bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The neuropeptide cortistatin attenuates experimental autoimmune myocarditis via inhibition of cardiomyogenic T cell‐driven inflammatory responses
Authors: Delgado‐Maroto Virginia , Falo Clara P , Forte‐Lago Irene , Adan Norma , Morell Maria , Maganto‐Garcia Elena , Robledo Gema , O'Valle Francisco , Lichtman Andrew H , Gonzalez‐Rey Elena , Delgado Mario
Published: December 2016

Background and purpose

Myocarditis is an inflammatory and autoimmune cardiovascular disease that causes dilated myocardiopathy and is responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cortistatin is a neuropeptide produced by neurons and cells of the immune and vascular systems. Besides its action in locomotor activity and sleep, cortistatin inhibits inflammation in different experimental models of autoimmune diseases. However, its role in inflammatory cardiovascular disorders is unexplored. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of cortistatin in a well‐established preclinical model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM).

Experimental Approach

We induced EAM by immunization with a fragment of cardiac myosin in susceptible Balb/c mice. Cortistatin was administered i.p. starting 7, 11 or 15 days after EAM induction. At day 21, we evaluated heart hypertrophy, myocardial injury, cardiac inflammatory infiltration and levels of serum and cardiac inflammatory cytokines, cortistatin and autoantibodies. We determined proliferation and cytokine production by heart draining lymph node cells in response to cardiac myosin restimulation.

Key Results

Systemic injection of cortistatin during the effector phase of the disease significantly reduced its prevalence and signs of heart hypertrophy and injury (decreased the levels of brain natriuretic peptide) and impaired myocardial inflammatory cell infiltration. This effect was accompanied by a reduction in self‐antigen‐specific T‐cell responses in lymph nodes and in the levels of cardiomyogenic antibodies and inflammatory cytokines in serum and myocardium. Finally, we found a positive correlation between cardiac and systemic cortistatin levels and EAM severity.

Conclusions and Implications

Cortistatin emerges as a new candidate to treat inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy.
Differential Third‐Grade Outcomes Associated With Attending Publicly Funded Preschool Programs for Low‐Income Latino Children
Authors: Ansari Arya , Lόpez Michael , Manfra Louis , Bleiker Charles , Dinehart Laura H. B. , Hartman Suzanne C. , Winsler Adam
Published: December 2016

This study examined the third‐grade outcomes of 11,902 low‐income Latino children who experienced public school pre‐K or child care via subsidies (center‐based care) at age 4 in Miami‐Dade County, Florida. Regression and propensity score analyses revealed that children who experienced public school pre‐K earned higher scores on standardized assessments of math and reading in third grade and had higher grade point averages than those who attended center‐based care 4 years earlier. The sustained associations between public school pre‐K (vs. center‐based care) and third‐grade outcomes were mediated by children's kindergarten entry preacademic and social–behavioral skills, and among English‐language learners, English proficiency. Implications for investing in early childhood programs to assist with the school readiness of young Latino children in poverty are discussed.
Preventive dental visiting: a critical interpretive synthesis of theory explaining how inequalities arise
Authors: Harris Rebecca V. , Pennington Andrew , Whitehead Margaret
Published: December 2016

Background

In many countries, those with lower socioeconomic status are disproportionately affected by poor oral health. This can be attributed, at least in part, to differences in preventive dental visiting. While several theories have been applied to the area, they generally fail to capture the recursive nature of dental visiting behaviour, and fall short of informing the design of complex interventions to tackle inequalities.

Objective

To undertake a systematic review and synthesis of theory in order to provide an overview of the pathways which bring about socioeconomic inequalities in early dental visiting, and identify possible intervention points.

Methods

Electronic searching identified 8947 titles and abstracts. Paper screening and citation snowballing left 77 included papers. Drawing on the tenets of Critical Interpretive Synthesis, data extraction involved capturing concepts and relationships and translating these sometimes into synthetic constructs.

Results

We theorize that at the individual (micro‐level), dental visiting behaviour is influenced by: the ‘Importance of obtaining care’, ‘Emotional response’ and ‘Perceived control’, which feed into a balancing of ‘Competing Demands’ against ‘Internal resources’ (coping, self‐identity), although attendance is tempered by the effective ‘Affordability and Availability of services’. Positive Care experiences are theorized to lower the demands and increase internal resources associated with dental visiting. We also outline meso‐level factors ‘Social norms and sanctions’, ‘Obligations, expectations and trust’, ‘Information channels’, ‘Social structures’ and theorize how these can exert an overwhelming influence in deprived areas.

Conclusions

Socioeconomic inequalities in early dental visiting emerge from several stages in the care‐seeking process. Dental visiting behaviour should be viewed not just as a one‐off event, but extending over time and social space. Since there is recursivity in peoples’ most recent dental experience any future visits we identify that interventions which make care a positive experience for low socioeconomic patients may be particularly beneficial in reducing inequalities.
Oral health status of children in Los Angeles County and in the United States, 1999–2004
Authors: Dye Bruce A. , Vargas Clemencia M. , Fryar Cheryl D. , Ramos‐Gomez Francisco , Isman Robert
Published: December 2016

Objective

To ascertain and compare the oral health status and related sociodemographic risk indicators in children in Los Angeles (LA) County with children in the United States.

