bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network coding and evolutionary theory for performance enhancement in wireless cooperative clusters
Authors: Militano Leonardo , Fitzek Frank H. P. , Iera Antonio , Molinaro Antonella
Published: August 2010

Cooperation over short‐range wireless links among user devices, which download remote contents through cellular links, is a paradigm quickly gaining ground, given that it can answer several technological and design issues that next‐generation wireless applications will raise. Among others, energy consumption, data rate and data transfer time are parameters that will likely benefit from this novel communication concept. This paper presents a WLAN‐based cooperative scenario, conceived to support file‐sharing services, in which a sub‐set of cluster nodes access, through their cellular radio interface, portions of a file to be successively exchanged among all cluster members over wireless local area network (WLAN) links. Besides showing the beneficial effects of cooperation, this paper also focuses on the performance enhancement that can be achieved when using the network coding paradigm, whose deployment revealed to be very effective in the depicted scenario. The selection of the nodes acting as sources for file injection into the cluster is a critical aspect for the effectiveness of the whole system. Therefore, the potentialities offered by the evolutionary theory applied to the specific problem are investigated and an ad hoc conceived Genetic Algorithm (GA) designed. Either the service time (the time needed for all nodes to receive the complete file) or the energy consumption for the nodes is used as objective function, showing in both cases the fast convergence for the algorithm that makes it preferable to either exhaustive searches or random choices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bemerkenswerte Prolifikationen bei Blätterpilzen Mit 3 Abbildungen im Text und 2 Tafeln
Authors: Benedix Erich Heinz
Published: August 2010

Prolifikationen verschiedener Blätterpilze (Clitocybe, Hydrocybe, Tubaria und Kuehneromyces), besonders aus dem Herbst 1963, werden kritisch miteinander verglichen. Sie zeigen u. a. deutliche Übergangsformen ins Morchelloide, so daß sich die von ULBRICH (1926) betonte scharfe Trennung beider Abnormitätstypen nicht aufrechterhalten läßt. Es handelt sich vermutlich um Intensitätsstufen einer und derselben Veränderung, die jedoch nicht nur von äußeren Einflüssen, sondern auch von spezifischen (erblichen) Anlagen bestimmt werden.
Bryophytes and lichens of Mts. Kumgang (DPR of Korea)
Authors: Kim Y. H. , Ri Y. R. , Hoang H. D. , Huneck S. , Grolle R.
Published: August 2010

The paper presented gives a comprehensive report on bryophytes and lichens of the Kumgang Mountains (DPR of Korea).
Masticatory motor pattern in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): a comparison of jaw movements in marsupial and placental herbivores
Authors: Crompton Alfred Walter , Owerkowicz Tomasz , Skinner Jayne
Published: August 2010

Do closely related marsupial herbivores (Diprotodontia) conserve a common masticatory motor pattern or are motor patterns linked to the structure and function of the masticatory apparatus? We recorded the sequence and duration of activity of the individual jaw closing muscles during rhythmic chewing in koalas and then compared their motor pattern with that of their closest extant relatives, wombats, and their more distant marsupial relatives, macropodoids. These three lineages prove to have fundamentally different motor patterns and jaw movements during mastication. Each motor pattern represents independent modifications of an earlier motor pattern that was probably present in an ancestral diprotodontian. We show that koalas evolved a motor program that is in many aspects similar to that of placental herbivores with a fused mandibular symphysis (artiodactyls, perissodactyls, and higher primates) and almost identical to one artiodactyl, viz. alpacas. Anatomically, koalas are convergent on placental herbivores because they lost the inflected mandibular angle and large external part of the medial pterygoid muscle characteristic of other marsupials. We support the view that many different motor programs evolved for the control of transverse jaw movements, but identical motor programs for the control of transverse jaw movements can evolve independently in distantly related taxa. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:564–578, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Über merkwürdige Verwitterungsböden des Devons im Taunus und Hunsrück
Authors: Süchting H. , Jessen W. , Maurmann G.
Published: August 2010

Bei der Untersuchung von Waldböden im Preußischen Forstamt Bad Schwalbach (Taunus) fanden wir Tonschieferböden, die in ihrer Zusammensetzung und ihrem Verhalten starke Abweichungen zeigten von dem, was man bei solchen Böden erwarten darf. Wir wurden auf diese Eigenart aufmerksam durch das vollkommene Mißverhältnis, das zwischen dem sehr niedrigen Kalkgehalt einerseits und der hohen Güte des Reaktionsgrades und der Pufferung andererseits bei diesen Böden bestand. Aber auch hinsichtlich ihres Kaligehaltes darf man sie als abnorm bezeichnen, und ebenso sind sie interessant wegen ihres Verhaltens bei der Streuzersetzung und Humusbildung als Waldböden und wegen der Veränderungen, die sie infolge besonderer waldbaulicher Behandlung erfahren haben.
The Quaternary glacial sequence in Ecuador: a reinterpretation of the work of Walter Sauer
Authors: Clapperton Chalmers M. , Vera Ramon
Published: August 2010

