bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of chemical residues detected in US beef carcasses between 1991 and 1993
Authors: Gibbons Suzanne N. , Kaneene John B. , Lloyd James W.
Published: December 2023

A study of data from 12 states in the Food Safety Inspection Service’s Residue Violation Information System was conducted to describe patterns of violative chemical residues in US beef during 1991, 1992, and 1993. In 1991, 3,249 violative residues were found in 2,734 carcasses in the 12 states included in the study. In 1992, 3,132 violative residues were found in 2,813 carcasses, and in 1993, 2,317 violative residues were found in 2,051 carcasses. During each of the 3 years, the Calf Antibiotic and Sulfonamide Test and Swab Test On Premises projects detected most of the violative residues, and producers/independent growers and dairy farms were recorded as the responsible sources for most of the violations. Also, most of the animals found to have violative residues were bob calves and culled cows. In bob calves, neomycin was the most frequently identified violative chemical, followed by tetracycline, gentamicin, Oxytetracycline, and penicillin. In culled cows, penicillin was the most frequently identified violative chemical and was the chemical most frequently found in combination with other chemicals in cows with multiple violative residues. Distribution patterns of violative chemical residues by slaughter class and residue type varied among the 5 Food Safety Inspection Service regions. These specific regional characteristics support the need for customized intervention, education, assessment, and prevention programs.
Commingled grazing as a risk factor for trichomonosis in beef herds
Authors: Gay John M. , Ebel Eric D. , Kearley William P.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate commingled grazing on public lands as a risk factor for Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef herd bulls.

Design

Case-control study.

Sample Population

Based on 1994 data from the mandatory ldaho bull testing program, all 65 infected herds (case herds), 78 randomly selected test-negative herds that tested < 10 nonvirgin bulls, and 81 randomly selected test-negative herds that tested > 10 nonvirgin bulls (control herds).

Procedure

Managers of government-owned grazing lands in Idaho identified producers who had grazing permits for an allotment under their jurisdiction in 1993 and for that allotment recorded the number of animals the producer was permitted to graze on the allotment, the number of herds with grazing permits, the total number of animals permitted, and the dates on which grazing began and ended. The number of bulls tested, number of times tested, and test results were collated from the testing database.

Results

The relative sensitivity of bacterial culture of preputial smegma was 81%. The attributable fraction of T foetus infection associated with commingled grazing was 33%, and the odds ratio of infection was 9.0 for herds commingled with ≥ 14 other herds. The total number of animals permitted on an allotment, the use of public lands, and type of public lands used were not significantly associated with infection status.

Clinical Implications

These results suggest that to control the spread of trichomonosis, the number of herds commingling on a grazing allotment should be minimized and commingled herds should be managed collectively. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:643-646)
Juvenile renal disease in Golden Retrievers: 12 cases (1984-1994)
Authors: Morais Helio S. Autran de , DiBartola Stephen P. , Chew Dennis J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate clinical and pathologic findings in Golden Retrievers with renal dysplasia.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

12 young Golden Retrievers with chronic renal disease.

Procedure

Medical records of affected dogs were evaluated on the basis of clinical findings, laboratory test results, and histologic findings.

Results

Common clinical findings were vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, polydipsia, and polyuria. Common laboratory findings were azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypercholesterolemia, isosthenuria, proteinuria, hypercalcemia, and nonregenerative anemia. Many affected dogs also had urinary tract infections, and some were hypertensive. Renal lesions consisted of moderate-to-severe interstitial fibrosis and mild-to-moderate lymphoplasmacytic interstitial inflammation. Cystic glomerular atrophy and periglomerular fibrosis were prominent features in most affected dogs. Fetal lobulation of glomeruli, adenomatoid hyperplasia of collecting tubule epithelium, and primitive mesenchymal connective tissue were histologic features suggestive of renal dysplasia.

Clinical Implications

Renal dysplasia should be suspected in Golden Retrievers < 3 years old with clinical findings and laboratory results indicative of renal disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:792–797)
Pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of cats with diabetes mellitus: 104 cases (1992–1994)
Authors: Crenshaw Kathy L. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in cats with diabetes mellitus and to determine the influence of ketoacidosis on pretreatment findings.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

104 cats with diabetes melliitus, 38 of which had ketoacidosis.

Procedure

Medical records of cats with diabetes mellitus examined over a 20-month period were reviewed. Cats that had received previous treatment for diabetes mellitus, or for which medical records were incomplete, were excluded from this study.

