bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slow slip events following the afterslip of the 2002 Mw 7.1 Hualien offshore earthquake, Taiwan
Authors: Chen Sean Kuanhsiang , Wu Yih-Min , Chan Yu-Chang
Published: April 2022

Geodetic evidence for slow slip recurrence changed by stress perturbations was rare, especially from afterslip following a nearby large earthquake. The first observed slow slip events in the southernmost Ryukyu subduction had occurred in 2005, 2009, and 2015 following the nearby 2002 March 31 Mw 7.1 Hualien offshore earthquake. To investigate whether the Mw 7.1 earthquake had influenced the occurrence times of the slow slip, we calculated the coseismic slip distribution and afterslip distribution using the surface displacements from onshore Global Navigation Satellite System observations. The stress perturbation on the slow-slip regions caused by the coseismic slip was quantified using the Coulomb failure criteria. We also examined the aftershock distribution and the evolution with time to clarify the stress perturbations from the afterslip offshore. Our results show that the primary afterslip distribution may have overlapped the 2009 and 2015 slow-slip patch at the downdip of the earthquake. The coseismic stress perturbation may have influenced the SSEs area directly by a Coulomb stress increase of probably 0.10 MPa. However, the 2005 SSE patch in the updip depths had only a little coseismic slip and afterslip with the Coulomb stress increase of approximately 0.06 MPa. We find that most of the aftershocks had occurred in the 2009 and 2015 slow-slip region that evolved into a typical aftershock sequence at least 2.5 years after the earthquake. The surface geodetic displacements reveal that the afterslip may have lasted longer than 4.5 years after the earthquake. The evidence for the afterslip proves that the 2009 and 2015 slow-slip patch was influenced by the afterslip directly for years. We suggest that the ongoing afterslip may have modulated the coseismic stress perturbation. It may explain the delay of the 2009 slow slip occurrence compared with the recurrence interval between the 2009 and 2015 slow slip events.

Graphical Abstract
Management of granulomatous lobular mastitis: an international multidisciplinary consensus (2021 edition)
Authors: Yuan Qian-Qian , Xiao Shu-Yuan , Farouk Omar , Du Yu-Tang , Sheybani Fereshte , Tan Qing Ting , Akbulut Sami , Cetin Kenan , Alikhassi Afsaneh , Yaghan Rami Jalal , Durur-Subasi Irmak , Altintoprak Fatih , Eom Tae Ik , Alper Fatih , Hasbahceci Mustafa , Martínez-Ramos David , Oztekin Pelin Seher , Kwong Ava , Pluguez-Turull Cedric W. , Brownson Kirstyn E. , Chandanwale Shirish , Habibi Mehran , Lan Liu-Yi , Zhou Rui , Zeng Xian-Tao , Bai Jiao , Bai Jun-Wen , Chen Qiong-Rong , Chen Xing , Zha Xiao-Ming , Dai Wen-Jie , Dai Zhi-Jun , Feng Qin-Yu , Gao Qing-Jun , Gao Run-Fang , Han Bao-San , Hou Jin-Xuan , Hou Wei , Liao Hai-Ying , Luo Hong , Liu Zheng-Ren , Lu Jing-Hua , Luo Bin , Ma Xiao-Peng , Qian Jun , Qin Jian-Yong , Wei Wei , Wei Gang , Xu Li-Ying , Xue Hui-Chao , Yang Hua-Wei , Yang Wei-Ge , Zhang Chao-Jie , Zhang Fan , Zhang Guan-Xin , Zhang Shao-Kun , Zhang Shu-Qun , Zhang Ye-Qiang , Zhang Yue-Peng , Zhang Sheng-Chu , Zhao Dai-Wei , Zheng Xiang-Min , Zheng Le-Wei , Xu Gao-Ran , Zhou Wen-Bo , Wu Gao-Song
Published: April 2022

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence. Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions, etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology. The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidence-based consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.
Seismic multiple suppression based on a deep neural network method for marine data
Authors: Wang Kunxi , Hu Tianyue , Wang Shangxu , Wei Jianxin
Published: April 2022

Seismic multiples in marine seismic data can affect the identification of oil and gas reservoirs. The efficiency of traditional multiple suppression methods, such as the Radon transform, depends on the accuracy of the velocity model for primaries and multiples, and the assumption of random background noise. To attenuate multiples with background noise, a method of primary reconstruction using a deep neural network based on data augmentation training is proposed. The designed deep neural network (DNN) includes convolutional encoding and decoding processes. The convolutional encoding process uses convolutional layers and maximum pooling layers to learn the features of the primaries, multiples, and background noise in a seismic data set. The convolutional decoding process uses these features to reconstruct the primaries and suppress the multiples and background noise. Using the data augmentation training method in the training phase, the full-wavefield data and the predicted multiples are added to background noise and then rotated to constitute the augmented data sets. This allows the DNN to have a better multiple suppression effect and better robustness. A well-trained DNN can be used for primary reconstruction in the same work area directly or in other work areas with a transfer learning method. Three examples of synthetic data with two simple models and a Pluto model verify the effectiveness, efficiency, stability, and good generalization of the proposed method for primary reconstruction and multiple suppression. Another example from field data finds that the proposed method can efficiently suppress seismic multiples under complex conditions.
Uterine Sarcomas: How to Navigate an Ever-Growing List of Subtypes
Authors: Roy Molly , Musa Fernanda , Taylor Sarah E. , Huang Marilyn
Published: April 2022

