bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trichlorethylen (TRI) [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 1976]
Authors: Eben A.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material
, 1. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1976

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

1. Zusammenfassung

2. Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

2.1. Geräte

2.2. Chemikalien

2.3. Vergleichsstandard

3. Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

3.1. Blut

3.2. Ausatemluft

4. Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

5. Analytische Bestimmung

5.1. Blut

5.2. Ausatemluft

6. Berechnung der Analysenergebnisse

6.1. Blut

6.2. Ausatemluft

7. Beurteilung des Verfahrens

7.1. Präzision

7.2. Richtigkeit

7.3. Nachweisgrenze

7.4. Störeinflüsse

8. Diskussion
Bisphenol A [Biomonitoring Methods, 2007]
Authors: Leng G. , Gries W.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Biomonitoring Methods
, Vol. 11 (2007)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Conditioning the RP 18 columns

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Sample preparation

Operational parameters

Operational parameters for gas chromatography

Operational parameters for mass spectrometry

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limits

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Dialkyl phosphates [Biomonitoring Methods, 2010]
Authors: Barr D. , Wittassek M. , Schettgen T. , Hoppe and J. Angerer H.‐W.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Biomonitoring Methods
, Vol. 12 (2010)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Sample preparation

Operational parameters

Operational parameters for gas chromatography

Operational parameters for mass spectrometry

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limits

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and hexamethylenediamine (HDA) [Biomonitoring Methods, 2003]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Skarping G. , Ellrich D. , Schoen U.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Biological Materials
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Internal Standard (I.S.)

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Sample preparation

Operational parameters for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Furan‐2‐carboxylic acid and other carboxylic acids (phenylglyoxylic acid, mandelic acid, t,t‐muconic acid, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, 2,4‐dichlorobenzoic acid, 3‐methyl‐4‐nitro‐benzoic acid, TTCA) [Biomonitoring Methods, 2006]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Leng G. , Willmersdorf K.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Biomonitoring Methods
, Vol. 10 (2006)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Sample preparation

Operational parameters

Operational parameters for high performance liquid chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limits

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
8‐Hydroxy‐2′‐desoxyguanosin [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2002]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Leng G. , Wimber M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material, 15. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2002

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen und Konfektionierungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenvorbereitung

Probenaufbereitung

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung der Analysenergebnisse

Standardisierung der Messergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweisgrenzen

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
Chloraromaten (o‐, m‐ und p‐Dichlorbenzol; 1,2,4‐Trichlorbenzol; 1,2,4,5‐Tetrachlorbenzol; Pentachlorbenzol; Hexachlorbenzol) [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 1991]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Ellrich D.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material
, 10. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1991

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Standardisierung der Meßergebnisse und Qualitätssicherung

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Richtigkeit

Nachweisgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion der Methode
3,4‐Dichlorocatechol and 4,5‐dichlorocatechol [Biomonitoring Methods, 2006]
Authors: Knecht U.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Biomonitoring Methods
, Vol. 10 (2006)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Specimen collection and sample preparation

Operational parameters for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Standardisation and quality control

Evaluation of the method

Precision

Accuracy

Detection limits

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Aufschlussverfahren zur Bestimmung von Metallen in biologischem Material [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2002]
Authors: Schramel P.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material, 15. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2002

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Einleitung

Grundsätzlich mögliche Aufschlussverfahren

Gefäßmaterialien für Aufschlüsse

Gefäßmaterialien für den nassen Aufschluss

Aufschlussreagenzien

Oxidationsmittel

Lösungsvermittler und Neutralisationsmittel

Aufschlusstechniken

Verbrennung mit Sauerstoff im geschlossenen System

Nasser Aufschluss

Derzeitiger Stand der Technik für Aufschlussverfahren

Anhang

Ausführungsbeispiele
Die Verwendung der Gaschromatographie‐Massenspektrometrie im biologischen Monitoring [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2006]
Authors: Bader M. , Butte W. , Hoppe H.W. , Leng G.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Analysen in biologischem Material, 17. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2006

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Die Verwendung der Gaschromatographie‐Massenspektrometrie im biologischen Monitoring

Einleitung

Massenspektrometrie in der arbeits‐ und umweltmedizinischen Analytik

Prinzip der Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie

Baugruppen des Massenspektrometers
The use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) in biological monitoring [Biomonitoring Methods, 2007]
Authors: Müller M. , Völkel W.
Published: January 2012

Published in the seriesBiomonitoring Methods, Vol. 11 (2007)

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Principle of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)

Set‐up of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry coupling

Sample injection or chromatographic system

LC/MS interfaces

Mass filters

Detectors

Aspects of the development and optimisation of methods

General aspects

Development and optimisation of methods

Perspectives
The Applied Cognitive Psychology of Attention: A Step Closer to Understanding Magic Tricks
Authors: Demacheva Irina , Ladouceur Martin , Steinberg Ellis , Pogossova Galina , Raz Amir
Published: January 2012

