bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining two Independent Indirect Methods as a New Possibility for Screening the Illegal Use of Growth Promotants
Authors: LOMMEN A. , GROOT M.J.
Published: May 2010

In this study the possibilities of combined indirect screening methods for the growth promotants clenbuterol and estradiol‐17ß benzoate and the combination of both these agents were investigated. Three groups of 5 male goat kids (two months of age) were treated for 4 weeks; clenbuterol per os, 10 μg/day/kg body weight via milkreplacer twice a day; 2 mg estradiol‐17ß benzoate weekly per i. m. injection; combined clenbuterol per os + estradiol‐17ß benzoate per injection. Five animals were not treated and served as controls.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was used as an initial tool to monitor the urine composition. The analysis of NMR spectra showed, that most treated animals had increased L‐lactate/creatine ratios (L/C‐ratio) in their urine, compared to control animals. For screening, L‐lactate/creatine ratios could be determined directly in urine ‐ in a simple, quick and inexpensive manner ‐ by using enzymatic methods and an autoanalyzer.

Histologically clenbuterol induced degenerative changes in the urethral and glandular epithelium of the prostate. Changes consisted of vacuolization of the epithelium and necrosis with nuclear pyknosis and fragmentation. Estradiol‐17β benzoate induced metaplastic changes in the glandular tissue of the goat prostate. In combination with estradiol‐17β benzoate, characteristics of both agents could be observed. The histological methods and observed effects can be used directly for screening.

The combination of independent histological and L/C‐ratio methods looks very promising with respect to screening of growth promotants. Since in both cases effects of growth promotants are detected, it may be expected that this approach is not limited to goats or clenbuterol and estradiol alone.
Metabolic Effect of Orotic Acid in Calves*
Authors: MOTYL T. , WINCENCIAK M. , BLACHOWSKI S. , KUKULSKA W. , GRZELKOWSKA K. , PODGURNIAK M. , KASTERKA M. , KRZEMINSKI J. , BARTNIKOWSKA E. , SKALSKA E. , KOBRYNCZUK F. , KUPCZYNSKA M. , KATKIEWICZ M. , HOLSKA W.
Published: May 2010

Eight calves (males, Black and White crossbred with Holstein‐Fresian) were fed milk and milk replacer without (control group) or with potassium orotate (3 mmol./l.) supplementation for 6 weeks after birth.

Orotate depressed the biosynthesis of polyamines in mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract (rumen, omasum, abomasum, colon) by decreasing of ornithine decarboxylase activity with a simultaneous compensatory increase of S‐adenosyl‐methionine decarboxylase activity. A lower concentration of spermidine and spermine in the mucosa of the colon was also noted. The above changes were accompanied by increased urinary excretion of ornithine and arginine.

Calf adaptation to a high OA intake was associated with an increased activity of the OA metabolizing enzyme complex (orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase) in the liver, while urinary OA losses diminished with age. Increased concentrations of uracil and uridine in the liver and higher urinary excretion of pseudouridine in OA‐fed calves was also observed.

Stimulation of pyrimidine metabolism by OA depressed purine synthesis, which was reflected by a decrease of urate, hypoxanthine, and xanthine concentration in the liver. Interestingly OA enhanced urate excretion by the kidneys.

OA strongly affected lipid metabolism in calves because total cholesterol, LDL‐, and HDL‐cholesterol, and triglycerides in blood plasma decreased while triglycerides accumulated in the liver of OA‐fed calves.

Milk OA in concentrations characteristic of cows with hereditary orotic aciduria exerts an unfavourable effect on the metabolism of polyamines, purines, and lipids in calf tissues.
The Effect of Aging on Laboratory Values in Dogs
Authors: STRASSER A. , NIEDERMÜLLER H. , HOFECKER G. , LABER G.
Published: May 2010

The main objective of this study was to examine age‐associated changes in laboratory values in dogs in order to establish standard values for dogs of a certain age. These standard values could serve to judge the health status of individual dogs and possibly estimate their remaining life expectancy. Thus, haematological and immunological parameters, plasma constituents, kidney characteristics and the capacity of homeostasis were determined in German shepherd dogs (0.5 – 13.5 years) and beagles (4 – 9 years). Significant changes were noted. We detected that the number of white blood cells declines with age. The change in a number of organ specific enzymes indicates organ involution and increased cell death. Increased plasma glucose levels and a decreased glucose tolerance point to a diminished sensitivity of tissue to concentrations change due to a decrease in organ production and changes in the immune system, which are also reflected in an impaired lymphocyte proliferation capacity. These factors lead to an increased blood sedimentation rate. Cortisol increases might reflect a reduced stress resistance. Age‐related decreases in aldosteron concentration and PAH‐clearance were also found.
Application to Cows and Horses of Spotchem, a Dry‐Chemistry Blood Analyzer for Use in Veterinary Clinics
Authors: Hoshi F. , Satho M. , Koyama S. , Nakadaka K. , Chiba M. , Ikeda N. , Hakamada R. , Higuchi S. , Kawamura S.
Published: May 2010