Uterine sarcomas are rare mesenchymal tumors that are aggressive cancers. The rarity of these tumors, and consequently limited prospective data, has made surgical management of uterine sarcomas challenging. One major obstacle in the management of uterine sarcomas is establishing the diagnosis prior to surgery, which is crucial for appropriate intraoperative management. This paper serves to review aspects of surgical management of uterine sarcomas that remain unanswered. Distinguishing common benign myomas from rare uterine sarcomas is important for operative planning and subspecialty care because benign myomas are frequently managed with minimally invasive hysterectomy or myomectomy, whereas the mainstay of management of uterine sarcomas is hysterectomy without specimen fragmentation. Preoperative clinical presentation, serum studies, imaging, and histologic examination all have limitations in establishing a preoperative diagnosis. In addition, patients are often of reproductive age and desire fertility preservation. Although surgery remains the cornerstone for management, high-quality data guiding best practices are sparse. Morcellation should be avoided. Expert pathologic review, imaging to assess for metastatic disease, and consideration of hormone receptor testing are advisable. Recent data have further informed surgical approach and fertility preservation in early-stage disease, but controversy remains. Despite substantial advancement in the medical management of uterine sarcomas, surgical management of uterine sarcomas remain challenging. Larger studies with long-term follow-up are needed to guide fertility preservation surgery options, both local resection and ovarian preservation, further in young women. Development of novel methods to differentiate between benign and malignant uterine masses is needed.
Suboptimal Thyroid Hormone Replacement Is Associated With Worse Hospital Outcomes
Authors: Ettleson Matthew D , Bianco Antonio C , Wan Wen , Laiteerapong Neda
Published: April 2022

Context

Many patients with hypothyroidism receive suboptimal treatment that may affect hospital outcomes.

Objective

This work aimed to identify differences in hospital outcomes between patients with and without hypothyroidism.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study, using the propensity score-based fine stratification method to balance covariates, was conducted using a large, US-based, commercial claims database from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2015. Participants included patients aged 64 years and younger who had a thyrotropin (TSH) level collected before a hospital admission. Covariates included age, sex, US region, type of admission, year of admission, and comorbidities. Exposure included clinical hypothyroidism, which was divided into 4 subgroups based on prehospitalization TSH level: low (TSH < 0.40 mIU/L), normal (TSH 0.40-4.50 mIU/L), intermediate (TSH 4.51-10.00 mIU/L), and high (TSH > 10.00 mIU/L).

Main outcome measures included

length of stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality, and readmission outcomes.

Results

A total of 43 478 patients were included in the final study population, of whom 8873 had a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Those with a high prehospitalization TSH level had an LOS that was 1.2 days longer (95% CI, 1.1-1.3; P = .003), a 49% higher risk of 30-day readmission (relative risk [RR] 1.49; 95% CI, 1.20-1.85; P < .001), and a 43% higher rate of 90-day readmission (RR 1.43; 95% CI, 1.21-1.67; P < .001) compared to balanced controls. Patients with normal TSH levels exhibited decreased risk of in-hospital mortality (RR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.27-0.79; P = .004) and 90-day readmission (RR 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99; P = .02).

Conclusion

The results suggest suboptimal treatment of hypothyroidism is associated with worse hospital outcomes, including longer LOS and higher rate of readmission.
Exploiting Mouse Models to Recapitulate Clinical Tumor Dormancy and Recurrence in Breast Cancer
Authors: Gu Yu , Bui Tung , Muller William J
Published: April 2022

Breast cancer recurrence and metastasis from activated dormant tumors remain the leading causes in disease morbidity. Women with estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer that accounts for nearly 80% of all cases face a lifelong risk of relapse after initial treatment. The biology of dormant tumors and dormant cancer cells that give rise to recurrent disease and metastasis remain to be understood for us to overcome the clinical challenges that they bring. The selection and optimization of preclinical models to recapitulate dormancy and recurrence in patients is critical for studying the underlying cellular and environmental factors. Here, we provide a brief review of studies that utilize mouse models to dissect the mechanisms of dormancy and therapeutic strategies to avert recurrence. This review specifically accentuates the versatility and benefits of immunocompetent transgenic mouse models that can be manipulated to recapitulate primary dormancy, metastatic dormancy, and post-therapy dormancy.
Preference Conditions for Invertible Demand Functions
Authors: Diasakos Theodoros M. , Gerasimou Georgios
Published: April 2022

