bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Evaluation of 4′‐C‐(S) and 4′‐C‐(R)‐2‐Aminopropoxy−Thymidine‐Modified DNAs for Thermal Stability, RNase H Digestion, and Nuclease Resistance
Authors: Onishi Sakurako , Chandela Akash , Ueno Yoshihito
Published: June 2024

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have been developed as potential therapeutic agents for genetic disorders and various life‐threatening conditions. This class of therapeutics facilitates the treatment of the currently undruggable targets. However, their low stability and poor activity must be overcome by developing new analogs with improved functions. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized 4′‐C‐(S)‐ and 4′‐C‐(R)‐2‐aminopropoxy−thymidine and investigated the stability of the modified oligonucleotides containing these analogs. Interestingly, both analogs responded differently to thermal denaturation, with the former exhibiting good stability closer to that of the unmodified oligonucleotide and the latter exhibiting slight thermal destabilization. Notably, DNA/RNA heteroduplexes modified with these analogs elicited RNase H activity by degrading the heteroduplexes upon treatment. In addition, the serum stability of the modified oligodeoxynucleotides was significantly enhanced by the introduction of these analogs. Overall, our findings highlight the potential application of these analogs as ASO therapeutic candidates.
Flavonoids from Mimosa tenuiflora Green Propolis: Chemotaxonomy, Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammation, Anti‐Bacteria, Mosquito Larvicidal Activity, and In Silico Approach
Authors: Luyen Nguyen Dinh , Hao Nguyen Thanh , Bastos Jairo Kenupp , Ha Nguyen Xuan , Hung Nguyen Huy , Gioi Dong Huy , Linh Nguyen Ngoc , Son Ninh The
Published: June 2024

Phytochemical study of green propolis alcohol extract of Brazilian Caatinga Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir resulted in the separation of six flavonoids, including quercetin 3‐methyl ether (1) and 3,3′‐O‐dimethylquercetin (2), and four flavanones eriodictyol 5‐O‐methyl ether (3), 5,4′‐dihydroxy‐6,7‐dimethoxyflavanone (4), licoflavanone (5), and macarangaflavanone B (6). All these metabolites were first isolated from green propolis and the genus Mimosa. Metabolites 3–4 also established chemotaxonomic significance since they had never been observed in the bean family Fabaceae. Flavones 1–2 showed strong antioxidative activity against DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl) radicals with IC50 values of 12.40 and 16.23 μg/mL, respectively. All six isolates showed anti‐inflammatory effects against NO (nitric oxide) production in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)‐stimulated Raw 264.7 cells, in which the activity of flavone 1 was better than the standard dexamethasone (IC50 13.35 μg/mL). Flavonoids 1–3 also strongly controlled the growth of the Gram‐positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 with MIC values of 32–64 μg/mL. Six isolated flavonoids exhibited strong or moderate mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus fourth instar larvae with the 24 h LC50 values of 29.62–55.89 μg/mL. By in silico approach, compound 1 was a non‐toxic agent with an LD50 value of 5000 mg/kg.
Design, Synthesis, in Vitro, and in Silico Evaluations of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives Linked to the Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Moieties as Potent Antimicrobial Targets
Authors: Lal Patel Jeevan , Kumar Sureddy Naveen , Boddupalli Murali , Chedupaka Raju , Papisetti Venkatesham , S. P. Mahapatra , Penta Santhosh
Published: June 2024

1,3,4‐Oxadiazole and its derivatives are well known assorted motif in drug design and development. The development of bacterial infection drug resistance serves as justification for the discovery of novel antimicrobial drugs. Thus, a novel series of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives linked to pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine 6 a–f and 7 a–e was designed, synthesized and fully characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, FT‐IR and mass spectroscopic analysis. All of the compounds′ in‐vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities were reported, and final oxadiazoles 6 d, 6 e, 6 f, and 7 e showed excellent antimicrobial inhibitory activity as compared to standard drugs. The compounds 6 f and 7 a exhibited potent antifungal activity as a potent inhibitor against C. albicans with MICs 4.0±0.03, 7.5±0.02 μg/mL respectively. In order to determine the different binding interactions that the most active oxadiazoles had with the Staphylococcus aureus DHFR enzyme, a docking study was conducted. The results indicated that the residues of amino acid Thr96(X), Leu62(X), Arg44(X), Asn18(X), Glu17(X), Lys45(X), Thr121(X), Gln95(X), Asp120(X), Ser64(X), Gly94(X), and Phe16(X) had promising energy value, within the range of −6.84 to −9.63 kcal/mol (PDB: 3FRA). The most effective inhibitors, 6 and 7, also underwent in silico ADMET tests to predict their pharmacokinetic and physicochemical characteristics.
Zn‐Phenanthroline‐Dicarboxylate Complex: A Dual Inhibitor of COX‐2 and 5‐LOX Enzymes
Authors: Rambabu Darsi , Sharma Shilpa , Mayank  , Singh Narinder , Shagun  , Pooja
Published: June 2024

