bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine structure of Tetratrichomonas limacis (Dujardin)
Authors: Saleuddin A. S. M.
Published: August 2008

The fine structure of a trichomonad parasite, Tetratrichomonas limacis, which lives in the hepatopancreas of Otala lactea (Gastropoda) has been described. This flagellate has four anterior flagella and a recurrent flagellum. The structural and spatial relationships of the kinetosomal apparatus have been studied. All kinetosomes show cartwheel-like arrangement. There are two parabasal filaments of type A. The costa is of type B but has a periodicity of 600–800 Å. The undulating membrane is fairly well developed and the recurrent flagellum is closely associated with it. Internalization of flagella is seen in a few cases. A small periflagellar canal is present. Occasionally this trichomonad will extend pseudopods on to the secretory surface of the digestive cells of the hepatopancreas of Otala lactea.
The fine structure of Leucocytozoon simondi. V. The oocyst
Authors: Desser Sherwin S.
Published: August 2008

Following penetration through the midgut epithelium of Simulium rugglesi, ookinetes of Leucocytezoon simondi round up beneath the basal lamina and transform into young oocysts. These spherical, walled structures contain a large central core of crystalloid material. Dividing nuclei are seen in the peripheral cytoplasm, which is characterized by several concentric layers of granular endoplasmic reticulum. In a succeeding stage of development the trilaminar plasma membrane appears intermittently doubled, and bud-like outgrowths occur in these thickened areas. At this stage the crystalloid material is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. A nucleus, an elongate mitochondrion, and some crystalloid material move into each forming sporozoite, which continues to grow at the expense of the residual cytoplasm.
Influence of osmotic stress on upper lethal temperatures in the cyprinodontid fish Fundulus heteroclitus (L.)
Authors: Garside E. T. , Chin-Yuen-Kee Z. K.
Published: August 2008

Upper lethal temperatures determined for the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) for exposures of 10 000 min ranged from 18.58C to 36.31C. Osmotic acclimations were prepared at 0, 14, and 32‰ salinity (S), at thermal acclimations of 5 and 15C, and at 14 and 32‰ S at 25C. Mummichog could not survive in the acclimatory combination of 0‰ S at 25C. Subsamples from these acclimatory combinations were exposed to thermal stress at 0, 14, and 32‰ S. Highest upper lethal temperatures were observed in isosmotic test salinity (14‰). Intermediate lethal levels occurred in seawater (32‰ S) and the lowest lethal temperatures occurred in fresh water (0‰ S). Upper lethal temperature increased with increasing thermal acclimation but generally, prior osmotic experience did not modify thermal tolerance. There was no relation between order of death and size in 18 of the 24 test combinations. In the remaining six, the largest members died first in four and the smallest died first in two test combinations.
The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. V. Gammarus oceanicus Segerstråle
Authors: Steele V. J. , Steele D. H.
Published: August 2008

Gammarus oceanicus is an intertidal species found between Long Island Sound and southern Foxe Basin in the northwestern Atlantic. Fifty percent maturity of the females is attained at 11 and 13.8 mm body length in the January–May and June–August periods, respectively, at Holyrood, Nfld., and at 11.4 and 13.7 mm at St. Andrews, N.B. In the laboratory females matured in the 13th molt at a mean size of 12 mm in an average of 329 and 230 days at 3 and 12 °C, respectively. Females produce successive broods except between August and November when they enter the resting stage. Relatively few young are released in the winter months. Fecundity increases with the size of the female and the large size at maturity, continued growth, and long life give this species a high reproductive potential.
An ultrastructural study of the pre-erythrocytic development of Plasmodium berghei in the tree rat, Thamnomys surdaster
Authors: Desser Sherwin S. , Weller Iris , Yoeli Meir
Published: August 2008

Maturing pre-erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium berghei develop within vacuoles in the cytoplasm of hepatic parenchymal cells of Thamnomys surdaster. The cytoplasm of these schizonts is subdivided into island-like units, the pseudocytomeres, around whose periphery the merozoites bud. Each merozoite is surrounded by a double-membraned pellicle covered by tiny microfibrillae. Typical cristate mitochondria were not seen in the schizonts or the merozoites. The developing schizont may obtain its nutrition by pinocytotic uptake of material synthesized in the cytoplasm of the infected host cell, and transferred to the vacuole surrounding the parasite.
Effects of amino acids and light on the behavior of miracidia of Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort 1914)
Authors: Wright D. G. S. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

Behavioral responses of miracidia of Schistosomatium douthitti to chemicals were tested using amino acids similar to those excreted by the schistosome intermediate host, Lymnaea palustris. Amino acids suspended in agar plugs were placed in one or more arms of a four-arm test chamber and responses of miracidia placed in the center well were recorded. Under optimum conditions (20C and 10 000 lux) 84% of the miracidia were found in side arms containing an amino acid mixture after 120 min. Miracidia moved towards glycine, leucine, and valine.The combined effects of amino acids and light on the response of miracidia were tested. After 120 min at 20C with illuminance from 4800 to 32 000 lux, 93 to 100% of the miracidia were found in side arms containing 0.83 μM/ml of amino acids exposed to light.
The effects of endrin on Microtus and Peromyscus. II. Enclosed field populations
Authors: Morris Ralph D.
Published: August 2008

