bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The gastric H, K-ATPase system also functions as the Na, K-ATPase and Ca-ATPase in altered states
Authors: Ray Tushar
Published: July 2013

This article offers an explanation for the apparent lack of Na, K-ATPase activity in parietal cells although ouabain has been known to inhibit gastric acid secretion since 1962. The gastric H, K-ATPase (proton-pump) seems to be acting in altered states, thus behaving like a Na, K-ATPase (Na-pump) and/or Ca-ATPase (Ca-pump) depending on cellular needs.  This conclusion is based on the following findings. First, parietal cell fractions do not exhibit Na, K-ATPase activity at pH 7.0 but do at pH 8.5. Second, the apical plasma membrane (APM) fraction exhibits a (Ca or Mg)-ATPase activity with negligible H, K-ATPase activity. However, when assayed with Mg alone in presence of the 80 k Da cytosolic proton-pump activator (HAF), the APM fraction reveals remarkably high H, K-ATPase activity, suggesting the observed low affinity of Ca (or Mg)-ATPase is an altered state of the latter. Third, calcium (between 1 and 4 µM) shows both stimulation and inhibition of the HAF-stimulated H, K-ATPase depending on its concentration, revealing a close interaction between the  proton-pump activator and local Ca concentration in gastric H, K-ATPase function. Such interactions suggest that Ca is acting as a terminal member of the intracellular signaling system for the HAF-regulated proton-pump. It appears that during resting state, the HAF-associated H, K-ATPase remains inhibited by Ca (>1 µM) and, prior to resumption of acid secretion the gastric H, K-ATPase acts temporarily as a Ca-pump for removing excess Ca from its immediate environment. This conclusion is consistent with the recent reports of immunochemical co-localization of the gastric H, K-ATPase and Ca-ATPase by superimposition in parietal cells, and a transitory efflux of Ca immediately preceding the onset of acid secretion. These new perspectives on proton-pump function would open new avenues for a fuller understanding of the intracellular regulation of the ubiquitous Na-pump.
Effects of maternal exposure to social stress during pregnancy: consequences for mother and offspring
Authors: Brunton Paula J
Published: July 2013

A suboptimalin uteroenvironment, for example, as a result of maternal stress, can have detrimental effects on the pregnancy and long-term adverse ‘programming’ effects on the offspring. This article focuses on the effects of prenatal social stress on the mother, her pregnancy and the offspring, since these issues have ethological relevance in both animals and humans. The consequences of social stress exposure depend on when during pregnancy the stress occurs, and many of the effects on the offspring are sex specific. Social stress during early pregnancy tends to result in pregnancy loss, whereas stress exposure later in pregnancy, when the mother has already invested considerable resources in the foetuses, results in programmed offspring of low birth weight: a risk factor for various adulthood diseases. Neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress in the offspring are particularly sensitive to foetal programming by prenatal stress, indicated by enhanced hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis responses and increased anxiety behaviour, which result from permanent changes in the offspring's brain. The dysregulation of HPA axis function may also interfere with other systems, for example, the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, as there is evidence for alterations in steroidogenesis, reproductive potential and impaired reproductive/social behaviours in prenatally stressed offspring. Prenatal social stress also programmes future maternal behaviour, highlighting the potential for negative phenotypes to be transmitted to future generations. The possible mechanisms through which maternal stress during pregnancy is transmitted to the foetuses and the foetal brain is programmed by prenatal stress and the potential to overwrite programming of the offspring are discussed.
Cateteres venosos centrais totalmente implantáveis para quimioterapia: experiência com 793 pacientes
Authors: Oliveira Esmálio Barroso de , Reis Maurício Aguiar , Avelar Tiago Marques , Vieira Sabas Carlos
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: estudar retrospectivamente os resultados obtidos com a implantação de cateteres totalmente implantáveis em pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia. MÉTODOS: foram colocados 815 cateteres totalmente implantáveis em 793 pacientes submetidos ao regime de quimioterapia preferencialmente utilizando-se a veia cefálica direita. Foram avaliadas as complicações precoces e tardias. RESULTADOS: a análise retrospectiva mostrou duração média dos cateteres de 339 dias. Em 733 (90%) cateteres não se observou nenhuma complicação. Entre as complicações precoces observamos um pneumotórax, um mau posicionamento de cateter, uma punção arterial, um sangramento, um hemotórax e hemomediastino e seis hematomas na loja de implantação. Entre as complicações tardias, ocorreram 35 infecções relacionadas ao cateter, dez infecções no sítio cirúrgico, seis obstruções e 20 tromboses. Foram retirados 236 cateteres, 35 devido às complicações e 201 por final de tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: os cateteres totalmente implantáveis para quimioterapia são meios seguros para a administração de substâncias, em vista do baixo número de complicações observadas neste estudo.
Infecção cirúrgica em colecistectomia videolaparoscópica usando ácido peracético como esterilizante dos instrumentais
Authors: Melo Edluza Maria Viana Bezerra de , Leão Cristiano de Souza , Andreto Luciana Marques , Mello Maria Júlia Gonçalves de
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica usando o ácido peracético como esterilizante. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo descritivo do tipo coorte transversal. O ácido peracético foi usado para esterilização seguindo protocolo preconizado pelo fabricante. Foram observados os critérios e indicadores de processo e estrutura para prevenção de infecção de sítio cirúrgico no pré e intraoperatório. Para a vigilância epidemiológica, consultas ambulatoriais eram agendadas para o 15º e entre o 30º e 45º dias após a alta. RESULTADOS: Entre 247 pacientes foram diagnosticados dois casos de infecção de sítio cirúrgico (0,8%). Um paciente reinternou para antibioticoterapia sistêmica e punção percutânea; no outro, a infecção foi superficial e acompanhada ambulatorialmente. CONCLUSÃO: Eticamente não é permitida a realização de um estudo prospectivo pelo fato do ácido peracético ter sido proibido para a esterilização de instrumentais que penetrem em órgãos e cavidades; contudo, estes resultados encorajam estudo prospectivo caso-controle, comparando o uso dele (controle histórico) com a esterilização por óxido de etileno.
Avaliação da proteína acídica fibrilar glial como marcador da injúria por isquemia-reperfusão hepática
Authors: Bento Giuliano Ancelmo , Cunha Viviani Reis da , Martinez Rodrigo , Gomes Flávia Carvalho Alcantara , Schanaider Alberto
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a expressão da Proteína Acídica Fibrilar Glial após a injúria por isquemia-reperfusão. MÉTODOS: vinte e quatro ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: Controle, submetidos à anestesia e biópsia hepática; Simulação, injeção de heparina através da veia cava e dissecção do pedículo hepático superior, biópsia após 24 horas; Isquemia 30 minutos, mesmo procedimento do grupo Simulação, acrescido de clampeamento do pedículo hepático superior por 30 minutos; Isquemia 90 minutos, mesmo procedimento do grupo Isquemia 30 minutos, porém com período de clampeamento de 90 minutos. Após 24 horas de observação, os animais foram submetidos à laparotomia e seus fígados avaliados macroscopicamente, microscopicamente, por coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) e submetidos à análise da expressão da GFAP por Western Blotting. RESULTADOS: Não se observou diferença no aspecto macroscópico dos fígados entre os diferentes grupos experimentais, tendo todos evidenciado morfologia normal. A análise por HE não evidenciou diferenças significativas, no que diz respeito à morfologia lobular. Por outro lado, nos grupos isquemia, foram encontrados infiltrados neutrofílicos e pequenas áreas de necrose. A expressão de GFAP foi semelhante em todos os grupos, seja qualitativamente quanto quantitativamente. CONCLUSÃO: A expressão da Proteína Acídica Fibrilar Glial não se alterou em nosso modelo de isquemia-reperfusão.
Acesso sagital transretal anterior (ASTRA) para vaginoplastia após complicação de anoretoplastia sagital posterior
Authors: Jesus Lisieux Eyer de , Helman Laura , Dekermacher Samuel , Bernardo Raquel L. , Martinez Cruz Delia M.
Published: July 2013

