bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Assessment of Anxiety Measures in a Pilot Study of African American Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Brock La-Urshalar , Yeager Katherine A. , Miller Andrew H. , Pelkmans Jordan , Graetz Ilana , Giordano Nicholas A.
Published: September 2024

African American patient populations are disproportionately diagnosed with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) compared to non-Hispanic white adults. Research suggests a link between OSA and anxiety. However, OSA and anxiety symptoms may present differently across minority groups. Research examining the reliability and validity of measures used to assess anxiety symptom severity in African American patient populations living with OSA is needed. This pilot study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety short form and the longer State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) in a sample of African American adults recently diagnosed with OSA. In this cross-sectional pilot study, 32 African American patients newly diagnosed with OSA were recruited from an academic sleep medicine clinic in the Southeastern United States to complete survey measures. Participants completed the 6-item PROMIS Anxiety short form and 20-item STAI-S. Cronbach’s alphas assessed the internal reliability of measures, and concurrent validity between measures was assessed using correlation coefficients ( rs). Both PROMIS Anxiety and STAI-S showed excellent internal consistency with Cronbach’s α ≥.90. The PROMIS Anxiety T-scores and STAI-S scores were positively moderately correlated with each other ( rs = .68; p < .0001), indicating concurrent validity. These results illustrate that both the PROMIS Anxiety and STAI-S scales have strong internal reliability in this sample of African American adults with co-occurring OSA and prediabetes. The brief PROMIS Anxiety short-form measure is validated to the longer STAI measure in this sample. An advantage of the PROMIS Anxiety scale is that it has a lower participant burden when completing questionnaires, contributing to a more refined approach to diagnosis and management when both OSA and anxiety coexist. These findings also underscore the importance of validating psychometric measures in marginalized populations, such as African Americans, who have historically been underrepresented in psychometric research.
New Feature to the Radar System to Enhance ATCO Performance and Situation Awareness on Radar Display
Authors: Rostom Mohamed G. , Dattel Andrew R. , Taleisnik Sergio E.
Published: September 2024

An experiment was conducted using a simulation software similar to the radar system with a new feature that makes the aircraft flight number blink on the radar display each time a pilot presses the radio button to talk. Eighteen participants volunteered. In the first scenario, the flashing feature was turned “OFF.” In the second scenario, the flashing feature was turned “ON.” Each participant was tested on three occasions. The first occasion was the “stuck-microphone” situation, the second was similarity in call-sign situation, the third was simultaneous transmission of voice communication from two or more flights on the radio that distorted the modulation. Participants identified significantly more aircraft when the flashing feature was active compared to when it was inactive. Consequently, it is anticipated that this flashing feature will likely reduce verbal communication between pilots and controllers, thereby improving overall controller performance and maintaining safe airspace operation.
How do Cancer Patients in Economically Marginalized Neighborhoods Decide Where to Seek Care: Perspectives From Cancer Patients and Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Brown Rebecca , Petersen Brian , Buckley Bryan O. , Kyle Michael A. , Glenn Jeffrey
Published: September 2024

Background

The quality of cancer care affects patient outcomes. It is therefore important to understand what factors and/or barriers shape a cancer patient’s decision about where to seek care. We sought to understand factors influencing decision-making for historically marginalized communities in a large metropolitan area with multiple options for cancer care, including a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer center.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured interviews with cancer patients from economically marginalized neighborhoods in Washington D.C., and with healthcare professionals who work with patients from these areas. Participants were recruited through flyers, social media posts, and word of mouth. Two researchers analyzed the data using a combination of inductive and deductive approaches supported by the ATLAS. ti software.

Results

A total of 15 interviews were conducted. Analysis revealed 3 major factors influencing where patients decide to seek care: health insurance, transportation, and prioritization of needs. Participants repeatedly identified navigating the bureaucracy of insurance enrollment and high medical costs as prohibitive to seeking care. Transportation was often mentioned in terms of convenience of use and proximity to the care center. Prioritization of needs refers to circumstances such as unstable housing, poverty, and mental illness, that some patients prioritize over seeking quality cancer care. Across these themes 2 findings arose: a discrepancy between stated and actual factors in choosing an oncologist, and the extent to which a cancer patient is able to choose their oncologist.

Conclusion

This study helps explain some of the factors that influence how cancer patients in urban settings choose an oncology center, and the barriers which prohibit access.

Aims of the Study

This study aimed to understand how cancer patients decide where to seek treatment.
APOBEC-1 Complementation Factor: From RNA Binding to Cancer
Authors: Wang Longfei , Cheng Qiong
Published: September 2024

Background

APOBEC-1 complementation factor (A1CF) and Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-1 (APOBEC-1) constitute the minimal proteins necessary for the editing of apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA in vitro. Unlike APOBEC-1 and apoB mRNA, the ubiquitous expression of A1CF in human tissues suggests its unique biological significance, with various factors such as protein kinase C, thyroid hormones, and insulin regulating the activity and expression of A1CF. Nevertheless, few studies have provided an overview of this topic.

