bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rebuilding fish biomass for the world's marine ecoregions under climate change
Authors: Cheung William W. L. , Palacios‐Abrantes Juliano , Frölicher Thomas L. , Palomares Maria Lourdes , Clarke Tayler , Lam Vicky W. Y. , Oyinlola Muhammed A. , Pauly Daniel , Reygondeau Gabriel , Sumaila U. Rashid , Teh Lydia C. L. , Wabnitz Colette C. C.
Published: September 2022

Rebuilding overexploited marine populations is an important step to achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 14—Life Below Water. Mitigating major human pressures is required to achieve rebuilding goals. Climate change is one such key pressure, impacting fish and invertebrate populations by changing their biomass and biogeography. Here, combining projection from a dynamic bioclimate envelope model with published estimates of status of exploited populations from a catch‐based analysis, we analyze the effects of different global warming and fishing levels on biomass rebuilding for the exploited species in 226 marine ecoregions of the world. Fifty three percent (121) of the marine ecoregions have significant (at 5% level) relationship between biomass and global warming level. Without climate change and under a target fishing mortality rate relative to the level required for maximum sustainable yield of 0.75, we project biomass rebuilding of 1.7–2.7 times (interquartile range) of current (average 2014–2018) levels across marine ecoregions. When global warming level is at 1.5 and 2.6°C, respectively, such biomass rebuilding drops to 1.4–2.0 and 1.1–1.5 times of current levels, with 10% and 25% of the ecoregions showing no biomass rebuilding, respectively. Marine ecoregions where biomass rebuilding is largely impacted by climate change are in West Africa, the Indo‐Pacific, the central and south Pacific, and the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Coastal communities in these ecoregions are highly dependent on fisheries for livelihoods and nutrition security. Lowering the targeted fishing level and keeping global warming below 1.5°C are projected to enable more climate‐sensitive ecoregions to rebuild biomass. However, our findings also underscore the need to resolve trade‐offs between climate‐resilient biomass rebuilding and the high near‐term demand for seafood to support the well‐being of coastal communities across the tropics.
Functional prognosis in patients with sarcopenic dysphagia: An observational cohort study from the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database
Authors: Nagai Takako , Wakabayashi Hidetaka , Nishioka Shinta , Momosaki Ryo
Published: September 2022

Aim

In sarcopenic dysphagia, confirmation of recovery of the swallowing function and activity of daily living is insufficient. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the recovery of the swallowing function and activities of daily living between sarcopenic dysphagia patients and non‐sarcopenic dysphagia patients.

Methods

The registry data of the Japanese Sarcopenic Dysphagia Database were used for the analysis; 440 patients met the eligibility criteria of the study. Dysphagia was evaluated according to the Food Intake Level Scale and a five‐step diagnostic algorithm for the disorder. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of sarcopenic dysphagia.

Results

Sarcopenic dysphagia was found in 268 cases (60.9%). The rate of improvement in the Food Intake Level Scale was 47.4% in sarcopenic dysphagia patients and 62.2% in non‐sarcopenic dysphagia patients. The rate of improvement in the Food Intake Level Scale was lower in the sarcopenic dysphagia patients (P = 0.008). A multiple regression analysis showed that the presence of sarcopenic dysphagia had a significant influence on changes in the Food Intake Level Scale and Barthel Index (β = −0.191, 95% confidence interval, −1.484 to −0.530, P < 0.001, β = 0.112, 95% confidence interval, 0.587 to 10.450, P = 0.028).

Conclusion

Improvement in the swallowing function was poor in patients with sarcopenic dysphagia. Sarcopenic dysphagia should be examined to improve swallowing function. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 839–845.
Impact of a game‐based intervention on fraction learning for fifth‐grade students: A pre‐registered randomized controlled study
Authors: Bhatia Parnika , Le Diagon Sarah , Langlois Emma , William Melissa , Prado Jérôme , Gardes Marie‐Line
Published: September 2022

Background

Digital game‐based learning is gaining increased attention from both researchers and educators for improving mathematics instruction. However, the evidence for game‐based learning is mixed and research with rigorous research design and analyses are limited.

Objective

Here, in a pre‐registered randomized controlled study, we investigated whether a fraction game designed collaboratively by educational experts and professional game developers may serve as a useful tool to enhance students' fraction knowledge.

Methods

We assigned French fifth graders to either an experimental group who used the game (n = 110) or a control group (n = 78) who received traditional instruction on fractions. Fraction knowledge was assessed pre‐ and post‐intervention.

Results

Results show that students in the active control group had superior overall fraction performance than students in the experimental group at the end of intervention. However, the game had a positive effect on decimal learning. We also found a positive relation between game performance and overall fraction knowledge scores at post‐test.

