bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of Al2O3–ZrO2(Y2O3) Eutectic Oxides by Laser Melting: Processing and Wear Resistance
Authors: Ester Francisco J. , Merino Rosa I. , Pastor José Y.> , Martin Antonia , Llorca Javier
Published: November 2008

Surface coatings of pseudo‐binary Al2O3–Zr2O3(Y2O3) eutectic oxides were produced by laser melting of the surface of conventionally sintered materials using a high‐power diode laser. It was possible to obtain smooth, homogeneous, and crack‐free coatings up to 50 × 7 mm2 in area by carefully controlling the processing conditions (laser power, traveling speed of the specimen, and substrate temperature). The surface treatment was aimed at creating a dense, wear‐resistant coating based on the eutectic microstructure generated upon solidification. The microstructure of the coating was formed by elongated colonies, and was similar to that found in rods grown by the laser‐heated floating zone method at the same growth rates. The laser‐melted coating presented much higher hardness and wear resistance than the sintered materials, and the optimum mechanical properties were measured in samples treated at 500 mm/h with a laser line power of 65–80 W/cm. These samples presented a hardness and wear rate of 19.7±0.4 GPa and 3.8 × 10−6 mm3/N m, respectively, while those of the conventionally sintered materials were 14.3±0.2 GPa and 2.3 × 10−6 mm3/N m.
High‐Temperature Fracture Toughness of Chromium‐Doped Sapphire Fibers
Authors: Quispe‐Cancapa José‐Javier , López‐Cepero José‐Manuel , De Arellano‐López Antonio R. , Martínez‐Fernández Julián
Published: November 2008

Pure and chromium (Cr)‐doped sapphire microfibers (100–160 μm in diameter) have been tested under constant tensile stress rates. KIC has been evaluated by means of fractographic measurements to determine the size of the critical flaw and the size of the subcritical crack growth (SCG) region surrounding the originating flaw. For high‐temperature conditions a simple relationship between the size of the mirror and the size of the SCG zones is also presented. This information allows KIC to be determined by simply measuring the size of the mirror zone. The failure stress of sapphire fibers is highest at room temperature, 2.6 GPa for pure sapphire, diminishing to 0.5 GPa at 1400°C. A decrease in strength is also observed in Cr‐doped fibers, 1.7 GPa at room temperature to 0.4 GPa at 1400°C. A similar decrease in KIC is also observed for Cr‐doped fibers, 0.38 MPa·m0.5 at room temperature to 1.4 MPa·m0.5 at 1400°C. Advantages of the procedure suggested for KIC determination include no need for artificially introduced precracks, repeatability, applicability to high‐temperature conditions, and good agreement with literature results. Additionally, the short evaluation times and simple measurements and calculations involved are well suited for industrial quality control settings.
Synthesis and Phase Composition of Lanthanide Phosphate Nanoparticles LnPO4 (Ln=La, Gd, Tb, Dy, Y) and Solid Solutions for Fiber Coatings
Authors: Boakye Emmanuel E. , Mogilevsky Pavel , Hay Randall S. , Fair Geoff E.
Published: November 2008

Rare earth phosphates with rare earths of Gd, Tb, and Dy can form either monazite or xenotime. Hydrated lanthanide phosphate precursors to monazite and xenotime were made in aqueous solution. The particles were formed by adding dilute phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to either; (a) lanthanide citrate (Ln‐Cit) or (b) lanthanide nitrate (LnNO3) [Ln=La, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Y] solutions followed by altering the pH from ∼1 to ∼10 with ammonium hydroxide. Precursor particle size and morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, (SEM) and weight loss was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The phase presence at temperature was determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X‐ray diffraction. The influence of precursor preparation method on the presence of either monazite or xenotime after heat treatment is discussed.
Ni1−xCoxFe1.98O4 Ferrite Ceramics with Promising Magneto‐Dielectric Properties
Authors: Chan Kheng Chuan , Liew Xiao Tian , Kong Ling Bing , Li Zheng Wen , Lin Guo Qing
Published: November 2008

The dielectric and magnetic properties of Ni1−xCoxFe1.98O4 (with x=0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05) ferrite ceramics, doped with 5% Bi2O3 as a sintering aid, were investigated. X‐ray diffraction results indicated that there is no obvious reaction between Bi2O3 and the ferrites within the temperature range. All samples were fully densified after sintering at temperatures of ≥1000°C for 2 h. Densification behavior, microstructural development, and grain growth of the Ni1−xCoxFe1.98O4 ferrite ceramics are independent of the concentration of Co. The appropriate sintering temperature range for achieving a low dielectric loss tangent is 1000°–1050°C. The high dielectric loss tangent of the samples sintered at temperatures of <1000°C is due mainly to the conduction losses caused by their porous microstructures, while that of the samples sintered at temperatures of >1050°C is not readily explainable at the moment. The variation in the magnetic properties (static permeability) can be understood in terms of the magnetocrystalline anisotropic constant combined with the single‐ion model. Promising magneto‐dielectric properties have been obtained in Ni0.99Co0.01Fe1.98O4 and Ni0.98Co0.02Fe1.98O4, both sintered at 1050°C for 2 h, over 3–30 (high frequency) and 30–90 MHz, respectively. Such materials might find potential applications such as in antenna miniaturizations.
Mechanism of Texture Development in Bi0.5(Na,K)0.5TiO3 Templated by Platelike Al2O3 Particles
Authors: Shoji Takeshi , Yoshida Yusuke , Kimura Toshio
Published: November 2008

