bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Canonical Immediate Early 3 Gene Product pIE611 of Mouse Cytomegalovirus Is Dispensable for Viral Replication but Mediates Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of Viral Gene Products
Authors: Rattay Stephanie , Trilling Mirko , Megger Dominik A. , Sitek Barbara , Meyer Helmut E. , Hengel Hartmut , Le-Trilling Vu Thuy Khanh
Published: June 2015

Transcription of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) immediate early
ie1
and
ie3
is controlled by the major immediate early promoter/enhancer (MIEP) and requires differential splicing. Based on complete loss of genome replication of an MCMV mutant carrying a deletion of the
ie3
-specific exon 5, the multifunctional IE3 protein (611 amino acids; pIE611) is considered essential for viral replication. Our analysis of
ie3
transcription resulted in the identification of novel
ie3
isoforms derived from alternatively spliced
ie3
transcripts. Construction of an IE3-hemagglutinin (IE3-HA) virus by insertion of an in-frame HA epitope sequence allowed detection of the IE3 isoforms in infected cells, verifying that the newly identified transcripts code for proteins. This prompted the construction of an MCMV mutant lacking
ie611
but retaining the coding capacity for the newly identified isoforms
ie453
and
ie310
. Using Δ
ie611
MCMV, we demonstrated the dispensability of the canonical
ie3
gene product pIE611 for viral replication. To determine the role of pIE611 for viral gene expression during MCMV infection in an unbiased global approach, we used label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to delineate pIE611-dependent changes of the MCMV proteome. Interestingly, further analysis revealed transcriptional as well as posttranscriptional regulation of MCMV gene products by pIE611.

IMPORTANCE
Cytomegaloviruses are pathogenic betaherpesviruses persisting in a lifelong latency from which reactivation can occur under conditions of immunosuppression, immunoimmaturity, or inflammation. The switch from latency to reactivation requires expression of immediate early genes. Therefore, understanding of immediate early gene regulation might add insights into viral pathogenesis. The mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) immediate early 3 protein (611 amino acids; pIE611) is considered essential for viral replication. The identification of novel protein isoforms derived from alternatively spliced
ie3
transcripts prompted the construction of an MCMV mutant lacking
ie611
but retaining the coding capacity for the newly identified isoforms
ie453
and
ie310
. Using Δ
ie611
MCMV, we demonstrated the dispensability of the canonical
ie3
gene product pIE611 for viral replication and delineated pIE611-dependent changes of the MCMV proteome. Our findings have fundamental implications for the interpretation of earlier studies on pIE3 functions and highlight the complex orchestration of MCMV gene regulation.
Phenomenology of light sterile neutrinos
Authors: Giunti Carlo
Published: June 2015

We consider the extension of standard three-neutrino mixing with the addition of one or two light sterile neutrinos which can explain the anomalies found in short-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. We review the results of the global analyses of short-baseline neutrino oscillation data in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] neutrino mixing schemes.
Trudinger–Moser inequality on the whole plane and extremal functions
Authors: do Ó João Marcos , de Souza Manassés
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we study a class of Trudinger–Moser inequality in the Sobolev space [Formula: see text]. Setting [Formula: see text] we prove: [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] there exist extremal functions for [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text]. Blow-up analysis, elliptic estimates and a version of compactness result due to Lions are used to prove (1) and (3). The proof of (2) is based on computations of testing functions which are a combination of eigenfunctions with the Moser sequence.
The effect of crossed reflex responses on dynamic stability during locomotion
Authors: Gervasio Sabata , Kersting Uwe G. , Farina Dario , Mrachacz-Kersting Natalie
Published: June 2015

In recent studies, we demonstrated that a neural pathway within the human spinal cord allows direct communication between muscles located in the opposing limb. Short-latency crossed responses (SLCRs) are elicited in the contralateral triceps surae at an onset of 40–69 ms following electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral tibial nerve (iTN). The SLCRs are significantly affected by lesions of the central nervous system where the patients are unable to attain normal walking symmetry. The aim of this study was to elucidate the functionality of SLCRs by investigating their effects on the center of pressure (CoP) and pressure distribution. SLCRs were elicited by iTN stimulation at the end of the ipsilateral swing phase while the participants ( n = 8) walked on a treadmill. CoP location and pressure distribution on the sole of the contralateral foot were recorded using instrumented insoles inserted bilaterally in the participant's shoes. The SLCR induced a significant displacement of the CoP toward the medial and anterior direction, associated with a significant increase in pressure at the level of the first metatarsal head. The SLCR contributed to dynamic stability, accelerating the propulsion phase of the contralateral leg and thus preparing for a faster step in the event that the ipsilateral leg is not able to support body weight. The results presented here provide new insight into the functionality of SLCRs, introducing the perspective that training these reflexes, as shown successfully for other reflex pathways, would increase dynamic stability in patients with impaired locomotion.
An fMRI Study of Local Synchronization in Different Subfrequency Bands during the Continuous Feedback of Finger Force
Authors: Zhang Hang , Gao Zhong-Zhan , Zang Yu-Feng
Published: June 2015

