bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An International Case-Control Study of Glutathione Transferase and Functionally Related Polymorphisms and Risk of Primary Adult Brain Tumors
Authors: Schwartzbaum Judith A. , Ahlbom Anders , Lönn Stefan , Warholm Margareta , Rannug Agneta , Auvinen Anssi , Christensen Helle Collatz , Henriksson Roger , Johansen Christoffer , Lindholm Carita , Malmer Beatrice , Salminen Tiina , Schoemaker Minouk J. , Swerdlow Anthony J. , Feychting Maria
Published: March 2007

Background: Glutathione transferases (GST) detoxify environmental and endogenous compounds and levels of two polymorphic GST proteins, GSTM3 and GSTP1, are high in the brain. Previous studies of GSTM3 and GSTP1 polymorphisms and adult brain tumor risk have produced inconsistent results, whereas the GSTM3 −63 variant is newly identified and, therefore, has not yet been studied in this context. We therefore examined associations between GSTM3 −63, GSTM3 *A/*B, GSTP1 105, and GSTP1 114 variants and adult brain tumor risk and the interaction of the effects of these same polymorphisms with cigarette smoking. In addition, the enzymes NQO1 and CYP1A1 alter susceptibility to oxidative brain damage. Because there is less previous evidence for a role of NQO1, CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 variants, we restricted analysis of these variants to a small preliminary study.

Methods: We genotyped DNA collected for an international population-based case-control study of 725 glioma cases, 329 of which were glioblastoma cases, 546 meningioma cases and 1,612 controls. Study participants were residents of Sweden, southeast England, Denmark, and Finland.

Results: We found no associations between the GSTM3, GSTP1, NQO1, CYP1A1, GSTM1, or GSTT1 polymorphisms and adult brain tumor risk with the possible exception of a weak association between the G-C (Val-Ala) GSTP1 105/114 haplotype and glioma [odds ratio (OR), 0.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.54, 0.99], nor was there an interaction between the effects of the GSTM3 or GSTP1 polymorphisms and cigarette smoking.

Conclusions: Overall, we observed no strong evidence for an association between GST or related enzyme polymorphisms and adult brain tumor risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):559–65)
Benzene Exposure and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Smith Martyn T. , Jones Rachael M. , Smith Allan H.
Published: March 2007

Exposure to benzene, an important industrial chemical and component of gasoline, is a widely recognized cause of leukemia, but its association with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is less clear. To clarify this issue, we undertook a systematic review of all case-control and cohort studies that identified probable occupational exposures to benzene and NHL morbidity or mortality. We identified 43 case-control studies of NHL outcomes that recognized persons with probable occupational exposure to benzene. Forty of these 43 (93%) studies show some elevation of NHL risk, with 23 of 43 (53%) studies finding statistically significant associations between NHL risk and probable benzene exposure. We also identified 26 studies of petroleum refinery workers reporting morbidity or mortality for lymphomas and all neoplasms and found that in 23 (88%), the rate of lymphoma morbidity or mortality was higher than that for all neoplasms. A substantial healthy-worker effect was evident in many of the studies and a comprehensive reevaluation of these studies with appropriate adjustments should be undertaken. Numerous studies have also reported associations between benzene exposure and the induction of lymphomas in mice. Further, because benzene is similar to alkylating drugs and radiation in producing leukemia, it is plausible that it might also produce lymphoma as they do and by similar mechanisms. Potential mechanisms include immunotoxicity and the induction of double-strand breaks with subsequent chromosome damage resulting in translocations and deletions. We conclude that, overall, the evidence supports an association between occupational benzene exposure and NHL. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):385–91)
Sun Exposure and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Armstrong Bruce K. , Kricker Anne
Published: March 2007

It was initially hypothesized that sun exposure might cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) on the following grounds: its incidence was increasing in parallel with that of cutaneous melanoma; its risk was increased in those with a history of melanoma or other skin cancer; sun exposure causes immune suppression; and immunosuppression for other reasons is associated with an increased risk of NHL. The association of NHL with prior skin cancer has been found consistently in subsequent studies, but results of ecological analyses have only partially supported this hypothesis. Contrary to it, three recent studies of NHL in individuals found that risk decreased, generally by 25% to 40%, across categories of increasing total or recreational, but not occupational, sun exposure. One study, thus far reported only in abstract, showed the opposite. Production of vitamin D from sun exposure offers a plausible mechanism for protection against NHL by sun exposure. A recent study has found a reduced risk of NHL in people with a high dietary intake of vitamin D. Results of additional studies in individuals and a planned original-data meta-analysis of case-control studies should help to resolve the present conflicting results on sun exposure and NHL. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):396–400)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Engel Lawrence S. , Lan Qing , Rothman Nathaniel
Published: March 2007

