bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A-195 The Indirect Effects of Repetitive Negative Thinking and Emotion Dysregulation on the Association Between Attentional Control and Anxiety Symptoms
Authors: Milam Alicia L , Nabulsi Yasmine B
Published: August 2022

Objective: Attentional control has been found to influence the ability to effectively down-regulate negative emotional states and attenuate intrusive negative thinking. The present study aims to clarify the unique effects of attentional control on anxiety symptoms through perseverative negative thinking and emotional dysregulation.

Method: A sample of undergraduate psychology students (n=741) completed the Attentional Control Scale-Straightforward (ACS), the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (DERS-SF), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). A parallel mediation model was tested in the PROCESS macro in SPSS using 10,000 sample bias-corrected bootstrapping.

Results: Attentional control was negatively associated with emotional dysregulation, B=-.30, [-.41, -.18], repetitive negative thinking, B=-.37, [-.50, -.24], and anxiety symptoms, B=-.07, [-.11, -.02]. Repetitive negative thinking, B=.13, [.11, .16], and emotional dysregulation, B=.06, [.03, .09], were both positively associated with anxiety symptoms. There was an indirect effect of attentional control on anxiety symptoms through both repetitive negative thinking, B=-.05, [-.07, -.03], and emotional dysregulation, B=-.02, [-.03, -.01]. The direct effect was no longer significant after accounting for repetitive negative thinking and emotional dysregulation in the model, B=.00, [-.04, .04].

Conclusions: These findings indicate that the relationship between attentional control and anxiety symptoms can be explained by emotion dysregulation and repetitive negative thinking. Future research focusing on whether the use of attentional and cognitive resources can prospectively predict emotion regulation and perseverative negative thinking may assist with better understanding the mechanism of attentional and cognitive intervention techniques.
A-196 The Relationship Between Attention and Order Errors in Serial Order Memory
Authors: Hernandez Katherine A , Hill Benjamin D , Lindsey Dakota
Published: August 2022

Objective: To investigate if attentional control (AC) predicts the amount of order errors made within serial memory tasks. We also investigated the relationship between AC and item memory (IM), and the relationship between IM and order memory (OM).

Methods: Data were collected from undergraduate students at the University of South Alabama. Participants completed three attentional conflict tasks (Bivalent shape task, Global local task, and Flanker task) and three serial memory tasks (symmetry span, digit span, and reading span). The final sample of 112 participants completed all memory tasks and at least two conflict tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to form an AC latent variable from response time difference scores (congruent versus incongruent trials), and IM and OM variables were formed from item and order errors in the memory tasks. Structural equation modeling was used to test correlations among latent variables.

Results: The latent AC factor failed to converge. We ran three structural equation models using each conflict task as a predictor variable for both IM and OM. The relationship between IM and OM was significant in all three models. The only other significant pathway across all three models was the relationship between the Flanker task and IM (β = .278, SE = .105, p = .001).

Conclusions: Overall, performance on the three conflict tasks did not directly predict order errors. Flanker task performance did directly predict item errors, thus indirectly predicting the amount of order errors in those same tasks.
A-197 Does the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Predict Functioning on the Trail Making Test Part B in a Clinical Adult Population Sample
Authors: Kotalik Kayla , Golden Charles J , Morocho Casey , Harrigan D’Shawn , Kajani Nisha , Rifai Lara
Published: August 2022

Objective: To test if the WAIS-IV Indexes predicts functioning on the TMT B.

Method: The adult clinical sample was recruited from a large de-identified database. The participants (n=392) consisted of 51.1% White, 14% Black, 25.4% Latinx, and 9.5% Other. The diagnostic makeup of the sample was divided into 38.7% psychiatric, 30.5% neurological, 21.4% mixed, and 9.2% had no diagnosis. From the sample, 56.7% were female and 43% of the participants were male. The mean age was 33.32, (SD=13.52) and mean education was 13.66 (SD= 2.23).

Results: A hierarchical multiple regression model was significant, F(10, 381) = 23.87, p < .001, R2 = .385. Overall, PRI accounted for 0.7% of the variance, WMI 2.8%, PSI 8.9%, and education 4.1% of the variance. VCI, age, gender, and race were nonsignificant.

Conclusion: The results indicate the strongest predictor of TMT B performance is processing speed followed by education. Crowe (1998) suggested working memory could explain more variance of TMT B than alternation factors such as set shifting. However, the results of this study indicate working memory is a much smaller contributor. Working memory may be a less significant predictor since the alphabet and numbers are already learned. Still, education was a moderately strong predictor, which was consistent with previous literature as TMT B performance increases with higher levels of education and decreases with lower levels of education. Approximately 61.5% of the overall variance was not accounted for, which may reflect the contribution of cognitive flexibility.
A-199 The Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS): Personality index or a measure of executive functioning?
Authors: Ikonomou Vasilios C , Harrell Murphy N , Aita Stephen L , Myers Melissa A , Hawley Nanako A , Pizer Jasmin H , Hill Benjamin D
Published: August 2022

Objective: The BDEFS was compared to objective executive functioning (EF) measures as well as five-factor model (FFM) personality traits.

