bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability of Thyroid Hormones in Newborns from Mothers with Endemic Goiter
Authors: Tolkunovna Turdieva Shokhida , Kamalovna Ganieva Durdona
Published: April 2024

Background:

The study of thyroid status and its influence on neonatal and postneonatal development of newborns from mothers with endemic goiter (EG) is one of the topical areas of modern endocrinology.

Objective:

The study of thyroid hormone levels in newborns born to women with endemic goiter.

Materials and Methods:

The design of the study is based on a randomized controlled method, taking into account the requirements of CONSORT, with distribution into mutually comparable study groups. A study was carried out on 68 newborns born to women with EG. Methods included the collection of history and study of thyroid hormone levels in neonates and women in labor.

Results:

In newborns born from women with EG, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in cord blood averaged 15.6 ± 0.87 mIU/l, which is 22.38% higher compared to the control group (P = 0.038). The difference between free triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in newborns from mothers with EG in comparison to the control group was below 8.57% and 4.29%, respectively. In the 1st month of life, a lag in weight gain was noted by an average of 9.57% concerning practically healthy newborns.

Conclusions:

In newborns from women with EG, there was a decrease in T4 – 4.29% and T3 – 8.57%, against the background of an increase in the level of TSH to 22.38% in the cord blood relative to children from the control group. These fluctuations may persist in the 1st month of life and manifest as a delay in weight gain.
Addressing High-value Care with Generative Pretrained Transformer 4
Authors: Singh Jassimran , Agrawal Aditi , Perkit Navya Reddy
Published: April 2024

Background:

High-value care emphasizes services offering significant health benefits, aligning with patient preferences while minimizing costs and interventions of little benefit. This approach is increasingly vital in a healthcare environment constrained by finite resources and rising costs. Large Language Models (LLMs) like Generative Pretrained transformer-4 (GPT-4), with their vast data processing capabilities, offer a promising avenue for supporting healthcare providers in making evidence-based, high-value care decisions.

Aims:

This study aims to evaluate the performance of OpenAI’s GPT-4 in providing responses to high-value care clinical scenarios within internal medicine, assessing its accuracy, relevance, and reasoning against established medical guidelines and literature.

Materials and Methods:

An observational study was conducted using MKSAP-19’s high-value care questions, comparing GPT-4’s responses to the correct answers based on established studies, trials, and guidelines. The study did not involve real patient data, circumventing the need for Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. Performance metrics focused on the accuracy, relevance, and consistency of GPT-4’s answers.

Results:

GPT-4 demonstrated a 74.4% accuracy rate (32 out of 43 questions) across a range of high-value care clinical scenarios, including image-based questions. Errors made by GPT-4 were similar to those by medical residents using MKSAP-19, suggesting areas for model improvement and potential educational applications. The study detailed GPT-4’s decision-making pattern, emphasizing its clinical reasoning capabilities.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that GPT-4 can significantly support high-value care in internal medicine by providing accurate, evidence-based responses to complex clinical scenarios. Despite its limitations, including a 25.6% error rate and the scope of its training data, GPT-4’s performance indicates its potential as both a clinical and educational tool in healthcare.
Assessing the Quality of Patient Referrals from Primary Care Physicians at the South-West Regional Health Authority, Trinidad, 2019
Authors: Dharamraj Kavita , Maharaj Nalini , Daniel Maria , Ramadhin Kevin , Lalla Pedram
Published: April 2024

Aim:

To assess the adequacy and justification of referrals from primary care physicians (PCPs) to specialized care services.

Methods:

Descriptive, retrospective, and cross-sectional. In 2019, 1810 patient referrals from over 46 PCPs working at 23 centers, obtained through consecutive convenient sampling were reviewed. Parameters of the referral were assessed using the “South-West Regional Health Authority Tool for Assessing the Adequacy of Outgoing Referrals from Primary Health Care (PHC),” by senior PCPs. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the proportions of the degree of adequacy and completeness of referral parameters and the distribution of referral scores; referral rates; proportion of referrals to specialized care services and proportion of justified and unjustified referrals.

Results:

The referral rate was 5.28%. In terms of adequacy and completeness: Demographics - 77.96% - partially adequately completed; diagnoses - 91.65% adequately completed; History - 83.82% partially adequately completed; Examination findings - 43.70% - adequately completed. In 57.54% of referrals, the treatment given was not completed. In most referrals, sections that were adequately completed include recent labs - 57.54%; current medications - 48.83%; footer - 55.20%. The scores ranged from 5 to 21; median - 15 and mode - 16. Based on the senior PCPs’ perception, 94.36% of the outgoing referrals were justified. Most patients, 63.84%, were referred to the outpatient clinics and 33.89% to the emergency department.

