bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To Each Their own Heaven — „Dead Like Me”, Secularism and Consumer Culture
Authors: Junke Dawid
Published: March 2020

Każdemu niebo według jego potrzeb — Trup jak ja, sekularyzm i kultura konsumpcyjnaAutor rozpoczyna artykuł od przedstawienia argumentów przemawiających za istotnością badań nad popkulturą oraz opisuje sformułowane przez Jane Feuer przestrogi przed zbyt pochopnym wyciąganiem wniosków na temat korelacji między zmianami w portretowaniu poszczególnych ele­mentów fabularnych seriali telewizyjnych a zakładaną „potrzebą publiczności”. Druga część artykułu poświęcona została analizie serialu Trup jak ja Dead Like Me, 2003–2004, stworzonego dla stacji Showtime przez Bryana Fullera i Johna Masiusa. Religijne motywy obecne w opisywanej czarnej komedii interpretowane są w odniesieniu do teorii sekularyzacji.
Maska jako aktorka
Authors: Kocur Mirosław
Published: March 2020

Mask as an actorThis paper proposes a performative analysis of a mask in order to research its agency, an active role in initiating world events. I will study four, in my opinion, basic “doings” of the mask: transformation, inspiration, transmission, and relocation. I am going to look at ancient masks as well as at Japanese, African and Asiatic ones. Of course, in a short paper the complete discussion of so complex subject matter is impossible. So, I will refer to selected case studies that most clearly expose the mask’s agency. I will use my own field research, my experience of directing plays and relevant scholarship — following a renown British social anthropologist Alfred Gell and archaeologist Ian Hodder.
Czy robot jest kobietą?
Authors: Panciuchin Joanna
Published: March 2020

Is the robot a woman?The article is devoted to the question of the impact of machines on gender relations. The author points to phenomena that may contribute to maintaining patriarchal patterns of behavior or the deepening of existing stereotypes about the role and position of women and men in contemporary societies. This issue is considered on the example of two types of machines: sex-robots and personal robots, including voice assistants.
Czy potrzebujemy „architektury oporu”?
Authors: Wiącek Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Do we need “architecture of resistance”?The modern city design adapts to the consumer behavior of its inhabitants. The city-dwellers, under various slogans and ideologies, are willing to pay for their apparent security and live in a soulless yet sheltered residential development spaces. The American visionary and architect Lebbeus Woods has recognized architecture as a political act. He also thought that most architects are egotistical, self-styled executives who consider themselves creators. In view of the increasing tendency of ghettoisation of public space in cities, a critical attitude has to be adapted. By analyzing the mechanisms of spatial segregation, I point to the architecture of resistance gaining in importance as a form of fulfilling utopia in the creation of an inclusive city.
Nowe perspektywy w badaniach nad nowożytnymi albumami przyjaźni
Authors: Michalska Anna
Published: March 2020

New research perspectives on books of friendshipThe article, based on a study of books of friendship alba amicorum in the collection of the University Library in Wrocław, aims at presenting new research perspectives on this kind of manuscripts. The author outlines the history of books of friendship and gives an explanation on the state of research footnotes 11 to 19, focusing on methods and undertaken topics. In the subsequent sections, alba amicorum are presented as “Objects and elements of the network,” “Collections” and “Performances.” The section “Objects and network elements of the network” refers to the return to materiality and the idea of the agency of things. It presents alba amicorum as material entities not only carriers of certain information or pieces of art, as well as an active part in the development and sustaining of social networks. Each book of friendship is both a collection of autographs, visual objects, quotes from literature and a collectible piece. This approach was presented in the section titled “Collections.” At the same time, alba amicorum gathered in museums or libraries tend to lose their performative character, presented in the last section.
Misyjne rzeczy. Kilka uwag o sprawczości rzeczy na Watykańskiej Wystawie Misyjnej w 1925 roku
Authors: Tańczuk Renata
Published: March 2020

Missionary things: Some remarks on the agency of things at the Missionary Exhibition held in Vatican in 1925Things brought by missionaries from mission countries were a testimony of cultural and civilizational differences, objects of scientific research, goods enabling acquisition of funds and new patrons. They were classified and valued according to new rules. They were to bear witness to the success of missions and encourage their continuation. The Missionary Exhibition held in Vatican in 1925 perfectly illustrates the scale of the missionary project of acquiring ethnographic objects. This paper presents the importance of foreign things and their agency in legitimizing missions.
Aktywizm miejski i nowe rozumienie kultury. Przyczynek do badań miejskich na Ukrainie i Białorusi
Authors: Rybczyńska Zoriana
Published: March 2020

Urban activism and changesin the recognition of culture for example, Ukraine and BelarusIn the article the activity of urban activists is presented based on various examples, together with their main subjects and methods of operation. The problems occuring in this field in Ukraine and Belarus are also discussed. At the same time on the basis of this analysis, the author tries to answer a number of questions about the place and the creators of culture, of urban policies and rhetorical strategies defining culture and, finally, how the modern practices of urban activism impact the recognition of culture as a whole.
Czynniki wpływające na przemiany medium elektronicznej rozrywki. Wprowadzenie do problematyki
Authors: Mycyk Bartłomiej
Published: March 2020

