bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distilling in the Ohio River Valley
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: May 2020

Industrial-scale distilling required superior transport access to grains and coal, as well as complementary industries such as machine shops, coppersmiths, coopers, lumberyards, stockyards, and slaughterhouses. By the last third of the nineteenthcentury, most of the state’s largest industrial centers were Ohio and Kentucky River cities: Maysville, Covington, Louisville, Owensboro, and Frankfort. City distilleries were located on low-lying river floodplains, and the surrounding streets and railroad tracks were hives of activity, with wagons and railcars delivering grains, barrel staves, and coal and hauling away spent grains and whiskey. Distillery employees often lived in neighborhoods adjacent to the clustered industrial works. Intact remnants of this landscape are rare today, but those that remain are part of the distilling industry’s heritage. Several distilling-related structures are on the National Register of Historic Places.
The Epiphany
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Relates the trouble Joe B., then six years old, and his brother get into for spending their days swimming in the ocean instead of going to school.
Fishing
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Tells about Joe B,’s love of fishing and his favorite fishing spots as a child. When he has to look after his baby sister Laura Jane, he takes her fishing with him.
Teenage Years
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B.’s brother Billy, now a teenager, has friends his own age and no longer wants to spend time with his little brother. Hurt at first, Joe B. goes on to create a life of his own, excelling in sports and in academics. His new prescription eyeglasses improve his life, his studies, and his view of world―for the first time he can see things he didn’t know existed. He works on his uncle’s farm and also lifts weights and runs to get physically stronger. He wants to play on the football team. He buys his first car, an old Model T, and paints it his high school colors.
About Working
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, Joe B. talks about how he loves work. He relates the jobs he had as a young child and while he was in high school, including extensive farm work for neighboring farmers.
Wildcats’ World, 1944–1947
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. and his brother Billy are caught up in the excitement of college basketball, which Coach Rupp made very popular in Kentucky in the 1940s. The brothers love the Wildcats and listen to their games on the radio.. The two watch their first state tournament in Lexington. Joe B. describes the UK players standing guard at the entrances to the old Alumni Gym and how thrilled he was, as a kid, to be close to them.
Shepherdsville
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. discusses his career at the rural high school in Shepherdsville, where he coached basketball, baseball, and football. He talks about his first coaching mistakes and the successful conditioning program he developed.
Regis College
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. describes his first job as a college coach at Regis College, in Denver. Katharine has third child, a boy, in Denver. Joe B. further develops his conditioning program to strengthen his players. Coach Rupp sends him a congratulatory note after Regis beats Oklahoma State, coached by Joe B.’s favorite coach, Hank Iba.
Great Opportunity
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

This chapter is about Joe B. leaving Regis after six years and transferring to Central Missouri. Then he receives a job offer from Coach Rupp to come to UK as first assistant coach. Joe, thrilled, accepts but soon learns that Rupp values him more as a recruiter. He starts UK’s first conditioning program―much to the dismay of the senior team members.
UK Head Coach, 1972
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

This chapter is all about Joe B. becoming head coach of the UK Wildcats. It explains that Dr. Singletary’s interest in supporting only football, not basketball, leads him to start Joe B. out on a low salary. This chapter relates the difficulties Joe B. had as head coach with the retired Coach Rupp remaining in his office across the hall from him, watching and judging everything Joe B. does.
Australian Tour, 1974
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. takes his players to Australia after suffering a let-down year to cheer them up. They spend their time sightseeing and playing ball―nineteen games in twenty-six days. They gain valuable experience from that tour and came home in high spirits.
The Avengers! 1975
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

After a humiliating loss to undefeated Indiana, Joe B. and the team go on to beat them for the Mideast Regional Finals in March 1975, the most satisfying win of Joe B.’s career. This win sends the team to San Diego for the Final Four.
John Wooden’s Ploy: NCAA, 1975
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

The excitement of the trip to San Diego for the Final Four turns sour when Bruins coach John Wooden announces that he will retire after the game against UK. Politics and sentiment prevail, and UK loses by seven points.
About Boys Being Boys
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. reminisces about good times with his players, providing his favorite anecdotes from his years in coaching.
NCAA Championship, 1978
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. recalls how every player on his team for the 1978 NCAA championship game worked together seamlessly to produce their victory over Duke.
Farewell
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. discusses Katharine’s death and his life afterward.
Prologue
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

