bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capacitance Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

Figure 5.1 is a schematic of a capacitance detection system where the minute deflections of a lever supporting a force-sensing tip are monitored by the capacitance of the lever and a reference plate. This chapter reviews four implementations of such a system, all of which use a high-Q-tuned electronic circuit to measure the small changes in the capacitance. One can operate on the slope of the electronic resonance curve of the circuit, where small resonance frequency changes caused by changes in the capacitance translate into voltage changes that are used to map the capacitance across the sample. To enhance the sensitivity of the system, the lever can be vibrated on the slope of its mechanical resonance curve, so that small changes in the force derivative acting on the lever vary its amplitude of vibration. Consequently, the oscillating voltage of the electronically tuned circuit will be amplitude modulated by the vibration of the lever, making it possible to map the force derivative across a sample.
Introduction
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

Among the many dozens of Greek comic dramatists whose names are recorded in ancient sources, only two are known to us directly through plays preserved in whole or in substantial fragments: Aristophanes and Menander.1 Both were Athenians. Aristophanes’ productive career dates to the last quarter of the fifth century B.c. and the first decade of the fourth. During most of his active life, Athens was engaged in the conflict with Sparta and her allies known as the Peloponnesian War, which culminated in Athens’ defeat and surrender. Menander produced his comedies in the late fourth and early third centuries, when the conquests of Alexander the Great had transformed life in the Greek city states. He experienced the ten-year reign of the philosophically minded Demetrius of Phalerum, who ruled the city with the support of a foreign garrison from 317 to 307B.c., and the subsequent restoration of the democratic constitution by Demetrius, the son of Antigonus.
Frogs
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of Frogs, Dionysus, moved by his reading of Euripides’ Andromeda, decides to retrieve the recently dead poet from the under¬ world. After he reaches Hades, Dionysus learns that a contest is under way between Euripides and Aeschylus for the title of best poet. Dionysus, installed as judge, decides in favor of Aeschylus and brings him-not Euripides-back to Athens. Critics have proposed various explanations for this shift in plan. According to an early view, Aristophanes began working on Frogs after Euripides’ death in Macedon, but while Sophocles was still alive. Upon Sophocles’ death in 405 B.c., Aristophanes revised his original intention, which was the recovery of Euripides, in order to take up the general question of poetic values now that the last of the three great tragedians was gone. The accident by which Dionysus arrives in Hades just as a contest is in progress allows for an easy transition from the first theme to the second. References early in the play to the death of Sophocles are, on this view, later insertions designed to bring the two halves into line.
Shorn Girl
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

Menander’s Shorn Girl (Perikeiromene) is very likely set in Corinth,1 although one cannot rule out entirely some other location: not necessarily Athens,2 but perhaps a city near Corinth, where marriage be¬ tween a male citizen of Corinth and a free woman of the city in which the dramatic action takes place is not absolutely excluded.3 Certainty is impossible, since the play survives in fragmentary condition and the opening scene is missing. Glycera, the “shorn girl” of the title, has been living as a concubine (pallake) with Polemo, a mercenary soldier. In a house next door (or next door but one)4 dwells her brother Moschio, who is being raised as the son of Myrrhine and her husband, a prosperous citizen couple. Maschio is ignorant of his foundling status and of his relationship to Glycera.5 Glycera, however, was raised by the old woman who discovered her brother and her when they were abandoned as infants; this woman passed Glycera off as her own daughter (130-31) when she gave her over into the possession of the soldier.6 Previous to her death, the old woman informed Glycera that she was a foundling and sister to Maschio, but Glycera kept this information secret in order to spare Moschio the painful knowledge of his true status (147-50), and she continues to do so, later in the play, in deference to the wishes of Myrrhine as well (790-91).7 Her embrace with Maschio, which was the cause of Polemo’s jealous rage in which he cut off her hair (whence the title of the play), probably occurred prior to the events dramatized on stage.8 Polemo, in consternation, subsequently abandoned his home for the company of friends, where he is staying when the action begins.
Eunuch
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

Like Self-Tormentor and the two other comedies (Woman of Andros, Brothers) that Terence adapted from Menandrean originals, Eunuch has a double plot. The frame story is based on a rivalry between two lovers enamored of a courtesan. One of these is a more or less sympathetic young man, the other a vainglorious mercenary soldier. There is some question whether this latter role derives from Menander’s Eunuch, the primary model for Terence’s adaptation. Terence mentions in his preface that he imported the soldier, and also his calculating flatterer, from another play by Menander, and it is just possible that the rival in the original Eunuch was a different figure. In Terence’s version, at all events, the youth contends with a soldier for the attentions of the courtesan, who is a free woman of noncitizen status (she has recently moved to Athens) and, in accord with Athenian social institutions, is therefore ineligible for marriage with a citizen.
The Miser
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

