bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hate Crimes
Authors: LEVIN BRIAN
Published: March 2007

State and federal hate crime laws punish crimes involving discrimination on the basis of a person's group characteristic, such as race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, or disability. The Supreme Court has refined the definition of hate crime through decisions which affirmed one type of hate crime law, but rejected another. Punishing hate crimes is consistent with the traditional aims of our criminal justice system. Our criminal laws consistently enhance penalties for seemingly similar conduct based on the risk, severity, and context of a particular crime. Carefully drafted hate crime laws punish conduct that is objectively more dangerous to victims and society.
Connecting the Past to the Future
Authors: PETROSINO CAROLYN
Published: March 2007

This article argues that hate crimes are not a modern-day phenomenon, but extend throughout the history of the United States. Using a definition based on intrinsic justice rather than codified law, selected events in the 17th through early 19th centuries are examined. Comparative analysis indicated similarities and differences between historical and modern events. The distillation of conditions surrounding hate crime dynamics both past and present, along with the examination of current trends suggest the following summary factors: (a) racism is a primary predictor of hate crime through time; (b) the efficiency and degree of harm potential in hate crime is a function of opportunity and technology; (c) hate crimes will occur more frequently and be more difficult to prevent; (d) notwithstanding the repugnant nature of hate crime, many Americans are becoming more sympathetic to the hate crime perpetrator's cause; and (e) hate crime, on some levels, is becoming indistinguishable from domestic terrorism.
Vibration Characteristics of a Composite Beam Containing an Electrorheological Fluid
Authors: Choi Y. , Sprecher A.F. , Conrad H.
Published: March 2007

The complex moduli of a composite consisting of a hollow beam filled with an electrorheological (ER) fluid were obtained by analyzing the beam's motion in free oscillation. The beam was considered to be a uniform viscoelastic material and was modeled as a damped harmonic oscillator. Hydrous-based ER fluids consisting of either cornstarch-corn oil or zeolite-silicone oil mixtures with varying amounts of solids and water content were employed, along with electric field intensities ranging from 0.0 to 1.7 × 103 kV/m. Rheological data were also obtained for the fluids A linear correlation between the two components of the moduli and fluid strength was observed, which was ex plained in terms of fluid structure and particle polarization
Smart Structures Research at the University of Strathclyde
Authors: Michie W.C. , Gardiner P. , Culshaw B. , McDonach A. , Mowforth P. , Pethrick R. , Hayward D. , McKelvie J. , Katebi R.
Published: March 2007

This article summarises several of the topics currently being investigated at the University of Strathclyde associated with the area of Smart Structures and the efforts being made to channel these research efforts into a coordinated research programme. Sev eral project areas are outlined including optical sensing, material cure monitoring, mechanical analyses and control.
Magnetostrictive Vibration Control Systems
Authors: Flatau Alison B. , Hall David L. , Schlesselman Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

Results are presented summarizing dynamic per formance capabilities for three different magnetostrictive actuators with demonstration of magnetostriction used for control of struc tural vibrations in a beam. Project goals were to design a magne tostrictive actuator for use as a broadband vibration source (using magnetostriction for generation of dynamic forces), to fabricate a working prototype system, and to demonstrate magnetostrictive ac tuator use for vibration control. The vibration control work is modeled after analog proportional gain control techniques. A magnetostrictive actuator is used to oppose structural vibrations that are sensed with an accelerometer. The magnetostrictive ele ment of the actuator is permeated by a magnetic field that fluc tuates in direction at a rate proportional to the inverted accel erometer output. The resultant actuator strain is proportional in amplitude and 180° out of phase with the structure's vibratory mo tion. Use of a magnetostrictive actuator to reduce beam vibrations at frequencies up to 4000 Hz is shown. Also, broadband actuator frequency responses are shown that demonstrate practical imple mentation of magnetostrictive material in vibration generation systems which should carry over to use in vibration control ap plications at frequencies up to 10,000 Hz and above.
Coupled Electro-Mechanical Analysis of Adaptive Material Systems — Determination of the Actuator Power Consumption and System Energy Transfer
Authors: Liang C. , Sun F.P. , Rogers C.A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a coupled electro-mechanical analysis of piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) actuators integrated in mechanical systems to determine the actuator power consumption and energy transfer in the electro-mechanical systems. For a material system with integrated PZT actua tors, the power consumed by the PZT actuators consists of two parts: the energy used to drive the system, which is dissipated in terms of heat as a result of the structural damping, and energy dissi pated by the PZT actuators themselves because of their dielectric loss and internal damping. The coupled analysis presented herein uses a simple model, a PZT actuator-driven one-degree-of- freedom spring-mass-damper system, to illustrate the methodology used to determine the actuator power consumption and energy flow in the coupled electro-mechanical systems. This method can be applied to more complicated mechanical structures or systems, such as a fluid-loaded shell for active structural acoustic control. The determination of the actuator power consumption can be very im portant in the design and application of intelligent material systems and structures and of particular relevance to designs that must be optimized to reduce mass and energy consumption.
Active Vibration Control of a Flexible Cantilever Beam by Applying Thermal Bending Moment
Authors: Murozono Masahiko , Sumi Seinosuke
Published: March 2007