Several epidemiologic studies suggest that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels measured in peripheral blood or adipose tissue are related to increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and, therefore, may be at least partially responsible for the rising incidence of NHL unrelated to HIV infection in recent decades. Case-control studies that measured PCBs in blood, adipose tissue, or household carpet dust, at the time of diagnosis, have observed elevated NHL risk associated with concentrations of either total PCBs or of specific congeners. Similar associations have been found in a number of prospective cohorts. These associations do not seem to be due to confounding by other organochlorines or by other known NHL risk factors. These results support evidence of PCB carcinogenicity from animal studies. However, interpretation of the epidemiologic evidence is limited by the wide range in measurement precision across congeners and by the moderate to high correlation among many congeners. Occupational cohort studies provide very limited support for a relationship between PCBs and NHL. In conclusion, there is mounting evidence of a relationship between certain PCBs and risk of NHL, but important questions remain, especially regarding the magnitude, timing, and causality of that relationship. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):373–6)
Exposure to Solvents and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Clues on Putative Mechanisms
Authors: Vineis Paolo , Miligi Lucia , Costantini Adele Seniori ,   on behalf of the Working Group
Published: March 2007

Malignant lymphomas are a group of diseases of uncertain etiology. Both environmental factors and genetic susceptibility have been reported as risk factors. We have conducted a population-based case-control study in Italy: all newly diagnosed cases of malignant lymphoma, in males and females ages 20 to 74 years in the 1991 to 1993 period, were identified; the control group was comprised of a random sample of the general population resident in each of the areas under study, stratified by sex and 5-year age groups. Overall, 1,428 non–Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases and 1,530 controls were interviewed. Experts from each geographic area examined questionnaire data and assigned a level of probability and intensity of exposure to a range of chemical groups and individual chemicals. For those in the medium/high level of exposure, there was an increased risk of NHL for exposure to benzene, xylene, and toluene. We have examined the hypothesis that the effect of solvents is related to their immunotoxicity by analyzing the interaction with a previous history of autoimmune disease. We have found an apparent, though not statistically significant, increased risk of NHL in those with both exposure to benzene and a history of autoimmune disease (odds ratio, 16.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-321). In addition, an odds ratio of 29.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-650.2, based on nine exposed cases) was associated with high-level exposure to benzene in those with a positive family history of malignant hematologic neoplasms. Both hypotheses (i.e., the interaction with autoimmune diseases and with familial predisposition) indirectly suggest that an immunologic mechanism could be involved in lymphomagenesis from solvents. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):381–4)
The Human Aspects of Business in the New Consumption Era
Authors: Hess Herbert W.
Published: March 2007

Consumption absolute is the end, crown, and perfection of production. Wise con sumption is a far more difficult art than wise production.— Ruskin.
Psychological Factors and Problems, Emergency and Long-Term
Authors: Drayer Calvin S.
Published: March 2007

Relief planning cannot ignore psychological aspects of human re actions to catastrophes. In spite of much research, our knowledge of how peo ple adapt themselves to disaster situations is still defective and so is our knowl edge of how to counteract or cure these maladaptations. The characteristic reactions of people during the period of waiting for an impending disaster, dur ing the impact period, and during the period afterwards are described by the author. Although no person can be completely "immunized" against all unfa vorable reactions to catastrophes, procedures are available for cushioning the shocks, and these procedures are discussed by the author.—Ed.
Nationalization in Britain: A Sobering Decade
Authors: Baldwin George B.
Published: March 2007

"In spite of the gains made by work-people in their conditions of employment and the increase in the power and influence of the unions, there does not seem to have been a commensurate improvement in the climate of industrial relations. There is in every nationalized industry a feeling among rank and file workers that no fundamental change has occurred. The behaviour pattern of the unions does not appear to be significantly different from what it was under private en terprise, and many observers are disappointed at what seems to them to be the failure of the unions to grasp their opportunity to contribute towards making nationalization a success."—B. C. Roberts, "Trade Unions and Nationalization," Progress, Winter, 1954-55.
The Italian Labor Movement in 1956: The Structure of Crisis
Authors: Neufeld Maurice F.
Published: March 2007

The development of a democratic, anti-Communist, and effective labor movement in Italy is rendered difficult by several things: the lack of po litical unity and a single economic ideology of the large national federations, the top-heavy administrative structure, and the well-rooted system of highly centralized control. Industry-wide bargaining has proved ineffective in getting the greatest benefits to labor in various sections of the country. Factory unions are being looked upon now as the answer; they have begun to be established but have not yet become effective instruments. What is needed is a new type of leadership which can build the labor movement from the bottom up rather than from the top down. Young labor leaders are now being trained, and in their hands lies the key to the future of the Italian labor movement.—Ed.
The Acculturation of American Indians
Authors: Vogt Evon Z.
Published: March 2007

