bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Barriers and Facilitators of Patient Education from the Viewpoint of Nursing Students at Jahrom College of Nursing
Authors: Jahromi Zohreh Badiyepeymaie
Published: November 2016

Objective: Patient education is the process of enhancing patients knowledge and skills in order to encourage the required attitude and behaviors for maintaining or improving their health. This study aims to explore the barriers and facilitators of patient education in clinical environments from the viewpoint of nursing students.Materials and Method: 78 senior and junior nursing students at Jahrom University of Medical Sciences formed the participants of this descriptive-cross-sectional study. The participants were selected based on the census method. The questionnaire used to collect data included questions about students demography, barriers (10 questions), and facilitators (10 questions) in patient education.Results: The most important barriers to patient education were lack of appropriate educational facilities (4.34±0.99), time limitation (4.31±1.10), and nurses inadequate knowledge and skills (4.29±0.59). The most important facilitators were enhancing the knowledge and skills of educator (4.49±0.50), raising the interest of the educator (4.44±0.74), and implementing of the education step-by-step (4.40±0.49).Conclusion: Patient education is an important part of patient care thus nursing teachers should be encouraged to incorporate patient education in the curriculum as part of the introduction of diseases, and stress such issues as evaluation of patients health literacy, familiarity with educational tools, and methods of enabling patients.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(3) 2016 p.471-476
Shape Memory Polymer Composites of Poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) Copolymer/Liner Low Density Polyethylene/Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Remote Activation
Authors: Wang Yongkun , Ye Junjie , Tian Wenchao
Published: November 2016

Magnetically sensitive shape memory poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) copolymer (SBS)/liner low density polyethylene (LLDPE) composites filled with various contents of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared. The influence of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles content on the thermal properties, mechanical properties, fracture morphology, magnetic behavior, and shape memory effect of SBS/LLDPE/Fe3O4 composites was systematically studied in this paper. The results indicated that homogeneously dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles ensured the uniform heat generation and transfer in the alternating magnetic field, and endowed the SBS/LLDPE/Fe3O4 composites with an excellent magnetically responsive shape memory effect. When the shape memory composites were in the alternating magnetic field (f = 60 kHz, H = 21.21 kA·m−1), the best shape recovery ratio reached 99%, the shape retention ratio reached 99.4%, and the shape recovery speed increased significantly with the increment of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. It is anticipated that tagging products with this novel shape memory composite is helpful for the purpose of an intravascular delivery system in Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) devices.
The Potential Impact of Reliance on Expressed Milk Feeding for Maternal and Child Health
Authors: Becker Genevieve
Published: November 2016

Human milk has nourished human babies for thousands of years and its importance is widely recognised.[...]
Environmental Factors Influencing Adoption of Canadian Guidelines on Smoking Cessation in Dental Healthcare Settings in Quebec: A Qualitative Study of Dentists’ Perspectives
Authors: Kengne Talla Pascaline , Gagnon Marie-Pierre , Dawson Aimée
Published: November 2016

Background: This study aimed to understand dentists’ perspective of the environmental determinants which positively or negatively influence the implementation of Canadian smoking cessation clinical practice guidelines (5As: Ask-Advise-Assess-Assist-Arrange) in private dental clinics in Quebec. Methods: This study used a qualitative design and an integrative conceptual framework composed of three theoretical perspectives. Data collection was conducted in individual semi-directed interviews with 20 private dentists lasting between 35 and 45 min. The audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim, followed by a directed content analysis. Results: Some of the barriers identified to counselling in smoking cessation were lack of time, patient attitude, lack of prescription of nicotine replacement therapies, lack of reimbursement, and the lack of training of the dental team. Enablers cited by participants were the style of dentist’s leadership, the availability of community, human and material resources, the perception of counselling as a professional duty, and the culture of dental medicine. In addition to these variables, dentists’ attitude and behaviour were affected by different organisations giving initial or continual training to dentists, governmental policies, and the compatibility of Canadian smoking cessation guidelines with the practice of dentistry. Conclusion: Our findings will inform the development of smoking cessation interventions in dental healthcare settings.
Promise and Challenges of High-Voltage SiC Bipolar Power Devices
Authors: Kimoto Tsunenobu , Yamada Kyosuke , Niwa Hiroki , Suda Jun
Published: November 2016

Although various silicon carbide (SiC) power devices with very high blocking voltages over 10 kV have been demonstrated, basic issues associated with the device operation are still not well understood. In this paper, the promise and limitations of high-voltage SiC bipolar devices are presented, taking account of the injection-level dependence of carrier lifetimes. It is shown that the major limitation of SiC bipolar devices originates from band-to-band recombination, which becomes significant at a high-injection level. A trial of unipolar/bipolar hybrid operation to reduce power loss is introduced, and an 11 kV SiC hybrid (merged pin-Schottky) diodes is experimentally demonstrated. The fabricated diodes with an epitaxial anode exhibit much better forward characteristics than diodes with an implanted anode. The temperature dependence of forward characteristics is discussed.
Multi-Objective Distribution Network Expansion Incorporating Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Authors: Xiang Yue , Yang Wei , Liu Junyong , Li Furong
Published: November 2016