Methods: One hundred sixty-five participants (M=19 years old, SD=1.3; 72.7% female, 55.2% White, 35.2% African American, 4.8% Asian) completed IPIP-NEO Personality Inventory, BDEFS-Long Form, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) EF module, and Trail-Making Test (TMT) Parts A and B.

Results: EF measures were reduced to a single-factor score using EFA (TMT A and B; NAB Mazes, Categories, and Word Generation subtests) accounting for 34% of the variance. Regression predicting BDEFS total score from the EF factor score was not significant [F(1,163)=.182; p =.67, r2=.001]. Stepwise multiple regression predicting BDEFS total score from FFM traits identified three significant predictors (neuroticism: β=.390, extraversion: β=.239, and conscientiousness: β=-.572) that accounted for 54% of the variance [F(5,159)=36.78; p<.001, r2=.54]. Stepwise regression predicting the EF factor score from FFM traits was not significant [F(5,159)=.57; p=.721, r2=.018].

Conclusions: Performance-based EF measures were not related to BDEFS total score supporting that different constructs are being measured. Personality traits accounted for a majority of variance in BDEFS performance but minimal variance for performance-based EF performance. These results suggest that personality traits are strongly related to an individual’s appraisal of executive dysfunction.
A-201 Attention Span, Verbal Memory, and Spatial Memory as Variables in Neuropsychological Test Performance
Authors: Gass Carlton , Patten Brooke , O’Maille Alanna
Published: August 2022

Objective: We investigated (a) the role of attention span, verbal, and spatial memory in performance on widely used neuropsychological tests, and; (b) the impact of anxiety and depression on tests of attention span and verbal and spatial memory.

Participants and Method: 579 referrals to memory disorders clinic, 60% women, 84% white non-Hispanic, average age 59.8±15.7 and education 14.9±2.9 years. Referred to help diagnose symptoms of forgetfulness, distractibility, and/or word finding difficulties. Used comprehensive battery (HRNES-R) and protocols were screened for performance invalidity.

Results: Ten measures of attention and memory were factor analyzed (PCA/Varimax) yielding three factors: Spatial Recall (SR), Verbal Recall (VR), and Attention Span (AS). Age, not education, was related to AS (-.34) and SR (-.32), ps<.001, but not to VR. AS and SR were respectively predictive of performance on Category Test (rs=.37,.41), Trails B (.32,.48), TPT-Total Time (.35,.53), Coding (.31,.29), Block Design (.31,.37) and the Average Impairment Scale (AIS) (.45,.68), all ps<.001. In contrast, VR was less predictive across all measures. Levels of anxiety (MMPI-2 ANX) and depression (DEP) were not predictive of AS (-.01,.00), SR (.02,.02), or VR (.03,.02), n.s.

Conclusions: After controlling for “incomplete effort”, attention span and spatial memory play a significant role in performance on widely used neuropsychological tests that tap multiple cognitive domains. The role of verbal memory in performance on these tests, while statistically significant, was less predictive. In general, findings suggest that when protocols are screened for performance invalidity, MMPI-2 levels of anxiety and depression have no relation to attention span or verbal/spatial memory test performance.
A-202 Cognitive Predictors of Verbal Memory Test Performance in an Outpatient Clinical Sample
Authors: Smith Cassandra , Daniel Michael , Michael Paul
Published: August 2022

Objective: Investigate the influence of non-memory cognitive abilities on auditory-verbal memory test performance in a clinical sample.

Method: Archival data were analyzed for 129 patients [53.5% female; mean (SD): age = 46.48 (13.95), education = 13.82 (2.75)] who completed neuropsychological evaluation at a neurology/neuropsychology clinic. Five separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted with these dependent variables: the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) Total Recall, Short-Delay Free Recall, and Long-Delay Free Recall, Logical Memory (LM) I and II subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale, 4th edition (WMS-IV); independent variables were the same for each analysis and included neuropsychological tests of attention/working memory, visual-spatial/construction, language, and executive functions.

Results: Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Trails Switching accounted for 31-39% of the variance in the Total and Free Recall trials of the CVLT-II (p < .001). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition Vocabulary subtest accounted for 28 and 29% of the variance in LM I and LM II (p < .001).

Conclusions: While language ability accounts for most of the variance in narrative verbal memory test performance, executive functions related to set shifting and processing speed account for most of the variance in word list learning. When interpreting below average scores on these verbal memory tests, it is important to consider the differential impact of non-memory cognitive abilities related to the memory test format.
A-204 Exploring Memory Functioning in an Adult ADHD Population Using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Authors: Phillips Matthew S , Wisinger Amanda M , Bing-Canar Hanaan , Ovsiew Gabriel P , Resch Zachary J , Jennette Kyle J , Soble Jason R
Published: August 2022

Objective: This study analyzed differences in learning/acquisition and delayed recall between adult patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Predominantly Inattentive and Combined subtypes and a control group using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT).

Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from a consecutive series of patients referred specifically for purposes of ADHD diagnostic clarification. Each was administered the RAVLT, as part of an extensive evaluation, to assess for verbal learning and memory. 155 patients (40.8%) met DSM-5 criteria for ADHD-Inattentive subtype and 165 (43.4%) for ADHD-Combined subtype. Sixty (15.8%) who did not meet criteria for ADHD, but who were diagnosed with a primary depressive/anxiety disorder or received no diagnosis served as a control group.

Results: There were significant main effects found between the three groups on all trials analyzed on the RAVLT (Trial 1, p=.016; Trial 5, p=.003; Total Trials, p=.000; Trial 6, p=.001; Trial 7, p=.000). Effect sizes ranged from .022-.042. Posthoc analysis revealed that the ADHD-C group performed significantly worse than both the control group and ADHD-I group in both acquisition and delayed memory. Frequency distributions of impaired performance revealed the ADHD-C group had the largest rate of impairments (12-23%) on this measure. The ADHD-I group demonstrated 6-19% impairments. The control group ranged from 3-10% impairments.

Conclusion: Verbal memory impairments are much more likely in adult patients diagnosed with ADHD than those without the diagnosis. While the inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD both demonstrate deficiencies in verbal memory performance, the rate of likely impairments is much greater amongst the combined subtype.
A-206 Memory Complaints in Older Adults: Relationships Between Self and Informant Report, Objective Test Performance and Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Scholz Michael , Donders Jacobus A
Published: August 2022

Objective: We explored the relationships between objective memory performance, self and informant reports of problems in daily life, and depression in elderly patients with dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or subjective memory complaints (SMC).

Method: We used archival data from 100 individuals referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation because of memory concerns. The sample was largely White (97%), female (53%), with typical educational attainment (M= 13.25). CVLT–II Total scores characterized memory performance. BRIEF—A Metacognitive Index (MI) scores characterized examinee and informant perspectives on problems in daily life, allowing calculation of a discrepancy score between raters. PHQ—9 scores (raw) characterized depression symptom severity. Patient groups included dementia (n = 31), MCI (n = 34), and SMC (n= 35). Chi-square and ANOVA tests were the primary analyses of group relationships.

Results: There was a significant difference between the dementia and SMC groups on the BRIEF–A (p < .01). Informants reported greater problems than patients in the dementia group, whereas this pattern was reversed in the SMC group. Ratings in the MCI group were minimally discrepant. Elevated depression correlated with greater self-reported cognitive dysfunction (p < .002), with depression most prominent in the SMC group. Across the sample, only informant’s report of greater problems in daily life was associated with worse CVLT–II performance (p < .001).

Conclusions: We conclude that adding standardized rating scales alongside objective memory testing is informative in evaluations of memory loss concerns. Beyond collecting both patient and informant ratings of daily functioning, screening for depression is also necessary to put self-reported difficulties into context.
A-209 Cognitive Effects of Sickle Cell Disease in Children
Authors: Carroll Bridgette , Gordon Amanda
Published: August 2022

Objective: Multiple contributors to neurocognitive impairment in individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) have been identified. Research indicates that a history of cerebrovascular accidents are associated with greater cognitive decline among children with sickle cell disease, specifically among visual-spatial tasks. Studies have also indicated the presence of age effects within this population. The purpose of this research is to examine the specific cognitive domains impacted by disease severity and age.

Method: Archival data from the National Institutes of Health’s Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease was used. Data was restricted to individuals aged 14 or younger (N= 2,408), with 47.8% (n = 1,152) female and 52.2% (n = 1,256) male. Black or African American (96.9%, n = 2,334) children made up the majority of the sample, with the remainder coded as “other” (2.8%, n = 68). The measures utilized included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), Woodcock Johnson-Revised (WJ-R), and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT).

Results: Disease severity was negatively correlated with some aspects of cognitive functioning, specifically in the visual-spatial domain [F(2, 1) = 4.42, p = .013, η² = .02]. Age was inversely correlated with measures of perceptual organization (r = -.36, p = .02) and visual motor abilities (r = -.49, p = .001).

Conclusions: Results revealed that disease severity was negatively correlated with several aspects of cognitive functioning. Cognitive decline also increased with age among this population. Introducing remediation interventions at earlier stages may help to reduce significant cognitive deficits.
A-225 The Pillbox Test: Does It Have Sufficient Construct Validity as a Measure of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living?
Authors: Marceaux Janice C , Valencia Julianna P , Carter Kirstine R , Chicota-Carroll Cammy , Peak Ashley M
Published: August 2022

Objective: The Pillbox Test has demonstrated adequate criterion validity and the ability to discriminate between patients with and without dementia. The purpose of this study is to establish the construct validity of the Pillbox Test as a measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) abilities.

