bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field-Dependence/Field-Independence and Labeling of Facial Affect
Authors: Pellegreno Dominick , Stickle Fred
Published: September 2011

56 high school students were administered the Group Embedded Figures Test and the Pictures of Facial Affect. A low Pearson product-moment correlation of .02 was obtained between the measures. Data indicated that field-dependent and field-independent individuals were not significantly different in their skills of labeling pictures of facial affect.
Eye Color and Judgments of Aesthetic Value of Shapes
Authors: Whissell Cynthia Mavrides
Published: September 2011

47 university students provided judgments of the aesthetic value of polygon and histogram shapes that were either symmetric or asymmetric. A significant over-all preference for symmetric shapes was evident ( p < .05), and judgments were significantly more positive for brown-eyed subjects. Furthermore, the aesthetic values assigned to shapes showed a systematic interaction with eye color such that brown-eyed subjects produced higher aesthetic ratings for symmetric shapes than blue-eyed subjects, while no such differences appeared for asymmetric shapes.
A Genetic Explanation for No Sex Difference in Spatial Ability among Eskimos
Authors: Hier Daniel B.
Published: September 2011

Superior spatial ability may be inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Since the sex ratio for an X-linked recessive trait depends on the gene frequency of the recessive allele, the absence of a sex difference in Eskimo spatial ability may reflect an unusually high frequency of the recessive allele in the Eskimo population.
Relationship between Anxiety and Performance in Scuba Diving
Authors: Griffiths T. J. , Steel D. H. , Vaccaro P.
Published: September 2011

The present research examined the relationship between the anxiety levels of 62 beginning Scuba diving students and standardized performance tests from the Y.M.C.A. training program. Results suggested that there was no relationship between anxiety and performance on relatively simple tasks, while there was a relationship between anxiety and performance on the more complex diving maneuvers.
Kinesthetic Augmentation and Reduction in Adult Females
Authors: Hoff Phyllis A.
Published: September 2011

The Petrie Block Test was used to measure kinesthetic aftereffect in a sample of 60 normal adult female subjects. In addition to the establishment of normative data for this sample, several procedural questions raised by other investigators were addressed. It was determined that the use of ascending trials produced more accurate baseline measures than the alternate use of ascending and descending trials. Also, order of test presentation affected baseline measures. Since a rather large proportion of this sample was comprised of stimulus-governed individuals, some factors related to their particular perceptual style were examined.
Beliefs and Anticipated Situations Influencing Intentions to Use Drugs
Authors: Bearden William O. , Woodside Arch G. , Jones Johannah J.
Published: September 2011

Unique differences between usage segments in beliefs, perceptions, and anticipated situational influences regarding the salient dimensions underlying motivations to use marijuana are described. An extended model of behavioral intention is used for examining and explaining motivations to use marijuana in an attempt to replicate and extend recent research on drugs. Respondents' opinions concerning the intervening influences of external situations on the intentions-behavior relationship are also addressed. Implications for public policymakers concerned with drug-related social issues are also provided.
Domains of Processing and Effort
Authors: Lawson Michael J.
Published: September 2011

The evidence for qualitatively distinct domains of processing was examined using both recall and recognition measures. The study involved a test of the prediction made by Craik and Tulving (1975) that any semantic analysis would be more beneficial than even a complex physical analysis. In addition, a test was made of processing load involved in tasks representative of the processing domains. Although the strong version of the domain hypothesis proposed by Craik and Tulving (1975) was supported for recognition, there were no differences in levels of recall or recognition for physical and phonemic tasks. Recognition for words on an unattended list was at similar levels for all tasks, suggesting that the tasks did not differ with respect to processing load. Problems with the domains of processing hypothesis are discussed.
Changes in Heart Rate following Eyes-Closed Alpha Enhancement
Authors: Bean J. A. , Travis Terry A. , Kondo C. Y. , Knott J. R.
Published: September 2011

Subjects ( n = 20 females 18 to 26 yr. old) who had been trained in an eyes-closed alpha-enhancement task were grouped according to performance and changes in heart rate were compared. Subjects who showed a facility for producing alpha also evidenced a small decrease in heart rate while a small increase in heart rate was shown by the low alpha-output group.
Changing Role of Stimulus Intensity as a Determinant of Infants' Attention
Authors: Ruff Holly A. , Turkewitz Gerald
Published: September 2011