Results

Cats ranged in age from 1 to 19 years (median, 11 years). Male cats were twice as likely to develop diabetes as females. The most common historical signs were polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and diminished activity. Anorexia or poor appetite was reported more commonly than polyphagia, especially in cats with ketoacidosis. Diminished activity, anorexia, weakness, and vomiting were all significantly more common in ketoacidotic cats than in nonketoacidotic cats. Forty-four cats were considered thin, and 34 were considered obese. All cats had hyperglycemia and most had hypercholesterolemia and high activities of 1 or more hepatic enzymes. Compared with nonketoacidotic cats, ketoacidotic cats were more likely to have had low serum electrolyte values. All cats had glucosuria and 42 (40.4%) had ketonuria. Baseline serum insulin concentrations were measured in 18 cats and were low or at the low end of the reference range in 14 (77.8%) cats. Serum fructosamine concentration, determined in 22 cats, was high in 20 (90.9%) cats. Twenty-three of the 104 (22.1%) cats had concurrent disease, the most common of which were hyperthyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, and eosinophilic granuloma complex.

Clinical Implications

In more than a third of cats, diabetes mellitus is complicated by development of ketoacidosis, which increases the severity of clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is made on the basis of signalment (eg, middle-aged to old male cats), owner complaints (eg, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss), physical examination findings (eg, lethargy or muscle wasting), and laboratory findings {eg, hyperglycemia and glucosuria). (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996,209:943-949)
Effect of calcium chloride gel treatment in dairy cows on incidence of periparturient diseases
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine effect of prophylactic treatment of dairy cattle with a calcium chloride gel on serum calcium concentration in the immediate postpartum period and incidence of parturient paresis, retained fetal membranes, and displacement of the abomasum.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Animals

204 Holstein cows.

Procedure

Cows were paired according to parity, whether they had previously had parturient paresis, and expected calving date. Cows in the treatment group received doses of calcium chloride gel 12 hours before expected calving, at calving, and 12 and 24 hours after calving. Cows in the control group did not receive calcium chloride gel.

Results

Compared with concentration in the control cows, mean serum calcium concentration in cows treated with calcium chloride gel was significantly increased on postcalving days 1 and 2. The increase was significant only in cows that were third parity or greater. Calcium chloride gel treatment also resulted in significantly reduced incidence of parturient paresis, parturient hypocalcemia, and displaced abomasum. The incidence of parturient paresis was lower in cows that received the precalving dose of calcium chloride gel (0/39) than in cows that did not receive the precalving dose (6/63).

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that periparturient prophylactic treatment of dairy cattle with an oral calcium chloride gel may be beneficial and that treatment would be most effective for cows of third parity or greater. Administration of a precalving dose of calcium chloride gel is necessary to reduce the incidence of parturient paresis, but postcalving treatment alone has other beneficial effects. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:958-961)
Peritoneal fluid analysis in peripartum mares
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Snyder Jack R. , Christopher Mary , Vatistas Nicholas
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize, in mares, changes in peritoneal fluid that occurred within the first 7 days after routine foaling.

Design

Prospective observational trial.

Animals

15 mares.

Procedure

Abdominocentesis was performed within 10 days before foaling and again 12 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after each horse foaled. Data recorded for each sample included total nucleated cell count, differential cell count, specific gravity, fibrinogen concentration, and total protein concentration. Smears of each sample were examined by a single clinical pathologist.

Results

There were not any significant differences over time in specific gravity, total protein concentration, fibrinogen concentration, total nucleated cell count, or number of small mononuclear cells. Mean numbers of neutrophils and large mononuclear cells in samples collected after foaling were significantly higher than mean numbers in samples collected before foaling. For 11 of 14 horses, all samples were characterized cytologically as transudates without cytologic abnormalities.

Clinical Implications

Results of analysis of peritoneal fluid from peripartum mares suggest that nucleated cell count, protein concentration, and specific gravity of peritoneal fluid from mares that have recently foaled should be normal. Thus, peritoneal fluid abnormalities detected in mares within a week after foaling should usually be attributed to a systemic or gastrointestinal problem and not to the foaling process itself. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1280–1282)
Survival analysis approach to risk factors associated with hyperlipemia in donkeys
Authors: Reid Stuart W. J. , Mohammed Hussni O.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To investigate the effect of gender, body condition, and age as risk factors for the development of hyperlipemia in a population of donkeys.

Design

Retrospective survival analysis.

Animals

130 donkeys with hyperlipemia from a source population of 4,126 donkeys.

Procedure

A Kaplan-Meier product limit survival method was used to evaluate the effect of gender and body condition on the probability of diagnosis of clinical hyperlipemia. Cox's proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the risk of being diagnosed with hyperlipemia controlling for gender, body condition, and age at entry into the population.

Results

Female donkeys and donkeys of obese body condition were more at risk for developing hyperlipemia than males or those of moderate or poor body condition, respectively. None of the females in the study was pregnant. Donkeys were more likely to become hyperlipemic soon after entering the source population. Investigation of the effect of age at entry into the population indicated that older animals were at higher risk than younger animals and, controlling for age, the hazard ratios associated with being female and being overweight were 2 and 1.5, respectively.

