bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The frequency of low bone mineral density and its associated risk factors in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: EZZAT Yasser , HAMDY Khaled
Published: June 2010

Objective:  To detect the frequency and the predictive factors of low bone mineral density in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, so as to optimize bone mineral density (BMD) monitoring and treatment for those at risk.

Subjects and methods:  Thirty Asian patients were included in this study and were divided into 18 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 12 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). All patients were diagnosed by colonoscopy and histopathological biopsy and were subjected to routine laboratory investigations in addition to 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels as well as serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatise. BMD was measured by using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan at lumbar spine and femoral neck; predictive factors for BMD were analyzed by group comparison and step‐wise regression analysis.

Results:  There was increased frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia involving the lumbar spine in patients with IBD being more common among CD patients than in the UC group. Positive correlations were found between low BMD measurements and vitamin D levels, body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001) as well as steroid cumulative dose and duration of therapy (P < 0.001); stepwise regression analysis showed that CD and vitamin D deficiency are predictive factors for both osteoporosis and osteopenia (P = 0.024, P = 0.027, respectively).

Conclusion:  Low BMD was found to be more frequent among patients with CD than UC; in addition CD and vitamin D deficiency act as predictive factors for low BMD. We recommend that calcium and vitamin D should be given to all IBD patients; in addition, bisphosphonate administration should be put into consideration.
A Conceptual Analysis of Price Setting in Australian Local Government
Authors: Carnegie Garry D. , West Brian
Published: June 2010

A complex set of issues underlies the pricing of the diverse range of goods and services from which Australian local governments derive a significant portion of their revenues. Although local governments have a not‐for‐profit orientation, they are expected to be financially viable and embrace a broad notion of accountability. They are also expected to influence the behaviour of constituents in accordance with policy decisions, but be equitable in doing so. These and related parameters are discussed and illustrated in order to reveal and elucidate the nature of pricing decisions in local government, and to differentiate the local government context from other price‐setting environments.
The Keurusselkä impact structure, Finland—Impact origin confirmed by characterization of planar deformation features in quartz grains
Authors: FERRIÈRE Ludovic , RAISKILA Selen , OSINSKI Gordon R. , PESONEN Lauri J. , LEHTINEN Martti
Published: June 2010

Abstract– Although the meteorite impact origin of the Keurusselkä impact structure (central Finland) has been established on the basis of the occurrence of shatter cones, no detailed microscopic examination of the impactites from this structure has so far been made. Previous microscope investigations of in situ rocks did not yield any firm evidence of shock features (Raiskila et al. 2008; Kinnunen and Hietala 2009). We have carried out microscopic observations on petrographic thin sections from seven in situ shatter cone samples and report here the discovery of planar fractures (PFs) and planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz and feldspar grains. The detection and characterization of microscopic shock metamorphic features in the investigated samples substantiates a meteorite impact origin for the Keurusselkä structure. The crystallographic orientations of 372 PDF sets in 276 quartz grains were measured, using a universal stage (U‐stage) microscope, for five of the seven distinct shatter cone samples. Based on our U‐stage results, we estimate that investigated shatter cone samples from the Keurusselkä structure have experienced peak shock pressures from approximately 2 GPa to slightly less than 20 GPa for the more heavily shocked samples. The decoration of most of the PDFs with fluid inclusions also indicates that these originally amorphous shock features were altered by postimpact processes. Finally, our field observations indicate that the exposed surface corresponds to the crater floor; it is, however, difficult to estimate the exact diameter of the structure and the precise amount of material that has been eroded since its formation.
Innovation—What's Design Got to Do with It?
Authors: von Stamm Bettina
Published: June 2010

If the goal is innovation, then Bettina von Stamm is sure design is an essential component in realizing that goal. She celebrates the differences between designers and other functions and documents how their unique perspectives can improve business performance, help expand market share, and leverage bottom‐line results. She believes design must be an in‐house expertise and outlines strategies to integrate design and designers into the innovation effort.
B&O Goes to the Head of the Class
Authors: Cockerille James
Published: June 2010

There is value in tapping into diverse sources of innovation. In this case, Bang & Olufsen collaborated with a Danish design school to ponder the nature of interactive technologies in the year 2020. James Cockerille summarizes the outcomes of this successful endeavor, as well as the resources and clear parameters that made it work, and based on this experiment, offers guidelines for future corporate‐academic partnerships.
Why These Ideas Work, But Seem Weird
Authors: Sutton Robert
Published: June 2010

To innovate, organizations need to enhance variance, see old things in new ways, and break from the past. They need to do things that make money later rather than now and to be open to creative failure. Robert Sutton refers to this as “organizing for exploration,” and in this excerpt from a recent book, he posits 11½ “weird” ideas that nurture an innovative spirit—managerial toys that expand the frontiers and fuel the long‐term success of corporate activities.
Creating Modular Platforms for Strategic Flexibility
Authors: Sanchez Ron
Published: June 2010

