bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minority Policies and Political Participation Among Latinos: Exploring Latinos’ Response to Substantive Representation*
Authors: Jeong Hoi Ok
Published: June 2012

Objectives

This study examines the impact of substantive representation—measured by pro‐minority policies enacted in the United States—on political participation among Latinos.

Methods

To deal with the reverse causality that might flow from political participation to substantive representation, this study employs instrument variable regression analysis.

Results

The results of the analysis show that Latinos in states with many pro‐minority policies are more likely to take part in politics.

Conclusions

The previous studies on empowerment have mainly focused on descriptive representation as the source of empowerment, ignoring another dimension of minority representation—substantive representation. This study attempts to add to this literature by considering the effect of substantive representation on empowerment. The results indicate that Latinos respond to substantive representation in a positive way.
A spindle cell variant of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma is characterized by T‐cell/myofibrohistio‐rich stromal alterations: analysis of 10 cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Kimura Yoshizo , Arakawa Fumiko , Kiyasu Junichi , Miyoshi Hiroaki , Yoshida Maki , Ichikawa Ayako , Nakashima Shinji , Ishibashi Yukinao , Niino Daisuke , Sugita Yasuo , Ishiyama Ken , Higuchi Masakazu , Takasaki Yumi , Shimomura Taizo , Koike Chisato , Kuwahara Nobuo , Fujikawa Kazuhisa , Ohshima Koichi
Published: June 2012

Spindle‐shaped diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (Sp‐DLBCL) has been recognized as a rare morphologic variant of DLBCL. However, the biological processes that contribute to the specific features of Sp‐DLBCL remain poorly understood. In this study, a combined immunophenotypic and genetic analysis was performed in 10 Sp‐DLBCL. First, we investigated several unique markers for anaplasia (CD30, ALK, CD68, and EBER‐ISH), mesenchyma (SMA, desmin, and vimentin), and B‐cell differentiation (CD10, BCL6, and MUM1). We also performed conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies to look for common chromosomal break points (BCL2, BCL6, and MYC). We found that most Sp‐DLBCLs were germinal center B cell‐like and that none had any other specific phenotypes or any karyotypic abnormalities. Instead, T cells, CD68‐positive macrophages and SMA‐positive myofibroblasts were significantly increased in Sp‐DLBCL when compared with conventional GCB origin DLBCL cases (n = 10) (P = 0.012, P < 0.001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). To further characterize Sp‐DLBCL, we next compared the expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGFβ1) between the two types of DLBCL. Finally, we confirmed that the number of FGF2‐ and TGFβ1‐positive stromal cells was markedly increased in Sp‐DLBCL and that the difference between these and conventional GCB origin DLBCLs was significant (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0017, respectively). Thus, T‐cell/myofibrohistio‐rich stromal alterations in Sp‐DLBCL, especially those mediated by TGFβ1 and FGF2, may play a role in the transition of lymphoma cells into those with spindle‐shaped features.
Traumatic anterior shoulder instability in the athlete
Authors: Murray I. R. , Ahmed I. , White N. J. , Robinson C. M.
Published: June 2012

Anterior glenohumeral dislocation is common among athletes and may progress to recurrent instability. The pathoanatomy of instability and specific needs of each individual should be considered to prevent unnecessary absence from sport. Traditionally, primary dislocations have been managed with immobilization followed by rehabilitation exercises and a return to sporting activity. However, arthroscopic stabilization and external rotation bracing are increasingly used to prevent recurrent instability. In addition to the typical capsulolabral disruptions seen following a primary dislocation, patients with recurrent instability often have coexistent osseous injury to the humeral head and glenoid. In patients without significant bone loss, open soft‐tissue stabilizations have long been considered the ‘gold standard treatment’ for recurrent instability, but with advances in technology, arthroscopic procedures have gained popularity. However, enthusiasm for arthroscopic repair has not been supported with evidence, and there is currently no consensus for treatment. In patients with greater bone loss, soft‐tissue stabilization alone is insufficient to treat recurrent instability and open repair or bone augmentation should be considered. We explore the recent advances in epidemiology, classification, pathoanatomy and clinical assessment of young athletes with anterior shoulder instability, and compare the relative merits and outcomes of the different forms of treatment.
Torsional Shear Strength of Silicon Carbide Components Pressurelessly Joined by a Glass‐Ceramic
Authors: Ferraris Monica , Salvo Milena , Rizzo Stefano , Casalegno Valentina , Han Shaohua , Ventrella Andrea , Hinoki Tatsuya , Katoh Yutai
Published: June 2012

Silicon carbide (SiC) samples have been joined by a pressureless slurry based method. The CaO–Al2O3 (CA) glass‐ceramic joining material has been characterized in term of crystalline phases and thermal and mechanical properties. A torsion test based on miniaturized hourglass shaped specimens has been used as pure shear strength test method for joined ceramic samples. Torsion results are compared to those obtained by a single lap offset (SLO) test in compression on the same joined materials. Pure shear strength of 104 ± 25 MPa has been measured by torsion test, whereas single lap offset gave 36 ± 8 MPa.
EVALUATION OF INTERNAL QUALITY OF FRESH‐CUT POMELO USING VIS/NIR TRANSMITTANCE
Authors: PUANGSOMBUT ARTHIT , PATHAVEERAT SIWALAK , TERDWONGWORAKUL ANUPUN , PUANGSOMBUT KAEWKARN
Published: June 2012

