bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of haemophilia on the social status and the health‐related quality of life in adult Lebanese persons with haemophilia
Authors: Naous Elie , de Moerloose Philippe , Sleilaty Ghassan , Casini Alessandro , Djambas Khayat Claudia
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) studies are increasingly needed to prevent and improve the medical care of persons with haemophilia (PWH).

Aim

We assessed the impact of haemophilia on HRQoL and social status of adult Lebanese PWH compared to a reference population.

Methods

In this case‐control study, 60 severe and moderate PWH were compared to 112 healthy controls. Detailed socio‐demographic data and disease characteristics were collected, and HRQoL was assessed using the SF‐36 questionnaire.

Results

Age, body mass index and the percentage of married people were similar in PWH and controls. A greater proportion of controls attained a higher educational level than cases (88.4% vs 59.3%, respectively, P < 0.001). PWH were more likely to have a job requiring physical activity than controls (55.9% vs 31.4%) and more likely to be unemployed (10.2% vs 1.0%), whereas more controls had higher socio‐economic jobs (10.5% vs 1.7%). PWH had significantly (P < 0.001) worse scores in all SF‐36 domains except for energy/fatigue. Affected targeted joints (2.7 ± 1.5) and monthly bleeding frequency (2.9 ± 2.4) were inversely correlated with almost all SF‐36 domains. Only 26.7% of PWH walk normally, and walking abnormalities were inversely correlated with all SF‐36 domains except role‐emotional and emotional well‐being.

Conclusion

As compared with controls, the majority of Lebanese PWH has difficulties in social integration, has severe physical limitations and psychological impairments.
Outbreak of nonfermentative Gram‐negative bacteria (Ralstonia pickettii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) in a hemodialysis center
Authors: K. Thet May , Pelobello Ma. Lourdes F. , Das Milton , Alhaji Mohammed M. , Chong Vui Heng , Khalil Muhammad Abdul Mabood , Chinniah Terence , Tan Jackson
Published: February 2019

We report a case series of seven patients with nonfermentative Gram‐negative bacteria infections in a single dialysis center; four patients with Ralstonia pickettii and three patients with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Two of the seven patients were admitted to hospital for intravenous antibiotic treatment, while the rest were treated with oral antibiotics at home. Both the admitted patients had temporary vascular catheter infections from the aforementioned pathogens. We conclude that the outbreak is due to colonization of treated reverse osmosis water, presumably through contamination via polluted filters and compounded by the usage of reprocessed dialysers in the dialysis center. This is especially relevant because contaminated treated water is directly introduced into the blood compartment of the dialysers during reprocessing. In addition, there seems to be a propensity for both organisms to cause prolonged febrile reactions in patients with temporary vascular catheters, likely through the early development of biofilm. Intensification of general sterilization procedures, servicing and replacement of old decrepit components of the water treatment system and temporary cessation of dialyser reuse practice seem to have halted the outbreak. Due to the virulent nature and difficult resistant profile of nonfermentative Gram‐negative bacteria, we strongly recommend meticulous vigilance in the surveillance of culture isolates in routine microbiological specimens from dialysis centers, especially if there is a senescent water treatment system and a practice of reprocessing dialysers.
Longitudinal progress of transepidermal water loss, color, and sensory elements in split‐thickness skin graft donor sites in East Asians
Authors: Kim Junhyung , Kim Ryeolwoo , Jeong Woonhyeok , Choi Jaehoon , Park Sang Woo
Published: February 2019

Background

There is little research available that describes the natural progression of split‐thickness skin graft (STSG) donor site wounds after re‐epithelialization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal clinical progress of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), color, and sensory elements in STSG donor sites in East Asians.

Methods

Eighteen patients participated in this study. The TEWL, color, pressure threshold, and static two‐point discrimination were evaluated from the center and upper lateral corner of the wounds and adjacent normal skin preoperatively and at 1, 2, 7, and 12 months postoperatively.

Results

The age was negatively correlated with preoperative values of TEWL (r = −0.49, P = 0.039). The elevated TEWL level from the STSG donor sites did not return to normal until 12 months after surgery. In the measurement of skin color, the elevated L* value normalized after 12 months following surgery, while the elevated a* and b* values persisted. In the sensory testing, there were no significant changes during the observation period except at 2 months postoperatively, representing a significant increase of pressure threshold in the periphery.

