bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: March 2012

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. Volume 1 reproduces the 1801 Disquisitiones arithmeticae, a masterpiece of mathematical rigour, in which Gauss drew together and greatly extended the number-theoretic knowledge of his time. The final chapter, on the criterion for the constructibility of a regular polygon, solved a problem that had been open since antiquity.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: March 2012

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. Volume 2, which appeared in 1863, supplements Volume 1 with additional articles on number theory. It also contains book reviews and posthumous papers, including an unfinished eighth chapter of the Disquisitiones arithmeticae.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: March 2012

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. Volume 7, published in 1906, contains some of the most surprising material discovered among Gauss' papers: extensive calculations concerning the motion of Pallas. The volume also includes a reprint of Gauss' 1809 book on orbits, Theoria motus corporum coelestium, followed by his later updates and corrections.
Thoughts and Notes at Home and Abroad
Authors: Burritt Elihu
Published: March 2012

American philanthropist Elihu Burritt (1810–79) was involved in and lectured widely on many causes, including the abolition of slavery, temperance, and world peace. Known as the 'learned blacksmith' because of his early training in the trade, he was eventually appointed US consul in Birmingham, England, from 1865 to 1870. In addition to his campaigning, Burritt was a prolific writer, producing books and articles on a range of subjects. In this work, published in 1868, he assembles a collection of his writings published between 1850 and 1855 in a variety of periodicals. This compilation covers a wide range of topics - from the Great Exhibition of 1851 to the 'Anarchy of Governments' - drawing from his experiences in Europe and in the USA. Much of Burritt's writing is devoted to the issue of international relations, and to his desire for a 'Congress of Nations' devoted to ending conflict in Europe.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
Authors: Jefferson Thomas
Published: March 2012

Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) was the third United States President (1801–9) and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. An advocate of republicanism, he envisioned America as an 'Empire of Liberty' that would strive to promote freedom around the world. First published in 1853–4, this nine-volume edition of Jefferson's writings shows the breadth of his intellectual and political interests. His autobiography, letters, diaries and political memoranda reflect a life lived at the centre of pivotal events, including the French and American Revolutions, and the founding of a new nation. Through them we discover his contribution to the pursuit of world peace, the evolving relationships between the United States and the European powers, and the development of the American constitution and judicial system. Volume 2 continues with Jefferson's correspondence during his 1784–9 mission to Europe, which offers revealing accounts of the development of his political ideas.
Narrative of a Journey from Lima to Para, across the Andes and down the Amazon
Authors: Smyth William , Lowe Frederick
Published: March 2012

During 1834–5 the British naval officer and artist William Smyth (1800–77) and his fellow officer Frederick Lowe (1811–47) went on an expedition to Peru and North-Eastern Brazil. This account of their journey, first published in 1836, combines a travel narrative with anthropological observation. Their objective was to explore the river Pachitea in Peru and investigate its potential as a route from the Andes via the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean that could reduce journey times and benefit Peruvian exports. The tone of the book is typical of early nineteenth-century European travel literature, in that it shows the authors to have been fascinated by the cultures they encountered while retaining a deep mistrust of the indigenous 'savages' some of whom were held to be 'cannibals'. It is, however, full of fascinating details about the rainforest and its inhabitants, the colonial settlers, and their interactions.
Correspondence of Lord Byron
Authors: Byron George Gordon
Published: March 2012

The English writer Robert Charles Dallas (1754–1824) was a relative by marriage of Lord Byron (1788–1824), with whom he maintained a 'frequent' correspondence between 1808 and 1814. As a friend and the editor of some of Byron's poems, Dallas had been entrusted with several of the poet's personal letters. First published in France in 1825, this book contains letters Byron wrote to his mother while travelling across Europe as a young man, his correspondence with Dallas, and Dallas' 1824 'Recollections' of the poet. It includes a long statement by Dallas's son, describing the disputes that arose between Dallas and Byron's executors concerning the publication of the letters. Intended by Dallas as a 'whole faithful memoir' of Byron's life during the period of their correspondence, this book provides a vivid portrait of the poet and reveals how he was perceived by a close, though much older, friend.
Handbook of Breast MRI
Authors: Price Jeremy
Published: March 2012

Breast MRI is no longer the domain of specialised centres; it is now a mainstream diagnostic technique, and an understanding of its applications is essential for any clinician involved with breast imaging. The Handbook of Breast MRI provides core knowledge and clinical guidelines for performing breast MRI in everyday practice. Introductory chapters on breast MRI basics, anatomy and pathology are followed by detailed chapters on the use of MRI in screening, staging, problem-solving and MRI-guided interventions, each containing diagnostic algorithms, tables and lists for quick access to key diagnostic information. Each chapter also contains a selection of self testing questions, and numerous Appendices concisely summarise tumour classification and current breast cancer treatment options. The Handbook of Breast MRI is an invaluable practical diagnostic resource for radiologists, surgeons, oncologists and all clinicians involved in breast cancer management.
Artful Histories
Authors: McCooey David
Published: March 2012

