bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promoting Good Roads: Basketball and Baseball on the Red Line Road in 1915
Authors: Eberle Mark , null null
Published: February 2023

The first good road associations in Kansas with an interest in interstate travel were organized in 1910–1914. Construction of roads in rural Kansas was seen as a benefit to farmers and ranchers and to towns trying to attract visitors as automobiles and cross-country trips became more common. Initially, most of these efforts were implemented by counties and other local entities, with volunteers making substantial contributions. Most of these early routes were marked by colored bands painted on telegraph and telephone poles. Thus, they were sometimes known by names such as the Red Line Road or Golden Belt Road. These two roads ran from Kansas City to Denver but followed different routes across most of Kansas. To promote the Red Line Road, boosters in Glasco and Plainville organized sports teams to barnstorm across Kansas and eastern Colorado, painting bands on poles as they went. The teams scheduled games in towns along the route to earn money to pay their expenses. This monograph presents an overview of early road construction in Kansas and the efforts of the Glasco basketball team and Plainville baseball team in promoting the Red Line Road in 1915.
A Study of One Hundred Farm Security Administration Grant Families in Ellis County, Kansas 1939
Authors: Bondurant Clair , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

A short history has been prepared as an introduction to this study of Farm Security Administration grant families in Ellis county.
Annotated List of Diatoms Reported From Kansas
Authors: Eberle Mark , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

This annotated list has been prepared to organize all of the available information in the literature on the diatoms of Kansas. The literature also has been reviewed to briefly summerize the history of research on diatoms in the state.
Bat Masterson; The Dodge City Years
Authors: Thompson George , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

Kansas has an unusual and a brilliant history. The men who lived within its boundaries when this history was being made, and who helped make it, are becoming older each year; historians and biographers have only a short time in which to secure their stories, which will, otherwise, go with them when they die. With this thought in mind, the author has selected the life of William Barclay Masterson, a colorful figure in the history of Dodge City, Kansas, for preservation.
Dry-Plains Conservation: an activity or experimental method of teaching soil and water conservation in Southwestern Dry-Plains natural science classrooms.
Authors: Pierson David , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

This paper is an attempt to provide teachers in the dry-plains regions with certain concepts and techniques believed to be of value in assisting students to develop an understanding of the uniqueness of their environment. While most of the activities, experiments, and demonstrations were first organized for a biology class, many of them should be suitable for use in other classes which involve the natural sciences.
Devils, Witches, Pagans and Vampires: Studies in the Magical World View (Dr. Caligari's Carnival of Shadows Halloween Festival Fort Hays State University)
Authors: Luehrs Robert , Cox Gerry , Cox Gerry , Cox Gerry
Published: February 2023

This volume of Fort Hays Studies, then, does not appear in a vacuum; it is a contribution to a legitimate and growing corpus of works which explore a part of social history and literature too often ignored. The authors of the essays in this special collection have all participated in an interdisciplinary event at Fort Hays State University which, for lack of a more precise appellation, has been called the university Halloween Festival.
Bibliography of Master's Theses: Fort Hays Kansas State College 1930 - 1962
Authors: Friesner Paul , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

Fort Hays Kansas State College has offered the master's degree since 1929 and a modern graduate program has been developed. Prior to 1942 a thesis was required of all candidates for the master's degree; but since that time, candidates in certain subject areas have been permitted to substitute master's reports, and creative thesis, production thesis, or substitute course work for a thesis.
Early Pioneer Families In Decatur County, Kansas
Authors: Shimmick Lillian , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

This account of some of the early pioneer families in Decatur County, Kansas and of their material and cultural contributions toward the development of a vigorous and distinctive community is derived from a series of newspaper articles written between 1966 and 1975 by Lillian Shimmick. Rather, her intent is to convey the unique flavor of the community in the late 1800's and to focus on the distinctive contributions made by the early pioneer families.
A History of the Violin Étude to About 1800 Volume I
Authors: Stolba K. , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate and ascertain the history and development of the étude as a specific form of didactic literature for the violin. All influential factors, both non-musical and musical, are considered; in a study of this type, however, more space is devoted to the musical than to the non-musical elements. This being the case, an investigation of instructional materials for the violin comprises the major portion of this writing. The period covered is form 1523 to around 1800.
Pasture Types of Western Kansas in Relation to the Intensity of Utilization in Past Years
Authors: Tomanek Gerald , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of five pastures that have been subjected to different intensities of grazing in the past 15 years.
Topeka Enters the Minor Leagues, 1886–1887: Bud Fowler and Goldsby’s Golden Giants
Authors: Eberle Mark , null null
Published: February 2023

The first minor league baseball teams in Kansas represented Topeka and Leavenworth as members of the Western League in 1886 and 1887. The 1886 Topeka Base Ball Club was an integrated team, featuring Bud Fowler at second base for all but the final eight games of the season. Although Black ballplayers were generally excluded from playing on minor league or major league clubs prior to 1946, Fowler was a fan favorite in Topeka and the team’s leading hitter. The team finished fourth among the six teams. In 1887, the Topeka Base Ball Association hired Walton Goldsby to manage the club and improve on the previous record. Goldsby assembled a team on which all of the members except one had played or would play for major league clubs. The team became known as Goldsby’s Golden Giants. They easily won the Western League pennant and are arguably one of the best minor league teams of the nineteenth century. The stories of these two clubs are summarized.
Invertebrate Fauna and Environment of Deposition of the Niobrara Formation (Cretaceous) of Kansas
Authors: Miller Halsey , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

