bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow properties of oral contrast medium formulations depend on the temperature
Authors: Ekberg Olle , Stading Mats , Johansson Daniel , Bülow Margareta , Ekman Susanne , Wendin Karin
Published: April 2010

Background: During the therapeutic videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing, gradation of bolus volume, texture, and viscosity can be implemented to determine the optimal bolus characteristics in that particular patient. When a thickened liquid is given to a dysphagic patient it is served at room temperature. However, in these patients with a delayed oral and/or pharyngeal stage of swallow, the bolus is held for a long time in the oral cavity. The temperature of the thickened liquid thereby increases.

Purpose: To study the rheological exploration (variation of viscosity with temperature) of thickened food used for radiologic swallowing examinations in patients with oral and pharyngeal dysfunction, in particular in mixtures of barium sulfate suspensions and in iodine solutions.

Material and Methods: Deep-frozen mango purée was thawed at room temperature. It was then mixed with barium sulfate contrast medium to a density of 25% w/w. Resorce® Thicken Up was mixed at room temperature at two concentrations: 4.3% w/w (4.5 g thickener + 100 g distilled water) and 6.0% w/w (4.5 g thickener + 70 g distilled water). The thickener consisted of modified corn starch. Resorce® Thicken Up was also mixed at room temperature with two concentrations of an iodine contrast material, iohexol (Omnipaque®, 350 mg I/ml). The two concentrations were: 4.3% w/w (4.5 g thickener + 100 g iohexol) and 6% w/w (6 g thickener + 100 g iohexol). Measurements were carried out from 20°C to 37°C using a Stresstech HR rheometer. The rheometer was equipped with a concentric cylinder measuring system (inner cylinder 15 mm).

Results: The samples containing thickener in water as well as in iohexol showed a dependence on thickener concentration and temperature. The mango purée with barium sulfate displayed very small temperature dependence. The thickener solutions in iohexol had significantly higher viscosity compared with the other thickener solutions and the mango purée. The relative decrease shows that mango purée, the 6% thickener solution in water, and solutions with iohexol exhibited similar relative viscosity change at different temperatures.

Conclusion: Our conclusion is therefore that it is important always to make the solution with high precision. It is also of importance to observe how long the patient keeps the bolus in the mouth. This might vary and actually it may not be possible to influence this factor. When different types of thickeners are compared, it is important to take into account the temperature at which the thickener is observed.
Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for lung tumors beneath the rib under CT fluoroscopic guidance with gantry tilt
Authors: Suzuki Takanobu , Yamagami Takuji , Tanaka Osamu , Yoshimatsu Rika , Miura Hiroshi , Nishimura Tsunehiko
Published: April 2010

Background: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of lung tumors has become a treatment of choice, especially for unresectable cases. However, RF ablation of small lung lesions located just beneath the rib is difficult.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gantry tilting for the performance of RF ablation of peripheral lesions located beneath the rib.

Material and Methods: Our study was based on 18 of 293 lesions in the lung for which RF ablation was performed under CT scan fluoroscopic guidance at our institution between October 2004 and March 2009. For these 18 lesions, RF ablation was performed with gantry tilting because a rib blocked visualization of the RF ablation route even after other attempts had been made to change the relationship between the target and the rib.

Results: All RF needles, with only one exception, were successfully advanced to hit the tumor. The commonest complication was a pneumothorax, which occurred in seven procedures. No serious complications occurred. The progression-free rates were 82.4% at 6 months, 62.5% at 12 months, and 30% at 24 months. Mean local progression-free duration was 17.6±11.6 months (range 4–36 months).

Conclusion: RF ablation under CT scan fluoroscopic guidance with gantry tilt is a useful and safe technique for RF ablation of lung nodules located beneath the rib.
Visceral abdominal obesity – is there an increased prevalence in men presenting with testicular teratoma?
Authors: Grant Lee , Moyle Penelope , Griffin Nyree , Williams Michael , Sala Evis , Vasconcelos Joana , Dixon Adrian
Published: April 2010

Background: There is evidence to suggest a link between the accumulation of visceral abdominal adipose tissue and an increased incidence of prostate, endometrial, breast, and colonic cancer.

Purpose: To investigate whether an increase in ratio of visceral to subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue is demonstrated in patients with testicular teratoma.

Material and Methods: Following ethical approval, 22 male patients who had undergone staging computed tomography (CT) between 2004 and 2007 for testicular teratoma were identified from our database. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution for these 22 patients was compared with that of 22 control patients, standardized for age, sex, and body mass index. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes were calculated from a single axial CT slice at the level of the umbilicus. A two-sample t test for the difference in volume ratio between the two groups was used. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean ratio of visceral to subcutaneous volumes between the teratoma patients and controls ( P=0.02). The ratio in teratoma patients was 1.56 times greater than seen in control patients.

