bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Contributions to Magnetostriction of Ferromagnetic Layers for Magnetoresistive Sensors
Authors: Singleton E.W. , Duxstad K.J.
Published: January 2017

We have experimentally measured magnetostriction of thin CoFe layers when deposited with various seed and capping layers. Seed and capping layers were chosen to be materials that may be used in spin-valve (SV) type structures. Materials deposited adjacent to the magnetic layer include Cu, Ta and TaN. The experimental results are interpreted using a model that allows separation of bulk and interface contributions to the measured magnetostriction [1].Results show a clear interfacial contribution that is dependent upon the material at the interface of the magnetic layer. The results demonstrate that surface contributions to the magnetostriction dominate as layer thickness decreases.
Texture and Resistivity of Cu and Dilute Cu Alloy Films
Authors: Barmak K. , Gungor A. , Rollett A. D. , Cabral C. , Harper J. M. E.
Published: January 2017

Annealing of dilute binary Cu(Ti), Cu(In), Cu(Al), Cu(Sn), Cu(Mg), Cu(Nb), Cu(B), Cu(Co) and Cu(Ag) alloy films resulted in the strongest <111> fiber texture for Cu(Ti) and the lowest resistivity for Cu(Ag). The behavior of the alloy films was compared and contrasted with that for a pure evaporated Cu film. Electron beam evaporated films with compositions in the range of 2.0-4.2 at% and thicknesses in the range of 420-560 nm were annealed at 400°C for 5 hours. Two different approaches were used to derive volume fractions of texture components, namely fiber plots and orientation distributions. It is argued that for polytextured films such as the copper alloys studied here, orientation distributions derived from pole figures provide the most reliable basis for quantitative characterization.
Effect of Texture on Hillock Formation in Aluminum Films
Authors: Muppidi T. , Kusama Y. , Field D.P.
Published: January 2017

Stress voiding describes a phenomenon in thin interconnect lines where hillocks and voids are formed during thermal cycling due to the stresses caused by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of metal used in the interconnect lines and the substrate material. The effect of texture on stress voiding in aluminum interconnects is investigated using orientation imaging microscopy (OIM© ) and scanning electron microscopy. Aluminum films were deposited by PVD deposition onto sublayers of Ti and Ti plus TiN and were analyzed for crystallographic texture and grain boundary structure using OIM©. These films were later annealed at 400°C for 1 hour and cooled. The specimens were examined for the presence of hillocks and voids using a scanning electron microscope. The results show strongly textured (111) films are more resistant to hillock and void formation.
The Initial Growth Stages and Crystallization Mechanism of Bi-based films
Authors: Kononenko Oleg V. , Andreeva Alexandra V. , Il'in Alexandr I.
Published: January 2017

The present work deals with investigation of the initial stages of growth of (Bi, Bi-Sb) films deposited by the methods of different degrees of nonequilibrium, such as thermal evaporation (TE) and self-ion assisted deposition (SIAD). The comparative analysis of growth mechanisms and film island evolution (faceting and coalescence) was carried out depending on the type (crystalline, amorphous) and temperature of substrate, evaporation rate, film composition, etc. Ion bombardment during deposition leads to films of higher density and reduced porosity, and greater stability than those deposited without bombardment. As compared with the pure Bi films the facetted island morphology of the SIAD Bi–Sb (20%) films is not so clear. This is explained by partial realization of the coalescence process by the liquid fluidity mechanism. At all substrate temperatures the grain orientation (111) R is more pronounced for SIAD films than for the TE films.
TEKNIK PENANGKAPAN UDANG GALAH (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) DI PERAIRAN SUNGAI MUSI BAGIAN HILIR SUM-SEL
Authors: Bahri Syamsul
Published: January 2017

Abstrak bisa dilihat di Lampiran
AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ORTAK DIŞ TİCARET POLİTİKASI’NIN TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Authors: DİLBAZ ALACAHAN Nur , AKARSU Yağmur
Published: January 2017