Drawing on psychological science, magic provides a unique perspective on applied cognition. Only sparse systematic research, however, documents the thought processes associated with viewing magic tricks. With responses from over 1000 participants, here, we show how individuals construe a classic magic routine wherein a performer appears to vanish a pen. Thirty‐four percent of participants correctly identified the key moment of the disappearance with only 11% thereof knowing what actions the magician actually performed to achieve the effect. Our collective findings support what magicians have known for a long time: knowing when a critical maneuver occurs hardly reveals the associated modus operandi. In line with a modern theory of attention, we discuss our results and highlight the interaction between the when and where attention modules as a necessary component of applied cognition in ecological settings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of PVDF/PES Blend Membranes for Cold Sterilization of Water and Milk
Authors: Madaeni S. S. , Pourghorbani R.
Published: January 2012

This study investigates the effect of coagulation bath composition and the concentration of polyethersulfone (PES) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the casting solution and evaporation time on the performance and morphology of polyvinylidenefluoride/polyethersulfone blend membranes. The membranes were prepared via immersion precipitation using polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) as a base polymer, dimethylacetamide as a solvent, acetone as a volatile solvent, and PVP and PES as additives. The flat sheet membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Membrane performance was evaluated by estimating flux and rejection using water and milk as the feed, both containing Escherichia coli bacteria. By introducing 2‐propanol in the coagulation bath, the flux of the prepared membrane was diminished. The addition of PES in the casting solution improved the flux. Introducing PVP affects the hydrophilicity and viscosity of the casting solution. Depending on the concentration of PVP and PES, the overall effect may improve or diminish the membrane flux. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E141–E152, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20278
Mosaic tetrasomy 5p resulting from an isochromosome 5p marker chromosome: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Brock Jo‐Ann K. , Dyack Sarah , Ludman Mark , Dumas Nadine , Gaudet Michele , Morash Barbara
Published: January 2012

We report on the fifth case, and oldest reported patient, of an individual affected with mosaic tetrasomy 5p resulting from an isochromosome 5p [i(5)(p10)] marker chromosome. A syndrome of mosaic tetrasomy 5p is defined, and includes the following features seen in the reported cases: developmental delay, seizures, ventriculomegaly (other brain anomalies), small stature/growth delay and mosaic pigmentary skin changes. Other findings include various dysmorphic facial features as well as hand and foot anomalies. This syndrome is likely more common than suggested in the literature, as the clinical presentation can be variable, and the chromosome anomaly is unlikely to be found on routine karyotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The i(5)(p10) marker chromosome is found only as a mosaic anomaly, with levels ranging from 0% to 10% in cultured lymphocytes to 12–85% in cultured skin fibroblasts. Microarray analysis performed on unstimulated lymphocytes from the patient in this report did not detect any evidence of the chromosome abnormality, indicating that this methodology may not be useful as a diagnostic tool in this disorder. Diagnosis of the mosaic tetrasomy 5p syndrome will rely on good clinical assessment, and appropriate cytogenetic studies, including analysis of skin fibroblasts. A child with unexplained developmental delay, seizures, hypotonia, and ventriculomegaly with or without dysmorphic features should be assessed carefully for pigmentary changes of the skin. If a diagnosis of mosaic 5p tetrasomy is suspected, karyotype of cultured fibroblasts in addition to routine cytogenetic analysis, to look for this marker chromosome is warranted. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The behavioral phenotype of Mowat–Wilson syndrome
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Einfeld Stewart , Mowat David , Taffe John , Tonge Bruce , Wilson Meredith
Published: January 2012

Mowat–Wilson syndrome (MWS) is caused by a heterozygous mutation or deletion of the ZEB2 gene. It is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance in association with intellectual disability (ID) and variable other features including agenesis of the corpus callosum, seizures, congenital heart defects, microcephaly, short stature, hypotonia, and Hirschsprung disease. The current study investigated the behavioral phenotype of MWS. Parents and carers of 61 individuals with MWS completed the Developmental Behavior Checklist. Data were compared with those for individuals selected from an epidemiological sample of people with ID from other causes. The behaviors associated with MWS included a high rate of oral behaviors, an increased rate of repetitive behaviors, and an under‐reaction to pain. Other aspects of the MWS behavioral phenotype are suggestive of a happy affect and sociable demeanor. Despite this, those with MWS displayed similarly high levels of behavioral problems as those with intellectual disabilities from other causes, with over 30% showing clinically significant levels of behavioral or emotional disturbance. These findings have the potential to expand our knowledge of the role of the ZEB2 gene during neurodevelopment. Furthermore, they are a foundation for informing interventions and management options to enhance the independence and quality of life for persons with MWS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poly(polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) as novel solid‐solid phase change material for thermal energy storage
Authors: Tang Bingtao , Yang Zhenyu , Zhang Shufen
Published: January 2012

