bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory-scale measurements of N2O and CH4emissions from hybrid poplars (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra)
Authors: McBain M. C. , Warland J. S. , McBride R. A. , Wagner-Riddle C.
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not young hybrid poplar ( Populus deltoides Populus nigra) could transport landfill biogas internally from the root zone to the atmosphere, thereby acting as conduits for landfill gas release. Fluxes of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the seedlings to the atmosphere were measured under controlled conditions using dynamic flux chambers and a tunable diode laser trace gas analyser (TDLTGA). Nitrous oxide was emitted from the seedlings, but only when extremely high soil N2O concentrations were applied to the root zone. In contrast, no detectable emissions of CH4 were measured in a similar experimental trial. Visible plant morphological responses, characteristic of flood-tolerant trees attempting to cope with the negative effects of soil hypoxia, were observed during the CH4 experiments. Leaf chlorosis, leaf abscission and adventitious roots were all visible plant responses. In addition, seedling survival was observed to be highest in the biogas ‘hot spot’ areas of a local municipal solid waste landfill involved in this study. Based on the available literature, these observations suggest that CH4 can be transported internally by Populus deltoides Populus nigra seedlings in trace amounts, although future research is required to fully test this hypothesis.
Deposits on single use containers - a social cost-benefit analysis of the Danish deposit system for single use drink containers
Authors: Vigsø Dorte
Published: December 2004

This study compares the social costs and environmental benefits of collecting single use drink containers through the Danish deposit system with the social costs and benefits of treating the containers as part of the municipal waste-disposal system. It focuses on single use polyethylene terphthalate and glass bottles, and steel and aluminium cans. The social costs of handling these containers in the deposit system includes the costs of collection, sorting, and transportation, adjusted against the profit from selling the collected material for recycling. The social cost of incinerating these containers as municipal waste consists of the expenses for the collection, incineration of the containers and disposal of ashes. If there is any income from energy generation accompanying incineration, this is adjusted against costs. The main environmental effects related to both strategies are quantified, valuated and included in the assessment. The results of the analysis show that there are significant social costs compared to the benefits connected with the new deposit system. This is true for all four types of single use drink containers examined. All in all, Denmark bears a net social cost of 6.7 to 8.1 million Euros per year compared to a baseline of incineration with energy recovery.
Reproducing Labor Inequalities
Authors: Duffy Mignon
Published: December 2004

The author uses census data to assess the consequences of two alternative theoretical formulations of care work for understanding the intersections of gender, race, and economic inequalities in paid care. The nurturance conceptualization focuses on care as relationship while the reproductive labor framework includes both relational and nonrelational jobs that maintain and reproduce the labor force. An empirical application of both models to the labor market shows that placing increasing theoretical emphasis on nurturant care privileges the experiences of white women and excludes large numbers of very-low-wage workers from consideration.
The Perverse Effect of Spending Caps
Authors: Serritzlew Søren
Published: December 2004

Spending caps have become popular as a means to curb public expenditure. But the effect of spending caps is unsettled both theoretically and empirically. The most thorough treatment of the issue is provided by Ferejohn and Krehbiel, who argue that it is necessary to take preferences of politicians into account when analyzing the effect of spending caps. They conclude that spending caps may have both desirable and perverse effects, i.e. lead to lower and higher spending. Unfortunately Ferejohn and Krehbiel’s model has never been tested and it is not clear how it fares theoretically in systems with more than two issues. This article makes two contributions. First, it generalizes Ferejohn and Krehbiel’s model to cover systems with as many issues as in real world budgeting. Second, it provides an empirical test of this model. To avoid problems of measurement and endogeneity, the test is conducted as an experiment. It confirms the general model, supporting the claim that spending caps have predictable but counter-intuitive effects on spending.
Selling out to the market
Authors: Lloyd John
Published: December 2004

Trust in the media is beginning to occupy journalists more than it did, writes commentator and press critic Lloyd. For a long time - and even now - we have been more concerned about our independence. We should be concerned to maintain independence, but in settled, rich democracies it's not fundamentally at issue. We can have it if we want it: though it may entail some sacrifices. What is more urgent is the power of the media, and the effect of media on society. In the news business - the part of the media often seen as its moral and social edge - we haven't thought much about, or debated, that. There is growing in Europe, and there is already in the United States, a determination to examine the practices of the media by the practitioners themselves - in alliance with those outside the profession who are interested in its future. That will mean, I believe, the creation of institutes or departments which, rather than teach journalism in a normative way in order to fit students for a career in broadcasting or public relations, study and argue about the role of journalism in societies, and how it can fulfil that role.
Bring on the competition
Authors: Preston Peter
Published: December 2004

