bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration Processes among the Highly Skilled in Europe
Authors: Salt John
Published: June 2018

This article seeks to show that the migration process for highly skilled workers in contemporary Europe is part of the structuring of European business. It focuses on the employer's perspective and role in articulating movement, using data from various official sources as well as survey evidence from the United Kingdom. It suggests that the increasing importance of this form of mobility is related to the process of internationalization by large employers and that the particular form of movement is dependent on the evolution of corporate business structures.
Migration and International Relations: Cooperation and Control in the European Community
Authors: Hollifield James F.
Published: June 2018

International migration in the post-World War II period raises many questions for the study of international relations. The movement of individuals across national borders clearly affects relations between states, and it has had in some cases dramatic effects on the internal politics of states, particularly the liberal democracies of Western Europe. But despite its importance, theorists of international relations have yet to develop a framework for understanding international migration. Attention has been focused either on the economics (push-pull) or the politics (policies) of migration, without any clear attempt to examine the way in which the interaction of politics and markets affects migration. Special attention is given to the role of international institutions—such as the European Community—in regulating population movements, and to the prospects for the development of migration “regimes” in Europe and North America. The author finds that international migration reveals a contradiction between the main economic purpose of the postwar international order—to promote exchange—and the national perquisites of sovereignty and citizenship.
IRCA's Antidiscrimination Provisions: What Went Wrong?
Authors: Perotti Rosanna
Published: June 2018

After negotiating for fifteen years, why couldn't Congress build into its major illegal immigration bill adequate safeguards against new national origin and citizenship discrimination? One answer lies in the process through which Congress and interest group advocates negotiated IRCA's verification and redress provisions, the bill's main protections against discrimination. This essay concludes that, although it was foreseen that discrimination problems might arise from IRCA's “existing documents” verification provisions, members of Congress still agreed on these provisions to avoid difficult political questions. Restrictionists and liberals must engage in a dialogue aimed at developing verification provisions that will not be discriminatory.
Illegal Migration in Taiwan: A Preliminary Overview
Authors: Selya Roger Mark
Published: June 2018

Since 1986, there have been indications that Taiwan (the Republic of China) has been experiencing an increase in illegal migration. Despite a lack of data describing the number, origins and demographic characteristics of the illegal migrants, an open policy debate has been carried out by economic and social planners, entrepreneurs and labor leaders. Interviews with representatives of these three groups suggest that, contrary to expectations, planners favor the legalization of foreign workers; individual entrepreneurs also consider legalization a wise option. Labor leaders, as expected, are opposed to the use of imported labor. In January 1990, the Executive Yuan (Assembly) adopted regulations permitting limited use of foreign labor. The increase in illegal migrants and the decision to regularize their status suggests the need to review carefully the implications of all planning initiatives as far in advance as possible, and preferably when development plans are being initially implemented.
Refugees in Papua New Guinea: Government Response and Assistance, 1984–1988
Authors: Preston Rosemary
Published: June 2018

Melanesian West Papuans have been seeking refuge in Papua New Guinea since Indonesia annexed the province of Irian Jaya in 1962. The slowness of the Papua New Guinean government to respond to the 12,000 who crossed the border in 1984 paved the way for subsequent policy of minimal assistance so as not to jeopardize national security, by antagonizing Indonesia or by exacerbating the jealously of local people. As in other places, the long-term effect for refugees is likely to be social and economic marginalization, combined with insecure residential status.
Employment Retention, Area of Origin and Type of Social Support among Refugees in the Chicago Area
Authors: Majka Lorraine , Mullan Brendan
Published: June 2018

This article examines the impact of various sociodemographic variables on refugees’ employment propensities in the greater metropolitan Chicago area. It extends existing research and knowledge of forced migrants’ labor force activities by exploring the impact of region of origin and refugees’ access to support systems and organizations on employment retention and job maintenance. The analysis shows that refugees’ labor force participation patterns and experiences are influenced differentially both by their background characteristics and by their exposure to U.S. assistance systems. Southeast Asian asylees are less successful in maintaining stable job placements when compared to their more socially advantaged and often more suitably placed Eastern European counterparts. Refugee self-help initiatives require greater empowerment and increased acceptance and status to assist other refugees in adjusting to the host society.
The Impact of U.S. Immigration Policy on the Economic “Quality” of German and Austrian Immigrants in the 1930s
Authors: Mitchell Gary David
Published: June 2018

