bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Astrological Texts of King Alfonso X of Spain, and His Contribution to Modern Science
Authors: Finan Alicia
Published: April 2021

In modern Western society the study of astrology is not taken seriously by the majority of people. However, in the medieval period astrology was held to be a hard science. Astrology was studied in the East long before it came to be pursued by Western scholars. The 8th century A.D. Moslem invasion of Spain meant that much of this knowledge was brought to Europe. One of the key figures in the reacquisition of this knowledge was King Alfonso X, known as El Sabio, or The Wise, for his love of learning. Shortly after his coronation he established groups of translators at his court in Toledo who were responsible for translating texts from their original language into Spanish. The majority of the works he ordered to be translated were Eastern texts on the sciences, the majority of Arabic origin. In particular he had a great interest in the study of astrology, and included many Eastern astrological texts in his library. In addition to translation Alfonso occasionally expanded upon the work of the Eastern scholars, contributing his own observations to theirs. In this paper I give an overview of the contributions Alfonso made to the study of astrology, with particular focus placed upon two of his works: Lapidario, and Libro de formas e ymagenes, both of which study the relationship between astrology and stones. These texts demonstrate scientific experimentation and analysis in its earliest stages and by studying these documents, the role of Alfonso X in the development of modern Western science can clearly be seen.
Mechanisms for Conscientiousness: Accessibility and Sensitivity to Self Discrepancies
Authors: Ling Faye
Published: April 2021

Two research studies are presented which investigate the possible psychological mechanisms underlying conscientiousness. Study 1 is designed to test the hypothesis that self discrepancies are more accessible for those who are higher in conscientiousness than those who are lower in conscientiousness. This is indexed by response latencies to answering computer prompts of self concept and self guides. Study 2 is designed to investigate the hypothesis that those who are more conscientious are more sensitive to self discrepancies (i.e. experience greater anxiety) than those who are less conscientious. This hypothesis is tested by asking participants to report their self concepts and self guides, making their self discrepancies salient by recording specific incidents and then measuring their anxiety level.
Seven Year Old Male with Tricuspid Endocarditis
Authors: Damji Omar , Lam Russ A. , Bromley Mark , Willimann Melanie
Published: April 2021

Pediatric endocarditis, a rare entity in developed countries, remains a challenging diagnosis to make in children. We present an uncommon etiology of shortness of breath on exertion (SOBOE) in a 7-year-old male presenting with two weeks of nocturnal fever, malaise and fatigue following a viral prodrome. Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) led to suspicion for a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with tricuspid valve (TV) endocarditis, which was ultimately confirmed by formal echocardiography. This ultrasound diagnosis allowed emergency clinicians to order blood cultures under the suspicion of endocarditis as well as expedited antibiotic treatment.
Diagnosing Early Cardiac Tamponade in Patient with JAK2+ Myeloproliferative Syndrome with Point of Care Ultrasound
Authors: Cameron Evan , Istrail Lawrence
Published: April 2021

Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) is a diagnostic modality growing in popularity and use in medicine in both the acute and chronic management settings. Its utility lies in its non-invasive application, direct user interface, and portability, especially in handheld devices, allowing for quick assessment and triage. Herein is a case of POCUS diagnosing life threatening cardiac tamponade in a patient with a new diagnosis of JAK2+ myeloproliferative syndrome prompting urgent intervention with pericardiocentesis. This case illustrates the utility of POCUS through its ability to serve as a quick diagnostic tool that can hasten intervention for potentially life-threatening conditions.
Point of Care Ultrasound First: An Opportunity to Improve Efficiency for Uncomplicated Pregnancy in the Emergency Department
Authors: Urquhart Sara , Stevens Kendall , Barnes Mariah , Flannigan Matthew
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Research suggests emergency providers using point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to confirm an uncomplicated intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) can decrease emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS) compared to a radiology department ultrasound (RADUS). The objective of this study was to compare the time to diagnosis and LOS between POCUS and RADUS patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study at one urban medical center. A standardized tool was used to abstract data from a random sample of pregnant patients diagnosed with uncomplicated IUP between January 2016 and December 2017 at a single tertiary care medical center. Microsoft Excel 2010 software was used to measure time intervals, prepare descriptive statistics, and perform Mann-Whitney U tests to compare differences. Results: A random sample of 836 (36%) of the 2,346 emergency department patients diagnosed with an IUP between 8-20 weeks’ gestation during the study period was evaluated for inclusion. Three hundred sixty-six met inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on which type of ultrasound scan they received first: POCUS (n=165) and RADUS (n=201). Patients who received POCUS were found to have an IUP identified in an average of 48 minutes (95% CI, 43 to 53), while the RADUS group’s mean time to diagnosis was 120 minutes (95% CI 113 to 127) with a difference of 72 minutes (95% CI, 63 to 80; p<0.001). The mean LOS for patients who received POCUS was 132 minutes (95% CI, 122 to 142), while that of the RADUS group was 177 minutes (95% CI 170 to 184) with a difference of 45 minutes (95% CI 32 to 56; p<0.001). The study is limited by its single-center, retrospective design and by lack of blinding of data abstractors. Conclusion: Pregnant emergency department patients diagnosed with an uncomplicated IUP between 8-weeks and 20-weeks’ gestation had statistically significant reduction in time to diagnosis and disposition from the ED if assessed with POCUS as compared to RADUS.
CIRCULAR LETTER OF THE PROTO-HEGUMEN VASYL ROGOVSKY (12.11.1788)
Authors: Stetsyk Yurii
Published: April 2021