The usefulness of a dry‐chemistry blood analyzer, Spotchem SP‐4410 (SP‐4410) in a veterinary clinic for analysis of bovine and equine blood chemistry was studied. We quantitated total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), total bilirubin (T‐Bil), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (T‐Cho), glucose (Glu), calcium (Ca), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in bovine sera. Each sample was assayed with both the SP‐4410 and an automated blood analyzer which served as a wet‐chemistry reference system, and the data were analyzed with regression analysis. The correlation coefficient for AST was 0.997 being the highest for all the parameters, and all the correlation coefficients were 0.93 or higher. The coefficients of variation were lower than 5.0 except in the case of bovine T‐Bil where it was 5.756. The ranges of normal reference values measured by SP‐4410 were the same as those reported by other investigators in most cases, but those for GGT and CPK were slightly higher. The strongest interference was observed with hemoglobin. It seems that dry‐chemical‐analysis of blood serum using the SP‐4410 is useful for analysis of bovine and equine blood.
Preparation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Equine Chondrocytes, Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
Authors: Katayama Y. , Oikawa M. , Kaneko M. , Yoshihara T. , Yoshikawa H. , Yoshikawa T.
Published: May 2010

Three monoclonal antibodies capable of individually recognizing chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes were prepared. EB‐1 reacted with a 55‐kDa antigen on the chondrocyte membrane, EB‐2 with a 110‐kDa antigen on the membrane of osteoblasts and/or partial osteocytes, and EB‐3 with a 130‐kDa antigen on the membrane of osteocytes. These monoclonal antibodies may be useful probes for studying the differentiation and maturation of osteogenic cells.
Muscle Fibre Type and Size, and Muscle Capillary Density in Young Double‐Muscled Blue Belgian Cattle
Authors: Stavaux D. , Art T. , Entee K. Mc , Reznick M. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

Bovine muscle biopsies were analysed for fiber type and capillary density by the acid ATP‐ase and amylase‐PAS methods respectively. Samples obtained from Belgian blue double muscled (DM) calves were compared for their fibre type, size and vascularization with samples from Friesian (F) calves. The animals were sampled both at 2 and 7 months of age. Changes in histochemical composition occurring with ageing, independently of the breed, and differences related to the muscle sampled by comparing biopsies obtained from the longissimus dorsi (LD) and gluteobiceps (GB) muscles in animals of both breed were also investigated. Independently of age and muscle, fibre type I percentage and area were significantly higher in F than in DM muscles. Type IIa area was significantly larger in F than in DM, while fibre type IIb percentage and area were higher in DM. The number of capillaries/mm2 was significantly higher in F than in DM. Fibre type IIa and IIb percentage as well as the diameter of the three fibre types was significantly higher in the oldest animals. Finally, independently of age and breed, fibre type I and IIb percentages were significantly higher in LD but lower in GB. The results mainly demonstrated that Belgian blue DM muscles present a higher proportion of IIb fibres and a lower capillary supply than F muscles.
Immunohistochemical Distribution of Keratin Proteins in Feline Tissues
Authors: Mulas J. Martin De Las , Monteros A. Espinosa De Los , Gomez‐Villamandos J. C. , Fernandez A. , Vos J. H.
Published: May 2010

The immunohistochemical distribution pattern of some keratin intermediate filament proteins has been analysed in a wide range of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded feline tissues using one polyclonal and two monoclonal antibodies raised against human keratins by means of the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex technique. Only the epithelial and mesothelial cells were stained by the three antibodies, but differences in their corresponding staining pattern were noticed. The staining reaction of the polyclonal antibody raised against human skin keratin was found in both stratified and complex epithelia, while that of the monoclonal antibody which recognizes human keratins 8 + 18 + 19 of the Moll catalogue (NCL‐5D3) was restricted to some simple epithelia. The staining reaction of the monoclonal antibody which reacts with human keratins 5 + 8 of the Moll catalogue (RCK‐102) covered the widest spectrum of feline epithelial tissues analysed, including stratified, complex and simple epithelia. These staining patterns of feline tissues are basically similar with respect to those of corresponding tissues in other mammalian species, although some differences were also noticed and some obvious epithelial tissues were not stained. This study confirms the broad interspecies cross‐reactivity of keratin proteins antibodies and demonstrates their capability to differentiate between various types of feline epithelia and some epithelial compartments.
Fine Structure of Bovine Blastocysts Developed Either in Serum‐Free Medium or in Conventional Co‐Culture With Oviduct Epithelial Cells
Authors: Shamsuddin M. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H.
Published: May 2010

The ultrastructure of day 7 bovine blastocysts developed in vitro in either of two culture systems was compared with that of morphologically normal blastocytes collected non‐surgically from superovulated cows on day 7 (Day 0 = day of insemination). The in vitro‐embryos were obtained after culture of in vitro‐matured and ‐fertilized oocytes either in a serum‐free, cell‐free medium (SFM, i.e. TCM 199 supplemented with BSA (10 mg/ml), insulin (5 μg/ml), transferrin (5 μg/ml) and selenium (5ng/ml) or in a serum‐supplemented medium (TCM 199 and 10% (v/v) oestrous cow serum) together with bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC). Five of the 8 blastocysts developed in SFM fulfilled the criteria set for normal morphology of the in vivo‐developed blastocytes. In contrast, 6 out of 8 blastocysts developed in co‐culture with BOEC were classified as morphologically deviated, and only 2 reached the criteria for morphological normality. In vitro‐developed blastocysts with deviated morphology showed a higher degree of cytoplasmic vacuolation, short, less developed cell‐to‐cell contacts between trophoblast as well as between inner cell mass (icm)‐cells, less developed apical microvilli on the trophoblast and wide inter‐cellular spaces. Additionally, numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, phagosomes, lipid droplets and hooded mitochondria were commonly present, both in trophoblast and in icm‐cells. The results indicate that a high proportion of blastocysts developed in co‐culture with BOEC were morphologically deviated compared to those cultured in medium where serum and somatic cells were replaced by BSA, insulin, transferrin and selenium.
Effects of Growth Hormone on Growth Performance, Haematology, Metabolites and Hormones in Iron‐Deficient Veal Calves*
Authors: Ceppi A. , Blum J. W.
Published: May 2010

