bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of biological properties of co‐composted Baltic seaweeds in germination tests
Authors: Michalak Izabela , Miller Urszula , Tuhy Łukasz , Sówka Izabela , Chojnacka Katarzyna
Published: August 2016

Large quantities of green seaweed, probably due to eutrophication, are found in the Baltic Sea, as well as on the beach. The tourist attractiveness of the seaside resorts is therefore reduced. The aim of this study was to find the method of the utilization of this algal biomass into fertilizers. Algae, collected from the Baltic Sea, were co‐composted with sawdust and quail manure in order to produce natural fertilizer. From the compost, algal extract was additionally produced that can act as a plant growth biostimulant. The compost and extract were biologically evaluated by the determination of the growth and multielemental composition of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) in germination tests. Additionally, the odour emissions during composting process were investigated. It was found that the dry biomass was comparable in all examined groups (compost, extract, distilled water). The average length of plants in the group with compost was 14.5% higher than in the group with the extract (difference not statistically significant). There has been observed a positive effect of the addition of compost on the content of micro‐ and macronutrients in the biomass of the cultivated plants, especially boron, calcium, iron and silicon. The averaged odour concentrations measured from the compost and extract samples were very low and reached the values of 8 and 24 ouE/m3, respectively. According to the obtained results, by composting of seaweeds it is possible to produce a valuable organic fertilizer, which is the method of valorisation of this biomass.
A Critical Review on Hemicellulose Pyrolysis
Authors: Zhou Xiaowei , Li Wenjun , Mabon Ross , Broadbelt Linda J.
Published: August 2016

Fast pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical technology that breaks down renewable and abundant lignocellulosic biomass into a primary liquid product (bio‐oil) in seconds. The bio‐oil can then be potentially catalytically upgraded into transportation fuels and multiple commodity chemicals. Hemicellulose is one of the three major components of lignocellulosic biomass and is characterized as a group of cell wall polysaccharides that are neither cellulose nor pectin. The composition and structural features of hemicellulose (mixture of different heterogeneous polysaccharides) and different specific hemicellulose polysaccharides are reviewed. Particular focus is then given to reviewing the status of hemicellulose pyrolysis in terms of experimental investigations, reaction mechanisms, and kinetic modeling. For each aspect, recent results, challenges, and future prospects are addressed.
Field techniques for measuring bedrock erosion and denudation
Authors: Turowski Jens M. , Cook Kristen L.
Published: August 2016

Bedrock erosion rates in natural landscapes are usually slow, of the order of millimeters per year or less, and sophisticated techniques have been developed to measure them. Different techniques have proved to be valuable depending on the spatial and temporal scale on which information is needed, on the environment and on the scientific question that is asked. Here, we give an overview of the various methods that have been developed. We introduce their working principles and outline their advantages and disadvantages. Further, we provide comprehensive references to relevant literature, both on the methods and on scientific examples of their application. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Effect of soy flour on nutritional, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of gluten‐free bread
Authors: Taghdir Maryam , Mazloomi Seyed Mohammad , Honar Naser , Sepandi Mojtaba , Ashourpour Mahkameh , Salehi Musa
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of soy flour on nutritional, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of gluten‐free (GF) bread. In this study, corn flour was replaced with soy flour at different levels 5%, 10%, and 15% to produce a more nutritionally balanced GF bread. Physical and chemical properties, sensory evaluation and crust and crumb color were measured in bread samples. The results of evaluations showed that protein content of soy flour‐supplemented GF bread significantly increased from 9.8% to 12.9% as compared to control along with an increased in fat (3.3%–4.1%), fiber (0.29%– 0.38%), and ash (1.7%–2.2%) content. Moisture (27.9%–26.5%) and carbohydrate (58.3–52.3) content decreased with the incremental addition of soybean flour. The highest total score of sensory evaluation was for the bread sample containing 15% soybean flour. The evaluation of crust and crumb showed that bread samples with 15% soy flour were significantly darker than the other bread samples. In conclusion, adding higher levels of soybean flour into GF bread can improve bread quality, sensory characteristics, and nutritional properties of bread. Nutritional status in patients with celiac disease (CD) can be improved through the produce GF bread in this way.
Impairment in subcortical suppression in schizophrenia: Evidence from the fBIRN Oddball Task
Authors: Lavigne Katie M. , Menon Mahesh , Woodward Todd S.
Published: August 2016

