bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A serial cascade effect of cybervictimization and hostile rumination on the within‐person change of moral disengagement
Authors: Li Xiong , Xia Ling‐Xiang
Published: February 2024

Objective

There is a lack of clarity regarding the developmental mechanisms underlying moral disengagement (a typical moral personality) at the within‐person level. To address this issue, we explore the serial cascade effect of cybervictimization and hostile rumination.

Method

The longitudinal relationships between cybervictimization, hostile rumination, and moral disengagement were explored among 1146 undergraduates, assessed four times (T1–T4) across 2 years.

Results

The random intercept cross‐lagged panel model (RI‐CLPM) analysis revealed that the random intercepts of all variables were positively associated with each other. At the within‐person level, cybervictimization at T2 indirectly predicted subsequent changes in moral disengagement at T4 through changes in hostile rumination at T3 (the indirect effect was 0.02); furthermore, moral disengagement at T3 predicted changes in hostile rumination at T4 (β = 0.091).

Conclusions

The within‐person dynamics of moral disengagement should be partly due to the serial effect of cybervictimization and hostile rumination, whereas hostile rumination and moral disengagement may form a developmental cascade to some degree. These findings and the proposed serial cascade model of moral disengagement could expand our understanding of the developmental mechanism of moral personality. Additionally, caution must be exercised as this study exhibits seemingly small effect sizes and inconsistent results.
On the rocks: Biogeography and floristic identity of rocky ecosystems in eastern South America
Authors: Azevedo Luísa , Zappi Daniela Cristina , de Oliveira Daniela Melo Garcia , Meyer Leila , Nic Lughadha Eimear , Clegg Rosie , Meireles Leonardo Dias , de Melo Pablo Hendrigo Alves , Pennington R. Toby , Neves Danilo M.
Published: February 2024

The geodiversity of rocky ecosystems includes diverse plant communities with specific names, but their continental‐scale floristic identity and the knowledge on the role of macroclimate remain patchy. Here, we assessed the identity of plant communities in eastern Brazil across multiple types of rocky landscapes and evaluated the relative importance of climatic variables in constraining floristic differentiation. We provided lists of diagnostic species and an assessment of the conservation status of the identified floristic groups. We compiled a data set of 151 sites (4498 species) from rocky ecosystems, including campos rupestres, campos de altitude, granitic‐gneiss lowland inselbergs, and limestone outcrops. We used unsupervised clustering analysis followed by ANOSIM to assess floristic groups among sites. We performed a random forest variable selection to test whether the identified floristic groups occupy distinct climatic spaces. Six groups (lithobiomes) segregated floristically according to lithology and climate. Alongside campos de altitude and limestone outcrops, inselbergs were divided according to the biome in which they occur (Atlantic Forest or Caatinga), and campos rupestres were largely segregated according to their lithological matrix (ironstone or quartzitic). Plant communities of Caatinga inselbergs were more similar to limestone outcrops, while Atlantic Forest inselbergs communities resembled campos de altitude. The composition of plant communities on outcrops seems to be largely constrained by lithology, but climatic factors are also meaningful for sites with similar lithology. The current network of protected areas does not cover these unique ecosystems and their floristic heterogeneity, with Caatinga inselbergs and limestone outcrops being the least protected.
Risk of major adverse liver outcomes among first‐degree relatives of individuals with MASLD
Authors: Yang Wen , Ebrahimi Fahim , Romeo Stefano , Holmer Magnus , Vessby Johan , Ekstedt Mattias , Ludvigsson Jonas F. , Shang Ying , Hagström Hannes
Published: February 2024

Background & Aims

Previous studies have suggested an increased risk of major adverse liver outcomes (MALO) in relatives of patients with metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, granular and longitudinal evidence is lacking on the future risk of MALO among family members of individuals with MASLD.

Methods

We identified 3526 first‐degree relatives (FDRs) and 11 079 general population comparators to 1328 patients with MASLD diagnosed between 1974 and 2021, with detailed clinical data, including liver histology in 71% of patients. MALO was defined through diagnostic coding for cirrhosis or its complications. Cox regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for MALO among FDRs compared to general population comparators. Cumulative incidence accounting for competing risks was calculated.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 13.4 years, there were 65 (2%, 1.12/1000 person‐years) and 225 (2%, 1.26/1000 person‐years) MALO events in FDRs and general population comparators respectively. After adjusting for demographic factors and comorbidities, FDRs were at no increased risk of MALO (aHR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.74–1.33). Increased relative rates of MALOs were, however, observed in some subgroups, including parents, although absolute risk estimates were low and comparable to the general population.

