bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Difficulty Level, Temporal Position of Feedback and Content of Verbal Material on Retention
Authors: Baller William , Jahnke Wendell
Published: September 2011

The effects of difficulty level, type of content, and temporal position of knowledge of results were considered relative to the retention of empirically-derived verbal materials by 160 college Ss. Difficulty level appeared to be the only variable which was operative to a significant extent for the specified learning task.
AVA Norms and Scores from General Population and Negro Population Samples
Authors: Hasler Kermit R. , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

Special standard score norms for the three profiles of AVA, Form A, were developed with the data from a heterogeneous sample of 328 Negroes. These norms were compared with the general norms ( N = 17,689) now in use with this instrument. The AVA results from another sample of 119 Negro respondents were plotted on record summary cards based on both general and special norms. The effects of different norms upon Profile Shapes and 10 other indices of profile characteristics were assessed. These effects were generally found to be negligible relative to probable influence upon descriptive validity or profile compatibility with the usual job standards. A significant clustering of AVA profile types was found for Negro AVAs as compared with a general sample distribution of AVA profile types.
Effects of Stem Reference on Sentence-Completion Responses
Authors: Irvin Floyd S.
Published: September 2011

Sentence-completion items employing personal- and other-reference stems were administered to 40 Ss. Results indicated that personal-reference stems more effectively elicited negative responses and also increased the number of neutral, evasive and ambivalent expressions among Ss.
Awareness, Verbal Conditioning and Meaning Conditioning
Authors: Miller Adam W.
Published: September 2011

Empirical relationships basic to two controversial hypotheses concerning the relationship of awareness to verbal operant conditioning and conditioning of meaning were studied. Experimental procedures integrated the two conditioning processes, systematically varied verbal reinforcements for Ss' verbal responses, measured awareness by questionnaire, and measured rated meaning of nonsense syllables, which had been associated with meaningful words. 15 Ss were assigned to each of six experimental groups in a 2 × 3 factorial design. The two independent variables involved variations in reinforcement of (a) word responses and (b) awareness statements. Results supported four hypotheses: (1) Conditioning of meaning and verbal operant conditioning can occur together. (2) Awareness statements are operantly conditionable. (3) Verbal reinforcements can be arranged to produce either covariation of awareness statements and verbal conditioning or lack of covariation. (4) Awareness statements during conditioning relate significantly to awareness measured by postconditioning questionnaire. Also, questionnaire awareness is unrelated to conditioning of meaning.
Water Preference as a Function of Water Deprivation
Authors: Beck Robert C. , Brooks Charles I.
Published: September 2011

16 rats were given 30-min. 2-choice preference tests with water and Hawaiian Punch (HP) after 1, 8, 24, or 32 hr. water deprivation. Intake of HP was constant at about 13 ml under all conditions, but water intake was from 1 ml to 13 ml with increasing deprivation.
Survey of Areas of Moral Awareness and Formation of Principles Basic to the Construction of a Scale to Measure Conscience
Authors: Leedham Lelia R. , Signori Edro I. , Sampson Donald L. G.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to collect a comprehensive list of moral items from groups of Ss from various walks of life. Ss were asked to submit lists of actual situations in which they might feel twinges of conscience. The collected items were classified into 75 different categories.
Factor Analysis of Psychiatric Symptoms: Alcoholics Compared with Schizophrenics
Authors: Miller Byron A. , Bentinck Catherine A. , Pokorny Alex D.
Published: September 2011

Varimax factor analysis of 20 symptoms obtained at admission ratings of a consecutive sample of 201 chronic alcoholic patients in a Veterans Administration Hospital Treatment Program yielded 6 factors (eigenvalue ≥ 1): Depression-Anxiety, Uncooperative, Disorganized Thinking, Memory Deficit, Disoriented, and Unmotivated. Four of these same factors have been reported in a five-factor solution of these same 20 rating-scale variables on a large sample of Veterans Administration schizophrenic patients. The availability of follow-up data permitted additional factor analyses of these variables at 3 subsequent time points: hospital exit, at 1 mo. and at 12 mo. follow-up. In contrast to the schizophrenic sample which had also been analyzed at several time points, our factors did not all remain constant, pointing to a greater lability in symptoms in alcoholics before, during, and after treatment.
Who are Paranoid Schizophrenics: A Brief Comment
Authors: Ralph Donald E. , McCarthy John F.
Published: September 2011

The importance of the paranoid-nonparanoid dichotomy in research with schizophrenic Ss was discussed and the question raised as to the equivalence of the various procedures of differential diagnosis reported in the literature. For 65 schizophrenic Ss, classification into paranoid and nonparanoid subgroups was made on the basis of both ward-record diagnosis and a current assessment. There was agreement between the two on 41 cases (63%) but disagreement on 37% of the sample. Further work is necessary to evaluate the various ways of operationally defining “paranoid” schizophrenia.
Sexual Responsiveness in Women: Physiological Correlates
Authors: Fisher Seymour , Osofsky Howard
Published: September 2011