Conclusions

In East Asians, elevated skin lightness level in STSG donor sites returned to normal at 12 months postoperatively, while the elevated TEWL and skin redness levels were improved but were not normalized at 12 months after surgery.
Sepsis and septic shock: current approaches to management
Authors: Thompson Kelly , Venkatesh Balasubramanian , Finfer Simon
Published: February 2019

Sepsis, defined as life‐threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection, is recognised by the World Health Organization as a global health priority. Each year, 5000 of the 18 000 adults with sepsis treated in Australian intensive care units die, with survivors suffering long‐term physical, cognitive and psychological dysfunction, which is poorly recognised and frequently untreated. There are currently no effective pharmacological treatments for sepsis, making early recognition, resuscitation and immediate treatment with appropriate antibiotics the key to reducing the burden of resulting disease. The majority of sepsis, around 70–80%, is community acquired making emergency departments and primary care key targets to improve recognition and early management. Case fatality rates for sepsis are decreasing in many countries with the reduction attributed to national or regional screening and quality improvement programmes focused on early identification and immediate treatment. The optimum approach to treating established sepsis has been informed by high‐quality, multicentre investigator initiated randomised trials with much of the valuable data coming from National Health and Medical Research Council‐funded trials run from Australia. While early recognition and improved management of the acute episode are important steps in reducing death and disability from sepsis, a substantial reduction in the burden of sepsis‐related disease requires action across the entire healthcare system. In this narrative review, we provide a summary of current knowledge on epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock and recommendations on the optimum approach to the management of these conditions in adults.
Trends in use of dental services by Brazilian pre‐school children considering Age‐Period‐Cohort Effect
Authors: Agostini Bernardo Antonio , Emmanuelli Bruno , Piovesan Chaiana , Mendes Fausto Medeiros , Ardenghi Thiago Machado
Published: February 2019

Background

Besides the growth in Brazilian public oral health investments, no pre‐school children preventive policies were done, and surveys demonstrated lower prevalences of use of dental service.

Aim

To verify trends in the use, type, and reason for seeking dental services among pre‐school children considering time variations.

Methods

This study used data of clinical examinations and structured interviews of three cross‐sectional surveys of southern pre‐school children in Brazil, from 2008, 2010, and 2013. Chi‐square test for trends and hierarchical age‐period‐cohort (HAPC) analysis using the multilevel Poisson regression model assessing the influence of social and clinical variables in the use, type, and reason for seeking dental services were performed.

Results

A total of 1765 pre‐school children participated in all surveys. At least, one time‐related variation affected one of three assessed outcomes. There was no significant change in prevalence of the use of dental services (75.8%, 77.4%, and 74.9%, respectively, for each year; P = 0.750). In the HAPC analysis, younger children and from low socio‐economic backgrounds were less likely to have visited the dentist.

Conclusion

The prevalence of use of oral health services did not change and socio‐economic inequalities persisted through the years, indicating a need of reviewing the policies to promote public health.
A rate‐dependent constitutive model for brittle granular materials based on breakage mechanics
Authors: Cil Mehmet B. , Hurley Ryan C. , Graham‐Brady Lori
Published: February 2019

Modeling the rate‐dependent mechanical behavior of brittle granular materials is of interest to defense applications, civil and mining engineering, geology, and geophysics. In particular, granulated ceramics in armor systems play a significant role in the overall dynamic material response of ceramics, particularly in their penetration resistance. This paper presents a rate‐dependent constitutive model for brittle granular materials based on a recent reformulation of breakage mechanics theory. The rate‐dependency is introduced via the overstress theory of viscoplasticity. The proposed formulation incorporates the effects of relative density and particle grading on strength and porous compaction/dilation, and is capable of tracking their evolution. The model is devised with internal variables linked to underlying dissipative micromechanisms including configurational reorganization, particle breakage and frictional dissipation. A strategy for calibrating model parameters and required experiments are described. The impact of loading rate on shear strength and grading evolution are explored through a sensitivity analysis. The presented model is capable of capturing several key features of the experimentally observed behavior of brittle granular materials including stress‐, rate‐ and density‐dependent stress‐strain and volume change responses, the competition between dilation and breakage‐induced compaction, the evolving particle grading due to particle breakage, and the evolution toward a critical (steady) state under shearing. A possible application of this micromechanics‐inspired modeling framework involves integrating it into rate‐dependent models for ceramics to assist in improving the impact performance of next‐generation ceramics.
Where are they all from? – sources and sustainability in the ornamental freshwater fish trade
Authors: Evers Hans‐Georg , Pinnegar John K. , Taylor Martin I.
Published: February 2019

The global trade in ornamental fish involves c. 125 countries worldwide and is worth c. US $15–30 billion each year. This total is dominated (90%) by freshwater fishes, most of which are sourced from breeding facilities located in developing countries, typically in Asia or South America, but also in Israel, USA and Europe. Some fish are still obtained from natural (wild) sources, but the exact percentage of wild‐caught fish is difficult to quantify given a lack of reliable data. Although c. 1000 species of freshwater fishes are widely available (from a total of > 5300 on sale), the most dominant freshwater fishes in the market comprise only 30 species from the orders Cyprinodontiformes, Perciformes, Characiformes and Siluriformes. In this perspectives review paper, illustrative example case studies of wild‐fish collecting (Barcelos and Rio Xingu, Brazil) and breeding projects (Java, Indonesia) are described. In addition, wild‐collecting expeditions to West Papua, Indonesia are discussed, focused on discovering novel species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) for breeding in captivity. Sustainability of the aquarium industry is considered in its broadest sense. The aquarium industry has been portrayed as both a major threat to natural ecosystems, but also as being part of the solution in terms of helping to maintain species when they have gone extinct in the wild or offering an income to impoverished citizens who might otherwise engage in much more destructive practices.
Nondestructive prediction modeling of S‐ovalbumin content in stored eggs based on hyperspectral fusion information
Authors: Fu Dan‐Dan , Wang Qiao‐Hua , Ma Mei‐Hu , Ma Yi‐Xiao , Wang Bin
Published: February 2019

