bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Crisis in the Church of England
Authors: Palmer Frederic
Published: November 2011

The construction and working of ecclesiastical machinery has always been allowed to be the special function of High Churchmen of every description. For there are High Churchmen not only in the Church of England and the Episcopal Church in America, but in every church. The division of churchmen into High, Low, and Broad is founded on the different attitudes of the human mind—legal, emotional, intellectual. All Christians reverence the Church, the Bible, and the conscience. But in presence of a problem one man will ask what is the teaching of the Church? Another will turn to consider what the Bible has to say about it. A third will endeavor to trace it to its basis in the necessities of thought and life. Religion is, for the High Churchman, devotion to an institution; for the Low Churchman, to a person; for the Broad Churchman, to abstract truth. Such sturdy guardians of the different important ways by which the soul approaches God are fortunately found in every church. And so the man who stands pre-eminently for the special tenets of the fathers, whether Calvin, Wesley, Swedenborg, or Channing, is as truly a High Churchman as he whose fathers are Ante- or Post-Nicene. And if the faith is regarded as having been delivered to the saints once and for all, the construction of machinery for its preservation will be not only the duty but the delight of the loyal ecclesiast.
Pensions for the Clergy
Authors: Lawrence William
Published: November 2011

The conditions of modern life and the demands for efficiency are pressing the question of salaried workers and wage earners. Salaries and wages are not large enough to enable them to lay up sufficient money for old age. Efficiency demands early retirement from the most active fields of service; division of labor and expert work offer few new openings for those who have passed middle life; the children have not wages or salaries large enough to support their aged parents; adequate life insurance is too expensive for most. The community as a whole must keep its members from suffering and starvation. Hence the demand for retiring- or old-age pensions, under systems whereby all the people in their active days pay taxes for the support of a part of the people in their old age.
Two Contrasting Attitudes towards Evil
Authors: Gordon Ruth Manning
Published: November 2011

The problem of evil is nearly as old as philosophy itself. At present, however, it is occupying a very prominent place in philosophic thought, perhaps because the horrors of the great war and the unsettled social conditions have brought home to us with added emphasis the evil in the world, and have upset some of our theories of the even tenor and progress of mankind.
The Integrity of the Intellect
Authors: Perry Ralph Barton
Published: November 2011

It is characteristic of today that the intellect should require such humble allegiance as that which I offer in this lame and halting discourse.

“But yesterday the word of Reason might

Have stood against the world; now lies it there,

And none so poor to do it reverence.”
Two Forgotten Creeds
Authors: Bacon Benjamin Wisner
Published: November 2011

For the modern theologian there is an all-encompassing bond of perfectness in the New Testament in the doctrine of the Logos, found in the Johannine gospel and epistles. It links together the christology of the Synoptic writings, Mark, Matthew, Luke-Acts, and that of the epistles. It combines the primitive doctrine of Jesus the faithful “Servant” of God, glorified and exalted to God's right hand—a doctrine of “apotheosis,” as Baur called it—with the Pauline doctrine of “incarnation,”—Christ a pre-existent being, agent of creation, in the form and likeness of God, but self-emptied and abased, made for a little while lower than the angels, that for the suffering of death he might be made eternally higher than they, heir and lord of the creation. In the one—the Petrine christology, as we may call it because it is mainly represented in the speeches of Peter in Acts 2–5—the residence in heaven is an episode. God has taken up his faithful Servant for a short interval to his own right hand, delivering him out of the power of death, that, when his people have repented of their wicked rejection of him, he may send him again as the Christ, to restore the kingdom to Israel and reign forever on the throne of David in the renewed and glorified Jerusalem. In the other christology—the Pauline—the residence on earth is the episode. The drama's beginning and ending is in heaven. Viewed thus “under the aspect of the eternal” the brief period of abasement, poverty, and suffering, undertaken for the “reconciliation” of the animate world, is scarcely a moment of time. For our sakes the eternal Son of God “became poor,” he emptied himself and took upon him the form of a slave, and became obedient unto death, yea, even the (slave's) death of the cross; but therefore also “God highly exalted him and gave him the Name which is above every name, that in the name of Jesus every knee should bow, and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.”
Christianity and Ministerial Ordination
Authors: Vernon Ambrose White
Published: November 2011

The Dudleys occupy an honorable place in the history of Harvard University. The first American Dudley was Thomas, second governor of the Massachusetts colony. It was he who signed the original charter of the University in 1642 and the revised charter in 1650. His son Joseph also became governor of the colony, and of him President Josiah Quincy said, “Of all the statesmen who have been instrumental in promoting the interests of Harvard College, Joseph Dudley was most influential in giving its constitution a permanent character.” Joseph's son Paul was the founder of this lectureship. He had a judicial career of forty-nine years, for the last six of which he was chief justice of the supreme judicial court. Believing, as he evidently did, that religion was the primary fountain of justice, he chose to show his interest in his college by providing her with funds so that four subjects of great moment to him should be discussed publicly, one every year. There is small wonder that the Validity of Non-episcopal Ordination, which is the subject set for our consideration tonight, should have interested him. While he was a student in college, this question which had hitherto been regarded as settled in Massachusetts colony, at least, was violently reopened.
Dualism or Duality?
Authors: Buckham John Wright
Published: November 2011

Do we live in an intrinsically rent and warring world? or is the schism only apparent, veiling a fundamental and all-pervasive harmony? or is the universe of such a nature as to admit of a conflict which, though it has sprung up within it, is not of it?

