bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon emissions, economic growth and trade: Empirical evidence from trading nations
Authors: Siddiqui Areej Aftab , Kushwah Silky Vigg
Published: November 2021

The article aims to develop an integrated relationship between carbon emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and trade for the top ten trading countries in the world for a period of nineteen years, 2000–2018. The results of panel data indicate a significant relationship between carbon emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and trade both in the short and long run. It is seen that a bidirectional causality between carbon emissions, trade and growth is present. Empirical results of the analysis in this article indicate that an increase in carbon emissions leads to an increase in the economic growth rate. The article also finds a positive relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption. The findings also show that the emerging and newly industrialized countries place more emphasis on enhancing their trade positions, while developed countries tend to focus more on the overall economic growth than on trade. A major limitation of the study is that the data for energy consumption and carbon emissions is for the economy as a whole and not only for manufacturing. An incentive structure for reducing carbon emissions for the selected countries can be adopted along with the focus on adopting clean energy. The article’s findings add to the existing literature as comparatively few studies have been conducted with trade as an indicator and at the cross-country level for determining the empirical relationship between energy consumption, carbon emissions, growth and trade.
Design development and study of an elastic sectional screw operating tool
Authors: Hevko Roman , Zalutskyi Sergii , Tkachenko Ihor , Lyashuk Oleg , Trokhaniak Oleksandra
Published: November 2021

The results of an elastic sectional screw operating tool development and its production technique are presented in the article under consideration. The operating tool has been made to fix the elastic sections, providing the transportation of bulk materials of agricultural production, in order to ensure their minimal damage and the process minimal power capacity. The article presents constructed regression dependencies and response surfaces for the effects of the design, kinematic and technological parameters of a sectional screw operating tool on power consumption and the damage rate of grain material in the process of its transportation. As the result of the conducted experimental research, authors came to a conclusion that the arrangement of an elastic auger without a gap between its peripheral part and the inner surface of the guiding tube significantly reduces vibrations in the process of conveying bulk material.
Brazilian Monetary Policy’s Influence on Investment Funds’ Allocation in Corporate Bonds
Authors: Guimarães Thayse Machado
Published: November 2021

The aim of this paper is to understand how monetary policy influence investment funds’ allocation in corporate bonds. This assumption is in line with the perspective that several factors influence funds’ allocation process, especially changes in a country's economic scenario. The sample of this study is comprised of 352 equity funds and 1,085 multimarket funds, during the period from December 2009 to July 2020. I used multivariate regression with panel data for hypotheses testing. I noted a small percentage of funds’ investment in corporate bonds, in other words, only about 1.3% of total net of asset. In addition, multimarket funds used to invest more in debentures than equity funds. Concerning the regression model, the interest rate (Selic) had a positive association with funds’ amount allocated in corporate bonds. It is a result of Brazilian context, whose corporate bonds are indexed according to DI rate. As expected, I observed a positive relationship between inflation rate and funds’ investment in debentures, which reveals that the fear of deflation causes investors to increase the percentages invested in corporate debt securities. As respects funds’ features, time and minimum balance, do not guarantee more investment in corporate bonds. Thus, this paper contributes to the literature for bringing monetary policy closer to capital market and discussing an emerging country’s funds industry. In this way, it is relevant because it involves an important source of credit for companies, based on data from institutional investors.
wandering mind and performance routine in golf
Authors: Christianson Paul , Hill Brent , Strand Brad , Deutsch Joe
Published: November 2021

The past decade of research has brought about new understandings in the study of pre-shot routines, with multiple researchers advancing the field of knowledge surrounding the usage of pre-shot routines as a performance enhancement mechanism. Across golfers of novice to expert skill-levels, the results of peer-reviewed studies have clearly presented the potential benefits of incorporating pre-shot routines for all golfers in improving their play. However, with the current state of research serving as an indicator as to how far we have come in our learning of pre-shot routines in golf, researchers and practitioners in the field understand that there is still a long way to go in expanding our knowledge base on pre-shot routines and their role in the golf performance spectrum. The paper reviews the concept of the wandering mind, attentional control theory, performance routines in general, and more specifically, pre-shot routines in golf.
Over and Over and Over: A Continued Call for Autistic Voices
Authors: Collis Ryan
Published: November 2021

