bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Spark Plasma Length on Flame Kernel Development under Flow Condition
Authors: Zhu Hua , Tan Qingyuan , Yu Xiao , Yang Zhenyi , Liang Li , Zheng Ming , Reader Graham , Qian Jin
Published: April 2020

Advanced ignition systems with enhanced discharge current have been extensively investigated in research, since they are highly regarded as having the potential to overcome challenges that arise when spark-ignition engines are running under lean or EGR diluted conditions. Local flow field is also of particular importance to improve the ignitability of the air-fuel mixture in SI engines as the spark plasma channel can be stretched by the flow across the spark gap, leading to longer plasma length, thus more thermal spark energy distributed to the air-fuel mixture in the vicinity of the spark plug. Research results have shown that a constantly high discharge current is effective to maintain a stable spark plasma channel with less restrikes and longer plasma holding period. However, with the further increase in discharge current, plasma channel becomes thicker, and the stretched plasma length becomes shorter under a constant flow speed, which may suppress the advantages of the enhanced discharge current.

In this work, the interaction between discharge current level and plasma length under flow conditions is investigated. Whether a thick but shorter plasma channel or a thin but stretched farther plasma channel is more effective for the flame kernel formation is discussed to provide an insight into the influence of the plasma length on flame initiation. An optical combustion chamber platform along with a cross-flow generation system was used to study the plasma channel behavior; an in-house developed spark energy management module was employed to boost the discharge current level up to 3 A; in order to decouple the effect of discharge duration on flame initiation, the total discharge process was controlled within 0.8 ms.
A Multi-Resonant Speed Piezoelectric Beam Device for Harvesting Energy from Vehicle Wheels
Authors: Cooley Christopher
Published: April 2020

This work analyzes a cantilevered piezoelectric beam device for harvesting energy from the simultaneous rotation and translational vibration of vehicle wheels. The device attaches to the wheel rim so that it displaces tangentially during operation. A lumped-parameter analytical model for the coupled electromechanical system is derived. The device has one natural frequency that is speed-dependent because of centripetal acceleration affecting the total stiffness of the device. Even though the device has one natural frequency, it experiences three resonances as the rotation speed varies. One resonance occurs when the rotation speed coincides with the speed-dependent natural frequency of the device. The other two resonances are associated with excitations from the vibration of the vehicle wheel. The device’s parameters are chosen so that these three resonances occur when the wheel travels near 30 mph, 55 mph, and 70 mph. There are two excitation frequencies that give these resonant speeds, and both choices differ from the conventional selection of the device’s natural frequency to match the excitation frequency. Instead, the device’s natural frequency must be either above or below the natural frequency for these resonances to occur at the intended speeds. The maximum energy harvested by the device is more than 45 milliwatts at each resonance. The speed bandwidths are quantified near each resonance, and, even though the resonances are linear, bandwidths of a few mph demonstrate the robustness of the device to changing vehicle speeds. The sensitivity of the power harvested by the device to the input vibration frequency and equivalent resistance of the electrical load is numerically examined. The power harvested by this device is sufficiently large to permit sensing and communication for next generation intelligent tire applications.
Visualization Study of the Relationship between the Orientation of Tube and the Flow Regimes Near the Expansion Valve
Authors: Zhang Yingyue , Elbel Stefan
Published: April 2020

Several types of noise exist in automobiles. The flow-induced noise in the expansion device can be very disturbing since the expansion device is located near the occupants. In many studies, the flow-induced noise is found to be mitigated when the orientation of the tube is changed. However, no study explores the reason why flow-induced noise changes when the orientation of the tube is changed. The flow-induced noise varies along with the flow regimes near the expansion devices. In this paper, an experimental based research is used to study how the tube orientation changes the flow regimes under the same operating conditions. A pumped R134a system with transparent tubes (1/4-inch ID) is used to visualize the flow regimes near the manual expansion valve. The transparent tube is a continuous connection of horizontal tubes, 45° inclined tubes, and vertical tubes. It is interesting to find that the flow regimes can be very different at the same mass flux, the same quality, and the same pressure when the tube orientation is changed. When the horizontal flow is stratified-wavy flow, the downward vertical flow will either be annular flow or wavy, which depends on the mass flow rate in the system. The upward vertical flow will either be churn flow or plug flow. The 45° inclined downward flow can be wavy flow, while the 45° inclined upward flow can be either intermittent flow or wavy flow. The noise variation for different tubes with the same conditions is also explored in this paper. The results show that the flow regimes, the mass flux, and the vapor mass fraction jointly affect the level of annoyance of flow-induced noise. The vapor mass fraction influences the loudness of the noise, while the flow regimes influence the sharpness of the noise. The higher mass flux makes the flow more turbulent and therefore increases the total annoyance of noise. In the paper, the vertical upward tube installation is found to be the best.
NVH Full Vehicle Development - Virtual Simulation Process for Low Frequency Structure-Borne Regions
Authors: J Prajith , Sagade Vinayak
Published: April 2020

NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) is a key attribute in Vehicle development. Refined vehicle enhances customer’s perception and also the brand image. Most of the OEMS have well-articulated NVH Development process which is a part of the Product development Cycle (PDC). The need for such process is essential to identify the inherent weakness or threats at earlier stage. And so the mitigation process need not warrant deviation or protection of resources, which would be a bottleneck at later stage. NVH is complex phenomena which deals with structure borne and airborne sources. So a NVH compliant vehicle is the product of resources which includes the skilled manpower, process and computational infrastructure. The stress for NVH front loading has gained traction in Global OEMS, to deliver “First Time Right“ NVH products. Full Vehicle NVH (VNVH) simulation is one of the complex virtual methods, done to understand and mitigate the inherent weakness of the systems and integration. Evaluations are based on load cases which are designed to simulate RWUP (Real World Usage Profiles). This paper explains systematic - “Sub System to System” approach along with the application of Virtual methods on different phases of the low frequency NVH development of vehicle to reduce structure-borne NVH and deliver best in class product. The system and its performance discussed in various section are representative in nature due to confidentiality. Therefore the focus would be on understanding the trend of system performance and studies to enhance it.
Road Noise Evaluation by Sound Quality Simulation Module
Authors: Gu Perry , Mao Jie , Chen Zhidong , Ding Zhi , Cheng Lei , Zhu Zhenying , Peng Hong
Published: April 2020

An objective evaluation of sound quality is a technical bridge connecting sound pressure level (SPL) and human auditory sensation. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for calculating objective evaluation parameters of sound quality (including loudness, sharpness and articulation index), considering acoustic characteristics of human external ear, middle ear and inner ear to reflect auditory sensation. A sound quality simulation (SQS) module is coded according to the algorithm. The module is used for evaluating sound quality of road noise from an SUV in three steps. Firstly, interior noise is predicted by integrating finite-element method (FEM), hybrid FE-SEA method, and statistical energy analysis (SEA) for low frequency (20~315 Hz), medium frequency (315~500 Hz), and high frequency (>500 Hz) in 1/3 octave band, respectively. The predicted interior noise SPLs are compared with the measured results, with deviations less than 3dB in average. Secondly, the sound quality parameters are calculated using the predicted SPLs in the SQS module. The predicted and measured loudness, sharpness, and articulation index are compared, with average deviations less than 5%. Finally, the predicted interior noise is filtered by the SQS module in 1/3 octave band, to determine the dominant contribution bands for the sound quality parameters. Several optimized designs are implemented to optimize the sound quality parameters, and validated by experiments.
Security Analysis of Android Automotive
Authors: Pese Mert , Shin Kang , Bruner Josiah , Chu Amy
Published: April 2020

In-vehicle infotainment (IVI) platforms are getting increasingly connected. Besides OEM apps and services, the next generation of IVI platforms are expected to offer integration of third-party apps. Under this anticipated business model, vehicular sensor and event data can be collected and shared with selected third-party apps. To accommodate this trend, Google has been pushing towards standardization among proprietary IVI operating systems with their Android Automotive platform which runs natively on the vehicle’s IVI platform. Unlike Android Auto’s limited functionality of display-projecting certain smartphone apps to the IVI screen, Android Automotive will have access to the in-vehicle network (IVN), and will be able to read and share various vehicular sensor data with third-party apps. This increased connectivity opens new business opportunities for both the car manufacturer as well as third-party businesses, but also introduces a new attack surface on the vehicle. Therefore, Android Automotive must have a secure system architecture to prevent any potential attacks that might compromise the security and privacy of the vehicle and the driver. In particular, malicious third-party entities could remotely compromise a vehicle’s functionalities and impact the vehicle safety, causing financial and operational damage to the vehicle, as well as compromise the driver’s privacy and safety.

This paper presents an Android Automotive system architecture and provides guidelines for conducting a high-level security analysis. It also describes what countermeasures have already been taken by Google to prevent potential attacks, and discusses what still needs to be done in order to offer a secure and privacy-preserving Android experience for next-generation IVI platforms.
Investigation into Low-Temperature Urea-Water Solution Decomposition by Addition of Titanium-Based Isocyanic Acid Hydrolysis Catalyst and Surfactant
Authors: Hartley Ryan , Tonzetich Zachary , Wright Nolan , Henry Cary
Published: April 2020