Nondestructive techniques based on visible and near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy were used for evaluation of the internal quality of fruit products. The objectives of the study were to investigate the feasibility of using Vis/NIR spectroscopic devices in transmission mode to predict the soluble solids content (SSC) and total acidity (TA) of fresh‐cut Kao Numpung pomelo. The determination of SSC and TA could be successfully performed through Vis/NIR spectroscopy using partial least squares regression. Preprocessing methods and interval partial least squares (iPLS) algorithms were analyzed. The results indicated that Vis/NIR spectrophotometry in combination with preprocessing techniques can be applied to predict the soluble solids and TA of fresh‐cut Kao Numpung pomelo. The optimal SSC model was established by standard normal variate transformation. The TA prediction model could be simplified by iPLS regression.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The research presents Vis/NIR spectroscopy that has been used for evaluation of the soluble solids and TA of fresh‐cut Kao Numpung pomelo. The results indicated that Vis/NIR spectroscopy devices combined with preprocessing techniques could be used to predict the internal quality of fresh‐cut Kao Numpung pomelo. Further, they can be used to develop an online system for the prediction of the internal quality of fresh‐cut pomelos.
Managing risks of violence in a youth mental health service: a service model description
Authors: Purcell Rosemary , Fraser Richard , Greenwood‐Smith Catherine , Baksheev Gennady N. , McCarthy Jennifer , Reid David , Lemphers Anthea , Sullivan Danny H.
Published: June 2012

Aim: There is a significant relationship between experiencing a severe mental illness, particularly psychosis, and exhibiting violent or offending behaviour. Reducing, if not preventing, the risks of violence among patients of mental health services is clinically warranted, but models to address this are limited.

Methods: We provide a rationale for, and service description of, a pilot forensic satellite clinic embedded within an early intervention service for patients with emerging psychosis, mood disorder and/or personality disorders. The core elements of the programme and its implementation are described, and demographic, clinical and risk data are presented for the patients assessed during the clinic's pilot phase.

Results: A total of 54 patients were referred, 45 of whom were subsequently assessed via primary or secondary consultation. The majority of patients were male, with psychosis (40%) or major depressive disorder (31%) as the most common diagnoses. Illicit substance use in the sample was common, as was previous aggression (81%) and prior criminal offences (51%). Most referrals related to assessing and managing violent behaviour (64%) and violent/homicidal ideation (38%). On the basis of the risk assessments, 71% of patients were rated as medium to high risk of offending.

Conclusion: Assessing and managing risks of violent offending among young patients are both clinically indicated for a proportion of patients and feasible via a forensic outreach model. Given the proliferation of early psychosis services worldwide, the issue of managing, and ideally preventing, patient risk of violence will almost certainly have wide application. However, a comprehensive evaluation of this model is required to ultimately determine the effectiveness of this approach for improving patient outcomes.
Clinical and Translational Research and Community Engagement: Implications for Researcher Capacity Building
Authors: Martinez Linda Sprague , Russell Beverley , Rubin Carolyn Leung , Leslie Laurel K. , Brugge Doug
Published: June 2012

This research sought to better understand how clinical and translational research is defined and perceived by community service providers. In addition, the research sought to elicit how the perspectives of service providers may hinder or facilitate collaborative research efforts. The study employed a qualitative methodology, focus groups. A nonprobability sampling strategy was used to recruit participants from three neighborhoods in the Tufts University’s catchment area. Focus group findings add to the nascent body of literature on how community partners view clinical and translational research and researchers. Findings indicate that cultural disconnects, between researchers and community partners exist, as does mistrust, all of which serve as potential barriers to community research partnerships. This paper suggests rethinking the business of community engagement in researcher, particularly as it relates to building research capacity to approach, engage, and partner with communities. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 329–332
Impedance of Novel Therapeutic Technologies: The Case of Stem Cells
Authors: Zacharias David G. , Nelson Timothy J. , Mueller Paul S. , Hook C. Christopher
Published: June 2012

Embryonic stem cell (ES) technology has advanced considerably within the past three decades and has gained prominent distinction within the emerging field of regenerative medicine. As it now enters the nascent stages of clinical application, many hopes and expectations arise along with questions as to where the technology will go. This paper evaluates the technical and practical obstacles that must be overcome before it can fully translate into the clinical context, the existence of strong opposition to the technology, political and legal barriers that have impeded its progression, and the role of healthcare reform in creating new social and economic priorities. In contrast to the technological imperative, a driving force seeking to implement the most recent scientific advances into medical practice, we refer to such translational obstacles as “technological impedance.” Rather than expending inordinate effort to preserve existing systems that continue to possess major hurdles, we advocate fostering interdisciplinary approaches in the development of new generation platforms and embracing disruptive innovations that create solutions to technological impedance and move us forward in healthcare delivery. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 422–427
Effect of lifestyle on the risk of gestational diabetes and obstetric outcomes in immigrant Hispanic women living in Spain
Authors: Pérez‐Ferre Natalia , Fernández Dolores , Torrejón Maria J. , Del Prado Nayade , Runkle Isabelle , Rubio Miguel A. , Montañez Carmen , Bordiu Elena , Calle‐Pascual Alfonso
Published: June 2012

Background:  Data about the immigrant population living in Spain, their lifestyle habits, and risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are limited. Thus, the aim of the present study was to describe risk factors for the onset of GDM, the evolution of gestation and delivery, and newborns of Hispanic women living in Spain compared with those of Spanish women.