Contribution

The study highlights the importance of game metrics as indicators of personalized assessment tools. Given the increased usage of games in learning mathematics and the equivocal results on the effectiveness of these games, our study also highlights the importance of pre‐registration and randomized controlled studies.
Capoeta ekmekciae Turan, Kottelat, Kirankaya & Engin, 2006, a junior synonym of Capoeta capoeta (Güldenstädt, 1773) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Cicek Erdogan , Eagderi Soheil , Sungur Sevil , Secer Burak
Published: September 2022

Some recent works have proposed that Capoeta ekmekciae from the Çoruh River and C. capoeta from the Kura‐Aras River system are synonyms based on molecular data, which prompted this study to compare their morphometric, meristic and molecular data to investigate this hypothesis. Based on the results, the C. ekmekciae form displays morphometric and meristic traits quite similar to the C. capoeta form. Since there are no diagnostic traits to distinguish these two allopatric species from each other and they share identical cytb gene, we treat C. ekmekciae as a junior synonym of C. capoeta.
A brain tumor reporting and data system to optimize imaging surveillance and prognostication in high‐grade gliomas
Authors: Kim Sera , Hoch Michael J. , Peng Lingyi , Somasundaram Aravind , Chen Zhengjia , Weinberg Brent D.
Published: September 2022

Background and Purpose

High‐grade glioma (HGG), including glioblastoma, is the most common primary brain neoplasm and has a dismal prognosis. After initial treatment, follow‐up decisions are guided by longitudinal MRI performed at routine intervals. The Brain Tumor Reporting and Data System (BT‐RADS) is a proposed structured reporting system for posttreatment brain MRIs. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between BT‐RADS scores and overall survival in HGG patients.

Methods

Chart review of grade 4 glioma patients who had an MRI at a single institution from November 2018 to November 2019 was performed. BT‐RADS scores, tumor characteristics, and overall survival were recorded. Likelihood of improvement, stability, or worsening on the subsequent study was calculated for each score. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan‐Meier method, log‐rank test, and a time‐dependent cox model. Significance level of .05 was used.

Results

The study identified 91 HGG patients who underwent a total of 538 MRIs. Mean age of patients was 57 years old. Score with the highest likelihood for worsening on the next follow‐up was 3b. The risk of death was 53% higher with each incremental increase in BT‐RADS scores (hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07‐2.19; p = .019). The risk of death was 167% higher in O‐6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐methyltransferase unmethylated tumors (hazard ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.34‐5.33; p = .005).

Conclusions

BT‐RADS scores can be used as a reference guide to anticipate whether patients’ subsequent MRI will be improved, stable, or worsened. The scoring system can also be used to predict clinical outcomes and prognosis.
Best practices in evaluating work integration social enterprises for persons with intellectual disabilities: A scoping review
Authors: Lysaght Rosemary , Ghaderi Golnaz , Milley Peter , Labelle Patrick R.
Published: September 2022

Social enterprise is emerging as a promising means of creating flexible employment transitions for people with intellectual disabilities. It has been adopted as an option largely in response to the extended periods of work adjustment and ongoing supportive work environments typical for this population, as well as challenges in identifying suitable and satisfying job matches in the conventional labour market. Creation of meaningful and sustainable employment in social enterprises resides at the intersection of social programming and business management, such that developers must attend to employee needs from a human resource and skills development perspective, while equally attending to sound business management practices. This scoping review aimed to identify best practices for evaluating emerging work integration social enterprises using established program evaluation methods as a means of guiding and monitoring practice. Sixteen studies met study selection criteria, and while not directly addressing the issue of evaluation quality, revealed a number of principles and practices for consideration by evaluators. Implications for evaluation practice are highlighted.
Lipid transfer proteins involved in plant–pathogen interactions and their molecular mechanisms
Authors: Gao Hang , Ma Kang , Ji Guojie , Pan Liying , Zhou Qingfeng
Published: September 2022

Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small, cysteine‐rich proteins that play numerous functional roles in plant growth and development, including cutin wax formation, pollen tube adhesion, cell expansion, seed development, germination, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. LTPs contain eight conserved cysteine residues and a hydrophobic cavity that provides a wide variety of lipid‐binding specificities. As members of the pathogenesis‐related protein 14 family (PR14), many LTPs inhibit fungal or bacterial growth, and act as positive regulators in plant disease resistance. Over the past decade, these essential immunity‐related roles of LTPs in plant immune processes have been documented in a growing body of literature. In this review, we summarize the roles of LTPs in plant–pathogen interactions, emphasizing the underlying molecular mechanisms in plant immune responses and specific LTP functions.
Drought–heatwave nexus in Brazil and related impacts on health and fires: A comprehensive review
Authors: Libonati Renata , Geirinhas João L. , Silva Patrícia S. , Monteiro dos Santos Djacinto , Rodrigues Julia A. , Russo Ana , Peres Leonardo F. , Narcizo Luiza , Gomes Monique E. R. , Rodrigues Andreza P. , DaCamara Carlos C. , Pereira José Miguel C. , Trigo Ricardo M.
Published: September 2022

