bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“We’re Being Passed off as Something We Aren’t”
Authors: Amernick Dan
Published: June 2023

This analysis of The Monkees TV series takes a closer look at the attempts of stars Davy Jones, Mickey Dolenz, Mike Nesmith, and Peter Tork to distance themselves from their manufactured image and demonstrate their authenticity as an actual band early in the TV series’ run. Not only were the Monkees interested in being viewed as authentic musicians and authentic members of the emergent counterculture but also authentic in relation to the creative direction of the television series. Throughout the two-year run of The Monkees, the series engaged in a struggle between camp and authenticity. This essay looks closely at the Monkees’ attempts at authenticity and efforts, beginning earlier than has been previously recognized, to distance themselves from the “Camp TV” image that had been crafted by the producers during the first season.
Straight Male Spies, Queer Camp Vistas
Authors: Haslop Craig , McNaughton Douglas
Published: June 2023

This chapter surveys developing representations of masculinity in British “spy-fi” television espionage series of the 1960s. Sketching the historical and social context, the chapter establishes normative forms of masculinity in the postwar era and explores the emergence of “pop camp” as a challenge to dominant masculinity. The chapter examines how Danger Man, The Prisoner, The Avengers, and Department S use camp in their articulation of shifting discourses of masculinity in the 1960s. These series subvert hegemonic masculinity in different ways, from the central protagonist’s misogynistic disinterest in women in Danger Man and The Prisoner, through the dandyism of Steed in The Avengers, to the macho camp of Department S. The chapter concludes by arguing that the camp aspects of these spy-fi shows influenced the emergence of transnational Camp TV in the 1960s, as well as “queering” later industrialized models of cult television.
“Far Right, Far Left, and Far Out”
Authors: Luckett Moya
Published: June 2023

This chapter considers how American 1960s Camp TV advanced conservative politics even as it gestured toward the period’s new (and sometimes radical) youth culture. Despite their mod aesthetics, these shows shored up ideals of square masculinity and white, heartland culture, employing camp’s play with boundaries to render ambivalent their evocations of bad and middlebrow taste. In tandem with politically and socially conservative magazines like The Saturday Evening Post, camp shows like Green Acres, Laugh-In, and even Batman invited older and more mainstream viewers to claim a version of the new camp sensibility as their own, albeit one that inverted much of the original’s subcultural politics. While it shared its more radical counterparts’ fascination with boundaries, particularly their capacity to other, the joke was often on the counterculture as the mainstream used television to reclaim its own centrality.
The Revolution of India
Authors: Cross Elizabeth
Published: June 2023

Many French officials, especially those within the French Navy, continued to regard India as a realistic venue for military action against Britain after the Seven Years’ War. These actors sought a “revolution of India” that would overthrow British rule in collaboration with Indian powers such as the Maratha Confederacy or the kingdom of Mysore. Their projects were avowedly predicated on a rejection of territorial conquest and a desire to return the Indian subcontinent to its rightful rulers, while securing protection for French trade. These officials rejected the corporate sovereign model offered by the East India Company, as commercial actors could not be trusted with military strategy. As these ideas influenced the abortive French war effort in the Indian Ocean during the American Revolution, high-ranking officials in the French Navy, such as the Maréchal de Castries, began to see a limited but state-controlled company as a means of developing military infrastructure in India to prepare for future war.
Diplomatic Intentions
Authors: Cross Elizabeth
Published: June 2023

The establishment of the Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes (“New Company”) in 1785 ultimately occurred under the auspices of a different, amicable understanding of the Franco-British relationship. Louis XVI’s foreign minister, the comte de Vergennes, spearheaded initiatives after the American Revolutionary War intended to establish a lasting peace through reciprocal commercial connections. The focal points were a wide-ranging free-trade agreement known as the Eden Treaty, and the creation of a revived, “purely commercial” Compagnie des Indes that intended, at the outset, to purchase the majority of its cargo directly from the East India Company. At the same time, the controller-general, Calonne, sought to utilize the New Company as a vehicle for shoring up public credit at home, by offering it lucrative monopoly concessions intended to appeal to investors and lenders. As these initiatives came under fire from merchants who had their interests sidelined, they attacked the haphazard nature of Old Regime economic policymaking that privileged diplomatic intentions over material realities.
Between the Colossus and the Tiger
Authors: Cross Elizabeth
Published: June 2023