A series of new phenanthroline‐based metal complexes, coordination polymers are synthesized using 1,10‐phenanthroline 2,9‐dicarboxylate (PDA) and different metal salts including tin (R‐1 to R‐3), manganese (R‐4), ruthenium (R‐5), and zinc (R‐6) respectively. The inhibitory activities of synthesized coordination compounds are evaluated towards COX‐2 (cyclooxygenase‐2) and 5‐LOX (5‐lipoxygenase) enzymes. Among all the metal‐organic coordination complexes, Zn‐PDA (R‐6) shows most prominent inhibitory activity than other systems with the IC50 value of 0.0524 μg/mL and 0.834 μg/mL for both COX‐2 and 5‐LOX enzymes, respectively. The synthesized systems were also evaluated for their activity against COX‐1 and standard COX‐2 inhibitors viz. Rofecoxib and Aspirin. The rationale for R‐6 being the most potent metal complex for dual COX‐2 and 5‐LOX inhibition is demonstrated using docking studies.
The Development and Performance of a Gemini Viscoelastic Surfactant with Tricationic Groups Applied in Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoir Stimulation
Authors: Zhang Wenlong , Mao Jincheng , Yang Yun , Chai Huiqiang , Shuang Zhiqiang , Wang Lan , Yang Xiaojiang , Wang Longyao
Published: June 2024

To improve water solubility and salt tolerance of viscoelstic surfactants (VESs), modifying the spacer of Gemini VES was adopted and a novel Gemini VES nominated TC‐2OH, with tri‐cationic groups and double hydroxyls on the spacer, was developed. The basic surface activity properties of TC‐2OH and the molecular aggregate behavior stimulated by NaCl or NaSal were measured and analyzed to investigate the mechanism of viscoelastic fluid forming by TC‐2OH solution, and it proved that TC‐2OH is more sensitive to NaSal, compared with NaCl, due to the embedded structure of salicylate. The molecular structure of TC‐2OH imparts excellent solubility to itself, and with the assistance of ethanol, the dissolution time in water can be shortened to within 45 seconds. In addition, oscillation experiments, heat and shear resistant experiments, and drag reduction tests were conducted to study the advantage of NaSal for stimulating the formation of the slickwater compared with NaCl. The slickwater stimulated by NaSal indeed exhibit superior drag reduction and proppant carrying capacity. To effectively disassemble the wormlike micelles for gel breaking, ethylene glycol butyl ether performs better than the hydrocarbons because of its high polarity and water solubility. The gel breaking fluids of slickwater caused extremely low damage to the tight sandstone cores. The successful development of TC‐2OH enables instant preparation of slickwater and variable‐viscosity for fracturing in unconventional reservoirs, which also realizes convenient switching between the slickwater with different viscosity.
Investigating the Removal Efficiency of Fenton Reaction for Drugs in Municipal Wastewater
Authors: Bai Song , Wang Fang , Liu Shan , Chen Yuemeng , Li Miao , Liu Lin , Xu Shunyi , Xu Jing
Published: June 2024

Drugs and their metabolites have become new types of pollutants, the presence of which constitutes a serious environmental problem. This article applies the established LC–MS/MS method to investigate the removal efficiency of different ratios of Fenton reagents for common drugs in wastewater. The results showed that the linearity of the 10 common drugs was good in the dynamic range of 1–100 ng/L, and the R2>0.99. The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.01–0.443 ng/L and 0.04–1.44 ng/L, respectively. The average relative recoveries ranged from 72.99–117 %. In addition, considering the economic and application effects of chemical reagents, the optimal test dose of H2O2 in Fenton reagent was determined to be 12.5 mL. This experiment provides a simple, rapid and low‐cost LC–MS/MS method for the detection of drugs in wastewater. It also provides data reference for effective management of drug production sites and domestic wastewater pollution.
Electrochemiluminescence Sensor Based on TPEA‐RuMOF: For Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Copper Ions
Authors: Shuai Hai , Cui Hanfeng , Zhang Jie , Hu Huiting , Long Qian , Yin Xiaocui , Liao Fusheng , Fan Hao , Liu Zhiqiang , Wu Bo
Published: June 2024

In this study, we present the novel combination of AE‐TPEA with RuMOF to construct an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor using a TPEA‐RuMOF composite material specifically for copper ions (Cu2+) detection. Using K2S2O8 as a co‐reactant, we explored the ECL behavior of the TPEA‐RuMOF modified electrode, enabling the quantitative detection of Cu2+. Remarkably, this sensor exhibited a wide linear range from 1×10−5 to 1×10−9 M (R2=0.998) and boasted a detection limit as low as 0.41 nM, which is considerably below the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) permissible copper ion concentration in drinking water of <1.3 mg/L. our synthesized probe offers enhanced stability and selectivity in copper ion detection. This indicates its considerable potential for high‐performance copper ion detectors. We further validated the analytical applicability of this sensor using river water samples.
Farnesol‐Imprinted Nanospheres (FINs) as Quorum Sensing Modulators of Candida albicans Hyphae Formation
Authors: Kachenton Supicha , Nantasenamat Chanin , Piacham Theeraphon
Published: June 2024

