bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of flood-prone isolated areas through a probabilistic approach
Authors: Colavitto Bruno , Ghizzoni Tatiana , Trasforini Eva
Published: March 2024

Large natural disasters such as earthquakes, extensive floods or tsunamis can produce important direct impacts to roads, easily leading to a complete disruption of the transportation system. However, smaller scale processes, such as landslides or local floods, can also produce road disruptions pushing the road network functionality to a critical point. Analyzing transport networks’ vulnerability considering functional and topological properties is key to understand the indirect effects produced by a given hazard. By simulating single or multiple flood events, classic approaches use the percolation method to provide information on how well connected the road network remains after an event. In this study, we will focus on another indirect effect, the isolation problem, which is relevant for preparedness, emergency planning or post-disaster needs assessment. Roughly, many regional-scale studies deal with this issue by defining accessibility/remoteness indexes, that account for the connectivity between the locations of interest and a given set of pre-defined service centers. However, the problem of isolation has not yet been addressed from a probabilistic point of view. Hence, we aim to combine a computational probabilistic approach to simulate a set of flood scenarios that can affect a region and characterize the isolation potential of the set of vulnerable locations. Through this methodology we preserve the statistical properties of the historical events, and we simulate a large number of events, obtaining an event catalogue spanning thousands of years. Using Open-Street maps in a Python environment we analyzed Cambodia road network, identifying, as well, the most poorly connected locations (i.e., the Origin points), and the service centers (i.e., the Destination points). Combining the results of the road network analysis with the outputs of the probabilistic model we produced a map highlighting those regions where connectivity losses are expected to be high, as an indicator of where to expect direct hazard impacts to road network will host larger effects to the overall network functionality. On the other hand, we obtained the probability of disruption for each of the road segments defined. By computing which of them are associated to each Origin-Destination shortest paths, we managed to propagate the road disruptions conditioned by the hazard footprint to an indirect measure of the impact (i.e., the ability of the road network to provide services). Thus, we finally obtained a probability measure of the isolation potential for the selected locations in Cambodia.
Effects of elevated CO2 on soil microbial communities in a tropical understory forest in the Central Amazon
Authors: Souza Crisvaldo , Fuchslueger Lucia , Pires Martins Nathielly , Sales Pereira Iokanam , Viana Guedes Alacimar , Tanaka Portela Bruno Takeshi , Pires Martins Maria , Menezes Juliane G. , Séneca Joana , Garcia Sabrina , Macambira Damasceno Amanda Rayane , Vicentini Alberto , Lapola David M. , Quesada Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2024

Soil microbial communities are central to understanding interactions between soil and climate change by controlling  major carbon and nutrient fluxes, such as organic matter formation and decomposition. In addition, soil microbial communities respond sensitively to climate change and  can control the magnitude and direction of potential soil feedback to climate.Tropical forests have a crucial role as carbon sink to reduce elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), but they rely on soil microbial communities to access nutrients from organic matter. However, especially in tropical areas, the effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on soil microbial community composition are still not fully understood. Studies, primarily conducted in temperate regions, demonstrate that eCO2 concentrations can cause changes in the structure and activity of soil microbial communities responsible for decomposing organic matter. Additionally, the richness of some microorganism species is relatively sensitive and decrease under eCO2, potentially leading to changes in the abundance of specific microbial taxa. Consequently, this could change nutrient mineralization rates, affecting primary production rates, and subsequently plant organic matter quality and inputs to soil.Here we used an Open-Top Chamber (OTC) experiment to expose the understory vegetation in a tropical lowland forest to eCO2 (+200 ppm above ambient), and tested the impacts of eCO2 on soil microbial (fungal, bacterial, and archaeal) community structure using 16SrRNA amplicon sequencing. Two soil collections were conducted in eight OTCs (four eCO2 and four ambient control OTCs), in September 2019 before the CO2 increase and in September 2021 after two years of CO2 increment. Our results showed a significant decrease in microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus pools in response to eCO2 and a strong tendency of decreased DNA concentrations corroborating a potential decrease in soil microbial biomass. In addition, our data will provide insights in the diversity of microorganisms in Amazonian soil, and allow to better understand soil microbial community responses and feedbacks of tropical forests to eCO2 and consequences for soil carbon and nutrient cycling.
Leveraging Catastrophe Modelling Insights for Bottom-Up Assessments of Climate Change Physical Risk: The ‘Climate on Demand Pro’ Platform
Authors: Roy Keven , Khare Shree
Published: March 2024

