bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase I (1951–65): Takeoff Under A Liberal Regime
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

Most analysts, including those critical of India’s controlled regime, broadly approve of the economic policies and performance during the 1950s. Differences between the advocates of pro-market and state-driven development strategy relate principally to the period beginning in the early 1960s when the Republic of Korea successfully switched from import-substitution policies to out-ward-oriented policies and India did not. For example, in their monumental work, Bhagwati and Desai (1970) are highly critical of the policy regime in existence in the late 1960s. Nevertheless, they write approvingly of India’s performance during the first three plans: The overall performance, in terms of absolute and per capita incomes, of the [first] three Plans is on the whole quite respectable, even though inadequate to India’s needs in view of her desperately low level of initial income and standard of living. (p. 64) The rate of growth that has been achieved in India since 1950–51 is 2 to 3 times as high as the rate recorded earlier under British administration. As a result, the percentage increase in the national income in the last thirteen years has been higher than the percentage increase in India realized over the entire preceding half a century. Japan is generally believed to be [a] country which grew rapidly in the latter part of the 19th and first quarter of the 20th century; yet the rate of growth of national income in Japan was slightly less than 3 percent per annum in the period 1893–1912 and did not go up to more than 4 percent per annum even in the following decade. Judged by criteria such as these growth rates achieved in India in the last decade and a half is certainly a matter of some satisfaction.
Modernizing Agriculture
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

Approximately three-fifths of India’s workforce is in agriculture. This workforce also accounts for a sizable proportion of India’s poor. Therefore, it is not surprising that when asked what India should do to improve the lot of the poor, most analysts instinctively focus on productivity in agriculture. They differ on the precise policies to achieve productivity increases, but they agree on the centrality of the latter for improving the lot of the poor. I do not share this view. By this I do not mean that productivity increases in agriculture should be a low priority item on the reform agenda, but that a sustainable solution to poverty largely lies outside agriculture. A populous country such as India cannot come out of poverty on a sustained basis with three-fifths of its workforce on the farm. It must generate gainful employment in industry and services, and move the bulk of the workforce out of agriculture. By lowering the labor-to-land ratio, this movement offers much greater potential for raising agricultural wages than any productivity-enhancing reform within agriculture. Even when a solution, such as food processing, has a direct link to agriculture, it involves the creation of employment opportunities outside farming. This is the reason I emphasized sustained, rapid expansion of unskilled-labor-intensive manufacturing in the last two chapters.
“We Can Trust Him”
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

On january 20, 1997, a triumphant Bill Clinton took the oath of office for a second time. He placed his hand on the same family Bible as he did four years earlier. To underscore what he hoped would be the theme of his second term, he had the Bible open to Isaiah 58:12, which said: “And they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places: thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations; and thou shalt be called, The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to dwell in.” “His fondest goal,” recalled political consultant Paul Begala, “was to heal the country, to unite the country, and he chose that passage from the Bible to represent his aspiration.”

Standing under sunny skies, the president delivered a hopeful address about the possibilities of bipartisan cooperation. “The American people returned to office a president of one party and a Congress of another,” said Clinton. “Surely, they did not do this to advance the politics of petty bickering and extreme partisanship they plainly deplore. No, they call on us instead to be repairers of the breach and to move on with America’s mission. America demands and deserves big things from us, and nothing big ever came from being small.”
“Where Have All the Flowers Gone?”
Authors: Winkler Allan M
Published: October 2023

Seeger Didn’t see it coming. Everything was going so well—the music, the bookings, the marriage to Toshi, which now boasted two healthy children. The Weavers were at the height of their popularity, making more money and hammering out more songs than ever. Suddenly, like a clap of thunder on a sunny day, their bubble burst. They were the ones being hammered. A Red Scare more destructive than the one that followed World War I left them reeling under charges of being Communist subversives.

The attacks came just as the Weavers were beginning to relish their success. They were appealing to mainstream America with enviable results. Time magazine called the foursome “the most imitated group in the business.” Listeners loved the melodies and harmonies of their songs, some of them songs they had sung as children, songs that captured the folk roots of American life. They bought records, lots of them, and flocked to concerts all over the country.
“We Shall Overcome”
Authors: Winkler Allan M
Published: October 2023

With his legal troubles behind him, Seeger felt hopeful about the future. The victory in the appeal of his contempt conviction signaled that the worst excesses of the Red Scare might be over. And there were other promising signs of change. The placid political mood of the 1950s, personified by the avuncular President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was giving way to a new exuberance and activism, characterized by the youthful, photogenic John F. Kennedy, Seeger’s classmate at Harvard and now president of the United States. Reflecting the growing optimism, students, mostly black but also white, were joining the African American struggle for civil rights. Reform—real reform of the kind Seeger had been pursuing for a quarter of a century—might be possible at last.
Dry Goods
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

