bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Naloxone on the Bladder Activity of Rabbits with Acute Spinal Injury
Authors: Kameoka Hiroshi , Shiraiwa Yasuo , Fukaya Yasuo , Yokota Takashi , Shishido Keiichi , Yamaguchi Osamu
Published: July 2007

Background: Naloxone enhances bladder activity in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. However, there are few reports on naloxone for bladder morbidity in acute spinal cord injury.

Methods: We performed a prospective, controlled study of the effects of naloxone on bladder function in rabbits with and without surgical transection of the spinal cord at the 10th thoracic vertebra. Acute and chronic stages of injury were defined according to bladder function. Naloxone was given intravenously at both stages, and intrathecally at the acute stage. Bladder activity was monitored by cystometry. Blood concentrations of methionine‐enkephalin were measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results: Spinal cord injuries were acute 1 or 2 days after surgery, and chronic after 1 or 2 weeks. Bladder capacity significantly decreased after 0.01 mg of intravenous naloxone in uninjured control rabbits, and after 0.03 mg of intravenous naloxone in rabbits with chronic‐phase injuries. During the acute‐injury phase, 0.3 mg of intravenous naloxone, or 0.02 mg of intrathecal naloxone, was necessary to evoke the micturition reflex. No significant changes in blood enkephalin levels were seen before or after spinal cord injury.

Conclusion: In rabbits with acute spinal cord injury, intrathecal naloxone evoked the micturition reflex at a much lower dose than did intravenous naloxone. Intrathecal naloxone promises to become a new therapy for the acute stage of spinal cord injury for active recovery of bladder function, and could replace current therapy.
Antiproliferative Effect of Calcitriol on Human Prostatic Cancer Cell Lines: Unrelated to the Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens or Intercellular Adhesion Molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1)
Authors: Yu Da‐Min , Tokuda Noriaki , Naito Seiji , Yoshikawa Masahiro , Takahashi Koichi , Uozumi Jiro , Kumazawa Joichi
Published: July 2007

Background: In addition to its role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, calcitriol (1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D; 1,25‐D3) demonstrates multiple effects on cell proliferation/differentiation by expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1). It has recently been reported that 1,25‐D3 inhibits the growth of prostatic cancer (PCa) cells. In this study we examined the effect of 1,25‐D3 on both the growth and expression of HLA‐ABC, HLA‐DR and ICAM‐1 antigens in PCa cells.

Methods: Four human PCa cell lines (PC‐3, PPC‐1, ALVA‐41 and ALVA‐101) were examined. The cell numbers were enumerated, and the effects of interferon‐y (IFN‐y) and 1,25‐D3 on the expression of HLA‐ABC, HLA‐DR and ICAM‐1 were quantitated by flow cytometry.

Results: A dose‐dependent antiproliferative effect of 1,25‐D3 was found in all PCa eel Is lines except ALVA‐41. 1,25‐D3 was approximately 10 times as potent as its analogue 24,25‐dihydroxyvitam in D3 in inhibiting the growth of PC‐3 cells. Also, the relative inhibitory ability of these compounds paralleled the strength of their binding affinities for the 1,25‐D3 receptor, indicating that the antiproliferative effect may require a receptor‐ligand interaction. HLA‐ABC was expressed in PC‐3, ALVA‐41 and ALVA‐101, but not in PPC‐1 cells, while HLA‐DR was not expressed on any of the tested cells. IFN‐y could enhance or induce HLA‐ABC but not HLA‐DR expression in the tested cells. ICAM‐1 was expressed in all cells and slightly up‐regulated by IFN‐y.

Conclusion: In this study 1,25‐D3 had an antiproliferative effect on 3 of the 4 examined PCa cell lines.
A Case of Hydronephrosis Caused by Arteriosclerotic Compression of the Renal Pelvis
Authors: Yoshida Hiroshi , Shirahase Toshiaki , Isogawa Yoshiaki , Taki Yoji , Takeuchi Hideo
Published: July 2007

We present the case of a 65‐year‐old woman with vascular compression of the renal pelvis, causing calyectasis. The diagnosis was a subtype of Fraley's syndrome. The cause of compression was concluded to be arteriosclerotic change of both the renal artery and the abdominal aorta.
Antitumor Killer Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood of a Patient with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Kim Chol Jang , Yuasa Takesi , Kushima Ryoji , Tomoyoshi Tadao , Seto Akira
Published: July 2007

Background: Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with bladder cancer also contain cells possessing cytotoxic activity against autologous tumor cells. These cells are phenotypically heterogenous and include natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cells. This study investigated the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes directed against autologous bladder cancer cells.

Methods: PBL were obtained at intervals before and after surgery and analyzed for cytotoxic activity against autologous bladder cancer cells in 4‐hour51 Cr release assay. PBL stimulated with autologous tumor cells were also transformed with human T‐lymphotropic virus type‐1, establishing a cell line (KB31) which was analyzed for phenotype and cytotoxic activity against the autologous tumor cells.