Effects of subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of 50 μg/kg body weight of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) or saline were studied for 11 weeks in 40 intact male veal calves supplied 50 mg or 10 mg of iron (Fe)/kg of milk replacer (MR). Feed intake, average daily gain and growth: feed ratio were reduced in Fe‐deficient calves, but not significantly influenced by rbGH. Plasma Fe and haemoglobin concentration, red‐cell number and packed cell volume were decreased in Fe‐deficient calves (P < 0.05) and rbGH further reduced red‐cell number in Fedeficient calves (P < 0.05). The age‐dependent increase of total Fe binding capacity was greater in Fe‐deficient calves and enhanced by rbGH (P < 0.05). Plasma urea concentrations increased, whereas glucose (G) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels decreased in Fe‐deficient calves. rbGH significantly increased G in calves fed MR containing 50 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and influenced urea concentrations (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin (I) and IGF‐I concentrations were lower in Fe‐deficient calves (P < 0.05). Plasma GH in the first hours after rbGH injections increased (P < 0.05) to higher levels in calves fed 10 than in those fed 50 mg Fe/kg MR, but incremental changes were comparable. In conclusion, low Fe intake caused haematologic, metabolic and endocrine changes. Plasma IGF‐I, I and T3 concentrations after rbGH administration and effects of rbGH on IGF‐I in Fe‐deficient calves were reduced, even though plasma GH levels were increased.
Immunocytochemical Study of Type IV Collagen and Laminin in Canine Mammary Tumours
Authors: Peña L. , Castaño M. , Sanchez M. A. , Rodriguez A. , Flores J. M.
Published: May 2010

We performed an immunohistochemical study of the basement membrane (BM) proteins laminin and type IV collagen in 35 canine mammary tumours, histologically classified according to the World Health Organization's suggested classification. Laminin and type IV collagen were seen in extracellular locations but only laminin was present in epithelial and myoepithelial cells and chondrocytes. The BM was always continuous in adenomas and fibroadenomas. In the 20 malignant tumours studied, the basement membrane was continuous in one, discontinuous in five, and virtually absent in 14. When present, the BM of malignant tumours varied in width and distribution in the same area. The benign and malignant mixed tumours did not have BM separating epithelial and newly‐formed mesenchymal structures. In areas of abundant myoepithelial cells in complex and mixed tumours, both benign and malignant, there were groups of BM fragments which differed in length and thickness and occasionally formed tangles. We have called these 'membranous thickets'. Our results indicate that myoepithelial cells are the main source of the BM proteins laminin and type IV collagen in canine mammary tumours.
Der Einfluß von Samenaufbereitung und Kulturmedium auf den IVF‐Erfolg beim Rind
Authors: Rosenkranz Ch. , Holzmann A.
Published: May 2010

The influence of semen preparation and culture medium on the success of IVF in cattle

The effect of two semen‐preparation methods and the presence and absence of capacitation‐inducing supplements in the fertilization medium on IVF‐results were examined in a 2 times 2 factorial design. In vitro matured oocytes were fertilized either with transmigrated (TM) or with swim‐up (SU) prepared native semen. In the first group, the fertilization medium contained 0.8 μg/ml heparin, 1.2 μg/ml hypotaurine and 0.2 μg/ml epinephrine. However, in the second group, no capacitation‐inducing or motility‐enhancing substances were used. After SU‐treatment, the supplements were necessary to obtain sufficient fertilization results. In the second group (non‐supplemented medium), the percentages of penetrated and fertilized oocytes were decreased significantly (P < 0.001). By contrast, transmigrated semen required no additional supplementation of the fertilization medium. The penetration and fertilization rates of this semen‐preparation method were equal in both groups.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde in Hinblick auf die bovine IVF überprüft, ob verschiedene Samenaufbereitungsverfahren unterschiedliche Medienzusammensetzungen erforden. In vitro maturierte Oozyten wurden entweder mit transmigriertem (TM) oder mit Swim‐up (SU) behandeltem Nativsamen fertilisiert. Bei der Hälfte der Versuchsansätze enthielt das Befruchtungsmedium 0,8 μg/ml Heparin, l,2 μg/ml Hypotaurin und 0,2 μg/ml Adrenalin, während bei der anderen Hälfte keine kapazitationsinduzierenden und motilitätssteigernden Substanzen Verwendung fanden. Bei SU‐Behandlung der Samenproben waren diese Supplemente nötig, um einen ausreichenden Befruchtungserfolg zu erzielen. Bei Verwendung von nicht supplementiertem Medium fiel der Prozensatz an penetrierten und fertilisierten Eizellen signifikant (P < 0,001) ab. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte sich, daß transmigrierter Samen keine zusätzliche Supplementierung des Befruchtungsmediums erfordert. Die Penetrations‐ und Fertilisationsraten waren bei diesem Samenpräparationsverfahren in beiden Gruppen ebenbürtig.
Determination of Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity and Urea Content in Milk by Dry Chemistry
Authors: Lipperheide C. , Andersson R. , Petersen B. , Sommer H.
Published: May 2010

