bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FURIN, IFNL4, and TLR2 gene polymorphisms in relation to COVID-19 severity: a case–control study in Egyptian patients
Authors: Elgedawy Gamalat A. , Elabd Naglaa S. , Salem Radwa H. , Awad Samah M. , Amer Amany A. , Torayah Mohammad M. , El-Koa Amal A. , Abozeid Mai , Montaser Belal A. , Aboshabaan Hind S. , Abdelkreem Mervat , Helal Marwa L.
Published: May 2024

Background and Aim

A wide range of clinical manifestations and outcomes, including liver injury, have been reported in COVID-19 patients. We investigated the association of three substantial gene polymorphisms (FURIN, IFNL4, and TLR2) with COVID-19 disease susceptibility and severity to help predict prognosis.

Methods

150 adult COVID-19-assured cases were categorized as follows: 78 patients with a non-severe presentation, 39 patients with severe disease, and 33 critically ill patients. In addition, 74 healthy controls were included. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were carried out, including complete and differential blood counts, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, ferritin, interleukin-6 (Il-6), and liver and kidney functions. FURIN (rs6226), IFNL4 (rs12979860), and TLR2 (rs3804099) genotyping allelic discrimination assays were conducted using real-time PCR.

Results

The FURIN, IFNL4, and TLR2 genotypes and their alleles differed significantly between COVID-19 patients and controls, as well as between patients with severe or critical illness and those with a non-severe presentation. According to a multivariable regression analysis, FURIN (C/T + T/T) and TLR2 (T/C + C/C) mutants were associated with COVID-19 susceptibility, with odds ratios of 3.293 and 2.839, respectively. FURIN C/C and IFNL4 T/T mutants were significantly linked to severe and critical illnesses. Multivariate regression analysis showed that FURIN (G/C + C/C) genotypes and IFNL4 T/T homozygosity were independent risk factors associated with increased mortality.

Conclusion

FURIN, IFNL4, and TLR2 gene variants are associated with the risk of COVID-19 occurrence as well as increased severity and poor outcomes in Egyptian patients.
Lipidomic signatures in Colombian adults with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Serna María Fernanda , Suarez-Ortegón Milton Fabián , Jiménez-Charris Eliécer , Echeverri Isabella , Cala Mónica P. , Mosquera Mildrey
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises a set of risk factors that contribute to the development of chronic and cardiovascular diseases, increasing the mortality rate. Altered lipid metabolism is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome; however, there is a lack of knowledge about lipids compounds and the lipidic pathways associated with this condition, particularly in the Latin-American population. Innovative approaches, such as lipidomic analysis, facilitate the identification of lipid species related to these risk factors. This study aimed to assess the plasma lipidome in subjects with MetS.

Methods

This correlation study included healthy adults and adults with MetS. Blood samples were analyzed. The lipidomic profile was determined using an Agilent Technologies 1260 liquid chromatography system coupled to a Q-TOF 6545 quadrupole mass analyzer with electrospray ionization. The main differences were determined between the groups.

Results

The analyses reveal a distinct lipidomic profile between healthy adults and those with MetS, including increased concentrations of most identified glycerolipids -both triglycerides and diglycerides- and decreased levels of ether lipids and sphingolipids, especially sphingomyelins, in MetS subjects. Association between high triglycerides, waist circumference, and most differentially expressed lipids were found.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate dysregulation of lipid metabolism in subjects with Mets, supporting the potential utility of plasma lipidome analysis for a deeper understanding of MetS pathophysiology.
Control of a three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile robot via a mixed FTB/$$\mathcal H_\infty $$ approach
Authors: Nesci Francesca , Amato Francesco , Dragone Donatella , Cosentino Carlo , Merola Alessio
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the problem of guidance and motion control of mobile robots is addressed and solved within the novel framework of the mixed finite-time/$$\mathcal H_\infty $$

H
∞

control theory of nonlinear quadratic systems (NLQSs). Starting from a NLQS describing the dynamics of omnidirectional mobile platforms, the main tasks performed for controlling in closed loop the motion of omnidirectional robots can be conveniently formulated as a mixed finite-time/$$\mathcal H_\infty $$

H
∞

control problem. A robust motion controller, which can effectively rejects disturbances deviating the robot platform from a planned path, can be designed after choosing a linear state-feedback structure for the controller. The synthesis problem is solved through some sufficient conditions contemplating both norm-bounded disturbances and sets constraining initial and terminal conditions, together with a finite-time bound on the output transient. Therefore, for all the allowable uncertainties, in presence of nonzero initial conditions and exogenous disturbance inputs which are possible within an unstructured environment, the motion control tasks can be accomplished through optimal $$\mathcal H_\infty $$

H
∞

performance by simultaneously guaranteeing that the NLQS, which governs in closed loop the robot platform, is finite-time bounded. Finally, the applicability and control performance of the design approach have been evaluated through numerical simulations.
Update on the Role of the Microbiome in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Fischer Jakob L. , Lee Jivianne T.
Published: May 2024

Purpose of Review

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common yet complex and heterogeneous inflammatory condition of the paranasal sinuses that is likely caused by a combination of infectious and inflammatory factors. The role of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of CRS remains poorly defined. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of the microbiome in CRS and evaluate current and emerging therapies that may alter the sinonasal microbiome.