Results: PBL preoperative cytotoxic activity was low, but increased after surgery. Cytotoxic activity was found not only against autologous bladder cancer cells, but also against heterologous bladder cancer (KK‐47) and myeloid leukemia (K562) cells, with the highest activity against the heterologous cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of KB31 was 40|X% against autologous tumor cells 6 weeks after initiation of the cell line, but decreased to 5|X% by 6 months. This activity was lower than that against the other cell lines, and was similar to that of PBL in short‐term culture. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis demonstrated that in KB31 cells at 6 weeks, CD8+ cells were dominant, but CD56+ cells predominated at 6 months.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the presence of cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of the patient was due to both cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. The cytotoxic activity was lowest prior to surgery and increased postoperatively.
Utility of Immunohistochemical Detection of High Molecular Weight Cytokeratin for Differential Diagnosis of Proliferative Conditions of the Prostate
Authors: Shipn Masaru , Fujita Masaki Q. , Yasunaga Yutaka , Miki Tsuneharu , Okuyama Akihiko , Aozasa Katsuyuki
Published: July 2007

Background: Differential diagnosis of adenocarcinoma from other proliferative conditions in the prostate is often problematic. lmmunohistochemistry using an antibody (34βE12) to high molecular weight cytokeratin, specifically present in basal cells of the prostate, could clearly demonstrate the presenceor absence of these cells in the proliferating glands and thus provide an important clue in cancer diagnosis.

Methods: To examine the utility of immunostaining using 34βE12, we examined 88 equivocal lesions. Twenty lesions with apparently benign and malignant features were added as controls. We compared the morphologic features of these lesions with their immunoreactivities toward 34βE12 on a personal computer display following storage on the MICROPHOT‐FXA system.

Results: Proliferating glands in all 20 benign lesions had 34βE12‐reactive basal cells, but none of the malignant lesions did. The equivocal lesions were categorized on morphologic grounds into 2 groups: possibly benign and possibly malignant. Forty‐five (51.1 %)of the 88 equivocal lesions, were positive for 34βE12. These included 35 of the 45 (77.8%) possibly benign lesions and 10 of the 43 (23.3%) possibly malignant lesions. Among the equivocal lesions, 10 considered possibly benign on morphologic grounds showed negative reactivities, and 10 considered possibly malignant showed positive reactivities. Even through comparison on the computer display, no difference in morphology could be discovered between the negative and positive lesions in either group.

Conclusion: lmmunohistochemical procedures using 34βE12 are indispensable in the diagnosis of equivocal prostate lesions.
Renal Tubular Apoptosis after Release of Ureteral Obstruction in the Rat Kidney
Authors: Tanji Nozomu , Yokoyama Masayoshi , Terada Nobuyuki , Shudo Masachika , Takeuchi Ken , Takeuchi Masafumi
Published: July 2007

Background: information concerning the mechanisms underlying recovery from hydronephrosis is limited. The frequency of apoptosis during healing from hydronephrosis was studied using a rat kidney model.

Methods: The presence of apoptosis was studied using an in situ DNA 3 end labeling method, electron microscopy, and agarose gel electrophoresis.

Results: The degree of apoptosis in both the medulla and cortex gradually increased during ureteral obstruction as shown by in situ DNA 3 end labeling. Release of the ureteral obstruction resulted in a further increase in the degree of apoptosis in the medulla and cortex. The increase in apoptosis in the medulla was transient and lasted for only 4 days following release, while that in the cortex continued for at least 3 weeks. Apoptosis in the glomerulus was not observed. Electron microscopy revealed cells with aggregated chromatin in compact granular masses that abutted the nuclear membrane. Following release of ureteral obstruction, DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis was visible on agarose gel electrophoresis.

Conclusion: These results suggest that apoptosis is involved in post‐obstructive tubular damage in the rat kidney.
Apoptosis and Carcinogenesis: Morphologic Observations in the Rat Bladder Treated with N‐Butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine
Authors: Zhang Xianghua , Takenaka Ikumasa
Published: July 2007

Background: We investigated the role of apoptosis in rat bladder carcinogenesis induced by N‐butyl‐N‐ (4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN).

Methods: Apoptosis was detected in BBN‐induced rat bladder lesions by routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), and transmission electron microscopic examinations.

Results: After administration of BBN, various pathologic changes were observed in the rat bladder after intervals of between 4 and 28 weeks. Through a comparative study in serial sections, the incidence of apoptosis, detected by either routine H&E staining or TUNEL staining, displayed marked elevation in BBN‐induced rat bladder lesions, as compared to that in the normal epithelium of the rat bladder, particularly in invasive transitional cell carcinoma. Apoptotic cells with different morphologic features were ultrastructurally demonstrated in a series of rat bladder lesions. Significant group differences in the incidence of apoptosis were seen among the BBN‐induced lesions and the normal epithelium of the rat bladder, and among the invasive transitional cell carcinomas and other lesions, before the tumor cells were seen to invade the rat bladder.