Conclusions:

Most referrals were justified. The adequacy can further be assessed by an expert panel of end-users. Addressing gaps identified in the referral system should enable cost-effective use of specialized and PHC services.
Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws – Practitioner’s Update
Authors: Simon Deepti
Published: April 2024

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is a comparatively recent addition to the panel of pathologies affecting the jawbones. Its clinical presentation shares features with radiation osteonecrosis and osteomyelitis. Imprudent dental procedures may initiate the cascade of events that lead to irreversible changes that impact the QOL of vulnerable patients. Hence, a working knowledge of this entity is imperative.
Combining Lexical, Host, and Content-based features for Phishing Websites detection using Machine Learning Models
Authors: Hamadouche Samiya , Boudraa Ouadjih , Gasmi Mohamed
Published: April 2024

In cybersecurity field, identifying and dealing with threats from malicious websites (phishing, spam, and drive-by downloads, for example) is a major concern for the community. Consequently, the need for effective detection methods has become a necessity. Recent advances in Machine Learning (ML) have renewed interest in its application to a variety of cybersecurity challenges. When it comes to detecting phishing URLs, machine learning relies on specific attributes, such as lexical, host, and content based features. The main objective of our work is to propose, implement and evaluate a solution for identifying phishing URLs based on a combination of these feature sets. This paper focuses on using a new balanced dataset, extracting useful features from it, and selecting the optimal features using different feature selection techniques to build and conduct acomparative performance evaluation of four ML models (SVM, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and XGBoost). Results showed that the XGBoost model outperformed the others models, with an accuracy of 95.70% and a false negatives rate of 1.94%.
Analisis Sentimen Opini Masyarakat Terhadap Tech Winter Pada Twitter Menggunakan Natural Language Processing
Authors: Fauzianto Rifky Aziz , Supatman
Published: April 2024

Sektor teknologi secara berkala mengalami fluktuasi, dan istilah "Tech Winter" telah diciptakan untuk menggambarkan periode penurunan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sentimen masyarakat terhadap Tech Winter di Twitter, memanfaatkan kemampuan Natural Language Processing (NLP). Dengan menggunakan berbagai model NLP—Regresi Logistik, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, Neural Network, dan Naive Bayes—penelitian ini membandingkan efektivitas mereka dalam menafsirkan sentimen yang diungkapkan dalam tweet. Temuan menawarkan pemahamantentang opini publik selama periode ini dan mengungkapkan model NLP yang paling efektif untuk analisis sentimen.
Perception of students and teachers regarding the attributes of an effective clinical teacher in dentistry: a cross-sectional analytical study
Authors: Sultan Rooha , Azim Rubaba , Adnan Nooreen , Khan Sohail Ahmed , Saleem Omema
Published: April 2024

Objectives: To compare the perception of dental students and faculty members regarding the attributes of effective clinical teachers.
Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from August 2021 to November 2021, and comprised third and final year dental students and associated clinical faculty members from in three dental colleges in the city. Data was collected using the modified version of a pre-validated questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 25.
Results: Of the 200 students approached, 169(84.5%) responded; 135(79.9%) females and 34(20.1%) males with mean age 21.78±1.099 years (range: 19-26 years). Of the 59 teachers approached, 49(83%) responded; 33(67.3%) females and 16(32.7%) males with mean age 31.59±5.041 years (range: 23-49 years). The students found record-keeping a tiresome task (42%), while teachers regarded it essential for clinical development. Unlike teachers, the students were unable to identify the relevance of clinical objectives and they also did not appreciate teachers’ involvement in clinical procedures. For other domains regarding personal traits, teaching methods and clinical skills, both groups had similar responses.
Conclusion: There was generally a similarity of opinions among students and teachers regarding the essential qualities of effective dental clinical teaching.
Key Words: Dental education, Clinical teaching, Competent clinical teacher.
Feasibility Study of using Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer rebars as Reinforcement in Concrete
Authors: Dr. A. M. ArunMohan  , Ms. S. Bharathi  , Ms. D. Priyanka
Published: April 2024

Glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars are those materials made from the glass fibers in a polymeric matrix. The use of the glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars in modern world has proved to be advantageous in the civil infrastructures due to its corrosive resistant nature. Not only to this advantage, the GFRP rebars are light in weight and can be transported and handled easily with high factor of safety. The other mechanical characteristics of GFRP rebars such as non-conductive to electricity and heat makes them an ideal choice for specific infrastructures like hospitals and industries. Because they serve to be long lasting rebars than steel rebars they are considered to be cost effective product as not much maintenance is required. In this study the steel rebars and GFRP rebars are placed as reinforcement in the concrete cement and is compared with respect to the flexural property with each other for the feasibility of reinforcement. The beams of cross section 100mm x 100mm of length 500mm with 12mm diameter of GFRP rebars and steel rebars are tested for flexural behavior. This paper also attempts to present the knowledge why the use of GFRP rebars is not common in some area’s despite of their various advantages.
ASPEK KELUARGA SAKINAH DALAM BIDANG PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Zulkarnain Zulkarnain Mubhar , Radina
Published: April 2024

Pendidikan Islam (agama) dalam keluarga meliputi segala aspek, bukan hanya dalam konteks ritual ibadah melainkan di segala aspek penunjang keluarga. Misal, suami istri harus paham pendidikan seks menurut Islam agar suami dalam “mencampuri” istrinya tetap memperhatikan etika dan hukum tentang hal-hal yang dibolehkan serta hal-hal yang diharamkan agar hal ini bukan hanya ajang pelampiasan seks semata tetapi bernilai ibadah dan mendapatkan pahala di sisi Allah swt. kenapa hal ini perlu diketahui? Karena halhal yang dianggap sepele bisa menjadi masalah besar di kemudian hari apabila tidak dipahami dengan jelas. Begitu pula halnya dengan pendidikan lain. Di sinilah peranaan pendidikan Islam (agama) sebagai pondasi diperlukan.
Financial Development and Economic Growth in Tanzania
Authors: MANG’ATI Frank Peter , AGYEI Bright ANTWI , AMPEDU Raphael
Published: April 2024