Climate change is drastically altering the frequency, duration, and severity of compound drought‐heatwave (CDHW) episodes, which present a new challenge in environmental and socioeconomic sectors. These threats are of particular importance in low‐income regions with growing populations, fragile infrastructure, and threatened ecosystems. This review synthesizes emerging progress in the understanding of CDHW patterns in Brazil while providing insights about the impacts on fire occurrence and public health. Evidence is mounting that heatwaves are becoming increasingly linked with droughts in northeastern and southeastern Brazil, the Amazonia, and the Pantanal. In those regions, recent studies have begun to build a better understanding of the physical mechanisms behind CDHW events, such as the soil moisture–atmosphere coupling, promoted by exceptional atmospheric blocking conditions. Results hint at a synergy between CDHW events and high fire activity in the country over the last decades, with the most recent example being the catastrophic 2020 fires in the Pantanal. Moreover, we show that HWs were responsible for increasing mortality and preterm births during record‐breaking droughts in southeastern Brazil. This work paves the way for a more in‐depth understanding on CDHW events and their impacts, which is crucial to enhance the adaptive capacity of different Brazilian sectors.
Acute paronychia in a neonate secondary to clindamycin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Osmani Sabah , Schairer David O.
Published: September 2022

Paronychia is a common inflammatory condition of the nail fold that is often associated with infection. Causes can be fungal, viral, or most commonly, bacterial. Neonatal paronychia is a rare presentation with only one previously reported case in the literature of a patient younger than 1 month of age. This is a case of an 8‐day‐old neonate with acute bacterial paronychia caused by clindamycin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Association between obesity and atopic dermatitis in children: A case‐control study in a high obesity prevalence population
Authors: Iturriaga Carolina , Bustos María Francisca , Le Roy Catalina , Rodríguez Rocío , Cifuentes Lorena , Silva‐Valenzuela Sergio , Vera‐Kellet Cristián , Cristi Francisca , Pérez‐Mateluna Guillermo , Cabalín Carolina , Hoyos‐Bachiloglu Rodrigo , Camargo Carlos A. , Borzutzky Arturo
Published: September 2022

Background/Objective

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Research suggests an association between obesity and AD, although evidence is lacking from Latin American populations. This study evaluated the association of obesity with AD in children from Chile, a country with high obesity prevalence.

Methods

A case‐control study was performed in children with active AD (cases) and healthy controls (HCs) from Santiago, Chile. Body mass index was evaluated by z‐score (z‐BMI), with overweight defined as z‐BMI ≥+1 and <+2, and obesity as z‐BMI ≥+2. Abdominal obesity was defined by a waist circumference‐to‐height ratio (WHR) ≥0.5. AD severity was evaluated by Scoring AD (SCORAD) index.

Results

A total of 174 children with AD and 101 controls were included. AD patients had similar overweight (27% vs. 28%) and obesity (21% vs. 26%) rates as HCs (p = .65). Abdominal obesity rates were also comparable (64% vs. 62%, p = .81). In sex‐specific analyses, girls with AD had higher abdominal obesity rates than HCs (71% vs. 53%, p < .05) while boys with AD had lower abdominal obesity rates than HCs (53% vs. 75%, p = .03). Among children with AD, higher z‐BMI or WHR did not correlate with higher SCORAD, eosinophil counts or total IgE.

Conclusion

In our study, Chilean children with AD had high but similar rates of obesity as HCs, but showed sex‐specific associations of abdominal obesity and AD. Further research is needed to evaluate these associations and the roles that weight excess and weight loss could play in the pathogenesis and treatment of AD.
New insights into immunity to skin fungi shape our understanding of health and disease
Authors: Ruchti Fiorella , LeibundGut‐Landmann Salomé
Published: September 2022

Fungi represent an integral part of the skin microbiota. Their complex interaction network with the host shapes protective immunity during homeostasis. If host defences are breached, skin‐resident fungi including Malassezia and Candida, and environmental fungi such as dermatophytes can cause cutaneous infections. In addition, fungi are associated with diverse non‐infectious skin disorders. Despite their multiple roles in health and disease, fungi remain elusive and understudied, and the mechanisms underlying the emergence of pathological conditions linked to fungi are largely unclear. The identification of IL‐17 as an important antifungal effector mechanism represents a milestone for understanding homeostatic antifungal immunity. At the same time, host‐adverse, disease‐promoting roles of IL‐17 have been delineated, as in psoriasis. Fungal dysbiosis represents another feature of many pathological skin conditions with an unknown causal link of intra‐ and interkingdom interactions to disease pathogenesis. The emergence of new fungal pathogens such as Candida auris highlights the need for more research into fungal immunology to understand how antifungal responses shape health and diseases. Recent technological advances for genetically manipulating fungi to target immunomodulatory fungal determinants, multi‐omics approaches for studying immune cells in the human skin, and novel experimental models open up a promising future for skin fungal immunity.
Resistance of peanut to web blotch caused by Phoma arachidicola is related to papillae formation and the hypersensitive response
Authors: Sun Ziqi , Cheng Yujie , Qi Feiyan , Zhang Mengyuan , Tian Mengdi , Wang Juan , Wu Xiaohui , Huang Bingyan , Dong Wenzhao , Zhang Xinyou , Zheng Zheng
Published: September 2022