Conclusion: Our data suggestthat apoptosis may be closely related to carcinogenesis and tumor invasion of the rat bladder induced by BBN, and that the comparative study of serial sections, each stained by H&E and TUNEL, combined with electron microscopic observation, may provide the most reliable informations in semiquantitative assessment of apoptosis.
Renal Cell Carcinoma with Gallbladder Metastasis
Authors: ÇElebi Ilhan , Guzelsoy Muhammet , Yörükoğlu Kutsal , Kirkali Ziya
Published: July 2007

The nature of polypoid masses within the gallbladder is difficult to define preoperatively. Tumors larger than 1 cm in size are strongly related to malignancy, but they are not always primary tumors of the gallbladder. We present a patient who underwent radical surgery for renal cell carcinoma and the preoperative finding of a polypoid mass within the gallbladder turned out to be a metastatic lesion.
Congenitally Isolated Cavernous Bodies
Authors: Tarhan Fatih , Kuyumcuoĝlu Uĝur , Ergen Mete , Erbay M. Erkan
Published: July 2007

We report a rae case of isolated cavernous bodies in a 40‐year‐old man with primary erectile dysfunction.
Testicular Microlithiasis with Mediastinal Choriocarcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Nishiyama Tsutomu , Terunuma Masahiro , Iwashima Akira , Souma Takahiro , Hirahara Hiroyuki
Published: July 2007

A 19‐year‐old Japanese male developed a cough, chest pain, and high fever. CT of the chest revealed a bulky mediastinal tumor (13 times 1O × 8 cm) and bilateral multiple pulmonary nodules. CT of the abdomen and pelvis was normal. Laboratory evaluation showed a beta human chorionic gonadotropin (βHCG) level of 985 ng/mL. Testicular ultrasonography demonstrated multiple, bilateral punctate echoes characteristic of testicular microlithiasis (TM). No primary testicular tumor was detected. Needle biopsies of the testes did not reveal cancer and calcification. Transthoracic needle biopsy of the mediastinal tumor showed choriocarcinoma. No correlation is known between TM and choriocarcinoma without testicular cancer, but the incidence of TM in this patient may reflect his high human chorionic gonadotropin level.
The Components of Electronic Inter‐Dealer Spot FX Bid‐Ask Spreads
Authors: McGroarty Frank , Gwilym Owain ap , Thomas Stephen
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  This paper applies an established bid‐ask spread decomposition model to the inter‐dealer spot foreign exchange market. In addition, the paper presents and tests a modified decomposition model which is specifically adapted to the features of order‐driven markets and which is found to produce more plausible results than the original model. Price clustering is introduced as a new explanatory factor within this framework and is shown to be vitally important in understanding the composition of bid‐ask spreads in this market.
Over‐expression of amyloid precursor protein in HEK cells alters p53 conformational state and protects against doxorubicin
Authors: Uberti Daniela , Cenini Giovanna , Olivari Luca , Ferrari‐Toninelli Giulia , Porrello Emanuela , Cecchi Cristina , Pensafini Anna , Liguri Gianfranco , Govoni Stefano , Racchi Marco , Maurizio Memo
Published: July 2007

Here we show that human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably transfected with amyloid precursor protein (HEK‐APP), expressed a conformational mutant‐like and transcriptionally inactive p53 isoform, and turned out to be less sensitive to the cytotoxin doxorubicin in comparison with untransfected cells. Treatment of HEK‐APP cells with γ‐ and β‐secretase inhibitors prevented generation of unfolded, mutant‐like p53 isoform and made the cells vulnerable to doxorubicin as untransfected cells. Changes in p53 conformational state and reduced sensitivity to doxorubicin were also found in untransfected HEK cells after exposure to nanomolar concentrations of beta‐amyloid (Aβ) and these effects were antagonized by vitamin E. The modulator effects of Aβ on p53 conformational state were, at least in part, due to the intracellular peptides as (i) treatment of HEK‐APP cells with an antibody that sequestered extracellular Aβ did not modify the capability of the cells to express the mutant‐like p53 isoform; (ii) in the presence of 1% serum exogenous Aβ peptide crossed the plasma membrane, as demonstrated by confocal analysis and ELISA, and induced p53 conformational change; and (iii) in the presence of 10% serum Aβ did not enter the cells and consequently did not influence the p53 conformational state.
THE ORIGIN, DESTRUCTION AND RESTORATION OF COLOUR IN EGYPTIAN TRAVERTINE*
Authors: HARRELL J. A. , BROEKMANS M. A. T. M. , GODFREY‐SMITH D. I.
Published: July 2007

Travertine was one of ancient Egypt's most popular ornamental stones. Upon prolonged exposure to sunlight, the rock's translucent brownish calcite is bleached to nearly white. Ultraviolet and gamma irradiation experiments were undertaken to investigate the source of the brownish colour and the process by which it fades. It was found that the coloration results from the activation of colour centres by natural radioactivity within the rock, and that these colour centres are deactivated by the ultraviolet component of sunlight. The results also demonstrate that the original brownish colour of sun‐bleached, travertine objects can be restored by artificial gamma irradiation.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF DRYING AND FIRING OF CLAY ON THE FORMATION OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION PROFILES WITHIN POTTERY*
Authors: SCHWEDT A. , MOMMSEN H.
Published: July 2007

