release stress (26 h) post release transition (8 h) and normal (>34 h). The normal pattern consists of short periods on the surface followed by longer periods on the bottom in 2–3 m of water which we speculate is foraging behaviour. Overall, the turtle spent 94% of the time submerged during the normal period. The turtle spent significantly more time submerged at night than during the day, suggesting the turtle was resting. Night dives were consistently longer than dawn, day or dusk dives.
Quelque part: du spatial au non spatial en passant par l'indétermination et la partition
Authors: KLEIBER GEORGES , GERHARD-KRAIT FRANCINE
Published: June 2006

Notre objectif est de décrire l'évolution de la locution adverbiale quelque part de son emploi spatial standard à des emplois non spatiaux en vogue à l'heure actuelle, mais non encore analysés, comme ceux qu'exemplifient les séquences:

Moi, ça m'embête quelque part de dire à un enfant euh non tu parles pas comme ça. Quelque part, il y a eu un abandon de la structure éducative (propos d'un député UMP sur le rôle des parents et de l'école dans la prévention de la fugue et de l'école buissonnière)

Je sais que Brian n'est pas mon enfant, mais quelque part il l'est aussi (propos d'une mère dont la fille de 15 ans a eu un enfant et que la mère aide à élever, 27/01/03, émission TV)

(Quelque part, ça m'interpelle/m'attriste/me dérange/me chagrine, (relevé à l'oral)

Dans une première partie, nous analyserons le ‘sens’ spatial en mettant plus particulièrement en relief les deux propriétés qui le caractérisent, notamment le trait de ‘partition’ généralement omis dans les descriptions. Après avoir distingué les emplois non spatiaux des emplois spatiaux, nous essaierons dans notre deuxième partie:

de faire ressortir deux types d'emplois non spatiaux,

d'expliquer ces emplois, dans une perspective de grammaticalisation, à partir des deux traits sémantiques postulés pour les emplois spatiaux,

de décrire les effets de sens auxquels ils donnent lieu et qui expliquent en partie leur succès.
Die Pflegende-Patienten-Beziehung. Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zur Beziehung zwischen Patienten und beruflich Pflegenden im Krankenhaus
Authors: Pohlmann Martin
Published: June 2006

In der Literatur wird der Beziehung zum Patienten eine besondere Bedeutung für die Pflege zugemessen. Pflegerische Tätigkeiten erfordern häufig eine besondere Intimität und finden nicht selten in für den Patienten bedrohlichen oder existenziellen Situationen statt. Eine gute Beziehung zwischen der Pflegenden und dem Patienten ist einerseits die Voraussetzung für eine pflegerische Tätigkeit und soll anderseits selber auch zur Heilung beitragen. Unklar bleibt allerdings, wie die Beziehung im Kontext der pflegerischen Alltagssituation konkret gestaltet werden soll. Die Literatur beinhaltet hierzu überwiegend pflegetheoretische normative Vorgaben oder Hinweise aus der humanistischen Psychologie, ohne dass die Übertragbarkeit dieser Konzepte in die Pflegepraxis belegt ist. Um die Forschungsfrage «Wie erleben professionell Pflegende die Beziehung zum Patienten?» zu beantworten, wurden qualitative Interviews durchgeführt. Auf diese Weise wurde die Beziehungen zum Patienten aus dem Blickwinkel der beruflich Pflegenden untersucht und im Kontext ihrer spezifischen Arbeitssituation erfasst. Die Pflegenden berichten, welche Erlebnisse, Erfahrungen, Emotionen und Belastungsfaktoren sich aus verschiedenen Beziehungen zum Patienten ergeben. Die Aufbereitung der Daten erfolgte durch eine phänomenologische Analyse nach Giorgi (1985). Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Ambivalenz der Pflegenden zwischen Nähe und Distanz in der Beziehung zum Patienten. Beziehungen zum Patienten finden innerhalb verschiedener Gegenpole statt, wie beispielsweise «Sympathie» und «Antipathie» oder «helfen können» und «Hilflosigkeit». Die Gestaltung der Beziehung erfolgt häufig wenig professionell und ist von der spezifischen Situation und den beteiligten Individuen abhängig. Es zeigt sich außerdem, dass die in der Pflege diskutierten Modelle aus der humanistischen Psychologie nicht uneingeschränkt als Grundlage für die Beziehungsgestaltung eingesetzt werden können. Ein besonderer Aspekt für die Beziehungsarbeit in der Pflege sind körperbezogene Pflegeinterventionen. Die Anwendung spezieller Konzepte, die einen spezifischen Körperkontakt zum Patienten ermöglichen, bieten konkrete Anknüpfungspunkte, um die Beziehung zum Patienten pflegespezifisch und professionell zu gestalten.
«Und es wird immer so empfohlen» – Bildungskonzepte und Pflegekompetenz
Authors: Darmann-Finck Ingrid
Published: June 2006

