bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of winter hardiness and growth of Actinidia arguta and A. kolomikta cultivars grown in central Poland
Authors: Marosz Adam
Published: May 2013

A field experiment with Actinidia arguta and A. kolomikta cultivars purchased from a commercial nursery was conducted in Skierniewice, central Poland. Both Actinidia arguta and A. kolomikta cultivars were planted in June 2005 at a spacing of 3 × 2.2 m. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of climate conditions on the growth of eight cultivars of small kiwi fruit and to evaluate their usefulness for orchard culture in central Poland. After three years of growth in different climate conditions, including one of the coldest winters (2005/06) during the last years, and also severe late spring frosts (2007), some conclusion can be drawn. Two cultivars of Actinidia kolomikta have shown quite good resistance to winter and spring frosts, but the growth rate of these plants was rather slow. All the cultivars of Actinidia arguta were damaged by frost during the 2005/06 winter due to the snow-cover level, which was rather thick (24 cm). One year later all new shoots and leaves of Actinidia arguta cultivars were damaged completely by late spring frosts, which deleted flowering and fruit setting for at least one year. After three years of growth observations, the growth rate of small kiwi cultivars can be divided into three groups: fast growing with 'Jumbo' and 'Genewa'; moderate growing with 'Issai', 'Ken's Red' and 'Weiki' - male and female, and slow growing with A. kolomikta cultivars Dr Szymanowski and Sientiabrskaja.
The occurrence of Papaver rhoeas L. in agrocenoses of the buffer zone of the Roztocze national Park compared to other regions of Poland
Authors: Trąba Czesława , Ziemińska-Smyk Marta
Published: May 2013

The paper tries to determine the environmental amplitude as well as the optimal conditions for the vegetation of Papaver rhoeas in the agrocoenoses of the Roztocze National Park's buffer zone, as compared to other Polish regions. The analysis is based on certain habitat and anthropogenic factors. Based on the author's own research and the data quoted in the literature, it has been found that Papaver rhoeas occurs in the associations and communities of the Caucalidion and Aperion alliances accompanying cereal and rape crops as well as in the Polygono-Chenopodion and Panico-Setarion alliances accompanying root crops. Papaver rhoeas demonstrates a large environmental scale, as its presence has been noted in low- and highlands, in foothills, in river valleys as well as on slopes. Moreover, it teams up with various types of soils (of a wide range of acidity, moisture as well as trophic and thermal conditions) and complexes. Papaver rhoeas occurs most often and in the largest numbers in winter crops in the Lathyro-Melandrietum and Caucalidio-Scandicetum association which belongs to the Caucalidion alliance and in the Consolido-Brometum, Vicietum tetraspermae papaveretosum and V. t. consolidetosum association from the Aperion alliance. As far as root crops are considered, Papaver rhoeas shows up in the Lamio-Veronicetum politae association from the Polygono- Chenopodion alliance. It prefers chalky and Jurassic rendzinas containing CaCO3 and other fertile loam and loess soils which belong to wheat complexes, with their pH ranging from slightly acid to alkaline (Eutric Vertisols, chernozem, brown soil, alluvial soil) and which are moderately moist, warm, medium-rich in nitrogen and with good soil biological activity. In the foothill areas, it dominates on alluvial soils in the river valleys; rarely has it been spotted on the slopes. Papaver rhoeas rarely occurs on the lightest sandy soils of the weak and very weak rye complexes and weak cereal-fodder complexes. The distribution of Papaver rhoeas reflects the soil conditions in a given area.
The consequent influence of crop rotation and six-year-long spring barley monoculture on yields and weed infestation of white mustard and oats
Authors: Kwiatkowski Cezary
Published: May 2013

The present study was conducted in the years 2007- 2008, after 6-year-long experiments in the cultivation of spring barley in a crop rotation system and in monoculture. The other experimental factor was the spring barley protection method. Intensive protection involved comprehensive treatment of barley (in-crop harrowing, seed dressing, application of herbicides, fungicides, a retardant and an insecticide). Extensive protection consisted only in in-crop harrowing, without the application of crop protection agents, except for seed dressing. The above mentioned factors formed the background for the study on the cultivation of white mustard and oats, as phytosanitary species, in successive years. In the test plants, no mineral fertilization and crop protection were applied. Such agricultural method enabled an objective assessment of the consequent effect of monoculture, crop rotation and crop treatments. A hypothesis was made that the cultivation of the phytosanitary plants in the stand after 6-year-long barley monoculture would allow obtaining the level of yields and weed infestation similar to those of the crop rotation treatments. It was also assumed that the cultivation of white mustard and oats would eliminate differences in plant productivity caused by the negative influence of extensive protection. It was proved that the cultivation of the phytosanitary plants eliminated the negative influence of monoculture on the level of their yields and weed infestation. However, the test plants did not compensate negative consequences of extensive protection. In spite of this, white mustard and oats effectively competed with weeds, and the number and weight of weeds in a crop canopy did not cause a dramatic decline in yields. In the test plant canopy, the following short-lived weeds were predominant: Chenopodium album, Galinsoga parviflora, Echinochloa crus-galli. The absence of herbicide application resulted in the compensation of perennial species: Elymus repens and Cirsium arvense.
Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Isatin Derivatives in Wistar Rats
Authors: E. Venkateshwarlu  , B.S. Sharvana Bhava  , K. Umasankar  , J. Venkateshwar Rao
Published: May 2013

