bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Self in Relationships
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

This chapter defines the construct of self (as distinct from soul) and distinguishes between self-as-knower (i.e., Pure Ego) and self-as-known (i.e., Empirical Me), following James’s psychology of individual differences. Continuing with James’s description of the self-as-known, the chapter divides the Empirical Me into its three hypothetical components (material self, social self, and spiritual/psychic self). Afterward, certain aspects of the spiritual/psychic self—that is, interpersonal aspects of personality—are discussed. Subsequently, the chapter briefly reviews Sullivan’s interpersonal theory of personality (including the self-system) as the foundation for Wiggins’s interpersonal circumplex theory of personality and social behavior. Next, it emphasizes Wiggins’s theory as the source of all of the personality constructs that will be covered in the book. Finally, the chapter provides an overview of the remaining chapters.
The Self in Relationships
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

This chapter returns to the construct of the self by supplementing conceptual insight from the trait school of personality psychology with conceptual contributions from the cognitive school of personality psychology (as exemplified by the Situation-Person A-Person B-Interaction [SABI] model, the Cognitive-Affective Personality System [CAPS] model, the Culturally embedded CAPS [C-CAPS] model, and the Knowledge and Appraisal Personality Architecture [KAPA] model)—all of which were derived from social-cognitive personality theory. The chapter ends by noting an attempt to integrate perspectives from the cognitive school with perspectives from the self-affirming, humanistic/existential school of personality psychology (especially self-actualization theory), which addresses individuals’ lived experience as selves-in-context, relationally and societally speaking.
Torah Study vs. Deathwork
Authors: Aran Gideon
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 relates to ZAKA in the context of ultra-Orthodox Judaism and then situates it in the context of Israeli society. The first half of the chapter discusses the status of the organization in the Haredi community, and the connections between its members and Haredim who do not belong to it. The emphasis is on the apparent conflict between the ideal of full-time Torah study and the devotion to caring for the dead. The second half of the chapter discusses the reciprocal – essentially ambivalent – relations between the organization and secular modern Jews, as well as the role it plays in relation to the institutions of the nation-state and civil society.
Strange Pairings
Authors: Aran Gideon
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 deals with two opposing ideals of sacrificing oneself for a lofty cause, two interpretations of sainthood, represented by the two icons of Middle-Eastern suicide terrorism: The Palestinian Muslim human bomb and the Orthodox Jewish ZAKA volunteer who collects the former’s dismembered organs. Contrary to conventional wisdom they maintain an intricate curious alliance. Each of them accupies a significant place in the other’s imagination and they keep an unaware and denied mutual relationship. This chapter centers on the irony of two archrivals that see themselves as the complete opposite of each other and yet have much in common. While hating each other they tacitly communicate and unknowingly co-produce a dramatic scene of martyrdome nourished by rich religious reservoir of myth and ritual in which blood plays a major role..
Emancipation, Civil Rights, and the Origins of “Voodoo” in the 1850s–1880s
Authors: Boaz Danielle N.
Published: August 2023

In the mid-nineteenth century, the word “voodoo” first appeared in English-language newspapers and books. Initial reports told of ceremonies in New Orleans that brought women of different races together to perform illicit rites. However, the Union takeover of the city in 1863 quickly shifted public narratives about “voodoo” to allegations about superstitious African Americans who were unprepared for emancipation. This chapter follows the development of the term “voodoo” through Reconstruction, as it became a mechanism to discuss the alleged barbaric beliefs that supposedly showed that people of African descent were unfit to vote or hold public office. This chapter concludes with a study of the evolution of “voodoo” in the late nineteenth century, as it incorporated allegations about spiritual practices in Haiti— the first Black republic in the Americas.
Sex Trafficking and Sacred Oaths in the 1990s to the Present
Authors: Boaz Danielle N.
Published: August 2023

