bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IL‐4‐ and IL‐6‐producing cells in human periodontal disease tissue
Authors: Yamazaki Kazuhisa , Nakajima Takako , Gemmell Erica , Polak Boris , Seymour Gregory J. , Hara Kohji
Published: April 2006

IL‐4‐ and IL‐6‐producing cells in human periodontal disease tissues were investigated using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of IL‐4‐producing cells within the CD45RO+ subset and the percentage of IL‐4+ cells was significantly higher in periodontal lesions than in gingivitis tissues (p<0.01). The percentage of IL‐6‐producing memory cells was higher in periodontal lesions compared with gingivitis tissues, although it was not statistically significant (p<0.05). A reverse tendency in IL‐4‐ and IL‐6‐positive cells was observed in a few individual cases. No IL‐4 mRNA could be detected using the in situ hybridization technique. However, high levels of IL‐6 mRNA were present in clinically healthy tissues, with a further increase in both epithelium and connective tissues affected by gingivitis, although only the former was significant (p< 0.025). There was a significant decrease in IL‐6 mRNA in both the connective tissue (p<0.025) and epithelium (p<0.01) in periodontitis tissues compared with levels in gingivitis tissues. However, the levels of IL‐6 mRNA in periodontal tissues were high compared with those of IL‐1 mRNA, which was used in this study as a positive control. These results suggest that Th2–type cells may accumulate in periodontal lesions.
Association of amyloid P protein with pathology in periodontal tissues
Authors: Short L. L. , Zoellner H. , Hunter N.
Published: April 2006

The lesion of chronic periodontitis is characterized by the persistence of perivascular collections of degenerate plasma cells. In this study, immunohistochemical demonstration of amyloid P (AP) component was used to define the distribution of this protein in established periodontitis lesions and in biopsies of non‐destructive marginal gingivitis. Quantitative assessment of AP indicated significantly higher levels in periodontitis than in gingivitis for all regions of the tissue. This was associated with pathology as determined by the intensity of plasma cell accumulation and the extent of connective tissue matrix degradation. AP was concentrated in the deep connective tissue areas but perivascular accumulation was also noted, as was deposition associated with nerve bundles and, occasionally, in the extracellular matrix of the lining epithelium. These findings have potential significance in relation to the pathology of chronic periodontitis as AP has been shown to interact in a calcium‐dependent manner with a number of ligands including fibronectin, elastic fibres, C‐4 binding protein and amyloid fibrils.
Reduced number of Langerhans cells in oral mucosal washings from HIV‐1 seropositives
Authors: Spörri Bernhard , von Overbeck Jan , Brand Christoph U. , Schmidli Jurg , Sanchez Martha L. , Grunow Ronald , Braathen Lasse R.
Published: April 2006

In order to elucidate mucosal immunity in HIV‐1 seropositive individuals, we investigated oral mucosa washings from 20 HIV‐1 seropositive patients for the presence of Langerhans cells (LC) and HIV‐1 antigen‐positive cells, and compared the results with those obtained from 20 HIV‐l seronegative healthy individuals. Monoclonal antibodies directed against CDla, HLA‐DR, CD3, and p24 were used to identify LC, T cells and HIV‐l core‐antigens, respectively. In oral mucosa washings from HIV‐l seropositive patients there was a significant reduction in the number of CDla+ cells as compared with the healthy subjects. HIV‐1 antigen‐positive cells were not detected. The reduction of LC in oral mucosa washings from HIV‐l seropositive patients is probably associated with HIV‐l infection. The frequent occurrence of oral mucosal disorders in HIV‐l infected patients may in part be caused by a reduced LC‐number and/or function.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 2 and 57 in oral verrucae demonstrated by in situ hybridization
Authors: Padayachee Arun
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐one cases of verrucae vulgaris (oral warts) were investigated for human papillomavirus (HPV)‐group specific antigen by immunocytochemistry and for HPV types 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 16, 18 and 57 by DNA in situ hybridization with biotinylated probes. Twelve (57%) cases demonstrated the presence of HPV‐group specific antigen. Fifteen (71%) cases showed the presence of HPV DNA, 13 of which (87%) demonstrated both HPV types 2 and 57 in the same cells and 2 of which (13%) demonstrated only HPV 2. Six cases were negative for HPV 2 and 57 and all 21 cases (100%) were negative for HPV types 1, 4, 6, 11, 16 and 18. Results indicate the association of a new and as yet unidentified HPV type, closely related to HPV 2 and 57, with oral warts. The identification of both cutaneous type HPV 2 and another type closely related to HPV 2 and 57 in oral verrucae on keratinized and non‐keratinized mucosal surfaces indicates the possibility of a latent infection; three patients had a history of warts on their hands, suggesting autoinoculation. This study indicated that future investigations of oral warts, based on a correlation of clinical and histological features with HPV types by DNA in situ hybridization, are called for.
Influence of inductive chemoradiotherapy on salivary polymorphonuclear leukocyte (SPMN) functions in oral cancer
Authors: Ueta Eisaku , Osaki Tokio , Yoneda Kazunori , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Umazume Makoto
Published: April 2006