II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Avrupa'nın yeniden inşasını sağlamak amacıyla 1952 yılında yapılan Paris Antlaşması ile kurulmuş olan Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Topluluğu ve ardından 1957 yılındaki Roma Antlaşması ile kurulan Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu ve Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Topluluğu, 1993 yılında yapılan Maastricht Antlaşması ile Avrupa Birliği adını almıştır. 1959 yılında başlayan Türkiye-AB ilişkileri, 1964 yılında yürülüğe giren Ankara Anlaşması ile şekil almaya başlamış bununla birlikte Türkiye’nin, hazırlık, geçiş ve son dönem olarak AB’ye üyeliği öngörülmüştür. 1999 yılında adaylık statüsü kazanan Türkiye,2005 yılında AB ile müzakerelere başlamıştır.Türkiye, Gümrük Birliği’yle birlikte AB’nin Ortak Ticaret Politikası’nı uygulamaya başlamış ve AB’nin tercihli ticaret sistemini üstlenmiştir. Türkiye'nin, Gümrük Birliği’ne girmesiyle birlikte dış ticaret açığı artmıştır. Bunun nedenleri arasında, AB'den yeterince mali kaynak aktarımının olmaması, yabancı yatırımcıların Türkiye'de yatırım yapmaması, Türkiye'nin AB çıkışlı sanayi ürünlerini gümrük vergisi olmadan ithalatı sağlanırken, AB dışı ülkelere AB'nin kendi uyguladığı gümrük prosedürlerini uygulaması sayılabilir. Aday ülke statüsünde bulunan Türkiye, topluluğa girmek için gerekli kriterleri yerine getirmek için çabalamaktadır.
Surgical Repositioning of the Premaxilla Using a Minimally Invasive Endonasal Approach
Authors: Sierra Nicolas E. , Ferrer-Fuertes Ada , Salazar-Perez Bárbara , Cho-Lee Gui-Youn , Martí-Pages Carles , Rivera-Baró Alejandro , Rubio-Palau Josep , García-Diez Eloy M.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate a technique for the surgical repositioning of the premaxilla using a minimally invasive endonasal approach.

Design:

Retrospective review of clinical records.

Setting:

Tertiary care, University Hospital, pediatric maxillofacial surgery unit.

Patients:

Twenty-one patients (12 boys and 9 girls), ages ranging from 6 to 21 years, with BCLP+A and premaxillary malposition (PM).

Interventions:

Surgical repositioning of the premaxilla (SRP) using a minimally invasive endonasal approach, from November 2007 to November 2015.

Main outcome measures:

Achieving maxillary arch alignment and premaxillary stability was defined as treatment success. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were also recorded.

Results:

In all cases (100%), the treatment was successful either at first surgery or after reoperation. Two patients (9.5%) were reoperated-one due to premaxillary instability and one due to PM relapse. There were no perioperative complications.

Conclusions:

SRP using a minimally invasive endonasal approach is a safe and effective technique that levels and aligns the maxillary arch in preparation for SABG, which minimizes the risk of wound infection and premaxillary vascular compromise. The endonasal approach improves tissue quality of the mucoperiosteal flaps when performing the SABG procedure. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the best protocols and techniques for the management of PM in patients with BCLP+ A.
Admixture Mapping Identifies an Amerindian Ancestry Locus Associated with Albuminuria in Hispanics in the United States
Authors: Brown Lisa A. , Sofer Tamar , Stilp Adrienne M. , Baier Leslie J. , Kramer Holly J. , Masindova Ivica , Levy Daniel , Hanson Robert L. , Moncrieft Ashley E. , Redline Susan , Rosas Sylvia E. , Lash James P. , Cai Jianwen , Laurie Cathy C. , Browning Sharon , Thornton Timothy , Franceschini Nora
Published: January 2017

Increased urine albumin excretion is highly prevalent in Hispanics/Latinos. Previous studies have found an association between urine albumin excretion and Amerindian ancestry in Hispanic/Latino populations. Admixture between racial/ethnic groups creates long-range linkage disequilibrium between variants with different allelic frequencies in the founding populations and it can be used to localize genes. Hispanic/Latino genomes are an admixture of European, African, and Amerindian ancestries. We leveraged this admixture to identify associations between urine albumin excretion (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR]) and genomic regions harboring variants with highly differentiated allele frequencies among the ancestral populations. Admixture mapping analysis of 12,212 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos participants, using a linear mixed model, identified three novel genome-wide significant signals on chromosomes 2, 11, and 16. The admixture mapping signal identified on chromosome 2, spanning q11.2–14.1 and not previously reported for UACR, is driven by a difference between Amerindian ancestry and the other two ancestries (P<5.7 × 10−5). Within this locus, two common variants located at the proapoptotic BCL2L11 gene associated with UACR: rs116907128 (allele frequency =0.14; P=1.5 × 10−7) and rs586283 (C allele frequency =0.35; P=4.2 × 10−7). In a secondary analysis, rs116907128 accounted for most of the admixture mapping signal observed in the region. The rs116907128 variant is common among full-heritage Pima Indians (A allele frequency =0.54) but is monomorphic in the 1000 Genomes European and African populations. In a replication analysis using a sample of full-heritage Pima Indians, rs116907128 significantly associated with UACR (P=0.01; n=1568). Our findings provide evidence for the presence of Amerindian-specific variants influencing the variation of urine albumin excretion in Hispanics/Latinos.
Determinants of near miss mortality in a tertiary care centre
Authors: Suhurban Sofia Abubekhar , Lekshmikutty Sujatha Thankappan , Brahmanandan Mayadevi , Radha Sreekumary
Published: January 2017

