bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topography modifies the effect of land‐use change on soil respiration: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Yanjun , Zou Junliang , Dang Shuina , Osborne Bruce , Ren Yuanyuan , Ju Xueliang
Published: December 2021

Soil respiration is controlled by land‐use changes associated with cropland vegetation restoration, and this can vary with topography, although the magnitude of this effect and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We synthesized 69 recently published papers from China to explore the influence of topography‐related changes in land use on soil respiration where croplands were converted into orchards (abbreviated as C‐O), grasslands (abbreviated as C‐G), or woodlands (abbreviated as C‐W). Our results showed that not only did land‐use change have a significant influence on soil respiration, but this varied with topography. While C‐O resulted in a decrease in soil respiration by, on average, 3.1%, both the magnitude and sign of the change varied with topography, with an 8.2% increase for flat areas and a 14.7% decrease for slopes. For the C‐G conversions, soil respiration increased, on average, by 21.4%, with a 19.5% and a 24.3% increase for flat and slope topography, respectively. For C‐W, soil respiration increased, on average, by 28.0%, with only a 1.6% increase for flat areas, but a 39.9% increase for slopes. Soil temperature, soil moisture, root biomass, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio), and soil density also varied with topography, with larger changes for slopes than for flat topography. Increases in soil respiration associated with different topography were closely related to changes in soil temperature, SOC, MBC, and root biomass (P < 0.05), but were not correlated with changes in soil moisture, C:N ratio, or soil density (P > 0.05). The contribution of different drivers to the change in soil respiration under different topographical conditions showed a trend of SOC > root biomass > MBC > soil temperature. Based on these results, topography‐related variations in soil respiration need to be accounted for when quantifying the impact of land‐use change on C budgets.
Convergent Synthesis of E‐Disilene by the Reduction of Diastereomerically Separable 1,2‐Dichlorodisilanes
Authors: Jun‐i Yuta , Mizuhata Yoshiyuki , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: December 2021

Diastereomerically separable 1,2‐dichlorodisilanes possessing two chiral silicon centers were synthesized. By the reduction reaction, both diastereomeric disilanes afforded the same extremely air‐unstable E‐disilene. In addition, to get further experimental evidence for the formation of the disilene, we performed the reduction reaction of the corresponding dibromosilane as an alternative synthetic route toward the disilene, which resulted in the formation of a cyclotrisilane having an asymmetric all‐silicon three‐membered skeleton as a co‐product depending on the conditions. As a result of these experimental results and the supporting DFT calculations, we found some clues for the investigation into the synthetic mechanism of disilenes.
Regioselective Synthesis of meta‐Tetraaryl‐Substituted Adamantane Derivatives and Evaluation of Their White Light Emission
Authors: Gowrisankar Saravanan , Bernhardt Bastian , Becker Jonathan , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: December 2021

New meta‐substituted tetraaryl adamantane derivatives were synthesized through one‐step Friedel‐Crafts adamantylation by using AlCl3 in combination with t‐butyl bromide. The products exhibit improved (over tetraphenyl adamantane) highly directional white‐light emission upon irradiation with a continuous wave (CW) laser diode.
Influence of horizontally variable soil properties on nonlinear seismic site response and ground motion coherency
Authors: Chang Yen‐Hsiang , Tsai Chi‐Chin , Ge Louis , Park Duhee
Published: December 2021

The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of the spatial variability of soil properties on site response and ground motion coherency. A 2D random field theory is used to simulate soil parameters, including shear wave velocity (Vs) and nonlinear stress–strain curves. Different levels of spatial variability are controlled by coefficient of variation (COV) and correlation length (CL). The wave prorogation is simulated through the 2D finite difference software FLAC2D. Different types of analysis conditions, such as 1D or 2D model, linear or nonlinear analysis, and input motion, are investigated. The increase of Vsvariability leads to a decrease in the mean amplification ratio (surface response spectrum to bedrock response spectrum) but an increase in its variation. The effect of the variability of soil nonlinearity on the mean amplification ratio is marginal compared with that induced by Vsvariability. However, as the ground motion intensities increase (or more nonlinearity induced), the standard deviation of the simulation normalized by the baseline response increases. Compared with the 2D result, the 1D site response analysis that is commonly used in practice may potentially underestimate the mean amplification ratio but overestimate its variability due to the ignorance of the horizontal soil property variability. In the evaluation of the spatially correlated site response, the ground motion coherency decays significantly, as the COV of Vsand the ground motion intensity increase. The effect of CL on ground motion coherency is minor and limited to a separation distance within two‐times of CL. Therefore, a coherency model, which eliminates the CL term but includes the ground motion intensity (i.e., nonlinear effect) parameter, is proposed in this study. It is revealed to yield a better agreement with the simulation results than other coherency models.
Enhancing data security using global mutation based novel artificial immune network optimization in public cloud storage system
Authors: Kaliyamoorthy Priyadharshini , Ramalingam Aroul Canessane
Published: December 2021