Comparison of the new technique of dry chemistry (EKTACHEM 700‐XR, Eastman Kodak Co., USA) with conventional wet chemistry (HITACHI 717, Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) for quantitations of lactate dehydrogenase activity and urea content in bovine milk resulted in correlation coefficients of more than 0.9 even when measuring fresh raw milk by dry chemistry.
The Sedative and Analgesic Effects of Detomidine (Domosedan) in Donkeys
Authors: Mostafa M. B. , Farag K. A. , Zomor El , Bashandy M. M.
Published: May 2010

Detomidine (Domosedan) was administered to four groups of donkeys, using four different dosages (5, 10, 20 and 40μg/kg bwt) intravenously. The drug provided adequate sedation at dosages of 5 and 10 μg/kg bwt. Sedation deepened only slightly by increasing the dose. Analgesia was considered good with a dose of 20 μg/kg, and 40 μg/kg provided a deep analgesia associated with a longer duration. No significant changes had been observed in haematocrit (PCV), haemoglobin content (Hb%), total red and white cell counts and differential leucocytic counts. It was concluded that detomidine is a valuable sedative and analgesic drug to be used in donkeys without any serious implications.
Binding Properties of Goat Intestinal Vitamin D Receptors as Affected by Dietary Calcium and/or Phosphorus Depletion
Authors: Schröder B. , Pfeffer E. , Failing K. , Breves G.
Published: May 2010

The binding capacity (Bma) and the affinity (Kd) of the intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been studied using mucosa preparations from the duodenum, jejunum and proximal colon of male growing goats which had been kept in a two‐factorial (2 × 2) trial on Ca and/or P deficient diets for 9 weeks. This treatment resulted in significant changes of different parameters of Ca and P homeostasis. Irrespective from the level of Ca intake, P depletion caused significant hypophosphatemia with corresponding hypercalcemia. In both Ca depleted groups the calcitriol concentrations in plasma significantly increased by more than 100% in comparison with normal Ca supply. No changes were recorded for plasma calcitriol concentrations in response to P depletion with an adequate Ca supply. Plasma PTH levels were only increased significantly in Ca depletion with adequate P supply. Irrespective of different feeding regimens, the highest Bmax values were found in the jejunum. In all intestinal segments tested, the Bmax values were significantly decreased by P depletion as compared with an adequate P supply. No effects on the Bmax of VDR were observed in response to changes of Ca supply. The Kd values of the VDR were neither affected by different intestinal localizations nor by Ca and/or P depletion. From the present results, it has to be concluded that the physiological relevance of VDR down‐regulation may not be related to P homeostasis rather than to Ca homeostasis by minimizing the hypercalcemia induced by P depletion.
An Atypical Case of Actinobacillosis in a Cow
Authors: Aslani M. R. , Khodakaram A. , Rezakhani A.
Published: May 2010

An atypical case of actinobacillosis with involvement of the skin of the right hind limb and its lymphatics was diagnosed in a cow. The granulomatous lesions were observed as several masses along the lateral part of the right hind limb. The right precrural lymph node was enlarged more than 10 times its normal size. Histopathological examination of biopsy materials revealed actinobacillus granuloma. Smears of granular pus obtained from the precrural lymph node showed a small number of gram negative bacilli.
Histopathological Changes in the Reproductive Organs of Manchego Ewes Grazing on Lucerne
Authors: Cantero A. , Sancha J. L. , Flores J. M. , Rodriguez A. , Gonzalez T.
Published: May 2010

The effects of prolonged exposure to phyto‐oestrogens (coumestrol) on the morphology of the reproductive organs of ewes were studied in 28 lucerne‐grazing animals, and compared with 28 control ewes given a standard coumestrol‐free diet. The anatomical studies showed that 43% of the ewes fed lucerne displayed macroscopic changes within the genital tract, of which the uterine alterations were especially prominent. The microscopic examination of the test group ewes identified specific histopathological features of the uterus and cervix. A greater than normal development of the cervical folds was observed, as well as cystic formations of different sizes whose content was eosinophilic. In the rest of the uterus, more glandular activity was detected in the lucerne‐grazing group than in the control ewes, although cystic formations were not seen.
The Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Phospholipase A2 Activity in Placenta of Cows with and without Retained Fetal Membranes
Authors: Kankofer M. , Wierciñski J. , Kédzierski W. , Mierzyñski R.
Published: May 2010

The aim of the following study was the comparison of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and fatty acids content in cows with and without retained fetal membranes.

The activity of the enzyme and levels of fatty acids were measured in maternal and fetal placental tissues obtained from cows immediately after spontaneous parturition without (group A) and with (group B) retained fetal membranes.

PLA2 activity was statistically significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group A than in group B, and was significantly lower in the fetal part than in the maternal part of placenta in both groups.