This paper reevaluates, and where desirable, synonymizes species. Previously unrecorded species are described and illustrated. The environment of the Niobrara Formation in Kansas is described. The author collected specimens in Scott, Logan, Gove, Trego, Rooks and Phillips Counties, Kansas.
The Germans From Russia: A Bibliography of Materials In The Ethnic Heritage Collection At Fort Hays State University
Authors: Schmeller Helmut , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

While the collection contains a variety of materials pertaining to the history of diverse immigrant groups, the present bibliography focuses on the largest of these groups, namely the Germans from Russia whose economic, social, and cultural impact has been a major formative element in the shaping of a distinctive regional character. Unlike many other groups,the Germans from Russia have maintained a pronounced awareness of their ethnic identity, a fact which testifies not only to an inherent vitality but also to the quality of their social, cultural, and religious values.
An Economic and Sociological Study of a Kansas Community
Authors: Clover Vernon , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

This is a survey of Ellis county, Kansas. The purpose was to discover what information of importance is available in regard to the economic and human characteristics of this county and of similar areas throughout the United States for the prewar year of 1940.
Seventh US Cavalry Base Ball in Kansas, 1868–1870
Authors: Eberle Mark , null null
Published: February 2023

From 1868 through 1870, the Seventh US Cavalry and other military units played baseball in Kansas at their various posts and in the field. Details of several games were reported in local newspapers, as well as the New York Clipper. The Seventh Cavalry clubs, most notably Captain Frederick Benteen’s Company H, continued to play through 1875 while stationed in the South and the Dakota Territory, before the regiment was decimated at the Battle of Little Bighorn (Greasy Grass) in 1876. This essay focuses on the Seventh Cavalry’s baseball experiences in Kansas. A list of known games played by the regiment from 1868 through 1875 and several newspaper clippings of box scores are provided.
Early Baseball and Historic Liberty Park Stadium in Sedalia, Missouri
Authors: Eberle Mark , null null
Published: February 2023

Small baseball parks with grandstands constructed prior to the Second World War continue to be lost around the country, and much of the sport’s history is lost with them. Missouri has a few such ballparks remaining within its borders, including those in Carthage, Hannibal, and St. Joseph. In addition, Sedalia has what is arguably one of the finest examples in the nation of a small ballpark with an historic wooden grandstand constructed in 1937–1938 that continues to serve its original purpose. This article is a brief introduction to baseball in Sedalia from the end of the Civil War through the Great Depression, along with the history of baseball in the city’s Liberty Park that culminated in construction of the grandstand still in use more than 80 years after it was constructed.
Search and Research: An Approach
Authors: Faculty Art , null null , null null , null null
Published: February 2023

The five members of the faculty of the Art department are presenting this issue as a somewhat unique form of research in which we are intimately involved. We present no sources or references, but rather the creative products of this research into the phenomenon of the artist-teacher on the college campus and his role in relation to the college, and primarily the students with whom he works.
Baseball’s Color Line in Kansas andthe Chanute Black Diamonds of 1904–1906
Authors: Eberle Mark , null null
Published: February 2023

The major and minor leagues excluded black baseball players for most of their history until Jackie Robinson broke the color line in 1946 and 1947. However, at the local level, the color line was not always so absolute. Town teams were occasionally integrated, and segregated teams played each other, sometimes with the local championship on the line. Among the small towns where this occurred was Chanute, Kansas, where a black ball club named the Chanute Black Diamonds was first organized in 1900. From 1904 through 1906, the Black Diamonds assembled a team of the best players from Chanute and nearby Humboldt and Iola that was competitive against both black and white teams in the region. They also earned the city’s championship in 1905. In addition, several members of the team were occasionally sought by white ball clubs wanting to bolster their rosters. Although they never had the opportunity to play in any of the local minor leagues or in the Negro National League (which was not organized until 1920), the Black Diamonds were so well known throughout the region that the team sometimes drew more fans, black and white, than their white counterparts. This monograph summarizes the baseball experiences of the Black Diamonds during this period.
DIETA Y COMPORTAMIENTO DE ALIMENTACIÓN DEL OSTRERO AUSTRAL (HAEMATOPUS LEUCOPODUS) DURANTE EL PERÍODO POS-REPRODUCTIVO EN EL ESTUARIO DEL RÍO GALLEGOS, PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA
Authors: Ferrari Silvia , Lizarralde Zulma , Pittaluga Susana , Albrieu Carlos
Published: February 2023