Over the past few decades, human trafficking networks have transported thousands of West African women and girls to Europe. The organizers of some smuggling rings have administered ritual oaths to bind these women to their traffickers before they leave for Europe and to convince them that they will die a painful death if they abandon their service before repaying their debt. Many scholars, police officers, and human rights experts have begun to refer to these rituals as “voodoo oaths,” even though they have no connection to New Orleans Voodoo, Haitian Vodou, or West African Vodun. This chapter explores this most recent evolution of the term “voodoo” which is deeply connected to discussions about the rights of Black immigrants. This chapter also problematizes this terminology by exploring the possible origins of these rituals and the positive uses of similar sacred oaths in African societies.
Space Technology and War
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses space technology and war. German V-2 rockets in World War II and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) during the Cold War presumably show an inherent connection between space exploration and war. Wernher von Braun wanted spaceships yet financed his V-2s by creating terror in London. But Albert Speer, Hitler’s minister of munitions, thought that the V-2 had been a terrible waste of manpower and resources. V-1s, which were not intended for space, would have been far more effective. Nor could the V-2 carry an atomic warhead, contrary to suggestions. ICBMs carrying hydrogen bombs created mutually assured destruction (MAD), which prevented war between the superpowers. And ICBMs did not need space rockets (liquid propellants); they did better with solid rockets. New terrifying space weapons would face MAD again, but President Reagan’s “Star Wars Defense” would be ineffective against bombers and cruise missiles. Satellites also made a nuclear test-ban treaty possible.
Introduction: The Limits of Consent in International Law
Authors: Cronin Bruce
Published: August 2023

The introductory chapter outlines the issues raised in the subsequent five chapters. It argues that current theories regarding the sources of international law lack a foundation for explaining how states can be required to assume legal obligations that transcend state consent. In making this case, the chapter critiques attempts to expand the concept of customary international law to include certain types of legal norms that form over a short period of time without necessarily reflecting widespread, consistent state practice. Rather, it provides an overview of current theories on the sources of international law and examines how international law is directly connected to the four variables that characterize the structure of the international system: the nature of the constitutive units, the organizing principles of the system, the density of interaction among the units, and the scope and depth of institutionalization within the system.
Torture
Authors: Cronin Bruce
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines how the prohibition of torture became a universal legal norm in international law despite its widespread practice. It explores the way this influences how political leaders attempt to reconcile this ban with the commonality of the use of torture. It discusses how the torture ban developed from a violation of international law of states to an international crime of public officials that could be prosecuted through international tribunals and domestic courts through universal jurisdiction. The universality of the ban on torture is reflected in the sheer volume and authority of international and regional treaties, conventions, organizational charters, judgments by domestic, regional, and international tribunals, and soft law. The increasing number and breadth of legal sources prohibiting torture has led to a cross-fertilization, creating a rich, detailed, and increasingly consistent body of general international law.
The Telegraphed Brain
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan
Published: August 2023

This chapter traces the long history of the neuron doctrine via the cultural phenomenon of the telegraph in British and American poetry and prose. At a time when many scientists still considered the majority of the brain to consist of a simple “primordial mass,” the telegraph proposed a different take on the material nature of thought. Even decades before neurons could be observed in the brain, the now common experience of transmitting “thought” over wires teased the cultural imaginary of the mid-1800s to conceptualize the brain as a system of connected wires. Especially in periodicals, a multitude of writers, engineers, and physicians (both trained and amateur) began to translate the Romantic notion of brain-as-harp into the technophile metaphor of the telegraph-brain—a metaphor that, in turn, laid the groundwork for one of the most important insights about the material structure of the brain: its electrochemical, neuronal nature.
Introduction
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Why does the Moon always turn the same face toward the Earth? What are those large light and dark splotches that we call the “Man in the Moon’? Are the Moon’s craters volcanoes, like those we see on the Earth? If not, what caused the craters? Does life exist on the Moon? Where did the Moon come from? Are the Earth and the Moon twin planets, was the Moon flung off the primordial Earth, or did Earth’s gravity capture it? Or did the Moon have some completely different origin? What can study of the Moon tell us about the ancient Earth? These are some of the questions to be addressed in this book.
The Ancient Astronomers
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Every advanced ancient society has studied the Moon and the heavens, including the Babylonians, Indians, Mayans, Egyptians, Muslims, and Chinese and especially the Greeks. They learned to make accurate calendars, predict eclipses (and determine why they occur rarely), figure out that the Earth is a sphere, measure the sizes of the Earth and the Moon, calculate the tilt of the Earth’s axis, and observe that it wobbles over time. The most portentous discovery was the realization that the Earth floats freely with nothing to hold it aloft. This made possible the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus that the Sun and not the Earth is at the center of the solar system. But the naked eye could take the ancient astronomers no further.
Rosetta Stone of the Solar System
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Each of the three theories of the Moon’s origin had serious defects. The fission theory would have required the proto-Earth to spin four times as fast as today. Co-accretion predicted that the Moon and the Earth would have the same density; instead, it differs significantly in the two bodies. Capture of a passing Moon was highly improbable and would have been a one-off event that failed to account for the many other moons of the solar system. When scientists analyzed the Moon rocks back on Earth, they found them to be devoid of water, enriched in elements that melt only at high temperatures, and depleted in those that are volatile, that evaporate at low temperatures. Quite different from our rocks on the Earth. The Moon rocks from Tranquility Base turned out to be 3.7 billion years old, older than the oldest known terrestrial rock at the time. None of the three classic theories could explain these facts and the other new evidence, leaving scientists at a loss. The expensive and promising Apollo missions had raised more questions than they answered. That does not defeat scientists but only spurs them on to greater effort.
Volcanism on the Moon
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Does the Moon have volcanic rocks, or has meteorite impact created everything on the Moon’s surface? The Apollo 15 mission and the later flights of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, which launched in 2009, found a number of small features that impact could not explain, leaving volcanism as the only possibility. These include “rilles”—sharp, sinuous canyons that on Earth would have been carved by water, but the Moon has no water. Small, steep-sided domes are found in a few places. Scientists believe they are made of highly viscous lavas that froze in place. These features collectively show that the Moon has enough internal heat to melt rocks and turn them into magma.
Mother of Selene
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: August 2023