The content of the examined fatty acids –‐ myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linolenic (18:3), arachidic (20:0), arachidonic (20:4, AA) –‐ was higher in group A than in B. Concentration of linoleic acid (18:2) showed the opposite relationship.

There was a positive correlation between enzyme activity and content of determined fatty acids.

The results seem to confirm the hypothesis that the arachidonic acid pathway is altered in cases of retained placenta in cows.
New Aspects of Ketone Bodies in Energy Metabolism of Dairy Cows: A Review
Authors: Holtenius P. , Holtenius K.
Published: May 2010

Increased lipolysis, low insulin/glucagon ratios and malonyl‐CoA concentrations are prerequisites for ketogenesis. From an aetiological viewpoint, there are two quite different types of metabolic disorders in which ketosis can occur, the hypoglycaemic‐hypoinsulinaemic and the hyperglycaemic‐hyperinsulinaemic type. The former, Type I, generally occurs 3–6 weeks after calving in cows whose milk secretion is so extensive that the demand for glucose exceeds the capacity for glucose production. To protect the body from hazardous protein degradation by a high rate of gluconeogenesis, this process is inhibited and the increased energy requirements are met by the elevated utilization of ketone bodies. In this strong catabolic metabolic state the plasma levels of glucose and insulin are very low, the levels of ketone bodies are high and there are small risks for fat accumulation in the liver cells. The hyperglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic form, Type II, generally occurs earlier in lactation. An important aetiologic factor is overfeeding in the dry period, which can lead to disturbances in the hormonal adaptation of metabolism at calving with increased plasma levels of insulin and glucose and often but not always also with hyperketonaemia. If combined with stress, there may be increased lipolysis in adipose tissues, lipid synthesis and accumulation in the liver, i.e. the development of fatty liver. This hyperglycaemic form of disturbance has many similarities with the initial stage of non‐insulin‐dependent (Type II) diabetes in humans. It has been shown that ketone bodies inhibit protein degradation and thereby gluconeogenesis and also are able to spare glucose by inhibiting glucose utilization. They also can inhibit lipolysis and function as a regulatory safety system, replacing insulin, in situations when the activity of this hormone is low, as in Type I ketosis. Ketone bodies thus have important functions as substrates replacing glucose in many tissues and also as signal substances in the regulation of energy metabolism.
Methods for the Differentiation of Giant Cells in Canine and Feline Neoplasias in Paraffin Sections
Authors: Jösten M. , Rudolph R.
Published: May 2010

In the following study cells with at least two cell nuclei are addressed as giant cells. In 47 biopsies of feline neoplasias (fibrosarcoma, haemangioendothelsarcoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, osteoidsarcoma, complex sarcoma), and 25 biopsies of canine neoplasias (malignant seminoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, haemangioendothelsarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteoblastic sarcoma, complex sarcoma) giant cells are distinguished either as neoplastic giant cells or as reactive (non‐neoplastic) giant cells. Cell nuclei of neoplastic giant cells which are labelled with the monoclonal antibody MTB 1 are mitotic active; cell nuclei are polymorph and can show atypical mitosis; the cytoplasmic reaction with tartrate resistant add phosphatase (TRAP) is negative. Negative reactions with MIB 1, positive TRAP staining and homogenous cell nuclei are distinctive for osteoclast‐like giant cells. Other non‐neoplastic giant cells (e.g. foreign body cells, Langhans‐giant cells) are negative with both MTB 1 and TRAP. Double staining of paraffin sections is possible. Routine formalin‐fixation, embedding in paraffin and decalcifying tissue samples do not interfere with MTB 1 immunoreactions or TRAP reactions. Methodological modifications that were necessary for the preparation of paraffin sections from canine and feline tissue samples are discussed. As the presence of neoplastic giant tumour cells is an index for a poor prognosis in human medicine, not only the entity of the tumour must be named, but also the exact significance of the giant cell type:, e.g. fibrosarcoma with osteoclast‐like giant cells, hepatic carcinoma with reactive giant cells, malignant seminoma with neoplastic giant cells, angiosarcoma with both neoplastic giant cells and osteoclast‐like giant cells. This would enable the classification of further neoplasias dealing with clinical courses of the diseases. Over the past years our stains have remained stable. It is possible to carry out retrospective investigations with archived tissue samples and make permanent preparations. A reclassification and a refined form of diagnosis (tumour and giant cell type) would be recommended.
A Retrospective Study of the Inheritance of Peromelia in Angora Goats
Authors: Agerholm J. S. , Kielsgaard M. E. , Pedersen J. , Kobberoe S.
Published: May 2010

Peromelia, agenesia of the distal parts of the limbs, has been reported as a congenital defect in several animal species. In Angora goats, cases occur in a familiar pattern consistent with an autosomal recessively inherited defect To obtain further evidence on the inheritance of peromelia in Angora goats, breeding results for goats being daughters of known carriers and which were then mated to a known carrier were analysed. Of 45 kids born in 1993 and 1994, five kids had peromelia. This corresponded to the expected 7:1 segregation. The difference between the number of affected male and female kids was not statistically significant. Peromelia affected kids occurred significantly more frequently among goats selected in the breeding study than among other goats in the respective herds. The study demonstrated that peromelia is inherited as an autosomal recessive defect. Based on knowledge obtained in a previous study, the genotype probably has varying degrees of expressivity.
Effect of Weaning in the Pig on Ileal Ion Transport Measured in vitro
Authors: Miller B. G. , Skadhauge E.
Published: May 2010