Candida albicans (C. albicans) produces farnesol as a quorum sensing molecule that suppresses its filamentation. In this study, we synthesized farnesol‐imprinted nanospheres (FINs) to investigate their impact on the morphogenic transition of C. albicans, a fungus known for its pathogenicity in superficial and systemic candidiasis. FINs, synthesized for this purpose, exhibited a significantly higher binding capacity for farnesol compared to control polymers, with a 6.5‐fold increase observed. These polymers displayed a spherical morphology with diameters ranging from 500–700 nm. Treatment with FINs resulting in an increase in hyphae formation in C. albicans, indicating effective capture farnesol by the FINs. This increase in hyphae formation corresponded to a suppressed yeast form of the fungus. Consequently, FINs hold promise as a potential compound to mitigate the severity of disseminated candidiasis by depleting yeast forms. Interestingly, pre‐incubated of FINs with 0.1 mM of farnesol led to a reduction in C. albicans filamentation. This finding suggests that FINs have the capability to adsorb and release farnesol. Therefore, FINs could serve as a delivery agent for farnesol, offering protection against C. albicans filamentation. Overall, the synthesis of FINs presents a promising approach to combating C. albicans infection, whether by reducing disseminated candidiasis or preventing fungal superficial localization.
Linear Free Energy Analysis on the Ring‐Expansion of Arylthiiranes with Ketenes
Authors: Wang Yinqiao , Xu Jiaxi
Published: June 2024

The ring‐expansion of arylthiiranes and phenoxyacetyl chloride was performed in the presence of triethylamine and provided a novel strategy for the synthesis of 4,5‐dihydrobenzo[d]thiepin‐2(1H)‐ones, benzo[d]‐ϵ‐thiolactones, directly without catalysts or additives. Its linear free energy analysis was conducted on the basis of competitive experiments. The results indicate that both reaction constants are close to zero (0.14 for σm and 0.20 for σp), supporting the proposed sulfur‐shifted ene mechanism. The current reaction features atom and step‐economic one‐pot characteristic via a tandem sequence of in situ ketene generation, sulfur‐shifted ene reaction, and aromatization.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Tetrazole Derivatives with Pyrrole‐2,5‐Dione Moieties as Urease Inhibitors: Exploring Structure‐Activity Relationships and Computational Insights
Authors: Muhammed Aziz Dara , Ali Hassan Sangar
Published: June 2024

A series of Tetrazole derivatives containing pyrrole‐2,5‐dione groups (5 a–e) were synthesized and comprehensively characterized using HRMS, FT‐IR, and 1H−, 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit urease activity in vitro, demonstrating remarkable inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging from 4.325±1 to 18.28±1 μM, surpassing the standard thiourea (IC50=17.386±1 μM). Notably, compounds 5 b (IC50=4.325±1 μM), 5 e (IC50=7.411±1 μM), 5 c (IC50=9.313±1 μM), and 5 a (IC50=10.46±1 μM) exhibited notably higher activity compared to the standard thiourea. In our exploration of the structure‐activity relationship (SAR), we investigated the impact of differently substituted aryl rings on inhibitory potential. Our results highlight the crucial role of substituent positioning on the aryl ring, independent of the nature of the substituents. Additionally, computational studies were conducted on all compounds, supporting our experimental findings. Molecular docking simulations revealed a strong correlation between biological evaluation results and computational predictions, affirming the promising inhibitory activity of the compounds.
A Facile Synthesis of Photocatalytic Fe(OH)3 Nanoparticles for Degradation of Phenol
Authors: Kayhan Mehmet , Aksoy Mehmet , Kayhan Emine
Published: June 2024

Iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) nanoparticles have garnered considerable attention for their effectiveness in water treatment. This paper reviews recent studies on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol using Fe(OH)3, detailing the synthesis procedure, photocatalytic reaction conditions under UV‐C and catalyst amount optimization. Iron hydroxide was synthesized using a facile precipitation method, and the produced catalyst was thoroughly characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV‐DRS, DTA/TGA and SEM. Characterization results indicated that the catalyst exhibited very low crystallinity, a 1.84 eV band gap, and very small particle sizes. The study investigated the degradation performance of phenol for different amounts of iron hydroxide, ranging from 0.1 g to 1 g, and determined the optimum catalyst amount to be 0.7 g. The catalyst demonstrated a degradation efficiency for phenol exceeding 90 % at the end of a 180 minute photocatalytic reaction. The paper offers a comprehensive analysis of Fe(OH)3 as a photocatalyst for phenol degradation, highlighting its potential for future applications in water treatment.
Imidazolidinones Derivatives As Pioneering Anticancer Agents: Unraveling Insights Through synthesis And Structure‐Activity Exploration
Authors: Dewangan Smriti , Rawat Varsha , Singh Thakur Alok
Published: June 2024

Imidazolidinone derivatives have emerged as promising anticancer agents, captivating the attention of researchers in medicinal chemistry. Imidazolidinones, characterized by their unique chemical structure, have demonstrated versatility in synthetic methodologies. Researchers have developed a variety of derivatives, each with distinct modifications, allowing for fine‐tuning of pharmacological properties. This review explores the journey of imidazolidinone compounds, from synthesis to structure‐activity exploration, and investigates their anticancer mechanistic pathways. The synthesis methodologies, including diverse approaches and reaction conditions, were examined. Structural modifications are discussed, showing the versatility sof imidazolidinone scaffolds. Mechanistic insights into their anticancer mechanisms, in vitro, ex‐vivo and in vivo activities, with their challenges in development are critically analyzed. This paper concludes by emphasizing the potential of imidazolidinone derivatives and suggesting future research directions in the pursuit of novel and effective anticancer therapeutics.
Quercetin Nanoparticles as a Promising Intervention against Ethion‐Induced Hepatic Damage in Wistar Albino Rats.
Authors: D Ranjith , AG Telang , S Sandhya , M Karikalan , Kumar Sharma Gaurav , CL Madhu , Kumar Dinesh
Published: June 2024