George Rogers Clark’s story is not understood today without some knowledge of the time and place in which he served as the military commander of the West. The time is simple to grasp—it was the American Revolution and its immediate aftermath—but because Clark chose to remain a westerner rather than join the Continental Army, the place is complicated to explain and was unknown to nearly all of Washington’s troops. The discrepancies between the revolutions carried out on the Atlantic Coast and in the Ohio River valley are so great that many supporters of either sector appear, from time to time, to forget the other even existed. In fact, the two theaters operated tangentially, one under the financial control of the Continental Congress (for they offered Washington little else, and at that, inadequately), and the other directed by the governor of Virginia. That it worked cohesively at any level was the consequence of Washington’s Virginia roots, which allowed Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson to communicate freely with the commander-in-chief with little regard to Congress....
End of Glory
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

George Rogers Clark’s job as Virginia’s commander came to a close in July 1783, but he and William Croghan were appointed principal and deputy Virginia State Line surveyors at the conclusion of the Revolution. Their future brother-in-law, Richard Clough Anderson, became the state’s continental line surveyor. The position required their presence at the Falls of the Ohio, near where the bulk of Virginia’s unclaimed lands would be patented as payment for the state’s soldiers.
Clark’s work was interrupted by his assignment as a federal Indian Commissioner, sending him to the capital in New York and on to the Ohio River, where he announced a meeting with territorial native leaders. Throughout it all, local merchants made demands for payments associated with Clark’s western campaigns, and Virginia’s governors refused reimbursement, initiating the general’s long downward spiral.
Naval Gunfire Support at Iwo Jima
Authors: Mitchener Donald K.
Published: May 2020

One component of the American amphibious warfare doctrine developed by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps during the interwar period concerned the use of naval gunfire in the softening up of enemy defenses prior to the landing of troops ashore. Historians of the war in the Pacific have traditionally argued that the Americans made mistakes, but that they learned valuable lessons along the way and applied those lessons fairly consistently. This chapter by Donald K. Mitchener asserts that this argument needs modification in the case of pre-assault naval gunfire support at Iwo Jima. It describes how the need to maintain strategic momentum against Japan resulted in a gunfire plan that was not adequate to the task. The chapter also shows how General Kuribayashi, the Japanese commander at Iwo, inadvertently created a defensive scheme that caused the Americans to waste much of the ammunition they expended on their last day of naval gunfire preparation.
Naval Power, Mao Zedong, and the War in China, 1926–1949
Authors: Grice Francis
Published: May 2020

Naval power had a huge impact on the rise of Mao Zedong and the Communists in China from 1926 to 1949. Despite this, scholars have often marginalized its role because Mao himself wrote very little about the topic. This chapter by Francis Gricerebuts the belief that naval power was unimportant by providing an extensive account of the different ways that Mao and the Communists were affected by naval power during three main periods: their early struggles with the Kuomintang and foreign powers, the war against Japan, and the subsequent Civil War. The chapter asserts that Mao paid little heed to naval issues because he lacked strategic vision and because he was determined to provide a "victor" narrative that emphasized the strengths of the Communist movement and marginalized its weaknesses. The chapter links the absence of naval components within Mao's writings with the surprising dearth of attention to maritime issues within modern counter-insurgency literature, including the recent U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual. Finally, the chapter argues that the omission of naval power from Mao's writings helps to demonstrate that his relevance for later insurgencies was considerably lower than is conventionally assumed.
Evaluación de las prácticas directivas en directores escolares: validez y confiabilidad de una rúbrica
Authors: Tobon Sergio , Juárez-Hernández Luis Gibran , Herrera-Meza Sergio Raúl , Núñez César
Published: May 2020

La educación básica tiene diversas prioridades tales como lograr en los estudiantes mejores niveles de lectura, cálculo y convivencia; transformar las prácticas pedagógicas centradas en la exposición y el aprendizaje de contenidos; mejorar la convivencia y la inclusión; lograr instituciones seguras; y asegurar que las escuelas funcionen de manera regular, entre otras. Sin embargo, no se tienen rúbricas que permitan evaluar la gestión del director respecto a estas prioridades en la educación básica, teniendo en cuenta que las rúbricas son una herramienta que posibilita establecer con mayor rigurosidad los avances y aspectos a mejorar. El propósito del presente estudio fue diseñar y validar una rúbrica analítica para que los directores autoevalúen sus prácticas y establezcan acciones de mejoramiento que beneficien el aprendizaje en las escuelas de educación básica. El instrumento fue evaluado por 10 jueces y se obtuvieron valores de V de Aiken superiores a 0.75 en pertinencia, redacción y satisfacción con el instrumento; después, se aplicó la rúbrica a un grupo de 645 directores de escuelas de educación básica y hubo acuerdo en que el instrumento posee pertinencia, claridad y satisfacción para ser utilizado en la mejora de la gestión de los directores, a partir de un valor de V de Aiken superior a 0.75 en todas las variables evaluadas. A continuación, se hizo un análisis factorial y se encontró un único factor, acorde con lo esperado a nivel teórico. Finalmente, se estableció que la rúbrica posee una confiabilidad de 0.877. Se concluye que la rúbrica para autoevaluar las prácticas directivas posee adecuados niveles de validez de contenido, validez de constructo y confiabilidad.
Una revisión sistemática del concepto de actividad extracurricular en Educación Superior
Authors: Díaz-Iso Ariane , Eizaguirre Almudena , García-Olalla Ana María
Published: May 2020