“The specificity of a foreign culture cannot be grasped without setting it off against others, or at all events one’s own.” This observation by Christian Meier may serve as the justification for the final chapter of this book, which compares an ancient comedy with one of its descendants composed in the early modern era. The purpose is to set in relief the social distinctions and codes of the classical city-state as they in¬ form New Comedy by determining how they are transformed in a work produced under the new social conditions of modern nation-states. Thus, the present concern is not primarily with questions of sources, dramatic technique, or aesthetic ideals. The Miser (L’Avare) by Moliere and its model, Plautus’ Aulularia (The Play of the Pot) have been selected for analysis because the contrasts are particularly illuminating in cases of imitation. This choice has also to do with literary historical considerations: Aristophanic comedy had a limited influence on European drama, and while New Comedy inaugurated a brilliant tradition, the plays of Menander and his contemporaries were unknown until the beginning of this century, apart from brief fragments, and their legacy was transmitted through the Latin versions by Plautus and Terence. The Greek antecedent for Plautus’ Aulularia is not known, but the play bears a close resemblance to Menander’s Grouch, and many scholars have unhesitatingly affirmed that the original must have been by Menander himself.
Introduction
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

It would seem that a prison should be less subject to riots than any other sort of place. Elsewhere—on the public streets, in the city squares, in shopping centers, at sporting events—people are free to discuss, initiate, and (to an extent) organize riots. Masses of people not previously known to the authorities may congregate and move about as they please; the police are constitutionally barred from taking many actions that might impede riots from developing.

In prison, the situation is different. The very purpose of the institution is to restrict and regulate the behavior of its inhabitants. The courts respect the authorities’ comparatively broad powers to restrain movement and restrict speech. Authorities are permitted to know and to regulate the inmates’ locations, associates, and activities at all times. The inmates’ personal histories are known to the authorities. They are free to classify inmates, disperse them, group them together—in short, place each in the setting in which his or her behavior can most easily and most certainly be controlled, whether it be a work camp in a remote forest or a fortress of stone and steel. The greater the inmate’s inclination to defiance, the more intense the regulation can be.
During the Riot
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

A prison riot poses implicitly or explicitly the question of who will exercise authority over the forces of control. This encompasses the capacity to deploy the forces at hand, monitor their actions in the field on a continuous basis, deliver orders promptly and effectively, coordinate operations among the governmental agencies that are involved, and gather and interpret information on what inmates are doing and intend to do. It is reasonable to assume that the task of command becomes more complex the longer a riot lasts, and the more agencies involved.

Brief disturbances that prison officials can handle with resources immediately at their disposal do not raise complicated questions of command. In the resolution of a prison riot, however, personnel may be brought in from the outside—police, FBI agents, negotiators, National Guard, medical personnel, and so on—who are not (without special arrangement) subject to the authority of the prison’s officials. Moreover, a prison riot is the sort of public emergency in which higher officials may feel the need to step in and exercise command themselves. The notion (possibly an unfortunate one) may also be present that the very occurrence of a riot is a sign that the prison’s own officials have “failed” at their job of maintaining order and that someone else must step in to take charge.
Epic in Republican Rome
Authors: Goldberg Sander M
Published: November 2023

Epic in Republican Rome discusses authors of now-fragmentary epic poetry not simply as predecessors of Vergil, but as pioneers and poets in their own rights. Behind the early literary experiments of Andronicus and Naevius, Ennius and Cicero, lie issues of poetry and patronage, and of cultural assimilation and national ideology, that not only come to characterize Roman literature of all periods, but continue to shape modern responses to that literature.
Ruins
Authors: Goldberg Sander M
Published: November 2023

Latinists as a group remain wary of theory, and especially wary of literary theory. So many ancient works beg for study and present so many specific problems of language, style, and interpretation that we often think it distracting or even self-indulgent to divert attention from the literature we serve to our method of serving it. Yet the introspective exercise that theory entails is not entirely frivolous, nor is it necessarily a bad thing. Karl Lehrs warned long ago against unthinking invocations of method, and one good check on that recurring temptation is a clear awareness of the assumptions on which our scholarly method is based.1 The need for such introspection is especially keen as we confront a subject as problematic and demanding as early Roman epic. The relevant poems are in fragments. Little is known of their creators, and much of what is said about them is fiction. The conditions that encouraged their work are poorly attested and even more poorly understood. Historical, textual, and aesthetic problems are thus inextricably bound, challenging our technical skill and critical acumen even as they tax our patience. What can we realistically hope to learn from such difficult and often uncongenial material?
Reconstructions
Authors: Goldberg Sander M
Published: November 2023