Artful Histories is an account of modern Australian autobiography that radically revises theories of autobiography and discusses a remarkably broad range of popular and literary texts written over a period of three decades. In his challenge to post-structuralist theories of autobiography, particularly in terms of autobiography's relationship with fiction and history, David McCooey analyses the nature of the self, the question of intent and the role of narrative. He discusses the ways in which the autobiographer makes sense of his or her life through a developing but continuous awareness of the narrative quality of experience. The book explores themes around the mythology of childhood, education, sexuality, the discovery of hidden histories, the trauma of displacement and death and, finally, the importance of place in the Australian imagination.
The Mystic Life of Alfred Deakin
Authors: Gabay Alfred J.
Published: March 2012

Alfred Deakin (1857–1919) is recognised as an architect of the Australian Federation and served three terms as Prime Minister. Though his life has been well documented, no previous biographer has studied the intense spiritual life of this would-be poet, preacher and mystic. Drawing from volumes of Deakin's private journals and prayerbooks, in this 1993 text Al Gabay presents us with a complex man who had a profound sense of history and who, being convinced that his political life had a divine mandate, yearned for an understanding of his true duty. Throughout his life he was absorbed and influenced by the Occult and this book reveals the implications of this private spirituality for the political history of Australia. This illustrates not only the intellectual climate of Deakin's era but Victorian ideas of religious doubt, evolution, and reform.
Histoire de la Révolution Française
Authors: Blanc Louis
Published: March 2012

Louis Blanc (1811–82) was a French historian and politician whose writings had a considerable influence on the development of French socialism. In his famous Organisation du travail (1839) he called for social reform by action of the State, an unusual position at the time. As a member of the provisional government established after the 1848 Revolution, he campaigned for workers' rights, advocating the creation of cooperative workshops. His twelve-volume Histoire de la Révolution Française (1847–62), most of which he wrote while in exile in England, combines years of thorough research with Blanc's characteristic socialist and republican enthusiasm. Volume 10, first published in 1858, focuses on the Reign of Terror (1793–4), inaugurated by political tensions between the Girondins and the Jacobins and led by Robespierre. It covers the many executions conducted following the law of 22 Prairial, which extended the power of the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Stalkers and their Victims
Authors: Mullen Paul E. , Pathé Michele , Purcell Rosemary
Published: March 2012

Stalking is now a major social and legal issue, as well as a clinical problem for mental health professionals. This absorbing and informative book draws on the authors' extensive experience of working with stalkers and their victims in the clinical setting.
Topics covered include:
• The growing recognition of stalking as an issue of public, legal and scientific concern
• The definition, classification and epidemiology of stalking
• The impact on victims, and how this may be reduced
• Same-gender stalking, stalking by proxy, workplace stalking, and the stalking of professionals, such as doctors and teachers
• The association of stalking with physical and sexual assault
• Anti-stalking laws internationally
• Support and practical advice for victims
• Assessing and managing the stalker
With many case histories, and an approach that is at once scholarly and highly practical, this will be the definitive guide and reference for anyone with a professional or academic interest in this complex behaviour.
Proportionality underJus ad BellumandJus in Bello: Clarifying their Relationship
Authors: van Steenberghe Raphaël
Published: March 2012

Proportionality is a condition provided under bothjus ad bellumandjus in bello. Based on a particular interpretation of state practice and international case law, recent legal literature argues that the two notions of proportionality are interrelated in that proportionality underjus in bellois included in the assessment of proportionality underjus ad bellum. This article seeks to refute such a position and, more generally, to clarify the relationship between the two notions of proportionality.

The main argument of the article is in line with the traditional position regarding the relationship betweenjus ad bellumandjus in bello. It is argued that, although sharing common features and being somewhat interconnected, the notions of proportionality provided under these two separate branches of international law remain independent of each other, mainly because of what is referred to in this article as the ‘general versus particular’ dichotomy, which characterises their relations. Proportionality underjus ad bellumis to be measured against the military operation as a whole, whereas proportionality underjus in bellois to be assessed against individual military attacks launched in the framework of this operation.

