bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of over-the-counter insomnia complaints in Australian community pharmacies: a standardized patient study
Authors: Kashyap Krishneeta C , Nissen Lisa M , Smith Simon S , Kyle Greg
Published: August 2013

Objective

To evaluate the current management of over-the-counter (OTC) insomnia complaints in Australian community pharmacies using standardized patient methodology.

Methods

Trained standardized patients visited a sample of 100 randomly selected South East Queensland community pharmacies in June 2011. The standardized patients enacted two OTC insomnia scenarios: a direct product request (DPR) (n = 50) and a symptom-based request (SBR) (n = 50). Results of the interactions were documented immediately after each visit and evaluated using the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia's WHAT STOP GO protocol as a standard comparison.

Key findings

Of all DPRs, 30% were handled entirely by the pharmacist, 70% of staff enquired about specific symptoms and 28% investigated the cause of insomnia. No staff investigated the frequency of product use. The DPR scenario resulted in a 92% supply of the requested doxylamine product (Restavit). In the SBR scenario, 18% of requests were handled entirely by the pharmacist, 58% of staff enquired about specific symptoms and 44% investigated the cause of insomnia. Staff recommended medicated products (38%), or herbal (78%) or non-drug techniques (18%). Investigation into smoking and alcohol intake was not undertaken in DPR or SBR interactions, while questioning on caffeine intake was undertaken in 2 and 14% of cases respectively. There were no significant differences found in the handling of sleep requests by pharmacists compared to pharmacy assistants.

Conclusion

The standardized patient methodology was a successful way to assess the community pharmacy counselling provided with OTC sleep requests and suboptimal staff responses were found when compared with recommended practice standards.
Dual kidney transplantation from uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest: A possible option
Authors: Hanf William , Petruzzo Palmina , Meas‐Yedid Vannary , Berthiller Julien , Martin Xavier , Morelon Emmanuel , Badet Lionel , Codas Ricardo
Published: August 2013

Organ shortage is a major problem in organ transplantation. For this reason, transplantation teams have found it necessary to revisit their organ acceptance criteria. Uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest could increase the donor pool by 20%, but at the same time there is a greater risk of delayed graft function and primary non‐function. Dual kidney transplantation is an option when single kidney transplantation cannot be carried out because of lack of organ quality. We report for the first time our four first dual kidney transplantation from uncontrolled deceased donors after cardiac arrest with a follow up longer than 1 year. We described graft outcomes until 5 years, and histology at 3 and 12 months after transplantation. All organs were machine perfused in order to assess their quality leading to a single kidney transplantation or dual kidney transplantation decision. After 1 year of follow up, all grafts were functional with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate of 44.5 ± 3.3 mL/min/1.73 m2, and a mean inulin clearance of 43.7 ± 13.6 mL/mn/1.73 m2. These findings suggest that dual kidney transplantation can represent a viable option for kidneys unsuitable for single kidney transplantation without increasing the rate of surgical complications. Successful transplantation is linked to histological, biological and donor clinical criteria, as well as perfusion parameters.
Bone dissemination of prostate cancer after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: A case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Koguchi Dai , Nishi Morihiro , Satoh Takefumi , Shitara Toshiya , Matsumoto Kazumasa , Fujita Tetsuo , Yoshida Kazunari , Iwamura Masatsugu
Published: August 2013

We report a case of dissemination of prostate cancer after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate in an 80‐year‐old patient. The patient presented at hospital because of nocturia. Transrectal ultrasound‐guided biopsy was carried out because of high serum prostate‐specific antigen (3.55 ng/mL), but it showed no malignancies. Benign prostate hyperplasia was diagnosed, and he was started on an α1‐blocker. Although the urinary symptom improved with silodosin, acute urinary retention occurred 3 years after therapy began. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for relief of bladder outlet obstruction enabled discharge of urine. Pathological examination of the resected tissue found adenocarcinoma with a high Gleason score, 4 + 5. Serum alkaline phosphatase increased rapidly after holmium laser enucleation, and bone scintigraphy confirmed multiple bone metastases. Prostate cancer, T1bN0M1b, was diagnosed.
The mTOR pathway and integrating immune regulation
Authors: Cobbold Stephen P.
Published: August 2013

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an important integrator of nutrient‐sensing signals in all mammalian cells, and acts to coordinate the cell proliferation with the availability of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and energy (oxygen and ATP). A large part of the immune response depends on the proliferation and clonal expansion of antigen‐specific T cells, which depends on mTOR activation, and the pharmacological inhibition of this pathway by rapamycin is therefore potently immunosuppressive. It is only recently, however, that we have started to understand the more subtle details of how the mTOR pathway is involved in controlling the differentiation of effector versus memory CD8+ T cells and the decision to generate different CD4+ helper T‐cell subsets. In particular, this review will focus on how nutrient sensing via mTOR controls the expression of the master transcription factor for regulatory T cells in order to maintain the balance between tolerance and inflammation.
Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of zanamivir and laninamivir octanoate for children with influenza A(H3N2) and B in the 2011–2012 season
Authors: Koseki Naoko , Kaiho Miki , Kikuta Hideaki , Oba Koji , Togashi Takehiro , Ariga Tadashi , Ishiguro Nobuhisa
Published: August 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the two inhaled neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), zanamivir (ZN) and laninamivir octate (LO), for influenza A(H3N2) and B virus infections.

