bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Steps in Archaeology
Authors: Murray Margaret
Published: August 2016

To trace the rise of archaeology is practically to write the biography of one man, Flinders Petrie.

I first went to University College, London, as a student of Egyptology in January 1894. Petrie was then in Egypt, digging at Koptos, having in the previous year electrified the learned world by his discoveries at Tell el Amarna. Dr J. H. Walker was in charge of the Egyptology department (then and for years afterwards known as the Edwards Library), and Mr F. Ll. Griffith of the British Museum came twice a week to take a class in hieroglyphs. When Miss Amelia B. Edwards founded the Edwards Professorship of Egyptology, it was with the intention that it should be for the training of students in Egyptian archaeology as distinct from the Egyptian language. She had a small but well chosen collection of Egyptian antiquities which she bequeathed as a nucleus of a teaching collection, and with it her Egyptological library. One show case held the collection, and two bookcases held the library. There were also three ‘cradles’ which held the enormous tomes of Rosselini, La Description de Z’Egypte, and Lepsius’s Denkmäler. It is difficult for any modern archaeologist to realize how few books there were on any archaeological subject. For Egypt there were the early volumes of the ‘Egypt Exploration Fund (including the disastrous Bubastis) and Petrie’s early volumes, including Kahun, with its shattering suggestion that certain peculiar painted pottery found in a Middle Kingdom site (c. 2000 B.C.) came from the Aegean. Mariette and Heinrich Brugsch were well represented in the Edwards Library, and the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology was the chief journal in which to publish short articles. Erman’s Aegyptische Grammatik, with its English translation by Breasted had just appeared and was being carefully studied by all Orientalists. Egyptian history began at the 4th dynasty, nothing was known of anything beyond Khufu and the Great Pyramid, except the fragments of Manetho’s history, the lists of Kings, of which the Tablet of Abydos was one, Herodotus, Josephus, and a few scattered items in other ancient authors. The Biblical record concerning Egypt dates from Abraham’s visit, but as the ruler of that country is called Pharaoh without his personal name the exact date is uncertain, but is definitely after the Old Kingdom.
Settlement Patterns in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Jones Glanville
Published: August 2016

The scientific study of rural settlement in Britain was initiated in 1883 when Seebohm published The English Village Community. In this study he argued for a continuity between the Roman villa and the Anglo-Saxon vi1lage. In 1897, however, Maitland published his Domesday Book and Beyond by way of rejoinder to Seebohm’s views. Thereafter it became customary for historians, geographers and archaeologists alike to regard the nucleated settlements of the English lowlands as Anglo-Saxon creations, implanted by groups of free English settlers in a countryside emptied, by force or fear, of its Romano-British occupants. Of late this hypothesis, which lays so much stress on Germanic as distinct from earlier achievements, has come under criticism from several quarters. Archaeologists are increasingly conscious of the survival into the Dark Ages of a British tradition in ornamentation even in England. As a philologist, Jackson has adduced sufficient linguistic evidence to undermine, even for eastern Britain, the old theory of the nearcomplete extermination of the Celts and has argued for a bilingual phase when English settlement was being effected. On a narrow front in the Cotswolds the historian, Finberg, has cogently portrayed various facets of continuity between the Roman villa and the adjoining village at Withington. On a broader front, Aston has demonstrated the limitations of Maitland’s thesis on the origin of the manor; he suggests that the primary Anglo-Saxon penetration of England was carried out not by freemen, each owning one hide of land, but under lordly direction and was therefore organized by large estates. The vacuum created by this sapping of the traditional view of Anglo-Saxon settlement has not been filled by the adoption of a convincing alternative hypothesis. This absence of an alternative is largely due to fundamental misconceptions about the organization of that Celtic society which occupied England before the advent of either Romans or Saxons. The purpose of this article is to remove these misconceptions and, by so doing, to show that the basic patterns of settlement distribution in the English lowlands date from at least Celtic times.
Radiocarbon Dates and New World Chronology
Authors: Bushnell Geoffrey
Published: August 2016

It is a commonplace of current archaeology that the publication of radiocarbon dates is revolutionizing our ideas of the past. Dr G. H. S. Bushnell, Curator of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in the University of Cambridge, England, has already published in ANTIQUITY and elsewhere some of his views on the impact of radiocarbon dating on New World chronology. Here he studies the whole problem in detail. He adopts the useful convention of referring to a date already fully published in the Radiocarbon Supplement to the American Journal of Science simply by its laboratory designation and number {thus K-554 is reading no. 554 of the Copenhagen Laboratory), but in some cases, where the date is not fully published, he gives fuller information.
Underwater Surveying and Draughting—A Technique
Authors: Ryan Eric J. , Bass George F.
Published: August 2016

‘No attempt worthy of the name has yet been made to explore an ancient wreck. Marine Archaeology will only become a science by practice, patience and experience. But at any rate we know enough to say that any excavation likely to fulfill its purpose will be heart-breakingly slow and will only be achieved underwater’.

Philippe Diolé, L’Aventure Sous-Marine, 1951.

Rapid strides in the development of underwater excavation have been made during the past two decades. New techniques of diving, raising objects, and removing sand and mud make practical the excavation of sites lying at depths up to 150 ft. The problems encountered in making accurate three-dimensional plans, however, are only slowly being solved. The methods used by the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, in excavating two ancient wrecks off the southern coast of Turkey, present partial solutions to these problems.