Conclusions

FDRs of patients with MASLD did not have a higher rate of incident MALO than the general population. Since the absolute risk of MALO in relatives of patients with MASLD was low, these results do not support systematic screening of MASLD‐related fibrosis in relatives of patients with MASLD.
Coalition Governance under Separation of Powers: Shadowing by Committee in Coalitional Presidentialism
Authors: Alberdingk Thijm Joris
Published: February 2024

Do coalition parties in presidential systems shadow one another with an eye on reducing agency loss? Our knowledge of intra‐coalitional delegation under presidentialism remains limited to a few case studies. This article addresses that question using an original data set of committee chairs in eight multiparty presidential systems around the world. It shows that shadowing—the appointment of chairs from one coalition party to committees overseeing portfolios controlled by another coalition party—is a function of the degree of agency loss the coalition expects to a specific party, operationalized in terms of ideological distance as well as the salience of portfolios. However, the data also tentatively suggest that powerful committees reduce rather than increase the incidence of shadowing, which may be attributed to the risk of intraparty agency loss under separation of powers.
Risk Factors of Hidden Blood Loss in Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Surgery for Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Guo Sheng , Yu Zhiyong , Wang Chenglong , Zhong Mingqiang , Wang Rui , Hu Yechang , Wang Chunling , Li Sen
Published: February 2024

Objective

Unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) surgery has recently been used as a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis and is associated with less perioperative blood loss. However, perioperative hidden blood loss (HBL) may be neglected during UBE. This study aimed to examine the volume of HBL and discuss the influential risk factors for HBL during unilateral biportal endoscopic surgery.

Methods

From January 2022 to August 2022, 51 patients underwent percutaneous unilateral biportal endoscopic surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis at the Department of Spinal Surgery of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University and were enrolled in this study. The data included general indicators (age, sex and body mass index [BMI]), underlying disease (hypertension and diabetes), laboratory test results (prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT], fibrinogen [Fbg]), and preoperative and postoperative hematocrit and hemoglobin), related imaging parameters (severity of intervertebral disc [IVD] degeneration and soft tissue thickness of the interlaminar approach), number of operated vertebrae and operation time. Total blood loss (TBL) and HBL during surgical procedures were measured via the Gross formula. Influential factors were further analyzed by multivariate linear regression analysis and t‐tests.

Results

The mean HBL was 257.89 ± 190.66 mL for single‐operation patients and 296.58 ± 269.75 mL for two‐operation patients. Patients with lower PT (p = 0.044), deeper tissue thickness (p = 0.047), and diabetes mellitus were determined to have more HBL during UBE. The operation time might also be an important factor (p = 0.047). However, sex (p = 0.265), age (p = 0.771/0.624), BMI (p = 0.655/0.664), APTT (p = 0.545/0.751), degree of degenerated IVD (p = 0.932/0.477), and hypertension (p = 0.356/0.896) were not related to HBL.

Conclusion

This study determined the different influential factors of HBL during UBE. PT, tissue thickness, and diabetes mellitus are the independent risk factors that affect HBL incidence. Long PT may decrease the volume of HBL within a certain range. Tissue thickness and diabetes mellitus can lead to an increased volume of HBL.
Dexamethasone Induced Osteocyte Apoptosis in Steroid‐Induced Femoral Head Osteonecrosis through ROS‐Mediated Oxidative Stress
Authors: Zhang Xinglong , Yang Zhenhuan , Xu Qian , Xu Chunlei , Shi Wei , Pang Ran , Zhang Kai , Liang Xinyu , Li Hui , Li Zhijun , Zhang Huafeng
Published: February 2024

Objective

Glucocorticoid (GC) overuse is strongly associated with steroid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SINFH). However, the underlying mechanism of SINFH remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of dexamethasone (Dex)‐induced oxidative stress on osteocyte apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Ten patients with SINFH and 10 patients with developmental dysplasia of the hips (DDH) were enrolled in our study. Sixty rats were randomly assigned to the Control, Dex, Dex + N‐Acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC), Dex + Dibenziodolium chloride (DPI), NAC, and DPI groups. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine edema in the femoral head of rats. Histopathological staining was performed to assess osteonecrosis. Immunofluorescence staining with TUNEL and 8‐OHdG was conducted to evaluate osteocyte apoptosis and oxidative damage. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to detect the expression of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4. Viability and apoptosis of MLO‐Y4 cells were measured using the CCK‐8 assay and TUNEL staining. 8‐OHdG staining was conducted to detect oxidative stress. 2′,7′‐Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) staining was performed to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS). The expression of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 in MLO‐Y4 cells was analyzed by Western blotting. Multiple comparisons were performed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

In patients and the rat model, hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining revealed a significantly higher rate of empty lacunae in the SINFH group than in the DDH group. Immunofluorescence staining indicated a significant increase in TUNEL‐positive cells and 8‐OHdG‐positive cells in the SINFH group compared to the DDH group. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 proteins in SINFH patients compared to DDH patients. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining showed a significant increase in the proportion of NOX2‐positive cells compared to the Control group in the femoral head of rats. In vitro, Dex significantly inhibited the viability of osteocyte cells and induced apoptosis. After Dex treatment, the intracellular ROS level increased. However, Dex treatment did not alter the expression of NOX proteins in vitro. Additionally, NAC and DPI inhibited the generation of intracellular ROS and partially alleviated osteocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that GC promotes apoptosis of osteocyte cells through ROS‐induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, we found that the increased expression of NOXs induced by GC serves as an important source of ROS generation.
Treatment of congenital Langerhans cell histiocytosis with cobimetinib
Authors: Benjelloun Ghita , Roquet‐Gravy Charlotte , Marot Liliane , Secco Léo‐Paul , Roquet‐Gravy Pierre‐Paul , Baeck Marie , Bulinckx Audrey
Published: February 2024