Conclusion: Patients with testicular teratoma have a relatively greater proportion of abdominal visceral adipose tissue compared with controls. This is concordant with published literature for other malignancies.
White Mold and Rhizoctonia Limb Rot Resistance among Advanced Georgia Peanut Breeding Lines1
Authors: Branch W. D. , Brenneman T. B.
Published: April 2010

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn are soilborne pathogens causing two major diseases in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production: white mold and limb rot, respectively. Chemical and cultural control has been relatively ineffective in the past, consequently disease resistance is actively being sought as an environmentally safer and cost efficient alternative. Seven advanced breeding lines were evaluated from the Georgia Peanut Breeding Program and compared to four commercial runner cultivars. Among the cultivars, Southern Runner was found to have the highest yield and resistance to white mold but not limb rot. GA T-2741 had the best overall yield and disease resistance to both white mold and Rhizoctonia limb rot of all cultivars and breeding lines.
Effect of Harvest Date on Maturity, Maturity Distribution, and Flavor of Florunner Peanuts1
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Bett K. L.
Published: April 2010

In 1988 and 1990, irrigated plots of Florunner peanuts were harvested at weekly intervals to examine the progression of crop maturity profile, maturity distribution in commercial sizes, single seed roast color distribution, and descriptive flavor. Samples were collected 3 wk before through 2 wk after the optimum harvest date predicted by the hull scrape maturity method. Data from these samples indicated consisent pod maturity progression as well as increasingly higher percentages of mature peanuts in each commercial size through optimum harvest date. In 1990, the total percentage of seed from black and brown hull scrape classified pods in the medium commercial size progressed from ca. 48% at 3 wk before optimum to ca. 89% at the optimum harvest date. Distributions of roasted colors of 100 single, medium grade size seed contained fewer dark colored seed with progressive harvest date, and earlier harvests produced darker roasted peanut paste. Mean color of single seed roast color distributions increased (became lighter) in progressive harvest dates and were 3 to 6 Hunter L units higher than the corresponding paste colors. Descriptive roast flavor analysis of paste made from medium-size peanuts harvested in 1990 indicated that, in the earlier harvests, intensities of the descriptors roasted peanutty and sweet aromatic were significantly lower and intensities of dark roast and bitter taste were higher.
In Vitro Reproductive Development of Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., as Influenced by Plant Growth Regulators, Sucrose and pH1
Authors: Feng Q. L. , Pattee H. E. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

Research on in vitro embryo culture in Arachis has the objective of rescuing interspecific hybrid embryos which abort before they reach maturity. This study explored effects of the three exogenous plant growth regulators 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP); sucrose; and medium pH on in vitro fruit and embryo development of A. hypogaea L. by culturing 10-d-old peg tips. Results indicated that medium containing 0.5 to 1.0 mg L-1 NAA was optimal for in vitro pod formation and embryo development. GA3 did not have a significant influence and 6-BAP had negative effects on both in vitro fruit and embryo development. High concentrations of 6-BAP and NAA induced callus which inhibited ovary enlargement and embryo development. Sixty g L-1 sucrose was the best concentration for ovary enlargement and embryo development. Acidic medium was needed for in vitro reproductive development with pH 4.5–6.5 the most favorable. A pod formation frequency of 81%, a seed production rate of 90% (from pods recovered in vitro), and plant recovery of 33% were obtained for a medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 NAA and 0.5 mg L-1 GA plus 60 g L-1 sucrose at pH 5.8. In vitro-recovered cotyledonary embryos between 4 and 10 mm long germinated precociously into seedlings at relatively higher frequencies than morphologically mature embryos which produced more vigorous plants.
Peanut Nitrogen Fixation (C2H2 Reduction) Response to Soil Dehydration
Authors: Sinclair T. R. , Leilah A. A. , Schreffler A. K.
Published: April 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is commonly grown on sandy soils that are susceptible to water deficits. Because symbiotic nitrogen fixation in other grain legumes is especially sensitive to soil drying, the sensitivity of peanut nitrogen fixation to water deficits might be an important limitation on peanut production. This greenhouse study was undertaken to observe the response of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in six peanut cultivars to soil drying. In contrast to other grain legumes, peanut nitrogen fixation was relatively insensitive to soil drying. Acetylene reduction rates did not begin to decrease until soil water deficits had decreased to where leaf gas exchange was affected. These data indicated that restricted nitrogen fixation during drought stress is not likely to be a serious problem in peanut. Nevertheless, cultivar variation in drought sensitivity was identified indicating that genetic selection might further decrease the susceptibility of peanut nitrogen fixation to drought.
An Assessment of Environmental Conditions Preceding Outbreaks of Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut in Virginia1
Authors: Phipps P. M.
Published: April 2010

