bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nut Intake and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in the Adventist Health Study‐2
Authors: EL‐AMARI SALEM S , DEHOM SALEM , SABATE JOAN
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the potential link between nut intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in a North American cohort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

58,594 participants (64.7% female) from the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS‐2), a cohort study relating several lifestyle features with health outcomes, with an average age of 58years was longitudinally analyzed. This cohort included 2118 incident case of type 2 diabetes. Subjects’ total nut intake (tree nuts plus peanuts) was derived from the baseline food frequency questionnaire (validity correlation for nuts= 0.57). Logistic regression analysis was performed controlling for various relevant demographic and biological confounders.

RESULTS

Comparing high versus low intake of nuts (3rd tertile versus 1st tertile) in the multivariable adjusted model, participants with high nut intake had reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65, 0.85, p < 0.0001). Further adjustment for BMI attenuated this link and turned it non‐significant. On stratification analysis by BMI, the nut intake‐type 2 diabetes relation was significant among overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) but not in lean subjects.

CONCLUSION

The present analysis suggests that long term high nut intake lowers type 2 diabetes risk, particularly among individuals with high BMI. These findings are consistent with those of other cohort and long term intervention studies.

Support or Funding Information

National Cancer Institute funded the original study (5R01 CA094594).
Osteoporosis Prevention Program: Evaluation of Nutritional Intake, Cognition and Bone Density for Sub‐Metropolitan people in Taiwan
Authors: YANG PINCHUN , Chen Chihhwa , Chiou Hung‐Yi , Li Yu‐Ling , Hsu Guoo‐Shyng Wang
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic metabolic bone disease, and people with osteoporosis could easily lead to fractures. In 2010, fifty thousand Taiwanese elderly had hip fractures, and the mortality rate of men within a year after the fracture occurred is 22 % and 15% for women. Nutritional intake, such as deficiency of calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, and low physical activities may cause the change of bone growth and metabolism. The nutritional status is one of risk factors that cause the Taiwanese elderly suffered from osteoporosis. Therefore, this purpose of study is to survey the nutritional intake, cognition and bone status in Taiwanese elderly. One thousand forty‐two subjects whose ages over 45‐year‐old in sub‐metropolitan area were recruited in this study to measure the bone mass density by ultrasound scanner in 2013 and 2014. Meanwhile, food‐frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the use of supplement, the cognition of osteoporosis and One‐Minute Osteoporosis Risk Test from the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) were collected. The assessment is for studying the prevalence, prevention, knowing, and treatment of osteoporosis and calculating the risk about osteoporosis in high‐risk population of the communities. The average of the subjects is 60.5 ± 12.1 years old, and the percentage of female is 74.3%. Moreover, the T value for bone mass density is −1.5 ± 0.9. In this area, the female whose T score below −2.5 is eight time higher than males. The educational level is significantly related to the classification of bone level (P<0.05). The knowing of osteoporosis is also related to bone density (P<0.05). There are 46% of subjects who have never tested their bone density before. The result of IOF risk test indicates that 52% of this population has moderate level of risk for osteoporosis. The dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D are significantly related to the bone density, but there is no significant relationship between nutritional knowledge and actual intake. In conclusion, the strategies of osteoporosis prevention should base on educational levels and the improvement of nutritional knowledge and intake related to osteoporosis prevention in Taiwanese elderly is crucial.

Support or Funding Information

The Taiwanese Osteoporosis Association, Taipei Medical University, and Fu Jen Catholic University
Innovation and Changes in Child Nutrition Programs: National and State of Louisiana
Authors: Champagne Catherine M , Carmichael Catherine H , Allen Raymond , Stracener Judy , Campbell Melissa , Dupre John
Published: November 2023

The Healthy, Hunger Free Kids Act (HHFKA) of 2010, a reauthorization of the Child Nutrition Act sets new nutrition standards for meal patterns, food sold and served in schools, and requires training and professional standards development for all school nutrition personnel. Major improvements are being made across the country and in Louisiana to incorporate these standards, increase access to healthy food and promote student wellness. The National School Lunch and National School Breakfast Programs improve diet, reduce food insecurity and improve overall health. In April 2015, LSU's Pennington Biomedical Research Center partnered with the Louisiana Department of Education's Division of Nutrition Support to launch the Louisiana Fit Kids project, which aims to strengthen child nutrition programs through a variety of key initiatives. An interactive website was launched to include meal planning, assist with implementation of professional standards requirements for child nutrition personnel, house the approved Smart Snacks listing for Louisiana, and other child nutrition topics. High on the priority list is the completion of a statewide needs assessment to determine training needs, technical assistance requirements, and other priorities which will help allocate resources for future action plans. The needs assessment survey was launched in September 2015 with plans to publish results by January 2016. The data collected will be analyzed to categorize the five regions of the state in terms of trainings needed, technology available and other aspects of their child nutrition program. Portions of the survey include questions about barriers to successful implementation of the child nutrition program, along with training needs related to meal planning and meal pattern requirements. Preliminary data suggest barriers to meal participation vary between 33–83%, trainings related to meal planning vary between 29–63% or meal pattern requirements vary between 40–57%. Complete survey results will point to differences in the five regions of the state and will allow comparisons to other states and national child nutrition data. Louisiana has set some standards differently from USDA, primarily restricting calorie content in the Smart Snacks listing and with several products excluded that have been exempted by USDA. Results of the needs assessment survey and differences between Louisiana and USDA will be the focus of this presentation, along with a discussion of future directions for this project which has Louisiana on the forefront of high achievements in the realm of child nutrition within the school system.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by the Louisiana Department of Education, Division of Nutrition Support
Parenting Practices of Arab Mothers Related to Obesogenic Dietary Behaviors in Children Ages 6 – 10 Years Old
Authors: Tami Suzan H , Reed Debra B
Published: November 2023

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate parenting practices of Arab mothers related to the development of healthy and unhealthy dietary behaviors in their children, and the challenges and successful strategies of these mothers to improve their children's dietary behaviors.

