bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coordinating access control in grid services
Authors: Chadwick David W. , Su Linying , Laborde Romain
Published: November 2007

We describe how to control the cumulative use of distributed grid resources by using coordination‐aware policy decision points (coordinated PDPs) and an SQL database to hold ‘coordination’ data. When access to a resource is granted, obligations in the security policy ensure that the coordination database is updated. The coordination database is a normal grid service providing distributed access to the coordinated PDPs. Access to the databases is secured by the grid security infrastructure (GSI) and its own PDP, so that only authorized users (the coordinated PDPs) can access it. A coordinated PDP is imbedded into the Globus Toolkitv4 authorization chain as a custom PDP so that any grid service can be protected by a security policy that provides a coordination capability. Each coordinated PDP uses the services of an uncoordinated PDP to make its access control decisions, so that any existing stateless PDP can be supplemented with a coordination capability. We provide performance results for the coordinated PDPs and compare these with two stateless PDPs. Virtually the entire performance penalty of using coordinated PDPs is accounted for by the heavy costs of using GSI to secure communications between the coordinated PDPs and the coordination database. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public policy and corporate environmental behaviour: a broader view
Authors: Sarkar Runa
Published: November 2007

Corporate strategies to manage the business–ecological environment interface have evolved against the backdrop of regulatory pressures and stakeholder activism. Despite its relevance with respect to sustainable development, a well developed theory encompassing all aspects of corporate environmental behaviour, especially incorporating incentive compatible public policy measures, is yet to be developed. This paper is a step in this direction, aiming to assimilate contributions related to different aspects of corporate environmental behaviour, capturing the transition from environmental management to environmental strategy. In the process we identify areas where there is a need for further research. We find that there is plenty of scope in developing more complex models to explain a manager's rationale for adopting sustainable strategies in the backdrop of the policy regime, and in conducting more empirical (both descriptive and quantitative) work to obtain clearer insights into managerial decisions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
UEEDA: Uniform and energy‐efficient deployment algorithm for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Weng Chien‐Erh , Lain Jenn‐Kaie , Zhang Jia‐Ming , Wen Jyh‐Horng
Published: November 2007

Efficient and accurate sensor deployment is a critical requirement for the development of wireless sensor networks. Recently, distributed energy‐efficient self‐deployment algorithms, such as the intelligent deployment and clustering algorithm (IDCA) and the distributed self‐spreading algorithm (DSSA), have been proposed to offer almost uniform distribution for sensor deployment by employing a synergistic combination of cluster structuring and a peer‐to‐peer deployment scheme. However, both DSSA and IDCA suffer from unnecessary movements that have arisen from an inappropriate design in partial force. To improve the performance of self‐deployment algorithms, a uniform and energy‐efficient deployment algorithm (UEEDA) is proposed in this paper. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed UEEDA outperforms both DSSA and IDCA in terms of uniformity and algorithm convergence speed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validity of rapid cycling as a modifier for bipolar disorder in DSM‐IV
Authors: Bauer Mark S. , Brow Peter C. Why
Published: November 2007

Data are reviewed regarding the validity of rapid cycling as a modifier for Bipolar Disorder, as defined by the Dunner‐Fieve criterion of at least four affective episodes in 12 months. This formulation is evaluated in light of the criteria for validity suggested by Robins and Guze and by Kendell. While available data support recognition of rapid cycling as a modifier, a number of issues remain. These include particularly the optimal cut‐off for rapid cycling in terms of number of episodes per year, and whether brief but severe episodes should be counted towards that criterion. Several options for operational zed criteria sets are discussed. Depression 1:11–19 (1993). Published 1993 by Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An investigation of ophthalmic function in winter seasonal affective disorder
Authors: Oren Dan A. , Moul Douglas E. , Schwartz Paul J. , Alexander Joseph R. , Yatnada Emily M. , Rosenthal Norman E.
Published: November 2007

To evaluate the possibility that abnormalities in visual functioning may be of importance in winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD), we compared various ophthalmological function tests by drawing subsets of a group of 61 patients and 61 normal controls. We measured dark adaptation with a Goldmann‐Weekers dark adept meter in winter and summer. In winter we also measured intraocular pressure with an applanation tonometer while ‘off’ and “on” light therapy, pupillary size by measuring pupillaryphotos, color vision with a Nagelanomaloscope and the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 Hue test, and determined b‐wave components of pattern electroretinograms and P100 components of pattern visual evoked potentials. We found no significant differences between patients and controls. These observations have direct implications upon different theories linking SAD to abnormal ophthalmic junction. This body of work provides little evidence to link SAD to an intrinsic ophthalmic defect in the electrophysiological and neurological pathways studied. Depression 1:29–37 (1993). Published 1993 by Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Reduction of cerebellar volume in major depression: A controlled MRI study
Authors: Escalona P. Rodrigo , Early Bridget , McDonald William M. , Doraiswamy P. Murali , Shah Sunjay A. , Husain Mustafa M. , Boyko Orest B. , Figiel Gary S. , Ellinwood Everett H. , Nemeroff Charles B. , Krishnan K. Ranga R.
Published: November 2007

