bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of crossing of domestic breed with beef breeds on the quality of meat in PR China and Republic of Serbia
Authors: Aleksic S. , Fang Sun , Di Liu , Petrovic M.M. , Pantelic V. , Stanisic N. , Ostojic-Andric D. , Petricevic M. , Niksic D. , Delic N.
Published: July 2013

This paper presents the results of crossing Domestic Spotted breed with beef
cattle breeds in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Serbia.
China is a big country of beef production and consumption. In 2012, beef
production in China was 5,540,000 tons, which accounted for 9.7% of the
global beef production, ranking the third in the world. The main sources of
China?s beef are from crossbreeding cattle (native breed crossbred with
foreign beef cattle). Simmental cattle are the most-widely used beef cattle
in China?s improved beef cattle. China has cultivated its own Simmental after
over 40 years? crossbreeding and improvement. China?s consumers mainly have
three demands for beef quality as follows: expensive beef produced from Wagyu
crossbreed with better marbling; lean beef from Simmental, Charolais and
Limousin crossbreeds, top parts supplied to hotels while common parts to
supermarkets; veal from cow calves. Chinese researchers are carrying out
researches which are centered on marbling beef, lean beef and veal on
complete techniques of good breed, feeding management, slaughter and cutting
and carcass classification. At present, researchers have lively interest in
functional genomics of meat quality traits of cattle, they expect to use
these methods to study meat quality traits and then improve the meat quality.
Improved cattle breeds universally utilized in China are mainly Simmental
followed by Charolais, Limousin, Wagyu and Angus. Other three cattle breeds
including Belgian blue cattle, Piedmontese and Gelbvien have ever been
applied, however, rarely used in present beef cattle production. Republic of
Serbia has in the future to quickly and efficiently provide adequate
quantities of top quality meat. One of the ways to increase the yield and
quality of the meat is crossing of Domestic spotted cattle of lower
production traits with French beef cattle breeds. Beef production in the EU
is adapted to the consumer taste. Meat must have a light red colour, equally
suffused with fat and with pronounced sensory characteristics such as
tenderness, juiciness, flavour and aroma. The results on the quality of meat
of F1 generation crosses (Domestic Spotted breed with French beef cattle
breeds Charolais and Limousine) indicate that by industrial crossing beef,
meat-packing and organoleptic characteristics of meat can be improved.
Idiopathic Intervertebral Disc Calcification in Childhood: An Atypical Case of an Uncommon Entity for Pediatric Pathologists
Authors: El Demellawy Dina , Robison Jacob G. , Pollack Ian F. , Green Michael D. , Alper Cuneyt M. , Reyes-Múgica Miguel
Published: July 2013

Calcification of the intervertebral disc is a common occurrence in the adult population, but it is rare in children. However, its radiological and clinical findings are well described in the pediatric age group, with close to 150 publications on record. In contrast, little information is available regarding the histological features of this entity, which may prove to be challenging to surgical pathologists. Here we provide a detailed description of a young patient with an inflammatory retropharyngeal mass originating in a calcified intervertebral disc. A review of the pathological features described in the literature in English, with pathogenic considerations, is presented.
Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model
Authors: McCarthy Robert J. , Levine Stephen H. , Reed J. Michael
Published: July 2013

Objective—To predict effectiveness of 3 interventional methods of population control for feral cat colonies.

Design—Population model.

Sample—Estimates of vital data for feral cats.

Procedures—Data were gathered from the literature regarding the demography and mating behavior of feral cats. An individual-based stochastic simulation model was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of trap-neuter-release (TNR), lethal control, and trap-vasectomy-hysterectomy-release (TVHR) in decreasing the size of feral cat populations.

Results—TVHR outperformed both TNR and lethal control at all annual capture probabilities between 10% and 90%. Unless > 57% of cats were captured and neutered annually by TNR or removed by lethal control, there was minimal effect on population size. In contrast, with an annual capture rate of ≥ 35%, TVHR caused population size to decrease. An annual capture rate of 57% eliminated the modeled population in 4,000 days by use of TVHR, whereas > 82% was required for both TNR and lethal control. When the effect of fraction of adult cats neutered on kitten and young juvenile survival rate was included in the analysis, TNR performed progressively worse and could be counterproductive, such that population size increased, compared with no intervention at all.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—TVHR should be preferred over TNR for management of feral cats if decrease in population size is the goal. This model allowed for many factors related to the trapping program and cats to be varied and should be useful for determining the financial and person-effort commitments required to have a desired effect on a given feral cat population.
Initial treatment factors associated with feline urethral obstruction recurrence rate: 192 cases (2004–2010)
Authors: Hetrick Peter F. , Davidow Elizabeth B.
Published: July 2013

Objective—To evaluate the association of treatment factors during initial urinary catheterization (IUC) of cats with recurrence of urethral obstruction at 24 hours and 30 days after catheter removal.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—192 male cats with urethral obstruction that were treated at an emergency and specialty center from 2004 through 2010.

Procedures—Data were obtained from the cats’ medical records. Duration of indwelling catheterization, catheterization with a 5F versus 3.5F urinary catheter, treatment with phenoxybenzamine versus prazosin, consistent administration of pain medication, and treatment with meloxicam or antimicrobials during IUC were reviewed for association with rate of recurrent urethral obstruction (rUO).