Poly(polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) as novel solid–solid phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage was prepared via the facile bulk polymerization of polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate and was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 13C‐NMR, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. Based on the results, it is indicated that the poly (polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) as novel PCM showed solid–solid properties with suitable transition temperature, high transition enthalpy, and good thermal stability, which was apt to crystallize due to the flexibility of long polyether side chain. This novel PCMs have advantages for the potential application in energy storage. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Spinal interleukin‐6 is an amplifier of arthritic pain in the rat
Authors: Vazquez Enrique , Kahlenbach Jan , Segond von Banchet Gisela , König Christian , Schaible Hans‐Georg , Ebersberger Andrea
Published: January 2012

Objective

Significant joint pain is usually widespread beyond the affected joint, which results from the sensitization of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system (central sensitization). This study was undertaken to explore whether the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in the joint induces central sensitization, whether joint inflammation causes the release of IL‐6 from the spinal cord, and whether spinal IL‐6 contributes to central sensitization.

Methods

In anesthetized rats, electrophysiologic recordings of spinal cord neurons with sensory input from the knee joint were made. Neuronal responses to mechanical stimulation of the rat knee and leg were monitored. IL‐6 and soluble IL‐6 receptor (sIL‐6R) were applied to the knee joint or the spinal cord. Spinal release of IL‐6 was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Soluble gp130, which neutralizes IL‐6/sIL‐6R, was spinally applied during the development of joint inflammation or during established inflammation.

Results

A single injection of IL‐6/sIL‐6R into the rat knee joint as well as application of IL‐6/sIL‐6R to the rat spinal cord significantly increased the responses of spinal neurons to mechanical stimulation of the knee and ankle joint, i.e., induced central sensitization. Application of soluble gp130 to the rat spinal cord attenuated this effect of IL‐6. The development of knee inflammation in the rat caused spinal release of IL‐6. Spinal application of soluble gp130 attenuated the development of inflammation‐evoked central sensitization but did not reverse it.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the generation of joint pain in the rat involves not only IL‐6 in the joint but also IL‐6 released from the spinal cord. Spinal IL‐6 contributes to central sensitization and thus promotes the widespread hyperalgesia observed in the course of joint disease.
Neuroplasticity of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers in a mouse model of a painful arthritic joint
Authors: Ghilardi Joseph R. , Freeman Katie T. , Jimenez‐Andrade Juan M. , Coughlin Kathleen A. , Kaczmarska Magdalena J. , Castaneda‐Corral Gabriela , Bloom Aaron P. , Kuskowski Michael A. , Mantyh Patrick W.
Published: January 2012

Objective

Many forms of arthritis are accompanied by significant chronic joint pain. This study was undertaken to investigate whether there is significant sprouting of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers in the painful arthritic knee joint and whether nerve growth factor (NGF) drives this pathologic reorganization.

Methods

A painful arthritic knee joint was produced by injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) into the knee joint of young adult mice. CFA‐injected mice were then treated systemically with vehicle or anti‐NGF antibody. Pain behaviors were assessed, and at 28 days following the initial CFA injection, the knee joints were processed for immunohistochemistry analysis using antibodies against calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP; sensory nerve fibers), neurofilament 200 kd (NF200; sensory nerve fibers), growth‐associated protein 43 (GAP‐43; sprouted nerve fibers), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; sympathetic nerve fibers), CD31 (endothelial cells), or CD68 (monocyte/macrophages).

Results

In CFA‐injected mice, there was a significant increase in the density of CD68+ macrophages, CD31+ blood vessels, and CGRP+, NF200+, GAP‐43+, and TH+ nerve fibers in the synovium, as well as a significant increase in joint pain–related behaviors. None of these findings were observed in sham‐injected mice. Administration of anti‐NGF reduced these pain‐related behaviors and the ectopic sprouting of nerve fibers, but had no significant effect on the increase in density of CD31+ blood vessels or CD68+ macrophages.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that ectopic sprouting of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers occurs in the painful arthritic joint and may be involved in the generation and maintenance of arthritic pain.
Electrospun Hierarchical LiV3O8 Nanofibers Assembled from Nanosheets with Exposed {100} Facets and their Enhanced Performance in Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liang Lin , Zhou Min , Xie Yi
Published: January 2012

Hierarchical LiV3O8 nanofibers, assembled from nanosheets that have exposed {100} facets, have been fabricated by using electrospinning combined with calcination. The formation mechanism of hierarchical nanofibers was investigated by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) played a dual role in the formation of the nanofibers: besides acting as the template for forming the fibers, it effectively prevented the aggregation of LiV3O8 nanoparticles, thereby allowing them to grow into small nanosheets with exposed {100} facets owing to the self‐limitation property of LiV3O8. This nanostructure is beneficial for the insertion/extraction of lithium ions. Meanwhile, the {100} facets have fewer and smaller channels, which may effectively alleviate proton co‐intercalation into the electrode materials. Hence, the hierarchical LiV3O8 nanofibers exhibit higher discharge capacities and better cycling stabilities as the anode electrode material for aqueous lithium‐ion batteries than those reported previously. We demonstrate that these hierarchical nanofibers have promising potential applications in aqueous lithium‐ion batteries.
Ditopic Receptors based on Lower‐ and Upper‐Rim Substituted Hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arenes: Cation‐Controlled Hydrogen Bonding of Anion
Authors: Ni Xin‐Long , Tahara Jun , Rahman Shofiur , Zeng Xi , Hughes David L. , Redshaw Carl , Yamato Takehiko
Published: January 2012