Clinical Implications

Although pregnancy and lactation are widely acknowledged as risk factors for hyperlipemia, in this population, females and obese donkeys were at highest risk, regardless of pregnancy status. Risk was greatest around the time donkeys first entered the source population. Control of body condition, reduction of stress, and close monitoring of high-risk donkeys might reduce incidences of, or allow more timely intervention for, this potentially fatal condition. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1449–1452)
Use of fluoxetine to treat dominance aggression in dogs
Authors: Dodman Nicholas H. , Donnelly Robert , Shuster Louis , Mertens Petra , Rand William , Miczek Klaus
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate fluoxetine for the treatment of owner-directed dominance aggression in dogs.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

9 dogs of various breeds, ages, and either sex determined to have owner-directed dominance aggression.

Procedure

Placebo and fluoxetine (1 mg/kg of body weight) were compared for the treatment of owner-directed dominance aggression in a single-blind crossover study. Owners were instructed to record aggressive and nonaggressive responses of their dogs daily on a canine-overt aggression chart for the 5-week duration of the study. Total aggression scores (linear and geometric) were calculated for each week of the study. The frequency of individual responses was also analyzed independently.

Results

Fluoxetine resulted in a significant (P = 0.01) reduction in owner-directed dominance aggression after 3 weeks of treatment. No particular aggressive response accounted for the overall reduction in aggression.

Clinical Implications

Fluoxetine may be useful in the management of dominance aggression in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1585–1587)
Cisplatin treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: 18 cases (1983–1993)
Authors: Chun Ruthanne , Knapp Deborah W. , Widmer William R. , Glickman Nita W. , DeNicola Dennis B. , Bonney Patty L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether cisplatin administered at a dosage of 60 mg/m2 of body surface area, IV, every 21 days, would induce remission of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs.

Design

Retrospective analysis of medical records.

Animals

18 dogs with histologically confirmed transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Procedure

Clinical staging was performed by means of physical examination, contrast cystography or ultrasonography, and thoracic radiography prior to and 42 days after the initiation of cisplatin treatment. Dogs with clinical signs of tumor progression were reevaluated earlier than 42 days in some instances. Complete remission (CR) was defined as complete resolution of measurable tumor. Partial remission (PR) was defined as a ≥ 50% reduction in tumor volume without development of new tumors. Stable disease was defined as < 50% change in tumor volume at 42 days without development of new lesions. Progressive disease (PD) was defined as ≥ 50% increase in tumor volume or development of new tumors at any time. Dogs were reevaluated at 42-day intervals until they had a CR, developed PD, or developed unacceptable adverse effects.

Results

Three dogs had a PR, 4 had stable disease, and 9 had PD. Tumor response could not be assessed in 2 dogs: 1 dog developed grand mal seizures 3 hours after the first dose of cisplatin was given and was euthanatized; the other dog continued to have clinical signs of urinary tract obstruction and was euthanatized 8 days after the first dose of cisplatin. Four dogs developed renal azotemia that was suspected to be secondary to cisplatin nephrotoxicity.

Clinical Implications

The cisplatin dosage was higher than that reported in studies of dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Even with this higher dosage, none of the dogs had a CR, and only 3 of 18 had a PR. A more effective, less toxic treatment for transitional cell carcinoma in dogs is needed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1588–1591)
Pancreatic beta cell tumor in ferrets: 20 cases (1986–1994)
Authors: Ehrhart N. , Withrow S. J. , Ehrhart E. J. , Wimsatt J. H.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To characterize survival times, disease-free intervals, and prognostic variables in ferrets with pancreatic beta cell neoplasia.

Design—

Retrospective study.

Animals—

20 ferrets with histologically confirmed pancreatic beta cell tumors.

Procedure—

Medical records of ferrets with pancreatic beta cell tumors were reviewed. Variables such as age, sex, duration of clinical signs, existence of other neoplasia, single versus multiple masses in the pancreas, benign or malignant histologic features, and the type of treatment used at redevelopment of clinical signs were examined to determine their relationship to survival times and disease-free intervals.

Results—

Duration of clinical signs prior to diagnosis and initial surgery was inversely correlated with survival time and disease-free interval. Overall median survival time for all ferrets with pancreatic beta cell tumors was 483 days. Median disease-free interval for ferrets that had abdominal surgery for pancreatic beta cell tumor removal was 240 days. Distant tumor metastasis was not found in this group of ferrets, but local tumor recurrence was common. In 4 ferrets that had a second celiotomy, removal of recurrent pancreatic tumors did not prolong survival but did result in a second disease-free interval.

Clinical Implications—

Pancreatic beta cell tumors should be considered in ferrets over 2 years of age that have clinical signs of seizures, episodic lethargy, ptyalism, ataxia, and hind limb weakness. In the study reported here, complete surgical excision of the tumor resulted in temporary resolution of clinical signs in ferrets; however, redevelopment of clinical signs at a later time was common. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1737–1740)
Clinical evaluation of cats with nonobstructive urinary tract diseases
Authors: Tony Buffington C. A. , Chew Dennis J. , Kendall Michael S. , Scrivani Peter V. , Thompson Steven B. , Blaisdell Jean L. , Woodworth Bruce E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify the underlying cause of clinical signs in cats with non obstructive diseases of the bladder and urethra.