Objective

We conducted a literature review to describe the molecular mechanisms of A1CF and its relevance to human diseases.

Method

In the PubMed database, we used the keywords ‘A1CF’ and ‘APOBEC-1 complementation factor’ to collect peer-reviewed articles published in English from 2000 to 2023. Two authors independently reviewed the articles and reached the consensus.

Result

After reviewing 127 articles, a total of 61 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in the present review. Studies revealed that A1CF is involved in epigenetic regulation of reproductive cells affecting embryonic development, and that it is closely associated with the occurrence of gout due to its editing properties on apoB. A1CF can also affect the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells and promote liver regeneration by controlling the stability of IL-6 mRNA, but no influence on cardiac function was found. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that A1CF may promote the occurrence and development of breast cancer, lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, endometrial cancer, and glioma.

Conclusion

This review clarifies the association between A1CF and other complementary factors and their impact on the development of human diseases, aiming to provide guidance for further research on A1CF, which can help treat human diseases and promote health.
Current Status and Influencing Factors of Readiness for Hospital Discharge of Lung Cancer Patients Receiving ERAS-Guided Postoperative Management
Authors: Zeng Feiyan , Sun Meihui , Li Yongdong , Fan Tiantian , Wu Xuan , Wang Liyan , Li Yumei
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study ascertained current status and influencing factors of readiness for hospital discharge (RHD) of lung cancer (LC) patients with enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) concept-guided postoperative management.

Methods

This study prospectively and consecutively included 217 LC patients who underwent whole-course ERAS concept-guided postoperative management at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University from November 2023 to April 2024. RHD, quality of discharge teaching (QDT), and social support (SS) were evaluated using RHDS, QDTS, and SSRS, followed by correlation analyses of RHD with the other 2 factors. The clinical baseline and pathological data were compared between the high and low RHD groups, and the characteristics showing statistical significance were assigned as independent variables for regression analysis with RHD as the dependent variable.

Results

RHD, QDT, and SS were above average among LC patients with ERAS concept-guided postoperative management, and RHD was positively correlated with both QDT and SS. Age, education level, self-care ability, number of admissions, and presence of drainage tubes were independent influence factors for RHD of LC patients with ERAS concept-guided postoperative management.

Conclusion

In LC patients with ERAS concept-guided postoperative management, RHD may be improved by increasing QDT and SS and intervened by factors such as age, education level, self-care ability, number of admissions, and presence of drainage tubes.
Belief that Progress has Been Made in Curing Cancer Varies by Perception of Social Media Health Mis- and Disinformation, Education, Frequency of Social Media Use, and Healthcare System Trust: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Stimpson Jim P. , Park Sungchul , Srivastava Aditi , Cano Miguel Ángel
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study explored the relationship between perceptions of health mis/disinformation on social media and belief that progress has been made in curing cancer.

Methods

We analyzed cross-sectional, retrospective data collected from 4246 adult social media users in the 2022 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 6). The outcome variable was the belief in whether progress has been made in curing cancer. The primary predictor variable was the perception of health mis/disinformation on social media, categorized as ‘Substantial’ and ‘< Substantial’. We also examined whether the relationship varied by health care system trust, frequency of social media use, and education. The analysis controlled for demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors.

Results

Perception of substantial social media health mis- and disinformation was associated with a lower likelihood of believing progress has been made in curing cancer (odds ratios = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59-0.94). Persons who perceived substantial social media health mis-and disinformation and had low trust in the health care system were less likely to believe progress has been made in curing cancer: 36% (95% CI: 28-45%). Persons who perceived substantial social media health mis-and disinformation and used social media less than daily were less likely to believe progress has been made in curing cancer: 44% (95% CI: 36-52%). Persons without a college degree who perceived substantial social media health mis-and disinformation were less likely to agree that progress has been made in curing cancer: 44% (95% CI: 39-50%).