Scientists pursued the giant impact theory along two tracks: (1) testing it against the measured geochemistry of the Earth and the Moon, especially the isotopic composition of oxygen in the two bodies, and (2) performing computer simulations of a collision between two huge objects in space. The question they were trying to solve was how much of the Moon that resulted from the collision came from the proto-Earth and how much from the impactor, which they named Theia, the mother of Selene, goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology. The computer simulations showed that most of the Moon came from Theia. But the Moon and the Earth have virtually identical oxygen isotope ratios. If the Moon had come from some other part of the solar system, this would have required an enormous coincidence, something that scientists abhor. The other possibility was that the proto-Earth and Theia had different isotope ratios, but they had been homogenized in the fiery vapor cloud that resulted from the giant collision.
Ultimate Freedom
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: August 2023

Freedom of choice is the subject. “How dare you!” challenged Greta Thunberg. The members of the climate summit had freedom of choice to act on the scientific evidence she presented rather than on personal desire. What is the difference between acting on desire and acting on what you prefer because of scientific acceptance? There is a form of preference that is an ultimate explanation of choice. In this book it is called a power preference. It is a preference that loops back on to itself, a fixed-point vector, and suffices to explain human agency. The power preference includes scientific explanation and is compatible with determinism.
Determinism, Ultimate Preference, and the Consistency Claim
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: August 2023

This chapter is an attempt to explain how scientific determinism can be consistent with freedom of choice. The purpose is to offer an account of freedom of choice that is logically consistent with a scientific theory maintaining that all choice is covered by scientific laws. This could be described as what has been called compatibilism, now called classical compatibilism. Since the term compatibilism has been co-opted to involve a weaker constraint on freedom, requiring only that a person do what he or she fully desires, even if no option is available, the preference here is to speak of the consistency claim. It is the claim that freedom of choice containing a choice among options, including the option not to choose as one does, is consistent with scientific laws covering all choice. This chapter is a defense of the consistency of ultimate freedom with determinism.
Epilogue
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: August 2023

This is a brief discussion of the interaction between a first-order system and a higher-order system, resembling system 1 and system 2 in Kahneman (2011). The first-order system of desire and belief may have an important role in first-order functioning essential to survival, but it is not the hero of the story of agency. The higher-order system has the role of evaluating desire and belief, deciding whether desires should be satisfied and whether beliefs should be accepted. That system has access to the states of the first-order system and looping back onto itself to the states of itself. The evaluations of the higher-order system are a source of evidence, as I have argued (Lehrer 2011, 2019), as an evaluator of evidence of reflexive exemplarization. Evaluations and reasonings of the higher-order system form preferences, which are the ultimate explanations of choice in ultimate freedom. It is also a discussion of degrees of freedom suggested by Corlett (2020). The conclusion is that ultimate freedom does not come in degrees. It is ultimate.
The Origins of Trust and Distrust
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 explores the foundations of political trust by looking at the historical relationship between capitalists and authoritarian regimes in Asia during the periods of regime formation. Critical antecedents to relationships between capitalists and the state—colonial arrangements, the Japanese Occupation, and wars for independence—and the early decades of state-building and mass violence (the 1950s–1960s) explain varying outcomes in political vulnerability and trust. Capitalists in both Indonesia and China experienced political vulnerability, although for different reasons. The Chinese Communist Party established a pattern of accommodation and reprisal for capitalists early in the 1950s, which, combined with campaign-style governance, created a relationship of uncertainty and distrust. In Indonesia, economic elites of Chinese origin were both cultivated and threatened by Suharto’s New Order regime. In Malaysia, by contrast, capitalists developed a lasting relationship of reciprocity with political elites in the wake of ethnic and class-based conflict during the 1940s through the 1960s.
China’s Capitalists under Reform
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

