bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Het groeiende doolhof van de Wet voorkoming misbruik chemicaliën voor verplichtingen met drugsprecursoren
Authors: Pluimer O.S.
Published: April 2021

Het groeiende doolhof van de Wet voorkoming misbruik chemicaliën voor verplichtingen met drugsprecursoren

De Wet voorkoming misbruik chemicaliën (Wvmc) bepaalt dat het verboden is om in strijd te handelen met uiteenlopende voorschriften uit Europese verordeningen over drugsprecursoren. Deze Europese voorschriften brengen met zich dat bij handelingen met bepaalde drugsprecursoren, in het bijzonder zogenoemde geregistreerde stoffen, allerlei verplichtingen in acht moeten worden genomen. Zo gelden onder andere vergunning-, documentatie-, registratie- en opslagplichten. Thans is in de Tweede Kamer een wetsvoorstel in behandeling om een nieuw verbod in de Wvmc op te nemen. Met dit verbod wordt beoogd handelingen strafbaar te stellen met stoffen die (nog) niet zijn geregistreerd op grond van de Europese verordeningen maar geen legale toepassing zouden hebben. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de verplichtingen met drugsprecursoren en het voorgestelde verbod. Bij het wetsvoorstel worden de nodige kanttekeningen geplaatst.
Explicit recall related to mechanical ventilation: An evolutionary concept analysis
Authors: Michaud Mylène Suzie , Gagnon Marilou
Published: April 2021

Mechanical ventilation combined with sedation is widely used in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, this intervention is not without consequence on the patient. ICU patients can, in fact, remember perceptions that occurred during their mechanical ventilation—a phenomenon known as explicit recall. This phenomenon is not well defined, and no common terminology exists in the medical and nursing literature, where a variety of concepts are used interchangeably to describe the same experience. The goal of this concept analysis was to address the conceptual vagueness that surrounds explicit recall. Using Rodgers’ evolutionary approach, a total of 68 articles were analyzed to identify the concept’s antecedents, attributes, and consequences. The findings revealed that the explicit recall concept is perceptive, interpretative, subjective, dynamic, and temporal. It occurs following treatment that requires general anesthesia or sedation. It is also shaped by the modalities of anesthesia and sedation, as well as individual characteristics. Consequences of explicit recall can include anxiety, flashbacks, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Polizei- und Ordnungsrecht Rheinland-Pfalz
Authors: Rühle Dietrich G.
Published: April 2021

Dieses Buch befasst sich mit allen wichtigen Fragen des Polizei- und Ordnungsrechts einschl. des Vollstreckungsrechts in Rheinland-Pfalz. Die grundlegend überarbeitete 8. Auflage berücksichtigt den Stand des Gesetzes vom 6. April 2021 und nimmt auch zu der Kritik an der aktuellen Gesetzeslage in Rheinland-Pfalz Stellung. Versehen mit vielen Fundstellen und Fallbeispielen sowie einem gesonderten Teil über das Anfertigen einer Ordnungsverfügung ist dieses Buch sowohl für die Prüfungsvorbereitung als auch für den Praktiker eine wertvolle Hilfe.
Das Entnahmerecht der Gesellschafter einer OHG in der Unternehmenskrise und im eröffneten Insolvenzverfahren
Authors: Kapp Katharina
Published: April 2021

The thesis examines and explains the scope of the withdrawal rights of the OHG (general partnership) shareholders under Section 122 (1) HGB (Commercial Code) in the company's corporate crisis. In addition, the questions are dealt with in depth for the first time in a systematic context, whether the shareholders can file unsatisfied withdrawal claims for the insolvency table after the opening of insolvency proceedings over the company's assets, whether they must be established in the insolvency table, and whether the withdrawal claims also arise during the opened insolvency proceedings and can be asserted as mass claims.

The author worked in a law firm of insolvency administrators during her doctoral studies.
Sozialversicherungspflicht von Organmitgliedern
Authors: Lenz Thomas
Published: April 2021

The classification of members of executive bodies under social security law has been a challenge for German social courts for decades. Ongoing changes in jurisdiction not only harbor financial risks for those affected, they also ensure contradictions to labor and tax law. In the first step, the author deals with the fundamental methodological problem and illustrates, based on the legal situation of the managing committee of an association, why the conflict between social security and corporate law cannot be mastered with the instrument developed by the German Federal Social Court. In the next step, alternative approaches, which serve as a suggestion for solving the dilemma, are examined.
Vertikale Integration im Mediensektor und Fusionskontrolle
Authors: Rüder Jakob
Published: April 2021

The antitrust assessment of vertical media mergers between content providers and distributeurs has until now unjustifiably led a shadowy existence in Germany. Yet there is a considerable practical relevance in view of the success of OVDs such as Netflix and causally related controversial vertical mergers such as AT&T/Time Warner. Hence, this dissertation sharpens the view for the numerous interesting problem areas. With an interdisciplinary and comparative law approach, the causes of vertical media mergers in the face of OVD disruption as well as the economic foundations are first examined. Building on the economic findings and taking into account the important aspects sector regulation, the lex lata and the current antitrust practice in the US, the EU and Germany are then discussed and evaluated.
Konsultative Hauptversammlungsbeschlüsse im Aktienrecht aus rechtsvergleichender Sicht
Authors: Sadik Çapa Mehmet
Published: April 2021