Mitigation of urea deposit formation and improved ammonia production at low exhaust temperatures continues to be one of the most significant challenges for current generation selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment systems. Various technologies have been devised to alleviate these issues including: use of alternative reductant sources, and thermal treatment of the urea-water solution (UWS) pre-injection. The objective of this work was to expand the knowledge base of a potential third option, which entails chemical modification of UWS by addition of a titanium-based urea/isocyanic acid (HNCO) decomposition catalysts and/or surfactant to the fluid. Physical solid mixtures of urea with varying concentrations of ammonium titanyl oxalate (ATO), oxalic acid, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were generated, and the differences in NH3 and CO2 produced upon thermal decomposition were quantified. It was found that addition of 2.0 mol % ATO to urea increased CO2 production by 821 % and NH3 production by 96 % at temperatures ≤ 215 °C, indicating significantly enhanced hydrolysis of HNCO. Conversely, it was demonstrated that addition of oxalic acid or TiO2 to urea exhibited little effect on NH3 and CO2 production, indicating both the importance of titanium in the mixture and adequate catalyst-substrate contact. Previous work by the authors demonstrated that addition of ATO to UWS did indeed result in decreased deposit formation in the exhaust system when compared to conventional UWS, and the extent of deposit reduction could be further enhanced by addition of surfactant to the solution. In this work, six distinct surfactants were added to UWS both with and without ATO, and the effect on deposit formation was quantified. In all cases, addition of both surfactant and ATO resulted in superior deposit mitigation when compared to UWS treated with ATO or surfactant individually. Finally, various ammonium peroxo-hydroxo titanium coordination complexes were synthesized and evaluated for catalytic urea decomposition using TGA-FTIR and compared against the observed activity of ATO.
Chip and Board Level Digital Forensics of Cummins Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorders
Authors: Daily Jeremy , DiSogra Matthew , Van Duy
Published: April 2020

Crashes involving Cummins powered heavy vehicles can damage the electronic control module (ECM) containing heavy vehicle event data recorder (HVEDR) records. When ECMs are broken and data cannot be extracted using vehicle diagnostics tools, more invasive and low-level techniques are needed to forensically preserve and decode HVEDR data. A technique for extracting non-volatile memory contents using non-destructive board level techniques through the available in-circuit debugging port is presented. Additional chip level data extraction techniques can also provide access to the HVEDR data. Once the data is obtained and preserved in a forensically sound manner, the binary record is decoded to reveal typical HVDER data like engine speed, vehicle speed, accelerator pedal position, and other status data. The memory contents from the ECM can be written to a surrogate and decoded with traditional maintenance and diagnostic software. The research also shows the diagnostic trouble codes from the ECM are preserved. In other words, the digital forensic technique of extracting memory contents through the in-circuit debugging port does not introduce any new fault codes. Cryptographic hashing of the forensic binary data provides a mechanism to verify the original digital forensic record. Finally, the decoding for the HVEDR binary record is presented so investigators can decode the forensic record without the need for a surrogate ECM. The techniques in this paper provide a new method for extracting data from heavy vehicle ECMs.
A Preliminary Study on the Restraint System of Self-Driving Car
Authors: Jiang Binhui , Ren Hongze , Zhu Feng , Chou Clifford , Bai Zhonghao
Published: April 2020

Due to the variation of compartment design and occupant’s posture in self-driving cars, there is a new and major challenge for occupant protection. In particular, the studies on occupant restraint systems used in the self-driving car have been significantly delayed compared to the development of the autonomous technologies. In this paper, a numerical study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of three typical restraint systems on the driver protection in three different scenarios. It is found that based on the simulation results: (1) All the restraint systems are capable of providing effective protection for the driving driver and the 4-point belt restraint system has advantages due to its better protective effect on the occupant thorax; (2) When the driver is in half-reclining and reclining resting modes, head HIC36, neck Nij and chest compression are about 572.9-1524.3, 0.64-1.47, and 14.7-48.3 mm, respectively; These values are higher than those of a driving driver by 0.2%-198.3% for HIC36, 113.3%-359.4% for neck Nij, and -59.6%-79.8% for chest compression, respectively. (3) There is an evident “submarining” of dummy in the half-reclining and reclining resting modes. This study shows that the mainstream restraint system cannot meet the safety requirements for occupants with multi-postures in the self-driving cars. Smart restraint systems which can be actively adjusted for protecting occupants sitting in different postures are deemed to be necessary in case of unavoidable crashes.
Virtual Switches and Indicators in Automotive Displays
Authors: Rush Scott
Published: April 2020

This paper presents recent advances in automotive microprocessor, operating system, and supporting software technology that supports regulatory and/or functional safety graphics within vehicle cockpit displays. These graphics include “virtual switches” that replace physical switches in the vehicle, as well as “virtual indicators” that replace physical indicator lights. We discuss the functional safety design process and impacts to software and hardware architecture as well as the software design methods to implement End-To-End [E2E] network protection between different ECUs and software processes. We also describe hardware monitoring requirements within the display panel, backlighting, and touch screen and examine an example system design to illustrate the concepts.
Axle Efficiency Comparison Method and Spin Loss Benefit of Front Axle Disconnect Systems
Authors: Wei Siqin , Schumaier Timothy , Guarino William , Grzadzinski Timothy , Singh Jasbir , Torres Joe , Zhou Steven
Published: April 2020