Conclusion

Exposure to misinformation on social media may be associated with negative attitudes about advances in curing cancer, particularly among social media users with low trust in the health care system trust, less frequent social media users, or those without a college degree.
Genetic Architectures of Medical Images Revealed by Registration of Multiple Modalities
Authors: Friedman Sam Freesun , Moran Gemma Elyse , Rakic Marianne , Phillipakis Anthony
Published: September 2024

The advent of biobanks with vast quantities of medical imaging and paired genetic measurements creates huge opportunities for a new generation of genotype–phenotype association studies. However, disentangling biological signals from the many sources of bias and artifacts remains difficult. Using diverse medical images and time-series (ie, magnetic resonance imagings [MRIs], electrocardiograms [ECGs], and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometries [DXAs]), we show how registration, both spatial and temporal, guided by domain knowledge or learned de novo, helps uncover biological information. A multimodal autoencoder comparison framework quantifies and characterizes how registration affects the representations that unsupervised and self-supervised encoders learn. In this study we (1) train autoencoders before and after registration with nine diverse types of medical image, (2) demonstrate how neural network-based methods (VoxelMorph, DeepCycle, and DropFuse) can effectively learn registrations allowing for more flexible and efficient processing than is possible with hand-crafted registration techniques, and (3) conduct exhaustive phenotypic screening, comprised of millions of statistical tests, to quantify how registration affects the generalizability of learned representations. Genome- and phenome-wide association studies (GWAS and PheWAS) uncover significantly more associations with registered modality representations than with equivalently trained and sized representations learned from native coordinate spaces. Specifically, registered PheWAS yielded 61 more disease associations for ECGs, 53 more disease associations for cardiac MRIs, and 10 more disease associations for brain MRIs. Registration also yields significant increases in the coefficient of determination when regressing continuous phenotypes (eg, 0.36 ± 0.01 with ECGs and 0.11 ± 0.02 for DXA scans). Our findings reveal the crucial role registration plays in enhancing the characterization of physiological states across a broad range of medical imaging data types. Importantly, this finding extends to more flexible types of registration, such as the cross-modal and the circular mapping methods presented here.
Prognostic factors for worsening and improvement in multiple sclerosis using a multistate model
Authors: Ocampo Alex , Hatami Farhad , Čuklina Jelena , Graham Gordon , Ganjgahi Habib , Sun Yang , Su Wendy , Mousseau Marie-Catherine , Gardiner Stephen , Pendleton Samantha C , Aarden Piet , Kieseier Bernd C , Arnold Douglas L , Bermel Robert A , Häring Dieter A , Nichols Thomas E , Wiendl Heinz
Published: September 2024

Background:

The long-term disease trajectory of people living with multiple sclerosis (MS) can be improved by initiating efficacious treatment early. More quantitative evidence is needed on factors that affect a patient’s risk of disability worsening or possibility of improvement to inform timely treatment decisions.

Methods:

We developed a multistate model to quantify the influence of demographic, clinical, and imaging factors on disability worsening and disability improvement simultaneously across the disability spectrum as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). We used clinical trial data from the Novartis–Oxford MS database including ~130,000 EDSS assessments from ~8000 patients, spanning all MS phenotypes.

Results:

Higher brain volume was positively associated with disability improvement at all disability levels (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.09–1.19; 95% credible interval (CI) = 1.02–1.27). Higher T2 lesion volume was negatively associated with disability improvement up to EDSS 6 (HR = 0.80–0.89; 95% CI = 0.75–0.94). Older age, time since first symptoms, and the number of relapses in the past year were confirmed as predictors of future disability worsening.

Conclusions:

Brain damage was identified as the most consistent factor limiting the patient’s probability for improvements from the earliest stages and across the whole course of MS. Protecting brain integrity early in MS should have greater weight in clinical decision-making.
Winds of change? Neoclassical realism, foreign policy change, and European responses to the Russia-Ukraine War
Authors: Martill Benjamin , Sus Monika
Published: September 2024

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought about diplomatic condemnation across Europe and military support for Kyiv amid an uptick in European collective identity. Yet national responses differed significantly in terms of their contribution, their consistency, the degree of underlying contestation, their willingness to lead, and their choice of institutional frameworks. Explaining this variation requires an understanding of the interaction between systemic forces and a host of unit-level attributes, including military capabilities and geopolitical position, ideas and identities, and domestic politics. This introductory article examines each of these factors with a view to explaining the underlying variation in European responses, engaging with theoretical insights from Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Policy Analysis. Drawing on examples from the Special Section, we show how the divergent responses of several European countries – France, the United Kingdom, Poland, Germany, Estonia, and Sweden – can be explained by reference to these three categories.
Experiences of migrant parents of children with special health and welfare needs in Nordic countries: a scoping review
Authors: Tanyanyiwa Archlove Takunda , Chimhutu Victor , Pettersen Henning
Published: September 2024

Study aim:

The objective of this scoping review was to explore and summarise emerging themes in existing studies on personal experiences of migrant parents of children with special health and welfare needs and their interaction with health and welfare services in the Nordic countries.

Methods:

A comprehensive and systematic search for relevant articles in electronic databases was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science between 2 April 2023 and 31 May 2023. The scoping review followed identified guidelines in conducting scoping reviews. Out of the initial 1836 study results, 62 studies were read and assessed as full text and a total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria.