Results—Overall rUO rates were 10.94% (21/192 cats) at 24 hours and 23.57% (37/157 cats) at 30 days after IUC. At 24 hours and 30 days after IUC, rUO developed in 10 of 140 (7.14%) and 20 of 110 (18.18%) prazosin-treated cats, respectively, compared with 10 of 46 (21.74%) and 16 of 41 (39.02%) phenoxybenzamine-treated cats, respectively. Reobstruction developed following use of a 5F or 3.5F urinary catheter in 11 of 58 (18.97%) and 7 of 105 (6.67%) cats, respectively, through 24 hours. There was no association between rUO and duration of urinary catheterization, administration of antimicrobials or meloxicam, or consistent administration of pain medication during IUC.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—At 24 hours and 30 days after IUC, rUO rates in prazosin-treated cats were significantly lower than rates in phenoxybenzamine-treated cats. Reobstruction rate at 24 hours was significantly lower when a 3.5F versus 5F urinary catheter was used.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for treatment of injection-site sarcomas in cats: 11 cases (2008–2012)
Authors: Nolan Michael W. , Griffin Lynn R. , Custis James T. , LaRue Susan M.
Published: July 2013

Objective—To evaluate outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in cats with injection-site sarcomas (ISS) via assessment of local responses and recurrences, survival times, and complications.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—11 cats with ISS.

Procedures—Medical records of cats that were treated with SBRT for ISS between June 2008 and July 2012 were reviewed; information on patient demographics (age, sex, and breed), oncological histories (including prior treatment and histologic grade), details of SBRT plans (tumor volume, treatment field sizes, and prescription), response to treatment (including toxicoses), progression-free intervals, and survival times were extracted.

Results—Acute radiation-associated toxicoses were infrequent and limited to mild, self-limiting dermatitis and colitis in 2 and 1 of the 11 cats, respectively. No late radiation-associated toxicoses were observed. The objective response rate was 8 of 11 cats; these patients either had a partial or complete response as determined on the basis of CT or physical examination findings. The median progression-free interval was 242 days, and the median overall survival time was 301 days; median follow-up time of censored subjects was 173 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—SBRT was completed in 3 to 5 days and was well tolerated when used to treat cats with ISS. Measurable tumor responses were achieved in most cats in this study. Stereotactic body radiation therapy provided a means for palliation of ISS; further investigation is required to determine whether SBRT is a valid treatment option for downstaging disease prior to definitive surgery.
Producer survey of herd-level risk factors for nursing beef calf respiratory disease
Authors: Woolums Amelia R. , Berghaus Roy D. , Smith David R. , White Brad J. , Engelken Terry J. , Irsik Max B. , Matlick Darin K. , Jones A. Lee , Ellis Roger W. , Smith Isaiah J. , Mason Gary L. , Waggoner Emily R.
Published: July 2013

Objective—To identify herd-level risk factors for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in nursing beef calves.

Design—Population-based cross-sectional survey.

Sample—2,600 US cow-calf producers in 3 Eastern and 3 Plains states.

Procedures—The associations of herd characteristics with BRD detection in calves and cumulative BRD treatment incidence were determined.

Results—459 (177%) surveys were returned and met the inclusion criteria; 48% and 52% of these surveys were completed by producers in Plains and Eastern states, respectively. Mean (95% confidence interval) number of animals in herds in Plains and Eastern states were 102 (77 to 126) and 48 (40 to 56), respectively. Bovine respiratory disease had been detected in ≥ 1 calf in 21% of operations; ≥ 1 calf was treated for BRD and ≥ 1 calf died because of BRD in 89.2% and 46.4% of operations in which calf BRD was detected, respectively. Detection of BRD in calves was significantly associated with large herd size, detection of BRD in cows, and diarrhea in calves. Calving season length was associated with BRD in calves in Plains states but not Eastern states. Cumulative incidence of BRD treatment was negatively associated with large herd size and examination of cows to detect pregnancy and positively associated with calving during the winter, introduction of calves from an outside source, offering supplemental feed to calves, and use of an estrous cycle synchronization program for cows.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated factors associated with calf BRD risk; modification of these factors could potentially decrease the incidence of BRD in nursing calves.
Influence of a Liquid Metal Temperature on a Thermal Decomposition of a Phenolic Resin
Authors: Holtzer M. , Bobrowski A. , Dańko R. , Żymankowska-Kumon S. , Kolczyk J.
Published: July 2013

Due to the presence of harmful substances in resins those mould sands may be hazardous to the natural environment and workers. The general assessment of harmfulness of sands used for molds and cores encompasses 2 basic points: emission of hazardous substances during processes of preparing sands, pouring mold with liquid metals (high temperatures), cooling and shaking-out; possibility of washing out hazardous substances from used sands to the environment, during storage or economic use outside foundries. We present the results of research on the emission of BTEX compounds from mould sands with phenolic resins during pouring liquid metal of different temperature (cast iron and Al alloy). The research was conducted according to the original method prepared by the authors, which has been used for years in cooperation with various foundries (Poland, abroad).
Propagation of Treculia africana as influenced by seed storage and propagation media
Authors: Dickens Efemena Dolor
Published: July 2013