Early weaning in pigs results in small intestinal malabsorption and an increased susceptibility to E. coli infections. This is closely associated with villus shortening and crypt hyperplasia of the small intestine. The present study compared piglets either weaned at 3 weeks of age onto a high soya diet (n = 12) or an egg‐based diet (n = 12) with piglets that remained on the sow (n = 12). Prior to weaning, care was taken to ensure that piglets only had access to sows milk. Serum antisoya IgG was measured 7 days after weaning and sections of the mid‐ileum excised and fixed for determination of crypt depth and villus height. Four pieces of ‘stripped’ mucosa were mounted in Ussing chambers in Krebs‐phosphate Ringer (with indomethacin) for determination of short circuit current (SCC) and unidirectional fluxes of Na22 and Cl36, half in mucosa‐serosa (MS), and half in serosa‐mucosa (SM) direction. After basal measurements of absorptive capacity of Na, supramaximal doses of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and theophylline were added to measure the intestinal secretory capacity for Cl. Anti‐soya IgG was elevated in the group weaned onto soya when compared either with the group weaned onto egg or the unwearied group. All intestinal transport and histological parameters were similar in both the weaned groups, although some were different from the unweaned. The SCC (equal to Na absorption) and the villus height were reduced two‐thirds by weaning, whereas crypt depth and Cl secretion were similar in all groups. It is suggested that weaning per se is causal for the observed changes in intestinal transport and morphology, but they are not influenced by whether the weaning diet is soya or egg based.
Effects of Diets with Graded Levels of Naturally Deoxynivalenol‐contaminated Oats on Immune Response in Growing Pigs
Authors: ØVernes G. , Matre T. , Sivertsen T. , Larsen H. J. S. , Langseth W. , Reitan L. J. , Jansen J. H.
Published: May 2010

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of including different levels of deoxynivalenol (DON)‐contaminated oats in the complete diets of growing pigs on immune response and performance. The diets contained 0.6, 1.8 and 4.7 mg DON/kg, and both restricted and ad libitum feeding were used. Performance was recorded as weight gain, feed intake, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass quality. Immune response parameters recorded included primary and secondary antibody titres after injections of five different antigens: Human serum albumin (HSA), sheep red blood cells (SRBC), paratuberculosis vaccine (MPT), tetanus toxoid (TT) and diphteria toxoid (DT). A johnin test was also performed. Lymphocyte stimulation response was measured with three different mitogens (PWM, ConA and PHA). A significant, DON dose‐dependent reduction in secondary antibody response to tetanus toxoid was observed. A slightly higher mitogen response after PHA stimulation in lymphocytes from the medium and high DON groups compared to the low DON group after 9 weeks was considered inconclusive. No other indication of dose‐dependent immune response inhibition or stimulation was found. Significantly reduced feed intake with increased levels of DON was observed in groups fed restricted rations according to weight, but not in animals fed ad libitum.
Incidence of Tonsillar Lesions Caused by Tonsillophilus suis and Actinomyces sp Infection in Swine
Authors: Murakami S. , Azuma R. , Oomi H. , Koeda T. , Fujiwara H.
Published: May 2010

The tonsils of ten fattening pigs were compared with those of ten breeding sows to determine the relative incidence of Tonsillophilus suis and Actinomyces sp lesions. Macroscopic observation revealed mildly focal upheavals on the tonsillar mucosal surfaces of two of the breeding sows. In tonsillar slices from both pig groups, tiny nodules containing sulfur granules were found. Histopathologically, the T. suis and Actinomyces sp lesions were noted as tonsillar crypt abscesses in both pig groups, and granulomas due to T. suis were seen in the breeding sows. T. suis showed larger ‘club‐shaped’ structures than Actinomyces sp, characterized as clubs showing a broom‐like structure with degenerated central thalli. Breeding sows are known to have a higher incidence of tonsillar T. suis lesions than fattening pigs, and in this study, those fattening pigs showing greater propensity to infection by Actinomyces sp also showed a mixed infection with T. suis that produced the tonsillar crypt abscesses. In addition, it is known that in breeding sows, the T. suis lesion develops from a crypt abscess into a granuloma.
Renal Phosphate Excretion in Goats
Authors: Widiyono I. , Huber K. , Failing K. , Breves G.
Published: May 2010

It was the aim of these experiments to characterize further the role of salivary glands and kidneys in phosphate (Pi) homeostasis of small ruminants. Renal clearance experiments were performed in five female, non‐pregnant adult goats during infusions of physiological NaCl or isotonic phosphate solution. Basal plasma Pi concentrations of 1.6 ± 0.3 mM (NaCl infusion) were associated with a renal resorption of the filtered Pi by 98.5–99.3% and Pi was excreted in the urine at a rate of 1.2–2.8 μmol/min. Elevating the plasma Pi levels up to 7.2 ± 1.7 mM resulted in significant increases of Pi excretion. The mean plasma threshold for renal Pi excretion of these animals was high (4.3 ± 1.0 mM) and thus substantially higher than the physiological range of plasma Pi. The maximal tubular resorption rate for Pi in goats was found to be higher than the respective values in monogastric animals. In relation to the enhanced Pi concentrations in plasma the salivary Pi concentrations increased simultaneously and reached a maximum level of about 66.3 mM at plasma levels between 4–6 mM. Indications for hormonal regulation mechanisms via parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol could not be detected during the infusion periods.
Measurement of Antibacterial Activities of T‐2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Using Microtitration Tray‐based Turbidimetric Techniques
Authors: Ali‐Vehmas T. , Rizzo A. , Westermarck T. , Atroshi F.
Published: May 2010