It is frequently assumed in several domains of economics that demand functions are invertible in prices. At the primitive level of preferences, however, the corresponding characterization has remained elusive. We identify necessary and sufficient conditions on a utility-maximizing consumer’s preferences for her demand function to be continuous and invertible: strict convexity, strict monotonicity, and differentiability in the sense of Rubinstein (2006). We further show that Rubinstein differentiability is equivalent to the indifference sets being smooth, which is weaker than Debreu’s (1972) notion of preference smoothness. We finally discuss implications of our analysis for demand functions that satisfy the “strict law of demand.” (JEL DO1, D11)
Tractable Model of Dynamic Many-to-Many Matching
Authors: Pęski Marcin
Published: April 2022

We develop a tractable, dynamic, and strategic model of many-to-many matching with payoff externalities across links. The joint dynamic surplus or certain second properties of individual utilities, like payoff externalities, can typically be identified. We characterize a class of interior equilibria as solutions to an optimization problem with an objective function that consists of welfare minus an inefficiency loss term. In equilibrium, too few matches are formed. We compare transferable and nontransferable versions of the model; the equilibria of the two versions are equivalent up to a rescaling of parameters. We describe the asymptotic limits of disappearing frictions. (JEL C78, D62, D83, J64)
Transforming Ordinal Riskless Utility into Cardinal Risky Utility: A Comment on Chung, Glimcher, and Tymula (2019)
Authors: Wakker Peter P.
Published: April 2022

Chung, Glimcher, and Tymula (2019) observed both consumers’ choices over commodity bundles and choices under risk. They assumed a cardinal riskless utility function V representing consumer choices and a cardinal risky utility function U.The two were inconsistent. This note shows that the two functions can be reconciled if we assume that V is ordinal. Then one utility function U can accommodate both risky and riskless choices. (JEL C91, D12, D81)
Heterogeneous Impacts of Cost Shocks, Strategic Bidding, and Pass-Through: Evidence from the New England Electricity Market
Authors: Kim Harim
Published: April 2022

Industry-wide shocks can have heterogeneous impacts on firms’ costs due to different firm characteristics. The heterogeneity of these impacts is crucial for understanding the pass-through of the shock because of its implications for strategic competition. In the context of the gas price shock in the electricity market, I develop a method to identify the heterogeneous impacts of the shock and show, with a structural analysis, that the heterogeneous feature of the shock induces markup adjustments in firms. Pass-through that is estimated without incorporating the existing heterogeneous impacts fails to reflect the change in competition arising from the shock and is, on average, underestimated. (JEL D24, L11, L94. L95, L98, Q35)
Group Hug: Platform Competition with User Groups
Authors: Markovich Sarit , Yehezkel Yaron
Published: April 2022

We consider platform competition for small users and a user group. One platform enjoys a quality advantage and the other benefits from favorable beliefs. We study whether the group mitigates the users’ coordination problem—i.e., joining a low-quality platform because they believe that other users would do the same. We find that a group that can facilitate coordination on the high-quality platform may choose to maintain the dominance of the low-quality one. Users’ utility is non-monotonic in the proportion of the group. Finally, we highlight factors that motivate the group to help the high-quality platform to win the market. (JEL D85, L14)
Effect of Metformin Therapy on Biological Properties and Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients Complicated with Type-2 Diabetes
Authors: Yan Xiaolu , Gao Zhe , Li Yang , Li Qingxia , Deng Xinna
Published: April 2022

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Metformin therapy on patients of breast cancer with complications of Type-2 diabetes.

Methods: Altogether 102 cases of breast cancer complicated with Type-2 diabetes admitted into Hebei General Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were included in the study. They were divided into two groups per whether Metformin was administered in the regimen, namely Metformin group and non-Metformin group. In the meanwhile, 106 cases of breast cancer without Type-2 diabetes admitted in the same period were selected to form a control group. Three groups were compared in terms of general data (incl. age, body mass, family history, menopause or not), clinical staging, tumor histological differentiation, molecular subtyping (Incl. Luminal A, Luminal B, ERBB2+, Basal-like) and prognosis.