Recent Findings

There are complex interactions among the various microorganisms that make up the sinonasal microbiome with a growing body of evidence that increased microbial biodiversity may be protective against the development of CRS and patients with improved biodiversity may have better treatment outcomes. Topical and systemic antimicrobials, intranasal corticosteroids, and surgery have demonstrated transient changes to the microbiome without significant change in symptoms. The use of probiotics and bacteriophages remain areas of active investigation regarding alterations to the sinonasal microbiome.

CRS seems to be associated with decreased sinonasal microbial diversity, but whether this is the cause of CRS or a downstream effect remains unclear. Additional evaluation into the role of the microbiome on CRS and the impact of therapies that may yet alter the microbiome are necessary.
Green Manufacturing of Electrically-Tunable Smart Light-Weight Planar Optics: A Review
Authors: Yang Dongwook , Lee Younggeun , Kang Hyeokin , Vu Quang Huy , Kang Guseon , Lee Seung Eon , Han Hyogeun , Kim Seunghwan , Nam Han Ku , Kwon Soongeun , Rhee Hyug-Gyo , Lee Joohyung , Yoo Hongki , Yoon Hyosang , Kim Young-Jin
Published: May 2024

Evolving demands for compact, light-weight, and versatile optical systems across various industries require the facile integration of planar diffractive optics. For the manufacturing of diffractive optics, green manufacturing becomes the prerequisite with timely considerations of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG). Conventional manufacturing processes such as semiconductor lithography or nano /micro imprinting utilize a large amount of harmful chemicals. Meanwhile, direct laser writing emerges as one of the key solution candidates, offering clear advantages over others, especially in terms of eco-friendliness due to the simple manufacturing process with less chemical usage. In this comprehensive review, we present recent advances in the analytical design, green manufacturing of electrically tunable smart light-weight planar optics, and their promising applications in space optics, photovoltaics, and optical imaging, highlighting the necessity for tunability in focal length, aberration, transparency, and beam propagation direction. Various types of electrically tunable diffractive optical elements utilizing active modulation of refractive index, geometrical shape, and bandgap have been discussed. Finally, this review concludes by proposing the integration of ultra-thin and light-weight diffractive optics presenting potential applications in micro-electronics, biomedical imaging, space exploration, and extended reality.
The Approach to the Management of a Child with Chronic Abdominal Pain
Authors: Farrell Peter , Farrell Leslie , Farrell Michael K.
Published: May 2024

Purpose of Review

Abdominal pain occurs frequently in children; chronic abdominal pain affects about 15% of children. There is always an initial concern for serious organic medical conditions; these can be eliminated with careful history and physical examination, especially looking for “red flags.” These children are often subjected to numerous invasive and noninvasive tests; excessive testing should be avoided. There is no evidence extensive testing improves patient outcome or satisfaction. Recent guidelines recommend celiac serology and fecal calprotectin/lactoferrin as the optimal screening tests. Anxiety is often a co-morbidity; the continued testing and lack of explanation exacerbate the symptoms and cause more dysfunction.

Recent Findings

Ongoing research suggests chronic abdominal pain is a complex interaction of genetics, environmental factors including diet, changes in the microbiome, previous life events, and stresses. The gut-brain axis is now more accurately described as the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Many disturbances have been reported but it remains unclear which are causative versus reactive. Therapeutic interventions have targeted one or more of the components but rarely in a coordinated manner. A positive diagnosis and explanation of pathophysiology are crucial first steps. A holistic approach that focuses on restoration of functioning and well-being is the best approach. A non-pharmacologic approach is the favored initial therapy; many children improve with counseling and assurance that there are no serious organic disorders. A trusting relationship with child and family is an integral part of the treatment plan.

Pediatric chronic abdominal pain is commonly encountered in practice. Serious conditions can be eliminated by determining whether any of the so-called red flags are present and judicious testing. High quality evidence is lacking for many proposed treatments. Data interpretation is confounded by a high placebo response rate, even when the placebo is unblinded. The current best evidence is for non-pharmacologic treatments including cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis. Neuromodulation is a new, promising intervention.
Mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of soft rock with different water contents under dynamic disturbance
Authors: Jiang Yujing , Chen Lugen , Wang Dong , Luan Hengjie , Zhang Guangchao , Dong Ling , Liang Bin
Published: May 2024