Records of outbreaks of Sclerotinia blight of peanut at the Tidewater Center in Suffolk were summarized over a 16-yr period (1978–93). Initial outbreaks of the disease were determined through intensive scouting of fields at weekly intervals. First occurrences of Sclerotinia blight occurred between 10 July and 7 Sept., or 62 to 120 d after planting (DAP). The mean and median dates of initial outbreaks were 28 July (79 DAP) and 25 July (76 DAP), respectively. The initial onset of disease always occurred after vines were within 15 cm of touching between rows or after vines had lapped between rows. Under these conditions, a canopy of dense foliage shaded the soil surface and infection sites inside rows from direct sunlight. Rainfall summaries showed the heaviest accumulations were from 6 to 15 d before disease outbreaks. Maximum and minimum air temperatures over the 15-d period prior to disease onset averaged ca. 32 C and 20 C, respectively. Maximum and minimum soil temperatures at the 10-cm depth averaged ca. 30 and 25 C, respectively, during this same period. The results of this study provide evidence that vine growth and rainfall are primary determinants in triggering the onset of Sclerotinia blight of peanut in southeastern Virginia.
Design, Testing, and Implementation of a Data Automation System for the Peanut Quality Inspection Process1
Authors: Dowell F. E.
Published: April 2010

The current manual peanut inspection system requires inspectors to hand record about 14 million pieces of grade information and hand calculate about 8 million percentages on the 600,000 lots marketed annually. This results in up to 26% of these manually recorded grade certificates having errors. An automated data collection system was developed that reduces errors in recording and calculating grade factors. In addition, labor is reduced since recording data electronically eliminates manual recording, calculating, and checking of grade data. Variability in calculating dollar value was reduced up to 11%. Depending on the type of error occurring at specific buying points, implementing the system could save the peanut industry up to $6 million annually. A commercial computer company is marketing a version of the automated data collection system for use with current grading equipment.
Tank Mix Combinations of Propiconazole and Chlorothalonil for Control of Leaf Spot Diseases of Peanut
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Brenneman T. B. , Reynolds K. L. , Hammond J. M. , Padgett G. B.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted in one location in 1993 and two locations in 1994 to determine the effects of propiconazole and chlorothalonil tank mix combinations on severity of early (Cercospora arachidicola) and late (Cercosporidium personatum) leaf spot diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In all tests, 10 treatments consisted of 0 and 63 g a.i./ha of propiconazole and 0, 0.315, 0.63, 0.945, and 1.26 kg a.i./ha of chlorothalonil arranged factorially. In 1993, final leaf spot intensity ratings decreased according to nonlinear quadratic functions of chlorothalonil concentrations applied with and without propiconazole. No improvement in leaf spot control was evident with the addition of more than 0.945 kg a.i./ha of chlorothalonil with 63 g a.i./ha of propiconazole. In 1994, conditions were more conducive for leaf spot development. At the Plains location, final leaf spot intensity ratings decreased according to non-linear quadratic functions of chlorothalonil concentrations alone. Leaf spot intensity ratings decreased linearly with increasing rates of chlorothalonil when applied with 63 g a.i./ha of propiconazole. At Tifton, final leaf spot intensity ratings decreased linearly with increasing rates of chlorothalonil with or without propiconazole. Leaf spot intensity ratings were lower on plants treated with tank mixes of chlorothalonil and propiconazole compared to those treated with chlorothalonil alone. Pod yields increased linearly or according to quadratic functions of rates of chlorothalonil with or without propiconazole in both years and all locations. Across all rates of chlorothalonil, yields were higher from plants treated with propiconazole than those treated with the respective rates of chlorothalonil alone.
Combination of Early Maturity and Leaf Spot Tolerance Within an Advanced Georgia Peanut Breeding Line1
Authors: Branch W. D. , Culbreath A. K.
Published: April 2010

In the past, genetic resistance to both early and late leaf spots [Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidiumpersonatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton] has been found to be negatively or inversely correlated with early maturity in the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). For example, the late leaf spot resistant cultivar Southern Runner is approximately 2 wk later in maturity than the susceptible Florunner cultivar. Recently, an advanced runner-type breeding line (GA T-2844) has been developed by the Georgia peanut breeding program which combines early maturity and leaf spot tolerance. For the past 3 yr (1991–1993), GA T-2844 has been evaluated in replicated field tests without fungicides. Results show that GA T-2844 has on the average >30% yield advantage and a 30-d earlier maturity than Southern Runner. Leaf spot ratings also showed GA T-2844 to be intermediate between Southern Runner and Florunner. Such a combination of early maturity and leaf spot tolerance could significantly enhance U.S. peanut production by providing an environmentally safer and efficient alternative to costly pesticides not previously available among runner-type cultivars.
A Technique for Imposing Separate Temperature Regimes on Pods and Roots of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Golombek S. D. , Prasad K. D. V. , Chandrasekhar K. , Johansen C.
Published: April 2010

