bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing CO2 and CH4 emissions from coastal wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, Northeast China
Authors: Olsson L. , Ye S. , Yu X. , Wei M. , Krauss K. W. , Brix H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Many factors are known to influence greenhouse gas emissions from coastal wetlands, but it is still unclear which factors are most important under field conditions when they are all acting simultaneously. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of water table, salinity, soil temperature and vegetation on CH4 emissions and ecosystem respiration (Reco) from five coastal wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, Northeast China: two Phragmites australis (common reed) wetlands, two Suaeda salsa (sea blite) marshes and a rice (Oryza sativa) paddy. Throughout the growing season, the Suaeda wetlands were net CH4 sinks whereas the Phragmites wetlands and the rice paddy were net CH4 sources emitting 1.2–6.1 g CH4 m−2 yr−1. The Phragmites wetlands emitted the most CH4 per unit area and the most CH4 relative to CO2. The main controlling factors for the CH4 emissions were water table, temperature, soil organic carbon and salinity. The CH4 emission was accelerated at high and constant (or managed) water tables and decreased at water tables below the soil surface. High temperatures enhanced CH4 emissions, and emission rates were consistently low (< 1 mg CH4 m−2 h−1) at soil temperatures < 18 °C. At salinity levels > 18 ppt, the CH4 emission rates were always low (< 1 mg CH4 m−2 h−1) probably because methanogens were out-competed by sulphate-reducing bacteria. Saline Phragmites wetlands can, however, emit significant amounts of CH4 as CH4 produced in deep soil layers are transported through the air-space tissue of the plants to the atmosphere. The CH4 emission from coastal wetlands can be reduced by creating fluctuating water tables, including water tables below the soil surface, as well as by occasional flooding by high-salinity water. The effects of water management schemes on the biological communities in the wetlands must, however, be carefully studied prior to the management in order to avoid undesirable effects on the wetland communities.
Endless cold: a seasonal reconstruction of temperature and precipitation in the Burgundian Low Countries during the 15th century based on documentary evidence
Authors: Camenisch C.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. This paper applies the methods of historical climatology to present a climate reconstruction for the area of the Burgundian Low Countries during the 15th century. The results are based on documentary evidence that has been handled very carefully, especially with regard to the distinction between contemporary and non-contemporary sources. Approximately 3000 written records derived from about 100 different sources were examined and converted into seasonal seven-degree indices for temperature and precipitation. For the Late Middle Ages only a few climate reconstructions exist. There are even fewer reconstructions which include spring and autumn temperature or any precipitation information at all. This paper therefore constitutes a useful contribution to the understanding of climate and weather conditions in the less well researched but highly interesting 15th century. The extremely cold winter temperatures during the 1430s and an extremely cold winter in 1407/1408 are striking. Moreover, no other year in this century was as hot and dry as 1473. At the beginning and the end of the 1480s and at the beginning of the 1490s summers were considerably wetter than average.
Pre-earthquake magnetic pulses
Authors: Scoville J. , Heraud J. , Freund F.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A semiconductor model of rocks is shown to describe unipolar magnetic pulses, a phenomenon that has been observed prior to earthquakes. These pulses are suspected to be generated deep in the Earth's crust, in and around the hypocentral volume, days or even weeks before earthquakes. Their extremely long wavelength allows them to pass through kilometers of rock. Interestingly, when the sources of these pulses are triangulated, the locations coincide with the epicenters of future earthquakes. We couple a drift-diffusion semiconductor model to a magnetic field in order to describe the electromagnetic effects associated with electrical currents flowing within rocks. The resulting system of equations is solved numerically and it is seen that a volume of rock may act as a diode that produces transient currents when it switches bias. These unidirectional currents are expected to produce transient unipolar magnetic pulses similar in form, amplitude, and duration to those observed before earthquakes, and this suggests that the pulses could be the result of geophysical semiconductor processes.
A fuzzy intelligent system for land consolidation – a case study in Shunde, China
Authors: Wang J. , Ge A. , Hu Y. , Li C. , Wang L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Traditionally, potential evaluation methods for farmland consolidation have depended mainly on the experts' experiences, statistical computations or subjective adjustments. Some biases usually exist in the results. Thus, computer-aided technology has become essential. In this study, an intelligent evaluation system based on a fuzzy decision tree was established, and this system can deal with numerical data, discrete data and symbolic data. When the original land data are input, the level of potential of the agricultural land for development will be output by this new model. The provision of objective proof for decision-making by authorities in rural management is helpful. Agricultural land data characteristically comprise large volumes, complex varieties and more indexes. In land consolidation, it is very important to construct an effective index system. A group of indexes need to be selected for land consolidation. In this article, a fuzzy measure was adopted to accomplish the selection of specific features. A fuzzy integral based on a fuzzy measure is a type of fusion tool. The optimal solution with the fewest non-zero elements was obtained for the fuzzy measure by solving a fuzzy integral. This algorithm provides a quick and optimal way to identify the land-index system when preparing to conduct land consolidation. This new research was applied to Shunde's "Three Old" consolidation project which provides the data. Our estimation system was compared with a conventional evaluation system that is still accepted by the public. Our results prove to be consistent, and the new model is more automatic and intelligent. The results of this estimation system are significant for informing decision-making in land consolidation.
Assessment of the Fiscal Performance of Bee Keeping For Employment Generation and Poverty Reduction in Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: M. Adebo G. , O. Osundare F.
Published: August 2015