Effects of endrin on enclosed field populations of Microtus pennsylvanicus and Peromyscus maniculatus were investigated in two 2-acre enclosures near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. After removal trapping and introduction of marked animals, population changes were assessed by live-trapping at 2-week intervals from June to September 1968. The experimental enclosure was sprayed with endrin at 8.0 oz per acre on July 14, 1968.Before endrin was applied Microtus were more abundant in the experimental enclosure than in the control enclosure. Endrin caused immediate and significant mortality in the experimental population. Microtus which survived the spray subsequently survived as well as their control counterparts. Recruits entering the experimental population during post-spray periods survived significantly better than young entering the more crowded control population. This survival, combined with active post-spray breeding, yielded a final experimental population which significantly exceeded the control.Peromyscus escaped readily from both enclosures. Losses from the experimental enclosure were significantly greater than from the control enclosure during both pre-spray and post-spray periods. The tendency for Peromyscus to leave the experimental enclosure in greater numbers is related to the paucity of suitable woodland habitat and to inferred competitive interference from the grassland species Microtus.Finally, a simple model is presented which demonstrates the several ramifications of a biocide stress on small mammal populations.
DNA–DNA hybridization in blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Teshima Ikuko
Published: August 2008

This paper is a study of base sequence relationships in blackflies by DNA–DNA hybridization. The species used are: Simulium venustum, S. tuberosum, S. vittatum, Cnephia dacotensis, and Prosimulium multidentatum. The midpoints of thermal transition and the buoyant density in CsCl were determined for the DNA of each species and the percent G + C estimated. With the filter method of hybrid formation, maximal yield was obtained at 60 °C; 24 h was found to be a practical length of time for incubation. When the amount of DNA on filter was varied, the homologous reaction reached a plateau at about 50% of the input radioactive DNA; the heterologous reaction reached a plateau at a lesser value in a species-dependent manner. The results indicate a close relationship between S. venustum and S. tuberosum, a more distant one between these species and S. vittatum, and an intermediate one with C. dacotensis. Prosimulium multidentatum shared very little homology with members of the other genera. A precise quantitative evaluation of the results is difficult owing to the complexity of interacting factors. Interpretation would be aided by knowledge of genome sizes and intragenome repetition frequencies. Appropriate studies are underway.
Echinococcus multilocularis in the cotton rat. Asexual proliferation following the intraperitoneal inoculation of graded doses of protoscolices
Authors: Rau M. E. , Tanner C. E.
Published: August 2008

One hundred and nine cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were each inoculated intraperitoneally with one of seven graded doses of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolices. As the size of the inoculating dose increased, corresponding gains in the mean total parasitic cyst weight, measured 60 days later, became progressively less pronounced until a plateau was reached which even massive inoculations failed to elevate significantly. Mean total cyst weights attained within 60 days of inoculation varied seasonally, probably reflecting changes in the susceptibility of the intermediate host. Thus, cotton rats incubating infections during September, October, or November bore significantly lighter parasite burdens than rats incubating infections between December and August. Furthermore, at least 10 times the number of protoscolices were required to consistently establish infections during the three autumn months than at any other time of the year. Corresponding variations in the total cyst weight could be induced experimentally by manipulating the host's photoperiod.
The embryonic development of the swimming behavior of Daphnia pulex (Crustacea: Cladocera)
Authors: Berrill Michael , Henderson Colin
Published: August 2008

The embryo of Daphnia pulex sheds two egg membranes and then molts once before completing its development. The second antennae, used for swimming by the fully developed individual, move for the first time shortly before the shedding of the second egg membrane. These antennal movements occur in bouts which appear to be pseudo-rhythmic in organization. The antennae are not raised to their swimming positions until several hours before the molt which terminates embryonic development, at which time they become increasingly active. The onset and subsequent elaboration of antennal activity is therefore closely correlated with the shedding of embryonic membranes.
Baetisca (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae) from the western interior of Canada with notes on the life cycle
Authors: Lehmkuhl D. M.
Published: August 2008

The distributions of Baetisca obesa (Say) and B. bajkovi Neave in Canada are extended west to Saskatchewan and Alberta. Generic features of adults and nymphs and specific characters of the nymphs of the two species are illustrated. In the South Saskatchewan River nymphs of B. bajkovi hatch from the egg in August and September, they pass the winter under the ice, and adults emerge the following June and July. The Hudson's Bay drainage system was probably invaded by these species from the Mississippi drainage system during the last glacial retreat, since at various times dispersal routes in the form of rivers have been present from the southern refugium for migration to the north.
Changes of blood chloride and osmolarity in two stocks of salmon parr (Salmo salar) during short-term exposure to seawater
Authors: Leduc Gérard
Published: August 2008

Two stocks of hatchery-reared Salmo salar parr were tested for change of blood chloride and plasma osmotic concentration following their transfer from freshwater to diluted seawater for periods up to 256 h. One group of fish originated from an anadromous population (Atlantic salmon) while the others were from a freshwater stock (ouananiche). The results suggest that, at least at the parr stage, the young salmon of both groups have very similar osmoregulation.
The consistency of the fatty acid pattern of Galleria mellonella, reared on fatty acid supplemented diets
Authors: Thompson S. N. , Barlow J. S.
Published: August 2008