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important economic crop that is susceptible to various foliar diseases. Web blotch, which is caused by Phoma arachidicola, is one of the most serious peanut foliar diseases because it affects the leaves and results in substantial yield losses. In this study, the P. arachidicola infection process and the response of peanut plants to infection were revealed through a cytological study of resistant and susceptible peanut varieties. Conidial germination rates, appressorium formation and resistance responses, including papillae formation and the hypersensitive response (HR), were analysed at different infection stages. Notably, the basal infection response of susceptible varieties resulted in limited papillae formation and a single HR, which was followed by programmed cell death. The papillae formation frequency and HR frequency were significantly greater in the resistant varieties than in the susceptible varieties at 84 h postinoculation. The primary difference between the two resistant varieties was the superior HR of Zheng8903 compared with that of Yuhua15. The complex amphidiploid peanut genome may explain the complexity and diversity of the resistance responses. The interactions of functional orthologs should be clarified and perhaps modulated in future investigations. The results of this study revealed the differences in the resistance responses among peanut germplasm and may be relevant for the breeding of new peanut varieties highly resistant to P. arachidicola.
Anti‐Müllerian hormone concentrations in female rabbits and its relation to spay status, pseudopregnancy and ovarian follicle numbers
Authors: Böhmer Florian , Erber Katharina , Ewringmann Anja , Klein Ruth , Reese Sven , Böhmer Christine , Meyer‐Lindenberg Andrea , Walter Beate
Published: September 2022

Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), known for its role during foetal sexual differentiation, is secreted by the Sertoli cells in males and the granulosa cells in females during post‐natal life. As serum AMH concentrations correlate with follicle numbers, AMH is utilized as a marker of ovarian reserve in many species. In dogs and cats, AMH is used as a diagnostic tool to determine spay or neuter status. In the available literature, no research regarding serum AMH levels in rabbits has been published yet. The objectives of the present study were to (1) measure serum AMH concentrations in female rabbits and investigate the value of AMH as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between spayed and intact does and (2) relate measured AMH levels to pseudopregnancy and ovarian follicle numbers. For AMH measurement, serum samples were obtained from sexually intact (n = 64) and spayed (n = 22) female rabbits. Spayed does were of various breeds; intact rabbits were Zika hybrid rabbits. In the intact does, AMH measurement was complemented by determination of progesterone levels, gynaecological examination and histopathological evaluation of the uterus and ovaries, including follicle counts. Serum AMH and progesterone concentrations were measured using a human‐based chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and an enzyme‐linked fluorescence assay (ELFA), respectively. Depending on progesterone levels, sexually intact does were classified into follicular (n = 52) or luteal phase (n = 12). Median serum AMH levels were 1.53 ng/ml (range 0.77–3.36 ng/ml) in intact and 0.06 ng/ml (range ≤0.01–0.23 ng/ml) in spayed does. AMH concentrations between the intact and spayed rabbits differed significantly and did not overlap (p < .001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for a cut‐off level of 0.50 ng/ml. Follicular or luteal phase had no significant influence on measured AMH levels (t = 0.061, df = 62, p = .951). While the number of secondary follicles correlated significantly with AMH concentrations (rs = 0.410, p = .001), the number of primary or antral follicles did not (rs = 0.241, p = .055 and rs = 0.137, p = .281, respectively). In conclusion, a single determination of serum AMH concentrations was adequate to distinguish spayed from intact female rabbits. Among sexually intact individuals, whether does were in follicular or luteal phase had no significant influence on measured serum AMH concentrations. The relationship between small growing follicles and AMH levels as described in other species could be partially confirmed, as secondary follicles correlated significantly with AMH.
Adolescents’ perceptions of social risk and prosocial tendencies: Developmental change and individual differences
Authors: Armstrong‐Carter Emma , Do Kathy T. , Duell Natasha , Kwon Seh‐Joo , Lindquist Kristen A. , Prinstein Mitch J. , Telzer Eva H.
Published: September 2022

Many prosocial behaviors involve social risks such as speaking out against a popular opinion, bias, group norm, or authority. However, little is known about whether adolescents’ prosocial tendencies develop over time with their perceptions of social risks. This accelerated longitudinal study used within‐subject growth‐curve analyses to test the link between adolescents' prosocial tendencies and social risk perceptions. Adolescents completed self‐reports annually for 3 years (N = 893; Mage = 12.30 years, 10–14 years at Wave 1, and 10–17 years across the full study period; 50% girls, 33% White non‐Latinx, 27% Latinx, 20% African American, 20% mixed/other race). The association between social risk tolerance and prosocial tendencies changed significantly across adolescence. Specifically, for younger adolescents, more prosocial tendencies were associated significantly with less social risk tolerance, whereas for relatively older adolescents, more prosocial tendencies were associated marginally with more social risk tolerance. Additional individual differences by empathy (but not sensation seeking) emerged. These findings suggest that prosocial tendencies across adolescence may be associated with an underlying ability to tolerate social risks.
How do producers imagine consumers? Connecting farm and fork through a cultural repertoire of consumer sovereignty
Authors: Baumann Shyon , Johnston Josée , Oleschuk Merin
Published: September 2022

