bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Latinx Caregivers of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Mirza Mansha , Errisuriz Vanessa L. , Zeng Weiwen , Brown Jasmine P. , Vanegas Sandra , Heydarian Nazanin , Parra-Medina Deborah , Morales Paula , Torres Hilda , Magaña Sandy
Published: July 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the entire world in unprecedented ways. However, populations that have had a history of marginalization have experienced a more profound impact. One such group is Latinx families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in the Unites States. In this study, we used a mixed methods approach to explore the impact of the pandemic on the mental health and well-being of Latinx caregivers of children with IDD. Specifically, we (1) identified which social determinants of health are correlated with maternal caregivers perceived general health, mental health, and well-being; (2) explored the impact of the pandemic on families’ overall eating and physical activity routines; and (3) identified emergent themes from caregivers’ experiences during the pandemic. Thirty-seven Latinx caregivers participated in three interviews in which several validated instruments were administered. The results indicated that perceived social support, annual family income, food security, and receipt of financial benefits were correlated with fewer depressive symptoms. Annual family income was also significantly correlated with perceived general health. Most caregivers reported that the pandemic had placed a strain on their economic situation; increased their isolation; and disrupted their child’s therapeutic supports, online education, eating routines, and engagement in physical activity. Meanwhile, some caregivers reported positive changes as a result of the pandemic. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Differential Methylation Analysis Methods for Bisulfite Sequencing Data
Authors: Piao Yongjun , Xu Wanxue , Park Kwang Ho , Ryu Keun Ho , Xiang Rong
Published: July 2021

Background: With advances in next-generation sequencing technologies, the bisulfite conversion of genomic DNA followed by sequencing has become the predominant technique for quantifying genome-wide DNA methylation at single-base resolution. A large number of computational approaches are available in literature for identifying differentially methylated regions in bisulfite sequencing data, and more are being developed continuously. Results: Here, we focused on a comprehensive evaluation of commonly used differential methylation analysis methods and describe the potential strengths and limitations of each method. We found that there are large differences among methods, and no single method consistently ranked first in all benchmarking. Moreover, smoothing seemed not to improve the performance greatly, and a small number of replicates created more difficulties in the computational analysis of BS-seq data than low sequencing depth. Conclusions: Data analysis and interpretation should be performed with great care, especially when the number of replicates or sequencing depth is limited.
Effect of Practicing Health Behaviors on Unmet Needs among Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Jang Bich-Na , Kim Hwi-Jun , Kim Bo-Ram , Woo Seonyeong , Lee Woo-Jin , Park Eun-Cheol
Published: July 2021

With the growing prevalence of chronic diseases, the proportion of unmet needs is increasing. In this study, we investigated the effect of practicing health behaviors on unmet needs among patients with chronic diseases, using data from the Korea Health Panel Survey conducted between 2014–2017. Participants (n = 4069) aged 19 or older, with at least one chronic disease (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or arthrosis) and with existing follow up data were selected. Health behaviors combined three variables: not presently smoking, not belonging to high-risk drinking group, and indulging in moderate- or high-intensity exercise. Those who met all three criteria were classified as the practicing health behaviors group. Generalized Estimating Equation analysis was performed to consider correlated data within a subject. Of the participants, 23.9% practiced health behaviors. Participants who did not practice health behaviors were significantly more likely to have unmet needs compared with those who did (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.10–1.39). Further research would be needed to verify the impact of practicing health behavior on unmet needs.
Protocol Paper: Conducting Life History Interviews to Explore the Journeys of People with Disability from Syrian and Iraqi Refugee Backgrounds Settling in Australia
Authors: Dew Angela
Published: July 2021

This paper outlines a research protocol to be undertaken with people with disability from Syrian and Iraqi refugee backgrounds settling in Australia. Since 2012, the numbers of people with disability arriving from these countries has increased with limited understanding about the impact of their refugee journeys on their settlement. The aim of this small-scale exploratory study is to learn about the journeys made by people with disability from Syrian and Iraqi refugee backgrounds from their countries of origin, through transit countries, to Australia in order to understand the impact of these journeys on inclusion and participation in Australian society. This participatory action research study employs a bilingual co-researcher with disability from a Syrian background to conduct life history interviews with up to five participants. Participants will recount their journeys with a focus on the impact of their disability on this experience. The study design is informed by BenEzer and Zetter’s 2014 seminal paper on the importance of the refugee journey to settlement. This study has the potential to foreground the voices and experiences of people with disability from refugee backgrounds who are often absent, silenced or excluded in research and, in so doing, hopefully impact Australian refugee policy.
Rapid Discovery and Detection of Haemaphysalis longicornis through the Use of Passive Surveillance and Collaboration: Building a State Tick-Surveillance Network
Authors: Trout Fryxell Rebecca T. , Vann Dené N. , Butler Rebecca A. , Paulsen Dave J. , Chandler Jennifer G. , Willis Micah P. , Wyrosdick Heidi M. , Schaefer John J. , Gerhold Richard W. , Grove Daniel M. , Ivey Jennie Z. , Thompson Kevin W. , Applegate Roger D. , Sweaney Joy , Daniels Sterling , Beaty Samantha , Balthaser Douglas , Freye James D. , Mertins James W. , Bonilla Denise L. , Lahmers Kevin
Published: July 2021

