bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dual-Step Integrated Machine Learning Model for 24h-Ahead Wind Energy Generation Prediction Based on Actual Measurement Data and Environmental Factors
Authors: Ma Yuan-Jia , Zhai Ming-Yue
Published: May 2019

Wind power generation output is highly uncertain, since it entirely depends on intermittent environmental factors. This has brought a serious problem to the power industry regarding the management of power grids containing a significant penetration of wind power. Therefore, a highly accurate wind power forecast is very useful for operating these power grids effectively and sustainably. In this study, a new dual-step integrated machine learning (ML) model based on the hybridization of wavelet transform (WT), ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), and feedforward artificial neural network (FFANN) is devised for a 24 h-ahead wind energy generation forecast. The devised model consists of dual steps. The first step uses environmental factors (weather variables) to estimate wind speed at the installation point of the wind generation system. The second step fits the wind farm actual generation with the actual wind speed observation at the location of the farm. The predicted future speed in the first step is later given to the second step to estimate the future generation of the farm. The devised method achieves significantly acceptable and promising forecast accuracy. The forecast accuracy of the devised method is evaluated through several criteria and compared with other ML based models and persistence based reference models. The daily mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the normalized mean absolute error (NMAE), and the forecast skill (FS) values achieved by the devised method are 4.67%, 0.82%, and 56.22%, respectively. The devised model outperforms all the evaluated models with respect to various performance criteria.
Predicting the Aqueductal Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulse: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Beggs Clive B , Shepherd Simon J , Cecconi Pietro , Lagana Maria Marcella
Published: May 2019

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulse in the Aqueduct of Sylvius (aCSF pulse) is often used to evaluate structural changes in the brain. Here we present a novel application of the general linear model (GLM) to predict the motion of the aCSF pulse. MR venography was performed on 13 healthy adults (9 female and 4 males—mean age = 33.2 years). Flow data was acquired from the arterial, venous and CSF vessels in the neck (C2/C3 level) and from the AoS. Regression analysis was undertaken to predict the motion of the aCSF pulse using the cervical flow rates as predictor variables. The relative contribution of these variables to predicting aCSF flow rate was assessed using a relative weights method, coupled with an ANOVA. Analysis revealed that the aCSF pulse could be accurately predicted (mean (SD) adjusted r2 = 0.794 (0.184)) using the GLM (p < 0.01). Venous flow rate in the neck was the strongest predictor of aCSF pulse (p = 0.001). In healthy individuals, the motion of the aCSF pulse can be predicted using the GLM. This indicates that the intracranial fluidic system has broadly linear characteristics. Venous flow in the neck is the strongest predictor of the aCSF pulse.
Application of Laser Profilometry to Evaluation of the Surface of the Workpiece Machined by Abrasive Waterjet Technology
Authors: Mitaľ Gerhard , Dobránsky Jozef , Ružbarský Juraj , Olejárová Štefánia
Published: May 2019

The paper is an evaluation of the surface roughness of various materials produced by water jet cutting (AWJ, abrasive water jet). A 3D laser profilometer developed at the Department of Design and Technical Systems Monitoring at our University was used in roughness measurement. To verify the values measured by the laser profilometer, another measurement was performed using a 2D contact roughness meter. The tests were done on aluminum and stainless-steel materials, respectively. Six samples were produced; three made of stainless steel and three made of aluminum. All samples were produced at a different feed rate of the cutting head. This was adapted to the different roughness required, per the manufacturer’s material data sheets. Varying rates of separation translated into different qualities of the surfaces under evaluation. The evaluated roughness parameters were Ra and Rz. Dependencies were plotted in the chart based on the values measured, which were then compared and evaluated.
An Improved CNN Model for Within-Project Software Defect Prediction
Authors: Pan Cong , Lu Minyan , Xu Biao , Gao Houleng
Published: May 2019

To improve software reliability, software defect prediction is used to find software bugs and prioritize testing efforts. Recently, some researchers introduced deep learning models, such as the deep belief network (DBN) and the state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN), and used automatically generated features extracted from abstract syntax trees (ASTs) and deep learning models to improve defect prediction performance. However, the research on the CNN model failed to reveal clear conclusions due to its limited dataset size, insufficiently repeated experiments, and outdated baseline selection. To solve these problems, we built the PROMISE Source Code (PSC) dataset to enlarge the original dataset in the CNN research, which we named the Simplified PROMISE Source Code (SPSC) dataset. Then, we proposed an improved CNN model for within-project defect prediction (WPDP) and compared our results to existing CNN results and an empirical study. Our experiment was based on a 30-repetition holdout validation and a 10 * 10 cross-validation. Experimental results showed that our improved CNN model was comparable to the existing CNN model, and it outperformed the state-of-the-art machine learning models significantly for WPDP. Furthermore, we defined hyperparameter instability and examined the threat and opportunity it presents for deep learning models on defect prediction.
Dermal Denticles of Three Slowly Swimming Shark Species: Microscopy and Flow Visualization
Authors: Feld Katrine , Kolborg Anne Noer , Nyborg Camilla Marie , Salewski Mirko , Steffensen John Fleng , Berg-Sørensen Kirstine
Published: May 2019