Design

A prospective, multicenter observational study was conducted from January to April in 2012.

Setting

Outpatients aged 5–18 years who had a temperature of 37.5°C or higher and were diagnosed as having influenza based on an immunochromatographic assay were enrolled.

Sample

A total of 338 patients treated with ZN and 314 patients treated with LO were compared.

Main outcome measures

The duration of fever after administration of the first dose of each NAI was evaluated as a primary endpoint. The secondary endpoint was episodes of biphasic fever.

Results

No statistically significant difference in the duration of fever was found between the ZN and LO groups (log‐rank test, P = 0.117). A logistic regression model showed that episodes of biphasic fever increased by 1.19 times for every decrease of 1 year of age (P = 0.016) and that the number of biphasic fever episodes in patients treated with LO was 5.80‐times greater than that in patients treated with ZN (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Although the duration of fever in the LO group was comparable to that in the ZN group, episodes of biphasic fever were more frequent in younger children and in the LO group than in the ZN group.
Mixed Motives: Economic, Social, and Normative Motivations in Business Compliance
Authors: NIELSEN VIBEKE LEHMANN , PARKER CHRISTINE
Published: August 2013

This article develops theoretical understanding of the motives of business firms and their managers for compliance. First, we develop a typology to conceptualize and measure business motives relevant to compliance behavior. We distinguish between three categories of motives: economic, social, and normative. We hypothesize, however, that business firms and their managers do not divide into types motivated exclusively by singular priorities. We expect each firm to hold a constellation of plural motives. Moreover, we expect that economic and social motives are more alike between regulatees within the same regulatory regime than normative motives. Second, we conduct a preliminary test of the plausibility of our typology of motives and our theory of constellations of plural motives using data from a survey of the thousand biggest companies in Australia. Finally, we conclude that the path from fundamental interests or motives to behavior is filled with constraints and contingent factors at the individual, organizational, and structural levels.
Endocrine phenotype, reproductive success and survival in the great tit, Parus major
Authors: Ouyang J. Q. , Sharp P. , Quetting M. , Hau M.
Published: August 2013

A central goal in evolutionary ecology is to characterize and identify selection patterns on the optimal phenotype in different environments. Physiological traits, such as hormonal responses, provide important mechanisms by which individuals can adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions. It is therefore expected that selection shapes hormonal traits, but the strength and the direction of selection on plastic hormonal signals are still under investigation. Here, we determined whether, and in which way, selection is acting on the hormones corticosterone and prolactin by characterizing endocrine phenotypes and their relationship with fitness in free‐living great tits, Parus major. We quantified variation in circulating concentrations of baseline and stress‐induced corticosterone and in prolactin during the prebreeding (March) and the breeding season (May) for two consecutive years, and correlated these with reproductive success (yearly fledgling number) and overwinter survival in female and male individuals. In both years, individuals with high baseline corticosterone concentrations in March had the highest yearly fledgling numbers; while in May, individuals with low baseline corticosterone had the highest yearly reproductive success. Likewise, individuals that displayed strong seasonal plasticity in baseline corticosterone concentrations (high in March and low in May) had the highest reproductive success in each year. Prolactin concentrations were not related to reproductive success, but were positively correlated to the proximity to lay. Between‐year plasticity in stress‐induced corticosterone concentrations of males was related to yearly variation in food abundance, but not to overall reproductive success. These findings suggest that seasonally alternating directional selection is operating on baseline corticosterone concentrations in both sexes. The observed between‐year consistency in selection patterns indicates that a one‐time hormone sample in a given season can allow the prediction of individual fitness.
Interaction between temperature and male pheromone in sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bontonou G. , Denis B. , Wicker‐Thomas C.
Published: August 2013

In Drosophila, female hydrocarbons are known to be involved in premating isolation between different species and pheromonal races. The role of male‐specific hydrocarbon polymorphism is not as well documented. The dominant cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) in male D. melanogaster is usually 7‐tricosene (7‐T), with the exception of African populations, in which 7‐pentacosene (7‐P) is dominant. Here, we took advantage of a population from the Comoro Islands (Com), in which males fell on a continuum of low to high levels of 7‐T, to perform temperature selection and selection on CHCs' profiles. We conducted several experiments on the selected Com males to study the plasticity of their CHCs in response to temperature shift, their role in resistance to desiccation and in sexual selection. We then compared the results obtained for selected lines to those from three common laboratory strains with different and homogenous hydrocarbon profiles: CS, Cot and Tai. Temperature selection modified the CHC profiles of the Com males in few generations of selection. We showed that the 7‐P/7‐T ratio depends on temperature with generally more 7‐P at higher temperatures and observed a relationship between chain length and resistance to desiccation in both temperature‐ and phenotypically selected Com lines. There was partial sexual isolation between the flies with clear‐cut phenotypes within the phenotypically selected lines and the laboratory strains. These results indicate that the dominant male pheromones are under environmental selection and may have played a role in reproductive isolation.
Lawyers as Agents of the Devil in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Authors: Ashenfelter Orley , Bloom David E. , Dahl Gordon B.
Published: August 2013