Diet and feeding behaviour of the Magellanic Oystercatcher (Haematopus leucopodus) during the post-reproductive period at Río Gallegos Estuary, Patagonia, Argentina. – Although the diet of several species of oystercatchers has been studied in detail, there is little information about the Magellanic Oystercatcher (Haematopus leucopodus), an endemic species from Patagonia. We studied the diet and feeding behaviour during the post-reproductive period at Río Gallegos Estuary, Argentina, one of their main wintering grounds. We observed the feeding behaviour of oystercatchers and measured prey remains to assess bivalves size distribution. We also quantified the availability and size distribution of available bivalves. The clam Darina solenoides was the most consumed prey (77%), followed by mussels Mytilus edulis platensis (16%) and polychaetes (less than 6%). Both bivalves were available in high quantities in the intertidal zone, but the oystercatchers ate more clams, probably because mussels require longer handling time. The feeding technique used to eat mussels was “ventral hammering,” while clams or polychaetes were consumed using the “probing” technique. The Magellanic Oystercatcher showed a high selectivity for prey-size feeding on medium-sized bivalves, a tendency also recorded for other oystercatcher species.
NESTING AND SOCIAL ROOSTING OF THE OCHRE-COLLARED PICULET (PICUMNUS TEMMINCKII) AND WHITE-BARRED PICULET (PICUMNUS CIRRATUS), AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF WOODPECKER (PICIDAE) BREEDING BIOLOGY
Authors: Bodrati Alejandro , Cockle Kristina L. , Di Sallo Facundo G. , Ferreyra Carlos , Salvador Sergio , Lammertink Martjan
Published: February 2023

To understand the evolution of reproductive strategies and social behavior in woodpeckers (Picidae), it is useful to compare breeding biology between the two largest subfamilies: Picinae (true woodpeckers) and Picumninae (piculets). The piculets include four species in the Old World (Sasia, Verreauxia, and Picumnus spp.) and a recent radiation of 25 Picumnus spp. in the Neotropics; however, information about their breeding biology is limited. We studied four nests and one roost of the Ochre-collared Piculet (Picumnus temminckii) in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones and eight nests of the White-barred Piculet (Picumnus cirratus) in the Chaco region, of Argentina, and reviewed the published literature on other species of Picumnus. Cavities were excavated in dead branches and tree trunks. Entrance diameters were 2.2 ± 0.2 cm (mean ± SE) for the Ochre-collared Piculet and 2.5 ± 0.1 cm for the White-barred Piculet. In both species, both parents excavated cavities, incubated eggs, fed nestlings, and maintained the cavity clean of feces. In the Ochre-collared Piculet, incubation lasted 13 days, on-bouts were 42 ± 4 (± SE) min for females and 48 ± 7 min for males, and nest attentiveness was nearly 100% during incubation and the first 10 days after hatching. Nestling Ochre-collared Piculets hatched without feathers, their eyes and pin feathers opened on day 13, and they fledged on days 26 and 27. Nestlings of both species were fed ant larvae and other small prey. In Ochre-collared Piculets, the rate of food delivery (especially by the female) increased with nestling age. Females removed 71% and males 29% of fecal sacs. Fledgling Picumnus have dark crowns and look like adult females, which is different from Sasia, Verreauxia, and most Picinae. Unlike Picinae, Picumnus parents roost together in their nest cavity before laying, throughout nesting, and (accompanied by their offspring) after fledging. They also roost in pairs or groups when not breeding. If Old World piculets also roost socially, this trait may reflect an ancestral condition of the woodpeckers.
THE COLOR OF THE PALATE: AN ADDITIONAL AGEING CRITERION FOR THE WHITE-CRESTED ELAENIA (ELAENIA ALBICEPS)
Authors: Thomson Roberto F. , Pérez-García Juan M. , Gosler Andrew G.
Published: February 2023

No abstract.
THE DIET OF UPLAND SANDPIPERS (BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA) IN MANAGED FARMLAND IN THEIR NEOTROPICAL NON-BREEDING GROUNDS
Authors: Alfaro Matilde , Sandercock Brett K. , Liguori Luciano , Arim Matias
Published: February 2023

The Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) is a migratory shorebird that inhabits grasslands at the breeding and non-breeding grounds. The trophic ecology of the species is poorly known, but it is thought to be insectivorous. In this study, we describe the diet of the Upland Sandpiper and its temporal variation in grasslands of northern Uruguay. From 2008 to 2012, we collected 67 feces at nine different sites in the Departments of Salto and Paysandú. The diet consisted mainly of insects (present in 98% of the feces) belonging to three orders: Coleoptera (in 80% of feces), Orthoptera (79%), and Hymenoptera (48%). Consumption of Orthoptera and Hymenoptera varied among years. Plant remains and stones were also recorded in feces. Vegetation may have been consumed secondarily while stones could be used in food processing in the gizzard. Our study demonstrates that Upland Sandpipers are diet generalists and probably forage opportunistically, depending on resource availability and focusing on the most abundant prey items.
Index
Authors: Weller André
Published: February 2023