42 women described their degree of sexual responsiveness and also the quality of their sexual experiences. A variety of measures of physiological reactivity (e.g., heart rate, vaginal temperature, GSR) were also obtained from them. The chief positive finding was that those who experienced intercourse as having an intense, arousing quality followed by relaxation in the post-orgasm period were characterized by relatively high levels of physiological arousal in a setting with numerous sexual connotations.
Experimenter-Made vs Subject-Made Mnemonics in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Lieberman Lewis R. , Walters William M. , Cox William Miles
Published: September 2011

Two groups of Ss learned 42 pairs of words as a standard paired-associates learning task. One group was provided with mnemonic devices as an aid in learning the pairs and the other group was told to make up their own mnemonic aids. The difference in the number of pairs learned was not significant. Correlation between recall scores and Scholastic Aptitude Test verbal scores approached 0. There was a high correlation between the number of Ss who recalled a given pair correctly in the two groups. This suggests that certain pairs of words are easier to learn than others, regardless of whether S is given a mnemonic aid or has to contrive his own.
Association of Aversive and Reinforcing Stimuli during Intermittent Punishment
Authors: Appel James B.
Published: September 2011

12 hungry rats were trained to press a bar for milk on an FR 80 schedule. In one group of 6 Ss the 80th or reinforced response was also followed by shock in an increasing order of intensities. The remaining Ss were punished after the 40th response of the FR 80 sequence. It was found that the suppressing effects of intermittent punishment were attenuated by associating aversive and reinforcing stimuli.
Racial Differences in Runaways
Authors: Coleman Richard
Published: September 2011

Male adolescent Ss who had run away from a training school were compared in terms of race (Caucasian or Negro), age, and total time as inmates. Negro Ss accounted for a significantly fewer number of runaways; the mean ages were identical; and Negro Ss had a slightly higher duration of inmate time.
Method of Behaviorism as Stated by Brody and Oppenheim: A Critique
Authors: Robbins Jerry
Published: September 2011

In answering their critics, Brody and Oppenheim offer a circular description of behavioristic method which poses more questions than it answers. An analysis of the terms they employ and the statements they make reveals that Brody and Oppenheim mislead their readers when they pretend that the validity of behavioristic method rests on public observation of an already existing reality called “behavior.”
Meaningfulness in Sequential Contexts: Some Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Dow Dennis , Vetter Harold J.
Published: September 2011

Attention is drawn to the need for investigation of the possible effects of context upon objective measures of meaningfulness of words in verbal behavior research. Following a few critical observations on the derivation and limitations of the concept of meaningfulness and its measurement, three specific and testable hypotheses are stated: (a) There will be a change in the average number of associations to a word from a lone presentation to a presentation of the same word in a sequential context of other words. (b) There will be a significant difference in total variance of responses to an associative test on a word in a random context versus the same word presented in a grammatical context. (c) There will be significant differences in Semantic Differential profiles of the same word presented in random versus grammatical contexts.
Is Intensity a Spurious Variable in Attitude Measurement?
Authors: Ehrlich Howard J.
Published: September 2011

Four arguments are derived from past research and presented to stimulate new inquiry on the meaning of intensity as a variable in attitude measurement. The tentative hypothesis is proposed that intensity is an imperfect indicator of the direction of an attitude.
Extinction and Reacquisition Performance as a Function of Sucrose-Solution Rewards and Numbers of Acquisition Trials
Authors: Ison James R. , Rosen Alexander J.
Published: September 2011

Hungry rats ( n = 76) received straight runway acquisition training at 1 of 3 sucrose reinforcement magnitudes (20 licks, 5% solution; 20 licks, 50% solution; or 100 licks, 50% solution) for 1 of 3 numbers of training trials (20, 40, or 100). This was followed by 40 extinction trials, then 16 reacquisition trials at either the highest or the lowest reward magnitude. Both acquisition and extinction performance were increased by larger values of the acquisition variables. Reacquisition performance was positively related to reacquisition magnitude and, on some performance variables, both acquisition variables. These results were contrasted to those obtained when reinforcement is manipulated by the use of different magnitudes of food rewards.
Brief Standardized Interview for Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Griffin John L.
Published: September 2011

Trends suggesting differences between 11 disturbed and 15 normal children were consistent with previously published observations of nosological groups in that disturbed Ss initiated less speaking and spoke for less time. Further research is needed.
MMPI Profiles as a Function of Chronological Age
Authors: Thumin Fred J.
Published: September 2011