In dem Artikel werden Ergebnisse einer unter pflegedidaktischem Fokus unternommenen qualitativen empirischen Untersuchung der Interaktion zwischen Lehrern und Schülern im Pflegeunterricht dargestellt und daraufhin überprüft, ob der Unterricht eine angemessene Vorbereitung von Berufsneulingen auf die komplexen Anforderungen professioneller Praxis gewährleistet. Die Darstellung konzentriert sich auf ein häufig vorgefundenes Bildungskonzept, die «Regelorientierung». Unter dieser Kategorie werden solche Kommunikationsmuster der Lehrer zusammengefasst, in denen allgemeine Handlungsregeln für typische Pflegesituationen aufgestellt und als Maßstab für die berufliche Praxis präsentiert werden. Begrenzungen dieses Konzepts bestehen in der mangelnden wissenschaftsbasierten Begründung der vermittelten Handlungsregeln, der Vermittlung von Standards und Rezepten anstelle von situationsspezifischer Urteilsbildung und in der einseitigen Auflösung eigentlich widersprüchlicher Anforderungen der Pflegepraxis. Drei pflegedidaktische Zieldimensionen werden als Referenzrahmen für unterrichtsbezogene Entscheidungen konkretisiert, die dazu beitragen können, Pflegeschüler besser für die professionelle Praxis zu befähigen.
Bubbles generated from wind‐steepened breaking waves: 1. Bubble plume bubbles
Authors: Leifer Ira , de Leeuw Gerrit
Published: June 2006

Measurements of bubble plumes from paddle‐amplified, wind stress breaking waves were made in a large wind‐wave channel during the LUMINY experiment in fresh (but not clean) water. Bubble plumes exhibited considerable variability with respect to dynamics, bubble size distribution, and physical extent. A classification scheme was developed, and time‐ and size‐resolved bubble population distributions were calculated for each plume class. Comparison of the bubble distributions suggested that there were two primary types of bubble plumes, termed dense and diffuse on the basis of the ability to optically obscure the background. Diffuse plumes at injection were weakly size‐dependent to 1000‐μm radius, with a steep decrease for larger bubbles. Dense plumes were multimodal with a steep decrease for small bubbles, a second peak at 1700–2000‐μm radius, and a steep decrease for larger bubbles. Because of this peak, large bubbles contributed to total plume bubble volume much more significantly for dense plumes than diffuse plumes. Void fractions of diffuse plumes were greater at maximum penetration than for dense plumes. Finally, the injection and rise phases were approximately equal in time.
Three-dimensional imaging of nanovoids in copper interconnects using incoherent bright field tomography
Authors: Ercius Peter , Weyland Matthew , Muller David A. , Gignac Lynne M.
Published: June 2006