Beekeeping is a new venture in recent times that has the potential of improving the livelihoods of the Nigeria citizenry. A good proportion of youth and adults engaged in beekeeping. The study was embarked upon to investigate the fiscal performance of beekeeping as a possibility of reducing youth unemployment and alleviating poverty among the citizenry. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic variables of beekeepers income generating potentials of the enterprise, measured the economic efficiency and identified the constraints to honey beekeeping in the study area. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 120 respondents’ purposively selected using a snowballing technique. The data collected was analyzed using Frequency counts and percentages, as well as profitability analysis and efficiency ratios. Results showed that honey beekeeping was carried out mostly by young, enlightened male respondents on a part-time basis. Most of them were members of the beekeeping association. The result also showed that the gross margin derived from Beekeeping was N16, 306, which constituted 93.68% of the total revenue. Also, the Expense Structure Ratio (ESR), Benefits Cost Ratio (BCR) Rate of Return, Gross ratio (GR) Economic Efficiency (EE) was 0.79, 2.30, 2.30, 0.69 and 2.30 respectively. All the efficiency ratios indicated that beekeeping was profitable and worth venturing. The major constraints to Beekeeping in the study area were disturbance by farmers through some farm practices such as clearing, spraying of insecticides, hunting, fetching of firewood and felling trees as well as by cattle ranchers and climate variability.
“The World Awaits Your Yiddish Word”:
Authors: Zaritt Saul
Published: August 2015

When thinking about the relationships between modern Jewish writers and world literature, it may seem odd to begin with Jacob Glatstein, a seemingly marginalized Yiddish writer unknown to world audiences. However, if contemporary scholarship of both world literature and Jewish literatures is to move beyond the binaries of a center-margin model, the figure of Glatstein can offer a way to think through the contingencies of global literary production. In 1930s America, writers were increasingly compelled to confront the multiple world contexts inherent in the very act of writing, regardless of language or size of audience. As such, Glatstein could not help but be a world-writer, even if such a designation was self-imposed and uncertain. Through his poetry, fiction, and criticism of the period, Glatstein rejected the expected routes to world literature and considered translation a problem, a marker of a gap between a personal language of experience and a perpetually deferred world language. However, in facing the problem of world literature for Jewish writing, Glatstein did not retreat to a politics of marginality or compromise. Instead, Glatstein's reaction was both utopian and reclusive, proposing a form of writing that encountered the world while simultaneously fleeing from it.
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Group Therapy on Marital Satisfaction and General Health in Woman With Infertility
Authors: Abedi Shargh Najmeh , Bakhshani Nour Mohammad , Mohebbi Mohammad Davoud , Mahmudian Khadije , Ahovan Masood , Mokhtari Mojgan , Gangali Alireza
Published: August 2015

Infertility affects around 80 million people around the world and it has been estimated that psychological problems in infertile couples is within the range of 25-60%. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy on consciousness regarding marital satisfaction and general health in woman with infertility. Recent work is a clinical trial with a pre/posttest plan for control group. Covering 60 women who were selected by in access method and arranged randomly in interference (30) and control (30) groups. Before and after implementation of independent variable, all subjects were measured in both groups using Enrich questionnaire and marital satisfaction questionnaire. Results of covariance analysis of posttest, after controlling the scores of pretest illustrated the meaningful difference of marital satisfaction and mental health scores in interference and control groups after treatment and the fact that MBCT treatment in infertile women revealed that this method has an appropriate contribution to improvement of marital satisfaction and mental health. Necessary trainings for infertile people through consultation services can improve their mental health and marital satisfaction and significantly help reducing infertile couples’ problems.
Comparison of the Effects of Maternal Supportive Care and Acupressure (at BL32 Acupoint) on Labor Length and Infant’s Apgar Score
Authors: Akbarzadeh Marzieh , Masoudi Zahra , Zare Najaf , Kasraeian Maryam
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Prolonged labor leads to increase of cesarean deliveries, reduction of fetal heart rate, and maternal as well as infantile complications. Therefore, many women tend to use pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods for reduction of labor length. The present study aimed to compare the effects of maternal supportive care and acupressure (at BL32 acupoint) on labor length and infant’s Apgar score.

METHODS: In this clinical trial, 150 women with low-risk pregnancy were randomly divided into supportive care, acupressure, and control groups each containing 50 subjects. The data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic and pregnancy characteristics. Then, the data were analyzed using Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA.

