bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulating Charge‐Transfer Excited States of Multiple Resonance Emitters via Intramolecular Covalent Bond Locking
Authors: Huang Tingting , Xu Yincai , Lu Xueying , Qu Yupei , Wei Jinbei , Wang Yue
Published: July 2024

Advanced multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters with high efficiency and color purity have emerged as a research focus in the development of ultra‐high‐definition displays. Herein, we disclose an approach to modulate the charge‐transfer excited states of MR emitters via intramolecular covalent bond locking. This strategy can promote the evolution of strong intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) states into weak ICT states, ultimately narrowing the full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of emitters. To modulate the ICT intensity, two octagonal rings are introduced to yield molecule m‐DCzDAz‐BNCz. Compounds m‐CzDAz‐BNCz and m‐DCzDAz‐BNCz exhibit bright light‐green and green fluorescence in toluene, with emission maxima of 504 and 513 nm, and FWHMs of 28 and 34 nm, respectively. Sensitized organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) employing emitters m‐CzDAz‐BNCz and m‐DCzDAz‐BNCz exhibit green emission with peaks of 508 and 520 nm, Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.12, 0.65) and (0.19, 0.69), and maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 30.2 % and 32.6 %, respectively.
Spatial Engineering of Heterotypic Antigens on a DNA Framework for the Preparation of Mosaic Nanoparticle Vaccines with Enhanced Immune Activation against SARS‐CoV‐2 Variants
Authors: Zhang Jialu , Xu Yunyun , Chen Mingying , Wang Shengwen , Lin Guihong , Huang Yihao , Yang Chaoyong , Yang Yang , Song Yanling
Published: July 2024

Mosaic nanoparticle vaccines with heterotypic antigens exhibit broad‐spectrum antiviral capabilities, but the impact of antigen proportions and distribution patterns on vaccine‐induced immunity remains largely unexplored. Here, we present a DNA nanotechnology‐based strategy for spatially assembling heterotypic antigens to guide the rational design of mosaic nanoparticle vaccines. By utilizing two aptamers with orthogonal selectivity for the original SARS‐CoV‐2 spike trimer and Omicron receptor‐binding domain (RBD), along with a DNA soccer‐ball framework, we precisely manipulate the spacing, stoichiometry, and overall distribution of heterotypic antigens to create mosaic nanoparticles with average, bipolar, and unipolar antigen distributions. Systematic in vitro and in vivo immunological investigations demonstrate that 30 heterotypic antigens in equivalent proportions, with an average distribution, lead to higher production of broad‐spectrum neutralizing antibodies compared to the bipolar and unipolar distributions. Furthermore, the precise assembly utilizing our developed methodology reveals that a mere increment of five Omicron RBD antigens on a nanoparticle (from 15 to 20) not only diminishes neutralization against the Omicron variant but also triggers excessive inflammation. This work provides a unique perspective on the rational design of mosaic vaccines by highlighting the significance of the spatial placement and proportion of heterotypic antigens in their structure–activity mechanisms.
Dynamically Cross‐linked Oligo[2]rotaxane Networks Mediated by Metal‐Coordination
Authors: Bai Ruixue , Wang Wenbin , Gao Wenzhe , Yang Mengling , Zhang Xinhai , Wang Chunyu , Fan Zhiwei , Yang Li , Zhang Zhaoming , Yan Xuzhou
Published: July 2024

Polyrotaxanes (PRs) have attracted significant research attention due to their unique topological structures and high degrees of conformational freedom. Herein, we take advantage of an oligo[2]rotaxane to construct a novel class of dynamically cross‐linked rotaxane network (DCRN) mediated by metal‐coordination. The oligo[2]rotaxane skeleton offers several distinct advantages: In addition to retaining the merits of traditional polymer backbones, the ordered intramolecular motion of the [2]rotaxane motifs introduced dangling chains into the network, thereby enhancing the stretchability of the DCRN. Additionally, the dissociation of host–guest recognition and subsequent sliding motion, along with the breakage of metal‐coordination interactions, represented an integrated energy dissipation pathway to enhance mechanical properties. Moreover, the resulting DCRN demonstrated responsiveness to multiple stimuli and displayed exceptional self‐healing capabilities in a gel state. Upon exposure to PPh3, which induced network deconstruction by breaking the coordinated cross‐linking points, the oligo[2]rotaxane could be recovered, showcasing good recyclability. These findings demonstrate the untapped potential of the oligo[2]rotaxane as a polymer skeleton to develop DCRN and open the door to extend their advanced applications in intelligent mechanically interlocked materials.
Electrical cell‐substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) in lung biology and disease
Authors: Schaller Lena , Hofmann Katharina , Geiger Fabienne , Dietrich Alexander
Published: July 2024

