bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A METHOD FOR THE IN SITU STUDY OF ZOOPLANKTON GRAZING EFFECTS ON ALGAL SPECIES COMPOSITION AND STANDING CROP1
Authors: PORTER KAREN GLAUS
Published: March 2010

A method for in situ study of the effects of grazing on the species composition and standing crop of a natural phytoplankton assemblage is described. Polyethylene enclosures 0.5 m3 in volume are filled with whole lake water or water filtered through 125‐µ (No. 10) mesh to remove the major grazers. After 4 days of incubation, contents are sampled and cells counted by species. The bagged whole lake water is also compared with natural lake water. The total number of small algal cells (2–30 µ), small flagellates, large dinoflagellates, large chrysophytes, and ciliates are higher and gelatinous greens are lower in the absence of grazers. There is no detectable experimental effect on the total number of large cells (>30 µ), blue‐greens, desmids, small chrysophytes, diatoms, and nonbluegreen filaments.
A MEROMICTIC LAKE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: TIMMS B. V.
Published: March 2010

West Basin Lake, a small saline maar near Colac, Victoria, has a salinity differential between mixolimnion and monimolimnion of 40‰. There are also marked differences in pH, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the two zones. The mixolimnion stratified during summer and as it cooled in autumn the lake became mesothermal and finally by winter the temperature profile was inverted. Meromixis appears to be of recent ectogenic origin and its present low stability indicates imminent destruction.
EDAPHIC FACTORS OVERRIDE A POSSIBLE GRADIENT OF ECOLOGICAL MATURITY INDICES IN A SMALL STREAM1
Authors: MOTTEN ALEXANDER F. , HALL CHARLES A. S.
Published: March 2010

Spatial and seasonal variations in pigment ratios and gross production:respiration (P:R) ratios were studied at several locations in a small North Carolina stream to determine their relation to a proposed lateral gradient in ecological maturity. Within the limited scope of this study no support was found for the original proposition that the upstream region of the stream was less ecologically mature than the downstream region. If differences in ecological maturity do exist between the two sites studied, they are not properly measured by pigment ratios or P:R ratios, or, more probably, they are overridden by local or edaphic factors.
CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF THE INTERSTITIAL WATER IN THE SEDIMENT OF GRANE LANGSØ, A DANISH LOBELIA LAKE
Authors: WIUM‐ANDERSEK S. , ANDERSEN JENS M.
Published: March 2010

The CO2 content of the interstitial water of a Danish Lobelia lake was between 1 and 5 mmole liter−1. Measurements showed that the sediment must liberate CO2 to the lake water in amounts sufficient for optimal photosynthesis of Lobelia. Zonation of Isoëtes, Littorella, and Lobelia in the lake cannot be correlated with the CO2 content of the sediment.
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC‐INORGANIC ASSOCIATIONS IN A STAGNATING SYSTEM1
Authors: SCHINDLER J. E. , ALBERTS J. J. , HONICK K. R.
Published: March 2010

Molecular weight fractionation procedures were used to examine the possibility of organic‐inorganic complex formation during stagnation of a lake sediment system. Fe, Mg, and Mn were found to associate with fractions >500 molecular weight. No evidence was found for the occurrence of the ionic states of these metals in the anoxic environment used in this investigation. The results are discussed in relation to the behavior of soil humic compounds.
Energy Harvesting with Single‐Ion‐Selective Nanopores: A Concentration‐Gradient‐Driven Nanofluidic Power Source
Authors: Guo Wei , Cao Liuxuan , Xia Junchao , Nie Fu‐Qiang , Ma Wen , Xue Jianming , Song Yanlin , Zhu Daoben , Wang Yugang , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2010

Inspired by biological systems that have the inherent skill to generate considerable bioelectricity from the salt content in fluids with highly selective ion channels and pumps on cell membranes, herein, a fully abiotic single‐pore nanofluidic energy‐harvesting system that efficiently converts Gibbs free energy in the form of a salinity gradient into electricity is demonstrated. The maximum power output with the individual nanopore approaches ∼26 pW. By exploiting parallelization, the estimated power density can be enhanced by one to three orders over previous ion‐exchange membranes. A theoretical description is proposed to explain the power generation with the salinity‐gradient‐driven nanofluidic system. Calculation results suggest that the electric‐power generation and its efficiency can be further optimized by enhancing the surface‐charge density (up to 100 mC m−2) and adopting the appropriate nanopore size (between 10 and 50 nm). This facile and cost‐efficient energy‐harvesting system has the potential to power biomedical tiny devices or construct future clean‐energy recovery plants.
Nonfatal unintentional injuries and related factors among male construction workers in central China
Authors: Zheng Lei , Xiang Huiyun , Song Xiaoqin , Wang Zengzhen
Published: March 2010

Background

Work‐related injuries (WRIs) among construction workers have recently emerged as an important public health issue as the construction industry is booming in China. We investigated nonfatal unintentional work‐related injuries and risk factors among male construction workers in central China.

Methods

A purposive sampling method was used in 2008 to select 1,260 male workers from 24 construction sites. WRIs that occurred in the past 12 months and possible risk factors were asked about in face‐to‐face interviews.