Conventional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on motor feedback employ periodical blocked paradigm which does not allow frequency analysis of brain activity. Here, we carried out an fMRI study by using a continuous paradigm, that is, continuous (8 min) feedback of finger force. Borrowing an analytic method widely used in resting-state fMRI studies, that is, regional homogeneity (ReHo), we compared the local synchronization in some subfrequency bands between real and sham feedback, and the subbands were defined as Slow-6 (0.0–0.01 Hz), Slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz), Slow-4 (0.027–0.073 Hz), Slow-3 (0.073–0.198 Hz), and Slow-2 (0.198–0.25 Hz). Our results revealed that the five subfrequency bands of brain activity contributed to the changes of ReHo between real and sham feedback differently, and, more importantly, the changes in basal ganglia were only manifested in Slow-6, implicating the fact that ReHo in ultraslow band may be associated with the functional significance of BG, that is, motor control. These findings provide novel insights into the neural substrate underlying motor feedback, and properties of the ultraslow band of local synchronization deserve more attention in future explorations.
Lower Bounds on Solutions of Quadratic Polynomials Defined over Finite Rings
Authors: Hakami Ali H.
Published: June 2015

Letmbe a positive integer and letRmdenote the ringZ/(m), and letRmndenote the Cartesian product ofncopies ofZ/m. Letf(x)be a quadratic polynomial inZ[x1,…,xn]. In this paper, we are interested in giving lower bounds on the number of solutions of the quadratic polynomialfover the ringRmn.
Current Advances in the Application of Raman Spectroscopy for Molecular Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
Authors: Ramos Inês Raquel Martins , Malkin Alison , Lyng Fiona Mary
Published: June 2015

Raman spectroscopy provides a unique biochemical fingerprint capable of identifying and characterizing the structure of molecules, cells, and tissues. In cervical cancer, it is acknowledged as a promising biochemical tool due to its ability to detect premalignancy and early malignancy stages. This review summarizes the key research in the area and the evidence compiled is very encouraging for ongoing and further research. In addition to the diagnostic potential, promising results for HPV detection and monitoring treatment response suggest more than just a diagnosis prospective. A greater body of evidence is however necessary before Raman spectroscopy is fully validated for clinical use and larger comprehensive studies are required to fully establish the role of Raman spectroscopy in the molecular diagnostics of cervical cancer.
Research on the Development Approach for Reusable Model in Parallel Discrete Event Simulation
Authors: Li Jianbo , Yao Yiping , Tang Wenjie , Zhu Feng
Published: June 2015

Model reuse is an essential means to meet the demand of model development in complex simulation. An effective approach to realize the model reusability is to establish standard model specification including interface specification and representation specification. By standardizing model’s external interfaces, Reusable Component Model Framework (RCMF) achieves the model reusability acting as an interface specification. However, the RCMF model is presently developed just through manual programing. Besides implementing model’s business logic, modeler should also ensure the model strictly following the reusable framework, which is very distracting. And there lacks model description information for instructing model reuse or integration. To address these issues, we first explored an XML-based model description file which completed RCMF as the model representation and then proposed a RCMF model development tool—SuKit. Model description file describes a RCMF model and can be used for regenerating a model and instructing model integration. SuKit can generate a skeleton RCMF model together with a model-customized description file with the configured information. Modeler then just needs to concentrate on the model processing logic. The case study indicates that SuKit has good capability of developing RCMF models and the well-formed description file can be used for model reuse and integration.
Neighborhood Hypergraph Based Classification Algorithm for Incomplete Information System
Authors: Hu Feng , Shi Jin
Published: June 2015

The problem of classification in incomplete information system is a hot issue in intelligent information processing. Hypergraph is a new intelligent method for machine learning. However, it is hard to process the incomplete information system by the traditional hypergraph, which is due to two reasons: (1) the hyperedges are generated randomly in traditional hypergraph model; (2) the existing methods are unsuitable to deal with incomplete information system, for the sake of missing values in incomplete information system. In this paper, we propose a novel classification algorithm for incomplete information system based on hypergraph model and rough set theory. Firstly, we initialize the hypergraph. Second, we classify the training set by neighborhood hypergraph. Third, under the guidance of rough set, we replace the poor hyperedges. After that, we can obtain a good classifier. The proposed approach is tested on 15 data sets from UCI machine learning repository. Furthermore, it is compared with some existing methods, such as C4.5, SVM, NavieBayes, andKNN. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance via Precision, Recall, AUC, andF-measure.
Diagnostic Prediction for Social Anxiety Disorder via Multivariate Pattern Analysis of the Regional Homogeneity
Authors: Zhang Wenjing , Yang Xun , Lui Su , Meng Yajing , Yao Li , Xiao Yuan , Deng Wei , Zhang Wei , Gong Qiyong
Published: June 2015

