bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resurgence
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins with the challenge dance scene in the 1989 movie Tap!, starring Gregory Hines; the scene includes seventy-four-year-old Henry LeTang, seventy-two-year-old Howard “Sandman” Sims, seventy-one-year-old Steve Condos, sixty-seven-year-old Bunny Briggs, sixty-four-year-old Sammy Davis Jr., sixty-two-year-old Jimmy Slyde, and fifty-six-year-old Arthur Duncan and ends in a triumphant finale with sixty-eight-year-old Harold Nicholas taking a flying leap over the backs of the men, landing in a down-and-up split with a no-hands assist, and pulling himself up into perfect form as the circle of men triumphantly shout “Olé!” The chapter then retrospects the decade of the eighties, which saw the grand resurgence of tap dance.
Legacy
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins with the Nicholas Brothers’ 1998 Samuel H. Scripps American Dance Festival Award citation, and continues with a descriptive summary of the classic style of jazz tap dancing created by the Nicholas Brothers and the several themes that recur in their work. The chapter then makes several assertions. First, The Nicholas Brothers were the greatest dancing duet of all time on film, and the medium of film was perfect for their signature style: synchronized precision movement that became the equivalent to the pas de deux in classical ballet, which challenged its partners to execute the highest degree of controlled precision while moving together with smooth effortlessness. Second, the Nicholas Brothers were role models in the black community; resisted black stereotypes in their professional and private lives; and were a persistent embodiment of nonviolent activism. Third, there is no more illustrative proof of the dance legacy of the Nicholas Brothers than their long-standing influence on future generations of tap dancers. Finally, the chapter enumerates the talents of Harold and Fayard Nicholas that did not reach fruition—because of both their devotion to dancing as a duo and to the narrow constraints that were imposed on them as African-American musical artists. This discussion does not bemoan this imposition but envisions the opportunities that should have been presented to them.
“Stately and Set Apart”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

In Chapter 2, the members of Park Street Church in Boston (founded 1809) wrestle with the question of how to maintain their church’s historic identity without becoming a museum. The solution is an organic interpretation of progress. Park Street leaders believe that, just as a seed contains all the genetic information necessary to become a mature plant, healthy change unfold slowly and logically, according to a predictable trajectory, from a single point of origin. This chapter analyzes how the congregation’s understanding of progress is reflected in its preaching and musical repertoire. Just as God’s covenant with Abraham unites Israel and the New Testament church into a single people of God, so too does a musical “covenant” penned in 1810 by the church’s first musicians unite nineteenth- and twenty-first century congregations into a single Park Street Church.
The Remaining New Testament Books as Sacred
Authors: Senior Donald
Published: November 2021

In attempting to make the case that the defining reason the books of the New Testament are considered sacred is because of their focus on the unique identity of Jesus Christ, we have explored the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, and writings of Paul. We turn now, with the same conviction, to some of the remaining New Testament books. Our goal here is not to consider every book of the New Testament but to make the case that in the vast majority of them, their proclamation of Christ is central and defining. The books we will focus on in this chapter include Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, 1 John, and Revelation, taken in the order in which they appear in the canon. Despite the evident literary diversity of these texts, there is a commanding unity—a unity grounded in their focus on the figure of Jesus Christ. It is that varied but unifying portrayal found in these books which will command our attention in this chapter.
Interpreting the New Testament as a Sacred Text
Authors: Senior Donald
Published: November 2021

While a convincing case can be made about the sacredness of the New Testament through its proclamation of Jesus Christ and its guidance on the nature of Christian life, this does not mean that over time, or at any particular time, all Christians understand the message of the Scriptures in the same way. This brings us to the question of “interpretation” of the New Testament. How do we accurately understand the message of a particular New Testament book? How would we describe the meaning of the New Testament for Christian life today? How do we understand, from a doctrinal point of view, the identity of Jesus portrayed in the ensemble of the New Testament writings? What do we understand to be the defining characteristics and structures of the Christian community derived from the diverse books of the New Testament? Additionally, who has the authority to determine what is an authentic or valid answer to such questions? And what are the proper methods of extracting contemporary meaning from these ancient texts? This chapter traces in broad strokes the diverse ways the Christian community has approached the meaning of the New Testament over the centuries, with particular attention to the impact of modern methods of interpreting the biblical text.
Circe’s Instructions as a Sibylline Oracle
Authors: Faraone Christopher Athanasious
Published: November 2021