Salivary polymorphonuclear leukocyte (SPMN) functions were examined in 1 8 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and in 2 0 healthy individuals. SPMN obtained from patients before therapy exhibited significantly less FMLP‐stimulated chemotactic activity (132.4 ± 17.5 cells/0.26 mm2) than that in SPMN from controls (177.1 ± 11.6 cells/0.26 mm2), although no difference in phagocytosis was observed. When stimulated with PMA or FMLP, control SPMN generated superoxide (CV) at levels of 50.3 ± 10.5 pmol/min/1 0 4 cells and 8 8.4 ± 1 5.4 pmol, respectively, while SPMN from untreated patients generated significantly reduced O, in the presence of PMA or FMLP (2 4.3 + 3.5 pmol and 5 9.5 ± 9.8 pmol, respectively). Only slightly lower chemiluminescence was observed in SPMN from untreated patients however, compared to controls, values being 6 8.0 ± 1 8.9vs 81.3 ± 14.9 peak mV by PMA and 62.4 ± 3.7 vs 64.4 ± 12.9 peak mV by FMLP. Compared to Candida killing in control subjects (2 4.9 ± 3.1 %), SPMN from patients before treatment exhibited significantly reduced activity (1 8.7 ± 4.9 %). Further suppression of the SPMN functions examined was observed after chemoradio‐therapy. Suppressed SPMN function in cancer patients, especially that associated with chemoradiolhcrapy, may therefore play a part in oral candidiasis.
Primary angiosarcoma of the alveolar mucosa in a haemodialysis patient: case report and discussion
Authors: Margiotta Valerio , Florena Ada Maria , Giuliana Giovanna
Published: April 2006

A case of a haemodialysis patient with a primitive angiosarcoma of the alveolar mucosa is reported. The vascular origin of the tumor was confirmed by the immunohistochemical data which showed strong positivity for Factor VHI‐related antigen and for vimentin, whereas stains for desinin and cytokeratins were negative.
Cellular kinetics and lectin distribution in hamster buccal carcinomas
Authors: Nishikawa Tetsunari , Wada Seiji , Wato Masahiro , Tsutsui Jun , Nishimura Yasunori , Matsuoka Kayo , Okano Hakuro , Tanaka Akio
Published: April 2006

As part of an evaluation of the progression to malignancy, the cellular kinetics of DMBA‐induced tumors in the buccal mucosa of hamsters were examined using 5‐bromodeoxyuridinc (BrdU), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ulex curopaeus agglutinin I (UEA‐I) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). BrdU‐positive cells were localized in the basal layer in both normal and hyperplastic epithelium, whereas they were distributed from the basal to the prickle cell layer in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The extent of BrdU labeling increased as the tissues progressed towards malignancy. PNA and UEA‐I showed binding only in the prickle cell layer of normal and hyperplastic epithelium, and WGA showed binding mainly in the prickle cell layer. However, in SCC. PNA and UEA‐I showed no binding in the prickle cell layer and WGA binding was observed throughout the epithelium. A study of cellular kinetics using BrdU labeling and the lectin binding pattern may be useful in the evaluation of tissue changes on the way to malignancy.
HLA‐antigens in oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: van Wyk C. W. , Grobler‐Rabie A. F. , Martell R. W. , Hammond M. G.
Published: April 2006

HLA–typing was carried out on 122 areca nut chewers who attended hospitals for complaints unrelated to the habit. The subjects were South Africans of Indian extraction. The study did not include haplotypes. Palpable fibrous bands in the mouth indicated oral submucous fibrosis. The subjects were divided into 4 groups based on specific oral symptoms and signs. Groups A and B were without fibrous bands. Group A (47 subjects) included those with one or no symptoms while group B (28 subjects) suffered from 2 to 7 oral symptoms. Group C (17 subjects) had oral symptoms and represented early or mild oral submucous fibrosis and exhibited at least one discrete palpable fibrous hand. Group D (30 subjects) were classic oral submucous fibrosis cases with multiple bands. The high occurrence of oral submucous fibrosis in this study group (39%) is similar to the occurrence in comparable age groups reported earlier–n South Africa and is conceivably due to the higher age range of the subjects and their relatively long exposure to the area nut. We were unable to demonstrate a specific pattern of HLA–antigen frequencies in chewers with or without the disease. Furthermore, there were no differences between the study population and the controls. It is concluded that there is not necessarily a HLA–associated susceptibility in oral submucous fibrosis.
Stereological and immunohistochemical study of development of human fetal labial salivary glands and their S‐100 protein reactivity
Authors: Adi M. M. , Chisholm D. M. , Waterhouse J. P.
Published: April 2006

Stereological and certain histochemical aspects of fetal growth and development of human labial salivary glands are reported. Stereological analysis showed a highly significant progressive increase in proportional gland volume occupied by acini from 27% at 20 weeks to 56% at 38 weeks (P<0.0001), and a comparable halving of the relative gland volume occupied by connective tissue in the same period (P<0.0001). Linear regression fitted the data well (r2= 0.59 and 0.47 respectively, n=46). The change in relative volume occupied by ducts or by vascular tissue was small and did not reach significance. S‐100 protein reactivity was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of cells of the labial gland primordia from their origin. As gland differentiation progressed, the S‐100 reactivity became localized in basophil acinar cells and in proximal (intercalated and intralobular), but not in distal, duct cells. A gradual increase in intensity of S‐100 protein activity at these sites during salivary gland development was observed. Morphological maturity seems to be complete before 29 weeks but myocpithelial cells could not be identified with certainty.
Oral pathology 25 years on: British Society for Oral Pathology Silver Jubilee Lecture*
Authors: Kramer I. R. H.
Published: April 2006