Shark skin has for many years inspired engineers to produce biomimetic structures reducing surface drag or acting as an anti-fouling layer. Both effects are presumed to be consequences of the structure of shark skin that is composed of arrays of so-called dermal denticles. However, the understanding of the full functional role of the dermal denticles is still a topic of research. We report optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of dermal denticles from three slowly swimming shark species for which the functional role of the dermal denticles is suggested as one of defense (possibly understood as anti-fouling) and/or abrasion strength. The three species are Greenland shark (Somnosius microcephalus), small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Samples were taken at over 30 different positions on the bodies of the sharks. In addition, we demonstrate that the flow pattern near natural shark skin can be measured by micro-PIV (particle image velocimetry). The microfluidic experiments are complemented by numerical flow simulations. Both visualize unsteady flow, small eddies, and recirculation bubbles behind the natural dermal denticles.
Is Sertraline a Good Pharmacological Strategy to Control Anger? Results of a Systematic Review
Authors: Romero-Martínez Ángel , Murciano-Martí Sonia , Moya-Albiol Luis
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Extensive research has made it possible to conclude that dysfunctions in serotoninergic transmission are associated with a tendency toward violence and behavioral dysregulations in humans. In this regard, it has been suggested that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as sertraline, which regulate the serotonin system, might reduce proneness to violence. Aims: This review aims to explore changes in feelings of anger-state (e.g., irritability and hostility) and anger expression as primary outcomes after sertraline treatment. Methods: Based on PRISMA quality criteria for reviews, a literature search was carried out through PubMed, PsycINFO, Dialnet, Psicodoc, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Library. Results: Initially, 605 publications were identified, removing 219 duplicate manuscripts and screening the titles and abstracts of the remaining 386 records. This process left 248 articles for full-text reading, finally including 15 entries. Thus, several empirical studies were included that employed different research designs. In this regard, we considered 3 case reports, 5 open clinical trials, and 7 randomized placebo-controlled trials. The majority of the studies were unanimous in concluding that a large percentage of patients with high irritability levels responded satisfactorily to sertraline treatment. In fact, their mood improved, and they experienced a reduction in irritability and anger expression after a few weeks of treatment (approximately two weeks). However, it was necessary to increase the sertraline dose after months of treatment to avoid exhaustion effects. Moreover, not all the patients responded to the treatment and it is particularly interesting that a small percentage of patients were refractory to treatment or even showed an increase in irritability after a few weeks of treatment. In those cases, it was necessary to discontinue the treatment or reduce the dose to the initial levels. Discussion: Although it is necessary to be cautious about the benefits of sertraline as a way to control anger and irritability, it is relevant to consider pharmacological strategies to reduce anger-state as coadjutant treatments to psychotherapy in order to promote lasting changes in violent populations.
Recent In Situ/Operando Spectroscopy Studies of Heterogeneous Catalysis with Reducible Metal Oxides as Supports
Authors: Wang Fei , Jiang Jianzhun , Wang Bin
Published: May 2019

For heterogeneous catalysis, the metal catalysts supported on reducible metal oxides, especially CeO2 and TiO2, have long been a research focus because of their excellent catalytic performance in a variety of catalytic reactions. Detailed understanding of the promotion effect of reducible metal oxides on catalytic reactions is beneficial to the rational design of new catalysts. The important catalytic roles of reducible metal oxides are attributed to their intimate interactions with the supported metals (e.g., strong metal-support interaction, electronic metal-support interaction) and unique support structures (e.g., oxygen vacancy, reversible valence change, surface hydroxyl). However, the structures of the catalysts and reaction mechanisms are strongly affected by environmental conditions. For this reason, in situ/operando spectroscopy studies under working conditions are necessary to obtain accurate information about the structure-activity relationship. In this review, the recent applications of the in situ/operando spectroscopy methodology on metal catalysts with reducible metal oxides as supports are summarized.
Study on Nanofibrous Catalysts Prepared by Electrospinning for Methane Partial Oxidation
Authors: Ma Yuyao , Ma Yuxia , Liu Min , Chen Yang , Hu Xun , Ye Zhengmao , Dong Dehua
Published: May 2019

Electrospinning is a simple and efficient technique for fabricating fibrous catalysts. The effects of preparation parameters on catalyst performance were investigated on fibrous Ni/Al2O3 catalysts. The catalyst prepared with H2O/C2H5OH solvent showed higher catalytic activity than that with DMF/C2H5OH solvent because of the presence of NiO in the catalyst prepared with DMF/C2H5OH solvent. The metal ion content of the precursor also influences catalyst properties. In this work, the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst prepared with a solution containing the metal ion content of 30 wt % demonstrated the highest Ni dispersion and therefore the highest catalytic performance. Additionally, the Ni dispersion decreased as calcination temperature was enhanced from 700 to 900 °C due to the increased Ni particle sizes, which also caused a high reduction temperature and low catalytic activity in methane partial oxidation. Finally, the fibrous Ni/Al2O3 catalysts can achieve high syngas yields at high reaction temperatures and high gas flow rates.
Effect of Small Molecular Organic Acids on the Structure and Catalytic Performance of Sol–Gel Prepared Cobalt Cerium Oxides towards Toluene Combustion
Authors: Chen Jianmeng , Lin Junhong , Chen Jinghuan , Wang Jiade
Published: May 2019