Digital vibration control of a flexible cantilever beam using a thermal bending mo ment caused by the temperature gradient across the section of the beam is attained both by experi ments and simulations. Foil strain gauges bonded on the surfaces of the beam are used as an actuator which is capable of producing a thermal gradient. Thermal bending moments are applied in the proper sense to a flexible cantilever beam having very low natural frequency so that active control of the first mode bending vibration is realized. Experimental results show that the damping ratio is increased by about ten times. Simulations are based on the theoretical analysis in which the equation of state is derived from the equation of bending vibration for the beam, considering the heat flow on both upper and lower surfaces. A linear control law is determined based on the digital optimal regulator theory. A minimal order state observer is used to estimate a state variable which is not available in the measurements. Experimental results are consistent with the simulated ones.
A Proposed Three-Dimensional Constitutive Model for Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Graesser E.J. , Cozzarelli F.A.
Published: March 2007

The shape memory alloy (SMA) stress-strain response associated with martensitic twinning hysteresis and austenite-martensite/martensite-austenite superelasticity is modeled using constitutive equations. Compared to the modeling work done on viscoelastic and viscoplastic be havior, this has been an area of limited study. The equations which are presented here express the growth of inelastic strain in a rate-type formulation similar to viscoplastic laws. This constitutive model is obtained by extending a one-dimensional evolutionary model of SMA behavior to three dimensions. The resulting model is then reduced to meet the loading conditions of three special cases: uniaxial loading, shear loading, and non-proportional biaxial loading (combined axial- torsional loading). The model which is being considered, although nonlinear, is relatively simple in that only two evolutionary equations are required to model inelastic strain and a generalized back stress at a material point. Thus the model being presented uses only one internal variable, which is analogous to viscoplastic backstress. The consequences of variations of parameters in the equations of the model are also discussed.
Simultaneous Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer Enhancement for Slit Flow by Means of Coating One Wall with a Magnetic Fluid
Authors: Büdingen G.V. , Frenzel H. , Steger R. , Vorwerk J. , Brunn P.O.
Published: March 2007

In this study the laminar flow and heat transfer in slit flow are examined, when the lower wall is coated by a magnetic fluid. Being held in place by means of magnets, drag reduction and simultaneous heat transfer enhancement (relative to the case of no coating) are possible. While 400 percent is an upper limit for drag reduction the heat transfer enhancement has (theoretically) no upper bound. Heat transfer enhancement above 400 percent is possible only with a decrease in the flow rate (negative drag reduction). These idealized theoretical results are severely limited by reality. The stability of the magnetic coating (for whatever reason) may not be sufficient to be used in practice.
A Fully Coupled Constitutive Model for Electrostrictive Ceramic Materials
Authors: Hom Craig L. , Shankar Natarajan
Published: March 2007

A three-dimensional, electromechanical constitutive law has been formulated for electrostrictive ceramic materials. This fully coupled, phenomenological model relates the key state variables of stress, strain, electric field, polarization and temperature in a set of compact nonlinear equations. The direct and converse electrostrictive effects are modeled by assuming that the electri cally induced strain depends on second-order polarization terms. In addition, a simple empirical relationship for the dielectric behavior is used to model the saturation of the induced polarization with increasing electric field.

Unlike previous electrostrictive constitutive laws based on polynomial expansions, this consti tutive law depends on a manageable number of material constants. As an example, material constants for the model were determined from induced strain and dielectic data for a relaxor-ferroelectric based on lead magnesium niobate, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O 3-PbTiO3-BaTiO3 (PMN-PT-BT). Finally, pre dictions of the material's mechanical behavior under constant electric field and its electrical behavior under constant applied stress are made.
When Member Homogeneity is Needed in Work Teams
Authors: Bowers Clint A. , Pharmer James A. , Salas Eduardo
Published: March 2007

