bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible effects of shallow geothermal systems installed at coastal zones
Authors: Criollo Manjarrez Rotman , Vilarrasa Víctor , Orfila Alejandro , Fernández-Mora Angels
Published: February 2023

Coastal areas are more densely populated than inland areas and present faster rates of population increase and urbanization. This trend is expected to continue in the coming decades, and thus, the demand of natural resources in coastal areas, such as water and energy resources, increasing the pressure and impact on the environment, superposed to the effects of climate change. Currently, in Europe, the demand for heating in buildings and businesses outnumbers the demand for cooling. However, the latter is gradually catching up due to rising demand for air cooling or refrigeration for industry such as food, technological and medical supplies. The energy required to cool buildings in Europe is expected to increase by more than 70% by 2030, while energy used to heat buildings may decrease by 30% (UE, 2018). Low Temperature Geothermal Energy (LTGE) is most likely the green energy production method for heating and cooling with the highest potential to provide affordable and clean energy and meet the CO2-emissions reduction goals of the Green Deal. Despite advances on LTGE technologies, the efficiency of these systems remains inherently sensitive to changes in hydrodynamics and the media (e.g., changes in the groundwater thermal regime). Groundwater, on the other hand, is the world's largest freshwater resource, and it is especially important in coastal areas because interactions between aquifer systems and sea water may lead to salinization and resource loss. Because geothermal systems and coastal aquifers interact directly, specially at groundwater discharge areas, it is clear that a better understanding of the potential interactions of geothermal systems with current and prospective coastal aquifer processes is essential for their design and foreseeing potential environmental effects. To address these issues, we model variable-density groundwater coupled with heat transport to simulate the long-term evolution of groundwater salinity and aquifer thermal energy discharge. We find that the heating/cooling-induced water density variations affect the seawater intrusion. Understanding the behavior of the groundwater system is required to ensure sustainable water, energy, and coastal ecosystem management.
Retrieving cloud sensitivity to aerosol using ship emissions
Authors: Quilelli Correa Rocha Ribeiro Rodrigo , Gryspeerdt Edward , Van Reeuwijk Maarten
Published: February 2023

Aerosol-cloud interactions are one of the key uncertainties in understanding future climate change. A commonly used method for constraining these interactions is using ship tracks. Aerosol-containing plumes from ships can develop into linearly shaped clouds identifiable in satellite images, isolating the aerosol impact on clouds. Previous studies have shown that ship tracks form more commonly in clean conditions, but even accounting for this, many ships that might be expected to form ship tracks do not. This leads to uncertainties in aerosol-cloud interactions and their climate impact.  Ship track formation depends on the aerosol-containing plumes from the ship being sufficiently concentrated upon reaching the cloud. The cloud must also be sensitive to aerosol. In focus are updraft-limited clouds: smaller updrafts promote slower cooling as a cloud parcel rises, higher critical supersaturation values and lower aerosol activation fractions. It is not clear which of these are more important, but it is vital to understand them if we are using ship tracks to retrieve cloud sensitivity to aerosol.    We develop a plume-parcel model to address these issues to estimate cloud droplet enhancements in ship tracks. Ship aerosol concentrations at the cloud height were modelled as plumes, simulating the shorter timescales of injection. Droplet number concentration enhancements were estimated using Köhler theory for over one hundred thousand ships off the coast of California.  Using a constant updraft, the model was able to achieve reasonable enhancements (r2 ranging between (0.32, 0.4)). These enhancements were shown to be significantly sensitive to the choice of the updraft. In order to examine the hypothetical updraft values required for activation, an optimisation algorithm was developed to fit updrafts to cloud enhancement observations; a 1-1 correlation was achieved between observed and parameterised enhancements. Updrafts consistent with Köhler theory are considerably smaller than cloud-top radiative cooling-based estimates, suggesting that these clouds are less sensitive to aerosol than current estimates suggest. 
Limitations of machine learning in a spatial context
Authors: Heinke Jens , Müller Christoph , Gerten Dieter
Published: February 2023