Method: A clinic-referred sample of veterans who passed performance validity tests and completed the Pillbox Test, Texas Functional Living Scale (TFLS), and Geriatric Depression Scale, Short Form (GDS-SF) were selected for inclusion. This resulted in a sample of 62 veterans (93.5% male; 51.6% White, 32.3% Hispanic/Latinx, 16.1% Black; 71% Monolingual [English], 29% Bilingual [English/Spanish]). Spearman correlation and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted due to non-normal distributions.

Results: There was a moderate negative association between errors on the Pillbox Test and overall performance of functional living skills assessed by TFLS, r(60)=-.598, p<.001. There was not a significant relationship between Pillbox Test errors and self-reported mood symptoms on GDS-SF, r(60)=-.109, p=.401. Similarly, non-parametric analyses revealed a significant difference in performance on TFLS between those who passed the Pillbox Test relative to those who failed (p<.001) and no difference on GDS-SF report between the Pillbox Test pass/fail groups (p=.394).

Conclusions: The Pillbox Test demonstrated adequate construct validity among a diverse older-adult sample. Specifically, the observed moderate correlation with TFLS supports convergent validity and the weak correlation with GDS-SF supports divergent validity. Compared to those who passed, those who failed the Pillbox Test had lower TFLS scores but similar GSD-SF scores. Findings support the Pillbox test as a measure of IADL performance.
A-229 A Story Told in Four Parts: Embedded Validity Indicators’ Effectiveness in Predicting Test of Memory Malingering Validity Classification
Authors: Obolsky Maximillian A , Tse Phoebe K , Wisinger Amanada M , Basurto Karen S , Ovsiew Gabriel P , Jeanette Kyle J , Resch Zachary J , Soble Jason R
Published: August 2022

Objective: The continuous sampling of performance validity throughout an evaluation is essential to ensure accurate and reliable data in neuropsychological assessment. Although embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) have less sensitivity than freestanding PVTs, the combination of multiple embedded PVTs can have similar classification accuracy to freestanding PVTs. This study examined a set of common embedded PVTs to assess those that best predict classification accuracy on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM).

Method: The sample was 56% female (n=126), and racially diverse with 40% Black, 35% White, 17% Hispanic, 5% Asian, and 2% other ethnicities. Participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation that included the following embedded PVTs: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) Forced Choice (FC), RAVLT Effort Score, Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised Recognition Discrimination, Digit Span Age Corrected Scaled Score (DS ACSS), Reliable Digit Span, Stroop Color and Word Test Word Reading T-Score, Letter Fluency T-Score, and Trail Making Test Part A T-Score.

Results: A forward stepwise logistic regression was performed to predict TOMM Trial 1 pass/fail using the embedded PVTs as predictors. The model was achieved in two steps (p95% accuracy in correctly classifying TOMM T1 pass group.

Conclusions: Results indicate that RAVLT FC and DS ACSS together reliably predict TOMM pass/fail group. When time constraints limit use of the TOMM, RAVLT FC and DSACC may be reliable predictors of validity classification.
A-231 Can Embedded Performance Validity Measures Predict Performance on a Stand-Alone Test?
Authors: Meyer Corey S , Daniel Michael S
Published: August 2022

Objective: Determine the extent to which a group of embedded performance validity tests (PVT) predict performance on a stand-alone test; and examine the classification accuracy of embedded PVTs.

Method: Participants were 102 adult patients who underwent neuropsychological evaluation (M age = 31.85, SD = 11.79; M education = 13.82, SD = 2.50; M FSIQ = 104.72). Patients were administered the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT), and 10 embedded PVT scores were extracted from their neuropsychological profiles. Logistic regression determined the extent to which scores on embedded PVTs predicted MSVT designation as credible or noncredible. Classification accuracy also was calculated for the embedded PVTs, both individually and based on number of “failures.”

Results: A final regression model (Chi-square (6) = 20.06, p = .003, Nagelkerke R Square = .42) was 38% sensitive, 97% specific, and correctly predicted credible patients (negative predictive accuracy = 95%) more often than noncredible patients (positive predictive accuracy = 50%). Several embedded PVTs had comparable classification accuracy. Conservatively defining noncredible performance as failure on at least three embedded PVTs produced the best combination of sensitivity (50%) and specificity (86%), and was associated with a false positive rate of 14%.

Conclusions: Embedded PVTs correctly predict credible and noncredible performance on the MSVT at a high level. Although a multivariate predictive approach may have slightly more utility than examining embedded PVT scores separately, several individual PVTs have comparable accuracy. It remains unclear which approach is superior, and more research is needed.
A-238 Test Selection Among Psychologists in the USA
Authors: Hammond Jared B , Garro Adrienne
Published: August 2022

Objective: Explore popular assessments among psychologists from various specialties and variables impacting test selection.

Method: A survey designed by Rabin and colleagues (2016) was adapted with permission and administered via Qualtrics, taking 10-15 minutes to complete. Sampled individuals were licensed doctoral level psychologists living in the USA across multiple disciplines. School psychologists with master’s degree were also included. Non-parametric correlations were conducted to understand variables impacting test selection practices, particularly psychometrics (e.g., ecological validity, normative groups) and frequency of assessment.