As an Autistic student in a master’s degree, I focused on the way expertise is understood. I was specifically interested in how policy decisions in education were made without Autistic involvement. I looked at the literature that was used to make these decisions and interviewed Autistic people as to their thoughts on who should be considered experts when it comes to autism. I found that policy was driven by experts who had little to no direct experience with autism or Autistics and who had no personal connections to the approaches they recommended. I argue that Autistic people must be involved in research design, execution, implementation, dissemination, and policy decisions.
Moving From Autism Awareness to Acceptance - Language of Inclusion
Authors: Dever Matthew
Published: November 2021

For the last 50 years, April has been celebrated as Autism Awareness Month, and media campaigns and fundraisers have occurred alongside, trying to raise “awareness” of the difficulties and challenges associated with having a family member diagnosed with autism. The stigma that “awareness” continues to foster creates real barriers for Autistics to be seen as more than a stereotype. Many Autistics believe strongly that we need to move past a time of awareness and move to a time of autism “acceptance”. Accepting who we are, and our different ways of thinking, acting, and presenting ourselves to the world. This video and associated transcript will look at how we can move from autism awareness to autism acceptance through a change in the language we use. Moving from words and thoughts that cause exclusion and segregation to words that promote inclusion and accommodation. Changing our language changes the way we think, changing the way we think, changes the way we act, and our actions can bring about change that will allow Autistics to thrive. If we change how we talk about autism in policy, in programs, in research and in media, we will change how autism is conceived of and start to see the barriers around Autistics come down.
Intersectionality, The Social Model of Disability, and Identity
Authors: Kim Amy
Published: November 2021

The introductory graphic represents the identity conflict that the author experiences daily. The terms represent labels assigned to the author in the past, the barriers that Autistic people must constantly overcome, and some of the social rules the author has very consciously and intentionally adopted to "fit in" with society. The accompanying experience piece outlines some of the difficulties the author has experienced that suggest that there needs to be more awareness in Canadian society regarding autism and intersectionality. Anecdotally, there appears to be a need for increased access to diagnostic and clinical services across Canada for women across the spectrum, and further investigation into how disability, race, and gender interact.
SARS-CoV-2 effect on male infertility and its possible pathophysiological mechanisms
Authors:   Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL, USA, Agolli Arjola , Yukselen Zeynep ,   Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL, USA, Agolli Olsi ,   Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL, USA, Patel Mehrie Harshad ,   Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL, USA, Bhatt Kinal Paresh ,   Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL, USA, Concepcion Luis ,   Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA, Halpern John ,   Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA, Alvi Sabaa ,   Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA, Abreu Rafael ,   Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
Published: November 2021

First case of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. As of now, May 2021, a total of 164,189,004 people were infected, and 3,401,990 deaths have occurred caused by SARS-CoV-2. As SARS-CoV-2 virus cell entry mainly depends on the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins, the presence of high expression levels of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in testes highlights the possible vulnerability of men to the virus. Other RNA viruses frequently induce orchitis and result in male infertility. This review evaluates the decline in male fertility and a total of 48 original articles were included for the analysis. We investigated the effects of COVID-19 on male reproductive health and male fertility. There is a strong association between the high number of ACE2 receptors in the testes and the COVID-19 viral loads. SARS-CoV-2 infection negatively affects the male reproductive tract. Human biological tissues, including body fluids and excretions, tissues, and organs showed positive results tests for SARS-CoV-2. A disruption in the balance of male reproductive system hormones is also observed. Male gonads may be potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting caution to follow-up and evaluate infected men that have plans to conceive. Further studies are required to determine if this impairment is temporary or permanent, elucidate SARS-CoV-2’s entrance strategies into the testis and how it can affect the semen quality and quantity. We recommend a post-infection follow-up, especially in male patients of reproductive age already having fertility issues.
Presidential elections in Estonia: domestic political aspects
Authors:    Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), Mezhevich Nikolai , Oskolkov Petr ,    Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS)
Published: November 2021

On August 31, 2021, Alar Karis, with support of the governing coalition, won the second round of presidential elections in Estonia. The authors analyze the elections in the framework of institutional and procedural contexts as well as formal and informal stances taken by political parties on the event’s eve. A. Karis became the most appropriate candidate proposed by the ruling coalition, after gaining certain advantage over another “intelligent” candidate T. Soomere, president of the Academy of Sciences. The institute of presidency and election procedure form a subject for permanent discussion in Estonian society, because of the authoritarian experience of the 1930s.
Ideological Imperative of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in Activity of Universities in Slovakia (1948–1953)
Authors: Gabzdilová Soňa
Published: November 2021