Methods

Guided by Social Cognitive Theory, five focus groups (n = 23) were conducted to collect data on parenting practices of these Arab mothers in the Dallas, Texas area related to dietary behaviors of their children.

Results

In this exploratory qualitative study, mothers wanted their children to have a healthier diet (stop eating junk and fast foods, stop drinking sweetened beverages, limit consuming processed foods, eat fewer carbohydrates, and increase vegetable intake). Mothers also wanted better time management to achieve healthier meal preparation. However, struggles/challenges during meal preparation and mealtime reported by these mothers included: picky eaters, different child/family preferences, child age differences, low vegetable intake, child being distracted by sweets and technology, and lack of time. To promote their children's dietary behaviors, mothers reported using healthy and unhealthy parenting feeding practices. Positive parenting feeding practices included: no pressure to eat; providing healthier alternative foods; letting child choose what to eat from the dish; child self‐serving foods; involving child in food preparation; adding vegetables to dishes; minimizing junk food consumption; allowing child to switch foods that are nutritionally similar; and providing information about the nutritional benefits of the food served. Negative parenting feeding practices included: pressuring child to eat; spoon‐feeding; rewarding with sweets, technology, or money; bribing; and warning to not have sweets or play video games.

Conclusion

Positive parenting practices and strategies by these Arab mothers should be supported. Nutrition interventions are needed to address the negative parenting practices that may not be effective in promoting healthy, long‐term dietary behaviors consistent with obesity prevention.

Support or Funding Information

None
Usual impact of vegetable and red meat intake on urinary nitrate
Authors: Wu Tianying , Sonoda Samantha , Ollberding Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) compare the effectiveness of non‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire (NFFQ) to one‐time or multiple 24‐hr recalls on assessing the associations of vegetable and red meat intakes with urinary nitrate; 2) to determine the associations of vegetable and red meat intakes with urinary nitrate. Nitrate‐related metabolic pathways have emerged as a fascinating topic because promising benefits of using nitrate supplement on several cardiovascular related outcomes in animal and small‐scaled human intervention studies. In the past, most people consider that processed meat is the main source of nitrate exposure and nitrate is carcinogenic. In fact, the major exogenous nitrate exposure comes from vegetables. Our recent study has shown that increased levels of plasma nitrate are associated with reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Thus, understanding how vegetables and red meat influence circulating nitrate levels will help understand how food modulate nitrate related etiologic factors for cardiovascular, cancer and other outcomes. We seek to untangle the mystery of vegetable‐nitrate and red meat‐nitrate associations in a large observational study. We conduct a cross‐sectional analysis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2005–2006, among 7,683 participants. Urinary nitrate was measured, and NFFQ and two‐time 24‐hr recalls were collected among these participants. We have found a positive association between vegetable intakes and urinary nitrate and an inverse association between red meat intakes and urinary nitrate by using either non‐quantitative NFFQ or averaged two‐time 24‐hr recalls. The magnitudes of the results were stronger when using NFFQ. Further, using NFFQ, we found that urinary nitrate intake increased by 26%, and decreased by 16% when comparing persons with the highest to the lowest quintile of vegetable intake and red meat intake, respectively. Lastly, we found that the results from the 24‐hr recall collected a few days after urine collection (but not the 24‐hr recall on the day of urine collection) are consistent with NFFQ results. The trend of vegetable‐urinary nitrate and red meat‐urinary nitrate associations from NFFQ and averaged 24‐hr recalls were consistent with our previous published findings using plasma nitrate measurement in the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study, where only semi‐quantitative FFQ (SFFQ) was administered. In summary, we conclude that dietary assessment with NFFQ, SFFQ, or average 24‐hr recalls will yield similar results when evaluating red meat‐circulating nitrate or vegetable‐circulating nitrate associations. Measurement of circulating nitrate using either urine or plasma will yield similar results. Our results are valuable for uncovering the underlying mechanism for diet‐nitrate associated chronic diseases and for designing long‐term dietary intervention studies targeting circulating nitrate.