Results: Compared with the control group, Metformin group and non-Metformin group presented more patients with an older age and post-menopause state (P<0.05), but the latter two groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Patients in Metformin group and non-Metformin group had higher clinical staging and histological differentiation and more cases of Basal-like subtype than those in the control group (P < 0.05), without significant difference between those two groups (P > 0.05). More cases of local relapse, lymphatic and distant metastasis were seen in Metformin and non-Metformin groups, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Both groups had lower 5-year survival rates than the control group (P < 0.05). Metformin group had a higher overall survival rate as well as a survival rate free of other lethal reasons than the non-Metformin group (P < 0.05) but was not significantly different from the control group in the survival rate free of other lethal reasons (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: Type-2 diabetes remains one of the risk factors affecting breast cancer development, progress and prognosis, which could lower the 5-year overall survival rate among breast cancer patients. This is especially evident among menopaused women. Metformin therapy may improve the prognosis of patients of breast cancer complicated with Type-2 diabetes.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.5.5135

How to cite this:Yan X, Gao Z, Li Y, Li Q, Deng X. Effect of Metformin Therapy on Biological Properties and Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients Complicated with Type-2 Diabetes. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(5):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.5.5135

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Ilyas Kashaf , Hafeez Zainab , Latif Rukhsana
Published: April 2022

Objectives: To access the effects of acute and chronic Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Bone Marrow Density and related bone markers; to compare the bone loss among the patients who terminated GnRH use and control group (not given ADP therapy at all) with the ones with acute or chronic Androgen Deprivation Therapy.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Oncology Department of Nishtar Medical University & Hospital Multan for one year. Bone mineral density of the entire body, 1/3rd distal radius, ultra-distal forearm, femoral neck, and lumbar spine, was measured in 40 patients diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer at baseline for the duration of six months. They were categorized into four groups: (i) acute ADT (less than six months of treatment; (ii) chronic ADT (greater than six months of treatment; (iii) former ADT; and (iv) no ADT (placebo groups). Quantitative measures of bone metabolism marker, including C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) was done.

Results: The cross-sectional analysis showed that BMD dropped significantly in more in patients with former ADT or control groups as compared to chronic ADT. At the 6th month assessment, a significant decline in ultra-distal forearm BMD was demonstrated in patients from both acute and chronic ADT groups (4.05% and 2.54%, P = .001 and .016, respectively). Total body BMD was significantly reduced among those on acute treatment (2.91%, p=0.022). In the former ADT group, a significant increase of BMD was observed in the femoral neck and lumbar spine bones (1.60 % and 2.85%, P = .001 and .0064, respectively). The difference of changes in BMD of the acute and chronic groups was not significant. The levels of PINP and CTX levels were significantly increased in an chronic and acute group than in placebo or former ADT groups.

Conclusion: Chronic and acute ADT users experience similar changes in BMD levels but reversibility of BMD can be achieved on withdrawal of treatment. Similarly disturbed bone metabolism markers come back in range on withdrawal of treatment.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.5.5446

How to cite this:Ilyas K, Hafeez Z, Latif R. Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(5):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.5.5446

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Effect of Montelukast sodium combined with Budesonide aerosol on airway function and T lymphocytes in asthmatic children
Authors: Jin Wei , Zhao Zichong , Zhou Dongping
Published: April 2022

Objectives: To investigate the effects of Montelukast sodium combined with Budesonide aerosol on airway function and T lymphocytes in asthmatic children.

Methods: The records of 86 pediatric asthma patients, treated in Huzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from February 2020 to March 2021, were studied retrospectively. Of them, 40 children received routine treatment + budesonide atomizer (Group-I), and 46 patients received routine treatment + budesonide atomizer + montelukast sodium (Group-II). The improvement in airway and lung function, and T-lymphocyte count in both groups after 3 months of corresponding treatment were analyzed.

Results: After three months of treatment, expiratory flow rate (TEF) with the tidal volume of 25%, 50% and 75%, was significantly higher in Group-II than Group-I (P<0.05). CD8+ expression in Group-II was lower, and CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ were higher than those in Group-I (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the levels of inflammatory factors between the two groups. The levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-γ in Group-II were lower than those in Group-I (P<0.05).

Conclusions: In the clinical treatment of asthmatic children, in combination with routine treatment, budesonide atomizer and montelukast sodium can effectively promote the improvement of airway function, regulate T lymphocytes levels, reduce inflammatory reaction and improve the total clinical curative effect.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.5.5749

How to cite this:Jin W, Zhao Z, Zhou D. Effect of Montelukast sodium combined with Budesonide aerosol on airway function and T lymphocytes in asthmatic children. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(5):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.5.5749

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
“Feedback is like a tail wind”: pre-service teachers’ and teacher educators’ perceptions of feedback
Authors: Hunt Pihel , Karm Mari
Published: April 2022

Uued suundumused tagasisideteemalises teaduskirjanduses rõhutavad tagasiside õppimiskesksust, mille fookuses on tagasiside rakendamine õppimise toetamiseks. Samas näitavad erinevad uurimused, et tagasiside arusaamades leiab  endiselt kajastamist n-ö vana paradigma, kus põhifookus on tagasiside rakendamise asemel tagasisidel kui teabel. Uurimuse eesmärk on mõista õpetajakoolituse üliõpilaste ning õppejõudude arusaamasid tagasisidest. Andmeid koguti avatud küsimustega 130 õpetajakoolituse üliõpilaselt ja 34 õpetajakoolituse õppejõult. Kvalitatiivse temaatilise analüüsi tulemused viitavad, et kuigi nii üliõpilaste kui ka õppejõudude arusaamades mõtestatakse tagasisidet kui teavet, ilmnevad mõningad õppimist toetavale tagasisidele iseloomulikud jooned, näiteks vastastiktagasiside, ootus tagasiside rakendamisele, tagasiside dialoogilisus.

