bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous Low-Temperature Discharge Treatment of Wool Yarn A Process for Making Wool Yarn Oil Repellent and Shrink Resistant
Authors: Millard Merle M. , Lee Kay sue , Pavlath Attila E.
Published: March 2007

A continuous discharge process has been developed to make wool yarn shrink resistant and oil repellent. A commer cially available fluorocarbon monomer was adsorbed on wool yarn and permanently grafted to the yarn by exposure to a low temperature discharge. Yarn was obtained with less than one percent fluorocarbon add-on after extensive extrac tion with a solvent in which the monomer and homopolymer are soluble. Yarn with high levels of oil repellency and fabrics with area shrinkage between 5% and 10% was obtained. The effect of process variables such as discharge power and concentration of adsorbed fluorocarbon were studied.

X-ray photoetectron spectroscopy was used to detect the fluorocarbon graft on the yarn and to estimate the change in the concentration of the fluorocarbon graft on the yarn after solvent extraction and laundry tests.
Distribution and Structure of Reagent Residues Resulting from Wet-Cure and Bake-Cure Crosslinking of Cotton with N-Ethylbis(2-Chloroethyl)Amine
Authors: Roberts E.J. , Bose J.L. , Rowland S.P.
Published: March 2007

N-Ethyl-N-(2-chlorciethyl)aziridinium chloride, the water-soluble intermediate formed from N-ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)- amine, was found to be sufficiently stable to allow bake-cure as well as wet-cure crosslinking of cotton. An examination was made of the effects of wet-cure (25°C) vs bake-cure (120°C and 140°C) crosslinking upon the structures of the reagent residues (i.e., the fractions of simple substituents, simple crosslinks. and complex structures) and upon the sites of attach ment of reagent residues to the glucose units of the cellulose chain. The fraction of simple crosslinks was similar in products of both wet- and hake-cure reactions; however, the fraction of simple substituents was higher and the fraction of complex products was lower in the cotton modified by bake-cure reactions. The predominant crosslinks in all cases were those with 2,6'-O-linkages (i.e., from the hydroxyl at C-2 in one glucose unit to the hydroxyl at C-6 in another glucose unit).
Reduced Moisture Absorption, by Monosubstitution, Improves the Wrinkle Recovery Properties of Crosslinked and Noncrosslinked Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Liljemark N. Thomas , Åsnes Harald
Published: March 2007

Basic knowledge of the mechanisms and conditions of cotton fabric wrinkling and recovery is reviewed. Special stress is laid upon the large importance of the treated cotton fiber hygroscopicity for the wrinkling properties at conditions characterized by moisture regains of the fiber lower than those corresponding to complete swelling. At such conditions nonequilibrium aspects of fiber moisture relation during wrinkling must be used rather than equilibrium con siderations. The instability of the cotton fiber material during moisture changes has been observed also by NMR studies.

Reducing the hygroscopicity by hydrophobic monosubstitution reduces the wrinkling measured under nonequilibrium moisture conditions. A modified approach on the permanent-press, strength problem may be indicated by the fact that this is ohserved also for crosslinked fabrics, which hypothetically leads to treatments consisting of combinations of mono substitution (for reducing the hygroscopicity) and a reduced amount of cross-linking (for the necessary degree of elasticity).
The Mechanics of Stretch Breaking
Authors: Dogu Ismail
Published: March 2007

A mathematical analysis of the stretch-breaking process used for conversion of endless continuous filaments into staple fiber form is presented. The analysis indicates that the lower the draft or the longer the ratch is, the longer the fibers are. The cumulative fiber length distribution of stretch-broken fibers is obtained assuming a random breakage of filaments. The velocity and acceleration of a point on a single filament in the stretch zone are also obtained in order to be used in the calculation of the effect of temperature of the heater plates used,
The Crosslinking of Blended Fabrics
Authors: Harper Robert J. , Bruno Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

The application of a crosslinking agent (DMDHEU) to all-cotton and to polyester-cotton blended fabrics indicated that similar add-ons were observed with the various fabrics. By means of special blended fabrics, it was indicated that most of the reaction occurs with the cotton fibers. Thus, there may be some tendency to overcrosslink the cotton fibers in blended fabrics if conventional finishes for cotton are applied full strength on blended fabrics By use of other special blends of cotton and polyester, potential hazards in finishing blended fabrics were illustrated.
Urea-Phosphoric Acid Hydrolysis of Mercerized Cotton Modified with Methylated Methylolmelamine
Authors: Jung H.Z. , Benerito R.R. , Gonzales E.J. , Berni R.J.
Published: March 2007

Mercerized cotton finished with a methylated methylolmelamine (MeMM) responded differently to hydiolysis with urea-phosphoric acid (UPac) than did similarly finished native cotton. UPac hydrolysis did not affect dry and wet wrinkle recoveries of mercerized cotton, but caused reduction in dry recovery angles of the unmodified native cotton control. Treatment with MeMM produced specimens with equally high dry and wet wrinkle-recovery angles regardless of nature of the control fabric; behavior of MeMM-treated fabrics, when subjected to UPac hydrolysis, was influenced by nature of the control fabric. With MeMM-treated mercerized fabrics, each subsequent hydrolysis removed about one-half of the bound nitrogen and virtually all formaldehyde; it destroyed dry recoveries, but had little effect upon wet wrinkle-recovery angles. Each MeMM retreatment completely restored these properties in products from mercerized cotton, but resulted in only partial restoration of recoveries in products from native cotton.