Between March 2019 and February 2020, Asian long-horned ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901) were discovered and collected for the first time in one middle and seven eastern Tennessee counties, facilitated by a newly developed passive and collaborative tick-surveillance network. Network collaborators included federal, state, county, university, and private resource personnel working with companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. Specimens were collected primarily from dogs and cattle, with initial detections of female adult stage ticks by stakeholders associated with parasitology positions (e.g., entomologists and veterinary parasitologists). Initial county tick detections were confirmed with morphological and molecular identifications, and then screened for the presence of animal-associated pathogens (Anaplasma marginale, Babesia species, Ehrlichia species, and Theileria orientalis), for which all tests were negative. Herein, we describe the identification and confirmation of these tick specimens as well as other results of the surveillance collaboration.
Lessons for Workforce Disaster Planning from the First Nosocomial Outbreak of COVID-19 in Rural Tasmania, Australia: A Case Study
Authors: Hammersley Jessica , Mather Carey , Francis Karen
Published: July 2021

The identification and announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic has been a global issue. Disaster preparedness for internal and external threats is inherent within health care environments and requires agile thinking and swift remediation. Nosocomial infection is a risk for recipients of care, especially in hospital settings, which has implications for workforce planning. The aim of this case study was to examine the community response to the internal disaster of the first nosocomial COVID-19 outbreak within an Australian rural health care environment. A critical discourse analysis method was adopted to generate and analyse data collected from three different media platforms during a six-week period. Four main themes were distilled: actions and intent, loss, well-being and recognising choice, and community action. Phase two of the study interrogated these themes to expose the power positioning of speakers and their relationships to the audiences. Strengthening communication with local communities within health care environments must be a priority in any future rural workforce disaster preparedness planning. Maintenance of trust with health service provision and delivery in rural communities is imperative. The inclusion of a robust communication plan within any risk management strategy that meets the needs of the local users of health services is mandatory.
Family Functioning in Families Affected by Parental Mental Illness: Parent, Child, and Clinician Ratings
Authors: Sell Marlit , Daubmann Anne , Zapf Holger , Adema Bonnie , Busmann Mareike , Stiawa Maja , Winter Sibylle M. , Lambert Martin , Wegscheider Karl , Wiegand-Grefe Silke
Published: July 2021

Family functioning is often impaired in families with a parent with mental illness and is linked to child mental health. This study aims to gain a better understanding of family functioning in affected families by comparing ratings among family members and by analyzing associations with clinician-rated family functioning. The cross-sectional sample comprised 210 families with ratings of 207 patients, 139 partners, and 100 children. Parents with a mental illness as well as their partners and children completed the German version of the Family Assessment Measure (FAM). Clinician ratings were obtained by the Global Assessment of Relational Functioning Scale (GARF). We conducted several mixed models to compare ratings of family functioning while accounting for family cluster. Family dysfunction was consistently elevated compared to a normative sample. On several domains, parents with a mental illness perceived family functioning to be worse compared to their partners and children. Partners and children did not differ in their perceptions of family functioning. Ratings of family members were moderately associated with clinician ratings. We discuss the importance of multi-informant assessment of family functioning and the implementation of family-based interventions for families with a parent with mental illness.
Examining Social Media Crisis Communication during Early COVID-19 from Public Health and News Media for Quality, Content, and Corresponding Public Sentiment
Authors: MacKay Melissa , Colangeli Taylor , Gillis Daniel , McWhirter Jennifer , Papadopoulos Andrew
Published: July 2021

Rising COVID-19 cases in Canada in early 2021, coupled with pervasive mis- and disinformation, demonstrate the critical relationship between effective crisis communication, trust, and risk protective measure adherence by the public. Trust in crisis communication is affected by the communication’s characteristics including transparency, timeliness, empathy, and clarity, as well as the source and communication channels used. Crisis communication occurs in a rhetorical arena where various actors, including public health, news media, and the public, are co-producing and responding to messages. Rhetorical arenas must be monitored to assess the acceptance of messaging. The quality and content of Canadian public health and news media crisis communication on Facebook were evaluated to understand the use of key guiding principles of effective crisis communication, the focus of the communication, and subsequent public emotional response to included posts. Four hundred and thirty-eight posts and 26,774 anonymized comments were collected and analyzed. Overall, the guiding principles for effective crisis communication were inconsistently applied and combined. A limited combination of guiding principles, especially those that demonstrate trustworthiness, was likely driving the negative sentiment uncovered in the comments. Public health and news media should use the guiding principles consistently to increase positive sentiment and build trust among followers.
Mental Illness Stigma and Associated Factors among Arabic-Speaking Religious and Community Leaders
Authors: Krstanoska-Blazeska Klimentina , Thomson Russell , Slewa-Younan Shameran
Published: July 2021

