bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Role of Phosphatidylserine in the Function of Recycling Endosomes
Authors: Hasegawa Junya , Uchida Yasunori , Mukai Kojiro , Lee Shoken , Matsudaira Tatsuyuki , Taguchi Tomohiko
Published: December 2021

Cells internalize proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane (PM) and solutes in the extracellular space by endocytosis. The removal of PM by endocytosis is constantly balanced by the replenishment of proteins and lipids to PM through recycling pathway. Recycling endosomes (REs) are specific subsets of endosomes. Besides the established role of REs in recycling pathway, recent studies have revealed unanticipated roles of REs in membrane traffic and cell signalling. In this review, we highlight these emerging issues, with a particular focus on phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid that is highly enriched in the cytosolic leaflet of RE membranes. We also discuss the pathogenesis of Hermansky Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS2) that arises from mutations in the AP3B1 gene, from the point of view of dysregulated RE functions.
Regulation of Myostatin on the Growth and Development of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Chen Ming-Ming , Zhao Yi-Ping , Zhao Yue , Deng Shou-Long , Yu Kun
Published: December 2021

Myostatin (MSTN), a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, can negatively regulate the growth and development of skeletal muscle by autocrine or paracrine signaling. Mutation of the myostatin gene under artificial or natural conditions can lead to a significant increase in muscle quality and produce a double-muscle phenotype. Here, we review the similarities and differences between myostatin and other members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and the mechanisms of myostatin self-regulation. In addition, we focus extensively on the regulation of myostatin functions involved in myogenic differentiation, myofiber type conversion, and skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Also, we summarize the induction of reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress by myostatin in skeletal muscle. This review of recent insights into the function of myostatin will provide reference information for future studies of myostatin-regulated skeletal muscle formation and may have relevance to agricultural fields of study.
Interplay Among Metabolism, Epigenetic Modifications, and Gene Expression in Cancer
Authors: Huo Miaomiao , Zhang Jingyao , Huang Wei , Wang Yan
Published: December 2021

Epigenetic modifications and metabolism are two fundamental biological processes. During tumorigenesis and cancer development both epigenetic and metabolic alterations occur and are often intertwined together. Epigenetic modifications contribute to metabolic reprogramming by modifying the transcriptional regulation of metabolic enzymes, which is crucial for glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Metabolites provide substrates for epigenetic modifications, including histone modification (methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation), DNA and RNA methylation and non-coding RNAs. Simultaneously, some metabolites can also serve as substrates for nonhistone post-translational modifications that have an impact on the development of tumors. And metabolic enzymes also regulate epigenetic modifications independent of their metabolites. In addition, metabolites produced by gut microbiota influence host metabolism. Understanding the crosstalk among metabolism, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression in cancer may help researchers explore the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and progression to metastasis, thereby provide strategies for the prevention and therapy of cancer. In this review, we summarize the progress in the understanding of the interactions between cancer metabolism and epigenetics.
SGIP1α, but Not SGIP1, is an Ortholog of FCHo Proteins and Functions as an Endocytic Regulator
Authors: Lee Sang-Eun , Cho Eunji , Jeong Soomin , Song Yejij , Kang Seokjo , Chang Sunghoe
Published: December 2021

Src homology 3-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2-like interacting protein 1 (SGIP1), originally known as a regulator of energy homeostasis, was later found to be an ortholog of Fer/Cip4 homology domain-only (FCHo) proteins and to function during endocytosis. SGIP1α is a longer splicing variant in mouse brains that contains additional regions in the membrane phospholipid-binding domain (MP) and C-terminal region, but functional consequences with or without additional regions between SGIP1 and SGIP1α remain elusive. Moreover, many previous studies have either inadvertently used SGIP1 instead of SGIP1α or used the different isoforms with or without additional regions indiscriminately, resulting in further confusion. Here, we report that the additional region in the MP is essential for SGIP1α to deform membrane into tubules and for homo-oligomerization, and SGIP1, which lacks this region, fails to perform these functions. Moreover, only SGIP1α rescued endocytic defects caused by FCHo knock-down. Thus, our results indicate that SGIP1α, but not SGIP1, is the functional ortholog of FCHos, and SGIP1 and SGIP1α are not functionally redundant. These findings suggest that caution should be taken in interpreting the role of SGIP1 in endocytosis.
Increased WIP1 Expression With Aging Suppresses the Capacity of Oocytes to Respond to and Repair DNA Damage
Authors: Leem Jiyeon , Bai Guang-Yu , Kim Jae-Sung , Oh Jeong Su
Published: December 2021