A systematic sampling stereological method of serially acquired axial intermediate T2‐weighted Spin echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was used to measure cerebellar volume in 30 patients who fulfilled DSM III criteria for major depression and compared with 35 normal controls. The mean cerebellar volume of depressed patients was significantly smaller than the controls. This preliminary study adds new evidence for the possible participation of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of major depression and warrants further investigation in this area. Depression 1:156–158 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic‐resonance morphometry: Image‐analysis methodology development for affective disorder
Authors: Krishnan K. Ranga R. , Boyko Orest B. , McDonald William M. , Charles H. Cecil , Macfall James R. , Tupler Larry A. , Upchurch Lucy W.
Published: November 2007

In this article we review some important methodological issues for measurement of brain structures and lesions visualized on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Such issues include the method of sectioning, number of slices, shape of the structure, orientation of the slices, and fuzziness of the edges. Sources of error specific to morphometry obtained from MR scans are also considered, including issues of partial volume, contrast and itensity changes, and magnetic‐field inhomogeneties. Each of these factors is important and should be borne in mind while undertaking MR studies for morphometry. In addition, a key element contributing to variability in the assessment of structures is the anatomical definition of specific brain regions. We briefly summarize the anatomical definitions that are useful in assessing many relevant brain areas and for evaluating signal hyperintensities that are frequently found in elderly patients with affective disorder. The reliability of assessment using these methods is noted. Studies of neuroanatomical changes associated with affective disorder will benefit from further improvement in the reliability and accuracy of MR morphometric methods. Depression 1:159–171 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

In this article we have reviewed some of the important methodological issues for measurement of brain structures and lesions visualized on MR. These issues should be borne in mind while undertaking MR studies for morphometry. In addition, a key element contributing to variability in the assessment of structures is the anatomical definition of specific brain regions. We have briefly summarized the anatomical definitions we have found useful in assessing many relevant brain areas and for evaluating signal hyperintensities that are frequently seen in elderly patients with affective disorder. The reliability of assessment using these methods is noted. In addition to these factors, image‐acquisition methods can also affect measurement. However, these factors have not been well studied and are not addressed in this article. We have also not compared different image‐analysis systems. This is an extremely important undertaking that has yet to be conducted. Future studies of neuroanatomical changes in affective disorder will benefit from further improvement in reliability and accuracy of MR morphometric methods. Deparession 1:159–171 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression in the course of treatment of generalized anxiety disorder with lorazepam, ipsapirone, and placebo: Results from a multicenter trial
Authors: Sramek John J. , Cutler Neal R. , Costa Jerome F. , Hesselink Jan M. Keppel , Seifert Randall D. , Graham Evelyn
Published: November 2007

The present report addresses the occurrence of depression during a multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial investigating the comparative anxiolytic efficacy of ipsapirone and lorazepam versus placebo in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Patients who entered the study scored ≥18 on the HAM‐A, scored ≥ 8 on the Covi anxiety scale, and scored ⩽ 7 on the Raskin depression scale. Patients were randomized to lorazepam (2–6 mg/day), ipsapirone (10–30 mg), or placebotid for 4 weeks acute treatment. Efficacy of ipsapirone versus lorazepam and placebo in GAD was assessed with weekly HAM‐A and CGI ratings. Worsening or emergence of depression was assessed with HAM‐D ratings performed at baseline and weeks 2 and 4. Adverse events were assessed weekly. Ninety‐six males and 161 females (age range 18–78 years) were valid for efficacy after a 4‐week acute treatment period. HAM‐A and CGI scores were significantly reduced with lorazepam and ipsapirone compared with placebo. HAM‐D scores were also reduced significantly from baseline in the lorazepam, ipsapirone, and placebo groups; HAM‐D core items significantly decreased in the ipsapirone but not in the lorazepam and placebo groups. Individual incidents of depression showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher frequency in the lorazepam group (10/104; 9.6%) compared with ipsapirone (2/106; 1.9%), but only a trend (p < 0.10) compared with placebo (4/105; 3.8%). There was an increased severity of the depressive incidents in the lorazepam group compared with the other two treatment groups. This report confirms an earlier study reporting that depression is a potential side effect of lorazepam treatment in GAD patients. Depression 1:172–176 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antidepressants and HIV infection: Effect of lithium chloride and desipramine on HIV replication
Authors: Evans Dwight L. , Smith Marilyn S. , Golden Robert N.
Published: November 2007

There is increasing evidence that depression occurs in a significant number of individuals with HIV infection. Consequently, antidepressant medication treatment is often prescribed in an attempt to alleviate depressive symptoms and improve the quality of life. However, psychopharmacologic agents have direct effects on the immune system. Therefore we studied the effects of lithium chloride and the tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine, on HIV replication in T lymphocytes in culture. The effect of lithium on reverse transcriptase activity was also studied in vitro. Neither lithium nor desipramine had an effect on HW replication, and lithium had no effect on virus‐associated reverse transcriptase activity. Although these results suggest that lithium and desipramine can be used without adverse effects on HIV replication for the treatment of depression in HIV‐infected individuals, in vivo effects can not be ruled out by these in vitro findings. Depression 1:205‐209 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma homovanillic acid in psychotic depression
Authors: Devanand D. P. , Gotto Jennifer G. , Cooper Thomas B. , Fitzsimons Linda , Sackeim Harold A.
Published: November 2007