Machine learning algorithms have become popular tools for the analysis of spatial data. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that the application of machine learning algorithms in a spatial context has limitations. New geographic locations may lie outside of the data range for which the model was trained, and estimates of model performance may be too optimistic, when spatial autocorrelation of geographic data is not properly accounted for in cross-validation. We here use artificially created spatial data fields to conduct a series of experiments to further investigate the potential pitfalls of random forest regression applied to spatial data. We provide new insights on previously reported limitations and identify further limitations. We demonstrate that the same mechanism that leads to overoptimistic estimates of model performance (when based on ordinary random k-fold cross-validation) can also lead to a deterioration of model performance. When covariates contain sufficient information to deduce spatial coordinates, the model can reproduce any spatial pattern in the training data even if it is entirely or partly unrelated to the covariates. The presence of spatially correlated residuals in the training data changes how the model utilizes the information of the covariates and impedes the identification of the actual relationship between covariates and response. This reduces model performance when the model is applied to data with a different spatial structure. Under such conditions, machine learning methods that are sufficiently flexible to fit to autocorrelated residuals (such as random forest) may not be an optimal choice. Better models may be obtained using less flexible but more transparent approaches such as generalized linear models or additive models.
Identifying Lightning Processes in ERA5 Soundings with Deep Learning
Authors: Hell Tobias , Ehrensperger Gregor , Mayr Georg J. , Simon Thorsten
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric environments favorable for lightning and convection are commonly represented by proxies or parameterizations based on expert knowledge such as CAPE, wind shears, charge separation, or combinations thereof. Recent developments in the field of machine learning, high resolution reanalyses, and accurate lightning observations open possibilities for identifying tailored proxies without prior expert knowledge. To identify vertical profiles favorable for lightning, a deep neural network links ERA5 vertical profiles of cloud physics, mass field variables and wind to lightning location data from the Austrian Lightning Detection & Information System (ALDIS), which has been transformed to a binary target variable labelling the ERA5 cells as lightning and no lightning cells. The ERA5 parameters are taken on model levels beyond the tropopause forming an input layer of approx. 670 features. The data of 2010 - 2018 serve as training/validation. On independent test data, 2019, the deep network outperforms a reference with features based on meteorological expertise. Shapley values highlight the atmospheric processes learned by the network which identifies cloud ice and snow content in the upper and mid-troposphere as relevant features. As these patterns correspond to the separation of charge in thunderstorm cloud, the deep learning model can serve as physically meaningful description of lightning. 
The Applicability of InSAR and LiDAR Remote Sensing Technologies in the Large-Scale Monitoring of Roadside Slopes and surrounding Structures
Authors: Hsiao Hong-Yi , Chen Yi-Chung , Chi Chien-Yu , Chang Chia-Shin , Chen Rou-Fei
Published: February 2023

In the past, when assessing the stability of roadside slopes in mountainous areas of Taiwan, road maintenance and inspection personnel were often limited by steep terrain and vegetation cover. They could only observe damages on the road surface and sides instead of grasping the key points of landslides and disasters. Among them, Sandimen and Wutai located on Highway 24 in Pingtung repeatedly suffer from natural disasters, such as falling rocks, debris avalanche or subsidence of roadbed, after the strike of Typhoon Morakot whenever a typhoon, torrential rain or earthquake event occurs. The government therefore spent a lot of money on road maintenance works. In this area, we have combined topographic features identified from LiDAR-derived 1-m resolution DEM and large-scale ground surface deformation observed using the multitemporal InSAR technique (MT-InSAR) developed based on ALOS-2 / PALSAR-2 images collected between 2015 and 2022. Then Sections 29.5K and 34.5K are selected as the key study area of this investigation. The cumulative deformation results of these key slopes are: -80 mm at 29.5K from ALOS-2 imagery and -103 mm at 34.5K from ALOS-2. As for the section of 29.5K, from May 8, 2016 to December 4, 2016, the overall slope of the road was affected by several heavy rains and typhoons, among which the maximum rainfall on that day reached 303 mm; and the amount of deformation decreased by 16.7 mm; the average deformation of subarea block A decreased by 33.6 mm, and the average deformation of subarea block B decreased by 14.8 mm. As for the section of 34.5K, the overall roadside slopes were affected by several heavy rains and typhoons, among which the maximum accumulation of rainfall on that day reached 303 mm, from May 8, 2016 to December 4, 2016. The amount of deformation decreased by 13.7 mm. Our primary results demonstrate that the cumulative deformation and rainfall of these two key slopes show a positive correlation.
Coupling of Induced Magnetic Fields of Local Asymmetric Features in Subsurface Ocean Moons
Authors: Winkenstern Jason , Saur Joachim
Published: February 2023

In the recent decades, both ground-based and satellite observations providedindirect evidence for the existence of subsurface oceans within Europa’s icycrust (Kivelson et al., 2000; Roth et al., 2014). Since then, the search for icymoons with similar features has been ongoing (e.g., Cochrane et al., 2021).Such a subsurface ocean interacts with the time-varying magnetic field ofits host planet, resulting in an induced magnetic field (Khurana et al., 1998;Saur et al., 2010). To model these induction responses, a radially symmetricinterior structure is generally assumed (Zimmer et al., 2000; Schilling et al.,2007). Geological arguments, however, can motivate cases for asymmetricfeatures, e.g. tidal heating and the existence of chaos terrain on Europa(Styczinski et al., 2022). We approximate such an asymmetric feature bymodelling a radially symmetric subsurface ocean together with a local small-scale water reservoir of spherical shape. This results in a non-linear couplingmechanism between the induction responses of ocean and reservoir. In ourpresentation we will discuss the nature of such a non-linear coupled inductionand its effects on the potential detectability of small-scale water features forfuture missions such as Europa CLIPPER.
Sedimentary and dark production sources of COS and CS2 identified by their sulfur isotopic values
Authors: Amrani Alon , Davidson Chen , T. Lennartz Sinikka , Angert Alon
Published: February 2023

