bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards combining commonsense reasoning and knowledge acquisition to guide deep learning
Authors: Sridharan Mohan , Mota Tiago
Published: November 2022

Algorithms based on deep network models are being used for many pattern recognition and decision-making tasks in robotics and AI. Training these models requires a large labeled dataset and considerable computational resources, which are not readily available in many domains. Also, it is difficult to explore the internal representations and reasoning mechanisms of these models. As a step towards addressing the underlying knowledge representation, reasoning, and learning challenges, the architecture described in this paper draws inspiration from research in cognitive systems. As a motivating example, we consider an assistive robot trying to reduce clutter in any given scene by reasoning about the occlusion of objects and stability of object configurations in an image of the scene. In this context, our architecture incrementally learns and revises a grounding of the spatial relations between objects and uses this grounding to extract spatial information from input images. Non-monotonic logical reasoning with this information and incomplete commonsense domain knowledge is used to make decisions about stability and occlusion. For images that cannot be processed by such reasoning, regions relevant to the tasks at hand are automatically identified and used to train deep network models to make the desired decisions. Image regions used to train the deep networks are also used to incrementally acquire previously unknown state constraints that are merged with the existing knowledge for subsequent reasoning. Experimental evaluation performed using simulated and real-world images indicates that in comparison with baselines based just on deep networks, our architecture improves reliability of decision making and reduces the effort involved in training data-driven deep network models.
Documentation as composing: how medical students and residents use writing to think and learn
Authors: Bowker Dillon , Torti Jacqueline , Goldszmidt Mark
Published: November 2022

Some educators have described clinical documentation as “scut”. Research in medicine has focused on documentation’s communicative value and not its function in learning. With time being an important commodity and electronic health records changing how we document, understanding the learning value of documentation is essential. The purpose of this study was to explore how trainee composing practices shape learning. Qualitative methods employing Rhetorical Genre Theory were used to explore clinical documentation practices among medical trainees. Data collection and analysis occurred in iterative cycles. Data included field notes and field interviews from 110 h of observing junior trainees and senior internal medicine residents participating in patient admission and follow-up visits. Analysis was focused on Paré and Smart’s framework for studying documentation as composing. From a composing lens, documentation plays a vital role in learning in clinical settings. Junior trainees were observed to be reliant on using writing to support their thinking around patient care. Before patient encounters, writing helped trainees focus on what was already known and develop a preliminary understanding of the patient’s problem(s). After encounters, writing helped trainees synthesize the data and develop an assessment and plan. Before and after the encounter, through writing, trainees also identified knowledge and data collection gaps. Our findings highlight clinical documentation as more than a communication task. Rather, the writing process itself appeared to play a pivotal role in supporting thinking. While some have proposed strategies for reducing trainee involvement, we argue that writing can be time well spent.
Mobility is Associated with Higher-risk Sexual Partnerships Among Both Men and Women in Co-resident Couples in Rural Kenya and Uganda: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Gutin Sarah A. , Neilands Torsten B. , Charlebois Edwin D. , Getahun Monica , Okiring Jaffer , Akullian Adam , Maeri Irene , Eyul Patrick , Ssali Sarah , Cohen Craig R. , Kamya Moses R. , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , Camlin Carol S.
Published: November 2022

Population mobility is associated with higher-risk sexual behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa and is a key driver of the HIV epidemic. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study to estimate associations between recent mobility (overnight travel away from home in past six months) or migration (changes of residence over defined geopolitical boundaries) and higher-risk sexual behavior among co-resident couples (240 couples aged ≥ 16) from 12 rural communities in Kenya and Uganda. Data on concurrent mobility and sexual risk behaviors were collected every 6-months between 2015 and 2020. We used sex-pooled and sex-stratified multilevel models to estimate associations between couple mobility configurations (neither partner mobile, male mobile/female not mobile, female mobile/male not mobile, both mobile) and the odds of higher-risk (casual, commercial sex worker/client, one night stand, inherited partner, stranger) and concurrent sexual partnerships based on who was mobile. On average across all time points and subjects, mobile women were more likely than non-mobile women to have a higher-risk partner; similarly, mobile men were more likely than non-mobile men to report a higher-risk partnership. Men with work-related mobility versus not had higher odds of higher-risk partnerships. Women with work-related mobility versus not had higher odds of higher-risk partnerships. Couples where both members were mobile versus neither had greater odds of higher-risk partnerships. In analyses using 6-month lagged versions of key predictors, migration events of men, but not women, preceded higher-risk partnerships. Findings demonstrate HIV risks for men and women associated with mobility and the need for prevention approaches attentive to the risk-enhancing contexts of mobility.
A methodology for refined evaluation of neural code completion approaches
Authors: Le Kim Tuyen , Rashidi Gabriel , Andrzejak Artur
Published: November 2022