X-ray diffractions after MeMM-UPac treatments of mercerized cottons indicated retention of the mixed cellulose I and II lattice of the unmodified control while products from native cotton retained the cellulose I lattice. Infrared spectra indicated that reaction, with MeMM in both cases, proceeded with loss of adsorbed water and occurred preferentially at the primary hydroxyl of cellulose. Unlike products from native cotton, modified mercerized fabrics did not show a buildup of polymer on the periphery of fiber cross sections after an increasing number of MeMM-UPac treatments. Hence, homopolymerization was not indicated in the MeMM treatment of mercerized fabrics.
Piezoresistance of Graphite Fibers
Authors: Berg C.A. , Cumpston H. , Rinsky A.
Published: March 2007

Electrical resistance of graphite fibers under tensile load was measured. It was found that the resistance of low-modulus fibers increased with tensile strain, while the resistance of ultra high-modulus decreased with tensile strain. The effect of torsional strain upon resistance was also studied.
Recurable Durable-Press Fabrics
Authors: Franklin W.E. , Madacsi J.P. , Rowland S.P.
Published: March 2007

A recurability test, consisting of a standard ironing to impart a crease, followed by laundering and visual rating of the remaining crease, was developed and applied to cotton fabrics which had been treated with combinations of a methylol crosslinking reagent and a polycarboxylic acid. These fabrics were recurable to a much greater extent than fabrics treated with a conventional metal salt catalyst. A series of ten methylol reagents, when used with polycarboxylic acids, showed a direct relationship between recurability and wrinkle-recovery angle in the treated fabrics. Dimethyloidihydro xyethyleneurea was the best of these reagents in both respects.
Cotton Yarn and Fabric Treatments Using Polymers with Various Glass-Transition Temperatures'
Authors: Harper Robert J. , Lofton John T. , Little Herschel W. , Blanchard Eugene J.
Published: March 2007

Polymers with various glass-transition temperatures were applied to yarns prior to weaving and the same polymers were applied to fabrics after weaving. The properties of the yarn-treated and fabric-treated materials were examined. The relationships between durable press and wrinkle recovery received specific attention for the different polymer treatments.
Determination of Water on Cotton by Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Berni R.J. , Soignet D.M. , Beninate J.V. , Pilkington M.W.
Published: March 2007

A method has been developed for the rapid analysis of water adsorbed on cotton or modified cottons. The sample is extracted with anhydrous acetone and the solution is chromatographed on a Porapak T column. Quantitation is based on an internal methanol standard. Formaldehyde, which can also be extracted in acetone, can be measured. An ap plication of the method to the analysis of some flame-retardant fabrics is also described.
On Some General Features of a Computer-Based System for Calculation of the Mechanics of Textile Structures
Authors: Hearle J.W.S. , Konopasek M. , Newton A.
Published: March 2007

The general problems of developing a computer-based system for calculations in textile mechanics, which is necessary if properties of textile structures are to be investigated, predicted and optimized, are examined. A hierarchical structure (fibers, yarns, fabrics, end-products) is proposed for the system, in which the ( n - 1)-th level properties, expressed in continuum terms, combine with n-th level structure to give n-th level continuum properties. Textile mechanics problems are classified, and the contribution of computational methods discussed. General schemes for the solution of boundary value problems are described. Examples are given from current work at UMIST, and a list of programs is appended.
A New Approach to Solvent Dyeing with Non-Ionic Dyes
Authors: Harris F.O. , Guion T.H.
Published: March 2007

In solvent dyeing of polyester with non-ionic dyes, diffusion and partition coefficients can be controlled through choice of the solubility parameters of the the solvent.
Reaction of Zinc Acetate with Wool Carboxyl Groups Derived from Cyclic Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Koenig N.H. , Friedman Mendel
Published: March 2007

Modification of wool by cyclic acid anhydrides such as succinic or citraconic anhydride introduces new carhoxyl groups. Subsequent reaction of the modified wool with zinc or cadmium acetate in hot dimethylformamide further increases fabric weight by over 15% and retards felting shrinkage. Under similar conditions, neither zinc chloride nor calcium acetate is effective. A possible explanation of these effects is offered.
Correlation Studies Between Grade, Fiber Properties, and Yarn Strength in Egyptian Cotton
Authors: El-Hattab H.E. , El-Shaer M.H. , Soliman M.H.
Published: March 2007

Fibrograph measurements were found to correlate better with grade and yarn strength as compared with Balls sorter measurements. Fineness and maturity combined expressed by the micronaire reading was highly correlated with grade than either fineness or maturity measured separately. A high-correlation coefficient was obtained between grade and tenacity measured by Stelometer at 1/8-in. gauge length.
Bonding in Paper and Nonwovens
Authors: Allan G.G. , Miller M.L. , Reif W.M.
Published: March 2007

The manipulation of the physical characteristics of nonwovens and paper by variation of fiber and web geometry is briefly reviewed in terms of a new system of bonding in which the adhesive interfiber forces are a consequence of ionic chemical bonds.