Do the parties in a typical dispute face incentives similar to those in the classic prisoner's dilemma game? In this article, we explore whether the costs and benefits of legal representation are such that each party seeks legal representation in the hope of exploiting the other party, while knowing full well that failing to do so will open up the possibility of being exploited. The article first shows how it is possible to test for the presence of such an incentive structure in a typical dispute resolution system. It then reports estimates of the incentives for the parties to obtain legal representation in wage disputes that were settled by final‐offer arbitration in New Jersey. The article also reports briefly on similar studies of data from discharge grievances, court‐annexed disputes in Pittsburgh, and child custody disputes in California. In each case, the data provide evidence that the parties face strong individual incentives to obtain legal representation that make the parties jointly worse off. Using our New Jersey data, we find that expert agents may well have played a productive role in moderating the biases of their clients, but only early on in the history of the system. Over time, the parties slowly evolved to a noncooperative equilibrium where the use of lawyers becomes nearly universal, despite the fact that agreeing not to hire lawyers is cheaper and does not appear to alter arbitration outcomes.
New distribution data and population structure of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Sekulić N. , Marić S. , Galambos L. , Radošević D. , Krpo‐Ćetković J.
Published: August 2013

Seventy‐six individuals of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri from two recent populations from Serbia (Bakreni Batar and Lugomir) and one from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Gromiželj) were analysed for habitat preferences and population structure. The population from Lugomir is a newly recorded population in Serbia. Besides this new record, it is noteworthy that all three studied locations are outside the currently known species distribution range limits.
Periodontal disease awareness among pregnant women in the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Asa'ad Farah A. , Rahman Ghousia , Al Mahmoud Noura , Al Shamasi Ebtehaj , Al Khuwaileidi Abrar
Published: August 2013

Aim

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding periodontal disease and its effects on pregnancy among pregnant women in the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional survey, self‐administered, structured questionnaires were distributed to 300 pregnant women who were chosen randomly from attendees of maternity health care centers in the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia. The questions were developed from literature reviews of articles. The questionnaire addressed personal and sociodemographic variables, periodontal health awareness, and knowledge of pregnant women. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic and was pretested during the pilot study on a random sample of 50 pregnant women. Data were analyzed by χ2‐tests, with the level of significance set at P < 0.05.

Results

An overall response rate of 81% was obtained. Approximately 53% had a higher level of education, but only 21% knew how to define dental plaque and 30% knew its harmful effects. Almost 73% stated that gum disease could be prevented through toothbrushing and flossing. Approximately 97% of the respondents knew the negative effect of smoking, while only 12% knew there was a possible relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Conclusion

The results of this cross‐sectional study found that there is limited knowledge and awareness about periodontal disease and its possible effects on pregnancy among pregnant women attending maternal health care centers in the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia.
Equity Returns and Business Cycles in Small Open Economies
Authors: JAHAN‐PARVAR MOHAMMAD R. , LIU XUAN , ROTHMAN PHILIP
Published: August 2013

This is the first paper in the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium literature to match key business cycle moments and long‐run equity returns in a small open economy with production. These results are achieved by introducing four modifications to a standard real business cycle model: (i) borrowing and lending costs are imposed to increase the volatility of the marginal rate of substitution over time, (ii) capital adjustment costs are assumed to make equity returns more volatile, (iii) GHH preferences are employed to smooth consumption, and (iv) a working capital constraint to generate countercyclical trade balances. Our results are based on data from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.
Quantifying Barrovian metamorphism in the Danba Structural Culmination of eastern Tibet
Authors: Weller O. M. , St‐Onge M. R. , Waters D. J. , Rayner N. , Searle M. P. , Chung S.‐L. , Palin R. M. , Lee Y.‐H. , Xu X.
Published: August 2013

