bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socio‐genetic structure and mating system of a wild boar population
Authors: Poteaux C. , Baubet E. , Kaminski G. , Brandt S. , Dobson F. S. , Baudoin C.
Published: March 2009

Wild boars Sus scrofa have a social organization based on female groups that can include several generations of adults and offspring, and are thus likely matrilineal. However, little is known about the degree of relatedness between animals living in such groups or occupying the same core area of spatial activity. Also, polygynous male mating combined with matrilineal female groups can have strong influences on the genetic structure of populations. We used microsatellite genotyping combined with behavioral data to investigate the fine‐scale population genetic structure and the mating system of wild boars in a multi‐year study at Châteauvillain‐Arc‐en‐Barrois (France). According to spatial genetic autocorrelation, females in spatial proximity were significantly inter‐related. However, we found that numerous males contributed to the next generation, even within the same social group. Based on our genetic data and behavioral observations, wild boars in this population appear to have a low level of polygyny associated with matrilineal female groups, and infrequent multiple paternity. Mortality due to hunting may facilitate the breakup of what historically has been a more predominantly polygynous mating system, and likely accelerates the turnover of adults within the matrilineal groups.
Colonial Crisis and Spanish Diplomacy in the Caribbean During the Sexenio Revolucionario, 1868–1874
Authors: ANDRÉS AGUSTÍN S.
Published: March 2009

During the nineteenth century, the Caribbean was the stage for a complex geopolitical confrontation involving the United States, Spain, Great Britain, and France. The precarious balance of powers in that region was upset by the outbreak of the Cuban crisis in 1868 and by the dawn of the period of severe instability in Spain following the overthrow of Isabel II and the onset of the reformist period characterised by the Sexenio Revolucionario. The Cuban crisis strongly constrained the foreign policy of the new regime in Spain and turned the Caribbean Basin into a zone of vital interest for Spanish diplomacy.
Bounding the Commons: Land Demarcation in Northeastern Nicaragua
Authors: FINLEY‐BROOK MARY , OFFEN KARL
Published: March 2009

In north‐eastern Nicaragua, territorial titling of communal lands conflates particular notions of ethnicity with proprietary conceptions of space to generate new forms of conflict within and between indigenous and black communities, and with mestizo migrants. Notions of rights between competing groups, or within conflicting normative frameworks, become increasingly polemic during demarcation. While analysis of three land titling case studies demonstrates that results are socially contingent and place based, trends include: (a) power disparities; (b) tension between ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ patterns of land tenure and resource rights; and (c) contradictions fed by international conservation agendas and neoliberal economic reforms. Combining critical actor‐based analysis with practical policy critique our work illuminates how contestations over the bounding of communal territories contribute to social injustice.
Contribution of the region Glu181 to Val200 of the extracellular loop of the human P2X1 receptor to agonist binding and gating revealed using cysteine scanning mutagenesis1
Authors: Roberts Jonathan A. , Valente Marie , Allsopp Rebecca C. , Watt David , Evans Richard J.
Published: March 2009

At the majority of mutants in the region Glu181‐Val200 incorporating a conserved AsnPheThrΦΦxLys motif cysteine substitution had no effect on sensitivity to ATP, partial agonists, or methanethiosulfonate (MTS) compounds. For the F185C mutant the efficacy of partial agonists was reduced by ∼ 90% but there was no effect on ATP potency or the actions of MTS reagents. At T186C, F188C and K190C mutants ATP potency and partial agonists responses were reduced. The ATP sensitivity of the K190C mutant was rescued towards WT levels by positively charged (2‐aminoethyl)methanethiosulfonate hydrobromide and reduced by negatively charged sodium (2‐sulfonatoethyl) methanethiosulfonate. Both MTS reagents decreased ATP potency at the T186C mutant, and abolished responses at the F195C mutant. 32P‐2‐azido ATP binding to the mutants T186C and K190C was sensitive to MTS reagents consistent with an effect on binding, however binding at F195C was unaffected indicating an effect on gating. The accessibility of the introduced cysteines was probed with (2‐aminoethyl)methanethiosulfonate hydrobromide‐biotin, this showed that the region Thr186‐Ser192 is likely to form a beta sheet and that accessibility is blocked by ATP. Taken together these results suggest that Thr186, Phe188 and Lys190 are involved in ATP binding to the receptor and Phe185 and Phe195 contribute to agonist evoked conformational changes.
Regulation of dendritic spine morphology by SPIN90, a novel Shank binding partner
Authors: Kim Seon‐Myung , Choi Kyu Yeong , Cho In Ha , Rhy Jin Hee , Kim Sung Hyun , Park Chul‐Seung , Kim Eunjoon , Song Woo Keun
Published: March 2009