On experimentally fired briquettes made of five chemically and mineralogically different clays, trace element concentration profiles from the centre to the surface of the briquettes have been measured by Neutron Activation in order to examine if drying and firing of the clays lead to a mobilization and subsequent migration of single components within a sherd. Mineralogical changes during firing have been determined by X‐ray diffraction. Generally, no such migration could be found. For two clays, arsenic was lost from the briquette during firing, forming non‐constant concentration profiles. If NaCl is present in the clay paste, sodium migrates towards the surface. Additionally, in the special case in which the presence of NaCl coincides with that of calcite, the heavier alkali elements evaporate, forming significant concentration profiles within the sherd.
The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad
Authors: Wiktorowicz Quintan
Published: July 2007

The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies‐civilians and military‐ is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate al‐Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosques from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty God. “And fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,” and “Fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevails justice and faith in God.”
Negotiating Middle East Peace: Can the Past be a Guide to the Future?
Authors: Walker Edward S. , Jahshan Khalil E. , Shain Yossi , Eland Ivan
Published: July 2007

The following is an edited transcript of the twenty‐sixth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The meeting was held on September 20, 2001, in the Dirksen Senate Office Building with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., moderating.
Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics and the Nitric Oxide‐Arginine Pathway
Authors: Rieser Teresa M. , Otto Cynthia M.
Published: July 2007

Over the past ten years, nitric oxide has been shown to be important in a number of biological systems. This article is a review of the literature on nitric oxide and its affects on hemodynamics in the kidney. Nitric oxide is a major contributor to basal vasodilatory tone in the renal vasculature and systemic vasculature. It also has effects on the mechanisms which comprise the tubuloglomerular feedback loop. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 7–18)
Successful living donor liver transplantation using a graft from a hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive donor
Authors: Soejima Yuji , Shimada Mitsuo , Taketomi Akinobu , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Uchiyama Hideaki , Ikegami Toru , Nakamuta Makoto , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: July 2007

Background/Aims: Liver transplantation using a graft from a donor with a positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been contraindicated owing to the extremely high risk for recurrent disease leading to graft loss. However, the severe shortage of donors often forces the transplant community to utilize suboptimal donors, especially in the setting of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).

Method: Here, we report a case of successful LDLT for a patient with hepatitis B‐related cirrhosis utilizing a graft from an HBsAg‐positive ‘healthy carrier’ donor using a combination prophylaxis of lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil.

Results: To date, the patient has been doing well with normal liver function tests and liver histological findings at 4 years after the transplantation and the donor has also been doing well.

Conclusions: Although virological recurrence appears to be universal despite prophylaxis, re‐evaluation of the use of a graft from a healthy HBsAg‐positive donor is warranted in this era of combination prophylaxis.
Valproate Enhances Neuropeptide Y Expression: Modulating the Modulators
Authors: Lagrange Andre H.
Published: July 2007

Chronic Valproic Acid Treatment Triggers Increased Neuropeptide Y Expression and Signaling in Rat Nucleus Reticularis Thalami. Brill J, Lee M, Zhao S, Fernald RD, Huguenard JR. J Neurosci 2006;26:6813–6822. Valproate (VPA) can suppress absence and other seizures, but its precise mechanisms of action are not completely understood. We investigated whether VPA influences the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), an endogenous anticonvulsant. Chronic VPA administration to young rats (300–600 mg · kg–1 · d–1 in divided doses over 4 d) resulted in a 30–50% increase in NPY mRNA and protein expression in the nucleus reticularis thalami (nRt) and hippocampus, but not in the neocortex, as shown by real-time PCR, radioimmunoassay, and immunohistochemistry. No increased expression was observed after a single acute dose of VPA. Chronic treatment with the pharmacologically inactive VPA analog octanoic acid did not elicit changes in NPY expression. No significant expression changes could be shown for the mRNAs of the Y1 receptor or of the neuropeptides somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and choleocystokinin. Fewer synchronous spontaneous epileptiform oscillations were recorded in thalamic slices from VPA-treated animals, and oscillation duration as well as the period of spontaneous and evoked oscillations were decreased. Application of the Y1 receptor inhibitor N2-(diphenylacetyl)- N-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-d-arginine-amide (BIBP3226) enhanced thalamic oscillations, indicating that NPY is released during those oscillations and acts to downregulate oscillatory strength. Chronic VPA treatment significantly potentiated the effect of BIBP3226 on oscillation duration but not on oscillation period. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for the antiepileptic actions of chronic VPA therapy.
Is Behavior in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Different than in Other Epilepsies? the Jury is Out
Authors: Devinsky Orrin
Published: July 2007

