bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analiza administrativnih bremen okoljskih predpisov v Sloveniji
Authors: Klun Maja , Petkovšek Luka
Published: May 2019

Pomembno vprašanje ob uvedbi predpisov, ki zadevajo tudi gospodarstvo, je, kakšna je povezanost med uvedbo regulative in konkurenčnostjo podjetij in države ter ali predpisi povzročajo preveliko administrativno breme in s tem previsoke administrativne stroške. V članku je opravljena analiza okoljske regulative, ki kaže na potencialne povzročitelje previsokih administrativnih bremen na tem področju. Analiza je privedla do podobnih ugotovitev kot so bile ugotovljene v Nizozemski in Veliki Britaniji. Obstoječa okoljska regulativa namreč povzroča preveč podvajanj informacij različnim ali celo istim institucijam v državi. Prav tako je pogostost obračunskih obdobij pri nekaterih okoljskih dajatvah neekonomična.
Beneficial effects of public sector performance measurement
Authors: Vitezić Neda
Published: May 2019

Recently, major attention has been devoted to performance measurement in public sector, especially from the aspects of qualitative assessment. For that reason the financial performance measures are limited in overall assessment of an organisation performance. There are also difficulties in quality measurement because of a variety of different services and their intertwinement. New tools, such as balanced system of indicators, customer relation management, benchmarking etc. are subjects of research and implementation. Transition countries follow the trends in developed countries; thus, the obligation to monitor and provide information on public sector performance becomes a part of their legislature. This primarily refers to spending of public revenues, i.e. rationality of performance, while the qualitative aspect or effectiveness is still not measured. The problem lies in the need for a clear vision definition and in goal setting. Realisation of goals and their measurement is related to a well-set strategy and reasonable planning, as well as the selection of adequate indicators. However, the fact remains that setting of measurable goals prompts responsibility of executive power and individuals, as well as transparency in reporting. The benefits of performance measurement become evident also in the practice of emerging countries, and they are related to behaviour changing, transparency, accountability, organisation and leadership improvements, and willingness to learn and to innovate processes.
Usposabljanje mladih raziskovalcev
Authors: Cvek Tanja
Published: May 2019

Eden od instrumentov znanstvene politike Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije (ARRS) je financiranje podiplomskega študija in raziskovalnega usposabljanja mladih raziskovalcev. Od leta 1985 zelo uspešno poteka program, imenovan Projekt 2000 mladih raziskovalcev, in prav zaradi uspešnosti tega programa ARRS namenja financiranju usposabljanja kadrov precejšen del svojih proračunskih sredstev. Za program mladih raziskovalcev je značilno, da so mladi raziskovalci ob podiplomskem študiju vključeni v raziskovalno delo na temeljnih ali razvojno raziskovalnih aplikativnih projektih in so v rednem delovnem razmerju za določen čas. ARRS zagotavlja sredstva za njihove  plače, prispevke, materialne in nematerialne stroške za raziskovalno delo ter podiplomski študij. Sredstva za usposabljanje mladih raziskovalcev se dodelijo za določen čas, in sicer za doktorat znanosti do največ štiri leta in šest mesecev. Namen raziskave je bil prikazati vidik usposabljanja, kakršnega vidijo mladi raziskovalci. Predvsem nas je zanimalo, s čim so najbolj nezadovoljni, kaj jim še posebej povzroča skrbi in kje vidijo prednosti ter pomanjkljivosti tovrstnega usposabljanja.
Začetek dolgoročne elektronske hrambe v slovenski upravi: trenutno stanje in scenariji prihodnosti
Authors: Dečman Mitja
Published: May 2019

Vedno večje število dokumentov v digitalni obliki ob vsakodnevnem poslovanju javne uprave povzroča, da bo treba razmisliti o uvedbi ustreznega načina dolgoročne hrambe digitalnih dokumentov ob upoštevanju vnaprej določenih rokov hrambe. Ti roki so v slovenski javni upravi dokaj natančno določeni, saj temeljijo na klasifikacijskih načrtih, ki so za organe javne uprave obvezni po Uredbi o upravnem poslovanju. Zakonodaja, sprejeta v letu 2006, je slovenski javni upravi in zasebnemu sektorju dokončno odprla pot v popolno elektronsko poslovanje in dolgoročno hrambo ter postavila podlago za dokončno zmanjševanje ali ukinjanje papirne dokumentacije. Kako je slovenska javna uprava ob taki pravni podlagi pripravljena na omenjene izzive, kažejo v članku predstavljeni rezultati obsežne empirične raziskave, izvedene v letu 2007. Le-ta opozarja na korake, ki jih bodo morali tako organi javne uprave kot vlada napraviti v bližnji prihodnosti za uspešno uvedbo dolgoročne digitalne hrambe v javni upravi.
Ali se z ustanovitvijo pokrajin upravni servis za državljane približuje ali oddaljuje
Authors: Jerovšek Tone
Published: May 2019