Code completion has become an indispensable feature of modern Integrated Development Environments. In recent years, many approaches have been proposed to tackle this task. However, it is hard to compare between the models without explicitly re-evaluating them due to the differences of used benchmarks (e.g. datasets and evaluation metrics). Besides, almost all of these works report the accuracy of the code completion models as aggregated metrics averaged over all types of code tokens. Such evaluations make it difficult to assess the potential improvements for particularly relevant types of tokens (i.e. method or variable names), and blur the differences between the performance of the methods. In this paper, we propose a methodology called Code Token Type Taxonomy (CT3) to address the issue of using aggregated metrics. We identify multiple dimensions relevant for code prediction (e.g. syntax type, context, length), partition the tokens into meaningful types along each dimension, and compute individual accuracies by type. We illustrate the utility of this methodology by comparing the code completion accuracy of a Transformer-based model in two variants: with closed, and with open vocabulary. Our results show that the refined evaluation provides a more detailed view of the differences and indicates where further work is needed. We also survey the state-of-the-art of Machine Learning-based code completion models to illustrate that there is a demand for a set of standardized benchmarks for code completion approaches. Furthermore, we find that the open vocabulary model is significantly more accurate for relevant code token types such as usage of (defined) variables and literals.
What is Modern in the Crisis of European Sciences?
Authors: Baratelli Gabriele
Published: November 2022

Although the notion of the crisis of European sciences has a general meaning, Husserl mainly focuses on this phenomenon in relation to the modern establishment of a mathematical natural science. However, he does not provide a definitive clarification of how its new method is specifically involved in bringing about such a crisis. Without trying to offer a faithful exegetical contribution, this paper further elaborates on Husserl’s analyses in the Krisis to give a possible answer to this question. After defining the concept of crisis in general, I single out why algebraic thinking is the core of the method that essentially characterizes mathematical physics. Then, I compare this method to a case of pre-modern discipline (namely, Euclidean geometry) to show that the sedimentation of meaning at work in the progressive technization of algebra is exceptional and sufficient to explain the specificity of the modern character of the crisis of the exact sciences. The exclusively technical development of formal mathematics, in fact, elicits those shifts of meaning (such as objectivism) that phenomenology is required to amend to overcome the crisis and to establish an authentic form of knowledge. On the basis of these results, I conclude by suggesting a few consequences that are useful for the understanding of the project of phenomenology of the later Husserl.
Comparison of Mathematics Problem-Solving Abilities in Autistic and Non-autistic Children: the Influence of Cognitive Profile
Authors: Polo-Blanco Irene , Suárez-Pinilla Paula , Goñi-Cervera Juncal , Suárez-Pinilla Marta , Payá Beatriz
Published: November 2022

This study examines relationships between mathematical problem-solving performance (in terms of strategies used and accuracy) and the main cognitive domains associated with mathematical learning (i.e. executive functions, verbal comprehension and social perception) of children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD and non-ASD resp.). The study involved 26 ASD and 26 non-ASD children without intellectual disabilities, between 6 and 12 years old, matched by sex, age and school (grade and classroom). The results show a higher percentage of ASD children with problem solving difficulties than non-ASD (57% vs. 23% resp.). Poor performing ASD children showed comparatively lower scores in inhibition, theory of mind and verbal comprehension. Implications for the design of mathematical interventions for ASD students are discussed.
The dynamic and static mechanical characteristics of Sn-7Zn-based solder alloy modified with microalloying of In, Fe and Co elements
Authors: Lotfy I. H. , Mansour S. A. , El-Taher A. M.
Published: November 2022

Tensile creep experiments and pulse-echo overlap (PEO) method were utilized to analyze the impact of small additions of 2.5%wt In, Fe and Co (0.1%wt for each) on the creep resistance and elastic properties of a cast Sn-7Zn alloy. The In-modified alloy displays noticeably enhanced creep resistance and increased the fracture time (~ 2.7 times) due to precipitation strengthening and formation of γ-InSn4particles. The In-modified alloy exhibits an as-solidified grain structure, which is finer than the Sn-7Zn alloy, and predicted to enhance deformation resistance by lattice self-diffusion creep. Nonetheless, the creep resistance of Sn-7Zn alloy deteriorates after Fe and Co addition, highlighting the excellent coarsening of the new γ-Zn21Co5, γ-Co2Sn2Zn, and α-Fe0.92Sn0.08precipitates. The obtained results implied that the creep strain rate follows the Garofalo hyperbolic sine equation, and the computed creep stress exponent is consistent with a climb-controlled dislocation creep. Consequently, for all PEO tests, the values of resulting Young's modulus (E) (66.7 GPa) and shear modulus (G) (20.5 GPa) of In-modified Sn-7Zn alloy were superior to those of the conventional plain Sn-7Zn alloy and Fe and Co modified alloy in its cast condition.
Tigers on the edge: mortality and landscape change dominate individual-based spatially-explicit simulations of a small tiger population
Authors: Ash Eric , Cushman Samuel A. , Redford Tim , Macdonald David W. , Kaszta Żaneta
Published: November 2022

Context

Reductions in the tiger’s (Panthera tigris) range in Southeast Asia have been concurrent with large infrastructure expansion and landscape change. Thailand’s Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex (DPKY), a landscape of tiger conservation priority, may be particularly vulnerable to such changes, necessitating investigations into effects on population dynamics.