Interictal Depression, Anxiety, Personality Traits, and Psychological Dissociation in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and Extra-TLE. Swinkels WA, van Emde Boas W, Kuyk J, van Dyck R, Spinhoven P. Epilepsia 2006;47(12):2092–2103. PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the relation between symptoms of interictal depression, anxiety, personality traits, and psychological dissociation with the localization and lateralization of the epileptogenic zone in patients with partial epilepsy. METHODS: All patients were diagnosed according to the localization-related concept of the 1989 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes, and the localization and lateralization of the epileptogenic zone was established by using the clinical criteria for noninvasive presurgical evaluation. This resulted in 67 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 64 patients with extra-TLE. All patients were assessed on the various aspects of psychopathology by using a comprehensive battery of standardized diagnostic instruments. RESULTS: We did not find the hypothesized excess of psychiatric symptoms in patients with (mesial) TLE in comparison with patients with extra-TLE. We also found no differences between patients with the lateralization of epilepsy in the left versus the right hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: TLE per se cannot be considered a risk factor in developing more or more severe symptoms of psychopathology in patients with partial epilepsy. Concomitant factors, such as the duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, and frontal lobe dysfunction may play an additional role. Our findings support the hypothesis of a multifactorial explanation for the psychiatric symptoms in patients with epilepsy.
Helpful Data, but Less Certainty
Authors: Blume Warren T.
Published: July 2007

Childhood Mesial Temporal Sclerosis. Ng YT, McGregor AL, Duane DC, Jahnke HK, Bird CR, Wheless JW. J Child Neurol 2006;21(6):512–517. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of mesial temporal sclerosis have not been well studied in children. All brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports of children less than 14 years of age were reviewed from two tertiary institutions. A 52-month period from one institution and a 37-month period from the other were reviewed. All reports of definite or possible mesial temporal sclerosis were noted. These patients’ MRIs were then reviewed to confirm the MRI diagnostic criteria of mesial temporal sclerosis. The charts of the patients who satisfied these criteria were reviewed in detail. Three thousand one hundred brain MRI reports were reviewed. Twenty-six reports of mesial temporal sclerosis were found. Twenty-four of the 26 films satisfied the criteria of mesial temporal sclerosis by MRI after the films were reviewed. The prevalence among all pediatric brain MRI studies was 0.77%. All patients had presented with seizures, that is, there were no “incidental” findings of mesial temporal sclerosis. Four patients had a history of febrile seizures. Mesial temporal sclerosis is an uncommon finding in children, but when it occurs, it is always associated with epilepsy. Asymptomatic mesial temporal sclerosis or mesial temporal sclerosis not associated with a seizure disorder did not occur in our series. Febrile seizures can occur in association with mesial temporal sclerosis presenting in childhood.
The Epileptic Hippocampus Revisited: Back to the Future
Authors: Avoli Massimo
Published: July 2007

Massive and Specific Dysregulation of Direct Cortical Input to the Hippocampus in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Ang CW, Carlson GC, Coulter DA. J Neurosci 2006;26(46):11850–11856. Epilepsy affects 1–2% of the population, with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) the most common variant in adults. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated hippocampal involvement in the seizures underlying TLE. However, identification of specific functional deficits in hippocampal circuits associated with possible roles in seizure generation remains controversial. Significant attention has focused on anatomic and cellular alterations in the dentate gyrus. The dentate gyrus is a primary gateway regulating cortical input to the hippocampus and, thus, a possible contributor to the aberrant cortical-hippocampal interactions underlying the seizures of TLE. Alternate cortical pathways innervating the hippocampus might also contribute to seizure initiation. Despite this potential importance in TLE, these pathways have received little study. Using simultaneous voltage-sensitive dye imaging and patch-clamp recordings in slices from animals with epilepsy, we assessed the relative degree of synaptic excitation activated by multiple cortical inputs to the hippocampus. Surprisingly, dentate gyrus-mediated regulation of the relay of cortical input to the hippocampus is unchanged in epileptic animals, and input via the Schaffer collaterals is actually decreased despite reduction in Schaffer-evoked inhibition. In contrast, a normally weak direct cortical input to area CA1 of hippocampus, the temporoammonic pathway, exhibits a TLE-associated transformation from a spatially restricted, highly regulated pathway to an excitatory projection with >10-fold increased effectiveness. This dysregulated temporoammonic pathway is critically positioned to mediate generation and/or propagation of seizure activity in the hippocampus.
Exposure of the Operator to Ionizing Radiation During Intracoronary Radiation Therapy
Authors: CHIE EUI KYU , CHAE EST‐HO , LEE MYOUNG‐MOOK , WU HONG‐GYUN
Published: July 2007

This study examined the radiation exposure levels and safety of medical personnel during intracoronary radiotherapy procedures. The data of 34 stenosis patients from a total of 42 irradiated patients who participated in the Seoul National University Hospital Postangioplasty Rhenium (SPARE) trial were analyzed. Intracoronary radiotherapy was delivered to the patient immediately after angioplasty ballooning. The prescribed dose was 17 Cyto the media of the diseased artery and was delivered via a Re‐188 filled balloon catheter. Dosimetry was carried out with a Geiger‐Müller counter at eight different points. The selected maximum and whole‐body exposed doses to the operator were 10 cm and 40 cm from the patient's heart. Median delivered activity was 111.6 MCi, with an average treatment time of 576 seconds. Average exposed dose rates at 10 cm and 40 cm from the patient's heart level were 47.2 mrem/hour and 29.6 mrem/hour, respectively, and average exposed doses per treatment were 7.0 mrem and 4.9 mrem, respectively. Exposure levels measured were much lower than the recommended limit of 50 mSv for radiation workers or 1 mSvfor the general population, as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. This study proves that the method of intracoronary radiotherapy currently adopted and which is the basis of this trial is safe with respect to radiationprotection.
Sources of Power in Coalition Building
Authors: Watkins Michael , Rosegrant Susan
Published: July 2007

