bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin
Published: October 2023

The popular nationalist movement as embodied in the German Army League was devised and orchestrated by an activist minority for whom popular nationalism was a means by which to expand the restrictive ideological and political framework within which they perceived Germans to have been debilitatingly constrained. By mobilizing the opinions of German citizens, in particular those of the middle classes, in order to redirect the course of nationalist politics, the Army League activists intended to prove themselves more effective leaders than Germany’s ruling bureaucrats.
Prologue
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo
Published: October 2023

Before war pounced on the United States on December 7, 1941, it crept up, stage by stage, over many years. First came the world economic crisis, beginning with the American stock market crash in 1929, undermining confidence in the world order, shaking the foundations of political power in every country, and promoting authoritarian rule. Japan’s conquest of Manchuria in 1931 was an isolated case, but aggression and pressure for territorial revisions dominated international politics from the mid-thirties onward, as the sad litany of Ethiopia, China, Austria, and Czechoslovakia attest.
An Inward Quest
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

On a late Saturday afternoon in mid-February 1893, a middle-aged man animatedly addressed an audience in London’s Nonconformist Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street. In a pleasingly resonant voice, he urged those present to undertake an experimental community based upon the principles of collective land ownership and the joining together of the better features of urban and rural life. Observers reported a keen sense of expectancy among those present. Many belonged to organizations that had sponsored the occasion. Others had been attracted by notices that had appeared for several weeks in small radical newspapers. A turnout estimated at three hundred far exceeded expectations, and at the last moment the meeting was moved from a small room to the building’s main auditorium.
Land Reform in an Urban Age
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

The decade of the 1880s was a watershed in British history and thought as Victorian ideas of progress pushed against the sharp edge of hard times. It was a decade to reflect on the “much good and much harm” produced by an industrial system. Henry George’s Progress and Poverty expressed the mood of many that progress was an illusion in any nation which tolerated a great disparity of conditions among the classes. Indeed, George’s London lectures in the fall of 1882 elicited a remarkable popular response and helped spawn the birth of a fiery new radical mood.
Haward and Welwyn Garden City, 1910-1940 I’
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

Howard’s wife died unexpectedly in 1904. A year later the grieving Howard moved to Letchworth, where he soon became a familiar figure with sparse silver hair and a walrus mustache. By his mid-fifties, Howard had acquired a grandfatherly appearance which conformed well with his image as a gentle, eccentric dreamer-the honored founder of the Garden City movement. Invariably, he wore ill-fitted and baggy clothing-a business suit for London and mismatched jacket and pants at Letchworth-and a battered felt hat. In 1907, Howard remarried a Miss Annie Hayward of Letchworth, a consider ably younger woman. The marriage proved difficult.1
Symbolic Validation, Ritual, and Pedigree
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

As determinacy is the linguistic or literary-structural component of legitimacy, so symbolic validation, ritual, and pedigree provide legitimacy’s cultural and anthropological dimension. Once again, the legitimacy of a rule-its ability to exert a pull to voluntary compliance-will be examined in the light of its ability to communicate. In this instance, however, what is to be communicated is not so much content as validity or authenticity: the voluntarily acknowledged authenticity of a rule or a rule-maker, or, sometimes, the authenticity (validity) bestowed on a symbolic communication’s recipient. Reisman refers to this as “the authority signal.”160 We shall call these validating communications cues.
The Distinctive Pathof German Zionism
Authors: Lavsky Hagit
Published: October 2023

The Zionist movement in Germany in the Weimar period was marked by three well- defined characteristics. It was Palestinocentric; its predominant political philosophy was radical-national, oriented toward socialist etatisme in the socioeconomic sphere; and it pursued a moderate course in the diplomatic or geopolitical sphere that sought compromise with Arab nationalism. By virtue of these positions, the German Zionist movement in the 1920s functioned as a sort of Weizmannist ruling faction in the World Zionist movement. Signs of the distinctiveness of the movement in Germany had emerged in the years prior to the First World War. The impact of the war helped to make these special features the hallmark of Zionism in interwar Germany.
Ritual, Ceremony and the Reconstruction of Judaismin the United States
Authors: Liebman Charles S
Published: October 2023

Until very recently, observers of American Jewish life have noted a steady decline in ritual observance. This observation has been challenged in recent years1 and was one of the points of contention in two recently published papers on the quality of Jewish life in the United States.2 Each author assumed that the question of whether Jews were observing more, the same or less Jewish ritual than they had in the recent past was a critical dimension in assessing the quality of Jewish life in the United States. I wish to argue that the issue was improperly formulated. In the first place, insufficient account was taken of the distinction between ceremony and ritual. Second, too much emphasis was given to whether a particular ritual (or ceremony) was performed and inadequate attention was paid to the context in which it was performed and, therefore, the manner in which it is understood.
A Body Floating Between Two Tides
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman
Published: October 2023

