bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homozygosity and segregation ratio in F4 generation of tomato for fruit morphology
Authors: Awan Mehboob Ahmad , Kanwal Aneela , Iqbal Mazhar , Khan Bilal Ahmed , Shahid Muhammad , Rehman Adil , Khan Farkhanda , Ullah Imran , Hussain Ibrar
Published: January 2021

Diversity in tomato shape is one of the most prominent traits which distinguish one variety of tomato from other. Our research aims to find the segregation ratio for fruit morphology in F4 lines and to determine the level of homozygosity within the lines. Plants with desirable traits were selected from F3 generation in 2017 and were sown as F4 generation in next season i.e 2018. Data were recorded for each plant in each line for fruit and blossom end shape and were analyzed through chi square test. Chi square test showed that more than 50% lines deviated from the expected ratio for fruit shape and showed significant difference between expected and observed ratios. Most of the obovoid-square fruit shaped F3 parents did not segregate further and produced all the obovoid-square shaped fruit plants in F4 generation. Obovoid fruit shaped F3 parents segregated into different fruit shapes in different ratios and did not show any homozygosity in F4 generation. Obovoid-pear fruit shaped F3 parents segregated into the Obvoid and pear shapes. Obovoid-cylindrical fruit shaped F3 parents did not produce any cylindrical fruit in F4 generation and segregated into square and obovoid shaped fruit plants. However, for blossom end shape, nearly all the lines segregated in F4 generation into flat blossom end and pointed blossom end shapes in the expected ratio i.e 3:1, respectively. Some lines did not segregate further for blossom end shape showing that those lines have attained homozygosity in F4 generation for the trait.
Zero liquid discharge treatment systems: prerequisite to industries
Authors: Rathoure Ashok Kumar
Published: January 2021

Industrialization is necessary for country’s economic growth. Increase in industrial development has elevated water consumption and is resulting in depletion of water resources. On the other hand, water pollution is a major issue. People have long been trying to find cost effective and reliable ways to treat wastewater and recycle or reusing the treated water has become a necessity. Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) is an ideal situation of complete closed loop cycle, where discharge of any liquid effluent is eliminated; it is a remarkable effort of every industry who implements it to meet with the environmental regulation in a challenging way. However, it is facing some challenges for its implementation including its high costs and energy efficiency. Here in this review, we have presented various ZLD technologies which are feasible for different industrial sectors and some innovative technologies by which the precious water can be saved and recycled at source.
Von der heroischen Patriotin zur intellektuellen Außenseiterin
Authors: Berneiser Tobias
Published: January 2021

Der historische Roman Il resto di niente (1986) von Enzo Striano greift mit der Dichterin und Zeitungsherausgeberin Eleonora de Fonseca Pimentel die im kollektiven Gedächtnis der Gegenwart prominenteste Persönlichkeit der Neapolitanischen Republik von 1799 auf, die nach der Rückeroberung der Stadt durch monarchistische Truppen hingerichtet wurde. Das im 19. Jahrhundert tradierte heroische Bild Fonseca Pimentels als republikanische Märtyrerin für den italienischen Einheitsgedanken wird jedoch in Strianos Roman revidiert, indem er seine Protagonistin als eine intellektuelle Außenseiterin porträtiert, die sich schließlich der Vergeblichkeit ihrer politischen und gesellschaftlichen Bestrebungen bewusst wird. Der vorliegende Beitrag zielt auf eine Untersuchung der literarischen Repräsentation Fonseca Pimentels und ihrer Bedeutung als Bezugspunkt für Neapels Intellektuelle.
KARAKTERISTIK PERIKANAN TERI (ENGRAULIDAE) DI PANTAI UTARA JAWA-MADURA
Authors: ZAMRONI ACHMAD , Widiyastuti Heri , Suwarso Suwarso
Published: January 2021