This article nonetheless emphasises the risk of overlap between the assessments of the two notions of proportionality when the use of force involves only one or a few military operations. Indeed, in such situations, the ‘general versus particular’ dichotomy, which normally enables one to make a distinct assessment between the two notions of proportionality, is no longer applicable since it becomes impossible to distinguish between the military operation as a whole and the individual military attacks undertaken during this operation.
History of exotic terrestrial mammals in Antarctic regions: a further note
Authors: Headland R. K.
Published: March 2012

Subsequent to this paper (Headland 2011) being submitted for publication, programmes to eradicate exotic mammals on Macquarie Island and South Georgia have made substantial progress.
Original-Acquisition Justifications of Private Property
Authors: Simmons A. John
Published: March 2012

My aim in this essay is to explore the nature and force of “original-acquisition” justifications of private property. By “original-acquisition” justifications, I mean those arguments which purport to establish or importantly contribute to the moral defense of private property by: (a) offering a moral/historical account of how legitimate private property rights for persons first arose (i.e., at a time prior to which no such rights existed); (b) offering a hypothetical or conjectural account of how justified private property could arise (or have arisen) from a propertyless condition; or (c) simply defending an account of how an individual can (or did) make private property in some previously unowned thing (where “things” might include not only land, natural resources, and artifacts, but also, e.g., ideas or other individuals). The “original acquisition” to which such justifications centrally refer, then, may be either the first instance(s) of legitimate private property in human history (typically assumed to have been many centuries ago on earth), or only the first legitimate acquisition of some particular thing (which might, for instance, have occurred yesterday or occur in the future on Mars). But in either case, the justification will involve or entail the defense of one or more moral principles specifying how unowned (or collectively owned) things can become privately owned — that is, the defense of the kind of principles Robert Nozick has called “principles of justice in acquisition.”
Becoming-Speckled Warbler: Re/creating Australian Natural History Pedagogy
Authors: Stewart Alistair
Published: March 2012

The speckled warbler and other woodland birds of south-eastern Australia have declined dramatically since European settlement; many species are at risk of becoming locally and/or nationally extinct. Coincidently, Australian environmental education research of the last decade has largely been silent on the development of pedagogy that refects the natural history of this continent (Stewart, 2006). The current circumstances that face the speckled warbler, I argue, is emblematic of both the state of woodland birds of south-eastern Australia, and the condition of natural history pedagogy within Australian environmental education research. In this paper I employ Deleuze and Guattari's (1987) philosophy “becoming-animal” to explore ways that the life and circumstances of the speckled warbler might inform natural history focused Australian environmental education research. The epistemology and ontology ofbecoming-speckled warbleroffers a basis to reconsider and strengthen links between Australian natural history pedagogy and notions of sustainability.
Understanding Student Learning in Environmental Education in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Eames Chris , Barker Miles
Published: March 2012

This paper seeks to provide a perspective on environmental education in Aotearoa New Zealand. To contextualise this perspective, it illustrates how environmental, socio-cultural and political imperatives have shaped the development of environmental education in this land. These imperatives illuminate the natural history of the country, the connectedness within the worldviews of the indigenous Māori people, the pioneering views of some enlightened European settlers, and tensions between development and conservation. We connect this context with an overview of research in Aotearoa New Zealand into one aspect of environmental education – student learning in schools. Examples from recent research in this area are provided to show how these approaches are contributing to the Aotearoa New Zealand-ness of environmental education.
The transmission of the polyphonicAmenin the early fifteenth century
Authors: Honisch Erika
Published: March 2012

Studies of manuscripts such as the Trent Codices (I-TRbc87–92) and Bologna Q15 (I-Bc15) have shown that fifteenth-century scribes were not necessarily passive transmitters of the material they copied. Whether motivated by practical constraints or aesthetic preferences, they added, excised and re-composed sections or voices as they saw fit. The frequency and ingenuity of such emendations encourage us to examine them further – not as unwelcome alterations to a putative ‘Urtext’ but as creative acts in their own right.

This article focuses on one site of scribal emendation: the concludingAmensections of early fifteenth-century Gloria and Credo settings. Frequently, otherwise concordant sources for the same piece transmitAmensections that appear to be unrelated to each other. I propose that certain types ofAmensettings were more susceptible than others to alteration and that one type – the short, self-contained, homophonicAmen– arose through scribal emendation. In order to describe in precise terms the choices a scribe might make, I introduce a nomenclature system for theAmensettings encountered in this period. Taking a panoptic view of the major sources for sacred polyphony in the first half of the fifteenth century, this article contributes to our understanding of scribal activity and manuscript culture.
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF NICOLAS DUTOT
Authors: VELDE FRANÇOIS R.
Published: March 2012

Nicolas Dutot (1684–1741) is an important figure for the history of economic thought, as a pioneer in monetary theory and price statistics, and for economic history, as a chronicler of John Law’s System. Yet, until recently, very little information about him was known, some of it incorrect. I present extensive research that reveals a remarkable career rising from humble origins and full of surprises. He spent his formative years in the ranks of the “ancienne finance” he was thought to despise, and then worked for the Chamber of Justice that he so decried in his writings, only to be sent to the Bastille for corruption. After working for Law’s Bank and then retiring quite comfortably, he continued to socialize with his pre-System financier and banker friends, at least for a while. He also joined a short-lived learned society and accumulated a substantial library that reveals much about his tastes and affinities. The portrait that emerges is at odds with the image of an honest accountant he tried to project, but also richer and more engaging.
Oligarchy by Jeffrey A. Winters
Authors: McCormick John P.
Published: March 2012