The results of this study are used to evaluate United States immigration policy during the 1930s. Under the “likely to become a public charge” clause (the LPC clause), consular officers were expected to distinguish among intended immigrants on the basis of their likelihood of becoming public charges at any time subsequent to their arrival in the United States. If the LPC clause was implemented with any degree of efficiency, the group of refugees which arrived before the clause was renounced in March 1938 would have been subjected to stricter economic-quality standards than the group which arrived after it was renounced. The results of a European economic quality comparison between LPC refugees and post-LPC refugees suggest that the LPC clause did not result in any significant quality distinctions between the immigrants of the two groups. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis show that there is not any evidence that refugees who arrived while the LPC clause was in effect had any less U.S. earnings potential and, thus, were any less likely to become public charges than refugees who arrived after the LPC clause was renounced.
The Future of International Labor Migration
Authors: Salt John
Published: June 2018

The article reviews the nature of international labor migration today and the economic and political rationale for its occurrence. It suggests that while the developed economies will continue to attract and exchange highly skilled labor, they will have little need for mass immigration by those with low skill levels. In contrast, poorer countries with rapid population growth and low living standards will encourage emigration, except by the highly skilled. One consequence will be more illegal immigration. Geographical patterns will continue to be dominated by a set of macroregional networks, among which the Asia-Pacific region is the most recently developed. China and the former Soviet Union (as senders) and Japan (as receiver) constitute the main enigmas.
Migration Policy and Politics in the Receiving States
Authors: Freeman Gary P.
Published: June 2018

A survey of the politics of immigration in the major receiving states shows a strong pattern of restrictionism in the face of unprecedented pressures for entry, but also amnesties, exceptions on humanitarian grounds, and hesitation to enforce the law. As individual states founder, multilateral strategies abound, but with scant success. The immigration crisis impedes EC progress toward the single market and contributes to opposition to the Maastricht Treaty. Ironically, the failure of states to deal with the crisis may reinforce national prerogatives and capacities with respect to immigration and strengthen rather than erode the distinction between economic migrants and refugees.
Immigration and Structural Change: The Canadian Experience, 1971–1986
Authors: Richmond Anthony H.
Published: June 2018

The educational, occupational, industrial and income characteristics of immigrants in Canada, 1971–1986, are considered in the context of postindustrial structural changes in the economic and social system, including declining primary and secondary sectors. Seven alternative theoretical models are reviewed. A composite model of “segmented structural change” is found to correspond more closely than alternative theoretical perspectives to the empirical evidence. Specifically, immigrants are found at all levels of the system, but there is differential incorporation by gender, ethnicity and period of immigration. Recent immigrants from Third World countries tend to be disadvantaged.
Family, Work and Women: The Labor Supply of Hispanic Immigrant Wives
Authors: Stier Haya , Tienda Marta
Published: June 2018

The article focuses on the economic circumstances and the family arrangements that govern the labor supply of Hispanic immigrant wives in the United States. We use a two-stage estimation procedure and a specification that models individual and familial factors that influence the labor supply of all women and those unique to immigrants. The analysis, based on a sample of Hispanic immigrant wives obtained from the 1980 U.S. Census, examines immigrant wives of Mexican, Puerto Rican and Other Hispanic origin and compares their labor supply with that of their native-born counterparts and U.S.- born white wives. Results indicate that the labor force behavior of Hispanic immigrant wives is highly responsive to their earning potential and, unlike that of U.S.-born white wives, is less constrained by their familial role as mothers.
Mental Health in Mariel Cubans and Haitian Boat People
Authors: Eaton William W. , Garrison Roberta
Published: June 2018

This article presents prevalence data on four specific mental disorders in samples of 452 Cuban immigrants who arrived during the Mariel crisis and 500 Haitians who arrived at about the same time. The disorders are: Major Depressive Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Alcohol Disorder, and Psychosis. Cubans had higher rates of disorder than Haitians at all levels of education and income, but only in the Cuban sample was the standard inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and rate of mental disorder observed. These and other results presented suggest no single theory can explain the relationship of immigration to the range of specific mental disorders.
The Influence of Rural-Urban Migration on Migrant's Fertility Behavior in Cameroon
Authors: Lee Bun Song
Published: June 2018

An autoregressive model has been applied to the 1978 Cameroon World Fertility Survey data to test the fertility adaptation hypothesis of rural-urban migration. The fertility differential between rural-urban migrants and rural stayers is very small in Cameroon when compared with that of Korea and Mexico. However, the lack of fertility differentials between rural-urban migrants and rural stayers which are the result of the unique cultural and biosocial parameters of African fertility does not imply a weak fertility adaptation effect.
The Social Implications of Population Displacement and Resettlement: An Overview with a Focus on the Arab Middle East
Authors: Shami Seteney
Published: June 2018