The Quaternary glacial sequence proposed for the Ecuadorian Andes by Walter Sauer is critically reviewed. Examination of his field evidence at sections exposing Quaternary sediments east of Quito has led to a fundamental reinterpretation. Deposits which Sauer considered as glacial, glacio‐fluvial, glacio‐lacustrine and pluvio‐glacial in origin appear to have been formed mainly by volcanic, volcano‐loessic, laharic, fluvial, colluvial and pedogenic processes.
Updating the Craig–Bampton reduction basis for efficient structural reanalysis
Authors: Akçay Perdahcıoğlu D. , Ellenbroek M. H. M. , Geijselaers H. J. M. , de Boer A.
Published: August 2010

A Combined Approximation (CA) based reanalysis technique is proposed for updating the static modes in a reduction basis which can be used for sizing optimization problems. Although the proposed technique is utilized under the framework of the Craig–Bampton (CB) method, it can be employed with any condensation procedure that involves the computation of the static modes. An automated update scheme is also presented that switches the proposed technique with the exact analysis when the computational efficiency is lost. Moreover, the Enriched Craig–Bampton (ECB) method is studied for the reanalysis of the normal modes. The ECB‐ and the CA‐based techniques are merged for efficient update of the CB reduction basis. An academic test problem is utilized for the demonstration of the introduced concepts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A variational, finite‐deformation constitutive model for piezoelectric materials
Authors: Mota Alejandro , Zimmerman Jonathan A.
Published: August 2010

We present a constitutive model for piezoelectric materials. The model is fully variational and supports finite kinematics. The postulated free energy depends on the deformation mapping and an electric vector potential, from which the strain and the electric displacement are derived, respectively. The divergence‐free condition of the electric vector potential is enforced by means of a penalty method, which leads to a positive definite tangent for the system of equations that represent the problem. The performance of the formulation is demonstrated by several examples. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cultivation of Melosira nummuloides cells in the presence of platinum: Preparation of metal‐containing frustules
Authors: Yamazaki Taku , Sasanuma Hiroshi , Mayama Shigeki , Umemura Kazuo
Published: August 2010

We cultivated Melosira nummuloides diatom cells, in the presence of dihydrogen hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexahydrate (DHH) in order to introduce platinum (Pt) into diatom frustules. Diatom cells were successfully grown in a medium containing up to 0.5 mg/mL DHH. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the shape of the formed frustules was not significantly different from that of native frustules. Only doped frustule samples produced a signal specific to Pt on X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Using our method, we successfully produced diatom frustules containing Pt. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling the rework cycle: capturing multiple defects per task
Authors: Rahmandad Hazhir , Hu Kun
Published: August 2010

The rework cycle is at the heart of modeling projects, one of the major research and application areas in system dynamics. The current formulations for the rework cycle assume each task is either defective or not. Yet in many projects multiple defects can occur in one task. In this study we introduce a new rework cycle formulation that accounts for multiple defects per task and flexibly captures the testing process. We compare this formulation with two established formulations from the literature. Analysis shows some differences in simulated projects' finish time and delivered quality across different models and we discuss how these differences depend on project characteristics and task structure. The new formulation could be especially useful when data on tasks, defects, and testing have different measures, and when each new defect in a task significantly increases the chances of the task being rejected. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Percutaneous Intradiscal Aspiration of a Lumbar Vacuum Disc Herniation: A Case Report
Authors: Pak Kevin I. , Hoffman David C. , Herzog Richard J. , Lutz Gregory E.
Published: August 2010

We report a case of an 83-year-old gentleman presenting with acute low back pain and radicular left lower extremity pain after golfing. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine revealed a low-signal-density lesion compressing the L5 nerve. A computed tomography scan was then ordered, confirming an extra-foraminal disc protrusion at the L5–S1 level, containing a focus of gas that was compressing the left L5 nerve root and communicating with the vacuum disc at L5–S1. After a failed left L5 transforaminal epidural steroid injection, the patient was brought back for a percutaneous intradiscal aspiration of the vacuum disc gas. This resulted in immediate relief for the patient. A follow-up MRI performed 2 months after the procedure found an approximate 25% reduction in the size of the vacuum disc herniation. Six months after the procedure, the patient remains free of radicular pain. This case report suggests that a percutaneous aspiration of gas from a vacuum disc herniation may assist in the treatment of radicular pain.
Phase and Rheological Behavior of Cetyldimethylbenzylammonium Salicylate (CDBAS) and Water
Authors: Carvajal‐Ramos Francisco , González‐Álvarez Alejandro , Roger Vega‐Acosta J. , Valdez‐Pérez Donato , Fernández Escamilla Víctor Vladimir Amilcar , Macías Balleza Emma Rebeca , Félix Armando Soltero Martínez J.
Published: August 2010