Prispevek obravnava problematiko kvalitete zagotavljanja upravnih storitev po oblikovanju pokrajin. Sedanja dostopnost upravnih storitev v upravnih enotah je zgledna. S tem je postavljen visok standard pokrajinam. Opozorjeno je na zakonsko preslabo definiran način identifikacije lokalne zadeve širšega pomena in nalog regionalnega pomena ter na neustreznost načina prevzema oziroma prenosa državnih nalog na pokrajino. To bi lahko povzročilo nejasna razmerja med državo, pokrajino in občinami. Kar pa bi imelo tudi neugodne posledice za izvajanje upravnih storitev, ki jih sedaj na pregleden in sorazmerno kvaliteten način zagotavljajo država oziroma občine. Preprečiti je treba, da bi se v pokrajinah vzpostavil birokratski odnos, saj presenetljivo po tem predlogu zakona država, kljub prenosu državnih nalog na pokrajino, nima nobenega vpliva na izvolitev oziroma imenovanje predsednika pokrajine, direktorja pokrajinske uprave in načelnikov pokrajinskih upravnih organov. Prispevek opozarja na potrebo postopnega prenašanja in prevzemanja regulatornih in izvršilnih nalog pokrajine, ki naj poteka hkrati z uskladitvijo področne zakonodaje.
Francija: od centralizma k regionalizaciji in decentralizaciji
Authors: Korasa Aleksander
Published: May 2019

Francija je bila do nedavnega med najbolj centraliziranimi državami v Evropi. Toda v zadnjih petindvajsetih letih je naredila temeljite spremembe v smeri regionalizacije in decentralizacije. Glavne razloge za centralizacijo lahko najdemo v zgodovini francoske države. Tak sistem je bil dolgo časa učinkovit, toda kasneje se je izkazal kot ovira za nadaljnji gospodarski in družbeni razvoj. Glavne decentralizacijske reforme v Franciji so izvedli s sprejetjem decentralizacijskih zakonov v letih 1982 in 1983. Uvedli so regijo kot vmesno raven odločanja med departmajem in centralno državo ter splošne volitve za organe odločanja v regijah in departmajih. Francija je nadaljevala z decentralizacijskimi reformami in leta 2003 tudi v ustavi navedla, da je decentralizirana država. V Franciji obstajajo posebne oblike lokalnih skupnosti kot so skupnosti občin, urbane skupnosti in skupnosti aglomeracij.
Ureditev področja političnih strank v Avstriji
Authors: Strmecki Mik
Published: May 2019

Namen članka je podati kratko analizo glavnih značilnosti avstrijske ureditve področja političnih strank v primerjavi s povojno nemško ureditvijo. V Avstriji politične stranke v ustavi niso posebej opredeljene, ker ustava ne vsebuje posebnega člena o njih. Za razliko od nemškega ustavnega pristopa k zadevni ureditvi, po katerem je prišlo do izrecne konstitucionalizacije političnih strank v 21. členu nemške ustave, v Avstriji do tega ni nikoli prišlo. Specifičnost avstrijske ureditve je tudi v tem, da področni zakon o političnih strankah nima nobene določbe, ki bi se nanašala na notranjo organizacijo politične stranke ter nasploh ničesar ne določa glede zagotavljanja znotrajstrankarske demokracije v njih. Razliko med nemško in avstrijsko ureditvijo področja političnih strank je mogoče pripisati razliki v izhodišču obeh tipov demokracije.
Prenova poslovanja, nastajanje e-uprave in trenutno stanje v Republiki Slovenji
Authors: Colnar Marko
Published: May 2019

Od začetka snovanja naše e-uprave je minilo sedem let. Obdobje, ki je preteklo, današnji rezultati in primerjave z drugimi državami, so nedvomno primerni mejniki, na katerih se lahko kritično ozremo na projekt, ki je na začetku obetal veliko. Prepričan sem, da obstaja kar nekaj kompetentnih strokovnjakov in ostale zainteresiane javnosti, ki bi jih lahko ta prispevek spodbudil k razmišljanju. Prispevek je zasnovan tako, da je najprej opredeljeno problemsko področje (prenova poslovanja slovenske uprave in e-uprava), sledi opredelitev in uporaba metode dela na opredeljenem problemskem področju (primerjalna analiza, na eni strani, med teoretičnimi izhodišči in dobro prakso pri prenovi poslovanja ter informacijskih sistemih v svetu, in na drugi strani, med potekom prenove, nastajanjem in stanjem naše uprave ter e-uprave). Za spodbuditev nadaljnega razmišljanja pa sta dodani še dve mednarodni študiji o stanju e-uprav v EU in svetu, ki pa diametralno nasprotno slikata stanje slovenske e-uprave. Namen prispevka je dejansko izpostaviti vprašanje ali je slovenska e-Uprava res zgodba o uspehu, kot to prikazujejo dosedaj vpleteni in odgovorni, ali pa temu ni tako?
Public Private Partnership in the European Union: Experiences in the UK, Germany and Austria
Authors: W. McQuaid Ronald , Scherrer Walter
Published: May 2019

The political context of governments differs between the UK, Germany and Austria, but each government currently has a positive view of Public private Partnership (PPP). There are many similarities to the drivers for PPPs in Austria, Germany and the UK. The UK has had more experience, and the conservative-led government in Austria has been moving towards greater use of PPPs of the “privatisation”-type, but only very cautiously towards PPPs of the “PFI-type”. The major motives for moving towards PPPs are macroeconomic or budgetary, especially in Germany and Austria, but also microeconomic or improving the efficiency of public service delivery, especially in the UK. In all three countries PPPs appear to be a systematic middle response to the alternatives of privatisation or public service provision of infrastructure and operational support. There are more significant multi-tiered levels of government in the Federal systems of Germany and Austria, with many autonomous players including federal government, states and municipalities. Investment by the latter two exceeds investment expenditure of the federal government. In the more centralised UK system policies towards PPPs have been relatively rapid and similar, although not identical, across the UK. In Germany the search for a comprehensive approach (Gesamtkonzept) has slowed the dissemination of PPP; Austria seems to handle the issue more pragmatically. One issue that remains crucial to the future impacts of PPPs is whether they offer genuine and sustainable increases in efficiency and effectiveness compared to the alternatives. If they do then they should have a positive impact on future public resource availability, but if they do not then they may provide short-term financial and political benefits, but at the cost of constraining future decision makers and placing greater pressures on public finances in the longer-term.
Social Dialogue in Public Sector Reflection about Hungarian and Slovenian approach
Authors: Vodovnik Zvone , Noemi Turi Aniko
Published: May 2019

