bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asparagus khorasanensis (Asparagaceae), a new species from Iran
Authors: Hamdi S. M. M. , Assadi M.
Published: December 2009

Asparagus khorasanensis is described as a new species from Khorasan province. This species belongs to the section Asparagus. The new species is compared with its closest relative Asparagus breslerianus Schult. (1830). This species is similar to Asparagus breslerianus Schult. (1830) in having unequal cladodes, height stems, scale leaves. Asparagus khorasanensis differs from A. breslerianus in having a higher cladod number (2–4 vs. 1–3), a higher cladod diameter (1.5–2 vs. 1–1.5 mm), longer internodes (5–15 vs. 15–20 mm), longer scale like leaves (2–2.5 vs. 0.5–0.7 mm), one flowers at base of branches vs. two flowers, longer anther (3–4 vs. 1.7–2 mm), bigger berries (7–8 vs. 5–5.5 mm), longer surface of periclinal cell wall (32–48 (–50) × 12–2–(–23) vs. 12–36 (–40) × 12–18(–20) µm), surface of periclinal cell wall is convex vs. surface of periclinal cell wall is concave and shape of surface cells of seed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling of CO Poisoning and its Dynamics in HTPEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Bergmann A. , Gerteisen D. , Kurz T.
Published: December 2009

In this work, a dynamic, 2‐dimensional, non‐isothermal model of a PBI‐based HTPEM fuel cell has been developed. The model consists of a five‐layer geometry with gas channels, gas diffusion layers (GDL) and membrane. The catalyst layers are taken into account as infinitesimal thin reaction layers between GDL and membrane. The overall cell behaviour is simulated considering conservation of mass, momentum, species, charge and energy. The model is focussed on CO poisoning of the anode in steady state as well as in dynamic operation. Therefore, a temperature and time‐dependent approach of adsorption/desorption of CO and H2 on the catalyst sites and the electrochemical reactions of the adsorbed species is applied. The temperature dependency of the fuel cell performance is investigated in a temperature range between 125 and 160 °C at pure hydrogen operation. CO poisoning of the anode is analysed with polarisation curves for different CO concentrations as well as the dynamic response during a CO pulse. The model results are validated by experimental data of in‐house measurements.
Detecting interacting genetic loci with effects on quantitative traits where the nature and order of the interaction are unknown
Authors: Davies Joanna L. , Hein Jotun , Holmes Chris C.
Published: December 2009

Standard techniques for single marker quantitative trait mapping perform poorly in detecting complex interacting genetic influences. When a genetic marker interacts with other genetic markers and/or environmental factors to influence a quantitative trait, a sample of individuals will show different effects according to their exposure to other interacting factors. This paper presents a Bayesian mixture model, which effectively models heterogeneous genetic effects apparent at a single marker. We compute approximate Bayes factors which provide an efficient strategy for screening genetic markers (genome‐wide) for evidence of a heterogeneous effect on a quantitative trait. We present a simulation study which demonstrates that the approximation is good and provide a real data example which identifies a population‐specific genetic effect on gene expression in the HapMap CEU and YRI populations. We advocate the use of the model as a strategy for identifying candidate interacting markers without any knowledge of the nature or order of the interaction. The source of heterogeneity can be modeled as an extension.Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 299–308, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elucidation of real‐time hardening mechanisms of two novel high‐strength calcium phosphate bone cements
Authors: Smirnov Valery V. , Rau Julietta V. , Generosi Amanda , Albertini Valerio Rossi , Ferro Daniela , Barinov Sergey M.
Published: December 2009

Despite the numerous literature data available in the field of calcium phosphate bone cements, the mechanism and kinetics of their hardening, both of which are of great importance for cements application, in most cases, is unknown. In this work, the mechanism and kinetics of hardening of two novel high‐strength calcium phosphate bone cements were studied using the energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction technique, which allows rapid collection of the patterns. The phase transformations occurring on the setting and hardening processes were monitored in situ. Containing minimal quantity of components, whose mixing leads to the formation of cements with pH close to neutral, the cements under study are simple in handling. The main component of both formulations is tetracalcium phosphate. In both cements, the effect of the addition of high‐ and low‐molecular weight chitosan on phase development and kinetics was investigated in detail. One of the cements has the compressive strength of about 70 MPa, whereas the strength of the other, containing Ca3Al2O6, is much higher, about 100 MPa. This latter cement could be regarded as an alternative to the common low‐strength bioresorbable brushite cements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
The effects of osmotic stress on the structure and function of the cell nucleus
Authors: Finan John D. , Guilak Farshid
Published: December 2009