Results:

Using thematic analysis, three key thematic categories were identified: (a) Initial responses to having a child with health and welfare challenges; (b) encountering the Nordic health and welfare services; (c) implications on social inclusion. The challenges to participation faced by migrants threatened their wellbeing, impacted their relationships and influenced their coping strategies and opportunities for social inclusion.

Conclusions:

The Nordic countries have accessible, affordable and well-equipped infrastructure for health and welfare services compared with the home countries of most migrants. Future research is necessary to explore alternative strategies and spaces to promote participation and involvement of migrant parents of children with special health and welfare needs to inform public health and welfare services development and research.
“We can’t demand anything:” Migrants’ practices of accommodation and urban incorporation in an autoconstructed settlement in Santiago, Chile
Authors: Pérez Miguel , Chan Carol , Ramírez Carolina
Published: September 2024

Migrant populations globally are often subjected to explicit forms of housing discrimination based on their race, nationality, migration status, and social class. In Chile, due to the dramatic increase in rent prices and a worsening housing crisis, migrants have turned to autoconstructing their own houses in campamentos (squatter settlements) in recent years. Drawing on 13 months of ethnographic fieldwork, we show that the campamentos autoconstructed by immigrants have turned into new spaces of sociality, inclusion, and the emergence of new forms of citizenship. Unlike most of the anthropological literature on autoconstruction processes, we do not focus on how the symbolic and material production of the city frame poor people's involvement in social movements for housing. Rather, we show how, by self-building their houses and neighborhoods, immigrants produce a specific form of political subjectivity based on an ethics of civility and individual accommodation. Furthermore, we highlight the paradoxes that emerge between, on the one hand, their discursive emphasis on individual strategies to achieve legitimate citizenship and urban social inclusion and, on the other hand, their actual participation in collective life in the settlement, as well as a sense of shared norms and common morality. In doing so, we argue that this tension emerges from the need to defend their right to urban social inclusion as inhabitants who see themselves as embodying and enacting stigmatized forms of city-making and urban incorporation.
Understanding the impact of dementia on spousal relationships: A qualitative study with female spousal carers of people living with dementia
Authors: Van Hout Elien , Contreras Milena , Mioshi Eneida , Kishita Naoko
Published: September 2024

Background: Dementia does not merely affect individuals, the carer and the person living with dementia, but also has a profound impact on their spousal relationship. As such, this study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how dementia affects spousal relationships with a focus on interpersonal (i.e. relationship adjustment, communication engagement and emotional connection between two individuals) and intrapersonal (i.e. loss of self within the context of relationships) dynamics using a qualitative approach. The study also explored how carers adapt to such relationship challenges in the context of dementia care.

Methods: A phenomenological approach was used to capture the subjective experiences of female spousal carers, who regularly support their partner living with dementia. A total of nine semi-structured interviews were conducted.

Results: Relationship adjustment theme highlighted how learning to acknowledge role shifts from a spouse to a carer is critical for carers to manage relationship difficulties. Emotional connection theme demonstrated the importance of reminiscing about the shared history between dyads to cope with feelings of loss of affective intimacy. Communication engagement theme revealed carers’ need to learn a new way of communicating due to the decrease in meaningful communication and two-way interaction. Sense of self theme highlighted the importance of self-compassion to overcome feelings of self-loss and isolation.

Conclusion: Findings suggest that improving the relationship between female spousal carers and their partner living with dementia may require targeted interventions addressing different factors. Such interventions can include a couple’s life story approach to enable couples to reminisce about their shared experiences, interactive communication training to enhance meaningful engagements, and a psychological approach such as compassion-focused therapy to overcome emotional challenges and facilitate self-compassion.
Towards a critical space theory: The instrumental politics of space exploitation
Authors: Simpson Sid , Weber Désirée , McMahon John
Published: September 2024

Though a growing number of voices in public discourse are expressing reservations about the new space race and its implications, inherently political questions have remained largely untouched by political theorists: Who is space for and for whose benefit? What are the ideological presumptions and functions of private space exploration? To confront this astro-aporia, we proceed in four parts. First, we develop a typology of two broad positions that predominate in contemporary criticism of space exploration: those who are “space pessimists” and those who are “space neutral”; second, we critique those two positions for relying on an instrumental rationality that cedes too much ground to the logic of instrumentalizing and exploiting that which is deemed non-human nature; third, we examine the linked material and ideological forces fueling the current space race and its enthusiastic supporters; and finally, we formulate a dialectical position that remains critical of space exploitation as it is currently undertaken, but on grounds other than mere utility, thus offering a way to reorient the discussion toward a critical theory of space. From this perspective, space's meaning-making role for humanity can be understood as good and should be held in common, rather than being either abandoned or plundered.
Predicting the Path: How Machine Learning Can Identify Subtypes of Epilepsy and Predict Disease Progression
Authors: Muldoon Sarah F.
Published: September 2024