The agents of the New Company in India were confronted by challenges that derived from the French state’s fiscal precarity and unwillingness to commit to its fragile Indian empire on the ground. In Pondicherry, the Company’s lead agent was drawn into schemes to subsidize the expenses of the French Navy, while maintaining profiting from financial connections with the East India Company in Madras. In Bengal, the epicenter of British power in eighteenth-century India, the New Company’s agents engaged in illicit trade with Bengali contractors and rogue EIC employees, while attempting to avoid retaliation from the authorities. On the southwestern Malabar Coast, the Company’s agents found themselves at the mercy of France’s would-be ally, Tipu Sultan of Mysore, who withheld French access to commodities in the hopes of forcing France into a formal military alliance. In each of these locales, the Company’s experiences exposed the fiction of its “purely commercial” mandate: securing trade required the sovereign powers of diplomacy and war.
Case Study
Authors: Emery Nina
Published: June 2023

This chapter is the first of three case studies demonstrating the potential impacts of methodological naturalism. It uses a series of historical cases to argue that scientific methodology includes an extra-empirical principle that says that we should not leave patterns unexplained, even if the only way to explain those patterns is to introduce new or surprising kinds of entities. These historical cases include Faraday’s introduction of the magnetic field in the 1850s, Pauli’s introduction of the neutrino in the 1930s, and cosmologists’ discovery of dark energy in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It follows that, if one is a methodological naturalist, this principle will have implications for philosophical theories about both laws of nature and the nature of governance.
Case Study
Authors: Emery Nina
Published: June 2023

This chapter is the second of three case studies demonstrating the potential impacts of methodological naturalism. It argues that scientific methodology includes a surprising extra-empirical principle that says that we should respect a certain kind of common sense. According to this principle, if we have two theories that both are compatible with the data, then we should choose the theory that diverges least from the manifest image (the way the world appears to be). The notion of divergence from the manifest image is discussed in detail. It is then demonstrated that if one is a methodological naturalist, the extra-empirical principle in question will impact philosophical debates about composition.
Introduction
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the direction and methodology of the book, then it outlines the format and structure of the book. Repetition forges patterns, connections, and layers of meaning throughout the Qur’ān. It is part of the art of Qur’ānic literary technique. In addition, repetition develops subtleties and sophistication in the ideas the Qur’ān presents. This book is a rhetorical, semantic, and narratological analysis of the Qur’ān. Most of the chapters of the book examine multiple Qur’ānic chapters and are comparative within the Qur’ān. The chapter discusses what it means to argue that repetition is a narrative technique used in the Qur’ān to make theological points and how one can analyze those beliefs. The chapter also discusses the connections between repetition, echo, resonance, and orality.
Repetition and the Portrayal of Time in the Story of Mūsā and Hārūn in the Qur’ān
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on the portrayal of time in the Qur’ānic story of Mūsā and Hārūn in particular and uses a narratological and rhetorical lens to analyze a few iterations of the story. This chapter focuses on repetition on the scale of the scene. The chapter discusses the purpose that time leaps serve for the audience, that they are reflected in the storytelling, are not just didactic, and are performative. The narrator of the Qur’ān uses the narrative to shape the reader’s perceptions about time and space and to thereby reinforce theological beliefs that the Qur’ān expresses in its metanarrative. These beliefs are that God fulfills His promises, God does as God wills, and God shapes the narrative, time, and space in order to show that God does as God wills.
Repetition in Sūrat al-Shu‘arā’
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla
Published: June 2023

This chapter analyzes repetition in Sūrat al-Shu‘arā’ in the series of stories, which lends insight into its structure, and in the root letters. The analysis in this chapter demonstrates how repetition occurs at various levels of scale throughout Sūrat al-Shu‘arā’ and how it is used to contrast and complicate various themes. The overarching theme in the sūra is prophecy. Scaffolding this theme are four others: (1) sources of power, inspiration, and revelation: messengers, devils, magicians, poets, and ancestors; (2) God sends people messengers and gives people the choice to believe or not; (3) messengers’ expectations from their people; and (4) responses to revelation and its claims. What becomes apparent through these themes is that the Qur’ān is aware that a message, magic, a prophet and even family can be used to make claims to power; the Qur’ān makes clear what is and is not acceptable in this sūra.
From the American Century to the End of History
Authors: Dunmire Patricia L.
Published: June 2023

This final analytic chapter examines the foreign policy discourse of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton. Both of these presidents oversaw the ending of the Cold War and the inception of the post–Cold War era. This discourse is situated within the genre of the American jeremiad that has served historically to articulate and sustain the nation’s identity and geopolitical purpose. The chapter identifies the linguistic and rhetorical means by which the nation’s exceptionalist identity was asserted and reaffirmed and how that identity was used to sanction an activist foreign policy aimed at shaping a post–Cold War future amenable to the nation’s interests and goals. The chapter argues that foreign policy discourse in the early years of the post–Cold War era drew on key elements of the jeremiad in order to reaffirm and sustain the nation’s identity as “the great nation of futurity.”
Sensuous Certainty, Perceiving, Force, and the Understanding
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2023