Dendritic spines are highly specialized actin‐rich structures on which the majority of excitatory synapses are formed in the mammalian CNS. SPIN90 is an actin‐binding protein known to be highly enriched in postsynaptic densities (PSDs), though little is known about its function there. Here, we show that SPIN90 is a novel binding partner for Shank proteins in the PSD. SPIN90 and Shank co‐immunoprecipitate from brain lysates and co‐localize in postsynaptic dendrites and act synergistically to mediate spine maturation and spine head enlargement. At the same time, SPIN90 causes accumulation of Shank and PSD‐95 within dendritic spines. In addition, we found that the protein composition of PSDs in SPIN90 knockout mice is altered as is the actin cytoskeleton of cultured hippocampal SPIN90 knockout neurons. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that SPIN90 is a Shank1b binding partner and a key contributor to the regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis and brain function.
Niche position, but not niche breadth, differs in two coexisting amphibians having contrasting trends in Europe
Authors: Rannap Riinu , Lõhmus Asko , Briggs Lars
Published: March 2009

Aim  We explored general habitat‐related explanations (niche breadth and niche position) to the contrasting status of two amphibian species that have largely overlapping ranges and habitats – the rare and declining crested newt (Triturus cristatus), and the more common smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris). These closely related and ecologically similar species provide an excellent opportunity to study those methodologically challenging hypotheses, and this is the first such study on amphibians.

Location  Denmark.

Methods  We derived multivariate habitat models from 27 characteristics of 210 ponds and their surroundings, and their occupation by newts. In addition to the model performance, niche breadths were compared using the mean beta diversity of amphibian communities in the presence of each newt species.

Results  For each newt species, the habitat models comprised three variables and correctly classified 74% of observations. Diverse invertebrate fauna (prey base) and shorter distances to other ponds inhabited by conspecifics were positive for both species, while the surrounding habitat (notably dry grasslands with forests) was important for the crested newt and the sediment type of the pond for the smooth newt only. Beta diversity of the amphibian communities of occupied ponds did not differ between the two newt species. Hence, in an area of frequent coexistence, habitat requirements of the species differed in key variables, not in the extent of specialization.

Main conclusions  Our study supported the niche position rather than the niche‐breadth hypothesis of rarity. We suggest that the rarity and/or continuing decline of the crested newt is related to the degradation of (semi)natural terrestrial habitats around suitable water bodies in Europe. Consequently, special restoration of such habitats has a high potential for the recovery of this rare species, while general pond management appeared more beneficial for the common smooth newt.
‘Private life’ and ‘work life’: difficulties and dilemmas when making and maintaining friendships with ethnographic participants
Authors: Hall Sarah Marie
Published: March 2009

This paper addresses the difficulties and dilemmas that may occur when friendships are formed with participants during an ethnographic research project. The ongoing, reciprocal relationships developed with participants are considered essential in the data collection of ethnography, as an avenue through which research can be carried out. However, while friendships in the field may open new doors to research, they can also create new (ethical) challenges. This paper revisits these issues, alongside research ethics guidelines, using three different scenarios: the negotiation of methods of contact, the maintenance of contact with participants and the sharing of research diaries with participants. From these discussions, two issues arise that may have implications for future ethnographic research: the obstacle of social networking websites and the negotiation of appropriate research ethics when participants become our friends.
Genistein aglycone reverses glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis and increases bone breaking strength in rats: a comparative study with alendronate
Authors: Bitto A , Burnett BP , Polito F , Levy RM , Marini H , Stefano V Di , Irrera N , Armbruster MA , Minutoli L , Altavilla D , Squadrito F
Published: March 2009

Background and purpose:  Glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIO) is the leading cause of secondary osteoporosis. Clinical evidence suggests a role for genistein aglycone in the treatment of post‐menopausal osteopenia although proof of efficacy in comparison with currently available treatments is still lacking. To clarify this issue, we investigated the effects of genistein on bone compared with alendronate in experimental GIO.

Experimental approach:  A total of 28 female Sprague‐Dawley rats were used. GIO was induced by daily injections of methylprednisolone (MP; 30 mg·kg−1 s.c.) for 60 days. Sham GIO animals (Sham‐MP) were injected daily with the MP vehicle. At the end of the osteoporosis development period, MP rats were randomized to receive: vehicle (n= 7), genistein aglycone (5 mg·kg−1 s.c.; n= 7) or alendronate (0.03 mg·kg−1 s.c.; n= 7). Treatment lasted 60 days. Sham‐MP animals were treated with vehicle for an additional 60 days. At the beginning and at the end of treatments, animals were examined for bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Bone‐alkaline phosphatase and carboxy‐terminal collagen cross links were determined; femurs were removed and tested for breaking strength and histology.

Key results:  Genistein aglycone showed a greater increase in bone mineral density, bone mineral content and in breaking strength than alendronate and significantly increased bone‐alkaline phosphatase (bone formation marker), reduced carboxy‐terminal collagen cross links (bone resorption marker), compared with alendronate. Both treatments improved bone histology and the histological score.