RESULTS: The mean length of the first and second stages of labor was respectively 157.0+29.5 and 58.9+25.8 minutes in the supportive care group, 161.7+37.3 and 56.1+31.4 minutes in the acupressure group, ad 281.0+79.8 and 128.4+44.9 minutes in the control group. The difference between the length of labor stages was significant in the three study groups (P<0.001). Moreover, the frequency of Apgar score>8 in the first and 5th minutes was higher in the supportive care and acupressure groups compared to the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: Continuous support and acupressure could reduce the length of labor stages and increase the infants’ Apgar scores. Therefore, these methods, as effective non-pharmacological strategies, can be introduced to the medical staff to improve the delivery outcomes.
The Correlation Between Age and Bleeding Volume in Haemorrhagic Stroke Using Multi Slice CT at District Hospitals in Jakarta
Authors: Saefudin Tatan , Apriantoro Nursama Heru , Hidayat Ekaputra Syarif , Purnamawati Schandra
Published: August 2015

Haemorrhagic Stroke is a common disease in Indonesia. The best imaging modality for this disease is Multi Slice Computed Tomography Scanning (MSCT), as it may help strengthening the diagnosis as well as determining the brain bleeding volume. This study aimed to show correlation between bleeding volume of the brain and patient’s age using cross-sectional approach. The 68 samples in this study were taken from secondary data from Head CT Scan of Haemorrhagic Stroke cases.  Brain bleeding volume is the dependent variable, obtained through slice thickness of 5 mm and ABC/2 method with software measurement in MSCT Scan device. The independent variable of this study is the patient’s age. The result of the study was the average brain’s bleeding volume of 21.76 ml ± 2.48 ml (range of 1.04 ml to 94.73 ml).The slice thickness using ABC/2 method, has a significant correlation with brain’s bleeding volume in MSCT Scan examination, with correlation coefficient value r of 0.79. Brain bleeding volume in patients who have ages lower than 50 years and more or equal to 50 years were (18.93 ± 3.26) ml and (23.53 ± 3.47) ml respectively. There is no correlation between age and brain’s bleeding volume in haemorrhagic stroke cases, with p value of 0.18, r = 0.19.
A Study of Couple Burnout in Infertile Couples
Authors: Ghavi Fatemeh , Jamale Safieh , Mosalanejad Leili , Mosallanezhad Zahra
Published: August 2015

INTRODUCTION: Infertility is a major crisis that can cause psychological problems and emotionally distressing experiences, and eventually affect a couples' relationship. The objective of this study is to investigate couple burnout in infertile couples who were undergoing treatmentat the Infertility Clinic of Yazd, Iran.

METHOD: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive one on 98 infertile couples referringto the Infertility Centerof Yazd, Iran, who were chosen on a simple random sampling basis. The measuring tools consisted of the Couple Burnout Measure (CBM) and a demographic questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and the statistical tests of ANOVA and t-test.P-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant.

RESULTS: The results show that infertile women experience higher levels of couple burnout than their husbands (p<0.001). Also, a comparison of the scales of couple burnout—psychological burnout (p<0.01), somatic burnout (p<0.01), and emotional burnout (p<0.001)—between wives and husbands show that women are at greater risk.

CONCLUSION: Infertile couples' emotional, mental, and sexual problems need to be addressed as part of the infertility treatment programs, and psychotherapists should be included in the medical team.
Extent and Impacts of Unplanned Wastewater Reuse in US Rivers
Authors: Rice Jacelyn , Via Steve H. , Westerhoff Paul
Published: August 2015

A recently developed watershed‐scale hydraulic model (De‐facto Reuse Incidence in our Nation's Consumptive Supply [DRINCS]) was applied to estimate municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) contribution to downstream water treatment plant (WTP) influent flow. Using DRINCS and geocoded data for 14,651 WWTPs and 1,320 WTPs, the occurrence of treated municipal wastewater in drinking water supplies is geographically widespread, and its magnitude depends largely on the flow condition and size of the source river. Under average streamflow conditions in this study, the median contribution of wastewater flow to drinking water supplies was approximately 1% and increased to as much as 100% under low‐flow conditions (modeled by Q95). Wastewater contributions to nutrient and emerging contaminant loading were estimated and geospatially compared with the findings of the US Environmental Protection Agency's Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule and Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. In turn, this analysis offers important insights into the treatment challenges facing treatment facilities across the United States.
Reliable Determination of Cyanide in Treated Water
Authors: Delaney Michael F. , Blodget Charles
Published: August 2015

Reliable determination of cyanide in water samples is important for both wastewater and drinking water treatment plant operators and regulatory agencies. However, as a result of cyanide's diverse chemistry, obtaining reliable results has been challenging because several chemical mechanisms can form or destroy cyanide—and some of these can occur within the sample container or during laboratory pretreatment and analysis, leading to biased results. Also, sample matrix constituents or preservation chemicals can interfere with the analytical determination. The US Environmental Protection Agency acknowledged this difficulty for wastewater samples in the 2012 Methods Update Rule by revising the footnote for cyanide preservation to indicate that some interferences may not be mitigated and any technique for removal or suppression of interferences can be used as long as quality control measures are used to demonstrate that the technique worked. Many of the same concerns inherent in testing wastewater apply to testing drinking water. In this study, the effects of holding time, preservation, and on‐line digestion and distillation on cyanide results for wastewater and drinking water were examined, including the use of field dilution as a treatment for interferences and field spikes as a means to gauge whether sample integrity was maintained.
Using Decision Trees to Predict Drinking Water Advisories in Small Water Systems
Authors: Murphy Heather M. , Bhatti Munir , Harvey Richard , McBean Edward A.
Published: August 2015