Osmotic stress is a potent regulator of the normal function of cells that are exposed to osmotically active environments under physiologic or pathologic conditions. The ability of cells to alter gene expression and metabolic activity in response to changes in the osmotic environment provides an additional regulatory mechanism for a diverse array of tissues and organs in the human body. In addition to the activation of various osmotically‐ or volume‐activated ion channels, osmotic stress may also act on the genome via a direct biophysical pathway. Changes in extracellular osmolality alter cell volume, and therefore, the concentration of intracellular macromolecules. In turn, intracellular macromolecule concentration is a key physical parameter affecting the spatial organization and pressurization of the nucleus. Hyper‐osmotic stress shrinks the nucleus and causes it to assume a convoluted shape, whereas hypo‐osmotic stress swells the nucleus to a size that is limited by stretch of the nuclear lamina and induces a smooth, round shape of the nucleus. These behaviors are consistent with a model of the nucleus as a charged core/shell structure pressurized by uneven partition of macromolecules between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. These osmotically‐induced alterations in the internal structure and arrangement of chromatin, as well as potential changes in the nuclear membrane and pores are hypothesized to influence gene transcription and/or nucleocytoplasmic transport. A further understanding of the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms involved in these processes would have important ramifications for a range of fields including differentiation, migration, mechanotransduction, DNA repair, and tumorigenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 460–467, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateral line system and its innervation in Tetraodontiformes with outgroup comparisons: Descriptions and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Nakae Masanori , Sasaki Kunio
Published: December 2009

The lateral line system and its innervation in ten tetraodontiform families and five outgroup taxa were examined. Although some homology issues remained unresolved, tetraodontiforms were characterized by having two types (at least) of superficial neuromasts (defined by the presence or absence of supporting structures) and accessory lateral lines and neuromasts (except Molidae in which “accessory” elements were absent). The preopercular line in Tetraodontiformes was not homologous with that of typical teleosts, because the line was innervated by the opercular ramule that was newly derived from the mandibular ramus, the condition being identical to that in Lophiidae. Within Tetraodontiformes, the number of neuromasts varied between 70 and 277 in the main lines and between 0 and 52 in accessory elements. Variations were also recognized in the presence or absence of the supraorbital commissure, mandibular line, otic line, postotic line, ventral trunk line, and some lateral line nerve rami, most notably the dorsal branch of the opercular ramule, being absent in Aracanidae, Ostraciidae, Tetraodontidae, Diodontidae, and Molidae. Morphological characteristics derived from the lateral line system and its innervation provided some support for a sister relationship of tetraodontiforms with lophiiforms. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the expression and function of BRINP family genes during neuronal differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived neural stem cells
Authors: Terashima Michiyo , Kobayashi Miwako , Motomiya Makoto , Inoue Nobuo , Yoshida Tetsu , Okano Hideyuki , Iwasaki Norimasa , Minami Akio , Matsuoka Ichiro
Published: December 2009

We previously identified a novel family of genes, BRINP1, 2, and 3, that are predominantly and widely expressed in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the present study, we analyzed the expression pattern of three BRINP genes during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell‐derived neural stem cells (NSCs) and their effects on the cell‐cycle regulation of NSCs. While there was no significant expression of any BRINP‐mRNA expressed in mouse ES cells, BRINP 1 and 2‐mRNAs was expressed at high levels in the ES cell‐derived neural stem cells. Upon differentiation into neuronal cells in the presence of retinoic acid and BDNF, all three types of BRINP‐mRNA were induced with a similar time course peaking at day three of treatment. Upon differentiation into astroglial cells in the presence of serum, BRINP1‐mRNA was slightly up‐regulated, while BRINP2‐ and BRINP3‐mRNAs were almost abolished in the astrocytes. While 69.2, 26.1, and 7.7% of cells in a population of NSCs in the exponentially growing phase were in the G1, S and G2 phases, respectively, over‐expression of any one of the three BRINP genes completely abolished cells in the G2 phase and significantly reduced the cells in S phase to 11.8–13.8%. Based on these results, the physiological roles of induced BRINP genes in the cell‐cycle suppression of terminally differentiated post‐mitotic neurons are discussed. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endothelial cell heterogeneity of blood‐brain barrier gene expression along the cerebral microvasculature
Authors: Macdonald Jennifer A. , Murugesan Nivetha , Pachter Joel S.
Published: December 2009

The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) refers to the network of microvessels that selectively restricts the passage of substances between the circulation and the central nervous system (CNS). This microvascular network is comprised of arterioles, capillaries and venules, yet the respective contribution of each of these to the BBB awaits clarification. In this regard, it has been postulated that brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) from these different tributaries might exhibit considerable heterogeneity in form and function, with such diversity underlying unique roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Means to begin exploring such endothelial differences in situ, free from caveats associated with cell isolation and culturing procedures, are crucial to comprehending the nature and treatment of CNS diseases with vascular involvement. Here, the recently validated approach of immuno‐laser capture microdissection (immuno‐LCM) coupled to quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) was used to analyze gene expression patterns of BMEC retrieved in situ from either capillaries or venules. From profiling 87 genes known to play a role in BBB function and/or be enriched in isolated brain microvessels, results imply that most BBB properties reside in both segments, but that capillaries preferentially express some genes related to solute transport, while venules tend toward higher expression of an assortment of genes involved in inflammatory‐related tasks. Fuller appreciation of such heterogeneity will be critical for efficient therapeutic targeting of the endothelium and the management of CNS disease. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro digestion of fresh alfalfa under different conditions of ruminal pH
Authors: Palladino Rafael A , Wawrzkiewicz Marisa , Danelón Jose L , Gaggiotti Monica , Jaurena Gustavo
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: Relatively low ruminal pH values have been frequently registered in dairy cows grazing alfalfa, which can be involved in reducing feed digestion. An in vitro experiment was carried out to study the effect of ruminal pH (6.4, 6.1, 5.8 and 5.5) on the digestion of fresh alfalfa.