Dietary supplements of stearic, palmitoleic, and linoleic acids, as representative of saturated, mono-unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, did not appreciably affect the relative composition of fatty acids in waxmoth larvae. Frass analysis demonstrated that most of the fatty acids in excess of their relative composition in the insect are excreted and speculations are made as to the possible mechanism involved in the retention of the characteristic fatty acid pattern.
Heterogeneous acclimation of fish to temperature
Authors: Fahmy Fahmy K.
Published: August 2008

Brook trout were acclimated heterogeneously for 3 weeks by exposing the head and tail simultaneously to two different temperatures. Time to death at a lethal temperature was taken as a measure of resistance acclimation. The relation between the resistance acclimation and mean temperature of the whole fish during acclimation indicated that the response of the whole organism depends on the mean thermal history of the total tissue regardless of the anatomical site. The mechanism through which a fish can acclimate to a higher or lower level of temperature is still unknown and whether the central nervous system has a direct or indirect role on such acclimation is not yet clear.
Spiders in a fir–spruce biotype: abundance, diversity, and influence on spruce budworm densities
Authors: Renault T. R. , Miller C. A.
Published: August 2008

Results of an intensive 9-year census of the arboreal spider fauna in a fir–spruce forest in north-western New Brunswick and of a 3-year census in similar biotypes in other parts of the province are reported. A total of 129 species were collected, although only 14, mostly web-spinning species make up the bulk of the spider population. Spider density over the years is remarkably stable in any one biotype. Considerable variation in species composition occurs between biotypes, but the density of the total spider complex in each varies little.Field experiments with a web-spinning Dictynid and "planted" populations of second-instar budworm larvae show a high level of predation but the wide prey selectivity, population stability, and other traits of the arboreal spiders suggest that, despite their high consumption rate, these predators are unlikely to respond to sudden outbreaks of a particular food item. It is assumed, therefore, that spiders have little influence in moderating the periodic population explosions of the spruce budworm.
Some effects of photoperiod on the development of Neodiprion swainei Midd.
Authors: Wallace D. R. , Sullivan C. R.
Published: August 2008

Uninterrupted development of Neodiprion swainei Midd. occurs if feeding larvae are reared under 16.5- to 19-h photophases. Experimental evidence indicates that the limitations placed on N. swainei by its host specificity, diapause requirements, and developmental rates effectively rule out more than one generation per year. Because of the photoperiodic control of diapause, it is unlikely that the insect can develop under natural conditions without a prepupal diapause.
Synthesis of fatty acids by the parasite Exeristes comstockii (Hymenop.) and two hosts, Galleria mellonella (Lep.) and Lucilia sericata (Dip.)
Authors: Thompson S. N. , Barlow J. S.
Published: August 2008

In contrast with many other insects, whose characteristic fatty acid compositions are influenced to a limited extent by dietary fatty acid composition, the fatty acid composition of the total lipid of the ichneumonid parasite Exeristes comstockii is very similar to that of its diet, that is, the host on which it is reared. When the parasite was reared on two hosts, Lucilia sericata and Galleria mellonella, with very different fatty acid patterns, it retained no characteristic fatty acid composition of its own.Radioisotope studies demonstrated that Exeristes comstockii, Galleria mellonella and Lucilia sericata incorporate 14C from 14C-1-acetate into fatty acids with radioactivity distributions consistent with de novo, elongation, and desaturation synthetic mechanisms.Exeristes comstockii was found to incorporate 14C-1-acetate into fatty acids at higher rates than either host. It appears, therefore, that the parasite has a fatty acid metabolism of its own, with respect to synthesis and turnover, although the fatty acids are qualitatively and quantitatively very similar to those in the host. The origin of the fatty acids of E. comstockii is partially explained by synthesis of fatty acids at different rates than its host, and direct incorporation of host fat, but the parasite appears to lack to great extent the control over pool size normally present in other insects.
Visual pigment changes in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Jacquest W. L. , Beatty D. D.
Published: August 2008

The retinae of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, have mixtures of two visual pigments, one based on retinaldehyde (VP5031), the other on 3-dehydroretinaldehyde (VP5272). Increases in the proportion of VP5272 or maintained high percentages of VP5272 were induced in three ways: (1) feeding a diet rich in 3-dehydroretinol; (2) intraperitoneal injections of L-thyroxine; and (3) intramuscular injection of bovine thyrotropic hormone. The possible significance of these findings in relation to carotenoid conversions in fish is discussed.
Gross composition and fatty acid constitution of blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra) milk
Authors: Dill C. W. , Tybor P. T. , Mcgill Ruth , Ramsey C. W.
Published: August 2008

Milk collected from three blackbuck antelope in Texas contained an average of 6.9% protein, 9.3% fat, and 4.3% lactose. The fatty acid constitution of the lipid fraction resembled that found in domestic cows' milk.
The effect of larval overcrowding on pupal respiration in Aedes aegypti (L.)
Authors: Barbosa P. , Peters T. M.
Published: August 2008