Cobalt cerium oxide catalysts with small molecular organic acids (SOAs) as chelating agents were prepared via the sol–gel method and investigated for the complete oxidation of toluene. Four kinds of natural SOAs, i.e. malic acid (MA), citric acid (CA), glycolic acid (GA), and tartaric acid (TA), were selected. The effect of organic acids on the composition, structure, morphology and catalytic performance of metal oxides is discussed in details. The cobalt cerium oxides catalysts were characterized by various techniques, including TG–DSC, XRD, SEM–EDS, N2–adsorption and desorption, XPS, and H2–TPR analyses. The results show that the nature of organic acids influenced the hydrolysis, condensation and calcination processes, as well as strongly affected the textural and physicochemical properties of the metal oxides synthesized. The best catalytic activity was obtained with the CoCe–MA catalyst, and the toluene conversion reached 90% at 242 °C. This outstanding catalytic activity could be related to its textural, redox properties and unique surface compositions and oxidation states. In addition, the CoCe–MA catalyst also showed excellent stability in long–time activity test.
Reading and Misreading 8-oxoguanine, a Paradigmatic Ambiguous Nucleobase
Authors: Yudkina Anna , Shilkin Evgeniy , Endutkin Anton , Makarova Alena , Zharkov Dmitry
Published: May 2019

7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine (oxoG) is the most abundant oxidative DNA lesion with dual coding properties. It forms both Watson–Crick (anti)oxoG:(anti)C and Hoogsteen (syn)oxoG:(anti)A base pairs without a significant distortion of a B-DNA helix. DNA polymerases bypass oxoG but the accuracy of nucleotide incorporation opposite the lesion varies depending on the polymerase-specific interactions with the templating oxoG and incoming nucleotides. High-fidelity replicative DNA polymerases read oxoG as a cognate base for A while treating oxoG:C as a mismatch. The mutagenic effects of oxoG in the cell are alleviated by specific systems for DNA repair and nucleotide pool sanitization, preventing mutagenesis from both direct DNA oxidation and oxodGMP incorporation. DNA translesion synthesis could provide an additional protective mechanism against oxoG mutagenesis in cells. Several human DNA polymerases of the X- and Y-families efficiently and accurately incorporate nucleotides opposite oxoG. In this review, we address the mutagenic potential of oxoG in cells and discuss the structural basis for oxoG bypass by different DNA polymerases and the mechanisms of the recognition of oxoG by DNA glycosylases and dNTP hydrolases.
Design of a Pixelated Imaging System for Fast Neutron Sources
Authors: Chatzakis John , Rigakis Iraklis , Hassan Syed , Clark Eugene Laurence , Lee Paul , Tatarakis Michael
Published: May 2019

Imaging detectors that use X-ray radiation and pulsed neutron sources have increased in sophistication in recent years due to the use of solid-state detectors. A key method for neutron detection is the nuclear activation of materials by neutrons. Neutron activation can generate radionuclides whose decay produces secondary particle emission that can be detected without interference from the X-rays and other prompt radiation sources and offers advantages over neutrons detection using scintillators. In this paper, we present the design of an imaging system for fast neutron sources. The imaging system utilizes a microcontroller network that communicates using a modified SPI protocol. This network communicates with an interface unit and passes an image to a personal computer. A computer program has been developed to reconstruct the image.
Image Entropy for the Identification of Chimera States of Spatiotemporal Divergence in Complex Coupled Maps of Matrices
Authors: Smidtaite Rasa , Lu Guangqing , Ragulskis Minvydas
Published: May 2019

Complex networks of coupled maps of matrices (NCMM) are investigated in this paper. It is shown that a NCMM can evolve into two different steady states—the quiet state or the state of divergence. It appears that chimera states of spatiotemporal divergence do exist in the regions around the boundary lines separating these two steady states. It is demonstrated that digital image entropy can be used as an effective measure for the visualization of these regions of chimera states in different networks (regular, feed-forward, random, and small-world NCMM).
Dual-Space Information Modeling of Socio-Economic Systems under Information Asymmetry
Authors: Bao Lei , Fritchman Joseph
Published: May 2019

Information definitions across many disciplines commonly treat information as a physical world entity. Information measures are used along with other physical variables undistinguished for modeling physical systems. Building on previous work, this research explicitly defines information as a unique category of entity that is created by intelligent agents to represent aspects of the physical world but that is not part of the physical world. This leads to the formation of the dual-space information modeling (DSIM) framework, which clearly distinguishes an information space from the physically based material space. The separation of information and material spaces allows new insight and flexibility into modeling complex systems. In this research, DSIM based agent models are applied to study the impact of information asymmetry to marketing behaviors. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the DSIM framework in the modeling process and how emergent behavior from these systems is encapsulated in the dual-space.
Teaching Gender in the History Classroom: An Investigation into the Initial Training of Primary Education Teachers
Authors: Ortega-Sánchez Delfín
Published: May 2019