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a long-lived trace gas, and an important precursor for stratospheric sulfate aerosols, which reduce solar radiation reaching earth surface and may regulates earth's climate. The main sink of COS is the uptake by terrestrial plants similar to CO2. Thus, COS is used as a proxy for CO2 removal by terrestrial plants (gross primary production, GPP). Oceans are the major source of COS to the atmosphere , either directly or indirectly by emitting other volatile sulfur compounds such as CS2 and DMS that partially oxidize to COS in the atmosphere.  In the surface ocean, COS is produced by photochemical reactions and by "dark production" deeper in the water column and from sediments. In the present study we aim to determine and quantifying the COS and CS2 “dark production” by using sulfur isotopes measurements (34S/32S; δ34S) of surface, deep water and sediment samples. In addition, laboratory experiments were conducted to follow the productions of COS and CS2 by direct reactions with CO and HS-/SX2- and by incubations experiments of seawater. Our preliminary results from the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, North, Wadden, and Red Seas show surface δ34S values in the range of -4 to 20‰ for COS, and -10 to 22‰ for CS2 while DMS was 18-21‰. The δ34S values of DMS are in line with previous measurements of the surface ocean and reflect its biological source with small isotopic fractionation relative to marine sulfate (21‰). This was also expected for COS and CS2 that also produced from biological sources. However, their δ34S values extended over large ranges up to 30‰, while their heaviest δ34S value are closed to DMS. There are clear mixing lines for COS and CS2 between the surface ocean sources (heavy) and the sedimentary sources (light) in shallow water. The isotopic values of sedimentary-production are calculated as -4‰ for COS and -10‰ for CS2, based on the samples from the sediment rich waters of the Wadden Sea. These values suggest abiotic sulfurization of light organic compounds by 34S depleted HS-/SX2- from the microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) in the sediment. Indeed, the intertidal sands of the Wadden Sea are known to host intense MSR activity and produce large amounts of H2S and polysulfides. The specific organic precursors are still unknown and will be the subject of our upcoming experiments. Also, the “dark production” isotopic signals of the surface water is not yet well resolved, but seems also to be isotopically lighter then DMS and marine sulfate. These new findings show that the COS/CS2 sources in the ocean are complex combining contributions from several biotic and abiotic processes which seem to have unique isotopic signatures.   
Mapping wetland dynamics in the Congo River basin from GNSS-R and hydrological modeling
Authors: Andreadis Konstantinos , O'Loughlin Fiachra
Published: February 2023

Wetlands play a crucial role in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and particularly in tropical and sub-tropical regions where they account for up to 3/4 of global methane emissions and act as water storage buffers in the landscape. The Congo being the world's second largest river both in terms of drainage area and annual mean discharge as well as the second largest rainforest area, contains large swaths of wetlands that have nevertheless been poorly studied. Remote sensing arguably offers the only viable strategy for mapping wetlands and their dynamics over the entire Congo River basin. Although there have been efforts that combine different type of sensors (microwave, optical etc.), they have been limited by the fact that most of the inundated areas in the Congo are under dense canopies while the bimodality of the river's hydrograph complicates the identification of the basin's hydrography. Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a remote sensing technique that has the potential to overcome some of those limitations. Recent work has shown that such observations from the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) satellite can successfully enable the mapping of inundation dynamics in wetlands on relatively short time scales. Here, we use CYGNSS satellite observations over the Congo River basin from early 2017 to present to quantify changes in wetland inundated area and the identification of hydrographic features such as floodplain channels in the basin. The mapping results are compared against in-situ hydrographic maps, while the dynamics are reconciled with additional satellite observations of precipitation and soil moisture. Furthermore, we use the derived data to inform and validate an existing hydaulic model of the middle reach of the Congo. Finally, we discuss the implications of GNSS-R observations for mapping wetland dynamics globally especially in the context of new and upcoming missions such as SWOT, NISAR, and HydroGNSS.
Weddell Watch
Authors: Østerhus Svein
Published: February 2023

Long term observations of the flow of dense waters from their area of formation to the abyss of the World Ocean, and the return flow of warm waters, are central to climate research. For the Weddell Sea an important component of such a system entail monitoring the formation of High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) on the continental shelf north of Ronne Ice Front, the transformation to Ice Shelf Water (ISW) beneath the floating Filchner-Ronne ice shelf, and the flux of ISW overflowing the shelf break to the deep Weddell Sea. Equally important is the return flow of warm water toward the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf system.We operate several monitoring stations in the southern Weddell Sea. The systems build upon techniques and methods developed over several decades and have a proven record of high data return. Here we present plans for extending, integrating, and operating the existing long-term observatories to increase our knowledge of the natural variability of the ocean-ice shelf system, and to allow early identification of possible changes of regional or global importance.
Resilience and implications of an Antarctic monsoon during the Eocene
Authors: Baatsen Michiel , von der Heydt Anna , Bijl Peter , Sluijs Appy , Dijkstra Henk
Published: February 2023