Recent studies have shown marked effects of soil temperature on growth, development, and seed composition of peanut. Knowledge about how soil temperature affects pods and roots separately could provide useful information for field management and genetic manipulation. To facilitate such investigations, a technique was developed which allows imposition of different temperature regimes to the pods and the roots separately. Pods and roots were grown in different compartments that have soil temperature controlled by separate water baths. Day/night temperature regimes of 28/22 and 40/34 C with a 12-hr ‘day’ and 12-hr ‘night’ period were imposed to the pod and root compartments separately in all four possible combinations of these temperature regimes. The temperature change between the ‘day’ and ‘night’ period occured mainly within the first 2 brand the transition to tbe final temperature required up to 5 hr. After adjustment to the ‘day’ or ‘night’ temperatures, the temperatures ranged in the 40/34 C treatment between the programmed temperature and 0.6 C less (root compartments) or 0.8 C less (pod compartments); and the maximal fluctuation in the 28/22 C treatment is ± 0.3 C (root compartments) or ± 0.6 C (pod compartments).
Storing Peanuts in Trailer-Sized Containers1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Deck S. H. , Cundiff J. S.
Published: April 2010

A containerized handling system is envisioned whereby peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are placed in containers in the field and remain in these containers until they are shelled. This would reduce the foreign material, loose shelled kernels, and pod damage that result from handling as peanuts move through the buying point and into storage. Two naturally ventilated containers (half-trailer size) were stored in 1993. One container had a shed cover and the other an A-frame cover. In 1994 four containers were stored, two with shed covers and two with A-frame covers. One shed and one A-frame had a 1.7 m3/min fan that operated daily between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. Top layer peanuts were at 12% moisture content at the beginning of storage in 1993 and ranged 10 to 11% moisture content after 16 wk. In 1994, the peanuts were over-dried and top layer peanuts entered storage at 6% moisture content. After 12 wk, moisture content was 7%. No mold growth or quality degradation was observed either year. The results indicated top layer peanuts absorb or desorb very little moisture when peanut moisture content is in the range of 6 to 12% at the beginning of storage. Containers were successful for storage at the ambient conditions in Tidewater, VA during 1993 and 1994.
Techniques for Inoculation of Peanut with Sclerotium rolfsii in the Greenhouse and Field1
Authors: Shokes F. M. , Róźalski K. , Gorbet D. W. , Brenneman T. B. , Berger D. A.
Published: April 2010

Four greenhouse experiments and a field trial were conducted in 1994 to determine the most effective technique for inoculation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The cultivar Florunner was grown in the greenhouse in 20-cm-diameter pots and inoculated 48 d after planting (DAP). Plants in the field experiment were grown in plots 2.7 m long on 0.9 m centers, thinned to 11 plants per plot, and alternate plants were flagged for inoculation at 48 DAP. Inoculation techniques for all experiments were (a) a germinating sclerotium on a 1-cm-diameter agar disk [potato dextrose agar (PDA)] appressed to the base of each central stem; (b) mycelia of a composite of six isolates growing on sterilized oat seed placed on the soil near the base of each central stem (20 g/pot) in the greenhouse or in the center of rows (a full 150 mL beaker of inoculum per row) in the field; (c) 2-3 mL of a PDA slurry with actively growing mycelia applied to the base of each central stem; (d) mycelia on toothpicks impregnated with potato dextrose broth (PDB) inserted into the base of each central stem; (e) a toothpick with mycelia [as in (d)] inserted into the soil near the base of each central stem; and (f) mycelia on PDB-impregnated clothespins clamped around the base of each central stem. The most effective methods in all experiments were the agar disk technique (a) and the clothespin technique (f). The oat inoculum technique (b) was only slightly less effective than techniques a and f. Techniques a and f have the advantage of allowing distinct single-plant inoculation. The oat inoculum technique allows the use of a composite of multiple isolates and inoculation of entire rows of plants or large areas of a field. The other techniques (c, d, and e) produced significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less disease. Inoculation with mycelia cultured on toothpicks inserted into stems (d) worked well sometimes but lacked consistency. This technique wounds plants and may bypass some possible natural defense mechanisms. We prefer the clothespin technique for evaluation of individual plant resistance because it is rapid and reliable. This is the first report for use of this technique for inoculation of peanut with S. rolfsii.
Sources of Variation in Shelling Percentage in Peanut Germplasm and Crop Improvement for Calcium Deficiency-Prone Soils1
Authors: Hartmond U. , Williams J. H. , Lenz F.
Published: April 2010