Results

Among 1,260 male construction workers, 189 workers reported WRIs. The annual prevalence of nonfatal WRIs was 15.0 per 100 workers (95% confidence interval (CI): 13.0–17.0). The top three leading causes of injuries were collisions (27.3 per 100 workers), cuts/piercings (17.5 per 100 workers), and falls (15.5 per 100 workers). WRIs were significantly associated with high cigarette pack‐year index (PYI ≥ 20 vs. nonsmoker: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.31–4.76), serious alcohol consumption (≥30ml/day vs. nondrinker: adjusted OR = 1.73, 95 %CI: 1.12–2.69), not having injury prevention and safety education (adjusted OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.22–3.44), and had depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.22–5.67).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that annual prevalence of nonfatal construction injuries is high in central China and serious cigarette smoking, serious alcohol consumption, not having injury prevention and safety education, and depressive symptoms are considered important factors for those injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53: 588–595, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing ecological changes in and around marine reserves using community perceptions and biological surveys
Authors: Yasué M. , Kaufman L. , Vincent A. C. J.
Published: March 2010

1. Well‐enforced partial or total no‐fishing zones (collectively known as marine protected areas, or MPAs) can help restore degraded coral reefs and enhance fish populations.

2. A comparison was made of community perceptions of ecological changes in an MPA with concurrent scientific data on these changes in the same MPA. Such analyses are particularly important in community‐based MPAs where local support is a key determinant of ecological success.

3. The no‐take MPA in question was initially launched in partnership with the community in 1995 and formalized in 1998. The perceptions data come from interviews with community members in 1999 and 2004, the biological data come from underwater visual censuses of the MPA from 1998 to 2004.

4. Community members perceived more fish within the MPA and slight increases in catch outside the MPA. In contrast, fish censuses showed a high degree of stochastic variation and only minor increases in fish abundance, size and diversity in and around the MPA between 1998 and 2004.

5. Possible explanations for these discrepancies include different temporal, spatial or species frames of reference and/or limitations to the biological survey technique. Other options include wishful thinking, external influences, a desire to please, or confounding with other benefits.

6. This study demonstrates some of the strengths and weaknesses of community perceptions and biological data. In order to improve our understanding about the changes that occur over time in an MPA and engender community support for the long‐term viability of MPAs, it is important to develop diverse and efficient monitoring schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circle hook effectiveness for the mitigation of sea turtle bycatch and capture of target species in a Brazilian pelagic longline fishery
Authors: Sales Gilberto , Giffoni Bruno B. , Fiedler Fernando N. , Azevedo Venâncio G. , Kotas Jorge E. , Swimmer Yonat , Bugoni Leandro
Published: March 2010

Incidental catches by the pelagic longline fishery is a major global threat for loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles.

The reduction of incidental capture and post‐release mortality of sea turtles in the Brazilian pelagic longline fishery, operating in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean, was investigated by comparing the performance of 18/0 circle hooks with 9/0 J‐type (control) hooks. Hook selectivity experiments were performed between 2004 and 2008, in a total of 26 trips, 229 sets and 145 828 hooks. The experimental design included alternating control and experimental hooks along sections of the mainline.

An overall decrease in capture rates for loggerhead turtles of 55% and for leatherbacks of 65% were observed when using circle hooks. In addition, deep‐hooking in loggerheads decreased significantly from 25% using J‐hooks to 5.8% with circle hooks, potentially increasing post‐release survival.

Circle hooks increased catch rates of most of the main target species, including tunas (bigeye Thunnus obesus and albacore T. alalunga), and sharks (blue Prionace glauca and requiem sharks of the genus Carcharinus), with no difference in the capture rates of yellowfin tuna (T. albacares), shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus), hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini and S. zygaena), and dolphinfish or mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). On the other hand, a significant decrease in the capture rate of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) was detected when using circle hooks.

Overall, results support the effectiveness of using circle hooks for the conservation of loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles, with positive effects on capture of most target species of the south‐western Atlantic longline fishery. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine induces the expression of the anti‐inflammatory heme oxygenase‐1 in RAW264.7 macrophages
Authors: Son Yong , Lee Ju Hwan , Kim Nam‐Ho , Surh Na‐Young , Kim Eun‐Cheol , Chung Hun‐Taeg , Kang Dae Gill , Pae Hyun‐Ock
Published: March 2010

1,2‐Dilinoleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DLPC), the main and active component of soybean lecithin, has been reported to exert anti‐inflammatory effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be established. It was found that DLPC could induce the expression of the anti‐inflammatory heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) through the activation of nuclear erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) in RAW264.7 macrophages. Pretreatment with DLPC suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), one of proinflammatory enzymes, and reduced NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages. Similarly, DLPC also diminished the production of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), one of proinflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of DLPC on LPS‐induced iNOS expression and TNF‐α production were reversed by tin protoporphyrin, a HO‐1 inhibitor. Thus, HO‐1 expression via Nrf2 activation may be one of the possible mechanisms explaining the anti‐inflammatory effects of DLPC.
Engagement in a medium secure personality disorder service: A comparative study of psychological functioning and offending outcomes
Authors: McCarthy Lucy , Duggan Conor
Published: March 2010

Background Specialist treatment programmes for personality disordered offenders suffer from high rates of non‐completion. This has important consequences for service providers and individual patients.