Methods:  A semiquantitative questionnaire regarding lifestyle habits was administered to 459 pregnant women (115 Hispanic) with a positive O’Sullivan test (24–28 weeks gestation) between 1 April 2007 and 31 March 2008. Information was collected regarding gestation, delivery, and the newborn.

Results:  The prevalence of GDM increased with mother’s age, pregestational overweight/obesity, and multiparity. In addition, GDM was associated with lower pregestational fiber and a lower intake of low glycaemic index foods in Hispanic women. The odds ratios (OR) for the total population were 2.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–5.01) for overweight, 3.68 (95% CI 1.72–7.90) for obesity, 3.83 (95% 2.03–7.23) for age ≥35 years, and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–3.01) for multiparity. Newborns from the Hispanic population were significantly heavier than newborns from Spanish women and the rate of Caesarean delivery was significantly higher in the Hispanic population with GDM compared with those without GDM.

Conclusions:  The immigrant Hispanic population living in Spain trends to acquire the same risk factors associated with lifestyle to the indigenous population. Preventive strategies must stress increased physical activity and fiber intake, decreased intake of sweetened beverages, and an effective reduction in body weight before pregnancy.
Iptakalim Enhances Adult Mouse Hippocampal Neurogenesis Via Opening Kir6.1‐Composed K‐ATP Channels Expressed in Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Yang Jing‐Zhe , Huang Xu , Zhao Fang‐Fang , Xu Qiang , Hu Gang
Published: June 2012

Background and Purpose

Emerging evidence indicates that stimulating adult neurogenesis provides novel strategies for central nervous system diseases. Iptakalim (Ipt), a novel ATP‐sensitive potassium (K‐ATP) channel opener, has been demonstrated to play multipotential neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. However, it remains unknown whether Ipt could regulate the adult neurogenesis.

Methods and Results

Based on the finding that adult neural stem cells (ANSCs) in hippocampus expressed Kir6.1/SUR1‐composed K‐ATP channel, Kir6.1 heterozygotic (Kir6.1+/−) mice were used to investigate whether and how Ipt regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We showed that administration of Ipt (10 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (Flx, 10 mg/kg) for 4 weeks significantly increased newborn ANSCs in subgranular zone (SGZ) of Kir6.1+/+ mice but failed to affect those of Kir6.1+/− mice. Meanwhile, ANSCs in Kir6.1+/− mice exhibited decreased survival rate and impaired ability of differentiation into astrocytes. We further found that Kir6.1+/− mice showed lower level of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus compared with Kir6.1+/+ mice. Furthermore, Ipt increased the levels of BDNF and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) throughout the hippocampus in Kir6.1+/+ mice but not in Kir6.1+/− mice. Moreover, Ipt and Flx enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt and CREB in the hippocampus of Kir6.1+/+ mice. Notably, these effects were completely abolished in Kir6.1+/− mice.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that Ipt stimulates the adult hippocampal neurogenesis via activation of Akt and CREB signal following the opening of Kir6.1‐composed K‐ATP channels, which gives us an insight into the therapeutic implication of Ipt in the diseases with adult neurogenesis deficiency, such as major depression.
Cyclosorus procerus comb. nov. (Thelypteridaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Lindsay Stuart , Middleton David J.
Published: June 2012

Following a discussion of the complex nomenclature of a species of Thai Thelypteridaceae the new combination Cyclosorus procerus (D. Don) S. Linds. & D. J. Middleton is made.
Climate Change Policy: The Effect of Real Options Valuation on the Optimal Mitigation‐Adaptation Balance
Authors: Maybee Bryan M. , Packey Daniel J. , Ripple Ronald D.
Published: June 2012

This paper illustrates the static optimisation strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation using net marginal benefit analysis, and goes on to develop a dynamic optimisation solution using a modified Hotelling approach. Unfortunately, the situation required for a Hotelling‐type optimisation to hold is rarely observed in practice, as there are numerous sources of uncertainty that impact upon a forward‐looking optimisation exercise. The situation is no different within the climate change debate, with opportunities and threats to the value‐maximising exercise arising as uncertainties are resolved through new information. Choices of how to deal with and take advantage of these opportunities and threats are keys to identifying the optimal trade‐off between the strategies, and need to be included in the calculation of the optimal mixture of mitigation and adaptation activities. Based on reasonable assumptions, this paper discusses the impact of the real options valuation technique on the theoretical Hotelling‐type optimisation to show what the effects of its application would have on the theoretical dynamic optimal solution and what those economic implications represent to public policy.
Exchange Rate Uncertainty and Trade between the United States and Canada: Evidence from 152 Industries
Authors: Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen , Bolhassani Marzieh
Published: June 2012

In this article we try to assess the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on trade flows between the United States and Canada. However, unlike previous research on the two countries, we use disaggregated trade data for 152 industries. By using the bounds testing cointegration approach, which distinguishes short‐run effects from long‐run effects, we find that in the short run, trade flows of almost two‐thirds of the industries are affected by exchange rate uncertainty. However, in the long‐run, less than one‐third of the trade flows are affected. Almost all industries that are affected by exchange rate uncertainty are found to be small, except for road motor vehicles – which makes up 20 per cent of both imports and exports. Exports and imports of this largest industry are adversely affected by exchange rate uncertainty.
Recreational Value of Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishing
Authors: Ezzy Edward , Scarborough Helen , Wallis Anne
Published: June 2012

Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus Maccoyii) is a global resource, which is critically endangered. The Committee for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna sets commercial quota levels for member nations, including Australia, each year. However, southern bluefin tuna is also a popular “trophy” fish with recreational anglers. The size of the total recreational catch, which is not included in the quota, is unknown but thought to be significant. This paper reports the findings of a study designed to estimate the recreational value of the non‐commercial southern bluefin tuna catch at Portland, in southwest Victoria. The results indicate that the size of the recreational catch at Portland is considerable and therefore significant in terms of the management of the fishery. Furthermore, the non‐market recreational values associated with the fishery are substantial with the on‐site recreational use value (consumer surplus) per person per visit estimated to be between $33 and $132 and the on‐site annual recreational use value of the fishery for one season is estimated to be between $449,533 and $1,325,124.
New Historical Evidence Against Ricardian Equivalence in Australia*
Authors: Abdullaev Bekzod , Kónya László
Published: June 2012

The Ricardian equivalence hypothesis states that, under certain conditions, the decision to finance public expenditure via higher taxes or by issuance of government bonds is irrelevant for private consumption decisions. It is assumed that consumers are fully rational and aware that current and future public spending has to be eventually paid off. Thus, the present value of public expenditures reduces the consumer’s permanent income and changes in the intertemporal allocation of taxes only affect private savings, leaving consumption unaffected. On the other hand, if consumers behave in accordance with the Keynesian hypothesis, then government spending has a positive effect on private consumption. We test the validity of the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis for the Australian economy on three Euler‐type consumption functions using a new historical dataset covering the period of 1901–2007. The analysis is performed in three versions: on all available observations without and with dummy variables for WWI, the Great Depression and WWII, and on a subsample that excludes the years when those turbulent events took place. In most cases there is ample evidence against Ricardian equivalence suggesting that fiscal policy can play a stabilising role in Australia.
Combination of acyclic retinoid with branched‐chain amino acids inhibits xenograft growth of human hepatoma cells in nude mice
Authors: Shimizu Masahito , Shirakami Yohei , Sakai Hiroyasu , Iwasa Junpei , Shiraki Makoto , Takai Koji , Naiki Takafumi , Moriwaki Hisataka
Published: June 2012

Aim:  Combination chemoprevention is a promising strategy to improve the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A malfunction of retinoid X receptor‐α (RXR‐α) due to phosphorylation by Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase is closely associated with liver carcinogenesis and acyclic retinoid (ACR) can prevent HCC development by inhibiting RXR‐α phosphorylation. The present study examined the possible combined effects of ACR plus branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA), which can also prevent the development of HCC in obese patients with liver cirrhosis, in human HCC xenografts in nude mice.

Methods:  This study examined the effects of the combination of ACR plus BCAA on the growth of Huh7 human HCC xenografts in nude mice. The effects of the combination on the phosphorylation of RXR‐α, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), Akt and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) proteins, and on the expression levels of retinoic acid receptor‐β (RAR‐β) and p21CIP1 mRNA, were also examined by western blot and real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses, respectively.

Results:  The combined treatment with ACR plus BCAA significantly inhibited the growth of Huh7 xenografts. The combination of these agents caused a marked inhibition of the phosphorylation of RXR‐α, ERK, Akt and IGF‐1R proteins in the xenografts. In addition, the expression levels of RAR‐β and p21CIP1 mRNA significantly increased by these agents.

Conclusion:  The combination of ACR and BCAA restores the function of RXR‐α by inhibiting its phosphorylation and increasing the level of RAR‐β, a heterodimeric partner for RXR‐α, and thus suppresses the growth of HCC xenografts. Therefore, this combination might be an effective regimen for the treatment and, probably, chemoprevention of HCC.
Inducer of heme oxygenase‐1 cobalt protoporphyrin accelerates autophagy and suppresses oxidative damages during lipopolysaccharide treatment in rat liver
Authors: Unuma Kana , Aki Toshihiko , Matsuda Seiji , Funakoshi Takeshi , Yoshida Ken‐ichi , Uemura Koichi
Published: June 2012

Aim:  Mitochondrial damage and subsequent oxidative stresses play important roles in the pathogenesis of sepsis‐induced organ failure. Recently, autophagy, the major degradation pathway involved in mitochondrial quality control, was reported as a cellular adaptive response to oxidative stresses. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism that underlies hepatic damage during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. We also try to determine if the damage can be attenuated by administration of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), a potent heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) inducer.

Methods:  Five‐week‐old male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected i.p. with 15 mg/kg LPS. To determine if hepatic damage following LPS administration can be attenuated by HO‐1, CoPP was injected s.c. for 4 days consecutively at 24‐h intervals. After treatment with LPS, the liver was obtained and analyzed.