There are a variety of test protocols associated with vehicle fuel economy and emissions testing. As a result, a number of test protocols currently exist to measure axle efficiency and spin loss. The intent of this technical paper is to describe a methodology that uses a singular axle efficiency and spin loss procedure. The data can then be used to predict the effects on vehicle FE and GHG for a specific class of vehicles via simulation. An accelerated break-in method using a comparable energy approach has been developed, and can be used to meet the break-in requirements of different vehicle emission test protocols. A “float to equilibrium” sump temperature approach has been used to produce instantaneous efficiency data, which can be used to more accurately predict vehicle FE and GHG, inclusive of Cold CO2. The “Float to Equilibrium” approach and “Fixed Sump Temperature” approach has been compared and discussed. Independent Front Suspension (IFS) axles were used for this project as an enabler to determine the spin loss benefits of Front Axle Disconnect (FAD) systems. The test protocol has been validated with axles of different sizes and designs.
Veerkracht en werkhulpbronnen ter versterking van de duurzame inzetbaarheid van werknemers
Authors: Koopmans Linda , Niks Irene , de Vroome Ernest
Published: April 2020

Duurzame inzetbaarheid houdt in dat werkenden nu en in de toekomst kunnen en willen blijven werken. In een continu veranderende en veeleisende werkcontext lijkt het beschikken over veerkracht een belangrijke voorwaarde voor duurzame inzetbaarheid. De vraag is of dit daadwerkelijk zo
is, en zo ja, hoe veerkracht vanuit de werkomgeving kan worden versterkt. In dit artikel onderzoeken we de samenhang tussen veerkracht, indicatoren van duurzame inzetbaarheid en werkhulpbronnen binnen een diverse groep werknemers over één jaar tijd. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat
Nederlandse werknemers over het algemeen veerkrachtig zijn, maar dat er verschillen zijn tussen subgroepen in de mate waarin men zich veerkrachtig voelt. Gevonden werd dat veerkracht een determinant is van duurzame inzetbaarheid een jaar later. Daarnaast blijkt er een positief wederkerig verband
te bestaan tussen autonomie in het werk en veerkracht: autonomie hangt positief samen met veerkracht een jaar later, en andersom. Ten slotte blijkt veerkracht een determinant van de mate van coachend leiderschap die een werknemer een jaar later ervaart. Deze resultaten bieden praktische aanknopingspunten
voor de HR-praktijk om de veerkracht en daarmee de duurzame inzetbaarheid van werknemers te versterken.Sustainable employability means that employees are able and willing to work productively both now and in the future. Employee resilience appears to be an important condition for sustainable employability in a continually changing and increasingly demanding work environment. In this article, we examine whether this holds in practice, and whether and how employee resilience can be strengthened. The relations between resilience, sustainable employability, and job resources of a heterogenous group of employees are examined over a period of one year. The results show that employee resilience is a determinant of sustainable employability one year later. Also, a positive reciprocal relationship is found between autonomy at work and employee resilience: autonomy is positively related to resilience one year later, and vice versa. Finally, employee resilience appeared to be a determinant of the level of coaching leadership experienced by employees one year later. Practical implications for HR-practice are discussed, that may help to strengthen the resilience and thereby increase the sustainable employability of employees.
Repliek en dupliek op 'De grondslag van HRM'
Authors: Peters Pascale , Looise Jan Kees , Kluijtmans Jeroen , Kluijtmans Frits
Published: April 2020

