bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Holy Spirit and Song Composition
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: November 2023

0ne afternoon Brother Miklos and his wife, Zsuzsa, had come to visit Pees from their home village in the far northeast corner of the country near the Ukrainian border. Brother Miklos was deciding to switch the affiliation of the small group he led from the Free Christians to the IG because he felt that Brother Horváth had a more accepting attitude toward Roma. When Brother Miklos had visited the congregation six months before, he had declared in a short sermon that he had led a “ruined” (romlott) life.
Radiation Hazards: Establishing a Safe Level
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

In the novel Space by James Michener, the fictional Apollo astronauts encounter a situation that fortunately did not occur during the real program [1]. In the book, the astronauts are on the surface of the Moon when the radiation from a solar ?are arrives. They receive fatal doses. The inspiration for this scenario may have been the solar storm of August 4, 1972, which over half a day delivered a radiation dose that could have caused radiation sickness or death had it reached the crew while they were out on the lunar surface or in the thinly shielded lunar module [2]. Although fictional, the story highlights that radiation can be a major challenge on a space mission and one that has to be predicted and understood.
Muscle Loss: A Practical Approach to Maintaining Strength
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

On June 19, 1970, Soyuz 9 landed after a record-breaking 18-day flight. The cosmonauts had orbited the Earth in a confined capsule, which provided little room to exercise. When the hatch was opened, the weak crew had great difficulty getting out of the capsule. They were reported to still be weak and recovering 10 days later [1]. Although a variety of physiological changes undoubtedly contributed to their condition (orthostatic intolerance, loss of balance), their weakness was most likely due to muscle atrophy in space.
Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Fort Timothy L
Published: November 2023

No approach has been more prominent in contemporary business ethics than stakeholder theory. Led by the work of Ed Freeman, the theory has successfully played off the typical focus on corporate duties to “shareholders” to identify duties toward employees, suppliers, community, and perhaps many others besides. More than half the states have enacted statutory forms of stakeholder theory known as “corporate constituency statutes.” These statutes, like stakeholder theory itself, are open-ended in two ways. First, they generally allow, but do not require, managers to take into account nonshareholder constituents in making corporate decisions. Second, it is unclear exactly what weight managers ought to give to the various nonshareholders in the corporation.cl In addition to these philosophical ambiguities, the debate surrounding “corporate constituency statutes” has shed more heat than light on who is entitled to what.
Equivocal Words
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: November 2023

When things have only a name in common and the definition of being which corresponds to the name is different, they are called homonymous. Thus, for example, both a man and a picture are animals. These have only a name in common and the definition of being which corresponds to the name is different; for if one is to say what being an animal is for each of them, one will give two distinct definitions. (Cat. 3)2
Echoes and Complaints
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: November 2023

I said that a commitment to Hegel is an all-or-nothing matter—though (I added) that does not mean a commitment to every word the man wrote. What it does mean is that if you adopt Hegel’s fundamental tool (and contribution)—dialectical logic—then no room is left for any radical disagreement with him. You may mean to disagree, of course, and even phrase acerbic criticism; but all of that can eventually be seen as yet another necessary phase of spiritual development. Your sin will be forgiven, whether you want such forgiveness or not—and even if you loathe it.
Heterogeneity in Genome Size
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

The replicated haploid nuclear genome referred to as its C value has been determined in a broad spectrum of angiosperms that encompasses large differences in taxonomic affinity and biological properties. This C value varies over a very broad range, from about 0.2 pg. in Arabidopsis thaliana to 127.4 pg in Fritillaries assyriaca (Bennett and Leitch, 1997). The distribution of genome size in over 2,800 species, as presented by Leitch et al. (1998), is depicted in figure 1.1. Rather than being broadly distributed along the C-value spectrum, most species have less than 10 pg of DNA.
Indeterminism and the Thin Red Line
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming
Published: November 2023

Indeterminism is essential to the idea of agency as we conceive it.* For this reason we drop our concentration on agency for the space of three chapters in order to give primary attention to some foundational questions concerning indeterminism itself. There are many such; the key problem of this chapter is how to make sense of assertions about future events made at a time when the outcomes of those events are not yet determined.
An austere theory of strategies
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming
Published: November 2023

Suppose an agent a can see to a certain result Q in the achievement sense. It may even be, as illustrated in Figure 2.8, that a is unable actively to refrain from seeing to it that Q.
Region, Culture, and Identities
Authors: Romero Raul R
Published: November 2023

