bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ON THE SEX-TYPED ATTRIBUTES OF COLLEGE FEMALES
Authors: Stein Aletha Huston
Published: May 2006

The study tested the hypothesis that differences in maternal sex-typed behavior manifested by employment outside the home and by advanced educational attainment would be related to the sex-typed characteristics of daughters. Subjects were 43 female undergraduates. The amount the mother
had worked was positively related to the daughter's masculine personality characteristics, her plans for attending graduate school, plans for working after marriage, and negatively related to some feminine personality characteristics. These relationships did not depend on the amount of
identification. The mother's educational attainment was not related to any of the daughter's characteristics.
SOCIAL ATTITUDE CORRELATES OF EYSENCK'S PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS
Authors: Wilson Glenn D. , Brazendale Anthony H.
Published: May 2006

In a sample of 97 female student teachers, correlations were obtained between 4 personality factors measured by a new form of the Eysenck Personality Inventory and 6 social attitude variables measured by the Conservatism Scale. Extraversion was associated with liberalism, realism, hedonism,
and non-religiousness. Neuroticism was related to ethnocentrism and the intolerance of minority groups, while psychoticism was associated with general conservatism. These results are discussed in connection with a number of theoretical issues.
TRAIT ANXIETY AND FEARFULNESS
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Mcleod Philip G.
Published: May 2006

To evaluate the relationship between trait anxiety (TA) and fearfulness, 36 female nursing students were given the Wolpe-Lang Fear Survey Schedule (FSSIII) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAT). High TA subjects selected from this sample were found to be more fearful than low
TA subjects, and a correlation of 0.52 was obtained between fearfulness scores and TA scores. An analysis of the items and situations rated as most fear-producing indicated that half of these items represented social or interpersonal fears, and that one-third of the subjects rated harmless
snakes as very much disturbing. These findings appear to support Spielberger's contention that TA represents susceptibility to arousal of state anxiety by a variety of stimuli and stimulus situations.
RISK-TAKING AS A PERSONALITY TRAIT
Authors: Knowles Eric S. , Cutter Henry S. G. , Walsh David H. , Casey Nancy A.
Published: May 2006

Consistencies in risk-taking behavior were investigated in a multi-method, convergent validity study of 13 risk-related measures. Fifty-six student nurses served as subjects. As with earlier studies, a general convergence was not found. However, factor analysis of the correlations indicated
two qualitatively different kinds of dimensions. In addition to five strategy traits, a single motivational trait was identified. The motivational trait was interpreted as identifying a person's general willingness to approach or avoid risk situations. Data, independent of the factor
analysis, supported the approach-avoidance construct. The results suggest (a) a redefinition of risk-taking as a personality trait; and (b) that consistencies in risk behavior do occur across a variety of situations.
STUDIES OF FAMILY RELATIONS TEST PATTERNS. II: MOST-MENTIONED FAMILY MEMBERS AND INTER-SIBLING INVOLVEMENT
Authors: Lockwood Barbara , Frost Barry P.
Published: May 2006

This paper analyses the Family Relations Test protocols of 197 eleven-year-old boys with respect to the dimension of “most-mentioned family member” and of 141 of these boys with respect to “choice of sibling”. The sample was drawn from boys referred for school
problems. The results show that (a) the mean and frequency methods of calculating the most-mentioned family member do not differ greatly; however, the latter is to be preferred on grounds of greater psychological meaning; (b) in this sample of referred boys, a sibling is the most-mentioned
family member; (c) there is a significant difference between the mean number of items given to Mother and Father by eleven-year-old boys in the referred group as compared with a normative group; (d) subjects from small families are not more involved with their parents than are subjects from
large families; (e) boys from large families do not give more items to their next oldest and/or their next youngest siblings as compared with siblings in other ordinal positions.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AMONG REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS IN CONCEPTUAL SKILLS
Authors: Bergouist William H. , Lloyd John T. , Johansson Sandra L.
Published: May 2006

Sensitizers were hypothesized to perform significantly better than repressors on eleven concept acquisition tasks. Differences between repression-sensitization (R-S) groups (n = 48), as measured by the Byrne R-S scale, were found to be significant on several of these tasks. As
compared with repressors, sensitizers more rapidly acquired: (a) A disjunctive nonverbal concept, when a set for conjunctive concepts had to be broken (p < 0.05); and (b) Two verbal concepts (p < 0.05). Medium scoring subjects performed significantly better than repressors
in acquiring: (a) Nonverbal disjunctive concepts (p < 0.05); and (b) Verbal concepts (p < 0.05). R-S results are discussed with reference to conceptual skills and “cognitive flexibility”.
CORRELATES OF PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS AND INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION IN THE DATING SITUATION
Authors: Curran James P.
Published: May 2006

The relationships between various indicators of physical attractiveness (objective, self perception, and date's) and interpersonal attraction in the dating situation were examined in this study. Agreement between the various indicators of physical attractiveness was lower for males
than for females. The most significant predictor of interpersonal attraction was the date's rating of his (her) partner's physical attractiveness.
POWER AND THE PERCEPTION OF THE FUTURE
Authors: Larsen Knud S.
Published: May 2006