Elevated levels of plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) are associated with increased psychopathology after neuroleptic withdrawal in schizophrenia, and may be predictive of treatment response in psychotic patients. There are limited extant data on plasma HVA in psychotic and non‐psychotic major depression. In 53 medication‐free inpatients with endogenous depression, single determinations of AM plasma HVA did not differ between psychotic (n = 20) and non‐psychotic (n = 33) patients. Plasma HVA showed no associations with age, gender, or indices of disease severity. Consistent with prior reports, a course of ECT treatment did not significantly change plasma HVA levels in this depressed sample, and there were no effects of ECT modality or clinical response on plasma HVA levels.

These results, though limited by the absence of serial sampling, suggest that plasma HVA abnormalities may not characterize psychotic depression, unlike the findings in schizophrenia. The existence of multiple subtypes of dopamine receptors, and the possibility of different abnormalities in the mesolimbic and prefrontal dopaminergic pathways in schizophrenia, complicates the interpretation of peripheral dopaminergic markers. The significance of peripheral markers such as plasma HVA remains uncertain, though at this stage the clinical correlates in schizophrenia are better established than those in psychotic depression. Further work is necessary to clarify the utility of peripheral markers of the dopamine system in psychotic disorders. Depression 1:309–314 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression
Authors: George Mark S. , Ketter Terence A. , Post Robert M.
Published: November 2007

The role of specific brain regions in the pathophysiology of clinical depression is poorly understood. However, one brain area, the prefrontal cortex, is emerging as likely being directly involved in clinical depression. The authors review accepted clinical diagnostic criteria for depression and show how these relate to the behavioral changes seen after prefrontal cortex damage in man and other animals. Information from structural (MRI, CT) and functional imaging (SPECT, PET) is then examined for direct evidence of prefrontal cortex abnormalities in clinically depressed subjects. Functional imaging studies, with few exceptions, demonstrate prefrontal lobe hypometabolism in primary and secondary depression, with severity of depression often correlating with the degree of frontal inactivity. These studies imply that dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, particularly with respect to its role in modulating limbic activity, could conceivably produce many of the symptoms seen in clinical depression. Viewing clinical depression as a disease involving dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex and connected brain regions may prove helpful in both the clinical management of depression and in clarifying future avenues for research. Depression 2:59–72 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Buspirone treatment of sexual dysfunction associated with selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors
Authors: Norden Michael J.
Published: November 2007

A retrospective study was done of sixteen patients treated with adjunctive buspirone in the context of sexual dysfunction associated with the use of selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors (SSRls). Sexual functioning was rated as much or very much improved in 11 patients (69%). Treatment was generally very well tolerated. However, several patients who had become less irritable after treatment with an SSRI, reported increased irritability. The results suggest adjunctive buspirone may be useful in the management of sexual dysfunction associated with SSRIs; possible mechanisms of action are discussed. Depression 2:109–112 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tricyclics and newer antidepressant medications: Treatment options for treatment‐resistant depressions
Authors: Thase Michael E. , Rush A. John , Kasper Siegfried , Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: November 2007

Only about 60–70% of those depressed patients who can tolerate an antidepressant medication, and only about 50–60% of those who begin a medication will respond to the first trial. Furthermore, 5–10% will remain depressed despite multiple medication trials. When the disorder is poorly responsive, it is variously described as a resistant, refractory, or intractable depression. This review summarizes the available literature on treatment‐resistant depression (TRD) to provide recommendations for the most rational alternative strategies. Depression 2:152–168 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychosocial interventions in bipolar disorder
Authors: Zaretsky Ari E. , Segal Zindel V.
Published: November 2007

Mood‐stabilizing pharmacotherapy has become the mainstay of treatment for bipolar disorder (BD). Despite the increasingly biological conceptualization of illness, psychosocial interventions may also have a role to play in the treatment of manic‐depressive illness. This article aims to provide a comprehensive and critical review of the literature on the use of psychosocial interventions for BD. The general therapeutic processes underlying the effectiveness of these different psychologically based interventions will also be discussed. All papers listed in Medline and Psychological Abstracts published since 1970 on the use of psychosocial interventions for BD were examined and reviewed with regards to efficacy. The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions combined with mood‐stabilizing medication are associated with superior clinical outcome compared to treatment with mood‐stabilizing medication alone. Seven unique therapeutic mechanisms may underlie the effectiveness of these various psycho‐social interventions, including: closer monitoring of affective symptomatology, earlier environmental modification, enhanced compliance with medication, enhanced social support, improved familial adjustment, regulation of daily routines, and enhancement of coping strategies. Psychosocial interventions have a beneficial effect on clinical outcome in BD. More rigorous controlled research is needed to replicate these initial outcome studies. What also remains to be clarified is whether psychologically based interventions possess unique therapeutic potency independent of their effects on medication compliance. Depression 2:119‐188 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal study of social support and social conflict as predictors of depression and dysphoria among HIV‐positive and HTV‐negative gay men
Authors: Leserman Jane , Disantostefano Rachael , Perkins Diana O. , Murphy Carol , Golden Robert N. , Evans Dwight L.
Published: November 2007