The paper on the base of archive materials, published documents and scientific literature analyzes situation that occurred at Slovak universities after Communist coup in February 1948, with a focus on ideological pressure of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in this segment of society. The paper documents means that Communist Party of Czechoslovakia used to transform educational process and other activities in such a way that universities became subservient to communist ideology – the Marxism-Leninism. The paper is devoting attention to setting-up the Marxism-Leninism as the self-standing topic into academic program of universities.
The Political Religion of Communism in Hungarian Children’s Choir Compositions between 1958–1989
Authors: Polyák Zsuzsanna , Szabó Zoltán András , Németh András
Published: November 2021

Like all cultures, totalitarian regimes develop their own symbols and rituals. As such symbols, music and music making play an important role in expressing values, norms of the community, as well as in providing models for living in it (Geertz, 1973). They are especially valuable tools for educating children. This paper summarizes the result of a pilot study in the lyrics of choral pieces for children, that were distributed along with the state-published methodological journal, Énektanítás [Teaching Singing] and its continuation, Az ének-zene tanítása [Teaching Singing-Music] between 1958–1989. Using political religion (Gentile, 2006) as conceptual framework for content analysis, the study presents: 1) how different characteristics of the communist doctrine appeared in the lyrics of choral pieces and 2) how they changed over time, outlining the life-cycle of the regime itself from militant mass movements to giving place to expressions of individualism and alternative faiths until it would dissolve in the end.
Teachers’ questioning strategies and students’ perceptions toward critical questions in EFL classroom interaction
Authors: Kholisoh Modi Nur , Linggar Bharati Dwi Anggani
Published: November 2021

This study aims to find out teachers’ questioning strategies and students’ perceptions of critical questions in EFL classroom interaction. This research was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which the classroom interaction was online. We used a case study design that focused on the descriptive analysis. This study was conducted at one of Senior High Schools in Semarang. The participants in this study are two English teachers and two classes. The data were gained by using classroom observation, interview, questionnaire, and documentation. We used Chen’s (2016) theory and Anderson & Krathwohl (2001) to categorize and analyze the data findings to know teachers’ questioning strategies and students’ perceptions toward critical questions in EFL classroom interaction. The result of the analysis showed that the teachers used all of the teachers' questioning strategies and they posed critical questions. Teachers questioning strategies used by the teachers when posing critical questions were wait-time, repetition, paraphrasing, simplifying, and probing. The obvious strategy to elicit students’ responses toward critical questions was probing. In line with this, the teachers also combined the teachers questioning strategies with the skill of basic questioning to elicit students’ critical answers. The students didn’t perceive critical question as a threat, although it was difficult to answer. However, they perceived critical question as a challenge for them. It can be concluded that the students perceived critical question as a motivational question.
Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from pine wood via biorefinery technologies based on fractionation and reaction in ionic liquids
Authors: Penín Lucía , Peleteiro Susana , Rivas Sandra , Santos Valentín , Parajó Juan Carlos
Published: November 2021

Pine wood is mainly composed of extractives, lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses (which include pentosans and hexosans). In the scope of biorefineries, the utilization of pine wood entails the selective separation of its major components. A sequence of aqueous and delignification treatments enables the selective separation of hemicelluloses (as soluble products from the aqueous fractionation step), lignin (as soluble products from the delignification stage), and cellulose (accumulated in the solid phase leaving the delignification stage). Delignification was done in media containing acetic acid or the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate. Both the soluble hemicellulose-derived saccharides and the cellulose-containing solids were found to be suitable substrates for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production in reaction media containing the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in the presence of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidic catalysts. The processing schemes considered in this work allowed an efficient utilization of the feedstock using environmentally friendly technologies.
Antifungal ability and decay resistance of Fokienia hodginsii heartwood extract and its inhibitory effect on Gloeophyllum trabeum
Authors: Wu Jian-Fei , Zhuang Xue-Feng , Yuan Hong-mei , Li Quan , Wang Wei , Li Ji-Qing , Lin Jin-Guo
Published: November 2021