Problem of Factors Affecting Transformations of the Digital Games Medium. Introduction Phenomena of video games is constantly changing. Many of the changes have induced modi­fications of understanding of specific game genres, their crucial features and even essential factors of the whole phenomena. The aim of this paper is to point out the most important factors that af­fect evolution of video games. Is technological advance the main reason of games’ transformation? Author attempts to determine how features and capability of devices e.g. personal computers or consoles affect quality of video games. The next problem is influence of „indie” creators on video games’ evolution, as well as phenomena of specialization of the electronic entertainment.
The Leviathans in the Television Series ‟Supernatural”
Authors: Koszela Aleksandra
Published: March 2020

The Leviathans in the Television Series ‟Supernatural”The paper is an attempt to describe leviathans appearing in “Supernatural” TV series in ref­erence to their archetype known from Judeo-Christian tradition. Originally they were portrayed as a fearsome sea monsters which had extraordinary strength. Leviathans known from “Supernatural” are seemingly showing only slight resemble to monsters known from holy scriptures or legends. They look like people and — if they want to — they can blend in and behave like a normal mortal. However, they have a lot in common with archaic image of this monsters: cruelty, brutality and arro­gance that leviathans manifest to the human kind make them the epitome of chaos and the example of original Evil.
Kontrasty i syntezy. Retoryczne obrazy miast ogrodów
Authors: Szurek Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Contrasts and syntheses: Rhetorical images of garden citiesEbenezer Howard’s book Garden Cities of To-Morrow is not only a  treatise on urban planning or a  modern utopia, but also a  rhetorical case, using carefully built argumentation scheme. The aim of this article is to show how Howard’s ideas are presented and supported, and how his whole work is centered around the romantic notion that “extremes meet”. Both Howard and Polish interpreters of his ideas presented garden cities as a  remedy for urgent problems Lloyd F. Bitzer’s “exigence”. Their opinions on what exactly these problems are were, however, different. For Howard the most important aim was to draw people back to the country and provide them with cheaper, more comfortable houses. For Władysław Dobrzyński, the chief propagator of garden cities in Poland, the main problem were health conditions in Warsaw. The city is presented as ultimate evil, so the “marriage” between the country and the town is not possible and in fact not desired. Thus, Polish journalists and activists who tried to make Howard’s idea attractive to popular public, reversed his course of reasoning. In their visions extremes not only do not meet, but are radically separated. The city and the country, work and free time, gardens and industry are polar opposites. They can be reconciled not in actual, physical space, but only by leading a  “double life”, shared between working in a  city and living in an idyllic country refuge.
Zur REvolution des Populären. Christian Kracht und seine Bedeutung für die Popliteraturforschung
Authors: Jędrzejewski Maciej
Published: March 2020

The revolution of the popular: Christian Kracht and its significance for pop literature researchThe aim of the study is the analysis of the reception of the German writer Christian Kracht in the pop literature research. As empirical material were used selected scientific articles about the pop literature. At the beginning are an introduction and theoretical elaborations. The second part focuses on analytic considerations. At the end is a summary. The thesis is that  Kracht is considered one of the most important representatives of the pop literature. He contributed significantly to a revolution of the literary stream and the beginning of the New German Pop Literature in the 90s.
Zmiennik wybawiony albo tryumf wiedźmina. Cyfrowy dialog z kulturą i obyczajowością Wiedźmin 3
Authors: Kochanowicz Rafał
Published: March 2020

The Substitute Saved or the Triumph of the Witcher: Digital dialogue with culture and morals SummarySome elements of the game The Witcher 3 show very clearly that developers, in order to achieve a significant effect of gameplay, adopt the tools and forms of expression of other media — such as plot stereotypes, films or complex dialogues — and fill their designed world with quotations and motifs from traditional not only Polish texts of culture. “Sewn together” with digital technology, this “cento” becomes a commentary on the postmodern dimension of contemporary pop culture, and includes a warning against degradation of elementary norms and values essential for the functioning of societies.
O możliwym spojrzeniu na supersystem rozrywkowy z perspektywy wykorzystania wybranych osiągnięć językoznawstwa. Propozycja metodologiczna
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Adam
Published: March 2020

On the possible analysis of the entertainment supersystem from the perspective of employing selected achievements of linguistics: A methodological approachCurrently linguistics treats the subject of its study not so much as a tool for social communication, but as an integral element of culture. At the same time, culture is perceived as a system of symbolic meanings. However, the same position is occupied by “entertainment supersystems” whose role is transmedia storytelling. From the perspective of semiotics they are — just as the language system — a sign. Thus, perhaps employing the descriptive instrumentarium of language mechanisms, due to its peculiar character, will allow for a more adequate consideration of cultural phenomena in this case the entertainment supersystem than applying this methodology outside humanities. What is more, a transfer of focus from an ontological perspective seeking to answer the question of what an entertainment supersystem is or is not to an epistemological one an attempt to understand how it functions in society, that is, “how it is used” seems to be compliant with the transition from linguistic structuralism to the post-structuralistic paradigm. At the same time, considering methodological implications which derive from the analysis of mechanisms regulating the functioning of entertainment supersystems by means typical for the linguistics instrumentarium, one can easily reach the conviction that text as an object of study has been reinstated in its central position.
Opera w filmie — opera filmowa
Authors: Helman Alicja
Published: March 2020