These three possibilities offer themselves to the mind that is trying to push through the world of appearances into the world of reality. The first is the conclusion of Dualism. The second is the conclusion of Monism. The third is an undifferentiated, but long prevalent and well-grounded, conviction, sometimes wrongly identified with dualism, sometimes with monism, but in reality independent of both. For want of a better term we may call it the principle of Duality.
The Tomb of the Apostles Ad Catacumbas
Authors: Lietzmann Hans
Published: November 2011

In the number of this Review for January 1921, Dr. George La Piana discussed, in the light of the most recent discoveries at Rome, the several hypotheses which have been put forward in regard to the ancient tradition connected with the church of San Sebastiano at Rome. He there controverts the view proposed in my Petrus und Paulus in Rom (1915) that a translation of the relics of Peter and Paul to the Catacumbae, that is to the site of the later basilica of San Sebastiano, took place on June 29, 258, and defends the opinion, held also by eminent archaeologists in Rome, that what took place ad Catacumbas in the year 258 was only the establishment of a memorial festival in honor of the two apostles. His acute argument skilfully detects the weak points of my position, and at the same time contains so much that is new as to give me a welcome opportunity for a reëxamination of the evidence.
A New Collection of “Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum”: An Appeal
Authors: Loofs Friedrich
Published: November 2011

In 1901–1906 the publishing office of Hubert Welter in Paris issued a new edition of the well-known “Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio,” edited in 1759–1798 by J. D. Mansi. This “new Mansi” is a mere reprint, which allowed no correction or enlargement of Mansi's text, the pages being reproduced almost photographically. Did the publisher of this reprinted Mansi and his advisers give a “testimonium paupertatis” to modern scholars, by thus reproducing a collection which appeared one hundred and fifty years ago? Not in the least. The modern manner of editing ancient texts was rather recognized than disregarded by assuming that a really new edition of Mansi's collection was impossible. It was indeed quite impossible; for while all scholars who have made use of Mansi's collection have perceived its defects, yet at the same time they have seen that to correct them would require more time than can be spent on a new edition.
From John Mark to John the Theologian; the First Great Departure from Primitive Christianity
Authors: Gilbert George Holley
Published: November 2011

The title of this article suggests the difference between our oldest gospel and our latest. The importance of the theme lies in the fact that this difference is not one of development, such, for instance, as the difference between the laws of Elizabeth's England and the common law of the United States, but is rather the difference of deep and pervasive contrariety and even of sharp and sweeping antagonisms. To the task of setting forth this fateful difference, which affects our common loyalty to the Master, and on the full recognition of which by the church depends in no small measure the future of our Christian faith, the following study is devoted.
The Text of the Gospels and the Koridethi Codex
Authors: Lake Kirsopp , Blake Robert P.
Published: November 2011

Since the time of Griesbach it has been generally recognized that the main problem of textual criticism in the New Testament is due to the existence of three distinct types of text, the Neutral, Western, and Syrian (or Antiochian). The great contributions of Westcott and Hort were the clear delineation of this problem and the establishment in considerable detail of the Neutral text. The Western text they only indicated in outline, and the Antiochian text was left with little further definition than that already provided by the Textus Receptus.
Frazer's “Folk-Lore in the Old Testament”
Authors: Smith Henry Preserved
Published: November 2011

Sir James George Frazer is a well known authority on the subject he has made his own, and his voluminous works are familiar to every student of anthropology and the history of religions. The fact that he has put his extensive knowledge at the disposition of the Old Testament student is to be welcomed. This he has done in the works mentioned below, the larger one in three volumes, the smaller one by condensation and omission giving the main points of interest. That the larger work meets a felt want is indicated by the fact that a second printing was called for the year after the first publication, a symptom of the present interest in the comparative study of religions.
The Apostles' Creed
Authors: Lake Kirsopp
Published: November 2011

During the last three years there has been unusual activity in the study of the Apostles' Creed. The purpose of the present article is to draw attention to the significance of the main points which have been recently discussed.
The “Festschrift für Hermann Gunkel”
Authors: Pfeiffer Robert H. , Cadbury Henry J.
Published: November 2011

A group of German biblical scholars have presented to Professor Hermann Gunkel of Halle, on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday (May 23, 1922), a volume of studies on the religion and literature of the Old and New Testament.