Summary. The purpose of this study is to analyze the information content of the circular, highlighting the main thematic parts. Research methodology is based on the use of analytical and synthetic critique of the sources. To establish the objectivity of information, in the absence of the original letter, its information in comparison with other handwritten copies and old printed copies which we found. The scientific novelty is that Proto-hegumen Vasyl Rogovskyj’s circular has been introduced into wide circulation for the first time. Conclusions. The author determines the circumstances (holding of the Zhydychyn General and Provincial Chapters) and the purpose (informing about innovations in the Basilian legislation) of writing a district letter and presents a biographical review of the authors of the correspondence (Proto-hegumen Vasyl Rogovsky, Provincial Secretary Adrian Shubovych). The structural thematic points of the letter are analyzed: definition of provincial taxes; material support of student monks; sale of things of the dead monasticism; regulation of funeral services; focus on the exemplary behavior of the leaders of the Order; increase in payments for monks-teachers; setting requirements for preachers; preservation of unanimity in liturgical rites; involvement of the studio houses of the Order for diocesan needs; reduction of religious duties; streamlining of financial and property documentation; overcoming obstacles to spiritual growth; on obedience and respect for the authority of the Order and the Church. The importance of the content of the letter is evidenced by the fact that its copy was included in the input documentation of the act books of the Lubar Monastery Chancellery.
UKRAINE AND UKRAINIANS IN THE POLISH SOCIO-POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE FIRST THIRD OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: THE UKRAINIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Futala Vasyl
Published: April 2021

Summary. The purpose of the study is to show the achievements of Ukrainian historiography in studying the attitude of Polish politics in the early twentieth century and the interwar period to the Ukrainian question, to personify the scientific achievements of Ukrainian scientists, to predict the prospects for further scientific research. Research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systemicity, and objectivity. In solving specific problems, methods of historiographical analysis and synthesis were applied. The scientific novelty is that on the basis of a wide range of historiographical sources created by Ukrainian researchers, the process of accumulation and dissemination in time of historical knowledge about the essence of national programs of Polish political circles of the first third of the twentieth century and ways to solve the Ukrainian question. Conclusions. The analyzed problem began to be studied at the scientific level in 1960–80’s. If the representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora only outlined its contours, the historians of Soviet Ukraine (referring primarily to Yu. Slyvka) made an attempt of a professional approach to the subject of research. Modern Ukrainian researchers, applying the latest research practices and Ukraine-centric approach, have made significant progress in the study of the topic. Through the efforts of L. Zashkilnyak, Y. Mykhalsky, V. Repryntsev, M. Zelinsky, Y. Vyalova, V. Komar, Y. Kramar, O. Yurchuk, M. Kucherepa and others, there has been an increase in scientific historical knowledge about the essence of national programs of the main Polish forces politicum in the early twentieth century and in the 1920s and 1930s, in particular, their attitude to the Ukrainian question. It is proved that two concepts concerning Ukrainians were leading – assimilation of national and state. Supporters of the first were representatives of the Polish National Democracy, and the second – supporters of J. Pilsudski. Attempts by Polish Ukrainophiles to impose the idea of territorial autonomy on Ukrainians in Galicia have failed. Theorists of Polish conservatives substantiated the eternal affiliation of "peripheral territories" to the Polish state, and therefore considered the Ukrainian question exclusively as a domestic political problem of a local nature. Among the government programs developed for certain regions of Poland, the most famous is the "Volyn program" of Governor G. Yuzewski.
Despite the great achievements in studying the positions of Polish political groups on the Ukrainian issue, there is a need for in-depth study of the ideology and practice of the centre-left and far-left movements. It is necessary to continue consideration of the principles of national policy of small Polish political parties, groups and blocs of liberal and conservative orientations. In addition, this scientific problem has the prospect of research through the prism of biography.
THE ACTIVITY OF UKRAINIAN CONSUMER COOPERATIVES IN DROHOBYCH REGION IN THE 1920‒1930s
Authors: Medvid Oksana
Published: April 2021