The current study investigated the therapeutic potential of quercetin and quercetin nanoparticles in alleviating liver toxicity induced by ethion in Wistar albino rats. Quercetin nanoparticles were synthesized using the ionic‐gelation method. Rats were exposed to ethion alone (at high and low doses) or in combination with quercetin or quercetin nanoparticles. Ethion exposure led to significant decreases in organ weight, along with elevated levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, and acid phosphatase, and reduced high‐density lipoprotein in serum. Hepatocellular biomarker enzymes were increased in the ethion‐exposed group, while antioxidant enzyme levels were decreased. Histopathological analysis revealed fatty changes, degeneration, and hemorrhages in the liver. Co‐administration of quercetin nanoparticles mitigated these effects, potentially by neutralizing reactive oxygen species generated by ethion. Molecular docking studies suggested a strong interaction between quercetin and Cyp2E1, implicating a role in detoxification. This study highlights the potential of nanoquercetin as a therapeutic supplement for pesticide intoxication management.
Electrochemical Determination of Anti‐Cancer Drug Dabrafenib with High Sensitivity Using Multi‐Walled Carbon Nano Tubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Mete Cihat , Talay Pınar Pınar
Published: June 2024

Dabrafenib (DAB) is an organofluor compound and a protein kinase inhibitor used as the mesylate salt in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. For the first time, the electrochemical investigation of the anticancer drug DAB in human serum was conducted using a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), employing cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were utilized to analyze the surface morphology and structure of the MWCNT/GC electrode. In the proposed method using optimized experimental conditions, two different linearities were obtained for DAB in the concentration range of 0.04–0.8 μM and 1.0–10.0 μM. The LOD value obtained is 0.014 μM. In this study, the resulting electrochemical sensor was applied for the first time to investigate the electrochemical behavior of DAB with high sensitivity and reproducibility, as well as the possible electrochemical oxidation mechanism.
An Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Authors: Saleh Asala M. , Albiss Borhan A. , Al‐Rawashdeh Nathir A. F. , Alsharaeh Edreese H.
Published: June 2024

A flexible gas sensor based on nanocomposite has been developed and characterized for detecting ammonia gas (NH3) in the atmosphere. This sensor utilizes nanocomposite hydrogels composed of Arabic gum (AG), acrylic acid (AAc), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Various techniques, including FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), XRD (X‐ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), XRF (X‐ray Fluorescence), TGA (Thermo‐gravimetric Analysis), DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), were used to evaluate the sensor‘s properties. The nanocomposite hydrogels showed exceptional swelling ability (597 %), advantageous for accommodating gas molecules like NH3. The Polymerization and network formation percentages of 31 % and 56 %, respectively, suggest a robust hydrogel matrix structure. When tested for NH3 gas sensing at room temperature, the RGO/AgNPs/AGPAAc‐hydrogel exhibited high sensitivity and stability compared to other variants across gas concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm. The improved performance of the physiochemical properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels might be attributed to the combined effect of AgNPs and RGO, which likely enhance sensitivity and stability. Selectivity tests conducted for three gases at room temperature revealed that the sensor response was highly selective to NH3 at a concentration of 50 ppm. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated consistent performance over time. These findings suggest potential applications in environmental monitoring and industrial safety, with the possibility of contributing to advancements in gas sensing technology and addressing environmental and safety concerns.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Copper Oleate Nanoparticles Against Citrus Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: In Situ Experiments, In Vitro Bioassays, and Field Trials
Authors: Le The Tam , Nguyen Hoa Du , Ho Dinh Quang , Phan Thi Hong Tuyet , Tran Phuong Chi , Dinh Thi Truong Giang , Le Thi Thu Hiep , Ho Thi Nhung , Nguyen Thi Tam , Tran Lam Dai , Le Dang Quang
Published: June 2024

Anthracnose in citrus is a severe disease caused by Colletotrichum species. Synthetic fungicides have been used to combat this citrus disease; however, they may have adverse health effects on humans and cause harmful environmental impacts. During a search for environmentally friendly fungicides, we successfully prepared organic copper (copper (II) oleate) nanoparticles by using natural chitosan polymer as a coating agent and stabilizer and by combining an exchange reaction and in situ coating method. Organic copper nanoparticles coated with chitosan polymer (Cu‐oleate@CS NPs) with Cu contents ranged from 5.0 to 6.0 % by weight. The nanoparticles have an average particle size ranging from 50 nm to 60 nm (TEM), covered by a layer of polymer with a thickness of about 10 to 12 nm. The analytical results of zeta potential and dynamic solution size showed that the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed (90–120 nm by DLS), with high stability (zeta potential=−61.7 mV) and low cytoxicity to Vero healthy cell line. Cu‐oleate@CS NPs significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides in vitro at 500 and 1000 μg/mL. In field trials, the best antifungal efficacy of Cu‐oleate@CS NPs against citrus anthracnose on orange plants was found at a spray concentration of 0.33 % with a disease control efficacy of 54.18 % at 14 days after the second spraying. Our study results demonstrated a novel preparation of Cu‐oleate@CS NPs and suggested that it could be used as a promising nanoformulation to control citrus anthracnose in vitro and in vivo.
Copper Catalyzed Heteroannelation Reaction between 4‐Thiazolidinones and O‐Acetyl Oximes to Synthesize 2,5‐Diphenyl‐3‐(Pyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐Pyrrolo‐[2,3‐d]‐Thiazole
Authors: Patel Parth P. , Chikhalia Kishor H.
Published: June 2024