In developing products, long‐term success depends on designing components that facilitate the creation of a family of current and future product options. Ron Sanchez emphasizes that this requires careful planning of shared technologies and production processes. The payoff is a modular approach that enhances the ability to integrate market‐differentiating features and that supports rapid innovation, stringent cost controls, and the acceleration of supply timelines.
Managing Design for Market Advantage: Protecting Both Form and Function of Innovative Designs
Authors: Cohen Joshua
Published: June 2010

To reap the rewards of creative designs, it is critical to maintain ownership and control of those designs. Joshua Cohen summarizes the spectrum of legal options for protecting products, packaging, and related intellectual property. He highlights potential conflicts among these options, suggests how they can be used to complement one another, and proposes strategies to make design protection an integral aspect of designing and marketing.
Integrating design into organizational culture
Authors: Lockwood Thomas
Published: June 2010

This is a story of design in action. Referencing several mini‐case studies, Thomas Lockwood demonstrates the integral relationship between design and corporate success. Of even greater value, however, is his distillation of seven ways organizations can approach design to make the most of this resource. Moreover, because one option does not preclude the others, executives and managers can use all seven!
Design's strategic role at Herman Miller
Authors: Goeman Don , Beckwith Deanne
Published: June 2010

This is a company admired 'round the globe for its visionary thinking, creative product development, and operational excellence. Don Goeman, vice president of design and development, elaborates on design's role in this success. His conversation with Deanne Beckwith covers many topics—from innovation and the search for new ideas to the role of designers, the make‐up of design teams, and the management of the design process.
Ethnography for business: Optimizing the impact of industrial design
Authors: Reese William
Published: June 2010

Research is easily acknowledged as a staple in the design process. Not so easy is making sure designers are supported with the right kind of research. When it comes to garnering insights on consumer needs, William Reese explains how ethnography—studying people in their “natural” or “behavioral” environments—is especially accurate and productive, a methodology that, from a business perspective, is worth the investment.
Customer loyalty and experience design in e‐business
Authors: Long Karl
Published: June 2010

Digital environments have a reputation for being ephemeral, confusing, and in a constant state of flux, a world in which an enduring relationship is an oxymoron. Karl Long counters that it does not have to be that way. Based on a hierarchy of “experience design” parameters, he richly illustrates a framework for making Web encounters a platform for an ongoing exchange that consumers value and depend on.
Evolving the UPS brand
Authors: Bloomenkranz Larry
Published: June 2010

When it was designed in 1961, the corporate identity was a compelling symbol for UPS. In the intervening decades, however, things had changed—dramatically! The company was significantly larger, a leader in a diverse spectrum of interrelated businesses, and publicly traded. In this context, Larry Bloomenkranz details the rationale, the research, and the meaning of the company's most recent brand developments.
Sharing Life on the Go
Authors: Beaudet Doug , Zacks Carolyn
Published: June 2010

More than a one‐time initiative, this story is about a change in corporate culture. The company that for generations prided itself on permanently documenting the world around us was now exploring how it might share the fleeting realities of life “on the go.” Doug Beaudet and Carolyn Zacks reveal the origins and results of this fascinating program and suggest how it has given Kodak a new focus for the twenty‐first century.
Design as First Aid: The Wallace Cameron Company
Authors: Wood Bruce
Published: June 2010

The idea was rather old and tired. But transformed by design, it became a product line that brought new life to the company and its revenues. Bruce Wood narrates the tale of a corporation in which the redesign of a product, along with the redesign of marketing and production, ultimately inspired plans for a more diverse and promising long‐term business strategy.
System Logics: Organizing Your Offerings to Solve People's Big Needs
Authors: Patnaik Dev
Published: June 2010

In marketing and branding, the mantra of the development process is “respond to customer needs.” But as Dev Patnaik makes clear, not all needs are created equal. Here, supported by examples and case studies, he describes a hierarchy of customer needs and suggests how corporations can use this design‐based analysis—or system logics—to inform their strategic and tactical decision making.
From Three Breads to One Brand
Authors: Kinsley Pat
Published: June 2010

With regional acquisitions, the Irish Pride bread brand was working hard to strengthen its national presence. But size alone would not assure success. Pat Kinsley examines design's important role in this transformation. The story moves from analysis and concept development to strategy and realization—a saga that repositioned a low‐involvement purchase into a contemporary, high‐impact, high‐profit brand.
Storytelling as a Critical Success Factor in Design Processes and Outcomes
Authors: DeLarge Craig A.
Published: June 2010

In many organizations, storytelling is an untapped design management resource. Craig DeLarge, with colleagues George Allen, Phil Cole, and Janet Carlson, define the nature of this tool and explain how it can be used to refine strategy, build cultural awareness, promote teamwork, convey lessons learned, and strengthen communications. Their analysis concludes with a compendium of tips for effectively exploiting this device.
Proving the Practical Power of Design
Authors: Rich Harry
Published: June 2010