As integrated circuits have shrunk, conventional electron microscopies have proven inadequate for imaging complicated interconnect structures due to the overlap of features in projection. These techniques produce transmission functions with a nonmonotonic dependence of intensity on thickness for common microelectronic materials, making them unsuitable for tomography. We report the use of an incoherent bright field imaging technique in a scanning transmission electron microscope optimized for the three-dimensional reconstruction of thick copper microelectronic structures. Predictable behavior of the signal in samples up to ∼1μm thick allows us to reconstruct and quantify the shape and volume of stress voids within Ta-lined interconnects.
Diaspora Nationalism: The Case of Ethnic Korean Minority in Kazakhstan and its Lessons from the Crimean Tatars in Turkey
Authors: Oh Chong Jin
Published: June 2006

A diaspora is a migrant community which crosses borders, retains an ethnic group consciousness and peculiar institutions over extended periods (Cohen, 1997, p. ix). It is an ancient social formation, comprised of people living out of their ancestral homeland, who retain their loyalties toward their co-ethnics and the homeland from which they were forced out (Esman, 1996, p. 317). The Jews were the most ancient and well-known diasporic people. For a long time, “diaspora” meant almost exclusively the Jewish people. Hence diaspora signified a collective trauma, a banishment, where one dreamed of home but lived in exile. However, in recent years other peoples, such as Palestinians, Armenians, Chinese, Tatars, etc., who have settled outside their natal territories but maintain strong collective identities, also have defined themselves as disasporas. As Cohen states, “the description or self-description of such groups as diasporas is now common,” which allows a certain degree of social distance to displace a high degree of psychological alienation. Accordingly, during the last decades, disaspora has been rediscovered and expanded to include refugees, gastarbeiters, migrants, expatriates, expellees, political refugees, and ethnic minorities (Safran, 1991, p. 83).
Nationalism versus Internationalism: The Roles of Political and Cultural Elites in Interwar and Communist Romania
Authors: Korkut Umut
Published: June 2006

This paper has two main goals. First, it illuminates continuities between the ideas of “true Romanian-ness” as held by both the Romanian cultural elite and the Romanian political regimes in the interwar and communist periods. A manufactured definition of a “true” Romanian—as a Romanian Orthodox Christian, natively Romanian-speaking, and ethnically Romanian—formed the core of Romanian nationalism, regardless of the ruling ideology. This definition did not include the Roman and Greek Catholics of Romanian ethnicity on the grounds that they were not Orthodox Christians. It goes without saying that these criteria also excluded Hungarians, Germans and other ethnic minorities on the basis of ethnicity, language and religion. Second, the paper demonstrates that the principal ideas of Romanian nationalism developed in overt contrast to the internationalist ideological movements of both periods. Both the liberals and the Marxists misunderstood nationalism, claimed Ernest Gellner in 1964: liberals assumed that nationalism was a doomed legacy of outmoded irrationalism, superstition and savagery, and Marxists considered it a necessary but temporary stage in the path to global socialism. Gellner's comments are evidently appropriate to Romania, where nationalist responses developed first to the Westernization of the interwar period and second to communist internationalism after 1948.
Research synthesis in sport and exercise psychology: Chaos in the brickyard revisited
Authors: Biddle Stuart J.H.
Published: June 2006

A short introductory commentary is provided addressing research synthesis in sport and exercise psychology. The focus is on quantitative systematic reviews, including meta‐analyses. Building on Forscher's call over 40 years ago (Forscher, B. K. [1963]. Chaos in the brickyard. Science, 142, 35) for a more systematic approach to building a research evidence “edifice”, examples and purposes of research synthesis are provided. Important issues in the conducting and use of systematic reviews provide a conclusion.
Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor-β1–induced Signaling and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by the Smad-binding Peptide Aptamer Trx-SARA
Authors: Zhao Bryan M. , Hoffmann F. Michael
Published: June 2006