Results: Demographics of the 77 participants meeting study criteria are reviewed. The top three most popular assessments for all participants were: WAIS-IV (11.1%), WISC-V (8.7%), and PAI (6.8%). Popular assessments for the fields of neuropsychology, forensic, clinical and school psychology are reported. No significant relationships were found between psychology specialty and major psychometric variables tested. Psychology specialty was significantly related to time spent on assessment (𝝆 = -0.46, p < .001) and the number of tests in each battery (𝝆 = -0.36, p = .006). However, there was no relationship between psychology specialty and number of assessments conducted each week.

Conclusions: Wechsler intelligence tests continued as the most popular assessments among all sampled participants. PAI increased in popularity whereas projectives decreased in popularity. Results for individual psychology specialties remained relatively consistent with previous literature, except for forensic participants. All specialties reported similar likelihood of using assessments reflecting real-world outcomes and demographically representative normative data. Specialized fields of psychology may devote additional time to assessment and use longer batteries despite similar caseloads. Possible explanations are provided.
A-254 Psychiatric History and Cognitive Impairment in a Subpopulation of Older Adults in a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Ruf Brooke , Lowe Jacob
Published: August 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to characterize the neuropsychological (NP) profile of an Older Adult Unit (OAU) subpopulation and determine whether past psychiatric hospitalizations (PH) and longstanding psychiatric history (LPH) are associated with severity of cognitive impairment.

Method: Records were reviewed for a sample of patients admitted to the OAU in a private psychiatric hospital in the Midwest who were referred for a neuropsychological consult in 2018-2019. Only participants diagnosed with a neurocognitive disorder (NCD) were included (74% major, 26% mild). The final sample (N = 72) was 65% female, 82% Caucasian, with a mean age and education level of 75 years (SD =8.23) and 12.8 years (SD = 2.36), respectively. Thirty-seven percent had at least one prior PH. Forty-four percent of the sample had LPH. Participants completed comprehensive NP testing.

Results: A chi-square test of independence with Bonferroni correction was performed to examine the relationships between prior PH and LPH with severity of cognitive impairment (mild versus major NCD). Severity of cognitive impairment was not significantly associated with either prior PH, X2 (1, N = 72) = .005, p = 0.945, or LPH, X2 (1, N = 72) = .604, p = 0.437.

Conclusions: Unexpectedly, neither prior PH nor LPH were associated with severity of cognitive impairment. This suggests that prior psychiatric history may be predictive of presence but not severity of cognitive impairment. Possible explanations for these findings include study/sample limitations, unexplored confounding variables, and possible test limitations. Future studies should include a larger sample with a control group.
A-255 Beyond The Gut: Implications of Socially-Inclusive Food Policies for the Brain
Authors: VanLandingham Hannah , Ellison Rachael L , Cladek Andrea , Hussaini Halima , Khan Humza , Gonzalez Christopher , Bozeman Joe , Theis o Thomas
Published: August 2022

Objective: Socially-inclusive food policies impact more than physical health, namely, psychological and cognitive well-being. We will provide a comprehensive review and visual relationship of mechanisms by which sociocultural factors (via socially-inclusive food policies), impact lifelong mental/cognitive health. The relationship between diet and cognitive/mental health has implications for systematically disadvantaged communities.

Methods: Inclusion criteria: empirical studies published between 1995-2021 in English peer reviewed journals that included/addressed the impact of nutrition on mental health and/or cognition, searched for through electronic databases (e.g., Google Scholar). Keywords: terms related to nutrition (e.g., food policy, microbiome), cognition (e.g., neuropsychology, memory), development (e.g., perinatal, prenatal, older adulthood), mental health (e.g., stress, psychological outcomes).

Results: Access to food, or the lack thereof, can play a significant role in mental health and cognitive outcomes. However, the relationship between food policies and mental health is at least as complex as the relationship between food insecurity and mental stress. Specifically, the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGB axis) shows increasing evidence linking the human microbiome to clinical psychopathology.

Conclusion: What we eat, and thereby food policies that impact what we eat and what access we have to food, significantly impact cognition and mental health via multiple mechanisms. Responses related to the MGB axis (e.g., inflammation, cerebro/cardiovascular diseases) are associated with poorer outcomes, especially in marginalized communities with limited access to healthy food and higher rates of risk factors due to systemic discrimination and inequities. Nutritional interventions and addressing nutritional deficits serve as one modifiable way to potentially prevent and reduce the severity of cognitive and mental health symptoms.
A-261 The Role Parental Stress Plays on the Intelligence Test of 5-year-old Children with Potential Autism Trait
Authors: Sie Sheow Yun , DeIngeniis Donato , Nomura Yoko
Published: August 2022