As of Jan. 1, 2015, there were 1,838 drinking water advisories (DWAs) in effect across Canada, including DWAs in First Nations communities. This research investigates the use of data‐mining techniques to identify which factors can potentially lead to a DWA in small water systems such as those found in First Nations communities in Canada. The results show that the training level of operators, remoteness/geographic location, source water type, and the class of treatment system are factors that influence whether a DWA is issued in a water system. The decision trees discussed in this study demonstrate that data mining is capable of correctly predicting up to 79% of future DWAs. This study demonstrates that a decisiontree methodology is a powerful, user‐friendly tool that can help water managers and regulators better understand vulnerabilities related to the provision of drinking water in small systems.
Psychosocial Accompaniment
Authors: Watkins Mary
Published: August 2015

This essay advocates for a paradigm shift in psychology toward the activity and ethics of accompaniment. Accompaniment requires a reorientation of the subjectivity, interpersonal practices, and critical understanding of the accompanier so that (s)he can stand alongside others who desire listening, witnessing, advocacy, space to develop critical inquiry and research, and joint imagination and action to address desired and needed changes. The idea of “accompaniment” emerged in liberation theology in Latin America, and migrated into liberatory forms of psychology as “psychosocial accompaniment.” This essay explores accompaniment and its ethics from a phenomenological perspective, highlighting differences from mainstream stances in psychology. Attention is also given to the effects of accompaniment on the accompanier. Efforts to decolonize psychology require careful attention to the psychic decolonization of its practitioners and to the cultivation of decolonizing interpersonal practices that provide a relational and ethical foundation for joint research, restorative healing, and transformative action. Such practices endeavor through dialogue to build mutual respect and understanding, promote effective solidarity, and contribute to the empowerment of those marginalized. The decolonization of psychology should enable practitioners to be more effective in working for increased social, economic, and environmental justice; peace building and reconciliation; and local and global ecological sustainability.
Insurgency, Theoretical Decolonization and Social Decolonization: Lessons From Cuban Psychology
Authors: Lacerda Fernando
Published: August 2015

This paper describes how Cuban Psychology is related to the longstanding process of social insurgency against colonialism in Cuba. The paper suggests that the emergence of critical ideas in Psychology does not depend only upon intellectual developments; rather, social struggles can be a driving force that catalyze the development of critical ideas in Psychology. The paper is divided in three parts. First, the text briefly touches the issue of the intrinsic ties between insurgent activity, decolonization, and critical social sciences. Second, the paper presents a general historical description of Latin America and the challenges faced during and after the Cuban Revolution. Finally, the last part the paper offers a general overview of the historical development of Cuban Psychology history in order to analyze the dialectical relations between social and theoretical decolonization. Four developments of Cuban Psychology are presented: (a) how patriotism changed studies of national identity and History of Psychology; (b) professional practices that developed to better address social issues; (c) theoretical debates about the "new human" and the active nature of subjectivity; and (d) the influence of Soviet Psychology and the turn to Latin American Critical Psychology. Concluding notes consider the dialectical relation between, on one side, struggles for socialization of power and, on the other side, theoretical production of Critical Psychologies.
Fourier Coefficients of a Class of Eta Quotients of Weight 14 with Level 12
Authors: Barış Kendirli
Published: August 2015

Recently, Williams [1] and then Yao, Xia and Jin [2] discovered explicit formulas for the coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients. Williams expressed all coefficients of 126 eta quotients in terms of and and Yao, Xia and Jin, following the method of proof of Williams, expressed only even coefficients of 104 eta quotients in terms of and . Here, by using the method of proof of Williams, we will express the even Fourier coefficients of 196 eta quotients i.e., the Fourier coefficients of the sum, f(q)+f(-q), of 196 eta quotients in terms
The temporal increase in HIV‐1 non‐R5 tropism frequency among newly diagnosed patients from northern Poland is associated with clustered transmissions
Authors: Parczewski Miłosz , Leszczyszyn‐Pynka Magdalena , Witak‐Jędra Magdalena , Maciejewska Katarzyna , Myślińska Sławomira , Urbańska Anna
Published: August 2015

Introduction

CCR5 (R5) tropic viruses are associated with early stages of infection, whereas CXCR4 (X4) HIV‐1 tropism has been associated with severe immunodeficiency. We investigated the temporal changes in the genotype‐predicted tropism frequency and the phylogenetic relationships between the R5 and non‐R5 clades.