RESULTS: Decreasing the pH, in vitro gas production (ivGP) decreased (P < 0.05). The lowest ivGP was registered at pH 5.5 and it was product of a higher lag time and a lower digestion rate. Dry matter disappearance (DMD) was not affected by pH at 48 h (P > 0.05). Neutral detergent disappearance (NDFD) at 48 h decreased below pH 6.1. The NDFD was reduced by 62% at pH 5.5 with respect to results at pH 6.4 and 6.1 (where the highest DMD and NDFD were observed).

CONCLUSION: As expected, low rumen pH decreased alfalfa digestion. However, limits to ruminal digestion activity differed from those usually proposed for TMR diets. It is apparent that different relationships between rumen pH and NDFD exist when cows graze fresh alfalfa or grasses. Moreover, our results suggest the convenience to complement the data obtained through ivGP, DMD and NDFD. While ivGP and DMD seem to be more useful at early digestion times, NDFD may be a good predictor of final digestion. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasonic‐assisted derivatization of estrogenic compounds in a cup horn booster and determination by GC‐MS
Authors: Vallejo Asier , Usobiaga Aresatz , Martinez‐Arkarazo Irantzu , Prieto Ailette , Etxebarria Nestor , Zuloaga Olatz , Fernández Luis A.
Published: December 2009

Cup horn boosters are miniaturized ultrasound baths that maximize efficiency and precision. The optimization of an ultrasonic‐assisted derivatization step by means of a cup horn booster and the determination of estrone, 17β‐estradiol, estriol, 17α‐ethynyl estradiol and mestranol was developed by GC‐MS. Different derivatization reagents and solvents were studied for maximizing the di‐derivatization of 17α‐ethynyl estradiol under ultrasound energy. Only N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% of trimethylchlorosilane in pyridine gave satisfactory results and this mixture was further used in the optimization of the ultrasound assisted derivatization. The experiment designs included sonication time (1–10 min), sonication power (20–80%), sonication cycles (1–9), derivatization reagent volume (25–125 μL) and solvent volume (25–125 μL). Once the optimum conditions were fixed, the effect of organic matter and the frequency of the water bath change were studied. Finally, the validation of the analytical method was carried out using spiked natural and synthetic waters. Recoveries (natural (138–70%) and synthetic (112–89%)), the LODs (0.35–1.66 ng/L), and LOQs (1.16–5.52 ng/L) and the precision (0.2–5.3%) of the method were studied. This is the first work in the literature where a cup horn booster is used with the aim of minimizing derivatization time during the determination of estrogenic compounds.
Insular thyroid carcinoma in a patient with Cowden syndrome
Authors: Diggelmann Henry R. , Van Daele Douglas J. , O'Dorisio Thomas M. , Hoffman Henry T.
Published: December 2009

Cowden syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by benign and malignant hamartomatous lesions that can develop from all three germ cell derivatives. This disorder predisposes patients to develop malignant tumors of the breast, endometrium, and thyroid. We present a patient with clinically relevant manifestations of Cowden syndrome, with genetic verification, impacting by way of airway compromise due to hamartomas, urinary tract abnormalities, and insular thyroid cancer. This case illustrates the value of recognizing Cowden syndrome at an earlier stage when the patient could have received appropriate management to decrease the morbidity of untreated hamartomatous growths, and an elective thyroidectomy would have been a viable option to manage his malignancy. Through this case report, we provide further insight into management of this disorder. Laryngoscope, 2010
Involvement of ERK, Akt and JNK signalling in H2O2‐induced cell injury and protection by hydroxytyrosol and its metabolite homovanillic alcohol
Authors: Incani Alessandra , Deiana Monica , Corona Giulia , Vafeiadou Katerina , Vauzour David , Dessì M. Assunta , Spencer Jeremy P. E.
Published: December 2009

The olive oil polyphenol, hydroxytyrosol (HT), is believed to be capable of exerting protection against oxidative kidney injury. In this study we have investigated the ability of HT and its O‐methylated metabolite, homovanillic alcohol (HVA) to protect renal cells against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. We show that both compounds were capable of inhibiting hydrogen peroxide‐induced kidney cell injury via an ability to interact with both MAP kinase and PI3 kinase signalling pathways, albeit at different concentrations. HT strongly inhibited death and prevented peroxide‐induced increases in ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3 phosphorylation at 0.3 μM, whilst HVA was effective at 10 μM. At similar concentrations, both compounds also prevented peroxide‐induced reductions in Akt phosphorylation. We suggest that one potential protective effect exerted by olive oil polyphenols against oxidative kidney cell injury may be attributed to the interactions of HT and HVA with these important intracellular signalling pathways.
The structure of common mental disorders: A replication study in a community sample of adolescents and young adults
Authors: Beesdo‐baum Katja , Höfler Michael , Gloster Andrew T. , Klotsche Jens , Lieb Roselind , Beauducel André , Bühner Markus , Kessler Ronald C. , Wittchen Hans‐ulrich
Published: December 2009