A meta-analytic integration of 57 effect sizes from 13 studies (567 teams, 2,258 participants) was performed to determine if groups that are homogeneous with respect to gender, ability level, and personality achieve higher levels of performance than teams that are heterogeneous on these attributes. Although individual studies often show marked differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, the results of this integration show the combined effect sizes of these studies to be small, though not significant, in favor of heterogeneous groups. It appears that the significant effects found in many of the included studies can be attributed to the type and difficulty of the task used in the investigation. Implications for team construction are discussed.
Place, Age, and Culture
Authors: Ajrouch Kristine J.
Published: March 2007

The social ties that exist within an ethnic group are highlighted through the perceptions of adolescent children of Lebanese immigrants and examined to discern the process of acculturation and the negotiation of ethnic identity. The adolescents studied live in an ethnic community that continues to receive immigrants. They attend school where the majority of the students are of the same ethnic group. They are the first generation in their family to grow up in America. These conditions produce a unique intersection where place, age, and culture converge. Interviews were conducted with 20 Arab American adolescents from this ethnic community. They elaborate on factors that frame their identities through accounts of their social relationships. Positive and negative perceptions of living in an ethnic community are discussed. The parameters of ethnic identity formation and evidence of selective acculturation are detected through the adolescents’ descriptions of their social relationships within this ethnic community.
Individual Differences in Cognitive Style and their Effects on Task and Social Orientations of Self-Managed Work Teams
Authors: Armstrong Steven J. , Priola Vincenza
Published: March 2007

When assembling self-managing work teams, the personalities of team members are often overlooked. One personality variable known to be critical for effective decision making in teams is cognitive style. This study sought to examine how differences and similarities in analytic/intuitive cognitive styles affected the behavior of team members on the task/emotionally expressive dimension identified by Bales. As hypothesized, intuitive individuals and homogeneous intuitive teams were found to initiate more social-emotional acts. Contrary to expectations, intuitive rather than analytic individuals and homogeneous intuitive rather than analytic teams engaged in more task-oriented behaviors. Teams also tended to select intuitive individuals as leaders. The possibility that different combinations of styles may be important for overall team effectiveness was subsequently discussed, and it was suggested that this may depend on whether the nature of the work environment is relatively well structured and mechanistic or relatively unstructured and organic.
The Relationship between Intrateam Conflict and Cohesion within Hockey Teams
Authors: Sullivan Philip J. , Feltz Deborah L.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, intrateam conflict has been viewed as the antithesis of team cohesion. However, with a multidimensional view of both conflict and cohesion, certain types of conflict may be positively related to some aspects of cohesion. It was predicted that constructive styles of conflict would be positively related to cohesion, whereas destructive conflict would be negatively related to cohesion. Sixty-two male hockey players completed the Group Environment Questionnaire and Canary, Cunningham, and Cody’s conflict style measure. Higher levels of social cohesion were related to greater use of constructive conflict style and lesser use of destructive style. Task and social cohesion were negatively correlated with greater use of destructive style. Two of the four cohesion factors were predicted from regression models based on the conflict style scores. These results support the hypothesis that constructive conflict may be positively related to cohesion, as well as previous research that inferred that negative conflict was negatively related to team unity.
Training Of Group Psychotherapists
Authors: Bowers Wayne A. , Gauron Eugene F. , Mines Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The training ojgroup psychotheraprsts contmues to expand, with consensus appearing on what to offer in a training program. However, httle attention is given to formal evaluation and feedback procedures within a training program. The Group Psychotherapy Program Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, developed a procedure to give supervision and feedback to students in trammg using written and verbal feedback as well as a ratmg scale to assess change m psychotherapy skills. Supervision and evaluations followed along a development model developed by Hogan (1964). Feedback providers included supervisors, cotherapists, and peers. The ratmg scale developed had an mterrater reliability significant beyond the . 05 level. A case study is presented as well as recommendations for future exploration.
Mutuality Between Men and Women in Self-Analytic Groups
Authors: Ratner R.S. , Hathaway Craig T.
Published: March 2007