MMPI and Otis mental ability scores were studied as a function of chronological age among 176 male job applicants who were referred to a psychological consulting firm for evaluation. Ss were divided into four groups, with mean ages of 24.8, 31.4, 37.7, and 45.1 yr., and the groups were relatively well matched in terms of formal education. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences among the scores made by the various age groups on any of the 13 basic scales of the MMPI or on the Otis. The results failed to support the popular notion that middle-aged workers are risky prospects for employment because, as compared with their younger counterparts, they are relatively defensive, threatened, rigid, subjective in their evaluations, difficult to get along with, and lacking in adaptability and mental alertness.
A Measure of Cognitive Dissonance as a Predictor of Smoking Treatment Outcome
Authors: Keutzer Carolin S.
Published: September 2011

In an effort to determine which pre-treatment variables could serve as predictors of success in a smoking-treatment program, 213 adult volunteer smokers were assessed for a wide range of factors. A specially devised instrument, a measure of Effective Cognitive Dissonance, proved to be the variable most closely associated with end-of-treatment smoking rates.
Patterns of Affective Responses in Two Groups of Pedophiles
Authors: Vanasek Frank J. , Frisbie Louise V. , Dingman Harvey F.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 143 persons who were on probation or parole who had a history of child molesting were selected and compared with a sample of 215 pedophiles who were selected from a large state hospital. They were then compared on the basis of rating scales for 25 word pairs which were similar to words used by Osgood, et al. (1957) in the study of the semantic differential. The factors derived from the ratings of pedophiles in the community reflected their need to present good stereotypes and acceptable facades. The factors derived from the analysis of patients in an institution seemed to be related to reactions to individual and group therapy treatment. No over-all stereotype of pedophiles' reactions seemed to emerge; rather, the factor structure seemed to be associated with the social climate in which the members of each group were living.
Effects of Pretest-Treatment Interval on Opinion Change
Authors: Lana Robert E. , Rosnow Ralph L.
Published: September 2011

Data presented suggest that the interval between pretest and treatment (2 to 21 days) does not have a substantial effect on the magnitude of change of opinion by groups shown a persuasive communication.
Verbal Cues in the Mediation of Experimenter Bias
Authors: Adair John G. , Epstein Joyce S.
Published: September 2011

In a replication of Rosenthal's experimenter bias study, 6 male Es obtained significantly higher ratings when expecting high ratings from their 5 female Ss than when expecting low ratings ( n = 5 each) in a person-perception task. The instructions read by these Es were tape recorded and played back in the absence of any E (non-visual condition) to a second set of Ss. It was concluded from the significant bias effect in the non-visual condition that verbal cues are sufficient mediators of E bias. Suggestions were made as to the nature of the bias transmission process in this study.
Suppression of Pain by Sound
Authors: Marone Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

Data indicating the effectiveness of audio-analgesia are presented.
Concurrent Water-Drinking on FI and CRF Food-Reinforcement Schedules in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Salzberg Charles L. , Henton Wendon W. , Jordan John J.
Published: September 2011

Concurrent drinking was recorded in 3 rhesus monkeys for 5 sessions in which bar-pressing was maintained on a CRF schedule of food reinforcement and for 10 sessions on an FI 1-min. reinforcement schedule. All Ss showed an increase in water consumption per session on the FI 1-min. schedule. The highest frequency of drinking occurred 30 to 70 sec. post-reinforcement. Due to a 7½-sec. change-over-delay procedure, long bursts of drinking delayed the delivery of over 70% of the FI 1-min. reinforcements for 2 Ss.
Isolated Rearing and Hebb-Williams Maze Performance
Authors: Reid Larry D. , Gill John H. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

48 male hooded rats were reared from weaning to adulthood either individually in small opaque-walled cages or together in larger, open cages containing various objects. Following rearing, Ss' “emotionality” and their efficiency at solving maze problems were measured. Consonant with other studies, Ss reared in isolation were more “emotional.” Unlike previous reports, Ss of the isolated rearing condition were as efficient at solving maze problems as Ss of the “enrichment” condition. It is concluded that the problem-solving efficiency of the two groups was equalized by reducing the effects of the emotionality by harsh deprivation for the incentive, by greater pretraining habituation, and by reducing the possibility for direct positive transfer from the training of enrichment to maze solving.
Quick Test Administration with Mental Retardates
Authors: Coyle F. A. , Erdberg Philip
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test appears to be a relatively adequate instrument for screening retarded individuals because it provides a non-verbal mode of response. During screening of moderately retarded individuals, Ss appeared to require relatively longer times to respond than normals and frequently moved their fingers over several of the pictures before selecting one. Examiners should allow sufficient time for response. There are sequences wichin Form 2 which are so arranged that a stereotyped response pattern moving in a clockwise fashion around the four pictures might produce more correct answers than would otherwise be obtained. A possible control is alteration of the order of such items.
Schizophrenic Thought Process: Analysis of the WAIS
Authors: Price A. Cooper , Gentry William D.
Published: September 2011

Differences in performance on the WAIS for schizophrenics classified as active or in remission are described.
Curiosity and the Role of the Individual in the Imposition of Change
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