This research emphasizes the discovery of both short-term and long-term causal linkages between financial development and economic growth within Tanzania. It undertakes a thorough exploration of the dynamics at play between these two determinants, diverging from many previous investigations by using two indicators to measure domestic financial evolution: The allocation of credit to the private sector in relation to GDP, alongside the comparison of broad money supply (M2) and its correlation with GDP expansion. The study employs an assortment of statistical methodologies, including Granger causality analysis within a pairwise framework, Vector Error Correction Model, Johansen-Juselius cointegration test for Granger cointegration, along with Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for examining stationarity. The objective of this research was to investigate the causality that exists between financial development and economic growth within Tanzania. Utilizing time series data spanning from 1980 to 2012, the findings of the investigation demonstrate a steady correlation across all indicators of financial development and economic growth. Moreover, the analysis elucidates a bidirectional linkage: it highlights a supply-leading mechanism prevailing over both short-term and long-term spans that links financial development with economic growth, accompanied by an analogous demand-following reaction relationship. The research implies that measures should be initiated to enhance the efficiency of financial sectors, which will expedite economic advancement in Tanzania. Furthermore, it is imperative for the government to intensify its initiatives in applying economic policy incentives to foster the growth of the financial sector within the economy.
O USO DE TERAPIA FÁGICA NO TRATAMENTO DE DOENÇAS PROVOCADAS POR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SUPER RESISTENTES
Authors: Brito Novaes Jakeline , Queiroz dos Santos Camila , Chagas Sousa Cardoso Yasmin , De Oliveira  Pacheco Messias
Published: April 2024

O uso indiscriminado de antibióticos resultou no surgimento de superbactérias, como Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) e Streptococcus pneumoniae resistente à penicilina (PNSSP). A resistência bacteriana é uma preocupação global de saúde pública, prevendo-se até 10 milhões de mortes anuais devido a bactérias super-resistentes até 2050. Para enfrentar esse desafio, este trabalho está focado em uma revisão bibliográfica para analisar a terapia fágica, uma promissora alternativa. Bacteriófagos, vírus que infectam e destroem bactérias, são considerados seus predadores naturais e têm sido estudados como agentes terapêuticos devido à sua especificidade e eficácia na eliminação bacteriana. Além do tratamento de infecções, a terapia com fagos é usada na vigilância de saúde pública, incluindo a detecção de contaminações em água e alimentos. O ciclo de reprodução dos bacteriófagos envolve o reconhecimento e adsorção à célula hospedeira, síntese de proteínas virais e lise bacteriana. Neste estudo, abordaremos o potencial da terapia fágica no combate às infecções por MRSA, oferecendo uma alternativa promissora para enfrentar a crescente ameaça das superbactérias.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EMOTIONAL DIMENSION IN PRODUCTS DESIGN
Authors: Leila Dr. Hamdada , Amina Dr. Benkouider
Published: April 2024

The current study aims to highlight the importance of the emotional and affective aspects in products design, as design based on emotions is a relatively recent trend in the field of product design, and it stems from the idea that the contemporary consumer no longer cares only about the product and its content or function, but rather what it raises Products of positive emotions motivate him and improve his quality of life (of course along with the functional requirements of the product). The emotional dimension of the product would be an important factor in the success of marketing the product more than the functional aspect because it affects the consumer's decision to buy the product. Accordingly, emotional content-oriented design has gained great importance in design practices and design research, and this is what this scientific paper sought to highlight by discussing a group of theoretical and empirical literature, starting with highlighting the concept of both emotion and emotional design, then emotional design theories in addition to the classification and characteristics The emotions of the product, as well as the criteria for selecting the product, and finally the methods of incorporating the emotion into the product
TRANSLITERATION OF SOME MODERN TERMS
Authors: Abdul Ghaffour Muhammad Salah/Al-Nahrain Prof.Dr Aula
Published: April 2024

Since Arabs become in contact with foreign cultures and languages,They start using foreign words in a way that goes with the Arabic rules of articulation(المعربات: Arabized items)which are different from what is called( االستعارة:borrowing).It stands for a word that is brought to Arabic without any changes in pronunciation. Besides,(التولد:coinage)meaning a newly coined term, word or phrase. Such three concepts are distinguished as a means to explain their type, then analyzing them according to the phonological, semantic and syntactic levels
THE HEALTH CRISIS OF COVID 19 AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ALGERIAN ECONOMY
Authors: Bensaoula Dr. Sarah
Published: April 2024