Results:  A large reduction in liver mitochondrial protein and induction of autophagy were observed in LPS‐treated rats. Electron microscopic and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated autophagic vacuoles in LPS‐treated rat liver. Oxidative stress markers (4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine) were increased in LPS‐treated animals; CoPP treatment ablated these alterations. An inhibitor for the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, cyclosporine A, suppressed oxidative stress as well as liver damage during LPS administration. CoPP promoted autophagy and prevented rats from liver damage during LPS administration.

Conclusion:  HO‐1 promotes autophagy and elimination of damaged mitochondria thereby repressing oxidative stress in LPS‐treated rat liver, revealing a novel mechanism for protection by HO‐1 against septic liver damage.
Advances in multiplex PCR: balancing primer efficiencies and improving detection success
Authors: Sint Daniela , Raso Lorna , Traugott Michael
Published: June 2012

1. Multiplex PCR is a valuable tool in many biological studies but it is a multifaceted procedure that has to be planned and optimised thoroughly to achieve robust and meaningful results. In particular, primer concentrations have to be adjusted to assure an even amplification of all targeted DNA fragments. Until now, total DNA extracts were used for balancing primer efficiencies; however, the applicability for comparisons between taxa or different multiple‐copy genes was limited owing to the unknown number of template molecules present per total DNA.

2. Based on a multiplex system developed to track trophic interactions in high Alpine arthropods, we demonstrate a fast and easy way of generating standardised DNA templates. These were then used to balance the amplification success for the different targets and to subsequently determine the sensitivity of each primer pair in the multiplex PCR.

3. In the current multiplex assay, this approach led to an even amplification success for all seven targeted DNA fragments. Using this balanced multiplex PCR, methodological bias owing to variation in primer efficiency will be avoided when analysing field‐derived samples.

4. The approach outlined here allows comparing multiplex PCR sensitivity, independent of the investigated species, genome size or the targeted genes. The application of standardised DNA templates not only makes it possible to optimise primer efficiency within a given multiplex PCR, but it also offers to adjust and/or to compare the sensitivity between different assays. Along with other factors that influence the success of multiplex reactions, and which we discuss here in relation to the presented detection system, the adoption of this approach will allow for direct comparison of multiplex PCR data between systems and studies, enhancing the utility of this assay type.
Subsize Experiments and Numerical Modeling of Axial Rupture of Gas Transmission Lines
Authors: Kobayashi A. S. , Emery A. F. , Love W. J. , Chao Y.-H.
Published: June 2012

The experimental facilities and the numerical modeling for studying dynamic axial rupture of pressurized subsize pipes are reviewed. Selected results from 46 pipe rupture tests and related numerical analyses are used to show that the axial flap stretching is the dominant energy sink, the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) is a viable ductile crack extension criterion, and there exists a crack tip strain field which promotes crack curving at arrest.
Periodic Inspection of Compressed Gas Cylinders and Tubes—Flaw Detection Using Acoustic Emission Testing
Authors: Barthe´le´my H.
Published: June 2012

Hydrostatic re-tests are performed on gas cylinders and trailer tubes which are used to supply industrial gases. In this paper we review how to apply acoustic emission tests during periodic inspections to detect flaws, i.e., internal corrosion and cracks, which could occur on these containers during service. It appears that internal corrosion can be very easily detected at low pressure. However, to be sure of detecting cracks, it is best to perform AE tests during pressurization up to the test pressure. AE testing carried out during hydro-testing improves the reliability of the inspection, presents a greater accuracy in flaw detection than the water jacket test, and allows safe extension of the interval between re-tests.
Engaging Students in Earthquakes via Real-Time Data and Decisions
Authors: Egger Anne E.
Published: June 2012

Seismicity and Relative Risk, the IBI Prize–winning module, utilizes freely available earthquake data to help students apply their knowledge to risk-related decision-making.
Comment on “Global Correlations in Tropical Tree Species Richness and Abundance Reject Neutrality”
Authors: Mora Camilo
Published: June 2012

Ricklefs and Renner (Reports, 27 January 2012, p. 464) suggested that strong correlations in the diversity of shared families between isolated tree assemblages reject neutrality. Simulations of a neutral model indicate, however, that isolated assemblages under various configurations of random speciation and extinction do sustain strong correlations in the diversity of shared families. Thus, reported correlations support rather than reject neutral theory.
Seemingly Anomalous Angular Distributions in H + D
2
Reactive Scattering
Authors: Jankunas Justin , Zare Richard N. , Bouakline Foudhil , Althorpe Stuart C. , Herráez-Aguilar Diego , Aoiz F. Javier
Published: June 2012

Spinning Backwards

When atoms and molecules collide, the energy embedded in the reaction products gets distributed among translations, vibrations, and rotations. Decades of meticulous experiments have mapped out the quantum mechanical rules underlying this distribution process, particularly in simple systems comprising just three light atoms. Now,

Jankunas
et al.

(p.
1687
; see the Perspective by

Yang
et al.