Various mycotoxins were tested for their antibacterial activity by evaluating growth delays using a fully automated microturbidmetric method. Ten different strains of the genera Escherichia, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Yersinia, Salmonella, Erysipelothrix and Lactobacillus were used as test micro‐organisms. T‐2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), anatoxin B1, (AFB1) and fumonisin B1, (FB1) were used as representative mycotoxins. The inhibitory effect in vitro was defined as the difference between the growth rate without mycotoxins and the growth rate in the presence of a mycotoxin. Among the tested strains, Streptococcus agalactiae was found to be sensitive to all the toxins, with the exception of OTA. T‐2 toxin and FB1 were the most effective in slowing down the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. AFB1 affected the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica. The growth rate of Escherichia coli and Salmonella infantis was decreased by FB1. Among the bacterial strains used in this study, only the growth of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was inhibited by OTA. Thus, using appropriate tester strains it should be possible to set up a broad‐range microtubidimetry assay for individual mycotoxin screening in vitro. We concluded that the microtitration technique provides a rapid, convenient and high‐throughput capacity system to analyse bacteria‐mycotoxin interactions.
Hypomagnesemia and Mitral Valve Prolapse in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Pedersen H. D. , Mow T.
Published: May 2010

There is a high incidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), an abnormal displacement of one or both mitral valve leaflets during systole, in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS). In humans, MVP is known to be associated with a low magnesium status. In this study, the plasma magnesium concentration was measured in 30 CKCS without heart failure. It was also investigated whether MVP‐severity and degree of regurgitation correlated with plasma magnesium and a number of parameters of the renin‐angiotensin system, and whether 4 weeks magnesium supplementation affected plasma magnesium or the high renin/low aldosterone profile associated with MVP. A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia was observed: plasma concentrations < 0.70 mmol/l were found in 15 dogs (50%) before and in 12 dogs (40%) after 4 weeks magnesium supplementation. The mean plasma level was 0.69 ± 0.07 mmol/l before and 0.71 + 0.07 mmol/l after magnesium (P = 0.22). Plasma magnesium concentrations did not correlate with MVP‐severity and degree of regurgitation. Plasma aldosterone levels correlated negatively with MVP‐severity and positively with the degree of regurgitation, and serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme activities correlated negatively with the degree of regurgitation. Magnesium supplementation had no effects on renin and aldosterone nor on the ratio between the two. In conclusion, many CKCS without heart failure have hypomagnesemia whether they are fed supplementary magnesium or not ‐ a finding which may be associated with the high prevalence of MVP in this breed. Further studies, however, are needed to clarify the role of a low magnesium status in canine MVP.
Advances in Swine In Vitro Embryo Production Technologies
Authors: Gil MA , Cuello C , Parrilla I , Vazquez JM , Roca J , Martinez EA
Published: May 2010

Contents

Recent advances in new technologies to produce cloned and genetically modified pigs involve manipulating oocytes and/or embryos in vitro. Although a great deal of progress has been made, the current IVM–IVF systems still result in major problems: a high rate of polyspermy; and a low development rate and low quality of blastocysts for in vitro compared with the in vivo–produced embryos. This study summarizes recent advancements in IVM–IVF–IVC porcine systems. Recent methods to select monospermic embryos are also discussed. Finally, achievements in vitrification and in somatic cell nuclear transfer are discussed.
Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on cognitive function and activities of daily living in older women with mild to moderate cognitive impairment
Authors: Yamada Shizuru , Akishita Masahiro , Fukai Shiho , Ogawa Sumito , Yamaguchi Kiyoshi , Matsuyama Jun , Kozaki Koichi , Toba Kenji , Ouchi Yasuyoshi
Published: May 2010

Aim:  There is little evidence that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has beneficial effects on physical and psychological functions in older women. We investigated the effect of DHEA supplementation on cognitive function and ADL in older women with cognitive impairment.

Methods:  A total of 27 women aged 65–90 years (mean ± standard deviation, 83 ± 6) with mild to moderate cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination, MMSE; 10–28/30 points), receiving long‐term care at a facility in Japan were enrolled. Twelve women were assigned to receive DHEA 25 mg/day p.o. for 6 months. The control group (n = 15) matched for age and cognitive function was followed without hormone replacement. Cognitive function was assessed by MMSE and Hasegawa Dementia Scale‐Revised (HDS‐R), and basic activities of daily living (ADL) by Barthel Index at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Plasma hormone levels including testosterone, DHEA, DHEA‐sulfate and estradiol were also followed up.