Maslow's description of two types of exploratory behavior, one based on a curiosity motive and the other on a safety motive, is discussed; it is suggested that a more fundamental distinction between these two types of exploratory behavior may lie in the role of the individual in the imposition of the environmental conditions.
An Operant Conditioning Program in a Juvenile Detention Facility
Authors: Fineman Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

A 6-mo. exploratory study showed the effectiveness of an operant conditioning program in a juvenile detention facility. Ss were emotionally disturbed delinquents. A unit economy based on a behavior-contingent point system proved effective even when extrinsic rewards were given infrequently. Immediacy of reinforcement was believed to be a decisive factor in the program's effectiveness. Interviews with staff showed that the system was most helpful in group control.
Effect of Vanishing Textual Stimuli on Memorization
Authors: Maxwell William
Published: September 2011

This study was designed as one test for the assumption made by B. F. Skinner and other authors of programmed material that vanishing textual stimuli increase the efficiency of memorization. 34 fourth grade pupils were differentially treated using vanishing textual stimuli as the variable. The difference in retention between the two groups was not significant.
Maintenance and Measurement of Water-Regulatory Variables through Controlled Feeding
Authors: Crow Lowell T.
Published: September 2011

Daily patterns of drinking were observed in rats under ad libitum feeding conditions and with a 22-hr. food deprivation schedule. It was found that feeding restricted to a specific hour set the daily drinking pattern and allowed a control of daily water-regulatory cycles. The amount of water ingested was found to be greater under the 22-hr. food deprivation than with ad libitum feeding.
Conformity and Deviation: Two Processes or One?
Authors: Diab Lutfy N.
Published: September 2011

Social conformity and deviation are always relative to some group norm. Whether the behavior in question is referred to as conforming or deviating depends on the standard or norm in question and, perhaps in all cases, deviation from one negative reference group accompanies with it conformity to another positive reference group.
Cross-Cultural Study of Some Correlates of Birth Order
Authors: Diab Lutfy N. , Prothro E. Terry
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to test the cross-cultural validity of the relationship found in Western samples between birth order and college attendance, volunteering behavior, and level of academic achievement. Information concerning birth order and family size was obtained on three sub-samples: (a) 200 freshman Arab students, (b) 97 Arab undergraduates, and (c) 45 Arab undergraduates placed on the Dean's Honor List. Ss in samples (b) and (c) were asked whether they would volunteer to participate in small group experiments or not. In general, the results obtained in this study do not corroborate previous findings on birth order. Thus, firstborns were not found to attend college in greater numbers than later borns. Furthermore, firstborns were not found to volunteer for small group experiments in greater numbers than later borns, nor was there any significant relationship found between birth order and level of academic achievement.
Validity of Seguin Formboard with Retarded Children
Authors: Cole Spurgeon , Burkheimer G. J. , Steinberg Jay
Published: September 2011

Correlations for 172 retarded children (aged 6 to 15 yr.) of WISC standard scores and converted Seguin Formboard scores were small, only rs with Digit Span and Comprehension being significant. It was concluded that the Seguin is not valid with such children.
An Internal Criterion of Test Validity
Authors: Khan S. B.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that the procedures of construct validation include at least two distinct processes: one is the validation of the test for measuring a hypothesized construct and the other is the validation of the construct, i.e., its usefulness and significance as a part of a theoretical system. Factor analysis has been re-evaluated as a method for studying construct validity of new instruments in face of both theoretical and computational advances in the field of factor analysis. A numerical index of construct validity has been suggested to be the multiple correlation of the observed variables with the factor (hypothesized construct). The notion of universe of content, the limiting value of the multiple correlation when n → ∞, etc. have been shown to have important implications for the concept of construct validity. The usefulness of such a procedure for the study of content and predictive validities, item analysis, interpretation of scores and validation of psychological theories has been outlined.
Effect of High Ambient Temperature on Discriminated Avoidance
Authors: Barofsky Ivan , Hurwitz David
Published: September 2011

4 rats were trained to bar press to avoid electric shock during a 5-sec. presentation of a buzzer. Following baseline training, the intertrial intervals (7.5, 15, and 30 sec.), the shock intensity (0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 ma.), and the ambient temperature conditions (25° C and 35° C) were varied. The animals were exposed to all conditions twice. Rectal temperatures were measured pre- and post-session. No statistically significant changes in the frequency of avoidance responses or shocks received in the heat were observed at each intertrial interval tested. Rectal temperature increased as a function of heat exposure and shock intensity although there was no significant interaction between these variables.
Academic Success and Self Concept
Authors: Boshier Roger , Hamid Paul N.
Published: September 2011

To test a suggestion that academic success is related to self concept, product-moment correlations between ‘final’ exam marks and Bills Index of Adjustment scores were obtained. The IAV did not differentiate between superior, average, and failing students.
Dogmatism and Presidential Preferences in the 1964 Elections
Authors: Di Renzo Gordon J.
Published: September 2011