Despite all the pressures for changing the ways of American Indians into those of the white man, there are still basically Indian systems of social structure and culture persisting with variable vigor within conservative nuclei of Indian population. The author outlines a conceptual framework for the analysis of American Indian acculturation in different areas of the United States, provides a brief synoptic review of the degree of acculturation in such areas, and discusses the limiting factors to full acculturation by comparing the situation of the United States with that of Mexico, and considers the development of "Pan- Indianism" as an emerging stage in the acculturation process.—Ed.
Are We Moving Toward Fortress America?
Authors: Fleming D.F.
Published: March 2007

Our efforts to encircle the Communist nations have failed: Eastern Europe is lost to the West; we have not won the atomic race; we have been dis trustful of our own people; we discounted the power of education and indus trialization to modify the Soviet system; we did not know that cold wars cannot be won. We need to understand the Communist peoples; to be aware that great powers need access to the sea; reduce our overseas bases; work for arms limita tion and regulation; negotiate settlements of territorial issues; restore our friend ship with Western Europe and the British Commonwealth; channel foreign aid through the United Nations; try to build a world community through the UN; and stand on our heritage as an example of human freedom.—Ed.
Current Russian Designs in Europe and the Middle East
Authors: Drexel Biddle Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

Soviet foreign policy since the war has remained true to its objective of world dominance. The means used have progressed from nonaggression pacts, scrapped when they were no longer useful, to offers of "peaceful coexistence," accompanied by offers of economic aid to underdeveloped countries and designed to draw such countries out of the Free World's orbit. The grim events in Hungary and the Middle East are a part of the Kremlin's plan of world domina tion. The threat can only be averted by a firm policy of collective security, il lustrated by NATO, SEATO, and the Baghdad Pact.—Ed.
The Trend in International Payments: Britain and the United States
Authors: Aldington Geoffrey W.
Published: March 2007

Britain's economic objectives are to build her economic strength to assure her ability to bear the long-term burdens of defense, development of re sources, and raising standards of living. To achieve these objectives, Britain must maintain the Commonwealth and her own position in it and gain the effec tive collaboration of the Commonwealth, Western Europe, and the North At lantic Community in meeting the problems of the Free World. In this collabora tion a common economic policy which will result in a balance of payments is essential.—Ed.
Leisure in the Light of History
Authors: Woody Thomas
Published: March 2007

The line between leisure and labor is tenuous and shifting. Never theless, from the rise of the earliest great civilizations of the East and West to the nineteenth century, there was a certain stability in that leisure was always the prerogative of a small free fraction of society. Christian idealism did not alter this. Asceticism opposed customary leisure activities, but the nobility of church and state generally enjoyed sports which doctrine condemned. The decay of feudalism, the rise of science and technology, a naturalistic philosophy of educa tion, political changes in the direction of self-government, and new agencies of communication have brought leisure enjoyments to the masses.
Professional Association
Authors: Eppley Garrett G.
Published: March 2007

The growth of the demand for recreation services has been accom panied by a movement toward professional consciousness. Numerous societies now need to consider their goals and study their overlapping membership and functions. To strengthen the professional voice of recreation, some consolida tion is necessary.
Industry
Authors: Neer Don L.
Published: March 2007

Recreation within American industry has become an integral pat tern whose mutual benefits are recognized by employer and employee. Partici pation in recreation programs tends to improve physical and mental health, cultivate leadership, stabilize employment, strengthen community relations, de mocratize associations, relieve tensions in the factory climate, and strengthen morale. As leisure increases, management must become even more active in providing programs and facilities.
Therapeutic Recreation
Authors: Rensvold Verna , Hill Beatrice H. , Boggs Elizabeth M. , Meyer Martin W.
Published: March 2007

Application of the principle of "recreation for all" has led the move ment to areas of service such as programs for the noninstitutionalized ill and handicapped, the hospitalized, the mentally retarded, and the mentally ill. Pio neering on these new frontiers, the recreation worker, a relatively new member of the team in these specialized areas, is called upon for an exceptional degree of professional maturity and staff teamwork. New staff positions being created must be filled by skilled and well-motivated professional personnel. While still in their infancy, specialized recreation services as discussed in this paper are be ginning to develop coherent methodologies and a body of practices which bring not only personal refreshment of the spirit, but therapeutic and educational values as well. Uses of recreation in the treatment of the mentally ill, for example, indicate a recreation therapy which can favorably influence the pre disposition and eradication of symptoms of nonorganic types of mental illness.
International Relationships
Authors: Rivers Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