In German stock corporation law, non-binding resolutions of the general meeting as one of the participation instruments for shareholders have so far mainly been summarized or analyzed under the heading of management board remuneration. The purpose of this thesis is, however, to analyze these resolutions not only in this context, but in a more independent and general context. The thesis examines the admissibility and legal basis, legal nature, subject matter, adoption, as well as the consequences of non-binding shareholders resolutions. Thereby, various topics are compared with U.S., Swiss, and Turkish law. In addition, European law is also addressed in various aspects.
Die Ethnogenese des englischen Volkes
Authors: Poppe Julian
Published: April 2021

This work manages to breathe new life into the old concept of ethnogenesis research and the associated linking of various modern research disciplines on culture, religion and language by drawing on the results of the latest genetic research on the history of the origin of the English people. In doing so, ethnogenetic processes in England from the original population of the British Isles up to and including the Norman Conquest are analysed, their effects evaluated, and the influence of the Anglo-Saxons and Celts judged to be greatest. It also highlights the applicability of ethnogenesis research today and the extent to which advances in genetics enrich it.

With a foreword by Jens Ejnar Olesen.
Unmet Supportive Care Needs of General Cancer
Authors: Kamal Mahmod Ezaddin , Ahmed Khuder Saadia
Published: April 2021

Purpose Aside from their oncology condition, cancer patients often experience many ancillary problems, including negative physical symptoms, social isolation, spiritual suffering, and often psychological distress. Supportive care services can be defined as services designed to help patients, their families, and caregivers with their experiences during the diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and palliative stages of the cancer journey. In an extensive review of the literature, we identified no previous studies that have investigated the SCNs of cancer patients in Iraq or any other Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, this study aims to determine the SCNs of cancer patients in Iraq. Methods The present cross-sectional study and data was conducted in Rezgary teaching and Nankaly Oncology Hospital in the Kurdistan Federal Region of Iraq. A total of 300 eligible cancer patients were invited to participate in the study from February to August, 2018. Eligibility criteria included: 18 years or above; having a definite diagnosis of any type of cancer; physically or mentally able to participate in the study; and being aware of exact diagnosis for at least three months. Results In 15 items of the SCNs, more than 60% of the participants reported that their needs were unmet. Most frequently, unmet needs were related to health system and information, physical and daily living, psychological, and patient care and support domains, and most met needs were related to physical and daily activity domains. Conclusions Kurdish cancer patients had many unmet needs and there is a need for establishing additional supportive care services and educational programs to increase quality of life in Kurdistan Region- Iraq.
Pareto-Based Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization: Examples in Geophysical Modeling
Authors: Büyük Ersin
Published: April 2021

It has been recently revealed that particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a modern global optimization method and it has been used in many real world engineering problems to estimate model parameters. PSO has also led as tremendous alternative method to conventional geophysical modeling techniques which suffer from dependence to initial model, linearization problems and being trapped at a local minimum. An area neglected in using PSO is joint modeling of geophysical data sets having different sensivities, whereas this kind of modeling with multiobjective optimization techniques has become an important issue to increase the uniqueness of the model parameters. However, using of subjective and unpredictable weighting to objective functions may cause a misleading solution in multiobjective optimization. Multiobjective PSO (MOPSO) with Pareto approach allows obtaining set of solutions including a joint optimal solution without weighting requirements. This chapter begins with an overview of PSO and Pareto-based MOPSO presented their mathematical formulation, algorithms and alternate approaches used in these methods. The chapter goes on to present a series synthetic modeled of seismological data that is one kind of geophysical data by using of Pareto-based multiobjective PSO. According to results matched perfectly, we believe that multiobjective PSO is an innovative approach to joint modeling of such data.
Ett påföljdssystemet där en återfallsbrottsling inte döms till strängere straff sakner trovärdighed!
Authors: Träskman Per Ole
Published: April 2021

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Straff-välfärdsstaten och kontrollkultur i svensk kriminalpolitik
Authors: Tham Henrik
Published: April 2021

Swedish criminal policy has changed markedly in the years following World War II. This change shows clear parallels to the processes described in David Garland’s The Culture of Control. The current analysis, however, indicates that developments in Sweden differ in important ways from processes discussed by Garland. First, Garland’s hypotheses concerning factors that tend to increase crime and the fear of crime do not hold true for Sweden. Second, the notion that an increasingly punitive population has pressured its political representatives for more penal legislation and more prisons is not supported by the Swedish data. Third, the movement toward a harsher criminal policy may actually have resulted from dynamics within the welfare state itself. The punitive turn should therefore be understood as a political change from above rather than a cultural change from below.
Brottsprevention i straffvälfärdspolitikens tid – Samverkanstankens historiska rötter
Authors: Wahlgren Paula
Published: April 2021