A exposição transperineal de altas vaginas é limitada. Essas limitações podem ser contornadas usando ASTRA (anterior sagital transrectal approach). Relatamos o uso desta estratégia cirúrgica para o tratamento de um caso de atresia vaginal adquirida, após anorretoplastia posterior, em caso de malformação anorretal.
Socialização em uma instituição total: implicações da educação em uma academia militar
Authors: Leal Giuliana Franco
Published: July 2013

Neste artigo, aborda-se o processo de socialização secundária dos cadetes da Aeronáutica brasileira. A partir de pesquisa de campo qualitativa e documental, descrevem-se e discutem-se os objetivos e a prática dessa socialização, com especial ênfase às tensões de uma instituição total (tal como definida por Erving Goffman) que, contraditoriamente, destina-se a formar profissionais com certo grau de autonomia individual. Problematizam-se, então, as consequências do processo de socialização, tanto as esperadas como as não planejadas pela instituição.
Construção social da demanda em saúde
Authors: Souza Carolina Rogel , Botazzo Carlos
Published: July 2013

A atenção à saúde no Brasil se dá por meio de um sistema de saúde único, com base jurídica e apoio na Constituição Federal. A saúde é colocada como direito de todo cidadão, e para tanto são definidos modelos com vistas à operacionalização dos serviços organizados para esse fim. O primeiro nível no Brasil é denominado Atenção Básica (AB), com sua base conceitual vinda da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer e analisar como está organizada a produção teórica da Saúde Coletiva no Brasil acerca da construção social da demanda por serviços de saúde na Atenção Básica, com o intuito de criar uma referência para se pensar a mesma. A pesquisa foi feita utilizando-se os termos relacionados ao problema inicial: demanda em saúde, atenção básica e modelos tecnoassistenciais em saúde.
Considerações metodológicas sobre as possibilidades de aplicação da técnica de observação participante na Saúde Coletiva
Authors: Fernandes Fernando Manuel Bessa , Moreira Marcelo Rasga
Published: July 2013

O presente artigo dirige-se a alunos, docentes e pesquisadores da Saúde Coletiva, e tem por objetivo contribuir para o debate sobre as possibilidades de aplicação da técnica de observação participante na pesquisa social em saúde, fornecendo especialmente a alunos de pós-graduação em Saúde Pública (strictu e lato sensu) subsídios teórico-metodológicos e prático-instrumentais para a sua compreensão. A motivação provém da experiência acadêmico-profissional dos autores, com destaque para a docência da disciplina "Metodologia de pesquisa social II: as técnicas de levantamento de informação", do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva do DCS/ENSP/Fiocruz, nas modalidades strictu e lato sensu.
Internamentos não voluntários civis por razão de transtorno psíquico na Catalunha: uma análise das decisões judiciais à luz da bioética
Authors: Salvatori Rachel Torres , Ventura Carla Aparecida Arena
Published: July 2013