Trains Steadily Pushed their way into the comers of the South, their cars stacked with boxes. Some crates were bound for farmers direct from Sears, Roebuck or Montgomery Ward, others headed for country stores, small towns, or booming cities. Bulky machinery, carriages, and tools accounted for much cargo, as did canned goods, prepared foods, and tropical fruits. Bicycles and musical instruments carried tags showing their far-flung destinations. Mail cars brought magazines and newspapers. Parcels contained fashions from New York or patterns from Butterick, shoes from Massachusetts or suits from Philadelphia. No matter its contents, each box carried more than an inert product. It brought an implicit message: this is the new way of the world.

Each box brought another message as well: the South is behind the times, the consumer of other people’s ideas and products. New commodities became increasingly important in the South but they remained incongruous, dislocated. The presence of the new things testified to the South’s integration into the national economy, but the distant origins of those goods testified to the South’s enduring provinciality.
19
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

As a child, I was put on a seizure medication that can cause hair to grow all over. I’m told that my first response to having this happen to me was to run to my mother and say, ‘‘Look at my arms, they’re all hairy!’’ I don’t remember this, but I do remember going to school and being called names like ‘‘monkey’’ and excluded from groups of children because they thought I looked like a ‘‘boy.’’ I always.
20
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

My seizures developed after I had been involved in two automobile accidents. While it took me a while to fully understand what was happening to me, it was clear from the beginning that other people didn’t know how to deal with my seizures or the other complication that I had, postconcussion syndrome. As a result, from the start I felt shame, in addition to confusion, about what was wrong with me.
38
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Epilepsy has had a major effect on me, from dating and romantic relationships, to marriage, menstrual function, pregnancy, family life, and friendships. When I dated, I would not let on about my having epilepsy for fear of being rejected by the other person. If we continued dating, and he somehow found out about my epilepsy, I would explain to him what would happen to me if a seizure came on and what he would have to do. I would also reassure him so that he wouldn’t be scared. I would tell him that my seizures aren’t that bad and last only up to a minute and a half; after, I would come out of it and be confused for a while.
49
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I think being in high school and having seizures was the hardest part for me. The kids I hung around with said we were all the best of friends. Then one day I had a seizure in school. Soon, I noticed that I didn’t have my ‘‘best’’ friends anymore. They still would talk to me, and act very nice, but when they would make plans to go somewhere, they wouldn’t call me. One day I asked one of them why. She said they were scared of me.
Seizure Descriptions
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: October 2023

After that, the seizures a few years later started with a light-headedness to them. I would have to sit down, in order to keep from falling. I would then be seeing something . . . almost like a dream that would take place in my mind, while I was wide awake. I found that I would not remember what it was that I would see during this time. After the dream state was over, I would be able to go on with my day . . . only that I would be a bit tired from what had happened.
Reform and the Psychology of Museum Attendance
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

While much of the discussion of the nature and structure of museums in the nineteenth century was produced in response to particular crises, perceived or real, this great period of museum development was bound to inspire more general responses to the institution. This chapter includes two representative instances of critical reflection on what had been attempted and what might yet be.
Thomas Dixon Jr.
Authors: Stokes Melvyn
Published: October 2023

The essential narrative and the principal fictional characters of The Birth of a Nation were originally created by Thomas Dixon Jr. Any attempt to understand the genesis of the film, therefore, must start with Dixon. Successively lawyer, politician, minister, lecturer, novelist, dramatist, actor, theatrical and motion picture producer, and real estate entrepreneur, he was a man of tremendous energy, considerable versatility, and enormous ambition. Almost forgotten nowadays, he was a significant figure in early twentieth-century American culture. He was a highly successful minister and popular lecturer. His novels, frequently addressing racial issues, enjoyed huge sales. He also wrote a number of plays that attracted large, enthusiastic audiences. The popularity of Dixon’s novels and plays, indeed, suggests that the issues he addressed struck a responsive chord among many Americans of his time.
Regional Cooperation and Regulation
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J
Published: October 2023

Within certain geographical regions, groups of sovereign countries have legal systems (including insolvency law) based on similar outlooks. In such regions, a good basis exists on which to try and align the respective national insolvency law systems. Regional (i.e., multilateral) initiatives may find a good breeding ground where the respective countries have similar legal systems, often as a result of a shared colonial heritage. In some cases a similar orientation follows similar views on economic and social desirables or similarities in language or culture.
The Effect of Systemic Conditions on Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Chew Emily y.
Published: October 2023