No abstract.
TREE COVER, PATCH STRUCTURE AND PATCH ISOLATION CORRELATE WITH PATTERNS OF TUFTED TIT‐SPINETAIL (LEPTASTHENURA PLATENSIS) OCCURRENCE IN ESPINAL FOREST REMNANTS FROM EAST‐CENTRAL ARGENTINA
Authors: Palacio Facundo Xavier
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ The Tufted Tit‐Spinetail (Leptasthenura platensis) is a common species from the southern Neotropical Region, but several ecological aspects, such as abundance patterns and habitat use, remain poorly known. I studied the relationship between Tufted Tit‐Spinetail presence and characteristics of native forest patches (tree cover, patch area and interpatch distance) in eastern Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The probability of presence increased with tree cover and patch area and decreased with interpatch distance. Occurrence probability also decreased from summer to winter. Although the Tufted Tit‐Spinetail is not considered a species under threat, my results show that habitat features related to forest fragmentation are major factors explaining occurrence patterns in forest patches, and suggest that it could be a species sensitive to fragmentation. Resumen ∙ La cobertura de árboles, la estructura del parche y el aislamiento de los parches se correlacionan con los patrones de ocurrencia del Coludito Copetón (Leptasthenura platensis) en remanentes de bosque del Espinal del centro‐este de ArgentinaEl Coludito Copetón (Leptasthenura platensis) es una especie común del sur de la región Neotropical, pero varios aspectos de su ecología, como patrones de abundancia y uso de hábitat, son escasamente conocidos. Estudié la relación entre la presencia de Coludito Copetón y características de parches de bosque nativo (cobertura de árboles, área del parche y distancia entre parches) en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. La probabilidad de presencia de Coludito Copetón aumentó con la cobertura arbórea y el área del parche, y disminuyó con un incremento en la distancia entre parches. La probabilidad de presencia también disminuyó desde el invierno hacia el verano. Aunque no es considerada una especie bajo amenaza, mis resultados muestran que ciertas características del hábitat asociadas a la fragmentación representan factores clave que explican patrones de ocupación en parches de bosque, y apoyan la idea de que sería una especie sensible a la fragmentación.
SELECCIÓN DE CAVIDADES POR LA GOLONDRINA AZUL CUBANA (PROGNE CRYPTOLEUCA) EN UN ÁREA URBANA
Authors: García-Lau Ianela , Vives Pérez Ailet
Published: February 2023