The Danba Structural Culmination is a tectonic window into the late Triassic to early Jurassic Songpan‐Garzê Fold Belt of eastern Tibet, which exposes an oblique section through a complete Barrovian‐type metamorphic sequence. Systematic analysis of a suite of metapelites from this locality has enabled a general study of Barrovian metamorphism, and provided new insights into the early thermotectonic history of the Tibetan plateau. The suite was used to create a detailed petrographic framework, from which four samples ranging from staurolite to sillimanite grade were selected for thermobarometry and geochronology. Pseudosection analysis was applied to calculate P–T path segments and determine peak conditions between staurolite grade at ∼5.2 kbar and 580 °C and sillimanite grade at ∼6.0 kbar and 670 °C. In situ U–Pb monazite geochronology reveals that staurolite‐grade conditions were reached at 191.5 ± 2.4 Ma, kyanite‐grade conditions were attained at 184.2 ± 1.5 Ma, and sillimanite‐grade conditions continued until 179.4 ± 1.6 Ma. Integration of the results has provided constraints on the evolution of metamorphism in the region, including a partial reconstruction of the regional metamorphic field gradient. Several key features of Barrovian metamorphism are documented, including nested P–T paths and a polychronic field gradient. In addition, several atypical features are noted, such as P–T path segments having similar slopes to the metamorphic field gradient, and Tmax and Pmax being reached simultaneously in some samples. These features are attributed to the effects of slow tectonic burial, which allows for thermal relaxation during compression. While nested, clockwise P–T–t loops provide a useful framework for Barrovian metamorphism, this study shows that the effects of slow burial can telescope this model in P–T space. Finally, the study demonstrates that eastern Tibet experienced a significant phase of crustal thickening during the Mesozoic, reinforcing the notion that the plateau may have a long history of uplift and growth.
Individualized management of umbilical endometriosis: A report of seven cases
Authors: Saito Ako , Koga Kaori , Osuga Yutaka , Harada Miyuki , Takemura Yuri , Yoshimura Kotaro , Yano Tetsu , Kozuma Shiro
Published: August 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to review diagnostic/therapeutic strategies of umbilical endometriosis managed in our department and evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies.

Methods

Medical records for patients with diagnosis of endometriosis managed from 1999 through 2011 in the University of Tokyo Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Cases with diagnosis of umbilical endometriosis were identified. Clinical information of age, gravida, parity, histories of surgery and oral contraceptive (OC), management for the disease prior to the first visit, symptoms, patients' desire for pregnancy, diagnostic/therapeutic methods and prognosis were reviewed and summarized.

Results

During the period, 2530 patients with diagnosis of endometriosis were identified. Seven patients had diagnosis of umbilical endometriosis, giving an incidence of 0.29% of all endometriosis cases and 5.6% of extragenital endometriosis cases. A definitive diagnosis was made by histological examination following a biopsy (two cases) or a resection (three cases). A clinical diagnosis was made by empirical treatment with OC (one case) or dienogest (one case). With regard to therapy, three patients chose expectant management and did not require therapeutic intervention. Three patients began OC and symptoms were well controlled in all patients. One patient who wished to conceive chose a wide resection followed by umbilical reconstruction. She became pregnant afterwards and recurrence was not reported.

Conclusion

There are various options of diagnostic/therapeutic strategies, such as empirical treatments and OC that can provide individualized management of umbilical endometriosis, congruent with the severity of patient symptoms, age and desire for pregnancy.
Direct and Indirect Peer Socialization of Adolescent Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury
Authors: Giletta Matteo , Burk William J. , Scholte Ron H. J. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Prinstein Mitchell J.
Published: August 2013

This study examined direct and indirect forms of peer socialization of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) in adolescent friendship networks. Data were collected among 348 adolescents (55% females; Mage = 15.02 years; SD = 0.53) at four assessment waves. Stochastic actor‐based models revealed no evidence for direct socialization of NSSI: adolescents whose friends reported higher NSSI did not increase their NSSI over time. However, indirect forms of socialization were found. After controlling for direct socialization and selection effects, friends' depressive symptoms predicted changes in male and female adolescents' NSSI, and friends' impulsivity predicted changes in male adolescents' NSSI. Findings highlight the importance of extending peer influence research beyond the classical “modeling” paradigm by providing evidence that peers may indirectly socialize adolescents' NSSI.
School absence due to toothache associated with sociodemographic factors, dental caries status, and oral health‐related quality of life in 12‐ and 15‐year‐old Thai children
Authors: Krisdapong Sudaduang , Prasertsom Piyada , Rattanarangsima Khanit , Sheiham Aubrey
Published: August 2013

Objectives

The objective of this study is to assess prevalence and extent of school absence due to toothache, dental caries, and Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in a subsample of the Thailand national oral health survey. In addition, associations of school absence as the outcome variable with explanatory behavioral and sociodemographic variables, dental caries, and OHRQoL were investigated.

Methods

Study sample was half of the Sixth Thailand National Oral Health Survey sample (1,063 12‐year‐old and 811 15‐year‐old children). Children were orally examined and interviewed about OHRQoL using the Child Oral Impacts on Daily Performances or the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances indices. Children completed a sociodemographic and behavioral questionnaire on school absence due to toothache in current semester.