High latitude warmth during the Eocene greenhouse climate has posed many challenges for climate modelling studies. Recent improvements in both the proxy records and model simulations are bringing these closer together, particularly regarding the meridional temperature gradient. Yet, it remains difficult to understand the climatic conditions around the greenhouse-icehouse transition which involved the glaciation of Antarctica. How can we explain indications of ice near the Antarctic coast well before the transition, especially since Antarctic glaciation is thought to express strong hysteresis? How did Antarctica remain mostly ice-free and vegetated through large climatic swings during the Eocene? If Antarctic warmth was so resilient, which process was responsible for its eventual demise?We consider a set of existing climate simulations for the middle-to-late Eocene (42-34Ma) using the CESM model (Baatsen et al. 2020)1. The original set of simulations was expanded to include possible scenarios of orbital forcing, atmospheric composition, and the continental geometry. In addition, we look at the output from DeepMIP simulations for the early Eocene. Using these results, we make a detailed study of the Antarctic climate and find that most of the continent saw monsoonal conditions during the Eocene. Only a small corridor near the coast experienced perennially mild and wet conditions, explaining the presence of temperate to paratropical vegetation. Further inland, we see a rapid increase in temperature seasonality along with the appearance of a summer monsoon. Summertime warmth made most of the Antarctic continent a hostile place for any significant ice growth. Meanwhile, mountainous regions near the coast were suitable candidates for the formation of ice caps that may have grown substantially during cooler intervals.Our simulations can explain seemingly contradictory indications from proxy records, as well as strong regional variations in the Antarctic climate. The monsoonal nature of this climate during the Eocene proves to be particularly resilient to the changes in external forcing considered here. Identifying the potential mechanism to break up the monsoonal regime and eventually lead to Antarctic glaciation remains the subject of ongoing work.1. Baatsen, M., von der Heydt, A. S., Huber, M., Kliphuis, M. A., Bijl, P. K., Sluijs, A., & Dijkstra, H. A. (2020). The middle to late Eocene greenhouse climate modelled using the CESM 1.0.5. Climate of the Past, 16(6), 2573–2597. doi: 10.5194/cp-16-2573-2020.
Purls of Wisdom: crafting to raise awareness of the role of geoscience in climate change
Authors: Sinclair Elspeth , King Sandra
Published: February 2023

Purls of Wisdom is a programme that utilises crafting to raise awareness of Earth’s changing climate. Specifically, the programme frames climate change as a local issue and aims to make this important topic accessible to people of all ages. Purls of Wisdom tackles these issues through fibre crafting as fibre crafting often utilises locally sourced fibres (e.g. wool from local sheep) and can be sustainably dyed (e.g. dyes from local plants). The Purls of Wisdom event took place in August 2022. The event was co-created through a partnership between the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG) and local community leaders and fibre crafters in a small rural village in County Galway, Ireland. For the event, researchers from institutions across Ireland travelled to rural Galway for a day of crafting and climate conversations. The key aim of the event was to facilitate organic conversations between the participants and the researchers. By creating a safe, non-judgemental space at the crafting tables, participants and researchers were able to have conversations about climate change research and how participants could make a difference in their local environment, and the researchers and participants could work together to co-create crafts that reflected these discussions.  Together, the participants and researchers created hand woven fabric that showed the Irish climate stripes, a series of needle felted squares that depicted everything from Ireland in the past to geothermal energy and a collaborative wall hanging that displayed Galway’s climate change over the past 80 years.Evaluation data from the event suggests that participants’ knowledge about the science of climate change has increased, and they feel that geoscience has an important role in combatting climate change and in their everyday lives. Selected quotes include: “(Purls of Wisdom) opened my eyes, I’m interested to learn more about geoscience.” “Most definitely geoscience has a huge role to play in climate change going forward.” “Soil is more important than I thought.” and “I believe it is very helpful to incorporate the science and everyday life, including crafts, in presentations re-climate change so as to engage more people in the discussion of this topic.”The Purls of Wisdom event specifically targeted retirees as retirees have a huge desire to take part in climate initiatives, but initiatives for their age groups are lacking. In creating the event with community leaders (of retirement age), we ensured the event was suitable for them. Furthermore, some participants brought along their children and grandchildren which encouraged cross-generational learning. 22 local people attended the pilot event.Purls of Wisdom has been funded through the EGU Outreach Grant, 2020 and we hope to showcase some of the climate crafts created at EGU 2023.
Detection of plant water stress in Merlot vineyard using thermal sensors onboard UAVs
Authors: Atencia Luz Karime , del Campo María Victoria , Nowack Yruretagoyena Juan Claudio , Tarquis Alonso Ana María , Hermoso Peralo Roberto
Published: February 2023