Recent decades have witnessed a global increase in the collective displacement of populations as a result of natural disasters, wars and development projects. The social implications of displacement, and its corollary process of resettlement, are explored in this article, with a focus on the Arab world. Most studies of this region tend to describe selected cases with little attempt at analytical synthesis or generalization based on comparative data. An approach which emphasizes the relation between the causes and consequences of displacement, examines cases in their historical contexts, and selects the appropriate unit of analysis is essential in developing an adequate framework of analysis.
Planned Emigration: The Palestinian Case
Authors: Elnajjar Hassan
Published: June 2018

This article examines the UN policies encouraging emigration from the Palestinian refugee camps through educating Palestinians and sending them for work abroad. Data show that emigration is more related to certain types of employment, especially skilled labor and white-collar jobs, than to employment per se. The data were collected, through personal interviews, from Dair El Balah refugee camp in Gaza Strip in 1986. There are 291 observations representing individuals who are 19 years old or over. A major conclusion of this study is that the educational policies initiated and operated by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) contributed to the dispersion of about one third of the refugees in the 1960s and the 1970s.
Consequences of Return Migrant Status for Employment in Puerto Rico
Authors: Muschkin Clara G.
Published: June 2018

At the aggregate level, return migrants in Puerto Rico in 1970 and 1980 faced greater employment-related difficulties, as compared with nonmigrants. This article explores the individual-level relationship of return migrant status to employment outcomes. The conceptual framework takes into consideration local and regional contextual factors, particularly the employment conditions prevailing in Puerto Rico during this period. Within this framework, specific hypotheses suggest a negative influence of return migrant status, as return migrants are particularly vulnerable to discontinuities in employment and to spells of unemployment. The findings substantiate the hypotheses for both census years and indicate the importance of the duration of residence in the United States and the timing of the return move as mediating factors.
Immigration and Ethnic Origin: The Effect of Demographic Attributes on Earnings of Israeli Men and Women
Authors: Haberfeld Yitchak
Published: June 2018

Waves of immigrants are often dominated by a single ethnic group, creating difficulty in separating the effects of ethnic origin and immigrant status on earnings. The present article examines the separate effects of ethnicity and immigration on earnings by studying a sample of Israeli workers. The results indicate that immigrant status constitutes a major handicap in the Israeli labor market. Ethnicity, on the other hand, plays a minor role in the earnings determination process. The consequences of these results for labor market policies are discussed.
The Greek-Cypriot Refugees: Perceptions of Return under Conditions of Protracted Exile
Authors: Zetter Roger
Published: June 2018

Constituting a crucial element in the search for a permanent solution to the Cyprus problem, the needs and aspirations of the 180,000 refugees are examined in this article. Of the three durable solutions to refugee crises, repatriation has consistently been advocated as the only option for the Cypriot situation. Contrasting the images of temporariness and permanency of exile, the article examines the extent to which the refugees, in the light of the dramatic social and economic changes that have taken place in the refugee community since the exodus of 1974, might perceive of return as their sole feasible or potential objective. The article argues that the ambiguous identity of the refugees, as both insiders and outsiders, and the protracted political uncertainty of their status give contradictory messages about the likely scale, processes, and success of their return.
Social, Cultural and Material Conditions of Students from Developing Countries in Italy
Authors: D'Arca Renato
Published: June 2018

Recent immigration to Italy features certain traits, one of which is the high rate of educational attainment by immigrants. According to various evaluations (ISPES, 1990), 59 percent of the immigrant population obtained a high school diploma, while 13.5 percent possessed a university degree.

For approximately five years, the CE.R.FE. (Research and Documentation Center) has conducted research on the social, cultural and material conditions of immigrant university students, highlighting the ambiguity of their condition (in addition to their perceptions of themselves) oscillating continuously between the status of student and immigrant.