A commentary on some of the political and scientific developments in oral pathology during the past 25 years, with special reference to the British Society for Oral Pathology.
Role of areca nut in the causation of oral submucous fibrosis: a case‐control study in Pakistan
Authors: Maher R. , Lee A. J. , Warnakulasuriya K. A. A. S. , Lewis J. A. , Johnson N. W.
Published: April 2006

A case‐control study on chewing and smoking habits and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) was undertaken in Karachi in 1989/90. Cases were patients detected with fibrous bands and leathery mucosa and hospital‐based controls were matched by age and sex. Information on habits was collected by personal interview of 157 cases and 157 controls. Despite overall female preponderance, a substantial number of young men were enlisted. The male/female risks were found to be similar. Immigrants from India to Pakistan (Mohajir) had a similar risk status to local Punjabis. No differences between risks were found when comparing the three age categories. 21.21‐40, 41‐60 yr. Among the cases, an increased risk was observed for areca nut chewing. This habit when practised alone appeared to have the highest risk (RR 154), followed by pan with or without tobacco (RR 64. 32 respectively). Logistic regression and discriminant analysis showed that daily consumption rates appeared to be more important with respect to risk than lifetime duration of habit. Tobacco habits were more prevalent amongst those 15 cases who presented with concurrent carcinoma and OSF: We conclude that areca nut chewing has a causal relationship with OSF: additional tobacco insult may be necessary for subsequent carcinoma development.
Increase in placental glutathione S‐transferase in human oral epithelial dysplastic lesions and squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Zhang L. , Xiao Y. , Priddy R.
Published: April 2006

This study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of human placental glutathione S‐transferase (GST‐φ) in the epithelium of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Epithelial lining of normal oral mucosa, hyperplastic lesions and oral epithelium exhibiting mild dysplasia showed weak to moderate GST‐φ staining. Moderate epithelial dysplasia revealed an increased antibody content while severe dysplasia. carcinoma‐in‐situ (CIS) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) demonstrated markedly increased antibody binding. The GST‐φ staining was evident mainly in the cytoplasm. Severe dysplasia. CIS and SCC were also characterized by areas of cells with intensive nuclear GST‐φ staining. These findings support the hypothesis that GST‐φ plays a role in human oral carcinogenesis and may be used as a tumor marker for human oral premalignant and malignant lesions.
Paracoccidioidomycosis manifesting as oral lesions: clinical, cytological and serological investigation
Authors: Sposto Maria Regina , Mendes‐Giannini Maria Jose , Moraes Rosangela Aparecida , Branco Fernanda Cristina , Scully Crispian
Published: April 2006

Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) is a systemic mycosis which can he associated with oral lesions. This study on a group of 14 patients showed oral lesions mainly on the gingival or alveolar mucosa with pulmonary involvement detectable on chest radiography in most. Microscopic detection of the fungus on a direct smear showed positive results in all 14 patients. Serological investigations including immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and immunoblot were also positive in 100% of cases. The results suggest that direct smear together with serology may obviate the need for lesional biopsy for the diagnosis of oral Paracoccidioidomycosis.
Multiple supernumerary teeth (MSNT) and Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS): a case report
Authors: Melamed Y. , Barkai G. , Frydman M.
Published: April 2006

Familial occurrence of supernumerary teeth is reported in a father and his son. While the lather had only one supernumerary tooth in the maxillary premolar region, his son had 8 unerupted supernumerary teeth. In addition, both patients had joint hypermobility and stretchable skin, typical of EDS syndrome type III. To the best of our knowledge, the association of supernumerary teeth with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome has never been previously reported. Single supernumerary teeth (SSNT) are most commonly found in the maxillary anterior region, whereas multiple supernumerary teeth prevail in the mandibular premolar region. We suggest that the aetiology of multiple supernumerary teeth may be different from that of single supernumerary teeth.
Contact stomatitis to mercury associated with spontaneous mononuclear cell infiltrates in Brown Norway (BN) rats with HgCl2‐induced autoimmunity
Authors: Warfvinge Gunnar , Larsson Åke
Published: April 2006

Light microscopy and immunocytochemistry have been used to study the tissue reaction to non‐irritant concentrations of mercury painted onto the oral mucosa of genetically mercury‐sensitive BN rats. Low‐dose skin injections of HgCl2 in BN rats result in an autoimmune syndrome, including also a spontaneous migration of T lymphocytes into the oral mucosa. Our results show that such infiltrates confer an increased degree of reactivity (contact stomatitis) to HgCl2 painted onto the BN (Hg) rat oral mucosa. In contrast, results were negative in the LEW rat strain, which is also resistant to development of autoimmunity to skin‐injected mercury. The possible involvement of mucosal mercury‐loaded macrophages is discussed. The results are also discussed with respect to possible etiologic and pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of dental material (amalgam)‐associated lichenoid lesions of human oral mucosa.
Distribution of tenascin in oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tiitta Outi , Happonen Risto‐Pekka , Virtanen Ismo , Luomanen Marita
Published: April 2006