Uniaxial compression tests and cyclic loading acoustic emission tests were conducted on 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dry and saturated muddy sandstone by using a creep impact loading system to investigate the mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of soft rocks with different water contents under dynamic disturbance. The mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of muddy sandstones at different water contents were analysed. Results of experimental studies show that water is a key factor in the mechanical properties of rocks, softening them, increasing their porosity, reducing their brittleness and increasing their plasticity. Under uniaxial compression, the macroscopic damage characteristics of the muddy sandstone change from mono-bevel shear damage and ‘X’ type conjugate bevel shear damage to a roadway bottom-drum type damage as the water content increases. Dynamic perturbation has a strengthening effect on the mechanical properties of samples with 60% and less water content, and a weakening effect on samples with 80% and more water content, but the weakening effect is not obvious. Macroscopic damage characteristics of dry samples remain unchanged, water samples from shear damage and tensile–shear composite damage gradually transformed into cleavage damage, until saturation transformation monoclinic shear damage. The evolution of acoustic emission energy and event number is mainly divided into four stages: loading stage (I), dynamic loading stage (II), yield failure stage (III), and post-peak stage (IV), the acoustic emission characteristics of the stages were different for different water contents. The characteristic value of acoustic emission key point frequency gradually decreases, and the damage degree of the specimen increases, corresponding to low water content—high main frequency—low damage and high water content—low main frequency—high damage.
Pumped-storage hydropower and hydrogen storage for meeting water and energy demand through a hybrid renewable energy system
Authors: Papathanasiou Athanasios-Foivos , Bertsiou Maria Margarita , Baltas Evangelos
Published: May 2024

The majority of the Greek islands have autonomous energy stations, which use fossil fuels to produce electricity in order to meet electricity demand. Also, the water in the network is not fit for consumption. In this paper, the potential development of a hybrid renewable energy system is examined to address the issue of generating drinking water (desalination) and electricity while releasing zero pollutants into the atmosphere. Wind turbines supply wind energy, while an additional amount of energy is stored using pumped-storage hydropower and green hydrogen tanks. These two storage options are investigated for the purpose of storing and distributing clean wind energy in a controlled manner. Three scenarios are investigated. The first scenario only relies on the pumped-storage hydroelectricity technology (88% of the total annual power demand is covered), the second scenario investigates hydrogen storage technology (83% of the total annual electricity demand is covered), and the third scenario uses a hybrid storage solution consisting of pumped-storage hydropower and green hydrogen tanks (95% coverage).
Maximizing the Processing of Polymetallic Concentrates via Actinide Separation and Rare Earth Retrieval
Authors: Eliwa Ahmed A. , Mubark Amal E. , Gawad Ebrahim A. , Orabi Ahmed H. , Fawzy Mona M.
Published: May 2024

During the last decades, the growing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) has led to numerous recent studies to recover these elements from various bearing ores and wastes. Therefore, the recovery of REEs from Ras Baroud polymetallic concentrate has been investigated in the current study. Physical beneficiation for the Ras Baroud pegmatite sample was carried out, yielding a concentrate for euxenite (Y), fergusonite (Y), xenotime (Y), monazite (Ce), allanite, thorite, uranothorite, and Hf-zircon, which resulted in raising the concentrations of rare earth elements, Th, Zr, U, and Ti in the sample. Fusion digestion processes with sodium hydroxide were studied using the Conceived Predictive Diagonal (CPD) technique. The three experimental digestion groups proved the dissolution of 99.9, 95.6, 99.9, 52.5, and 0.47% for REEs, Th, U, Ti, and Zr, respectively, under fusion conditions of 723 K, 120 min, 1/1.5 ore/alkali ratio, and − 100-μm particle sizes. Fusion kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were investigated using several suggested models, namely, pseudo reversible first order, uptake general model, and shrinking core model which matched well with the experimental digestion results. Selective recovery of actinide content from REE content of the digested concentrate chloride solutions was accomplished using solvent extraction with di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid. About 99.9, 99.9, and 4.2% extraction efficiencies for Th, U, and REEs were performed, respectively, using 0.3 mol/L solvent concentration in kerosene as a diluent, 1/2 organic to aqueous ratio, an aqueous pH of 0.2, and 15-min contact time. Thorium and uranium ions were stripped with sulfuric acid solution 2.5 mol/L with 94 and 98% stripping efficiency, respectively. A highly purified REE precipitate was obtained from the raffinate solutions. Zircon mineralization tailings were obtained as a by-product through the alkaline digestion process.
Experimental platform for studying energy regeneration in electric vehicle powertrains
Authors: Velasquez Julian David Ontibon , Moreno Javier Antonio Guacaneme , Aldana Nelson Leonardo Diaz
Published: May 2024

Investigation into the energy consumption in electric vehicles (EVs) plays a pivotal role in determining their autonomy and assessing the electric system performance across diverse operational scenarios. This study focuses on the concept of energy regeneration, encompassing the recovery and storage of kinetic mechanical energy during braking or descent in EVs. Employing control systems in power electronics becomes necessary to establish a seamless workflow across operational quadrants to ensure efficient energy regeneration in an electric machine functioning as both a motor and a generator. To seamlessly integrate new technologies into practical applications, it is essential to conduct thorough evaluations in laboratories prior to deployment. This paper introduces an experimental platform specifically designed to analyze energy consumption and storage in EVs by emulating their powertrains in a controlled laboratory environment. The platform comprises key components for emulating the powertrain of a single-motor electric vehicle with single-axle traction, including a power converter configured in two quadrants, an energy storage system, a primary rotating electric machine, and a mechanically coupled point load torque (another motor). This paper provides a detailed guide on implementing such a laboratory and for facilitating the testing of diverse motor technologies and controllers under varied operational conditions. This comprehensive approach allows for the assessment of electromechanical system efficiency, focusing on both energy recovery and comprehensive control of electric power converters. Validation tests conducted under urban conditions and on steep terrains demonstrate the effectiveness of the platform in analyzing the energy efficiency of both the induction machine and the power controller.
Isaiah 40–66
Authors: Heffelfinger Katie
Published: May 2024