It was found that platelike Al2O3 particles acted as a template for 〈100〉 texture in Bi0.5(Na1−xKx)0.5TiO3 (BNKT) grains prepared by the templated grain growth process. The degree of orientation was dependent on the potassium concentration in BNKT. The origin of texture development was discussed by examining the effect of potassium concentration on texture development through microstructure observation. Texture developed in the BNKT grains adhering to the Al2O3 plate faces, and the origin of texture development was the formation of the phase boundaries with the

structure. The degree of orientation was determined by the grain size of BNKT grains, porosity, and the efficiency of texture evolution. These factors were dependent on the potassium concentration, and the efficiency of texture evolution was determined by the energy of the phase boundaries with the

structure.
Resistivity of Alumina–Graphite Composite Ceramics
Authors: Waku Kiminori , Hayashi Hidetaka , Kishimoto Akira
Published: November 2008

Alumina–graphite composite ceramics were fabricated by normal sintering in a reducing atmosphere, and their bulk resistivity measured. Because the composites consisted of connected clusters of conducting graphite particles within an insulating alumina matrix, the experimental results were discussed in terms of percolation theory. The electrical resistivity increases as the volume fraction of graphite (x) decreases, following a well‐accepted power law model. The observed critical exponent was larger than the expected universal value based on a three‐dimensional structure, due to a weighted distribution of conductivity throughout the sample. The renormalized pressure coefficient of resistance, d(ln R)/dP, decreased as x decreased and was explained by a strong enhancement of d(ln ρ)/dx as the percolation threshold was approached.
TRPC1 is regulated by caveolin‐1 and is involved in oxidized LDL‐induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Ingueneau Cécile , Huynh‐Do Uyen , Marcheix Bertrand , Athias Anne , Gambert Philippe , Nègre‐Salvayre Anne , Salvayre Robert , Vindis Cécile
Published: November 2008

Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induced‐apoptosis of vascular cells may participate in plaque instability and rupture. We have previously shown that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) stably expressing caveolin‐1 were more susceptible to oxLDL‐induced apoptosis than VSMC expressing lower level of caveolin‐1, and this was correlated with enhanced Ca2+ entry and pro‐apoptotic events. In this study, we aimed to identify the molecular events involved in oxLDL‐induced Ca2+ influx and their regulation by the structural protein caveolin‐1. In VSMC, transient receptor potential canonical‐1 (TRPC1) silencing by ARN interference prevents the Ca2+ influx and reduces the toxicity induced by oxLDL. Moreover, caveolin‐1 silencing induces concomitant decrease of TRPC1 expression and reduces oxLDL‐induced apoptosis of VSMC. OxLDL enhanced the cell surface expression of TRPC1, as shown by biotinylation of cell surface proteins, and induced TRPC1 translocation into caveolar compartment, as assessed by subcellular fractionation. OxLDL‐induced TRPC1 translocation was dependent on actin cytoskeleton and associated with a dramatic rise of 7‐ketocholesterol (a major oxysterol in oxLDL) into caveolar membranes, whereas the caveolar content of cholesterol was unchanged. Altogether, the reported results show that TRPC1 channels play a role in Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ homeostasis deregulation that mediate apoptosis induced by oxLDL. These data also shed new light on the role of caveolin‐1 and caveolar compartment as important regulators of TRPC1 trafficking to the plasma membrane and apoptotic processes that play a major role in atherosclerosis.
Clinical significance of TTF‐1 protein expression and TTF‐1 gene amplification in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Barletta Justine A. , Perner Sven , Iafrate A. John , Yeap Beow Y. , Weir Barbara A. , Johnson Laura A. , Johnson Bruce E. , Meyerson Matthew , Rubin Mark A. , Travis William D. , Loda Massimo , Chirieac Lucian R.
Published: November 2008

The majority of lung adenocarcinomas express the lineage‐specific thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1). We recently reported that in a subset of lung adenocarcinomas the TTF‐1 gene is amplified. Although the prognostic significance of TTF‐1 expression has been previously investigated, the significance of TTF‐1 amplification has not been established. We studied 89 consecutive patients with lung adenocarcinomas treated by surgery at Brigham and Women’s Hospital between 1997 and 1999 and performed immunohistochemical analysis for TTF‐1 expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization for TTF‐1 amplification. We investigated associations between clinical–pathological characteristics, TTF‐1 expression, TTF‐1 amplification and overall survival. TTF‐1 expression was categorized as high (48%), low (24%) or absent (28%). TTF‐1 was amplified in 7% of cases. Patients with adenocarcinomas with low or high TTF‐1 expression had a significantly better outcome than those with absent TTF‐1 expression (median overall survival times of 72.4, 77.8 and 30.5 months, respectively, P= 0.002). In contrast, patients with adenocarcinomas with TTF‐1 expression had a worse outcome if TTF‐1 was amplified (median overall survival time 39.5 versus 87.5 months). In multivariate analysis, improved overall survival was independently predicted by TTF‐1 expression in combination with no TTF‐1 amplification (P < 0.001). In patients with lung adenocarcinoma, TTF‐1 expression is a predictor of good outcome. Patients with no TTF‐1 expression or TTF‐1 expression and TTF‐1 gene amplification tend to have a significantly worse prognosis than patients with TTF‐1 expression and no TTF‐1 gene amplification.
Pharmacotherapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Biran Yif'at , Masters Colin L. , Barnham Kevin J. , Bush Ashley I. , Adlard Paul A.
Published: November 2008