The Rogers boardinghouse at 126 Nassau Street was a three-story red brick building with a flat roof, typical of the small buildings that flanked the downtown streets of lower Manhattan in the first half of the nineteenth century. Located on the east side of the street between Beekman and Ann streets, it formed part of a group of similar houses built in the late 1820s with the city’s northward expansion. Nassau Street itself was a winding stretch that reached from Broad Street and continued to Park Row, ending just one block short of intersecting with City Hall Park. Along it was the usual jumble of stores, workshops, boardinghouses, and residences that defined the character of the early city, a bustling urban space where rich and very poor often lived next to each other, where work and recreation took place in the same city blocks, and where the social segregation of neighborhoods by class, race, and ethnicity had not yet fully taken hold.
“The Beautiful Segar Girl”: Mary In The City Of The New World
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman
Published: October 2023

One of the important transitional passages in Melville’s Pierre; or, the Ambiguities, published just over a decade after Mary’s death, depicts the entry of Pierre and his half-sister Isabel into New York. They have left their rural family seat and the oppressive patriarchal past it represents for the presumed anonymity and imagined freedom offered by the town. In a foreshadowing of later events, the entry of these youthful characters is full of fearful expectation. As they approach the city limits, Pierre and his companion are quite literally jolted by the “great change in the character of the road” as it narrows from a wide and gentle country path to a hard city street: “The coach seems rolling over cannonballs of all calibers.” Frightened, Isabel grabs Pierre’s arm and “eagerly and forbodeingly demands what is the cause of this most strange and unpleasant transition?” In response, Pierre tells her that it is the pavement that marks the beginning of the town, hard stones that he likens to “the buried hearts of some dead citizens . . . come to the surface.”
The “Public Prints,” The Body Of Mary Rogers, And The Violence Of Representation
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman
Published: October 2023

A wood engraving, probably executed some years after her death, depicts the dead body of Mary Rogers in the shallow waters along a rocky and wooded Jersey shore. Mary’s voluptuous and unmarked body floating languidly figures prominently in the foreground, out of proportion to the rocks and trees. She seems asleep rather than dead or drowned: a poetic, sleeping beauty, ready to be awakened. This image, typical in style of the wood engravings featured in contemporary press and pamphlet literature, offers a marked contrast to the verbal descriptions of the destroyed and violated body of Mary Rogers that appeared in the penny press. But whether depicted as the beautiful maiden or as the destroyed corpse, the imagery of Mary deprived her of all poetry and privacy, making her dead body into an image of pollution and putrefaction, a symbol of all that was fractured and fractious in the city’s body politic.
Development of the Germ Cell
Authors: McCarrey John R
Published: October 2023

From an evolutionary view the primary purpose of an individual in a population is to reproduce and test the relative fitness of his or her phenotype. If sufficient, the corresponding genotype will then be passed on to the next generation. The vehicle for this process is the germ cell. Unlike all other cell lineages in the body (collectively known as the soma or somatic cells), the germ cell line does not face death as a mandatory endpoint. Rather, by contributing genetic information to the next generation, including that required for the development of new germ cells, the germ-cell line can be viewed as a potential continuum from generation to generation.
The Process of Meiosis
Authors: Stern Herbert
Published: October 2023

An obvious and indispensable requirement for sexual reproduction is that the gametes involved, sperm or egg, contain a haploid number of chromosomes. This apparently simple requirement may be contrasted with the fact that mechanisms involved in fulfilling the requirement display considerable complexity. The latter can only be accounted for by features of chromosome behavior that are frequently disregarded in textbook descriptions of the process. From the standpoint of human reproduction it must be emphasized that the target haploid number must represent a fully balanced chromosome complement to provide normal progeny. The contribution by either gamete of even one additional chromosome to the fertilized egg leads most commonly to embryonic or fetal death, and the occasional fetuses that come to term are disabled to a greater or lesser degree depending on the chromosome involved in the resulting trisomy. Apart from the special case of sex chromosomes, no survivors are known among fetuses that have only one member of a homologous chromosome pair. Meiosis is the only divisional process capable of providing haploid cells for gamete formation and it may, therefore, be rightly considered as the gateway to sexual reproduction. It is the universal gateway among sexually reproducing or-ganisms, be they fungi, flowering plants, or mammals.
Cell Biology of Mammalian Spermiogenesis
Authors: Clermont Yves , Oko, Richard , Hermo Louis
Published: October 2023