Support or Funding Information

NCI KO7
Hypoxia Compromised Barrier Integrity in IPEC‐J2 Monolayer Independent of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Liu Fan , Lyte Joshua M. , Gabler Nicholas K. , Dunshea Frank R.
Published: November 2023

Hypoxia is a known antagonist of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity; however, it is unknown if oxidative stress (OS) plays a mechanistic role. Therefore, this study investigates the role of OS in hypoxia‐compromised barrier integrity using non‐transformed porcine jejunum cell line, IPEC‐J2. We hypothesized an alleviation of OS would attenuate hypoxia‐induced declines in IPEC‐J2 monolayer barrier integrity. IPEC‐J2 cells were cultured in transwell inserts to form a polarized epithelial monolayer. Thereafter, upon confirmation of monolayer polarization and stabilization via transepithelial resistance (TER, > 3 kΩ), cells were incubated with either apical media fortified with 200 nM selenium‐methyl‐selenocysteine hydrochloride (Se) or vehicle control for 72 h. Then these confluent treated monolayers were exposed to either normoxia (20% oxygen) or hypoxia (1% oxygen) conditions for 24 h. Barrier integrity was then quantified by TER and 4k Da FITC‐Dextran (FD4) permeability. Tight junction proteins were assessed by immunofluorescence (IF) for distribution. Together with glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX) assay in cell lysates, protein abundances were assessed via western blots. Data were analyzed in a 2×2 factorial design (n=12/trt) by two‐way ANOVA for the fixed effects of hypoxia, Se and their interaction. Cell viability was not affected by hypoxia treatment (P=0.24). However compared to normoxia, hypoxia treatment tended to increase in HIF‐1α protein abundance (P=0.09), markedly decreased TER (P<0.001) by 66%, and increased FD4 permeability by 88% (P<0.001). Although Claudin‐4 total protein abundance was increased by 115% (P=0.002) due to hypoxia, IF of this tight junction indicated Claudin‐4 was internalized from cell membrane in response 72 h of hypoxia. Myosin light chain kinase protein abundance and Zona Occludens‐1 (ZO‐1) distribution was not different between normal and hypoxia. Interestingly, hypoxia did not induce OS as measured by intracellular reactive oxygen species production using the 2′,7′‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate probe (P=0.18). Although Se enhanced GPX activity by 38% (P<0.001) regardless of oxygen level, Se did not protect IPEC‐J2 cells from hypoxia induced decreases in monolayer barrier integrity (TER, FD4, IF). In a conclusion, hypoxia compromised IPEC‐J2 monolayer barrier integrity independent of OS. The enhanced GPX activity by Se enrichment did not alleviate hypoxia‐induced changes in IPEC‐J2 monolayer barrier integrity.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by Overseas Research Experience Scholarship of University of Melbourne and Australian Pork Limited Study Award
Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia) and Wine Phytochemicals Mitigates Dextran Sulfate Sodium‐ induced Colitis in Mice
Authors: Li Ruiqi , Sandhu Amandeep K , Gao Chi , Gu Liwei
Published: November 2023

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of inflammatory conditions of the intestines. Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) are grown southeastern U.S. with a unique profile of bioactive phytochemicals. The objective of this study was to determine the anti‐inflammatory effects of phytochemical extracts from muscadine grapes or wine on dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis in mice. Muscadine grape phytochemicals (MGP) and muscadine wine phytochemicals (MWP) were obtained using resin adsorption‐desorption approach. Two groups of female C57BL/6J mice (8 mice per group) were gavaged with 500 mg/kg per day of MGP or MWP for 14 days. Acute colitis was induced by 3% dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water for 7 days. The severity of colonic Inflammation was evaluated by disease activity index, colon length, macroscopic, histopathological analysis, myeloperoxidase activity, and levels of inflammatory cytokines. It was found that MGP and MWP prevented weight loss, reduced disease activity index, and preserved colonic length. Supplementation of MGP or MWP in diet significantly decreased myeloperoxidase activity as well as the levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α in colon (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that muscadine grape or wine phytochemicals exert anti‐inflammatory effects which may be useful for the prevention and treatment of the inflammatory bowel disease via regulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokine production.

Support or Funding Information

This research was supported in part by Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Impact of Modified Dietary Education Combined with High Energy/Protein Meals during Hemodialysis Treatment on Protein and Phosphorus Intake and Nutritional Status in Hypoalbuminemic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Dizon Francis , Wang Long , Parsons Tara , Gray Virginia , Reiboldt Wendy
Published: November 2023

Background

Low serum albumin and a high dietary phosphorus to dietary protein ratio (PPR) have been tied to malnutrition among maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. In turn, malnutrition is an alarming risk factor for increased mortality amongst this population. The administration of high protein/high calorie meals during dialysis in tandem with modified nutrition education may help alleviate hypoalbuminemia and an elevated PPR. Research on these strategies is limited.

Methods

An 8‐week randomized control trial of 110 MHD participants (18 to 85 years, mean age = 54±15 SD, 48 males, 62 females) with serum albumin <4.0 g/dL from DaVita Dialysis centers in the greater Los Angeles area was conducted. The intervention group (n=55) was provided with high protein/high calorie meals during MHD as well as outpatient nutrition education that focused on lowering dietary phosphorus intake, while the control group (n=55) received low protein/low calorie meals and minimal nutrition education. Dietary intake data were collected from a 3‐day food diary or 24‐hour recall and meal intake forms during MHD treatment. Independent samples t‐tests were used to examine pre‐ and post‐study changes in 1) dietary intake in MHD patients expressed by PPR and 2) serum albumin, with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

Results

No significant association was found between intervention (meal provision during MHD treatment and modified nutrition education) and serum albumin (t = −0.21, p = 0.84). While not significant at p ≤ 0.05, there was a near significant difference in changes in PPR (t = −1.71, p = 0.09) between the intervention and control groups. PPR was shown to decrease in the intervention group post‐study.