On the international level there exists a fabric of functional societies concerned with recreation. Over the years the machinery for recreation co- operation and exchange developed piecemeal. Now the international recreation program is taking form as a comprehensive movement. The challenge still out- runs the achievement.
Go Now-Pay Later: Time Payment for International Travel
Authors: Lipscomb Willis G.
Published: March 2007

Despite the fact that 58 per cent of American families have less than $500 in liquid assets, international time-payment travel plans have been proved successful. The majority of the travelers who buy air travel in this manner have average monthly earnings under $400. They are chiefly govern ment employees and skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers. The phenome nal growth of the "Go Now—Pay Later" idea indicates that the word debt has lost its old meaning; that buying on credit has become a way of life; and that leisure travel competes for the consumer dollar with such durable goods as tele vision sets, refrigerators, and secondhand automobiles.
Recreation on The National Forest
Authors: Sieker John H.
Published: March 2007

Under a five-year recreation program known as Operation Outdoors the Forest Service is expanding its camping and picnicking facilities, ski areas, and back country campsites to meet a growing public demand. This article traces the development of the recreation use of national forests from the time the forest reserves were set aside to the present. It explains some of the prob lems that have come with the increased popularity of the forests and how the Forest Service has tried to meet them. Since the 1930's recreation has had a firm place in national forest administration and planning. The present program contemplates construction of enough facilities to handle 66 million visits to the national forests by 1962 without spoiling the forest environment which people come to enjoy.
Plans and Programs
Authors: Holford William
Published: March 2007

City planning involves a multitude of people in a variety of fields. Architects, engineers, and landscape experts are responsible for the shell; social and political experts for the administration and management of the people living within the shell. In a democracy both resources and good will are necessary to make city-planning schemes a reality. Variations depend on whether one is dealing with an old-established settlement, a transitional one, or an altogether new town. Redevelopment is slower and more difficult than original growth, for it involves criticism and obstructionism. Change nevertheless does occur, and there is increasing emphasis on the advantages of comprehensive develop ment aimed at securing co-ordination of all factors involved in the creation of the new environment. Today city planners have begun to realize that unlimited growth may not always be synonymous with progress and that planning must have some patterned framework rather than being structured in terms of an un determined and expanding objective.—Ed.
The Urban Aesthetic
Authors: Burchard John Ely
Published: March 2007

The aesthetics of a great city is a combination of many sensory stimuli as well as the visual one. Most of these and even some of the visual effects are outside the control of the designer. Great cities have had fine ap proaches, fine magnets of general interest. They have historically been mainly for the slow pedestrian and for daytime effect. Now we must find a way to preserve or restore the approaches and the magnets of the city centers and to create them in the plasmodial periphery. And we must do this on a new time scale including the speed of the airplane and on a twenty-four hour basis. To do this while also retaining nature is the principal problem. It will not be solved by a few towering geniuses alone.
Sociocultural Backgrounds of Alcoholism
Authors: Ullman Albert D.
Published: March 2007

Physiological and psychological interpretations of the causes of al coholism have been found insufficient to explain differences in rates of alcohol ism among various groups. Consequently, examination of the sociocultural backgrounds of drinking is needed to isolate those factors associated with high or low rates of alcoholism. One such finding is that, compared with members of low alcoholism groups, members of high alcoholism groups have conflicting attitudes toward drinking; the conflict is caused by the lack of integration of drinking customs with the rest of the culture. This finding is shown to be con sistent with ethnic and sex differences in rates of alcoholism.
Young and Aged Populations
Authors: Valaoras Vasilios G.
Published: March 2007

The peoples of the Western Hemisphere are in a young stage of demographic evolution. Except for the populations of the United States and Canada, those of Latin America have still a large proportion (about 40 per cent) of children and very few (less than 5 per cent) old persons. They will enter the stage of population "aging" sometime in the near or distant future, depend ing on how soon the fertility rate will follow the now declining death rate. This will lead these populations to a "demographic maturity" by lessening their bur den of dependency and by increasing the productivity of their peoples.
Differences in the Communist Parties
Authors: Seton-Watson Hugh
Published: March 2007

Historically and at their inception the East European Communist parties differed greatly from one another. Whereas those of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland were workers' parties, those of Bulgaria and Rumania were essentially parties of revolutionary intellectuals. From 1945 to 1948 the Com munist parties, strongly supported by Soviet military power, established their one-party dictatorships. There followed a period of intensive economic pres sures in order to create the maximum in heavy industry and general mobiliza tion. Though the pattern was the same in all these countries, some were more severely affected than others. Where revolutions did occur—as in Poland and Hungary—a definite cleavage of opinion at the highest level of the party existed as did a surviving Communist leader of great prestige who symbolized all the desire for reform and freedom which had accumulated over the years. In the remainder of Eastern Europe the parties, internally unstable though they are, have changed very little. It will, nonetheless, be well to watch here for differ ences in personalities, policies, and tactics, for in changed international circum stances these may prove politically decisive.—Ed.
Economic Policy in Eastern Europe From 1950 Through 1956
Authors: Ames Edward
Published: March 2007