Method Data from hospital records and the Offenders Index were compared for groups of treatment completers (n = 22) and non‐completers (n = 59) discharged from a specialist treatment programme.

Results Twenty‐seven per cent of patients completed treatment, 37% were expelled for rule breaking and 35% disengaged early from treatment. Psychometric assessments of anger expression and anxiety showed no differences between the groups, however, treatment completers showed lower levels of impulsivity and psychopathy than either of the non‐completer groups. Rates of post‐discharge offending for grave and standard list offences were 56.8 and 10.8%, respectively.

Conclusions Despite careful selection methods, a large proportion of personality‐disordered patients admitted to specialist units failed to complete treatment. Psychometric assessments of anger expression, anxiety and impulsivity showed limited utility in differentiating treatment completers and non‐completers. Sample size limitations in this naturalistic follow‐up impacted on the interpretation of differences observed between the groups on the primary outcome measure of re‐offending after discharge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical evaluation of reasons for non‐completion of treatment in a dangerous and severe personality disorder unit
Authors: Sheldon Kerry , Howells Kevin , Patel Gita
Published: March 2010

Background Individuals deemed to be of high risk to others, and diagnosed with severe personality disorders have become the focus for developing clinical services in England. Such services often require highly secure accommodation and labour‐intensive therapeutic interventions. There is, however, uncertainty about the capacity to engage such patients effectively in therapies.

Aim Here, we examine service evaluation monitoring data to identify the level of completion of therapeutic programmes in a high secure severe personality disordered population, and analyse reasons for failure to complete.

Method Guidelines for classifying reasons for non‐completion were developed, based on the multifactorial offender readiness model (MORM). Electronic case notes were searched for references to non‐completion, and recorded reasons for non‐completion were classified.

Results Non‐completion was at a relatively modest level. The main reasons for non‐completion were: (1) affective: general distress of the patient or specific emotional reactions to previous offending, e.g. shame; (2) volitional: pursuing goals other than treatment; and (3) cognitive: negative self‐efficacy beliefs and negative evaluations (low trust) of staff and the programme. External factors included exclusion from treatment and transfer to another unit.

Conclusion This study identifies specific readiness areas that might need to be addressed in efforts to improve engagement and retention in treatment. A wider range of methodologies is required for future studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Third‐generation GPS: A low‐maintenance, high‐reliability future GPS system
Authors: Bakhoum Ezzat G.
Published: March 2010

This paper introduces the principles of the third‐generation Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system, which is now in the early development phase. The new system has substantial advantages, including the elimination of the Doppler correction and signal tracking circuitry in the receivers. The benefits will be a significantly reduced receiver size and low‐maintenance requirements for the satellites. Another objective of the paper is to present a closed‐form solution for the GPS geolocation equations that does not depend on range data. Such a solution did not exist previously in the literature. Simulations that characterize the User Equivalent Range Errors in the new system are given. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Metallic Co with Different Hierarchical Structures Prepared by a Simple Solvothermal Method
Authors: Duan Lianfeng , Jia Shusheng , Zhao Lijun
Published: March 2010

Magnetic metallic cobalt with different hierarchical structures, such as dendritic particles, flowery particles, and flocky spheres, has been successfully prepared by using a simple solvothermal process in which the relative amounts of H2C2O4 and N2H4·H2O in the reaction system were rationally adjusted. The Co crystals with hierarchical structure had a hexagonal‐close‐packed (hcp) structure. The dendritic Co crystal comprises several 1–5 μm long dendrites, and thehierarchical assemblies radiate from the center. The flowerlike Co submicrocrystals are composed of petal‐like crystals around 1.5 μm in diameter and 100–200 nm thick. Interestingly, an intergrade from single‐crystal to polycrystalline structures for flowerlike Co submicrocrystals is observed. The flocky spheres, about 600 nm in diameter, consist of 5 nm thick nanosheets. In addition, a growth mechanism is proposed which is based on the evolution of the structure and morphology with increasing reaction time. Further magnetic measurements for the Co crystals with different hierarchical structures indicated that the morphology of the Co crystals had an obvious influence on their magnetic properties.
Coupling of Silsesquioxane Cages in the Coordination Sphere of Erbium
Authors: Lorenz Volker , Blaurock Steffen , Hrib Cristian G. , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: March 2010

A novel transformation of silsesquioxane cages in the coordination sphere of a lanthanide ion is reported. Reaction of in situ prepared (c‐C6H11)7Si7O9(OLi)3 with anhydrous ErCl3 in thf solution afforded the large heterometallic (Er/Li) metallasilsesquioxane cluster (c‐C6H11)21Si21O36(SiMe3)Er2(thf)2Li4Cl2 (2) in good yield (65 %). The molecular structure of 2 comprises several unusual features, including the coupling of two silsesquioxane cages through an –O3Si(c‐C6H11)– unit as well as trimethylsilylation of an Si–OH functionality. Due to the presence of 21 cyclohexyl substituents in the periphery of the molecule, the large cluster compound is soluble even in pentane.
A Lipophilic, Fluorine‐Free, Thermostable, Inexpensive, S4‐Symmetric, Highly Soluble, Weakly Coordinating, Protolabile Aluminate
Authors: Straub Bernd F. , Wrede Michael , Schmid Karin , Rominger Frank
Published: March 2010