Evidence suggests that Arabic-speaking refugees in Australia seek help from informal sources, including religious and community leaders, when experiencing mental health issues. Despite their significant influence, there is scarce research exploring attitudes of Arabic-speaking leaders toward mental illness. The current exploratory study explored mental illness stigma and various factors among Arabic-speaking religious and community leaders. This study uses a subset of data from an evaluation trial of mental health literacy training for Arabic-speaking religious and community leaders. Our dataset contains the pre-intervention survey responses for 52 Arabic-speaking leaders (69.2% female; mean age = 47.1, SD = 15.3) on the ability to recognise a mental disorder, beliefs about causes for developing mental illness, and two stigma measures, personal stigma, and social distance. Being female was associated with a decrease in personal stigma. An increase in age was associated with an increase in personal stigma. Correct recognition of a mental disorder was associated with decreased personal stigma, and after adjusting for age and gender, significance was retained for the I-would-not-tell-anyone subscale. Endorsing the cause “being a person of weak character” was associated with an increase in personal stigma. There is an urgent need for future research to elucidate stigma to develop effective educational initiatives for stigma reduction among Arabic-speaking leaders.
Predicting Arsenic (As) Exposure on Human Health for Better Management of Drinking Water Sources
Authors: Ahmed Minhaz Farid , Lim Chen Kim , Mokhtar Mazlin Bin , Khirotdin Rd. Puteri Khairani
Published: July 2021

Chemical pollution in the transboundary Langat River in Malaysia is common both from point and non-point sources. Therefore, the water treatment plants (WTPS) at the Langat River Basin have experienced frequent shutdown incidents. However, the Langat River is one of the main sources of drinking water to almost one-third of the population in Selangor state. Meanwhile, several studies have reported a high concentration of Arsenic (As) in the Langat River that is toxic if ingested via drinking water. However, this is a pioneer study that predicts the As concentration in the Langat River based on time-series data from 2005–2014 to estimate the health risk associated with As ingestion via drinking water at the Langat River Basin. Several time-series prediction models were tested and Gradient Boosted Tree (GBT) gained the best result. This GBT model also fits better to predict the As concentration until December 2024. The mean concentration of As in the Langat River for both 2014 and 2024, as well as the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of As ingestion via drinking water, were within the drinking water quality standards proposed by the World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Malaysia. However, the ingestion of trace amounts of As over a long period might be detrimental to human health because of its non-biodegradable characteristics. Therefore, it is important to manage the drinking water sources to minimise As exposure risks to human health.
Bi-Directional, Day-to-Day Associations between Objectively-Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep among Office Workers
Authors: Heiland Emerald G. , Ekblom Örjan , Bojsen-Møller Emil , Larisch Lisa-Marie , Blom Victoria , Ekblom Maria M.
Published: July 2021

The bi-directional, day-to-day associations between daytime physical activity and sedentary behavior, and nocturnal sleep, in office workers are unknown. This study investigated these associations and whether they varied by weekday or weekend day. Among 324 Swedish office workers (mean age 42.4 years; 33.3% men), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sedentary behaviors and sleep (total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE)) were ascertained by using accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X) over 8 days. Multilevel linear mixed models were used to assess the bi-directional, day-to-day, within-person associations. Additional analyses stratified by weekend/weekday were performed. On average, participants spent 6% (57 min) of their day in MVPA and 59% (9.5 h) sedentary, and during the night, TST was 7 h, and SE was 91%. More daytime sedentary behavior was associated with less TST that night, and reciprocally, more TST at night was associated with less sedentary behavior on the following weekday. Greater TST during the night was also associated with less MVPA the next day, only on weekdays. However, daytime MVPA was not associated with TST that night. Higher nighttime SE was associated with greater time spent sedentary and in MVPA on the following day, regardless if weekday or weekend day. Sleep may be more crucial for being physically active the following day than vice versa, especially on weekdays. Nevertheless, sedentary behavior’s relation with sleep time may be bi-directional. Office workers may struggle with balancing sleep and physical activity time.
The Neuromuscular Junction: Roles in Aging and Neuromuscular Disease
Authors: Iyer Shama R. , Shah Sameer B. , Lovering Richard M.
Published: July 2021

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse that bridges the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber and is crucial for conversion of electrical impulses originating in the motor neuron to action potentials in the muscle fiber. The consideration of contributing factors to skeletal muscle injury, muscular dystrophy and sarcopenia cannot be restricted only to processes intrinsic to the muscle, as data show that these conditions incur denervation-like findings, such as fragmented NMJ morphology and corresponding functional changes in neuromuscular transmission. Primary defects in the NMJ also influence functional loss in motor neuron disease, congenital myasthenic syndromes and myasthenia gravis, resulting in skeletal muscle weakness and heightened fatigue. Such findings underscore the role that the NMJ plays in neuromuscular performance. Regardless of cause or effect, functional denervation is now an accepted consequence of sarcopenia and muscle disease. In this short review, we provide an overview of the pathologic etiology, symptoms, and therapeutic strategies related to the NMJ. In particular, we examine the role of the NMJ as a disease modifier and a potential therapeutic target in neuromuscular injury and disease.
Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Diagnosis and the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Nedelcu Andreea , Mocan Teodora , Grapa Cristiana , Mocan Lucian
Published: July 2021