The process of last years expended enlargement of the European Union leads EU governmental bodies towards enacting new European documents. These documents must be considered as legal bases for making the EU the most dynamic and competitive economy in the world being capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion. In the area of the EU legislation the social dialogue must be regarded as an important issue. For time being the EU documents regulate some elements of social dialogue in private sector however, the social dialogue in public sector is still outside of the EU regulation. The paper elaborates a comparative view between two Member States such as Hungary and Slovenia by exploring and analyzing EU industrial relations, and the relationship between the industrial relations of these Member States. It is evident that the EU enlargement has further increased this diversity, and the EU industrial relations in many parts distinguish from national industrial relations. This article analyses the process of the legislative activities at the EU legislative bodies, as well as in the national legislations of Hungary and Slovenia. It emphasizes also the concept of EU industrial relations and shows, which are the frames of the social dialogue in public sector of Hungary and Slovenia.
Zaposlovanje javnih uslužbencev
Authors: Kozjek Tatjana
Published: May 2019

Javni uslužbenci so posamezniki, ki sklenejo delovno razmerje v javnem sektorju. Zakon loči uradnike od drugih javnih uslužbencev. Ta ločitev pa je tudi vzrok za razlike, ki nastajajo v postopkih zaposlovanja. Za zaposlene v javnem sektorju veljajo določene posebnosti pri zaposlovanju zaradi narave njihovega dela. S svojim delom uresničujejo javni interes in uporabljajo javna sredstva, ki se lahko uporabljajo samo za namene, določene v predpisih. Prispevek prikazuje postopek zaposlovanja javnih uslužbencev ter nekatere razlike in posebnosti pri njihovem zaposlovanju.
Tacit Knowledge and In-service Training of Civil Servants
Authors: Lavtar Roman
Published: May 2019

The main purpose of the paper is to evaluate possibilities provided by organizational knowledge creation theory (Nonaka, 1994) for seeking after knowledge of civil servants. The fundamental task of organization (both, public or private, profit or non-profit) is how efficiently it can deal with information and decisions in an uncertain environment. Information processing is viewed as a problem-solving activity. But innovation, the key form of organizational knowledge creation, cannot be explained in terms of information processing or problem solving but with the process where organization is developing new knowledge to solve problems (Nonaka, 1994: 15). Due to the recent decision of Slovene government to abort the state exam for civil servants we elaborate the question of necessity of the pre-service and in-service training of civil servants and in what manner that training should be performed. Elaborating some experience in the neighborhood countries we try to find some conclusions of the topic. On the other hand we explore the possibilities given by organizational knowledge creation theory in in-service training of civil servants and its implications on choosing the topics of the training.
Economic Instruments for Reducing CO2 Emmissions and their Consequences
Authors: Slabe Erker Renata , Koman Klemen , Majcen Boris
Published: May 2019

This contribution is an economic evaluation of various combinations of economic instruments for reducing CO2 emissions. The evaluation of effects linked to the achievement of Kyoto and post-Kyoto goals was developed by using the GEME3 general equilibrium model as developed within the framework of the 5. and 6. EU OP (project ENG2-CT- 1999-00002). We are calculating the effects of varying environmental policies for Slovenia based on variations in key macroeconomical markers. The most important finding is, that the loss of competitive advantages for Slovenia due to enforced environmental protection measures is not sizeable. The most favorable scenario in macroeconomic terms is the scenario of emissions trading in energy intensive sectors with a gradual transition to auctioning and carbon taxation in other sectors, whereby the tax revenues are returned to reduce the rate of social security contributions.
Organiziranost Mestne občine Ljubljana v luči novega javnega menedžmenta
Authors: Tekavčič Metka , Hegler Jožka , Grünfeld Vojko
Published: May 2019

Ljubljana je glavno mesto Republike Slovenije, v sistemu slovenske lokalne samouprave pa je največja občina. Njeno organiziranost in delovanje pogojujejo naslednja dejstva in okoliščine: velikost, način nastanka, (pre)počasna teritorialna členitev na četrtne skupnosti ter specifične rešitve v zvezi z delovanjem gospodarskih javnih služb, s stanovanjskim gospodarstvom, z razvojnimi nalogami in nalogami na področju turizma in malega gospodarstva. Mestna občina Ljubljana je razvejan sistem, sestavljen iz mnogih vertikalno in horizontalno povezanih in soodvisnih podsistemov. Eden najpomembnejših je Mestna uprava, ki se sooča z zahtevo po svoji večji učinkovitosti in delovanju v skladu z načeli novega javnega menedžmenta. V ta namen so bile v letu 2007 sprejete določene organizacijske spremembe, ki odpravljajo pomanjkljivosti do sedaj uveljavljenih rešitev, a hkrati ohranjajo določene dileme, ki bodo terjale dodaten premislek in morebitne drugačne rešitve.
Personal values and trust of Europeans in national and EU institutions
Authors: Primožič Marjetica , Bavec Cene
Published: May 2019