If fertilization does not occur for a prolonged time after ovulation, oocytes undergo a time-dependent deterioration in quality in vivo and in vitro, referred to as postovulatory aging. The DNA damage response is thought to decline with aging, but little is known about how mammalian oocytes respond to the DNA damage during in vitro postovulatory aging. Here we show that increased WIP1 during in vitro postovulatory aging suppresses the capacity of oocytes to respond to and repair DNA damage. During in vitro aging, oocytes progressively lost their capacity to respond to DNA double-strand breaks, which corresponded with an increase in WIP1 expression. Increased WIP1 impaired the amplification of γ-H2AX signaling, which reduced the DNA repair capacity. WIP1 inhibition restored the DNA repair capacity, which prevented deterioration in oocyte quality and improved the fertilization and developmental competence of aged oocytes. Importantly, WIP1 was also found to be high in maternally aged oocytes, and WIP1 inhibition enhanced the DNA repair capacity of maternally aged oocytes. Therefore, our results demonstrate that increased WIP1 is responsible for the age-related decline in DNA repair capacity in oocytes, and WIP1 inhibition could restore DNA repair capacity in aged oocytes.
Ruthenium Assemblies for CO2 Reduction and H2 Generation: Time Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy, Spectroelectrochemistry and a Photocatalysis Study in Solution and on NiO
Authors: Cerpentier Florian J. R. , Karlsson Joshua , Lalrempuia Ralte , Brandon Michael P. , Sazanovich Igor V. , Greetham Gregory M. , Gibson Elizabeth A. , Pryce Mary T.
Published: December 2021

Two novel supramolecular complexes RuRe ([Ru(dceb)2(bpt)Re(CO)3Cl](PF6)) and RuPt ([Ru(dceb)2(bpt)PtI(H2O)](PF6)2) [dceb = diethyl(2,2′-bipyridine)-4,4′-dicarboxylate, bpt = 3,5-di(pyridine-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazolate] were synthesized as new catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2 evolution, respectively. The influence of the catalytic metal for successful catalysis in solution and on a NiO semiconductor was examined. IR-active handles in the form of carbonyl groups on the peripheral ligand on the photosensitiser were used to study the excited states populated, as well as the one-electron reduced intermediate species using infrared and UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry, and time resolved infrared spectroscopy. Inclusion of ethyl-ester moieties led to a reduction in the LUMO energies on the peripheral bipyridine ligand, resulting in localization of the 3MLCT excited state on these peripheral ligands following excitation. RuPt generated hydrogen in solution and when immobilized on NiO in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. RuRe was inactive as a CO2 reduction catalyst in solution, and produced only trace amounts of CO when the photocatalyst was immobilized on NiO in a PEC cell saturated with CO2.
RNA Hydrogel Combined with MnO2 Nanoparticles as a Nano-Vaccine to Treat Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Wang Weicai , Liu Xiaofan , Ding Lairong , Jin Hyung Jong , Li Xuemei
Published: December 2021

Hypoxia is not only the reason of tumor metastasis but also enhances the spread of cancer cells from the original tumor site, which results in cancer recurrence. Herein, we developed a self-assembled RNA hydrogel that efficiently delivered synergistic DNA CpG and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) adjuvants, as well as MnO2 loaded-photodynamic agent chlorine e6 (MnO2@Ce6), and a chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) into MDA-MB-231cells. The RNA hydrogel consists of one tumour suppressor miRNA (miRNA-205) and one anti-metastatic miRNA (miRNA-182), both of which showed an outstanding effect in synergistically abrogating tumours. The hydrogel would be dissociated by endogenous Dicer enzyme to release loaded therapeutic molecules, and in the meantime induce decomposition of tumor endogenous H2O2 to relieve tumor hypoxia. As a result, a remarkable synergistic therapeutic effect is achieved through the combined chemo-photodynamic therapy, which simultaneously triggers a series of anti-tumor immune responses. Besides, the hydrogel as the carrier which modified aptamer to targeted MDA-MB-231 has the advantages of good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. This strategy could be implemented to design any other microRNA (miRNA) as the carrier, combined with other treatment methods to treat human cancer, thereby overcoming the limitations of current cancer therapies.
Self-Organized Fractal Structures on Plasma-Exposed Silver Surface
Authors: Kan Xuefen , Chen Ke , Yin Cheng , Yang Yu , Shan Minglei , Wang Huanhuan , Han Qingbang , Chen Bingyan
Published: December 2021

Planar fractal microstructure is observed on the silver film treated by positive corona discharge for the first time. Due to the abundant positive ions driven by the electrical field of positive polarity, surface modification is mainly induced by the plasma oxidation effect, resulting in a large scale of dendritic pattern with self-similarity and hierarchy. In contrast, negative ions dominate the plasma-film interaction under negative corona discharge condition, leading to a different surface morphology without fractal characteristics. A growth model based on the modified diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) theory is proposed to describe the formation of the dendritic fractal structure, whilst the physics behind is attributed to the electric field directed diffusion of the positive ions around the surface roughness. Numerical simulation verifies the high density of the hot spot in the dendritic pattern, which may enable potential applications in fractal photonic metamaterials.
Curcumin Oxidation Is Required for Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori Growth, Translocation and Phosphorylation of Cag A
Authors: Ray Ashwini Kumar , Luis Paula B. , Mishra Surabhi Kirti , Barry Daniel P. , Asim Mohammad , Pandey Achyut , Chaturvedi Maya , Gupta Jyoti , Gupta Shilpi , Mahant Shweta , Das Rajashree , Kumar Pramod , Shalimar  , Wilson Keith T. , Schneider Claus , Chaturvedi Rupesh
Published: December 2021