As our knowledge of the physical impacts associated with climate change develops, translating those insights into accurate estimates of societal and financial repercussions has become a key concern for a variety of decision-makers, including policymakers, insurance specialists, investors and regulators. Although this task is daunting, it can leverage the deep knowledge of the financial impacts of extreme natural events amassed over the past decades in the (re)insurance industry, where detailed assessments of location-level and portfolio-level risk are now commonly used.In particular, Moody’s RMS has been at the forefront of catastrophe modelling for over 30 years, developing and supporting models for the US$2.5 trillion global (re)insurance market. These granular, bottom-up models bring together carefully calibrated stochastic simulations of extreme events, together with detailed regional assessments of the vulnerability of a wide range of building and infrastructure types, which are then converted into loss distributions that incorporate local market considerations, such as repair/replacement costs and business interruption costs. Those models have been validated not only against extensive geophysical observations, but also against hundreds of billions of dollars of granular damage and building-specific claims data.In this context, Moody’s RMS has developed a novel bottom-up approach to assess the financial impacts of climate change, which leverages the respective strengths of catastrophe models and general circulation models. The ‘Climate on Demand Pro’ platform provides damage estimates at both location- and portfolio-levels, and incorporates an aggregation methodology that reflects the impacts of portfolio concentration or diversification. Those metrics are provided globally across the 21st century for various climate scenarios, across a suite of six acute and chronic climate perils (tropical cyclones, wildfires, inland floods, coastal floods, heat stress and water stress), as well as earthquake risk.This presentation will include an overview of the models, showcase some key results and discuss various use cases across the financial sector. The importance of such detailed loss-based climate risk metrics for present and future regulatory requirements will be emphasized, together with the need for increased collaboration between academia, industry and regulators in addressing the challenges ahead.
230Th/U and 234U/238U dating of cold-water corals: Approaching the disequilibrium theory
Authors: Frank Norbert ,   DCWC
Published: March 2024

U-series disequilibrium dating or more specifically 230Th/U - dating of cold-water corals is a major absolute chronological toolbox to study the evolution of coral reefs through time and to determine absolute time scales for climate proxies. Advances in multi-collector inductively coupled ion source mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) have continuously improved precision of Th and U isotopic measurements over the past decades thanks the development of new high ohmic resistors for Faraday cups. Consequently, isotopic measurements and absolute precision levels are in epsilon ranges for 234U/238U ratios and in the case of materials older than a few tens of thousands of years also for 230Th/238U ratios. To obtain accurate ages the corals isotope ratios need to evolve as a U series closed system and must be free of initial 230Th and non-carbonate materials. The latter being often traced using the natural most abundant 232Th isotope. Coral diagenesis, bio-erosion, residual ferromanganese coatings, recrystallization, and recoil displacement of U isotopes are known sources of age disturbances and U series open system behavior. Here, I want to advocate, however, that such cold-water corals can be ideal dating objects opening far reaching perspectives of marine climate science and for past ecosystem studies. Based on approx. 1200 coral ages and isotope ratios of reef-forming cold-water corals, which correspond to strict quality criteria, a perfect agreement with theoretical predictions of a closed U series system can be found. The resulting oceanic initial (234U/238U) activity ratio for the past 510 ka varies by at most 6.7 ‰ (2s) surrounding the mean of modern seawater and of all reconstructed values of 146.5 ‰ (HU1 reference material is assumed here to be in secular radioactive equilibrium). Consequently, the 234U/238U ratios may be used for dating of old cold-water corals to expand the dating range to more than 1.2 million years. Moreover, any significant deviation between closed system 234U/238U ages and 230Th/238U ages may be used to detect U series open - system behavior. Based on the combined age determination, more consistent chronologies can be derived for cold-water coral reefs beyond 350 ka and theoretically the quality of this archive has opened a path for absolutely dated marine climate proxy records since the Mid Pleistocene Transition.
Exploring the impact of human interventions on landslide dynamics evolution
Authors: Jiménez Donato Yenny Alejandra , Carraro Edoardo , Marr Philipp , Kanta Robert , Glade Thomas
Published: March 2024

Landslides are socio-natural hazards that are highly influenced by the interactions between physical processes and human interventions on slopes. There are several factors that can influence landslide occurrence, such as urbanization, environmental degradation, changes in land use and hydrological changes. The region of Lower Austria (Austria) is a great example of the interplay between historical land use changes and physical factors, such as geology and topography that increase landslide susceptibility and threaten important infrastructure. In recent decades, there have been a number of human interventions and land use changes that make it difficult to understand landslide dynamics. Therefore, a long-term monitoring system has been established since 2015 to better understand the spatio-temporal behaviour of landslides in this region.
The Hofermühle sub-catchment, a district of Waidhofen an der Ybbs in Lower Austria, is an example of the interaction between human intervention and physical processes on slopes. The first recorded activity dates from the late 1970s and was followed by the installation of drainages and some significant land use changes. In 2013, a heavy rainfall reactivated a landslide that led to an earth-to-mudflow process downstream. This event was followed by a series of measures such as the installation of several surface and subsurface drainage systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of environmental changes such as deforestation and drainage on landslide evolution using long-term monitoring data, field measurements, and numerical modeling. The compilation of historical aerial photographs and meteorological data was used to better understand the conditions and triggering mechanisms that led to these past events. To understand post-failure landslide evolution and the anthropogenic impact on complex landslides, numerical models integrating long-term monitoring data and field-based measurements are used.
A multivariate time series analysis of underground gas storage deformations using InSAR data
Authors: Rigamonti Serena , Dattola Giuseppe , Ciantia Matteo Oryem , Crosta Giovanni Battista
Published: March 2024