The spermatozoon is an unusual cell destined to deliver its nuclear DNA into a far-reaching target cell, the oocyte. It is a highly specialized cell with a head containing compact DNA in the nucleus and the acrosomic system provided with the enzymatic machinery necessary to penetrate the shell of the oocyte. It also has a tail made up of a contractile apparatus, the axoneme, in addition to cytoskeletal structures and mitochondria providing the energy necessary to maintain the tail’s motion. This cell is the product of an extraordinarily intricate process of cell differentiation termed spermiogenesis. Spermiogenesis is the third and last phase of spermatogenesis taking place in the seminiferous epithelium of the testis. The objective of the present review is to examine the structural and biochemical features of spermiogenesis, beginning with a brief review of the structure of the developing spermatids and an examination of a number of general cytological features of spermiogenesis. Then, we examine systematically the changes of each organelle or cytoplasmic component of the spermatid during spermiogenesis. Although some of the features of spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon have been recently reviewed (de Kretser and Kerr, 1988; Eddy, 1988; Oko and Clermont, 1990), we include in this chapter several of our more recent findings on the rat.
Regulation of Testicular Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Tung Kenneth S K
Published: October 2023

At the beginning of this century, it was thought that the chief function of the immune system was the defense against microbes, and that immune reaction against self, or “horror autotoxicus,” was not anticipated (Ehlich, 1905). Very soon after, however, autoimmunization against spermatozoa resulted in antisperm antibodies and this finding, among others, heralded the concept of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease (Metchnikoff, 1899).
The Origins of the 1964 Revolution
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E
Published: October 2023

It was an early April 1 morning in Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian President Joao Goulart had spent the previous night at Palacio’ Laranjeiras, the Rio presidential residence. His trip to Rio had come at a critical time in 1964. His advisers warned that dissident army units from the inland state of Minas Gerais were marching on Rio to overthrow his government. A few die-hard advisers tried to convince Goulart that the military were loyal and would soon take this rebel faction into custody.
Eloquence in an Electronic Age
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

In a book that blends anecdote with analysis, Kathleen Hall Jamieson--author of the award-winning Packaging the Presidency--offers a perceptive and often disturbing account of the transformation of political speechmaking. Jamieson addresses such fundamental issues about public speaking as what talents and techniques differentiate eloquent speakers from non-eloquent speakers. She also analyzes the speeches of modern presidents from Truman to Reagan and of political players from Daniel Webster to Mario Cuomo. Ranging from the classical orations of Cicero to Kennedy's "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, this lively, well-documented volume contains a wealth of insight into public speaking, contemporary characteristics of eloquence, and the future of political discourse in America.
The Emergence of Gospel Blues: 1931-1932
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

At each of the critical points in Dorsey’s career a cry―perhaps to him like the mother eagle’s―sounded for him to alter his life significantly. The cry from Bessie Smith’s downhome blues awakened him to the fact that he had been running with the Tin Pan Alley “chickens.” Her cry brought him back to traditional blues and into his blues-making with Ma Rainey and then into his recording career as Georgia Tom. Next the cry came in the preaching/singing of the Reverends Nix and Hall and the other recording preachers. They summoned him to a more effective presentation of his gospel songs and to a unification of the disparate parts of his religious personality.
Giving the Gospel a Blues Voice: 1932
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

By early Spring 1932, two forms of gospel blues had emerged and were becoming acceptable as modes of music in old-line black churches. For the first of these, solo gospel blues, Dorsey was the most prominent in shaping it―especially its notated and printed forms―and in bringing it out before the public. This form also evolved most clearly out of Dorsey’s life history and thus may be considered more the product of Dorsey’s creation than any style of music he played with the exception of the soft, rhythmic party blues he was well known for during his early professional years in Atlanta. The second form, choral gospel blues, emerged out of circumstances in which Dorsey was at most peripherally involved. Although this form dearly helped to resolve some of the lingering conflicts that had dogged Dorsey since childhood, the reasons underlying its growth were unrelated to Dorsey’s life to the extent that choral gospel blues cannot be considered a logical develop ment of Dorsey’s biographical history.
A Place for Gospel Blues in Old-Line Religion: 1932-1937
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

The marriage of Dorsey’s musical and textual voices, as represented by the composition of Take My Hand, Precious Lord, amounted to the final resolution of the warring interpersonal dualities in Dorsey’s life. It ultimately would offer a similar resolution of the deep conflicts between old-line and indigenous African American religion. The first hint of this broader cultural impact came the following week when Frye and Dorsey introduced the song at Ebenezer: The folk went wild. They went wild. They broke up the church. Folk were shouting everywhere.
Labor Displacement in the United States
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