The first part comprises eleven papers and relates to the Old Testament. In the first two articles H. Gressmann and P. Eissfeldt discuss some of the patriarchal stories of Genesis from two different points of view, that of “Stoffkritik” and of “Quellkritik” respectively.
The Tombs of Peter and Paul Ad Catacumbas
Authors: La Piana George
Published: November 2011

Recent archaeological discoveries have contributed in many ways to enrich our knowledge of the early periods of Christian history. It cannot be denied that the results of these investigations as a whole have given testimony in favor of the conservative historical tradition, rather than of the aggressive criticism of the last century. In many cases archaeological evidence has verified or confirmed traditions to which historical criticism had denied any positive value, and solved what had been regarded as insoluble problems. Where literary evidence was lacking or inconclusive, archaeology and ancient liturgy have furnished the historians of the early centuries of the Church new sources of knowledge of inestimable value.
Simon, Cephas, Peter
Authors: Lake K.
Published: November 2011

It is generally held that these three names apply to one person, who was the chief of the Twelve Apostles and the first witness to the Resurrection. It is, of course, recognized that there was another apostle named Simon, but he plays only a small part in Christian tradition.
The Chronological Scheme of Acts
Authors: Bacon Benjamin Wisner
Published: November 2011

The article ‘Chronology of the New Testament’ by C. H. Turner in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible marks an epoch in this important subject. Its astronomical and calendar data are indeed not unimpeachable, for the more recent studies of Fotheringham make it highly probable that A.D. 30 should be taken as the year of the crucifixion, rather than Turner's date of A.D. 29. But Turner's careful survey of ancient sources proves that from a very early time “the year of the two Gemini” (A.D. 29) was fixed upon by tradition, and became the accepted starting-point for primitive reckonings in both directions. Convenience of adjustment to the paschal cycle had probably much to do with the adoption of this particular year, which facilitated harmonization; but at the very early period to which it can be carried back tradition is not likely to have varied more than a year or two from the correct date for so all-important an event. While, then, a slightly earlier or later absolute dating, such as A.D. 30, may obtain the preference of modern chronographers it seems not impossible that the traditional date of 29 A.D. for the crucifixion may go back to the period of Luke himself.
What have Facts to do with Faith?
Authors: Hayes Charles H.
Published: November 2011

The question, “What have facts to do with faith?” expresses a rather widely prevalent suspicion regarding the religious value of the facts recorded in the gospels and summarized in the creeds; and it deserves consideration by every one who has religious interests at heart, since it brings up vital problems concerning the possibility of revelation and the value of the Christian faith. Two allied questions have been much debated recently in this country, although they were pretty well threshed out in Germany a decade or two ago; first, what obligations rest upon a man who subscribes to the Christian creeds; and, secondly, whether it is not desirable that the creeds should be so changed, or be given such meanings, that no one would be obliged in confessing his faith to make any assertion concerning matters of historical fact. Back of these questions lies a more fundamental and more practical one: What value have facts for our religious faith? Of what value for our religious life is it to affirm in our creeds the truth of such historical happenings as, “He suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead and buried; the third day He rose again from the dead”? Of what value is it to read or hear such Scriptures as those which tell us that Christ healed the palsied man let down through the roof, and the blind man who called to him from the wayside; or raised the widow's only son; or had compassion on the multitudes, and fed them? It must be granted, we are told, that doubts may always arise about historical events, since historical knowledge rests on human testimony with all its weaknesses; and granted, too, that events seem but a dry and cold substitute for the living faith craved by our hearts. Would it not, then, be well, we are asked, to omit from our creeds matters of fact (or alleged fact), and to reduce our gospels to “the Words of the Christ”? If not, some sound reason ought to be given for retaining the gospel narratives of our Lord's marvellous deeds, which are stumbling-stones to many feet seeking the path of righteousness, and for affirming in the creeds the most notable events of his life instead of simply calling him Master.
Sacerdotalism
Authors: Horr George E.
Published: November 2011

The provisions for the fourth of the series of Dudleian Lectures are as follows:

“The fourth and last lecture I would have for the maintaining, explaining, and proving the validity of the ordination of ministers or pastors of the churches, and so their administration of the sacraments or ordinances of religion as the same hath been practiced in New England, from the first beginning of it, and so continued at this day. Not that I would in any wise invalidate Episcopal Ordination, as it is commonly called and practiced in the Church of England; but I do esteem the method of ordination as practiced in Scotland, at Geneva, and among the dissenters in England, and in the churches in this country, to be very safe, Scriptural and valid; and that the great Head of the church, by his blessed spirit, hath owned, sanctified, and blessed them accordingly, and will continue to do so to the end of the World. Amen.”

The topic of Sacerdotalism is naturally involved in the terms of this Foundation.