Calcium (Ca) deficiency causes peanut pegs and pods to abort, resulting in decreased shelling percentages and yields. Environmental factors influencing calcium availability include soil Ca content and soil moisture. Genetic attributes that influence the sensitivity of cultivars to soil Ca supply include pod size, soil volume per pod (varied by plant growth habit), and pod wall attributes. Where Ca fertilization is not possible, genetic solutions to Ca deficiency are important, and breeders need information on the relative importance of these attributes. The objective of this research was to quantify the relative importance of these three sources of variation. Data from three trials were used to evaluate the relative importance of these attributes. The trials, sited on Ca-deficient alfisols, used between four and 12 germplasm lines with varied Ca sensitivity- determining attributes. Lines differed in growth habit (spreading or bunch), pod volume, pod yield, shelling percentage, and seed yield. The trial treatments and environments (sites and seasons) also varied Ca supply through soil type, fertilization, and water supply. Assuming that Ca supply has little impact on crop growth rates (CGR), a physiological model was used to set aside the contributions of CGR to yield differences between treatments. The three trials were analyzed separately and then combined for further regression analysis by defining each site and treatment combination as an environment. Within trials, variations in shelling percentage accounted for up to half the variations in seed yield between lines. In the combined analysis, easily selected attributes—pod volume (58% of germplasm sums of squares) and plant habit (8%) and their interaction (14%)—accounted for much of the variation in shelling percentage. The interaction was due to shelling percentage being less influenced by pod volume in spreading than in the bunch types. Thus, in Ca-limiting situations, the spreading growth habit allowed larger seeded peanuts to be grown than the bunch growth habit because of the greater pod dispersal of this type. Assuming that the lines tested typified peanuts for their relation between attributes and Ca deficiency-based shelling percentage variations, breeders should place the greatest emphasis on small pod size to decrease peanut sensitivity to Ca deficiency. Increased soil available to each pod by pod dispersal decreases the need for small pods to decrease sensitivity to Ca-deficient soils.
Comparison of Peanut Dryer Control Strategies1
Authors: Butts C. L.
Published: April 2010

Peanuts were mechanically cured from field moisture contents ranging from 11.5 to 32.8% wet basis to levels acceptable for marketing (< 10.5%) using two dryer control strategies. The first control algorithm consisted of a constant thermostat setting of 39 C, while the second required manual thermostat control on an hourly basis such that the minimum plenum relative humidity was between 40 and 60% and the maximum plenum temperature was less than 39 C. The average drying rate using the variable thermostat set point (0.3%/hr) was half that obtained with the constant set point (0.6%/hr). Average curing time for the variable thermostat setting was 56% longer than for the peanuts cured using the constant thermostat. Fuel consumption was reduced by approximately 30% using the variable set point. Kernel size distributions and milling quality indicated by bald kernels were significantly better (P ≤ 0.1) for peanuts cured using the variable thermostat control. Increasing available dryer capacity by 40% would allow the buying point manager to handle the same amount of peanuts during the same harvest interval. Economic analysis showed that the annual capital cost for additional drying equipment could not be offset by energy savings alone. Based on increased shelled product value and energy savings, shellers could realize an increase in net revenue of approximately $14/1000 kg of farmers stock peanuts by using a variable thermostat set point.
Identification and Evaluation of Additional Sources of Resistance to Peanut Root-knot Nematode in Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Holbrook C. Corley , Noe James P. , Stephenson Michael G. , Anderson William F.
Published: April 2010

The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) causes significant economic losses throughout the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) production areas of the southern U.S. Chemicals for control of this pest are becoming increasingly limited, and there are no peanut cultivars with resistance. Seven moderately resistant plant introductions have been identified; however, less than 25% of the germplasm collection has been examined for resistance based on nematode reproduction. The objectives of this work were to examine an additional 1000 plant introductions for resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode and to compare the most resistant introductions to previously reported sources of resistance. Preliminary greenhouse screening trials were conducted to rate severity of root galling and amount of egg mass production. Seventeen accessions were selected based on a mean egg mass rating of less than or equal to three. These selections were reevaluated in additional greenhouse and field experiments to quantify levels of resistance and to directly compare these sources of resistance to those previously reported. Eight accessions had a significantly higher level of resistance (lower egg mass rating) than Florunner; however, none had a significantly higher level of resistance than those previously reported. Results of this study identified additional sources of resistance which may provide unique genes for resistance. In addition, two of these new sources of resistance (PI 298848 and PI 311265) exhibited significantly higher yield than those previously identified when grown in soil heavily infested with M. arenaria.
Salting and Hydration of Partially Defatted Peanuts
Authors: Pominski J. , Mishkin M. A. , Pearce H. M. , Wan P.
Published: April 2010

Salt was added to partially defatted peanuts prior to roasting, by hydration in salt and dextrose solutions (brines), and by adding salt after hydration in water. Brine uptake was less than that of water for the same time intervals; i.e., at 2-min hydration time, pickup for water was 27.6% as compared with 18.49% for 15% brine. These procedures resulted in desired salt contents of 2.66 and 2.79%, respectively, in roasted partially defatted peanuts. The brine method was the more efficient procedure for the addition of salt and increased the amount of whole roasted partially defatted peanuts as much as 35.46%.
Foliar Fertilization of Virginia-Type Peanut with MnEDTA— Crop Grade, Pod Yield, and Value1
Authors: Powell N. L. , Swann C. W. , Martens D. C.
Published: April 2010