Objectives

Evaluate relative effects of landscape change scenarios on the probability of tiger persistence in DPKY and sensitivity of predictions to spatially-explicit mortality risk, landscape resistance, and tiger population density.

Methods

We utilize individual-based, spatially-explicit population modelling to evaluate the trajectory of tiger population dynamics across 11 landscape change scenarios. Concurrently, we evaluate sensitivity of predictions to landscape resistance transformation, maximum population density, and spatially-explicit mortality across 20 generations.

Results

Spatially-explicit mortality risk dominated predictions of population persistence, frequently resulting in population declines/extinction. Adjustment of moderate mortality risk to slightly convex and concave forms shifted extinction rates from 46 to 12% and 85%, respectively. Holding mortality constant at moderate levels, strong negative effects were predicted in landscape change scenarios incorporating road expansion (46%-74% extinction) and construction of dams (52%). Strong negative effects of combined development persisted even when habitat restoration measures were applied (96% extinction). Adjusting resistance and maximum population density had marginal effects.

Conclusions

The high sensitivity and variability of predictions to spatial patterns of mortality risk suggest a population on a proverbial knife’s edge. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating spatial patterns of mortality risk in population modelling, highlighting their potentially dominating influence on population dynamics and extinction risk.
Lead–lag detection and network clustering for multivariate time series with an application to the US equity market
Authors: Bennett Stefanos , Cucuringu Mihai , Reinert Gesine
Published: November 2022

In multivariate time series systems, it has been observed that certain groups of variables partially lead the evolution of the system, while other variables follow this evolution with a time delay; the result is a lead–lag structure amongst the time series variables. In this paper, we propose a method for the detection of lead–lag clusters of time series in multivariate systems. We demonstrate that the web of pairwise lead–lag relationships between time series can be helpfully construed as a directed network, for which there exist suitable algorithms for the detection of pairs of lead–lag clusters with high pairwise imbalance. Within our framework, we consider a number of choices for the pairwise lead–lag metric and directed network clustering model components. Our framework is validated on both a synthetic generative model for multivariate lead–lag time series systems and daily real-world US equity prices data. We showcase that our method is able to detect statistically significant lead–lag clusters in the US equity market. We study the nature of these clusters in the context of the empirical finance literature on lead–lag relations, and demonstrate how these can be used for the construction of predictive financial signals.
Affective cyborgs and other artificial constructs in feminist science fiction: Sideshow and Six Moon Dance by Sheri Tepper
Authors: Sohár Anikó
Published: November 2022

This essay examines the emotions of diverse artificial intelligences envisioned by an incongruous feminist science fiction author, Sheri S. Tepper. The focus of the comparison will be on a complex cyborg, the Questioner in Six Moon Dance and the relevant sentient creatures in Sideshow so as to contrast the representation of emotions felt/expressed by constructs, and try to establish the connection with the author’s world view.
Aleatoric Uncertainty for Errors-in-Variables Models in Deep Regression
Authors: Martin J. , Elster C.
Published: November 2022

A Bayesian treatment of deep learning allows for the computation of uncertainties associated with the predictions of deep neural networks. We show how the concept of Errors-in-Variables can be used in Bayesian deep regression to also account for the uncertainty associated with the input of the employed neural network. The presented approach thereby exploits a relevant, but generally overlooked, source of uncertainty and yields a decomposition of the predictive uncertainty into an aleatoric and epistemic part that is more complete and, in many cases, more consistent from a statistical perspective. We discuss the approach along various simulated and real examples and observe that using an Errors-in-Variables model leads to an increase in the uncertainty while preserving the prediction performance of models without Errors-in-Variables. For examples with known regression function we observe that this ground truth is substantially better covered by the Errors-in-Variables model, indicating that the presented approach leads to a more reliable uncertainty estimation.
Frequency combs in a MEMS resonator featuring 1:2 internal resonance: ab initio reduced order modelling and experimental validation
Authors: Gobat Giorgio , Zega Valentina , Fedeli Patrick , Touzé Cyril , Frangi Attilio
Published: November 2022

This paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of the appearance of frequency combs in the dynamics of a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) resonator featuring 1:2 internal resonance. To that purpose, both experiments and numerical predictions are reported and analysed to predict and follow the appearance of the phononic frequency comb arising as a quasi-periodic regime between two Neimark-Sacker bifurcations. Numerical predictions are based on a reduced-order model built thanks to an implicit condensation method, where both mechanical nonlinearities and electrostatic forces are taken into account. The reduced order model is able to predict a priori, i.e. without the need of experimental calibration of parameters, and in real time, i.e. by solving one or two degrees-of-freedom system of equations, the nonlinear behaviour of the MEMS resonator. Numerical predictions show a good agreement with experiments under different operating conditions, thus proving the great potentiality of the proposed simulation tool. In particular, the bifurcation points and frequency content of the frequency comb are carefully predicted by the model, and the main features of the periodic and quasi-periodic regimes are given with accuracy, underlining that the complex dynamics of such MEMS device is effectively driven by the characteristics of the 1:2 internal resonance.
The Fair Chances in Algorithmic Fairness: A Response to Holm
Authors: Castro Clinton , Loi Michele
Published: November 2022