Mutual alignment of interests between the CCP, low-level bureaucrats, and the private sector characterized the Chinese political economy for the first two decades of the reforms (1978–98). The era was characterized by financial exclusion but practical embrace of the private sector, which relied on self-financing mechanisms. Toward the late 1990s and in the early 2000s, discipline in both the public and private financial systems broke down. Tax recentralization disconnected local officials from the firms in their jurisdictions, and land finance introduced an alternative source of investment and self-enrichment for local officials. In the financial system, institutional reforms to expand equity markets and introduce a bureaucratic—as opposed to a party-driven—regulatory system to govern banks and other nonbank financial institutions diminished CCP political control but did not replace it with either market discipline or rule of law. The chapter also discusses how capitalists adapted to an uncertain and distrustful political relationship with the regime.
Crisis and Reconfiguration
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

Mutual endangerment in China produced financial crisis, especially the 2015 stock market crisis and waves of asset expatriation from 2013. The Xi Jinping administration responded by cracking down on the private sector and elements of the party itself, seeking to restore state discipline to a chaotic financial system. The CCP’s efforts included an anticorruption campaign, campaigns against crime, and the emergence of state investment and the use of the party-state as a corporate governance mechanism. The chapter examines these crises and responses drawing on corporate filings and financial data. It concludes that the CCP’s attempts to restore discipline can either result in stagnation, as in Malaysia, or might result in increased distrust between the state and business and, therefore, further manifestations of mutual endangerment.
A Flicker of Freedom
Authors: Capes Justin A.
Published: August 2023

This opening chapter introduces and clarifies the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP), a basic version of which says that a person is morally responsible for what he did only if he could have avoided doing it. The chapter also includes an explanation of why the principle is important, introduces the basic challenge posed to the principle by the Frankfurt cases, and discusses various attempts to address that challenge. The chapter concludes with a sketch of the fine-grained analysis of Frankfurt cases to be defended in the remaining four chapters of the book. If that analysis of the Frankfurt cases is correct, then far from being counterexamples to PAP, Frankfurt cases actually provide further confirmation of the principle.
The Symmetry Argument
Authors: Capes Justin A.
Published: August 2023