Experiences with a self-analytic seminar are reported, examining the nature of its development through stages and its impact on sex-role stereotypes and gender interactions among participants and with the seminar leaders. Relationships between feminist thought and psychoanalysis are explored. The positive influence on recognition of mutual needs among the sexes is qualitatively supported.
Organizational Alienation and Job Climate
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between aspects of organizational structure and alienation as experienced by personnel employed in nine social services organizations. Interview schedules were used for three distinct groups in these organizations: those making executive decisions, those making supervisory as sessments, and those concerned primarily with client interaction, for a total of 603 respondents. The best predictions of organizational structure were aspects of centralization and formalization, which related strongly to the dimensions of powerlessness and self-estrangement.
Exploring Group Maturity In The Classroom
Authors: Krayer Karl J.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the nature of group maturity in the classroom. The investigation seeks to determine whether there are differences between mature and immature groups on certain collective behaviors, affective reactions, or performance outcomes. Data were gathered from 58 undergraduate student task groups. Group maturity was measured using the 10-item Krayer and Fiechtner instrument. The results indicate that members of mature groups are significantly more satisfied with their groups; that, in significant measure, they would work with their groups again in the future; that they would engage in non-task-related activities; and that they score higher on their project evaluations than immature groups. Implications for group activity and team learning in the classroom are discussed.
An Approach to Facilitating Personal Transformations in Small Groups
Authors: Boyd Robert D.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a method to facilitate personal transformations in small groups. The matrix model forms the operational structure for the method. The roles of the group, members, and leader are examined. Personal transformation is defined within the framework of analytical psychology. The method makes extensive use of metaphors. Their nature and the manner in which metaphors are employed are examined. The method may be used with a variety of self-analytic groups.
The Effects of Prototype-Based Biases on Leadership Appraisals
Authors: Nye Judith L. , Forsyth Donelson R.
Published: March 2007

Leadership categorization theory suggests that leaders who display characteristics and abilities that match observers' schematic conception of an effective leader will be more favorably evaluated than leaders who violate observers' leadership prototypes. In a test of this model, 92 male and 84 female subjects endorsing a number of different leadership prototypes were instructed to evaluate a male or female leader who acted in a task-oriented or socioemotional-oriented manner. In rating leader effectiveness, subjects showed a clear bias in favor of leaders who matched their particular prototypes, although males tended to base their ratings on prototypes more so than females.!n ratings of leader collegiality, however, prototype-based biases were noted only when subjects evaluated female leaders. These ratings were not always consistent with the predictions of leadership categorization theory. These findings suggest that biases against female leaders may stem, in part, from the incongruity between subordinates' leadership prototypes and stereotypical conceptions of men and women.
Sex and Gender Differences in Group Communication
Authors: Andrews Patricia Hayes
Published: March 2007

This article examines the potential impact of the sex and gender composition of small groups on tile facilitation process. It explores the theory and research that yield insights into how sex or gender influenices leadership emergence, examining the comparative effectiveness of female and male leaders and considering the conceptual relationship between leadership and facilitation. By reviewing past research on sex differences in leadership emergence, stereotypic perceptions of gender differences in leadership style and speech, and the gender bias of many tasks used in small group research, it argues that facilitators would benefit from studying and understanding such important theoretical constructs as role theory, structural theory, expectation states theory, and attribution theory, so as to approach the group facilitation process more thoughtfully and strategically. The article further challenges traditional task-oriented views of leadership and concludes by affirming the equal potential of males and females to facilitate small groups.
Managing Conflict in a Diverse Work Force
Authors: Wong Choy L. , Tjosvold Dean , Lee Florence
Published: March 2007

Deutsch 's theory of cooperative and competitive conflicttmay be usefully extended to Chinese people. Results of LISREL and other analyses of data collectedfrom interviews of Chinese immigrants indicate that those who developed cooperative goals in a conflict were able to discuss issues open-mindedly, and this constructive interaction helped them make progress on the task, work efficiently, and strengthen their work relationship and their confidence in future collaboration. These results do not argue that Chinese and North Americans handle conflict similarly, for how these groups operationalize the theory may differ significantly. Goal interdependence may have the potential to be a framework for promoting conflict management between Chinese and North Americans.
The Effects of Group, Task,Context, and Technology Variables on the Usefulness of Group Support Systems
Authors: Benbasat Izak , Lim Lai-Huat
Published: March 2007

Using meta-analytic procedures, this article quantitatively integrated the results of 31 experimental studies on the effects of Group Support System (GSS) use. A total of eight dependent variables representing performance, satisfaction, consensus, and equality of participation were investigated. The use of GSSs was found to have positive main effects on decision quality, number of alternatives generated, and equality of participation, but negative main effects in terms of time to reach decision, consensus, and satisfaction. Further analysis showed the effects to be moderated by task, group, context, and technology variables. For example, larger groups achieved betterperformance and greater satisfaction from the use of GSS than smaller groups. Groups with a formal hierarchy using GSS did worse in terms of both performance and satisfaction compared to groups without formal hierarchy. Also, the level of GSS support emerged as influential on almost all dependent variables. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for organizational use of GSS, design issues of GSS, andfuture research directions.
Using Groupparticipants' Perceptions of Therapeutic Factors to Form Client Typologies
Authors: Shaughnessy Peter , Kivlighan Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