Summary. The purpose of the study is to characterize the activities of Ukrainian consumer cooperatives in the Drohobych region in the 1920s and 1930s to show their role in the economic protection of the Galician population in the interwar Poland. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, authorial objectivity as well as the use of general scientific and special-historical methods. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the development of consumer cooperation in Drohobych in the 1920s ‒ 1930s. Conclusions. Consumer cooperation in the Drohobych region in the interwar period was represented by two organizations ‒ "Narodna Torhivlya" (People’s Trade) and "Tsentrsouz" (the Central Union). These two centers cooperated actively in order to develop economic and consumer cooperation. Ukrainian consumer cooperation in the interwar period strengthened its position aimed at improving the quality of life, strengthening the economic independence of the Ukrainians in Galicia and contributing to the growth of their national consciousness.
THE WAY TO UNITY: THE IDEA TO CREATE THE WORLD CONGRESS OF FREE UKRAINIANS
Authors: Vakhnianyn Anna
Published: April 2021

Summary. The history of the Ukrainian diaspora/emigrants makes up an integral part of the Ukrainian history. The article traces the path of foreign Ukrainians to unification in order to defend the interests of the entire Ukrainian people. The successful Jewish experience may serve as the vivid example. The latter lived scattered for ages, but united and established World Jewish Congress in 1936, being able to declare the State of Israel in 1948. The purpose of our study is to trace the origins of the idea to consolidate the Ukrainian emigrants and to establish the only coordinative institution for the whole Ukrainian nation from all over the world in the 1920s, its evolution and the practical measures for its implementation. The successful experience of the Ukrainian diaspora can serve as a model for the modern Ukrainians, while the analysis of the mistakes of the latter can help to avoid them at the contemporary stage of state formation. Methodology. The methods to solve the aforementioned problem are the following: 1) the method of historical comparison of the Ukrainian and Jewish experience of consolidation; 2) historiographical analysis and synthesis; 3) inductive and deductive reasoning. The scientific novelty of our research is in the comprehensive step-by-step study of the World Congress of Free Ukrainians. Conclusions. The powerful centers of the Ukrainian political emigration appeared in the 1920s. They aimed to restore Ukraine’s unity and independence. However, there was disagreement among them, given the fact that they struggled for power in 1917–1920. S. Petliura was one of the first competent political leaders, who realized the necessity of consolidation. His associates A. Shulgin and V. Prykhodko made the first attempts to organize the World Ukrainian Congress in the 1930s. The idea was supported in Galicia and in the USA, though it wasn’t implemented. The same process may be noticed in the Jewish diaspora at the same time; however, they summoned the World Jewish Congress in 1936 and declared their own state. Because the Ukrainian politician leaders failed to create a single political center, the Soviet diplomats became the legitimate representatives of Ukrainians during and after the World War II. The establishment of the Pan-American Ukrainian Conference (PAUC) in 1947 is thought to be the pre-condition for summoning the World Congress of Free Ukrainians, as it was one of its key tasks. A. Melnyk was one of the most active lobbyists of the Ukrainian unity. He also introduced the idea of the organization superstructure. PAUC made a few attempts to summon the congress in the 50s – 60s of the 20th century, but none of these were successful. Consequently, the Ukrainian emigrants were disappointed with its PAUC’s ability to accomplish the task successfully. Despite this fact, in January 1967 PAUC published/promulgated the manifesto on summoning the World Congress of Free Ukrainians launched the active propaganda campaign, and the long way of the Ukrainian nation to consolidation met with success in November.
Partnership Commitment During a Global Pandemic
Authors: Frimoth Margaret R.
Published: April 2021