Conclusion and implications:  The results strongly suggest that the genistein aglycone might be an alternative therapy for the management of secondary osteoporosis.
Endothelial Ca2+‐activated K+channels in normal and impaired EDHF–dilator responses – relevance to cardiovascular pathologies and drug discovery
Authors: Grgic Ivica , Kaistha Brajesh P , Hoyer Joachim , Köhler Ralf
Published: March 2009

The arterial endothelium critically contributes to blood pressure control by releasing vasodilating autacoids such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin and a third factor or pathway termed ‘endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor’ (EDHF). The nature of EDHF and EDHF‐signalling pathways is not fully understood yet. However, endothelial hyperpolarization mediated by the Ca2+‐activated K+channels (KCa) has been suggested to play a critical role in initializing EDHF–dilator responses in conduit and resistance‐sized arteries of many species including humans. Endothelial KCacurrents are mediated by the two KCasubtypes, intermediate‐conductance KCa(KCa3.1) (also known as, a.k.a. IKCa) and small‐conductance KCatype 3 (KCa2.3) (a.k.a. SKCa). In this review, we summarize current knowledge about endothelial KCa3.1 and KCa2.3 channels, their molecular and pharmacological properties and their specific roles in endothelial function and, particularly, in the EDHF–dilator response. In addition we focus on recent experimental evidences derived from KCa3.1‐ and/or KCa2.3‐deficient mice that exhibit severe defects in EDHF signalling and elevated blood pressures, thus highlighting the importance of the KCa3.1/KCa2.3‐EDHF–dilator system for blood pressure control. Moreover, we outline differential and overlapping roles of KCa3.1 and KCa2.3 for EDHF signalling as well as for nitric oxide synthesis and discuss recent evidence for a heterogeneous (sub) cellular distribution of KCa3.1 (at endothelial projections towards the smooth muscle) and KCa2.3 (at inter‐endothelial borders and caveolae), which may explain their distinct roles for endothelial function. Finally, we summarize the interrelations of altered KCa3.1/KCa2.3 and EDHF system impairments with cardiovascular disease states such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis and discuss the therapeutic potential of KCa3.1/KCa2.3 openers as novel types of blood pressure‐lowering drugs.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2009)157,509–526; doi:10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00132.x; published online 19 March 2009

This article is part of a themed section on Endothelium in Pharmacology. For a list of all articles in this section see the end of this paper, or visit:http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
Women's knowledge about human papillomavirus and their acceptance of HPV vaccine
Authors: DURSUN Polat , ALTUNTAS Baris , KUSCU Esra , AYHAN Ali
Published: March 2009

Objective: Recently, prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines were approved in the USA and Europe to protect against HPV‐related disease. However, there is ongoing debate about the acceptance of the HPV vaccine as a part of routine vaccine scheme. The aim of this study is to determine the baseline knowledge Turkish women have about HPV and prophylactic HPV vaccines.

Method:  The study included 1434 women from four different cities of Turkey who completed a 22‐item questionnaire that assessed their knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer, and their acceptance of HPV vaccine for themselves and their children.

Results:  The median age was 35.8 ± 10.8 years (range: 17–80 years). In all, 12% of the participants had a past history of an abnormal Pap test. Among the participants, 77% believed that sex education should be provided at school, 45% had heard of HPV and 55% had no knowledge about HPV. It was known by 43% of the women that HPV might cause genital lesions. Of the parents, 40% knew HPV is related to cervical cancer, while 34% had no opinion about the subject. Of the parents interviewed, 70% reported they would accept HPV vaccination for themselves, 64% for their daughters and 59% for their sons.

Conclusion:  Although less than half of the women had knowledge about HPV, the majority of the women sampled reported that they would accept vaccination for themselves and their children. Health‐care providers must focus not only on the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer, but must also provide information and education about HPV to women.
Holocene temporal and spatial variation in the radiocarbon reservoir age of three Danish fjords
Authors: OLSEN JESPER , RASMUSSEN PETER , HEINEMEIER JAN
Published: March 2009

Holocene temporal and spatial reservoir age variations have been investigated in three Danish fjords (Horsens Fjord, Tempelkrog in Isefjord and Skælskør Nor) by 14C dating paired samples of terrestrial plant material and marine molluscs in sediment cores. The local reservoir age offsets at all three sites show significant temporal and local variations, with ΔR(t) values ranging from −425 to 620 yr. The ΔR(t) values for Horsens Fjord range from −425 to 0 yr, for Tempelkrog from −230 to 360 yr and for Skælskør Nor from 30 to 620 yr. The differences are best explained by differences in local hydrographic configuration, catchment characteristics and connection with the inner Danish seas. The observed temporal ΔR(t) variations are not synchronous, which is probably due to the overriding role played by numerous local factors affecting the ΔR(t) values. Based on the reservoir data from Horsens Fjord and Tempelkrog, it is suggested as a working hypothesis that the ΔR value for Kattegat prior to 4500 cal. yr BP was negative, i.e. between −130 and −200 yr. The temporal and local variations in the reservoir age underline the problems and uncertainties connected with radiocarbon‐dating fossil human skeletons with marine diets. Overall, our data show that reservoir ages in Danish fjords and estuaries are both site‐specific and time‐specific, implying that modern reservoir ages cannot simply be applied back in time. This conclusion may also be valid in the case of fjords and estuaries in large parts of the Baltic too.
In vivo effect of hyperbaric oxygen on wound angiogenesis and epithelialization
Authors: Sander Anna L. , Henrich Dirk , Muth Claus M. , Marzi Ingo , Barker John H. , Frank Johannes M.
Published: March 2009