Conclusion

This study found a near significant association between meal provision during MHD treatment combined with modified nutrition education and changes in PPR post‐study, but not with serum albumin levels. These results indicate a need for further studies of meal provision during MHD treatment as well as longer‐term studies on modified nutrition education in an effort to establish dietary behavior change and decrease PPR.

Support or Funding Information

This study was supported by the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, as part of the Fosrenol for Enhancing Dietary Protein Intake in Hypoalbuminemic Dialysis Patients Study
Lessons Learned from the Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (BEST) Awards
Authors: Labosky Patricia
Published: November 2023

Success of the entire biomedical research enterprise relies on the creativity, innovation, and dedication of the scientific workforce. There is ongoing concern that the long training time and the declining percentage of PhD graduates that obtain independent academic research positions are making biomedical research a less attractive career. Additionally, although many graduates are moving into essential research‐related occupations rather than research‐intensive positions, many current training programs do little to prepare trainees for these other career options. The NIH is committed to supporting a sustainable and robust workforce equipped to address the greatest challenges and opportunities in biomedical research, recognizing that traditional research‐intensive positions are not the only means by which PhD graduates can meaningfully contribute to the biomedical research enterprise. To address this need and based on recommendations from the Advisory Committee to the Director (ACD) Working Group on Biomedical Workforce, the NIH Common Fund launched the “Strengthening the Biomedical Research Workforce” program as one component of a trans‐NIH strategy to enhance training opportunities for early career scientists to better prepare them for a variety of career options in the dynamic biomedical workforce landscape.

These awards, also called the Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (BEST) awards, are providing support for institutions to develop innovative approaches to complement traditional research training in biomedical sciences. Institutions are encouraged to partner with industry or other entities to provide a wealth of diverse training opportunities for their trainees, and the awardees have formed a network to share experiences and determine best practices. One of the novelties of this program is the NIH cross‐site evaluation of all the programs. The desired impacts of the program include: 1) enhancing trainee agency to make career decisions, 2) reduced time to desired, non‐training, non‐terminal career opportunities and reduced time in postdoctoral positions, and 3) the creation and/or further development of institutional infrastructure to continue the BEST‐like activities. This rigorous analysis will assess impact at the home institutions, and proven approaches will be widely disseminated throughout the training community.

Support or Funding Information

These awards are supported by the NIH Common Fund.
Retinoic Acid and Insulin Synergize to Increase the Expression Levels of Glycogen Synthase in L6 Rat Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Goff Matthew , Chen Guoxun
Published: November 2023

The skeletal muscle as a whole has the biggest capacity for glucose utilization. The regulation of its glucose metabolism can affect whole body glucose homeostasis significantly. As an essential micronutrient, vitamin A (VA) plays a critical role in a number of physiological functions including glucose metabolism. However, its role in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism has not been well established. Insulin controls glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle via the regulations of glucose uptake, glycogenesis, and glycolysis. We hypothesize that insulin and VA signaling pathways may converge to regulate glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle. Here, the effects of retinoic acid (RA) alone and in combination with insulin on glucose utilization in rat L6 muscle cell line were studied. L6 cells were maintained in DMEM with 10% FBS until ~100% confluence and induced differentiation in medium containing 2% horse serum (HS). The differentiating cells were treated with RA (1 μM) and insulin (10 nM) for a period of 6 days. Media were collected every 2 days for the measurements of pH and remaining glucose levels, and total protein was extracted for western blot analysis. In comparison with the cells treated with 2% HS alone, insulin treatment alone induced glucose usage indicated by the drop of glucose levels in the culture medium after 2 days of treatment. Compared to cells in the 2% HS control groups, cells treated with RA utilized significantly more glucose at days 4 and 6. RA synergized with insulin to increase glucose usage at 4 and 6 days after treatment. RA and insulin synergistically increased the protein expression levels of glycogen synthase, but not that of lactate dehydrogenase. To determine possible nuclear receptors responsible for the RA effect, L6 cells were treated with 1 μM of TTNPB, LG268 or TO1317, specific agonists for RA receptor specific, retinoid × receptor, or liver × receptor, respectively. Only the TTNPB mimics the effects of RA to increase glucose usage and the expression level of glycogen synthase in the presence of insulin. Therefore, we conclude that RA and insulin signaling pathways work cooperatively to enhance muscle cell glucose utilization through the induction of expression level of glycogen synthase.
Differences in dietary glycemic load among young adults with and without acne
Authors: Burris Jennifer Christine , Rietkerk William , Shikany James M , Woolf Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Acne is a common skin disease affecting individuals of all ages. Although acne pathogenesis is multifactorial, acne development may be associated with dietary factors, such as glycemic index and glycemic load. This study investigated differences in diet among healthy young adults with and without acne. Thirty‐two participants (22 ± 4 years) with moderate to severe acne (n=8 males, n=24 females) and 32 participants with no acne (n=6 males, n=26 females) completed a 5‐day food record and health history questionnaire. Self‐reported diet was analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR). A dermatologist assessed acne using digital photographs. There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index (BMI), energy intake, and dietary glycemic index between groups. Participants with acne reported lesser intake of available carbohydrate (total carbohydrate – dietary fiber) (157 ± 50 g/d) and greater intake of dietary glycemic load [131±51 (GI × CHO g/d)] compared to participants with no acne [available carbohydrate = 236 ± 74 g/d and dietary glycemic load=99±34 (GI × CHO g/d)] (p=<0.001 and p=0.006). These results suggest an association between dietary glycemic load and acne. Future research is necessary to further characterize the impact of dietary glycemic load on acne.