Dynamic economies engage in a process Schumpeter has described as "creative destruction."1 New enterprises are continually forming while old ones disappear. Within existing companies, production processes change, organizations evolve, and labor requirements adapt to an ever-shifting marketplace. In the last two decades, international competition has intensified pressure, and, now more than ever, long-term economic success requires that firms respond to flux and strive to achieve ever-changing goals. Substantial changes in labor force patterns and population demographics have further modified work practices and norms of corporate behavior.
Labor Market Turbulence and the Older Worker
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

The employment tenure and seniority of older workers have given them somewhat better protection against the problems of labor market turbulence than their younger counterparts.1 Older workers, however, have not been exempt from the effects of plant closings, plant relocations, and downsizing efforts of corporations or from the structural changes that have occurred in the industrial and occupational composition of employment. The problems of older workers have also received increasing public attention because the aging of the population has created pressures on retirement benefits and health care costs and because the slowing of aggregate labor force growth has potential consequences for labor shortages.
The Nature of the Firm: Origin
Authors: Coase R H
Published: October 2023

“It is difficult for a man to speak long of himself without vanity.” So said David Hume at the beginning of his autobiography. If David Hume felt such a warning to be necessary, a man who, according to Adam Smith, approached “as nearly to the idea of a perfectly wise and virtuous man, as perhaps the nature of human frailty will permit,” it is hardly to be expected that my lectures will be free from vanity. However, a natural tendency to be overindulgent in dealing with my own work will be somewhat curbed by a real desire on my part to understand why “The Nature of the Firm” has been treated by the economics profession in the way it has. It is an article which is usually referred to with respect, has been reprinted in a number of books of reading, including Readings in Price Theory, sponsored by the American Economic Association, but which, until comparatively recently, has been largely without influence. It has had what the French call “un succes d’estime.” To understand why this has been the case would be more difficult, if not indeed impossible, if I did not deal honestly with the circumstances surrounding its writing, with the ideas that it was intended to convey and with how they were expressed.
The Nature of the Firm: Meaning
Authors: Coase R H
Published: October 2023

The solution to the puzzles that I took with me to America was, as it turned out, very simple. All that was needed was to recognize that there were costs of carrying out market transactions and to incorporate them into the analysis, something which economists had failed to do. A firm had therefore a role to play in the economic system if it were possible for transactions to be organized within the firm at less cost than would be incurred if the same transactions were carried out through the market. The limit to the size of the firm would be set when the scope of its operations had expanded to the point at which the costs of organizing additional transactions within the firm exceeded the costs of carrying out the same transactions through the market or in another firm. This statement has been called a “tautology.” It is the criticism people make of a proposition which is clearly right.
National Mythologies and American Indians
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: October 2023

The task of developing a more complete understanding of the response of American Indians to the coming of the white man immediately confronts a formidable obstacle: the great American mythos of frontier conquest. The national creation epic of a simple, agrarian, “Anglo” race of conquerors defeating “a fierce race of savages” for control and civilization of an extraordinary wilderness land has long provided us with a catalog of images and stories of who we think we are as a people. The mythos of white conquest has also defined what we think of Indians in our American history. It has functioned, to borrow from the cultural anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski, as “a warrant, a charter, and often even a practical guide” for most Americans’ understanding of American Indians as obstacles to their manifest destiny.
The Creation Of Feminist Consciousness
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

The Creation of Feminist Consciousness sweeps over more than 1000 years of Western history - from the Dark Ages to the revolutionary and industrialized nineteenth century. It was under patriarchal hegemony in thought, values, institutions, and resources that women had to struggle to form their own feminist consciousness. The book discusses such topics as the educational disadvantaging of women; the role of women mystics; the concept of motherhood as a means for female bonding; feminist Bible criticism; creative literary women (with special emphasis on Mary Wollstonecraft and Emily Dickinson); the struggle for equal education; female support groups and salons; and the search for women’ s history. The book reinterprets Western history from a woman’ s perspective and shows the difficult and often heroic struggles women faced to secure their place in society. Lerner emphasizes how denial of educational opportunies was a crucial barrier women had to overcome. But equally difficult were the steps women had to take to reclaim their place in history. The book represents a perceptive and path-breaking examination of the role of women in Western history.
Notes on Distressed Genres
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

On December 10, 1792, Benjamin West delivered “A Discourse to the Students of the Royal Academy on the Distribution of Prizes.” The speech, written in a clear and evenhanded way, is nevertheless full of ambivalence regarding, first, the relations between commerce and immortality, and, second, the relations between genius and community. West applauds the prosperity brought about by the rise of empire and, at the same time, like many other English intellectuals from Dyer to Johnson to Gibbon, is painfully aware of the collapse written into the parabola of that rise.
Do Imperial Powers Get RichOff Their Colonies?
Authors: Davis Lance E , Huttenback Robert A
Published: October 2023