In democracies, the rich protect their freedom with wealth, and the people protect theirs with laws. This notion, associated with Demosthenes in classical Athens, and revived by Leonardo Bruni in republican Florence, imputes a roughly fair equilibrium to popular government: Private wealth and public institutions, so the truism goes, combine in democracies to ensure that both wealthy and common citizens live with fewer arbitrary restrictions on their behavior than in any other kind of regime.
Machiavellian Democracy by John P. McCormick
Authors: Winters Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2012

Imagine an America in which indictments by the people could be brought against Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger for the secret bombing of neutral Cambodia that killed thousands of civilians and paved the way for the rise of the murderous Khmer Rouge regime. Imagine a college of tribunes, drawn by lot exclusively from the pool of ordinary citizens, that could initiate charges against George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, and John Yoo as torturers, or indict the heads of financial institutions for the crimes that triggered economic ruin in 2008. Consider how different American democracy might be if its governing institutions included a body of and for the plebs, empowered to veto one major piece of legislation a year (perhaps the recent extension of the Bush tax cuts) or oversee an annual national referendum (maybe on a single-payer health insurance plan).
Teachers Unions and Public Education
Authors: West Martin R.
Published: March 2012

Public education is one of the most important “public goods” of a democratic society. In recent decades, public policy analysts, public intellectuals, and politicians have debated the state of public education in the United States and have argued about the sorts of public policies that might best promote the academic achievement, educational success, and political socialization of youth. Terry Moe and John Chubb have been important contributors to these debates. Their 1990 book, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools, set the terms of much subsequent discussion about the importance of school autonomy and “educational choice.” Moe's Special Interest extends these arguments through a more frontal critique of the role of teachers unions. This book represents an important contribution to public discussion of school reform. It also incorporates a distinctive perspective on the relationship between power and public policy, and between the role of states and that of markets in the provision of public goods and services. In this symposium, we feature a range of serious commentaries on the book's central arguments about educational policy and politics and on its approach to “engaged” or “applied” political science.
Is There a Trade-off between Multiculturalism and Socio-Political Integration? Policy Regimes and Immigrant Incorporation in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Wright Matthew , Bloemraad Irene
Published: March 2012

Across immigrant-receiving democracies on both sides of the Atlantic, policies of “cultural recognition” (e.g., “multiculturalism”) have become a convenient punching-bag for political elites. Among academics, heated theoretical debates exist over whether such policies foster or hinder immigrants' engagement with their adoptive nation. We provide a novel empirical assessment of this debate from the immigrant perspective. We ask how multicultural and citizenship policies influence immigrants' socio-political engagement with their adoptive nation in three realms: social inclusion, political inclusion, and political engagement. Using a variety of cross-national and single-country surveys, we show that multiculturalism in no case hinders engagement with society and government, and in many cases seems to foster it. Thus, the claim that multiculturalism undermines immigrants' socio-political integration appears largely without foundation.
Intensive verhaltenstherapeutische Interventionsprogramme bei Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen
Authors: Poustka Luise , Rothermel Boris , Banaschewski Tobias , Kamp-Becker Inge
Published: March 2012

Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASD) sind früh beginnende, persistierende Entwicklungsstörungen, die durch qualitative Beeinträchtigungen der sozialen Kommunikation und Sprache, der sozialen Interaktion sowie durch stereotypes Verhalten und Interessen charakterisiert sind. Für intensive verhaltenstherapeutische Interventionsprogramme, insbesondere nach Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA, „angewandte Verhaltensanalyse“), besteht bisher die beste Evidenz bei ASD-Behandlung. Sie zielen auf die Förderung eines breiten Spektrums an Fertigkeiten ab, wie die Verbesserung der kognitiven und Sprachentwicklung, des Anpassungsverhaltens und der motorischen Funktionen. Neuere Interventionsstudien zeigen einen Trend zur Fokussierung vor allem auf die Verbesserung der sozialen Kommunikation betroffener Kinder. Vorliegende Übersichtarbeit fasst eine Auswahl der bisher untersuchten, intensiven verhaltenstherapeutischen Interventionsprogramme und Elterntrainings für ASD zusammen, um in der klinischen Praxis die Entscheidung für eine evidenzbasierte Therapieempfehlung für betroffene Familien zu erleichtern.
On the behavior of return stroke current and the remotely detected electric field change waveform
Authors: Shao Xuan‐Min , Lay Erin , Jacobson Abram R.
Published: March 2012