Some colonial sources suggest that when the first Spanish troops arrived in the Mantaro Valley (see map) in 1533 they expected war. Instead, they were surprised to be hailed by thousands of natives who celebrated their coming with songs and feasts (Arguedas 1975:81). It was later that the invaders would realize that the native inhabitants of the valley-the Wan kas-had been subdued by the imperial Incas long ago and since then had been their fierce adversaries.1 Thus, they saw in the arrival of the con querors an opportunity for revenge and liberation from Inca rule. An al liance, which was considered mutually beneficial, soon followed. The Wanka leaders saw in their collaboration a way of recovering the regional autonomy they had lost when the Incas arrived in the valley around 1460 (Espinoza Soriano 197]:68). The Inca state, while allowing the regional chieftains to maintain many of their privileges, had undermined their po litical power to a great extent. They were closely supervised and severely punished if they did not comply with the policies of the empire. However, the Spaniards needed the local support to compensate for the greater forces of the Inca army. They were coming from Cajamarca in the north and were on their way to Cuzco, the capital of the Inca empire.
Perpetuating the Rural Past
Authors: Romero Raul R
Published: November 2023

While in the Mantaro Valley the public realm seems to be the space for negotiating modernity, the private domain appears to be reserved for maintaining continuities with a rural “past.” The latter is the sphere of ritual and musical expressions linked to rural productive activities, such as the herranza (a fertility ritual aimed at the protection of land and livestock) and the waylarsh (a compound of games, dances, and songs tied to the harvests of beans, peas, wheat, and barley). Also linked to agricultural labor is the music called huauco, played with a tinya (small Andean drum) and pincullo (vertical flute) in a pipe and tabor fashion during the communal harvest of grains. The common factor among all of these musically structured rituals is that they are performed privately: in the context of the nuclear and extended family (in the case of the herranza) or strictly by the members of the peasant community who participate in communal labor (as happens with the waylarsh and the huauco).
Adventures of the Magic Black Daughter
Authors: Rody Caroline
Published: November 2023

That history in Toni Morrison’s hands becomes a “mother and child reunion” should be, in a sense, no surprise at all. Narratives of history always depend on the symbolic structure of the parental relation, the most immediate imaginable unit of history. If traditional, androcentric histories—literary and non-literary-tend to discover founding fathers, Morrison’s recovery of mothers would seem simply to follow the logic of feminist “re-vision,” in Adrienne Rich’s inflection of the term. “We think back through our mothers, if we are women,” said Virginia Woolf (Room 76), and in the last several decades the work of feminist historians and literary scholars to uncover women’s neglected history and writing—particularly the multifaceted exploration of motherhood and mother-daughter relationships—has established the recovery of the maternal as a central project of feminism, one with diverse cultural, political, and psychological dimensions. Simply put, a revised female self requires a revised mother.
Further Adventures of the Magic Black Daughter
Authors: Rody Caroline
Published: November 2023

Charlotte Watson Sherman’s novel One Dark Body (1993), a black mother-daughter romance that endorses spiritual and psychological return to ancestry, makes fresh use of W B. B. Du Bois’s well-known lines on “double consciousness,” which it quotes as epigraph:

One ever feels his twoness,—an American, a negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body . . . (qtd. in Sherman xiii)

While Du Bois speaks of one individual male body whose “twoness” is a matter of his unreconciled Negro and American identities, “one dark body” in Sherman’s usage becomes a metaphor for racial unity in the specific form of black mother-daughter reunion. The novel ends:

“I’m glad you come back, mama,” I say, and start to hum like her mama hummed, and then she start, and we hum till we turn into one dark body inside the holy sounds. (209)
November 4 Dinner With Friends
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Since 1988, when the award went to Alfred Uhry’s off-Broadway play Driving Miss Daisy, the winners have been The Heidi Chronicles, The Piano Lesson, Lost in Yonkers, The Kentucky Cycle, Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (Part One), Three Tall Women, The Young Man from Atlanta, Rent, How I Learned to Drive, and Wit. Five of the eleven were, by any definition, off-Broadway plays. Another three, The Piano Lesson, Angels in America, and Rent, won just before their Broadway openings, based on prior productions. Kentucky Cycle and Young Man from Atlanta won long before their (unsuccessful) Broadway productions were planned. Of the lot, only The Heidi Chronicles and Lost in Yonkers were traditional new plays produced, specifically, for Broadway. So maybe it wasn’t quite so surprising that the 2000 award once again went off-Broadway, to Donald Margulies’s Dinner with Friends.
November 8 Morning, Noon, and Night
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The addition of children to a household makes a profound difference in the life of the parents. This is even more the case, perhaps, with parents of middle age, who are apt to be more set in their ways than younger parents. The change in lifestyle can be even more pronounced when a set-in-his-ways middle-aged parent is a selfemployed writer who works at home. Or what used to be home but has slowly been transformed into one-third nursery, one-third playground, one-third storage space for kidstuff, and two-fifths battlefield. Selfabsorbed monologist Spalding Gray discovered a new world at the age of fifty-six, when he found himself waking up every four hours like clockwork to make sure his infant son was still breathing. This change in lifestyle was reflected in Gray’s performance piece Morning, Noon, and Night.
November 11 The Rainmaker
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The Miracle Worker. Requiem for a Heavyweight. Twelve Angry Men. Marty. The Days of Wine and Roses. Man of La Man-cha. Judgement at Nuremberg. There is a common denominator here: All these properties began life as television plays, back in the 1950s when television was live and talented young writers had a place to showcase their wares. (Television needed product, and the movie studios— which saw the new form as competition— were not yet ready to provide programming to the enemy.) One of the earliest to make the transfer was N. Richard Nash’s The Rainmaker, which appeared on the Philco Playhouse in the summer of 1953.
November 15 The Price
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