These bonds were created by the sequential covalent introduction of anionic sites onto the interior and exterior surfaces of microporous pulp and rayon fibers using a chloro-s-triazinyl fiber reactive dye and subsequent stoichiometric reaction with crosslinking polycations derived from ethylenimine.

The tensile properties of both the pulp and rayon fiber assemblages were significantly augmented as a result of the development of both ionic inter- and intra-fiber bonds.
Some Physical Effects of Acid Wet Chlorination on Wool Fibers in Relation to Its Use as a Shrinkproofing Treatment for Wool
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel , Watt I.C.
Published: March 2007

In the shrinkproofing of wool, uniformity of treatment between fibers is desirable but difficult to achieve. Laboratory- scale experiments, treating fibers in effect individually, have been conducted to determine whether the considerable varia tion normally obtained is due to inherent differences between the fibers, or is simply the result of inhomogeneous exposure to the chlorinating solution. It is shown that, under such laboratory conditions, a high degree of uniformity can be attained, even with levels of treatment which cause very little damage to the wool. There is, therefore, no inherent variation between fibers which would prohibit uniform treatment, and it is worth while to attempt to improve the present process.

The techniques used for examination of the fibers were: comparison of forces required to extend 15% in water before and after treatment; microscopy and micromanipulation; the Allwörden reaction; friction measurements by an improved capstan method; loss of weight in a blank dye-bath. The amount of chlorine reacting was estimated approximately from auxiliary experiments.
Biodegradability of Packaging Films
Authors: Monk D.W.
Published: March 2007

The biodegradability of several packaging films was determined; the degradation of the polymeric films, polypropylene and poly(vinyl chloride), was compared to a coated paper and several coated cellophanes. The films were buried in bacterially-active soil and the extent of bacterial degradation was determined by measuring the reduction in tensile strength as a function of burial time. The results show that the polymeric films do not degrade after five weeks of soil burial while the glassine and cellophanes do degrade. Surprisingly, the cellophane films decompose at a faster rate than the coated glassine sheet.
Thermally Induced Surface Deformations of Polypropylene Monofilaments
Authors: Fraser W.A. , Whitwell J.C. , Miller Bernard
Published: March 2007

A coupling of two experimental stress analysis techniques, grid analysis and brittle coating analysis, has been used to study surface deformations of rectangular cross-section polypropylene monofilaments held at fixed length during heating and subsequent cooling. The brittle coating used was a very thin film of aluminum deposited by vacuum evaporation. A masking technique was used to deposit the coating on the fiber surface as a series of aluminum stripes. Small surface strains were revealed by cracking and buckling of the aluminum coating while large strains were identified by macroscopic distortion of the aluminum stripes. The filaments investigated included drawn specimens as well as "as spun" fiber. After heating to 166°C, frozen surface strains in the undrawn filament were relieved, resulting in longitudinal buckling deformations of the aluminum coating. In the drawn filaments, also heated to 166°C, relief of frozen strains resulted in macroscopic bowing of the stripes as well as longitudinal buckling of the coating. The thermally initiated deformation was greatest in the more highly drawn filament. On cooling, volume contraction, probably due to recrystallization, caused further filament deformation. The latter may play an important role in causing residual stress buildup at bond interfaces in thermally induced fiber bonding.
The Spiral Angle and Orientation of Swollen and Stretched Single Cotton Fibers and Their Relation to Fiber Tenacity
Authors: De Boer J.J.
Published: March 2007

Measurements of refractive indices of slack-mercerized and subsequently stretched cotton fibers, in combination with the observed changes in fiber dimensions, can be used to calculate the spiral angle and orientation factor. The latter seems to show a maximum at 90-95% of the original length. The fiber tenacity can be related to the spiral angle and the orientation factor.
An Electron Spin Resonance Study of the Copper (II) Interaction with Wool-Keratin
Authors: Kokot S. , Feughelman M. , Golding R.M.
Published: March 2007

An examination of the Cu (II)/wool esr signal intensity variations, together with other relevant copper (II) uptake data, have shown that two types of products are formed during the Cu (II)/wool interaction. One of these gives rise to the observed esr signal, while the other is a diamagnetic sulfide of copper. The latter product arises as a result of a reaction of the metal ion and the products of a water/wool interaction. A reaction scheme consistent with the experi mental observations is suggested.
Heat Transfer from Flammable Fabrics
Authors: Chouinard M.P. , Knodel D.C. , Arnold H.W.
Published: March 2007

An instrumented mannequin was constructed to measure the general heat transfer from single- and multi-layer garment systems after ignition by a flame source. A range of weights in fabrics of cotton, polyester/cotton, acrylic, wool, nylon, and polyester has been studied.

Due in large measure to the melt-drip phenomenon, garments of polyester or nylon were found to burn relatively slowly over a limited area and self-extinguish, resulting in little heat transfer to the mannequin. To supplement the mannequin data, an instrument was developed to record all modes of heat transfer, including that from melted polymer. This paper deals with its application to both single and double fabric layers.