Design

Prospective case series.

Sample Population

109 cats examined by the urology service of The Ohio State University's veterinary teaching hospital because of stranguria, hematuria, pollakiuria, or urination in inappropriate locations.

Procedure

History was obtained and a CBC, serum biochemical analyses, serologic tests for FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus, urinalysis, bacterial culture of urine, and contrast radiography or urethrocystoscopy (females only) were performed.

Results

16 cats had cystic calculi: 8 had struvite uroliths, 7 had calcium oxalate uroliths, and 1 had a urolith of unknown composition in conjunction with an anatomic defect. Anatomic defects, including diverticulae, urethral strictures, and a malpositioned urethra, were identified in 12 cats. A urinary tract infection was identified in 1 cat, and neoplasia was diagnosed in 2. One of the cats with neoplasia also had a struvite urolith. The remaining 80 cats did not have an anatomic defect, urolith, or tumor. Ten of these cats also did not have radiographic or cystoscopic abnormalities and were presumed to have a behavioral disorder. The remaining 70 cats had radiographic or cystoscopic abnormalities, and idiopathic cystitis was diagnosed. In 14 of the cats with idiopathic cystitis, results of a urinalysis were normal. Cats with idiopathic cystitis were significantly more likely to eat dry food exclusively (59%) than were cats in the general population (19%).

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that idiopathic cystitis occurs commonly in cats with stranguria, hematuria, pollakiurfa, or inappropriate elimination and is associated with consumption of dry foods. Contrast radiography or cystoscopy is necessary for differentiating idiopathic cystitis from behavioral disorders in some cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:46–50)
Clinical management and outcome of cats with seizure disorders: 30 cases (1991-1993)
Authors: Quesnel Andrée D. , Parent Joane M. , McDonell Wayne
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine outcome of clinical management of cats with seizure disorders.

Design

Case series.

Animals

30 cats referred to the Ontario Veterinary College for recurrent seizures.

Procedures

Treatment was dictated by the cat's seizure frequency and by the underlying cause. Cats that were having cluster seizures or status epilepticus at the time of admission were treated orally with phenobarbital and with constant IV administration of diazepam. The other cats were treated with long-term oral admihistration of phenobarbital if the frequency of their seizures justified it. Follow-up included evaluation of seizure frequency. serum antiepileptic drug concentrations, and hematologic and serum biochemical values. Outcome was documented on the basis of survival and seizure frequency at the end of the followup period, which ranged from 3 to 21 months.

Results

6 cats were euthanatized without any therapeutic attempts at the owners' request. Twenty of the remaining 24 cats were alive at the time of final follow-up. Seventeen had a good outcome; 11 were not having any more seizures and 6 were having a low frequency of seizures. For 3 other cats, seizures were not well controlled. Four cats had been euthanatized (2 because of intractable seizures, 1 because of postcraniotomy complications, and 1 because the owners did not want to pursue treatment).

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that severity of seizure disorder in cats is not a good predictor of outcome and that aggressive treatment is often rewarding, even in the most severe cases. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:72–77)
Evaluation of a hypertonic saline-dextran solution for treatment of dogs with shock induced by gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Schertel Eric R. , Allen David A. , Muir William W. , Brourman Jeffery D. , DeHoff William D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To test the hypothesis that small volumes of hypertonic saline-dextran (HSD) solution can be used to effectively resuscitate dogs in shock induced by gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). and, compared with administration of large volumes of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS), can be used to limit the overall volume of fluid needed for resuscitation.

Design

Prospective, clinical study.

Animals

15 dogs with GDV-induced shock.

Procedure

Initially, HSD solution (5 ml/kg of body weight) or LRS (60 to 90 ml/kg) was administered. All dogs then received a maintenance administration (20 ml/kg/h) of LRS. Cardiorespiratory, blood gas, and serum biochemical analyses were performed over a 4-hour period after initiation of treatment.

Results

Systolic arterial and central venous pressures and plasma volume increased more rapidly in dogs in the HSD + LRS group. The cumulative dose of fluids administered to dogs in the HSD + LRS group was significantly less than that administered to dogs in the LRS group. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations and osmolality increased significantly in dogs in the HSD + LRS group, but not in dogs in the LRS group. Ventricular arrhythmias were detected in both groups of dogs, but did not appear to be induced by either form of fluid therapy.

Clinical Implications

Administration of HSD rapidly restored cardiorespiratory function and induced resuscitation equivalent to administration of large volumes of LRS. Use of HSD solutions to treat dogs in GDV-induced shock may be more efficient than use of isotonic fluids. Administration of HSD solution was not associated with noticeable complications.
Hypokalemia syndrome in dairy cows: 10 cases (1992–1996)
Authors: Sielman Emily S. , Sweeney Raymond W. , Whitlock Robert H. , Reams Rachel Y.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate clinical findings in cows with recumbency associated with hypokalemia.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

10 adult dairy cows with weakness or recumbency and hypokalemia.