During the past few years, several investigations and efforts have undergone to achieve secure data in the cloud. On the other hand, few security problems that arise because of virtualization and multitenancies are communication, isolation, as well as resource management system. Practically, it becomes a troublesome task for the user to attain secure output. Therefore, in this article, a RSA cryptosystem using global mutation‐based novel artificial immune network optimization algorithm is proposed. Here, an optimal key generation is achieved using a global mutation based novel artificial immune network optimization (GM‐NAINO). In addition to this, the data integrity is achieved by enhancing secure data transmission. Finally, seven diverse test functions are employed in evaluating the efficiency of the proposed technique. The experimental analysis are performed and the evaluation results demonstrated that the performances of the proposed technique is better when comparison with other techniques.
Uplink grant‐free pattern division multiple access transmission scheme by exploiting poly complementary sequence
Authors: Li Shufeng , Su Baoxin , Sun Yao , Sun Sanshan , Jin Libiao
Published: December 2021

Non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology is a key technology of the future cellular mobile communication system. It provides services for users under different channel conditions through signal superposition transmission and spectrum multiplexing. Pattern division multiple access (PDMA) is a new NOMA technology based on the overall optimization of multi‐user communication system. Since the performance of PDMA mainly depends on the gain of the pattern matrix, we propose a design scheme of uplink PDMA pattern matrix for ultra‐reliable low latency communication (uRLLC). For the interference between users is a common problem in NOMA system, first, we use poly complementary sequence (PCS) as the spread codebook to spread the PDMA transmission signal and reduce interference. Meanwhile, an uplink power control scheme is proposed. It allocates wireless resources reasonably by jointly considering the interference between users and resource blocks within users (JUR), the corresponding outage probability formula is also derived. Simulation results show that compared with the previous researches, the pattern matrix design scheme and JUR power control scheme proposed in this article have greatly improved the transmission performance. The addition of PCS spread spectrum technology can significantly reduce the block error rate and outage probability.
Palaeoenvironmental conditions and human activity in the vicinity of the Grodzisko fortified settlement (central Europe, Poland) from the late‐Neolithic to the Roman period
Authors: Gałka Mariusz , Kołaczek Piotr , Sim Thomas G. , Knorr Klaus‐Holger , Niedzielski Przemysław , Lewandowska Agnieszka , Szczurek Grzegorz
Published: December 2021

We present results from a palaeoecological analysis conducted on deposits accumulated in an oxbow lake of the Prosna River (Poland), next to the Grodzisko fortified settlement. Palaeobotanical and geochemical analyses—supported by radiocarbon dating—were performed to (i) reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions of the oxbow lake and its surrounding area; (ii) determine the beginning of the human activity in the fortified settlement vicinity; and (iii) assess the impact of human pressure on the environment. The Grodzisko fortified settlement was originally located on a river island, encircled by a wetland, improving its defensive value. Increases in the water level (1800–1300 BC and 700–200 BC) created a small lake/moat around the fortified settlement. Indicators for human activity from pollen records suggest the presence of human populations from the late Neolithic, ca. 2800 BC, with a clear intensification ca. 1700 BC. From ca. 1600 BC, a decrease in some decidous trees suggests forest clearance. Low levels of human activity indicator pollen ca. 2000 BC suggest a reduction of human pressure (possible depopulation). The regular presence of macrocharcoal pieces and an increase in human activity indicator pollen from ca. 1300 to 200 BC provide evidence for renewed human habitation around the sampling site.
Effect of Ni and Al doping on structural, optical, and CO2 gas sensing properties of 1D ZnO nanorods produced by hydrothermal method
Authors: Bulut Fatih , Ozturk Özgür , Acar Selim , Yildirim Gürcan
Published: December 2021

In the present study, the one‐dimensional ZnO nanorod structures are produced within the different nickel and aluminum molecular weight ratios of 0–7% using the hydrothermal method. It is found that the aluminum (Al) and nickel (Ni) impurities with different ionic radius, chemical valence, and electron configurations of outer shell cause to vary the fundamental characteristic features including the crystallinity quality, crystallite size, surface morphology, nanorod diameter, optical absorbance, energy band gap, resistance, gas response, and gas sensing properties. The structural analyses performed by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that the samples are found to crystallize in the hexagonal wurtzite structure. The presence of optimum nickel and aluminum in the crystal system improves considerably the crystallinity quality and surface morphology. Additionally, the combination of electron dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and XRD results declare that the Ni and Al impurities incorporate successfully into the ZnO crystal structure. Moreover, the diameters of nanorod structures in 1D orientation are determined to be 80 nm or below. The hexagonal wurtzite‐type ZnO nanorod structure prepared by 5% Ni has more space between the nanorods and thus presents higher response to the CO2 detection. Further, the optical absorbance spectra display that the band gap value is observed to decrease regularly with the increment in the doping level as a result of band shrinkage effect depending on the enhancement of mobile hole carrier concentrations in the crystal structure. In other words, the doping mechanism leads to vary the homogeneities in the interfacial charges, nanorod diameters, ZnO oxide layer composition and thickness. The last test conducted in this study is responsible for the determination of CO2 gas sensing levels. The obtained gas sensing results are further compared with each other and literature findings. It is observed that 5% Ni‐doped sample provides more successful results than other samples in the sensing CO2 gas at the different concentrations. All in all, the paper establishing a strong methodology between doping mechanism and change in the fundamental characteristic features of hexagonal wurtzite‐type ZnO with the aid of advanced microscopy techniques will become pioneering research to answer key questions in materials sciences and electronic research.
Evaluating incident learning systems and safety culture in two radiation oncology departments
Authors: Adamson Laura , Beldham‐Collins Rachael , Sykes Jonathan , Thwaites David
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Radiation oncology patient pathways are complex. This complexity creates risk and potential for error to occur. Comprehensive safety and quality management programmes have been developed alongside the use of incident learning systems (ILSs) to mitigate risks and errors reaching patients. Robust ILSs rely on the safety culture (SC) within a department. The aim of this study was to assess perceptions and understanding of SC and ILSs in two closely linked radiation oncology departments and to use the results to consider possible quality improvement (QI) of department ILSs and SC.