Background: Near misses are defined as pregnant women with severe-life threatening conditions who nearly die but, with good care or good luck survive. Because near miss situation occurs more frequently than maternal death, more comprehensive and statistically reliable analysis could be conducted to assess the quality of maternal care and to develop evidence-based management protocols. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the determinants of near miss maternal mortality in a tertiary referral Government medical college hospital in Trivandrum, Kerala.Methods: Case control study from a defined delivery population with three randomly selected pregnant women as controls for every case. Study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College Hospital Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Study duration was one year. Study population were patients admitted in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, fulfilling the WHO criteria of near miss.Results: Of the primary determinant factors of near miss in this study, preeclampsia contributed the main role, followed by hemorrhage and eclampsia. During the antenatal period, preeclampsia was the major determinant followed by eclampsia. Hemorrhage was the major determinant in intra op /intra natal cases and next was eclampsia. Postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia and preeclampsia were the major determinants in post-partum /post op cases. Among the associated indicators assessed, low socioeconomic status, anaemia, high body mass index, referral status, placenta praevia and caesarean section were statistically significant.Conclusions: Detailed analysis of near miss cases helps in identifying risk factors. It helps in formulating preventive strategies, and helps us in tackling the delays in referral process.
Feto-maternal outcome in pregnancy beyond 40 weeks
Authors: Dobariya Paras V. , Shah Parul T. , Ganatra Hina K.
Published: January 2017

Background: Fetal, Neonatal and Maternal complications associated with pregnancy beyond 40 weeks have always been underestimated. However emerging evidence demonstrates that the incidence of complications increases after 40 weeks of gestation. The present study conducted to find out the fetomaternal outcome of such prolonged pregnancy.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study of 84 patients with uncomplicated prolonged pregnancy fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria and admitted in department of obstetrics and gynecology at a tertiary care hospital. The aim of the study was to know fetomaternal outcome in pregnancy beyond 40 weeks in consideration of spontaneous and induced labour.Results: Out of 84 patients, 58 (69.05%) were in the age group of 20-30 years, 44 (52.38%) were between 41-42 weeks of gestation according to their LMP and 38(45.24%) were between 40-41 weeks of gestation. In 27 (32.14%) patients mode of delivery was caesarean section, in whom most common indication being fetal distress in 48.15% followed by failure to progress in 22.22%. In present study perinatal morbidity like IUFD, neonatal asphyxia, MAS, RDS were 4.76%, 9.52%, 7.14% and 3.57% respectively. Maternal morbidity like prolonged labor, PPH, fever, wound infection were 10.71%, 5.95%, 3.57% and 3.57% respectively.Conclusions: With Regular antenatal check-up, incidence of postdate pregnancy can be decreased and it is important because of definite risk to fetus as pregnancy continuing beyond 40 weeks of gestation is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality especially those who do not come for regular antenatal check-up. Confirmation of diagnosis of exact term of pregnancy is very important as many patients don’t have regular menstrual history and LMP. Diagnosis can be confirmed by first trimester ultrasound which is most important non-invasive method and readily available.
A prospective study of efficacy and safety of mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol in termination of pregnancy up to 63 days of gestation
Authors: Jain Mahima , Sharma Sonali
Published: January 2017

Background: Illegal abortion is still one of the important causes of maternal mortality in India accounting for approximately 13%. Medical Management of abortion is a non-surgical termination which does not require special facilities like operation theatre, hospital stay and thereby reduces complications associated with the same.Methods: It is a prospective study done in a Tertiary care Government Hospital over a span from Jan 2015 to April 2016. After patient selection as per inclusion criteria and written informed consent after evaluating patients were enrolled in the study. In first visit Tab. mifepristone 200 mg. orally was given and advised to take Tab. misoprostol 800 mcg. Vaginally after 48 hours at home. They were counselled for side effects and asked to report in case of excess bleeding, pain, fever or no bleed for 24 hours of misoprostol. After 7 days follow up was done to ensure completion of abortion. Any additional drugs required were noted. Contraceptive advice is also given during these visits.Results: In our study 60 cases were taken. Majority of women are between 20-29 years of age which is peak reproductive age. 61.1% women are of second parity. The success rate of medical methods is 96.6%, two cases out of 60 underwent surgical evacuation and one was lost to follow up. Most common adverse effect noted is abdominal cramps. No patient required hospitalization. Additional Misoprostol was required in 4 cases. This method is highly acceptable 95% cases as it is non invasive and preferred to adopt the same in future if needed.Conclusions: Patient participation, motivation, compliance, regular follow up visits, ability to record and report complications are the pillars on which the success of medical methods depends. Hence overall, it came out to be safe and effective method.
Migration of intrauterine device into the pelvic cavity: exploration strategy and management in African environment
Authors: Diouf Abdoul Aziz , Diallo Moussa , Gassama Omar , Niang Mouhamadou Mansour , Thiam Mariétou , Gueye Mamour , Mbaye Magatte , Moreau Jean Charles , Herendael Bruno Van , Diouf Alassane
Published: January 2017