Algeria, in the midst of a pandemic, is facing a triple crisis: oil, economic, and health. As a result of the Covid 19 crisis, oil prices are falling, thus disrupting the already vulnerable and fragile Algerian macroeconomic environment. In this context, this paper discusses the economic effects of the Covid spread and determines the economic policy recovery measures taken by the Algerian government.
NEGATIVE VALUES INCLUDED IN ALGERIAN ADVERTISING FILMS
Authors: Hammoune Researcher. Karim
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to dismantle the advertising message and try to understand its semiological structure and extract the negative values it contains according to the value perspective of Algerian society, and this study also gives an awareness service to the consumer audience of television advertising that what we receive from the flashes are not transient images, but rather discourses saturated with ideas and ideologies whose symbolic content penetrates the structure of the social self. The importance of the subject is highlighted by the wide spread of advertising discourses, which has become attached to us in the streets, public places and the media, especially television, due to its ability to persuade and report, and what increases the enthusiasm and importance of the topic is that it studies the value relationship between locally produced advertising and the values of Algerian society, which is more useful to be a protector of social ties and supportive of culture and traditions and maintain religious standards, but these links are driven by the reproduction of ready-made models sometimes or the design and innovation of others to carry the contents Negative, whether it is declared and evident through iconographic and linguistic functions or hidden and embedded in the folds of these discourses
THE FORMS OF SEMANTIC CONSTRUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS IN THE HEBREW LANGUAGE )THE LINGUISTIC AND LITERARY STUDIES THEMES(
Authors: Ayad Qasem Alwardy Dr. Zena
Published: April 2024

Terminology expresses what the speaker can use and discover of new terms that are derived to express new and innovative concepts in the world. This study highlights the forms of semantic construction of scientific terms in the Hebrew language, The Hebrew language, like all other languages, trying to simulate the global civilization, and scientific development, by devising terms to name the new scientific concepts in various scientific and cognitive fields. Our research is limited to the semantic ways in which scientific terms were created in the Hebrew scientific lexicon, by the semantic aspect, the meaning is changed by many ways، either borrowing meaning from the Hebrew language itself, like metaphor (מיטאפורה(, metonymy (מיטנומיה(, or borrowing meaning from other languages. This study is present the characteristics of scientific terms in the Hebrew language and reveals the differences between these terms and the ordinary words in Hebrew language, and how it is formulated semantically, by Using scientific terms from all scientific fields.
COMPARING EQUATING ERRORS ON VARIOUS FACTORS FOR SUBTESTS WHICH HAVE ADDED VALUE
Authors: Uçar Arzu , Sünbül Önder
Published: April 2024

In this study dichotomous data which was according with two parameter logistic model (2PLM) was produced for form X and form Y. R 3.1.1. programming language was used to produce data. Each test form had two subtest. Ancor test had two subtest, too. Its’ subtest length was 40% of total test form X (Y). For both forms, corelation between subtests were altered in two level (0.70, 0.80 and 0.90). Moreover, average difficulty difference between subtest of form X and Y were altered in three levels (0.0, 0.4 and 0.7). Simulated forms were equated by using identity, chained linear, Braun/Holland and circle-arc methods for six different sample size (20, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500) with 100 replications. The results obtained from this simulation study were evaluated based on equating error criterions.
The findings indicated in the case when sample size was 100 and more, subtest length was 10, 15 and 30 and the level of average difficulty difference between form 0.0, it was concluded that equating forms would give better results than not equating. Furthermore circle-arc method was found to less equating error than other equating methods under most of the conditions studied.
A Reading of Beowulf
Authors: Irving ,   Jr. Edward B.
Published: April 2024

A Reading of Beowulf by Edward B. Irving, Jr. and published originally in 1958 by Yale University Press, is reissued here in 1999 after spending many years out of print. Professor Paul Thomas, the Managing Director of The Chaucer Studio, re-edited and revised this edition, and Professor Katherine O’Brien O’Keefe adds a new preface. An appendix written by Professor Don W. Chapman gives an overview of Beowulf scholarship since Irving’s work first appeared.
The House of Fame
Authors: Chaucer Geoffrey
Published: April 2024

The House of Fame, one of Chaucer’s major dream-visions stories, appears here in the version published by Durham Medieval Texts and edited by Professor Nicholas R. Havely, with both publisher’s and editor’s permission. This work is accompanied by a unique recording of the text performed aloud, also available on the Bloomsbury Medieval Studies platform. As in all of the accompanying recordings produced by The Chaucer Studio, the recording is done by prominent scholars of Chaucer and the Middle Ages.
Social Psychology of Dress
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Johnson Kim K. P. , Rudd Nancy A.
Published: April 2024

Social Psychology of Dress, Second Edition presents and explains the major theories and concepts of human behavior relating to dress, drawing from the social science fields of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. The text positions dress as a process in which individual preferences, membership in social groups, and cultural awareness all impact choices about attire and appearance. Using empirical data and examples from current events and popular culture, the authors define dress, present its origins and functions, and discuss research methods for dress. They also explore the relationships between dress and topics including social perception, impression formation, identity, cultural patterns and rituals, and body image. Box features highlighting applications to the fashion industry, end-of-chapter summaries, and discussion questions further engage students in their study of
dress.