The paper elaborates influence of the personal values of Europeans on their trust in national and EU institutions. We confirmed the hypothesis that personal values have no effect on this trust with an exception of citizens’ attitudes towards democracy and tolerance. In the countries where democracy is a strong personal value citizens also demonstrate high trust in national institutions, on the other side in the countries where solidarity is high valued they demonstrate high trust in EU institutions. Furthermore, we confirmed that there are statistically significant differences in trust in institutions between citizens of the old and the new EU27 member states, as well as differences in countries with different types of legal systems. In majority of the new EU members citizens have higher trust in EU institutions, but lower trust in national institutions than the EU average. On the other side, the old EU members demonstrate higher trust in national institutions and much divided trust in EU institutions. We also indicated that characteristics of the national legal system influence citizens’ trust in national institutions, but they have no influence on trust in EU institutions. Countries with the Scandinavian national legal system demonstrate very high trust in national institutions, meanwhile trust in national institutions in post-socialistic countries is nearly three times lower.
Visokošolski zavodi in tržna dejavnost: primer Slovenije in tujine
Authors: Potočnik Kogovšek Mojca
Published: May 2019

V članku so podani številni argumenti, ki govorijo v prid uvajanju tržne dejavnosti na visokošolskih zavodih. Opisan je predlog potrebnih in mogočih organizacijskih preureditev, ki izvirajo iz potrebe po večji dinamičnosti in tržni konkurenčnosti visokošolskih zavodov. Dokazana je povezava med kakovostno organizirano tržno dejavnostjo na visokošolskih zavodih in možnostjo njihovega vsestranskega razvoja ter krepitve njihove konkurenčnosti, poudarjeni so pozitivni učinki povezovanja fakultet s prakso pri krepitvi vezi med akademskim in strokovnim okoljem, kar bo v prid vsem zaposlenim, stroki in študentom. Hkrati se potrjuje hipoteza, da je tržna dejavnost neizogibno potrebna, če želijo pedagogi ohraniti in razvijati stik z živo stroko, kar kažejo težnje pri razvoju evropskega visokega šolstva. To sta potrdili tudi anketa, izvedena na tujih fakultetah, in analiza sodobnih gibanj v razvoju evropskega visokega šolstva.
Državni zbor v času priprav in izvedbe predsedovanja Republike Slovenije Svetu Evropske unije
Authors: Lončar Lovro
Published: May 2019

Slovenija je v času od 1. januarja 2008 do 30. junija 2008 kot prva nova članica Evropske unije (EU) predsedovala Svetu EU. Državni zbor Republike Slovenije je že v začetku leta 2005 pristopil k začetku priprav in aktivnosti v času predsedovanja Svetu EU v okviru tradicionalne vloge, ki jo imajo parlamenti držav članic EU, ki predsedujejo Svetu EU. Državni zbor Republike Slovenije je imel pri pripravah in izvedbi aktivnosti v času predsedovanja posebno, specifično vlogo. Aktivnosti so zahtevale poseben pristop v vodenju in koordiniranju t.i. »projekta predsedovanja« v okviru Državnega zbora Republike Slovenije. V članku so prikazane ključne aktivnosti pred in med predsedovanjem Svetu EU v Državnem zboru RS, predvsem priprave na dogodke in njihovo samo izvedbo, ki so uporabne v vsakem času za izvedbo podobnih nalog oz. projektov.
Inovativnost kot del razvoja kakovosti in odličnosti v slovenski javni upravi (izsledki raziskave 2007–2008)
Authors: Kovač Polonca , Leskovšek Barbara
Published: May 2019

Namen raziskave je bil predvsem: (1) preučiti trende razvoja odličnosti in inovativnosti oz. rabe ustreznih orodij s primerjavo stanj v letih 2003, 2006 in glede na načrte v 2009 ter s pristopi v podjetjih in (2) spodbuditi širjenje zavesti v javni upravi o pomenu identifikacije in širjenja dobrih praks. Ugotovili smo, da so trendi istosmerni, število različnih orodij in pogostnost njihove rabe, zlasti modelov CAF (angl. Common Assessment Framework oz. slov. Skupni ocenjevalni okvir za organizacije v javnem sektorju) in EFQM (angl. European Foundation for Quality Management oz. slov. Evropska fundacija za kakovost), delno tudi BSC (angl. Balanced Scorecards oz. slov. Sistem uravnoteženih kazalnikov), ter standardov ISO se stalno povečuje, toda glavni sistemski slabosti sta nekonsistentna politika razvoja kakovosti in odličnosti od zgoraj navzdol ter manjkajoča metodologija za empirično evalvacijo učinkov rabe orodij. Posamezne organizacije so prepuščene lastni iniciativi, podpora vlade in ministrstev je zgolj deklarativna. Inovativnost pa razumejo predvsem kot postopno izboljševanje načinov dela, v prvi vrsti z vidika strank, kar se v glavnem kaže v oceni finančnih prihrankov.
State Supervision of Local Government Authorities
Authors: Harbich Jürgen
Published: May 2019

State supervision of local government authorities, a requirement of the rule of law, is discussed in relation to municipalities. State supervisory authorities are required to advise and support local government authorities. Supervision at various state levels takes place as legal supervision, which only includes the supervision of legality in matters of the municipality’s original competence, and as functional supervision that also supervises expediency in matters transferred by the state. The legality principle (intervention in all cases) is modified by the expediency principle (discretion). A number of remedies are available for implementing both legal and functional supervisory measures. Where municipalities consider that the supervisory measures, whether legal or functional, violate their rights of selfgovernment, they have recourse to the courts.
Challenges of Public Administration Accreditation in a Fragmented Institutional Setting: The Case of Europe
Authors: Reichard Christoph
Published: May 2019