A study of the O2 consumption of A. aegypti pupae from overcrowded and standard populations showed that there was no distinct periodicity in pupal respiration. Although quantitative differences were found, these were atrributed to their possible concurrence with the surface law.
Quantitative studies on the growth and multiplication of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti Hoeppli, 1925 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) in rodents
Authors: Novak Marie
Published: August 2008

Tetrathyridia multiply by splitting scolices, regenerating their median portions, and increasing in length. Pinching off of the caudal end of the daughter tetrathyridium leaves at the proliferative side of the parental organism a stump with one or two excretory bladders. Such stumps may later bud off acephalic fragments, but do not regenerate scolices. Long posterior portions of parental organisms with several stumps may separate from the scolex-carrying anterior portion and become acephalic. Such fragments do not produce scolices and later degenerate. Polycephalic forms, with up to 22 scolices, occur mostly in hosts with long-standing infections (over 100 days). Such forms transplanted into a new host break into the usual tetrathyridia plus large branching acephalic portions. Separation of the oldest parental scolex, situated at the non-proliferative side of the tetrathyridium, transforms this side into a proliferative side. In normal tetrathyridia, each new daughter tetrathyridium splits off anterior to the stump left by the previous one. If the posterior portion was not cast off, the number of stumps indicates the number of daughter tetrathyridia produced.In mice injected with 0.03 cm3 of tetrathyridia, and dissected 50 days post infection, the total volume of intraperitoneal population varied from 0.15 in deer mice to about 1.0 cm3 in LDF1 males. Increase in biomass was faster in male hosts than in females.
The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben 1777). XXIII. Spectral sensitivity
Authors: Lavigne D. M. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

Behavioral determinations of harp seal spectral sensitivity, under light- and dark-adapted conditions, indicated the presence of a Purkinje shift. Maximum photopic sensitivity occurred near 550 nm. Scotopic sensitivity peaked in the region of 500–525 nm. A large increase in relative sensitivity, approaching 8 log units at 525 nm, accompanied dark adaptation. This confirms anatomical suggestions that the harp seal possesses excellent visual sensitivity. Increased sensitivity to green wavelengths may indicate adaptation to a particular underwater environment.
Riboflavin in the eyes of gars (Lepisosteidae)
Authors: Nicol J. A. C. , Arnott H. J.
Published: August 2008

Eyes of gars (Lepisosteidae) have a yellow tapetum lucidum containing an as yet uncharacterized yellow pigment. They also contain fairly high levels of riboflavin, about 14 mg/100 g wet weight, which lies in tissues external to the retina and tapetum and which is, therefore, not a tapetal pigment.
Aural communication in ruffed grouse
Authors: Aubin Allan E.
Published: August 2008

Studies made in S. W. Alberta during the spring, 1969 and 970, showed that the primary drumming logs of male ruffed grouse were clustered in groups rather than being distributed randomly or uniformly. The sequence of drumming of a group of birds suggested that the birds were answering other drumming sounds. Some grouse drummed many more times than other, adjacent birds. These data are consistent with a previous suggestion that ruffed grouse may be a lek species. The number of wing strokes within, and the duration of, the drumming sound was variable between the same and different birds and no obvious functions for differences were found.
Studies on the ecology of the papillose allocreadiid trematodes of the yellow perch in Algonquin Park, Ontario
Authors: Cannon L. R. G.
Published: August 2008

Distribution and abundance of adult worms of Bunodera sacculata, Bunodera luciopercae, and Crepidostomum cooperi were examined. Bunodera species were restricted to perch, were found in fish from both deep and shallow water, but were more common in large rather than small lakes. Infection was independent of sex of perch for all three flukes. Bunodera luciopercae, and to a lesser extent B. sacculata, increased in incidence with increase in length and age of perch, but C. cooperi did not. Incidence of Bunodera species declined in summer; C. cooperi incidence did not. It was experimentally determined that differential sensitivity of adults of all three species to increased temperature was related to seasonal changes in incidence. The microhabitat of juvenile B. luciopercae was the gallbladder, but of B. sacculata and C. cooperi it was the intestine. Adults of C. cooperi were found predominantly in the intestinal ceca, of B. sacculata anterior intestine, and of B. luciopercae posterior intestine. The coexistence of these three closely related species is discussed in terms of the temporal and spatial differences of habitat utilization.
Avian Haemoproteidae. I. Description of Haemoproteus fallisi n. sp. and a review of the haemoproteids of the family Turdidae
Authors: Bennett Gordon F. , Campbell A. G.
Published: August 2008

Haemoproteus fallisi n. sp. is described from the American robin. Turdus migratorius L. Other hosts and geographical range are cited and a summary of haemoproteid infections in the Turdidae is included. H. fallisi is compared with other haemoproteids described from the Turdidae, H. moruony de Mello and Braz de Sa is synonomized with H. fringillae and H. orizivora. H. geocichla Cleland and Johnson is considered to be a nomen nudum. Haemoproteus danilewskyi, also recorded from the Turdidae, is distinguished from H. fallisi by its larger size and by the fact that it surrounds the host cell nucleus and occupies nearly all of the host cell cytoplasm.
Identification of Heterodera cysts by terminal and cone top structures
Authors: Mulvey R. H.
Published: August 2008