Opera in film — film operaThe author discusses possible relationships between cinema and opera. Both of them belong to the realm of synthetic art Gesamtkunstwerk, which has been evolving since the reforms of Richard Wagner, but nowadays has a completely new status. The author claims that cinema incorporates numerous strategies characteristic of opera. Yet proper film opera does not exist as a separate genre, and cinema only occasionally uses opera’s compositional patterns.
Orędzie prezydenckie w komunikacji publicznej — konwencja i/lub oryginalność a kontekst polityczny
Authors: Sękowska Elżbieta
Published: March 2020

The proclamations of presidents in public communication — ritual and/or novelty and the political contextThe article analyses proclamations pronounced by four Polish presidents: S. Wojciechowski, I. Mościcki, L. Kaczyński and B. Komorowski. The president’s inaugural proclamation is a ritualised genre directed at the nation, concerning matters of high importance. Its structure depends on the political context which defines the topic, the audience and the role of the rhetoric subject. The proclamations contain axiological vocabulary, defined by the country’s historical situation, as well as pathetic constructions. Also, in this genre the impressive function predominates. The linguistic means of persuasion are independent of the historical period, nonetheless, its intensity differs. The construction of the implied receiver differs from text to text, which is aresult of the role taken by the speaker.
Specyfika dolnośląskich druków ulotnych z lat 1945–1948 w kontekście tradycji wydawnictw efemerycznych
Authors: Śleziak Marta
Published: March 2020

Peculiarity of Polish Lower Silesian posters from 1945–1948 in the context of printed ephemera traditionThe aim of this article is to present specificity of Polish posters, public notices, proclamations, leaflets and brochures that were printed in Lower Silesia in the years 1945–1948. All these materials refer to along tradition of printed ephemera and seem to be unique for scientists representing many fields. However, in this article peculiarity of these materials for linguists interested in political propaganda, newspeak, language of values is shown. There were three issues presented composition, subject matter and stylistics which are an introduction to very detailed research on language of Polish printed ephemera.
Nowe wyrazy w polszczyźnie XXI wieku odnoszące się do werbalnej agresji i przemocy
Authors: Zdunkiewicz-Jedynak Dorota
Published: March 2020

New words relating to verbal aggression and violence in thetwenty-first century Polish languageAmongst discussed new Polish words referring to aggression and violence we can find only one word that really describes anew kind of verbal aggressive behaviour — hejting. Others relate to communication behaviours known outside of the network, in our times Internet provides only new possibilities of their realisation cyberbullying, cyberstalking or trolling.
Wartości w języku biznesu: nowe znaczenia. Analiza wybranych przykładów
Authors: Kochan Marek
Published: March 2020

Values in the business language: New meanings. The analysis based on selected examplesThe topic of this article is the usage in business language of seven particular words describing values or positively evaluated in this language morality, sensitivity, excellence, loyalty, sentiment, execution, aggressive. The major part of the paper is dedicated to adetailed comparative analysis of these new meanings, based on the variety of examples taken from the Polish business language. The meanings of these words, as observed in business language, vary greatly as noted based on five Polish language dictionaries published in the 21st century, used for comparison. In most cases those new meanings of the examined words are not mentioned in the analysed dictionaries. In the final section of the text the author comments on the values discourse in business language operational dimension, utility approach, ambition to measure and control the values, potential influence of value-words as used in business language on the common Polish language as well as the question whether these new meanings should be included in Polish language dictionaries.
Kulturowe uwarunkowania nazw ulic — tradycja i zmiana
Authors: Data Krystyna
Published: March 2020

Cultural conditioning of street names — tradition and changesThe article deals with the problem of the cultural conditioning of street names as well as the changes in amethod and scope of onomastic research. The author discusses street names given both in the past and at present paying much attention to the specificity of the underlying basis and motivation of the choice faced. The changes of the existing names of the streets and their origins are also described. The analysis is based on the material collected among the street names in Tarnów juxtaposed with the ones in Bochnia and Dąbrowa Tarnowska. The historical perspective is helpful both in selecting certain street name types predominating in the past and at present and indicating what the changes in the names refer to.
Początki kształtowania się reprezentacji społecznej zapożyczeń w sferze publicznej
Authors: Zbróg Piotr
Published: March 2020