Recientemente se está desarrollando una línea de investigación en educación superior que muestra evidencia de que las actividades fuera de programa o extracurriculares estructuradas tienen un impacto positivo en la formación integral del alumnado (Ivanova & Logvinova, 2017). Los trabajos existentes son mayoritariamente empíricos e identifican algunas contribuciones relevantes, sin existir una revisión sistemática del conjunto de funciones y beneficios derivados de estas. Además, el término y tipología de actividad extracurricular (ECA) siguen siendo ambiguos y todavía no existe una definición ni una clasificación generalmente aceptada para este concepto (Greenbank, 2015).En este contexto, el trabajo que se presenta en este artículo tiene como objetivos: (a) describir el concepto y tipología de las actividades extracurriculares en educación superior; y (b) identificar las funciones y beneficios de estas en el desarrollo humano integral del alumnado universitario. La metodología llevada a cabo siguió la declaración PRISMA para las revisiones sistemáticas (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff & Altman, 2009). Los estudios se seleccionaron de las bases de datos WoS, Scopus y ERIC y se analizaron de acuerdo a los objetivos planteados.El análisis de los 50 trabajos de investigación seleccionados aporta luz a la literatura académica no solo en torno al concepto y tipología de actividad extracurricular sino también respecto a los efectos de esta en la empleabilidad, rendimiento académico, bienestar, adaptación a la vida universitaria y participación y transformación social. Asimismo, se exponen los beneficios que aportan dichas actividades en cuanto al desarrollo de habilidades personales, sociales y profesionales. Finalmente, se pone de relieve la necesidad de abordar investigaciones sobre lo que supone la formación extracurricular en el ámbito universitario, así como la importancia de potenciar dicha formación para promover el desarrollo humano integral del alumnado en educación superior.
Matthew J. Thomas. Paul’s ‘Works of the Law’ in the Perspective of Second Century Reception
Authors: McGlothlin Thomas D.
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
George Hunsinger, Ed. Karl Barth: Post-Holocaust Theologian?
Authors: Novak David
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
Ari Finkelstein. The Specter of the Jews: Emperor Julian and the Rhetoric of Ethnicity in Syrian Antioch
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
Matthias Henze. Mind the Gap: How the Jewish Writings between the Old and New Testament Help Us Understand Jesus
Authors: Joseph Simon J.
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
Michal Bar-Asher Siegal. Jewish-Christian Dialogues on Scripture in Late Antiquity: Heretic Narratives of the Babylonian Talmud
Authors: Mandsager John
Published: May 2020

No abstract is available.
Wunderkammer – Ting- og kunnskapsorganisering i en aktivitetsbasert tidsalder
Authors: Bråten Ingvard
Published: May 2020