This paper reports on a six-nation massive survey investigating the relationship between assessments of social power and peace agreement, pessimism - optimism, and expectations of conflict in the future. Over 10,000 individuals between the ages of 15 and 40, in both east and west European
countries, responded to interviews lasting two hours. The results of the analysis carried out show: (1) that low social power is related to peace agreement; (2) subjects low in social power tend to be pessimistic about the future; and (3) subjects low in social power tend to expect more conflict
between potential conflict groups.
CREATIVE ABILITY AND THE HANDLING OF PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONFLICT AMONG BRIGHT SIXTH GRADERS
Authors: Albert Robert S. , Elliott Rosalie C.
Published: May 2006

Twenty-two sixth graders (11 boys and 11 girls), IQs between 118 and 130, were measured for their creative ability with verbal and pictorial material, their degree of perceptual defense regarding individual conflicts found in projective test measures, and their manner of resolving social
conflict situations. Hypotheses regarding the relation of creative thinking ability to the handling of personal conflict and the resolution of social situation conflicts were tested. There were no age or sex differences among subjects, but, according to the hypotheses, subjects high in creative
thinking ability, when contrasted with subjects low in creative thinking ability, were less repressive in their responses to conflictful projective material, introduced more new ideas in the resolution of social conflicts, and formulated more solutions in which all interested parties'
needs were considered and met.
THE AFFECTIVE ELICITING AND REDUCING PROPERTIES OF ATTRACTION STIMULI
Authors: Lamberth John , Gouaux Charles , Padd Wayne
Published: May 2006

Three different experiments investigated the affect eliciting and reducing properties of attraction stimuli. In Experiment 1 it was found that dissimilar attitudes elicit negative effect (as measured by the Semantic Differential), while the evaluation of the stranger holding those attitudes
reduced affect. Similar attitudes did not elicit positive affect. Further, affect was not reliably altered by similar or dissimilar attitudes when the affect was measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist or the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale. In Experiment 2 it was tentatively
concluded that the simultaneous use of more than one measure of affect can influence scores of all affective measures used. The inconsistency in results in Experiment 1 was attributed to the use of multiple affect measures in certain groups. In Experiment 3 the results of Experiment 1 were
replicated while introducing a more powerful stimulus in an attempt to elicit positive effect. As in Experiment 1, negative stimuli elicited negative affect and, as predicted, positive evaluations elicited positive affect. Evaluation of the person who had delivered the affect eliciting personal
evaluations effectively reduced that affect.
RELATION OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY TO INTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF THE SELF-IDEAL CONGRUENCE CONSTRUCT
Authors: Scherer Shawn E.
Published: May 2006

Using the Self-Insight Test, 80 subjects' self-ratings, ideal ratings and self-ideal discrepancies on six areas of the self acceptance construct were correlated with scores on the Edwards and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability (SD) scales. Results on both SD scales indicated positive
associations between SD and all six measures of self. In terms of relative self-ideal discrepancy, inverse relations were found on emotional stability and leadership dimensions for both SD scales. In general, findings support previous studies but suggest only specific dimensions of the individual's
self system are prone to SD response bias influences.
THE STRUCTURE OF MOTIVATIONAL MANIFESTATIONS AS MEASURED IN THE LABORATORY RAT: AN EXAMINATION OF MOTIVATIONAL COMPONENT THEORY
Authors: Cattell R. B. , Dielman T. E.
Published: May 2006

One hundred and thirty-four subjects were run under differing conditions of reward and deprivation for fear, gregariousness, and thirst in three separate mazes. Thirty-six dependent variable measures were taken in two of the mazes and twenty-nine in the third. The intercorrelations
among the variables were factored separately for each of the three mazes. Thirteen factors were extracted in each case and congruence coefficients computed. Eight of the thirteen factors were consistently and significantly replicable across the three analyses. Four of these factors were hypothesized
to be ability factors and four were hypothesized to be motivational in nature. Second-order factor analyses were conducted separately for the three sets of data, with five factors extracted in each case. Although all five were consistently matched across all three analyses, only two were characterized
by significant congruence coefficients for all three pairs of matches. These two second-order factors were hypothesized to correspond to the “Unintegrated” and “Integrated” second-order motivational components which have consistently emerged in human research.
DISCREPANCY BETWEEN REAL-SELF AND IDEAL-SELF AS AN INDEX OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Authors: Kimmel H. D.
Published: May 2006

Discrepancies between real-self and ideal-self performances on a personality inventory, the Pensacola Z-Survey, were compared in two groups of high school seniors who were born and raised in one community (either Dayton, Ohio or The Plains, Ohio) and a group who had moved from an Appalachian
environment to Dayton. The shifted subjects were different from the unshifted ones only in idealizing greater dependency, rather than the expected opposite. Earlier interpretation of reduced real-ideal discrepancy with social change was not supported but the real-ideal discrepancy does provide
a sensitive index of psychological effects of social cultural change.
FIELD INDEPENDENCE AND MEASURES OF INTELLIGENCE: SOME RECONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Riley Robert T. , Denmark Florence L.
Published: May 2006