Perikanan teri berkembang sangat pesat khususnya di perairan utara Jawa Madura pada tahun terakhir ini. Kajian tentang karakteristik perikanan teri (Engraulidae) di sepanjang pantai utara Jawa-Madura dilaksanakan pada tahun 2017-2018, meliputi sebaran usaha perikanan, tipe armada-alat penangkapan ikan, aspek operasional penangkapan, hasil tangkapan-kelimpahan dan musim penangkapan ikan teri. Pengumpulan data pendaratan ikan teri dilakukan melalui survey di 11 lokasi pendaratan ikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 12 lokasi tempat pendaratan utama ikan teri di sepanjang pantai utara (pantura) Jawa dan Madura. Dua jenis alat dominan digunakan untuk penangkapan teri adalah pukat cincin dan payang; perikanan bersifat skala kecil, melakukan trip harian, dengan armada kapal penangkap berukuran dibawah 20 GT. Jaring umumnya menggunakan waring dengan mata jaring kecil (3/8 inch) di bagian kantong. Daerah penangkapan di perairan pantai yang dangkal, dekat dengan basis perikanan. Musim penangkapan ikan teri bervariasi, di wilayah bagian barat (Pulolampes, Larangan, Morodemak) berlangsung sekitar musim timur/tenggara (Mei Juli), sedangkan di wilayah bagian timur berlangsung pada awal musim timur dan berjalan cukup lama hingga bulan November (musim peralihan 2). Hasil tangkapan per unit upaya (CPUE, sebagai indek kelimpahan) diduga makin ke arah timur semakin rendah namun disertai musim penangkapan ikan lebih lama. Anchovy fishery has grown rapidly, especially in the northern waters of Java-Madura in the last year. The study on the characteristics of the anchovy fishery (Engraulidae) along the northern coast of Java-Madura was carried out in 2017-2018, covering the distribution of fisheries effort, types of fishing gear, operational aspects of fishing, catch-abundance and fishing season. The collection of anchovy landing data was carried out through a survey at 11 fish landing sites. The results showed that there were 12 main anchovy landing sites along the north coast (pantura) of Java and Madura. Two types of dominant fishing gear used for anchovies are purse seine and payang; Fisheries are small-scale, undertaking daily trips, with a fleet of fishing vessels under 20 GT. The nets generally use “waring” with small mesh (3/8 inch) in the codend. Fishing area in shallow coastal waters, close to the fishing base. The fishing season for anchovy varies, in the western region (Pulolampes, Larangan, Morodemak) it takes place around the east / southeast season (May-July), while in the eastern region it takes place at the beginning of the eastern season and lasts quite a long time until November (transition season 2) . The catch per unit effort (CPUE, as an abundance index) is thought to be getting lower eastward but accompanied by a longer fishing season.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA KOMPOSISI IKAN TARGET DAN PRESENTASE TUTUPAN KARANG HIDUP DI KEPULAUAN KEI KECIL, MALUKU
Authors: Faricha Ana , Edrus Isa Nagib , Utama Rizkie Satriya , Dzumalex Ahmad R. , Salatalohi Abdullah , Prayuda Bayu
Published: January 2021

Ikan terumbu karang memiliki peranan penting baik secara ekonomi maupun ekologi, namun kondisi terumbu karang termasuk di perairan Indonesia yang menjadi habitat utama ikan karang mengalami degradasi. Penelitian ikan karang sudah banyak dilakukan, namun di Indonesia kondisi habitat ikan karang memiliki karakter yang berbeda-beda. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara komposisi ikan karang target dan tutupan karang hidup. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2019 di Kepulauan Kei Kecil, Maluku. Metode yang digunakan adalah UVC (Underwater Visual Census) untuk data ikan karang dan UPT (Underwater Photo Transect) untuk mengkaji tutupan karang hidup. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 130 spesies ikan karang target yang mewakili 19 famili, dengan variasi jenis ikan target antar lokasi pengamatan berkisar antara 25-66 spesies. Kepadatan rata-rata ikan karang target sebesar 8.811 ± 4.107 Ind/ha, dan biomassa rata-rata 1.335 ± 899 Kg/ha. Komposisi ikan karang target yang memiliki kedekatan dengan tutupan karang hidup yaitu famili Siganidae, Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Holocentridae, dan Pomacentridae. Akan tetapi hubungan tersebut rendah, dan kemungkinan besar ada faktor lain yang mempengaruhi. Reef fishes have an important economic and ecological values. However, the coral reef of the globe including in the most of the Indonesian waters which is the vital habitat for reef fishes is degraded. Study on the reef fishes is an abundance, while the habitat characteristic of reef fishes in Indonesian waters has a differences. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the target reef fishes compositions and the percentage live coral covers. This study was carried out in October 2019 at the Kei Kecil islands, Maluku. The method used in this study is UVC (Underwater Visual Census) for collecting the reef fishes data, and the UPT (Underwater Photo Transect) for assessing the live coral coverage. The result shows that there are about 130 fishes, which representing 19 families, with species variation ranges from 25 to 66 species among the observation sites. The average density of target fishes was about 8.811 ± 4.107 Ind/ha, whereas the average biomass of target fishes was 1,335 ± 899 Kg/ha. The target reef fishes compositions that has relation with live coral covers is family Siganidae, Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Holocentridae, and Pomacentridae. However, this relationship is weak, and may influenced by other factors.
Expresiones de rechazo introducidas por «ni» + constituyente no oracional
Authors: Padilla-Herrada María-Soledad
Published: January 2021

En este trabajo, nos proponemos llevar a cabo un análisis de las expresiones resultantes de la combinación de ni con diversos constituyentes no oracionales (sintagma nominal con preposición, sintagma adjetival, sintagma adverbial, infinitivo, gerundio), del que proceden diversas expresiones de rechazo muy frecuentes en el español coloquial actual (ni hablar, ni pensarlo, ni queriendo, ni soñando, ni de coña, etc.). Partimos de la hipótesis de que las distintas expresiones, a pesar de provenir de categorías base distintas precedidas por ni, presentan un comportamiento discursivo muy similar en el discurso conversacional y presentan un alto grado de fijación. Para realizar esta investigación nos basamos, principalmente, en los intercambios comunicativos recogidos en el Corpus MEsA, el cual está compuesto por discurso procedente de Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube, blogs, foros digitales y páginas web de temática diversa. Tomamos como metodología el modelo de Macrosintaxis de Fuentes Rodríguez (2019a), desarrollado desde la Lingüística Pragmática (Fuentes Rodríguez 2000).
«Mira»/«mira que»: construcciones, contexto argumentativo y funciones relacionales
Authors: Fuentes-Rodríguez Catalina
Published: January 2021

