bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly(phosphorodiamidate)s by Olefin Metathesis Polymerization with Precise Degradation
Authors: Steinmann Mark , Wagner Manfred , Wurm Frederik R.
Published: October 2016

Degradable polymers are a currently growing field of research for biomedical and materials science applications. The majority of such compounds are based on polyesters and polyamides. In contrast, their phosphorus‐containing counterparts are much less studied, in spite of their potential precise degradation profile and biocompatibility. Herein, the first library of poly(phosphorodiamidate)s (PPDAs) with two P−N bonds forming the polymer backbone and a pendant P−OR group is prepared through acyclic diene metathesis polymerization. They are designed to vary in their hydrophilicity and are compared with the structural analogues poly(phosphoester)s (PPEs) with respect to their thermal properties and degradation profiles. The degradation of PPDAs can be controlled precisely by the pH: under acidic conditions the P−N linkages in the polymer backbone are cleaved, whereas under basic conditions the pendant ester is cleaved selectively and almost no backbone degradation occurs. The PPDAs exhibit distinctively higher thermal stability (from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) and higher glass transition and/or melting temperatures (from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) compared with analogous PPEs. This renders this exotic class of phosphorus‐containing polymers as highly promising for the development of future drug carriers or tissue engineering scaffolds.
Highly Selective Zeolite Topologies for Flue Gas Separation
Authors: Gómez‐Álvarez Paula , Calero Sofia
Published: October 2016

The separation of carbon dioxide from flue gas is essential for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In adsorptive methods, the challenge lies in the choice of suitable porous materials. Among all zeolite topologies, a number of adsorbents with pore dimensions in the range of the guest molecules were identified to allow an excellent separation by diffusion, and MRE and AFO zeolite topologies appear to be the best candidates based on equilibrium adsorption. Also, it was found that the behavior of this gas mixture in DFT and APD zeolites differed from the normal behavior.
The First Lanthanide Complexes with a Redox‐Active Sulfur Diimide Ligand: Synthesis and Characterization of [LnCp*2(RN=)2S], Ln=Sm, Eu, Yb; R=SiMe3
Authors: Klementyeva Svetlana V. , Gritsan Nina P. , Khusniyarov Marat M. , Witt Alexander , Dmitriev Alexey A. , Suturina Elizaveta A. , Hill Nathan D. D. , Roemmele Tracey L. , Gamer Michael T. , Boeré René T. , Roesky Peter W. , Zibarev Andrey V. , Konchenko Sergey N.
Published: October 2016

The first lanthanide complexes with a redox‐active sulfur diimide ligand, [LnCp*2(Me3SiN=)2S] (Ln=Sm, Eu, Yb; Cp*=η5‐C5Me5), are reported. The complexes were synthesized by using [LnCp*2(THF)2] and (Me3SiN=)2S and have been thoroughly characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, EPR spectroscopy, UV/Vis/NIR electronic absorption spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry. The results, as interpreted by CASSCF/SOC‐RASSI calculations providing a non‐perturbative treatment of spin‐orbit coupling, indicate that these paramagnetic complexes are best described as Ln3+ and [(Me3SiN=)2S]−. adducts. As such, these complexes contain the first isolated and structurally characterized acyclic [(RN=)2S]−. radical anions.
Janus‐Partikel
Authors: Müller Nina , Heinrich Charlotte , Abersfelder Kai , Kickelbick Guido
Published: October 2016

Anisotrope Partikel sind eine Materialklasse, die es erlaubt, multifunktionelle Eigenschaften in einen partikulär aufgebauten Festkörper zu induzieren. Dadurch können unterschiedliche Funktionen in ein und dasselbe Partikel eingebaut werden, beispielsweise unterschiedliche Polaritäten oder magnetische und optische Eigenschaften. Durch ihre außergewöhnliche Struktur, mit zwei unterschiedlichen Kompartimenten an der Oberfläche, erhielt diese Partikelart den Namen Janus‐Partikel. Für die Chemie besteht die Herausforderung in der Synthese solcher Partikel. Es muss dafür gesorgt werden, dass die Reaktionsräume auf der Längenskala der Partikel so differenziert werden, dass es zu einer Anisotropie von Wachstums‐ oder Funktionalisierungsprozessen kommt. Hierbei spielen insbesondere Reaktionen an Phasengrenzen eine wichtige Rolle. Mittlerweile ist eine Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen Janus‐Materialkombinationen bekannt und die ersten Systeme werden in technologischen Anwendungen verwendet.
Temporal trends in transcatheter aortic valve implantation, 2008–2014: patient characteristics, procedural issues, and clinical outcome
Authors: Landes Uri , Barsheshet Alon , Finkelstein Ariel , Guetta Victor , Assali Abid , Halkin Amir , Vaknin‐Assa Hanna , Segev Amit , Bental Tamir , Ben‐Shoshan Jeremy , Barbash Israel M. , Kornowski Ran
Published: October 2016

Background

About a decade past the first transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), data are limited regarding temporal trends accompanying its evolution from novel technology to mainstream therapy. We evaluated these trends in a large multicenter TAVI registry.