A field study was conducted in a suburban elementary school to ascertain the relationship between the CEFT, a measure of field independence, and tests of verbal ability and general intelligence for lower-class black subjects. A correlational analysis revealed strong interrelationships
between these tests contrary to the previous findings of Witkin and his associates. Grade level and sex interacted to produce different correlational structures for each condition. These results question the assertion that field independence varies independently of intelligence for all subjects
regardless of age, sex, and social class.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF SEXUAL ATTRACTIVENESS: AN EMPIRICAL DEMONSTRATION OF DENIAL AND FANTASY GRATIFICATION PHENOMENA?
Authors: Wilson Glenn D. , Brazendale Anthony H.
Published: May 2006

Sexual attractiveness ratings of 97 female student teachers were investigated as predictors of personality, social attitude, and humor preference variables. Eysenck's major “temperamental” factors were not correlated with attractiveness, but social attitude variables
showed a pattern of correlations that could be interpreted as reflecting rationalization and denial; unattractive girls tended to be more idealistic, religious, puritanical and opposed to sexual freedom. A humor test based on ratings of risqu´ seaside postcards revealed that unattractive
girls preferred cartoons which depicted attractive girls being admired or approached by young men.
RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVERS AND PERCEIVED ON ATTRIBUTION OF PERSON CONCEPTS
Authors: Touhey John C.
Published: May 2006

Several studies have examined the relative influence of the perceiver and the perceived on the categories of person perception, but relatively little is known about descriptive relationships between the self and others. Discrepancies between the implicit personality theory attributed
to others and to oneself were examined among 20 subjects for eight lists of trait words. Findings showed that within subject congruency in self-other descriptions exceeded agreement between subjects, and that subjects tended to be consistently congruent or incongruent for all traits. Discrepancy
in self-other attributions appears to be functionally related to the purposes and outcomes of interaction and the perception of social roles in terms of significant and generalized others.
SEX, ASPIRATION LEVEL, AND PERCEPTUAL DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Peretti Peter O.
Published: May 2006

Certain sex differences in aptitudes have been consistently found by various researchers. Findings have suggested the importance of the level of aspiration of the individual subject as well as the significance of sex. The following study investigated some of the differences in a perceptual
discrimination performance task due to: (1) sex and (2) level of aspiration of each group of subjects. It was found that the discrimination performance of females was greater than that of males; level of aspiration does affect both groups, but the female subjects to a greater degree, and,
there is an interaction effect between femaleness, maleness, and aspiration level.
MASCULININTY-FEMININITY AND ACCURACY OF SEX ROLE ASCRIPTION
Authors: Touhey John C.
Published: May 2006

To examine relationships between masculinity-femininity, presence of same or opposite sex sibling, and accuracy of cross-sex role-taking, 92 male and female undergraduates classified the 20 items comprising Smith's (1968) Masculinity-Femininity Scale according the sex-role characteristics.
Femininity and role-taking accuracy were positively correlated among males (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated among females (p < 0.02), but only one of the four comparisons for sibling effects reached significance (p < 0.05). It is suggested that greater role-taking
accuracy among feminine scoring-males and masculine scoring-females results from problematic sex-role identification, and the findings are interpreted in terms of stabilizing mechanisms postulated by interpersonal congruency theory.
CONSERVATIVE VOTING AND PERSONALITY
Authors: Hicks Jack M.
Published: May 2006

The major purpose of the present investigation was to reconsider some of the research on the personality correlates of liberalism-conservatism (b-C) by employing a criterion-index measure of L-C, the Conservatism Index (CI). The CI was derived from the subjects' preferences for
political candidates with liberal to conservative leanings. Six hundred and four questionnaires were completed in four surveys. Questionnaires for each survey consisted of one or more inventories followed by a straw ballot representing the CI. The ballot included all announced candidates in
the 1972 United States presidential primary campaign, plus Edward Kennedy. The CI correlated significantly with two conventional measures of L-C, and showed a similar pattern of correlates. Conservatism, especially as measured by the CI, also correlated significantly with low self concept,
conformism, materialism, provincialism, intolerance for ambiguity, traditional family ideology, and authoritarianism. The conservative was not found to be less trustful of people, nor less socially responsible, as reported by previous research. The possibility of the CI serving as a substitute
measure of b-C with advantages of brevity, currency, uniformity, and unobtrusiveness, was discussed.
DEFENSE MECHANISM PREFERENCES AND THE EXPRESSION OF ANXIETY
Authors: Viney Linda L. , Manton Monica
Published: May 2006

The study was designed to assess the relationships between certain expressions of anxiety and preferences for defense mechanisms. Those subjects for whom the preferred defense mechanism was found (by the DM1) to be Principalization (PRN) revealed significantlylowerscores on the three interrelating indices of anxiety involving awareness and avowal of lack of emotional control (TMAS, AACL and UJ.24) than those who did not make that choice. They had significantlyhigherscores, however, on the unrelated index tapping deeper levels of consciousness (the Gottschalk-Gleser method of content analysis, 1969). These findings point to the significance of the role played by defense mechanisms in the expression of anxiety.
PERSONAL CASUALITY AND ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Ugwuegbu D.Chimaeze , Hendrick Clyde
Published: May 2006