Curcumin is a potential natural remedy for preventing Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric inflammation and cancer. Here, we analyzed the effect of a phospholipid formulation of curcumin on H. pylori growth, translocation and phosphorylation of the virulence factor CagA and host protein kinase Src in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model of H. pylori infection. Growth of H. pylori was inhibited dose-dependently by curcumin in vitro. H. pylori was unable to metabolically reduce curcumin, whereas two enterobacteria, E. coli and Citrobacter rodentium, which efficiently reduced curcumin to the tetra- and hexahydro metabolites, evaded growth inhibition. Oxidative metabolism of curcumin was required for the growth inhibition of H. pylori and the translocation and phosphorylation of CagA and cSrc, since acetal- and diacetal-curcumin that do not undergo oxidative transformation were ineffective. Curcumin attenuated mRNA expression of the H. pylori virulence genes cagE and cagF in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited translocation and phosphorylation of CagA in gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori strains isolated from dietary curcumin-treated mice showed attenuated ability to induce cSrc phosphorylation and the mRNA expression of the gene encoding for IL-8, suggesting long-lasting effects of curcumin on the virulence of H. pylori. Our work provides mechanistic evidence that encourages testing of curcumin as a dietary approach to inhibit the virulence of CagA.
Macrophages Demonstrate Guanylate-Binding Protein-Dependent and Bacterial Strain-Dependent Responses to Francisella tularensis
Authors: Mohammadi Nasibeh , Lindgren Helena , Yamamoto Masahiro , Martin Amandine , Henry Thomas , Sjöstedt Anders
Published: December 2021

Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium and the etiological agent of tularemia, a zoonotic disease. Infection of monocytic cells by F. tularensis can be controlled after activation with IFN-γ; however, the molecular mechanisms whereby the control is executed are incompletely understood. Recently, a key role has been attributed to the Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), interferon-inducible proteins involved in the cell-specific immunity against various intracellular pathogens. Here, we assessed the responses of bone marrow-derived murine macrophages (BMDM) and GBP-deficient BMDM to F. tularensis strains of variable virulence; the highly virulent SCHU S4 strain, the human live vaccine strain (LVS), or the widely used surrogate for F. tularensis, the low virulent F. novicida. Each of the strains multiplied rapidly in BMDM, but after addition of IFN-γ, significant GBP-dependent control of infection was observed for the LVS and F. novicida strains, whereas there was no control of the SCHU S4 infection. However, no differences in GBP transcription or translation were observed in the infected cell cultures. During co-infection with F. novicida and SCHU S4, significant control of both strains was observed. Patterns of 18 cytokines were very distinct between infected cell cultures and high levels were observed for almost all cytokines in F. novicida-infected cultures and very low levels in SCHU S4-infected cultures, whereas levels in co-infected cultures for a majority of cytokines showed intermediate levels, or levels similar to those of F. novicida-infected cultures. We conclude that the control of BMDM infection with F. tularensis LVS or F. novicida is GBP-dependent, whereas SCHU S4 was only controlled during co-infection. Since expression of GBP was similar regardless of infecting agent, the findings imply that SCHU S4 has an inherent ability to evade the GBP-dependent anti-bacterial mechanisms.
Onset and Decline Rates of Marine Heatwaves: Global Trends, Seasonal Forecasts and Marine Management
Authors: Spillman Claire M. , Smith Grant A. , Hobday Alistair J. , Hartog Jason R.
Published: December 2021

Changing ocean conditions due to anthropogenic climate change, particularly the increasing severity and frequency of extreme events, are a growing concern for a range of marine sectors. Here we explore the global trends in marine heatwaves (MHWs), specifically onset and decline rates, two metrics which describe how quickly a MHW will emerge or disappear from a location. These rates determine the reaction window—the start of a MHW event to peak MHW temperatures—and the coping window—time from peak temperatures to the end of an event—two important time periods relevant to a marine decision-maker. We show that MHW onset and decline rates are fastest in dynamic ocean regions and that overall, the global trend in onset rate is greater than the global trend in decline rate. We map ocean regions where these rates are changing together with forecast skill from a seasonal dynamical model (ACCESS-S). This analysis highlights areas where the length of the preparation window for impending MHWs is increased by using forecasts, and areas where marine decision-makers should be prepared for rapid responses based on realtime observations as MHWs evolve. In regions such as south Africa and Kerguelen, northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, southwest South Atlantic and off Australian east coast where rapid median onset and decline rates are observed, there is also a positive trend in onset and decline rates i.e., MHWs are developing and declining more rapidly. This will be a concern for many decision-makers operating in these regions.
(Pro)renin Receptor Inhibition Reduces Plasma Cholesterol and Triglycerides but Does Not Attenuate Atherosclerosis in Atherosclerotic Mice
Authors: Ye Dien , Yang Xiaofei , Ren Liwei , Lu Hong S. , Sun Yuan , Lin Hui , Tan Lunbo , Wang Na , Nguyen Genevieve , Bader Michael , Mullick Adam E. , Danser A. H. Jan , Daugherty Alan , Jiang Yizhou , Sun Yidan , Li Furong , Lu Xifeng
Published: December 2021