[Box: see text]
One Intervention for Many: Solving the Challenge of Managing Mental Health Across the Broad Spectrum of Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Munger Clary Heidi M.
Published: September 2024

[Box: see text]
Hope for the Best but Plan for the Worst: Seizure Action Plans in Adult Epilepsy Clinics
Authors: Terman Samuel W
Published: September 2024

[Box: see text]
Assessment of Cellular End of Life Management in Acute Brain Injury: Clearing Dying Cells After Injury
Authors: Buchanan Gordon F.
Published: September 2024

[Box: see text]
Prevalence of HIV Self-Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Evidence Synthesis by Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dutt Rekha , Goel Kapil , Shamim Muhammad Aaqib , Singh Shalini , Padhi Bijaya Kumar , Anjankar Vaibhav Prakash , Gandhi P. Aravind
Published: September 2024

HIV self-testing (HIVST) plays a significant role in addressing the health care needs of high-risk populations, particularly men who have sex with men (MSM). The present systematic review and meta-analysis provide an assessment of the prevalence of HIVST among MSM within the last 5 years. Seven databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost) were searched systematically from January 1, 2018 to March 10, 2023. After an independent search and quality assessment, the pooled prevalence was calculated using a random-effects model. Eight relevant studies were finally included in our study from an initial pool of 288 articles identified through a systematic search. Our meta-analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of HIVST among MSM is 8% (95% CI: 5%–14%). Significant heterogeneity was noticed among the studies, with an I2 value of 99% and a 95% prediction interval of 3% to 11%. Geography emerged as a significant moderator of this heterogeneity ( p < .001). Specifically, studies from China reported a notably higher prevalence of 20% (15%–26%), while other countries reported a lower prevalence of 5% (3%–6%). A symmetrical Doi plot with a Luis–Furuya–Kanamori (LFK) index of −0.57 indicated no publication bias. HIVST has a low take-up among MSM globally. Factors leading to variation in HIVST need to be studied. The coordinated efforts of policymakers, health care providers, and affected communities are required in HIVST promotion.
An intelligent decision method of quality risk in electromagnet assembly process based on digital twin and q-rung dual hesitant fuzzy number
Authors: Pang Jihong , Luo Qiang , Li Yong , Dai JinKun
Published: September 2024

In order to solve the problem of online risk analysis of assembly process, an intelligent decision-making method of electromagnet assembly risk based on Digital Twin (DT) was proposed. Firstly, a DT model of electromagnet assembly process is constructed, and the potential failure modes are collected in real time at the physical layer. Secondly, in the virtual layer, real-time potential failure modes are obtained through information synchronization and transmitted to the application layer. Then, in the application layer, the optimized Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method is used to analyze the risk of failure mode, and the risk value of failure mode is fed back to the virtual layer. In the improved FMEA method, the q-Rung Dual Hesitant Fuzzy Number (q-RDHFN) is used as the evaluation language. The weight of experts is calculated by Bidirectional Projection Method (BPM), and the comprehensive weight of risk factors is calculated by Best and Worst Method (BWM) method, entropy weight method and Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method. Finally, the physical layer is adjusted to reduce the probability and risk of failure mode occurrence. An example of risk intelligent decision making is given to verify the objectivity and practicability of the new method.
A complete process for human dynamics analysis including parameter identification and sEMG-torque estimation
Authors: Sun Tianyi , Peng Xinyu , Ji Shuang , Chen Zhenlei , Guo Qing , Yan Yao
Published: September 2024

In order to analyze the motion of the human lower limb, a comprehensive process was created in this paper. Firstly, an exoskeleton robot platform was leveraged and a dynamic model of human-exoskeleton lower limb was created for identifying human parameters. Then the sEMG signal was utilized to extract information about muscle activity through multi-group experiments, and a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) was built to forecast joint torque. An inverse dynamics analysis combining the human motion data with the dynamic model can not only verify the reliability of prediction result by this BPNN but also the correctness of identified results before. Moreover, the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were used as evaluation index of both identification and prediction results. The proposed protocol can give accurate identified parameters for subject and estimated joint torque from sEMG during swing motion. We believe it can be extended to various types of human motion movement and potentially applied to complete human motion analysis.
Pregnancy termination and determinant factors among women of reproductive age in Kenya, evidence from Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey 2022: Multilevel analysis
Authors: Ali Mohammed Seid , Tamir Tadesse Tarik , Tekeba Berhan , Mekonen Enyew Getaneh , Workneh Belayneh Shetie , Gonete Almaz Tefera , Techane Masresha Asmare , Wassie Mulugeta , Kassie Alemneh Tadesse , Wassie Yilkal Abebaw , Tsega Sintayehu Simie , Ahmed Medina Abdela , Zegeye Alebachew Ferede
Published: September 2024

Background:

Pregnancy termination is one of the common causes of maternal mortality, particularly in developing countries, and remains a global public health concern despite the efforts made to enhance maternal healthcare services. Maternal mortality is still the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, due to pregnancy termination.