After accumulating a large number of remotely recorded negative return stroke electric field change waveforms, a subtle but persistent kink was found following the main return stroke peak by several microseconds. To understand the corresponding return stroke current properties behind the kink and the general return stroke radiation waveform, we analyze strokes occurring in triggered lightning flashes for which have been measured both the channel base current and simultaneous remote electric radiation field. In this study, the channel base current is assumed to propagate along the return stroke channel in a dispersive and lossy manner. The measured channel base current is band‐pass filtered, and the higher‐frequency component is assumed to attenuate faster than the lower‐frequency component. The radiation electric field is computed for such a current behavior and is then propagated to distant sensors. It is found that such a return stroke model is capable of very closely reproducing the measured electric waveforms at multiple stations for the triggered return strokes, and such a model is considered applicable to the common behavior of the natural return stroke as well. On the basis of the analysis, a number of other observables are derived. The time‐evolving current dispersion and attenuation compare well with previously reported optical observations. The observable speed tends to agree with optical and VHF observations. Line charge density that is removed or deposited by the return stroke is derived, and the implication of the charge density distribution on leader channel decay is discussed.
Variability in the carbon isotopic composition of foliage carbon pools (soluble carbohydrates, waxes) and respiration fluxes in southeastern U.S. pine forests
Authors: Mortazavi Behzad , Conte Maureen H. , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Weber J. C. , Martin Timothy A. , Cropper Wendell P.
Published: March 2012

We measured the δ13C of assimilated carbon (foliage organic matter (δCOM), soluble carbohydrates (δCSC), and waxes (δCW)) and respiratory carbon (foliage (δCFR), soil (δCSR) and ecosystem 13CO2 (δCER)) for two years at adjacent ecosystems in the southeastern U.S.: a regenerated 32 m tall mature Pinus palustrisforest, and a mid‐rotation 13 m tallPinus elliottii stand. Carbon pools and foliage respiration in P. palustris were isotopically enriched by 2‰ relative to P. elliottii. Despite this enrichment, mean δCER values of the two sites were nearly identical. No temporal trends were apparent in δCSC, δCFR, δCSR and δCER. In contrast, δCOM and δCW at both sites declined by approximately 2‰ over the study. This appears to reflect the adjustment in the δ13C of carbon storage reserves used for biosynthesis as the trees recovered from a severe drought prior to our study. Unexpectedly, the rate of δ13C decrease in the secondary C32–36 n‐alkanoic acid wax molecular cluster was twice that observed forδCOM and the predominant C22–26 compound cluster, and provides new evidence for parallel but separate wax chain elongation systems utilizing different carbon precursor pools in these species. δCFR and δCER were consistently enriched relative to assimilated carbon but, in contrast to previous studies, showed limited variations in response to changes in vapor pressure deficit (D). This limited variability in respiratory fluxes and δCSC may be due to the shallow water table as well as the deep taproots of pines, which limit fluctuations in photosynthetic discrimination arising from changes in D.
Focused study of interweaving hazards across the Caribbean
Authors: Braun John J. , Mattioli Glen S. , Calais Eric , Carlson David , Dixon Timothy H. , Jackson Michael E. , Kursinski E. Robert , Mora‐Paez Hector , Miller M. Meghan , Pandya Rajul , Robertson Richard , Wang Guoquan
Published: March 2012

The Caribbean is a region of lush vegetation, beaches, active volcanoes, and significant mountain ranges, all of which create a natural aesthetic that is recognized globally. Yet these very same features, molded through geological, oceanic, and atmospheric processes, also pose natural hazards for the developing countries in the Caribbean. The rise in population density, migration to coastal areas, and substandard building practices, combined with the threat of natural hazards, put the region's human population at risk for particularly devastating disasters. These demographic and social characteristics exist against a backdrop of the threat of an evolving climate, which produces a more vigorous hurricane environment and a rising average sea level.
First volatile inventory for Gorely volcano, Kamchatka
Authors: Aiuppa A. , Giudice G. , Liuzzo M. , Tamburello G. , Allard P. , Calabrese S. , Chaplygin I. , McGonigle A. J. S. , Taran Y.
Published: March 2012

We report here the very first assessment of volatile flux emissions from Gorely, an actively degassing volcano in Kamchatka. Using a variety of in situ and remote sensing techniques, we determined the bulk plume concentrations of major volatiles (H2O ∼93.5%, CO2, ∼2.6%, SO2 ∼2.2%, HCl 1.1%, HF 0.3%, H20.2%) and trace‐halogens (Br, I), therefore estimating a total gas release of ∼11,000 tons·day−1during September 2011, at which time the target was non‐eruptively degassing at ∼900°C. Gorely is a typical arc emitter, contributing 0.3% and 1.6% of the total global fluxes from arc volcanism for CO2 and HCl, respectively. We show that Gorely's volcanic gas (H2O/SO2 ∼43, CO2/SO2 ∼1.2, HCl/SO2∼0.5) is a representative mean end‐member for arc magmatism in the north‐west Pacific region. On this basis we derive new constraints for the abundances and origins of volatiles in the subduction‐modified mantle source which feeds magmatism in Kamchatka.
In silico design of potent agonists for human PPAR γ
Authors: Pallapotu Navya , M Divya , Hema Kanipakam , Umamaheswari Amineni
Published: March 2012