Although there is an abundance of literature linking social support and mental health, less attention has been paid to the psychological effects of social conflict. In a sample of HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative gay men, the present study focuses on: (1) how support satisfaction and frequency of social conflict correlate with measures of depression and other aspects of mental health at study entry, and (2) whether changes in social support or social conflict are related to changes in psychological status over a 1‐year period. The sample was composed of 108 asymptomatic HIV‐positive and 73 HIV‐negative gay men. One‐year follow‐up data were available on 84 HIV‐positive and 63 HIV‐negative men. We found that: (1) psychological disturbance was related to frequent social conflict, and to a lesser extent, dissatisfaction with social support; and (2) increased psychological disturbance over 1‐year was correlated with increased social conflict, and to a lesser extent, decreased support satisfaction. The pattern of relationships over time between changes in social interaction and changes in psychological health was slightly different far the serostatus groups. Social conflict and support satisfaction may have relevance far the psychological health of gay men. Depression 2:189—199 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Double bipolar disorder”: A separate entity?
Authors: Young L. Trevor , Cooke Robert G. , Robb Janine C. , Joffe Russell T.
Published: November 2007

The comorbidity of bipolar disorder with cyclothymiacs was examined. Eased on the SADS‐L, patients with co morbid cyclothymiacs experience more anxiety symptoms, more severe depressions, and greater impairment in functioning and well being, this latter finding confirmed by the Medical Outcomes Survey (MOS) subscale scores. Treatment outcome did not differ between the groups, which possibly related to limitations in the experimental design. Depression 2:223–225 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiky‐Liss, Inc.
Lithium‐thyroid interactive hypothesis of neuropsychological deficits: A review and proposal
Authors: Prohaska Mark L. , Stern Robert A. , Steketee Mareah C. , Prange Arthur J.
Published: November 2007

Although lithium carbonate is a mainstay in the treatment of mood disorders, especially bipolar illness, its use is attended by a high incidence of side effects. Physical side effects are usually addressed effectively by the psychiatrist, but neuropsychological side effects often go untreated and thus may contribute to a high rate of drug non‐compliance. Evidence from a variety of sources indicates that the major neuropsychological effect of lithium is a generalized psychomo‐tor slowing that manifests itself in subjective complaints of impaired thinking ability, a sense of lethargy, and memory dysfunction. The objective techniques of neuropsychological testing have begun to dissect the discrete aspects of cognition and memory that may be impaired by lithium. Although the neuropsychological deficits of hypothyroidism have not yet been subjected to detailed study, the deficits caused by lithium appear to be consistent with those encountered in patients with hypothyroidism, whether overt or subclinical. Relevant to this comparison is the fact that lithium is a potent antithyroid drug. For these reasons, it is justified to state as a hypothesis that at least some of the neuropsychological deficits caused by lithium are attributable to their antithyroid effects. This hypothesis provides directions for future research in this area and has potentially important implications for treating the neuropsychological side effects of lithium. Depression 2:241–251 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnant or depressed? The effect of overlap between symptoms of depression and somatic complaints of pregnancy on rates of major depression in the second trimester
Authors: Klein Marjorie H. , Essex Marilyn J.
Published: November 2007

This study investigated the relationship between symptoms of major depression that were attributed either to stress or to pregnancy among women in the second trimester and considered the effect of symptom overlap on diagnostic outcome. A sample of 570 obstetrical clinic patients were given the depression section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, with questions added about pregnancy as a cause of somatic symptoms. In this sample, some of the common symptoms of depression such as increased appetite and fatigue were attributed more frequently to pregnancy than to stress. When pregnancy‐related symptoms were included in the scoring for DSM‐III‐R major depression, the rate for the current pregnancy rose from 1.2 to 2.8 percent and the rate for lifetime major depression rose from 5.6 to 10.9%. Comparisons on measures of family history, self‐report depression, and personality between subjects with “pure” depression and those with “mixed” symptom pictures suggest that the latter may he a spectrum group. In the discussion we speculate that the overlap between symptoms of depression and complaints associated with pregnancy may bias estimates of depression in studies of women of childbearing age. Depression 2:308–314 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of self–report and clinician ratings of depression among outpatient adolescents
Authors: Reinecke Mark A. , Schultz Theresa M.
Published: November 2007