The inhibitory ability of Fokienia hodginsii heartwood (FHH) extracts on Trametes versicolor (TV) and Gloeophyllum trabeum (GT) as well as the toxic effect of its heartwood extracts on GT were studied. The growth inhibition ability of the samples was analyzed using the growth rate method. The results showed that in the experiment of inhibiting TV, extracts using hot water had little effect, acetone extracts had the best inhibiting effect, and the lowest value of acetone EC50 was 0.409 g/L. The parameter EC50 is the concentration of the corresponding agent that inhibits the growth of 50% fungi. In the antifungal experiment of GT, methanol extract had the best inhibition effect, and the lowest EC50 value was 0.283 g/L. The antifungal effect of five solvent extracts of FHH was good when the concentration was 10% (w/w), and at this time, the mass loss rate of the test pieces was below 11%, all of them were Class I, indicating a strong antifungal level. After observing the samples of GT with SEM, it was found that the structure of methanol extract treatment was more complete and the antiseptic effect was better than that of the hot water extract treatment.
Mediating Effects on Poverty Reduction in India Through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
Authors: ARULRAJ A. , RENA R.
Published: November 2021

The employment opportunities in rural areas have signifi cantly decreased for the last few decades in India. Th erefore, Government of India introduced Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP) to create employment opportunities for ru ral people. Th e Programme is considered as a “silver bullet” for eradicating rural poverty and unemployment in India. Th e purpose of this empirical research study is to develop a new model for poverty reduction in rural India through this Programme. Th e novelty of this article is an attempt to develop an empirical research model that assists the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme when mapping the level of economics service quality and thereby enhance the same. Th is Programme provides an alternative source of livelihood, which will have an impact on reducing migration, restricting child labor, alleviating poverty, and making villages self-sustaining through productive assets creation such as road construction, cleaning up of water tanks, soil and water conservation work, etc. for which it has been considered as the largest anti-poverty programme in the world. Th e paper critically examines the implementation process of this Programme and its impact on tribal livelihoods. Th e following research methodology is used in the article: the data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Th e sampling procedure used for this study is stratifi ed random sampling. Th e stratifi cation is done based on the Taluks are Kumbakonam (Th anjavur District), Keeranur (Pudukottai District) and Nagappatinam (Nagappatinam District) of Tamilnadu state of South-India for the nature of region South, East, Centre, West and North while selecting the MGNREGP Employees from each category, non-probabilistic convenience and judgmental sampling technique is used. Th e fi ndings and conclusions of the study reveal that millions of rural poor with the inclusion of new works under this Programme could able to get some employment which supports their livelihoods. Eff orts are exerted to improve more transparency and accountability in implementing this programme to ensure that the benefi ts reach out to the poor and the needy villagers. Th e regression analysis revealed that the Poverty Eradication on the various dimensions of Economic Development, infl uenced Economic Development followed by Social Development. Th e visual representation of results suggest that the relationships between the dimensions of Economic Development, Social development resulted in a signifi cant impact on the mediated factor ‘Poverty Eradication’. Th e paper suggests the policy framework for the stakeholders in eff ective implementation of the Programme.
Pediatric Nephrology for Primary Care
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

This clinical resource is purpose-built to help primary caregivers take a lead role in diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of diverse pediatric kidney diseases. Diagnose and manage renal diseases with confidence. The resource book has clear, concise overviews of the full range of renal conditions you're likely to encounter; evidence-based discussion of each condition's clinical course, pathogenesis, and etiology; expert management recommendations and valuable clinical pearls, tables, algorithms, and clinical calculators to help with differential diagnosis and patient workups; advice on when to treat vs when to refer; practical implications of recent research findings; and how-to diagnostic solutions. Contents include evaluating patient presentation; history and physical examination; examination of the urine; use of the clinical laboratory; imaging of the kidney and urinary tract; prenatal and perinatal diagnosis; guidelines for patient referral; proven approaches to common conditions; congenital abnormalities; urinary tract infection; hematuria and proteinuria; glomerular disease; renal tubular disease; water and electrolyte disorders; acute kidney injury; chronic renal failure; hypertension; genetic diseases; and kidney in systemic disease.
Mental Health, Naturally
Authors: Kemper Kathi J.
Published: November 2021

In Mental Health, Naturally, internationally-recognized holistic health expert and pediatrician Dr. Kathi J. Kemper presents natural, affordable, safe, and effective treatments for mental health issues such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, stress, and substance abuse.
Guide to Toilet Training - Spanish - Guia Para Enseñar Al Niño a Usar El Inodoro
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