O internamento não voluntário por razão de transtorno psíquico é uma providência de caráter terapêutico que deveria assegurar tanto o direito do enfermo, de ser tratado dignamente, quanto a segurança dos demais indivíduos que o direito deve proteger. Entretanto, alguns investigadores têm chamado a atenção para a ocorrência de internamentos não completamente fundamentados em necessidades terapêuticas. Assim, este estudo teve como objeto a investigação da jurisprudência das Audiências Provinciais da Comunidade Autônoma da Catalunha, Espanha, sobre os pedidos de internamento não voluntário de pessoas portadoras de transtornos psíquicos. Os objetivos da pesquisa consistiram em descrever as variáveis apresentadas nas resoluções judiciais de 2ª Instância relacionadas aos internamentos não voluntários por razão de transtorno psíquico e analisar o posicionamento dos juízes à luz dos princípios bioéticos. Empregaram-se como método a estatística descritiva e a categorização por ideias centrais, de acordo com o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Os juízes de 2ª Instância da Catalunha vêm se deparando com recursos impetrados por pessoas que pleiteiam o internamento de seus familiares próximos, alegando a internação como medida de proteção da própria pessoa que, na grande maioria dos casos, é diagnosticada como esquizofrênica. Foram identificadas 15 ideias centrais nas decisões judiciais, analisadas de acordo com os princípios da bioética principialista. O princípio da beneficência parece suplantar todos os outros nas decisões judiciais. Concluiu-se que não só o Poder Judiciário, mas também a sociedade, a medicina e o Estado têm papéis relevantes a serem desempenhados na abordagem dessa questão.
O gerente está doente: uma perspectiva sociológica sobre os vínculos existentes entre obesidade e trabalho
Authors: Schencman Pablo
Published: July 2013

Na última década, vários estudos têm-se concentrado na relação entre obesidade e emprego, abordando esta condição física como sendo de caráter incapacitante. Esses mesmos estudos conjugam as dimensões legal, administrativa e econômica no âmbito das ciências sociais, com o intuito de lançar alguma discussão sobre a temática emergente em nível histórico e que até agora não tem sido contemplada. Esta mesma matéria visa propor soluções que, num âmbito legislativo, possam proteger os obesos enquanto entidades individuais, contra a discriminação corporativa. É através deste mesmo interesse que este artigo surge, mostrando uma visão oposta e reconstruindo o vínculo que existe entre a ascensão laboral do indivíduo e, de forma paralela, o incremento de peso. A coincidência entre as trajetórias corporal e profissional surge com regularidade empírica, fruto de uma investigação mais ampla que recria as representações sociais associadas à obesidade na área metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Empregando os dados recolhidos nesse mesmo âmbito, iremos interpretá-los através da análise das mudanças nas condições de trabalho que sucederam durante a última década na Argentina. Este artigo irá questionar quais os elementos que, compreendidos na atual condução dos recursos humanos, levam os trabalhadores, cuja carreira é ascendente, a uma corporalidade que, estatisticamente, é alvo de rejeição. Em segundo lugar, nos perguntamos quais são as representações associadas ao corpo que circulam entre os trabalhadores e que os unem no ingresso na obesidade juntamente com seu progresso laboral. A sensação de abandono no cuidado físico como consequência do stress e maior compromisso com a carreira profissional aparece aqui como uma das descobertas mais significativas deste artigo. Por outro lado, há coincidência entre a necessidade de valorizar o corpo como uma substância maleável, e ao mesmo tempo assumi-lo como uma consequência das opções pessoais.
Cloreto de sódio a 0,9%, adicionado ou não de dexametasona, intrapleural, na prevenção de aderências pulmonares após toracotomia intercostal em cães
Authors: Santos Rogerio Rodrigues , Raiser Alceu Gaspar , Marques José Antônio , Salbego Fabiano Zanini , Müller Daniel Curvelo de Mendonça , Santos Junior Eduardo de Bastos , Festugatto Rafael , Rosa Maurício Borges da , Freitas Gabrielle Coelho , Carregaro Adriano Bonfim
Published: July 2013

As aderências pulmonares em cães são sequelas comuns após trauma penetrante, fratura costal, infecção, intervenção cirúrgica, entre outras que prejudicam eventuais intervenções ou reintervenções. Neste estudo, pretendeu-se verificar, em cães, a eficiência da solução de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) 0,9%, adicionada ou não com dexametasona, na prevenção de aderências após toracotomia intercostal. Para isso, foram utilizados três cães, em estudo piloto, e 15 cães, separados em três grupos (A, B, C), submetidos a toracotomia no quinto espaço intercostal esquerdo. Nos cães do grupo A, foi feita somente a toracotomia e a toracorrafia; nos do grupo B, foram realizadas a toracotomia e a toracorrafia e injeção na cavidade pleural ipsolateral de 1mg kg-1 de dexametasona, diluída em 10ml de NaCl a 0,9%. Nos do grupo C, além da toracotomia e toracorrafia, foram injetados no tórax 10ml kg-1 de solução de NaCl a 0,9%. Após 15 dias, foi efetuada videotoracoscopia transdiafragmática para se determinar a presença e o escore de aderências entre o pulmão e a parede costal. Os resultados demonstraram presença de aderências na maioria dos animais do grupo A e reduzida a nenhuma aderência nos demais grupos. Na avaliação estatística, foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5%. O uso de solução de NaCl a 0,9% adicionada ou não com dexametasona no espaço pleural evita ou reduz aderências pulmonares após a toracotomia intercostal.
Comportamento ingestivo de vacas alimentadas com torta de macaúba
Authors: Azevedo Rafael Alves de , dos Santos Antonio Carlos Ramos , Ribeiro Júnior Carlos Stefenson , Bicalho Filipe Lage , Bahiense Raphael Nogueira , Araújo Leonardo , Castro Geraseev Luciana
Published: July 2013