Schizophrenia patients show widespread impairments in brain activity during oddball tasks, which involve responding to infrequent target stimuli while refraining from responding during continuous non‐target stimuli. In a network‐based investigation comparing schizophrenia or schizoaffective patients to healthy controls, we sought to clarify which networks were specifically associated with target detection using a multivariate analysis technique that identifies task‐specific functional brain networks. We acquired data from the publicly available function biomedical informatics research network collaboration, including 58 patients and 50 controls. Two task‐based functional brain networks were identified: (1) a response modulation network including bilateral temporal pole, supramarginal gyrus, striatum, and thalamus, on which patients showed decreased activity relative to controls; and (2) an auditory–motor response activation network, on which patients showed a slower return to baseline than controls, but no difference in peak activation. For both groups, baseline to peak activation of the response modulation network correlated negatively with peak to baseline activity in the response activation network, suggesting a role in suppressing the motor response following targets. Patients’ impaired activity in the response modulation network, and subsequent longer return to baseline in the response activation network, correspond with their later and less accurate behavioral performance, suggesting that impairment in suppression of the auditory–motor response activation network could underlie oddball task deficits in schizophrenia. In addition, the magnitude of the activity in the response modulation network was correlated with intensity of delusions of reference, supporting the notion that increased referential ideation is associated with hyperactivity within the subcortical striatal–limbic network.Hum Brain Mapp 37:4640–4653, 2016. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterochronicity of white matter development and aging explains regional patient control differences in schizophrenia
Authors: Kochunov Peter , Ganjgahi Habib , Winkler Anderson , Kelly Sinead , Shukla Dinesh K. , Du Xiaoming , Jahanshad Neda , Rowland Laura , Sampath Hemalatha , Patel Binish , O'Donnell Patricio , Xie Zhiyong , Paciga Sara A. , Schubert Christian R. , Chen Jian , Zhang Guohao , Thompson Paul M. , Nichols Thomas E. , Hong L. Elliot
Published: August 2016

Background

Altered brain connectivity is implicated in the development and clinical burden of schizophrenia. Relative to matched controls, schizophrenia patients show (1) a global and regional reduction in the integrity of the brain's white matter (WM), assessed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fractional anisotropy (FA), and (2) accelerated age‐related decline in FA values. In the largest mega‐analysis to date, we tested if differences in the trajectories of WM tract development influenced patient–control differences in FA. We also assessed if specific tracts showed exacerbated decline with aging.

Methods

Three cohorts of schizophrenia patients (total n = 177) and controls (total n = 249; age = 18‐61 years) were ascertained with three 3T Siemens MRI scanners. Whole‐brain and regional FA values were extracted using ENIGMA‐DTI protocols. Statistics were evaluated using mega‐ and meta‐analyses to detect effects of diagnosis and age‐by‐diagnosis interactions.

Results

In mega‐analysis of whole‐brain averaged FA, schizophrenia patients had lower FA (P = 10−11) and faster age‐related decline in FA (P = 0.02) compared with controls. Tract‐specific heterochronicity measures, that is, abnormal rates of adolescent maturation and aging explained approximately 50% of the regional variance effects of diagnosis and age‐by‐diagnosis interaction in patients. Interactive, three‐dimensional visualization of the results is available at www.enigma-viewer.org.

Conclusion

WM tracts that mature later in life appeared more sensitive to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and were more susceptible to faster age‐related decline in FA values. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4673–4688, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diphenyl Diselenide Reduces Oxidative Stress and Toxicity Caused by HSV‐2 Infection in Mice
Authors: Sartori Gláubia , Jardim Natália Silva , Sari Marcel Henrique Marcondes , Flores Eduardo F. , Prigol Marina , Nogueira Cristina W.
Published: August 2016

Herpes simplex viruses can cause uncommon systemic complications as acute liver failure (ALT) or urinary tract dysfunctions. Diphenyl diselenide, (PhSe)2, a classical studied organic selenium compound, has a novel antiviral action against HSV‐2 infection and well‐known antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate if (PhSe)2 reduces oxidative stress and systemic toxicity caused by HSV‐2 infection in mice. Adult BALB/c mice were pre‐treated with (PhSe)2 (5 mg kg−1/day, intragastric, i.g.) during 5 days; at day 6 mice were infected with HSV‐2 (10 μl‐105 PFU/mL−1) and post‐treated with (PhSe)2 for more 5 days. At day 11, they were killed and samples of liver and kidney were obtained to determine: reactive species (RS); malondialdehyde (MDA), and non‐protein thiols (NPSH) levels; the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), Na+/K+‐ATPase (liver and kidney); alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the levels of urea (plasma) were determined as markers of hepatic and renal toxicity. The results revealed that (PhSe)2 treatment was effective against the increase of renal and hepatic oxidative stress in infected mice and also normalized hepatic and renal ADA activity. It recovered the activity of Na+/K+‐ and was not effective against the increase in urea levels in infected mice. Different from (PhSe)2, acyclovir (positive control), caused an increase in ADA activity and a decrease in hepatic CAT activity. Considering the interest of alternative therapies to treat HSV‐2 infections and secondary complications, (PhSe)2 become a notable candidate. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1028–1037, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Emotion‐Driven Impulse Control Difficulties in the Relation Between Social Anxiety and Aggression
Authors: Dixon Laura J. , Tull Matthew T. , Lee Aaron A. , Kimbrel Nathan A. , Gratz Kim L.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To enhance our understanding of the factors that may account for increased aggression in socially anxious individuals, this study examined associations among emotion‐driven impulse control difficulties, social anxiety, and dimensions of aggression (i.e., hostility, anger, physical aggression, verbal aggression).