The excavation of a late Bronze Age shipwreck, reported lying near Cape Gelidonya by Peter Throckmorton, has been discussed more fully elsewhere. This wreck rested upon bedrock, which was unfortunate from an archaeological point of view as there was no protective covering of sand to preserve the wooden hull. The survey of the site and its remains, however, was relatively simple. Scattered heaps of metal cargo were photographed, plotted and then, not without considerable difficulty, removed to the surface in lumps held together by 32 centuries of deep sea concretion.
Retrospect
Authors: Childe V. Gordon
Published: August 2016

The most original and useful contributions that I may have made to prehistory are certainly not novel data rescued by brilliant excavation from the soil or by patient research from dusty museum cases, nor yet well founded chronological schemes nor freshly defined cultures, but rather interpretative concepts and methods of explanation. So it is the genesis and development of these to which this autobiographical note is devoted.

Like Gustav Kossinna I came to prehistory from comparative philology; I began the study of European archaeology in the hope of finding the cradle of the Indo-Europeans and of identifying their primitive culture. Reading my Homer and my Veda with the guidance of Schrader and Jevons, Zimmer and Wilamowitz-Moellendorf I was thrilled by the discoveries of Evans in Prehellenic Crete and of Wace and Thompson in Prehistoric Thessaly. Indeed I hoped to find archaeological links between the latter area and some tract north of the Balkans whence similar links might lead also to Iran and India.
Black Rage: On Cultivating Black National Belonging
Authors: Colbert Soyica Diggs
Published: August 2016

In performances in Atlanta; Philadelphia; Washington, DC; Los Angeles; Rio de Janeiro; Chicago; and Denver in 2012, Ms. Lauryn Hill carved out space to voice black rage. In videos uploaded to YouTube, Hill sings, raps, talks, and riffs varied renditions of the song “Black Rage (Sketch),” a remix of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II's “My Favorite Things.” During her November performance at the Electric Factory in Philadelphia, drumbeats punctuated Hill's rapping and singing. Her performance took the audience on a journey meant to leave no one behind; it moved from the highly choreographed rendition of the song with musical accompaniment and Hill acting as lead vocalist and band conductor to her slowly speaking the lyrics of the song and occasionally offering analysis of her words over the shouts and applause of audience members. She explains the line “when I'm feeling sad,” saying “that's a depressive mood.” As the title of her song suggests, in each reiteration Hill issues a different draft of the song, sketching her sound, mood, tempo, and emphasis with each new audience. Although renditions of the song shift, the lyrics consistently recount the physical, psychic, economic, and environmental vulnerability of black people in the United States. The lyrics transform the original song's references to beloved objects—“blue satin sashes” and “snowflakes”—into ironic things such as “Black human packages tied up in strings,” which Hill described in her Philadelphia performance as a reference to bureaucracy but which also resonates with familiar images of lynching. Shifting from the original song's depiction of the curative capacity of things to offset feeling bad, Hill explains that her set of things prevents fear: “I simply remember all these kinds of things and then I don't fear so bad!”
IL‐33 inhibits the differentiation and immunosuppressive activity of granulocytic myeloid‐derived suppressor cells in tumor‐bearing mice
Authors: Lim Hui Xuan , Choi Seulah , Cho Daeho , Kim Tae Sung
Published: August 2016

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute to tumor‐mediated immune escape by suppressing antitumor immune responses. Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) is capable of regulating various immune cell populations; however, the effects of IL‐33 on the differentiation of MDSCs have not been well characterized. In this study, we evaluated the effects of IL‐33 on MDSCs and found that IL‐33 significantly reduced the differentiation of lineage‐negative bone marrow progenitor cells into granulocytic MDSCs (G‐MDSCs). IL‐33‐treated MDSCs exhibited diminished immunosuppressive capacity; reduced inhibition on T‐cell proliferation and interferon‐γ production, and diminished production of reactive oxygen species. However, IL‐33 treatment did not affect the frequency of monocytic MDSCs (M‐MDSCs) or their production of nitric oxide and expression of arginase‐1. Additionally, compared with control MDSCs, IL‐33‐treated MDSCs had reduced capacity to induce the differentiation or expansion of Treg cells. Moreover, in vivo IL‐33 administration significantly decreased MDSCs and G‐MDSCs accumulation in the spleen and tumor microenvironment. Also, despite increasing CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell infiltration, IL‐33 administration markedly decreased Treg‐cell population in tumor microenvironment. Taken together, our findings indicate that IL‐33 reduces the frequency and immunosuppressive activity of G‐MDSCs and ultimately the extent of tumor growth.
Early programming of the oocyte epigenome temporally controls late prophase I transcription and chromatin remodelling
Authors: Navarro-Costa Paulo , McCarthy Alicia , Prudêncio Pedro , Greer Christina , Guilgur Leonardo G. , Becker Jörg D. , Secombe Julie , Rangan Prashanth , Martinho Rui G.
Published: August 2016