The paper develops a multi-objective planning framework for distribution network expansion with electric vehicle charging stations. Charging loads are modeled in the first place, and then integrated into the optimal distribution network expansion planning. The formulation is extended from the single objective of the economic cost minimization into three objectives with the additional maximization of the charging station utilization, and maximization of the reliability level. Compared with the existing models, it captures the interactive impacts between charging infrastructures planning and distribution network planning from the aspects of economy, utilization, and reliability. A multi-stage search strategy is designed to solve the multi-objective problem. The models and the strategy are demonstrated by the test case. The results show that the proposed planning framework can make a trade-off among the three objectives, and offer a perspective to effectively integrate the network constraints from both the transportation network and distribution network.
Thousand Cankers Disease Complex: A Forest Health Issue that Threatens Juglans Species across the U.S.
Authors: Daniels Dixie , Nix Katheryne , Wadl Phillip , Vito Lisa , Wiggins Gregory , Windham Mark , Ownley Bonnie , Lambdin Paris , Grant Jerome , Merten Paul , Klingeman William , Hadziabdic Denita
Published: November 2016

Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) is a disease complex wherein the fungus (Geosmithia morbida) is vectored by the walnut twig beetle (WTB, Pityophthorus juglandis). The disease causes mortality primarily of eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra), although other walnut and wingnut (Pterocarya) species are also susceptible. Black walnut is native to the Eastern and Midwestern U.S. but is widely planted in western states. Total standing volume in both urban and forested settings is approximately 96 million cubic meters, and is valued at $539 billion. Although native to the Southwestern U.S., the range of WTB has expanded considerably. The spread of G. morbida coincides with that of WTB. TCD was introduced into Tennessee in 2010, and has spread to seven eastern states. Trees infected with TCD exhibit drought-like symptoms, making field detection difficult without molecular and/or morphological methods. The recently sequenced G. morbida genome will provide valuable research tools focused on understanding gene interactions between organisms involved in TCD and mechanisms of pathogenicity. With no chemical treatments available, quarantine and sanitation are preeminent options for slowing the spread of TCD, although biological control agents have been discovered. High levels of black walnut mortality due to TCD will have far-reaching implications for both eastern and western states.
Prostate Cancer: Is It a Battle Lost to Age?
Authors: Vaidyanathan Venkatesh , Karunasinghe Nishi , Jabed Anower , Pallati Radha , Kao Chi , Wang Alice , Marlow Gareth , Ferguson Lynnette
Published: November 2016

Age is often considered an important non-modifiable risk factor for a number of diseases, including prostate cancer. Some prominent risk factors of prostate cancer include familial history, ethnicity and age. In this review, various genetic and physiological characteristics affected due to advancing age will be analysed and correlated with their direct effect on prostate cancer.
Transforming Life: A Broad View of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Concept from an Ecological Justice Perspective
Authors: Prescott Susan , Logan Alan
Published: November 2016

The influential scientist Rene J. Dubos (1901–1982) conducted groundbreaking studies concerning early-life environmental exposures (e.g., diet, social interactions, commensal microbiota, housing conditions) and adult disease. However, Dubos looked beyond the scientific focus on disease, arguing that “mere survival is not enough”. He defined mental health as fulfilling human potential, and expressed concerns about urbanization occurring in tandem with disappearing access to natural environments (and elements found within them); thus modernity could interfere with health via “missing exposures”. With the advantage of emerging research involving green space, the microbiome, biodiversity and positive psychology, we discuss ecological justice in the dysbiosphere and the forces—financial inequity, voids in public policy, marketing and otherwise—that interfere with the fundamental rights of children to thrive in a healthy urban ecosystem and learn respect for the natural environment. We emphasize health within the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) rubric and suggest that greater focus on positive exposures might uncover mechanisms of resiliency that contribute to maximizing human potential. We will entrain our perspective to socioeconomic disadvantage in developed nations and what we have described as “grey space”; this is a mental as much as a physical environment, a space that serves to insidiously reinforce unhealthy behavior, compromise positive psychological outlook and, ultimately, trans-generational health. It is a dwelling place that cannot be fixed with encephalobiotics or the drug-class known as psychobiotics.
Phenanthrene and Pyrene Modify the Composition and Structure of the Cultivable Endophytic Bacterial Community in Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam)
Authors: Zhu Xuezhu , Jin Li , Sun Kai , Li Shuang , Li Xuelin , Ling Wanting
Published: November 2016