El trabajo se centra en la construcción mira que + cláusula y analiza los valores discursivos que desarrolla cuando se fija en el uso. Utilizando una metodología macrosintáctica y con base en los fundamentos de la gramática de construcciones, describimos su comportamiento distribucional y los contenidos procedimentales que desarrolla. En unos contextos, mira que actúa como intensificador de un término valorativo. En otros, se combina con gerundios, participios o sintagmas con contenido negativo. Aparece en estos casos como enunciado suspendido. En combinaciones con otras oraciones puede actuar como introductor de un argumento justificativo o bien con contenido concesivo antiorientado. El contexto distribucional predetermina la orientación argumentativa de la construcción y la hace funcionar como un elemento discursivo más ligado a lo procedimental.
Inhibition of Clostridium (C.) botulinum and its toxins by probiotic bacteria and their metabolites: An update review
Authors: Alizadeh Adel Mirza , Hashempour-Baltork Fataneh , Alizadeh-Sani Mahmood , Maleki Mohammad , Azizi-Lalabad Maryam , Khosravi-Darani Kianoush
Published: January 2021

Clostridium (C.) botulinum is the causative agent of foodborne poisoning such as botulism, which includes high mortality rates in animals and humans. Probiotic bacteria play critically functional roles in food matrices, as well as agricultural, clinical and nutritional fields. In this review, potentials of various probiotic bacteria and their metabolites to prevent C. botulinum toxicity are reviewed. For this purpose, an introduction about C. botulinum and its mechanisms of action is provided. After a short introduction of probiotic bacteria and their beneficial health effects on humans, the bacterial mechanisms of their action are reviewed. Then bacteriocin production by probiotic bacteria is described. After description of C. botulinum and its neurotoxins, effects of probiotic bacteria on C. botulinum are reviewed with a special focus on effects of the bacterial bacteriocins on this pathogen. Furthermore, physicochemical factors, which show great effects on potential of nisin to prevent growth and toxin production of the bacteria, are introduced. This study has shown that probiotic bacteria and their bacteriocins can be effective on growth, toxin formation and toxicity of C. botulinum. In conclusion, probiotic use in food safety studies can be effective in preventing or treating toxicity of C. botulinum.
Rodzina jako wspólnota życia i miłości wobec wyzwań współczesności
Authors: Łastowska Sylwia
Published: January 2021

Rozprawa doktorska "Rodzina jako wspólnota życia i miłości wobec wyzwań współczesności" dokonuje krytycznej analizy materiałów dydaktycznych do nauczania religii w szkołach gimnazjalnych i licealnych po 2001 roku, ukazując obraz katolickiej rodziny. W oparciu o chrześcijańską koncepcję rodziny, badanie skupia się na jej naturze, relacjach międzyludzkich i osobowych, oraz służbie życiu. Analiza kontekstu ponowoczesnego XXI wieku oraz wpływu cywilizacji na życie rodziny i młodzieży stanowi kluczowy punkt rozprawy. Metoda krytycznej analizy materiałów dydaktycznych, w połączeniu z syntezą różnorodnych treści, pozwala na dogłębne zrozumienie omawianego problemu badawczego.
Philosophical Foundations of René Girard’s Fundamental Antropology
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Shulga Elena
Published: January 2021