Methods

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004 were used to calculate prevalence estimates for children aged 2–13 years living in LA County and in the United States. Sociodemographic indicators were evaluated using multiple logistic regression modeling.

Results

Overall, children in LA County were more likely to experience dental caries than children in the United States in 1999–2004. In the primary dentition, nearly 40% of preschool children residing in LA County had dental caries compared to 28% of same‐age children in the United States. Among children aged 6–13, 44% living in LA County had dental caries in the permanent dentition compared to 27% in the United States. Mexican American children in LA County had higher caries experience in permanent teeth (but not in primary teeth) than US Mexican American children. Among children aged 6–9 years, there was no difference in the prevalence of dental sealants in permanent teeth between those living in LA County and in the United States. However, among children aged 10–13 years, dental sealants were more than twice as prevalent in US children (40.8%) than in LA County children (17.5%). Among LA County children, the adjusted odds of having caries experience or untreated dental caries in permanent teeth were not higher among children from lower income families than in lower income children in the United States.

Conclusions

Children residing in LA County had less favorable oral health than children in the United States in 1999–2004. The usual sociodemographic caries risk indicators identified among children in the United States were not consistently observed among children in LA County. Unlike in the wider United States, poverty was not a risk indicator for dental caries in older children in LA County.
Synthetic Evidence and Objective Identity: The Contemporary Significance of Early Husserl's Conception of Truth
Authors: Zuidervaart Lambert
Published: December 2016

This essay explores Edmund Husserl's significance for contemporary truth theory. Focusing on his Logical Investigations (1900/1901), it argues that early Husserl's conception of truth unsettles a common polarity between epistemic and nonepistemic approaches. Unlike contemporary epistemic conceptions of truth, he gives full weight to “truth makers” that have their own being: objective identity, perceptible objects, and states of affairs. Yet, unlike contemporary nonepistemic conceptions, he also insists on the intentional givenness of such truth makers and on the complexity of the experiences within which propositional truth claims arise. To develop this argument, the essay explains how early Husserl's conception of truth builds on his phenomenology of intentional experience and knowledge. By emphasizing an objective identity between what is signitively meant and intuitively given, Husserl's approach provides a way to resituate propositional truth within a broader and more dynamic conception of truth.
Cesarean birth is not associated with early childhood body mass index
Authors: Smithers L. G. , Mol B. W. , Jamieson L. , Lynch J. W.
Published: December 2016

Cesarean birth leads to a markedly different microbiome compared to vaginal birth, and the microbiome has been implicated in childhood obesity. Among mothers who had a previous cesarean, we compared anthropometry of 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children who were subsequently born by cesarean section versus vaginal birth. This large population‐based study involved linking de‐identified administrative perinatal and anthropometric data. Children's weight and height were collected at community‐based clinics and converted to age‐ and sex‐adjusted z‐scores of height‐for‐age (HFAz), weight‐for‐age (WFAz) and BMI‐for‐age (BMIz). The average treatment effect (ATE) of cesarean versus vaginal birth was calculated from augmented inverse probability weighted analyses accounting for a wide range of confounding variables. There was little evidence of an effect of cesarean birth on HFAz (ATE = 0.26 95%CI −0.35, 0.87, n = 3993), WFAz (ATE = 0.35, 95%CI −0.19, 0.89, n = 4817) or BMIz (ATE = 0.11, 95%CI −0.25, 0.46, n = 3909). Cesarean section was not associated with anthropometry among children aged 3–6 years.
Employment protection regulation, trade unions and tenure of employment: An analysis in 23 European countries
Authors: Berglund Tomas , Furåker Bengt
Published: December 2016

This article focuses on the relationship between employment protection regulation (EPL), trade unions and tenure of employment. A main hypothesis is that EPL strictness tends to prolong tenure, because rigorous rules imply that remaining with the same employer gives more job security. The role of unions can be expected to be similar. These assumptions are related to issues regarding dualisation in the labour market. Data used are the European Working Conditions Survey 2010—including 23 countries and more than 18,500 employees—combined with national‐level data on EPL, unemployment, union density and collective bargaining coverage. The analyses reveal that EPL strictness and bargaining coverage are associated with longer tenure. The same goes for having an employee representative in the workplace. The institutional variables work through interactions with individual‐level variables. For example, the impact of age, which is strongly linked to tenure, increases with stricter EPL and higher bargaining coverage.
Impact of Whole Oat Flour on Dough Properties and Quality of Fresh and Stored Part‐Baked Bread
Authors: Majzoobi Mahsa , Raiss Jalali Aida , Farahnaky Asgar
Published: December 2016

Whole oat flour (WOF) is known for high β‐glucan and antioxidant content. The main purpose of this study was to replace white wheat flour with WOF at different levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30% in production of bread using part‐baking technology. Dough properties (using farinograph) and physical characteristics of full‐baked breads stored for 1 h and 72 h at 20C were studied. Increases in water absorption, dough development time and dough softening, while a reduction in dough stability time with addition of WOF were obsereved. The specific volume of fresh breads containing WOF reduced further after storage. The crumb hardness, chewiness, elasticity and cohesiveness reduced and crust color became lighter with addition of WOF and storage time. The effects of bread storage were more obvious for samples containing WOF. The bread containing 10% WOF received the highest sensory scores and had similar sensory characteristics to the control.