Although decades of efforts have been spent studying the pathogenesis of social anxiety disorder (SAD), there are still no objective biological markers that could be reliably used to identify individuals with SAD. Studies using multivariate pattern analysis have shown the potential value in clinically diagnosing psychiatric disorders with neuroimaging data. We therefore examined the diagnostic potential of regional homogeneity (ReHo) underlying neural correlates of SAD using support vector machine (SVM), which has never been studied. Forty SAD patients and pairwise matched healthy controls were recruited and scanned by resting-state fMRI. The ReHo was calculated as synchronization of fMRI signals of nearest neighboring 27 voxels. A linear SVM was then adopted and allowed the classification of the two groups with diagnostic accuracy of ReHo that was 76.25% (sensitivity = 70%, and specificity = 82.5%,P≤0.001). Regions showing different discriminating values between diagnostic groups were mainly located in default mode network, dorsal attention network, self-referential network, and sensory networks, while the left medial prefrontal cortex was identified with the highest weight. These results implicate that ReHo has good diagnostic potential in SAD, and thus may provide an initial step towards the possible use of whole brain local connectivity to inform the clinical evaluation.
Azimuthally Integrated HBT Parameters for Charged Pions in Nucleus-Nucleus Interactions versus Collision Energy
Authors: Okorokov V. A.
Published: June 2015

The energy dependence of spatiotemporal characteristics of particle emission region is studied for charged pions produced in nuclear collisions. No dramatic change is observed for the HBT parameters with increasing of the center-of-mass (c.m.) energy per nucleon-nucleon pair,sNN, forsNNof a few GeV to a few TeV. The emission duration is obtained to be almost independent of the c.m. energy within the measurement uncertainties. The analytic function is suggested for a smooth approximation of the energy dependence of the main HBT parameters. The fits demonstrate reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Predictions are made for future LHC and FCC experiments.
A Fault Diagnosis Method of Power Systems Based on Gray System Theory
Authors: Darong Huang , Jianping Tang , Ling Zhao
Published: June 2015

To provide some decision-making suggestions for fault diagnosis in power systems, a new model for identifying fault component is constructed by using Gray theory. Firstly, the basic concepts of Gray theory are introduced and explained in detail. And then the recognition algorithm of the power supply interrupted districts and the assignment principle of fault state vectors are depicted according to the working principle of protective relays (PRs) and circuit breakers (CBs). Secondly, based on the concept of the Gray correlation degree, the fault information explanation degree model is constructed and the judging method of malfunction and rejection for PRs and CBs is established. Meanwhile, to achieve the goal of the fault diagnosis, the fault diagnosis procedure that determined which components malfunction is designed for power systems. Finally, some simple experiments have already verified that the proposed method and model are effective and reasonable and the trend of further research is analyzed and summarized.
An Optimization Method for the Geolocation Databases of Internet Hosts Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Wang Ting , Xu Ke , Song Junde , Song Meina
Published: June 2015

In order to improve the accuracy and robustness of geolocation (geographic location) databases, a method based on machine learning called GeoCop (Geolocation Cop) is proposed for optimizing the geolocation databases of Internet hosts. In addition to network measurement, which is always used by the existing geolocation methods, our geolocation model for Internet hosts is also derived by both routing policy and machine learning. After optimization with the GeoCop method, the geolocation databases of Internet hosts are less prone to imperfect measurement and irregular routing. In addition to three frequently used geolocation databases (IP138, QQWry, and IPcn), we obtain two other geolocation databases by implementing two well-known geolocation methods (the constraint-based geolocation method and the topology-based geolocation method) for constructing the optimized objects. Finally, we give a comprehensive analysis on the performance of our method. On one hand, we use typical benchmarks to compare the performance of these databases after optimization; on the other hand, we also perform statistical tests to display the improvement of the GeoCop method. As presented in the comparison tables, the GeoCop method not only achieves improved performance in both accuracy and robustness but also enjoys less measurements and calculation overheads.
МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ РУХУ ФЛАКОНА ПО ПОХИЛИХ ПОВЕРХНЯХ У ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНОМУ ВИРОБНИЦТВІ
Authors: Кравець Н.О.
Published: June 2015

The article discusses the features of transition vials of different diameters at the transitioonal bridge  with sloping work surfaces, built mathematical models that take into account the peculiarities of motion, described the critical acceleration vials in which there is a loss of stability
ПРОБЛЕМИ ВИЯВЛЕННЯ НОВИХ ЗНАНЬ ІЗ СХОВИЩ МЕДИЧНИХ ДАНИХ. ПЕРШЕ ПОВІДОМЛЕННЯ
Authors: Мінцер О.П. , Денисенко С. В. , Бабінцева Л. Ю.
Published: June 2015

The questions of extracting useful and new knowledge of the constantly accumulating data in medical information systems are considered. Approaches to the discovery of new knowledge in the storage of medical data are analyzed. There is emphasized the idea of ​​the need to minimize human intervention and production data analysis as possible automatically. In the first report it is described in more detail the data clustering methods.
КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ДОБРОВІЛЬНОЇ ІНФОРМОВАНОЇ ЗГОДИ: ЗАЦІКАВЛЕНИЙ ПОГЛЯД ІЗ БОКУ ПАЦІЄНТА
Authors: Сердюк В. Г. , Корогод В. А. , Козодаєв С. П.
Published: June 2015

There were reviewed the most important medical and legal issues of responsibility, that appears during medical intervention. The authors presented the most spread interpretations of the theory and practice of voluntary informed consent of patients, and figured the features of key solutions legal rationale.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ НЕІНВАЗИВНОГО МЕТОДУ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЦУКРУ КРОВІ ЛЮДИНИ
Authors: Loshytskyi P. P. , Mynzyak D. Yu.
Published: June 2015