Pancreatic cancer (PC), one of the most lethal solid tumors in humans, has a five-year survival rate of only 4%. Surgical treatment is the only accepted therapy with curative intent because the vast majority of these tumors are chemoresistant. Unfortunately, due to the aggressive nature of these tumors, fewer than 20% are resectable when the first symptoms occur. Novel therapies are required to overcome all these therapeutic issues, and the development of active nanocarriers represents an exciting opportunity to improve PC outcomes. The present review focuses on recent advances in the field of nanotechnology with application in PC treatment.
Mechanisms and Effect of Coptidis Rhizoma on Obesity-Induced Inflammation: In Silico and In Vivo Approaches
Authors: Kwon Oh-Jun , Noh Ji-Won , Lee Byung-Cheol
Published: July 2021

Obesity is characterized as a chronic, low-grade inflammation state accompanied by the infiltration of immune cells into adipose tissue and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms and effects of Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) on obesity and its associated inflammation. First, we applied a network pharmacology strategy to search the target genes and pathways regulated by CR in obesity. Next, we performed in vivo experiments to confirm the antiobesity and anti-inflammatory effects of CR. Mice were assigned to five groups: normal chow (NC), control (high-fat diet (HFD)), HFD + CR 200 mg/kg, HFD + CR 400 mg/kg, and HFD + metformin 200 mg/kg. After 16 weeks of the experimental period, CR administration significantly reduced the weight of the body, epididymal fat, and liver; it also decreased insulin resistance, as well as the area under the curve of glucose in the oral glucose tolerance test and triglyceride in the oral fat tolerance test. We observed a decrease in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and inflammatory M1 ATMs, as well as an increase in anti-inflammatory M2 ATMs. Gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, F4/80, and C-C motif chemokine (CCL)-2, CCL4, and CCL5, were suppressed in adipose tissue in the CR groups than levels in the control group. Additionally, histological analyses suggested decreased fat accumulation in the epididymal fat pad and liver in the CR groups than that in the control group. Taken together, these results suggest that CR has a therapeutic effect on obesity-induced inflammation, and it functions through the inhibition of macrophage-mediated inflammation in adipose tissue.
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Purinergic P2 Receptors in the Mouse Hippocampus
Authors: Lommen Julian , Detken Julika , Harr Katharina , von Gall Charlotte von , Ali Amira A. H.
Published: July 2021

ATP and other nucleotides are important glio-/neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. They bind to purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors that are ubiquitously expressed in various brain regions modulating various physiological and pathophysiological processes. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels mediating excitatory postsynaptic responses whereas P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors mediating slow synaptic transmission. A variety of P2X and P2Y subtypes with distinct neuroanatomical localization provide the basis for a high diversity in their function. There is increasing evidence that P2 receptor signaling plays a prominent role in learning and memory and thus, in hippocampal neuronal plasticity. Learning and memory are time-of-day-dependent. Moreover, extracellular ATP shows a diurnal rhythm in rodents. However, it is not known whether P2 receptors have a temporal variation in the hippocampus. This study provides a detailed systematic analysis on spatial and temporal distribution of P2 in the mouse hippocampus. We found distinct spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the P2 receptors in different hippocampal layers. The temporal distribution of P2 receptors can be segregated into two large time domains, the early to mid-day and the mid to late night. This study provides an important basis for understanding dynamic P2 purinergic signaling in the hippocampal glia/neuronal network.
Genetic and Molecular Aspects of Drug-Induced QT Interval Prolongation
Authors: Baracaldo-Santamaría Daniela , Llinás-Caballero Kevin , Corso-Ramirez Julián Miguel , Restrepo Carlos Martín , Dominguez-Dominguez Camilo Alberto , Fonseca-Mendoza Dora Janeth , Calderon-Ospina Carlos Alberto
Published: July 2021

Long QT syndromes can be either acquired or congenital. Drugs are one of the many etiologies that may induce acquired long QT syndrome. In fact, many drugs frequently used in the clinical setting are a known risk factor for a prolonged QT interval, thus increasing the chances of developing torsade de pointes. The molecular mechanisms involved in the prolongation of the QT interval are common to most medications. However, there is considerable inter-individual variability in drug response, thus making the application of personalized medicine a relevant aspect in long QT syndrome, in order to evaluate the risk of every individual from a pharmacogenetic standpoint.
Rationale for a Combination Therapy with the STAT5 Inhibitor AC-4-130 and the MCL1 Inhibitor S63845 in the Treatment of FLT3-Mutated or TET2-Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Seipel Katja , Graber Carolyn , Flückiger Laura , Bacher Ulrike , Pabst Thomas
Published: July 2021

The FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene is mutated in one-third of patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Mutated FLT3 variants are constitutively active kinases signaling via AKT kinase, MAP kinases, and STAT5. FLT3 inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of FLT3-mutated AML. However, treatment response to FLT3 inhibitors may be short-lived, and resistance may emerge. Compounds targeting STAT5 may enhance and prolong effects of FLT3 inhibitors in this subset of patients with FLT3-mutated AML. Here STAT5-inhibitor AC-4-130, FLT3 inhibitor midostaurin (PKC412), BMI-1 inhibitor PTC596, MEK-inhibitor trametinib, MCL1-inhibitor S63845, and BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax were assessed as single agents and in combination for their ability to induce apoptosis and cell death in leukemic cells grown in the absence or presence of bone marrow stroma. Synergistic effects on cell viability were detected in both FLT3-mutated and FLT3-wild-type AML cells treated with AC-4-130 in combination with the MCL1 inhibitor S63845. AML patient samples with a strong response to AC-4-130 and S63845 combination treatment were characterized by mutated FLT3 or mutated TET2 genes. Susceptibility of AML cells to AC-4-130, PTC596, trametinib, PKC412, and venetoclax was altered in the presence of HS-5 stroma. Only the MCL1 inhibitor S63845 induced cell death with equal efficacy in the absence or presence of bone marrow stroma. The combination of the STAT5-inhibitor AC-4-130 and the MCL1 inhibitor S63845 may be an effective treatment targeting FLT3-mutated or TET2-mutated AML.
Activation of Cx43 Hemichannels Induces the Generation of Ca2+ Oscillations in White Adipocytes and Stimulates Lipolysis
Authors: Turovsky Egor A. , Varlamova Elena G. , Turovskaya Maria V.
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanisms of Ca2+ oscillation generation upon activation of connexin-43 and regulation of the lipolysis/lipogenesis balance in white adipocytes through vesicular ATP release. With fluorescence microscopy it was revealed that a decrease in the concentration of extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]ex) results in two types of Ca2+ responses in white adipocytes: Ca2+ oscillations and transient Ca2+ signals. It was found that activation of the connexin half-channels is involved in the generation of Ca2+ oscillations, since the blockers of the connexin hemichannels—carbenoxolone, octanol, proadifen and Gap26—as well as Cx43 gene knockdown led to complete suppression of these signals. The activation of Cx43 in response to the reduction of [Ca2+]ex was confirmed by TIRF microscopy. It was shown that in response to the activation of Cx43, ATP-containing vesicles were released from the adipocytes. This process was suppressed by knockdown of the Cx43 gene and by bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of vacuolar ATPase. At the level of intracellular signaling, the generation of Ca2+ oscillations in white adipocytes in response to a decrease in [Ca2+]ex occurred due to the mobilization of the Ca2+ ions from the thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ pool of IP3R as a result of activation of the purinergic P2Y1 receptors and phosphoinositide signaling pathway. After activation of Cx43 and generation of the Ca2+ oscillations, changes in the expression levels of key genes and their encoding proteins involved in the regulation of lipolysis were observed in white adipocytes. This effect was accompanied by a decrease in the number of adipocytes containing lipid droplets, while inhibition or knockdown of Cx43 led to inhibition of lipolysis and accumulation of lipid droplets. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of Ca2+ oscillation generation in white adipocytes in response to a decrease in the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the external environment and established an interplay between periodic Ca2+ modes and the regulation of the lipolysis/lipogenesis balance.
Roscovitine, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-5 Inhibitor, Decreases Phosphorylated Tau Formation and Death of Retinal Ganglion Cells of Rats after Optic Nerve Crush
Authors: Hirokawa Takahisa , Horie Taeko , Fukiyama Yurie , Mimura Masashi , Takai Shinji , Kida Teruyo , Oku Hidehiro
Published: July 2021

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by abnormal metabolism of misfolded tau proteins and are progressive. Pathological phosphorylation of tau occurs in the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve injuries. Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) causes hyperphosphorylation of tau. To determine the roles played by Cdk5 in retinal degeneration, roscovitine, a Cdk5 inhibitor, was injected intravitreally after optic nerve crush (ONC). The neuroprotective effect of roscovitine was determined by the number of Tuj-1-stained RGCs on day 7. The change in the levels of phosphorylated tau, calpain-1, and cleaved α-fodrin was determined by immunoblots on day 3. The expression of P35/P25, a Cdk5 activator, in the RGCs was determined by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that roscovitine reduced the level of phosphorylated tau by 3.5- to 1.6-fold. Calpain-1 (2.1-fold) and cleaved α-fodrin (1.5-fold) were increased on day 3, suggesting that the calpain signaling pathway was activated. P35/P25 was accumulated in the RGCs that were poorly stained by Tuj-1. Calpain inhibition also reduced the increase in phosphorylated tau. The number of RGCs decreased from 2191 ± 178 (sham) to 1216 ± 122 cells/mm2 on day 7, and roscovitine preserved the level at 1622 ± 130 cells/mm2. We conclude that the calpain-mediated activation of Cdk5 is associated with the pathologic phosphorylation of tau.
Rescuing Immunosenescence via Non-Specific Vaccination
Authors: Mosa Alexander I.
Published: July 2021