Diabetic retinopathy is affected by a number of systemic factors and conditions. The most important risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy remains glucose control in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Tight glucose control may decrease the risk of progression by as much as 50% to 75%.
Abstracts of Major Collaborative Multicenter Trials for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Scott Compiled by ingrid u. , Chaudhry, nauman a. , Flynn harry w.
Published: October 2023

Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group: Preliminary report of effects of photocoagulation therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:383–396. Copyright 1976. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Maurice Raynaud (1834–1881) was a French medical student who noted color changes in the hands of some women while standing outside in the cold waiting for the streetcar during the winter in Paris. Raynaud’s phenomenon refers to the typical hand changes he described. Raynaud’s disease (primary Raynaud’s) refers to the typical hand changes occurring in the absence of any other rheumatic disease. Raynaud’s syndrome (secondary Raynaud’s) refers to the typical changes occurring in the setting of an underlying rheumatic disease.
Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Kawasaki disease usually begins in a young child as fever and irritability without apparent explanation. Within the first few days, some children develop a swollen lymph node below the jaw. Usually this is thought to be a bacterial infection and is treated with antibiotics. Young children with high fevers who do not develop a swollen lymph node are frequently begun on antibiotics for presumed ear infections. Some children already have a rash at this point, but often the child will develop a rash the next day that may be confused with an allergy to the antibiotic.
India: India E-Commerce Taxation
Authors: Byrnes William H , Sove Christopher M
Published: October 2023

Indian tax law does not include particular provisions governing the taxation of e-commerce transactions. E-Commerce transactions are taxed under the same law as traditional transactions. However, the application of the Income Tax Act to e-commerce transactions is often challenging, requiring Indian courts and the Authority for Advance Rulings to reframe e-commerce transactions as traditional transactions and stretch the language of the Income Tax Act to apply to transactions in the new media.
Cyprus: E-Commerce Taxation in Cyprus
Authors: Apostolou George N
Published: October 2023

It must be noted from the outset that the present chapter aspires to merely provide readers, be they businessmen or legal professionals, with an initial overview of the main issues that an e-commerce enterprise is required to address within the present Cypriot business and tax environment. An in-depth analysis of the subject cannot and was never intended to be provided herein.
Have a Life! An Introduction
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: October 2023

Physician and author Walker Percy in one of his novels poses the question: “What if you missed your life like a person misses a train?” Unfortunately, in today’s stressful world with multitasking being the norm of the day, this is so easy to do—especially for those who fail to pay attention to their inner life and their capacity to grow with experience. Each of us has a range of resilience (the ability to meet, learn from, and not be crushed by the challenges and stresses of life). This range is formed by heredity, early life experiences, current knowledge, and the level of motivation to meet life’s challenges and enjoy each day to the fullest—no matter what happens!
A Chronicle of Ethical Events: 1940s to 1980s
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: October 2023

The sedate tradition of medical ethics was stirred into action in the decades after World War II. The biomedical sciences that had been making steady progress during the first half of the twentieth century rushed ahead during the war. The Committee on Medical Research (CMR), established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941, was charged with coordinating the work of medical scientists across the country with a view toward a more effective military medicine. The research sponsored by the CMR seized the advances of prior decades and rapidly directed them toward innovations in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. The diseases that plague armies were the focus of attention: infection and battlefield wounds.
Transparency
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: October 2023

Of the constraints we explore, transparency is perhaps the least discussed but the most important. In this chapter, we elaborate on the reasons for requiring transparency and offer concrete illustrations of its role in con-straining judicial discretion. First, a note on what we mean by transparency: A judge’s written opinions should fairly reflect her actual reasoning. Transparency is the willingness to put forth one’s best arguments, without guile (which does not mean without craft), for the world to evaluate. Lack of transparency can take many forms: a formalist opinion that disguises the judge’s value choice as a result dictated by some mechanical test; a distortion of precedent to make a hard case look easy or to save a flawed doctrine in the face of a challenging application; or a withholding of information or concealing an argument that influenced the Court on the ground that the reader cannot be trusted with it.
Affirmative Action
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: October 2023

A pair of recent and controversial Supreme Court opinions illustrates ways in which transparency—or the lack of it—can manifest itself through the use of precedent. The two cases also provide an example of the potential consequences of a judicial lack of candor. The constitutionality of affirmative action in higher education is one of the most disputed questions in recent Supreme Court history. After a fractured Court invalidated what it called a ‘quota’—which had set aside 16 places out of 100 for minority applicants—in the 1978 case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Court remained silent on the issue for twenty-five years. Then, in 2003, it decided a pair of cases challenging admissions policies at the University of Michigan: In Gratz v. Bollinger, it invalidated the university’s affirmative action program in undergraduate admissions; in Grutter v. Bollinger, it upheld the university’s somewhat different program for law school admissions.
The Anatomy of an Anesthesia Machine In Words Normal People Can Understand
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