AbstractCooperation between authorities is a central part of present-day crime prevention in Sweden. At the same time, the idea of cooperation has an extensive heritage within Swedish welfare policy. The purpose of this article is to trace the trajectory of crime prevention and in particular the idea of cooperation as a crime policy solution. Dating back to the post-war decades, cooperation between authorities in an effort to tackle youth crime has also been in line with David Garland’s concept of penal welfarism. While Garland mainly focuses on penal institutions and penal law rather than prevention, cooperation in Sweden shares several characteristics with penal welfarism such as the optimistic belief in expert rule and individualized treatment. The professional expertise that colonized the field of criminal justice was an equally prominent feature of how schools would prevent crime. Against this background I also discuss whether or not the concept of the preventive turn is applicable to the trajectory of crime prevention in Sweden. My conclusion is that the development of crime prevention is best understood as a continuous process dating back to the post-war era’s focus on youth crime, as opposed to a break.
Strafferetlig forfølgelse af menneskehandel til prostitution i Danmark: Hvilken retsbeskyttelse får ofrene?
Authors: Prieur Annick
Published: April 2021

AbstractsThis article asks what victims of human trafficking for prostitution get out of prosecution in Denmark. An analysis of all cases reported to the police over a 5-year period shows that they are very few in number, and that most of the reported cases are closed without prosecution for trafficking. Compared to Danish authorities’ registration of 363 persons possibly trafficked for prostitution in the same period, 37 possible victims (in 16 different cases) were reported to the police, and 25 of the 37 obtained a conviction of their traffickers (in all 18 persons convicted). Only two victims received some economic compensation. More resources allocated to the area would almost certainly have led to more cases being prosecuted. Victim collaboration is essential for proper investigation and prosecution. Yet collaboration may be difficult to achieve as long as prosecution and conviction do not provide victims with compensation, protection or permanent Dansih residency.
Prisoners in the community: the open prison model in Catalonia
Authors: Martí Marta
Published: April 2021

AbstractOpen prisons are low-security penitentiary institutions in which life conditions are less strict than in closed prisons, and where prisoners have more contact with the outside world. Despite sharing important features, some variations can be found in the model of open prisons in different countries. This article describes the Catalan open prison model, characterized by the fact that prisoners serve the sentence in full semi-liberty; that is, by day they work and spend time with their families or doing other activities, but return to prison to sleep. As a contribution to the comparative study of open prisons, I describe here how Catalan open prisons are run and discuss the concept of ‘openness’ with reference, above all, to the open prisons that exist in Scandinavian countries. This work shows that the degree of openness of open prisons varies considerably between different countries – therefore approaching community penalties or closed prisons in a greater or lesser extent – and suggests that the role that open prisons are granted in each penal system is part of the explanation.1

1)Marta Martí holds a PhD in Law (Criminology). Currently, she is working as an external consultant for the International Committee of the Red Cross in El Salvador and she is member of the Research Group in Criminology and Criminal Justice System of Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Spain). This article is based on her PhD dissertation, ‘One foot in and one foot out: serving a prison sentence in an open prison’, which was accepted in November 2018 in Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Spain). The full version of the dissertation (in Spanish) can be found on the following link: https://repositori.upf.edu/handle/10230/36320. This article is part of the project ‘Ejecución y supervisión de la pena: calidad de la intervención, legitimidad y reincidencia’ (DER2015-64403-P), funded by the Spanish Government.

AbstractÅbne fængsler har et lavere control-niveau end lukkede fængsler og indsatte i åbne fængsler har mere kontakt til verden uden for fængslet. Trods mange ligheder findes der også en del forskelle imellem åbne fængsler i forskellige lande. I denneartikel præsenteres åbne fængsler i Catalonien. Disse er kendetegnet ved at de indsatte rent faktisk nyder delvis frihed. Det indebærer, at de i dagtimerne går på arbejde uden for fængslet eller tilbringer tid sammen med deres familie eller er beskæftiget på anden måde i lokalområdet. Om aftenen vender de tilbage til fængslet og tilbringer natten dér. I artiklen sammenlignes de catalanske åbne fængsler med åbne fængsler i Skandinavien. Sammenligningen viser, at der er store forskelle i graden af åbenhed i åbne fængsler, nogle steder ligger de tættere på samfunds-straffe og andre steder langt tættere på lukkede fængsler. Der argumenteres for, at en del af forklaringen her på er, hvilken rolle i det samlede nationale straffesystem de åbne fængsler har i forskellige lande.
Criminal justice in a small Nordic country: The case of Iceland
Authors: Gunnlaugsson Helgi
Published: April 2021