Methods

A cohort of 194 patients with a newly diagnosed HIV infection that was linked to their care from 2007 to 2014 was analyzed. Baseline plasma samples were used to assess the HIV‐1 genotypic tropism with triplicate V3‐loop sequencing. The non‐R5 tropism prediction thresholds were assigned using a false positive rate (FPR) of 10 and 5.75% and associated with clinical and laboratory data. The transmission clusters were analyzed using pol sequences with a maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference.

Results

The overall non‐R5 tropism frequency for 5.75% FPR was 15.5% (n=30) and 27.8% (n=54) for 10% FPR. The frequency of the non‐R5 tropism that was predicted using 5.75% FPR increased significantly from 2007 (0%) to 2014 (n=5/17, 29.4%) (p=0.004, rough slope +3.73%/year) and from 0% (2007) to 35.3% (2014, n=6/17) (p=0.071, rough slope +2.9%/year) using 10% FPR. Increase in the asymptomatic diagnoses over time was noted (p=0.05, rough slope +3.53%/year) along with a tendency to increase the lymphocyte CD4 nadir (p=0.069). Thirty‐two clusters were identified, and non‐R5 tropic viruses were found for 26 (30.95%) sequences contained within 14 (43.8%) clusters. Non‐R5 tropism was associated with subtype D variants (p=0.0001) and the presence of CCR5 Δ32/wt genotype (p=0.052).

Conclusions

R5 tropism predominates among the treatment of naive individuals, but the increases in the frequency of non‐R5 tropic variants may limit the clinical efficacy of the co‐receptor inhibitors. The rising prevalence of non‐R5 HIV‐1 may indicate transmission of X4 clades.
Molecular doping of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) layers by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane investigated by infrared spectroscopy and electrical measurements
Authors: Tadaki Daisuke , Ma Teng , Zhang Jinyu , Iino Shohei , Hirano-Iwata Ayumi , Kimura Yasuo , Niwano Michio
Published: August 2015

Molecular doping is a charge-transfer process intended to improve the performance of organic electronic devices such as organic transistors. We have investigated molecular doping of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) layers by 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) using infrared absorption spectroscopy in the multiple internal reflection geometry (MIR-IRAS) and conductivity measurements. IRAS data confirm that F4-TCNQ acts as an effective p-type dopant for P3HT; highly doped P3HT displayed an intense, broad absorption band due to polaron (“polaron band”) and a high carrier (hole) density which are indicative of the charge transfer between F4-TCNQ and P3HT. We demonstrate that the charge (hole) transferred from the dopant molecule is distributed along the P3HT polymer chain and spreads over at least 10 thiophene monomer units on the chain. From a comparison of the measured conductivity of F4-TCNQ-doped P3HT layers with the carrier density, we show that the carrier mobility is proportional to the concentration of carriers (holes), which suggests that F4-TCNQ doping induces the conformational change of P3HT polymer chains to enhance the mobility of holes in the films of the doped P3HTs.
Hybrid Method for Adaptive Cloud Gaming Contents
Authors: Jitpukdeebodintra Ritthichai , Witosurapot Suntorn
Published: August 2015

Methods for adapting cloud gaming content can be divided according to client- or server-returned benefits. In this paper, we argue that the better method should be performed in such a way that both client and server should share common benefits. By working on a cooperative scheme, the basic of trans- rendering and trans-scaling mechanism are proposed to work together for obtaining better utilizations of network bandwidth and graphic processor altogether. Based on our experiments of running cloud gaming services in simulated environment, we show many evidences that significantly improved benefits can be obtained as planned. Our proposed hybrid adaptation method is therefore clearly helpful for the game research community.
Evolution of permeability across the transition from brittle failure to cataclastic flow in porous siltstone
Authors: Scuderi Marco M. , Kitajima Hiroko , Carpenter Brett M. , Saffer Demian M. , Marone Chris
Published: August 2015

Porous sedimentary rocks fail in a variety of modes ranging from localized, brittle deformation to pervasive, cataclastic flow. To improve our understanding of this transition and its affect on fluid flow and permeability, we investigated the mechanical behavior of a siltstone unit within the Marcellus Formation, PA USA, characterized by an initial porosity ranging from 41 to 45%. We explored both hydrostatic loading paths (σ1 = σ2 = σ3) and triaxial loading paths (σ1 > σ2 = σ3) while maintaining constant effective pressure (Pe = Pc – Pp). Samples were deformed with an axial displacement rate of 0.1 μm/s (strain rate of 2 × 10−6 s−1). Changes in pore water volume were monitored (drained conditions) to measure the evolution of porosity. Permeability was measured at several stages of each experiment. Under hydrostatic loading, we find the onset of macroscropic grain crushing (P*) at 39 MPa. Triaxial loading experiments show a transition from brittle behavior with shear localization and compaction to cataclastic‐flow as confining pressure increases. When samples fail by shear localization, permeability decreases abruptly without significant changes in porosity. Conversely, for cataclastic deformation, permeability reduction is associated with significant porosity reduction. Postexperiment observation of brittle samples show localized shear zones characterized by grain comminution. Our data show how zones of shear localization can act as barriers to fluid flow and thus modify the hydrological and mechanical properties of the surrounding rocks. Our results have important implications for deformation behavior and permeability evolution in sedimentary systems, and in particular where the stress field is influenced by injection or pumping.
Flat slab deformation caused by interplate suction force
Authors: Ma Yiran , Clayton Robert W.
Published: August 2015