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes níveis de inclusão (0, 100, 200 e 300g kg-1 de MS) de torta de macaúba (TM) na produção leiteira e no comportamento ingestivo de oito vacas Holandesas, em dois quadrados latinos 4x4, sendo quatro tratamentos e quatro períodos experimentais. O comportamento ingestivo foi determinado mediante observações visuais, ocorridas durante 24 horas, a intervalos de 5 minutos, para determinação do tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação e ócio. Embora tenha ocorrido redução quadrática no consumo de matéria seca e na produção de leite com a inclusão de TM nas dietas, a eficiência alimentar (gMS h-1 e gFDN h-1) e a eficiência de ruminação (gMS h-1 e gFDN h-1) foram semelhantes em todos os tratamentos. O tempo total de mastigações (min dia-1), o número de bolos ruminados (n° dia-1), o número de mastigações merícicas (n° dia-1 e n° bolo-1) e o tempo de mastigações merícicas por bolo (seg bolo-1) não apresentaram diferenças. Os resultados permitem concluir que a inclusão da torta de TM na dieta de vacas leiteiras não influencia no comportamento ingestivo dos animais, entretanto, compromete o seu desempenho.
Cinética da degradação de carotenoides e da alteração de cor do azeite de pequi submetido ao aquecimento em temperatura de fritura
Authors: Rodrigues Mara Lina , Souza Adriana Régia Marques de , Lima Jean Carlos Rodrigues de , Moura Celso José de , Geraldine Robson Maia
Published: July 2013

O azeite de pequi possui coloração vermelho-alaranjada devido à presença de carotenoides. Possíveis alterações químicas nesses compostos durante o processamento podem influenciar em modificações físicas do produto que ocorrem quando este é submetido ao aquecimento. Este estudo teve como objetivo utilizar parâmetros cinéticos para avaliar a degradação de carotenoides e a alteração de cor do azeite de pequi submetido ao aquecimento em temperatura de fritura. Para avaliar o efeito do aquecimento, o azeite de pequi foi tratado termicamente a 180°C em intervalo crescente de 10 minutos até uma hora de aquecimento. Realizaram-se as análises de carotenoides totais e cor e com esses resultados determinaram-se os parâmetros cinéticos. Ao longo do aquecimento, o teor de carotenoides foi praticamente todo degradado e consequentemente a cor foi bastante alterada. A cinética de degradação dos carotenoides foi de primeira ordem e da alteração de cor foi de ordem zero. Essas cinéticas refletiram as observações visuais das amostras do azeite de pequi obtidas depois de cada tratamento.
Building senses of "community": social memory, popular movements and political participation
Authors: Cardoso Ruth
Published: July 2013

This lecture followed by a debate concerns popular movements, in particular those which the author describes as libertarian, emerging in the city of São Paulo in the late 1970s and early 80s. It focuses on the building of memory, its relevance in creating a sense of identity and of community, and the issue of political participation. The latter was one of the mottos during the democratization of relations between society and the State in Brazil, following the years of military rule, as well as being a major challenge to the creation and development of cultural policies in the country and, among them, those relating to cultural heritage.
Exposure to CCA-treated wood amongst food caterers and residents in informal areas of Cape Town
Authors: Naidoo Sivapregasen , Africa Algernon , Aqiel Dalvie Mohamed
Published: July 2013

We investigated the absorption of chromium, copper and arsenic released from treated wood used by street food caterers and household residents in an informal urban area and a peri-urban area in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants (n=78) selected included an equal number of caterers and residents in each area. All participants answered an exposure questionnaire and were tested for urinary chromium, copper and arsenic, while the urine of 29 participants was also tested for toxic arsenic. Urinary chromium and arsenic exceeded the environmental exposure limit in 12% and 30% of participants, respectively. Toxic arsenic was detected in 30% of samples of which 24% exceeded the environmental exposure limit of 6.4 μg/g creatinine. Urinary chromium, copper, arsenic and toxic arsenic levels were not significantly different between participants from the two areas or between caterers and household residents, controlling for confounding effects. The study provides evidence of chromium and arsenic exposure amongst both informal caterers and household residents, which requires further investigation.
Non-destructive evaluation of carbon nanofibre concrete
Authors: Mullapudi Taraka Ravi Shankar , Gao Di , Ayoub Ashraf
Published: July 2013