Clusteranalysis was used to categorize group participants by the specific therapeuticfactors identified as most critical to their experience in the group. The 114 group participantsfilled out a critical incident form at the end of each group session and judges placed these forms into therapeuticfactor categories. Results revealedfour types of group participants labeled broad-spectrum responders, self-reflective responders, other-directed responders, and affective responders. Clinical and research implications of the results are discussed.
Implicit Personality Theory, Social Desirability, and Reflected Appraisal of Self in the Context of New Field Theory (SYMLOG)
Authors: Hare A. Paul , Hare Sharon E. , Koenigs Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Members of organizations in the United States, in 20 intact teams of 10 or more persons, each rated on a SYMLOG questionnaire the values of the other team members and the values that they would wish to show in their own behavior (ideal). The values scores on three dimensions (dominance vs. submissiveness, friendly vs. unfriendly behavior, and accepting vs. opposing the taskorientation ofestablished authority) ofa member's ideal were compared with ratings of other team members and the self-rating. Significant positive correlations indicate that a memberjudged others (in terms of implicit personality theory) and his or her self (in terms of social desirability) according to the weighting given to the three values dimensions in the wished for behavior (ideal). In addition, there were positive correlations between members 'self-ratings and how they expected to be rated, as well as with the average rating they received.
Groupthink
Authors: Street Marc D.
Published: March 2007

Despite its widespread appeal, the groupthink model has come under severe attack recently. Taking the position that recent calls for major revisions to the original formulation are premature, this article examines four theoretical areas that have been problematic for scholars investigating the groupthink phenomenon. This examination allows for the presentation of both implications and research suggestions designed to refocus research efforts on the model as originally proposed by Janis.
Member Perceptions of Internal Group Dynamics and Productivity
Authors: Wheelan Susan A. , Murphy Donald , Tsumura Eisaku , Kline Sheryl Fried
Published: March 2007

The purpose of thisfield research was to explore the relationship between member perceptions of internal group dynamics and group productivity. Forty-four work groups participated in this study. Significant relationships were noted between member perceptions of internal group dynamics and group levels of productivity as measured by the organizations as well as by members 'perceptions.
Conflict-Handling Behavior in Work Groups
Authors: Farmer Steven M. , Roth Jonelle
Published: March 2007

Using theoryfrom both small group and conflict management research, this study examined how conflict is managed within work groups performing decision-making tasks. It was proposed that larger and more cohesive groups would show less competing and more avoidance, compromise, and accommodation in response to conflict. We assessed whether conflict would be handled differently depending on whether the group is focused on problem analysis, solution evaluation, or group process management, and whetherconflict handling would change as afunction of time. Contingency analyses of 25 group decisions content-codedfor conflict-handling behavior, task achievementfunction, group size, cohesiveness, and temporalphase indicated mixed supportforour expectations. Conflict-handling behaviors reflecting high concern for others occurred mostfrequently, whereas behaviors representative of low concern for others occurred leastfrequently. Results are discussed in terms of hypothesis generation and suggestionsforfuture research thatcould continue linking these two literatures.
Methods of Assigning Players to Teams: A Review and Novel Approach
Authors: Bacon Donald R. , Stewart Kim A. , Anderson Elizabeth Scott
Published: March 2007

Many simulations, games, and other experiential exercises require participants to function in teams. The authors review the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of assigning participants to teams, including random assignment, self-selection, and facilitator assignment and then introduce and discuss computer-aided methods of team assignment. Guidelines are provided for how to choose an appropriate method of team assignment.
Healthcare Assessment and Performance: Using Simulation
Authors: Barach Paul , Satish Usha , Streufert Siegfried
Published: March 2007

Simulation as an evaluative tool has been subject to problems validating it as a gold standard for performance evaluation in health care. The simulator can be effective only when coupled with an effective curriculum. Simulation in itself raises several important questions: (a) What aspects of professional competence can be better assessed by simulation technique than by more traditional evaluative measures? (b) What are the extra costs of simulations in terms of money, time, and other resources? (c) What are the long-and short-term ramifications of simulation exercises for examinees, simulators, and observers? (d) How can the ethical requirements of informed consent be met without jeopardizing the reality of the simulation? This article will address the ongoing dilemmas around performance assessment and will begin to frame the ongoing debate in the field of simulation and education research.
An Exploration of Game-Derived Learning in Total Enterprise Simulations
Authors: Washbush John , Gosen Jerry
Published: March 2007