Hypothesis

TAVI is changing and improving with time.

Methods

Patients who underwent TAVI between January 2008 and December 2014 at 3 high‐volume Israeli centers were divided into 5 time quintiles according to procedure date. Outcomes were analyzed and reported according to Valve Academic Research Consortium‐2.

Results

A total of 1285 patients were studied (43% male; mean age, 83 ± 3 years; mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons [STS] score, 5.5 ± 3.6). Over time, there was a shift toward treating patients at lower STS score, increased use of conscious sedation and transfemoral approach, and decreased use of balloon predilatation. The balloon‐expandable to self‐expandable valve utilization ratio decreased, the valve‐in‐valve experience increased from 4% to 17% of all TAVI volume, and length of hospital stay was halved (P = 0.006). Kaplan‐Meier survival curves showed gradual decrease in mortality risk (P = 0.031), but there was no significant 1‐year mortality decrease by multivariable analysis. Each year increment was associated with an adjusted 20%, 15%, and 12% decrease in new pacemaker obligation (P = 0.004), new pacemaker obligation or left bundle branch block (P = 0.008), and in‐hospital infections (P = 0.082), respectively.

Conclusions

Temporal trends accompanying TAVI evolution include its utilization in lower‐risk patients, procedural simplification, improved overall survival, decreased pacemaker obligation, and shorter hospital stay.
Detection of Explosive Vapors: The Roles of Exciton and Molecular Diffusion in Real‐Time Sensing
Authors: Ali Mohammad A. , Shoaee Safa , Fan Shengqiang , Burn Paul L. , Gentle Ian R. , Meredith Paul , Shaw Paul E.
Published: October 2016

The front cover artwork is provided by the Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics at the University of Queensland (Australia). The image shows how the real‐time response of a luminescent sensing film to explosive analyte vapors is governed by the propagation of a high‐concentration analyte front through the film rather than long‐range exciton diffusion. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201600767.
Across the Board: Angela Dibenedetto
Authors: Dibenedetto Angela
Published: October 2016

In this series of articles, the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. This entry features Prof. Angela Dibenedetto, who highlights the differences between natural and artificial photosynthesis, suggesting that solar chemistry may be the most appropriate terminology to describe these closely related solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion processes.
Causes of false‐negative for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma in urine cytology
Authors: Lee Paul J. , Owens Christopher L. , Lithgow Marie Y. , Jiang Zhong , Fischer Andrew H.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

The Paris System for classifying urine cytology emphasizes identification of high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). The causes of false‐negative urine cytologies (UC) within this system are not well described.

Material and Methods

We identified 660 cases between 2005 and 2013 with both UC and subsequent cystoscopic biopsies. UC were classified as either Negative for HGUC or “Abnormal” (“Atypical”, “Suspicious”, and “Malignant”). Apparent false‐negative cases were reviewed in a nonblinded fashion by two cytopathologists and two subspecialized genitourinary pathologists.

Results

A total of 199 of the 660 cases (30%) were histologically diagnosed as HGUC. The UC were “Abnormal” in 170/199 cases (sensitivity/specificity of 86%/71%). Twenty four apparent false negative cases were available for retrospective review. Five of 24 (21%) cystoscopic biopsies were found not to be HGUC on review (one false positive and four low‐grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC on review). Of the remaining 19 UC, 7 (29%) cytology samples were found to be truly negative on review, 11 (46%) were found to be Atypical, and 1 (4%) suspicious. Of the 12 UC that were at least “Atypical” with histologic HGUC on review: six misses (half) were attributed to obscuring inflammation/blood, four to poor preservation, eight to paucity of abnormal cells, and 1 case to interpretive error; many cases demonstrated overlapping reasons.

Conclusion

About one fifth of apparent false negative diagnoses for HGUC can be because of overdiagnosis of HGUC by surgical pathologists. If poor preservation or obscured samples are called nondiagnostic, the sensitivity/specificity of UC for HGUC can be as high as 94%/71%. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:994–999. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does increased forest protection correspond to higher fire severity in frequent‐fire forests of the western United States?
Authors: Bradley Curtis M. , Hanson Chad T. , DellaSala Dominick A.
Published: October 2016

There is a widespread view among land managers and others that the protected status of many forestlands in the western United States corresponds with higher fire severity levels due to historical restrictions on logging that contribute to greater amounts of biomass and fuel loading in less intensively managed areas, particularly after decades of fire suppression. This view has led to recent proposals—both administrative and legislative—to reduce or eliminate forest protections and increase some forms of logging based on the belief that restrictions on active management have increased fire severity. We investigated the relationship between protected status and fire severity using the Random Forests algorithm applied to 1500 fires affecting 9.5 million hectares between 1984 and 2014 in pine (Pinus ponderosa, Pinus jeffreyi) and mixed‐conifer forests of western United States, accounting for key topographic and climate variables. We found forests with higher levels of protection had lower severity values even though they are generally identified as having the highest overall levels of biomass and fuel loading. Our results suggest a need to reconsider current overly simplistic assumptions about the relationship between forest protection and fire severity in fire management and policy.
Influence of food subsidies on the foraging ecology of a synanthropic species in protected areas
Authors: West Elena H. , Henry William R. , Goldenberg William , Peery M. Zachariah
Published: October 2016