Knowledge of the water status in commercial vineyards is of great importance when defining the production objectives and the composition of the grape must. Determining the appropriate irrigation doses allows for adjusting the balance between vigour and productive capacity of the vineyard. However, to accurately know the hydration status of the vines, it is necessary to use equipment such as pressure chambers that are hardly replicable. Much effort has been invested in finding a more straightforward simpler methodology that allows knowing the hydration of plants. In this respect, remote sensing technology is presented as an appropriate tool to obtain information from large areas quickly and efficiently. This work aimed to evaluate the accuracy of water stress detection based on thermal sensors onboard UAVs.The study was carried out in the Merlot vineyard located in Toledo-Spain; arranged on a trellis with a 2.60 x 1.10 m planting frame and established in 2002. High-resolution thermal images were obtained on different dates during the 2021 and 2022 irrigation campaign and at two intervals of the day (9:00 and 12:00 solar hours). Stem water potential (Ψm) and chlorophyll were measured at the same time.The results indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the different irrigation treatments. These differences were mainly observed in the water-steam potential measurements made in the morning.ReferencesAcevedo-Opazo, C., Tisseyre, B., Guillaume, S., & Ojeda, H. (2008). The potential of high spatial resolution information to define within-vineyard zones related to vine water status. Precision Agriculture, 9(5), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-008-9073-1.Jackson, R. D. (1982). Canopy Temperature and Crop Water Stress. 1, 43–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-024301-3.50009-5.Poblete-Echeverría, C., Sepulveda-Reyes, D., Ortega-Farias, S., Zuñiga, M., & Fuentes, S. (2016). Plant water stress detection based on aerial and terrestrial infrared thermography: A study case from vineyard and olive orchard. Acta Horticulturae, 1112, 141–146. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1112.20. Acknowledgements:The authors want to thank Bodegas y Viñas Casa del Valle for allowing us to work in their vineyards and the company UTW for supply the drone images. Financial support provided by Comunidad de Madrid through calls for grants for the completion of Industrial Doctorates IND2020/AMB-17341 is greatly appreciated.
Development of a Governance Resilience Index (GRI) for measuring climate adaptation governance
Authors: Venkataswamy Sahana , Adounkpe Peniel , Amarnath Giriraj
Published: February 2023

Climate change is affecting the frequency and intensity of rainfall extreme events worldwide. Despite the growing global awareness, assessing and enhancing adaptive capacity has proven to be a major challenge. To assess the lack of coping capacity measures that a country cannot cope with water-related disasters through the government's effort and existing infrastructure with the impact of the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability for Kenya and Zambia. We combined two global sources, namely Index for Risk Management (INFORM) and the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), to assess the existing infrastructure, and governance with climate risk indicators. The study analyzes the linkages of governance indicators to evaluate the performance of resilience using these datasets for the period 2014-2022 for climate adaptation governance. A global cluster analysis using historical governance, hazard, and resilience information was performed to obtain three clusters. Countries such as Zambia and Kenya with similar emergent characteristics are grouped under single cluster. Further, countries such as Guatemala, Morocco, South Africa, Senegal are under developing economy cluster and Germany, Japan and United Kingdom are under the developed economy cluster. With the governance and natural disaster information as the driving variable and resilience as the dependent variable, five regression models-  Bayesian, ridge regression, decision tree, k-nearest neighbors, and support vector machine are built. The best ML model - Bayesian ridge regression is used to model the resilience indicators- Communication, Access to health care and Physical infrastructure with the governance and natural disaster information  For Zambia, climate resilience prediction up to 2035, under the Business-as-usual scenario, with governance worsening by 20%, it is observed that the communication and physical infrastructure are least affected, with the access to health care worsening by 10%. On the other hand, for Kenya, governance improved by 10% and all resilience related indicators have remained unchanged. For the emerging economies, the governance is significantly related to the health care indicator compared to the physical infrastructure and communication indicators. However, for the developing and developed economy, the governance is related to other resilience factors. Also, we should emphasize that these are preliminary findings, and the cause-and-effect relationships are yet to be further examined by detailed studies. In conclusion, we identified the lack of coping capacity and vulnerability are two important aspects relates to the ability of a country to cope with current and future disasters that the country’s government, as well as the building of resilient infrastructure, capacity and awareness raising among policymakers contributes to the reduction of disaster risk.
Virtual aggregations to improve scientific ETL and data analysis for datasets from the Earth System Grid Federation
Authors: Cimadevilla Ezequiel , Iturbide Maialen , Cofiño Antonio S.
Published: February 2023