Methods

A survey to assess perceptions of SC and the currently used ILSs was distributed to radiation oncologists, radiation therapists and radiation oncology medical physicists in the two departments. The responses of 95 staff were evaluated (63% of staff). The findings were used to determine any areas for improvement in SC and local ILSs.

Results

Differences were shown between the professional cohorts. Barriers to current ILS use were indicated by 67% of respondents. Positive SC was shown in each area assessed: 69% indicated the departments practised a no‐blame culture. Barriers identified in one department prompted a QI project to develop a new reporting system and process, improve departmental learning and modify the overall ILS.

Conclusion

An understanding of SC and attitudes to ILSs has been established and used to improve ILS reporting, feedback on incidents, departmental learning and the QA program. This can be used for future comparisons as the systems develop.
Bolus gastric feeds improve nutrition delivery to mechanically ventilated pediatric medical patients: Results of the COntinuous vs BOlus multicenter trial
Authors: Brown Ann‐Marie , Irving Sharon Y. , Pringle Charlene , Allen Christine , Brown Miraides F. , Nett Sholeen , Singleton Marcy N. , Mikhailov Theresa A. , Madsen Erik , Srinivasan Vijay , Anthony Heather , Forbes Michael L. ,   and the NutriNet and Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network
Published: December 2021

Background

Comparison of bolus gastric feeding (BGF) vs continuous gastric feeding (CGF) with respect to timing and delivery of energy and protein in mechanically ventilated (MV) pediatric patients has not been investigated. We hypothesized that bolus delivery would shorten time to goal nutrition and increase the percentage of goal feeds delivered.

Methods

Multicenter, prospective, randomized comparative effectiveness trial conducted in seven pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Eligibility criteria included patients aged 1 month to 12 years who were intubated within 24 h of PICU admission, with expected duration of ventilation at least 48 h, and who were eligible to begin enteral nutrition within 48 h. Exclusion criteria included patients with acute or chronic gastrointestinal pathology or acute surgery.

Results

We enrolled 158 MV children between October 2015 and April 2018; 147 patients were included in the analysis (BGF = 72, CGF = 75). Children in the BGF group were slightly older than those in the CGF; otherwise, the two groups had similar demographic characteristics. There was no difference in the percentage of patients in each group who achieved goal feeds. Time to goal feeds was shorter in the BGF group (hazard ratio 1.5 [CI 1.02–2.33]; P = 0.0387). Median percentage of target kilocalories (median kcal 0.78 vs 0.59; P ≤ 0.0001) and median percentage of protein delivered (median protein 0.77 vs 0.59; P ≤ 0.0001) was higher for BGF patients. There was no difference in serial oxygen saturation index between groups.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated shorter time to achieve goal nutrition via BGF compared with CGF in MV pediatric patients. This resulted in increased delivery of target energy and nutrition. Further study is needed in other PICU populations.
A novel surface‐enhanced Raman scattering method for detecting fish pathogenic bacteria with Fe3O4@PEI nanocomposite and concentrated Au@Ag
Authors: Jia Nan , Xiong Yinran , Wang Ying , Lu Siqian , Zhang Ruoqiu , Kang Yan , Du Yiping
Published: December 2021

A label‐free and novel surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method has been studied to rapidly detect common fish pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, Edwardsiella piscicida, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida). The marriage of magnetic nanospheres (Fe3O4) with polyethylenimine (PEI) could trigger surface charge modifications of Fe3O4, making it effective to capture negatively charged bacteria. After the rapid bacterial capture procedure within 10 min, Au@Ag core‐shell bimetallic nanoparticles served as hotspot providers to facilitate the enhancement of biological Raman signals. The results demonstrated that the minimum detection limit of E. piscicida could be as low as 105 cfu/ml. The peak intensity at 1628 cm−1 (E. piscicida) showed a linear relationship with the logarithm of the bacterial concentration (R2 = 0.997). A mimic test was conducted by spiking E. piscicida into tap water. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was also harnessed to classify different types of fish bacteria. And the positive rates of the training set and the prediction set were 100% and 80%, respectively. The whole experimental procedure only takes 20 min. This method opens a new avenue for the rapid detection and identification of fish pathogenic bacteria.
Cruisers' intention of returning to European destinations: A regression analysis
Authors: Bruzzi Silvia , Benevolo Clara
Published: December 2021