Holm (Res Publica, 2022. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11158-022-09546-3) argues that a class of algorithmic fairness measures, that he refers to as the ‘performance parity criteria’, can be understood as applications of John Broome’s Fairness Principle. We argue that the performance parity criteria cannot be read this way. This is because in the relevant context, the Fairness Principle requires the equalization of actual individuals’ individual-level chances of obtaining some good (such as an accurate prediction from a predictive system), but the performance parity criteria do not guarantee any such thing: the measures merely ensure that certain population-level ratios hold.
Sensitivity-based Parameter Calibration of Single- and Dual-continuum Coreflooding Simulation Models
Authors: Ranaee Ehsan , Inzoli Fabio , Riva Monica , Guadagnini Alberto
Published: November 2022

Our study is keyed to the development of a viable framework for the stochastic characterization of coreflooding simulation models under two- and three-phase flow conditions taking place within a core sample in the presence of preferential flow of the kind that can be associated with the presence of a system of fractures. We do so considering various modeling strategies based on (spatially homogeneous or heterogeneous) single- and dual-continuum formulations of black-oil computational models and relying on a global sensitivity-driven stochastic parameter calibration. The latter is constrained through a set of data collected under a water alternating gas scenario implemented in laboratory-scale coreflooding experiments. We set up a collection of Monte Carlo (MC) numerical simulations while considering uncertainty encompassing (a) rock attributes (i.e., porosity and absolute permeability), as well as (b) fluid–fluid/ fluid–solid interactions, as reflected through characteristic parameters of relative permeability and capillary pressure formulations. Modern moment-based global sensitivity indices are evaluated on the basis of the MC model responses, with the aim of (i) quantifying sensitivity of the coreflooding simulation results to variations of the input uncertain model parameters and (ii) assessing the possibility of reducing the dimensionality of model parameter spaces. We then rest on a stochastic inverse modeling approach grounded on the acceptance–rejection sampling (ARS) algorithm to obtain probability distributions of the key model parameters (as identified through our global sensitivity analyses) conditional to the available experimental observations. The relative skill of the various candidate models to represent the system behavior is quantified upon relying on the deviance information criterion. Our findings reveal that amongst all tested models, a dual-continuum formulation provides the best performance considering the experimental observations available. Only a few of the parameters embedded in the dual-continuum formulation are identified as major elements significantly affecting the prediction (and associated uncertainty) of model outputs, petrophysical attributes and relative permeability model parameters having a stronger effect than parameters related to capillary pressure.
Exploring Synthesis Approaches of Co-based Catalysts for the Efficient Oxidation of CH4 and CO
Authors: Iliopoulou E. F. , Darda S. , Pachatouridou E. P. , Lappas A. A.
Published: November 2022

Co-based catalysts were synthesized and studied as novel oxidation catalysts, exploring and optimizing the effect of synthesis method on the redox behavior, the oxygen storage ability and thus the catalytic performance of the derived Co3O4 materials in the complete CH4 and/or CO oxidation reactions. Thus, a series of Co-based catalysts were synthesized applying either the precipitation and/or the hydrothermal method, using different precipitating agents (Na2CO3, NH3, urea or NaOH), Co precursor salt (nitrate or acetate) and finally varying the Co/Na ratio. In addition, the reaction time (6 or 24 h aging) was also investigated for the hydrothermally prepared Co3O4. The best catalysts for the CH4 oxidation are the precipitated Co3O4, using cobalt acetate as precursor salt and NaOH as precipitating agent, presenting the highest surface areas and the lowest Co3O4 particle sizes. On the other side, hydrothermally prepared cobalt oxides reveal higher performance for CO oxidation, with Co3O4 prepared with cobalt acetate, NaOH and low aging time shown as the optimum materials. The best catalysts were further promoted with incorporation of Pd (0.5wt.%) and explored for both reactions. The addition of Pd enhanced the activity of Co3O4 for CH4 oxidation, while Pd did not improve any further the catalyst performance for CO oxidation, presenting thus the same activity with pure cobalt oxides.
Associations between saliva and plasma cytokines in cognitively normal, older adults
Authors: Parkin Georgia M. , Kim Soyun , Mikhail Abanoub , Malhas Rond , McMillan Liv , Hollearn Martina , Granger Douglas A. , Mapstone Mark , Yassa Michael A. , Thomas Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2022

Background

Inflammatory responses play key roles in the development and progression of many pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Accurate quantification of inflammatory factors in saliva would be highly advantageous, given its convenience and non-invasive nature, especially in elderly populations.

Methods

In this study, we measured levels of 10 cytokines, and the pro-inflammatory factor, YKL-40, in plasma and saliva samples from a cohort of nondemented older adults (n = 71; 62% female; 70.3 ± 6.4 years) using sensitive electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassays.

Results

We found that the mean levels of all cytokines were higher in saliva compared to plasma and that strong sex differences were observed for both saliva and plasma cytokines in this population. Comparing each cytokine between the two biofluids, we found that levels of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in blood were significantly correlated with their respective levels in saliva. We further observed that levels of these cytokines in blood were significantly correlated with additional cytokines in saliva, including IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL12p70 and IL-13.