The Spanish edition of the authoritative Guide to Toilet Training. Toilet training is an important developmental milestone for children, and it also can be one of the greatest challenges for parents. Not all children are ready at the same age, and they often respond differently to the various training methods.
Your Baby’s First Year - (Spanish edition) - El Primer Año De Su Bebe
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

The Spanish-language edition of the best-selling Your Baby’s First Year. Covering everything from preparing for childbirth to baby’s first steps, this easy-to-use format addresses parents' medical worries, safety concerns, well-baby questions, and so much more. There’s even a month-to-month guide to growth, behavior, and development for baby’s first year. It’s state-of-the-art advice from the AAP, and, it’s an ideal gift for Spanish-speaking parents and moms-to-be.
Weighing the Evidence: A Guide for Understanding Clinical Research
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

This NEW edition of the book, Weighing the Evidence: A Guide for Understanding Clinical Research, was developed by editors of AAP Grand Rounds, a journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, to help medical professionals evaluate evidence-based
AM:STARs: Case Studies in Adolescent Health, Vol. 23, No. 2
Authors:   AAP Section on Adolescent Health
Published: November 2021

Each case presentation in this issue has a lesson to teach. As with the previous volume, contributions were solicited by open invitation on the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine's listserv, and authors were instructed to submit concise case presentations with a discussion and a limited number of references. Many of the first authors are physician fellows in adolescent medicine. Cases are presented in alphabetical order by first author's last name. Medical, surgical, mental health and ethical challenges are addressed. Cases include common adolescent health problems with unusual presentations as well as unusual disorders ("zebras") rarely encountered in adolescence. Readers are invited to formulate a differential diagnosis based upon the case presentation before reading the discussion. We are confident that even our most experienced and senior clinicians in adolescent health care have not encountered the full range of conditions described in this volume.
Red Book (2012) - Spanish
Authors:   AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: November 2021

The revised and updated 2012 Red Book includes the latest findings and clinical guidelines on the manifestations, etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of more than 200 childhood conditions.
Sleep
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

About 20 to 30 percent of infants and toddlers have sleep problems, and these concerns are among the most common behavioral issues doctors hear about. Pediatricians usually find that the sleep problems parents are concerned about are often ones that could have been avoided. The AAP and this book's editor, sleep expert Rachel Moon, MD, FAAP, aim to offer suggestions for how to fix and even avoid these problems.
Caring for the Hospitalized Child
Authors:   AAP Section on Hospital Medicine
Published: November 2021

Get immediate, on-the-spot help for safe, effective, confident inpatient care! Developed by top pediatric hospitals, the all-new Caring for the Hospitalized Child: A Handbook of Inpatient Pediatrics is sure to become your go-to resource from initial evaluation through hospital discharge management.
Adoption Medicine
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

Adoption Medicine: Caring for Children and Families brings together contributions from leading child health professionals nationwide. It's replete with a wealth of adoption-specific information and insight you won't find anywhere else.

Look here for practical how-to guidance on helping adoptive parents prepare; conducting pre- and post-adoptive health evaluations; optimizing adoptees' personal growth and development; addressing emotional and behavioral problems of puberty and adolescence; identifying and accessing educational and community resources; and much more.

Real-life examples illustrate key counseling and treatment approaches, techniques, and recommendations.

A wealth of essential information and how-to guidance

Need-to-know "basics"

- The adoption process

- Historical perspectives

- Legal considerations

Pre-adoption considerations

- Screening procedures

- Prenatal substance exposure

- Genetics and psychiatric issues

- Neurobiology of risk and resilience

Post-adoption essentials

- Post-adoptive evaluation

- Immediate developmental and behavioral changes

Ongoing adoptee health and well-being

- Long-term developmental and behavioral issues

- Long-term consequences of child maltreatment

- Growth and puberty concerns

- Attachment issues

- Speech and language outcomes in international adoption

- Adoptive identity

- Working with schools

- Identifying and accessing support resources
School Health Policy & Practice
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics Council on School Health
Published: November 2021

Significantly revised and updated, the new 7th edition provides the latest guidelines for developing health programs, including nutrition services, medication administration, physicial activity and sports, and the school environment. Available for purchase at https://www.aap.org/School-Health-Policy-and-Practice-7th-Edition-Paperback
AM:STARs Adolescent Medicine
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Adolescent Health
Published: November 2021

AM:STARs: Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews is the official publication of the AAP Section on Adolescent Health. Published 3 times per year, the journal offers adolescent medicine specialists and other primary care physicians who treat adolescent patients with state of the art information on all matters relating to adolescent health and wellness.