Repeat visitation is regarded as a desirable phenomenon in destination marketing. This topic takes on a particular interest in cruise tourism, where the first visit may depend on the cruise itinerary. This paper investigates cruise passengers' intention to revisit European destinations. It is based on the results of a wider study conducted by the Costa Group, Deloitte, and the Universities of Genoa and Hamburg, which assesses the direct, indirect, and induced impact of the Costa Group and its supply chain in Europe. In this study, we developed an online questionnaire survey for guests who had cruised with Costa and AIDA ships in 2018 to 12 ports in six European countries. This paper focuses on the results of the questionnaire delivered to Costa cruisers (21,985 responders) to investigate their intention to return. We adopted a logistic regression and found that the probability of cruisers returning depends positively on factors such as the geographic area of residence, visit duration, and expenditure ashore. Our research suggests that cruises are drivers for land‐based tourism and fuel a desire among cruisers to revisit destinations. Finally, we present management recommendations for policymakers and destinations managers to develop win–win territorial marketing strategies with cruise industry.
NLRB Contemplates Increased Penalties for Labor Law Violations
Authors: Wich Scott
Published: December 2021

On November 10, 2021, the National Labor Relations Board announced that it is seeking public input to address “whether the Board should award consequential damages to make employees whole for economic losses and under what circumstances.” See Thyrv, Inc. 371 NLRB No. 37 (2021). Unions have long supported imposing more compensable costs than back pay with interest on employers who unlawfully terminate employees for protected activity. For example, it has been argued that credit card interest or costs for the repossession of a vehicle as a result of an unlawful termination should be awarded.
Identification of an embedded tumor using the thermography process and the topological sensitivity analysis method
Authors: Abdelwahed Mohamed , Chorfi Nejmeddine , Ghezaiel Emna
Published: December 2021

This work is concerned with a geometric inverse problem related to the thermography concept. The aim is the identification of the shape, size and location of a small embedded tumor from measured temperature on the skin surface. The temperature distribution in the biological tissue is governed by the Pennes model equation. Our proposed approach is based on the Kohn–Vogelius formulation and the topological sensitivity analysis method. The ill‐posed geometric inverse problem is reformulated as a topology optimization one. The topological gradient is exploited for locating the zone containing the embedded tumor. The size and shape of the infected zone are approximated using the solution of a scalar parameter estimate problem. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach are justified by some numerical simulations.
Educating Our Future Water Industry Experts
Authors: Cotton Karen
Published: December 2021

AWWA members understand that the work we do in the water industry is personal. We know at the end of every pipe is a family drinking, cooking, and cleaning with the water we treated, tested, and delivered to their home. Agriculture, manufacturing, health care, fire protection, and so much more also depend on us. To continue providing such vital services, it's critical to help grow the water industry's future talent.
Additive Manufacturing Supports Fire Protection
Authors: Nein Patrick
Published: December 2021

Additive manufacturing technology, what most people refer to as “3D printing,” is bringing products to market sooner, adding a splash of personalization and filling supply chain gaps.
Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Fabricated on Internal Shrinking Substrate
Authors: Dai Derek Shui Hong Siddhartha , Peng Boyu , Chen Ming , He Zhenfei , Leung Timothy Ka Wai , Chik Gary Kwok Ki , Fan Sufeng , Lu Yang , Chan Paddy K. L.
Published: December 2021

In the development of flexible organic field‐effect transistors (OFET), downsizing and reduction of the operating voltage are essential for achieving a high current density with a low operating power. Although the bias voltage of the OFETs can be reduced by a high‐k dielectric, achieving a threshold voltage close to zero remains a challenge. Moreover, the scaling down of OFETs demands the use of photolithography, and may lead to compatibility issues in organic semiconductors. Herein, a new strategy based on the ductile properties of organic semiconductors is developed to control the threshold voltage at close to zero while concurrently downsizing the OFETs. The OFETs are fabricated on prestressed polystyrene shrink film substrates at room temperature, then thermal energy (160 °C) is used to release the strain. The OFETs conformally attached to the wrinkled structure are shown to locally amplify the electric field. After shrinking, the horizontal device area is reduced by 75%, and the threshold voltage is decreased from −1.44 to −0.18 V, with a subthreshold swing of 74 mV dec−1 and intrinsic gain of 4.151 × 104. These results reveal that the shrink film can be generally used as a substrate for downsizing OFETs and improving their performance.
Surface‐Engineered Homostructure for Enhancing Proton Transport
Authors: Wang Faze , Hu Enyi , Wu Hao , Yousaf Muhammad , Jiang Zheng , Fang Li , Wang Jun , Kim Jung‐Sik , Zhu Bin
Published: December 2021