Current pharmacotherapies for the treatment of AD

AD pharmacotherapies targeting τ

AD pharmacotherapies targeting Aβ

The metal hypothesis of AD

AD pharmacotherapies targeting metal ions

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by an increasing impairment in normal memory and cognitive processes that significantly diminishes a person's daily functioning. Despite decades of research and advances in our understanding of disease aetiology and pathogenesis, there are still no effective disease‐modifying drugs available for the treatment of AD. However, numerous compounds are currently undergoing pre‐clinical and clinical evaluations. These candidate pharma‐cotherapeutics are aimed at various aspects of the disease, such as the microtubule‐associated τ‐protein, the amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide and metal ion dyshomeostasis – all of which are involved in the development and progression of AD. We will review the way these pharmacological strategies target the biochemical and clinical features of the disease and the investigational drugs for each category.
Hypothalamic sensing of circulating lactate regulates glucose production
Authors: Kokorovic Andrea , Cheung Grace W.C. , Rossetti Luciano , Lam Tony K.T.
Published: November 2008

Emerging studies indicate that hypothalamic hormonal signalling pathways and nutrient metabolism regulate glucose homeostasis in rodents. Although hypothalamic lactate‐sensing mechanisms have been described to lower glucose production (GP), it is currently unknown whether the hypothalamus senses lactate in the blood circulation to regulate GP and maintain glucose homeostasis in vivo. To examine whether hypothalamic sensing of circulating lactate is required to regulate GP, we infused intravenous (i.v.) lactate in the absence or presence of inhibition of central/hypothalamic lactate‐sensing mechanisms in normal rodents. Inhibition of central/hypothalamic lactate‐sensing mechanisms was achieved by three independent approaches. Tracer‐dilution methodology in combination with the pancreatic clamp technique was used to assess the effect of i.v. and central/hypothalamic administrations on glucose metabolism in vivo. In the presence of physiologically relevant increases in the levels of plasma lactate, inhibition of central lactate‐sensing mechanisms by lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor oxamate (OXA) or ATP‐sensitive potassium channels blocker glibenclamide increased GP. Furthermore, direct administration of OXA into the mediobasal hypothalamus increased GP in the presence of similar elevation of circulating lactate. Together, these data indicate that hypothalamic sensing of circulating lactate regulates GP and is required to maintain glucose homeostasis.
Burbot resource selection in small streams near the southern extent of the species range
Authors: Dixon C. J. , Vokoun J. C.
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Burbot Lota lota are of global conservation concern particularly near the southern extent of the species range. Populations in small streams lack quantitative descriptions of resource selection. Microhabitat and reach‐scale habitat were surveyed at occupied and unoccupied locations. Data were analyzed with logistic regression to develop resource selection function models which predicted the probability of occurrence and abundance categories for microhabitat and reach‐scale habitat, respectively. Information‐theoretic model selection methods were used in an exploratory context, and four competing models were multi‐model averaged to create a microhabitat resource selection function. The sum of Akaike’s Information Criterion weights across the four competing models indicated that substrate type, substrate embeddedness, and depth were equally the most important microhabitat explanatory variables. At the reach scale, high correlation among explanatory variables precluded multivariate model development. Stream‐reach gradient was the most supported univariate model. Three additional models competed as important; mean summer temperature, sinuosity, and dominant substrate type. The created resource selection functions can be used in ranking potential translocation sites, used in instream flow assessments, and provide habitat selection information that can provide context for habitat management decisions.
Concerning the Range of Iconic Poetry
Authors: Grimm Reinhold
Published: November 2008

In recent years, German iconic poetry has proved to be both extremely prolific and also innovative (cf. my Pictorial Conversations: On Margot Scharpenberg’s Iconic Poetry [Cincinnati, 2006]; “A novel brand of iconic poetry? On the cycle ‘Maskenzug’ by Walter Helmut Fritz,”Literary Imagination 7 [2005]: 349–368; “Poeta Pictor: On the iconic verse of Günter Kunert,”Literary Imagination 9 [2007]: 275–289). The present investigation concentrates on the respective output of Günter Kunert (b. 1929) and Holger Teschke (b. 1958), thus comprising the two generations in question. Its main result is the insight that iconic poetry – apart from being devoted to an isolated picture or sculpture – can in fact extend from the mere title of a single work of art to a given artist’s entire oeuvre, and even beyond. The paintings and one mural selected by the two poets, plus the poems discussed here, include works by Michelangelo, Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840), Théodore Géricault (1791–1824), Edvard Munch (1863–1944), and Edward Hopper (1882–1967). The article concludes with a suggestive side‐glance at a text by Hans Magnus Enzensberger, who, like Kunert, was born in 1929.
On the Contemporary Relevance of Elias Canetti’s Theory of Power
Authors: Mack Michael
Published: November 2008