Discrepancies in lifespan and healthy-life span are predisposing populations to an increasing burden of age-related disease. Accumulating evidence implicates aging of the immune system, termed immunosenescence, in the pathogenesis of multiple age-related diseases. Moreover, immune dysregulation in the elderly increases vulnerability to infection and dampens pathogen-specific immune responses following vaccination. The health challenges manifesting from these age related deficits have been dramatically exemplified by the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Approaches to either attenuate or reverse functional markers of immunosenescence are therefore urgently needed. Recent evidence suggests systemic immunomodulation via non-specific vaccination with live-attenuated vaccines may be a promising avenue to at least reduce aged population vulnerability to viral infection. This short review describes current understanding of immunosenescence, the historical and mechanistic basis of vaccine-mediated immunomodulation, and the outstanding questions and challenges required for broad adoption.
Application of Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method in Supporting Supplier Selection with Focus on HSE Criteria: A Case Study in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Haddad Assed N. , da Costa Bruno B. F. , de Andrade Larissa S. , Hammad Ahmed , Soares Carlos A. P.
Published: July 2021

Supply chain management is an emerging topic in the oil and gas industry. There is higher exposure of contractors to undesirable incidents and supplier selection is a multicriteria decision problem (MCDM). A fuzzy-TOPSIS method was employed in the evaluation of three suppliers regarding four HSE criteria. This method was applied in a case study of the oil and gas industry involving a contractor bidding process. Results reinforced that fuzzy-TOPSIS is a versatile and suitable method for supplier selection problems, with low computational complexity and promoting a better user experience. This method contributes to greater effectiveness and agility in the selection processes of suppliers regarding HSE management. The fuzzy-TOPSIS model is suitable for supplier selection problems and some of the benefits of applying this method are that it allows the attribution weights according to the level of importance of each criterion and considers the complexity, subjectivity, and uncertainty of the decision process. One has determined that it was essential to have a robust and consistent process for weighting the criteria and defining the most appropriate linguistic variables.
An Overview of the Ship Ventilation Systems and Measures to Avoid the Spread of Diseases
Authors: Mihai Victor , Rusu Liliana
Published: July 2021

This article presents a review of the main aspects regarding the current rules of classification societies, standards, and practice regarding the design and construction of ventilation and air conditioning systems for different compartments in different types of ships. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper also presents the usual practice of the actual heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems used on large ships, which recirculate the air between living compartments, in comparison with the new requirements to avoid the risk of spreading diseases. According to the rules, the technical compartments are provided with independent ventilation systems that ensure high air flow rates; therefore, the spread of diseases through this system is not an issue. The living spaces are provided with common ventilation and air conditioning systems that recirculate the air in all compartments served. The current practice of air recirculation in various living rooms leads to the spread of diseases, which should therefore be analyzed and improved by adding high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and UV disinfection or be replaced with individual systems that provide local heating or cooling without air recirculation between different rooms and fresh air supply with complete evacuation. For existing ships, different solutions should be analyzed such as reducing or cancelling recirculation and increasing filtration.
Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiogenic Shock: An Updated Narrative Review
Authors: Singh Sohrab , Kanwar Ardaas , Sundaragiri Pranathi R. , Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Truesdell Alexander G. , Rab Syed Tanveer , Singh Mandeep , Vallabhajosyula Saraschandra
Published: July 2021

Acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) is associated with high mortality and morbidity despite advancements in cardiovascular care. AMI-CS is associated with multiorgan failure of non-cardiac organ systems. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently seen in patients with AMI-CS and is associated with worse mortality and outcomes compared to those without. The pathogenesis of AMI-CS associated with AKI may involve more factors than previously understood. Early use of renal replacement therapies, management of comorbid conditions and judicious fluid administration may help improve outcomes. In this review, we seek to address the etiology, pathophysiology, management, and outcomes of AKI complicating AMI-CS.
New Abrasive Coatings: Abraded Volume Measurements in Ceramic Ball Production
Authors: Pessolano Filos Irene , Sesana Raffaella , Di Biase Massimiliano , Lupoi Rocco
Published: July 2021

Technological progress in hybrid bearings developed high wear and abrasion resistant materials for rolling elements. The manufacturing process of bearing balls presents new challenges, as nowadays, it requires time-consuming and costly processes. In this frame, the bearing manufacturing industry is demanding improvements in materials, geometry, and processes. This work aims to investigate new abrasive coatings for grinding wheels for Si3N4 ball manufacturing. Tribological pin on disk tests are performed on samples of grinding materials (disk) versus a Si3N4 ball (pin). Two samples of specimens coated with an electrodeposited diamond and diamond-reinforced metal matrix composite are examined to measure the abrasion rate and the wear resistance of Silicon Nitride Si3N4 balls, considering the influence of sliding speed and the effect of coating deposition on diamond particle density and granulometry. The measurements estimated the specific wear coefficient k, the height wear surface h, and the wear rate u of the Si3N4 balls. The results pointed out that by increasing the sliding speed, the abraded volume increases for both the coatings. The parameters affecting the abrasion effectiveness of both the coatings are the surface roughness, the abrasive particle dimension, and the sliding speed.
Using MALDI-FTICR-MS Imaging to Track Low-Molecular-Weight Aromatic Derivatives of Fungal Decayed Wood
Authors: Veličković Dušan , Zhou Mowei , Schilling Jonathan S. , Zhang Jiwei
Published: July 2021