Hyperspectral imaging technology was used to nondestructively predict S‐ovalbumin content by obtaining transmission spectral and fused image data. Hyperspectral images of eggs with spectral wavelengths between 300 and 1,100 nm were collected. Three image features were selected to use as variables to model. After spectral pretreatment, 14 characteristic wavelengths were selected using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm (CARS). Nondestructive prediction models of S‐ovalbumin content were developed based on either image feature parameters, a combination of spectral characteristic wavelengths, or image‐spectral fusion data after dimensionality reduction. A partial least squares (PLS) model and genetic algorithm to optimize a back propagation neural network (GA‐BP) model was established based on these three kinds of data. From comparisons between PLS and GA‐BP models based on the same type of each of the three data types, we determined that hyperspectral fusion data and a GA‐BP model can improve the performance of a S‐ovalbumin nondestructive prediction model. It had a simpler structure with fewer variables. So, it can be used to nondestructively and rapidly predict protein content in egg white.

Practical applications

Current nondestructive methods to evaluate egg quality primarily focus on the changes of simple external and internal quality, such as egg weight and simple chemical indicators. Due to the individual differences between eggs, the above methods are under a limited application scope. Changes in S‐ovalbumin content do not depend on egg weight, and so forth, individual differences have little effect on it. Changes in S‐ovalbumin content of various varieties of eggs are alike because the biochemical processes that affect egg white protein content is fundamentally the same across egg varieties, and its traditional detection method is to perform complex biochemical tests after breaking. Therefore, if the egg's internal protein content can detected quickly without breaking it, it is more accurate and more profound from the biochemical essence and it can not only solve the shortcomings of biochemical detection, but also provide important theory and application technology for the detection and classification of egg quality.
Navigating the Minefield of QTc Interval‐Prolonging Therapy in Nursing Facility Residents
Authors: Zarowitz Barbara J. , Tisdale James E.
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

The exponential increase in the number of medications associated with clinically important prolongation of the heart rate‐corrected QT interval (QTc) places older adults at increased risk of arrhythmias including life‐threatening torsade de pointes (TdP) and sudden death. Risk factors, other than age older than 65 years and female sex, include multiple concurrent drugs that prolong QTc and a variety of underlying predisposing conditions. Although electronic medical records and pharmacy dispensing systems can alert clinicians to the risk of QTc‐prolonging therapy, more than 95% of safety alerts are overridden, and many systems have deactivated QTc drug interaction alerts. The clinical consequences, magnitude of the effect, mitigation strategies, and recommended monitoring are not well defined for nursing facility (NF) residents.

DESIGN

Narrative review.

SETTING

NFs in the United States.

PARTICIPANTS

NF residents.

RESULTS

Medications known to prolong QTc include selected anti‐infectives, antidepressants, urinary anticholinergics, antipsychotics, and cholinesterase inhibitors (eg, donepezil), used commonly in NFs. Drug‐drug interactions are a risk when adding a medication that exaggerates the effect or inhibits the metabolism of a QTc‐prolonging medication. The vast majority of patients in whom TdP is induced by noncardiac drugs have risk factors that are easily identifiable.

CONCLUSIONS

Recommendations are provided to improve standardization and use of drug interaction alerts, evaluate the risk of QTc‐prolonging drugs in older adults receiving generally lower doses, validate a QTc risk score addressing complex multimorbidity, garner evidence to guide clinical decision making, avail NFs of access to electrocardiograms and interpretive recommendations, and develop standards of practice for hosting risk discussions with residents and their families. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1–8, 2019.
Herbivory and dropping effects by small mammals on salt‐marsh vegetation vary across microhabitats
Authors: Pascual Jesús , Alberti Juan , Daleo Pedro , Fanjul Eugenia , Rocca Camila , Iribarne Oscar
Published: February 2019

Question

Does the effect of droppings and herbivory by wild guinea pigs on salt‐marsh vegetation vary across microhabitats?

Location

Upper salt marsh in the Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (37°44′52″ S, 57°26′6″ W, Argentina).

Methods

During autumn 2014, we performed a micro‐scale experiment manipulating droppings of wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea). After 15 days, we compared the content of nutrients (i.e., NH4+, NO3−, and PO43−) in soil. Then, we started two factorial experiments in the high marsh, specifically one in marsh matrix (i.e., tall vegetation) and the other in open patches (i.e., short vegetation). Units were randomly assigned to different treatments (with and without herbivores and droppings). In early summer, we compared total plant cover, maximum height, above‐ground biomass, plant species richness and the composition of plant assemblages between treatments.