RESUMEN ∙ La Golondrina Azul Cubana (Progne cryptoleuca) es un ave migratoria Neotropical pobremente estudiada, que solo cría en el archipiélago cubano. Algunas cavidades artificiales presentes en las ciudades constituyen un sitio de nidificación alternativo para los individuos de esta especie. Entre 2012 y 2015, se examinaron las características de las cavidades disponibles y potencialmente usadas como sitio de nidificación por la Golondrina Azul Cubana en la mayor colonia reproductiva existente en La Habana. Las cavidades usadas por la Golondrina Azul Cubana se caracterizaron por estar ubicadas entre 18–36 m de altura (cavidades más altas entre las disponibles), orientadas hacia áreas abiertas, expuestas al sol en algún momento del día, con una sola entrada y donde la accesibilidad es mínima. No obstante, la altura de la cavidad fue la única variable que discriminó entre las cavidades usadas y no usadas. El uso de las cavidades más altas podría optimizar las actividades de forrajeo de este insectívoro aéreo, así como la evasión de posible competidores. Futuros estudios podrían estar dirigidos a evaluar el efecto de este y otros factores (ej., presencia de competidores potenciales en el área) sobre el uso de cavidades y el éxito reproductivo de la Golondrina Azul Cubana.ABSTRACT ∙ Cavity selection by the Cuban Martin (Progne cryptoleuca) in an urban area The Cuban Martin is a poorly known Neotropical migratory bird that only breeds on the Cuban archipelago, Greater Antilles. The species is an obligate secondary cavity nester that has taken to using artificial cavities in man‐made structures within cities. Between 2012 and 2015, we examined the characteristics of available cavities and potential nest‐ sites of the largest breeding colony of Cuban Martin known in Havana, Cuba. Cavities used by the Cuban Martin were found to be between 18–36 m of height (the highest‐situated cavities among those available), oriented toward open areas, exposed to the sun for some duration during the day, contained only one entrance hole, and had minimal accessibility. However, cavity height was the only variable that discriminated between used and unused cavities. We hypothesize that occupying the highest cavities may optimize foraging activities by this aerial insectivore and avoid potential nest competitors. Future studies should assess the effect of this and other factors (e.g., presence of potential competitors in the area) on use of cavities and reproductive success of the Cuban Martin.
GEOPHAGY IN PFRIMER'S PARAKEET (PYRRHURA PFRIMERI), A CRITICALLY THREATENED AND ENDEMIC PARAKEET OF DRY FORESTS IN CENTRAL BRAZIL
Authors: Dornas Tulio , Pesqueiro Marcos Filipe , Luiz Edson Ribeiro , Pinheiro Renato Torres
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT ∙ Geophagy refers to the behavior of ingesting soil by animals which has often been reported for parrots (Psittacidae), and is hypothesized to have a detoxifying function and/or to provide essential minerals. Here, we document this behaviour in Pfrimer’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura pfrimeri), an endangered species that inhabits dry forest environments in central Brasil. Between 2012 and 2014, we observed four cases of geophagy in this species in the states of Tocantins and Goiás. All observations took place near streams where parrots were recorded scraping at limestone walls and rocky outcrops. This is the first record of geophagy for this species, besides expanding the known geographic distribution of this behavior eastwards in South America.RESUMO  ∙ Geofagia em Tiriba‐de‐pfrimer (Pyrrhura pfrimeri), periquito endêmico e criticamente ameaçado das Mata Secas do Brasil‐Central Geofagia refere‐se ao comportamento da ingestão de solo por animais, o que tem sido frequentemente relatado para papagaios, periquitos e afins (Psittacidae). As hipótese que explicam este comportamento seria uma tentativa de desintoxicação ou para o fornecimento de minerais essenciais. Nós documentamos esse comportamento em Tiriba‐de‐pfrimer (Pyrrhura pfrimeri), espécie ameaçada de extinção que habita as Matas Secas da porção central do Brasil. Entre 2012 e 2014 foram observados quatro casos de geofagia para a espécie nos estados de Tocantins e Goiás. Todas as observações ocorreu próximo de córregos e as aves foram registradas raspando paredes de afloramentos rochosos. Este é o primeiro registro de geofagia para a espécie e amplia a distribuição geográfica deste comportamento para o leste da América do Sul.
VEGETATION, URBANIZATION, AND BIRD RICHNESS IN A BRAZILIAN PERIURBAN AREA
Authors: Florio Lessi Bruno , Rodrigues Pires José Salatiel , Florisvaldo Batisteli Augusto , MacGregor-Fors Ian
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT ∙ Birds have received special attention in urban areas. Due to their conspicuousness and quick response to habitat changes, they perfectly fit the requirements as a bioindicator group. In this study, we assessed the relationships between urbanization intensity and vegetation characteristics and bird richness in greenspaces of the Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. We found a significant positive relationship between exotic tree abundance and maximum tree height, and bird species richness; but no interaction effect between exotic tree abundance and maximum tree height. The results of this study suggest that the size and resources provided by trees are affecting bird richness in our study site. Although many of the resources (e.g., flowers, fruits, nesting sites) are provided by exotic plants in our study site, native ones were clearly underrepresented. Given the negative effects that exotic plant species can have on ecosystems, it is crucial to consider planting alternative native species that can offer resources similar to those currently available through exotic ones.RESUMO ∙ Vegetação, urbanização e riqueza de aves em uma área peri‐urbana Brasileira As aves tem recebido uma atenção especial em áreas urbanas por serem facilmente detectáveis e responderem facilmente às mudanças de habitat, enquadrando‐se perfeitamente como grupo bioindicador nesses ambientes. Neste estudo foram avaliadas as relações entre a intensidade da urbanização e as características da vegetação das áreas verdes e a avifauna da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil. Foi encontrado uma relação positiva entre a riqueza de espécies de aves e a abundância de árvores exóticas e altura máxima das árvores, mas nenhuma interação entre a abundância de árvores exóticas e altura máxima das árvores foi registrada. Os resultados deste estudo apontam que a quantidade de recursos oferecido pelas árvores e o tamanho delas afetam diretamente a riqueza de aves na área estudada. Muitos dos recursos (ej. flores, frutos, locais de nidificação) são fornecidos por plantas exóticas, pois as nativas estão sub‐representadas na área. Levando‐se em conta os efeitos negativos que as espécies exóticas podem exercer sobre os ecossistemas, é fundamental considerar espécies nativas alternativas que possam oferecer recursos semelhantes aos atualmente disponíveis através das espécies exóticas.
NOTAS SOBRE ANIDACIÓN Y CUIDADO MATERNAL DEL COLIBRÍ ESMERALDA HONDUREÑO (AMAZILIA LUCIAE) EN EL VALLE DE AGALTA, HONDURAS
Authors: Rodriguez Fabiola Grissel , Escoto Dorian , Mejía Ordoñez Thelma , Ferrufino-Acosta Lilian , Cruz Saby Y. , Larkin Jeffery L.
Published: February 2023