This study provides new insights into the dynamics of bacterial community structure during phytoremediation. The communities of cultivable autochthonous endophytic bacteria in ryegrass exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated with regard to their potential to biodegrade PAHs. Bacterial counts and 16S rRNA gene sequence were used in the microbiological evaluation. A total of 33 endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from ryegrass plants, which represented 15 different genera and eight different classes, respectively. Moreover, PAH contamination modified the composition and structure of the endophytic bacterial community in the plants. Bacillus sp., Pantoea sp., Pseudomonas sp., Arthrobacter sp., Pedobacter sp. and Delftia sp. were only isolated from the seedlings exposed to PAHs. Furthermore, the dominant genera in roots shifted from Enterobacter sp. to Serratia sp., Bacillus sp., Pantoea sp., and Stenotrophomonas sp., which could highly biodegrade phenanthrene (PHE). However, the diversity of endophytic bacterial community was decreased by exposure to the mixture of PAHs, and increased by respective exposure to PHE and pyrene (PYR), while the abundance was increased by PAH exposure. The results clearly indicated that the exposure of plants to PAHs would be beneficial for improving the effectiveness of phytoremediation of PAHs.
TGF-β Signaling in Bone Remodeling and Osteosarcoma Progression
Authors: Lamora Audrey , Talbot Julie , Mullard Mathilde , Brounais-Le Royer Benedicte , Redini Françoise , Verrecchia Franck
Published: November 2016

Osteosarcomas are the most prevalent malignant primary bone tumors in children. Despite intensive efforts to improve both chemotherapeutics and surgical management, 40% of all osteosarcoma patients succumb to the disease. Specifically, the clinical outcome for metastatic osteosarcoma remains poor; less than 30% of patients who present metastases will survive five years after initial diagnosis. Treating metastatic osteosarcoma thus remains a challenge. One of the main characteristics of osteosarcomas is their ability to deregulate bone remodelling. The invasion of bone tissue by tumor cells indeed affects the balance between bone resorption and bone formation. This deregulation induces the release of cytokines or growth factors initially trapped in the bone matrix, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which in turn promote tumor progression. Over the past years, there has been considerable interest in the TGF-β pathway within the cancer research community. This review discusses the involvement of the TGF-β signalling pathway in osteosarcoma development and in their metastatic progression.
The Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Diffusion-Bonded Joints of 316L Stainless Steel and the 4J29 Kovar Alloy Using Nickel as an Interlayer
Authors: Song Tingfeng , Jiang Xiaosong , Shao Zhenyi , Mo Defeng , Zhu Degui , Zhu Minhao
Published: November 2016

316L stainless steel (Fe–18Cr–11Ni) and a Kovar (Fe–29Ni–17Co or 4J29) alloy were diffusion-bonded via vacuum hot-pressing in a temperature range of 850–950 °C with an interval of 50 °C for 120 min and at 900 °C for 180 and 240 min, under a pressure of 34.66 MPa. Interfacial microstructures of diffusion-bonded joints were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The inter-diffusion of the elements across the diffusion interface was revealed via electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The mechanical properties of the joints were investigated via micro Vickers hardness and tensile strength. The results show that an Ni interlayer can serve as an effective diffusion barrier for the bonding of 316L stainless steel and the 4J29 Kovar alloy. The composition of the joints was 316L/Ni s.s (Fe–Cr–Ni)/remnant Ni/Ni s.s (Fe–Co–Ni)/4J29. The highest tensile strength of 504.91 MPa with an elongation of 38.75% was obtained at 900 °C for 240 min. After the width of nickel solid solution (Fe–Co–Ni) sufficiently increased, failure located at the 4J29 side and the fracture surface indicated a ductile nature.
Aptamer-Mediated Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics: An Update
Authors: Catuogno Silvia , Esposito Carla , De Franciscis Vittorio
Published: November 2016

The selective delivery of drugs in a cell- or tissue-specific manner represents the main challenge for medical research; in order to reduce the occurrence of unwanted off-target effects. In this regard, nucleic acid aptamers have emerged as an attractive class of carrier molecules due to their ability to bind with high affinity to specific ligands; their high chemical flexibility; as well as tissue penetration capability. To date, different aptamer-drug systems and aptamer–nanoparticles systems, in which nanoparticles function together with aptamers for the targeted delivery, have been successfully developed for a wide range of therapeutics, including toxins; peptides; chemotherapeutics and oligonucleotides. Therefore, aptamer-mediated drug delivery represents a powerful tool for the safe and effective treatment of different human pathologies, including cancer; neurological diseases; immunological diseases and so on. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in the field of aptamer-mediated drug delivery and we will discuss the advantages, the achieved objectives and the challenges to be still addressed in the near future, in order to improve the effectiveness of therapies.
Accurate Cure Modeling for Isothermal Processing of Fast Curing Epoxy Resins
Authors: Bernath Alexander , Kärger Luise , Henning Frank
Published: November 2016

In this work a holistic approach for the characterization and mathematical modeling of the reaction kinetics of a fast epoxy resin is shown. Major composite manufacturing processes like resin transfer molding involve isothermal curing at temperatures far below the ultimate glass transition temperature. Hence, premature vitrification occurs during curing and consequently has to be taken into account by the kinetic model. In order to show the benefit of using a complex kinetic model, the Kamal-Malkin kinetic model is compared to the Grindling kinetic model in terms of prediction quality for isothermal processing. From the selected models, only the Grindling kinetic is capable of taking into account vitrification. Non-isothermal, isothermal and combined differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements are conducted and processed for subsequent use for model parametrization. In order to demonstrate which DSC measurements are vital for proper cure modeling, both models are fitted to varying sets of measurements. Special attention is given to the evaluation of isothermal DSC measurements which are subject to deviations arising from unrecorded cross-linking prior to the beginning of the measurement as well as from physical aging effects. It is found that isothermal measurements are vital for accurate modeling of isothermal cure and cannot be neglected. Accurate cure predictions are achieved using the Grindling kinetic model.
Beggar-Thy-Neighbour vs. Danube Basin Strategy: Habsburg Economic Networks in Interwar Europe
Authors: Weigl Andreas
Published: November 2016