Overexpression of the inhibitory Smad, Smad7, is used frequently to implicate the Smad pathway in cellular responses to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling; however, Smad7 regulates several other proteins, including Cdc42, p38MAPK, and β-catenin. We report an alternative approach for more specifically disrupting Smad-dependent signaling using a peptide aptamer, Trx-SARA, which comprises a rigid scaffold, the Escherichia coli thioredoxin A protein (Trx), displaying a constrained 56-amino acid Smad-binding motif from the Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. Trx-SARA bound specifically to Smad2 and Smad3 and inhibited both TGF-β–induced reporter gene expression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in NMuMG murine mammary epithelial cells. In contrast to Smad7, Trx-SARA had no effect on the Smad2 or 3 phosphorylation levels induced by TGF-β1. Trx-SARA was primarily localized to the nucleus and perturbed the normal cytoplasmic localization of Smad2 and 3 to a nuclear localization in the absence of TGF-β1, consistent with reduced Smad nuclear export. The key mode of action of Trx-SARA was to reduce the level of Smad2 and Smad3 in complex with Smad4 after TGF-β1 stimulation, a mechanism of action consistent with the preferential binding of SARA to monomeric Smad protein and Trx-SARA-mediated disruption of active Smad complexes.
Regulation of transcription factor latency by receptor-activated proteolysis
Authors: Andréasson Claes , Heessen Stijn , Ljungdahl Per O.
Published: June 2006

The transcription factor Stp1 is endoproteolytically processed in response to extracellular amino acids by the plasma membrane SPS (Ssy1–Ptr3–Ssy5)-sensor. Processed Stp1, lacking a cytoplasmic retention motif, enters the nucleus and induces amino acid transporter gene expression. The SPS-sensor component Ssy5 is a chymotrypsin-like protease with a Pro-domain and a catalytic domain. The Pro-domain, required for protease maturation, is autolytically cleaved from the catalytic domain but remains associated, forming an inactive protease complex that binds Stp1. Stp1 is processed only after amino acid-induced signals cause the dissociation of the inhibitory Pro-domain. Our findings demonstrate that gene expression can be controlled by regulating the enzymatic activity of an intracellular endoprotease.
Spiritual care in nursing: an overview of the research to date
Authors: Ross Linda
Published: June 2006

Aims.  The paper gives an overview of nursing research papers published on spiritual care between 1983 and October 2005. It also provides pointers for the future direction of research in this emerging field.

Background.  Spiritual care of patients/clients is expected of nurses and is reflected in nursing codes of ethics, nurse education guidelines, policy documents and nursing guidance. Recent years have seen a proliferation in nursing research in this area, particularly in the UK and North America, and now in other European countries. It seemed timely, therefore, to review this published research.

Method.  Included in the review were 47 original published nursing research papers identified from a CINAHL search and from a collection held by the author since 1983. Papers were sorted into five categories, a template to aid reviewing was produced and a short summary and critique of each paper was written.

Conclusions.  Research on spirituality and health needs to move forward in a systematic and co‐ordinated way.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Hopefully, the research summarized in this paper will be useful to clinicians and nurse educators as they strive to incorporate spiritual care within their practice. In turn patients/clients and their families should benefit from care which is more holistic and addresses their deepest concerns and needs.
East meets West: applying Eastern spirituality in clinical practice
Authors: Chan Cecilia LW , Ng SM , Ho Rainbow TH , Chow Amy YM
Published: June 2006

Aims and objectives.  The paper discusses the application of the Eastern body‐mind‐spirit approach in healthcare practice.

Background.  Traumas, sufferings and losses may induce immense distress in patients and their families, as well as apathy and exhaustion in healthcare workers. Over‐specialization and compartmentalization of services may provide a convenient shelter for healthcare workers to be detached and to simply focus on a narrowly defined scope of intervention. However, the existential problems are still there. Based upon eastern philosophies and holistic health practices, we propose the body‐mind‐spirit approach in healthcare settings.

Methods.  This is a review paper summarizing the application of the approach on various clinical populations.

Results.  The approach has been trialled with promising results in a number of health conditions and psychosocial predicaments. Spirituality is not restricted to any religious practices, nor is it narrowed to the pursuit of knowledge at a high level of abstraction. The interconnectedness of the body, mind and spirit presupposes that the practice of spirituality is multidimensional and multi‐levelled.