This study examined the relationship between the severity of negative consequences of a blameworthy behavior and attribution of responsibility for that behavior. Under the guise of comparing their judgments with that of a jury, 480 college students read a transcript of a lawsuit stemming
from a bank holdup case in which a customer was injured either slightly or severely by a bullet fired by a bank robber when a teller disobeyed the robber's command not to move. Subjects rated the robber, teller, and victim on several scales. Results indicated more responsibility attribution
as severity increased, although this result was qualified by the sex of the involved stimulus persons. Higher punishment and compensation ratings were also made in the severe condition. It was found that as the victim's injury increased in seriousness, his suffering was attributed less
to chance. The results demonstrated the value of using a nonaccident paradigm which includes clearly blameworthy behavior, and distinguishes between the victim and perpetrator of the negative behavior. Under such conditions severity-dependent attribution of responsibility may often occur.
EFFECTS OF SEATING DISTANCE AND ROOM ILLUMINATION ON THE AFFECTIVE OUTCOMES OF SMALL GROUP INTERACTION
Authors: Giesen Martin , Hendrick Clyde
Published: May 2006

Three experiments explored the effects of variation in room illumination and in seating distance between members of a small group on moods, evaluations, attraction, and opinion expression. Groups of three subjects and a moderator discussed a socially relevant issue and then made several
ratings. During the discussion, group members sat either very close to each other or far apart. In the first two studies room illumination ranged from normal lighting to darkness, and in the third study the room was either red or blue in hue. Check questions indicated successful manipulation
of the variables. However, across the three experiments there were only slight effects for the several measures of affective response. The results indicate that, contrary to expectation, interaction distance is not per se a very powerful variable. Very likely, pleasant or unpleasant
effect will depend on distance only under relatively circumscribed boundary conditions, which are, as yet, undetermined.
THE EXISTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE THAT INJUSTICE IN HUMAN RELATIONSHIP HAS FOR THE NEUROTIC
Authors: Perlowski Stephen F. , Reisman John M.
Published: May 2006

In this study the meaning of injustice was restricted to that occurring in human relationship, and was defined to connote the failure on the part of an individual engaged in some form of interpersonal interchange to recognize the distinctive stance in existence of the one with whom
his verbal exchange takes place. In order to test the hypothesis that neurotics are particularly sensitive to injustice, a paper and pencil test was devised to assess the degree of helplessness that 25 neurotics and 38 normals indicated when confronted with cartoon-like situations which had
been prejudged in terms of their depiction of either justice or injustice in human relationship. Although neurotic and normal subjects were equally involved in these situations, the neurotic subjects rated themselves significantly more helpless than normal subjects in the situations characterized
by injustice. The meaning of this finding was discussed in terms of the neurotic's helpless inability to find “confirmation” in the unjust relationship, and the suggestion was made that psychotherapy derives its potency from the counselor's willingness to enter into the
sphere of genuine dialogue.
DIMENSIONS OF TIME EXPERIENCES
Authors: Yonge George D.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the present study is to examine the dimensions common and specific to 16 measures dealing with attitudes toward and experiences of time so that further insight might be gained regarding their psychological meaning. Scores for 76 subjects from 4 inventories were submitted
to a principal components analysis. Six factors were rotated to a varimax solution. A factor, expected on the basis of the notions underlying 5 of the measures, clearly emerged. Two other factors shared variance with scores derived from at least 2 inventories, and the remaining 3 factors were
unique to one inventory. Factors were discussed in terms of their psychological meaning and a possible artifact of one inventory.
PUPIL SIZE, AFFECT AND EXPOSURE FREQUENCY
Authors: Janisse Michel Pierre
Published: May 2006

Four investigations of the affect-pupil size relationship are reported here as attempts to test Hess's (1965) attraction-dilation and aversion-constriction hypotheses. In the first two studies, no evidence was found for a relationship between pupil size and frequency of exposure
to a stimulus as defined by Zajonc (1968). However, it was observed that the stronger a stimulus was rated in terms of affect (like-dislike), whether positive or negative, the larger the pupil size. Pupil size at the neutral point was not smallest, as expected, but was elevated, relative to
the points adjacent to it. Two additional studies, using a pseudo task which induced feelings of success or failure, confirmed the previous findings. A positive relationship was found between pupil size and affect intensity, and again, elevated pupil size at the neutral points. There was no
evidence of constriction to any stimulus, positive or negative, in any of the four studies. It was concluded that pupil size is linearly related to the intensity continuum of affect and curvilinearly related to its valence (positive-negative) continuum.
FACTOR ANALYSIS AND ROTATION OF THE 566 MMPI ITEMS
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: May 2006