Results

Over a 3‐month period, 5.1 percent of 12‐ and 4.4 percent of 15‐year‐olds absented themselves from school due to toothache. The number of days absent in 12‐year‐olds was significantly higher than in 15‐year‐olds. For 12‐year‐olds, OHRQoL and toothache were significantly associated with school absence. Severe dental decay was the main dental factor related to school absence but not significantly associated with school absence in the adjusted analyses. Children in lower school grades and those who received dental treatment in current semester were more likely to miss school compared with their counterparts.

Conclusions

About one in 20 of Thai school‐aged children reported missing school due to toothache. School absence due to toothache was inversely associated with the current year of study and positively with recently receiving dental treatment and with OHRQoL and toothache in 12‐year‐olds.
Combinations of eight key mutations in the X/preC region and genomic activity of hepatitis B virus are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Park Y. M. , Jang J. W. , Yoo S. H. , Kim S. H. , Oh I. M. , Park S. J. , Jang Y. S. , Lee S. J.
Published: August 2013

Accumulation of eight key mutations located in the X/preC regions of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome (G1613A, C1653T, T1753V, A1762T, G1764A, A1846T, G1896A and G1899A) is a risk marker for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we analysed the 8 key mutations in 442 serum samples collected from 310 non‐HCC and 132 HCC patients to identify the combinations linked to HCC. After the patients were stratified according to the age groups and mutation combinations, clinical parameters were compared between the HCC and the non‐HCC groups. Analyses were focused on patient ≥40 years of age infected by HBV genotype C with A1762T and G1764A mutations in the basal core promoter region (BCP double mutation). In patients with ≥6 mutations, the combination of [G1613A + C1653T + A1846T + G1896A] mutations was closely linked to HCC, whereas no specific single or double mutation combination was associated with HCC. In patients with ≤5 mutations, HBeAg and HBV DNA serum titres were lower in the HCC group than those in the non‐HCC group. Unlike the number of mutations, no specific combination correlated with advanced clinical stage in HCC. Of the BCP double mutation–based HBV mutant types, combinations of ≥6 mutations that include G1613A + C1653T + A1846T + G1896A, and combinations of ≤5 mutations with reduced HBeAg production, may be more specific indicators of HCC risk than only the number of mutations or any specific combination(s).
Habitat influences diet overlap in aquatic snake assemblages
Authors: Durso A. M. , Willson J. D. , Winne C. T.
Published: August 2013

Competition for prey is thought to be important in structuring snake assemblages. However, due in part to the secretive behavior and low detectability of many snake species, this generalization is based on a limited number of studies, most of which focus on a single study site. We examined differences in diet composition, trophic niche overlap, site occupancy and detectability of five sympatric aquatic snake species between two different habitat types in the Southeastern US, replicated at the landscape scale: permanent wetlands with fishes (n = 13) and isolated, often ephemeral wetlands without fishes (n = 10). We collected >3700 prey items from snakes and compared diet composition among snake species to examine niche breadth and overlap, correcting for relative availability of prey captured independently in the same wetlands. We evaluated evidence for competitive exclusion by estimating the probability of co‐occupancy for pairs of snake species in each habitat type using occupancy modeling. In wetlands with fishes, niche overlap was low, suggesting resource partitioning. Conversely, in wetlands without fishes, niche overlap was high, with most species feeding on larval or paedomorphic ambystomatid salamanders, but competitive exclusion did not occur. We suggest that high co‐occupancy of aquatic snakes in wetlands without fishes despite the apparent lack of resource partitioning is due to a combination of seasonally high abundance of high quality amphibian prey, unique aspects of predator physiology and stochastic abiotic processes that prevent these systems from reaching equilibrium. Our results demonstrate that snake diets can be highly context (e.g. habitat)‐specific. Studies should consider other factors in addition to competition for prey when attempting to understand snake population and community dynamics.
Is lek breeding rare in bats?
Authors: Toth C. A. , Parsons S.
Published: August 2013

Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) are among the most successful mammals and likely display the widest range of mating systems within the Class. One mating system that is underrepresented in the Chiroptera is lek breeding, which is characterized by aggregations of sexually displaying males that are visited by receptive females who appraise male displays and actively choose mates, yet receive no direct benefits such as assistance in parenting. Leks are thought to form when males can defend neither resources nor females, making it more economical to establish small breeding territories and self‐advertise through sexual displays. Lekking is rare in mammals, and it has been suggested that a lack in the mobility required by females to economically seek out aggregations of sexually displaying males may explain this rarity. Bats, like birds, do not suffer reduced mobility and yet out of over a thousand described species, only one has been confirmed to breed in leks. We examine the rarity of lekking in bats by providing an overview on the current state of knowledge of their mating systems and discuss the ecological and social determinants for the observed trends, contrasted with the prerequisites of lek‐breeding behaviour. We use the breeding behaviour of New Zealand's lesser short‐tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata, which is believed to be a lek breeder, as a case study for the examination of potential lekking behaviour in bats, and highlight the importance of such research for the development of effective conservation strategies.
The Odyssey of the Regulatory State: From a “Thin” Monomorphic Concept to a “Thick” and Polymorphic Concept
Authors: Levi‐Faur David
Published: August 2013