AbstractCrime concerns have deepened in Iceland in the new millennium. The number of criminal court decisions increased until 2013, when it temporarily levelled off before reaching a new peak in 2019. This development has put pressure on the prison system, as a long list of convicts awaiting completion of their sentences has accumulated. This paper uses official data, previous research and media accounts to examine the response of Icelandic authorities to this trend. One of the main questions addressed in the article is whether the criminal policy adopted by Icelandic authorities suggests a movement toward punitive or non-custodial measures. As it turns out, the Icelandic prison system has undergone major changes to meet this penal challenge. A new modern prison has recently been built close to Reykjavík to replace three smaller, older facilities that have beenclosed. This suggests a punitive turn. Yet at the same time, non-custodial sanctions have been increasingly introduced and implemented in lieu of sentences to closed security prisons. These non-custodial sanctions include electronic surveillance, additional community service work and an increased possibility to serve time in open prison units. It is contended here that a combination of practical budget concerns and rehabilitation sentiments lies behind this criminal policy development.AbstractKriminaliteten i Island har skabt voksende bekymringer i det nye årtusind. Antallet af strafferetlige afgørelser var stigende indtil 2013, hvor det fladede ud for en tid. Men i 2019 nåede antallet nye højder. Denne tendens har skabt et pres inden for fængselssystemet, der bl.a. viser sig i  ophobning af domfældte, der må vente på at afsone deres dom. I denne artikel undersøges de islandske myndigheders reaktion på denne udvikling på baggrund af officielle data, tidligere forskning og mediernes dækning. Et af de mange spørgsmål, der bliver stillet i denne artikel, går ud på hvorvidt den islandske kriminalpolitik går i retning af mere eller mindre indespærring. Det islandske fængselssystem har gennemgået gennemgribende ændringer. Et moderne fængsel er for nylig blevet opført i umiddelbar nærhed af Reykjavik, hvilket ville antyde en straffende tendens, mens tre mindre og ældre fængselsinstitutioner er blevet lukket. Samtidigt har myndighederne i stigende grad anvendt ikke-frihedsberøvende straffe som alternativ til de lukkede fængsler. Blandt de nye metoder er elektronisk overvågning, mere samfundstjeneste og øgede muligheder for afsoning i åbne fængsler. Artiklen vil vise, at såvel budget- som resocialiseringshensyn står bag denne udvikling i straffepolitikken. Artiklens danske titel er: Straf i et lille nordisk land: Tilfældet Island.
Hjørnestenene i den danske kriminalforsorg:
Authors: Minke Linda Kjær
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe principles of normalisation and openness are cornerstones of modern prison philosophy. Normalisation involves making prison life as similar as possible to normal outside life and openness counteracts the negative effects of the total institution (Rentzmann, 1996). Both normalisation and openness imply that it should be the norm to place a person in an open prison. He or she should only be placed in a closed prison if there is a concrete, real risk of escape or if the prisoner is considered dangerous. The question is: does the Danish prison system in the era of the millennium still pay tribute to these two cornerstones when it comes to prisoner placement and furloughs? Since sentence length and disciplinary offences can determine both prisoner placement and prison furloughs, the article also explores developments in determinate sentencing and disciplinary punishment. Based on statistics and legislation, the analysis reveals that the severity of penalties increased during the period 2002-2019, e.g., average sentence length increased, more prisoners were placed in closed prisons, fewer prison furloughs were permitted, and more prisoners were exposed to disciplinary punishment. These developments can be explained by laws and rules implemented to deal with gang-related crime andgang-connected prisoners, who make up about 10 percent of the total prison population. While these strict laws and rules are designed to discipline the few, they have influenced the many and undermined the basic principles of normalisation and openness in Danish prisons.
Disciplinærretlig skyld og straf i danske fængsler
Authors: Engbo Hans Jørgen
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article describes disciplinary sanctions applied to imates in Danish prisons. The aricle begins with an explanation of the purpose of disciplinarypunishment and of the legal basis for its use. The article then provides an analysis of administrative practices illustrated by descriptions of a few representative disciplinary cases decided by the prisons and appelate cases decided by the courts and the Department of Prisons and Probation. In relation to legal bases, the analysis reveals significant shortcomings regarding both the provision and the assessment of evidence as well as the choice of sanction. The article concludes with a series of recommendations to the authorities.
«Alt er jo egeninnsats» – Kvinners vendepunkter bort fra kriminalitet
Authors: Gjeruldsen Katharina , Jensen Egil
Published: April 2021

AbstractResearch has emphasised the importance of turning points in desistance from crime. The current study investigates turning points in women’s desistance. Turning points from offending were explored through life story interviews with 20 female ex-offenders. The results support an  inextricable link between substance use and crime, the former considered by the participants as their main problem, and crime as secondary to this. Agency playing a substantial role is supported in this study. Some regard prison sentences as an opportunity to get away from their current social environment as a pathway out of crime. Examining turning points reveals that the desistance process in many cases can be described as a «long and winding road», with several setbacks along the way. Turning points result from a complex interaction between agent and structure, and are sometimes difficult to delimit clearly in time.
Fængslede kvinder er andet og mere end stereotyper
Authors: Mathiassen Charlotte
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this essay, I discuss the establishment of a women’s prison in Denmark. Until recently, women have served in men’s prisons and sometimes in men’s wings. In 2018, due to questions of safety during imprisonment and ambitions of improving rehabilitative means for women, the political decision makers decided to establish a ‘women only’ facility. Among other things, I discuss the issue of imprisoned women’s rights and problematize the stereotypical representations of gender within existing prison practices.
Le discours sur la violence sexuelle en milieu universitaire francophone : le cas de l’Université de Moncton
Authors: LeBlanc Isabelle
Published: April 2021

Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser le contenu idéologique du discours sur la violence sexuelle en milieu universitaire francophone en examinant comment les notions de culture du viol et de culture du consentement sont utilisées pour définir ce qu’est la violence à caractère sexuel. Nous adopterons une approche qualitative et féministe de l’analyse du discours (Cameron, 2007 ; Fairclough et Wodak, 1997 ; Ehrlich et King, 1994) afin de faire valoir comment les idéologies de genre se déploient dans la production discursive en milieu universitaire. Cette analyse se basera sur un corpus de discours produits et mis en circulation entre 2015 et 2019. Nous montrerons que l’émergence d’un discours sur la violence à caractère sexuel à l’Université de Moncton permet tantôt de reproduire les stéréotypes de genre associés aux femmes en Acadie, tantôt d’y résister.
De la refondation du legs colonial à une topographie littéraire aux Antilles et au Maghreb dans les oeuvres de Glissant, de Chamoiseau et de Khatibi
Authors: Keraani Dorsaf
Published: April 2021

Dans une perspective transcontinentale, cet article se propose d’étudier la topographie littéraire des Antilles et du Maghreb, en rapport avec les paradigmes socioéconomiques et culturels qui les lient. Les oeuvres de Glissant, de Chamoiseau et de Khatibi, insérées dans la taxinomie centre-périphéries, témoignent de cette production littéraire francophone aux confluences multiples.
Tratamento da dor lombar com acupuntura: série de casos
Authors: Ramos Max Rogerio Freitas , San Junior nder Archanjo Ching , Correa Guilherme de Almeida Sellos , Gonçalves Filho Orlando José
Published: April 2021

Contextualização: O câncer é a segunda causa de morte mais comum na sociedade, e devido a sua alta prevalência, fizeram-se necessários avanços nos tratamentos antineoplásicos, porém eles carregam uma gama de efeitos colaterais ao organismo, sendo o mais comum a fadiga. Objetivo: Analisar, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, o uso do método Pilates na reabilitação da população oncológica, principalmente no que tange a qualidade de vida e o ganho de funcionalidade, além de verificar a incidência de sintomas decorrentes do tratamento oncológico, caracterizar as indicações e contraindicações do método. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de bases de dados indexadas, os quais foram avaliados de forma descritiva, nas bases Cochrane, CAPES, LILACS, MEDLINE por meio das palavras-chave Pilates e Câncer, sem restrição quanto aos idiomas de busca. Resultados: Foram avaliados 12 artigos que relacionassem o método Pilates em pacientes oncológicos em fase pós operatória. Os artigos não descreviam a realização ou não de quimioterapia neo ou adjuvante, e nem de outros tratamentos antineoplásicos. Observou-se a atuação do Pilates em pacientes que trataram câncer de mama em dez estudos, e apenas dois estudos em pacientes com câncer de próstata. Conclusão: Desfechos positivos com relação à funcionalidade, melhora da amplitude de movimento, diminuição da dor, ganho de força e de resistência muscular, qualidade de vida e sensação de bem estar puderam ser notados nos estudos avaliados, sugerindo efetividade e segurança na aplicação do método aos pacientes com câncer de mama e próstata tratados cirurgicamente.
Transcriptome analysis of the liver of Eospalax fontanierii under hypoxia
Authors: Hao Zhiqiang , Xu Lulu , Zhao Li , He Jianping , Li Guanglin , Li Jingang
Published: April 2021

Hypoxia can induce cell damage, inflammation, carcinogenesis, and inhibit liver regeneration in non-adapted species. Because of their excellent hypoxia adaptation features, subterranean rodents have been widely studied to clarify the mechanism of hypoxia adaptation. Eospalax fontanierii, which is a subterranean rodent found in China, can survive for more than 10 h under 4% O2 without observable injury, while Sprague-Dawley rats can survive for less than 6 h under the same conditions. To explore the potential mechanism of hypoxia responses in E. fontanierii, we performed RNA-seq analysis of the liver in E. fontanierii exposed to different oxygen levels (6.5% 6h, 10.5% 44h, and 21%). Based on the bioinformatics analysis, 39,439 unigenes were assembled, and 56.78% unigenes were annotated using public databases (Nr, GO, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, and Pfam). In total, 725 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the response to hypoxia; six with important functions were validated by qPCR. Those DEGs were mainly involved in processes related to lipid metabolism, steroid catabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the AMPK and PPAR signaling pathway. By analyzing the expression patterns of important genes related to energy associated metabolism under hypoxia, we found that fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis were increased, while protein synthesis and fatty acid synthesis were decreased. Furthermore, the upregulated expression of specific genes with anti-apoptosis or anti-oxidation functions under hypoxia may contribute to the mechanism by which E. fontanierii tolerates hypoxia. Our results provide an understanding of the response to hypoxia in E. fontanierii, and have potential value for biomedical studies.
Stable isotope and fatty acid analyses reveal significant differences in trophic niches of smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena (Carcharhiniformes) among three nursery areas in northern Humboldt Current System
Authors: Segura-Cobeña Eduardo , Alfaro-Shigueto Joanna , Mangel Jeffrey , Urzua Angel , Górski Konrad
Published: April 2021

