bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Group facilitators' perceptions of the attributes that contribute to the effectiveness of group‐based chronic disease self‐management education programs
Authors: Odgers‐Jewell Kate , Hughes Roger , Isenring Elisabeth , Desbrow Ben , Leveritt Michael
Published: April 2015

Aim

This qualitative study aimed to explore group facilitators' perceptions of the attributes contributing to the effectiveness of group‐based chronic disease self‐management education programs.

Methods

Fourteen group facilitators across a range of disciplines (dietitians, nurses, exercise physiologists, social workers and physiotherapists) individually participated in semistructured interviews, which explored facilitators' awareness of the theoretical basis of the programs they implement, their experiences of implementation and their opinions on the attributes contributing to program effectiveness. The interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic content analysis and seeking patterning of responses.

Results

Group facilitators were uncertain about the evidence base and theoretical development of their programs, and very few were offered any formal training prior to facilitating group education programs. Additionally, the outcome measures used by the group facilitators were limited. Group interactions, a non‐didactic delivery style, a multidisciplinary team, and using practical activities, were highlighted as attributes contributing to group program effectiveness.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that group facilitators had limited training and were unaware of the rationale for their programs, which may limit quality control. Health professionals should have an understanding of the basis of their program and be adequately trained prior to facilitating group education programs for chronic disease management. Group facilitators should additionally ensure a focus on the collection of suitable outcome measures to allow the quality improvement of programs in order to improve patient outcomes.
Bivalirudin in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, is it the Anticoagulant of Choice?
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed , Saad Marwan , Elgendy Akram Y. , Abuzaid Ahmed , Elgendy Islam Y.
Published: April 2015

For decades, unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been widely used in catheterization laboratories for anticoagulation for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The direct thrombin inhibitors, bivalirudin, has emerged as an alternative to UFH for PCI procedures, due to its lower bleeding risk. More recently, randomized trials and meta‐analyses questioned the efficacy of bivalirudin, and demonstrated that bivalirudin might be associated with a higher incidence of ischemic events and in particular stent thrombosis. In this review, we discuss the pharmacology of bivalirudin along with the clinical evidence comparing bivalirudin versus UFH in patients undergoing PCI for various indications.
Damage‐associated molecular patterns and immune activation in bipolar disorder
Authors: Stertz L. , Fries G. R. , Rosa A. R. , Kauer‐Sant'anna M. , Ferrari P. , Paz A. V. C. , Green C. , Cunha Â. B. M. , Dal‐Pizzol F. , Gottfried C. , Kapczinski F.
Published: April 2015

Objective

Immune activation in bipolar disorder (BD) has been frequently reported. Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are key players in the immune activation reaction. The aim of this study was to assess DAMP levels in drug‐free patients with BD during acute episodes.

Method

Serum levels of a predetermined set of DAMPs were assessed in drug‐free patients with BD (n = 20) during an acute mood episode. We also included two control groups: healthy subjects, used as a negative control (n = 20); and patients with sepsis, used as a positive control for severe immune activation (n = 20).

Results

Multivariate analysis using generalized linear mixed model indicated that all DAMPs differed as a function of group membership after controlling for age and addressing multiplicity (P < 0.0006 for all comparisons). Follow‐up analyses showed higher levels in BD subjects of circulating cell‐free (ccf) nuclear (n)DNA (P = 0.02), HSP70 (P = 0.03) and HSP90α (P = 0.02) as compared to healthy subjects. Also, patients with BD showed lower levels of ccf nDNA (P = 0.04), HSP60 (P = 0.03), HSP70 (P = 0.01), and HSP90α (P = 0.002) as compared to patients with sepsis and higher levels of ccf mitochondrial DNA (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The present findings may be linked to the inflammatory activity previously described among patients with BD and may help in the development of more targeted and personalized treatments for patients under acute episodes of BD.
Reaching across group boundaries: Respect from outgroup members facilitates recategorization as a common group
Authors: Simon Bernd , Mommert Alex , Renger Daniela
Published: April 2015

Two laboratory experiments tested the hypothesis that (equality‐based) respect from outgroup members facilitates recategorization of the original ingroup and outgroup as a common group. In Experiment 1, we varied respect from outgroup members (low vs. medium vs. high) and measured recipients’ willingness to recategorize. As predicted, high respect from an outgroup source increased willingness to recategorize as a common group relative to low respect. In Experiment 2, we orthogonally varied respect (low vs. medium vs. high) and its source (ingroup members vs. outgroup members) and employed a more differentiated recategorization measure including an intermediate or nested‐group option (i.e., two subgroups of a common group). While the recategorization effect of high versus low respect from outgroup members was replicated, no such effect was observed for respect from ingroup members. Instead, there was some indication that, when it comes from ingroup members, a medium level of respect may be optimal for inducing a shift towards recategorization as a common group. Implications of the present research for the conceptualization of respect are discussed.
Biology and Selection into Entrepreneurship—The Relevance of Prenatal Testosterone Exposure
Authors: Bönte Werner , Procher Vivien D. , Urbig Diemo
Published: April 2015