IUD migration is a rare complication. We report our experience in the treatment of five cases of uterine perforation and migration of IUDs. The average age of patients was 34.6 years, an average parity was 4. All patients felt an unusual pain during insertion of the IUD Tcu 380A. The location of the IUD was done through ultrasound and hysterography. Removal by laparoscopy was performed in all cases. The immediate impacts of the surgery were simple. Hysterography has its place in the location of the migrated IUD. Prevention is a good IUD insertion technique.
A case of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome with spontaneous hemoperitoneum
Authors: Lele Prasad R. , Tangri Manoj Kumar
Published: January 2017

We report a case of complicated severe OHSS that developed spontaneous hemoperitoneum. This was a potentially fatal complication of pharmacological stimulation of ovary in assisted reproduction. Here the life was saved, oophorectomy was prevented and fertility preserved by timely diagnosis and conservative surgery.
Large complex ovarian cyst managed by laparoscopy
Authors: Limbachiya Dipak J. , Chaudhari Ankit , Agrawal Grishma P.
Published: January 2017

Complex ovarian cyst with secondary infection is a rare disease that hardly responds to the usual antibiotic treatment. Most of the times, it hampers day to day activities of women. It is commonly known to cause pain and fever. To our surprise, in our case the cyst was large enough to compress the ureter and it was adherent to the surrounding structures. Laparoscopic removal of the cyst was done and specimen was sent for histopathological examination.
A comparative study of open versus laparoscopic incisional hernia repair
Authors: Bathalapalli Jagan Mohan Reddy , Varma Gunturi Surya Ramachandra , Rao V. Ram Mohan , P. Mythili
Published: January 2017

Background: Incisional hernia occurs in 5-11% of patients subjected to abdominal operations. Laparoscopic hernia repair has revolutionized the treatment of incisional hernia by reducing the morbidity and improved post-operative outcomes. The objectives of this study were to compare open incisional hernia repair with laparoscopic incisional hernia repair in our patient population with respect to Operating time, post-operative complications, post-operative recovery, duration of analgesic administration, and cosmetic results.Methods: This is a prospective study of Forty patients who were admitted at Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India with a clinical diagnosis of incisional hernia, 20 patients in each group (open and laparoscopic).Results: Both the study groups were comparable in terms of patient characteristics. The duration of laparoscopic repair was significantly more when compared to open repair (mean time 133.75 mins versus 85.8 min respectively). Analgesic requirement, wound infection rate and complication rate were higher in open group. The laparoscopic patients tolerated oral feeds earlier compared to open patients. The duration of hospital stay was significantly longer for open group than for laparoscopic group (mean 9.6 days versus 6.4 days respectively). The cosmetic end result was better in laparoscopic patients.Conclusions: Though ours is a small study, with the benefits of laparoscopy it will be prudent to recommend laparoscopic repair as the first line of management for incisional hernia where the facilities and trained expertise were available. However, there is still a role for traditional open approach in patients who have a specific contraindication to laparoscopic repair or any additional procedures that are not amenable for laparoscopy.
Hollow viscus injury due to blunt abdominal trauma
Authors: Varma Gunturi Surya Ramachandra , Thumma Venu Madhav , Bathalapalli Jagan Mohan Reddy , Kunduru Nava Kishore , Bishnoi Kamal Kishore , Rakesh Nirjhar Raj , Gondu Gangadhar , Sarma Digvijoy , Nagari Bheerappa
Published: January 2017

Background: Management of hollow viscus injury (HVI) due to blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) is a challenge to the clinicians even in the era of advanced imaging and enhanced critical care. Repeated clinical examination with appropriate imaging with multidisciplinary teamwork is the key for timely intervention in equivocal cases for successful outcomes. Aim of the study was to present our experience over last 4½ years.Methods: This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data of patients treated at surgical gastroenterology department, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India over a period of 4½ years (2012-2016).Results: A total of 126 BAT Patients were treated in our unit as inpatients during the last 4½ years. Out of 126, twenty patients (15.87%) with HVI in whom surgical intervention was done formed the study group. Contrast enhanced CT Scan abdomen and chest was done in stable patients (13/20), in rest of the patients (7/20) the decision to operate was taken more on clinical grounds along with X-ray abdomen and USG abdomen features. 12 (60%) had jejunal and ileal injuries, 5 (25%) patients had colonic injuries (sigmoid 4, caecum 1). One (5%) patient had extra peritoneal rectal perforation with ascending retroperitoneal fascitis and 2 (10%) had duodenal injury. Two (10%)patients required relaparotomy. We had mortality in 3 (15%) patients and 17 (85%) patients had complete recovery.Conclusions: Hollow viscus injury should be suspected in all cases of blunt abdominal trauma. In equivocal cases careful repeat clinical examinations with close monitoring and repeat imaging is highly essential to prevent delay in intervention. Type of procedure is based on time of presentation, degree of contamination, associated injuries and general condition of the patient.
Extension to Brand Category, An Exploratory Investigation on Brand Extension Attitude
Authors: Muhammad Nigar , Ahmad Gill Shabeeb , Murad Majid
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this research study is to identify the impact of the brand category on brand extension attitude. The concept of brand extension is used for the marketing of any brand which is associated with the firm. Most of the large industries are using well-known names to launch a new product range to earn more profile for the organization as well as to make new position rather than other brands. This study especially identified that those brand who want to extend the product range of brands. Data was collected from a convenience sample of different brand buyers in the Faisalabad via surveys. The final sample consisted of 200 responses. Correlation, Linear regressions and ANOVA were used to test the hypotheses Results revealed that initial parent brand image has a positive relationship toward the brand extension attitude. Parent brand quality has a positive effect on brand extension attitude. Brand extension information toward the brand extension attitude is significantly impacted. The results provide some suggestion to marketers who want to expand their parent brand or launch fashion extension products.
Preeclampsia and Care of the Newborn
Authors: Cardona Julie , Simoncelli Mary Lou , Sexton Courtney , Raines Deborah A.
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Preeclampsia is one of the most common complications in the last half of pregnancy. Mother-baby nurses are often present at the birth to provide neonatal care as well as ongoing care during the first days of life. This article discusses the implications of preeclampsia for the neonate and the role of the mother-baby nurse in the care of these infants.
La igualdad de género como objetivo de desarrollo sostenible
Authors: Blázquez Agudo Eva María
Published: January 2017