Oocytes are arrested for long periods of time in the prophase of the first meiotic division (prophase I). As chromosome condensation poses significant constraints to gene expression, the mechanisms regulating transcriptional activity in the prophase I-arrested oocyte are still not entirely understood. We hypothesized that gene expression during the prophase I arrest is primarily epigenetically regulated. Here we comprehensively define the Drosophila female germ line epigenome throughout oogenesis and show that the oocyte has a unique, dynamic and remarkably diversified epigenome characterized by the presence of both euchromatic and heterochromatic marks. We observed that the perturbation of the oocyte’s epigenome in early oogenesis, through depletion of the dKDM5 histone demethylase, results in the temporal deregulation of meiotic transcription and affects female fertility. Taken together, our results indicate that the early programming of the oocyte epigenome primes meiotic chromatin for subsequent functions in late prophase I.
Ultrafast formation of air-processable and high-quality polymer films on an aqueous substrate
Authors: Noh Jonghyeon , Jeong Seonju , Lee Jung-Yong
Published: August 2016

Polymer solar cells are attracting attention as next-generation energy sources. Scalable deposition techniques of high-quality organic films should be guaranteed to realize highly efficient polymer solar cells in large areas for commercial viability. Herein, we introduce an ultrafast, scalable, and versatile process for forming high-quality organic films on an aqueous substrate by utilizing the spontaneous spreading phenomenon. This approach provides easy control over the thickness of the films by tuning the spreading conditions, and the films can be transferred to a variety of secondary substrates. Moreover, the controlled Marangoni flow and ultrafast removal of solvent during the process cause the films to have a uniform, high-quality nanomorphology with finely separated phase domains. Polymer solar cells were fabricated from a mixture of polymer and fullerene derivatives on an aqueous substrate by using the proposed technique, and the device exhibited an excellent power conversion efficiency of 8.44 %. Furthermore, a roll-to-roll production system was proposed as an air-processable and scalable commercial process for fabricating organic devices.
Solvent-driven electron trapping and mass transport in reduced graphites to access perfect graphene
Authors: Vecera Philipp , Holzwarth Johannes , Edelthalhammer Konstantin F. , Mundloch Udo , Peterlik Herwig , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas
Published: August 2016

Herein, we report on a significant discovery, namely, the quantitative discharging of reduced graphite forms, such as graphite intercalation compounds, graphenide dispersions and graphenides deposited on surfaces with the simple solvent benzonitrile. Because of its comparatively low reduction potential, benzonitrile is reduced during this process to the radical anion, which exhibits a red colour and serves as a reporter molecule for the quantitative determination of negative charges on the carbon sheets. Moreover, this discovery reveals a very fundamental physical–chemical phenomenon, namely a quantitative solvent reduction induced and electrostatically driven mass transport of K+ ions from the graphite intercalation compounds into the liquid. The simple treatment of dispersed graphenides suspended on silica substrates with benzonitrile leads to the clean conversion to graphene. This unprecedented procedure represents a rather mild, scalable and inexpensive method for graphene production surpassing previous wet-chemical approaches.
Serum Autotaxin is a Marker of the Severity of Liver Injury and Overall Survival in Patients with Cholestatic Liver Diseases
Authors: Wunsch Ewa , Krawczyk Marcin , Milkiewicz Malgorzata , Trottier Jocelyn , Barbier Olivier , Neurath Markus F. , Lammert Frank , Kremer Andreas E. , Milkiewicz Piotr
Published: August 2016

Autotaxin (ATX) is involved in the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid. Both have recently been linked to cholestatic pruritus and liver injury. We aimed to investigate whether ATX is an indicator of cholestatic liver injury, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and prognosis based on a group of 233 patients, 118 with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and 115 with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Patients were followed for 1–60 months, cumulative survival rates were calculated. ATX activity was significantly higher in both groups than in the 103 controls, particularly in patients with cirrhosis and in patients with longer disease duration. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) non-responders with PBC exhibited increased ATX activity. ATX activity was correlated with liver biochemistry, MELD, Mayo Risk scores and was associated with worse disease-specific HRQoL aspects. In both groups, Cox model analysis indicated that ATX was a negative predictor of survival. Increased ATX levels were associated with a 4-fold higher risk of death/liver transplantation in patients with PBC and a 2.6-fold higher risk in patients with PSC. We conclude that in patients with cholestatic conditions, ATX is not only associated with pruritus but also indicates impairment of other HRQoL aspects, liver dysfunction and can serve as a predictor of survival.
Progress to extinction: increased specialisation causes the demise of animal clades
Authors: Raia P. , Carotenuto F. , Mondanaro A. , Castiglione S. , Passaro F. , Saggese F. , Melchionna M. , Serio C. , Alessio L. , Silvestro D. , Fortelius M.
Published: August 2016