) describe a previously unappreciated wrinkle in the elementary reaction of an H atom with deuterium. Typically, products with low vibrational and rotational excitation tend to scatter backwards from the collision, whereas the spinning products scatter sideways. Above a certain vibrational threshold, however, spinning HD products were observed to scatter backwards.
Comment on “Global Correlations in Tropical Tree Species Richness and Abundance Reject Neutrality”
Authors: Etienne Rampal S. , Rosindell James
Published: June 2012

Ricklefs and Renner (Reports, 27 January 2012, p. 464) showed correlations of species richness and individual abundance within families across continents and claimed that neutral theory predicts no such correlation. However, they did not substantiate this claim quantitatively with a neutral model. Here, we show that neutral theory can be consistent with these correlations and, consequently, that the correlations alone cannot reject neutrality.
Response to Comments on “Global Correlations in Tropical Tree Species Richness and Abundance Reject Neutrality”
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. , Renner Susanne S.
Published: June 2012

The neutral models in the Technical Comments depend on the assumption of an initially homogeneous global tropical forest flora. Fossil data and phylogenetic reconstructions instead reveal a high degree of provincialism before the development of modern tropical forests with only occasional long-distance dispersal between continental regions, favoring parallel diversification of a small number of ancestral lineages that dispersed between regions at widely different times.
Rethinking Chemical Reactions at Hyperthermal Energies
Authors: Yang Xueming , Minton Timothy K. , Zhang Dong Hui
Published: June 2012

Changes in the scattering direction of products for reactions at energies far above the transition-state barrier are driven by angular momentum effects.
Science Friction
Authors: Geoghegan-Quinn Máire
Published: June 2012

As European Commissioner, I encounter fantastic Science every day, more often than not while meeting the scientists who produce it. That is why I am particularly looking forward to the Euroscience Open Forum (ESOF) 2012 in Dublin (11 to 15 July). Scientists' passion for their work is infectious and has driven me to give them all the support I can. I am not a scientist, although I have gained a deeper appreciation for science in recent years. What I am is a politician. That means that what I understand well is the business of using scarce resources in the best way possible.
A New Dawn for China's Space Scientists
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: June 2012

China's crewed space program has won admiration for the engineering prowess on display earlier this week in the Shenzhou 9 mission. Upcoming science missions hope to steal some of the spotlight.
Entangled Secret Messages From Space
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: June 2012

Last summer's test that sent a stream of entangled photons across Qinghai Lake—China's biggest—was a proving ground for distributing quantum keys in the final frontier: space.
Modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex: induction of serum interferon, fever, and hypotension in rabbits
Authors: Gatmaitan B G , Legaspi R C , Levy H B , Lerner A M
Published: June 2012

The purposes of this study were to determine whether the febrile and hypotensive reactions to the administration of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly (I)-poly (C)] complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly ICLC) (9S) encountered in humans could be duplicated in rabbits, and when such duplication was demonstrated, to ascertain whether these untoward reactions could be avoided by (i) administration of hydrocortisone (HC), (ii) alteration of the route of delivery, or (iii) administration of poly ICLC (4S) an interferon inducer of lower molecular weight. Responses to intravenous poly ICLC (9S) in rabbits reproduced adverse reactions in humans, namely fever and hypotension, and were accompanied by high titers of serum interferon. Continuing investigations showed that (i) intravenous pretreatment of rabbits with HC ameliorated hypotensive responses but markedly diminished interferon induction. When HC was given after poly ICLC (9S), both interferon and hypotension induction were likewise depressed. (ii) Intramuscular or subcutaneous poly ICLC (9S) produced neither high titers of serum interferon nor toxic effects. (iii) Poly ICLC (4S) induced high titers of serum interferon and fever, but no hypotension. Poly ICLC (4S) warrants further study.
Cation Components of Mueller-Hinton Agar Affecting Testing of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Susceptibility to Gentamicin
Authors: Kenny Margaret A. , Pollock Helen M. , Minshew Barbara H. , Casillas Edmundo , Schoenknecht Fritz D.
Published: June 2012

Seven lots of Mueller-Hinton agar were examined for calcium and magnesium contents and their distribution in pools or compartments. Gel disruption and centrifugation yielded the soluble cations, which varied from 9 to 113% of the total calcium and from 76 to 102% of the total magnesium. Throughout the experiments, a standardized disk diffusion test, using
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(ATCC 27852) and a 10-μg gentamicin disk, served as an indicator for medium performance. Zone diameters correlated well with the sums of the soluble calcium and magnesium values in the different lots (
r
= −0.85). Ionized calcium, presumably the biologically active ion, was measured with a calcium-specific electrode. It represented only a fraction of the soluble calcium pool in three lots. Autoclaving resulted in shifts of the cations between the different pools. Addition of magnesium to one medium lot resulted in shifts of soluble and ionized calcium, indicating an interdependence of calcium and magnesium, and zone diameters correlated with soluble magnesium (
r
= −0.98), soluble calcium (
r
= −0.96), and ionized calcium (
r
= −0.96) in this experiment. Manipulation of one medium to match the performance of another showed that excess amounts of both ions were required to obtain similar performance. Satisfactory performance of an individual medium can be obtained by cation supplementation, but simple adjustment will not suffice for all media. The interaction of the other cation pool components must also be evaluated.
Isolation of an ampicillin-resistant, non-beta-lactamase-producing strain of Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Markowitz S M
Published: June 2012

A 79-year-old female developed endocarditis and meningitis due to an ampicillin-resistant, non-beta-lactamase-producing strain of Haemophilus influenzae. Carbenicillin and gentamicin therapy resulted in bacteriological and clinical cure. The mechanism of resistance of ampicillin-resistant, non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae is unknown.
Unstable mutation of beta-lactamase production in Streptomyces lavendulae
Authors: Matsubara-Nakano M , Kataoka Y , Ogawara H
Published: June 2012