This chapter argues that the instructional oracle was a short hexametrical genre known to the Homeric poet and that he used it to frame the detailed instructions that Circe and Tiresias give Odysseus in the Iliad. It offers a close reading of the two parts of Circe’s advice to Odysseus and compares Circe’s advice with that offered to the initiate in the “Orphic” gold tablets and to Odysseus by Nausicaa in Odyssey 6. It examines, as well, the prophetic speeches of Tiresias in Odyssey 11 and of Eidotheia and Proteus in Odyssey 3, in order to show how the doubling of the prophetic scenes in both places seems to diminish the authority of the local female speaker, in order to get the more panoramic and indeed Panhellenic viewpoints of Proteus and Tiresias. It closes by discussing the instructional oracles of the Erythraean Sibyl and suggests that she and the hexametrical oracles attributed to her were local models for Circe and her instructions to Odysseus.
Like Golden Aphrodite
Authors: Faraone Christopher Athanasious
Published: November 2021

This chapter argues that the shorter laments in the Iliad of Briseis in Book 18 and the Trojan women in Book 2, reflect the existence of a hexametrical genre of lament that women sang both in funerals and at the annual celebration of the Adonia, a festival devoted to the mourning, along with Aphrodite, the dead Adonis.
Sound, Technology, and Culture in French Indochina
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: November 2021

In the 1920s, European radio enthusiasts organized clubs in Hanoi, Saigon, Hai Phong, Vientiane, and Phnom Penh. Periodicals and letters from the time provide insights on this burgeoning amateur radio culture. Members shared experiences, debated the potential of the technology, and used radio to broadcast records of music, story-telling, and other forms of light entertainment. Chapter 1 examines how these radio clubs were established in the urban centers of French Indochina and how they impacted cultural life in the colonial territories. The chapter begins with a consideration of cultural colonialism, broadcasting technology, and music in the French Empire. Archival sources provide evidence on the styles of music and recording technologies in circulation in early twentieth-century mainland Southeast Asia, when telegraphy, phonograph recordings and radio broadcasts informed the social construction of state and empire. Exclusive membership regulations of the Indochinese radio clubs, which restricted most of the indigenous population, were undermined during the Japanese occupation (1940–45). And the Japanese promotion of a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (Dai Tōa Kyōeiken) followed by a famine in 1944–45 fomented unrest among the indigenous population. During the August Revolution of 1945, the Viet Minh and other insurrectionaries commandeered these sound reproduction technologies to broadcast news of their uprising.
Is the Universe on Our Side?
Authors: Ledewitz Bruce
Published: November 2021

America cannot go on this way without risking the end of constitutional democracy. We have already entered post-liberalism. But there is something to be done. We can launch a new story, and thus begin to recover normal public life, by asking the ultimate question bequeathed to us by Bernard Lonergan: Is the universe on our side? Asking an ultimate question restores faith in questioning itself. That kind of questioning ends the Age of Evasion. We ask Lonergan’s question through a loose cultural entity he called “cosmopolis.” As long as we agree to live by our answer to this question, even a no can contribute to the healing of American public life.
The Ethics of Religious Studies
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: November 2021

This chapter argues that the study of religion lacks an “ethics of religious studies,” by which the author means a theoretical justification of the guild. Focusing on a 1971 report by Claude Welch, Graduate Education in Religion: A Critical Study, it targets Welch’s refusal to provide such a justification and explains its silence by referencing the long shadow cast by Protestant thinking about the dangers of self-justification. It is argued that Welch’s argument erects a firewall between the study of religion and the justification of that study, one that reinforces the commitment to value-neutrality that is described in chapter 1. To explain the field’s preoccupation with methodology, the chapter turns to Stephen Toulmin’s discussion of scientific disciplines and the importance of having a goal as a condition for organizing mature research. It concludes by sketching the outlines of scholarship in religious studies and the distinction between routine work and metadisciplinary work.
An Unhealthy Country
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter analyzes the health divides in the United States, which unfold along economic, racial, and ethnic lines. These health divides reflect a core paradox of modernity—a world that is simultaneously far healthier than it has ever been and far less healthy than it could be. By bringing health inequalities to the surface, COVID-19 complicates the narrative of progress. Again and again in the US, one sees people sicken and die not just from the disease, but from a status quo which significantly increased their chance of catching the contagion or developing a more serious case of it. Indeed, it soon became clear that Black populations were significantly likelier to suffer from the virus than whites. Being owned as property, then being subject to generations of Jim Crow laws and the denial of full social and political rights, created for the Black community a level of disadvantage constituting a foundational flaw in the overall health of the country. If any good came from COVID-19, it was that the pandemic shattered the idea that the poor health faced by marginalized communities is merely the problem of those communities and that it is not fundamentally a product of the health inequities.
The Failure of Party Formation in Bolivia
Authors: Ackerman Edwin F.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the role of persistent traditional agrarian structures on party organization. Land privatization was considerably less extensive in Bolivia when compared to Mexico. Through agrarian census materials and archival evidence of attempted electoral mobilization and peasant union construction, the chapter show how the regions in the country with relatively higher levels of communal land tenure and strong traditional authority structures were places where it was essentially impossible for the MNR to establish sustainable links to a mass base. In regions with less communal property holding, the MNR developed close links to existing and emerging peasant unions. Ultimately, these regions were not large enough as in the Mexican case to sustain stable party formation.
The Catholic Church in Republican Musical Aesthetics
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