Animal clades tend to follow a predictable path of waxing and waning during their existence, regardless of their total species richness or geographic coverage. Clades begin small and undifferentiated, then expand to a peak in diversity and range, only to shift into a rarely broken decline towards extinction. While this trajectory is now well documented and broadly recognised, the reasons underlying it remain obscure. In particular, it is unknown why clade extinction is universal and occurs with such surprising regularity. Current explanations for paleontological extinctions call on the growing costs of biological interactions, geological accidents, evolutionary traps, and mass extinctions. While these are effective causes of extinction, they mainly apply to species, not clades. Although mass extinctions is the undeniable cause for the demise of a sizeable number of major taxa, we show here that clades escaping them go extinct because of the widespread tendency of evolution to produce increasingly specialised, sympatric, and geographically restricted species over time.
Crude oil exposures reveal roles for intracellular calcium cycling in haddock craniofacial and cardiac development
Authors: Sørhus Elin , Incardona John P. , Karlsen Ørjan , Linbo Tiffany , Sørensen Lisbet , Nordtug Trond , van der Meeren Terje , Thorsen Anders , Thorbjørnsen Maja , Jentoft Sissel , Edvardsen Rolf B. , Meier Sonnich
Published: August 2016

Recent studies have shown that crude oil exposure affects cardiac development in fish by disrupting excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. We previously found that eggs of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) bind dispersed oil droplets, potentially leading to more profound toxic effects from uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Using lower concentrations of dispersed crude oil (0.7–7 μg/L ∑PAH), here we exposed a broader range of developmental stages over both short and prolonged durations. We quantified effects on cardiac function and morphogenesis, characterized novel craniofacial defects, and examined the expression of genes encoding potential targets underlying cardiac and craniofacial defects. Because of oil droplet binding, a 24-hr exposure was sufficient to create severe cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities. The specific nature of the craniofacial abnormalities suggests that crude oil may target common craniofacial and cardiac precursor cells either directly or indirectly by affecting ion channels and intracellular calcium in particular. Furthermore, down-regulation of genes encoding specific components of the EC coupling machinery suggests that crude oil disrupts excitation-transcription coupling or normal feedback regulation of ion channels blocked by PAHs. These data support a unifying hypothesis whereby depletion of intracellular calcium pools by crude oil-derived PAHs disrupts several pathways critical for organogenesis in fish.
Reduced interfacial recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells assisted with NiO:Eu3+,Tb3+ coated TiO2 film
Authors: Yao Nannan , Huang Jinzhao , Fu Ke , Deng Xiaolong , Ding Meng , Zhang Shouwei , Xu Xijin , Li Lin
Published: August 2016

Eu3+,Tb3+ doped and undoped NiO films were deposited on TiO2 by a sol-gel spin-coating method as the photoanodes of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A comparative study with different structures including TiO2, TiO2/NiO and TiO2/NiO:Eu3+,Tb3+ as the photoanodes was carried out to illustrate the photovoltaic performance of solar cells. NiO could enhance the performance of DSSCs ascribed to acting as a barrier for the charge recombination from the fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) to electrolyte and forming a p-n junction (NiO/TiO2). Moreover, Eu3+, Tb3+ co-doped NiO could accelerate the electron transfer at TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface, which further benefited the performance of solar cells. The solar cells assembled with the photoelectrodes consisting of NiO:Eu3+,Tb3+ and TiO2 exhibited short-circuit current density (JSC) of 17.4 mA cm−2, open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 780 mV and conversion efficiency of 8.8%, which were higher than that with TiO2/NiO and pure TiO2. The mechanisms of the influence of NiO and NiO:Eu3+,Tb3+ on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs were discussed.
Cytoskeletal impairment during isoamyl alcohol-induced cell elongation in budding yeast
Authors: Murata Wakae , Kinpara Satoko , Kitahara Nozomi , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Ogita Akira , Tanaka Toshio , Fujita Ken-ichi
Published: August 2016

Isoamyl alcohol (IAA) induces pseudohyphae including cell elongation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Detailed regulation of microtubules and actin in developmental transition during cell elongation is poorly understood. Here, we show that although IAA did not affect the intracellular actin level, it reduced the levels of both α- and β-tubulins. In budding yeast, cytoplasmic microtubules are linked to actin via complexes consisting of at least Kar9, Bim1 and Myo2 and reach from the spindle pole body to the cortical attachment site at the bud tip. However, IAA did not affect migration of Myo2 to the bud tip and kept Kar9 in the interior portion of the cell. In addition, bud elongation was observed in Kar9-overexpressing cells in the absence of IAA. These results indicate that impairment of the link between cytoplasmic microtubules and actin is possibly involved in the lowered interaction of Myo2 with Kar9. Our study might explain the reason for delayed cell cycle during IAA-induced cell elongation.
Environmental NO2 and CO Exposure: Ignored Factors Associated with Uremic Pruritus in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Huang Wen-Hung , Lin Jui-Hsiang , Weng Cheng-Hao , Hsu Ching-Wei , Yen Tzung-Hai
Published: August 2016

Uremic pruritus (UP), also known as chronic kidney disease–associated pruritus, is a common and disabling symptom in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). The pathogenesis of UP is multifactorial and poorly understood. Outdoor air pollution has well-known effects on the health of patients with allergic diseases through an inflammatory process. Air pollution–induced inflammation could occur in the skin and aggravate skin symptoms such as pruritus or impair epidermal barrier function. To assess the role of air pollutants, and other clinical variables on uremic pruritus (UP) in HD patients, we recruited 866 patients on maintenance HD. We analyzed the following variables for association with UP: average previous 12-month and 24-month background concentrations for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), and suspended particulate matter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5). In a multivariate logistic regression, hemodialysis duration, serum ferritin levels, low-density lipoprotein levels, and environmental NO2/CO levels were positively associated with UP, and serum albumin levels were negatively associated with UP. This cross-sectional study showed that air pollutants such as NO2 and CO might be associated with UP in patients with MHD.
Purely electronic mechanism of electrolyte gating of indium tin oxide thin films
Authors: Leng X. , Bollinger A. T. , Božović I.
Published: August 2016