This article discusses Canetti’s theory of power in the context of what Derrida has recently described as political autoimmunity. Its first part differentiates Canetti’s approach from the postmodernism of Bernhard. A detailed textual analysis ofDie Blendungis the subject of the middle part of this article. The concluding part of the paper shows the impact of both Canetti’s satirical style and his theory of death and power on the postmodernism of Jelinek. Jelinek develops and deepens Canetti’s critique of an evolutionary and progressive account of history by citing this discourse. By means of montage and bricolage she subjects an opposition between the rational and irrational, between the primitive and the civilized, to satirical treatment. Jelinek refers to Canetti’sMasse und Machtin order to demystify the ideologies that govern contemporary global societies. Her depiction of the ruler as the radical individual who practices self‐preservation turned wild and reduces everything that does not resemble him to nothingness clearly goes back to Canetti’s fictional and nonfictional work. Her work thus proves the contemporary relevance of Canetti’s analysis of power as death.
An ultrastructural study on indirect injury of dental pulp caused by high‐speed missile projectile to mandible in dogs
Authors: Ren Changqun , Liu Ruifeng , Tian Lei , Chen Peng , Zhou Shuxia
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of indirect injury of dental pulp caused by high‐speed missile projectile to mandible in dogs. Eighteen dogs aged 12–13 months were divided equally into six groups (n = 3 in each group) with random allocation, then a high‐speed missile projectile (a ball bearing of stainless steel, ϕ6.0 mm, 0.88 g) was shot at right mandible body (the wound tract was below the fourth premolar, 1 cm or so to the root tips) of each dog, but the teeth were not wounded directly. The dogs were killed 6 h (n = 3), 24 h (n = 3), 3 days (n = 3), 7 days (n = 3), 2 weeks (n = 3) and 4 weeks (n = 3) after the wound, respectively; then ultrastructural change of dental pulp of the fourth premolar and the second premolar of right mandible, and the second premolar of left mandible was observed through transmission electron microscope. The results showed that mean initial velocity of projectiles was 778.0 ± 33.2 m s−1 and mean projection energy was 266.1 ± 19.1 J, which were in conformity with parameters of gunshot wound. On the wound side, dental pulp of the fourth mandibular premolar was injured seriously and irreversible necrosis happened in the end; yet, dental pulp of the second mandibular premolar was injured less seriously, reversibly; on the opposite side, dental pulp of the second mandibular premolar was injured slightly and temporarily. It may be concluded that there are several characteristics in indirect injury of dental pulp caused by high‐speed missile projectile to dogs’ mandible: the injured area is relatively extensive; traumatic degree decreases progressively and sharply with the distance to the wound tract increasing; ultrastructural change of nerval damage takes place in early stage after wound, etc.
Intraradicular splinting of a horizontally fractured central incisor: a case report
Authors: Sübay Rüstem Kemal , Sübay Melike Ordulu , Yılmaz Bülent , Kayataş Müzeyyen
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  This case report presents the endodontic management of a horizontally fractured right incisor involving healing with granulation tissue using an intraradicular splinting technique. We also discuss the spontaneous healing of the fractured left central incisor with calcified tissue. A composite resin splint was made for all of the upper anterior teeth. The root canal of the right incisor was temporarily filled with calcium hydroxide slurry. The intraradicular splinting involved placing a file in the canal. Sealer was introduced into the canal and then a no. 110 K file was fixed in the canal with polycarboxylate cement. The tooth was asymptomatic and the composite splint was removed after 1 month. The right incisor appeared normal clinically and radiographically at the 30‐month recall. This case demonstrates that intraradicular splinting can be used to manage horizontally fractured teeth with necrotic and mobile coronal segment.
Facial and dental injuries due to dog bite in a 15‐month‐old child with sequelae in permanent teeth: a case report
Authors: Cunha Robson Frederico , Delbem Alberto Carlos Botazzo , Correia Adriana Sales Cunha , Novais Renata Zoccal
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  This article reports a longitudinal follow‐up of a 15‐month‐old child with dental trauma resulting from an attack by a dog. The injury consisted of laceration of the facial tissues and loss of the upper central deciduous incisors, in addition to loss of bone tissue in the same area. A malformation of the crown of the right central permanent incisor and complete change of the shape of the left central permanent incisor were observed. The etiological factors of childhood injuries as well as the importance of dental emergency care are discussed and the 14‐year clinical and radiographic follow up of the case is presented.
Tooth injury by chewing a soft drink can’s ring: a case report
Authors: Zadik Yehuda
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  This article describes a 28‐year‐old male patient’s habit of chewing the aluminum ring of soft drink cans, with harmful consequences: broken cusp, dental attrition and craze lines. Although the reported dental damage is similar to that seen in oral piercing and wearing metal ornaments, the reported habit was unknown to the dental team in the 10 years preceding the event of cusp breakage. Dental practitioners should ask patients about their lifestyles and habits before occurence of such a complication, which has potential to affect oral integrity.
Orthodontic space closure of lost traumatized anterior teeth – case report
Authors: Closs Luciane Quadrado , Reston Eduardo Galia , Vargas Ivana Ardenghi , De Figueiredo Jose Antonio Poli
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  This case report refers to an 11‐year‐old boy with avulsion of the upper left central and lateral incisors. The teeth were replanted after 4 h, splinted with a semi‐rigid splint for 12 days, and then endodontically treated. Severe progressive root resorption was seen after 2 years and the teeth were extracted. The boy had a normal occlusion with spacing in both jaws and slight protrusion of the anterior teeth. The treatment objectives were to close some of the spaces by mesial movement of the buccal segments in the upper jaw to minimize bone loss for a future single osseointegrated implant. Fixed appliance in combination with a removable plate was used for the mesial movements, levelling, and alignment of the upper jaw. Fixed appliance in the lower jaw and Class II traction were used for the final adjustment of the occlusion. A good occlusion with coincident upper and lower midlines and up‐righted anterior teeth were achieved. A Maryland bridge was performed as a temporary solution for a future osseointegrated implant.
Retrospective clinical study of 90 avulsed permanent teeth in 58 children
Authors: Tzigkounakis Vasileios , Merglová Vlasta , Hecová Hana , Netolický Jan
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to find out the causes that lead to dental avulsion in children, to analyze the effectiveness of our treatment and the response of the adults when such incidents occur and finally to determine the occurrence of posttraumatic complications some time after the injury, especially the resorption of the affected teeth root. We analyzed the documentations of a sample of patients containing 57 children who had a total of 90 avulsed teeth and were treated in Dentistry Department of Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Czech Republic, in the years between 1995 and 2005. We discovered that most frequently the children experience dental avulsion in the age between 8 and 11 years old, the most affected teeth are the upper central incisors and the most frequent causes are sports and games which are very common in these ages, in various environments, like schools, sport fields and home. The majority of the children were transferred to the Dentistry Department either quite long after the avulsion incident and without the avulsed teeth, or with the avulsed teeth which were carried in an inappropriate transport medium, indicating that there is insufficient knowledge of adult people, especially the ones who are in daily contact with children, on how to provide first aid in cases of dental avulsion.
Treatment of horizontal root‐fractured maxillary incisors – a case report
Authors: Polat‐Özsoy Ömür , Gülsahi Kamran , Veziroğlu Firdevs
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Traumatic dental injuries often occur to the teeth and their supporting tissues and they are the main reasons for emergency visit to a dental clinic. Management of a fracture depends on its position and the extent of root involvement. Horizontal root fractures are not seen frequently and the treatment consists of reduction and long‐term rigid fixation of the coronal segment. The present case demonstrates the successful management of two horizontally fractured maxillary central incisors with a follow‐up period of 9 months.
Traumatic dental injuries in twins: Is there a genetic risk for dental injuries?
Authors: Wasmer Christin , Pohl Yango , Filippi Andreas