The beginnings of the shaping of social representations of borrowings in the public sphereThe article presents an initial phase of the process of shaping of social representations of borrowings. The aim was to obtain a view of the way in which participants of the public sphere talked about these elements of language, how they perceived them as well as what common sense image was created on this basis in the communication sphere and how it was modified. The first judgements and opinions on the matter of foreign words appeared around the 16th century and evolved from that moment. The theory of social representations developed by Serge Moscovici was applied as a theoretical and methodological basis of the description. Its research tools allow us to see the way in which societies construct meanings of matters important to them. On the basis of the analysis of the material it was established that from the beginning there were rather antagonistic elements of social representations of borrowings. The functionality of borrowings was noticed. Yet it was postulated that they should be eliminated from texts on account of the necessity to develop the native language, the incomprehensibility of statements as well as the excessive trend of foreignness.
Dwa oświeceniowe wykłady geometrii — dyskursywny obraz świata
Authors: Biniewicz Jerzy
Published: March 2020

Two Enlightenment lectures on geometry: A discursive worldviewThis article focuses on the history of the Polish educational and scientific discourse. The paper examines Polish texts by Józef Czech — Euklidesa początków jeometryi xsiąg ośmioro, to iest sześć pierwszych, jedenasta i dwunasta z dodanemi przypisami i trygonometrią dla pozytku młodzi akademickiey Euclid’s six books on geometry, that is the first six books, the eleventh book and the twelfth book with notes and geometry for the benefit of university youth, 1807 and by Ignacy Zaborowski — Jeometria praktyczna Practical geometry, 1786.The science of the 19th century is an area for gaining empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge of the world. The paper discusses this problem in the context of methods which can be employed to analyze the image of the world. The author of the article presents the concept of discursive worldview, which is meant to enable the description of dynamic profiling of meanings in educational and scientific discourse.
O potrzebach uczniów z doświadczeniami migracyjnymi z perspektywy szkolnego polonisty
Authors: Fiszbak Jolanta
Published: March 2020

On needs of students with migration experience from the perspective of Polish language teacherThe article On needs of students with migration experience from the perspective of Polish language teacher focuses on lack of proper background of Polish teachers in working with immigrants’ and re-emigrants’ children. The author emphasises that existing governmental regulations, which offer language support for those children, do not solve appearing problems. She argues that before a child is admitted to a school, s/he should undergo a thorough Polish language course, and teachers of the school to which the student is to be admitted, should get informed on the culture and everyday life of the given student’s country. Only then will the language feedback provided by the school be effective and the student will receive a proper emotional support in difficult situation of being in new environment. The author also points to the fact that a student with migration experience can be a child who can perfectly speak Polish language and who lives in Poland but whose one of the parents is not Polish; this also concerns children of Polish parents who came back to Poland after years of emigration. For those children very often the language support is either not necessary, or needed to a small extent in comparison to children who cannot speak Polish language. However, concern and emotional support from the surrounding may prove very important. The author emphasises the need of setting up an online learning platform dedicated to all the students with migration experiences. Such platform would be a means of showing concern to the child of immigrants and re-emigrants, as well as it would provide care and attention for their needs. This learning platform could also support developing the knowledge of student’s first language or serve as a help in learning the language of child’s ancestors via a Polish student, whose one of the parents is a foreigner.
Gdzie kogo ciągnie…? O pewnej grupie przysłów
Authors: Bakuła Kordian
Published: March 2020

Where is everyone drawn to...? On a group of proverbsThe article is devoted primarily to two Polish proverbs: “Każdy rad tam chodzi, gdzie się urodzi” Everyone likes to go where they were born and “Każdy tam ciągnie, gdzie się ulągnie” Everyone is drawn to where they came from. They were mentioned by Julian Krzyżanowski, who concluded that their meaning is erotic, pornographic even, a view challenged and rejected in the article, and replaced with the author’s own explanations. Three most important meanings have been established: 1. when urodzi and ulągnie denote growth, prosperity, profit; 2. concern a return to the birth place: home, town, homeland; 3. tell us that people are ruled by inclinations, customs, nature, i.e. old Polish nałogi habits and przyrodzenie nature; cf. M. Rej’s “Muszą myśli nasze tam ciągnąć, gdzie je przyrodzenie wlecze; do czego kogo nałóg a przyrodzenie ciągnie, tym się zawżdy para i tego pilnie szuka” Our thoughts are necessarily drawn to where nature attracts them, what habit and nature attracts one is what one always does and diligently seeks. The author has also established that the Polish proverbs in question have their European predecessors: Greek, Latin, Egyptian, e.g. “Habit is the second nature of man” Aristotle, “Everyone is dragged on by their favorite pleasure” Trahit quemque sua voluptas – Virgil; “To each his own is beautiful” Suum cuique pulchrum — Cicero, “You will return to your own mud floor, you will find your sycamore Egyptian.
Analiza ryzyka gminnych inwestycji społecznie odpowiedzialnych
Authors: Kwapisz Maciej
Published: March 2020