This article reports a series of exploratory studies dealing with learning in total enterprise simulations. These studies had three purposes: (a) to examine the validity of simulations as learning tools, (b) to measure any relationships between learning about the simulation and economic performance in the game, (c) to discover if some players learn more than others from the same business gaming experience. For this research, learning emanated from the game’s structure and decision-making requirements. Learning was measured using parallel forms of a multiple-choice, short-essay examination. The results showed that learning occurred from simulation play but did not vary with performance. There was some evidence that participants learned more when they perceived their teams to be well organized.
Simulation/Gaming and the Acquisition of Communicative Competence in Another Language
Authors: García-Carbonell Amparo , Rising Beverly , Montero Begoña , Watts Frances
Published: March 2007

For more than three decades, researchers and practitioners in the field of English as a foreign language have faced the issue of communicative competence as a goal in language acquisition and how to reach this goal. In this article, the authors address the issue from the point of view of a theoretical and practical meshing of simulation and gaming methodology with theories of foreign language acquisition, including task-based learning, interaction, and comprehensible input, showing how simulation and gaming can be used in those phases of language acquisition in which formal instruction has proved less ineffectual. The objective of this article is to describe the close relationship between the acquisition of foreign language competence and its components and experiential learning through simulation and gaming, with specific reference to two experiments in this area.
Me—The Slow Learner and Some of its Implications
Authors: Thatcher Donald C. , Robinson M. June
Published: March 2007

The use of the simulation ME-THE SLOW LEARNER to promote empathy with learning difficulty or handicap is described briefly, together with a more detailed description of the different stages of the debriefing. There is a consideration of the learning system as it is related to the simulation and to the development of learning handicap, together with a brief consideration of the system of the learner. Aspects of the growing data bank of responses to the simulation are discussed, particularly as they relate to the origin and development of learning problems or handicaps. Some of the major learning difficulties identified by past participants in ME-THE SLOW LEARNER are explored. A brief consideration of the complex way in which learning difficulties or handicaps develop is considered and some of the theoretical perspectives are identified. Finally, the importance of emotion in learning contexts is explored
Risk Aversion and Practical Expected Value: A Simulation of the St. Petersburg Game
Authors: Russon Manuel G. , Chang S. J.
Published: March 2007

Daniel Bernoulli 's classic St. Petersburg paradox is revisited in an attempt to resolve the intriguing issue; how should individual risk preference be differentiated? The authors argue that, unlike what is implied by the paradox, the fact that no person would pay a large sum of money in order to win a large payoff with a very small probability does not imply that all individuals are risk averse. The authors design a large-sample experimental test where the St. Petersburg game is simulated. The simulation results imply that the mathematical expectation of uncertain outcomes is not realized when associated with asymptotically diminishing probabilities. In such a case, it appears that there exists a "practical expected value " that is different from the theoretical expected value. The former, not the latter, must be used to determine individuals 'attitude toward risk.
Managerial Skills Acquisition: A Case for Using Business Policy Simulations
Authors: Hemmasi Masoud , Graf Lee A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to assess the educational value of simulation gaming in business policy courses. It examines and compares student and practitioner perceptions of simulation effectiveness in enhancing participants' appreciation of and skills in, such areas as interpersonal relationships, theory application to real-world problems, planning, decision making/problem solving, conceptualization/integration of business functional issues, and environmental analysis.
Johns Hopkins Games Program
Authors: Boocock Sarane Spence
Published: March 2007

This memoir describes the author's participation in one of the first funded projects for the development and testing of educational games with simulated social environments. It concludes with some speculations on the current status and future possibilities of this mode of learning.
Taking Gaming Seriously: Not Anymore
Authors: I Fill Don
Published: March 2007

The author reflects on his nearly 25 years of involvement in the design of simulation games and membership in NASA GA and ISA GA. He contends that there is a trend today to use games for more limited purposes, such as teaching and training. He notes that at the beginning games were used to make decisions about marriage, career exploration, hiring decisions, or deciding admission into college. He challenges his colleagues to return to days when games were taken seriously.
Experiential Learning through Cross-Campus Cooperation: Simulating and Initiating Technology Transfer
Authors: Hill Robert C. , Kuhns Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

Entrepreneurship class projects investigated market opportunities for a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Center for the Commercial Development of Space. This article describes how a cross-campus project addressed two entrepreneurship education issues and two technology transfer issues important to many universities. First, the projects facilitated interdisciplinary learning and students' understanding of the process of entrepreneurship. Second, the business school and NASA center projects enhanced the management relevance of the MBA experience for participating students. Third, by investigating potential market applications for exotic compound materials manufactured in a low orbit around the Earth, the projects advanced technology transfer of university- and government-sponsored research. Finally, the projects offered an initial step toward commercializing university- and government-sponsored research outputs by emphasizing market applications and commercial development plans. This example presents a foundation for developing other interdisciplinary projects to enhance MBA education relevance and entrepreneurial process education, with particular focus on university research technology transfer and research commercialization.
The Model United Nations Revisited
Authors: Muldoon James P.
Published: March 2007

