IMPACT OF SNORKELING AND DIVING TO CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Muhidin . , Yulianda Fredinan , Zamani Neviaty Putri 
Published: October 2017

<p><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Panggang Island is one of the snorkeling and diving area in the Seribu Islands. Number of tourists increase every year in line with the improving of tourism infrastructure such as tourist boat and dive shops. Tourism activities not only provide economic benefits but also give negative impact on coral reef ecosystem. The results of direct observations showed that there was destructive impact from snorkeling and diving. The most destructive behavior done by snorkeling </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">and </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">diver who has license was stepping on the coral reef</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> While the most destructive behavior </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">by </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">diver who has no license was holding the coral reef. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The continued effect of tourist destructive behaviour grouped into three categories such as </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">rubble, scratches</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> on top of coral colony</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">, and crushed coral </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">colony</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Based on the </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">tourism </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">impact analysis showed that </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">diver</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">who</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> has not been licensed </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">gived </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">the greatest damage impact</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">it was</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> 13.55% per year of the ecological potential. While the impact of snorkeling</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> tourist</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">was</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> 5.05% and </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">diver who has license gived the smallest effect, it was </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">2.36%</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">.  Comparison of coral reef data between 2010 and 2016 showed no significant changes to the coral reef, it means that until now coral reefs of Panggang Island still tolerate any disturbances including impact of tourism activities.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"><br /></span></em></p><p><strong><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Keywords :</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> coral reef, diving, snorkeling, tourism, Panggang                      Island</span></em></p><pre style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">Panggang Island is one of the snorkeling and diving area in the Seribu Islands. Number of tourists increase every year in line with the improving of tourism infrastructure such as tourist boat and dive shops. Tourism activities not only provide economic benefits but also give negative impact on coral reef ecosystem. The results of direct observations showed that there was destructive impact from snorkeling and diving. The most destructive behavior done by snorkeling </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">and </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">diver who has license was stepping on the coral reef</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US"> While the most destructive behavior </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">by </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">diver who has no license was holding the coral reef. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The continued effect of tourist destructive behaviour grouped into three categories such as </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">rubble, scratches</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> on top of coral colony</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">, and crushed coral </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">colony</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US">Based on the </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tourism </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US">impact analysis showed that </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diver</span></em><em></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">who</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US"> has not been licensed </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gived </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US">the greatest damage impact</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span></em><em></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">it was</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US"> 13.55% per year of the ecological potential. While the impact of snorkeling</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tourist</span></em><em></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">was</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US"> 5.05% and </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diver who has license gived the smallest effect, it was </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US">2.36%</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">.  Comparison of coral reef data between 2010 and 2016 showed no significant changes to the coral reef, it means that until now coral reefs of Panggang Island still tolerate any disturbances including impact of tourism activities.</span></em><em></em></pre><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';" lang="EN-US"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';" lang="EN-US">Keywords :</span></em></strong><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';" lang="EN-US"> coral reef, diving, snorkeling, tourism, Panggang Island</span></em></p>