 Summary
Taasavastamas turbakiudu
Authors: Kallam Liisa , Tomasberg Liisa
Published: April 2022

This article provides an overview of the use of peat fibre as a raw material for textile products in Europe in the past and today. The authors find that the use of peat fibre is more justified in felt material and in handicrafts than in industrial manufacturing. As there is a shortage of artists who work with peat textiles and there is no earlier tradition in Estonia, there remains a lot to discover in this field.
Suitsusaunade põlengutest ja nende ärahoidmisest
Authors: Eichenbaum Külli , Eller Kalle
Published: April 2022

There are relatively few smoke saunas in Estonia today. Most are located in the south-eastern parts of the country: Old Võromaa and Setomaa. Unfortunately, skills and knowledge of fire safety in connection with smoke saunas are no longer as widespread as they used to be. As the smoke sauna tradition of the Võromaa people has been presented as a candidate for the UNESCO World Heritage List, the use and construction of smoke saunas has intensified and the protection of the smoke sauna heritage has become particularly topical.The authors provide an overview of the main reasons smoke saunas catch fire and outline the construction and utilisation methods that help prevent fires. In order to do so, it is recommended to keep the wood and stove as far as possible from each other and to make sure that there is nothing else that a fire can ‘latch onto’. It is also good to surround the stove with a structure made of fireproof material. The rocks in the stove must also be periodically re-stacked. Smoke saunas must be kept clean and users must make sure that the flames do not rise up through the rocks in the stove. It is good if the sauna is always heated by the same person: someone who knows its properties and how to heat it.
Luu töötlemine lamba sääreluust vilepilli näitel
Authors: Hint Monika
Published: April 2022

Bone is one of the many natural materials that can be used to make everyday items. The animal by-products of agriculture can be used to make items inspired by the archaeological finds in Estonia by following the initial form and physiological qualities of the material. In my article, I discuss the qualities of bone as a raw material and processing options, through the example of a flute made of a lamb leg bone. I demonstrate how bone as a craft and consumer material and its processing technology generate and inspire the creation of designs, as well as the links between the natural form of the material and the final product.
Silmuskudumise põhivõte - kas aadlidaamide graatsia või talutüdrukute kiirus?
Authors: Pink Anu
Published: April 2022

Knitting is a widespread textile technique throughout the world, but the main technique of hand knitting or the manner in which the needles and yarn are held and the stitches are formed is different in different parts of the world. In general, there are three different knitting methods that can be distinguished: knitting by throwing the yarn with the index finger (right-hand knitting)of the right hand, knitting from the index finger of the left hand (left-hand knitting), and knitting from the thumb of the left hand. Over time, knitting methods have changed in many regions for various reasons. People have tried to find more economical work movements, and in 19th century England there were attempts to make the movements more graceful. Knitters in Estonia have stuck to their habitual ‘throwing’ technique for centuries and have not allowed German, Russian or Nordic knitters to influence them. However, knitting from the index finger of the left hand has recently started spreading in Estonia, following the example of Finland and influenced by written materials. This has become the prevalent style among young knitters in Estonia today. Studying knitting movements and comparing them with the methods used in neighbouring countries gives us a clearer picture of the development of knitting culture in Estonia and the cultural influences on it.
Sissejuhatus / Introduction
Authors: Parts Priit-Kalev
Published: April 2022

Introduction
Akadeemilised puusepad tervitasid algavat ehitushooaega Loodi puutöömõisas ja Eesti Vabaõhumuuseumis Põhjala palgipäevaga / Academic carpenters ring in the start of the construction season at Loodi Woodworking Manor and Nordic Log Day
Authors: Parts Priit-Kalev
Published: April 2022

The Viljandi Culture Academy of the University of Tartu organized the international Nordic log construction days on 9 & 10 April 2014, the goal of which was to take a look at the multi-layered nature of log culture in Northern Europe and to discuss the current state and future outlook of log construction skills, a common part of the region’s heritage. Practical workshops, advice sessions and discussion seminars with Estonian, Latvian, Finnish and Swedish experts were included in the programme.