Heteroditopic hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene receptors that are capable of binding an anion and a cation simultaneously in a cooperative fashion were synthesized. The structure of one of the triamide derivatives was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The binding of alkali metals at the lower rim, and the binding of anions (chloride, bromide) at the upper rim, has been investigated by using 1H NMR titration experiments. Alkali metal binding at the lower rim controls the calix cavity. Li+‐ion binding to the lower rim can improve the binding ability of anions at the upper rim amide moiety by a factor of 15, thus suggesting a strong positive allosteric effect for anion recognition. However, when a Na+ cation is bound to the ionophoric site on the lower rim, the calix cavity is changed from a “flattened cone” to a more‐upright form, which is favored for intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the neighboring NH and CO groups; this change can block the inclusion of anions onto the amide moiety at the upper rim, which strongly suggests a negative allosteric effect of Na+‐ion binding, which controls the cooperative recognition system.
Abnormal WT1 expression in human fetuses with bilateral renal agenesis and cardiac malformations
Authors: Loo Christine K.C. , Pereira Tamara N. , Ramm Grant A.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Bilateral renal agenesis has multiple etiologies. Animal models have provided useful information on possible causes of this condition, but its etiology in humans is less clear. We recently described autopsy findings of two human fetuses with bilateral renal agenesis and abnormal expression of WT1 (Wilms tumor 1) in liver mesothelium. METHODS: We have identified 14 additional fetuses with bilateral renal agenesis from autopsies performed in our institution over the past 10 years and subjected archival liver biopsy specimens from these cases to immunohistochemistry for WT1, as well as α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and desmin to assess liver mesenchymal abnormalities. RESULTS: Six of seven fetuses with combined bilateral renal agenesis and cardiac anomalies showed abnormalities of WT1 expression in liver mesothelial cells, which was not seen in other fetuses with bilateral renal agenesis. Except in one case, the fetuses with renal agenesis and cardiac defects also showed liver mesenchymal anomalies (assessed by increased α‐SMA expression), which was not present in other renal agenesis fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: WT1 is widely expressed in mesothelial cells during development, and we hypothesized that some of the defects are caused by abnormal function of mesenchyme derived from mesothelial cells, similar to the mesothelium‐derived defects proposed in animal models. The methods we used are available to many laboratories and can be applied to archival paraffin tissue blocks. We suggest that future similar studies could help to expand the understanding of renal agenesis in humans and could help to subclassify this condition. This would be useful in patient management and counseling. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Periconceptional folic acid use: Still room to improve
Authors: Zetstra‐van der Woude Priscilla A. , de Walle Hermien E.K. , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T.W.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Folic acid use before and during pregnancy prevents neural tube defects. Since 1995, six surveys have been carried out among pregnant women to measure their knowledge and use of folic acid. The results of the most recent survey in 2009 will be discussed and compared with earlier surveys.: METHODS: Pregnant women in the Northern Netherlands were asked to fill out a questionnaire when visiting their midwife or gynecologist.: RESULTS: Of the 515 participating women, 87.0% knew of folic acid before they became pregnant. Of all respondents, 51.6% reported to have used folic acid during the entire recommended period. Multivariate analysis showed that planned pregnancy (odds ratio [OR], 7.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4–20.7), smoking (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1–0.7), folic acid use during a former pregnancy (OR, 22.6; 95% CI, 5.5–92.8) and the number of previous children (per child OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.9) were predicting factors for the recommended use of folic acid; 89.9% of women were sufficiently knowledgeable to start to use folic acid before pregnancy.: CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge about folic acid has declined over recent years, and the use during the recommended period did not improve since the survey of 2005. Based on this survey, there is still room for improvement in the knowledge and actual use of folic acid before pregnancy. Attention to these aspects should focus on younger, low‐educated women and should include information about family planning and contraceptives. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factor mediated gene priming in pluripotent stem cells sets the stage for lineage specification
Authors: Dillon Niall
Published: January 2012

Priming of lineage‐specific genes in pluripotent embryonic stem cells facilitates rapid and coordinated activation of transcriptional programmes during differentiation. There is growing evidence that pluripotency factors play key roles in priming tissue‐specific genes and in the earliest stages of lineage commitment. As differentiation progresses, pluripotency factors are replaced at some primed genes by related lineage‐specific factors that bind to the same sequences and maintain epigenetic priming until the gene is activated. Polycomb and trithorax group proteins bind many genes in pluripotent cells generating bivalent domains that contain both active and repressive histone modifications. The properties of polycomb proteins suggest that they act as gatekeepers, helping to maintain silencing in pluripotent stem cells while establishing a chromatin environment that is permissive for priming by sequence‐specific factors. The overall effect of factor‐mediated priming is to initiate the input of information required for cell differentiation before the first lineage choices have been made.
Red algal parasites: Models for a life history evolution that leaves photosynthesis behind again and again
Authors: Blouin Nicolas A. , Lane Christopher E.
Published: January 2012