In the present studies we have synthesized ten derivatives of novel isatin-3-[N2-(2-benzalaminothiazol-4-yl)]hydrazone and characterized by the help of physical and spectral data. The selected male Wistar albino rats were divided into different groups: control, urea (1 g/kg), furosemide (5 mg/kg), of isatin derivatives (Ia-Ij, 10 and 100 mg/kg) treated groups. All the drugs were administered orally and animals were pretreated with normal saline (25 ml/kg) before start the experiment. The urine volume (in ml) and content of Na+, K+ & Cl were measured in the urine of rats at 5th hour. The volume of urine output increased significantly (p<0.05) in urea, furosemide and also isatin derivatives treated groups when compared with control groups. The diuretic activity of isatin derivatives were exhibited moderated to less when compared with furosemide. The diuretic response with its electrolyte of the isatin derivatives was highly remarkable in comparison with control group. Based on the results the isatin derivatives show hypernatremic, hypercholermic and hyperkalemic diuretics as conventional diuretics (furosemide).
A Prospective Study on Adverse Drug Reactions in an Indian Hospital
Authors: Sivanandy Palanisamy  , Kottur S.G. Arul Kumaran  , Aiyalu Rajasekaran
Published: May 2013

Background:ADRs have a major impact on public health, reducing patients’ quality of life and imposing a considerable financial burden on the health care systems. Objectives: The main objectives were to analyze the pattern and extent of occurrence of ADRs in the hospital, identify co-morbidities, past and present illness, assess causality and identify the offending drugs, assess the severity and preventability of adverse drug reactions.
Methods:Prospective, observational, spontaneous, reporting study with both active and passive methods.
Results:Thestudy was carried out from January 2009 to August 2012. A total of 950 ADRs were accepted from 1227 reported ADRs. Female patients experienced more number of ADRs when compared to male patients. Fever was the most commonly observed reason for admission. Maculopapular skin rashes were the commonly observed ADR in the study population. Amoxicillin and clavulenic acid combination implicated more number of ADRs in the antibiotic category than others. Sixty one percent of the ADRs were moderate in severity followed by minor and severe ADRs. Most of the reactions in this study population were managed by withdrawing the offending drug and rechallenge was performed in few subjects. Most of the ADRs were definitely preventable (40%) and were predictable in nature. Eighty percent of the reactions were probably related to offending drugs, 758 reactions were likely to cause ADRs. Twenty five percent ADRs were treated symptomatically in the study population.
Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children
Authors: Tattan-Birch Harry , Brown Jamie , Jackson Sarah E. , Jarvis Martin J. , Shahab Lion
Published: July 2024

Importance

With the prevalence of e-cigarette use (vaping) increasing worldwide, there are concerns about children’s exposure to secondhand vapor.

Objective

To compare nicotine absorption among children who are (1) exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke only or (2) exposed to secondhand vapor only with (3) those exposed to neither.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The US Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a repeat cross-sectional survey. Participants are interviewed in their homes and, several days after, visit a mobile examination center to provide biological specimens. This study uses data from a nationally representative sample of US households from 2017 to 2020. Participants were children aged 3 to 11 years with serum cotinine levels incompatible with current firsthand nicotine use (ie, <15 μg/L). The final analysis was conducted on January 9, 2024.

Exposures

Reported exposure to secondhand smoke or vapor indoors in the past 7 days (only secondhand smoke, only secondhand vapor, or neither). Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, family income, body weight, and height.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was serum cotinine concentration, an objective biomarker of nicotine absorption. Geometric mean cotinine levels and 95% CIs were calculated using log-normal tobit regression, accounting for the complex survey design and weights.

Results

The mean (SD) age of the 1777 children surveyed was 7.4 (2.6) years, 882 (49.6%) were female, and 531 (29.9%) had family incomes below the poverty level. Nicotine absorption, as indexed by serum cotinine level, was highest among children only exposed to secondhand smoke (0.494 μg/L μg/L; 95% CI, 0.386-0.633 μg/L), followed by those exposed only to secondhand vapor (0.081 μg/L; 95% CI, 0.048-0.137 μg/L), equating to 83.6% (95% CI, 71.5%-90.5%; P < .001) lower nicotine absorption. Among children with no reported secondhand exposure, the geometric mean cotinine level was 0.016 μg/L (95% CI, 0.013-0.021 μg/L), or 96.7% (95% CI, 95.6%-97.6%; P < .001) lower than for those with exposure to secondhand smoke. Results were similar after covariate adjustment.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of US children, nicotine absorption was much lower in children who were exposed to secondhand vapor vs secondhand smoke, but higher than in those exposed to neither. These findings suggest that switching from smoking to vaping indoors may substantially reduce, but not eliminate, children’s secondhand exposure to nicotine and other noxious substances.
Sociology of Drugs
Authors: Zajdow Grazyna
Published: July 2024