The distribution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein tenascin (Tn) was studied in oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma by using the monoclonal antibody (Mab) 143DB7. In normal buccal and palatal mucosa, in ventral tongue, in floor of mouth and in gingiva, immunoreaction for Tn was seen to be distributed as a continuous thin, delicate line merely in the basement membrane region. Hyperkeratosis without dysplasia showed a distinct zone of enhanced Tn immunoreactivity immediately beneath the epithelium. In dysplasias of various degree, enhancement of the stromal Tn content could be observed, being most conspicuous in carcinoma in situ lesions. In most invasive carcinoma cases the Tn immunoreactivity was intense, extending deeply into the underlying stroma. In such lesions Tn‐reaction often covered the total stroma. Notably, the strongest immunoreaction was seen at the advancing edges of the tumor. The triggering factor for stromal Tn enhancement seems to be of epithelial origin. The enhanced expression of Tn suggests that Tn plays a role in organizing and remodelling the stroma to support active epithelial proliferation and migration. However, it also seems that inflammation is associated with Tn expressions.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate with squamous metaplasia or basaloid‐squamous carcinoma? Report of a case
Authors: van der Wal J. E. , Snow G. B. , Karim A. B. M. F. , van der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

A case of an unusual tumor of the palate is presented, in which the differential diagnosis focusses on either adenoid cystic carcinoma with squamous metaplasia or a basaloid‐squamous carcinoma.
Oral and oropharyngeal prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in humans: a review
Authors: Sedgley Christine M. , Samaranayake Lakshman P.
Published: April 2006

Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family are widely distributed in nature and exhibit substantial diversity in ecology, host range and pathogenic potential for man. While wide discrepancies in methodology exist between epidemiological studies, the available data indicate an increased prevalence of oral and/or oropharyngeal Enterobacteriaceae carriage in patients with illnesses of varying severity compared with healthy subjects. This paper reviews the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in the oral and oropharyngeal region of healthy human subjects and those affected by different disease entities, and discusses the complexities associated with collating and interpreting such data. The effect of antimicrobials and antiseptics on oral and oropharyngeal Enterobacteriaceae has also been reviewed, while highlighting the gaps in knowledge and future research directions.
Increased submucosal factor XII la‐positive dendrocytes in oral lichen planus
Authors: Regezi Joseph A. , Daniels Troy E. , Saeb Farah , Nickoloff Brian J.
Published: April 2006

Factor XIIIa +“dendrocytes”, normal residents of the submucosa and dermis. are a morphologically and phenotypically distinctive subset of the monocyte‐macrophage system. Because these cells arc believed to participate in the regulation of immune responses, we postulated that they may play a role in the pathogenesis of lichen planus, a condition of immune dysregulation. Tissue sections of oral lichen planus were evaluated immunohistochemically for evidence of differences in dendrocyte populations in lesional and non‐lesional areas from the same patient. In addition to factor XIIIa, sections were stained for antigens (CD68, S‐100 protein, CD36) that may be expressed by other cells that occasionally exhibit dendritic profiles. CDI8 (found on leukocytes and dendrocytes) and its ligand ICAM‐I (intercellular adhesion molecule) were also identified in sections to determine if these antigens are operative in lichen planus. Results showed that XIIIa + dendrocytes were significantly increased in number (and size) in lichen planus. The mean number of dendrocytes in connective tissue subjacent to basement membrane (0.064 mm2) was 27 in lichen planus as compared to 10 in adjacent unaffected tissue. Similar increases were also evident in connective tissue deep to this zone (mean of 20 dendrocytes vs. mean of 8). CD68+ macrophages were also abundant in the lichen planus infiltrate, and S‐100 + connective tissue cells were frequently seen. CD36 + dendritic cells were seen in relatively small numbers in the same sites where dendrocytes were found. ICAM‐I + connective tissue dendritic cells of undetermined lineage were also evident in the diseased areas. Endothelial cells in and around the infiltrate were strongly reactive to anti‐ICAM‐1. Basal and parabasal keratinocytes overlying the lymphoid infiltrates were also strongly ICAM‐1 +. It appears that XIIIa + dendrocytes have a role in the immunologic mechanisms of lichen planus, and that these cells may be acting in concert with other immunocompetent cells, such as macrophages and S‐100 + epithelial dendritic cells, to activate T lymphocytes. ICAM‐I expression by dendrocytes. endothelial cells, and keratinocytes may facilitate leukocyte migration to, and retention in. the disease focus.
Oral lichen planus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: is there a relationship? A report of 10 cases
Authors: Gandolfo Sergio , Carbone Mario , Carrozzo Marco , Gallo Vittorio
Published: April 2006

Ten patients are reported suffering from oral lichen planus (OLP) associated with chronic liver diseases linked to HCV. All patients were affected by varieties of erosive oral lichen planus. In six of these 10 patients the diagnosis of HCV was made as a result of the OLP diagnosis and four of them had unknown, but severe, chronic liver disease. These preliminary data support the possible existence of a relationship between oral erosive lichen planus and HCV infection.
Observations on the effect of areca nut extracts on oral fibroblast proliferation
Authors: van Wyk C. W. , Olivier A. , de Miranda C. M. , van der Bijl P. , Grobler‐Rabie A. F.
Published: April 2006