Objective: Elevated plasma cholesterol concentrations contributes to ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Recently, we showed that inhibiting hepatic (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] attenuated diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficient mice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibiting hepatic (P)RR could attenuate atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results: Eight-week-old male LDLR−/− mice were injected with either saline or N-acetylgalactosamine-modified antisense oligonucleotides (G-ASOs) primarily targeting hepatic (P)RR and were fed a western-type diet (WTD) for 16 weeks. (P)RR G-ASOs markedly reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations from 2,211 ± 146 to 1,128 ± 121 mg/dL. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) analyses revealed that cholesterol in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)/LDL fraction were potently reduced by (P)RR G-ASOs. Moreover, (P)RR G-ASOs reduced plasma triglyceride concentrations by more than 80%. Strikingly, despite marked reduction in plasma lipid concentrations, atherosclerosis was not reduced but rather increased in these mice. Further testing in ApoE−/− mice confirmed that (P)RR G-ASOs reduced plasma lipid concentrations but not atherosclerosis. Transcriptomic analysis of the aortas revealed that (P)RR G-ASOs induced the expression of the genes involved in immune responses and inflammation. Further investigation revealed that (P)RR G-ASOs also inhibited (P)RR in macrophages and in enhanced inflammatory responses to exogenous stimuli. Moreover, deleting the (P)RR in macrophages resulted in accelerated atherosclerosis in WTD fed ApoE−/− mice.

Conclusion: (P)RR G-ASOs reduced the plasma lipids in atherosclerotic mice due to hepatic (P)RR deficiency. However, augmented pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages due to (P)RR downregulation counteracted the beneficial effects of lowered plasma lipid concentrations on atherosclerosis. Our study demonstrated that hepatic (P)RR and macrophage (P)RR played a counteracting role in atherosclerosis.
COVID-19 vs. Classical Myocarditis Associated Myocardial Injury Evaluated by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Endomyocardial Biopsy
Authors: Tanacli Radu , Doeblin Patrick , Götze Collin , Zieschang Victoria , Faragli Alessandro , Stehning Christian , Korosoglou Grigorios , Erley Jennifer , Weiss Jakob , Berger Alexander , Pröpper Felix , Steinbeis Fridolin , Kühne Titus , Seidel Franziska , Geisel Dominik , Cannon Walter-Rittel Thula , Stawowy Philipp , Witzenrath Martin , Klingel Karin , Van Linthout Sophie , Pieske Burkert , Tschöpe Carsten , Kelle Sebastian
Published: December 2021

Background: Despite the ongoing global pandemic, the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac structure and function is still not completely understood. Myocarditis is a rare but potentially serious complication of other viral infections with variable recovery, and is, in some cases, associated with long-term cardiac remodeling and functional impairment.

Aim: To assess myocardial injury in patients who recently recovered from an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection with advanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and endomyocardial biopsy (EMB).

Methods: In total, 32 patients with persistent cardiac symptoms after a COVID-19 infection, 22 patients with acute classic myocarditis not related to COVID-19, and 16 healthy volunteers were included in this study and underwent a comprehensive baseline CMR scan. Of these, 10 patients post COVID-19 and 13 with non-COVID-19 myocarditis underwent a follow-up scan. In 10 of the post-COVID-19 and 15 of the non-COVID-19 patients with myocarditis endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) with histological, immunohistological, and molecular analysis was performed.

Results: In total, 10 (31%) patients with COVID-19 showed evidence of myocardial injury, eight (25%) presented with myocardial oedema, eight (25%) exhibited global or regional systolic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and nine (28%) exhibited impaired right ventricular (RV) function. However, only three (9%) of COVID-19 patients fulfilled updated CMR–Lake Louise criteria (LLC) for acute myocarditis. Regarding EMB, none of the COVID-19 patients but 87% of the non-COVID-19 patients with myocarditis presented histological findings in keeping with acute or chronic inflammation. COVID-19 patients with severe disease on the WHO scale presented with reduced biventricular longitudinal function, increased RV mass, and longer native T1 times compared with those with only mild or moderate disease.

Conclusions: In our cohort, CMR and EMB findings revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with relatively mild but variable cardiac involvement. More symptomatic COVID-19 patients and those with higher clinical care demands were more likely to exhibit chronic inflammation and impaired cardiac function compared to patients with milder forms of the disease.
A Modified Surgical Ventricular Reconstruction in Post-infarction Mice Persistently Alleviates Heart Failure and Improves Cardiac Regeneration
Authors: Ma Siyuan , Yan Junyu , Yang Dexuan , Liao Wangjun , Bin Jianping , Lin Hairuo , Liao Yulin
Published: December 2021

Objectives: Large ventricular aneurysm secondary to myocardial infarction (MI) results in severe heart failure (HF) and limits the effectiveness of regeneration therapy, which can be improved by surgical ventricular reconstruction (SVR). However, the conventional SVR procedures do not yield optimal long-term outcome in post-MI rodents. We hypothesized that a modified SVR procedure without aggressive purse string suture would persistently alleviate HF and improve cardiac regeneration in post-MI mice.

Methods: Adult male C57 mice were subjected to MI or sham surgery. Four weeks later, mice with MI underwent SVR or 2nd open-chest operation alone. SVR was performed by plicating the aneurysm with a single diagonal linear suture from the upper left ventricle (LV) to the right side of the apex. Cardiac remodeling, heart function and myocardial regeneration were evaluated.