Rene Girard (1923–2015) – French philosopher, professor of Stanford University, the member of Acadamie Francaise, the author of numerous works, some of which have recently become accessible to the Russian audience. His most popular books: "Resurrection from the Underground", "Violence and the Sacred", "Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World", "Job, the Victim of His People", "I See Satan Fall Like Lightning", "The Scapegoat". However, Rene Girard's conceptual heritage has not been properly appreciated by philosophers due to the diversity of creative aspirations of the thinker. Most often, he is called a professional philologist, religious scholar, cultural scientist, and his work as an innovator in the field of social and humanitarian sciences is associated with the creation of fundamental anthropology and the theory of culture based on it. Studying the works of Rene Girard is an exciting activity, supposing the immersion in the literary texts and biblical stories analyzed by him. These texts serve the author as a basis for solving the questions of vital importance for human existence and being. The search for answers to vital questions has always concerned both philosophers and theologians. Above all those are the questions related to the grasping of spiritual truths. Not always Girard formulated their meaning directly but through the introducing concepts that reveal the deeper aspects of socially directed human actions, providing these actions with a new categorical meaning. Thus, in the book "The Scapegoat", which will be analyzed in the given paper, the philosopher shows that the human ability to perceive own misery as the punishment for the specific misbehavior or sins is just the superficial point of view and it witnesses of the introvert character of the man/woman. But any personal catastrophe is also a sacrifice – precisely such point of view according to the biblical story of Job not only reconciles the man with life circumstances but raises him over them. Girard shows that the search for external causes that explain human misfortunes or catastrophes on a larger scale runs through the entire history of mankind is reflected in literature, historical and cultural monuments from Sophocles to Jesus. This article is devoted to the interpretation of the main conceptual ideas of Girard from the position of philosophical hermeneutics in order to clarify the philosophical foundations of fundamental anthropology.
Matrix of “Cultural Disadvantage”
Authors:   Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Serkova Vera
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the matrix as a special form of understanding and describing the phenomena of a foreign culture. The principles of the formation of ideas about the "cultural disadvantage" of Russians are analyzed. Over time, the "Western" discourse about Russia becomes more sophisticated and harsher; it can take the form of economic sanctions, political pressure, recommendations, and clothe itself in the form of "soft" and "hard" power. But its structure remains unchanged, which allows us to see the matrix basis of this kind of representations. The matrix construction is used as a set of initial assessments in the attitude of "cultural disadvantage". To analyze the matrix construction as an organization of ideas about a different culture, the authors of the 19th century Germaine de Stael and Astolphe de Custine are involved, who, to varying degrees, expressed their ideas about the "cultural disadvantage" of Russians. In modern discourse, this practice has found expression in the Eurocentric theoretical constructions of S. Huntington and L. Harrison. The contradiction between the Eurocentric thesis about the uniqueness of Western culture and tactical, pragmatic, applied programs of reforming and reformatting non-European cultures according to the European model is shown. The article analyzes the main points of criticism of Eurocentrism by E. Said in his concept of "orientalism". The concept of the "east", in a broad sense, is formed in the European tradition not as an alternative to the West, but as its invention, its quasi-object. "East" is a special tactic of opposing the "center" and the periphery, of historical progress beyond historical immobility. The East does not correlate with the usual scale of periodization of European culture. It always remains backward by definition, due to the absence of Western stages of development (the Enlightenment, as an option – the Renaissance, modernity, imperialism and similar historical periods).
Social Danger of Minors as a Challenge to the National Security of Modern Russia
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Gorbachev Mikhail
Published: January 2021

The socially dangerous situation of minors is one of the most acute and at the same time difficult to solve problems of modern society. In different forms, it takes place in almost all countries of the modern world. The Russian Federation is no exception. The significant economic stratification of Russian society, the growing social inequality, the constant increase in the number of citizens living below the poverty line and a number of other equally important factors create conditions for an increase in the number of minors in a socially dangerous situation. The system of prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency carries out measures for monitoring, accounting, preventive work with the designated social group. The emphasis is on the socio-economic and socio-psychological consequences of the socially dangerous situation of minors. The socio-political aspects of the socially dangerous situation of minors are hardly taken into account. The article is devoted to the study of the socially dangerous situation of minors through the prism of modern challenges to the national security of Russia. The article examines the reasons for the formation of a socially dangerous situation of minors. The possible consequences of a further increase in the number of minors in a socially dangerous situation were identified and described in relation to public and State institutions. The article identifies the challenges to the national security of modern Russia, which may come from the social environment of minors in a socially dangerous situation. New mechanisms of ensuring national security of modern Russia, taking into account the interests of minors in socially dangerous situation, are conceptualized. The empirical base of the article is the data of the system of prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency (2017-2018), data of indices of social and economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation (for the same period of time). The methodological basis of the article is the author's approach, which implies a combination of the theoretical foundations of the system of prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency with the conceptual provisions of the theory of national security.
Transforming the Concept of Human Capital Health in the Context of the COVID-19
Authors:   Tyumen State University, Davydenko Vladimir , Mikhalevich Irina ,   Tyumen State University
Published: January 2021

The situation with the rapid progress of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has become the context for writing this article. The authors believe that the scientific development of sociological topics on the transformation of human capital health should be combined with the socio-philosophical discourse, which is part of modern social theory. The factor of fundamental uncertainty that affects all forms of human existence and universal relations in this context is quite significant. reflections on the universal principles of the world in connection with the coronavirus pandemic led the authors to understand the possibility of an ontological prerequisite for the growth of entropy (disorder) as a spectrum of disorganizing and destructive trends in nature and society, which reflect the modern ways of development of social systems in terms of the dichotomy of order and chaos. The pandemic began to spread rapidly in many countries, and time was lost. The leaders of many countries did not immediately realize that there is a high risk of medical and economic collapse. The proposed article is devoted to topical issues of human health capital in the context of modern shocks / turbulences, which are closely related to both the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus infection in the world and the associated unclear consequences of fundamental uncertainty. The article suggests theories, which formed the basis of the author's vision of problems of the transformation of human health capital: Marx (the commodification of medicine; new methods of production, shifts in global trading patterns); Durkheim (social theory of suicide and anomie; social rituals that shape solidarity); Weber (theory of bureaucratization and rationalization as applied to medicine and health, modern hospitals and clinics); Parsons (the concept of "the role of the patient); Bourdieu (concepts of social capital, habitus, health); Habermas (colonization of medicine and the life-world) and others. The authors believe that the COVID-19 coronavirus as a trigger triggered the socio-economic mechanisms of many systems, exposed the weakest points in the social fabric of various societies and sharply aggravated all the socio-economic imbalances that have accumulated for decades in the world and in Russia.
Institutionalization of the Professional Community of Truck Drivers (On the Example of the Association of Truckers of Yakutia)
Authors:   M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Osipova Maria
Published: January 2021