Epitaxial indium tin oxide films have been grown on both LaAlO3 and yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates using RF magnetron sputtering. Electrolyte gating causes a large change in the film resistance that occurs immediately after the gate voltage is applied and shows no hysteresis during the charging/discharging processes. When two devices are patterned next to one another and the first one gated through an electrolyte, the second one shows no changes in conductance, in contrast to what happens in materials (like tungsten oxide) susceptible to ionic electromigration and intercalation. These findings indicate that electrolyte gating in indium tin oxide triggers a pure electronic process (electron depletion or accumulation, depending on the polarity of the gate voltage), with no electrochemical reactions involved. Electron accumulation occurs in a very thin layer near the film surface, which becomes highly conductive. These results contribute to our understanding of the electrolyte gating mechanism in complex oxides and may be relevant for applications of electric double layer transistor devices.
Functional and structural brain connectivity of young binge drinkers: a follow-up study
Authors: Correas A. , Cuesta P. , López-Caneda E. , Rodríguez Holguín S. , García-Moreno L. M. , Pineda-Pardo J. A. , Cadaveira F. , Maestú F.
Published: August 2016

Adolescence is a period of ongoing brain maturation characterized by hierarchical changes in the functional and structural networks. For this reason, the young brain is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol. Nowadays, binge drinking is a pattern of alcohol consumption increasingly prevalent among adolescents. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the evolution of the functional and anatomical connectivity of the Default Mode Network (DMN) in young binge drinkers along two years. Magnetoencephalography signal during eyes closed resting state as well as Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) were acquired twice within a 2-year interval from 39 undergraduate students (22 controls, 17 binge drinkers) with neither personal nor family history of alcoholism. The group comparison showed that, after maintaining a binge drinking pattern along at least two years, binge drinkers displayed an increased brain connectivity of the DMN in comparison with the control group. On the other hand, the structural connectivity did not show significant differences neither between groups nor over the time. These findings point out that a continued pattern of binge drinking leads to functional alterations in the normal brain maturation process, even before anatomical changes can be detected.
Unprecedented Disease-Related Coral Mortality in Southeastern Florida
Authors: Precht William F. , Gintert Brooke E. , Robbart Martha L. , Fura Ryan , van Woesik Robert
Published: August 2016

Anomalously high water temperatures, associated with climate change, are increasing the global prevalence of coral bleaching, coral diseases, and coral-mortality events. Coral bleaching and disease outbreaks are often inter-related phenomena, since many coral diseases are a consequence of opportunistic pathogens that further compromise thermally stressed colonies. Yet, most coral diseases have low prevalence (<5%), and are not considered contagious. By contrast, we document the impact of an extremely high-prevalence outbreak (61%) of white-plague disease at 14 sites off southeastern Florida. White-plague disease was observed near Virginia Key, Florida, in September 2014, and after 12 months had spread 100 km north and 30 km south. The disease outbreak directly followed a high temperature coral-bleaching event and affected at least 13 coral species. Eusmilia fastigiata, Meandrina meandrites, and Dichocoenia stokesi were the most heavily impacted coral species, and were reduced to <3% of their initial population densities. A number of other coral species, including Colpophyllia natans, Pseudodiploria strigosa, Diploria labyrinthiformis, and Orbicella annularis were reduced to <25% of their initial densities. The high prevalence of disease, the number of susceptible species, and the high mortality of corals affected suggests this disease outbreak is arguably one of the most lethal ever recorded on a contemporary coral reef.
An electrospun alumina–borate oxide nanofiber and reduced graphene oxide composite modified carbon paste electrode as the electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of dopamine and noscapine
Authors: Babaei Ali , Sohrabi Masoud
Published: August 2016

We fabricate a novel sensitive voltammetric sensor based on porous alumina-borate oxide fibers and reduced graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of dopamine and noscapine.
An update on the role of nutrigenomic modulations in mediating the cardiovascular protective effect of fruit polyphenols
Authors: Krga I. , Milenkovic D. , Morand C. , Monfoulet L.-E.
Published: August 2016

Polyphenols are plant food microconstituents that are widely distributed in the human diet, with fruits and fruit-derived products as one of the main dietary sources.
Characterization, thermal and mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of resorcinol-furfural/silicone hybrid aerogels synthesized by ambient-pressure drying
Authors: Cheng Haiming , Xue Huafei , Hong Changqing , Zhang Xinghong
Published: August 2016

In this work, a resorcinol-furfural/silicone hybrid aerogels is synthesized by ambient pressure drying with good thermal, mechanical properties and hydrophobicity.
Application of photo degradation for remediation of cyclic nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives
Authors: Mahbub P. , Nesterenko P. N.
Published: August 2016

Photo degradation is a rapid and safe remediation process and advances in continuous-flow photochemistry can scale-up yields of photo degradation.
Nano ceria supported nitrogen doped graphene as a highly stable and methanol tolerant electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction
Authors: Soren S. , Mohaptra B. D. , Mishra S. , Debnath A. K. , Aswal D. K. , Varadwaj K. S. K. , Parhi P.
Published: August 2016

Ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles with ellipsoid shape are coupled on a nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide sheet through a single step solvothermal procedure.
Diazapyrenium-based porous cationic polymers for colorimetric amine sensing and capture from CO2 scrubbing conditions
Authors: Kim Kahee , Buyukcakir Onur , Coskun Ali
Published: August 2016

Supramolecular approach to the highly efficient sensing and capture of aliphatic amines.
Molecular nanofibers of paclitaxel form supramolecular hydrogel for preventing tumor growth in vivo
Authors: Luo Yue , Li Meng , Zhao Yuwei , Liu Hao , Gong Tianxiang , Hong Ying , Du Linfang , Peng Qian
Published: August 2016

A conjugate of tripeptide RGD and paclitaxel can form a nanofibrous hydrogel with a high payload of 66.7%, which can serve as both carrier and cargo for delaying tumor growth in vivo.
20-Nor-isopimarane cycloethers from the deep-sea sediment-derived fungus Aspergillus wentii SD-310
Authors: Li Xin , Li Xiao-Ming , Li Xiao-Dong , Xu Gang-Ming , Liu Yang , Wang Bin-Gui
Published: August 2016

Five new 20-nor-isopimaranes, asperethers A–E (1–5), were isolated from the deep-sea derived fungus Aspergillus wentii SD-310. These compounds possess a unique 6/6/6/5 tetracyclic system and exhibited cytotoxicity against several tumor cell lines.
A rhodamine-based sensor for Hg2+ and resultant complex as a fluorescence sensor for I−
Authors: Ding Haichang , Zheng Chunhong , Li Baoqiang , Liu Gang , Pu Shouzhi , Jia Dechang , Zhou Yu
Published: August 2016

A rhodamine-based sensor displays a quick response for Hg2+. The resulting complex can act as a reversible fluorescence sensor for I−.
Direct C–H heteroarylation of azoles with 1,2-di(pyrimidin-2-yl)disulfides through C–S cleavage of disulfides
Authors: Wei Kai-Jie , Quan Zheng-jun , Zhang Zhang , Da Yu-xia , Wang Xi-cun
Published: August 2016

C–C bond construction via C–H bond functionalization of oxazoles/thiazoles and C–S bond cleavage of di(hetero)aryl disulfides are described.
Flexible ultraviolet photodetectors with ZnO nanowire networks fabricated by large area controlled roll-to-roll processing
Authors: Park Janghoon , Lee Jongsu , Noh Youngwook , Shin Kee-Hyun , Lee Dongjin
Published: August 2016

Ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors containing flexible films were fabricated by a roll-to-roll processing method.
Digital correction of frequency‐response errors in bandwidth‐interleaved ADCs
Authors: Song Jinpeng , Tian Shulin , Guo Lianping , Yang Kuojun
Published: August 2016

A multichannel bandwidth‐interleaved (BI) framework with digital back‐end correction of mismatch errors is explored to simultaneously increase the sample‐rate and bandwidth of the ADCs. In addition to the consideration of channel frequency‐response mismatch and aliasing error associated with sampling, the autocorrelation matrix of magnitude response is introduced to evaluate the performance of overlapping cancellation between the nearby subbands. Simulation results and analytical calculations are provided to verify the efficacy of the proposed correction approach.
From Enynyl Esters to Functionalized Polycyclic Derivatives via Cycloisomerization and Post-Functionalization
Authors: Guelen Simon , Blazejak Max , Mouriès-Mansuy Virginie , Fensterbank Louis
Published: August 2016

The post-functionalization of ketone products originating from the PtCl2-catalyzed cycloisomerization of enynyl esters is described. Post-functionalization is accomplished via diastereoselective alkylation, regioselective cyclopropane opening and regioselective Baeyer–Villiger and Beckmann rearrangements to provide functionalized polycycles.
Influence of air exposure duration and a-Si capping layer thickness on the performance of p-BaSi2/n-Si heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Takabe Ryota , Yachi Suguru , Du Weijie , Tsukahara Daichi , Takeuchi Hiroki , Toko Kaoru , Suemasu Takashi
Published: August 2016

Fabrication of p-BaSi2(20nm)/n-Si heterojunction solar cells was performed with different a-Si capping layer thicknesses (da-Si) and varying air exposure durations (tair) prior to the formation of a 70-nm-thick indium-tin-oxide electrode. The conversion efficiencies (η) reached approximately 4.7% regardless of tair (varying from 12–150 h) for solar cells with da-Si = 5 nm. In contrast, η increased from 5.3 to 6.6% with increasing tair for those with da-Si = 2 nm, in contrast to our prediction. For this sample, the reverse saturation current density (J0) and diode ideality factor decreased with tair, resulting in the enhancement of η. The effects of the variation of da-Si (0.7, 2, 3, and 5 nm) upon the solar cell performance were examined while keeping tair = 150 h. The η reached a maximum of 9.0% when da-Si was 3 nm, wherein the open-circuit voltage and fill factor also reached a maximum. The series resistance, shunt resistance, and J0 exhibited a tendency to decrease as da-Si increased. These results demonstrate that a moderate oxidation of BaSi2 is a very effective means to enhance the η of BaSi2 solar cells.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing guidelines as a necessary tool to guide chemotherapeutic interventions in aquaculture
Authors: Miller Ron A
Published: August 2016

