bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The World Made More Sufferable
Authors: Winkler Kyle
Published: January 2020

This article argues that trust is an adjunct of rhetoric by looking at the Iliad and Sophocles's play, Philoctetes, among other thinkers and philosophers. It suggests that trust is both within language and the body, in word and deed, and that rhetoric is the free, yet forgotten resource of all people in straits, whether critical or banal. It offers three consequences of trust in rhetoric: the implication of a civil society; a rhetorical taxonomy of personalities; and the breaking of apathy.
Serious Sex: A Re-viewing of the Films Lila Says and My Summer of Love
Authors: Cardullo R. J.
Published: January 2020

This article is a re-viewing of the early twenty-first-century films Lila Says and My Summer of Love from the point of view of their treatment of sex and sexuality, in contrast with the depiction of those subjects in past movies. The author observes that sex can be used in motion pictures—of which Doueiri's and Pawlikowski's are examples—in a way that is not exploitative. However obvious this may seem, it is most often not the case, and for reasons that can easily be adduced. Lila Says and My Summer of Love thus remind us, the author argues, of the possibilities inherent in a film art shorn of the gratuitousness of violent or pornographic sex—an art, that is, that knows how to use sex to achieve what it wants, or how to deploy “serious” sex toward significant thematic ends.
Displasia Tanatóforica
Authors: Morales Iriarte David Giovanny
Published: January 2020

La displasia tanatofórica es una acondrodisplasia, pertenece a la categoría de defectos de huesos tubulares, generalmente de curso letal, se presenta con tronco de tamaño normal y platispondilia.(1) Su incidencia es 1/50 000 nacidos vivos.
In Situ Elemental and Sr Isotope Characteristics of Magmatic to Hydrothermal Minerals from the Black Mountain Porphyry Deposit, Baguio District, Philippines
Authors: Cao MingJian , Hollings Pete , Evans Noreen J. , Cooke David R. , McInnes Brent I.A. , Zhao KuiDong , Qin KeZhang , Li DengFeng , Sweet Gabe
Published: January 2020

At the Black Mountain porphyry Cu-Au deposit in the Baguio district, Northern Luzon (Philippines), pre- and synmineralized rocks preserve magmatic and hydrothermal minerals (e.g., plagioclase, amphibole, titanite, and epidote) spanning the complete paragenesis of the deposit. Strontium isotope values in early crystallized plagioclase phenocrysts from all felsic porphyries can be divided into two types. The type-I plagioclase crystals show relatively homogeneous Sr isotope values (0.7035–0.7038, 1σ <0.0001), indicating crystallization from a relatively stable and long-lived felsic magma chamber. The type-II plagioclase grains have a wider range of Sr isotope compositions (0.7032–0.7039, 1σ <0.0001), indicating mafic and/or felsic magma recharge. In magmatic titanite, Nb/Ta values are higher than those in the whole rock, while Zr/Hf and Y/Ho values are lower. In hydrothermal titanite and epidote, the ratios are similar to those in the whole rock. These patterns reflect crystallization effects imposed during the magmatic stage but an absence of differentiation during the hydrothermal stage. The consistent gradual decrease in total rare earth element, Y, Zr, and U contents in both hydrothermal titanite and epidote from early to late stages indicates the effect of hydrothermal fluid evolution with decreasing temperature. The variation of 87Sr/86Sr values in magmatic amphibole, plagioclase, and hydrothermal epidote in felsic and mafic rocks indicates the addition of mafic magma-derived fluid into the felsic magma-derived fluid. One extra source of fluid (probably derived from wall-rock limestone) was required to generate the highly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr values of some epidote (0.7038–0.7053). Thus, in situ elemental and Sr isotope variation in minerals from different paragenetic stages can be used to interpret formation process and source for both magmas and hydrothermal fluids.
Nieuwe instituties voor het Antropoceen
Authors: Faber Albert , van Leeuwen Anne
Published: January 2020

New insitutions for The Anthropocene

The Anthropocene offers a narrative to rethink the full range of present-day institutions. The urgency, complexity and scope of the ecological challenges that are upon us provide important challenges. Traditional institutions may be up to the task or be able to adapt to the new challenges, but likely new institutional perspectives will be required. The idea of ‘ecological reflexivity’ is helpful to critically explore some new and important institutional features for the Antropocene: recognition of the non-human world and its voices, reflection upon what works and upon what can be imagined, and response in terms of new practices and functions. We explore these features and offer some examples of new institutions.
De Wet donorgegevens kunstmatige bevruchting geëvalueerd: nog steeds veel dorre grond
Authors: Winter H.B. , Woestenburg N.O.M. , Dorscheidt J.H.H.M. , Frederiks B.J.M.
Published: January 2020

De Wet donorgegevens kunstmatige bevruchting geëvalueerd: nog steeds veel dorre grond

In het voorjaar van 2019 verscheen het rapport van de tweede evaluatie van de Wet donorgegevens kunstmatige bevruchting. Bij de invoering van deze wet in 2004 was bij velen de gedachte dat het om een beperkte regeling ging die vooral regels stelde over de betrekkelijk overzichtelijke registratie en verstrekking van gegevens van donoren aan donorkinderen. Ruim vijftien jaar later is veel meer zicht ontstaan op het ingrijpende karakter van de materie die in de wet centraal staat en daarmee van de regeling zelf. In dit artikel worden de belangrijkste resultaten van de wetsevaluatie besproken en de reactie van de minister daarop.
Tweede evaluatie Wet donorgegevens kunstmatige bevruchting: stof tot nadenken
Authors: Garvelink S.E. , Ploem M.C.
Published: January 2020

