bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of two-stage experiments in animal studies
Authors: Horgan G.W.
Published: January 2005

Two-stage experiments allow results to be analysed at the end of the first stage and the second stage to be omitted if the preliminary conclusions are clear-cut. They thus offer the potential to reduce the number of experimental animals. However, using standard P values to assess the significance of results at the end of either stage will lead to an increase in risk of false positive conclusions. This paper provides a possible protocol for two-stage experiments and a method for adjusting P values. It is shown that, for experiments with reasonable power (>80%), the expected reduction in animal numbers will be at least 20%.
Haematological data for Matsumoto Eosinophilic Shinshu rats as determined by an automated haematology analyser
Authors: Muto S. , Kawakubo M. , Matsushita N. , Maeda N. , Momose Y. , Matsumoto K.
Published: January 2005

The Matsumoto Eosinophilic Shinshu (MES) rat originated from an inbred mutant colony of rats with spontaneous eosinophilia. As part of an investigation of the pathogenesis of the MES rat, we examined the haematology data for 106 males and 88 females and age-associated changes using an automated haematology analyser, flow cytometric analysis and morphological examination. The data at 10 weeks of age showed the MES rats had higher counts for eosinophils and neutrophils, slightly higher counts for lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and large unstained cells (LUCs), and slightly lower values for the erythrocytic parameters when compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In data for MES rats aged 8 to 20 weeks, eosinophil counts increased with age up to 20 weeks together with some increased neutrophil counts. After 11 weeks of age, counts for lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and LUCs in the MES rats were also slightly increased. In female MES rats, flow cytometric analysis showed increased counts for pan-T+ cells, but blasts, abnormal granulocytes and lymphocytes were not detected morphologically. The MES rat characterized by the haematological findings could be a useful animal model for studies of hypereosinophilia.
Growth differences of male and female Göttingen minipigs during ad libitum feeding: a pilot study
Authors: Bollen P.J.A. , Madsen L.W. , Meyer O. , Ritskes-Hoitinga J.
Published: January 2005

Even though minipigs have been used in biomedical research for nearly half a century now, no specific nutrient requirements are available. For that reason a series of studies into the nutrient requirements of Göttingen minipigs were carried out. Firstly, a pilot study was carried out to determine the ad libitum feed intake (FI) during growth, as a reference for later feed restriction studies. Four male and four female minipigs were fed two types of diet, one standard pig diet (20.6% crude protein; 11.7% crude fat; 13.5 mJ/kg DM metabolizable energy) and one diet specially designed for minipigs (12.0% crude protein; 2.9% crude fat; 11.9 MJ/kg DM metabolizable energy). When fed ad libitum for 13 weeks, female Göttingen minipigs developed a significantly ( P <0.05) higher body weight (BW) than males (27.4 vs 16.6 kg) on either diet. The large difference in growth between male and female Göttingen minipigs did not appear to be the result from differences in metabolizable energy intake. Metabolizable energy intake of male and female Göttingen minipigs could be predicted by ME = 1877 kJ × BW0.61. Both male and female Göttingen minipigs became obese when fed ad libitum, defined by relative backfat thickness. Relative backfat thickness ranged from 5 to 13 cm/100 kg. Females had thicker relative backfat layers than males. Remarkably, no large changes in haematology and clinical chemistry occurred in ad libitum fed Göttingen minipigs as compared to reference values, and no abnormalities other than enlarged fat reserves were observed at necropsy. Apparently, Göttingen minipigs do not restrain FI voluntarily, and restricted feeding is therefore indicated to prevent obesity.
Differentiation of mouse hepatitis virus genotypes by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
Authors: Nakamura N. , Yoshizumi S. , Urano T. , Ohsugi T.
Published: January 2005

Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) amplification of the nucleocapsid (N) gene of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) successfully detected 36 strains from the faeces of mice that had been housed in animal facilities in Japan from 2000 to 2003. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, using the enzymes Acc I, Alu I, EcoR I and Mbo I, demonstrated that these strains could be divided into five distinct subgroups and that the same MHV strains were detected from closely related mouse facilities. Furthermore, strains from the same facility showed the same RFLP pattern, irrespective of the year of detection, but this pattern varied between different locations. This study shows that RFLP analyses are a rapid and useful method for differentiation of MHV strains.
Absorbencies of six different rodent beddings: commercially advertised absorbencies are potentially misleading
Authors: Burn C.C. , Mason G.J.
Published: January 2005