This study examines the relationship between prenatal testosterone exposure (PTE) and selection into entrepreneurship. We argue that the relationship between PTE and entrepreneurial intent is positive and mediated by general and domain–specific risk–taking related to financial investment and professional career. Using the second–to–fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) as noninvasive retrospective marker for PTE, we identify two–step mediation effects of PTE on entrepreneurial intent through both general and domain–specific risk–taking. To account for possible socialization–based effects, we control for gender and parental self–employment. Applying ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses and structural equation models, we provide empirical evidence for a biological association between 2D:4D and entrepreneurial intent.
Microbiological and physicochemical properties of dry‐cured neck inoculated with probiotic of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB‐12
Authors: Libera Justyna , Karwowska Małgorzata , Stasiak Dariusz M. , Dolatowski Zbigniew J.
Published: April 2015

The effect of inoculum level of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB‐12 probiotic strain and ripening period on the quality of dry‐cured neck was studied. The microbiological parameters (Enterobacteriaceae, LAB and TVC) and physicochemical attributes (pH value, aw, TBARS index, colour) were determined directly after fermentation at 15 °C for 3 weeks, after 6 and 12 months of ripening at 4 °C. The highest LAB count and a lower pH value were found in the meat inoculated with probiotic strain at 6.6 log cfu g−1 (B2) followed by inoculation with probiotic strain at 6.3 log cfu g−1 (B1). Level of inoculation had not had an influence on water activity, TBARS index and total colour parameters. Changes of fat oxidation during half‐year of ripening were limited in probiotic meat samples compared to naturally fermented control meat (C). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the most favourable physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the dry‐cured neck were obtained after 6 months of ripening. At that time, the Bifidobacterium BB‐12 at both levels is a good potential starter for meat fermentation.
A Case of Drug Eruption Due to Simultaneous Sensitization with Three Different Kinds of Drugs
Authors: Nagayama Hirotoshi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Shinkai Hiroshi
Published: April 2015

We reported a case of drug eruption induced by combined treatment with three different kinds of drugs, amoxapine, mexiletine hydrochloride and cefaclor. A 63‐year‐old Japanese woman suffering from 11 years of standing reflex sympathetic dystrophy developed multiple erythematous papules on her trunk and extremities after taking 14 kinds of drugs. The provocation challenge produced positive reactions to amoxapine, mexiletine hydrochloride, and cefaclor, but was negative to the other drugs. We discussed the mechanism of simultaneous sensitization to three different kinds of drugs in our case.
Introduction: quel avenir pour les relations professionnelles?
Authors: HAYTER Susan
Published: April 2015

La coordinatrice de ce numéro spécial replace les contributions ci‐après dans leur contexte. Les institutions des relations professionnelles, nées de l'hypothèse fondatrice de la législation du travail selon laquelle le rapport de forces entre travailleurs et employeurs est déséquilibré, sont affaiblies par la mutation des modalités du travail et de l'emploi. A cela s'ajoute l'apparition de nouvelles formes de représentation des travailleurs, pour constituer un défi sans précédent non seulement pour le syndicalisme, mais aussi pour les politiques et pour la recherche. Ce numéro spécial se veut une contribution au débat en cours sur les évolutions à venir.
Autour du Livre de Francis Maupain: L'OIT à l'épreuve de la mondialisation financière: peut‐on réguler sans contraindre? Introduction
Authors: LANGILLE Brian , MUNDLAK Guy
Published: April 2015

Les contributions rassemblées ici ont été présentées par leurs auteurs lors d'un atelier qui a eu lieu à Montréal en mai 2014, à l'occasion duquel ils étaient invités à commenter le livre publié par Francis Maupain en 2012: L'OIT à l'épreuve de la mondialisation financière: peut‐on réguler sans contraindre? Cet atelier se situait dans le cadre du Colloque international intitulé «Les nouvelles frontières de la citoyenneté au travail», organisé par le Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la mondialisation et le travail (CRIMT).

Cet ouvrage porte sur une question qu'il est presque impossible à un juriste de ne pas se poser à l'approche d'une telle échéance: comment une organisation dont la structure, le mandat et les moyens ont été conçus il y a bientôt un siècle peut‐elle prétendre rester pertinente et efficace face à des réalités qui n'ont pratiquement plus rien de commun avec celles de ses origines?
Evaluation of palatal donor site haemostasis and wound healing after free gingival graft surgery
Authors: Keceli Huseyin Gencay , Aylikci Bahadir Ugur , Koseoglu Serhat , Dolgun Anil
Published: April 2015

Aim

Evaluating effectiveness of a medicinal plant extract (MPE) in achieving haemostasis and early wound healing at free gingival graft (FGG) donor site in a randomized controlled fashion.

Methods

Forty patients requiring FGG at lower anterior area were randomly assigned into two groups. FGG was performed to all patients and following graft procurement; wet gauze (WG) was applied alone (control: WG group) or with MPE (test: MPE + WG group) for haemostasis. Donor site working time, bleeding (BLE), colour match (CM), pain, epithelization (EP) and sensation loss (SL) were evaluated.