Let’s start with the largest and most noticeable thing you’ll deal with in the operating room (OR): the anesthesia machine. Although it looked like NASA mission control to each of us the ﬁrst time we saw it, you’ll be surprised how quickly it will make sense if you think about each part as an individual unit before considering the machine as a whole. Let’s break down the anesthesia machine shown in Figure 1.1 by what each of its parts does.
Better Living through Chemistry Anesthetic Pharmacology
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

This chapter is going to discuss the pharmacology of inhaled and intravenous anesthetic agents. First, why do inhaled anesthetics work? Plenty of research is going on, but the short answer is that nobody knows for sure. We do know that the more soluble they are in lipids, the more effective they are as anesthetics (we call that the “Meyer-Overton Rule”) and that they seem to affect ion exchange by reversibly interacting with proteins in the cell membrane.
Big No-No’s
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

There are a few things to avoid in anesthesia because they’re easy ways to hurt the patient or cause chaos in the OR. These fall into a few basic categories: Don’t forget to be thorough. It’s easy to assume that the H&P in the chart is complete and that its labs are current, but it’s important to check each salient point with the patient and to verify that nothing has changed since this record was made. Surgeons may grumble about the time it takes, but they tend to focus mainly on the operation at hand; part of your job is to see, and protect, the whole patient.
Anesthesia From the Past to the Future
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

Surgery—it is shocking to consider—predates effective, modern anesthesia by thousands of years. Even in biblical times certain surgical procedures were performed; by the time of the American Revolutionary War an array of procedures was possible. Most were done with an “anesthetic” consisting of rum and perhaps some opium; with patients in agony for the entire duration of surgery, a surgeon’s skill was deﬁned almost exclusively by his speed.
Recognizing Epilepsy
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich
Published: October 2023

If someone has their first blackout or “episode,” they may see a doctor for advice. The doctor will first try to work out whether the problem is likely to have come from the brain and could be a form of epilepsy, or whether the symptoms were caused by a totally different problem. There will be many questions that will help in this first assessment.

If the episode struck suddenly and lasted no longer than a few minutes, it may have been a seizure. The seizure may have been caused by epilepsy or another problem. To find out the cause, a clear description of the episode is needed. What does the person who had it remember? Did anyone else see it happen? What did they notice? It is particularly important to find out what happened from witnesses, if the episode actually caused a blackout. Were there any movements after consciousness was lost? Was the body stiff or floppy? If it was floppy during a blackout, the attack may not have been caused by epilepsy.

There are epileptic seizures that happen only once in a lifetime or very rarely. An example is “febrile seizures.” Febrile seizures are seizures that affect some young children when they have a high temperature. Such seizures would not normally be treated with taking antiepileptic drugs on a daily basis. If the triggers for provoked seizures are avoided, they may not happen at all. A diagnosis of epilepsy would only be made if seizures happened repeatedly and without provocation.
Epilepsy In Everyday Life
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich
Published: October 2023

Centuries ago, people with epilepsy were thought to be possessed by demons. The picture shows how the devil is being exorcised from a woman with epilepsy. The devil is flying away from the woman.

Even today there are things that are said and thought about people with epilepsy that are wrong and can make life difficult for those who have to live with seizures.

The prejudice people with epilepsy face reflects not only how little the general public knows about epilepsy, but also the insecurity and anxiety many people feel when they see a seizure. For many, the reaction of others to their epilepsy is worse than the seizures themselves. Rejection and exclusion can cause low self-esteem and low self-confidence.

There are many different types of epilepsy and very few rules that could reasonably apply to all people with seizures. For instance, contrary to what many people think, all people with epilepsy can watch TV and get involved in sports. If seizures are sometimes triggered by a standard TV, a “flicker-free” set (with a picture frequency of 100 Hz) or a flat screen TV can help. Seizures can also be avoided by not sitting too closely to the TV set.
The Ancient Greeks
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