Objective: IQ among children with various neuro-developmental disabilities (NDDs) has been found to be significantly associated with parental stress. However, research on the effects of parental stress on a child’s cognitive function has insubstantial results, particularly among children with potential Autism trait. The current study examined whether parental stress is associated with cognitive scores among children with potential Autism trait relative to children without Autism trait. A subsample of 97 mothers and their 5-year-old children was extracted from the Stress in Pregnancy Study. Mothers completed a Parenting Stress Index (PSI), reporting magnitude of stress in the parent, and an Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ10) questionnaire, disclosing possible Autism trait in their child. Children were administered the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) to assess different domains of cognitive function. A two-by-two Factorial ANOVA was conducted to compare main effects of predictors (parental stress and child’s potential Autism trait) and its interaction on child’s cognitive performance (IQ). The results showed a significant interaction toward the Children Full Scale IQ, F(1, 93)= 11.46, p= .001, Verbal Comprehension, F(1, 93)= 6.54, p= .01, Visual Spatial, F(1, 93)= 4.64, p= .03, Fluid Reasoning, F(1, 93)= 5.81, p= .02, and Working Memory, F(1, 93)= 13.25, p< .001. Notably, there was an increase in cognitive function among children with potential Autism trait and higher stress parent. These findings contrasted previous literature, suggesting higher parental stress may in fact favor child intellectual outcomes.
A-270 Synergistic Relationship of Prenatal Hurricane Sandy Exposure and Postnatal Suicidal Ideation on Child Fear During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sie Sheow Yun , Maharaj Reena , Lopez Johnny , DeIngeniis Donato , Monir Faria , Nomura Yoko
Published: August 2022

Objective: In-utero stress, maternal suicidal ideation, and COVID-19 lockdown have the potential to effect mothers and eventually their offspring. However, research on the effects of these factors on child fear has insubstantial results. Current study explored the effects of the interaction between in-utero environmental stress related to Superstorm Sandy and postnatal suicidal ideation on child fear level during the COVID-19 pandemic. 115 mother and their children, ages 5 to 10 were recruited for the study (M = 8.62). Participants completed Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and COVID-19 related Child Fear Questionnaires. The EPDS was used to screen for maternal depressive disorders, includes a question on suicidal ideation. A two-by-two Factorial ANOVA was conducted to compare the main effects of in-utero hurricane Sandy exposure and postnatal suicidal ideation, and the interaction of the two on child fear during COVID-19 pandemic. Results showed a significant interaction of mothers’ prenatal hurricane exposure and postnatal suicidal ideation towards child fear during the pandemic, F (1, 111) = 3.77, p = .05. It also showed an elevated increase in child fear during pandemic among children with mothers that were exposed to Hurricane Sandy during pregnancy and presented postnatal suicidal ideation. These results highlighted the important of preventive strategies to mitigate postnatal distress and support families in the post-COVID-19 context.
A-276 Inhibition in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Binomial Logistic Regressions of Self-Report and Performance-Based Measures
Authors: Amitrano Nicholas R , Balloun Bailey , Barwegen Kearston , DeBoer Adam B , Pyykkonen Ben A
Published: August 2022

Objective: This study aims to clarify the relationship between self-report and performance-based measures of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional inhibition in diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Current research states performance-based measures account for little unique variance in determining ADHD diagnoses; however, research is based mostly in pediatric populations.

Method: 78 participants referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation for differential diagnosis of ADHD were used. Binomial logistic regressions were used to explore the predictive relationship of inhibition to ADHD as measured by the Trail Making Test—Part B (TMT-B), discriminability index of the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test—Second Edition (CPT-II), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Adult (BRIEF-A) Inhibition subscale. Pearson correlations were calculated to determine linear relationships between measures.

Results: BRIEF-A Inhibition subscale was the sole variable of significance (p = .043) when predicting ADHD without co-morbid diagnoses, with the model accurately classifying 60.3% of standalone ADHD diagnoses. Conversely, TMT-B scores were the sole variable of significance (p = .044) when predicting ADHD with co-morbid depression and anxiety, with the model accurately classifying 68.9% of co-morbid diagnoses. No measures significantly predicted ADHD with co-morbid depression or anxiety. Only the BRIEF-A Inhibition subscale and the CPT-II discriminability index held a significant correlational relationship (r = -.225, p = .026).

Conclusions: As is consistent with current literature, performance-based cognitive measures contributed little predictive power in diagnosing standalone ADHD in adults. However, TMT-B demonstrated significant predictive power when patients also demonstrated clinically significant depression and anxiety – perhaps suggesting a compound effect. Self-report and performance-based inhibition measures held minimal correlation.
A-277 Neurocognitive and Psychological Profile of a 57-Year-Old Long-COVID Patient After 42 Days an a Ventilator
Authors: Misterka Justin , Russell Katherine E , Basile Rosemarie , Kurtz Rosemarie , JohnKlein Carina , Glasser Gillian , Gut Thomas
Published: August 2022

Objective: The neuropsychological impact of COVID-19 is a budding area of research. Studies suggest greater neurological abnormalities in patients presenting with a severe illness course, particularly those with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The purpose of this case study was to characterize the neurocognitive and psychological profile of a 57-year-old male following prolonged hospitalization for COVID-19 in March 2020, including 42 days on mechanical ventilation.