The texts in Isaiah 40–66 are widely admired for their poetic brilliance. Situating Isaiah within its historic context, Katie Heffelfinger here explores its literary aspects through a lyrically informed approach that emphasizes key features of the poetry and explains how they create meaning. Her detailed analysis of the text's passages demonstrates how powerful poetic devices, such as paradox, allusion, juxtaposition, as well as word and sound play, are used to great effect via the divine speaking voice, as well as the personified figures of the Servant and Zion. Heffelfinger's commentary includes a glossary of poetic terminology that provides definitions of key terms in non-technical language. It features additional resources, notably, 'Closer Look' sections, which explore important issues in detail; as well as 'Bridging the Horizons' sections that connect Isaiah's poetry to contemporary issues, including migration, fear, and divided society.
The Vaal Uprising of 1984 and the Struggle for Freedom in South Africa
Authors: Rueedi Franziska
Published: May 2024

Offers new insights into the struggle against Apartheid, and the poverty and inequality that instigated political resistance.
A Comprehensive Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal Options for Germany
Authors: Borchers Malgorzata , Förster Johannes , Thrän Daniela , Beck Silke , Thoni Terese , Korte Klaas , Gawel Erik , Markus Till , Schaller Romina , Rhoden Imke , Chi Yaxuan , Dahmen Nicolaus , Dittmeyer Roland , Dolch Tobias , Dold Christian , Herbst Michael , Heß Dominik , Kalhori Aram , Koop‐Jakobsen Ketil , Li Zhan , Oschlies Andreas , Reusch Thorsten B. H. , Sachs Torsten , Schmidt‐Hattenberger Cornelia , Stevenson Angela , Wu Jiajun , Yeates Christopher , Mengis Nadine
Published: May 2024

To reach their net‐zero targets, countries will have to compensate hard‐to‐abate CO2 emissions through carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Yet, current assessments rarely include socio‐cultural or institutional aspects or fail to contextualize CDR options for implementation. Here we present a context‐specific feasibility assessment of CDR options for the example of Germany. We assess 14 CDR options, including three chemical carbon capture options, six options for bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and five options that aim to increase ecosystem carbon uptake. The assessment addresses technological, economic, environmental, institutional, social‐cultural and systemic considerations using a traffic‐light system to evaluate implementation opportunities and hurdles. We find that in Germany CDR options like cover crops or seagrass restoration currently face comparably low implementation hurdles in terms of technological, economic, or environmental feasibility and low institutional or social opposition but show comparably small CO2 removal potentials. In contrast, some BECCS options that show high CDR potentials face significant techno‐economic, societal and institutional hurdles when it comes to the geological storage of CO2. While a combination of CDR options is likely required to meet the net‐zero target in Germany, the current climate protection law includes a limited set of options. Our analysis aims to provide comprehensive information on CDR hurdles and possibilities for Germany for use in further research on CDR options, climate, and energy scenario development, as well as an effective decision support basis for various actors.
Wave and Roller Transformation Over Barred Bathymetry
Authors: Chen Jinshi , Raubenheimer Britt , Elgar Steve
Published: May 2024

The cross‐shore transformation of breaking‐wave roller momentum and energy on observed barred surfzone bathymetry is investigated with a two‐phase Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes model driven with measured incident waves. Modeled wave spectra, wave heights, and wave‐driven increases in the mean water level (setup) agree well with field observations along transects extending from 5‐m water depth to the shoreline. Consistent with prior results the roller forcing contributes 50%–60% to the setup, whereas the advective terms contribute ∼20%, with the contribution of bottom stress largest (up to 20%) for shallow sandbar crest depths. The model simulations suggest that an energy‐flux balance between wave dissipation, roller energy, and roller dissipation is accurate. However, as little as 70% of the modeled wave energy ultimately dissipated by breaking was first transferred from the wave to the roller. Furthermore, of the energy transferred to the roller, 15%–25% is dissipated by turbulence in the water column below the roller, with the majority of energy dissipated in the aerated region or near the roller‐surface interface. The contributions of turbulence to the momentum balance are sensitive to the parameterized turbulent anisotropy, which observations suggest increases with increasing turbulence intensity. Here, modeled turbulent kinetic energy dissipation decreases with increasing depth of the sandbar crest, possibly reflecting a change from plunging (on the steeper offshore slope of the bar) to spilling breakers (over the flatter bar crest and trough). Thus, using a variable roller front slope in the roller‐wave energy flux balance may account for these variations in breaker type.
Assessment of Storm‐Associated Precipitation and Its Extremes Using Observational Data Sets and Climate Model Short‐Range Hindcasts
Authors: Wu Wen‐Ying , Ma Hsi‐Yen , Lafferty David Conway , Feng Zhe , Ullrich Paul , Tang Qi , Golaz Jean‐Christophe , Galea Daniel , Lee Hsiang‐He
Published: May 2024