Using anecdotal evidence, designers have long believed their expertise makes a positive contribution to corporate performance. Now research commissioned by the London‐based Design Council provides more compelling proof of the link between design and shareholder return. Harry Rich summarizes how, over the past 10 years, share prices of UK companies that use design effectively have dramatically outperformed the rest of the market.
Designing for the Base of the Pyramid
Authors: Whitney Patrick , Kelkar Anjali
Published: June 2010

For companies in the developed world, design, if not the norm, is at least an option for enhancing business strategies. Going beyond these traditional venues, Patrick Whitney and Anjali Kelkar boldly explore the contributions design can make to businesses in developing countries, specifically businesses in the slums of India. Their findings convey design's universal value and offer a beacon of hope in an otherwise grim reality.
In Denmark, Design Tops the Agenda
Authors: Ramlau Ulla Hovgaard
Published: June 2010

In consumer products, intense global competition is a way of life. In this marketplace, Denmark has determined that outstanding design will differentiate its offerings. It seeks to make Danish not just an adjective but a coveted brand. Ulla Hovgaard Ramlau clarifies the economic benefits of this decision, Design Center programs that support policy, and the rationale for implementing these among well‐established corporations, rather than SMEs.
Walking Backward into Design: Support for the SME
Authors: Brazier Sally
Published: June 2010

As a means to improve communications and product development, and as a long‐term resource supporting innovation, design should be of paramount importance to small and medium‐size enterprises (SMEs). On the other hand, these companies often perceive design as a low priority and as an expensive luxury. Sally Brazier outlines initiatives that overcome this inertia, and reviews some compelling success stories.
International Perspectives on Design Support for SMEs
Authors: Cawood Gavin , Lewis Alan , Raulik Gisele
Published: June 2010

There is broad consensus that design can significantly enhance the competitiveness and bottom line of small and medium‐size enterprises. But what are the best ways to encourage businesses to make this investment? Sharing the outcomes of a global workshop, Gavin Cawood, Alan Lewis, and Gisele Raulik report on the challenges and current best practices for leveraging the use of design among SMEs.
Ethics and Altruism: What Constitutes Socially Responsible Design?
Authors: Cooper Rachel
Published: June 2010

Businesses are making responsible design an explicit feature of their development processes and long‐term competitive strategies. Initiatives range from responding to the needs of less privileged and underserved constituencies to design for safety and design against crime. Rachel Cooper surveys these perspectives, their sources, and the effects they are having on the design profession, the corporate community, and society in general.
Remarkable Pencils Ltd: Breaking Out of the Green Niche
Authors: Micklethwaite Paul , Chick Anne
Published: June 2010

From an environmental and business perspective, things were good. Company executives, however, wondered if they might even be better. Paul Micklethwaite and Anne Chick describe how a creative rethinking of the Remarkable Pencils brand and packaging maintained the corporate commitment to sustainability at the same time that it opened up new markets and expanded sales.
At the Bottom of the Pyramid: Responsible Design for Responsible Business
Authors: Sethia Nirmal
Published: June 2010

Thoughtfully responding to the needs and aspirations of the four billion poor living at the margins of the global economy is both wise strategy and pressing obligation for businesses, argues Nirmal Sethia. In this context, he identifies key stakeholders and posits knowledge, empathy, networking, and a value‐frame as central to a new mindset that can make designers valued partners in this challenging endeavor.
Commercial Advantage from Inclusive Design
Authors: Bound John , Coleman Roger
Published: June 2010

As companies seek to better understand customers, as managers encourage user‐centered design methods, and as educators integrate social awareness into their curricula, universal or inclusive design is becoming a mainstream reality. Here, John Bound and Roger Coleman present reports and case studies to demonstrate progress in this arena, especially in the UK, and outline the significant role design managers play in implementing this priority.
Tracking Major Trends in Design Management Studies
Authors: Kim Yu‐Jin , Chung Kyung‐Won
Published: June 2010

With a track record dating back to 1989 and an archive of more than 700 articles, the Design Management Review and the Academic Review have been consistent sources of design management insights. Yu‐Jin Kim and Kyung‐won Chung provide a thoughtful analysis of the topics, themes, and authors in this body of work and propose editorial options for the future of the publications.
Designing the MBA of Tomorrow
Authors: Shield Sandra , Coughlan Richard
Published: June 2010

At this Virginia business school, two innovative electives feature design as a valuable platform for management decision‐making. Sandra Shield and Richard Coughlan highlight the rationale and content of each course. They also note the enthusiastic reactions of students who, enlightened by the design point of view, quickly adapt lessons learned in the lecture hall to their full‐time jobs.
Managing Complexity: The Executive MBA at the Zollverein School
Authors: Kupetz Andrej , Mangold Martin , Selbeck Miriam
Published: June 2010

In this new and innovative program, management is viewed as a design task that engages the creative disciplines, as well as traditional skills in business and engineering. Andrej Kupetz, with students Martin Mangold and Miriam Selbeck, summarize the interdisciplinary nature of the curriculum, as well as its merging of theory and practice, and illustrate outcomes with the discussion of two real‐world thesis projects.
OPEN Digital Experience Design: A Strategic, Trends‐Based Approach
Authors: Rollins Nita
Published: June 2010