In particular, sample research was conducted 2 on non-EC university students present in Milan, Perugia, Rome, and Bari. The study was able to compare data collected at different times to information in a first study conducted in 1986, 3 and a second completed in 1990. It is interesting to note that these different research periods coincided with intensive legislative action by the government promulgated two laws regulating non-EC immigration, Law No. 943/86 and Law No. 39/90. Increased interest on the part of the government as well as of the public and press toward the immigration problem influenced – even though marginally – the development of the students’ non-EC immigrant perceptions of themselves and their roles.
Immigrant and Native Fertility during the 1980s: Adaptation and Expectations for the Future
Authors: Kahn Joan R.
Published: June 2018

This article compares both the fertility behavior and expectations for future childbearing of foreign and native-born women in the United States using data from the 1980 U.S. Census and the 1986 and 1988 June Current Population Surveys. The goals are to first analyze the sources of the growing fertility gap between immigrant and native women and then to explore the extent to which immigrants adapt (or intend to adapt) their fertility once in the United States. The results show that the immigrant-native fertility gap has increased during the 1980s – not because immigrant fertility has increased, but rather because fertility dropped at a faster rate for natives than for immigrants. The relatively high fertility of immigrants compared to natives can be completely explained by compositional differences with respect to age, education, income and ethnicity. The two analyses of adaptation showed somewhat different results. The synthetic cohort analysis, which traced the fertility behavior of a fixed cohort of immigrants during the 1980s, found little evidence of adaptation or assimilation, except for Southeast Asian immigrants. On the other hand, the analysis of fertility expectations suggests that although immigrants ‘expect’ to have higher fertility than similar natives, they tend to adapt their fertility ‘goals’ over time, both within and across generations.
European East-West Migration, 1945–1992
Authors: Fassmann Heinz , Münz Rainer
Published: June 2018

This article's thesis is that Europe is undergoing an international but intracontinental migration such as it has not seen since the beginning of the Cold War. The authors cite several reasons for the recent outburst of migration: ethnic relocation, the search for refuge and asylum, and the need for work. They also present a country-by-country description of sending and receiving nations. The push and pull factors causing such massive migration cannot only be contained by the present methods of having each government erect legislative and other barriers – such as armed border guards – against newcomers.
Does Drought Increase Migration? A Study of Migration from Rural Mali during the 1983–1985 Drought
Authors: Findley Sally E.
Published: June 2018

Using data from a longitudinal panel study conducted in 1982 and 1989 in the first region of Mali, this article demonstrates that the level of migration did not rise during the drought of 1983–1985. However, there was a dramatic increase in the migration of women and children during the severe 1983–1985 drought. Along with this increase in migration by women and children, there was a shift to short-cycle circulation, with 64 percent of the migrants adopting circular patterns. The study describes the characteristics of these migrants and recommends changes to development and migration policies that will facilitate such migrations in subsequent droughts.
Today's Second Generation: Evidence from the 1990 U.S. Census
Authors: Jensen Leif , Chitose Yoshimi
Published: June 2018

The prospects for today's second generation will be considerably shaped by their current social, economic and demographic status. This article provides a statistical portrait of children of immigrants by analyzing data from the 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing. With the second generation defined as children under age 18 with at least one foreign-born parent, the study describes place of residence; household demographic, social and economic circumstances; household head's socioeconomic status; and characteristics of children themselves. Data on second-generation children are broken down by year of immigration of parents and child's nativity. Data for children with native-born parents are provided for comparison.
Asian New York: The Geography and Politics of Diversity
Authors: Smith Christopher J.
Published: June 2018

This article describes and interprets some of the events associated with the demographic and economic restructuring that has occurred in Flushing, in the Borough of Queens in New York City. Since the liberalization of the U.S. immigration laws in 1965, many of New York's neighborhoods have been transformed by the rapid influx of immigrants. In the case of Flushing, the majority of newcomers have been Asians, particularly from China, Korea, and the Indian subcontinent. The introduction of Asian capital and enterprise into the neighborhood has revitalized what was considered to be an ailing economy and a sluggish housing market. From the perspective of some of the long-term residents, however, the costs of progress have outweighed the benefits. The paper examines the public discourse accompanying the Asianization of Flushing, centering on the conflicts that have emerged between capital and community, immigrants and long-term residents, Asians and non-Asians.
From ‘White Australia’ to ‘Part of Asia’: Recent Shifts in Australian Immigration Policy towards the Region
Authors: Jupp James
Published: June 2018

This article examines the impact on Australia of population movements in the Asia-Pacific region since 1945, with special reference to the period since 1975 that marked the termination of the restrictive ‘White Australia Policy.’ That policy, which had its origins in racist theories popular at the end of the nineteenth century, isolated Australia from its immediate region and kept it tied to its European and, more specifically, British origins.