While all chemical substances have biochemical and physiological effects on individual bodies, the effects are not solely biochemical or individual: Social, economic, cultural, and other structures affect the patterns and outcomes of the human use of psychoactive substances. Understanding how these play out for groups and individuals is the realm of the sociology of drugs.
The Tetrapyrollic Motif in Nitrogen Doped Carbons and M‐N‐C Electrocatalysts as Active Site in the Outer‐Sphere Mechanism of the Alkaline Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Menga Davide , Low Jian Liang , Buzanich Ana Guilherme , Paulus Beate , Fellinger Tim‐Patrick
Published: July 2024

Development and fundamental understanding of precious‐group‐metal‐free electrocatalysts is hampered by limitations in the quantification of the intrinsic activity of different catalytic sites and understanding the different reaction mechanisms. Comparing isomorphic nitrogen‐doped carbons, Zn‐N‐Cs and Fe‐N‐Cs with the common tetrapyrrolic motif, a catalyst‐independent outer‐sphere rate‐determining step in the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction is observed. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations on tetrapyrrolic model structures indicate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level as a good descriptor for the catalytic activity. Contour plots suggest that the electron transfer occurs directly from the tetrapyrrolic coordination site, rather than from the metal center. Metal‐free tetrapyrrolic N4 sites are discovered to be highly active oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) active sites in alkaline that reach turnover frequencies (TOF) of 0.33 and 1.84 s−1 at 0.80  and 0.75 VRHE in the order of magnitude of tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites in the acidic ORR. While Zn‐coordination lowers the HOMO level and therefore the catalytic activity, Fe‐coordination lifts the HOMO level resulting in TOF values of 0.4  and 4 s−1 for tetrapyrrolic Fe–N4 sites at 0.90  and 0.85 VRHE, respectively. At higher mass activities, the peroxide reduction becomes rate‐limiting, where highest peroxide production rates are observed for the nitrogen‐doped carbon.
Pseudo‐Worsening of Kidney Function Due to Inhibition of Renal Creatinine Secretion: Quality of Information Provided in Prescribing Information/SmPC
Authors: Sponfeldner Michael I. , Andrikyan Wahram , Maas Renke , Fromm Martin F.
Published: July 2024

Determination of serum creatinine concentrations and subsequent calculation of estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) is a cornerstone of clinical medicine. Crucial clinical decisions such as drug treatment discontinuations are based on eGFR calculated from serum creatinine measurements. However, creatinine is not only filtered in the kidneys, but also actively secreted into urine. Creatinine transporters such as OCT2, OCT3, MATE1, MATE2‐K, and OAT2 expressed in proximal tubular cells are responsible for active renal secretion of creatinine. Multiple drugs (e.g., oral antitumor drugs) inhibit these transporters thereby causing a pseudo‐worsening of kidney function with an increase in serum creatinine concentrations and a decrease in eGFR while other methods for eGFR determination (e.g., by cystatin C) reveal normal kidney function. Since US Prescribing Information (PI) and European Summaries of Product Characteristics (SmPCs) are the most relevant source of information for physicians, we investigated the quality of information in US PI/German SmPCs of drugs with clear evidence for pseudo‐worsening of kidney function. 514 drugs putatively interacting with creatinine transporters were identified. For 149 of those drugs, an increase in serum creatinine concentrations has been described. Available data confirmed the existence of pseudo‐worsening of kidney function for 30 of those drugs, for the remaining 119 drugs existing data are insufficient. Only 23.5% (12/51) of the 30 drugs' PI/SmPCs contained unambiguous statements on this proven pseudo‐worsening of kidney function and gave clear recommendations for clinical management. Taken together, inadequate information provided in PI or SmPCs on the pseudo‐worsening of kidney function poses patients at unnecessary risks.
Design and Preparation of Lifetime‐Based Dual Fluorescent/Phosphorescent Sensor of pH and Oxygen and its Exploration in Model Physiological Solutions and Cells
Authors: Baigildin Vadim , Shakirova Julia , Zharskaia Nina , Ivanova Elena , Silonov Sergey , Sokolov Viktor , Tunik Sergey
Published: July 2024