The temperature–composition phase diagram in the diluted region of the cationic surfactant cetyldimethylbenzylammonium salicylate/water system was studied with a battery of techniques. The Krafft temperature (Tk = 33 ± 1 °C) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscopy, conductimetry, viscosimetry, and rheometry. The critical vesicle concentration (cvc, ∼0.002 wt%) and a vesicle–micellar transition (cvm, ∼0.005 wt%) was detected at a temperature of 35 °C. Below Tk and concentrations ≤2 wt%, a transparent solution is formed (I). Above 2–8.5 wt%, a lamellar (L1) phase forms. At higher concentrations and up to 12 wt%, a second lamellar phase (L2) is detected. From 12.4 to 15.5 wt%, an emulsion phase (E) is formed. Rheological dynamic measurements for the I phase indicate that the system exhibits a predominantly viscous behavior (G′ < G″) for concentrations lower than the overlap or entanglement concentration (Ce, ∼0.75 wt%). At higher concentrations, wormlike micelles form and the elastic behavior predominates (G′ > G″). The elastic (G′) modulus collapses in a concentration–time master curve in the whole reduced frequencies range ωτc examined, whereas the viscous modulus (G″) collapses only at reduced frequencies lower than 0.1. Reduced stress plotted as a function of the reduced shear rate yields a good superposition of the curves at the different concentrations up to the onset of the non‐linear behavior.
Determinants of Participation and Response Effort in Web Panel Surveys
Authors: Brüggen Elisabeth , Dholakia Utpal M.
Published: August 2010

Web panels are widely employed to conduct marketing research surveys, yet little is known regarding why consumers join web panels or participate in web surveys. The present research investigated the effects of individuals’ motivational traits on whether they joined web panels, participated in surveys upon joining, and the effort they put into their responses. A longitudinal study employing population profiling gathered personality measures from the entire population of potential panelists ( N = 751) and invited them to join a web panel. Those accepting ( N = 503) were sent a series of six marketing research surveys. Results revealed that consumers’ need for cognition, curiosity, agreeableness and extraversion were significant predictors of joining the web panel. The first three traits also predicted survey participation, as did openness to experience. Among participants, response effort was affected the greatest by curiosity, extraversion, and conscientiousness. An additional experiment, conducted with 327 participants, ruled out a selection bias explanation for some results. These findings provide useful insights to researchers using web panels, and point out limitations with using strictly demographics-based weighting schemes when selecting web panels.
Understanding the impact of self‐concept on the stylistic properties of images
Authors: Yang Xiaojing , Zhang Jing , Peracchio Laura A.
Published: August 2010

Much research has shown that the stylistic properties of visual images can serve as an important source of persuasion. However, the existing literature seldom incorporates characteristics of consumers, such as self‐concept, as a determining factor in the effectiveness of images' stylistic properties. In the context of exploring a specific stylistic property, camera angle, we demonstrate across three experiments that when an upward‐looking camera angle is employed to depict a product, participants with an ought‐self (motivated by duties and obligations) generate more favorable product evaluations than participants with an ideal‐self (motivated by hopes and aspirations). The reverse is found when a downward‐looking angle is utilized. We also explore the mechanism underlying these effects. That is, individuals with an ideal‐self and ought‐self use different control strategies (influencing versus adapting to existing realities) impacting their product evaluations.
The Civilized Imagination
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: August 2010

The Civilized Imagination is a study of literature in a period of cultural change. As part of the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century a great transformation occurred in the relations among aesthetic theory, literature, and society. This study analyses such changes as they appear in the works of Ann Radcliffe, Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott, three apparently distinct novelists whom the author locates within a unified cultural movement. Although the works of these writers are extremely different in many respects, in Professor Cottom's view they are all preoccupied with the changing relation between aristocratic and middle-class values. In Ann Radcliffe's works middle-class values are beginning to emerge within a governing aristocratic context; in Jane Austen's novels these newer values are precariously balanced against the old; in Sir Walter Scott's books they have become victorious, at least superficially. Professor Cottorn examines the way these writers deal with such topics as taste, landscape, communications, morality and women, in order to show how certain aesthetic problems result from social change.
The Biology of Human Ageing
Authors: Bittles A. H. , Collins K. J.
Published: August 2010

The processes that control senescence have been the subject of more then a century of serious biological research. Two institutions closely involved in this programme, the Society for the Study of Human Biology and the British Society for Research in Ageing, held a joint symposium in 1984 to consider human ageing and longevity from an interdisciplinary point of view. The resulting book has four main sections: the evolution and genetics of ageing, biological age assessment, demographic and social aspects, and the nutritional and physiological aspects of ageing and longevity. The fundamental nature of the subject will generate interest across a wide range of biological and medical disciplines.
Gadamer and the Legacy of German Idealism
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: August 2010

The philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer interests a wide audience that spans the traditional distinction between European (continental) and Anglo-American (analytic) philosophy. Yet one of the most important and complex aspects of his work - his engagement with German Idealism - has received comparatively little attention. In this book, Kristin Gjesdal uses a close analysis and critical investigation of Gadamer's Truth and Method (1960) to show that his engagement with Kant, Hegel, and Schleiermacher is integral to his conception of hermeneutics. She argues that a failure to engage with this aspect of Gadamer's philosophy leads to a misunderstanding of the most pressing problem of post-Heideggerian hermeneutics: the tension between the commitment to the self-criticism of reason, on the one hand, and the turn towards the meaning-constituting authority of tradition, on the other. Her study provides an illuminating assessment of both the merits and the limitations of Gadamer's thought.
Steady streaming confined between three-dimensional wavy surfaces
Authors: GUIBERT ROMAIN , PLOURABOUÉ FRANCK , BERGEON ALAIN
Published: August 2010