Is there anything we know with certainty without its following from anything else? Three models are tried out, and each fails in its own terms to make good on answering that question. From the idea of a meaning-free reference to this, here, and now, we move on after its failure to an account of perceiving objects with general properties, but what we were really doing there was something only performed in a wider context of distinctions between appearance and reality, laws of appearance, laws that explain the laws of appearance, and so on until the whole edifice of awareness, reference, description, and explanation turns topsy-turvy. We are finally put into a position to see that the paradigm of a single subject aware of an object led to the idea of a “curtain” of appearance hiding the real world—except that when we pull the curtain of appearance back, what we see are ourselves and our own activities looking back.
Freedom
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2023

The dialectic of mastery moves the subject into seeing that the independence he sought was really that of freedom. This mode of thinking about freedom took shape in the slave societies of the ancient Mediterranean world as the lived philosophies of Stoicism and skepticism. Each of these also fails because in each the individual “I” wants to speak with the authority of the whole behind it (the authority of the “We” taken as humanity as a whole) but instead finds in each case that there is really nothing there that would entitle him to that authority. That failure makes this shape into the “unhappy consciousness,” longing for a place beyond this world in the realm of the “unchangeable.” In seeking that, it finds that what it is really doing is making a move to a universal self-consciousness and then to universal “Reason” itself as uniting both the “I” and the “We.”
Reason
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2023

In “Reason,” there is no “other”—no master, no otherworldly beyond—that is entitled to command the agent. There is nothing in principle unknowable by self-consciousness, and it is the world’s knowability that ultimately matters to self-consciousness. This, Hegel says, is idealism. It should be the case that this idealism could show the baselines of what it needs to know and do from its own constitution, but it (so far) has failed to do so, and it has failed to do so because of the abstractness of its conception of reason. To fill itself in, reason becomes observing reason, determined to closely observe in a scientific manner the workings of the world. To do that, it sets about discovering laws as regularities of appearance. Observing reason, however, finds itself doing more than just observing, and it especially runs into trouble when it tries to explain the role of Geist in nature.
Debating a Virtue
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2023

Chapter 1 first sets out the theory of sôphrosunê reconstructed in this book, as a virtue of agency—the capacity to discriminate between one’s desires, interests, goals, or norms and act only on those identified as authoritative for oneself. Three close readings of late fifth-century texts support this: the Cambyses madness episode from Herodotus, a conflict between Medea and Jason in Euripides’ Medea, and the competition between Better and Worse Argument in Aristophanes’ Clouds. Then there is a review of earlier scholarship on sôphrosunê, notably of Helen North and Adriaan Rademaker, and an explanation of this book’s goals. The chapter concludes with a summary of its chapters.
Plato 3—Sôphrosunê with Wisdom in Two Late Dialogues
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2023

Among Plato’s last dialogues, the Statesman and Laws both give signal importance to sôphrosunê, especially in the context of constitutional reflection. A question that arises in both concerns the relationship between sôphrosunê and wisdom. Both identify two sorts of states associated with sôphrosunê, one a set of desiderative dispositions alone and the other a virtue proper, where those dispositions are guided by rational insight. In the Statesman, a civic leader has two relevant tasks: “weaving together” people with relatively sôphrôn dispositions with those with relatively courageous dispositions, and, through instilling stable and true beliefs, ensuring that each person is sôphrôn at the right times and courageous at the right times. In the Laws, an important textual crux leaves unclear whether the second greatest virtue is “a sôphrôn state of the soul” by itself or that state modified by nous, wisdom. Subsequent passages in that dialogue support both interpretations and so do not resolve the crux, but together they reveal the complexity of Plato’s thought about the virtue. Together these texts help explain Aristotle’s particular take on sôphrosunê.
Aristotle and the Later Fourth Century
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2023

Aristotle provides the only robust theory of sôphrosunê from the classical period, principally in Nicomachean Ethics 3.10–12, though with briefer versions in Eudemian Ethics and Magna Moralia. He argues that it amounts to moderation of some of the desires of touch, specifically those associated with nutrition and reproduction: food, drink (wine), and sex. He presents his analysis as deriving from ordinary language use, but by comparison with the uses of Sophocles (someone he read) and Isocrates (a contemporary), we see that it cannot. Instead, Aristotle’s theory of the virtue tracks his biology, psychology, and taxonomic aims, ensuring that each virtue has non-overlapping scope. Desire-control mostly gets shunted off to self-control, judgment about authoritative norms to practical judgment or wisdom. For Aristotle, sôphrosunê retains a basal role in maturity—it is a core precondition for rational agency—but it loses its position as a primary concept for thinking about human maturity. At chapter’s end we consider various Peripatetic and contemporary Academic accounts of sôphrosunê, noting their differences from Aristotle’s.
Pythagorean Sôphrosunê
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2023