In this article, we aim to, firstly, examine the social representations of a group of trainee Primary-Education teachers (n = 62) with regard to both the procedures and the social purposes of teaching History at school and, particularly, the role of women in History lessons. Secondly, we attempt to intervene in those representations and to evaluate the potential impact of a teacher training programme both in and for education in gender equality. Empirically, we employ a quantitative (means and standard deviations) and inferential (Wilcoxon’s signed-rank and Kendall’s tau-b tests) pre-experimental, pre-test/post-test design with no control group. The results shed light on the generalised acceptance of critical curricular focuses in History lessons that are directed towards training in historical and social thinking skills from a gender perspective. The sex of prospective teachers does not seem to influence these results. Likewise, these results confirm the didactic potential of using critical literacy resources in the classroom for improving the visibility of women and the female experience in the historic–social discourse of History as it is taught and in the promotion of models of global citizenship.
A Doping-Less Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor with Si0.6Ge0.4 Heterojunction for the Improvement of the On–Off Current Ratio and Analog/RF Performance
Authors: Han Tao , Liu Hongxia , Chen Shupeng , Wang Shulong , Li Wei
Published: May 2019

In this paper, a novel doping-less tunneling field-effect transistor with Si0.6Ge0.4 heterojunction (H-DLTFET) is proposed using TCAD simulation. Unlike conventional doping-less tunneling field-effect transistors (DLTFETs), in H-DLTFETs, germanium and Si0.6Ge0.4 are used as source and channel materials, respectively, to provide higher carrier mobility and smaller tunneling barrier width. The energy band and charge carrier tunneling efficiency of the tunneling junction become steeper and higher as a result of the Si0.6Ge0.4 heterojunction. In addition, the effects of the source work function, gate oxide dielectric thickness, and germanium content on the performance of the H-DLTFET are analyzed systematically, and the below optimal device parameters are obtained. The simulation results show that the performance parameters of the H-DLTFET, such as the on-state current, on/off current ratio, output current, subthreshold swing, total gate capacitance, cutoff frequency, and gain bandwidth (GBW) product when Vd = 1 V and Vg = 2 V, are better than those of conventional silicon-based DLTFETs. Therefore, the H-DLTFET has better potential for use in ultra-low power devices.
Investigation on Optimization Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Blades based on Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Ma Yong , Zhang Aiming , Yang Lele , Hu Chao , Bai Yue
Published: May 2019

Offshore wind power has become an important trend in global renewable energy development. Based on a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and FAST program, a time-domain coupled calculation model for a floating wind turbine is established, and a combined optimization design method for the wind turbine’s blade is developed in this paper. The influence of waves on the power of the floating wind turbine is studied in this paper. The results show that, with the increase of wave height, the power fluctuation of the wind turbine increases and the average power of the wind turbine decreases. With the increase of wave period, the power oscillation amplitude of the wind turbine increases, and the power of the wind turbine at equilibrium position decreases. The optimal design of the offshore floating wind turbine blade under different wind speeds is carried out. The results show that the optimum effect of the blades is more obvious at low and mid-low wind speeds than at rated wind speeds. Considering the actual wind direction distribution in the sea area, the maximum power of the wind turbine can be increased by 3.8% after weighted optimization, and the chord length and the twist angle of the blade are reduced.
Non-Embedded Ultrasonic Detection for Pressure Cores of Natural Methane Hydrate-Bearing Sediments
Authors: Li Xingbo , Liu Yu , Zhang Hanquan , Xiao Bo , Lv Xin , Yao Haiyuan , Pang Weixin , Li Qingping , Yang Lei , Song Yongchen , Zhao Jiafei
Published: May 2019

An apparatus for the analysis of pressure cores containing gas hydrates at in situ pressures was designed, and a series of experiments to determine the compressional wave response of hydrate-bearing sands were performed systematically in the laboratory. Considering the difficulties encountered in performing valid laboratory tests and in recovering intact hydrate bearing sediment samples, the laboratory approach enabled closer study than the marine environment due to sample recovery problems. The apparatus was designed to achieve in situ hydrate formation in bearing sediments and synchronous ultrasonic detection. The P-wave velocity measurements enabled quick and successive ultrasonic analysis of pressure cores. The factors influencing P-wave velocity (Vp), including hydrate saturation and formation methodology, were investigated. By controlling the initial water saturation and gas pressure, we conducted separate experiments for different hydrate saturation values ranging from 2% to 60%. The measured P-wave velocity varied from less than 1700 m/s to more than 3100 m/s in this saturation range. The hydrate saturation can be successfully predicted by a linear fitting of the attenuation (Q−1) to the hydrate saturation. This approach provided a new method for acoustic measurement of the hydrate saturation when the arrival time of the first wave cannot be directly distinguished. Our results demonstrated that the specially designed non-embedded ultrasonic detection apparatus could determine the hydrate saturation and occurrence patterns in pressure cores, which could assist further hydrate resource exploration and detailed core analyses.
Estimation of the Daily Variability of Aggregate Wind Power Generation in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Luo Yilan , Sezer Deniz , Wood David , Wu Mingkuan , Zareipour Hamid
Published: May 2019