We image the structure at the southern end of the Peruvian flat subduction zone, using receiver function and surface wave methods. The Nazca slab subducts to ~100 km depth and then remains flat for ~300 km distance before it resumes the dipping subduction. The flat slab closely follows the topography of the continental Moho above, indicating a strong suction force between the slab and the overriding plate. A high‐velocity mantle wedge exists above the initial half of the flat slab, and the velocity resumes to normal values before the slab steepens again, indicating the resumption of dehydration and ecologitization. Two prominent midcrust structures are revealed in the 70 km thick crust under the Central Andes: molten rocks beneath the Western Cordillera and the underthrusting Brazilian Shield beneath the Eastern Cordillera.
The occurrence and wave properties of H+‐, He+‐, and O+‐band EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Saikin A. A. , Zhang J.‐C. , Allen R. C. , Smith C. W. , Kistler L. M. , Spence H. E. , Torbert R. B. , Kletzing C. A. , Jordanova V. K.
Published: August 2015

We perform a statistical study of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves detected by the Van Allen Probes mission to investigate the spatial distribution of their occurrence, wave power, ellipticity, and normal angle. The Van Allen Probes have been used which allow us to explore the inner magnetosphere (1.1 to 5.8 RE). Magnetic field measurements from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science on board the Van Allen Probes are used to identify EMIC wave events for the first 22 months of the mission operation (8 September 2012 to 30 June 2014). EMIC waves are examined in H+, He+, and O+ bands. Over 700 EMIC wave events have been identified over the three different wave bands (265 H+‐band events, 438 He+‐band events, and 68 O+‐band events). EMIC wave events are observed between L = 2–8, with over 140 EMIC wave events observed below L = 4. Results show that H+‐band EMIC waves have two peak magnetic local time (MLT) occurrence regions: prenoon (09:00 < MLT ≤ 12:00) and afternoon (15:00 < MLT ≤ 17:00) sectors. He+‐band EMIC waves feature an overall stronger dayside occurrence. O+‐band EMIC waves have one peak region located in the morning sector at lower L shells (L < 4). He+‐band EMIC waves average the highest wave power overall (>0.1 nT2/Hz), especially in the afternoon sector. Ellipticity observations reveal that linearly polarized EMIC waves dominate in lower L shells.
Dynamical, convective, and microphysical control on wintertime distributions of water vapor and clouds in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Ueyama Rei , Jensen Eric J. , Pfister Leonhard , Kim Ji‐Eun
Published: August 2015

Processes that influence the humidity and cirrus cloud abundance in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) during boreal winter 2006–2007 are investigated in simulations of clouds along backward trajectories of parcels ending at the 372 K potential temperature (100 hPa) level in the tropics. Trajectories are calculated using offline calculations of seasonal mean tropical radiative heating rates along with reanalysis temperature and wind data with enhanced wave‐driven variability in the TTL. The one‐dimensional (vertical) time‐dependent cloud microphysical model is initialized with water vapor measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder and the evolution of clouds along each trajectory is simulated using temperature profiles extracted from reanalysis data and convective cloud top heights estimated from 3‐hourly geostationary satellite imagery. Averaged over the tropics, waves dehydrate the 100 hPa level by 0.5 ppmv, while convection and cloud microphysical processes moisten by 0.3 and 0.7 ppmv, respectively. The tropical mean cloud occurrence frequencies in the middle to upper TTL agree well with those based on satellite observations (spatial correlation of 0.8). Waves and convection enhance cloud occurrence at the cold point tropopause by 4% and 2%, respectively. Temporal variability of the heating rates as indicated by the ERA‐Interim 6‐hourly heating rate fields dehydrates the TTL by 0.4 ppmv and decreases the cloud occurrence by 4% because parcels are more likely to encounter the coldest temperatures and dehydrate near the cold point, limiting cloud formation above. The final dehydration locations of parcels, concentrated near the dateline in the tropical Pacific, are insensitive to various model parameters.
Sensitivity of radiative forcing, ocean heat uptake, and climate feedback to changes in anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols
Authors: Paynter D. , Frölicher T. L.
Published: August 2015