Streptomyces lavendulae S55-B1 gave two distinct variants at an unusual high frequency: one is a beta-lactamase-nonproducing variant and the other is an Arg- variant. All of the Arg- variants concomitantly had no, or only very low, beta-lactamase activity and were unable to form aerial mycelia or spores. There was no significant linkage between the beta-lactamase activity and the other nutritional requirement which was analyzed. Two of the Arg- variants spontaneously gave Arg+ revertants at a very low frequency. The revertants, however, did not recover the beta-lactamase activity. It is suggested that the beta-lactamase gene may be capable of transposition with inactivation of the arg gene occurring frequently by insertion of the transposed element. Covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid from S55-B1 was not detected by either cesium chloride-ethidium bromide buoyant density centrifugation or agarose gel electrophoresis.
Comparative in vitro activity of 1-oxa-beta-lactam (LY127935) and cefoperazone with other beta-lactam antibiotics against anaerobic bacteria
Authors: Borobio M V , Aznar J , Jimenez R , Garcia F , Perea E J
Published: June 2012

The in vitro activity of 1-oxa-beta-lactam (LY127935), cefoperazone (T-1551), cefuroxime, cefsulodin, cefaclor, cefotaxime, and cefoxitin on 85 anaerobic clinical isolates (30 Bacteroides, 30 Clostridium, 25 Peptococcaceae) was simultaneously determined by the agar dilution test in two different media, Brucella Agar (Difco Laboratories) and Wilkins-Chalgren agar. In Wilkins-Chalgren agar, 90% of Bacteroides were inhibited by (micrograms per milliliter): LY127935, 0.5; T-1551, 64; cefoxitin or cefuroxime, 8; cefsulodin or cefotaxime, 32; and cefaclor, 128. All Clostridia were inhibited in Wilkins-Chalgren by (micrograms per milliliter): LY127935, 4; T-1551, 2; cefoxitin, 6; cefuroxime, 0.12; cefsulodin, 0.5; cefaclor, 1; and cefotaxime, 8. All Peptococccaceae were inhibited by T-1551, cefsulodin or cefotaxime at 4 microgram/ml and by cefoxitin or cefuroxime at 1 to 2 microgram/ml. With cefaclor at 8 microgram/ml, 92% of strains were inhibited, and LY127935 at 16 microgram/ml only inhibited 64% of strains. LY127935 was the most active of the antibiotics tested against Bacteroides, showing good activity against Clostridia and poor activity on Peptococcaceae, whereas T-1551 was more active against Peptococccaceae and had similar activity against Clostridia and poor activity on Bacteroides. There are no significant differences between minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained in Brucella Agar and those obtained in Wilkins-Chalgren.
Comparison of netilmicin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in humans
Authors: Chung M , Costello R , Symchowicz S
Published: June 2012

In a crossover study, single doses of netilmicin and gentamicin were administered intramuscularly, each at 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg. The serum concentrations, analyzed by a two-compartment open model with a first-order absorption, indicated that the pharmacokinetics of the drugs are essentially the same. Both drugs were rapidly absorbed and distributed after administration. No significant differences were observed between the two drugs in disposition half-life, rate of distribution and elimination, area under the serum concentration-time curve, urinary excretion, total body clearance, and renal clearance. After 1.0 mg/kg, the maximum serum concentration of netilmicin (5.18 microgram/ml) was only slightly lower than that for gentamicin (5.76 microgram/ml), but no difference was found after the 2.5-mg/kg dose.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Ceforanide (BL-S786R) and Cefazolin in Laboratory Animals and Humans
Authors: Lee Francis H. , Pfeffer Morris , Van Harken Donald R. , Smyth Robert D. , Hottendorf Girard H.
Published: June 2012

Ceforanide (BL-S786R) is a new, broad-spectrum, parenteral cephalosporin. Pharmacokinetic properties were determined in rats (100 mg/kg), rabbits (30 mg/kg), dogs (25 mg/kg), and humans (2 g or 30 mg/kg) and compared with equivalent single doses of cefazolin. Plasma half-lives for ceforanide and cefazolin were 1.1 and 0.5 h in the rat, 5 and 0.3 h in the rabbit, 1 and 0.8 h in the dog, and 2.6 and 2 h in humans, respectively. The slower elimination of ceforanide, as reflected by longer plasma half-life, larger area under the curve, and peak plasma concentrations, was due to slower body and renal clearances. The apparent volumes of distribution of ceforanide and cefazolin were comparable. Rats, dogs, and humans excreted 80 to 100% of the ceforanide dose in the 0- to 24-h urine; rabbits excreted only 50%. Tubular secretion constituted 50% of ceforanide renal excretion in rabbits, dogs, and humans and 90% in rats; the remainder was excreted by glomerular filtration. There was no apparent correlation between the extent of tubular secretion and degree of plasma protein binding in different species. There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between ceforanide and amikacin in the rat. The slower elimination kinetics of ceforanide are indicative of the potential for a longer dosing interval and more effective antibiotic therapy as compared with available cephalosporins.
Sensitive assay for measuring tetracycline levels in gingival crevice fluid
Authors: Gordon J M , Walker C B , Goodson J M , Socransky S S
Published: June 2012