Latin literature began not with epic but with public spectacle, and it was fostered as a matter of public policy. The year was 240. The Romans, having just defeated Carthage in the First Punic War, were quick to flex cultural as well as political muscle. They expanded the native ludi Romani, a festival that had long offered musical and stage performances, to include formal plays in the Greek style. A man named Livius Andronicus was commissioned to furnish Latin scripts for the occasion and to oversee the productions.1 We know just a little about this Andronicus. The name itself suggests a Greek freedman of the Livian gens, and that idea makes some sense. A certain M. Livius Salinator was one of the decemviri sacris faciundis who presided over the Saecular games of 236. He could easily have held this office by 240 and recommended a family retainer for the new theatrical commission. Later sources support that inference: Andronicus was said to have reached Rome as a slave from Tarentum, to have tutored the sons of Salinator, and to have won his freedom by virtue of his talents.2 Those talents launched the first literary career at Rome and the first literary genres. Andronicus continued writing plays-the titles of nine tragedies and three comedies survive-and his experiments bore lasting fruit.
Hexameter Aesthetics
Authors: Goldberg Sander M
Published: November 2023

When Aeneas and his men land at Cumae, the Sibyl instructs them to provide proper burial for their shipmate Misenus. They promptly set off to gather timber for a funeral pyre. This description owes a double debt: a remote one to Homer, who described the felling of oaks for the funeral pyre of Patroclus (II. 23.114-20), and a nearer debt to Ennius, whose Roman soldiers brought down a more varied forest at Heraclea to fuel a pyre for casualties of the battle there. Vergil recalls Ennius through the borrowing of significant details, the strategic placement of key words, and more generally through his greater interest in the trees than the axmen.
Max Weber’s Sociologyof Intellectuals
Authors: Sadri Ahmad , Vidich Arthur J
Published: November 2023

The social role of intellectuals was a pervasive motif in Weber’s thought, particularly in his works on religion and politics. Comprehensively examining and extending Weber’s work on the subject, Sadri provides a new perspective on the intelligentsia and its role in society. He also provides a synthetic typology of intellectuals which spans both Eastern and Western traditions. Culling Weber’s scattered observations on the subject, Sadri lays a theoretical foundation for a Weberian sociology of intellectuals, making it a valuable resource for scholars interested in the reflections of this great thinker.
Crippling the Clean-Car Mandate
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

The rest of that summer and fall things went from bad to worse for the alternative EV community. “The anti-ZEV forces smelled blood in the water,” said Veronica Kun, a senior scientist at the National Resources Defense Council. “They were emboldened by the political sea change.” In California, ads, press releases, and studies continued to question the benefits of EVs. A clever, insidious strategy, greased by the Western States Petroleum Association, effectively stalled plans for EV charging stations. So-called grassroots groups, which critics dubbed “Astroturf groups,” consisting mostly of senior citizens worried about higher electricity bills, were organized and their fears exploited.
The Media and the Crisis
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

When the mass media reported on the wave of abuse cases, the coverage naturally attempted to offer a context for these incidents, to determine the shape and dimensions of the new problem. The interpretations that now emerged were severely critical not merely of individual priests and clergy but of the Catholic church in general, with charges of systemic corruption and illegality, cynical exploitation of the laity, and extensive sexual perversion. Moreover, the solutions offered to the “abuse crisis” involved a reform of precisely those Catholic characteristics that had so long offended mainstream Protestant sentiment, including mandatory celibacy for priests and religious, the exalted concept of the priestly role, and the seminary system. This approach was all the more influential because there was no effective at­ tempt at rebuttal, no serious effort to indicate distortions or exaggerations in the criticism.
“Sins of the Fathers”: The Feminist Response
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

A recent book on pedophilia and other sex crimes notes in passing that “However quintessential its patriarchy, the Catholic church is not alone in the perpetuation of attitudes that tolerate sexual assault.” This casual statement makes two seemingly natural assumptions that in fact reflect a substantial history of ideological development: respectively, that the Catholic church is the epitome of a form of bias or prejudice known as patriarchy, and that this patriarchalism contributes directly to clergy abuse. Both ideas are well represented in recent writing, for instance, in the work of Jason Berry and of Richard Sipe, and the fact that they can be presented without substantiation suggests the degree to which feminist arguments have permeated mainstream discourse in the theme of sexual abuse. “The sexism of the Catholic church”2 is seen as a given.
Prologue: The First De´vote
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