Underground gas storage (UGS) is of strategic importance both in terms of security of supply and to ensure the operational continuity of primary industrial basins. UGS reservoirs make it possible to guarantee the country a continuous and reliable supply of natural gas. It is well known that UGS activities can induce ground deformations, in response to gas injection and extraction cycles. The Lombardy region (Italy) has a predominant part in the Italian national policy of UGS in depleted reservoirs. In this work, five UGS reservoirs located in Lombardy and three additional ones in Italy, which differ in geometric and geo-lithological features, were considered.In this context, the InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technique plays a key role in monitoring ground deformations induced by UGS activities, providing precise measurements of ground displacement.In this contribution, we present (i) an application of a multi-method approach for the analysis of trends and seasonal signals in the EGMS InSAR time series of ground displacements in the proximity of UGS reservoirs to recognise specific footprints and spatial-temporal patterns of ground deformation. For this purpose, large datasets of ground displacements covering the UGS area in Lombardy (25 km2) from 2015 to 2022 were analysed; and (ii) an interpretation of the possible causal relationship between displacement and gas injection and extraction time series using cross-correlation approach and wavelet tools in the time-frequency domain.The multi-method approach involves the application and optimization of Principal Component (PCA) and Independent Component Analyses (ICA) in temporal (T-) and spatial (S-) modes on both ascending and descending InSAR time series, as well as on the vertical and horizontal ones, allowing for a spatial-temporal separation of the original data into a set of limited components. Among them, it is possible to isolate those related to the USG deformations, from other signals typical of the region. Subsequently, clustering analysis is performed to group the InSAR time series and identify characteristic ground deformation patterns, which could also be related to differences in grain size properties.As a result, it was possible to recognize and separate a limited number of signal components, describing long-term displacement and seasonal fluctuations, and the derived maps allowed the characterization of the area of influence relative to each UGS reservoir. Finally, cross-correlation approach and wavelet tools made it possible to identify and interpret the time lag between the peaks and, consequently to improve the correlation between displacements and anthropogenic triggers.To validate the deformation patterns resulting from the approach, numerical analyses were performed in which the gas injection and extraction time series were considered as input variables. 
Impacts of Climate Change on the Energetics and Ecosystem Material Cycles and Extreme Weather Events: An East Asian Case study
Authors: Park Hun , Song Cholho , Lee Woo-Kyun
Published: March 2024

Climate change is altering weather patterns around the world, and one notable effect is changes in the jet stream that controls weather systems. As the polar regions warm faster than lower latitudes, the temperature difference that drives the jet stream winds decreases, causing them to become more frequent and the air masses to stagnate. This could lead to prolonged periods of extreme weather, including deadly heat waves, floods and droughts. An example of this can be seen in 2018, when a heat wave broke record high temperatures in Korea due to blocking (a phenomenon in which air flow stagnates in the upper mid-latitudes, weakening westerly winds and causing strong north-south winds) by Rossby waves. Life-threatening heat persists without an increase in low-pressure systems that bring cooling rain.This study uses a systems ecology approach to examine the interactions between energy and material cycles in interconnected ecosystems in East Asia. The region's rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and high population density have significantly altered heat and material flows and cycles. These anthropogenic changes, together with natural climate variability, have complex and far-reaching impacts on regional climate patterns and ecosystem health.East Asia's built environment and demographics have fundamentally disrupted natural stability mechanisms. Rapid development has replaced heat-reflecting green spaces with heat-absorbing concrete structures, reducing evaporative cooling capacity. Sprawling road systems filled with vehicle heat exacerbate urban heat islands.In addition, climate-induced changes in the natural cycles of water, carbon, and nutrients link ecosystems in complex ways. Quantifying changes in cycling by evaluating historical data and models provides a basis for predicting ecosystem stability and resilience in the face of climate change. For example, a decrease in relative humidity in an area increases the risk of wildfires as moisture is removed from dead grass, fallen trees, and leaves. In areas with low relative humidity and abundant fuel-rich vegetation, the risk of wildfires may increase, particularly in winter and spring. A systematic understanding of these dynamics is essential to guide regional climate change adaptation planning.Finally, the study translates its findings into policy recommendations. By analyzing the positive impacts of increased plant cover on humidity and overall ecosystem water availability, this study provides actionable steps towards a more resilient East Asia.Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the Core Research Institute Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2021R1A6A1A10045235).
Management of belowground inputs is crucial to maintain soil carbon storage under climate change
Authors: Rumpel Cornelia , Hu Teng , Malone Sparkle , Chabbi Abad
Published: March 2024