We present a theoretical and numerical study of three-dimensional pulsatile confined flow between two rigid horizontal surfaces separated by an average gap h, and having three-dimensional wavy shapes with arbitrary amplitude σh where σ ~ O(1), but long-wavelength variations λ, with h/λ ≪ 1. We are interested in pulsating flows with moderate inertial effect arising from the Reynolds stress due to the cavity non-parallelism. We analyse the inertial steady-streaming and the second harmonic flows in a lubrication approximation. The dependence of the three-dimensional velocity field in the transverse direction is analytically obtained for arbitrary Womersley numbers and possibly overlapping Stokes layers. The horizontal dependence of the flow is solved numerically by computing the first two pressure fields of an asymptotic expansion in the small inertial limit. We study the variations of the flow structure with the amplitude, the channel's wavelength and the Womersley number for various families of three-dimensional channels. The steady-streaming flow field in the horizontal plane exhibits a quadrupolar vortex, the size of which is adjusted to the cavity wavelength. When increasing the wall amplitude, the wavelengths characterizing the channel or the Womersley number, we find higher-order harmonic flow structures, the origin of which can either be inertially driven or geometrically induced. When some of the channel symmetries are broken, a steady-streaming current appears which has a quadratic dependence on the pressure drop, the amplitude of which is linked to the Womersley number.
Geometric Langlands duality and the equations of Nahm and Bogomolny
Authors: Witten Edward
Published: August 2010

Geometric Langlands duality relates a representation of a simple Lie group Gv to the cohomology of a certain moduli space associated with the dual group G. In this correspondence, a principal SL2 subgroup of Gv makes an unexpected appearance. This can be explained using gauge theory, as this paper will show, with the help of the equations of Nahm and Bogomolny.
Inside out: observations on Terragni
Authors: McCormack Simon
Published: August 2010

Casa Rustici was a building I admired when I lived in Milan in the mid 1980s, so the opportunity to stay there for a week when it registered on a list of apartments for rent was appealing [1]. Before I undertook the visit I was well aware of the prestige of the building as an important Rationalist project, and after some initial research became intrigued by the divergent accounts of it given by different commentators. The best known critique of Terragni's work is Eisenman's investigation of its abstract composition. Patetta exposes the constraints on the design process imposed by the building codes, while others emphasise the historical precedents that underpinned the Rationalist project. Vitale and Bell provide an insight into the ambiguous character of the central court or lightwell of the building. What I hope to add to these is an account which addresses not just the abstract quality of the building, but also its phenomenal qualities, and its social and historical origins. My intention is that this material will present the building in a way which is relevant for current practice.
Stirling's Rational facade: self-division within the reading of Garches and Jaoul
Authors: Bedford Joseph
Published: August 2010

In 1984 Colin Rowe was finally persuaded to write an introduction for a book on the work of James Stirling. In his text, Rowe claimed that he had previously resisted a similar invitation in 1973, due in part to an inability at that time to account for Stirling's lack of interest in facades. He wrote: ‘According to my reading, these [Le Corbusier's Villa Schwob and Garches] were all masters of the vertical surface; and clearly, it must have been the relative absence of this concern in Stirling which arrested my writing in 1973 and which remains my reservation about Stuttgart’. For Rowe, the missing facade of Stirling's museum extension to the Staatsgalerie stood metonymically for the absence of Stirling's visible engagement with the articulation of an ideal world, because the facade was ‘the existential interface between eye and idea’. Without a facade Rowe could not be sure that Stirling adhered to the sort of idealism that satisfied his own architectural and philosophical concerns.
Wasteland: a collaborative studio
Authors: Boyd Dermot
Published: August 2010

Studio remains the physical and intellectual space at the heart of every good architectural school. It is a forum for the sharing of ideas and a place in which to work together in order to explore architecture and its role in shaping our environment, society and culture. It should reveal interesting contrasts and synergies between the particular and the universal, the individual and the collective.
Motivierende Gespräche, Verhaltensänderung und Stressbewältigung – Pflegerische Aspekte der Entwöhnung
Authors: Meyer Anja , Stolz Daiana
Published: August 2010

Die Rauchentwöhnung ist ein mühsamer Prozess. Da braucht es Unterstützung! Als Rauchentwöhnungsspezialistin muss man den Patienten eine gute Fachberatung anbieten. Das heißt konkret, man muss über die zu erwartenden Probleme aufklären, den Patienten nützliche Tipps geben, damit diese die ungemütliche Zeit erfolgreich hinter sich bringen. Wichtig dabei ist, dass man Struktur bietet, den Patienten immer wieder motiviert und ihm dabei hilft sein Verhalten zu ändern um so den Stress zu bewältigen.
Nützt die Tabak-Rezidiv-Prävention etwas?
Authors: von Garnier Christophe
Published: August 2010