In deze replieken en dupliek reageren vier experts uit het vakgebied op het recent geplaatste artikel van De Lange, van der Heijden & Prins. Na de replieken, reageren de auteurs van dat artikel in een dupliek op de replieken.
Leveraging spatial textures, through machine learning, to identify aerosol and distinct cloud types from multispectral observations
Authors: Marais Willem J. , Holz Robert E. , Reid Jeffrey S. , Willett Rebecca M.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Current cloud and aerosol identification methods for multi-spectral radiometers, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), employ multi-channel spectral tests on individual pixels (i.e. field of views). The use of the spatial information in cloud and aerosol algorithms has been primarily statistical parameters such as non-uniformity tests of surrounding pixels with cloud classification provided by the multi-spectral microphysical retrievals such as phase and cloud top height. With these methodologies there is uncertainty in identifying optically thick aerosols, since aerosols and clouds have similar spectral properties in coarse spectral-resolution measurements. Furthermore, identifying clouds regimes (e.g. stratiform, cumuliform) from just spectral measurements is difficult, since low-altitude cloud regimes have similar spectral properties. Recent advances in computer vision using deep neural networks provide a new opportunity to better leverage the coherent spatial information in multi-spectral imagery. Using a combination of machine learning techniques combined with a new methodology to create the necessary training data we demonstrate improvements in the discrimination between cloud and severe aerosols and an expanded capability to classify cloud types. The training labeled dataset was created from an adapted NASA Worldview platform that provides an efficient user interface to assemble a human labeled database of cloud and aerosol types. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) labeling accuracy of aerosols and cloud types was quantified using independent Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and MODIS cloud and aerosol products. By harnessing CNNs with a unique labeled dataset, we demonstrate the improvement of the identification of aerosol and distinct cloud types from MODIS and VIIRS images compared to a per-pixel spectral and standard deviation thresholding method. The paper concludes with case studies that compare the CNN methodology results with the MODIS cloud and aerosol products.
Vivianite formation in ferruginous sediments from Lake Towuti, Indonesia
Authors: Vuillemin Aurèle , Friese André , Wirth Richard , Schuessler Jan A. , Schleicher Anja M. , Kemnitz Helga , Lücke Andreas , Bauer Kohen W. , Nomosatryo Sulung , von Blanckenburg Friedhelm , Simister Rachel , Ordoñez Luis G. , Ariztegui Daniel , Henny Cynthia , Russell James M. , Bijaksana Satria , Vogel Hendrik , Crowe Sean A. , Kallmeyer Jens ,   the Towuti Drilling Project
Science team
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Ferruginous lacustrine systems, such as Lake Towuti,
Indonesia, are characterized by a specific type of phosphorus cycling in
which hydrous ferric iron (oxyhydr)oxides trap and precipitate phosphorus to
the sediment, which reduces its bioavailability in the water column and
thereby restricts primary production. The oceans were also ferruginous
during the Archean, thus understanding the dynamics of phosphorus in
modern-day ferruginous analogues may shed light on the marine biogeochemical
cycling that dominated much of Earth's history. Here we report the presence
of large crystals (>5 mm) and nodules (>5 cm) of
vivianite – a ferrous iron phosphate – in sediment cores from Lake Towuti
and address the processes of vivianite formation, phosphorus retention by
iron and the related mineral transformations during early diagenesis in
ferruginous sediments. Core scan imaging, together with analyses of bulk sediment and pore water
geochemistry, document a 30 m long interval consisting of sideritic and
non-sideritic clayey beds and diatomaceous oozes containing vivianites.
High-resolution imaging of vivianite revealed continuous growth of crystals
from tabular to rosette habits that eventually form large (up to 7 cm)
vivianite nodules in the sediment. Mineral inclusions like millerite and
siderite reflect diagenetic mineral formation antecedent to the one of
vivianite that is related to microbial reduction of iron and sulfate.
Together with the pore water profiles, these data suggest that the
precipitation of millerite, siderite and vivianite in soft ferruginous
sediments stems from the progressive consumption of dissolved terminal
electron acceptors and the typical evolution of pore water geochemistry
during diagenesis. Based on solute concentrations and modeled mineral
saturation indices, we inferred vivianite formation to initiate around 20 m
depth in the sediment. Negative δ56Fe values of vivianite
indicated incorporation of kinetically fractionated light Fe2+ into the
crystals, likely derived from active reduction and dissolution of ferric
oxides and transient ferrous phases during early diagenesis. The size and
growth history of the nodules indicate that, after formation, continued
growth of vivianite crystals constitutes a sink for P during burial,
resulting in long-term P sequestration in ferruginous sediment.
Characterization of particle-associated and free-living bacterial and archaeal communities along the water columns of the South China Sea
Authors: Li Jiangtao , Gu Lingyuan , Bai Shijie , Wang Jie , Su Lei , Wei Bingbing , Zhang Li , Fang Jiasong
Published: April 2020