Non-invasive method of determining human blood sugar is explained by measuring stochastic characteristics of the water. Measurements of blood glucose of patients by the proposed method is shown by results obtained with an accuracy of ±0,3 mmol/l coincide with the results obtained by a conventional method using a glucometer.
МОДИФІКАЦІЯ ФАКТОРІВ РИЗИКУ СЕРЦЕВО-СУДИННИХ УСКЛАДНЕНЬ В ПЛАНІ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЛІКУВАННЯ ХВОРИХ ІЗ ХРОНІЧНОЮ ХВОРОБОЮ НИРОК СЕАНСАМИ ПРОГРАМНОГО ГЕМОДІАЛІЗУ
Authors: Kuchma I. L.
Published: June 2015

The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in substitution therapy sessions dialysis program in Ukraine is growing. Improvement of methods of renal replacement therapy (RRT), chronic kidney disease, in particular, the use of modern dialysis technology has led to a significant increase in the life expectancy of patients. However, the mortality of the disease remains high. In its structure heavily reliant on cardiovascular disease, according to the National registry of patients with chronic kidney disease in 2011 it was 72 %. In this regard, there is actual determination of risk factors for these complications and the search for new methods to ensure their prevention. The author studied the effect of individually tailored and standard hemodialysis treatment programs on the risk factors of cardiovascular complications in patients with CKD. It is concluded that the custom-fitted options at the time of hemodialysis and ultrafiltration properties klirensovyh dialyzer electrolyte composition of the dialysate can achieve better results in the management of risk factors in patients with CKD.
АНАЛІЗ ЧАСОВИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ШИФРУВАННЯ/ДЕШИФРУВАННЯ ФАЙЛІВ БАЗ ДАНИХ МЕДИЧНИХ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМ
Authors: Lopin Ye. B.
Published: June 2015

In the article on the specific example the results of studies medical information systems databases files encryption/decryptiontime have been presented. The present studies are performed using the developed three fundamentally different algorithms, that include Blowfish encryption algorithm as a part.

The studies were performed using a specially developed (in the programming environment Delphi 7) computer program "Generators" (author's title) and two computers having obsolete configuration and assembled with the Intel Core 2 Duo E8400 processor and the DualCore Intel Pentium E2180 processor.

The studies have established that the encryption/decryption of files using the first developed algorithm during execution of which multiple access to the hard drive for reading/writing of 8-byte information blocks of is implemented, takes much longer time (about 10 times) than the encryption/decryption using the second and third algorithms during execution of which access to the hard drive for a file reading/writing is performed once.
“Religion”: America and the Rest
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G.
Published: June 2015

In this review article, it is argued that the strong focus on North America in William Arnal and Russell T. McCutcheon’s 2013 book, The Sacred Is The Profane, might weaken its impact.
Understanding unlikely successes in urban violence reduction
Authors: Hoelscher Kristian , Nussio Enzo
Published: June 2015

The problems of violence in Latin America are often reiterated, yet understanding how and why violence declines is far less common. While urban violence takes different forms and has a range of motivations, we suggest that strengthening political and social institutions are important in violence reduction processes. We examine this using a comparative analysis of two cities which have recently seen unusual and marked reductions in lethal violence: Bogotá in Colombia and Recife in Brazil. Drawing on primary data collection, the case studies suggest that novel leaders who take advantage of critical junctures can deliver unexpected improvements to public security; and improvements are linked with institutionalising progressive security policies, increasing accountability of political institutions, and social reforms encouraging civic values and commitments to non-violence. While findings are specific to these two cases, they may plausibly apply to a broader range of cities, such that commitments to improve public policy and political institutions can overcome structural risk factors that foster violence.
Alterations in the CT Image following Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy in Early Stage Non-Seminomatous Testicular Tumor
Authors: von Krogh J. , Lien H. H. , Ous S. , Fosså S. D.
Published: June 2015

CT was performed before and after lymphadenectomy in 105 patients with early stage non-seminomatous testicular tumor. Retroperitoneal blurring and retracted bowel were the most common findings and might cause interpretation problems. A reference CT making future comparison possible should be routinely performed two months after the operation.
Renal Transplant Artery Stenosis and Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
Authors: Laasonen L. , Edgren J. , Forslund T. , Eklund B.
Published: June 2015

Ten patients with renal transplant artery stenosis were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). All patients suffered from hypertension refractory to drug treatment. PTA was successful in five patients. Blood pressure improved significantly and the antihypertensive medication could be reduced or withdrawn. Acute angulation at the anastomosis prevented successful PTA in four patients. One inaccessible stenosis was corrected surgically. No significant complications arose. If a renal transplant artery stenosis is haemodynamically significant, PTA should be considered the method of first choice for correction.
Anatomic Variations of the Human Semicircular Canals
Authors: Muren C. , Ruhn G. , Wilbrand H.
Published: June 2015

The anatomic variations of the semicircular canals were investigated in a series of 95 plastic temporal bone preparations. The results showed a wider range of variability than has been assumed previously. An intraindividual correlation was found between the sizes of the superior and lateral sermicircular canals. Observations indicate why a semicircular canal is not invariably delineated on one tomographic plane despite correct positioning for its optimum reproduction.
Effects of a High Jugular Fossa and Jugular Bulb Diverticulum on the Inner Ear
Authors: Wadin K. , Thomander L. , Wilbrand H.
Published: June 2015