Dette essayet stiller spørsmål ved hvordan vi organiserer ting og kunnskaper. Inngangen er fortidens wunderkamre, spesifisert gjennom en bok av Samuel Quiccheberg fra 1565, samt bruken av et cellekontor i dag. Quicchebergs bok er beskrevet som den første avhandling som ser på hvordan en skal organisere samlinger. Cellekontoret har også sine ting og sin organisering, og dets subversive bruk er aktuell på grunn av vår tids debatter rundt kontorlandskap og aktivitetsbaserte arbeidsplasser. Essayet er satt sammen av flere mindre tekster med ulike språkdrakt. Her gis ingen svar på formulerte problemstillinger, men essayets søkende form er brukt som en metode for å se etter utenkte sammenhenger.
Bench and Throne
Authors: McCargo Duncan
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses how Thai judges understand the world around them, and their own place in it, and how judges are viewed by others in Thai society. The self-image of Thai judges as royal servants, granted special proximity to the crown, is central to any understanding of Thai justice. The results of this judicial royalism are plain for all to see. Judges sit on the bench beneath large portraits of the King, literally and figuratively embodying both his merit and his authority. They are among the few public servants to swear a personal oath of allegiance to the crown, a privilege that has been written into successive constitutions. Yet royal judicial benevolence comes at a price. Mass prison pardons go hand in hand with one of the world's most draconian sentencing regimes. For the King to remain literally a “lord of life,” Thailand needs to retain the death penalty—albeit a death penalty that is only rarely enforced. To question the harshness of the justice system is implicitly to question the privileged position of the crown. To question the performance of the courts implies not simply contempt of court, but also a lack of respect for the monarchy. As such, Thailand's courts are not simply dedicated to the maintenance of peace and order: they are also centrally concerned with defending the privileged position of the monarchy within the Thai state. This concern inevitably shapes the habitus and the dispositions of Thai judges.
Challenges to the Judiciary
Authors: McCargo Duncan
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the struggles of the judiciary to come to terms with its critics after 2006. Given judges' intense loyalty to the monarchy, they were unable publicly to question the burdens that had been placed on them by the King: yet they struggled to formulate convincing answers to those who disputed their evenhandedness. The death of lèse-majesté prisoner Amphon Tangnoppakhun (colloquially known as Akong, or Uncle Kong) in 2012 illustrated many of the latent contradictions in Thai judicial thinking. Deference to the monarchy and an excessive enthusiasm to protect the status quo could encourage a punitive attitude towards defendants, especially after the royal speeches of 2006 that asked the judiciary to help solve the nation's most severe political problems. The resulting perception of double standards further alienated the courts from much of the populace; at the same time, the judiciary often seemed overly defensive in the face of unfamiliar levels of public criticism. Generalizing about the worldviews of Thai judges is difficult; the Thai judiciary is a diverse group, not all judges think alike, and those with less mainstream opinions often prefer to keep those views to themselves. However, a number of recurrent themes emerge from conversations with Thai judges and from the work of those who study them.
Against the Crown?
Authors: McCargo Duncan
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the lèse-majesté trial of Somyot Prueksakasemsuk. On April 26, 2010, in the midst of massive redshirt demonstrations that had paralyzed the central Ratchaprasong district of Bangkok, Thai military spokesman Colonel Sansern Kaewkamnert released a shocking diagram depicting network treason, a large-scale conspiracy to overthrow the monarchy (lom jao), implicating dozens of pro-Thaksin Shinawatra politicians, academics, activists, and journalists. Before long, the authorities were forced to admit that the antimonarchy plot was a fabrication—but by then some of those named in the diagram had already been charged, arrested, put on trial, or even jailed. Magazine editor Somyot was given a ten-year jail term for lèse-majesté on the basis of two articles he did not write. Somyot and Voice of Taksin magazine were both named on Colonel Sansern's April 2010 diagram, standing accused of joining an antimonarchist conspiracy. The chapter then examines the different participants in Somyot's trial—the judges, the defendant, the defense lawyers, the prosecutor, the defense, and various witnesses—and how they performed their roles. While the discipline-obsessed judges appeared woefully out of their depth, the provocative redshirt defense lawyers specialized in antagonizing the bench and arguably contributed to Somyot's harsh sentence.
Courting Constitutionalism
Authors: McCargo Duncan
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on Thailand's Constitutional Court, which has been characterized as the chosen instrument of a “Deep State” intent on enforcing the political stance of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. A closer inspection of the Constitutional Court, however, suggests a more complex and messy picture. As already seen in a series of Thaksin-related cases across different courts, Thai judges have struggled to implement the royal will—not least because it was often unclear what exactly the King wanted them to do. While there is significant evidence of anti-Thaksin bias in recent Constitutional Court decisions, examination of a pivotal 2012 constitutional amendment case illustrates the ways in which the judges sought to avoid making difficult decisions—which included trying to recuse themselves from hearing the case. During the final decade of the Ninth Reign, the Constitutional Court was frequently wavering, tentative, and downright evasive in its decisions, again reflecting the ambiguous stance adopted by the network monarchy. This was especially the case during the 2011–14 Yingluck government, which enjoyed significant royal favor until its final tumultuous months.
The Trouble is Politics