After the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire, leaders in successor states were eager to become economically independent from the former capital Vienna. They therefore quickly implemented a set of neomercantilistic measures, especially nationalization programs. Nevertheless, the 1920s saw a reestablishment of the common market in the former territories of the Habsburg Empire in terms of interregional trade and interlocking directorates, mainly because of the business strategy of international financial syndicates that were based on the traditional Viennese commercial relations with the successor states. The international credit of Jewish bankers like Louis Rothschild, Rudolf Sieghart, and Max Feilchenfeld and others mattered. After the “Big Bang” at Wall Street in 1929, the industrial holdings of the Viennese banks and the maturity problem (short-term borrowing, long-term lending) in their relations to East European debtors and Western financiers caused the Creditanstalt-crisis of 1931 and put an end to Vienna’s position as a financial hub in East Central Europe. However, even during the crisis of the 1930s, the share of the successor states in the bilateral balances of trade indicates path dependency on a smaller scale.
In Vivo Neural Recording and Electrochemical Performance of Microelectrode Arrays Modified by Rough-Surfaced AuPt Alloy Nanoparticles with Nanoporosity
Authors: Zhao Zongya , Gong Ruxue , Zheng Liang , Wang Jue
Published: November 2016

In order to reduce the impedance and improve in vivo neural recording performance of our developed Michigan type silicon electrodes, rough-surfaced AuPt alloy nanoparticles with nanoporosity were deposited on gold microelectrode sites through electro-co-deposition of Au-Pt-Cu alloy nanoparticles, followed by chemical dealloying Cu. The AuPt alloy nanoparticles modified gold microelectrode sites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in vivo neural recording experiment. The SEM images showed that the prepared AuPt alloy nanoparticles exhibited cauliflower-like shapes and possessed very rough surfaces with many different sizes of pores. Average impedance of rough-surfaced AuPt alloy nanoparticles modified sites was 0.23 MΩ at 1 kHz, which was only 4.7% of that of bare gold microelectrode sites (4.9 MΩ), and corresponding in vitro background noise in the range of 1 Hz to 7500 Hz decreased to 7.5 μ V rms from 34.1 μ V rms at bare gold microelectrode sites. Spontaneous spike signal recording was used to evaluate in vivo neural recording performance of modified microelectrode sites, and results showed that rough-surfaced AuPt alloy nanoparticles modified microelectrode sites exhibited higher average spike signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 4.8 in lateral globus pallidus (GPe) due to lower background noise compared to control microelectrodes. Electro-co-deposition of Au-Pt-Cu alloy nanoparticles combined with chemical dealloying Cu was a convenient way for increasing the effective surface area of microelectrode sites, which could reduce electrode impedance and improve the quality of in vivo spike signal recording.
Superiority of Filtered Tailings Storage Facility to Conventional Tailings Impoundment in Southern Rainy Regions of China
Authors: Li Shuai , Chen Qiusong , Wang Xinmin
Published: November 2016

In order to evaluate the superiority of a filtered tailings storage facility (FTSF) to conventional tailings impoundment in the southern rainy regions of China (SRRC), the tailings slurry leakage and pollution accident occurring at the wet tailings dam (WTD) of Yinshan were analyzed, the properties of the tailings were tested in a laboratory, and the possibility of tailings liquefaction was evaluated. Comparisons of the slope stabilities of the filtered tailings dam (FTD) and WTD in normal operation, flood, continuous rainfall, and earthquake situations were simulated using the Slide software. The results show that the FTD has less chance of seepage, lower failure probability, and limited potential destructiveness than the WTD with average slope safety factors of 2.120 for normal operation, 1.919 for flooding, 1.204 for continuous rainfall, and 1.724 for a magnitude-6.0 earthquake. The disaster chain model of the WTD of Yinshan belongs to the bursting and slippage chain. As the most safe and effective active prevention measure, the FTSF has the advantages of saving water, protecting the environment, improving its stability in flood and rainfall situations, and reducing the dam failure probability and potential losses, which is greatly applicable to the SRRC.
Development of highly transferable microsatellites forPanax ginseng(Araliaceae) using whole‐genome data
Authors: Jiang Peng , Shi Feng‐Xue , Li Ya‐Ling , Liu Bao , Li Lin‐Feng
Published: November 2016

Premise of the study:

Highly transferable expressed sequence tag (EST) microsatellites were developed forPanax ginseng(Araliaceae), one of the most celebrated traditional Chinese medicines and an endangered species in East Asia, using whole‐genome data.