Procedure

Signalment, history, physical examination findings, results of diagnostic tests, and response to treatment were extracted from the medical record of each cow.

Results

8 cows were recumbent on admission and 2 were profoundly weak. All cows had been given isoflupredone acetate as treatment for ketosis prior to admission. All were hypokalemic (serum potassium concentration, 1.4 to 2.3 mEq/L) with no other apparent cause for recumbency. Despite treatment with potassium, plasma potassium concentrations within the reference range were achieved in only 6 of the 9 cows treated. Two cows responded to treatment. Three cows died, 3 were euthanatized, 2 improved clinically and were discharged, 1 was discharged while still recumbent, and 1 was sent to slaughter prior to treatment. Histologic examination of muscle tissue from 2 cows revealed myonecrosis and vacuolation consistent with hypokalemic myopathy.

Clinical Implications

Hypokalemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis for cows that are weak or recumbent, particularly after treatment for ketosis with isoflupredone acetate. Aggressive treatment with potassium salts administered orally is indicated.
Concentrations of keratan sulfate in plasma and synovial fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with joint disease
Authors: Todhunter Rory J. , Fubini Susan L. , Freeman Kathleen P. , Lust George
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether keratan sulfate concentrations in plasma or synovial fluid from clinically normal horses were different from concentrations in horses with joint disease and whether concentrations varied with type of joint disease.

Design

Case-control study.

Animals

67 clinically normal horses, 10 clinically normal foals, and 160 horses with joint disease.

Procedure

ELISA was used to measure keratan sulfate concentrations.

Results

Mean plasma keratan sulfate concentration (mean ± SEM, 580 ± 124 ng/ml) in foals peaked at 10 weeks of age. Mean plasma keratan sulfate concentration in clinically normal horses was 200 ng/ml (95% confidence interval, 157 to 251 ng/ml). Horses with osteochondral (chip) fractures, other closed intraarticular fractures, inflammatory arthritis (synovitis), infectious arthritis, or osteochondrosis had significantly higher plasma keratan sulfate concentrations than did clinically normal horses, but horses with osteoarthritis did not.

Breed, gender, and type of joint disease affected keratan sulfate concentration in synovial fluid. Standardbreds with chip fractures of the metacarpophalangeal/ metatarsophalangeal joints had significantly higher keratan sulfate concentrations in synovial fluid than did Thoroughbreds. Keratan sulfate concentrations in synovial fluid from osteoarthritic carpal joints were lower than concentrations in normal carpal joints and tarsocrural joints with inflammatory joint disease.

Clinical Implications

Keratan sulfate concentration alone was not a specific marker of joint disease but was affected by various joint diseases. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:369–374
Doxorubicin alone or in combination with asparaginase, followed by cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone for treatment of multicentric lymphoma in dogs: 121 cases (1987-1995)
Authors: Valerius Karina D. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Mallinckrodt Craig H. , Getzy David M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine response rate and remission as well as survival times for dogs with multicentric lymphoma treated first with doxorubicin alone or in combination with asparaginase and then with cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone (CVP) and to identify prevalence of toxicoses associated with this protocol and factors associated with prognosis.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

121 dogs.

Procedure

Variables evaluated for prognostic value were initial response rate to chemotherapy, age, breed, sex, body weight, histologic grade, clinical stage and substage, previous corticosteroid treatment, and serum calcium concentration.

Results

Median overall remission and survival times for all 121 dogs were 205 and 237 days, respectively. Response rate (complete or partial response) was 88%. Ten dogs were hospitalized because of toxicoses associated with doxorubicin, and 19 dogs were hospitalized because of toxicoses associated with CVP. Asparaginase favorably influenced the initial response rate, but did not significantly influence overall remission or survival times. Initial response rate to chemotherapy, body weight. clinical substage, and serum calcium concentration was found to have prognostic value.

Clinical Implications

For dogs with multicentric lymphoma, treatment with doxorubicin alone or in combination with asparaginase and then with CVP resulted in an acceptable response rate and low prevalence of toxicoses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:512–516)
Effect of Neospora caninum infection on milk production in first-lactation dairy cows
Authors: Thurmond Mark C. , Hietala Sharon K.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether cows seropositive to Neospora caninum produced less milk during their first lactation than seronegative cows.

Design

Repeated-measures, prospective study.

Animals

372 Holstein cows in their first lactation.

Procedure

Cows were tested repeatedly before and during their first lactation for antibodies to N caninum. One-way and repeated-measures ANOVA were used to determine whether mean daily milk weights and milk weights from Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing were less for seropositive cows than for seronegative cows.

