bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in Reactivity of Epoxides in the Copolymerisation with Carbon Dioxide by Zinc‐Based Catalysts: Propylene Oxide versus Cyclohexene Oxide
Authors: Lehenmeier Maximilian W. , Bruckmeier Christian , Klaus Stephan , Dengler Joachim E. , Deglmann Peter , Ott Anna‐Katharina , Rieger Bernhard
Published: July 2011

The homogeneous dinuclear zinc catalyst going back to the work of Williams et al. is to date the most active catalyst for the copolymerisation of cyclohexene oxide and CO2 at one atmosphere of carbon dioxide. However, this catalyst shows no copolymer formation in the copolymerisation reaction of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide, instead only cyclic carbonate is found. This behaviour is known for many zinc‐based catalysts, although the reasons are still unidentified. Within our studies, we focus on the parameters that are responsible for this typical behaviour. A deactivation of the catalyst due to a reaction with propylene oxide turns out to be negligible. Furthermore, the catalyst still shows poly(cyclohexene carbonate) formation in the presence of cyclic propylene carbonate, but the catalyst activity is dramatically reduced. In terpolymerisation reactions of CO2 with different ratios of cyclohexene oxide to propylene oxide, no incorporation of propylene oxide can be detected, which can only be explained by a very fast back‐biting reaction. Kinetic investigations indicate a complex reaction network, which can be manifested by theoretical investigations. DFT calculations show that the ring strains of both epoxides are comparable and the kinetic barriers for the chain propagation even favour the poly(propylene carbonate) over the poly(cyclohexene carbonate) formation. Therefore, the crucial step in the copolymerisation of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide is the back‐biting reaction in the case of the studied zinc catalyst. The depolymerisation is several orders of magnitude faster for poly(propylene carbonate) than for poly(cyclohexene carbonate).
Composition Dependence of the Photocatalytic Activities of BiOCl1−xBrx Solid Solutions under Visible Light
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Son Won‐Joon , Lu Jibao , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying , Whangbo Myung‐Hwan
Published: July 2011

We prepared BiOCl1−xBrx (x=0–1) solid solutions and characterized their structures, morphologies, and photocatalytic properties by X‐ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photocurrent and photocatalytic activity measurements and also by density functional theory calculations for BiOCl, BiOBr, BiOCl0.5Br0.5. Under visible‐light irradiation BiOCl1−xBrx exhibits a stronger photocatalytic activity than do BiOCl and BiOBr, with the activity reaching the maximum at x=0.5 and decreasing gradually as x is increased toward 1 or decreased toward 0. This trend is closely mimicked by the photogenerated current of BiOCl1−xBrx, indicating that the enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiOCl1−xBrx with respect to those of BiOCl and BiOBr originates from the trapping of photogenerated carriers. Our electronic structure calculations for BiOCl0.5Br0.5 with the anion (O2−, Cl−, Br−) and cation (Bi3+) vacancies suggest that the trapping of photogenerated carriers is caused most likely by Bi3+ cation vacancies, which generate hole states above the conduction band maximum.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Constrained Heterocyclic Analogues of Combretastatin A4
Authors: Arthuis Martin , Pontikis Renée , Chabot Guy G. , Seguin Johanne , Quentin Lionel , Bourg Stéphane , Morin‐Allory Luc , Florent Jean‐Claude
Published: July 2011

A series of combretastatin A4 (CA4) analogues with a lactam or lactone ring fused to the trimethoxyphenyl or the B‐phenyl moiety were synthesized in an efficient and stereoselective manner by using a domino Heck–Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. The vascular‐disrupting potential of these conformationally restricted CA4 analogues was assessed by various in vitro assays: inhibition of tubulin polymerization, modification of endothelial cell morphology, and disruption of endothelial cell cords. Compounds were also evaluated for their growth inhibitory effects against murine and human tumor cells. B‐ring‐constrained derivatives that contain an oxindole ring (in contrast to compounds with a benzofuranone ring) as well as analogues bearing a six‐membered lactone core fused to the trimethoxyphenyl ring are endowed with significant biological activity. The most potent compound of this series (oxindole 9 b) is of particular interest, as it combines chemical stability and a biological activity profile characteristic of a vascular‐disrupting agent.
The rise and fall of gatekeeper mutations? The BCR‐ABL1 T315I paradigm
Authors: Gibbons Don L. , Pricl Sabrina , Kantarjian Hagop , Cortes Jorge , Quintás‐Cardama Alfonso
Published: July 2011

The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has become an integral component of cancer therapy. Imatinib mesylate, a breakpoint cluster region‐Abelson BCR‐ABL1 inhibitor, was the first TKI approved in cancer medicine and has served as a model for the development of similar agents for other cancers. An important drawback of TKI therapy is the development of resistance, frequently through the acquisition of mutations. Mutations at the gatekeeper residues of BCR‐ABL1 (eg, the threonine‐to‐isoleucine mutation at codon 315) and other oncogenic kinases have proven highly resistant to currently available TKIs. Advances in the structural biology of oncogenic kinases have facilitated the rational development of TKIs that are active against gatekeeper mutations. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Does “in situ lymphoma” occur as a distinct step in the development of nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma?
Authors: Carbone Antonino
Published: July 2011