Detailed examination of the cysts of 39 of the 53 described species of Heterodera, a cyst-forming nematode, was undertaken to provide an adequate basis for identification of these species. Taxonomic keys, based on information gained from studies of cone top and terminal areas of the cyst, are presented. Five morphologically distinct groups are recognized based on difference in vulval slit length, fenestral length, underbridge structures, and bullae. Photographs of the structures used to identify each species supplement the keys.
A redescription of Gymnophalloides tokiensis Fujita, 1925 (Trematoda: Gymnophallidae)
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

The metacercarial stage of Gymnophalloides tokiensis has a mid-ventral pit which was mistaken in the original description for a wide genital pore. The genital pore is small, on the anterior edge of the ventral sucker, and not surrounded by prominent muscle fibers. Other corrections of the original description include paired, compact vitellaria (referred to as Mehlis gland), a bipartite (not globular) seminal vesicle, and an ovary smaller than the testes; no eye spots or a seminal receptacle are present.Yamaguti's (1971) synonymy of Lacunovermis Ching, 1965 with Gymnophalloides is rejected because of the differences in the location and type of genital pore. In contrast to G. tokiensis, both L. conspicuus and L. macomae (Lebour, 1908) Loos-Frank, 1970 have a wide genital pore that opens some distance from the ventral sucker and both ventral pit and genital pore are surrounded by strong muscle fibers.Two of Yamaguti's (1971) footnotes about gymnophallid trematodes are corrected. In my 1965 paper, I did not synonymize Gymnophalloides with Meiogymnophallus but replaced Gymnophalloides as emended by James (1964) with the name Meiogymnophallus. I did not synonymize Gymnophallus oidemiae, now M. minutus (Cobbold, 1859) Bowers and James, 1967, with G. somateriae but regard them as distinct species.
Monogenetic trematodes from the Bay of Quinte area, Ontario. III. Genera Actinocleidus, Cleidodiscus, Urocleidus, and Tetraoncus
Authors: Hanek George , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

In the present, the third in a series of papers on Monogenea from the Bay of Quinte area, 20 species of the subfamily Ancyrocephalinae Bychowsky, 1937 and one species of the family Tetraoncidae Bychowsky, 1957 are presented. The 21 species of the monogenetic trematodes collected are as follows: Actinocleidus fusiformis (Mueller, 1934) Mueller, 1937, A. gibbosus Mizelle and Donahue, 1944, A. mizellei sp. n., A. recurvatus Mizelle and Donahue, 1944. Cleidodiscus alatus Mueller, 1938, C. capax Mizelle, 1936, C. glenorensis sp. n., C. pricei Mueller, 1936, C. robustus Mueller, 1934, C. stentor Mueller, 1937, C. vancleavi Mizelle, 1936, Urocleidus acer (Mueller, 1936) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938, U. adspectus Mueller, 1936, U. dispar (Mueller, 1936) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938, U. ferox Mueller, 1934, U. fundulus Mizelle, 1940, U. furcatus (Mueller, 1937) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938, U. hargisi sp. n., U. principalis (Mizelle, 1936) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938, U. rogersi sp. n., and Tetraoncus monenteron Diesing, 1858. Descriptions and drawings of the new species and comprehensive measurements of the remaining species are presented.
Reliability of the Surber sampler in estimating Parargyractis fulicalis (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations
Authors: Lavery Michael A. , Costa Robert R.
Published: August 2008

The reliability of the Surber sampler in sampling the aquatic lepidopteran Parargyractis fulicalis (Clemens) was tested. It was found that the Surber method of sampling was totally unreliable in estimating Parargyractis populations. Best estimates were obtained by removing the larvae directly from the rocks without processing them in the usual Surber method. The ineffectiveness of sampling devices presently used in stream surveys, especially the Surber sampler, may be the primary reason why the geographic distribution, biology, and ecology of this group of aquatic moths is so poorly known.
Influence of injection site on radiothyroxine metabolism in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
Authors: Eales J. G.
Published: August 2008

Radiothyroxine (*T4) injection site (coelom, liver, eye orbit, or gut lumen) influenced disappearance of plasma protein bound radioactivity, thyroxine distribution space, and organ radioactivity uptake of brook trout.Eye injection, which is preferred for T4 metabolic clearance studies, resulted in high bile radioactivity. Thus, previously described bile uptake of *T4 is not due to *T4 intraperitoneal injection close to enterohepatic organs.Low *T4 gut uptake implies limited enterohepatic *T4 recycling.
Social behavior between adult female Richardson's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) and their own and alien young
Authors: Michener G. R. , Sheppard D. H.
Published: August 2008