Tweede evaluatie Wet donorgegevens kunstmatige bevruchting: stof tot nadenken

In hun bijdrage reflecteren de auteurs op de aanbevelingen van het in april 2019 verschenen rapport inzake de tweede evaluatie van de Wet donorgegevens kunstmatige bevruchting (Wdkb), mede in het licht van het op 26 september 2019 verschenen standpunt van de minister van VWS op de wetsevaluatie. De meeste aanbevelingen lijken zinnig, maar er zijn ook enkele waarover de auteurs hun bedenkingen hebben. Dat geldt in het bijzonder voor de aanbevelingen die gericht zijn op nadere inperking van het recht van donoren van vóór 2004 om anoniem te blijven en van de vrijheid van ouders van donorkinderen om zelf te bepalen hoe en wanneer zij hun kind voorlichten.
De toekomstige Wet Draagmoederschap: van ledig naar volledig?
Authors: Buddenbaum M. , Vonk M.J.
Published: January 2020

De toekomstige Wet Draagmoederschap: van ledig naar volledig?

Gebrek aan specifieke wet- en regelgeving rondom draagmoederschap heeft geleid tot veel juridische complexiteit en discussie. Nu worden mogelijk de hiaten in de wet opgelost met nieuwe wetsvoorstellen. Vooruitlopend op de nieuwe wet vergelijken we in dit artikel de huidige juridische draagmoederschapspraktijk en de wetsvoorstellen die de regering deze zomer naar aanleiding van de aanbevelingen van de Staatscommissie Herijking Ouderschap heeft geschreven. Daarnaast kijken we naar de aansluiting tussen het beoogde wetsvoorstel en de huidige richtlijnen en standpunten van de medische beroepsgroep en gaan we op zoek naar eventuele leemtes in de voorgestelde regeling.
Kroniek rechtspraak strafrecht
Authors: Mevis P.A.M. , Postma L.
Published: January 2020

Kroniek rechtspraak strafrecht

In deze kroniek staan de belangrijkste ontwikkelingen van 31 augustus 2017 tot 1 november 2019 centraal. Ten eerste wordt aandacht besteed aan de gewijzigde strafbepalingen van de Wet BIG en het vervolg van de zaak tegen de Haagse borstendokter. Vervolgens wordt ingegaan op het medisch beroepsgeheim en vorderen van gegevens, fraude in de zorg, de strafrechtelijke vervolging van een zorginstelling, zedendelicten door hulpverleners en de strafbaarheid van afbreking van een zwangerschap door een huisarts. Voorts komen euthanasie en hulp bij zelfdoding aan bod. Ten slotte worden onder meer zaken besproken die betrekking hebben op dood door schuld, valsheid in geschrifte en het in hulpeloze toestand achterlaten van een hulpbehoevende.
Het beroepsgeheim van predikanten in België
Authors: Lorein Geert W.
Published: January 2020

Professional secrecy of pastors in Belgium

Belgian Law mentions professional secrecy at different places. In recent years, professional secrecy has been nuanced or even eroded. It remains, however, an important item for certain professional groups, for some perhaps a privilege, for others a burden. Enough indications exist that ministers of the Protestant-Evangelical religion (pastors), even though they are not bound by priest-penitent privilege, are bound by professional secrecy. This makes it necessary to have a clear definition of ‘pastors’. Due to the relative ignorance about Protestantism in Belgium, this has taken some time. The article ends with the discussion of some practical aspects of the professional secrecy of pastors.
PSYCHOFARMAKOTYRANIA? PSYCHIATRYZACJA PONOWOCZESNOŚCI JAKO UCIECZKA OD WOLNOŚCI
Authors: Czachorowski Marek
Published: January 2020

Okazało się, że wielokrotnie wyrażane ostrzeżenie przed nową „psychofarmakotyranią” ma swoje rzeczowe podstawy. Prowadzą ku niej z konieczności wpierw globalne procesy „medykalizacji”, „psychiatryzacji” i „psychofarmakologizacji”. Dotyczą one nie jakiegoś peryferium człowieka, ale samego naszego człowieczeństwa (istoty człowieka), bo sprowadzają problemy moralne - a tylko te dotyczą człowieka jako człowieka – do problemów zdrowotnych, „leczonych” psychofarmaceutykami. Prowadzi to zmian w funkcjonowaniu człowieka w jego człowieczeństwie, bo modyfikuje działanie ludzkiego rozumu, woli i uczuć. Identyfikacja tej manipulacji – kluczowa wpierw dla etyki, zajmującej się dobrem i złem moralnym, czyli dobrem i złem człowieka jako człowieka - jest jednak utrudniona, czy nawet uniemożliwiona na gruncie rozpowszechnionych dzisiaj modeli psychiatrii, dogmatycznie zamkniętych na klasyczną antropologię filozoficzną i klasyczną etykę. Autor ukazał ten antropologiczny i etyczny redukcjonizm u podstaw rozpowszechnionej w środowiskach psychiatrycznych (ale nie wszystkich) akceptacji psychofarmakologicznej manipulacji masami, jakoby dla ratowania ich zdrowia (zwłaszcza przed epidemią depresji) i „poprawienia” jakoby ułomnego człowieczeństwa.
Glosa do uchwały Sądu Najwyższego 7 sędziów z dnia 24 sierpnia 2016r., I KZP 2/16
Authors: Zgoliński Igor
Published: January 2020