Support or Funding Information

New York University Steinhardt Doctoral Grant Award
California Dates have a Low Glycemic Index as determined by both in vitro and in vivo methods
Authors: Rainey Charlene J.
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient composition and glycemic index (GI) of dates using in vitro methodology, and compare it to the GI for dates previously reported from in vivo studies. GI is an indicator of the relative human glycemic response to dietary carbohydrate in a food. An in vitro analytical method previously used to predict estimates of GI for a variety of foods was found to be comparable to that obtained via in vivo testing. Although in vitro methods for predicting GI using simulated digestion and artificial neural networks have been developed to rapidly predict the GI of a variety of food products, this has not yet been performed for dates. Two varieties of fresh, whole, California dates (deglet noor and medjool) without pits were collected from the growing area in Coachella Valley, California. The two varieties were combined in equal parts and analyzed together. Methodology involved simulating human digestion (using hydrochloric acid and enzymes) followed by HPLC analysis for glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltitol in the digestate. The results were modeled to predict the GI. This in vitro method was proven to be a more cost effective and rapid method compared to in vivo testing for cereals and other fruits. The results show that dates are rich in carbohydrates (77%), fibers (6.4 – 11%), and the sugar alcohol sorbitol (0.68%). They are low in moisture (17% to 30%), proteins (2%) and fatty acids (1%), nutrient dense in potassium (7190 ppm), and rich in anthocyanidins, well known antioxidants. Generally, low GI foods are defined as having a GI of 55 or less. In vitro methods for determining GI previously reported in the literature average 42 ± 4 on a scale of 100, indicative that the food has a low GI. Analysis using the in vitro testing method revealed that dates had a GI of 46.18 on a scale of 100. In conclusion, the in vitro method of testing used herein produces an accurate estimate of glycemic Index for dates. Dates are a nutrient dense, healthy whole fruit that can be used as an ingredient in food products, with the benefit of having a low glycemic index. In vitro methods for testing dates are useful in estimating accurate GI as a screening tool relative to other food ingredients.

Support or Funding Information

California Date Commission
Influence of Omega‐6 and Omega‐3 HUFA Status on Appetite
Authors: Montain Scott J , Johannsen Neil M , Marriott Bernadette M , Hibbeln Joseph R , Hawes Michael R , Berry Kevin G , Champagne Catherine M
Published: November 2023

Inrodent models, diets with elevated %n‐6 fatty acids lead to elevated endocannabinoid concentrations and obesity.

PURPOSE

To test if a diet that lowers the %n‐6 and increases %n‐3 HUFA in humans would change fasting appetite and measures of satiety in response to a standardized meal.

METHODS

Volunteers were randomly assigned to energy balanced diets with varying fatty acid composition: a control diet plus placebo smoothie(CON+PS; n=23; 1.6 g n‐6/100 g, and 0.01 g n‐3 HUFA/100 g food), an experimental diet +placebo smoothie (EXP+PS; n=24; 0.6 g n‐6/100 g, and 0.06 g n‐3 HUFA/100 g food), or EXP plusn‐3 fortified smoothie (EXP+ES; n=21; 0.6 g n‐6/100 g, and 0.13 g n‐3 HUFA/100g food) for 10 weeks. Before and after the 10 week diet intervention, the volunteers consumed a test meal – an early morning oatmeal breakfast (400 kcal, 16% protein, 58% CHO, 26% fat, 5 g of fiber) and assessments of appetite were recorded before, at 30,45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after the meal with visual analog scales for hunger, fullness, and desire to eat, and with the Satiety Labeled Intensity Magnitude Scale.

RESULTS

Fasting appetite and post‐prandial satiety measures were similar between diet groups both before and after the 10 week diet intervention, despite EXP+PS and EXP+ES substantially lowering of red blood cell %n‐6 (at 10weeks: CON+PS: 78.6±1.4, EXP+PS: 66.6±4.0, EXP+ES: 60.1±3.1; p<0.05) and increasing the n‐3 index (at 10 weeks: CON+PS: 3.6±0.4, EXP+PS:5.9±1.0, EXP+ES: 7.5±0.9; p<0.05),

CONCLUSION

These data suggest that dietary interventions to lower %n‐6 and increase %n‐3 HUFA are unlikely to influence appetite. The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Dept. Army, Dept. Defense, or the U.S. Government.

Support or Funding Information

This project was supported in part by a Dept of Defense Grant (W81XWH‐06‐02‐0009) to Samueli Institute
The Effect of Intensity of Exercise on Appetite and Food Intake in Post‐Exercise Period
Authors: Jahan‐mihan Alireza , Magyari Peter , Pinkstaff Sherry , Palamidy Valeria , Drake Kristen , Quinn Christine
Published: November 2023

The intensity of exercise may influence appetite and short‐term food intake in post‐exercise period. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of moderate and vigorous exercise on post‐exercise appetite and food intake in normal weight young males.