When pairs of stimuli which varied in size or brightness and in pattern were presented to 6-, 9- and 24-wk.-olds, the visual attention of the younger infants appeared to be more influenced by size or brightness than by pattern, while the opposite was the case for the oldest infants. The results of another study suggested that the effects of size and brightness were additive for 9-wk.-olds. Finally, a third study using a subject-control procedure with successive stimulus presentation yielded results which were essentially the same as those of the first study. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that amount of stimulation is a major determinant of attention in the first 2 mo. and that its effectiveness decreases with age.
Differential Validity of the Wisc-R for Boys and Girls Referred for Psychological Services
Authors: Reynolds Cecil R. , Gutkin Terry B. , Dappen Leon , Wright Dan
Published: September 2011

WISC-R correlations with Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic achievement were compared for 145 males and 69 females referred by regular classroom teachers for school psychological services. Although correlations were smaller than are typically found due to restriction of range, no significant differences occurred across sex in the magnitudes of WISC-R/achievement correlations.
Dress, Posture, and Setting as Additive Factors in Subjective Probabilities of Rape
Authors: Terry Roger L. , Doerge Suzanne
Published: September 2011

Subjects indicated the likelihood that a female, photographed in eight situations, would be raped. The situations were created by the Cartesian product of her dress (seductive/nonseductive), posture (aggressive/non-aggressive), and setting (inside/outside). The three variables combined additively with the highest subjective probability of rape associated with the seductive/nonaggtessive/outside condition.
Word Context Effects on Letter Recognition
Authors: Jacewicz Marion M.
Published: September 2011

24 subjects were asked to determine whether a target letter was present in a tachistoscopically exposed word. The presence of the target was detected faster if the target was clearly sounded in the word, that is, the target G in the word TIGER was detected faster than the target G in the word Right. This effect was strongest among subjects whose over-all response time was below the median value This result was interpreted as evidence that (1) a word is recognized as a whole before its component parts are analyzed, (2) the transformation of the word from visual to acoustic code occurs before the analysis of the individual letters, and (3) individual differences in efficiency of target detection depend on a subject's over-all response time.
Factor Invariance in the Measurement of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Baber William C.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of responses from 293 Georgia high school business education teachers to the 100-item long-form Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire yielded two factors, Intrinsic Satisfaction and Extrinsic Satisfaction, accounting for 51.4 and 11.1%, respectively, of the common variance. Four items (3 previously identified as Intrinsic and 1 as Extrinsic) loaded .37 or higher on both factors, suggesting that satisfaction may be a function of interaction of personal and context variables, consistent with the concept of social compensation.
Dyslexia and Classic Pathognomic Signs
Authors: Collette Martha A.
Published: September 2011

The classic pathognomic signs of dyslexia, such as reversals and rotations, appear to be associated with poor reading, not diagnosed developmental dyslexia. 26 8th and 9th grade dyslexics with poor perceptual/attentional ability were matched with 19 reading-retarded subjects with age-equivalent perceptual/attentional test scores for age, IQ, and degree of reading retardation and compared both with each other and with 96 adequate readers for reversals, rotations, insertions, substitutions, omissions, poor handwriting and visual ability on the Gray test, the WRAT Spelling Test, a writing task, and the star-tracing mirror test. On 46 of 49 variables, the dyslexics and retarded readers performed comparably. Together they made more classic errors and had lower achievement scores than the adequate readers on 44 of 49 variables. Classic errors clustered with poor reading but not diagnosed dyslexia. The hypothesis that reading acquisition trains perceptual test-taking ability is advanced.
Startle Reflex Habituation in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Goldberg Joel , Anderson David E. , Wilder Stephen
Published: September 2011

Two groups of children (9 with cerebral palsy and 10 normals, matched for sex and age) participated in a study of the startle reflex. Each child was instructed to press a button as soon as possible after the onset of a visual stimulus on a box on the table at which they were seated. During some of the trials, a sudden and intense auditory stimulus (85 dB) was presented concomitantly with the onset of the visual stimulus, and effects on reaction time recorded. Mean reaction time of normal children was significantly faster than that of the group with cerebral palsy. The magnitude of disruption associated with the first startle stimulus presentation was significantly greater for cerebral palsied children. The course between groups of habituation to the startle stimuli was not significantly different. Data support the hypothesis that startle reflexes of children with cerebral palsy are more marked than are those of normal children.
Pseudolearners in Discrimination Reversal
Authors: Gonella Don F. , Friedman Philip
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the shape of the acquisition and reversal functions in retardates' discrimination learning, with safeguards against suspected artifacts in other studies. A modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus was used with 60 retardates in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Another 11 were classified as pseudolearners. The variables were the prereversal criteria and the number of irrelevant dimensions. After meeting criterion subjects were given 30 more trials for the detection of pseudolearners, but all received reversal training. Performance was stationary in both acquisition and reversal, suggesting all-or-none learning. For learners, differences of midreversal plateaus appeared which were opposite to predictions of the Zeaman and House (1963) theory. When pseudolearners were included, however, the plateau effect partially conformed to the theory.
Effects of Hypnotists' and Subjects' Sex on Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: D'Eon Joyce L. , Pawlak Anne E. , Mah Christopher D. , Spanos Nicholas P.
Published: September 2011