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Traumatic dental injuries are a major cause of morbidity among children. Investigation of risk factors of dental trauma is important to take preventive measures in patients at high risk for tooth accidents. The aim of this work was to conduct a pilot study in twins, assessing concordance of suffered traumatic dental and facial injuries. Comparison of concordances between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs was performed in order to investigate possible genetically determined accident‐proneness. Standardized interviews were conducted focusing on the frequency of orofacial accidents and their circumstances. In addition, the front teeth of all participating twins were clinically examined. A total of 104 twins (52 twin pairs) were surveyed: 31 of the 52 twin pairs were DZ and 21 pairs were MZ. 36 (34.6%) of the 104 interviewees had already suffered from a tooth injury, whereas 53 (51%) of the participants had experienced a facial injury. Investigation of concordances of suffered traumatic dental injuries revealed that 66.7% of the MZ twin pairs and 58.1% of the DZ pairs were concordant. With respect to facial traumata, 52.4% of the MZ pairs compared to 58.1% of the DZ pairs were concordant. Differences between zygosity were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05). With the present pilot study, no statistical evidence of genetic risk for dental and facial injuries could be displayed. On the contrary, environmental factors seem to dominate in determining an individual’s risk for orofacial traumata.
Analysis of the healing process in delayed tooth replantation after root canal filling with calcium hydroxide, Sealapex and Endofill: a microscopic study in rats
Authors: Negri Márcia Regina , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Poi Wilson Roberto , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Gulinelli Jéssica Lemos , Saito Célia Tomiko Matida Hamata
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  The major concern in the therapeutics of tooth replantation refers to the occurrence of root resorption and different approaches have been proposed to prevent or treat these complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate tissue response to delayed replantation of anterior rat teeth treated endodontically using calcium hydroxide, Sealapex, and Endofill without the placement of gutta‐percha cones. Thirty rats had their right upper incisor extracted and maintained in dry storage for 60 min. After removal of the dental papilla, enamel organ, pulp tissue, and periodontal ligament remnants, the teeth were immersed in 2% sodium fluoride phosphate acidulated, pH 5.5, for 10 min. The root canals were dried with absorbent paper points and the teeth were assigned to three groups (n = 10) according to the filling material. Group I – calcium hydroxide and propyleneglycol paste, Group II – Sealapex, and Group III – Endofill. The sockets were irrigated with saline and the teeth were replanted. Replacement resorption, inflammatory resorption and ankylosis were observed in all groups. Although the occurrence of inflammatory resorption was less frequent in Group I, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups. It may be concluded that compared to the paste, filling the root canals with Sealapex and Endofill sealers without the placement of gutta‐percha cones did not provide better results.
Calcific healing of a crown root fracture of a maxillary central incisor evaluated with spiral computed tomography and hounsfield units: a case report
Authors: Nandini Suresh , Velmurugan Natanasabapathy , Kandaswamy Deivanayagam
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Trauma to anterior teeth results in crown root fracture in 5% of cases. Calcific healing of a complicated oblique crown root fracture is rarely reported in literature. This article highlights the calcific healing of a traumatized maxillary central incisor with crown root fracture. This unique observation of healing following trauma was confirmed with the use of spiral computed tomography and Hounsfield units.
Combined technique with glass‐fibre‐reinforced composite post and original fragment in restoration of traumatized anterior teeth – a case report
Authors: Altun Ceyhan , Guven Gunseli
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Dentoalveolar trauma is frequently encountered by dental practitioners. In some instances, saving a child’s traumatized permanent teeth can create difficulties for the child, the parents and the dentist. Reattachment of a crown fragment is a conservative treatment that should be considered for crown fractures of anterior teeth. This case describes the clinical reattachment of an original tooth fragment. A 10‐year‐old male presented at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry with a complex crown fracture of the left maxillary central incisor 1 day after the trauma occurred. Following endodontic treatment, a glass‐fibre‐reinforced composite root canal post (FRC Postec®; Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) was inserted to increase retention and distribute stress along the root. The dental restoration was completed using the original fragment and a dual‐cured resin composite (Variolink® II; Ivoclar Vivadent AG). Clinical and radiographic examinations at 1‐year recall showed the glass‐fibre‐reinforced composite root canal post and restoration to be in place, indicating the success of the treatment in maintaining the fractured tooth. Thus, we conclude that reattachment of a tooth fragment using a dual‐cured resin composite and a glass‐fibre‐reinforced composite root canal post is an alternative method for the rehabilitation of fractured teeth that offers satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes.
The restoration of a maxillary central incisor fracture with the original crown fragment using a glass fiber‐reinforced post: a clinical report
Authors: Durkan Rukiye Kaplan , Özel M. Birol , Celik Davut , Bağış Bora
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  This report describes an esthetic, conservative, and economical alternative restoration technique for a fractured central incisor using the patient’s own tooth crown piece and a bondable reinforcement glass fiber. Although the long‐term durability of this adhesive post core restoration remains unknown, it remains successful after 1 year.
Effectiveness of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program on Parenting: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: De Graaf Ireen , Speetjens Paula , Smit Filip , De Wolff Marianne , Tavecchio Louis
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Triple P is a parenting program intended to prevent and to provide treatment for severe behavioral, emotional, and developmental problems in children. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to assess the effectiveness of Triple P Level 4 interventions on parenting styles and parental competency. Level 4 is an intensive training program of 8 – 10 sessions for parents of children with more severe behavioral difficulties. The results indicated that the Triple P Level 4 interventions reduced dysfunctional parenting styles in parents and also improved parental competency. These effects were maintained well through time and appear to support the widespread adoption and implementation of Triple P Level 4 interventions that is taking place in an increasing number of countries around the world.
The Contributions of Parenting to Social Competencies and Positive Values in Middle School Youth: Positive Family Communication, Maintaining Standards, and Supportive Family Relationships
Authors: Hillaker Barbara D. , Brophy‐Herb Holly E. , Villarruel Francisco A. , Haas Bruce E.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Three aspects of parenting, positive family communication, facilitation of supportive family relationships, and maintenance of standards in the family, were examined as predictors of positive values and social competencies in sixth‐ (n = 1,453), seventh‐ (n = 3,732), and eighth‐ (n = 4,474) grade youth. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that parenting processes were significant indicators of youth outcomes, both independently and in interaction with each other. Whereas perceptions of parenting processes declined across grade level, the effects of parenting on youth outcomes did not. Parental contributions to basic youth competencies continue to be an important contribution to positive youth development work throughout early adolescence.
Pathways Toward Resilience Among Women in Rural Trailer Parks*
Authors: Notter Megan L. , MacTavish Katherine A. , Shamah Devora
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Much resilience research has focused on childhood, despite a growing understanding that resilience is a lifelong process. Adulthood is characterized by turning points that might support a movement toward resilience; yet, such opportunities are not evenly distributed across social class and geographic location. Employing a life course perspective, we examined the pathways of 8 mothers within the context of 3 rural trailer parks to understand how they managed a trajectory toward resilience. Multiple turning points throughout the life course focused on building support, and distancing from nonsupportive influences emerged as particularly salient. The persistence of economic hardships and limited social support, however, continued to present significant and daily challenges to navigating resilient pathways. Policy and program implications are discussed.
From Illegal to Legal: Estimating Previous Illegal Experience among New Legal Immigrants to the United States
Authors: Jasso Guillermina , Massey Douglas S. , Rosenzweig Mark R. , Smith James P.
Published: November 2008