New to this Edition:

-New Dress Research in the News, Application to Consumer Behavior, and Social Media Application features and updated Dress in the News features addressing contemporary topics such as cultural appropriation, workplace discrimination, and advocacy for racial inclusivity

-Increased focus on diverse cultural influences

-Coverage of current industry trends including new research findings, smart clothing, and the body positivity movement

-Discussion of the Covid-19 pandemic through examples and case studies

STUDIO Features Include:

-Study smarter with self-quizzes featuring scored results and personalized study tips

-Review concepts with flashcards of essential vocabulary

-Download worksheets to complete chapter activities

Instructor Resources

-Instructor’s Guide provides suggestions for planning the course and using the text in the classroom, supplemental assignments, and lecture notes

-Test Bank includes sample test questions for each chapter

-PowerPoint® presentations include images from the book and provide a framework for lecture and discussion

-In-class activities stimulate student engagement with course material

-Online chat activities encourage student participation and provide creative alternatives for content delivery
Öğretmenlerde Mental İyi Oluş ve İş Yaşam Kalitesi
Authors: Boyalıoğlu Şerife , Çobanoğlu Fatma
Published: April 2024

Öğretmenlerin, toplumların uzun vadeli kalkınmasında ve bireylerin kişisel gelişiminde temel bir role sahip oldukları yaygın şekilde kabul gören bir yaklaşımdır. Ancak öğretmenlerin refahı, genel memnuniyeti ve mental sağlığı sadece kendi sağlıkları için değil, eğitim sisteminin genel başarısı ve sürdürülebilir olması için de kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ortaöğretim kademelerinde çalışan öğretmenlerin mental iyi oluş ve iş yaşam kalitesi düzeylerinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modelinde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini ortaöğretim kademesinde çalışmakta olan 1964 öğretmen; örneklemini ise oransız eleman örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 331 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri, kişisel bilgi formu, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve İş Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda; öğretmenlerin mental iyi oluş düzeyi ve iş yaşam kalitesi algılarının yüksek düzeyde olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, öğretmenlerin mental iyi oluş düzeyleri ile iş yaşam kalitesi düzeyleri arasında anlamlı, pozitif ve orta düzeyde bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
DESKRIPSI KEMAMPUAN MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH SPASIAL SISWA SMP BERDASARKAN GAYA KOGNITIF IMPULSIF DAN REFLEKTIF
Authors: Jaelani Abd. Kadir , Ilhamuddin Ilhamuddin , Arriah Fathrul , Syamsuadi Ahmad
Published: April 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan spasial siswa SMP berdasarkan gaya kognitif impulsif dan reflektif. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu : tes MFFT (Matching Familiar Figures Test) untuk mengetahui gaya kognitif siswa. Selanjutnya ditemukan 1 subjek bergaya kognitif impulsif dan 1 subjek bergaya kognitif reflektif. Kemudian kedua subjek tersebut diberikan tes kemampuan spasial untuk mengetahui kemampuan spasial siswa setelah itu dilakukan wawancara. Indikator kemampuan spasial, yaitu : (1) menyatakan kedudukan unsur-unsur suatu bangun ruang., (2) Mengkonstruksi dan mempresentasikan model-model geometri yang digambar pada bidang datar dalam konteks ruang., (3) membayangkan bentuk atau posisi suatu objek geometri yang dipandang dari sudut pandang tertentu., (4) Menginvestigasi ukuran yang sebenarnya dari stimulus visual suatu objek geometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang bergaya kognitif impulsif memiliki kemampuan spasial yang rendah dikarenakan hanya mampu memenuhi 1 indikator kemampuan spasial, yaitu mengkontruksi dan mempresentasikan model-model geometri yang digambar pada bidang datar dalam konteks ruang. Sedangkan siswa yang bergaya kognitif reflektif memiliki kemampuan spasial yang tinggi dikarenakan mampu memenuhi semua indikator kemampuan spasial.
Inovasi Pembelajaran Kombinasi Model Project Based Learning Dan Project Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila Berbasis Devotion Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kolaborasi, Komunikasi, Kreativitas Dan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa
Authors: Suardi Suardi
Published: April 2024

Masalah utama dalam penelitian ini adalah inovasi pembelajaran dalam proses perkuliah yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kolaboratif, kreativitas, komunikasi dan berpikir kritis mahasiswa. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kolaboratif, kreativitas, komunikasi dan berpikir kritis mahasiswa melalui kombinasi model project based learning dan project profil pelajar pancasila berbasis devotion. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian campuran (mixed methods). Informan penelitian, penelitian kualitatif menggunakan purposive sampling berjumlah 32 orang, sedangkan penentuan sampel penelitian menggunakan teknik total sampling sebanyak 32 responden. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah penyebaran angket, observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data kualitatif dilakukan melalui tahapan reduksi data, display data dan penarikan kesimpulan, sedangkan data analisis data kuantitatif menggunakan verifikasi kuesioner, tabulasi data kuesioner dan persentase data kuesioner. Keabsahan data kualitatif menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode, sedangkan data kuantitatif melalui uji reliabilitas (ketepatan) dan uji validasi (benar). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Penerapan Inovasi pembelajaran model Project Based Learning dan project profil pelajar pancasila berbasis devotion pada mata kuliah Media dan Teknologi pembelajaran telah meningkatkan kemampuan kolaborasi, kreativitas, komunikasi dan kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa
MACHINE LEARNING IN DRUG DISCOVERY: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Francisca Chibugo Udegbe  , Ogochukwu Roseline  Ebulue  , Charles Chukwudalu  Ebulue  , Chukwunonso Sylvester  Ekesiobi
Published: April 2024