Conclusions.  Using the body–mind–spirit framework flexibly we can engage more clients while facilitating the important process of exploration and change. The key components include getting in touch with the inner self, coming back to our senses, connecting our body and mind and rebalancing our relationship with the natural and social environment. The ultimate goal is to move out of meaninglessness and to reach a state of mature spirituality of tranquillity and transcendence.

Relavence to clinical practice.  The practice of spirituality can be easily applied to daily life.
Noradrenergic Innervation of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus is Involved in Mating‐Induced Pseudopregnancy in the Female Rat
Authors: Northrop L. E. , Shadrach J. L. , Erskine M. S.
Published: June 2006

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is an oestrogen‐responsive area known to facilitate female sexual behaviour in the rat. The VMH is innervated by noradrenergic neurones projecting from the brain stem, and it has been demonstrated that noradrenaline receptor activation in the VMH plays a role in the expression of the lordosis reflex. Noradrenaline has been shown to be released within the VMH after a female receives vaginocervical stimulation (VCS) from the male during mating. VCS also is required to induce twice‐daily surges of prolactin (PRL) characteristic of early pregnancy or pseudopregnancy (PSP). To determine whether noradrenaline within the ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) plays a facilitatory role in initiation of PSP, we administered the α1‐noradrenergic receptor agonist, phenylephrine, and the α2‐autoreceptor antagonist, yohimbine, unilaterally into the VMHvl. Phenylephrine stimulated PSP in 85.7% of females given an amount of VCS known to be subthreshold for the induction of PSP, whereas saline infusion (0%) or cannula misplacement (7.7%) were ineffective. Yohimbine had a similar effect, inducing PSP in 85.7% of females, whereas 7.6% of both control groups together showed PSP. Finally, bilateral blockade of α1‐receptors using prazosin blocked PSP in 100% of females given sufficient VCS to induce PSP, whereas saline infusion or misplaced intracerebral cannulae failed to prevent PSP in any animal. In all experiments, vaginal dioestrous was indicative of PSP, in that animals showed a mean number of days between oestrus of 12.8 ± 0.9. The results of the study demonstrate an important role for the VMHvl in initiation of PSP and suggest that the release of noradrenaline in the VMHvl at the time of mating contributes to neuroendocrine mechanisms responsible for establishing PSP in the female rat.
Five‐year follow‐up on the PAT study: specific immunotherapy and long‐term prevention of asthma in children
Authors: Niggemann B. , Jacobsen L. , Dreborg S. , Ferdousi H. A. , Halken S. , Høst A. , Koivikko A. , Koller D. , Norberg L. A. , Urbanek R. , Valovirta E. , Wahn U. , Möller C. ,   The PAT Investigator Group
Published: June 2006

Background:  A 3‐year course of specific immunotherapy (SIT) in children with hay fever to grass and/or birch pollen significantly reduced the risk of developing asthma. To investigate the long‐term preventive effect, we performed a follow up – 2 years after termination of immunotherapy.

Methods:  A total of 183 children, aged 6–14 years with grass and/or birch pollen allergy could be investigated 2 years after discontinuation of SIT or no treatment. Conjunctival provocation tests (CPTs) and methacholine bronchial provocation tests were carried out during the season and winter after 5 years. The development of asthma was assessed by clinical evaluation.

Results:  The significant improvement in hay fever and CPT results observed after 3 years of SIT persisted at the 5‐year follow‐up. No difference in bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was found after 5 years because of spontaneous improvement during the follow‐up period in the control patients. The immunotherapy‐treated children had significantly less asthma after 5 years as evaluated by clinical symptoms [odds ratio 2.68 (1.3–5.7)] in favor of SIT for prevention of development of asthma and significantly less patients reported an increase in asthma scores (P < 0.01).