This communication presents the facile and cost‐effective synthesis as well as properties of salts of a lipophilic aluminate anion. Its unprecedented solubility in pentane makes possible tetrabutylammonium salt extraction with pentane. Nevertheless, its symmetry leads to high melting points of its thermostable salts. Several single crystals for X‐ray diffraction studies have been obtained. The anion is devoid ofhalogens, but is stable against sterically demanding electrophiles such as the trityl cation. However, it is unstable in protic media and hydrolyzes in the presence of water within days.
Fatty acids, volatiles, sterols and triterpenic alcohols of six monovarietal Tunisian virgin olive oils
Authors: Krichène Dhouha , Allalout Amira , Salvador Maria D. , Fregapane Giuseppe , Zarrouk Mokhtar
Published: March 2010

Fatty acids, volatiles, sterols, aliphatic and triterpenic alcohols of six monovarietal Tunisian virgin olive oils were analyzed. The results suggested that the compositional data concerning the above analytical fractions were effective in discriminating between varieties. The oils were found to contain high levels of oleic acid (up to 71.70% in the Oueslati variety). β‐Sitosterol (up to 85.46% in the Jdallou variety) and Δ5‐avenasterol (up to 30.97% in the El Hor variety) were the principal sterols in all samples; campesterol and stigmasterol were found at low levels. (E)‐2‐Hexenal was the main compound that characterizes the olive oil headspace of all samples. The other compounds identified were mainly C6 aliphatic components.
Preparation and investigation of PD/TI‐SBA‐15 catalysts for catalytic oxidation of benzene
Authors: He Chi , Li Peng , Cheng Jie , Li Jinjun , Hao Zhengping
Published: March 2010

The feasibility of Pd/Ti‐SBA‐15 catalysts in the elimination of benzene was explored comprehensively. The effects of the titanium incorporation on catalyst physicochemical property and activity were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, DRUV–vis, NH3‐TPD, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope techniques. Only a certain quantity of titanium can be incorporated into the support, and titanium has a positive influence on active phase dispersion. Titanium‐modified catalysts possess larger pore diameter than the pure Pd/SBA‐15 and titanium can introduce the acid sites to the support. The evaluation result shows that the titanium incorporation can noticeably improve the catalytic activity, and all evaluated catalysts possess excellent stability, without obviously activity loss during 60 h test. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
A Promising Alternative to PEMFC Graphite Bipolar Plates: Surface Modified Type 304 Stainless Steel with TiN Nanoparticles and Elastic Styrene Butadiene Rubber Particles
Authors: Myung S.‐T. , Sakurada S. , Kumagai M. , Yashiro H.
Published: March 2010

In order to utilise inexpensive bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), a surface modification with TiN nanoparticles and elastic styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) particles has been applied to the most widely commercialised stainless steel of type 304 which did not satisfy the required properties in the bare form. The electro‐conducting agglomerates were electrophoretically deposited on the stainless steel bipolar plates. The surface modification greatly improved the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel as well as the interfacial contact resistance (ICR). As a result, the cell performance was significantly enhanced and become comparable to that with graphite bipolar plate during operation for 1,000 h. Ac‐impedance results indicated that the TiN–SBR coating was effective not only in reducing the ICR but also in retaining the resistance low throughout the operation. The hydrophobic character of the TiN–SBR coating on the stainless steel bipolar plates, which facilitated the removal of the formed water in the cathode side during the single cell operation, is also responsible for the enhanced cell performance. Therefore, the type 304 stainless steel bipolar plate modified with the electro‐conducting nanosized TiN – elastic SBR particles is suggested to be a promising substituent for the PEMFC graphite bipolar plate.
The Lopingian (Late Permian) of mid‐oceanic carbonates in the Eastern Palaeotethys: stratigraphical outline and foraminiferal faunal succession
Authors: Ueno Katsumi , Miyahigashi Akira , Charoentitirat Thasinee
Published: March 2010