Resumen ∙ El Colibrí Esmeralda Hondureño (Amazilia luciae) es la única ave endémica de Honduras. Esta especie en peligro habita valles intermontanos con bosques áridos espinosos, bosque semi‐deciduo o áreas abiertas con arbustos dispersos. Durante un año (agosto de 2014–julio de 2015) se llevaron a cabo búsquedas de nidos de Amazilia luciae. Se registraron 17 nidos los cuales fueron monitoreados. La mayoría de los nidos (N = 15) se encontraron entre enero y marzo. Los nidos tuvieron forma de copa y se registró el uso de nueve especies de plantas nativas como sustrato. El ciclo reproductivo, desde construcción hasta que los polluelos dejan el nido, fue de 42 días. Los nidos encontrados contenían 1–2 huevos o polluelos. Finalmente se documentaron 14 ocasiones de cuidado maternal hacia juveniles fuera del nido. Estos resultados ayudarán a guiar estudios futuros, así como informar a participantes de esfuerzos locales de conservación dirigidos a beneficiar esta especie.Abstract ∙ Notes on the nesting and maternal care of the Honduran Emerald (Amazilia luciae) in the Agalta Valley, Honduras The Honduran Emerald (Amazilia luciae) is the only endemic bird in Honduras. This endangered hummingbird inhabits intermontane valleys with arid thorn forests, semi‐deciduous forest or open habitat with dispersed shrubs. During one year (August 2014–July 2015) we conducted searches for Honduran Emerald nests. We found and monitored 17 nests. Most nests (N = 15) were found between January and March. Nests were cup‐shaped and nine native plant species were recorded as substrate. The nesting cycle, from nest construction to fledging, takes approximately 42 days. Nests contained 1–2 eggs or nestlings. We documented 14 occasions of maternal care towards juveniles outside of the nest. This study will help guide future studies as well as promote local conservation efforts.
OBSERVATIONS OF BIRDS FEEDING ON THE FRUIT OF A SUCCESSIONAL TREE, TOPOBEA MULTIFLORA, IN SOUTHWESTERN COSTA RICA
Authors: Haffey William R. , De Lea Michael , Walker Brian
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ We observed several individuals of a tropical fruiting tree, Topobea multiflora (Melastomataceae), to determine the diversity and prevalence of bird species that use this plant as a food source. Conducted on the south Pacific slope of Costa Rica, these observations are of interest because T. multiflora, though it grows in early successional habitat, attracts many bird species typically associated with mature forest. Most of these species are potential candidates for dispersing the small seeds of mature forest species as they leave the forest to feed on the fruit of T. multiflora. In this study, we recorded 477 observations of 24 species belonging to seven families feeding on T. multiflora fruit during ten count periods of observation. The family Thraupidae (tanagers) had both the highest proportion of feeding observations (65.8%) and the greatest diversity of all visiting taxa (13 species). The five species with the highest overall prevalence (prevalence >5%) were Silver‐throated Tanager (Tangara icterocephala), Cherrie’s Tanager (Ramphocelus costaricensis), Thick‐billed Euphonia (Euphonia laniirostris), Common Bush‐tanager (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus), and Bay‐headed Tanager (Tangara gyrola). Our results suggest that several species of Neotropical frugivores, because of their relationship to T. multiflora, may be considered indicator species of ongoing forest regeneration in southwestern Costa Rica. Resumen ∙ Observaciones de especies de aves alimentándose de frutos de Topobea multiflora en el sudoeste de Costa Rica Observamos varios ejemplares de árboles con frutos de la especie Topobea multiflora (Melastomataceae) para determinar la diversidad y prevalencia de las especies de aves que se alimentan de esta planta. Estas observaciones, realizadas en la pendiente sud‐Pacifica de Costa Rica, son de interés ya que T. multiflora, si bien crece en hábitats con disturbio o en regeneración, atrae muchas especies generalmente asociadas a bosques maduros. La mayoría de estas especies son candidatos potenciales para la dispersión de semillas de especies de plantas de bosques maduros cuando se alejan del bosque para alimentarse de los frutos de T. multiflora. En este estudio, registramos 477 observaciones de alimentación de frutos de T. multiflora, correspondientes a 24 especies pertenecientes a siete familias. La familia Thraupidae (tangaras) presento la mayor abundancia (341 observaciones) y la mayor riqueza de especies (13 especies). Las cinco especies con mayor prevalencia (> 5%) fueron: Tangara goliplateada (Tangara icterocephala), Tangara costarricense (Ramphocelus costaricensis), Eufonia piquigruesa (Euphonia laniirostris), Clorospingo común (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus) y Tangara cabecibaya (Tangara gyrola). Nuestros resultados sugieren que varias especies de aves frugívoras Neotropicales, debido a que frecuentan plantas de T. multiflora, podrían ser consideradas especies indicadoras de procesos de regeneración de bosques.
HYACINTH MACAWS (ANODORHYNCHUS HYACINTHINUS, PSITTACIDAE) FEEDING ON TERMITES
Authors: De Paula Gabriel Arvelino , Laps Rudi , Fischer Erich
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Hyacinth Macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) feed largely on palm seeds and fruits. Here, we report a pair of Hyacinth Macaws feeding on termites. We visited the nesting tree of a pair of Hyacinth Macaws at the southern border of the Brazilian Pantanal on a monthly basis during one year. Macaws were present during four of these visits, and we recorded them foraging on arboreal termites in their nesting tree during one of the visits. Using their beaks, both macaw individuals repeatedly broke away bark pieces from decaying branches, and handled them with beak and feet to ingest termites found on the inner side of the bark. Nesting in decaying trees likely increases opportunities for Hyacinth Macaws to find termites, and the feeding behavior of these macaws indicates that they are familiar with and able to consume termites. This is the first report of termite consumption by this species.Resumo ∙ Arara‐azul‐grande (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Psittacidae) comendo cupins Indivíduos de Arara‐azul‐grande (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) consomem principalmente sementes de palmeiras e frutos. Reportamos aqui um casal de Araras‐azuis‐grandes consumindo cupins. Visitamos uma árvore de nidificação na borda sul do Pantanal brasileiro mensalmente durante um ano. As araras estavam presentes em quatro visitas, e registramos consumo de cupins presentes na árvore de nidificação em uma visita. As araras repetidamente retiravam com o bico pedaços de casca de ramos podres, e manuseavam os pedaços com o bico e os pés para ingerir cupins presentes na parte interna da casca. Nidificar em árvores senescentes provavelmente aumenta a oportunidade dessas araras encontrarem cupins, e o comportamento alimentar delas indica familiaridade e habilidade em consumilos. Esse é o primeiro registro de consumo de cupins por esta espécie.