Ultra‐wide bandgap semiconductor samarium oxide attracts great interest because of its high stability and electronic properties. However, the ionic transport properties of Sm2O3 have rarely been studied. In this work, Ni doping is proposed to be used for electronic structure engineering of Sm2O3. The formation of Ni‐doping defects lowers the Fermi level to induce a local electric field, which greatly enhances the proton transport at the surface. Furthermore, ascribed to surface modification, the high concentration of vacancies and lattice disorder on the surface layer promote proton transport. A high‐performance of 1438 mW cm–2 and ionic conductivity of 0.34 S cm–1 at 550 °C have been achieved using 3% mol Ni doped Sm2O3 as electrolyte for fuel cells. The well‐dispersed Ni doped surface in Sm2O3 builds up continuous surfaces as proton channels for high‐speed transport. In this work, a new methodology is presented to develop high‐performance, low‐temperature ceramic fuel cells.
Characterization and regulatory mechanism analysis of VvmiR156a–VvAGL80 pair during grapevine flowering and parthenocarpy process induced by gibberellin
Authors: Su Ziwen , Xuan Xuxian , Sheng Zilu , Wang Fei , Zhang Xiaowen , Ye Dongdong , Wang Xicheng , Dong Tianyu , Pei Dan , Zhang Peian , Fang Jinggui , Wang Chen
Published: December 2021

MicroRNA156 (miR156) is an important conserved miRNA family in plants. Recently, we revealed VvmiR156a could involve in the modulation of gibberellin (GA)‐mediated flower and berry development process of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). However, how to manipulate this process is unclear. For this, we used the GA‐induced grapevine parthenocarpy system to investigate the regulatory roles of VvmiR156a during this process. Here, we cloned the mature and precursor sequences of VvmiR156a in Wink grape and identified its potential target gene VvAGL80, which belongs to the MADS‐box gene family. Moreover, using RNA ligase‐mediated 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM‐RACE) and poly(A)polymerase‐mediated 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA (PPM‐RACE) technologies, it confirmed that VvAGL80 was the true target gene of VvmiR159a. Analysis of promoter cis‐elements and β‐glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that both VvmiR156a and VvAGL80 contained GA‐responsive elements and could respond to GA treatments. Quantitative real‐time–polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analysis exhibited the VvmiR156a and VvAGL80 showed opposite expression trends during grapevine flower and berry development, indicating that VvmiR156a negatively regulated the expression of VvAGL80 during this process. After GA treatment, the expression of miR156 in flowers was downregulated significantly, while that of VvAGL80 was upregulated, thereby accelerating grapevine flowering. Furthermore, GA treatment enhanced the negative regulation of VvmiR156a on VvAGL80 in seed, especially at the seed‐coat hardening stage, which was the key period of seed growth and development. Our findings enriched the knowledge of the regulatory mechanism of the miRNA‐mediated grapevine parthenocarpy process.
A national open‐access research registry to improve recruitment to clinical studies
Authors: Kotting Piers , Smith Adam , O'Hare Megan B. , Giebel Clarissa , Mendis Lakshini , Shaw Clare , Shillito Imogen , Rossor Martin N.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Barriers to recruitment for dementia studies are well documented. As part of the UK government's Dementia 2020 strategy, a nationally consistent system to increase public engagement and participation in research was launched in February 2015.

Methods

We describe the development of the “Join Dementia Research” registry, including evolution of policy, involvement of people with dementia in co‐production, data requirements, governance, technology, and the impact on study recruitment and what factors may have contributed to the services success.

Results

The UK‐wide online, telephone, and postal service has registered 47,071 volunteers, with 33,139 people (67.9% of all volunteers) taking part in 378 studies, with 49,954 total study enrolments. This has taken place across 295 research sites, involved 1522 researchers, and resulted in 134 peer‐reviewed publications.

Discussion

Public registries of individuals interested in research, with user‐provided data enabling basic phenotyping, are effective at increasing public engagement with research and removing barriers to study recruitment. Deeper pheno/genotyping could be undertaken to improve matching, but how and when that information is collected will be a key factor.
Global Authenticity, Local Authority: Epistemic Power, Discursive Geographies, and the Creation of Civil Society Knowledge Networks
Authors: Fouksman E.
Published: December 2021