Practical Applications

Costumer demand for breads with health benefits and superior sensory properties is increasing rapidly. This study showed the effects of substitution white wheat flour with whole oat flour (WOF) which is well‐known for its health benefits owing to considerable amount of β‐glucan and antioxidants. The results of this study are applicable in bakery industry and specifically in production of bread using part‐baked technology and can be useful for the producers of functional and healthy products. Some of the effects of flour replacement with 0, 10, 20 and 30% WOF were undesirable and had negative effects on sensory attibutes of the full‐baked breads. The adverse effects of storage (72 h at ambient temparature) were more obvious for breads containing WOF. However, inclusion of 10% WOF resulted in a bread with similar sensory properties to the control and hence it can be used succesfully for production of a healthier part‐baked bread.
The role of embryo movement in the development of the furcula
Authors: Pollard A. S. , Boyd S. , McGonnell I. M. , Pitsillides A. A.
Published: December 2016

The pectoral girdle is a complex structure which varies in its morphology between species. A major component in birds is the furcula, which can be considered equivalent to a fusion of the paired clavicles found in many mammals, and the single interclavicle found in many reptiles. These elements are a remnant of the dermal skeleton and the only intramembranous bones in the trunk. Postnatally, the furcula plays important mechanical roles by stabilising the shoulder joint and acting as a mechanical spring during flight. In line with its mechanical role, previous studies indicate that, unlike many other intramembranous bones, furcula growth during development can be influenced by mechanical stimuli. This study investigated the response of individual aspects of furcula growth to both embryo immobilisation and hypermotility in the embryonic chicken. The impact of altered incubation temperature, which influences embryo motility, on crocodilian interclavicle development was also explored. We employed whole‐mount bone and cartilage staining and 3D imaging by microCTto quantify the impact of rigid paralysis, flaccid paralysis and hypermobility on furcula growth in the chicken, and 3D microCTimaging to quantify the impact of reduced temperature (32–28 °C) and motility on interclavicle growth in the crocodile. This revealed that the growth rates of the clavicular and interclavicular components of the furcula differ during normal development. Total furcula area was reduced by total unloading produced by flaccid paralysis, but not by rigid paralysis which maintains static loading of embryonic bones. This suggests that dynamic loading, which is required for postnatal bone adaptation, is not a requirement for prenatal furcula growth. Embryo hypermotility also had no impact on furcula area or arm length. Furcula 3D shape did, however, differ between groups; this was marked in the interclavicular component of the furcula, the hypocleideum. Hypocleideum length was reduced by both methods of immobilisation, and interclavicle area was reduced in crocodile embryos incubated at 28 °C, which are less motile than embryos incubated at 32 °C. These data suggest that the clavicular and interclavicle components of the avian furcula respond differently to alterations in embryo movement, with the interclavicle requiring both the static and dynamic components of movement‐related loading for normal growth, while static loading preserved most aspects of clavicle growth. Our data suggest that embryo movement, and the mechanical loading this produces, is important in shaping these structures during development to suit their postnatal mechanical roles.
On the Foundations of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: LIANG HAO , RENNEBOOG LUC
Published: December 2016

Using corporate social responsibility (CSR) ratings for 23,000 companies from 114 countries, we find that a firm's CSR rating and its country's legal origin are strongly correlated. Legal origin is a stronger explanation than “doing good by doing well” factors or firm and country characteristics (ownership concentration, political institutions, and globalization): firms from common law countries have lower CSR than companies from civil law countries, with Scandinavian civil law firms having the highest CSR ratings. Evidence from quasi‐natural experiments such as scandals and natural disasters suggests that civil law firms are more responsive to CSR shocks than common law firms.
Pricing Buy‐Ins and Buy‐Outs
Authors: Lin Yijia , Shi Tianxiang , Arik Ayşe
Published: December 2016

Pension buy‐ins and buy‐outs have become an important aspect of managing pension risk in recent years. As a step toward understanding these pension de‐risking instruments, we develop models for pricing investment risk and longevity risk embedded in pension buy‐ins and buy‐outs. We also bring a contingent‐claims framework to price credit risk of buy‐in bulk annuities. Overall, our model can be used to assess the pricing of investment, longevity, and credit risks being transferred in pension buy‐in and buy‐out transactions.
The American Indian and Alaska Native dentist workforce in the United States
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth , Wides Cynthia , Gates Paul
Published: December 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this article is to describe the American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) dentist workforce, the general practice patterns of these providers, and their contributions to oral health care for AI/AN and underserved patients.

Methods

A national sample survey of underrepresented minority dentists was conducted in 2012 and received a 34 percent response rate for self‐reported AI/AN dentists. Data were weighted for selection and response bias to be nationally representative. Descriptive and multivariable statistics were computed to provide a workforce profile. Comparisons to Census data and published information on dental students and dentists were used to examine practice patterns.