Authors: McCargo Duncan
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter argues that Thailand is suffering from a surfeit of legalism: revolving-door constitutions, politicized independent agencies—including a problematic Constitutional Court—and a judiciary that works on behalf of an imagined monarchy, rather than in the public interest. The results are plain to see: a profound degree of political instability, high levels of social polarization, very high conviction rates, the abuse of punitive treason spectrum laws, and a prison population that is rising uncontrollably. Far from easing tensions through reflexive and moderating decisions, the courts have aggravated matters and fueled growing levels of crisis. Courts should strive for “tribunality”: the pragmatic and judicious resolution of complex political problems. Trials should also provide for moments of “liminality,” when the use of legal ritual and formality creates episodes of catharsis. A judiciously conducted trial can move conflict into the realm of ritual, moderating disagreements and producing a solution that captures nuance and maintains ambiguity. Such liminality prepares the way for tribunality: practical judicial solutions that are grounded in political and social realities rather than in rigid attachment to the letter of very imperfect laws. However, the more Thai judges see themselves as enforcing loyalty to the crown, the more unattainable even brief glimpses of tribunality and liminality become.
Introduction
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of public administration. In the United States, the field of public administration was launched almost a century ago by people with bold aspirations. They were not interested only in the efficiency of government offices; they wanted a thorough overhaul of the American state so that it could manage the pressures of modern-day life. Unfortunately, this expansive view of the field's purpose has been lost. Over the last four decades in particular, the focus within the field has been mainly on smaller problems of management within the public sector. This is sometimes called the “public management approach.” This narrowing of focus might have made sense in the United States and a few other advanced democracies in the waning decades of the twentieth century, but it does not make sense today. Many people have recently protested this shrinking of ambitions. Thus, there is a need for a change of direction and to recover an expansive view of the field. This book proposes a way to do so.
Acknowledging the State
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the first step in the macro-level approach to public administration, which is to acknowledge the fundamental unit of political organization in the modern world: the state. Up until the early 1950s, scholars in public administration routinely talked about the state. However, this way of thinking fell out of fashion decades ago. Today, entire textbooks in public administration are produced without reference to the concept of the state. The field operates without acknowledging that the United States is a state that is also part of a community of states or that a main concern of American policymakers is executing tasks essential to state survival. The state has another critical aspect: it possesses a status or standing referred to as statehood. The chapter then identifies the definition of a state. It is helpful to distinguish the concept of the state from three other concepts: government, nation-states, and statism.
States and Societies
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines states and societies. As a matter of international law, every state is independent, or sovereign, within its territory. Broadly, this means that the leaders of a state are free to manage their internal affairs however they wish. This principle is not as clear-cut as it once was, because states are increasingly willing to intervene when other states abuse their citizens or pose a threat to international security. Still, the basic idea is that “all states are equal: each has the right not to be dictated to by the others.” Of course, law and practice are different things. There are many ways in which states can pressure each other to change behavior; and the authority of states is often challenged, sometimes violently, by the governed population. The chapter then considers the position of a state in relation to two forms of society. First, every state is a member of the global society of states, also referred to as the system of states. A second state–society relationship that must be recognized is the relationship between the state and the population living within the territory claimed by that state.
Strategies for Governing
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at strategies for governing. Leaders develop an overall view about how state authority ought to be exercised, which can be called their strategy for governing. This strategy includes an understanding about national priorities—that is, the ordering of goals—and also about methods of pursuing those priorities. The institutional apparatus that constitutes a state is the means by which strategy is put into place. It is the expression of strategy. Experts in public administration provide advice on how to build or renovate institutions so that they align with overall strategy. They also warn leaders against strategies that rely on untenable assumptions about building, running, and renovating institutions. Moreover, these experts make judgments about the morality of strategies that they help to design and execute. However, leaders within a state often have differing views about the best strategy for governing. Frequently, though, there is agreement on fundamentals. The chapter then considers the concept of “grand strategy,” which was introduced in the nineteenth century to describe an overall policy regarding the use of armed forces in war.
Aspects of Institutional Stewardship