On 11 September 1590, Marie Du Drac died, happy in the knowledge that Henri de Navarre’s brutal siege of Paris had been lifted just twelve days earlier. As Du Drac had foreseen in her frequent revelations, God had “delivered the inhabitants of the city by extraordinary means and protected them from the rage and fury of the sworn enemies of the Catholic faith.” Or so we are told by her spiritual director, a friar of the Minim order named Antoine Estienne, who seized on the occasion of her funeral to deliver a lengthy oration lauding her piety, enumerating her devotional practices, and recounting her many “illuminations, ecstasies, and raptures.” Born into a distinguished Parisian family in 1544, Marie Du Drac was married at the age of seventeen to one of her father’s colleagues in the Parlement of Paris. Bearing her husband seven children in twelve years of marriage, she vowed after his death in 1572 not to remarry but rather to devote her life to God alone. Even during her marriage, Du Drac began to leave aside the “vanities of this world.” Moved by a strong fear of the Last Judgment, she abandoned her jewelry and worldly attire, covered her hair, and donned garments so severe that friends and relatives expressed their shock.
Mademoiselle Acarie’s Circle
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

Sometime late in 1601, Barbe Acarie reported a vision in which Saint Teresa of Avila called on her to bring to France the order of Discalced Carmelites that the saint had recently founded in Spain. A group of distinguished clerics close to Acarie met in the chapel of Paris’s Carthusian monastery of Vauvert soon thereafter to discuss whether the vision might be made a reality. With regret, they decided it could not. However much they wanted to see austere convents on the model of Teresa’s reforms founded in France, the time was not yet ripe for such ventures. Spain, which had intervened in France’s religious wars on behalf of the ultra-Catholic Holy League, was in the public mind still the enemy. A diplomatic incident in the summer of 1601 had threatened the peace made at Vervins in 1598, and mutual animosities remained strong. Henri IV and the French people would be no more willing to countenance the establishment of a Spanish religious order in France than Philip III and the Carmelite superiors would countenance establishing daughter houses in a hostile land.
First Foundations
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

On 15 October 1604, Catherine d’Orle´ans, princesse de Longueville, her sister Marguerite d’Orle´ans d’Estoutville, Charlotte de Harlay, marquise de Breaute´, and Barbe Acarie and her daughters gathered at Paris’s southern gate to welcome the Spanish Carmelites to Paris. Proceeding first to Montmartre, they prayed before the tomb of Saint Denis and commended to him the success of the order they were about to begin. The Carmelites remained for two days as guests of the Benedictine abbey before being escorted by their French patrons to their new convent in the faubourg SaintJacques, where a “great crowd of distinguished persons” gathered to witness their arrival. The anonymous chronicler who recorded the Carmelites’ reception boasts of the “cries of joy” emitted by the gathered crowd, as “each thanked God for the treasure that his mercy accorded the capital and the great advantages that the faith would thereby gain.” The account is clearly partisan; anti-Spanish feeling still ran high, and not everyone was so welcoming. For the de´vots who had labored for years to see reformed convents established in Paris, the entry must nevertheless have been a triumphant occasion, and it is not immaterial that the triumph was a very public one. The crowds whose witness solemnized the nuns’ entry conferred public recognition on the pious donors whose money and effort had brought the day about. The nuns were deeply veiled, their faces invisible to the public eye, but their lay escorts deliberately placed themselves on view, associating themselves publicly with the newly founded order and the spiritual benefits they hoped would thereby accrue to themselves and their city.
Both Mary and Martha
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

However powerful the contemplative model of religious life remained, it was not a life that suited all women with religious vocations. Some women, because of age or poor health, were too frail to endure the austerities imposed on nuns in such reformed orders as the Carmelites and Capucines. Others, although desiring to devote themselves in the future entirely to God, could not claim the stainless past traditionally required of brides of Christ. Still others lacked the dowry that, despite a theoretical insistence in reformed houses on considering only vocation, in practice remained necessary for women entering convents. Perhaps most important, many pious women wanted to combine Martha’s part with Mary’s. Aspiring to the sanctity of the cloistered life, they nevertheless wanted to serve with more than their prayers and to imitate Jesus in his acts of charity as much or more than in his suffering on the cross.
The Impulse to Charity
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