An intermolecular copper catalyzed heteroannelation reaction using Csp3‐Csp3 radical coupling approach has been accomplished to synthesize 2,5‐diphenyl‐3‐(pyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]thiazole. C−C coupling between 4‐thiazolidinones and O‐acetyl oximes under Cu catalyst further cyclizes to get the target molecule thiazolidine‐fused nucleus. This unified method offers access to novel fused heterocycles with pyrimidines bearing 4‐thiazolidinone in moderate to higher yields. The optimization study includes various copper catalysts, oxidants, bases and solvents at different temperatures.
Microstructure‐Assisted Wafer‐Scale Fabrication of Perovskite Microlaser Arrays
Authors: Tan Yike , Yang Liuli , Song Hao , Huang Ming , Huang Jianhua , Ali Wajid , Li Fubin , Li Ziwei
Published: June 2024

All inorganic lead halide perovskites exhibit fascinating optical and optoelectronic characteristics for on‐chip lasing, but the lack of precise control of wafer‐scale fabrication for perovskite microstructure arrays restricts their potential applications in on‐chip‐integrated devices. In this work, a microstructure‐template assisted crystallization method is demonstrated via a designed chemical vapor deposition process, achieving the controllable fabrication of homogeneous perovskite micro‐hemispheroid (PeMH) arrays spanning the entire surface area of a 4‐inch wafer. Benefiting from the low‐loss whispering gallery resonance and plasmon‐enhanced light‐matter interactions in well‐confined hybrid cavities, this CsPbX3/Ag (X = Cl, Br) plasmonic microlasers exhibit quite low thresholds below 10 µJ cm−2. Interestingly, these thresholds can be efficiently modulated through the manipulation of plasmonic resonance and electromagnetic field mode in PeMHs owning various diameters. This strategy not only provides a valuable methodology for the large‐scale fabrication of perovskite microstructures but also endorses the potential of all‐inorganic perovskite nanostructures as promising candidates for on‐chip‐integrated light sources.
SISS‐CSA: Secret image sharing scheme with ciphertext‐based share authentication for malicious model
Authors: Bhat Krishnaraj , Jinwala Devesh C. , Prasad Yamuna , Zaveri Mukesh A.
Published: June 2024

We propose a novel secret image sharing scheme with ciphertext‐based share authentication (SISS‐CSA) for sharing grayscale and color secret images in the malicious model. In SISS‐CSA, the dealer and each participant, individually acting as a combiner, can identify each invalid share received from the malicious participant(s) before using it to reconstruct the secret image. This capability, which most comparable schemes lack, prevents reconstructing an incorrect secret image. In SISS‐CSA, the asymptotic time complexities of operations executed by the dealer in the shares generation phase and executed by each combiner in the secret image reconstruction phase are and , respectively. Here, is the number of grayscale values in the secret image, is the number of generated shares, and is the threshold number of shares required for reconstructing the secret image. These asymptotic time complexities and the size of additional information each combiner stores for identifying invalid share(s) are comparatively lesser than those in the state‐of‐the‐art schemes. Furthermore, we obtain a maximum of reduction in the size of additional information each combiner stores for share authentication using the ciphertext‐based share authentication compared to using the standard SHA‐256. To the best of our knowledge, none of the related share authentication approaches achieves this much reduction. We prove the properties of SISS‐CSA using theoretical analysis. We also provide experimental results validating the implications of theoretical analysis corresponding to asymptotic time complexities and the random nature of shares.
Habitat associations of the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow, an endangered desert river fish, from a retrospective analysis based on a period of high abundance
Authors: Dudley Robert K. , Platania Steven P. , Mortensen Jacob G.
Published: June 2024

Objective

Characterizing habitat associations is useful to aid in understanding the habitat requirements of native fishes, particularly those of conservation concern. Our study objective was to characterize mesoscale habitat associations of the only remaining wild population of the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Hybognathus amarus (a federally endangered desert river fish), and provide comparisons with mesohabitat availability in the middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, from 1994 to 1996.

Methods

We collected fish monthly at two sites (separated by 160 km) near the northern and southern limits of the species' current range, and we recorded depth, velocity, substrate, and mesohabitat type for each habitat surveyed. Mesohabitat availability was recorded across 10 equally spaced and fixed transect lines at both study sites.

Result

Rio Grande Silvery Minnow most frequently occupied mesohabitats characterized by relatively shallow depths (≤25 cm) and low to near-zero water velocities (≤15 cm/s). Statistical analyses indicated that mesohabitats occupied by the species were not the most frequently available at the study sites, suggesting a preference for shallow, low-velocity habitats. Relatively high abundance of Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (n = 10,971), especially compared with post-2009 abundance, facilitated robust characterization of species-specific habitat associations.