From a series of patients undergoing routine radiographic examination, 112 temporal bones with a high jugular fossa were selected. Among these, 43 jugular bulb diverticula were found. The structures affected by a high fossa or diverticulum were recorded and correlated to the clinical symptoms of the patient. The vestibule was suspected to be affected in five patients. Two of these patients had tinnitus and vertigo, and three had hearing loss. In one of the latter the hearing loss was most marked in the supine position. The cochlea was close to the fossa in three patients, all of whom had tinnitus. Four patients had a defect of the posterior semicircular canal. One of them lost his hearing after a severe fit of coughing, became unsteady and showed signs of a fistula. The internal acoustic meatus and the mastoid portion of the facial canal were affected in two and four patients, respectively, who had no recorded symptoms. Twelve of 34 patients with Menière's disease and a high jugular fossa on the side of the diseased ear had a dehiscence of the vestibular aqueduct caused by the fossa or diverticulum, compared with nine of 58 patients in the unselected material. For comparison and demonstration of topographic relationships, 58 casts of unselected radiographed temporal bone specimens with high jugular fossae or diverticula were investigated. In patients with a high jugular fossa or jugular bulb diverticulum, tomographic assessment may be of value.
Cardiovascular Responses to the Intracarotid Injections of Ionic Contrast Media and Iohexol in the Dog
Authors: Hayakawa K. , Morris T. W. , Katzberg R. W. , Fischer H. W.
Published: June 2015

Hypotension and bradycardia are the most significant cardiovascular responses resulting from intracarotid injections of hypertonic contrast media (CM). We have assessed both local and systemic vascular responses to the selective intracarotid injections of ionic and non-ionic CM in twelve pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Alterations in blood pressure, heart rate, and femoral, renal and carotid blood flows were monitored following right common carotid artery injections of ionic contrast media (282–288 mg I/ml), isotonic saline, and iohexol (300 mg I/ml). Ionic CM led to early (0 to 10 s) decreases in blood pressure, heart rate and femoral vascular resistance. Isotonic saline induced no significant early changes in these same parameters while iohexol caused a decrease in heart rate. Our observations suggest that the early (0 to 10 s) decreases in femoral vascular resistance, heart rate and pressure that occur with the intracarotid injection of hypertonic CM are mediated via the autonomic nervous system and initiated from a site in the carotid circulation. During the 15 to 40 s period when the CM has reached the systemic circulation, iohexol produced smaller effects on systemic blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistances than did the ionic CM. During this 15 to 40 s period there were decreased vascular resistances in the carotid and renal vascular beds that probably result from local effects of the CM, however, the femoral resistance was actually increased. This later increase in femoral resistance probably represents the results of increased sympathetic nervous system activity working to offset the decrease in renal and carotid resistances and thus maintain pressure at baseline values. The vascular resistance changes observed demonstrate a complexity of responses to CM not previously appreciated.
Low Dose Pelvimetry with Biplane Digital Radiography
Authors: Lotz H. , Ekelund L. , Hietala S.-O. , Eriksson L. , Wiklund D.-E. , Wickman G.
Published: June 2015

The digital moving slit technique as used by most CT scanners for overview images, was used for antero-posterior and lateral views of the pelvis for pelvimetry. The method was evaluated in phantom experiments and clinical examinations were performed in 23 patients. The method was compared with conventional pelvimetry in 14 patients. Estimated ovarian dose was reduced by a factor of 14.2. The discrepancy in measurements of the pelvic diameters by computed tomography compared with conventional pelvimetry was considered to be without practical importance from an obstetric point of view. Digital pelvimetry is easier for the patient, faster and the need for repeated exposures is eliminated. Based on these facts it is suggested that digital pelvimetry should replace the conventional method whenever possible.
Radiologic Quantitation of Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux
Authors: Christiansen T. , Funch-Jensen P. , Jacobsen N. O. , Thommesen P.
Published: June 2015

In a prospective study, 26 patients with symptoms of reflux oesophagitis underwent a barium examination for gastro-oesophageal reflux after food stimulation, and endoscopy with biopsy from different levels of the oesophagus. Radiologic grading of the gastro-oesophageal reflux depending on the height of the reflux into the oesophagus was performed, and this was correlated to the microscopic appearance at different levels in the oesophagus. Complete agreement between the radiologic grading and the histology was found in 69 per cent of the cases, and when ***gastro-oesophageal reflux was demonstrated the agreement was 75 per cent. Accordingly, the results showed a good accordance between the two variants, indicating that the height of the reflux during the food stimulated test may be truly indicative of the reflux height under non-test conditions.
Horseshoe Lung with Multiple Congenital Anomalies
Authors: Hawass N. D. , Badawi M. G. , Fatani J. A. , Meshari A. A. , Edrees Y. B.
Published: June 2015

A detailed radiologic and anatomic study of a 20-week-old fetus is presented. In addition to conventional radiography, various contrast medium injection techniques were used. The findings were followed up at autopsy. The fetus showed multiple congenital abnormalities comprising phocomelia, horseshoe lung, horseshoe kidney, urethral stenosis with megacystis, bilateral hydronephrosis, hydroureters, imperforate anus, and a single tracheo-esophageal tube (persistent esophago-trachea). The association of horseshoe lung with persistent esophago-trachea, microurethra, megacystis, bilateral hydroureters, hydronephrosis and phocomelia is, we believe, the first ever to have been recorded in the literature. Twenty-one cases of horseshoe lung have been reported in the literature. These cases were reviewed and a comparison with the present case is presented. The embryologic basis for these anomalies is also briefly discussed.
Catheter Perforation of Distal Oesophagus with Duodenal Re-Entry of Catheter
Authors: Bundgaard T. , Kristensen H. , Lesak F.
Published: June 2015