If the Wars of the League ignited a wave of penitential piety among Parisian de´votes, the battles of the Fronde half a century later prompted a very different response. Rather than taking to the streets in mystical processions, pious women organized committees to aid those impoverished or driven from their home by the rebellion and the ongoing war with Spain. They collected used clothing and redistributed it, along with money and food, among the refugees of wartorn Picardy, Champagne, and the Ile-de-France; they found shelter for orphans and whole convents of nuns fleeing invading armies; and they raised money for these and other charitable projects by distributing graphic accounts of the miseries of war among their devout friends and acquaintances. The effort pious women made to sustain the enormous flow of money and goods needed to assist the dispossessed has been overshadowed by the towering figure of Vincent de Paul, which dominates every account of seventeenth-century French charity. But Monsieur Vincent, as he was known to his friends, did not accomplish his work alone. Women were among his most important collaborators. With the exception of Louise de Marillac, who has been canonized for her role in founding the Filles de la Charite´, their contributions remain little known.
Euripides: Orestes
Authors: Peck John , Nisetich Frank
Published: November 2023

Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly recreate the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, The Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the editorship of Herbert Golder and the late William Arrowsmith, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the plays. Produced more frequently on the ancient stage than any other tragedy, Orestes retells with striking innovations the story of the young man who kills his mother to avenge her murder of his father. Though eventually exonerated, Orestes becomes a fugitive from the Furies (avenging spirits) of his mother’s blood. On the brink of destruction, he is saved in the end by Apollo, who had commanded the matricide. Powerful and gripping, Orestes sweeps us along with a momentum that starting slowly, builds inevitably to one of the most spectacular climaxes in all Greek tragedy.
Farewell to Internationalism
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

CONTRARY TO TRADITIONAL BELIEF, the 1930s were not a time of un relieved isolationism in the United States. During the first two years of his presidency, Roosevelt met not intense isolationism in the country but a general indifference to outside events which left him relatively free to seek expanded American ties abroad. Indeed, in 1933-34, Roosevelt’s policies of economic self-protection and political detachment from other nations represented only one side of his foreign policy. At the same time that he charted a separate economic and political course for the United States, he also moved toward greater cooperation abroad. In the fall of 1933, when domestic and foreign constraints seemed to put international cooperation temporarily out of reach, he channeled his desire for world harmony into improving Soviet-American relations. Strong support for the idea came from American business leaders who hoped that recognition would reopen Russian markets to American manufactured goods. To Roosevelt, there was the additional appeal that recognition might discourage rumored Japanese aggression against the U.S.S.R. But opposition from Catholic and labor leaders and conservative groups like the D.A.R. gave him pause. Though one conservative newspaper publisher belittled the danger of Bolshevism in the United States as “about as great as the menace of sunstroke in Greenland or chilblains in the Sahara,” Roosevelt felt compelled to resolve Soviet-American differences and as sure a consensus before recognizing the Soviet Union.
The Struggle for Unity
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

THOUGH THE RESPONSE OF the nation and the Congress to the Pearl Harbor attack was one of overwhelming unity, Roosevelt refused to take this support for granted. One of his chief concerns at the start of the war was to build a commitment to the fighting which initial defeats and the burdens of a long struggle would not weaken. “We are now in this war. We are all in it-all the way,” he told a national radio audience two days after Pearl Harbor. “Every single man, woman, and child is a partner in the most tremendous undertaking of our American history.” De scribing the nation as “fighting for its existence and its future life,” he tried to rally the country around a long-range positive goal, a vision “far above and beyond the ugly field of battle.” “When we resort to force,” he declared, “we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. We Americans are not destroyers-we are builders. We are now in the midst of a war, not for conquest, not for vengeance, but for a world in which this Nation, and all that this Nation represents, will be safe for our children.”
1944: Victories and Doubts
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

BY THE END OF 1943, Roosevelt believed that he would need a fourth term to conclude the war and design the peace. He was not entirely happy with the idea. “Goel knows I don’t want to,” he told one adviser early in 1944, “but I may find it necessary.” “I just hate to run again for election,” he told Admiral Leahy in the spring, and expressed the hope that progress in the war would make it unnecessary for him to be a candidate. He found considerable appeal in the idea of retiring to Hyde Park. In the winter of 1944 he was sixty-two years old, tired, and in poor health. A number of physical ailments and illnesses-the flu, bronchitis, occasional inability to concentrate, and a blackout once while signing a letter-prompted him to have a full examination at the Bethesda, Mary land, Naval Hospital. T11e findings shocked his doctors: hypertension, hypertensive heart disease, or an enlarged heart, and evidence of cardiac failure. There is no evidence that the physicians ever gave FDR the results of their examination. He apparently conveyed the impression that he did not want to know or that the findings would not influence him. Believing it a poor idea to change leaders during the war, or for him to abandon the peacemaking he had begun at Tehran, he had resigned himself to staying in office, whatever the personal sacrifice, and wished no challenge to that decision. During 1944, however, the issue of his health did not impress him as quite that dramatic. Under the care of his doctors, who prescribed more rest, fewer cigarettes, reduced weight, and various medications, including digitalis, which he took without asking their name or purpose, he recovered rapidly from the flu and regained much of his strength. Moreover, though he found he could not concentrate as he formerly had-a result of a generalized arteriosclerosis-and thus was occasionally depressed about his health, Roosevelt unquestioningly accepted the ad vice of his physicians that he could serve another term if he reduced his work load.
First Steps: From Family Ties to Specialized Caring
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