Conclusion:  Immunotherapy for 3 years with standardized allergen extracts of grass and/or birch shows long‐term clinical effect and preventive effect on development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis.
On the Joint Path Length Distribution in Random Binary Trees
Authors: Knessl Charles , Szpankowski Wojciech
Published: June 2006

During the 10th Seminar on Analysis of Algorithms, MSRI, Berkeley, June 2004, Knuth posed the problem of analyzing the left and the right path length in a random binary tree. In particular, Knuth asked about properties of the generating function of the joint distribution of the left and the right path lengths. In this paper, we mostly focus on the asymptotic properties of the distribution of the difference between the left and the right path lengths. Among other things, we show that the Laplace transform of the appropriately normalized moment generating function of the path difference satisfies the first Painlevé transcendent. This is a nonlinear differential equation that has appeared in many modern applications, from nonlinear waves to random matrices. Surprisingly, we find out that the difference between path lengths is of the order n5/4 where n is the number of nodes in the binary tree. This was also recently observed by Marckert and Janson. We present precise asymptotics of the distribution's tails and moments. We will also discuss the joint distribution of the left and right path lengths. Throughout, we use methods of analytic algorithmics such as generating functions and complex asymptotics, as well as methods of applied mathematics such as the Wentzel, Kramers, Brillouin (WKB) method.
Biorthogonal Eigenfunction System in the Triple‐Deck Limit
Authors: Tumin Anatoli
Published: June 2006

The solutions of receptivity problems for a periodic‐in‐time actuator placed on the wall in a two‐dimensional boundary layer and for a two‐dimensional hump are discussed within the scope of the biorthogonal eigenfunction expansion technique in the limit of high Reynolds number when the triple‐deck scaling is imposed. It is shown that the solutions obtained with the help of the biorthogonal eigenfunction system are equivalent to the solutions derived within the scope of the triple‐deck theory.
PRICING A CLASS OF EXOTIC OPTIONS VIA MOMENTS AND SDP RELAXATIONS
Authors: Lasserre J. B. , Prieto‐Rumeau T. , Zervos M.
Published: June 2006

We present a new methodology for the numerical pricing of a class of exotic derivatives such as Asian or barrier options when the underlying asset price dynamics are modeled by a geometric Brownian motion or a number of mean‐reverting processes of interest. This methodology identifies derivative prices with infinite‐dimensional linear programming problems involving the moments of appropriate measures, and then develops suitable finite‐dimensional relaxations that take the form of semidefinite programs (SDP) indexed by the number of moments involved. By maximizing or minimizing appropriate criteria, monotone sequences of both upper and lower bounds are obtained. Numerical investigation shows that very good results are obtained with only a small number of moments. Theoretical convergence results are also established.
Language in the Public Service
Authors: CHRISTOFIDES LOUIS N. , SWIDINSKY ROBERT
Published: June 2006

In the Canadian public sector, legislation regulates the language of work and service to the public, generating a demand for bilingualism. We examine whether the bilingualism premium is higher in the public than in the private sector. We analyze how earnings from three census years, one before the legislation was strengthened, have evolved, we net out the effects of observables on earnings and we partially address the selection issue.
Does Network Care Prolong Work Absences?
Authors: JOHNSON WILLIAM G. , BALDWIN MARJORIE L. , JOHNSON TRICIA J.
Published: June 2006

We used data on 120,000 workers with occupational injuries occurring in California, Connecticut, and Texas to analyze the effects of healthcare networks on postinjury durations of work absence. Controlling for selection and unobserved heterogeneity, work absences are shorter, all else equal, for network cases than for non‐network cases. The shorter durations could reduce lost productivity by more than $3.8 million (a 9% reduction in work loss days for non‐network cases) if network care were extended to the non‐network cases in our sample.
Adhesion and allometry from metamorphosis to maturation in hylid tree frogs: a sticky problem
Authors: Smith J. M. , Barnes W. J. P. , Downie J. R. , Ruxton G. D.
Published: June 2006