Just as average Americans are proud of their country’s ability to intervene decisively in world trouble spots from the Panama Canal to the Persian Gulf, so, too, did the Briton in the street once share in the glory of the British Empire. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, even the poorest laborer in the “Blacklands” took vicarious pleasure in the fact that the sun never set on the Union Jack, and that so much of the globe was painted red. These English agreed with Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli in viewing Britain as “a great country, an imperial country, a country where your sons, when they rise, rise to paramount positions, and obtain not merely the esteem of their countrymen, but the respect of the world.”
Do Americans Want Big Government?
Authors: Hughes Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Ronald Reagan, elected president in 1981 with a mandate to “get government off the backs of the people,” left behind a governmental establishment in most ways larger than it was when he came to power. Federal civilian employment rose from 2,772,000 to 2,988,000 in 1981-1989; federal outlays rose from $591 billion to $1,143 billion in the same period. By some measures these increases actually measured a slowing down in the rate of growth of federal government and that was, in the circumstances, a kind of success for Reagan’s policies. Powerful interest groups had wanted even larger increases in governmental size. Reagan was up against a deep and puzzling phenomenon that no amount of “communicating” alone could reverse: Despite the disclaimers of our statesmen, the size of government has grown because the American people demand ever-increasing governmental functions.
Down the Primrose Path
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: October 2023

Bernie Strassburg was frustrated. Trained as a lawyer and initiated into the world of public policy in the heady trust-busting days of the New Deal, he had risen through the ranks of the staff at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The year was 1968, and Strassburg had been chief of the Commission’s Common Carrier Bureau for five years. His job was to regulate telephones and telegraphs-which meant, for all practical purposes, trying to regulate American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), the largest corporation in the world. AT&T monopolized the markets for local and long-distance telephone service, as well as the markets for telephone equipment, because the federal government made it illegal for anyone else to enter these markets. Strassburg was supposed to regulate the monopoly in the name of the public interest, but as he moved to get control over AT&T, he felt himself to be a Lilliputian trying to tie down a modern corporate Gulliver. At the time, he had no idea that his actions would set the stage for the dissolution of the Bell System as a whole, but this, in fact, would be the result. The breakup of AT&T’s telephone monopoly was caused by Bernie Strassburg’s attempt to get control over the regulatory process, and by the faulty economic analysis that informed his attempt.
What Happened to the Antitrust Movement?
Authors: Hofstadter Richard
Published: October 2023

The antitrust movement and its legislation are characteristically American. Perhaps this is attributable to the particularly flagrant form that monopoly took in America during the early years of its development. It may also be said that, except for the Canadians, no other people has taken the principle of economic competition so earnestly as to try to underwrite it by statute, until recently when some European countries began to show interest in the American approach to the subject.
Interpreting Messianic Rhetoric in the Russian Haskalah and Early Zionism
Authors: Lederhendler Eli
Published: October 2023

What constitutes a genuine messianic movement in post-messianic Judaism? This seemingly simple question is difficult to answer because messianism is a paradoxical idea that contains its own negation. Given the fact that all such movements occur in history-that is, in the unredeemed “present”-they are, in theological terms, “false,” and have, indeed, been referred to as “antimessianic.” They are “false” in the sense that they fail, by definition, to actualize their redemptive vision. And they are antimessianic insofar as they challenge and reject the classical, “passive,” theurgic approach to Redemption as it appears in the rabbinic tradition. Hence, they are often related to antinomian impulses and may be fairly described as heretical in and of themselves.
Universities and Cities in Medieval Italy
Authors: Hyde J K
Published: October 2023

I want to ask a number of rather fundamental questions, for we are at a point where such questions are necessary in order to proceed. One still begins one’s reflections by going back to the great work of Hastings Rashdall, the dean of Carlisle, first published, I think, in 1895 but usually consulted in its second edition, edited by my predecessor at Manchester. Since little new documentation has been unearthed, it is by attending to the background that we are most likely to achieve new insight. We now understand the kind of society in which the early universities flourished rather better than was possible in the nineteenth century. The institutions of medieval Italy were so untidy and so violent in so many cases that much late-nineteenth-century work is tinged with a nationalist standard of institutional neatness that recoiled from this kind of chaos. Nineteenth-century historians were blinded also by their sense of hierarchy. The medieval universities were not very hierarchical in Italy; they were rather anarchical.
Urban Flights: The Institute of Social Research Between Frankfurt and New York
Authors: Jay Martin
Published: October 2023