Manganese is an essential plant micronutrient and has many functions in the plant. Deficient levels of manganese in the plant result in reduced crop yields. This study was conducted to determine the effects of foliar application of manganese salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (MnEDTA) and the timing of application of the MnEDTA to the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant on crop grade, pod yield, and value. Field trials were conducted in Virginia during 1990 and 1991 to determine the optimum amounts of MnEDTA needed for production of the virginia-type peanut. The predominant soil type was Yemassee fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aeric Achroquults). Manganese treatments enhanced fancy pod development and increased the percentage of extra large kernels for NC-V 11 and NC7. Other grade factors were not influenced. Average pod yield increases over the control were 25 and 109% for NC-V 11 in two tests during 1990. In 1991 average pod yield increase for NC-V 11 and NC 7 above the control were 65 and 103%, respectively. Crop values paralleled the pod yield data in comparison to the control and standard treatments. MnEDTA treatments were comparable to the standard treatments especially at the higher rates. Amounts of Mn, as MnEDTA, needed for foliar application to peanut were 0.3 to 0.6 kg ha-1 per application. Results show that early initial application was needed (4 to 6 wk after planting) with at least three applications applied at 2-wk intervals.
Chemical Composition of Arachis hypogaea L. Subsp. hypogaea Var. hirsuta Peanuts1
Authors: Grimm D. T. , Sanders T. H. , Pattee H. E. , Williams D. E. , Sanchez-Dominguez S.
Published: April 2010

The biochemical composition of seed collected from six landrace accessions of Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hirsuta was investigated. Florida-grown runner- (cv. Florunner) and virginia-type (cv. NC 7) seed were used as comparative controls. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from hexane-extracted oil and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Oil stability was determined using oxidative stability instrumentation. Tocopherols, free amino acids, and free sugars were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Total oil content ranged from 36-45% for var. hirsuta seed as compared to 46 and 45% for Florunner and NC 7, respectively. Oleic acid/linoleic acid ratios ranged from 0.76-0.95 for the var. hirsuta peanuts as compared to runner (1.71) and virginia (2.1) controls. Tocopherol levels for var. hirsuta (295-377 ppm in oil) were similar to NC 7 (30 ppm) and lower than Florunner (425 ppm). Oil quality characteristics were reflected in much shorter oil stability index times for var. hirsuta seed (5.9-8.0 hr) compared to Florunner (11.6 hr) and NC 7 (12.9 hr). In general, var. hirsuta peanuts contained more free sugars (141-178 μmol/g defatted meal) and free amino acids (18.5-37.2 μmol/g defatted meal) than Florunner (127 and 20.2 μmol/g defatted meal free sugars and free amino acids, respectively) or NC 7 (122 and 20.3 μmol/g defatted meal).
Effect of Soil Temperature on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth and Development in Three Spanish Genotypes of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Golombek S. D. , Johansen C.
Published: April 2010

Extremes of soil temperature limit yield development of peanut. To obtain information relevant to improving yield by agronomic management and breeding, the influence of the soil temperature regimes (day/night) of 20/14 (T1), 26/20 (T2), 32/26 (T3), and 38/32 C (T4) imposed from the time of peg penetration into the soil until maturity on growth and development of three spanish genotypes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was investigated in a greenhouse. Soil temperature treatments were imposed by placing pots with individual plants in large temperature-controlled water baths. With increasing soil temperature from T1 to T3, leaves, stems and lateral roots became thinner. The leaf area increased from T1 to T3. The lateral root length increased up to maturity more at higher than at lower temperatures. The number of mature pods per plant, mature single seed mass, and therefore mature total seed mass per plant were highest at the intermediate temperature regimes, less at the warmest, and lowest at the coldest treatment. In early reproductive stages, pod inititation rate increased with decreasing soil temperature. Total pod growth and development of mature pods was lowest in T1, although pod initiation was high. Suboptimal soil temperatures slowed pod filling and maturation. At T4, one reason for the lower mature pod number compared to the intermediate temperature treatments seems to be the low pod initiation rate at early reproductive stages. These responses to temperature suggest agronomic management and genetic options for increasing yield at nonoptimal soil temperatures, such as irrigation during pod initiation stage when soil temperatures are high.
Stability of Pod Yields and Parameters of a Simple Physiological Model for Yield Among Peanut Lines in Northern Benin
Authors: Adomou M. , Ntare B. R. , Williams J. H.
Published: April 2010