Riane Eisler challenges us to identify and embrace partnership relationships in every aspect of our lives — personal, social, cultural, environmental, and economic. Her trove of written work and public appearances shape a vision of our greater selves working together to achieve more than the sum of our separate lives. Now, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the reality of overwhelming separation, grief, loss, and social distancing begs the question: Is it truly possible to achieve partnership values? Sometimes, we need to step away from news reports and social media to seek comfort in the stories that make positive differences in our lives. In this article, the author shares a story, more than three decades in the making, of a small group of committed volunteers who tackle a most difficult and disturbing form of oppression — child sexual abuse. An annual camp program, first requested by child survivors themselves, is deeply linked to partnership system ideologies. The Victory Over Child Abuse (VOCA) Camp story actualizes partnership values by firmly wrapping them around a tenacious vision of intentionally safe community. When communities commit to partnership systems, healing and non-violence become the norm, social transformation is possible, and children are safe.
AÇIK KALP CERRAHİSİNDE 72 SAATLİK TRİMETAZİDİN UYGULAMASININ MİYOKARD İSKEMİSİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Authors: GEMALMAZ Hüseyin , GÜLTEKİN Yıldırım , KURAL Tuğrul
Published: April 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı açık kalp cerrahisi öncesi 72 saatlik trimetazidin (TMZ) uygulamasının miyokard iskemisi üzerine etkilerini göstermektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma, 2009-2010 tarihleri arasında, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalında prospektif olarak gerçekleştirildi. Çalışmaya elektif koroner arter bypass greft operasyonu planlanan, yaşları 43-76 yıl aralığında olan, 12’si erkek, 8 kadın olmak üzere toplam 20 hasta alındı. Hastalar iki gruba ayrıldı. Birinci gruba 72 saat öncesinden başlayarak preoperatif 3x20 mg, oral TMZ verildi (çalışma grubu). İkinci grup kontrol grubuydu. Son 6 hafta içinde miyokard enfarktüsü geçirmiş olan, koroner arter bypass cerrahisine ek kardiyak cerrahi uygulanan, önceden böbrek hastalığı olan, cerrahiden 24 saat önce kardiyak enzim düzeyleri yüksek olan ve hemodinamik açıdan stabil olmayan hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Yaş, vücut yüzey alanı, cinsiyet, ejeksiyon fraksiyonu, komorbidite, kardiyopulmoner bypass zamanı, kros-klemp zamanı, hasta damar sayısı ve bypass sayıları kaydedildi. Troponin I (TnI) baz değeri için kan numuneleri hasta uyutulmadan hemen önce alındı. Operasyon sırasında kros-klemp kaldırılınca sağ atriyumdan ikinci örnek alındı. Kross-klemp kaldırıldıktan sonra 6., 12. ve 24. saatlerinde TnI için kan örnekleri alındı.Bulgular: Hastalar uyutulmadan hemen önce, kros-klemp kaldırıldıktan hemen sonra ve 6. 12. ve 24. saatlerde bakılan TnI değerleri gruplar arasında karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmadı. (sırasıyla, p=0.7734, p=0.3390, p=0.5624, p=0.1296, p=0.1796).Sonuç: Açık kalp cerrahisinde preoperatif kısa süreli TMZ tedavisinin miyokard korunması üzerine bir etkisinin olmadığı tespit edildi.
The efficacy of adenotomy and adenotonsillotomy in children under three years of age ? a retrospective analysis
Authors: Kwast Piotr , Rychlica Sasza , Gray Gabriela , Mierzejewski Kamil , Zawadzka-Głos Lidia
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy is one of the most common indications for surgery in children. Symptomatic adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy mostly affects pre-school children. Children under 3 years of age constitute a distinct group of patients suffering from this disease, as they are more prone to perioperative complications, as well as to the adenoid regrowth. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of surgery as seen by the parents of children under 3 years of age who had undergone adenotomy or adenotonsillotomy. Material and methods. A telephone survey with the parents of children who had undergone adenotomy or adenotomy under 3 years of age in the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology of the Medical University of Warsaw in the years 2015?2016 was conducted. Age, sex, time elapsed from the procedure, as well as symptoms reported by the parents before and after the procedure were analyzed. Results. Out of 50 children hospitalized in our Department, the parents of 42 patients (84%) took part in the survey. The median age of children at the time of the surgery was 2 years and 8 months, and the median follow-up from the procedure was 17 months. The procedure was assessed as infective by the parents of 2 patients (5%). Snoring occurred in 76% of children before the procedure, apnea ? in 52%, and hearing impairment ? in 57%. The parents reported the persistence of these symptoms in 12%, 2% and 21% of the children, respectively. At the time of the survey, the above-mentioned symptoms were present in 29%, 0% and 26% of the children, respectively. The parents’ satisfaction with the procedure was greater in cases of children who had less severe symptoms at the time of the survey (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = -0.515, p = 0.0005). There were no other significant correlations between the time elapsed from the surgery, sex, age of the child at the time of the procedure, and symptom severity before and after the surgery. Conclusions. Adenotomy and adenotonsillotomy are efficient as seen by the parents of children under 3 years of age. Other possible causes for symptoms typical for adenoid hypertrophy must be taken into account, especially in younger patients. A short and simple telephone survey enabled to achieve a high response rate.
Retroauricular region involvement during otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa
Authors: Wasilewska Agata , Zawadzka-Głos Lidia
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Diffuse otitis externa is one of the causes of ear pain, especially in school-age children. Risk factors for the disease include skin damage during cleaning audito ry canal, moisture exposure, anatomical factors, and dermatological comorbidities. Aim. The aim of the study was to present clinical picture, differential diagnosis and method of treatment of diffuse otitis externa based on cases of patients hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology of the Medical University of Warsaw. Material and Methods. A retrospective analysis of the clinical presentation and diagnostic tests of 12 cases of children with diffuse otitis externa hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology of the Medical University of Warsaw from 1st March 2017 to 1st March 2018 was conducted. Results. The most common etiological factor of diffuse otitis externa was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Over half of the patients presented an involvement of retroauricular region during otitis externa. All the patients were treated with local and intravenous antibiotics. Conclusions. Atypical course associated with the spread of inflammation to the retroauricular region may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of otitis externa as a complication of otitis media. Treatment is difficult due to severe pain and resistance of P. aeruginosa to most antibiotics.
Nasal septum perforation – new treatment methods
Authors: Michalik Michał , Podbielska-Kubera Adrianna , Dmowska-Koroblewska Agnieszka
Published: April 2021