The Changning‐Menglian Belt of West Yunnan, SW China and the Inthanon Zone of Northern Thailand are the two best‐studied Palaeotethyan collisional belts in Asia. These belts comprise thick pure carbonate successions with basalt at the base, ranging from the Early Carboniferous to the end of the Permian. They are interpreted to have a mid‐oceanic build‐up origin and have been formed on the top of seamounts and/or oceanic plateaus. The mid‐oceanic carbonates in the Inthanon Zone are called the Doi Chiang Dao Limestone and we newly propose in this paper the term Banka Limestone for those in the Changning‐Menglian Belt. Foraminiferal faunas from these limestones revealed that they have good Lopingian records of a mid‐oceanic shallow‐marine domain in the Palaeotethys, and three consecutive foraminiferal zones can be established. The Wuchiapingian is represented by the Codonofusiella kwangsiana Zone comprising four fusuline and 21 non‐fusuline foraminiferal genera. The early Changhsingian is distinguished by the Palaeofusulina simplicata/minima Zone, and contains seven fusuline and 27 non‐fusuline genera. The succeeding Palaeofusulina sinensis/prisca Zone in the late Changhsingian is characterized by the occurrence of large and advanced Palaeofusulina, and still maintained a high generic diversity with eight fusuline and 36 non‐fusuline genera. The Lopingian foraminiferal faunal succession of the mid‐oceanic Palaeotethys is essentially similar to those observed in cratonic South China. This is suggestive of a major oceanic part of the Palaeotethys to be included palaeobiogeographically in the Cathaysian Province. The coeval Neotethyan domain also had a high‐diversified fauna with the occurrence of six fusuline and nearly 30 non‐fusuline genera but lacked Palaeofusulina in Changhsingian time. Panthalassan mid‐oceanic build‐ups during Lopingian time carried likely lower foraminiferal diversity than those of the Palaeo‐ and Neotethys. Essentially, Tethyan mid‐oceanic carbonate build‐ups presumably provided a peculiar habitat suitable for shallow‐marine foraminifers in a pelagic equatoro‐tropical setting throughout almost the entire Lopingian time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary sensory and motor cortex activities during voluntary and passive ankle mobilization by the SHADE orthosis
Authors: Pittaccio Simone , Zappasodi Filippo , Viscuso Stefano , Mastrolilli Francesca , Ercolani Matilde , Passarelli Francesco , Molteni Franco , Besseghini Stefano , Rossini Paolo Maria , Tecchio Franca
Published: March 2010

This study investigates cortical involvement during ankle passive mobilization in healthy subjects, and is part of a pilot study on stroke patient rehabilitation. Magnetoencephalographic signals from the primary sensorimotor areas devoted to the lower limb were collected together with simultaneous electromyographic activities from tibialis anterior (TA). This was done bilaterally, on seven healthy subjects (aged 29 ± 7), during rest, left and right passive ankle dorsiflexion (imparted through the SHADE orthosis, O‐PM, or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, NMES‐PM), and during active isometric contraction (IC‐AM). The effects of focussing attention on ankle passive movements were considered. Primary sensory (FSS1) and motor (FSM1) area activities were discriminated by the Functional Source Separation algorithm. Only contralateral FSS1 was recruited by common peroneal nerve stimulation and only contralateral FSM1 displayed coherence with TA muscular activity. FSM1 showed higher power of gamma rhythms (33–90 Hz) than FSS1. Both sources displayed higher beta (14–32 Hz) and gamma powers in the left than in the right hemisphere. Both sources displayed a bilateral reduction of beta power during IC‐AM with respect to rest. Only FSS1 beta band power reduced during O‐PM. No beta band modulation was observed of either source during NMES‐PM. Mutual FSS1‐FSM1 coherence in gamma2 band (61–90 Hz) showed a slight trend towards an increase when focussing attention during O‐PM. Somatosensory and motor counterparts of lower limb cortical representations were discriminated in both hemispheres. SHADE was effective in generating repeatable dorsiflexion and inducing primary sensory involvement similarly to voluntary movement. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Education mediates microstructural changes in bilateral hippocampus
Authors: Piras Fabrizio , Cherubini Andrea , Caltagirone Carlo , Spalletta Gianfranco
Published: March 2010

Education has been extensively considered an influential factor in the modulation of interindividual differences in cognitive performance and cerebral structure. Consequently, education has been linked to the concept of reserve, which refers to an unspecified aspect of brain structure or function that enables people with more education to cope better with brain pathology or age‐related changes. Nevertheless, the education‐related neural mechanisms involved in reserve are still not completely understood. In this study, 150 healthy subjects were submitted to a comprehensive sociodemographic, clinical and cognitive assessment, and a high‐resolution structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging scan protocol. Data of micro‐ (mean diffusivity, MD) and macro‐ (volume) structural changes of six bilateral deep gray matter structures (thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, hippocampus, amygdala, and globus pallidus) were analyzed with reference to years of formal education. Results show that decreased MD in both left and right hippocampi was the only structural parameter that, along with decreasing age, significantly correlated with higher education. The present findings suggest that the hippocampal formation might be one site where education‐mediated microstructural changes occur, possibly compensating for cognitive decline. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catalyzing employee change with transformative learning
Authors: Franz Nancy
Published: March 2010

Businesses, organizations, and government agencies have invested heavily in employee training. The American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) reports these costs as 2.15% of payroll (ASTD, 2008). A large amount of this investment is directed at improving employee knowledge and skills. Although most organizations are good at this, often a need exists to develop a deeper level of behavior change in employees. This type of change can be difficult to accomplish and sustain over time. Adult education theory, in particular transformative education theory, has enhanced the ability of organizations to bring about deeper change in employees through training and development. Therefore, human resource development (HRD) professionals need to become familiar with this theory and its implications for employee training and development.
Workplace climate and peer support as determinants of training transfer
Authors: Martin Harry J.
Published: March 2010