Among many other works, the Peripatetic Aristoxenus wrote Pythagorean Precepts and Life of Archytas. Both reflect Pythagorean thinking about sôphrosunê from the early fourth century relatively independent of the Socratic tradition studied in the previous chapters. The first text presents desire as naturally wayward; sôphrosunê amounts to subservience to authoritative norms, inculcated through belief in all-seeing and all-caring gods and a conservative obedience to rules promulgated by civic elders. Harmony and stability are praised over intellectual creativity and ethical innovation. The second text presents a debate between Archytas and Polyarchus parallel to that between Socrates and Callicles on the value of unimpeded desire-satisfaction. Polyarchus argues that the unlimited pursuit of pleasure is natural and to be advised; Archytas cites numerous problems with that pursuit.
How Journalists Trust
Authors: Robinson Sue
Published: June 2023

Chapter 1 lays out the major arguments for How Journalists Trust and defines what is meant by trust, engagement, identity, care, listening, and learning. Trust building happens through the nurturing of personal, organizational, and institutional relationships that people have with information, sources, news brands, journalists, and each other during what is commonly referred to as “engagement.” For trust building to occur, journalistic engagement needs to be practiced with identity-aware caring and enacted through listening and learning. The trust-building movement is made up of at least nine submovements that have taken root in Western countries since 2010, some of them extending to much earlier movements in our histories; these include the fact-checking industry, a radical transparency movement, community-based journalism, engagement journalism, solutions journalism, antiracism journalism, public-service journalism, movement journalism, and solidarity journalism.
World of Worldly Gods
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T.
Published: June 2023

This book offers the first comprehensive examination of the tenacity of Shamanic Bon practices, as they are lived and contested, in the presence of an invalidating force—Buddhism. Through a rich ethnography of Goleng and nearby villages in central Bhutan, the book investigates why people, despite shifting contexts, continue to practice and engage with Bon, which has survived over a millennium of impatience from a dominant Buddhist religious structure. Against the backdrop of long-standing debates around practices unsystematically identified as “Bon,” and how they relate to what anthropologists refer to as syncretism, the book reframes the often stale and scholastic debates by providing the most clear and succinct statement on how these practices should be conceived in the region. The book argues that the reasons for the tenacity of Bon practices and beliefs amid censures by Buddhists are manifold and complex. While a significant reason for the persistence of Bon is the recency of formal Buddhist institutions in Goleng, the book demonstrates that Bon beliefs are so deeply embedded in village social life that some Buddhists paradoxically feel it necessary to reach a rather awkward accommodation with Bon priests. Through an analysis of the relationship between Shamanistic Bon and Buddhism, and the contemporary dynamics of Bhutanese society, the book tackles the long-standing concern of anthropology, cultural persistence and change; discusses the mutual accommodation and syncretism between Buddhism and Bon; and offers fresh perspectives on the central distinguishing features of great and little traditions.
Introduction
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T.
Published: June 2023

This chapter sets out the problem and objectives of the book. It is farmed in long-standing debates around pre-Buddhist Bon, which has been looked down on by Buddhists for centuries even as it continues to exist and to exert its influence on people’s everyday lives down to the present day. Ordinary people identify themselves as Buddhists, but they have no problem in propitiating the local Bon gods and deities, or having recourse to Bon rites after or prior to Buddhist rituals and biomedical therapies. This book aims to investigate why people, despite shifting contexts, continue to engage with Bon practices while recognizing that what they are doing is antithetical to the civilizing mission of the Buddhist priests. The chapter ends by outlining the rest of the book.
Phallic Rituals and Pernicious Gossip
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines two phallic rituals that are centered on protection, fertility, and reproduction. It focuses on the significance of phallic objects and images to the villagers and investigates how they, in the context of the antigossip ritual, which involves the construction of a structure bearing a phallus, operate to prevent misfortune due to the pernicious gossip that is rife in the sociality. The extensive use of phallic symbols suggests that one of the ways to deal with gossip is a series of Bon rituals that emphasize fertility and draw on phallic symbolism. The chapter ends by reflecting on the phallic symbols incorporated into Buddhist rituals and illustrates that Bon beliefs are unintentionally perpetuated by some lay Buddhist priests.
Buddhist Accommodation of Bon Rites and Practices
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T.
Published: June 2023

This chapter deals with the extent of accommodation of Bon beliefs in the context of naming traditions and two syncretic Buddhist rituals by lay Buddhists priests. It demonstrates that while the incorporation and accommodation of Bon deities and rituals is oriented to remodel, reinterpret, and reinvent Bon beliefs under the guise of Buddhist iconographies, they, rather than eliminating Bon beliefs, tend to promote Bon’s vitality and inclusivity. The Buddhist incorporation of Bon rites and practices is then briefly contrasted with Clerical Bon’s accommodation of Buddhist canons and pantheon. The chapter concludes that when powerful Bon deities are subjugated and subsequently incorporated into Buddhist protectors by Buddhist masters, they become even more central to people’s lives.
Desire
Authors: Massicotte Claudie
Published: June 2023