The problem isn't all rooted in principle, writes the former Guardian editor. It inevitably gets personal, too. When journalists fall to debating their own trade - and falling out over it - then the motives flow as mixed, and as humanly fallible, as the metaphors. The fact is, our non-system works. We have the PCC and a pooling of sovereignty that counts for much more than outsiders suppose, but we also have a right to our freedom - including, as Lord McGregor of the PCC used to say, the right to be wrong. So two cheers for John Lloyd, because his book and his arguments are part of the process. But I think I know, at heart, what works best for my trade. Yes, it's rough, ready and indeed often wrong. But it also bears a passing resemblance to necessary freedom.
Oh, they of little faith
Authors: Gledhill Ruth
Published: December 2004

There is a story unlikely to appear in print that has been doing the rounds among the few remaining religious affairs correspondents in Britain, writes the religion correspondent of The Times. It is that Andreas Whittam Smith, co-founder of The Independent and now the First Church Estates Commissioner, is persuading the Church of England to relax its ethical stance against investment in the newspaper industry in order to get the Church to buy his old newspaper back for him. There are about five people in Britain who find this amusing - the infamous five who write on religion for the country's national newspapers. One reason we find the story funny is because none of us works for The Independent, which does not have a religious affairs correspondent and could hardly be less interested in the subject. Another reason, and the reason I use the word "infamous", is that our unpopularity among the people we write about is in inverse proportion to our numerical strength and the last thing the Church would ever be interested in buying a national newspaper, unless to close it down. But such ill will is misguided, Gledhill believes. Readers who want information on religions other than their own still turn to the national press. The responsibility on all of us to serve our constituencies with truth and accuracy remains enormous. May we all continue to do it with the enthusiasm and assiduity that to date has kept the religions in the news - even if their leaders often don't like it.
‘No’ can be the hardest word
Authors: Marshall Tim
Published: December 2004

"And don't bother coming back without an interview with Chirac - in English!" Those were the parting words of a former boss as I set off to cover the French elections in 1995. Lou Grant would have been proud, writes the foreign affairs editor of Sky News. It was an offer I couldn't refuse, and par for the course in the heated atmosphere of news. However, such emotional blackmail has no place when the "offered" story concerns danger. No is such a small word and yet sometimes so difficult to say, especially if it's your response to senior management upon being given a potentially hazardous assignment. These days in some conflict zones we are now the target and seen as the enemy. The new era has brought with it new dangers and new reasons to say no. Yet the "no" option does appear to be understood by senior management. They have also grasped that if you want to do safety properly you have to invest: invest in the kit, the training, the people and the attitude.
The great divide
Authors: Waterhouse Robert
Published: December 2004

Producing a daily national newspaper live at two centres - the operation conducted between London and Manchester over an 85-year period - assumes a modicum of cooperation, goodwill and mutual understanding. Or so one might have thought, writes author Waterhouse in his new book about national newspaper journalism in the north of England. In reality, the nightly struggle to meet deadlines was exacerbated by distrust, often dislike, permeating whole organisations from editors to messengers, via the composing room and the machine floor. At the heart of the misunderstandings lies a cultural divide. Londoners thought (and think) that Mancunians are thick; Mancunians thought (and think) that Londoners are wide-boys. Londoners assume that nothing outside the capital - and that includes northern editions of the nationals - matters. Mancunians assume that they are in fact superior because Londoners are indolent as well as arrogant. A Mancunian living in London is teased about his accent, which he either loses or hides away among other northern exiles; a Londoner living in Manchester always stands out, although he is usually accepted if he conforms to local rules.
Junkyard journalism
Authors: Moss Chris
Published: December 2004

The media I read are increasingly swamped by endless lists of things I can't get excited about or can't afford; and, conversely, all editors seem to want from me is lists, listings, bites and blobs, writes freelance writer Moss. The "list" has been creeping into the pages of newspapers and magazines for years and I'm not sure when I finally realised that it had replaced the news report, the feature and the commentary as the definitive quintessential genre of our times. Perhaps it was when a list of 100 British public intellectuals appeared in the July 2004 issue of worthy, well-meaning Prospect magazine. But a glance at our newspapers and the covers of mass market consumer magazines proves that editors and publishers now see inventories of tat as the main incentive to buy their publications. This, Moss wittily observes, is pure junkyard journalism.
Predicting the Insertion Distance for Placing Gastric Tubes
Authors: Ellett Marsha L. Cirgin , Beckstrand Jan , Flueckiger Joyce , Perkins Susan M. , Johnson Cynthia S.
Published: December 2004