Abstract. There is a growing recognition of the role of particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) microorganisms in marine carbon cycle. However, current understanding of PA and FL microbial communities is largely on those in the upper photic zone, and relatively fewer studies have focused on microbial communities of the deep ocean. Moreover, archaeal populations receive even less attention. In this study, we determined bacterial and archaeal community structures of both the PA and FL assemblages at different depths, from the surface to the bathypelagic zone along two water column profiles in the South China Sea. Our results suggest that environmental parameters including depth, seawater age, salinity, POC, DOC, DO and silicate play a role in structuring these microbial communities. Generally, the PA microbial communities have relatively low abundance and diversity compared with the FL microbial communities at most depths. Further microbial community analysis revealed that PA and FL fractions generally accommodate significantly divergent microbial compositions at each depth. The PA bacterial communities mainly comprise members of Actinobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria, together with some from Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes and δ-Proteobacteria, while the FL bacterial lineages are mostly distributed within α-, γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, along with certain members from β-, δ-Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes and Firmicutes. Moreover, there is an obvious shifting in the dominant PA and FL bacterial compositions along the depth profiles from the surface to the bathypelagic deep. By contrast, both PA and FL archaeal communities dominantly consist of Marine Group II (MGII) and Marine Group I (MGI), together with variable minor Marine Group III (MGIII), Methanosarcinales, Marine Benthic Group A (MBG-A) and Woesearchaeota. However, the pronounced distinction of archaeal community compositions between PA and FL fractions are observed at finer taxonomic level. A high proportion overlap of microbial compositions between PA and FL fractions implies that most microorganisms are potentially generalists with PA and FL dual lifestyle for versatile metabolic flexibility. In addition, microbial distribution along the depth profile indicates a potential vertical connectivity between the surface-specific microbial lineages and those in the deep ocean, likely through microbial attachment to sinking particles.
Using near-surface atmospheric measurements as a proxy for quantifying field-scale soil gas flux
Authors: Barkwith Andrew , Beaubien Stan E. , Barlow Thomas , Kirk Karen , Lister Thomas R. , Tartarello Maria C. , Taylor Helen
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We present a new method for deriving surface soil gas flux at the field scale, which is less field-work intensive than traditional chamber techniques and less expensive than those derived from airborne or space surveys. The technique uses aspects of chamber and micrometeorological methods combined with a mobile platform and GPS to rapidly derive soil gas fluxes at the field-scale. There are several assumptions in using this method, which will be most accurate under stable atmospheric conditions with little horizontal wind flow. Results show that soil gas fluxes, when averaged across a field site, are highly comparable between the method presented and traditional chamber acquisition techniques. Atmospheric dilution is found to reduce the range of flux values under the open field-scale method, when compared to chamber derived results. Under ideal atmospheric conditions it may be possible to use the presented method to derive soil gas flux at an individual point, however this requires further investigation. The new method for deriving soil-atmosphere gas exchange at the field-scale could be useful for a number of applications including quantification of CCS leakage, diffuse degassing in volcanic and geothermal areas and greenhouse-gas emissions.
Harmonization of Global Land-Use Change and Management for the Period 850–2100 (LUH2) for CMIP6
Authors: Hurtt George C. , Chini Louise , Sahajpal Ritvik , Frolking Steve , Bodirsky Benjamin L. , Calvin Katherine , Doelman Jonathan C. , Fisk Justin , Fujimori Shinichiro , Goldewijk Kees Klein , Hasegawa Tomoko , Havlik Peter , Heinimann Andreas , Humpenöder Florian , Jungclaus Johan , Kaplan Jed , Kennedy Jennifer , Kristzin Tamas , Lawrence David , Lawrence Peter , Ma Lei , Mertz Ole , Pongratz Julia , Popp Alexander , Poulter Benjamin , Riahi Keywan , Shevliakova Elena , Stehfest Elke , Thornton Peter , Tubiello Francesco N. , van Vuuren Detlef P. , Zhang Xin
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Human land-use activities have resulted in large changes to the biogeochemical and biophysical properties of the Earth surface, with consequences for climate and other ecosystem services. In the future, land-use activities are likely to expand and/or intensify further to meet growing demands for food, fiber, and energy. As part of the World Climate Research Program Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), the international community is developing the next generation of advanced Earth System Models (ESMs) to estimate the combined effects of human activities (e.g. land use and fossil fuel emissions) on the carbon-climate system. A new set of historical data based on the History of the Global Environment database (HYDE), and multiple alternative scenarios of the future (2015–2100) from Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) teams, are required as input for these models. Here we present results from the Land-use Harmonization 2 (LUH2) project, with the goal to smoothly connect updated historical reconstructions of land-use with new future projections in the format required for ESMs. The harmonization strategy estimates the fractional land-use patterns, underlying land-use transitions, key agricultural management information, and resulting secondary lands annually, while minimizing the differences between the end of the historical reconstruction and IAM initial conditions and preserving changes depicted by the IAMs in the future. The new approach builds off a similar effort from CMIP5, and is now provided at higher resolution (0.25 × 0.25 degree), over a longer time domain (850–2100, with extensions to 2300), with more detail (including multiple crop and pasture types and associated management practices), using more input datasets (including Landsat remote sensing data), updated algorithms (wood harvest and shifting cultivation), and is assessed via a new diagnostic package. The new LUH2 products contain > 50 times the information content of the datasets used in CMIP5, and are designed to enable new and improved estimates of the combined effects of land-use on the global carbon-climate system.
Using the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB) records as century-long benchmarks for land-surface models
Authors: Jeong Jina , Barichivich Jonathan , Peylin Philippe , Haverd Vanessa , McGrath Matthew J. , Vuichard Nicolas , Evans Michael N. , Babst Flurin , Luyssaert Sebastiaan
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The search for a long-term benchmark for land-surface models (LSM) has brought tree-ring data to the attention of the land-surface community as they record growth well before human-induced environmental changes became important. The most comprehensive archive of publicly shared tree-ring data is the International Tree-ring Data Bank (ITRDB). Many records in the ITRDB have, however, been collected almost exclusively with a view on maximizing an environmental target signal (e.g. climate), which has resulted in a biased representation of forested sites and landscapes and thus limits its use as a data source for benchmarking. The aim of this study is to propose advances in land-surface modelling and data processing to enable the land-surface community to re-use the ITRDB data as a much-needed century-long benchmark. Given that tree-ring width is largely explained by phenology, tree size, and climate sensitivity, LSMs that intend to use it as a benchmark should at least simulate tree phenology, size-dependent growth, differently-sized trees within a stand, and responses to changes in temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 con¬cen¬tra¬tions. Yet, even if LSMs were capable of accurately simulating tree-ring width, sampling biases in the ITRDB need to be accounted for. This study proposes two solutions: exploiting the observation that the variation due to size-related growth by far exceeds the variation due to environmental changes; and simulating a size-structured population of trees. Combining the proposed advances in modelling and data processing resulted in four complementary benchmarks - reflecting different usage of the information contained in the ITRDB - each described by two metrics rooted in statistics that quantify the performance of the benchmark. Although the proposed benchmarks are unlikely to be precise, they advance the field by providing a much-needed large-scale constraint on changes in the simulated maximum tree diameter and annual growth increment for the transition from pre-industrial to present-day environmental conditions over the past century. Hence, the proposed benchmarks open up new ways of exploring the ITRDB archive, stimulate the dendrochronological community to refine its sampling protocols to produce new and spatially unbiased tree-ring networks, and help the modelling community to move beyond the short-term benchmarking of LSM.
Surface water and groundwater: unifying conceptualization and quantification of the two “water worlds”
Authors: Berkowitz Brian , Zehe Erwin
Published: April 2020