In the present report, a novel dual pH‐O2 sensor based on covalent conjugate of rhodamine 6G and cyclometalated iridium complex with poly(vinylpyrrolidone‐block‐vinyltetrazole) copolymer is reported. In model physiological solutions the sensor chromophores display independent phosphorescent and fluorescent lifetime responses onto variations in oxygen concentration and pH, respectively. Colocalization studies on Chinese hamster ovary cells demonstrate the preferential localization in endosomes and lysosomes. The fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy‐phosphorescent lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM‐PLIM) experiments show that the phosphorescent O2 sensor provides unambiguous information onto hypoxia versus normoxia cell status as well as semi‐quantitative data on the oxygen concentration in cells in between these two states. However, the results of FLIM measurements indicate that dynamic lifetime interval of the sensor (≈0.5 ns between pH values 5.0 and 8.0) is insufficient even for qualitative estimation of pH in living cells because half‐width of lifetime distribution in the studied samples is higher than the sensor dynamic interval. Nevertheless, the variations in rhodamine emission intensity are much higher and allow rough discrimination of acidic and neutral cell conditions. Thus, the results of this study indicate that the suggested approach to the design of dual pH‐O2 sensors makes possible to prepare the biocompatible and water‐soluble conjugate with fast cellular uptake.
Organic Donor–Acceptor–Donor Trimers Nanoparticles Stabilized by Amphiphilic Block Copolymers for Photocatalytic Generation of H2
Authors: Guimarães Thiago R. , Khan Alisha , Remita Hynd , Bobet Jean‐Louis , Cloutet Eric
Published: July 2024

Photocatalytic generation of H2 via water splitting emerges as a promising avenue for the next generation of green hydrogen due to its low carbon footprint. Herein, a versatile platform is designed to the preparation of functional π‐conjugated organic nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous phase via mini‐emulsification. Such particles are composed of donor–acceptor–donor (DAD) trimers prepared via Stille coupling, stabilized by amphiphilic block copolymers synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The hydrophilic segment of the block copolymers will not only provide colloidal stability, but also allow for precise control over the surface functionalization. Photocatalytic tests of the resulting particles for H2 production resulted in promising photocatalytic activity (≈0.6 mmol g−1 h−1). This activity is much enhanced compared to that of DAD trimers dispersed in the water phase without stabilization by the block copolymers.
Enhancing fluid signal in driven‐equilibrium short‐TI inversion‐recovery imaging with short TR times: A feasibility study
Authors: von Deuster Constantin , Nanz Daniel
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Fluid‐sensitive turbo spin echo (TSE) MRI with short‐TI inversion‐recovery preparation for fat suppression (STIR) plays a critical role in the diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system (e.g., close to metal implants). Potential advantages of 3D acquisitions, however, are difficult to exploit due to long acquisition times. Shortening the TR incurs a signal loss, and a driven‐equilibrium (DE) extension reduces fluid signal even further.

Methods

The phase of the flip‐back pulse was changed by 180° relative to the conventional implementation (i.e., 90° along the positive x‐axis (90°x) instead of −90°x). After signal modeling and numerical simulations, the modification was implemented in STIR‐TSE sequences and tested on a clinical 3T system. Imaging was performed in the lumbar spine, and long‐TR images without DE were acquired as reference. CSF SNR and fluid‐muscle contrast were measured and compared between the sequences. Imaging was repeated in a metal implant phantom.

Results

A shortening of TR by 43%–57% reduced the CSF SNR by 39%–59%. A conventional DE module further reduced SNR to 26%–40%, whereas the modified DE recovered SNR to 59%–108% compared with the long‐TR acquisitions. Fluid‐tissue contrast was increased by about 340% with the modified DE module compared with the conventional extension. Similar results were obtained in implant measurements.

Conclusions

The proposed DE element for TSE‐STIR sequences has the potential to accelerate the acquisition of fluid‐sensitive images. DE‐STIR may work most efficiently for 3D acquisitions, in which no temporo‐spatial interleaving of inversion and imaging pulses is possible.
Formation of a GNSS Network in Space Based on Simulated LEO Constellations
Authors: Müller Lukas , Rothacher Markus , Soja Benedikt
Published: July 2024

Large constellations of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites equipped with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers open the possibility of forming a dense and homogeneous GNSS network in space, covering the entire Earth. Based on simulations, this study investigates how geodetic Earth observation could benefit from this development. In the first part, we compare the effects of different processing strategies, parameterizations and simulated errors. The results show that for a large number and a uniform distribution of satellites in a constellation, GNSS network (double-difference) processing can improve LEO orbit determination compared to a single-satellite (zero-difference) processing, provided that the integer ambiguities have been correctly resolved. In the second part of this study, we demonstrate that in a LEO constellation with 36 uniformly distributed satellites, an accuracy of about 1 cm (3D RMS) for the a-priori LEO orbits and about 3 cm for the GNSS orbits is required to achieve the sufficient ambiguity-fixing rate necessary to take full advantage of the double-difference processing.
Achievements of the GGOS Focus Area Unified Height System
Authors: Sanchez Laura , Barzaghi Riccardo
Published: July 2024