Objectives:

This study aimed to investigate the current burden of pregnancy termination and its determinants among reproductive-age women in Kenya.

Design:

A cross-sectional study design with multilevel analysis.

Methods:

The total weighted samples of 19,530 women of reproductive age were included in this study. The data were taken from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey 2022. A multilevel multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the determinant factors of pregnancy termination. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to declare significant determinants of pregnancy termination among women of reproductive age.

Results:

The overall prevalence of pregnancy termination among women of reproductive age in Kenya was 14.19%. The determinant factors associated with pregnancy termination were the age of the women; as age increased, the risk of pregnancy termination increased, 25–29 years (AOR = 2.23; 95 CI (1.08–4.60)), 30–34 years (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI (1.43–6.18)), 35–39 years (AOR = 3.24; 95% CI (1.55–6.76)), 40–44 years (AOR = 4.57; 95% CI (2.16–9.68)), 45– 49 years (AOR = 5.16; 95% CI (2.33–9.98)); marital status: married (AOR = 5.63; 95% CI (3.08–10.29)), ever married (AOR = 5.05; 95% CI (2.74–9.33)); wealth index: richest (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI (1.05–1.63)); employment status: employed (AOR = 1.23; 95% CI (1.09–1.38)); preceding birth interval: greater than 24 months (AOR = 1.21; 95% CI (1.06–1.38)); urban residence (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI (1.06–1.46)); and Islamic followers (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI (1.31–2.06)).

Conclusion:

Pregnancy termination among women of reproductive age in Kenya has become an important public health concern. Policymakers and other stakeholders should focus on maternal healthcare service programs to prevent the termination of pregnancy. The determinant factors are an important input to developing strategies to improve the accessibility of maternal healthcare services in the country.
Mixed variational formulation for frictional contact problem in electro-elasticity
Authors: El Yamouni Ouiame , Fakhar Rachid , Mandyly Youssef , Benkhira EL-Hassan
Published: September 2024

We consider a mathematical model that describes the frictional contact of a piezoelectric body with an electrically conductive foundation. The material’s behavior is described by means of an electroelastic constitutive law, the contact is bilateral and associated with Trescas law of dry friction. We derive a mixed variational formulation of the problem, which is in the form of a coupled system for the displacement field, the electric potential, and a Lagrange multiplier. Then we prove the existence of a unique weak solution to the model by combining saddle-point theory and the fixed-point technique. Moreover, we present an efficient algorithm for approximating the weak solution for the contact problem, including friction and electrical contact conditions. We conclude by a numerical example that illustrates the applicability of the model.
Feasibility of a less invasive supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer
Authors: Tovar-Bazaga Miguel , Cervera-Irimia Javier
Published: September 2024

The object of this study was to perform an anatomical dissection of Thiel-embalmed specimens in a step-by-step procedure, to establish a ‘safe zone’ in which to perform a less invasive supercharged end-to-side (SETS) anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar motor nerve transfer without tension and to demonstrate its feasibility. The sample size was calculated with a 5 mm error to reach a 95% confidence interval. Dissection was performed in 15 specimens and the ‘safe zone’ was established between 40 and 90 mm proximal to the pisiform. Several surgical tips are recommended to help complete the procedure. A reproducible ‘safe zone’ was found for performing a SETS anterior interosseous to ulnar motor nerve transfer with 95% certainty, reducing soft tissue damage and enhancing the original surgical technique.
Ultrasonography of the median nerve before removal of anterior locking plates from the distal radius
Authors: Hosokawa Takafumi , Tajika Tsuyoshi , Suto Morimichi , Nagashima Taito , Arisawa Shinsuke , Chikuda Hirotaka
Published: September 2024

Both forearms of 36 patients who had been treated with an anterior locking plate using the trans-flexor carpi radialis approach for unilateral distal radial fractures were investigated by ultrasonography from the distal end of the radius to 5 cm proximally before plate removal. After fixation of the anterior locking plate, the median nerve was significantly more radially located to the flexor carpi radialis tendon than on the healthy side and showed hypertrophy and flattening at the distal end of the radius. In six cases, the median nerve on the plate side lay radial to the flexor carpi radialis tendon. The median nerve after plate fixation may lie more radially than its original position. Confirming the radial deviation of the median nerve by ultrasonography before removal of the anterior locking plate is useful to prevent the complication of median nerve injury.