Moisture absorbency is one of the most important characteristics of rodent beddings for controlling bacterial growth and ammonia production. However, bedding manufacturers rarely provide information on the absorbencies of available materials, and even when they do, absorption values are usually expressed per unit mass of bedding. Since beddings are usually placed into cages to reach a required depth rather than a particular mass, their volumetric absorbencies are far more relevant. This study therefore compared the saline absorbencies of sawdust, aspen woodchips, two virgin loose pulp beddings (Alpha-Dri™ and Omega-Dri™), reclaimed wood pulp (Tek-Fresh™), and corncob, calculated both by volume and by mass. Absorbency per unit volume correlated positively with bedding density, while absorbency per unit mass correlated negatively. Therefore, the relative absorbencies of the beddings were almost completely reversed depending on how absorbency was calculated. By volume, corncob was the most absorbent bedding, absorbing about twice as much saline as Tek-Fresh, the least absorbent bedding. Conversely, when calculated by mass, Tek-Fresh appeared to absorb almost three times as much saline as the corncob. Thus, in practical terms the most absorbent bedding here was corncob, followed by the loose pulp beddings; and this is generally supported by their relatively low ammonia production as seen in previous studies. Many factors other than absorbency determine whether a material is suitable as a rodent bedding, and they are briefly mentioned here. However, manufacturers should provide details of bedding absorbencies in terms of volume, in order to help predict the relative absorbencies of the beddings in practical situations.
Description of a technique for anaesthetizing pregnant ewes for fetal surgery
Authors: Webster V.L. , Cara D.M. , Walker R.M. , Ramsay M.M. , Aitkenhead A.R.
Published: January 2005

General anaesthesia in 12 pregnant ewes undergoing surgery for fetal physiological research was supplemented with an intravenous infusion of remifentanil. This allowed us to employ a lighter plane of surgical anaesthesia and to use intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Our aim was to improve fetomaternal outcome. We monitored maternal pulse, blood pressure, transcutaneous oxygen saturation and end-tidal carbon dioxide levels. Remifentanil doses of 0.75–2.0 μg/kg/min were needed and typically this allowed halothane concentrations of 1–1.5% to be used for maintenance of anaesthesia. Surgery lasted up to 2.5 h. All 12 ewes and their singleton fetuses survived the peri- and postoperative period in good condition.
The Use of Renewable Energy Sources for Energy in Turkey and Potential Trends
Authors: Balat Mustafa
Published: January 2005

The aim of this paper is to investigate to use of renewable sources in Turkey. Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and its population. In parallel, its demand for energy, particularly for electricity, is increasing fast. Energy is one of Turkey's most important development priorities. Turkey also has a large potential for renewable energies. The most important renewable sources for Turkey's energy sector are solar in its various forms, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal. Turkey's geographic location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources. The amount of annual biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 32 mtoe. Turkey has a gross annual hydro potential of 433,000 GWh, which is almost 1% of world total potential. Currently, wind power capacity in Turkey is around 19 MW, with units located all over the country. Turkey's solar energy potential has estimated to be 26.4 million toes as thermal and 8.8 million toes as electricity and geothermal potential is about 38,000 MW.
Producing Hydrogen from Biomass via Non-Conventional Processes
Authors: Demirbas M. Fatih
Published: January 2005

The objective of this study was to assess the scientific and engineering advancements of producing hydrogen from biomass via non-conventional processes. This article updates the developments of various hydrogen-production processes from biomass. Main studied non-conventional processes for hydrogen production from bioimass are redox process for biomass derived syngas conversion, hydrogen from biomass via concentrated solar radiation, microbial fermentation of biomass, and hydrogen from gasification of biomass via supercritical fluid extraction. The production of renewable hydrogen from biomass as a renewable resource requires a co-product strategy to compete with conventional production of hydrogen from the steam reforming of natural gas.
Adsorption and Movement of Cypermethrin on Indian Soils Amended with Cationic, Non-Ionic and Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Singh R.P. , Singh Ritu
Published: January 2005

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the adsorption and movement of cypermethrin on surfactant-free (natural) and surfactant-amended soils at different micelle concentrations (below the CMC, at the CMC and above the CMC) using batch equilibrium and soil TLC techniques. The measured equilibrium adsorption isotherms for both surfactant-free and surfactant-amended soils were of type C and in close agreement with the Freundlich isotherm. Higher adsorption of cypermethrin in both types of system was observed on silt loam soil than on sandy loam soil as anticipated by the values obtained for the Freundlich constant, KF, and the partition coefficient, KD.

The values of KF and KD confirmed that cypermethrin adsorption on surfactant-amended soils followed the order cationic > non-ionic > anionic under all CMC conditions studied. The KF and KD values also confirmed that cypermethrin adsorption was higher on soils amended with surfactants maintained below the CMC, while lower values of KF and KD confirmed the lower adsorption of cypermethrin on soils amended with both non-ionic and anionic surfactants maintained at or above the CMC value relative to the situation with surfactant-free soils. The higher values of KF and KD showed that the adsorption of cypermethrin increased on soils amended with CTAB when the latter was at or above the CMC value relative to surfactant-free soils.