Many of the most virulent and problematic eukaryotic pathogens have evolved from photosynthetic ancestors, such as apicomplexans, which are responsible for a wide range of diseases including malaria and toxoplasmosis. The primary barrier to understanding the early stages of evolution of these parasites has been the difficulty in finding parasites with closely related free‐living lineages with which to make comparisons. Parasites found throughout the florideophyte red algal lineage, however, provide a unique and powerful model to investigate the genetic origins of a parasitic lifestyle. This is because they share a recent common ancestor with an extant free‐living red algal species and parasitism has independently arisen over 100 times within this group. Here, we synthesize the relevant hypotheses with respect to how these parasites have proliferated. We also place red algal research in the context of recent developments in understanding the genome evolution of other eukaryotic photosynthesizers turned parasites.
Postoperative adhesion prevention using a statin-containing cellulose film in an experimental model
Authors: Lalountas M , Ballas K D , Michalakis A , Psarras K , Asteriou C , Giakoustidis D E , Nikolaidou C , Venizelos I , Pavlidis T E , Sakantamis A K
Published: January 2012

Background

Intraperitoneal adhesions are a common problem in abdominal surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Statofilm, a novel antiadhesive film based on cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose and atorvastatin, with that of sodium hyaluronate–carboxymethylcellulose (Seprafilm®) in the prevention of postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions in rats.

Methods

One hundred male Wistar rats underwent a laparotomy and adhesions were induced by caecal abrasion. The animals were allocated to five groups: a control group with no adhesion barrier, Seprafilm® group, placebo group with a film containing carboxymethylcellulose without atorvastatin, and low- and high-dose groups with films containing carboxymethylcellulose and atorvastatin 0·125 and 1 mg per kg bodyweight respectively. Adhesions were classified by two independent surgeons 2 weeks after surgery. Caecal biopsies were obtained for histological evaluation of fibrosis, inflammation and vascular proliferation.

Results

All antiadhesive film groups (Seprafilm®, placebo, low-dose and high-dose) had statistically significant adhesion reduction compared with the control group (P < 0·001, P = 0·015, P < 0·001 and P < 0·001 respectively). The low-dose Statofilm was superior to Seprafilm® in terms of adhesion prevention (P = 0·001). Adhesions were present in three-quarters of rats in the Seprafilm® group, but only one-quarter in the low-dose Statofilm group.

Conclusion

The data suggest that the newly developed adhesion barrier Statofilm has better results than Seprafilm® in preventing postoperative adhesions in rats. A low-dose atorvastatin-containing film, such as Statofilm, could be evaluated for future clinical application.
Computational fluid dynamic characterization of carotid bifurcation stenosis in patient‐based geometries
Authors: Schirmer Clemens M. , Malek Adel M.
Published: January 2012

Hemodynamic forces play a role in determining endothelial cell (EC) phenotype and influence vascular remodeling. We present a lesion‐based computational fluid dynamic (CFD) pilot analysis to understand the complex spatial and temporal hemodynamic changes that prevail in patients with high‐grade carotid artery stenosis (CS). High‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) rotational angiography datasets were acquired in eight patients, and used to generate computational meshes. CFD analysis was carried out implementing realistic shear‐dependent viscosity for blood. The mean wall shear stress (WSS) within the stenosis region was 107 ± 73 dyn/cm2 rapidly followed by direction reversal and lower oscillating values in the recirculation zone at a mean of 19 ± 14 dyn/cm2. WSS vectors exhibited complex dynamic directional and amplitude oscillations not seen in healthy segments, along with time‐dependent convergence and divergence strips during the cardiac cycle. The spatial gradient of WSS revealed an elevated average magnitude at the throat of the stenosis of 1425 ± 1012 dyn/cm3. In conclusion, patient‐based CFD analysis of CS predicts a complex hemodynamic environment with large spatial WSS variations that occur very rapidly over short distances. Our results improve estimates of the flow changes and forces at the vessel wall in CS and the link between hemodynamic changes and stenosis pathophysiology.
Inclusion bodies of fuculose‐1‐phosphate aldolase as stable and reusable biocatalysts
Authors: Sans Cristina , García‐Fruitós Elena , Ferraz Rosa M. , González‐Montalbán Núria , Rinas Ursula , López‐Santín Josep , Villaverde Antonio , Álvaro Gregorio
Published: January 2012