Concrete is the most widely manufactured construction material. The addition of carbon nanofibres (CNFs) to concrete has many advantages in terms of mechanical and electrical properties (e.g. higher strength, higher Young's modulus and improved fatigue resistance) and self-monitoring behaviour due to the high tensile strength and high conductivity. In this work, the pulse velocity method was used to characterise the properties of concrete containing CNFs. Concrete strength correlations between pulse velocity, electrical resistance variation and destructive tests were analysed for different mix proportions. The test results indicate that the compressive strength, pulse velocity and percentage reduction in electrical resistance while loading concrete containing CNF differ from those of plain concrete. Based on the pulse velocity results, a reasonable concentration of CNFs was determined for use in concrete, which not only enhances compressive strength, but also improves the electrical properties required for strain monitoring, damage evaluation and self-health monitoring of concrete.
Where to Give Birth
Authors: Budin Wendy C.
Published: July 2013

In this column, the editor of The Journal of Perinatal Education discusses choices mothers make when deciding on where to give birth. The editor also describes the contents of this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for childbirth educators in their efforts to promote, support, and protect natural, safe, and healthy birth.
Expert Workshop Assesses the Significance of Birth Location on Maternal and Infant Outcomes
Authors: Gordon Wendy
Published: July 2013

On March 6–7, 2013, some of the greatest minds in research and the provision of maternity care came together for a workshop on “Research Issues in the Assessment of Birth Settings,” hosted by the prestigious Institute of Medicine (IOM) and sponsored by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.
Four-Phase Equilibrium Calculations of Carbon Dioxide/Hydrocarbon/Water Systems With a Reduced Method
Authors: Mohebbinia Saeedeh , Sepehrnoori Kamy , Johns Russell T.
Published: July 2013

Three hydrocarbon phases can coexist at equilibrium at relatively low temperatures in many carbon dioxide (CO2) floods. The formation of an aqueous phase in contact with hydrocarbon phases is inevitable in almost all recovery processes, because of the permanent presence of water in the reservoirs either as injection fluid or as initial formation water. As the number of phases increases, flash calculations become more difficult and time-consuming. A possible approach to reduce the computational time of the phase-equilibrium calculations is to use reduced methods. This paper presents a general strategy to model the phase behavior of CO2/ hydrocarbon/water systems in which four equilibrium phases occur by use of a reduced-flash approach. The speedup obtained by a reduced-flash algorithm compared with the conventional-flash approach is demonstrated for a different number of components and phases. The results show a significant speedup in the Jacobian-matrix construction and in Newton-Raphson (NR) iterations by use of the reduced method when four phases are present. The computational advantage of the reduced method increases rapidly with the number of phases and components. The developed four-phase reduced-flash algorithm is used to investigate the effect of introducing water on the phase behavior of two west Texas oil/CO2 mixtures. The results show changes in the phase splits and saturation pressures by adding water to these CO2/hydrocarbon systems.
The influence of selenium supplementation of animal feed on human selenium intake in Serbia
Authors: Pavlovic Z. , Miletic I. , Jokic Z. , Stevanovic J. , Sobajic S. , Bulat Z.
Published: July 2013

The use of selenium as animal feed supplement in Serbia was approved in 1989
for some categories of pigs, sheep and poultry. From 2000 selenium in animal
feed became a requirement for all categories of farm animals. The aim of this
study was to determine the consumption of selenium by Serbian livestock and
in poultry production between 1990-1991 and 2000-2008 and to analyze the
selenium content of meat, milk and eggs sold on Serbian markets to gain
insight into human selenium intake. Data indicate a low level of selenium
inclusion in animal feed during 1990-1991 compared to during 2000-2008. These
results coincide with Serbian regulations. From 2001 an organic form of
selenium (selenized yeast) was introduced in small quantities (less than 8%
of the total consumed selenium). Analysis of meat, milk and eggs from Serbian
markets shows increased selenium levels compared to 1991. However, the
estimated total human daily intake in Serbia is 40.9 ?g, which is under the
recommended quantity. Increasing the quantity of selenium included in animal
feed and the substitution of inorganic selenium with selenized yeast could be
beneficial for animal health and farm productivity. As a consequence a
further improvement in the human selenium status in Serbia should be
possible.
Multicenter evaluation of the administration of crotalid antivenom in cats: 115 cases (2000–2011)
Authors: Pashmakova Medora B. , Bishop Micah A. , Black Dorothy M. , Bernhard Christa , Johnson Scott I. , Mensack Steven , Wells Raegan J. , Barr James W.
Published: July 2013

Objective—To evaluate use of crotalid antivenom, frequency of hypersensitivity reactions, and risk factors for hypersensitivity reactions and death in envenomed cats.

Design—Retrospective multicenter case series.

Animals—115 envenomed cats treated with antivenom and 177 envenomed cats treated without antivenom.

Procedures—Medical records from 5 institutions were searched by means of a multiple-choice survey with standardized answers for patient data including signalment, diagnosis, antivenom administration criteria, premedication, product, dose, administration rate, hypersensitivity reactions, and mortality rate.