This chapter develops and defends the symmetry argument for the fine-grained analysis of Frankfurt cases. The argument is based on two main ideas, both of which are defended at length in the chapter. The first is that the range of things an agent is morally responsible for in omission cases is determined in part by what the agent could and couldn’t have done. The second is the symmetry thesis, according to which moral responsibility is determined by the same sorts of considerations whether it’s moral responsibility for actions or moral responsibility for omissions that’s at issue. Together these two claims support the fine-grained analysis of Frankfurt cases.
Strategic Ignorance in Opioid Regulation
Authors: Sherman Melina
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 investigates the regulatory logics that undergirded the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) decision to approve the release of new opioid drugs onto the market and its subsequent decisions to leave them there, despite growing awareness of the risks associated with them. This chapter focuses on the regulation of OxyContin and abuse-deterrent (opioid) formulations (ADFs) like Opana ER. It shows how the FDA’s ability to anticipate and prevent the risks of opioids was undermined at nearly every step of its regulatory process, where extreme uncertainty about pain, along with strategic ignorance and an overreliance on industry alliances, rendered it blind to the lived realities of opioid use. Additionally, this chapter discusses the ways in which opioid regulation led to the formation of a gray market for opioids. This phenomenon further debilitated the FDA’s regulatory capacities and thrust it into an evolving landscape of synthetic opioid use that it could not hope to contain.
The Baptismal Exegesis of the Song of Songs
Authors: Abecina Alexander L.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that Gregory wrote In Canticum Canticorum to guide his readers through a process of reading and interpreting the Song of Songs by which the objective reality of human transformation and union with God becomes for them a subjective reality. Thus, this chapter focuses on Gregory’s use of baptismal exegesis in Homilies 1, 2, and 3 (with brief comment on Homily 6) to interpret the Bride of the Song as being initiated into this path to union with God via trinitarian unity of activity. Gregory’s use of pneumatic language is explored in greater depth. A detailed account is also given of Gregory’s theology of power and activity, in connection with the spiritual senses.
Christianity
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the main types of evidence used to understand the process of conversion to Christianity and the identification of a hierarchy of early medieval Christian sites in Wales. Early medieval church buildings have proved very difficult to identify, but it is likely there were stone churches on some major sites before the end of the period. However, the locations of early medieval carved stones, including crosses and cross-slabs, have proved particularly valuable in the identification of a hierarchy of early medieval Christian sites. Excavation of inhumation cemeteries has also proved important, revealing sites spanning the period of conversion, sometimes associated with prehistoric burial monuments. Some of these cemeteries evolved into the sites of later parish churches and chapels of ease. Curvilinear enclosures, though difficult to date, are also associated with early medieval sites, as are holy wells. Association with relics and reliquaries can also provide a valuable tool to identification of early medieval sites, though very few examples have survived in Wales. A range of early medieval and later written sources include hagiography, for example, the Life of St Samson of Dol and Rhygyfarch’s Life of St David, and these aid identification of early medieval foundations and lesser sites associated with them. Place names and dedications are also useful when used alongside other evidence.
Christian Sites and Christian Landscapes
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers the increasing impact of the Church on people’s lives in early medieval Wales through an analysis of archaeological and other evidence for a hierarchy of Christian sites, ranging from major monasteries to cemeteries, enabling comparative discussion of their chronological development and the evolution of the Christian landscape in which they were located. It begins by discussing the origins and development of major monastic foundations, notably Llandough and Bangor, and, by the end of the period, the evolution of such sites into regional mother churches, often termed clasau. Island sites and hermitages are then considered, as well as the scanty evidence for female religious establishments, before discussion of the complex evolving pattern of lesser churches, chapels, and cemeteries. Many of these sites also have llan place names. The relationship between major foundations and other Christian sites is considered in conjunction with aspects of the wider impact of Christianity on the landscape indicated by the donation of land to the Church and the growing authority of St Davids, before comparing the evidence from Wales with that in other parts of Britain and Ireland.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

Although the Tales appear to offer a fit with the kinds of analysis that Chaucer’s original readers might have expected to bring to it, the work persistently offers original or disconcerting variations on those. The chapter introduces the issues that will be analysed in more detail for each of the tales, including the role of each tale in the story-collection, to foreground the primacy of the choices of stories and their social, generic, and stylistic contrasts over the psychological presentations of their tellers.
The General Prologue
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

After a brief consideration of the state of the text, the chapter discusses each of the pilgrims in turn, considering such matters as their closeness to, or distance from, what the ideal of their estate might look like; the emphasis of each description (appearance, entente or primary love, habits, life and lifestyle, and so on). The style of each is also analysed for satiric or ironic presentation or its genuine praise, and how those are conveyed.
The Knight’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The most ambitious and the closest to epic of the various romances of the Tales, the Knight’s Tale was initially written independently of the complete work. Chaucer uses the narrative to offer a touchstone for many of the tales that follow, in plot (its ‘tale of two lovers’ is echoed several times later), in style (here, a high style of philosophical reach and courtly vocabulary, offset with sharp drops towards the brutal), and in its discussion of the injustice of the world by characters who have no access to Christian answers—a position only slightly modified by its Boethianism.
The Reeve’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

In a fabliau drained of most human emotion except the desire for revenge, which is given a motivation by the Reeve-carpenter’s response to the Miller, two Cambridge students avenge themselves for being tricked by a miller by having sex with his daughter and his wife (or effectively raping them, in modern terms). The amount of physical and emotional damage done is treated with cartoon-style casualness, though more space is allowed for the daughter’s reactions. The consistently low style is in keeping with the superficial refusal of ambition in the narrative.
The Wife of Bath’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The tale is built around two contrasting forms of content and style: the narrative itself, for which all the main analogues are English, and which maintains a level of gender-specific reference appropriate to the Wife; and the loathly lady’s pillow talk on gentillesse, based on Boethius and Dante, which concerns all humankind and is correspondingly gender-inclusive. Both the initial rape and the corrective homily are unique to Chaucer’s version.
The Clerk’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