Methods and Results:

Twenty‐one EST microsatellites were characterized from next‐generation sequencing and were composed of di‐ and trinucleotide repeats. Polymorphisms and genetic diversity were evaluated for 45 accessions of three ginseng landraces. The number of alleles for each locus ranged from one to five among the landraces, and the polymorphism information content varied from 0.0000 to 0.6450. These microsatellites were also tested for congeneric amplification withP. notoginseng, P. stipuleanatus, P. quinquefolius, P. bipinnatifidus, and the closely related speciesAralia elata.

Conclusions:

These novel EST‐derived microsatellite markers will facilitate further population genetic studies of the generaPanaxandAralia.
Nonlinear thermoelectric effects in high-field superconductor-ferromagnet tunnel junctions
Authors: Kolenda Stefan , Machon Peter , Beckmann Detlef , Belzig Wolfgang
Published: November 2016

Background: Thermoelectric effects result from the coupling of charge and heat transport and can be used for thermometry, cooling and harvesting of thermal energy. The microscopic origin of thermoelectric effects is a broken electron–hole symmetry, which is usually quite small in metal structures. In addition, thermoelectric effects decrease towards low temperatures, which usually makes them vanishingly small in metal nanostructures in the sub-Kelvin regime.

Results: We report on a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of thermoelectric effects in superconductor/ferromagnet hybrid structures. We investigate the dependence of thermoelectric currents on the thermal excitation, as well as on the presence of a dc bias voltage across the junction.

Conclusion: Large thermoelectric effects are observed in superconductor/ferromagnet and superconductor/normal-metal hybrid structures. The spin-independent signals observed under finite voltage bias are shown to be reciprocal to the physics of superconductor/normal-metal microrefrigerators. The spin-dependent thermoelectric signals in the linear regime are due to the coupling of spin and heat transport, and can be used to design more efficient refrigerators.
PLASMA HEATING INSIDE INTERPLANETARY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS BY ALFVÉNIC FLUCTUATIONS DISSIPATION
Authors: Li Hui , Wang Chi , He Jiansen , Zhang Lingqian , Richardson John D. , Belcher John W. , Tu Cui
Published: November 2016

Nonlinear cascade of low-frequency Alfvénic fluctuations (AFs) is regarded as one of the candidate energy sources that heat plasma during the non-adiabatic expansion of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). However, AFs inside ICMEs were seldom reported in the literature. In this study, we investigate AFs inside ICMEs using observations from Voyager 2 between 1 and 6 au. It has been found that AFs with a high degree of Alfvénicity frequently occurred inside ICMEs for almost all of the identified ICMEs (30 out of 33 ICMEs) and for 12.6% of the ICME time interval. As ICMEs expand and move outward, the percentage of AF duration decays linearly in general. The occurrence rate of AFs inside ICMEs is much less than that in ambient solar wind, especially within 4.75 au. AFs inside ICMEs are more frequently presented in the center and at the boundaries of ICMEs. In addition, the proton temperature inside ICME has a similar “W”-shaped distribution. These findings suggest significant contribution of AFs on local plasma heating inside ICMEs.
DISCOVERY OF COHERENT PULSATIONS FROM THE ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCE NGC 7793 P13
Authors: Fürst F. , Walton D. J. , Harrison F. A. , Stern D. , Barret D. , Brightman M. , Fabian A. C. , Grefenstette B. , Madsen K. K. , Middleton M. J. , Miller J. M. , Pottschmidt K. , Ptak A. , Rana V. , Webb N.
Published: November 2016

We report the detection of coherent pulsations from the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 7793 P13. The ≈0.42 s nearly sinusoidal pulsations were initially discovered in broadband X-ray observations using XMM-Newton and NuSTAR taken in 2016. We subsequently also found pulsations in archival XMM-Newton data taken in 2013 and 2014. The significant (≫5σ) detection of coherent pulsations demonstrates that the compact object in P13 is a neutron star, and given the observed peak luminosity of ≈1040

erg

s

−
1

(assuming isotropy), it is well above the Eddington limit for a 1.4 

M

⊙

accretor. This makes P13 the second ULX known to be powered by an accreting neutron star. The pulse period varies between epochs, with a slow but persistent spin-up over the 2013–2016 period. This spin-up indicates a magnetic field of B ≈ 1.5 × 1012 G, typical of many Galactic accreting pulsars. The most likely explanation for the extreme luminosity is a high degree of beaming; however, this is difficult to reconcile with the sinusoidal pulse profile.
POSSIBLE INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITIONS OF PROXIMA CENTAURI b
Authors: Brugger B. , Mousis O. , Deleuil M. , Lunine J. I.
Published: November 2016

We explore the possible interiors of Proxima Centauri b, assuming that the planet belongs to the class of dense solid planets (rocky with possible addition of water) and derive the corresponding radii. To do so, we use an internal structure model that computes the radius of the planet along with the locations of the different layers of materials, assuming that its mass and bulk composition are known. Lacking detailed elementary abundances of the host star to constrain the planet’s composition, we base our model on solar system values. We restrained the simulations to the case of solid planets without massive atmospheres. With these assumptions, the possible radius of Proxima Centauri b spans the 0.94–1.40 R
⊕ range. The minimum value is obtained considering a 1.10 M
⊕ Mercury-like planet with a 65% core mass fraction, whereas the highest radius is reached for 1.46 M
⊕ with 50% water in mass, constituting an ocean planet. Although this range of radii still allows for very different planet compositions, it helps to characterize many aspects of Proxima Centauri b, such as the formation conditions of the system or the current amount of water on the planet. This work can also help rule out future measurements of the planet’s radius that would be physically incompatible with a solid planetary body.
Le conservatisme en psychanalyse
Authors: Ikiz Tevfika
Published: November 2016