This review critically examines the integration of Machine Learning (ML) in drug discovery, highlighting its applications across target identification, hit discovery, lead optimization, and predictive toxicology. Despite ML's potential to revolutionize drug discovery through enhanced efficiency, predictive accuracy, and novel insights, significant challenges persist. These include issues related to data quality, model interpretability, integration into existing workflows, and regulatory and ethical considerations. The review advocates for advancements in algorithmic approaches, interdisciplinary collaboration, improved data-sharing practices, and evolving regulatory frameworks as potential solutions to these challenges. By addressing these hurdles and leveraging the capabilities of ML, the drug discovery process can be significantly accelerated, paving the way for the development of new therapeutics. This review calls for continued research, collaboration, and dialogue among stakeholders to realize the transformative potential of ML in drug discovery fully.

Keywords: Machine Learning, Drug Discovery, Predictive Toxicology, Data Quality, Interdisciplinary Collaboration.
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF AI IN FINANCIAL DECISION – MAKING: A REVIEW WITH REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS
Authors: Oluwatobi Opeyemi Adeyelu  , Chinonye Esther Ugochukwu  , Mutiu Alade Shonibare
Published: April 2024

This study delves into the ethical implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in financial decision-making, exploring the transformative impact of AI technologies on the financial services sector. Through a comprehensive literature review, the research highlights the dual nature of AI's integration into finance, showcasing both its potential to enhance operational efficiency and decision accuracy and the ethical challenges it introduces. These challenges include concerns over data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the potential for systemic risks, underscoring the need for robust ethical frameworks and regulatory standards. The study emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to AI development and deployment, advocating for collaboration among technologists, ethicists, policymakers, and end-users to ensure that AI technologies are aligned with societal values and ethical principles. Future directions for research are identified, focusing on the development of adaptive ethical guidelines, methodologies for embedding ethical principles into AI systems, and the investigation of AI's long-term impact on market dynamics and consumer behaviour. This research contributes valuable insights into the ethical integration of AI in finance, offering recommendations for ensuring that AI technologies are utilized in a manner that is both ethically sound and conducive to the advancement of the financial services industry.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Financial Decision-Making, Ethical Implications, Algorithmic Bias, Data Privacy, Regulatory Standards, Multidisciplinary Approach.
Soot aerosols from commercial aviation engines are poor ice-nucleating particles at cirrus cloud temperatures
Authors: Testa Baptiste , Durdina Lukas , Alpert Peter A. , Mahrt Fabian , Dreimol Christopher H. , Edebeli Jacinta , Spirig Curdin , Decker Zachary C. J. , Anet Julien , Kanji Zamin A.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles catalyze ice formation in clouds, affecting climate through radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions. Aviation directly emits particles into the upper troposphere where ice formation conditions are favorable. Previous studies have used proxies of aviation soot to estimate their ice nucleation activity; however, investigations with commercial aircraft soot from modern in-use aircraft engines have not been quantified. In this work, we sample aviation soot particles at ground level from different commercial aircraft engines to test their ice nucleation ability at temperatures ≤228 K as a function of engine thrust and soot particle size. Additionally, soot particles were catalytically stripped to reveal the impact of mixing state on their ice nucleation ability. Particle physical and chemical properties were further characterized and related to the ice nucleation properties. The results show that aviation soot nucleates ice at or above relative humidity conditions required for homogeneous freezing of solution droplets (RHhom). We attribute this to a mesopore paucity inhibiting pore condensation and the sulfur content which suppresses freezing. Only large soot aggregates (400 nm) emitted under 30 %–100 % thrust conditions for a subset of engines (2 out of 10) nucleate ice via pore condensation and freezing. For those specific engines, the presence of hydrophilic chemical groups facilitates the nucleation. Aviation soot emitted at thrust ≥ 100 % (sea level thrust) nucleates ice at or above RHhom. Overall, our results suggest that aviation soot will not contribute to natural cirrus formation and can be used in models to update impacts of soot–cirrus clouds.
Constraining long-term NOx emissions over the United States and Europe using nitrate wet deposition monitoring networks
Authors: Christiansen Amy , Mickley Loretta J. , Hu Lu
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx= NO + NO2) play a critical role in regulating tropospheric chemistry, yet NOx emission estimates are subject to large uncertainties, casting doubt on our ability to accurately model secondary pollutants such as ozone. Bottom-up emissions inventories are subject to a number of uncertainties related to estimates of emission activities, scaling factors, and fuel sources. Here, we provide an additional constraint on NOx emissions and trends using nitrate wet deposition (NWD) fluxes from the United States National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) and the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). We use these NWD measurements to evaluate anthropogenic and total NOx trends and magnitudes in the global Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) emissions inventory and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model from 1980–2020. Over both the United States and Europe, observed NWD trends track well with anthropogenic NOx emissions from the CEDS inventory until 2010, after which NWD trends level out in contrast to continued decreases in CEDS. After 2010, NWD trends are able to reproduce total NOx emissions trends when the influences of both anthropogenic and background sources are considered. Observed NWD fluxes are also able to capture NOx emissions decreases over the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown period and are consistent with satellite and surface measurements of NO2. These results suggest that NWD fluxes constrain total NOx emissions well, whether trends are driven by anthropogenic or background sources. We further compare modeled and observed NWD to provide an additional line of evidence for potential overestimates of anthropogenic NOx in emissions inventories. Over the United States, we find that NWD is overestimated in summer from 1980–2017 by 15 %–20 % on average (interquartile range: 11 %–31 %), with overestimates most prominent in the eastern US after 2000 (20 % on average), implying an overestimate of NOx emissions in the CEDS inventory (0.5×0.5° resolution). Over Europe, we find that modeled NWD is overestimated in all seasons from 1980–2017, with the strongest average overestimates occurring in summer and fall (175 % and 170 %, respectively). These overestimates may be reduced by cutting anthropogenic NOx emissions by 50 % in CEDS over Europe (i.e., cutting the 1980–2017 average annual emissions from 2.6 to 1.3 Tg N), but summertime and fall NOx may still need to be reduced further for observations and models to align. Overestimates may extend to other inventories such as the EMEP inventory, which estimates comparable but lower emissions than CEDS, with a 1990–2017 average of 2.1 Tg N relative to the CEDS 1990–2017 average of 2.4 Tg N. We find that NOx emission reductions over Europe improve model ozone at the surface, reducing the model summertime ozone overestimate from 14 % to 2 %.
Radiative closure tests of collocated hyperspectral microwave and infrared radiometers
Authors: Liu Lei , Bliankinshtein Natalia , Huang Yi , Gyakum John R. , Gabriel Philip M. , Xu Shiqi , Wolde Mengistu
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Temperature and water vapor profiles are essential to climate change studies and weather forecasting. Hyperspectral instruments are of great value for retrieving temperature and water vapor profiles, enabling accurate monitoring of their changes. Successful retrievals of temperature and water vapor profiles require accuracy of hyperspectral radiometer measurements. In this study, the radiometric accuracy of an airborne hyperspectral microwave radiometer, the High Spectral Resolution Airborne Microwave Sounder (HiSRAMS), and a ground-based hyperspectral infrared radiometer, the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), is simultaneously assessed by performing radiative closure tests under clear-sky conditions in Ottawa, Canada. As an airborne instrument, HiSRAMS has two radiometers measuring radiance in the oxygen band (49.6–58.3 GHz) and water vapor band (175.9–184.6 GHz) for zenith-pointing and nadir-pointing observations. AERI provides ground-based, zenith-pointing radiance measurements between 520 and 1800 cm−1. A systematic warm radiance bias is present in AERI observations in the window band. Upon removal of this bias, improved radiative closure was attained in the window band. The brightness temperature (BT) bias in nadir-pointing HiSRAMS observations is smaller than at the zenith. A novel but straightforward method is developed to diagnose the radiometric accuracy of the two instruments in comparison based on the relationship between radiometric bias and optical depth. Compared to AERI, HiSRAMS demonstrates similar radiometric accuracy for nadir-pointing measurements but exhibits relatively poor accuracy for zenith-pointing measurements, which requires further characterization. Future work on temperature and water vapor concentration retrievals using HiSRAMS and AERI is warranted.
Technical note: Preventing CO2 overestimation from mercuric or copper(II) chloride preservation of dissolved greenhouse gases in freshwater samples
Authors: Clayer François , Thrane Jan Erik , Ndungu Kuria , King Andrew , Dörsch Peter , Rohrlack Thomas
Published: April 2024