Approximately 1 million enteral tubes are placed through the nose or mouth in adults and children in the United States annually. Previous studies found gastric tube placement errors to be common. A primary issue in ensuring safe and effective gastric feeding by tube is achieving optimal tube position on insertion. The purpose of this study is to use 24 variables to develop a clinical prediction rule for gastric tube insertion distance in adults, using the internal-nares-to-distallower esophageal-sphincter distance. A three-variable model using gender, weight, and nose-umbilicus-flat was selected. This new model, validated using nonparametric bootstrap cross-validation, correctly predicted gastric tube insertion distance 85.3% of the time. This new model is compared to two other methods, one evidence based and one commonly used in practice, and was found to be superior. Two nomograms, one for each gender, are drawn to make this new model easier to use.
The Career Futures Inventory: A Measure of Career-Related Adaptability and Optimism
Authors: Rottinghaus Patrick J. , Day Susan X. , Borgen Fred H.
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this study was to provide initial results on the development and validation of the Career Futures Inventory (CFI), a new 25-item measure of positive career planning attitudes. Items were originated using the rational method. Results from an item analysis of scale homogeneity and exploratory factor analysis in a sample of 690 undergraduates from a large midwestern university revealed three subscales: Career Adaptability, Career Optimism, and Perceived Knowledge. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the three-factor model provided an excellent fit to the data. Additional analyses established high internal consistency, temporal stability, and construct validity through examination of correlates with dispositional optimism, Big Five personality characteristics, generalized problem solving, vocationally relevant self-efficacy, interests, and numerous career-relevant attitudes and outcomes. Implications for future research and counseling practice are discussed.
An Investigation of Big Five Personality Traits and Career Decidedness Among Early and Middle Adolescents
Authors: Lounsbury John W. , Hutchens Teresa , Loveland James M.
Published: December 2004

Big Five personality traits were analyzed in relation to career decidedness among adolescents in middle and high school. Participants were 248 7th-grade, 321 10thgrade, and 282 12th-grade students. As hypothesized, Conscientiousness was positively and significantly correlated with career decidedness in all three grades. Openness and Agreeableness were found to be positively related to career decidedness for these middle and high school students. Emotional Stability was positively, significantly related to career decidedness for the 12th-grade sample. There were no significant differences in correlational results for males versus females. No significant mean differences in career decidedness were observed between the three grades. Results are discussed in terms of implications for future research and career development efforts.
Self-Efficacy and Vocational Outcome Expectations for Adolescents of Lower Socioeconomic Status: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ali Saba Rasheed , McWhirter Ellen Hawley , Chronister Krista M.
Published: December 2004

Relationships between contextual support, perceived educational barriers, and vocational/educational self-efficacy and outcome expectations were examined for a group of 114 ninth graders from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Results of this exploratory pilot study indicated that sibling and peer support accounted for a significant amount of variance in vocational/educational self-efficacy beliefs. Vocational/educational self-efficacy beliefs also significantly predicted vocational outcome expectations, and contextual supports and barriers did not account for any unique variance associated with vocational outcome expectations. Results are discussed in relation to social cognitive career theory. Implications for counseling and future research are presented.
Explaining Basic Color Categories
Authors: Hardin Clyde L.
Published: December 2004

This article surveys several lines of evidence that suggest a strong connection among the mechanisms of color vision, perceptually elementary hues, and naming basic colors. But important questions remain about the linkage between the shared human attributes of color perception and the development and structure of crosscultural basic color categories.
The murderous Dutch fiddler
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: December 2004

To form a clear view of the origins of criminology and present-day practices in criminal justice, criminologists need to recognize phrenology as one of their progenitors. Although phrenology is dismissed as a ‘pseudo-science’ and mocked as ‘bumpology’, it in fact constituted an important early science of the mind, and the theories that phrenologists generated in the fields today called criminology, criminal jurisprudence and penology influenced those fields long after the phrenological map of the brain had been forgotten. Coming to terms with phrenology requires rejecting simple distinctions between ‘science’ and ‘pseudo-science’. It leads to a better understanding of the scientific project of criminology and, more broadly, to a better understanding of the nature of social-scientific knowledge
Survey Mode as a Source of Instability in Responses across Surveys
Authors: Dillman Don A. , Christian Leah Melani
Published: December 2004

Changes in survey mode for conducting panel surveys may contribute significantly to survey error. This article explores the causes and consequences of such changes in survey mode. The authors describe how and why the choice of survey mode often causes changes to be made to the wording of questions, as well as the reasons that identically worded questions often produce different answers when administered through different modes. The authors provide evidence that answers may changeas a result of different visual layouts for otherwise identical questions and suggest ways to keep measurement the same despite changes in survey mode.
Sampling from the United States Census Archives
Authors: Burton Michael L. , Croce Monica Della , Masri Shellie A. , Bartholomew Maile , Yefremian Andre
Published: December 2004