Methods

This study was a cross‐over design. Recreationally active male subjects (n=8, age 21.8 ± 2.1 years, BMI 21.8± 1.4) completed all three following interventions in 3 sessions in a random order for 30 min: 1) Moderate intensity exercise (MI‐E) at 50% heart rate reserve (HRR), 2) Vigorous intensity exercise (VI‐E) at 75% HRR, and 3) Non‐exercise control (NEC). The sessions were separated by at least three days. At each session, 3 hours after a standard breakfast (500 cal), subjects completed one of the interventions and 30 min after completion of intervention, subjects were instructed to eat pizza until they were comfortably full. Food intake was measured. Desire to eat and feeling of fullness were also measured by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

RESULTS

Calorie consumption after MI‐E was higher than after VI‐E (1612 ± 311 cal vs 1127.1 ± 262 cal, p<0.05) but not different from NEC (1270.9 ± 290 cal). Consistently, desire to eat was stronger right after exercise in MI‐E compared with VI‐E (6.4 ± 0.63 vs 5.04 ± 0.27, p<0.03), while it was stronger right after meal in VI‐E compared with MI‐E (2.99 ± 1.37 vs 0.41 ± 0.1, p<0.05). However, stronger desire to eat in VI‐E after meal did not result in further food intake.

CONCLUSION

Intensity of exercise influenced short‐term appetite and food intake in post‐exercise period. Desire to eat and calorie consumption were lower after VI‐E compared with MI‐E.
Metabolic Control of Cell Death : The Role of Bcl‐xL
Authors: Park Han‐A , Licznerski Pawel , Niu Yulong , Mnatsakanyan Nelli , Miranda Paige , Wu Jing , Sacchetti Silvio , Polster Brian M , Alavian Kambiz N , Jonas Elizabeth A
Published: November 2023

B‐cell lymphoma‐extra large (Bcl‐xL) protein is an anti‐apoptotic member of the Bcl2 family. In contrast to its protective functions, Bcl‐xL is also capable of playing a pro‐apoptotic role. ΔN‐Bcl‐xL, the C‐terminal cleavage product of Bcl‐xL, is produced during brain ischemia and activates large conductance mitochondrial channel activity. We hypothesized that regulation of ΔN‐Bcl‐xL activity or levels is critical for neuronal survival or death. We achieved ΔN‐Bcl‐xL potentiation or arrest by using different concentrations of ABT‐737, a specific small molecule inhibitor of Bcl‐xL. We further investigated how ΔN‐Bcl‐xL could regulate neuronal energy metabolism by interaction with the mitochondrial ATP synthase.

In this study, we find that a high concentration of ABT‐737 (1μM) blocks the effects of full length Bcl‐xL but a low concentration of ABT‐737 (10 nM) inhibits ΔN‐Bcl‐xL. We tested whether ABT‐737 exerts neuroprotective properties by altering mitochondrial membrane permeability during cell death stimuli. We found that ΔN‐Bcl‐xL levels are enhanced after glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity. Pre‐treatment of neurons with 1μM ABT‐737 aggravated glutamate‐induced death. We observed a loss of mitochondrial potential and a decline in ATP production in high ABT‐737 and glutamate treated cells. In contrast, pre‐treatment with 10nM ABT‐737, a hundred fold lower concentration, rescued neurons from death and augmented mitochondrial potential and ATP production similarly to effects of Cyclosporine A (CsA) during glutamate challenge. Incubation of recombinant ΔN‐Bcl‐xL protein with isolated mitochondria significantly reduced mitochondrial potential, rescued by CsA or low ABT‐737. This suggests involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), the relative closure of which may improveneuronal survival. To confirm this, we depleted the c‐subunit of the ATP synthase, the putative mPTP. We found that c‐subunit depletion is neuroprotective against the metabolic death‐inducing effect of ΔN‐Bcl‐xL in glutamate‐exposed neurons.

Our findings suggest that low concentrations of Bcl‐xL inhibitors may promote survival by preferentially binding to the pro‐apoptotic form of Bcl‐xL even as high concentrations potentiate cell death in malignant cells and in neurons.

Support or Funding Information

NIH NS04587
Effect of the Amount and Type of Fatty Acids in the diet on Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Oxidation
Authors: Lopez‐Salazar Valeria , Tovar Armando R , Torres Nimbe
Published: November 2023

We have demonstrated that PPARα stimulates fatty acid (FA) oxidation and represses amino acid oxidation. The aim of the present study was to asses whether the amount and type of FA in the diet may regulate FA oxidation in PPARα knockout mice. After 3 month of oil consumption, the final body weight gain was similar in wild type (WT) or knockout (KO) mice. Mice fed 21% soybean oil (SO) had the highest body weight gain and fat content, whereas those fed oleic oil (OO) showed the highest lean body mass and the lowest body fat content. KO mice showed lower serum glucose than WT mice. Interestingly, WT or KO mice fed with SO showed the lowest LDL‐C concentration. KO mice showed lower glucose tolerance than WT mice fed with SO or Coconut oil (CO). KO or WT mice fed with 21% oil showed lower RER (0.9) with respect to mice fed 7%. Liver FA composition was dependent of the type of fat consumed (7 or 21%). Mice fed CO showed higher hepatic lipid depots than those fed SO or OO. Only mice fed 21% OO showed an increase in the mRNA abundance of genes of FA oxidation than those fed 7%. Mice fed 21% SO showed an increase in FA oxidation (CPT‐1) and a decrease in amino acid oxidation (SDH). These results indicate that long term consumption of OO increases lean body mass and FA oxidation, whereas SO significantly decreases LDL‐Cholesterol. Finally, CO significantly increases hepatic lipid droplets.