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR γ) acts as a key regulator on adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. PPAR γ has been implicated in the pathology of type 2 diabetes. As human PPAR γ activity is considered important in improving insulin sensitivity, in silico screening was carried out to find potent agonists for human PPAR γ protein. The co-crystal structure of PPAR γ, solved through X-Ray diffraction method was retrieved from the protein data bank. Four PPAR γ agonists selected from literature were submitted to subsequent 2D searching protocol using Ligand.Info, which yielded 1699 structural analogs. The PPAR γ co-crystal structure and ligand dataset were preprocessed using protein preparation wizard and LigPrep, respectively. Further, docking was performed by using three phased docking protocol of Maestro v9.2 that implements Glide v5.7. The obtained thirteen leads through docking were compared with the existing inhibitors and seven leads with good binding affinity with PPAR γ were proposed. The binding orientations of the seven leads were coinciding well with the native co-crystal structure of human PPAR γ. Thus, the proposed seven leads can be suggested as potential agonists for improving insulin sensitivity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus if synthesized and validated in animal models
A fully automated in vitro diagnostic system based on magnetic tunnel junction arrays and superparamagnetic particles
Authors: Lian Jie , Chen Si , Qiu Yuqin , Zhang Suohui , Shi Stone , Gao Yunhua
Published: March 2012

A fully automated in vitro diagnostic (IVD) system for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction was developed using high sensitivity MTJ array as sensors and nano-magnetic particles as tags. On the chip is an array of 12 × 106 MTJ devices integrated onto a 3 metal layer CMOS circuit. The array is divided into 48 detection areas, therefore 48 different types of bio targets can be analyzed simultaneously if needed. The chip is assembled with a micro-fluidic cartridge which contains all the reagents necessary for completing the assaying process. Integrated with electrical, mechanical and micro-fluidic pumping devices and with the reaction protocol programed in a microprocessor, the system only requires a simple one-step analyte application procedure to operate and yields results of the three major AMI bio-markers (cTnI, MYO, CK-MB) in 15 mins.
Micro-fabrication process for small transport devices of layered manganite
Authors: Omrani A. A. , Deng G. , Radenovic A. , Kis A. , Rønnow H. M.
Published: March 2012

Devices have been fabricated based on the bilayer manganite La1.4Sr1.6Mn2O7, which in the bulk state orders magnetically below 90 K, at which point both in-plane and c-axis bulk resistivity decrease by 2-3 orders of magnitude. We provide an optimized procedure to fabricate devices to electrical transport in- and out of plane. Fabricated mesoscopic devices have dimensions comparable to a typical magnetic domain, allowing us to study structures going from a single domain to several domains.
Dry-etching damage to magnetic anisotropy of Co-Pt dot arrays characterized using anomalous Hall effect
Authors: Shimatsu T. , Kataoka H. , Mitsuzuka K. , Aoi H. , Kikuchi N. , Kitakami O.
Published: March 2012

Using high-resolution e-beam lithography and ion beam etching, dot arrays were formed from Co–Pt alloy films with perpendicular magnetization. Dry-etching damage to uniaxial magnetic anisotropy Ku of the fabricated dot arrays was examined. Hcp–Co75Pt25 films and L11-type Co50Pt50-ordered alloy films with film thickness δ of 3, 5, and 10 nm were used for this study. Dot diameter D was varied from 10 nm to 400 nm. The effective magnetic anisotropy of the dots, Kueff, was measured using the generalized Sucksmith–Thompson method with anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and an averaged AHE signal over 100–71,000 dots. By compensating the dot shape anisotropy, Ku was calculated from Kueff. The Ku for a dot array of D  =  400 nm was almost equal to that for an original continuous film, but Ku decreased gradually for D < 30 nm. The circumferential area (periphery) of dots with width WD was assumed to be damaged by etching. The damaged area was inferred as Ku  =  0 with original saturation magnetization Ms. The WD values, as estimated using experimental data, were 1.6–1.8 nm for hcp–Co75Pt25 dot arrays independent of δ (δ  =  3–10 nm) and 1.8–1.9 nm for L11–Co50Pt50 dot arrays (δ  =  3–5 nm). For all dot arrays, Ku at D  =  10 nm were nearly half those for the original continuous films, suggesting that films having Ku of twice that for original films were necessary to overcome Ku reduction by etching damage.
Observation of spin glass state in weakly ferromagnetic Sr2FeCoO6 double perovskite
Authors: Pradheesh R. , Nair Harikrishnan S. , Kumar C. M. N. , Lamsal Jagat , Nirmala R. , Santhosh P. N. , Yelon W. B. , Malik S. K. , Sankaranarayanan V. , Sethupathi K.
Published: March 2012