The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) promotes the standardisation of height systems worldwide. The GGOS Focus Area Unified Height System (GGOS-FA-UHS) was established to lead and coordinate the efforts needed towards the establishment of a global standard for the precise determination of physical heights. During the 2011–2015 term, various discussions focused on the best possible definition of a global unified vertical reference system, resulting in the IAG Resolution for the Definition and Realisation of an International Height Reference System (IHRS), which was adopted at the 2015 General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Prague, Czech Republic. During the period 2015–2019, activities were undertaken to investigate the best strategy for the implementation of the IHRS; i.e., the establishment of the International Height Reference Frame (IHRF). A preliminary selection of stations for the IHRF reference network was made and different calculation methods for the determination of potential values as IHRF coordinates were evaluated. For the period 2019–2023, the objectives of the GGOS-FA-UHS focused on (i) compiling detailed standards, conventions and guidelines to support a consistent determination of the IHRF at global, regional and national levels; (ii) coordinating with regional/national experts in gravity field modelling the computation of a first IHRF solution; and (iii) designing an operational infrastructure that will ensure the long-term sustainability and reliability of the IHRS/IHRF. This infrastructure was approved by the IAG Executive Committee in December 2023 and will operate under the responsibility of the International Gravity Field Service (IGFS). With these objectives achieved, the GGOS-FA-UHS completed its goals and was closed during the IUGG 2023 General Assembly in Berlin, Germany. This paper presents a comprehensive report on the activities and achievements of the GGOS-FA-UHS.
The Nordic Local Government Model and the Municipal CEO
Authors: Hlynsdóttir Eva Marín , Cregård Anna , Sandberg Siv
Published: July 2024

In this chapter, the notion of a Nordic local government model is discussed in relation to the position of the municipal chief executive officer (MCEO). We elaborate on four key areas: decentralization, fiscal capacity, autonomy, and horizontal power relations. The common characteristics of the Nordic countries in the context of the four key areas are summarized as a way in which to interpret the Nordic local government model within a primarily shared context. However, there are also nuances in the differences between the individual countries. The Nordic local government model allows the MCEO to play a role that is both interesting and influential.
Twenty-Five Years of the Swedish Municipal CEO
Authors: Cregård Anna
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on the Swedish municipal CEO (MCEO). The development of the role over the last 25 years is analysed in terms of stability and change. The chapter discusses the changes that have taken place in terms of the demands and constraints of the role. These changes are further compared with changes in actual performance relating to the priorities of MCEOs. The results show that while contextual factors, background, and reasons for job termination have changed considerably, small or moderate changes can arguably be observed in the MCEOs’ role performance. The role of the MCEO is discussed as a stable and institutionalized role in an otherwise changing world. However, there are some minor long-term indications that the role may become either more of an extended arm of majority politicians or a professional, administrative head—or perhaps both. The findings are based on a large amount of survey data collected every five years for a quarter of a century.
Energy Conversion and Overall Energy Efficiency
Authors: Yao Fulai , Yao Yaming
Published: July 2024

We divide the energy system into three parts: generation, transmission and consumption. When generating electricity, improve energy efficiency and maximize power generation. In terms of power transmission and energy consumption, we need to improve energy efficiency and minimize energy consumption.
Energy Efficiency Optimization of Human (or Biological) Team
Authors: Yao Fulai , Yao Yaming
Published: July 2024

Why do special forces need to select soldiers with the same physical strength? Why do two adults of the same physique put the heavy object in the middle when lifting something? Why is it that when an adult and a child are lifting something, the weight should be placed closer to the adult? In fact, behind these practices lies the concept of energy efficiency optimization.
Overall Structure and Fieldbus of Energy Saving Control System
Authors: Yao Fulai , Yao Yaming
Published: July 2024

The so-called energy efficiency optimization of the power generation systems, power transmission systems, and energy consumption systems we mentioned in the previous chapters are actually to solve two problems. One is to determine how many devices to use, and the other is to allocate the load rate of each device.
New records of two jellyfish species Rhizostoma luteum (Quoy and Gaimard 1827) and Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri 1778) in the Moroccan northwest Mediterranean coast
Authors: Aouititen Majda , Ravibhanu Aravinda , Ang Shie Ching , Mouanda Dorel Cevan Magabandi , Luan Xiaofeng
Published: July 2024

During monitoring visits to the beaches of Fnideq, M'Diq, Cabo-Negro, and Martil, two jellyfish species along the Moroccan Northwest Mediterranean coast have been observed. Rhizostoma luteum (Quoy JRC, Gaimard JP. Observations zoologiques faites à bord de l'Astrolabe, en mai 1826, dans le Détroit de Gibraltar. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1827) was recorded at Fnideq in January 2014, and Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri S. Nuove osservazioni intorno la Storia naturale del polmone marino, 1778) was recorded between M'Diq and Cabonegro beach in August 2015. Although their occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea is less frequent compared to the outbreaks of Pelagia noctiluca (Forskål P. Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quae in itinere orientali observavit. ex officina Mölleri; 1775), these findings represent the first documented records of Rhizostoma luteum and Cotylorhiza tuberculata in this region, contributing valuable insights to the existing knowledge of jellyfish distribution in the Mediterranean.
The Lawfulness of Unilateral Sanctions in the Wake of a US–China “Sanctions War”
Authors: Andresen Joshua
Published: July 2024