The selection of chemotherapy in aquatic animal medicine is not as straightforward as one might believe. A multitude of factors can impact effectiveness in situ. Some of these factors include the pathogen(s) present and their antimicrobial susceptibility, site(s) of infection, timing of treatment, host health/disease status, dose and regimen, water salinity, and water temperature. This article will focus on the first of these factors, and how susceptibility testing of target pathogen(s) can be used to both inform therapy decisions and assist in compliance with principles of prudent and judicious use.
Processes of woodland eucalypt regeneration: lessons from the bush returns trial
Authors: Vesk Peter A. , Morris William K. , McCallum Warwick , Apted Rhiannon , Miles Carla
Published: August 2016

Natural regeneration may contribute significantly to eucalypt woodland management, but has uncertain outcomes. As part of a monitoring program, we sought to investigate the processes of eucalypt regeneration within the Bush Returns trial, a native vegetation management incentive scheme in the Goulburn Broken catchment of Victoria. By year 4 of the 10-year program, eucalypt seedlings were found at about 24% of sampled quadrats. This varied substantially across sites, with only half the participating properties having any seedlings. Individual trees varied widely in their seed production, but seed rain was not related to the spatial context of the trees. Seedling emergence was infrequent and seed sowing trials had very patchy, and overall low, success. Seed removal experiments indicated that seeds were removed faster and more completely in sites with more bare ground (less grass and litter) and during warmer weather. The probability of a seedling surviving summer was approximately 0.3‒0.5, with some site-to-site uncertainty attributable to soil moisture availability. The processes of eucalypt recruitment are infrequent, patchy and difficult to predict. Long timeframes with appropriate incentives are needed to manage natural regeneration. Research to investigate this would require replicated experiments, with multiple treatments across multiple sites.
Study of plastic deformation and interface friction process for ultrasonic welding
Authors: Chen K. K. , Zhang Y. S. , Wang H. Z.
Published: August 2016

Ultrasonic spot welding (USW) is attracting increasing attentions in joining of dissimilar metals. Previous experimental results show that material plastic deformation and interface friction plays key role for joint formation process. In the present study, experimental and theoretical analysis was carried out to study USW of copper and aluminium. Evolution of interface friction and surface deformation was obtained quantitatively. Meanwhile, theoretical analysis was proposed to research material flow and contact behaviour between faying interfaces of specimens. Conclusions can be made that interface friction resulted in tremendous plastic deformation, which was beneficial for joint formation. Growth rate of plastic deformation decreased as welding proceeds. Compression stress and cyclical shear stress induced by ultrasonic vibration determined direction and degree of material flow.
We Can't Eat Peace: Youth, Sustainable Livelihoods and the Peacebuilding Process in Sierra Leone
Authors: Bangura Ibrahim
Published: August 2016

This article examines the legacy and ongoing threat of historical neglect and marginalisation of youth in Sierra Leone, and the implications for the peacebuilding process in the country. This threat, embedded in the current socio-economic status quo, has bred energetic but disillusioned, violence-tested and frustrated youth willing to resort to any means for survival. Such societal vulnerabilities, stemming in part from young people's willingness to engage in violence, continue to test the resilience of the peacebuilding process. Underpinning this article are extensive interviews and focus group discussions conducted with youth and other relevant stakeholders across the country on issues related to youth and the peacebuilding process in Sierra Leone. Findings from this study provide new perspectives on the challenges faced by youth, the government's inability to meet their needs, and the implications for the country's peacebuilding process.
Exclusion and Peacebuilding in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: An Assessment of the Presidential Amnesty Programme
Authors: Ikelegbe Augustine , Umukoro Nathaniel
Published: August 2016

After almost two decades of militarisation and military action as well as protests, violence and armed resistance in which civil society, communities and militants played vanguard roles, the Niger Delta entered a new historical period as of October 2009. Based on the Federal Government's promise to address problems of the Niger Delta as part of a seven-point agenda, militants in the region accepted a federal amnesty, pursuing disarmament and a cessation of hostilities. With the aid of secondary data, this article examines the issue of exclusion in the design and implementation of the Presidential Amnesty Programme and how it has affected peacebuilding in the Niger Delta. This article argues that the commitment put into securing amnesty and militant participation has not translated into the development of a sound programmatic framework based on best practices, the building of a solid inclusionary basis for mobilising and integrating the people, harnessing synergies and efforts, and the construction of a solid platform of intergovernmental and state–non-state partnership. As such, the Presidential Amnesty Programme is likely to only partially address challenges of post-conflict development and peacebuilding in the Niger Delta.
Motivation of Philanthropists in Peacebuilding: Promoting Peace as Personal Satisfaction?
Authors: Gabriel Sidonia , Goetschel Laurent
Published: August 2016