The term “Sacerdotalism” has been defined as “the doctrine that the man who ministers in sacred things, the institution through which and the office or order in which he ministers, the acts he performs, the sacraments and rites he celebrates, are so ordained and constituted of God as to be the peculiar channels of His grace, essential to true worship, necessary to the being of religion, and the full realization of the religious life.”
Jesus and his Modern Critics
Authors: Brown Howard N.
Published: November 2011

As our buildings today bear the impress of Greek genius in architecture, and our law in great measure holds the form that was given it under the Roman Empire, so do religion and morals with us still feel the influence of the Jew. Through Christianity that strain of spiritual life which had been nurtured under a great line of Hebrew prophets was taken over to and planted in the new soil of Graeco-Roman life: so that its heroes finally displaced the heroes of classical antiquity and its forms of thought, in part at least, superseded those which belonged by natural inheritance to pagan faith. The beginner of the movement which accomplished this change was Jesus of Nazareth, who thus made himself one of the foremost figures in the world's affairs.

As part of this process of getting itself rooted in a new habitat, and by way of adaptation to alien conditions, Christianity underwent considerable modification of form. First it was worked over into somewhat different shape in the mind of Paul. Petrine Christianity, no doubt, was held strictly within Judaic lines, and was designed only for “home consumption.” The Pauline form introduced changes which better fitted it for a “foreign market.” A later and more profound change was made by those influences which our fourth gospel represents. In this new guise it was such a different thing that it became thenceforth, almost of necessity, a stranger in the house of its birth. These modifications of it, innocently assumed to be its original shape, have lived on till our own day.

And now a new force is being brought to bear upon it whose ultimate effect we cannot wholly measure. The new science of historical criticism has come into this field, possessing an equipment and a determination which blind tradition will be unable to resist. One of the first facts to attract its attention was that change of form which Christianity had undergone in getting itself transformed from Eastern to Western life; and one of its first problems was to retranslate these later versions of its message back into a primitive gospel.
Has Old Testament Criticism Collapsed?
Authors: Mitchell Hinckley G.
Published: November 2011

The theory now for many years held by most critical students of the Old Testament is that the early narratives from Genesis to Kings are composite, and, further, that the sources from which they were compiled belong to different periods in Hebrew history, having been produced by authors, or schools of authors, occupying various points of view, but so related to one another that their contributions, when arranged in chronological order, reflect the course of events for many successive generations and the progressive development of ethical and religious culture among the Chosen People.
The International Critical Commentary on Genesis, Chronicles, and the Psalms
Authors: Fullerton Kemper
Published: November 2011

“What with Winckler, Jeremias, and Cheyne, and now Eerdmans, Old Testament scholars have a good many new eras dawning on them just now. Whether any of them will shine unto the perfect day, time will show.” With these gently sarcastic words Dr. Skinner describes the situation which a commentator on Genesis must be prepared to face at the present time. But the dawn is the waking-up time. The reveille sounded by these various scholars is exhilarating. The war to which they challenge Old Testament investigators may not prove to be a world-war, the critical map of the Old Testament may not be materially altered; but it is a good thing that the dominant school of criticism which follows Wellhausen should be compelled to meet antagonists equipped with all the resources of modern warfare. So long as their opponents were armed only with the weapons of the old apologetics, these critics had an easy time of it. After the publication of the great Prolegomena it seemed as if the last word had been spoken. Canaan had been conquered anew. All that remained for the victors to do was to settle down in the land, appropriate the high-places to themselves, and reduce the ancient inhabitants to Nethinim. But no sooner had they entered into possession than the temptation of the settled life began to beset them as it beset the Hebrews of old. They had driven out the traditions that had occupied the land for millenniums, but the ancient inhabitants, as is so often the case, soon threatened to conquer the conquerors.
Harvard Hymns
Authors: Archibald Warren Seymour
Published: November 2011

Most readers of this article have sung, and many have learned by heart, a noble Christmas hymn whose music is now heard in more than one continent:—

It came upon the midnight clear,

That glorious song of old;

but few of those who sing and love it know that it was written by a country minister who graduated from the Harvard Divinity School. Fewer still are aware that a series of men have proceeded from this department of Harvard University who, for now almost a hundred years, have maintained this succession in sacred song. What may properly be called a school of religious poetry constitutes a worthy part of the contribution to literary culture which Harvard has made and which through many generations formed the peculiar and greatest distinction of New England.
The Priestly Function in the Modern Church
Authors: Lawson W. Ellsworth
Published: November 2011

It is not with conceit but by constraint that one ventures to write on the priestly function in the modern church. Can anything new be said about it? Can anything be said at all without wounding the sensibilities and adding to the burdens—already too heavy—of the modern minister? Criticism there must be, construction there ought to be, in any discussion of this subject. But both criticism and construction will be inevitably and deeply affected by the temperament of the writer. So at the outset you are asked to believe that, however dogmatic this discussion may at times appear, it is carried on in the perfect awareness that there is another side to most of the questions that will arise, and that excuses and even justifications may be urged for some of the tendencies upon which those who have cultivated a religious scrupulousness in such matters look with increasing dismay.
Cephas and Peter in the Epistle to the Galatians
Authors: Piana G. La
Published: November 2011