An unusual case of perforation of the oesophagus is presented. A nasogastric tube had perforated the oesophagus and re-penetrated into the duodenum, and thereby re-entered the gastrointestinal tract without perforating the peritoneum and without causing the classical clinical signs of oesophageal perforation. Treatment was started 31 days after the perforation.
Transanorectal Ultrasonography in Anal Carcinoma
Authors: Goldman S. , Glimelius B. , Norming U. , Påhlman L. , Seligson U.
Published: June 2015

Twenty-one consecutive patients with anal carcinoma of squamous cell type were evaluated by transanorectal ultrasonography (Brüel & Kjæer) prior to radiation therapy. The normal anal anatomy, with three distinct layers, was easily demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The middle, low echogenic layer corresponded above the dentate line to the muscularis propria and more distally to the internal and external sphincters. A hypoechoic area, representing tumour, was detected in all patients. Using the ultrasound findings, it appeared possible to classify the depth of tumour invasion into four levels with respect to whether or not invasion had reached or penetrated beyond the muscular wall or into adjacent organs. Eighteen of 21 tumours had penetrated the muscular wall. In 3 cases low echogenic, rounded structures, interpreted as enlarged lymph nodes, were identified. The ultrasonographic findings were compared with digital staging. Tumour invasion had penetrated the muscular wall in 2 out of 3 stage T1 patients and in 10 out of 11 stage T2 patients. Prospective studies will show whether estimates of tumour size and depth of invasion in relation to various normal structures, as judged by ultrasonography, are of value prognostically and for the choice of therapy.
Demonstration of Pedal Arterial Arcades in Occlusive Arteriosclerotic Disease
Authors: Hol P. K. , Heldaas J. , Skjennald A.
Published: June 2015

Conventional arteriography, intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and intravenous DSA were used in the evaluation of the patency of the pedal arterial arcades in 15 patients with advanced peripheral arteriosclerotic disease. Intraarterial DSA was found to be superior to conventional arteriography. In 12 of 15 patients, excellent or good results were achieved by intraarterial DSA compared with 5 or 15 patients examined by conventional arteriography. All intravenous DSA studies performed in 6 patients were classified as poor.
Lesions of Skull Base Observed on High Resolution Computed Tomography
Authors: Volle E. , Treisch J. , Claussen C. , Kaufmann H. J.
Published: June 2015

Forty patients with tumors involving the skull base were selected on the basis of findings at high resolution computed tomography (CT). The reliability of demonstrating bony lesions with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT were compared. CT showed osseous lesions of the skull base better than MRI but was less sensitive in evaluating an associated inflammatory reaction or in defining intracerebral infiltration. Small cortical lesions were only demonstrable with CT. MRI was superior in defining the full extent of soft tissue infiltration. Arterial encasement was observed at MRI. The special advantage of Gd-DTPA lies in the additional possibility to differentiate vessels from tumor-like lesions and in en plaque tumors.
Effect of Intravenously Injected Iodinated Lipid Emulsions on the Liver
Authors: Ivancev K. , Lunderquist A. , McCuskey R. , McCuskey P. , Wretlind A.
Published: June 2015

Iodinated lipid emulsions have been shown to have great potential as site specific contrast media for the liver and spleen. Because of unacceptable adverse reactions none of these emulsions has been adopted for clinical use. In an attempt to find an explanation for these adverse reactions we tested three iodinated lipid emulsions, EOE-13, AG 60.99 and AG 66.18. The following models were used: Computed tomography (CT) of the rabbit liver, in vivo microscopy and electron microscopy of the rat liver. The emulsions contained particles of different sizes and were used in varying doses. We found that the larger the emulsion particles, the more likely they were to be taken up by the Kupffer cells and thereby the higher the opacification of the liver achieved at CT. We also observed changes in the microcirculation of the liver when the emulsions were given in doses required to secure satisfactory opacification of the liver at CT. The main changes were 1) a marked increase in the size of the Kupffer cells, and 2) damage to the sinusoidal endothelium, both contributing to sinusoidal congestion. These changes strongly suggest activation of the macrophages and this in turn probably results in the release of toxic mediators. We suspect that the adverse reactions observed in patients when using iodinated lipid emulsions are due to these toxic mediators.
Influence of Vesicoureteral Reflux and Urinary Tract Infection on Renal Growth in Children with Upper Urinary Tract Duplication
Authors: Hannerz L. , Wikstad I. , Celsi G. , Aperia A.
Published: June 2015