As the Web has matured, brand relationships have become ever more dynamic. Nita Rollins outlines and illustrates the kinds of digital brand experiences consumers have come to expect‐on‐demand efficiency and ease‐of‐use; personalization, including dialogue, customization, and privilege; an engagement characterized by belonging, entertainment, and inspiration; and a networked blend of self‐expression, community, and meaningful change.
Horse ectoparasite problems in Britain
Authors: Tarry D.
Published: June 2010

A wide range of arthropods (insects, mites and ticks) can be responsible for disease in horses. The largest group of ectoparasites is the flies (Diptera) including bot flies and other myiasis flies, biting flies, midges and ‘horse keds’.
Septic arthritis of the first and second cervical vertebral articulations with vertebral osteomyelitis in a foal caused bySalmonella
Authors: Roberts B. L. , Reimer J. M. , Woodie J. B. , Reed S. M.
Published: June 2010

A case of infectious arthritis of a cervical vertebral articulation and vertebral osteomyelitis in a foal caused bySalmonellais described. Ultrasound images of the cervical facet joints were suggestive of septic arthritis and ultrasound facilitated needle placement for arthrocentesis and joint lavage. Due to the uncommon location of the infection, diagnosis of septic arthritis was not immediate and, despite aggressive intra‐articular lavage and instillation of appropriate intra‐articular antibiotics after hospitalisation, we were unable to resolve the infection in this foal. Radiographs did not show evidence of osseous involvement until later in the course of the infection. Septic arthritis should be suspected in cases with similar clinical and laboratory findings and radiographic changes may not be present early in the course of infection. Ultrasound imaging provided the most useful diagnostic information regarding infection of the cervical joints, facilitating both diagnosis and treatment.
Direct preputial hernia associated with a ventral abdominal wall defect in a two‐year‐old gelding
Authors: O'Brien T. , Koch C. , Livesey M. A. , Brounts S. H.
Published: June 2010

The case of a 2‐year‐old gelding with acute onset of preputial swelling and prolapse is presented. After initiating conservative management using a penile repulsion device, the horse repeatedly displayed signs of mild abdominal discomfort with sudden deterioration to an episode of violent colic after 5 days of hospitalisation. Ultrasonographic examination of the preputial swelling at that time demonstrated the presence of small intestine between the internal and external laminae of the prepuce and led to the diagnosis of a direct preputial hernia. The contents of the hernia were readily reduced through a defect in the ventral abdominal wall after the anaesthetised horse was placed in dorsal recumbency. The historical information, clinical progression and surgical findings were supportive of an acquired ventral abdominal wall defect. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of a direct preputial hernia associated with an acquired ventral abdominal wall defect.
Parenteral nutrition in the mature horse
Authors: Magdesian K. G.
Published: June 2010

Parenteral nutrition is an important component of the management of critically ill horses unable or unwilling to eat. It provides dextrose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals and, in some cases, lipids for nutritional support until enteral nutrition can be reinstituted. It can also be used as a supplement to enteral nutrition, where horses are not ingesting at least 80% of digestible energy (resting) requirements for more than 2–3 days. This review discusses the indications, applications, monitoring and complications of parenteral nutrition in mature horses.
Genetic aspects of equids with particular reference to their hybrids
Authors: BENIRSCHKE K. , RYDER O. A.
Published: June 2010

This paper gives a brief review of the cytogenetic knowlege of equine species, the chromosomal errors currently known to exist, and an account of the interspecific hybrids that have served man during the 4500 years of domestication of horse and donkey.
Critical events surrounding the maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares
Authors: SHARP D. C. , McDOWELL KAREN J.
Published: June 2010

An experiment was undertaken to determine whether the equine conceptus inhibits production of prostaglandin F2α in the pregnant mare. Endometrial tissue was obtained from two normally cycling mares and conceptus membranes were obtained from a further two mares which were pregnant. Endometrial tissue was cultured alone and with conceptus membranes and the prostaglandin F2α concentrations measured in the incubation medium over a 24 h period. With endometrium alone, prostaglandin F2α concentrations increased slowly for the first 9 h of incubation but then began to rise sharply. When the conceptus membranes were added, the prostaglandin F2α production rate was initially comparable to that of endometrium alone but the sharp increase seen after 9 h was large attenuated. By 18 to 24 h, the prostaglandin F2α concentration in the endometrium plus conceptus membranes was 63 per cent less than for endometrium alone. The results corroborate previous studies that conceptus membranes can inhibit prostaglandin F2α synthesis.
Uterine prostaglandin release relative to embryo collection, transfer procedures and maintenance of the corpus luteum
Authors: BETTERIDGE K. J. , RENARD A. , GOFF A. K.
Published: June 2010