The Rf values obtained from soil TLC studies were inversely proportional to the KF and KD values for both surfactant-free and surfactant-amended soils. The affinity of cypermethrin towards the organic carbon and clay content of the soils was evaluated by calculating the Koc and KD values, when it was found that the affinity of cypermethrin was better correlated with the clay content of the soils than with their organic carbon content. The results obtained are interesting in that they afford basic data resulting to the possible use of surfactants for solving problems of soil contamination posed by cypermethrin.
Study of the Adsorption Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Lipoic Acid onto Three Types of Resin
Authors: Ruixia Wei , Jinlong Chen , Lianlong Chen , Zheng-Hao Fei , Ai-Min Li , Quanxing Zhang
Published: January 2005

The adsorption of lipoic acid on three different types of resin was compared. Studies of the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of lipoic acid onto XAD-4, NDA-100 and ND-90 resins were carried out via static experiments. The results showed that the polar groups and micropore ranges associated with the resins played a significant role in the adsorption of lipoic acid. Such processes were exothermic and involved physical adsorption. The adsorption of lipoic acid onto XAD-4 resin corresponded to the formation of a Langmuir monolayer, with the adsorption velocity appearing to follow first-order kinetics. The adsorption data of lipoic acid onto NDA-100 and ND-90 resins were also well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm, which was associated with capillary condensation and volume filling of micropores besides monolayer adsorption. In contrast, the adsorption of lipoic acid onto NDA-100 and ND-90 resins involved two pore ranges: macropore + mesopore and micropore. The adsorption velocities for the two ranges followed first-order kinetics.
Activated Carbon Fibres of Different Cross-Sectional Morphologies
Authors: Miyamoto Jun-Ichi , Kanoh Hirofumi , Matsumoto Atsushi , Shinohara Ken-Ichi , Nakahigashi Yoshitaka , Kaneko Katsumi
Published: January 2005

Three kinds of activated carbon fibre (ACF) having different shapes were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Their cross-sectional morphologies were Y-shaped, asterisk-shaped and circular. The micropore structures of these ACF samples were determined by aS-plots from the nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K. Analysis of the aS-plots showed that despite these ACFs having a non-circular cross-section, they retained their uniform microporosity similar to that of a conventional ACF with a circular cross-section.
Adsorption and Chromatographic Separation of Mo(VI) and Zr(IV) Ions from a High-Concentration Oxalic Acid Solution by a Macroporous Silica-Based N,N,N′,N′-Tetraoctyl-3-Oxapentane-1,5-Diamide Polymeric Adsorbent
Authors: Zhang Anyun , Wei Yuezhou , Hoshi Harutaka , Kumagai Mikio
Published: January 2005

To separate Mo(VI) and Zr(IV) ions from a 0.5 M oxalic acid solution and from each other, a novel macroporous silica-based N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamide (TODGA) chelating polymeric adsorbent (TODGA/SiO2-P) was synthesized by introducing the TODGA molecule into ca. 50-μm diameter SiO2-P particles by impregnation. The adsorption of Mo(VI) and Zr(IV) ions onto TODGA/SiO2-P was investigated by examining the influence of nitric acid and oxalic acid concentrations.

It was found that the adsorption was strongly affected by increasing the HNO3 concentration from 0.5 M to 9.0 M either with or without the addition of 0.5 M H2C2O4. In the absence of 0.5 M H2C2O4, the distribution coefficients (Kd) of both Mo(VI) and Zr(IV) ions decreased with an increase in the HNO3 concentration from 0.5 M to 3.0 M, increased slowly when the concentration of HNO3 was increased further from 3.0 M to 6.0 M, and then increased gradually above 6.0 M concentration. Furthermore, the adsorption of Zn(IV) ions onto TODGA/SiO2-P was considerably greater than that of Mo(VI) ions. In the presence of 0.5 M H2C2O4, Zr(IV) ions showed no adsorption at HNO3 concentrations below 4.0 M, being partly adsorbed in the presence of 4.0–6.0 M HNO3 and fully adsorbed when the HNO3 concentration was greater than 6.0 M. In contrast, Mo(VI) ions showed a much lower adsorption at HNO3 concentrations below 2.0 M and no adsorption above this acid level. In the presence of HNO3 at a concentration above 6.0 M and containing 0.5 M H2C2O4, the adsorption of Zr(IV) ions overlapped that from a similar HNO3 solution which did not include 0.5 M H2C2O4. This was attributed to complete protonation of the C2O2−2 anion.

On the basis of batch experiments, Mo(VI) and Zr(IV) ions were separated from a 6.5 M HNO3 solution containing 0.5 M H2C2O4 by means of a column packed with TODGA/SiO2-P at 50°C. The separate components, Mo(VI) and Zr(IV), could be effectively separated from each other by eluting with some selected eluants. The recovery percentage was 100.5% for Mo(VI) ions and 96.8% for Zr(IV) ions.
Factors Affecting the Activity and Selectivity of Alumina Catalysts in the Dehydration of 1-Butanol
Authors: Ashour Sheikha S.
Published: January 2005

Alumina catalysts A1, A2 and A3 calcined at 873 K, 973 K and 1073 K, respectively, were prepared. The textural properties (surface area and porosity) of these catalysts were determined from nitrogen adsorption studies at 77 K. The acidity (acid amount, acid strength and surface acid density) was determined from the thermal desorption of chemisorbed pyridine. The catalysts were employed in the conversion of 1-butanol at 473–548 K.