Heavy precipitation, often associated with weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones (ETCs), atmospheric rivers (ARs), and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), can cause significant socio‐economic loss. In this study, we apply atmospheric feature trackers to quantify the contributions of these storm types in observational data sets and climate model short‐range hindcasts. We generate a global hourly storm data set at 0.25° spatial resolution covering 2006–2020, based on the tracking results from TempestExtremes and Python FLEXible object TRacKeR. Our analyses show that these four storm types account for 67% of global annual mean precipitation and 82% of top 1% precipitation extremes, with MCSs mainly over the tropics, and ARs and ETCs over the midlatitudes. The percentage of precipitation contributions from these storms also show strong seasonality over many geographical locations. We further apply the tracking results to the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) short‐range hindcasts and evaluate how well these storms are simulated. The evaluation show that E3SM, with ∼1° resolution, significantly underestimates storm‐associated precipitation totals and extremes, especially for MCSs in the tropics. Our analysis also suggests that model fails to capture the correct mean diurnal phases and amplitude of MCS precipitation. This phenomenon‐based approach provides a better understanding of precipitation characteristics and can lead to enhanced model evaluation by revealing underlying problems in model physics related to precipitation processes associated with the heavy‐precipitating storms.
Changes in Mesoscale Convective System Precipitation Structures in Response to a Warming Climate
Authors: Cui Wenjun , Galarneau Thomas J. , Hoogewind Kimberly A.
Published: May 2024

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are crucial components of the hydrological cycle and often produce flash floods. Given their impact, it is important to understand how they will change under a warming climate. This study uses a satellite‐ and radar‐based MCS tracking algorithm on convection‐permitting climate model simulations and examines changes in MCS properties and precipitation structures between historical and future simulations. An underestimation in MCS total precipitation is evident in historical simulation compared to observations, due to model's depiction of MCS precipitation area and summertime occurrence frequency. Under pseudo‐global warming, increases in MCS frequency and total warm season precipitation are observed, most notably in the southern U.S. The precipitation intensity and precipitating area generated by future MCSs also rises and results in an increase in precipitation volume. MCS precipitation structures are further classified into convective core and stratiform regions to understand how change in these structures contributes to future rainfall changes. In a warmer climate, the stratiform region demonstrates minimal change in size, but increases in mean precipitation rate and mean maximum precipitation rate by 15% and 29% are noted, respectively. A more robust future response is observed in the convective core region, with its size, mean precipitation rate and mean maximum precipitation rate increasing significantly by 24%, 37% and 42%, respectively. Finally, by examining the environmental properties of MCS initial condition, future intensification of convective rain may be attributed to a combined effect of substantial increases in atmospheric instability and moisture availability.
Global Climatology of Low‐Level‐Jets: Occurrence, Characteristics, and Meteorological Drivers
Authors: Luiz E. W. , Fiedler S.
Published: May 2024

Low‐level jets (LLJs), vertical profiles with a wind speed maxima in the lowest hundred meters of the troposphere, have multiple impacts in the Earth system, but a global present‐day climatology based on contemporary data does not exist. We use the spatially and temporally complete data set from ERA5 reanalysis to compile a global climatology of LLJs for studying the formation mechanisms, characteristics, and trends during the period of 1992–2021. In the global mean, LLJs are detected 21% of the time with more cases over land (32%) than over the ocean (15%). We classified the LLJs into three categories: non‐polar land (LLLJ), polar land (PLLJ), and coastal (CLLJ) LLJs. For LLLJ, the averaged frequency of occurrence is 20% and 75% of them are associated with a near‐surface temperature inversion as a prerequisite for an inertial oscillation. PLLJs are also associated with a temperature inversion and occur even more frequently with 59% of the time. These are also the lowest and the strongest LLJs among the three categories. CLLJs are particularly frequent in some marine hotspots, situated along the west coast of continents, with neutral to unstable stratification close to the surfaces and a stably stratified layer aloft. We found distinct regional trends in both the frequency and intensity of LLJs over the past decades, which can have implications for the emission and transport of aerosols, and the transport of atmospheric moisture. Future studies could address changes in LLJs and the associated implications in more detail, based on the here released ERA5‐based LLJ data.
Impacts of Atmospheric Internal Variations on the Variability of Sea Surface Temperature Based on the Hydra‐SINTEX Model
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wu Jiye , Zheng Yongjun , Luo Jing‐Jia
Published: May 2024