Aktuell gibt es mehrere Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zur Tabakentwöhnung – dennoch erleiden viele Raucher, die ursprünglich erfolgreich mit dem Rauchen aufgehört haben, einen Rückfall. Diese Übersicht diskutiert Interventionen, welche in Studien zur Tabak-Rezidivprävention eingesetzt wurden. In den meisten Studien und in einer Meta-Analyse fand sich für die entsprechende Fragestellung weder ein adäquates Studiendesign, noch eine genügend große Teilnehmerzahl, um signifikante Unterschiede erfassen zu können. Randomisierte Studien mit psychologischen Interventionen in selektionierten (Hospitalisation, Militärdienst, Schwangerschaft) und unselektionierten Rauchergruppen zeigten keinen Nutzen – unabhängig, ob aktive oder bereits abstinente Raucher eingeschlossen wurden. Dies war insbesondere bei den weit verbreiteten und beliebten verhaltenstherapeutischen Interventionsstudien der Fall, welche beabsichtigen, die Fähigkeit im Umgang mit riskanten Situationen zu verbessern. In pharmakologischen Interventionsstudien zeigte eine präventive Behandlung mit Nikotinersatzpräparaten oder Bupropion (Zyban®) keine signifikanten Vorteile; hingegen reduzierte in einer Studie die prolongierte Therapie mit Vareniclin (Champix®) die Rückfallquote signifikant. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt gibt es keine genügende Evidenz, um eine systematische Tabak-Rezidivprävention mit verhaltenstherapeutischen Strategien oder pharmakologischen Interventionen (Nikotinersatzpräparate, Bupropion (Zyban®)) zu empfehlen. Hingegen könnte eine prolongierte Behandlung mit (Champix®) die Rückfallrate günstig beeinflussen. Gut konzipierte und genügend große Studien sind notwendig, um den Stellenwert alternativer psychologischer und pharmakologischer Interventionen zur Rezidivprophylaxe, als Einzel- oder Kombinationstherapie, zu definieren.
Gestaltung pflegerischer Interaktion in der Rehabilitation – am Beispiel der Pflege querschnittgelähmter Menschen im Krankenhaus
Authors: Sieger Margot , Ertl-Schmuck Roswitha , Harking Martina
Published: August 2010

Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Gestaltung der pflegerischen Interaktion mit querschnittgelähmten Menschen. Hier wird die Art und Weise dargestellt, wie die Themen, mit denen sich Patienten im Pflegeverlauf beschäftigen, wahrgenommen, gedeutet und im Pflegeverlauf verhandelt beziehungsweise eingebracht werden und die Qualität der jeweiligen Interaktionen bestimmen. Aus der Diskussion der Ergebnisse wird ein Handlungsmodell für pflegerische Interaktionen hergeleitet, in dem wesentliche Merkmale einer verständigungsorientierten Pflege ausgewiesen sind. Damit steht den Pflegenden ein Instrument zur Verfügung, mit dem pflegerische Verständigungsprozesse von der Problemstellung über Handlungsoptionen bis hin zu Entscheidungsprozessen systematisiert werden können.
Experiment based on spacesuit “Orlan‐M”: Neutron fluxes from thunderstorms
Authors: Drozdov A. , Amelushkin A. , Bratolyubova‐Tsulukidze L. , Churilo I. , Grigoriev A. , Grigoryan O. , Iudin D. , Mareev E. , Nechaev O. , Petrov V.
Published: August 2010

We present a new experiment on the detection of thunderstorm neutrons at orbital altitudes. The aims of the experiment called “Scafandr” are to establish the nature of the neutrons and to explore their properties. Also, the dosimetric measurement program is included in the experiment mission. For the neutron program, measurement of the thermal neutron fluxes from an altitude of 350 km down to 200 km is planned. We plan to obtain substantial statistics and resolution of neutron bursts. This will allow for mapping of the neutrons' distribution on the considered altitudes for their comparison with the thunderstorm activity maps and for comparison with the results of neutron burst numerical modeling. Previous experiments carried out are discussed, and their comparative analysis with the presented one is given.
Simulation of feedback instability in the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere system
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroki , Ohno Nobuaki , Sato Tetsuya
Published: August 2010

Quiet auroral arcs formation has been investigated theoretically and numerically in a self‐consistent dynamic way. By using a three‐dimensional magneto‐hydro‐dynamics simulation of a dipole magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling system, it is shown that multiple longitudinally striated structures of the ionospheric plasma density and the field‐aligned current are formed, resulting from nonlinear feedback instability. The areas where these structures appear are consistent with the prediction by the integrated feedback theory that includes the effects of the spatially non‐uniform electric field and non‐uniform plasma density. Effects of the difference of the field line lengths between the ionosphere and the magnetospheric equator over the auroral latitudes are also discussed on the feedback instability.
Nature of the ring current in Saturn's dayside magnetosphere
Authors: Kellett S. , Arridge C. S. , Bunce E. J. , Coates A. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Dougherty M. K. , Persoon A. M. , Sergis N. , Wilson R. J.
Published: August 2010