This paper describes a hierarchy of increasingly complex statistical models for wind power generation in Alberta applied to wind power production data that are publicly available. The models are based on combining spatial and temporal correlations. We apply the method of Gaussian random fields to analyze the wind power time series of the 19 existing wind farms in Alberta. Following the work of Gneiting et al., three space-time models are used: Stationary, Separability, and Full Symmetry. We build several spatio-temporal covariance function estimates with increasing complexity: separable, non-separable and symmetric, and non-separable and non-symmetric. We compare the performance of the models using kriging predictions and prediction intervals for both the existing wind farms and a new farm in Alberta. It is shown that the spatial correlation in the models captures the predominantly westerly prevailing wind direction. We use the selected model to forecast the mean and the standard deviation of the future aggregate wind power generation of Alberta and investigate new wind farm siting on the basis of reducing aggregate variability.
Genome-Wide Characterization of AspATs in Populus: Gene Expression Variation and Enzyme Activities in Response to Nitrogen Perturbations
Authors: Su Tao , Han Mei , Min Jie , Cao Dan , Zhai Guangqing , Zhou Huaiye , Li Nanyue , Li Mingzhi
Published: May 2019

Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) catalyzes a reversible transamination reaction between glutamate and oxaloacetate to yield aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate, exerting a primary role in amino acid biosynthesis and homeostasis of nitrogen (N) and carbon metabolism within all cellular organisms. While progress in biochemical characterization of AspAT has been made for decades, the molecular and physiological characteristics of different members of the AspAT gene family remain poorly known particularly in forest trees. Here, extensive genome-wide survey of AspAT encoding genes was implemented in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray), a model species of woody plants. Thorough inspection of the phylogenies, gene structures, chromosomal distribution, cis-elements, conserved motifs, and subcellular targeting resulted in the identification of 10 AspAT isogenes (PtAspAT1-10) in the Populus genome. RNA-seq along with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation revealed that PtAspATs displayed diverse patterns of tissue-specific expression. Spatiotemporal expressions of homologous AspATs in the poplar hybrid clone ‘Nanlin895’ were further evaluated, showing that gene expressions varied depending on source-sink dynamics. The impact on AspAT transcripts upon N starvation and seasonal senescence showed the upregulation of five AspAT in leaves concurrent with drastic downregulation of six or more AspATs in roots. Additionally, marked reductions of many more AspATs transcripts were observed in roots upon N excess. Accordingly, AspAT activities were significantly suppressed upon N starvation by an in-gel assay, prompting the argument that enzyme activity was a more direct indicator of the growth morphology under a N stress regime. Taken together, the expression profiling and enzyme activities upon stress cues provide a theoretical basis for unraveling the physiological significance of specific gene(s) in regulation of N acquisition and remobilization in woody plants.
How Do Continuous High-Resolution Models of Patchy Seabed Habitats Enhance Classification Schemes?
Authors: Kågesten Gustav , Fiorentino Dario , Baumgartner Finn , Zillén Lovisa
Published: May 2019

Predefined classification schemes and fixed geographic scales are often used to simplify and cost-effectively map the spatial complexity of nature. These simplifications can however limit the usefulness of the mapping effort for users who need information across a different range of thematic and spatial resolutions. We demonstrate how substrate and biological information from point samples and photos, combined with continuous multibeam data, can be modeled to predictively map percentage cover conforming with multiple existing classification schemes (i.e., HELCOM HUB; Natura 2000), while also providing high-resolution (5 m) maps of individual substrate and biological components across a 1344 km2 offshore bank in the Baltic Sea. Data for substrate and epibenthic organisms were obtained from high-resolution photo mosaics, sediment grab samples, legacy data and expert annotations. Environmental variables included pixel and object based metrics at multiple scales (0.5 m–2 km), which improved the accuracy of models. We found that using Boosted Regression Trees (BRTs) to predict continuous models of substrate and biological components provided additional detail for each component without losing accuracy in the classified maps, compared with a thematic model. Results demonstrate the sensitivity of habitat maps to the effects of spatial and thematic resolution and the importance of high-resolution maps to management applications.
Core-Fucosylated Tetra-Antennary N-Glycan Containing A Single N-Acetyllactosamine Branch Is Associated with Poor Survival Outcome in Breast Cancer
Authors: Herrera Harmin , Dilday Tinslee , Uber Allison , Scott Danielle , Zambrano Joelle N. , Wang Mengjun , Angel Peggi M. , Mehta Anand S. , Drake Richard R. , Hill Elizabeth G. , Yeh Elizabeth S.
Published: May 2019

(1) Glycoproteins account for ~80% of proteins located at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. A growing body of evidence indicates that α-L-fucose protein modifications contribute to breast cancer progression and metastatic disease. (2) Using a combination of techniques, including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) based in cell and on tissue imaging and glycan sequencing using exoglycosidase analysis coupled to hydrophilic interaction ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (HILIC UPLC), we establish that a core-fucosylated tetra-antennary glycan containing a single N-acetyllactosamine (F(6)A4G4Lac1) is associated with poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer, including lymph node metastasis, recurrent disease, and reduced survival. (3) This study is the first to identify a single N-glycan, F(6)A4G4Lac1, as having a correlation with poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer.
MicroRNA-Mediated Health-Promoting Effects of Phytochemicals
Authors: Kang Hara
Published: May 2019