The surface area and total pore volume decreased and the mean pore radius increased as the calcination temperature increased, while the amount of acid and the surface acid density also depended on the calcination temperature. The conversion of 1-butanol gave 1-butene and dibutyl ether as dehydration products and 2-butenes and isobutene as isomerization products. The acid sites on the alumina catalysts were of different strength, thereby explaining the bifunctionality of these catalysts. The reaction temperature and the flow rate of carrier gas contributed to the performance of alumina catalysts towards the conversion of 1-butanol, and possibly of other alcohols.
Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Properties of Silica Surfaces Modified with Metal Oxides and Polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Dyachenko A.G. , Borysenko M.V. , Pakhovchyshyn S.V.
Published: January 2005

Microcalorimetry and measurements of the contact angle of water were performed to investigate the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of silica surfaces modified with metal oxides and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) at 20–500°C. Fumed silicas whose surfaces contained grafted oxygen compounds of metals were used as adsorbents, with VOCl3, CrO2Cl2, TiCl4, SnCl4, AlCl3 and Zn(acac)2 vapours being applied as modifiers. It was found that the hydrophobic coating of silicas modified with metal oxides and PDMS (8–40 wt%) was stable over the temperature range 100–350°C. With a titania coating, the hydrophobic properties were retained at temperatures up to 500°C for an adsorbed polymer content of 20–40 wt%.
Studies on Wind-Induced and Vortex-Induced Dynamic Response of Membrane Structures
Authors: Wang Jimin , Sun Bingnan
Published: January 2005

The effects of added mass on structural vibration are generally neglected in the study of responses of common wind-induced vibration. But for such long-span flexible roofs as membrane structures, the vortex-induced vibration due to the vibration induced by added mass cannot be ignored. Based on the characteristics of the wind loads and responses of membrane structures, the thin airfoil aerodynamic theory is applied to calculate air inertia load of the membrane structures for unsteady flows in this paper. Vortex method is used to derive the formula of added mass of membrane and the theoretical results are gained for the first time. Some useful results are obtained through analyzing the effects of inertial load caused by the added mass on dynamic response properties of membrane structures. It is shown that numerical predictions based on this paper are in good agreement with aeroelastic model experiments.
Foldable Systems Based on Bundle Modules with Quadrangular Base
Authors: Gutiérrez Emilio Martín , Valcárcel Juan P.
Published: January 2005

The foldable systems for structural applications can be constituted by means of certain basis units. One of them is called “truss module with quadrangular base”, which is basically formed by four bars rotating around a piece of central connection, and which could include other additional elements to facilitate its stability or incorporate possible solutions for the covering. The present work describes the generation processes necessary for configuring frameworks from the mentioned module and analyses its behaviour during the unfolding process and in the service conditions.
Multi-Dimensional Pseudo Excitation Method for Nonstationary Random Seismic Analysis of Spatial Lattice Shells
Authors: Xue S. D. , Wang X. S. , Cao Z.
Published: January 2005

Lattice shell is a type of spatial structure whose vibrations are dominated by both horizontal and vertical motion. In this paper, a multidimensional pseudo excitation method is developed for nonstationary random seismic analysis of structures under multi-support and multi-dimensional earthquake excitations, in which the phase lags between the excitations have been involved. Mathematical formulations are derived. A method of evaluating peak responses is recommended. Multi-dimensional seismic random models are discussed. A random vibration analysis is performed for a double-layer cylindrical lattice shell to investigate its seismic performance. It is shown that the developed method is a highly efficient algorithm, which can easily solve the nonstationary problem of large structures under multi-support and multidimensional earthquake excitations.
Influence of Gliding Cable Joint on Mechanical Behavior of Suspen-Dome Structures
Authors: Cui X.Q. , Guo Y.L.
Published: January 2005

As a new type of spatial structure system, a suspen-dome structure shows good mechanical behavior, because its cable layers with pre-stress do not only improve the stability and stiffness of the top lattice shell of the structure but also decrease the push-out forces to its hoop beam. There are two kinds of connection forms on the common joints among hoop cable, radial cable and struts. One is continuous gliding cable joint where individual cable can move independently at the same joint, and the other one is no-gliding cable joint (discontinuous cable joint) where different cables at the same joint move in the same direction. These two forms will lead to different structural behavior, such as internal force distribution of cable layers when the structure is subjected to half-span loads. In this paper, frozen-heated method (FHM) is employed to analyze this problem. And, the results obtained show that the first joint form can adjust internal forces and decrease the peak value of internal forces of hoop cables and radial cables, while it has little influence on the mechanical behavior of the top lattice shell of the structure.
Proposed Equations of Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) for Gap Tubular K-Joints Subjected to Bending Load
Authors: Shao Yong-Bo
Published: January 2005