Because of the still imperfectly understood basic factor structure of the MMPI, a Principal Components Analysis and Varimax Rotation was conducted on the MMPI item responses of 50 female undergraduate students of Education at Massey University. Eight factors were extracted which were
named: Neuroticism, Anti-social behavior, Fundamentalist religiosity, Subjectivity, Introversion, Paranoic tendency, Depression and Physical symptoms. The possibly different factor structure for males and females needs explication in further work.
WARM-UP AND FATIGUE EFFECTS IN JOKES RATED BY CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT PERSONS
Authors: Kirkland John
Published: May 2006

Male subjects identified as concrete or abstract in conceptual system (Harvey, 1966) were exposed to 36 jokes previously categorized by content (sexual, aggressive, or neutral) and type (subtle or obvious). Independent or conceptual system funniness ratings showed both warm-up and fatigue
effects, especially for subtle jokes. Concrete persons used a narrower scale range than abstract ones. The former, it is suggested, react to situational demands rather than personal preferences. Sex jokes were, unexpectedly, rated higher than either aggressive or neutral jokes.
EXPECTANCY, MOTIVATION TO ACHIEVE, AND RECALL IN PERFORMANCE
Authors: Bruehl Dieter , Solar Diana
Published: May 2006

Two groups of paid female students were employed in a modified Aronson and Carlsmith (1962) expectancy-performance design. Fifty-three Ss were in the Low-High condition, 59 were in the Low-Low condition. Overall results did not support predictions derived from dissonance theory. However,
results supporting dissonance theory were obtained when expectancies, motivation to achieve and forgetting of individual Ss were systematically evaluated on an a priori basis.
LABORATORY AGGRESSION WHERE THE VICTIM IS A SMALL DOG
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Ashlock Jim , Carroll Chris , Foote Susan , Feeler John , Keller Ernest , Seese Gordon , Watkins Dave
Published: May 2006

Earlier experiments in laboratory aggression have demonstrated the willingness of subjects to shock human victims as functions of obedience and situational conformity processes. In this experiment, 30 undergraduate college students shocked a small dog. The hypothesis that subjects would
shock this vulnerable victim less was confirmed. Females shocked the dog significantly less than males, a difference which does not occur for human victims. This difference may be attributed to different empathy levels, and different roles that pets play for the two sexes. Rationale supporting
the shocking behavior evolved around the belief that punishment is legitimate and the dog received fair treatment.
THE OBSERVING ACTOR: DIVERGENT PERCEPTIONS OF THE CAUSE OF ONE'S OWN BEHAVIOR
Authors: Lipschitz Alan
Published: May 2006

Jones and Nisbett (1971) have found that subjects performing an act (actors) believe their act to have been caused by factors other than the factors believed to be causal by subjects observing the performance of the act (observers). These findings indicate that Bern's (1967) proposal
that observers and actors share the same causal attributions is false. A cognitive structure mediating the actor's causal attributions is proposed and successfully applied to current problems in intrinsic motivation, persuasion, and desensitization. Implications of this structure for
social control and for freedom are suggested.
SELF-REALIZATION AS THE BASIS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY: A LOOK AT TWO EASTERN-BASED PRACTICES, TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION AND ALPHA BRAIN WAVE BIOFEEDBACK
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: May 2006

The “name of the game” for all types of psychotherapy is ultimately the maximization of human happiness. All psychotherapy then becomes concerned with such notions as self-realization, self-actualization, human fulfilment, etc., although a given system may not use such terminology.This
paper looks at some Eastern contributions to the promotion of self-realization—in particular a technique in the Hindu Yoga meditative tradition, Transcendental Meditation (TM) which is beginning to attract substantial scientific attention. In addition the paper also looks at some of
the rather arresting research in alpha brain wave biofeedback training, originating from EEG monitoring of Zen and Yoga practitioners. People are training themselves to produce states of mind found subjectively to be pleasant.
COMPARISON BETWEEN DREAM REPORTERS AND LOW REPORTERS AS MEASURED BY THE MMPI
Authors: Redfering David L. , Keller Jack
Published: May 2006

The personality differences between 75 reporters of frequent dream recall and 111 low reporters were compared by the MMPI. Although there were no significant personality differences between the two groups, the trends were toward dream recallers tending to be more restless and nervous,
more withdrawing, and more inclined to engage in manic activity.
CONVERGENT VALIDITY OF THE IPAT CHILDREN'S PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE AND TEACHERS' RATINGS OF THE ADJUSTMENT OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Lessing Elise E. , Oberlander Mark I. , Barbera Linda
Published: May 2006

The IPAT Children's Personality Questionnaire was administered to two samples of white American school children. Both samples were divided into well-adjusted and maladjusted subgroups on the basis of teacher ratings. The CPQ Neuroticism score and the teacher ratings of adjustment
status yielded biserial correlations of 0.12 and 0.22, while the biserial correlations of teacher ratings and 10 scores were -0.52 and -0.50, with higher 10 scores being associated with healthier (but numerically lower) teacher ratings. Implications for the validity of the CPQ Neuroticism
index were discussed.
FORMALITY OF SIGNATURE AS AN INDEX OF SUBJECT MOTIVATION IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT
Authors: Hendrick Clyde , Vincenzo Joe , Nelson Cheryl A.
Published: May 2006