Failure of embryo reinsertion experiments and observation of a high incidence of extended oestrous cycles following transcervical embryo recovery at Day 12.5 (ovulation = Day 0) prompted investigation of the effects of uterine lavage on cycle length and concentrations of progesterone and 15‐keto‐13, 14‐dihydroprostaglandin F2α (PGFM) in peripheral blood. Progesterone profiles confirmed the occurrence of prolonged luteal phases after flushing on Days 12.5 and 13.5 and showed that extended cycles can occur even after flushing as early as Day 7.5. However, almost 40 per cent of the delays in return to oestrus were associated with an initial decline in luteal activity after flushing followed by a reactivation of the corpus luteum and/or the formation of a new one. Profiles of PGFM revealed variable patterns of prostaglandin F2α release caused principally by cervical dilatation and uterine manipulation. They also showed that a measure of prostaglandin F2α release could be obtained from paired samples taken before and after flushing. Such paired sampling was used on 113 inseminated mares flushed 6.5 to 15.5 days after ovulation. It was shown that flushing could induce prostaglandin F2α release after Day 6.5 but probably not before. The presence of an embryo had little effect on the flush‐induced release up to Day 10.5 but its inhibitory effect had become marked by Day 11.5. Oxytocin injection on Days 10.5 or 12.5 also induced prostaglandin F2α release. In an ovariectomised mare, uterine flushing and oxytocin injections were similarly effective in inducing prostaglandin F2α release after treatment with oestrogen followed by progesterone, but not after oestrogen alone. This suggests a role for oxytocin in normal luteolysis in cycling mares. The fact that the embryo can alter uterine responsiveness to flushing procedures by Day 11.5 calls into question the concept of a ‘critical stage’ for pregnancy recognition in mares. Eight sham transfers in two mares between Days 5.5 and 8.5 had no effect on PGFM concentrations but it is suggested that failure of embryo reinsertion techniques might be associated with prostaglandin F2α release provoked by uterine flushing.
Storage and international transport of horse embryos in liquid nitrogen
Authors: BOYLE M. S. , ALLEN W. R. , TISCHNER M. , CZLONKOWSKA MARIA
Published: June 2010

Three different experiments were conducted in which horse embryos were frozen in liquid nitrogen, thawed and transferred surgically to synchronised recipient mares in two countries. In Experiment 1, out of 14 embryos transferred via mid ventral laparotomy, two established normal pregnancies, of which one continued to full term with the birth of a healthy colt foal. In Experiment 2, one of two embryos resulted in a normal conceptus. In Experiment 3, all the transfers were carried out via flank laparotomy and none of the recipients became pregnant. The results from Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that early unexpanded equine blastocysts tolerate cryopreservation better than larger expanded blastocysts. Some other factors associated with the transfer technique, unrelated to the viability of the frozen thawed embryos, are thought to have played a significant role in the failure to achieve any pregnancies in Experiment 3.
Reproduction in mules: Embryo transfer using sterile recipients
Authors: DAVIES C. J. , ANTCZAK D. F. , ALLEN W. R.
Published: June 2010

Nine intraspecies horse embryos and four intraspecies donkey embryos were recovered non‐surgically on Days 7 or 8 after ovulation and transferred surgically to recipient mules. Five of the horse embryos and three of the donkey embryos were transferred to cycling mules that had ovulated five to seven days before transfer as determined by serial plasma progesterone measurements. The remaining embryos, four horse and one donkey, were transferred to anoestrous mules that were given daily oral doses of the synthetic progestogen, allyl trenbolone, to simulate dioestrus.

Three horse‐in‐mule and one donkey‐in‐mule pregnancies were established in the cycling recipients. One horse‐in‐mule conceptus was removed surgically on Day 73 for histological examination of the endometrial cups and other placental tissues, and the other three mules foaled normally after 366, 344 and 357 days of gestation respectively.

One horse‐in‐mule pregnancy was established in an anoestrous recipient that received allyl trenbolone. Despite the presence of very high levels of equine chorionic gonadotrophin in the serum of this mule after Day 40, its endogenous plasma progesterone levels remained basal. The transferred foetus died spontaneously at about Day 55 and the conceptus was resorbed. A hysterotomy was performed on Day 84 for examination and recovery of the persisting endometrial cups.

These experiments demonstrated that some female mules, although infertile, can ovulate and cycle regularly. Their reproductive tracts are capable of supporting the development of either horse or donkey cenceptuses to term. Furthermore, the development of a horse conceptus to Day 55 in one of the non‐cycling mules given allyl trenbolone indicated that progesterone is the only steroid hormone that is essential for the establishment of pregnancy in equids.
Genetic control of immune responses to major histocompatibility complex antigens during equine pregnancy
Authors: CRUMP ANNE L. , DAVIES C. J. , ANTCZAK D. F.
Published: June 2010

Embryo transfer was used to establish a pregnancy in which two equine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) W2, a ‘strong’ antigen, and ELA W3, a ‘weak’ antigen, were presented together to the maternal immune system on a single conceptus. Cytotoxic antibody was first detected in the serum of the recipient mare on Day 51. Sampling was continued until Day 100, during which time antibody to ELA W2 persisted but no antibody to the W3 antigen was detected. It is clear that the maternal cytotoxic antibody response to ELA W3 in equine pregnancy is very weak relative to responses to other MHC antigens.
Successful transfer of a zebra embryo to a domestic horse
Authors: BENNETT S. D. , FOSTER W. R.
Published: June 2010