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is increasingly being used in different areas of medical practice. While demonstrated to be effective in several settings, its mechanism of action is not well understood. In the present study, we determined the effects of HBO on wound epithelialization and neovascularization in an in vivo hairless mouse ear “impaired” wound model. To impair wound healing, macrophages were depleted by pretreatment with iota‐carrageenan. Wound epithelialization and neovascularization were measured using intravital microscopy and computerized planimetry. Metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), MMP‐9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were measured on days 2 and 7 using immunohistochemistry. In nonimpaired healing wounds, the rate of epithelialization and neovascularization was significantly accelerated in the groups treated with HBO. Time to wound closure was significantly delayed in impaired compared with nonimpaired healing wounds and HBO treatment completely reversed this delay. Neither HBO treatment nor macrophage depletion caused significant alterations in MMP‐2 expression in wounds. In contrast, TNF‐α, MMP‐9, and TIMP‐1 were significantly up‐regulated in the impaired healing group receiving HBO treatment. These results show that HBO therapy effectively reversed the negative effect exerted by macrophage reduction on wound epithelialization and neovascularization. This beneficial effect could be due to stimulation of TNF‐α production and, to a lesser degree due to release of metalloproteinases.
Substance P accelerates intestinal tissue regeneration after γ‐irradiation–induced damage
Authors: Kang Mi‐Hyun , Kim Do‐Yeon , Yi Jae Youn , Son Youngsook
Published: March 2009

Radiation therapy causes varying degrees of damage to biological systems. Many groups are investigating the mechanism underlying radiation‐induced cellular damage but there are limited therapeutic solutions for affected patients. Recent studies show that substance P (SP) participates in cell proliferation. In the present study, we characterized the mechanism underlying SP‐induced cellular signaling in radiation‐induced damage of the intestine. Exposure of Caco‐2 cells to SP increases cell proliferation and Erk phosphorylation in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The proliferation of cells exposed to γ‐irradiation is also stimulated by exposure to SP, a phenomenon that may result from inhibition of apoptosis because SP activates Akt and inhibits the cleavage of caspase‐3. The effect of SP on cell proliferation and protection was confirmed by investigations in mice. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining shows that cell proliferation in radiation‐damaged mouse intestine increases significantly upon exposure to SP. Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐fluorescein nick end labeling assay reveals fewer cells stained in SP‐treated mice compared with untreated controls. These findings show the potential for SP‐induced acceleration of intestinal wound healing and reveal that the mechanism underlying this process involves activation of Erk and Akt and inhibition of caspase‐3 cleavage.
Negative‐pressure wound therapy using gauze or open‐cell polyurethane foam: Similar early effects on pressure transduction and tissue contraction in an experimental porcine wound model
Authors: Malmsjö Malin , Ingemansson Richard , Martin Robin , Huddleston Elizabeth
Published: March 2009

Negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT), also known as topical negative‐pressure therapy, is widely used to manage wounds and accelerate healing. NPWT has so far been delivered mainly via open‐cell polyurethane foam, but increasing interest has been directed toward delivering NPWT via gauze. In the present study, the early effects of NPWT on pressure transduction and wound contraction were examined in wounds filled with either polyurethane foam or gauze. An experimental setup of a porcine wound model was used, in which the animals were anesthetized for 12–14 hours. Negative pressures between −50 and −175 mmHg were applied in −25 mmHg increments. Wound bed pressure was measured using a saline filled catheter sutured to the bottom of the wound. The contraction of the wound edges was also determined. The recordings were performed upon reaching steady state, which typically occurred within 1 minute. For both fillers, wound bed negative pressure increased linearly with delivered vacuum with little deviation from set pressure (correlation coefficient 0.99 in both cases). Similar tissue contraction was observed when using foam and gauze. The most prominent contraction was observed in the range of 0 to −50 mmHg with greater vacuum only producing minor further movement of the wound edge. In conclusion, the present experimental study shows that gauze and foam are equally effective at delivering negative pressure and creating mechanical deformation of the wound.
Biomechanical behavior of scar tissue and uninjured skin in a porcine model
Authors: Corr David T. , Gallant‐Behm Corrie L. , Shrive Nigel G. , Hart David A.
Published: March 2009

A new method to test axial and transverse tensile properties of skin was developed to improve our understanding of skin mechanical behavior, and how it changes following injury and formation of a scar. Skin tissue was evaluated at 70 days following full‐thickness wounding in juvenile female pigs (N=14). Samples were taken in the axial (cranial–caudal) and transverse (dorsal–ventral) directions, for both scar tissue and uninjured skin, and were evaluated mechanically in vitro using a protocol of stress relaxation followed by tensile failure. Uninjured skin was more compliant, with a larger toe‐in region, and faster load relaxation, in the axial direction than the transverse. Such directional differences were not present in high‐load responses, such as linear stiffness or failure properties. When compared with uninjured skin, scars displayed a similar linear stiffness, with considerably reduced failure properties, and reduced low‐load compliance. Scars showed no directional differences in low‐load behavior, viscous response, or failure properties. These findings suggest morphological changes that may occur with injury that are consistent with the viscoelastic and directional changes observed experimentally. This improved understanding of how injury affects skin biomechanical function provides valuable information necessary for the design of successful grafting procedures and tissue‐engineered skin replacements.
Wound shape geometry measurements correlate to eventual wound healing
Authors: Cardinal Matthew , Eisenbud David E. , Armstrong David G.
Published: March 2009