Previous research suggests that patterns of comorbidity of common mental disorders among adults are best reflected by a hierarchical three‐factor structure with two correlated factors (‘anxious‐misery’ and ‘fear’) summarized in a second‐order ‘internalizing’ factor and one ‘externalizing’ factor. This three‐factor structure has not been examined yet in a sample of adolescents and young adults.

A representative sample of 3021 adolescents and young adults (baseline age 14–24) were prospectively followed over 10 years. Mental disorders were assessed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) by using the standardized Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Ten mental disorders (major depressive episode, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, antisocial personality) were fitted to a series of Confirmatory Factor Analysis models using: (1) 12‐month data, and (2) lifetime data from a person‐year data set.

The three‐factor model showed good fit to the observed data in our sample both when 12‐month diagnoses and lifetime‐to‐date diagnoses from a person‐year data file were used; yet the higher‐order ‘internalizing’ factor summarizing ‘anxious misery’ and ‘fear’ had to be omitted.

The three‐factor model could be replicated in a sample of adolescents and young adults with the exception that the second‐order ‘internalizing’ factor was not consistent with the data. Further research is necessary to provide more complete insight into the structure of mental disorders by examining the stability of the structure of mental disorders in different developmental stages (ages) and by using a more extensive set of mental disorders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR parameters of two tricyclododecadienes—strained hydrocarbons with close distance between perpendicularly or parallelly arranged double bonds
Authors: Dodziuk Helena , Ostrowski Maciej , Marchwiany Maciej E.
Published: December 2009

Quantum chemical calculations of the hypothetical tricyclo[5.5.0.04, 10]dodeca‐1(7),4(10)‐diene with a perpendicular arrangement of double bonds and of the known tricyclo[4.2.2.22, 5]dodeca‐1,5‐diene isomer with the parallel arrangement yield, in agreement with expectations, greater stability of the latter molecule. They reproduce the available experimental results for chemical shifts and coupling constants for the latter molecule. Large calculated values of σCsp2 and those of 1JCC for both dienes are not due to nonplanar distortions on the double bonds but due to the close distances between them. The calculated NMR parameters of the hypothetical diene could be useful for its future identification as the calculated values of the parameters for 1 are larger than those for 2. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13C‐NMR detection of STD spectra
Authors: Räuber Christoph , Berger Stefan
Published: December 2009

We have investigated the use of 13C for the detection of saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectra. By detecting the STD spectrum in the 13C channel it is possible to eliminate the residual water signal in the STD‐NMR spectrum. We have employed an INEPT transfer in order to shift the magnetization from the proton channel to 13C. As a sample system to check our method we have used human serum albumin and phenylalanine. We have shown that such a transfer can be accomplished and gives reasonable signal intensities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the germ cell‐related nuclear orphan receptor in chickens
Authors: Lee Sang In , Kim Jin Kyoo , Park Hyun Jeong , Jang Hyun Jun , Lee Hyung Chul , Min Taesun , Song Gwonhwa , Han Jae Yong
Published: December 2009

Nuclear receptor subfamily 6, group A, member 1 (NR6A1), also known as germ cell nuclear factor/retinoid receptor‐related testis‐associated receptor and neuronal cell nuclear factor, is a member of the nuclear orphan receptor superfamily. NR6A1 has been cloned in various species including humans and mice, but it has been scarcely investigated in avian species. In the present study, we cloned the chicken NR6A1 (cNR6A1) from a testis cDNA library. The cloned cNR6A1 sequence was mapped to chromosome 17 and contained an open reading frame of 1.4 kb encoding 445 amino acids. Multiple alignment analysis of the cNR6A1 protein‐coding sequence with NR6A1s from humans, mice, boars, rats, zebrafish, and Xenopus showed high degrees of homology, 89%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 83%, and 87%, respectively. Using RNA interference, changes in the expression of pluripotency‐, germ cell‐, and differentiation‐related key genes by silencing of cNR6A1 were validated in chicken blastoderm‐derived embryonic stem cells. Among those genes, the relative expression levels of POU5F1, CRIPTO, DAZL, DDX4, BMP15, GSC, and SOX7 changed significantly compared to the control group. We also confirmed that the activity of alkaline phosphatase, known as a pluripotency marker, was maintained by cNR6A1 gene silencing in chicken blastodermal cells. Collectively, our data suggest that cNR6A1 may play an important role during chicken embryonic development and differentiation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 273–284, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
4D phase contrast MRI at 3 T: Effect of standard and blood‐pool contrast agents on SNR, PC‐MRA, and blood flow visualization
Authors: Bock Jelena , Frydrychowicz Alex , Stalder Aurélien F. , Bley Thorsten A. , Burkhardt Hans , Hennig Jürgen , Markl Michael
Published: December 2009