Conclusion

Comparison of our results with other studies of pelagic broadcast-spawning leuciscids (pelagophils) endemic to the Great Plains and desert rivers of North America suggested broad overlap in mesohabitat associations among members of this reproductive guild. Our work contributes to a growing body of research aimed at conserving this declining reproductive ecotype of freshwater fishes and suggests that increasing hydraulic diversity through innovative management approaches (e.g., habitat creation, restoration of fluvial processes, and preservation of natural streamflow characteristics) will be crucial for their long-term recovery and conservation.
Elecsys® AMH assay: Determination of Anti‐Müllerian hormone levels and evaluation of the relationship between superovulation response in Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Koca Davut , Aktar Ahmet , Turgut Ali Osman , Sagirkaya Hakan , Alcay Selim
Published: June 2024

Background

Anti‐Müllerian Hormone (AMH) serves as a crucial parameter in assessing the reproductive herd life and ovarian reserve in cattle. Consequently, extensive research is conducted on AMH levels. Various measurement methods can be employed to determine AMH levels. However, to our knowledge, no study has been conducted on Holstein donors using the Elecsys® AMH kit.

Objective

This study was designed to determine AMH levels in donors utilising the Elecsys® AMH kit and to evaluate the relationship between superovulation response parameters and AMH levels.

Methods

In this study, we measured the serum AMH levels of 36 cows using the Elecsys® AMH automated assay before the superovulation protocol (1st sample) and FSH injections (2nd sample). The cows were categorised into three groups based on their AMH levels: low, medium, and high AMH.

Results

Positive correlations were identified between AMH and parameters associated with superovulation response. The high AMH level group exhibited significantly greater numbers of corpus luteum, total embryos, transferable embryos, and grade 1 embryos compared to the medium and low AMH groups (p < 0.05) There was no significant difference between AMH levels before the superovulation protocol and FSH injections(p > 0.05). Body condition score and parity did not significantly affect AMH levels in cows (p > 0.05). Also, AMH cut‐off values for the number of corpus luteum, total embryo, and transferable embryos were detected as 234, 227, and 210 pg/mL, respectively.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that a high serum AMH level has a positive influence on the superovulation response. AMH can be used as a reliable marker for the selection of donors in Holstein cows.
The rise of radical Islamic fundamentalism and violence against women in Nigeria
Authors: Oranye Nelson O. , Nnonyelu Nkemdili A. U. , Ughenu Anthony
Published: June 2024

Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented rise in attacks on women's rights and freedom in sub‐Saharan Africa. No historical quantitative research exists that analyzes how sexual, physical, and emotional violence against women is influenced by the rise of radical Islam in Nigeria. Consecutive survey data for the years 2008, 2013, and 2018 were analyzed to determine associations between religion and other risk factors for violence against women. Multiple logistic regression was used to control for covariates. Sexual violence against Muslim women increased by 216.7% compared to a 25.4% increase among Catholics. Muslim women with no education had a lower estimate of the sexual violence they experienced (β = −0.15, CI: −0.137 to −0.016) than Christian women with no education (β = −0.05, CI: −0.138 to −0.004). The risk of violence against women has increased in recent years due to the activities of Boko Haram in the Muslim‐dominant north. We show that the effects of religion and education on violence against women are interconnected.
Understanding early deaths after major emergency abdominal surgery: An observational study of 754 patients
Authors: Rehné Jensen Lasse , Snitkjær Christian , Kokotovic Dunja , Korgaard Jensen Thomas , Burcharth Jakob
Published: June 2024

Background

Major emergency abdominal surgery is associated with severe postoperative complications and high short‐ and long‐term mortality. Despite recent advancements in standardizing multidisciplinary care bundles, a subgroup of patients continues to face a heightened risk of short‐term mortality. This study aimed to identify and describe the high‐risk surgical patients and risk factors for short‐term postoperative mortality.

Methods

In this study, we included all patients undergoing major emergency abdominal surgery over 2 years and collected data on demographics, intraoperative variables, and short‐term outcomes. The primary outcome measure was short‐term mortality and secondary outcome measures were pre, intra, and postoperative risk factors for premature death. Multivariable binary regression analysis was performed to determine possible risk factors for short‐term mortality.

Results

Short‐term mortality within 14 days of surgery in this cohort of 754 consecutive patients was 8%. Multivariable analysis identified various independent risk factors for short‐term mortality throughout different phases of patient care. These factors included advanced age, preoperative history of myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, and vascular bowel ischemia or perforation of the stomach or duodenum during the primary surgery.

