bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short‐term goals and physically hedonistic values as mediators of the past‐crime–future‐crime relationship
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

This study was designed to evaluate whether two features of antisocial cognition, short‐term goals, and physically hedonistic values mediate the past‐crime–future‐crime relationship.

Methods

Data from 395 members of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth–Child Data (NLSY‐C) were used to test this hypothesis. A path analysis was performed, with past crime serving as the independent (predictor) variable, future crime serving as the dependent (outcome) variable, and short‐term goals and physically hedonistic values serving as mediating variables.

Results

The results of a structured equation modelling path analysis revealed a significant mediating effect for hedonistic values but not for short‐term goals, when both variables were included in the same analysis. A causal mediation analysis was then conducted on the past crime → physically hedonistic values → future crime relationship, the results of which disclosed the presence of a partially mediated effect of physically hedonistic values on the past‐crime–future‐crime relationship after controlling for age, race, gender, and low self‐control. When short‐term goals were analysed separately, they also partially mediated the past‐crime–future‐crime relationship, although the effect was weaker than when physically hedonistic values served as the mediator.

Conclusions

Hedonistic values and, to a lesser extent, short‐term goals appear to mediate crime continuity, perhaps by establishing a state of psychological inertia, whereby certain psychological processes help maintain negative behavioural patterns like crime.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the migration of melanocytes and melanoma cells
Authors: Bonaventure Jacky , Domingues Melanie J. , Larue Lionel
Published: February 2013

During embryonic development in vertebrates, the neural crest‐derived melanoblasts migrate along the dorsolateral axis and cross the basal membrane separating the dermis from the epidermis to reach their final location in the interfollicular epidermis and epidermal hair follicles. Neoplastic transformation converts melanocytes into highly invasive and metastatic melanoma cells. In vitro, these cells extend various types of protrusions and adopt two interconvertible modes of migration, mesenchymal and amoeboid, driven by different signalling molecules. In this review, we describe the major contributions of natural mouse mutants, mouse models generated by genetic engineering and in vitro culture systems, to identification of the genes, signalling pathways and mechanisms regulating the migration of normal and pathological cells of the melanocyte lineage, at both the cellular and molecular levels.
The effects of topical mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine experimental cutaneous wounds
Authors: Kim Ju‐Won , Lee Jong‐Hwan , Lyoo Young S. , Jung Dong‐In , Park Hee‐Myung
Published: February 2013

Background

Adult stem cells have been widely investigated in bioengineering approaches for tissue repair therapy. We evaluated the clinical value and safety of the application of cultured bone marrow‐derived allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating skin wounds in a canine model.

Hypothesis

Topical allogenic MSC transplantation can accelerate the closure of experimental full‐thickness cutaneous wounds and attenuate local inflammation.

Animals

Adult healthy beagle dogs (n = 10; 3–6 years old; 7.2–13.1 kg) were studied.

Methods

Full‐thickness skin wounds were created on the dorsum of healthy beagles, and allogenic MSCs were injected intradermally. The rate of wound closure and the degree of collagen production were analysed histologically using haematoxylin and eosin staining and trichrome staining. The degree of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis was evaluated by immunocytochemistry using proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐, vimentin‐ and α‐smooth muscle actin‐specific antibodies. Local mRNA expression levels of interleukin‐2, interferon‐γ, basic fibroblast growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 were evaluated by RT‐PCR.

Results

Compared with the vehicle‐treated wounds, MSC‐treated wounds showed more rapid wound closure and increased collagen synthesis, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. Moreover, MSC‐treated wounds showed decreased expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ) and wound healing‐related factors (basic fibroblast growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase‐2).

Conclusion and clinical importance

Topical transplantation of MSCs results in paracrine effects on cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as modulation of local mRNA expression of several factors related to cutaneous wound healing.
Stability of Wind Turbine Switching Control in an Integrated Wind Turbine and Rechargeable Battery System: A Common Quadratic Lyapunov Function Approach
Authors: Palejiya Dushyant , Hall John , Mecklenborg Christine , Chen Dongmei
Published: February 2013

The power generated by wind turbines varies due to variations in the wind speed. A pack of rechargeable batteries could be used as a reserve power source to alleviate the intermittency in the wind turbine power. An integrated wind turbine and battery storage system is constructed where the wind turbine is electrically connected to a rechargeable battery system. Such a system can operate in two modes depending on the wind speed, power demand, and battery limit. The switching conditions for the wind turbine to operate in multi-input, single-output and single-input, single-output control mode are discussed. Linearized approximations of the closed loop wind turbine system are derived in order to analyze the switching stability between control modes. Common quadratic Lyapunov function (CQLF) is established for both control modes to prove the system stability. Simulation results demonstrating system stability are also presented.
Urinary retention secondary to mephedrone
Authors: Conway Nerys , McGowan David , White Daniel , Phillips Suzanne
Published: February 2013