Results

Thirty‐three participants completed a 6‐month period study. In the test group, primary BLE was shorter (p < 0.001) and fewer individuals showed secondary BLE during 3 days (p < 0.001). During the 6 days, pain scores were higher in WG patients (p < 0.05). Later on, no inter‐group difference was observed. EP was relatively faster (p < 0.001) and CM was slightly better (p < 0.05) in MPE + WG group.

Conclusion

MPE provided faster and continuous haemostasis that made a positive contribution to the early soft tissue healing to some extent but due to limitations; further trials are needed to demonstrate the efficiency of this material.
Investigation of C3S hydration by environmental scanning electron microscope
Authors: SAKALLI Y. , TRETTIN R.
Published: April 2015

Tricalciumsilicate (C3S, Alite) is the major component of the Portland cement clinker, The hydration of the Alite is decisive for the properties of the resulting material due to the high content in cement. The mechanism of the hydration of C3S is very complicated and not yet fully understood. There are some models that describe the hydration of C3S in various ways. The Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) working in gaseous atmosphere enables high‐resolution dynamic observations of structure of materials, from micrometre to nanometre scale. This provides a new perspective in material research. ESEM significantly allows imaging of specimen in their natural state without the need for special preparation (coating, drying, etc.) that can alter the physical properties. This paper presents the results of our experimental studies of hydration of C3S using ESEM. The ESEM turned out to be an important extension of the conventional scanning microscopy. The purpose of these investigations is to gain insight of hydration mechanism to determine which hydration products are formed and to analyze if there are any differences in the composition of the hydration products.
Physical Activity of Fifth to Sixth Graders During School Hours According to School Race/Ethnicity: Suburban Cook County, Illinois
Authors: Kwon Soyang , Mason Maryann , Welch Sarah
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

We compared moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and inactivity levels among fifth and sixth graders during school hours according to school‐level race/ethnicity and income attributes to inform school‐based obesity interventions in Illinois Suburban Cook County (SCC).

METHODS

Fifth‐ and sixth‐grade students (N = 591) in 14 SCC public schools were asked to wear an accelerometer during school hours for 4 consecutive school days. School‐level race/ethnicity was assigned based on the majority (≥70%) race/ethnicity of the student population: white (N = 4), black (N = 2), Hispanic (N = 5), or “mixed” (N = 3). All minority schools (N = 7) fell within a low‐income category.

RESULTS

A total of 538 students (91%) had valid accelerometry data. Average MVPA time during school hours was 20 minutes/day for boys and 11 minutes/day for girls. Multilevel linear regression models showed that compared to peers in white schools, boys, and girls in Hispanic schools engaged in 14 and 10 minutes less MVPA, respectively (p < .01). Girls in black and Hispanic schools had greater inactivity time than girls in white schools (p < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Objectively measured physical activity (PA) data support the need for school‐level PA interventions during school hours, particularly in predominantly Hispanic schools.
Role of S100A1 in hypoxia-induced inflammatory response in cardiomyocytes via TLR4/ROS/NF-κB pathway
Authors: Yu Jiangkun , Lu Yanyu , Li Yapeng , Xiao Lili , Xing Yu , Li Yanshen , Wu Leiming
Published: April 2015

Objectives

S100A1 plays a crucial role in hypoxia-induced inflammatory response in cardiomyocytes. However, the role of S100A1 in hypoxia-induced inflammatory response in cardiomyocytes is still unknown.

Methods

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed for the determination of inflammatory cytokines. Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence, Western blot analysis and Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were conducted to assess protein or mRNA expressions. Fluorogenic probe dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to evaluate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while Hoechst 33342 staining for apoptosis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for S100A1 was used to evaluate the role of S100A1.

Key findings

The levels of ROS and inflammatory cytokine including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in H9c2 cells were increased remarkably by hypoxia. However, IL-37 protein or mRNA levels were decreased significantly. Both Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor Ethyl (6R)-6-[N-(2-Chloro-4fluorophenyl)sulfamoyl]cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate (TAK-242) treatment or siRNA S100A1 downregulated TLR4 expression and inflammatory cytokine level and mRNA in H9c2 cells, as well as weakening ROS and phospho-p65 Nuclear factor (NF)-κB levels. Further, S100A1 treatment significantly reduced TNF-α protein or mRNA level whereas enhanced IL-37 protein or mRNA level, and could attenuate ROS and phospho-p65 NF-κB levels.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that S100A1 can regulate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in H9C2 cells via TLR4/ROS/NF-κB pathway. These findings provide an interesting strategy for protecting cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced inflammatory response.
Predator‐induced maternal stress and population demography in snowshoe hares: the more severe the risk, the longer the generational effect
Authors: Sheriff M. J. , McMahon E. K. , Krebs C. J. , Boonstra R.
Published: April 2015