Results

Weekly mean daily milk weights for the 118 seropositive cows were significantly less than those for the 254 seronegative cows, and milk production for seropositive cows (mean, 55.2 Ib/cow/d) was 2.5Ib/cow/d less than that for seronegative cows (mean, 57.7 Ib/cow/d). Analysis of results from Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing revealed that production of seropositive cows was less for milk (3.1 Ib/cow/d), fat-corrected milk (3.6 Ib/cow/d), and fat (0.14 Ib/cow/d) than production of seronegative cows.

Clinical Implications

The economic impact of N caninum infection in dairy cows can include reduced revenues from decreased milk production, which may warrant culling of young, seropositive replacement stock. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:672–674
Hepatozoonosis in dogs: 22 cases (1989-1994)
Authors: Macintire Douglass K. , Vincent-Johnson Nancy , Dillon Allen R. , Blagburn Byron , Lindsay David , Whitley Elizabeth M. , Banfield Catherine
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To document hepatozoonosis in dogs from Alabama and Georgia and to report associated clinical signs, method of diagnosis, response to treatment, and course of disease.

Design—

Retrospective case series.

Animals—

22 dogs in which Hepatozoon canis was identified by microscopic examination of skeletal muscle.

Procedure—

We reviewed medical records of all dogs with a definitive diagnosis of hepatozoonosis that were referred to the Auburn University Small Animal Clinic between 1989 and 1994.

Results—

Diagnoses were confirmed by microscopic identification of H canis schizont or merozoite stages in skeletal muscle. The gametocyte stage was not detected in smears of blood obtained from a peripheral vein, buffy-coat smears, or bone marrow evaluation. Common clinical signs included fever, cachexia, ocular discharge, pain, stiffness, and paresis. Laboratory abnormalities included marked leukocytosis, hypoglycemia, hypoalbuminemia, mild anemia, hyperphosphatemia, and high alkaline phosphatase activity. Periosteal bone proliferation was evident radiographically in 18 of 22 dogs. Renal lesions included amyloidosis (1 dog), interstitial nephritis (3), and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (4). Treatment with the anticoccidial drug toltrazuril, despite an initial favorable response, failed to prevent relapse in all but 3 of 21 treated dogs. Mean survival time was 12.6 ± 2.2 months, with a mean time of remission before recurrence of clinical signs of 6 months.

Clinical Implications—

H canis infection in dogs can be associated with a distinct clinical syndrome that involves chronic myositis, debilitation, and death. The dogs of this report represent the first substantial number of domestic dogs naturally infected with H canis in the United States outside of the Texas Gulf Coast. Hepatozoon canis appears to be a serious pathogen in the United States that is becoming more widespread geographically. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:916–922)
Association between lactation length and sow reproductive performance and longevity
Authors: Xue JinLiang , Dial Gary D. , Marsh William E. , Lucia Thomaz
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine whether lactation length was associated with reproductive performance or longevity of sows.

Design—

Cohort study.

Sample Population—

Data collected between 1986 and 1992 for sows in 15 breeding herds in Minnesota and Iowa.

Procedure—

Sows were grouped into 4 genetic line categories according to their sources and 6 parity categories (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and ≥ 7). Multivariate regression analysis of reproductive performance was conducted, using the general linear model procedure. Logistic regression was conducted with a dichotomous response variable for sow longevity (ie, removal from or retention in the herds). Odds ratios were obtained from estimated coefficients of the regression.

Results—

Herd, genetic line, parity, year, month, and lactation length were significant in statistical models for litter (eg, number of live pigs/litter) and interval (eg, weaning-to-mating interval) traits. Interactions between lactation length and year, lactation length and genetic line, lactation length and parity, and lactation length and genetic line and parity were also significant. Sows removed from herds had a significantly shorter lactation length than did sows of the same parity that were retained in the herds. Sows that had shorter lactation lengths were at higher risk of being removed from the herds than were those that had longer lactation lengths.

Clinical Implications—

Lactation length is associated with reproductive performance and longevity, but genetic line and parity playa role as well. Thus, attention should be paid to genetic lines and parity of sows in the herd when implementing an early weaning production practice. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:935–938)
Use of the urine cortisol: creatinine ratio to monitor treatment response in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Guptill L. , Scott-Moncrieff J. C. , Bottoms G. , Glickman L. , Johnson M. , Glickman N. , Nelson R. , Bertoy E.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the usefulness of measuring urine cortisol: creatinine ratio (UCCR) as a means of monitoring response to mitotane treatment in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH).

Design—

Case series.

Animals—

51 clinically normal dogs and 21 dogs with PDH.

Procedure—

The reference range for the UCCR was determined by measuring the ratio in 51 clinically normal dogs. The usefulness of measuring UCCR in evaluating response of 21 dogs with PDH to treatment with mitotane was evaluated by comparing ACTH-stimulated blood cortisol concentrations with UCCR at the end of the induction phase of treatment (13 dogs) and during the maintenance phase of treatment (21).

Results—

UCCR was not useful for identifying dogs with inadequate adrenal reserves at the end of the induction phase of treatment or during the maintenance phase. The UCCR was useful for identifying dogs in which control of cortisol secretion was not adequate.