This chapter addresses the relationship between Flournoy and Smith and the psychologist’s theorizations of the unconscious through his studies of the medium. It contrasts Flournoy’s unconscious with Freud’s early discoveries through female hysteria. One of the most frequently cited stories in the history of psychoanalysis is that of Anna O., who developed a hysterical pregnancy as a consequence of the unexplored seduction in her analysis. In retracing a similar event shaping the dynamic between Smith and Flournoy, this chapter suggests that the vocabulary of labor and bearing illuminates the excesses of an unacknowledged desire. While Flournoy found in this event proof of the creativity and suggestibility of the unconscious self, Freud largely discovered the sexual nature of transference and countertransference through Anna O.’s story. This chapter concludes that Anna O. and Hélène Smith’s phantom pregnancies traced two different lineages for the discovery of the unconscious while illuminating women’s unrecognized labor in production of scientific discourse.
Reasons in favour
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger
Published: June 2023

Understanding practical reason just in terms of what is good to do for one and dropping things one ought to do leads to a simpler theory. After all, authors committed to there being things we ought to do, like Kant, John Stuart Mill, and Scanlon, see it also as a good thing for the agent to do as required. In fact, there are no requirements unsupported by its being good to do what is required, as the biblical Abraham story suggests there are. Nor does better knowledge of what is good to do give somebody the authority to impose requirements on others, as Joseph Raz argued.
Historical Background and Colonial Afterlives
Authors: Omer Atalia
Published: June 2023

This chapter sketches the relevant conflict and peace narratives in Kenya and the Philippines to contextualize the book’s analysis of religion and the practices of peace. The chapter foregrounds two themes in particular. The first relates to the integration of both Kenya and the Philippines into the global “war on terror.” This entails the abstraction and assimilation of Muslims from their specific historical grievances in the postcolonial contexts of each country into a “Muslim threat,” as articulated by the United States and its allies. This orientalist articulation diffuses anti-Muslim racialization. The second theme relates to an exposition of each case’s colonial legacies and their afterlives in various conflict narratives and experiences of marginalization. The chapter also touches on how the different conflict narratives inform reductive approaches to religion and peacebuilding practices.
Religion and “Soft” Security
Authors: Omer Atalia
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the securitization of religion, which entails capitalizing on mothers, caregivers, and teachers as part of an ever-devolving security infrastructure. These religious actors in the social reproductive sphere function as the ears and eyes of the state’s effort to identify “warning signs” of radicalization and recruitment among (mostly) young men to violent movements that deploy religion. Religion as a “soft power” thus becomes a site of security work. Hence, the chapter examines how knowing religion or intrafaith hermeneutical first-aid becomes a crucial site of peacebuilding and security practice. Securitization of religion as soft power concerns itself with strategizing and galvanizing the influence or the doing of bottom-up players rather than with their knowing or learned engagement with religious and cultural traditions. Accordingly, religious literacy allows policy and development practitioners to leverage soft power or bottom-up securitizing strategies more effectively without disturbing the top-down neoliberal status quo, with its global inequities and structural injustice.
Preaching, The Dial, and the Harvard Musical Association
Authors: Faucett Bill F.
Published: June 2023

In May 1840, following several frustrating years of stand-in preaching, Dwight was ordained as minister of the Congregational Church in Northampton, Massachusetts. Beloved by a few, he was ultimately dismissed for his crimes of Transcendentalism. Dwight also wrote for The Dial (1840–1844), an organ designed to spread the gospel of Transcendentalism. His first essay was a Northampton sermon, “The Religion of Beauty,” a lesson steeped in Transcendentalism and one that unearths Dwight’s youthful aesthetic stance. Dwight was involved in the effort to remake his old Harvard club, the Pierian Sodality, into a more permanent and impactful group, the Harvard Musical Association, which sought to organize, encourage, advocate, and develop a framework for the advancement of music in Boston. Dwight’s essays “Music, as a Branch of Popular Education” and the “Address Delivered before the Harvard Musical Association” congratulate his audience “on the brightening omens of our cause.”
The Maturing Critic
Authors: Faucett Bill F.
Published: June 2023