What struck me most, watching this 1999 revival of Arthur Miller’s 1968 play, was how carefully the people sitting around me were listening to the dialogue. Totally rapt they were, as if afraid to miss a word. Which is, for sure, uncommon in this day and age. And I wondered why. Due to the acclaim of the previous season’s award-winning Death of a Salesman, which finished its successful run the week before The Price opened? Perhaps. Certainly they didn’t listen this closely to The Price when it was last revived here, in 1992; nor did they pay much attention at all to Miller’s last Broadway play, the underappreciated and quickly shuttered Broken Glass, in 1994.
November 21 Putting It Together
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Welcome to this celebration of the music of Andrew Lloyd Webber.” (Laugh . . . laugh . . . laugh.) “He can’t be here tonight, because he’s having his bangs trimmed.” (Laugh . . . laugh . . . laugh.) “And if there’s a God, a shampoo.” (Laugh . . . laugh . . . laugh . . . laugh.) The advertisements for Putting It Together indicated you were in for a sophisticated evening of entertainment by Broadway’s most intellectually stimulating songwriter. Not exactly. Jokes about Regis Philbin and Katie Couric? (Laugh . . . laugh . . . laugh.) “Art isn’t easy,” goes the title song, and the producers of Sondheim’s last several musicals certainly learned that “art isn’t easy” to sell commercially. Putting It Together attempted to be Sondheim’s art made easy, complete with jokes that even a tourist could understand. But that’s not what they ended up with.
April 13 (& February 24) Two Wild Parties
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

There’s no domain like public domain.

Let’s say someone — Lerner and Loewe, for example — wanted to write a musical version of George Bernard Shaw’s 1914 play, Pygmalion. First they had to make a deal with the estate of Gabriel Pascal, the colorful Hungarian film producer to whom Shaw had assigned the performance rights. Pascal’s estate was contentiously split between his ex-wife and his nonwife, with artistic decisions ultimately empowered to a banker. Once the authors in question came to terms with the Pascal estate, they had to go— hat in hand— to the Shaw estate for approval. Shaw left his estate to a tangle of British charities, which meant even more dickering. Finally, all conditions were met, and the estates demanded a princely sum for their valuable property.

On the other hand, let’s say someone— Bernstein, Sondheim, and Laurents, for example— wanted to write a modern version of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo was written in 1602; Shakespeare died in 1616; and his estate’s solicitors haven’t been heard from since the Great Fire of London. Want to set it amid the gang wars waged on the racial battlefields of Manhattan playgrounds? Sure, why not, no bankers or lawyers need approve. And as for rights payments, the new authors were able to keep all the royalties to themselves. The Bard’s tragedy of Verona and all his other works are sitting there for the taking, do with them what you will.
April 24 Taller Than a Dwarf
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

One of the beneficial side effects of Broadway’s present-day drought of nonmusicals is that we get far fewer really awful plays. Voices in the Dark was exceedingly clumsy; Epic Proportions, which was in fact fifteen or so years old, was exceedingly inept; Wrong Mountain was exceedingly — well, wrong; and Squonk was unfathomable. But nothing prepared us, other than a devastating pre-Broadway review in Variety, for Taller Than a Dwarf.

Elaine May’s farce was aggressively stupid. (“It’s just too stupid,” said the leading lady, fifteen minutes into the evening.) The play was about a market researcher named Howard Miller, living in lower-middle-class near poverty in Queens. Howard wants, above everything, to be well liked. Unable to cope with mounting bills, a broken shower faucet, and a ticket for littering, he quits his job and simply plants himself in bed doing jigsaw puzzles. His wife, Selma, his parents, his mother-in-law, and his boss try to snap him out of his depression, to no avail. He is finally roused from his lethargy by a physical free-for-all with his bully of a superintendent.
Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

This is a presentation of the main ideas and methods of modern nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. It is the perfect introduction for anyone in chemistry or physics who needs an update or background in this time-dependent field. Topics covered include fluctuation-dissipation theorem; linear response theory; time correlation functions, and projection operators. Theoretical models are illustrated by real-world examples and numerous applications such as chemical reaction rates and spectral line shapes are covered. The mathematical treatments are detailed and easily understandable and the appendices include useful mathematical methods like the Laplace transforms, Gaussian random variables and phenomenological transport equations.
Master Equations
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