To determine whether adolescents' scores on clinician‐ating and self–report scales for depression were comparable, a sample of 43 adolescent outpatients completed four objective, self–report questionnaires. Their scores on these measures were compared with each other and with clinicians' scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Correlations between the self‐report questionnaires ranged from .52 to .88 (P ± .001); whereas their correlations with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ranged from .56 to .66. While supportive of the convergent validity of these measures, our findings suggest that important differences exist between alternative measures of depression, and that scores derived from different scales may not be equivalent. Depression 3:139–145 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Double‐blind multicenter comparison of fluvoxamine versus sertraline in the treatment of depressed outpatients
Authors: Nemeroff Charles B. , Ninan Philip T. , Ballenger James , Lydiard R. Bruce , Feighner John , Patterson William M. , Greist John H.
Published: November 2007

Fluvoxamine and sertraline, both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), were compared in a 5‐center, 7‐week double‐blind study in outpatients with major depression diagnosed by DSM‐III‐R criteria. Ninety‐five patients were titrated from 50 to 150 mg/day offluvoxamine (n = 49) or 50 to 200 mg/day of sertraline (n = 46). The mean dose administered in Weeks 3‐1 was 123.8 mg/day for fluvoxamine, and 137.1 mg/day for sertraline. Forty‐seven percent (47%) of fluvoxamine‐treated patients and 30% of sertraline‐treated patients were titrated to the maximum permissible dose. Fluvoxamine and sertraline were similarly effective in ameliorating depression as demonstrated by a mean reduction from baseline in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) total score of 10.61 ± 7.53 and 10.98 ± 6.08, respectively. Adverse events, mostly mild to moderate in severity, were reported for 93.5% of sertraline patients and 85.7% offluvoxamine patients. The most common events in the sertraline group were insomnia (34.8%), headache (32.6%), diarrhea (23.9%), and ejaculatory difficulty (22.2% of males), and in the fluvoxamine group, nausea (30.6%), headache (26.5%), insomnia (26.5%), and somnolence (24.5%). Significantly more patients reported sexual dysfunction in the sertraline (28%) than in the fluvoxamine (10%) group. An uncharacteristically low dropout rate due to adverse events was observed in the sertraline group (2.2%) compared with the fluvoxamine group (18.4%). The rate of withdrawal due to adverse events in the fluvoxamine group (0–2 patients/center) was comparable to that in the sertraline group (1 patient) for four of the five centers; the fifth center had 4 withdrawals in the fluvoxamine group. The differences in clinical profile of these two SSRIs provide physicians with meaningful choices in antidepressant therapy attuned to individual patient characteristics. Depression 3:163–169 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased levels of alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein and interleukin‐6 in refractory depression
Authors: Sluzewska A. , Rybakowski J. K. , Sobieska M. , Bosnians E. , Pollet H. , Wiktorowicz K.
Published: November 2007

Plasma concentrations of alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and soluble interleukin‐6 receptor (sIL‐6R) as well as the changes in glycosylation of AGP were measured in 60 patients with major depression hospitalized at the Department of Psychiatry, Medical Academy in Bydgoszcz, and in 20 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Thirty‐four depressed patients met the criteria of refractory depression. Patients with refractory depression (RD) had a longer duration of the illness and the last depressive episode than the responders to antidepressant treatment. RD patients had higher concentrations of AGP, CRP, IL‐6, and higher monocyte count as well as the different glycosylation patterns of AGP (higher values of reactivity coefficient, AGP‐RC) compared with non RD patients. Depressed patients who exhibited DST non‐suppression had significantly higher values of AGP than patients showing suppression on this test. These results may suggest an elevation of acute phase response in refractory depression. Depression 3:170–175 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paroxetine for bipolar depression: Outcome in patients failing prior antidepressant trials
Authors: Baldassano Claudia F. , Sachs Gary S. , Stoll Andrew L. , Lafer Beny , Truman Christine J.
Published: November 2007

Bipolar depression is common and often debilitating. Of particular concern are those acutely depressed bipolar patients who have not responded to previous trials of antidepressants. This investigation made use of naturalistic data collected using a standardized assessment format to determine the antidepressant efficacy and affective switch rate with paroxetine treatment far bipolar depression. The charts of 20 depressed outpatients who received paroxetine, and who met DSM‐III‐R criteria for bipolar disorder, were identified and data harvested pertaining to psychiatric history and presence of abnormal mood symptoms during treatment with paroxetine. All patients included had previously failed treatment with at least one standard antidepressant agent. The observed rates of antidepressant efficacy and treatment‐emergent mania were 65% and 10%, respectively. These results suggest that paroxetine is an effective treatment for bipolar depression and is less likely than most other antidepressant medications to induce treatment‐emergent affective switch. Depression 3:182–186 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Placebo‐controlled study of ABT‐200 versus fluoxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder
Authors: Sramek John J. , Kashkin Kenneth , Jasinsky Olga , Kardatzke David , Kennedy Sara , Cutler Neal R.
Published: November 2007