Support or Funding Information

CONACYT 2015 (to NT)
The Influence of Dietary Fat and Vitamin D on Adiposity and Vitamin D Metabolism in Older Female Mice
Authors: Wang Yang , Miller Joshua W , Shapses Sue A
Published: November 2023

Obesity induced by high fat diets (HFDs) has been shown to be inversely associated with vitamin D status in both humans and rodents. However, it is unclear whether obesity causes reduced vitamin D status, or if vitamin D deficiency is contributing to body adiposity. Additionally, whether different types of fatty acids have specific effects on vitamin D metabolism has not been addressed. In this study, we examined 35 eight‐month‐old female C57BL/6J mice that were fed one of five diets including a normal fat diet (NFD; 10% fat energy) and a HFD (45% fat) that was either enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) all containing standard vitamin D levels (1000 IU/kg diet). Additionally, there were two other HFD‐SFA diets with either a high (10,000 IU/kg diet) or low (100 IU/kg diet) level of vitamin D. Mice were analyzed for body composition, hepatic lipid, serum 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) concentration, and protein expression of major vitamin D hydroxylases. After 10wk of ad libitum feeding, the HFDs resulted in greater energy intake, weight gain, total body fat and liver fat; and lower serum 25(OH)D than the NFD group (P < 0.05). There was no differential effect due to the type of fatty acid consumed (SFAs vs. MUFAs), but low vitamin D intake exacerbated adiposity during high fat feeding. It is concluded that the combination of low dietary vitamin D and high fat intake leads to excessive adiposity. However, supplemental vitamin D has no beneficial effects on preventing HFD‐induced obesity.

Support or Funding Information

NIH‐AG12161 (SAS) and Rutgers Univ. School of Environmental & Biological Sciences (JWM)
Branched chain fatty acid content of edible portions of northeastern U.S. freshwater fish
Authors: Wang Dong Hao , Rudstam Lars , Jackson Randy , Twinning Cornelia , Zollweg‐Horan Emily , Kraft Cliff , Honeyfield Dale , Lawrence Peter , Kothapalli Kumar , Brenna J. Thomas
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are major components of skin/membranes across various mammals and bacterial genera. BCFA are bioactive and alter gut microbiota. Intake of BCFA, mainly from dairy/beef was estimated at 500 mg per day in US. Our goal was to investigate BCFA levels in common freshwater fish species.

Methods

We captured over 20 fish species from several lakes and streams in New York and Pennsylvania. We dissected larger fish and sampled muscle tissue from dorsal and caudal fins as well as the belly and the skin. Smaller fish were entirely grinded before processing. All samples were extracted, saponified and methylated. BCFA profiles were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

Results

BCFA content varied across species and ranged from 0.6–2.7%, w/w of total fatty acids in fish muscle samples, with an overall mean of 1.2%. Some low trophic level fishes, such as killifish, rainbow smelt, and juvenile pumpkinseed, had over 2% BCFA while some common game fish species white perch, yellow perch, smallmouth bass, and walleye had about 1% BCFA, w/w or less of total fatty acids. A few low trophic level fishes such as fantail darter in the same perch family as yellow perch and walleye had low BCFA levels, suggesting influences related to phylogenetic structure. Skin contained between 1.2–3.2% BCFA, w/w of total fatty acids. Across all species sampled, skin samples had higher BCFA levels compared to muscle samples. The overall fatty acid profile, including BCFA was similar across muscles from different parts of a fish. The major BCFA in fish are iso‐15:0, anteiso‐15:0, iso‐16:0, iso‐17:0 and anteiso‐17:0. Trace amounts of iso‐13:0, anteiso‐13:0, iso‐14:0, iso‐18:0, anteiso‐19:0 and iso‐20:0 were also detected.

Conclusion

Many low‐trophic‐level fishes had BCFA levels comparable with dairy products and their skin samples showed higher BCFA content than muscle.

Support or Funding Information

NIH R01 AT007003
Inverse association of serum docosahexaenoic acid with newly diagnosed hypertensive patients
Authors: Li Duo , Yang Bo , Wang Fenglei , Ding Fang , Yu Wei
Published: November 2023

Objective

Observational studies on circulating fatty acid (FA) and risk primary prevention of hypertension have yielded inconsistent results, and the association among Chinese is not fully clear. The aim of the study was to discern important FAs that can discriminate hypertensive patients from normotensive persons, and investigate associations between the important FAs and risk of hypertension.

Methods

We conducted a case‐control study nested within a community‐based cohort of 2447 Chinese participants aged 35–79 years who completed a baseline assessment between October 2012 and April 2013. Totally, 480 cases with newly diagnosed hypertension were identified at baseline and 480 normotensive subjects were randomly selected as matched normotensive controls. Controls were individually matched to cases by age (±2 years), gender and recruitment centre with a 1:1 case‐control ratio. Serum FA profile was compared between cases and controls by orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analyses (OPLS‐DA). Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for newly diagnosed hypertension was estimated by a conditional logistical analysis.