The effects of aqueous extracts of raw, baked and boiled areca nuts were tested on cultured human buccal mucosa fibroblasts. Cells were exposed to extract concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 300 and 500 μg/ml. The arecoline and arecaidine content was determined in the extracts with HPLC and raw nut contained 5.5% in m. baked nut 6.6% mm and boiled nut 7.1% m/m. Extract concentrations of 50 to 150 μg/ml inhibited cell growth in a concentration‐dependent manner but did not lead to total cell death during a 7 day period. However, total cell death did occur with concentrations of 300 and 500 μg/ml. It is concluded that areca nut extract is toxic to cultured fibroblasts and inhibits their proliferation in a concentration‐dependent manner.
Quantification of PCNA+ cells within odontogenic jaw cyst epithelium
Authors: Li T.‐J. , Browne R. M. , Matthews J. B.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the reactivity of the epithelial linings of the three major types of odontogenic cyst with a monoclonal antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; clone PC 10). PCNA expression was studied in odontogenic cysts (n=31) and normal oral epithelium (n= 10) using a biotin‐streptavidin method on routinely processed paraffin sections. PCNA+ cells were counted manually and related to the length of basement membrane (mm) and the epithelial area (mm2) as determined by TV image analysis. The epithelial linings of odontogenic keratocysts (OKC; n= 11) contained the highest number of PCNA+ cells, most of which were located in the suprabasal layers. The mean value of PCNA+ cells in OKC linings (94.4 ±22.7 cells/mm) was similar to that of oral epithelia (80.8 ± 20.6 cells/mm), but both were significantly higher than that of dentigerous (n = 10. 5.1 ± 3.0 cells mm) and radicular (n = 10, 11.0 ± 4.1 cells /mm) cyst linings (P‐ 0.005). The epithelial distribution of PCNA+ cells differed between groups with the basal/suprabasal PCNA+ cell ratio in OKC linings (0.05 ± 0.02) being significantly lower than that of normal oral epithelium (0.5 ± 0.14), dentigerous (l.6 ± 1.23) and radicular (l.9 ± 1.09) cyst linings respectively (P < 0.005). These results demonstrate differences in PCNA+ expression between the epithelial linings of the major odontogenic cyst types, indicating differences in proliferative and differentiation processes within these lesions.
Growth hormone regulates an N‐acetylgalactosamine component in odontogenesis: a specific lectin‐binding study in the Lewis dwarf rat
Authors: Zhang C. Z. , Young W. G. , Breipohl W. , Doehrn S. , Li H. , Waters M. J.
Published: April 2006

Dental organs of incisors from normal, dwarf and growth hormone‐treated dwarf rats were analysed histochemically using a panel of lectins. A distinctive pattern of differential staining was obtained with Helix pomatia agglutinin, a lectin specific for N‐acetylgalactosamine. In Bouin's perfused and paraffin‐embedded undecalcified tissues from normal rats, reaction product for N‐acetylgalactosamine was visible in the odontogenic cells and some extracellular matrices. In the growth hormone‐deficient dwarf rats, the N‐acetylgalactosamine reaction was consistently minimal in the odontoblasts, predentin, cementoblasts, cementoid, osteoblasts and osteoid matrices, although the staining of ameloblasts and osteoclasts was similar to normal. Administration of growth hormone to dwarf rats for six days (66 μg/100 g rat b.i.d.) restored the reaction for N‐acetylgalactosamine in the affected matrices. Thus, an N‐acetylgalactosamine rich matrix component is differentially expressed during odontogenesis. Growth hormone may regulate this component in these matrices, which may be a proteoglycan or a glycoprotein, essential for normal growth of the teeth.
Experimental odontomas in osteopetrotic op/op rats
Authors: Philippart C. , Arys A. , Dourov N.
Published: April 2006

Osteopetrosis is an autosomal recessive disease in several mammalian species. Osteopetrotic op/op rats sutler from complete failure of tooth eruption related to reduced bone resorption. In our earlier studies, op/op rats grafted with bone marrow cells 3 days after birth were cured of the disease and their molar eruption was restored. However, the incisors failed to erupt and their proliferating ends were distorted, forming odontomas. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the odontogenic tissues in the odontomas, using the correlated techniques of radiography and microradiography of undecalcified material, together with histology of decalcified material and scanning electron microscopy.
Human papillomavirus DMA in oral squamous cell carcinomas and normal mucosa
Authors: Ostwald Christiane , Müller Petra , Barten Malte , Rutsatz Karin , Sonnenburg Michael , Milde‐Langosch Karin , Loning Thomas
Published: April 2006

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in oral carcinomas and normal oral mucosa were studied by consensus primer screening and typing for HPV types 6/11,16 and 18 DNA. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the DNA species of interest were identified by Southern blot hybridization with digoxigenin‐labeled oligonucleotide probes. Frozen tissue and scrapings were equally suitable for HPV testing and yielded high HPV detection rates in carcinomas. By comparison, HPV analysis of paraffin‐embedded material was much less efficient. HPV were demonstrated in 61.5% (16/26) of oral squamous cell carcinomas, high risk HPV 16 and 18 being the preferential types. The frequency of HPV detection in non‐neoplastic mucosa of tumor patients decreased clearly with increasing distance from the tumor (range 26.9–3.8%) suggesting focal HPV infections. In contrast, normal buccal mucosa of a group of healthy volunteers contained HPV DNA only in 1%(1/97).
Spindle cell lipoma of the oral cavity: report of a case
Authors: Lombardi T. , Odell E. W.
Published: April 2006

A true lipoma is an uncommon lesion intraorally and the spindle cell variant is extremely rare, with only four cases reported in the English language literature. A new case of spindle cell lipoma affecting the tongue of a 68‐year old white woman is reported.
Heat shock protein expression in oral lichen planus
Authors: Sugerman P. B. , Savage N. W. , Xu L. J. , Walsh L. J. , Seymour G. J.
Published: April 2006