The expansion of many synanthropic species is linked to changes in the abundance and distribution of human‐derived foods, and understanding how food subsidies influence the foraging ecology of synanthropes can facilitate reducing impacts to rare species. We combined stable isotope analyses and radiotelemetry information to characterize space‐use and dietary patterns in Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri), a known nest predator of marbled murrelets, sampled at both campground and forest sites in California state parks. We classified jays into four groups based on patterns of space use: (1) campground (jays captured in campgrounds that predominantly used these areas), (2) periphery (jays captured in campgrounds that commonly used adjacent forests), (3) intermediate (jays captured at forest sites that made long‐distance movements between forests and campgrounds), and (4) forest (jays captured and only detected in forests). In the most heavily visited park, human foods comprised more than half of the diet of campground jays based on stable isotopes; moreover, campground jays consumed a greater proportion of human foods than periphery or intermediate jays, which both consumed more human foods than forest jays. Campground jays exhibited a functional response to human foods as park visitation increased, and breeding individuals preferentially provisioned their young with human‐derived foods. Based on space‐use patterns of intermediate jays, we estimated that the “ecological footprint” of campgrounds extended 2 km beyond their spatial footprint. Thus, the impacts of seemingly spatially constrained human recreational activities can have spillover effects on animal communities at relatively broad spatial scales within protected areas.
An Antibacterial Zn–MOF with Hydrazinebenzoate Linkers
Authors: Restrepo Jimmy , Serroukh Zakarias , Santiago‐Morales Javier , Aguado Sonia , Gómez‐Sal Pilar , Mosquera Marta E. G. , Rosal Roberto
Published: October 2016

A Zn‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) with hydrazinebenzoate linkers was evaluated as antimicrobial material against the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The material inhibits bacterial growth and metabolic activity, with a half maximal effective concentration of about 20 mg L–1 material dispersed in the culture medium. The antimicrobial effect can be attributed to the release of the 4‐hydrazinebenzoate linker, with a negligible contribution from the free metal. The material exhibits remarkable durability, and it enables the sustained release of the ligand over a period of several days.
TADDOL‐Promoted Enantioselective Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reactions of 1,7,9‐Decatrien‐3‐ones to Octalin Derivatives
Authors: Andrä Michal Sascha , Thiemermann (née Suhrbier) Jutta , Schnaubelt Jürgen , Lentz Dieter , Zimmer Reinhold , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: October 2016

The diastereoselective and enantioselective intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions of 1,7,9‐decatrien‐3‐ones to cis‐ or trans‐octalin derivatives were systematically investigated in the presence of different Lewis acids and chiral ligands. The best cis‐selective promoter, consisting of diethylaluminum chloride and (R)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL), provided an enantiomeric excess (ee) of only 33 %. For the trans‐selective reactions, dichlorotitanium diisopropoxide was the best Lewis acid, and a 2‐naphthyl‐substituted (R,R)‐α,α,α′,α′‐tetraaryl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dimethanol ligand (TADDOL) furnished excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities in the range of 50–68 %. Subsequent reactions of a typical trans‐octalin derivative led to compounds, which enabled the determination of the absolute configuration of the favored enantiomer and a deduction of the involved reaction mechanism. Interpretation of the NMR shifts of the enantio‐enriched Mosher esters and an X‐ray structure analysis were the keys for this structural assignment. We could demonstrate that Mosher analyses do not necessarily rely on enantiopure samples.
Enantiomeric Catalytic Formal Thiolation of 2,5‐Dimethyl‐3‐[1‐(arylsulfonyl)alkyl]pyrroles in an Oil/Water Biphasic System
Authors: Chen Ping , Yang Qin , Lu Shengmei , Wang Peng , Liu Yan , Li Can
Published: October 2016

The asymmetric synthesis of 3‐sec‐substituted pyrrole derivatives through vinylogous imine intermediates generated in situ from 2,5‐dimethyl‐3‐[1‐(arylsulfonyl)alkyl]pyrroles with high activity and enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee) was examined. Employing a cinchona alkaloid based chiral bifunctional organocatalyst, the reaction of tritylthiol to sulfonylpyrroles delivered a series of highly enantioselective sulfur‐containing 3‐sec‐substituted pyrroles.
Efficient Synthesis of (1,2,3‐Triazol‐1‐yl)methylpyrimidines from 5‐Bromo‐1,1,1‐trifluoro‐4‐methoxypent‐3‐en‐2‐one
Authors: Aquino Estefania da C. , Lobo Marcio M. , Leonel Guilherme , Martins Marcos A. P. , Bonacorso Helio G. , Zanatta Nilo
Published: October 2016