Many species of climbing frog possess large disc‐like digital pads, which facilitate adhesion. The consensus of earlier studies is that frogs depend on a wet adhesive mechanism, chiefly influenced by pad area and surface tension properties of the mediating adhesive fluid. The relationship between morphology, size and adhesion is of particular interest for tree frogs, because evolution of adhesive ability has facilitated niche expansion into arboreal habitats. If frogs are geometrically similar, and growth occurs isometrically, then mass will increase at a higher rate than toe‐pad area, and an adhesive system directly dependent on area may be adversely affected. We investigated scaling of adhesive ability with ontogeny in seven species of hylid tree frog to test whether the responses to the challenges of maintaining adhesion with growth were sufficient to allow adult frogs to stick as effectively on smooth substrates as juvenile frogs. In all species, mass increased at a lower rate than expected with isometric growth. This was less pronounced in larger species, perhaps owing to the demands of locomotory modes such as jumping. In smaller hylids, this non‐isometric increase in mass was sufficient to enable adult frogs to adhere as effectively as juveniles. In larger species, however, the ability of adult frogs to adhere was significantly lower than that of juveniles, despite evidence of increased toe‐pad efficiency. Within all species adhesive forces increased at a greater rate than toe‐pad area, suggestive of changes in the relative influence of the contributory components of the wet adhesive mechanism with growth.
Melatonin receptor of a reef fish with lunar‐related rhythmicity: cloning and daily variations
Authors: Park Yong‐Ju , Park Ji‐Gweon , Kim Se‐Jae , Lee Young‐Don , Saydur Rahman Md. , Takemura Akihiro
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  Melatonin receptors are expressed in neural and peripheral tissues and mediate melatonin actions on the regulation of circadian rhythms in various species. For overall understanding of ‘circa’ rhythms in the golden rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus, which exhibits restricted lunar‐related rhythms and spawns synchronously around the first quarter moon, the aim of the present study was to clone a melatonin receptor (Mellb) cDNA and examine daily variations of Mellb mRNA expression in certain tissues of the rabbitfish. The full‐length Mellb cDNA (1808 bp) contained an open reading frame to encode a protein with a length of 354 amino acids, which was highly homologous to a protein of nonmammalian species. Northern blot analysis showed transcripts of Mellb in the brain and retina. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis also revealed expression of Mellb in all tissues tested. Significantly high expression of the gene during daytime was evident in the liver and kidney. When the expression of Mellb was examined in the brain and retina under conditions of light/dark cycles or constant darkness, daily and circadian variations of gene expression with two increases during daytime and nighttime for the brain and a single increase during nighttime for the retina were recognized. Moreover, daily variations in the expression of Mellb were observed in the cultured pineal gland. These results suggest that the melatonin receptor plays a role in integration of melatonin actions in various tissues and that daily variations of Mellb in the neural tissues may be related to regulation of circadian clock.
ORGANIZING RIGHTS AT THE “GLOBAL UNIVERSITY”
Authors: Jackson Mandi Isaacs
Published: June 2006

This article explores the global dimension of the fight for organizing rights among graduate teachers and researchers in private universities, focusing on the fight at Yale, but contextualizing that campaign in a new and developing national movement for academic organizing rights. The global image of one university and the reality of the global academic workforce are examined. A key element of the research is the documentation of the emerging national movement for the rights of international academic workers through graduate teacher union organizing at Yale University. This article provides historical examinations of the Chinese students in the graduate student union at Yale and of the factors leading to the emergence of a broader consciousness of labor rights in the academy.
THE TROUBLE WITH GETTING AHEAD: YOUTH EMPLOYMENT, LABOR ORGANIZING, AND THE HIGHER EDUCATION QUESTION
Authors: Tannock Stuart
Published: June 2006

Wages and working conditions for youth in the low‐end service sector are notoriously dismal. Recent attempts to use collective action to improve these conditions, however, have been limited in number and effectiveness. Addressing the situation requires attention to many of the same issues that concern labor overall. But sooner or later, youth labor organizing must also deal with the “higher education question”—indeed, it is the engagement with higher education that helps define young workers as a distinctive group in the first place. The question is this: What should a social and economic justice movement demand of higher education? Or, what do we need from higher education to move toward a just society? Until we have a clear answer, it is likely that we will continue to struggle to understand and address the problem of low‐wage youth employment.