Wound geometry measurements have long been associated with wound‐healing outcomes but there is little published evidence to support this. We studied serial wound tracings of 338 venous leg ulcers (VLUs) that had been followed during a controlled, prospective, randomized pivotal trial of two topical wound treatments, to determine whether the relationship between wound surface area and wound perimeter planimetry measurements, as well as the qualitative assessment of wound shape, could be correlated to wound‐healing outcomes. VLUs that transitioned to a more convex wound shape, and maintained a linear relationship between their wound margin size and wound surface area size, had faster healing rates and were more likely to completely heal by 12 weeks (odds ratio=4.84, p=0.001). VLUs that initially presented with isolated areas of epithelium within the wound margins, large concavities, or were segmented into multiple ulcers typically had a poorer linear correlation between their margins and their surface area. Only 18 out of 134 (13%) VLUs with a linear r2<0.80 eventually reached full wound closure, vs. 43% (102 of 270) of the remaining wounds with an r2≥0.80 (Fisher's exact p<0.001). We believe our results show that the proportional relationship between one‐dimensional perimeter and area measurements accurately correlates to the healing progress of the wound. Wounds that do not correlate to this linear relationship (concave geometries or multiple islands of healing) may be physiologically different than wounds that have good linear correlation, which we concluded through the analysis of wound acetate tracings.
Thrombocytopenia alters early but not late repair in a mouse model of Achilles tendon injury
Authors: Godbout Charles , Bilodeau Rosalie , Bouchard Patrice , Frenette Jérôme
Published: March 2009

Besides their hemostatic function, platelets can express key factors involved in tissue healing. However, the role of platelets in tendon healing following acute injury is poorly understood. We investigated this role by injecting male C57BL/6 mice with an antiplatelet antibody to induce thrombocytopenia. Placebo animals received serum only. The right Achilles tendon was sectioned and sutured using the 8‐strand technique that allows immediate weight bearing. Platelet depletion did not alter the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages or cell proliferation. A slight increase in vascularization was observed 7 days postinjury in tendons from thrombocytopenic mice relative to placebo animals, but the effect had disappeared by day 14. Furthermore, collagen content had a tendency to decrease in Achilles tendons under thrombocytopenia when compared with placebo treatment at 7 days posttrauma. This was correlated with a decline in maximal stress sustained by tendons at day 14 but not after 28 days. The impact of thrombocytopenia was otherwise negligible, as force relaxation and stiffness were similar in the two groups. Our findings demonstrate that platelets modulate early tendon repair following rupture, although the effect is limited over time. Nevertheless, platelets are not essential for the recruitment of inflammatory cells, proliferation, angiogenesis, and tendon maturation.
Ethanol‐Sensitive Brain Regions in Rat and Mouse: A Cartographic Review, Using Immediate Early Gene Expression
Authors: Vilpoux Catherine , Warnault Vincent , Pierrefiche Olivier , Daoust Martine , Naassila Mickael
Published: March 2009

Background: Ethanol addiction has been conceptualized as a progression from occasional, impulsive use to compulsive behavior. Ethanol‐dependence is a chronic pathology with repeated cycles of withdrawal, craving, and relapse. Specific molecular and cellular mechanisms underlie these transition stages.

Methods: This review aimed at elucidating whether there are also adaptations in the pattern of brain regions responding to ethanol. This paper reviews the evidence in rodents for activation of specific brain regions, assessed by induction of IEG expression, following acute and chronic ethanol exposure.

Results: The review sheds light on the specific patterns of response in regions of the brain to different types of ethanol exposure and shows that activation of specific brain regions may occur in particular phases of the development of ethanol addiction. Some brain regions respond consistently following acute or chronic treatments or withdrawal: the prefrontal cortex; nucleus accumbens; lateral septum; hippocampus; perioculomotor urocortin‐containing cells population (pIIIu), also known as Edinger‐Westphal nucleus; central nucleus of the amygdale; and the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. The two last brain areas are particularly activated by relapse‐inducing stressors. It is of interest that the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, which belong to the reward system, are activated by cue‐induced relapse to ethanol self‐administration in rodents and humans, while activation of these regions is reversed with anticraving compounds. Following chronic exposure, IEG induction desensitizes while withdrawal reactivates these regions.

Discussion: Some responding regions are implicated in reward related processes (VTA, extended amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, prelimbic cortex, ventral part of lateral septum) and some others in aversive‐related processes (area postrema, nucleus of solitary tract).