Fishery pressure on nursery areas of smooth hammerhead in northern Peruvian coast have become a serious threat to sustainability of this resource. Even though, some management actions focused on conservation of the smooth hammerhead populations were proposed in recent years, their scientific foundations are often limited, and biomass of smooth hammerhead in Peruvian waters continues to decrease. To inform management and conservation, this study aims to evaluate the trophic niche of smooth hammerhead juveniles from three nursery areas in the northern Peruvian coast using stable isotope and fatty acid analyses. First, we compared the environmental characteristics of each nursery area (i.e., sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration) and concluded that nursery areas differed significantly and consistently in sea surface temperature. Subsequently, we evaluated isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen and fatty acid profiles of muscle and liver tissues collected from juvenile smooth hammerhead from each nursery area. We found that juvenile smooth hammerhead captured in San José were enriched in heavier 13C and 15N isotopes compared to those captured in Máncora and Salaverry. Furthermore, the broadest isotopic niches were observed in juveniles from Máncora, whereas isotopic niches of juveniles from Salaverry and San José were narrower. This difference is primarily driven by the Humboldt Current System and associated upwelling of cold and nutrient rich water that drives increased primary production in San José and, to a less extent, in Salaverry. Compared to smooth hammerhead juveniles from Máncora, those from San José and Salaverry were characterised by higher essential fatty acid concentrations related to pelagic and migratory prey. We conclude that smooth hammerhead juveniles from three nursery areas in the northern Peruvian coast differ significantly in their trophic niches. Thus, management and conservation efforts should consider each nursery area as a unique juvenile stock associated with a unique ecosystem and recognize the dependence of smooth hammerhead recruitment in San José and Salaverry on the productivity driven by the Humboldt Current System.
Conjunto de datos: Reporte anual 2021 Votaciones Ambientales en el Congreso Nacional
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, UC GAMA
Published: April 2021

a base de datos contiene el detalle de como votó cada legislador en las leyes de relevancia ambiental de la legislatura 368 (marzo 2020-marzo 2021)
Biopolitics, Pseudoscience and Science Denialism in the United States
Authors: Aramesh Kiarash
Published: April 2021

As the nation that hosts most of the leading institutions in biomedical sciences, the United States of America has been a major battleground between science versus biopolitics inspired pseudoscience and science denialism, especially in recent years. Two major examples of the latter are the antivaccination and antiquarantine movements. They incorporate various features of pseudoscience including working in isolation, evading peer review, escaping to the mass and social media, no self‐correction over time, relying on fictional or obsolete theories for nature, and having no boundaries for claims. They are harmful for society and in addition to promoting false ideas; they cause a lot of mortality and morbidity. Bioethics can provide an ethical framework to address such problems. Such framework consists of virtues, such as care and honesty; principles, such as social value and scientific validity, and case‐based approaches that can be implemented by institutions such as the Institutional Review Boards.

Key Concepts

Science is the result of a history of honest and systematic efforts to remove biases and heuristics from the process of obtaining knowledge.

Biopolitics is the interference of politics in the realm of life sciences.

Following the good and reliable science entails adopting a scientific attitude, following valid scientific methods and conducting science in a democratised way.

Not following the scientific standards where they should be followed leads to development of pseudoscience and science denialism. They are harmful for the society.

Antivaccination and antiquarantine movements are two prominent examples of pseudoscience and science denialism in the United States of America.

Bioethics can provide a framework to address biopolitics inspired pseudoscience and science denialism at different levels.

The abovementioned bioethical framework entails Virtues such as honesty and care; principles, such as social value and scientific validity; and case‐based deliberations.
Algal Ciliary Motility
Authors: Hunter Emily L , Penny Gervette M , Dutcher Susan K
Published: April 2021

The microtubule‐based cilium (also known as a flagellum) extends from the surface of most eukaryotic cells. This long, slender organelle is biochemically complex and is conserved in many eukaryotic organisms. The unicellular alga,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,serves as a tractable organism for studying the assembly and function of cilia. Cilia provide locomotion and environmental sensing. To produce motility, specialised molecular motors called outer and inner dynein arms generate force to produce waveform. These motors are regulated by other macromolecular complexes in the cilium. The ease of genetic and biochemical approaches combined with electron microscopy has provided the ability to perform in‐depth studies of the regulation of ciliary assembly and function. Results fromChlamydomonasresearchers have broadened our knowledge of motile cilia diseases in humans. There are still many outstanding questions to be addressed.

Key Concepts

Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiis a haploid, motile, single‐celled alga that is useful for the study of cilia.

TheChlamydomonascilium is a complex structure that generates asymmetric and symmetric waveforms to allow forward and backward swimming, respectively, and orientation to environmental signals.

During ciliary motility, dynein arms pull microtubule doublets past each other to generate sliding, which is converted into axonemal bending, although the mechanism for how this occurs is still controversial.

Outer dynein arms control the ciliary beat frequency by changing the velocity of doublet sliding. Inner dynein arms in conjunction with the radial spokes and the central pair apparatus, control the bend amplitude and the shape of the waveform.