Results:  After 6 months, DHEA treatment significantly increased plasma testosterone, DHEA and DHEA‐sulfate levels by 2–3‐fold but not estradiol level compared to baseline. DHEA administration increased cognitive scores and maintained basic ADL score, while cognition and basic ADL deteriorated in the control group (6‐month change in DHEA group vs control group; MMSE, +0.6 ± 3.2 vs −2.1 ± 2.2, P < 0.05; HDS‐R, +2.8 ± 2.8 vs −0.3 ± 4.1, P < 0.05; Barthel Index, +3.7 ± 7.1 vs −2.7 ± 4.6, P = 0.05). Among the cognitive domains, DHEA treatment improved verbal fluency (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  DHEA supplementation in older women with cognitive impairment may have beneficial effects on cognitive function and ADL. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10: 280–287.
Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm manifesting as postpartum hemorrhage after uneventful second‐trimester pregnancy termination
Authors: Matsubara Shigeki , Takahashi Yoshifumi , Usui Rie , Nakata Manabu , Kuwata Tomoyuki , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: May 2010

Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication mainly of abdominal or interventional delivery that can cause profuse postpartum hemorrhage if unrecognized or inadequately treated. There has been no report of this disorder accompanying uneventful second‐trimester pregnancy termination. A primiparous Japanese woman underwent pregnancy termination at 24 weeks' gestation due to fetal death. Gradual dilatation of the cervix followed by administration of vaginal gemeprost led to an uneventful delivery without curettage. After 41 days, profuse vaginal bleeding occurred. Ultrasound revealed a mass within the uterine cavity and color Doppler indicated the presence of high‐speed flow within the mass. Selective angiography revealed that the mass was connected to the right uterine artery, from which extravasation was observed. Uterine artery pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed, and we performed successful uterine artery embolization. This is the first report of uterine artery pseudoaneurysm after second‐trimester pregnancy termination. Our experience indicates that even after uneventful pregnancy termination, clinicians must remain aware of the possibility of pseudoaneurysm, manifesting as postpartum/post‐termination hemorrhage.
Manual separation followed by local cleanliness for pediatric labial adhesion
Authors: Watanabe Takashi , Matsubara Shigeki , Fujinaga Yukako , Asada Kyoko , Ohmaru Takako , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: May 2010

Aim:  Although labial adhesion is usually a benign disorder in childhood, it may occasionally be misdiagnosed as a severe disorder, causing parental anxiety. The present study was undertaken to analyze the clinical features, treatments employed and their effectiveness in pediatric patients with labial adhesion, with special emphasis on manual separation.

Methods:  We reviewed the medical charts of pediatric patients with labial adhesion who were treated in our Pediatric Gynecology Division of the university hospital over 3.5 years.

Results:  Eight pediatric patients received manual separation followed by local gentamicin ointment and washing. In all eight, manual separation remedied the condition at one visit without recurrence.

Conclusion:  Manual separation followed by local cleanliness not only remedied pediatric labial adhesion but also prevented its recurrence. Thus, it is an effective treatment for pediatric labial adhesion.
Prenatal findings in a fetus with contiguous gene syndrome caused by deletion of Xp22.3 that includes locus for X‐linked recessive type of chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX1)
Authors: Horikoshi Tsuguhiro , Kikuchi Akihiko , Tamaru Shunsuke , Ono Kyoko , Kita Mariko , Takagi Kimiyo , Miyashita Susumu , Kawame Hiroshi , Shimokawa Osamu , Harada Naoki
Published: May 2010

The X‐linked recessive type of chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX1) is a skeletal disorder that is characterized by stippled calcification at an epiphyseal nucleus and the surrounding soft tissue, short stature and an unusual face because of nasal hypoplasia. In most of the patients, this condition is noted after birth because of a characteristic face or respiratory problems. Here, we report a fetus with CDPX1. Two‐dimensional ultrasound examination revealed unexplained polyhydramnios and a male fetus. Fetal biometry showed shortened long bones. Three‐dimensional ultrasonography clearly demonstrated a hypoplastic nose with a depressed nasal bridge and contracture of wrists and fingers. Chromosome analysis of the amniotic fluid cells revealed the 46,Y,del(X)(p22.3) karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed a deletion of subtelomeric sequences at the Xpter and STS gene, but not a deletion of the KAL gene. The genomic copy number analysis demonstrated terminal deletion of 8.33 Mb that included SHOX, CSF2RA, XG, ARSE, NLGN4 and STS genes. We think that our case presents typical features of a fetus with this disorder and will be of great help in prenatal ultrasound diagnosis.
Fatigue growth prediction of center slant crack in rectangular plate
Authors: YAN X.
Published: May 2010

This paper presents a numerical prediction model of mixed‐mode crack fatigue growth in a plane elastic plate. It involves a formulations of fatigue growth of multiple crack tips under mixed‐mode loading and a displacement discontinuity method with crack‐tip elements (a boundary element method) proposed recently by Yan is extended to analyse the fatigue growth process of multiple crack tips. Due to an intrinsic feature of the boundary element method, a general growth problem of multiple cracks can be solved in a single‐region formulation. In the numerical simulation, for each increment of crack extension, remeshing of existing boundaries is not necessary. Crack extension is conveniently modelled by adding new boundary elements on the incremental crack extension to the previous crack boundaries. At the same time, the element characters of some related elements are adjusted according to the manner in which the boundary element method is implemented. As an example, the present numerical approach is used to analyse the fatigue growth of a centre slant crack in a rectangular plate. The numerical results illustrate the validation of the numerical prediction model and can reveal the effect of the geometry of the cracked plate on the fatigue growth.