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Kształcenie i doskonalenie Wojskowego Nauczyciela Akademickiego w świetle przemian dydaktyki szkoły wyższej
Authors: Pieczywok Andrzej
Published: January 2020

Przemiany dokonujące się we wszystkich sferach życia społeczno-zawodowego nie tylko w szkolnictwie wojskowym, ale także i w całym wojsku, wskazują na konieczność przygotowywania Wojskowych Nauczycieli Akademickich do bliżej nieokreślonych dziś zadań i obowiązków. Do ich skutecznego wykonywania obowiązków potrzebne będą umiejętności różnicowania nauczania, motywowania słuchaczy, kształtowania postawy i twórczego rozwoju własnej osobowości, krytycznego myślenia i oceny istniejącej rzeczywistości. Artykuł zawiera niezbędne treści dotyczące kształcenia i doskonalenia wojskowego nauczyciela akademickiego w świetle przemian dydaktyki szkoły wyższej i potrzeb wynikających z aktualnych uwarunkowań wojskowych
ERRATUM to: Analysis of Opportunities for Tourism Development Policy in Lithuania
Authors: Budrytė Paulina
Published: January 2020

In today's world, growing cultural integration has a direct impact on the development of tourism, which is important from the economic as well as the social, political or ecological perspective. Given the rapid expansion of tourism on the global market and the ever-increasing competitiveness of the tourism sector, it is important to assess the state of the tourism sector in Lithuania and determine the potential for its development. The results of the qualitative research have demonstrated that the policy options that could allow for the smooth development of Lithuanian tourism have eluded clear identification owing to the less than appropriate regulation of this area and the absence of effective tourism management. It has been discovered that the legal framework so far remains underdeveloped. In addition, when it comes to tourism policy management, the relevant functions tend to not be performed properly. Moreover, there is a lack of cooperation among the institutions responsible for tourism coordination or otherwise indirectly connected to the area, whereas cooperation between the local and the national level is minimal. This shows that a number of areas may require improvement in order for the country’s tourism development policy to become more effective. However, if the country manages to perform a targeted elimination of the problematic areas and makes proper use of its strengths and existing potential in the tourism sector, such as the favorable geographical location, a well-developed sector of tourism-related services, rich recreational resources, or an attractive ratio between the quality and price of tourism products, the effective development of tourism in Lithuania will become possible in the long term.
ERRATUM to: Migration of highly qualified workers and policies to ensure labour market sustainability in the European Union in 2013-2014
Authors: Budrytė Paulina
Published: January 2020

uropean Union is facing challenges of ageing societies and changes in structure of economy, thus labour shortages turn into an urgent issue that ultimately affects labour market sustainability. In its attempt to recruit highly qualified workers EU has strong international competitors, e.g. USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and pursues a variety of initiatives at national level of the Member States and at the EU level in general. This article aims at assessing the EU policies related to migration of highly qualified workers. Statistical data analysis has revealed that labour mobility is increasing in EU. Thus the EU Mobility directive could be evaluated as bringing benefits, yet with a room for improvement, because highly qualified workers still make up just a small part in all the mobile citizens’ population. National initiatives are more effective in fostering the migration of highly qualified workers, but this has the threat of unequal benefits in different EU regions; the effectiveness of EU Blue Card initiative is weak but with a high potential, thus it needs further improvements in its issuing policies.
Les mesures d’accommodements et d’accompagnement perçues par des étudiants en situation de handicap en contexte de stage à l’enseignement en Belgique et au Québec
Authors: Dufour France , Dondeyne Stéphanie , Van Nieuwenhoven Catherine , Piché Richard Amélie
Published: January 2020

Cette recherche exploratoire se rapporte aux mesures d’accommodement et d’accompagnement ainsi qu’aux répercussions, difficultés et besoins des étudiants en situation de handicap (SH) en contexte de stage en enseignement. En répondant à un questionnaire en ligne, 158 stagiaires SH en enseignement en Belgique francophone et au Québec affirment, en majorité, que leur situation de handicap a des répercussions sur leurs stages. Leurs principales difficultés et besoins se rapportent à l’organisation et la communication écrite. Toutefois, peu de mesures d’accommodement et d’accompagnement sont mises en place en stage.
La vie commune de Lydie Salvayre : chronique des dominations ordinaires
Authors: Servoise Sylvie
Published: January 2020