The theme of the city and the university provides a welcome opportunity to clarify an aspect of the Frankfurt School’s history that has always troubled me. I refer to the vexed problem of its roots in the social and cultural conditions of its day, the link between its Critical Theory and the context which in some sense or another allowed it to emerge. As wary as I have always been of the sociology of knowledge in its more reductionist forms, I have also never felt comfortable with the school’s reticence about exploring its own origins, an attitude best expressed in Theodor Adorno’s remark that “a stroke of undeserved luck has kept the mental composition of some individuals not quite adjusted to the prevailing norms.”1 Even luck, deserved or not, seems to me worth trying to explain, and perhaps in the case of the Frankfurt School, looking at its relations to the cities and universities with which it was connected may provide some help. For, after all, it is not every group of intellectuals whose very name suggests both an urban and an academic link.
Childhood And School Days (1844-1858)
Authors: Gilman Sander L
Published: October 2023

My brother reportedly learned to speak only late, at the age of two and a half, so that our parents were beginning to worry and consulted a physician. This man, a jovial type, gave the following diagnosis: “Little Fritz is being served too solicitously and attentively; all his wishes are being fulfilled without delay, so why should he bother to speak!” Thereafter serious efforts were made, and since little Fritz had always looked at a pastel portrait of Grandma Nietzsche with special delight, he was insistently asked who that was. “Granma,” he shouted happily, and that was his first word. In a short time then he was speaking very fluently and clearly. By the age of four he began to read and write. (13, 27)
Under his Mother’S Care in Naumburg (1890-1897)
Authors: Gilman Sander L
Published: October 2023

Milan is in Northern Italy. It has the largest bookshop. It has a very beautiful cathedral. Fritz came from Lugano to Milan. La Scala is the main theatre in Milan. A hotel Zinkwe Emperio, 2% francs per night. There is a very beautiful art gallery where a painter Perudjine especially excels in caricatures of Jews.
The Politics of Individualism
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick
Published: October 2023

In the fifty years following the Revolution, America's population nearly quadrupled, its boundaries expanded, industrialization took root in the Northeast, new modes of transportation flourished, state banks proliferated and offered easy credit to eager entrepreneurs, and Americans found themselves in the midst of an accelerating age of individualism, equality, and self-reliance. To the Jacksonian generation, it seemed as if their world had changed practically overnight. The Politics of Individualism looks at the political manifestations of these staggering social transformations. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans were consumed by politics and party loyalties were fierce. Here, Kohl draws on the political rhetoric found in speeches, newspapers, periodicals, and pamphlets to place the Democrats and the Whigs in a solid social and psychological context. He contends that the political division between these two parties reflected the division between Americans unsettled by the new individualistic social order and those whose character allowed them to strive more confidently within it. Democrats, says Kohl, were more "tradition-directed," bound to others in more personal ways; Whigs, on the other hand, were more "inner-directed" and embraced the impersonal, self-interested relationships of a market society. By examining this fascinating dialogue of parties, Kohl brings us bright new insight into the politics and people of Jacksonian America.
Private and Public: The Individual and Society
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick
Published: October 2023

Alexis de Tocqueville feared that as individualism spread, men would forget those common concerns, interests, and purposes which constitute the sphere of public activity. Ultimately individualism could lead to a society in which all virtue had been destroyed and people were “absorbed in downright selfishness,” but Tocqueville believed that, at first, it “only saps the virtues of public life.”3 When each individual is free to follow the dictates of his own will, when he readily leaves others free to pursue their own ends in their own ways, it becomes difficult to discover what if any ties still bind him to that collective identity we call society. The very existence of society is called into question. Even more problematical is the individual’s relationship to the state, for, as the coercive agent of society, government has a unique power to define and enforce the individual’s responsibilities to his fellow man.
Composition as a Human Science
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

The last twenty years have seen an explosion of writing programmes in American schools and universities. However, while composition has firmly established itself as a subject worthy of study, the major philosophical premises that differentiate a subject from a discipline have yet to be agreed upon. This book goes some way to resolving these problems.
Winter-Spring Campaign, September 1952–May 1953
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

In September 1952 the slackening rains of the Southwest Monsoon signaled the beginning of another campaign season in Indochina. To wage the battles of the “winter-spring” campaign of 1952-1953, the Vietminh had about 110,000 to 125,000 men in their Main Force units. Giap had formed them into six infantry divisions (the 325th Division was formed in Annam in late 1951), four independent infantry regiments, and some five or six independent infantry battalions. By 1952 the Chinese had supplied all of these units with ample numbers of machine guns and mortars. To support this infantry force, Giap formed a seventh division, the 351st Heavy Division, composed of two artillery regiments, an engineer regiment, and some light antiaircraft units.
Dien Bien Phu, Preparations for Battle 20 November 1953–13 March 1954
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