In this issue, Young Adult Health, topics include:

Approaching Young Adult Health and Medicine from a Developmental Perspective

Seizing the opportunity: Improving Young Adult Preventive Healthcare

Health Insurance, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and Young Adults

Social Media and Health

Helping Those Who Serve: Care of the Young Adult Veteran

Mental Health Among Late Adolescents and Young Adults from a Population-level and Clinical Perspective

ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in College Students and Young Adults

Nonmedical Use of Prescription Medications in Young Adults

The Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood and Associated Substance Use/Abuse

Asperger’s Syndromve in Young Adulthood: The Clinician as Supportive Coach and Medicial Advisor

Primary Care for Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Medical Needs and Required Strategies
5210 Pediatric Obesity Clinical Decision Support Chart
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

This convenient flip chart provides child health care professionals practical support and guidance to help improve care and outcomes for overweight youth.
Pediatric ICD-10-CM
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

For the pediatric provider, coder, and biller, here's the most helpful and easy-to-use manual on ICD-10-CM yet. Featuring a laser-sharp pediatrics focus, this resource provides codes and guidelines in a simplified yet familiar format.

Purpose-built to streamline the coding process, this important guide condenses the vast ICD-10-CM code set into a single source for pediatric-centered codes and guidelines. The guidelines are included directly at the chapter and code level, helping ensure that coders will always use the right codes in the right situations. Tabular, indexed navigation helps you find needed items fast.
A New Development Matrix for Global Child Health
Authors: Laraque-Arena Danielle , Shahid Syeda Hafsa
Published: November 2021

The discussion of global child health should include consideration of the economic and political realities of different countries. These realities will certainly reflect on the health profession educational systems and research capabilities of each country. The categorization of countries is usually based on income: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high income/resource. However, in this chapter, we propose that income is not the only determinant of how each category of countries proceeds or should proceed to address health imperatives.

Through technologies not available even a decade ago, all countries, regardless of income level, have greatly increased internal and external connectivity. One example is the availability of cell phones in the most impoverished countries. These technologies have not only quickened the pace of development but also allowed for a rethinking of the progress possible and the just-in-time response to health emergencies, scientific advancements, and the sharing of best practices across borders. This information revolution can, we propose, lead to recognition of the mistakes of high-income, industrialized nations and, thus, avoidance of repeating those mistakes. Disaggregation of health data reflects health disparities within each of the country income categories, signifying a need for a more complex analysis of educational and research approaches to resolving health concerns. For low-income countries it may be possible to tackle basic survival problems resulting from extreme poverty, while concurrently applying 21st-century solutions to improve health outcomes more quickly.

Thus, we propose a new matrix for the development of child health that embraces new-century transformation of educational and research efforts (Figure 5-1). Illustrative case examples will demonstrate the application of this matrix in educational efforts in each country income/resource category. At the root of this analysis is the recognition that economic inclusion and social justice must drive changes to improve the health of individuals and populations in all countries.
Global Health Administrative Competencies
Authors: O’Callahan Cliff
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and qualities— the competencies—essential to operate effectively in an administrative role at various levels, from the faculty person to the professional association. These are organized under broad domains.1

This chapter discusses the operational or administrative attributes of key individuals, the larger entities in which they operate, and how they might demonstrate their competency—what they actually do—as a reflection of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Administrative competencies in global health might be manifest as the philosophical principles incorporated into their mission, the goals and objectives within their strategic plan, and the policies and managerial decisions they incorporate in their activities.

The entities with administrative duties discussed include global health faculty and program directors as well the larger entities of departmental and division structures, the entire health care or university system, and professional societies.