Fuculose‐1‐phosphate aldolase (FucA) has been produced in Escherichia coli as active inclusion bodies (IBs) in batch cultures. The activity of insoluble FucA has been modulated by a proper selection of producing strain, culture media, and process conditions. In some cases, when an optimized defined medium was used, FucA IBs were more active (in terms of specific activity) than the soluble protein version obtained in the same process with a conventional defined medium, supporting the concept that solubility and conformational quality are independent protein parameters. FucA IBs have been tested as biocatalysts, either directly or immobilized into Lentikat® beads, in an aldolic reaction between DHAP and (S)‐Cbz‐alaninal, obtaining product yields ranging from 65 to 76%. The production of an active aldolase as IBs, the possibility of tailoring IBs properties by both genetic and process approaches, and the reusability of IBs by further entrapment in appropriate matrices fully support the principle of using self‐assembled enzymatic clusters as tunable mechanically stable and functional biocatalysts. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
President's page
Authors: Sonnenwald Diane H.
Published: January 2012

Editor's Summary

In her address starting her term as ASIS&T president in October 2011, Diane Sonnenwald exhorted the leadership and membership to consider the implications of the name of the organization, the American Society for Information Science and Technology, and encouraged moving beyond a national focus. With a global perspective, Sonnenwald pointed out the North American bias that runs through much of the organization's practices, communications, bylaws and awards. The effect presents obstacles to international networking and limits full participation in the association's opportunities. Removing these barriers to participation will promote greater visibility for the discipline worldwide and enable it to gain the recognition it warrants. Sonnenwald encouraged practical thinking beyond past practices to strengthen outreach locally and build it internationally.
Managing your medical data
Authors: Johnson Charlene , Swain Deborah E.
Published: January 2012

Editor's Summary

The burgeoning use of electronic health records and databases to collect personal medical information starts with trust that the information will be kept confidential and used to improve medical knowledge and care. With decades of patient information, the Veterans Administration (VA) has been at the forefront of adopting online health informatics tools and working to develop patient trust, support and engagement. Using the VA's My HealtheVet online health tool, registered patients can access, review and update their online health records and interact with care providers in real time for telemedicine and secure messaging. Additional support is provided through the links and connections that enable vets to participate in a community of practice geared toward healthcare data management. The interactive social technology of Web 2.0 enables the collection of stores of personal medical data, but the program depends on patients' active participation in their health knowledge management.
Optical Antenna for Photofunctional Molecular Systems
Authors: Ikeda Katsuyoshi , Uosaki Kohei
Published: January 2012

Optical antennas can enhance the efficiency of photon–molecule interactions. To design efficient antenna structures, it is essential to consider physicochemical aspects in addition to electromagnetic considerations. Specifically, chemical interactions between optical antennas and molecules have to be controlled to enhance the overall efficiency. For this purpose, sphere–plane nanostructures are suitable optical antennas for molecular‐modified functional electrode systems when a well‐defined electrode is utilized as a platform.
Elements of Metabolic Evolution
Authors: Huber Claudia , Kraus Florian , Hanzlik Marianne , Eisenreich Wolfgang , Wächtershäuser Günter
Published: January 2012

Research into the origin of evolution is polarized between a genetics‐first approach, with its focus on polymer replication, and a metabolism‐first approach that takes aim at chemical reaction cycles. Taking the latter approach, we explored reductive carbon fixation in a volcanic hydrothermal setting, driven by the chemical potential of quenched volcanic fluids for converting volcanic C1 compounds into organic products by transition‐metal catalysts. These catalysts are assumed to evolve by accepting ever‐new organic products as ligands for enhancing their catalytic power, which in turn enhances the rates of synthetic pathways that give rise to ever‐new organic products, with the overall effect of a self‐expanding metabolism. We established HCN, CO, and CH3SH as carbon nutrients, CO and H2 as reductants, and iron‐group transition metals as catalysts. In one case, we employed the “cyano‐system” [Ni(OH)(CN)] with [Ni(CN)4]2− as the dominant nickel–cyano species. This reaction mainly produced α‐amino acids and α‐hydroxy acids as well as various intermediates and derivatives. An organo‐metal‐catalyzed mechanism is suggested that mainly builds carbon skeletons by repeated cyano insertions, with minor CO insertions in the presence of CO. The formation of elemental nickel (Ni0) points to an active reduced‐nickel species. In another case, we employed the mercapto–carbonyl system [Co2(CO)8]/Ca(OH)2/CO for the double‐carbonylation of mercaptans. In a “hybrid system”, we combined benzyl mercaptan with the cyano system, in which [Ni(OH)(CN)] was the most productive for the double‐carbon‐fixation reaction. Finally, we demonstrated that the addition of products of the cyano system (Gly, Ala) to the hybrid system increased productivity. These results demonstrate the chemical possibility of metabolic evolution through rate‐promotion of one synthetic reaction by the products of another.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi2Ti2O7: It Is Not What You Have Read.
Authors: Esquivel‐Elizondo J. Roberto , Hinojosa Beverly Brooks , Nino Juan C.
Published: January 2012