Risk analysis of socially responsible municipal investmentsThe article presents the relationship between the risk and uncertainty by showing the picture of mutual complementarity of these phenomena. The idea of “risk appetite” has been discussed. The article commences with the presentation of the concept of social responsibility in investments. The author argues that the socially responsible investments are a source of innovation in project investments.
Spory co do statusu prawnego Samodzielnego Publicznego Zakładu Opieki Zdrowotnej
Authors: Łysoń Artur
Published: March 2020

Disputes as to the Legal Status of Independent Public Health Care FacilitiesLife and health are values which are of fundamental importance both for individuals and for the proper functioning of society. Therefore, topics concerning health care in Poland have always aroused great controversy and numerous disputes. The functioning of the health care system is an important topic of public debate, scientific controversy, as well as private dispute amongst Poles. This article does not, however, focus on the sociological aspects of the operation of the health care system, but rather on the legal status of the primary legal-organizational unit of the system, namely independent public health care facilities. The analysis has been subjected to the genesis of the solutions functioning to date as well as the problems which have arisen in this respect. The legal conditions surrounding the activity of independent public health care facilities IPHF presented in this article, in particular the disputes as to whether or not these entities have alegal personality and entrepreneurial status, demonstrate alack of consistency on the part of the legislature, imprecision and inconsistency of regulations and anotable absence of aconception as to how the health care system should ultimately be shaped from the institutional point of view. Without denying the benefits of the introduction of modern methods of management in medical entities, it should be stressed that simply achange in the legal-organizational form is not comprehensive reform, but only afragment thereof.
Precedensowy charakter uchwał Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego
Authors: Krzeszowiak Piotr
Published: March 2020

Precedensal Character Resolution of the Supreme Administrative CourtThe article presents the issue of the precedent character of some resolutions of the Supreme Administrative Court. At the same time he deals with the law-making and the precedent role of administrative courts. It deals with the issues of contemporary law change, including the transition from the syllogistic to the paradigmatic application of law. In addition, it describes Competence of the Supreme Administrative Court to adopt resolutions aimed at clarifying legal provisions, the application of which has caused divergences in the case law of administrative courts. At the end of the article is presented a review of the resolutions of the Supreme Administrative Court in the author’s assessment of the precedent character.
Upadłość jednoosobowego przedsiębiorcy z możliwością oddłużenia a upadłość konsumencka byłego przedsiębiorcy — wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Glinka Justyna
Published: March 2020

Bankruptcy of a single trader with the possibility of debt relief and consumer bankruptcy of a former entrepreneur — selected issuesThe ability to cancel the debts of a natural person derived from a single-person business activity is a matter of broad debate in legal and business environments as well as academic. The so-called “fresh start” is perceived by many indebted, present or former individual entrepreneurs, as the most desirable scenario to free themselves from the existing obligations. The recent amendments to the polish Bankruptcy Law have made many smaller business participants increasingly consider either bankruptcy on the grounds of Article 20 et seq. of the Bankruptcy Law counting on the possibility of debt cancellation or, after deregistration from the relevant register, the inferencing for consumer bankruptcy. In the light of the aforementioned issues it is of crucial importance to analyze the views of the representatives of the doctrine as well as recent case law.
Dopuszczalność „złotej akcji” w polskim systemie prawa spółek
Authors: Piotrowski Tomasz
Published: March 2020

The admissibility of the “golden share” in Polish stock companyThe present article is devoted to admissibility of the “golden share” in Polish stock company. The current legislation does not explicitly allow or prohibit the existence of this statutory instrument. The article considered the possibility of granting such special privileges both as a shareholding privilege and as a personal right granted to a shareholder. The admissibility of these concepts has been assessed on the basis of the rules and common rules of company law, as well as the concepts incompatible with them has been criticised. In addition, the issue of statutory “gold shares” of the State Treasury, which grants the relevant minister a right to object to the specific decisions of the company, is outlined. Regulations and concepts under the current and previous law has been compared, as well as the above solutions were compared with the general rules and principles of company law.
Zdatność arbitrażowa sporów uchwałowych w wybranych zagranicznych porządkach prawnych
Authors: Glinka Justyna , Chyla Łukasz
Published: March 2020

The aim of the article is to present one of the greatest controversy of international commercial arbitration, which is an objective arbitrability of corporate disputes. The article presents the comparative perspective on arbitrability in certain jurisdictions as well as legal barriers that prevent some corporate disputes from being fully subjected to arbitration proceedings by the parties by an arbitration clause. Thorough analysis helps to identify the Polish approach amid international ones and propose certain solutions to challenges faced by Polish legislator. Due to all the similarities, the main emphasis is put on the analysis of German legal system, which can thus be used by Polish doctrine and judicature to successfully overcome some of the respective obstacles to be faced in the near future.
Działalność gospodarcza w polskich przepisach legislacyjnych
Authors: Słapczyński Tomasz
Published: March 2020

DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN POLAND IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL LAW ASPECTS - INTERPRETATIONS AND COLLISIONS OF THE STATUATORY DEFINITIONSThe doctrine distinguishes between two kinds of economic law, economic law, typicallyadministrative law and private economic law regulating civil-law relations. Both divisionsof law are interlinked because they regulate the functioning of economic entities in the wholecountry. Private law in this respect regulates property relations of entities of law-entrepreneurs who are entitled to autonomy in legal trade and are entities on the basis of equality. Public law regulates the relationship of subordinate sovereignty, administrative subordination, exercised by the state. The law of business is undoubtedly part of the public economic law, regulates the existence of an entrepreneur, and relations between entrepreneurs are the domain of private law. A company operating on the market must fulfill a number of statutory requirements and act in accordance with the law. It has a number of obligations for the State but also for other entities operating in the economy. As mentioned, an enterprise or an entrepreneur is obliged to fulfill the obligations imposed on them. Polish legislation is not uniform, as to the definition of entrepreneur and business, every department of law, and even some of the laws within the same law department, use a different definition of economic activity. Therefore, it is very important for an entrepreneur operating in Poland to check whether his activity is an economic activity in connection with the regulations contained in a specific law that may be in force. This is a very problematic issue, although the definitions in the various laws are similar, but they are not identical, which complicates the business, through heterogeneous and complex legislation that puts businesses in uneven light between many state institutions that impose obligations. To entrepreneurs. The work attempts to systematize the definition of an entrepreneur in Polish legal regulations, highlight the differences in individual laws and the consequences of that.
Nienależyte umocowanie pełnomocnika jako przesłanka nieważności postępowania
Authors: Barańska Anna Maria
Published: March 2020

The nullity of the proceeding in case of representative improperly empoweredThe paper covers a nullity of the proceedings arising out of case where the representative of a party was not duly empowered within the meaning of the article 379 point 2. and the article 401 point 2. of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure. In practice this premise causes a lot of difficulties due to missing law permitting straight approval of procedural actions performed by a representative improperly empowered — having considered that categorical rejection of such an opportunity not always seems to be the right and justified decision. In the contents of the paper attention is paid to the fact that it is incorrect to equate the case in which a person was not able to perform as a proxy with the situation where the representative was improperly empowered. The first case entails the invalidity of the proceedings, while the latter may be subject to legitimization, as a result of a subsequent confirmation of the procedural actions taken by an empowered person. Finally, the issue of the admissibility of reporting such a violation by a party to the proceedings as well as their legal interest in such an action is raised. Such an analysis will permit to indicate the differences between cases along with an attempt to indicate a possible procedure when it occurs.
Nieuczciwa i zakazana reklama skierowana do seniorów
Authors: Witek Zuzanna
Published: March 2020

Problem of unfair and inadmissible advertising addressed to seniors The aim of this work is presenting main aspects of the problem of unfair and inadmissible advertising addressed to elders. The author presents the concept of advertising as well as the regulations concerning it in applicable provisions of Polish, European and international law, focusing mainly on characteristics of unfair and inadmissible advertising. Main part of work is the presentation of elders as a specific group of consumers who are particularly exposed to unlawful business practices. As an example of it the author points out the cases of unfair and inadmissible advertising which are the subject of proceedings before the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection. The author also presents the commonly used unlawful business practices directed against elders. The culmination of this work is an indication what steps can be taken by elders so as not to become a victim of unfair and inadmissible advertising.
Prawo pacjenta do dostępu do elektronicznej dokumentacji medycznej
Authors: Klimas Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

The patient’s right to access to electronic medical recordsThe article is devoted to the issue of electronic medical records as a progressive instrument of implementation the patient’s right to information. Reason for such analysis is an obligation of archiving medical records only in electronic form in force since 1 January 2018 as well as possibility to share documentation in the Polish Medical Information System planned from 1 August 2017. Therefore there is a fundamental change in the form in which the patient will obtain access to the records and perform his information rights.In following considerations, the author will peform evaluation of expected law modifications, starting with explanation of the term „electronic medical records” and marking the historical background of development in this range. In the further part, will be presented the advantages of processing electronic.
Istota władzy rodzicielskiej
Authors: Stępień Martyna
Published: March 2020

The essence of parental authorityThere is no legal definition of parental authority, but many doctrinal definitions can be found in jurisprudence and literature. The essence of parental authority best reflects the understanding of parental authority as a whole of duties and parents’ rights towards the child, serving to provide them with appropriate care and guarding their interests. The duties are of paramount importance. Parental rights serve to fulfill specific duties, so they have a secondary and subsidiary character. The term “parental authority” is not appropriate to determine the parents’ care for a child, because it emphasizes the imperative. It would be more appropriate to use the term “parental care”. The proposed term would adequately expose the essence of parental authority. Parental authority is a subjective right granted to parents for the good of the child, in the interest of society.
Służebność gruntowa o treści odpowiadającej służebności przesyłu w świetle najnowszego orzecznictwa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego
Authors: Barańska Anna Maria
Published: March 2020