In this paper, geometrical and numerical modelling for tubular K-joints has been presented. Stress concentration factors (SCFs) along the weld of the joint have been obtained from an experiment on a K-joint specimen subjected to in-plane bending (IPB) load. Experimental results showed that numerical analysis by using the above models is accurate enough. Therefore, this numerical modelling technique can be safely and accurately used to analyze SCF of K-joints. Based on this, about 1,000 numerical models have been analyzed for K-joints under IPB in a special range. Equations to predict SCF of K-joints under IPB thus have been proposed by using curve fitting from numerical analysis results. The equations were validated by comparing with other equations. The comparisons show the proposed SCF equations are accurate enough and thus it is possible to apply these equations in practice conveniently and safely.
A Novel Steady State Wind Turbine Simulator Using an Inverter Controlled Induction Motor
Authors: Kojabadi Hossein Madadi , Chang Liuchen
Published: January 2005

This paper presents a new wind turbine simulator for steady state conditions. In order to provide a test platform for wind turbine drive trains, the authors have developed an experimental system to simulate the static characteristics of real wind turbines. This system consists of a 10 hp induction motor (IM), which drives a synchronous generator and is driven by a 10 kW variable-speed drive inverter, and real time control software. A microcontroller, a PC interfaced to a LAB Windows I/O board, and an IGBT inverter-controlled induction motor are used instead of a real wind turbine to supply shaft torque. A control program written in the C language is developed that obtains wind profiles and, by using turbine characteristics and the rotational speed of the IM, calculates the theoretical shaft torque of a real wind turbine. Based on the comparison of the measured torque with this demand torque, the shaft torque of the IM is regulated accordingly by controlling stator current demand and frequency demand of an inverter. In this way, the relationships between shaft rotating speed, shaft torque of the IM and wind speed are made to conform to the characteristics of a real wind turbine. The drive is controlled using the measured shaft torque directly, instead of estimating it as conventional drives do.
Wind Resource Atlas for Southern Australia
Authors: Craine S , Massie R , Vander Schoor K , Cohen W , Bateman B , Peterson J. , Langford S.
Published: January 2005

A new process of combining existing wind modelling software has been presented, which is competitive with existing processes of wind modelling in terms of accuracy and efficiency. When compared to real wind speed data, the final rms error in the prediction of average wind speed was around 8%. Further, a model for developing a cost-of-energy atlas is also presented, based on customized GIS tools. Both of these methods can be used with additional land data to quickly identify key sites for wind power development and to ensure rational placement of wind monitoring towers. Indeed, the cost of assessing the wind potential of a large area of land may be less than the cost of one misplaced wind monitoring tower.
Modelling the Control of an Isolated Power System Based on Diesel and Pitch Controlled Wind Generation
Authors: Mufti Mairajud – din , Balasubramanian R. , Lone S. A. , Tripathy S.C.
Published: January 2005

This paper deals with the control of a stand alone power system comprised of a pitch controlled wind turbine and two diesel units. First, a single-input single-output (SISO) self-tuning regulator (STR) is designed for blade-pitch control, with a conventional diesel governor control. Then, a two-input two-output (TITO) STR is used for coordinated pitch and diesel governor controls. Finally a case study is made with a superconducting magnetic energy storage unit (SMES), introduced as a damping device. In this case, a three-input three-output STR controls the wind-diesel-SMES system in a co-ordinated manner. The design of the various control schemes ensures that the system performs well under both wind and load disturbances.
Long-Term Costs of Electricity Generation in Germany: Optimising the Inclusion of Wind Power
Authors: Krämer Marcel
Published: January 2005

Due to the expected installed capacity of wind power in Germany in combination with the fade out of conventional electricity generation within the next years, the overall German power plant capability can be changed to be cost effective and to meet CO2-emission targets. A new energy-economical model called WEsER has been developed to investigate the new situation. This optimizes the conventional power plant generation during one year at hourly resolution, so including wind energy characteristics. The main objective year is 2020. Proposed structures and operation timetables for power plants are calculated. Consequently, WEsER results suggest a new structure of electricity generation mix with large amounts of wind energy. The energy generation share of today's “base load” power stations will decrease, while gas and hard coal complete the generation mix with wind. Economic analysis shows that the additional costs of wind energy are a minimum when emission reduction targets are met.
A Feasibility Study for Floating Offshore Windfarms in Japanese Waters
Authors: Ushiyama Izumi , Seki Kazuichi , Miura Hideo
Published: January 2005

This paper reports the results of technical and economic feasibility studies of floating offshore wind farms under typical environmental conditions in Japanese Waters. Outline designs are considered, with economic assessments. Both horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines are considered, although it is realised that horizontal axis machines now dominate.
Desalination by Wind Power
Authors: García-Rodríguez Lourdes
Published: January 2005