The psychological experiment has been characterized by Orne as a formal role situation which subjects take seriously. Increased seriousness may be reflected in many behaviors, even in the way in which one signs one's name. Initial signup names and signatures within the experiment
proper were available for two group rating experiments. Analyses showed that 22% of all subjects used different versions of their signature for the two occasions. Of this sample of changers 88% used a signature in the experiment that was more formal than their signup signature.
These data were interpreted as in line with Orne's theorizing.
A MULTI-FRAME OF REFERENCE APPROACH TO LEISURE MOTIVATION
Authors: Groves David L. , Kahalas Harvey , Erickson David L.
Published: May 2006

With the increased amount of leisure time and ways to spend it caused by increased automation throughout the society, most individuals must facilitate utilization of their time to satisfy individual needs for proper maintenance of mental health. Therefore, the personality and social
psychology of the individual within this setting must be examined critically. Research on this subject has been primarily of a descriptive nature, especially with regard to motivation. Therefore, this study was undertaken to lay a more quantitative framework for future research. A unique feature
of this study was that it examined leisure from a multi-frame of reference, so that the changes in motivation and its important formative variables can be isolated with regard to content area and utilized to help individuals clarify their position to satisfy individual needs. The results indicate
that emotion and involvement are the common elements that are related to leisure needs, and that the relationships among the interacting elements change as the frame of reference shifts.
ATTRIBUTION OF FREEDOM IN A PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION SITUATION
Authors: Harvey John H. , Sandra De Mott , Murray Lesly , Yasuna Amy
Published: May 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate variables which affect a communicator's attribution of freedom to a communicatee. A communicator delivered a communication to a communicatee who reacted either favorably or unfavorably. Further, the communicator expected to have to deliver
a subsequent communication either to the same communicatee or to a different communicatee. As predicted, greater freedom was attributed to the communicatee (1) when the reaction to the communication was favorable than when it was unfavorable, and (2) when a subsequent communication was to
be directed toward the same communicatee than when it was to be directed toward a different communicatee. These findings were discussed in terms of a person's need for compliance and the role of the attribution of freedom in serving this need. The study also provided evidence about the
relationship between the attribution of freedom and liking.
ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR A NATURALLY OCCURRING EVENT: THE 1973 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
Authors: Cordray David S. , Mcmartin James A. , Shaw Jerry I.
Published: May 2006

On October 16, 1973, the Nobel Peace Prize awards were announced. Within four days, a field study was conducted to examine attribution of responsibility for contributions toward peace. Two major findings included (1) an inverse relationship between extremity of outcome and responsibility
attribution, and (2) a positive relationship between the respondent's personal similarity to the target person and responsibility attribution. These results demonstrate the utility of field studies inasmuch as the data are consistent with predictions derived from laboratory investigations
of attribution theory.
THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONS ON SUBJECTS' IMAGERY QUESTIONNAIRE SCORES
Authors: Ashton R. , White K.
Published: May 2006

Groups of about 35 subjects were given Neutral, Low and High motivating instructions before completing the Shortened Form of Betts' Questionnaire upon Mental Imagery. The results for imaging scores in all seven sensory modalities tapped by this questionnaire indicated that the
instructions significantly influenced subjects' responses. The data were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that perceived desirability of claiming intense images contaminates responses on the Betts' QMI.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS WINNER AND LOSER AFTER AN ELECTION
Authors: Dabbs James M.
Published: May 2006

A study of the 1968 election and a role play experiment suggested that candidates are viewed more favorably after an election, regardless of whether they have won or lost. The loser is apparently not derogated as a result of having lost. Further, men and women seem to differ in the
kind of winner they prefer, with men becoming more favorable toward a candidate who has won by a narrow margin and women becoming more favorable toward a candidate who has won by a large margin.
GENERAL ANESTHESIA AND THE PATIENT'S ATTEMPTS AT CONTROL
Authors: Pranulis Maryann F. , Dabbs James M. , Johnson Jean E.
Published: May 2006

Twenty surgical patients were instructed to be active or passive while awaiting surgery. Pulse measures were taken as patients approached the operating table, received anesthesia, and lost consciousness. All patients increased in pulse rate before anesthesia. Immediately after initial
anesthesia the groups diverged, active patients decreasing and passive patients increasing in pulse rate. A decrease in pulse rate is clinically desirable. A patient's active participation may show that the staff is responsive to his needs, making him more willing to submit to anesthesia.
PERPETRATOR OR VICTIM? EFFECTS OF WHO SUFFERS IN AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT ON JUDGEMENTAL STRICTNESS
Authors: Shaw Jerry I. , Mcmartin James A.
Published: May 2006

After reading of an automobile accident in which the driver and/or bystanders either suffered or did not suffer, subjects rated the driver's responsibility for the accident and sentenced him to a jail term. The purpose of this experiment was to contrast three theoretical models:
defensive attribution, moral salience, and equity. Results indicated that male subjects utilized an equity principle by relaxing their strictness of judgement, in terms of time sentenced to jail, when the accident perpetrator himself suffered harmful consequences. Females invoked a moral salience
principle in that judgemental strictness increased only when bystanders were harmed. Regardless of sex, subjects expressed a preference for information regarding the personal characteristics of the accident perpetrator as contrasted with information about the environment. This finding was
considered in relation to recent developments in attribution theory.
JUDGEMENTS OF AGGRESSION SERVING PERSONAL VERSUS PROSOCIAL PURPOSES
Authors: Rule Brendan Gail , Dyck Ronald , Mcara Marilynn , Nesdale Andrew R.
Published: May 2006