The impact of population, trade and capital movements in the region has been such as to make Australia ‘part of Asia.’ Nevertheless, public opinion has yet to accept these changes fully, especially when they involve changing the ethnic character of the resident population. It is concluded that the generation which has grown up since 1945 and which is now starting to dominate politics and intellectual life will find it easier to reorient Australia than did the previous generation, despite continuing ambivalence in public attitudes. The presence in Australia of large numbers of permanent residents and citizens of Asian origin is a necessary factor in expediting change.
Conceptualizing International Labor Migration: A Structuration Perspective
Authors: Goss Jon , Lindquist Bruce
Published: June 2018

This article applies the theory of structuration to international labor migration using case study material from the Philippines. It first provides a brief review of the functional and structural approaches to understanding labor migration and the theoretical impasse that has been created between them. It then reviews several attempts to resolve this impasse, including systems and networks approaches; these solutions are rejected on theoretical and empirical grounds. We suggest that migrant institutions may be a more appropriate mid-level concept than households or social networks to articulate various levels of analysis. We develop this concept in the context of the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens and attempt to apply this to the Philippines, concluding that this framework is eminently suited for further research on international labor migration.
Economic Integration and Labor Flows: Stage Migration in Farm Labor Markets in Mexico and the United States
Authors: Zabin Carol , Hughes Sallie
Published: June 2018

This article examines the probable effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta) on migration from Mexico to the United States, disputing the view that expansion of jobs in Mexico could rapidly reduce undocumented migration. To the extent that NAFTA causes Mexican export agriculture to expand, migration to the United States will increase rather than decrease in the short run. Data collected in both California and the Mexican State of Baja California show that indigenous migrants from southern Mexico typically first undertake internal migration, which lowers the costs and risks of U.S. migration. Two features of employment in export agriculture were found to be specially significant in lowering the costs of U.S. migration: first, working in export agriculture exposes migrants to more diverse social networks and information about U.S. migration; second, agro-export employment in northern Mexico provides stable employment, albeit low-wage employment, for some members of the family close to the border (especially women and children) while allowing other members of the family to assume the risks of U.S. migration.
Occupational Mobility among Immigrants: The Impact of Migration on Economic Success in Australia
Authors: McAllister Ian
Published: June 2018

It is an almost universal finding in scholarly research that immigrants fare worse economically than individuals born in the country. This disadvantage usually has been explained either by the operation of competitive labor markets or by employer discrimination. By analyzing national survey data collected among immigrants to Australia, this article examines immigrant occupational mobility. For immigrants, the results show economic disadvantages are caused by the act of migration itself rather than by economic experiences in their new country. Occupational status is depressed at the beginning of the immigrants’ Australian working career, and this in turn diminishes occupational status throughout the working lives of the immigrants and accounts for the economic disadvantages they face.
The Interrelation of Fertility and Geographic Mobility in Peru: A Hazards Model Analysis
Authors: White Michael J. , Moreno Lorenzo , Guo Shenyang
Published: June 2018

The effect of place of residence and migration on fertility and the effect of fertility on migration have been long-standing concerns in population studies. This article makes use of novel longitudinal data from the Peru Demographic and Health Survey and associated statistical techniques to estimate these interrelationships for women of childbearing age. In the case of fertility outcomes, our results are consistent with the findings of others that age and education are negatively associated with fertility. We also find that residence in a city (versus countryside) predicts lower fertility, but residence in an intermediate size town has no effect. Our results are somewhat less robust for migration outcomes, but they do indicate that education and having fewer children are positively associated with geographical mobility. Town and city residents are more likely to be movers; yet, among movers, these more urbanized individuals exhibit slightly lower rates of subsequent mobility. When compared to previous research, our results demonstrate the value of detailed temporal measurement of the outcome event and its associated covariates.
Post-1945 International Migration: New Zealand, Australia and Canada Compared
Authors: Ongley Patrick , Pearson David
Published: June 2018

New Zealand's immigration policies and trends since 1945 are compared with those of Canada and Australia. For most of this period, Australia has pursued the more expansive immigration policy while Canada and New Zealand have tended to link immigration intakes to fluctuations in labor demand. All three countries initially discriminated against non-European immigrants but gradually moved towards nondiscriminatory policies based on similar selection criteria and means of assessment. New Zealand has traditionally been more cautious than both Canada and Australia in terms of how many immigrants it accepted and from what sources, but it has recently followed the other two in raising immigration targets and encouraging migration from nontraditional sources, particularly Asian countries. Historical, global and national factors are drawn upon to explain the degree of convergence between these three societies.
Immigrant Small Business and International Economic Linkage: A Case of the Korean Wig Business in Los Angeles, 1968–1977
Authors: Chin Ku-Sup , Yoon In-Jin , Smith David
Published: June 2018