Abstract. While both surface water and groundwater hydrological systems exhibit
structural, hydraulic, and chemical heterogeneity and signatures of
self-organization, modelling approaches between these two “water world”
communities generally remain separate and distinct. To begin to unify these
water worlds, we recognize that preferential flows, in a general sense, are
a manifestation of self-organization; they hinder perfect mixing within a
system, due to a more “energy-efficient” and hence faster throughput of
water and matter. We develop this general notion by detailing the role of
preferential flow for residence times and chemical transport, as well as for
energy conversions and energy dissipation associated with flows of water and
mass. Our principal focus is on the role of heterogeneity and preferential
flow and transport of water and chemical species. We propose, essentially,
that related conceptualizations and quantitative characterizations can be
unified in terms of a theory that connects these two water worlds in a
dynamic framework. We discuss key features of fluid flow and chemical
transport dynamics in these two systems – surface water and groundwater –
and then focus on chemical transport, merging treatment of many of these
dynamics in a proposed quantitative framework. We then discuss aspects of a
unified treatment of surface water and groundwater systems in terms of
energy and mass flows, and close with a reflection on complementary
manifestations of self-organization in spatial patterns and temporal dynamic
behaviour.
Urban pluvial flood risk assessment – data resolution and spatial scale when developing screening approaches on the microscale
Authors: Löwe Roland , Arnbjerg-Nielsen Karsten
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Urban development models typically provide simulated building areas in an aggregated form. When using such outputs to parametrize pluvial flood risk simulations in an urban setting, we need to identify ways to characterize imperviousness and flood exposure. We develop data-driven approaches for establishing this link, and we focus on the data resolutions and spatial scales that should be considered. We use regression models linking aggregated building areas to total imperviousness and models that link aggregated building areas and simulated flood areas to flood damage. The data resolutions used for training regression models are demonstrated to have a strong impact on identifiability, with too fine data resolutions preventing the identification of the link between building areas and hydrology and too coarse resolutions leading to uncertain parameter estimates. The optimal data resolution for modeling imperviousness was identified to be 400 m in our case study, while an aggregation of the data to at least 1000 m resolution is required when modeling flood damage. In addition, regression models for flood damage are more robust when considering building data with coarser resolutions of 200 m than with finer resolutions. The results suggest that aggregated building data can be used to derive realistic estimations of flood risk in screening simulations.
Flash floods versus river floods – a comparison of psychological impacts and implications for precautionary behaviour
Authors: Laudan Jonas , Zöller Gert , Thieken Annegret H.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. River floods are among the most damaging natural hazards that frequently occur in Germany. Flooding causes high economic losses and impacts many residents. In 2016, several southern German municipalities were hit by flash floods after unexpectedly severe heavy rainfall, while in 2013
widespread river flooding had occurred. This study investigates and compares the psychological impacts of river floods and flash floods and potential consequences for precautionary behaviour. Data were collected using computer-aided telephone interviews that were conducted among flood-affected households around 9 months after each damaging event. This study applies Bayesian statistics and negative binomial regressions to test the
suitability of psychological indicators to predict the precaution motivation of individuals. The results show that it is not the particular flood type but rather the severity and local impacts of the event that are crucial for the different, and potentially negative, impacts on mental health. According to the used data, however, predictions of the individual precaution motivation should not be based on the derived psychological indicators – i.e. coping appraisal, threat appraisal, burden and evasion – since their explanatory power was generally low and results are, for the most part, non-significant. Only burden reveals a significant positive relation to planned precaution regarding weak flash floods. In contrast to weak flash floods and river floods, the perceived threat of strong flash floods is significantly lower although feelings of burden and lower coping appraisals are more pronounced. Further research is needed to better include psychological assessment procedures and to focus on alternative data sources regarding floods and the connected precaution motivation of affected residents.
Multi-physics ensemble snow modelling in the western Himalaya
Authors: Pritchard David M. W. , Forsythe Nathan , O'Donnell Greg , Fowler Hayley J. , Rutter Nick
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Combining multiple data sources with multi-physics
simulation frameworks offers new potential to extend snow model
inter-comparison efforts to the Himalaya. As such, this study evaluates the
sensitivity of simulated regional snow cover and runoff dynamics to
different snowpack process representations. The evaluation is based on a
spatially distributed version of the Factorial Snowpack Model (FSM) set up
for the Astore catchment in the upper Indus basin. The FSM multi-physics
model was driven by climate fields from the High Asia Refined Analysis (HAR)
dynamical downscaling product. Ensemble performance was evaluated primarily
using MODIS remote sensing of snow-covered area, albedo and land surface
temperature. In line with previous snow model inter-comparisons, no single
FSM configuration performs best in all of the years simulated. However, the
results demonstrate that performance variation in this case is at least
partly related to inaccuracies in the sequencing of inter-annual variation
in HAR climate inputs, not just FSM model limitations. Ensemble spread is
dominated by interactions between parameterisations of albedo, snowpack
hydrology and atmospheric stability effects on turbulent heat fluxes. The
resulting ensemble structure is similar in different years, which leads to
systematic divergence in ablation and mass balance at high elevations. While
ensemble spread and errors are notably lower when viewed as anomalies, FSM
configurations show important differences in their absolute sensitivity to
climate variation. Comparison with observations suggests that a subset of
the ensemble should be retained for climate change projections, namely those
members including prognostic albedo and liquid water retention, refreezing
and drainage processes.
Colonial America Revisited
Authors: Martin Jason
Published: April 2020