Dans cet article nous nous interrogeons sur un des concepts importants de la philosophie politique qui est le « conservatisme » pour savoir ce que celui-ci signifie dans le domaine de la psychanalyse. En turc le mot « conserver », « protéger » vient du mot arabe « hıfz » qui veut dire « préserver » afin de sauvegarder. À ce titre, en nous basant sur les idées de René Roussillon qui déclare que l’appareil psychique est avant tout un appareil de mémorisation, nous pouvons parler d’une psychologie qui conserve mais en même change et transforme. Nous avons également traité du concept de « conservatisme » au niveau des institutions et nous avons voulu comprendre le fonctionnement des institutions traditionnelles qui insistent pour rester fidèles à la théorie et celles qui permettent le changement, la transformation. En conclusion, nous pouvons affirmer qu’à chaque volonté de changement toute situation que nous voulons conserver peut être déformée, mais en même temps, dans le cas contraire où elle ne subit aucun changement, elle risque de se répéter.
Une dynamique adolescente de certains jeunes des quartiers populaires : se conformer à des prescriptions religieuses pour tenir à distance une dévalorisation de soi-même et de ses pairs
Authors: Bordet Joëlle
Published: November 2016

Dans ce numéro de Topique ayant pour thème le conformisme, nous développons en tant que psychosociologue, une réflexion concernant les rapports des jeunes des quartiers populaires les plus en rupture avec la loi sociale et leurs rapports pour certains d’entre eux aux prescriptions de l’Islam. L’analyse de vignettes cliniques dans cet article met à jour l’hypothèse suivante : ces jeunes visent à appliquer les prescriptions de l’Islam de façon drastique parce qu’ils n’intériorisent pas suffisamment les règles de conformité de la société. Ce rapport disciplinaire aux prescriptions de l’Islam leur permet de tenir alors à distance leurs dévalorisations et de mettre des limites à leur dynamique pulsionnelle. Transformer une telle dynamique d’autocontrôle surmoïque suppose de retrouver la fonction collective et de rituelle de ces prescriptions, mais aussi de symboliser ces enjeux par l’art et de retrouver des capacités protectrices de la loi sociale et d’autres rapport entre la Justice et la Police.
Conformisme de vie, conformisme de mort
Authors: Vinot Frédéric , Vivès Jean-Michel
Published: November 2016

Bien plus que tout autre mythe, celui d’Antigone fascine et, par-delà les siècles qui nous séparent de sa première apparition sur la scène, fait retour régulièrement. Ainsi l’œuvre de Sophocle a donné lieu à des centaines de traductions, d’adaptations théâtrales, opératiques, chorégraphiques, romans, tableaux… Les auteurs de cet article font l’hypothèse que la pièce développe une telle résonance, encore aujourd’hui, car elle met en forme la question centrale pour l’humain de son rapport aux instances qui demandent au sujet de se conformer et de renoncer à son désir que ces instances soient intra-psychiques ou représentées par des personnages qui peuvent en être l’incarnation. À partir de l’étude de cinq traductions d’une réplique d’Antigone, extraite de la première scène de l’œuvre, ils proposent de mettre en évidence les différentes articulations possibles entre ce qu’ils choisissent de nommer conformisme de vie et conformisme de mort.
Predicting Injury: Challenges in Prospective Injury Risk Factor Identification
Authors: Clifton Daniel R. , Grooms Dustin R. , Hertel Jay , Onate James A.
Published: November 2016

Context:

Musculoskeletal injury-prediction methods vary and may have limitations that affect the accuracy of results and clinical meaningfulness.

Background:

Research examining injury risk factors is meaningful, but attempting to extrapolate injury risk from studies that do not prospectively assess injury occurrence may limit clinical applications. Injury incidence is a vital outcome measure, which allows for the appropriate interpretation of injury-prediction analyses; a lack of injury-incidence data may decrease the accuracy and increase the uncertainty of injury-risk estimates. Extrapolating results that predict an injury risk factor to predicting actual injuries may lead to inappropriate clinical decision-making models.

Conclusions:

Improved understanding of the limitations of injury-prediction methods, specifically those that do not prospectively assess injuries, will allow clinicians to better assess the clinical meaningfulness of the results.
Orientation Tactics Utilized in Postprofessional Athletic Training Programs
Authors: Walker Stacy E. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Thrasher Ashley B.
Published: November 2016

Context: Some newly credentialed athletic trainers pursue a postprofessional degree with a curriculum that specifically advances their athletic training practice. Orientation sessions are a tactic used to assist these students' transition into these new roles of graduate student and independent clinician, yet the structure of these sessions is unknown.