We use both prescribed sea surface temperature and fully coupled versions of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model (CM3) to analyze the sensitivity of radiative forcing, ocean heat uptake, and climate feedback to changes in anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols considered separately over the 1870 to 2005 period. The global anthropogenic aerosol climate feedback parameter (− α) of −1.13 ± 0.33 Wm−2 K−1 is indistinguishable from the greenhouse gas − α of −1.28 ± 0.23 Wm−2 K−1. However, this greenhouse gas climate feedback parameter is about 50% larger than that obtained for CM3 from a widely used linear extrapolation method of regressing Earth's top of atmosphere imbalance against surface air temperature change in idealized CO2 radiative forcing experiments. This implies that the global mean surface temperature change due to forcing over the 1870–2005 period is 50% smaller than that predicted using the climate feedback parameter obtained from idealized experiments. This difference results from time dependence in α, which makes the radiative forcing obtained by the fixed sea surface temperature method incompatible with that obtained by the linear extrapolation method fitted over the first 150 years after CO2 is quadrupled. On a regional scale, α varies greatly between the greenhouse gas and aerosol case. This suggests that the relationship between transient and equilibrium climate sensitivities obtained from idealized CO2 simulations, using techniques such as regional feedback analysis and heat uptake efficacy, may not hold for other forcing scenarios.
Preliminary breakdown of intracloud lightning: Initiation altitude, propagation speed, pulse train characteristics, and step length estimation
Authors: Wu Ting , Yoshida Satoru , Akiyama Yasuhiro , Stock Michael , Ushio Tomoo , Kawasaki Zen
Published: August 2015

Using a low‐frequency lightning location system comprising 11 sites, we located preliminary breakdown (PB) processes in 662 intracloud (IC) lightning flashes during the summer of 2013 in Osaka area of Japan. On the basis of three‐dimensional location results, we studied initiation altitude and upward propagation speed of PB processes. PB in most IC flashes has an initiation altitude that ranges from 5 to 10 km with an average of 7.8 km. Vertical speed ranges from 0.5 to 17.8 × 105 m/s with an average of 4.0 × 105 m/s. Vertical speed is closely related with initiation altitude, with IC flashes initiated at higher altitude having lower vertical speed during PB stage. Characteristics of PB pulse trains including pulse rate, pulse amplitude, and pulse width are also analyzed. The relationship between pulse rate and vertical speed has the strongest correlation, suggesting that each PB pulse corresponds to one step of the initial leader during the PB stage. Pulse rate, pulse amplitude, and pulse width all show decreasing trends with increasing initiation altitude and increasing trends with increasing vertical speed. Using a simple model, the step length of the initial leader during the PB stage is estimated. Most of initial leaders have step lengths that range from 40 to 140 m with an average of 113 m. Estimated step length has a strong correlation with initiation altitude, indicating that leaders initiated at higher altitude have longer steps. Based on the results of this study, we speculate that above certain altitude (~12 km), initial leaders in PB stages of IC flashes may only have horizontal propagations. PB processes at very high altitude may also have very weak radiation, so detecting and locating them would be relatively difficult.
On the use of programmable hardware and reduced numerical precision in earth‐system modeling
Authors: Düben Peter D. , Russell Francis P. , Niu Xinyu , Luk Wayne , Palmer T. N.
Published: August 2015

Programmable hardware, in particular Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), promises a significant increase in computational performance for simulations in geophysical fluid dynamics compared with CPUs of similar power consumption. FPGAs allow adjusting the representation of floating‐point numbers to specific application needs. We analyze the performance‐precision trade‐off on FPGA hardware for the two‐scale Lorenz '95 model. We scale the size of this toy model to that of a high‐performance computing application in order to make meaningful performance tests. We identify the minimal level of precision at which changes in model results are not significant compared with a maximal precision version of the model and find that this level is very similar for cases where the model is integrated for very short or long intervals. It is therefore a useful approach to investigate model errors due to rounding errors for very short simulations (e.g., 50 time steps) to obtain a range for the level of precision that can be used in expensive long‐term simulations. We also show that an approach to reduce precision with increasing forecast time, when model errors are already accumulated, is very promising. We show that a speed‐up of 1.9 times is possible in comparison to FPGA simulations in single precision if precision is reduced with no strong change in model error. The single‐precision FPGA setup shows a speed‐up of 2.8 times in comparison to our model implementation on two 6‐core CPUs for large model setups.
Thauera
Authors: Heider Johann , Fuchs Georg
Published: August 2015

Thau' e.ra
. M.L. fem. n.
Thauera
named after R.K. Thauer, a German microbiologist.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Thauera

Rods 0.5–1.4 × 1.4–3.7 μm
, usually occurring singly. Some species exhibit great variability of cell form, from rods to coccoid forms of different sizes. Gram negative.
Most species are motile
. No resting stages known.
Oxidase positive
. Catalase positive. Colonies on minimal medium are nonpigmented.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism; never fermentative.
Molecular oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide are used as terminal electron acceptors
, and the nitrogen oxides are reduced to N
2
O or N
2
; one species also uses selenate, which is reduced to elemental Se. Optimal temperature 28–40°C. All species grow at pH 7.5; pH optima of different species range from 7.2 to 8.4.
Chemoorganotrophic, using various organic acids, amino acids, and aromatic and aliphatic compounds
as sole substrates. Only a
few carbohydrates are utilized
. Ammonium and nitrate salts can be used as sole nitrogen sources.

No N
2
fixation

known. Not proteolytic on casein or gelatin. Starch, cellulose, chitin, and agar are not hydrolyzed. Occur in polluted freshwater and wet soil environments and wastewater treatment plants.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64–69.