Ocean–atmosphere interactions largely control the variabilities of the climate system on Earth. However, how much atmospheric internal signals contribute to climate variabilities remains uncertain over many parts of the globe. Here, we develop an interactive ensemble coupled model (called Hydra‐SINTEX) to investigate the influences of atmospheric internal variations (AIVs) on the mean‐states and variability of the climate system. The results show that, while climatological mean‐states are little affected, the AIVs can largely influence climate variabilities over the globe. We pay particular attention to two regions, that is, the tropical eastern Indian Ocean, which is the key area of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the subtropical North Pacific. We found that sea surface temperature (SST) variabilities in these two regions are much reduced without the AIVs but with distinct mechanisms. Without the AIVs, the intensity of the IOD is largely reduced in association with weakened air–sea coupling in the tropics. This indicates the importance of atmospheric noise forcing on the development of the IOD. In contrast, the reduction of SST variability in the subtropical North Pacific is caused by the absence of the AIVs that are generated by both mid‐latitude atmospheric processes and weakened remote influence of the tropical SST in accordance with the reduced SST signals there.
Vertical Profiles of Aerosol Mass, Number, and Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations: Comparisons of GEOS‐Chem‐APM Simulations With ATom Airborne Measurements and CloudSat Retrievals
Authors: Luo Gan , Yu Fangqun
Published: May 2024

A better understanding of vertical distributions of aerosol and cloud droplet number concentrations is important for the study of aerosol‐cloud interaction which is one of the key uncertainties in climate change projection. In this study, we compared the aerosol mass and number concentrations simulated by a size‐resolved advanced particle microphysics (APM) package coupled with a global 3‐D chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) with the NASA’s Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) measurements at the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean during ATom‐1 and ATom‐2 campaign periods. Generally, the model captured the spatial pattern and seasonal variation of aircraft observed aerosol mass and number concentrations. The model simulated cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) were compared with CloudSat retrievals whose orbits were nearby ATom's flight tracks on the same days. Correlation coefficients of simulated and retrieved CDNC at ATom‐1 Pacific Ocean, ATom‐1 Atlantic Ocean, ATom‐2 Pacific Ocean, and ATom‐2 Atlantic Ocean are 0.83, 0.97, 0.87, and 0.73, respectively. Both satellite retrievals and model simulations indicated that the averaged values of CDNC at the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean during ATom‐1 and ATom‐2 periods decreased with altitudes. The ratio of CDNC in the lower troposphere (1,000–800 hPa) to those in the middle troposphere (600–400 hPa) was 1.9 (1.6–2.3) based on CloudSat retrievals and 2.2 (1.2–3.0) based on the model simulations. Model analysis indicated that secondary particles dominate CDNC in the atmosphere and primary organic aerosols have important contributions to CDNC, especially at the Atlantic Ocean during ATom‐1.
Wind Distribution in the Eye of Tropical Cyclone Revealed by a Novel Atmospheric Motion Vector Derivation
Authors: Tsukada Taiga , Horinouchi Takeshi , Tsujino Satoki
Published: May 2024

Observations of wind distribution in the eye of tropical cyclones (TCs) are still limited. In this study, a method to derive atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) for TCs is developed, where selection from multiple local rotation speeds is made by considering continuity among neighboring grid points. The method is applied to 2.5‐min interval image sequences of three TCs, Lan (2017), Haishen (2020), and Nanmadol (2022), observed by the Himawari‐8 satellite. The results are compared with AMVs derived from research‐based 30‐s Himawari‐8 special observations conducted for Haishen and Nanmadol, as well as with in‐situ dropsonde observations conducted for Lan and Nanmadol. In these storms, the AMVs obtained from the 2.5‐min interval images in the eye are found to be in good agreement with the dropsonde observations. Examinations of AMVs in the eye reveal transient azimuthal wavenumber‐1 features in all three TCs. These features are consistent with algebraically growing wavenumber‐1 disturbances, which transport angular momentum inward and accelerate the eye rotation. In the case of Lan, the angular velocity in the eye increased by approximately 1.5 times within 1 hr. This short‐term increase is further examined. Visualization of low‐level vorticity in the eye and angular momentum budget analysis suggest that angular momentum transport associated with mesovortices played an important role in the increase of tangential wind and the homogenization of angular velocity in the eye of Lan.
Changing Snowpack Inspires New Measurement
Authors: Mayer Amy
Published: May 2024

Climate change is bringing increased variability to annual snowfall, which affects how much water is stored for ecosystem and human use.
Study of the potential role of CASPASE-10 mutations in the development of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
Authors: Consonni Filippo , Moreno Solange , Vinuales Colell Blanca , Stolzenberg Marie-Claude , Fernandes Alicia , Parisot Mélanie , Masson Cécile , Neveux Nathalie , Rosain Jérémie , Bamberger Sarah , Vigue Marie-Gabrielle , Malphettes Marion , Quartier Pierre , Picard Capucine , Rieux-Laucat Frédéric , Magerus Aude
Published: May 2024