Although billions of dollars are spent annually on training and development, much about the transfer processes is not well understood. This study investigated the interaction of workplace climate and peer support on the transfer of learning in a corporate field setting. Supervisor ratings of performance on several skill dimensions were obtained before and after training. Trainees in a division with a more favorable climate and those with greater peer support showed greater improvement. In addition, peer support mitigated the effects of a negative climate. Trainees with peer support in a negative climate achieved the same degree of transfer as trainees in a positive climate. These results suggest that more proximal factors, like peer support, can overcome the effect of more distal factors, like climate, in promoting transfer. This study also advances understanding of the transfer process by assessing workplace environment with the use of measures other than trainee perceptions.
Evapotranspiration of a tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China
Authors: Li Zhiheng , Zhang Yiping , Wang Shusen , Yuan Guofu , Yang Yan , Cao Min
Published: March 2010

The eddy covariance flux measurements from 2003 to 2006 at a tropical rain forest site in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, were used to study the ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET). During the four study years, the mean annual precipitation and air temperature were slightly lower than their long‐term averages (1322 vs 1487 mm and 20·1 vs 21·7 °C, respectively). Mean annual ET in the four study years was estimated at 1029 mm, accounted for 78% of the corresponding annual precipitation. Mean daily ecosystem ET was 2·6 mm day−1 during the dry season from November to April and was 3·1 mm day−1 during the rainy season from May to October. The ET diurnal variations in the cool‐dry season (from November to February), the hot‐dry season (March and April) and the rainy season had similar maximum values, although the soil water content, leaf area index (LAI) and climate conditions differed greatly. ET was mainly controlled by soil water availability in the hot‐dry season, by LAI in the early rainy season (May and June) and by atmospheric conditions in the mid‐to‐late rainy season (from July to October) and the cool‐dry season. The total ET was substantially higher than the corresponding precipitation in the dry season. The extra amount of water evapotranspirated in the dry season was mainly due to the depletion of soil water stored in the previous rainy season. Fog deposition during the dry season also played a role in providing water for ET. Our results indicated the importance of interannual interactions of water balance in the seasonal distribution of ecosystem ET at this site. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The t(X;6) in subungual exostosis results in transcriptional deregulation of the gene for insulin receptor substrate 4
Authors: Mertens Fredrik , Möller Emely , Mandahl Nils , Picci Piero , Perez‐Atayde Antonio R. , Samson Ignace , Sciot Raf , Debiec‐Rychter Maria
Published: March 2010

Subungual exostosis is a benign bone‐ and cartilage‐forming tumor known to harbor a pathognomonic t(X;6)(q22;q13‐14). Using global gene expression analysis and quantitative real‐time PCR, we could show that this translocation results in increased expression of the IRS4 gene, presumably due to disruption and/or exchange of regulatory sequences with the translocation partner, the COL12A1 gene. A corresponding deregulation at the protein level could be demonstrated in primary cell cultures using a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunostaining. As the t(X;6) usually is the sole cytogenetic aberration in subungual exostosis, the deregulated expression of IRS4 is likely to be pathogenetically essential. The exact role of IRS4 is still poorly investigated, but IRS proteins are known to act as mediators of signaling from receptors, such as the insulin and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptors, and thus have an important effect on cell growth and survival.
Increased risk of colorectal cancer among patients with biliary tract inflammation: A 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Lin Hsiu‐Li , Lin Hsiu‐Chen , Lin Ching‐Chun , Lin Herng‐Ching
Published: March 2010

The purpose of the study was to investigate the risk of colorectal cancer among patients with biliary tract inflammation (BTI) compared to non‐BTI patients during a 5‐year follow‐up period. The study group comprised 1,613 patients with BTI, among which 32 cases (1.98%) developed colorectal cancer. The comparison group included 8,065 randomly selected subjects (5 for every patient with BTI), 74 of whom contracted colorectal cancer (0.92%). Stratified Cox proportional hazard regressions were calculated to estimate the adjusted hazard of colorectal cancer between the study group and comparison group. The adjusted hazard ratio for colorectal cancer for patients with BTI was 6.54 times (95% CI = 3.07–13.92) as high as for those without BTI within a 1‐year follow‐up period, 3.20 times (95% CI = 1.93–5.30) as high within a 3‐year follow‐up period, and 2.21 times (95% CI = 1.45–3.37) as high within a 5‐year follow‐up period. We also found that the adjusted hazard ratio for colorectal cancer for those with bile duct inflammation was 3.30 times (95% CI = 1.87–5.84) as high as for those without BTI within the 5‐year follow‐up period. However, no increased hazard of colorectal cancer was observed for patients with gallbladder inflammation. We concluded that patients with BTI had a significantly higher risk of colorectal cancer compared to patients without BTI.
Incidence trends and survival of penile squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands
Authors: Graafland Niels M. , Verhoeven Rob H.A. , Coebergh Jan‐Willem W. , Horenblas Simon
Published: March 2010