The phenomena of meat production and consumption are related but often studied separately, funnelled into silos of agro‐food and consumer‐focussed research. This article aims to reconnect these spheres by asking: How do meat producers understand the role of consumers in the ethical meatscape? We draw from interviews and site visits with 74 actors engaged with the ethical meat system in Canada. We find that consumers loom large in the cultural imaginary of meat producers and are often framed as key drivers of food system change. We make a two‐pronged argument that explains the complex, embedded presence of consumers in meat producers’ cultural imaginary. Conceptually, we argue that producers draw from a cultural repertoire of consumer sovereignty that frames consumer choice as a foundational element of capitalist societies. Empirically, we argue that ethical meat producers’ direct relationships with consumers infuse producers’ work with meaning and emotional significance, and this works to reinforce a normative valuation of consumer sovereignty. This research contributes to scholarship interrogating the implications of consumer‐driven models of food system change.
Building network for innovation and proximity in local development; sustainable farming initiatives in Izmir
Authors: Yildiztekin Merve Yazar , Erol Demet
Published: September 2022

Despite the increasing demand for food, agricultural systems are struggling with new challenges such as climate change, depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity and disease. This struggle requires not only ecological changes but also building economically and socially sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Transitions to more sustainable practices are referred to as sustainability transitions, and the multilevel perspective (MLP) provides a framework for their analysis. In this study, based on information from primary and secondary sources in Izmir, Turkey, the MLP was used as a starting point, and using the literature on adoption/diffusion and economic geography with social network analysis, the role of human capital, social relations and regional capacity in restructuring the current regime for developing sustainable agricultural practices at a geographic scale is discussed.
Establishment of NGS‐based HLA 9‐locus haplotypes in the Eastern Han Chinese population highlights the role of HLA‐DP in donor selection for transplantation
Authors: Zhang Tengteng , Li Yang , Yuan Xiaoni , Bao Xiaojing , Chen Luyao , Jiang Xue , He Jun
Published: September 2022

We collected HLA typing data from 653 families in the Eastern Han Chinese population. HLA‐A, B, C, DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1 (HLA‐11 loci) typing of 1781 subjects was performed using a commercial next‐generation sequencing (NGS) method in our laboratory. The phasing of haplotypes in each family was determined by Mendelian segregation. Haplotype analysis revealed 1634 different haplotypes among a total of 2230 haplotypes. The predominant haplotype was A*30:01‐C*06:02‐B*13:02‐DRB1*07:01‐DRB4*01:03‐DQA1*02:01‐DQB1*02:02‐DPA1*02:01‐DPB1*17:01 (HF = 4.04%), followed by A*02:07‐C*01:02‐B*46:01‐DRB1*09:01‐DRB4*01:03‐DQA1*03:02‐DQB1*03:03‐DPA1*02:02‐DPB1*05:01 (HF = 1.84%) and A*33:03‐C*03:02‐B*58:01‐DRB1*03:01‐DRB3*02:02‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01‐DPA1*01:03‐DPB1*04:01 (HF = 1.48%), accounting for 7.35% of the total. Meanwhile 76.41% of all haplotypes were observed only once or twice (HF < 0.1%). Different from HLA‐DRB3/4/5 and DQA1 loci, DP linkage markedly increased haplotype variation by 34.82% based on the 5‐locus haplotype. The much weaker linkage disequilibrium (LD) of DQB1‐DPB1 indicated the reason. We observed 10 analyzable recombination events, most of which occurred at DP loci. Even with the same common 5‐locus haplotype, HLA‐DP linkage alters the haplotype diversity and frequency. Analysis of related haplotype assignment and unrelated recipient‐donor pairs matching at the 9‐locus haplotype revealed that HLA‐DP affects the donor selection strategy. Haplotype study of a large sample size using NGS identified linkage haplotypes beyond the 5 loci. LD, recombination events, and haplotype variation caused by DP loci emphasized that HLA 9‐locus haplotype matching should be considered in donor selection, particularly the effect of DP loci. The finding lays the foundation for further studies on the effect of HLA‐DP mismatch on transplantation.
Exploring the Effectiveness of Flipped Learning Approach in the Nepalese classroom: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Lamsal Hiranya Lal
Published: September 2022

Flipped learning approach in the classroom is gaining popularity in many schools in developed countries. This approach makes teaching materials available online to students such as perverted class or deferred instruction, an easy way to investigate homework by connecting technology. Gradually it is attracting the attention of teachers, students and school administrators. In this regard, this quality study examines the views of English teachers and the success of the flipped learning approach in high schools. The purpose of this study was to explore the ideas of Secondary School English teachers using a transformed learning approach in the Nepalese classroom. In order to get ideas, research was done thinking that those schools could introduce a more flexible approach to providing quality education. They were asked if they had any information about the modified reading method. A study on flipped learning was conducted among teachers who were preparing for flipped classes. The study followed a descriptive and narrative type of phenomenological qualitative research design. The researcher designed a set of open-ended questions for teachers in each school to gather research data. In this study, the researcher focused on the effectiveness and importance of a flipped learning approach by examining the barriers, challenges and recommendations of English-speaking teachers in high schools. Therefore, this study follows the descriptive design of the study and is interpreted by interpretation. The results of this study revealed that teachers are more active in flipped learning .Despite various challenges such as new technologies, editing courses and projects, video tutorials and more, most teachers seemed ready and willing to take on the challenges and interact with the new teaching method of this age of science and technology; it provides new inventions and techniques for both teacher and students.
New Globalization and Multipolarity: A Critical Review and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Case
Authors: Vlados Charis , Chatzinikolaou Dimos , Iqbal Badar Alam
Published: September 2022