The ESGF Virtual Aggregation (EVA) is a new data workflow approach that aims to advance the sharing and reuse of scientific climate data stored in the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF). The ESGF is a global infrastructure and network of internationally distributed research centers that together work as a federated data archive, supporting the distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current and future climate. The ESGF provides modeling groups with nodes for publishing and archiving their model outputs to make them accessible to the climate community at any time. The standardization of the model output in a specified format, and the collection, archival and access of the model output through the ESGF data replication centers have facilitated multi-model analyses. Thus, ESGF has been established as the most relevant distributed data archive for climate data, hosting the data for international projects such as CMIP and CORDEX. As of 2022 it includes more than 30 PB of data distributed across research institutes all around the globe and it is the reference archive for Assessment Reports (AR) on Climate Change produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, explosive data growth has confronted the climate community with a scientific scalability issue. Conceived as a distributed data store, the ESGF infrastructure is designed to keep file sizes manageable for both sysadmins and end users. However, use cases in scientific research often involve calculations on datasets spanning multiple variables, over the whole time period and multiple model ensembles. In this sense, the ESGF Virtual Aggregation extends the federation capabilities, beyond file search and download, by providing out of the box remote climate data analysis capabilities over data analysis ready, virtually aggregated, climate datasets, on top of the existing software stack of the federation. In this work we show an analysis that serves as a test case for the viability of the data workflow and provides the basis for discussions on the future of the ESGF infrastructure, contributing to the debate on the set of reliable core services upon which the federation should be built.AcknowledgementsThis work it’s been developed under support from IS-ENES3 which is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 824084.This work it’s been developed under support from CORDyS (PID2020-116595RB-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.
Rainfall-Runoff Database for Facilitating Improved Adaptation Strategies to Climate Extremes
Authors: Sahoo Soumyaranjan , Camici Stefania , Pandolfo Claudia , Burnelli Alessio , Ciabatta Luca , Brocca Luca
Published: February 2023

Global freshwater availability is extensively governed by streamflow availability. However, in the recent past, the streamflow in many world rivers is showing a greater variability as a response to extremes, such as floods, which in turn is challenging to water managers due to lack of sufficient information. Reliable flood forecasting system, exploiting also satellite information, can help decision-makers to take actions for addressing both disaster risk and water resources management.In this study, a framework for a comprehensive rainfall-runoff database was developed to study the catchment response to a variety of rainfall events. The core of the framework is the hydrological model, MISDc (Modello Idrologico Semi-Distribuito in continuo), forced with satellite Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation data and soil moisture Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) backscatter observations. The resulting rainfall-runoff database stores pre-simulated events classified on the basis of the rainfall amount, initial wetness conditions, and initial discharge. The system was developed and tested at several gauged river sections along the upper Tiber river (central Italy) and the Po river (North Italy), and it demonstrated to be an effective tool to assess possible streamflow scenarios assuming different soil moisture conditions and rainfall volumes for the following days. This activity is part of the European Space Agency Digital Thin Earth Hydrology project aimed to develop what-if scenarios for flood risk assessment.
Effect of an irrigation scheme implemented in a regional climate model over Central Asia
Authors: Rai Praveen , Abel Daniel , Ziegler Katrin , Pollinger Felix , Paeth Heiko
Published: February 2023

Since irrigation plays an important role in Central Asia, this study focuses on the effects of irrigation within the regional climate model REMO (version 2015) and variants of REMO on the simulation of Central Asia in a resolution of 0.11°. Besides the standard version, a coupling with an interactive vegetation scheme (iMOVE) and a multilayer soil hydrological scheme (REMO-5L) as well as the combination of these two modules (iMOVE-5L) is examined. The usage of the multilayer soil scheme enabled the introduction of a simple flooding irrigation scheme. Consequently, these two model versions using the multilayer soil scheme are run with this irrigation scheme as well. Generally, irrigation is applied once per day between April and September.We observe a cooling effect on the 2m temperature in the irrigation simulations compared to the non-irrigated locations and simulations which is caused by the partitioning of surface energy fluxes more towards latent heat in comparison to sensible heat and, thus, an increase in evapotranspiration. Furthermore, the combination of interactive vegetation and multilayer soil scheme (iMOVE-5L) leads to warm biases in the southwestern part which were present earlier as a cold bias in the standalone iMOVE version. The extreme temperatures i.e. maximum and minimum are simulated better in the case of a multilayer soil scheme in comparison to other experiments. For precipitation, irrigation leads to an overestimation caused by higher evapotranspiration. The wet biases present over northern and orographic regions in standard REMO and iMOVE get reduced in REMO-5L and iMOVE-5L with slightly better representation in REMO-5L.
SBUDNIC: lessons learned in implementing a CubeSat mission
Authors: Bigagli Lorenzo , Fleeter Rick
Published: February 2023