Treculia africana is an economically important but often neglected tropical fruit tree native to many tropical countries. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the seedling emergence and seedling quality of Treculia africana seeds as influenced by storage duration and propagation media. Storage duration influenced percentage seedling emergence and seedling growth. Generally, no germination was recorded in the seeds stored beyond two weeks, irrespective of the propagation media used. There was a highly significant (P < 0.01) storage duration × propagation media interaction on all parameters measured. The highest germination percentage (87.5%) was recorded by freshly collected seeds sown in both medium sand and fine sand. A consistently higher plant height, number of leaves and leaf area was recorded in fresh seeds sown in medium sand. The effect of media was not significant. The study suggests that seed storage had a deleterious effect on the germination of the species, thus implying that storing the seeds of T. africana beyond two weeks could impede viability and recommends that T. africana seeds should be sown immediately the fruits are harvested preferably in medium sand.
Environmental Development in Central Asia: towards Sustainability?
Authors: Krepl Vladimír , Kment Petr , Vališ Zdeněk
Published: July 2013

This article deals with the environmental development of the post-socialist countries of Central Asia, Mongolia, and Afghanistan. We aimed at such targets and indicators used in the seventh Millennium Development Goal that have been documented with consistent and comparable data from the United Nations, namely carbon dioxide emissions and energy use and improved water sources and facilities. The countries of interest cannot be considered as significant global CO2 emitters, however, the steady tendency towards industrialization and urbanization can be seen in the data. The data on proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities are optimistic even on a global scale. However, the regional specifics of Central Asia discover further significant dimensions of the water problem, especially water pollution.
Estimating Wine Yeast Concentration by Speckle Size Measurement
Authors: Chicea Dan , Tiţa Ovidiu , Tiţa Mihaela , Lengyel Ecaterina
Published: July 2013

A coherent light scattering experiment on aqueous suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisia yeast with a concentration that covers five orders of magnitude was performed. The average scattered light far field was recorded using a CCD. A computer code for image processing was written for this purpose and used for providing the first order statistics of the far interference field. The variation of the average speckle size with the particle concentration was analyzed and a very fast procedure for monitoring the yeast concentration is suggested. The possibility of monitoring the fermentation process by a fast assessment of the yeast concentration is suggested, as well.
Effect of poloxamer 407 administration on the serum lipids profile, anxiety level and protease activity in the heart and liver of mice
Authors: Korolenko Tatyana , Johnston Thomas P. , Dubrovina Nina I. , Kisarova Yana A. , Zhanaeva Svetlana Ya. , Cherkanova Marina S. , Filjushina Elena E. , Alexeenko Tatyana V. , Machova Eva , Zhukova Natalya A.
Published: July 2013

Chronic administration of the poloxamer 407 (P-407), a block copolymer, to elevate serum lipids in mice is a well-established mouse model of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. We tested the hypothesis that the activity of several types of proteases in heart and liver tissue is changed in the early stages of atherosclerosis development. Additionally, we evaluated whether increased serum lipids would induce anxiety in mice, as determined by using a ‘plus-maze’ test. The mice were administered P-407 by intraperitoneal injection twice a week for one month. P-407 administration to mice resulted in a marked increase in total serum cholesterol, atherogenic non-HDLcholesterol, and especially in total triglycerides, and it also increased anxiety. Morphological changes observed in P-407-treated mice included contractile type changes in cardiomyocytes and foamy macrophages in liver. A significant increase of cysteine proteases cathepsin B and cathepsin L (at 24 h) and aspartate protease cathepsin D (at both 24 h and 5 days) was determined in heart tissue following P-407 administration. However, no changes were noted in heart matrix metalloproteinase activity. The activity of cysteine and aspartate proteases was significantly increased in liver at both 24 hours and 5 days after P-407 administration. In conclusion, administration of P-407 to mice for one month resulted in increased anxiety, and more importantly, there was an increase in the activity of heart and liver proteases secondary to sustained dyslipidemia. It is suggested that heart and liver cysteine and aspartate proteases may represent potential therapeutic targets in the early stages of atherosclerosis.
A Review of the in Vitro Propagation of Bauhinia Spp
Authors: Teixeira Da Silva Jaime A.
Published: July 2013

Bauhinia species (including B. acuminata, B. variegata, B. purpurea, B. monandra, B. galpinii, B. blakeana and B. acuminata) are popular ornamental plants, usually woody ornamentals or herbaceous lianas, with attractive flowers typical of the Leguminosae of arid, temperate, sub-tropical and tropical zones. Bauhinia species also serve as fodder and many have multiple medicinal and biological properties. There is an interest in commerce and amongst collectors to clonally propagate species from this genus. This review highlights protocols that currently exist for the in vitro culture of Bauhinia species as a means to clonally propagate material.
Shakespeare in Chinese Cinema
Authors: Wu Hui
Published: July 2013