Results

Droppings increased the content of PO43− in soil by five times, but decreased the content of NO3−. Herbivory reduced total cover, plant height, and above‐ground biomass in the marsh matrix and the open patches. In the marsh matrix, droppings increased the total cover, whereas herbivory reduced the abundance of Spartina densiflora (cover and above‐ground biomass) and subordinate species (cover). Additionally, the cover of subordinate species was negatively associated with the cover of Spartina densiflora. Therefore, in the marsh matrix, by increasing light availability at the ground level, herbivory increased plant species richness, but with low cover of subordinate species. In contrast, in open patches, herbivory and droppings interacted to reduce plant species richness.

Conclusion

Herbivory by small mammals can control the above‐ground biomass, structure, and plant community composition of the high marsh, but non‐trophic mechanisms (droppings) can also affect community composition. Nonetheless, ecological impacts of small mammals depend on the context, because the magnitude and direction of trophic (herbivory) and non‐trophic (droppings) effects change across microhabitats.
Assessing Phraseological Development in Word Sequences of Variable Lengths in Second Language Texts Using Directional Association Measures
Authors: Chen Alvin Cheng‐Hsien
Published: February 2019

This study evaluated second language (L2) phraseological development using a directional association measure (delta P) that assesses the directional formulaicity of recurrent multiword combinations. The study examined (a) whether learners develop their sensitivity to the distributional properties of recurrent multiword combinations as their proficiency grows and (b) how this development is mediated by the directionality of lexical associations and combination length. The formulaicity of recurrent multiword combinations was assessed from bigrams to five‐grams in L2 argumentative essays by assigning them forward and backward delta P scores, computed from two representative native speaker corpora. Mixed‐effect modeling of delta P variation showed that formulaicity increased with proficiency. Although participants generally showed higher backward‐directed formulaicity, they demonstrated a more pronounced growth in forward‐directed formulaicity across proficiencies. Backward‐directed formulaicity, however, improved at a slower rate, suggesting sophistication in phrasal complexity. Longer sequences mitigated these directional differences.
Use of Dual X‐ray Absorptiometry in men with advanced cirrhosis to predict sarcopenia‐associated mortality risk
Authors: Sinclair Marie , Hoermann Rudolf , Peterson Adam , Testro Adam , Angus Peter W. , Hey Penelope , Chapman Brooke , Gow Paul J.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Reduced muscle area onCTscan is an independent predictor of mortality in cirrhosis. We examine for the first time the relationship between dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) lean mass parameters on outcomes in cirrhotic men awaiting liver transplantation.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewedDEXAscans performed during transplant assessment between 2001 and 2016. Baseline data including the presence of ascites andMELDscore were recorded.DEXAlean mass measures were adjusted for height. The primary outcome was 12‐month wait‐list mortality.

Results

Four hundred twenty men with median age 55.4 years [interquartile range 49.2; 59.4] andMELD16 [12; 20] were studied. Median follow‐up was 58.5 [28.8; 109] months. 12‐month wait‐list mortality was 12.4%. Appendicular lean mass was inversely associated with mortality (HR0.78 [0.62; 0.98],P = 0.03). Lean mass of arms (HR0.37 [0.16; 0.83],P = 0.02) rather than legs (HR0.77 [0.58; 1.03],P = 0.08) was responsible for this association. Upper limb lean mass showed a significant interaction withMELDscore in predicting wait‐list mortality, particularly within 4 months. Total lean mass was not associated with mortality but increased in conjunction with increasing ascites (ORfor ascites 1.20 [1.15; 1.25],P < 0.001 for each unit increase inMELD).

Conclusion

Upper limb lean mass byDEXAis strongly associated with mortality in men awaiting liver transplantation. The superiority of upper limb lean mass probably relates to confounding of lower limb measures by fluid retention. ThisDEXAparameter represents a novel and reproducible measure of sarcopenia in cirrhosis.
Community‐based father education intervention on breastfeeding practice—Results of a quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Bich Tran Huu , Long Tran Khanh , Hoa Dinh Phuong
Published: February 2019

Although the benefits of breastfeeding are well‐documented, little is known about how best to encourage fathers to support breastfeeding. A quasi‐experimental study of a community‐based intervention was designed to examine whether health education to promote fathers' involvement in supporting women is associated with early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices. At baseline, 802 couples of fathers with pregnant wives from 12 to 27 weeks of gestational age were recruited to either the intervention group (n = 390) or a control group (n = 412) consisting of couples seeking care through routine maternal and child health services. Fathers in the intervention area received breastfeeding education and counselling services in health facilities and at home visits during the antenatal, delivery, and post‐partum periods. Peer education and social exchange concerning breastfeeding were organized in fathers' clubs. After 1 year of the intervention, mothers in the intervention group were more likely to initiate early breastfeeding 49.2 and 35.8% in the intervention and control group respectively, P < 0.001. At 1, 4, and 6 months after birth, 34.8, 18.7, and 1.9% of the mothers in the intervention group were exclusively breastfeeding their children because of birth, respectively, compared with 5.7, 4.0, and 0.0% of those in the control group (P < 0.001). Those practices were associated with the intervention in bivariate and multivariate logistic and Cox regression analyses. Intervention targeting fathers at antenatal and postnatal periods may positively influence the breastfeeding practices of mothers, and it should be an important component of breastfeeding programs.
Performance of low‐literate community health workers treating severe acute malnutrition in South Sudan
Authors: Van Boetzelaer Elburg , Zhou Annie , Tesfai Casie , Kozuki Naoko
Published: February 2019

Previous studies have described barriers to access of childhood severe acute malnutrition (SAM) treatment, including long travel distances and high opportunity costs. To increase access in remote communities, the International Rescue Committee developed a simplified SAM treatment protocol and low‐literacy‐adapted tools for community‐based distributors (CBD, the community health worker cadre in South Sudan) to deliver treatment in the community.