The results of cooperation in the international PROLOG project were summarized. The project was seeking to remove development constraints of hand-crafted log construction industry by creating a comprehensive survey and integral vision for future development of log building education in the Nordic-Baltic region. As the project summary, it is planned to take steps to have Nordic log construction heritage added to the UNESCO list of intangible heritage.

Keywords: hand-crafted log building education, intangible heritage
Vändra kihelkonna naiste traditsioonilised rahvarõivad: komplektide koostamine ja valmistamine tänapäeval. TÜ Viljandi Kultuuriakadeemia pärandtehnoloogia magistritöö 2014 / The traditional folk costumes of the women of Vändra parish
Authors: Raud Inna
Published: April 2022

The Master’s thesis entitled “Traditional folk costumes of the women of Vändra parish: assembling and preparing ensembles in the present day" aimed to introduce the variational nature of folk costumes in one region to rid ourselves of a rigid pattern of treatment of folk costume.

As part of the research, the individual components of women’s folk costumes in Vändra parish were described, technological and pattern-related developments were pinpointed in time and material and colour use and changes in ways in which the costume was worn were observed. In addition to the description, the author put together folk costume ensembles of her own, based on the status of the wearer and the situation in which the clothing was to be worn (everyday, festive, summer and winter) as well as possibilities for putting together folk costume ensemble variants at the municipal level today.

The drawings made in the course of the description form part of the practical part of the thesis and a precondition for making the components part of the Vändra woman’s folk costume ensemble. The making of folk costumes as a whole is a broad field, encompassing familiarity with the materials and ten different techniques. As part of the thesis, the author produced 59 items belonging to a folk costume ensemble, which are combined in period-appropriate fashion in nine different Vändra female folk costume ensembles.

The author hopes that the work will help readers understand the changes that have taken place over time in folk costumes and the importance of the integrity of the entire costume, and to avoid conflicts in future selections. The experience in putting these costumes together can serve all Estonian rural areas both in choosing between the many available items and in seeking solutions in the absence of items.

Keywords: folk costumes, regional variations
Henna: ühe kehamuutmistehnika lugu / Henna: The Story of One Body Transformation Technique
Authors: Alekand Katrin
Published: April 2022

The henna bush (Lawsonia inermis) is known the world over for the colour imbuing properties of its leaves. Henna leaves contain a dye that has been used in many cultures and religious traditions for medicinal, cosmetic and decorative purposes. The orange-reddish colour of henna comes from lawsone, a substance found in the leaves – henna tannic acid. To obtain the colour from the leaf cells, henna leaf powder is mixed with an acidic liquid. The paste is then applied to skin, hair, nails or animal fur, and the henna tannic acid binds with a keratinized protein molecule. The colour fades as hair, fur and nails grow out and as dead skin cells naturally slough off.Use of henna to adorn the skin has become popular and widespread around the world. Its popularity requires us to study the history, traditions and safety of the technique and to develop a scientific rationale. Although henna has been mentioned in various respects by cultural historians, botanists and anthropologists, scholarly research into the technique is yet in its infancy.In traditional henna cultures, some now consider the use of the plant oldfashioned – people prefer either ready-to-use commercial pastes made by the cosmetics industry or “black henna”, which carries serious health risks. In the West, henna has become a separate art form in its own right: practitioners dispense know-how and place value on the fact that every henna artist mixes his or her own paste and is not afraid to share his or her knowledge. Knowledge as to what is used and why it is used ensures responsibility for both the outcomes and the customer’s health. This requires at least a elementary knowledge of the history and traditions of the plant and of the body art techniques, and of the biochemistry and physiology of the human skin.Henna paintings are a visually appealing, safe, temporary body art form – something well within the means of any amateur with an interest in the subject. When using henna, it is important to remember that natural henna is always orange-red on the skin after the paste is removed, oxidizing to a darker colour within 24–48 hours. Maximum darkness and permanence depend on different factors, of which only the quality of the paste can be controlled by the henna painter.
Eessõna / Foreword
Authors: Parts Priit-Kalev
Published: April 2022

Dear reader.In your hand, you hold the second issue of the Estonian Native Crafts Department of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy annual periodical Studia Vernacula with the title “Manifest”. The aim of the publication is still to make a contribution to Estonian studies by investigating native manual heritage and creating an academic meeting place for craft culture. As previously, the journal will make its way to its readers in October around the time when working away from home comes to an end and granaries are being inventoried. The time of reflection.

On behalf of Studia Vernacula I'd like to thank all of the authors and the readers with constructive criticism who have helped to sculpt the journal to become more streamlined. I'd like to bring out the students of the Native Crafts Department whose work has made us believe in the future of crafts. A big Thank You to the entire team of Studia Vernacula and especially to Helen Kästik, Kanni Labi, Madis Rennu, Lembe Lahtmaa and Kristjan Mändmaa for being interested in the contents and the quality and comprehensibility of the journal and for the many hours spent with manuscripts and their authors. Their professional attitude has been an irreplaceable form of support for my work as editor-in-chief.