The Golden Rule is a colloquial name for a standard formula in time-dependent quantum mechanics. It provides a way to calculate the rate of transition between quantum states. It is approximate and has limited applicability; however, it is the starting point for many treatments of rate processes. Later it will be used in the discussion of master equations. This section gives the usual derivation of the Golden Rule. The following section shows how it is used to relate optical absorption spectra to time correlation functions.
Deliberation Aesthetic and Ethical
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

TEACHING moral lessons is one contribution that aesthetic objects and events can make to ethics, and we have seen that thinking about how this works shows how firmly integrated ethical and aesthetic considerations can be. Obviously, however, there is more to ethical or aesthetic perception and reflection in the arts than teaching moral lessons. In this chapter, I want to discuss how art figures in what I will call “deliberation aesthetic and moral” and argue that here again we find a deep connection between the moral and the aesthetic, one that implies a kind of merit that is also at once aesthetic and moral. Once again, I want to consider how “real people” use art. I begin with an excerpt from a letter from a friend, Mary Macdonald McCray, responding to a description I gave her of the work I was currently involved in.
Aesthetics and Ethics in the Environment
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder
Published: November 2023

AESTHETIC experiences of nature, and the role they play in making lives worth living, are at least as important and central as those experiences that have as their focus works of art1. Kenneth Clark has gone so far as to say that the key term ‘beauty’ may for many people have its foremost application in nature. “Almost every Englishman, if asked what he means by ‘beauty’ would begin to describe a landscape—perhaps a wood with bluebells, and silver birches, perhaps a little harbour with red sails and whitewashed cottages; but at all events a landscape”2. In the last chapter, I suggested that there may be something morally suspect about individuals who do not take an adequate interest in the lives of others. Many people also intuitively sense that something is morally lacking in people who do not cherish aesthetic experiences of nature. Immanuel Kant insisted that we “require” others to take an interest in nature, indeed, that “we regard as coarse and ignoble the habits of thought of those who have no feeling for beautiful nature”3.
William in Germany
Authors: Bosco Ronald A , Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

Why would William Emerson, the third consecutive Emerson of that name to attend Harvard College, decide to go to Germany for his theological education? The reason why William desired to study theology was obvious: of all the career paths open to someone of his interests and social rank—religion, law, politics—the one that the Emerson family had historically pursued was the ministry, and William, as the eldest son, was clearly the choice to continue the family tradition.
Charles and Elizabeth
Authors: Bosco Ronald A , Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

Charles Chauncy Emerson’s relationship with Elizabeth Hoar can only be understood by recognizing the influences that the earlier loves of William, and especially Waldo, had upon him. In some ways this chapter is as much about “the brothers in love” as it is about Charles and “Lizzie,” as Charles called her. The brothers themselves shared a love for each other, and whenever a woman entered their world, she was immediately adopted as a sister, and responded in kind. As a result, each of the brothers perceived themself as being part of an extended family; and to understand how Charles perceived his own role in this grouping, it is first necessary to examine Waldo and his wives and William and his wife.
Modernisme Catalan
Authors: Clark Walter Aaron
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century, classical composers occasionally had a major impact on poli- tics and culture. For instance, Daniel François Auber’s now obscure opera Masaniello, ou La muette de Portici sparked a revolution in Belgium in 1830, while Verdi and his operas played a central role in the struggle for Italian independence and nationhood. When Sibelius raised his patriotic voice in Finlandia, the world listened. However, as composer and conductor Esa-Pekka Salonen has said in comparing classical musicians of the nineteenth century with their counterparts today, “Their voice was heard. Now we’ve been marginalized t’s only the rock performers who seem to have clout.”
Neurologic Complications of Critical Illness
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

This second edition of the definitive volume on the diagnosis and management of neurologic complications during critical illness has been thoroughly revised and expanded to bring the book up-to-date. Important features include information on neurologic complications in organ transplant recipients, muscle and nerve injury in critical illness, status epilepticus, cerebral edema, multisystem trauma including cervical spine and traumatic brain injury, and prognosis. The second edition includes entirely new chapters on: *Evaluation of coma focused on structural causes *Neurologic complications in the critically ill pregnant patient *Ethical issues and practical problems with withdrawl of life support New material on: *Pathophysiological mechanisms (set off in different type so that these sections can be read separately) *Neuroimaging studies (including the addition of two pages of full color plates) *Electrophysical examples including EEG, evoked potentials, and nerve conduction studies The first edition (published under the title Neurology of Critical Illness by F.A. Davis in 1995) was highly praised as a concise, practical volume introducing this new and rapidly-evolving specialty that focuses on the care of patients in general medicine and sugical intensive care units with significant disease of the nervous system, either as a primary event or secondary to involvement of organs outside the nervous system. The book is intended for neurologists, intensivists, anesthesiologists, pulmonologists, neurosurgeons, neurology and ICU nurses, and transplant surgeons.
Interactions of Nutrient Effects with Other Biotic Factors in the Herbaceous Layer
Authors: Anderson Wendy B
Published: November 2023