This article demonstrates the use of stratified and cluster sampling to draw an efficient sample from the United States Census Archives for California in 1880. This is a useful exercise for courses in research design and also provides an efficient method to take samples for historical research. With relatively small effort spent on data collection and data entry, useful knowledge about California in 1880 was acquired pertaining to marriage patterns, migration patterns, occupational status, and categories of race and ethnicity.
Multiple Measures of Alyawarra Kinship
Authors: Denham Woodrow W. , White Douglas R.
Published: December 2004

A field experiment conducted in Central Australia in 1971–1972 explored differences between what Aborigines actually did andw hat they said they did when anthropologists interviewed them. Fieldwork entailed observing behavior and recording it in numerically coded forms; analysis entails extracting patterns computationally that would not appear in traditional ethnographic data. This article focuses on discrepancies between expected and observed with regard to descent, marriage, and kinship. First, it examines field methods and the dataset, then reviews analytical methods used to interpret the data. The alternative analytical methods serve to test “competing hypotheses” about the nature and operation of Alyawarra descent, marriage, and kinship. The cumulative result of using these diverse methods has been increasingly complex and subtle understandings of previously unknown aspects of Central Australian social organization. The data continue to repay increasingly sophisticated analyses thirty years after they were recorded, thus attesting to the success of the field experiment.
Performing Master Han
Authors: Stucky Nathan
Published: December 2004

In asking what it means to perform an ethnographic other, I, a middle-aged White American man, struggle with a performance of my older Taiwanese Tai Chi teacher. Although everyday life performance (ELP) leads me ever closer to an exact copy of Master Han’s behaviors, it simultaneously clarifies difference. Is it mimesis or alterity? Am I presenting or representing? Am I integrating participant and observer? Is autoethnography, like poetry, something that can get near but not there? When I perform my Tai Chi master, does my audience see him, me, both, or something else? What knowledge claim would I make were I to perform my own brother instead of Master Han? How do we understand knowledge that resides in the body? How do we know that we know? My experience performing Master Han leads me to further question the epistemology of representation.
Disruption of estrogen-regulated gene expression by dioxin: downregulation of a gene associated with the onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes)
Authors: Hokanson Regina , Miller Susan , Hennessey Maxine , Flesher Mark , Hanneman William , Busbee David
Published: December 2004

Expression of an estrogen-regulated reporter gene, growth of MCF-7 cells in the presence of 17β-estradiol (E2) or E2 plus TCDD, and DNA microarray plus real time quantitative PCR analyses of gene expression in MCF-7 cells were used to evaluate the effects of TCDD, a known E2 antagonist, on E2-regulated gene expression in human cells. TCDD added simultaneously with E2 exhibited significantly decreased E2-associated upregulation of reporter gene expression compared with cells treated with E2 alone, and decreased E2 enhancement of mitosis in MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 cells treated with E2 or E2 plus TCDD and DNA microarray-evaluated to determine patterns of gene expression, showed substantial differences in gene expression in TCDD-treated cells compared with E2-treated cells. Of the 2400 genes on the Perkin Elmer global array microchip utilized for this analysis, a minimum of 317 were significantly upregulated and 488 were significantly downregulated. Of these, the gene encoding insulin receptor substrate-i (IRS-1), the protein product of which has been previously reported to be decreased, missing, altered, or defective in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus, was evaluated by real time quantitative PCR to corroborate the array data. An evaluation of the potential consequences of TCDD-altered IRS-1 downregulation is presented.
Informed Consent Prior to Nursing Care Procedures
Authors: Aveyard Helen
Published: December 2004

It is largely undisputed that nurses should obtain consent prior to nursing care procedures. This article reports on a qualitative study examining the way in which nurses obtain such informed consent. Data were collected through focus group discussion and by using a critical incident technique in order to explore the way in which nurses approach consent prior to nursing care procedures. Qualified nurses in two teaching hospitals in England participated in the study. An analysis of the data provides evidence that consent was often not obtained by those who participated in the study and that refusals of care were often ignored. In addition, participants were often uncertain how to proceed with care when the patient was unable to consent. Consent prior to nursing care procedures is an essential but undeveloped concept, for which a new ethos is required.
Ideals Regarding a Good Life for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia: views of professional caregivers
Authors: Kalis Annemarie , Schermer Maartje HN , van Delden Johannes JM
Published: December 2004

This study investigates what professional caregivers working in nursing homes consider to be a good life for residents suffering from dementia. Ten caregivers were interviewed; special attention was paid to the way in which they deal with conflicting values. Transcripts of the interviews were analysed qualitatively according to the method of grounded theory. The results were compared with those from a similar, earlier study on ideals found in mission statements of nursing homes. The concepts that were mentioned by most interviewed participants as important for a good life were ‘peace and quiet’, ‘going along with subjective experience’ and ‘no enforcement: the way the resident wants it’. A considerable overlap was found between the interviews and the mission statements; however, when compared with the mission statements, the interviews put less emphasis on individuality and on giving meaning, and more on offering residents pleasant activities. When faced with conflicting values, caregivers tend to make pragmatic and more or less intuitive decisions. Although this has its merits, it may be desirable to stimulate conscious reflection regarding conflict between different values.
Role of dimethylsulfoxide for management of chemotherapy extravasation
Authors: de Lemos Mário L
Published: December 2004