Dense phase pure Bi2Ti2O7 polycrystalline ceramic pellets are prepared by coprecipitation from acetic acid solutions of Bi(NO3)3, Ti(OiPr)4, and NH4OH followed by calcination at 550 °C for 16 h, and microwave sintering at 1200 °C for 45 min.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Stacked Co3O4 Nanosheets for High‐Performance Lithium Ion Batteries.
Authors: Wang Xi , Guan Hasigaowa , Chen Shimou , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou , Tang Daiming , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri
Published: January 2012

Self‐stacked Co3O4 nanosheets separated by carbon layers are synthesized from a mixture of Co(OAc)2 and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in a mixture of ethylene glycol and water (autoclave, 180—200 °C, 12‐24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of the Novel Hydrated Borates Ba2B5O9(OH), Sr2B5O9(OH) and Li2Sr8B22O41(OH)2.
Authors: McMillen Colin , Heyward Carla , Giesber Henry , Kolis Joseph
Published: January 2012

The structures of (III) and (VI) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvothermal Synthesis of Two New Thioantimonates with Transition‐Metal Complexes [Co(dien)2]4[CoSb6S14] and [Co(dien)2]2[Sb4S9].
Authors: Liu Xing , Zhou Jian
Published: January 2012

Green crystals of [Co(dien)2]4[CoSb6S14] (I) (dien: diethylenetriamine) and yellow crystals of [Co(dien)2]2[Sb4S9] (II) are solvothermally synthesized from mixtures of Co, Sb, and S in dien (autoclave, 160 °C, 23 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A 48‐Metal Cluster Exhibiting a Large Magnetocaloric Effect.
Authors: Peng Jun‐Bo , Zhang Qian‐Chong , Kong Xiang‐Jian , Ren Yan‐Ping , Long La‐Sheng , Huang Rong‐Bin , Zheng Lan Sun , Zheng Zhiping
Published: January 2012

[Gd36Ni12(OAc)18 (μ3‐OH)84(μ4‐O)6 (H2O)54(NO3)Cl2] (NO3) 6Cl9·30H2O is synthesized from a mixture of Gd(NO3)3, Ni(OAc)2, and NaCl in a 3:1 mixture of ethanol and water (reflux, 2 h, 35% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Two Novel Polyoxotantalates Formed by Lindqvist‐Type Hexatantalate and Copper‐Amine Complexes.
Authors: Guo Gui‐Ling , Xu Yan‐Qing , Chen Bao‐Kuan , Lin Zheng‐Guo , Hu Chang‐Wen
Published: January 2012

The crystal structures of (III) and (V) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Biocatalysis Towards Asymmetric Reduction and Hydrolytic Desymmetrization in the Synthesis of a β‐3 Receptor Agonist.
Authors: Badland Matthew , Burns Michael P. , Carroll Robert J. , Howard Roger M. , Laity Daniel , Wymer Nathan J.
Published: January 2012

Chemoenzymatic syntheses of key intermediates (II) and (VI) in the preparation of the potent β‐3 receptor agonist (VI) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Nature of the Intermediates in Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cyclizations of 1,5‐Enynes.
Authors: Lopez‐Carrillo Veronica , Huguet Nuria , Mosquera Angeles , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: January 2012

The effect of ligands is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Preparation of Trisubstituted Amino‐furan and ‐thiophene Derivatives.
Authors: Medimagh Raouf , Marque Sylvain , Prim Damien , Chatti Saber
Published: January 2012

The title compounds are prepared under metal‐, acid‐ and base‐free conditions via regioselective alkylation of 5‐amino‐substituted furan‐ or thiophen‐2‐carbaldehydes with carbonyl compounds (II) at the 4‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold/Copper‐Catalyzed Activation of the aci‐Form of Nitromethane in the Synthesis of Methylene‐Bridged Bis‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Balamurugan Rengarajan , Manojveer Seetharaman
Published: January 2012

Activation of the aci‐form of nitromethane (II) using Lewis acids for the attack of carbon nucleophiles is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II) Bromide as Efficient Catalyst for Silyl‐ to Bisarylmethyl Ethers Interconversion (Transprotection).
Authors: Specklin Simon , Gallier Florian , Mezaache Rofia , Harkat Hassina , Dembele Yenimegue Albert , Weibel Jean‐Marc , Blanc Aurelien , Pale Patrick
Published: January 2012

The method is completely selective since only ‐O‐silyl groups are affected, whereas various other protecting groups are compatible with the process.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Iodide‐Catalyzed Reduction of Nitroarenes with Aryl Ketones with H3PO2 or H3PO3: Its Application to the Synthesis of a Potential Anticancer Agent.
Authors: Wu George G. , Chen Frank X. , LaFrance Danny , Liu Zhijian , Greene Scott G. , Wong Yee‐Shing , Xie Ji
Published: January 2012

The method is effective to reduce various nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding anilines.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Reduction of 2‐Hydroxy Ketones Towards syn‐ and anti‐1,2‐Diols.
Authors: Mueller Michael , et al. et al.
Published: January 2012

The anti‐diols are formed with <95% diastereoselectivity from hydroxyketones (I) using the known Zn(BH4)2 reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline/CoCl2‐Catalyzed Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Karmakar Ananta , Maji Tapan , Wittmann Sebastian , Reiser Oliver
Published: January 2012