5‐Bromo‐1,1,1‐trifluoro‐4‐methoxypent‐3‐en‐2‐one was used as an efficient precursor for the synthesis of a new series of (1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl‐pyrimidine biheterocycles. For this stepwise synthesis, the 5‐bromo‐1,1,1‐trifluoro‐4‐methoxypent‐3‐en‐2‐one was first converted into 5‐azido‐1,1,1‐trifluoro‐4‐methoxypent‐3‐en‐2‐one through a nucleophilic substitution of the bromine by an azide group. This was then followed by an azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (click chemistry) to give the key intermediate 5‐[4‐alkyl(aryl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl]‐1,1,1‐trifluoro‐4‐methoxypent‐3‐en‐2‐ones. These were cyclocondensed with 2‐methylisothiourea sulfate to give a series of 2‐(methylthio)‐4‐(1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidines. Additionally, the 2‐methylthiopyrimidine products were used to prepare a new series of 2‐amino‐4‐(1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidines.
Methotrexate elimination and toxicity: MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism in patients with primary CNS lymphoma treated with high‐dose methotrexate
Authors: Choi Yun Jung , Park Hyangmin , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Ju‐Yeon , Kim Shin , Kim Tae Won , Park Jung Sun , Kim Jeong Eun , Yoon Dok Hyun , Suh Cheolwon
Published: October 2016

The genetic association of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) 677C>T polymorphism with methotrexate (MTX)‐associated toxicity has been evaluated and conflicting results have been reported. The substantial heterogeneity of the studied population was suggested to be a possible explanation because ethnicity, MTX dose, coadministered chemotherapeutic agents, and folinate rescue dosage regimen could alter the MTX toxicity profile. The patient population was homogenized by limiting the cancer type to primary central nervous system lymphoma and chemotherapy protocol to a high‐dose MTX monotherapy regimen. A total of 111 patients with 402 chemotherapy courses were analyzed. MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism was identified as an independent predictive marker for MTX‐associated hematologic toxicity (odds ratio, 2.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.32–5.09; P = .0055). Clinically significant nephrotoxicity occurred in patients without delayed elimination, suggesting roles for factors other than serum MTX levels. MTX‐induced hepatotoxicity and oral mucositis occurred independently of plasma MTX levels.
REFLECTIVE PRACTICE IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH—A SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Berg Astrid
Published: October 2016

Reflective practice forms a pivotal part of mental health intervention in a setting where language and cultural differences require working together with a community counselor for language interpretation. Reflective practice in infant mental health began with Esther Bick's () infant observations and continued with Selma Fraiberg's () parent–infant psychotherapy. These two models formed the basis of the practice of infant mental health in a community in South Africa. A clinical example will highlight the importance of culturally informed observation that is then reflected upon. A qualitative study that examined the interaction among the participants in three clinical settings shows that a sustained partnership and tolerance for flexibility lie at the heart of good practice in intercultural settings. Object‐relations theory offers an additional, in‐depth understanding of the underlying psychic processes in reflective practice.
Moving Class Discussions to Online Platforms
Authors: Wallace Kelly B.
Published: October 2016

This column highlights and evaluates apps, computer programs, and websites that teachers, students, and other interested parties can use to explore, research, and engage in content learning and literacy practices.
Cautionary Questions
Authors: Alvermann Donna E.
Published: October 2016

This department column is a venue for thoughtful discussions of contemporary issues dealing with policy and practice, remixed in ways that generate new insights into enduring dilemmas, debates, and controversies.
The Internal Conflicts of Undergraduate Students Regarding Effective Leadership Practices
Authors: Collier Daniel A. , Rosch David M.
Published: October 2016

The current study explored the internal conflicts of a diverse group of undergraduate students as leadership development experiences challenge students’ pre‐existing attitudes and beliefs of what comprises effective leadership. Interviews with 23 undergraduate students uncovered two consistent conflicts within the minds of emerging leaders, often experienced unconsciously: (a) the recognition of the need to serve the group while also exhibiting command over followers and (b) the desire to adapt to changing circumstances while also remaining resolute in personal chosen courses of action. The particular internal contradictions, common to students in the study across gender and racial lines, imply a structure of predictable cognitive transition as emerging leaders work toward internalizing group‐inclusive concepts associated with contemporary leadership practices. The study's findings possess several implications for leadership educators—in higher education and external organizations—in the ways these professionals create both formal and informal developmental experiences for undergraduate students.
The Challenge of Human Capital Leadership
Authors: Vance David , Breen Jennifer Moss
Published: October 2016

Those who seek to develop other leaders encounter leadership challenges themselves. The current paper is an interview with an expert who has guided hundreds of leaders in their effort to develop measurable leadership development and human capital interventions. Dr. David Vance has been working with human capital leaders for over 15 years and has become increasingly frustrated with the lack of movement in the field. Through this interview, we begin to feel his frustration but can also gain insight from his recommendations. Although the field has moved very slowly in “thinking like a business,” Vance remains hopeful.
Performance of Deep and Shallow Neural Networks, the Universal Approximation Theorem, Activity Cliffs, and QSAR
Authors: Winkler David A. , Le Tu C.
Published: October 2016