We are grateful to the University of Tartu for supporting the publishing of the journal from the budget for ethnic studies, to the Cultural Endowment of Estonia for covering the editing, translating, and printing expenses, and to Männiku Metsatalu for their moral and physical support.Aimla, Viljandi County, September 2015
Sissejuhatus / Introduction
Authors: Parts Priit-Kalev , Kokko Sirpa , Rennu Madis , Jõeste Kristi , Manglus Eilve
Published: April 2022

Introduction
Ühe peniku taasloomise lugu / Recreating a Penik (a Form of Head Decoration)
Authors: Kalle Maaja
Published: April 2022

A penik decorated with woven trim (galloons), known as 'kard-penik', has been worn in Hiiumaa as part of folk costumes. The examples in the collections of Estonian National Museum have been dated to the 1st quarter of the 19th century. In earlier times all girls wore a penik while attending church. In later times, it was used as a headpiece by the brides in Hiiu county, and also by bridesmaids in Emmaste and Käina. By the end of the 19th century, the tradition of wearing peniks started to disappear due to the growing popularity of Myrtus head chains. The author of this article has focused mainly on the materials and the possible techniques used to make peniks in order to recreate the item and to describe the process.
Pihkva oblasti talupoegade kivihooned / The Stone Buildings of Pskov County Peasants
Authors: Lantsev Viktor
Published: April 2022

The aim of the article is to give an overview of the characteristics of graniteboulder and lime-slate buildings in Pskov county in the north-western part of the Russian Federation. When studying the assembled fieldwork information, the author focuses on the different wall patterns connected to the methods used to split the stones and on the technologies used to build the stone walls. Both the master’s and the buyer's aesthetic preferences influence the final outcome. Similar to the rest of this region, the most active period of using local unprocessed stones in buildings was between the 1850s and 1930s. In this article, the decorative details of the buildings' walls, the most obvious qualities of the wall patterns, the types of joints and window frames, and dates on the building the chief objects of the author's attention. Based on the analysis of the collected information and on the study of written sources, he has been able to suggest when the use of boulders in construction increased, and also how the walls and joints might be classified.
Võromaa suitsusaunakombestik kanti UNESCO vaimse pärandi esindusnimekirja / The Võro smoke sauna tradition has been added to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Authors: Reimets Gert
Published: April 2022

The Old-Võro smoke sauna tradition was added to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2014. The idea began with an e-mail in 2008 and, thanks to active citizens, it became worldrenowned six years later.

For our ancestors, the smoke sauna was much more than just a space to wash themselves: it has been the place for birth and death, a place for preventing illnesses and for curing them. Even though many of the fast-paced city dwellers have changed their habits, there are a lot of families that value the continuance of old customs and tradition. Meat smoked in a smoke sauna, Saturday evenings with the family and the celebration of events in the Estonian Folk Calendar are just a few examples of the rich Estonian traditions.

Keywords: UNESCO, intangible cultural heritage, smoke sauna
Maaehituspärandi omanike toetamiseks loodud ehitusnõustajate võrgustik / Network of construction advisors to support the owners of rural architectural heritage
Authors: Lutsepp Elo , Kallastu Karl
Published: April 2022

In the last 10-15 years, people's interest in preserving the historical appearance of their rural buildings has increased, and this has increased the need for a consultation service that would be continuously and easily available. In the winter of 2015, the national network of advisors, consisting of experts and specialists from more than 10 organisations was initiated by the Estonian Open Air Museum's Centre of Rural Architecture. The aim of the network is to offer the owners of barn dwellings a free initial consulting service when they choose to renovate their building(s). A first sample consultation took place between the members of the network in March. On one hand, the aim of this consultation was to exchange ideas on the topic of renovating old buildings and to standardise the formats used. If it is possible, the consultation network will gather for a similar conference again in the autumn.

Keywords: rural architecture, advising building owners
Ühte kadunud tehnikat taastades: spiraaltorudest kaunistused rõivastel / Restoring a Lost Technique: Spiral Tube Decorations on Garments
Authors: Rammo Riina , Ratas Jaana
Published: April 2022