The axoneme is divided into 96 nm repeating segments that contain regulatory, enzymatic and structural components essential for motility; these include the inner and outer dynein arms, N‐DRC, MIA complex and radial spokes as well as two central microtubules.

IFT (intraflagellar transport) is essential for building the cilium by transporting cargo into (anterograde) and out of (retrograde) the cilium.

Cell biological research about ciliary components, including the central pair apparatus, radial spokes and N‐DRC, provides key information about how ciliary motility is regulated.

Genetic, biochemical and microscopic methods used inChlamydomonashave allowed molecular resolution of interactions between regulatory complexes.

Studies ofChlamydomonascilia have provided additional insights to the structure, function and regulation of cilia, and have helped with the understanding of human cilia‐related diseases called ciliopathies.
Algal Metabolism
Authors: Beardall John , Raven John A
Published: April 2021

Algal metabolism concerns the biochemical and transport processes by which algae take up nutrients and convert them into the materials needed for growth, reproduction and defence of the organisms. Many of the metabolic processes that occur in algae are common to those found in other living organisms. This commonality is described, but emphasis is given to those major metabolic processes in algae that are unique to, or differ in detail from, those of other organisms. This includes mechanisms of light harvesting, carbon acquisition and aspects of N and S assimilation as well as the formation of unique secondary metabolites. In addition, the consequences for algal metabolism of growth in extreme environments, such as nutrient limitation and exposure to extremes of visible and UV light, are considered. The exploitation of algal metabolism and its products in biotechnology is also briefly described.

Key Concepts

Algal metabolism shares many features in common with that of other living organisms but also differs in unique respects.

Algal metabolism gives rise to a range of unique compounds, including secondary metabolites, some of which have toxicity to other organisms.

Algal metabolism is modulated to a large extent by environmental factors such as nutrient availability and extremes of temperature and light.

Certain algae can metabolise at lower external pH and lower PAR than can embryophytes.

Algal metabolism can be exploited to produce compounds of biotechnological importance. These include pigments, nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds and oils for biodiesel.
Peptidases
Authors: Rawlings Neil D , Barrett Alan J
Published: April 2021

Peptidases are catalytically active proteins (enzymes) that cleave peptide bonds in proteins and peptides by hydrolysis. Not only do peptidases break down proteins and peptides so that the amino acids can be recycled and used during growth and remodelling, but they are also important for modifying proteins. These processing events ensure proteins are sent to the correct cellular or extracellular locations, are activated or inactivated when required, and that biologically important peptides are excised. There are six catalytic types (serine, cysteine, threonine, aspartic, glutamic and metallo). Peptidases can be classified by sequence similarities into approximately 400 families, and these, in turn, can be arranged into approximately 60 clans by comparing tertiary structures.

Key Concepts

A peptidase is a catalytically active protein that cleaves one or more peptide bonds in a protein or peptide by hydrolysis.

There are six different catalytic types of peptidases.

Comparison of the amino acid sequences of peptidases allows them to be classified into about 400 families.

Comparison of the structural folds of peptidases allows them to be classified into about 60 clans.

A peptidase that acts only within three residues of the amino or carboxyl termini of a substrate protein is known as an exopeptidase.

A peptidase that cleaves any bond in a substrate protein that is more than three residues from the amino or carboxyl termini is known as an endopeptidase.

A peptidase has an active site containing amino acids that are important for catalysis and which are usually conserved in all active members of a family.

The active site of a peptidase is flanked by substrate binding pockets, each of which accommodates one residue from the substrate.

Some peptidases have additional substrate binding sites remote from the active site that are known as exosites.
Old World Monkeys
Authors: Frost Stephen R , Gilbert Christopher C
Published: April 2021

Old World monkeys, or cercopithecoids, are a diverse and widespread group of primates found throughout Africa and Asia. They are characterised by their specialised molar teeth, quadrupedal posture and locomotor behaviour, often spending more time on the ground than other primates, as well as their frequently large and complex social groups. They survive in the widest range of habitats of any nonhuman primates, with some species restricted to humid tropical forests while others are found in mountains and deserts. There are two main groups: the cercopithecines, which have cheek‐pouches and include macaques, baboons, mangabeys, vervets and guenons; and the colobines, characterised by complex stomach anatomy that allows them to digest leaves and which include langurs, proboscis monkeys, doucs and snub‐nosed monkeys and colobus monkeys. Although they are termed ‘monkeys’ they are more closely related to apes and humans (hominoids) than they are to the monkeys of Central and South America.

Key Concepts

As they are large, occur in large social groups, are often terrestrial and active during the day, Old World monkeys are some of the most thoroughly studied wild primates.

Groups of closely related females, called matrilines, usually form the core of Old World monkey social groups because females remain in the same group as their mothers, whereas males generally transfer to a new group when they become adults.

Old World monkeys are the most diverse group of primates in terms of environmental and geographic range, as well as number of species, but have achieved this diversity through relatively narrow morphological and behavioural adaptations that allow for ecological flexibility.