This paper develops a framework for estimating previous illegal experience among annual cohorts of new legal immigrants to the United States – using public-use administrative microdata alone, survey data alone, and the two jointly – and provides estimates for the FY 1996 cohort of new immigrants, based on both administrative and survey data. Our procedures enable assessment of type of illegal experience, including entry without inspection, visa overstay, and unauthorized employment. We compare our estimates of previous illegal experience to estimates that would be obtained using administrative data alone; examine the extent of previous illegal experience by country of birth, immigrant class of admission, religion, and geographic residence in the United States; and estimate multivariate models of the probability of having previous illegal experience. To further assess origins and destinations, we carry out two kinds of contrasts, comparing formerly illegal new legal immigrants both to fellow immigrants who do not have previous illegal experience and also to the broader unauthorized population, the latter using estimates developed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2002), Passel (2002), and Costanzo et al. (2002).
Improving performance targets for flood defence assets
Authors: Flikweert J. , Simm J.
Published: November 2008

The Environment Agency manage over 10 000 km of raised flood defence assets (embankments, walls and structures) in England and Wales. These assets are managed to minimum targets that are expressed as a condition grade: a number between 1 (Very Good) and 5 (Very Poor) that is determined by visual inspection according to the Condition Assessment Manual. This paper discusses the good performance of the defences during the flood events of summer 2007: 1000 km of defences were tested, about 500 km was overtopped, but only four breaches occurred. The events have also shown that breaches can have various causes and that condition grade is only one indicator of performance. The paper then presents an analysis of the fragility of defences leading to the conclusion that in most cases, lower minimum condition grades are acceptable. This should enable more effective use of limited available funds, for example for data collection, analysis or improvement works.
Best Practices for Serving Traumatized Children and Families
Authors: Igelman Robyn S. , Ryan Barbara E. , Gilbert Alicia M. , Bashant Judge Cynthia , North Katherine
Published: November 2008