The concept of in situ neoplasia, already well acknowledged in epithelial tumors, has now been extended to lymphoid neoplasms. Among germinal center (GC)‐derived lymphomas, a type of “in situ follicular lymphoma (FL)” has been described in which cells that strongly express BCL2 are observed in histologically abnormal follicles. In this commentary, the author suggests that another GC‐derived lymphoma, ie, nodular lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma with a micronodular pattern in which small GCs or broken‐up GCs are present within nodules, may be regarded as an early lesion limited to GC. Like “in situ FL,” this is likely to be an in situ step that potentially leads to overt lymphoma. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Preoperative chemotherapy for bladder cancer
Authors: Sonpavde Guru , Shariat Shahrokh F.
Published: July 2011

A retrospective study of neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin in the current issue of Cancer highlights the activity of this regimen and its low frequency of employment. Directions for the further development of neoadjuvant therapy for bladder cancer are discussed.
Expanding Nilotinib Access in Clinical Trials (ENACT)
Authors: Nicolini Franck E. , Turkina Anna , Shen Zhi‐Xiang , Gallagher Neil , Jootar Saengsuree , Powell Bayard L. , De Souza Carmino , Zheng Ming , Szczudlo Tomasz , le Coutre Philipp
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Nilotinib is a selective, potent BCR‐ABL inhibitor. Previous studies demonstrated the efficacy and safety of nilotinib in Philadelphia chromosome‐positive chronic myeloid leukemia patients in chronic phase (CML‐CP) or accelerated phase who failed prior imatinib.

METHODS:

This expanded access trial further characterized the safety of nilotinib 400 mg twice daily in patients with CML‐CP (N = 1422).

RESULTS:

In this large, heavily pretreated population, nilotinib demonstrated significant efficacy, with complete hematologic response and complete cytogenetic response achieved in 43% and 34% of patients, respectively. Responses were rapid, mostly occurring within 6 months, and were higher in patients with suboptimal response to imatinib, with 75% and 50% achieving major cytogenetic response and complete cytogenetic response, respectively. At 18 months, the progression‐free survival rate was 80%. Most patients achieved planned dosing of 400 mg twice daily and maintained the dose >12 months. Nonhematologic adverse events (AEs) were mostly mild to moderate and included rash (28%), headache (25%), and nausea (17%). Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia (22%), neutropenia (14%), and anemia (3%) were low and managed by dose reduction or brief interruption. Grade 3 or 4 elevations in serum bilirubin and lipase occurred in 4% and 7% of patients, respectively. The incidence of newly occurring AEs decreased over time. Of patients who experienced a dose reduction because of AEs and attempted a re‐escalation, 87% successfully achieved re‐escalation to the full dose.

CONCLUSIONS:

This large study confirms that nilotinib was well tolerated and that grade 3 or 4 AEs occurred infrequently and were manageable through transient dose interruptions. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide and rituximab in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Authors: Tedeschi Alessandra , Benevolo Giulia , Varettoni Marzia , Battista Marta L. , Zinzani Pier L. , Visco Carlo , Meneghini Vittorio , Pioltelli Pietro , Sacchi Stefano , Ricci Francesca , Nichelatti Michele , Zaja Francesco , Lazzarino Mario , Vitolo Umbero , Morra Enrica
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

The combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) has produced promising results in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders. The authors report the final results from a multicenter, prospective study examining FCR in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM).

METHODS:

Forty‐three patients with symptomatic WM that was untreated or pretreated with 1 line of chemotherapy received rituximab 375 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 and fludarabine 25 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 250 mg/m2 intravenously on days 2 through 4. FCR was repeated every 28 days for up to 6 courses.

RESULTS:

The overall response rate was 79%, and the major response rate of 74.4%, including 11.6% complete remissions (CRs) and 20.9% very good partial remissions. An amelioration of the quality of responses was observed during follow‐up, leading to 18.6% of CRs. No differences in terms of responses were observed among previously treated or untreated patients. Among the clinical and laboratory features that were considered, only the β2‐microglobulin level had a significant impact in terms of achieving a major response. The major toxicity reported was grade 3/4 neutropenia, which occurred in 45% of courses and was the main reason for treatment discontinuation. After the end of treatment, 19 patients (44%) had long‐lasting episodes of neutropenia. Three patients developed myelodysplastic syndrome during follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS:

The FCR regimen was capable of neutralizing adverse prognostic factors and proved to be active in patients with WM, leading to rapid disease control and good‐quality responses. Because myelosuppression was the main concern, further studies are warranted to optimize dosages and treatment duration. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Evaluation of chromosomal aberrations in patients with benign conditions and reactive changes in urinary cytology
Authors: Tapia Coya , Glatz Kathrina , Obermann Ellen C. , Grilli Bruno , Barascud Audrey , Herzog Michelle , Schönegg René , Savic Spasenija , Bubendorf Lukas
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is routinely used to help clarify atypical urinary cytology. However, to the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in non‐neoplastic conditions that could potentially lead to false‐positive FISH results. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in benign cells of the urinary tract using the UroVysion FISH test.