To assess the potential role of heat shock protein (HSP) in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP), sections of OLP, normal oral mucosa, non‐specific oral ulceration (NSOU) and dysplastic OLP were assessed for HSP expression using avidin‐biotin complex immunohistochemistry with an anti‐HSP 70 polyclonal antibody. There were statistically significant differences in both the vertical and horizontal staining distribution when other groups were compared with the OLP group (p<0.01). Using microdensitometry, the mean staining intensity in OLP, dysplastic OLP and NSOU was elevated in comparison with normal oral mucosa (p<0.001). In a standard tritiated thymidine uptake assay, lymphocytes extracted from nine OLP lesions demonstrated significant proliferation when stimulated with purified protein derivative (PPD), of which HSP is a major constituent, with stimulation indices ranging from 2 to 132. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in OLP patients, diverse exogenous agenst may cause upregulated expression of HSP by oral mucosal keratinocytes. A reaction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to these activated keratinocytes may then result in the tissue destruction which is characteristic of OLP lesions.
Characteristics of the oral lesions in patients with cutaneous recurrent erythema multiforme
Authors: Farthing P. M. , Maragou P. , Coates M. , Tatnall F. , Leigh I. M. , Williams D. M.
Published: April 2006

Erythema multiforme may be recurrent and the oral cavity is often affected. A series of 82 patients with unequivocal recurrent cutaneous erythema multiforme were examined to determine the incidence and nature of oral lesions. Seventy per cent of patients had oral lesions, comprising multiple, large, shallow, extremely painful and debilitating ulcers, which affected the entire oral mucosa in over 20%. The buccal mucosa and tongue were the most frequently affected sites in the remainder and the lips were affected in 13% of patients. Lesions generally lasted for 1–3 weeks. In over 60% of cases these attacks followed an episode of herpes simplex virus infection during the preceding fortnight. Recurrent attacks showed a different site distribution from the initial attacks, with a greater proportion having genital as well as skin and oral mucosal involvement. Detailed case histories of five patients are presented to illustrate the role of azathioprine in treating oral lesions and to document a familial case of recurrent erythema multiforme, with severe mucosal involvement.
p53 protein expression in sequential biopsies of oral dysplasias and in situ carcinomas
Authors: Regezi J. A. , Zarbo R. J. , Regev E. , Pisanty S. , Silverman S. , Gazit D.
Published: April 2006

Immunohistochemically detectable levels of p53 may be seen early in the malignant transformation of some neoplasms. To determine if p53 is immunocytochemically detectable, and therefore presumptively abnormal, in oral dysplasias and in situ carcinomas, and to explore the natural history of p53 protein expression in these lesions, sequential biopsies from patients with lesions occurring in the same anatomic site were examined. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections from 19 patients were evaluated immunohistochemically for p53 protein using antibody clones Pab1801 and BP53‐12. With two exceptions, comparable results were observed with these antibodies. p53 protein was detected immunocytochemically in 6 of 13 patients with dysplasias; 3 of these progressed to p53‐positive invasive carcinoma, one advanced to a more severe grade of p53‐positive dysplasia, one developed into a p53‐negative verrucous carcinoma, and one represented a p53‐positive dysplasia developing five years after treatment of a p53‐positive carcinoma. The p53‐positive dysplasias, which were found in all subtypes (mild, moderate, severe), preceded histologic malignant change by months to years. p53 detection was evident in 4 of 6 patients with in situ lesions. Sequential biopsies of three of these lesions showed no change in lesion histology or p53 staining, and one lesion advanced to a p53‐positive carcinoma. It is concluded that p53 protein may be detected early in the development of a subset of p53‐positive oral squamous cell carcinomas. This phenomenon may be seen in dysplasias and in situ lesions, and it may have prognostic implications.
Correlation between argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) counts and histologic grades with respect to biologic behavior of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Vuhahula Edda A. M. , Nikai Hiromasa , Ogawa Ikuko , Miyauchi Mutsumi , Takata Takashi , Ito Hiroshi , Ito Reiko
Published: April 2006

The quantification of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) was performed in 34 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) to determine (1) whether AgNOR count correlates with its different histologic grades pertinent to prognosis, and (2) whether AgNOR counts can offer any additional prognostic advantage over histologic grading. According to SZANTO et al.'s histologic grading criteria (4), 12 cases were Grade 1, 7 cases Grade 2, and 15 were Grade 3. Patients were divided into 20 favorable cases (without metastases) and 14 unfavorable cases (with metastases). Although most Grade 3 tumors had high AgNOR counts (4) and Grade 1 tumors with low (<4) AgNOR counts outnumbered those with high AgNOR counts, considerable overlap of AgNOR values in different grades was observed. However, all unfavorable cases had high AgNOR counts regardless of their histologic grades, suggesting that the metabolic alterations associated with the malignancy level of ACC may partly be portrayed by the AgNOR count, irrespective of the histologic appearance. Cumulative survival rates of Grade 1 tumors and of tumors with low AgNOR counts were better than those of Grade 3 tumors and those with high AgNOR counts. Within the limited number of cases in this series the AgNOR count exhibits a potential for identifying some aggressive ACCs that cannot be detected by histology alone.
Odontogenic tumors: analysis of 289 Nigerian cases
Authors: Odukoya Onatolu
Published: April 2006