Conclusions

These findings show that inflammatory markers in saliva are associated with those found in circulation, suggesting shared inflammatory mechanisms between these two fluids. The higher levels of cytokines measured in saliva suggest that it might represent a better peripheral fluid to gauge inflammatory processes. Finally, our findings of robust sex differences in several salivary cytokines could have important implications for their potential use as disease biomarkers in the elderly and might be related to sex differences in the prevalence of age-related conditions.
„Wie sieht’s aus? Macht ihr wieder mit?“ – Handlungskoordination in regionalen Netzwerken der Grundbildung. Eine Fallstudie
Authors: Bickeböller Jakob
Published: November 2022

Der Beitrag untersucht unter der Perspektive derEducational Governancedie Steuerung in dem sich in der Institutionalisierung und Strukturentwicklung befindenden Feld der Alphabetisierung und Grundbildung. Ziel der Analyse ist die Identifikation unterschiedlicher Formen der Handlungskoordination innerhalb einer Akteurkonstellation. Hierfür wird im Rahmen einersingle case studyeine Fallregion fokussiert. Der empirische Zugang erfolgt über qualitativ-inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertete Interviews mit Expertinnen und Experten aus dem Feld der Alphabetisierung und Grundbildung. Relevante Akteure der Fallregion sollen zunächst herausgearbeitet werden, bevor Rückschlüsse auf ihre Koordination und das regionale Governance-Regime gezogen werden. Die empirischen Befunde weisen auf eine stark ausdifferenzierte Akteurstruktur hin, die alle Ebenen des Weiterbildungssystems umfasst. Es lassen sich unterschiedliche Formen der Handlungskoordination feststellen, mit denen die Akteure Angebote entwickeln und ihren Fortbestand sichern.
Anodizing by Electrochemical Oxidation (ECO) of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion-processed A357 aluminium alloy: microstructural characterization and dry sliding behaviour
Authors: Lorenzetti Luca , Tonelli Lavinia , Boromei Iuri , Ceschini Lorella , Shashkov Pavel , Martini Carla
Published: November 2022

Considering the increasing interest for Al alloys in the packaging industry, where component lightweighting allows higher process efficiency, as well as the increasing use of additively manufactured parts, which may not show a satisfactory tribological behaviour in the as-built condition, anodising by Electrochemical Oxidation (ECO) and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) was applied to as-built A357 (AlSi7Mg0.6) produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). ECO allowed to compensate surface and surface-connected defects in LPBF A357 and produced a thicker, less-defective anodic oxide than PEO, providing higher wear resistance whilst maintaining a lower Coefficient of Friction (COF) in dry sliding tests against 100Cr6 steel. Polishing before ECO only resulted in negligible friction and wear improvements, even if it improved the compactness of the anodic oxide.
Spatial analysis of soil quality using geospatial techniques in Botanic Garden of Indian Republic, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Babbar Deepakshi , Chauhan Sandeep Kr. , Sharma Damini , Upadhyay Kusum , Dwivedi Mayank D. , Sahana Mehebub , Kumar Shailender
Published: November 2022

Ex-situ conservation places such as botanical gardens require sufficient soil quality to support introduced species from various phytogeographical zones. The soil quality of the Botanic Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, was evaluated to quantify soil nutrients. The dependency of one nutrient on the other nutrients was investigated using Pearson correlation and Multilinear regression analysis (MLRA). At the 0.05 level of significance, the nutrients Log10S and Log10EC (r = 0.97), N and OC (r = 0.98), Mn and OC (r = 0.97), Mn and N (r = 0.92), Ca and pH (r =  − 0.91), Cu and Fe (r = 0.94) were found to be associated. Correspondence Analysis (C.A.) has been performed to find the association of soil elements with the soil type of study site. The spatial indices like NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), EVI2 (Enhanced Vegetation Index), ARVI (Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index), NPCRI (Normalized Pigment Chlorophyll Index), RDVI (Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index) have shown significant correlation with the Log10S, Mg, Log10Zn, B and Fe respectively (with respective Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.88, r =  − 0.90, r =  − 0.93, r = 0.91, r = 0.92 at P < 0.05). ARVI, along with other indices SCI (Soil Composition Index), NDMI (Normalized Difference Moisture Index), and MSAVI (Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), are also the predictor variables for Log10Zn (r =  − 0.89, r =  − 0.88 r = 0.92 at P < 0.05 respectively). MAVI2 (Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index) positively correlates with OC, Mn content (r = 0.91, r = 0.93 respectively). MSAVI is negatively interrelated with Ca (r =  − 0.89), SCI is negatively interrelated with Log10 K (r =  − 0.98), BSI (Bare Soil Index) is positively associated with pH (r = 0.91), and negatively with Ca (r =  − 0.93). At the same time, other indices like SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), SATVI (Soil Adjusted Total Vegetation Index), NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index), and DVI (Difference Vegetation Index) have failed to explain the presence of soil nutrients based on spectral reflectance. This study is important for understanding the changing nutrient status of soil at the conservation site for successfully establishing plants from different phytogeographical zones.
Refugees, Extinction, and the Regulation of Death in Alfonso Cuarón’s Children of Men
Authors: Macura-Nnamdi Ewa
Published: November 2022