Globally, agricultural soil management leads to soil organic carbon (SOC) losses, which contribute to increase atmospheric CO2 concentrations and thereby climate change. Grassland introduction into cropping phases (ley grasslands) was suggested as an appropriate management strategy to reduce these losses. Here we examine the impact of ley grassland durations in crop rotations on soil organic carbon in temperate climate from 2005 to 2100. We considered two IPCC scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, with and without atmospheric CO2 enhancements. We used the DailyDayCent model and a long-term field experiment to show that ley grasslands increase SOC storage by approximately 10 Mg ha−1 over 96 years compared with continuous cropping. Surprisingly, extending ley duration from 3 to 6 years does not enhance SOC, while it had a positive effect on plant residue accumulation in soil. Furthermore, in comparison with non-renewed grasslands, those renewed every three years demonstrated a notable increase in SOC storage, by 0.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1. These results may be explained by the enhanced input of root C in young grassland systems and its preferential contribution to soil organic matter formation. We concluded that management of root C inputs by ley grassland ploughing and renewal intervals is crucial for maximizing SOC stocks in agricultural soils, through balancing biomass carbon inputs during regrowth and carbon losses through soil respiration.
Assessment of Spire GNSS-R Based Soil Moisture Products: A Comparative Analysis with In-Situ and Other Satellite-Based Datasets 
Authors: Savastano Giorgio , Freeman Vahid , Jales Philip
Published: March 2024

 
Soil moisture, a critical parameter influencing various environmental processes, is a key focus in Earth observation. This study evaluates and validates Spire's GNSS-R-based soil moisture products, presenting an innovative retrieval methodology capturing spatiotemporal dynamics with enhanced precision.  

Leveraging extensive observations from Spire's GNSS-R and NASA’s CYGNSS (Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System) satellites, our assessment involves a comprehensive comparison and validation of Spire's soil moisture data. Ground truth measurements from ISMN (International Soil Moisture Network) provide a crucial benchmark, while concurrent validation with established satellite-derived soil moisture products such as SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) and ESA-CCI (Climate Change Initiative for Soil Moisture) ensures a robust understanding of Spire's GNSS-R products' performance across diverse regions. 

The insights gained from this comparative study not only contribute to the validation of Spire's products but also provides perspectives on the strengths and limitations of distinct soil moisture measurement techniques. 
Sulfur-bearing minerals in heavy sands from the Grande Côte Operation (site) in Senegal: identification and processing options to reduce sulfur concentrations
Authors: Dione Mariétou , Kanzari Aisha , Herbelin Maud , Lafon Sébastien , Martin Camille , Nicco Marion
Published: March 2024

Grande Côte Operations (GCO), a Senegalese subsidiary of the Eramet Group, specializes in the recovery of ilmenite, rutile, and zircon. The mine and its two processing plants have been in service since 2014. GCO is a major producer of titanium minerals, which are critical raw materials essential to a wide range of industrial ecosystems. Titanium is used in a variety of applications, including aerospace, defense, medical implants, and consumer products.
In this study, we focus on the occurrence of relatively sulfur-bearing samples. high “Sulfur is a deleterious element that affects negatively the application in the welding rod industry) The sulfur concentration in one sample was up to 2%, which is much higher than the usual concentration of 0.05%. Automated mineralogy was used to assess the S-bearing mineral concentration, liberation, and texture to test processing means to extract or reduce the sulfur content.
The sulfur is concentrated in framboidal pyrite, an iron sulfur mineral. The pyrite is well liberated indicating a potential to physically recover Sulfur. Processing could be done by density or by a combination of roasting and magnetic separation. It is the latter that is discussed here. The pyrite transforms into hematite at 600°C, roasting for an hour resulted in the transformation of all pyrite into hematite, a magnetic iron oxide. S was eliminated during roasting.
The micromorphology of pyrite is pseudomorphically replaced by porous hematite displaying circular textures. Microcracks in the hematite particles are abundant and are interpreted as desulfurization channels of the original pyrite. Some of the pores in hematite mimic the original cubic shape of pyrite. The porous texture of hematite particles might lower the ideal density of these hematite particles. Hematite particles could be successfully removed from the samples by magnetic separation.
Based on our findings, we suggest heating pyrite at 600°C for an hour and additional magnetic separation as a viable option for eliminating pyrite from the sample. However, further testing and optimization may be required to determine the feasibility of this process at a larger scale. Pyrite could also potentially be removed (together with zircon) at the density fraction >4.5 g/cm3 by dry density or air table separation.
Our study demonstrates the power of automated mineralogy in identifying and quantifying deleterious elements and minerals in complex samples originating from mining operations. By adding textural information, potential process options to remove these minerals and elements can be suggested.
A new detailed Bouguer anomaly for the exploration of the deep geothermal reservoir in SW-Belgium
Authors: Campeol Quentin , Dupont Nicolas , Nanfo Djoufack Ivan Pavel , Christiaens Louis , Martin Franck , Kaufmann Olivier
Published: March 2024