The risk of predation can cause strong antipredator behaviors and marked stress‐induced changes in physiology. In mothers, predator‐induced stress can reduce reproductive fitness and alter offspring phenotypes. Acting via these generational, maternal stress effects, predation risk may continue to influence the demography of prey populations even when the predators are no longer present. The 10‐year snowshoe hare cycle is the classic top‐down predator‐driven example in nature and is caused both by direct mortality and by indirect risk effects. During the decline phase, virtually, all hares die because they are killed and simultaneously hares exhibit pronounced stress effects caused by high predation risk. However, the rapidity of the decline phase varies among cycles. When the decline is extremely rapid, we expect that the risk experienced by hares is much greater than when the decline is prolonged. The enigma of these cycles is the low phase following the decline, when there is little or no population growth in spite of the absence of predators and ample food. Previously, we have shown that predator‐induced maternal stress decreases reproduction and compromises the offspring stress axis. Here, we examine how the severity of predation risk during six separate population declines is related to the length of the subsequent low phase. We show that the more severe the decline, as indicated by the greater rate of loss of hares, the longer the subsequent low phase. These results support the hypothesis that the greater the degree of risk, the longer the generational impact on population demography (the longer the low phase of the hare population). Our findings have broad applicability to conservation and management efforts; even when a stressor (predator, human disturbance) is removed or when exposure may be short term (drought, fire or translocation), the signature of the stressor may be evident over several future generations.
Propofol concentration to induce general anesthesia in children aged 3–11 years with the Kataria effect‐site model
Authors: Fuentes Ricardo , Cortínez Ignacio , Ibacache Mauricio , Concha Mario , Muñoz Hernán
Published: April 2015

Background

The propofol pharmacokinetic model derived by Kataria et al. was recently modified to perform effect‐site target‐controlled infusion (TCI). Effect‐site concentration (Ce) targets to induce general anesthesia with this model in children have not been described. The aim of this study was to identify propofol Ce targets associated with success rates of 50% (Ce50) and 95% (Ce95) among children 3–11 years of age.

Methods

Forty‐two children were assigned to one of seven groups of six patients each according to propofol target Ce. After fentanyl administration propofol TCI was started with an assigned Ce target. A successful response was defined as loss of eyelash reflex and bispectral index < 50, 45 s after reaching the assigned Ce. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate propofol Ce50 and Ce95.

Results

Twenty‐eight children had a successful response with the assigned propofol Ce. In these patients, a significant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (79–59, P < 0.0001) and in heart rate (95–83, P < 0.0001) was observed. Propofol Ce and age showed a statistically significant effect in the logistic regression model. The overall calculated propofol Ce50 and Ce95 were 3.8 μg·ml−1 (95% CI: 3.1–4.4 μg·ml−1) and 6.1 μg·ml−1 (95% CI: 4.6–7.6 μg·ml−1), respectively.

Conclusion

Our results identified useful propofol targets to be used with the Kataria effect‐site model to induce anesthesia in children between 3 and 11 years. The recommended targets should be reduced progressively with increasing age most probably due to PK model misspecifications.
Religion, Poverty, and Politics: Their Impact on Women's Reproductive Health Outcomes
Authors: Kimball Richard , Wissner Michael
Published: April 2015

Objective

This study sought to explore the relationship(s) between U.S. states of selected social determinants of health (SDH) and three women's reproductive health outcomes including abortion, teen births, and infant mortality rates (IMR).

Design and Sample

The data from multiple population surveys were used to establish on a state‐by‐state basis, the interactions between selected SDH (religion, voting patterns, child poverty, and GINI) and their policy effects on three women's reproductive health outcomes (abortion, teen births, and IMRs) using publicly available national databases.

Measures

Child poverty rates and the GINI coefficient were analyzed. Religiosity information was obtained from the Pew Forum's surveys. Voting results were collected from the 2008 congressional and presidential races and were used as proxy measures for conservative‐ versus liberal‐leaning policies and policy makers.

Results

Using multiple regression analysis, higher IMRs were associated with higher religiosity scores. Lower abortion rates were associated with voting conservatively and higher income inequality. Higher teen birth rates were associated with higher child poverty rates and voting conservatively.

Conclusions

This study shows that selected SDH may have substantial impacts on women's reproductive health outcomes at the state level. Significant inequalities exist between liberal and conservative states that affect women's health outcomes.
Perioperative Pharmacologic Management of Patients with End Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Karambelkar Ameet , Kasekar Riyaj , Palevsky Paul M.
Published: April 2015

The pharmacokinetics of numerous medications used in the perioperative period are altered in patients with end‐stage renal disease. Clearance of drugs, or their metabolites, that are normally excreted by the kidney is markedly reduced in ESRD. In addition, patients with ESRD may also have alterations in gastrointestinal absorption, volume of distribution, protein binding, and metabolic clearance of pharmacologic agents. Finally, drug removal may be augmented during dialysis. All of these factors contribute to the need for dose adjustment of medications, including analgesics, anesthetics, neuromuscular blockers, and antimicrobial agents, which may be used in the perioperative management of the ESRD patient.
Invariants of degree 3 and torsion in the Chow group of a versal flag
Authors: Merkurjev Alexander , Neshitov Alexander , Zainoulline Kirill
Published: April 2015

We prove that the group of normalized cohomological invariants of degree$3$modulo the subgroup of semidecomposable invariants of a semisimple split linear algebraic group$G$is isomorphic to the torsion part of the Chow group of codimension-$2$cycles of the respective versal$G$-flag. In particular, if$G$is simple, we show that this factor group is isomorphic to the group of indecomposable invariants of$G$. As an application, we construct nontrivial cohomological invariants for indecomposable central simple algebras.
Flow Boiling in an In-Line Set of Short Narrow Gap Channels
Authors: Janssen D. , Dixon J. M. , Young S. J. , Kulacki F. A.
Published: April 2015