The airborne assault of Dien Bien Phu began at 1035 hours, 20 November 1953, when the paratroopers of the 6th Bataillon de Parachutistes Coloniaux (6th BPC) leapt into space over Drop Zone (DZ) NATASHA, located 200 meters north of the village. Almost simultaneously, the 2d Battalion, 1st Regiment of Chasseurs Parachutistes (II/lRCP) began their drop on the DZ SIMONE, 600 meters to the south. With the II/lRCP jumped the command element of the task force, the 1st Airborne Battle Group. The mission of the force was to clear Dien Bien Phu and to secure the small dirt airstrip located just north of the village. The two assault battalions were “crack” units of the Expeditionary Force and were led by the two preeminent field-grade commanders in Vietnam, Major Bigeard of the 6th BPC and Major Brechignac of the 11/lRCP. The French started the “first team.”
The Cambodian Raids of 1970
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

In early 1970, neither of the antagonists had come up with new policies or strategies. In North Vietnam, the Giap/Truong clique had gained almost complete policy dominance over the Le Duan/Le Due Tho group. The North Vietnamese continued their strategy of “protracted warfare,” featuring small-scale attacks by sappers, standoff shellings, and a futile opposition to pacification, whose gains caused them great concern. For the Politburo, the watchword in 1970 was, as in 1969, patience-let the United States complete its withdrawal before shifting to the offensive, an offensive which Giap, even in 1970, began to plan.
Nonlinear Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

This book will almost certainly become the classic work in nonlinear pricing (pricing that is not strictly proportional to the quantity purchased). The book is divided into two parts. The first is a generally non-mathematical discussion of nonlinear pricing and can be understood by anyone with a minimum of mathematical background. Part two is more technical and is intended for readers interested in advanced topics.
The Fall of the American Adam
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

I Am Speaking Primarily Of The Present, but of attitudes to­ward the American past in the present and of how these attitudes have undergone some significant changes. I am particularly con­cerned with the relatively recent inversion of traditional myths and especially the shift from collective innocence toward collec­tive guilt. For perspective on the extent of change and its relative recency we do not have to go hack very far. In fact we can rely on the testimony and views of a few worthy historians still much alive in the memories and in the affections of many people, in­cluding the present writer.
Fictional History and Historical Fiction
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

Much As They May Deplore The Fact, historians have no monopoly on the past and no franchise as its privileged interpreters to the public. It may have been different once, but there can no longer be any doubt about the relegation of the historian to a back seat. Far surpassing works of history, as measured by the size of their public and the influence they exert, are the novel, works for the stage, the screen, and television. It is mainly from these sources that millions who never open a history book derive such conceptions, interpretations, convictions, or fantasies as they have about the past. Whatever gives shape to popular conceptions of the past is of concern to historians, and this surely includes fiction.
Southerners Versus the Southern Establishment
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: October 2023

The Books And College Courses and memories that come to mind when southern history is mentioned are not filled with sub­versives and radicals and revolutionaries. This is hardly surpris­ing when it is remembered that the great bulk of what passes as the history of the South is the I 50 years Walker Percy has called “the long Southern obsession,” the century and a half that began when the South succumbed to the combined temptations of slav­ery and cotton gin, an era that has only recently come to an end.1 Throughout most of that period southern whites were on the de­fensive. For half of it they had an increasingly discredited insti­tution on their hands, and for the other half they closed ranks to protect a precarious compromise on racial policies under attack.
Tourism
Authors: Kirshenblatt-Gimblett Barbara , Bruner Edward M
Published: October 2023

A form of travel for pleasure or edification that is also a particularly complex communicative system. Tourists take in tourist sites, not in isolation but as nodes in a network of attractions that constitute the tourist itinerary and recreational geography of a region. A vast, multinational tourist industry provides the infrastructure for developing tourist environments, moving millions of travelers from destination to destination and lodging and entertaining them at each place. The industry is global, and with the advent of space travel, tourism is potentially intergalactic. The consequences of tourism-processes of production and representation of CULTURE for outsiders, interactions between local people and more affluent visitors, and economic and social impacts--offer fertile areas for study.
Conclusion: Summing Up and Looking Forward
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

This book has reviewed many features of physicians’ malpractice insurance, the insurers that sell it, and the markets in which it is bought and sold. Our final chapter emphasizes the main policy-relevant findings, somewhat at the expense of information of purely descriptive or abstract analytical interest. Each of the foregoing chapters has its own summary.
The Golden Age
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González
Published: October 2023