Growth in East European industrial output, employment, and la bor productivity, while rapid, slowed down markedly after 1950, as did agricul tural collectivization. These are all explainable by inflationary pressures. At first, governments reacted to inflation only by drastic operations like currency conversions, but in 1952, Stalin's Economic Problems presented a more basic price analysis. His successors rejected it in favor of farm price revision and altered investment. By 1955, a controversy over direct controls had obscured interest in pricing and monetary aspects of inflation, and stressed Marxian theories of whether shortages—an inflationary phenomenon—should be met by more investment in raw materials industries or by increased authority to plant managers.
Social Structure: Rumania Under Communism
Authors: Ionescu Ghita
Published: March 2007

Refusal to allow the workers to take a direct part in industrial management or leadership and the emergence of the intelligentsia as a privi leged layer, as in the Soviet Union, were confirmed in the first ten years of existence of the Rumanian Popular Republic. The strengthening of the social category of the medium farmers, owning their own farms of between 5 and 20 hectares, is one of the most revealing phenomena of social stratification in that Eastern European "Popular Democracy," differing in this from the Soviet Union.
Education and Youth
Authors: Bereday George Z.F.
Published: March 2007

The evidence available points to a successful and steady improve ment in the pedagogical caliber of satellite schools since 1950. Yet the same period witnessed a steady alienation of youth from Communism in Poland and Hungary and to a lesser degree also in Czechoslovakia and Rumania. It is suggested that the schools cannot easily fulfill the role assigned to them by totalitarian regimes. Unless there is some correspondence between the ideals they are asked to teach and actual reality, indoctrination may only increase the chances of youth disturbances.
Cultural and Literary Developments: Poland and Hungary
Authors: Gömöri George
Published: March 2007

By 1950 standardization of cultural life in Soviet-dominated coun tries was nearly complete. This was more easily effected in literature than in painting or music—areas in which the artist's position was less clearly defined. Pressures for conformity caused artists and writers to resort to three main types of behavior. Some collaborated wholeheartedly, others became semi-collabora tors, and still others chose to collaborate not at all. It soon became obvious that the "new literature" was failing to fulfill the task laid down by the party of re-educating men and was instead stifling creative work. The demand for an essentially romantic picture of everyday reality demanded by "Socialist realism" had become anything but real, and to ease the dilemma writers took refuge in the past. The cultural and political thaw which followed Stalin's death was felt most keenly in Hungary and Poland. In the former the full-scale campaign waged by the Rákosi regime against "rightist deviationism" propelled the coun try into revolution. In the latter a greater sensitivity to popular demand on the part of the leaders has helped to avert such a bloody upheaval. In fact, the freedom of creation under Gomulka's regime is still unequalled in all of Eastern Europe.—Ed.
A "Loyal" Satellite: The Case of Czechoslovakia
Authors: Duchacek Ivo
Published: March 2007

Several factors explain the almost complete absence of drama on the Czech political scene: a relatively high standard of living, the pragmatism of the Communist leadership, and the sophisticated sobriety of their opponents reared in the tradition of democracy and its nonviolent methods of action. Within this framework some minor changes have already occurred and still may. Any sub stantial change in the Czechoslovak orientation continues to be severely limited by the hypnotizing effect of Soviet power, unmatched by the Western posture in the area.
The Soviet Stake in Eastern Europe
Authors: Dallin Alexander
Published: March 2007

Practical power politics as well as ideological considerations were at the root of the Soviet seizure of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II. While Soviet policy has since Stalin's death become more flexible, the basic as sumptions and motives have apparently not changed. In its own view, Moscow cannot afford to abandon Eastern Europe even if, in material and military terms, the area becomes a liability.
The Asian Economic Potential
Authors: Malenbaum Wilfred
Published: March 2007

Output in Asia will need to expand at a rate of al most 2 per cent each year if individual levels of living are not to fall. Unless output grows at least twice as fast, however, in comes in Asia will not improve relative to those elsewhere in the world. Experience in some Asian countries in very recent years, notably in India and mainland China, corroborates con clusions based on the general study of the growth process: the countries of Asia can look forward to a more favorable eco nomic future. This will follow not from the discovery of new resource frontiers, from further technological advances in sources of energy and methods of processing, or from new pro grams of foreign assistance. All these will play a role—but as adjuncts of purposeful domestic action for economic change un der conscious and skilful leadership. Development programs need to be formulated with realistic goals which do demand major efforts by the people. Only government can provide the inspiration for these efforts; this constitutes a priority task among the competing pursuits confronting national leadership in newly independent nations. With this type of action the na tions of Asia can avoid a return in the economic sphere to the stagnation that has characterized the past fifty years or so. To sustain political vigor and even national independence economic progress seems to be essential.
Intellectual Progress in the East
Authors: Wildes Harry Emerson
Published: March 2007