The impact of the institutionalization of the professional association of truck drivers-truckers of Yakutia on the formation and development of their civic position is analyzed in the article. The paper identifies the main forms of socio-political participation of the professional community of long-distance drivers in Yakutia. For this purpose, we used official documents, data from field studies (2017-2019) conducted by the author in Yakutsk and Tattinsky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia); the author conducted a content analysis of materials of the association of Yakut truckers and mass media published in open access on the internet. The article deals with the all-Russian strike of truck drivers against the introduction of the "Platon" system in 2015, which covered dozens of regions of the country. The strike is considered as one of the prerequisites for the formation of a civil position of the truck drivers community. A key factor in the development of citizenship of Yakut truckers was the creation of the public organization "The Association of Truckers of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)", which marked the beginning of the institutionalization of this professional group. The study revealed that the community of truck drivers is characterized by the following features: civic consciousness of the professional community, social activity, the ability to bear social responsibility in conditions of insufficient existing state measures to support the population of remote and hard-to-reach settlements. Correlation of professional and social activity of truckers of Yakutia is revealed. The content and nature of the work of truck drivers, which are associated with the provision of life in the North and in the Arctic, determine their value orientations and civic position. The conclusion is formulated: the successful process of institutionalization of the professional community has an impact on the formation of the civic position of truck drivers in the region. The author believes that further study of the social practices of professional communities is a promising direction in the context of the development of civil society.
Análise da ação de saúde ocular do Programa Saúde na Escola no Brasil de 2014 a 2019: um estudo transversal
Authors: Fernandes Lucas Agustinho , Köptcke Luciana Sepúlveda
Published: January 2021

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a ação de saúde ocular do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) no Brasil, a partir do sistema de monitoramento das ações do programa. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo, sobre dados do Sistema de Informação em Saúde para a Atenção Básica (SISAB) referentes ao período de 2014 a 2019. Resultados: Foram observados 153.073 atividades da ação de saúde ocular do PSE e 5.697.109 participantes. Houve um incremento de 65,1% das atividades, no período 2014-2019. O número médio de ações realizadas nas escolas pactuadas foi de 4,35 (IC95% 4,00;4,70). A média nacional de cobertura da ação foi de 8,32% (IC95% 6,31;10,33) no período. No ano de 2019, 15.325 estudantes foram identificados com alterações visuais. Conclusão: Constatou-se que as intervenções de saúde ocular do PSE têm crescido ao longo dos anos no país, contribuindo para a prevenção da deficiência visual e cegueira dos estudantes brasileiros.
Old English Riddle No. 39
Authors: von Erhardt-Siebold Erika
Published: January 2021

Like the Old English poem 74 on metempsychosis, which will soon be discussed in another article, the present poem 39 has puzzled Anglo-Saxon scholars ever since Dietrich in 1859 suggested the solution Day. Later proposals, Time and Moon, are hardly more convincing than the first. In presenting here the solution Hypostasis Death I wish to say that I consider it to be supported not only by the contents of the poem, but also by historical material, from which it may be concluded that during the early Middle Ages speculative theologians inclined towards the belief in the reality of death.
Topical Outline of Subject Matter in the Berlin MS Germ. Quart. 414
Authors: Schroeder Mary Juliana
Published: January 2021

Scholars and students interested in doing research work in Meistergesang will find Berlin 414 an important MS for this genre. In content, for example, it has more to offer even than the famed Kolmar MS or the Dresden M 13.

True, the Kolmar MS is in the lead numerically, as it lists more poems or Lieder than the Berlin 414, but in handling the Karl Bartsch edition of the MS, the author frequently felt that it was unsatisfactory and had many limitations when the checking of the contents was concerned, since there are but 203 Lieder completely printed out of the 940 poems. In the Berlin MS we find just about every one of the 398 poems given in their entirety.
Herder, Percy, and the Song of Songs
Authors: Clark Robert T.
Published: January 2021

In view of the long-recognized influence of Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry upon Johann Gottfried Herder's literary theory, especially upon his “Sturm und Drang” essays and Volkslieder, it comes as a surprise to note that Herder's Lieder der Liebe (1778), containing his German translation of the Biblical Song of Songs as well as his commentary thereon, omits all reference to Percy's earlier English translation and commentary, The Song of Solomon, Newly Translated from the Original Hebrew (1764). To be sure, Percy's work (like Herder's own) appeared anonymously. But in the eighteenth century there were ways of discovering the identity of anonymous writers, as both Percy and Herder knew to their chagrin. Yet in none of Herder's works is there any reference to Percy's Song of Solomon, and in none of his published letters is there any mention of the little book. When one considers Herder's usual scholarly habit of documentation and his willingness to acknowledge sources, one must conclude that he was ignorant of Percy's work. One can speak, naturally, of a permeating influence of the Reliques on this work of Herder's, as one can speak of such an influence on any of his writings. In fact, the thesis of the following pages is that this very influence, fused with a few others having the common denominator of folk-poetry, led Herder to a conception of the Song of Songs quite different from that reached by Percy himself and strikingly similar to Percy's theory in one point only: a negative attitude toward the theory of J. D. Michaelis, which was known to both. The contrast between Herder's and Percy's views of the supposedly Solomonic Song of Songs throws an interesting light upon the critical approach of Herder to a document that could fit perfectly into his definition of poetry as “eine Welt- und Völkergabe” and illustrates the peculiar use he made of the Reliques (along with some other, later works) in the support of his original theory of poetry, which differed so remarkably from that of Percy.
Swift and Keats
Authors: Briggs H. E.
Published: January 2021