Located next to the Variscan front, the center of the Hainaut (SW-Belgium) is known for its deep geothermal potential. Indeed, the geothermal reservoir of the Carboniferous limestones, located in the Brabant Parautochton, currently supplies water at a temperature of between 65°C and 72°C from three deep wells in the Mons area. Although the use of geothermal energy is one of the main solutions to decrease or abandoning fossil energies, it is still very limited in this area. This situation is partly due to major uncertainties in the structure and the geometry of the reservoir which are holding back public and private investments and delay geothermal projects. For these reasons, we have conducted new geophysical surveys in the center of the Hainaut region for the last fifteen years. Among these, two gravimetric surveys in relation to the More-Geo project (ERDF funding) were carried out in 2019 and in 2022. As the production levels in the geothermal reservoir of the Carboniferous limestones are karstified, replacing massive anhydrites, the study of gravimetry disturbance is appropriate. The main goal is to provide information about deep geological structures and precisely on the geothermal reservoir by refining the localisation and the extent of karstified and anhydrite levels. The result of the 2019 and 2022 surveys is a new dataset of 13,000 measurements spread over 3,400 stations located in an area of 820 km². The classical Bouguer anomaly has been obtained after a full processing of the instrumental gravimetric measurements, using exclusively open-source Python libraries. Special attention is given to the terrain correction which in our case is based on the modelisation of the topographic surface by rectangular prisms and on the evaluation of the gravitational influence of these prisms. The method used combines a “large-scale” terrain correction modelling the topography up to 167 km in extent with prisms of 25 m resolution and a “local” terrain correction correcting the inaccuracies of the first grid with prisms of 1 m resolution over a more limited area. Results are the mapping of the Bouguer anomaly, the upward continuation, upward derivative and horizontal derivative obtained with the interpolation method of equivalent sources. The two last maps are at the base of structural interpretations of the Paleozoic basement. These results and specifically the processing will be a key to refine the localisation and the extent of deep geothermal targets within the Paleozoic basement. This will require specific processing taking into account the thick and highly heterogeneous Meso-Cenozoic cover of the Mons Basin.
Enhanced Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Procedures for the Generation of Ground Deformation Products 
Authors: Pepe Antonio , Barone Andrea , Castaldo Raffaele , Falabella Francesco , Mastro Pietro , Solaro Giuseppe , Stabile Tony , Tizzani Pietro , Pepe Susi
Published: March 2024

This work presents the results of some analyses carried out over medium-to-low coherent areas of the Southern Italy. Sequences of SAR data will be processed at different scales of resolution using the multi-temporal (Mt-InSAR) differential interferometry SBAS technique. In particular, the Enhanced SBAS processing chain recently proposed will be used with the aim to extend the spatial coverage of measurement points on the ground and improve performance of SBAS in areas with low SNR. The enhanced processing chain incorporates a space-time noise filtering method capable to obtain a set of optimized phases associated with single SAR images from sequences of time-redundant short baseline SAR interferograms.
To extensively investigate the quality of the achieved results, we perform a spatially and temporally comparison between the modelled deformation field and those achieved by the InSAR measurements. Despite some geophysical parameters of ground surfaces are a-priori chosen, we will search for the unavailable sensitive parameters to minimize the difference between the observed and simulated field. This optimization procedure allows retrieving the best model parameters configuration to simulate the observed phenomenon.
These activities are framed within the funded PRIN FRACTURES (Multiscale study of seismogenic processes in Campania-Lucania Apennines using machine learning algorithms and multiparametric observations) project.
Multi-criteria optimization of uranium exploitation by In Situ Recovery 
Authors: Doucmak Razane , Seigneur Nicolas , Escario Sofia , Lagneau Vincent , Descostes Michael
Published: March 2024