When Jason McKendrick was twelve years old, he saw a terrible accident in his neighborhood, empathized deeply with the suffering he witnessed, and vowed that he would always do what he could to help people in such circumstances. Ever since, he has been putting his energy into helping the homeless at Pearl’s Kitchen. Or that is the way many experts would tell the story. They would link Jason’s volunteering to a time of crisis and make sense of it by focusing on his empathy and pain. What actually happened, however, was much more ordinary.
Contexts: Schools, Community Agencies, and Churches
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

0ur primary sense of kindness, I have been arguing, is an intuitive under­ standing that comes in most cases from interacting with our families. We learn that kindness is a feature of intimate, first hand relationships that involve our whole being and are based on trust and knowledge of our needs as persons. We are also exposed to arguments-humanitarianism, the pursuit of happiness, reciprocity, and self-realization-that reinforce our intuitive sense that kind­ ness is a good thing. As we prepare for adult life, however, we are increasingly exposed to social institutions that require us to behave in ways different from those we learned in our families. We learn to play specialized roles, behaving as algebra students, for example, and to interact with others in these roles rather than relating as whole persons. We learn to bracket kindness or to give it new meanings, and we learn that self-interest and competition are the dominant rules rather than trust and cooperation.
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This book explores the degree to which and the manner in which legal differences between the two Talmuds may be utilized for the purposes of historical reconstruction of talmudic culture. The vast complex of Jewish religious and civil law at the close of late antiquity is contained in two great collective works: the Babylonian Talmud (the Bavli) and its smaller, more concise counterpart, the Palestinian Talmud (the Yerushalmi). At the base of the two Talmuds stands the Mishnah, a legal compendium edited, it is thought, by Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi around 220 C.E. and containing the traditions of Palestinian sages (tannaim; sing.= tanna) who flourished after the destruction of the temple until the early third century. The Mishnah is one of the earliest formulations of what came to be known as the Oral Torah 1 and was studied and transmitted as the accompaniment to and (in a very broad sense) interpretation of the Written Torah, or Hebrew Bible. In the amoraic period, which followed upon the close of the Mishnah, rabbinic sages (amoraim; sing. amora) in both Palestine and Babylonia devoted themselves to the study and interpretation of this authoritative body of religious and civil law. The traditions generated by these sages were ultimately woven together into the superstructures of commentary and argument (gemara) found in the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds (Mishnah + gemara commentary= Talmud). Since scholars traveled between the two centers, traditions and teachings of Palestinian sages were transmitted to Babylonia and are found on nearly every page of the Babylonian Talmud, while Babylonian teachings were transmitted to Palestine and are to be found in the Palestinian Talmud. Yet, perhaps not surprisingly, despite their common point of departure (the Mishnah) and the exchange of legal traditions, the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds feature many differences in their discussion and interpretation of Jewish religious and civil law (halakhah). How are these differences to be explained?
Textual Causes
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The notion of a divergent or revised version of R. Judah’s Mishnah is not a far-fetched one. Halakhic traditions generally were already subjected to reversal, revision, and retraction in the generations before R. Judah. Evidence of the emendation of halakhic traditions during their early formulation and transmission is found in m. NZ 2: 5, which attributes a retraction to the early second century C.E.
Halakhic Difference as a Result of Ambiguity in the Mishnah
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Here I will examine five cases in which the Bavli and the Yerushalmi develop different interpretations of an ambiguous mishnah. In the first two cases (m. NZ 4:5 and 3:8) the gemaras are confronted with gapped texts. M. 4:5, concerning the nullification of idols through sale, contains a gap of information which is filled in the Palestinian sources and further refined in the Bavli. M. 3:8, concerning passage under an asherah, contains a structural gap spotted by the Bavli and resolved explicitly only there. In a third case I examine the Talmuds’ discussions of the rationafo form. NZ 1:1, the prohibition of certain transactions on the days prior to an idolatrous festival, and demonstrate that the ambiguity of the mishnah itself on this matter is replicated in the amoraic and post-talmudic literature.
Hermeneutical Theory: Halakhic Difference as a Result of Hermeneutical Presuppositions
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Every hermeneutic endeavor is grounded in certain presuppositions about the nature of the text that is being interpreted and the task of the exegete. These presuppositions set the ground rules for the development and deployment of specific strategies. For example, if an exegete presupposes that the text before him is an allegory, he will develop and deploy a hermeneutical strategy that decodes literal meanings for symbolic meanings. If an exegete presupposes that the text before him is divinely revealed truth, he will develop a strategy that enables him to read apparently false or contradictory statements in the text in a manner that accords with his notion of truth. The strategy and rules chosen depend on the hermeneutical endeavor in which one is engaged.
The Sale of Weapons
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In the following example the Bavli registers halakhic development in response to the historical situation of Babylonian Jews. The laws we shall examine concern the sale of weapons and weapons-grade material to non-Jews. It is true that in our consideration of the sources, we must not ignore the contribution made by the amoraic tendency toward dialectical rehabilitation of marginal traditions; nevertheless, well-documented shifts in the relations between Jews and the non-Jewish regimes in Palestine and Babylonia provide a key to unearthing the diachronic twists in the fortune of the weapons prohibition-its suppression and reemergence-and of related rulings.
Discerning and Delineating the Figure of the Temple Woman
Authors: Orr Leslie C
Published: November 2023