In his note ‘Simon, Cephas, Peter’ in this Review (January, 1921, pp. 95–97), Professor Kirsopp Lake, calling attention to the existence of early evidence that in some quarters Cephas was thought to be a different person from Peter, wonders why “Christian tradition has so completely lost sight of these doubts, which were clearly present in various forms to Clement of Alexandria and to the still earlier writer of the Epistola Apostolorum.”
Decline and demographic changes in the population of the Near Threatened brown lemur Eulemur fulvus on Mayotte
Authors: Tonnabel J. , Tattersall I. , Simmen B. , Tarnaud L.
Published: November 2011

The population of the Near Threatened brown lemur Eulemur fulvus on the island of Mayotte was censused in 1974, 1984 and 1999. We carried out a new census in 2008, estimating individual and group densities in the three main habitat types on the island (preserved forest, anthropogenic forest and agricultural areas), and more generally evaluating population trends. Data included sex ratios and the number of young < 1 year-old per female. The census was at the end of the dry season, along 14 transect lines of 0.5 or 1 km length. Counts of groups and individuals were repeated three times between 07.00 and 10.00 and between 15.00 and 18.00. The densities of groups and individuals were calculated using Distance. By 2008 group and individual densities had significantly decreased in preserved forest, and there was also a decrease in group size in all habitat types. The 2008 census also showed that the overall population of E. fulvus on Mayotte has decreased by about half since 1999. We suggest that these changes reflect environmental stress associated with a decrease in available food resources. Urgent action to preserve forest habitat is necessary for the long-term survival of this lemur.
Efficacy of narasin against hepatic and intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits
Authors: Peeters J. E. , Geeroms Rita , Antoine Odette , Mammerickx M. , Halen P.
Published: November 2011

The anticoccidial effect of narasin against Eimeria flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. magna, E. perforans and E. stiedai was tested in experimentally infected rabbits. The drug was highly effective in reducing oocyst output and in preventing clinical signs. Maximum activity as measured by oocyst discharge was achieved with feed levels from 12 to 24 p.p.m.; there was no influence on oocyst sporulation. Optimal weight gain and food consumption were obtained with levels between 8 and 12 p.p.m.; at higher levels there was an adverse effect on growth, food intake, relative liver and heart weights and on serum potassium and glucose.
The effect of anaerobiosis on adenosine nucleotide levels inNematospiroides dubiusandTrichostrongylus colubriformis in vitro
Authors: Sharpe M. J. , Lee D. L.
Published: November 2011

The adenosine nucleotide and adenylate energy charge values ofNematospiroides dubiusandTrichostrongylus colubriformismaintainedin vitrounder aerated and under near-anoxic conditions have been measured. Maintenance of the nematodes in both conditions had an adverse effect on their energy metabolism, but in comparing these effects it was found that the changes were more significant in those nematodes maintained in near-anoxic conditions and that the changes were more apparent in male nematodes. The smaller changes in the energy charge values of female worms, particularlyN. dubiuswhere there was no difference between worms in aerated conditions and those in near-anoxic conditions, were explained by the presence of eggs in the nematodes. At no time did the energy charge of nematodes in near-anoxic conditions fall below 0·50 but, whereas nematodes in aerated conditions were able to continue moving throughout the experiment, those in near-anoxic conditions stopped moving during the first 3 h. It is suggested that in the absence of sufficient oxygen the nematodes were able to maintain their energy charge above 0·50 by removal of AMP from the adenylate pool, resulting in the depletion of their total adenylate. The changes in the energy charge and behaviour of the nematodes are related to the survival of the nematodes in the oxygen-deficient environment which they inhabitin vivo.
The local flavour of English in the Gulf
Authors: Fussell Blair
Published: November 2011

No matter where you are in the world, English seems to have its own way of cropping up, and the Gulf is no exception. Drive through the Omani–Emirati border crossing at Mazyad and a sign on the Emirati side announces, ‘Helping support AIDS’. Turn on KTV2, a state-run television channel broadcast out of Kuwait, and an English subtitle reads, ‘May God give you long life’; scan the headlines of the Gulf News and read, ‘Emiratisation is vital for the country’; eavesdrop on an expatriate Indian family ordering lunch in the food court at the Muscat City Centre mall and hear, ‘Give me the biriyani chicken’, ‘Give me the thali set’; follow a Bahraini Twitter tweeter and read, ‘say the truth don't fabricate BHR’.
‘What Have We Got to Do with Fun?’: Littlewood, Price, and the Policy Makers
Authors: Rufford Juliet
Published: November 2011