This accessible introduction surveys the land and peoples who gave us the Labyrinth, the Acropolis, the Iliad and Odyssey, Herodotus and Thucydides, Sappho and Sophocles, Aphrodite and Aristotle, and so much more. Using the full range of resources of art history, archaeology, and philology, this book details the familiar--mythic heroes and heroines, famous philosophers and poets, as well as classical art and architecture--and introduces the less-well-known aspects of ancient Greece, notably the civilizations of the Bronze and Dark Ages and even the earliest form of written Greek--Linear B. In addition, Stephanie Lynn Budin offers a full history of how the study of classical Greece has evolved from ancient times through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to the present day. She covers ongoing questions and new directions in Greek studies, including Minoan religion, the role of women in early Greek cultures, the historical accuracy of Homer and Herodotus, and the role of Greece amongst its non-Greek neighbors. The Ancient Greeks includes a rich collection of illustrations, drawings, maps, and photographs, including detailed renderings of Knossos, the evolution of Greek sculpture and pottery, and even a section on ancient weaponry. The result is a superb companion for both newcomers and long-time Hellenophiles, revealing not only what we know about ancient Greece but how we know it and how these cultures continue to influence us.
Religion and Ideology
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

Minoan religion, already a difficult topic to study because of the lack of texts, has been additionally complicated over the past century due to the ideologies of the Cambridge School. Following the lead of Sir James Frazer in his work The Golden Bough, many scholars have long believed that ancient religions revolved around fertility. All goddesses were “earth mothers,” and most gods were “vegetation deities,” usually the son/consort of the Mother Goddess, whose annual death and resurrection mirrored the agricultural cycle. For a century, then, most scholarship on Minoan (and just about every other) religion was reduced to fertility issues. Only in the past few decades have new theories and archaeological finds opened the doors to new interpretations.

Goddesses. The earliest known possible representation of a goddess in the Minoan repertoire is the so-called Goddess of Myrtos from Room 92 of the Early Minoan II settlement of Myrtos Fournou Koriphi. The presence of this image, the presence of a bench structure, and the proximity of storerooms suggest that Room 92 was a shrine. The figurine (see Image 8.1) is a hollow, bell-shaped image with a long, solid neck; tiny head; molded breasts; and spindly arms holding a water jug. Paint decorates the body with what appears to be a skirt, a necklace, and a pubic triangle.
Major Controversies and Future Directions in the Study of Greek Civilization
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

It would be impossible here to recount and explain all of the controversies and needed foci of research in the study of Greek history. This is mainly because every Hellenist, archaeologist, papyrologist, numismatist, and Classicist is going to have a different idea of what those controversies are and what is needed to resolve them. Therefore, this chapter is quite subjective. I have listed and discussed here a few of the issues currently being debated in the fields of ancient history and Classics.

One universal desire among researchers is for more archaeological excavations and, just as importantly, for those excavations to be published in a timely manner. Every few years, the Greek Department of Antiquities suggests that Greek archaeologists should not be allowed to start new excavations until their old ones are published. Unfortunately, such policy never seems to materialize, and excavated sites remain unknown and inaccessible to all but the excavator himself/herself and those students working on the site. To give one example, the sanctuary of Apollo at Thermon was excavated decades ago but has yet to be appropriately published. The many excellent finds from the site are on display at the on-site museum, carefully watched over by guards who allow no photographs to be taken and no drawings to be made of the items.
Origins, Growth, and Decline of Roman Civilization
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides a historical overview of Rome. What follows is a framework of the major historical events that occurred throughout Rome’s long history. This account is short and is not meant to be exhaustive. Rather, it should be used as a beginning step in one’s study of Roman history. A broad perspective of the flow of Roman history will help provide a structure for future investigations. The sheer volume of works written on Roman history can be overwhelming, and many of them assume a basic level of knowledge. This section provides that level of knowledge. After reading it, it will be possible to peruse a more detailed work on Roman history and understand the major arguments that are made and situate the discussion within one’s own broader perspective. The major events and people in Roman history are described to give a sense of how they all fit together in the larger narrative of Roman life. However, the descriptions that follow should not be considered complete. For example, numerous volumes have been written on the Punic Wars, yet here they are discussed only in brief.
Whites Mobilize Against the “Second Reconstruction”
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

when Clyde Kennard announced his intentions of entering Mississippi Southern College, Governor J. P. Coleman dispatched Zack Van Landingham, special investigator of the State Sovereignty Commission, to Hattiesburg to coordinate resistance. He first enlisted the services of reliable black informers who were willing to provide information on Kennard and try to persuade him to drop his enrollment plans. The lead informant was R. W. Woullard, a pastor and owner of an insurance company and funeral home, whom both the Forrest County sheriff and the Hattiesburg police chief deemed to be a “reliable black leader.” In the past, Woullard had prevented an NAACP chapter from being organized in his church and had provided white officials with names of activists within the civil rights movement. So Woullard and three black school principals, whom Van Landingham also recruited, visited Kennard to persuade him to drop his plans. Kennard refused to back down.
Intended and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