A mixed‐methods pilot study was conducted to assess whether low‐literate CBDs can adhere to a simplified SAM treatment protocol and to examine the community acceptability of CBDs providing treatment. Fifty‐seven CBDs were randomly selected to receive training. CBD performance was assessed immediately after training, and 44 CBDs whose performance score met a predetermined standard were deployed to test the delivery of SAM treatment in their communities. CBDs were observed and scored on their performance on a biweekly basis through the study.

Immediately after training, 91% of the CBDs passed the predetermined 80% performance score cut‐off, and 49% of the CBDs had perfect scores. During the study, 141 case management observations by supervisory staff were conducted, resulting in a mean score of 89.9% (95% CI: 86.4%–96.0%). For each performance supervision completed, the final performance score of the CBD rose by 2.0% (95% CI: 0.3%–3.7%), but no other CBD characteristic was associated with the final performance score.

This study shows that low‐literate CBDs in South Sudan were able to follow a simplified treatment protocol for uncomplicated SAM with high accuracy using low‐literacy‐adapted tools, showing promise for increasing access to acute malnutrition treatment in remote communities.
Perspectives on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition and family planning: Considerations for rollout of integrated services in Mara and Kagera, Tanzania
Authors: Cooper Chelsea M. , Kavle Justine A. , Nyoni Joyce , Drake Mary , Lemwayi Ruth , Mabuga Lemmy , Pfitzer Anne
Published: February 2019

In Lake Zone, Tanzania, low contraceptive prevalence, closely spaced births, and child stunting are common. Synergies exist between postpartum family planning (PPFP) and maternal, infant, and young child nutrition (MIYCN), yet health services are often provided in silos. This qualitative formative research study aimed to identify barriers and facilitating factors for optimal nutrition and PPFP practices in Mara and Kagera, Tanzania. Results informed the program design of an integrated nutrition and family planning (FP) implementation approach. The study involved in‐depth interviews with mothers of infants under 1 year (n = 24), grandmothers (n = 12), health providers (n = 6), and traditional birth attendants (n = 12), and 14 focus group discussions with community health workers, fathers, and community leaders. Findings reveal that breastfeeding initiation was often delayed, and prelacteal feeding was common. Respondents linked insufficient breast milk to inadequate maternal nutrition—in terms of the quality of the diet and small quantities of food consumed by mothers. Breast milk insufficiency was addressed through early introduction of foods and liquids. Mothers believed that breastfeeding prevents pregnancy, regardless of the frequency or duration of breastfeeding, yet were generally not aware of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) of FP. Joint decision‐making on FP was viewed as important, and women often discussed it with their partner. Future programming should address misconceptions about return to fecundity knowledge gaps and concerns about FP methods including LAM; and perceptions regarding insufficient breast milk and early introduction of foods which are impediments to optimal MIYCN and FP practices.
Substrate‐dependent cluster density dynamics of Corynebacterium glutamicum phosphotransferase system permeases
Authors: Martins Gustavo Benevides , Giacomelli Giacomo , Goldbeck Oliver , Seibold Gerd M. , Bramkamp Marc
Published: February 2019

Many bacteria take up carbohydrates by membrane‐integral sugar specific phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent carbohydrate:phosphotransferase systems (PTS). Although the PTS is centrally involved in regulation of carbon metabolism in different bacteria, little is known about localization and putative oligomerization of the permease subunits (EII). Here, we analyzed localization of the fructose specific PtsF and the glucose specific PtsG transporters, as well as the general components EI and HPr from Corynebacterium glutamicum using widefield and single molecule localization microscopy. PtsF and PtsG form membrane embedded clusters that localize in a punctate pattern. Size, number and fluorescence of the membrane clusters change upon presence or absence of the transported substrate, and a direct influence of EI and HPr was not observed. In presence of the transport substrate, EII clusters significantly increased in size. Photo‐activated localization microscopy data revealed that, in presence of different carbon sources, the number of EII proteins per cluster remains the same, however, the density of these clusters reduces. Our work reveals a simple mechanism for efficient membrane occupancy regulation. Clusters of PTS EII transporters are densely packed in absence of a suitable substrate. In presence of a transported substrate, the EII proteins in individual clusters occupy larger membrane areas.
Long term persistence of introduced Amblyomma geoemydae tick population under indoor conditions in Austria
Authors: Bilbija B. , Auer M. , Široký P.
Published: February 2019