Spiral tubes made from twisted wire have been used as decorative elements on garments in Estonia for the last thousand years (the 10th to 19th centuries). Patterns using this technique can be found in both archaeological and ethnographical collections. The tradition documented in Estonia is a part of a bigger phenomenon that from the 6th century AD spread across the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea (Finland, north-western Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania, in addition to Estonia). Thus far, archaeologists have regarded the spiral tube decorations mainly as a source for garment history and not much attention has been paid to understanding the patterns' construction. This article focuses on the techniques used to make the spiral tube decorations, proceeding from wiredrawing to constructing the patterns.The results from the metal analysis prove that the main raw materials used in wire-drawing have been copper alloys, with additives being mainly zinc and tin, and in lesser amounts, lead and other elements. Woollen and linen yarn, and horsehair have been used as additive materials. The woollen yarns used are usually fine and of high-quality. Two main techniques used to make the patterns can be observed: the weaving of the spiral tubes into the tablet-woven band, and the use of various types of braided mesh and bands. When considering this very long period as a whole, it is possible to discern many different regional differences in both techniques and pattern combinations. Behind the archaeological patterns, makers of different skill-levels and with different purposes can be seen: from professional craftsmen to women who made spiral tube decorations at home for personal use.
12. sajandi lõpu Kukruse „memme“ rõivakangaste rekonstrueerimise lugu käsitöölise vaatenurgast / Reconstructing Fabrics Used in the Clothing of “Kukruse Woman” from the Late 12th Century: a Crafter’s Perspective
Authors: Kaljus Astri
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on the reconstruction of fabrics based on archaeological finds. When a woman’s grave from the late twelfth century AD (Kukruse Burial VI) was unearthed at Kukruse in eastern Estonia, archaeologists involved scientists from various fields in the study of the materials that were found in the grave – from natural scientists to textile researchers. A set of clothing was reproduced from what was found in the “Kukruse Woman” grave.The grave that served as the basis for this study featured plentiful amounts of jewellery and bronze embellishments, but textile remains were extremely scarce. It was for this reason that when it came to weaving the fabrics some reliance had to be placed on other archaeological textile finds that dated back to the same period. The aim was to achieve a visual resemblance to the historic fabric. When weaving the woollen fabrics, use was made of yarn from the wool of an ancient Estonian sheep breed, the native Kihnu type, which was spun in a way that is customary for contemporary woollen mills. In order to obtain the required shade of blue, synthetic dyes were used on the yarn. The tools used met the needs of a modern weaver and increased the efficiency of the work. This article interprets handicraft skills on the basis of the crafter’s personal experience, primarily from a weaver’s perspective. Reconstructing an ancient fabric includes not only reproducing the item itself, but also the process of studying and recreating inherited skills that had since been lost.
Tohu varumine elus puudelt. Emotsioonid, eetika, esteetika ja seadused / The Collection of Birch Bark from Living Trees: Emotions, Ethics, Aesthetics and the Law
Authors: Rattasepp Andres
Published: April 2022

Recent years in Estonia have seen a growing level of interest in working with birch bark, and yet practicing this craft requires accessibility to raw materials – birch bark – that are of suitable quality. As the act of felling trees damages the bark, handicraft and construction work that requires bark generally tends to harvest it from trees that are still growing. The author suggests that careful and mindful bark peeling only affects the health of the tree to a small extent and for a short period. However, the widespread ethic, aesthetic, and emotional attitudes in modern society do not look kindly upon removing bark from a living tree and allowing that tree to continue to grow. With this view in mind, the author concludes that it is currently more appropriate to remove bark only from those trees that are about to be cut down in the same year.
Teadussündmus: Meil töö ja lõbu tasakaalus – viiendast rahvusvahelisest noorte folkloristide konverentsist „Folklore of Connections, Folklore of Conflicts“ / Balancing Work and Fun – the 5th International Young Folklorists’ Conference “Folklore or Connections, Folklore of Conflicts”
Authors: Koppel Katre , Astapova Anastasiya , Põlluäär Aivo , Roosnupp Liis-Marii , Telve Keiu
Published: April 2022

The 5th international conference of young folklorists “Folklore of Connections, Folklore of Conflicts” took place from 7-9 October 2015. The conference series started out as a one-day event in Tartu as a cooperation venture between the Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore and the Department of Ethnology at the University of Tartu in 2011. On the initiative of Lithuanian colleagues and the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore and in cooperation with the Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore at the University of Tartu, the next conference was held in Vilnius as a two-day event with a wider audience of international participants. Since 2013, Tartu Nefa Rühm – an organisation that unites students of ethnology and folkloristics – has also taken part in the organisation of the conference. In 2015, the Estonian Crafts Department of the University of Tartu’s Viljandi Culture Academy joined the circle of organisers, and Viljandi became the meeting place for the young researchers.The young folklorists’ conference aims to improve academic communication, cooperation and research in the field of folkloristics, offering advanced students and recently graduated young researchers from different countries the possibility to present their research to an international audience. This time the youngsters had the chance to discuss their research themes, concentrating on how folklore helps forge contact or favours conflict. Folklore unites people and groups; it is used to create identities and cultural models. However, there are many examples from the past that show how folklore has been used as a tool to draw (and redraw) boundaries.In addition to the experiences that the young scientists gained as presenters, organisers of panels or moderators, everyone had the chance to learn from renowned guest speakers William Westerman (USA) and Alexander Panchenko (Russia).