We discuss a case of a 25-year-old man who presented to the acute medical take with a mixed overdose of mephedrone and paracetamol. Sixteen hours after ingestion, he reported that he was unable to micturate. A bladder scan confirmed that he was in urinary retention and he was catheterised. We discuss the increasingly popular recreational drug mephedrone including its more common side effects.
Laboratory study of small-strain behavior of a compacted silty sand
Authors: Heitor Ana , Indraratna Buddhima , Rujikiatkamjorn Cholachat
Published: February 2013

Small-strain behavior is a key indicator for assessing the performance of compacted fills. Compaction conditions, i.e., initial moisture content and applied energy, govern compaction effectiveness and thus, the structure and matric suction of compacted soil. This paper presents an experimental study of the small-strain behavior of compacted silty sand prepared with different compaction conditions. Specimens with varying initial moisture contents and compaction energies were tested with bender elements to determine the small-strain shear modulus (G0), while the post-compaction matric suction was measured using the filter paper method and tensiometer. The experimental data suggest a pronounced relationship between G0and the degree of saturation (Sr) of the as-compacted soil specimens. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans were performed to examine structural changes of selected specimens upon compaction. The laboratory results are also examined in light of common end-product specifications, which show that it is beneficial to compact the soil slightly dry of optimum moisture content from the modulus point of view.
Absolute line intensities for the ν3 band of oxirane (C2H4O)
Authors: Ngom M. , Flaud J.-M. , Tchana F. Kwabia , Lafferty W.J. , Landsheere X. , Perrin A. , Ngom El. A.
Published: February 2013

Seven Fourier transform spectra of the ν3 band of oxirane (ethylene oxide) have been recorded with different pressures and used to derive individual line intensities. These line intensities were satisfactorily fit leading to accurate transition moment constants. An atlas of line positions and intensities has been generated.
Hybrid Redundancy for Defect Tolerance in Molecular Crossbar Memory
Authors: Wang Shuo , Dai Jianwei , Wang Lei
Published: February 2013

Nano/molecular technologies have emerged as the potential fabrics for building future integrated systems. However, due to the imperfect fabrication process, these extremely scaled devices are vulnerable to a large number of defects and transient faults. Memory systems, which are the primary application targeted by these technologies, are particularly exposed to this problem due to the ultra-high integration density and elevated error sensitivity. In this article, we propose a defect-tolerant technique, referred to as
hybrid redundancy allocation
, for the design of molecular crossbar memory systems. By using soft redundancy (runtime exploitation of memory spatial/temporal locality) in combination with hardware redundancy (spare memory cells), the proposed technique can achieve better error management at a low cost as compared with conventional techniques. Simulation results demonstrate the significant improvement in defect tolerance, efficiency, and scalability of the proposed technique.
Rise of the swarm
Authors: Mone Gregory
Published: February 2013

Guided by collective intelligence, teams of small, simple robots could soon accomplish amazing feats.
Hazy
Authors: Kumar Arun , Niu Feng , Ré Christopher
Published: February 2013

Racing to unleash the full potential of big data with the latest statistical and machine-learning techniques.
Diagnostic Distribution of 100 Unilateral, Side-Locked Headaches Consulting a Specialized Clinic
Authors: Ramón C. , Mauri G. , Vega J. , Rico M. , Para M. , Pascual J.
Published: February 2013

Objectives: We analyzed the diagnoses of patients consulting due to strictly unilateral headaches. Methods: We prospectively collected data from 100 consecutive patients. Diagnosis followed the ICHD-II criteria. Results: They accounted for 18.9% of the 528 patients seen in the study period. They were more frequent in males (58%). Age ranged from 19 to 81 years. Diagnostic distribution was: cluster headache (38 cases), a variety of secondary headaches (14 cases), migraine (11 cases), cervicogenic headaches (9 cases), hemicrania continua (8 cases), nummular headache (6 cases), psychiatric headache (5 cases), paroxysmal hemicranias (4 cases), short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks syndrome (3 cases), stabbing headache (1 case), and hypnic headache (1 case). Mean ages at onset fell between 47 and 58 years for several diagnoses (cervicogenic, nummular, psychiatric, hemicrania continua and paroxysmal hemicrania headaches), and were 22 years for migraine, 32 for cluster and in general older than 55 years for secondary headaches. Conclusions: Strictly unilateral headaches account for almost 20% of headaches in subjects attending a headache clinic. Trigeminal-autonomic cephalgias in general (52%) and cluster headache in particular (38%) are the most frequent diagnoses, but secondary headaches account for 1 of 5 cases. Age at onset can be of help in their presumptive diagnosis.
Tear Film Osmolarity in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sağdık H. Murat , Tetikoğlu Mehmet , Uçar Fatma , Uğurbaş Sılay Cantürk , Ugurbas Suat Hayri
Published: February 2013