doi: https://doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3544
Responsabilidad Social de Género y obligatoriedad moral = Gender Social Responsibility and moral obligatoriness
Authors: Medina-Vicent María
Published: January 2017

Resumen: La igualdad entre mujeres y hombres debe ser integrada en la gestión de las empresas. Y es que se trata de una exigencia social válida y vigente que afecta a todas las esferas sociales, desde la política a la economía. Desde nuestro punto de vista, una gestión basada en la ética dialógica habermasiana puede ser el modo más acertado para que las empresas se comprometan con esta tarea. Dicho modelo nos aporta las claves para una gestión empresarial que convierta la igualdad en un valor irrenunciable de la cultura corporativa. En esta línea, la demanda por la ética empresarial y la igualdad de género ha sido incorporada en la agenda política y económica de la Unión Europea, entendida centralmente como un recurso para aumentar la competitividad de los países miembros. Así pues, analizaremos el riesgo que conlleva este discurso de la rentabilidad, a la vez que abordamos la potencialidad de la ética empresarial dialógica y de la Responsabilidad Social de Género para impulsar la igualdad de género en la empresa. Palabras clave: igualdad de género, ética empresarial, responsabilidad social de género. Abstract: The equality between women and men need to be integrated into the business management. It is a valid and current social demand which involves all social fields, from politics to economy. From our point of view, business management based on the Discourse Ethics of Jürgen Habermas can be the most successful way for companies to achieve this aim. This model gives us the key to promote a business management where equality becomes an inalienable value of corporate culture. In this line, the demand for business ethics and gender equality has been incorporated into the political and economic agenda of the European Union, understood as a resource to enhance the competitiveness of member countries. Thus, we will analyze the risk associated with this profitability discourse, while we address the potential of the dialogic ethics for business and the Gender Social Responsibility concept to promote gender equality in companies. Keywords: gender equality, business ethics, gender social responsibility. doi: https://doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3546
Zurian, Francisco A. (coord.). Construyendo una mirada propia: mujeres directoras en el cine español. De los orígenes al año 2000
Authors: Sañudo David P.
Published: January 2017

Reseñadoi: https://doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3552
Uji Toksisitas Letal dan Subletal Logam Berat Merkuri (Hg) Terhadap Ikan Nilem (Osteochilus hasselti)
Authors: Prayogo Norman Arie , Hidayati Atik , Siregar Asrul Sahri
Published: January 2017

Mercury (Hg) is a heavy metal could pollute the river. Hg impacts on aquatic organism chronically. The influence of chemical toxic on aquatic organisms could be determined using toxicity (lethal and sublethal) tests. Osteochilus hasselti could be an object for toxicity test. A research, aiming to find LC50-96h concentration, was to find letal and subletal effects of Hg on erythrocyte and hematocryte changes. An experimental method applied Completely Randomized Design. The research was devided into 3 stages, i.e. preliminary, lethal toxicity (LC50-96h) and sublethal toxicity tests, in triplicates. Sampling of sublethal test was performed after an exposure time of 96 h (4 days) and 288 h (12 days). Lethal toxicity test data were analyzed as probit and data from sublethal toxicity test were F-tested. The result showed that LC50-96h of Hg on Osteochilus hasselti was 0.39 mg/L. The sublethal effect of Hg decreased erythrocyte ad hematocryte counts in parallel with increasing its concentration and its exposure time.Keywords: Hg, toxicity, LC50-96 hours, erythrocytes, hematocrits.
Kualitas Karkas Ayam Kampung yang Diberi Ransum Mengandung Omega-3 Minyak Ikan
Authors: Leke Jein Rinny , Rawung Vony , Laihad Jacqulein , Mandey Jet S. , Tangkau Linda
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study to determine the quality of chicken carcasses were given rations containing omega-3 fish oil. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications, each replication 4 free-range chickens. If treatment showed significance, then continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The treatment consisted of fish oil that is R0 = 0% (basal feed), R1 = (basal feed 98,5%+1,5% MI), R2 = (basal feed 98%+2% MI), R3 = (basal feed 97,5%+2,5% MI), R4 = (basal feed 97%+3% MI). The variables measured were the weight of the chest (g), the weight of the thigh (g), the weight back (g) and wing weight (g). The results showed that the use of fish oil in the diet provides highly significant effect (P<0,01) in the weight of the chest and thigh weights, but the effect is not significant (P>0,05) to the weights and the weight of the wing backs. The conclusion that the quality of carcass weights comprised chest, thigh weight, the weight of the back and the weight of chicken wings increased the ration of fish oil to the level of 3%.