A spin glass state is observed in the double perovskite oxide Sr2FeCoO6 prepared through sol-gel technique. Initial structural studies using x rays reveal that the compound crystallizes in tetragonal I4/m structure with lattice parameters, a = 5.4609(2) Å and c = 7.7113(7) Å. The temperature dependent powder x ray diffraction data reveal no structural phase transition in the temperature range 10-300 K. However, the unit cell volume shows an anomaly coinciding with the magnetic transition temperature thereby suggesting a close connection between lattice and magnetism. Neutron diffraction studies and subsequent bond valence sums analysis show that in Sr2FeCoO6, the B site is randomly occupied by Fe and Co in the mixed valence states of Fe3 + /Fe4+ and Co3+/Co4+. The random occupancy and mixed valence sets the stage for inhomogeneous magnetic exchange interactions and in turn, for the spin glass state in this double perovskite, which is observed as an irreversibility in temperature dependent dc magnetization at Tf ∼ 75 K. Dynamical scaling analysis of χ′(T) yields a critical temperature Tct = 75.14(8) K and an exponent zν = 6.2(2) typical for spin glasses. The signature of presence of mixed magnetic interactions is obtained from the thermal hysteresis in magnetization of Sr2FeCoO6. Combining the neutron and magnetization results of Sr2FeCoO6, we deduce that Fe is in low spin state while Co is in both low spin and intermediate spin states.
Effect of bending buckling of carbon nanotubes on thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube materials
Authors: Volkov Alexey N. , Shiga Takuma , Nicholson David , Shiomi Junichiro , Zhigilei Leonid V.
Published: March 2012

The effect of bending buckling of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on thermal conductivity of CNT materials is investigated in atomistic and mesoscopic simulations. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal conductance through an individual buckling kink in a (10,10) single-walled CNT reveal a strong dependence (close to inverse proportionality) of the thermal conductance of the buckling kink on the buckling angle. The value of the buckling kink conductance divided by the cross-sectional area of the CNT ranges from 40 to 10 GWm−2 K−1 as the buckling angle changes from 20 to 110°. The predictions of the atomistic simulations are used for parameterization of a mesoscopic model that enables calculations of thermal conductivity of films composed of thousands of CNTs arranged into continuous networks of bundles. The results of mesoscopic simulations demonstrate that the conductivity of CNT films is sensitive to the angular dependence of the buckling kink conductance and the length of the individual CNTs. For a film composed of 1 µm-long CNTs, the values of the in-plane film conductivity predicted with a constant conductance of 20 GWm−2 K−1 and the angular-dependent conductance obtained in atomistic simulations are about 40 and 20% lower than the conductivity predicted for the same film with zero thermal resistance of the buckling kinks, respectively. The weaker impact of the angular-dependent buckling kink conductance on the effective conductivity of the film is explained by the presence of a large fraction of kinks that have small buckling angles and correspondingly large values of conductance. The results of the simulations suggest that the finite conductance of the buckling kinks has a moderate, but non-negligible, effect on thermal conductivity of materials composed of short CNTs with length up to 1 µm. The contribution of the buckling kink thermal resistance becomes stronger for materials composed of longer CNTs and/or characterized by higher density of buckling kinks.
Scaling of Al2O3 dielectric for graphene field-effect transistors
Authors: Fallahazad B. , Lee K. , Lian G. , Kim S. , Corbet C. M. , Ferrer D. A. , Colombo L. , Tutuc E.
Published: March 2012

We investigate the scaling of Al2O3 dielectric on graphene by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using ultra-thin, oxidized Ti and Al films as nucleation layers. We show that the nucleation layer significantly impacts the dielectric constant (k) and morphology of the ALD Al2O3, yielding k = 5.5 and k = 12.7 for Al and Ti nucleation layers, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy shows that Al2O3 grown using the Ti interface is partially crystalline, while Al2O3 grown on Al is amorphous. Using a spatially uniform 0.6 nm-thick Ti nucleation layer, we demonstrate graphene field-effect transistors with top dielectric stacks as thin as 2.6 nm.
Enhanced spin pumping at yttrium iron garnet/Au interfaces
Authors: Burrowes C. , Heinrich B. , Kardasz B. , Montoya E. A. , Girt E. , Sun Yiyan , Song Young-Yeal , Wu Mingzhong
Published: March 2012