Purpose: To compare tear film osmolarity (TFO) between patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and normal healthy individuals. Methods: In this prospective case-controlled study, the TFO in 46 normal subjects (control group) and 55 patients with DM (study group) was evaluated. TFO in milliosmole (mOsm) was measured by using an auto-osmometer. The serum levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood glucose in all participants were also measured. Mean outcome measures were TFO and its relationship with HbA1c level and duration of DM. Results: Mean TFO was 320.40 ± 21.80 mOsm/l in the study group and 308.22 ± 18.16 mOsm/l in the control group (p < 0.001). The TFO values were significantly associated with duration of DM (r = 0.476, p < 0.001), but no significant correlation was found with HbA1c level (r = 0.225, p = 0.114). Conclusions: The study shows a significantly higher TFO in patients with DM than in the healthy controls. TFO also correlates with the duration of DM.
Acute Ischemic Brain Lesions in Infective Endocarditis: Incidence, Related Factors, and Postoperative Outcome
Authors: Okazaki Shuhei , Yoshioka Daisuke , Sakaguchi Manabu , Sawa Yoshiki , Mochizuki Hideki , Kitagawa Kazuo
Published: February 2013

Background: Acute brain infarction affects the timing and regimen of cardiac surgery in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). We aimed to identify preoperative brain MRI characteristics, incidence, and related factors for acute ischemic lesions in left-sided IE patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Furthermore, we investigated whether preoperative acute ischemic lesions are associated with postoperative neurological complications in IE patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with a definite left-sided IE who underwent cardiac surgery in 6 university-affiliated hospitals from January 2004 to November 2011. Preoperative brain MRI evaluations were systematically performed on all patients without contraindications, regardless of neurological complications, with the aim of preventing perioperative complications. Patients were included if diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences were performed within 14 days after diagnosis. Associations between acute ischemic lesions and related factors were analyzed. Neurological complications within 30 days after surgery were evaluated for postoperative outcome analyses. Results: Of 139 consecutive patients with left-sided IE who underwent cardiac surgery, 85 patients were evaluated in this study. The mean age was 58 ± 16 years, and 22 patients (26%) were women. Preoperative MRI revealed acute ischemic lesions in 47 patients (55%), and 19 of these patients developed neurological symptoms. Among the patients with ischemic lesions, 24 (60%) had small lesions (<10 mm), 36 (77%) had multiple lesions, and 30 (64%) had lesions in multiple vascular territories. Compared to patients without ischemic lesions, patients with acute ischemic lesions were older and had significantly higher white blood cell counts and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, but lower hemoglobin levels. Logistic regression analyses showed that the white blood cell count and plasma CRP level were independently associated with acute ischemic lesions [adjusted OR per 1-SD increase were 2.21 (95% CI: 1.23-4.35) and 2.33 (95% CI: 1.27-4.96), respectively]. Three patients developed postoperative neurological complications, but preoperative acute ischemic lesions and postoperative complications were not associated. Conclusions: Preoperative MRI detected a high incidence of asymptomatic ischemic lesions in IE patients. Acute ischemic lesions were often small, multiple, and located in multiple vascular territories. Inflammatory reactions may play an important role in the development of ischemic lesions in IE patients.
Association of Uric Acid with Obesity and Endothelial Dysfunction in Children and Early Adolescents
Authors: Ishiro Manabu , Takaya Ryuzo , Mori Yasuhiko , Takitani Kimitaka , Kono Yukako , Okasora Keisuke , Kasahara Toshihiko , Tamai Hiroshi
Published: February 2013

Background: Hyperuricemia in adults is known to be associated with hypertension, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the factors associated with hyperuricemia in obese children and early adolescents and to investigate the threshold serum level of uric acid (UA) for the metabolic syndrome in children. Methods: We assessed anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, body composition and biochemical data in 1,559 obese children. To assess endothelial dysfunction, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured in 92 children. The correlations between serum UA levels and various parameters were examined. The threshold serum UA level for the metabolic syndrome was calculated by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Serum UA levels were positively correlated with lipids in both boys and girls, and they were inversely correlated with FMD in the boys but not the girls. The threshold serum UA level for the metabolic syndrome was 5.25 mg/dl in boys and 5.05 mg/dl in girls. However, the specificity and sensitivity of ROC curve analysis are not so striking. Conclusion: The correlation between UA and FMD showed gender differences and might be affected by the hormonal status. The cutoff level of serum UA as a marker of the metabolic syndrome in obese children was affected by both age and gender.
Inactivation of Nuclear Factor-Y Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointima Formation
Authors: Silvestre-Roig Carlos , Fernández Patricia , Esteban Vanesa , Pello Óscar M. , Indolfi Ciro , Rodríguez Cristina , Rodríguez-Calvo Ricardo , López-Maderuelo María Dolores , Bauriedel Gerhard , Hutter Randolph , Fuster Valentín , Ibáñez Borja , Redondo Juan M. , Martínez-González José , Andrés Vicente
Published: February 2013

Objective—

Atherosclerosis and restenosis are multifactorial diseases associated with abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) plays a major role in transcriptional activation of the
CYCLIN B1
gene (
CCNB1
), a key positive regulator of cell proliferation and neointimal thickening. Here, we investigated the role of NF-Y in occlusive vascular disease.