Swift's influence on Keats has gone unrecognized although Keats refers to Swift in several of his letters, imitates his style on occasion, and, I believe, incorporates reminiscences of Swift's work in at least five of his poems. The evidence to be given seeks to explain several hitherto unexplained references in Keats's letters, to clarify a much-debated passage in I Stood Tip-toe, and to show the persistence in Keats's mind of a favorite image. Incidentally it reveals something about Keats's methods of composition; and it shows how Swift was regarded by Hazlitt, Keats, and their circle, calls attention to Keats's early and long-continued interest in Homer (whose work he first knew in Pope's translation), and indicates in Keats a catholicity of taste and an interest in satire to which perhaps more attention might be paid.
The First English Pattern Poems
Authors: Church Margaret
Published: January 2021

Pattern poetry is verse which by the varying length of its lines forms a picture or design. Although most readers have noticed Herbert's “Easter Wings” or some of the fanciful shapes in Carolyn Wells' Whimsey Anthology, few have realized that these verses are forms which have come down to the modern era from Greek literature and possibly from even earlier oriental writings. My purpose in this article is to bring to light still one more influence which the Greek Anthology exerted on English literature in the sixteenth century and to discuss the first English poets who began to write shaped verses, forerunners of hundreds of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century patterns in poetry.
A Consideration of La Terre Australe Connue by Gabriel de Foigny
Authors: Patrick J. Max
Published: January 2021

Libertinism, independent in spirit, anarchistic in morals, hostile to tradition, and scornful of revealed religion, was a necessary prelude to reforms in seventeenth and eighteenth century France: it helped to break down the ideological sanctions of monarchy, feudalism, and Catholicism, and to clear the way for the philosophes and the Revolution. Although Gabriel de Foigny (1630-92) ranks primarily as such a libertine, he was more than a mere iconoclast. Lachévre sees only the destructive element in his life and writings: he regards him as a lover of license and scandal, “un vulgaire paillard, un deséquilibre complet”; but other writers acknowledge the presence of a more positive side to his work. Lichtenberger and Girsberger notice Foigny's utopia, La Terre Australe Connue (“Vannes,” i.e., Geneva, 1676) as a precursor of socialism and communism. Lanson sees in it an early evidence of the philosophic spirit and stresses Foigny's importance as a popularizer of rationalism. Atkinson shows the place of the utopia “between the exaggerated account of voyages actually made and the more perfect form of philosophical-social-exotic novel” which followed it. Wijngaarden relates it to the economic and social background in France, judges it as a reaction against the French governmental system, and finds its chief value in its criticism of institutions and mores. Hazard follows these critics in relating La Terre Australe Connue to the utopias of Veiras, Tyssot de Patot, and Cyrano de Bergerac. He goes on to show the place of such fanciful novels of adventure, social satire, and reform in the whole critical era which undermined the French seventeenth century and brought the Age of Enlightenment. The purpose of the present article is to supplement and develop some of the ideas of these scholars by showing more particularly how Foigny's utopia was conditioned by its author's personality and experience, by throwing new light on the symbolism which he employs, and by interpreting the adventures of the hero, Sadeur, in terms of these symbols.
Sovereignty in Chrétien's Yvain
Authors: Adler Alfred
Published: January 2021

Revaluating one of Professor Nitze's earlier suggestions, I have tried to use the concept of sovereignty for the understanding of the composition of Chrétien's Erec. This controversial concept, a husband's patriarchal sovereignty in the atmosphere of Arthurian courtliness, will be shown in this paper to be a constituent factor in Yvain, the most mature of the romances completed by Chrétien himself. Hitherto not discussed in the impressive literature, this question, one of sens, cannot be developed without some discussion of the several widely divergent views on the matière and will seem less confusing, if we begin by studying the final phase (vss. 6527 ff.), and, then, work retrospectively toward the main plot and the beginning of the romance.
New Light on Oriental Sources for Wolfram's Parzival and Other Grail Romances
Authors: Adolf Helen
Published: January 2021

Did Wolfram have any other sources beside Chrétien? Opinions are still divided. According to Fourquet, he used only two different Chrétien Mss. Weber assumes three additional sources, one for the “Enfances Perceval,” another for books i and ii, and a third one, which he considered an alchemistic writing, for the Grail. Schneider, summing up the investigations of scholars in his history of MHG literature, holds that Wolfram must have known, beside Chrétien, a Grail story in Oriental setting. My own research has gone in a similar direction and like Schneider, I am indebted to the pioneers in this field, to Veselovskij and Singer, founders of the Ethiopian theory.
Broch's Death of Vergil: Program Notes
Authors: Weigand Hermann J.
Published: January 2021