We employ magnetic field and plasma particle data from two equatorial passes of the Cassini spacecraft spanning the radial range between ∼3 and ∼20 RS to investigate the nature of the ring current in Saturn's dayside magnetosphere (RS is Saturn's equatorial radius, equal to 60,268 km). We examine plasma parameters obtained by Cassini for each pass and compare the azimuthal current density profiles deduced with those obtained from current disk modeling of the magnetic field perturbations. We show that the current associated with the P⊥ > P∥ pressure anisotropy of the warm water group ions is important inside ∼10 RS, canceling a significant fraction of the otherwise dominant inertia current inside ∼6 RS. The overall total current density profile is then found to be similar to that produced by the pressure gradient current but augmented in strength by factors of ∼1.5–2.0 by the difference between the inertia and anisotropy currents. The total current density rises from small values near ∼6 RS, peaks at ∼100 pA m−2 near ∼8 RS, and reduces to values below ∼25 pA m−2 at distances beyond ∼15 RS, up to the 20 RS limit of our study. The deduced current density profiles are in good agreement with the gross features of the profiles deduced from current disk modeling, with peak values occurring just outside the inner edge of the best fit models at ∼7 RS, though with the current density then falling more steeply with radial distance than the 1/r dependence assumed in the model.
Sensitivity analysis of distributed erosion models: Framework
Authors: Cheviron B. , Gumiere S. J. , Le Bissonnais Y. , Moussa R. , Raclot D.
Published: August 2010

We introduce the (P, R, p) procedure for analysis of distributed erosion models, evaluating separate sensitivities to input fluxes (precipitations P), to the propensity of soil to surface flow (runoff conditions R), and to specific erosion properties (descriptive parameters p). For genericity and easier comparisons between models, superparameters of equivalent slope and equivalent erodibility are assembled from innate descriptive parameters: parameterization is reduced to four coded integers that are arguments of the soil loss function. Directional sensitivities are calculated in a deterministic way, associated with any selected displacement in parameter space. In this multistage and risk‐orientated procedure, special emphasis is placed on trajectories from best‐case toward worst‐case scenarios, involving one‐at‐a‐time variations and Latin Hypercube samples. Sensitivity maps are produced in the superparameter plane, tracing risk isovalues and estimating the relative importance of the equivalent parameters and of their spatial distributions.
An improved two‐dimensional depth‐integrated flow equation for rough‐walled fractures
Authors: Mallikamas Wasin , Rajaram Harihar
Published: August 2010

We present the development of an improved 2‐D flow equation for rough‐walled fractures. Our improved equation accounts for the influence of midsurface tortuosity and the fact that the aperture normal to the midsurface is in general smaller than the vertical aperture. It thus improves upon the well‐known Reynolds equation that is widely used for modeling flow in fractures. Unlike the Reynolds equation, our approach begins from the lubrication approximation applied in an inclined local coordinate system tangential to the fracture midsurface. The local flow equation thus obtained is rigorously transformed to an arbitrary global Cartesian coordinate system, invoking the concepts of covariant and contravariant transformations for vectors defined on surfaces. Unlike previously proposed improvements to the Reynolds equation, our improved flow equation accounts for tortuosity both along and perpendicular to a flow path. Our approach also leads to a well‐defined anisotropic local transmissivity tensor relating the representations of the flux and head gradient vectors in a global Cartesian coordinate system. We show that the principal components of the transmissivity tensor and the orientation of its principal axes depend on the directional local midsurface slopes. In rough‐walled fractures, the orientations of the principal axes of the local transmissivity tensor will vary from point to point. The local transmissivity tensor also incorporates the influence of the local normal aperture, which is uniquely defined at each point in the fracture. Our improved flow equation is a rigorous statement of mass conservation in any global Cartesian coordinate system. We present three examples of simple geometries to compare our flow equation to analytical solutions obtained using the exact Stokes equations: an inclined parallel plate, and circumferential and axial flows in an incomplete annulus. The effective transmissivities predicted by our flow equation agree very well with values obtained using the exact Stokes equations in all these cases. We discuss potential limitations of our depth‐integrated equation, which include the neglect of convergence/divergence and the inaccuracies implicit in any depth‐averaging process near sharp corners where the wall and midsurface curvatures are large.
Age related changes of human skin investigated with histometric measurements by confocal laser scanning microscopy in vivo
Authors: Sauermann Kirsten , Clemann Sven , Jaspers Sören , Gambichler Thilo , Altmeyer Peter , Hoffmann Klaus , Ennen Joackim
Published: August 2010

Background/aims: The confocal laser scanning microscope Vivascope (Lucid, Henrietta) allows skin to be studied in real‐time with a resolution of 0.5 µm horizontal and 1.3 µm vertical in vivo. In this study, we present the results of a comparison between the skin of an older and a younger group of volunteers by in vivo histometric measurements.

Methods: To investigate changes caused by age, 13 young (18–25 years) and 13 older (> 65 years) volunteers were examined. The following parameters were measured using the Vivascope at the volar forearm: minimal thickness of the epidermis (Emin), size of cells in the granular layer (Agran), thickness of the horny layer (DSC), thickness of the basal layer (DSB) and number of dermal papillae per area (PapI). The image analysis program image tool was used to measure the size of the cells and the thickness of the basal layer.

Results: The older group of volunteers showed a significant increase in Emin, no significant change in DSC, a significant decrease in dermal papillae and in the thickness of the basal layer, and an increase in Agran compared to the younger group.