We report a case of congenital multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis with cutaneous and hematopoietic involvement. After the failure of first‐line (vinblastine and prednisolone) and second‐line (vincristine and cytarabine) therapies, treatment with cobimetinib, a mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor, led to the remission of disease and a sustained response after 11 months of ongoing treatment. Protein kinase inhibitors targeting BRAF or MEK could represent a promising future therapeutic option, also in children with LCH.
TNF blockers alone and associated with Benznidazole impact in vitro cytokine dynamics in chronic Chagas disease
Authors: Torres Diego José Lira , dos Santos Oliveira Kamila Kássia , da Silva Barros Michelle , Moreira Leyllane Rafael , de Freitas Firmino Luciane , da Piedade Costa Reis de Albuquerque Maria , da Glória Aureliano Melo Cavalcante Maria , Martins Sílvia Marinho , de Oliveira Junior Wilson Alves , da Silva Rabello Michelle Christiane , de Lorena Virginia Maria Barros
Published: February 2024

Studies involving the immune response in Chagas disease suggest an imbalance in the immune response of symptomatic patients, with an inflammatory profile dominating in Chagas heart disease, mainly by tumour necrosis factor (TNF). TNF is considered a key cytokine in immunopathology in chronic carriers in several processes during the immune response. Our work aimed to evaluate regulatory (interleukin [IL]‐4 and IL‐10) and inflammatory (TNF, interferon‐gamma [IFN‐γ], IL‐2 and IL‐6) cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells culture supernatants. of affected patients with undetermined clinical forms—IND (n = 13) mild heart form—CARD1 (n = 13) and severe cardiac form—CARD2 (n = 16), treated in vitro with two TNF blockers, Adalimumab (ADA) and Etanercept (ETA) alone or in association with Benznidazole (BZ). The results indicate that ADA was more competent in blocking TNF (compared to ETA) in all groups but with much lower levels in the CARD2 group. ETA statistically decreased TNF levels only in the CARD2 group. IFN‐γ increased in the CARD2 group after treatment with ETA relative to ADA. IL‐4 had its levels decreased when treated by both drugs. IL‐2 was detected in cells from CARD2 carriers compared to the NEG group after treatment with both drugs. The association with BZ decreased levels of IL‐2/TNF and increased IL‐4. These data reinforce the participation of TNF in severe Chagas heart disease and bring perspectives on using these blockers in the immunological treatment of Chagas disease since the use of BZ is extremely limited in these patients.
The global distribution of special needs dentistry across dental school curricula
Authors: Scepanovic Tamara , Mati Sarah , Ming Anna L. C. , Yeo Priscilla Y. S. , Nguyen David , Aria Massimo , D'aniello Luca , Fung Desmond , Muriithi Elizabeth , Mamgain Asha , Zihao Wu , Zeng Jin Han , Nichols Andrew , McCullough Michael , Lim Mathew A. W. , Wylie Michael , Yap Tami , Paolini Rita , Celentano Antonio
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Special needs dentistry (SND) is an emerging dental specialty, with ongoing developments in education and clinical practice focused towards the tailored management of individuals with special needs (SN). Patients with SN have a higher prevalence of oral diseases and unmet dental needs compared to the general population. Although inadequate training and experience in managing patients with SN has been highlighted as a significant barrier to accessing care, there is limited data about the extent of SND teaching at the entry‐to‐practice or higher levels.

Methods

This work is the first to map SND curricula globally, across 180 countries and 1265 dental schools.

Results

Although 74.62% of dental schools were found in developing economies, the distribution of programs that reported SND in their courses was highly skewed towards developed countries. In terms of advanced degrees, beyond basic entry‐to‐practice training, the USA delivered 60% of the SND programs, followed by Canada (15.56%), UK (13.33%), and Australia (8.89%). The term SND appeared in 33.95% of entry‐to‐practice level program curricula and was less commonly used in transitioning economies. Only 112 SND‐specialized practitioners enter the workforce globally each year from developed economies, and all but three advanced degrees are found in G7 countries.

Conclusion

By exploring the impact of economic status on its distribution, this paper highlighted the lack of SND representation in dental curricula, especially amongst programs in transitioning or developing economies. Education of both general dentists and specialists is critical as a collaborative effort is needed to manage the growing population of patients with SN.
Chemistry-albedo feedbacks offset up to a third of forestation’s CO
2
removal benefits
Authors: Weber James , King James A. , Abraham Nathan Luke , Grosvenor Daniel P. , Smith Christopher J. , Shin Youngsub Matthew , Lawrence Peter , Roe Stephanie , Beerling David J. , Martin Maria Val
Published: February 2024