Il s’agit dans cet article de montrer, à travers l’exemple du roman La vie commune (1991), comment Lydie Salvayre offre une analyse particulièrement fine des rapports de domination ordinaire entre individus. Non seulement l’auteure explore dans ce texte l’extraordinaire imbrication des formes de domination et leurs articulations les unes aux autres, révélant ainsi la porosité des champs où elles trouvent à se déployer, mais elle le fait à partir du point de vue particulier des dominés qui évitent le conflit et ne cherchent pas, du moins frontalement, à secouer leur joug. Le lecteur de La vie commune se voit ainsi amené à questionner ce que La Boétie nommait le « monstrueux vice » qui consiste à se soumettre apparemment volontairement à autrui, quand bien même, et surtout, celui-ci nous maltraiterait. L’article interroge cependant le sens de cette notion de servitude volontaire, bien plus complexe qu’il n’y paraît : le roman de Salvayre ne met-il pas davantage en scène des individus qui, pour reprendre les termes de l’anthropologue Nicole-Claude Mathieu, « cèdent » à la violence plutôt qu’ils n’y « consentent » ? Plus profondément, il semble bien que la notion de « servitude volontaire » ne soit opératoire ici que si l’on veut bien la comprendre, comme nous y invite Claude Lefort, autrement que comme le simple acquiescement, passif, à la domination et y voir, au contraire, le « désir de servir », propre à un sujet actif, dynamique, qui contribue, par ses aspirations mêmes, à nourrir la domination.
The Concept of Industry 4.0 Related Manufacturing Technology Maturity Model (Manutech Maturity Model, MTMM)
Authors: Gracel Jaroslaw , Łebkowski Piotr
Published: January 2020

The main objective of this article is to describe Industry 4.0 and key manufacturing-technology-related technological and business challenges for manufacturing companies. The groups especially interested in the industry 4.0 implementation are operations, technical and production directors responsible for operational excellence of manufacturing plants, strategic development and business continuity. Based on latest Industry 4.0 and manufacturing technology market research, factories located in Poland are less technologically advanced than its counterparts in West European plants. Accordingly, development of the model for assessing the current level of maturity for manufacturing technology related to Industry 4.0 initiative becomes a relevant research task. In the article, key Industry 4.0 related technological areas will be described. Based on the extensive research into international references and industrial consulting experiences in industrial business consulting conducted in Polish manufacturing companies, the manufacturing technology ManuTech Maturity Model (MTMM) concept related to Industry 4.0 will be developed and presented. A substantial and innovative part of the article will be devoted to the adjustment of proposed maturity model to specific features of the Polish industrial and manufacturing sector. This will be relevant due to noticeable differences in the level of technological advancement between Western and Eastern Europe sectors.
The carboxyl-terminal sequence of bim enables bax activation and killing of unprimed cells
Authors: Chi Xiaoke , Nguyen Dang , Pemberton James M , Osterlund Elizabeth J , Liu Qian , Brahmbhatt Hetal , Zhang Zhi , Lin Jialing , Leber Brian , Andrews David W
Published: January 2020

The Bcl-2 family BH3 protein Bim promotes apoptosis at mitochondria by activating the pore-forming proteins Bax and Bak and by inhibiting the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-XL, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Bim binds to these proteins via its BH3 domain and to the mitochondrial membrane by a carboxyl-terminal sequence (CTS). In cells killed by Bim, the expression of a Bim mutant in which the CTS was deleted (BimL-dCTS) triggered apoptosis that correlated with inhibition of anti-apoptotic proteins being sufficient to permeabilize mitochondria isolated from the same cells. Detailed analysis of the molecular mechanism demonstrated that BimL-dCTS inhibited Bcl-XL but did not activate Bax. Examination of additional point mutants unexpectedly revealed that the CTS of Bim directly interacts with Bax, is required for physiological concentrations of Bim to activate Bax and that different residues in the CTS enable Bax activation and binding to membranes.
Damage to the right insula disrupts the perception of affective touch
Authors: Kirsch Louise P , Besharati Sahba , Papadaki Christina , Crucianelli Laura , Bertagnoli Sara , Ward Nick , Moro Valentina , Jenkinson Paul M , Fotopoulou Aikaterini
Published: January 2020

Specific, peripheral C-tactile afferents contribute to the perception of tactile pleasure, but the brain areas involved in their processing remain debated. We report the first human lesion study on the perception of C-tactile touch in right hemisphere stroke patients (N = 59), revealing that right posterior and anterior insula lesions reduce tactile, contralateral and ipsilateral pleasantness sensitivity, respectively. These findings corroborate previous imaging studies regarding the role of the posterior insula in the perception of affective touch. However, our findings about the crucial role of the anterior insula for ipsilateral affective touch perception open new avenues of enquiry regarding the cortical organization of this tactile system.
Sound exposure dynamically induces dopamine synthesis in cholinergic LOC efferents for feedback to auditory nerve fibers
Authors: Wu Jingjing Sherry , Yi Eunyoung , Manca Marco , Javaid Hamad , Lauer Amanda M , Glowatzki Elisabeth
Published: January 2020

Lateral olivocochlear (LOC) efferent neurons modulate auditory nerve fiber (ANF) activity using a large repertoire of neurotransmitters, including dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh). Little is known about how individual neurotransmitter systems are differentially utilized in response to the ever-changing acoustic environment. Here we present quantitative evidence in rodents that the dopaminergic LOC input to ANFs is dynamically regulated according to the animal’s recent acoustic experience. Sound exposure upregulates tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme responsible for dopamine synthesis, in cholinergic LOC intrinsic neurons, suggesting that individual LOC neurons might at times co-release ACh and DA. We further demonstrate that dopamine down-regulates ANF firing rates by reducing both the hair cell release rate and the size of synaptic events. Collectively, our results suggest that LOC intrinsic neurons can undergo on-demand neurotransmitter re-specification to re-calibrate ANF activity, adjust the gain at hair cell/ANF synapses, and possibly to protect these synapses from noise damage.
Recruitment of mRNAs to P granules by condensation with intrinsically-disordered proteins
Authors: Lee Chih-Yung S , Putnam Andrea , Lu Tu , He ShuaiXin , Ouyang John Paul T , Seydoux Geraldine
Published: January 2020