Competencies imply action, as opposed to simple statements reflecting knowledge or belief, and, thus, need to be measurable to have relevance. Defining basic global health-related competencies increases transparency and induces change toward the ideal. Clear and measurable competency parameters are consumer friendly; the potential undergraduate, resident, or faculty candidate will incorporate these measures into his or her decision-making process when looking for a position. Moreover, and of critical importance, those on the other end of our attentions—the sites to which we send our students, conduct our research, and expand our institutional reach—can monitor and compare how they fare in a particular partnership by comparing it to a transparent and recognized standard. Thus, benchmarking levels of administrative competency at the broader institutional level can be true to the values of partnership and set the stage for bidirectional interaction.
Global Health Research Competencies
Authors: Etzel Ruth A.
Published: November 2021

Healthy children are the foundation of sustainable development. Major research advances have resulted in significant advances in infant and child health, but health inequities among children in high-income, upper-middle–income, and low- and middle-income countries persist. For children in all countries of the world, research remains vitally important. Despite the importance of research, communities may be wary of participating in research for at least 5 reasons: they may remember a history of unethical and dangerous research activities; they may have different values than the researchers; they may have different ways of knowing than the researchers; they may have different views about the significance and appropriate uses of samples of their blood or other tissue specimens; and they may fear stigmatization from participation in research studies. The Academic Pediatric Association Global Health Task Force developed a consensus statement on faculty competencies, including those needed for research in global settings. Researchers from all involved countries should agree on the research goals of the involved institutions that align with their respective priorities. They should translate the research into action benefiting the host country. Prioritization should be place on those health research activities that address priority health concerns of the community, region, or nation they have the mandate to serve. Best practices for faculty and students are to follow the principles of community-based participatory research (see chapters 1–5). Concerted efforts of international organizations, ministries of health of governments, multinational donors, academic centers, nongovernmental organizations, and communities will be required to reach the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The role of community-based participatory research will be integral to success.
A New Advocacy Paradigm for Education: The Role of Persistence
Authors: Anders Bronwen J.
Published: November 2021

Persistence may be defined as the quality that allows someone to continue doing something or trying to do something even though it is difficult or opposed by other people, or firm or obstinate continuation of advocacy despite difficulty.1 The first definition implies a long-term commitment to a program. It also implies seeing a project through and seeking opportunities to connect others when the time is right. The term “stickiness factor” from Malcom Gladwell’s book, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, has been brought into the global health discussion by Danielle Laraque-Arena, MD, FAAP, in her presidential speech at the 50th anniversary of the Academic Pediatric Association.2,3 The stickiness factor describes a desire to see programs through to sustainability with a more positive, fanciful lightness, not dogged determination like a bulldozer. As children and youth are given the tools to take ownership of their future with persistence and confidence, there may be no turning back.

The fierce determination of community health professionals to ensure adequate, reliable, culturally appropriate, and sustainable programs and policies has come, in part, in the United States from the growth of support for such programs from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

This chapter will briefly follow through the evolving trends and many key concepts as they helped to frame and guide the work of pediatricians and other health care professionals working with communities in the United States and overseas.

Several key concepts that helped to support this effort were taken up by the AAP, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, child-friendly places, concepts of equity and social justice, the Community Access to Child Health program, asset-based community development, the Anne E. Dyson Child Advocacy Award, and the Community Pediatrics Training Initiative, along with the requirement that residents have experiences and opportunities outside the hospital to work with community-based organizations and to learn principals of public health and service learning. The need for persistence will be shown throughout. All these concepts translate easily to overseas work, as we will show with 4 examples. The shared vision of seeking educational successes for all children who can grow up with knowledge of their own languages and stories is taking root across all borders. We are seeing in various countries the importance of spending time with a parent, teacher, or mentor starting at birth surrounded with love and words. The emphasis on the home language spoken freely around the newborn may perhaps mitigate a world fraught with violence, prejudice, and addiction, both in the family and community and in the world at large.
Medical Versus Nonmedical Immunization Exemptions for Child Care and School Attendance
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON PRACTICE AND AMBULATORY MEDICINE, COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES, COMMITTEE ON STATE GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS, COUNCIL ON SCHOOL HEALTH, SECTION ON ADMINISTRATION AND PRACTICE MANAGEMENT
Published: November 2021