Results—95 of 115 (82.6%) cats received whole IgG antivenom, 11 (9.57%) received F(ab′)2 antivenom, and 4 (3.48%) received Fab antivenom. The majority (101/115 [878%]) of cats received 1 vial of antivenom. In all cats, the median dilution of antivenom was 1:60 (range, 1:10 to 1:250) administered over a median period of 2.0 hours (range, 0.3 to 9.0 hours). There was no mortality rate difference between cats that did (6.67%) or did not (5.08%) receive antivenom. A type I hypersensitivity reaction was diagnosed in 26 of 115 (22.6%) cats. The use of premedications did not decrease type I hypersensitivity or improve mortality rate. Cats that had a type I hypersensitivity reaction were 10 times as likely to die as were those that did not have such a reaction.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The mortality rate of cats treated with antivenom was low. The administration of premedications did not improve mortality rate or prevent hypersensitivity reactions. The only variable associated with mortality rate was development of a type I hypersensitivity reaction. The rate of antivenom administration should be further evaluated as a possible risk factor for type I hypersensitivity reactions.
Review of the Michigan Upper Peninsula Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Eradication Project
Authors: Grooms Daniel L. , Bartlett Benjamin B. , Bolin Steven R. , Corbett Erik M. , Grotelueschen Dale M. , Cortese Victor S.
Published: July 2013

Objective—To evaluate the effects of a voluntary regional bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) control project implemented in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

Design—Longitudinal study.

Sample—294 cattle producers and 11,917 cattle from the Upper Peninsula.

Procedures—Producer participation was assessed to determine the effectiveness of the project's promotional and educational campaigns. Participating herds were screened for cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay on ear notch specimens from all newborn calves and cattle that did not calve (bulls and young stock) during the year of enrollment. Responses to a survey administered to producers 4 years after project initiation were evaluated to assess the project's effect on BVDV management practices implemented by producers.

Results—294 of 495 (59%) known cattle producers in the Upper Peninsula participated in the project, and 11,917 cattle from 232 herds were tested for BVDV, of which 22 (0.18%) cattle from 9 (3.9%) herds were identified as PI with BVDV and euthanized or slaughtered. Of 140 survey respondents, 85 (61%) indicated they would test all new herd additions for BVDV, 83 (59%) would quarantine new herd additions for 30 days before introducing them to the main herd, and 81 (58%) would use the fact that their herd was free of cattle PI with BVDV for marketing purposes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the project enhanced producer knowledge about BVDV and led to changes in producer behavior regarding BVDV management. Stakeholder engagement was as critical to project success as was increased BVDV knowledge.
Recycling of Waste Moulding Sands with New Binders
Authors: Izdebska-Szanda I. , Angrecki M. , Palma A.
Published: July 2013

This paper presents the results of research which is part of studies carried out under the project POIG.01.01.02-00-015/09 "Advanced Materials and Technologies", one of the aims of which is to introduce new, environment-friendly, inorganic binders to the production of castings from non-ferrous metals. The paper presents the results of research on the management of waste moulding sands prepared according to the new technology, including their multiple reclamation and management of post-reclamation waste. Studies of multiple reclamation are a continuation of the preliminary research described earlier. The programme of the studies described in this paper also included validation of the results under industrial conditions.
Assessment of Drought in Agricultural Regions of Slovakia Using Soil Water Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Takáč Jozef
Published: July 2013

Assessment of agronomic drought occurrence and severity in agricultural regions of Slovakia is presented in the paper. Drought severity assessment is based on the soil water dynamics simulation by agroecological model Daisy. Daily meteorological data from the years 1961-2012 from 31 localities were used in simulations. Criteria for the drought occurrence were 1) available soil water content below 50% of available water capacity, 2) soil water content below long-term average soil water content and 3) duration of continuous drought for fifteen or more days. Standardized index of daily available soil water content was used for drought severity classification. According to the index the drought is categorized into four degrees of severity from mild to extreme drought. Cumulative sum of available soil water index was used to drought quantification throughout its duration. Normal climate period 1961- 1990 was chosen as reference period to enable historical comparison of drought severity as well as climate change impacts. Extreme drought of the largest spatial extent was identified in 1990. Extreme drought occurred regionally in the southwest Slovakia in 1978 and in the southeast Slovakia in 1986, respectively.
Effect of Digestate Application on Herbage Quality and Quantity of Permanent Grassland
Authors: Kováčiková Zuzana , Vargová Vladimíra , Jančová Ľubica
Published: July 2013

Possibilities were studied for using digested substrate as fertiliser applied to grassland. Over 2008-2009, a research trial consisting of four treatments in four replicates (the non-fertilised control; sward fertilized with digested substrates from 100% slurry; 80% slurry and 20% phytomass; 60% slurry and 40% phytomass) was performed on seminatural grassland at Radvaň site. In the sward utilised by three cuts a year, these parameters were studied: botanical composition, dominant species, herbage production, organic matter and mineral substances. At the fertilized treatments, the proportion of grasses was higher in 2009 than in 2008, but that of legumes and other herbs decreased. Dominant grasses were Poa pratensis L., Festuca rubra L., Lolium perenne L., Trisetum flavescens L. while Trifolium repens L. and Medicago falcata L. dominated among legume species. The application of digested substrate as fertiliser showed positive effects on herbage production, the highest increase was found at Treatment 4 where the digested substrate consisting of 60% slurry and 40% phytomass was applied. The highest amounts of crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were recorded at the treatment with the digested substrate composed of 80% slurry and 20% phytomass applied.
Study on the Beef Pigments
Authors: Drăghici Olga , Avram Ionuţ , Hîrîciu Daniela , Nan Mădălina , Toader Alina
Published: July 2013