Objective: Understand how postprofessional athletic training programs' orientation session structure integrates new students.

Design: Qualitative.

Setting: Semistructured phone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants: Nineteen program directors (10 men, 9 women) from 13 Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education–accredited and 6 unaccredited postprofessional athletic training programs.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Phone interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis used the principles of conventional content analysis. Credibility was maintained using peer review, member checks, and researcher triangulation.

Results: Orientation sessions were used to familiarize students with policies, procedures, and expectations regarding their roles as student and clinician. These sessions occurred before role engagement, and were described by the themes type and time. Type referred to whether the orientation session was blended or individual. Blended sessions discussed information pertaining both to the academic program, such as course registration and research expectations, and to the clinical information affecting the graduate assistantship. Individual orientation sessions, on the other hand, discussed only academic program information or clinical information, not both. Time referred to the frequency of the orientation sessions. One-time orientation sessions occurred over the course of 1 day or 1 week, after which no additional orientation activities occurred. Conversely, ongoing orientation occurred throughout the semester.

Conclusions: Postprofessional athletic training programs used different orientation methods to help newly credentialed athletic trainers transition into graduate students and practicing clinicians.
Enhancing Palpation Skills Through the Use of Stereognosis Drills
Authors: Lawrance Scott E. , Voll Craig A. , Jochum Jessica Emlich
Published: November 2016

Context: Musculoskeletal palpation is taught in our athletic training programs as part of the injury evaluation process. However, as palpation skills are taught, the focus is oftentimes on accuracy of surface-anatomy landmarks instead of the ability to discriminate qualitative information such as tissue tone, spasm, or pain response from the soft tissue. Because palpation is foundational for evaluation and intervention, a need exists for further development of this skill.

Objective: Provide educators with instructional techniques to enhance palpation skills.

Background: Manual medicine techniques are increasingly common in athletic training and require superb palpation and soft tissue discrimination skills. The ability to detect large and small differences in tissue qualities during orthopaedic evaluation can lead to a more accurate assessment as well as enhance manual medicine intervention techniques.

Description: We describe 4 activities to enhance palpation skills (coin discrimination, sheet tension, vacuum-immobilizer assembly, and spring-scale compression). Each activity is presented with progressions to improve the foundation of a student's palpation skills and provide advanced training to better refine palpation skills.

Clinical Advantage(s): Integrating tasks to improve palpation skills throughout the athletic training curriculum may help improve student confidence, accuracy, and precision while performing patient evaluation and manual medicine interventions. Improved ability to detect and discriminate musculoskeletal pathology can lead to more accurate assessment and efficient intervention techniques.

Conclusion(s): Palpation is an essential skill in musculoskeletal evaluation and intervention. With consistent and progressive instruction, this skill can be practiced and refined, improving student confidence and skill application.
Instructional Strategy: Administration of Injury Scripts
Authors: Schilling Jim
Published: November 2016

Context: Learning how to form accurate and efficient clinical examinations is a critical factor in becoming a competent athletic training practitioner, and instructional strategies differ for this complex task.

Objective: To introduce an instructional strategy consistent with complex learning to encourage improved efficiency by minimizing intrinsic cognitive load and effectiveness by emphasizing the development of mental schemas. This strategy, called illness scripts in medicine, was adapted as injury scripts for athletic training.

Background: Athletic training students are taught to learn a universal clinical reasoning process for conducting clinical examinations that consists of extensive collecting of patient data and matching these data to a hypothesis, referred to as a hypothetico-deductive approach. This process is burdensome to cognitive load storage capacity and delays development of expertise in diagnostic accuracy.

Description: Injury scripts is a clinical reasoning strategy consistent with complex learning, where the evaluation of knowledge and skill competencies or key features of specific conditions are integrated in an incremental, simple-to-complex progression. This strategy will improve learning efficiency and effectiveness. The context in which cases are presented should emphasize real-life scenarios.

Clinical Advantage(s): Improved efficiency of student learning and enhanced effectiveness in the professional preparation of knowledge and skills for injury evaluation.

Conclusion(s): By integrating evaluation competencies or key features of specific conditions, they can be stored as injury scripts in long-term memory, saving space in working memory and ultimately minimizing intrinsic cognitive load. As students migrate through the curriculum, existing injury scripts will expand by consolidating additional information and effectively prepare them to be competent professionals in clinical examination and diagnosis. Students must also recognize that if specific data collected do not match a script, further analysis is needed to avoid diagnostic error.
In vitro Comparison of Compressive Strength of Bulk-fill Composites and Nanohybrid Composite
Authors: Pradeep K , Kuttappa MA , Kudva Adarsh , Butula Roshni
Published: November 2016

Objectives

The objective of this study is to measure and compare the compressive strength of two bulk-fill posterior composites (Smart dentin replacement or SDR and Filtek bulk fill) with universal nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z 250XT).