Neural networks have generated valuable Quantitative Structure‐Activity/Property Relationships (QSAR/QSPR) models for a wide variety of small molecules and materials properties. They have grown in sophistication and many of their initial problems have been overcome by modern mathematical techniques. QSAR studies have almost always used so‐called “shallow” neural networks in which there is a single hidden layer between the input and output layers. Recently, a new and potentially paradigm‐shifting type of neural network based on Deep Learning has appeared. Deep learning methods have generated impressive improvements in image and voice recognition, and are now being applied to QSAR and QSAR modelling. This paper describes the differences in approach between deep and shallow neural networks, compares their abilities to predict the properties of test sets for 15 large drug data sets (the kaggle set), discusses the results in terms of the Universal Approximation theorem for neural networks, and describes how DNN may ameliorate or remove troublesome “activity cliffs” in QSAR data sets.
A domain coupling method for finite element digital image correlation with mechanical regularization: Application to multiscale measurements and parallel computing
Authors: Bouclier Robin , Passieux Jean‐Charles
Published: October 2016

A general method is proposed to couple two subregions analyzed with finite element digital image correlation even when using a mechanical regularization (regularized digital image correlation). A Lagrange multiplier is introduced to stitch both displacements fields in order to recover continuity over the full region of interest. Another interface unknown is introduced to ensure, additionally, the equilibrium of the mechanical models used for regularization. As a first application, the method is used to perform a single measurement from images at two different resolutions. Secondly, the method is also extended to parallel computing in regularized digital image correlation. The problem is formulated at the interface and solved with a Krylov‐type algorithm. A dedicated preconditioner is proposed to significantly accelerate convergence. The resulting method is a good candidate for the analysis of large data sets. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conservation of generalized momentum maps in mechanical optimal control problems with symmetry
Authors: Betsch Peter , Becker Christian
Published: October 2016

In this paper, a structure‐preserving direct method for the optimal control of mechanical systems is developed. The new method accommodates a large class of one‐step integrators for the underlying state equations. The state equations under consideration govern the motion of affine Hamiltonian control systems. If the optimal control problem has symmetry, associated generalized momentum maps are conserved along an optimal path. This is in accordance with an extension of Noether's theorem to the realm of optimal control problems. In the present work, we focus on optimal control problems with rotational symmetries. The newly proposed direct approach is capable of exactly conserving generalized momentum maps associated with rotational symmetries of the optimal control problem. This is true for a variety of one‐step integrators used for the discretization of the state equations. Examples are the one‐step theta method, a partitioned variant of the theta method, and energy‐momentum (EM) consistent integrators. Numerical investigations confirm the theoretical findings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transfer of nursing home residents to emergency departments: organizational differences between nursing homes with high vs. low transfer rates
Authors: Kirsebom Marie , Hedström Mariann , Pöder Ulrika , Wadensten Barbro
Published: October 2016

Aim

To explore possible factors in the organization of nursing homes that could be related to differences in the rate of transfer of residents from nursing homes to emergency department.

Design

Explorative.

Method

In a single municipality, qualitative and quantitative data were collected from documents and through semi‐structured interviews with 11 RNs from five nursing homes identified as having the highest vs. six identified as having the lowest transfer rates to emergency department. Data were analysed by non‐parametric tests and basic content analysis.

Results

All nursing homes in the highest transfer rate group and one in the lowest transfer rate group were run by private for‐profit providers. Compared with the low group, the high group had fewer updated advance care plans and the RNs interviewed had less work experience in care of older people and less training in care of persons with dementia. There was no difference in nursing home size or staff/resident ratio. The RNs described similar possibilities to provide palliative care, medical equipment and perceived medical support from GPs.
Separating Sheep (Ovis aries L.) and Goats (Capra hircus L.) Using Geometric Morphometric Methods: An Investigation of Astragalus Morphology from Late and Final Bronze Age Central Asian Contexts
Authors: Haruda A. F.
Published: October 2016