Debates concerning the appropriate nature of sacred music in France persisted throughout the nineteenth century. While many figures within the Catholic Church took the more traditional stance in their proclamation of plainchant as the genre of sacred music par excellence, other priests and church musicians insisted that more modern styles of composition were not only appropriate but necessary for French Catholics. This debate was not limited to the confines of the Church: Republican composers, for their part, also contributed their views on the matter, which largely stated that the realms of sacred and secular were not mutually exclusive. This chapter outlines the debate on both sides in order to reveal how Republican composers absorbed the numerous criteria involved in the composition of sacred music into their secular constructions of French music. It also reveals the discursive slippages between Catholic denigrations of “modern” religious music and “secular” compositional styles: more often than not, modern religious music was strikingly close to the Catholic ideal, even when it was written by a decidedly secular composer for non-liturgical use. A study of Contes mystiques, a collection of twelve mélodies written by such composers as Gabriel Fauré, Théodore Dubois, Henri Maréchal, and Pauline Viardot, reveals how Republican composers absorbed the numerous criteria involved in the composition of sacred music and how this modern music was strikingly similar to the Catholic ideal, even when written by “secular” composers for non-liturgical use.
The Trocadéro
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

This chapter takes for its focus the high point of the Parisian musical season in 1900: the ten state-sponsored concerts officiels of the 1900 Exposition Universelle de Paris. As had been the case in 1878 and 1889, the goal of these concerts was to promote specifically Republican ideals through music. Yet in 1900, these ideals had transformed into a secular construction of Frenchness that absorbed Catholicism as a foundational trait of national identity. Although the Church was not represented in any official capacity either on the musical planning commission or on the concert programs themselves, the repertoire performed throughout these concerts created a narrative that centered around a sense of reconciliation between Church State. The carefully crafted vision put forth by the State relied heavily on transformations of the Church for the formation of a cohesive Republican identity such that the Church was present in its displays, theaters, and concerts in a way not seen in any previous Exposition. In the heart of Paris, the Trocadéro hosted a significant amount of explicitly religious music that, when mediated through actors deployed through the state apparatus on an international stage, transformed the Church into an integrated facet of French Republicanism that could be proudly displayed to the Exposition’s international audiences. These concerts functioned not as nostalgic emblems of a Revolutionary past nor as attacks against the political and religious right, but, rather, as a site of transformation at which the Republic co-opted Catholicism as an indispensable aspect of its own French identity.
The Publishers and Their Books
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the three publishers of the textbooks this book treats: Bob Jones University, Abeka Books, and Accelerated Christian Education. It addresses when and why they began to publish and the controversies and legal challenges they subsequently generated. It explores the history of their sponsoring educational institutions and their stated missions. It places them in the context of Christian opposition to public education as it developed in response to the teaching of evolution, the Supreme Court decisions of the 1960s prohibiting prayer and Bible reading in public schools, and, most importantly, desegregation. These three publishers have offered an alternative “Christian” education since the early 1970s.
The Beginning of History
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

These Christian curricula herald the Bible as the authoritative text for interpreting the earliest history of the world. On the basis of their insistence on biblical inerrancy, they present fundamental positions that underlie their historical analysis, as follows. The Bible establishes Young Earth creationism, divides human beings into races, and stipulates that God established government as limited. The Tower of Babel indicts humanism and efforts to unify governments or societies. The Creation Mandate, taken from the Book of Genesis, endorses both human control of the earth and Christian hegemony. Mosaic Law defines the legitimate basis for law and morality. The ancient Israelites set the standard against which other ancient civilizations are judged for their failure to believe in the one God. The modern state of Israel points to the fulfillment of biblical prophecies of end times. These central claims developed within evangelicalism.
Lived Religion in Latin America
Authors: Morello Gustavo S.J.
Published: November 2021