 

Keywords: carcass, chicken, fish oil.
Technology Update: Encapsulated ESP Handles Multiphase Flows To Extend Run Life and Boost Oil Recovery
Authors: Nichols Jonathan , Holland Nathan
Published: January 2017

Technology Update

Electrical submersible pump (ESP) systems are critical to achieving the maximum production rates and reservoir pressure drawdown that improve ultimate recovery. But when gas pockets enter the wellbore and cause system interruptions, the effectiveness of a traditional ESP can be undermined.

Gas-handling capability is one of the most complex and challenging issues in artificial lift. Production in unconventional wells varies significantly, depending on the evolution of the reservoir. In a typical scenario, the well begins producing with high liquid rates and some gas. Over a period of a few months, oil production rates fall and gas production rises.

While many wells can produce with small quantities of gas, the presence of large gas volumes precludes the use of conventional pumping equipment. The gas-handling challenges are exacerbated by the long horizontals and multiphase flow of oil and gas that are common in unconventional oil plays.

Most horizontal wells are not perfectly horizontal. The wells’ lateral portions have undulations that cause the accumulation of water in the low spots and gas in the high spots. During the production phase in unconventional plays, higher levels of natural gas are usually released from the pay zone as reservoir pressure depletes. This gas typically enters the horizontal wellbore and accumulates in the high side of the lateral, creating large gas slugs that cause low-flow or no-flow conditions in an ESP system as they move up the wellbore. The resulting cycling and gas-lock conditions affect system reliability, which can interrupt production and limit ultimate reserves recovery.

In challenging downhole conditions, operators often choose to install an ESP system below the perforations. This scenario is particularly useful in wells with high gas content in the fluid stream and in highly productive wells, where operators want to maximize the pressure drawdown to release additional reserves from the reservoir. Placing the ESP below the perforations separates the gas from the fluid, eliminating issues associated with gas entering the ESP.

However, reliability becomes a concern because fluid does not flow past the motor at the appropriate velocity to ensure motor cooling. To overcome this issue, the ESP motor can be encased in a shroud, but using a shroud can limit the size of the ESP system and, therefore, production rates.
Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Downhole Production and Injection Profiling
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: January 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 175211, “Latest Developments Using Fiber-Optic-Based Well Surveillance Such as Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Downhole Production and Injection Profiling,” by Juun van der Horst and Peter in ’t Panhuis, Shell; Nabil Al-Bulushi, Saudi Aramco; Greg Deitrick, Daria Mustafina, Gijs Hemink, Lex Groen, and Hans Potters, Shell; and Rifaat Mjeni, Kamran Awan, Salma Rajhi, and Goos Bakker, Petroleum Development Oman, prepared for the 2015 SPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference, Mishref, Kuwait, 11–14 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

In the past decade, fiber-optic (FO) -based sensing has opened up opportunities for in-well reservoir surveillance in the oil and gas industry. Distributed-temperature sensing (DTS) has been used in applications such as steam-front monitoring in thermal enhanced oil recovery and injection-conformance monitoring in waterflood projects. FO-based pressure gauges are deployed commonly. Significant progress also has been made in maturing other new FO-based surveillance methods such as distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). In this paper, the authors present a recent example of single-phase-flow profiling with DAS.

Introduction

FO-based surveillance allows for a complete, instantaneous data set from the top to the bottom of the well vs. traditional logging methods that can consume many hours to collect a single trace of a limited interval of the well. A recent development is the use of DAS, which converts a standard fiber deployed over an entire wellbore into a permanent array of microphones. DAS has proved its utility for monitoring of hydraulic-fracturing (HF) operations and for acquisition of vertical-seismic- profile (VSP) surveys and microseismic. A third promising application under development is that of measuring downhole production or injection-flow performance, where DAS can replace the conventional production-logging-tool (PLT) survey for a number of flow regimes and well types.

Because the same FO cable can be used for different measurements by connecting the appropriate interrogation unit to the cable, it is, for instance, possible to use DAS for first monitoring the HF treatment during the initial well completion, followed by time-lapse production profiling surveys to assess the (change in) flow behavior for optimizing well inflow/outflow performance or improving the completion design of future producers.
Deepwater Projects
Authors: Iversen Morten
Published: January 2017

The high costs surrounding deepwater developments and the low price of oil are a challenging combination for operators and service companies today.