Abstract. The determination of dissolved gases (O2, CO2, CH4, N2O, N2) in surface waters allows the estimation of biological processes and greenhouse gas fluxes in aquatic ecosystems. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) has been widely used to preserve water samples prior to gas analysis. However, alternates are needed because of the environmental impacts and prohibition of mercury. HgCl2 is a weak acid and interferes with dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Hence, we tested the effect of HgCl2 and two substitutes (copper(II) chloride – CuCl2 – and silver nitrate – AgNO3), as well as storage time (24 h to 3 months) on the determination of dissolved gases in low-ionic-strength and high-DOC water from a typical boreal lake. Furthermore, we investigated and predicted the effect of HgCl2 on CO2 concentrations in periodic samples from another lake experiencing pH variations (5.4–7.3) related to in situ photosynthesis. Samples fixed with inhibitors generally showed negligible O2 consumption. However, effective preservation of dissolved CO2, CH4 and N2O for up to 3 months prior to dissolved gas analysis was only achieved with AgNO3. In contrast, HgCl2 and CuCl2 caused an initial increase in CO2 and N2O from 24 h to 3 weeks followed by a decrease from 3 weeks to 3 months. The CO2 overestimation, caused by HgCl2 acidification and a shift in the carbonate equilibrium, can be calculated from predictions of chemical speciation. Errors due to CO2 overestimation in HgCl2-preserved water, sampled from low-ionic-strength and high-DOC freshwater, which is common in the Northern Hemisphere, could lead to an overestimation of the CO2 diffusion efflux by a factor of > 20 over a month or a factor of 2 over the ice-free season. The use of HgCl2 and CuCl2 for freshwater preservation should therefore be discontinued. Further testing of AgNO3 preservation should be performed under a large range of freshwater chemical conditions.
Vertical mixing alleviates autumnal oxygen deficiency in the central North Sea
Authors: Williams Charlotte A. J. , Hull Tom , Kaiser Jan , Mahaffey Claire , Greenwood Naomi , Toberman Matthew , Palmer Matthew R.
Published: April 2024