A quota sample of voting-age male undergraduates was administered Form E of the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale as part of an interview schedule concerned with interest and activity in the 1964 presidential campaign and election. Results support previous evidence that dogmatism interacts significantly with political party preference but that the interaction of dogmatism and presidential preferences, despite the correlation with party preferences, is of much greater magnitude. Non-dogmatic scorers overwhelmingly selected Johnson; while dogmatic scorers, despite a slight preference for Goldwater, were more evenly divided in their preferences for presidential candidates. Personality provides a partial explanation for the political dynamics of “frontlash” and “backlash” alleged to have taken place in the 1964 elections. Voting behavior as a function of some measure of identification between the political elector and the political candidate is supported and the structure and the function of the polity seem in part dependent upon the personality structures of the political functionaries recruited into it and the congruent interaction of both the psychological and the sociological structures.
Consciousness in Animals and Automata
Authors: Roberts Hugh
Published: September 2011

Consciousness, which has a superordinate function in very complex, very active servomechanisms, is explicated cybernetically and semantically, these parallel explications being empirically testable respectively by bionics and psychology. Certain configurations of encephalic conductions of neural impulses are regarded functionally as ‘schemata.’ Certain organizations of schemata are grades of consciousness, “are” denoting identity. Consciousness is defined as subjective being of something.
Motivation and Performance in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Deluca Joseph N.
Published: September 2011

The independent variables were Premorbid History (Poor, Good), Evaluation (Censure, Praise, Non-evaluation) and Information on how-to-improve (Presence or Absence). The two dependent variables were the differences in performance on equivalent forms on each of two cognitive tasks. Results, as obtained from analysis of variance of the difference scores on each task showed that, when information on how to improve was presented to a group of schizophrenic Ss, the poor premorbids, regardless of what type of evaluation they received, showed a significantly greater increment in performance than the good premorbids. When no information was given on how to improve, regardless of type of evaluation given, the poor premorbids showed a significantly greater deficit in their performance compared with the good premorbid group. Different explanations of schizophrenic deficit are discussed in evaluation of the findings.
Employment Rankings of Disadvantaged Groups
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

A group of 18 disadvantaged groups were compared with each other by the paired comparison method in terms of disadvantage when seeking employment. The rank order of male and female respondents showed high agreement.
Strain Differences in Continued Avoidance after a Short or Long Retention Interval
Authors: Reynierse James H.
Published: September 2011

3 experiments examined the effects of CS-only trials and retention interval upon resistance to extinction of an avoidance response. In Exps. I and II, nonemotional Holtzman rats showed high resistance to extinction regardless of experimental conditions. In Exp. III, emotional Sasco rats showed high resistance to extinction for a short delay while forgetting was almost complete for the longer retention interval. The results were discussed in terms of implications for elicitation theory.
“Personal Validation:” Replication of Forer's Study
Authors: Manning E. J.
Published: September 2011

Using the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and a replication of Forer's procedure, ratings by a heterogeneous group of accuracy of vignettes as personality descriptions showed a marked disposition to regard descriptions as true.
A Single Digit as a Cue for Recalling Two-Digit Numbers
Authors: Gordon Alice M. , Horowitz Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined S's memory for 2-digit numbers. During recall, one digit of each number appeared as a cue and S had to recall the entire number. The cue was either the first digit or the second. For English speakers the initial digit was a better cue. German speakers, though, utter the digits in reverse order. For them the superiority of the initial digit disappeared.
Role of the Classroom Instructor in a Televised Introductory Psychology Course
Authors: Coone Jim G. , White William F.
Published: September 2011

Little is known of the role of classroom instructors in televised college courses. Student achievement may be affected by classroom instructors' behaviors during the presentation of the televised lecture and during face-to-face discussion afterward. It was hypothesized that student achievement would be greater when classroom instructors were present during the lecture but did not conduct discussion than when classroom instructors were absent during the lecture but conducted discussion. The hypothesis was supported ( p < .01). Possible distortion of previous instructional television research findings due to novelty, Hawthorne, and time effects was discussed.
Interview and the Bernreuter Personality Inventory for Screening Adjustment Problems in College Students
Authors: Verinis J. Scott
Published: September 2011

This study concerned the effectiveness of the Bernreuter Personality Inventory and a counseling interview in identifying those college freshmen who will have personal and social adjustment problems in college. The interview did a more efficient job, especially with long-term, nonsituational problems.
Ravens Progressive Matrices (1938): Normative Data on Male Narcotic Addicts
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Fiorentino Diane , Collins Lois , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