Cultivar trials comparing nine early maturing and 14 medium maturing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines were conducted over 3 yr at five sites in Northern Benin. Trials were conducted using presently recommended agronomic practices. Pod and biomass yields, defoliation from all causes and phenology were observed. Crop growth rate (C), partitioning (p) and reproductive duration (parameters of a simple physiological model for yield) were estimated. Both C and p contributed to yield differences among lines within a maturity group. The dwarf cultivar MH2 was in all cases lower yielding due to low C. Duration was apparently not an important determinant of yield differences between early and medium maturity trial sets since (with MH2 excluded) the extra time taken by the medium maturity lines only resulted in 50 kg/ha greater yield. Partitioning of the trial entries was high suggesting that selection should focus on traits that maximize C. Across all lines there appears considerable potential for higher yields achieved by improvements of the crop growth rate, and crop management research and breeding should focus on tactics to increase this determinant of the yield. Lines selected for resistances to foliar diseases in India had, on average, lower C than West African lines, and some Southern African lines, but they had greater stability of C across environments. Stability analysis of yield and the parameters of the yield model identified lines with superior stability of p and others with superior stability of C. It is suggested that both phenotypic and physiological yield models should be used in the identification of lines with desirable adaptive attributes.
Purple Nutsedge Control in Peanut as Affected by Imazameth and Imazethapyr Application Timing1
Authors: Dotray P. A. , Keeling J. W.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments in 1994 and 1995 compared control by imazameth at 53 and 71 g ai/ha and imazethapyr at 71 g ai/ha applied to purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) 5, 10, 20, or 30 cm tall. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) injury was not observed with either herbicide. Imazameth and imazethapyr were similarly effective on purple nutsedge for the first 1 to 2 mo after planting. Regardless of application timing, imazameth was more effective than imazethapyr at approximately 3 mo or more after planting. Timing of application affected late-season control by imazameth only in 1995 where greater control was obtained when applied to 10- or 20-cm purple nutsedge. Peanut yields were variable in 1994 and were not related to the imidazolinone herbicide used, the herbicide rate, or the level of purple nutsedge control. In 1995, yield from plots treated with imazameth at 53 g/ha was greater than yield from plots treated with imazameth or imazethapyr at 71 g/ha. Timing of herbicide application did not affect yield.
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction in Sweet and Bitter Sensory Attributes of Peanut
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Giesbrecht F. G.
Published: April 2010

Although there have been recent studies of the roasted peanut sensory attribute of roasted peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), there is little information on the factors influencing the sweet and bitter attributes. A study was conducted to test the significance of the effects of genotype, environment, and their interaction on the sweet and bitter attributes, to estimate genotypic means of these sensory attributes, and to determine an efficient scheme of resource allocation for multiple-site testing of breeding lines for sweet and bitter attributes. Samples of sound mature kernels from 17 genotypes grown at 42 different location-year combinations were stored under 5 C and 60% RH, roasted to nearly common color, ground into paste, and tasted by a trained sensory evaluation panel. Results for the roasted peanut attribute were similar to those found in previous studies. Significant variation among years was observed for bitter but not for sweet. There were no consistent differences among the three main peanut production regions for either attribute, but there was significant year-by-region interaction for sweet. Variation among locations within years and regions was significant for both attributes as was variation among genotypes. The mean flavor profile for the runner market class was significantly better than the mean for the virginia class in sweet, bitter and roasted peanut, but the distributions of the two classes did overlap. Significant correlations of genotypic means for the three attributes indicated that chemical assays for currently unidentified sweet or bitter principles could be used for indirect selection to improve roasted peanut attribute without the need for expensive and time-consuming sensory evaluation. Significant genotype-by-year interaction for bitter makes it necessary to acquire sensory data from 2 yr with three replications at each of four locations or two replications at each of five locations to differentiate statistically between means differing by half a flavor intensity unit. The precision of comparisons for sweet and roasted peanut will be more precise than that for bitter at a given arrangement of testing resources.
Field Performance of Advanced Runner- and Virginia-Type Peanut Breeding Lines During Epidemics of TSWV
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Todd J. W. , Gorbet D. W. , Shokes F. M. , Pappu H. R.
Published: April 2010

Spotted wilt, caused by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), has become a major problem in peanut- (Arachis hypogaea L.) producing areas of the southern U.S. Development of cultivars with resistance to TSWV appears to be among the most promising methods for managing this disease. As part of efforts toward characterizing breeding lines with potential for release as cultivars, epidemics of spotted wilt were monitored in field plots of runner-type peanut cultivars Southern Runner and Florunner and advanced breeding lines: 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B (virginia-type), F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B (runner-type), and F 84/28-5-5-2-2-1-b2-B (runner-type), F 84/28-5-4-2-2-b3-B (runner-type). The tests were conducted near Attapulgus, GA and Marianna, FL in 1995 and 1996. In 1996, the tests also included the runner-type cultivar AT-108. Epidemics of spotted wilt were suppressed in F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B, F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B, F 84/28-5-5-2-2-1-b2-B, and Southern Runner in comparison to those in Florunner. Final disease incidence and/or final disease intensity ratings in F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B were similar to those of Southern Runner. In 1996, final spotted wilt intensity ratings in F 84/28-5-4-2-2-b3-B and AT-108 did not differ from those of Florunner. Yields of F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B were superior to those of Florunner in three of the four tests. No differences were found among the genotypes in numbers of adults of tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) or western flower thrips (F. occidentalis), and differences in numbers of larvae of Frankliniella spp. were few and not consistent. There was no evidence that differences in final disease incidence or disease intensity ratings were due to differential preference by thrips or to suitability for thrips reproduction. F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B represent potential tools for management of spotted wilt in peanut production areas of the southeastern U.S.
Responses of Peanut Genotypes to Fungicidal Control of Early Leaf Spot in Malawi1
Authors: Subrahmanyam P. , Hildebrand G. L.
Published: April 2010