Heat transfer coefficients in a set of three symmetrically heated narrow gap channels arranged in line are reported at power densities of 1 kW/cm3 and wall heat flux of 3–40 W/cm2. This configuration emulates an electronics system wherein power dissipation can vary across an array of processors, memory chips, or other components. Three pairs of parallel ceramic resistance heaters in a nearly adiabatic housing form the flow passage, and length-to-gap ratios for each pair of heaters are 34 at a gap of 0.36 mm. Novec™ 7200 and 7300 are used as the heat transfer fluids. Nonuniform longitudinal power distributions are designed with the center heater pair at 1.5X and 2X the level of the first and third heater pairs. At all levels of inlet subcooling, single-phase heat transfer dominates over the first two heater pairs, while the third pair exhibits significant increases because of the presence of flow boiling. Reynolds numbers range from 250 to 1200, Weber numbers from 2 to 14, and boiling numbers from O(10−4) to O(10−3). Exit quality can reach 30% in some cases. Overall heat transfer coefficients of 40 kW/m2K are obtained. Pressure drops for both Novec™ heat transfer fluids are approximately equal at a given mass flux, and a high ratio of heat transfer to pumping power (coefficient of performance (COP)) is obtained. With a mass flux of 250 kg/m2s, heater temperatures can exceed 95 °C, which is the acceptable limit of steady operation for contemporary high performance electronics. Thus, an optimal operating point involving power density, power distribution, mass flux, and inlet subcooling is suggested by the data set for this benchmark multiheater configuration.
Reliability of Unilateral Vertical Leg Stiffness Measures Assessed During Bilateral Hopping
Authors: Maloney Sean J. , Fletcher Iain M. , Richards Joanna
Published: April 2015

The assessment of vertical leg stiffness is an important consideration given its relationship to performance. Vertical stiffness is most commonly assessed during a bilateral hopping task. The current study sought to determine the intersession reliability, quantified by the coefficient of variation, of vertical stiffness during bilateral hopping when assessed for the left and right limbs independently, which had not been previously investigated. On 4 separate occasions, 10 healthy males performed 30 unshod bilateral hops on a dual force plate system with data recorded independently for the left and right limbs. Vertical stiffness was calculated as the ratio of peak ground reaction force to the peak negative displacement of the center of mass during each hop and was averaged over the sixth through tenth hops. For vertical stiffness, average coefficients of variation of 15.3% and 14.3% were observed for the left and right limbs, respectively. An average coefficient of variation of 14.7% was observed for bilateral vertical stiffness. The current study reports that calculations of unilateral vertical stiffness demonstrate reliability comparable to bilateral calculations. Determining unilateral vertical stiffness values and relative discrepancies may allow a coach to build a more complete stiffness profile of an individual athlete and better inform the training process.
Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds
Authors: Nagasawa Miho , Mitsui Shouhei , En Shiori , Ohtani Nobuyo , Ohta Mitsuaki , Sakuma Yasuo , Onaka Tatsushi , Mogi Kazutaka , Kikusui Takefumi
Published: April 2015

Gaze into my eyes

Humans bond emotionally as we gaze into each other's eyes—a process mediated by the hormone oxytocin. Nagasawa
et al.
show that such gaze-mediated bonding also exists between us and our closest animal companions, dogs (see the Perspective by MacLean and Hare). They found that mutual gazing increased oxytocin levels, and sniffing oxytocin increased gazing in dogs, an effect that transferred to their owners. Wolves, who rarely engage in eye contact with their human handlers, seem resistant to this effect.

Science
, this issue p.
333
; see also p.
280
Evidence for mature bulges and an inside-out quenching phase 3 billion years after the Big Bang
Authors: Tacchella S. , Carollo C. M. , Renzini A. , Schreiber N. M. Förster , Lang P. , Wuyts S. , Cresci G. , Dekel A. , Genzel R. , Lilly S. J. , Mancini C. , Newman S. , Onodera M. , Shapley A. , Tacconi L. , Woo J. , Zamorani G.
Published: April 2015

Eat your heart out, old galaxies

Most galaxies exceeding 100 billion solar masses are dense spheroids that exhibit no star-forming activity in the present day. Nevertheless, galaxies of the same size were actively forming stars when the universe was only a few billion years old. Tacchella
et al.
used integral-field spectroscopy and high-resolution imaging to map the distributions of star formation rates and stellar mass densities within ancient galaxies. Star formation apparently quenched first in the center, while remaining lively in the galactic outskirts, with quenching taking a few billion years to proceed outward.