Approach and Results—

We performed molecular and expression studies in cultured cells, animal models, and human tissues. We find upregulation of NF-Y and cyclin B1 expression in proliferative regions of murine atherosclerotic plaques and mechanically induced lesions, which correlates with higher binding of NF-Y to target sequences in the
CCNB1
promoter. NF-YA expression in neointimal lesions is detected in VSMCs, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB, a main inductor of VSMC growth and neointima development, induces the recruitment of NF-Y to the
CCNB1
promoter and augments both
CCNB1
mRNA expression and cell proliferation through extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt activation in rat and human VSMCs. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of a NF-YA-dominant negative mutant inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-BB–induced
CCNB1
expression and VSMC proliferation in vitro and neointimal lesion formation in a mouse model of femoral artery injury. We also detect NF-Y expression and DNA-binding activity in human neointimal lesions.

Conclusions—

Our results identify NF-Y as a key downstream effector of the platelet-derived growth factor-BB–dependent mitogenic pathway that is activated in experimental and human vasculoproliferative diseases. They also identify NF-Y inhibition as a novel and attractive strategy for the local treatment of neointimal formation induced by vessel denudation.
Endothelial Expression of Guidance Cues in Vessel Wall Homeostasis Dysregulation Under Proatherosclerotic Conditions
Authors: van Gils Janine M. , Ramkhelawon Bhama , Fernandes Luciana , Stewart Merran C. , Guo Liang , Seibert Tara , Menezes Gustavo B. , Cara Denise C. , Chow Camille , Kinane T. Bernard , Fisher Edward A. , Balcells Mercedes , Alvarez-Leite Jacqueline , Lacy-Hulbert Adam , Moore Kathryn J.
Published: February 2013

Objective—

Emerging evidence suggests that neuronal guidance cues, typically expressed during development, are involved in both physiological and pathological immune responses. We hypothesized that endothelial expression of such guidance cues may regulate leukocyte trafficking into the vascular wall during atherogenesis.

Approach and Results—

We demonstrate that members of the netrin, semaphorin, and ephrin family of guidance molecules are differentially regulated under conditions that promote or protect from atherosclerosis. Netrin-1 and semaphorin3A are expressed by coronary artery endothelial cells and potently inhibit chemokine-directed migration of human monocytes. Endothelial expression of these negative guidance cues is downregulated by proatherogenic factors, including oscillatory shear stress and proinflammatory cytokines associated with monocyte entry into the vessel wall. Furthermore, we show using intravital microscopy that inhibition of netrin-1 or semaphorin3A using blocking peptides increases leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium. Unlike netrin-1 and semaphorin3A, the guidance cue ephrinB2 is upregulated under proatherosclerotic flow conditions and functions as a chemoattractant, increasing leukocyte migration in the absence of additional chemokines.

Conclusions—

The concurrent regulation of negative and positive guidance cues may facilitate leukocyte infiltration of the endothelium through a balance between chemoattraction and chemorepulsion. These data indicate a previously unappreciated role for axonal guidance cues in maintaining the endothelial barrier and regulating leukocyte trafficking during atherogenesis.
A New Formulation of the Spectral Energy Budget of the Atmosphere, with Application to Two High-Resolution General Circulation Models
Authors: Augier Pierre , Lindborg Erik
Published: February 2013

A new formulation of the spectral energy budget of kinetic and available potential energies of the atmosphere is derived, with spherical harmonics as base functions. Compared to previous formulations, there are three main improvements: (i) the topography is taken into account, (ii) the exact three-dimensional advection terms are considered, and (iii) the vertical flux is separated from the energy transfer between different spherical harmonics. Using this formulation, results from two different high-resolution GCMs are analyzed: the Atmospheric GCM for the Earth Simulator (AFES) T639L24 and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) T1279L91. The spectral fluxes show that the AFES, which reproduces quite realistic horizontal spectra with a k−5/3 inertial range at the mesoscales, simulates a strong downscale energy cascade. In contrast, neither the k−5/3 vertically integrated spectra nor the downscale energy cascade are produced by the ECMWF IFS.
Lidar Investigation of Atmosphere Effect on a Wind Turbine Wake
Authors: Smalikho I. N. , Banakh V. A. , Pichugina Y. L. , Brewer W. A. , Banta R. M. , Lundquist J. K. , Kelley N. D.
Published: February 2013

An experimental study of the spatial wind structure in the vicinity of a wind turbine by a NOAA coherent Doppler lidar has been conducted. It was found that a working wind turbine generates a wake with the maximum velocity deficit varying from 27% to 74% and with the longitudinal dimension varying from 120 up to 1180 m, depending on the wind strength and atmospheric turbulence. It is shown that, at high wind speeds, the twofold increase of the turbulent energy dissipation rate (from 0.0066 to 0.013 m2 s−3) leads, on average, to halving of the longitudinal dimension of the wind turbine wake (from 680 to 340 m).
Robot‐Assisted Selective Neck Dissection of Levels II to V via a Modified Facelift or Retroauricular Approach
Authors: Park Young Min , Holsinger F. Christopher , Kim Won Shik , Park Sang Chul , Lee Eun Jung , Choi Eun Chang , Koh Yoon Woo
Published: February 2013

Objectives

We performed robot‐assisted selective neck dissection via a modified facelift or retroauricular approach without creating an apparent scar around the neck to remove neck node of levels II to V after transoral robotic surgery of a primary lesion in patients with laryngopharyngeal carcinoma. Patient data were prospectively analyzed to verify the feasibility and efficacy of robot‐assisted neck dissection in the treatment of cN0 laryngopharyngeal carcinoma.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Setting

University tertiary care facility.