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses institutional stewardship and how leaders focus heavily on institutions, because institutions are the means by which life is breathed into governance strategies. Leaders must attend to four tasks: the design and consolidation of new institutions and the administration and adaptation of existing institutions. Leaders and critics outside the state are constantly engaged in debate about institutional design. The pressure to invent new designs is felt most intensely where threats to the state are perceived to be severe—in the field of national defense or internal security, for example. Leaders often borrow designs from powerful or rival states in addition to learning from their own experience. Meanwhile, the term “consolidation” is often used by experts in peacebuilding and statebuilding—that is, the job of shoring up fragile states. Consolidation has also been described as the process of solidifying or “locking in” new arrangements. Once established, institutions must be administered. Administration encompasses the running of organizations, the enforcement of laws, and the execution of programs. The final aspect of institutional stewardship is adaptation: the renovation or reform of institutions in response to changing conditions.
The Struggle for Mastery
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights how the field of public administration was invented to achieve the goal of leaders to gain control, to establish mastery over their circumstances, so that the potential of American democracy could be realized. For leaders, the first aspect of mastery consists of knowing the territory over which sovereignty is claimed. The next step toward mastery is gaining a deeper understanding of the environment in which states operate. However, mastery requires more than information and understanding. Leaders need tools to influence the dynamics of systems; or, in other words, to influence circumstances. People outside the state apparatus need to be induced to change their behavior, whether by persuasion, material inducement, or threat of punishment. Whatever the preferred method of influence, leaders must have the administrative capacity to apply it: they must establish their own bureaucracies or delegate responsibilities to other public or private organizations. The chapter then explains that the extent of control enjoyed by leaders today is vastly greater than it was a century ago. For example, advances in information technology are producing ever-larger amounts of data about the behavior of governed populations. Indeed, the obstacle to mastery may no longer be a dearth of information. Today, the obstacle might be a tsunami of information that overwhelms the capacity of leaders to make sense of it and respond appropriately.
Danger, Strategic Fragility, and Realism
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies how some scholars who study international relations subscribe to a way of thinking about the world called realism. Niccolò Machiavelli is considered one of the intellectual godfathers of realism. Realists believe that the world is a dangerous place, full of risks to essential state interests, and that leaders must be alert to these risks. The chapter then explains that threats managed by leaders come in many forms. Leaders try to manage such dangers by crafting strategies for governing and renovating institutions to give effect to those strategies. They are engaged in the work of threat management. Leaders hope that these strategies will provide long-lasting protection against the most serious dangers, but this hope is often dashed. Events move too quickly and strategies become outmoded. To put it another way, governance strategies are typically fragile. They require constant maintenance and renovation to accommodate an ever-changing array of risks. To protect the national interest, realists argue, leaders sometimes have to make choices that would be indefensible by the standards of conventional morality.
Time and Progress
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the importance of the decision about the timeframe in the development of a new approach to research in public administration. The choice of timeframe—long or short—affects one's thinking about governing in many ways. For example, it influences assumptions about the malleability of institutions. If one takes a long view, one is more likely to be struck by substantial changes in the design of institutions. The choice of timeframe has other consequences. If one takes the long view, one is more likely to recognize those social and economic forces that only operate slowly. The long view also improves one's ability to see patterns in events, avoid surprise, and learn from experience. Similarly, by taking the long view, one recognizes that devastating pandemics are a familiar part of the human experience. The chapter then considers the problem of presentism in the discipline of public administration. It also looks at another assumption that shapes one's thinking about the evolution of states: the idea of progress—or, in other words, the expectation that governance strategies will generate continual improvement in human welfare.
Unexceptionalism
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights another habit of thought that compromises one's ability to think clearly about strategies for governing in the United States: the doctrine of exceptionalism—the idea that there is something unique about governance in the American context. This mistaken belief makes it harder to learn from the experience of other states. There is a temptation to suggest that the United States is exceptional only because of the emphasis that Americans put on their own exceptionality. But even this is not true. People in most countries see something special about their own circumstances. Indeed, the feeling of exceptionality is shared almost universally, and rightly so. Conditions facing leaders in any one state are different from those facing any other state. Governance strategies must fit those conditions, and consequently one should expect policies and institutions to vary as well. This is why one should be wary about “one size fits all” prescriptions for governmental reform. Still, one should not get too carried away with this emphasis on variation. Even if circumstances change, there is one important commonality: leaders in all states, at all points in time, deal with the realities of building and maintaining a state.
Separation or Connection