Phytochemicals are known to benefit human health by modulating various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Due to the potential use of phytochemicals as therapeutic agents against human diseases such as cancer, studies are ongoing to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which phytochemicals affect cellular functions. It has recently been shown that phytochemicals may regulate the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are responsible for the fine-tuning of gene expression by controlling the expression of their target mRNAs in both normal and pathological cells. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding phytochemicals that modulate miRNA expression and promote human health by exerting anticancer, photoprotective, and anti-hepatosteatosis effects. Identifying miRNAs modulated by phytochemicals and understanding the regulatory mechanisms mediated by their target mRNAs will facilitate the efforts to maximize the therapeutic benefits of phytochemicals.
Differential Function of Endogenous and Exogenous Abscisic Acid during Bacterial Pattern-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tan Leitao , Liu Qiuping , Song Yufeng , Zhou Guangzhen , Luan Linli , Weng Qingbei , He Chaozu
Published: May 2019

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles in positively or negatively regulating plant disease resistance to pathogens. Here, we reassess the role of endogenous and exogenous ABA by using: 35S::ABA2, a previously reported transgenic Arabidopsis line with increased endogenous ABA levels; aba2-1, a previously reported ABA2 mutant with reduced endogenous ABA levels; and exogenous application of ABA. We found that bacterial susceptibility promoted by exogenous ABA was suppressed in 35S::ABA2 plants. The 35S::ABA2 and aba2-1 plants displayed elevated and reduced levels, respectively, of bacterial flagellin peptide (flg22)-induced H2O2. Surprisingly, ABA pre-treatment reduced flg22-induced H2O2 generation. Exogenous, but not endogenous ABA, increased catalase activity. Loss of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase genes, RBOHD and RBOHF, restored exogenous ABA-promoted bacterial susceptibility of 35S::ABA2 transgenic plants. In addition, endogenous and exogenous ABA had similar effects on callose deposition and salicylic acid (SA) signaling. These results reveal an underlying difference between endogenous and exogenous ABA in regulating plant defense responses. Given that some plant pathogens are able to synthesize ABA and affect endogenous ABA levels in plants, our results highlight the importance of reactive oxygen species in the dual function of ABA during plant-pathogen interactions.
Surface Orientation and Binding Strength Modulate Shape of FtsZ on Lipid Surfaces
Authors: Márquez Ileana , Díaz-Haro Gabriel , Vélez Marisela
Published: May 2019

We have used a simple model system to test the prediction that surface attachment strength of filaments presenting a torsion would affect their shape and properties. FtsZ from E. coli containing one cysteine in position 2 was covalently attached to a lipid bilayer containing maleimide lipids either in their head group (to simulate tight attachment) or at the end of a polyethylene glycol molecule attached to the head group (to simulate loose binding). We found that filaments tightly attached grew straight, growing from both ends, until they formed a two-dimensional lattice. Further monomer additions to their sides generated a dense layer of oriented filaments that fully covered the lipid membrane. After this point the surface became unstable and the bilayer detached from the surface. Filaments with a loose binding were initially curved and later evolved into straight thicker bundles that destabilized the membrane after reaching a certain surface density. Previously described theoretical models of FtsZ filament assembly on surfaces that include lateral interactions, spontaneous curvature, torsion, anchoring to the membrane, relative geometry of the surface and the filament ‘living-polymer’ condition in the presence of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) can offer some clues about the driving forces inducing these filament rearrangements.
Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition Mediates Fibroblast Abnormalities via ERK Activation in Cutaneous Wound Healing
Authors: Kim Jihee , Kim Bomi , Kim Soo , Yang Chae , Song Seung , Lee Won , Lee Ju
Published: May 2019

Previous studies described the involvement of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) in systemic fibrotic diseases, but the role of ERK in cutaneous scarring is unknown. Although hypoxia drives tissue fibrosis by activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), the specific roles of hypoxia and associated ERK phosphorylation in abnormal fibroblast activity during cutaneous scarring are unclear. Here, we investigated whether pathologic myofibroblast-like keloid fibroblast activity is promoted by hypoxia-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition mediated by ERK activation. ERK phosphorylation was significantly increased in keloid tissue and fibroblasts. Human dermal fibroblasts cultured under hypoxia (1% O2) expressed phosphorylated ERK and exhibited activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Hypoxic human dermal fibroblasts showed increased protein and mRNA levels of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers. Furthermore, administration of an ERK inhibitor (SCH772984) reduced the hypoxia-induced elevation of collagen type I levels in human dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, ERK may be a promising therapeutic target in profibrogenic diseases.
Exosomes as Emerging Pro-Tumorigenic Mediators of the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype
Authors: Jakhar Rekha , Crasta Karen
Published: May 2019