ABT‐200 is a novel potential antidepressant which antagonizes both norepi‐nephrine uptake and noradrenergic a2 receptors. This single‐site study conducted over 5 months compared the safely and efficacy of ABT‐200 (titrated up to 280 mg/day) to a fixed dose offluoxetine (20 mg/day) and placebo in 216 patients meeting DSM‐III‐R criteria for major depressive disorder. Following a 1‐week placebo lead‐in phase, patients were randomized to receive ABT‐200 (n = 72), fluoxetine (n = 72), or placebo (n = 72) for 9 weeks of double‐blind treatment. At the end of the study there were no differences (P > 0.05) in HAM‐D total score changes from baseline between ABT‐200‐treated and placebo‐treated patients, whose mean scores were reduced by 4.6 points (16.8%) and 6.4 points (23.3%), respectively. Patients on fluoxetine, however, showed statistically significant improvement over placebo on total HAM‐D scores with a decrease of 8.6 points (30.5%,P < 0.05). While there were no serious adverse events thought to be related to the study drug, 36.1% of ABT‐200 patients discontinued the study due to adverse events, compared to only 5.6% of placebo patients and 4.2% offluoxetine patients. If ABT‐200 produced the spectrum of biochemical effects in humans predicted from preclinical studies, our results suggest that these actions do not lead to antidepressant effects in general depressed outpatient populations. Depression 3:199–203 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
State‐independent dysregulation of the hpa system in a patient with rapid cycling: Longitudinal evaluation of dex/hcrh test status and comparison with a non‐rapid cycling major depressive control group
Authors: Seifritz Erich , Müller Matthias J. , Hatzinger Martin , Hemmeter Ulrich , Chardon Francois , Taylor Kirsten I. , Holsboer‐Trachsler Edith
Published: November 2007

The combined dexamethasone‐suppression/human corticotropin releasing hormone challenge (DEX/hCRH) test was repeatedly applied in a rapid cycling patient (RC) with bipolar illness during different affective states. The results were compared to a matched control group (n = 8) of non‐rapid cycling major depressive disorder patients in whom the DEX/hCRH test was applied at the beginning and end of a 6‐week antidepressant treatment program. RC had normal DEX suppression tests but exhibited exaggerated cortisol and ACTH responses to hCRH. Furthermore, RC's hormone responses were unaffected by the current clinical state (depressive, hypomanic, euthymic), and significantly exceeded the hormone responses of the control group at the beginning (acute) and the end (remitted) of their treatment. These findings suggest that severe and irreversible hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) system dysregulation may characterize rapid cycling. Depression 3:204–208 (1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychodynamic study of suicide attempts in patients with personality disorders
Authors: Jessee Salley S. , Chance Susan E. , D'Orio Barbara , Edelson Deborah
Published: November 2007

The objective of this study was to identify similarities and differences in the psychodynamics of patients with personality disorders who make suicide attempts and those who are hospitalized but have never attempted suicide. Twenty patients in each cateogry were interviewed by a psychiatrist, with the interview videotaped. The videotape was used to assess clinical diagnoses and to identify the precipitant for the suicide attempt or hospital admission, the associated effects, and the psychodynamic meaning. No statistically significant between group differences on diagnoses of depressive disorders, substance abuse, severe character pathology, or presence of other DSMIII‐R Axis I psychiatric disorders were found. However, significantly more of the suicide attempters experienced acute interpersonal conflict and expressed feelings of hopelessness, whereas the affects of confusion, anxiety, sadness, and guilt unrelated to acute interpersonal conflict were significantly more associated with hospital admission for the controls. Rage toward a perceived abandoning object was an important psychodynamic factor in this group of suicide attempters, particularly in the serious attempters. Four male attempters and three female attempters, all with severe character pathology, made serious suicide attempts. Eleven of the fourteen females made low risk attempts, but an unexpected finding was that five were pregnant. The motivation for these low risk attempts in females was a maladaptive effort to communicate distress, and in the pregnant attempters also an expression of ambivalence about the pregnancy. Results of this study are of relevance in the assessment and treatment of patients with personality disorders in a variety of clinical settings. Depression 3:290–296 (1995/1996). © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of schizoaffective bipolar disorder from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Blehar Mary C. , Faraone Stephen V. , Zeller Pamela J. , Numberger John I. , Tsuang Ming T. , Kirch Darrell , Shore David , Gershefski John M. A. , Reich Theodore , Cloninger C. Robert , Rau N. Leela , DePaulo J. Raymond , Kaufmann Charles A. , Harkavy‐Friedman Jill , Malaspina Dolores , Weise Richard E.
Published: November 2007

Differential diagnosis of patients whose course of illness includes substantial psychotic and mood syndromes is among the most challenging in psychiatry. The relative temporal preponderance of one or the other of these syndromes over course of illness forms the basis for distinctions among DSM‐III‐R diagnoses of schizoaffective disorder (SA), bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia (SZ); and such temporal assessments may be especially difficult to make reliably. Elsewhere we report relatively low reliability of SA and a tendency for it be “confused” with SZ and BPD. In this paper, we identify clinical variables that increase diagnostic differentiation. Data are from a Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) reliability study in which patients with independently assessed DSM‐III‐R lifetime diagnoses of SA‐bipolar subtype,(SA‐BP), BPD, and SZ were also clinically assessed and diagnosed by the DIGS on two occasions by two different interviewers blind to entry diagnoses. The relative strength of DIGS‐based DSM‐III‐R diagnoses and individual DIGS clinical variables in predicting entry diagnoses is shown in a series of logistic regression analyses. Models incorporating DIGS variables are more predictive of entry diagnoses than models using DIGS diagnoses alone. Based on DIGS information, the SA‐BP group is more clearly differentiated from the BPD group than from the SZ group. Different profiles of DIGS variables distinguish the groups. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for nosologic research. Depression 3:309–315 (1995/1996). © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