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the third dilemma in the design of governance strategies: When leaders devise governance strategies, they must decide whether borders will emphasize separation or connection with the rest of the world. Such a decision is not easy, and different considerations—national security, economic growth, internal cohesion, human rights—may pull in opposite directions. In the early years of the republic, American leaders often emphasized separation from the rest of the world. In the twenty-first century, there are good reasons why American leaders must look beyond their borders. Some dangers—climate change, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, economic instability—can be addressed properly only by building international institutions that promote cooperation among states. The challenge for leaders is to build these institutions without appearing to betray people back home. The doctrine of universal human rights, consolidated over the last seventy years, complicates strategy-making even further, because it sometimes demands that foreigners be given treatment comparable to that of citizens. However, this doctrine might not be well understood or generally accepted by many people within the United States.
Planning or Improvisation
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the role of planning in the design of governance strategies. Enthusiasm for large-scale planning—also known as overall, comprehensive, long-term, economic, or social planning—boomed and collapsed in twentieth century. At the start of that century, progressive reformers seized on planning as the remedy for the United States' social and economic woes. By the end of the twentieth century, enthusiasm for large-scale planning had collapsed. Plans could be made, but they were unlikely to be obeyed, and even if they were obeyed, they were unlikely to work as predicted. The chapter then explains that leaders should make plans while being realistic about the limits of planning. It is necessary to exercise foresight, set priorities, and design policies that seem likely to accomplish those priorities. Simply by doing this, leaders encourage coordination among individuals and businesses, through conversation about goals and tactics. Neither is imperfect knowledge a total barrier to planning. There is no “law” of unintended consequences: it is not inevitable that government actions will produce entirely unexpected results. The more appropriate stance is modesty about what is known and what can be achieved. Plans that launch big schemes on brittle assumptions are more likely to fail. Plans that proceed more tentatively, that allow room for testing, learning, and adjustment, are less likely to collapse in the face of unexpected results.
Teaching
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the importance of changing current views about teaching public administration. A graduate program that prepares leaders ought to have some component that shows how to think broadly about the overall aims of government; the factors and forces that influence judgments about priorities; the previous methods used to advance those priorities; and how priorities and methods have adapted in response to changing conditions. In other words, there ought to be some element of the curriculum that shows students how to think systematically about the challenges of crafting, executing, and adapting strategies for governing. This sort of education would encourage students to take a long view. They would look decades back to see how strategies have evolved and decades ahead to anticipate new challenges. And there would be a comparative aspect as well: students would learn how the leaders of other countries wrestle with comparable challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Sayle Timothy Andrews , Brands Hal
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of George W. Bush's decision to deploy more American troops to Iraq in 2007, a desperate attempt to bring order to chaos, and to salvage his administration's signature foreign policy achievement: the ouster of Iraq's tyrannical despot, Saddam Hussein, nearly four years before. Bush's speech on January 10, 2007, and the change in policy it announced were hardly the work of spontaneous initiative, but instead marked the end of a long and secretive process designed to determine whether and how to change the course of a failing war in Iraq. The president's decision had not been easy. In fact, it had been resisted by most of his advisors, including many of his top military commanders, who feared greater loss of lives and treasure, and ultimately defeat. That was a sentiment Bush shared as well. Iraq stood on the precipice of civil war as 2007 began, but it was hardly certain that more American troops and a new strategy could improve conditions on the ground. Many advisors feared that putting more US forces in Iraq would not turn the war around and would instead weaken American positions elsewhere around the globe while straining the US military to the breaking point. Bush and his top aides thus recognized that “the surge” constituted a major strategic gamble, as well as their final chance to restore a floundering US project in Iraq.
How the “Surge” Came to Be
Authors: Hadley Stephen , O’Sullivan Meghan , Feaver Peter
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores first-hand insights from President Bush's national security advisor, Stephen J. Hadley, and two National Security Council staff members, Meghan O'Sullivan and Peter Feaver, about the logic of the surge strategy and the process by which that strategy emerged. The “surge” is generally understood as the deployment to Iraq of 20,000 to 30,000 US troops in 2007 to supplement the roughly 160,000 already there. More importantly, however, it reflected a change in strategy in how US forces would be used. They would deploy with Iraqi military and police units and live out among the Iraqi people rather than on US military bases. Their priority would be to help Iraqi forces provide security for the Iraqi people. The surge would also create more time and a better environment in which to build Iraqi security forces. The essential feature of the decision-making process that produced the surge was that from the beginning President Bush was at the center of the process. Ultimately, President Bush's decision to launch the surge ended a major strategic debate within his administration.
Iraq, Vietnam, and the Meaning of Victory
Authors: Preston Andrew
Published: May 2020