Method

Individuals (N = 107; 73.8% male; Mage = 40.8 years) receiving residential substance abuse treatment participated in this cross‐sectional study.

Results

Social anxiety symptoms were significantly positively correlated with emotion‐driven impulse control difficulties, anger, and hostility, but not verbal or physical aggression. Separate models for each aggression facet were examined to test the direct and indirect paths. Bootstrapped mediation analyses indicated a significant indirect path from social anxiety symptoms to each facet of aggression through emotion‐driven impulse control difficulties (ps < .05).

Conclusion

Results highlight the potential utility of targeting emotion‐driven impulse control difficulties to decrease aggression among socially anxious individuals.
Functionalization of silicon nanowire arrays by silver nanoparticles for the laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry analysis of vegetable oils
Authors: Picca Rosaria Anna , Calvano Cosima Damiana , Lo Faro Maria Josè , Fazio Barbara , Trusso Sebastiano , Ossi Paolo Maria , Neri Fortunato , D'Andrea Cristiano , Irrera Alessia , Cioffi Nicola
Published: August 2016

In this work, novel hybrid nanostructured surfaces, consisting of dense arrays of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) functionalized by Ag nanoparticles (AgNP/SiNWs), were used for the laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LDI‐TOF MS) analysis of some typical unsaturated food components (e.g. squalene, oleic acid) to assess their MS performance. The synthesis of the novel platforms is an easy, cost‐effective process based on the maskless wet‐etching preparation at room temperature of SiNWs followed by their decoration with AgNPs, produced by pulsed laser deposition. No particular surface pretreatment or addition of organic matrixes/ionizers was necessary. Moreover, oil extracts (e.g. extra virgin olive oil, peanut oil) could be investigated on AgNP/SiNWs surfaces, revealing their different MS profiles. It was shown that such substrates operate at reduced laser energy, typically generating intense silver cluster ions and analyte adducts. A comparison with bare SiNWs was also performed, indicating the importance of AgNP density on NW surface. In this case, desorption/ionization on silicon was invoked as probable LDI mechanism. Finally, the influence of SiNW length and surface composition on MS results was assessed. The combination of typical properties of SiNWs (hydrophobicity, antireflectivity) with ionization ability of metal NPs can be a valid methodology for the further development of nanostructured surfaces in LDI‐TOF MS applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spike gene deletion quasispecies in serum of patient with acute MERS‐CoV infection
Authors: Lu Xiaoyan , Rowe Lori A. , Frace Michael , Stevens James , Abedi Glen R. , Elnile Osman , Banassir Taleb , Al‐Masri Malak , Watson John T. , Assiri Abdullah , Erdman Dean D.
Published: August 2016

The spike glycoprotein of the Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) facilitates receptor binding and cell entry. During investigation of a multi‐facility outbreak of MERS‐CoV in Taif, Saudi Arabia, we identified a mixed population of wild‐type and variant sequences with a large 530 nucleotide deletion in the spike gene from the serum of one patient. The out of frame deletion predicted loss of most of the S2 subunit of the spike protein leaving the S1 subunit with an intact receptor binding domain. This finding documents human infection with a novel genetic variant of MERS‐CoV present as a quasispecies. J. Med. Virol. 89:542–545, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fates of nickel and fluoranthene during the bioremediation by Pleurotus eryngii in three different soils
Authors: Tang Xia , Dong Shunwen , Shi Wenjin , Gao Ni , Zuo Lei , Xu Heng
Published: August 2016

This study focused on the bioremediation role of Pleurotus eryngii in different characteristics soils contaminated with nickel (Ni) and fluoranthene. The results of bioremediation experiments showed that fluoranthene had a positive effect on the growth of P. eryngii, whereas Ni exerted a negative influence. The concentration of fluoranthene significantly decreased in inoculated soil accounting for 86.39–91.95% of initial concentration in soils and 71.46–81.76% in non‐inoculated soils, which showed that the dissipation of fluoranthene was enhanced by mushroom inoculating. The highest removal rates of fluoranthene in sandy loam, loamy clay, and sandy soils reached to 87.81, 86.39, and 91.95%, respectively, which demonstrated that P. eryngii was more suitable for the bioremediation of sandy soil contaminated with fluoranthene. In addition, the presence of Ni tended to decrease the dissipation of fluoranthene in inoculated soil. Higher ligninolytic enzymes activities were detected in inoculated soils, resulting in the enhanced dissipation of fluoranthene in inoculated soils. Furthermore, P. eryngii had the ability to uptake Ni (4.88–39.53 mg kg−1) in co‐contamination soil. In conclusion, the inoculating of P. eryngii was effective in remediating of Ni‐fluoranthene co‐contaminated soils.
Assessing treatment efficacy in the presence of diagnostic errors
Authors: Harrar Solomon , Amatya Anup , Kalachev Leonid
Published: August 2016