Forty-five years after the Battle of Ole Miss, the battleground has an altered appearance. In a fitting tribute to James Meredith’s fight for admission, the university in 2006 under the leadership of Chancellor Robert Khayat dedicated a life-size bronze statue of Meredith. Mounted atop a 17-foot-tall limestone pedestal, the monument stands just the length of a football field from the Confederate Statue, the rallying point for so many who tried to prevent Meredith’s enrollment. Appropriately, the new statue sums up in four words what Meredith sought in 1961 and what his actions represent: courage, perseverance, opportunity, and knowledge. In remarks at the dedication ceremony, actor Morgan Freeman from nearby Clarksdale linked the fortunes of Meredith with those of the state and the university: “Mississippi is a much better state today because of James Meredith, and this is a much better university.” Freeman added, “Thank you, Mr. Meredith.”
Pharmacological options for managing nonadherence
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia
Published: October 2023

Optimal treatment outcomes are rarely achieved when a “one-size-fits-all” approach is used. The success of pharmacological treatment for any illness relies on a multitude of factors, including drug administration, efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Such issues with pharmacological treatment regimens may have a profound effect on medication adherence. Thus, careful management of medicationrelated issues, many of which may lead to partial or full medication nonadherence, is imperative to minimize the likelihood of suboptimal treatment outcomes. One manner in which to address medication-related issues is through various pharmacological options.
Contexts, Traditions, and Placing Christine Brooke-Rose
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: October 2023

Up to now I have analysed Christine Brooke-Rose’s fiction on its owns terms according to broad divisions in the techniques and themes which characterize it. I demonstrated in Part I that a grasp of contemporary French thought is crucial to an understanding of the intellectual context of Brooke-Rose’s novels. But it is also necessary to view them in terms of the British literary institutions which produce, market, and evaluate them, and through the eyes of the public which does or does not read them. Her novels consciously position themselves on the borders between semantic fields, a topos which invites comparison with her own situation as a writer: since the 1960s she has participated in the liiterary cultures of both Britain and France, and the implications of this liminal position are numerous. The present chapter will examine Brooke-Rose’s position vis-a-vis the institutions of literature in which her writing has been involved. Chapter 6 will then study the relationship between her novels and post-war experimental fiction in the two countries.
Popular Elements in Pre-Cywydd Poetry
Authors: Edwards Huw M
Published: October 2023

It has been established that, while the Cler were generally regarded by the official poets, at least on the face of it, with a kind of professional disdain, it would certainly have been possible in medieval Wales for poets of all orders to come into contact with each other, and therefore to become familiar with each other’s repertoires. This would have been particularly true in post-Conquest Wales, in the wake of the collapse of the legally defined bardic hierarchy of the Poets of the Princes; but it is reasonable to assume that there had already been limited interaction for many centuries. Even the most accomplished and aloof court poet, though he may consciously have confined himself to the time-honoured conventions of his profession, is unlikely to have remained entirely oblivious of-or, for that mat ter, entirely impervious to--the popular fashions and diversions of his age. In the absence of a significant body of hard evidence the popular verse tradition of medieval Wales, no more than that of the rest of Europe, cannot be defined or discussed with any degree of certainty. However, it will be helpful to enquire whether the submerged tradition can be said to reveal itself at any points in the mainstream of bardic verse, not only in the years which immediately preceded the emergence of the cywydd poets, but also in the poetry of the earlier Gogynfeirdd and in other poetic vestiges which have survived from the pre-Conquest period.
The Early Cywyddwyr and the Sub-Literary Verse Tradition: I
Authors: Edwards Huw M
Published: October 2023

It has long been suggested that the considerable body of early free metre verse which first appears in sixteenth-century manuscripts is in part a late manifestation of an older tradition of Cler poetry. These poets composed in non-bardic metres with very little or no use of cynghanedd, and, as Thomas Parry has observed, their conventional style and distinctive language are suggestive of a gradual development which pre-dates the manuscript tradition. That is not to say that the poems are considerably older than the manuscripts in which they are preserved, although this may possibly apply in the case of a few of the anonymous poems,2 or that they are all composed by the kind of wandering versifiers evoked by the term Cler. Indeed, much of the free-metre verse preserved from the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth century is the work of accomplished strict-metre poets, such as Siem Tudur, uchelwyr such as Richard Hughes, and learned priests such as Edmwnd Prys.3 However, as a body of verse the early canu rhydd is certainly popular in the sense that it was not reliant on bardic learning and was accessible to a wider audience than was strict-metre verse; and also in that it may reasonably be assumed to have retained much of the spirit and subject-matter as well as the metrical apparatus of the submerged sub-bardic verse tra dition of medieval Wales.
The Early Cywyddwyr and the Sub-Literary Verse Tradition: II
Authors: Edwards Huw M
Published: October 2023