Results: Three weeks after SVR, the scar area, LV volume, and heart weight/body weight ratio were significantly smaller, while LV ejection fraction, the maximum rising and descending rates of LV pressure, LV contractility and global myocardial strain were significantly higher in SVR group than in SVR-control group. The inhibitory effects of SVR on LV remodeling and HF persisted for at least eight-week. SVR group exhibited improved cardiac regeneration, as reflected by more Ki67-, Aurora B- and PH3-positive cardiomyocytes and a higher vessel density around the plication area of the infarcted LV.

Conclusions: SVR with a single linear suture results in a significant and sustained reduction in LV volume and improvement in both LV systolic and diastolic function as well as cardiac regeneration.
Impact of RAAS Inhibitors on Clinical Outcome and Mortality in Patients With STEMI During the COVID-19 Era: A Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Barbieri Lucia , Trabattoni Daniela , Stefanini Giulio G. , Vizzardi Enrico , Tumminello Gabriele , Assanelli Emilio , Adamo Marianna , Pivato Carlo A. , Provenzale Giovanni , Gentile Domitilla , Metra Marco , Carugo Stefano
Published: December 2021

Conflicting results are available regarding the influence of ACEi/ARBs on the risk of COVID-19 infection, while less is known about their impact on the clinical outcome of patients with STEMI diagnosed with COVID-19. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of ACEi/ARBs therapy on in-hospital mortality and clinical outcomes of patients with STEMI during the COVID-19 pandemic. We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with STEMI hospitalized from February 20 to May 10, 2020 in four Hospitals in Lombardy. SARS-COV-2 diagnosis was performed by nasopharyngeal swab test. Procedural outcome, respiratory complications, and in-hospital mortality were reported. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by logistic regressions. Our population was represented by 182 patients with STEMI, 76.9% of which were males, and mean age was 67 ± 12.5. Hypertension was reported in 53.3%, and 29.1% was treated with ACEi/ARBs. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed in 17.1% of the patients. In-hospital mortality (13.2%) was significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 (31 vs. 10%, p = 0.003), even if ejection fraction [OR 0.93 (95% CI) 0.87–0.99; p = 0.03] and respiratory complications [OR 9.39 (95% CI) 1.91–45.9; p = 0.006] were the only two independent predictors. The incidence of COVID-19 infection was not influenced by ACEi/ARBs (16.5 in naïve vs. 18.8%) whose presence on admission did not correlate with respiratory complications or mortality both in the case of discontinuation and maintenance. In conclusion, in a high-risk population, such as that of patients with STEMI, the potential benefit of ACEi/ARB discontinuation in patients with COVID-19 is overcome by its detrimental effect. Intensive care, additional preventive respiratory investigations, regardless of swab test result, should be suggested for all patients admitted for STEMI during the pandemic.
Relationship Between Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Variation and Systemic Vascular Resistance: A Prospective Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Mandry Damien , Girerd Nicolas , Lamiral Zohra , Huttin Olivier , Filippetti Laura , Micard Emilien , Beaumont Marine , Ncho Mottoh Marie-Paule Bernadette , Pace Nathalie , Zannad Faïez , Rossignol Patrick , Marie Pierre-Yves
Published: December 2021

Introduction: This cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) study aims to determine whether changes in systemic vascular resistance (SVR), obtained from CMR flow sequences, might explain the significant long-term changes in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) observed in subjects with no cardiac disease history.

Methods: Cohort subjects without any known cardiac disease but with high rates of hypertension and obesity, underwent CMR with phase-contrast sequences both at baseline and at a median follow-up of 5.2 years. Longitudinal changes in EF were analyzed for any concomitant changes in blood pressure and vascular function, notably the indexed SVR given by the formula: mean brachial blood pressure / cardiac output x body surface area.

Results: A total of 118 subjects (53 ± 12 years, 52% women) were included, 26% had hypertension, and 52% were obese. Eighteen (15%) had significant EF variations between baseline and follow-up (7 increased EF and 11 decreased EF). Longitudinal changes in EF were inversely related to concomitant changes in mean and diastolic blood pressures (p = 0.030 and p = 0.027, respectively) and much more significantly to SVR (p < 0.001). On average, these SVR changes were −8.08 ± 9.21 and +8.14 ± 8.28 mmHg.min.m2.L−1, respectively, in subjects with significant increases and decreases in EF, and 3.32 ± 7.53 mmHg.min.m2.L−1 in subjects with a stable EF (overall p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Significant EF variations are not uncommon during the long-term CMR follow-up of populations with no evident health issues except for uncomplicated hypertension and obesity. However, most of these variations are linked to SVR changes and may therefore be unrelated to any intrinsic change in LV contractility. This underscores the benefits of specifically assessing LV afterload when EF is monitored in populations at risk of vascular dysfunction.

Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01716819 and NCT02430805.
Assessment of Top-Down Design of Tsunami Evacuation Strategies Based on Drill and Modelled Data
Authors: León Jorge , Catalán Patricio A. , Gubler Alejandra
Published: December 2021

Tsunami evacuation drills are helpful tools aimed at reinforcing procedures and practices to reduce disaster risk, especially for vulnerable populations like school-age children. While the predictive value of evacuation drill data has been pointed out, challenges exist in enhancing the scientific examination of this information, with the final aim of improving proactive preparedness and scenario-based evacuation strategies. We address this gap by delivering a mixed-method approach that combines ground-collected data and tsunami and evacuation computer-based modelling, using as a case study the evacuation drill performance of four K-12 schools in the cities of Valparaíso and Viña del Mar, Chile. Our main objective was to critically assess the efficacy of the drill-based evacuation procedures of the schools by comparing them in the light of a likely worst-case tsunami scenario (based on historical data from the 1730 event) in these areas. Our findings show that, although a large number of evacuees from the schools could rapidly achieve evacuation to safe locations, complete evacuation (that is, 100% of evacuees reaching the shelter) is only achievable if the Evacuation Onset Times (i.e. the time, relative to the earthquake, of the first evacuee departing from the school) are shorter than demanding threshold values (between 4 and 14 min), as the result of the tsunami’s short arrival time and rapid inland penetration. Hence, we suggest complementing existing national-level protocols with a more detailed, case-by-case management approach, comprising a more precise tsunami inundation modelling and a focus on the characteristics of each of the schools (relative to the student body composition such as age and others, the staff, and the geomorphological conditions of its location). Moreover, we suggest that tsunami evacuation drills in Chile pose significant research opportunities yet to be fully grasped.
The Control of Diagenesis and Mineral Assemblages on Brittleness of Mudstones
Authors: Du Jiazong , Cai Jingong , Long Shengxiang , Gao Bo , Feng Dongjun , Peng Zeyang , Zeng Xiang
Published: December 2021

The variation in mineral composition will affect the rock brittleness, thus the change of mineral assemblages during diagenesis has a potential control on the brittleness of mudstones. In this study, thin section, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyses were used to investigate compositional and microscopic features of mudstones. With the enhancement of diagenesis, three mineral assemblages were divided due to the diagenetic evolution of minerals. Quartz, feldspar, dolomite, chlorite, and illite were regarded as brittle minerals and (quartz + feldspar + dolomite + illite + chlorite)/(detrital mineral + carbonate + clay mineral) was defined as the brittleness evaluation index The mudstone brittleness changed slightly during early diagenesis but increased gradually with enhancement of diagenesis in the late diagenesis stage. Quartz and feldspar were scattered above the clay matrix and the contact of grains was limited, therefore, the contribution of detrital minerals to the brittleness was affected by the properties of clay minerals. The diagenetic transformation of clay minerals resulted in the reduction of ductile components (smectite/I-Sm and kaolinite) and increase of brittle components (illite and chlorite), leading to the enhancement of integral rigidity of the mudstones. Meanwhile, the improved crystallization of carbonate in late diagenesis stage enlarged the carbonate grains which resulted in rigid contact between grains. These results highlighted the influence of diagenesis on mudstone brittleness. Therefore, for evaluation of mudstone brittleness, attention should be paid to the diagenesis process besides mineral composition.
Precision Evaluation and Fusion of Topographic Data Based on UAVs and TLS Surveys of a Loess Landslide
Authors: Mao Zhonglei , Hu Sheng , Wang Ninglian , Long Yongqing
Published: December 2021

In recent years, low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) techniques have become very important non-contact measurement methods for obtaining topographic data about landslides. However, owing to the differences in the types of UAVs and whether the ground control points (GCPs) are set in the measurement, the obtained topographic data for landslides often have large precision differences. In this study, two types of UAVs (DJI Mavic Pro and DJI Phantom 4 RTK) with and without GCPs were used to survey a loess landslide. UAVs point clouds and digital surface model (DSM) data for the landslide were obtained. Based on this, we used the Geomorphic Change Detection software (GCD 7.0) and the Multiscale Model-To-Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) algorithm in the Cloud Compare software for comparative analysis and accuracy evaluation of the different point clouds and DSM data obtained using the same and different UAVs. The experimental results show that the DJI Phantom 4 RTK obtained the highest accuracy landslide terrain data when the GCPs were set. In addition, we also used the Maptek I-Site 8,820 terrestrial laser scanner to obtain higher precision topographic point cloud data for the Beiguo landslide. However, owing to the terrain limitations, some of the point cloud data were missing in the blind area of the TLS measurement. To make up for the scanning defect of the TLS, we used the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm in the Cloud Compare software to conduct data fusion between the point clouds obtained using the DJI Phantom 4 RTK with GCPs and the point clouds obtained using TLS. The results demonstrate that after the data fusion, the point clouds not only retained the high-precision characteristics of the original point clouds of the TLS, but also filled in the blind area of the TLS data. This study introduces a novel perspective and technical scheme for the precision evaluation of UAVs surveys and the fusion of point clouds data based on different sensors in geological hazard surveys.
Analysis of Biochemical and Clinical Pregnancy Loss Between Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer of Blastocysts and Day 3 Cleavage Embryos in Young Women: A Comprehensive Comparison
Authors: Dai Xiuliang , Gao Tingting , Xia Xiyang , Cao Fang , Yu Chunmei , Li Tianfu , Li Lingjun , Wang Yufeng , Chen Li
Published: December 2021

Background

To determine whether the embryo developmental stage affects biochemical or clinical pregnancy loss in young women undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) and to investigate the underlying mechanism.