How do networks of civil society organizations spread and contest ideas around the globe? This chapter focuses the ways practitioners within development-focused civil society organizations use spatial discursive practices to label, organize, defend, and undermine the spread and application of ideas. In particular, I look at the way members of civil society organizations defend and promote ideas as authentic and/or authoritative, navigating the need to have their knowledge and practices accepted both by beneficiaries and elite international epistemic communities. I draw on ethnographic fieldwork with two multi-sited case studies of civil society organizations, ranging from global foundations in the USA and Switzerland to their national and regional NGO partners in Kenya and Kyrgyzstan. Actors in both of these networks defend a varied array of ideas that underpin their ecological interventions through invocations of local particularity and global expertise. This chapter thus addresses the ways epistemic communities are formed and knowledge is produced and legitimized via discursive geographies and identities.
Transport Modes and the Green Economy
Authors: Nethengwe Nthaduleni Sam
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides empirical evidence regarding the various transport modes and the green economy in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Issues pertaining to green transport, strategies for implementation and any challenges associated with the transition towards green transport are grounded on empirical research conducted in the province. In South Africa, transitioning to a green economy is envisioned as a vital means to respond to critical development challenges that the country is facing and will continue to face in the near future. Many of these challenges are intertwined and they range from high levels of unemployment, poverty and inequality, to energy, security and climate change. The transition to a greener economy is articulated in the national development policy through a series of frameworks, strategies, policies and Acts which all enshrine sustainability or the notion of making the South African economy greener (Department of Environment Affairs (2016) . However, the implementation of green transport in general and particularly in the Limpopo province, is still in the infancy stage.
Conclusion
Authors: Odiyo John Ogony , Bikam Peter Bitta , Chakwizira James
Published: December 2021

Transition to green economy and transport is crucial to reduce environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions and climate change in South Africa. However, the challenges associated with the transition present opportunities for innovation and mitigation within the green economy and transport sector. Green economy and transport sector initiatives have the potential to address economic and environmental challenges and open new sources of growth.
Boomerang webs up to three-loop order
Authors: Gardi Einan , Harley Mark , Lodin Rebecca , Palusa Martina , Smillie Jennifer M. , White Chris D. , Yeomans Stephanie
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Webs are sets of Feynman diagrams which manifest soft gluon exponentiation in gauge theory scattering amplitudes: individual webs contribute to the logarithm of the amplitude and their ultraviolet renormalization encodes its infrared structure. In this paper, we consider the particular class of boomerang webs, consisting of multiple gluon exchanges, but where at least one gluon has both of its endpoints on the same Wilson line. First, we use the replica trick to prove that diagrams involving self-energy insertions along the Wilson line do not contribute to the web, i.e. their exponentiated colour factor vanishes. Consequently boomerang webs effectively involve only integrals where boomerang gluons straddle one or more gluons that connect to other Wilson lines. Next we classify and calculate all boomerang webs involving semi-infinite non-lightlike Wilson lines up to three-loop order, including a detailed discussion of how to regulate and renormalize them. Furthermore, we show that they can be written using a basis of specific harmonic polylogarithms, that has been conjectured to be sufficient for expressing all multiple gluon exchange webs. However, boomerang webs differ from other gluon-exchange webs by featuring a lower and non-uniform transcendental weight. We cross-check our results by showing how certain boomerang webs can be determined by the so-called collinear reduction of previously calculated webs. Our results are a necessary ingredient of the soft anomalous dimension for non-lightlike Wilson lines at three loops.
Complexity from spinning primaries
Authors: de Mello Koch Robert , Kim Minkyoo , Van Zyl Hendrik J. R.
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We define circuits given by unitary representations of Lorentzian conformal field theory in 3 and 4 dimensions. Our circuits start from a spinning primary state, allowing us to generalize formulas for the circuit complexity obtained from circuits starting from scalar primary states. These results are nicely reproduced in terms of the geometry of coadjoint orbits of the conformal group. In contrast to the complexity geometry obtained from scalar primary states, the geometry is more complicated and the existence of conjugate points, signaling the saturation of complexity, remains open.
Deutschlandweite Befragung der Lehrbeauftragten in der Augenheilkunde zur studentischen Lehre in der Corona-Pandemie 2020/21
Authors: Engel Anna L. , Müller Andreas , Spät Helene , Kurz Sandra , Hoffmann Esther M.
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund

Die Corona-Pandemie hat einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Bedingungen der universitären studentischen Lehre. Durch die pandemiebedingten Kontaktbeschränkungen kamen vielerorts digitale Lehrformate anstatt der bisherigen Präsenzlehre zum Einsatz. Diese wurde im Sommersemester 2020 durch die Studierenden in bisher vorliegenden Veröffentlichungen teils schon gut angenommen und positiv evaluiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Hauptaugenmerk auf die Erfahrungen und Einschätzungen der Lehrenden in der Augenheilkunde während des Wintersemesters 2020/21 gelegt.

Methodik

Anhand zweier anonymisierter Befragungen mittels Online-Fragebögen wurden zum einen die Lehrbeauftragten der Augenheilkunde der deutschen Universitätskliniken sowie zum anderen interne und externe Dozierende und Mitarbeitende in der studentischen Lehre der Augenklinik der Universitätsmedizin Mainz zu ihren Erfahrungen mit der Implementierung der digitalen Lehre befragt.