This paper highlights the traumatic impact of child abuse and neglect upon children and adolescents who are commonly seen in court systems. In addition to describing prevalence rates of trauma exposure and psychological reactions among traumatized children, it addresses the need for judges and court personnel to work with children and families in a manner that is sensitive to their traumatic experiences and emphasizes the need for these children to receive the very best evidence‐based care available in order to help them more effectively cope and recover from trauma exposure. Cultural issues and model adaptations are covered in relation to the use of evidence‐based practices with children from various cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Specific recommendations are given to help judges and court personnel become better informed about the use of evidence‐based practices for treating child trauma, enabling them to respond more sensitively and appropriately in these cases.
Obtaining Information from Children in the Justice System
Authors: Olafson Erna , Kenniston Julie
Published: November 2008

Even young children can provide accurate accounts of experienced events if adults question them skillfully. However, most justice system personnel receive little training in evidence‐based methods to question children non‐suggestively and with developmental sensitivity. This paper summarizes key research findings about child forensic interviewing. It concludes with recommendations for judges and other justice system personnel who must engage in age‐appropriate consultation with children and outlines steps judges can take to establish evidence‐based interviewing practices by court personnel in their jurisdictions.
How to Maintain Emotional Health When Working with Trauma
Authors: Osofsky Joy D. , Putnam Frank W. , Lederman Judge Cindy S.
Published: November 2008

Vicarious traumatization, compassion fatigue, or secondary traumatization refers to the cumulative effect of working with survivors of traumatic life events as part of everyday work. Although this issue has been acknowledged and addressed among professionals such as police officers and medical professionals, it has been discussed less among juvenile and family court judges who also experience secondary traumatic stress. In fact, in one recent study, a majority of judges reported one or more symptoms of secondary traumatization. This article describes the common signs and symptoms of secondary trauma, job‐related factors that contribute to secondary trauma among judges, and the potential negative impact on organizational performance. The authors conclude with specific recommendations tailored for juvenile and family court judges.
mVps34 is activated following high‐resistance contractions
Authors: MacKenzie Matthew G. , Hamilton D. Lee , Murray James T. , Taylor Peter M. , Baar Keith
Published: November 2008

Following resistance exercise in the fasted state, both protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle are increased. The addition of essential amino acids potentiates the synthetic response suggesting that an amino acid sensor, which is involved in both synthesis and degradation, may be activated by resistance exercise. One such candidate protein is the class 3 phosphatidylinositol 3OH‐kinase (PI3K) Vps34. To determine whether mammalian Vps34 (mVps34) is modulated by high‐resistance contractions, mVps34 and S6K1 (an index of mTORC1) activity were measured in the distal hindlimb muscles of rats 0.5, 3, 6 and 18 h after acute unilateral high‐resistance contractions with the contralateral muscles serving as a control. In the lengthening tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, S6K1 (0.5 h = 366.3 ± 112.08%, 3 h = 124.7 ± 15.96% and 6 h = 129.2 ± 0%) and mVps34 (3 h = 68.8 ± 15.1% and 6 h = 36.0 ± 8.79%) activity both increased, whereas in the shortening soleus and plantaris (PLN) muscles the increase was significantly lower (PLN S6K1 0.5 h = 33.1 ± 2.29% and 3 h = 47.0 ± 6.65%; mVps34 3 h = 24.5 ± 7.92%). HPLC analysis of the TA demonstrated a 25% increase in intramuscular leucine concentration in rats 1.5 h after exercise. A similar level of leucine added to C2C12 cells in vitro increased mVps34 activity 3.2‐fold. These data suggest that, following high‐resistance contractions, mVps34 activity is stimulated by an influx of essential amino acids such as leucine and this may prolong mTORC1 signalling and contribute to muscle hypertrophy.
Agonist‐ and antagonist‐induced conformational changes of loop F and their contributions to the ρ1 GABA receptor function
Authors: Zhang Jianliang , Xue Fenqin , Chang Yongchang
Published: November 2008