Clinical Implications—

UCCR should not be used for evaluation of dogs during the induction phase of treatment, because the potential consequences of not identifying dogs with inadequate adrenal reserves are great. The UCCR may be useful as an adjunct means of monitoring treatment response during the maintenance phase of treatment However, the ACTH stimulation test remains a necessary component when monitoring response to treatment in dogs with PDH receiving mitotane. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1158–1161)
Short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs
Authors: Howe Lisa M.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine short-term results and complications of prepubertal gonadectomy in cats and dogs.

Design—

Prospective randomized study.

Animals—

775 cats and 1,213 dogs.

Procedure—

Animals undergoing gonadectomy were allotted into 3 groups on the basis of estimated age (group 1, < 12 weeks old; group 2, 12 to 23 weeks old; group 3, ≥ 24 weeks old). Complications during anesthesia, surgery, and the immediate postoperative period (7 days) were recorded. Complications were classified as major (required treatment and resulted in an increase in morbidity or mortality) or minor (required little or no treatment and caused a minimal increase in morbidity). An ANOVA was used to detect differences among groups in age, weight, body temperature, and duration of surgery. To detect differences in complication rates among groups, χ2 analysis was used.

Results—

Group 1 consisted of 723 animals, group 2 consisted of 532, and group 3 consisted of 733. Group-3 animals had a significantly higher overall complication rate (10.8%) than group-1 animals (6.5%), but did not differ from group-2 animals (8.8%). Differences were not detected among the 3 groups regarding major complications (2.9, 3.2, and 3.0% for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively), but group-3 animals had significantly more minor complications (7.8%) than group-1 animals (3.6%), but not group-2 animals (5.6%).

Clinical Implications—

In this study, prepubertal gonadectomy did not increase morbidity or mortality on a short-term basis, compared with gonadectomy performed on animals at the traditional age. These procedures may be performed safely in prepubertal animals, provided that appropriate attention is given to anesthetic and surgical techniques. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:57–62)
Diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis in cats: 42 cases (1980–1995)
Authors: Bruskiewicz Kristine A. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Griffey Stephen M.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, prevalence of concurrent disease, treatment, complications of treatment, and outcome in cats with diabetic ketosis (DK) or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Design—

Retrospective study.

Animals—

42 cats with DK or DKA.

Procedure—

Medical records of diabetic cats with ketonuria were reviewed.

Results—

In 26 cats, diabetes was newly diagnosed; in 16, diabetes had been diagnosed previously and cats had been treated with insulin (n = 14) or sulfonylurea drugs (2). Common clinical findings were lethargy, anorexia, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Common laboratory findings were hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, low total CO2 content, hyperosmolality, high serum alanine transaminase activity, azotemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria. Concurrent disorders were identified in 39 cats and included hepatic lipidosis, cholangiohepatitis, pancreatitis, chronic renal failure, urinary tract infection, and neoplasia. Treatment of DK and DKA included administration of regular crystalline (34 cats), NPH (6), or ultralente (2) insulin, intravenous (38) or subcutaneous (4) administration of fluids, and enterall parenteral or administration of antibiotics (42). Complications during treatment included abnormalities in serum electrolyte concentrations (27 cats), hemolytic anemia (4), hypoglycemia (3), and neurologic abnormalities unrelated to hypoglycemia (2). Eleven cats died or were euthanatized during the initial hospitalization period for treatment of DK or DKA. Azotemia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperosmolality were more severe in cats that died than in cats that survived. Differences in regard to treatment or complications were not apparent between cats that died and cats that survived. The 31 cats that survived were discharged 1 to 16 days (median, 5 days) after initiation of insulin treatment. Diabetic ketosis or ketoacidosis recurred in 13 (42%) of these cats.

Clinical Implications—

A thorough diagnostic evaluation should be performed on cats with DK or DKA to identify concurrent disorders, formulate an appropriate treatment plan, and provide prognostic information to the owner. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211: 188–192)
Effects of antimicrobial treatment at the end of lactation on milk yield, somatic cell count, and incidence of clinical mastitis during the subsequent lactation in a dairy herd with a low prevalence of contagious mastitis
Authors: Berry Steven L. , Maas John , Kirk John H. , Reynolds James P. , Gardner Ian A. , Ahmadi Abbas
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine whether treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation would lower the incidence of clinical mastitis, improve milk production, and decrease somatic cell count (SCC) in the subsequent lactation.

Design—

Randomized blind field trial.

Animals—

233 Holstein cows from a single herd. All cows were in lactation 2 or greater.

Procedure—

Cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Treated cows were given procaine penicillin G and novobiocin by intramammary infusion. Control cows were not treated. Farm personnel recorded cases of clinical mastitis. Milk yield and SCC were recorded during the subsequent lactation.