Many qualitative and quantitative methods for the separation of sheep and goat bones are based upon Middle Eastern, Mediterranean and European specimens. However, these methods may not be as applicable in other geographical contexts due to regional morphological variation. In order to address this, both traditional and geometric morphometric methods were applied to sheep, (Ovis aries L.) and goat (Capra hircus L.) astragali from archaeological sites from Kazakhstan dating to the Late and Final Bronze Age (1900–900 bce). This exploratory research confirmed that qualitative features remained useful for distinguishing between species, while traditional morphometric methods were unable to conclusively support the field identification of species. Geometric morphometric methods found significant morphological differences between species and confirmed group membership while exploring specific qualitative features that were effective in distinguishing between sheep and goat in Central Asian contexts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child Poverty, the Great Recession, and the Social Safety Net in the United States
Authors: Bitler Marianne , Hoynes Hilary , Kuka Elira
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we comprehensively examine the effects of the Great Recession on child poverty, with particular attention to the role of the social safety net in mitigating the adverse effects of shocks to earnings and income. Using a state panel data model and data for 2000 to 2014, we estimate the relationship between the business cycle and child poverty, and we examine how and to what extent the safety net is providing protection to at‐risk children. We find compelling evidence that the safety net provides protection; that is, the cyclicality of after‐tax‐and‐transfer child poverty is significantly attenuated relative to the cyclicality of private income poverty. We also find that the protective effect of the safety net is not similar across demographic groups, and that children from more disadvantaged backgrounds, such as those living with Hispanic or single heads, or particularly those living with immigrant household heads—or immigrant spouses—experience larger poverty cyclicality than those living with non‐Hispanic white or married heads, or those living with native household heads with native spouses. Our findings hold across a host of choices for how to define poverty. These include measures based on absolute thresholds or more relative thresholds. They also hold for measures of resources that include not only cash and near‐cash transfers net of taxes but also several measures of the value of public medical benefits.
Detection of DNA molecules by SERS spectroscopy with silvered porous silicon as an active substrate
Authors: Girel Kseniya , Yantcevich Ekaterina , Arzumanyan Grigory , Doroshkevich Nelya , Bandarenka Hanna
Published: October 2016

Here we report the SERS spectroscopy study of the herring sperm DNA adsorbed on the silvered porous silicon. Porous silicon has been fabricated by an electrochemical anodic etching of a highly doped n‐type silicon wafer. It has been shown that the following silver immersion deposition on porous silicon lead to the formation of a layer of silver nano‐ and microparticles assembled in a quasi‐ordered array. Reflectance spectroscopy has revealed that the silver layer demonstrates the surface plasmon resonance band expanded to near‐IR range. Preliminary SERS measurements with rhodamine 6G have showed that the silvered porous silicon is characterized by a very good reproducibility of the SERS signal and one‐year shelf life. It has been found that the silvered porous silicon is SERS‐active in relation to the herring sperm DNA under the excitation at 473, 633 and 785 nm. Collection of the SERS spectra of the DNA molecules in the random points of the silvered porous silicon has resulted in their weak reproducibility typical for the solid SERS substrates. However, the SERS mapping has helped to find the classical DNA spectra. In addition, the herring sperm DNA at an extremely low concentration of 1 mg mL−1 has been detected with the SERS substrate based on the silvered porous silicon.
P‐type tin‐oxide thin film transistors for blue‐light detection application
Authors: Chen Po‐Chun , Chiu Yu‐Chien , Zheng Zhi‐Wei , Cheng Chun‐Hu , Wu Yung‐Hsien
Published: October 2016

We reported the characteristics of p‐type tin‐oxide (SnO) thin film transistors (TFTs) upon illumination with visible light. Our p‐type TFT device using the SnO film as the active channel layer exhibits high sensitivity toward the blue‐light with a high light/dark read current ratio (Ilight/Idark) of 8.2 × 103 at a very low driven voltage of <3 V. Since sensing of blue‐light radiation is very critical to our eyes, the proposed p‐type SnO TFTs with high sensitivity toward the blue‐light show great potential for future blue‐light detection applications.

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A wavelet analysis of low‐wind‐speed submeso motions in a nocturnal boundary layer
Authors: Cava D. , Mortarini L. , Giostra U. , Richiardone R. , Anfossi D.
Published: October 2016

In low‐wind regimes (wind speed less than 1.5 m s−1) the nocturnal boundary layer is still inadequately understood. In such conditions, turbulence is weak and often intermittent, whereas dynamics and total fluxes are often driven by submeso motions. As a consequence, the momentum, mass and energy transfers are poorly represented by dispersion models. In low‐wind conditions, an important fraction of submeso motions is represented by meandering modes, which can be detected through the Eulerian autocorrelation functions of horizontal wind components and temperature. Such an approach has been proven to be reliable. However, a deeper insight could be useful for understanding the phenomenon, especially when complex or multiple mesoscale motions simultaneously develop. In this work, Eulerian autocorrelation functions and the Morlet continuous wavelet transform were used to investigate an 8 h nocturnal period characterized by the coexistence of horizontal meandering and vertical oscillations, rarely observed elsewhere. This ‘nice’ episode represents a good case‐study to compare the two used methodologies and to investigate the phenomenology of the two submeso phenomena simultaneously occurring in a low‐wind‐speed regime. The two methodologies identified the same time‐scale for the detected meandering structures over the whole period. Moreover, the wavelet analysis: (i) was able to discriminate horizontal meandering and gravity waves, which simultaneously developed in the second part of the analysed period; (ii) showed that, in the investigated case, the horizontal meandering was not triggered by gravity waves which appeared later in the night; (iii) highlighted how both gravity waves and meandering can contribute to an increase of the vertical turbulent energy and fluxes, confirming the crucial role of submeso structures in the turbulence production during low‐wind regimes in stable conditions.
New Approaches in Monitoring Multivariate Categorical Processes based on Contingency Tables in Phase II
Authors: Kamranrad Reza , Amiri Amirhossein , Niaki Seyed Taghi Akhavan
Published: October 2016