The first successful birth of a zebra foal from a domestic horse mare following embryo transfer is described. Seven consecutive non‐surgical embryo collections, performed on a multiparous Grant's zebra mare (Equus burchelli) yielded six embryos. Transfer of two embryos on different occasions to domestic recipient mares resulted in one pregnancy that terminated with the induced birth of a live male zebra foal on Day 366 of gestation. The mare accepted and suckled the foal normally. These findings indicate that between‐species nonsurgical embryo transfer may provide a useful tool for conserving wild species of equids in captivity.
Commercial application of equine embryo transfer
Authors: VOGELSANG S. G. , BONDIOLI K. R. , MASSEY J. M.
Published: June 2010

Embryo recovery rates from commercial donor mares mated at the clients' farms and commercial and research donors mated at the authors' laboratory were 27, 59 and 57 per cent, respectively. Transfer of embryos recovered on Days 6 to 8 post ovulation to recipients that were −1, −2 or −3 days asynchronous with the respective donor gave pregnancy rates of 54, 40 and 60 per cent respectively. No pregnancies were produced from the transfer of Days 9 and 10 embryos to recipients that were asynchronous with the donors.
Embryo recovery from Polish pony mares and preliminary observations on foal size after transfer of embryos to large mares
Authors: TISCHNER M.
Published: June 2010

A total of 264 non‐surgical embryo recovery attempts, performed at Day 6 to 10 after ovulation on 11 Polish pony donor mares (350 to 420 kg body weight), yielded 152 embryos (58 per cent). Recovery rate per mare over a six‐year period averaged 15 embryos with a range of six to 24 embryos.

Non‐surgical transfer of 19 Polish pony embryos to heavy‐type recipient mares (620 to 800 kg body weight) resulted in five live foals, all of which were appreciably taller and heavier at birth than equivalent control foals born to Polish pony mares. The transferred foals grew much faster during the period of suckling than the control foals and they have remained bigger to the present time, when the two oldest foals are 2.5 years of age. These preliminary findings indicate that the size of the recipient mare may significantly influence the final size of its offspring achieved by embryo transfer.
Non‐surgical embryo auto‐transfer in the mare
Authors: BOWEN M. JILL , SALSBURY J. M. , BOWEN J. M. , KRAEMER D. C.
Published: June 2010

The feasibility of collecting equine embryos non‐surgically and returning them non‐surgically to the same donor mare for the continuation of that pregnancy is described. Sixteen reproductively normal, cycling mares were the subject of 65 embryo collection attempts between May and October. The embryo was held outside the mare for three different time spans (0, 2 and 4 h) before replacing it into the uterus of the same animal. Two different methods of non‐surgical embryo collection were compared. From 23 collections that involved flushing only the ipsilateral uterine horn on Day 6 post ovulation, 12 embryos (52 per cent) were recovered. From 31 collections that involved flushing the whole uterus on Day 8, 25 embryos (81 per cent) were recovered. None of the non‐surgical auto‐transfers resulted in a full term pregnancy. In 11 mares in which single horn flushing on Day 6 had not produced an embryo, reflushing the whole uterus on Day 8 also failed to yield any embryos.

There was no significant difference in the onset of the next oestrus in mares flushed on Day 6 as compared with Day 8, nor did the overall mean (± sd) oestrous cycle lengths of these flushed mares (21.5 ± 4.75 days) differ from those of normal, unflushed mares. Mares that had an embryo replaced in their uteri, either on Day 6 or Day 8, showed no prolongation of their oestrous cycles.
Physiological and commercial parameters for producing progeny from subfertile mares by embryo transfer
Authors: DOUGLAS R. H. , BURNS P. J. , HERSHMAN LIZBETH
Published: June 2010

The cost effectiveness of using embryo transfer for producing progeny from subfertile donors is assessed. A total of 146 embryo recovery attempts performed on 34 subfertile donor mares yielded 41 transferable embryos (28 per cent recovery rate) from 27 of these mares. Non‐surgical transfer of these embryos achieved an overall pregnancy rate of 54 per cent. Therefore, the efficiency of producing a pregnancy from sub‐fertile donors was about 15 per cent per mated oestrous cycle. Financial calculations based on cost of materials and the maintenance of recipient mares indicates that a commercial embryo transfer unit would have to charge in excess of US8000 per pregnancy to realise a profit.
The head (Part 2)
Authors: WYN‐JONES G.
Published: June 2010