Low-molecular-weight (LMW) aromatics are crucial in meditating fungal processes for plant biomass decomposition. Some LMW compounds are employed as electron donors for oxidative degradation in brown rot (BR), an efficient wood-degrading strategy in fungi that selectively degrades carbohydrates but leaves modified lignins. Previous understandings of LMW aromatics were primarily based on “bulk extraction”, an approach that cannot fully reflect their real-time functions during BR. Here, we applied an optimized molecular imaging method that combines matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) with Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) to directly measure the temporal profiles of BR aromatics as Rhodonia placenta decayed a wood wafer. We found that some phenolics were pre-existing in wood, while some (e.g., catechin-methyl ether and dihydroxy-dimethoxyflavan) were generated immediately after fungal activity. These pinpointed aromatics might be recruited to drive early BR oxidative mechanisms by generating Fenton reagents, Fe2+ and H2O2. As BR progressed, ligninolytic products were accumulated and then modified into various aromatic derivatives, confirming that R. placenta depolymerizes lignin. Together, this work confirms aromatic patterns that have been implicated in BR fungi, and it demonstrates the use of MALDI-FTICR-MS imaging as a new approach to monitor the temporal changes of LMW aromatics during wood degradation.
Size-Dependent Solute Segregation at Symmetric Tilt Grain Boundaries in α-Fe: A Quasiparticle Approach Study
Authors: Zapolsky Helena , Vaugeois Antoine , Patte Renaud , Demange Gilles
Published: July 2021

In the present work, atomistic modeling based on the quasiparticle approach (QA) was performed to establish general trends in the segregation of solutes with different atomic size at symmetric ⟨100⟩ tilt grain boundaries (GBs) in α-Fe. Three types of solute atoms X1, X2 and X3 were considered, with atomic radii smaller (X1), similar (X2) and larger (X3) than iron atoms, respectively, corresponding to phosphorus (P), antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn). With this, we were able to evidence that segregation is dominated by atomic size and local hydrostatic stress. For low angle GBs, where the elastic field is produced by dislocation walls, X1 atoms segregate preferentially at the limit between compressed and dilated areas. Contrariwise, the positions of X2 atoms at GBs reflect the presence of tensile and compressive areal regions, corresponding to extremum values of the σXX and σYY components of the strain tensor. Regarding high angle GBs Σ5 (310) (θ = 36.95°) and Σ29 (730), it was found that all three types of solute atoms form Fe9X clusters within B structural units (SUs), albeit being deformed in the case of larger atoms (X2 and X3). In the specific case of Σ29 (730) where the GB structure can be described by a sequence of |BC.BC| SUs, it was also envisioned that the C SU can absorb up to four X1 atoms vs. one X2 or X3 atom only. Moreover, a depleted zone was observed in the vicinity of high angle GBs for X2 or X3 atoms. The significance of this research is the development of a QA methodology capable of ascertaining the atomic position of solute atoms for a wide range of GBs, as a mean to highlight the impact of the solute atoms’ size on their locations at and near GBs.
Evaluation of Long–Lasting Antibacterial Properties and Cytotoxic Behavior of Functionalized Silver-Nanocellulose Composite
Authors: Toro Roberta Grazia , Adel Abeer Mohamed , de Caro Tilde , Federici Fulvio , Cerri Luciana , Bolli Eleonora , Mezzi Alessio , Barbalinardo Marianna , Gentili Denis , Cavallini Massimiliano , Al-Shemy Mona Tawfik , Montanari Roberta , Caschera Daniela
Published: July 2021

Materials possessing long-term antibacterial behavior and high cytotoxicity are of extreme interest in several applications, from biomedical devices to food packaging. Furthermore, for the safeguard of the human health and the environment, it is also stringent keeping in mind the need to gather good functional performances with the development of ecofriendly materials and processes. In this study, we propose a green fabrication method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles supported on oxidized nanocellulose (ONCs), acting as both template and reducing agent. The complete structural and morphological characterization shows that well-dispersed and crystalline Ag nanoparticles of about 10–20 nm were obtained in the cellulose matrix. The antibacterial properties of Ag-nanocomposites (Ag–ONCs) were evaluated through specific Agar diffusion tests against E. coli bacteria, and the results clearly demonstrate that Ag–ONCs possess high long-lasting antibacterial behavior, retained up to 85% growth bacteria inhibition, even after 30 days of incubation. Finally, cell viability assays reveal that Ag-ONCs show a significant cytotoxicity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Mg-Si Similar Alloy Laminates Produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding
Authors: Li Zhigang , Jiang Hao , Wang Minghui , Jia Hongjie , Han Hongjiang , Ma Pinkui
Published: July 2021