The lungs are exposed to a hostile environment from both sites: the airways and the vasculature. However, an efficient gas exchange of oxygen (O2) and CO2 is only possible through a very thin alveolo‐capillary membrane. Therefore, maintaining cell barrier integrity is essential for respiratory health and function. On the vascular site, endothelial cells form a natural barrier, while in the airways epithelial cells are most important for protection of the lung tissues. Moreover, fibroblasts, by transforming to myofibroblasts, are essential for wound closure after mechanical and chemical microinjuries in the respiratory tract. Along this line, loss of cell resistance in vascular endothelial and lung epithelial cells enhances invasion of pathogens (e.g., SARS‐CoV‐2) and results in pulmonary edema formation, while increasing barrier function of pulmonary (myo)fibroblasts blocks gas exchange in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, electrical cell‐substrate impedance sensing‐based quantification of changes in cell barrier function in lung endothelial and epithelial cells as well as fibroblasts after application of harmful triggers (e.g., hypoxia, receptor agonists, and toxicants) is a convenient and state‐of‐the‐art technique. After isolation of primary cells from mouse models and human tissues, changes in cell resistance can be detected in real time. By using lung cells from gene‐deficient mouse models, microRNAs or the small‐interfering RNA technology essential proteins for cell adhesion, for example, ion channels of the transient receptor potential family are identified in comparison to wild‐type control cells. In the future, these proteins may be useful as drug targets for novel therapeutic options in patients with lung edema or pulmonary fibrosis.
Performance of the 2023 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR Classification Criteria for Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Mexican Cohort
Authors: Cimé‐Aké Erik , Hernández‐Molina Gabriela , Llorente‐Chávez Amaya , Martín‐Nares Eduardo
Published: July 2024

Objective

The objective is to assess the performance of the 2023 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria (2023 AECC) for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in a Mexican cohort.

Methods

We enrolled patients with primary APS (PAPS) and secondary APS (SAPS) and a control group of nonautoimmune thrombophilia. We evaluated the fulfillment of the 2023 AECC and the 2006 revised Sapporo classification criteria (2006 RSCC) and their performance against the clinical diagnosis as the gold standard. The baseline Global APS Score (GAPSS) and the Damage Index for APS (DIAPS) at last follow‐up were calculated.

Results

We included 85 patients with PAPS, 54 with SAPS, and 50 with thrombophilia. According to the 2023 AECC criteria, 69 patients (81.2%) with PAPS, 28 patients (51.9%) with SAPS, and none of the patients with thrombophilia met the criteria. When comparing true positive (TP) (n = 69) versus false negative (n = 16) cases within the PAPS group, TP cases exhibited a higher frequency of thrombotic manifestations and IgM anti‐cardiolipin and IgG anti–β2‐glycoprotein‐I positivity. For PAPS, there was a correlation between the 2023 AECC score and both GAPSS (rho = 0.621, P < 0.0001) and DIAPS scores (rho = 0.433, P < 0.0001). When comparing the 2023 AECC with the 2006 RSCC, a lower sensitivity (81.2% vs 88.2%) but a higher specificity (100.0% vs 92.0%) was observed for PAPS. Similar findings were observed in SAPS.

Conclusion

In both PAPS and SAPS, the 2023 AECC have higher specificity than the 2006 RSCC. The main feature of patients with PAPS according to the 2023 AECC was thrombosis. These criteria might identify patients at higher risk of thrombosis and damage accrual.

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Toward a functional classification for autism in adulthood
Authors: Sterrett Kyle , Clarke Elaine , Nofer Jane , Piven Joseph , Lord Catherine
Published: July 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition that affects development and functioning from infancy through adulthood. Efforts to parse the heterogeneity of the autism spectrum through subgroups such as Asperger's and Profound Autism have been controversial, and have consistently struggled with issues of reliability, validity, and interpretability. Nonetheless, methods for successfully identifying clinically meaningful subgroups within autism are needed to ensure that research, interventions, and services address the range of needs experienced by autistic individuals. The purpose of this study was to generate and test whether a simple set of questions, organized in a flowchart, could be used in clinical practice and research to differentiate meaningful subgroups based on individuals' level of functioning. Once generated, subgroups could also be compared to the recently proposed administrative category of Profound Autism and to groupings based on standardized adaptive measures. Ninety‐seven adults with autism or related neurodevelopmental disorders participating in a longstanding longitudinal study, or their caregivers if they could not answer for themselves, completed phone interviews when the participants were ~30 years old. Information from these phone interviews was used to generate vignettes summarizing characteristics and aspects of the daily lives of each participant (e.g., language level, vocational activities, and social relationships). Three expert clinicians then used these vignettes to classify each participant based on their level of support needs. Meaningfully distinct subgroups within the sample were identified which could be reliably distinguished from one another. Implications of such categorizations and future directions are discussed.
Optical properties investigation and multicolor behavior of neodymium (Nd3+)‐doped oxyfluoride silicate glasses SiO2‐PbO‐PbF2
Authors: Boubekri Hani , Fartas Reda , Diaf Mohamed , Rahmouni Salah , Louati Nesrine , Boulekrouche Samah , Alleg Safia , Bitam Adel
Published: July 2024