The intent of this chapter is to elucidate both the importance of nutrients in forest herb physiology and community interactions and the importance of forest herbs in regulating the nutrient environment of their ecosystems. Although plants in the herbaceous layer account for only a small proportion of deciduous forest biomass, they perform many important functions in intrasystem nutrient cycling. Understanding the physiological processes that occur in individuals provides insight into how herbaceous species interact with other species and how they function in the environment as individual species and as a functional guild. Most physiological studies of forest herbs have focused on responses to light as the primary limiting resource (chapter 3, this volume); however, nutrients are also potentially limiting and may be as important as light in determining physiological, growth, and reproductive parameters for forest herbs.
Interactions Between the Herbaceous Layer and Overstory Canopy of Eastern Forests: A Mechanism for Linkage
Authors: Gilliam Frank S , Roberts Mark R
Published: November 2023

A clear understanding of the nature of interactions between vegetation strata of forest ecosystems has implications for both basic and applied studies in forest ecology. For example, community mapping studies may rely on the dominant overstory strata as interpreted from aerial photographs or satellite imagery to represent the entire community. Conversely, site classification systems may use herbaceous layer vegetation to represent communities and their relationships to environmental factors (Cajander 1926; Rowe 1956; Pregitzer and Barnes 1992). In such studies, an understanding of relationships between vegetation strata is necessary if interpretations are to be made concerning the entire community.
Human History
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

Northern Melanesia’s modern avifauna has been molded not only by the physical and biological environment in which it evolved, but also by a long history of human impacts. Part II of this book describes the history of human settlement (this chapter) and the history of ornithological exploration (chapter 6) in Northern Melanesia, in order to be able to assess the degree to which bird distributions as we know them may have been altered by human influences (chapter 7). In 1990 the population of the Bismarcks was censused as 435,493; in 1993, the population of the Solomons was slightly larger (128,794 in 1980 on Bougainville, Buka, and nearby atolls, which belong to the nation of Papua New Guinea and which have not been subsequently censused; ca. 333,000 in the remainder of the Solomons, which belong to the nation of the Solomon Islands). The population is growing rapidly, at a rate in excess of 3% per year. The most densely populated areas are New Britain’s Gazelle Peninsula, Buka, the Kieta- Panguna area of Bougainville, Malaita, and the north coast of Guadalcanal, where population densities approach or exceed 50 per km2. Almost all the rest of Northern Melanesia’s land area has population densities below 20 per km2, mostly below 5 per km2.
The Provenance of Pure Reason
Authors: Tait William
Published: November 2023

William Tait is one of the most distinguished philosophers of mathematics of the last fifty years. This volume collects his most important published philosophical papers from the 1980’s to the present. The articles cover a wide range of issues in the foundations and philosophy of mathematics, including some on historical figures ranging from Plato to Gödel. Tait’s main contributions were initially in proof theory and constructive mathematics, later moving on to more philosophical subjects including finitism and skepticism about mathematics. This collection, presented as a whole, reveals the underlying unity of Tait’s work. The volume includes an introduction in which Tait reflects more generally on the evolution of his point of view, as well as an appendix and added endnotes in which he gives some interesting background to the original essays. This is an important collection of the work of one of the most eminent philosophers of mathematics in this generation.
Beyond the Axioms: The Question of Objectivity in Mathematics
Authors: Tait William
Published: November 2023

I will be discussing the axiomatic conception of mathematics, the modern version of which is clearly due to Hilbert,1 but one aspect of it goes back to Cantor. I refer here to Hilbert’s view that the demands of mathematical existence and truth are entirely met by a suitable axiomatization. By what­ ever dialectical process we come to adopt the axioms, whatever ‘intuitions’ lead us to them, the question of mathematical truth or existence becomes well-defined only with the introduction of the axioms. Now Cantor is one of the last people, ever, to cite in support of the axiomatic method, but Hilbert’s point about mathematical existence and truth is a natural consequence of the discussion in Foundations of a General Theory of Manifolds (Cantor, 1883) of free mathematics and in particular of the limited obligation of free mathematics to establish only the immanent existence of its objects.
Plato’s Second-Best Method
Authors: Tait William
Published: November 2023