Shakespeare’s plays were first adapted in the Chinese cinema in the era of silent motion pictures, such as A Woman Lawyer (from The Merchant of Venice, 1927), and A Spray of Plum Blossoms (from The Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1931). The most recent Chinese adaptations/spinoffs include two 2006 films based on Hamlet. After a brief review of Shakespeare’s history in the Chinese cinema, this study compares the two Chinese Hamlets released in 2006—Feng Xiaogang’s Banquet and Hu Xuehua’s Prince of the Himalayas to illustrate how Chinese filmmakers approach Shakespeare. Both re-invent Shakespeare’s Hamlet story and transfer it to a specific time, culture and landscape. The story of The Banquet takes place in a warring state in China of the 10th century while The Prince is set in pre-Buddhist Tibet. The former as a blockbuster movie in China has gained a financial success albeit being criticised for its commercial aesthetics. The latter, on the other hand, has raised attention amongst academics and critics and won several prizes though not as successful on the movie market. This study examines how the two Chinese Hamlet movies treat Shakespeare’s story in using different filmic strategies of story, character, picture, music and style.
Means of Communication
Authors: Eriksen Thomas Hylland
Published: July 2013

Marx, famously, ”placed Hegel on his feet” by arguing the primacy of economic and material processes over the spiritual and intellectual. In his analysis, the world advanced, dialectically, through growing contradictions between means of production and relations of production (property relations), mediated by recurrent class struggles. Although material scarcity is by no means absent from the contemporary world, an important scarce resource analysed well by Hegel and largely neglected by Marx, and which is essential today, is self-esteem, including the right to define oneself. Using examples from identity politics in a number of countries, I am trying to show that a democratisation of the means of communication may be a key to a less volatile world and an important dimension of a more equitable world society.
Mobilizing for Global AIDS Treatment
Authors: Richey Lisa Ann
Published: July 2013

Global communication about HIV/AIDS requires the creation of new communities that can bridge distances and distinctions of nationality, language, class, race, gendered-identities and other forms of local identification on a disease that is associated with the realm usually understood as private (sexuality). Global AIDS, characterized as ‘the disease of our time’, is responsible for spawning an entire industry devoted to the prevention, detection, treatment, and potential cure of HIV/AIDS. In terms of scale, this industry works primarily cross-nationally, with donors from the North funding programs for AIDS prevention and care in the South. Anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), typically produced as generics by manufacturers in India or South Africa and purchased by aid funding, are central to global AIDS programs. Yet, mobilizing for global AIDS treatment embodies the logic of marketing, in which Africans with AIDS are sold as lives to be saved. This article will draw from international relations theory, sociology and anthropology to offer an interdisciplinary perspective on mobilizing communication globally.
The Potential of Foreign News as International Development Communication
Authors: Mody Bella
Published: July 2013

This article investigates what the news says about inequity-driven civil wars and economic underdevelopment. Dewey argued that the lack of causal knowledge that distinguishes between symptoms and root causes would limit potential effective and transformative public action. Political scientists have demonstrated that increases in just the number of news stories about a foreign country in both US print and TV news in one year produced a clearly significant relationship to increases in commitments of US foreign aid the following year. This study of reporting on a 2003-2005 African crisis by ten news organizations over 26 months found few articles predominantly focused on causes against conditions on the ground or remedies. It raises questions about the conditions under which news organizations might be expected to provide causal knowledge and when such information can lead to more enlightened long term aid for national transformation.
Public Sector Software, Participatory Communications and Social Change
Authors: Pradip Ninan Thomas
Published: July 2013

This article explores the role played by public sector software (PSS) in social change in India. Viewing public sector software as a public good, it explores its potential as well as the challenges that it faces in a context in which proprietoral software is an established and dominant force. Using both theory and examples, it argues that state investment in this public good makes infinite sense in the context of e-governance and commitments to access and affordable use of information resources for all its citizens. Based on the principles of Free Open Source Software (FOSS), PSS offers not only possibilities of access but also adaptation and use by a variety of ‘recursive publics’. Using the example of PSS in the Southern Indian state of Kerala, it offers insights into the practical benefits of software deployed for the common good.
Teaching and Learning Communication Process as Community-based Transdisciplinary Inquiry
Authors: Odame Helen Hambly , Oram Natalie
Published: July 2013

This article discusses experiences in teaching and learning communication processes oriented towards social change and development, specifically, using the approach known as community service learning (CSL). The relevance of CSL is that it mobilizes university students as communicators and seeks to develop global consciousness through transdisciplinary inquiry with local communities. Using the case of an undergraduate course at the University of Guelph (Canada) involving 33 CSL individual and team projects, this article reinforces the importance of experiential learning for teaching and learning communication process. In light of policy-level calls for the reform of higher education to meet social change and development needs, CSL provides an interesting opportunity, but it also encounters distinct challenges within our academic institutions and for those of us who teach and mentor university students.
Global Survival
Authors: Hamelink Cees J.
Published: July 2013

Confronted with serious challenges to human survival, communication should be mobilized to rescue the planet’s future. This requires the development of new forms of discursive power that shift from a culture of fear to a culture of hope. This can be achieved through global networks of those urban movements that increasingly move beyond their local political environments. The global city can emerge as a crucial site for the claim to human survival in dignity.
Optimization of the Concrete Delivery and Placement Process Using a Simulation
Authors: Talian Juraj
Published: July 2013