An increased interest in the clinical use of antibiotics as an adjunct to periodontal therapy has created a need to determine antibiotic concentrations in fluid obtained from the gingival crevice. For this purpose, an increase in sensitivity beyond that possible with current tetracycline assays is essential because sample volumes of gingival fluid typically obtained are less than 0.5 microliter. This report describes the development of an agar-diffusion assay technique capable of measuring the concentration of tetracycline in samples of gingival crevice fluid in the range of 0.1 to 4.0 microgram/ml. The assay will detect amounts of tetracycline in gingival crevice fluid samples as low as 50 pg. The high sensitivity of this assay was achieved by optimizing the medium depth, inoculum density, agar concentration, pH, period of prediffusion, and selection of basal medium. Use of this assay indicated that the concentration of tetracylcine in gingival crevice fluid was greater than that found in blood and persisted at elevated levels for longer periods.
Prospective comparative study of efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin and amikacin
Authors: Bock B V , Edelstein P H , Meyer R D
Published: June 2012

Eighty patients were treated with either amikacin or netilmicin in a prospective randomized study of serious gram-negative bacillary infections, including 11 due to gentamicin-resistant pathogens. Thirty-six treated with netilmicin and 35 treated with amikacin were evaluable for efficacy or toxicity, or both. The overall groups differed significantly only in age. There were no significant differences in efficacy of the two drugs. There were no statistically significant differences at the 95% level between the netilmicin group and the amikacin group with respect to nephrotoxic reactions (38 versus 28%, respectively) or ototoxic reactions (9 versus 25%, respectively). Further comparative trials of netilmicin and other aminoglycosides appear warranted before it is widely used.
Pharmacology of a New 1-Oxa-β-lactam (LY127935) in Normal Volunteers
Authors: Parsons James N. , Romano Joseph M. , Levison Matthew E.
Published: June 2012

The pharmacokinetics of 1-oxa-β-lactam (LY127935), a new semisynthetic β-lactam antibiotic, was studied in four healthy adult volunteers (mean age of 27 years, mean body surface area ± standard error [SE] of 1.87 ± 0.08 m
2
, and mean creatinine clearance ± SE of 116 ± 12 ml/min per 1.73 m
2
). Immediately after completion of a 1-g, 20-min intravenous (i.v.) infusion, the mean serum level ± SE was 70.7 ± 8.5 μg/ml. After a 1-g intramuscular (i.m.) injection, peak serum levels occurred from 30 min to 1 h, and the mean peak serum level ± SE was 52.3 ± 1.6 μg/ml. Beginning at 1 h, the serum concentrations after i.m. administration were higher than those after i.v. administration. At 8 h, the mean serum level ± SE was 3.8 ± 0.6 μg/ml after completion of the i.v. infusion and 4.8 ± 0.7 μg/ml after the i.m. injection. The mean serum half-lives for the β phase i.v. and i.m. administration were similar (2.3 ± 0.7 h and 2.4 ± 0.2 h, respectively). The mean apparent volume of distribution ± SE was 16.6 ± 1.9 liters per 1.73 m
2
. The mean serum clearance ± SE of LY127935 was 85.4 ± 12.7 ml/min per 1.73 m
2
, and the mean renal clearance ± SE was 54.5 ± 4.4 ml/min per 1.73 m.
2
Urine concentrations of LY127935 were at least 140 μg/ml in each volunteer during the first 12 h after i.m. or i.v. administration. The mean percentages of the dose recovered in the urine ± SE within 2 h after i.v. or i.m. administration were similar (30 ± 4 and 34 ± 11, respectively). Only 67 ± 3% and 75 ± 13% were recovered in the urine within 24 h after i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively.
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim synergism for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Rein M F , Elliott W C , Swenson J M , Thornsberry C
Published: June 2012

Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are synergistic against many bacteria in sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim concentrations of 20:1, but single-dose therapy of gonorrhea with the combination is disappointing. We used agar dilution techniques to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim for 168 gonococci isolated from men with acute urethritis in Atlanta, Ga. The geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentrations were 5.6 microgram of sulfamethoxazole per ml and 24.3 microgram of trimethoprim per ml, a ratio of 1:4. The concentration of sulfamethoxazole inhibiting 50% of gonococcal strains dropped only from 4.7 microgram/ml to 2.9 microgram/ml with the addition of a 1/20 dilution of trimethoprim. We studied synergism with various ratios of sulfamethoxazole to trimethoprim against 20 random strains. A ratio of 1:1 was always synergistic and was the most synergistic ratio for 15 strains, whereas the 19:1 ratio was never the most syngergistic. The 19:1 ratio failed to show synergism against seven strains, but showed antagonism at this ratio with five of these seven. The sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim ratio of 19:1 usually achieved in serum after oral administration is minimally syngergistic and is sometimes antagonistic for gonococci.
Penetration of spectinomycin into cerebrospinal fluid duirng experimental meningitis
Authors: Delgado D G , Brau C J , Avent C K
Published: June 2012

The concentration of spectinomycin in serum and cerebrospinal fluid was compared in rabbits with and without experimental pneumococcal meningitis. When injected intravenously, spectinomycin could not be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal rabbits. In rabbits with meningeal inflammation, however, spectinomycin penetrated the blood-brain barrier and produced significant cerebrospinal fluid concentrations, equal to or well above spectinomycin minimal inhibitory concentrations for many bacterial species.