The growth of the renal parenchyma was examined in children with duplicated outflow systems, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urinary tract infection (UTI) and no sign of obstruction. Ten patients with reflux occurring only in the caudal system (group A) and 4 patients with reflux both to the caudal and the apical system (group B) were studied shortly after their first UTI (study 1) and then 1.5 to 9 years later (study 2). The frequency of UTI was relatively high during the follow-up period. At urography, renal length and renal area were normal in group A in studies 1 and 2. Parenchymal thickness of the apical pole (APT/L) did not differ from normal values in any of the studies. Parenchymal thickness of the caudal pole (CPT/L) was significantly smaller than normal in both studies. There was also a significant decrease in CPT/L between study 1 and 2. UTI during the first year of life was associated with a greater reduction in CPT/L. The determination of renal length and renal area in children with a duplicated ureter, VUR and UTI, does not identify subjects at risk of developing renal growth retardation while serial determinations of parenchymal thickness appear to be an appropriate method.
Effect of Ethanol Induced Occlusion of the Renal Artery in Rabbit Kidney Implanted with VX2 Carcinoma
Authors: Imai S. , Kajihara Y. , Nishishita S. , Hayashi T.
Published: June 2015

The effects of injection of absolute ethanol into the renal artery were investigated in 13 rabbit kidneys previously implanted with VX2 carcinoma. Eight rabbits with implanted tumors served as controls. The effects were evaluated by angiography and histology. Three days after implantation, tumors were demonstrated by angiography as relatively hypovascular areas in the subcapsular cortex of the kidneys. Following angiography, absolute ethanol (0.3 ml/kg) was injected into the renal artery. Repeat angiography with barium sulphate was performed after an additional 3 days (10 ethanol treated animals, 2 controls), 10 days (2 treated, 1 control) or 14 days (1 treated, 0 control). In treated animals the tumors were markedly smaller in comparison with those of the control group. The occlusion procedure, however, did not completely eradicate tumor cells. The histologic study of the implanted tumor confirmed the findings previously reported that viable tumor cells still remained in the peripheral portions of infarcted areas. This study demonstrated the beneficial, though not curative, short-term effects of transcatheter renal artery treatment with absolute ethanol in malignant renal tumors.
Double Contrast Small Bowel Enema in a Case of Selective Duodeno-Jejunal Amyloidosis
Authors: Cozzi G. , Ballardini G. , Colombi R. , Bellomi M. , Frigerio L. F. , Severini A.
Published: June 2015

Double contrast small bowel enema in a patient with selective amyloidosis of the duodenum and jejunum revealed an unusual radiologic pattern, mimicking multiple polyposis. Many submucosal polypoid lesions, sessile or pedunculated, were scattered throughout the duodenum and proximal jejunum. The lesions had smooth borders and did not show any retraction at the base. Other typical radiologic patterns of intestinal amyloidosis described in the literature were not observed in the present case. Differential diagnosis from multiple polyposis and diffuse lymphoproliferative neoplastic diseases is discussed.
Delineation of Gliomas with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Gd-DTPA in Comparison with Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Tovi M. , Lilja A. , Bergström M. , Ericsson A. , Bergström K. , Hartman M.
Published: June 2015

Fourteen patients with cerebral gliomas were investigated by MR imaging using Gd-DTPA (Magnevist), CT with the contrast agent iohexol (Omnipaque) and, as a reference, positron emission tomography (PET) using11C-L-methionine. Tumour areas with disruption of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) as seen on MR and CT were compared with areas with increased accumulation of methionine in PET. There were 6 patients with high-grade astrocytoma (grade III-IV), 5 with low-grade astrocytoma (grade I–II) and 3 with oligodendroglioma. In 4 high-grade tumours, PET showed a larger tumour or tumour tissue in additional areas, compared with enhancement on MR and CT, while in 2 cases the tumour extension was similar in the three modalities. In the low grade tumour group, the findings on PET differed from those on post-contrast MR or CT in 7 cases. In 3 of these cases, no disruption of the BBB was seen either on MR or on CT. In 2 of our 14 patients CT showed larger enhancement extension than MR and in 2 cases MR was superior to CT in this respect. The enhancement intensity was higher on MR in 4 patients and on CT in 2 patients. No definite difference in the delineation of tumour tissue between the T1 weighted SE sequences used was found. The gradient echo sequences FLASH and FISP gave limited information that was less than that provided by the T1 weighted SE sequences. A greater increase in signal intensity in T1 weighted images was usually seen 5 min post-contrast in the high-grade tumours than in the low-grade ones.
Multiple-Beam Equalization Radiography in Chest Radiology; Image Quality and Radiation Dose Considerations
Authors: Axelsson B. , Forsberg H. , Hansson B. , Haverling M.
Published: June 2015

The large difference in transmission between the mediastinum and the part of the chest mainly containing lungs causes major problems in chest radiography. A system for advanced multiple beam equalization radiography has been evaluated. Evaluation of image quality has been performed both using standard phantoms and from clinical radiographs. Measurements of radiation dose burden to the patient have been made both in clinical examinations and using an anthropomorphic phantom. The image quality, in areas with low transmission, is substantially increased using the equalization system. In parts of the chest mainly containing lung tissue, conventional systems show an equal or slightly better image quality. The radiation dose burden to the patient is increased by 25 percent using the equalization system, as compared to a low-dose air-gap system. In our opinion, the slight increase in radiation dose burden is well motivated by the high overall quality of the radiographs produced.
CT in Primary Malignant Germ Cell Tumors of the Retroperitoneum
Authors: Blomlie V. , Lien H. H. , Fosså S. D. , Jacobsen A. B. , Stenwig A. E.
Published: June 2015