Worldwide, In situ recovery (ISR) is the most widely used uranium mining technique. As of 2022, it accounted for 55% of global uranium production. Uranium ISR consists in dissolving the ore minerals using an acidic leaching solution directly within the deposit through a series of injection and extraction wells. The U-enriched solution is then pumped to the surface in order to separate the dissolved uranium from the acid solution. Reagents are then recycled before being reinjected into the deposit. The key advantage of ISR over conventional underground and open-pit mining lies in its significantlyreduced costs and environmental footprint since it generates no tailings or solid waste and does not require excavation of the rock. It is by far the most cost effective extraction technique. However, an ISR exploitation impacts the groundwater quality by increasing the concentration of dissolved elements (SO4, ...) and decreasing the pH. Subsequently, groundwater impacted by acid ISR mining is typically remediated using various rehabilitation strategies. This study aims to forecast uranium production and predict the long-term environmental footprint of such exploitation using a reactive transport modeling approach. To do so, we will use HYTEC,  an  investigative tool to assess both production and the environmental footprint of an ISR mining site. HYTEC includes the three-dimensional hydrogeochemical simulation of the relevant chemical reactions which govern uranium production and the long-term evolution of the aquifer. The model is applied to an uranium deposit of the KATCO mine in Kazakhstan that has not been exploited yet. This model can simulate the 3D evolution of the aquifer geochemistry during and after the production phase. We will study how operating parameters (well design, injection-production rates, acidity and oxidation levels, …) impact both the uranium production and the environmental footprint of the ISR exploitation. The environmental footprint can be described in terms of distance and time. The distance is generally controlled by the migration of sulfate ions resulting from the injection of sulfuric acid, which have low reactivity and hence an important mobility. Acidity or pH is the parameter which influences the duration of the impact, as H+ has a very important reactivity and can also be stored locally by adsorption on clay mineral surfaces. The geochemical model, previously developed in a separate study, suggests that cationic sorption on clay surfaces and the precipitation of secondary minerals like gypsum regulate the behavior of contaminants (SO4, pH) over extended durations and distances.
Status and Planning Update on Big Data Standardization in OGC and ISO
Authors: Baumann Peter
Published: March 2024

Earth data are an archetypical case of Big Data, in all their Volume, Velocity, Variety, and Veracity challenges. Since long, therefore, standardization in ISO, OGC, and further bodies is concerned with developing and advancing specifications for structures and services suitable for Big Data. Questions to keep in mind include:- How can data wrangling be simplified, for example through better suited concepts and elimination of unnecessary technicalities?- How can specifications support scalable implementations?- What is necessary to make data ready for analysis, more generally: for the various types of consumption?Specifically, the commonly accepted concept of multi-dimensional coverages - corresponding to the notion of spatio-temporal "fields" in physics" - addresses Big Data, in practice: regular and irregular grids, point clouds, and general meshes. Recently, ISO has adopted two "abstract" standards with normative definitions of coverage concepts and terminology. 19123-1 addresses the coverage data model whereas 19123-3 is about coverage processing fundamentals, utilizing the OGC Web Coverage Processing Service (WCPS) model. OGC has adopted both as an update to its Abstract Topic 6.On the level of "concrete" specifications directed towards implementation and conformance testing there is the joint OGC/ISO Coverage Impementation Schema. In OGC the current version is 1.1 which introduces the General Grid Coverage as a more powerful, yet simplified structure for regular and irregular grids. ISO has commenced work on updating its 19123-2, which is still based on OGC CIS 1.0), with  CIS 1.1. On the processing side, there are various activities in addition to the proven, mature WCS and WCPS, such as drafts for OAPI-Coverages and GeoDataCube.We present the current status of ISO and OGC standardization work on coverages. The author is active as editor of adopted and in-progress standards in OGC and ISO since over 15 years, and intimately familiar with standardization work there. By sharing the status and plans of standardization the talk provides an opportunity for the community to comment on plans and share any comments and suggestions. 
The role of research data repositories for large integrative research infrastructures
Authors: Ott Florian , Elger Kirsten , Frenzel Simone , Brauser Alexander , Lorenz Melanie
Published: March 2024