This article analyzes the coalition‐building tactics employed by the Bush administration during the Persian Gulf crisis of 1990–91. To provide a basis for generalization to other situations, we have developed a conceptual framework for understanding sources of power in coalition building. This framework draws upon research in the social psychology of persuasion, mass communications and negotiation analysis. While the actions of the Bush administration during the Persian Gulf crisis provide a “text‐book” case for applying our conceptual framework, we believe that it could be employed much more broadly to analyze the efforts of leaders to effect political and organizational change.
Negotiating a Democratic Order in South Africa: Learning from Mediation and Industrial Relations
Authors: Hirschsohn Philip
Published: July 2007

Labor law reform in South Africa unintentionally precipitated the rapid growth of a powerful black trade union movement and institutionalized collective bargaining in the 1980s. Despite the political crisis, the Independent Mediation Service of South Africa helped to disseminate the culture and practice of negotiated order, developed in industrial relations, to the broader society and national politics. As a result of the negotiated transition, the new democratic order is characterized by inclusive, consensus‐building policy‐making processes.
Bringing Fairness and Due Process to Employment Arbitration
Authors: Zack Arnold M.
Published: July 2007

Employment agreements for arbitrating statutory disputes often favor the employers who drafted them. A special Task Force has developed a Due Process Protocol establishing standards of fairness in arbitrator qualification, training and selection, employee representation, discovery, compensation of mediators and arbitrators, and the authority of the arbitrator. This article traces the evolution and adoption of the protocol by state, federal, and designating agencies.
A Grass‐Roots Experiment to Resolve Workplace Problems
Authors: Eaton Susan C. , Kochan Thomas A.
Published: July 2007

Leaders from the business, labor, academic, religious, and ADR communities in Massachusetts have gotten together to form a “workplace network” to encourage the use of ADR mechanisms in the resolution of workplace disputes and problems. The Massachusetts experiment may serve as a model for other states. Current ADR initiatives of the new Network focus on discrimination cases, health and safety issues, and education and training.
Practice‐Relevant Research in Mediation: Toward a Reflective Research Paradigm
Authors: Kressel Kenneth
Published: July 2007

Donald Schön has advanced the notion that a systematic understanding of professional practice can be built on the reflective insights of skilled practitioners. The “reflective practitioner” paradigm is well suited to mediation research. A study of divorce mediation illustrates how Schön's seminal ideas can be translated into research procedures with broad applicability to a variety of mediation settings.
Facilitating Between Gang Members and Police
Authors: Carstarphen Nike , Shapiro Ilana
Published: July 2007

Confrontations between youths and the police are increasingly frequent in the United States as police lead the effort to reduce youth gangs, crime, and violence. As a result, police‐youth relations are characterized by hostility, mistrust, misunderstandings and stereotypes. This article outlines a tenstage dialogue process to improve relations between police and gang‐related youths in a suburb near Washington, D.C. In addition to describing techniques used in this case, the authors offer advice on how such efforts could be improved.
Negotiating Intractable Conflict: The Common Ground Dialogue Process and Abortion
Authors: LeBaron Michelle , Carstarphen Nike
Published: July 2007

This article describes a dialogue process used in several North American cities to address conflict over abortion. Participants report increased empathy and trust toward advocates for different positions after spending a day in small and large group interactions. Limitations of the process and its applicability to other divisive social issues are considered.
Help or Hindrance: Third Parties in the Indo‐Pakistani Conflict
Authors: Pavri Tinaz
Published: July 2007

In cases of ethno‐nationalist and other kinds of protracted conflict, third party intervention is crucial for settlement to occur, since conflicting actors are too mired in the histories of their grievances to move towards settlement themselves. This article examines five instances of hostility between India and Pakistan over the last five decades; two of these conflicts ended in settlement and the other three in war. The evidence presented in these instances suggests ways in which third party characteristics, strategies, and timing of intervention may influence final outcomes.
A Narrative Approach to the Practice of Mediation
Authors: Winslade John , Monk Gerald , Cotte Alison
Published: July 2007

Thinking in narrative tems is proving useful in a number of disciplines. Such thinking has already contributed to a growing body of work in the family therapy field. Here, we seek to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability to the ideas developed by Michael White and David Epston (among others) to the pactice of mediation. Distinctions are drawn from the poblem‐solving approach with regard to both basic theoretical assumptions and method. A transcribed mediation scenario is used to illustrate and comment on the techniques of narrative mediation in action.
Pre‐Settlement Settlement (PreSS): A Simple Technique for Initiating Complex Negotiations
Authors: Gillespie James J. , Bazerman Max H.
Published: July 2007