Myoglobin, meat pigment is an iron containing protein found in muscle consisting of heme connected to a single proteide chain. Color is the most important factor in meat products influencing the consumer purchase decision and affecting the perception of freshness. This research presents a spectophotometric method tested identify myoglobin in beef, readings being made at several wavelenghts. Oxidation of myoglobin pigment in metmyoglobin, was also analysed using peroxide hydrogene. A considerable decrease of myoglobin compared with the standard sample was observed (approximately 7 times).
Pluchea lanceolata protects against Benzo(a) pyrene induced renal toxicity and loss of DNA integrity
Authors: Jahangir Tamanna , Safhi Mohammed M. , Sultana Sarwat , Ahmad Sayeed
Published: July 2013

Evidence from epidemiological, experimental and clinical trial data indicates that a plant based diet can reduce the risk of chronic diseases and reduces toxic effects. In the present study, we report the antioxidant and anticlastogenic activity of Pluchea lanceolata (PL), an important medicinal plant, in both in vitro and in vivo model. Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) administration leads to depletion of renal glutathione and its metabolizing enzymes. Pretreatment with PL (100 and 200 mg /kg b.wt) restored renal glutathione content and its dependent enzymes significantly (p<0.001) with simultaneous increase in catalase(CAT), quinone reductase(QR) in mouse kidney. Prophylactic administration of PL prior to B (a) P administration significantly decreased the malondialdehyde(MDA), H2O2 and xanthineoxidase (XO) levels at a significance of p<0.001, at both the doses. PL extract pretreated groups showed marked inhibition in B(a)P induced micronuclei formation in mouse bone marrow cells with simultaneous restoration of DNA integrity, viz. alkaline unwinding assay and DNA damage shown by gel-electrophoresis. HPTLC confirms the presence of quercetin in plant extract which could be responsible for PL protecting efficacy. In conclusion, the present findings strongly support the antioxidant efficacy of PL, possibly by modulation of antioxidant armory.
Branching System of the Mexican Hawthorn “Tejocote” (Crataegus Spp.)
Authors: Pérez-Ortega Sergio A. , Méndez-Santiago Antonio H. , Nieto-Angel Raúl , Jankiewicz Leszek S.
Published: July 2013

The architecture of the tejocote (pronounciation: tehocote) - a Mexican fruit trees is described. There is a great morphological diversity among the tejocote clones growing in Germplasm Bank of the Autonomic University of Chapingo, Mexico. The common character of all hawthorns in this bank is that the inflorescence axis dies after shedding the reproductive parts (flowers or fruits) but remains on the tree, and the growth continues from the bud situated below the dead part. The growth and ramification habit were described as long shoots showing marked apical dominance and as the complex of shoots showing week apical dominance. The non-pruned trees of tejocote clones used as fruit trees form strong natural crown. The architecture of it is similar to the “Troll’s model” of Hallé and Oldeman (1970). Metamorphosis and reiteration are relatively frequent. The inflorescence structure was described, as well as the types of thorns in clones, which have thorns. Tejocote hawthorn may probably be an interesting fruit tree for countries with warm climate and a long dry period. It is also well adapted to shallow calcareous soils.
Estimation of Power Supply Interruption Costs for Latvian Customers / LATVIJAS LIETOTĀJU AR ELEKTROAPGĀDES PĀRTRAUKUMIEM SAISTĪTO ZAUDĒJUMU NOVĒRTĒŠANA
Authors: Ļvovs A. , Mutule A.
Published: July 2013

The estimation of power supply interruption costs was performed in Latvia in 2012, in the framework of a survey study (the first officially recognized study of interruption costs in Latvia since restoration of Independence in the early 90’s). The survey involved ~ 3000 end users, which are classified as the major electrical energy consumers in the country. As a result, the customer damage functions (CDFs) and the functions of cost deviations depending on the interruption occurrence time have been created. The study is unique not only for Latvia, but also for the whole Baltic region. The information obtained is usable for improving the quality of supply regulation (also known as Performance Based Regulation (PBR)) and for planning and running the power networks.
Experimental Study of Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pellets / GRANULĒTAS LIGNOCELULOZES BIOMASAS TERMISKĀS SADALĪŠANĀS UN DEGŠANAS PROCESU EKSPERIMENTĀLIE PĒTĪJUMI
Authors: Barmina I. , Lickrastina A. , Zake M. , Arshanitsa A. , Solodovnik V. , Telysheva G.
Published: July 2013

The study is aimed at cleaner and more efficient heat energy production through investigation and analysis of the thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass pellets with different elemental composition, the heating values and contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The estimation is provided for the influence of biomass composition on the combustion characteristics for softwood, wheat straw and wheat straw lignin pellets. The kinetics of thermal decomposition was studied experimentally, using a pilot device for two-stage processes of thermochemical conversion including gasification and combustion of biomass pellets under varying conditions. The experimental study includes time-dependent measurements of the biomass pellet weight loss during gasification and the correlating variations of the flame temperature, heat production rates, combustion efficiency and composition of the products at different stages of thermochemical conversion. Estimation is also given for the influence of the biomass composition on the combustion characteristics and heat energy production.
Land-Use Changes and Their Relationships to Selected Landscape Parameters in Three Cadastral Areas in Moravia (Czech Republic)
Authors: Opršal Zdeněk , Šarapatka Bořivoj , Kladivo Petr
Published: July 2013