Joan Littlewood blamed anti-socialist prejudice for Theatre Workshop's hostile treatment by the Arts Council. Yet her failure to secure the Council's backing for the Fun Palace – an open-ended project for an arts, entertainment, and education centre she developed with architect Cedric Price – may be better expressed as a collision between anarchy and bureaucracy. Following Nadine Holdsworth's 1997 article for New Theatre Quarterly, ‘“They'd Have Pissed on My Grave”: the Arts Council and Theatre Workshop’, in this article Juliet Rufford argues that the project fell victim to a form of programme censorship because it broke the rules of culture and professionalism as defined by the major funding body for the arts. The concept of ‘fun’ is seen as vital to understanding the cynicism of the policy makers towards Price and Littlewood's proposals, but also as driving explorations of intermediality, interactive performance, and performative architecture that have since been taken up successfully by artists working within and beyond the subsidized sector. Juliet Rufford is a post-doctoral research associate at the Victoria and Albert Museum, and is co-convenor of the International Federation of Theatre Research's Theatre Architecture Working Group. She has written on theatre architecture, site-specific performance, scenography, and the politics of space for publications including Contemporary Theatre Review and the Journal of Architectural Education.
L'Amour Chez Jarry: Rupture, Ridicule, and Theatre
Authors: Jannarone Kimberly
Published: November 2011

Alfred Jarry, best known for his scandalous 1896 play Ubu Roi, wrote an equally scandalous work in 1898: L'Amour en visites (Visits of Love). This hybrid novel/play dramatizes several of Alfred Jarry's battles with the Symbolist movement, literary form, and inherited traditions. It is a work about rupture on all levels. In this article Kimberly Jannarone investigates the text and its backstory to give a greater understanding of Jarry's work and the last days of the Symbolist movement. Tracing the life of a central character, Lucien, who plays different roles as he travels through naturalistic and fantastic realms in a deviant coming-of-age story, L'Amour en visites condenses Jarry's formal and personal rejection of the worlds around him, especially that of the Symbolist literary scene. Culminating in a sensational coup de théâtre – a pair of lovers being flushed down the toilet – L'Amour en visites marked the closure of one part of Jarry's work and a chapter of his life. Kimberly Jannarone is the author of Artaud and His Doubles (University of Michigan Press, 2010). As well as two earlier essays on Jarry in New Theatre Quarterly – in NTQ 98 (May 2009) and NTQ 67 (August 2001) – she has published essays on avant-garde literature and performance in Theatre Journal, Theatre Survey, French Forum, TDR, Modernism/Modernity, and a book chapter on The Exquisite Corpse. Jannarone is Associate Professor of Theater Arts at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Carbon consequences of forest disturbance and recovery across the conterminous United States
Authors: Williams Christopher A. , Collatz G. James , Masek Jeffrey , Goward Samuel N.
Published: November 2011

Forests of North America are thought to constitute a significant long‐term sink for atmospheric carbon. The United States Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program has developed a large database of stock changes derived from consecutive estimates of growing stock volume in the U.S. These data reveal a large and relatively stable increase in forest carbon stocks over the last two decades or more. The mechanisms underlying this national increase in forest stocks may include recovery of forests from past disturbances, net increases in forest area, and growth enhancement driven by climate or fertilization by CO2and Nitrogen. Here we estimate the forest recovery component of the observed stock changes using FIA data on the age structure of U.S. forests and carbon stocks as a function of age. The latter are used to parameterize forest disturbance and recovery processes in a carbon cycle model. We then apply resulting disturbance/recovery dynamics to landscapes and regions based on the forest age distributions. The analysis centers on 28 representative climate settings spread about forested regions of the conterminous U.S. We estimate carbon fluxes for each region and propagate uncertainties in calibration data through to the predicted fluxes. The largest recovery‐driven carbon sinks are found in the South Central, Pacific Northwest, and Pacific Southwest regions, with spatially averaged net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of about 100 g C m−2 a−1 driven by forest age structure. Carbon sinks from recovery in the Northeast and Northern Lakes States remain moderate to large owing to the legacy of historical clearing and relatively low modern disturbance rates from harvest and fire. At the continental scale, we find a conterminous U.S. forest NEP of only 0.16 Pg C a−1 from age structure in 2005, or only 0.047 Pg C a−1 of forest stock change after accounting for fire emissions and harvest transfers. Recent estimates of NEP derived from inventory stock change, harvest, and fire data show twice the NEP sink we derive from forest age distributions. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancies including modeling errors and the possibility of climate and/or fertilization (CO2 or N) growth enhancements.
TRPC4 ion channel protein is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area
Authors: Illig Kurt , Varnell Andrew , Ostertag Eric , Klipec William , Cooper Donald
Published: November 2011