RNA granules are protein/RNA condensates. How specific mRNAs are recruited to cytoplasmic RNA granules is not known. Here, we characterize the transcriptome and assembly of P granules, RNA granules in the C. elegans germ plasm. We find that P granules recruit mRNAs by condensation with the disordered protein MEG-3. MEG-3 traps mRNAs into non-dynamic condensates in vitro and binds to ~500 mRNAs in vivo in a sequence-independent manner that favors embryonic mRNAs with low ribosome coverage. Translational stress causes additional mRNAs to localize to P granules and translational activation correlates with P granule exit for two mRNAs coding for germ cell fate regulators. Localization to P granules is not required for translational repression but is required to enrich mRNAs in the germ lineage for robust germline development. Our observations reveal similarities between P granules and stress granules and identify intrinsically-disordered proteins as drivers of RNA condensation during P granule assembly.
Cranial anatomy ofAllosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America
Authors: Chure Daniel J. , Loewen Mark A.
Published: January 2020

Allosaurusis one of the best known theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic and a crucial taxon in phylogenetic analyses. On the basis of an in-depth, firsthand study of the bulk ofAllosaurusspecimens housed in North American institutions, we describe here a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western North America,Allosaurus jimmadsenisp. nov., based upon a remarkably complete articulated skeleton and skull and a second specimen with an articulated skull and associated skeleton. The present study also assigns several other specimens to this new species,Allosaurus jimmadseni, which is characterized by a number of autapomorphies present on the dermal skull roof and additional characters present in the postcrania. In particular, whereas the ventral margin of the jugal ofAllosaurus fragilishas pronounced sigmoidal convexity, the ventral margin is virtually straight inAllosaurus jimmadseni. The paired nasals ofAllosaurus jimmadsenipossess bilateral, blade-like crests along the lateral margin, forming a pronounced nasolacrimal crest that is absent inAllosaurus fragilis.
Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of three Merulinidae corals and novel insights into the phylogenetics
Authors: Niu Wentao , Xiao Jiaguang , Tian Peng , Yu Shuangen , Guo Feng , Wang Jianjia , Huang Dingyong
Published: January 2020

Over the past few decades, modern coral taxonomy, combining morphology and molecular sequence data, has resolved many long-standing questions about scleractinian corals. In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of three Merulinidae corals (Dipsastraea rotumana, Favites pentagona, and Hydnophora exesa) for the first time using next-generation sequencing. The obtained mitogenome sequences ranged from 16,466 bp (D. rotumana) to 18,006 bp (F. pentagona) in length, and included 13 unique protein-coding genes (PCGs), two transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes . Gene arrangement, nucleotide composition, and nucleotide bias of the three Merulinidae corals were canonically identical to each other and consistent with other scleractinian corals. We performed a Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction based on 13 protein-coding sequences of 86 Scleractinia species. The results showed that the family Merulinidae was conventionally nested within the robust branch, with H. exesa clustered closely with F. pentagona and D. rotumana clustered closely with Favites abdita. This study provides novel insight into the phylogenetics of species within the family Merulinidae and the evolutionary relationships among different Scleractinia genera.
Smartphone citizen science for turtles: identifying motives, usage patterns and reasons why citizens stop participating
Authors: Santori Claudia , Thompson Michael B. , Van Dyke James U. , Whittington Camilla M. , Spencer Ricky-John
Published: January 2020

Citizen science has become popular for data collection in ecology and environmental management. However, most participants in citizen science projects are only involved for a short period of time. Understanding the reasons behind this dropout rate is important for improving long term participation. Here we investigated participation rates in TurtleSAT, an Australian turtle mapping app aimed at collecting data useful for conservation efforts. First, we looked at the TurtleSAT database to examine the number of participants and how many sightings each had uploaded. Then, we distributed an online questionnaire to all TurtleSAT participants and asked what inspired them to participate, if they found the app easy to use, and whether they were still active in the project. Out of 75 respondents, 21 said they were currently not active participants. Their reasons for not participating anymore included lack of time, technical issues, and a perception of high turtle abundance that indicated conservation efforts are unnecessary. The motives that originally inspired their participation were not significantly linked to them leaving the project. We propose possible solutions to some of the issues identified, such as offering online tutorials and a hotline to solve technical issues, a more direct link from the TurtleSAT app to news and academic articles regarding turtles, and establishing an online forum to maintain engagement.
Bone Tissue Engineering via Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials
Authors: Peng Zhili , Zhao Tianshu , Zhou Yiqun , Li Shanghao , Li Jiaojiao , Leblanc Roger M.
Published: January 2020

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has received significant attention due to its enormous potential in treating critical‐sized bone defects and related diseases. Traditional materials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers have been widely applied as BTE scaffolds; however, their clinical applications have been rather limited due to various considerations. Recently, carbon‐based nanomaterials attract significant interests for their applications as BTE scaffolds due to their superior properties, including excellent mechanical strength, large surface area, tunable surface functionalities, high biocompatibility as well as abundant and inexpensive nature. In this article, recent studies and advancements on the use of carbon‐based nanomaterials with different dimensions such as graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots, for BTE are reviewed. Current challenges of carbon‐based nanomaterials for BTE and future trends in BTE scaffolds development are also highlighted and discussed.
Plasmonic Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles Enable Dark Contrast in Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Marin Riccardo , Lifante José , Besteiro Lucas V. , Wang Zhiming , Govorov Alexander O. , Rivero Fernando , Alfonso Fernando , Sanz‐Rodríguez Francisco , Jaque Daniel
Published: January 2020