This article assesses the “odyssey” of the regulatory state from a mereAmerican thin and monomorphic concept to a global, thick and polymorphic concept that captures some of the more important features of the capitalist–democratic state. The burgeoning literature on the regulatory state presents a confusing number of images and characterizations that are increasingly conflicting, and it too often presents a monomorphic conception of the regulatory state. The article suggests that we need to define the regulatory state rather than merely characterizing it. And we need to do so in a manner that will allow us to move beyond the specific institutional features of a certain era, nation, region, or sector. Rather than contrasting regulation with distribution and redistribution, and contrasting the regulatory state with other forms of state, I treat the regulatory state as one morph of the polymorphic capitalist state, a morph that may help constitute other morphs (such as the welfare state and the developmental state) instead of replacing them. This in turn may help remove the artificial walls between the regulatory scholarly community and other social scientists, and promote more fruitful social science.
Messy Business: Media Representations of Administrative Sanctions for Corporate Offenders
Authors: Van Erp Judith
Published: August 2013

Enforcement against corporate offenses is increasingly carried out by specialized regulatory agencies. These often use publicity as a regulatory tool, in the expectation that disclosure of sanctions will invoke the threat of reputational damage and broadcasts a moral message about desired behavior. This article investigates how media represent administrative offenses in the Dutch financial market, in terms of punitiveness for offenders and in terms of the message about the wrongfulness and harm of offenses. Media coverage of administrative fines is messy in several senses. First, adverse publicity is unpredictable and disproportionally affects small firms in comparison with large, professional firms. In addition, it is also messy in terms of its contribution to the prevention of corporate misbehavior. Media do not unequivocally disapprove of financial market offenses. Rather than clarifying the demarcation line between right and wrong, media describe financial market behavior as a grey zone where differences of opinion can exist over whether certain behavior constitutes an offense. More than a publicity sanction or moral message, media was found to frame offenses by retail banks and capital market firms in terms of the power struggle between firms and the regulatory authority.
Restricted gene flow within and between rapidly diverging Neotropical plant species
Authors: Surget‐Groba Yann , Kay Kathleen M.
Published: August 2013

Speciation involves the evolution of traits and genetic differences that contribute to reproductive isolation and the cessation of gene flow, and studying closely related species and divergent populations gives insight into how these phenomena proceed. Here, we document patterns of gene flow within and between two members of a rapid Neotropical species radiation, Costus pulverulentus and Costus scaber (Costaceae). These species co‐occur in the tropical rainforest and share pollinators, but are reproductively isolated by a series of prezygotic barriers, some of which show evidence of reinforcement at sympatric sites. Here, we genotype microsatellite markers in plants from eight sites that span the geographical range of both species, including four sympatric sites. We also genotype putative hybrids found at two sympatric sites. We find high levels of genetic isolation among populations within each species and low but detectable levels of introgression between species at sympatric sites. Putative hybrids identified by morphology are consistent with F1 or more advanced hybrids. Our results highlight the effectiveness of prezygotic isolating mechanisms at maintaining species boundaries in young radiations and provide empirical data on levels of gene flow consistent with reinforcement.
Positioning of chemosensory proteins and FtsZ through the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cell cycle
Authors: Chiu Sheng‐Wen , Roberts Mark A. J. , Leake Mark C. , Armitage Judith P.
Published: August 2013

Bacterial chemotaxis depends on signalling through large protein complexes. Each cell must inherit a complex on division, suggesting some co‐ordination with cell division. In Escherichia coli the membrane‐spanning chemosensory complexes are polar and new static complexes form at pre‐cytokinetic sites, ensuring positioning at the new pole after division and suggesting a role for the bacterial cytoskeleton. Rhodobacter sphaeroides has both membrane‐associated and cytoplasmic, chromosome‐associated chemosensory complexes. We followed the relative positions of the two chemosensory complexes, FtsZ and MreB in aerobic and in photoheterotrophic R. sphaeroides cells using fluorescence microscopy. FtsZ forms polar spots after cytokinesis, which redistribute to the midcell forming nodes from which FtsZ extends circumferentially to form the Z‐ring. Membrane‐associated chemosensory proteins form a number of dynamic unit‐clusters with mature clusters containing about 1000 CheW3 proteins. Individual clusters diffuse randomly within the membrane, accumulating at new poles after division but not colocalizing with either FtsZ or MreB. The cytoplasmic complex colocalizes with FtsZ at midcells in new‐born cells. Before cytokinesis one complex moves to a daughter cell, followed by the second moving to the other cell. These data indicate that two homologous complexes use different mechanisms to ensure partitioning, and neither complex utilizes FtsZ or MreB for positioning.
Recent Management Advances in Acute Postoperative Pain
Authors: Argoff Charles E.
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Acute postoperative pain remains a major problem, with both undertreatment and overtreatment leading to serious consequences, including increased risk of persistent postoperative pain, impaired rehabilitation, increased length of stay and/or hospital readmission, and adverse events related to excessive analgesic use, such as oversedation. New analgesic medications and techniques have been introduced that target the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods to better manage acute postoperative pain, with improvements in analgesic efficacy and safety over more traditional pain management approaches. This review provides an overview of these new analgesic medications and techniques. Specific topics that are discussed include the use of preoperative nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants; intraoperative approaches such as neuraxial analgesia, continuous local anesthetic wound infusion, transversus abdominis plane block, extended‐release epidural morphine, intravenous acetaminophen, and intravenous ketamine; and postoperative use of intravenous ibuprofen, new opioids (eg, tapentadol) or opioid formulations (morphine–oxycodone), and patient‐controlled analgesia.