Two studies using a university and a high school population were conducted in which subjects read a transcript of an interview including a description of an aggressive incident. The aggressor was attractive or unattractive, and his intentions in aggressing were either to hurt the victim
(hostile aggression), to return a wallet to its rightful owner (social-instrumental) or to keep the wallet for himself (personal-instrumental). Subjects evaluated the aggressor on several dimensions. The results of both studies indicated that the manipulations were successful. Moreover, in
both studies subjects evaluated the attractive aggressor as more right and less deserving of punishment than the unattractive aggressor. Both university and high school students judged an aggressor who hit for pro-social instrumental reasons as more right and less deserving of punishment than
an aggressor who hit for personal reasons. For university students both hostile and personal-instrumental aggression were evaluated similarly. However, high school subjects evaluated an aggressor who hit for personal-instrumental reasons as more wrong and deserving of more punishment than
an aggressor who hit for hostile reasons.
A SUGGESTED MODIFICATION TO MASLOW'S NEED HIERARCHY
Authors: Groves David L. , Kahalas Harvey , Erickson David L.
Published: May 2006

Since its development, Maslow's need hierarchy has been criticized and applauded. This hierarchy has been primarily used in the development of theory. Problems in its operational use have been caused by the upper levels in the hierarchy, particularly the self-actualization category.
This investigation was undertaken to explore a modification of the upper levels of the need hierarchy based upon the application of power, competition, and achievement to self, as well as the concept of “other directed.”
THE CONVERT AS A CREDIBLE COMMUNICATOR
Authors: Levine John M. , Valle Ronald S.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated reactions to an anti-alcohol communication delivered by convert and nonconvert communicators. In 4 convert conditions the communicator was presented as a former alcoholic. The convert's communication was either Personal (first-person pronouns) or Impersonal
(third-person pronouns). Compared with subjects' current alcohol consumption, the convert's consumption at a comparable time in life had been either Similar or Extreme. In a control condition (No Convert Impersonal), a life-long teetotaler presented a message identical with that
given in the Impersonal Convert conditions. Overall evaluations of the communicator and communication, as well as ratings of message persuasiveness, were significantly more favorable in all 4 convert conditions than in the No Convert Impersonal condition. Within the convert conditions, ratings
consistently were more favorable in the Personal than in the Impersonal, and in the Extreme than in the Similar, conditions. Several additional variables which may importantly affect convert communicator credibility were discussed.
THE STRUCTURE OF ROLE PERCEPTION: A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
Authors: Pieszko Henry
Published: May 2006

To test the stability of role perception multidimensional scaling analyses were applied to family role constructs (Mother, Father, etc.) based on data from two methods which differed significantly in terms of the types of judgements of stimulus dissimilarity which were required. In
the present application demonstrating stability of role perception reduced essentially to the problem of showing the statistical (rather, of course, than the strict mathematical) equivalence of two presumably multi normal data matrices. The problem, however, was complicated also not only because
of the existence of individual differences in perceptual style but also because of the possible interaction of these with the method used for the assessment of subject judgements. An attempt was made, therefore, for both a statistical comparison as well as pattern comparisons after the data
were factored along the lines of Tucker-Messick.
RANDOM RESPONDING AND THE QUESTIONNAIRE MEASUREMENT OF PSYCHOTICISM
Authors: THOMPSON A. H.
Published: May 2006

The hypothesis was advanced that questionnaire measures of Psychoticism (P) may represent an estimate of randomness in responding, rather than reflecting reactions to item content. Questionnaire measures of P, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and a Lie score were taken from each of 103 male
subjects. The results showed that P did not correlate with measures of random responding which were derived from the remaining scales. Thus, the hypothesis was not supported. Further inspection of the data failed to discover a general trait of random responding.
EXTREME DISSENT, CONFORMITY REDUCTION AND THE BASES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Authors: Levine John M. , Saxe Leonard , Ranelli Candice J.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated how “correct” and “incorrect” dissenters from erroneous group consensus affect conformity on visual and opinion stimuli under normative and informational social pressure. Subjects were female undergraduates exposed to group pressure in
a Tuddenbam-type electrical signaling apparatus. Results indicated that the relative impact on con-fortuity of “correct” and “incorrect” dissenters was not significantly affected by type of social pressure. Regardless of social pressure, a dissenter giving correct,
or popular, answers (social supporter) reduced conformity significantly on both types of stimuli, compared with a unanimous condition. However, a dissenter answering even more incorrectly than the erroneous majority (extreme dissenter) reduced conformity significantly only on visual items.
Results, though consistent with earlier data, cast doubt on the generality of a recent interpretation by Allen and Levine (1968, 1969) of dissenter efficacy on visual items.
ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY IN A CAMPUS STABBING INCIDENT
Authors: Hill Frances A.
Published: May 2006