Forestation is widely proposed for carbon dioxide (CO
2
) removal, but its impact on climate through changes to atmospheric composition and surface albedo remains relatively unexplored. We assessed these responses using two Earth system models by comparing a scenario with extensive global forest expansion in suitable regions to other plausible futures. We found that forestation increased aerosol scattering and the greenhouse gases methane and ozone following increased biogenic organic emissions. Additionally, forestation decreased surface albedo, which yielded a positive radiative forcing (i.e., warming). This offset up to a third of the negative forcing from the additional CO
2
removal under a 4°C warming scenario. However, when forestation was pursued alongside other strategies that achieve the 2°C Paris Agreement target, the offsetting positive forcing was smaller, highlighting the urgency for simultaneous emission reductions.
The macroevolutionary singularity of snakes
Authors: Title Pascal O. , Singhal Sonal , Grundler Michael C. , Costa Gabriel C. , Pyron R. Alexander , Colston Timothy J. , Grundler Maggie R. , Prates Ivan , Stepanova Natasha , Jones Marc E. H. , Cavalcanti Lucas B. Q. , Colli Guarino R. , Di-Poï Nicolas , Donnellan Stephen C. , Moritz Craig , Mesquita Daniel O. , Pianka Eric R. , Smith Stephen A. , Vitt Laurie J. , Rabosky Daniel L.
Published: February 2024

Snakes and lizards (Squamata) represent a third of terrestrial vertebrates and exhibit spectacular innovations in locomotion, feeding, and sensory processing. However, the evolutionary drivers of this radiation remain poorly known. We infer potential causes and ultimate consequences of squamate macroevolution by combining individual-based natural history observations (>60,000 animals) with a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny that we anchored with genomic data (5400 loci) from 1018 species. Due to shifts in the dynamics of speciation and phenotypic evolution, snakes have transformed the trophic structure of animal communities through the recurrent origin and diversification of specialized predatory strategies. Squamate biodiversity reflects a legacy of singular events that occurred during the early history of snakes and reveals the impact of historical contingency on vertebrate biodiversity.
Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years
Authors: Clark Peter U. , Shakun Jeremy D. , Rosenthal Yair , Köhler Peter , Bartlein Patrick J.
Published: February 2024

Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global temperature and sea level, thus preventing a clear understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system in causing global temperature change. Our new reconstruction of temperature change over the past 4.5 million years includes two phases of long-term cooling, with the second phase of accelerated cooling during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.5 to 0.9 million years ago) being accompanied by a transition from dominant 41,000-year low-amplitude periodicity to dominant 100,000-year high-amplitude periodicity. Changes in the rates of long-term cooling and variability are consistent with changes in the carbon cycle driven initially by geologic processes, followed by additional changes in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle.
Solving the puzzle of Long Covid
Authors: Al-Aly Ziyad , Topol Eric
Published: February 2024

Long Covid provides an opportunity to understand how acute infections cause chronic disease
Forestation is not an easy fix
Authors: Hayman Garry
Published: February 2024

Planting trees has diverse effects on composition and climate mitigation
Distinct genetic clusters in HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected patients induced variable degrees of CD4
+
T-cell loss
Authors: Li Kang , Chen Huanhuan , Li Jianjun , Feng Yi , Liang Shujia , Rashid Abdur , Liu Meiliang , Li Sisi , Chu Qingfei , Ruan Yuhua , Xing Hui , Lan Guanghua , Qiao Wentao , Shao Yiming
Published: February 2024

CRF01_AE strains have been shown to form multiple transmission clusters in China, and some clusters have disparate pathogenicity in Chinese men who have sex with men. This study focused on other CRF01_AE clusters prevalent in heterosexual populations. The CD4
+
T-cell counts from both cross-section data in National HIV Molecular Epidemiology Survey and seropositive cohort data were used to evaluate the pathogenicity of the CRF01_AE clusters and other HIV-1 sub-types. Their mechanisms of pathogenicity were evaluated by co-receptor tropisms, predicted by genotyping and confirmed with virus isolate phenotyping, as well as inflammation parameters. Our research elucidated that individuals infected with CRF01_AE clusters 1 and 2 exhibited significantly lower baseline CD4
+
T-cell counts and greater CD4
+
T-cell loss in cohort follow-up, compared with other HIV-1 sub-types and CRF01_AE clusters. The increased pathogenesis of cluster 1 or 2 was associated with higher CXCR4 tropisms, higher inflammation/immune activation, and increased pyroptosis. The protein structure modeling analysis revealed that the envelope V3 loop of clusters 1 and 2 viruses is favorable for CXCR4 co-receptor usage. Imbedded with the most mutating reverse transcriptase, HIV-1 is one of the most variable viruses. CRF01_AE clusters 1 and 2 have been found to have evolved into more virulent strains in regions with predominant heterosexual infections. The virulent strains increased the pressure for early diagnosis and treatment in HIV patients. To save more lives, HIV-1 surveillance systems should be upgraded from serology and genotyping to phenotyping, which could support precision interventions for those infected by virulent viruses.