This book is about religion and modernity, how religion interacts with modern culture, and how modernity influences religion. “Modernity” signifies not only technological developments, but also the dynamics of capitalism, the differentiation of social functions, specialization of spheres of knowledge, and expansion of human rights. By religion is meant the cultural practices people use to connect with a suprahuman power that they experience as influencing their lives. The thesis presented is that in Latin America there is an interaction between modernity and religion, but the result has not been religion’s diminishment (secularization), but its transformation. Exploring religion as ordinary Latin Americans practice it, the research presented in this book discovered that there is more religion than secularists expect, but of a different kind than religious leaders would wish. The difficulty in assessing religiosity as it exists in Latin America is due in part to the continuing use of categories that were not designed for religious cultures outside the North Atlantic world. Those categories point us toward a different kind of dynamics, which in fact obscure Latin American religious dynamics. If we look at religion from the perspective of Latin America and of the people who practice it there, we will find a different definition and different conceptual tools for understanding the religious experience of Latin American people, and these new tools help us to look at religion in a different way.
Collaborating with Specialized Instructional Support Personnel
Authors: Shannon Julianne , Haslett Crystal
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores collaboration with specialized instructional support personnel (SISP). It provides an overview of SISP members, including school psychologists, school resource officers, school counselors, and school nurses, and explores how school social workers can effectively work with other SISP. It demonstrates the vital importance of establishing trusting and productive working relationships with SISP in order to meet the diverse needs of students and cultivate a positive school environment. Components of interdisciplinary collaboration include trust, flexibility, interdependence, problem solving, and proactive planning. Such interdisciplinary collaboration benefits schools as well as enhancing partnerships with parents and the community. A case study highlights the importance of school social worker partnership and collaboration with SISP teams.
Challenges to Ethics and Values
Authors: Mumm Mimi , Monaghan Amanda , Oesterling Jennifer
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses common ethical dilemmas and “sticky” practice situations related to the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics, which plays a crucial role in how school social workers perform their job duties. The Code of Ethics is grounded in six core social work values: dignity and worth of the person, social justice, service, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. Ethical challenges arise when values or principles clash and one value will need to take precedence over another. This chapter highlight five challenges that school social workers are likely to face: competence, confidentiality, boundaries, collegial relationships, and school reform efforts.
Self-Care and Self-Advocacy
Authors: Braunginn Jenny , Larsen-Klodd Katie , Pagano Lauri , Vargas Nancy
Published: November 2021

New professionals in the school social work field must be able to identify the symptoms of stress related to their work with students and families. This chapter explores the art and necessity of self-care for the school social workers and provides basic information about workplace stress, tools for quality-of-life assessment, and strategies to build immediate and long-term self-care routines. The goal is to enable school social workers to accurately assess their own quality of life and develop strong self-care practices in order to increase their engagement. Basic strategies are offered to increase compassion satisfaction, self-advocacy, and engagement within the helping profession.
Emerging Trends in School Social Work
Authors: Sabatino Christine , Plasko Andrea , Ochocki Stephanie
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought new challenges to education and school social work practice. School social workers have been called upon to adapt their practices, policies, and programs but are still responsible for maintaining the connection between students’ homes, schools, and communities. Distance learning and online instruction is a service to some communities and a disservice to others. With a focus on the whole student in the context of family and community, this chapter explores three critical issues impacting schools: educational inequality in relation to family engagement; technology; and child and adolescent mental health. This chapter explores paths that school social workers can follow to foster educational success through traditional and innovative procedures. It also provides new school social workers with a toolbox to use for remote-based work.
Living Skillfully
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2021