Considering transportation, services, qualifications, permitting, and infrastructure costs, capital-expenditure costs for deepwater developments are much higher than they are for onshore developments. Similarly, operating in remote locations, where risk must be low and safety and preparedness must be high, operating-expenditure costs are also much higher for deepwater projects than they are for those onshore.

Industry has recognized that, even at USD 100/bbl, the costs of some deepwater developments were not sustainable, and, when it comes to USD 30/bbl oil, it is obvious that the operator cannot justify this capital and operating cost.

During the first decade of the 2000s, escalating oil and gas prices were the rising tide that lifted all boats. It essentially bailed out many floundering projects, masked poor project performance, and bred profligacy and complacency.

In addition, operators were able to justify designing operations that were more flexible and could respond to a greater number of scenarios. However, this resulted in complex designs, which involved more engineering and greater costs.

However, in the current cost environment, the operator must now work with the service companies to discuss what acceptable specifications are. If deepwater operations are to survive going forward, the luxury of unnecessary customization of facilities and individual company specifications of components must cease; industry needs to develop a more-cost-effective “good enough” mind set.

By simplifying, standardizing, and industrializing deepwater technologies, 25–30% reductions in lead time and costs are possible, but there are limits to how much this can save.

The resources we are developing no longer come from massive fields, which limits the economic and cost-saving potentials. Second, the industry cannot create a commodity industry like the automotive industry.

These issues may be overcome with the willingness of the deepwater industry to continue investing in technology developments, and, in particular, technology and constant innovation are what will bring us acceptable economic profitability, which will allow us to continue deepwater development. JPT

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.

SPE/IADC 168048 New Applications of Cementing Valve Technology for Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Operations by Jim McNicol, Archer Oiltools

OTC 25802 Deep Offshore Gas Fields: A New Challenge for the Industry by E. Gyllenhammar, Aker Solutions, et al.

OTC 25868 Lucius and Hadrian South Projects: Development Overview by M. Lamey, Anadarko, et al.

OTC 25896 Developing Megaprojects Simultaneously: The Brazilian Presalt Case by Flavio Gonçalves Reis Vianna Filho, Petrobras, et al.
OTC Asia Sessions Discuss Region’s Role in Price Downturn, Recovery
Authors: Whitfield Stephen
Published: January 2017

As the oil and gas industry weathers a transitional phase brought on by a drop in oil prices, burgeoning markets in Southeast Asia stand poised to establish themselves as legitimate players in the future. Attendees of the recent Offshore Technology Conference Asia in Kuala Lumpur saw the myriad ways in which the region’s potential could make it into an industry stronghold.

In a series of sessions devoted to individual countries in the Asia Pacific region, representatives from national oil companies, multinational operators, and service companies presented their thoughts on the roles they will play in the overall development of the region and the global oil market.

China

Panel speakers at the China country session described a country flush with natural resources but unable to exploit them to the fullest extent. Led by its national oil company, the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), the country is eager to acquire the tools needed to increase production from its oil and gas reserves.

While the Chinese market is still in a nascent developmental stage, Zhang Xiaofeng said the CNPC is optimistic about its progress in developing specific types of reservoirs. Zhang, a project manager at CNPC, cited volcanic reservoirs as a particular source of optimism. China has one of the largest collections of proven volcanic reserves in the world; 900 billion m3 of the country’s 3 trillion m3 (Tcm) total proven reserves is in volcanic reservoirs.

However, Zhang said there are some technical difficulties CNPC faces in actualizing these resources. He said the company must improve its reservoir prediction techniques, as well as its crack detection.

Zhang was equally optimistic about shale gas prospects in China, but operational costs must continue to decline in order for the country to increase development of the resource. CNPC estimated that in 2015, the cost of drilling a horizontal well in shale formations in the Sichuan Basin ranged between USD 11.3 million and USD 12.9 million per well, representing a 23% cost reduction from 2013.

“Of course, shale gas is an important resource for China,” Zhang said. “It is a rich gas area, and hopefully some of our successful projects will push shale.”

China’s focus on shale gas has been driven in large part by its inability to develop its coalbed methane (CBM) resources. The country’s total resource of CBM is approximately 36.8 Tcm, but the coal depositional structure in China is too complex for the existing technological infrastructure to exploit. Overcoming this complexity will be critical for the country in the near future. Zhang said there is, at present, no large-scale commercial production of CBM in China.