Problem konstytucyjności służebności gruntowej o treści odpowiadającej służebności przesyłu oraz możliwości jej zasiedzenia jest  przedmiotem ożywionej dyskusji już blisko od dekady. Mimo ugruntowanej i jednolitej linii orzeczniczej Sądu Najwyższego w tym  zakresie sądy powszechne cały czas mają wątpliwości, czy ta wykładnia znajduje umocowanie w przepisach kodeksu cywilnego. Nie  odmawiając interpretacji Sądu Najwyższego funkcjonalności, nie sposób jednak nie zauważyć towarzyszących jej mankamentów. Z  tego względu warte uwagi są ostatnie orzeczenia Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, który zdaje się po raz pierwszy zdecydował się  przełamać swoją bierną postawę. Building lease with the content corresponding to transmission easement in the light of the latest case law of the Constitutional TribunalThe problem of the constitutionality of a building lease with the content corresponding to transmission easement and the possibility of acquisitive prescription has been the subject of lively discussion already for almost a decade. Despite the well-established and unified jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in this regard, common courts constantly have doubts whether this interpretation is in line  with the provisions of the Civil Code. The Supreme Court’s interpretation is thought to have some shortcomings. That is why the last  ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal is worth paying attention to, as the Constitutional Tribunal seems to be for the first time active in this topic.
Charakter prawny zobowiązania awalisty — przegląd orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego
Authors: Wszołek Roksana
Published: March 2020

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przegląd orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego w przedmiocie kształtowania przez niego charakteru zobowiązania poręczyciela wekslowego. Ustawowa regulacja tej instytucji nie jest wyczerpująca, więc wymaga doprecyzowania przez doktrynę i judykaturę. Publikacja jest deliberowaniem nad typowymi cechymi zobowiązania awalisty jakimi są: abstrakcyjność, solidarność, nieodwołalność, akcesoryjność formalna, samodzielność i bezwarunkowość oraz scharakteryzowano je pokrótce w oparciu o tezy i uzasadnienia Sądu Najwyższego oraz literaturę. Autorka wyraża ponadto swoją opinię na temat słuszności pewnych wniosków SN, odnosząc się do nich aprobująco bądź krytycznie. Legal character of the avalist’s obligation — review of the Supreme Court’s case lawThis article is a review of the Supreme Court’s case law regarding the nature of the commitment from a bill of exchange. The statutory regulation of this institution is not exhaustive, and thus it requires clarification by doctrine and judicature. The publication indicates typical features of the avalist’s commitment: abstractionism, solidarity, irrevocability, formal accessibility, independence and unconditionality, and they are characterized briefly in relation to the thesis and justifications of the Supreme Court. Furthermore, the author expresses her opinion about certain theses of the Supreme Court: she approves some of them and criticizes others.
Przyczynowość hipotetyczna. Problematyka ustalenia zakresu odpowiedzialności deliktowej w sytuacji wystąpienia tak zwanej przyczyny rezerwowej causa superveniens
Authors: Borys Adrian
Published: March 2020

Opracowanie jest przedstawieniem problematyki przyczynowości hipotetycznej w odniesieniu do związku przyczynowego oraz ustalania rozmiaru szkody. Zawarto w nim poglądy doktryny — zarówno dopuszczające możliwość uwzględnienia przyczyny rezerwowej podczas ustalania rozmiaru szkody, jak i negujące taką możliwość. Problematyka przyczyny rezerwowej jako czynnika wpływającego na rozmiar szkody została zaprezentowana z perspektywy metody obiektywnej oraz metody dyferencyjnej ustalania rozmiaru szkody. Autor wykazał, że ustalanie rozmiaru szkody jedynie metodą dyferencyjną prowadzi do wyniku sprzecznego ze społeczną oceną aksjologiczną, który nie może zostać uznany za wiążący. Zanegowanie przez autora dominacji metody dyferencyjnej nie jest jednak zaprzeczeniem dynamicznego charakteru szkody. Zauważając problem szkody rozwojowej oraz odpowiedzialności za utracone korzyści, autor przychyla się do stanowiska, zgodnie z którym rozmiar szkody ustalony metodą obiektywną — stanowiący minimalny rozmiar szkody — powinien zostać skorygowany metodą dyferencyjną. Dlatego też przyczyna rezerwowa causa superveniens nie może zostać uwzględniona jako okoliczność zmniejszająca zakres obowiązku naprawienia szkody przez podmiot odpowiedzialny za zdarzenie podstawowe.Hypothetical causality. The problem of determining the scope of tort liability, in the situation of the so-called reserve reason causa superveniensThe study presents the problems of hypothetical causation from the point of view of proximate cause and determining the extent of damage. The paper presents the views of the doctrine, both allowing the possibility of taking into account the reserve reason causa superveniens when determining the extent of damage, as well as denying such a possibility. The issue of the reserve reason as a factor affecting the extent of damage was presented from the perspective of the objective method and the differential method of determining the extent of damage. The author has shown that determining the extent of damage only by means of the method differentially leads to a result contrary to the social axiological assessment, which can’t be considered binding. The author negated domination of the differential method. However, doesn’t contradict the dynamic character of the damage. Noting the problem of development damage and liability for lost profits, the author agrees to the position according to which the extent of damage determined by the objective method — constituting the minimum extent of damage — should be corrected using the differential method. Therefore, reserve reason causa superveniens can’t lead to a reduction in the scope of the obligation to repair the damage by the entity responsible for the basic event.
The Internet as a public place and a place of committing a prohibited act: Comments regarding the judgment of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland, case ref. no. IV KK 296/17
Authors: Kluza Jan , Sączek Konrad
Published: March 2020