This book attempts to articulate a contemporary philosophy of life drawing upon Buddhist resources from the Vimalakīrti Sūtra. Among the major themes in this Mahayana Buddhist scripture is the “skillful means” required to live a healthy and undeluded life. The book adopts that theme as a means of developing a practical approach to contemporary Buddhist life. Following many of the brilliant stories in the sutra, this book attempts to provide clear explanations for the primary Buddhist teachings and the relationships that bind them all together into an inspiring way of living. Among the questions addressed are: Who is the Buddha? How is a worldview of change and contingency applicable to current life? What does it mean to claim that there is no permanent self? What are the primary characteristics of an admirable Buddhist life? How is freedom conceived in Buddhism? And how do all of these themes help us address contemporary issues such as global warming, gender identities, political dichotomies, the global economy, and more? Although historical questions do arise in the book, its primary purpose is contemporary and practical, an effort to say clearly how this text helps us stake out a way of living for contemporary global citizens.
The Bodhisattva Ideal
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides an in-depth look at the central character of the Vimalakīrti Sūtra by analyzing the manner in which the bodhisattva ideal is presented. It examines several aspects of this ideal: the bodhisattva vow, the difference between monastic and lay Buddhism, and the way that Buddhist enlightenment is envisioned. The image of Vimalakirti as a character in the text emphasizes his “skillful means” of teaching the Buddhist dharma and of living his life, his inclusive outreach to all living beings, and the extent to which he overcomes the dichotomy between pure and impure aspects of human life.
Introduction
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 1 examines how polarization has impacted the role of moderates and what it means to be “moderate” in US Senate in the modern era. While the intuitive definition of a moderate is any legislator who sits in the middle between the liberal and conservative poles and represents ideologically moderate positions, the reality seems to be anything but this. Chapter 1 examines how polarization among Americans has led to cross-pressured constituencies for centrist senators. Furthermore, while the literature on Senate demonstrates increased polarization within the chamber as well, this has yielded less power for individuals and more power for party leaders.
Floor Action
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on the legislative early game. Given the individualistic and “Wild West” nature of floor activity in the Senate, we should expect to see senators who want to make an impact propose amendments. Through an in-depth examination of the debate around Congressional Quarterly’s designated key votes from 2003 to 2013, as well as an examination of the 2009 floor debate around the Affordable Care Act and 2003’s Medicare Modernization Act, this chapter illustrates that partisans and leaders were prolific in the amendment activity, while moderates neglected the activity. Still, the argument could be made that moderates win the early game behind the scenes, so the chapter then turns to floor activity on speeches—the logic here is that if moderates are happy with the legislation, they should take to the floor to defend it. Again, we see that moderates eschew this behavior as well.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2021

A folk-music competition of 1895 sets the scene for an exploration of the problem of French music historiography in relation to the provinces between the 1830s and World War II. Key terms (“decentralization,” “deconcentration,” “regionalism”) are defined and explained in relation to Republican concepts of cultural unity that long discouraged regional difference in music and reinforced the soft and hard power of the capital as the nation’s cultural boiler house: power relations turned the provinces into an “internal exotic,” but the “colonies” of mainland France had their own often distinctive local dynamics relating to professional and amateur music-making. The narrative arc of the book is sketched out: from the dynamics of provincial musical life to the challenges of musical regionalism as it manifests in new composition. Finally, methodological reflections are offered on the project’s archival source-base, on the problematic ephemerality of musical life as a subject of diachronic musicological study, on music as an object of local memorialization, and on the geographical patterns of both decentralist and regionalist French musical life as showing particular density at the edges at the expense of the center.
Folk Music, Class, and Nation
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2021

The identitarian nature of French folk music (both in itself and within art music) is introduced as presenting a challenge to long-standing official French policies of national unity—whether expressed as traditional unity in uniformity or via a newer Third-Republic formulation of unity in diversity. This challenge explains why official French art-musical culture never joined in with the celebratory ethnic-national folk-music practices of other European nations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Instead, French folk music’s relation to the state is characterized by wide-ranging attempts to control and neutralize difference, resulting in invented traditions presented to schoolchildren as their unified patrimoine and composed into an emerging strand of neoclassical dance-form composition that brought together the modal and the folk-like. At the same time, folk music was usefully harnessed as an internal exotic within world’s fairs and as an element of modern tourism, while within opera, the particularism of regionalist composers was censored (sometimes self-censored), and often replaced by vague indicators of childlike Frenchness.
The Roles of Social Networks
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

A substantial literature exists for both international and internal migrations, demonstrating a positive association between the likelihood an individual will migrate and the extent of any social network available to the potential migrant at destination. Several methodological limitations and alternative views on underlying mechanisms are drawn out in reviewing this literature with respect to rural-urban migration in this chapter. Fresh evidence is presented on a broad range of developing countries in light of these considerations, reaffirming a positive association though with a qualification; the causal association is much smaller than a simple correlation might suggest. An interesting branch of extant contributions has sought to disaggregate networks along various dimensions: for example, by gender, by migrant categories, by education level, and by diversity of location. New evidence is presented with respect to each of these dimensions, supporting some prior contentions, questioning others, and having implications for interpretations of mechanisms underlying network effects. Social networks at origin have been less-well examined but are also shown to be important in shaping migration propensities.
In Perspective: A Summing Up
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