Abstract. There is an immediate need to better understand and monitor shelf sea dissolved oxygen (O2) concentrations. Here we use high-resolution glider observations of turbulence and O2 concentrations to directly estimate the vertical O2 flux into the bottom mixed layer (BML) immediately before the autumn breakdown of stratification in a seasonally stratified shelf sea. We present a novel method to resolve the oxycline across sharp gradients due to slow optode response time and optode positioning in a flow “shadow zone” on Slocum gliders. The vertical O2 flux to the low-O2 BML was found to be between 2.5 to 6.4 mmol m−2 d−1. Episodic intense mixing events were responsible for the majority (up to 90 %) of this oxygen supply despite making up 40 % of the observations. Without these intense mixing events, BML O2 concentrations would approach ecologically concerning levels by the end of the stratified period. Understanding the driving forces behind episodic mixing and how these may change under future climate scenarios and renewable energy infrastructure is key for monitoring shelf sea health.
Downstream rounding rate of pebbles in the Himalaya
Authors: Pokhrel Prakash , Attal Mikael , Sinclair Hugh D. , Mudd Simon M. , Naylor Mark
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Sediment grains are progressively rounded during their transport down a river. For more than a century, Earth scientists have used the roundness of pebbles within modern sediment, and of clasts within conglomerates, as a key metric to constrain the sediment's transport history and source area(s). However, the current practices of assessment of pebble roundness are mainly qualitative and based on time-consuming manual measurement methods. This qualitative judgement provides the transport history only in a broad sense, such as classifying distance as “near” or “far”. In this study, we propose a new model that quantifies the relationship between roundness and the transport distance. We demonstrate that this model can be applied to the clasts of multiple lithologies including modern sediment, as well as conglomerates, deposited by ancient river systems. We present field data from two Himalayan catchments in Nepal. We use the normalized isoperimetric ratio (IRn), which relates a pebble's area (A) to its perimeter (P), to quantify roundness. The maximum analytical value for IRn is 1, and IRn is expected to increase with transport distance. We propose a non-linear roundness model based on our field data, whereby the difference between a grain's IRn and the maximum value of 1 decays exponentially with transport distance, mirroring Sternberg's model of mass loss or size reduction by abrasion. This roundness model predicts an asymptotic behaviour for IRn, and the distance over which IRn approaches the asymptote is controlled by a rounding coefficient. Our field data suggest that the roundness coefficient for granite pebbles is 9 times that of quartzite pebbles. Using this model, we reconstruct the transport history of a Pliocene paleo-river deposit preserved at the base of the Kathmandu intermontane basin. These results, along with other sedimentary evidence, imply that the paleo-river was much longer than the length of the Kathmandu Basin and that it must have lost its headwaters through drainage capture. We further explore the extreme rounding of clasts from Miocene conglomerate of the Siwalik zone and find evidence of sediment recycling.
A high-resolution map of diffuse groundwater recharge rates for Australia
Authors: Lee Stephen , Irvine Dylan J. , Duvert Clément , Rau Gabriel C. , Cartwright Ian
Published: April 2024

Abstract. Estimating groundwater recharge rates is important to understand and manage groundwater. Numerous studies have used collated recharge datasets to understand and project regional- or global-scale groundwater recharge rates. However, recharge estimation methods all have distinct assumptions, quantify different recharge components and operate over different temporal scales. We use over 200 000 groundwater chloride measurements to estimate groundwater recharge rates using an improved chloride mass balance (CMB) method across Australia. Groundwater recharge rates were produced stochastically using gridded chloride deposition, runoff and precipitation datasets. After filtering out groundwater recharge rates where the assumptions of the method may have been compromised, 98 568 estimates of recharge were produced. The resulting groundwater recharge rates and 17 spatial datasets were integrated into a random forest regression algorithm, generating a high-resolution (0.05°) model of groundwater recharge rates across Australia. The regression reveals that climate-related variables, including precipitation, rainfall seasonality and potential evapotranspiration, exert the most significant influence on groundwater recharge rates, with vegetation (the normalised difference vegetation index or NDVI) also contributing significantly. Importantly, the mean values of both the recharge point dataset (43.5 mm yr−1) and the spatial recharge model (22.7 mm yr−1) are notably lower than those reported in previous studies, underscoring the prolonged timescale of the CMB method, the potential disparities arising from distinct recharge estimation methodologies and limited averaging across climate zones. This study presents a robust and automated approach to estimate recharge using the CMB method, offering a unified model based on a single estimation method. The resulting datasets, the Python script for recharge rate calculation and the spatial recharge models collectively provide valuable insights for water resource management across the Australian continent, and similar approaches can be applied globally.