This chapter offers a comparison of George W. Bush's decision-making process in the Iraq War with that of Lyndon B. Johnson's in the Vietnam War. In both Vietnam and Iraq, the United States had to fight an insurgent campaign that was supported by powerful regional adversaries determined to bring down a US-backed government. In both Vietnam and Iraq, America's superior military technology had limited effectiveness against an enemy who relied on simple but lethal weapons and could blend into the general population. In both Vietnam and Iraq, gaining the trust of that population was vital to the success of the overall mission yet proved frustratingly elusive. And in deciding what to do in response, the national security decision-making apparatus in both the Johnson and Bush administrations ultimately produced a consensus behind the president's decision, either to surge US troops to restore deteriorating security and political stability (in 1965 and 2007) or to begin the process of de-escalation and eventually withdrawal (1968). There were key differences, too, which the chapter also explores, but the similarities are uncanny.
Blood, Treasure, and Time
Authors: Betts Richard K.
Published: May 2020

This chapter places the surge decision in the context of the broader history of the Iraq War and offers a modestly positive appraisal. Indeed, the surge is only important in how it affected the overall project of the American war in Iraq. The significant question is whether the history of the surge offers lessons beyond itself, or at least whether the surge was decisive for achieving US objectives. The chapter then examines various dilemmas and challenges that the war occasioned—of relating strategy to both operations and politics; of promoting democratization in Iraq while also seeking some control over Iraqi decision making; and of seeking to exert presidential command over a complex decision-making process. It argues that the surge decision reflected a “delicate and skillful exercise in leadership” given civil-military tensions, but questions how well the surge answered the broader strategic questions surrounding American involvement.
The Accessibility Shift
Authors: Levine Jonathan , Grengs Joe , Merlin Louis A.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the shift from mobility to accessibility as the basis for transportation and land-use planning. Reliance on mobility as a guiding planning principle is evidenced in current policy and in the physical form of the built environment in metropolitan areas in the United States and many other countries around the world. When evaluating the performance of a transportation system, the fundamental criterion for success has long been faster vehicle-operating speed. This focus on mobility stands in contrast to a cornerstone of modern transportation planning: the notion that the demand for transportation is largely derived from the demand to reach destinations. If the goal that drives current transportation planning—mobility—differs from the service that people seek from transportation—accessibility—the planning process would tend to overprovide the former and underprovide the latter. Thus, aligning the logic of transportation planning with the core purpose of transportation is about ensuring that people get more of what they want out of the system: access to destinations.
Accessibility in Everyday Planning
Authors: Levine Jonathan , Grengs Joe , Merlin Louis A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines different methods to support accessibility-based analysis for both land-development and transportation projects to help forge a closer link between accessibility analysis and applied decision making in planning. Accessibility metrics vary in their measurement approach, purposes, and levels of complexity. Accessibility is normally reported in the form of a score or index to describe the ease of reaching destinations from a place, which allows analysts to compare accessibility from one place to another, or track changes in accessibility over time. The chapter then considers the foundational concepts of accessibility measurement and representation. It also demonstrates empirical application at the project level. Moving accessibility-based evaluation from the regional scenario to the project level involves more than applying regional tools to individual decisions, because project-level analysis is inherently different from a regional analysis.
Fighting Hunger, Fearing Violence after the Revolutionary War
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses how, after the Revolutionary War, Native Americans increased their authority by working with the U.S. government to circumvent hunger. The federal government failed to win power because it cost so much to distribute food aid, and the government was not yet powerful enough to refuse to do so. Postwar Indian country was a place of simultaneous resilience and desolation; although burned villages and scattered tribes provide plentiful evidence of disruption, there were numerous sites where Indian power waxed, at least until the mid-1790s. Approaches to Indian affairs, which included food policy, varied from state to state and evolved in three separate regions in the 1780s and 1790s: the southern states of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia; the mid-Atlantic states of New York and Pennsylvania; and the old northwest region of the Ohio Valley. Food negotiations reveal similarities between federal and state approaches, but also demonstrate that it was the competition between the states and the federal government that by 1795 left Native Americans more willing to accommodate U.S. officials in a joint cooperative fight against hunger.
The Scandals
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at two grave matters which erupted in Athens between when the Sicilian expedition had been approved and the day of departure. On a beautiful morning, it was discovered that all the herms in the city had been mutilated. These herms were simplified statues of the god Hermes. They appealed to the god for protection; they had religious significance. The fact that such a blow had struck all the herms implied intention. An air of panic swept through the city; something sinister was believed to be threatening Athenian democracy. Clearly, one of their fears was that people would band together to bring about a less democratic regime, one that was openly oligarchic. If there was someone considering tyranny, who was a more likely object of suspicion than Alcibiades? His enemies would immediately exploit these very natural fears and accusations about him spread. Meanwhile, a slave named Andromachus was presented by his master and swore that he had been present, in a private house, for a parody of the sacred mysteries, in which Alcibiades, among others, had also participated. Soon, there were numerous allegations that this double sacrilege was a prelude to overthrowing the democracy. From that time on, things began to go badly for Alcibiades.