Spin injection across the ferrimagnetic insulator yttrium iron garnet (YIG)/normal metal Au interface was studied using ferromagnetic resonance. The spin mixing conductance was determined by comparing the Gilbert damping parameter α in YIG/Au and YIG/Au/Fe heterostructures. The main purpose of this study was to correlate the spin pumping efficiency with chemical modifications of the YIG film surface using in situ etching and deposition techniques. By means of Ar+ ion beam etching, one is able to increase the spin mixing conductance at the YIG/Au interface by a factor of 5 compared to the untreated YIG/Au interface.
Nonuniform current and spin accumulation in a 1 μm thick n-GaAs channel
Authors: Endres B. , Ciorga M. , Wagner R. , Ringer S. , Utz M. , Bougeard D. , Weiss D. , Back C. H. , Bayreuther G.
Published: March 2012

The spin accumulation in a n-GaAs channel produced by spin extraction into a (Ga,Mn)As contact is measured by cross-sectional imaging of the spin polarization in GaAs. The spin polarization is observed in a 1 μm thick n-GaAs channel with the maximum polarization near the contact edge opposite to the maximum current density. The one-dimensional model of electron drift and spin diffusion, frequently used, cannot explain this observation. It also leads to incorrect spin lifetimes from Hanle curves with a strong bias and distance dependence. Numerical simulations based on a two-dimensional drift-diffusion model, however, reproduce the observed spin distribution quite well and lead to realistic spin lifetimes.
Schottky barrier formation at amorphous-crystalline interfaces of GeSb phase change materials
Authors: Kroezen H. J. , Eising G. , ten Brink G. , Palasantzas G. , Kooi B. J. , Pauza A.
Published: March 2012

The electrical properties of amorphous-crystalline interfaces in phase change materials, which are important for rewritable optical data storage and for random access memory devices, have been investigated by surface scanning potential microscopy. Analysis of GeSb systems indicates that the surface potential of the crystalline phase is ∼30–60 mV higher than that of the amorphous phase. This potential asymmetry is explained qualitatively by the presence of a Schottky barrier at the amorphous-crystalline interface and supported also by quantitative Schottky model calculations.
Bio-inspired signal transduction with heterogeneous networks of nanoscillators
Authors: Cervera Javier , Manzanares José A. , Mafé Salvador
Published: March 2012

Networks of single-electron transistors mimic some of the essential properties of neuron populations, because weak electrical signals trigger network oscillations with a frequency proportional to the input signal. Input potentials representing the pixel gray level of a grayscale image can then be converted into rhythms and the image can be recovered from these rhythms. Networks of non-identical nanoscillators complete the noisy transduction more reliably than identical ones. These results are important for signal processing schemes and could support recent studies suggesting that neuronal variability enhances the processing of biological information.
Farmers' Producer Companies in India: A New Concept for Collective Action?
Authors: Trebbin Anika , Hassler Markus
Published: March 2012

Producer companies can help smallholder farmers participate in emerging high-value markets, such as the export market and the unfolding modern retail sector in India. As elsewhere in the developing world, in India, small farmers' livelihoods are being threatened due to the liberalization and privatization of Indian agriculture and the increasing interest of private capital in the agribusiness sector. The withdrawal of the state from productive and economic functions, and changes in the organization of marketing channels, present new challenges for small-scale farmers. In this environment of greater instability and competition, organization and collective action can help to enhance farmers' competitiveness and increase their advantage in emerging market opportunities. We build on the ideas of value-chain governance and collective-action literature and introduce the functions and organizational structure of producer companies in India within this context. On the basis of a case study of a specific producer company in Maharashtra, which produces and markets mango and cashew nuts, we discuss the potential benefits for rural communities and the reempowering effect of this form of farmer organization.
Formal Venture Capital Acquisition: Can Entrepreneurs Compensate for the Spatial Proximity Benefits of South East England and ‘Star’ Golden-Triangle Universities?
Authors: Mueller Cornelius , Westhead Paul , Wright Mike
Published: March 2012

Building on the resource-based view of the firm and signalling theory, we challenge the traditional perspective that spatial proximity benefits can be leveraged by university spin-outs (USOs) located in the South East of England (particularly those drawn from ‘star’ golden-triangle universities with additional reputational benefits), and that USOs located elsewhere will be constrained from obtaining first formal venture capital (VC) required for venture development. With the aid of a longitudinal database of 134 USOs involving unique archival and survey data, event-history analysis identified, counter to the traditional perspective, that USOs located outside the South East of England were significantly more likely to obtain formal VC. Also, counter to the spatial proximity benefits view, star golden-triangle USOs were not significantly more likely to obtain VC. Our evidence supports a spatial mismatch view between investors and investees. Resource-combination signals sent by USOs and favourably received by VC firms were found to differ according to USO location context: USOs located outside the South East of England and star golden-triangle universities that signal the credible presence of habitual founders were more likely to obtain VC. USOs located outside star golden-triangle universities that had previously obtained publicly backed equity finance were also more likely to obtain VC. However, USOs located in the South East of England with reputable management teams were most likely to obtain VC.