Dwight returned to Boston in the autumn of 1848 and immediately set about launching a career in journalism. He continued as a correspondent for The Harbinger, and he wrote reviews for the fashionable Boston Evening Transcript. More important was his stint at the Daily Chronotype, Elizur Wright’s Free Soil newspaper which took on women’s rights, temperance, and other pressing issues. Dwight did not forsake the writing of long-form essays, one of which was his Transcendentalist article “Music,” which appeared in Elizabeth Palmer Peabody’s groundbreaking publication Aesthetic Papers (1849). Dwight also contributed to Sartain’s Magazine and Graham’s Magazine, two popular, widely circulated periodicals in which he adapted his critical style to a general audience. As music editor, Dwight reshaped the repertoire included in both magazines to reflect a more elevated style. Unjustly accused of plagiarism, Dwight was also assailed as a Transcendentalist.
Muslim Belief and Everyday Resistance
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2023

Chapter 4 examines Central Asian society during the later Soviet era. Oral histories and focus group interviews reflecting on the Soviet era reveal that being Muslim was deeply intertwined with being Tajik, Uzbek, or Kyrgyz. Ordinary people engaged in both “hidden” and “public transcripts,” performing religious rituals and maintaining their Muslim beliefs and identity in private, while participating in communist rituals in public. While most accepted Soviet rule and the economic and educational advantages brought by the USSR, and few believed that being Soviet and being Muslim were wholly incompatible, many nonetheless considered Soviet religious policy repressive, even in the less brutal years of the 1970s and 1980s. These interviews confirm that Soviet policy politicized being Muslim; prayer, teaching one’s children about Islam, and studying Islam were illegal, and thus became political acts of everyday religious resistance that reflected discontent with the regime.
The Islamic Revival Party Challenges Communism
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2023

Chapter 5 traces the emergence and development of the first wave of Islamism in Tajikistan, beginning with the formation of Nahzat-i Islami during the 1970s, an underground group motivated by the severe religious repression in the Tajik republic, which extended from the Stalin-era Red Terror through the Khrushchev-era closure of shrines. The spread of ideas about cleansing Soviet influences, Islamic political justice, the anti-Soviet mujahidin’s victory in Afghanistan, and the Iranian Revolution’s success further spurred the Nahzat to religious entrepreneurship. Ongoing religious repression but growing associational space during perestroika led the Nahzat to form an Islamic party to contest power through open mobilization as the USSR crumbled. The IRPT was joined by a broad coalition of Islamic leaders, together with nationalists and democratic parties. The Tajik regime’s crackdown on peaceful protests escalated into violence, and the Islamists became the leading opposition faction in the five-year civil war.
Central Asians Join the Syrian Jihad
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2023

Chapter 14 examines the exodus of Central Asians to Syria and Iraq to become foreign fighters. As early as 2011, some Central Asian religious entrepreneurs left for Syria to form militias and fight in a new, great jihad against Assad and his Russian-backed, secular dictatorship. This chapter lays out the three common factors leading to the emergence of two major groups: Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad (KTJ), which fought with al-Qaeda; and, collectively, Central Asians in ISIS. First, injustice and religious repression both at home and in Syria motivated opposition. Second, entrepreneurs propagated a new, caliphate-centered ideology of justice. Third, closing associational space at home pushed Islamists to move abroad, to a terrain where they anticipated victory. Whether under al-Qaeda or ISIS, these groups achieved some success through new network formation, but KTJ arguably did more to build sacred authority. Both only partially adapted their ideational propaganda to Central Asians’ concerns.
From Central Asia to Afghanistan, Syria, and Beyond
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2023

The concluding chapter reviews the core arguments about the factors that drove three waves of Islamism in Central Asia and the strategies that proved more successful in mobilizing under extraordinarily challenging conditions. This chapter considers whether those conditions have changed. The picture is mixed: marginally improved but still uncertain in Uzbekistan, worsening in Kyrgyzstan, and significantly darkening in Tajikistan. The chapter next focuses on the implications of the Taliban’s return to power in Afghanistan and the growth of ISIS-K for the future of Central Asian militant Islamists. Finally, it briefly considers how the insights of the book help us understand Islamism in secular authoritarian cases beyond Central Asia.
Lessons Learned
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A.
Published: June 2023

For crowdfunding to be a realistic financing option, compliance costs must be kept to an absolute minimum. This means that the regulatory framework needs to be exceptionally liberal—the exact opposite of our usual tendency in securities regulation (both in the United States and abroad). Accordingly, policymakers should accept the challenge of embracing a simple, low-cost regime that lacks all the usual bells and whistles of “investor protection,” like mandatory disclosures and direct regulatory oversight. The best way to keep compliance costs down is reject the standard model and enact a liberal regime that minimizes the number and complexity of regulations and relies, instead, on private ordering to govern and police the investment crowdfunding market. The outperformance over the past decade by the liberal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom and New Zealand provides real-world evidence of this thesis.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A.
Published: June 2023