The colourful world of early cywydd love-poetry, with its astonishingly wide range of subject-matter, is nowhere more suggestively echoed in the canurhydd than in the following series of ‘love triads’ from a sixteenth-century carol merch: (Three unfastenings of noble love: a cywydd, an englyn to my slender girl, a faultless love-messenger—these shall we bring, these would be sure to entice her.
‘Colloquerons Ceans Le Sien Ymage’: Architectural Metaphors :For ‘I’he Mind And Memory
Authors: Cowling David
Published: October 2023

Jean Boucher’s Bonne Renommée seeks to honour the poet’s dead patron Charles de La Tremoille ‘“‘ith the ultimate accolade in the rhétoriqueur arsenal of praise: incorporation in a building, her temple. Yet this conventional encomiastic gesture is here couched in language that appears to recall the fundamental components of the Ciceronian ‘art of memory’ the places (locz) and images (imagines) upon whose successful combination memorization depends. Given the privileged status of the building in classical, and classically inspired, artificial memory schemes, and the proliferation of allegories of architecture in the literature of the later Middle Ages in France, it is not unreasonable to look for some link between memorization techniques current in the teaching of rhetoric and the didactic intention of rhétoriqueur writers anxious to transmit a moral or political message to their readers in an easily digestible and memorable form. Hard evidence to support this hypothesis is, however, more difficult to generate.
Osip Mandel’shtam and Paul Celan: The Poetics of Dialogue
Authors: Eskin Michael
Published: October 2023

It is in poetry that, according to Levinas and Bakhtin, semethics and the architectonic of co-existence most overtly enact and manifest themselves. From the ethical point of view, poetry’s exemplary role is due to the fact that it discursively replicates and thus indicates the semethical subversion of totality by dispensing with apophansis and its semantico-referential corollaries.
The Politics of Incomprehension
Authors: Crowley T Martin
Published: October 2023

The excessive moment with which Duras’s work of 1958 to 1967 has been concerned is characterized both by its unavailability to comprehension and by the subsequent narratives which attempt to catch it up; the tensions and drama of these narratives are evident throughout Duras’s writing of this period. By the end of VAmante anglaise, Duras’s reader is caught at the limits of understanding, between a sense of the irrecuperability of the event and the desperation to produce explanatory reconstruction. With the arrival of Detruire dit-elle, this fraught position is exacerbated, a novelistic concern with narrative broken: ‘il n’y a plus de phrases’. Whereas Duras’s writing from Moderato cantabile to VAmante anglaise dramatizes (impossibly) within the time of the reader’s experience the impossibility of reconstructing adequately the lost event, her work of1969 to 1971-Detruire dit-elle, Abahn SabanaDavid, and VAmour shifts this dynamic experience into a more static, brute encounter with incomprehension.
Planning and Construction
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

The architects of norman england were responsible for some of the greatest achievements of their age, yet we know almost nothing about them. Documents which mention buildings assign them almost without exception to those who paid for them. Gundulf, bishop of Rochester from 1077 toup8, was described as highly knowledgeable in the work of stonemasons and he oversaw the building @f the White Tower, the new Norman cathedral and castle at Rochester, and the nunnery at Malling. Yet even that might make him no more than an interested layman and a competent administrator.
The Beginnings of Electoral Controls
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai
Published: October 2023

IN September 1433 the conflict between Rinaldo degli Albizzi and Cosimo de’ Medici culminated in Cosimo’s arrest and ban ishment. Cosimo having been exiled for ten years, Rinaldo’s ascendancy may have seemed firmly restored, but only a year later Cosimo was recalled to Florence, and it was Rinaldo’s turn to be exiled from his city. This reversal of the political situation had been made possible by the appointment by lot, as was the custom in Florence, of the Signoria which entered office on 1 September 1434. This Signoria turned out to be in favour of recalling Cosimo; and Rinaldo’s unsuccessful attempt to forestall a decision to this effect by seizing its palace only helped to precipitate events.
Introduction
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

Feelings ran high about the second book of Esdras between the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. The French mystic Antoinette Bourignon regarded it as the finest book in the Bible.1 For the physician Sir John Floyer it was ‘the best Key to all the Old and New Prophecies’. The learned Francis Lee admitted ‘that there is no ancient Book I have ever met with, at which I have been so much startled at as this: While on the one hand I find in it such a multitude of Things to shock me, so that it was hard for me not to throw it presently away with the utmost Contempt and Indignation; and on the other hand, I think I find here so many beautiful Passages, which seem not inferior to any Parts of the undoubted Canonical Scriptures.’3 And a far more hostile interpreter, Richard Arnald, also conceded that ‘there are in it lofty Sentiments, beautiful Similes, ancient traditions, the Appearance at least of a prophetic Spirit.’
Official Attitudes
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