This paper investigates estimating and testing treatment effects in randomized control trials where imperfect diagnostic device is used to assign subjects to treatment and control group(s). The paper focuses on pre‐post design and proposes two new methods for estimating and testing treatment effects. Furthermore, methods for computing sample sizes for such design accounting for misclassification of the subjects are devised. The methods are compared with each other and with a traditional method that ignores the imperfection of the diagnostic device. In particular, the likelihood‐based approach shows a significant advantage in terms of power, coverage probability and, consequently, in reduction of the required sample size. The application of the results are illustrated with data from an aging trial for dementia and data from electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic subjects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Non‐Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) and Preferences for Risk Information among High School Students in Sweden
Authors: Georgsson Susanne , Sahlin Ellika , Iwarsson Moa , Nordenskjöld Magnus , Gustavsson Peter , Iwarsson Erik
Published: August 2016

Non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) was recently introduced for prenatal testing of genetic disorders. Cell‐free fetal DNA is present in maternal blood during pregnancy and enables detection of fetal chromosome aberrations in a maternal blood sample. The public perspective to this new, simple method has not been illuminated. The views of young people (i.e. future parents) are important to develop suitable counseling strategies regarding prenatal testing. The aim was to explore Swedish high school students’ attitudes, knowledge and preferences regarding NIPT. A questionnaire was completed by 305 students recruited from one high school in Stockholm, November and December 2014. Most students (80 %) considered prenatal testing as good. The majority (65 %) was positive or very positive towards NIPT and 62 % stated that they potentially would like to undergo the test if they or their partner was pregnant. The vast majority (94 %) requested further information about NIPT. Most students (61 %) preferred verbal information, whereas 20 % preferred information via the Internet. The majority of the high school students was positive towards prenatal testing and most was positive towards NIPT. Further, information was requested by the vast majority before making a decision about NIPT. Most of the students preferred verbal information and to a lesser extent information via the Internet. The attitudes, knowledge and preferences for risk information concerning NIPT in young adults are important, in order to increase knowledge on how to educate and inform future parents.
Zorba's Dance in Lorca Massine's Dancing Expression
Authors: Venuso Maria
Published: August 2016

In Nikos Kazantzakis’ novel, Zorba the Greek, dance has a great importance. The transposition of the novel into a ballet by Lorca Massine (1987) simplified the novel's complexity, thus “rejuvenating” the ancient world described by Kazantzakis. The contrast of Apollonian vs. Dionysian is entrusted to the style of the protagonists. They propose the modern heritage of traditional Greece, imposing a new dance tradition (syrtaki), based on ancient and popular reminiscences—a new myth. This contribution aims to analyze how dance becomes expressed thus revealing of collective identity, in the transposition from the novel into a ballet through the movie.
Dance, Reconstruction, and Intellectual Property
Authors: Cerbino Ana Beatriz
Published: August 2016

The objective is to initiate a investigation between dance, authorship, intellectual property, and choreography. For this, a look at what is meant by authoring in dance with the publication of Chorégraphie, ou l'art de décrire la danse par caracteres (1700) by Raoul-Auger Feuillet and the dispute with Pierre Beauchamp for the authorship of dance notation and recent discussions about copyright and choreography will be made; I will also discuss some cases of revival/reconstruction. It's not only understanding such procedures as “embodied textual practices” (Thomas 2004), from the perspective of dance notation, but also as embodied political and aesthetic options.
The Role of Top-team Diversity and Perspective Taking in Mastering Organizational Ambidexterity
Authors: Li Ci-Rong
Published: August 2016

Although the role of top teams has been recognized in ambidextrous organizations, it remains unclear which characteristics and how the cognitive processes of top teams are used to address the dual cognitive challenges of ambidexterity. To address this puzzle, I developed a model in which I theorize that a top team with task-related diversity engaging in perspective taking will influence the achievement of an ambidextrous organization. Moreover, I further theorize that transformational leadership of the CEO will help diverse top teams master ambidexterity by influencing the team's cognitive processes. The results show that diverse teams can address the differentiating-integrating challenges of ambidexterity when they engage in perspective taking. The results also confirm that transformational leadership strengthens the relationship between a diverse top team's perspective taking and ambidextrous orientation.
Optimization of the Amount of Zinc in the Graphitization Reaction for Radiocarbon AMS Measurements at LAC-UFF
Authors: Macario Kita D , Oliveira Fabiana M , Moreira Vinicius N , Alves Eduardo Q , Carvalho Carla , Jou Renata M , Oliveira Maria Isabela , Pereira Bruna B , Hammerschlag Izabela , Netto Bruna , Seixas Amanda P , Malafaia João Vitor P , Moreira Lara , Cunha Luana , Assumpção Ayrton , Mallet Pedro , Lima Loise , Lopes Fabio , Diaz Maikel , Chanca Ingrid S , Gomes Paulo R S
Published: August 2016

The Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Universidade Federal Fluminense, in Brazil, has been successfully applying the zinc reduction method for graphitization of carbon samples since the development of its early protocols in 2009. Successive methodological research aiming to improve and, ultimately, optimize the precision and accuracy of our results indicates that graphitization temperatures as low as 460°C promote erratic 13C isotopic fractionation, but an approximately constant fractionation of about –5‰ is achieved at 520°C. In this work, we present isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) δ13C results for 14C reference materials graphitized at 550°C with variable amounts of zinc. Based on the results obtained from the addition of 20, 35, and 50 mg of zinc, we conclude that a slightly lower variation in 13C isotope fractionation during graphitization is obtained with less zinc. Moreover, the average isotopic fractionation is not altered by increasing the graphitization temperature from 520°C to 550°C.
Maternal dietary vitamin D carry-over alters offspring growth, skeletal mineralisation and tissue mRNA expressions of genes related to vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus homoeostasis in swine
Authors: Amundson Laura A. , Hernandez Laura L. , Laporta Jimena , Crenshaw Thomas D.
Published: August 2016

Maternal dietary vitamin D carry-over effects were assessed in young pigs to characterise skeletal abnormalities in a diet-induced model of kyphosis. Bone abnormalities were previously induced and bone mineral density (BMD) reduced in offspring from sows fed diets with inadequate vitamin D3. In a nested design, pigs from sows (n 23) fed diets with 0 (−D), 8·125 (+D) or 43·750 (++D) µg D3/kg from breeding through lactation were weaned and, within litter, fed nursery diets arranged as a 2×2 factorial design with 0 (−D) or 7·0 (+D) µg D3/kg, each with 95 % (95P) or 120 % (120P) of P requirements. Selected pigs were euthanised before colostrum consumption at birth (0 weeks, n 23), weaning (3 weeks, n 22) and after a growth period (8 weeks, n 185) for BMD, bone mechanical tests and tissue mRNA analysis. Pigs produced by +D or ++D sows had increased gain at 3 weeks (P<0·05), and at 8 weeks had increased BMD and improved femur mechanical properties. However, responses to nursery diets depended on maternal diets (P<0·05). Relative mRNA expressions of genes revealed a maternal dietary influence at birth in bone osteocalcin and at weaning in kidney 24-hydroxylase (P<0·05). Nursery treatments affected mRNA expressions at 8 weeks. Detection of a maternal and nursery diet interaction (P<0·05) provided insights into the long-term effects of maternal nutritional inputs. Characterising early stages of bone abnormalities provided inferences for humans and animals about maternal dietary influence on offspring skeletal health.
Analysis of the interaction between transcription factor 7-like 2 genetic variants with nopal and wholegrain fibre intake: effects on anthropometric and metabolic characteristics in type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: López-Ortiz M. M. , Garay-Sevilla M. E. , Tejero M. E. , Perez-Luque E. L.
Published: August 2016

The transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) genetic variants have shown differential effect on low-fat and high-fat diet in obese subjects. Nopal is a Mexican variety of cactus that is a traditional food and has been used in the treatment of diabetes. Its hypoglycaemic effect may be because of its soluble fibre (mucopolysaccharide) content. This study analysed the effects of thers7903146andrs12255372TCF7L2variants on anthropometric, metabolic and hormonal parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who consumed fibre from either nopal tortilla or wholegrain bread for 8 weeks. We followed-up seventy-four patients who consumed an individualised isoenergetic diet that included nopal tortilla (Diet 1) and sixty-three patients with a diet that included wholegrain bread (Diet 2). Anthropometric, metabolic and hormonal measures were collected at baseline and final intervention. The size effect and carry-over effect were estimated. To assess the interaction of genotype and diets, we used a general linear model repeated-measures analysis. Minor allele frequency ofrs7903146Twas 0·27 and forrs12255372Tit was 0·13. At 8 weeks after Diet 1 intake, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference decreased (P=0·00015) inrs7903146CCandrs12255372GGgenotypes. In particular, patients carrying of thers7903146CCand consuming Diet 1 showed a reduction in waist circumference of more than 2·5 cm compared with Diet 2 (P<0·001). No significant interaction betweenrs7903146orrs12255372and diet was seen in this study. In conclusion, in the carriers of thers7903146CCandrs12255372GGwild types, significant changes in all anthropometric measures were observed, and had better response to both diets.
New early Cambrian sclerites ofLapworthella schodakensisfrom NE Greenland: advancements in knowledge of lapworthellid taxonomy, sclerite growth and scleritome organization
Authors: DEVAERE L. , SKOVSTED C. B.
Published: August 2016