The present evolutionary phase in international economic and political relations involves the analysis of a "new globalization" and the profound reshaping of multipolarity. This article examines the fundamental elements of the newly emerging globalization morphology from a critical standpoint on the key aspects of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). It aims to discern why such free trade agreements are significant expressions and imprints of the unfolding new multipolarity. It focuses on crucial dimensions of such international socioeconomic agreements for deepened global cooperation and development. For the analysis, we distinguish between the structures of the previous globalization regime and some evolutionary dimensions of the gradual transition to a "new globalization" (e.g., the RCEP). We contend that such agreements enrich regional economic and social integration and can expand globalized transnational flows, thereby boosting efficient cooperation for reconstructing future dynamics of international economic development.
Computation of Intrinsic Instability and Sound Generation From Auto-Ignition Fronts
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Harish S. , Gruber Andrea , Moeck Jonas
Published: September 2022

Burning carbon-free fuels such as hydrogen in gas turbines promise power generation with minimal emissions of greenhouse gases. A two-stage sequential combustor architecture with a propagation-stabilized flame in the first stage and an auto-ignition-stabilized flame in the second stage allows for efficient combustion of hydrogen fuels. However, interactions between the auto-ignition-stabilized flame and the acoustic modes of the combustor may result in self-sustained thermoacoustic oscillations, which severely affect the stable operation of the combustor. In this paper, we study an “intrinsic” thermoacoustic feedback mechanism in which acoustic waves generated by unsteady heat release rate oscillations of the auto-ignition front propagate upstream and induce flow perturbations in the incoming reactant mixture, which, in turn, act as a disturbance source for the ignition front. We first perform detailed reactive Navier–Stokes (direct numerical simulation (DNS)) and Euler computations of an auto-ignition front in a one-dimensional setting to demonstrate the occurrence of intrinsic instability. Self-excited ignition front oscillations are observed at a characteristic frequency and tend to become more unstable as the acoustic reflection from the boundaries is increased. The Euler computations yield identical unsteady ignition front behavior as the DNS computations, suggesting that diffusive mechanisms have a minor effect on the instability. In the second part of this work, we present a simplified framework based on the linearized Euler equations (LEE) to compute the sound field generated by an unsteady auto-ignition front. Unsteady auto-ignition fronts create sources of sound due to local fluctuations in gas properties, in addition to heat release oscillations, which must be accounted for. The LEE predictions of the fluctuating pressure field in the combustor agree well with the DNS data. The findings of this work are essential for understanding and modeling thermoacoustic instabilities in reheat combustors with auto-ignition-stabilized flames.
Block–Wheel–Rail Temperature Assessments Via Longitudinal Train Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Wu Qing , Spiryagin Maksym , Cole Colin
Published: September 2022

Two research gaps were identified in block–wheel–rail temperature assessment. First, current studies are not combined with train dynamics, which are better descriptions of the block–wheel–rail working environment. Second, current studies cannot simulate long rail sections. This paper developed a block–wheel–rail temperature assessment model by following the finite element idea. Models were validated by comparing with ansys Finite Element models and measured data. Case studies were carried out by combining the temperature model with a Longitudinal Train Dynamics model. A full-service and an emergency brake simulation were carried out for a 150-wagon heavy haul train on a 5680 m long rail section. The results show that, due to brake force differences at different wagon positions, the maximum block and wheel temperature differences among individual wagons in the full-service brake simulation were 117.01 °C and 117.91 °C, respectively. This highlighted the contribution of introducing train dynamics into block–wheel–rail temperature assessment. Rail temperature increases caused by wheel–rail temperature differences and frictional heating were about 10.60 °C and 2.65 °C, respectively.
Numerical Simulation of the Natural Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in a Square Cavity Based on Different Predictive Models for Single-Phase and Multiphase Flow Mixtures
Authors: Dong Jingtao , Zheng Qun , Yuan Ze , Xiong Chunhua , Chen Jinmao
Published: September 2022