Subjects and Methods

Between March 2011 and March 2012, 7 patients were enrolled in the study. Before study initiation, the Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University approved the protocol, and informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Results

Robot‐assisted neck dissection was successfully performed in all patients. Five patients underwent selective neck dissection including levels II to IV, and 2 patients underwent selective neck dissection including levels II to V. The average number of lymph nodes retrieved was 25.1. Occult nodal metastasis was found in 1 (14%) neck specimen. During the follow‐up period (mean of 13.5 months), all patients were alive without locoregional recurrence. All patients were extremely satisfied with their cosmetic results.

Conclusion

Robot‐assisted selective neck dissection is a feasible and safe technique to manage the neck in cN0 laryngopharyngeal carcinoma patients. It may be especially helpful for patients undergoing transoral robotic surgery since no apparent scar around the neck remains. Long‐term results with respect to oncologic safety and functional outcomes are required to establish the validity of robot‐assisted neck dissection.
Good days, bad days
Authors: Totenhagen Casey J. , Curran Melissa A. , Serido Joyce , Butler Emily A.
Published: February 2013

We utilized interdependence theory and conservation of resources to understand how relational sacrifices and hassles impact positive relationship quality constructs (i.e., satisfaction, closeness, and commitment) in romantic relationships ( N = 164 couples; 328 individuals). Using daily diary data to examine actor and partner effects, we found that individuals’ sacrifices were positively linked with their own commitment but not with satisfaction or closeness. We also found that hassles were negatively linked with one’s own and one’s partner’s satisfaction and closeness but not with commitment. When examined together, sacrifices remained beneficial for one’s own commitment but only when increased sacrifices occurred on days with low hassles. We discuss the unique pathways of sacrifices and hassles, both on their own and considered together.
Serial infusions of low-dose ketamine for major depression
Authors: Rasmussen Keith G , Lineberry Timothy W , Galardy Christine W , Kung Simon , Lapid Maria I , Palmer Brian A , Ritter Matthew J , Schak Kathryn M , Sola Christopher L , Hanson Allison J , Frye Mark A
Published: February 2013

Background:

Single infusions of ketamine have been used successfully to achieve improvement in depressed patients. Side effects during the infusions have been common. It is not known whether serial infusions or lower infusion rates result in greater efficacy.

Methods:

Ten depressed patients were treated with twice weekly ketamine infusions of ketamine 0.5 mg/kg administered over 100 min until either remission was achieved or four infusions were given. Side effects were assessed with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Patients were followed naturalistically at weekly intervals for four weeks after completion of the infusions.

Results:

Five of 10 patients achieved remission status. There were no significant increases on the BPRS or YMRS. Two of the remitting patients sustained their improvement throughout the four week follow-up period.

Conclusions:

Ketamine infusions at a lower rate than previously reported have demonstrated similar efficacy and excellent tolerability and may be more practically available for routine clinical care. Serial ketamine infusions appear to be more effective than a single infusion. Further research to test relapse prevention strategies with continuation ketamine infusions is indicated.
Effects of Ramadan fasting on serum immunoglobulin G and M, and salivary immunoglobulin A concentrations
Authors: Develioglu Omer Necati , Kucur Mine , Ipek Havva Duru , Celebi Saban , Can Gunay , Kulekci Mehmet
Published: February 2013

Objective

To investigate the effects of Ramadan fasting on serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM, and salivary IgA concentrations.

Methods

Blood and saliva samples were collected one week before and during the last week of Ramadan from healthy male volunteers. Albumin, total lymphocyte count, electrolytes, and IgG and IgM concentrations were determined in serum; salivary IgA concentrations were measured. Anthropometric measurements were also recorded.

Results

Samples were collected from 35 subjects (mean age 35.86 years, range 20–59 years). Weight, body mass index, albumin levels and the nutritional risk index decreased significantly during Ramadan fasting compared with before fasting. In addition, Na+ and Cl− electrolyte levels were significantly decreased during Ramadan. Serum IgG concentrations decreased significantly during Ramadan compared with before fasting, but were still within the normal range. Salivary IgA concentrations also decreased significantly, whereas serum IgM levels did not change. Lymphocyte numbers increased significantly, but there was no correlation between Ig levels and lymphocyte count.