In its attempts to reach a rapprochement with the West, the East sought to Westernize itself; this resulted not in a synthesis of the best elements of both cultures but in a thin Western veneer applied to a solid native base. Instead of try ing to steer this imitative trend into more productive channels, the West was merely flattered by it. As for the East, by indis criminately gulping a frightful mass of Western indigestibles, it gained little but a cultural stomachache. Small wonder, there fore, that, in the first flush of nationalism, reformers and puri tans—proponents of the "New Life"—struck out against cor rupting "foreignisms." Asia for the Asians meant a return to the high spiritual culture of ages past. The wiping out of un wanted Western ways was made easier because they were neither very broadly spread nor deeply rooted. After World War II, Western prestige rose again, and although the East continued to scorn Western materialism as a principle, in prac tice it was willing to bring in the skills, techniques, and tools which gave democracy its strength. Creative energies in the East have been released as the result of national upheavals, and under a more democratic way of life they will surely flourish.— Ed.
Hatta and Co-operatives: The Middle Way for Indonesia?
Authors: Higgins Benjamin
Published: March 2007

Because of Hatta's role as a leader of the moder ate and rationalist faction in Indonesia, his book has wide inter est. As Vice President from 1950 to 1956, he was able to act as a buffer between extreme Nationalists and Communists and the more pro-Western groups. His book shows that he takes seriously Article 38 of the Constitution which calls for organi zation of the national economy on a co-operative basis. His anticapitalist attitudes are apparent throughout the book, and he repeatedly contrasts corporations, which are for him the epitome of class struggle, and co-operatives, which are the In donesian route to the classless society. Yet Hatta also regards co-operatives as a technique for economic development; but it is clear even to him that a "co-operative national economy" cannot be attained for decades. Meanwhile, the failure of in dependence to bring prosperity is a major factor in the current conflict in Indonesia. It is clear that Indonesia cannot await the organization of a co-operative economy to begin an effec tive economic development program. What Indonesia needs most now is a large dose of "ad hocery"; it is doubtful whether Hatta alone can provide the necessary leadership for such a practical economic development program.
United States Postwar Policy in Asia
Authors: Warburg James P.
Published: March 2007

The United States faced its greatest postwar op portunities for constructive leadership toward peace not in Eu rope but in Asia—it held the future of most of Asia in its hands and dropped it. The Truman administration had no Asian policy at all, except with respect to China and Japan. Its China policy was disastrously wrong. Its policy in Japan must await the verdict of history. The Eisenhower administration has pursued a fatally wrong policy throughout Asia. Our two great errors of commission were: involvement in the Chinese civil war and the rearming of Pakistan. Our great error of omission was our failure to utilize the ten years in which the United States alone had the ability to supply economic aid to the newly independent Asian nations. We now face dangerous Communist competition. The problem we face falls into two parts: how to stop doing the wrong things in Asia and how to start doing the right ones. The first category requires a new China policy and a new policy toward Pakistan. Correcting our errors of omission requires a new approach to the economic problems of Asia.
Possible Permanent Cleavages in Asia
Authors: You Chan Yang
Published: March 2007

The peoples of Asia are on the road of progress. They are industrious and intelligent and have a happy and tolerant temperament. Their pride in their history, inducing mutual respect and aspirations, is a positive cohesive force. Their countries have great natural resources that when prop erly exploited can produce a high standard of living. Yet there are old cleavages due to marked cultural, religious, and political characteristics now less important than the new ones. Some, like Korea, Taiwan, The Philippines, Thailand, and Southern Vietnam, are democracies in the Western sense and regard Com munist imperialism as a common enemy. Then there are Com munist China and her satellites and the neutralist nations that while following the leadership of India are less cohesive than the other two groups and may, it is hoped, ultimately side more decisively with the democracies first mentioned. Finally, there is Japan, which is likely to retain its apartness and which, be cause of its policy of dealing on a basis of equality with Com munist China and Russia, its chauvinistic religion, and its ex pansionist sentiments, may pose a threat to her neighbors.—Ed.
Dimensions of the Traffic Safety Problem
Authors: Baldwin David M.
Published: March 2007