IMPORTANCE

Retroviruses swiftly adapt, employing error-prone enzymes for genetic and phenotypic evolution, optimizing survival strategies, and enhancing virulence levels. HIV-1 CRF01_AE has persistently undergone adaptive selection, and cluster 1 and 2 infections display lower counts and fast loss of CD4
+
T cells than other HIV-1 sub-types and CRF01_AE clusters. Its mechanisms are associated with increased CXCR4 tropism due to an envelope structure change favoring a tropism shift from CCR5 to CXCR4, thereby shaping viral phenotype features and impacting pathogenicity. This underscores the significance of consistently monitoring HIV-1 genetic evolution and phenotypic transfer to see whether selection bias across risk groups alters the delicate balance of transmissible versus toxic trade-offs, since virulent strains such as CRF01_AE clusters 1 and 2 could seriously compromise the efficacy of antiviral treatment. Only through such early warning and diagnostic services can precise antiviral treatments be administered to those infected with more virulent HIV-1 strains.
Microbiota in adult perianal abscess revealed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing
Authors: Hong Jian-Chen , Chen Jian-Sheng , Jiang Zai-Jie , Chen Zhi-Chuan , Ruan Ning , Yao Xiang-Ping
Published: February 2024

The microbiota of perianal abscesses is scarcely investigated. Identifying causative bacteria is essential to develop antibiotic therapy. However, culture-based methods and molecular diagnostics through 16S PCR technology are often hampered by the polymicrobial nature of perianal abscesses. We sought to characterize the microbiota composition of perianal abscesses via metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Fourteen patients suffering from perianal abscesses between March 2023 and August 2023 underwent retrospective assessment. Information from medical records was used, including clinical information, laboratory data, and culture and mNGS results. Forty bacterial taxa were identified from perianal abscesses through mNGS, with
Bilophila wadsworthia
(71.4%),
Bacteroides fragilis
(57.1%), and
Escherichia coli
(50.0%) representing the most prevalent species. mNGS identified an increased number of bacterial taxa, with an average of 6.1 compared to a traditional culture-based method which only detected an average of 1.1 in culture-positive perianal abscess patients, predominantly
E. coli
(75.0%), revealing the polymicrobial nature of perianal abscesses. Our study demonstrates that a more diverse bacterial profile is detected by mNGS in perianal abscesses, and that
Bilophila wadsworthia
is the most prevalent microorganism, potentially serving as a potential biomarker for perianal abscess.

IMPORTANCE

Accurately, identifying the bacteria causing perianal abscesses is crucial for effective antibiotic therapy. However, traditional culture-based methods and 16S PCR technology often struggle with the polymicrobial nature of these abscesses. This study employed metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to comprehensively analyze the microbiota composition. Results revealed 40 bacterial taxa, with
Bilophila wadsworthia
(71.4%),
Bacteroides fragilis
(57.1%), and
Escherichia coli
(50.0%) being the most prevalent species. Compared to the culture-based approach, mNGS detected a significantly higher number of bacterial taxa (average 6.1 vs 1.1), highlighting the complex nature of perianal abscesses. Notably,
Bilophila wadsworthia
emerged as a potential biomarker for these abscesses. This research emphasizes the importance of mNGS in understanding perianal abscesses and suggests its potential for improving diagnostic accuracy and guiding targeted antibiotic therapy in the future.
Paleo-Pacific plate subduction direction change (122–118 Ma): Insight from late kinematic plutons in the Wulian metamorphic core complex, Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China
Authors: Ni Jinlong , Wang Ruijie , Liu Junlai , Wang Zhengzheng , Li Chaoyang , Ji Lei , Zhang Jian
Published: February 2024

The late Mesozoic subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate (Izanagi plate) beneath Eurasia involved complex changes in the direction and angle of subduction, which have been controversial in recent decades. This study investigated Early Cretaceous late kinematic plutons of the Wulian metamorphic core complex that formed in the southern Jiaodong Peninsula. Based on geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic analyses, we conclude that the granites in the Heshan (122 Ma) and Kuaijishan (118 Ma) plutons are I-type granites that formed in a back-arc extensional environment, and tensile fractures played an important role in the process of magma emplacement. Gravity anomaly inversion revealed the significant role of tension fractures in the uplift of the late kinematic plutons. Analysis of magnetic fabrics showed that the dominant plunging direction of magnetic lineation in the late kinematic plutons is NW-SE (127°–307°), while the plunging direction of the mineral stretching lineation in the wall rock is nearly E-W (102°–282°). We posit that the extensional stress field in the Jiaodong Peninsula underwent a significant transformation during the Early Cretaceous period, specifically from 135 Ma to 122 Ma, when it was dominated by a regional E-W or WNW-ESE extensional stress field. Later, from 122 Ma to 118 Ma, the stress field was controlled by a NW-SE extensional stress field. This variation in the regional stress field in the Jiaodong Peninsula indirectly indicates the changing subduction and slab rollback direction of the paleo-Pacific plate. From 135 Ma to 122 Ma, the paleo-Pacific plate subducted beneath Eurasia along a WNW-ESE direction. However, back-arc extension and slab rollback led to extensive extension in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Subsequently, the subduction direction of the paleo-Pacific plate shifted to the NW, with rollback occurring eastward at a high angle under the Jiaodong Peninsula from 122 Ma to 118 Ma. This shift resulted in extensive magmatism and widespread gold mineralization. The findings of this study offer new insights into the complex geodynamic processes that occurred during the Early Cretaceous period in the region.
Paediatric norms for photopic electroretinogram testing based on a large cohort of Chinese preschool children
Authors: Chan Sonia Seen-hang , Choi Kai Yip , Chan Henry Ho-lung
Published: February 2024

Objective

Full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) is an objective test to determine the electroretinal activities in response to light stimulation for investigating retinal physiology and diagnosing retinal diseases. This study aimed to establish a reference data set of photopic electroretinogram (ERG) of Chinese preschool children in Hong Kong to facilitate clinical and research studies.