Conclusion

New, targeted, analgesic medications and techniques may provide a safer and more effective approach to the management of acute postoperative pain than traditional approaches such as postoperative oral analgesics.
Mandarins versus Machiavellians? On Differences between Work Motivations of Administrative and Political Elites
Authors: van der Wal Zeger
Published: August 2013

This article explores how work motivations differ between administrative and political elites, based on 94 qualitative interviews conducted in the Netherlands, European Union, and United States. Both elite groups are primarily motivated in their initial choice of public service by wanting to contribute to, serve, or improve society; job content, career opportunities, political ideals, and personal background are also important motivators. Once in public service, serving society remains important, but politicians differ from public managers in that they want to have a big impact and bring about actual societal change, and they consider themselves best equipped to do so, whereas the latter value intellectually stimulating work more than anything else. Motivational categories for both groups are relatively stable across institutional settings. Theorizing on the results, the author offers seven propositions for future research. This article contributes to the research on motivation in the public domain by using qualitative methodology and including politicians.
Managing Financial Integration and Capital Mobility—Policy Lessons from the Past Two Decades
Authors: Aizenman Joshua , Pinto Brian
Published: August 2013

Emerging market experience over the past two decades has revealed the tenuous links between external financial integration and faster growth, and the proclivity of such integration to fuel costly crises. Emerging markets learned, converging to the middle ground of the macroeconomic trilemma. Following their crises of 1997–2001, emerging markets added financial stability as a goal, self‐insured by building up international reserves, and adopted a public finance approach to financial integration. The global crisis of 2008–09 illustrated that the advanced economies “overshot” the optimal degree of financial deregulation, while the resilience of the emerging markets validated their public finance approach to financial integration.
Volatility and Spillover Effects of Yen Interventions
Authors: Chortareas Georgios , Jiang Ying , Nankervis John C.
Published: August 2013

We consider the effects of interventions by the Bank of Japan's (BoJ) on the intraday volatility of the US dollar/Japanese yen (USD/JPY) exchange rates and their spillovers to volatility of the euro/JPY exchange rates. We use 15‐minute data during the period 2000–2004 and employ multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) modeling and quartile plots of intraday volatility to analyze the intraday effects of the BoJ interventions on exchange rate volatility. The results indicate that the BoJ interventions decrease daily volatility of the USD/JPY exchange rate but increase the volatility of the euro/JPY series. On intervention days, the intraday volatility has different patterns to those on non‐intervention days.
Environmental–Economic Accounting: Progress and Digression in the SEEA Revisions
Authors: Bartelmus Peter
Published: August 2013

The 1992 Earth Summit and its message of sustainable development drove the launching of a System for integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, the SEEA. Since then, sustainable development and the SEEA have given way to green growth and green economy indicators in the latest 2012 Summit. A lengthy revision process has now produced a curtailed “SEEA central framework.” The new framework focuses on expenditures for environmental protection and resource management, and stocks and flows of “economic” resources; both are covered by the conventional national accounts. Environmental degradation, notably from pollution, is left to “experimental” ecosystem accounts. Further revision of the SEEA should reverse this retrenchment from integrative environmental–economic accounting. A comprehensive satellite system, rather than a limited statistical standard, might put the SEEA back on the policy agenda.
The accumulation of exercise and postprandial endothelial function in boys
Authors: Sedgwick M. J. , Morris J. G. , Nevill M. E. , Barrett L. A.
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of accumulating 60 min of exercise on endothelial function and triacylglycerol concentrations following the ingestion of a high‐fat breakfast and lunch in 14 adolescent boys (aged 12 to 14 years). Two, 2‐day main trials (control and exercise) were completed in a counter‐balanced, cross‐over design. Participants were inactive on day 1 of the control trial but on day 1 of the exercise trial completed 6 × 10 min runs at 70% of peak oxygen uptake, spread over the day. On day 2, triacylglycerol concentrations and flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) were measured prior to, and following, ingestion of the high‐fat meals. In the control trial, FMD was reduced by 30% and 33% (P < 0.001) following the high‐fat breakfast and lunch; following exercise these reductions were negated (main effect trial, P = 0.002, interaction effect trial × time, P < 0.001). The total and incremental areas under the triacylglycerol concentration vs time curve were reduced by 11% and 16% in the exercise trial; however, these differences were not significant (P > 0.05). These results support the concept of accumulating physical activity for health in adolescents as the accumulated exercise attenuated the decline in FMD seen following the consumption of high‐fat meals.
Arabidopsis Exocyst Subcomplex Containing Subunit EXO70B1 Is Involved in Autophagy‐Related Transport to the Vacuole
Authors: Kulich Ivan , Pečenková Tamara , Sekereš Juraj , Smetana Ondřej , Fendrych Matyáš , Foissner Ilse , Höftberger Margit , Žárský Viktor
Published: August 2013