The nonselective cation channel TRPC4 has been shown to be present in high abundance in the corticolimbic regions of the brain and play a pivotal role in modulating cellular excitability due to their involvement in intracellular Ca^2+^ regulation. Recently we reported their involvement in socialization and regulating anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Given the important role for dopamine in modulating emotions involved in social anxiety we investigated whether TRPC4 protein and mRNA was found on dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Using emulsion autoradiography we found that TRPC4 mRNA is indeed present in the VTA and the substantia nigra. Additionally, immunohistochemistry verified it’s presence on a subpopulation of dopamine neurons in the VTA. We confirmed these findings by testing Trpc4 knock-out rats in addition to wild-type animals. This novel finding suggests that TRPC4 plays a pivotal role in regulating dopamine release in a sub-population of neurons that may modulate emotional and cognitive responses in social situations.
Antiparasitic Drug Discovery for the Polyamine Pathway
Authors: Yarlett Nigel , Morada Mary
Published: November 2011

Diseases caused by parasitic organisms are a significant component of global morbidity and represent a serious challenge for drug discovery and development. Because polyamines are absolutely required for growth, survival and cellular homeostasis in parasitic organisms, polyamine metabolism is an important target for the discovery of antiparasitic agents. The rational design of antiparasitic agents that target the polyamine pathway relies on the fact that there are significant differences between human and parasitic polyamine metabolism. However, polyamine metabolism in these parasitic organisms is as diverse as the parasites themselves. As a result, a thorough understanding of polyamine metabolism in each organism, and of the structural differences in enzymes involved in this pathway, greatly facilitates the drug discovery process. In this chapter, the current understanding of polyamine metabolism in various organisms is described. In addition, recent efforts to specifically target parasitic enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism, or to modulate parasitic metabolic processes that are not found in humans, are described.
Superconducting fluctuations at 6OK?
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: November 2011

A group at the University of Pennsylvania has reported observing superconducting fluctuations in organic solids above 60 K. In a postdeadline invited paper at the March meeting of the American Physical Society in San Diego, Alan J. Heeger, Anthony F. Garito and their collaborators (L. B. Coleman, M. J. Cohen, D. J. Sandman and F. G. Yamagishi) reported finding a conductivity 500 times the room-temperature value in an organic charge-transfer salt based on tetracyanoquinodimethan (TCNQ). The Penn group has been investigating a particular TCNQ salt called (TTF) (TCNQ) and a modified version of it called (ATTF)(TCNQ), and they interpret their data as arising from superconducting fluctuations associated with a tendency toward high-temperature superconductivity in these pseudo-one-dimensional solids.
Progress in x-ray astronomy
Authors: Giacconi Riccardo
Published: November 2011

The most significant progress in x-ray astronomy in the past few years has been brought about by the advent of satellite observatories and by the great number of new radio and optical identifications of cosmic x-ray sources. Since the discovery, with rocket-borne instruments, of extrasolar sources of x radiation ten years ago, it has been clear to most experimenters that a very considerable advance in our knowledge could be obtained with satellite instrumentation. The launch on 12 December 1970 of the first small astronomy satellite, UHURU, entirely devoted to x-ray observations, was expected to lead to the detection of fainter sources with finer angular resolution and positional accuracy, thereby expanding our catalog of celestial x-ray emitters. What was unexpected was the qualitative change in our understanding of the nature of cosmic x-ray emitting objects that several new discoveries by UHURU have brought about.
The Earth's thermal gradient
Authors: Schubert Gerald , Anderson Orson L.
Published: November 2011

Vast amounts of heat are stored in the Earth, often breaking dramatically through the surface at volcanoes and hot springs such as that shown in figure 1. Just how this heat is distributed within the Earth has concerned geophysicists for years. Recently their theories of the temperature distribution have been influenced in several ways by the revolutionary plate-tectonics model of the Earth. This model depicts the relative motions and mutual interactions of several large surface plates, driven by material welling up in some parts of the globe (ridges) and descending in others (trenches), as illustrated in figure 2 (a map of the worldwide plate boundaries is shown in the accompanying article by Carl Kisslinger). Such a model has forced the abandonment of a cherished geophysical boundary condition—spherical symmetry in the temperature profile. Overwhelming evidence has established that temperature distribution beneath the ridges is very different from that at the convergent plate boundaries; the temperature profile in the upper portion of the globe depends very much on whether it is below a zone of spreading plates, a zone of colliding plates or a region of plate interiors.
Earthquake prediction
Authors: Kisslinger Carl
Published: November 2011

Earthquake prediction entails the specification of the time, place and magnitude of an individual future event. All three of these parameters are poorly known and complicated functions of the relative motions of parts of the Earth's crust and mantle, the rate of strain accumulation in rocks and the strength of those rocks. Even if the processes by which the energy is accumulated and released were completely understood, the imprecise knowledge of the initial conditions, boundary conditions and relevant material properties would make the prediction of a particular seismic event very difficult.
Michelson and his interferometer
Authors: Shankland Robert S.
Published: November 2011