In the first instance, Chaucer’s version of the story of Griselda is most directly based on Petrarch’s version, as the Clerk makes clear at the start; but it had already been given a number of contrasting interpretations, and Chaucer adds to those. The chapter argues that in rejecting Petrarch’s identification of Walter as a figure for God and making him instead an extreme example of a controlling husband, Chaucer turns Griselda and her deliberate consent to his demands into the strong centre of the narrative. The Envoy ties it firmly into the Canterbury sequence.
The Merchant’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The Merchant’s Tale is a fabliau dressed up stylistically as a romance, with an element of a just-so story added. It may have been written initially with the Monk in mind as teller, with its Prologue being a late invention to tie it to a secular pilgrim, so earning it a place with the psychological readings of the Tales. In many ways it parodies the Knight’s Tale, with its heroine ‘fresshe’ May a corrupted version of Emily, and its use of the pagan gods to parallel the characters and to sort out the plot. Its other elements of parody include the Song of Songs.
The Placing of the Fragment
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The Physician’s historical exemplum might usefully be thought of as Chaucer’s ‘problem tale’. Although its heroine is an embodiment of temperance, she suffers death without any of the comfort a Christian setting might offer. The paradox of a parent’s killing for love, to save a child from sexual slavery, is explored, but Chaucer’s change to the story adds explicit consent to her death on her part.
The Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The Pardoner is one of Chaucer’s most striking creations, and in content and style his tale is one of the most compelling. Generically, his tale is an exemplary sermon against the love of money, ultimately based on a widely known folktale; but the prologue makes it clear that it has to be read too as a template for extracting money from its audience. As a moral tale told by a vicious man, it challenges many of the prescriptions of medieval literary theory, and so offers itself as two tales at once depending on the angle from which it is read.
The Placing of the Fragment
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

Originally written before the rest of the Tales, the saint’s legend of St Cecilia may have been composed for a specific occasion. It follows its Latin sources closely, including in its Prologue a detailed etymology of her name that suggests that she embodies the theological virtues. Her insistence on virginity despite her marriage, and her insistence on speaking truth to the men of the tale, connects her with the wider discussion of marriage, sexuality, and patriarchal control across the work. The vocabulary of the tale draws primarily on the abstract and the spiritual.
The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The conventional headings to the divisions of the Canon’s Yeoman episode are somewhat misleading. Its first two sections offer what are often assumed to be characteristic of all the Tales: roadside drama, in the Prologue; and more extended autobiographical material in the central part, told in the Yeoman’s individual voice. His account of the practice of alchemy and its failures is sometimes hard to differentiate entirely from the fraudulent canon of the third section. Chaucer’s own knowledge of alchemy is thorough, but he is deeply sceptical of its practice, though perhaps slightly less so of its theory. The vocabulary is marked by its quantity of technical jargon, and its density of things: a marked contrast with the spirituality of the preceding tale.
The Manciple’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

After a Prologue that provides one of the liveliest exchanges between the pilgrims, the tale recounts an Ovidian metamorphosis that explains why crows are black but which also turns into a warning against speaking. Chaucer goes beyond his sources to make the discussion of speech focus not only on its dangers but on the unreliability of language.
The Parson’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: August 2023