Perforation is a defect of nasal septum manifested by the disruption of mucosa in the cartillaginous or bone part of nasal septum or in both of the parts at the same time.As a result, disruption of air transport through the nose and impaired nasal physiology occur. Crusting, epistaxis, and wheezing arise. Perforations are classified according to their size, type, and localization. There are many causes for nasal septum perforation: trauma, surgery, tumors, coexistence of inflammatory, infectious, degenerative, and autoimmune diseases, and cocaine abuse. The assessment of a patient with nasal septum perforation includes detailed medical history, physical examination, diagnostic and laboratory tests. Treating the underlying disease is of primary importance. The second step involves closing the perforation. Perforations can be treated conservatively (pharmacologically) or surgically. The choice of approach depends on the etiology, size, and location of the perforation. Surgical approach is the most effective. Surgical closure of nasal septal perforation is a difficult procedure associated with many complications. All surgical approaches are based on two main principles: creating mucosal, mucoperichondrial, and/or mucoperiosteal flaps or transplant. Prosthetic treatment is another solution. Literature data shows that highest success rate is achieved after surgical procedures with the use of mucosal flaps and temporal fascia transplants, as well as acellular human dermal allografts.
Does tonsillar hypertrophy contribute to speech disorders in children?
Authors: Łapińska Iwona , Zawadzka-Głos Lidia
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Hypertrophy of the pharyngeal and/or palatine tonsils as well as otitis media with effusion are the most prevalent childhood diseases leading to the referral of children to the ENT specialist. Adenoidectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure among paediatric patients. The main indications to adenoidectomy include sleep apnoea, frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract, and otitis media with effusion (OME). OME is defined as the presence of fluid in the middle ear without coexisting symptoms of ear infection. Aim. The aims of the study were to perform a clinical analysis of patients undergoing surgery on tonsils, and to evaluate the effect of tonsillar hypertrophy on speech disorders. Material and methods. The prospective study involved a group of 92 patients subjected to surgical procedures including adenoidectomy, adenotonsillotomy and adenotonsillectomy. Results. The study was carried out in a group of 92 patients aged 4.5-18 years who underwent tonsil surgery in two of Poland’s specialist medical centres. A total of 63 patients treated in the Warsaw centre, and 29 patients receiving treatment in the Elbląg centre, were included. The vast majority of the study group comprised children aged 5 to 9 years. Hearing impairment and the need to turn up the volume of the TV before the procedure were reported by 42 (45.7%) of the respondents. A total of 37 (40.2%) patients reported having to ask about the same thing several times. Among the patients who presented with hearing problems, 28 (30.4%) reported speech disorders, and 4 (4.3%) had slurred speech. Conclusions. Correct and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of OME in children is necessary. An improvement of hearing in children contributes to an improvement in pronunciation.
Self-induced pneumoparotitis – a rare case report
Authors: Raczkowska-Łabuda Karolina , Jabłońska-Jesionowska Monika , Jadczyszyn Jolanta , Frąckiewicz Magdalena , Pilch Maciej , Zawadzka-Głos Lidia
Published: April 2021

Pneumoparotitis (pneumoparotiditis, pneumosialoadenitis) is a rare and frequently misdiagnosed condition. Signs of subcutaneous emphysema in parotid gland, the neck or the mediastinum are alarming symptoms that should be promptly addressed. Computed tomography, which is the gold diagnostic standard, may be successfully replaced with ultrasonography in the paediatric population. Sialography has a complementary role in the imaging of the gland, and allows for parotid duct irrigation to remove deposits and prevent recurrent inflammation. The paper presents a case of a 12-year-old boy who deliberately inflated his both parotid glands for about 6 months, and thus developed parotid pneumatocele with a diameter of about 25 mm. Diagnostic imaging was extended to include autoimmune diseases. Detailed family history was obtained. Conservative treatment, including dexamethasone irrigation of the Stensen’s duct, was used and the symptoms fully resolved. A 3-month follow-up showed no increase in the size of pneumatocele or episodes of parotiditis.
Spatial changes in the dental arch after premature extraction of the first primary molar – a 12-month observational study
Authors: Kobylińska Angelika , Piekoszewska-Ziętek Paula , Gozdowski Dariusz , Turska-Szybka Anna , Olczak-Kowalczyk Dorota
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Premature loss of the first primary molar may cause malocclusion or impair permanent tooth eruption. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess spatial changes in the dental arch after unilateral premature extraction of the first primary molar. Material and methods. The alginate impressions were taken in patients aged between 5 and 7 years who met the inclusion criteria based on medical history, clinical examination and panoramic x-ray during a preliminary qualifying examination 14 days before or on the day of extraction (before the procedure), as well as during follow up (at months 1, 3, 6 and 12 after extraction). Gypsum models were used to measure the circumference of the arch, the posterior and intercanine width, as well as the interdental distance: IIID-VM, IIID-VD on the side of extraction and the opposite side of the arch. The data were analysed statistically (Statistica 10, Statsoft, p < 0.05). Results. A total of 14 mandibular and 16 maxillary teeth were extracted in 27 children aged between 5 and 7 years (mean age ± SD = 6.64 ± 1.01; 15 boys and 12 girls). A significant loss of interdental spaces for IIID-VM and IIID-VD between the study vs. control side due to distalisation of canine and mesialisation of the second primary molar was observed. Much less significant displacement of these teeth was noted in the case of the presence of the first permanent molar at the time of first primary molar extraction. Conclusions. Premature loss of first primary molars results in reduced interdental distances which does not hinder the eruption of their permanent successors. There is no need for space maintainers.
A paediatric patient with nasal septal perforation – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options
Authors: Pilch Maciej , Tuszyńska Anna , Raczkowska-Łabuda Karolina , Zawadzka-Głos Lidia
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Nasal septum is an anatomical structure which not only separates both nasal cavities, but is also a supporting element for the external nose, and has an impact on its physiology. Structural abnormalities of the nasal septum, such as deviations and defects, affect the airflow in the nasal cavities. Nasal septal perforation is one of the factors that impair nasal patency due to secondary pathological changes. There are various treatment options, depending on the symptoms reported and the stage of septal lesions. Treatment strategy is selected individually for each patient. Aim. The aim of this paper was to discuss the symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment options in children with nasal septal perforation. Patients of the Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, were included in the analysis. Material and methods. We present cases of 18 patients aged between 3 and 17 years, admitted to the Outpatient ENT Clinic at the Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw. Results. A total of 18 patients aged between 3 and 17 years (mean age 12.83 years, SD = 4.34) reported to our clinic. In most cases, nasal septal perforation developed as a complication of septoplasty (4) or nasal trauma. Nasal bleeding and crusting were the most commonly reported symptoms. Perforation was accompanied by external nasal deformity in about 1/3 of patients. Conclusions. Only few reports on paediatric patients with nasal septal perforation may be found in literature. All data obtained was analysed based on reports describing adult and paediatric patients. The severity of symptoms varied depending on the aetiology.
Problemy diagnostyczno-terapeutyczne u noworodka z zespołem Turnera – opis przypadku
Authors: Skiendzielewski Jacek , Kucińska Beata , Roik Danuta , Werner Bożena
Published: April 2021