Recent laboratory work has suggested a defensive attribution interpretation of the attribution of responsibility following an accident. The present study was an attempt to test these notions in a field situation. A questionnaire was devised concerning a campus stabbing incident in which
one girl suffered severe consequences and her companion suffered less severe consequences. Results were compatible with defensive attribution. Those Subjects who most closely identified with the victim (females) perceived chance as a contributing factor less often when consequences were severe,
and held the victim more responsible for her fate, than did Subjects who did not identify with the victim (male).
PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS, ATTITUDE SIMILARITY, AND LENGTH OF ACQUAINTANCE AS CONTRIBUTORS TO INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Cavior Norman , Miller Karen , Cohen Stanley H.
Published: May 2006

Tenth and twelfth grade males and females who knew each other judged, within grade levels, their classmates on physical attractiveness (PA), perceived attitude similarity (PAS), and interpersonal attraction (IA). In addition, a measure of actual attitude similarity (AAS) was computed
for each pair of subjects. Regression analyses supported the hypotheses that PA and PAS are positively correlated. Little support was found for the hypothesis that AAS and PAS are correlated. The results of the present naturalistic study also conflict with results obtained in laboratory studies
which have found AAS to be correlated with IA.
EYE CONTACT, PHYSICAL PROXIMITY AND LAUGHTER: A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM MODEL OF SOCIAL INTIMACY
Authors: Chapman Antony J.
Published: May 2006

Independent groups of 7-year-old subjects listened to humor on headphones, either with a nonlistening companion (audience) or with a companion who also listened (coactor), and at one of two interpersonal distances. In coaction sessions, children sitting closer engaged in more eye contact,
laughter and smiling. The direct relationship between them and other intimacy signals is unequivocal evidence against Argyle and Dean's (1965) equilibrium model of social intimacy. It is argued that this model is based upon an invalid assumption, namely, that levels of intimacy remain
static during interactions. Humorous laughter is identified as a means of reducing social arousal. Audience and coaction differences in laughter and smiling and correlational data mirror previous results. Girls tended to engage in more eye contact than did boys.
THOUGHT AND NUMBER OF COGNITIONS AS DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDE CHANGE
Authors: Tesser Abraham , Cowan Claudia L.
Published: May 2006

Previous research has shown that thinking about some attitude object results in more polarized attitudes than being distracted from thinking about the object. Perhaps this difference is due to thought producing additional cognitions consistent with the initial attitude direction. To
test this hypothesis, 64 subjects indicated their attitudes toward fictitious persons described with either four or eight adjectives. After thinking about the person or being distracted from thinking about the person, they again scaled their attitude. Assuming that it is easier to add cognitions
to the smaller initial set, the following was predicted and obtained: Opportunity for thought and initial set size interact in polarizing attitudes (p < 0.05); the difference between thought and distraction conditions is more pronounced with four cognitions (p < 0.01) than
with eight cognitions (n.s.); and number of cognitions is negatively related to polarization under thought (0.10 < p < 0.05).
RACE, SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, AND PERCEIVED SIMILARITY AS DETERMINANTS OF JUDGEMENTS BY SIMULATED JURORS
Authors: Gleason James M. , Harris Victor A.
Published: May 2006

Eighty-four simulated jurors judged a defendant on trial for armed robbery after reading trial transcripts and other background information in a 2 × 2 factorial design which varied the defendant's race and socioeconomic status (S.E.S). Higher S.E.S. (middle class) defendants
were judged less guilty and assigned fewer years in prison than low S.E.S. defendants regardless of race. A race × S.E.S. interaction on attributed blameworthiness of the defendant, which was inversely related to the jurors' judgements of the defendant's similarity to them,
was also found. Theoretical and methodological implications of these findings for jury simulation studies are discussed.
INTERDISCIPLINARY CREATIVITY OVER HISTORICAL TIME: A CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS OF GENERATIONAL FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: May 2006

The interdisciplinary relationships among 15 kinds of creative achievement were examined over 130 generations of European history (controlling for linear, quadratic, and cubic time trends). A P-technique factor analysis located three major interdisciplinary clusters: (a) discursive (science, philosophy, literature, and music), (b) presentational (painting, sculpture, and architecture), and (c) rationalism-mysticism (physical science and general philosophy versus religion and painting). A cross-lagged correlation analysis then indicated that minor discursive creators tended to inhibit the development of minor presentational creators in the next generation. Personological, interpersonal, and sociocultural explanations for the findings were discussed.
CONVERGENCE TOWARD A SINGLE SEXUAL STANDARD?
Authors: Curran James P.
Published: May 2006

Male and female subjects in a “computer dating” study completed a sexual experience questionnaire as well as attitudinal and experiential questionnaires. The degree of a subject's sexual experience was found to be related to interpersonal attraction, physical attractiveness,
dating experience and attitudes regarding religious, moral and political issues. The sexual experiences for both sexes were demonstrated to be cumulative and follow a fixed pattern but the sequence of sexual experiences differed for males and females.