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique affording noninvasive optical biopsies. Like for other imaging techniques, the use of dedicated contrast agents helps better discerning biological features of interest during the clinical practice. Although bright OCT contrast agents have been developed, no dark counterpart has been proposed yet. Herein, plasmonic copper sulfide nanoparticles as the first OCT dark contrast agents working in the second optical transparency window are reported. These nanoparticles virtually possess no light scattering capabilities at the OCT working wavelength (≈1300 nm); thus, they exclusively absorb the probing light, which in turn results in dark contrast. The small size of the nanoparticles and the absence of apparent cytotoxicity support the amenability of this system to biomedical applications. Importantly, in the pursuit of systems apt to yield OCT dark contrast, a library of copper sulfide nanoparticles featuring plasmonic resonances spanning the three optical transparency windows is prepared, thus highlighting the versatility and potential of these systems in light‐controlled biomedical applications.
Nanoscale Guiding of Infrared Light with Hyperbolic Volume and Surface Polaritons in van der Waals Material Ribbons
Authors: Dolado Irene , Alfaro‐Mozaz Francisco Javier , Li Peining , Nikulina Elizaveta , Bylinkin Andrei , Liu Song , Edgar James H. , Casanova Felix , Hueso Luis E. , Alonso‐González Pablo , Vélez Saül , Nikitin Alexey Y. , Hillenbrand Rainer
Published: January 2020

Van der Waals (vdW) materials host a variety of polaritons, which make them an emerging material platform for manipulating light at the nanoscale. Due to the layered structure of vdW materials, the polaritons can exhibit a hyperbolic dispersion and propagate as nanoscale‐confined volume modes in thin flakes. On the other hand, surface‐confined modes can be found at the flake edges. Surprisingly, the guiding of these modes in ribbons—representing typical linear waveguide structures—is widely unexplored. Here, a detailed study of hyperbolic phonon polaritons propagating in hexagonal boron nitride ribbons is reported. Employing infrared nanoimaging, a variety of modes are observed. Particularly, the fundamental volume waveguide mode that exhibits a cutoff width is identified, which, interestingly, can be lowered by reducing the waveguide thickness. Further, hybridization of the surface modes and their evolution with varying frequency and waveguide width are observed. Most importantly, it is demonstrated that the symmetrically hybridized surface mode does not exhibit a cutoff width, and thus enables linear waveguiding of the polaritons in arbitrarily narrow ribbons. The experimental data, supported by simulations, establish a solid basis for the understanding of hyperbolic polaritons in linear waveguides, which is of critical importance for their application in future photonic devices.
Demonstration of a Broadband Photodetector Based on a Two‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Arora Himani , Dong Renhao , Venanzi Tommaso , Zscharschuch Jens , Schneider Harald , Helm Manfred , Feng Xinliang , Cánovas Enrique , Erbe Artur
Published: January 2020

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as an appealing class of highly tailorable electrically conducting materials with potential applications in optoelectronics. Yet, the realization of their proof‐of‐concept devices remains a daunting challenge, attributed to their poor electrical properties. Following recent work on a semiconducting Fe3(THT)2(NH4)3 (THT: 2,3,6,7,10,11‐triphenylenehexathiol) 2D MOF with record‐high mobility and band‐like charge transport, here, an Fe3(THT)2(NH4)3 MOF‐based photodetector operating in photoconductive mode capable of detecting a broad wavelength range from UV to NIR (400–1575 nm) is demonstrated. The narrow IR bandgap of the active layer (≈0.45 eV) constrains the performance of the photodetector at room temperature by band‐to‐band thermal excitation of charge carriers. At 77 K, the device performance is significantly improved; two orders of magnitude higher voltage responsivity, lower noise equivalent power, and higher specific detectivity of 7 × 108 cm Hz1/2 W−1 are achieved under 785 nm excitation. These figures of merit are retained over the analyzed spectral region (400–1575 nm) and are commensurate to those obtained with the first demonstrations of graphene‐ and black‐phosphorus‐based photodetectors. This work demonstrates the feasibility of integrating conjugated MOFs as an active element into broadband photodetectors, thus bridging the gap between materials' synthesis and technological applications.
Simultaneous Optical Tuning of Hole and Electron Transport in Ambipolar WSe2 Interfaced with a Bicomponent Photochromic Layer: From High‐Mobility Transistors to Flexible Multilevel Memories
Authors: Qiu Haixin , Liu Zhaoyang , Yao Yifan , Herder Martin , Hecht Stefan , Samorì Paolo
Published: January 2020

The interfacing of 2D materials (2DMs) with photochromic molecules provides an efficient solution to reversibly modulate their outstanding electronic properties and offers a versatile platform for the development of multifunctional field‐effect transistors (FETs). Herein, optically switchable multilevel high‐mobility FETs based on few‐layer ambipolar WSe2 are realized by applying on its surface a suitably designed bicomponent diarylethene (DAE) blend, in which both hole and electron transport can be simultaneously modulated for over 20 cycles. The high output current modulation efficiency (97% for holes and 52% for electrons) ensures 128 distinct current levels, corresponding to a data storage capacity of 7 bit. The device is also implemented on a flexible and transparent poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate, rendering 2DM/DAE hybrid structures promising candidates for flexible multilevel nonvolatile memories.
Biolasing from Individual Cells in a Low‐Q Resonator Enables Spectral Fingerprinting
Authors: Septiadi Dedy , Barna Valentin , Saxena Dhruv , Sapienza Riccardo , Genovese Damiano , De Cola Luisa
Published: January 2020