The SBUDNIC project was a collaboration between The National Research Council of Italy and Brown University’s School of Engineering. The project also got support from D-Orbit, AMSAT-Italy, La Sapienza-University of Rome and NASA Rhode Island Space Grant.This scientific cooperation started in January 2021 and aimed to improve techniques and skills in Earth observation and its applications, with particular focus on teaching, research and knowledge transfer, as well as to promote open access to documentation, software and other information and resources for developing Earth observation capabilities.The project was led by a team of students, professors and researchers and involved the construction of a 3U CubeSat according to an open and agile approach, using mostly commercial components commonly used on Earth, including an Arduino processor and AA Energizer batteries. The satellite was designed to allow the download of low resolution images in the amateur radio band.SBUDNIC was launched on May 25, 2022 by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and was released into orbit at an altitude of about 525 kilometers by the ION Satellite Carrier platform of the Space logistics company D-Orbit.As a New Space experiment, SBUDNIC has provided useful insights on several organizational, technological and regulatory aspects of the implementation of a CubeSat mission and confirmed the increasingly rapid and affordable accessibility of Space to the scientific and academic community.We hope that the SBUDNIC project may be able to inspire some of the future engineers in universities, research and industry, in their effort to advance Space exploration, Earth observation techniques and innovative satellite technologies, tools that may prove of fundamental importance in addressing global challenges.
Shrinking and swelling soil cycles control a tropical wetland flooding through non-stationary infiltration effects
Authors: Alonso Alice , Hall Dorine , Muñoz-Carpena Rafael , Mathieu Javaux
Published: February 2023

The Palo Verde National Park Ramsar wetland (NW Costa Rica) has witnessed a shift in vegetation from diverse vegetation and large open water areas to a near monotypic stand of cattail (Typha domingensis) with limited open water. This resulted in a sharp reduction in the bird population and biodiversity overall.Climate and anthropogenic-driven changes in the hydrologic regime of the wetland are thought to be among the drivers of this shift.  Yet, the understanding of the drivers and processes controlling the hydroperiod of the wetland remains limited.In this study, we aimed to characterize the hydrological dynamics of the Palo Verde wetland based on a combination of in situ monitoring stations of the groundwater and surface water levels and remote sensing satellite data. We hypothesized that the shrinking and swelling cycles of the wetland’s clay soils play a major role in controlling wetland flooding through non-stationary infiltration effects. This phenomenon might modify the flooding pattern by the tidal river bordering the wetland. First, we analyzed the trend of the hydrological time series and several hydrological indicators to interrogate and characterize the shift in the hydroperiod. Then, based on a conceptual mass balance, we estimated water infiltration at a weekly resolution, taking into account the river input by overbank flooding during high tide events. We observed that the shrinking-swelling clay soil of the wetland generated contrasted infiltration patterns at the shift between the wet and dry seasons.This work showcases how the combination of remote sensing and ground data can help in understanding eco-hydrological dynamics and shifts in complex systems such as Palo Verde.
Multiscale imaging of low-enthalpy geothermal reservoir of the Phlegraean Fields caldera from gravity and resistivity data.
Authors: Milano Maurizio , Cavuoto Giuseppe , Corniello Alfonso , Di Fiore Vincenzo , Fedi Maurizio , Massarotti Nicola , Pelosi Nicola , Punzo Michele , Tarallo Daniela , Donnarumma Gian Paolo , Iorio Marina
Published: February 2023

The central‐eastern sector of the Phlegraean Fields caldera, southern Italy, is one of the most intensely studied and monitored volcanic active area of the word. This area reveals typical characters of a high‐ enthalpy geothermal systems. However, recently the presence of two different geothermal reservoirs has been outlined: one located in the central sector dominated by highly active vapours generated by episodic arrival of CO2‐rich magmatic fluids and the other one located in the eastern sector (Agnano zone) characterized by a shallow (400-500 m b.s.l.) still hot reservoir, heated by the upward circulation of deep no magmatic hot vapor.In this study we present preliminary results deriving from the integration of different geophysical surveys carried out in the Agnano plain area, in the frame of the GEOGRID research project. We acquired high-resolution gravity data along two parallel profiles and we investigated the depth, shape and density contrast of the subsurface structures by the CompactDEXP (CDEXP) method, a multiscale iterative imaging technique based on the DEXP method. The resulting density models, together with DC resistivity and stratigraphic data, outlines the presence of a complex morphology of the Agnano subsoil characterized by a horst-graben structure. The importance of the structural lines identified by geophysical data, is also confirmed by the alignment of correlate outcropping thermal waters.
Characterization of a Triassic presalt system between the Eastern Cordillera and the Andean-Amazonian foreland of Peru and Brazil
Authors: Chalampuente Andres
Published: February 2023

Siliciclastic and carbonate presalt units in salt giants are attractive for hydrocarbon exploration and underground storage industry. However, there are many salt giants which their presalt units are still to be discovered, characterized and analyzed their potential as reservoirs. This fact is due to: 1) existence of offshore salt giants limiting outcrop observations; 2) uncompleted stratigraphic record of salt giants; and 3) poor quality of seismic images related to geophysical properties of evaporitic rocks. This work focuses on a presalt unit related to a Late Triassic salt giant located in a study area between the Eastern Cordillera and the Andean-Amazonian foreland of Peru. This unit has been drilled in some wells and observed in seismic lines and outcrops. The main questions to respond in this work are: 1) when was this presalt unit deposited? 2) which were their depositional environments? What are their tectono-stratigraphic features? and 3) is this unit a potential reservoir?