In some statistical process control (SPC) applications, quality of a process or product is characterized by contingency table. Contingency tables describe the relation between two or more categorical quality characteristics. In this paper, two new control charts based on the WALD and Stuart score test statistics are designed for monitoring of contingency table‐based processes in Phase‐II. The performances of the proposed control charts are compared with the generalized linear test (GLT) control chart proposed in the literature. The results show the better performance of the proposed control charts under small and moderate shifts. Moreover, new schemes are proposed to diagnose which cell corresponding to different levels of categorical variables is responsible for out‐of‐control signal. In addition, we propose EWMA–WALD and EWMA–Stuart score test control charts to improve the performance of Shewhart‐based control charts in detecting small and moderate shifts in contingency table parameters. Meanwhile, we compare the performances of two proposed EWMA‐based control charts with the ones of three existing control charts called EWMA–GLT, EWMA–GLRT and an EWMA‐type control chart for multivariate binomial/multinomial processes along with the ones of the corresponding Shewhart‐based control charts. A numerical example is given to show the efficiency of the proposed methods. Finally, the effect of parameter estimation in Phase I based on m historical contingency table on the performance of the Shewhart‐based control charts is studied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation Strategies to Improve Knowledge and Adherence to Spinal Cord Injury Guidelines
Authors: Reynolds Staci Sue , Murray Laura L. , McLennon Susan M. , Ebright Patricia R. , Bakas Tamilyn
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a bundle of implementation strategies (local opinion leaders, printed educational materials, and educational outreach) to increase neurocritical care nurses’ knowledge of and adherence to spinal cord injury guidelines.

Design:

A preprogram, postprogram, and follow-up design was used to evaluate outcomes.

Methods:

Adherence was measured via self-reported anticipatory adherence; knowledge was measured by an author-developed assessment. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for data analysis.

Findings:

Improvements in nursing knowledge and adherence were found from preprogram to postprogram to follow-up time points.

Conclusions:

Outcomes noted in this study provide additional support for using this bundle of implementation strategies and were consistent with previous research documenting the usefulness of these strategies.

Clinical Relevance:

Although further research is needed, this study highlighted a systematic way of implementing evidence-based practices to improve neurocritical care nurses’ knowledge of and adherence to spinal cord injury guidelines.
An enhanced multi‐server authentication protocol using password and smart‐card: cryptanalysis and design
Authors: Maitra Tanmoy , Islam SK Hafizul , Amin Ruhul , Giri Debasis , Khan Muhammad Khurram , Kumar Neeraj
Published: October 2016

At the present time, application of online communication systems are rapidly increasing and most of the clients depend on a set of servers to fulfill their daily needs. In order to access these servers, a client (user) needs to register to each server with different login credentials. To circumvent this situation, the concept of multi‐server authentication has been adopted, where a user can access all the servers using a single login credential. In this paper, a two‐factor multi‐server authentication protocol, which is proposed by Leu and Hsieh, is analyzed and observed that the forgery attack and the off‐line password‐guessing attack can be made on it. Further, the off‐line password‐guessing attack and other security threats are found in similar kind of multi‐server authentication protocol, which is designed by Li et al. This paper mainly focuses on enhancing the securities of the previously mentioned protocols and thus proposed a new protocol. We have employed formal and informal security analysis to analyze the proposed protocol. The performance of our protocol is also compared with the related protocols. It can also be noted that the designed protocol accomplishes mutual authentication, session key verification, and identity and password change phases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ABKS‐CSC: attribute‐based keyword search with constant‐size ciphertexts
Authors: Yang Ye , Han Jinguang , Susilo Willy , Yuen Tsz Hon , Li Jiguo
Published: October 2016

Attribute‐based keyword search (ABKS) was proposed to enable a third party to search encrypted keywords without compromising the security of the original data. Because it can express flexible access policy, ABKS has attracted a lot of attention. Existing ABKS schemes mainly focused on the expression of access structures, while the computation cost and communication cost are linear with the number of required attributes. Therefore, existing ABKS schemes are unsuitable to the devices that have constrained space and computing power, such as smart phone and tablet.

In this paper, an ABKS with constant‐size ciphertext scheme is proposed. The proposed scheme captures the following nice features: (1) The index encryption algorithm has constant computation cost; (2) the searchable ciphertexts are constant size; (3) the trapdoors for keywords are constant size; and (4) the test algorithm has constant computation cost. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that an ABKS with constant‐size ciphertext scheme is proposed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey and classification of web phishing detection schemes
Authors: Varshney Gaurav , Misra Manoj , Atrey Pradeep K.
Published: October 2016