Conclusion

Patients at high risk of early mortality following major emergency abdominal surgery exhibited distinct perioperative risk factors. This study underscores the importance of clinicians identifying and managing these factors in high‐risk patients to ensure optimal care.
Synthesis of Highly Crystalline Flakes of 3R‐MoS2 and 3R‐WS2 and Their Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reactivity
Authors: Chithaiah Pallellappa , Chandra Binwal Devesh , Mallick Sakil , Rao C. N. R.
Published: June 2024

In the present study, we are able to synthesize flakes of the 3R‐polytypes of MoS2 and WS2 from sodium molybdate and sodium tungstate in the presence of H2S gas by solid‐state reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X‐ray diffraction are utilized to characterize the morphology, structure, and chemical composition of the 3R‐MoS2 and 3R‐WS2 flakes. The electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activities of 3R‐MoS2 and 3R‐WS2 flakes have been measured in hydrogen evolution reactions.
The Ether‐Adduct of a Lewis Superacidic, Dicoordinate Aluminum Hydride Cation and the Ion Affinities of Solvent‐Adducts
Authors: Dabringhaus Philipp , Krossing Ingo
Published: June 2024

Aluminum reagents are widely used as strong Lewis acids for organic transformations and catalysis. In recent years, a variety of Al‐Lewis superacids could be accessed by preparation of aluminum cations paired with weakly‐coordinating anions or by use of perfluorinated substituents at the metal. While the majority of these Al‐Lewis superacids is composed of a tricoordinate Al‐metal atom, examples for dicoordinate Al species are very scarce. In this study, we report the preparation of [(Mes*)Al(H)(OEt2)]+[Al(ORF)4]− (Mes*=2,4,6‐tBu3‐C6H2, RF=C(CF3)3) by reaction of protonated ether [H(OEt2)2]+[Al(ORF)4]− with [Mes*AlH2]2. Structural analysis supported by computed frontier orbitals and atomic charges reveals that the cation is best described as diethylether adduct of dicoordinate [(Mes*)Al(H)]+ and acts as synthon to this low‐coordinate cation. To incorporate the masking of the coordination site by the ether, the enthalpy of dissociation is included in the computed fluoride‐ and hydride ion affinities (XIA) and entropic effects are treated by defining a “free ion affinity” (fXIA), basing on the Gibbs energy change. Hereby, the Lewis acidity of free Lewis acids as well as their solvent adducts can be estimated.
Care in a Changing Context
Authors: Werner Gijsbert D. A. , van Riel Arthur , Gijsberts Mérove I. L. , de Visser Marianne
Published: June 2024

The scientific literature highlights a number of driving forces that influence the use of health and social care. Underlying many of these is the interplay of supply and demand: some of the forces in question mainly affect the demand for care, others its supply. Others still influence its cost. These forces interact to such an extent that they are often difficult to unravel or to quantify individually.
Staffing Sustainability
Authors: Werner Gijsbert D. A. , van Riel Arthur , Gijsberts Mérove I. L. , de Visser Marianne
Published: June 2024

Given the expected demand for labour, the stagnating size of the workforce and the limited elasticity of labour-force participation, it is quite plausible that staffing sustainability will be a more pressing issue for the Dutch health and social care sector in the short and medium term than the financial dimension. In Chap. 3 we discussed staffing shortages in care and related problems such as workloads and retention, and looked ahead to the expected shortfalls in the long term. If nothing changes and yet the demand for care still has to be met in full, from 2040 onwards a quarter of our entire national workforce would have to be working in this sector. And a third of it between 2050 and 2060. Not only is this unrealistic, it would also have major repercussions for other sectors—public and private alike—that are already experiencing staff shortages or face them imminently due to the same scarcity of human resources. Such shortages are now becoming apparent within care, too, in some areas more than others (see Chap. 3). In this final chapter of the second part of our report, we look at ways to improve staffing sustainability. As in the rest of the report, we take a broad view and do not discuss potentially different approaches in specific subsectors.
Targeting ubiquitination machinery in cystic fibrosis: Where do we stand?
Authors: Okiyoneda Tsukasa , Borgo Christian , Bosello Travain Valentina , Pedemonte Nicoletta , Salvi Mauro
Published: June 2024

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in CFTR gene expressing the anion selective channel CFTR located at the plasma membrane of different epithelial cells. The most commonly investigated variant causing CF is F508del. This mutation leads to structural defects in the CFTR protein, which are recognized by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control system. As a result, the protein is retained in the ER and degraded via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Although blocking ubiquitination to stabilize the CFTR protein has long been considered a potential pharmacological approach in CF, progress in this area has been relatively slow. Currently, no compounds targeting this pathway have entered clinical trials for CF. On the other hand, the emergence of Orkambi initially, and notably the subsequent introduction of Trikafta/Kaftrio, have demonstrated the effectiveness of molecular chaperone-based therapies for patients carrying the F508del variant and even showed efficacy against other variants. These treatments directly target the CFTR variant protein without interfering with cell signaling pathways. This review discusses the limits and potential future of targeting protein ubiquitination in CF.
Time to traumatic intracranial hematoma evacuation: contemporary standard and room for improvement
Authors: Merakis Michael P. , Weaver Natasha , Fischer Angela , Balogh Zsolt J.
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Traumatic intracranial hematoma (TICH) is a neurosurgical emergency with high mortality and morbidity. The time to operative decompression is a modifiable but inconsistently reported risk factor for TICH patients? outcomes. We aimed to provide contemporary time to evacuation data and long-term trends in timing of TICH evacuation in a trauma system.

Methods

A 13-year retrospective cohort study ending in 2021 at a trauma system with one level-1 trauma center included all patients undergoing urgent craniotomy or craniectomy for evacuation of TICH. Demographics, injury severity and key timeframes of care were collected. Subgroups analyzed were polytrauma versus isolated head injury, direct admissions versus transfers and those who survived versus those who died. Linear regression of times from injury to operating room was performed.