Lasing from cells has recently been subject of thorough investigation because of the potential for sensitive and fast biosensing. Yet, lasing from individual cells has been studied in high‐quality resonators, resulting in limited dependence of the lasing properties on the cellular microenvironment. Here, lasing is triggered by cells floating in a low quality factor resonator composed of a disposable poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cell counting‐slide, hence in absence of conventional high‐reflectivity optical cavities. The exceptional spectral narrowing and the steep slope increase in the input–output energy diagram prove occurrence of laser action in presence of cells. The observed biolasing is an intrinsically dynamic signal, with large fluctuations in intensity and spectrum determined by the optical properties of the individual cell passing through the pump beam. Numerical simulations of the scattering efficiency rule out the possibility of optical feedback from either WGM (whispering gallery mode) or multiple scattering within the cell, and point to the enhanced directional scattering field as the crucial contribution of cells to the laser action. Finally, principal component analysis of lasing spectra measured from freely diffusing cells yields spectral fingerprints of cell populations, which allows discriminating cancer from healthy Rattus glial cells with high degree of confidence.
Research Frontiers in Energy‐Related Materials and Applications for 2020–2030
Authors: Blay Vincent , Galian Raquel E. , Muresan Liana M. , Pankratov Dmitrii , Pinyou Piyanut , Zampardi Giorgia
Published: January 2020

This article delineates the state of the art for several materials used in the harvest, conversion, and storage of energy, and analyzes the challenges to be overcome in the decade ahead for them to reach the market and benefit society. The materials covered have had a special interest in recent years and include perovskites, materials for batteries and supercapacitors, graphene, and materials for hydrogen production and storage. Looking at the common challenges for these different systems, scientists in basic research should carefully consider commercial requirements when designing new materials. These include cost and ease of synthesis, abundance of precursors, recyclability of spent devices, toxicity, and stability. Improvements in these areas deserve more attention, as they can help bridge the gap for these technologies and facilitate the creation of partnerships between academia and industry. These improvements should be pursued in parallel with the design of novel compositions, nanostructures, and devices, which have led most interest during the past decade. Research groups are encouraged to adopt a cross‐disciplinary mindset, which may allow more efficient use of existing knowledge and facilitate breakthrough innovation in both basic and applied research of energy‐related materials.
On the Molecular to Continuum Modeling of Fiber‐Reinforced Composites
Authors: Rege Ameya , Patil Sandeep P.
Published: January 2020

A multiscale approach to model fiber‐reinforced composites, those that are characterized by an isotropic orientation of fibers, is presented. To this end, a bottom‐up approach is used to formulate a hierarchical model. The primary basis for the mesoscopic description revolves around the assumption that the composite network consists of fibers resting on foundations of the native material matrix. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of such fibers on foundations are performed, and crucial material parameters, such as the stiffness of the particle matrix and Young's modulus of the fibers are evaluated. Subsequently, a micro‐mechanical constitutive model is formulated, wherein fiber‐reinforced composites are characterized by a homogeneous distribution and an isotropic orientation of fibers. The fibers are modeled as beams undergoing bending and stretching while resting on Winkler‐type of elastic foundations. The 3D macroscopic network behavior is finally presented. As an example, the particle matrix used is a silica aerogel and the fibers are modeled as double‐walled carbon nanotubes. In the proposed modeling approach, MD simulations are shown to provide a physical estimation of the micro‐mechanical model parameters.
Nonaromatic Green‐Solvent‐Processable, Dopant‐Free, and Lead‐Capturable Hole Transport Polymers in Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency
Authors: Lee Junwoo , Kim Guan‐Woo , Kim Minjun , Park Sang Ah , Park Taiho
Published: January 2020

With the recent developments in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), diverse functionalities are necessary for next‐generation charge‐transport layers. Specifically, the hole‐transport layer (HTL) in the various synthesized materials modified with functional groups is explored. A novel donor–acceptor type polymer, alkoxy‐PTEG, composed of benzo[1,2‐b:4,5:b′]dithiophene and tetraethylene glycol (TEG)‐substituted 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole is reported. The alkoxy‐PTEG exhibits high solubility even in nonaromatic solvents, such as 3‐methylcyclohexanone (3‐MC), and can prevent possible lead leakage via chelation. The optical and electronic properties of alkoxy‐PTEG are thoroughly analyzed. Finally, a dopant‐free alkoxy‐PTEG device processed with 3‐MC exhibits 19.9% efficiency and a device with 2‐methyl anisole, which is a reported aromatic food additive, exhibits 21.2% efficiency in a tin oxide planar structure. The PSC device shows 88% stability after 30 d at ambient conditions (40–50% relative humidity and room temperature). In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance reveals that TEG groups can chelate lead ions with moderate strength (Kbinding = 2.76), and this strength is considered to be nondestructive to the perovskite lattice to prevent lead leakage. This is the first report to consider lead leakage and provide solutions to reduce this problem.
Response of potato to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at Assosa, western Ethiopia
Authors: Setu Habtam , Mitiku Tesfaye
Published: January 2020