This article investigates factors that have contributed to the growth of the import-export business among Asian immigrants. The central argument is that the development of Asian immigrants’ import-export business has been closely related to the increasing economic linkages between Asian countries and their countrymen in the United States. Such economic linkages are a product of the global economic restructuring whereby some developing countries of Asia have become major exporters of low cost/low price consumer goods to the United States. The Korean immigrants’ wig business in Los Angeles is studied as a case of contemporary import-export trade among Asian immigrants, with major findings summarized as follows: first, the increased reliance of the United States on imported goods by the 1970s led to a rapid growth of the export-oriented industry in South Korea; second, wigs became the major export item of South Korea due to its cheap labor force and government-aid loans to the wig industry, third, a strong vertical integration developed between Korean wig manufacturers in South Korea and Korean importers, wholesalers, and retailers in the United States – that integration provided Korean immigrants with initial business opportunities in the U.S. economy, particularly in the low-income minority areas.
Contemporary American Attitudes toward U.S. Immigration
Authors: Espenshade Thomas J. , Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2018

This article aims to contribute to an understanding of contemporary American attitudes toward immigration. It extends work by Espenshade and Calhoun (1993) who analyzed data from a southern California survey in June 1983 about the impacts of undocumented migrants and illegal immigration. There has not been a follow-up study that evaluates more recent evidence to see how residents throughout the United States feel about overall levels of immigration (legal and undocumented). The paper uses data from a CBS News/New York Times poll conducted in June 1993. Respondents were asked whether they would like to see the level of immigration to the United States increased, decreased or kept the same. We test several hypotheses about factors influencing respondents’ attitudes, including the importance of previously unexamined predictors. These new hypotheses relate to views about the health of the U.S. economy, feelings of social and political alienation, and isolationist sentiments concerning international economic issues and foreign relations. One important discovery is the close connection between possessing restrictionist immigration attitudes and having an isolationist perspective along a broader array of international issues.
Internal Migration of the Foreign-Born in Canada
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce
Published: June 2018

This article uses the Public Use Sample file of the 1986 Canadian census to characterize and explain the interprovincial migration patterns of the foreign-born in Canada. Simple overall in- and outmigration rates are calculated for the foreign-born and compared to the interprovincial migration rates for Canadian-born migrants, specifically primary, return and onward migrants. A two-level nested logit model is then applied for foreign-born migrants age 20–64 to study the effects of personal factors and provincial attributes on their interprovincial migration patterns. The foreign-born have higher in- and outmigration rates than primary migrants, with Ontario having a strong ability to attract and retain the foreign-born. Despite these differences, the foreign-born respond to economic variables in a rational way and relatively little of the migration decision process can be explained by place-of-birth effects. Selectivity with respect to personal factors (i.e., education, age, sex, family type) is similar to the Canadian-born.
Occupational Attainments of Rural to Urban Temporary Economic Migrants in China, 1985–1990
Authors: Yang Quanhe , Guo Fei
Published: June 2018

Since the inauguration of reform in 1978, a large number of Chinese peasants were released from agricultural production and became “surplus labor.” Because a large proportion of rural-urban population mobility assumes the form of temporary movement, attention to such movement is therefore essential to any assessment of social, economic and political changes in urban and rural China and of the overall urbanization process. The present study uses the 1 percent sample of the 1990 census data of China to study long-term rural to urban temporary economic migrants, the provincial pattern and variation of these migrants, and their economic activities represented by the occupational attainments in cities in comparison with urban residents.
Labor Migration as a Prelude to World War I
Authors: Olsson Lars
Published: June 2018

At the same time as the political tensions increased in Europe around 1900, an international labor market was developing. More and more proletarians from different parts of the continent searched for labor opportunities in the center of the agrarian and industrial capitalism. In several countries, including Russia, capitalists more and more actively recruited labor migrants for seasonal work. The labor migrants became a political issue as a part of the trade negotiations between Germany and Russia. Also, the Austrian colonization and political expansion in the Balkans can be looked upon in a perspective of (labor) migration. Class and ethnic conflicts coincided and escalated into an international conflict.
Finding Good Opportunities within Unauthorized Markets: U.S. Occupational Mobility for Male Latino Workers
Authors: Kossoudji Sherrie A. , Cobb-Clark Deborah A.
Published: June 2018

Unauthorized workers, because of their lack of legal status, have constrained opportunities in U.S. labor markets. We examine the determinants of occupational mobility for a sample of unauthorized Latino men who received temporary residency status under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA). Estimates from mobility equations (for both upward and downward occupational mobility) show that English language ability, experience, the risk of being apprehended on the job, a realized apprehension, migrant networks, and the wage penalty for unauthorized workers all play specific and significant roles in mobility when working in unauthorized labor markets.
Failure to Absorb: Remigration by Immigrants into Israel
Authors: Beenstock Michael
Published: June 2018