Conclusion: A better understanding of the neural circuits affected by ethanol and their adaptations during the development of ethanol addiction will provide new opportunities for developing appropriate therapies.
Ethanol‐Induced Social Facilitation in Adolescent Rats: Role of Endogenous Activity at Mu Opioid Receptors
Authors: Varlinskaya Elena I. , Spear Linda P.
Published: March 2009

Background: Ethanol consumption is considerably elevated during adolescence. Attractiveness of alcohol for humans during the adolescent developmental period is based, in part, on its ability to induce social facilitation—a facilitation of social interactions not only evident in human adolescents but also in adolescent rats. Endogenous opioid systems are among the multiple neural systems implicated in the behavioral and reinforcing effects of ethanol and may play a substantial role in modulating stimulatory effects of low doses of ethanol on social behavior during adolescence. This possibility was explored in the present study through the use of an animal model of peer‐directed social behavior.

Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were challenged early in adolescence with saline or ethanol intraperitoneally (i.p.), placed into an individual holding cage for 30 minutes, and then tested in a familiar situation with a nonmanipulated partner of the same age and sex. InExperiment 1, each test subject was injected subcutaneously with one of the three doses of a nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone (0, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg), 5 minutes prior to the social interaction test and 25 minutes following challenge with saline or ethanol (0.5 g/kg), whereas inExperiment 2animals were challenged with one of the six doses of ethanol (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 g/kg) prior to injection of either saline or naloxone (0.05 mg/kg). InExperiment 3, animals were pretreated i.p. with the selective μ‐opioid antagonist CTOP (0, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to challenge with saline or ethanol (0.5 g/kg).

Results: Low doses of ethanol (0.5 and 0.75 g/kg) produced social facilitation, as indexed by significant increases in play fighting and social investigation. Both doses of naloxone and the three highest doses of CTOP blocked the stimulatory effects of ethanol on play fighting but not on social investigation. These effects were not associated with alterations in ethanol pharmacokinetic properties or with shifts in the biphasic ethanol dose–response curve.

Conclusions: Ethanol‐induced facilitation of social play behavior seen in adolescent animals is mediated in part through ethanol‐induced release of endogenous ligands for the μ‐opioid receptor or an ethanol‐associated enhancement of sensitivity of these receptors for their endogenous ligands.
GDNF is an Endogenous Negative Regulator of Ethanol‐Mediated Reward and of Ethanol Consumption After a Period of Abstinence
Authors: Carnicella Sebastien , Ahmadiantehrani Somayeh , Janak Patricia H. , Ron Dorit
Published: March 2009

Background: We previously found that activation of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) pathway in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) reduces ethanol‐drinking behaviors. In this study, we set out to assess the contribution of endogenous GDNF or its receptor GFRα1 to the regulation of ethanol‐related behaviors.

Methods: GDNF and GFRα1 heterozygote mice (HET) and their wild‐type littermate controls (WT) were used for the studies. Ethanol‐induced hyperlocomotion, sensitization, and conditioned place preference (CPP), as well as ethanol consumption before and after a period of abstinence were evaluated. Blood ethanol concentration (BEC) was also measured.

Results: We observed no differences between the GDNF HET and WT mice in the level of locomotor activity or in sensitization to ethanol‐induced hyperlocomotion after systemic injection of a nonhypnotic dose of ethanol and in BEC. However, GDNF and GFRα1 mice exhibited increased place preference to ethanol as compared with their WT littermates. The levels of voluntary ethanol or quinine consumption were similar in the GDNF HET and WT mice, however, a small but significant increase in saccharin intake was observed in the GDNF HET mice. No changes were detected in voluntary ethanol, saccharin or quinine consumption of GFRα1 HET mice as compared with their WT littermates. Interestingly, however, both the GDNF and GFRα1 HET mice consumed much larger quantities of ethanol after a period of abstinence from ethanol as compared with their WT littermates. Furthermore, the increase in ethanol consumption after abstinence was found to be specific for ethanol as similar levels of saccharin intake were measured in the GDNF and GFRα1 HET and WT mice after abstinence.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that endogenous GDNF negatively regulates the rewarding effect of ethanol and ethanol‐drinking behaviors after a period of abstinence.
Investor Inattention and Friday Earnings Announcements
Authors: DELLAVIGNA STEFANO , POLLET JOSHUA M.
Published: March 2009

Does limited attention among investors affect stock returns? We compare the response to earnings announcements on Friday, when investor inattention is more likely, to the response on other weekdays. If inattention influences stock prices, we should observe less immediate response and more drift for Friday announcements. Indeed, Friday announcements have a 15% lower immediate response and a 70% higher delayed response. A portfolio investing in differential Friday drift earns substantial abnormal returns. In addition, trading volume is 8% lower around Friday announcements. These findings support explanations of post‐earnings announcement drift based on underreaction to information caused by limited attention.
Securitization and the Declining Impact of Bank Finance on Loan Supply: Evidence from Mortgage Originations
Authors: LOUTSKINA ELENA , STRAHAN PHILIP E.
Published: March 2009

Low‐cost deposits and increased balance sheet liquidity raise banks' supply of illiquid loans more than loans easily sold or securitized. We exploit the inability of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to purchase jumbo mortgages to identify an exogenous change in liquidity. The volume of jumbo mortgage originations relative to nonjumbo originations increases with bank holdings of liquid assets and decreases with bank deposit costs. This result suggests that the increasing depth of the mortgage secondary market fostered by securitization has reduced the effect of lender's financial condition on credit supply.
Cash Flow, Consumption Risk, and the Cross‐section of Stock Returns
Authors: DA ZHI
Published: March 2009