Extravasation of anthracyclines is a rare complication that can lead to severe tissue necrosis and ulceration. With conservative measures (e.g., limb elevation, cooling), ulceration may develop in 28% of patients. Topical dimethylsulfoxide is commonly suggested as an antidote. However, there are inconsistent and sometimes conflicting animal data on its efficacy and safety. Ovid Medline (1966 to April 2004) was searched using the medical subject headings of ‘Dimethyl Sulfoxide’ and ‘Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials’, and limited to English language and human articles. There have been no controlled trials on dimethylsulfoxide comparing its efficacy with cooling alone. Of a total of 147 patients, ulceration was uncommon after anthracycline extravasation when patients were managed with dimethylsulfoxide with or without cooling. Dimethylsulfoxide was well tolerated, with the most common toxicities being early mild reversible burning sensation, blistering, followed later by itch, erythema and superficial scaling. Dimethylsulfoxide is probably effective in preventing ulceration in patients who may not respond to cooling alone. When applied appropriately, dimethylsulfoxide seems well tolerated, with self-limiting local irritation to be the most common adverse effect. Hence, it is reasonable to consider topical dimethylsulfoxide 99% solution when managing extravasation of anthracyclines and mitomycin.
Comparative contamination study with cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and ifosfamide: standard technique versus a proprietary closed-handling system
Authors: Tans Birgit , Willems Ludo
Published: December 2004

Introduction. In 2003 more than 55 000 preparations of injectable hazardous drugs were made in the central admixture service of the University Hospital in Leuven, Belgium. According to the literature, surface contamination occurs, despite the use of special equipment and procedures. The objective of this study was to compare the surface and glove contamination with cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and fluorouracil, following preparation using either a standard admixture technique or the fully enclosed PhaSeal® system.

Method. During a period of 4 months cyclophosphamide and fluorouracil were prepared with the PhaSeal® system. Following a period of 2 months using the classical technique, cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide were prepared for an 18-month period with the PhaSeal® system. Samples were taken before the start of the 4-month period, in the middle and at the end of the PhaSeal® period, 2 months after stopping PhaSeal® and again after 18 months of working with PhaSeal®. The total number of samples was 104.

Results. For fluorouracil only one of the 14 surface samples was detectable, probably because the detection limit is too high. No differences between the results of the surface samples for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide were detected. However, a rather big spill due to incorrect use of the system could have influenced these results. Differences in contamination on the gloves were more important.

Conclusion. Good compliance with standard preparation and cleaning techniques results in equal levels of contamination on surfaces compared with the PhaSeal® system. However, the PhaSeal® system is an important improvement in reducing contamination on gloves.
Similarities and differences in teachers’ and researchers’ conceptions of communicative language teaching: does the use of an educational model cast a better light?
Authors: Mangubhai Francis , Marland Perc , Dashwood Ann , Son Jeong-Bae
Published: December 2004

This study seeks to document teachers’ conceptions of communicative language teaching (CLT) and to compare their conceptions with a composite view of CLT assembled, in part, from researchers’ accounts of the distinctive features of CLT. The research was prompted by a review of the relevant research literature showing that, though previous studies in this area have pointed to some significant differences between teachers’ and researchers’ conceptions of CLT, the results are still inconclusive. In this study, usual methods for accessing teachers’ understandings of CLT, such as observation and questionnaire, have been replaced by one that examines teachers’ practical theories that guide their use of CLT approaches in classrooms. Semi-structured interviews and video-stimulated recall interviews were used to gain access to teachers’ practical theories of CLT. The interview data show that while these teachers collectively have internalized most of the elements of communicative approaches, there are many individual variations. The data also show that these teachers have integrated aspects of communicative approaches into an overall view of teaching that incorporates many features not normally mentioned in the second language literature.
Prioritizing practitioner research: an example from the field
Authors: Gunn Cindy
Published: December 2004

For many ESL teachers, finding time for research within the everyday activities of classroom teaching can be problematic. This is often the case with large classes and classes that have few contact hours, where it is difficult to include research activities, particularly those that centre upon gathering relevant information about individual students’ perceptions of classroom life. Part of my ongoing practitioner research efforts have focused upon the value of written student feedback in various forms for both language teachers and language learners as a tool to help both the teacher and students work towards greater understanding of classroom life. In this paper, I provide an example of how a principled practitioner research perspective can be adopted productively by busy teachers in ordinary teaching situations to enhance the quality of life in their classrooms.
Conservation Medicine and a New Agenda for Emerging Diseases
Authors: DASZAK PETER , TABOR GARY M. , KILPATRICK A MARM , EPSTEIN JON , PLOWRIGHT RAINA
Published: December 2004