Women are frequently mentioned in Chola period inscriptions, most often as donors. The inscriptions provide clues that allow us to distinguish different types of women, although titles or professional identifications are applied less often to women than to men, and there are a number of inscriptional references to women in which no information beyond a name is given. Nonetheless, it is possible to discern several categories of women, including temple women, Jain religious women, queens, palace women, Brahman women, and a rather heterogeneous group of family women.
The Nagars: Duty and Heart
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

Vaidehi Nagar and her two daughters live in a well-kept middle-class neighborhood in a suburb of Chicago. My introduction to this family was through the elder daughter, Anar, a twenty-year-old student I met at a youth workshop at one of the area Hindu temples. My original interest in Anar was as an informant for my study of the second-generation organizations. During the course of our first interview, however, we talked about Anar’s own background, her feelings and experiences growing up. Anar was the first second-generation Indian I had spoken to who articulated her experiences in terms of feeling like two distinct people for a large part of her life.
The Shankars: Searching for a Close Family
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

When I talked with the Shankars, their daughter, Veena, age twenty-two, and their son, Ganesh, age twenty-six, about something called Indian culture, about the core values that the parents have tried to pass on to their children, about the way they see themselves in relation to American culture, every family member talked about the special Indian “sense of family” as a distinguishing characteristic of their own family and of the Indian community in general. When I asked the father about his aspirations for his children, his hopes for their lives ten years down the road, he worried that they would be “completely detached from the first-generation friends and relatives,” although he is reassured that his children do “talk about being close to parents and all that kind of stuff. Taking care of [us] when [we’re) old.” When I asked about the most important values that she has tried to pass on to her children, the mother replied:
Introduction
Authors: Sider David
Published: November 2023

Philodemos was born ca. 110 B.C. in the Syrian Greek town of Gadara, high above the plain of Galilee, about six miles southwest of the Sea of Galilee. In terms of today’s map it is the Jordanian town of Um Qeis, just to the east of the border with Israel.1 Gadara plays a small role in historical accounts, being mentioned more or less in passing by Polybios, Josephus, Pliny, Strabo, and others.2 But in literary history, Gadara may properly boast of having produced seven figures of note: Menippos, Meleager, Philodemos, Theodoros, Apsines, Oinomaos, and Philo. An inscriptional epigram of the second or third century A.D.
Survey of Inscriptions in the Inda-Aryan Languages
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

In terms of their purpose and contents, the majority of the epigraphic materials in the ludo-Aryan languages fall into the two broad categories of “donative” and “panegyric” records (4.1.1--4.1.3). However, the full range of their contents is very broad, comprising not only the several other categories described below but also combinations of the various types. Strictly speaking, few, if any, of the categories listed here are completely distinct and exclusive, and many of them overlap; for example, purely eulogistic inscriptions are rare, and most of the records placed in this group also partake of the character of donative and/or memorial records. Not only are the categories not mutually exclusive, they are also to some extent arbitrary; thus different writers on the subject have presented different arrangements, and no one formulation can be considered definitive. The divisions offered here should therefore be understood as convenient, rather than authoritative and mutually exclusive categories; various other classifications are given in the sources cited.
Epigraphy as a Source for the Study of Indian Culture
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