Methods and analysis

Preschool children aged 3–7 years with normal vision were recruited from local kindergartens. Eye examinations, including cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER), axial length (AL) and keratometry (K) measurements, were performed. ffERGs of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standard photopic flash and 30-Hz flicker protocols were measured using RETeval with Sensor Strip skin electrodes. ERG waveform characteristics were extracted, and relationships between ERG, age, SER, AL and K were evaluated.

Results

A total of 479 children completed the measurements (mean age: 5.0±0.9 years, 45.5% female). Mean, 95% CIs, 5th–95th percentile range of the ERG parameters were reported. Age was positively associated with amplitudes of b-wave and 30-Hz flicker (p<0.01), but negatively associated with implicit times of b-wave and 30-Hz flicker (p<0.01). AL was significantly associated with all amplitudes of a-wave, b-wave and 30-Hz flicker (p≤0.01) and implicit time of both a-wave and 30-Hz flicker (p<0.05). K was positively associated only with 30-Hz flicker amplitude (p=0.01), and no association between all responses and SER.

Conclusion

Reference data set of photopic ERG of Chinese preschool children was established. Cross-sectional investigations revealed associations between ERG, age, SER and AL, which were speculated to further implicate the role of retina in refractive error development.
Genetic analysis of ocular tumour-associated genes using large genomic datasets: insights into selection constraints and variant representation in the population
Authors: Tanner Alexander , Sagoo Mandeep S , Mahroo Omar A , Pulido Jose S
Published: February 2024

Background

Large genomic databases enable genetic evaluation in terms of haploinsufficiency and prevalence of missense and synonymous variants. We explored these parameters in ocular tumour-associated genes.

Methods

A curated list of ocular tumour-associated genes was assessed using the genomic databases Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) and DatabasE of genomiC varIation and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources (DECIPHER) and compared with breast and lung cancer-associated gene lists. Haploinsufficiency was determined based on specific criteria: probability of loss of function index ≥0.9 in gnomAD, upper CI O/E limit <0.35 for loss of function variants in gnomAD and/or a DECIPHER pHaplo ≥0.86. UniProt was used for further gene characterisation, and gene ontology Protein Analysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships was explored for common biological pathways. In addition, we identified genes with under-representation/over-representation of missense/synonymous variants.

Results

Fifty-seven genes were identified in association with ocular and extraocular tumours.

Regarding haploinsufficiency, 41% of genes met the criteria for negative selection, with 57% categorised as tumour-suppressing and 39% as oncogenic. Most genes were involved in regulatory processes. Regarding triplosensitivity, 33% of genes reached significance and 83% of these were haploinsufficient. Analysis of variants revealed under-representation of missense variants in 23% of genes and over-representation of synonymous variants in 5% of genes. Ocular tumour-associated genes exhibited higher scores for haploinsufficiency and triplosensitivity compared with breast and lung cancer-associated genes. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in cellular proliferation, differentiation and division. Encoded proteins of ocular tumour-associated genes were generally longer than the median of the UniProt database.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the importance of negative selection in ocular tumour genes, supporting cranial gene conservation. This study provides insights into ocular tumourigenesis and future research avenues.
Association between statin use and tuberculosis risk in patients with bronchiectasis: a retrospective population-based cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Liao Kuang-Ming , Lee Chung-Shu , Wu Yu-Cih , Shu Chin-Chung , Ho Chung-Han
Published: February 2024

Background

Chronic airway diseases have been associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB); however, data in patients with bronchiectasis is limited. Statins have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the inflammatory response. This study investigated whether statin treatment could reduce the risk of TB in patients with bronchiectasis.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a nationwide population database of patients with bronchiectasis who did or did not receive statin treatment. The defined daily dose (DDD) of statin, current or past statin user and statin exposure time were measured for the impact of statin use. The primary outcome was the incidence of new-onset TB. Considering of potential immortal time bias due to stain exposure time, Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were employed to estimate HRs with 95% CIs for TB incidence among patients with bronchiectasis.

Results

Patients with bronchiectasis receiving statin treatment had a decreased risk of TB. After adjusting for age, sex, income, comorbidities and Charlson Comorbidity Index, statin users had a 0.59-fold lower risk of TB incidence compared with non-statin users (95% CI 0.40 to 0.88; p=0.0087). Additionally, compared with non-statin users, statin treatment was a protective factor against TB in users with a cumulative DDD greater than 180 per year, with an HR of 0.32 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.87; p=0.0255).