The aim of this research is to investigate novel compositions of oxyfluoride glasses doped with Neodymium (Nd3+) rare earth ions in the visible spectrum. This area has not been extensively studied in the existing literature, so it is vital to understand the favorable photoluminescence characteristics within this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Therefore, we synthesized and characterized SiO2‐PbO‐PbF2 (SPF) doped with 1% neodymium (Nd3+) ions glasses. Spectroscopic analyses, based on Judd–Ofelt theory, were conducted on absorption spectra. These analyses enabled to determine absorption cross‐sections, transition probabilities, and Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters Ω2, Ω4, and Ω6 for the different transition. Additionally, we calculated various radiative properties, such as branching ratios, integrated cross‐sections, radiative lifetimes, emission cross‐section, optical gain, and the multicolor behavior (chromaticity coordinates, CIE diagram) under different excitation wavelengths. The results suggest promising prospects for using these oxyfluoride silicate glasses doped with Nd3+ as a fluorophore, potentially for lasing materials around 630‐nm emission and in other photonic applications.
Integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation to explore the mitophagy‐associated pharmacological mechanism of modified Shisiwei Jianzhong decoction against aplastic anemia
Authors: Zhang Yun , Wang Jun , Wang Bo , Gao Yanting , Lin Shengyun , Zhou Yuhong , Wu Liqiang
Published: July 2024

The aim of this work was to investigate the therapeutic effect of modified Shisiwei Jianzhong Decoction (SJD) on aplastic anemia (AA) and its potential pharmacological mechanism from the perspective of mitophagy. A comprehensive approach combining network pharmacology, mendelian randomization, molecular docking and animal experiments was applied to evaluate the properties of SJD against AA. By integrating multiple databases, it was determined that SJD exerted its therapeutic effect on AA by targeting three key targets [mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR), poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)] through four core compounds (quercetin, resveratrol, genistein and curcumin). Mendelian randomization analysis identified MTOR as a risk factor for AA occurrence while PARP1 was a protective factor. Results of animal experiments showed that SJD improved peripheral blood counts and promoted the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. Mechanistically, SJD, especially at high dose, played a therapeutic role in AA by activating mitophagy‐related proteins PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin and inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase (AKT)/MTOR pathway. This study revealed for the first time the core chemical composition of SJD and its pharmacological effects against AA, which can restore hematopoietic function by activating mitophagy. The results provide inspiration for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine in AA treatment.
Reconstructing theory in mental health and psychosocial support and peacebuilding: Towards an integrated model for psychosocial peacebuilding
Authors: Frasco Eric , Sherr Lorraine , Burgess Rochelle A.
Published: July 2024

Despite wide agreement among practitioners on the need for integration, mental health and peacebuilding practice remain siloed in conflict‐affected contexts. Yet before the integration of these two fields should occur, a revaluation of existing practice is needed. Within the field of mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS), critics have long questioned dominant assumptions and treatment models, raising concerns about top‐down implementation, Western‐centric approaches, and a lack of community leadership. These criticisms are largely echoed within peacebuilding literature. Furthermore, both fields underappreciate the overlap between their practices. For example, the relationship between the structural drivers of poor mental health or the social‐psychological drivers underpinning peacebuilding. Accordingly, this article seeks to contribute to the development of a novel, integrated approach to MHPSS and peacebuilding—or ‘psychosocial peacebuilding’. In doing so, we address dominant critiques of both fields, before discussing the relevance of critical (community) psychology as an ideal means in which to bridge a theoretical and practical gap between fields. Using quality peace as a guiding normative theory, we will also reinforce the argument that working to address mental health concerns is essential to creating peace in post‐conflict contexts. It concludes by exploring potential avenues for further research. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Tau Protein and Tauopathies: Exploring Tau Protein–Protein and Microtubule Interactions, Cross‐Interactions and Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Di Lorenzo Davide
Published: July 2024

Tau, a microtubule‐associated protein (MAP), is essential to maintaining neuronal stability and function in the healthy brain. However, aberrant modifications and pathological aggregations of Tau are implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, collectively known as tauopathies. The most common Tauopathy is Alzheimer's Disease (AD) counting nowadays more than 60 million patients worldwide. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted realm of Tau protein, puzzling out its intricate involvement in both physiological and pathological roles. Emphasis is put on Tau Protein–Protein Interactions (PPIs), depicting its interaction with tubulin, microtubules and its cross‐interaction with other proteins such as Aβ1‐42, α‐synuclein, and the chaperone machinery. In the realm of therapeutic strategies, an overview of diverse possibilities is presented with their relative clinical progresses. The focus is mostly addressed to Tau protein aggregation inhibitors including recent small molecules, short peptides and peptidomimetics with specific focus on compounds that showed a double anti aggregative activity on both Tau protein and Aβ amyloid peptide. This review amalgamates current knowledge on Tau protein and evolving therapeutic strategies, providing a comprehensive resource for researchers seeking to deepen their understanding of the Tau protein and for scientists involved in the development of new peptide‐based anti‐aggregative Tau compounds.
ZnAl/LDH@CQD: Synthesis, Characterization and Use as Adsorbent
Authors: Henrique Daniely Carlos , dos Santos Lins Pollyanna Vanessa , da Silva Santos Danilo Henrique , da Silva Neto Luiz Daniel , Georgin Jordana , Stracke Pfingsten Franco Dison , Margareti Plentz Meneghetti Simoni , Meili Lucas
Published: July 2024