Science
, this issue p.
314
Women best men in study of tenure-track hiring
Authors: Bernstein Rachel
Published: April 2015

Female candidates twice as likely to get top rating.
Evolutionary innovation and ecology in marine tetrapods from the Triassic to the Anthropocene
Authors: Kelley Neil P. , Pyenson Nicholas D.
Published: April 2015

Similar shapes inhabit the sea

Over biological history, several different groups of vertebrate tetrapods have reinvaded the marine environment. Although these groups are widely distributed among reptiles, mammals, amphibians, and birds, the shapes they have evolved are remarkably similar. Kelley and Pyenson review the literature on marine vertebrate groups over time and describe the innovations that facilitated the evolution of these marine forms, the environmental conditions that selected for such convergence of form, and the threats they face from future environment change.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.aaa3716
One Arctic
Authors: Ulmer Fran
Published: April 2015

This month, the United States takes over the chairmanship of the Arctic Council, a position it last held in 1998. Since then, global interest in the Arctic has increased, and the council has evolved considerably. What has spurred that interest, and what will the council focus on under U.S. leadership?
Surveillance of Batai Virus in Bovines from Germany
Authors: Hofmann Miriam , Wiethölter Anke , Blaha Irena , Jöst Hanna , Heinemann Patrick , Lehmann Maria , Miller Thomas , Cadar Daniel , Yanase Tohru , Kley Nils , Eiden Martin , Groschup Martin , Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas
Published: April 2015

To estimate the veterinary importance of Batai virus (BATV), we investigated the presence of BATV-specific antibodies and BATV RNA in 548 bovines from southwest Germany, and we demonstrated that 3 cattle serum samples contained BATV-neutralizing antibodies, resulting in a seroprevalence of 0.55%. Thus, our results confirm local transmission and indicate cattle as potential hosts of BATV in southwest Germany.
Unanticipated Multiplex PCR-Based Identification of Polymicrobial Blood Culture Resulting in Earlier Isolation, Determination of Susceptibilities, and Optimization of Clinical Care
Authors: Timbrook Tristan , Boger M. Sean , Steed Lisa L. , Hurst John M.
Published: April 2015

We describe a case of polymicrobial bloodstream infection with six organisms identified by multiplex PCR that was initially thought to be a monomicrobial infection. Early recognition of specific Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal organisms and resistance elements allowed significantly more rapid optimization of therapy.
Rapid Detection of Emerging Pathogens and Loss of Microbial Diversity Associated with Severe Lung Disease in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Flight William G. , Smith Ann , Paisey Christopher , Marchesi Julian R. , Bull Matthew J. , Norville Phillip J. , Mutton Ken J. , Webb A. Kevin , Bright-Thomas Rowland J. , Jones Andrew M. , Mahenthiralingam Eshwar
Published: April 2015

Respiratory infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) is polymicrobial, but standard sputum microbiology does not account for the lung microbiome or detect changes in microbial diversity associated with disease. As a clinically applicable CF microbiome surveillance scheme, total sputum nucleic acids isolated by a standard high-throughput robotic method for accredited viral diagnosis were profiled for bacterial diversity using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) PCR. Conventional culture and RISA were performed on 200 paired sputum samples from 93 CF adults; pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to 59 patients to systematically determine bacterial diversity. Compared to the microbiology data, RISA profiles clustered into two groups: the emerging nonfermenting Gram-negative organisms (eNFGN) and
Pseudomonas
groups. Patients who were culture positive for
Burkholderia
,
Achromobacter
,
Stenotrophomonas
, and
Ralstonia
clustered within the eNFGN group.
Pseudomonas
group RISA profiles were associated with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
culture-positive patients. Sequence analysis confirmed the abundance of eNFGN genera and
Pseudomonas
within these respective groups. Low bacterial diversity was associated with severe lung disease (
P
< 0.001) and the presence of
Burkholderia
(
P
< 0.001). An absence of
Streptococcus
(
P
< 0.05) occurred in individuals with lung function in the lowest quartile. In summary, nucleic acids isolated from CF sputum can serve as a single template for both molecular virology and bacteriology, with a RISA PCR rapidly detecting the presence of dominant eNFGN pathogens or
P. aeruginosa
missed by culture (11% of cases). We provide guidance for how this straightforward CF microbiota profiling scheme may be adopted by clinical laboratories.
EFTUD2 Is a Novel Innate Immune Regulator Restricting Hepatitis C Virus Infection through the RIG-I/MDA5 Pathway
Authors: Zhu Chuanlong , Xiao Fei , Hong Jian , Wang Kun , Liu Xiao , Cai Dachuan , Fusco Dahlene N. , Zhao Lei , Jeong Soung Won , Brisac Cynthia , Chusri Pattranuch , Schaefer Esperance A. , Zhao Hong , Peng Lee F. , Lin Wenyu , Chung Raymond T.
Published: April 2015

The elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain-containing protein 2 (EFTUD2) was identified as an anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) host factor in our recent genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen. In this study, we sought to further determine EFTUD2's role in HCV infection and investigate the interaction between EFTUD2 and other regulators involved in HCV innate immune (RIG-I, MDA5, TBK1, and IRF3) and JAK-STAT1 pathways. We found that HCV infection decreased the expression of EFTUD2 and the viral RNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5 in HCV-infected Huh7 and Huh7.5.1 cells and in liver tissue from in HCV-infected patients, suggesting that HCV infection downregulated EFTUD2 expression to circumvent the innate immune response. EFTUD2 inhibited HCV infection by inducing expression of the interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) in Huh7 cells. However, its impact on HCV infection was absent in both RIG-I knockdown Huh7 cells and RIG-I-defective Huh7.5.1 cells, indicating that the antiviral effect of EFTUD2 is dependent on RIG-I. Furthermore, EFTUD2 upregulated the expression of the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5 to enhance the innate immune response by gene splicing. Functional experiments revealed that EFTUD2-induced expression of ISGs was mediated through interaction of the EFTUD2 downstream regulators RIG-I, MDA5, TBK1, and IRF3. Interestingly, the EFTUD2-induced antiviral effect was independent of the classical IFN-induced JAK-STAT pathway. Our data demonstrate that EFTUD2 restricts HCV infection mainly through an RIG-I/MDA5-mediated, JAK-STAT-independent pathway, thereby revealing the participation of EFTUD2 as a novel innate immune regulator and suggesting a potentially targetable antiviral pathway.

IMPORTANCE
Innate immunity is the first line defense against HCV and determines the outcome of HCV infection. Based on a recent high-throughput whole-genome siRNA library screen revealing a network of host factors mediating antiviral effects against HCV, we identified EFTUD2 as a novel innate immune regulator against HCV in the infectious HCV cell culture model and confirmed that its expression in HCV-infected liver tissue is inversely related to HCV infection. Furthermore, we determined that EFTUD2 exerts its antiviral activity mainly through governing its downstream regulators RIG-I and MDA5 by gene splicing to activate IRF3 and induce classical ISG expression independent of the JAT-STAT signaling pathway. This study broadens our understanding of the HCV innate immune response and provides a possible new antiviral strategy targeting this novel regulator of the innate response.
Stable Phenotypic Changes of the Host T Cells Are Essential to the Long-Term Stability of Latent HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Seu Lillian , Sabbaj Steffanie , Duverger Alexandra , Wagner Frederic , Anderson Joshua C. , Davies Elizabeth , Wolschendorf Frank , Willey Christopher D. , Saag Michael S. , Goepfert Paul , Kutsch Olaf
Published: April 2015

The extreme stability of the latent HIV-1 reservoir in the CD4+memory T cell population prevents viral eradication with current antiretroviral therapy. It has been demonstrated that homeostatic T cell proliferation and clonal expansion of latently infected T cells due to viral integration into specific genes contribute to this extraordinary reservoir stability. Nevertheless, given the constant exposure of the memory T cell population to specific antigen or bystander activation, this reservoir stability seems remarkable, unless it is assumed that latent HIV-1 resides exclusively in memory T cells that recognize rare antigens. Another explanation for the stability of the reservoir could be that the latent HIV-1 reservoir is associated with an unresponsive T cell phenotype. We demonstrate here that host cells of latent HIV-1 infection events were functionally altered in ways that are consistent with the idea of an anergic, unresponsive T cell phenotype. Manipulations that induced or mimicked an anergic T cell state promoted latent HIV-1 infection. Kinome analysis data reflected this altered host cell phenotype at a system-wide level and revealed how the stable kinase activity changes networked to stabilize latent HIV-1 infection. Protein-protein interaction networks generated from kinome data could further be used to guide targeted genetic or pharmacological manipulations that alter the stability of latent HIV-1 infection. In summary, our data demonstrate that stable changes to the signal transduction and transcription factor network of latently HIV-1 infected host cells are essential to the ability of HIV-1 to establish and maintain latent HIV-1 infection status.

IMPORTANCEThe extreme stability of the latent HIV-1 reservoir allows the infection to persist for the lifetime of a patient, despite completely suppressive antiretroviral therapy. This extreme reservoir stability is somewhat surprising, since the latently HIV-1 infected CD4+memory T cells that form the structural basis of the viral reservoir should be exposed to cognate antigen over time. Antigen exposure would trigger a recall response and should deplete the reservoir, likely over a relatively short period. Our data demonstrate that stable and system-wide phenotypic changes to host cells are a prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of latent HIV-1 infection events. The changes observed are consistent with an unresponsive, anergy-like T cell phenotype of latently HIV-1 infected host cells. An anergy-like, unresponsive state of the host cells of latent HIV-1 infection events would explain the stability of the HIV-1 reservoir in the face of continuous antigen exposure.
Lassa-Vesicular Stomatitis Chimeric Virus Safely Destroys Brain Tumors
Authors: Wollmann Guido , Drokhlyansky Eugene , Davis John N. , Cepko Connie , van den Pol Anthony N.
Published: April 2015

High-grade tumors in the brain are among the deadliest of cancers. Here, we took a promising oncolytic virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and tested the hypothesis that the neurotoxicity associated with the virus could be eliminated without blocking its oncolytic potential in the brain by replacing the neurotropic VSV glycoprotein with the glycoprotein from one of five different viruses, including Ebola virus, Marburg virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), rabies virus, and Lassa virus. Based on
in vitro
infections of normal and tumor cells, we selected two viruses to test
in vivo
. Wild-type VSV was lethal when injected directly into the brain. In contrast, a novel chimeric virus (VSV-LASV-GPC) containing genes from both the Lassa virus glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and VSV showed no adverse actions within or outside the brain and targeted and completely destroyed brain cancer, including high-grade glioblastoma and melanoma, even in metastatic cancer models. When mice had two brain tumors, intratumoral VSV-LASV-GPC injection in one tumor (glioma or melanoma) led to complete tumor destruction; importantly, the virus moved contralaterally within the brain to selectively infect the second noninjected tumor. A chimeric virus combining VSV genes with the gene coding for the Ebola virus glycoprotein was safe in the brain and also selectively targeted brain tumors but was substantially less effective in destroying brain tumors and prolonging survival of tumor-bearing mice. A tropism for multiple cancer types combined with an exquisite tumor specificity opens a new door to widespread application of VSV-LASV-GPC as a safe and efficacious oncolytic chimeric virus within the brain.