Two hundred and eighty‐nine cases of odontogenic tumors that accumulated in the files of the biopsy service of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital during a period of 21 years were analysed and categorised according to the most recent WHO classification of odontogenic tumors. Odontogenic tumors constituted 19% of all oral/jaw tumors and tumor‐like lesions. Ameloblastoma, which accounted for 58.5% of odontogenic tumors in the series, was the most common, and showed a predilection for males and the posterior mandible. 94.8% of odontogenic tumors were benign, while malignant odontogenic tumors accounted for 5.2%. Odontogenic carcinoma was the most prevalent malignant odontogenic tumor; it showed a predilection for the mandible and occurred at a mean age of 37 years.
Antigen presenting capacity of Langerhans cells from rat oral epithelium
Authors: Hasséus B. , Dahlgren U. , Bergenholtz G. , Jontell M.
Published: April 2006

The ability of Langerhans cells (LC) from rat oral mucosa to internalize and process antigens and to participate in the induction of T cell mitogenesis was examined. To purify LC from epithelial cells, monoclonal anti‐class II antibodies and immunomagnetic beads were employed. Suspensions of epithelial cells, containing LC, were found to be effective in mediating a Con A‐induced T cell proliferation. Depletion of class II molecule‐expressing LC reduced the proliferation of T cells by 80%. Presentation of ovalbumin (OA) to primed T cells was found to be dependent on the concentration of OA and the number of LC. Partially purified LC were five times as effective in inducing proliferation of primed T cells as the untreated suspension of epithelial cells. The data suggest that LC obtained from rat oral mucosa can generate accessory signals, process antigens and serve as antigen‐presenting cells.
DNA content and alkaline phosphatase expression in cells of different gingival overgrowths
Authors: Hou L. T. , Yaeger J. A.
Published: April 2006

The present study compared the alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) expression and DNA content at specific periods in cultured cells derived from non‐inflamed enlarged gingivae of idiopathic gingivofibromatosis (IGF) and phenytoin‐induced hyperplasia (PHG). Cultured cells from healthy gingiva or periodontal ligament (PDL) were used as controls. The DNA assay, ALPase assay and cytochemical staining for ALPase in cultured cells were performed at four, seven, and nine days. The presence of intense ALPase activity was a prominent feature in cultured IGF cells, whereas very low ALPase activity was detected in PHG cells. The cell lines tested showed no significant differences in DNA content. The expression of ALPase in these cells was population density‐dependent. The observation that cells isolated from both types of gingival overgrowth exhibited a different ALPase profile at variance with normal gingival fibroblasts suggested that a distinct pathogenic mechanism may be involved in each type of gingival overgrowth.
Detection of Epstein‐Barr virus DNA in tongue tissues from AIDS autopsies without clinical evidence of oral hairy leukoplakia
Authors: Mabruk M. J. E. M. R , Flint S. R. , Toner M. , Leonard N. , Shells O. , Coleman D. C. , Atkins G. J.
Published: April 2006

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA was detected by in situ hybridization at 3 sites of 30 samples taken from clinically normal lateral border of tongue mucosa from 15 AIDS autopsies and in none of 20 samples from 10 controls. The first positive case showed a thin layer of parakeratosis correlated with positive signals for EBV in one area and an adjacent area without obvious parakeratosis was also positive for EBV. These findings were present on both sides of the tongue. The second case was unilaterally positive for EBV and parakeratosis was absent. The hybridization signals were localised to koilocyte‐like cells in the stratum spinosum, as in oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL). These observations suggest that the in situ hybridization technique can detect very early or subclinical OHL, and supports the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of this lesion.
Proteoglycan changes in carcinogen (4NQO)‐treated rat tongue mucosa
Authors: Wilson David F. , Vreugdenburg Allan , Wiebkin Ole W.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to undertake preliminary analyses of the extracellular proteoglycans in carcinogen [4‐nitroquinoline N‐oxide (4NQO)]‐treated rat tongue mucosa. Experimental rats were exposed to twice‐weekly applications of 4NQO in propylene glycol for six months, after which the animals were killed. Control and 4NQO‐treated tissues were subjected to sequential aqueous extractions of proteoglycans under associative and dissociative conditions, followed by alkaline cleavage of protein‐glycosaminoglycan linkages to yield a glycosaminoglycan residue. Tissues subjected to 4NQO applications contained smaller proportions of proteoglycans which were readily soluble under associative and dissociative conditions. Proportionately more proteoglycan remained strongly associated with other intercellular tissue components, being released only by alkaline cleavage. These biochemical alterations in preinvasive 4NQO‐treated epithelium and connective tissues, together with an observed associated change in water retention by the connective tissue, occurred prior to actual neoplastic invasion and suggest differences in macromolecular conformation and orderliness. We hypothesize that these changes are related to the phenomenon of neoplastic epithelial invasion.
Induction of carcinomas and sarcomas by 9,10‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benzanthracene administration into the hamster maxillary sinus
Authors: Yura Y. , Tsujimoto H. , Kusaka J. , Harada K. , Yoshida H. , Sato M.
Published: April 2006