Investment crowdfunding has great potential and enjoys widespread support from across the political spectrum and around the world—but it will only fully flower under a liberal regulatory regime that relies primarily on private ordering rather than government regulation. Investment crowdfunding gives startup companies a new source of capital, helping to grow the economy, create jobs, and develop new products and services. Entrepreneurs of all types, regardless of geography, gender, race, or anything else, are invited to participate. And investment crowdfunding is a democratic market that is open to all investors, not just the wealthy and connected. These investors—being a large, diverse crowd—may appreciate needs and niches that might otherwise have gone unrecognized by traditional VC and angel investing. Theory and experience over the past decade shows that the liberal model adopted in the United Kingdom and New Zealand is better suited to achieving these goals than the more traditional “standard model” enacted in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the European Union.
Conclusion
Authors: Knight Frances
Published: June 2023

This chapter pulls together the book’s religious themes to provide an analysis and summary of Howard’s spiritual life. It argues that his ideas on religion developed to a much greater extent than his ideas on town planning, and that he found it easy to incorporate new religious ideas with existing beliefs, blending Spiritualism and Theosophy into the English Dissenting tradition, and into the late nineteenth-century Congregationalism in which he had been brought up. The chapter concludes by assessing his legacy in the century since his death, and the ways in which he has been elevated to a form of secular sainthood.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Helen , Edwards Robert R.
Published: June 2023

The introductory chapter to Volume 2 of The Oxford History of Poetry in English sets out to survey the scope and major themes of Middle English poetry and the organisation of this book. The chapters are grouped into five main parts. Part I, ‘Contexts’, covers such matters as the emergence of Middle English literature after the Norman Conquest, the locations of its production, and manuscript culture. Part II, ‘Literary Culture’, considers the relations among the languages of trilingual England, verse forms, and medieval literary theory. Part III, ‘“Matere”’, describes the major areas of poetry’s engagement with contemporary concerns and sacred narratives. Part IV, ‘Genre Poetics’, examines the imaginative and formal range of Middle English lyric and narrative. Part V, ‘The Ricardian Poets’, offers comprehensive views of the artistry of the late-fourteenth-century poets who have since become canonical authors. The final chapter looks forwards to the reception of an established poetic tradition in the fifteenth century.
Historical and Political Changes
Authors: Ashe Laura
Published: June 2023

During a period of warfare, nation-building, and complex political involvement with France, when Latin and French literature flourished, English poetry must have thrived in an oral culture largely lost to us. In the extant written record it emerges in three genres: didactic poetry, lyric, and narrative. The first was essential for pastoral care of a largely monolingual population; this necessity produced the earliest major work in Middle English verse, the Ormulum. Contemporaneously appear fragments of English devotional lyrics; thirteenth-century manuscripts preserve virtuosic religious lyrics in the affective tradition, alongside the emergent secular love lyric, all embedded in a multilingual, intertextual context. Most well known is narrative poetry, including romance and historiography; earliest here is Layamon’s immense Brut, a translation that is also an act of creation, clarifying the cultivation and aesthetic virtuosity now sought and achieved in English verse.
Poetic Sites
Authors: Hanna Ralph
Published: June 2023

The entry of Piers Plowman C into the London book trade, c 1390–5, marks a step-change in the production and dissemination of poetry in English. Before this event, English poetry is distinctly ‘sited’, the property of dispersed provincial locales. Rather than ‘public product’, its production and dissemination are most usually associated with households, familiae of diverse sorts, prominently magnatial and ecclesiastical. As a result, authors and book-producers are apt to represent moonlighting clerical staff, and their intended audience their lordly employers. The chapter examines an expanding range of such units; most particularly it demonstrates, in the case of the Lichfield Prick of Conscience, the revision necessary, in a pre-public era, to accommodate the product of one site to the needs of another.
Poetry and the Bible
Authors: Tasioulas Jacqueline
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores poetry as a vehicle for the Bible, whether as a memorable and persuasive conduit to salvation or as a means of imposing structure on the vast history of creation. To choose to paraphrase, and to do so in verse, was clearly a significant decision for medieval authors, and their reasoned choices are frequently made explicit in the texts themselves. Poets considered how verse might be used in the service of the Word, and their creative additions to biblical texts often come in the form of a preoccupation with words, from the first-naming of unknown concepts in a post-lapsarian world to the longing of the biblical exile to hear songs in his native tongue, or even the invention of writing itself as it becomes part of the medieval account of the life of Adam and Eve.
Secular Lyrics
Authors: Fein Susanna
Published: June 2023