This work aimed to evaluate the synthesis of the ZnAl/layered double hydroxides (LDH) composite with carbon quantum dots (CQD) and its application in water treatment. The synthesis of the ZnAl/LDH@CQD composite was carried out by the co‐precipitation method, being characterized by XRD, FTIR, pHZCP, SEM, EDX, TG, and N2 adsorption/desorption. The results presented a composite with a mesoporous structure, satisfactory values of surface area (18.72 m2 g−1), and pore size (14.78 nm). Preliminary adsorption tests were carried out, and the composite was efficient in removing some dyes and drugs. The kinetic and equilibrium data for the adsorption study for methylene blue fit best the General Order and Liu models, respectively, with maximum adsorption capacity occurring at 30 °C (12.11 mg g−1). Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption of MB was exothermic and spontaneous, governed mostly by physical processes. The regeneration of the adsorbent was carried out by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (250 mmol), showing a 20.93 % reduction in the percentage of removal after the first cycle and remaining practically constant until the sixth cycle. These results present an efficient way of using CQD composite as an adsorbent material, with potential application in water purification for human and environmental use.
Antimicrobial Potential of Strontium‐Functionalized Titanium Against Bacteria Associated With Peri‐Implantitis
Authors: Alshammari Hatem , Neilands Jessica , Jeppesen Christian Sloth , Almtoft Klaus Pagh , Andersen Ole Zoffmann , Stavropoulos Andreas
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To explore the antimicrobial potential of strontium (Sr)‐functionalized wafers against multiple bacteria associated with per‐implant infections, in both mono‐ and multispecies biofilms.

Materials and Methods

The bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect of silicon wafers functionalized with a strontium titanium oxygen coating (Sr‐Ti‐O) or covered only with Ti (controls) against several bacteria, either grown as a mono‐species or multispecies biofilms, was assessed using a bacterial viability assay and a plate counting method. Mono‐species biofilms were assessed after 2 and 24 h, while the antimicrobial effect on multispecies biofilms was assessed at Days 1, 3, and 6. The impact of Sr functionalization on the total percentage of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the multispecies biofilm, using qPCR, and gingipain activity was also assessed.

Results

Sr‐functionalized wafers, compared to controls, were associated with statistically significant less viable cells in both mono‐ and multispecies tests. The number of colony forming units (CFUs) within the biofilm was significantly less in Sr‐functionalized wafers, compared to control wafers, for Staphylococcus aureus at all time points of evaluation and for Escherichia coli at Day 1. Gingipain activity was less in Sr‐functionalized wafers, compared to control wafers, and the qPCR showed that P. gingivalis remained below detection levels at Sr‐functionalized wafers, while it consisted of 15% of the total biofilm on control wafers at Day 6.

Conclusion

Sr functionalization displayed promising antimicrobial potential, possessing bactericidal and bacteriostatic ability against bacteria associated with peri‐implantitis grown either as mono‐species or mixed in a multispecies consortium with several common oral microorganisms.
Functional responses of understory plants to natural disturbance‐based management in eastern and western Canada
Authors: Noualhaguet Marion , Work Timothy T. , Nock Charles A. , Macdonald S. Ellen , Aubin Isabelle , Fenton Nicole J.
Published: July 2024

Natural disturbance‐based management (NDBM) is hypothesized to maintain managed forest ecosystem integrity by reducing differences between natural and managed forests. The effectiveness of this approach often entails local comparisons of species composition or diversity for a variety of biota from managed and unmanaged forests. Understory vegetation is regularly the focus of such comparison because of its importance in nutrient cycling, forest regeneration, and for wildlife. However, larger scale comparisons between regions with distinct species assemblages may require a trait‐based approach to better understand understory responses to disturbance. We compared the long‐term effects of retention harvesting on understory vegetation in two large experimental study sites located in eastern and western regions of the Canadian boreal forest. These sites included the Sylviculture en Aménagement Forestier Ecosystémique (SAFE) experiment and the Ecosystem Management Emulating Natural Disturbance (EMEND) experiment, located in the eastern and western regions of Canada, respectively. EMEND and SAFE share common boreal understory species but have distinct tree communities, soils, and climate. Both experiments were designed to evaluate how increasing tree retention after harvest affects biodiversity. Here, we examined taxonomic richness, functional diversity, and functional composition (using community trait mean values) of understory plant communities, and also examine intraspecific trait variability (ITV) for five species common and abundant in both experiments. We observed the limited impacts of retention level on richness, functional diversity, and functional composition of understory plants 20 years postharvest. However, ITV of leaf morphological traits varied between retention levels within each experiment, depending on the species identity. Common species had different functional responses to retention level, showing species‐specific reactions to environmental variation. Our result suggests that understory plant communities in the boreal forest achieve resilience to disturbance both in terms of interspecific and intraspecific functional trait diversity. Such diversity may be key to maintaining understory biodiversity in the face of future disturbances and environmental change. Our results reveal the significance of ITV in plant communities for understanding responses to forest harvesting and the importance of choosing appropriate traits when studying species responses to the environment.
ARFID Parent Training Protocol (“ARFID‐PTP”): Results of a Randomized Pilot Trial Evaluating a Brief, Parent‐Training Program for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Authors: Breiner Courtney E. , Miller McKenzie L. , Hormes Julia M.
Published: July 2024