Since energy requirements for desalination processes are large, the energy supply in remote areas is a problem, especially if electricity is required. The status and perspectives of development of wind-powered desalination are reviewed in this paper. Desalination processes suitable for coupling to wind turbines are reverse osmosis (RO), mechanical vapour compression (MVC) and electrodialysis (ED). Wind-powered RO is the most mature technology whereas there are very few pilot plants of wind-driving MVC and ED.
Wind Turbine Development 1973–2000: A Critique of the Differences in Policies between the Netherlands and Denmark
Authors: Kamp Linda M.
Published: January 2005

In the 1970s, the Netherlands and Denmark both initiated policies to stimulate the development of wind energy. However, the results of these policies are very different. In Denmark, a flourishing wind industry exists nowadays, whereas in the Netherlands only one wind turbine producer remains. Furthermore, the total wind turbine capacity installed in Denmark by 2001 (2,340 MW) was five times greater than in the Netherlands. This paper investigates the differences between the wind energy policies in the Netherlands and Denmark, in particular the learning processes: Do the different learning processes explain the difference in success between the wind energy policies?

The main conclusions are that, in the Netherlands ‘learning-by-searching’ (or R&D) was stimulated far more than in Denmark, whereas in Denmark ‘learning-by-using’ and ‘learning-by-interacting’ were far more important than in the Netherlands. The strong emphasis on learning-by-searching in the Netherlands resulted in a large amount of scientific research and a good international position of the Dutch wind energy researchers. However, the results of this research were little used by the Dutch wind turbine producers.

In Denmark, the domestic market was larger and better organised than in the Netherlands, because at an early stage in Denmark, subsidies for wind turbine purchasers were available. Many contacts existed between the turbine owners, the turbine producers and the wind energy research institute Risø. Due to these contacts, much information was exchanged, which enabled the wind turbine producers to improve their products. Furthermore, because of these good contacts, the reputation of wind energy within Danish society was better than in the Netherlands, which resulted in less difficulty regarding turbine siting. These differences are important reasons for the difference in success between the Dutch and the Danish wind energy policies.
An Aggregated Model of a Large Wind Farm with Variable-Speed Wind Turbines Equipped with Doubly-Fed Induction Generators
Authors: Akhmatov Vladislav
Published: January 2005

One of the main concerns of grid-integration of large wind farms with variable-speed wind turbines equipped with doubly-fed induction generators controlled by back-to-back converters is a possible risk of mutual interaction between the control systems of the converters. This topic is discussed and illustrated by simulations on a large wind farm model consisting of eighty wind turbines, when subjected to a short-circuit fault. At no mutual interaction, the wind turbines show coherent response at the grid fault. In such a case, large wind farms can be represented by one-machine equivalent, e.g. one wind turbine model with re-scaled power capacity. This simplification can be applied for voltage stability investigations carried out on detailed models of large power systems.
Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines with Doubly-Fed Induction Generators
Authors: Hansen Anca D. , Sørensen Poul , Iov Florin , Blaabjerg Frede
Published: January 2005

The paper presents an overall control method for variable speed pitch controlled wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG). Emphasis is on control strategies and algorithms applied at each hierarchical control level of the wind turbine. The objectives of the control system are: 1) to control the power drawn from the wind turbine in order to track the wind turbine maximum power operation point, 2) to limit the power in case of large wind speeds, and 3) to control the reactive power interchanged between the wind turbine generator and the grid. The present control method is designed for normal continuous operations. The strongest feature of the implemented control method is that it allows the turbine to operate with the optimum power efficiency over a wider range of wind speeds. The model of the variable speed, variable pitch wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator is implemented in the dynamic power system simulation tool DIgSILENT PowerFactory which allows investigation of the dynamic performance of grid-connected wind turbines within realistic electrical grid models. Simulation results are presented and analysed in different normal operating conditions.
Prediction of Blast Induced Ground Vibration and Frequency Using an Artificial Intelligent Technique
Authors: Singh T.N. , Kanchan R. , Verma A.K.
Published: January 2005

When an explosive detonates, the sudden change generates waves in the surrounding media resulting in ground vibrations. As the vibration passes surface structures, it induces vibration in those structures. The vibrations generated in blasting are transmitted through the ground as seismic body waves and surface waves. These shock waves can cause severe damage to the nearby structures or surrounding rock mass. There are different methods to determine the peak particle velocity and the corrsponding frequency such as by USBM predictor methods and multivariate regression analysis etc. These methods are cumbersome and time consuming. In the present investigation, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique was used for the prediction of peak particle velocity (ppv) and the concerned frequency. Two different neural networks were designed for the prediction of ppv and frequency. For both the networks ten input neurons, one hidden layer with five neurons and one output neuron was used. The number of training and testing data sets, from large scale open cast coal mines, were 210 and 20 respectively. To deal with the problem of overfitting of data, Bayesian regulation was used and the network was trained with 1500 training epochs. The coefficients of correlation among the predicted and observed values were high and encouraging and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) obtained was very low.
Noise Analysis of Heavy Earth Moving Machinery Deployed in Opencast Mines and Development of Suitable Maintenance Guidelines for its Attenuation - Part 1
Authors: Vardhan Harsha , Rao Y.V. , Karmakar N.C.
Published: January 2005