Pre‐settlement settlement, or PreSS, is a negotiation technique that precedes and potentially facilitates a final settlement. A PreSS is distinguished by three characteristics. It is: formal (being a binding agreement), initial (being the first step of a longer process), and partial (covering only a subset of issues). PreSS provides a conceptual umbrella for several existing concepts in the negotiation literature. The what, when, and why of PreSS are delineated and examples of pre‐settlement settlement are provided.
What You Bring to the Table: Transference and Countertransference in the Negotiation Process
Authors: Fukushima Susan
Published: July 2007

While there is a large body of work devoted to interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup conflict, little has been written about the dimension of the intrapersonal or intrapsychic conflict in the negotiating process. This article introduces the psychodynamic concepts of transference and countertransference and describes how these phenomena play a role in the negotiation situation. By describing the negative transference and how this gives rise to resistance, the author presents an explanation of what works and why in negotiating. The model is then applied to different current models of negotiation, and considers the implications for the organization of the negotiating team and team leadership. With a knowledge of transference and countertransference, the psychodynamic model may provide another perspective that can be used to understand the negotiation process.
The Reporter's Dilemma: News Gathering as Negotiation
Authors: Mitropoulos Dimitri
Published: July 2007

This article presents a framework for understanding the process of news gathering as a negotiation between reporters and the people and institutions they cover. News gathering is shaped by constant tension between the “deal” ‐ getting the story ‐ and the relationship among those concerned. Competing actors and multiple levels exacerbate the reporter's dilemma, a variant of the classic negotiator's dilemma. Using case material from published accounts of news gathering, this article points to practical implications for all involved parties in negotiating with the media.
Cultural Considerations When “Setting” The Negotiation Table
Authors: D'Amico Lynne C. , Rubinstein Robert A.
Published: July 2007

Four major considerations involving cultural issues and pre‐negotiation were discussed at this session. They are: how language serves as a method for accessing culture; how and by whom interventions might take place; social identity and the sources of distinctions among people; and methodological challenges posed by cross‐cultural issues. The essay concludes with a series of questions for future researchers which emerged from the discussion at the session.
57 Varieties: Has the Ombudsman Concept Become Diluted?
Authors: Stieber Carolyn
Published: July 2007

This article attempts an overview of the ombudsman concept as it developed in the United States, borrowing from earlier classical formulations of the role at the same time that divergent organizational models emerged. As the use of ombudsmen has steadily expanded, they can be found at all levels of government as well as in settings of private industry and academe. Some of the operational and conceptual differences among various types of ombudsmen are explored along with their commonalities.
The Practice of One Ombudsman
Authors: Bauer Frances
Published: July 2007

This essay delineates the influences and constraints upon the author's practice as an ombuds in two different Canadian universities over more than twenty years. My hope is that an account of my practice as it evolved day by day will help to shed light on the divergences in practice among particular groups of ombuds practitioners, notably government or legislative ombudsmen; corporate ombudsmen; and academic ombudspersons in both Canada and the United States.
Does Interest‐Based Bargaining (IBB) Really Make a Difference in Collective Bargaining Outcomes?
Authors: Paquet Renaud , Gaétan Isabelle , Bergeron Jean‐Guy
Published: July 2007

This study seeks to identify what specific kinds of compromises result from IBB, or interest‐based bargaining, and what differentiates agreements that are reached using this method from the ones that are negotiated through more traditional forms of collective bargaining. The authors compare the changes to collective agreements in 19 cases that used interest‐based bargaining and the changes to agreements in 19 cases that used more traditional forms of negotiation. Their analysis reveals that clauses dealing with joint governance and organizational innovation underwent more changes when the parties adopted the IBB approach. In addition, IBB has given rise to more union concessions.
Resolving Conflict Across Languages
Authors: Cohen Raymond
Published: July 2007

English is increasingly used as an indispensable interlanguage, the common third language of non‐native speakers, in international negotiations. In technical or commercial talks, where interlocutors share a stock of expert knowledge, semantic problems are relatively easily overcome. In emotive and complex negotiations to resolve protracted international conflict, however, intriguing problems of interpretation arise. Though interlocutors speak in English, they are unlikely to think or work in English. Back home the political debate is conducted in the mother tongue. Thus the semantic fields, the full range of meanings and connotations, of key abstract concepts at the heart of the negotiation may not be conveyed in translation. The ill‐fated Syrian‐Israeli peace talks are drawn upon to exemplify the argument.
The Things Negotiators Do With Money
Authors: Ferris Frank D.
Published: July 2007

Deal‐making negotiations, in the minds of most people, center on the amount of money that is involved in a transaction. However, the timing of a money transfer, the different methods of payment, and the addition of other parties to a negotiation are all factors that sometimes are just as important as the amount of the transaction. The author uses case examples from a variety of recent negotiations to illustrate some of the ways that the “who, when, and how” of a deal can have significant impact on a negotiation process.
Resolving and Managing conflicts in Academic Communities: The Emerging Role of the “Pracademic”
Authors: Volpe Maria R. , Chandler David
Published: July 2007