Hypotheses about remigration by immigrants are investigated using longitudinal data from the 1970s for immigrants to Israel. The main finding is that experience of unemployment during the first year in Israel does not, on the whole, help predict subsequent remigration. The propensity to remigrate varies inversely with age for most groups, and it increases if the immigrant has not acquired permanent housing. Immigrants on temporary resident visas are naturally more prone to remigrate in the short run. The well-educated and the young are more likely to be temporary residents.
Bread and Tea: A Study of the Integration of Low-Income Immigrants from Other Caribbean Territories into Trinidad
Authors: Valtonen Kathleen
Published: June 2018

This study examines immigrant integration in the low socioeconomic stratum in Trinidad. Integration is operationalized as participation in overlapping societal spheres. The study also focuses on corollary aspects of access and goals. While several factors facilitated participation in the social sphere, labor market participation was inhibited by conditions of open unemployment and underemployment. These exigencies had elicited strategies of subsistence from first generation immigrants whose work-related attitudes, ethics, and wage expectation levels functioned to their advantage and led to their competitiveness in a difficult labor market. Some of the second generation were disengaging themselves from their parents’ level of labor market activity but relocating farther from the mainstream labor market into a marginalized peer stratum.
How Nation-States Create and Respond to Refugee Flows
Authors: Keely Charles B.
Published: June 2018

The ideal type of political organization is the nation-state, which leads to a presumption of state legitimacy when the state represents a community, based on ethnic origin or shared political values, that claims a right to persist. A nation-state tends to produce forced migration for three reasons: it contains more than one nation; the populace disagrees about the structure of the state or economy; or the state implodes due to the lack of resources. This paper elaborates a theory of refugee production and policy formation based on the dynamics of the nation-state. It concludes by addressing international refugee policy and practice in light of this theory and political changes following the end of the cold war.
Migrant Groundnut Farmers in the Gambia: The Persistence of a Nineteenth Century Labor System
Authors: Swindell Kenneth
Published: June 2018

This paper is an analysis of the Strange Farmers of the Gambia who represent one of the oldest labor migration systems in West Africa. Exploring the formation and continuance of the Strange Farmer system, this paper uses the Gambian Sample Survey of Agriculture, which followed the Population Census of 1973, to present an assessment of the numbers farming, their origins and their distribution within the country.
Children of Foreign Workers in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Wilpert Czarina
Published: June 2018

This article sketches the international labor and accompanying family migration in the Federal Republic of Germany and identifies policy issues and preliminary findings of research with respect to the adaptation problems of the children of the foreign workers.
Factors Determining Migrant Remittances: The Case of Greece
Authors: Lianos Theodore P.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the flow of migrant remittances from Germany, Belgium, and Sweden to Greece. The statistical analysis uses the following determining factors: migrant's income, family income, the rate of interest, the rate of inflation, the exchange rate, the rate of unemployment, and the number of migrants. The results of this study reaffirm some earlier results of other studies, but they differ in some respects. An attempt is also made to detect cohort effects on the propensity to remit, and the evidence is that such effects do exist.
Undocumented Latina Immigrants in Orange County, California: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Chavez Leo R. , Hubbell F. Allan , Mishra Shiraz I. , Valdez R. Burciaga
Published: June 2018

This article examines a unique data set randomly collected from Latinas (including 160 undocumented immigrants) and non-Hispanic white women in Orange County, California, including undocumented and documented Latina immigrants, Latina citizens, and non-Hispanic white women. Our survey suggests that undocumented Latinas are younger than documented Latinas, and immigrant Latinas are generally younger than U.S.-citizen Latinas and Anglo women. Undocumented and documented Latinas work in menial service sector jobs, often in domestic services. Most do not have job-related benefits such as medical insurance. Despite low incomes and likelihood of having children under age 18 living with them, their use of public assistance was low. Undocumented and documented Latina immigrants lived in households that often contained extended family members; they were more likely than other women in the study to lack a regular source of health care, to utilize health clinics, public health centers, and hospital emergency rooms rather than private physicians or HMOs, and to underutilize preventative cancer screening services. Despite their immigration status, undocumented Latina immigrants often viewed themselves as part of a community in the United States, which significantly influenced their intentions to stay in the United States. Contrary to much of the recent public policy debate over immigration, we did not find that social services influenced Latina immigrants’ intentions to stay in the United States.
The Vietnamese Double Marriage Squeeze
Authors: Goodkind Daniel
Published: June 2018