Adult female Richardson's ground squirrels were paired at intervals with their own and unrelated young in a neutral cage. Little agonistic behavior occurred between related animals but such behavior was common when the adult and young were unrelated. Conversely, cohesive behavior was common between related animals but not between unrelated animals. A tendency for the adults to treat male and female young differently was noted. With only four exceptions (out of 48 tests) the first contact between adult and young was neutral, nose–nose being most common. The frequency of neutral behavior declined on the second contact and remained at the lower level. Implications of the study with regard to recognition, dispersal, and territory learning are discussed.
Induction of precocious sexual maturity in male pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Authors: Funk James D. , Donaldson Edward M.
Published: August 2008

In the juvenile male pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) complete sexual maturity was attained by September in the year of hatching with thrice-weekly treatments of 10.0 and 1.0 μg partially purified salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gonadotropin (SG-G100) per gram body weight. The time of onset of mitotic division of spermatogonia and the rate of spermiogenesis were accelerated in the precociously mature testes. At sexual maturity, a scattering of localizations of Δ5-3 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed in the testes which corresponded to the distribution of the interstitial cells. A stock of larger pink salmon (body weight at maturity 64.2 g) developed mature testes in the same time interval as the smaller sized individuals, but in these the gonads were four times larger. Immature Oncorhynchus tshawytscha matured more slowly and showed less 3 β-ol dehydrogenase activity in response to SG-G100 than the pink salmon.
Reduced nutrition as the factor controlling the population of pinworms following endocrine gland removal in Periplaneta americana L.
Authors: Hominick W. M. , Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The effects of allatectomy and cardiacectomy of adult female Periplaneta americana on the numbers of adult females of Leidynema appendiculata and Hammerschmidtiella diesingi (Nematoda: Thelastomatidae) in the hind gut were examined. All surgical manipulations reduced the food intake – fecal output of the cockroaches. It is shown that the level of nutrition determines the relative numbers of the two species of adult female nematodes. At normal or moderately reduced levels of nutrition, L. appendiculata is present in greater numbers than H. diesingi. When the level of nutrition in a group of insects is greatly reduced by either surgery or supplying a limited amount of food, H. diesingi predominates. However, the total number of adult female nematodes in the various experimental groups of cockroaches does not change significantly even when the fecal output is reduced to less than half the normal level. Hence, there is a significant negative linear correlation between the mean numbers of the two species of nematodes in the experimental groups of insects. From these data, it is concluded that neither allatectomy nor cardiacectomy significantly affects the total numbers of adult female parasites. Any effect which these operations have upon the relative numbers of the two species of parasites is explicable on the basis of a reduced level of nutrition for the operated cockroaches. These findings are discussed in relation to those of previous workers who concluded that a relationship exists between the endocrines of cockroaches and their thelastomatid parasites. Furthermore, the significance of these findings in explaining the size and composition of the population of nematodes in various stages and both sexes of P. americana is discussed.
Systematic status of Tetraonchus loftusi n. sp. (Monogenoidea: Tetraonchidae) and comparative studies of T. monenteron (Wagener, 1857) Diesing, 1858, and T. variabilis Mizelle and Webb, 1953
Authors: Dechtiar Alex O.
Published: August 2008

A new species of monogenean Tetraonchus loftusi, from the gills of the muskellunge, Esox masqinongy Mitchill, is described. Brief comparative descriptions and discussions of Tetraonchus monenteron (Wagener, 1857) Diesing, 1858 and T. variabilis Mizelle and Webb, 1953 are given, extending our knowledge of structure and distribution of these two species.The genus Tetraonchus is accepted as the solitary genus in the family Tetraonchidae Bychowsky, 1937; the subgenera T. (Tetraonchus) and T. (Salmonchus) of Strelkov 1963 are rejected, in agreement with Ergens.
Autoradiographic and ultrastructural studies on the origin of yolk protein in the housefly, Musca domestica L.
Authors: Chia W. K. , Morrison P. E.
Published: August 2008

The mechanisms of yolk protein formation during vitellogenesis in the housefly have been investigated by autoradiographic and ultrastructural techniques. Female houseflies were injected with H3-histidine. These flies showed an accumulation of radioactivity at the oocyte border of the follicle cells after 30 min and labeling of yolk particles in the egg cortex after 1 h. Most of the yolk protein was labeled after 6 h. In vitro studies in which isolated ovaries were immersed in insect saline containing H3-histidine gave similar results. Further evidence for the synthesis and assemblage of yolk protein precursors within the follicle cells, their migration, and final incorporation into the oocyte is presented from electron microscope studies.
Relationship between diapause and supercooling in the blowfly, Lucilia sericata (Mg.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Ring Richard A.
Published: August 2008

Experiments on the supercooling ability of the blowfly, Lucilia sericata (Mg.), in its prepupal diapause stage and in all life stages undergoing normal development have been carried out to determine the correlation between diapause and cold-hardiness. Results have demonstrated that the range in ability to supercool is the same in diapause larvae whether or not they have been cold-acclimated at 3 °C for varying periods of up to 9 weeks, and that diapause larvae and prepupal, non-diapause stages exhibit about the same degree of cold-tolerance. During normal development the egg and pharate adult stages have the lowest supercooling points, with the larva showing a gradual decline in ability to supercool throughout its feeding period until cessation of feeding, which occurs about 4 days before puparium formation. The results indicate that the physiological and biochemical processes leading to diapause induction do not enhance the supercooling potential of this species, and that cold-acclimation does not appear to be a prerequisite for the successful overwintering of the diapause larvae of L. sericata, at least in this part of its range in southwest British Columbia.
Total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, and protein content in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with reference to quantitative protein estimates
Authors: Niimi A. J.
Published: August 2008

Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) content in largemouth bass accounted for 9% of the total nitrogen content. This level was influenced by feeding level and probably body weight. A consideration for NPN is essential for quantitative protein estimates.
Tissue migration, growth, and morphogenesis of Filaroides martis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in mink (Mustela vison)
Authors: Ko Ronald C. , Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Filaroides martis (Werner 1782) Dougherty, 1943 undergoes its third molt in the gastric mucosa of mink (Mustela vison Schreber) 3–4 days after infection. The fourth molt occurs in the submucosa about 5 days after infection. Worms start to leave the stomach as subadults on day 9 and migrate along the adventitia or adipose tissue on the coeliac artery, and the dorsal aorta, reaching the lung region as early as 15 days after infection. By day 35 most worms have reached the bronchi or trachea.Filaroides martis starts to grow extensively in gastric subserosal adipose tissue 9 days after infection. During migration worms grow in connective tissues in various locations along the migratory route and they are various sizes when they reach the lungs. Worms increase more than 100 times in length in 25 days.The morphogenesis of F. martis is described. Sexes are distinguishable about 5 days after infection. On day 9 the reproductive tract of females is branched and a vagina vera is present. At the same time the reproductive tract of males has joined the rectum and by day 15 well-developed spicules and gubernacula are present.
Comparison of the activities of two purified fish gonadotropins on adenyl cyclase activity in the goldfish ovary
Authors: Fontaine Y. A. , Salmon C. , Fontaine-Bertrand E. , Burzawa-Gerard E. , Donaldson E. M.
Published: August 2008

The pituitary gonadotropin from a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) stimulates adenyl cyclase activity in homogenates of ovaries from goldfish (Carassius auratus) but it is about 36 times less active than carp (Cyprinus carpio) gonadotropin. Moreover, a higher maximal stimulation of the cyclase is obtained with the more homologous (carp) gonadotropin. These results suggest the existence of a partial zoological specificity of teleost gonadotropins in their stimulating action on adenyl cyclase.
The egg and chorion of Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Richards P. G. , Morrison F. O.
Published: August 2008

The scanning electron microscope reveals that the egg of Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) is structurally suitable for a plastron method of respiration.
Enoplus anisospiculus, a new species of marine nematode from the Canadian Pacific coast
Authors: Nelson H. , Hopper B. , Webster J. M.
Published: August 2008

Enoplus anisospiculus n. sp. is described from the greater Vancouver area of British Columbia. Males have semicircular plates on their arcuate, asymmetrical spicules by which they are distinguished from the closest related species, E. groenlandicus Ditlevsen, 1926, which lacks semicircular plates on its nearly linear spicules.
Divergent selection for retrieving behavior in mice
Authors: Hurnik J. F. , Bailey E. D. , Jerome F. N.
Published: August 2008

To prove the involvement of genetic factors in retrieving activity, divergent selection was applied for five generations of mice. The mice originated from two highly inbred strains, SWR and C57Bl. In the parental generation, an equal number of reciprocal matings were made between the lines. The selection started in F2 generation. The selection of offspring in both directions was based on the mean performance of the mothers in six trials.Multivariance analysis showed positive response to the selection and confirmed a genetic contribution to the determination of retrieving activity. The estimate of realized heritability, adjusted for inbreeding effects, was lower in the group selected for fast retrieving (h2 = 0.26) and higher in the group selected for slow retrieving (h2 = 0.44). The difference between these coefficients was nonsignificant.In single regression functions on trials, only the linear regression was significant. The linear regression (learning rate) was more pronounced in the group selected for fast retrieving. Within groups, the regression on trials was similar during all five selected generations.
The heat production of oiled mallards and scaup
Authors: McEwan E. H. , Koelink A. F. C.
Published: August 2008

A measure of the thermal conductance of the plumage of normal and oiled ducks was determined from regression analyses that related metabolic rate and ambient temperature. The heat loss of heavily oiled mallards and scaup was 1.7 and 2 times greater than their normal values, respectively. Oiling not only tended to increase the basal heat production, but also shifted the lower critical temperature from 12 to 25C. Attempts to rehabilitate the scaup after oiling and cleaning were rarely successful because of plumage deterioration and the loss of water repellency.
Measurement of circulating thyroxine in several freshwater teleosts by competitive binding analysis
Authors: Higgs D. A. , Eales J. G.
Published: August 2008

A competitive binding analysis using human thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and Sephadex columns was the most satisfactory of several methods tested for measuring fish plasma thyroxine concentrations.Thyroxine levels were usually less than 1 μg and in most cases less than 0.5 μg per 100 ml plasma for laboratory-held brook trout and nine other freshwater species.
Induction of cold-tolerance in Galleria larvae by Farnesyl methyl ether
Authors: Mansingh Ajai
Published: August 2008