Compared to other primate groups, Old World monkeys are a recent adaptive radiation, which may in part explain their relative lack of anatomical diversity.

They replaced apes as the predominant primates in Africa and Eurasia over the past 5–7 million years as climatic change made environments more open and seasonal.
Distributed Kalman filter for linear system with complex multi‐channel stochastic uncertain parameter and decoupled local filters
Authors: Pu Shi , Yu Xingkai , Li Jianxun
Published: April 2021

This article considers a distributed Kalman filtering problem for linear system contaminated by complex multi‐channel random uncertain parameter in which a number of nodes cooperative without central coordination to estimate a common state based on local measurements and data received from neighbors. We propose an approach to eliminate this error propagation. The proposed local filters are guaranteed to be stable under some mild conditions on certain global structural data, and their fusion yields the centralized Kalman estimate. Then, we extend this method to smoothing and deconvolution algorithm. Finally, simulation experiments demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
Tuning the Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of Aza‐Boron‐Dipyridylmethenes for Fluorescent Blue OLEDs
Authors: Tadle Abegail C. , El Roz Karim A. , Soh Chan Ho , Sylvinson Muthiah Ravinson Daniel , Djurovich Peter I. , Forrest Stephen R. , Thompson Mark E.
Published: April 2021

A series of substituted aza‐boron‐dipyridylmethene (aD) compounds are demonstrated as fluorescent dopant emitters in blue organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Replacing the meso‐carbon of a dipyridylmethene dye with nitrogen to form the aD chromophore leads to a destabilization of the highest occupied molecular orbital in aD, as evidenced both from their experimentally determined photophysical and electrochemical properties. These properties are consistent with theoretical calculations of the molecular energetics. These aD derivatives emit violet to blue light, peaking between 400 and 460 nm with photoluminescent quantum yields over 85%. The aD compounds have small energy differences (<400 meV) between their singlet and triplet excited states. OLEDs fabricated with an aza‐boron‐dipyridylmethene emitting fluorophore give an external quantum efficiency of 4.5% on glass substrates, close to the theoretical maximum for fluorescent OLEDs.
Multivalent Aptamer‐Functionalized Single‐Strand RNA Origami as Effective, Target‐Specific Anticoagulants with Corresponding Reversal Agents
Authors: Krissanaprasit Abhichart , Key Carson M. , Froehlich Kristen , Pontula Sahil , Mihalko Emily , Dupont Daniel M. , Andersen Ebbe S. , Kjems Jørgen , Brown Ashley C. , LaBean Thomas H.
Published: April 2021

Anticoagulants are commonly utilized during surgeries and to treat thrombotic diseases like stroke and deep vein thrombosis. However, conventional anticoagulants have serious side‐effects, narrow therapeutic windows, and lack safe reversal agents (antidotes). Here, an alternative RNA origami displaying RNA aptamers as target‐specific anticoagulant is described. Improved design and construction techniques for self‐folding, single‐molecule RNA origami as a platform for displaying pre‐selected RNA aptamers with precise orientational and spatial control are reported. Nuclease resistance is added using 2′‐fluoro‐modified pyrimidines during in vitro transcription. When four aptamers are displayed on the RNA origami platform, the measured thrombin inhibition and anticoagulation activity is higher than observed for free aptamers, ssRNA‐linked RNA aptamers, and RNA origami displaying fewer aptamers. Importantly, thrombin inhibition is immediately switched off by addition of specific reversal agents. Results for single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) and single‐stranded peptide nucleic acid (PNA) antidotes show restoration of 63% and 95% coagulation activity, respectively. To demonstrate potential for practical, long‐term storage for clinical use, RNA origami is freeze‐dried, and stored at room temperature. Freshly produced and freeze‐dried RNA show identical levels of activity in coagulation assays. Compared to current commercial intravenous anticoagulants, RNA origami‐based molecules show promise as safer alternatives with rapid activity switching for future therapeutic applications.
Strategy for Designing a Cell Scaffold to Enable Wireless Electrical Stimulation for Enhanced Neuronal Differentiation of Stem Cells
Authors: Han Fang , Ma Xun , Zhai Yuanxin , Cui Leisha , Yang Lingyan , Zhu Zhanchi , Hao Ying , Cheng Guosheng
Published: April 2021

Electrical stimulation (ES) offers significant advantages in modulating the behavior of stem cells on conductive scaffolds for neural tissue engineering. However, it is necessary to realize wireless ES to avoid the use of external wires in tissues. Thus, herein, a strategy is reported to develop a stem cell scaffold that allows wireless ES. A conductive annular graphene substrate is designed and grown by chemical vapor deposition; this substrate is used as a secondary coil to achieve wireless ES via electromagnetic induction in the presence of a primary coil. The substrate shows excellent biocompatibility for the culture of neural stem cells (NSCs). The results indicate that the applied wireless ES enhances neuronal differentiation, facilitates the formation of neurites, and does not substantially affect the viability and stemness maintenance of NSCs. Collectively, this system provides a strategy for achieving synergy between wireless ES and conductive scaffolds for neural regenerative medicine, which can be further utilized for the regeneration of other tissues.