The Ravens Progressive Matrices (RPM), a test of intellectual ability, was administered to 396 male narcotic users. Norms are given, and concepts basic to the validity and reliability of the RPM tested. Significant shifts were found in item order in sets A, B, C, and D. Differences were not considered crucial for each set, which was progressively more difficult than the preceding set; thus the total structure of the test was supported by the sample. The discriminative power of most items ranged from good to excellent. In investigating properties of distractors, answer four was chosen significantly more often than other alternatives as the wrong answer in sets C, D and E identifying the possible operation of a positional distractor. Test-retest reliability, content and concurrent validity coefficients were of the order of .8. Correlation of formal education with RPM was of the order of .2. Previously available normative data on patient samples ae extended and use of the RPM as a measure of intellectual performance relatively free from language and cultural bias is supported.
Studies in Creativity: II. Influence of Motivation in the Reorganization of Experience
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

Individuals differ in the way they store and utilize information. Some tend to retain associative bonds (using combinations previously associated); others tend to fragment the paired elements; and still others violate associative bonds by regrouping the elements. The major objective of this study was to determine whether the individual differences were due to differences in ability or in preference. Since preferences are readily altered by motivational changes, Ss were told that they would not be given credit when information units were reproduced as learned but that credit would be given if the learned elements were either used individually (fragmented) or regrouped (reorganized). The result of this altered motivation was a decrease in the use of previously paired elements and an increase in fragmented elements. However, reorganization of elements did not increase. It is concluded that the differences people show in the reorganization of learned information are primarily due to variations in ability rather than in preferences. The fact that some individuals still continue to use associative bonds, despite the motivational change, also indicates basic differences in ability.
Influence of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride on Self-Stimulation of the Brain by Rats
Authors: Tyce Francis A.
Published: September 2011

After receiving methylphenidate HCl, rats conditioned for self-stimulation pressed a bar for stimulus at rates far exceeding those of similarly conditioned nonmedicated rats. Conditioned rats pressed an inactive bar more frequently than did nonconditioned rats, and this rate was definitely increased for conditioned rats which received methylphenidate. This drug did not impair the selection of an active from an inactive bar, but after stimulation considerably less selective ability was shown. This lack of discriminating action was probably due to the effects of repetitive reinforcement by stimulation rather than to the direct effect of the drug.
Further Study of Personality Characteristics of Bright College Freshmen
Authors: Mason Evelyn P. , Adams Henry L. , Blood Don F.
Published: September 2011

On the Allport-Vernon Lindzey Study of Values bright students tested at Western Washington State College in 1966 and 1967 were lower in economic values and higher in aesthetic values than a local norm group. However, these same bright students responded to the Adjective Check List with lowet scores for defensiveness, self-control, personal adjustment, nurturance, affiliation, and deference but were higher on autonomy and total number of adjectives checked than the local norm group. The bright students appear to be more independent and less well adjusted.
Conflict in 2-Person Teams Working on a Mixed Cognitive Perceptual-Motor Task
Authors: Sloan Stanley , Rappoport Leon
Published: September 2011

This study applies Hammond's cognitive conflict paradigm to a mixed cognitive perceptual-motor (P-M) situation in which Ss must agree on a strategic decision and then must coordinate their P-M activity to implement this decision. The study was designed to permit the observation of the effects of cognitive differences on conflict and P-M performances. The task was designed around a 3-choice-point maze leading to a single goal. 18 2-person teams completed the maze by using a 2-channel control system. Ss with discrepant prior experience disagree when required to make joint decisions. Disagreements are greatest during the initial portion of their joint task but taper off on subsequent trials. There was no significant relationship between decision conflict and the efficiency of an entailed P-M performance.
Dichotic Listening and Paired-Associate Recall
Authors: Bartz Wayne H.
Published: September 2011

Paired-associate recall was investigated in fast-rate dichotic listening. The 72 Ss listened to 24 trials composed of six pairs of words presented simultaneously at 1 pr./1/2 sec. After each trial S was given a word and instructed to report the one paired simultaneously with it in presentation. A very low level of recall was obtained. The results, taken in combination with slow-rate findings, are in line with a model that hypothesizes sequential processing of simultaneous stimuli.
Response Specification and Acquisition of Free Operant Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Hurwitz Harry M. B. , Bounds William
Published: September 2011

In Exp. 1, 2 groups of rats were trained under a free operant avoidance schedule. The response was a press on a lever for Group BP (18 subjects) and a release of the lever for Group EP (22 subjects). Neither the rate of response nor the frequency of shock discriminated between the two groups, but there was a slight difference in the lever-holding time. In Exp. 2, 3 subjects were trained for 35 2-hr. sessions. In addition to the measures used in Exp. 1, a measure of avoidance proficiency (AVPRO) was employed. It was shown that (1) substantial improvement in avoidance developed late in training; (2) that AVPRO was correlated with changes in lever-holding behavior and was poorly related to the rate of response.
Performance on the Personality Research Form under Desirable and Undesirable Instructions: Personality Disorders
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