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. The most prevalent karyotype is 45,X, followed by mosaic patterns. Turner syndrome is associated with several morbidities that increase with age. Turner syndrome causes typical dysmorphic features (webbed neck, lymphedema of the hands and feet, narrow and high-arched palate, low hairline at the back, low set ears, broad chest and wide set nipples) and several multisystem disorders: short stature, primary gonadal deficiency, kidney malformations. It has been reported that the 50% of adult patients and 30% of pediatric patients with Turner syndrome present with cardiovascular abnormalities. The authors present a case of a newborn with Turner syndrome, coarctation of aorta and bicuspid aortic valve. The child was operated on coarctation of aorta shortly after the diagnosis. The regular check-ups showed good surgical result.
Nieprawidłowości układu sercowo-naczyniowego w najczęściej występujących zespołach genetycznych u dzieci
Authors: Kucińska Beata , Skiendzielewski Jacek , Werner Bożena
Published: April 2021

Congenital cardiovascular pathology are the most frequent congenital pathologies diagnosed in children and they have an impact on morbidity, mortality and quality of life. About 15-30% of congenital heart malformations are the part of genetic syndromes. Early diagnosis plays a crucial role, specially in life threatening cardiovascular anomalies. Authors discuss the type of cardiovascular pathologies in Down, Turner, Noonan, Williams and deletion 22q11.2 syndromes. Left to right shunt pathology, which lead to the heart failure and pulmonary hypertension, are typical for Down syndrome. Complete form of atrioventricular septal defect is the most sever form of left to right shunt pathologies and is indication for early operation. In Turner syndrome bicuspid aortic valve and aortic coarctation are the most frequent. Noonan syndrome is coexisting with pulmonic valve stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial septal defect. Conotruncal anomaly (cyanotic heart pathology) and interrupted aortic arch type B are seen in deletion 22q11.2 syndrome. In Williams syndrome supravalvular aortic stenosis and peripheral pulmonary stenosis are the most frequent. Comprehensive multidisciplinary follow up is very important for those patients.
Porażenie splotu barkowego u niemowlęcia jako objaw guza kanału kręgowego – opis przypadku
Authors: Perdeus Anna , Brzewski Michał , Bombiński Przemysław
Published: April 2021