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in a square cavity were simulated using single-phase and mixed-phase flow models, and the simulation results were compared with the corresponding experimental values. The effects of different prediction models for the thermal properties of nanofluids, Grashof number, and volume fraction on the Nusselt number were analyzed. The velocity and temperature distributions of the nanofluid and de-ionized water in the square cavity were compared, and the effects of the temperature and flow fields on the enhanced heat transfer were analyzed according to the field synergy theory. The results show that for the numerical simulation of convective heat transfer in water, both the single-phase flow models and multiphase flow mixing models had high prediction accuracy. For nanofluids, single-phase flow did not reflect the heat transfer characteristics well, and the simulation results of the single-phase flow model relied more strongly on a highly accurate prediction model for the physical parameters. The multiphase flow mixing model could better reflect the natural convective heat transfer properties of the nanofluids in a square cavity. The nanofluid could significantly improve the flow state in the square cavity, thereby facilitating enhanced convective heat transfer. When the concentration is 2% (Grashof number is 1 × 106), the average Nusselt number of the nanofluid is increased by 19.7% compared with the base fluid.
Designing Cladded Components for High Temperature Nuclear Service: Part I—Analysis Methods
Authors: Messner M. C. , Barua B. , Jetter R. I. , Sham T.-L.
Published: September 2022

Use of corrosion-resistant cladding can greatly extend the design life of structural components in many advanced reactor systems. However, there are currently no ASME design rules for cladded components to guard against creep-fatigue failure and ratcheting strain accumulation in elevated temperature nuclear service. This paper, presented in two parts, addresses this gap by proposing a design strategy for cladded components that do not require long-term testing of clad materials. The proposed approach relies on approximate design analysis methods for two types of clad materials—a soft clad that creeps much faster than and has lower yield stress than the class A base material and a hard clad that creeps much slower than and has higher yield stress than the class A base material. Part I discusses the approximate analysis strategies for the clad materials—treat a soft clad as perfectly compliant and a hard clad as linear elastic—and Part II develops a complete set of design rules for each of the two types of cladded components. Finite element analyses of representative high temperature reactor components show that the proposed design analysis methods can bound the design quantities in soft cladded components and approximate the design quantities in hard cladded components.
Robustness Analysis on Aerothermal Performance of the Winglet Squealer Tip—Part II: Heat Transfer Performance
Authors: Huang Ming , Li Zhigang , Li Jun
Published: September 2022

This article is the second part of a robustness analysis of the aerothermal performance of the winglet structure. A challenging analytical test function and an engineering test are considered to further investigate the response performance of the efficient uncertainty quantification framework proposed in Part 1. Then, a series of original visualizing uncertainty quantities are proposed in this article and applied to the study of uncertainty quantification of the winglet structure. Finally, this efficient framework is applied to the uncertainty quantification of the effect of the conventional squealer tip and three different winglet squealer tips on the heat transfer performance of the GE-E3 rotor blade. According to the results of the uncertainty quantification calculation, in actual operation, the setting of the winglet structures will diminish rather than increase the heat transfer performance of the blade tip. This conclusion is completely opposite to the prediction of the deterministic calculation. The heat flux increase and standard deviation of squealer tip with pressure-side winglet are the highest among the four tip structures, which means that the robustness of heat transfer performance of squealer tip with pressure-side winglet is the worst. The parameter that has the greatest influence on the uncertainty of the heat transfer performance of the four tip structures is the tip clearance. But the influence of the inlet total temperature fluctuation must also be taken into account. So a satisfactory control system should be designed for the actual operation of the gas turbine so that the fluctuation of inlet total temperature can be attenuated rapidly. A positive correlation between the heat flux of the blade tip mean value and the standard deviation is revealed by the uncertainty quantification, which implies that reducing the heat flux of the blade tip mean value in the robust design of the blade tip tends to reduce the heat flux fluctuation as well. Therefore, the objective of the robust design of the blade tip can be either one of reducing the mean value of heat flux of the blade tip mean value or reducing the heat flux of the blade tip standard deviation without multi-objective optimization. It is worth noting that, like the aerodynamic performance uncertainty, there is an antagonistic relationship between the pressure-side cavity and suction-side cavity on the heat transfer performance uncertainty of the blade tip. Therefore, a reasonable ratio of pressure-side cavity to suction-side cavity in the turbine design can also lead to a blade tip with strong heat transfer performance robustness.
Optical and Numerical Investigation of Flame Propagation in a Heavy Duty Spark Ignited Natural Gas Engine With a Bowl-in-Piston Chamber
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Ulishney Christopher J. , Dumitrescu Cosmin Emil
Published: September 2022

Increasing the natural gas (NG) use in heavy-duty engines is beneficial for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions from power generation and transportation. However, converting compression ignition (CI) engines to NG spark ignition operation can increase methane emissions without expensive aftertreatment, thereby defeating the purpose of utilizing a low carbon fuel. The widely accepted explanation for the low combustion efficiency in such retrofitted engines is the lower laminar flame speed of natural gas. In addition, diesel engine's larger bowl size compared to the traditional gasoline engines increases the flame travel length inside the chamber and extends the combustion duration. Optical measurements in this study suggested a fast-propagating flame developed even at extremely lean operation. A three-dimensional numerical simulation showed that the squish region of the bowl-in-piston chamber generated a high turbulence intensity inside the bowl. However, the flame propagation speed reduced by 55% when transiting from the bowl to the squish region, due to the large decrease in turbulence intensity inside the squish region. Moreover, the squish volume trapped an important fuel fraction, which experienced a slow and inefficient burning process during the expansion stroke. This resulted in increased methane emissions and reduced combustion efficiency. Overall, it was the specifics of the combustion inside a bowl-in-piston chamber not the methane's slow laminar flame speed that contributed to the low methane combustion efficiency for the retrofitted engine. The results suggest that optimizing the chamber shape is paramount to boost engine efficiency and decrease its emissions.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Electromigration Behavior of Printed Silver Wire Under High Current Density
Authors: Zhang Haibin , Sun Quan , Sun Zhidan , Lu Yebo
Published: September 2022