As the applications of heterogeneous materials expand, aluminum laminates of similar materials have attracted much attention due to their greater bonding strength and easier recycling. In this work, an alloy design strategy was developed based on accumulative roll bonding (ARB) to produce laminates from similar materials. Twin roll casting (TRC) sheets of the same composition but different cooling rates were used as the starting materials, and they were roll bonded up to three cycles at varying temperatures. EBSD showed that the two TRC sheets deformed in distinct ways during ARB processes at 300 °C. Major recrystallizations were significant after the first cycle on the thin sheet and after the third cycle on the thick sheet. The sheets were subject to subsequent aging for better mechanical properties. TEM observations showed that the size and distribution of nano-precipitations were different between the two sheet sides. These nano-precipitations were found to significantly promote precipitation strengthening, and such a promotive effect was referred to as hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening. Our work provides a new promising method to prepare laminated heterogeneous materials with similar alloy TRC sheets.
Special Issue: “Ceramics and Construction Materials”
Authors: Mangialardi Teresa
Published: July 2021

The variety of material classes engaged for constructions is very wide, ranging from naturally occurring substances, such as stone materials and wood, to manufactured products such as inorganic binders, ceramic bricks, adhesives, metals, composites like concrete, bituminous or fibre-reinforced materials [...]
Crystalline Quality, Composition Homogeneity, Tellurium Precipitates/Inclusions Concentration, Optical Transmission, and Energy Band Gap of Bridgman Grown Single-Crystalline Cd1−xZnxTe (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1)
Authors: Martínez Ana María , Giudici Paula , Trigubó Alicia Beatriz , D’Elía Raúl , Heredia Eduardo , Ramelli Rodrigo , González Rubén , Aza Felipe , Gilabert Ulises
Published: July 2021

Cd1−xZnxTe (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) ingots were obtained by Bridgman’s method using two different speeds in order to find the optimal conditions for single-crystalline growth. Crystalline quality was studied by chemical etching, the elemental composition by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), tellurium (Te) precipitates/inclusions concentration by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical transmission by Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and band gap energy (Egap) by photoluminescence (PL). It was observed that the ingots grown at a lower speed were those of the best crystalline quality, having at most three grains of different crystallographic orientation. The average dislocations density in all of them were similar and correspond to materials of good quality. EPMA results indicated that the homogeneity in the composition was excellent in the ingots central part. The concentration of Te precipitates/inclusions in all ingots was below the instrument (DSC) detection limit, 0.25% wt/wt. In the case of wafers from Cd0.96Zn0.04Te and Cd0.90Zn0.10Te ingots, the optical transmission was better than that of commercial materials and varied between 60% and 70%, while for pure CdTe, the transmission range was between 50% and 55%, the latter being decreased by the presence of Te precipitates/inclusions. The band gap energy Eg of different wafers was experimentally obtained by PL measurements at 76 K. We observed that Eg increased with the Zn concentration of the wafers, following a linear regression comparable to those proposed in the literature, and consistent with the results obtained with other techniques.
Tribological Aspects, Optimization and Analysis of Cu-B-CrC Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Usca Üsame Ali , Uzun Mahir , Kuntoğlu Mustafa , Şap Serhat , Giasin Khaled , Pimenov Danil Yurievich
Published: July 2021

Tribological properties of engineering components are a key issue due to their effect on the operational performance factors such as wear, surface characteristics, service life and in situ behavior. Thus, for better component quality, process parameters have major importance, especially for metal matrix composites (MMCs), which are a special class of materials used in a wide range of engineering applications including but not limited to structural, automotive and aeronautics. This paper deals with the tribological behavior of Cu-B-CrC composites (Cu-main matrix, B-CrC-reinforcement by 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt.%). The tribological characteristics investigated in this study are the coefficient of friction, wear rate and weight loss. For this purpose, four levels of sliding distance (1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 m) and four levels of applied load (10, 15, 20 and 25 N) were used. In addition, two levels of sliding velocity (1 and 1.5 m/s), two levels of sintering time (1 and 2 h) and two sintering temperatures (1000 and 1050 °C) were used. Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array was used to statistically analyze the aforementioned input parameters and to determine their best levels which give the desired values for the analyzed tribological characteristics. The results were analyzed by statistical analysis, optimization and 3D surface plots. Accordingly, it was determined that the most effective factor for wear rate, weight loss and friction coefficients is the contribution rate. According to signal-to-noise ratios, optimum solutions can be sorted as: the highest levels of parameters except for applied load and reinforcement ratio (2500 m, 10 N, 1.5 m/s, 2 h, 1050 °C and 0 wt.%) for wear rate, certain levels of all parameters (1000 m, 10 N, 1.5 m/s, 2 h, 1050 °C and 2.5 wt.%) for weight loss and 1000 m, 15 N, 1 m/s, 1 h, 1000 °C and 0 wt.% for the coefficient of friction. The comprehensive analysis of findings has practical significance and provides valuable information for a composite material from the production phase to the actual working conditions.