The paper is dealing with accreditation in higher education in Europe, based on observations in the European public administration accreditation field. Considering the existing evidence, there are positive consequences of accreditation, such as improvement of programs and teaching quality. There are also problems and weaknesses, moreover some doubts about the accreditation results. The author also predicts that in the future there may be a trend towards more homogeneity of public administration programs in Europe.
New Public Management and its Implementation in the CEE Region: What do we know and where do we go?
Authors: Nemec Juraj
Published: May 2019

The paper presents a short literature review on New Public Management (NPM) and public sector reforms in CEE. It also includes selected practical  experiences in CEE countries with the implementation of NPM, data collected for most cases by the author and his team. On this base the conclusions about very limited success of NPM in Central and Eastern Europe are suggested, including explanations of some region specific factors, determining the level of success of NPM strategies. Our findings argue in simplified way that: “Adieu NPM” should mean that managing by contracts, objectives, competition, etc. as the goal, is a forgotten story (not only for CEE, but generally). But governing by predictable, reliable and coherent, open and transparent, accountable and responsible bureaucracy, using evidence and consultation based policy making and simultaneously properly managing efficiency, economy and effectiveness of any government operation is the future target.
Tax Procedure Law within the Reduction of Administrative Burdens – between Goals and Praxis
Authors: Kovač Polona
Published: May 2019

The Tax Procedure Act (TPA; Slovenian ZDavP) is the key law regulating relations among the participants in tax collection procedures. Therefore, it has been more or less thoroughly changed several times in recent years, also within the government’s programme of reduction of administrative burdens (RAB; Slovenian OAO). Procedures are being attempted to be simplified for both taxpayers and tax authorities. The paper explores a selection of institutes introduced to this end, such as tax assessment through a provisional specification, service by regular mail, advance rulings, etc. The author considers statistical data on how frequently those (new) institutes were used in 2006, 2007 and 2008 to establish whether, or how much, goals of the regulatory change in the tax procedure are actually being achieved in praxis. It is found that notwithstanding some exceptions, the majority of the considered institutes do amount to a realisation of the RAB programme.
Higher Education – Importance and Funding in Slovenia
Authors: Klun Maja , Šućur Marina
Published: May 2019

Funding of education is becoming a particularly problematic issue, because public funding is no longer sufficient. The article considers the problems of funding higher education from the point of view of the sufficiency of funds and from the point of view of the importance of education. It illustrates methods of direct and indirect funding of education in Slovenia and presents the results of a survey in which students gave their opinions on the importance of education and on education funding. A large majority of respondents agree that the introduction of tuition fees would cause a reduction in participation in higher education and a consequent reduction in equal opportunities for education. Despite this, the largest share of respondents did not agree with the statement that in case of the introduction of tuition fees they would not enrol in education.
European public procurement directives and their implementation in Slovenia
Authors: Setnikar Cankar Stanka , Petkovšek Veronika
Published: May 2019

This article presents the results of the research work “Awarding work to external contractors,” carried out with a questionnaire in 2009 and 2010. The research examined the method and scope of public procurement in Slovenian municipalities with more than 8000 inhabitants. The objectives of the research work were: a comparison of public procurement legislation in selected EU countries; determination of the current situation in the field of public procurement in local government in years 2008 and 2009; determination of similarities and differences in the implementation of contracts; determination of the most common open questions in the implementation of contracts; determination of good practices in public procurement and making the recommendations for changes. Public procurement represents a significant proportion of national budget spending. Municipalities allocate around 20% of all expenditures to public procurement. The scope and methods of public procurement vary between municipalities. Small-value public procurement is determined by the municipalities in their internal acts, while large-value public procurement has legally prescribed procedures. New legislation on public procurement has brought innovations in the field of public tender and contract award procedures for procurement, which enables greater flexibility in the implementation and realisation of public procurement. This article presents also the European directives on public procurement and an international comparison of public procurement in selected EU and EEA states.
Samopodoba vodij v upravnih enotah
Authors: Buzeti Jernej , Stare Janez
Published: May 2019

V procesu vodenja lahko predvsem pozitivna samopodoba vodje vpliva na kakovosten medosebni odnos z vodenimi oziroma na vedenje vodje in tudi vodenih. Rezultati izvedene raziskave samopodobe vodij v upravnih enotah kažejo, da sta izmed proučevanih področij samopodobe najnižje izraženi predvsem socialna in telesna samopodoba, najvišje pa je izražena splošna samopodoba. Ker je za vodje pomembno, da imajo dobro razvite predvsem socialne spretnosti oziroma spretnosti za delo z ljudmi, je rezultat raziskave o socialni samopodobi vodij v državni upravi (upravnih enotah) pomemben kazalnik podob vodij o njihovih predstavah na socialnem področju. Prispevek se osredotoča na samopodobo vodij upravnih enot in predstavlja rezultate opravljene raziskave s tega področja.
The Pressure on Higher Education Performance and the Process of Lifelong Learning
Authors: Obadić Alka , Jakšić Anna-Marija
Published: May 2019

Knowledge has become the central resource in the economy of the "information" or "post-industrial" society. Therefore, analysis in the article elaborates European higher education system and the relationship between educational attainment and the employment rate in EU countries and their position in world leading markets. Enclosed, the study analyses the progress and current trends of lifelong learning (LLL) performance in EU and Croatia. The research analyses five EU benchmarks for education and training system set by the European Council, and their implications’ on labour market performance. Some synthesis of previous studies is also used. The methodological approach uses the worldwide UN Education Index, the European Commission data on higher education, Eurostat LFS data, and Cedefop data of Vocational Training.
Analiza stanja e-poslovanja v slovenski javni upravi: Primer upravnih enot Republike Slovenije
Authors: Jelenič Mitja , Vintar Mirko
Published: May 2019