Xiangyu Wang, a professor of construction management at Curtin University and the moderator of the session, said renewables should play a larger role in China’s energy policy, even as the country continues to develop its oil and gas economy. Coal made up 65.7% of China’s total energy consumption in 2013, compared with 18.9% for oil and 5.5% for gas.
European Commission Strives Toward Reasonable Shale-Gas Regulation
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 175503, “Toward Reasonable European Shale-Gas Regulation—The European Commission’s 2014 Recommendation and Communication on Shale-Gas Extraction,” by Ruven Fleming, University of Groningen, prepared for the 2015 SPE Offshore Europe Conference and Exhibition, Aberdeen, 8–11 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Following years of deliberation, the European Union (EU) released a recommendation on unconventional hydrocarbons and a related communication in 2014. Although these documents are not legally binding on member states, they are nevertheless of great significance because they indicate, for the first time, the current and likely future stance of EU institutions on the regulation of unconventional hydrocarbons. This paper traces the origins and development of these documents, which provide vital clues for the road ahead in European shale-gas regulation.

Introduction

The potential threats of groundwater contamination, irresponsible disposal of flowback, the repercussions of significant land use, and increased emission of greenhouse gases have been named in recent scientific studies as main potential threats of shale-gas extraction. The current European law framework on environmental protection, mainly consisting of directives and regulations, entails some gaps and does not cover these issues comprehensively. Thus, the EU took recent action to develop shale-gas-specific regulation in order to close the identified gaps in the existing general framework.

Because the existing secondary law norms were elaborated at a time when shale gas extraction was virtually unknown in Europe, one would suspect that they entail provisions that do not sufficiently cover the specific potential threats of this technique. Indeed, there are a number of issues. Probably the most important one is that environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are not compulsory for shale-gas projects. Although member states have the right to require an EIA for specific, individual shale-gas projects, this discretion does not appropriately match the level of potential environmental hazards of shale-gas extraction.

The paper does not engage in an analysis of the pre-existing EU regulatory framework but focuses on the EU’s efforts to close the gaps in the framework that have been discovered previously. The EU introduced nonbinding, soft-law measures in this regard to create a level playing field among all member states in the form of the 2014 Shale Gas Recommendation and the 2014 Shale Gas Communication.

The paper highlights the main features of the recommendation and the communication and considers whether they are sufficient to close the gaps in the EU secondary law framework. Overall, the author concludes that these measures go a long way in addressing the perceived gaps, although they do not succeed in closing all of them.
Accelerating the Uptake Cycle Through Collaboration, Outsourcing
Authors: Jacobs Trent
Published: January 2017

As a newcomer in the arena of oilfield market research, Houston-based Darcy Partners has set an ambitiously high bar for itself: to speed up the oil and gas industry’s widely acknowledged and painfully slow rate of technology adoption.

Founded in 2015, Darcy is trying to accomplish this by melding its in-depth research studies with a collaborative approach to consulting. The latter part of this strategy involves placing a group of promising young companies and their potential suitors into the same room where the free flow of ideas is encouraged.

The firm’s ultimate goal is to prove to oil and gas companies that technology validation becomes a much faster process when done collectively and openly compared with when it is all done internally.

“We are saying let’s do innovation more efficiently,” said Hossein Rokhsari, a partner at Darcy, adding, “which means outsourcing elements of the work that is required for technology development to a group like us, where we do the research, scouting, screening, and evaluation.”

The culmination of all that groundwork is quarterly technology forums that Darcy hosts and moderates. The company has held two of these day-long events this year: one on advanced data analytics and another on new water management technologies for unconventional developments. Its upcoming forums will focus on unmanned aerial vehicles, completion optimization, cyber security, and another on advanced data analytics.
Sapinhoÿ Field, Santos Basin Presalt: From Design to Execution and Results
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 26320, “SapinhoÁ Field, Santos Basin Presalt: From Conceptual Design to Project Execution and Results,” by J. Turazzi Naveiro, SPE, and D. Haimson, Petrobras, prepared for the 2015 Offshore Technology Conference Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 27–29 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

This paper presents the development of SapinhoÁ field, covering the fast-track transition and decision-making process, from appraisal to conceptual and basic engineering of the SapinhoÁ pilot project and on to its subsequent execution, highlighting the challenges, lessons learned, and results. Even though, at the time, several uncertainties about developing presalt areas were present, a fast-track strategy was chosen. A pilot project was seen as a means to provide valuable information for the remaining development of SapinhoÁ and other fields in the presalt cluster.

Introduction

The SapinhoÁ field is in Block BM-S-9 at the central portion of the Santos Basin (Fig. 1). The water depth is approximately 2140 m, and reservoir depth lies between 5000 and 6000 m, with salt-layer thickness up to 2 m.

The main objectives of the SapinhoÁ pilot were to evaluate the production and injection behaviors in a carbonate reservoir of microbial origin and obtain information and provide technology development so that those could be used for the remaining development of the presalt cluster. This information would be useful to

Define the best recovery method to be applied in future projects

Define the best exploitation strategy

Optimize location, geometry, and number of wells

Evaluate reservoir hydraulic communication

Estimate vertical and horizontal permeability

Project Engineering: Concept Overview

Production-development plans consisted of the installation of a chartered floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel in the field’s south area; a well-construction campaign; a subsea gathering system; and gas-export-pipeline installation.