The academic world is where a new kind of dispute resolution specialist the “pracademic” ‐ is working. Solidly based in academe by virtue of his or her scholarly credentials and career, this person has also developed expertise in alternative (or appropriate) dispute resolution. The pracademic is frequently called upon to help resolve particular disputes and can help identify sources of problems among the many layers of organization found in an academic setting. The authors discuss the role, responsibilities, and challenges of pracademics and speculate on future directions for this emergent practice.
The On‐line Auction Phenomenon: Growth, Strategies, Promise, and Problems
Authors: Ku Gillian , Malhotra Deepak
Published: July 2007

Summarizing panel discussions between auction practitioners and researchers at Northwestern University, this essay reviews the recent growth of on‐line auction sites and addresses some of their key benefits and costs. We also describe recent research on bidder behavior, focusing on bidder reactions to different auction mechanisms. We believe that there is immense potential for communication and collaboration between auction practitioners and researchers. Such dialogue could supply researchers timely, real‐world auction data. Simultaneously, the on‐line auction community would gain information about the mechanics of auction formats and their effects on bidder behavior.
Caveats for Cross‐Border Negotiators
Authors: Sebenius James K.
Published: July 2007

Scholars and practitioners have detailed a number of ways that differences in national culture can affect bargaining behavior: from surface etiquette and protocol to deeper cultural characteristics and to systematic variations in decision making and governance. Such cross‐national analysis can be quite useful but is prone to at least four hazardous fallacies described in this article and illustrated, in some cases, by probabilistic reasoning. Along with suggestions for avoiding them, these fallacies include: (1) “The John Wayne v. Charlie Chan Fallacy” (stereotyping); (2) “The Rosetta Stone Fallacy” (overattribution); (3) The Visual Flight Rules Fallacy (skewed perceptions and information processing); and (4) “St. Augustine's Fallacy” (“When in Rome.”).
What Makes Conflict Resolution Possible?
Authors: Dingwall Robert
Published: July 2007

Much of the negotiation literature emphasizes dispute resolution process, seemingly based on the assumption that resolution is indeed possible in a rational environment. The author outlines the history of transformations in social and political thought that have led to this shared assumption. However, the rationality assumption is seriously challenged in the contemporary era by terrorists and others who predicate their actions on a moral certitude that justifies their actions, no matter what the costs. Interveners perhaps should place more emphasis on changing the environment in which disputes occur, so that resolution is at least a possibility.
The Roles a “Civil Society” Can Play in International Dispute Resolution
Authors: Sorensen Gillian Martin
Published: July 2007

Since its very inception, the United Nations has worked with NGOs (non‐governmental organizations) or, to use the contemporary term, a “civil society.” In fact, every single U.N. department now has an NGO liaison. As the world becomes increasingly smaller, the role and influence of NGOs will continue to be significant in international negotiations.
Building on the Strengths of Different Approaches
Authors: Barkat John S.
Published: July 2007

Just as completely different work teams at Boeing can collaborate on the design of a new type of aircraft which will have the speed of military fighter jets and the stability of passenger jets, so too can research and practice in the field of conflict resolution work together to enbance and increase our knowledge. To do so, conflict resolution researchers and practitioners should go beyond traditional collaborative efforts. The author suggest four areas that would help accomplish this goal: improving the ways we ask questions; creating better designs for dialogs; recognizing unexplored areas of practice; and codifying emergent areas for future use.
Correspondences and Comparisons in International and Domestic Conflict Resolution
Authors: Menkel‐Meadow Carrie
Published: July 2007

The eclectic “field” of conflict resolution is characterized by a constant interplay between practice and theory (to say nothing about varying interpretations of what practice and theory actually are or should be). The author raises a number of questions about how to develop and test theory; the significant role of context in theory generation; and a variety of themes or issues that can be explored to provide scholarly synthesis as well as guidance for the practitioner, in both domestic and international conflict situations.
The Next Step: Research on How Dispute System Design affects Function
Authors: Bingham Lisa B.
Published: July 2007

Despite claims that ADR offers “better” solutions than tradiational approaches (such as the courts), the field of dispute resolution has trouble proving its case. The reason is that we lack basen‐line data on the effective ness of both tradiatonal and nontraditional dispute resolution methods. Praqctitioners and researchers of dispule resolution should work together and in collaboration with public and private sector institutions to incorporate systemized data collection and evaluation into ADR practice. The growing subfield of dispute system design offers particularly rich ground for such collaboration between the research and practice communities.
Stage Development Theory: A Natural Framework for Understanding the Mediation Process
Authors: Holaday Lynn C.
Published: July 2007

Scholars and practitioners of mediation have generally paid little attention to the development of theoretical frameworks for understanding what is taking place in the mediation process. By “borrowing” from stages of adult psychological development theory (in this scheme, physical; bedonistic/impulsive; conformist/authority‐seeking; rational/individualistic; and integrative), we can better understand some of the behaviours that people exhibit in mediation and perhaps find ways to help parties expand their bhavioural repertoires so that new avenues for resolution appear to them. Using frequent examples from mediation practice, the author desribes each stage, then assesses the limits and possibilities of relating this theoretical frame work to mediation. She sees this juxtaposition of theory to practice not so much as a “how to” for mediation practice, but rather as a new window through which mediators can view mediation clients, the mediation process, and their own behavior in the mediation room.