Low soil fertility is one of the critical factors limiting the productivity of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in western Ethiopia. The field experiment was conducted in the 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons to elucidate the response of potato yield, yield components, tuber quality to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, and their economic benefit. The treatment comprised five levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and five levels of phosphorus (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg P2O5 ha−1). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial (5 × 5) arrangement and we replicated the treatments three times. The results revealed that the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus did not affect growth, yield, and quality parameters of potato. However, nitrogen alone affected plant height, tuber number per plant, number of stems per hill, and marketable and total tuber yield, but not tuber quality parameters. The optimum yields of both marketable (25.5 Mg ha−1) and total (28.4 Mg ha−1) tuber yields were observed in the application of 150 kg N ha−1. Phosphorus treatments had no response for most of the yield, yield components, or tuber quality parameters. Applications of 150 kg N ha−1 provided a maximum gross margin ($5138.68 or 141,773.55 Ethiopian Birr [ETB] ha−1) with a 79.4% gross profit margin and the highest benefit‐cost ratio (4.86).
Integrated crop–livestock systems in paddy fields: New strategies for flooded rice nutrition
Authors: Denardin Luiz Gustavo de O. , Martins Amanda P. , Carmona Felipe de C. , Veloso Murilo G. , Carmona Gabriela I. , Carvalho Paulo César de F. , Anghinoni Ibanor
Published: January 2020

Integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLSs) appear as a good alternative to increase nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through the improvement in nutrient cycling and soil chemical attributes in paddy fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an ICLS on soil chemical attributes and on the fertilization requirement of N, P, and K by flooded rice in the Brazilian subtropical region. Nutritional status, yield, and NUE of flooded rice were evaluated by fertilization trials through rice response to different fertilization rates of N, P, and K. Soil chemical attributes were evaluated at the beginning of the experiment and 30 mo later. Different fertilization rates were applied in two systems: (a) a conventional system (CS), based on intensive tillage, rice monocropping and winter fallow, and (b) ICLS, characterized by no‐tillage and winter cattle grazing in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture. Rice shoot accumulation of N, P, and K was greater under CS than ICLS at all fertilization levels. On the other hand, higher rice yields were observed under ICLS at almost every fertilization level, suggesting higher NUE than CS. In addition, rice yield was increased by 40% by fertilization of P and K under CS, whereas no response was observed under ICLS. These benefits were possibly related to greater nutrient cycling and greater synchronism between rice's nutrient uptake and nutrient release of the soil. Our results indicate that the adoption of ICLS ensures greater NUE becoming a system less dependent on external inputs.
The Mizoroki‐Heck Reaction with Internal Olefins: Reactivities and Stereoselectivities
Authors: Nakashima Yusei , Hirata Goki , Sheppard Tom D. , Nishikata Takashi
Published: January 2020

The Mizoroki‐Heck reaction is one of the most valuable reactions for functionalizing C−C double bonds in the presence of a Pd catalyst. This protocol is suitable for the reaction of a C(sp2)‐halide with a terminal olefin to produce a trans‐1,2‐disubstituted olefin. However, reports of the Mizoroki‐Heck reaction of internal olefins are rare and impractical due to the low reactivity of internal olefins and problems of product diastereoselectivity. In this review, we summarize Mizoroki‐Heck reactions of internal olefins with aryl or alkyl halides to illustrate their reactivities and stereoselectivities.
Evaluation of the auricular surface method for non‐adult sex estimation on the Lisbon documented collection
Authors: Monge Calleja Álvaro M. , Aranda Claudia M. , Santos Ana Luísa , Luna Leandro H.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Sex is usually not estimated in skeletonized non‐adult individuals because sexual dimorphism is considered minimal before puberty. In 2017, a new approach based on the shape of the auricular surface was proposed, showing that this anatomic area of the ilium is dimorphic. This study tests the reproducibility and evaluates the accuracy of the method in a bigger sample.

Materials and Methods

Thirty males and 31 females from the Lisbon Collection (1 day–18 years old) were analyzed by two researchers, one experienced, and the other without previous knowledge of the method. The sample was divided into three groups according to prepubertal and pubertal hormonal peaks (<2, 0–12, and 13–18 years old). Two metric variables (DE/AD and FI/CF ratios), two morphological features (Overall Morphology, OM and Morphology of the Retroauricular End of the Superior Demiface, MRS), and two formulae were tested based on the adequate results obtained in the original article.

Results

Data shows a low interobserver error (ICC > 0.92; K > 0.74). Morphological features provide better results than the metrics (DE/AD = 77.05%; FI/CF = 73.77%; OM = 80.33%; MRS = 85.24%). The discriminant function correctly classified 86.66% of the males and the logistic regression, 83.33%. The method was equally reliable in 0–12 and 13–18 years‐old age groups and more accurate in males. The accuracy of most of the variables reached 100% for males under 2 years‐old, and the probabilities were higher than for older individuals. The percentages of correct estimations are not influenced by the age, year, and cause of death.

Discussion

Despite the relatively small sample size, this study confirms the usefulness of the auricular surface for non‐adult sexual estimation, especially for those younger than 2 years old. Additional validation tests in documented individuals from other geographic regions are suggested.