The Cambrian Stage 4 upper Bastion Formation of Albert Heim Bjerge and CH Ostenfeld Nunatak, NE Greenland, yielded 34 excellently preserved sclerites ofLapworthella schodackensisamong other small shelly fossils. Lapworthellids have been interpreted as members of the camenellans, a basal tommotiid group. Little is known about this group although the morphological and ultrastructural features of their sclerites allow a potential reconstruction of a lophophorate body plan. The exquisite material from Greenland provides significant new data for the revision of the species taxonomy, but also for the comprehension of the scleritome structure of lapworthellids and the mode of formation of their sclerites. Two morphotypes ofL. schodackensissclerites are identified: one with a simple apex, occurring in sinistral and dextral forms; and one bilaterally symmetrical sclerite with two apices. All bear a similar ornamentation constructed of repeated growth sets consisting of a reticulate inter-rib groove with tubercles, a densely denticulate rib and a striated sub-rib area. The new data on the ornamentation and observations of the laminar shell microstructure ofL. schodackensisenable us to improve the reconstruction of growth in lapworthellids. Finally, the morphological features of the two types of sclerites provide new information for the reconstruction of the bilaterally symmetrical multi-component lapworthellid scleritome with evidence of the fusion of adjacent sclerites during early ontogeny.
Hegel, Mind, and Mechanism: Why Machines Have No Psyche, Consciousness, or Intelligence
Authors: Winfield Richard Dien
Published: August 2016

The rise of computers and robots, heralded in science fiction and pervading ever more daily experience, has fostered a rampant temptation to model mind as a mechanism and expect machines one day to simulate all mental reality. This temptation reflects more than technological developments, however. It arises from the perennial dilemma of two complementary approaches to mind that proceed from the assumption of a mind/body duality: one conceiving mind to be wholly immaterial and the other reducing mind to inanimate matter. Exploring the difficulties of these views puts us in a position to evaluate the relation of mind and machine, helped along the way by key insights from Hegel.

The notion that mind cannot be material seems confirmed in every moment of self-consciousness, whose purely temporal flow of mental content testifies to the apparent nonspatial existence of mind. Yet so long as mind is construed as immaterial, it lacks the resources to have any temporal ordering, possess any unity, or retain any specifically mental character. Deprived of materiality, mental life is hardly distinguishable from a succession of logical categories that exhibit determinacy in general rather than anything particular to mind. The possibilities of any non-logical content are excluded. Lacking any embodiment, mind has nothing with which passively to receive content in the manner of sensibility, or to retrieve and refashion any such sensible content in images. Mind could perhaps generate conceptual content, but this would be indistinguishable from the thoughts that logic produces in its thinking of thinking.
The Spirit as the Subject Carrying out the Sublation of Nature
Authors: Marmasse Gilles
Published: August 2016

In this paper, I will try to propose a general characterisation of the spirit in Hegel's Encyclopaedia. This characterisation is based on the opposition between nature and spirit. More precisely, in my view the Hegelian spirit can be defined as the activity of bringing the natural exteriority back to a living totality.

We know that for Hegel the notion of spirit takes so many shapes that their unity is difficult to find. For instance, what does the soul in the subjective spirit, property in the objective spirit and the cult of the Greek gods in the absolute spirit have in common? Furthermore, when we consider property, for example, the problem is knowing if the spirit is here constituted by the owner, by the deeds of ownership or by the living relationship between the owner and the possessed goods.

Moreover, the Hegelian spirit is a philosophical descendant of several different traditions. The question is, therefore, to know how these traditions are linked in the Hegelian notion. I will present these briefly before stating my general hypothesis about the definition of the spirit.

First, the Hegelian spirit is connected to the noûs of the Greek philosophers (the Latin spiritus, intellectus). The noûs — on the one hand, an immaterial entity leading the universe, and, on the other, a faculty of the soul — is most often distinguished by its separate and rational nature. For Hegel too, the spirit, as a non-perceptible entity, constitutes the freest and most rational stage in the development of the Idea.
The Science of Freedom: Hegel's Critical Theory
Authors: Maker William
Published: August 2016

I am daily ever more convinced that theoretical work accomplishes more in the world than practical work. Once the realm of representation is revolutionized, actuality will not hold out. It is a sheer obstinacy, the obstinacy which does honor to mankind, to refuse to recognize in conviction anything not ratified by thought.

Hegel

Both Marx, the founding father of what later came to be known as critical theory, and those who follow in his footsteps, regard critical theory as distinctive in that it will combine the critically normative dimension of traditional philosophy with the strict attentiveness to given facts (to “the real … material world”) definitive of modern empirical science. Critical theory contends that its unique fusion of science and philosophy will overcome their respective defects, correcting both the uncritical passivity of natural science and the speculative utopianism of philosophy. By so doing, it promises to give birth to a new kind of theory with emancipatory power.

Critical theorists from Marx to Habermas also see a thoroughgoing critique of Hegel as decisive for a critical theory. In their view, whatever insights Hegel may otherwise have provided, his philosophy is irreparably flawed because of its methodological commitment to a speculative method which cuts theory loose from reality and leads it to a distorted, mystically idealistic view of the human condition which is at once both Utopian and quietistic. According to critical theorists, Hegel's fundamental theoretical error lay in privileging the ideal over the real; because he does that, he is unable to get reality right. Consequently, he can neither comprehend freedom properly, as a normatively critical concept, nor understand the real conditions for freedom inherent in the status quo.
Deconstructive and/or “plastic” readings of Hegel
Authors: Malabou Catherine
Published: August 2016

L'Avenir de Hegel [Hegel's Future] is the title of the book I published in 1996 and which bears the subtitle: “Plasticité, Temporalité, Dialectique” [Plasticity, Temporality, Dialectics]. I intend to examine here the kind of reading of Hegel put to work in that book. I must add that l'Avenir de Hegel, before becoming a book, was the title of my doctoral thesis undertaken under the supervision of Jacques Derrida with whom I have been working for many years now. A question emerged recently which I had never considered until now, at least not so directly, so simply: can the interpretation of Hegel that I attempt to elaborate be qualified, immediately and without reservation, as a “deconstructive reading”?