Communication between cells is quintessential for biological function and cellular homeostasis. Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles known as exosomes play pivotal roles in mediating intercellular communication in tumor microenvironments. These vesicles and exosomes carry and transfer biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Here we focus on exosomes secreted from senescent cells. Cellular senescence can alter the microenvironment and influence neighbouring cells via the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which consists of factors such as cytokines, chemokines, matrix proteases and growth factors. This review focuses on exosomes as emerging SASP components that can confer pro-tumorigenic effects in pre-malignant recipient cells. This is in addition to their role in carrying SASP factors. Transfer of such exosomal components may potentially lead to cell proliferation, inflammation and chromosomal instability, and consequently cancer initiation. Senescent cells are known to gather in various tissues with age; eliminating senescent cells or blocking the detrimental effects of the SASP has been shown to alleviate multiple age-related phenotypes. Hence, we speculate that a better understanding of the role of exosomes released from senescent cells in the context of cancer biology may have implications for elucidating mechanisms by which aging promotes cancer and other age-related diseases, and how therapeutic resistance is exacerbated with age.
Hepatic Osteodystrophy—Molecular Mechanisms Proposed to Favor Its Development
Authors: Ehnert Sabrina , Aspera-Werz Romina H. , Ruoß Marc , Dooley Steven , Hengstler Jan G. , Nadalin Silvio , Relja Borna , Badke Andreas , Nussler Andreas K.
Published: May 2019

Almost all patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) show altered bone metabolism. Depending on the etiology, this manifests in a severe osteoporosis in up to 75% of the affected patients. Due to high prevalence, the generic term hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD) evolved, describing altered bone metabolism, decreased bone mineral density, and deterioration of bone structure in patients with CLD. Once developed, HOD is difficult to treat and increases the risk of fragility fractures. Existing fractures affect the quality of life and, more importantly, long-term prognosis of these patients, which presents with increased mortality. Thus, special care is required to support the healing process. However, for early diagnosis (reduce fracture risk) and development of adequate treatment strategies (support healing of existing fractures), it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms that link disturbed liver function with this bone phenotype. In the present review, we summarize proposed molecular mechanisms favoring the development of HOD and compromising the healing of associated fractures, including alterations in vitamin D metabolism and action, disbalances in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling with histone deacetylases (HDACs) as secondary regulators, as well as alterations in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)–osteoprotegerin (OPG) system mediated by sclerostin. Based on these mechanisms, we give an overview on the limitations of early diagnosis of HOD with established serum markers.
Assessment of the Main Compounds of the Lipolytic System in Treadmill Running Rats: Different Response Patterns between the Right and Left Ventricle
Authors: Mikłosz Agnieszka , Łukaszuk Bartłomiej , Baranowski Marcin , Chabowski Adrian , Górski Jan
Published: May 2019

The aim of the present study was to investigate the time and intensity dependent effects of exercise on the heart components of the lipolytic complex. Wistar rats ran on a treadmill with the speed of 18 m/min for 30 min (M30) or 120 min (M120) or with the speed of 28 m/min for 30 min (F30). The mRNA and protein expressions of the compounds adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) were examined by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Lipid content of free fatty acids (FFA), diacylglycerols (DG) and triacylglycerols (TG) were estimated by gas liquid chromatography. We observed virtually no changes in the left ventricle lipid contents and only minor fluctuations in its ATGL mRNA levels. This was in contrast with its right counterpart i.e., the content of TG and DG decreased in response to both increased duration and intensity of a run. This occurred in tandem with increased mRNA expression for ATGL, CGI-58 and decreased expression of G0S2. It is concluded that exercise affects behavior of the components of the lipolytic system and the lipid content in the heart ventricles. However, changes observed in the left ventricle did not mirror those in the right one.
Xingfu Bao et al. The Effect on Proliferation and Differentiation of Cementoblast by Using Sclerostin as Inhibitor. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 21140
Authors: Bao Xingfu , Liu Yuyan , Han Guanghong , Zuo Zhigang , Hu Min
Published: May 2019

The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper [...]
Substance Abuse and Male Hypogonadism
Authors: Duca Ylenia , Aversa Antonio , Condorelli Rosita Angela , Calogero Aldo Eugenio , La Vignera Sandro
Published: May 2019

Progressive deterioration of male reproductive function is occurring in Western countries. Environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles have been implicated in the decline of testosterone levels and sperm production observed in the last fifty years. Among unhealthy lifestyles, substance and drug abuse is a recognized cause of possible alterations of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Alcohol, opioids and anabolic-androgenic steroids are capable to reduce testosterone production in male interfering with testicular and/or hypothalamic-pituitary function. Other substances such as nicotine, cannabis, and amphetamines alter spermatogenesis inducing oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis in testicular tissue. Substance and drug abuse is a potentially reversible cause of hypogonadism, defined as the failure of the testis to produce physiological concentrations of testosterone and/or a normal number of spermatozoa. The identification of the abuse is important because the withdrawal of substance intake can reverse the clinical syndrome. This review summarizes the most important clinical and experimental evidence on the effect of substance abuse on testosterone and sperm production.
Treatment Outcomes of Novel Targeted Agents in Relapse/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Po-Huang , Ho Ching-Liang , Lin Chin , Wu Yi-Ying , Huang Tzu-Chuan , Tu Yu-Kang , Lee Cho-Hao
Published: May 2019