Results—

Treatment did not significantly reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis when data for all cows were grouped or when data were stratified by lactation groups (lactation 2 vs lactation ≥ 3) or by last SCC (≤ 500,000 cells/ml vs > 500,000 cells/ml). Somatic cell counts (first, mean of first 5, maximum of first 5) for treated and control cows were similar, and proportions of treated and control cows with SCC > 500,000 cells/ml at least once were not significantly different. Treated cows produced 179 kg (394 lb) more milk during the first 17 weeks of lactation than did control cows.

Clinical Implications—

Treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation increased 17-week milk production during the subsequent lactation and, at current milk prices, was financially preferable to not treating them. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:207–211)
Use of physiologic variables to predict milk yield after clinical mastitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Sischo William Martin , Moore Dale Ann , Fedon Jason Craig
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the association between intramammary infections caused by various bacteria and hepatic damage, as measured by serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, WBC counts, and PCV and the association of clinical variables with milk production after a case of clinical mastitis.

Design—

Prospective, cohort study.

Animals—

82 cows with clinical mastitis.

Procedure—

Information on milk production, mastitis status, and selected physiologic variables was collected during a 1-year period. Milk samples for bacteriologic evaluation were collected on day 1 of an episode of clinical mastitis. Physical examination was performed and blood samples for laboratory evaluation were collected on days 1, 5, and 9. Primary outcome was mature equivalent 305-day (ME305) milk production. Correlations were assessed using a multiple regression model.

Results—

Higher WBC counts were associated with higher ME305 values. For cows with coliform mastitis, increases in SDH values were associated with higher ME305 values. For cows with coliform and streptococci/staphylococci mastitis, PCV was associated with ME305 values. Higher PCV values were associated with lower ME305 values for streptococci/staphylococci and coliform infections.

Clinical Implications—

The association between milk production and WBC count indicated that cows mobilizing WBC were better able to neutralize mammary gland infections, which may result in better milk production. The association between milk production and PCV suggested that maintaining hydration in cows with clinical mastitis may be a critical aspect of treating all cows with mastitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:470–475)
Anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam, alone or in combination with butorphanol, in goats
Authors: Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Hartsfield Sandee M. , Hambleton Regina
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ), alone or in combination with butorphanol, in goats undergoing laparotomy for embryo collection.

Design

Randomized clinical trial with crossover design.

Animals

9 adult female goats.

Procedure

Goats were anesthetized twice: once with TZ (5.5 mg/kg [2.5 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) and once with tiletamine-zolazepam and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], IV). Additional doses of TZ (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg [0.23 to 0.45 mg/lb], IV) were administered as needed to maintain a surgical anesthetic plane. Time to sternal recumbency was recorded, and quality of induction was scored. Arterial pressures, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded every 5 minutes; arterial blood samples were collected every 30 minutes. Oxygen was insufflated if estimated saturation of hemoglobin in peripheral arterial blood with oxygen was < 90%; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was performed if goats became apneic. Muscle relaxation, quality of anesthesia, and eye signs were scored every 15 minutes during anesthesia. Anesthesia time was recorded, and quality of recovery and degree of postoperative analgesia were scored. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured before induction, immediately after extubation, and 2 hours after extubation.

Results

Induction was rapid and smooth. Five goats regurgitated, 3 required supplemental oxygen, and 1 required intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, but none of the goats became hypotensive. Muscle relaxation and quality of anesthesia were adequate. Goats recovered from anesthesia without complications. We did not detect any significant differences between anesthetic regimens for any of the variables measured, except bicarbonate concentration and base excess.

Clinical Implications

TZ at a dose of 5.5 mg/kg was satisfactory for anesthetic induction in goats; additional doses can be given to extend anesthesia time, but addition of butorphanol at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg to this regimen does not seem to provide any measurable benefit. An oxygen source and a means of assisting ventilation should be available. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:593–597)
Surgical and nonsurgical correction of uterine torsion in New World camelids: 20 cases (1990–1996)
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Cebra Margaret L. , Garry Franklyn B. , Johnson LaRue W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To report clinical findings for New World camelids with uterine torsion and to compare results of 3 methods of correction.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

11 llamas and 3 alpacas with 20 uterine torsions.

Procedure

Information concerning history, clinical signs, management, and postpartum complications was retrieved from medical records. Information concerning subsequent reproductive performance was obtained by telephone interview of owners.

Results

Uterine torsion was corrected by celiotomy (n = 7), transvaginal manipulation (5), or rolling the dam (8). Direction of 19 of 20 torsions was clockwise when viewed from the rear. Retention of fetal membranes was reported for 5 camelids that underwent celiotomy, but was not reported in camelids after nonsurgical correction. The uterus prolapsed in 1 llama that underwent celiotomy and in another that underwent the rolling technique. Although 2 camelids that underwent celiotomy subsequently failed to conceive, all camelids treated by nonsurgical techniques conceived.

Clinical Implications

Uterine torsion in camelids may be diagnosed by methods similar to those used in cattle. Surgical and nonsurgical methods can be used to correct torsion, and postpartum complications are rare when torsion is corrected by a nonsurgical method. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:600–602)