Ergebnisse

Hierbei gaben 95 % der Lehrbeauftragten der Augenkliniken der Universitätskliniken in Deutschland an, spätestens seit der Corona-Pandemie digitale Lehrkonzepte etabliert zu haben. Bei 68 % kamen Hybridformate mit anteiliger Präsenzlehre zum Einsatz. Es wurden vielfältige Lehrformate angewendet. Hierbei traten auch Schwierigkeiten, insbesondere in der Interaktion mit den Studierenden sowie durch unzureichende technische Ausstattung der Kliniken, auf. Trotz überwiegend digitaler Lehre wurden weiterhin erprobte Prüfungskonzepte in Präsenzform angewendet, nur 18 % der Befragten gaben an, Online-Prüfungen durchgeführt zu haben. Künftig wollen 86 % der Befragten digitale Formate in ihre Lehrkonzepte integrieren und als Ergänzung der bisherigen Präsenzlehre etablieren.

Diskussion

Die Entwicklung der studentischen Lehre während der Corona-Pandemie kann als Chance für die Gestaltung der zukünftigen Ausbildung von Medizinstudierenden in der Augenheilkunde dienen.
Pollinator enhancement in agriculture: comparing sown flower strips, hedges and sown hedge herb layers in apple orchards
Authors: von Königslöw Vivien , Fornoff Felix , Klein Alexandra-Maria
Published: December 2021

In intensive agricultural landscapes semi-natural habitats for pollinators are often limited, although willingness to establish pollinator habitat is increasing among farmers. A common pollinator enhancement measure is to provide flower strips, but existent or improved hedgerows might be more effective. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of three pollinator enhancement measures at edges of conventional apple orchards: (i) perennial flower strips, (ii) existent hedgerows, and (iii) existent hedgerows complemented with a sown herb layer. We used orchard edges without any enhancement as control. The study took place over three consecutive years in Southern Germany. Wild bee abundance and species richness were highest in flower strips followed by improved hedges. Hoverflies were also most abundant in flower strips, but not more species rich than at control sites. Wild bee but not hoverfly community composition differed between control and enhancement sites. The overall pollinator community included only few threatened or specialized species. Flower abundance was the main driver for wild bee diversity, whereas hoverflies were largely unaffected by floral resources. Pollinator enhancement had neither an effect on the abundance or species richness within the orchards nor on apple flower visitation. Perennial flower strips seem most effective to enhance wild bees in intensive agricultural landscapes. Additionally, flower-rich hedgerows should be promoted to complement flower strips by extending the flowering period and to increase connectivity of pollinator habitat in agricultural landscapes.
A MXene-Based Bionic Cascaded-Enzyme Nanoreactor for Tumor Phototherapy/Enzyme Dynamic Therapy and Hypoxia-Activated Chemotherapy
Authors: Zhang Xiaoge , Cheng Lili , Lu Yao , Tang Junjie , Lv Qijun , Chen Xiaomei , Chen You , Liu Jie
Published: December 2021

The enzyme-mediated elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tumor sites has become an emerging strategy for regulating intracellular redox status for anticancer treatment. Herein, we proposed a camouflaged bionic cascaded-enzyme nanoreactor based on Ti3C2 nanosheets for combined tumor enzyme dynamic therapy (EDT), phototherapy and deoxygenation-activated chemotherapy. Briefly, glucose oxidase (GOX) and chloroperoxidase (CPO) were chemically conjugated onto Ti3C2 nanosheets, where the deoxygenation-activated drug tirapazamine (TPZ) was also loaded, and the Ti3C2-GOX-CPO/TPZ (TGCT) was embedded into nanosized cancer cell-derived membrane vesicles with high-expressed CD47 (meTGCT). Due to biomimetic membrane camouflage and CD47 overexpression, meTGCT exhibited superior immune escape and homologous targeting capacities, which could effectively enhance the tumor preferential targeting and internalization. Once internalized into tumor cells, the cascade reaction of GOX and CPO could generate HClO for efficient EDT. Simultaneously, additional laser irradiation could accelerate the enzymic-catalytic reaction rate and increase the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). Furthermore, local hypoxia environment with the oxygen depletion by EDT would activate deoxygenation-sensitive prodrug for additional chemotherapy. Consequently, meTGCT exhibits amplified synergistic therapeutic effects of tumor phototherapy, EDT and chemotherapy for efficient tumor inhibition. This intelligent cascaded-enzyme nanoreactor provides a promising approach to achieve concurrent and significant antitumor therapy.
Open-source multi-purpose sensor for measurements in continuous capillary flow
Authors: Höving Stefan , Bobers Jens , Kockmann Norbert
Published: December 2021

Limited applicability and scarce availability of analytical equipment for micro- and millifluidic applications, which are of high interest in research and development, complicate process development, control, and monitoring. The low-cost sensor presented in this work is a modular, fast, non-invasive, multi-purpose, and easy to apply solution for detecting phase changes and concentrations of optically absorbing substances in single and multi-phase capillary flow. It aims at generating deeper insight into existing processes in fields of (bio-)chemical and reaction engineering. The scope of this work includes the application of the sensor to residence time measurements in a heat exchanger, a tubular reactor for concentration measurements, a tubular crystallizer for suspension detection, and a pipetting robot for flow automation purposes. In all presented applications either the level of automation has been increased or more information on the investigated system has been gained. Further applications are explained to be realized in the near future.