This article is an attempt to make sense of the paradox structuring the narrative of extinction in Alfonso Cuarón’s Children of Men (2006), which juxtaposes a romanticized image of survival and rebirth and the ugliness of senseless death. Departing from a biopolitical framework, the article argues that Cuarón’s story represents extinction as beyond redemption yet as subject to regulation. Given the fact that the narrative is structured around the citizen/refugee nexus, I read the film as a story about the eschatological value of refugees to both cultural conceptualizations of human extinction and a reproduction of statist political identities. The film is thus not only about unequal access to death but also about how the difference between the citizen and the refugee can still be maintained in the face of climatic extinction when the regulation of life is no longer sufficient.
Street Hawking or Street Walking in Dahomey?: Debates about Girls’ Sexual Assaults in Colonial Tribunals, 1924–41
Authors: Reuther Jessica
Published: November 2022

Between the judicial reorganizations of 1924 and 1941, the colonial tribunals in Dahomey heard more than two hundred cases of rape. Teenage or younger girls engaged in street hawking were the most common victims of rape who reported their assaults to these tribunals. Many of the cases stand out because market women played the dominant role in transforming girl hawkers’ experiences of sexual assault into formal grievances. The history of sexual assault in colonial Africa has largely focused on how ‘customary’ and colonial courts have or have not punished the crime of rape. This approach privileges masculine authorities’ views of sex, consent, and gender violence. This article focuses on the investigative processes in cases of sexual assault. In doing so, two gendered histories emerge: firstly, a history of elder female caregiving to girls suffering the aftereffects of sexual assaults and, secondly, a history of the vulnerability of hawkers to quotidian sexual violence.
Proprietary Knowledge Protection and Product Market Performance
Authors: Nguyen Justin Hung , Pham Peter , Qiu Buhui
Published: November 2022

Does proprietary knowledge protection (PKP) spur or hinder the product-market performance of new firms? Exploiting the staggered adoptions of the inevitable disclosure doctrine by U.S. State Courts, which enhance PKP, we show that treated firms increase industry-adjusted sales growth by 2% compared to control firms. The effect is concentrated among small and young firms and increases with the scope of proprietary knowledge and rivals’ access to external finance. PKP encourages firms to develop new products and stimulates initial public offering activity. Our results suggest that PKP alleviates predation risk associated with “deep-pocket” rivals by allowing firms to maintain competitive advantages.
Time-Varying Daily Gratitude-Affect Links Across the Adult Lifespan
Authors: Zambrano Garza Elizabeth , Pauly Theresa , Choi Yoonseok , Broen Tiana , Gerstorf Denis , Hoppmann Christiane A.
Published: November 2022

Abstract: Everyday gratitude may shape affect intensity, particularly during challenging times like a pandemic. A group of 140 community-dwelling Canadian participants ( Mage = 40.49 years, range: 18–83; 80% women) provided up to 10 days of daily gratitude and affect ratings during the first pandemic wave. Multilevel models show that everyday gratitude was associated with higher positive affect and lower negative affect, independent of age; age was positively correlated with the number of social gratitude events. Participants reported lower negative affect if a social gratitude event involved more than less diverse social partners. The findings point to the merit of examining time-varying associations in gratitude as a potential resource for everyday affect across the adult lifespan.
Entwicklung und Validierung eines Situational Judgement Test zur Erfassung des Umgangs von Lehrkräften mit digitalen Problemsituationen im Unterricht
Authors: Schulze-Vorberg Lukas , Horz Holger
Published: November 2022

Zusammenfassung: Lehrkräfte sind immer stärker gefordert, digitale Medien kompetent in Lehr-Lern-Prozesse einzubeziehen. Es mangelt jedoch an objektiven Verfahren zur Erfassung digitaler Kompetenzen bei dieser Zielgruppe. In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung und Validierung eines Situational Judgement Test zur Erfassung des Umgangs mit digitalen Problemsituationen im Unterricht vorgestellt. In einem mehrschrittigen Entwicklungsverfahren wurden auf Grundlage einer Vorerhebung ( n = 72) Aufgaben entwickelt und in einer Lautes-Denken-Studie ( n = 20) optimiert. Durch eine Expert_innenbefragung ( n = 8) wurden Inhaltsvalidität und Scoring-Key bestimmt. In zwei Pretests mit Lehramtstudierenden ( n = 83; n = 58) wurde auf Grundlage von Itemanalysen ein finales Itemset erstellt. Eine Validierungsstudie mit Lehrkräften ( n = 238) bestätigte die postulierte Faktorenstruktur in einer konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse. Die Kriteriumsvalidität konnte durch erwartungskonforme Korrelationen mit externen Kriterien nachgewiesen werden. Die prognostische Validität konnte durch die signifikante Vorhersage von Problemauftrittshäufigkeiten bei der Nutzung digitaler Medien durch Lehrkräfte in einem Strukturgleichungsmodell bestätigt werden.
When Winds and Currents Align, Ocean Mixing Goes Deep
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: November 2022