METHODS:

The authors analyzed 77 Papanicolaou‐stained benign urine cytology specimens with reactive epithelial atypia using a FISH assay detecting the chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and the gene locus 9p21. A positive test result was defined as an increased copy number of at least 2 chromosomes in ≥ 4 of 25 cells, or > 10 cells with a tetraploid or octaploid pattern, or homozygous or heterozygous deletion of 9p21 (≥ 12cells).

RESULTS:

FISH was positive in 27 of 77 bladder washings (35.1%) including 25 of 65 bladder washings (40.5%) and 2 of 15 voided urines (13.5%) from patients with irritative bladder (15 of 36 patients), a history of radiotherapy (7 of 12 patients), nonspecific cystitis (3 of 11 patients), hematuria (3 of 8 patients), and lithiasis (1 of 4 patients) . In 7 of 27 FISH‐positive urothelial specimens, the positivity was solely due a polyploid pattern (tetraploid/octaploid pattern) in > 10 of the cells.

CONCLUSIONS:

Chromosomal aberrations can occur in reactive urothelial cells, with a tetraploid pattern being the most common. Even an aneuploid pattern of FISH signals does not always prove malignancy because it rarely occurs in reactive urothelial cells. Correlation of FISH results with cytomorphology and patient history is crucial to avoid false‐positive diagnoses. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A MapReduce‐supported network structure for data centers
Authors: Ding Zeliu , Guo Deke , Liu Xue , Luo Xueshan , Chen Guihai
Published: July 2011

Several novel data center network structures have been proposed to improve the topological properties of data centers. A common characteristic of these structures is that they are designed for supporting general applications and services. Consequently, these structures do not match well with the specific requirements of some dedicated applications. In this paper, we propose a hyper‐fat‐tree network (HFN): a novel data center structure for MapReduce, a well‐known distributed data processing application. HFN possesses the advanced characteristics of BCube as well as fat‐tree structures and naturally supports MapReduce. We then address several challenging issues that face HFN in supporting MapReduce. Mathematical analysis and comprehensive evaluation show that HFN possesses excellent properties and is indeed a viable structure for MapReduce in practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomics and Genetics in the Biology of Adaptation to Exercise
Authors: Bouchard Claude , Rankinen Tuomo , Timmons James A.
Published: July 2011

This article is devoted to the role of genetic variation and gene‐exercise interactions in the biology of adaptation to exercise. There is evidence from genetic epidemiology research that DNA sequence differences contribute to human variation in physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness in the untrained state, cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute exercise, and responsiveness to regular exercise. Methodological and technological advances have made it possible to undertake the molecular dissection of the genetic component of complex, multifactorial traits, such as those of interest to exercise biology, in terms of tissue expression profile, genes, and allelic variants. The evidence from animal models and human studies is considered. Data on candidate genes, genome‐wide linkage results, genome‐wide association findings, expression arrays, and combinations of these approaches are reviewed. Combining transcriptomic and genomic technologies has been shown to be more powerful as evidenced by the development of a recent molecular predictor of the ability to increaseo2max with exercise training. For exercise as a behavior and physiological fitness as a state to be major players in public health policies will require that the role of human individuality and the influence of DNA sequence differences be understood. Likewise, progress in the use of exercise in therapeutic medicine will depend to a large extent on our ability to identify the favorable responders for given physiological properties to a given exercise regimen. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:1603‐1648, 2011.
Integration of CO2 Capture and Mineral Carbonation by Using Recyclable Ammonium Salts
Authors: Wang Xiaolong , Maroto‐Valer M. Mercedes
Published: July 2011

A new approach to capture and store CO2 by mineral carbonation using recyclable ammonium salts was studied. This process integrates CO2 capture with mineral carbonation by employing NH3, NH4HSO4, and NH4HCO3 in the capture, mineral dissolution, and carbonation steps, respectively. NH4HSO4 and NH3 can then be regenerated by thermal decomposition of (NH4)2SO4. The use of NH4HCO3 as the source of CO2 can avoid desorption and compression of CO2. The mass ratio of Mg/NH4HCO3/NH3 is the key factor controlling carbonation and the optimum ratio of 1:4:2 gives a conversion of Mg ions to hydromagnesite of 95.5 %. Thermogravimetric analysis studies indicated that the regeneration efficiency of NH4HSO4 and NH3 in this process is 95 %. The mass balance of the process shows that about 2.63 tonnes of serpentine, 0.12 tonnes of NH4HSO4, 7.48 tonnes of NH4HCO3, and 0.04 tonnes of NH3 are required to sequester 1 tonne of CO2 as hydromagnesite.
Human mesenchymal stromal cells express CD14 cross‐reactive epitopes
Authors: Pilz Gregor A. , Braun Julian , Ulrich Christine , Felka Tino , Warstat Katrin , Ruh Manuel , Schewe Bernhard , Abele Harald , Larbi Anis , Aicher Wilhelm K.
Published: July 2011