Results

The AI/AN dentist workforce (weighted n = 442) is very diverse with 55 reported individual tribal affiliations. Tribal heritage was provided by 95.7 percent of AI/AN dentists (n = 423), and of these, 93.9 percent (n = 400) reported an affiliation with only one tribe. The largest share of AI/AN dentists were born in the United States (98.2 percent, n = 434), married (75.6 percent, n = 333), and had dependent children under age 18 (52.0 percent, n = 222). Only 0.9 percent (n = 4) of AI/AN dentists spoke a traditional AI/AN language in patient care, while 10.6 percent (n = 46) were raised on tribal land or reservation. Initial practice in the Indian Health Service was reported by 15.8 percent of AI/AN dentists while 16.2 percent report currently practicing in a safety‐net setting, and 42.0 percent report working in a practice that primarily serves underserved patients.

Conclusions

AI/AN dentists provide a disproportionate share of care for AI/AN populations, yet the number of AI/AN dentists would need to increase 7.4‐fold in order to meet population parity.
Comprehensive profile of bilateral astigmatism: rule similarity and symmetry patterns of the axes in the fellow eyes
Authors: Asharlous Amir , Khabazkhoob Mehdi , Yekta Abbasali , Hashemi Hassan
Published: December 2016

Purpose

To study rule similarity (isorule or anisorule) and symmetry patterns of axes (direct and mirror) in bilateral astigmatism.

Methods

Six years of data were collected from four ophthalmology clinics in Tehran. After applying the exclusion criteria (having eye disease or history of ocular surgery), final analyses were performed on data of 160 608 cases whose mean age was 39.2 ± 15.4 years (10–80 years) and 53.7% female. All subjects had autorefraction, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction data. Rule similarity was categorised as isorule (with, against or oblique astigmatism) if the orientation type in fellow eyes was the same and anisorule if they were different.

Results

The prevalence of isorule astigmatism was 82.9% and was similar in men and women (p = 0.44). The prevalence of isorule astigmatism decreased with age and increased with greater spherical ametropia (p < 0.001). The median of the absolute inter‐ocular axis difference from exact symmetry was 10° under the mirror symmetry model (mirror axes). Under the direct symmetry model (equal axes), the median of the absolute inter‐ocular axis difference was significantly higher, at 20° (p < 0.001). 16.4% and 10.8% had exact mirror and direct symmetry, respectively. In addition, 68.0% of cases with mirror symmetry and 47.1% with direct symmetry were within ±15 degrees of exact symmetry.

Conclusion

The results of the present study showed that bilateral astigmatism was mostly isorule. Bilateral symmetry of the astigmatism axes was highly prevalent and mostly of the mirror pattern. High astigmatic cases showed better symmetry.
HIV Risk Perception, HIV Knowledge, and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Transgender Women in South Florida
Authors: De Santis Joseph P. , Hauglum Shayne D. , Deleon Diego A. , Provencio‐Vasquez Elias , Rodriguez Allan E.
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Transgender women experience a variety of factors that may contribute to HIV risk. The purpose of this study was to explore links among HIV risk perception, knowledge, and sexual risk behaviors of transgender women.

Design and Sample

A descriptive, correlational study design was used. Fifty transgender women from the South Florida area were enrolled in the study.

Measures

Transgender women completed a demographic questionnaire and standardized instruments measuring HIV risk perception, knowledge, and sexual risk behaviors.

Results

Transgender women reported low levels of HIV risk perception, and had knowledge deficits regarding HIV risk/transmission. Some participants engaged in high‐risk sexual behaviors. Predictors of sexual risk behaviors among transgender women were identified.

Conclusions

More research is needed with a larger sample size to continue studying factors that contribute to sexual risk behaviors in the understudied population of transgender women. Evidence‐based guidelines are available to assist public health nurses in providing care for transgender women. Nurses must assess HIV perception risk and HIV knowledge and provide relevant education to transgender women on ways to minimize sexual risk.
Agency and Embodiment: Groups, Human–Machine Interactions, and Virtual Realities
Authors: Himmelreich Johannes
Published: December 2016

This paper develops a taxonomy of kinds of actions that can be seen in group agency, human–machine interactions, and virtual realities. These kinds of actions are special in that they are not embodied in the ordinary sense. I begin by analysing the notion of embodiment into three separate assumptions that together comprise what I call the Embodiment View. Although this view may find support in paradigmatic cases of agency, I suggest that each of its assumptions can be relaxed. With each assumption that is given up, a different kind of disembodied action becomes available. The taxonomy gives a systematic overview and suggests that disembodied actions have the same theoretical relevance as the actions of any ordinarily embodied human.
TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF EQUINE LUMBOSACRAL NERVES: PILOT STUDY IN 28 HEALTHY WARMBLOOD HORSES
Authors: Espinosa Pablo , Benoit Philippe , Salazar Isabel , de la Fuente Jesús , Heiles Philippe
Published: December 2016