Worldwide, increasingly stringent regulations are coming into force, limiting the exposure of workers to industrial noise. Industrial noise and its consequences is thus growing in importance to employers, local and central government officials, trade unions, occupational hygienists and physicians and insurers. India is not an exception for this. The mining industry in India is facing serious problem of noise due to increasing demand for minerals for which large capacity machines are being deployed producing high noise levels. To know the status and to control the noise, the S&T Department of the Ministry of Coal, Government of India sponsored a research project in the area of noise pollution and its control for opencast projects. To start with, a detailed literature survey was carried out in the area of noise pollution and its control in the mining industry, embracing equipment like from Heavy Earth Moving Machinery (HEMM), compressors, workshops, pneumatic drills, processing plants etc., to know the quantum of work done in India and worldwide. The various aspects studied in this project were the daily noise dose and/or noise exposure level of the operators of various types of heavy earth moving machinery and its assessment, noise characteristics at different operating conditions of the machine, analysis of noise coming out from different parts of the machine, analysis of noise at different distances from the machine for different frequency components and the most important one i.e., impact of periodic maintenance on the noise characteristics of machines and to find out with which maintenance schedule there is maximum fluctuation in the noise level and to evolve a technique for attenuating the noise generated from these machines as well as to reduce the operator's exposure to high noise levels. This paper highlights the results of this research project.
Energy Efficient Motor Driven Systems
Authors: De Keulenaer Hans
Published: January 2005

The Motor Challenge Programme is a voluntary programme promoted by the European Commission to help companies improve the energy efficiency of their electric motor driven systems. The Challenge focuses on electric drives, compressed air, fan and pump systems, for which it has been demonstrated that there exists a large technical and economic potential for energy savings. Any organisations wishing to contribute to the Motor Challenge Programme objectives can participate. Companies that use motor driven systems can request Partner status. Organisations (in particular companies that supply motor driven systems and components) wishing to assist the Commission and Member States in carrying out the Motor Challenge Programme may become Endorsers. More information can be found at http://energyefficiency.jrc.cec.eu.int .
Time Series Modelling of Trends in Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series
Authors: Mills Terence C.
Published: January 2005

The competing indices of Northern Hemispheric average temperatures for 1400–1980 provided by Mann, Bradley and Hughes (1998) and McIntyre and McKitrick (2003) are analysed within a structural time series model framework to extract trend components that, unlike the arbitrary moving averages used by these authors, are tailored to the time series properties of the indices and are available up to the end of the sample period. While the general features of the underlying movements in the indices are confirmed, the trend components extracted here are typically smoother, increase at a steadier rate during the 20th century, and show evidence of a further upturn in the last years of the 1970s.
Economic Theory and a Faith-Based Approach to Global Warming
Authors: Banks Ferdinand E.
Published: January 2005

This paper is a non-technical examination of some aspects of global warming that are generally neglected in the academic economics literature. The discussion features several basic issues considered by Goodstein (2004) in his short and easily read book, and particularly the serious consequences that might result from a peaking of the global oil output. The same topic is considered to a lesser extent in my energy economics textbook (2000). In addition I have emphasized that, as David Victor (2001) makes clear, the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol are meaningless unless emissions trading is effective. A key argument here is that since exchange-based financial instruments have been unsatisfactory in the electricity markets, to include those associated with the Nordic Electricity Exchange (Nordpool), it could happen that the trading of exchange-based emission permits will also be ineffectual: For example, the emissions trading program broached by the European Union is likely to result in serious problems for the electricity-intensive industries of countries like Sweden, since one result of that program is that a large increase in electricity prices may be unavoidable. Furthermore, it may also be the true that even if there is no man-made component of global warming, the curtailing of greenhouse gas emissions (by e.g. reducing the use of fossil fuels, and increasing energy efficiencies) could result in sizable economic and social gains.
Offshore Air Pollution and Technological Fixes: A Norway — UK Comparison of Achievement
Authors: Wettestad Jørgen
Published: January 2005

This study focuses upon the offshore sectors of the two important oil countries Norway and the United Kingdom (UK), and particularly whether and how policy instruments have provided incentives for the development, adoption and diffusion of environmentally benign technologies and hence reduction in emissions of the air pollutants NOx and VOCs. The assessment is that Norway is a bit more ‘advanced’ than the UK in terms of technological change in this issue area. In order to understand this difference, it is important to keep in mind that fundamental problem characteristics differ considerably between the two countries. For instance, in Norway, offshore emissions play an important role in the total emission picture. This is particularly the case for VOCs, where offshore emissions account for 60% of the total emissions. This is very different in the UK, where offshore NOx and VOC emissions only account for around 4–5%. The upshot of this is that the sheer governmental need to develop and apply effective technology in order to attain domestic and international emissions reduction goals is clearly much greater in Norway than in the UK.
Propulsion System Concepts and Technology Requirements for Quiet Supersonic Transports
Authors: Whurr John
Published: January 2005