The motor-vehicle traffic accident problem today is one of our major socio-economic problems. Traffic accidents account for the loss of 40,000 lives a year, for about 1½ million injuries, and for an economic loss of perhaps 5 billion dollars. An estimated 100,000 households are affected to a major degree each year by traffic accidents, and the nation's economy suffers a loss of some 500,000 man-years of productive time. Traffic accidents rank sixth among all causes of death; but in the important 15 to 24 age group, they lead by a wide margin. Trends in recent years reveal fewer deaths in cities and towns and increased fatalities in rural areas. To some extent this is accounted for by increased rural travel, but the rural accident rate is out of proportion to the additional exposure. Reporting of accidents is not uniform, particularly as it concerns injury and property damage cases. More important, however, is the fact that present reporting procedures do not produce valid facts about the causes of accidents. Research now underway may help answer questions as to why accidents happen and thus suggest ways to reduce our current accident rate.
Education and the Motor Age
Authors: Carr William G.
Published: March 2007

Since its beginning around 1920, traffic safety education has experienced phenomenal growth, not only in the number of schools involved but also in the scope of the program. In the lower grades, pedestrian safety and bicycle safety, as well as being valuable in themselves, help to form the attitudes of mind which will later produce safe drivers. In secondary schools, driver education with both classroom and practice driving instruction provides an invaluable program for the preparation of drivers. There are many aspects of a compre hensive safety program, including the use of student leadership through school patrols; the supervision of vehicle and instruc tion of driver and passengers in school transportation; the preparation of teachers for this relatively new field of instruc tion; and continued research. Safety education also entails re sponsibility for finance, law, and community relationships. Al though it is always difficult to measure the intangible effects of education, the visible trend of a lower accident rate among children of school age since the development of safety education testifies to its value. New activities now being introduced promise even greater benefits. Traffic safety education evolved to meet a real social need. Because of the urgency of this need and because the education profession recognized some measure of responsibility for the safety of school children, safety educa tion has developed on a scale equalled by few other areas of the school program.
The Thought Reform of Intellectuals
Authors: Hsi-En-Chen Theodore
Published: March 2007

The Chinese Communists need the services of the Chinese intellectuals and yet distrust them as products of bourgeois society. Since 1949, the regime has adopted various measures to reform the intellectuals to make them acceptable and useful to the new Communist society. At first, compara tively mild forms of "study" and political indoctrination were used. Later, the intellectuals were asked to take part in vari ous "revolutionary movements" and in "class struggle" in both countryside and city. By 1951 the pressure was intensified, and the intellectuals were organized to practice criticism and self-criticism and to make public confessions of past errors. Then, in an attempt to curb deviant ideas not compatible with Marxist-Leninist-Maoist ideology, the Communists launched successive campaigns against bourgeois and other "unprole tarian" thinking. A new trend in the treatment of the intel lectuals seemed to be appearing in 1956, when the intellectuals were offered new privileges, even a measure of freedom of thought. However, when the intellectuals took advantage of the liberalization and frankly expressed their criticism of the Communist program, they were branded as "rightists" and attacked again. Since 1957 there has been a further tighten ing of ideological controls on the mainland.
Co-ordination of Services as a Means of Delinquency Prevention
Authors: Onopka Gisela
Published: March 2007

The South Central Youth Project was based on the assumption that juvenile delinquency is part of the child- rearing problem of the whole community. Prevention there fore demands co-operation and co-ordination among all the organizations of the community related to youth and aimed at the creation of a healthy community climate. Accordingly, this Project did not consist in the establishment of a new agency but was rather a co-ordinated effort on the part of law- enforcement, health, and welfare agencies and of public schools in an area of high delinquency. The Project focused on de tection of the beginning signs of delinquency and on finding concrete means to improve interagency communication and co-operative efforts. On the basis of its experience, the follow ing suggestions for carrying on such work in the future were made: (1) Establish Practitioner Committees from sufficiently small geographic areas to meet regularly to make plans for cases needing concerted community effort. (2) Increase the flexibility of established agency structures and functions. (3) Realize the importance and difficulty of the "aggressive case work" and "street-corner group work" approaches and train selected practitioners for this task. (4) Increase the use of community education; co-ordinate the work of all agencies to change community culture. (5) Strengthen community efforts capable of early detection and attention to juvenile problems as for instance the services of school social workers and youth agencies using qualified professional personnel.
The Effectiveness of a Boys' Club in Reducing Delinquency
Authors: Brown Roscoe C. , Dodson Dan W.
Published: March 2007

The delinquency rates for white boys in three areas of Louisville, Kentucky, were compared for the period 1944-1954. These areas were selected because they were similar in certain ecological characteristics. The delinquency rates decreased steadily over an eight-year period in the area where there was a Boys' Club. The delinquency rates in the two other areas with no youth-serving agencies increased over the same period of time. Some discussion is devoted to the limited nature of any conclusions that can be derived from a statistical study of this type in which several factors can not be controlled. The study indicates that the Boys' Club was probably one important factor in the decline in delinquency in an area of a city where delinquency was increasing in other sections.
The All-Day Neighborhood Schools
Authors: Franklin Adele
Published: March 2007