Routine childhood immunizations against infectious diseases are an integral part of our public health infrastructure. They provide direct protection to the immunized individual and indirect protection to children and adults unable to be immunized via the effect of community immunity. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have regulations requiring proof of immunization for child care and school attendance as a public health strategy to protect children in these settings and to secondarily serve as a mechanism to promote timely immunization of children by their caregivers. Although all states and the District of Columbia have mechanisms to exempt school attendees from specific immunization requirements for medical reasons, the majority also have a heterogeneous collection of regulations and laws that allow nonmedical exemptions from childhood immunizations otherwise required for child care and school attendance. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) supports regulations and laws requiring certification of immunization to attend child care and school as a sound means of providing a safe environment for attendees and employees of these settings. The AAP also supports medically indicated exemptions to specific immunizations as determined for each individual child. The AAP views nonmedical exemptions to school-required immunizations as inappropriate for individual, public health, and ethical reasons and advocates for their elimination.
A Home Visiting Parenting Program and Child Obesity: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Ordway Monica Roosa , Sadler Lois S. , Holland Margaret L. , Slade Arietta , Close Nancy , Mayes Linda C.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Young children living in historically marginalized families are at risk for becoming adolescents with obesity and subsequently adults with increased obesity-related morbidities. These risks are particularly acute for Hispanic children. We hypothesized that the prevention-focused, socioecological approach of the “Minding the Baby” (MTB) home visiting program might decrease the rate of childhood overweight and obesity early in life.

METHODS

This study is a prospective longitudinal cohort study in which we include data collected during 2 phases of the MTB randomized controlled trial. First-time, young mothers who lived in medically underserved communities were invited to participate in the MTB program. Data were collected on demographics, maternal mental health, and anthropometrics of 158 children from birth to 2 years.

RESULTS

More children in the intervention group had a healthy BMI at 2 years. The rate of obesity was significantly higher (P < .01) in the control group (19.7%) compared with the intervention group (3.3%) at this age. Among Hispanic families, children in the MTB intervention were less likely to have overweight or obesity (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% confidence interval: 0.13–0.78).

CONCLUSIONS

Using the MTB program, we significantly lowered the rate of obesity among 2-year-old children living in low-socioeconomic-status communities. In addition, children of Hispanic mothers were less likely to have overweight or obesity at 2 years. Given the high and disproportionate national prevalence of Hispanic young children with overweight and obesity and the increased costs of obesity-related morbidities, these findings have important clinical, research, and policy implications.
Preventing Obesity and Eating Disorders in Adolescents
Authors: Golden Neville H. , Schneider Marcie , Wood Christine
Published: November 2021

Obesity and eating disorders (EDs) are both prevalent in adolescents. There are concerns that obesity prevention efforts may lead to the development of an ED. Most adolescents who develop an ED did not have obesity previously, but some teenagers, in an attempt to lose weight, may develop an ED. This clinical report addresses the interaction between obesity prevention and EDs in teenagers, provides the pediatrician with evidence-informed tools to identify behaviors that predispose to both obesity and EDs, and provides guidance about obesity and ED prevention messages. The focus should be on a healthy lifestyle rather than on weight. Evidence suggests that obesity prevention and treatment, if conducted correctly, do not predispose to EDs.
Pediatric Collections: LGBTQ+: Support and Care Part 1: Combatting Stigma and Discrimination
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

Part 1 of this first-of-its-kind 3-part series can help show how to break down the cycles of ignorance, shame, and toxic stress that harm children who identify as LGBTQ+ and improve their chances of leading happy, healthy adult lives.

https://www.aap.org/en/catalog/categories/mental-health-resources/pediatric-collections-lgbtq-support-and-care-part-1-combatting-stigma-and-discrimination-pape/
Pediatric Collections: LGBTQ+: Support and Care (Part 2: Health Concerns and Disparities)
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

Although most lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youths are quite resilient and emerge from adolescence as healthy adults, the effects of stigma and heterosexism can contribute to health disparities. Part 2 of this first-of-its-kind 3-part series can help pediatric primary care providers become stronger allies for TGD patients and their families in the clinic, community, and beyond, providing the promise of both a medical home and a future that celebrates people for being true to themselves.

https://www.aap.org/en/catalog/categories/mental-health-resources/pediatric-collections-lgbtq-support-and-care-part-2-health-concerns-and-disparities-paperback/
Pediatric Collections: LGBTQ+: Support and Care (Part 3: Caring for Transgender Children)
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

Part 3 of this first-of-its-kind 3-part series helps show how pediatric primary care providers (PPCPs) are uniquely situated to screen, identify, and care for transgender and gender-diverse youths. Available for purchase at https://www.aap.org/en/catalog/categories/mental-health-resources/pediatric-collections-lgbtq-support-and-care-part-3-caring-for-transgender-children-paperback/