Autophagic transport to the vacuole represents an endomembrane trafficking route, which is widely used in plants, not only during stress situations, but also for vacuole biogenesis and during developmental processes. Here we report a role in autophagic membrane transport for EXO70B1—one of 23 paralogs of Arabidopsis EXO70 exocyst subunits. EXO70B1 positive compartments are internalized into the central vacuole and co‐localize with autophagosomal marker ATG8f. This internalization is boosted by induction of autophagy. Loss of function (LOF) mutations in exo70B1 cause reduction of internalized autopagic bodies in the vacuole. Mutant plants also show ectopic hypersensitive response (HR) mediated by salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, increased nitrogen starvation susceptibility and anthocyanin accumulation defects. Anthocyanin accumulation defect persists in npr1x exo70B1 double mutants with SA signaling compromised, while ectopic HR is suppressed. EXO70B1 interacts with SEC5 and EXO84 and forms an exocyst subcomplex involved in autophagy‐related, Golgi‐independent membrane traffic to the vacuole. We show that EXO70B1 is functionally completely different from EXO70A1 exocyst subunit and adopted a specific role in autophagic transport.
Immune‐reactive soluble OX40 ligand, soluble CD40 ligand, and interleukin‐27 are simultaneously oversecreted in platelet components associated with acute transfusion reactions
Authors: Hamzeh‐Cognasse Hind , Damien Pauline , Nguyen Kim Anh , Arthaud Charles‐Antoine , Eyraud Marie‐Ange , Chavarin Patricia , Absi Léna , Osselaer Jean‐Claude , Pozzetto Bruno , Cognasse Fabrice , Garraud Olivier
Published: August 2013

Background

Leukoreduction of labile blood components dramatically decreases the frequency of minor, intermediate, and severe adverse events (AEs), referred to as acute transfusion reactions (ATRs), especially after transfusion of platelet components (PCs). The pathophysiology of AEs may result from accumulation of soluble, secreted, platelet (PLT) factors with proinflammatory functions stored in PCs. Thus, several cosynergizing factors associated with PLT accumulation in PCs may contribute to clinically reported ATRs with inflammatory symptoms.

Study Design and Methods

We screened for 65 PLT‐associated secretory products in PCs that caused ATRs and identified PLT molecules associated with ATRs and inflammation. A functional in vitro study using PC supernatants assayed on reporting immune cells was performed to indicate relevance.

Results

Among 10,600 apheresis PCs, 30 caused inflammatory ATRs and contained significantly elevated levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), interleukin (IL)‐27, and soluble OX40 ligand (sOX40L). Normal PLTs secreted IL‐27 and sOX40L at bioactive concentrations upon thrombin stimulation and were up regulated in association with ATRs, similar to sCD40L. Other secreted products were identified but not investigated further as their positivity was not consistent.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the putative participation of PLT‐derived sOX40L, IL‐27, and sCD40L, which accumulate in PC supernatants, with inflammatory‐type ATRs. Further studies are required to determine the clinical significance of these findings to forecast preventive measures whenever possible.
Three-Dimensional Stagnation Flow and Heat Transfer of a Viscous, Compressible Fluid on a Flat Plate
Authors: Mozayyeni H. R. , Rahimi Asghar B.
Published: August 2013

The steady-state three-dimensional flow and heat transfer of a viscous, compressible fluid in the vicinity of stagnation point region on a flat plate with constant wall temperature is investigated by similarity solution approach, taking into account the variation of density of the fluid with respect to temperature. The free stream, along z-direction, impinges on the flat plate to produce a flow with different velocity components. An exact solution of the problem is obtained for the three dimensional case by the reduction of the Navier–Stokes and energy equations using appropriate similarity transformations introduced for the first time. The nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using a finite difference scheme. Computations have been conducted for different values of the parameters characterizing the problem. The obtained results show that increasing the value of compressibility factor and wall temperature both cause the value of the velocity components and temperature gradients and pressure gradients in the vicinity of the plate to increase.