Level of evidence: IV
Anatomic variations of the supinator nerve for transfer to the posterior interosseous nerve in tetraplegia
Authors: Hoyen H. Alex , Patel Shaan , Gatta Julian , Chepla Kyle J.
Published: September 2024

The anatomy of the supinator nerve was evaluated in 20 fresh-frozen cadavers. Variations in branching patterns, number of motor branches and distance of the branch points from the radial nerve relative to the radiocapitellar joint are described.
TAS-102 with or without bevacizumab treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a multi-country cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Zhu Youwen , Liu Kun , Zhu Hong
Published: September 2024

Background:

TAS-102 (trifluridine/tipiracil) plus bevacizumab demonstrated a significant survival benefit in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Physicians and patients are uncertain whether this treatment option is clinically acceptable in different countries, underscoring the need for analyses of the cost-effectiveness of this regimen.

Objectives:

To guide doctors and patients to choose TAS-102 plus bevacizumab or TAS-102 monotherapy in cancer treatment.

Design:

The cost-effective analysis.

Methods:

A comprehensive Markov model of the 10-year horizon for three health states was established using data from the SUNLIGHT trial to evaluate the cost and health effects of TAS-102 with or without bevacizumab at particular willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds, analyzing parameters including quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), incremental net monetary benefit, as well as incremental net-health benefit (INHB). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were additionally conducted.

Results:

Treatment with TAS-102 plus bevacizumab versus TAS-102 monotherapy increased effectiveness (cost) by 0.39 ($151,474), 0.38 ($26,794), and 0.41 ($8596) QALYs, with an ICER of $388,171, $69,617, and $20,919 per QALY and an INHB of −0.62, −0.03, and 0.18 QALYs in the United States, United Kingdom, and China, respectively. The utility of progression-free survival was the most important factor in this model. At respective WTP thresholds of $150,000, $65,000, and $37,653 per QALY in the United States, United Kingdom, and China, the odds of TAS-102 plus bevacizumab being the dominant treatment were 0%, 49.6%, and 87.8%, respectively. In addition, mCRC patients with an Eastern Oncology Cooperative Group performance status ⩾ 1 may be the best candidates for treatment.

Conclusion:

TAS-102 plus bevacizumab treatment represents a cost-effective third-line treatment for refractory mCRC from a Chinese payers’ perspective, although the same was not true in the United States or United Kingdom at current drug prices.
Safety of dostarlimab in combination with chemotherapy in patients with primary advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer in a phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (ENGOT-EN6-NSGO/GOG-3031/RUBY)
Authors: Auranen Annika , Powell Matthew A. , Sukhin Vladyslav , Landrum Lisa M. , Ronzino Graziana , Buscema Joseph , Bauerschlag Dirk , Lalisang Roy , Bender David , Gilbert Lucy , Armstrong Amy , Safra Tamar , Nevadunsky Nicole , Sebastianelli Alexandra , Slomovitz Brian , Ring Kari , Coleman Robert , Podzielinski Iwona , Stuckey Ashley , Teneriello Michael , Gill Sarah , Pothuri Bhavana , Willmott Lyndsay , Sharma Sudarshan , Dabrowski Christine , Antony Grace , Stevens Shadi , Mirza Mansoor Raza , Fleming Evelyn
Published: September 2024

Background:

In Part 1 of the phase III RUBY trial (NCT03981796) in patients with primary advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer (EC), dostarlimab plus carboplatin–paclitaxel (CP) significantly improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared with CP alone. Limited safety data have been reported for the combination of immunotherapies plus chemotherapy in this setting.

Objectives:

The objective of this analysis was to identify the occurrence of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and to describe irAE management in Part 1 of the RUBY trial.

Design:

RUBY is a phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of dostarlimab plus CP compared with CP alone in patients with primary advanced or recurrent EC.

Methods:

Patients were randomized 1:1 to dostarlimab 500 mg, or placebo, plus CP every 3 weeks for 6 cycles, followed by dostarlimab 1000 mg, or placebo, every 6 weeks for up to 3 years. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.03.

Results:

The safety population included 487 patients who received ⩾1 dose of treatment (241 dostarlimab plus CP; 246 placebo plus CP). Treatment-emergent AEs were experienced by 100% of patients in both arms. TRAEs occurred in 97.9% of the dostarlimab arm and 98.8% of the placebo arm. The most common TRAEs occurred at similar rates between arms and were mostly low grade. IrAEs occurred in 58.5% of patients in the dostarlimab arm and 37.0% of patients in the placebo arm. Dostarlimab- or placebo-related irAEs were reported in 40.7% of patients in the dostarlimab arm and 16.3% of the placebo arm.

Conclusion:

The safety profile of dostarlimab plus CP was generally consistent with that of the individual components. Dostarlimab plus CP has a favorable benefit–risk profile and is a new standard of care for patients with primary advanced or recurrent EC.