The Personality Research Form (PRF) was administered to 21 male patients with a diagnosis of personality disorders. Each S was administered the PRF under three different instructional sets: standard instructions (SI), instructions to respond desirably (DI), and instructions to respond undesirably (UI). In general, means for the standard instructions were quite similar to those obtained under the instructions to respond desirably. Under instructions to respond desirably, only nurturance proved to be significantly higher and impulsivity significantly lower than under the standard instructions. However, under instructions to respond undesirably, 13 of the 15 PRF scales showed significant differences when compared with standard instructions. For the particular population sampled, it would appear that the PRF is relatively free from susceptibility to “faking good” but is susceptible to negative malingering.
Test of an Assumption in Cognitive Consistency Theories
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

Research was conducted to determine whether ratings of source trustworthiness are more strongly related to attitudinal congruency between the source's expected position and S's own, the shorter the time lag between prediction of the source's position on an important issue and the rating of source trustworthiness. The data provide some support for this expectation.
Attitudes of Psychiatric Ex-Patients toward a Study of Community Adjustment
Authors: Michaux Mary Helen , Michaux William W. , Esser Eugenie K. , Oliver Barbara A.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaires were presented to 73 psychiatric ex-patients to determine their retrospective attitudes toward participation in a one-year study of post-hospital adjustment. More than 50% of Ss reported that research contacts had been helpful in one or more specific respects. Attitudes toward research demands were predominantly neutral. Patients who completed 6 or more monthly interview-test sessions ( N = 53) differed from those who completed 5 or less ( N = 20) in finding research contacts more helpful, questions easier to answer and enlightening vs confusing, and study participation conducive to cohesion vs disruption in the family. Dropouts appeared to have in common wishes to deny mental illness and to forget hospitalization.
Response Patterning under Fixed-Ratio Punishment
Authors: Brody J. F.
Published: September 2011

Punishment with various intensities of bar shock of every 2nd, 4th, or 8th response by rhesus monkeys was studied against a variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Negatively accelerated response rates between punishments appeared as shock intensity increased. Increasing the intensity of punishment increased the latency of the first response after food reinforcement more than the latencies of other responses. The interaction of punishment with time since last reinforcement may indicate that response strength on unpunished variable-interval schedules increases between reinforcements.
Childrearing Attitudes among Mothers Volunteering and Revolunteering for a Psychological Study
Authors: Cohler Bertram J. , Woolsey Suzzane H. , Weiss Justin L. , Grunebaum Henry H.
Published: September 2011

Although the generality of findings in personality research is often limited by biases resulting from the use of volunteer Ss, this problem has not often been studied in non-student populations where there are no captive Ss to provide baseline data. A sample of 168 mothers was recruited by newspaper advertisement for a study of childcare attitudes using the Maternal Attitude Scale, a Likert-type questionnaire. of these volunteers, 64% revolunteered for additional studies. Significant results indicated that mothers who did not revolunteer felt less satisfaction in caring for infants, felt less ability to achieve reciprocity with the child, and expressed more conventional and stereotyped childcare attitudes than mothers who elected to revolunteer.
Psychological Stress as a Determinant of Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Miller Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

In an exploratory study of the situational generality of cognitive complexity (CC), Ss were administered a modification of Kelly's Role Construct Repertory Test under non-stress or stress instructions. The social role-figures on the complexity measure were also divided into socially close and distant subgroups. The results supported previous research indicating greater CC toward distant persons, perhaps a result of the perceiver's vigilant stance toward such individuals. However, Ss were generally less complex under stressful task instructions, possibly a manifestation of a decrease in tolerance for stimulus incongruity. Stress thus appears to be a relevant contextual as well as stimulus dimension with respect to CC.
Paired-Associate Learning, Mediation Value and the Drop-Out Method
Authors: Cohen Ronald L. , Murray Andreas
Published: September 2011

Pools of paired associates (double or single letters paired with one- or two-digit numbers) were constructed so that all pairs within a pool had approximately the same mediation value (MV), this latter value being defined as the ease with which a mediator can be found within a pair. These pools were then used in a drop-out experiment where a list of 8 pairs were learned to a criterion of one correct repetition. The main result was that rate of presentation, mean MV of the pool and drop-out/constant procedure were significant. That the variable drop-out/constant procedure proved significant is contrary to the results obtained by Rock, and this is discussed in relation to the question of one-trial versus incremental learning.
Effect of Duration of Environmental Stress on Stomach Ulceration and Adrenal Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Pare William P.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of rats were exposed to unavoidable tone-shock presentations for either 1 hr., 24 hr., 5 days, or 24 days. Upon termination of each stress-duration period, adrenal ascorbic acid (AAA) determinations were made and stomachs were inspected for ulcers. The AAA response manifested the typical adaptation function. Ulcers were not observed in any of the 4 stress-duration groups. Previous similar research was re-evaluated in the light of the present research findings.
Decision Processes of Superior, Average and Inferior Readers
Authors: Henderson Edmund H. , Long Barbara H.
Published: September 2011