Time‐resolved phase contrast (PC) MRI with velocity encoding in three directions (flow‐sensitive four‐dimensional MRI) can be employed to assess three‐dimensional blood flow in the entire aortic lumen within a single measurement. These data can be used not only for the visualization of blood flow but also to derive additional information on vascular geometry with three‐dimensional PC MR angiography (MRA). As PC‐MRA is sensitive to available signal‐to‐noise ratio, standard and novel blood pool contrast agents may help to enhance PC‐MRA image quality. In a group of 30 healthy volunteers, the influence of different contrast agents on vascular signal‐to‐noise ratio, PC‐MRA quality, and subsequent three‐dimensional stream‐line visualization in the thoracic aorta was determined. Flow‐sensitive four‐dimensional MRI data acquired with contrast agent provided significantly improved signal‐to‐noise ratio in magnitude data and noise reduction in velocity data compared to measurements without contrast media. The agreement of three‐dimensional PC‐MRA with reference standard contrast‐enhanced MRA was good for both contrast agents, with improved PC‐MRA performance for blood pool contrast agent, particularly for the smaller supra‐aortic branches. For three‐dimensional flow visualization, a trend toward improved results for the data with contrast agent was observed. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in afferent activity after spinal cord injury
Authors: de Groat William C. , Yoshimura Naoki
Published: December 2009

Aims

To summarize the changes that occur in the properties of bladder afferent neurons following spinal cord injury.

Methods

Literature review of anatomical, immunohistochemical, and pharmacologic studies of normal and dysfunctional bladder afferent pathways.

Results

Studies in animals indicate that the micturition reflex is mediated by a spinobulbospinal pathway passing through coordination centers (periaqueductal gray and pontine micturition center) located in the rostral brain stem. This reflex pathway, which is activated by small myelinated (Aδ) bladder afferent nerves, is in turn modulated by higher centers in the cerebral cortex involved in the voluntary control of micturition. Spinal cord injury at cervical or thoracic levels disrupts voluntary voiding, as well as the normal reflex pathways that coordinate bladder and sphincter function. Following spinal cord injury, the bladder is initially areflexic but then becomes hyperreflexic due to the emergence of a spinal micturition reflex pathway. The recovery of bladder function after spinal cord injury is dependent in part on the plasticity of bladder afferent pathways and the unmasking of reflexes triggered by unmyelinated, capsaicin‐sensitive, C‐fiber bladder afferent neurons. Plasticity is associated with morphologic, chemical, and electrical changes in bladder afferent neurons and appears to be mediated in part by neurotrophic factors released in the spinal cord and the peripheral target organs.

Conclusions

Spinal cord injury at sites remote from the lumbosacral spinal cord can indirectly influence properties of bladder afferent neurons by altering the function and chemical environment in the bladder or the spinal cord. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 63–76, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detrusor myocyte activity and afferent signaling
Authors: Andersson Karl‐Erik
Published: December 2009

Aims

To discuss (1) mechanisms involved in the generation and control of myocyte contractions and consequent afferent nerve activity and (2) these mechanisms as targets for drugs aimed for treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and detrusor overactivity (DO).

Methods

Literature review of myocyte activation, bladder afferent nerves, mediators in the bladder, and translational aspects of the findings.

Results

During bladder filling, there is normally no parasympathetic outflow from the spinal cord. Despite this, the bladder develops tone during filling and also exhibits non‐synchronized local contractions and relaxations that are caused by a basal myogenic mechanical activity that may be reinforced by release of, for example, acetylcholine from non‐neuronal and/or neuronal sources or local mediators, such as prostaglandins and endothelins. It is suggested that these spontaneous contractions are able to generate activity in afferent nerves (“afferent noise”) that may contribute to DO and OAB.

Conclusions

Spontaneous bladder myocyte contractions and factors that are able to modulate them, as well as the consequent afferent nerve activity, may be targets for drugs meant for treatment of OAB/DO. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 97–106, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The emotional motor system and micturition control
Authors: Holstege Gert
Published: December 2009

Micturition is, similar to all other movements of the body, the result of activation of the motor system in the central nervous system. This review explains how the brain and brainstem control micturition. The basic reflex system begins with a distinct cell group called Gert's Nucleus (GN) in the sacral cord. GN receives information about bladder contents via A‐δ fibers from the bladder and bladder sphincter and relays this information to the central part of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), but not to the thalamus. The PAG, in turn, in case of substantial bladder filling, excites the pontine micturition center (PMC), which cell group, via its long descending pathways to the sacral cord, induces micturition. Higher brain regions in prefrontal cortex and limbic system, by means of its projections to the PAG are able to interrupt this basic reflex system. It allows the individual to postpone micturition until time and place are appropriate. Lesions in the pathways from prefrontal cortex and limbic system to the PAG probably cause urge‐incontinence in the elderly. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 42–48, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural control of the lower urinary tract: Peripheral and spinal mechanisms
Authors: Birder L. , de Groat W. , Mills I. , Morrison J. , Thor K. , Drake M.
Published: December 2009