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TLR9 signaling is essential for the innate NK cell response in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Liese Jan , Schleicher Ulrike , Bogdan Christian
Published: November 2007

Mice deficient for the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 succumb to a local infection with Leishmania (L.) major. However, the TLR(s) that contribute to the control of this intracellular parasite remain to be defined. Here, we show that TLR9 was required for the induction of IL‐12 in bone marrow‐derived DC by intact L. major parasites or L. major DNA and for the early IFN‐γ expression and cytotoxicity of NK cells following infection with L. major in vivo. During the acute phase of infection TLR9–/– mice exhibited more severe skin lesions and higher parasite burdens than C57BL/6 wild‐type controls. Although TLR9 deficiency led to a transient increase of IL‐4, IL‐13 and arginase 1 mRNA and a reduced expression of iNOS at the site of infection and in the draining lymph nodes, it did not prevent the development of Th1 cells and the ultimate resolution of the infection. We conclude that TLR9 signaling is essential for NK cell activation, but dispensable for a protective T cell response to L. major in vivo.
Defective Artemis nuclease is characterized by coding joints with microhomology in long palindromic‐nucleotide stretches
Authors: van der Burg Mirjam , Verkaik Nicole S. , den Dekker Alexander T. , Barendregt Barbara H. , Pico‐Knijnenburg Ingrid , Tezcan Ilhan , vanDongen Jacques J. M. , van Gent Dik C.
Published: November 2007

T–B–NK+ severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is caused by a defect in V(D)J recombination. A subset of these patients has a mutation in one of the non‐homologous end joining (NHEJ) genes, most frequently the Artemis gene. Artemis is involved in opening of hairpin‐sealed coding ends. The low levels of residual Dh‐Jh junctions that could be amplified from patients’ bone marrow precursor B cells showed high numbers of palindromic (P)‐nucleotides. In 25% of junctions, microhomology was observed in the P‐nucleotide regions, whereas this phenomenon was never observed in junctions amplified from bone marrow precursor B cells from healthy controls. We utilized this difference between Artemis‐deficient cells and normal controls to develop a V(D)J recombination assay to determine hairpin‐opening activity. Mutational analysis of the Artemis gene confirmed and extended the mapping of an N‐terminal nuclease active site, which contains several indispensable aspartate residues. C‐terminal deletion mutants did not show such severe defects in the V(D)J recombination assay using transient overexpression of (mutated) Artemis protein. However, a C‐terminal deletion mutation causes T–B–NK+ SCID, indicating that the Artemis C terminus is essential for V(D)J recombination at the normal Artemis expression level. The V(D)J recombination assays used in this study contribute to the diagnostic strategy for T–B–NK+ SCID patients.
Phenotypic analysis of human CD4+ T cells specific for immediate early 63 protein of varicella‐zoster virus
Authors: Jones Louise , Black Antony P. , Malavige Gathsaurie N. , Ogg Graham S.
Published: November 2007

Open reading frame 63 of varicella‐zoster Virus (VZV) encodes an immediate early (IE) phosphoprotein (IE63) that is believed to be important for viral infectivity and establishing latency. Evidence suggests that VZV‐specific T cells are crucial in the control of viral replication; however, data addressing the existence of IE63 protein‐specific CD4+ T cells are limited. Using IFN‐γ immunosorbent assays, we identified high frequencies of responses to overlapping peptides spanning the IE63 protein both ex vivo and after in vitro restimulation in healthy VZV‐seropositive individuals. We identified a commonly recognised epitope, restricted by HLA‐DRB1*1501, which was naturally processed and presented by keratinocytes. We proceeded to investigate the frequency and phenotype of the epitope‐specific CD4+ T cells using HLA class II tetrameric complexes. Epitope‐specific CD4+ T cells were detectable ex vivo and showed a mixed central and effector‐memory differentiation phenotype, with a significant proportion showing evidence of recent activation and rapid effector function. In summary these data implicate persistent low‐level or recurrent VZV antigen exposure in healthy immune donors and are compatible with a role for IE63‐specific CD4+ T cells in the control of viral reactivation.
Toll‐like receptors’ two‐edged sword: when immunity meets apoptosis
Authors: Salaun Bruno , Romero Pedro , Lebecque Serge
Published: November 2007