Measurements were related to possible physiological effects, using data from the literature and a supplementary patho logical study.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Ribnick Arthur S. , Weigmann Hans-Dietrich , Rebenfeld Ludwig
Published: March 2007

The kinetics of the shrinkage of a drawn polyester yam in a number of organic solvents, including toluene, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and tetrachloroethane, were investigated at several temperatures. The shrinkage process proceeds at a maximum rate after an induction period which is believed to be associated with diffusion of the solvent into the fiber structure. The temperature dependence of the maximum shrinkage rate follows the Arrhenius relationship. Activation energies ranging from 23 to 36 kcal/mol were found for the various solvents, compared to 13 kcal/mol for the shrinkage in the dry state. The equilibrium or final shrinkage values were found to increase linearly with temperature, thereby allowing extrapolation to a zero-shrinkage temperature. This latter value is believe to be an approximation of the glass-transition temperature of the polyester-solvent system. Horizontal shifting along the temperature axis of the curves relating final shrinkage to temperature resulted in a master shrinkage curve for the solvents investigated. The extent of shifting is also believed to be associated with the glass-transition temperature of the system.
Electron Diffraction Measurement of Degree of Crystallite Orientation in Native Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Hebert J.J. , Carra J.H. , Esposito C.R. , Rollins M.L.
Published: March 2007

Electron diffraction techniques have been employed in the study of crystallite orientation within fibrils of cellulose removed from cotton and ramie fibers. It was found that the degree of orientation of crystallites within fibrils representing ten cotton varieties did not deviate appreciably from one another; however, the alpha angle determined for ramie was significantly lower than that determined for the cottons.
The Mechanics of Snagging in Plain-Knitted Structures
Authors: El-Shiekh Aly , Backer Stanley
Published: March 2007

Geometry of a model knitted fabric and conditions for preventing its snagging by conical asperities are discussed. . The mechanisms of snag propagation are outlined and the effect of yarn and fabric properties on such mechanisms is analyzed.
Laboratory Modeling of Garment Fires1
Authors: Krasny John F. , Fisher Albert L.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to model real-life burn accidents, garment assemblies were burned on adult-size mannequins and the temperature distribution over the mannequin surface determined. Anaesthetized, shaved rats were exposed in openings of the mannequinns in the spatial arrangements encountered in real-life garment fires. The correlation between the depth of burn into the skin and the temperature observed on the mannequin surface near the exposed skin seemed fair. In other experiments, the interaction of burning fabrics and depth of burn was studied by means of simulated garments fitted to anaesthetized, shaved rats.

Garment geometry was found to affect the burn injury potential as much as fabric parameters. It is discussed in terms of initial fabric to skin, fabric to mannequin, and outerwear-underwear distance (these distances often change during the fire due to heat shrinkage of thermoplastic fibers, turbulence, etc); formation of chimney spaces between fabric layers and the mannequin surface; and firestops such as belts.

Other experiments covered the effect of combinations of various fabrics, such as dress-slip assemblies. Garments made from flame-retardant (FR)-treated cotton fabric and 100% thermoplastic fibers did not ignite in our experiments when used as single layers. When combined with polyester/cotton blends in outerwear-underwear assemblies, these fabrics caused smaller areas of the mannequins to be raised to elevated temperatures than the blend fabrics alone. This effect was particularly marked for the FR treated cotton.

In our experiments, polyester/cotton blends seemed to have more potential for causing injury than comparable, 100% cotton fabrics. 100% thermoplastic fiber fabrics appeared to have a low injury potential.

The effect of fabric weight on the area of the mannequin raised to elevated temperatures was not clear cut, though it was obvious that heavier fabric caused more severe injury to exposed skin, and were more difficult to extinguish by beating out the flames, than light fabrics.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Cotton Modified by N-Methylol Agents IV: Release of Formaldehyde
Authors: Vail Sidney L. , Pierce A.G.
Published: March 2007

A large number of conventional and other N-methylol agents have been examined for formaldehyde-releasing properties uhder thermal conditions similar to those used in curing finishes on cotton textiles. Thermal decomposition of N-methylol compounds during curing was limited primarily to that portion which is not reacted with cotton. In general, alkylated N-methylol reactants resist thermal decomposition during curing. If cure conditions are such that these derivatives are not hydrolyzed, little or no formaldehyde will be released. Therefore, active mono-, di-, or tri-methylol agents, such as those based on ethyleneurea or melamine, even though they release formaldehyde readily on heating to curing tempera tures, are capable of rapid reaction with cotton to produce a relatively heat stable (alkylated) product.
Effect of Neighboring Groups on the Methylolation of Acid Amides
Authors: Shukla V.A. , Shroff J.J. , Srivastava H.C.
Published: March 2007

Methylolation of acid amides containing various electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing substituents has been carried out with formaldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide at pH 10 and at 55°C. The methylolation relative rates and extents of these acid amides have been studied. The results indicate that a number of factors, such as inductive effect, hyperconjugation, stereochemistry, and solvation, govern the rate and extent of methylolation. It was observed that methylol derivatives of acid amides with electron-withdrawing substituents tend to polymerize during methylolation. Methylolation of acid amides containing electron-releasing substituents proceeds better in the presence of triethylamine as compared to sodium hydroxide.
A Method for the Detection of Intraglucosic Crosslinks in Cellulose Formals
Authors: Heinisch K. , Rouette H.K. , Zollinger H.
Published: March 2007

A statistical evaluation of percentages of methylated sorbitols, found by the permethylation-degradation method of cellulose formulas, demonstrates that the percentage of 6-monomethylsorbitol results essentially from intraglucosic bridges formed by two (or more) oxymethylene groups between the hydroxyl groups in the 2- and 3-positions of an anhydroglucose unit of cellulose.
Fatigue Testing of Fibers Under Compressive Flexing
Authors: Dunlop J.I. , Barker A.
Published: March 2007

A machine has been designed for fatigue testing of fibers under compressive flexing. The mode of action involves collapsing a fiber under a compressive axial load. The resulting curvatures can be accurately controlled.