Objective

Accessible treatment options for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in children are limited. The current study sought to assess acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of a brief, virtual intervention for ARFID in children (“ARFID‐PTP”).

Method

Families of children ages 5–12 with ARFID (n = 30) were randomized to immediate or waitlist treatment groups, with both groups ultimately receiving ARFID‐PTP. ARFID‐PTP consists of two, 2‐h individual treatment sessions with an optional booster session at 4‐week follow‐up. Families completed acceptability and feasibility measures at end‐of‐treatment, as well as preliminary efficacy measures at 4‐week, 3‐month, and 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

Of 30 families who completed an intake session, 27 (90%) completed treatment. Families rated acceptability as high (M
CEQ‐C = 7.75). Treatment was feasible by participant retention. Exposure adherence was lower than expected, and booster session requests were higher than expected, indicating that achieving feasibility across measures may require treatment modifications. Regarding preliminary efficacy, children in the immediate treatment group had a decrease in ARFID symptoms compared to those on the waitlist. Overall, at 6‐month follow‐up linear mixed models showed participants had significantly reduced ARFID symptoms by presentation (p < 0.05) and in follow‐up completers, children incorporated eight new foods on average.

Discussion

ARFID‐PTP is acceptable and preliminarily efficacious. The protocol may benefit from modifications to increase feasibility; however, booster session content and treatment outcomes suggest a priori feasibility markers may not accurately capture the utility of ARFID‐PTP. Further work should continue to examine the efficacy ARFID‐PTP, particularly in diverse samples where treatment accessibility is urgently needed.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04913194
Using mobile acoustic monitoring and false‐positive N‐mixture models to estimate bat abundance and population trends
Authors: Udell Bradley J. , Straw Bethany Rose , Loeb Susan C. , Irvine Kathryn M. , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Lausen Cori L. , Reichard Jonathan D. , Coleman Jeremy T. H. , Cryan Paul M. , Frick Winifred F. , Reichert Brian E.
Published: July 2024

Estimating the abundance of unmarked animal populations from acoustic data is challenging due to the inability to identify individuals and the need to adjust for observation biases including detectability (false negatives), species misclassification (false positives), and sampling exposure. Acoustic surveys conducted along mobile transects were designed to avoid counting individuals more than once, where raw counts are commonly treated as an index of abundance. More recently, false‐positive abundance models have been developed to estimate abundance while accounting for imperfect detection and misclassification. We adapted these methods to model summertime abundance and trends of three species of bats at multiple spatial scales using acoustic recordings collected along mobile transects by partners of the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat) from 2012 to 2020. This multiscale modeling spanned individual transect routes, larger NABat grid cells (10 km × 10 km), and across the entire extent of modeled species ranges. We estimated relationships between species abundances and a suite of abiotic and biotic predictors (landcover types, climatological variables, physiographic diversity, building density, and the impacts of white‐nose syndrome [WNS]) and found varying levels of support between species. We present clear evidence of substantial declines in populations of tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), declines that corresponded in space and time with the progression of WNS, a devastating disease of hibernating bats. In contrast, our analysis revealed that similar population‐wide declines probably have not occurred in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), a species known to be less affected by WNS. This study provides the first abundance‐based species distribution predictions and population trends for bats in their summer ranges in North America. These models will probably be applicable to assessing wildlife populations in other monitoring programs where acoustic data are used or where false‐negative and false‐positive detections are present. Finally, our abundance framework (as a spatial point pattern process) can serve as a foundation from which more sophisticated integrated species distribution models that incorporate additional streams of monitoring data (e.g., stationary acoustics, captures) can be developed for North American bats.
A grazing crab drives saltmarsh carbon storage and recovery
Authors: Wittyngham Serina S. , Johnson David Samuel , Chen Yaping , Kirwan Matthew L.
Published: July 2024