At Phaedo 96a-c, Plato portrays Socrates as describing his past study of “the kind of wisdom known as 7rEpl cpvaiw iaTop Ca.” At 96c-97b, Socrates says that this study led him to realize that he had an inadequate under­ standing of certain basic concepts which it involved. In consequence, he says at 97b, he abandoned this method and turned to a method of his own. But at this point in the dialogue, instead of proceeding immediately to describe his method, Plato has him interjecting a complaint concerning Anaxagoras and his view that everything should be explained in terms of Mind. His complaint is that Mind would order things in the best possible way and that, therefore, an account of things in terms of Mind would amount to showing that they are ordered in the best possible way. But Anaxagoras did not show this and, instead, offered other kinds of explana­ tions of the various phenomena. Socrates is not just criticizing Anaxagoras here for not doing what he set out to do; he makes it clear, for example, at 99b-c, that he believes that the best kind of explanation of the phenomena would be to show that they are ordered in the best possible way. But he was unable to discover an explanation of this kind, either for himself or from others, and so turned to a method which he calls “second best” (99c5-dl). The actual description of this method is contained in two pas­ sages, 99e5-100a7 and 101d5-el. Between these passages, Socrates invokes the doctrine of Forms and, in particular, the formula (1)S is f in virtue of participation in the Form where S is a sensible object and F is the Form corresponding to the predicate “is f.” (Plato tends to speak of the name “f,” including under this common nouns, adjectives, etc.)
Cantor’s Grundlagen and the Paradoxes of Set Theory
Authors: Tait William
Published: November 2023

Foundations of a General Theory of Manifolds (Cantor, 1883), which I will refer to as the Grundlagen, is Cantor’s first work on the general theory of sets. It was a separate printing, with a preface and some footnotes added, of the fifth in a series of six papers under the title of “On Infinite Linear Point Manifolds.” I want to briefly describe some of the achievements of this great work. But at the same time, I want to discuss its connection with the so-called paradoxes in set theory. There seems to be some agreement now that Cantor’s own understanding of the theory of transfinite numbers in that monograph did not contain an implicit contradiction, but there is less agreement about exactly why this is so and about the content of the theory itself. For various reasons, both historical and internal, the Grundlagen seems not to have been widely read compared to later works of Cantor, and to have been even less understood. But even some of the more recent discussions of the work, while recognizing to some degree its unique character, misunderstand it on crucial points and fail to convey its true worth.
Godel’s Unpublished Papers on Foundations of Mathematics
Authors: Tait William
Published: November 2023

Kurt Godel: Collected Works Volume III (Godel, 1995) contains a selection from Godel’s Nachlass; it consists of texts of lectures, notes for lectures, and manuscripts of papers that for one reason or another Godel chose not to publish. I will discuss those papers in it that are concerned with the foundations/philosophy of mathematics in relation to his well-known published papers on this topic.
Civil Enthusiasm in A Tale of a Tub
Authors: Noggle James
Published: November 2023

Swift uses sublime discourse skeptically in A Tale of a Tub (1704) to characterize the failure of human subjects to arrogate transcendent authority in many contexts: “The Establishment of New Empires by Conquest: The Advance and Progress of New Schemes in Philosophy; and the contriving, as well as the propagating of New Religions.”1 Under these headings fall Dissenting enthusiasm and Roman Catholic authoritarianism, tyrannies of monarchs and the crowd, literary criticism blinded by archaic philological minutiae or the taste of the moment, and dogmatic philosophy ancient and modern. The sublime works in the Tale as a rubric under which to put a diversity of pretensions—thus its first French translator calls it Le Conte de Tonneau Contenant tout ce que les Arts, & les Sciences Ont de plus Sublime, Et de plus Mysterieux (1720). The range of targets at which Tale directs its antidogmatic humor indicates its participation in what Richard Kroll has called “a remarkably coherent if plural cultural reorganization”2 in the period, in which “neoclassical discourse fragmented the claims of dissent by appealing to sceptical modes” (78). Swift, like others of various political persuasions, questions dogma to move the culture beyond the violent ideological battles of the seventeenth century.
The Public Universe An Essay on Man and the Limits of the Sublime Tradition
Authors: Noggle James
Published: November 2023

The philosophical contradiction most often seen in An Essay On Man is the principal one that theories of the sublime typically seek to resolve, and the Essay’s failure to satisfy its readers on the point accounts to some degree for their sense of its deficiencies both philosophical and poetic.1 The Essay insists on its confinement to the sphere of “Man”—“His knowledge measur’d to his state and place, / His time a moment, and a point his space” (Epistle I, 71–2)—yet adopts a perspective transcending this sphere to make our limitation to it seem providentially “right” (I, 294). From its early readers2 to today; critics have seized on this as the Essay’s main philosophical outrage, stated incisively by A. D. Nuttall: “If we maintain that man is unable to conceive anything beyond his own sphere, and make that limitation of conception a principal element in our low estimate of man, the view in question can consistently be put only by a being with supernatural powers of insight. Man, so limited, would never know that he is limited.”3 The Essay at once renounces and arrogates supernatural, godlike authority to justify the universe’s order, and its doing one seems strangely identical to its doing the other.
Denouement: The Living Clock
Authors: Palmer John D
Published: November 2023

Over the years biologists exploring the terra incognita of organismic timekeeping have had some successes; I can thus introduce much of what is known about the living clock’s escapement. First, a bit of historical perspective.