The book to be discussed brings to mind a fascinating chapter of the fossil record of the evolution of life. Some two hundred million years ago, the geologists tell us, the Ammonites began to make their appearance among the crustaceans. Starting from modest and primitive beginnings, they were destined for a notable future. In the course of ages a million times beyond the span of human memory they grew in size and complexity, attaining to functional perfection of their chambered septa and streamlined beauty of their spiral convolutions. They grew in numbers until they came to dominate the scene of teeming marine life. Then a change set in. The conservative classical form of the shell gave way to striking variations. It is as if the ingenuity of the race had suddenly abandoned itself to an orgy of formal experiments. The curves became more intricate and capricious, producing a bewildering variety of scallops and flutings, spirals and fantastic ornaments and an equally bewildering range of sizes and proportions. The whole genus seemed to be off balance, to be skidding erratically along the screen of evolutionary Time. Then, suddenly, when this giddy orgy seemed to have reached its climax the whole genus disappeared, as though a relentless hand had blotted it from the screen once and for all.
“A Severe Animadversion on Bossu”
Authors: Douglas Loyd
Published: January 2021

An error has been committed at the expense of René Le Bossu, the noted seventeenth-century critic of the epic; and its elimination is important not only in justice to “the learned Bossu” but in correcting a widely accepted misinterpretation of one of our foremost English writers. Furthermore, in addition to affording belated personal justice, the correction will reveal a notable example of the unconscious influence of party spirit in criticism and scholarship, as a result of which cool and informed appraisal is sacrificed to the pleasure of ridicule.
Faust und die Natur (Schluß)
Authors: Jockers Ernst
Published: January 2021

Es ist hier der Ort zu einer Erwägung allgemeiner Art. Man mag Helena naïv als absolute Vertreterin des griechischen, rein formalen Schönheitsideals, oder, wie wir, als eine durch romantische Ironie gebrochene und daher relativierte Spiegelung dieses Ideals betrachten. In der Schlußfolgerung, daß Faust dieser erneuten Versuchung zum Verweilen im schönen Augenblick nicht unterliegt, wird man zusammenkommen müssen. Das Reich der Schönheit hat für den hemmungslosen Willen keine haltende Kraft. Auch es ist nur ein Durchgangspunkt zu einer höheren Stufe. Wenn es also nur darum geht, dann ist alles in Ordnung. Faust wird nicht faul; er hat seine strebende Seele gerettet und äußerlich dem Teufel obgesiegt. Aber es handelt sich ja nicht allein darum, daß Fausts Tätigkeit höher wird. Sie muß—und das scheint uns das Entscheidende—auch “reiner” werden. Eine Erhöhung des Orts und selbst eine Beschränkung des Wirkungsfelds allein tun das nicht. Diese verändern wohl das Ziel, aber nicht die Immanenz des Willens. Wenn dieser die Idee, anstatt sie zu vergewaltigen, nicht in sich aufnimmt, dann hat alle Orts- und Zielveränderung geringen Wert. So lange Goethe seinen Faust nur durch die materielle Welt (Auerbachs Keller, Osterspaziergang, Gretchenerlebnis, Kaiserhof) führte, brauchte er sich um diese esoterische Seite des Problems nicht zu kümmern. Mit der Helenatragödie aber tritt Faust in das Reich des reinen Geistes ein, der sich ihm im Abglanz der Helena als Kunst objektiviert. Da dieser Geist “ewigen Wesens” und “den Göttern ebenbürtig” ist, erhebt sich die Frage, ob er in dieser Form sittlich-erzieherische Wirkung ausübt, d.h., ob die Kunst die Aufgabe der Ethik und Religion übernehmen kann.
Cooper and the Barbary Coast
Authors: Scudder Harold H.
Published: January 2021

In his preface to Homeward Bound Cooper tells the reader that this book

… was commenced with a sole view to exhibit the present state of society the United States, through the agency in part, of a set of characters with different peculiarities, who had freshly arrived from Europe, and to whom the distinctive features of the country would be apt to present themselves with greater force, than to those who had never lived beyond the influence of the things portrayed. By the original plan, the work was to open at the threshold of the country, or with the arrival of the travellers at Sandy Hook, from which point the tale was to have been carried regularly forward to its conclusion. But a consultation with others has left little more of these plan than the hatter's friends left of his sign. As a vessel was introduced in the first chapter, the cry was for “more ship,” until the work has become “all ship”; it actually closing at, or near, the spot where it was originally intended it should commence.
Hebbel, Grillparzer, and the Wiener Kreis
Authors: Lasher-Schlitt Dorothy
Published: January 2021