President McKinley was eloquent, if perhaps disingenuous, when he declared that ties “of singular intimacy” bound Cuba and the United States. This could not be truer than during the years of U.S. military rule following the Spanish-American War (1898-1902), and other occupations of the island until the thirties, particularly the one between 1906 and 1909, when Cuba was again under U.S. control, a mere four years after having been declared independent. Intimacy does not necessarily mean love, of course, but familiarity; it can breed hatred, affection, competition, and the whole gamut of tensions prevalent in any family group. From a Cuban point of view, McKinley’s statement could be countered with a variation on Porfirio Diaz’s famous quip about Mexico: “Poor Cuba, so far from God, yet so close to the United States!” In the twentieth century, baseball was perhaps as good an index as any of the complicated relationship between Cuba and its mighty neighbor to the north, whose game it had adopted in the process of rejecting the Spanish motherland and of developing a sense of nationality.
Visions of Modernity
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

In much the same way that Japan has become the focus of contemporary American discussion about industrial restructuring, Germans in the 1920s debated economic reform in terms of Americanism and Fordism, seeing in the United States an intriguing vision for a revitalized economy and a new social order. During the 1920s, Germans were fascinated by American economic success and its quintessential symbols, Henry Ford and his automobile factories. Mary Nolan's book explores the contradictory ways in which trade unionists and industrialists, engineers and politicians, educators and social workers explained American economic success, envisioned a more efficient or "rationalized" economic system for Germany, and anguished over the social and cultural costs of adopting the American version of modernity. These debates about Americanism and Fordism deeply shaped German perceptions of what was economically and socially possible and desirable in terms of technology and work, family and gender relations, consumption and culture. Nolan examines efforts to transform production and consumption, factories and homes, and argues that economic Americanism was implemented ambivalently and incompletely, producing, in the end, neither prosperity nor political stability. Vision of Modernity will appeal not only to scholars of German History and those interested in European social and working-class history, but also to industrial sociologists and business scholars.
Company Towns in the Western United States
Authors: Roth Leland M
Published: October 2023

The story of company towns in the American West differs from that in the East in some significant respects. First, the area west of the Mississippi measures nearly fourteen hundred miles east to west, and more than twelve hundred miles from the Canadian border to the southern extremity of Arizona (Fig. 6.1). By comparison, the more heavily industrialized Northeast, from Massachusetts Bay to Wisconsin, and from the Adirondacks to the Chesapeake Bay, is less than 860 by 370 miles. Moreover, in the early years of this century, this area was crisscrossed by a dense network of rails, whereas in the West only a few trunk lines ran from east to west, making movement from north to south difficult over the long, rugged distances. Second, the climatic regions in the West differ in the extreme, from the cool, damp coastal conifer forests of the Pacific Northwest, to the high uplands of the Rocky Mountains, to the hot, arid deserts of the Southwest.
The Emergence of the Corporation as a Legal Unit and the Rise of Limited Liability
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

Centuries before there were economic or business activities conducted in corporate form, English ecclesiastical and local governmental units achieved recognition as legal units under the name of corporations.1 These English concepts of corporations rested on medieval notions of Roman law. Although scholars vigorously disagree over the extent that Roman law accepted concepts of the corporate personality and limited liability, it is quite clear that modern corporation law has, directly or indirectly, Roman roots. This accounts for the fundamental similarity between English and Continental corporation law.
Legal Rights, Legal Responsibilities, and Recognition of the Legal Unit: Individuals and Physical Objects
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

The notions of the corporate entity that were developed to serve the needs of the simple economic society of nineteenth century and of earlier societies are archaic in the face of the emergence of giant corporate groups conducting worldwide enterprises. The traditional concept of the corporate entity to which the law attributes rights and on which it imposes responsibilities no longer matches the economic organizations conducting activities that the law seeks to recognize and to govern. In the modern world of transnational corporations, the economic actor is typically the corporate group; however, the law continues to focus on each component company, rather than on the group, as the legal actor.
Historical Overview: Pediatric Experimentation
Authors: Lederer Susan E , Grodin Michael A
Published: October 2023

The history of childhood resists easy generalizations. In the past, children’s lives, like those of adults, were often harsh. In most cases social concern for child welfare was subordinated to the needs of the state or the interests of parents. In the precarious ecologies of the premodem era, famine and disease contributed to infant and child mortality and low life expectancies.
Scientific Issues in Psychosocial and Educational Research with Children
Authors: Koocher Gerald P , Keith-Spiegel Patricia
Published: October 2023

It is no secret that we begin life as small, defenseless, egocentric beings, largely unaware of our own capabilities and without verbally based interpersonal relationships. We progress through stages in physical, social, intellectual, and emotional development. Along the way, we pass through critical periods of vulnerability and opportunity. Although these phenomena are worth studying and lead to valuable and helpful information, the events that make children interesting also present unique risks and challenges to the social science investigator.