The paper concerns the analysis of the possibility for classifying the Internet as a public place, which is of extraordinary legal significance with regard to the fulfilment of the criteria of many prohibited acts. Such a statement was presented by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland in its judgment of 17 April 2018, case ref. no. IV KK 296/17. This paper attempts to assess the standpoint of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland and the way it is reflected in various factual situations. To determine whether the Internet can constitute a public space in the sense of criminal law, several factors must be indicated, including, first of all, the application of an appropriate interpretation of the norms of criminal law. Internet jako miejsce publiczne popełnienia przestępstwa — uwagi na tle wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 17 kwietnia 2018 roku, sygn. akt IV KK 296/17Artykuł zawiera analizę możliwości zakwalifikowania Internetu jako miejsca publicznego, co ma swoje doniosłe znaczenie prawne dla spełnienia znamion wielu typów czynów zabronionych. Taką tezę zaprezentował Sąd Najwyższy w wyroku z dnia 17 kwietnia 2018 roku sygn. IV KK 296/17. Niniejszy tekst to próba oceny stanowiska Sądu Najwyższego oraz jego przełożenia na różnorakie stany faktyczne. W kwestii tego, czy Internet może stanowić miejsce publiczne w rozumieniu prawa karnego, trzeba wskazać na kilka okoliczności, przede wszystkim na zastosowanie właściwego sposobu wykładni norm prawa karnego.
Inside information and insider trading
Authors: Hnyluch Sobański Konrad
Published: March 2020

EU law acts often have a built-in element of the so-called self-control, consisting in verification of the effectiveness of regulation after a specified period of time from the entry into force of a legal act. In the year 2019, the Market Abuse Regulation MAR, which in 2016 introduced new regulations concerning confidential information and trade related to internal information, causing a revolution in the capital market, will be reviewed. Numerous new duties were imposed on market participants, among others in the field of transaction reporting, access to confidential information, the circle of persons having access to confidential information. Due to the above, the article discusses the regulations of confidential information and related obligations imposed on market participants, based on the current achievements of the doctrine and judicatory. These considerations have been confronted with the undesirable element of having confidential information, i.e. insider trading. Often, an entity that has access to specific confidential information uses it in an unlawful manner to achieve its own profit. This causes inequalities in access to market information and leads to distortions in the transparency of financial markets. The article also included a polemic on the morality of insider dealing. Informacja poufna w obrocie papierami wartościowymiAkty prawa unijnego często mają wbudowany element tak zwanej samokontroli self controlling, polegający na weryfikacji skuteczności regulacji po upływie określonego czasu od wejścia w życie aktu prawnego. Na rok 2019 przypada rewizja rozporządzenia MAR Market Abuse Regulation, które wprowadzając w 2016 roku nowe regulacje dotyczące informacji poufnej i obrotu związanego z informacją wewnętrzną, spowodowało rewolucję na rynku kapitałowym. Na uczestników rynku zostały nałożone nowe liczne obowiązki, między innymi w zakresie raportowania transakcji, dostępu do informacji poufnej czy też kręgu osób mających dostęp do informacji poufnej. Z uwagi na to w artykule omówione zostały regulacje informacji poufnej oraz związanych z nią obowiązków nałożonych na uczestników rynku, opierając się na aktualnym dorobku doktryny i dostępnym orzecznictwie. Rozważania zostały zestawione z niepożądanym elementem posiadania informacji poufnej, to jest insider trading. Często podmiot mający dostęp do określonych informacji poufnych wykorzystuje je w sposób bezprawny dla osiągnięcia własnego zysku. Powoduje to nierówności w dostępie do informacji rynkowych i prowadzi do zaburzenia transparentności rynków finansowych. W artykule podjęto również polemikę co do moralności wykorzystywania informacji poufnych.
Between neutrality and engagement: Political journalism in Hungary
Authors: Bajomi-Lázár Péter
Published: March 2020

After the political transformation, Hungarian journalism organizations and media policy makers attempted to introduce the standards and practices of neutrality-seeking journalism, yet most news outlets continued to offer engaged accounts of political events and issues. Why was the professionalization of journalism interrupted? This paper attempts to answer this question by offering an overview of the comparative media systems literature in search of the factors shaping journalism practices and by placing Hungary on the map of media systems. Then it suggests that different audience needs may be an additional factor explaining the dominance of different journalism practices in different media systems, with the public in transition societies seeking confirmation rather than information when using the media.