Integrated construction processes are stochastic systems. For these cases a computer simulation is used. This paper presents the design and construction of an integrated construction process, i.e., the production-transportation-consumption of fresh concrete. When creating a model in an Extend v4, modelling techniques and a general knowledge of construction are used. Data obtained from actual processes is used for the model parameters and input variables. The main contribution is a simulation model developed for the process for the optimization and selection of variants. This approach complements the heuristic methods of the assessment of construction processes and exact methods, where the decisive body will have the values of the individual decision-making criteria.
Comparison of Pavement Layers Responses with Considering Different Models for Asphalt Concrete Viscoelastic Properties
Authors: Koohmishi Mehdi
Published: July 2013

In this paper, a comparison between pavement responses is performed by considering two different models for the linear viscoelastic behavior of an asphalt concrete layer. Two models, the Maxwell model and the Kelvin-Voigt model, are generalized. The former is used in ABAQUS and the latter in KENLAYER. As a preliminary step, an appropriate structural model for a flexible pavement structure is developed in ABAQUS by considering linear elastic behavior for all the layers. According to this model, when the depth of a structural model is equal to 6 meters, there is a good agreement between the ABAQUS and KENLAYER results. In this model, the thickness of the pavement is equal to 30 centimeters, and the thickness of the subgrade is equal to 5.7 meters. Then, the viscoelastic behavior is considered for the asphalt concrete layer, and the results from KENLAYER and ABAQUS are compared with each other. The results indicate that the type of viscoelastic model applied to an asphalt concrete layer has a significant effect on the prediction of pavement responses and, logically, the predicted performance of a pavement.
Investigating Social Ecological Contributors to Diabetes within Hispanics in an Underserved U.S.-Mexico Border Community
Authors: Chang Jean , Guy Mignonne , Rosales Cecilia , Zapien Jill , Staten Lisa , Fernandez Maria , Carvajal Scott
Published: July 2013

Hispanics bear a disproportionate burden of diabetes in the United States, yet relations of structural, socio-cultural and behavioral factors linked to diabetes are not fully understood across all of their communities. The current study examines disparities and factors associated with diabetes in adult Hispanics of Mexican-descent (N = 648) participating in a population survey of an underserved rural U.S.-Mexico border community. The overall rate of diabetes prevalence rate in the sample, based on self-report and a glucose testing, was 21%; much higher than rates reported for U.S. adults overall, for all Hispanic adults, or for Mexican American adults specifically. Acculturation markers and social determinants of health indicators were only significantly related to diabetes in models not accounting for age. Older age, greater BMI (>30), greater waist-to-hip ratio as well as lower fruit and vegetable consumption were significantly related to increased likelihood of diabetes when all structural, cultural, behavioral, and biological factors were considered. Models with sets of behavioral factors and biological factors each significantly improved explanation of diabetes relative to prior social ecological theory-guided models. The findings show a critical need for diabetes prevention efforts in this community and suggest that health promotion efforts should particularly focus on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption.
Fluorescent Magnetic Bioprobes by Surface Modification of Magnetite Nanoparticles
Authors: Pinheiro Paula , Daniel-da-Silva Ana , Tavares Daniela , Calatayud M. , Goya Gerardo , Trindade Tito
Published: July 2013

Bimodal nanoprobes comprising both magnetic and optical functionalities have been prepared via a sequential two-step process. Firstly, magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) with well-defined cubic shape and an average dimension of 80 nm were produced by hydrolysis of iron sulfate and were then surface modified with silica shells by using the sol-gel method. The Fe3O4@SiO2 particles were then functionalized with the fluorophore, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), mediated by assembled shells of the cationic polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine (PEI). The Fe3O4 functionalized particles were then preliminary evaluated as fluorescent and magnetic probes by performing studies in which neuroblast cells have been contacted with these nanomaterials.
Mariage et secondes unions
Authors: Villeneuve-Gokalp Catherine
Published: July 2013

Comment se marie-t-on, ou se remarie-t-on, à l'époque où cohabitation, divorce, séparation marquent des nouveaux repères aux comportements familiaux et relationnels ? La dépréciation du mariage traduit-elle un phénomène général, également partagée par ceux qui ont connu un premier échec conjugal, ou bien peut-elle se lire en fonction des projets du nouveau couple et des particularités du passé de chacun ? L'enquête montre que, s'il y a dans certaine condition une relative égalité de l'homme et de la femme devant le projet de remariage, l'âge de celle-ci est un élément discriminant majeur pour l'en dissuader. Ceci confirme ce que certaines recherches qualitatives avaient suggéré : un refus du mariage, voire de la cohabitation, pour les femmes séparées de plus de trente ans qui ont des enfants.
Le beau-parent dans les familles recomposées. Rôle familial, statut social, statut juridique
Authors: Théry Irène , Dhavernas Marie-Josèphe
Published: July 2013

Alors que des dizaines de milliers de personnes vivent aujourd'hui avec les enfants d'une précédente union de leur conjoint ou compagnon, aucune étude n'existait en France sur le thème du beau-parent. Aussi, a-t-il paru urgent d'ouvrir un champ de recherche sur ce sujet dans le cadre de l'appel d'offres de la CNAF "Droit et nouvelles formes de vie familiales". Nous présentons la synthèse des résultats de l'étude réalisée par Irène Théry et Marie-Josèphe Dhavernas (CNRS, CRIV).
Le "droit" de l'enfant à ses deux parents [L'autorité parentale au lendemain de la loi du 8 janvier 1993]
Authors: Fulchiron Hugues
Published: July 2013