Article highlights

• An affordable multipurpose sensor for phase differentiation, concentration measurements, and process automation has been developed and characterized

• The sensor is easily modified and can be applied to various tubular reaction/process units for analytical and automation purposes

• Simple integration into existing process control systems is possible

Graphical abstract
Geochemical and Biogeochemical Reaction Modeling
Authors: Bethke Craig M.
Published: December 2021

An indispensable primer and reference textbook, the third edition of Geochemical and Biogeochemical Reaction Modeling carries the reader from the field's origins and theoretical underpinnings through to a collection of fully worked examples. A clear exposition of the underlying equations and calculation techniques is balanced by real-world example calculations. The book depicts geochemical reaction modeling as a vibrant field of study applicable to a wide spectrum of issues of scientific, practical, and societal concern. The new edition offers a thorough description of surface complexation modeling, including two- and three-layer methods; broader treatment of kinetic rate laws; the effect of stagnant zones on transport; and techniques for determining gas partial pressures. This handbook demystifies and makes broadly accessible an elegant technique for portraying chemical processes in the geosphere. It will again prove to be invaluable for geochemists, environmental scientists and engineers, aqueous and surface chemists, microbiologists, university teachers, and government regulators.
The Charismatic Organization: Vision 2000 and Corporate Change in a State-Owned Organization
Authors: Barton Ruth , Mees Bernard
Published: December 2021

British Telecom’s 1984 partial privatization set in motion the privatization and deregulation of many international state-owned telecommunications carriers. Most previous research on the privatization and deregulation of state-owned telecommunications carriers has focused on the economic outcomes. However, this was also a time of changes in managerial practice and thinking influenced by organizational theory. This article presents an analysis of the use of the prescriptions of Rosabeth Kanter in the attempted reform of the organizational culture of Australia’s largest business in the 1980s: the government-owned telecommunications monopoly Telecom Australia (now Telstra). It details the attempt to transform Telecom under the incipient threat of the introduction of competition to the telecommunications market and demonstrates how the country’s largest change management program, Vision 2000, represented an alternative approach to telecommunications reform.
Open capillary siphons
Authors: Wang Kaizhe , Sanaei Pejman , Zhang Jun , Ristroph Leif
Published: December 2021

Flow in the inverted U-shaped tube of a conventional siphon can be established and maintained only if the tube is filled and closed, so that air does not enter. We report on siphons that operate entirely open to the atmosphere by exploiting surface tension effects. Such capillary siphoning is demonstrated by paper tissue that bridges two containers and conveys water from the upper to the lower. We introduce a more controlled system consisting of grooves in a wetting solid, formed here by pressing together hook-shaped metallic rods. The dependence of flux on siphon geometry is systematically measured, revealing behaviour different from the conventional siphon. The flux saturates when the height difference between the two container's free surfaces is large; it also has a strong dependence on the climbing height from the source container's free surface to the apex. A one-dimensional theoretical model is developed, taking into account the capillary pressure due to surface tension, pressure loss due to viscous friction, and driving by gravity. Numerical solutions are in good agreement with experiments, and the model suggests hydraulic interpretations for the observed flux dependence on geometrical parameters. The operating principle and characteristics of capillary siphoning revealed here can inform biological phenomena and engineering applications related to directional fluid transport.
Some Scholars' Views on Reburial
Authors: Meighan Clement W.
Published: December 2021

[T]here is something inherently distasteful and unseemly in secreting either the fruits or seeds of scientific endeavors.

Judge Bruce S. Jenkins (quoted in Palca 1991:884)

Destruction of archaeological collections through the demands for reburial presents a serious conflict between religion and science. Archaeologists should not deal with these matters by "compromise" alone, but must sustain their rights and duties as scholars.
The international politics of truth: C. Wright Mills and the sociology of the international
Authors: Mabee Bryan
Published: December 2021

C. Wright Mills's critical work on international relations is well known, but is often dismissed as being unscholarly, reductionist, and overly polemical. However, seeing the work in the context of his earlier career can allow for a new perspective, with Mills's activist views on war and militarism shaped very clearly by his earlier theoretical and political commitments. Mills developed a distinctive political sociological understanding of international politics, theorising the state as a historically-situated structural determinant of international power: a network of elite power that was contextualised by the influence of the socially constructed realities of the international created by elites. Mills's crucial critical contribution was to see the role of the intellectual as criticising these realities through the imaginative reconceptualisation of the world, which he called the ‘politics of truth’. The article argues the international politics of truth was not only Mills's distinctive theory of the international, but that it was clearly supported by his early theorisation of the international. A revised view of the importance of Mills's international relations work can help to situate Mills as part of a broader tradition of IR scholarship, a lost lineage of the critical historical and political sociology of the international.