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) do not express a unique definite epitope or marker gene. As such, minimal criteria were recently established for defining multipotent MSC. These criteria include expression of CD73, CD90, CD105, and a lack of hematopoietic marker expression. However, we detected binding of a CD14 antibody on bone marrow‐ and placenta‐derived MSC and investigated the staining of CD14 antibodies on these MSC in more detail. The MSC were isolated from human bone marrow and placenta tissue, expanded, characterized by quantitative RT‐PCR, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry and differentiated to generate osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. The CD14‐cross‐reactive MSCs were enriched by cell sorting. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, fibroblasts, and hematopoietic cell lines served as controls. Utilizing four different clones of CD14 monoclonal antibodies, we found that three CD14 reagents stained the MSC. Two CD14 antibodies (HCD14 and M5E2) clearly marked the CD90+ MSC population with distinct intensities, clone 134 620 generated a shift in flow cytometry histograms, but clone MΦP9 did not stain MSC. Transcripts encoding CD14 or the CD14 protein were not detected in MSC. We confirm that bone marrow‐ and placenta‐derived MSC do not express CD14 and that the CD14 antibody MΦP9 discriminates between monocytes and MSC more efficiently than the other antibodies employed here. This investigation does not contradict previous work but provides a more accurate characterization of MSC. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Summary of ‘Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)’
Authors: Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: July 2011

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Williams K, Wheeler DM, Silove N, Hazell P. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD004677. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD004677.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Nutritional support in children and young people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy’
Authors: Ladas E. J. , Rogers Paul
Published: July 2011

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Jones L, Watling RM, Wilkins S, Pizer B. Nutritional support in children and young people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD003298. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD003298.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Chromium, Iron and Cobalt Carbonyl Complexes with Gallium Halides: Synthesis and Structures
Authors: Adamczyk Tobias , Li Guang‐Ming , Linti Gerald , Pritzkow Hans , Seifert Annekathrin , Zessin Thomas
Published: July 2011

The reactions of gallium subhalides Ga2X4·2dioxane (X = Cl, Br) and “GaI” with carbonylmetallates of chromium, iron and cobalt result in the formation of various gallium halide complexes. These are [(CO)5CrGaBr(thf)2] (6), with a terminal GaX unit, and [(CO)4FeGaCl(thf)]2 (1), [(CO)4FeGaCl2Na(thf)2]x (2), [(CO)4FeGaI2Na(thf)3]2 (4) and [Cr2(CO)8(GaI2)INa2(thf)7]x (8) with GaX units in the bridging positions of gallium–transition‐metal rings. In addition, mixed cyclic gallium–iron hydroxides [{(CO)4Fe}2Ga4Cl5(OH)3(thf)] 3 and 4 and gallium oxo/hydroxo cages 5, 9 and 10 were observed. Rings of [{GaCo4(CO)14}K(thf)]6 (11), prepared from Ga4Cl4R4 [R = Si(SiMe3)3] and K[Co(CO)4], are connected through isocarbonyl–potassium interactions to form channels. All compounds were characterized spectroscopically and by X‐ray crystallography. DFT calculations were performed on cobalt–gallium complexes to evaluate their bonding properties.
Alternating Copolymers Based on 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole and Hexylthiophene: Positioning Effect of Hexyl Chains on the Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: El‐Shehawy Ashraf A. , Abdo Nabiha I. , El‐Barbary Ahmed A. , Lee Jae‐Suk
Published: July 2011

A series of donor–acceptor alternating π‐conjugated copolymers based on 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole and hexylthiophene units has been synthesized by the palladium‐catalyzed Stille cross‐coupling method. Various precursory monomers possessing dibromo and bis(tributylstannyl) functionalities were readily prepared in high yields. Microwave‐assisted polymerization proved efficient for the production of high‐molecular‐weight copolymers, ranging from 13550 to 52490 g mol–1. All copolymers exhibited excellent solubilities in most common organic solvents. The thermal properties of these copolymers were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and the polymers showed high thermal stabilities. Incorporation of the benzothiadiazole unit into polyhexylthiophene chains affected the photophysical and electrochemical properties. The thin‐film absorption spectra of all polymers are significantly red‐shifted relative to the corresponding absorption bands in solution and exhibit broader absorption bands. The optical band gaps were estimated to be in the range of 2.02–1.74 eV. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels are in the ranges of –5.37 to –5.66 eV and –3.33 to –3.44 eV, respectively. In the X‐ray diffraction analysis of the deposited film of the copolymer P3, strong diffraction peaks were observed at 2θ = 5.72° (15.43 Å) and 23.12° (3.84 Å). These values relate to the distances between chains with interdigitated hexyl chains and to π–π stacking between the conjugated chains.
Developing high‐performance aluminum alloy buckling‐restrained braces based on series of low‐cycle fatigue tests
Authors: Usami Tsutomu , Wang Chun‐Lin , Funayama Jyunki
Published: July 2011