Consumers can directly (e.g., consumption) and indirectly (e.g., trophic cascades) influence carbon cycling in blue carbon ecosystems. Previous work found that large grazers have nuanced effects on carbon stocks, yet, small, bioturbating‐grazers, which remove plant biomass and alter sediment properties, remain an understudied driver of carbon cycling. We used field‐derived and remote sensing data to quantify how the purple marsh crab, Sesarma reticulatum, influenced carbon stocks, flux, and recovery in salt marshes. Sesarma caused a 40%–70% loss in carbon stocks as fronts propagated inland (i.e., ungrazed to recovered transition), with front migration rates accelerating over time. Despite latitudinal differences, front migration rate had no effect on carbon stocks, flux, or time to replacement. When we included Sesarma disturbance in carbon flux calculations, we found it may take 5–100 years for marshes to replace lost carbon, if at all. Combined, we show that small grazers cause a net loss in carbon stocks as they move through the landscape, and irrespective of migration rate, these grazer‐driven impacts persist for decades. This work showcases the significant role of consumers in carbon storage and flux, challenging the classic paradigm of plant–sediment feedbacks as the primary ecogeomorphic driver of carbon cycling in blue carbon ecosystems.
Prevalence of reducing carbohydrate intake and fasted training in elite endurance athletes and association with bone injury
Authors: Raleigh Conor , Madigan Sharon , Sinnott‐O’Connor Ciara , Sale Craig , Norton Catherine , Carson Brian P.
Published: July 2024

There are conflicting reports both within the lay media and scientific literature regarding the use and benefit of dietary practices that aim to reduce CHO intake in endurance athletes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intentional reduction of CHO intake and fasted training in elite endurance‐based athletes using a semi‐quantitative questionnaire. Bone is a nutritionally modulated tissue; therefore, this study also aimed to explore if these dietary practices are potentially associated with bone injury incidence. The reported reduction of CHO intake was prevalent (28%) with the primary motivation being maintenance or manipulation of body composition. However, discrepancies in athletes' awareness of CHO intake were identified providing a potential avenue of intervention especially within applied practice. The use of fasted training was more prevalent (38%) with athletes using this practice for both body composition manipulation and promoting a desired adaptive response. Forty‐four per cent of participants had suffered a radiographically confirmed bone injury at some point in their career. There was no association between reduction in CHO intake and bone injury incidence; however, the incidence of bone injury was 1.61 times higher in those who currently use fasted training compared to those who have never used it or who have used it in the past. Although a direct causal link between these dietary practices and the incidence of bone injury cannot be drawn, it provides robust justification for future investigations of the potential mechanisms that could explain this finding.
An improved model for the nonlinear simulation of the high‐speed vehicle‐track‐bridge coupling system under seismic shaking
Authors: Lai Zhipeng , Jiang Lizhong , Chen Yuanjun , Wei Biao
Published: July 2024

With the continuous development of high‐speed railway (HSR) construction technology, many HSR bridges are close to near‐fault earthquake zones. Due to the short warning time for earthquakes occurring in these areas, the scene of trains running on the HSR bridges under earthquakes will become more and more common. In order to effectively evaluate the train running safety performance on the HSR bridge under earthquakes, an improved model for the nonlinear simulation of the high‐speed vehicle‐track‐bridge (VTB) coupling system under seismic shaking is proposed. The commercial finite element software was utilized for the general modeling of track‐bridge structure, and nonlinear hysteric behaviors of key components were realized by using the local nonlinearity correction method. By adopting the unconditional stable explicit dynamic integration algorithm and an efficient wheel–rail contact model, an explicit dynamic solution framework is established. It can efficiently solve the nonlinear coupled vibration of the VTB system under earthquakes. Finally, based on the improved model developed in this paper, the influence of hysteretic behaviors of bridge bearings on the nonlinear coupling vibration of the VTB system under near‐fault earthquakes is discussed.
Evolution of wetlands in the northern part of the Po Delta: The experience of unmanaged realignments
Authors: Brunetta Riccardo , Ciavola Paolo
Published: July 2024

It is increasingly recognised that nature‐based solutions in coastal ecosystems provide significant services compared to hard engineering measures. Several restoration projects are now being conducted worldwide to protect coastlines against flood risk and improve the ecosystems' quality. In the case of river deltas, managed realignment through levee breaching is becoming a recognised strategy for coastal wetland restoration. This study focusses on the formation of new wetlands in the Po River Delta after several natural dyke failures that occurred during the last century, when a large part of the land was abandoned and became wetlands. An historical review was performed to quantify the variation of the marsh extent in time developed after natural levee breaching in the easternmost lagoons of the delta and to understand the processes that determined their evolution. The analyses were based on orthophotos from the 1950s to the present‐day integrated with tidal records, water and sediment discharge records, and GPS survey for vegetation distribution. The review indicated that, between the 1950s and 1980s, anthropisation and natural processes caused a strong decline in marsh extent, thus leading to the recent shape of the lagoons. Several breaches and inlets were developed because of a combination of human intervention and erosive processes, and new tidal systems were born. Three main depositional areas connecting the main river branches were identified in three separated lagoons of the delta. These lagoons presented a ‘crevasse splay’ type of deposition which allowed the development of new tidal flats and, in certain cases, of large freshwater marsh systems within less than 8 years after the breach. The newly formed wetland systems (>100 ha) demonstrate the ability of the Po River Delta to build new wetlands, also during periods of human‐induced sediment starvation and high rates of subsidence, suggesting that further levee breaching should be exploited to favour marsh recovery.
The quality characteristics and microbial communities of three components in traditional split‐fermented red sour soup
Authors: Liu Na , Hu Yue , Wu Mingxia , Qin Likang , Bao Aiming , Qin Weijun , Miao Song
Published: July 2024