Tests using wool fibers suggest that the fatigue life of a fiber and the damage produced depend on the curvatures pro duced during flexing.
Sorption Characteristics of Activated Carbon Fabric
Authors: Arons Gilbert N. , Macnair Richard N. , Erickson Richard L.
Published: March 2007

A commercial carbon fabric intended for aerospace applications was characterized as an activated carbon, since it had sufficient surface area and pore volume to warrant such consideration. Evaluation was achieved by means of nitrogen sorption (BET method), mercury porosimetry, sorption of CCl4 vapor, density in water and helium, and sorption of Meth ylene Blue from aqueous solution. The carbon textile appeared to be most suitable for gas and vapor sorption, but a signifi cant capacity for liquid phase sorption was also demonstrated.
Methanesulfonic Acid as Catalyst in Durable-Press Treatments of Cotton
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Kullman Russell M.H. , Cashen Norton A. , Reid J. David
Published: March 2007

Methanesulfonic acid, because of its similarity to hydroxymethanesulfonic acid, has been investigated as a catalyst for finishing cotton to produce durable-press properties. It provides strong catalysis in mild cure and conventional pad- dry-cure treatments. However, fabric must be washed after treatment to remove residual acidity which otherwise causes undesirable changes in the finish.
Optimum Number of Observations Needed to Estimate Average Staple Length and Fiber Diameter in Indian Wools
Authors: Chatterjee R. , Bumb A.R. , Saxena S.K.
Published: March 2007

For Indian wools, instead of difficult and costly techniques to determine fiber diameter and staple length, the projection microscope and foot rule methods were utilized. Averages, standard errors, and C.V. percentages were calculated. The number of observations required at confidences of 95% and 67%.
Studies in Polyester Fiber Morphology and Related Dyeing and Finishing Properties by the Critical Dissolution Time (CDT) Technique
Authors: Galil Fahmy
Published: March 2007

Critical Dissolution Time (CDT) of polyester yarn in phenol or phenol/tetrachloroethane (TCE) mixtures was found to be an extremely sensitive technique for measuring fiber crystallinity and for detecting small morphological differences between untextured fibers and differences due to heat treatment.

Pure phenol at 60°C is quite suitable foi measuring differences in fiber crystallinity due to heat treatment, while phenol/ TCE 1 :3 at 25°C amplifies the differences between yarns before heat treatment. The effect of phenol/TCE ratio was studied and an increase in phenol percent in the mixture decreases the CDT.

Log CDT was found to have a linear relationship with fiber density and dye adsorption. CDT technique was used to monitor uniformity of untextured and textured yarn.
The Effect of Certain Fiber Properties on Bulk Compressional Resilience of Some Man-Made Fibers
Authors: Varma D.S. , Meredith R.
Published: March 2007

The compressional resilience of Acrilan, Terylene, and Tricel fibers at pressures ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 psi is reported, and the effects on the resilience of various fiber properties are determined experimentally. The behavior of a mass of fibers in compression can be adequately described by an equation of the form: T = aP-b, where T is thickness of the fibrous mass, P is the pressure, and a and b are constants which depend on fiber properties and also on the experimental conditions. Fiber properties investigated were staple length, fineness, crimp and interfiber friction. Crimp has the highest influence on resilience, whereas fiber friction and fineness indicate comparatively less effect. Fiber length shows no correlation with resilience. There is little difference between Acrilan, Terylene, and Tricel as suitable materials for fiberfill.
Chemical Modification of Anion-Exchange Cottons with Propane Sultone
Authors: Ward Truman L. , Benerito Ruth R. , Berni Ralph J. , Soignet Donald M.
Published: March 2007

Propane sultone (3-hydroxy-1-pupanesulfonic acid sultone) was reacted with cotton fabric modified to contain either a tertiary amine group (diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cotton) or a primary amine group (aminized cotton). No reaction was obtained with cotton modified to contain a carboxyl group (carboxymethyl cotton). Freshly prepared DEAE- cotton in the free amine form was several times more reactive with the sultone than was DEAE-cotton that had been exposed to atmospheric conditions capable of converting it to the hydrosalt form. Tertiary butanol was the best solvent for DEAE-cotton reactions and methanol was best for aminized cotton in the hydrosalt form. About 10% of propane sul tone in the solvent seems to be the optimum concentration. A temperature of 50°C for approximately 1 hr produced sufficient reaction in most instances. Products formed from sodium cellulosates have potential as cation exchangers and those formed from cottons containing amine groups contain zwitterions of the sulfobetaine type.
Particulate Migration During Drying of Fabric Padded with Dyestuff Dispersions
Authors: Urbanik A. , Etters J.N.
Published: March 2007

A brief discussion was presented of the migration process involving particulate dyestuff dispersions on fabric.