IMPORTANCE
Many viruses have been tested for their ability to target and kill cancer cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has shown substantial promise, but a key problem is that if it enters the brain, it can generate adverse neurologic consequences, including death. We tested a series of chimeric viruses containing genes coding for VSV, together with a gene coding for the glycoprotein from other viruses, including Ebola virus, Lassa virus, LCMV, rabies virus, and Marburg virus, which was substituted for the VSV glycoprotein gene. Ebola and Lassa chimeric viruses were safe in the brain and targeted brain tumors. Lassa-VSV was particularly effective, showed no adverse side effects even when injected directly into the brain, and targeted and destroyed two different types of deadly brain cancer, including glioblastoma and melanoma.
A large pulmonary arteriovenous malformation causing cerebrovascular accidents
Authors: Sladden David , Casha Aaron , Azzopardi Conrad , Manche’ Alexander
Published: April 2015

The incidence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) is 2.5 in 100 000. 80% are associated with Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome or hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. We report the case of a 70-year-old man with a 6 cm spherical mass incidentally found on chest X-ray. There was a localised systolic bruit over the right lower zone posteriorly; however, he was asymptomatic. He had suffered a stroke, affecting his right hand and his speech, from which he recovered. He experienced regular transient ischaemic attacks, on an average of every 2 months. He underwent a right lower lobectomy and on ligating the right lower lobe pulmonary artery the saturations of oxygen rose from 92% to 97%, demonstrating a significant right to left extracardiac shunt. Postoperative recovery was excellent and 1 year later the patient reports no further neurological symptoms. 40% of such lesions exhibit symptoms, however, only one-third are neurological. Treatment should be by percutaneous embolisation.
Rare case of adult jejunojejunal intussusception secondary to angiolipoma
Authors: Chacko Jupin , Tran Gary , Vossoughi Farhad
Published: April 2015

A woman in her mid-50s presented with a 3-month history of upper abdominal pain. Initial examination using ultrasound was unremarkable and the patient was sent home. The patient returned 8 days later and CT imaging revealed intussusception as the cause of her symptoms. The involved bowel was surgically reduced and transected with the lead point found to contain a 3 cm mass. Histological examination revealed the mass to be an angiolipoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of adult jejunojejunal intussusception secondary to angiolipoma.
Patterns and correlates of physical activity behaviour over 10 years in older adults: prospective analyses from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Smith Lee , Gardner Benjamin , Fisher Abigail , Hamer Mark
Published: April 2015

Objective

Few studies have examined how levels of activity intensity fluctuate throughout later life in older adults and no study has identified correlates of sustained activity levels in this age group. The aim of the present analysis was to investigate stability of activity over a 10-year period and identify potential correlates of sustained activity levels in older adults.

Design

Analyses of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Participant-reported physical activity data were collected in 2002 (baseline), 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012. Participant age, sex, smoking, depressive symptoms, work status, wealth, and long-standing illness were recorded at baseline. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations between baseline exposure variables and persistent physical activity (reporting moderate and/or vigorous physical activity at least once a week at all 6 assessments over the 10-year time period).

Results

A total of 5022 participants (mean age 61 years; 2114 male) were included in the analyses. There was reasonable stability in the physical activity measure over the 6 time points (Cronbach's α 0.85). There was an overall trend for increasing levels of inactivity and a reduction in vigorous activity. Age, female sex, having ever smoked, long-standing illness, arthritis, obesity, and depressive symptoms were associated with a lower likelihood of being persistently active (defined as reporting moderate and/or vigorous physical activity at least once a week over all 6 assessment points). Those with greater wealth were 4 times more likely to be persistently active.

Conclusions

In the present analyses time spent in vigorous-intensity activity declined in later life. A range of sociodemographic and biomedical factors were associated with being persistently active in older adults.
Genetics of RA susceptibility, what comes next?
Authors: Ding James , Eyre Stephen , Worthington Jane
Published: April 2015

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been used to great effect to identify genetic susceptibility loci for complex disease. A series of GWAS and meta-analyses have informed the discovery of over 100 loci for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In common with findings in other autoimmune diseases the lead signals for the majority of these loci do not map to known gene sequences. In order to realise the benefit of investment in GWAS studies it is vital we determine how disease associated alleles function to influence disease processes. This is leading to rapid development in our knowledge as to the function of non-coding regions of the genome. Here we consider possible functional mechanisms for intergenic RA-associated variants which lie within lncRNA sequences.