To determine whether the local administration of 9,10‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benzanthra‐cene (DMBA) into the hamster maxillary sinus induced carcinoma at the injected site, hamsters were injected with 30 μl of 0.5% solution of DMBA in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) through the infraorbital foramen into the maxillary sinus once weekly for 10 weeks (Group 2). Another group of hamsters (Group 1) received similar injections of 30 μl of DMSO only. In a third group of animals (Group 3), a roll of oxycellulose was inserted into the maxillary sinus and 40 μl of a 2% solution of DMBA in DMSO was injected once. Sinonasal carcinomas were demonstrated in 73% (8/11) of the hamsters in Group 2 and sarcomas were shown in 73% (8/11) of the hamsters in Group 3, as well as some carcinomas. No tumors were seen in the Group 1 hamsters. Histologic examination revealed squamous cell carcinomas arising from the surface epithelium and submucous glands of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. These findings indicate that the intrasinal administration of a 0.5% solution of DMBA in DMSO is a reliable method for inducing maxillary sinus cancer.
Etiology of oral submucous fibrosis with special reference to the role of areca nut chewing
Authors: Murti P. R. , Bhonsle R. B. , Gupta P. C. , Daftary D. K. , Pindborg J. J. , Mehta Fali S.
Published: April 2006

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a high risk precancerous condition, predominantly affecting Indians. Consumption of chilli was hypothesized as an etiologic factor on the basis of ecological observations and a solitary animal experimental study. Subsequent epidemiologic studies that included case‐series reports, large cross‐sectional surveys, case‐control studies, cohort and intervention studies have identified areca nut as the major etiologic agent. Tissue‐culture studies involving human fibroblasts, areca nut extracts and areca nut alkaloids supported this etiologic hypothesis by showing fibroblastic proliferation and increased collagen formation. Currently, the role of genetic susceptibility and that of autoimmunity are receiving attention. The influence of nutritional factors, if any, remains unclear.
Immunohistochemical characterisation of odontogenic cysts with mesenchymal and myofilament markers
Authors: Lombardi T. , Morgan P. R.
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present investigation was to analyse the fibroblast phenotype in the main groups of odontogenic cysts. We have examined the muscle differentiation markers alpha‐smooth muscle actin (ASMA) and desmin and the presence of vimentin using immunocytochemistry. Fibroblasts of other cyst types, hyperplastic fibrous lesions, and from several normal sites were used as controls. All fibro‐blasts stained for vimentin, but a variable proportion of cyst wall fibroblasts were also positive for the antibody to ASMA. Their distribution was not random and two positive zones could be distinguished, an inner subepithelial layer and an outer region adjacent to the bone‐facing surface. This staining pattern was observed for all the types of odontogenic cysts studied, although the subepithelial staining was more frequent in the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate. The contractile nature of these cells was supported by their ultrastructural appearance. Some non‐odontogenic cysts showed subepithelial fibroblasts strongly labelled with ASMA; in the control tissues ASMA was negative except for pericytes and some groups of cells in supracrestal gingiva. These results demonstrate a distinct cell population with a myofibroblast phenotype in the odontogenic cyst wall and with a distribution which may enable them to contribute to wall elasticity constraining cyst expansion. Their presence in all types of odontogenic cyst studied would suggest that myofibroblast formation is independent of the pattern of cyst growth.
Exfoliative cheilitis
Authors: Daley Tom D. , Gupta Adytia K.
Published: April 2006

Exfoliative cheilitis is an uncommon condition affecting the vermilion zone of the upper, lower or both lips. It is characterized by the continuous production and desquamation of unsightly, thick scales of keratin; when removed, these leave a normal appearing lip beneath. The etiology is unknown, although some cases may be factitious. Attempts at treatment by a wide variety of agents and techniques have been unsuccessful. Three patients with this disease are reported and its relationship to factitious cheilitis and candidal cheilitis is discussed.
Feline inductive odontogenic tumor (inductive fibroameloblastoma) – a tumor unique to cats
Authors: Gardner David G. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: April 2006

The inductive fibroameloblastoma is a rare odontogenic tumor that occurs in young cats of either sex, predominantly in the anterior maxilla. This article critically reviews the previously published examples with emphasis on microscopic features, relationship to ameloblastic fibroma, and biologic behavior; an additional example is described. This tumor differs microscopically from human ameloblastic fibromas in that it is not well‐circumscribed but rather originates multifocally within the supporting connective tissue as characteristic, spherical condensations of fibroblastic connective tissue (ectomesenchyme) associated with islands of odontogenic epithelium. Its biologic behavior requires further study but the tumor apparently is unique to cats and is distinct from human ameloblastic fibroma. Consequently, feline inductive odontogenic tumor is suggested as being a more appropriate designation than inductive fibroameloblastoma.
Association between proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and infection with human papillomavirus type 16
Authors: Palefsky Joel M. , Silverman Sol , Abdel‐Salaam Maha , Daniels Troy E. , Greenspan John S.
Published: April 2006

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a recently described clinical entity characterized by multifocal oral lesions that frequently progress to oral cancer despite abstinence from tobacco use by most patients. To determine if this condition is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HPV DNA was performed on 9 lesions from 7 patients with PVL, histologically diagnosed with focal keratosis (1), papilloma (1), epithelial dysplasia (5) and squamous cell cancer (2). Eight (89%) were HPV positive, 7 for HPV 16. For comparison, we studied 55 non‐PVL‐associated oral specimens, including 24 oral squamous cell cancers. Of the cancers, 8 (33%) were HPV positive, 4 for HPV 16. These data suggest that HPV 16 infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PVL‐associated oral dysplasia and possibly cancer, but is found in only a small proportion of the more common, non‐PVL associated‐oral lesions.