Abstract:The last three decades have seen an alarming number of high‐profile outbreaks of new viruses and other pathogens, many of them emerging from wildlife. Recent outbreaks of SARS, avian influenza, and others highlight emerging zoonotic diseases as one of the key threats to global health. Similar emerging diseases have been reported in wildlife populations, resulting in mass mortalities, population declines, and even extinctions. In this paper, we highlight three examples of emerging pathogens: Nipah and Hendra virus, which emerged in Malaysia and Australia in the 1990s respectively, with recent outbreaks caused by similar viruses in India in 2000 and Bangladesh in 2004; West Nile virus, which emerged in the New World in 1999; and amphibian chytridiomycosis, which has emerged globally as a threat to amphibian populations and a major cause of amphibian population declines. We discuss a new, conservation medicine approach to emerging diseases that integrates veterinary, medical, ecologic, and other sciences in interdisciplinary teams. These teams investigate the causes of emergence, analyze the underlying drivers, and attempt to define common rules governing emergence for human, wildlife, and plant EIDs. The ultimate goal is a risk analysis that allows us to predict future emergence of known and unknown pathogens.
Suspected Cases of Neorickettsia‐Like Organisms in Brazilian Dogs
Authors: HEADLEY SELWYN A. , VIDOTTO ODILON , SCORPIO DIANA , DUMLER J STEPHEN , MANKOWSKI JOSEPH
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Preliminary findings of gross and histopathological lesions consistent with salmon poisoning disease in 10 dogs from southern Brazil are described. Lesions were restricted to the spleen, lymph nodes, and intestinal lymphoid tissues. Grossly, there was marked hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Microscopic alterations were characterized by diffuse hyperplasia of intestinal lymphoid tissues and Peyer's patches. Intracytoplasmic organisms consistent with Neorickettsia helminthoeca were demonstrated by Giemsa stain in reticuloendothelial cells of the intestine, spleen, Peyer's patches, and lymph nodes. We have named this organism Neorickettsia helminthoeca‐like because of its marked similarity with the agent described in the United States.
Comparative Study of Three Surgical Treatments for Two Forms of the Clinical Presentation of Bovine Pododermatitis
Authors: SILVA L A F , ATAYDE I B , FIORAVANTI M C S , EURIDES D , OLIVEIRA K S , SILVA C A , VIEIRA D , ARAÚJO E G
Published: December 2004