From the time Friedrich Hebbel arrived in Vienna in 1845 until his death there eighteen years later, he moved in the same literary and social milieu as Grillparzer. It is well known that a certain aloofness, amounting almost to hostility, existed between them. What, however, has not been fully explained, is the reason underlying it. While some sources state that these two great contemporary dramatists did not like one another as individuals, and others claim that they did not appreciate each other as writers, no one attempt has been made to evaluate all the factors involved. A recent doctoral dissertation does go into the relationship of Hebbel to Grillparzer, but not too fully. Robert B. Nance, its author, writes regarding Hebbel: “Personal feeling often played a large part in influencing his opinions of contemporary authors, particularly in the case of Gutzkow, Laube and Grillparzer, for this reason his relationship with these men has been sketched briefly.” Because the statements of friends and contemporaries are biased and often contradictory, Nance has used them as little as possible in arriving at Hebbel's real criticism. This is only too true. These very friends and contemporaries have, however, played an important part in coloring the evaluations of most scholars who studied the relationship of Hebbel and Grillparzer. Since Hebbel himself was biased and inconsistent in his attitude toward Grillparzer and since Grillparzer, too, expressed himself on numerous occasions about Hebbel, it is important to study all the existing sources to see to what extent they may be reconciled to support or refute any one explanation. This is the purpose of this article.
Players and Painted Stage: Nineteenth Century Acting
Authors: Downer Alan S.
Published: January 2021

In an earlier paper, I undertook to show that the style of acting in the serious drama of the eighteenth century closely paralleled the general interest of the century in the imitation of nature—of nature methodized. Four principal “schools,” varying in technique but not in purpose, were examined: Betterton, the Cibber-Booth-Wilks Triumvirate, Macklin-Garrick, and Kemble-Siddons. The fourth school, with which the paper arbitrarily ended, extends well beyond the eighteenth century and provides a natural introduction to the study of acting techniques in the Romantic and Victorian periods. Like the eighteenth, the nineteenth century is primarily a century of great actors rather than great plays, and it is to the actors, rather than to the playwrights, that we must turn to find the theatrical expression of the spirit of the times. Edmund Kean and William C. Macready represent the earlier and later stages of romanticism as accurately as Shelley and Tennyson, and Victorianism is as plainly marked in Alfred Wigan and Irving as in Ruskin or Trollope.
Housman's Poetic Method: His Lecture and His Notebooks
Authors: Haber Tom Burns
Published: January 2021

When A. E. Housman late one afternoon in May 1933 was delivering his Leslie Stephen Lecture on “The Name and Nature of Poetry,” there may have been some nodding heads in the Senate House audience, but only up to the moment he began to speak of his own methods of composition. He had over the years earned a reputation for the obduracy with which he repelled inquiry into this forbidden subject, but on this occasion he ended with a personal confession which his hearers debated long after they forgot his definition of poetry.
The Wings of the Dove and The Portrait of a Lady: A Study of Henry James's Later Phase
Authors: Sandeen Ernest
Published: January 2021

I whatever henry James's feelings may have been toward his favorite “Albany cousin,” Mary (“Minny”) Temple, while she lived, it is clear that at her death in 1870, she left with him an indelible image that made available to him as a writer large areas of human experience. This image figured more or less obscurely in several of his stories and minor female characters but according to his own testimony was most fully and consciously operative in his creation of Isabel Archer in The Portrait of a Lady and of Milly Theale in The Wings of the Dove.
Monologue Intérieur: The Origins of the Formula and the First Statement of its Possibilities
Authors: Struve Gleb
Published: January 2021

Who “Invented” the monologue intérieur or “inner monologue” as a literary device? And who was the first to coin and use this literary formula? These two questions have been for some time a matter for debate. Edouard Dujardin, in a book which was a mixture of naive arrogance with interesting and penetrating observations, defended somewhat heatedly his own priority as the “inventor” of this literary method, and dismissed rather airily various rival claims put forth on behalf of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Poe, Browning, and others, by André Gide, Charles du Bos, and René Lalou. Dujardin's own priority had been recognized by Joyce, whom Dujardin himself regarded as the most thorough and perfect practitioner of the method initiated by him, and by Valery Larbaud, who had applied the formula to Joyce's Ulysses and later practiced the method himself.
Herder und der Sprachlaut
Authors: Funke Von Erich
Published: January 2021

Unter den großen deutschen Schriftstellern des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts hat sich keiner gründlicher und umfassender mit dem Problem der Sprache befaßt als Herder. Nicht nur in seiner berühmten Preisschrift vom Ursprung der Sprache, in der er Süßmilchs Wundertheorie zurückweist und den natürlichen Ursprung der Sprache und ihre organische Entwicklung im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung des menschlichen Geistes verficht, sondern auch in zahlreichen anderen seiner Schriften behandelt er das Wesen der Sprache und kommt immer wieder, bald in systematischer Darstellung, bald in eingestreuten geistvollen Bemerkungen, auf dieses ihm am Herzen liegende Problem zurück.
Milton's Alleged Ramism
Authors: Duhamel P. Albert
Published: January 2021

Recent scholarship has tended to overstress Milton's adherence to Ramism and to overlook his significant deviations in both theory and practice. The distrust of the human thought processes in theoretical or practical deliberation and the faith in the immediate intuitive perception of logical relations, which is the ultra-spiritual epistemology implied throughout the Ramistic logics, were much more in keeping with the enthusiasm of the radical sects of the seventeenth century than with the rationalism of Milton. Milton was an independent thinker in logical matters as elsewhere and the balance of scholarly evaluation is in need of some readjustment.