According to Guttentag and Secord (1983), the relative balance of power between the sexes is determined by dynamic interactions of dyadic and structural power. Dyadic power accrues to whichever sex is relatively rare owing to the larger proportion of potential relationships available to it, the demographic dimensions of which are commonly known as a marriage squeeze. Structural power refers to control over economic, political or legal resources: men or women, according to the thesis, attempt to overcome existing deficits in dyadic power by gaining such resources. The unique dual case study presented here illuminates the state political institutions and other contextual conditions under which both dyadically disadvantaged men and women have been unable to garner such structural resources. Young women in Vietnam during the 1970s and 1980s faced a severe deficit of male partners due to population growth, war, and excess male migration. At the other end of the Vietnamese diaspora, overseas Vietnamese men during the 1980s and 1990s have faced an even greater shortage of Vietnamese women. In each area, the sex in surplus has not only been forced to delay or forego marriage, but has also lost structural power. Women's advocates in Vietnam have been weakened in the postreunification era due in part to the implementation of free market reforms in a nondemocratic political context. Overseas men have been disadvantaged due to a more equitable Western social and legal climate that has eroded their former advantage.
Interethnic Marriage: Identifying the Second Generation in Australia
Authors: Roy Parimal , Hamilton Ian
Published: June 2018

Studies in Australia show that an increasing proportion of the population have ancestors from more than one country. Evidence regarding differences in the marriage patterns of first and second generation migrants has been restricted in scope as published marriage registration data includes only birthplace of partners. Marriage registration records include information about the birthplace of parents of partners, but it is available only through specially produced tabulations. Changes in the census for 1986 and 1991 make it possible to identify the second generation in households, and this article examines the use of census data as an alternative to marriage registration records in tracing changes in intermarriage patterns and differences between urban and rural areas.
China's “Tidal Wave” of Migrant Labor: What Can we Learn from Mexican Undocumented Migration to the United States?
Authors: Roberts Kenneth D.
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this article is to place Chinese labor migration from agriculture within the context of the literature on labor mobility in developing countries by comparing it to undocumented Mexican migration to the United States. The similarities fall within three general areas: the migration process, the economic and social position of migrants at their destination, and the agrarian structure and process of agricultural development that has perpetuated circular migration. The last section of the article draws upon these similarities, as well as differences between the two countries, to generate predictions concerning the development of labor migration in China.

A fifteen-car train arrived in Shanghai from the city of Fuyang in Anhui Province on February 14. On board were 2,850 laborers from outside the municipality, signaling the beginning of the spring labor influx. Of this group, most were between 20 and 30 years of age, and more than half had never left their home villages before. Most will stay in Shanghai, while others will head to Hangzhou, Wenzhou, Ningbo, and Changshou to seek work. The Shanghai Public Security Department already has prepared a number of vehicles to transport laborers to other places outside the city, and the Shanghai police have strengthened their forces to keep public order. (FBIS, 1994d)
Safe Country Provisions in Canada and in the European Union: A Critical Assessment
Authors: Abell Nazaré Albuquerque
Published: June 2018

This article analyzes the international legal framework that surrounds the issue of safe third country (STC) in the European Union and in Canada. The argument put forward is that Canada is not immune to the developments in the European Union and that Canada's immigration policies towards refugees have changed accordingly. My position is that the Canadian model respects the legal constraints which govern the acceptability of mechanisms to apportion responsibility to examine a claim to refugee status, in particular the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. By testing the international legal viability of both the European and the Canadian system of safe third country against Articles 31 and 33 of the Geneva Convention and Executive Committee Conclusion No. 58 and Conclusion No. 15, and by addressing the draft Memorandum of Understanding between Canada and the United States and comparing it with some of the readmission agreements between the European Union and some third states, the article concludes that the Canadian STC model is preferable to that in Europe from both a legal and a humane point of view.
Social Networks and the Asylum Cycle: The Case of Iranians in the Netherlands
Authors: Koser Khalid
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the traditional distinction between the migration of refugees and labor migrants in the context of Iranian asylum seekers in the Netherlands. The empirical strategy adopted is to apply a framework designed specifically to explain labor migration to the case of asylum migration, and the social networks approach is identified as the most appropriate. This paper examines the role of social networks through the asylum cycle, focusing on the decision to migrate, the choice of destination, and adaptation in the host society. The key conclusion is that the validity of the distinction between refugee and labor migration varies through the asylum cycle even for the same individual.