Abstract:In this study, 1013 animals showing signs of clinical pododermatitis were examined and divided into five unevenly numbered groups. Affected animals in Groups I and II showed only signs of vegetative interdigital pododermatitis. The lesions were surgically removed and either protected with bandages (in Group I) or cauterized with incandescent iron (Group II). The animals in Groups III, IV, and V, showed signs of necrotic pododermatitis. These were treated with different protocols after the necrotic tissue was surgically removed: in Group III, the lesion was cauterized; in Group IV, the wound was protected with bandages; and in Group V, both the second and the third phalanges were amputated. There was a statistically significant relapse difference between Group III and Group V, as well as a difference among Group IV and Group V animals, and there were fewer relapses among the latter. The treatment used in Groups II and III proved to be efficient and inexpensive. Amputation of the phalanges was the treatment that resulted in fewer relapses among all protocols, despite its mutilating effect. The association of a local and parenteral treatment with an antibiotic agent, as well as the use of foot baths, contributed greatly to a fast recovery.
Immune Response to Babesia bigemina Infection in Pregnant Cows
Authors: GARCÍA T D , FIGUEROA M J V , RAMOS A J A , ROJAS M C , CANTÓ A G J , FALCÓN N A , ÁLVAREZ M J A
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The objective of this study was to characterize the immune response of Babesia bigemina‐infected cows during the second trimester of pregnancy. Twelve animals were divided into four groups (I, II, III, IV); groups I and II were pregnant cows, groups III and IV were non‐pregnant cows. Groups I and III were infected with a virulent strain of Babesia bigemina, the doses utilized was 1 × 107 infected red blood cells IM. Groups II and IV were noninfected control groups. All the infected animals were severely affected; at days 5‐7 post‐inoculation (DPI) they showed clinical signs: fever (40‐41.5°C), packed cell volume reduction, and parasitemia, and specific treatment was required. The immune response was monitored daily from 0‐11 DPI. As shown by flow cytometry analysis, in infected animals the distribution in peripheral blood of the T‐cells subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, γδ T‐cells) was not affected when compared to the control groups. By ELISA, IFN‐γ production showed a trend to increase in plasma between 6‐10 DPI; noninfected cows showed the lowest optical density values. By RT‐PCR, a Th1 predominant response was observed, TNFα, INF‐γ and iNOs were detected. In contrast IL‐4 and IL‐10 were weak or undetected. The results of this trial will be discussed.
Performance of Serological Tests for Trypanosoma evansi in Experimentally Inoculated Goats
Authors: GUTIERREZ CARLOS , CORBERA JUAN A. , MORALES MANUEL , BÜSCHER PHILIPPE
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Natural Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Canary Islands has only been diagnosed in the camel population, but dissemination of the disease in other hosts has not been excluded. The objective of this work was to assess the performance of serological antibody tests in experimentally inoculated goats. Five Canarian goats were inoculated intravenously with at least 1 × 105T. evansi. The animals were kept for 8 months and checked monthly for the presence of the parasite and specific antibodies. The serological tests investigated were the direct card agglutination test CATT/T. evansi and the indirect card agglutination test LATEX/T. evansi. All animals became positive in the CATT/T. evansi 1 month post‐infection and remained positive with a minimum end‐titer of 1/4. Similar results were obtained with the LATEX/T. evansi, although at lower end‐titers (1/2). We conclude that CATT/T. evansi is adequate for assessing infection of Canarian goats by T. evansi.
Study of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sicilian Sheep and Goats
Authors: TORINA A , DARA S , MARINO A M F , SPARAGANO O A E , VITALE F , REALE S , CARACAPPA S
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Parasitic gastroenteritis is one of the major causes of productivity loss in sheep and goats. This report records two studies of the helminth fauna from post‐mortem examination. The first study, performed on the digestive tract of 72 sheep from a central part of Sicily in a high hill village (1,360 meters above sea level), between April 1996 and March 1997, showed an infection rate of 78%. The second study targeted goats from the western part of Sicily and showed an infection rate of 90%. For sheep, a total of 23 species of helminths were identified belonging to the family of Trichostrongyloidea, with the genera Haemonchus, Ostertagia (Teladorsagia), Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, and Nematodirus; Strongilolidea with the genera Oesophagostomum and Chabertia: Ancylostomidea with Bunostomum; and Tricuridea with Tricuris. Teladorsagia circumcincta was the most common in the sheep abomasum, Bunostomum trigonocephalum and Trichostrongylus spp. in the small intestine, and Chabertia ovina and Trichuris ovis in the large intestine. For goats, a total of 12 species were isolated in the abomasum with Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus axei the most common species. In the small intestine, five species were isolated and Trichostrongylus capricola was the dominant species. T. ovis and O. venulosum were dominant in large intestine and in the cecum. We also found species belonging to other ruminants such as O. ostertagi (in cattle) and S. kolchida and O. leptospicularis (in wild ruminants).
Stomoxys calcitrans Parasitism Associated with Cattle Diseases in Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: BITTENCOURT AVELINO J. , DE CASTRO BRUNO G.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The stable fly has been of great significance to livestock production in the county of Espirito Santo do Pinhal; it has a painful bite, sucks blood, and carries many diseases. The aim of this study was to establish a relationship between the parasitism of Stomoxys calcitrans, manure management, cattle diseases, and technical support. According to the farmers the stable fly reaches its highest level in the rainy season, the same period in which diseases were detected. Most of the farmers said that they did not receive technical assistance. The association of inappropriate manure management, verified in this survey, with the low frequency of technical visits, resulted in a low level of technology utilization. Better technological assistance could moderate the stable fly infestation and help manage serious cattle diseases.
Laboratory Evaluation of the Compatibility and the Synergism between the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana and Deltamethrin to Resistant Strains of Boophilus microplus
Authors: BAHIENSE THIAGO C. , BITTENCOURT VÂNIA R. E. P.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Beauveria bassiana is one of the most promising agents for use as a bioacaricide to control the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, responsible for economic losses and transmission of infectious diseases. With the aim of optimizing the efficacy of chemical products, as well as the use of entomopathogens, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the compatibility and the synergism between this fungus and the drug deltamethrin on a strain of B. microplus that is resistant to this product.
Dedication: Conrad Yunker
Authors: KOCAN KATHERINE , BLOUIN EDMOUR F.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: This volume of the proceedings of STVM‐03 is dedicated to Dr. Connie Yunker for his many contributions to tropical veterinary medicine and for being a good colleague and friend.
A comprehensive vehicle braking model for predictions of stopping distances
Authors: Delaigue P , Eskandarian A
Published: December 2004