Most chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients experience a relapse or become refractory to treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. The network meta-analysis assesses the relative efficacy of novel targeted agents for the treatment of a relapse or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A systematic literature search included seven phase III randomized controlled trials, including a total of 2512 patients treated with nine regimens. Data were extracted and evidence synthesized using network meta-analysis. All novel targeted therapies were significantly more effective than ofatumumab and demonstrated promising prolongation of progression free survival (PFS), with a hazard ratio (HR) ranging from 0.10 to 0.52. Two novel targeted agent regimens, venetoclax plus rituximab and ibrutinib monotherapy, resulted in greater overall survival (HR, 0.335 and 0.361, respectively). Venetoclax plus rituximab and ibrutinib monotherapy were most favorable based on (1) HR for PFS compared with ofatumumab (Ibrutinib: HR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.07–0.14; Venetoclax plus rituximab: HR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.05–0.21) and SUCRA value (probability of being best) (Ibrutinib SUCRA, 0.92; Venetoclax rituximab SUCRA, 0.90) (2) HR for overall survival compared with ofatumumab (Ibrutinib: HR, 0.361; 95% CI, 0.208–0.627; Venetoclax rituximab: HR, 0.335; 95% CI, 0.112–0.997) and SUCRA value (Ibrutinib SUCRA, 0.84; Venetoclax rituximab SUCRA, 0.85) Both treatments reduced the risk of progression or death by 90% versus conventional ofatumumab. Both ibrutinib monotherapy and venetoclax rituximab have a high probability of being the most effective treatments for a relapse or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia with respect to long-term progression-free survival and overall survival.
Effects of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Pulmonary Oxygenation and Biventricular Function during One-Lung Ventilation: A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Kim Namo , Lee Su Hyun , Choi Kwan Woong , Lee Haeyeon , Oh Young Jun
Published: May 2019

Although the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can alter cardiopulmonary physiology during one-lung ventilation (OLV), these changes have not been clearly elucidated. This study assessed the effects of different levels of PEEP on biventricular function, as well as pulmonary oxygenation during OLV. Thirty-six lung cancer patients received one PEEP combination of six sequences, consisting of 0 (PEEP_0), 5 (PEEP_5), and 10 cmH2O (PEEP_10), using a crossover design during OLV. The ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to inspired oxygen fraction (P/F ratio), systolic and diastolic echocardiographic parameters were measured at 20 min after the first, second, and third PEEP. P/F ratio at PEEP_5 was significantly higher compared to PEEP_0 (p = 0.014), whereas the P/F ratio at PEEP_10 did not show significant differences compared to PEEP_0 or PEEP_5. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF) and right ventricular fractional area change (RV FAC) at PEEP_10 (EF, p < 0.001; FAC, p = 0.001) were significantly lower compared to PEEP_0 or PEEP_5. RV E/E’ (p = 0.048) and RV myocardial performance index (p < 0.001) at PEEP_10 were significantly higher than those at PEEP_0 or PEEP_5. In conclusion, increasing PEEP to 10 cmH2O decreased biventricular function, especially on RV function, with no further improvement on oxygenation compared to PEEP 5 cmH2O during OLV.
Effect of Lipid-Testing Interval on Stoke Risk among Newly Diagnosed Dyslipidemia Patients Initiated on Statins
Authors: Ko Ahryoung , Choi Seulggie , Chang Jooyoung , Park Sang Min
Published: May 2019

(1) Background: Although current guidelines recommend regular lipid testing for dyslipidemia patients, the effectiveness of regular lipid profile monitoring in clinical outcomes is unclear. (2) Methods: We assessed 64,664 newly diagnosed dyslipidemia patients from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort from 2003–2011 For lipid-testing frequency from all admission and outpatient records for 3 years after diagnosis. Participants were followed until 31 December 2015 for stroke. We used Cox regression analysis to determine the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for stroke according to lipid-testing interval. (3) Results: Compared to patients with lipid-testing intervals of ≤6 months, patients with >6 to ≤12 (aHR 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.61), >12 to ≤18 (aHR 1.48, 95% CI 1.20–1.82), and >18 (aHR 1.54, 95% CI 1.25–1.90) month testing intervals had elevated risk of total stroke (p for trend <0.001). A significant association existed between lipid-testing interval and total and ischemic stroke risk in the >6 to ≤12 (aHR 1.62, 95% CI 1.19–2.21), >12 to ≤18 (aHR 1.87, 95% CI 1.36–2.58), and >18 (aHR 1.79, 95% CI 1.30–2.48) month interval groups, but no significant association existed between lipid-testing interval and hemorrhagic stroke risk. (4) Conclusions: Lipid-testing intervals of more than 6 months may lead to increased stroke risk among newly diagnosed dyslipidemia patients after initiation of statin treatment. Lipid testing every 6 months can lower stroke risk among dyslipidemia patients.