Slantwise convection in the Irminger Sea off Greenland appears to mix ocean water to deeper depths than previously thought, representing an important contribution to Atlantic overturning.
Ice Shelf Basal Melt Rates in the Amundsen Sea at the End of the 21st Century
Authors: Jourdain Nicolas C. , Mathiot Pierre , Burgard Clara , Caillet Justine , Kittel Christoph
Published: November 2022

Antarctic Ice Sheet projections show the highest sensitivity to increased basal melting in the Amundsen Sea. However, little is known about the processes that control future increase in melt rates. We build an ensemble of three ocean–sea‐ice–ice‐shelf simulations for both the recent decades and the late 21st century, constrained by regional atmosphere simulations and the multi‐model mean climate change of the fifth Climate Model Intercomparison Project under the RCP8.5 scenario. The ice‐shelf melt rates are typically multiplied by 1.4–2.2 from present day to future, for a total basal mass loss increased by 346 Gt yr−1 on average. This is equally explained by advection of warmer water from remote locations and regional changes in Ekman downwelling and in the ice‐shelf melt‐induced circulation, while increased iceberg melt plays no significant role. Our simulations suggest that high‐end melt projections previously used to constrain recent sea level projections may have been significantly overestimated.
Observation of a Core‐Diffracted P‐Wave From a Farside Impact With Implications for the Lower‐Mantle Structure of Mars
Authors: Durán C. , Khan A. , Ceylan S. , Charalambous C. , Kim D. , Drilleau M. , Samuel H. , Giardini D.
Published: November 2022

We report on the observation of a diffracted P‐wave (Pdiff) along the core of Mars from a distant impact that has been recorded by the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) mission. The identification of Pdiff allows us to sample the P‐wave velocity structure of the lower mantle that hitherto could not be constrained because of lack of lower‐mantle‐traversing P‐waves. In addition to Pdiff, we are able to pick PP‐, PPP‐, and SS‐wave arrivals and locate the event to the farside of Mars in the vicinity of Tharsis, in agreement with the imaged location of the impact. This indicates that our joint single‐station seismic event‐location and structure‐inversion scheme is both robust and accurate. Based on inversion of the body‐wave arrival time picks made here, we find lower P‐wave velocities in the deep mantle relative to predictions based on thermochemically homogeneous models.
The Mode‐Water‐Induced Interannual Variation of the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent and the Corresponding Winter Atmospheric Anomalies
Authors: Hu Haibo , Chen Weixuan , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Zhao Yihang , Bai Haokun , Mao Kefeng
Published: November 2022

Combining several reanalysis and in situ data sets, the low potential vorticity (PV) water masses are Lagrangian tracked in the subsurface ocean southwestwardly from the midlatitude Pacific in winter, which have significant interannual variations. The subsurface low PV water transport is proved to be closely related to the interannual variation of atmospheric North Pacific westerly jet by changing the subtropical countercurrent (STCC) and the sea surface temperature gradient adjacent. Specifically, the enhanced subsurface low PV water mass transported to the west of STCC causes strengthened northeastward warm water transport of STCC branching, and the weakened eastward branching. Therefore, significant negative temperature gradient anomalies of sea surface and lower atmosphere generate in the midlatitude to the east of 170°E. The corresponding local weakened lower atmospheric baroclinity and wave activities then lead to the convergence of anomalous downward atmospheric baroclinic Rossby waves and eventually the upper westerly jet deceleration.
Contrasting Export of Particulate Organic Carbon From Greenlandic Glacial and Nonglacial Streams
Authors: Bröder L. , Hirst C. , Opfergelt S. , Thomas M. , Vonk J. E. , Haghipour N. , Eglinton T. I. , Fouché J.
Published: November 2022

On‐going shrinkage of Greenland's icecap, permafrost thaw, and changes in precipitation are exposing its landscapes to erosion and remobilization of ancient organic carbon (OC) held in soils and sedimentary rocks. The fate of this OC and potential feedbacks to climate are still unclear. Here, we show that the glacial Zackenberg river (Northeastern Greenland) exports aged particulate OC (POC, uncalibrated radiocarbon ages of ∼4,000 years). Many of the smaller periglacial streams affected by abrupt permafrost thaw transport substantially older POC (up to 32,000 years), especially with enhanced discharge following intense precipitation. Mineralogical analysis, and density and size fractionation of soils and both glacial and nonglacial river sediments reveal that OC is largely associated with phyllosilicate minerals, suggesting stabilization against microbial processing. Enhanced export of ancient, mineral‐associated OC as a consequence of summer rainfall may accelerate translocation of OC from terrestrial to marine environments, but could have limited consequences for climate.
The Impact of Volatile Chemical Products, Other VOCs, and NOx on Peak Ozone in the Lake Michigan Region
Authors: Abdi‐Oskouei Maryam , Roozitalab Behrooz , Stanier Charles O. , Christiansen Megan , Pfister Gabriele , Pierce R. Bradley , McDonald Brian C. , Adelman Zac , Janseen Mark , Dickens Angela F. , Carmichael Gregory R.
Published: November 2022