The value of radiology as part of an examination of the equine head is emphasised and the radiological appearances of more commonly occurring conditions are described. Even the normal anatomy of this complex site is subject to great variation and the aspiring radiologist should, therefore, have a good knowledge of the possible normal variations. A flexible approach must be used rather than a limitation to one or two ritual projections. The use of contrast media, wherever it might be useful, is advocated so that the maximum amount of information may be obtained from each examination. Finally, emphasis is laid on the fallibility of radiology when used in isolation and its use to complement other investigative procedures, such as endoscopy, is encouraged.
A clinical perspective on lameness originating in the carpus
Authors: BRAMLAGE L. R. , SCHNEIDER R. K. , GABEL A. A.
Published: June 2010

Clinical experience continues to expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of pain and injury within the carpal joints. The anatomical and physiological capacity of the equine carpus to neutralise loading stress plays a significant role in the prevention of carpal injury. The ability of joint surfaces to dissipate axial force by transfer to the interosseous ligaments is the principal means by which carpal injury is avoided. In the medial aspect of the intercarpal joint and the dorsal aspect of the radial carpal joint, however, the effects of chronic maximal stress and isolated acute supraphysiological loads cannot be neutralised. Progressive osseous remodelling and stress induced changes within the bone, which outstrip its ability to accommodate increasing loads, lead to the loss of structural integrity and fracture in horses in training.
The effect of drugs used in the treatment of osteoarthrosis on stromelysin (proteoglycanase) of equine synovial cell origin
Authors: MAY S. A. , HOOKE REBECCA E. , LEES R.
Published: June 2010

There is increasing evidence that the proteoglycan‐degrading neutral metalloproteinase, stromelysin, is a key enzyme in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. Equine synovial lining cells were stimulatedin vitroto produce stromelysin, and phenylbutazone, flunixin, betamethasone, sodium hyaluronate and polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) were tested for their ability to inhibit the action of this enzyme on14C‐labelled casein substrate. Only PSGAG possessed inhibitory activity at concentrations likely to be achieved therapeutically in the equine fetlock joint.
Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses
Authors: SCHNEIDER R.K. , BRAMLAGE L.R. , GABEL A.A. , BARONE L.M. , KANTROWITZ B.M.
Published: June 2010

The medical records and radiographs of all horses with a third carpal bone fracture admitted to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital from 1979 to 1987 were reviewed. Three hundred and seventy‐one fractures were found in 313 horses; 57 per cent were Standardbreds, 41 per cent were Thoroughbreds, and only 1.6 per cent were Quarterhorses. All were young racehorses (average age = 3.1 years). Third carpal fractures occurred more frequently in the right limb (60 per cent) than the left limb (40 per cent); Thoroughbreds had a greater right‐left disparity (67.5 per cent R, 27.1 per cent L).

Fractures were classified according to their size and anatomical location within the third carpal bone: incomplete fractures of the radial facet (type 1, N = 39), large proximal chip fractures of the radial facet (type 2, N = 140), small proximal chip fractures of the radial facet (type 3, N = 18), medial corner fractures (type 4, N = 13), frontal plane slab fractures of the radial facet (type 5, N = 93), large frontal plane slab fractures involving both the radial and intermediate facets (type 6, N = 35), fractures of the intermediate facet (type 7 N = 13), and sagittal slab fractures (type 8, N = 20). The incidence of each fracture type was significantly different between Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Type 1 and 2 fractures were more common in Standardbreds; type 5 and 6 fractures were more common in Thoroughbreds. Differences between these two breeds are related to the different gaits at which they race. The classification more accurately describes the extent of injury and the variation in fractures observed in this study than the traditional division as chips or slabs. A high quality skyline projection is important in correctly identifying these fractures; over 10 per cent of the fractures were detected only on this view.
Some observations on lameness associated with pain in the proximal metacarpal region
Authors: DYSON SUE
Published: June 2010

The carpus and metacarpus of 40 horses which were free from lameness and 40 horses with lameness associated with the metacarpophalangeal joint or more distal limb were examined radiographically (Group A). The opacity of the proximal third of the third metacarpal bone was regular, with a uniform trabecular pattern. Osseous cyst‐like lesions (OCLLs) were identified in the radial carpal bone (1), the ulnar carpal bone (2), the second carpal bone (15) and the fourth carpal bone (1).

Thirty‐one of 638 horses (4.8 per cent) with forelimb lameness had pain localised to the proximal metacarpal region using local anaesthesia (Group B). All these horses were examined radiographically and an ultrasonographic examination was performed in seven. No definitive diagnosis was reached in 16 horses, seven of which had an OCLL in one of the carpal bones or the second metacarpal bone. One horse had, in addition to a poorly defined lucent area in the second carpal bone, radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease of the carpometacarpal joint and an hypoechoic lesion in the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. One horse had an hypoechoic lesion in the proximal part of the suspensory ligament.

Abnormalities of the trabecular structure of the third metacarpal bone were identified in 13 horses. In 11 of these there was a vertically orientated lucent line, usually surrounded by sclerotic bone. These lucent lines may represent fatigue fractures seen end on. In one horse an horizontal lucent line was seen. One of these 13 horses also had a lesion in the proximal part of the suspensory ligament.