Toll‐like receptors (TLR) have emerged as key players in the detection of pathogens and the induction of anti‐microbial immune response. TLR recognize pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, and trigger anti‐microbial innate immune responses ranging from the secretion of pro‐inflammatory mediators to the increase of natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Besides activating the innate immune response, TLR engagement also shapes the adaptive immune response. Indeed, the broad diversity of signaling pathways initiated by TLR is progressively unraveled. Recent reports suggested that among the anti‐microbial defenses they initiate, members of the TLR family can induce apoptosis. This review focuses on this newly described function of TLR, and emphasizes the similarities and differences between the different apoptosis‐signaling pathways described downstream of TLR. The functional relevance of TLR‐triggered apoptosis is also discussed, as therapeutic applications are likely to ensue in the near future.
IFN‐β protects from vascular leakage via up‐regulation of CD73
Authors: Kiss Jan , Yegutkin Gennady G. , Koskinen Kaisa , Savunen Timo , Jalkanen Sirpa , Salmi Marko
Published: November 2007

Changes in endothelial permeability are crucial in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Adenosine is one of the endogenous mediators controlling endothelial permeability under normal conditions, and an endothelial cell surface enzyme CD73 is a key regulator of adenosine production. Here we report that IFN‐β is a novel inducer of CD73. We found that pretreatment with IFN‐β dramatically improved the vascular barrier function in lungs after intestinal ischemia‐reperfusion injury in wild‐type animals in vivo. IFN‐β had absolutely no protective effects in CD73‐deficient mice, which suffered from more severe lung damage than wild‐type mice, showing that IFN‐β functions strictly in a CD73‐dependent manner. Most importantly, IFN‐β treatment initiated after the ischemic period almost completely inhibited vascular leakage during the reperfusion. IFN‐β also induced the expression and activity of CD73 and concurrently decreased vascular permeability in cultured human pulmonary endothelial cells. These data show that induction of CD73 and improvement of vascular barrier are new mechanisms for the anti‐inflammatory action of IFN‐β. Moreover, IFN‐β treatment may be useful in alleviating vascular leakage induced by ischemia‐reperfusion injury.
A Cyclobutadiene Intermediate in the Intramolecular Cycloaddition of 4,15‐Bis(phenylethynyl)[2.2]paracyclophane
Authors: Kubitschke Jens , Hopf Henning , Jones Peter G. , Dix Ina , Ernst Ludger
Published: November 2007

The pseudo‐geminally substituted paracyclophane 4,5‐bis(phenylethynyl)[2.2]paracyclophane (13) was prepared and its photochemical behaviour in solution was studied. Irradiation with a medium‐pressure mercury lamp converts 13 into two dimers: cyclooctatetraene 14 and bicyclo[4.2.0]octatriene derivative 15. The structures of both the substrate and the photolysis products were determined by the usual spectroscopic methods and also by X‐ray structural analysis; an unusually long C–C bond of 1.659 Å opposite the double bond in the cyclobutene ring of 15 was found. It is suggested that product formation involves cyclobutadiene 16 as an intermediate. Photolysis of 13 in the presence of pentacarbonyliron furnishes cyclopentadienone complex 19 in quantitative yield. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Palladium‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Addition of Organic Halides and Terminal Alkynes to 7‐Oxabenzonorbornadiene: An Efficient Route to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Kuo Chun‐Jung , Cheng Shu‐Jin , Chang Shu‐Ting , Liu Charng‐Hsing
Published: November 2007

A three‐component coupling reaction of organic halides with oxabicyclic alkenes and terminal alkynes was catalyzed by a palladium complex and a phase‐transfer agent in the presence of aqueous NaOH. The reaction gave a series of 5,6‐disubstituated 7‐oxabenzonorbornene derivatives in good yields. The disubstituted products from oxabenzonorbornadiene can be readily converted into polyaromatic hydrocarbons by a Lewis acid mediated deoxyaromatization reaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Metathesis Reactions of Formaldehyde Acetals – Experimental and Computational Investigation of Isomeric Families of Cyclophanes under Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Cacciapaglia Roberta , Di Stefano Stefano , Mandolini Luigi , Mencarelli Paolo , Ugozzoli Franco
Published: November 2007

The acid‐catalyzed transacetalation of cyclophane formaldehyde acetals incorporating m‐xylylene units (m‐Ci) generates a well behaved dynamic library of oligomeric macrocycles. Effective Molarities (EM) relating to the formation of the lower cyclic oligomers (i = 2–4) were estimated from equilibrium concentrations measured under conditions closely approaching the critical monomer concentration. Comparison with available EM data relating to the formation of the isomeric paracyclophanes p‐Ci shows that the metacyclophanes m‐Ci are considerably more stable, the stability difference being particularly significant for i = 2. Molecular modeling indicated that incorporation of COCOC moieties in the cyclic structures enforces deviations from the most stable g+g+/g–g– conformation. Consistently with experimental results, such deviations are at a maximum for the dimeric paracyclophane p‐C2, and tend to decrease with increasing ring size in both series. Molecular modeling also showed that the stability of the heterodimer m,p‐C2 is comparable to that of m‐C2, which is again in agreement with the results of a cross‐experiment in which a mixture of m‐C2 and p‐C2 was allowed to equilibrate.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)