The ongoing digitalisation together with new methods for inter- and transdisciplinary research (e.g., AI, ML) triggered the development of large research infrastructures across the Earth and environmental sciences (e.g. EPOS, EnvriFAIR or the German NFDI), and to increasing demands for seamless data integration and visualisation that requires interoperability of data formats and the used of agreed metadata standards. Especially for data intensive disciplines in geophysics and geodesy, metadata standards are important and already in place and widely adopted (e.g. RineX/SineX formats for GNSS data and GeodesyML metadata for GNSS stations; mSEED format and FDSN metadata recommendations for seismological data). In addition, it becomes increasingly relevant to connect research outputs (papers, data, software, samples) with each other and with the originating researchers and institutions – in unique and machine-readable way. The use of persistent identifier (like DOI, ORCID, ROR, IGSN) and descriptive linked data vocabularies/ontologies in the metadata associated with research outcomes are strongly supporting these tasks.In this presentation, we will elaborate the role and potential of domain-specific research data repositories for the process described above. Domain repositories are digital archives that manage and preserve curated research data (and/or software, sample descriptions) from specific scientific disciplines. The metadata associated with the DOI-referenced objects is specific for their domain and richer than generic metadata supposed to describe data across many scientific disciplines. They often offer data curation by domain researchers and data specialists and make sure that relevant persistent identifiers are included in the standardised XML or JSON metadata for data discovery that is complementing the disciplinary metadata described above.Our example is GFZ Data Services, the domain repository for geosciences data, hosted at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. GFZ Data Services has several partnerships with large research international infrastructures, like EPOS, GEOROC, the World Heat Flow Database Project, and provides data publication services to several geodetic data services of the International Association for Geodesy (ICGEM, IGETS, ISG). Our examples clearly delineate the and the roles of each partner and the benefit of the partnership for the overarching task Open Science.
Post-event forensic survey after a recent catastrophic flash flood in Central Spain: morphosedimentary and hydrodynamic reconstruction
Authors: Sandoval-Rincón K. Patricia , Garrote Julio , Vázquez-Tarrío Daniel , Lucía Ana , Hernández-Ruiz Mario , Perucha María Ángeles , Romero Amalia , Ortega José , Díez-Herrero Andrés
Published: March 2024

Catastrophic flash floods are among the deadliest and most damaging natural processes worldwide. Despite this, they are rarely well recorded in instrumental (e.g. rain gauges, gauging stations) and documentary records (archives and newspaper archives). For their analysis and future prevention, it is therefore essential to carry out post-event forensic studies to collect as much information as possible in the field, from which the morphodynamic, hydrological and hydraulic characteristics of these events can be reconstructed.In early September 2023, an exceptional ‘cut-off low’ weather situation (DANA) crossed the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, causing heavy rainfall and flash floods in several river basins (Alberche, Perales, Grande, Guadarrama). There were seven deaths and hundreds of millions of euros of damage to property and infrastructure.This work summarises all the post-event forensic analyses and field observations collected after this episode along the Grande-Perales-Alberche river system, consisting of: (i) documentation of the historical morphological changes of these rivers, obtained from old cartographies, geomorphological maps, aerial photographs and recent orthoimages; (ii) compilation of all meteorological (rainfall) and hydrological (flow) information available for the event; (iii) acquisition of aerial images and video recordings using drones; iv) field georeferencing with differential GPS of high water marks (HWM) and paleo-stage indicators (PSI); v) field topographic measurements; vi) detailed measurement of bedform parameters such as wavelength and amplitude of current ripples; vii) grain size and composition sampling of flood deposits.With all this information and other still being collected (such as orthophotographs and post-event DEMs generated by digital photogrammetry techniques based on images taken by drones), detailed digital elevation models are obtained. All this information will be used as calibration and validation information for 2D hydrodynamic and landscape evolution numerical models that attempt to reproduce and predict this type of event in the study rivers.
A complex effect of Iminger Rings on deep convection and mixed layer recovery in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Verezemskaya Polina , Kalinin Mikhail , Gulev Sergey , Krinitskiy Mikhail
Published: March 2024

Deep convection in the Labrador Sea has a significant role in the formation of the lower branch of the AMOC. It is known that the eddy mesoscale activity in the Labrador Sea, represented by the Irminger rings (IR), has an impact on the convection process.
Irminger rings are mesoscale anticyclonic eddies detached from the deep western boundary current (DWBC). Their property affecting the convection process is strong stable stratification that blocks ventilation from the surface, but there is still no numerical analysis of this effect. This work is focused on the study of Irminger Rings formation mechanisms and their impact on the depth and intensity of convection.
The research is based on data from the regional model of the Subpolar North Atlantic NNATL12 (NEMO 4.0.6).
The calculation of the terms of the vorticity equation is used to assess the influence of barotropic and baroclinic mechanisms in the generation of Irminger Rings.
An automatic identification method of IR centers in numerical simulation data is suggested. A stable correlation was found between the number of observed IRs and the heat transport of the DWBC (R2 = 0.71). It was established that the heat transport of the DWBC to the central part of the Labrador Sea is mainly produced by eddies, and the vertical thermohaline structure of IRs is similar to the structure of the DWBC. The IRs are clearly traced in the mixed layer depth domain during the winter - in the eddy area, the convection depth is much smaller (~1600 meters) than in the area where eddies are not observed. It is found that in the absence of IR in the central Labrador Sea, the convection depth is 3.5% higher, even though the area covered by IRs is about 82 times smaller than the central basin of the Labrador Sea. The influence of IR on the process of deepening and recovering of the mixed layer depth is also described.
Influence of small-scale convection on the cooling of oceanic lithosphere at slow and fast spreading ridges
Authors: Gudipati Raghu Ram , Pérez-Gussinyé Marta , García-Pintado Javier
Published: March 2024