Ten of the 13 (77 per cent) horses with presumed fractures of the third metacarpal bone recovered completely, whereas only eight of the 16 (50 per cent) horses in which no definitive diagnosis was reached returned to their former function.
Clinical, radiographic, and scintigraphic findings associated with enthesitis of the lateral collateral ligaments of the tarsocrural joint in Standardbred racehorses
Authors: BOERO M. J. , KNELLER S. K. , BAKER G. J. , METCALF M. R. , TWARDOCK A. R.
Published: June 2010

Injury of the lateral collateral ligaments of the tarsocrural joints was diagnosed in nine Standardbred pacers. The average age was 4.9 years. The severity of the lameness varied from severe to subtle and joint effusion was seen in eight of 10 tarsocrural joints. A positive hindlimb flexion test was seen in four of six cases in which results were recorded. The identificaiton of the site of involvement was based on a focal intense ‘hot spot’ seen on scintigraphy, and new bone formation seen radiographically at the anatomical sites of insertion of the long lateral collateral ligament of the tarsocrural joint in nine limbs and the short lateral collateral ligament in one limb. The authors believe this injury to be enthesitis caused by the cyclic trauma of training and racing speed. The primary therapy was rest. Of six cases which returned to training, three raced as well or better than before injury.
The use of radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of tibial ‘stress' fractures in the horse: a review of five cases
Authors: PILSWORTH R.C. , WEBBON P. M.
Published: June 2010

Five horses, all two year old Thoroughbreds, presented with acute onset hindlimb lameness following moderate to fast exercise. The use of a hand‐held scintillation detector after Tc99 MDP injection greatly aided the diagnosis of tibial stress fractures in these horses. Radiological findings were subtle, involving only periosteal new bone and callus at the fracture site. In two cases this took several weeks to develop but in three others was present at the onset of lameness, indicating insidious pre‐fracture bone pathology. The site of the most obvious radiological signs was constant in all five cases, being the proximal lateral tibia some 8 to 9 cm from the femoro‐tibial joint surface. The diagnosis of five cases of tibial fracture in one racing season suggests that this condition has been underdiagnosed in the past in this clinic, prior to the availability of bone scanning.
Non‐invasive measurement of bone: A review of clinical and research applications in the horse
Authors: JEFFCOTT L. B. , BUCKINGHAM S. H. W. , McCARTHY R. N. , CLEELAND J. C. , SCOTTI E. , McCartney R. N.
Published: June 2010

The current methods for non‐invasive measurement of bone quality are reviewed. In the horse this has traditionally involved the use of radiography, but there are now two other modalities available for the critical evaluation of cortical bone quality and strength. These utilisesingle photon absorptiometryandultrasound velocity.Photon absorptiometry gives a direct measurement of bone mineral content, by using a monoenergetic radionuclide source, and transverse ultrasound velocity in bone gives a measure of bone stiffness or elasticity. They can both be used conveniently on the metacarpus of the conscious horse. Both ultrasound velocity and bone mineral content can be used as accurate indicators of skeletal maturity. In addition, the effects of disuse on bone and certain types of lameness can be monitored accurately. Preliminary data show an association with exercise in young and mature horses. There also appears to be considerable scope forin vivoresearch of bone changes in horses produced by immobilisation, weightlessness, exercise and nutrition.
Evaluation of equine locomotion during different degrees of experimentally induced lameness II: Distribution of ground reaction force patterns of the concurrently loaded limbs
Authors: MERKENS H.W. , SCHAMHARDT H.C.
Published: June 2010

Force plate and high‐speed film data from a group of six walking horses were used to study the distribution of the ground reaction forces (GRF) of the concurrently loaded limbs. Three different degrees of supporting lameness were induced in a forelimb or a hindlimb using modified horse shoes. In all experiments the alterations in the distribution in the transverse horizontal GRF (Fx) were small. During unilateral forelimb lameness, the decreased longitudinal horizontal GRF (Fy) was compensated by an increase of the Fy forces of the contralateral forelimb and the ipsilateral hindlimb. The decreased vertical GRF (Fz) of the lame limb was compensated by an increase of the Fz amplitudes of the contralateral forelimb during the swing phase of the lame limb and increased Fz forces of both the diagonal and the ipsilateral hindlimbs during the stance phase of the lame limb. During unilateral hindlimb lameness the decreases in the deceleration Fy forces of the lame hindlimb were mainly compensated by increased propulsion forces in the contralateral hindlimb and small increases of the Fy forces of both forelimbs. The decreased Fz forces of the lame hindlimb were mainly compensated by increased Fz forces of the diagonal forelimb and smaller increases in Fz forces in the ipsilateral forelimb during the stance phase. During the swing phase of the lame hindlimb small compensatory increases were found in the contralateral hindlimb. Decreased peak amplitudes and impulses in the lame limb, and compensatory increases in the two or three concurrently loaded limbs, resulted in significant decreases in left‐to‐right symmetry percentages between forelimbs as well as hindlimbs during the different degrees of one limb lameness.