2 male and 2 female student-hypnotists administered the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C to 49 male and 42 female subjects. Subjects were also administered a group hypnotic-susceptibility scale and questionnaire measure of absorption and willingness to cooperate with hypnosis. The effects of these three measures on Stanford, Form C scores were statistically controlled with analysis of covariance. Neither hypnotists' sex, subjects' sex, nor the interaction of these variables was significantly related to scores on the Stanford scale. Implications for hypnosis research were briefly discussed.
Locus of Control Correlates with Marathon Performance
Authors: Celestino Richard , Tapp Jack , Brumet Michael E.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between performance in the 1976 Skylon International Marathon and Rotter's internal-external locus of control measure was investigated using 97 male participants in the race. There were no significant differences between finishers and non-finishers in the I-E scores. Among the finishers, there was a small but significant correlation between internality and finish time. Finish time also correlated with number of previous marathons.
Relationship between Sensation-Seeking Scale and Thayer's Adjective Checklist
Authors: Singh Avtar
Published: September 2011

The Sensation-Seeking Scale and Thayer's adjective checklist, apparently based on similar underlying construct of physiological arousal or activation, were correlated. Subjects were 59 (18 male, 41 female; modal age 16 yr.) high school students. A statistically significant correlation between Sensation-Seeking and General Activation (.28) and Sensation-Seeking and Deactivation-Sleep (.37) was found.
Acquisition and Generalization of Instruction following Behavior in Profoundly Retarded Individuals
Authors: Ivy Robert , Dubin William
Published: September 2011

Four profoundly retarded male residents of a state institution learned to comply with the instructions “come here,” “stay,” and “sit.” Acquisition occurred in a special therapy room and instructions were presented in a fixed sequence. All subjects learned to comply with the instructions in the training environment. Testing occurred in the subject's ward dayroom where instructions were presented in a random sequence. Despite dramatic changes in the stimulus conditions associated with the transfer to the testing situation the subjects performed close to their asymptotic level. Three experimentally naive subjects participated in a second experiment which was similar to the first, except that the number of acquisition sessions and the number of trials per session were reduced. The reduction in number of acquisition trials did not appear to affect performance in the testing environment. The possibility of terminating off-task behavior of institutionalized individuals by eliciting previously acquired instruction following behavior was discussed.
Field Independence, Lateralization and Defensive Style
Authors: Shevrin Howard , Smokler Irving A. , Wolf Evelyn
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between field independence and defense clustering as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and lateral eye movements. Subjects had previously been classified either as hysterical or obsessive style by the Rorschach and WAIS Comprehension subtest. Previous findings indicate that these subjects have a preferred direction of lateral eye movement in a questioning format (hysterical style = left; obsessive style = right). This study found no relationship between field independence and defense clustering and lateral eye movements. To the extent that eye gaze indexes hemispheric activation, we conclude that neither field independence nor defense clustering was related to hemispheric lateralization.
Reliability of Electromyographic Measurements after Surface Electrode Removal and Replacement
Authors: Graham Gerald P.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of electromyographic measurements after surface electrode removal and replacement. Eight male subjects performed an isometric exercise with the left triceps brachii at loads equivalent to 50, 40, and 30% of their maximum voluntary contractile strength (MVC). Surface electrodes were utilized and the integrated action potentials recorded electromyographically as the muscle contracted. The muscle was tested first in a rested condition and then again after a sustained 30% maximum voluntary contraction. Each one of the subjects was tested three different times with a range of from 2 to 16 days between testing sessions. The electrodes were removed after each testing session. The data were means in centimeters of integrated action potentials over specified time periods. The test-retest correlations for the three testing periods resulted in coefficients ranging from .87 to .99. This was true under all loads and with the muscle either rested or fatigued.
Individual Differences in Concept Learning of Painting Styles
Authors: Hill Kenneth A. , Junus Faizal
Published: September 2011

52 male and female adults were given a concept-learning task involving abstract and representational painting styles. The task involved learning to recognize new instances of artists' paintings on the basis of exposure to previous exemplars. Subjects were also given Cattell's 16 PF, Meier's Art Judgment Test, and the Quick Test (to assess intelligence). Results indicated that learning of both painting styles occurred, although the ability to learn one type of art did not predict the degree of success at learning the other. The ability to learn abstract versus representational styles was related to different individual-difference variables, although correlations were generally low. Learning abstract styles was correlated with self-conflict and tension while learning representational art was correlated with measures of self-assuredness and good esthetic judgment.
Specificity and Differences in Three Methods of Assessing Trainable Mental Retardates' Reaction Time
Authors: Surburg Paul R.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were to determine the specificity and differences in reaction time that exist among three manual methods of measurement. This dependent variable was measured from onset of a light stimulus until activation of a microswitch by one of the following methods: depressing or releasing a panel-mounted button or depressing a hand-held button. A rotational order of testing was implemented with 35 trainable mentally retarded subjects. Data indicated marked specificity among the three methods; reaction times were significantly faster with the depressed and hand-held methods than with the released method.
Note on Information Capacity of Discrete Motor Responses
Authors: Kvåiseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