This presupposes, of course, that one can define what a deconstructive reading is. Although Derrida, as we know, refuses to consider deconstruction as a constituted theory from which one could extract axioms and formalize the method, it is nonetheless possible, as I shall attempt to do here, to describe the process of a deconstructive reading.

In writing l'Avenir de Hegel, I had present in my mind the exegetical imperative set out in Of Grammatology under the heading of a “task of reading”: Derrida asserts, “The reading must always aim at a certain relationship, unperceived by the writer, between what he commands and what he does not command of the patterns of the language that he uses. This relationship is not a certain quantitative distribution of shadow and light, of weakness or of force, but a signifying structure that critical reading should produce” (De la Grammatologie, p. 227; tr. Spivak, p. 158).

I will ask precisely: what does it mean to produce or open a reading, a reading which protects the text in order better to expose or endanger it?

In making “plasticity” (Plastizität) play a major role in Hegel's thought, I undertook to respond to the demands of this “task of reading”. In doing so, I nonetheless discovered, under the very title of plasticity itself, a resistance of the Hegelian text to its own deconstruction. I shall thus have to specify this resistance at the same time as I develop the program of the task of reading.
Plato, Hegel, and Democracy
Authors: Brooks Thom
Published: August 2016

Nearly every major philosophy, from Plato to Hegel and beyond, has argued that democracy is an inferior form of government, at best. Yet, virtually every contemporary political philosophy working today endorses democracy in one variety or another. Should we conclude then that the traditional canon is meaningless for helping us theorise about a just state? In this paper, I will take up the criticisms and positive proposals of two such canonical figures in political philosophy: Plato and Hegel. At first glance, each is rather disdainful, if not outright hostile, to democracy. This is also how both have been represented traditionally. However, if we look behind the reasons for their rejection of (Athenian) democracy and the reasons behind their alternatives to democracy, I believe we can uncover a new theory of government that does two things. First, it maps onto the so-called Schumpeterian tradition of elite theories of democracy quite well. Second, perhaps surprisingly, it actually provides an improved justification for democratic government as we practice it today than rival theories of democracy. Thus, not only are Plato and Hegel not enemies of modern democratic thought after all, but each is actually quite useful for helping us develop democratic theory in a positive, not negative, manner.
Sex, Time, and Meaning: A Theology of Dating
Authors: King Jason , Freitas Donna
Published: August 2016

Our paper sets the groundwork for a Christian theology of dating. We begin with a critique of the religious and secular sources on dating. We next turn to theological works on friendship, marriage, and feminist spirituality to distill issues that we deem important for a positive Christian theology of dating. Because dating differs from these perspectives—it is both temporary (as opposed to marriage) and sexual (as opposed to friendship)—we conclude by offering a two-tiered perspective on dating. On the first level, we offer a narrative: two people are each on a separate journey, they encounter each other, their journeys become intertwined and are forever changed from the meeting even if they do not remain together. On the second level, we sublate the narrative by locating it within the broader Christian gospel.
What Story Are We In? The Use of Tolkien in John Dunne's Recent Works
Authors: Collinge William J.
Published: August 2016

This paper examines the use of themes from J.R.R. Tolkien in the work of John Dunne, C.S.C. of the past two decades, but especially The Mystic Road of Love (1999) and Reading the Gospel (2000). Dunne has “culled” four sentences from Tolkien that express Dunne's own sense of being on a journey with God: “Things are meant. There are signs. The heart speaks. There is a way.” These sentences not only express Dunne's personal journey but also indicate where, according to Dunne, humanity is going in its collective journey with God. The paper concludes by shifting the focus from Dunne to Tolkien and asking how, if Dunne is close to right about Tolkien's significance, the conventional view of twentieth-century English literature and Tolkien's place in it would have to change.
Violence, Trauma, and Resistance: A Feminist Appraisal of Metz's Mysticism of Suffering unto God
Authors: Vento Johann M.
Published: August 2016

The trauma that results from violence against women presents a challenge to theological reflection on the meaning of suffering. The mysticism of suffering unto God in the theology of J.B. Metz offers an essential contribution to this reflection. There is a remarkable compatibility between women's experiences of trauma and healing and Metz's understanding of suffering unto God, especially in its refusal to glorify suffering. Further, Metz's understanding presents a much needed mystical-political dimension to theological reflection on violence against women, because of its capacity to nurture on going resistance to the victimization of all women, past and present. Metz's mystical stance, holding together both anguish and radical hope, challenges feminist theology, in its treatment of violence against women, to attend to the relationship between the mystical and political.
The Incarnation: God's Giving and Man's Receiving
Authors: Gray Donald P.
Published: August 2016