Conclusion

Ramadan fasting did not result in severe immunological disturbances.
Self-Stigma of Mental Illness in High School Youth
Authors: Hartman Leah I. , Michel Natalie M. , Winter Ariella , Young Rebecca E. , Flett Gordon L. , Goldberg Joel O.
Published: February 2013

Despite the prevalence of mental health problems, society continues to stigmatize and discriminate against people with mental illness and in particular, schizophrenia. Among the negative consequences of stigma, is that some individuals with mental illness internalize negative stereotypes about themselves, referred to as self-stigma, which is associated with a reluctance to seek needed treatment. The challenge to overcome mental illness stigma has led to the development of global anti-stigma initiatives, which effectively engage young people in school-based programs. The present study examines the effectiveness of a single-session anti-stigma intervention with high school youth ( n = 254). The findings replicate and extend previous work demonstrating that a brief anti-stigma initiative can produce significant improvements in knowledge, social distance, and self-stigma. Self-stigma was found to be associated with low self-esteem and factors affecting self-disclosure were identified. Implications for school curricula, mental health policy, and future research are discussed.
Cerebral white matter blood flow and energy metabolism in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Steen Christel , D’haeseleer Miguel , Hoogduin Johannes M , Fierens Yves , Cambron Melissa , Mostert Jop P , Heersema Dorothea J , Koch Marcus W , De Keyser Jacques
Published: February 2013

Background:

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is reduced in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying mechanism is unknown.

Objective:

The objective of this article is to assess the relationship between reduced NAWM CBF and both axonal mitochondrial metabolism and astrocytic phosphocreatine (PCr) metabolism.

Methods:

Ten healthy controls and 25 MS subjects were studied with 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. CBF was measured using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling. N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) ratios (axonal mitochondrial metabolism) were obtained using 1H-MR spectroscopy and PCr/β-ATP ratios using 31P-MR spectroscopy. In centrum semiovale NAWM, we assessed correlations between CBF and both NAA/Cr and PCr/β-ATP ratios.

Results:

Subjects with MS had a widespread reduction in CBF of NAWM (centrum semiovale, periventricular, frontal and occipital), and gray matter (frontoparietal cortex and thalamus). Compared to controls, NAA/Cr in NAWM of the centrum semiovale of MS subjects was decreased, whereas PCr/β-ATP was increased. We found no correlations between CBF and PCr/β-ATP. CBF and NAA/Cr correlated in controls ( p = 0.02), but not in MS subjects ( p = 0.68).

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that in MS patients there is no relationship between reduced CBF in NAWM and impaired axonal mitochondrial metabolism or astrocytic PCr metabolism.
Methodological Modifications in a Longitudinal Qualitative Research Design
Authors: Koro-Ljungberg Mirka , Bussing Regina
Published: February 2013

This article explores methodological shifts in longitudinal qualitative research and illustrates how researchers can maintain methodological continuity while staying open to necessary modifications. We describe methodological modifications and changes that occurred during our longitudinal research process. These change processes were initiated due to general advances in the field of qualitative research methodology, personal research experiences gained during the research process, and preliminary analysis findings. The change processes complicated our methodological decision making and simultaneously refined study purposes and analytical intentions. The investigation of change over time, time in context, and time and texture also play a significant role in our examples and reflections in this article. We argue that careful analysis and accounting of methodological continuity, modification, and changes can strengthen the trustworthiness of longitudinal studies, an important goal considering the methodological complexity often associated with longitudinal qualitative research.
Juridical “Joy”: Law, Affect and the Anecdote
Authors: Temple Kathryn
Published: February 2013

Legal anecdotes serve to bind populations to law through creating an affective, even affectionate, relationship between law and its communities. An analysis of a legal anecdote involving Justice John Holt (1642–1710) and witchcraft demonstrates how anecdotes can soothe public anxieties over rapid modernization. This particular anecdote asserts the primacy of the literate over the oral, high culture over popular culture, science over superstition, the urban over the rural, and yet creates in the end an affective community united around affection for Holt and the English common law system he represented.
Loss-of-function of the protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) causes a B-cell lymphoproliferative syndrome in humans
Authors: Kuehn Hye Sun , Niemela Julie E. , Rangel-Santos Andreia , Zhang Mingchang , Pittaluga Stefania , Stoddard Jennifer L. , Hussey Ashleigh A. , Evbuomwan Moses O. , Priel Debra A. Long , Kuhns Douglas B. , Park C. Lucy , Fleisher Thomas A. , Uzel Gulbu , Oliveira João B.
Published: February 2013

Key Points

Mutations in PRKCD cause a syndrome characterized by chronic benign lymphadenopathy, positive autoantibodies, and NK dysfunction. PRKCD deficiency disrupts control of B-cell proliferation and apoptosis and affects NK-cell cytolytic activity.
Sildenafil to improve respiratory rehabilitation outcomes in COPD: a controlled trial
Authors: Blanco Isabel , Santos Salud , Gea Joaqím , Güell Rosa , Torres Ferran , Gimeno-Santos Elena , Rodriguez Diego A. , Vilaró Jordi , Gómez Begona , Roca Josep , Barberà Joan Albert
Published: February 2013

Pulmonary hypertension is a serious complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that currently has no established pharmacological treatment. This study aimed to assess whether concomitant treatment with sildenafil would enhance the results of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD and increased pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP).