Conclusions: Histometric measurements by in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy are a sensitive and non‐invasive tool for characterizing and quantifying histological changes of the epidermis and papillary dermis due to ageing.
A
-band methyl halide dissociation via electronic curve crossing as studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy
Authors: Kato H. , Masui H. , Hoshino M. , Cho H. , Ingólfsson O. , Brunger M. J. , Limão-Vieira P. , Tanaka H.
Published: August 2010

Excitation of the A-band low-lying electronic states in the methyl halides, CH3I, CH3Br, CH3Cl, and CH3F, has been investigated for the (n→σ∗) transitions, using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the range of 3.5–7.5 eV. For the methyl halides, CH3I, CH3Br, and CH3Cl, three components of the Q complex (Q31, Q30, and Q11) were directly observed, with the exception of methyl fluoride, in the optically forbidden EELS experimental conditions of this investigation. The effect of electronic-state curve crossing emerged in the transition probabilities for the Q30 and Q11 states, with spin-orbit splitting observed and quantified against results from recent ab initio studies.
The effects of Schottky barrier profile on spin dependent tunneling in a ferromagnet-insulator-semiconductor system
Authors: Chung N. L. , Jalil M. B. A. , Tan S. G.
Published: August 2010

The insertion of a tunnel barrier between a ferromagnetic (FM) metal source lead and a semiconductor (SC) layer has proved effective in achieving high spin injection efficiency at the FM-SC interface. We investigate the spin transport across a FM-I (insulator)-SC interface, under the influence of a Schottky barrier which arises in the SC layer close to the interface. The spin transport in the presence of an applied voltage is calculated via the nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) tight binding model. The NEGF formalism systematically accounts for: (i) the spatial profile of the Schottky barrier, (ii) the coupling between the FM lead and the SC layer, and (iii) the effect of the entire semi-infinite lead, which can be reduced to a self-energy term. We investigate several parameters (e.g., doping concentration, built-in potential and applied bias) which affect the Schottky barrier profile, and hence the spin current across the FM/I/SC system. It is shown that the spin polarization of current can be significantly improved by having a low Schottky barrier height, but a high built-in potential. A high doping density increases the current density by decreasing the Schottky barrier height and the depletion width, but at the cost of reduced spin polarization.
Suppression of boron–oxygen defects in p-type Czochralski silicon by germanium doping
Authors: Yu Xuegong , Wang Peng , Chen Peng , Li Xiaoqiang , Yang Deren
Published: August 2010

We have demonstrated the impact of germanium (Ge) doping on the boron–oxygen (B–O) defects in p-type Czochralski (CZ) silicon. It is found that germanium can effectively suppress the formation of B–O defects, whereby the reduction percentage of B–O defect concentration increases with the Ge content. The efficiency of Ge-doped CZ silicon solar cell and the power output of corresponding module both exhibit a significantly lower loss. Based on the fact of a relatively lower concentration of O2i existing in GCZ silicon, it is believed that the suppression of B–O defects is a result of Ge improving the diffusion barrier of Oi.
On the hysteresis at ion extraction in the single-grid ion source
Authors: Rafalskyi D. V. , Dudin S. V.
Published: August 2010

The ion extraction in the single-grid ion source with a woven extraction grid is researched. It has been found experimentally that the extraction can occur in “low current” and “high current” modes with stepwise hysteretic transitions between them. The assumption has been made that the existence of the two extraction regimes can be explained by the existence of two kinds of the space charge sheaths near the grid wires. This assumption is confirmed by the estimations of the sheath depth for the cylindrical and plane geometries.
Diffusion of Contingency Management and Attitudes regarding Its Effectiveness and Acceptability
Authors: Bride Brian E. , Abraham Amanda J. , Roman Paul M.
Published: August 2010

Substance abuse counselors are critical as the key arbiters of clients’ acceptance and use of innovative treatment techniques, with their potential support embedded in their knowledge of and attitudes towards particular innovations. In this analysis the authors examine the role of substance abuse counselors in the adoption of a psychosocial treatment innovation, contingency management (CM). Using data collected from 1140 counselors employed in a national sample of 318 public treatment centers, the authors examine theoretical predictors of counselors’ knowledge of CM, and their attitudes regarding CM's effectiveness and acceptability. Findings suggest that lack of exposure to CM through program use and innovation-specific training is the most salient barrier to CM adoption and diffusion. The study also highlights the importance of social networks in the diffusion and acceptance of treatment innovations.
A Novel Pzg-NURF Complex Regulates Notch Target Gene Activity
Authors: Kugler Sabrina J. , Nagel Anja C.
Published: August 2010

Drosophila putzig was identified as a member of the TRF2–DREF complex that is involved in core promoter selection. Additionally, putzig regulates Notch signaling, however independently of DREF. Here, we show that Putzig associates with the NURF complex. Loss of any NURF component including the NURF-specific subunit Nurf 301 impedes binding of Putzig to Notch target genes, suggesting that NURF recruits Putzig to these sites. Accordingly, Putzig can be copurified with any NURF member. Moreover, Nurf 301 mutants show reduced Notch target gene activity and enhance Notch mutant phenotypes. These data suggest a novel Putzig–NURF chromatin complex required for epigenetic activation of Notch targets.
Disappearance of gas vacuoles in the blue‐green alga Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: LEHMANN HEINER , WIENCKE CHRISTINE
Published: August 2010