An indoor terrarium population of Amblyomma geoemydae was established subsequent to the import of a single yellow‐marginated box turtle Cuora flavomarginata. This indoor tick population revealed an unexpected resistance against de‐ticking trials, with persistence between 2010 and 2015, when the ticks were successfully eliminated. Ticks were collected from the bodies and shells of turtles, as well as from terraria soil. Species diagnosis of ticks was carried out according to distinguishable morphological characters and supported by molecular analysis using DNA‐barcoding. Introduced exotic ticks are potential vectors of pathogens and can have an impact on wildlife, domestic animals and the human population. This case emphasizes the need for sharp surveillance and control measures on imported reptiles.
High‐fat diets reduce male reproductive success in animal models: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Crean Angela J. , Senior Alistair M.
Published: February 2019

Sperm counts have shown a progressive decline across the world since the mid‐1900s. Global rates of obesity have been climbing at a similarly alarming rate, suggesting that these two factors may be linked. However, studies examining the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and male fertility have produced conflicting results. These discrepancies among studies are commonly attributed to limitations that are inherent in human studies such as correlational data and confounding factors—limitations that are absent from animal studies. Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of animal studies that experimentally induced obesity with a high‐fat diet and measured impacts on sperm traits and/or male fertility. Overall, we found strong, consistent evidence in animal studies that high‐fat diets are detrimental for male fertility. Compared with controls, males fed a high‐fat diet had smaller testes and sex accessory glands relative to body size, reduced semen quality, reduced mating success, and reduced fertilization success. This is the first time that experimental data of high‐fat diet effects on male reproduction have been synthesized in a meta‐analysis, and thus, our results provide novel insight to the complex question of how dietary‐induced obesity affects male fertility. The strong negative effects detected in animal models suggest that the inconsistent results plaguing human studies are an artefact of limitations inherent in correlational studies rather than a true effect.
Autophagy‐related gene expression regulated by HIF‐1α in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Liu Chao , Li Shengfeng , Pang Fawei , Wu Haiwei , Chai Li , Liang Cheng , Zhang Dongsheng
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is one of the most common malignant salivary gland tumors. Our study aims to investigate whether hypoxia‐induced autophagy was up‐regulated in the progression of SACC.

Materials and methods

We performed differentially expressed gene analysis and pathway enrichment analysis and then calculated the correlation analysis on GSE59701 and GSE28996 datasets. The expression of HIF‐1ɑ and MAP1LC3B was analyzed in the paraffin‐embedded specimens by immunohistochemical method and in the hypoxic SACC‐LM cells by immunofluorescence. TEM microscopy was also performed to observe the formation of autophagosomes in SACC tissue and the hypoxic SACC‐LM cells.

Results

The autophagy pathway was up‐regulated in SACC datasets, and five genes including MAP1LC3B were positively correlated with HIF‐1ɑ. Immunohistochemistry results showed that autophagy was activated and the expression of HIF‐1ɑ and MAP1LC3B was positively correlated in SACC specimens. In hypoxic SACC‐LM cells, we also identified the up‐regulation of autophagy and the close correlation between HIF‐1ɑ and MAP1LC3B expression. Autophagosomes were observed both in the tissue and the hypoxic SACC‐LM cells by TEM microscopy.

Conclusions

Our study showed that autophagy is up‐regulated in dataset, SACC tissue, and hypoxic cell line; hypoxia‐induced autophagy in SACC might play a vital role in the development of SACC.
Trichoscopy features of trichotillomania
Authors: Martín José M. , Montesinos Encarnacion , Cordero Pilar , Gonzalez Victor , Ramon Dolores
Published: February 2019

Trichotillomania is a form of traction alopecia resulting from repetitive and compulsive hair pulling and plucking. Trichotillomania and patchy alopecia areata may have similar clinical and dermoscopic features in some cases. On trichoscopic examination, the presence of black dots, coiled or hook hair, shafts of varying lengths with fraying or split ends (trichoptilosis), and an absence of exclamation mark hairs and yellow dots are suggestive of trichotillomania.
Entrepreneurial co‐creation: societal impact through open innovation
Authors: De Silva Muthu , Wright Mike
Published: February 2019

New open innovation initiatives, such as accelerators, living labs, social innovation labs and open labs, involve for‐profit and not‐for‐profit actors working closely together to co‐create both business value and societal impacts. However, there is a lack of theoretical underpinning to understand how and why co‐creation by actors generate different types of social value in the concurrent pursuit of business and social value. Adopting an inductive case study approach, we find that different types of entrepreneurs who co‐exploit co‐identify opportunities for co‐creation, generate potentially competing social and business values. We develop four propositions relating to how and why profit orientation and key resource contributions of entrepreneurs co‐identifying an opportunity to co‐create decide the nature of social value generated. We discuss avenues for future research and practical implications, underlying the importance of developing entrepreneurialism as ways to generate different social impacts through open innovation approaches, such as co‐creation.
The risk of using monoclonal or polyclonal commercial antibodies: controversial results on porcine sperm CD44 receptor identification
Authors: Alvarez‐Rodriguez Manuel , López‐Bejar Manel , Rodriguez‐Martinez Heriberto
Published: February 2019