The aim of this project is to predict vehicle stopping distances for various types of braking conditions. A comprehensive vehicle braking model has been developed. The influences of several factors involved during braking are computed in this model with emphasis on the effects of tyres, brakes, suspensions, environment and driver. The model using experimental data from field sources has been validated. The model results in accurate stopping distance values (i.e. simulation outputs always remain within close range of track test stopping distances). By predicting stopping distances under given sets of vehicle, driver and environmental conditions, this model enables quick and accurate estimation of vehicle braking behaviour and capability.
Circulating mechanical power in a power-split hybrid electric vehicle transmission
Authors: Schulz M
Published: December 2004

Recently, a new power-split hybrid electric vehicle drivetrain has been developed by the Corporate Research and Development Department of the Robert Bosch company and two research cars equipped with this powertrain have been built. Owing to the loop-like arrangement of the shafts in the newly developed Dual-E Transmission, circulating power can arise in this system. In general, circulating power leads to high mesh losses because the power transmitted by some components becomes greater than the input or output power. This paper presents a detailed analysis of circulating power in the Dual-E Transmission. It is shown that the solution of the energy balance equations is given by a linear combination of four basic power flows. The factors in this linear combination, however, cannot be uniquely determined from the energy balance alone. Therefore, the transmission kinematics and dynamics are dealt with in detail. Subsequently, a mathematical description as well as a graphical representation of the circulating-power-free operating range are derived. This elaboration provides a solid basis for the development of a fuel-efficient operating strategy.
Engaging Readers and Writers in Adult Education Contexts
Authors: Padak Nancy D. , Bardine Bryan A.
Published: December 2004

A comprehensive definition of literacy embraces abilities, choices, and attitudes. Literate people not only know how to read and write but also choose to do so. The definition of “engaged reader,” developed and studied at the National Reading Research Center during its five‐year tenure, describes fluent, adult readers as having a desire to use literacy (motivation), skills and abilities as readers and writers (strategies), information about reading and writing and how to obtain ideas from or construct ideas using the written word (knowledge), and the ability to learn from and with others in literacy situations (social interaction). This article develops the rationale for this approach in adult education programs and describes current projects that are designed to help teachers offer students opportunities to become engaged readers and writers. Online teaching resources developed as part of these projects are highlighted.
Learning to Love Reading: Interviews With Older Children and Teens
Authors: Strommen Linda Teran , Mates Barbara Fowles
Published: December 2004

Students in sixth and ninth grades were surveyed to determine attitudes toward reading and identify factors in the lives of older children and teens associated with the development of a love of reading. A group of 14 students who love to read, as well as an equal number of students who prefer not to read, were then interviewed about their reading habits and preferences. Findings show that family culture predominates as an influence in developing a love of reading. In particular, students who choose reading as a form of recreation see themselves as members of a community of readers who interact socially around books and share a love of reading with at least one family member. The report concludes with a discussion of implications for educators and parents who hope to encourage reading as a significant activity in the lives of children. Demonstrating the pleasure reading affords, making age‐ and interest‐appropriate books easily available, providing a model for children to emulate, scheduling time for family reading, and encouraging interest through conversations about the books family members read are cited as factors that foster a love of reading. The need for parents or other family members to be actively invested in the process is stressed.
“Not Just Boring Stories”: Reconsidering the Gender Gap for Boys
Authors: Taylor Donna Lester
Published: December 2004

This article provides a summary of current research regarding literacy issues that boys face and offers practices and strategies that might help bridge the literacy gap for boys. The article began as a result of the author's son's struggles with literacy. By sharing Gabe's story, this teacher and researcher examines the issues he and other boys face and recounts how schools are failing to meet the literacy needs of many boys in the United States today. Through a survey of current research, the author argues that much can be done to bridge the literacy gap for boys. She concludes that we must broaden our definitions of literacy to include boys' out‐of‐school literacy experiences and interests and employ innovative teaching strategies that build upon boys' interests in ways that are sensitive to their individual learning pace and style as well as their developmental and emotional needs. Then we may be more likely to instill in boys a lifelong love of reading.
Looking for Critical Literacy With Postbaccalaureate Content Area Literacy Students
Authors: Lesley Mellinee
Published: December 2004

Finding practical applications for critical literacy in preservice teacher education coursework is a challenging pursuit for educators. In this study, the author investigates the possibilities of drawing on critical literacy theories within the context of a content area literacy class designed for secondary level postbaccalaureate students. Through an examination of intersections of critical literacy and content area literacy instruction, this study considers student exchange as an important factor in implementing critical literacy pedagogy. With a series of classroom vignettes, the author examines the extent to which preservice students develop their own sense of critical literacy as they engage in discussions about educational equity while experiencing content area literacy theories and strategies. Data for the study were gathered through qualitative research methods conducted from a teacher‐researcher stance. Data sources include field notes, a reflective journal, collection of student questions, and artifacts of student work. Implications include the importance of fostering preservice teachers' commitment to the roles of agency and advocacy in working with their future students.