This review deals with individual components regulating the neural control of the urinary bladder. This article will focus on factors and processes involved in the two modes of operation of the bladder: storage and elimination. Topics included in this review include: (1) The urothelium and its roles in sensor and transducer functions including interactions with other cell types within the bladder wall (“sensory web”), (2) The location and properties of bladder afferents including factors involved in regulating afferent sensitization, (3) The neural control of the pelvic floor muscle and pharmacology of urethral and anal sphincters (focusing on monoamine pathways), (4) Efferent pathways to the urinary bladder, and (5) Abnormalities in bladder function including mechanisms underlying comorbid disorders associated with bladder pain syndrome and incontinence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 128–139, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical treatment of stress incontinence in men
Authors: Herschorn Sender , Bruschini Homero , Comiter Craig , Grise Philippe , Hanus Tomas , Kirschner‐Hermanns Ruth , Abrams Paul
Published: December 2009

Aims

The committee was charged with the responsibility of reviewing and evaluating all published data relating to surgical treatment of male urinary incontinence since the previous consultation in 2004.

Methods

Articles from peer‐reviewed journals, abstracts from scientific meetings, and literature searches by hand and electronically formed the basis of this review. The articles were evaluated using Levels of Evidences adapted by the ICUD from the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. The Recommendations for Care were based on the level of evidence and discussed among the committee members to reach consensus. The incontinence problems were classified according to their etiology, that is, either primarily sphincter or bladder related.

Results

Specialist evaluation of the patient is primarily a clinical approach with history, frequency‐volume chart, physical examination, and post‐void residual urine. Other investigations such as radiographic imaging of the lower urinary tract, cystoscopy, and urodynamic studies can provide important information for the clinician. For stress incontinence of various etiologies the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) has the longest record of satisfactory results. Consideration must be given to the need for revisions for mechanical breakdown, erosion/infection, and recurrent incontinence, as well as cost. Sling procedures are increasingly being reported to have good outcomes for mild to moderate incontinence. Injectable agents have not shown durable results but newer technologies such as volume‐adjustable balloons have shown favorable early results. Incontinence following cystectomy with neobladder and pelvic trauma has been treated most commonly with the AUS.

Conclusions

Although the literature is replete with well‐done cohort studies, there is a need for prospective randomized clinical trials. Recommendations for trials include standardized workup and outcome measures and complete reporting of adverse events and long‐term results. Further research is also needed to elucidate the mechanism of post‐prostatectomy incontinence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 179–190, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined QF‐PCR and MLPA molecular analysis of miscarriage products: an efficient and robust alternative to karyotype analysis
Authors: Donaghue Celia , Mann Kathy , Docherty Zoe , Mazzaschi Roberto , Fear Claudine , Ogilvie Caroline
Published: December 2009

Objectives

To replace G‐banded chromosome analysis for miscarriage products with a combined molecular approach: QF‐PCR and MLPA, to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and improve the diagnostic success rate for these samples.

Methods

A review of 10 years of karyotype results for miscarriages products indicated that 2.7% of nonmosaic chromosome imbalance would not be detected by the molecular approach. The molecular approach was validated on 117 samples in parallel with karyotype analysis; no discrepancies were detected. The molecular approach was implemented in September 2007, and in the first 18 months 500 samples were processed.

Results

In 500 samples, 117 samples (23%) were abnormal. Of these abnormalities, 64% were trisomies, 12% triploid, 11% monosomy X and 13% other abnormalities. When compared to karyotype analysis, the success rate was higher (95% cf 70%) and the reporting time was lower (88% within 28 days cf 79%). In addition, efficiency was higher as labour‐intensive cell culture and karyotyping were replaced by batch testing and automated analysis.

Conclusions

This molecular approach is less labour‐intensive, allows a higher sample throughput and has a higher success rate than karyotype analysis; it is therefore an efficient and cost‐effective diagnostic testing strategy for miscarriage products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Millimetre‐scale bubble‐like dielectric elastomer actuators
Authors: Carpi Federico , Frediani Gabriele , Tarantino Sergio , De Rossi Danilo
Published: December 2009

Hydrostatic coupling has recently been reported as a means to improve the versatility and safety of electromechanical actuators based on dielectric elastomers (DEs). Hydrostatically coupled DE actuators rely on an incompressible fluid that mechanically couples a DE‐based active part to a passive part interfaced to the load. The work reported here was aimed at developing millimetre‐scale bubble‐like versions of such transducers. Silicone‐made oil‐filled actuators were manufactured as both single units and arrays of parallel elements. Bubbles had a base diameter of 6 mm and were driven up to a voltage of 2.25 kV, applied across a silicone film with a thickness of 42 µm. Active relative displacements and stresses up to 18% and 2.2 kPa, respectively, were recorded with static driving. Dynamic investigations reported a −3 dB bandwidth of the order of 100 Hz and a resonance frequency of about 250 Hz. Millimetre‐scale hydrostatically coupled DE actuators might play a useful role in several fields of application. Among them, we are currently exploring novel tactile displays and cutaneous stimulators, made of wearable, distributed and flexible devices. Although further miniaturization is required for high‐resolution uses, this technology holds promise to properly combine performance with safe and compliant interfaces with users, low specific weight, no acoustic noise and low cost. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Environmental degradation and biofouling of ‘green’ plastics including short and medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates
Authors: Woolnough Catherine A , Yee Lachlan H , Charlton Tim , Foster L John R
Published: December 2009