Conclusions

Statin treatment demonstrated a dose-dependent protective effect and was associated with a reduced risk of TB in patients with bronchiectasis. These findings suggest that statins may play a role in lowering TB risk by modulating airway inflammation in this patient population.
Primary neurolymphomatosis diagnosed by spinal nerve root biopsy
Authors: Saunders Samantha Louise , Giang Samantha M , Sriweerawanidchakun Sangruthai , Schutz Anna
Published: February 2024

Primary neurolymphomatosis is the direct infiltration of lymphomatous neoplastic cells into nerve roots and/or peripheral nerves. A 67-year-old man had a 24-month history of progressive and severe left lower limb neuropathic pain, ipsilateral ankle dorsiflexion weakness and gait disturbance. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI showed thickening and enhancement of the cauda equina, L5, S1 and S2 nerve roots.18Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed concordant hypermetabolism. L5 nerve root biopsy confirmed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. One cycle of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) chemotherapy resulted in remission, but this was not sustained. Primary neurolymphomatosis is rare and diagnostically challenging, and often the diagnosis is delayed. While biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis, neuroimaging helps to characterise lesions and to determine the feasibility of biopsy.
Comprehensive analysis of environmental exposure to hazardous trace elements and lung function: a national cross-sectional study
Authors: Yu Yun-Jiang , Zheng Tong , Perret Jennifer L , Han Yajing , Li Hongyan , Meng Wenjie , Bui Dinh , Wu Qi-Zhen , Dong Chenyin , Fang Qiu-Ling , Li Zhenchi , Kuang Hongxuan , Chen Xiaowen , Xiang Mingdeng , Qin Xiaodi , Dharmage Shyamali C , Dong Guang-Hui , Zhou Yang
Published: February 2024

Background

There is growing interest in the joint effects of hazardous trace elements (HTEs) on lung function deficits, but the data are limited. This is a critical research gap given increased global industrialisation.

Methods

A national cross-sectional study including spirometry was performed among 2112 adults across 11 provinces in China between 2020 and 2021. A total of 27 HTEs were quantified from urine samples. Generalised linear models and quantile-based g-computation were used to explore the individual and joint effects of urinary HTEs on lung function, respectively.

Results

Overall, there were negative associations between forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and urinary arsenic (As) (z-score coefficient, −0.150; 95% CI, −0.262 to –0.038 per 1 ln-unit increase), barium (Ba) (−0.148, 95% CI: −0.258 to –0.039), cadmium (Cd) (−0.132, 95% CI: −0.236 to –0.028), thallium (Tl) (−0.137, 95% CI: −0.257 to –0.018), strontium (Sr) (−0.147, 95% CI: −0.273 to –0.022) and lead (Pb) (−0.121, 95% CI: −0.219 to –0.023). Similar results were observed for forced vital capacity (FVC) with urinary As, Ba and Pb and FEV1/FVC with titanium (Ti), As, Sr, Cd, Tl and Pb. We found borderline associations between the ln-quartile of joint HTEs and decreased FEV1(−20 mL, 95% CI: −48 to +8) and FVC (−14 mL, 95% CI: −49 to+2). Ba and Ti were assigned the largest negative weights for FEV1and FVC within the model, respectively.

Conclusion

Our study investigating a wide range of HTEs in a highly polluted setting suggests that higher urinary HTE concentrations are associated with lower lung function, especially for emerging Ti and Ba, which need to be monitored or regulated to improve lung health.
Mapping the Earth's igneous record: a geospatial database approach
Authors: Markwick Paul J. , Paton Douglas A.
Published: February 2024

The record of igneous activity (magmatism and volcanism) can significantly affect natural resource exploration and exploitation, including the search for hydrocarbons, critical minerals, natural hydrogen and geothermal energy sources, as well as using mafic igneous rocks as storage sites for CO
2
. These effects will vary depending on the nature and timing of the activity, the structural framework and the crustal architecture of the affected country-rock. To understand these effects and the interplay with other factors, we must first know the igneous record's distribution, timing, and petrology. In this paper, we describe a new geospatial database of the igneous rock record designed to provide a baseline digital resource that is application-agnostic and can be applied across the broadest range of research and resource exploration activities. We discuss the challenges we have faced and solved at each of the three main stages of geospatial mapping: database design, database population and database visualization. This includes the importance of a comprehensive audit trail so that users can differentiate between well and poorly-constrained interpretations, helping identify areas requiring additional work and data acquisition. The result is a geospatial database that will facilitate a better understanding of the Earth system and natural resource exploration.
Oxygenic Photosynthesis in Far-Red Light: Strategies and Mechanisms
Authors: Elias Eduard , Oliver Thomas J. , Croce Roberta
Published: February 2024

Oxygenic photosynthesis, the process that converts light energy into chemical energy, is traditionally associated with the absorption of visible light by chlorophyll molecules. However, recent studies have revealed a growing number of organisms capable of using far-red light (700–800 nm) to drive oxygenic photosynthesis. This phenomenon challenges the conventional understanding of the limits of this process. In this review, we briefly introduce the organisms that exhibit far-red photosynthesis and explore the different strategies they employ to harvest far-red light. We discuss the modifications of photosynthetic complexes and their impact on the delivery of excitation energy to photochemical centers and on overall photochemical efficiency. Finally, we examine the solutions employed to drive electron transport and water oxidation using relatively low-energy photons. The findings discussed here not only expand our knowledge of the remarkable adaptation capacities of photosynthetic organisms but also offer insights into the potential for enhancing light capture in crops.
Statin administration improves vascular function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Iacovelli Jarred J. , Alpenglow Jeremy K. , Ratchford Stephen M. , Craig Jesse C. , Simmons Jonah M. , Zhao Jia , Reese Van , Bunsawat Kanokwan , Ma Christy L. , Ryan John J. , Wray D. Walter
Published: February 2024