The cumulative findings are summarized under five cross-cutting themes: rural-urban migration and urbanization; the role of rural-urban migration in economic development; the incidence and nature of temporary moves; the consequences of gender imbalance in migration; and implications for the structure and well-being of families. Also included are reflections on the complex range of policies that shape internal migration and the lack of coordination in planning. The desirability of intent to limit rural-urban migration is doubted, given the inexorability of structural transformation, potential gains to moving, and continuing threat from climate change. Planning for managed urban growth, which remains in its infancy in many developing countries, is vital. A closing postscript portrays populations as trapped between declining rural opportunities as climate change proceeds and COVID centered in cities. It is too early to predict how the dynamics of the pandemic will evolve, but climate change will not likely be contained.
The Politics of Care and the Idea of Healing Justice
Authors: Woodly Deva R.
Published: November 2021

In the third chapter, the author builds out an analysis of the one of the key elements of radical Black feminist pragmatism (RBFP), the politics of care, which holds that the activity of governance in a society that hopes to be just must be oriented toward the responsibility to exercise and provide care for those most impacted by oppression and domination. The politics of care practiced in the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is characterized by an acknowledgement of trauma and a commitment to healing, an understanding of interdependence, unapologetic Blackness, a defense of Black joy, an insistence on accountability, and an abolitionist perspective favoring restorative justice practices that deal with harm by focusing on accountability and reparation rather than punishment.
Buddhist Nominalism
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the Buddhist rejection of universals. Nominalism is the default position for Buddhist philosophers because real universals would be permanent, and Buddhists claim all existents are momentary. The difficulty they encountered was to explain why conceptualization should prove efficacious if concepts fail to capture real resemblances among things in the world. Dignāga and Dharmakīrti responded with the theory of apoha or exclusion, according to which the extension of the concept blue is all those things that are not in the exclusion class non-blue. Since not being non-blue is an absence, and as such something with no claim to being ultimately real, it was thought to follow that this was a safe way to secure a truly radical nominalism. Various difficulties with this program are discussed, and a possible work-around for the most challenging is explored.
The Normativity of Structural Rationality
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter turns to the question of how, if at all, structural rationality (or coherence) is normative, or normatively significant. It spends some time getting clear about what the question at issue here is, then lays out the more pressing challenge for the normativity of structural rationality, which concerns how considerations about structural rationality could fit into our deliberation about what attitudes to have. It then attempts to meet this challenge by arguing that considerations about structural rationality (or coherence) are reasons to structure deliberation in certain ways; more particularly, to treat incoherent combinations of attitudes as off-limits in one’s deliberation and focus one’s deliberative attention on the coherent combinations. It also explores how this account relates to questions about the force or point of charges of structural irrationality.
Art and Suicide
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2021

Chapter 8 looks at specific ways in which art can sometimes be crazy-making, with a detailed examination of three artist suicides. Research on artists and suicide, specifically, is sparse. We know as little about any artist’s reasons as we do about anyone else’s, but a few studies are have been done. And at least actuarially, in relation to level of overall risk, the good studies provide some helpful grounding. To get at a range of possible dynamics, none universal, in this chapter the author inspects the particular cases of Diane Arbus, Kurt Cobain, and Sylvia Plath. Specifically, the author examines how suicide sometimes comes at the end of a process of artistic redefinition. The artist tries something new, in terms of form or content, apparatus or theme, and the product, so unlike anything he or she has attempted before, seems at first outrageously right and satisfying. Sometimes that feeling lasts, sometimes it doesn’t. But either way, the new development occasions a risky and not necessarily valid reassessment of all prior artistic activity.
Challenging Criminalization in Los Angeles
Authors: Warren Mark R.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 documents the ways organizing groups have confronted a vast school district and militarized system of police control in Los Angeles. It features the role of Black and Brown parents in CADRE as key leaders. These parents won the first district-wide breakthrough against zero tolerance discipline approaches in the country when they got the LA Unified School District to adopt schoolwide positive behavioral supports in 2006. The movement “nationalized” this local victory, inspiring groups across the country to launch campaigns against zero tolerance. The chapter also highlights the youth-organizing work of the Labor Community Strategy Center to end police ticketing of students, one of the pioneering efforts to address policing in the school-to-prison pipeline movement. It examines the Youth Justice Coalition and its Free LA High School that supports young people returning from the juvenile justice system and attempts to create a model for police-free schools based upon transformative justice.
United States newspaper coverage of Muslims
Authors: Bleich Erik , van der Veen Maurits
Published: November 2021