SAME‐SEX MOUNTING BEHAVIOR BETWEEN JUVENILES AND ADULT MALES OF THE WHITE‐BEARDED MANAKIN (MANACUS MANACUS)
Authors: Cestari César
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Adult males of lekking species compete with each other during sexual displays to attract females. Juvenile males usually are inexperienced in displays and they have minimal chances of attracting females that visit adults. Despite this supposed lack of competition between adults and juveniles, inexperienced juveniles of the White‐bearded Manakin (Manacus manacus) that try to rehearse displays in lek areas may be chased aggressively by adult males. Here, I describe same‐sex mounting behavior between M. manacus adults and juveniles. Two juvenile males entered the arenas of two high‐ranking adults and rehearsed jump‐snap display soon after they were mounted by adults. Adults did not chase the juveniles, showing no immediate competition or aggressiveness. Four years later, the same (individually‐marked) juveniles had become established adults on the same lek areas where the same‐sex mounting behavior was recorded. For juveniles, the same‐sex mounting behavior may facilitate their approach to arenas of adults and acquisition of display experience. For adults, benefits derived from such behavior may include social hierarchy imposition and avoidance of conflicts with potentially future newcomer juvenile males in lek areas. However, alternative explanations, such as mistaking juvenile males for females by adult males, cannot be ruled out. Resumo ∙ O comportamento de montar entre jovens e adultos machos da rendeira (Manacus manacus)   Machos adultos que possuem o sistema reprodutivo de lek competem intensamente durante exibições sexuais para atraírem fêmeas. Machos juvenis geralmente possuem pouca experiência em exibições e portanto, eles possuem pou‐ cas chances de atraírem as fêmeas que visitam machos adultos. Apesar desta suposta falta de competição entre machos adultos e jovens, alguns jovens inexperientes de rendeiras (Manacus manacus) que tentam praticar exibições podem ser perseguidos por adultos agressivos. No presente estudo, eu descrevo o comportamento de montar, característico da cópula entre machos e fêmeas, entre machos adultos e machos jovens da rendeira . Dois machos jovens praticaram manobras de exibição em duas arenas de machos adultos logo depois que foram montados pelos mesmos adultos. Os adultos não perseguiram estes machos jovens, evidenciando nenhuma competição ou agressividade. Quatro anos depois, os mesmos jovens (individualmente marcados) se estabeleceram nas mesmas áreas de lek onde o comportamento de montar foi registrado. Para os jovens, o comportamento de montar pode facilitar a aproximação em arenas de adultos e a aquisição de experiência em exibições. Para os adultos, os benefícios derivados do comportamento de montar podem incluir imposição de hierarquia social sobre outros machos jovens e eliminação de futuros conflitos com potenciais machos jovens que queiram se estabelecer nas áreas de lek. Apesar dos resultados, um possível erro de identificação de sexo entre machos jovens e fêmeas por machos adultos não é descartado.
THE AVIFAUNA OF THE RÍO TIGRE BASIN, NORTHERN PERÚ
Authors: Díaz Alván Juan , Socolar Jacob B , Álvarez Alonso José
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT ∙ The Tigre river basin in the Amazonian lowlands of northern Perú harbors a hyperdiverse avifauna that remains under‐surveyed and poorly known. We conducted the first comprehensive ornithological inventory of the basin. Observational fieldwork at 42 sites spread across the Peruvian portion of the basin resulted in a bird list of 584 species, reflecting several noteworthy patterns in the avian biogeography of northern Perú. These patterns include the distribution of several species that specialize on nutrient‐poor habitats, such as weathered clay terraces and peatlands. Peatland forests are especially poorly studied in Perú and represent a novel habitat association for these species. We also report on the presence of a suite of species with primarily montane distributions that occur in low density across the Amazonian lowlands and in the study area. Current conservation challenges in the Tigre basin include deforestation and pollution associated with hydrocarbons extraction and infrastructure projects.RESUMEN ∙ Avifauna de la cuenca del río Tigre, Perú La cuenca del río Tigre en las tierras bajas del norte de la Amazonía peruana tiene una avifauna súper diversa que sin embargo es muy poco conocida. Realizamos el primer inventario ornitológico de la cuenca. Observaciones de aves en 42 sitios resultaron en una lista de 584 especies de aves registradas en la zona de estudio. Un grupo particular de esta comunidad de aves son aquellas que se distribuyen en los bosques arcillosos pobres a lo largo del río Pucacuro y sobre bosques de turberas en el bajo río Tigre. Reportamos especies generalmente consideradas como especies facultativas u obligadas de hábitats de suelos de arena blanca en la zona de estudio. Los bosques sobre turberas aún se encuentran muy poco estudiados por los ornitólogos y representan un nuevo espacio para las especies que por lo general encontramos sobre los bosques de arena blanca. Adicionalmente reportamos un grupo de especies que generalmente son comunes en el pie de monte andino, pero que ocurren en bajas densidades en el área de estudio. Las amenazas actuales a la conservación de la zona incluyen la deforestación y la contaminación asociada con actividades petroleras y proyectos de infraestructura.
PARENTAL DEPENDENCE OF A JUVENILE BLACK-AND-CHESTNUT EAGLE (SPIZAETUS ISIDORI) IN THE EASTERN ANDES, COLOMBIA
Authors: Zuluaga Santiago , Grande Juan Manuel , Aristizábal Daniel Felipe , Guevara Giovany
Published: February 2023