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a primary disorder of lymphocyte homeostasis, leading to chronic lymphoproliferation, autoimmune cytopenia, and increased risk of lymphoma. The genetic landscape of ALPS includes mutations in FAS, FASLG, and FADD, all associated with apoptosis deficiency, while the role of CASP10 defect in the disease remains debated. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of CASP10 variants on ALPS pathogenesis. We benefit from thousands of genetic analysis datasets performed in our Institute’s genetic platform to identify individuals carrying CASP10 variants previously suspected to be involved in ALPS outcome: p.C401LfsX15, p.V410I and p.Y446C, both at heterozygous and homozygous state. Clinical and laboratory features of the six included subjects were variable but not consistent with ALPS. Two individuals were healthy. Comprehensive analyses of CASP10 protein expression and FAS-mediated apoptosis were conducted and compared to healthy controls and ALPS patients with FAS mutations. Missense CASP10 variants (p.V410I and p.Y446C), which are common in the general population, did not disrupt CASP10 expression, nor FAS-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, homozygous p.C401LfsX15 CASP10 variant lead to a complete abolished CASP10 expression but had no impact on FAS-mediated apoptosis function. At heterozygous state, this p.C401LfsX15 variant lead to a reduced CASP10 protein levels but remained associated with a normal FAS-mediated apoptosis function. These findings demonstrate that CASPASE 10 is dispensable for FAS-mediated apoptosis. In consequences, CASP10 defect unlikely contribute to ALPS pathogenesis, since they did not result in an impairment of FAS-mediated apoptosis nor in clinical features of ALPS in human. Moreover, the absence of FAS expression up-regulation in subjects with CASP10 variants rule out any compensatory mechanisms possibly involved in the normal apoptosis function observed. In conclusion, this study challenges the notion that CASP10 variants contribute to the development of ALPS.
The role of memory-dependent friction and solvent viscosity in isomerization kinetics in viscogenic media
Authors: Dalton Benjamin A. , Kiefer Henrik , Netz Roland R.
Published: May 2024

Molecular isomerization kinetics in liquid solvent depends on a complex interplay between the solvent friction acting on the molecule, internal dissipation effects (also known as internal friction), the viscosity of the solvent, and the dihedral free energy profile. Due to the absence of accurate techniques to directly evaluate isomerization friction, it has not been possible to explore these relationships in full. By combining extensive molecular dynamics simulations with friction memory-kernel extraction techniques we consider a variety of small, isomerising molecules under a range of different viscogenic conditions and directly evaluate the viscosity dependence of the friction acting on a rotating dihedral. We reveal that the influence of different viscogenic media on isomerization kinetics can be dramatically different, even when measured at the same viscosity. This is due to the dynamic solute-solvent coupling, mediated by time-dependent friction memory kernels. We also show that deviations from the linear dependence of isomerization rates on solvent viscosity, which are often simply attributed to internal friction effects, are due to the simultaneous violation of two fundamental relationships: the Stokes-Einstein relation and the overdamped Kramers prediction for the barrier-crossing rate, both of which require explicit knowledge of friction.
Symmetry breaking in optimal transport networks
Authors: Patwardhan Siddharth , Barthelemy Marc , Erkol Şirag , Fortunato Santo , Radicchi Filippo
Published: May 2024

Engineering multilayer networks that efficiently connect sets of points in space is a crucial task in all practical applications that concern the transport of people or the delivery of goods. Unfortunately, our current theoretical understanding of the shape of such optimal transport networks is quite limited. Not much is known about how the topology of the optimal network changes as a function of its size, the relative efficiency of its layers, and the cost of switching between layers. Here, we show that optimal networks undergo sharp transitions from symmetric to asymmetric shapes, indicating that it is sometimes better to avoid serving a whole area to save on switching costs. Also, we analyze the real transportation networks of the cities of Atlanta, Boston, and Toronto using our theoretical framework and find that they are farther away from their optimal shapes as traffic congestion increases.
Arabidopsis SBT5.2 and SBT1.7 subtilases mediate C-terminal cleavage of flg22 epitope from bacterial flagellin
Authors: Matsui Sayaka , Noda Saki , Kuwata Keiko , Nomoto Mika , Tada Yasuomi , Shinohara Hidefumi , Matsubayashi Yoshikatsu
Published: May 2024

Plants initiate specific defense responses by recognizing conserved epitope peptides within the flagellin proteins derived from bacteria. Proteolytic cleavage of epitope peptides from flagellin by plant apoplastic proteases is thought to be crucial for the perception of the epitope by the plant receptor. However, the identity of the plant proteases involved in this process remains unknown. Here, we establish an efficient identification system for the target proteases in Arabidopsis apoplastic fluid; the method employs native two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by an in-gel proteolytic assay using a fluorescence-quenching peptide substrate. We designed a substrate to specifically detect proteolytic activity at the C-terminus of the flg22 epitope in flagellin and identified two plant subtilases, SBT5.2 and SBT1.7, as specific proteases responsible for the C-terminal cleavage of flg22. In the apoplastic fluid of Arabidopsis mutant plants deficient in these two proteases, we observe a decrease in the C-terminal cleavage of the flg22 domain from flagellin, leading to a decrease in the efficiency of flg22 epitope liberation. Consequently, defensive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is delayed in sbt5.2 sbt1.7 double-mutant leaf disks compared to wild type following flagellin exposure.
Facilitating the dry reforming of methane with interfacial synergistic catalysis in an Ir@CeO2−x catalyst
Authors: Wang Hui , Cui Guoqing , Lu Hao , Li Zeyang , Wang Lei , Meng Hao , Li Jiong , Yan Hong , Yang Yusen , Wei Min
Published: May 2024