A noninvasive method for visualizing lumbosacral nerves would be helpful for horses with suspected lumbosacral plexopathy or injury. The aim of this prospective descriptive pilot study was to characterize the ultrasonographic appearance of the lumbosacral nerves in a sample of healthy horses, and expand on the technique for image acquisition. Horses were recruited for inclusion if they were determined to be healthy and sound based on clinical and lameness evaluation. Transrectal ultrasound images of the lumbosacral nerves (L6, S1, and S2) were obtained for both sides. Landmarks for localization, and techniques for nerve identification and measurement were described. Effects of sex, age, side, and nerve on measured thickness were statistically tested. Twenty‐eight warmblood horses were sampled (15 males and 13 females). Ages ranged from 5 to 15 years. Ventral nerve roots from L6 to S2 appeared as tubular structures with a characteristic hyperechoic linear echo pattern. There was no significant difference in nerve vertical diameter between left and right sides. A three‐way interaction was found among sex, age and lumbosacral nerve. The L6 nerve in males was significantly larger than S1 only in the youngest group. The S2 nerve was significantly smaller than L6 or S1 regardless of age group or sex. In conclusion, transrectal ultrasound was a feasible method for visualizing and measuring equine lumbosacral nerves. Wide ranges of sizes for each nerve were found between horses, however nerves were bilaterally symmetrical within horses. Side comparison is therefore recommended when nerve pathology is suspected.
El camino a la especialización espacial: el asentamiento de la industria de las artes gráficas en el barrio San Nicolás. Santiago de Cali, 1940-1980
Authors: Morera Aparicio Esteban
Published: December 2016

El barrio San Nicolás, reconocido por agrupar la mayor parte de la industria de las artes grá- ficas, fue uno de los casos más representativos de los diferentes fenómenos que caracterizaron a la ciudad de Cali durante el siglo XX. A comienzos de tal siglo, San Nicolás arrastraba una herencia decimonónica como barrio de artesanos que lo llevó a convertirse, con los años, en una de las zonas con mayor presencia industrial y comercial dentro de la ciudad. Ante el crecimiento acelerado, el barrio pasó de ser periferia a centro de la ciudad, y en las décadas de 1960 y 1970 llegó a concentrar la mayor parte de la industria editorial caleña. En este sentido, se conjugaron los elementos que posibilitaron, por un lado, el establecimiento temprano de imprentas grandes en la zona de influencia del barrio y, por otro, la capacidad de emprendimiento y organizativa de los pequeños y medianos impresores, para aprovechar los espacios que abrió la gran industria. 
Michel de Certeau y las ciencias sociales: un lenguaje alterado
Authors: Ortega Francisco A.
Published: December 2016

La obra de Michel de Certeau se puede comprender a partir de tres ejes de reflexión fundamentales que aparecen en toda su obra. Estos la recorren de principio a fin, se manifiestan en su reflexión teológica, su interpretación histórica, su trabajo sociológico, su antropología política o en sus reflexiones de carácter psicoanalítico. En primer lugar, Certeau muestra una recurrente preocupación por los lugares y modos de producción del saber. En segundo lugar, Certeau se ocupa constantemente de lo que llama las «artes del hacer», los modos de consumo ordinario y, en particular, de la manera como el ciudadano común y corriente recibe, vive, transforma y resiste las interpelaciones hegemónicas del Estado, del aparato productivo y de los medios masivos de comunicación. En tercer lugar, Certeau desarrolla una reflexión sostenida sobre la alteridad, su lugar en la sociedad, su producción social en el acto de interpretación y las demandas éticas y políticas que le asisten. Es en torno a este último eje que enfoco el presente texto. 
Apretamiento dental sugestivo de maltrato infantil en niños institucionalizados de 6 a 16 años / Dental Clenching as a Sign of Child Abuse in 6-to-16-year-old Institutionalized Children
Authors: Doria Martínez Ana Milena , Navarro Chong Melissa Ivette , Garzón Panesso Sandra Lorena , Herrera Vivas Martha Cecilia , Moreno Abello Gloria Cristina , Furman Kahn Edgar Manuel , Ayala Muñoz Leonardo
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT. Background: Child battered syndrome that affects children and adolescents from all ethnic groups, social classes and religions. In Colombia according to the numbers given by the Colombian Family Welfare Institute of physical abuse affect children between 5-14 years. 75 % of the injuries caused by this syndrome occur to the head or neck region; therefore, the dentist plays an important role in its early detection. Objective: To analyze the correlation between child battering, dental bruxism and clenching in children with and without apparent child abuse of 6 to 18 years. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was made, 104 children (52 children with a previous diagnosis of child abuse and 52 children without this diagnosis), mean age: 6 and 16 years. In both groups a clinical examination was made that included evaluation of habits, muscular system and presence of facets, temporomandibular joint and Test of Beck such as orientation in anxiety levels. Results: the presence of bruxism had no significant relationship between the two groups; while the dental clenching was reflected in a 57.7 % and 32.7 % presented levels of slight or moderate anxiety in battered children. Conclusions: There is a risk factor 16.4 times greater of battered children to present injurious dental clenching and develop temporomandibular disorders in the future.
Efecto de las fuerzas oclusales sobre el periodonto analizado por elementos finitos / Effect of occlusal forces over periodontium analyzed through finite elements
Authors: Gélvez Vera María Alejandra , Velosa Porras Juliana , Pérez Gutiérrez Byron
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT. Background: Biomechanical effects of occlusal loads on teeth during clenching and in mastication have been evaluated. A harmful consequence of occlusal overload is tooth fracture, which has been analyzed through methods such as electrical tests, photo elasticity, and finite elements. Although there are numerous studies linking periodontal disease and occlusion, the biomechanical role of the forces exerted on the periodontium has not been studied enough. Objective: To evaluate the effect of normal and harmful occlusal forces on the periodontium through finite elements. Methods: The finite element analysis included the following steps: specification of geometry, element type, and material properties and force magnitudes in Newton’s (from 150 N to 675 N using 25 N increments) on the longitudinal axis of the tooth. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the stress distribution in periodontal ligament, cortical bone, and dentine according to tooth type (p = 0.000), but not significant differences were observed in cancellous bone (p = 0.166). Conclusion: The concentration of stress was located in the three teeth, incisor, premolar, and molar, in the buccal cervical area where most stress distribution was evident in all magnitudes of force applied.
Visual Observations of Chamber Volume Effect on Ebullience From Submerged Orifice Plates
Authors: Manoharan Sanjivan , Jog Milind A. , Manglik Raj M.
Published: December 2016