After 3 weeks of chilling at 4 °C, last-instar larvae of the wax moth G. mellonella required about 40 min at 25 °C to regain posture and locomotory activity; 65% of the larvae died subsequently. Topical application of 2 μl FME significantly reduced the "recovery time" and enabled 75% of the treated larvae to survive the cold exposure.
Acceleration of the growth of populations and of the multiplication of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti Hoeppli, 1925 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) by some cytostatic agents
Authors: Novak Marie , Lubinsky George
Published: August 2008

Experiments with tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti implanted intraperitoneally into LDF1, SEC, and SWR mice showed that a single injection of cyclophosphamide, 200 mg/kg 1 day after infection, increased the total biomass of tetrathyridial populations in mice dissected 50 days later by 50 to 200%. Similar, though less pronounced, increases in the total biomass of populations were produced by dactinomycin, 0.35 mg/kg once a week, for 4 to 6 weeks. The average size of individual tetrathyridia decreased despite a considerable increase in the total biomass of their populations.The parasiticides lucanthone, which inhibits the growth of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts, and quinacrine, which is inactive in this respect, accelerate the growth of the biomass of tetrathyridial populations much less than the cytostatic agents cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin.
Epidermal pigmentation in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L.
Authors: Kott Edward
Published: August 2008

During the spawning migration, the overall color of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) becomes progressively more orange. This color development is not due to the chromatophores of the dermis, since the pigment involved is present in either the epidermis and (or) the outer mucus layer. The color, instead, is resultant upon an increase in the concentration of bilirubin, a bile pigment produced as a breakdown product of hemoglobin.
Oviposition and development of two intertidal snails, Littorina sitkana and Littorina scutulata
Authors: Buckland-Nicks J. , Chia Fu-Shiang , Behrens S.
Published: August 2008

At San Juan Island, Littorina scutulata spawns in the summer, releasing pelagic egg capsules with planktotrophic development, whereas Littorina sitkana spawns in the spring and autumn and lays benthic egg masses with lecithotrophic development. The larval development of each species is described and the chronological events from fertilization to hatching are tabulated.L. scutulata veligers hatch by a combination of mechanical and osmotic factors but L. sitkana juveniles utilize the foot and shell to rupture the capsular wall and capsular membrane. It was postulated that rows of tubercles on the larval shell of L. sitkana form an abrasive surface which facilitates hatching.Embryonic and juvenile growth was studied in L. sitkana. A rapid growth phase is observed when the young veliger begins to feed on the albumen.
Selenium deficiency with the duck: changes in plasma free fatty acid level from hatching to onset of gross pathology
Authors: George J. C. , John T. M. , Moran Jr. E. T. , Sweeny P. R. , Brown R. G. , Stanley D. W.
Published: August 2008

The effect of low-selenium diet on the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level in growing white Pekin ducklings was studied. The plasma FFA level was found to decrease in day 6 to day 18 ducklings fed selenium-supplemented as well as selenium-deficient diets. A trend towards a lower plasma FFA level in the selenium-deficient group was seen. A significantly higher level of plasma FFA was observed on day 25 in the selenium-deficient as well as the selenium-supplemented groups, that of the former being considerably lower than that of the latter. The lower plasma FFA found in the selenium-deficient ducklings which also showed acute pathological symptoms of the deficiency has been attributed largely to the impairment of lipid and vitamin E absorption.
Logarithmic spiral components in locomotor patterns of fish
Authors: Kleerekoper H. , Anderson V. M. , Timms A. M.
Published: August 2008

A logarithmic spiral with lengths of radii at 90° having a ratio of 1:0.618 recurred frequently in the locomotor patterns of nurse shark and goldfish in various experimental conditions. The evidence indicated that bilateral sense organs may play a role in steering logarithmic spiral movements.
Life cycle of Dipetalonema sprenti Anderson (Nematoda: Filarioidea) of beaver (Castor canadensis)
Authors: Addison Edward M.
Published: August 2008

Adult Dipetalonema sprenti Anderson occur mainly in the peritoneal cavity of beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl). Microfilariae were taken up with blood and developed to the infective stage in the fat body of the abdomen and thorax of Aedes intrudens Dyar and A. abserratus (Felt and Young). At 27C the first molt occurred 4 to 6 days and the second molt 7 to 9 days after ingestion by the mosquito. Infective larvae were first seen in the head on the eighth day. A "sausage-stage" was present during development to the first molt at 27C but not at 23C. Microfilariae appeared in the blood of six previously uninfected beaver 116–135 days after each was injected with about 125 infective larvae. Aedes intrudens and A. abserratus fed on beaver in Algonquin Park, Ontario, from the first week of June until about the middle of July during 1970 and 1971. Transmission of D. sprenti may occur principally within beaver lodges or dens.
Increase in fertility, with repeated mating, of gamma irradiated male codling moths, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Robinson A. S.
Published: August 2008

Irradiated male codling moths, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), mated fewer times and induced a poorer ovipositional response in mated females than did nonirradiated males. The fertility of the nonirradiated males was not affected by repeated mating but there was a significant increase in the fertility of consecutive matings of the irradiated males. The transfer of a spermatophore by either type of male did not always result in oviposition, but this malfunction of the male occurred significantly more times in the irradiated series.