V Sloveniji smo bili v zadnjih letih priča pospešenemu razvoju e-uprave, kar nas je po meritvah, ki jih izvaja EU, pripeljalo v sam vrh njenih članic, hkrati pa dejanska uporaba e-storitev še zelo zaostaja za naraščajočo ponudbo. Prispevek predstavlja primerjalno analizo stanja na tem področju v Sloveniji na primeru upravnih enot Republike Slovenije na osnovi rezultatov empirične raziskave, ki je bila leta 2009 opravljena na področju e-poslovanja upravnih enot Republike Slovenje na Fakulteti za upravo, Inštitutu za informatizacijo uprave. Raziskava je bila usmerjena v analizo e-poslovanja po tipičnih področjih delovanja upravnih enot, kot so notranje zadeve, okolje in prostor, kmetijstvo, ki najbolj realno prikazujejo stanje in obseg tovrstnega poslovanja v Sloveniji, še posebno ko gre za poslovanje z občani. Poleg tega prispevek analizira tudi e-poslovanje upravnih enot v njihovem notranjem poslovanju ter poslovanju z drugimi upravnimi organi. V zaključnem delu je predstavljena primerjalna analiza rezultatov naše empirične raziskave z najnovejšimi rezultati evropske študije Capgemini Benchmark (Capgemini, 2009) in nekaterimi drugimi mednarodnimi študijami.
How Much Law Does the School System Need?
Authors: Cerar Miro
Published: May 2019

In its ideal form, the law is a guardian of the freedom and autonomy of the school system. On the other hand, the school system must, as part of its responsibility, establish a respectful and responsible attitude toward the rule of law. In Slovenia, practice deviates from such ideal to too great an extent. Excessive and inappropriate legal regulation reduces the freedom and autonomy of the school system. The consequences within this system are: partly ignored legal regulations, and the resulting ineffectiveness; excessive legal administration in schools; increased teachers’ opposition to the law; a lack of teachers’ motivation; and, as a consequence, worsened quality of the educational process. The law, however, is only a part of the problem. The latter has its roots mainly in a general disorientation of society with regard to its values. In order to establish the right measure and manner of the legal regulation of the school system, the moral and common sense basis of society must first be healed and strengthened.
Thin Capitalization Rules in EU Member States
Authors: Ðukić Tatjana
Published: May 2019

Thin capitalization rules fit in the group of the specific anti-avoidance rules (SAAR) which are legalised by domestic tax laws. Anti-avoidance measures attempt to strike down unacceptable tax avoidance practices that have taken place with the increasing importance of multinational firms. In contrast to local firms, multinational corporations can shift profits to lower taxed foreign locations, leading to substantial losses in tax revenue. The article presents a systematic review of thin capitalization rules in EU 27, summing up four most common approaches of thin capitalization regulation. The analysis revealed that the majority of countries (15) legalised the fixed ratio approach, one quater (7) the subjective approach and only a few (3) legalised the hidden profit distribution. Two of them have improved thin-cap rules to so called earningstripping rule.
Regulatory Impact Assessment in Macedonia and Estonia: Lessons (to be) Learned
Authors: Risteska Marija
Published: May 2019

Considering that legislation (primary and secondary legislation) is the most commonly used instrument for policy-making, and that the state reached out to regulate more to improve the environment for doing business in the financial crises of 2008-2009, we look at the Regulatory Impact Assessment (hereinafter RIA), which is an important segment of the policy-making cycle allowing for identification of impact of laws on various segments of society including businesses. This policy analysis instrument has been employed in most the EU member states as well as in the countries that seek for EU accession such as Macedonia. Since RIA is at the early stage of development in Macedonia we have taken Estonia as a case study and identify the lessons Macedonia can learn from Estonia. The analysis shows that in Macedonia RIA was mostly conceived as part of an economic reform package and has resulted in RIA being confined to specific sectors instead of being made fully part of the general policy-making. The current system therefore still falls short of exploring the full potential of RIA as a tool for better regulation. Coordination of the RIA process, the extension of the scope as well as the methods for conducting RIA are some of the areas Macedonia can improve taking the example of Estonia.
Expenditure Effects of Intergovernmental Transfers – the Case of Slovenia
Authors: Pevcin Primož
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this paper is to provide the evidence on the "stickiness" of intergovernmental transfers. Namely, intergovernmental transfers have fiscal (expenditure) effects as they stimulate provision of local government goods and services, and this expenditure effect should be larger for the matching grants and smaller for lump-sum transfers. It is also expected that this effect would be larger than the equivalent increase in local income, prediction labelled as fly-paper effect when related to lump-sum transfers. Empirical research for Slovenian municipalities provides the evidence that the magnitude of expenditure effects of various categories of intergovernmental transfers is substantially lower compared to international findings, and in some cases the effect is even smaller than the effect of per-capita income.
Empirična preveritev obstoja in delovanja notranjih kontrol pri pripravi konsolidirane premoženjske bilance države in občin v Sloveniji
Authors: Zafred Jasna Ida
Published: May 2019