Effect of chamber volume upstream of the orifice on ebullience from orifice plates is studied experimentally in this paper. Bubble growth from orifice plates submerged in liquid pools is captured using high speed videography. The orifice plate substrate is acrylic glass and 11 different orifice diameters (diameter range: 0.610< D0< 2.261mm) are utilized. In addition to water, ethanol-water binary mixture with surface tension of 54 mN/m is used to examine the interplay between surface tension and chamber volume effects on bubble characteristics. For an acrylic glass orifice plate with a fixed chamber volume, above a certain transition orifice diameter, the bubbles from the orifice plate are of the same size and shape as those from a capillary tube orifice. However, below this diameter, the bubbles from the orifice plate show significantly different characteristics due to the chamber volume effect. The bubbles are more spherical in shape with the apex being sharper and more pointed. The bubbles also tend to sit closer to the plate due to their abnormally large size while the growth times are much shorter. These differences are highlighted by comparing photographs of bubble growth with and without the chamber volume effect. Additionally, for the medium chamber region, an empirical correlation was proposed to predict bubble departure diameters to within ±15 %. For a fixed chamber volume, variation in surface tension showed no change in the transition orifice diameter.
Effect of Surfactant Addition on Void Fraction Distributions Measured by a Wire Mesh Sensor
Authors: Kleinbart Simon , Hernandez-Alvarado Freddy , Kalaga Dinesh V. , Turney Damon , Pulido Jorge , Banerjee Sanjoy , Kawaji Masahiro
Published: December 2016

Experiments have been performed to assess the validity of void fraction measurements obtained from a wire mesh sensor over a range of bubble size distributions in air-water two-phase flow. The bubble size was varied by adding surfactant to the water. The measurements were compared to those obtained from pressure difference and gamma densitometry. Good agreement was found for the case of surfactant-free water; however, the agreement deteriorated with the addition of surfactant, as the wire mesh sensor generated lower void fraction values than either of the other two methods, which showed good agreement with each other.
Wear Rate to Stainless Steel Pipe From Liquid-Solid Slurry
Authors: Duignan Mark R. , Reigel Marissa M. , Imrich Kenneth J. , Restivo Michael L. , Fowley Mark D.
Published: December 2016

The United States Department of Energy is building a Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) at the DOE Hanford Site in the state of Washington to process stored radioactive wastes for long-term storage and disposal. The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) is helping resolve technical concerns with the WTP, which are related to piping erosion/corrosion (wear). SRNL is assisting in the design of a flow loop to obtain long term wear that will use prototypic simulant chemistry, operating conditions, and materials for total wear rate. The challenge is to accurately measure slurry wear to a pipe wall thickness tolerance of ∼47 microns/year anywhere in the test flow loop in a timely manner. To help in the design of the flow loop a test was performed with a smaller loop, which contained many of the pipe fittings expected in WTP to determine where high wear locations exist. One aspect of this test was to understand the rate of wear to straight pipe and to protrusions from the surface of the pipe. Initially, wear to straight pipe was studied because wear in other flow loop situations, e.g., around bends, through tees, etc. will be higher. To measure such low wear rates requires sensitive measurement techniques. To that end, twelve wear coupons were placed in one section of the pipe system and at different protrusion heights into the flow stream. They were made of 316L stainless steel, which is the expected material of pipe to be utilized. From the wear coupons, an estimate of wear rate was obtained, as well as illustrating when a protrusion above a pipe surface no longer disturbs the flow streams with respect to slurry wear. It appears when a surface is just above the laminar sublayer it produces a wear rate equivalent to a surface with no protrusions. The slurry was a mixture of water and 30 wt% of sand, d50 ∼ 200 microns. The test flow conditions were a velocity of 4 m/s in a 0.07793-m inside diameter (3-inch, Schedule 40) pipe system, resulting in Reynolds number just above 3 × 105, i.e., turbulent flow at a temperature of 25°C. The wear was to a vertically oriented straight section of pipe that was 1.86 meter long. The twelve wear coupons were located on the inside surface starting from 10 diameters from the pipe entrance to 21 diameters, with a separation of 1-pipe diameter between each successive coupon. Furthermore, each set of two adjacent coupons were rotated 180 degrees apart which were then rotated 30 degrees from the next set to minimize disturbance to the flow for the downstream coupon. This paper describes the wear rates obtained, the effect of increasing a wear coupon’s protrusion into the flow stream, and the overall operation of the test apparatus.
Unsteady Simulation for Francis Turbine During Load Rejection Events
Authors: Hosseinimanesh Hossein , Devals Christophe , Nennemann Bernd , Reggio Marcelo , Guibault François
Published: December 2016