In this double-blind, randomised controlled trial patients received 20 mg sildenafil or placebo three times daily and underwent pulmonary rehabilitation for 3 months. The primary end-point was the gain in the cycle endurance time at a constant work-rate. Secondary end-points included performance in the incremental exercise test, 6-min walk distance and quality of life.

63 patients with severe COPD and moderately increased PAP were randomised. Cycle endurance time increased by 149 s (95% CI 26–518 s) in the sildenafil group and by 169 s (95% CI 0–768 s) in the placebo group (median change difference -7 s, 95% CI -540–244 s; p=0.77). Gains in the incremental exercise test, 6-min walk distance and quality of life at the end of the study did not differ between groups. Measurements of arterial oxygenation and adverse events were similar in both groups.

In patients with severe COPD and moderately increased PAP, concomitant treatment with sildenafil does not improve the results of pulmonary rehabilitation in exercise tolerance.
Transcriptome analyses reveal protein and domain families that delineate stage-related development in the economically important parasitic nematodes, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora
Authors: Heizer Esley , Zarlenga Dante S , Rosa Bruce , Gao Xin , Gasser Robin B , De Graef Jessie , Geldhof Peter , Mitreva Makedonka
Published: February 2013

Background

Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi are among the most important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle worldwide. The economic losses caused by these parasites are on the order of hundreds of millions of dollars per year. Conventional treatment of these parasites is through anthelmintic drugs; however, as resistance to anthelmintics increases, overall effectiveness has begun decreasing. New methods of control and alternative drug targets are necessary. In-depth analysis of transcriptomic data can help provide these targets.

Results

The assembly of 8.7 million and 11 million sequences from C. oncophora and O. ostertagi, respectively, resulted in 29,900 and 34,792 transcripts. Among these, 69% and 73% of the predicted peptides encoded by C. oncophora and O. ostertagi had homologues in other nematodes. Approximately 21% and 24% were constitutively expressed in both species, respectively; however, the numbers of transcripts that were stage specific were much smaller (~1% of the transcripts expressed in a stage). Approximately 21% of the transcripts in C. oncophora and 22% in O. ostertagi were up-regulated in a particular stage. Functional molecular signatures were detected for 46% and 35% of the transcripts in C. oncophora and O. ostertagi, respectively. More in-depth examinations of the most prevalent domains led to knowledge of gene expression changes between the free-living (egg, L1, L2 and L3 sheathed) and parasitic (L3 exsheathed, L4, and adult) stages. Domains previously implicated in growth and development such as chromo domains and the MADF domain tended to dominate in the free-living stages. In contrast, domains potentially involved in feeding such as the zinc finger and CAP domains dominated in the parasitic stages. Pathway analyses showed significant associations between life-cycle stages and peptides involved in energy metabolism in O. ostertagi whereas metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were specifically up-regulated in the parasitic stages of C. oncophora. Substantial differences were observed also between Gene Ontology terms associated with free-living and parasitic stages.

Conclusions

This study characterized transcriptomes from multiple life stages from both C. oncophora and O. ostertagi. These data represent an important resource for studying these parasites. The results of this study show distinct differences in the genes involved in the free-living and parasitic life cycle stages. The data produced will enable better annotation of the upcoming genome sequences and will allow future comparative analyses of the biology, evolution and adaptation to parasitism in nematodes.
Targeting and killing of glioblastoma with activated T cells armed with bispecific antibodies
Authors: Zitron Ian M , Thakur Archana , Norkina Oxana , Barger Geoffrey R , Lum Lawrence G , Mittal Sandeep
Published: February 2013

Background

Since most glioblastomas express both wild-type EGFR and EGFRvIII as well as HER2/neu, they are excellent targets for activated T cells (ATC) armed with bispecific antibodies (BiAbs) that target EGFR and HER2.

Methods

ATC were generated from PBMC activated for 14 days with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in the presence of interleukin-2 and armed with chemically heteroconjugated anti-CD3×anti-HER2/neu(HER2Bi) and/or anti-CD3×anti-EGFR (EGFRBi). HER2Bi- and/or EGFRBi-armed ATC were examined forin vitrocytotoxicity using MTT and51Cr-release assays against malignant glioma lines (U87MG, U118MG, and U251MG) and primary glioblastoma lines.

Results

EGFRBi-armed ATC killed up to 85% of U87, U118, and U251 targets at effector:target ratios (E:T) ranging from 1:1 to 25:1. Engagement of tumor by EGFRBi-armed ATC induced Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion by armed ATC. HER2Bi-armed ATC exhibited comparable cytotoxicity against U118 and U251, but did not kill HER2-negative U87 cells. HER2Bi- or EGFRBi-armed ATC exhibited 50—80% cytotoxicity against four primary glioblastoma lines as well as a temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant variant of U251. Both CD133– and CD133+ subpopulations were killed by armed ATC. Targeting both HER2Bi and EGFRBi simultaneously showed enhanced efficacy than arming with a single BiAb. Armed ATC maintained effectiveness after irradiation and in the presence of TMZ at a therapeutic concentration and were capable of killing multiple targets.