Uskupinjevalni postopek, v katerem se predstavlja skupina podjetij kot eno samo, je predpisan z mednarodnimi računovodskimi standardi, skladno z njimi pa je bil prevzet tudi v slovenske računovodske standarde in mednarodne standarde za javni sektor. Izvesti ga je mogoče po predhodni pripravi temeljnih računovodskih izkazov obvladujočega podjetja in odvisnih podjetij. Iz strokovnih usmeritev izhaja tudi ena od zahtev, da med pobotanimi stanji ne sme prihajati do t. i. nepravih razlik zaradi neurejenega računovodenja. Čeprav računovodskih izkazov slovenske osebe javnega prava ne pripravljajo na način kot določajo standardi, se uskupinjenje izvaja, vendar le za določene podatke bilanc stanja in na podlagi posebnega predpisa. Ta pa dopušča nastanek razlik pri pobotu terjatev in obveznosti med proračunskimi uporabniki, kar vpliva na stanje splošnega sklada države. V raziskavi smo z metodo naključnega vzorčenja z uporabo anketne raziskave po komponentah modela COSO empirično preverjali, kako učinkovit je notranjekontrolni sistem pri pripravi izvirnih listin bilanc stanja v slovenskem javnem sektorju. Ugotovili smo, da so formalnopravno sicer dopustne razlike hkrati tudi neprave razlike, zaradi česar je verodostojnost skupinskega računovodskega izkaza lahko vprašljiva. Preveritev komponente kontrolnega okolja je npr. pokazala, da so zakonski roki za potrjevanje odprtih postavk določeni prehitro, postopek pa ni dovolj natančno dogovorjen, kadar pride pri uskupinjevanju terjatev in obveznosti do razlik. Na kontih kratkoročnih terjatev in obveznosti do proračunskih uporabnikov na dan 31.12. obstajajo stanja, kar lahko vodi v tveganja nastanka razlik pri pobotu in za niz kontov smo v komponenti kontrolnih aktivnosti dejansko ugotovili, da proračunskim uporabnikom na dan 31.12. ni uspelo pobotati stanj ali stanj sploh niso usklajevali, vzroke, zaradi katerih je prišlo do razlik in ukrepe, ki jih v izogib nastanka razlik predlagajo vodje računovodstev. Na vprašanja komponente informiranja in komuniciranja so računovodje odgovorili, da si želijo več izobraževanja, predstojniki pa bi lahko bolj uporabljali informacije iz računovodskih izkazov pri svojih odločitvah. Še vedno je programska oprema premalo zaščitena, kajti ponekod se posega v bazo računovodskih podatkov. Rezultati v komponenti spremljanja pa so pokazali, da revizija postopka priprave premoženjske bilance še marsikje ni bila opravljena.
Empirical Verification of the Existence and Functioning of Internal Controls in the Preparation of a Consolidated Property Balance Sheet for the State and Municipalities in Slovenia
Authors: Zafred Jasna Ida
Published: May 2019

The consolidation process, where a group of enterprises is presented as a single one, is prescribed by international accounting standards, and in accordance with them it has been taken over by Slovenian accounting standards and International Public Sector Accounting Standards. It may be conducted after prior preparation of basic financial statements of the controlling and the controlled enterprise. From the professional directives derives one of the demands that between consolidated standings there must not be any so-called "quasi-differences" due to unregulated accounting. In spite of the fact that Slovenian subjects of the public sector do not prepare financial statements in a way as determined by the standards, consolidation is being carried out, but for certain data of the balance sheets and based on a special regulation. This regulation allows the appearance of differences between the budgets users what influences the standing of the general state fund. In the research, by the method of random sampling by the use of an opinion poll according to the components of the COSO model, we empirically verified the effectiveness of the internal controlling system in the preparation of original documents of the balance sheets in the Slovenian public sector. We found out that formally differences are allowed, even quasi-differences, due to which reliability of a consolidation financial statement is questionable. Verification of the component of the controlling environment has shown for example that legal limitation periods for the confirmation of open positions are determined too early, and the proceedings are not agreed upon exactly enough when there is an imbalance between receivables and liabilities in the consolidation. In situations of short-term receivables and liabilities towards budget users in 31.12., there are standings that may lead to the risk of appearance of differences in the consolidation and for a string of accounts we found in the component of the controlling activity that budget users did not even the standings successfully or did not even balance the standings in 31.12., due to what differences appeared. This was the cause that measures were determined by accounting offices for the avoiding of an appearance of differences. The question of the component of information and communication was answered by accountants who wish they had more education, and the superiors who could use the information from financial statements better for their decision-making. Their software is still not safe enough, as in some cases the database of financial data is accessed. The results in the component of following showed that in several places audits of the procedure of preparation of property balance sheets were not performed.
Lokalno upravljanje in novi javni menedžment
Authors: Bačlija Irena
Published: May 2019

Ekonomska globalizacija, vedno bolj diferencirani in nestabilni trgi, fiskalne krize v luči vse večje javne porabe so elementi negotove prihodnosti za lokalne skupnosti. Slednje so ujete med vedno večje povpraševanje uporabnikov oziroma občanov po kakovostnih javnih storitvah ter regulativo države, ki (lahko) duši kreativni razvoj in tekmovanje na globalnem trgu lokalnih skupnosti. V tem kontekstu vedno zahtevnejšega okolja deluje tudi lokalna uprava, ki se mora za uspešno soočenje s prvinami tega okolja reformirati. V prispevku poleg značilnosti lokalnega upravljanja predstavimo tudi njegovo reformiranje po načelih novega javnega menedžmenta. V empiričnem delu predstavimo izsledke obsežnejše študije reformiranja lokalnih uprav v Evropski uniji ter implikacije, ki jih ima delovanje reformiranih lokalnih uprav na uspešnost celotne lokalne skupnosti.
Moderating effects of executive function between depression severity and work performance: a web-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Sierra-Aparicio Tamara Alejandra , Magaña-Quijano Brenda Paulina , Vargas-Quiñones Jacquelyn , Martínez-García Brenda , Toledo-Fernández Aldebarán
Published: May 2019