A brachial plexus palsy is rare in infants, particularly if it is not related to any perinatal injury. An abnormal mass pressing the nerves should be included in the differentiation. The differential diagnosis allows for defining the scope and etiology of pathological masses on the neck. We present the case of an infant with a brachial plexus palsy. The clinical examination and the subsequent imaging examination have shown the presence of a nodular change in the soft tissues of the neck. The change was connected with the mass located intramedullary. Additionally, there was a focal change located subependymally in the stem of the right lateral ventricle. The histopathology test has shown the presence of a multifocal AT/RT tumour. Conclusions. 1. In the case of a brachial plexus palsy in infants, particularly after the neonatal period, intraspinal tumours should be included in the differential diagnosis. 2. AT/RT tumours are rare, but they occur relatively more often in children above the age of 3.
Profil pacjenta diagnozowanego w kierunku boreliozy na przykładzie pacjentów szpitala pediatrycznego Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w latach 2013-2015
Authors: Badełek-Izdebska Małgorzata , Dębska Małgorzata , Zawadzka-Głos Lidia
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Lyme borreliosis is the most frequent tick-borne disease in Europe and North America. It is a chronic, multi-organ disease, with phasic course. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and serologic findings at the patient bitten by the tick. Aim. Aim of this study was to analyze the recommendations for the tests towards the Lyme disease at patients of the Pediatric Hospital of Medical University of Warsaw. Material and methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical data of children hospitalized at the Pediatric Hospital in the period from January 2013 to the end of February 2015, who had performed diagnostic tests for Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Results. In the period from 1st January 2013 to 28th February 2015 tests forantibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi were ordered in 226 patients, including 119 girls and 107 boys. The ELISA test was performed in 219 patients, Western blot test was performed in 25 patients, and the presence of antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid was examined in 2 patients. Diagnosed patients presented various symptoms. Patients from the two largest groups reported with articular complaints and heart symptoms. The group of patients diagnosed with fever, headache and facial nerve paralysis was less numerous. A small group of patients had a history of tick bite and presented with erythema. Conclusions. Patients of the Pediatric Hospital of the Medical University of Warsaw, who were ordered to perform tests for Lyme disease, presented symptoms from various organs and systems. These symptoms overlap with ailments and symptoms described in people who have been diagnosed with Lyme disease in both the early and late stages of the disease. The serological tests in connection with the medical history and physical examination are an important element in the diagnostics of Lyme disease in children.
Zespół Marfana u 7-letniej dziewczynki – opis przypadku
Authors: Ludzia Małgorzata , Pietrzak Radosław , Werner Bożena
Published: April 2021

Marfan syndrome is a systemic, autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder with variable expressivity. An early diagnosis is challenging but important, because Marfan syndrome is associated with premature death in untreated patients. The authors present a case of a 7-year-old girl with Marfan syndrome. The child’s father was diagnosed with Marfan syndrome confirmed by genetic tests. The first symptoms of Marfan syndrome in the presented patient occurred at the age of 2 years, when she presented with mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse, scoliosis, joint hypermobility and body height above 97 percentile. In regular check-ups, aortic root dilatation and the enlargement of the left ventricle were first described one year later. It was decided to introduce beta blocker therapy. Due to the further progression of left ventricular enlargement the girl was given additionally angiotensin II receptor antagonist. In echocardiography follow up no increasing of the aortic root dilatation and the left ventricular enlargement is observed.
Zespół rozsianego wykrzepiania wewnątrznaczyniowego w ostrych białaczkach – patofizjologia, obraz kliniczny, diagnostyka oraz leczenie
Authors: Chyżyński Bartosz , Sikorska-Fic Barbara , Niewiadomska Edyta , Matysiak Michał
Published: April 2021

Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC) is a syndrome characterized by generalized intravascular activation of the coagulation system. This syndrome is not an isolated clinical syndrome, but is always secondary to other diseases. It is particularly often observed in neoplastic diseases, and in particular in haematopoietic malignancies such as acute leukemia. The risk of DIC depends on the type and subtype of acute leukemia. DIC is most often observed in the course of acute myeloid leukaemia with particular emphasis on the subtype M3 and M5 according to FAB. The basic treatment for DIC remains the treatment of the underlying disease and substitution treatment. Depending on the disease underlying the development of DIC, the substitution procedure may differ significantly. Knowledge of the pathomechanism of disorders occurring in DIC is the key to early diagnosis and rapid implementation of treatment.
Analiza rozpoznań elektrokardiograficznych u dzieci z nieprawidłowym wynikiem przesiewowego EKG wykonanego w szkole
Authors: Wójcicka-Urbańska Barbara , Kucińska Beata , Werner Bożena
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Electrocardiography (ECG) is one of the fundamental procedures used as a diagnostic tool in pediatric cardiology. ECG is indispensable in the evaluation of children with arrhythmias, some of which like in long QT syndrome and Wolff- Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome could be life threatening. Aim. The aim of the study was to analyze diagnostic tests of the cardiovascular system in children with abnormal ECG screening performed at school. Material and methods. Abnormal ECG screening in 31 children, aged 7-13 years old (average 10.6 years) was re-analyzed. In all 31 children referred to pediatric cardiology department ECG and echocardiogram were performed. In case of arrhythmia suspicion, 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring and exercise test were also done. Results. Based on ECG screening performed at school, initially in 22 out of the 31 children significant changes in ECG were found and minor in 9. After verification in the pediatric cardiology department 50% of children with previously diagnosed significant changes in ECG were considered to have a normal ECG. Only in 2 children pathology was confirmed (WPW syndrome and QT prolongation). The most frequent falsely diagnoses in ECG included: hypertrophy of the left ventricle, heart axis deviation, nonspecific repolarization changes, partial right bundle branch block. Conclusions. 1. The interpretation of the ECG in children requires taking into account the age differences and should be carried out by a pediatric cardiologist. 2. Most of the changes found in screening ECG in children were irrelevant without clinical significance.
Zaawansowany proces nowotworowy u chłopca z pierwotnym guzem germinalnym jądra – opis przypadku
Authors: Król Milena , Dolecka Jagoda , Zatońska Julia , Romiszewski Michał , Pawelec Katarzyna
Published: April 2021