C'est surtout le principe de la coparentalité que la nouvelle loi sur l'autorité parentale consacre, offrant aux couples qui se séparent un modèle de pérennité qui survit à la rupture du lien conjugal. L'autorité parentale, devenue quasi automatique après le divorce, seule la résidence habituelle de l'enfant est objet de décision de la part du juge. Semi-automatique dans la famille naturelle, on constate que ses conditions d'application demeurent encore insatisfaisantes et délicates à administrer, tant en ce qui concerne l'obligation de vie commune pour les parents que la preuve de l'autorité parentale. Mais ces réformes novatrices en termes de rôles parentaux rencontrent des pesanteurs sociologiques puisque 15 % seulement des pères demandent la résidence habituelle de l'enfant, cependant que certains couples aux caractéristiques précises innovent des modes de garde partagée "hors la loi", comme l'analyse cet article.
Désaffiliation, disqualification, désinsertion
Authors: Debordeaux Danièle
Published: July 2013

La question de l'exclusion est au centre de nombreux débats aujourd'hui et fait, en particulier, l'objet d'une exploitation médiatique insistante. Trois approches sociologiques se donnent pour objet de comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents qui conduisent à l'exclusion. Trois approches, trois éclairages complémentaires sur une question complexe.
La lutte contre la pauvreté dans la construction européenne
Authors: Euvrard Françoise , Prélis Alain
Published: July 2013

Préoccupée par les problèmes de pauvreté en Europe, la Communauté européenne développe depuis plusieurs années des initiatives de lutte contre ce phénomène. Ceci passe d'abord par une compréhension commune à tous les pays sur le concept de pauvreté. Les approches dynamiques de ce travail conceptuel ont abouti au caractère multidimensionnel de la pauvreté qui n'est plus perçue comme en ses débuts par la seule privation de biens matériels et monétaires, puisque sa définition aborde l'exclusion sociale qui met en jeu la cohésion sociale. Pour chiffrer les pauvres et les exclus, la Communauté retient une mesure qui met l'accent sur l'aspect relatif de la pauvreté variant avec le niveau de vie de chaque pays, l'environnement social et ses valeurs. D'autres travaux visent la compréhension du changement social et du processus d'exclusion. La notion de disqualification sociale souligne l'interaction entre plusieurs facteurs d'exclusion, chômage et lien conjugal, et parfois chômage et affaiblissement de sociabilité familiale. Mais des travaux cherchent aussi à savoir comment on devient pauvre et quels sont les processus d'exclusion pour des individus voire des groupes. L'objectif de ces travaux est de favoriser des pratiques nouvelles de lutte contre la pauvreté.
Précarité d'emploi et itinéraires de transition à l'âge adulte
Authors: Battagliola Françoise , Brown Elizabeth A. R. , Jaspard Maryse
Published: July 2013

Les difficultés d'insertion sur le marché du travail perturbent le déroulement «habituel» des étapes vers le statut d'adulte. Les jeunes hommes qui rencontrent des difficultés professionnelles restent longtemps chez leurs parents - au-delà de 25 ans - ou y reviennent. Par rapport aux hommes du même âge, ils forment un peu moins souvent un couple, qui est plus instable, et ont moins d'enfants. Ces phénomènes affectent aussi les femmes, mais de façon atténuée. Leur engagement familial est plus indépendant de l'insertion professionnelle. Face au chômage, l'origine sociale est moins déterminante qu'on a tendance à le penser. C'est la capacité de réponse qui est différente : ajustement au marché du travail pour les jeunes de milieu aisé, chômage subi pour les autres. Par contre, le diplôme reste le meilleur rempart contre le chômage bien que son effet protecteur soit moindre pour les femmes.
Le non-recours en France : un vrai problème, un intérêt limité
Authors: Math Antoine
Published: July 2013

Les rares travaux effectués en France montrent que les problèmes d'information constituent les principales causes de non-recours aux prestations. Contrairement à une idée répandue, les individus décidant volontairement de ne pas demander une prestation sont minoritaires parmi les cas de non-recours. Si des études permettent d'évaluer les difficultés d'accès et de repérer les motifs de non-recours, en revanche on ne dispose quasiment d'aucun élément en France pour apprécier l'ampleur du non-recours ou ses conséquences. Il est vrai que la question n'a jamais suscité de réel intérêt.
Les causes du non-recours [Des responsabilités largement partagées]
Authors: van Oorschot Wim
Published: July 2013

Pour améliorer l'accès aux droits et l'effectivité d'une mesure de politique sociale, il est important de comprendre le processus de non-recours à une prestation. On ne peut expliquer de manière satisfaisante le non-recours en limitant l'analyse au seul niveau des citoyens. D'autres facteurs interviennent, tant au niveau du dispositif lui-même, ses règles, ses moyens, qu'à celui de l'administration concernée. Ceci charge d'une part de responsabilité du non- recours les décideurs politiques dans leur définition du cadre législatif et organisationnel, et les agents et responsables des organismes administratifs chargés de verser les prestations. Cet article montre l'importante réflexion théorique et pratique menée aux Pays-Bas sur le problème du non-recours (van Oorschot, 1995). Ce travail, développé à partir de la situation néerlandaise, n 'est peut-être pas intégralement transposable au cas français. Il demanderait certainement à être testé et prolongé par de futurs développements.
Crise du travail social, malaise des travailleurs sociaux
Authors: Aballéa François
Published: July 2013