High concentrations of ozone along the coastline of Lake Michigan are a persistent air quality management challenge. Complementing observations during the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS 2017), WRF‐Chem modeling was used to quantify sensitivity of modeled ozone (O3) to anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, including to changes in volatile chemical product (VCP). The daily maximum 8 hr average (MDA8) over the high ozone region of Lake Michigan decreased by 2.7 ppb with exclusion of VCP from the inventory, and was sensitive to both NOx and VOC changes, with greater sensitivity to NOx. Close to urban centers, MDA8 ozone was VOC‐sensitive. Clusters of coastal receptor sites were identified based on similarity in response to emission perturbations, with most clusters being NOx‐sensitive and NOx‐sensitivity increasing with distance from major emission sources. The 2 June 2017 ozone event, which has received considerable focus, is shown to be atypical due to unusually strong and spatially extended VOC‐sensitive behavior. WRF‐Chem integrated reaction rate analysis was used to compute radical termination rates due to NOx (LNOx) and to radical‐radical reactions (LROx). LROx/LNOx and formaldehyde to NO2 ratio (FNR) were shown to be predictive of modeled MDA8 ozone sensitivity, but with variation in predictive power as a function of time of day, which has implications for air quality management use of FNR from geostationary satellites.
Mendelian randomization study on the causal effects of systemic lupus erythematosus on major depressive disorder
Authors: Li Wenchang , Kan Hoktim , Zhang Weizhe , Zhong Yanlin , Liao Weiming , Huang Guiwu , Wu Peihui
Published: November 2022

The vast majority of epidemiological studies suggested a link between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the causality for SLE on the risk of MDD remained unknown due to confounding factors or reverse causality. Herein, we investigated the causality between SLE and MDD in those of European ancestry by a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Summary genetic data of cases with SLE/MDD were derived from independent largest public genome-wide association study. Forty-six single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with SLE were used as instrumental variables. The main causal inference was carried out using the MRE-IVW method. Additional, reverse-direction MR and multivariable MR analyses were further performed. Result indicated that SLE was causally associated with a lower risk of MDD (using the MRE-IVW method, odds ratio [OR] = 0.983, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.974–0.991, p = 1.18 × 10−4). Complementary analysis found no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. Multivariate MR analysis yielded consistent results (OR =  0.981; 95% CI = 0.969–0.993; p = 2.75 × 10−3). Reverse-direction MR analysis suggested non-causal relationship of MDD on the risk of SLE (using the IVW method, OR = 0.846, 95% CI = 0.345–2.072; p = 0.714). Thus, this is the first study providing evidence of potential causal links between SLE and MDD and further related research is needed.
Efficient second harmonic generation by harnessing bound states in the continuum in semi-nonlinear etchless lithium niobate waveguides
Authors: Li Xueshi , Ma Jiantao , Liu Shunfa , Huang Peinian , Chen Bo , Wei Dunzhao , Liu Jin
Published: November 2022

Integrated photonics provides unprecedented opportunities to pursue advanced nonlinear light sources with low-power consumptions and small footprints in a scalable manner, such as microcombs, chip-scale optical parametric oscillators and integrated quantum light sources. Among a variety of nonlinear optical processes, high-efficiency second harmonic generation (SHG) on-chip is particularly appealing and yet challenging. In this work, we present efficient SHG in highly engineerable semi-nonlinear waveguides consisting of electron-beam resist waveguides and thin-film silicon nitride (SiN)/lithium niobate (LN). By carefully designing octave-separating bound states in the continuum (BICs) for the nonlinear interacting waves in such a hybrid structure, we have simultaneously optimized the losses for both fundamental frequency (FF) and second harmonic (SH) waves and achieved modal phasing matching and maximized the nonlinear modal overlap between the FF and SH waves, which results in an experimental conversion efficiency up to 4.05% W−1cm−2. Our work provides a versatile and fabrication-friendly platform to explore on-chip nonlinear optical processes with high efficiency in the context of nanophotonics and quantum optics.
Structurally engineered colloidal quantum dot phosphor using TiO2 photonic crystal backbone
Authors: Lee Hansol , Lee Tae-Yun , Park Yeonsang , Cho Kyung-Sang , Rho Young-Geun , Choo Hyuck , Jeon Heonsu
Published: November 2022

Photonic crystal (PhC) phosphor, in which the phosphor material is periodically modulated for an enhancement in color-conversion efficiency via resonant absorption of excitation photons, is a paradigm-shifting structural phosphor platform. Two-dimensional (2D) square-lattice PhC phosphor is currently considered the most advanced platform because of not only its high efficiency, but also its immunity to excitation polarization. In the present study, two major modifications are made to further improve the performance of the 2D PhC phosphor: increasing the refractive index contrast and planarizing the surface. The index contrast is improved by replacing the PhC backbone material with TiO2 whereas the surface planarization is achieved by removing excessive colloidal quantum dots from the surface. In comparison with the reference phosphor, the upgraded PhC phosphor exhibits ~59 times enhanced absorption (in simulations) and ~7 times enhanced emission (in experiments), both of which are unprecedentedly high. Our results not only brighten the viability and applicability of the PhC phosphor but also spur the phosphor development through structural engineering of phosphor materials.