This paper was developed out of an interest to learn more about the role, and more particularly about the motivations, of philanthropists who engage in peace research and peacebuilding practice. How can we explain this engagement in peacebuilding and conflict transformation despite the fact that (a) this field is highly contested in terms of substance, instruments and processes, and (b) it may take far more than one generation's lifespan for it to show positive results? Adopting an inductive approach, the article examines basic linkages between philanthropy and peacebuilding, laying the groundwork for preliminary results from a set of explorative semi-structured interviews on the topic. The authors analyse the implications of philanthropic financing for peacebuilding interventions and compare it with other sources of funding.
DTMiner: identification of potential disease targets through biomedical literature mining
Authors: Xu Dong , Zhang Meizhuo , Xie Yanping , Wang Fan , Chen Ming , Zhu Kenny Q. , Wei Jia
Published: August 2016

Motivation: Biomedical researchers often search through massive catalogues of literature to look for potential relationships between genes and diseases. Given the rapid growth of biomedical literature, automatic relation extraction, a crucial technology in biomedical literature mining, has shown great potential to support research of gene-related diseases. Existing work in this field has produced datasets that are limited both in scale and accuracy.

Results: In this study, we propose a reliable and efficient framework that takes large biomedical literature repositories as inputs, identifies credible relationships between diseases and genes, and presents possible genes related to a given disease and possible diseases related to a given gene. The framework incorporates name entity recognition (NER), which identifies occurrences of genes and diseases in texts, association detection whereby we extract and evaluate features from gene–disease pairs, and ranking algorithms that estimate how closely the pairs are related. The F1-score of the NER phase is 0.87, which is higher than existing studies. The association detection phase takes drastically less time than previous work while maintaining a comparable F1-score of 0.86. The end-to-end result achieves a 0.259 F1-score for the top 50 genes associated with a disease, which performs better than previous work. In addition, we released a web service for public use of the dataset.

Availability and Implementation: The implementation of the proposed algorithms is publicly available at http://gdr-web.rwebox.com/public_html/index.php?page=download.php. The web service is available at http://gdr-web.rwebox.com/public_html/index.php.

Contact:  jenny.wei@astrazeneca.com or kzhu@cs.sjtu.edu.cn

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
VLBI observations of flared optical quasar CGRaBS J0809+5341
Authors: An Tao , Cui Yu-Zhu , Paragi Zsolt , Frey Sándor , Gurvits Leonid I. , Gabányi Krisztina É.
Published: August 2016

A bright optical flare was detected in the high-redshift (z = 2.133) quasar CGRaBS J0809+5341 on 2014 April 13. The absolute magnitude of the object reached −30.0 during the flare, making it the brightest one (in flaring stage) among all known quasars so far. The 15-GHz flux density of CGRaBS J0809+5341 monitored in the period from 2008 to 2016 also reached its peak at the same time. To reveal any structural change possibly associated with the flare in the innermost radio structure of the quasar, we conducted a pilot very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observation of CGRaBS J0809+5341 using the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 5 GHz on 2014 November 18, about seven months after the prominent optical flare. Three epochs of follow-up KaVA (Korean VLBI Network and VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry Array) observations were carried out at 22- and 43-GHz frequencies from 2015 February 25 to June 4, with the intention of exploring a possibly emerging new radio jet component associated with the optical flare. However, these high-resolution VLBI observations revealed only the milliarcsecond-scale compact “core” that was known in the quasar from earlier VLBI images, and showed no sign of any extended jet structure. Neither the size nor the flux density of the “core” changed considerably after the flare, according to our VLBI monitoring. The results suggest that any putative radio ejecta associated with the major optical and radio flare could not yet be separated from the “core” component, or the newly-born jet was short-lived.
Occurrence of Bacterial Spot on Pumpkin and Squash Fruit in the North Central Region of the United States and Bacteria Associated with the Spots
Authors: Liu Qiong , Ravanlou Abbasali , Babadoost Mohammad
Published: August 2016

Since 2006, a bacterial spot disease has been widely observed on pumpkin and squash fruit in the North Central region (NCR) of the United States. Surveys were conducted during 2011 to 2013 to determine the occurrence of the disease on pumpkin and winter squash in the NCR. In each state, at least five commercial pumpkin and squash fields were visited each year within 3 weeks of harvest, and 60 fruit were inspected in each field. In nine states surveyed, 217 of 245 fields had fruit with bacterial spot. The average incidence of the symptomatic fruit in all pumpkin fields surveyed was 27.1, 30.3, and 25.3% in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. The average incidence of fruit with bacterial spot in all squash fields surveyed was 20.2% in 2012 and 16.9% in 2013. The incidence of symptomatic fruit was more than 90% in some fields. Xanthomonas cucurbitae and non-X. cucurbitae bacteria were isolated from all of the symptomatic fruit collected. X. cucurbitae was identified based on colony characteristics on yeast extract-dextrose-CaCO3 agar, a polymerase chain reaction test using primers RST2 and RST3, and pathogenicity on pumpkin leaves. All X. cucurbitae isolates tested were pathogenic on ‘Howden’ pumpkin. In total, 312 non-X. cucurbitae isolates were identified into 10 genera based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. None of the non-X. cucurbitae isolates was pathogenic on Howden. In vitro studies of interactions between non-X. cucurbitae and X. cucurbitae showed that Pantoea isolates had antagonistic activity against X. cucurbitae. Identified Pantoea agglomerans showed the highest antagonistic activity against X. cucurbitae.