Methods

This was a retrospective study including a total of 18,34 β-HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)-positive FET cycles. According to the morphological appearance (MA) of transferred blastocysts, FET cycles with blastocysts were divided into two groups: Group A: morphologically good (MG) blastocysts only, and Group B: at least one morphologically non-good (MNG) blastocyst. FET cycles with day 3 cleavage embryos were assigned as Group C. Biochemical and clinical pregnancy loss were the main outcome measures.

Result(s)

We predicted 78% in vivo-formed MG and 53.9% in vivo-formed day 5 blastocysts in Group C. (a) Including cases in Group A and Group B for binary logistic regression, we showed that Group B and day 6 blastocysts had significantly higher rates of BPL and CPL than Group A and day 5 blastocysts, respectively. (b) Including cases in Group A, Group B, and Group C for binary logistic regression, we showed that Group C had a significantly higher rate of BPL than Group A and day 5 blastocysts and a similar rate of BPL as Group B and day 6 blastocysts. Group C had a higher rate of CPL than Group A (p=0.071) and day 5 blastocysts (p=0.039), and a lower rate of CPL than Group B (p=0.199) and day 6 blastocysts (p=0.234).

Conclusion(s)

(1) MA and days of usable blastocysts could serve as independent factors affecting the occurrence of BPL and CPL. (2) Transfer of day 3 cleavage embryos may produce “unusable blastocysts” in vivo, which significantly increased the rate of BPL. (3) The rate of CPL resulting from the transfer of day 3 embryos may depend on the rate of in vivo-formed MG or day 5 blastocysts. Our study indicated that the difference in the BPL or CPL between transfer of blastocysts and day 3 cleavage embryos may largely depend on the quality of embryos transferred.
Extensive Assessment of Underlying Etiological Factors in Primary Infertile Men Reduces the Proportion of Men With Idiopathic Infertility
Authors: Ventimiglia Eugenio , Pozzi Edoardo , Capogrosso Paolo , Boeri Luca , Alfano Massimo , Cazzaniga Walter , Matloob Rayan , Abbate Costantino , Viganò Paola , Montorsi Francesco , Salonia Andrea
Published: December 2021

Objective

Up to 40% of infertile men remain without a recognized cause (i.e., idiopathic infertility). We aimed to identify, categorize, and report the supposed causes of male infertility in a cohort of white-European men presenting for primary couple’s infertility, by using a thorough and extensive baseline diagnostic work-up.

Material and Methods

Cross-sectional study of 1,174 primary infertile men who underwent a thorough diagnostic work-up including: detailed medical history, physical examination, hormonal assessment, genetic testing, semen analyses; semen and urine cultures; testis color Duplex US. Men without any identified causal factor were considered as idiopathic. Six different etiological categories were established, and their prevalence was estimated. Logistic regression models estimated the risk of missing causal identification.

Results

A possible causal factor was identified in 928 (81%) men. Hypogonadism was the most frequent identified cause (37%), followed by varicocele (27%). Genetic abnormalities were found in 5% of patients. A causal factor was more easily identifiable for the more severe infertility cases, and azoospermic men were those less likely to be defined as idiopathic (OR and 95% CIs: 0.09; 0.04-0.20). Relative proportion of identified causes remained constant during the 10-year study period (p>0.43).

Conclusions

Due to a more comprehensive and extensive diagnostic work-up, at least one underlying cause of male infertility factor in 4 out of 5 infertile men can be identified. Men with a less severe phenotype remain a clinical challenge in terms of establishing a possible etiologic factor. Further studies are needed to assess which subset of infertile men deserves a more extensive work-up.
Comparison of Muscle Density in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults Between a High-Altitude Area (Kunming) and a Low-Altitude Area (Beijing)
Authors: Liu Xingli , Wang Ling , Gao Meng , Wang Gang , Tang Kai , Yang Jin , Song Wei , Yang Jingsong , Lyu Liang , Cheng Xiaoguang
Published: December 2021

Background and Purpose

A high-altitude environment was known to have a negative effect on bone and lead to a higher incidence of hip fracture. However, the dependence of muscle composition on altitude is unclear. Thus, we aimed to compare muscle density and area in plateau and low altitude area and to determine the effect of the altitude on these outcomes.

Methods

Community dwelling adults over 60 years old living in Beijing (elevation 50 m; 300 subjects,107 men and 193 women) or Kunming (elevation 2000 m; 218 subjects,83 men and 135 women) for more than 10 years were enrolled. Quantitative CT was performed in all subjects and cross-sectional area and attenuation measured in Hounsfield units (HU) were determined for the trunk, gluteus, and mid-thigh muscles.

Results

Compared to Beijing, Kunming adults were slimmer (Beijing men vs Kunming men: 25.08 ± 2.62 vs 23.94 ± 3.10kg/m2, P=0.013; Beijing women vs Kunming women: 25.31 ± 3.1 vs 23.98 ± 3.54 kg/m2, P= 0.001) and had higher muscle density in the L2-trunk and gluteus maximus muscles after adjustment for age and BMI (L2-trunk muscles: Beijing men 29.99 ± 4.17 HU vs Kunming men 37.35 ± 4.25 HU, P< 0.0001; Beijing women 27.37 ± 3.76 HU vs Kunming women 31.51 ± 5.12 HU, P< 0.0001; Gluteus maximus muscle: Beijing men 35.11 ± 6.54 HU vs Kunming men 39.36 ± 4.39 HU, P= 0.0009; Beijing women 31.47 ± 6.26 HU vs Kunming women 34.20 ± 5.87 HU P=0.0375). Age was similar in both cohorts and no differences were observed in the gluteus medius and minimus muscle or the mid-thigh muscle, either in the area or density.