We examined trends in the incidence and mortality, and described the survival of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands between 1989 and 2006. On the basis of nationwide population‐based data, 3‐year moving average European age‐standardized incidence and 10‐year relative survival estimates were calculated. Penile squamous cell carcinomas were categorized according to stage grouping based on the TNM classification. In the 17‐year study period, 2000 primary penile cancers were diagnosed in the Netherlands of which 1883 (94%) were squamous cell carcinomas. Median age at diagnosis was 68 years. The majority of patients (57%) were diagnosed with localized tumors (Stage 0 or I). The percentage of missing disease characteristics increased with increasing age. The 3‐year moving average incidence rate of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma increased significantly from 1.4 per 100,000 person‐years in 1989 to 1.5 in 2006 with an estimated annual percentage of change of 1.3%. Ten‐year relative survival of patients according to the different stage groups was 93% for Stage 0, 89% for Stage I, 81% for Stage II, the 9‐year survival was 50% for patients with Stage III disease and a 2‐year survival of 21% for patients was found for Stage IV disease. Our study shows that the incidence rate of penile squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands has increased slightly, especially the incidence of carcinomas in situ. Patients with Stage III and IV tumors have poor survival.
Human adipose‐derived stem cells (hASCs) proliferate and differentiate in osteoblast‐like cells on trabecular titanium scaffolds
Authors: Gastaldi Giulia , Asti Annalia , Scaffino Manuela Federica , Visai Livia , Saino Enrica , Cometa Angela Maria , Benazzo Francesco
Published: March 2010

The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine is an appealing area of research that has received a great deal of interest in recent years. The population called human adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (hASCs) share many of the characteristic of its counterpart of marrow including extensive proliferative potential and the ability to undergo multilineage differentiation along classical mesenchymal lineages: adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and myogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate with biochemical and morphological methods the adhesion and differentiation of hASCs grown on trabecular titanium scaffolds. The hASCs isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue after digestion with collagenase were seeded on monolayer and on trabecular titanium scaffolds and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 with osteogenic medium or control medium.The results showed that hASCs were able to adhere to titanium scaffolds, to proliferate, to acquire an osteoblastic‐like phenotype, and to produce a calcified extracellular matrix with protein, such as, decorin, fibronectin, osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin, and type I collagen. These data suggest that this kind of scaffold/cells construct is effective to regenerate damaged tissue and to restore the function of bone tissue. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Microstructural, mechanical, and osteocompatibility properties of Mg2+/F−‐doped nanophase hydroxyapatite
Authors: Sun Zehra Pinar , Ercan Batur , Evis Zafer , Webster Thomas J.
Published: March 2010

Pure as well as Mg2+‐ and F−‐doped nanophase (i.e., grain sizes in the nanometer regime in at least one dimension) hydroxyapatite (HA) samples were synthesized by a precipitation method followed by sintering at 1100°C for 1 h to determine their microstructural, mechanical, and osteoblast (bone‐forming cell) adhesion properties pertinent for orthopedic applications. Different amounts of Mg2+ and F− ions (specifically from 0 to 7.5 mol %) were doped into the HA samples. X‐ray diffraction was used to identify the presence of crystalline phases, lattice parameters, and crystal volumes of the samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was further used to chemically characterize HA, and thus FTIR patterns revealed the characteristic absorption bands of HA. Microhardness measurements were also performed to assess mechanical properties of the novel formulations. Results of this study showed an improvement in sample density for some of the samples, which was a consequence of the molar percentage variation of the dopants. Moreover, in most of the samples doped with Mg, β‐tricalcium phosphate was observed as a second phase to HA. In addition, 1% Mg‐ and 2.5% F‐doped HA had the highest microhardness values. Lastly, results demonstrated the highest osteoblast densities when the HA samples were doped with 2.5–7.5% Mg2+ and F−. Thus, the results of this study suggest that decreasing the grain size of HA into the nanometer regime and doping HA with Mg2+ and F− can potentially increase the efficacy of HA for orthopedic applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Newly deposited maternal hormones can be detected in the yolks of oviductal eggs in the green anole lizard
Authors: Cohen Rachel E. , Wade Juli
Published: March 2010

Studies often examine egg yolks after oviposition with the goal of drawing conclusions about maternal allocation of gonadal steroid hormones and how it may affect offspring development. However, these hormones might originate from a few sources, including the ovary, blood plasma, or the embryo itself. The goal of this study was to investigate whether maternal steroids can enter oviductal eggs. In Experiment 1, gravid female green anole lizards were injected with 1 µCi 3H‐T. Plasma, ovarian follicles (separated into yolking and non‐yolking samples), and shelled oviductal eggs were collected at times ranging from 15 min to 24 hr after treatment. Main effects of tissue, time, and an interaction between them all existed on recovered 3H‐hormone corrected for tissue mass. Of particular interest, there was a decrease in plasma with coincident increase in eggs. In Experiment 2, females were injected with doses ranging from 0.01 to 0.45 µCi of 3H‐T per gram body weight. Across tissues, 3H‐hormone levels corrected for mass were greater with increasing doses. Values also differed among tissues and an interaction was detected. Within each dose, plasma and non‐yolking follicles generally had higher concentrations of 3H‐hormone than did yolking follicles and oviductal eggs. However, at and after 6 hr, eggs had higher total radioactivity levels than both yolking and non‐yolking follicles had (not corrected for mass). The results indicate that steroids can cross through relatively well‐formed shells before oviposition, suggesting a way in which maternal hormones might influence developmental factors after yolk deposition. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:352–358, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated production of [18F]FDDNP using a TRACERlab MXFDG
Authors: Vercouillie Johnny , Prenant Christian , Maia Serge , Emond Patrick , Guillouet Stéphane , Deloye Jean Bernard , Barré Louisa , Guilloteau Denis
Published: March 2010