Results

Seventy-eight TICH patients (Age: 35 (22-56); 58 (74%) males; ISS: 25(25-41); AIS head: 5 (4-5); mortality: 21 (27%) patients) were identified. Initial GCS was 8 (3.25-14) which decreased to 3 (3-7) by arrival in the trauma center. There were 46 (59%) patients intubated prior to arrival. Median time from injury to operation was 4.88 (3.63-6.80) hours. Linear regression of injury to OR showed increasing times to operative intervention for direct admissions to the trauma center over the study period (p=0.04). There was no associated change in mortality or Glasgow outcome score over the same time.

Conclusion

This contemporary data shows timing from injury to evacuation is approaching 5 hours. Over the 13-year study period the time to operative intervention significantly increased for direct admissions. This study will guide our institutions response to TICH presentations in the future. Other trauma systems should critically appraise their results with the same reporting standard.
Assessing associated factors for failure of nonoperative management in pediatric blunt liver and spleen injuries: a secondary analysis of the SHIPPs study
Authors: Nakao Shunichiro , Katsura Morihiro , Yagi Masayuki , Ogura Hiroshi , Oda Jun
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of pediatric patients who underwent nonoperative management (NOM) for blunt splenic and hepatic injuries and to explore factors associated with NOM failure.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter cohort study of pediatric patients with blunt liver and spleen injuries in Japan. Participants included pediatric trauma patients aged 16 years or younger between 2008 and 2019 with NOM, which was defined as no surgery provided within 6 h of hospital arrival. NOM failure, defined as abdominal surgery performed after 6 h of hospital arrival, was the primary outcome. Descriptive statistics were provided and exploratory analysis to assess the associations with outcome using logistic regression.

Results

During the study period, 1339 met our eligibility criteria. The median age was 9 years, with a majority being male. The median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 10. About 14.0% required transfusion within 24 h, and 22.3% underwent interventional radiology procedures. NOM failure occurred in 1.0% of patients and the in-hospital mortality was 0.7%. Factors associated with NOM failure included age, positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST), contrast extravasation on computed tomography (CT), severe liver injury, concomitant pancreas injury, concomitant gastrointestinal injury, concomitant mesenteric injury, and ISS.

Conclusions

In our study, NOM failure were rare. Older age, positive FAST, contrast extravasation on CT, severe liver injury, concomitant pancreas injury, concomitant gastrointestinal injury, concomitant mesenteric injury, and higher ISS were suggested as possible risk factors for NOM failure.
Competitive fitness and stability of ammonium-excreting Azotobacter vinelandii strains in the soil
Authors: Ambrosio Rafael , Burgos Herrera Gonzalo , Do Nascimento Mauro , Pagnussat Luciana Anabella , Curatti Leonardo
Published: June 2024

Non-symbiotic N2-fixation would greatly increase the versatility of N-biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Genetic modification of diazotrophic bacteria has successfully enhanced NH4+ release. In this study, we compared the competitive fitness of A. vinelandii mutant strains, which allowed us to analyze the burden of NH4+ release under a broad dynamic range. Long-term competition assays under regular culture conditions confirmed a large burden for NH4+ release, exclusion by the wt strain, phenotypic instability, and loss of the ability to release NH4+. In contrast, co-inoculation in mild autoclaved soil showed a much longer co-existence with the wt strain and a stable NH4+ release phenotype. All genetically modified strains increased the N content and changed its chemical speciation in the soil. This study contributes one step forward towards bridging a knowledge gap between molecular biology laboratory research and the incorporation of N from the air into the soil in a molecular species suitable for plant nutrition, a crucial requirement for developing improved bacterial inoculants for economic and environmentally sustainable agriculture.

Key points

• Genetic engineering for NH4+ excretion imposes a fitness burden on the culture medium

• Large phenotypic instability for NH4+-excreting bacteria in culture medium

• Lower fitness burden and phenotypic instability for NH4+-excreting bacteria in soil
Risk factors for acute compartment syndrome in one thousand one hundred and forty seven diaphyseal tibia fractures
Authors: Strain Ritchie , Giannoudis Peter
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) remains a devastating complication of orthopaedic trauma. The tibial diaphysis is especially implicated in the development of ACS, both at the time of injury and after operative management. Identification of risk factors for ACS for these distinct scenarios has been investigated in a large cohort of patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of all adults (age 18 years and older) presenting to a level 1 trauma centre with a diaphyseal tibia fracture. ACS was determined by a combination of clinical signs and symptoms and compartmental pressure monitoring. Potential risk factors were subject to univariate analysis with significant variables undergoing binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

1147 tibial diaphyseal fractures over a twelve year period were studied. Age, multifragmented fracture pattern, male gender, high energy mechanism and intra- articular extension all showed a statistically significant association for ACS. Increasing body mass index (BMI) and treatment with an intramedullary nail favoured development of ACS post-operatively.

Conclusion

Risk factors for the development of ACS specifically in tibial diaphyseal fractures have been highlighted. Patients managed with IMN or high BMI may warrant particular observation following operative intervention.