The analysis of changes in landscape use and the related significance of some natural factors is examined in this paper, using three municipal cadastral areas in Moravia, Czech Republic. The relationships between changes in the use of the rural landscape and natural conditions were analyzed with the use of GIS tools and methods of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The CCA results showed a correlation between the selected natural factors and landscape changes, with the most significant factors being those of slope and altitude. The CCA models exhibited varying reliability in accounting for the extent of landscape changes related to topographical diversity of the territories. Natural conditions were more influential in periods with lower change dynamics and at the same time in areas with higher topographic heterogeneity. Although the results of the statistical analyses confirmed the significance of natural factors, only a part of land use changes could be explained by their influence. Socio-economic factors are apparently the main forces affecting landscape character and change
Statistical Analysis for Prognosis of a Photochemical Smog Episode
Authors: Gavrilă Camelia , Ardelean Florinela , Coman Adriana , Burchiu Elena
Published: July 2013

In this paper we describe the evaluation of various climatic parameters in establishing their prognostic value in a photochemical smog episode. Our application was validated using real data from the “Cercul Militar National” and “Sos. Mihai Bravu nr. 47-49”, from April 2008 to May 2008. The study was performed on hour averages of pollutant concentrations and meteorological parameters and the statistical analysis was based on multiple regressions. We concluded by using mathematical and statistical methods, [1], that an accurate Global Solar Radiation is one of the most important and essential information in the pollution report.
The Limits of Communication
Authors: Quarry Wendy , Ramírez Ricardo
Published: July 2013

When asked by a Mozambican firm to assist in the development of a communication strategy for the country’s Land Law, we had doubts. We had read about the issue of ‘land grabbing’ in Africa and feared we might become part of that problem. We knew that any communication strategy devoted solely to outreach and public relations would not reach the illiterate farmer. But when the client agreed that the strategy would include a component focused on communicating with and from the small rural landowner, we accepted the contract. We worked well with the local team and delivered the product on time. However, a year later we learned that the component allowing for feedback from rural farmers had been cut, and that the strategy was yet to be implemented. What went wrong? And will the communication strategy do some good, or will it contribute to people giving up land under false promises?
Deliberation, Competition, or Practice?
Authors: Winsvold Marte
Published: July 2013

Several studies have found that political online debates do not to live up to deliberative standards of discussion. Even so, these debates may have democratic value. In the present article, the analytic focus is extended from deliberative democratic theory alone to a broader framework of analysis, which also includes a competitive and a participatory democratic ideal. An analytical framework for identifying democratic elements in online debates, based on these three ideals, is developed, and a sample of postings from two Norwegian newspaper-hosted online forums is explored using this new analytical framework. The analysis shows that the online debates are not particularly deliberative, but that they show ample traces of a participatory and a competitive democratic ideal, indicating that the democratic value of these online forums does not primarily lie in fostering deliberation, but rather in clarifying and contrasting different alternatives, and in providing a training ground for political debates.
The Autonomy of Scandinavian Public Service Broadcasters During Election Campaign Periods
Authors: Thorbjørnsrud Kjersti
Published: July 2013

This comparative case study explores the formal and informal principles governing election formats produced by the public service broadcasters in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. The focus is on external regulation vs. journalistic autonomy and on principles of balance and access. The conclusion is that the Scandinavian broadcasters, to a larger extent than broadcasters in other Western countries, independently control the form and content of their election formats. This journalistic autonomy, however, has brought about election formats governed by different principles of access. The Danish and Swedish formats are based on a moderate stopwatch logic, whereas the election formats in Norway center on criteria of audience appeal, resulting in a model of access disproportionately favoring certain political parties. The high degree of journalistic control of election formats in Scandinavia, paired with the low control of political parties encourage a discussion of some of the central premises in the Democratic Corporatist Model.
Defending Nordic Children Against Disney
Authors: Enli Gunn Sara
Published: July 2013

This article analyses the key strategies for serving children that were developed in Nordic public broadcasting during the first decade of 2000s, with reference to US and European parallels. The main goal is to investigate how PSB serve the children audience in an age of global competition and media convergence, and to what degree children’s content is regarded as a key to legitimacy for public broadcasters. Based on document analysis, qualitative interviews, and programme analysis, the article explores the launch Norwegian PSB niche channel for children NRK Super, both as institutional strategy and as implemented in programming. This study demonstrates that a key PSB strategy for children’s content is to reflect national culture, language, and identity, and thus represent an alternative to global niche channels such as Disney and Nickelodeon. In addition, the NRK’s children’s content is also highly influenced by the PSB strategy to reflect “cultural pluralism” (NRK 2007). A key argument in the article is that in order to be considered as relevant for children in the culturally changing Nordic societies, the pubic service broadcasters need to provide original programming, which reflect national identity and culture without ignoring the increased multiculturalism and global influences on culture.
Development of green shipping network to enhance environmental and economic performance
Authors: Lun Y.H. Venus
Published: July 2013

To secure cargoes, containerships operate double or triple calling of ports in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China. Such shipping operations generate high CO2 emissions. This paper suggest a green shipping network (GSN) as a useful tool to transship containers from feeder ports to hub ports to lower the overall CO2 emissions in the region. From the perspective of scale operations from using the hub-and-spoke approach and the deployment of mega ships, developing a GSN within the PRD region can be beneficial, both economically and environmentally, to port users in the container transport chain.