Method: Relevant data were collected via clinical interview, neuropsychological testing, and medical record review. Hospital course was notable for hypertension, acute kidney failure, and pressure ulcers. Computerized tomography and electroencephalogram revealed mild cortical atrophy and mild to moderate generalized slowing, respectively. Approximately 15 months post-discharge, subjective complaints during the evaluation included cognitive “fogginess,” increased impulsivity, decreased frustration tolerance, forgetfulness, fatigue, mobility difficulties, and dyspnea upon exertion.

Results: Neuropsychological testing, within the context of likely average premorbid functioning, revealed declines in motor functioning, confrontation naming, phonemic fluency, planning/organization, visual memory, and aspects of verbal memory. Poor performance on select memory tasks was likely driven by executive dysfunction. Behaviorally, the patient presented as disinhibited, impulsive and labile. Emotionally, he endorsed symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression. These post-COVID-19 sequelae have impacted functioning across multiple domains including ability to work, medication and finance management, and complex decision-making.

Conclusions: Results suggest bilateral frontal and temporal dysfunction rather than subcortical deficits from hypoxia. Similar to post-intensive care syndrome, the etiology of functional impairment in severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients appears multifactorial. Likely mediating factors include COVID-19 itself, associated complications, intervention methods, and psychological distress.
A-280 Residual Cognitive Weaknesses in a Case of Treated Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis
Authors: Ross Daliah , Yaffe Beril
Published: August 2022

Objective: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) refers to a group of syndromes involving brain inflammation due to autoimmune activity and is associated with acute cognitive impairment. While several identified AE-associated antibodies (e.g., NMDAR) can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum, many patients who respond well to treatment do not have the AE-associated antibodies. This causes challenges in diagnosis and treatment and has led to limited literature prognosticating cognitive outcomes following treatment in cases of suspected seronegative AE. We describe a case of seronegative AE in a patient with lingering cognitive symptoms after resolution of acute symptoms post-immunotherapy.

Method: Patient is a 25-year-old female with a history of ulcerative proctitis who presented with suspected AE in the context of seizure, fever, balance difficulties, and personality changes. While antibodies were not detected, she was diagnosed with AE based on presentation, inflammatory markers, and neuroimaging and was treated with steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasma exchange. Patient presented for neuropsychological assessment 10 months later with lingering cognitive complaints.

Results: Neuropsychological testing posttreatment revealed weaknesses/variability in attention, working memory, processing speed, and aspects of executive functioning including executive aspects of memory. Language, visuospatial functions, and retentive memory were preserved.

Conclusion: This case suggested continued frontal-subcortical dysfunction likely related to residual effects of AE. Side effects of medications may have also contributed to her cognitive weaknesses. This case highlights the need for more research examining cognitive prognosis and expected timelines post seronegative AE treatment, given limited existing research. This is an important consideration for interpretations and recommendations from our neuropsychological evaluations.
A-283 Executive Attention, Internalizing Symptomatology, and the Moderating Effects of Rejection Sensitivity in Young Adults
Authors: Roseman Alex , Meehan Kevin
Published: August 2022

Objective: Executive attention (EA), the neurocognitive correlate of effortful control (EC), allows attention to shift between negative, neutral, and positive thoughts. Links between EA and externalizing symptomatology have been established, but explanation as to why individuals develop internalizing symptomatology (IS) is limited. Research supports that those high in rejection sensitivity (RS) are more likely to develop IS; however, this relationship has not been investigated while also measuring levels of EA. We hypothesized that RS would moderate the relationship between EA and IS in adults, such that the negative relationship between EA and IS will be amplified in those high but not low on RS.

Method: 117 undergraduate students, (M = 21.39 years, SD = 6.38), a non-clinical sample of convenience from a 2017 study, completed the Attention Network Task, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire. The sample was 76.5% female; 33.3% African-American, 18.5% Asian, 17.8% Latino/a, 17.8% White, 7.4% Middle Eastern, and 4.4% “Other.”

Results: There was no significant positive effect of EA on IS, B = .55 95% CI [-5.30, 6.40], p = .85. RS was positively correlated (r = .18, p = .02) with IS, supporting previous research. EA was not correlated with RS and did not interact with RS to predict increases in IS, B = -3.30 95% CI [-30.41, 23.83], p =.81.