Despite what many saw as a détente in US–China relations as presidents Biden and Xi met at the G20 Summit in November 2022, both countries have continued to develop and deploy sanctions against one another. Among the most recent actions by the US is the continued use of export controls, particularly to limit China’s access to advanced computing chips. Meanwhile, China has continued to use sanctions to target US firms, recently in the form of a national security investigation into US chip maker, Micron, and “countermeasures” against major US arms manufacturers such as Raytheon and Lockheed Martin. This Article examines the range of economic sanctions that the US and China have and could deploy against one another, the lawfulness of these measures, and the likely effects of these sanctions for the future of international sanctions law. Although unilaterally imposed economic sanctions remain a deeply contested area of international law, an unintended consequence of the increasing use of sanctions by the world’s two largest economies will be to lend legitimacy and legality to their use. Although the economic costs of a US–China sanctions war would be staggering, such a war would only further entrench unilateral sanctions as a fundamental tool of national security and foreign relations. This Article describes how international law is likely to develop as a consequence of the proliferation of sanctions, arguing that, far from undermining their lawfulness, increased state practice will support a customary norm of unilaterally imposed sanctions.
Experimental design of polymer synthesis applied to the removal of Cd2+ ions from water via adsorption
Authors: Silva Alex Rodrigues , Cavallini Grasiele Soares , de Mello Brandão Humberto , Oliveira Luiz Fernando Cappa , Souza Nelson Luis Gonçalves Dias
Published: July 2024

Cadmium is a highly toxic metal, and its presence can have adverse effects on both human health and aquatic ecosystems. The efficient removal of cadmium from wastewater is therefore of crucial importance, but traditional methods have proved to be inadequate. Thus, technologies for the treatment of wastewater containing cadmium, including adsorption, have been developed. The aim of this study was the preparation of a polymeric material by the grafting reaction of κ-carrageenan and its use as an adsorbent for cadmium removal. This was performed to study the removal capacity of cadmium ions in synthetic solutions, as well as the effects of pH and ions on adsorption capacity, adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and reusability. Additionally, the disinfectant potential of the solution was evaluated for the inactivation of total coliforms and E. coli in river water. The best adsorption capacity was 75.52 ± 1.325 mg g−1, with the kinetics described by the pseudo-second order model. Maximum adsorption capacity (127.6 ± 1.833 mg g−1) and RL (0.0113) were determined using the Langmuir model, the Freundlich model was the one that best fits the experimental data and indicated cooperative adsorption, and the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm was used to obtain the adsorption energy and identify that it is physical. The presence of ions K+, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in a concentration of 0.5% decreased the adsorption capacity, and that at pH 2.0, the adsorption capacity was drastically reduced. The study indicates that the polymer has potential as an adsorbent for removing cadmium from aqueous solutions and exhibits self-disinfecting properties.
Unlocking digital growth: overcoming barriers to digital transformation for Indian food SMEs
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Jagtap Sandeep
Published: July 2024

This paper aims to study how firms must be agile to overcome risks and manage cost repercussions. Specifically, it focuses on promoting digitalization in Indian food SMEs for greater competitiveness. The main purpose is to design a model for implementing robust interventions in a rational manner. To achieve this, a mixed approach, including a literature review and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method, was chosen. This approach is recommended for addressing barriers to digital transformation in SMEs. The results suggest that the absence of internet connectivity and problems related to organization impede the efficiency of operations in small and medium-sized Indian food businesses. By overcoming these obstacles and allocating resources to enhance their digital capacities, stakeholders can effectively shape their future business operations. In addition, it is imperative for the stakeholders to actively adopt and utilize a range of digital tools such as blockchain, IoT, Big Data, and cloud computing. To implement and sustain digital transformation effectively, three foundational elements are crucial: internet availability, financial resources, and employee training. This research offers an innovative approach to the practiceners and mangers to adopt digital transformation of Indian food SMEs.
Chick sexing based on the blood analysis using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Matsumoto Sana , Ogino Akane , Onoe Kai , Ukon Juichiro , Ishigaki Mika
Published: July 2024

Efforts are underway to develop technology for automatically determining the sex of chick embryos, aimed at establishing a stable and efficient poultry farming system while also addressing animal welfare concerns. This study investigated the possibility of chick sexing through blood analysis using Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra were obtained from whole blood and its constituents, such as red blood cells (RBCs) and blood plasma, collected from chicks aged 1–2 days, using a 785-nm excitation wavelength. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed statistically significant sex-dependent spectral variations in whole blood and RBCs, whereas blood plasma showed less clear dependency. These spectral differences between male and female chicks were attributed to differences in the proportion of spectral components from oxygenated (oxy-) and deoxygenated (deoxy-) RBCs, with males exhibiting a slightly stronger contribution of oxy-RBCs compared to females. This reflects the higher oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) in males compared to females. A model for discriminating chick sex was built using the ratios of certain Raman band characteristics of oxy-RBCs and deoxy-RBCs, achieving a sensitivity of 100%. This spectroscopic method holds promise for developing technology to discriminate the sex of early chicken embryos in ovo by detecting differences in oxygen saturation of RBCs based on sex.
GC–MS based metabolomic profiling of Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr. leaf extracts and evaluating its therapeutic potential
Authors: Abdul Ubais , Manikandan Dinesh Babu , Arumugam Manikandan , Alomar Suliman Yousef , Manoharadas Salim , Ramasamy Thirumurugan
Published: July 2024