An experimental study shows that the classical Fitts' law of motor control, which is claimed to be based on an inappropriate analogy with information theory, yields false estimates for the information capacity of the human motor system. An alternative and rigorous estimation method indicates that the maximum information capacity is about 22–24 bits/sec. for discrete single one-dimensional positioning movements.
Sex, Eye Color, and Ratings of Pleasantness for Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Whissell Robert , Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

37 university students produced ratings of perceived pleasantness on a 7-point scale for the tones of 250 Hz, 750 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz at 60 dbHL and 85 dbHL. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 4 analysis of variance showed a significant over-all preference for the softer (60 db) rather than the louder (85 db) tones and a significant interaction of sex by eye color, such that brown-eyed males found all stimuli less pleasing regardless of intensity than did any of the other groups. A significant three-way interaction for eye color, intensity, and frequency was noted. In the less-liked 85-db situation, blue-eyed subjects inverted the response strategy which they had exhibited at 60 db and which was also typical of brown-eyed subjects at 60 db and 85 db. At 250 Hz, 750 Hz, and 1000 Hz in the 85-db condition, blue-eyed and brown-eyed subjects' ratings differed significantly. Data from another experiment (Patchett, 1979) were added to those of the current study to show that relative preferences varied inversely with absolute hearing thresholds, with increased sensitivity leading to a decrease in perceived pleasantness. Audiographic formants and general melanin theory are invoked as potential explanations for the observed differences.
Field Dependence and Short-Term Memory
Authors: Berger Elizabeth , Goldberger Leo
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between field dependence and short-term memory. It was predicted that relatively field-independent individuals would perform better on short-term memory tests in which a large amount of interference is assumed to be present than would individuals who are more field-dependent. Subjects' appraisals of their own attentional facility, as well as their thoughts and feelings about the experimental tasks, were also elicited, and were looked at in terms of their relationship to field dependence and short-term memory.
Reliability of the Karolinska Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Bergman Hans
Published: September 2011

Retest and internal consistency-reliability of the rod-and-frame task, a version which required the body be erect, and using a Rod-alone series, was satisfactory. There was a slight but statistically significant improvement over a 1-mo. interval.
Behavior Rating Scales: Need for Refining Normative Data
Authors: Horne Marcia D. , Larrivee Barbara
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to generate normative data by grade and sex to accompany behavior rating scales. Teachers rated 483 boys and girls in Grades 1 through 4. The findings suggest raring scales be re-examined since norms by grade level and sex may be desirable attributes.
Academic Psychologists and Animal Research in Zoos and Natural Settings: A Survey
Authors: Maroldo Georgette K.
Published: September 2011

Academic psychologists and the extent to which they ate engaged in animal research in zoos and natural settings were surveyed by questionnaire. Of the 118 departments of psychology selected, 50 (42.37%) responded. Of these, 19 (38.00%) did not have faculty conducting zoo research, while 31 (62.00%) did. 928 full-time faculty members comprise the 31 departments, 46 (4.36%) are conducting research in zoos or natural settings.
On “The Scientific Credibility of ESP”
Authors: Rao K. Ramakrishna
Published: September 2011

The conclusion of Moss and Butler that much of parapsychological research may be dismissed on grounds of inaccurate reporting, improper design, and inadequate controls is shown to be biased and basically incorrect. The reporting style, design and controls of good parapsychological experiments, it is argued, are as good as any in behavioral sciences. The evidence for ESP is strong enough to compel an unbiased observer to take it seriously.
“It's Time, You Must Wake up Now”
Authors: Lavie P. , Oksenberg A. , Zomer J.
Published: September 2011

Seven subjects who claimed to be able to awake accurately from sleep at a predetermined time were required to awake in the sleep laboratory at 03:30 and 03:30 on two separate nights. Eight of the 12 spontaneous awakenings were within ±20 min. from the target time, and 8 awakenings were from REM sleep. The two best performing subjects were tested for additional 7 nights in the laboratory but accuracy deteriorated considerably with only 2 awakenings within ±20 min. from target time. Approximately 50% of all awakenings, however, were from REM sleep. It is concluded that some individuals are able ro awake at predetermined times and that this ability might be dependent on motivational level and the sleep stage.
Behavior Problems of Children in Regular Classes and Those Diagnosed as Requiring Speech Therapy
Authors: Lindholm Byron W. , Touliatos John
Published: September 2011