For over 50 years, students have organized, conducted, and participated in a simulation of international organizations. This sophisticated simulation of current international affairs, called the Model United Nations (Model UN), is facing unexpected challenges and new opportunities. The challenges before the Model UN program include closing the "reality gap" between the Model UN and its real-world counterpart and finding ways to increase the involvement of the academic and education professional communities. The opportunities for the Model UN program include an increasing global reach to countries in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe and the infinite possibilities for enhancing the learning experience of the Model UN through application of telecommunications and other information technologies.
On the Back of an Envelope
Authors: Armstrong Bob
Published: March 2007

The author reviews his 33 years of involvement with simulation/gaming and concludes that one of his main achievements has been to see decision makers use aspects of simulation/gaming in their everyday working situations.
Practice in Theory
Authors: Goodman Frederick L.
Published: March 2007

This article is a brief account of the different kinds of games and game-like exercises that the author has been working with since the mid-1960s at the University of Michigan. It sketches the evolution of his way of thinking about what it is that ganes purport to do, with an emphasis on the relationship between theory and practice as these words bear on education. It also offers a brief description of why the author believes it is useful to think of some games as metaphoric games rather than as simulation games.
A Quarter-Century of Games and Simulations in Geography
Authors: Walford Rex
Published: March 2007

The original impetus to use games and simulations in geography is traced back to philosophical shifts in the subject in the 1960s that were allied to general interest in new pedagogical movements. Using Britain as the main focus, five discernible stages are identified in the use of games and simulations in geography over the past 25years: genesis, dissemination, development and refinement, accustomation and integration, and acceptance and stabilisation. A future likely increase in computer-led simulations is noted, together with the need to develop major evaluative studies.
Cycle Time, Decisions, and Complexity in Business Simulation/Games
Authors: Burgess T. F.
Published: March 2007

Despite the abundant references to complexity in the business gaming literature, few in-depth attempts have been made to operationalize the concept beyond the generally used measure of the number of decisions to be taken during each game cycle. This article examines a measure of game-playing complexity formed from a number of key defining features including the surprisingly neglected feature of game cycle time. The complexity measure is constructed using principles stemming from dimensional analysis. This theory underlies the topic of dynamical similarity, which is concerned with configuring physical models to reflect realistically features of the represented situations. Empirical data collected from various gaming situations are used to calculate the complexity measure and to arrive at conclusions by assuming that dynamical similarity exists among the different situations. The analysis provides a method of deriving required cycle time from the number of decisions.
Simulating the Lausanne Peace Negotiations, 1922-1923: Power Asymmetries in Bargaining
Authors: Beriker Nimet , Druckman Daniel
Published: March 2007

The negotiation leading to the historic Lausanne Peace Treaty provides a setting for exploring the impacts of different power configurations on bargaining behavior. Symmetric and asymmetric coalition structures existed on two key issues in the talks, passage through the straits and the question of civil rights for minorities. A content analysis of the transcripts showed some differences in bargaining behavior between the two power structures. These structures were simulated and compared to a third condition, bilateral negotiations between parties of equal power Opposing negotiators in the symmetric parties condition were more satisfied with the outcome, achieved faster resolutions, disagreed less, and made fewer competitive statements during the discussions than negotiators from these countries in the coalition conditions. Both similarities and differences were found in the comparison between the processes and outcomes in the actual and simulated negotiations. The results have implications for designing structures that improve negotiations and illustrate some advantages of experimental simulation.
Microsimulation of the Firm and the Economy
Authors: van Tongeren F. W.
Published: March 2007

The article presents a microsimulation model of firm behavior in an economy-wide setting. A combination of microsimulation and general equilibrium modelling approaches is proposed as an alternative research method to incorporate typical industrial organization issues into economy-wide modelling. The article centers around an application that uses Dutch firms and the Dutch economy as case studies.
Reflection in Learning Processes Through Simulation/Gaming
Authors: Rosenorn Torben , Kofoed Lise Busk
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the problems of changing the culture and values ofpersons involved in organizational or technological changes. The results of two learning experiments in "experimentaria" are discussed. It is concluded that the experimentarium seems to create a higher level of self-respect and respect for other person's skills and knowledge as well as a suitable environment for organizational learning. A higher level offeeling secure can be the result that will add to a better working environment.
The Impact of Judgmental Biases on the Validation of Simulation Models
Authors: Irvine Steven R. , Levary Reuven R. , McCoy Michael S.
Published: March 2007