The classical christology employed the categories of nature and person in its attempt to elucidate the meaning of the incarnation. Today actional categories seem preferable and are used here in an experimental and exploratory way. The incarnation is, as a result, described as the conjunction of God's giving and man's receiving, a conjunction which in turn gives rise to man's giving in imitation of the divine activity. The analysis of the divine giving focuses particularly on the actional or “economic” meaning of the trinitarian doctrine while the analysis of the human receiving concerns itself principally with the question of human freedom and sinlessness and its implications for a processive understanding of incarnational communion. These christological reflections give rise, in conclusion, to some brief soteriological considerations on Jesus' catalytic influence in the process of human growth or salvation.
The Theologian as Storyteller and Philosopher
Authors: Burke T. Patrick
Published: August 2016

Three theses are offered concerning the nature of theology: (a) In general theology has been the translation of a story into a philosophy in order to preserve the story, which is thought to be necessarily meaningful. (2) This procedure is not defensible, for it subverts both story and philosophy, and the meaningfulness of a story depends on other assumptions, e.g., about the nature of the world. (3) A theology will best serve its tradition not by determinedly ascribing meaning to it, but by evaluating it critically in the light of experience.
Leaf or Chaff: On Poetry in Religion
Authors: Sullivan Francis Patrick
Published: August 2016

Poetry, understood the way Icons are, teaches its readers and writers how words make relationships, put people, places, things in one another's presence. In the relationship called religious, poetry takes on a very crucial task, that of mediating an experience, the human of the divine, the divine of the human, in the various traditions, like the Icon in Orthodoxy. Poetry creates nonreligious relationships too, but uses the same manner of making someone present to something or someone. Poetry becomes anti-presence in religious traditions that deny experience of God. In Christianity of a sacramental kind, poetry is the Icon of language, beauty/truth inseparably set out, the loss of one jeopardizing the existence of the other, language refusing to be idolatrous, and equally, refusing to be inane. Religious understanding in sacramental Christianity requires the poetic Icon.
An Approach to Teaching Augustine's Confessions
Authors: O'Brien William J.
Published: August 2016

The present article suggests one way a college teacher might finesse some of the pedagogical problems surrounding the autobiography of Augustine by raising a set of interrelated questions calculated to draw the student into the experiential heart of the Confessions. Attention to the literary contexts within which Augustine locates the account of his conversion allows the teacher to relate the theological significance of the work to the life experience of the student.
Horizons on Christology in the Seventies
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: August 2016

The appearance in English translation of E. Schillebeeckx's Jesus is a major contribution to the North American discussion of christology. Because the Dutch original was published in 1974, the book actually provides an excellent vantage point and occasion for looking backward and forward on the 1970's, a decade of rich christological development. Gustav Aulen's Jesus in Contemporary Historical Research (ET, 1976) to some extent provided such an overview; and for its size, G. O'Collins' What Are They Saying about Jesus? (1977) is uncommonly helpful; but to date nothing has matched the scope of Schillebeeckx's volume nor the depth of its analytic appraisal.

Much of the value of Schillebeeckx's book lies in its broad synthesis of current scripture exegesis; in particular it distills the wealth of German and Dutch scholarship, much of which is not easily available to theologians this side of the Atlantic. But Schillebeeckx goes far beyond a careful exposition and correlation of contemporary scriptural and theological study about Jesus. He structures in clear, even though complex, fashion the many strains of today's research into christology, and so provides a framework in which issues can be identified and conclusions evaluated. Perhaps, then, the most fruitful way of profiting from the volume is to relate it, in four major areas, to other christological research of this past decade.
A Radical Ethos
Authors: Brackley Dean
Published: August 2016

This article analyzes today's global values crisis as a matter of both personal and institutional failure. Social disintegration constitutes humanity's greatest challenge at the turn of the millennium. A viable future requires a new social project which embodies a new ethos—one which includes both traditional and liberal values and which avoids their vices along with the traps of authoritarian socialism. In order to spell out this new social project, the article describes the essential features of the traditional ethos and the liberal ethos: their economies, the understanding of nature, religion, history, politics, and ethics. This article argues that the needed participatory radical ethos incarnates Christian values for our time.
Searching for the Historical Jesus: Examining the Work of John Dominic Crossan and Marcus J. Borg
Authors: O'Keeffe Michael E.
Published: August 2016

The movement broadly defined as the “New Quest for the Historical Jesus” represents one of the more important areas where academic scholarship has had a direct bearing on popular religion. Although many forces have been instrumental in this development, perhaps the most important has been the popularizing work of the Jesus Seminar, under the direction of Robert Funk. This essay examines two of the premier scholars associated with the Seminar, namely, John Dominic Crossan and Marcus J. Borg. It examines their methodologies and central christological claims, and gives special consideration to Borg's addition of a “theo-cosmic level” that distinguishes his work from Crossan's.