This chapter finds that stories set in foreign locations, those that touch on conflict or extremism, and those published in tabloids are most strongly associated with negative coverage in American newspapers. By contrast, articles containing references to religiosity or presumed value clashes and those published in right-leaning newspapers are not substantially more negative. Importantly, however, articles that are not related to any of these negative factors are still negative. The chapter also demonstrates that Muslim articles are strongly negative compared to stories related to other world religions and domestic outgroups. Muslim articles are substantially more negative than those mentioning Catholics, Jews, Hindus, African Americans, Latinos, Mormons, or atheists. There is something distinctly negative about coverage of Muslims that cannot be explained simply by demographic, geographic, cultural, or ethno-racial differences.
Introduction
Authors: Lele Uma
Published: November 2021

This book critically examines the roles played by developing countries, in partnership with major multilateral agencies and their bilateral counterparts, in addressing agricultural and rural development as a way to achieve economic transformation and food for all. The book explores the questions of what member nations of the United Nations, working with international organizations, have been able to achieve thus far in food and agriculture and in economic transformation; how they have responded to the rapidly changing external environment and factors internal to the organizations; and how well equipped they are to address future challenges of poverty, food security and nutrition, inequality, climate change, degradation of natural resources, and conflict, in the face of rapidly deteriorating natural resources and advancing science. Discovering the answers to these questions makes this discussion all the more urgent. Most importantly, we explore the roles of the traditional international organizations established in the post-Second World War period vis-à-vis new actors, philanthropists, and the private sector in contributing to growth and development. The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare the structural weaknesses among the mightiest economies of income inequalities, lack of universal access to health, and lack of trust in government. Smaller Asian Tigers—Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea—in addition to China, where the pandemic originated—had smarter responses, demonstrating their superior state capacity. What are the lessons of history for national, regional, and global governance?
Changing Global Governance Context for Food Security and Nutrition
Authors: Lele Uma , Baldwin Brian C. , Goswami Sambuddha
Published: November 2021

Through collective action, global governance helps identify, understand, and address problems that spill over national boundaries. Those problems include maintaining peace and security; developing and implementing rules with regard to trade in commodities and services, capital flows, and migration; containing transboundary pests and diseases; slowing global warming; and providing aid for needy countries and peoples. Specific international organizations (five discussed in Chapter 6) address these issues). The difference between global and national governance is that there is no global government. Global governance, through various international bodies and institutions, complements regional, national, and local governance in an important way and is the sum total of the informal and formal ideas, values, rules, norms, procedures, practices, policies, and institutions that govern all actors—states, intergovernmental organizations, civil society, nongovernmental organizations, transnational corporations, and the general public. The number of actors on the global governance scene has proliferated, as has the sheer number of international initiatives that have been started to mobilize incremental international funding in support of food security and nutrition since the 2007 food crisis. Many of the initiatives are reviewed in this chapter, showing that the amount of incremental funding in support of food security and nutrition, beyond traditional sources raised, was insignificant compared to the number of international consultations held. The Global Agriculture and Food Security Program was a notable exception, as well as the Agricultural Market Information System. This situation appears to have changed for the better since the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter examines the relationship between global, regional, national, and local governance.
CGIAR
Authors: Lele Uma , Goswami Sambuddha
Published: November 2021

CGIAR, by far the most complex organization reviewed in this book, has had an extraordinary track record of impacts on productivity growth. CGIAR’s mission has grown over time, beginning with germplasm research and becoming more complex. Donor expectations are high, while funding has stagnated, particularly since 2014. CGIAR’s latest reorganization, known as “One CGIAR,” is a major restructuring, against the background of a history of reforms. The System Board, newly named after “unified governance” became effective on October 1, 2020, is a self-governing mechanism of the System and Centers, intended to work better under the troika of managing directors that report to the unified System Board. In addition, inter-Center research collaborations have been occurring through Center-driven efforts, with benefits of lower operational costs and better ability to improve the quality of research through skill mixes. Partnerships with advanced country institutions have strengthened, as well as those with developed countries. Partnerships with developing countries were the foundation of CGIAR’s success during the Green Revolution, but over time, they have weakened, in part due to a shortage of resources and a growing research agenda. Stronger partnerships are also needed with the private sector.
The World Food Programme
Authors: Lele Uma , Goswami Sambuddha
Published: November 2021