In order to enhance the durability of high‐performance buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) used in bridge engineering, which are expected to withstand severe earthquakes three times without being replaced, aluminum alloys were employed to manufacture BRBs. A series of low‐cycle fatigue tests, including 18 specimens, were conducted to address the low‐cycle fatigue strength of the aluminum alloy BRB. Test results of all specimens show that stable hysteretic curves were obtained without overall buckling occurrence. Failure mode of the welded aluminum alloy BRB is obviously affected by the ribs' welding under the variable or constant strain amplitude condition. Therefore, another type of aluminum alloy BRB, the bolt‐assembled BRB with or without spot‐welded stoppers, is proposed and tested. Results showed that the low‐cycle fatigue performance of bolt‐assembled BRBs with stoppers improved four to five times compared with welded BRBs. However, the stoppers' spot welding has an adverse effect on the failure mode because the crack, which induced the specimen's failure, initiated from the spot weld toes of the stoppers. Both bolt‐assembled BRBs with and without stoppers can meet the cumulative inelastic deformation requirement proposed for high‐performance BRBs under the constant strain amplitude, not larger than 2%. In addition, under the variable strain amplitude condition, only the bolt‐assembled BRB without stoppers has an excellent cumulative inelastic deformation capacity and sustains two cycles of 2.5% strain amplitude. Finally, recommended Manson–Coffin equations and preliminary cumulative damage formulae for welded and bolt‐assembled BRBs are given as the references of the strain‐based damage evaluation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A description of multiple family workshops for carers of people with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Treasure Janet , Whitaker Wendy , Todd Gill , Whitney Jenna
Published: July 2011

Carers of people with eating disorders are uncertain about how best to help and express the need for information. Fifty per cent of carers (usually parents) exhibit clinically significant anxiety and/or depression. This may result from a difficulty coping with the manifestations of anorexia nervosa (AN) in the sufferer. In turn, eating disorder symptoms can be maintained by family reactions to the illness. Thus, carer's own symptoms, plus their uncertainty about how to help, impinge upon the AN sufferer, exacerbating their symptoms and behaviours. In this paper, we describe an intervention which uses cognitive behavioural therapy principles to alleviate carer's depression and anxiety and motivational interviewing to target behaviours that maintain eating disorder symptoms, for example high expressed emotion and poor communication. This is given in the form of an educational workshop for two families. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Evaluation of influence of sediment on the sensitivity of a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea) to ammonia in 28-day water exposures
Authors: Wang Ning , Consbrock Rebecca A , Ingersoll Christopher G , Barnhart M. Christopher
Published: July 2011

A draft update of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for ammonia substantially lowers the ammonia AWQC, primarily due to the inclusion of toxicity data for freshwater mussels. However, most of the mussel data used in the updated AWQC were generated from water-only exposures and limited information is available on the potential influence of the presence of a substrate on the response of mussels in laboratory toxicity tests. Our recent study demonstrated that the acute sensitivity of mussels to ammonia was not influenced by the presence of substrate in 4-d laboratory toxicity tests. The objective of the current study was to determine the sensitivity of mussels to ammonia in chronic 28-d water exposures with the sediment present (sediment treatment) or absent (water-only treatment). The chronic toxicity test was conducted starting with two-month-old juvenile mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) in a flow-through diluter system, which maintained consistent pH (≈8.3) and six concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (N) in overlying water and in sediment pore water. The chronic value (ChV, geometric mean of the no-observed-effect concentration and the lowest-observed-effect concentration) was 0.36 mg N/L for survival or biomass in the water-only treatment, and was 0.66 mg N/L for survival and 0.20 mg N/L for biomass in the sediment treatment. The 20% effect concentration (EC20) for survival was 0.63 mg N/L in the water-only treatment and was 0.86 mg N/L in the sediment treatment (with overlapping 95% confidence intervals; no EC20 for biomass was estimated because the data did not meet the conditions for any logistic regression analysis). The similar ChVs or EC20s between the water-only treatment and the sediment treatment indicate that the presence of sediment did not substantially influence the sensitivity of juvenile mussels to ammonia in the 28-d chronic laboratory water exposures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2270–2276. © 2011 SETAC
Introduction
Authors: Featherstone David , Freeman Marc
Published: July 2011

No asbtract.
A randomized controlled trial of a Functioning Improvement Tool home‐visit program and its effect on cognitive function in older persons
Authors: Ukawa Shigekazu , Satoh Hiroki , Yuasa Motoyuki , Ikeno Tamiko , Kawabata Tomoko , Araki Atsuko , Yoshioka Eiji , Murata Waka , Ikoma Katsunori , Kishi Reiko
Published: July 2011

Objective

The aim was to determine whether mini mental state examination (MMSE) scores improved in older participants of a Functioning Improvement Tool (FIT) home‐visit program.