Significant relationships were found for fifth graders ( Ns = 40, 80, 100, 97) between reading (IQ controlled) and the acceptance of possible outcomes at the beginning and/or midpoint of a story. Scores were high and increased over time for superior readers, low for average readers, and moderate for inferior readers.
Facilitated Recovery from Punishment-Induced Suppression
Authors: Moss Gene R. , Appel James B.
Published: September 2011

14 rats were maintained at 80% of their free-feeding weights and trained to press a bar on a chained variable-interval 1/2 fixed-ratio 20 schedule of reinforcement. In Exp. I a discriminative stimulus paired with the ratio component of the chain was shown to control a high rate of responding. In Exp. II, it was demonstrated that this stimulus, when superimposed on a stimulus which had been associated with punishment and therefore controlled a low rate of bar-pressing, facilitated recovery from the effects of punishment.
Effects of Anticonvulsant Drugs upon Patterns of Seizure Discharge and Brain Thresholds: Some Implications for Memory Mechanisms
Authors: Nielson Harold C. , Justesen Don R. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

10 cats were trained to perform an avoidance leg flexion at a signal: electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus or the centre median. Thresholds were found to be elevated by anticonvulsants. In 3 of these cats, seizure discharges were induced by stimulation of the hippocampus and recorded on an EEG. The data are interpreted as indicating alteration of nerve impulse pathways. It is argued that such alteration may underlie dissociation of learning produced by various drugs and states.
First-Letter Clues in the Retrieval of Proper Names from Long-Term Memory
Authors: Hopkins R. H. , Atkinson R. C.
Published: September 2011

Each of four experiments required retrieval of proper names from long-term memory. In Exps. I and II a picture of a well-known person was presented on each of a series of discrete trials and S was to say, as rapidly as possible, the surname of the person pictured. on each trial of Exps. III and IV S was given a book title, or titles, and asked to say the surname of the author. In some of the conditions the first letter of the target name was provided, and in some it was not. The results of each experiment indicated a small, but reliable, facilitation of name recall by a first-letter clue; the magnitude of the effect was independent of the class of stimulus materials and of other experimental conditions. In Exp. III, three titles corresponding to each author were rank-ordered by S according to their degree of association with the author. Exp. IV indicated that the proportion correct was higher and that the latency of correct responses was shorter, when a single-title stimulus was of high association with the author than when that association was of low strength. The clue effect in the latter experiment did not interact with the degree of association between the title and the author. It was suggested that the clue effect was not larger because, for those names he was likely to recall, S had considerable first-letter information available before presentation of the clue.
Personal and Impersonal Social Reinforcement
Authors: Weidner Fritz
Published: September 2011

Varying degrees of personal praise and impersonal feedback had effects inconsistent with social drive theory predictions.
Experimental Treatment of Phobias by Systematic Desensitization
Authors: Schaap Charles M. , Dana Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Fear of height was treated by systematic desensitization in E-administered, self-administered, and control interview conditions, Ss were college women, 2 per group, selected with measures which indicated intensity and range of fears. Post-training and post-therapy evaluations suggested that self-applied desensitization apparently reduced phobic behavior.
Personality Correlates to Religious Belief Systems
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the multiple relationships among 39 personality and attitudinal variables with 2 clusters of religious attitudes. The findings suggest that conservatism plays a pervasive role in the prediction of religious belief for both male and female Ss.
Video Tape Recording in Social Psychological Research: An Illustrative Study in Pedodontia
Authors: Allen Bem P. , Evans Richard I.
Published: September 2011

The present paper examines the capability of the video tape recorder as a behavior-sampling instrument within the context of an investigation ostensibly designed to determine possibly positive or aversive effects of the absence or presence of mothers on children's behavior in a dental treatment situation. The behavior of 22 children was video tape-recorded as a dentist cleaned their teeth. The mothers of all children were present for one half and absent for the other half of these teeth-cleaning sessions. There were no significant behavioral differences as determined from judges' ratings of video tapes of the children's behavior while mothers were absent and present. A description of the means by which the video tape recorder may be used as an instrument for such behavior sampling is presented. The advantages of this recorder over more conventional means of behavioral recording or observation are also discussed.
General and Differential Behavioral Effects of Five Ethanol Dosages on the Albino Rat
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Cartwright G. M.
Published: September 2011

Investigation of immediate behavioral effects of 5 ethanol dose levels on 30 albino rats was undertaken. Each dose-level group had 5 Ss, with each S on a different water-deprivation schedule. Behavioral indices included respiration, balance, muscle tonus, auditory sensitivity, activity, coordination, and dose-effect length. Low doses resulted in a stimulative effect, while larger doses produced increasing incapacitation of caudorostral progression, with the highest dose of ethanol producing unconsciousness.