Type species
:
Thauera selenatis
Macy, Rech, Auling, Dorsch, Stackebrandt and Sly 1993, 140.
Desulfobacter
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.bac' ter
. L. pref.
de
from L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; M.L. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. fem. n.
bacteria
rod or staff; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfobacter
a rod‐shaped sulfate‐reducing bacterium.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfobacter

Oval to rod‐shaped or slightly curved to vibrio‐shaped cells, 0.5–2.5 × 1.5–8 μm
. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative. Cells are motile by single polar flagella or nonmotile, but motility can be lost during cultivation. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophs or chemoautotrophs. Acetate is the preferred general electron donor and carbon source
, and is completely oxidized to CO
2
. Some species also use ethanol, and a few species use H
2
/CO
2
or pyruvate. H
2
‐utilizing
Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus
grows autotrophically with CO
2
as the sole carbon source.

Sulfate, and usually sulfite and thiosulfate, serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Sulfur and nitrate are not used as terminal electron acceptors

. Fermentative growth has not been observed. Desulfoviridin is absent, but desulforubidin is present in some species. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. Growth occurs in simple defined media containing sulfide as a reductant. Most species require vitamins. Many members of this genus can fix N
2
. The addition of ≥7 g NaCl and ≥1 g MgCl
2
·6H
2
O per liter medium is usually stimulatory or required for growth. The optimal temperature range for growth is 28–34°C. Thermophilic species have not been described. The optimal pH range for growth is 6.5–7.4. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity is absent. Acetyl‐CoA oxidation and CO
2
fixation with H
2
as electron donor in
D. hydrogenophilus
is accomplished via a modified TCA cycle.
Desulfobacter
species are most common in anoxic brackish or marine sediments, but some types may be found in anoxic freshwater sediments or in activated sludge.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45–49.

Type species
:
Desulfobacter postgatei
Widdel 1981, 382 (Effective publication: Widdel 1980, 373.)
Desulfococcus
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.coc' cus
. L. pref.
de
from L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; M.L. masc. n.
coccus
equivalent of Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, berry; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfococcus
a berry shaped (spherical) sulfate‐reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfococcus

Cells are spherical or lemon‐shaped, 1.4–2.3 μm in diameter
. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Cells stain Gram negative and often contain granules of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate. The cells are motile by a single polar flagellum, or are nonmotile. Slime capsules may occur. Strict anaerobes with a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Nutritionally versatile.

Many species use formate and higher monocarboxylic acids up to C
16
, lactate, pyruvate, and alcohols as electron donors and as carbon sources

. Acetone and phenyl‐substituted organic acids may be utilized. These compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway, Wood pathway).

Sulfate and other oxidized sulfur compounds serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S

. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, slow growth occurs by fermentation of lactate or pyruvate to acetate and propionate. The optimal temperature range for growth is 28–35°C. The optimal pH range for growth is 6.7–7.6. Growth occurs in simple, defined media containing a reductant (usually sulfide) and vitamins. Colonies in anoxic agar media are whitish to yellowish (with sometimes grayish appearance) and tend to be slimy. Desulfoviridin is present in all species. Thermophilic species have not been described. Occur in anoxic mud of freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats; also occur in sludge of anaerobic sewage digestors.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 56–57.

Type species
:
Desulfococcus multivorans
Widdel 1981, 382 (Effective publication: Widdel 1980, 377.)
Desulfofustis
Authors: Friedrich Michael , Schink Bernhard
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.fus' tis
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. n.
fustis
club; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfofustis
a clubshaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfobulbaceae / Desulfofustis

Straight or slightly curved rods
, spore formation not observed. Gram negative. Metabolism anaerobic, respiratory.

Organic substrates oxidized incompletely to acetate (and CO
2

);

glycolate or glyoxylate completely oxidized to CO
2
. Sulfate or sulfite used as electron acceptors and reduced to H
2
S

. Grouped with
Deltaproteobacteria
based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis.

Type species
:
Desulfofustis glycolicus
Friedrich, Springer, Ludwig and Schink 1996, 1067.
Nitrospina
Authors: Spieck Eva , Bock Eberhard
Published: August 2015

Ni.tro.spi' na
. L. n.
nitrum
nitrate; L. n.
spina
spine; M.L. masc. n.
Nitrospina
nitrate sphere.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Nitrospinaceae / Nitrospina

Rod‐shaped cells 0.3–0.5 × 1.7–6.6 µm
. Spherical forms 1.4–1.5 µm in diameter are found in old cultures. Cells reproduce by binary fission.
An intracytoplasmic membrane system is missing
, but occasionally invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane occur. Gram negative. Nonmotile.
Aerobic
. The major source of energy and reducing power is from the
oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. Obligate lithoautotrophs
. Optimal growth requires 70–100% seawater. Cells occur in marine environments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 57.7.

Type species
:
Nitrospina gracilis
Watson and Waterbury 1971, 225.