Methods

Two hundred fifty‐two participants aged 65 years or older living at home and receiving preventive services or a community long‐term care prevention project according to the Japanese social long‐term care insurance system were enrolled and randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 128) or a control group (n = 124). Intervention group subjects received a 60‐min FIT home‐visit program for 3 months, which included guidance, assistance, and help in writing and teaching calculation in order to complete the FIT. Control subjects did not receive any home visits. Cognitive function was evaluated by MMSE. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the effects of the FIT adjusting for baseline MMSE scores, age, and sex.

Results

Fifty‐three subjects were excluded because of withdrawal, hospitalization, death, relocation, or missing data of MMSE; 199 subjects (60 men, 139 women; age 78.6 ± 7.4 years) were analyzed. The baseline MMSE scores did not differ between the intervention and control groups (24.2 ± 4.3 vs. 24.1 ± 4.7, p = 0.90). After the study period, the change in the MMSE score was significantly better in the intervention group than in the control group (0.8 ± 0.3 vs. −0.1 ± 0.2, p = 0.04). Stratified analyses showed that the intervention strategy was most effective in subjects with mild cognitive decline, with baseline MMSE scores from 18 to 23 points (1.9 ± 0.5 vs. −0.1 ± 2.8, p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Our FIT home‐visit program improved MMSE scores in older participants with mild cognitive decline. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug-Induced liver injury with hypersensitivity features has a better outcome: A single-center experience of 39 children and adolescents
Authors: Devarbhavi Harshad , Karanth Dheeraj , KS Prasanna , CK Adarsh , Patil Mallikarjun
Published: July 2011

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is rare in children and adolescents, and, consequently, data are remarkably limited. We analyzed the causes, clinical and biochemical features, natural history, and outcomes of children with DILI. Consecutive children with DILI from 1997 to 2004 (retrospective) and 2005 to 2010 (prospective) were studied based on standard criteria for DILI. Thirty-nine children constituted 8.7% of 450 cases of DILI. There were 22 boys and 17 girls. Median age was 16 years (range, 2.6-17). Combination antituberculous drugs were the most common cause (n = 22), followed by the anticonvulsants, phenytoin (n = 10) and carbamazepine (n = 6). All of the 16 children (41%) who developed hypersensitivity features, such as skin rashes, fever, lymphadenopathy, and/or eosinophilia, including the 3 with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, survived. Those with hypersensitivity presented earlier (24.5 versus 35 days;

P

= 0.24) had less severe disease (MELD, 16 versus 29;

P

= 0.01) and had no mortality (0/16 versus 12/23;

P

< 0.001), compared to those without hypersensitivity. The 12 fatalities were largely the result of antituberculous DILI (n = 11). The presence of encephalopathy and ascites were associated with mortality, along with hyperbilirubinemia, high international normalized ratio, and serum creatinine. According to the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method, 18 were highly probable, 14 probable, and 7 possible. Thirty-two children were hospitalized.

Conclusion:

DILI is not uncommon in children and accounts for 8.7% of all patients with DILI. Antituberculous drugs and anticonvulsants are the leading causes of DILI in India. Overall mortality is high (30.7%), largely accounted by antituberculous drugs. Children with DILI and hypersensitivity features present early, have less severe disease, and, consequently, a better prognosis, compared to those without, and are often associated with anticonvulsants or sulfonamides. (Hepatology 2011;)
Langerhans cell histiocytosis with central nervous system involvement—complete response to 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine after failure of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies with sorafenib and imatinib
Authors: Baumann Michael , Cerny Thomas , Sommacal Andreas , Koeberle Dieter
Published: July 2011

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is rare in adults, and only a subset of these patients suffers from central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Hence, evidence‐based treatment recommendations are lacking. A case of a 20‐year‐old student with multisystem LCH and extensive CNS involvement is described, who showed a durable response to 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine after prior therapies with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib and imatinib. In accordance to the experiences provided by other case series, which are reviewed herein, 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine can be considered an effective and safe option for adult LCH with CNS involvement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line calculation models of temperature and thermal stresses in a 2‐D axis‐symmetric object during heat treating
Authors: Zhang Heng Liang , Zhang Z. J.
Published: July 2011

This paper presents the analytical calculation models of temperature and thermal stresses in a 2‐D axis‐symmetric object during heat treating. Complicated geometries can be taken into account using Green's function method. The models can deal with some nonlinear factors such as temperature‐dependent properties using perturbation method. One case has been given to compare the results calculated by the models deduced with those calculated by FEM (finite element method). It is shown that the models presented in this work have satisfactory accuracy. Another case shows an application of a water quenching process. Combining the presented mathematical models, real‐time controls of quenching and controlled cooling can be accomplished with greatly improved accuracy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20359
Including impacts of particulate emissions on marine ecosystems in life cycle assessment: The case of offshore oil and gas production
Authors: Veltman Karin , Huijbregts Mark AJ , Rye Henrik , Hertwich Edgar G.
Published: July 2011