2,991 white children in regular classes and 106 white children requiring speech therapy were compared on Quay's Behavior Problem Checklist. The former had fewer problems checked in areas such as personality disorders and inadequacy-immaturity than did the latter, as expected, although the amount of variance accounted for was small. The groups did not differ on conduct problems and socialized deliquency. A question was raised about variations in psychotic signs.
Recognition of a Writer as a Function of His Method of Writing
Authors: Stockholm Emilie
Published: September 2011

The role of the unique motor patterns expressed in handwriting was studied by testing whether 12 judges matched the deviant and normal specimens of handwriting by individuals. Deviant handwriting specimens were produced by four methods. Mean total recognition scores for all five methods were significantly above chance expectation of one-fifth.
Information Processing in Imagination Using Nonverbalizable Visual Stimuli
Authors: Hecht P. R. , Juhasz J. B.
Published: September 2011

In groups of 20 to 25, 146 undergraduates were tested as to their ability to mentally combine two shapes. They were to pick the correct choice from 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, or 15 alternatives. The shapes were previously proven to be effectively unverbalizable but recognizable and discriminable. Contrary to expectation, there was no negative decrement in performance with increasing numbers of incorrect alternatives.
Distortions of Vision and Pain: Two Functional Facets of D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Authors: Williams John Michael
Published: September 2011

D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) produces distortions of visual perception and analgesia. Evidence is advanced from a functional standpoint that the observed visual effects result from an attenuation of light-evoked input to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) from the purely centripetal pathways of the retina. More slowly responding visual afferents or those with more complex receptive fields seem to be affected most. LSD analgesia, accompanied by severe psychotic symptoms, appears to result from drug actions on a centrifugally controlled pain system involving neurons of the midbrain raphe.
Sighting-Eye Dominance Related to Composite Sidedness in Classroom and Clinic Samples
Authors: Palmer Lyelle L.
Published: September 2011

Near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests given 20 high and 20 low achievers each from regular classrooms at Grades 4, 8, and 12 ( N = 240) yielded significant x3 for differences of proportions of lateral agreement with sidedness in comparison to distributions unrelated to sidedness. Composite sighting congruent to sidedness yielded significant differences between classroom and reading clinic samples. The near-point binocular sighting test markedly influences distributions of combined scores in sighting.
Analysis of the a AMD Adaptive Behavior Scale: Public School Version
Authors: Boyd Lenore A. , Chissom Brad S.
Published: September 2011

Many state agencies have ruled that assignment of students to special education classes for the mentally retarded must be determined by assessment of verbal, performance, and adaptive behaviors. The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale: Public School Version was subjected to a normative and validation study using 291 subjects from the southcentral area of Texas. Data were collected from groups of regular and special education students, both white and nonwhite, at 8, 10, and 12 yr. of age. Results were compared to the original normative data provided in the AAMD manual and indicated that (1) the instrument is effective in discriminating between regular and special education groups; (2) a shortened version may be feasible and more practical; and (3) the derived total score may be useful and effective when used as a cut-off score for placement in special education for the mentally retarded.
Geography of Theses and Dissertations on Authoritarianism
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne
Published: September 2011

Examination of the geographical sources of 183 Master's theses and 483 doctoral dissertations awarded by American universities between 1950 and 1974 suggested that the choice of authoritarianism as the subject of scientific study may be somewhat more culture-bound for the writers of theses than for the writers of dissertations.
Response Preference within the Rotter I-E Scale: Perceived Locus of Control of Self, Average, and Ideal Others
Authors: Dixon Paul N. , Elias Susan F.
Published: September 2011

The Rotter I-E scale was administered to college juniors in education under five different instructional sets. Subjects were asked to complete it (a) as they would ordinarily (self-perception), (b) as they believed an average person of the same sex would, (c) as an average person of the opposite sex would, (d) as an ideal person of the same sex would, and (e) as an ideal person of the opposite sex would. As hypothesized, subjects saw the ideal person of both sexes as significantly more internal than themselves, while they saw the average person of both sexes as more external than themselves. These results suggest the general desirability of being perceived as internally oriented.
Analyzing Preference for Pace as a Component of Task Performance
Authors: Avolio Bruce J. , Alexander Ralph A. , Barrett Gerald V. , Sterns Harvey L.
Published: September 2011