Introduction. Depression and dysexecutive functioning share several neurocognitive features, and both often impair areas of everyday life functioning, such as work. The effect of their interaction on this outcome, however, is barely known. Objective. Was to analyze the moderating effect of executive functioning (EF) on the relation between depression severity and work performance (presenteeism and absenteeism). Method. Data was collected through a non-probabilistic web-based survey. Hierarchical linear regression analyzes were used for testing the main hypothesis, with depression severity (PHQ-9) and EFs (BRIEF-A) as predictors, and presenteeism (SPS-6) and absenteeism (HPQ) as independent outcome variables. Results. There were 462 participants analyzed. The regression models showed no significant interaction, only additive effects of depression severity and EF on presenteeism, and no effect of these variables on absenteeism. Discussion and conclusion. Our main finding disagrees with the moderating effects of EF reported for other psychological variables. We hypothesize that EF alterations may have particular features for depression (e.g., cognitive inflexibility in thought rumination), which are not assessed by the BRIEF-A. Future studies should consider using EF performance tasks to test moderation and using naturalistic indicators of work performance.
Needs assessment of informal primary caregivers of patients with borderline personality disorder: psychometrics, characterization, and intervention proposal
Authors: Mendieta Claudia de , Robles Rebeca , González-Forteza Catalina , Arango Iván , Pérez-Islas Claudia , Vázquez-Jaime Beatriz Paulina , Rascón María Luisa
Published: May 2019

Introduction. Informal Primary Caregivers (IPC) of people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) experience a significant burden, making it important to determine their specific needs. Objectives. Cross-sectional study aimed at adapting and establishing the reliability of the Questionnaire on the Needs of Family Members of People with Severe Mental Disorders to identify felt and unfelt needs that may or may not have been met in IPCs of patients with BPD and suggest intervention strategies to effectively address them. Method. The adapted version of the instrument was completed by 80 IPCs of patients with confirmed BPD diagnosis. Results. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for different groups of needs evaluated through the instrument were: Knowledge/information = .77, Instrumental support = . 78, Participation = .63, and Personal support = .74; and for the total score = .86. The most important unmet felt needs were: 1. having information on interventions for patients and caregivers, legal and administrative aspects, and available support services; 2. having coping skills to deal with crises and manage patients’ risk behaviors; 3. receiving professional care to reduce stress; and 4. being listened by health professionals, express their personal opinions, and need for rest. Conclusions. The adapted instrument showed satisfactory internal consistency in IPCs of patients with BPD. The results highlight the urgent need for interventions for this population, focusing on psychoeducation, assertiveness training, stress management, and problem solving.
The Change in pH on Lactobacillus acidophillus Medium Containing D-fructose
Authors: Pangetika Widia , Al-Baarri Ahmad Ni'matullah , Legowo Anang Mohamad
Published: May 2019

This study aims to analyse the pH value on Lactobacillus acidophilus medium containing 3% (w/v) D-fructose. L. acidophilus was incubated at 37°C using MRS agar medium. Changes in pH values were measured for 48 hours. The non-sugar addition was also used as a comparison. Based on this research it could be seen that D-fructose slightly decreased pH in the medium at 48 hour incubation. This research might be useful to provide information on the potential use of D-fructose as a medium to maintain the reduction in pH.
The Effect of Fault Geometry and Minimum Shear Wavespeed on 3D Ground-Motion Simulations for an Mw 6.5 Hayward Fault Scenario Earthquake, San Francisco Bay Area, Northern California
Authors: Rodgers Arthur J. , Pitarka Arben , McCallen David B.
Published: May 2019

We investigated the effects of fault geometry and assumed minimum shear wavespeed (VSmin) on 3D ground-motion simulations (0–2.5 Hz) in general, using a moment magnitude (Mw) 6.5 earthquake on the Hayward fault (HF). Simulations of large earthquakes on the northeast-dipping HF using the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 3D seismic model have shown intensity asymmetry with stronger shaking for the Great Valley Sequence east of the HF (hanging wall) relative to the Franciscan Complex to the west (footwall). We performed simulations with three fault geometries in both plane-layered (1D) and 3D models. Results show that the nonvertical fault geometries result in larger motions on the hanging wall relative to the vertical fault for the same Earth model with up to 50% amplifications in single-component peak ground velocity (PGV) within 10 km of the rupture. Near-fault motions on the footwall are reduced for the nonvertical faults, but less than they are increased on the hanging wall. Simulations assuming VSmin values of 500 and 250  m/s reveal that PGVs are on average 25% higher west of the HF when using the lower VSmin, with some locations amplified by a factor of 3. Increasing frequency content from 2.5 to 5 Hz increases PGV values. Spectral ratios of these two VSmin cases show average amplifications of 2–4 (0.5–1.5 Hz) for the lower VSmin west of the fault. Large differences (up to 2×) in PGV across the HF from previous studies persist even for the case with a vertical fault or VSmin of 250  m/s. We conclude that assuming a VSmin of 500  m/s underestimates intensities west of the HF for frequencies above 0.5 Hz, and that low upper crustal (depth <10  km) shear wavespeeds defined in the 3D model contribute most to higher intensities east of the HF.