Red sour soup is a Guizhou specialty condiment made by the natural fermentation of tomatoes and chili. In this study, three components (tomato acid, chili acid, and tomato and chili mixed acid) of split‐fermented red sour soup were explored to compare the quality characteristics and microbial communities in the middle and late fermentation stages. The titratable acidity of mixed acids was lower than that of tomato acid and chili acid in the middle stage, but it was significantly increased in the late stage. The cell viability of lactic acid bacteria was mostly higher than that of yeasts during the whole fermentation. Also significantly increased in the late stage of fermentation were sensory scores and the signal intensity of sour substances. However, the signal intensity of both bitter and salty substances decreased, and the total amount of free amino acids was reduced. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the samples and the dominant microorganisms were different between the two fermentation stages, Lactobacillus and Kazachstania were the key common genus of the different components of split‐fermented red sour soup. It is anticipated that this study would provide us an insight into the quality characteristics and microbial communities of split‐fermented red sour soup.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on care‐quality outcomes in older adults admitted to hospital with altered mental status
Authors: Fluck Adam , Fry Christopher H. , Robin Jonathan , Fluck David , Han Thang S.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

During the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic, patients with altered mental status (AMS: dementia, delirium and delirium superimposed on dementia) were profoundly affected by an abrupt transformation in healthcare systems. Here, we evaluated quality‐care outcomes, including length of stay (LOS), in‐hospital mortality, early readmission and mortality after hospital discharge, in older adults admitted for AMS during the pandemic and compared them to patients admitted prior to the pandemic.

Methods

Chi‐squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to examine changes to admissions for AMS before and during the pandemic, and their outcomes. Logistic regression analyses, with reference to pre‐pandemic data, were conducted to examine the impact of the pandemic on outcomes.

Design

Prospective data of 21,192 non‐COVID admissions to an acute general medical department in a Surrey (UK) hospital were collected from patients admitted before (1st April 2019 to 29th February 2020) and during the pandemic (1st March 2020 to 31st March 2021).

Results

There were 10,173 (47.7% men) from the pre‐pandemic and 11,019 (47.5% men) from the pandemic periods; overall mean age  =  68.3yr. During the pandemic AMS patients had significantly higher admission rates (1.1% vs 0.6%, P < 0.001). However, median LOS in hospital was shorter (9.0 days [IQR = 5.3–16.2] vs 15.5 days [IQR  =  6.2–25.7], P < 0.001) and thus were less likely to stay in hospital >3 weeks: adjusted OR  =  0.26 (95%CI  =  0.12–0.57). In‐hospital mortality and readmission within 28 days of discharge did not change during the pandemic, but were less likely to die within 30 days of discharge: adjusted OR = 0.32 (95%CI = 0.11–0.96).

Conclusions

This combination of higher admission rate, shorter LOS, and an unchanging early readmission suggests a higher admission‐discharge turnover of different patients with AMS and provides important insights into the potential impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on healthcare delivery to individuals with AMS.
Menstrual cycle‐driven hormone concentrations co‐fluctuate with white and gray matter architecture changes across the whole brain
Authors: Rizor Elizabeth J. , Babenko Viktoriya , Dundon Neil M. , Beverly‐Aylwin Renee , Stump Alexandra , Hayes Margaret , Herschenfeld‐Catalan Luna , Jacobs Emily G. , Grafton Scott T.
Published: July 2024

Cyclic fluctuations in hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG‐axis) hormones exert powerful behavioral, structural, and functional effects through actions on the mammalian central nervous system. Yet, very little is known about how these fluctuations alter the structural nodes and information highways of the human brain. In a study of 30 naturally cycling women, we employed multidimensional diffusion and T1‐weighted imaging during three estimated menstrual cycle phases (menses, ovulation, and mid‐luteal) to investigate whether HPG‐axis hormone concentrations co‐fluctuate with alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure, cortical thickness (CT), and brain volume. Across the whole brain, 17β‐estradiol and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were directly proportional to diffusion anisotropy (μFA; 17β‐estradiol: β1 = 0.145, highest density interval (HDI) = [0.211, 0.4]; LH: β1 = 0.111, HDI = [0.157, 0.364]), while follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) was directly proportional to CT (β1 = 0 .162, HDI = [0.115, 0.678]). Within several individual regions, FSH and progesterone demonstrated opposing relationships with mean diffusivity (Diso) and CT. These regions mainly reside within the temporal and occipital lobes, with functional implications for the limbic and visual systems. Finally, progesterone was associated with increased tissue (β1 = 0.66, HDI = [0.607, 15.845]) and decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; β1 = −0.749, HDI = [−11.604, −0.903]) volumes, with total brain volume remaining unchanged. These results are the first to report simultaneous brain‐wide changes in human WM microstructure and CT coinciding with menstrual cycle‐driven hormone rhythms. Effects were observed in both classically known HPG‐axis receptor‐dense regions (medial temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex) and in other regions located across frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes. Our results suggest that HPG‐axis hormone fluctuations may have significant structural impacts across the entire brain.
Estimating the out‐of‐pocket health expenditure in patients under 5 years with severe malnutrition in Afghanistan in 2023: Findings from a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tajik Amirmohammad , Ghavami Vahid , Popal Shakib , Shabanikiya Hamidreza , Varmaghani Mehdi
Published: July 2024

Introduction

This study, of significant importance to healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, and organizations involved in child healthcare and malnutrition in Afghanistan, aimed to estimate the out‐of‐pocket expenditure (OOPE) in patients under 5 years old with severe malnutrition in a children's hospital in Herat Province, Afghanistan.