Classic models of continental rifting predict that after continental break-up, the extended lithosphere returns to its original thermal state (McKenzie, 1978). At this time, the heat-flow should decrease from the proximal margin sectors, where the radiogenic crust is still relatively thick, towards its distal sectors, where the crust has extensively thin and the thermal lithosphere thickness approximates that of the adjacent untinned continental lithosphere. This should occur after approximately ~50 Myr for 120 km thick continental lithosphere (McKenzie, 1978). Although, good quality heat flow data is very scarce along margins, some of them, such as the Voring basin, show instead increasing heat flow towards the distal margin sectors ~60 Myr after break-up (Cunha et al., 2021). Recent numerical models have suggested, instead, that the lithosphere under the hyper-extended continental margins, does actually not return towards its original thermal thickness, instead it acquires a thickness which is similar to that of the adjacent plate, resulting in higher heat-flow towards the distal margins at ~80-100 Myr after break-up (Perez-Gussinye et al., 2023). In those models, the delay in thermal relaxation under the hyper-extended margins is caused by small-scale convections cells, a process which also prevents the oceanic lithosphere to infinitely cool and is responsible for the flattening of the oceanic bathymetry at old ages. Interestingly, the models show that the delay in thermal relaxation under both the hyper-extended rifted margins and the old oceanic crust increases with decreasing rifting and spreading velocity, such that is most obvious in ultra-slow margins and adjacent oceanic basins (Perez-Gussinye et al., 2023). Here we use updated 2D numerical models which include the thermal consequences of serpentinisation, melting and melt emplacement to understand the thermal evolution of oceanic plates and compare the resulting plate structure, heat-flow and bathymetry with the observations from seismic LAB structure, and global heat-flow and bathymetry databases. ReferencesCunha, T.A., Rasmussen, H., Villinger, H. and Akinwumiju, A.A., 2021. Burial and Heat Flux Modelling along a Southern Vøring Basin Transect: Implications for the Petroleum Systems and Thermal Regimes in the Deep Mid-Norwegian Sea. Geosciences, 11(5), p.190.McKenzie, D., 1978. Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins. Earth and Planetary science letters, 40(1), pp.25-32.Pérez-Gussinyé, M., Xin, Y., Cunha, T., Ram, R., Andrés-Martínez, M., Dong, D. and García-Pintado, J., 2024. Synrift and postrift thermal evolution of rifted margins: a re-evaluation of classic models of extension. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 547(1), pp.SP547-2023.
Integrated geothermal reservoir characterization in the North German Basin.
Authors: Al-Howidy Majdi , von Hartmann Hartwig , Soleimani Monfared Mehrdad , Moeck Inga
Published: March 2024

The North German basin characterizes challenges and unique opportunities of the geothermal reservoir because of the geological structure and geothermal potential. One of these challenges is the marine environments of Eocene deposits. This contains shallow marine environments where can changing sea levels lead to a variety of sediments from coastal sands to deep marine clays. Moreover, the uncertainty of reservoir features due to diagenetic processes over geological time can considerably change the original depositional characteristics of sediments. This study outlines a comprehensive investigation focused on classifying and analyzing shallow to medium-deep geothermal plays, mainly within the Brussels sand formation from the Tertiary sediments in the middle Eocene. We have selected this formation due to its appropriate thickness for geothermal reservoir studies and its lithological characteristics, previous studies have shown that the sediment sequence contains shale and sandy formation in Wilhelmshaven with a thickness of around 5 -130m. The approach that we are going to present in this study, leverages a combination of Geothermal, well, petrophysical well logs, and seismic data to build a rock model and perform a geothermal reservoir characterization in the area. A comprehensive investigation of the North German Basin's geothermal potential has been conducted, with a focus on the classification of play types. This classification is essential for understanding the range of geothermal systems present and their particular characteristics. The first stage contains the selection of areas with a geothermal potential based on the thickness of the formation, depth of the target formation, availability of 3D seismic data, the density of drilled wells, and the thermal gradient. Through a primary analysis and literature review, based on the aforementioned parameters, the sand bodies of the Brussels Formation were shown to be a suitable target for further exploration. Then it follows by a detailed analysis of underground temperatures of reservoirs in medium-deep depth. The dominant temperature of the geothermal reservoir in this depth and the selected target formation is expected to be classified as low, which can be suitable for heating purposes. These lower-temperature reservoirs are suited for district heating systems, especially when combined with heat pump technology. Heat pumps can raise the temperature of the geothermal heat to stages suitable for domestic and industrial heating. Then the integrated workflow of the temperature analysis and rock model investigation in this study can assist as a foundational framework for further detailed reservoir engineering studies and further economic assessment.