Conclusions

Compared with Beijing, the adults in Kunming had higher muscle density of the gluteus maximus and L2 trunk muscles, showing that living at a higher altitude might be beneficial to muscle quality.
Safety of Pediatric rhGH Therapy: An Overview and the Need for Long-Term Surveillance
Authors: Cianfarani Stefano
Published: December 2021

Growth hormone (GH) therapy dates back to 1958 and, though has shown an excellent safety profile in the short-term, has never ceased to raise concern about potential long-term side effects. In the last decade, a number of observational studies in different cohorts of young adult patients treated with GH during childhood have yielded conflicting results. The attention has mainly focused on three major potential risks associated with GH therapy: cancer, cardio and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes. This review intends to provide a detailed overview of the main studies reporting long-term safety in subjects treated with rhGH therapy during childhood, highlighting the evidence for or against the risk of cancer, cardio and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes.
Measuring Energy Efficiency Performance in China: Do Technological and Environmental Concerns Matter for Energy Efficiency?
Authors: Chen Xue , Liu Zhen , Saydaliev Hayot Berk , Abu Hatab Assem , Fang Wei
Published: December 2021

Considering the significance of green governance in economic restructuring and the green technology revolution, this study examines the impact of China’s recent green governance policies and their implications in various regions; it also examines new models, methods, and development directions for China’s green governance in the future. Green governance efficiency and spatial patterns have been studied through 2008–2018 data using a three-stage generalized panel Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, spatial autocorrelation model, spatial gravity model, and social network analysis. The study summarizes the status and role of each provincial region in green governance based on the social network of green governance efficiency under the network architecture. It concludes that (1) green governance efficiency in China’s provinces has a U-shaped trend, with non-managerial elements in the external environment masking genuine green governance efficiency. (2) During the study period, the overall efficiency of the industrial system improved. The efficiency of the manufacturing and wastewater stages has been substantially enhanced, but no significant gains were observed in the treatment stages of solid and gas waste. (3) Although China has made progress in enhancing the overall efficiency of its industrial system, there is still potential for improvement. (4) China has established a “three horizontal and two vertical grid-type” green governance spatial correlation structure among the sub-stages of the industrial system, and the radiation impact of major provincial areas would increase overall green governance efficiency.
Electricity-Water Consumption and Metropolitan Economic Growth: An Empirical Dual Sectors Dynamic Equilibrium Model
Authors: He Yiming , Gao Shaoui
Published: December 2021

This paper develops a dual sectors dynamic equilibrium model and introduces electricity consumption and water consumption in a growth model that tested by using a time series data set from 1950 to 2014 in Guangzhou, China. It presents a theoretical prediction on the interactions between electricity consumption, water consumption, and the metropolitan economic growth. Consistent with this prediction, electricity consumption and water consumption by themselves appear to have significant effects on metropolitan economic performance. The cointegration techniques show that electricity consumption, water consumption, and the metropolitan economic performance have long-run equilibrium relationship. The results of kernel-based regularized least squares reveal that metropolitan economic growth is positively correlated with electricity consumption. Also consistent with the theory, water consumption is positively associated with metropolitan economic performance. These results are generally stable and hold with alternative measures of unit roots, with alternative estimation strategies, and with or without controlling for trends, intercepts, and break points.
Fault Location with High Precision of Flexible DC Distribution System Using Wavelet Transform and Convolution Neural Network
Authors: Wang Dafei , Wang Baohua , Zhang Wenhui , Zhang Chi , Yu Jiacheng
Published: December 2021

Though flexible DC distribution system (FDCDS) is becoming a new hotspot in power systems lately because of the rapid development of power electronic devices and massive use of renewable energy, the failure to realize accurate fault location with high precision restricts its further application. Thus, a novel precise pole-to-ground fault location method of FDCDS based on wavelet transform (WT) and convolution neural network (CNN) is proposed in this paper for the limitation on the number of measuring points and high difficulty in extracting characteristics of FDCDS. The fault voltage signal is decomposed with multi-resolution by discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and then the transient energy function is constructed to select the frequency bands containing rich fault characteristics for signal reconstruction. The reconstructed signal forms two-dimensional time-frequency images through continuous wavelet transform (CWT), which are used as the input of CNN classifier after image enhancement to form the mapping relation between the fault feature and fault position using the powerful generalization ability of CNN, so as to complete fault location with high precision. The sample data on PSCAD/EMTDC verifies the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method, which can achieve fault location with positioning precision of 30 m. The proposed method overcomes the influence of the control strategy of the converter and the number of input capacitors of the bridge arm in the time-domain analysis, and still has strong robustness in the case that FDCDS is connected with many distributed generations (DGs) with output fluctuation. Furthermore, four other methods for fault location as comparisons are given to reflect the validity and anti-interference ability of proposed methods in various noises.