Phishing is a fraudulent technique that is used over the Internet to deceive users with the goal of extracting their personal information such as username, passwords, credit card, and bank account information. The key to phishing is deception. Phishing uses email spoofing as its initial medium for deceptive communication followed by spoofed websites to obtain the needed information from the victims. Phishing was discovered in 1996, and today, it is one of the most severe cybercrimes faced by the Internet users. Researchers are working on the prevention, detection, and education of phishing attacks, but to date, there is no complete and accurate solution for thwarting them. This paper studies, analyzes, and classifies the most significant and novel strategies proposed in the area of phished website detection, and outlines their advantages and drawbacks. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the latest schemes proposed by researchers in various subcategories is provided. The paper identifies advantages, drawbacks, and research gaps in the area of phishing website detection that can be worked upon in future research and developments. The analysis given in this paper will help academia and industries to identify the best anti‐phishing technique. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitigation of black hole attacks in Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks
Authors: Ahmed Firoz , Ko Young‐Bae
Published: October 2016

Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) has been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force to efficiently manage the functions of the network layer when providing Internet connectivity for wireless sensor networks. RPL has been designed for constrained devices and networks. Owing to their constrained nature, RPL‐based networks can be exposed to a wide variety of security attacks. One of the most serious attacks in RPL is a black hole attack, where a malicious node silently drops all the packets that it is supposed to forward. This paper proposes a mitigation technique against black hole attack with low packet loss and high reliability. The proposed technique consists of a local decision and a global verification process. First, each node observes the communication behavior of its neighboring nodes by overhearing packets transmitted by its neighbors and attempts to identify suspicious nodes based on their behavior. In the second process, if a node identifies a suspicious node, then it verifies whether the suspicious node is a black hole. We demonstrate that the proposed approach increases packet delivery rate significantly and detects black hole attack effectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weighted analysis of composite endpoints with simultaneous inference for flexible weight constraints
Authors: Duc Anh Nguyen , Wolbers Marcel
Published: October 2016

Composite endpoints are widely used as primary endpoints of randomized controlled trials across clinical disciplines. A common critique of the conventional analysis of composite endpoints is that all disease events are weighted equally, whereas their clinical relevance may differ substantially. We address this by introducing a framework for the weighted analysis of composite endpoints and interpretable test statistics, which are applicable to both binary and time‐to‐event data. To cope with the difficulty of selecting an exact set of weights, we propose a method for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals and tests that asymptotically preserve the family‐wise type I error in the strong sense across families of weights satisfying flexible inequality or order constraints based on the theory of
‐distributions. We show that the method achieves the nominal simultaneous coverage rate with substantial efficiency gains over Scheffé's procedure in a simulation study and apply it to trials in cardiovascular disease and enteric fever. © 2016 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The expanding domain of strategic management research and the quest for integration
Authors: Durand Rodolphe , Grant Robert M. , Madsen Tammy L.
Published: October 2016

Research summary: This special issue of Strategic Management Journal was motivated by concern that the growing scope and diversity of the strategic management field creates the risk of incoherence and fragmentation and the belief that research reviews could contribute to synthesis and integration. In this introductory essay, we address the expanding domain of strategic management, consider where its boundaries lie, identify the forces engendering fragmentation, and discuss how this special issue—and research reviews in general—can assist convergence within the field of strategy. We conclude by addressing the potential for integration more broadly in relation to the theories we deploy, the phenomena we investigate, and cohesiveness of our scholarly community.

Managerial summary: The expanding domain of strategic management reflects the widening range of strategic issues that practising managers face. However, the fragmentation that has accompanied this broadening scope impedes the usefulness of strategic management research in guiding strategic decision making. We argue that reviews of strategic management research, such as those included within this special issue, can support the accumulation of an integrated, empirically-validated knowledge base which is essential to informing management practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐border acquisitions by state‐owned firms: How do legitimacy concerns affect the completion and duration of their acquisitions?
Authors: Li Jing , Xia Jun , Lin Zhouyu
Published: October 2016

Research summary: Cross‐border acquisitions may raise legitimacy concerns by host‐country stakeholders, affecting the acquisition outcomes of foreign firms. We propose that theorization by local regulatory agencies is a key mechanism that links legitimacy concerns with acquisition outcomes. Given that theorization is time consuming and its outcome is uncertain, we argue that state‐owned foreign firms experience a lower likelihood of acquisition completion and a longer duration for completing a deal than other foreign firms. Moreover, we introduce a set of firm characteristics (target public status, target R&D alliances, and acquirer acquisition and alliance experiences) that may affect the threshold level of legitimacy, thereby altering the proposed relationships. Our framework and findings provide useful implications for institutional theory on its core concept of legitimacy.

Managerial summary: Cross‐border acquisitions by state‐owned foreign firms may lead to national security concerns and thus debates and discussions among local regulatory agencies. We argue that such institutional processes may reduce the likelihood of acquisition completion and prolong the duration of acquisition completion. Using cross‐border acquisitions in the United States, we find that acquisitions by state‐owned foreign firms are not less likely to be completed than acquisitions by other foreign firms, but they take more time to be completed. Moreover, state‐owned foreign firms are less likely to complete an acquisition when the target firm has more R&D alliances. However, their acquisition experience and alliance experience in the host country increase the likelihood of acquisition completion, whereas their alliance experience alone shortens the acquisition duration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.