I link an asset's risk premium to two characteristics of its underlying cash flow: covariance and duration. Using empirically novel estimates of both cash flow characteristics based exclusively on accounting earnings and aggregate consumption data, I examine their dynamic interaction in a two‐factor cash flow model and find that they are able to explain up to 82% of the cross‐sectional variation in the average returns on size, book‐to‐market, and long‐term reversal‐sorted portfolios for the period 1964 to 2002. This finding highlights the importance of fundamental cash flow characteristics in determining the risk exposure of an asset.
Hedge Fund Risk Dynamics: Implications for Performance Appraisal
Authors: BOLLEN NICOLAS P.B. , WHALEY ROBERT E.
Published: March 2009

Accurate appraisal of hedge fund performance must recognize the freedom with which managers shift asset classes, strategies, and leverage in response to changing market conditions and arbitrage opportunities. The standard measure of performance is the abnormal return defined by a hedge fund's exposure to risk factors. If exposures are assumed constant when, in fact, they vary through time, estimated abnormal returns may be incorrect. We employ an optimal changepoint regression that allows risk exposures to shift, and illustrate the impact on performance appraisal using a sample of live and dead funds during the period January 1994 through December 2005.
Incessant Interfascicular Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia as a Result of Catheter Ablation of the Right Bundle Branch: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: BLANCK ZALMEN , SRA JASBIR , AKHTAR MASOOD
Published: March 2009

A 72‐year‐old woman developed incessant interfascicular (IF) ventricular tachycardia immediately after successful right bundle branch (RBB) catheter ablation for the treatment of sustained bundle branch reentrant tachycardia. Catheter ablation of the left bundle branch and the left anterior fascicle was successful in eliminating the tachycardia (in 2 different sessions). This report discusses the direct link between the creation of an RBB block and the development of IF tachycardia, in our case, and in prior cases of IF reentry reported in the literature.
Endothelialization of Nonapposed Stent Struts Located over the Origin of a Side Branch: Results with Different Carbofilm‐Coated Stents
Authors: DE PRADO ARMANDO PEREZ , MARTINEZ CLAUDIA PEREZ , RAMON CARLOS CUELLAS , ORDEN J. MANUEL GONZALO , ALTONAGA JOSE R. , IGLESIAS MARIA J. GARCIA , PURRIÑOS MARTA REGUEIRO , ORDEN M. ASUNCION , MARIN JUAN F. GARCIA , FERNANDEZ‐VAZQUEZ FELIPE
Published: March 2009

Objective: To evaluate the degree of endothelialization of the nonapposed struts located at the ostia of side branches.

Background: Endothelialization of coronary stents has got considerable relevance because of the phenomenon of late thrombosis. Bifurcation location and incomplete stent apposition have been linked to this complication.

Methods: Domestic pigs (n = 11; weight: 25 ± 3 kg) were anesthetized and had one stent per coronary artery implanted: one stainless steel (Tecnic®), one cobalt‐chromium (Chrono®), and one tacrolimus‐eluting stent (Janus®), all of them being Carbofilm®‐coated (Sorin). One, three, or seven days postprocedure, the pigs were sacrificed, the hearts explanted, and longitudinal sections examined by surface electron microscopy to quantify the percentage of the strut endothelialized over the branches and in the total surface.

Results: Forty‐four side branches (25 stents) that had stent struts over their origin were evaluated. Different patterns of endothelialization were observed, from the total absence to the complete endothelialization. There were no significant differences in relation to type of stent or to the artery treated. The predictors of higher percentage of endothelialization were the ratio of metal to branch diameter (P = 0.04) and better endothelialization in the rest of the stent (P = 0.0002), only this parameter maintaining significant correlation (P = 0.03) in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions: Carbofilm®‐coated stent struts located over the origin of side branches follow the pattern of endothelialization for the rest of the stent, even in the case of tacrolimus‐eluting stent.
FOAM‐IN‐SAL VAGE
Authors: WINER ALLEN , MUNGER MILTON
Published: March 2009

Aside from economics, quality and efficiency of foam formation, the feasibility of generating urethane foam underwater to a simulated depth of 375 feet (165 psig) in 30°F water (without exploding the foam upon decompression) has been demonstrated with a carbon dioxide blown foam in the Laboratory. Large scale feasibility of a methane froth system to foam underwater to 200 feet in the ocean in 50°F water was demonstrated in the San Francisco Bay and again at SEALAB II. To date, service applications for the Foam‐In‐Salvage system have been limited to two stranding type salvage operations involving a destroyer and an LST. Two near surface recovery operations involved a sunken barge and a dredge.

Toxicity effects can be minimized in connection with Foam‐In‐Salvage operations by following established precautionary procedures.

Studies are continuing to complete the adaptation of the urethane froth system to 200 feet and to extend its capability to 450 feet, if possible. A Foam‐In‐Salvage system procurement specification and operating manual for a 100‐foot operational depth is currently being prepared.