The dry reforming of methane provides an attractive route to convert greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) into valuable syngas, so as to resolve the carbon cycle and environmental issues. However, the development of high-performance catalysts remains a huge challenge. Herein, we report a 0.6% Ir/CeO2−x catalyst with a metal-support interface structure which exhibits high CH4 (~72%) and CO2 (~82%) conversion and a CH4 reaction rate of ~973 μmolCH4 gcat−1 s−1 which is stable over 100 h at 700 °C. The performance of the catalyst is close to the state-of-the-art in this area of research. A combination of in situ spectroscopic characterization and theoretical calculations highlight the importance of the interfacial structure as an intrinsic active center to facilitate the CH4 dissociation (the rate-determining step) and the CH2* oxidation to CH2O* without coke formation, which accounts for the long-term stability. The catalyst in this work has a potential application prospect in the field of high-value utilization of carbon resources.
IL-17C is a driver of damaging inflammation during Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection of human Fallopian tube
Authors: Garcia Erin M. , Lenz Jonathan D. , Schaub Ryan E. , Hackett Kathleen T. , Salgado-Pabón Wilmara , Dillard Joseph P.
Published: May 2024

The human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae ascends into the upper female reproductive tract to cause damaging inflammation within the Fallopian tubes and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), increasing the risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The loss of ciliated cells from the epithelium is thought to be both a consequence of inflammation and a cause of adverse sequelae. However, the links between infection, inflammation, and ciliated cell extrusion remain unresolved. With the use of ex vivo cultures of human Fallopian tube paired with RNA sequencing we defined the tissue response to gonococcal challenge, identifying cytokine, chemokine, cell adhesion, and apoptosis related transcripts not previously recognized as potentiators of gonococcal PID. Unexpectedly, IL-17C was one of the most highly induced genes. Yet, this cytokine has no previous association with gonococcal infection nor pelvic inflammatory disease and thus it was selected for further characterization. We show that human Fallopian tubes express the IL-17C receptor on the epithelial surface and that treatment with purified IL-17C induces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in addition to sloughing of the epithelium and generalized tissue damage. These results demonstrate a previously unrecognized but critical role of IL-17C in the damaging inflammation induced by gonococci in a human explant model of PID.
A multicenter proof-of-concept study on deep learning-based intraoperative discrimination of primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Zhang Xinke , Zhao Zihan , Wang Ruixuan , Chen Haohua , Zheng Xueyi , Liu Lili , Lan Lilong , Li Peng , Wu Shuyang , Cao Qinghua , Luo Rongzhen , Hu Wanming , lyu Shanshan , Zhang Zhengyu , Xie Dan , Ye Yaping , Wang Yu , Cai Muyan
Published: May 2024

Accurate intraoperative differentiation of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) remains pivotal in guiding neurosurgical decisions. However, distinguishing PCNSL from other lesions, notably glioma, through frozen sections challenges pathologists. Here we sought to develop and validate a deep learning model capable of precisely distinguishing PCNSL from non-PCNSL lesions, especially glioma, using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained frozen whole-slide images. Also, we compared its performance against pathologists of varying expertise. Additionally, a human-machine fusion approach integrated both model and pathologic diagnostics. In external cohorts, LGNet achieved AUROCs of 0.965 and 0.972 in distinguishing PCNSL from glioma and AUROCs of 0.981 and 0.993 in differentiating PCNSL from non-PCNSL lesions. Outperforming several pathologists, LGNet significantly improved diagnostic performance, further augmented to some extent by fusion approach. LGNet’s proficiency in frozen section analysis and its synergy with pathologists indicate its valuable role in intraoperative diagnosis, particularly in discriminating PCNSL from glioma, alongside other lesions.
Hot Cordilleran hinterland promoted lower crust mobility and decoupling of Laramide deformation
Authors: Vlaha Dominik R. , Zuza Andrew V. , Chen Lin , Harlaux Matthieu
Published: May 2024

The Late Cretaceous to Paleogene Laramide orogen in the North American Cordillera involved deformation >1,000 km from the plate margin that has been attributed to either plate-boundary end loading or basal traction exerted on the upper plate from the subducted Farallon flat slab. Prevailing tectonic models fail to explain the relative absence of Laramide-aged (ca. 90–60 Ma) contractional deformation within the Cordillera hinterland. Based on Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material thermometry and literature data from the restored upper 15–20 km of the Cordilleran crust we reconstruct the Late Cretaceous thermal architecture of the hinterland. Interpolation of compiled temperature data (n = 200) through a vertical crustal column reveals that the hinterland experienced a continuous but regionally elevated, upper-crustal geothermal gradient of >40 °C/km during Laramide orogenesis, consistent with peak metamorphic conditions and synchronous peraluminous granitic plutonism. The hot and partially melted hinterland promoted lower crust mobility and crust-mantle decoupling during flat-slab traction.