This is the first study to investigate the impact of statin administration on vascular function and exercise hyperemia in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In support of our hypothesis, both conventional flow-mediated dilation (FMD) testing and brachial artery vasodilation in response to sustained elevations in shear rate during handgrip exercise increased significantly in patients with HFpEF following statin administration, beneficial effects that were accompanied by a decrease in biomarkers of oxidative damage. However, contrary to our hypothesis, reactive hyperemia and exercise hyperemia were unchanged in patients with HFpEF following statin therapy. These data provide new evidence for the efficacy of low-dose statin administration to improve brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation, but not microvascular reactivity or exercising muscle blood flow in patients with HFpEF, which may be due in part to reductions in oxidative stress.
Characteristics of Fibre-Reinforced Cement-Sand Blocks with Quarry Dust as Replacement for Sand
Authors: James Jijo , Sivapriya S. V.
Published: February 2024

The present investigation delved into the mechanical performance of fibre-reinforced cement-sand blocks with quarry dust as a replacement for sand. The introduction of fibres and quarry dust in the matrix is an attempt to achieve higher performance with available cement content and reduce the utilization of natural sand to improve the sustainability of the product. The experimental programme attempted to study the influence of quarry dust on the density, compressive strength, water absorption, sorptivity, and efflorescence characteristics of the blocks. The parameters considered include quarry dust (QD) content (replacement of sand from 0% to 100% in increments of 20%), a constant fibre content of 0.5%, and a constant water-cement ratio of 0.5. An attempt was also made to compare the strength performance of the blocks with various code requirements as well as results from similar previous investigations. The replacement of sand with QD resulted in a reduction in the density of the blocks from 2365 kg/m3 to 2008 kg/m3. The results of the investigation revealed that 60% quarry dust replacement of natural sand developed the maximum strength of the blocks. After 28 days of curing, blocks with up to 60% QD replacement were able to produce strength more than 16 MPa. The water absorption increased only marginally from 5.52% to 5.83% for 60% QD replacement. Moreover, the blocks were able to meet the requirements of all the different types of blocks as stipulated by Bureau of Indian Standards including stabilized soil blocks, concrete solid blocks, concrete hollow blocks, lime-based blocks, and lime-flyash blocks of class up to 17.5.
Obstacle Avoidance Path Planning of a 4-DOF Weapon Arm Based on Improved RRT (RRT-H) Algorithm
Authors: Zou Kaifan , Guan Xiaorong , Li Zhong , Li Huibin , Jiang Changlong , Zhu Zihui
Published: February 2024

To improve soldiers’ combat capability, weapon arms have a good development prospect. However, due to special work scenarios and tasks, new requirements are exerted on. Based on the fast-expanding random tree algorithm (RRT), path algorithm optimization (RRT-H) is proposed for the path planning of weapon arms. Overall path optimization is achieved by reducing the local path length with a closer path point planning to the obstacle. In a complex environment, the RRT-H algorithm can avoid local traps by guiding the new path extension direction and exploring multiple different paths in the map. The superiority of this algorithm is verified with 2D plane obstacle avoidance and pathfinding simulation experiments. Compared to RRT∗, RRT∗ smart, and information RRT∗, the RRT-H can obtain high-quality calculation results in a shorter time. After setting degrees of freedom (DOF) as that of variables, the algorithm is applied to the 4-DOF weapon arm, which confirms an effective reduction to the 4-DOF weapon arm’s motion costs.
Compliance Level and Stability of Micronutrients in Fortified Maize Flour in Tanzania
Authors: Issa-Zacharia Abdulsudi , Mareni Gudila Boniface
Published: February 2024

Maize flour fortification was introduced in Tanzania in 2011 to address the risk of micronutrient deficiency to children, adolescents, and women of childbearing age. Fortified maize flours are processed by small-scale processors who are exempted from mandatory fortification. The current study is aimed at assessing the compliance and stability of fortified processed maize flour with zinc, iron, and folic acid by small-scale processors in comparison to the recommended Tanzania national standards (TZS 328). A total of 69 samples of fortified maize flour were collected at the point of production and retail outlets in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro municipalities, Tanzania. Micronutrients (zinc and iron) were analysed using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES), and folic acid was analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean concentrations of micronutrient were significantly (p<0.05) higher at the production site compared to the retail outlet. The amount of iron, zinc, and folic acid in the samples at the production site was 27.17±1.63 mg/kg, 30.56±2.01 mg/kg, and 0.69±0.02 mg/kg, respectively, while it was 19.34±0.97 mg/kg, 21.71±1.50 mg/kg, and 0.49±0.02 mg/kg for iron, zinc, and folic acid, respectively, at the retail outlets. Only 31.6% of the assessed samples from production and 12.9% from retail outlets complied with the recommended national standard. The stability of iron, zinc, and folic acid for the fortified maize flour stored at room temperature (20-32°C) for six months was 95.8%, 96.9%, and 66.9%, respectively. Further investigation on the consistency performance of the dosifier and consistency training of working in the processing unit on the requirements of fortification standards should be done.