Life cycle assessment is increasingly used to assess the environmental performance of fossil energy systems. Two of the dominant emissions of offshore oil and gas production to the marine environment are the discharge of produced water and drilling waste. Although environmental impacts of produced water are predominantly due to chemical stressors, a major concern regarding drilling waste discharge is the potential physical impact due to particles. At present, impact indicators for particulate emissions are not yet available in life cycle assessment. Here, we develop characterization factors for 2 distinct impacts of particulate emissions: an increased turbidity zone in the water column and physical burial of benthic communities. The characterization factor for turbidity is developed analogous to characterization factors for toxic impacts, and ranges from 1.4 PAF (potentially affected fraction) ·m3/d/kgp (kilogram particulate) for drilling mud particles discharged from the rig. The characterization factor for burial describes the volume of sediment that is impacted by particle deposition on the seafloor and equals 2.0 × 10−1 PAF· m3/d/kgp for cutting particles. This characterization factor is quantified on the basis of initial deposition layer characteristics, such as height and surface area, the initial benthic response, and the recovery rate. We assessed the relevance of including particulate emissions in an impact assessment of offshore oil and gas production. Accordingly, the total impact on the water column and on the sediment was quantified based on emission data of produced water and drilling waste for all oil and gas fields on the Norwegian continental shelf in 2008. Our results show that cutting particles contribute substantially to the total impact of offshore oil and gas production on marine sediments, with a relative contribution of 55% and 31% on the regional and global scale, respectively. In contrast, the contribution of particulate emissions to the total impact on the marine water column is of minor importance. We conclude that particles are an important stressor in marine ecosystems, particularly for marine sediment, and particulate emissions should therefore be included in a (life cycle) impact assessment of offshore oil and gas production. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:678–686. © 2011 SETAC
Antitumor activity of HM781‐36B, a highly effective pan‐HER inhibitor in erlotinib‐resistant NSCLC and other EGFR‐dependent cancer models
Authors: Cha Mi Young , Lee Kwang‐Ok , Kim Mira , Song Ji Yeon , Lee Kyu Hang , Park Jongmin , Chae Yun Jung , Kim Young Hoon , Suh Kwee Hyun , Lee Gwan Sun , Park Seung Bum , Kim Maeng Sup
Published: July 2011

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases has been implicated in a variety of cancers. In particular, activating mutations such as the L858R point mutation in exon 21 and the small in‐frame deletions in exon 19 of the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain are correlated with sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Clinical treatment of patients is limited by the development of drug resistance resulting mainly from a gatekeeper mutation (T790M). In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of a novel, irreversible pan‐HER inhibitor, HM781‐36B. The results from this study show that HM781‐36B is a potent inhibitor of EGFR in vitro, including the EGFR‐acquired resistance mutation (T790M), as well as HER‐2 and HER‐4, compared with other EGFR tyrosine kinases inhibitors (erlotinib, lapatinib and BIBW2992). HM781‐36B treatment of EGFR DelE746_A750‐harboring erlotinib‐sensitive HCC827 and EGFR L858R/T790M‐harboring erlotinib‐resistant NCI‐H1975 NSCLC cells results in the inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation and the subsequent deactivation of downstream signaling proteins. Additionally, HM781‐36B shows an excellent efficacy in a variety of EGFR‐ and HER‐2‐dependent tumor xenograft models, including erlotinib‐sensitive HCC827 NSCLC cells, erlotinib‐resistant NCI‐H1975 NSCLC cells, HER‐2 overexpressing Calu‐3 NSCLC cells, NCI‐N87 gastric cancer cells, SK‐Ov3 ovarian cancer cells and EGFR‐overexpressing A431 epidermoid carcinoma cancer cells. On the basis of these preclinical results, HM781‐36B is the most potent pan‐HER inhibitor, which will be advantageous for the treatment of patients with NSCLC including clinical limitation caused by acquired mutation (EGFR T790M), breast cancer and gastric cancer.
Controlled Immobilization of Polysaccharide Derivatives for Efficient Chiral Separation
Authors: Okamoto Yoshio , Ikai Tomoyuki , Shen Jun
Published: July 2011

Polysaccharide‐based chiral packing materials (CPMs) for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been widely used to determine the enantiomeric excess of a wide range of chiral compounds and also to resolve them on an industrial scale. These CPMs have conventionally been prepared by physically coating a chromatographic support with the polysaccharide derivatives. However, solvents that swell or dissolve the polysaccharide derivatives cannot be used as an eluent component because the column performance will be drastically decreased. This restriction on eluent selection is sometimes a serious issue for efficient analytical and preparative enantioseparations. In order to enhance the diversity of the eluent selection, immobilized CPMs, in which the polysaccharide derivatives are immobilized onto chromatographic supports, have been developed since 1987. This review summarizes the various immobilization methods of the polysaccharide derivatives mainly onto silica gel as a chromatographic support.
Testing distributional assumptions: A GMM aproach
Authors: Bontemps Christian , Meddahi Nour
Published: July 2011