Contents

Presence of the hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA) receptor CD44 on spermatozoa has been difficult to pursue, mostly obeying to the use of different commercial mono‐ and/or polyclonal antibodies, often lacking proper controls. Here, we describe how the presence (Western blotting) and specific location (immunocytochemistry) of the CD44 receptor differs in ejaculated pig spermatozoa depending on the type of antibody and protocol used. While we were able to detect binding to spermatozoa and mark its presence in the sperm membrane, the use of blocking peptides clearly indicated that only the monoclonal antibody could confirm the specific presence and location of the CD44 receptor, whereas the polyclonal antibody was detecting multiple presumed CD44 isoforms or degraded proteins thus proving unspecific. These results call for strict protocols when attempting immunological determination of sperm membrane receptors.
An Empiricist View on Laws, Quantities and Physical Necessity
Authors: Johansson Lars‐Göran
Published: February 2019

In this article I argue for an empiricist view on laws. Some laws are fundamental in the sense that they are the result of inductive generalisations of observed regularities and at the same time in their formulation contain a new theoretical predicate. The inductive generalisations simultaneously function as implicit definitions of these new predicates. Other laws are either explicit definitions or consequences of other previously established laws. I discuss the laws of classical mechanics, relativity theory and electromagnetism in detail. Laws are necessary, whereas accidental generalisations are not. But necessity here is not a modal concept, but rather interpreted as short for the semantic predicate “... is necessarily true”. Thus no modal logic is needed. The necessity attributed to law sentences is in turn interpreted as “necessary condition for the rest of the theory”, which is true since fundamental laws are implicit definitions of theoretical predicates use in the theory.
Cytokine profile in lung transplant recipients with Aspergillus spp colonization
Authors: Herrera Sabina , Gohir Wajiha , Foroutan Farid , Aguilar Claire , Juvet Stephen , Martinu Tereza , Kumar Deepali , Humar Atul , Rotstein Coleman , Keshavjee Shaf , Singer Lianne G. , Husain Shahid
Published: February 2019

We studied cytokine profiles in BAL of LTRs with Aspergillus spp colonization who did not progress to IPA in the absence of antifungal prophylaxis. This was a retrospective, single center case‐control study. BAL samples were analyzed for cytokines. Patients with Aspergillus spp in BAL who did not receive prophylaxis and did not develop IPA were compared to LTRs with Aspergillus spp that received prophylaxis, LTRs with IPA and controls. Twenty‐one patients with Aspergillus colonization who did not develop IPA, seven patients with suspected IPA who received prophylaxis, 4 IPA and 19 controls were included. IPA group had significantly higher levels (median [IQR]) of MIP‐1 beta compared to the Suspected IPA group (5 vs 5 P: 0.03). The Suspected IPA group had significantly higher levels of IL‐12 (11.38 vs 1 P: 0.0001), IL‐1 RA (86.11 vs 23.98 P: 0.0118), IP‐10 (22.47 vs 0.86 P: 0.0151), HGF (40.92 vs 16.82 P: 0.0055), and MIG (169.62 vs 5 P: 0.0005) than Colonization group. We have identified a unique cytokine signature in patients with Aspergillus colonization that do not develop IPA. Our study forms basis for a larger study to use these cytokines profile to identify patients at a lower risk of developing IPA.
Evaluation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell collection by leukapheresis
Authors: Chen Jian , Goss Cheryl , Avecilla Scott T. , Hong Hong , Walsh Eileen , Wuest David , Maslak Peter , Pessin Melissa S.
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Adoptive immunotherapy using engineered lymphocytes has shown promising results in treating cancers even in patients who have failed other treatments. As the first essential step, the number of peripheral mononuclear cell (MNC) collection procedures is rapidly increasing. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the collection results to determine factors that affect MNC collection.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We reviewed 184 collections that were performed on 169 adult allogenic donors and patients with acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or solid‐organ tumors. All the leukapheresis procedures were performed after a complete cell count with differential was obtained. Total blood volume (TBV) was defined as processed blood volume divided by patient blood volume.

RESULTS

There was a significant association between the precollection MNC count (pre‐MNC) and the MNC yields normalized by TBV (r = 0.926; p < 0.001) and a regression formula was created to predict MNC yields. Multiple regression analyses showed that pre‐MNC, TBV, and precollection hemoglobin were strongly associated with MNC yield (R
2 = 0.866; F (3180) = 388.472; p < 0.001), and pre‐MNC had the greatest influence on MNC yield (β = 0.960; p < 0.001) followed by TBV (β = 0.302; p < 0.001), and Hgb (β = 0.136; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that the optimal time for MNC collection can be determined based on pre‐MNC and that processing volume should be determined based on collection goal and pre‐MNC to optimize and personalize the harvesting procedure.
CD4+ T‐cell lymphopenia in frequent platelet donors who have ceased platelet donation for at least 1 year
Authors: Rahmani Mahboubeh , Fortin Brooke M. , Berliner Nancy , Issa Nicolas , Neuberg Donna , Kaufman Richard M. , Gansner John M.
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

We recently discovered that 30% of current frequent apheresis platelet donors in a study at our donor center had CD4+ counts below 200 cells/μL. How long CD4+ lymphopenia persists after ceasing plateletpheresis is unknown. Whether there are infectious or other complications in former frequent donors that could relate to CD4+ lymphopenia is also unknown.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We mailed a letter to former frequent apheresis platelet donors who had not donated platelets for at least 12 months. Frequent donation was defined as 20 to 24 plateletpheresis sessions in at least one 365‐day period starting in 2011. Donors who expressed interest in the study were contacted to schedule a study visit. Participants in the study provided a blood sample and completed a health questionnaire that included questions about opportunistic infections and malignancies.