An equation was derived, based on some assumptions regarding the flow of the dye liquor through fabric capillaries, relating the migration of particulate dyestuff dispersions during drying of padded fabric to the total liquor pickup, the average dyestuff particle size, and the fiber surface area of the fabric. The derived equation was shown to apply to mea surements of actual migration of a commercial disperse dye on a 50 polyester/50 cotton blend fabric. The average dye stuff particle diameter calculated from migration measurements agreed with that determined by other methods.

A simple laboratory procedure was described for inducing migration and for determining the percent migration.
Gelation Characteristics of Methylolated Melamines Polymerized by Acid Catalysis and Copolymerized with Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea
Authors: Blouin F.A. , Bertoniere N.R. , Martin L.F. , Rowland S.P.
Published: March 2007

The times of formation and the yields of gel obtained by hydrochloric acid-catalyzed polymerization of five methylo lated melamines were determined at 25°C and 82°C. The substitution of the amino groups of the melamines ranged from trihydroxymethyl- to monohydroxymethylpentamethoxymethylmelamine. Homopolymerization and copolymer ization of these melamine reagents with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was studied for the purpose of optimizing the conditions and clarifying the roles of these reagents in the wet-fixation, durable-press process for modifying cotton textile fabrics. Polymers formed at gelation were characterized by their ir spectra and by formaldehyde-to- nitrogen ratios. The significance of this work relative to the wet fixation process is discussed.
The Nature and Function of the Resin in the Chlorine /Resin Shrinkproofing Treatment of Wool Tops
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel , Lead Judith A.
Published: March 2007

The only resin which has been found fully satisfactory for shrinkproofing wool tops by the chlorine/resin process on the industrial scale is a polyamide-epichlorohydrin polymer. A study has been made of the nature and function of this resin, on the wool and in isolation from it, to determine why it is peculiarly suitable. It is accepted as a premise for which there is considerable evidence that most of the shrinkproofing effect is produced by the prechlorination treatment, which softens the scales on the wool fibers, and that chlorination usually leaves some fibers undertreated, with scales hard enough to cause fiber migration and felting. It is shown that the role of the resin is to form a complete sheath over each fiber, burying or "masking" these undertreated scales. This requires an effective mean thickness which depends on the level of chlorination, but is usually greater than 0.5 μm, corresponding to about 10% of resin on the weight of wool. So high an uptake would, however, give too harsh a handle in the dry state. The peculiar advantage of the resin which has been used appears to be its capacity to swell considerably in water, to nearly 5 times its air-dry volume, while remaining solid and adhering to the wool. A 2% uptake of resin solids, measured in the air-dry state, is therefore equivalent approxi mately to the required 10% of resin gel in water.

It has sometimes been found that the effectiveness of this treatment is reduced if processing oils are present. It is shown that such "oils," which contain considerable quantities of surfactants, dehydrate both the resin and the chlori nated cuticle cells. This hardens the scales and sharpens their contour while simultaneously thinning the masking films of resin and reducing their mutual adhesiveness; all these changes promote felting.

Some suggestions are made as to the nature of the forces which hold the resin on the wool fibers.
Below-Break Tensile Behavior of Irradiated Nylon
Authors: Morton Margaret I.
Published: March 2007

The below-break tensile properties (tensile modulus, stress decay, and residual extension) of carbon-arc- and gamma- irradiated Nomex fibers were examined after extensions of 2% and 5% held for 0-5 min under both air-dry and wet conditions. Exposure to 15.0 Mrad of gamma radiation resulted in negligible change in the below-break tensile properties, whereas exposure to even 6.25 hr of uv radiation resulted in marked deterioration of these properties. The below-break tensile properties were impaired by wetting, but this impairment was not changed markedly by the radiation exposures. The property changes of the Nomex fibers are contrasted with those previously described for aliphatic nylons.
Bending and Recovery Properties of Wool Plain-Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Hamilton R.J. , Postle R.
Published: March 2007

In this paper an experimental study is reported of the pure bending and recovering properties of wool plain-knitted fabrics for bending in the two principal directions of the fabric. The mechanisms of fabric bending were found to be relatively complex and were studied from both a geometrical and rheological point of view. Several parameters were required to specify completely the fabric hysteresis in bending. The variation of these parameters with fabric tightness factor was noted and the effects of fabric relaxation studied. A method for measuring the curling couple of an unrelaxed knitted fabric is presented.,
A Generalized Model for Crimp Analysis of Multi-Component Fibers
Authors: Batra Subhash K.
Published: March 2007

The present status of bicomponent fiber crimp frequency analysis is briefly reviewed. In order to develop a generalized model for the prediction of radius of curvature (or crimp frequency) of multi- (or bi-) component fiber, with an arbitrary shape of the cross-section and interfacial curves, the background of compound bars in the literature of classical theory of elasticity is also reviewed. Employing the semi-inverse method of St. Venant, the radius of curvature in the generalized case is derived through the use of the principle of minimum potential energy (see Appendix A). Both the limitations and the usefulness of the results are discussed.
The Diffusion of Disperse Dyes into Nylon 66 Fibers: Dry Heat and Steam Fixation
Authors: Worth Daniel L. , White James L.
Published: March 2007