This paper presents an automated tool chain for simulating Francis turbine behavior during the transient processes induced by a load rejection event. The proposed methodology combines a commercial CFD solver and a user function and scripts to address the simulation challenges caused by the wicket gate motion and runner speed variation during emergency shutdown. Mesh deformation and re-meshing techniques are used to simulate the large displacement of the wicket gates. The runner speed variation is computed using an angular momentum equation implemented in a user defined function. The proposed methodology was developed and validated by performing 2D unsteady simulations on a high head model Francis turbine used in the Francis-99 workshop, followed by a 3D unsteady simulations on a medium head Francis turbine. These simulations allow computing the evolution of engineering quantities such as turbine angular speed, flow physics and unsteady load on blades during the process. The validation of CFD results with experiments showed 9% discrepancy in the prediction of runaway speed. The investigation of flow physics reveals the presence of complex flow structures such as reversed flow (pumping flow) near the draft tube cone center and a downward tangential flow near the cone wall of the draft tube. Pressure fluctuations are captured when the Francis turbine operating point moves through conditions of zero and negative torque. The proposed methodology is fast and simple to present a qualitative analysis of the flow physics and the turbine behavior during load rejection.
Dynamic Behaviors of Vortex Ring Rolled Up by a Butterfly Wing and its Dynamic Lift
Authors: Fuchiwaki Masaki , Tanaka Kazuhiro
Published: December 2016

The wing motion of a flying insect such as a butterfly produces fluid force by manipulating the flow field around the wing. These forces enable a butterfly to rapidly accelerate, turn, and hover. A number of recent studies have examined the flow field around insect wings. In recent years, quantitative flow visualization techniques, such as PIV measurement, have been advanced rapidly, and the study of the flow field around insect wings using PIV has been actively performed. As a result, the two- and three-dimensional vortex structures and their dynamic behaviors have been investigated quantitatively. However, the dynamic behaviors of these vortex structures have not been related to the dynamic force characteristics. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the relationship between the dynamic lift generated by the flapping butterfly wing and the dynamic behavior of the vortex ring rolled up from the butterfly wing as well as to investigate the role of the vortex ring. We conducted a dynamic force measurement of a flapping Cynthia cardui using a six-axes sensor and three kinds of shafts: a straight shaft, a short L-shaped shaft, and a long L-shaped shaft. Moreover, a two-dimensional PIV measurement was conducted in the wake of the butterfly.

The butterfly is given not only negative dynamic lift but also the reactive force (positive lift) due to the jet flow induced by the vortex ring in the upward flapping. As a result, the butterfly produces dynamic lift in the downward flapping and produces not only negative dynamic lift but also dynamic lift in the upward flapping. Based on these results, it is considered that the vortex ring released into the wake contributes to the dynamic lift generated furing flight. That is, it was concluded that the vortex ring rolled up from the flapping wing has an important role in flight even after being released into the wake.
Effects of Shear Stress on the Growth Rate of Micro-Organisms in Agitated Reactors
Authors: Fadlallah Hadi , Jarrahi Mojtaba , Herbert Eric , Ferrari Roselyne , Mejean Annick , Peerhossaini Hassan
Published: December 2016

The effects of hydrodynamic shear stress on the growth rate of cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii microalgae cells were studied in agitated photobioreactors, since they have different motility rates and sizes. An experimental setup was designed and constructed to monitor the growth rate of the micro-organisms versus the shear rate; experiments were carried out in a well controlled environment, under constant atmospheric pressure and 20 °C temperature. Digitally controlled magnetic agitator-photobioreactors were placed inside a closed chamber with air flow for 4 weeks, under a uniform full-time light intensity provided by two 6-watt white fluorescent light sources.