Albert Abraham Michelson was the first American scientist to win the Nobel Prize, and his career is one of the most fascinating in the entire history of physics. His earliest work was firmly based on the classical physics of geometrical optics—in a precise determination of the velocity of light by an improved Foucault method. But then he mastered wave optics and invented his interferometer, and from that point on he proceeded to dazzle the scientific world with a display of the applications he found for his invention during a career that exhibited throughout a unique pattern of originality and dedication to physics.
Neutrino interactions may explain supernova explosions
Authors: Levi Barbara G.
Published: November 2011

A recent theoretical calculation of neutrino–nucleon cross sections, based on neutral currents, has revived interest in a model that proposes neutrino interactions as the mechanism for explosions in supernovae. The neutrino idea was first suggested by Stirling Colgate of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology and Richard White of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Subsequent calculations were performed by W. David Arnett of the University of Texas and by L. N. Ivanova, V. S. Inshennik and D. K. Nadezhin at the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. A more refined calculation by James R. Wilson (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory) showed that the neutrino interaction then assumed (from the theory by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann) was of the wrong form to account for explosions. Now Daniel Z. Freedman of the National Accelerator Laboratory has found that if neutral currents exist, the scattering of neutrinos by nuclei is coherent; thus the cross sections go as the square of the atomic weight. Wilson has redone his earlier calculations with the new cross sections and has found that they can account for explosions, depending on what values are assumed for the neutral-current coupling constant and for the muon–neutrino opacity.
Working with citizens' groups
Authors: Sullivan James B.
Published: November 2011

Almost all decisions that affect significant portions of society—whether or not to develop solar energy, to build a local highway or to develop a new poptop beverage container—are basically political rather than scientific. Nevertheless, technical input can be decisive.
Scientists in state government
Authors: Chapman Seville
Published: November 2011

That we live in a technological world is evident to all of us. Certainly public policies regarding energy, transportation, coastal-zone management, pollution, waste management, urban technology and health-care delivery affect our lives and our pocket books.
Thermodynamics of viscous flow and elasticity of glass forming liquids in the glass transition range
Authors: Rouxel T.
Published: November 2011

The elastic moduli of glasses from different chemical systems, including oxide, chalcogenide, oxynitride, and metallic, were investigated through the glass transition (Tg), typically from 0.4 to 1.3 Tg. These data were used to interpret the temperature sensitivity of the shear viscosity coefficient obtained on the same materials. The relevant Gibbs free activation energy was estimated from the apparent heat of flow by means of the temperature dependence of the shear elastic modulus. The activation entropy associated with the viscous flow was also derived and was found to correlate with the fragile versus strong character of the glass forming liquids. Finally, the physicochemistry of the flow process was described on the basis of the glass network de-structuration which shows up through the temperature dependence of Poisson's ratio, and an expression for the shear viscosity coefficient is proposed which is chiefly based on the high temperature elastic behavior.
Potential for ethanol production from conservation reserve program lands in Oregon
Authors: Juneja Ankita , Kumar Deepak , Williams John D. , Wysocki Donald J. , Murthy Ganti S.
Published: November 2011

Increase in energy demand has led towards considering lignocellulosic feedstocks as potential for ethanol production. Aim of this study was to estimate the potential of grass straws from conservation reserve program (CRP) lands as feedstocks for ethanol production. The CRP was initiated to ensure reduction in soil erosion with a concomitant improvement in water quality and aquatic habitats. Species and abundance of various grasses in CRP sites can vary substantially. Ethanol yield from biomass is directly correlated to sugar content among other factors. It therefore becomes important to study the variability in the biomass composition from different CRP sites to reliably estimate biofuel production potential. Grass samples were collected from five fields contracted to CRP in Umatilla County in Northeastern Oregon. Composition of these samples was experimentally determined and was statistically verified to be similar for most of the sites. Sugar content was highest (60.70%) and statistically different for only one site (CRA 8.2). Our results suggest that biomass harvested from different sites did not significantly vary in terms of their chemical composition and therefore could be used in a single integrated process to produce bioethanol. Total potential ethanol yield from various CRP lands in Oregon, assuming a 10 yr harvesting frequency, was estimated to be 40 × 106 l of ethanol (28.5–53.7 × 106 l/yr) with current management practices subject to other constraints.
Influence of the temperature dependent nonlinearities on the performance of micromechanical resonators
Authors: Kyu Lee Hyung , Kim Bongsang , Melamud Renata , Hopcroft Matthew A. , Salvia James C. , Kenny Thomas W.
Published: November 2011

In micromechanical resonator-based oscillators, the temperature dependence of quality factor (Q) and coupling between amplitude and frequency cause unexpected increases in the temperature dependence of frequency. This paper presents a complete model for these interactions, confirms the model with experiments, and demonstrates an improved oscillator architecture that completely cancels these effects.