The All-Day Neighborhood Schools of the New York City Board of Education is a significant project. These are elementary schools in which additional staff are provided to help children during the schoolday and in an after school "club program" from three to five. The warm, personal rela tionship between teachers and children fuses home, school, and community into a sympathetic unit. Children of working pa rents who might otherwise be unsupervised in the empty after- school hours before the mother returns to the home, children needing help in learning processes, children with language and integration problems benefit from the program. Statistics show that there is a conspicuous lack of truancy and a mini mum of vandalism in these schools and that the delinquency rate declines.
Preventive Work With Street-Corner Groups: Boston Delinquency Project
Authors: Miller Walter B.
Published: March 2007

The corner-group method of attempting to pre vent "gang" delinquency is in fairly wide use, but little sub stantial evidence as to its effectiveness is available. Research on the impact of the Boston Delinquency Project on law- violating behavior of adolescent corner groups utilized four major indexes to behavior change to "test" effectiveness. Pre liminary findings indicate that worker activity resulted in a demonstrable impact on law-violating behavior of group mem bers, involving an over-all reduction in incidence, with sharpest decreases during initial phases and increases during later phases; that correctional department commitment rates for residents of the Project area compared favorably with those of an immediately adjacent area and the state as a whole; that worker action resulted in different degrees of impact on different behavioral areas within the general pattern of group behavior; and that changes were effected in patterns of inter- group relationships both within the local community and among established youth-concerned organizations. Project termina tion produced locally supported plans for continuation which were not implemented on higher institutional levels. While the Project achieved limited but definite success in its major goal of inhibiting community delinquency, its "true" potential was not adequately tested because of factors hampering effi cient execution of planned procedures.
The United States Point Four Program— A Bilateral Approach
Authors: Atwood Rollin S.
Published: March 2007

Bilateral technical co-operation programs are being carried out by the International Cooperation Adminis tration and the governments of approximately sixty-five under developed countries of the world. These are countries which have requested assistance from the United States Government in those activities which are felt to be fundamental to their economic and social development. Programs in these countries are jointly planned, staffed, and financed. The International Cooperation Administration operates through the medium of a United States Overseas Mission, the Director of which re ports to the United States Ambassador in the particular country. Programs are designed to demonstrate techniques and train local technicians and administrators. As soon as these objectives have been accomplished, negotiations are ini tiated to have the projects absorbed as normal functions of the country in question or to be terminated.
Personnel Management for Technical Co-operation
Authors: Jones Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

Since technical co-operation is achieved primarily through people, personnel management assumes particular im portance in the effective administration of the programs. While many of the problems are common to domestic activities, many others arise out of the unique nature of this type of program. Requirements are primarily for technical specialists having sufficient experience and maturity to serve as advisers to newly developing countries. Therefore most of those entering this field necessarily do so at mid career without the benefit of specialized preparatory training or experience. Few will have had previous overseas work experience, still fewer in an activity in which the entire family plays a significant role in achieving the objectives of the program for which the father is employed. Until recently, the United States had little experience in build ing a continuing overseas staff of technicians, ranging from health educators to economists, to agronomists, to tax experts, and others. Over the past few years, however, the Interna tional Cooperation Administration has undertaken a funda mental reorientation of its overseas personnel system to better meet the longer range as well as the immediate needs of co- operative programs with sixty-odd newly developing countries. In this review of major problems of personnel management for international technical co-operation, the approaches which ICA is finding practicable are presented as illustrative of principles and techniques which may have broader applicability.
Technical Co-operation for Administrative Improvement
Authors: Lawson George W.
Published: March 2007

The program providing aid in administrative improvements in governments is extensive. Need for improve ment is found in all levels and branches of government. Ap proaches to management improvement include the individual expert or adviser, the contract, and the development of local institutions. Problems in this field are those arising from the formerly dependent status of a country; those resulting from the new independent status; and administrative problems of developing countries. The United States adviser should not try to transplant our methods of management to the host coun try, but should try to find solutions adaptable to the culture of a particular nation. He usually trains host government per sonnel and looks for promising trainees. The mature leading officials prefer on-the-job training, and in-service programs have been instituted in many countries. Academic training is effective at the junior level only. A better known aspect of technical co-operation is that of training foreign officials and students in the United States; it is also an important part of technical co-operation in management. Training grants may involve academic training, observation, organized experience, or a combination of these. Observation tours are usually com bined with other forms of training. There have been some outstanding accomplishments in the management improvement program of technical assistance, however, there is need for further activity in this field.—Ed.