Conclusion

High-grade gliomas are suitable for specific targeting by armed ATC. These data, together with additional animal studies, may provide the preclinical support for the use of armed ATC as a valuable addition to current treatment regimens.
Blastocystis infection in Malaysia: Evidence of waterborne and human-to-human transmissions among the Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi tribes of Orang Asli
Authors: Anuar Tengku Shahrul , Ghani Mohamed Kamel Abdul , Azreen Siti Nor , Salleh Fatmah Md , Moktar Norhayati
Published: February 2013

Background

Blastocystis has been described as the most common intestinal parasite in humans and has an increased impact on public health. However, the transmission of this parasite has not been conclusively determined.

Methods

To contribute to a better comprehension of the epidemiology of this infection, a cross-sectional survey aimed at providing the first documented data on the prevalence and risk factors associated with Blastocystis infection was carried out among three Orang Asli tribes (Proto-Malay, Negrito and Senoi) in selected villages at Negeri Sembilan, Perak and Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Faecal samples were examined by formalin-ether sedimentation and trichrome staining techniques.

Results

Of 500 individuals, 20.4% (102) were detected positive for Blastocystis; 13.3% (20/150) of Proto-Malays, 21.6% (30/139) of Negritos and 24.7% (52/211) of Senois were positive for Blastocystis, respectively. The positive cases showed a decrease with increasing age and most of the positive cases were observed in individuals less than 15 years old. Multivariate analysis confirmed that drinking untreated water and the presence of other family members infected with Blastocystis were significant risk factors of infection among the three tribes and overall population studied.

Conclusion

Essentially, the findings highlighted that Blastocystis infection is prevalent among Orang Asli communities in Malaysia. Further studies using molecular approaches to distinguish the subtype of Blastocystis is needed. The present study also revealed that this infection may be transmitted through waterborne and human-to-human contact. Therefore, interventions with the provision of clean water supply for the communities and health education especially to the parents are urgently required.
Mechanisms of high frequency song generation in brachypterous crickets and the role of ghost frequencies
Authors: Robillard Tony , Montealegre-Z Fernando , Desutter-Grandcolas Laure , Grandcolas Philippe , Robert Daniel
Published: February 2013

Sound production in crickets relies on stridulation, the well-understood rubbing together of a pair of specialised wings. As the file of one wing slides over the scraper of the other, a series of rhythmic impacts cause harmonic oscillations, usually resulting in the radiation of pure tones delivered at low frequencies (2-8 kHz). In the short winged crickets of the Lebinthini tribe, acoustic communication relies on signals with remarkably high frequencies (> 8 kHz) and rich harmonic content. Using several species of the subfamily Eneopterinae, we characterise the morphological and mechanical specialisations supporting the production of high frequencies, and demonstrate that higher harmonics are exploited as dominant frequencies. These specialisations affect the structure of the stridulatory file, the motor control of stridulation and the resonance of the sound radiator. We place these specialisations in a phylogenetic framework and show that they serve to exploit high frequency vibrational modes pre-existing in the phylogenetic ancestor. In Eneopterinae, the lower frequency components are harmonically related to the dominant peak, suggesting they are relicts of ancestral carrier frequencies. Yet, such ghost frequencies still occur in the wings' free resonances, highlighting the fundamental mechanical constraints of sound radiation. These results support the hypothesis that such high frequency songs evolved stepwise, by a form of punctuated evolution which could be related to functional constraints, rather than by the progressive increase of the ancestral fundamental frequency.
OOAD-Entwicklungsprozess einer Modelica-Bibliothek für vernetzte Automatisierungssysteme
Authors: Liu Liu , Frey Georg
Published: February 2013

Der Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung einer Komponentenbibliothek zur Modellierung und Simulation vernetzter Automatisierungssysteme (VAS) basierend auf dem OOAD-Ansatz (objektorientierte Analyse und Design). In der Analysephase werden typische Eigenschaften von VAS herausgearbeitet. Der Entwurf berücksichtigt dann die Spezifika der verwendeten Modellierungssprache Modelica. Die abschließende Realisierung wurde für das Simulationswerkzeug Dymola optimiert.
Point Defects Interaction with Extended Defects and Impurities and its Influences on the Si-SiO2 System Properties
Authors: Kropman D. , Abru U. , Kärner T. , Ugaste U. , Mellikov E. , Kauk M. , Heinmaa I. , Samoson A.
Published: February 2013

The type and density of the point defects that are generated in the Si surface layer during thermal oxidation depend on the oxidation condition: tempertature, cooling rate, oxidation time, impurity content. The interaction between point defects with extended defects and impurities affect the Si-SiO2 interface properties. The influences of point defects may be diminished and the interface properties improved by an appropriate choice of oxidation conditions.