The electromigration (EM) damage is becoming a severe problem in the printed flexible electronics as the printed circuits are fabricated thinner and thinner due to the development of printing technology. In this work, the EM behavior of printed silver wires was investigated by EM experiments and numerical simulations. The EM tests showed that voids are generated in the cathode area and hillocks are formed in the anode area for a wire with a small length. However, with the increase of wire length, hillocks tend to occur on the two sides of the silver wire middle part. The results of numerical simulations based on the atomic flux divergence (AFD) method revealed that the formation of the hillocks on the printed wire is caused by not only the mechanism of electron wind but also the strong temperature gradient along the wire length and width direction. Also, it can be concluded that the temperature gradient induced by Joule heating plays a more important role than electron wind in the atomic migration of the printed silver wire subjected to a high current density. The influence of the printed silver wire size on the EM behavior was also analyzed by numerical simulation, and the results demonstrated that the printed silver wires with a larger length and a smaller width-to-thickness ratio are more likely to develop hillocks on the two sides of silver wire middle part while subjected to a high current density.
Diamond formation kinetics in shock-compressed C─H─O samples recorded by small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction
Authors: He Zhiyu , Rödel Melanie , Lütgert Julian , Bergermann Armin , Bethkenhagen Mandy , Chekrygina Deniza , Cowan Thomas E. , Descamps Adrien , French Martin , Galtier Eric , Gleason Arianna E. , Glenn Griffin D. , Glenzer Siegfried H. , Inubushi Yuichi , Hartley Nicholas J. , Hernandez Jean-Alexis , Heuser Benjamin , Humphries Oliver S. , Kamimura Nobuki , Katagiri Kento , Khaghani Dimitri , Lee Hae Ja , McBride Emma E. , Miyanishi Kohei , Nagler Bob , Ofori-Okai Benjamin , Ozaki Norimasa , Pandolfi Silvia , Qu Chongbing , Ranjan Divyanshu , Redmer Ronald , Schoenwaelder Christopher , Schuster Anja K. , Stevenson Michael G. , Sueda Keiichi , Togashi Tadashi , Vinci Tommaso , Voigt Katja , Vorberger Jan , Yabashi Makina , Yabuuchi Toshinori , Zinta Lisa M. V. , Ravasio Alessandra , Kraus Dominik
Published: September 2022

Extreme conditions inside ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune can result in peculiar chemistry and structural transitions, e.g., the precipitation of diamonds or superionic water, as so far experimentally observed only for pure C─H and H
2
O systems, respectively. Here, we investigate a stoichiometric mixture of C and H
2
O by shock-compressing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics and performing in situ x-ray probing. We observe diamond formation at pressures between 72 ± 7 and 125 ± 13 GPa at temperatures ranging from ~3500 to ~6000 K. Combining x-ray diffraction and small-angle x-ray scattering, we access the kinetics of this exotic reaction. The observed demixing of C and H
2
O suggests that diamond precipitation inside the ice giants is enhanced by oxygen, which can lead to isolated water and thus the formation of superionic structures relevant to the planets’ magnetic fields. Moreover, our measurements indicate a way of producing nanodiamonds by simple laser-driven shock compression of cheap PET plastics.
Observation of competing, correlated ground states in the flat band of rhombohedral graphite
Authors: Hagymási Imre , Mohd Isa Mohammad Syahid , Tajkov Zoltán , Márity Krisztián , Oroszlány László , Koltai János , Alassaf Assem , Kun Péter , Kandrai Konrád , Pálinkás András , Vancsó Péter , Tapasztó Levente , Nemes-Incze Péter
Published: September 2022

In crystalline solids, the interactions of charge and spin can result in a variety of emergent quantum ground states, especially in partially filled, topological flat bands such as Landau levels or in “magic angle” graphene layers. Much less explored is rhombohedral graphite (RG), perhaps the simplest and structurally most perfect condensed matter system to host a flat band protected by symmetry. By scanning tunneling microscopy, we map the flat band charge density of 8, 10, 14, and 17 layers and identify a domain structure emerging from a competition between a sublattice antiferromagnetic insulator and a gapless correlated paramagnet. Our density matrix renormalization group calculations explain the observed features and demonstrate that the correlations are fundamentally different from graphene-based magnetism identified until now, forming the ground state of a quantum magnet. Our work establishes RG as a platform to study many-body interactions beyond the mean-field approach, where quantum fluctuations and entanglement dominate.