To study the effects of shear stress produced by mechanical agitation on the growth rate of a micro-organism, different agitation frequencies were tested. All reactors were filled with 150 ml of culture medium and micro-organism suspension, with initial dilution factors (mlsuspenion/mltotal volume) of 1/30 and 1/300 for Synechocystis and C. reinhardtii respectively. The vessels were placed on different agitating systems at the desired agitator rotation speed, and were sealed with a cotton membrane from the top in order to permit air exchange with the external environment. The micro-organisms’ growth was monitored daily by measuring the optical density of the suspensions using a spectrophotometer and was then correlated with the cellular concentration, which was measured in turn using a microscopic cell counter. Throughout the experiments pH levels and temperature were measured regularly and adjusted to 7 and 20 °C respectively in order to maintain the photosynthetic activity of the species.

In addition, to measure the shear stress inside the agitated reactors, a mathematical model was derived to determine the global shear stress magnitude. To determine the local shear stress distribution, the velocity field in the reactor was measured for different agitation frequencies using PIV. Different zones of high and low shear stress were identified.

The results showed that the growth rate is independent of the shear stress magnitude for Synechocystis; Synechocystis showed strong resistance, unlike C. reinhardtii, which showed linear dependence of growth rate and shear stress.
Experimental Study on the Drag-Reducing Characteristics in Two-Oscillating Grid Turbulence With Polymer Additives
Authors: Wang Yue , Cai Weihua , Wei Tong-zhou , Li Feng-chen , Yao Li-ming , Zhao Meng-shi
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we carried out the experimental study to investigate the polymer effect on two-oscillating grid turbulence based on Particle Image Velocimetry. We chose five different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 150 and 200ppm) of polymer solution flow and the Newtonian fluid flow for comparison at three different grid oscillating frequencies (5, 7.5 and 10Hz). The results showed that comparison with the Newtonian fluid case, the turbulent kinetic energy is much smaller in polymer solution cases. A natural definition for drag reduction rate was proposed based on turbulent kinetic energy. It showed that the maximum drag reduction reaches around 80% and the drag-reducing effect increases as the concentration increases. Finally, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was used to extract coherent structures in grid turbulence.
PIV Study of Mildly Controlled Flow Over a Wing Model Using a Synthetic Jet Array
Authors: Salunkhe Pramod B. , Tang Hui , Wu Yanhua
Published: December 2016

This work describes the use of a synthetic jet (SJ) array for mild control of flow separation over a straight wing model. Experiments were performed in a subsonic wind tunnel to show improvement of the wing aerodynamic performance. A tomographic particle image velocimetry system was used to measure and analyze the three-dimensional flow-field with and without the SJ actuation. It was observed that, although the SJ array is relatively weak, it can still made impacts on the separated flow. After the SJ actuation, the large-scale vortex structures in the shear layer were broken into small discrete structures and the near-wall flow was substantially improved. Subsequently, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis was also conducted and the effectiveness of the present SJ array was further discussed.
Effects of Surfactant Additives on Flow Characteristics at Different Wall-Normal Locations in Turbulent Channel Flow
Authors: Wang Lu , Zheng Zhi-Ying , Liu Ping-An , Wang Yue , Cai Wei-Hua , Li Feng-Chen
Published: December 2016

Large eddy simulation (LES) was performed for turbulent channel flow with and without surfactant additives at Reτ = 590. Since turbulent channel flow can be divided into linear substrate layer, buffer layer, logarithm layer and outer layer along the wall-normal direction, so study on the flow properties at different layers in turbulent channel flow of viscoelastic fluid is significant for investigating turbulent drag-reducing mechanism and realizing the control of turbulent drag-reducing flow in the future. In this present work, the influences of surfactant additives on flow properties at different y locations were analyzed by researching the mean streamwise velocity, the root-mean-square velocity fluctuations, Reynolds shear stress and the contributions of different parts to turbulent kinetic energy, as well as the scaling law for four layers by two-dimensional wavelet transform. From the viewpoint of the above results, it is showed that the buffer layer tends to get wider in viscoelastic fluid and it is also demonstrated that viscoelastic effect mainly inhibits the coherent structures in the buffer layer, which are ejected from the linear substrate layer.
Influence of Tangential Synthetic Jet Location on Flow Control
Authors: Abdi A. , Tadjfar M. , Bayati M.
Published: December 2016

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of a NACA0012 airfoil with a tangential synthetic jet. Simulations are carried out at the chord Reynolds number of Re=1,000,000. The present approach relies on solving the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations. The turbulence model used in the present computation is the K-ω SST equations. All computations are performed with a finite volume based code. We have varied the synthetic jet position on the suction side of the airfoil at various locations from 4% of the chord all the way up to 60% of the airfoil chord. The jet oscillating frequency of fj = 15 Hz, (which corresponds to the non-dimensional oscillating frequency of Fjet+ = 1 when the jet is placed at the 12% chord location), and the blowing ratio of Vj/U∞ = 2 are used during the control cycle. All the cases considered here are for the airfoil at the constant angle of attack of α = 19°, where the airfoil stalls in the uncontrolled base flow. We found that stall characteristics are significantly improved by controlling the formation of separation vortices in the flow. The airfoil lift is more than doubled by placing the tangential synthetic jet anywhere between 20% chord to 50% chord location. This corresponds to a 25% improvement over the best cases reported by Chapin and Benard (2015) for a cross flow synthetic jet.