The requirements of a viable SST place conflicting requirements on the design and configuration of the propulsion system. In particular, optimisation of propulsion systems for supersonic cruise performance is compromised by the requirement to meet stringent targets on takeoff noise. Rolls-Royce has studied numerous engine concepts aimed at minimising the compromise on installed performance imposed by noise constraints. The different concepts are discussed, and the preferred Variable Cycle Turbofan configuration is described with relation to associated challenges in the aeroacoustic design of corresponding intakes and nozzles. Alternative nozzle configurations are considered, along with further technologies which could indirectly improve acoustic performance.
Aeroacoustics of Supersonic Jet Issued from Corrugated Nozzle: New Approach and Prospects
Authors: Kopiev Victor F. , Ostrikov Nikolai N. , Chernyshev Sergey A. , Elliott John W.
Published: January 2005

It is generally accepted that one of the main sources of acoustic radiation from a supersonic jet is due to spatial instability wave packets propagating downstream within the jet. This approach has enabled us to explain and predict the principal features of sound radiated by a supersonic jet with a circular nozzle. The aim of this present work is to generalize such an approach to jets with a circular nozzle deformed into a weakly corrugated (s-lobed) shape. This leads to the presence of two additional parameters, the lobe number (an integer) characterizing the corrugation wavelength and the corrugation amplitude. Their presence can be shown to lead to a resonant coupling between different instability waves which, in turn, can both intensify and suppress the aerodynamic noise. The assumption of a small corrugation amplitude allows us to consider the problem analytically using disturbance theory methods. The structure of the eigen-oscillations is determined at leading orders, where it is shown that differing azimuthal harmonics are coupled over a wide range of frequencies. The result of such couplings on the radiated sound is significant, even for a small corrugation amplitude. The above suggests that the effect of mode coupling, due to nozzle corrugation, could be used as a tool for noise control in supersonic jets.
“Supersonic Aircraft: Balancing Fast, Affordable, and Green”
Authors: Fisher Laurette , Liu Sandy , Maurice Lourdes Q. , Shepherd Kevin P.
Published: January 2005

There has been a renewed interest worldwide focusing on identifying technological advances, which can allow production and operation of new commercial supersonic aircraft. There is a lot of advancement since the Concorde was developed however many challenges still exist. A supersonic business jet (SBJ) is seen as a technological stepping-stone in the overall challenge of advancing the speed of commercial aircraft. This paper outlines some of the key technological, economic, and environmental challenges facing such an aircraft. Quality of life and health impact environmental issues include sonic boom, aircraft community noise, and aircraft emissions. The authors maintain that a successful supersonic aircraft will depend on our ability to deal with these issues. We suggest that working within an international arena to address these issues is necessary to ensure that all stakeholders' concerns are considered. Ultimately, successfully addressing concerns regarding sonic boom is a necessary condition for regulatory authorities to reconsider the current ban on supersonic fight over land, the key constrain to the business case for future supersonic transports.
Community Noise Reduction of Supersonic Business Jet
Authors: Mirzoyan Arthur A. , Chaika Taras Yu. , Ilyin Andrey V.
Published: January 2005

The “low noise” aircraft-propulsion system control is defined in such a way as to achieve community noise reduction during takeoff and initial climb of supersonic business jet (SSBJ).

The conducted low noise aircraft-propulsion system control contains special low noise propulsion system control to obtain a minimum of cumulative noise level and low noise aircraft control to obtain low noise initial flight path.

The low noise control must take into account all airworthiness standards restrictions and provide the market demand requirements to SSBJ. The efficiency comparison of conventional aircraft-engine control, which is used for subsonic passenger jet and the low noise aircraft-propulsion system control is understood from the perspective of minimum noise in the community. The integrated aircraft-propulsion system control is applied to the SSBJ project with 6–10 passengers. Research has shown the technical feasibility of satisfaction of new stringent market demands on a community noise level of SSBJ.
Supersonic - Transport Takeoff Silencing
Authors: Fournier Gerard F.
Published: January 2005

All the projects of supersonic transport have been cancelled because none of the projects comply with noise regulations. The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the acoustical properties and power performances of engines and ejectors. Based on this review we should be able to put together a realistic design solution. The model will be a collection of elementary models, which are based on first principles and empirical coefficients. The requirements are based on jet noises and margins are included for certain other noise sources, for example fan noises. Additionally, fixed and stowable engines have to be considered.

Method:

A parametric analysis of March 2 aircraft illustrates the following: The fixed engines should have a bypass ratio (BPR) of BPR >1, which is the highest ratio permitted for the supersonic cruise. Ejectors are not an economical solution because they are too heavy. On the other hand boost (stowable) engines with large BPR – if their auxiliary systems and structures add less than 50% of their own weight – can provide a satisfactory solution. The sensitivity of those statements to the model estimates is discussed.

Conclusion:

A supersonic transport is feasible at no technological risk since the required engines (no variable cycle) already exist or are close to available technology.