Colonial America, a primary source database from Adam Matthew, features the entire archive of documents, contained in 1,450 volumes, from the agencies that oversaw the British colonies in North America and the Caribbean. The database has rich metadata that allows for powerful searching,
high resolution images, and user friendly functionality. This database is a superb addition to any research collection.
Films on Demand Master Academic Video Collection
Authors: Ismail Lizah
Published: April 2020

Streaming media has reached a ubiquitous threshold, easily accessible in a variety of platforms for the general consumer in pursuit of entertainment. Streaming media in the educational context is not far behind. Films on Demand Master Academic Collection (FODMAC), an Infobase product
(<https://www.infobase.com/>), is a popular option for many academic institutions. FODMAC’s content partners include many highly acclaimed and award- winning content producers such as PBS,
BBC, TED, Bill Moyers, ABC, NBC, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, National Geographic, HBO Documentary Films, and Films for the Humanities and Sciences and features over 1,000 subject categories from 25 core academic subject areas that range from Anthropology to Engineering, Health and
Medicine to Music and Dance, and Business and Economics to World Languages. Ease of access and convenient features such as sharing, customizable playlists and embedment in course management systems and other digital platforms make FODMAC a competitive resource as demand in educational streaming
media grows.
Social Science Premium Collection
Authors: Winward Kyle D.
Published: April 2020

Social Science Premium Collection (SSPC) is a ProQuest platform subscription database and includes six social science subject area collections. Each collection consists of a full text database and at least one abstracting and indexing (A&I) databases. SSPC currently includes more
than 25 million records, 11 million of which are full text. A substantial portion of the titles are scholarly and are international in scope. The search interface is intuitive and offers a variety of search methods helpful for the novice to expert searcher. The discipline-standard nature of
the A&I databases such as Sociological Abstracts is the largest strength of the collection.
Social Work Reference Center
Authors: Watson Renae
Published: April 2020

Social Work Reference Center is a point-of-care reference tool for social workers and mental health professionals available via annual subscription. This tool provides easy access to evidence-based care sheets, social work practices and skills, skill competency checklists, quick lessons,
patient education, and more, including CEU modules at no additional cost to the user. Credentialed social workers and relevant professionals produce and review much of the content available in Social Work Reference Center on a regular basis. Content is easy to navigate and read, barring a
few issues with searching and limiting results. Institutions supporting current or soon-to-be social work practitioners should consider subscribing.
Territorial Papers of the United States, 1764‐1953
Authors: Miller Lisa Karen
Published: April 2020

Need to track the progress of a tribal treaty? Examine correspondence between territorial officials and Washington? Research accounts of battles and troop movements? Review records of agricultural and industrial production? Examine shipping records? Explore firsthand accounts of frontier
life via letters and financial documents? Trace family histories using passenger lists? View petitions for statehood? All this and more can be done using Territorial Papers of the United States, 1764-1953. Documents come from National Archives and Records Administration and the official records
of the Departments of State and the Interior. This is an excellent source for primary documents regarding this period of history, though it should be noted these documents largely come from a white, male, governmental, non-native perspective, as might be expected for the time period. Strong
in advanced search options, it could use some improvement in the finer points (see under Searching and Critical Evaluation).