An exploratory analysis was conducted to determine the relationships between measures of perceptual style, selective attention, and preference for pace. The main intent was to determine whether preference for pace and information-processing ability were related. The expectation was that ability and preferences would have a low correlation. Testing 30 male and 30 female university students the results confirmed a low relationship between preference for pace and information-processing ability.
Effect of Attention-Focusing Instructions on Children's Free Recall
Authors: Carroll Wayne R. , Carroll Richard W. , Rogers Cecil A.
Published: September 2011

30 fourth-grade children were shown objects arbitrarily arranged in an integrated scene. Subjects were randomly assigned to experimental conditions which presented a sentence without correct labels of objects and their correct physical arrangement. The experimental conditions differed as to whether or not subjects were instructed to focus on the irrelevant sentence. Subjects assigned to the control group were given no accompanying sentence. Attention-focusing instructions interfered with recall and clustering, and the absence of these instructions facilitated free recall and clustering as compared to the performance of the control group. Results are interpreted as reflecting subjects' use of strategies designed to discover relations among the to-be-remembered items.
Use and Evaluation of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA): Partial Summary through October, 1979: II. Theses and Reviews
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

33 references to theses and reviews are listed. These report work with the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement. They originated from a literature search and replies to letters sent to some 1,500 users of record.
Dimensions of Problem Behavior in Learning Disabled and Normal Children
Authors: Touliatos John , Lindholm Byron W.
Published: September 2011

This study examined behavior disorders of learning disabled ( N = 94) and normal ( N = 2,991) children in Grades K—8, using the Behavior Problem Checklist. Learning disabled youngsters had significantly more problems on four of the five Checklist dimensions. Few interactions with age, sex, and social class were significant.
Response Preference as a Function of Instructions in an Unstructured Questionnaire
Authors: Van Heerden J. , Hoogstraten Joh
Published: September 2011

In responding to a questionnaire containing no questions but merely indicating possibilities, people show clear preferences for certain options over others. The present study confirms earlier findings indicating that this response bias is due mainly to preference for positive options over negative or neutral options. Data indicate that instructional content may affect subjects' preferences. Three of 10 items showed such an effect, i.e., a more balanced distribution was reached, leaving order of preference unchanged. On only one item a reversal of preference was obtained by varying the type of response mentioned in the instruction.
Correlates of Leadership Style: Field-Dependence and Social Intelligence versus Social Orientation
Authors: Erez Miriam
Published: September 2011

The present study supports the notion that employee-centered leaders differentiate between task and interpersonal characteristics of their employees and hence are field-independent. Field-independent persons are known to have a non-social orientation. Yet, the sensitivity of the field-independent managers to social stimuli is attributable to the cognitive factor of social intelligence rather than to motivational factors such as social orientation. Data from 45 managers with engineering backgrounds indicate that employee-centered leadership style is positively related to field-independence and probably to social intelligence but not to the social orientation, whereas the job-centered style is negatively related to field-independence and to social intelligence.
Role of Structured Visual Field and Visual Reafference in Accuracy of Pointing Movements
Authors: Conti Patricia , Beaubaton Daniel
Published: September 2011

In a visuo-motor pointing task, the accuracy of response was measured in situations which differ in the visual information available and the speed of execution of movement. Results confirm the role of visual cues received from self-produced movement in the control of the trajectory of a limb. Furthermore, it can be shown that a structured visual background is important in the treatment of sensory data concerned with the movement and in target localization. This effect is absent in rapidly executed pointing responses.
Normative Data for the Purdue Pegboard on a Sample of Adult Candidates for Vocational Rehabilitation
Authors: Hamm Norman H. , Curtis Dennis
Published: September 2011

Norms for the Purdue Pegboard are reported on candidates for vocational rehabilitation. These subjects scored significantly below the norms published in the Purdue manual for industrial workers. It is recommended that the present norms be used with a clinical sample of candidates for vocational rehabilitation.
Thought and the Error regarding Hamlet
Authors: Rogers Howard E. , Duckro Paul N.
Published: September 2011

Rejection of thought by some behaviorists needlessly excludes valuable data from the realm of empirical inquiry. Their position is justified by arbitrarily defining thought as a special class of data not amenable to scientific study. It is argued that thought should be treated like other data and that the reliability of such data can be evaluated. Reasonable standards of reliability, which are used in other psychological areas, can be adopted.
A Multimodal Approach to Elimination of Stuttering
Authors: Beaty David T.
Published: September 2011

Various approaches have been used in the treatment of stuttering. However, none of these approaches have been systematically incorporated via a multifaceted treatment program for the elimination of this disorder. The following case of a 15-yr.-old stutterer is presented to illustrate Lazarus' Multimodal Behavior Therapy Model, which is proposed to integrate various procedures whose singular effectiveness has been demonstrated.
Making “Relevant Attributes” Relevant in Rule Learning
Authors: Docherty Edward M.
Published: September 2011