Judgmental biases that may affect the outcome of simulation model validation are discussed. Recommendations for reducing the impact of judgmental bias on the design of simulation models and games are provided. A validation process that evaluates the potential impact of judgmental bias will improve model validity.
Recent ISAGA Conferences
Authors: Leigh Elyssebeth , Rising Beverly
Published: March 2007

This article reports on three ISAGA conferences (1995, 1996, 1997). Each conference provided participants with a combination of informative, innovative, practical workshops and theoretical papers, linked to an entertaining and engaging social program. The conference organizers' attention to detail has made each conference a memorable experience. Conference papers are published annually and are valuable additions to the bookshelves of all gamers.
Thirty Years and More of Simulations and Games
Authors: Millians David
Published: March 2007

Simulations and games have a rich past and a promising future. We will best advance these opportunities through expanded communication and a long-term view of the activities’ effects and benefits.
The First Course in Japan on Simulation and Gaming
Authors: Tsuchiya Shigehisa
Published: March 2007

In 1997, the author created the first officially approved course in Japan on simulation and gaming at his university. To diffuse gaming/simulation as a management tool in a country where little or no such methodology is used, a native must first make experiential learning abroad through participation in design process and facilitation of gaming/simulation. Thanks to Richard Duke, the author had the good fortune to participate in designing process and facilitation of gaming/simulation. Soon, his lab will start supplying young Japanese and Chinese gamers in the management field. At least some of the graduates will become researchers and/or practitioners who teach gaming/simulation as a management support system. The number of gamers in this field can increase in geometric progression, and the dawn of the gaming/simulation age in Japan is approaching.
Reliability of the Foster Care Placement Decision: A Review
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: March 2007

When a child welfare caseworker is deciding whether or not to remove a child from his or her biological parent or parents and to place the child in foster family care, the worker is making one of the most important decisions in both the parent's and the child's life. What is the foundation for this type of drastic intervention? This article reviews the scientific and clinical knowledge base developed to warrant professional intervention by the child welfare caseworker in this situation. Intervention does not appear to have a sufficient scientific or clinical basis in the social work literature to suggest that this is a professional judgment that the child welfare caseworker should be called upon to make. At a minimum, court involvement in the decision-makingprocess is required to provide sufficient justification for state involvement in family life until a firmer base for professional judgment can be demonstrated.
Resident Satisfaction With Community Residential Care Placement
Authors: Davis Andrew H. , Gerrard Cynthia
Published: March 2007

A measure of client satisfaction is an important component of any program evaluation, but little has been done to assess the satisfaction of residents of residential care homes with major program services and environmental factors. In this descriptive study, 256 residents of a com munity residential care program in Augusta, Georgia, were surveyed about their level of satisfaction with 14 major program services and environmental factors. The overall ratings revealed a high level of satisfaction with all of the program services and environmental factors. However, the survey revealed age-related differences in levels of satisfaction. Older residents were more satisfied with the location of the home, number of residents in the home, security of their belongings, available activities, volunteer work and employment opportunities, and their relationships with the home sponsor and other residents of the home. Residents of urban homes were more satisfied with security of belongings and contacts with family. Residents with fewer read-missions were more satisfied with the number of residents in the home and available activities.
Designing Research to Meet Service Needs: An Evaluation of Single-Session Groups for Families of Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Turnbull Joanne E. , Galinsky Maeda J. , Wilner Margaret E. , Meglin Diane E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of a social group work intervention for families of psychiatric inpatients, with the goal of enhancing coping, social support, and information. The sample consisted of 55 clients who participated in the groups during a 3-month period and completed pre- and posttest measures designed for this project. Outcome measures focused on family members' perceptions in three different domains: the amount of information they had regarding their family member's illness and selected aspects of treatment, their ability to cope with their family member's illness and hospitalization, and the amount of support both from the group and outside the hospital setting. Student t tests were used to examine the change in scores from respondents' initial response before the group session to their scores immediately following the intervention. Results indicate that the groups were effective overall in these three areas.
The Fate of Optimism: A Longitudinal Study of Case Managers' Hopefulness and Subsequent Morale
Authors: Kirk Stuart A. , Koeske Gary F.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to better understand the consequences for human service workers of beginning a new and difficult job with an "optimistic as opposed to a "realistic" perspective. These rival perspectives regarding the effects of optimism were compared using longitudinal data from a sample of intensive case managers newly hired to work with difficult mental health clients. It was tentatively concluded that those case managers who had higher expectations and hopefulness regarding their clients were largely benefited by their perspective. The findings, however, may not generalize to less seasoned help providers.