Si pour l'auteur, crise du travail social et malaise des travailleurs sociaux ne sont pas indépendants l'un de l'autre, ces deux phénomènes ne sont pas non plus de même nature. Le premier renvoie à un mouvement de déstructuration du champ du travail social qui se manifeste au niveau de son objet, de ses objectifs et de ses destinataires. Les concepts de base du travail social : lien social, insertion, citoyenneté, deviennent flous tout comme celui de famille paraît de plus en plus évanescent, altérant la force et l'unité du travail social. Les modes d'actions eux-mêmes, qu'il s'agisse de la relation clinique ou de l'action communautaire, sont de plus en plus malmenés face à la montée de l'urgence. Le malaise résulterait d'un non -renouvellement de l'expertise, d'une remise en cause de l'éthique professionnelle, d'une transformation du processus de professionnalisation et s'accompagnerait d'interrogations identitaires face aux professions nouvelles et concurrentes de l'intervention sociale. Pris entre un sentiment d'illégitimité à s'inscrire sur les nouvelles lignes de force du champ et l'absence de reconnaissance sociale quand ils s'y essaient, les travailleurs sociaux se trouvent face à une situation anomique.
Ordre institutionnel, fluidité situationnelle et compassion [Les interactions au guichet de deux CAF]
Authors: Corcuff Philippe
Published: July 2013

Cet article tente de faire se croiser différentes traditions de recherche habituellement opposées, à propos d'une enquête sur les interactions de guichet au sein de deux Caisses d'Allocations familiales. Il aborde tout d'abord la contribution des relations d'inégalité et de domination entre agents des CAF et allocataires à la stabilisation de l'ordre institutionnel, pour ensuite s'intéresser aux marges de manoeuvre bien réelles des usagers, et finalement faire place à une figure d'inversion de la dissymétrie des rapports entre ces deux catégories d'acteurs - ce qui est appelé compassion -, dans des moments où les agents d'accueil se sentent pris de responsabilité vis-à-vis de la détresse des allocataires. S'esquisse alors une approche en termes de "liant social" et "d'accordement", plus large que les problématiques du lien social et de l'accord souvent dérivées de la philosophie politique.
Cartographie des bénéficiaires de minima sociaux : une répartition très inégale
Authors: Mathieu Françoise
Published: July 2013

A l'image de la pauvreté, le pourcentage des ménages bénéficiaires des différents minima sociaux varie fortement d'un département à l'autre. Les plus forts écarts concernent le minimum vieillesse. L'examen de la cartographie montre qu'à une pauvreté plutôt rurale et âgée, caractérisée par une forte proportion de bénéficiaires du minimum vieillesse, s'oppose une pauvreté plutôt urbaine, plus jeune, davantage répartie sur l'ensemble du territoire, même si elle se situe plutôt dans le Nord et le pourtour méditerranéen . Une forte proportion de ménages percevant le revenu minimum d'insertion, l'allocation de solidarité spécifique et l'allocation de parent isolé en est le reflet.
Le travail des uns et le souci des autres Approche biographique des agents et des usagers de la CAF
Authors: Moulière Monique , Murard Numa
Published: July 2013

Observer le travail des agents aux guichets d'une caisse d'Allocations familiales (CAF), et mener des entretiens avec eux, permet de vérifier que l'empathie manifestée, plus ou moins forte et plus ou moins systématique, peut être précisément reliée aux éléments de la trajectoire biographique de chaque agent, et globalement analysée comme l'expression d'un rapport au populaire. Suivre dans leur vie quotidienne des allocataires de la CAF permet d'établir que les positions respectives, et donc la distance qui sépare les uns des autres, sont fonction de la relation entre vie privée et vie professionnelle. L'utilisation du matériel biographique pose, cependant, de sérieux problèmes éthiques et méthodologiques, que les auteurs tentent de résoudre par la méthode des idéaux types.
Comparer les questions familiales en Europe
Authors: Martin Claude
Published: July 2013

Cet article a été rédigé dans le cadre de la mission « prospective de la famille » confiée à Irene Théry. Pour mieux comprendre la façon dont s'orientent les politiques sociales et les politiques familiales européennes, l'auteur expose la question centrale de la contribution des familles à la protection des individus et des trajectoires sociales. Afin de situer les politiques familiales françaises dans le débat européen, seront successivement abordés trois thèmes principaux. Que faut-il comparer et comment comparer ? Comment se positionne la France dans les comparaisons selon les angles d'attaque que l'on adopte ou les variables que l'on privilégie ? Quelle question principale et quelles stratégies retenir pour penser l'avenir des politiques familiales ?
La notion de référentiel appliquée à la garde des jeunes enfants. Une comparaison France-Suède
Authors: Daune-Richard Anne-Marie
Published: July 2013