Aporosa cardiosperma is a plant species majorly found in the Indian Western Ghats that belongs to the phyllanthaceae family with ethnobotanical importance. Using a Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) for evaluating leaf extracts of A. cardiosperma, significant functional groups and metabolite constituents were determined, and its total flavonoid, phenol, and tannin content were quantified. Further, its antibacterial efficacy was investigated against microorganisms that cause fish and human disease and are resistant to common antibiotics, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regarding the outcomes of GC–MS analysis, the primary metabolites in the A. cardiosperma leaf extracts were heneicosane (57.06%), silane (13.60%), 1-heptadecene (10.09%), 3-hexadecene (9.99%), and pentadecane (9.54%). In comparison to other solvents, methanolic extract of A. cardiosperma leaves had increased phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content; these findings are consistent with in vitro antioxidant potential and obtained that the methanolic extract (100 µg/mL) exhibited the higher percentage of inhibition in DPPH (82.35%), FRAP (86.20%), metal chelating (72.32%), and ABTS (86.06%) antioxidant assays respectively. Similar findings were found regarding the antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria. Comparatively, to other extracts, methanolic extracts showed more significant antibacterial activity at a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (250 µg/mL), whilst ethyl acetate and hexane solvent extracts of A. cardiosperma leaves had higher MIC values 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL respectively. The antimicrobial potential was validated by investigating bacterial growth through the extracts acquired MICs and sub-MICs range. Bacterial growth was completely inhibited at the determined MIC range. In conclusion, A. cardiosperma leaf extract's phytochemical fingerprint has been determined, and its potent antibacterial and antioxidant activities were discovered. These findings of the current study will pave the way for developing herbal treatments from A. cardiosperma for various fish and human diseases.
Research on the coupling coordination characteristics and convergence of digital finance and regional sustainable development: evidence from Chinese city clusters
Authors: An Qiguang , Wang Yongkai , Meng Qinggang , Wang Ruoyu , Xie Qian
Published: July 2024

The study examines the digital finance (DF) and regional sustainable development (RSD) across 90 cities within six major city clusters in China over the period from 2011 to 2020. By constructing an evaluation index system for DF and RSD, we employed the entropy value method to assess their levels, and the coupling coordination degree (CCD) model to evaluate their interplay. Our analysis extended to temporal and spatial disparities, distribution dynamics, and the convergence of CCD through kernel density estimation, Markov chain analysis, $$\sigma$$
σ
-convergence, and $$\beta$$
β
-convergence techniques. The results indicate a consistent upward trend in CCD, yet it remains at a low level with pronounced regional disparities and temporal characteristics. The kernel density distribution’s central tendency has shifted rightward progressively, albeit with a decelerating pace annually. The Markov transition probability matrix suggests a stable CCD across various levels, hinting at “club convergence”. Furthermore, both $$\sigma$$
σ
-convergence and $$\beta$$
β
-convergence analyses reveal significant convergence trends in CCD, enhanced by economic growth factors. Using the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) method, we found that regional economic growth disparities significantly influence the CCD’s regional variances.
Design and simulation of a tunable parity-time symmetric optoelectronic oscillator utilizing integrated components
Authors: Ahmadfard Farnaz , Hosseini S. Esmail
Published: July 2024

Non-Hermitian photonics, relaying on parity-time (PT) symmetry, have shown promise in achieving mode selection for optical or microwave single-mode oscillation. Typically, a PT-symmetric system is constructed using two coupled loops with identical geometry. This article utilizes the PT-symmetry property to select a single frequency mode in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO). However, traditional OEO implementations often involve discrete components, limiting widespread adoption due to factors such as size, weight, power consumption, and cost. Our aim in this paper is to leverage integrated components within the OEO loop. The proposed structure incorporates an integrated micro-ring resonator (MRR) with a high-quality factor (Q-factor) that serves both as a modulator and a resonator. Additionally, we suggest employing an adjustable integrated power splitter utilizing a micro heater to balance the gain and loss of two mutually coupled OEO loops. In this configuration, two integrated photo detectors (PD) are also utilized. In this setup, the single-frequency mode can be easily identified by simultaneously utilizing the properties of PT-symmetry and an integrated high-Q-factor resonator, obviating the need for a narrowband microwave filter. By adjusting the center frequency of the microwave photonic filter (MPF), the frequency of the generated signal can be tuned over a wide range. For instance, setting the generated frequency of the microwave signal to 11.5 GHz results in a measured phase noise of − 76.5 dBc/Hz at a 10-kHz offset frequency, with a side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 40 dB.
Assessing the sound insulation and thermal performance of a partition based on recycled materials as a sustainable retrofitting solution for buildings
Authors: Garcia Jorge Joaquin , Tonetti Diego , Piana Edoardo Alessio
Published: July 2024