Concentration profiles for disperse dyes within single filament nylon fibers have been measured during dry heat and steam fixation at 121°C and 149°C. Diffusivities have been computed from concentration profiles using the Matano method. The results are compared to earlier studies of dyeing nylon with disperse dyes. It is pointed out that fibers are anisotropic heterogenous materials, and the diffusion of dyes is discussed in this light.
Depolarization Thermal Currents in Keratin Fibers
Authors: Leveque J.L. , Garson J.C. , Bouoouris G.
Published: March 2007

The method of depolarization thermal currents as applied to the study of the structure and polarization phenomena in keratin fibers is described. A brief discussion of the results in comparison to those of the classical dielectric studies is given.
A Comparison of the Performance of Open-End and Ring Spun Yarns in Terry Toweling
Authors: Lord P.R.
Published: March 2007

The relative moisture uptake characteristics of ring and open-end yarns are investigated by a variety of methods. Wicking height and volume of moisture elevated differ as the yarn structure is altered. Open-end yarn wicks better and more evenly but only elevates about the same volume of water for a given yarn count as ring yarn. Water can enter a fabric from the edge (by wicking) or by contact with the surface, and this affects the performance marginally. The yarn and fabric structures both play a part in determining performance. It is concluded that there is little difference in the ultimate capacity of ring and open-end yarns of a similar twist and count when made up into a similar fabric. The rate of dye exhaustion is initially, more rapid for open-end yarns and this is of benefit in dyeing.
Structural Changes in Nylon 6 Yarn on Heat-Setting and Friction-Twisted Texturing
Authors: Vidya rhushan gupta  , Majumdar Asok , Kishan kumar seth
Published: March 2007

The structural changes on heat-setting and friction-twisted texturing of commercial nylon 6 multifilament yarn have been studied over a range of heater temperature and heater-contact time. Both heat-setting and texturing result in increase of crystalline content and decrease of crystallite orientation. The changes in these structural parameters, when plotted as functions of heater temperature and heater-contact time, show important differences. An attempt is made to explain the temperature- and time-dependence of the structural changes. The likely effect of these structural changes on some mechanical properties is discussed.
The Flammability of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Indigo Dyes
Authors: Timpa Judy D. , Segal Leon , Drake George L.
Published: March 2007

The fiammability of cotton fabrics dyed with indigo and bromine- and/or chlorine-substiluted indigo dyestuffs was studied by the oxygen index technique and thermogravimetric analysis. The palest shades of dye on the fabric decreased the oxygen index values below that of the untreated control, whereas higher add-on of dye slightly elevated the oxygen index values. Bromine substitution gave the highest oxygen index values, although those for most of the dyeings with halogen-substituted indigoids fell within the range of values for fabrics dyed with pure indigo. However, the presence of bromine in the dyestuff consistently altered the path of thermal degradation of dyed fabrics from that of the untreated control and the indigo-dyed fabric.
Characteristics of Internally Buffered N-Methylol Reagents and Their Reactions with Cotton
Authors: Rowland S.P. , Wade C.P. , Franklin W.E.
Published: March 2007

Two t-amino-N-methylol reagents, 2(diethylamino)ethyl N,N-di(hydroxymethvl)carl)amate and dimethyloldi ethylaminopropyltriazone, were prepared, and their reactivities in finishing of cotton fabrics were characterized. Auto- catalysis was shown by these reagents when they were applied as hydrochlorides to cotton fabric and given a conventional pad-dry-cure; however, full development of resilience was not realized unless the pH of the reagent solution was lowered to 1.0. The sluggish reactions of the t-amino-N-methylol reagents are discussed; the stronger-than-normal catalysis that was required counterbalanced potential protective effects from the t-amino groups to lessen acid degradation during finishing reactions.
Elongation of Flame-Retardant Cotton During Combustion
Authors: Weiss Louis C. , Wade Ricardo H. , Andrews Frederick R
Published: March 2007

Changes in length with increases in temperature have been determined for two flame-retardant cotton yams and fabrics—one treated with a zinc chloride-ammonia complex and the other treated with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phos phonium hydroxide, then cured with ammonia vapor. Other modified cottons, ramie, and glass-fiber yarns were also tested in flowing oxygen or nitrogen atmospheres. The elongation vs. temperature curves for Deltapine cotton yams and fabrics when under load indicate that results are influenced more by the chemical treatment or material than by the form or shape of the textile. Thus, flame-retardant cotton increases in length with increasing temperature until 300°C is exceeded; thereafter, contraction vitiates the initial elongation and continues until rupture or until the termination of heating at approximately 500°C. Measurements of this type are made possible only by the use of a recently developed thermal analysis system.
Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Acetate Fibers Grafted with Polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Siahkolah Mohammed A. , Walsh Wiliam K.
Published: March 2007