I first got interested in rhythms when, as a student, I stumbled upon my first example. As a beginning animal physiology student (the hot field back in those days) I had learned all about homeostasis, the name for the fact that warm-blooded animals are able to maintain an internal constancy of chemical-reaction rates even in changing external environmental conditions. An example would be our ability to keep a fairly even body temperature during cool spring weather and hot summers. The constancy of the milieu intérieur was championed by no less than the great French, nineteenth-century biologist Claude Bernard, a man now referred to by many as the father of physiology and experimental medicine.
Thymbra 546B.C
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

In 612 B.C., the Assyrian Empire, which had dominated and terrorized the land from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean since the middle of the eighth century, was overthrown. In that year, two subservient populations, the Babylonians and the Medes, joined forces and captured the Assyrian capital of Nineveh. In che wake of that victory, the empire was divided between the victors: Nabopolassar of Babylon ruled che southern half, and Cyarxes of Media ruled the northern. Media was originally the region char today encompasses northwestern Iran along the southern bank of the Caspian Sea into Armenia. Under Cyarxes, Median power was stretched westward to the frontiers of Asia Minor and eastward almost to Afghanistan. Cyarxes died in 585 B.C., the year char he and the kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor agreed that the border between their territories would be the Halys River. Cyarxes was succeeded by Ascyages, who apparenrly was quite a tyrant and who alienated the Median aristocracy by depending on religious advisors for his policy formulation.
Marathon c. 21 September 490 B.C
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the fifth century B.C., Persia owned an empire that stretched from India to the Mediterranean. Begun two generations earlier by Cyrus the Great, the Persian Empire at this point was under the control of Darius. Darius had been the architect of the campaigns that stretched the empire to its current limits, and he seemed constantly to be hungry for more land. The Persian Empire acquired lands by conquest and then incorporated the captured nations into the established Persian administration. Thus, the army that the empire fielded was made up of a wide range of races with a variety of military talents. Ar its core, the Persian military depended on the original populations of the empire, the Medes and the Persians. These were the best trained and equipped troops, as well as the most highly motivated. These two populations also provided the officers that commanded the other troops brought in via conquest. By the start of the fifth century, they were a seemingly unbeatable force, for no enemy had been able to withstand their might.
Ipsus Spring 310 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Legend has it that, when Alexander the Great lay dying in June 323 B.C., one of his subordi­nates asked who was to inherit his empire. The response was: “the strongest.” The largest em­pire the world had yet known, stretching from Greece to the borders of India, could in reality only be held together by a man of Alexander’s vision, and few men in history rise anywhere near that level. Alexander’s only natural heir was an infant who, along with his mother Roxanne, was soon killed. Thus began the struggle to determine which of Alexander’s subordinates could prove himself strongest.

Fairly quickly four men rose to serious contention. In Egypt, Ptolemy was Alexander’s governor. He had the immense wealth of Egypt upon which to draw (vital for hiring Macedonian troops, the core of any successful army). He also had Alexander’s body, which he acquired through some trickery in order to bury it at the shrine of Amon where Alexander was supposedly named a god. Unfortunately for him, Ptolemy lacked the bold temperament necessary to gamble for really high stakes. In Macedon itself was Antipacer, left behind to maintain control over the homeland and Greece during Alexander’s campaigns. Antipater soon died, however, and was succeeded by his son Cassander.
Actium 2 September 31 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

After the assassination of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 B.C., two men positioned themselves to assume the mantle of government in Rome. The first was Marcus Antonius, or Mark Antony, a successful general and protege of Caesar. Antonius was popular with the army and had the support of a number of senators. The other was Caius Julius Caesar Octavian us, who had been adopted by Julius Caesar and named in his will as heir.
Badr 15March 624
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

In the early seventh century, a young man of the city of Mecca began having visions and hear­ing voices, both of which he took to be divinely inspired. Although he was illiterate, in the visions he was able to absorb the writing on a quilt that was being pressed upon him, thus having the words imprinted on his heart. These words became the verses of the Koran, the holy book of lslam. Mohammed attempted to share his experiences with his fellow citizens of Mecca, but met opposition. At the time, Mecca was a key trading center in Arabia, halfway between Christian and Jewish trade centers and affected by both, economically and socially. When Mohammed’s teachings criticized some of the business practices of Meccan merchants, led by the ruling clan of Quraysh, they put pressure on his clan to silence him. The clan leader, Mohammed’s uncle Abu Talib, refused to com­ply; in return, his clan was subjected to economic boycott. As time passed, more direct threats were leveled against Mohammed.
Manzikert 1071
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