Observations of seismic lines, sedimentary features of outcrops and well-logs and stable isotopic analysis of samples were used to obtain a structural, thickness, lithological, sedimentological and chronological characterization. Also, a revision of petroleum features documented in previous works was carried on.

The following results were obtained in the study area: normal faulting with low throws (up to 100 m)    controlled the sedimentation of the presalt unit; the maximum thickness of this unit is around 1300 m; it is formed by sandstones and claystone in areas with a relative low thickness and sandstones with evaporitic and carbonate intervals in depozones; and gypsum samples corresponding to the presalt unit have an average ratio of 87Sr/86Sr of 0.707293. In a previous work, it is described the existence of porous sandstones and carbonates which we associate to the presalt unit.

The results allowed us to interpret that: (i) the presalt unit was deposited during the ending of the Norian age in a fluvial system with local surrounding aeolian environments and marine salt pans in outer zones; and (ii) the studied presalt unit has a potential as reservoir. The late Permian succession in north Germany and Netherlands, where important gas fields (Groningen field) have been discovered in a fluvial-aeolian presalt unit with evaporites, could be an analogue supporting the potential of the Andean case.
Energetic Electron Precipitation during Slot Region Filling Events
Authors: Nesse Hilde , Babu Eldho Midhun , Salice Josephine , Funke Bernd
Published: February 2023

The region separating the inner and outer radiation belt, typically devoid of energetic electrons, is termed the slot region. The outer edge of the slot region marks the equatorward edge of the energetic electron precipitation (EEP) originating from the outer radiation belt. Its varying location is strongly linked to the plasmasphere and geomagnetic activity. As such, geomagnetic indices are used to estimate the equatorward extent of the EEP region. There are, however, numerous reports where the energetic electrons cross these boundaries and fill the slot region, during which energetic electrons that can precipitate into the atmosphere long after the geomagnetic activity subsides. This is a missing source of energy input in current EEP estimates based on geomagnetic indices.This study explores the occurrence rate, reformation, local time dependence, and energy deposition of slot region filling events. Medium energy electron measurements from the NOAA/POES over a full solar cycle from 2004 to 2014 are applied. We combine observations from the MEPED 0° and 90° detectors together with theory of pitch angle diffusion by wave-particle interaction to estimate the precipitating fluxes. To explore the energy dependent characteristics, each of the MEPED energy channels, > 43, >114, and >292 keV are evaluated independently. Finally, we investigate the potential EEP impact on the NO density utilizing seven years of Envisat MIPAS NO observations from 2005 to 2011.
Gap-filled multivariate observations of global land-climate interactions
Authors: Bessenbacher Verena , Gudmundsson Lukas , Hirschi Martin , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: February 2023

The volume of Earth system observations from space and ground has massively grown in recent decades. Despite this increasing abundance, multivariate or multi-source analyses at the interface of Atmosphere and Land are however still hampered by the sparsity of ground observations and a large number of missing values in satellite observations. In particular, there are many instances where some variables are observed at a particular time and location, while others are not available, thereby hindering robust analysis. Gap-filling is hence necessary but often done implicitly or for only single variables which can obscure physical dependencies. Here we use CLIMFILL (CLIMate data gap-FILL), a recently developed multivariate gap-filling procedure to bridge this gap. CLIMFILL combines state-of-the-art spatial interpolation with a statistical gap-filling method designed to account for the dependence across multiple gappy variables. CLIMFILL is applied to a set of remotely sensed and in-situ observations over land that are central to observing land-atmosphere feedbacks and extreme events. The resulting gridded time series spans the years 1995-2020 globally on a 0.25-degree resolution with monthly gap-free maps of nine variables including ESA CCI surface layer soil moisture, MODIS land surface temperature, diurnal temperature range, GPM precipitation, GRACE terrestrial water storage, ESA CCI burned area, ESA CCI snow cover fraction as well as two-meter temperature and precipitation from in-situ observations. Internal verification shows that this dataset can recover time series of anomalies better than state-of-the-art interpolation methods. It shows high correlations with respective variables of ERA5-Land and can help elongate and gap-fill ESA CCI surface layer soil moisture timelines for comparison with ISMN station observations. We showcase key features of the newly developed data product using three major fire seasons in California, Australia, and Europe. Their their accompanying droughts and heatwaves are well represented and can serve as a gap-free completion of an otherwise fragmented observational picture of these events. The dataset will be made freely available and can serve as a step towards the fusion of multi-source observations to create a Digital Twin of the Earth.