Results

After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), education, profession, family history of hypertension, salt intake, heart rate, blood lipids and fasting glucose levels, serum FA profile in hypertensive patients was typically characterized by higher 16:0 and 16:1n‐7 as well as lower 18:2n‐6 and 22:6n‐3 compared with normotensive controls. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) and palmitoleic acid (16:1n‐7) were identified as the important FAs contributing most to the intergroup separations. When comparing the highest and lowest quartile of FA composition, newly diagnosed hypertension was negatively associated with 22:6n‐3 (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.93, P for trend = 0.02), but positively associated with 16:1n‐7 (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.46–3.12, P for trend < 0.001). The associations remained pronounced after multiple adjustments and in further stratified analyses.

Conclusions

22:6n‐3 was an important n‐3 FA in distinguishing hypertensive patients and normotensive persons. Increased serum proportion of 22:6n‐3 was associated with decreased odds of newly diagnosed hypertension, which suggests that high levels of 22:6n‐3 in serum or perhaps in diet may be beneficial for prevention of hypertension in Chinese.

Support or Funding Information

This study was funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program: 2015CB553600), by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. J20121077).
Select Dietary Fatty Acids Modulate Brain Long‐Chain Omega‐3 and Omega‐6 PUFA Content in Mice
Authors: Banz William J , Clough Rich W , Hastings Darcie , Funk Marie E , Cheatwood Joseph L
Published: November 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mental and physical disability and death in the general population. Neuronal dysfunction and behavioral decline associated with TBI can result from membrane instability in neurons, synaptic junctions, glia, endothelial cells and intracellular organelles. Membrane integrity, and reaction to extrinsic insult, are highly dependent upon dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), due to brain accretion of long‐chain omega‐3 PUFAs. The present study was designed to examine the influence of various dietary fatty acids on brain long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA content. Mice were fed one of five diets: 1) a diet containing corn oil, 2) conventional soybean oil, 3) SDA‐enriched soybean oil, 4) flaxseed oil, or 5) fish oil for 9 weeks. At the end of the study, brains were removed and frozen for subsequent fatty acid analysis via gas chromatography (GC). GC data were used to determine the percent area under the curve for key fatty acids, and these values were used to perform statistical analyses (ANOVA). SDA Soy Oil and Flaxseed Oil diets lowered arachidonic acid (AA) relative to all plant oil groups, but not as low as fish oil (p<0.05). Conversely, SDA Soy and Flaxseed OIL increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) relative to all other plant oil groups, but not as high as fish oil (p<0.05). These changes were reflected in the n6:n3 ratios, where the results were consistent with the AA findings: SDA Soy Oil and Flaxseed Oil produced lower n6:n3 ratios compared to the other plant oil groups, but not as low as Fish Oil (p<0.05).

Support or Funding Information

School of Medicine; Dept. of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition, SIUC; and Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, MO) who supplied SDA oil.
Quantitative Analysis of Oil Oxylipin Concentrations During Heating and Estimation of Dietary Intake Levels
Authors: Richardson Christine , Hennebelle Marie , Yang Jun , Hammock Bruce D , Taha Ameer
Published: November 2023

Oxylipins are a family of oxygenated products formed during the oxidation of fatty acids. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of heating commonly consumed vegetable oils on fatty acid and oxylipin composition and to estimate dietary intake levels. Oil fatty acid concentrations were measured by gas chromatography and oxylipin concentrations by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. In the first experiment, 5mL of corn, olive, soybean, and canola oils were heated at 100 °C for 10 minutes (n=3). At baseline, the oxylipin concentrations reflected the fatty acid composition of the oils; i.e. oils with the highest concentration of linoleic acid (LA) such as corn and soybean oil had the highest concentration of several LA–derived oxylipins. However, no significant differences were detected when oils were heated for 10 minutes compared to baseline. In the second experiment, the time at which significant changes in oxylipin concentrations occurred was determined using soybean oil, which is high in both LA and alpha linolenic acid (ALA). The oil was heated at 100 °C for up to 1440 minutes (24 hours) and samples were analyzed at 0, 10, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, and 1440 minutes (n=5). Compared to baseline, significant changes occurred between 240–1440 minutes of heating as evidenced by the increase in mono‐oxygenated products and the reduction in di‐ and tri‐oxygenated products of LA and ALA. Using the 2011–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for the average amount of LA/ALA consumption, we quantified the average US intake of LA and ALA‐derived oxylipins. With respect to LA, upper intake levels of hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODE) and epoxy(EPOXY)‐octadecenoic acids were estimated to be around 0.2 mg per day. Upper intake levels of ALA metabolites were estimated to be around 0.001 mg for hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid (HOTrE) and EPOXY products. This is the first study to comprehensively characterize oxylipin concentrations in oils with mass‐spectrometry and to estimate upper intake levels. Future studies will investigate the health implications of chronically consuming oxylipins found in commonly used oils.

Support or Funding Information

This research was funded by the UC Davis Start‐up Funds to AYT.