Subjects in a rule-learning task learned either Conjunction, Exclusion, or Joint denial concepts with the relevant attributes presented in either their positive form (“red” and “square”) or in the form in which they are expressed in the rule to be learned (“red” and “not square” for Exclusion; “not red” and “not square” for Joint denial). Presenting relevant attributes in their rule-relevant form significantly improved rule learning. In addition, when rule-relevant attributes were used the Exclusion and Joint-denial rules were not significantly different in difficulty from the Conjunction rule, as predicted by a model of rule learning developed by Salatas and Bourne (1974).
Responsibility for a Transmitted Command: A Juror Simulation
Authors: Hoffman Eric
Published: September 2011

A mock juror simulation was employed to analyze observers' attributions of responsibility for the transmittal of an illegal act. Student subjects ( N = 261) were presented a newspaper article depicting a court case in which a subordinate personnel interviewer was being sued for sex discrimination which was (1) admitted and (2) under orders from a superior. As predicted the higher the status of the interviewer—the more attributed responsibility. However, the superior was attributed more responsibility than the subordinate regardless of the latter's status in the organization.
Adults' Awareness of Certain Articulatory Gestures
Authors: Ruscello Dennis M. , Sholtis Deborah M. , Moreau Vaughn K.
Published: September 2011

A test of awareness of articulatory gesture was administered to two groups of normal speakers, each of 27 subjects. Group I carried out the task with a tongue depressor placed in the oral cavity, while speakers in Group II responded without any interfering conditions. The similarity in findings suggests that speakers were aware of the articulatory movements associated with the speech sounds assessed.
Frequency of Imagery in Emotional Experience
Authors: Lyman Bernard , Bernardin Susan , Thomas Stuart
Published: September 2011

44 subjects each gave phenomenological reports of the imagery present during a recalled situation in which emotion was experienced and in a comparable situation in which no or minimal emotion was experienced. Analysis of variance showed that there was significantly more imagery of all kinds in the emotion condition. Further analysis of the emotion condition showed significantly mote images with references to past and future than to the present, with references to participating activities than to events or things, and with references to other people than to self. The findings are discussed with reference to several contemporary theories of emotion It is suggested that imagery may play a more important role in the experience of emotion than current theory allows.
Grip Preferences of Children on Ladder Apparatus
Authors: Gabbard Carl P. , Patterson Patrick E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine hand-grip preferences of 223 children and 59 adults ( N = 282) while moving on a ladder apparatus positioned at 45°, 90°, and 180° positions. Three styles of grip were noted: thumb over bar, thumb under bar, and mixed. Analysis showed that 97% of the total group used the thumb under for the 45° task, while styles used on the 90° task were almost equally divided among the thumb under and over preference. The majority utilized the thumb over the bar for the 180° task (horizontal bar). No age trend was found for any of the tasks.
College Women with Differential Linguistic-Quantitative Ability Patterns: Performance on Trail Making Tests
Authors: Mc Carthy S. Viterbo
Published: September 2011

A between-groups design was used to study the performance on Trail Making A and Trail Making B for two groups of 14 college women equated on CEEB SAT scores but showing at least a 150-point discrepancy between the Verbal and Mathematics scores. On the simple conceptual tracking task, A, the hypothesized chance difference between subjects with Linguistic (VAT > MAT) and Quantitative (MAT > VAT) ability patterns was confirmed. The second hypothesis was not confirmed; difference scores (Trail Making B — A) were not significantly smaller for Quantitative than Linguistic subjects. Although these scores obtained for search time in seconds did not reach the conventional level of significance, a trend in the hypothesized direction suggested that the Quantitative subjects performed faster on the complex conceptual tracking task, B. To understand the theoretical implications, it was recommended that future studies include a wider array of complex cognitive tasks.
Relationships among Locus of Control, Academic Achievement, and Perception of Autokinetic Movement
Authors: Booth Steven B. , Somervill John W. , Gilgen Albert R.
Published: September 2011

The relationships among scores on locus of control (Rotter's I-E Scale), autokinetic movement, and the American College Test were investigated. I-E scores and ACT composite scores were obtained for 90 university students (45 males and 45 females) in introductory psychology. All subjects were tested for 5 min. in an autokinetic test situation. It was predicted that subjects with an external locus of control would be more associated to lower scores on the ACT and perceive more autokinetic movement than subjects with an internal locus of control. Partial support was obtained for this prediction. Perception of autokinetic movement was significantly more associated with externally oriented subjects than internally oriented subjects. Externality was not more associated with lower scores on the ACT than internality.
An Alternative to the Hick-Hyman's and Sternberg's Laws
Authors: Kvalseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