Global warming and carbon emissions force us to rethink the use of our resources in a circular way. Recycling of materials such as paper and bio-based products offers an economically viable and straightforward way to reuse waste products. In this paper, a lightweight partition based on cellulose and agro-industrial byproducts is evaluated in terms of their sound insulation and thermal performance. Various combinations were assessed using a vibro-acoustic method suited for beam samples, with bending stiffness determined from normal modes and sound transmission loss derived accordingly. Additionally, the acoustic transfer matrix elements were characterised based on the measurements, facilitating the subsequent design of multilayer partitions using inverse procedures. The thermal aspect was studied measuring the thermal conductivity of the samples. Comparative analyses with analytical models and prior literature were conducted to validate the findings. Sandwich partition exhibited the higher sound insulation performance and potentially greater thermal insulation compared to the homogenous material. Applications are oriented to develop sustainable partitions for the retrofitting of buildings.
Power Loss Reductions and Voltage profile improvement through Fuzzy and AO algorithm for effective system operation by optimal placement of UPFC
Authors: Suryanarayana Reddy V. , Immanuel A. , Mahesh M. , Kumaraswamy I. , Vishnuvardhan P.
Published: July 2024

This project's primary goal is to reduce power losses and improve voltage profiles in power networks by strategically using unified power flow controllers, or UPFCs. The optimization process is enhanced by the combination of Fuzzy Logic and Archimedes Optimization Algorithm (AOA) techniques. The current injection model has been used to optimize the sizing of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) by the application of the Archimedes optimization method. The suggested approach demonstrates how simple it is to manipulate ideal power flow assessments. Fuzzy systems are used to compute the voltages and power loss at the best places. This paper is a demonstration of how to reduce power loss and enhance voltage under different load scenarios, such as light load, normal load, and overloading cases. It also shows how to apply UPFC to improve system performance on IEE-14 and IEE-30 bus systems.
Biodegradable Nanomaterials for Sustainable Food Packaging Applications
Authors: Mishra Mukul , Mittal Aman , Singh Negi Gaurav , Singh Preetjot , Kaur Savinder , Lakshmi Prasanna J. , Sharma Priyanka
Published: July 2024

This research article explores the viability of biodegradable nanomaterials for sustainable food packaging applications. The study involves a thorough analysis of the materials, including material characterisation, mechanical testing, barrier testing, and biodegradation tests. The material characterisation demonstrates a consistent distribution of nanoparticles throughout the polymer matrix, as validated by SEM and TEM examination. XRD analysis also indicates the presence of crystalline phases in the nanomaterials. FTIR spectroscopy is a technique that can identify specific functional groups and chemical bonds in a substance, allowing us to get knowledge about its composition and compatibility. Ongoing research and development are crucial to enhance the efficiency and economic feasibility of packaging materials made from biodegradable nanomaterials. This will help advance the sustainability of the food packaging sector.
Analysis and Simulation of Boost-Flyback Converter for Renewable Energy Integration
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Ravivarman , Ramana K. Sai , Akshay K. , Dilip K. , Dahiya Hardik
Published: July 2024

Analysis and Simulation of Boost-Flyback Converter for Renewable Energy Integration is mainly focusing on boosting and decreasing the voltages coming from the renewable energy sources. The proposed methodology combines the advantages of both Boost and Flyback topologies, providing enhanced efficiency, reduced voltage stress, and improved transient response. The Boost-Flyback Converter employs a two-stage topology, where the Boost stage is responsible for stepping up the input voltage, and the flyback stage facilitates energy transfer and output voltage regulation. The analysis includes a detailed examination of the converter's operating principles, voltage and current waveforms, and control strategies. A comprehensive simulation study is conducted using advanced simulation tools to validate the converter's performance under various operating conditions and load profiles.
Green Synthesis of Nanocomposite Membranes for Sustainable Water Filtration
Authors: Mishra Mukul , Mittal Aman , Singh Negi Gaurav , Singh Preetjot , Kaur Savinder , V Srinivas , Naath Mongal Binitendra , Srilakshmi Koganti , Karthikeyan R.
Published: July 2024

In order to tackle the worldwide problems of water pollution and shortage, this work explores the green synthesis of nanocomposite membranes for sustainable water filtering. Graphene oxide, cellulose nanocrystals, and silver nanoparticles were used as nanofillers in the fabrication of nanocomposite membranes, which were made using renewable polymer matrix (PES, PVDF, PAN). By including different polymer matrices and nanofillers, the composition analysis demonstrated the adaptability of nanocomposite membrane manufacturing, enabling the customization of membrane characteristics. Improved membrane shape and structural integrity were shown to result from the homogeneous dispersion of nanofillers inside the polymer matrix, according to characterization tests. Nanocomposite membranes demonstrated high flux rates and rejection rates for different pollutants, confirming their excellent performance in filtration experiments. The membranes' improved fouling resistance also increased their service life and decreased the frequency of maintenance needs. Supporting the eco-friendliness of nanocomposite membrane production, an environmental impact evaluation found that it used less energy and generated less trash than traditional techniques. All things considered, nanocomposite membranes have shown great promise as long- term water treatment solutions due to their superior performance, durability, and environmental friendliness, as well as their effective production and characterisation. More study is needed to perfect membrane characteristics and solve the remaining problems that prevent their broad use in water treatment systems.