We consider testing distributional assumptions by using moment conditions. A general class of moment conditions satisfied under the null hypothesis is derived and connected to existing moment‐based tests. The approach is simple and easy to implement, yet reasonably powerful. In addition, we provide moment tests that are robust against parameter estimation error uncertainty in the general case which includes the case of serial correlation. In particular, we consider the location‐scale model for which we derive robust moment tests, regardless of the forms of the conditional mean and variance. We study in detail the Student and inverse Gaussian distributions. Simulation experiments are conducted to assess the finite sample properties of the tests. We provide two empirical examples on foreign exchange rates by testing the Student distributional assumption of T‐GARCH daily returns and on daily realized variance by testing the inverse Gaussian distributional assumption. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced chronic hypoxia negates the pro‐angiogenic effect of surface immobilized heparin in a polyurethane porous scaffold
Authors: Schmidt Christian , Bezuidenhout Deon , Higham Lawrence , Zilla Peter , Davies Neil H.
Published: July 2011

Porous scaffolds are frequently utilized in tissue regeneration. We have developed a polyurethane (PU) scaffold with a freely interconnecting porosity that can be modified with a covalently linked heparinized surface. The ability of this surface functionality to stimulate vessel and cellular growth into the PU scaffold has been evaluated by subcutaneous implantation of discs in the rat under normoxia and chronic hypoxia (hypobaric chamber) for 10 days. The heparinized surface alone was able to significantly increase vascularization and cellularization under normoxia (p < 0.05), but this response was negated by hypoxia. Addition of vascular endothelial growth factor to heparinized discs resulted in increased vascularity and cellularization under both conditions (p < 0.05). This suggests that endogenous growth factor production was limiting under chronic hypoxia but that an angiogenic response could still occur with exogenous delivery of factors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Photochemical cross‐linking of plastically compressed collagen gel produces an optimal scaffold for corneal tissue engineering
Authors: Mi Shengli , Khutoryanskiy Vitaliy V. , Jones Roanne Razalia , Zhu Xiuping , Hamley Ian William , Connon Che John
Published: July 2011

The experiments were designed to use photochemically cross‐linked plastically compressed collagen (PCPCC) gel to support corneal epithelial cells. A plastically compressed collagen (PCC) scaffold was photo cross‐linked by UVA in the presence of riboflavin to form a biomaterial with optimal mechanical properties. The breaking force, rheology, surgical suture strength, transparency, ultrastructure, and cell‐based biocompatibility were compared between PCPCC and PCC gels. The breaking force increased proportionally with an increased concentration of riboflavin. The stress required to reach breaking point of the PCPCC scaffolds was over two times higher compared to the stress necessary to break PCC scaffolds in the presence of 0.1% riboflavin. Rheology results indicated that the structural properties of PCC remain unaltered after UVA cross‐linking. The PCC gels were more easily broken than PCPCC gels when sutured on to bovine corneas. The optical density values of PCPCC and PCC showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). SEM analyses showed that the collagen fibres within the PCPCC gels were similar in morphology to PCC gels. No difference in cell‐based biocompatibility was seen between the PCPCC and PCC scaffolds in terms of their ability to support the ex vivo expansion of corneal epithelial cells or their subsequent differentiation evidenced by similar levels of cytokeratin 14. In conclusion, PCPCC scaffold is an optimal biomaterial for use in therapeutic tissue engineering of the cornea. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 99A: 1–8, 2011.
Hybrid coaxial electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds with limited immunological response created for tissue engineering
Authors: Gluck Jessica M. , Rahgozar Paymon , Ingle Nilesh P. , Rofail Fironia , Petrosian Asdghig , Cline Michael G. , Jordan Maria C. , Roos Kenneth P. , MacLellan William Robb , Shemin Richard J. , Heydarkhan‐Hagvall Sepideh
Published: July 2011

Electrospinning using synthetic and natural polymers is a promising technique for the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Numerous synthetic polymers are available to maximize durability and mechanical properties (polyurethane) versus degradability and cell adhesion (polycaprolactone). In this study, we explored the feasibility of creating scaffolds made of bicomponent nanofibers from both polymers using a coaxial electrospinning system. We used a core of poly(urethane) and a sheath of a mixture of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and gelatin, all dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluror‐2‐propanol. These nanofibrous scaffolds were then evaluated to confirm their core–sheath nature and characterize their morphology and mechanical properties under static and dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the antigenicity of the scaffolds was studied to confirm that there is no significant foreign body response to the scaffold itself that would preclude its use in vivo. The results show the advantages of combining both natural and synethic polymers to create a coaxial scaffold capable of withstanding dynamic culture conditions and encourage cellular migration to the interior of the scaffold for tissue‐engineering applications. Also, the results show that there is no significant immunoreactivity in vivo to the components of the scaffolds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.