Trial registration:

NCT03981796.
Composition of Essential Oils Extracted from the Leaves, Twigs, and Cones of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. and the Anti-mildew Property of These Oils on Paper
Authors: Shyu Jiann-Gwo , Lee Chin-Mei , Hsu Chun-Kai , Yang Mei-Ling , Chien Tzu-Chao , Ho Hui-Tung , Hsu Kuang-Ping , Ho Chen-Lung
Published: September 2024

Objective/Background

Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., a plant of the Cupressaceae family, is known for its leaves and cones rich in essential oils, which are traditionally used in folk medicine. This study employed hydrodistillation to extract essential oils from three parts of T. distichum, namely its leaves, twigs, and cones, and evaluated the yield and composition of these oils as well as their anti-mildew property on paper.

Methods

The chemical compositions of the essential oils from the three parts were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The anti-mildew properties were assessed on paper against seven mold fungi, namely Aspergillus clavatus, A. niger, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Myrothecium verrucaria, Penicillium citrinum, and Trichoderma viride, following standards such as TAPPI T487 cm-93 and CNS 2690. Furthermore, the essential oil demonstrating the strongest anti-mildew properties was selected from the oils extracted from three different parts, underwent column chromatography for isolation, and the main active compounds were identified.

Results

Among the three parts, cones had the highest essential oil yield (0.53 ± 0.03 mL/100 g), followed by leaves (0.46 ± 0.02 mL/100 g) and twigs (0.06 ± 0.01 mL/100 g). The main components were limonene (39.8%) and α-pinene (37.1%) in leaves; limonene (16.8%), α-pinene (15.8%), and ferruginol (11.0%) in twigs; and ferruginol (43.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.5%) in cones. The cone oils exhibited the most effective anti-mildew properties on paper. Furthermore, the cone oils were fractionated into six fractions (CO1–CO6), with the CO4 fraction exhibiting the best activity. CO4's main components were ferruginol, caryophyllene oxide, and β-caryophyllene. Ferruginol showed the best anti-mildew performance, with 100% inhibition at 200 μg/cm² for all strains.

Conclusion

The study results indicated that essential oils from the cones of T. distichum and ferruginol exhibit promising anti-mildew effects on paper. Therefore, further research and development are highly warranted for their application in inhibiting fungal growth on paper.
A Review on Aloe weloensis: Unveiling its Phytochemical Composition and Promising Pharmacological Properties in Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antimalarial Activities
Authors: Mengesha Yohannes
Published: September 2024

Aloe weloensis Sebsebe, a species used for therapeutic purposes in Ethiopia, exemplifies the plant's rich history of herbal use, traditional applications, and the need for further research. Aloe weloensis, a species of the Aloe genus, has gained attention for its potential pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties. This review examines the phytochemical composition, pharmacological effects, and pharmaceutical applications of Aloe weloensis. The methods involved a thorough review of published literature using reputable databases, focusing on English-language articles covering Aloe weloensis’ phytochemistry, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimalarial activities. Aloe weloensis leaf latex demonstrates diverse bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity (IC50: 10.25 μg/ml), significant antibacterial effects, and promising in vitro antimalarial activity (IC50: 9.14 μg/ml) on 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum species. In vivo studies support its potential as an antimalarial remedy, showcasing its multifaceted pharmacological profile. Aloe weloensis presents promising pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antimalarial activities, supported by its rich phytochemical composition. The in vivo antimalarial results and mucilage's potential as a suspending agent highlight its significance in modern medicine, warranting further exploration.
Exploring the Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Profile, and Pharmacological Effects of Coldenia procumbens L., Boraginaceae
Authors: Chen Tran Van , Boonma Thawatphong , Thanh Hieu Nguyen , Nguyen Xuan Lam Duong , Thi Thu Hien Nguyen
Published: September 2024

Coldenia procumbens L. (family Boraginaceae, genus Coldenia) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various ailments. It has been indicated in the indigenous system of medicine for treating rheumatic swellings, boils, pains, immature abscesses, wounds, menorrhagia, and snake bites. This study aims to summarize up-to-date botany, traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, pharmacological activities, and toxicology. The relevant information about the C. procumbens plant, such as ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, was collected via several scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed) and online databases of botanicals (Plants of the World Online, Flora of China, eFlora of India, Biodiversity in India, World Flora Online, Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora). Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that C. procumbens exerts antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, analgesic, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, and hepatoprotective activities. More than 100 phytoconstituents have been discovered, including terpenes, sterols, coumestan, nitrile/cyano glucosides, fatty acids, and other compounds. This study has attempted to comprehensively describe C. procumbens in terms of ethnobotany, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological effect. These specific and valuable suggestions warrant further investigation to utilize their inherent potential for novel product development and immense utilization in medicine, cosmetics, and health supplements.