The catalytic system is excellent for direct aldol reactions of cyclic and acyclic ketones with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Promoted, Copper Nanoparticles Catalyzed Oxidation of Propargylic Alcohols with TBHP or Air as Oxidant.
Authors: Han Chengyan , Yu Min , Sun Weijiang , Yao Xiaoquan
Published: January 2012

A broad spectrum of primary and secondary propargylic alcohols can be successfully oxidized following the conditions shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhenium‐Catalyzed Allylation of C—H Bonds of Benzoic and Acrylic Acids.
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Ohta Kazuhiro , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: January 2012

The allylation of aromatic and olefinic C—H bonds using a Rhenium complex is achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for Aromatic Difluoromethylation: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling and Decarboxylation Sequence from Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Fujikawa Kenichi , Fujioka Yasutaka , Kobayashi Akira , Amii Hideki
Published: January 2012

A wide range of aryl iodides is coupled with silanes (I) or (IV) in the presence of CuI.
ChemInform Abstract: Tricomponent Catalytic α,α‐Difluorination of Acid Chlorides.
Authors: Bloom Steven , Scerba Michael T. , Erb Jeremy , Lectka Thomas
Published: January 2012

The effective title process under conditions A) is followed by trapping with various nucleophiles as amines, alcohols or water.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Cyanation of Aryl Halide with the Combined Cyanide Source.
Authors: Zhang Guoying , Ren Xinyi , Chen Jianbin , Hu Maolin , Cheng Jiang
Published: January 2012

A wide range of aromatic nitriles is prepared from aryl iodides and DMF as a cyanide source.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Method for Preparing Isocyanides from N‐Substituted Formamides with Chlorophosphate Compounds.
Authors: Kobayashi Genki , Saito Tateo , Kitano Yoshikazu
Published: January 2012

Optimized conditions A)‐D) are elaborated for the formation of aliphatic or aromatic isocyanides, which are formed with similar yields in all procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Metal—Organic Frameworks Based on a Double Azolium Derivative: Post‐Modification and Catalytic Activity.
Authors: Kong Guo‐Qiang , Xu Xuan , Zou Chao , Wu Chuan‐De
Published: January 2012

A new bifunctional aromatic azolium derivative is designed and synthesized, which is used to construct two MOF′s containing imidazolium moieties.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,3‐Enynes from Unactivated Ethylenes via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Wen Yanmei , Wang Azhong , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhu Shifa , Huang Liangbin
Published: January 2012

Optimized conditions are developed which allow the preparation of the desired enynes with high or complete (E) selectivity in the absence of any ligand or additive.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cyclization/Transfer Hydrogenation of 1,6‐Diynes: Unprecedented Mode of Alcohol Activation via Metallacyclopentatriene.
Authors: Yamashita Ken , Nagashima Yuki , Yamamoto Yoshihiko , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: January 2012

The first transfer‐hydrogenative cyclization of 1,6‐diynes furnishing exocyclic dienes is developed using a Ru‐catalyst and MeOH as H2 surrogate.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Heteroaryl Halides and Arylboronic Acids in Continuous Flow.
Authors: Noel Timothy , Musacchio Andrew J.
Published: January 2012

The reaction is applied to a wide range of heteroaromatic chlorides, bromides and triflates and aromatic and heteroaromatic boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasonic‐Assisted Synthesis of 1,3‐Diaryl‐2,2‐dichloroaziridine Derivatives in the Presence of Phase‐Transfer Catalyst under Low‐Concentration Alkaline Conditions.
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Rabiei Khadijeh
Published: January 2012

The new protocol allows for a fast and simple preparation of dichloroaziridines (III), which are obtained in excellent yields and with high purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Isothiourea‐Catalyzed Asymmetric C‐Acylation of Silyl Ketene Acetals.
Authors: Woods Philip A. , Morrill Louis C. , Bragg Ryan A. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: January 2012

Chiral isothioureas (I) afford the corresponding furanones in good yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Tyrosyl‐tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors as Antibacterial Agents: Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Structure—Activity Relationship Analysis of 3‐Aryl‐4‐arylaminofuran‐2(5H)‐ones.
Authors: Xiao Zhu‐Ping , et al. et al.
Published: January 2012

The synthesis of novel 3‐aryl‐4‐arylaminofuran‐2(5H)‐ones (III), their testing for inhibitory activity against tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase, and an antibacterial assay are described.
ChemInform Abstract: A NHC‐Involved, Cascade, Metal‐Free, and Three‐Component Synthesis of 2,3‐Diarylated Fully Substituted Furans under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Yu Chenxia , Lu Jun , Li Tuanjie , Wang Donglin , Qin Binbin , Zhang Honghong , Yao Changsheng
Published: January 2012

A sequence of Knoevenagel reaction, NHC‐catalyzed Stetter reaction, and intramolecular cyclization is efficiently achieved.