Early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori.) is the most destructive disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Malawi. Fifteen peanut genotypes were examined for their response to fungicidal control of early leaf spot during the 1990/91 (year 1), 1991/92 (year 2), and 1992/93 (year 3) growing seasons at Chitedze, Malawi. Total rainfall and its distribution in these years were variable, with the most favorable pattern in year 3. Early leaf spot was most severe in year 2, although there was a severe midseason drought during this year. Fungicide application gave excellent control of the disease in all growing seasons. The cultivar Malimba had the most damage and the breeding line ICGV-SM 85053 had the least damage from early leaf spot. Pod yields were higher in year 3 than in the other two growing seasons. Pod yields were significantly higher in fungicide-sprayed (treated) plots than in water-sprayed (control) plots in years 1 and 3. Most peanut genotypes had positive yield responses to disease control in years 1 and 3. However, there were no significant differences in pod yields between treated and control plots of most genotypes in year 2. Although the pod yields were lower in year 2 than in year 1, total biomass production was higher in year 2. It was apparent that biomass partitioning was severely affected in year 2 due to the midseason drought stress that reduced pod yields and vitiated the beneficial effects of fungicidal application. Investment in fungicidal control of early leaf spot on genotypes with low yield potential may not be economical under less than optimal rainfall conditions.
Shaded Windrow Curing for Peanuts in Virginia1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Porter D. M.
Published: April 2010

At digging, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants were placed in shaded and conventional (inverted) windrows to determine if peanut quality could be improved. Florigiant and NC 6 cultivars were dug and placed in the two windrow types on days when freezing temperatures or frost were predicted. All peanuts were dug with a conventional digger-inverter. The shaded windrows were hand formed by placing a layer of peanuts on the inverted windrow so that the peanuts were protected from direct exposure to the sky. The peanut temperature in the conventional windrow reached the lowest temperature in the nighttime and highest temperature in the daytime and fluctuated from the lowest to highest level compared to the shaded windrow and the ambient temperature. Peanut temperatures in the conventional and shaded windrows were approximately 0C or below for a short duration during the windrow curing period. The average “maximum” peanut temperature from 12 to 5 p.m. was 3.7C higher for the conventional than the shaded windrows for all tests. From 2 to 7 a.m., the average “minimum” peanut temperature was 1.1C lower for the conventional than the shaded windrow. The peanut moisture content in the shaded windrow averaged 7.3% higher at combining than peanuts in the conventional windrow. In a test where the ambient temperature dropped below freezing for two nights following digging, the alcohol headspace meter readings were above the rejection level for freeze damage in the conventional windrow. The shaded windrow provided minimal freeze protection over the conventional windrow and shading is not recommended in the Virginia-Carolina production area.
A Laboratory Colorimeter Method to Measure Pod Brightness in Virginia-Type Peanuts
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Pattee H. E. , Rice P. W.
Published: April 2010

Pod brightness is an important characteristic that influences consumers to purchase in-shell peanuts. A method is needed to quantitate pod brightness. Studies were conducted to determine whether pod color measurements were related to visual aesthetics rated by a panel representing seven virginia peanut shelling companies and to determine the effect of the optical aperture of the colorimeter on the measurements obtained. Forty-eight virginia-type pod lots were separated into fancy and jumbo fractions using a standard Federal-State Inspection Service grading peanut sizer. Pod color was measured for three subsamples of each fraction using a Hunterlab D25-PC2 colorimeter equipped with the D25-2RAL Reduced Area Viewing for L optical sensor (51-mm diameter sample area). The 96 samples also were rated by 11 Virginia-Carolina area shellers for pod color and size. Sheller ratings for the two traits were highly correlated (r > 0.6, P ≤ 0.01). Hunter L and b scores were strongly correlated with sheller color ratings. The colorimeter is a useful tool for measuring pod brightness as an adjunct to breeding for improved pod brightness. Use of a 95 mm aperture resulted in greater average Hunter L, a, and b scores and significantly reduced the variance among subsamples. The larger aperture should be used when the quantity of pods available for measurement permits.