Materials and methods

In this in vitro study, three different types of posterior composites are used as follows: Group 1 – SDR (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany); group 2 – Filtek bulk-fill (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA); group 3 – Filtek Z-250XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). Ten cylindrical samples of 6 mm height and 4 mm diameter in each group were made using a split brass mold. The composites filled in the brass mold were photopolymerized using light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing unit and the cured samples were stored in water at 37°C for 48 hours before testing. The compressive strength of the stored samples was tested using universal testing machine (Instron 3366, UK) at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/minute. The compressive strength was calculated by dividing the maximum load with area of the samples.

Results

Results are statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test. Analysis showed that SDR and Filtek bulk-fill have greater compressive strength than Filtek Z-250 (p < 0.05). However, there is no statistical difference between compressive strength of SDR and Filtek bulk-fill composites (p > 0.05).

How to cite this article

Pradeep K, Ginjupalli K, Kuttappa MA, Kudva A, Butula R. In vitro Comparison of Compressive Strength of Bulk-fill Composites and Nanohybrid Composite. World J Dent 2016;7(3):119-122.
Evaluation of the Effect of Oral Hygiene Instructions on Maintenance of Gingival Health
Authors: Nayak Sangeeta U , Pralhad Swati
Published: November 2016

Aim

Tooth brushing is the most widespread means of controlling plaque at home. Research on instruction techniques for promotion of oral health abilities plays an important role in the prevention of periodontal diseases. Thus the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of written and oral individualized instructions of oral hygiene on gingivitis in an adult population.

Materials and methods

Sixty participants above the age of 18 years were included in the study. They were randomly allocated into one of the three groups: Oral instructions, written instructions, and oral individualized instructions. For all the participants, plaque and gingival indices were recorded using periodontal probe with Williams's markings and a mouth mirror, at baseline, at the end of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd week.

Results

Plaque and gingival index scores reduced in all the groups. However, it was seen that plaque index significantly reduced in the group receiving individualized instructions.

Conclusion

In view of the results of the present study, it can be implied that oral hygiene instructions should be provided, and they should be tailormade for each individual that would help correct the individual deficits in the learners.

How to cite this article

Nayak SU, Pralhad S. Evaluation of the Effect of Oral Hygiene Instructions on Maintenance of Gingival Health. World J Dent 2016;7(3):123-125.
Odontometrics: A Key to Gender Determination
Authors: Reddy Sudhakara , Dalli Divya Teja , Dathar Sahithi , Nallakunta Rajesh , Madugula Preethi , Darna Geetanjali
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Identification of an individual is a prerequisite for certification of death and for personal, social, and legal reasons. Sex determination is one of the important parameters in forensic identification. Tooth being strongest component can resist bacterial decomposition and fire when rest of the body is damaged beyond recognition. Sexual dimorphism refers to the systemic difference in the form between individuals of different sexes within the same species. Teeth of various species are known to exhibit sexual dimorphism. The present study aims to evaluate the linear dimensions of permanent molars and canines for sex determination and to estimate their level of accuracy.

Materials and methods

Sixty subjects were included in the study. Study casts were prepared and the dimensions of permanent canines and first permanent molars were measured as the greatest distance between the buccal and lingual surface as well as mesial and distal aspects of the crown by using digital vernier callipers.

Results

Discriminant function analysis had shown that males have greater mean mesio-distal (MD) and bucco lingual (BL)/ labio-lingual (LL) dimensions for each tooth in comparison to females. Right upper canine showed the maximum accuracy followed by right lower and left upper canines. Out of four molars, right lower molar showed maximum accuracy of 86.7%.

Conclusion

The present study showed the importance of linear dimensions of canines and molars in the assessment of sex and molars can be used as an alternative to canines when their evidence is missing in forensic investigations.

How to cite this article

Dalli DT, Reddy S, Dathar S, Nallakunta R, Madugula P, Darna G. Odontometrics: A Key to Gender Determination. World J Dent 2016;7(3):150-154.
Management of Failed Long-span Single-piece Fixed Prosthesis with Metal—Ceramic Crowns and Cantilever Bridge with Predictable Esthetic Outcome
Authors: George Vinu T
Published: November 2016

Although there have been a lot of advances in the field of esthetic and cosmetic restorative dentistry, metal—ceramic restorations stand apart in the race to achieve superior esthetics with its strong points of strength and accuracy of cast metal and esthetics of porcelain. To achieve superior esthetic restorations operators are compelled to narrow down their search to all ceramic restorations which are highly expensive. At most times, its use is not rightly justified. A case of a 53-year-old female patient, who reported to the Department of Prosthodontics and Crown 8 Bridge, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, is presented here where simple and economic restorative techniques and principles are undertaken to achieve predicable esthetic results.

How to cite this article

George VT. Management of Failed Long-span Single-piece Fixed Prosthesis with Metal—Ceramic Crowns and Cantilever Bridge with Predictable Esthetic Outcome. World J Dent 2016;7(3):162-166.
Somatic Mutation Theory/Tissue Organization Field Theory: Has the Premise been Wrong All along?
Authors: Anand Rahul
Published: November 2016

How to cite this article

Sarode SC, Anand R, Sarode GS, Patil S. Somatic Mutation Theory/Tissue Organization Field Theory: Has the Premise been Wrong All along? World J Dent 2016;7(4):167-168.