Vapor phase grafting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) on cellulose acetate fibers produced a quite homogeneous material, even up to 74% PAN (285% add-on). It is suggested that this homogeneity is responsible for the improved properties of fibers spun from mixtures of cellulose acetate and PAN which also contain the graft copotymer.
The Radiation Grafting of Silicone onto Rayon and Acetate
Authors: Nishide Shinko , Shimizu Harumichi
Published: March 2007

The method of radiation grafting of silicone onto cotton was applied to rayon and acetate with the following results : 1) Although, as known, grafting usually occurs at the noncrystalline region of the polymer, both the rate of grafting and the crystallinity of cotton are greater than those of rayon. Therefore, in this system the grafting does not depend only on crystallinity. 2) The rate of grafting on rayon is less than on acetate. The concentration of peroxide formed by 1.9 Mrad of γ-irradiation is 0.52 X 10-2 mol/l in rayon and 1.30 X 10-2 mol/l in acetate. The radiation sensitivity is increased by the acetylation of. OH-groups in cellulose. It is concluded that the grafting of this system depends on the number of radicals formed. 3) The water repellency properties of silicone-graft-rayon-and-acetate show that the structure of the grafted silicone on the surface of the base polymer by irradiation differs from that of the coated silicone prepared by heating in the presence of a catalyst.
Estimating the Size of Cotton Trash with Video Images
Authors: Taylor R.A.
Published: March 2007

Video trashmeters now used to indicate the amount of foreign matter in cotton can also measure the size of particles observed. One instrument was modified to give the population of trash appearing in different size categories. Computer methods were used to indicate two kinds of size distributions: one based on the length of scan as it crossed the particle and the other on the total particle area. Adding size data in regres sion models improved the agreement between trashmeter measurements and Shirley Analyser nonlint content. Comparisons between the size of trash in ginned lint with the quantity remaining in manufactured yarn confirmed the belief that small particles tend to remain in the cotton through processing.
Mechanics of the Single Jersey Weft Knitting Process
Authors: Ghosh S. , Banerjee P.K.
Published: March 2007

A study of the mechanics of the single jersey weft knitting process is initiated with experiments designed on two different small diameter, circular bed machines. The results highlight the role of the dynamic geometry of the knitting zone and the dynamic equilibrium of forces on the needle hook, as well as the importance of cast-off loops hanging around the yam, pulled in by needles inside knitting zone, on the loop for mation process.
Buckling of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Clapp T.G. , Peng H.
Published: March 2007

The effect of weight on the buckling behavior of woven fabrics is investigated in this study. Using Timoshenko's elastica theory, the differential equation of the fabric is established, and numerical solutions under three different boundary conditions are obtained. This model explains the buckling behavior of the fabric as efficiently as the model using friction couple theory. In addition, the relationship between the weight factor (the ratio of fabric weight per unit length to bending rigidity times buckling length cubed) of the fabric and the load-deflection characteristics are discussed in detail. As the weight factor increases, the force to initiate buckling increases. For a fabric undergoing a large deflection, the effect of the weight factor w on buckling is strongly dependent on the boundary conditions of the fabric elastica. In many apparel fabrics, the weight factor is significant and cannot be neglected in the model formu lation.
Modified Lawr-Doppler Anemometer to Study Fluid Flow in Microstructures
Authors: Yarlagadda A.P. , Yoganathan Ajit P.
Published: March 2007

Traditional techniques cannot be used to measure the fluid flow in micro-test sections and fibrous assemblies. A new optical instrument, the modified laser Doppler ane mometer ( MLDA ), was developed to measure velocities in micro-test sections with a spatial resolution of 10 microns. The ability of this instrument to measure velocity fields was established by experiments in a 400 micron capillary tube, a 300 micron slot, and more complicated micro-test geometries. The MLDA is an accurate tool for measuring point velocities in micro-test sections and can be used to study the laminar, viscous flow of fluids in such sections in a manner never before possible.
Airflow Through Fiber Plugs
Authors: Radhakrishnan T. , Neelakantan P.
Published: March 2007

We have analyzed the extensive data provided by Lord on the rate of air flow through plugs of cotton and a number of other fibers without lumena. Some of these data comprise over a 200-fold range of air flow. We have shown that the data do not conform to the formulas for air flow through fiber plugs as developed by Lord himself. The data can be better fitted by a family of three-parameter equations, but it is difficult to relate these parameters to the physical properties of fibers, such as linear density, form factor, and specific volume. In the case of cotton, one of the parameters is indeed proportional to the product of linear density and maturity ratio, but there appears to be no way of disentangling these two from a knowledge of the other parameters gov erning air flow. We show a way out of this difficulty by postulating a new approach, which is described in Part II of this paper.
Theoretical Study of the Strength of Single Jet False Twist Spun Yarns
Authors: Krause H.W. , Soliman H.A.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical approach is presented to calculate and predict the strength of a false twist yarn spun by means of a single air jet, based on an idealized yarn structure model developed in an earlier paper. The strength of the wrapping fibers and the core fibers and the frictional resistance of slipping fibers in the core are the load bearing components of the yarn. The resulting equations indicate to what extent yarn strength depends on the following major parameters: position of the wrapping fibers, average wrapping length and angle, fiber strain, fiber-to-fiber friction, and fiber slenderness.