Abstract In a culture of Microcystis aeruginosa, which had been transferred from a mineral medium into distilled water, the number of gas vacuoles per cell decreased and reached a value of 20% of the control 24 h after transfer. In senescent cells grown on a mineral agar for several weeks, the gas vacuoles also disappeared. The disappearance of the gas vacuoles may be a response to a nutrient deficiency in both cultures.
Assessing Literacy in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Hurry Jane , Doctor Estelle
Published: August 2010

This review provides a framework for examining the assessment of literacy underpinned by current theories of reading and writing. Our choice of assessment tools was influenced by a desire to identify tests that are suitable for diagnosing students of all ages. The key dimensions identified were printed word recognition (lexical and non‐lexical), comprehension and writing. We conclude that there is no single test currently available that provides a comprehensive profile of literacy difficulties. The assessor will require critical discrimination in choosing tests that are theoretically sound and diagnostically useful.
Chlorpyrifos Exacerbating Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Preliminary Report and Suggested In Vitro Immunologic Evaluation Model
Authors: Yonit Wohl , Ilan Goldberg , Idit Shirazi , Sarah Brenner
Published: August 2010

Background. There is accumulating evidence on the role of pesticides in the etiology of pemphigus vulgaris (PV).

Objective. To determine whether chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide, is involved in the immunopathology of PV.

Methods. Normal human skin biopsy specimens incubated with progressively diluted chlorpyrifos solutions were used as indirect immunofluorescence substrates for sera from two PV patients previously exposed to the agent and from healthy controls. Involvement of T‐cell lymphocytes was assessed by release of interferon‐γ in the presence of chlorpyrifos.

Results. In one PV patient, immunofluorescence was strongly positive for the specimen incubated with the pesticide and weakly positive for the specimen incubated with medium alone. Immunofluorescence was negative in the patient under immunosuppression with prednisolone and in all controls. Both patients tested positive on interferon‐γ assay; controls tested negative.

Conclusions. Findings suggest an immunopathogenic role of chlorpyrifos in PV. interferon‐γ cytokine assay with the pesticide combined with immunofluorescence tests may provide an in vitro diagnostic tool in suspected pesticide‐induced/exacerbated pemphigus.
Measuring the Benefits of Examinee‐Selected Questions
Authors: Allen Nancy L. , Holland Paul W. , Thayer Dorothy T.
Published: August 2010

Allowing students to choose the question(s) that they will answer from among several possible alternatives is often viewed as a mechanism for increasing fairness in certain types of assessments. The fairness of optional topic choice is not a universally accepted fact, however, and various studies have been done to assess this question. We examine an important class of experiments that we call C1‐A, “choose one, answer all,” designs, and point out an important problem that they face. We suggest two analytical methods that can be used to circumvent this problem. We illustrate our ideas using the data from Bridgeman et al. (1997). Our reanalysis of these data show: (a) that differential topic difficulty exists in real choice data, (b) that it affects naïve analyses of such data and masks the effects, positive or negative, of examinee choice, (c) that in this study there is a measurable and positive effect of examinee choice that follows predicted patterns in most but not all cases, (d) that the beneficial strength of examinee choice varies from case to case, and (e) that while the benefits of choice in terms of average points scored on the essays are usually positive, there is a substantial amount of variation around these averages and it is not uncommon for “incorrect” choices to be associated with higher test performance.
GIFFORDIA ONSLOWENSIS SP. NOV. (PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM THE NORTH CAROLINA CONTINENTAL SHELF AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GIFFORDIA AND ACINETOSPORA1
Authors: Amsler Charles D. , Kapraun Donald F.
Published: August 2010

Giffordia onslowensis sp. nov. is described from the North Carolina continental shelf. This alga is distinct in having upper filaments which are profusely branched, with branches borne at the tops of cells at narrow angles, and lower filaments which are sparsely branched, with branches borne at the middle of cells at wide angles. It is somewhat intermediate between Acinetospora and Giffordia because of the morphology of the lower branches. Morphological variability of Giffordia in culture is numerically documented and similarities between Giffordia spp. and Acinetospora in culture are interpreted as artifacts of altered or incomplete development. It is concluded that Acinetospora, Giffordia, and Ectocarpus should be retained as separate genera.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GERMINATING CARPOSPORES OFPORPHYRA VARIEGATA(KJELLM.) HUS (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Pueschel Curt M. , Cole Kathleen M.
Published: August 2010

The fine structure of released, attached, and germinating carpospores ofPorphyra variegata(Kjellm.) Hus is described. Adhesive vesicles, formed during sporogenesis and discharged upon settling of the spore, produced a layer of adhesive mucilage around the spore and filled a deep imagination on the spore's ventral side. The mucilage layer was punctured by the emergence of a germ tube. Both spore and germ tube were lined by newly deposited cell wall. Germination was accompanied by vacuolation and starch mobilization. The morphological development of the sporeling was not noticeably influenced by the great variability of the timing, location, and orientation of septum formation. The attached carpospore possessed a plastid like that of gametophyte cells: stellate with one large central pyrenoid and no peripheral encircling thylakoids. Cells of mature vegetative cells of the conchocelis had plastids that were elongate and parietal and had multiple pyrenoids and encircling thylakoids. Most stages in the transition between the two forms of plastids occurred during carpospore germination.