Buoyancy systems other than expanded “in‐situ'' systems are also under investigation but for deeper depths to 600 feet.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANNED, DEEP‐DIVING SUBMERSIBLES
Authors: RAMSAY RAYMOND
Published: March 2009

The need for maintaining technological leadership in the deep submergence field is given recognition, with particular reference to manned submersibles.

A design sequence is outlined to illustrate how operating crew requirements must be satisfied very early in the design process to insure maximum overallmission effectiveness.

The necessity for more technologists and “totally immersed” projects to manage future vehicle technology efforts is also addressed.
PLASTIC FOAMS FOR MARINE SALVAGE
Authors: WINER ALLEN , SEARLE W. F.
Published: March 2009

Two quite different plastic foam systems are described for raising large sunken objects; Urethane Foam‐In‐Salvage (FIS) and Expanded Polystyrene Bead (EPS) systems. This paper will first review the major salvage operations in which the FIS and EPS internal buoyancy systems have been employed and second, address the technology involved.

An FIS system operational to an ocean depth of 200 feet is presented and a possible technique for extending FIS depth capability to 450 feet is described. FIS is considered to be a breakthrough in technology in the ship salvage field.

Successful salvage recoveries of sunken vessels involving the use of plastic foam systems are also described. There are specific advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the two systems.
A DIFFERENT APPROACH TO SOME PROBLEMS OF RELIABILITY WITHIN THE NAVY COMPLEX
Authors: LA ROUCHE ARDIAN J.
Published: March 2009

It has become obvious that the problems of reliability of intermittently used shipboard equipment are both urgent and acute. While the results of leaving these problems entirely with designers have been disappointing they should not be surprising. The problem is not simply a technical one and it can not be solved through design improvements alone.

This paper presents a detailed discussion of the problems and how these relate to areas beyond the engineer's control. It also reviews the engineer's responsibility in analyzing the operational and organizational influence on the system. In addition, it supports the proposition that the engineering community must take the lead in recommending to management appropriate action to solve the problems. Potential approaches to the overall problem are presented for consideration by both the engineering community and management.
Atmospheric Control in the Hyperbaric Environment
Authors: REIMERS LIEUTENANT (JG) S. D.
Published: March 2009

Careful control of the atmosphere in a hyperbaric facility is necessary to protect the health and well‐being of the occupants. In this paper total environmental control in the hyperbaric chamber is broken down into eight subareas of control: total pressure, oxygen partial pressure, CO2 partial pressure, fire prevention, temperature, humidity, trace contaminants, bacteria, and noise. For each subarea an assessment is given of the difficulty and degree of control required and its importance to the divers' well‐being. Also discussed for each subarea are the state of the art, and the areas of greatest technological need.

Control of oxygen and CO2 partial pressure in breathing circuits of diving equipment is described. Methods of heating the diver and his inspired gas are also briefly discussed.
Control of Shipboard Wastes
Authors: KINNEY EDWARD T. , CONSTANT ALEXANDER
Published: March 2009

The Navy, as well as other Federal Agencies and the private sector, has a clear mandate to stop polluting the environment, Various sources of environmental pollution caused by the operation of naval ships are discussed and characterized by the following general categories: Sewage; Oil; Industrial; Combustion Products; and Other Mission Related Wastes. Existing procedures for controlling these pollutants and advanced concepts for more complete control are discussed.

Currently a very small percentage of ships are equipped to control environmental pollution. Complete control of ship wastes will be very costly and technically challenging. The first steps to effect control have been taken but greater strides are required.
Comparative Heave Dynamics Of Two Unusual Ship Configurations For Recovery Of Submersibles
Authors: MOTHERWAY D. L. , HELLER S. R.
Published: March 2009

The comparative heaving characteristics of two unusual ship configurations, a spar‐type ship similar to FLIP and a catamaran which employs a submerged cradle suspended by sophisticated motion attenuation devices, for recovery of small submersibles are presented. The two ships are described and their heaving characteristics are determined analytically using classical vibration theory.
Salt Water Chlorine Ion Determination By Neutron‐Capture Gamma Rays
Authors: WIGGINS PETER F. , ATHOW MIDSHIPMAN KARL J.
Published: March 2009

Identification of ocean flow patterns is of interest to ocean engineers because of their effects on ocean current diffusion. The change in salinity in the ocean near where a fresh water river enters the sea is of particular interest. In addition, a rapid, accurate method of chlorine concentration could be helpful in sonar detection applications i.e. location of inversion layers.

This paper will discuss the feasibility of using the neutron‐capture gamma rays produced by chlorine, as an in situ method from which salinity contours could be obtained. The bending of these contours show the current flow.
RISK MANAGEMENT KEEPS AIRCRAFT CARRIER OVERHAUL PLANNING ON SCHEDULE
Authors: JURGES GLEN F.
Published: March 2009

This paper advances a new method for managing the risks involved in planning aircraft carrier overhauls. Risk is the degree of likelihood that a planning project will not be completed as predicted. The paper describes the techniques for identifying major planning risks and reducing them to acceptable levels. Called “Risk Management,” the technique was successfully used for planning the $40‐million overhaul of the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY. It substantially reduced the planning time and cost.