[18F]FDDNP has been recently described as a potent tracer to image amyloid plaques in vivo by positron emission tomography. Such a tool will be advisable to diagnose patient with mild cognitive impairment, to follow the disease progression and to evaluate new therapies. To make this radiopharmacetical affordable for the clinicians, we developed an automated method for [18F]FDDNP radiosynthesis using a commercial [18F]FDG unit. Radiolabeling with fluorine‐18 was carried out by a [18F]fluoro‐detosylation reaction on the precursor 2‐(1‐{6‐[(2‐tosyloxyoethyl)(methyl)amino]‐2‐naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile. The reaction was performed in acetonitrile for 15 min at 90°C, and then the reaction mixture was injected into a semi‐preparative high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The desire [18F]FDDNP fraction was collected, and an SPE was performed. The [18F]FDDNP was formulated in a sodium chloride/ethanol solution followed by a sterile filtration. Stability of [18F]FDDNP was studied after 4 h and radiochemical purity of [18F]FDDNP remained >98%.

The overall decay‐corrected radiochemical yield was 15±3% (n=8). Radiochemical purity was >98% and the specific activity was 164±25 GBq/µmol at EOS. Pharmaceutical controls, bioburden, sterility, bacterial endotoxin and residual solvent tests were performed. The results were in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia and demonstrated our ability to produce [18F]FDDNP with a pharmaceutical grade and a high reproducibility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against chikungunya virus in vero cells
Authors: Khan Mohsin , Santhosh S.R. , Tiwari Mugdha , Lakshmana Rao P.V. , Parida Manmohan
Published: March 2010

The resurgence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the form of unprecedented and explosive epidemics in India and the Indian Ocean islands after a gap of 32 years is a major public health concern. Currently, there is no specific therapy available to treat CHIKV infection. In the present study, the in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic effects of chloroquine on CHIKV replication in Vero cells were investigated. Inhibitory effects were observed when chloroquine was administered pre‐infection, post‐infection, and concurrent with infection, suggesting that chloroquine has prophylactic and therapeutic potential. The inhibitory effects were confirmed by performing a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), real‐time reverse transcriptase (RT)‐PCR analysis of viral RNA levels, and cell viability assays. Chloroquine diminished CHIKV infection in a dose‐dependent manner, with an effective concentration range of 5–20 µM. Concurrent addition of drug with virus, or treatment of cells prior to infection drastically reduced virus infectivity and viral genome copy number by ≥99.99%. The maximum inhibitory effect of chloroquine was observed within 1–3 hr post‐infection (hpi), and treatment was ineffective once the virus successfully passed through the early stages of infection. The mechanism of inhibition of virus activity by chloroquine involved impaired endosomal‐mediated virus entry during early stages of virus replication, most likely through the prevention of endocytosis and/or endosomal acidification, based on a comparative evaluation using ammonium chloride, a known lysosomotropic agent. J. Med. Virol. 82: 817–824, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decreasing trends in HTLV‐1/2 but stable HIV‐1 infection among replacement donors in Argentina
Authors: Berini Carolina A. , Gendler Silvina A. , Pascuccio Susana , Eirin Maria E. , McFarland Willi , Page Kimberly , Carnevali Luisa , Murphy Edward , Biglione Mirna M.
Published: March 2010

In Argentina, current procedures to ensure safety of the blood supply for transfusion include reviewing the records of blood donors with particular attention to the serologic detection of specific blood borne infections. Data of 28,483 blood donations received from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2008 in a public hospital in Buenos Aires were analyzed. Of the 28,483 blood donations, 7,442 (26.1%) were female donors, 14,582 (51.2%) were younger than 35 years old, and 23,746 (83.4%) were Argentine. Among all, only 285 (1.0%) were voluntary donations. The prevalence of HTLV‐1/2 was 0.1% (95% CI 0.063–0.15), being 0.07% for HTLV‐1 and 0.03% for HTLV‐2. The prevalence of HIV‐1 was 0.2% (95% CI 0.110–0.206). No HIV‐1/HTLV‐1/2 co‐infections were detected among volunteer donors. During this study period, data confirm that HTLV‐1/2 infection was not endemic in Buenos Aires, and that the prevalence of HTLV‐1/2 decreased throughout while HIV‐1 was stable. Due to the small number of voluntary donations, we could not conduct comparisons to infection rates in replacement donations. Although there have been several ongoing programs aimed at recruiting voluntary blood donations and changing from mostly replacement donations to an altruistic system of blood donations, Argentina is still far from reaching this objective. Additional efforts are needed in order to increase and assure the quality of blood supply in this country. J. Med. Virol. 82: 873–877, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.