Biopolymers derived from natural resources are potential alternatives to recalcitrant synthetic plastics; however, studies investigating the degradability of these biopolymers in natural environments are relatively few. This study compares the environmental degradation of polymers described as ‘green plastics’ in garden soil in terms of weight loss, topographical changes and biofilm attachment. Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly[(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐(3‐hydroxyvalerate)] (P(HB‐co‐8HV)), (copolymer containing 8 mol% HV) films degraded rapidly, losing 50% of their initial weight in 50 days. In contrast, after burial for 380 days, the medium chain length polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO) lost 60% of its weight, poly(D,L‐lactide) (PDLL) 18% and poly[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] (PDLLG) 35%. Polystyrene (PS) and ethyl cellulose (EC) showed no significant degradation. Both weight loss and biofouling occurred in the following sequence: P(HB‐co‐8HV) = PHB > PHO > PDLLG > PDLL > PS = EC. The surface rugosity and surface areas of PHB and P(HB‐co‐8HV) increased three‐ and twofold, respectively, during degradation, indicating surface erosion. The surface rugosity of PHO increased twofold and the surface area increased by 25%. This in situ study demonstrates a quantifiable relationship between biofilm attachment, surface rugosity and polymer degradation. PHB and P(HB‐co‐8HV) showed greater biofouling and increased surface rugosity, and degraded significantly faster than the other polymers studied. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison between silicone and acrylic elastomers as dielectric materials in electroactive polymer actuators
Authors: Michel Silvain , Zhang Xuequn Q , Wissler Michael , Löwe Christiane , Kovacs Gabor
Published: December 2009

Soft elastomers, mostly silicones and acrylics, are interesting candidates as dielectric materials in electroactive polymer actuator technology. Generally, characteristics like large strain, high stress, high energy density, good efficiency and high response speed are required for actuator applications. However, some of these material properties may be contradictory. For this reason a comparison between Dow Corning silicone and 3M acrylic elastomers was made based on a set of six electromechanical tests for actuator applications. The silicone elastomer shows a fast electromechanical response (3 s) with good reproducibility and the dissipated work is negligible and not frequency dependent. It also shows a stable mechanical behaviour over a wide temperature range. In contrast, the acrylic elastomer shows a slow electromechanical response with poor reproducibility. The dissipated work of the acrylic elastomer is significant: a strong frequency and temperature dependency of the dissipated work is observed for this material. The Dow Corning silicone (DC 3481) is a better material for many applications, where activation strains of less than 10% are sufficient. However, in applications where higher strains are required, it might be obligatory to use acrylic elastomers, because only these have the potential for use with activation strains beyond 10%. The electrical activation of a circular specimen is most useful in order to evaluate a material as a dielectric in electroactive polymer actuators. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and performance of proton conducting chitosan/NH4Cl electrolyte
Authors: Du J. F. , Bai Y. , Chu W. Y. , Qiao L. J.
Published: December 2009

The polymer electrolytes based on chitosan and ammonium chloride were prepared by solution casting technique and the properties were studied. The addition of ammonium chloride results in: (1) the enhancement of the amorphous nature of the polymer electrolytes; (2) the shift of the absorption bands of amino group at 1566 cm−1 and the carbonyl group at 1640 cm−1 towards lower wave number, and the appearance of a new absorption band at 1759 cm−1; (3) a decrease of the glass transition temperature. The 20 wt % ammonium chloride doped polymer electrolyte has the best room temperature electric property, the lowest activation energy and the highest ionic conductivity. Placing the as‐prepared polymer electrolyte in a dryer is adverse for the sample's moisture content, and results in higher activation energy and lower ionic conductivity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 260–266, 2010
NHLBI training workshop report: The vanishing pediatric pulmonary investigator and recommendations for recovery
Authors: Ferkol Thomas , Zeitlin Pamela , Abman Steven , Blaisdell Carol J. , O'Brodovich Hugh
Published: December 2009

The adequacy of the pipeline of advanced pulmonary fellows to supply appropriately trained and committed researchers to enter academic careers was the major topic of a recently held National Heart Lung and Blood Institute NHLBI Workshop: Respiratory Medicine‐Related Research Training for Adult and Pediatric Fellows. The special challenges and opportunities for the academic pediatric pulmonary trainee were discussed as part of this workshop and are discussed as a companion paper to the report by the full workshop. Surveys were conducted of pediatric chairs of academic departments and pediatric pulmonary training directors in the United States to examine the current status and opportunities for the pediatric pulmonary trainee. Strategies for recruitment and retention of talented young trainees and junior faculty are proposed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:25–33. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability of knee joint range of motion and circumference measurements after total knee arthroplasty: does tester experience matter?
Authors: Jakobsen Thomas Linding , Christensen Malene , Christensen Stine Sommer , Olsen Marie , Bandholm Thomas
Published: December 2009