By the middle of the eleventh century A.O., the Byzantine Empire was well past its prime, although still a force with which to be reckoned. A series of weak and shorterm emperors and empresses had frittered away the empire’s wealth while ignoring its frontiers and defenses. Although the Byzantine army, which trained and fought upon proven standards, was probably the best organized army of its day, it was irregularly led and the quality of its recruits had dropped markedly. The manuals Strategicon from the sixth century and Tactica from the early tenth century were the bases of a workable and working military philosophy, but the sturdy Anatolian peasant upon which the empire had long depended for its soldiery was no longer providing the core of the army. Foreign recruits or mercenaries made up the majority of the army. Although some of these were outstanding fighters, such as the Varangian Guard, few were tied to the empire in any way but monetary. Only the lack of an organized rival kept the Byzantine army the premiere force of the time, and the tenuous nature of the force’s composition meant that it could not really stand to be seriously challenged or badly commanded.
Bouvines 26July 1214
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

The background to the battle of Bouvines is a complicated tale of religious and royal ambition involving King John of England, King Philip II of the Ile de France, Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, and Pope Innocent III.
Crecy 26 August 1346
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

When French King Charles IV died without a male heir in 1327, the ruling line of Capet came to an end. Although English King Edward III was a more direct descendant, he at first conceded the throne to the favorite of the French nobility, Philip Valois. He paid homage to him as Philip VI in return for a guarantee of continued English possession of the Duchy of Acquitaine, just north of the Pyrenees and that had come into English possession when Eleanor of Acquitaine married English King Henry II in the previous century. By 1340, however, Edward changed his mind and decided to lay claim to the French throne. By this time, the English and French had begun fighting what came to be called the Hundred Years’ War (actually intermittent fighting between 1337 and 1453). The reasons for war were the AngloFrench rivalry over the wool trade centered in Flanders, as well as French support for Scottish rebellions against England.
Constantinople February-May 1453
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

When Constantine the Great established the city of Constantinople as his capital in 323, he occupied the former city of Byzantium, which had controlled for centuries the straits separating Asia and Europe. The Sea of Marmora is flanked northeast and southwest by the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, two narrow passages that link the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. Unless one plans to go completely around the Black Sea, the only way from Europe into Asia Minor is across one of those straits, and Byzantium/Constantinople/Istanbul has therefore been an extremely strategic possession for both land and naval warfare, as well as over land and maritime trade.
Panipat 21 April 1526
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

The roots of Babur’s invasion of northern India in the 1520s lay in his ancestor Timur the Lame, better known to history as Tamurlane. In his destructive career, Timur had devastated every land he could, reaching from the Black Sea to India, which he looted in 1398. He left little in the way of an empire, for his actions focused more on pillage rhan long-term conquest. Thus, any claims of his heirs to Timur’s lands was pretty tenuous. A century after Timur’s death, Babur attempted to assert his right to rule from Timur’s fabled capital of Samarkand. Babur’s father was Turkish and his morher was Mongol; his people came to be called Moghul, from the Arabic word for Mongol.
Lepanto 7 October 1571
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

From the late fifteenth century, Spain was the dominant power in Europe. The wealth garnered from the Spanish colonies in the Americas was the foundation of its military might, and the fact that Charles I of Spain was also ruler of the Holy Roman Empire meant that Spain controlled much of western Europe. This included the Netherlands and Austria, along with claims to lands on the Italian peninsula. Charles saw the Roman Catholic faith as the glue to hold all this together, but he had his share of rivals. Catholic France had no desire to see Charles further empowered as the champion of the Catholic Church, and Pope Clement VII feared anyone with sufficient political power to challenge his authority. Further, France also had claims to Italian possessions that contradicted Spain’s. Thus, Pope Clement sought to challenge Charles by organizing his rivals into the Holy League of Cognac, but this was defeated in May 1527 when Charles’s forces captured and sacked Rome. After bribing his main naval competitor, Genoa, Charles gained control of the western Mediterranean as well. In 1530, Charles forced Pope Clement to recognize him both as Holy Roman Emperor and king of Italy.
Breitenfeld 17 September 1631
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg became the law of the Holy Roman Empire, territory that included modern-day Germany, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic. The ruling Hapsburg dynasty was divided into two branches, one in Austria and the other in Spain, each with its own responsibilities and territories. The Augsburg declaration was an attempt to defuse the rampant religious and political feuding in central Europe, especially in the Germanic principalities. It stated that each prince had the power to decide for his province what its official religion would be. Thus, Catholic and Lutheran provinces were officially recognized; the growing Calvinist denomination, however, was not. The Peace of Augsburg worked for several decades, but by the early 1600s religious alliances became more and more political. A clash between Protestant and Catholic states was inevitable.