When Luther set out to translate the Bible into German he had a clear idea of what it should include and what should be omitted. He was deliberately endeavouring to clear up a confusion which existed among those members of the clergy and the laity who had turned their attention to the Scriptures but who had accepted the inclusion in the Vulgate of books which Jerome had described as apocryphal. This confusion emerges from the use to which 2 Esdras was put in the 1520s in various parts of Europe and in circles other than those of the prophets inspired by Savonarola and the Hebraists influenced by Pico della Mirandola. The writers who quoted it could be Catholics or sympathizers with Protestantism, but in both cases they relied on Bibles in which the two Esdras books were printed after the canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Ezra, the supposititious author, was for them a prophet, a legislator, and above all a reformer, roles which, like Francesco da Meleto, they believed they might fill themselves.
Rosicrucians, New Prophets and the Thirty Years War
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

The aims of Rosicrucianism were expressed in two manifestos. These were almost certainly by the Lutheran mathematician, inventor and divine Johann Valentin Andreae, who seems to have completed the Fama Fraternitatis by 1608 and the Confessio Fraternitatis a year or so later, though the two works did not appear in print until 1614 and 1615 respectively. When they did it was without the knowledge and against the will of their author.2 In the two brief pamphlets, which astonished and intrigued the world of learning, we read about the members of the Rosicrucian Brotherhood, a group of enlightened and pious scientists devoted to the welfare of humanity, who had been collecting scientific information throughout the world. They had been working in secret, adapting themselves to the customs of the societies and countries they had visited. But the time had now come to reveal themselves and their movement, for a ‘general reformation’ was at hand in which both religion and knowledge would be purified.
Of Monsters, Indians and Jews
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

There were three matters in our period into which 2 Esdras was drawn and in the discussion of which it was to become a rhetorical commonplace: the explanation of monstrous births; and the inter¬ related questions of the origin of the American Indians and the fate of the Jews and their return to Jerusalem. The debate, especially in the first two cases, was to cut across confessional divisions and involve both Catholics and Protestants, including some of the thinkers we have already encountered.
The Commercial Context of the Heritage Film: Home Affairs
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: October 2023

In spite of armloads of prizes and Austenmania, ‘British cinema’ does no’t really amount to much more than a niche-servicing industry and a precarious network of boutique producers, who are all heavily dependent on either Hollywood or European media empires for serious funding, and on UK television for small-scale investment. British cinema, with the best will in the world, is more a carefully contrived illusion than a serious industry. This chapter and the next deal with the commercial context of English costume dramas, the conditions under which those films were funded, produced, distributed, and exhibited, and the audiences they attracted in the 1980s and 1990s. My task is not to produce a comprehensive history of the British film industry in this period; instead, I’ll be concentrating on those aspects of the industry that are pertinent to understanding the delicate economy of the heritage film.
Introduction
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

The English novelist Mary Butts, who grew up in the 1890s, reported that for her conscious-experience began with a messor, rather, in a mess. A puddle had formed overnight in a bare patch in the gravel driveway which swept smoothly up to the front door of the family home. The puddle was lined with some rather enticing yellow mud. This the young Mary Butts made strenuous efforts to eat, dropping full length onto her belly in order to get at it.
Body Politics: Mess, Marriage, and the New Woman
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

At the beginning of Chapter 7, I invoked Arnold Bennett’s literary education as testimony to developments in turn of-the-century English fiction. One person who played a significant part in that education was Emily Morse Symonds, niece of John Addington Symonds, who published under the pseudonym of ‘George Paston’. By December 1895, Symonds had published three ‘New Woman’ novels which, if not wildly successful, at least met a favourable reception from Bennett, then literary editor of Woman. The two writers got together in January 1896, and immediately recognized in each other a con summate professionalism. Bennett was not slow to acknowledge that he had learnt from his companion ‘several things worth knowing’. ‘“G. P.” has just finished her novel. Six months, 2 to 2½hours per diem. Not excessive, is it?’ On 23 December 1896 he took her out to dinner and the theatre.
Conclusion
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

There is no real reason why a book about the idea of mess in fiction and painting should stop at 1900. That this one does is largely a matter of convenience. But it seems to me that the terms of the argument, should one wish to extend it beyond 1900, would alter significantly: enough, at any rate, to require another book, another frame of reference.