The World Food Programme (WFP) has emerged as the world’s largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security. The chapter explores how the need for emergency assistance has increased to meet growing humanitarian needs, and particularly its relationship to conflicts. We explore the evolution of WFP’s objectives from internationalizing US food aid, as a pilot program in FAO, into a full-fledged, multilateral organization, delivering emergency assistance while addressing the disincentive effects of food aid on domestic food production, with substantial evolution from aid in-kind to cash transfers, and from emergency aid to building capacity of developing countries to address their own emergencies. WFP has filled a void that would have existed had it not responded rapidly and innovatively to meet the growing needs of emergency assistance, now serving the largest displaced and refugee population in the world. The chapter also demonstrates the differences between development aid and emergency assistance. For its achievements, WFP was awarded the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Prize has also highlighted the need to address the underlying issues of peace and security, without which, the need for emergency aid will continue to grow. The chapter shows how cooperation across international and bilateral organizations has evolved and where it needs to go in the future.
Introduction
Authors: Maier Emar , Stokke Andreas
Published: November 2021

Fiction is the ultimate application of the human capacity for displacement—thinking and talking about things beyond the here and now. Fictional characters may live in very remote possible or even impossible worlds. Yet our engagement with fictional stories and characters seems effortless and permeates every aspect of our everyday lives. How is this possible? How does fictional talk relate to assertions about the here and now, or indeed to modal talk about other possible worlds? What is the relation between fiction and mental states like belief and imagination? How does a sequence of fictional statements become a story? What are fictional characters? How do narrators manage to give us access to their characters’ innermost thoughts and desires? This introductory chapter traces the development of various strands of research on these questions within linguistics, narratology, and philosophy in order to lay a foundation for the cutting-edge interdisciplinary work in this volume.
In search of the narrator
Authors: Eckardt Regine
Published: November 2021

The chapter proposes a semantic analysis of narrators in fiction, addressing three main issues: (a) in fiction, we cannot rely on reality to determine the identity of the narrator, (b) there are linguistic items beyond pronouns to introduce a narrator, and (c) narrators can be unreliable. It shows how narrators in fiction can be modeled by discourse referents (drefs) in dynamic semantics. At the core of the analysis is the assumption that hearers derive subjective meanings by taking into account all contexts c that could be the context they are in. Combined with dynamic semantics, this captures the intuition that a narrator can be both unique and indefinite. Different types of narrator introduction are surveyed: apart from first-person pronouns, speaker-oriented items like exclamatives, questions, and evidentials trigger the accommodation of a narrator dref. Other items, like predicates of personal taste, can but need not refer to the narrator dref. The analysis is extended to unreliable narrators and narrations about humanless worlds.
Extracting fictional truth from unreliable sources
Authors: Maier Emar , Semeijn Merel
Published: November 2021

A fictional text is commonly viewed as constituting an invitation to play a certain game of make-believe, with the individual sentences written by the author providing the propositions we are to imagine and/or accept as true within the fiction. However, we can’t always take the text at face value. What narratologists call ‘unreliable narrators’ may present a confused or misleading picture of the fictional world. Meanwhile, there has been a debate in philosophy about ‘imaginative resistance’ in which we resist imagining (or even accepting as true in the fiction) what’s explicitly stated in the text. But if we can’t take the text’s word for it, how do we determine what’s true in a fiction? The chapter proposes an account of fiction interpretation in a dynamic setting (a version of Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) with a mechanism for opening, updating, and closing temporary ‘workspaces’) and combines this framework with belief revision logic.
Computing perspective shift in narratives
Authors: Abrusán Márta
Published: November 2021

Natural language allows changing the point of view in narrative texts without overt perspective-shifting operators. A well-known example of such a perspective shift is free indirect discourse. But how do hearers (readers) know that they need to change the point of view in the first place? And when there are reasons to believe that the point of view is not that of the narrator, how do they know whose perspective is being developed? These questions have been rarely addressed in the literature, with the notable exceptions of Wiebe (1990, 1994) and Hinterwimmer (2019). This chapter reviews these proposals, adds a few new observations about the importance of rhetorical structure, and proposes to incorporate all the previous insights into one unified framework.