Background and Purpose. Two of the most utilized outcome measures to assess knee joint range of motion (ROM) and intra‐articular effusion are goniometry and circumference, respectively. Neither goniometry nor circumference of the knee joint have been examined for both intra‐tester and inter‐tester in patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to determine the intra‐tester and inter‐tester reliability of active and passive knee joint ROM and circumference in patients with TKA when administered by physiotherapists (testers) with different clinical experience. Method. The design was an intra‐tester, inter‐tester and intra‐day reliability study. Nineteen outpatients (10 females) having received a TKA were examined by an inexperienced and an experienced physiotherapist. Following a standardized protocol, active and passive knee joint ROM and circumference measurements were obtained using a universal goniometer and a tape measure, respectively. To establish reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) and smallest real difference (SRD) were calculated. Results. The knee joint ROM and circumference measurements were generally reliable (ICC > 0.8) within and between physiotherapists (except passive knee extension). Changes in knee joint ROM of more than 6.6° and 10° (except active knee flexion) and knee joint circumference of more than 1.0 cm and 1.63 cm represent a real clinical improvement (SRD) or deterioration for a single individual within and between physiotherapists, respectively. Generally, the experienced tester recorded larger knee joint ROM and lower circumference values than that of the inexperienced tester. Conclusions. In clinical practice, we suggest that repeated knee goniometric and circumferential measurements should be recorded by the same physiotherapist in individual patients with TKA. Tester experience appears not to influence the degree of reliability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing earthworm casts (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in turfgrass using a natural byproduct of tea oil (Camellia sp.) manufacture
Authors: Potter Daniel A , Redmond Carl T , Meepagala Kumudini M , Williams David W
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: Earthworm casts are a worldwide problem on golf courses and sports fields when they disrupt the playability, aesthetics and maintenance of closely mowed playing surfaces. Currently, no pesticides are labeled for earthworms in the United States. Tea seed pellets (TSPs), a saponin‐rich byproduct of Camellia oleifera Abel oil manufacture, were tested for expelling earthworms and reducing casts on creeping bentgrass turf. The fate of expelled worms, methods for removing them and impacts on pest and beneficial arthropods were also evaluated.

RESULTS: Application of TSPs at 2.93 kg 100 m−2, followed by irrigation, quickly expelled earthworms from the soil. A single application reduced casts by 80–95% for at least 5 weeks. Mowing or sweeping removed expelled earthworms from putting green surfaces. Most expelled earthworms burrowed down when transferred to untreated turf, but few survived. Bioassay‐guided fractionation confirmed the vermicidal activity results from a mix of saponins. TSPs did not reduce the abundance of beneficial soil arthropods, nor did they control black cutworms or white grubs in treated turf.

CONCLUSION: TSPs are an effective botanical vermicide that could be useful for selectively managing earthworm casts on closely mowed turfgrass. They might also be used to suppress earthworms in grassy strips alongside runways to reduce bird strike hazard at airports. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Platycodin D inhibits adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 cells by modulating kruppel‐like factor 2 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ
Authors: Lee Haeyong , Kang Ryunhwa , Kim Yeong Shik , Chung Sang‐In , Yoon Yoosik
Published: December 2009

In this study, platycodin D was found to inhibit intracellular triglyceride accumulation in 3T3‐L1 cells with an IC50 of 7.1 μM. The expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism such as fatty‐acid‐binding protein 4 and lipoprotein lipase were significantly downregulated following treatment with platycodin D. Treatment with platycodin D also resulted in a reduction of Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor(PPAR)γ expression and its binding to target DNA sequence. Among the various upstream regulators of PPARγ, the expression of Kruppel‐like factor(KLF)2, an anti‐adipogenic factor, was significantly upregulated following platycodin D treatment. When the upregulation of KLF2 was inhibited by KLF2 siRNA, the expression and binding of PPARγ to its target sequence were significantly recovered under these conditions. The results of this study suggested that anti‐adipogenic effect of platycodin D involves the upregulation of KLF2 and subsequent downregulation of PPARγ. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why some firms never invest in formal R&D
Authors: Cuervo‐Cazurra Alvaro , Annique Un C.
Published: December 2009

In this paper we study the frequency of formal R&D investments. We link real options theory to the knowledge‐based view to explain how a firm's knowledge resources influence its frequency of investing in R&D to establish technological options. Specifically, we propose that a firm that lacks internal knowledge resources is more likely to never invest in R&D, a firm that has both internal and external knowledge resources is more likely to sometimes invest in R&D, while a firm that has internal knowledge resources but lacks external knowledge resources is more likely to always invest in R&D. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.