It has already been explained (ch. 1) that inscriptions constitute the principal source for the history of pre-Islamic India, providing a large majority of the total information available; and that, were it not for inscriptions, we would not know even the most basic rudiments of the dynastic chronology of India before A.O. 1000. But the reconstruction of history from primarily epigraphic and other archaeological sources, as opposed to literary ones, involves many special problems and requires the development and application of appropriate analytic techniques. The main problem is that most inscriptions are not essentially historical documents (cf. Fleet, “The Present Position,” 22, and SIE 23) but rather donative or panegyric records which may incidentally record some amount of historical information. Thus the standards of objectivity, precision, and comprehensiveness that guide modem historical thought are completely absent in these sources, and the modem scholar must exercise cautious critical judgment in evaluating them.
Conclusion
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

Like others before and after him, Jawzi tried to determine the source of the original strength of Islamic society and to figure out what had gone wrong. The methodology he used was based on the assumption that various elites had devised ideologies that were nominally Islamic, but that in reality were suited to their group or class interests. His goal was to dismantle those ideologies, to reveal the power interests involved in their construction and to show how those with vested interests had managed to delegitimize competing ideologies. His awareness of the incestuous relationship between power structures and intellectual formulations-between knowledge and power, as contemporary sociology of knowledge has it-was unlabored. Beyond his introductory comments about European orientalists and their jaded interpretations, Jawzi did not find it necessary to articulate, much less justify, his hermeneutic. It apparently seemed self-evident to him that ideological formulations were influenced by political-economic-that is, power-interests. Muslims had been calling for reassessment of their heritage for centuries, and ijtihadism (the movement calling for reactivation of ijtihad as the means to revitalize Islamic society) had finally been mainstreamed with the work of Muhammad ‘Abduh.
The Economic Bases of Islam
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

To say that Islam is merely a religious idea, that its triumph over Arab paganism, its rapid spread, and the widespread victories of the Rashi dun and Umayyad caliphs are all traceable to religious zeal or fanaticism, is considered ridiculous today. Such views have been disproven by historical and economic research by the likes of Professor Wellhausen, Prince Caetani, Professor H. Lammens, T. Noldeke, and V. V. Bartol’d, among others. For it has been well established that Islam, like all other great religions, is not only religious thought but a social and economic matter as well—0r, more precisely, more so than it is religious thought. Prince Caetani said, “Islam was not a religious movement except outwardly; its essence was political and economic.”Part of the genius of the founder of Islam was that he comprehended the source of the economic and social movement which appeared in his time in Mecca, capital of the Hijaz. And he knew how to turn it to profitable account for his lofty religious and social ideals.

Caetani says, “Islam is the last emigration of the Arabs and its incentive was the same as that which induced similar movements previously in the Arabian peninsula, i.e., the continuing dessication of the land and its consequent depression and poverty.” As the well-known Dutch orientalist M. deGoeje said, “The cause of the appearance of the Islamic movement was religion; however, the Arab tribes and the inhabitants of Mecca and Medina turned toward it and entered into it for reasons other than religion.
Quantum Transport, Anderson Localization
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

The Bloch–Boltzmann quasiclassical theory of electronic transport in lightly disordered conductors has been quite successful in describing the impurity and temperature dependences of the conductivity in ordinary relatively pure conductors. Further transport properties such as magnetoconductivity, Hall effect, thermal conductivity, and thermopower can also be handled, often with success. However, when the amount of disorder (or impurity concentration) becomes very large, novel phenomena occur which are unexplainable within the weak-scattering theory. In particular, the temperature dependence of the resistivity, p, becomes much weaker and eventually changes direction for high enough disorder (Weismann et al. 1979). The Mathiessen rule, according to which the contributions to p due to disorder and temperature are additive, thus breaks down. An extremely interesting correlation was found by Mooij (1973), namely, that dp/dT becomes negative when p becomes larger than a value ranging around 80-180 μD cm in something like a hundred disordered dirty systems. This almost “universal” trend must have an explanation which is only weakly dependent on material properties, and we remember that dp/ dT > 0 always in weak-scattering theory.
The Pressures to Restructure Employment
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

Relationships between employers and employees in the United States are undergoing a transformation that begins with the pressures on companies to restructure the way they operate. These pressures go beyond the desire to cut costs to more fundamental changes that increase companies’ flexibility as they respond to changing markets. Since the tum of the century, employers in the United States have sought to rationalize and control their labor supply by bringing the development of skills inside their organizations. Good employee management meant hiring raw talent at the entry level into an “internal labor market” that not only developed workers’ skills over time but also insulated jobs and employees from developments in the outside labor market. The challenge to these arrangements began in the mid-1980s and has accelerated in the 1990s. One might think of these challenges as a kind of “deregulation” of employment where at least some of the insulation that the internal labor markets provided is giving way. Under these new arrangements, employees share much more in the risks of doing business, take on more of the responsibility for managing their own careers, and find that their relationship with management is governed to a greater extent than in recent decades by market forces.