RESULTS

Of 50 potential study candidates who were mailed a letter, 15 participated in the study. There were 2 participants with CD4+ counts below 200 cells/μL, one of whom had prior counts that documented a small improvement with cessation of plateletpheresis. Three participants had counts between 200 and 300 cells/μL. No study participant had a history of an opportunistic infection or a malignancy associated with immune dysregulation.

CONCLUSION

We detected CD4+ lymphopenia in former frequent apheresis platelet donors who had ceased platelet donation for more than 1 year. There was no evidence that the CD4+ lymphopenia predisposes to opportunistic infections or to malignancies associated with immune dysregulation.
Treatment of leiomyosarcoma in a tiger (Panthera tigris) with stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: Boudreaux Bonnie B. , LaRue Susan M. , Rademacher Nathalie , Neck Daniel , Grasperge Britton , Wood Charles , Baker David G.
Published: February 2019

A 10‐year‐old male captive tiger (Panthera tigris) developed right‐sided facial asymmetry and enlargement. Computed tomography revealed a destructive mass of the right maxillary bone with right nasal cavity involvement. Histopathology indicated a spindle cell sarcoma. A single fraction of 22 Gy using stereotactic radiotherapy was prescribed. After treatment, the facial conformation returned to normal and the tiger resumed normal behavior. Diagnostics 4 months later indicated severe metastatic disease. Humane euthanasia and necropsy were performed. This is the first case utilizing stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer in a tiger.
Unravelling purinergic regulation in the epididymis: activation of V‐ATPase‐dependent acidification by luminal ATP and adenosine
Authors: Battistone Maria A. , Merkulova Maria , Park Yoo‐Jin , Peralta Maria A. , Gombar Flavia , Brown Dennis , Breton Sylvie
Published: February 2019

Key points

In the epididymis, elaborate communication networks between epithelial cells are important with respect to establishing an optimal acidic luminal environment for the maturation and storage of spermatozoa, which is essential for male fertility.

Proton secretion by epididymal clear cells is achieved via the proton pumping V‐ATPase located in their apical membrane.

In the present study, we dissect the molecular mechanisms by which clear cells respond to luminal ATP and adenosine to modulate their acidifying activity via the adenosine receptor ADORA2B and the pH‐sensitive ATP receptor P2X4.

We demonstrate that the hydrolysis of ATP to produce adenosine by ectonucleotidases plays a key role in V‐ATPase‐dependent proton secretion, and is part of a feedback loop that ensures acidification of the luminal compartment

These results help us better understand how professional proton‐secreting cells respond to extracellular cues to modulate their functions, and how they communicate with neighbouring cells.

Cell–cell cross‐talk is crucial for the dynamic function of epithelia, although how epithelial cells detect and respond to variations in extracellular stimuli to modulate their environment remains incompletely understood. In the present study, we used the epididymis as a model system to investigate epithelial cell regulation by luminal factors. In the epididymis, elaborate communication networks between the different epithelial cell types are important for establishing an optimal acidic luminal environment for the maturation and storage of spermatozoa. In particular, clear cells (CCs) secrete protons into the lumen via the proton pumping V‐ATPase located in their apical membrane, a process that is activated by luminal alkalinization. However, how CCs detect luminal pH variations to modulate their function remains uncharacterized. Purinergic regulation of epithelial transport is modulated by extracellular pH in other tissues. In the present study, functional analysis of the mouse cauda epididymis perfused in vivo showed that luminal ATP and adenosine modulate the acidifying activity of CCs via the purinergic ADORA2B and P2X4 receptors, and that luminal adenosine content is itself regulated by luminal pH. Altogether, our observations illustrate mechanisms by which CCs are activated by pH sensitive P2X4 receptor and ectonucleotidases, providing a feedback mechanism for the maintenance of luminal pH. These novel mechanisms by which professional proton‐secreting cells respond to extracellular cues to modulate their functions, as well as how they communicate with neighbouring cells, might be translatable to other acidifying epithelia.
Archaeology in the Czech Media: Does anyone care?
Authors: Šámal Zdeněk
Published: February 2019

This article discusses the possibilities and effectiveness of the presentation of archaeological information and topics in Czech Television News in the context of continuing media convergence. Comparisons are made between the output efficiency in linear television broadcasting and online platforms. Quantitative analysis is given of audience and attendance data on five particular archaeological themes prepared by the public service television news. This is a view from the 'other side'.