Binding of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) to its receptor initiates a conformational change to open the channel, but the mechanism of the channel activation is not well understood. To this end, we scanned loop F (K210–F227) in the N‐terminal domain of the ρ1 GABA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes using a site‐specific fluorescence technique. We detected GABA‐induced fluorescence changes at six positions (K210, K211, L216, K217, T218 and I222). At these positions the fluorescence changes were dose dependent and highly correlated to the current dose–response, but with lower Hill coefficients. The competitive antagonist 3‐aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid (3‐APMPA) induced fluorescence changes in the same direction at the four middle or lower positions. The non‐competitive antagonist picrotoxin blocked nearly 50% of GABA‐induced fluorescence changes at T218 and I222, but only <20% at K210 and K217 and 0% at K211 and L216 positions. Interestingly, the picrotoxin‐blocked fraction of the GABA‐induced fluorescence changes was highly correlated to the Hill coefficient of the GABA‐induced dose‐dependent fluorescence change. The PTX‐insensitive mutant L216C exhibited the lowest Hill coefficient, similar to that in binding. Thus, the PTX‐sensitive fraction reflects the conformational change related to channel gating, whereas the PTX‐insensitive fraction represents a binding effect. The binding effect is further supported by the picrotoxin resistance of a competitive antagonist‐induced fluorescence change. A cysteine accessibility test further confirmed that L216C and K217C partially line the binding pocket, and I222C became more exposed by GABA. Our results are consistent with a mechanism that an outward movement of the lower part of loop F is coupled to the channel activation.
Cerebral non‐oxidative carbohydrate consumption in humans driven by adrenaline
Authors: Seifert Thomas S. , Brassard Patrice , Jørgensen Thomas B. , Hamada Ahmad J. , Rasmussen Peter , Quistorff Bjørn , Secher Niels H. , Nielsen Henning B.
Published: November 2008

During brain activation, the decrease in the ratio between cerebral oxygen and carbohydrate uptake (6 O2/(glucose +1/2 lactate); the oxygen–carbohydrate index, OCI) is attenuated by the non‐selective β‐adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol, whereas OCI remains unaffected by the β1‐adrenergic receptor antagonist metroprolol. These observations suggest involvement of a β2‐adrenergic mechanism in non‐oxidative metabolism for the brain. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of adrenaline (0.08 μg kg−1 min−1i.v. for 15 min) and noradrenaline (0.5, 0.1 and 0.15 μg kg−1 min−1i.v. for 20 min) on the arterial to internal jugular venous concentration differences (a‐v diff) of O2, glucose and lactate in healthy humans. Adrenaline (n= 10) increased the arterial concentrations of O2, glucose and lactate (P < 0.05) and also increased the a‐v diff for glucose from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 0.8 ± 0.2 mm (mean ±s.d.; P < 0.05). The a‐v diff for lactate shifted from a net cerebral release to an uptake and OCI was lowered from 5.1 ± 1.5 to 3.6 ± 0.4 (P < 0.05) indicating an 8‐fold increase in the rate of non‐oxidative carbohydrate uptake during adrenaline infusion (P < 0.01). Conversely, noradrenaline (n= 8) did not affect the OCI despite an increase in the a‐v diff for glucose (P < 0.05). These results support that non‐oxidative carbohydrate consumption for the brain is driven by a β2‐adrenergic mechanism, giving neurons an abundant provision of energy when plasma adrenaline increases.
Diverse transport modes by the solute carrier 26 family of anion transporters
Authors: Ohana Ehud , Yang Dongki , Shcheynikov Nikolay , Muallem Shmuel
Published: November 2008

The solute carrier 26 (SLC26) transporters are anion transporters with diverse substrate specificity. Several members are ubiquitous while others show limited tissue distribution. They are expressed in many epithelia and to the extent known, play a central role in anion secretion and absorption. Members of the family are primarily Cl− transporters, although some members transport mainly SO42−, Cl−, HCO3− or  I−. A defining feature of the family is their functional diversity. Slc26a1 and Slc26a2 function as specific SO42− transporters while Slc26a4 functions as an electroneutral Cl−/I−/HCO3− exchanger. Slc26a3 and Slc26a6 function as coupled electrogenic Cl−/HCO3− exchangers or as bona fide anion channels. SLC26A7 and SLC26A9 function exclusively as Cl− channels. This short review discusses the functional diversity of the SLC26 transporters.