Method

This study employed a meticulously designed cross‐sectional descriptive‐analytical approach with practical results. The research population consisted of families with malnourished children under 5 who were referred to Herat Children's Hospital. Data was collected using a comprehensive standard World Health Organization questionnaire to gather demographic information from children in Herat. A carefully selected convenience sampling method was used, with 300 referring patients participating in face‐to‐face interviews with the supervisors of these children. After obtaining personal consent and coordinating with health officials, interviews were conducted with the caregivers of children under 5 who suffered from severe malnutrition. The data was then analyzed using robust descriptive statistics, quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation, frequency, and relative frequency. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that most influenced direct payments from patients' pockets, ensuring the reliability and validity of the findings.

Results

The results showed that OOPE in both households with seven and less than seven people and more than seven people was 68%. The findings indicated that among the residents of Herat referred to the studied hospital, these people spent 54% of the treatment costs directly out of pocket. In contrast, people in the rural areas of Herat pay 69% of the treatment costs to receive medical services straight out of pocket. The critical point is that 93% of the families have incurred catastrophic expenses to treat their children suffering from severe malnutrition. The research revealed that the patient's location and the education level of the head of the household were the most significant factors affecting out‐of‐pocket payments by patients.

Conclusion

Increasing OOPE in rural Afghanistan poses a significant obstacle to equitable healthcare services and access to appropriate medicines. To support the goal of universal healthcare coverage, geographic imbalances, and broad health financing options must be addressed. Strengthening insurance coverage and more government assistance can significantly reduce these patients' out‐of‐pocket payments.
The multiverse of universes: A tutorial to plan, execute and interpret multiverses analyses using the R package multiverse
Authors: Götz Martin , Sarma Abhraneel , O'Boyle Ernest H.
Published: July 2024

Even when guided by strong theories and sound methods, researchers must often choose a singular course of action from multiple viable alternatives. Regardless of the choice, it, along with all other choices made during the research process, individually and collectively affects study results, often in unpredictable ways. The inability to disentangle how much of an observed effect is attributable to the phenomenon of interest, and how much is attributable to what have come to be known as researcher degrees of freedom (RDF), slows theoretical progress and stymies practical implementation. However, if one could examine the results from a particular set of RDF (known as a universe) against a systematically and comprehensively determined background of alternative viable universes (known as a multiverse), then the effects of RDF can be directly examined to provide greater context and clarity to future researchers, and greater confidence in the recommendations to practitioners. This tutorial demonstrates a means to map result variability directly and efficiently, and empirically investigate RDF impact on conclusions via multiverse analysis. Using the R package multiverse, we outline best practices in planning, executing and interpreting of multiverse analyses.
Arterial blood pressure. Part 2: causes and management of hypotension during general anaesthesia in cats and dogs
Authors: Teotino Giulia , Neale Abigail , Auckburally Adam
Published: July 2024

Background: Hypotension, or low arterial blood pressure (ABP), is a common complication during general anaesthesia, even in otherwise healthy animals. Recognition of the problem and an understanding of why it is occurring is necessary so that appropriate treatment can be implemented. Persistent hypotension may lead to organ injury if left untreated and can contribute to poor patient outcomes.

Aim of the article: This article discusses the pathophysiology of hypotension during general anaesthesia and the treatment options available. Part one of this two‐part series, published in last month's In Practice, reviewed the physiology and measurement of ABP.
Nurse‐led neutering consultations: delegation and informed consent
Authors: Lakeman Nicola
Published: July 2024

The age at which the neutering of dogs should be performed is widely debated, with criteria such as the stage of seasons (eg, before or after); breed and adult size; and behavioural aspects all influencing decision making. These criteria need to be taken into consideration alongside the environment in which the animal lives and any other animals around the individual in question; for example, an individual dog kept within a household will have different neutering criteria than a non‐owned, free‐roaming dog. Neutering recommendations need to move away from a blanket approach for all dogs to a more contextualised, patient‐centric approach, incorporating the animal and owner's narrative. In the majority of veterinary practices, registered veterinary nurses and student veterinary nurses are often delegated the task of discussing neutering with pet owners, and to perform the surgical admission for the procedure. This article looks at the elements of neutering that veterinary surgeons delegating these tasks must be aware of (noting that they still hold responsibility of the task under the Veterinary Surgeon's Act 1966).