The medieval secular lyric is about the material, emotive existence of humans encased in flesh and time. By definition, it is opposed to the spiritual interests of religious lyric. Understanding Earth upon Earth as a distillation of the secular lyric’s core poetic interests—the life-cycle of birth, growth, sex, death, burial—this chapter explores modulations of these interests in three specific types of medieval English secular lyric: the spring song (reverdie), the love lyric, and the public corpus of proverb. Scholars and anthologists have typically treated the secular lyric as either popular (sprung from oral folk tradition) or courtly (sprung from learned models). Recent, more nuanced analyses have assessed connections to secular narrative, to music and dance, to religious parody, and to the instruction of youth. Moreover, medieval contexts matter, as whole-manuscript studies reveal frequent links to complementary religious lyrics, as well as to lyrics in other languages.
The Canterbury Tales
Authors: Windeatt Barry
Published: June 2023

This chapter analyses in four sections a distinctive common poetic that Chaucer develops across the Canterbury Tales, based on applying his own revolutionary innovations in English versification and working through a dynamic interplay between concision and dilation: (1) how tale-openings function to introduce characters and establish back-stories, and the key role of extensive direct speech and speeches expressing vehement feeling; (2) how Chaucer’s poetic is defined by alertness to the language of chance, time, and astrology’s sidereal dimension; (3) how interpolations of non-narrative passages, and thumbnail allusions to exemplary figures and histories, offer thematic commentary on the narratives; and (4) how the Tales’ generic hybridity deploys poetic style to represent an exhilarated perceptiveness of such materialities as food, bodies, kinesis, and animal life, along with the imagistic unities invested in whole tales. A conclusion focuses on the roles of rhyme and making an ending.
Living in Words
Authors: Hagberg Garry L.
Published: June 2023

Living in Words: Literature, Autobiographical Language, and the Composition of Selfhood pursues three main questions: What role does literature play in the constitution of a human being? What is the connection between the language we see at work in imaginative fiction and the language we develop to describe ourselves? And is something more powerful than just description at work—that is, does self-descriptive or autobiographical language itself play an active role in shaping and solidifying our identities? This adventurous book suggests that interdisciplinary work interweaving philosophy and literature can answer these questions. Main sections investigate the relational model of the self derived from American pragmatism, the sense of rightness that can attach to descriptions of ourselves and our actions, the analogy between interpreting works of art and the interpretation of persons, the special power of literature as a self-compositional tool and the “architecture” of self-narratives and the corresponding growth of self-understanding, what we can learn from cautionary tales concerning the tragic lack of self-knowledge, the possibility of “rewriting” and “rereading” the self, and overall, the assembly of real-life structures of self-definition through our reflective engagement with literature. Throughout, the book develops a model of active, self-constitutive literary reading that provides language for, and sharpens, self-individuation and sensibility. Conjoining a relational conception of selfhood to a narrative conception of self-understanding, Living in Words makes a powerful claim that aesthetic experience and our engagement with the arts is a far more serious matter in human life and society than in some quarters it is taken to be.
Studies in the Transmission of Latin Texts
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In this book all known manuscripts and incunabular editions of four classical texts are discussed: Vitruvius’ De architectura, Cato’s De agri cultura, Varro’s De re rustica, Porphyrio’s Commentary on Horace, and Priscian’s Periegesis. The total number of witnesses involved comes to over two hundred; many of the manuscripts were produced in France or Italy, but English, German, Polish, and Swiss manuscripts also feature. For each text, the genealogical affiliations of its manuscript copies are determined (for very many for the first time), as is the manner in which each was dispersed throughout medieval Europe and transmitted from antiquity through the Middle Ages to the first printed editions. The author shows that clear and decisive results can be achieved by application of the so-called stemmatic method and establishes which manuscripts future editors should use in editing these texts. Manuscripts that are not needed by future editors are discussed as fully as those that are, and many localizations and derivations are established. The result is a large body of material that will help deepen our knowledge of the transmission of classical Latin texts, especially in the Renaissance, of scribal practice, and of techniques that can be deployed in the genealogical study of manuscripts and incunables.
Introduction: Back to the Rough Ground
Authors: Willis Roxana
Published: June 2023

The introductory chapter outlines the theoretical contours of the book. The chapter begins by briefly noting the research community, which grew from the relational connections of the author’s father, loosely formed on and around the Lincoln council estate in Corby, UK. The next section details the legal scholarship to which the work responds (which is rooted in mainstream criminal law theory and practice), and alternative scholarship on which the work builds and to which it contributes (namely, a growing body of critical criminal law research). The philosophical context is then mapped out, which includes a creative combination of the philosophy of Charles Taylor, anthropologies on race and class in Britain, and emic theory developed through the ethnographic study itself. Two ‘frameworks’ are presented: first, ‘the framework of autonomy’, which explains the moral leanings of the mainstream criminal law; and second, ‘the framework of mutuality’, which makes intelligible the moral orientation of the precariously positioned persons included in the study. During this mapping exercise, histories of class inequality in Britain are explored. In the final section, further information is provided about the research site, the concepts ‘precariat’ and ‘community’ are explained, and an overview of the ensuing chapters is presented.