En utilisant la notion de référentiel et en l'appliquant à la famille, et aux politiques de garde déjeunes enfants, l'auteur analyse la construction et la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques concernant l'accueil des jeunes enfants. Cette analyse met en relation des référentiels «globaux » et des référentiels qualifiés de « spécifiques ». Ceux-ci définissent à un moment donné, dans une société donnée, le rapport enfant/société et le rapport hommes/femmes. L'étude révèle des définitions et des modes d'articulation bien différents de ces référentiels en France et en Suède.
L'éducation et les conceptions pédagogiques au Moyen Age
Authors: Lett Didier
Published: July 2013

De nombreux traités de pédagogie permettent de montrer l'intérêt que les hommes et les femmes du Moyen Age portaient à l'éducation des enfants. Entre le XIIe et le XV' siècle, les grands principes de la pédagogie médiévale et humaniste privilégient la parole, les conseils et l'exemple comme vecteurs principaux au détriment des châtiments corporels. Ces derniers sont certes attestés mais toujours à utiliser avec modération et en dernière instance. Il s'agit surtout, d'un discours pour l'éducation des garçons. Peu présentes dans ces traités, les filles sont surtout à « garder », autre forme d'éducation qui vise à leur enseigner ce qu'elles devront faire dans leur vie maritale. La pédagogie humaniste de la fin du Moyen Age, reprenant pour l'essentiel les idées médiévales, insiste sur la nécessité de redécouvrir les auteurs antiques, le plus fort souci du corps, l'apprentissage en groupe, et s'insurge parfois contre les pratiques qui visent à enseigner par la peur.
La réinsertion professionnelle des premières bénéficiaires de l'APE au titre de leur deuxième enfant
Authors: Simon Marie-Odile
Published: July 2013

Créée en 1985, l'allocation parentale d'éducation (APE) permet aux parents d'interrompre leur activité professionnelle pour élever leurs enfants. D'abord réservée aux familles ayant au moins trois enfants, depuis 1994 elle est attribuée dès le deuxième enfant. Depuis cette date, le nombre de bénéficiaires — essentiellement des femmes — a plus que doublé. Cette allocation est versée jusqu'au troisième anniversaire de l'enfant. Aussi, les premières cohortes de femmes qui ont bénéficié del'APE pour un deuxième enfant ont-elles cessé de percevoir l'allocation à partir du deuxième semestre 1997. Quel était le profil de ces femmes et dans quelles conditions s'effectuait le retour à l'emploi ? Les femmes interrogées par le CREDOC, surtout des employées et des ouvrières, occupaient pour les trois quarts un emploi avant de bénéficier de l'APE. Elles ne sont plus que la moitié à travailler ensuite. Le nombre de femmes au chômage est resté stable, mais le nombre de femmes au foyer a augmenté. Deux types de femmes ont recours à l'APE : celles bénéficiant d'une forte sécurité de l'emploi et celles ayant une trajectoire professionnelle fortement précarisée. Dans tous les cas, ces femmes s'appuient sur un conjoint bénéficiant lui-même d'une situation professionnelle stable.
Quelques éclairages sur les conséquences du chômage sur la famille
Authors: Nezosi Gilles
Published: July 2013

Le chômage n’est pas un aléa purement individuel. Lorsqu’un membre de la famille se retrouve sans emploi, a fortiori lorsqu’il est la personne de référence du ménage, sa situation provoque une série de bouleversements dans son entourage. Ainsi, la perte de pouvoir d’achat a des conséquences non négligeables sur la consommation des ménages de chômeurs, surtout des ménages les plus modestes. Le chômage est aussi l’une des principales raisons de leur surendettement. Ces aspects saillants sont à mettre en relation avec les situations de pauvreté de plus en plus liées à l’inactivité. En dix ans - de 1984 à 1994 -, les familles dont la personne de référence est sans emploi semblent y avoir été de plus en plus confrontées. Parmi ces ménages, certains se distinguent par leur plus grande vulnérabilité : les familles nombreuses et monoparentales. Cependant, la perte ou l’absence d’emploi a des effets plus difficilement observables sur la constitution ou la dissolution du couple. Ne pas avoir d’activité rémunérée est ainsi un frein à la constitution d’une famille. Les plus jeunes ont des difficultés à trouver un premier emploi et restent plus longtemps au domicile familial, prolongeant leur scolarité. Leur entrée dans un cycle de vie autonome est retardée. Lorsque le couple est déjà constitué, les conséquences du chômage se font aussi sentir. La persistance de l’inactivité et même l’instabilité de l’emploi fragilisent le couple.
Solidarités familiales et chômage
Authors: Minonzio Jérôme
Published: July 2013

Même si la question du soutien de la parenté aux chômeurs n’est pas un champ de recherche autonome et définie stricto sensu, les nombreuses études sur les aides familiales permettent de mesurer l’ampleur et le rôle de ce type de solidarités face au chômage. Les aides matérielles - la cohabitation notamment - ou financières apparaissent dans un premier temps multiples et de grande ampleur. L’aide spécifique à la recherche d’un emploi qu’un demandeur peut trouver auprès de sa famille montre, cependant, les limites du soutien familial. Face aux conséquences du chômage, ce soutien est socialement très inégalement réparti et intervient diversement en fonction de l’âge de la personne aidée et de la durée de la période de chômage. Même si on peut difficilement lier durée du chômage et déliquescence des liens familiaux, des explications - psychologiques - peuvent faire comprendre l’exclusion progressive des chômeurs de leurs réseaux d’entraide.