A new law of choice-reaction time is proposed as an alternative to the classical Hick-Hyman's law and the Sternberg's law. A reanalysis of some experimental data, including those by Hick and Hyman, indicates that this alternative law may provide at least as good fits to experimental data as do the Hick-Hyman's and the Sternberg's laws. An important implication of this finding is pointed out concerning the rate of change of information.
Color-Word Connotative Incongruity: A Replication
Authors: Ridley Dennis R.
Published: September 2011

The previously reported effect of slower color-naming speed for connotatively inconsistent color-word combinations was investigated. As before, the effect was found when connotatively consistent cards were presented for color naming before connotatively inconsistent cards.
How Does a Figure Appear and Disappear in Visual Perception?
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

9 simple outline figures served as stimuli. Each figure was for 60 msec. projected onto a screen 2 m. from the subject. 1 to 5 fixation areas were chosen for the figures; they were unmarked. After training all subjects reported experience of movement, i.e., fixating a given figure at a given fixation area, subjects reported experiencing the figure as lengthening/expanding from the fixation area to full size and immediately thereafter shortening/contracting to the fixation area. Subjects only saw the figure at its full size for a very short moment. When the fixation area was changed for a figure, the experienced movement also changed, but the fully developed figure remained the same. The durations of subjects' experienced movements of the figures, and thereby the durations of subjects' perception of the figures, were measured in milliseconds. For a given subject the durations of perception of all 9 figures were the same. The durations are characteristic of each subject and have proved to remain constant after a period of 1 yr.
Cross-Modal Generalization of Habituation in the Rat
Authors: Ades César , Salles Jacyr Brito
Published: September 2011

Novel stimuli were presented in a runway where rats run for food. Subjects in a pre-exposure condition ( n = 6) were exposed to visual and auditory stimulation and then to an olfactory stimulus; subjects not pre-exposed ( n = 6) only received the olfactory stimulus. Reaction to the odor was lower in pre-exposed subjects. This result suggests cross-modal generalization effects in at least one kind of habituation of the rat.
Relationship of Visual and Auditory Short-Term Memory to Later Reading Achievement
Authors: Ashmore Robert J. , Snyder Robert T.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents evidence that the Snyder/Pope Visual Memory Technique utilizing the Bender-Gestalt Test is a useful predictor of reading ability for first grade children. Subjects were administered the Bender Visual Memory Technique, the Bender-Gestalt Test, and the Digit Span subtest of the WISC-R at the beginning of first grade. The same children were administered the Reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test at the end of first grade. Category scores of the Visual Memory Technique were correlated with the reading achievement results. One category, Rcc (an error-free recall of an error-free original drawing), correlated significantly with later reading ability ( r = .43, p = .01). The Digit Span and reading achievement relationship was not found to be significant. Short-term visual recall is probably highly related to the reading task at Grade 1 and should be assessed when children begin to learn to read. Diagnosticians are encouraged to use the technique with attention to the precision category, Recall correct from correct.
Dimensions of Role Conflict and Relationships with Individual Outcomes
Authors: Batlis Nick C.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the differential impact of types of role conflict upon job satisfaction, job-related anxiety, and propensity to leave the organization. Ill supermarket department managers responded to a mailed questionnaire containing role-conflict items and outcome measures. Factor analysis of the 8-item conflict scale resulted in three role-conflict dimensions: intersender, intrasender, and person-role. Stepwise regression analysis of each outcome variable on the three conflict subscales showed that the order in which conflict subscales entered the equation was different when different outcomes were the criterion. Use of subscales rather than a general conflict measure yields more information as to the nature and results of role stress.
Application of Recategorized Wisc-R Scores for Adjudicated Adolescents
Authors: Miller Lamoine J. , Burdg Nancy B. , Carpenter Dale
Published: September 2011

Bannatyne's recategorization of WISC-R scores was applied to 97 juveniles who had been adjudicated by the juvenile court system to a diagnostic and evaluation unit in Eastern Alabama. Mean ranks were analyzed using the Friedman test for repeated-measures analysis of variance. The total sample exhibited a significant mean rank pattern of scores in the following descending order: Spatial, Conceptual, Sequential, and Acquired Knowledge. Subgroup patterns varied for those youths with IQs 90 and above (Conceptual, Spatial, Sequential, and Acquired Knowledge) and IQs below 90 (Spatial, Sequential, Conceptual, and Acquired Knowledge). Pairwise comparisons using the Scheffé procedure indicated significant differences between the Spatial score and Acquired Knowledge score for the total group and those youths with IQs below 90. The study extended the application of recategorized scores for adjudicated youth suggested by Bannatyne (1968, 1971, 1974). This investigation affirms the need for further studies of the differential effect of IQ on the patterns of WISC-R scaled scores.