The Parson’s prose tract on penitence always concludes the storytelling, whether it is regarded as a half-way point of the journey or as a separate item imported into the work. Its material, the result of a complex mixing of earlier treatises, operates more as a guide to self-analysis, as a technology of the self, rather than as a handbook for confessors. It is heavily weighted towards an analysis of sin, occasionally with close parallels to earlier points in the Tales, rather than the remedial virtues, but its closing sentences constitute an impressive evocation of heaven to contrast with the promised dinner at the Tabard.
Fundamental Principles in Metals Physics
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, the underlying fundamental principles in metals physics necessary to develop quantum-based interatomic potentials in subsequent chapters are discussed. Density functional theory (DFT) is reviewed together with guidance from DFT electronic-structure calculations for both prototype simple metals and d-band transition metals. The nearly free electron (NFE) nature of the valence energy bands in simple metals allows a quantum treatment of the cohesive-energy functional within a plane wave basis set and the use of pseudopotential perturbation theory. The narrow d bands of transition series metals can be treated in a tight-binding (TB) representation with localized d basis states and simplified canonical d bands. The full hybrid NFE-TB nature of d-band metals, including sp-d hybridization, can be accommodated in a mixed basis set of plane waves and localized d states through the use of generalized pseudopotential theory, which is developed from a rigorous pseudo-Green’s function approach applied to DFT.
Interatomic Potentials in Simple Metals
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, quantum-based interatomic potentials for simple metals are derived starting from the corresponding cohesive-energy functional established in Chapter 2 via density functional theory and pseudopotential perturbation theory. This functional is expressed in reciprocal space for a general nonlocal pseudopotential and then transformed to the desired real-space representation in terms of a volume term and a volume-dependent pair potential. To allow full evaluation of the pseudopotential and the pair potential from first principles, a self-consistent electron screening calculation is also made. Accurate pair potentials so calculated have been obtained for a number of simple metals, including Na, Mg and Al prototypes, using two different optimized forms of nonlocal pseudopotential: the basic Austin, Heine and Sham form employed in generalized pseudopotential theory, and the norm conserving model potential form of Dagens, Rasolt and Taylor. Efficient practical methods to deal with the long-range Friedel oscillations in the pair potential arising from the self-consistent screening are also discussed.
Interatomic Potentials in Metals with Empty or Filled d Bands
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, quantum-based interatomic potentials are derived for the d-band metals at the beginning and end of each transition series, using generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT). Ideally, such materials have either empty d bands above the Fermi level (e.g., Ca) or filled d bands below the Fermi level (e.g., Zn). The important new physics in these systems is the sp-d hybridization of the nearly free-electron sp valence bands with the narrow d bands, physics which can still be captured in the real-space cohesive-energy functional at the pair-potential level. An accurate treatment of the sp-d hybridization, however, requires an optimum choice of the d basis state in the GPT, which is achieved through machine learning and has been accomplished for Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd and Hg. The remaining candidate metals Ba, Cu, Ag and Au are best treated as transition metals with partial d-band filling, as discussed in Chapter 5, although for the noble metals a modified filled-d-band GPT treatment has shown some success, as has the alternate resonant model potential treatment of Dagens et al.
Structural Phase Stability and High-Pressure Phase Transitions
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, we address the subject of structural phase stability in both nontransition and transition metals, including as a fundamental test of prototype quantum-based interatomic potentials, calculation of the ground-state crystal structure amongst various competing alternate structures. In this process, we also discuss: (i) the basic separation of cohesion and structure in generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT); (ii) total-energy variations along important deformation paths connecting different higher-energy structures, including the Bain path linking the bcc and fcc structures; and (iii) structural phase stability in metals across the Periodic Table; and (iv) the prediction of pressure-induced solid-solid phase transitions, including a number of noteworthy GPT and model-GPT predictions that were subsequently confirmed by experiment.
High-Temperature Properties, Melting and Phase Diagrams
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, the treatment of thermodynamic properties, phase stability and phase transitions in metals via quantum-based interatomic potentials (QBIPs) is extended to high temperature (high T), including anharmonic vibrational effects in the solid, liquid-state structure and energetics and pressure-temperature phase diagrams. In addition to standard molecular dynamics (MD) techniques, the tools of reversible-scaling MD and variational perturbation theory are introduced to obtain accurate solid and liquid free energies. Respective pair and multi-ion QBIPs from generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT) for the simple metal Mg and from model-GPT for the transition metal Ta are used to illustrate a wide range of high-T solid and liquid applications of interest at both ambient pressure and high pressure. These applications include calculations of the specific heat, thermal expansion coefficient, elastic moduli, shock Hugoniot and melt curve, with detailed comparison to experiment. Also discussed in the case of Ta are large-scale MD simulations of rapid solidification and high-T solid polymorphism.
Defects and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

This chapter treats the important subject of defects in metals, including vacancies, interstitials, dislocations and grain boundaries. All of these defects, in addition to the bulk elasticity that underpins them, are impacted by quantum mechanics, again confirming the fundamental importance of quantum-based interatomic potentials. The discussion here is mainly focused on the bcc transition metals, where extensive applications have been made using model generalized pseudopotential theory. Calculations of point defect formation and migration energies, ideal shear strength and generalized stacking fault energy surfaces compare favorably with density functional theory results. A special Green’s function method is used to study screw dislocation core structure and mobility, including kink-pair energetics and the Peierls stress. Multiscale modeling of crystal plasticity and strength in Ta and Mo is then made possible via dislocation mobility input into micron-scale dislocation dynamics simulations. Predictions of grain-boundary structure in Nb, Mo and Ta have also been validated by experiment.
Civil Recovery of Criminal Property
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