Conclusion: Results suggest a heteromethod convergence problem and/or the role of other attention processes within EC, suggesting dissociable relationships between attention processes and clinical presentations. Limitations include sample size, composition, and use of self- report measures.
A-288 Valenced Attention Shifting Deficits Evident via Eye-tracking and not Reaction Time Measures in a Psychiatric Sample
Authors: Tytler Caitlin , Yaroslavsky Ilya , Kapornai Krisztina , Kiss Enikő , Baji Ildikó , Kovacs Maria
Published: August 2022

Objective: Inflexible attention shifting from dysphoric information is a key component of contemporary depression risk models. Yet, the literature is mixed concerning such deficits in depressed samples, perhaps partly due to construct-irrelevant variance (e.g., motor speed) that saturates some behavioral attention shifting measures. This study evaluates the clinical validity of an eye-tracking-based measure of motivated attention shifting in response to neutral and valenced stimuli.

Method: Hungarian adults with depression histories (N=198; Mage=26.83, 45% female; n=28 depressed) completed psychiatric interviews (SCID), depression measures (BDI-II, PANAS-X), and a visual attention shifting task via E-prime 3.0 and Tobii x2-60 eye-tracking system. Participants viewed 72 same-actor face pairs (angry-neutral, sad-neutral, happy-neutral, neutral-neutral) drawn from the KDEF database; attention shifting indices (outcomes of interest) reflected visual attention shifting speed away from a sad- or happy-valenced face towards a neutral face (disengagement), in reverse order (engagement), and across neutral face pairs (valence-free shifting) in response to a visual prompt (i.e., a shape framing the target face). Parallel behavioral indices reflect reaction times to said visual prompts. Depression status, severity, and affects served as the validators.

Results: Independent of demographics, valence-free shifting, and valid task trial frequency, current depression (βDep=.29, p=.016), low trait positive affect (βPANAS-X,PA=-.14, p=.02), and depression severity at a trend level (βBDI-II=.06, p=.059) predicted slow sad-face disengagement; no other effect reached significance.

Conclusion: Results suggest that shifting visual attention away from sad, but not positively-valenced information may be linked to depressive states among formerly depressed persons and provide some evidence for the eye-tracking-based task’s incremental validity to behavioral parallels.
A-289 A Systematic Review on the Ecological Validity of Behavioral Rating Scales for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Moncivais Jacqueline A , Rollet Danaë M , Arora Ayesha , Wu Wanqing , Gill Anureet K , Joyce Cali M , Kamm Janina
Published: August 2022

Objective: Behavioral rating scales are widely used assessment measures for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Handler & DuPaul, 2005).The objective of this review was to examine the ecological validity of commonly used ADHD rating scales.

Data Selection: Apa PsycInfo, EBSCOHost (Medline), PsycArticle, Sage Journal, and Science Direct databases were searched. Inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed articles, written in English and included (1) participants diagnosed with ADHD, under age 18, and no other neurodevelopmental disorders; (2) blinded classroom observation rating made by trained observers; (3) rating scales completed by teacher and parent; (4) studies included in meta-analysis included Pearson’s r between classroom observations and rating scales.

Data Synthesis: Data was selected and extracted by two reviewers, based on PRISMA guidelines (Gates & March, 2016). The combined search yielded 1052 potentially eligible papers. Eleven studies met all criteria for review, and three studies were retained and included in the meta-analysis, comprising ratings for 516 children and adolescents. Meta-analysis used a random-effects model found the combined effect size of all studies of r = 0.2005 (p < 0.001). Additional analysis of heterogeneity found low heterogeneity in the three studies (I2 = 36.27%; Q(df = 15) = 21.5921, p = 0.1190; T2 = 0.0035 (SE = 0.0035)).

Conclusions: Our meta-analysis provides evidence in support of the ecological validity of several commonly used behavioral rating scales. More research with multi-informant data, including clinician observations, is needed to further understand the ecological validity of behavioral rating scales when assessing ADHD symptoms.
A-291 Examining Executive Function Profiles with the NIH Toolbox in an ADHD Sample
Authors: Schaefer Amber N , Bertola-Rumeli Leandro , Capielo-Rosario Cristalis , Nicholls Christopher J
Published: August 2022

Objective: Factor analysis of executive functions has identified three primary skills involving inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility (Miyake & Friedman, 2012). Processing speed, while not typically thought of as an executive function, contributes to cognitive proficiency. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NTCB) endeavors to capture these dimensions through its incorporation of subtests purported to measure these skills. The current study examines latent profiles of executive functioning in an ADHD sample.

Method: Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify clusters based on NTCB measures within a sample of 176 participants diagnosed with ADHD (65.3% male; Mage= 12.06). Analytics were performed using MPlus statistical software, with missing data being accounted for using full information likelihood estimation (FIML). Model selection was based on the number of fit indices and criteria (Nylund et al., 2013).

Results: A three-profile model was deemed best fit based on the lowest BIC (6820.64) and a Vuong-Lo p-value of .004. Results also indicated adequate entropy (.78). Participants were subcategorized as 80 with reduced attention and inhibitory control scores (Flanker and Dimensional Card Sort), 60 with reduced working memory and processing speed scores (List Sorting and Pattern Comparison), and 36 with the highest working memory and processing speed.

Conclusion: Subtyping ADHD with objective data may better capture symptom variability than the current classification system, thereby lending itself to more targeted treatment plans.