Abstract · The Black‐and‐chestnut Eagle (Spizaetus isidori) is one of the least known Neotropical birds of prey, with scarce information about its basic biology throughout its entire distribution range. Information on the duration of its parental dependence is inexistent, although this is a key period in the natural history of birds which will impact the subsequent probability of survival, development of natal dispersion and finally reproduction. Here, we provide information on parental dependence, and report focal observation data describing behaviors, post‐fledging movements and home range of a Black‐and‐chestnut Eagle fledgling in the eastern Andes of Colombia. We monitored fledgling development from ca. 6 to 32 weeks of age. The young eagle left the nest at 13 weeks and the dependence period lasts until at least 28 weeks old. The home range estimated (kernel 95) reached 48.1 ha and the intensively used area (kernel 50) reached 4.0 ha. Further studies, using new tracking technology and focal observations will be needed to improve our understanding of the species’ post‐fledging period. Resumen · Dependencia parental de un juvenil de Águila Crestada (Spizaetus isidori) en la cordillera oriental de los Andes de Colombia El Águila Crestada (Spizaetus isidori) es una de las rapaces menos conocidas del Neotrópico, con escasa información sobre aspectos básicos de su biología a través de todo el rango de distribución. Entre otras cosas, se desconoce información relacionada con la dependencia parental de los juveniles de la especie. La dependencia parental se considera clave en la historia de vida de las aves, ya que su desarrollo en este estado puede afectar subsecuentemente su probabilidad de supervivencia y el desarrollo de los procesos asociados a la dispersión natal y la reproducción. En este trabajo proveemos información relacionada con el tiempo de duración de la dependencia parental de un juvenil de la especie, además de datos de observaciones focales sobre comportamiento, movimientos y rango de acción. Se monitoreó el desarrollo de un juvenil entre las 6–32 semanas de edad aproximadamente. El volantón abandonó del nido a las 13 semanas y la dependencia parental se prolongó, por lo menos, hasta las 28 semanas de edad. El rango de acción estimado (kernel 95) fue de 48.1 ha y el área núcleo (kernel 50) fue de 4.0 ha. Es necesario que se realicen futuros estudios usando tecnologías de telemetría y observaciones focales para obtener una mejor comprensión del periodo de dependencia parental de los juveniles de la especie.
DOWN FEATHER STRUCTURE VARIES BETWEEN LOW‐ AND HIGH‐ALTITUDE TORRENT DUCKS (MERGANETTA ARMATA) IN THE ANDES
Authors: Cheek Rebecca , Alza Luis , McCracken Kevin
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Feathers are one of the defining characteristics of birds and serve a critical role in thermal insulation and physical protection against the environment. Feather structure is known to vary among individuals, and it has been suggested that populations exposed to different environmental conditions may exhibit different patterns in feather structure. We examined both down and contour feathers from two populations of male Torrent Ducks (Merganetta armata) from Lima, Peru, including one high‐altitude population from the Chancay‐Huaral River at approximately 3500 m a.s.l. and one low‐altitude population from the Chillón River at approximately 1500 m a.s.l.. Down feather structure differed significantly between the two populations. Ducks from the high‐altitude population had longer, denser down compared with low‐altitude individuals. Contour feather structure varied greatly among individuals but showed no consistent difference between populations. These results suggest that the innermost, insulative layer of plumage (the down), may have developed in response to lower ambient temperatures at high elevations. The lack of observable differences in the contour feathers may be due to the fact that this outer plumage layer is more important as waterproofing than insulation.Resumen ∙ La estructura del plumón del Pato de los Torrentes (Merganetta armata) varia entre bajas y grandes altitudes en los Andes El plumaje es una característica que define a las aves y cumple roles críticos en el aislamiento térmico y protección física del ambiente. Se sabe que la estructura de las plumas varía entre individuos, y se ha sugerido que poblaciones expuestas a diferentes condiciones ambientales pueden exhibir diferentes patrones en la estructura de las plumas. En este estudio se examinaron tanto el plumón como las plumas de contorno de machos adultos del Pato de los Torrentes (Merganetta armata) de dos poblaciones, una en el río Chancay‐Huaral a 3500 m s.n.m. y otra en el río Chillón a 1500 m s.n.m., ubicadas en Lima, Perú. La estructura de plumón difiere significativamente entre las dos poblaciones. Los patos de la población a mayor altitud presentan un plumón más largo, y denso que sus congéneres de menor altitud. La estructura de las plumas de contorno varía ampliamente entre individuos, pero no muestra diferencias significativas entre poblaciones. Estos resultados sugieren que las diferencias entre las capas interiores de aislamiento del plumaje (plumón), pueden haberse desarrollado como respuesta en ambientes de bajas temperaturas a grandes elevaciones. En cambio, la ausencia de diferencias detectables en las plumas de contorno puede deberse al hecho de que esta capa externa es más importante en la impermeabilización que en el aislamiento.