Civil Recovery of Criminal Assets is an in-depth analysis of the confiscation of the proceeds of crime in the absence of criminal conviction in Ireland and England & Wales, more than two decades since the introduction of this civil/criminal hybrid procedure. This book considers the development of civil recovery in both jurisdictions, providing a comprehensive comparative account and critical examination of its legislative context and framework, judicial reception, and case law development. It leads the argument that civil recovery—like other civil/criminal hybrids—straddles civil and criminal procedure in a manner that takes advantage of the resultant legal ambiguity, to the detriment of due process, civil liberties, and human rights. Through interviews with practitioners professionally engaged with civil recovery proceedings, both in defence and in enforcement, King and Hendry remedy what has until now been a lack of empirical engagement with the operation of civil recovery in practice. The authors provide a blended doctrinal, socio-legal, and theoretical analysis of civil recovery in terms of its procedural hybridity, its ‘follow the money’ approach, its questionable compliance with the requirements of due process, its property-specific character, and its supposed pragmatism in tackling the problem of serious and organized crime.
Introduction
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces civil recovery as part of a broader ‘follow the money’ approach to tackling crime, particularly organized crime. The arguments advanced throughout the book are identified, and related back to key aspects of following the money trail, including the perceived ‘failure’ of traditional criminal justice processes against organized crime; the principle that crime should not pay; the privileging of expediency over due process concerns; and the mislabelling of the process as ‘civil’. The chapter also details the method adopted and the terminology used, the latter of which is particularly important given the terminological inexactitude in this area. The chapter also distinguishes post-conviction and non-conviction-based approaches to confiscating proceeds of crime, then outlines the remaining chapters of the book.
A Pragmatic Response?
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

The final substantive chapter, this chapter scrutinizes the claim civil recovery makes to being a pragmatic response to the particularities of serious and organized crime. Highlighting what is often presented as a key dispute between policymakers and enforcement officials on the one hand, and academics on the other, this chapter draws on practitioner perspectives to explore the nuances in these ‘pragmatic’ arguments. It engages with debates on fairness, proportionality, disclosure requirements, and which standard and burden of proof ought to apply, and concludes by explaining how the erroneous deprivation of property facilitated by civil recovery constitutes a specific kind of injustice.
Civil Regulation
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David
Published: August 2023

The chapter opens with a vignette, the announcement at the British Library of the 2016 Living Wage rates by Sadiq Kahn, Mayor of London. This event is used to introduce the Living Wage, the campaign to promote it, and the various employment actors—employers, unions, and public authorities—that have become involved in the campaign. The chapter then presents evidence of Britain’s enduring problem of low pay, before introducing the concept of civil regulation. There is a review of academic research and debate on civil regulation, which is used to identify research questions and provide a framework for the empirical analysis of the Living Wage campaign that follows. The chapter ends with an account of the methods used in the study and the structure of the remainder of the book.
The Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents an overview of the Living Wage, the voluntary wage standard promoted through the campaign. This analysis proceeds through four stages. First, the Living Wage is identified as a system of ‘payment for need’, and there is an account of the methods used to identify the income needs of low-paid workers that are used to calculate the Living Wage. Second, the Living Wage is shown to exemplify the characteristics of civil regulation: it is private, voluntary, and developed unilaterally by civil society. Third, a variety of tests of robustness are applied to the Living Wage to ascertain whether it is a weak or strong form of civil regulation, with the conclusion reached that it is a relatively weak form but nonetheless effective. Finally, the chapter describes the elaboration of the standard and the launch of supplementary standards, such as Living Wage Places, and additional standards, such as Living Hours, as the scheme has undergone a logic of evolution.
The Campaign for the Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David
Published: August 2023

The chapter profiles the two linked organizations that have developed the Living Wage campaign: Citizens UK, the British arm of the community organizing movement, and the Living Wage Foundation, a dedicated organization set up to accredit Living Wage Employers. The chapter then describes the different methods these organizations have used to spread the Living Wage—community organizing in the case of Citizens UK, and attempts to encourage responsible business by the Foundation. The concluding parts of the chapter examine the relationships campaigners have developed with other institutional actors, including an array of civil society partners, trade unions, and public authorities. Although the Living Wage campaign is formally non-political, campaigners have intervened in the political process and this activity has been particularly notable during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Public Authorities and the Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the response of public authorities to the Living Wage. The first part of the chapter examines the extent of Living Wage accreditation amongst public sector organizations, demonstrates that the latter are particularly likely to adopt the Living Wage, and concludes that this is evidence of a continuing ‘good employer’ commitment. The chapter also identifies which types of public sector organizations are likely to adopt the Living Wage and shows that the latter is a characteristic of devolved governments and regional and local authorities, particularly where the latter are controlled by parties of the centre-left. The second part of the chapter reviews the steps that public authorities have taken to promote the Living Wage. Supporting authorities have no power to legislate for the Living Wage, but they have used non-legislative measures to promote the standard, including procurement, grant funding, wage subsidy, and funding the campaign itself.