Testicular cancers (germ cell tumors) are rarely diagnosed in patients below eighteen years old. The low occurrence rate may decrease the alertness of the physicians. In consequence, the cancer is detected late and most young patients are referred to oncological wards with an advanced cancer stage. The article describes the case of a young patient who looked for medical consultation due to non-specific symptoms like: diarrhea, weakness and vision disorder. Diagnostic tests revealed the germ cell tumor with metastasis to liver, lungs and brain. The diagnosis was established in an advanced cancer stage, which severely reduced the chance of a successful treatment and put the patient life at risk. The case is being reviewed to increase the awareness of the testicular cancer amongst physicians of all specialties because the illness can be treated effectively if it is diagnosed very early.
Weight Bias in Hiring
Authors: Brooks Jack
Published: April 2021

This study’s purpose was to assess the prevalence of weight bias in the hiring of female applicants among students attending Southern Methodist University. Weight bias in hiring for a CEO position was assessed in 87 total male and female participants by viewing one of two possible applicants’ resumés – one slim and one overweight female. Experience and qualifications for each resumé were identical, only the headshots differed. Participants saw either the overweight applicant or the slim applicant, after which they filled out a questionnaire that asked them to indicate whether they would hire the individual and state the reason for their decision. We found no significant difference between which applicant participants chose to hire. Gender did not predict which applicant participants were more likely to hire or reject. These findings contradicted our hypotheses. We had predicted that the overweight female applicant would have been hired less by participants, relative to the slim applicant. Additionally, we had predicted that this weight bias against the overweight female applicant would have a higher incidence in males. Similar studies going forward should focus on providing a truly random sample of participants and use clearer instructions to read to the participant. Experimenters should also consider using in-person interviews instead of resumés, and perhaps a larger sample size to determine if in fact there was a detectable effect present. Remaining limitations and explanations for the results will be presented in the discussion.
NOS CAMINHOS DA TRADIÇÃO CONGO/ANGOLA
Authors: Rodrigues José Marcos Brito
Published: April 2021

Resenha do livro de NUNES, Erivaldo Sales. Bate Folha: trajetória e memória do Candomblé de Bernardino. Salvador: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia, 2020. 328 p. ISBN 978-856756245-2.
APPROACH TO THE ASSORTMENT OF A RATIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE ARMED FORCES NEEDS FINANCING OF UKRAINE IN THE MODERN CONDITIONS OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   The Central Research Institute of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Abramova Maryna , Abramov Anton ,   The Central Research Institute of the Armed Forces of Ukraine
Published: April 2021

The paper presents an approach to the choice of a rational strategy for financing the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in conditions of uncertainty of the military-political situation and the economic situation in the country, which can be used to justify management decisions.
CONVERSION METHODS OF PDF AND DOC DOCUMENTS
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Bondarenko Nikita , Ivanishyn Ivan ,   National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»
Published: April 2021

This paper discusses and analyzes the most popular document formats DOC, DOCX and PDF. As well as methods of their conversion for further work on them.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING, EXPLOITATION AND VIOLENCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kiziun Liliia
Published: April 2021

This article is devoted to the study of problematic issues related to combating trafficking in human beings, exploitation and violence, as one of the most dangerous and highly profitable forms of international organized crime. Considerable attention is paid to the impact and analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic and international anti-trafficking legislation. Suggestions and recommendations are made, based on the conclusions made, on the necessary measures to combat trafficking in human beings during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Quantitative Study of Hydraulic Parameters of Thamirabarani River
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, SCAD College of Engineering & Technology, India, S Gopikumar , S Sundararajan ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, SCAD College of Engineering & Technology, India, JAK Gladston ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, SCAD College of Engineering & Technology, India, CAV Kumar ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, SCAD College of Engineering & Technology, India, KH Babu ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, SCAD College of Engineering & Technology, India
Published: April 2021

Each channel has unique characteristics of its own; River Thamirabarani being no exception. The project proposal aims at investigating the hydraulic geometry of the Thamirabarani River from Pothigai to the downstream up to Srivaikundam [1]. The interrelationship among stream sediment load, channel width and channel depth shows the nature of hydraulic geometry of Thamirabarani River channel. Due to the effect of Papanasam dam the natural flow of this river has been obstructed, and this is resulting in reduced discharge at downstream [2]. Confluences of major tributaries such as Manimuthar, Servalaru, Gadana and Ramanadhi may play significant role for the influx of extra discharge and sediment load to the main river. This extra sediment influx is also responsible for frequent bar formation in the river channel. The input morphometric maps have to be prepared using GIS and Remote Sensing tools like Arc GIS 10.1 and Global Mapper [3].