Malignant germ cell tumors may exist as a primary entity in the retroperitoneum. In a CT study of 14 males with this condition (2 seminomas and 12 non-seminomatous tumors) all masses were large, lobulated and of mixed density. Fat plane obliteration against adjacent structures was frequent. The aorta was embedded in 9 patients and the inferior vena cava was affected in 7, 2 of whom had signs of compromised caval blood flow. Distant metastases were found in the lungs (7 patients), liver (n = 4), posterior mediastinum (n = 3), and in brain and supraclavicular lymph nodes in one patient each. Serum biomarkers were elevated in 11 patients. An extragonadal germ cell tumor should be considered when CT of the abdomen reveals a large retroperitoneal mass with mixed density.
Nickel-Doped Agarose Gel Phantoms in MR Imaging
Authors: Christoffersson J. O. , Olsson L. E. , Sjöberg S.
Published: June 2015

A method for the production of a tissue-mimicking phantom material for MR imaging is described. The material consists of a nickel-doped agarose gel. The T1 and T2 values of the gel can be varied independently by changing the relative amounts of nickel and agarose. Practically any T1 and T2 combination of clinical interest can be obtained. The long-term stability was studied and found to be good. The relaxation times were estimated using an MR analyzer. The accuracy and the reproducibility of these measurements were evaluated and found to be reassuring. Gel phantoms were also scanned in an MR unit. The signal strength of an inversion recovery sequence was evaluated using the gel phantoms in order to verify their usefulness. These measurements were compared to theory with good agreement. Furthermore, tissue-equivalent phantoms were made. Gels resembling gray matter, white matter, and CSF were scanned. Comparisons with clinical in vivo scans, as well as calculated levels were made. It is anticipated that the gel phantoms described here will be useful in quality assurance as well as in pulse sequence optimization.
Ultrasonographic Anatomy of Veins Draining the Left Lobe of the Liver
Authors: Honda H. , Onitsuka H. , Yanaga K. , Kaneko K. , Murakami J. , Masuda K.
Published: June 2015

The anatomic variations of the left hepatic vein (LHV) in 182 patients with normal liver functions were analyzed using ultrasonography in order to clarify the feasibility of live related hepatic transplantation (LRHT). LHV was demonstrated in 151 patients (83%). Based on the location of the confluence of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) and LHV and the ramifications of the left medial vein (LMV) and the left superior vein (LSV), the livers were classified into 3 types: a) intrahepatic confluence (42/151 livers, 27.8%); b) extrahepatic confluence (69/151 livers, 45.7%); c) separate insertion (40/151 livers, 26.5%); and 23 subtypes. The length of the common trunk and the intrahepatic common trunk of MHV and LHV and the distance from LMV or LSV to the confluence of MHV and LHV were measured. Overall, the control of LHV in situ for LRHT appeared easy in 34/151 patients (22.5%), while in 44/151 patients (29.1%), the length of free LHV and the common trunk was less than optimal for procurement of a left hepatic lobe graft with complete venous outflow and sufficient extraparenchymal length of LHV.
Gd-Dtpa-Enhanced Mr Imaging of Pituitary Macroadenomas
Authors: Lundin P. , Bergström K.
Published: June 2015

In a study comprising 40 patients with pituitary macroadenomas, MR imaging was performed before and after administration of Gd-DTPA. Before contrast administration T1- and T2-weighted images were obtained, and after the injection, frontal and/or sagittal T1-weighted images. Tumour extension and delineation, relationship to adjacent structures, and signal intensity patterns were evaluated. Compared with pre-contrast T1-weighted images only, post-contrast images provided considerable additional information, but not infrequently this information could also be extracted from pre-contrast T2-weighted images. Post-contrast images were superior regarding the tumour relationship to the cavernous sinus and to the normal pituitary tissue. T2-weighted images were helpful in the diagnosis of degenerative changes, in particular intratumoural haemorrhage. A positive correlation was found between the T2 value (from dual echo sequences) and the degree of enhancement in areas with an appearance of solid tumour tissue, and the enhancement was significantly lower in GH-secreting tumours than in non-secreting ones. It is concluded that the use of Gd-DTPA is often justified in pituitary macroadenomas, particularly in pre-operative evaluation.
Air Enema Revisited in Assessment of Colitis
Authors: Lindström E. , Norén B.
Published: June 2015

Plain radiographs and air enema were performed in 37 patients with ulcerative colitis, 7 patients with proctitis, and 8 patients with Crohn's disease. The air enema was superior to plain radiographs for diagnosing colitis, and for delineating the extent of disease and the degree of mucosal involvement. The air enema is simple to perform and easy to evaluate as shown by an almost complete agreement between 2 observers.
Mr Imaging of Acute Renal Cortical Necrosis
Authors: Kim S. H. , Han M. C. , Kim S. , Lee J. S.
Published: June 2015

MR imaging of a patient with acute renal cortical necrosis secondary to massive bleeding following an abortion is presented. The kidneys were enlarged with a high signal intensity observed in the renal cortex on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Follow-up MR imaging showed thinned renal cortex of low signal intensity on both pulse sequences representing renal cortical calcification which was confirmed on conventional radiography and CT.