bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Crimea between East and West according to Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century British Travelogues
Authors:   Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Khrapunov Nikita I.
Published: December 2020

Following its annexation by Russia in 1783, the Crimea became a stage on the Western grand tour. Foreign travelogues informed their readers about the country, previously almost unknown in Europe. This paper addresses the British travelogues that played an important role in shaping notions of the Crimea and Russia's role in its history, many of which still exist today. The travellers created works of diﬀerent kinds: unedited letters and journals, encyclopaedic descriptions, imagined journeys, and pseudo-correspondences. Their authors had varied levels of intelligence, motivations, and passions, intricately entwining empirical observations with stereotypes. Geographically located in Europe, the Crimea was understood as a country featuring distinctive features of the East. Its image possessed traits of paradisiacal nature, inhabited by naïve and lazy persons resembling Rousseau's utopia, with an extraordinarily rich archaeological heritage, the romantic culture of Islam, and various ethnic and religious types. The British oﬀered plans for the establishment of Western colonists in the Crimea, as well as the development of communications, trade, agriculture, and industry. William Eton and Matthew Guthrie considered the Russian occupation of the Crimea historically progres-sive, which would bring prosperity and well-being to the country and its residents. However, Edward Clarke interpreted the Russians as the avatar of barbarism and developed a plan to return the peninsula to the Ottomans. Some negative stereotypes originating from his book continue nowadays and are restated in periods of aggravated relations between Russia and the West.
“Prague these days”: the Czechoslovakian conflict in the reports of special correspondents of Soviet newspapers
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Kamenskaya Ekaterina V.
Published: December 2020

The essay analyses the publications of the special correspondents of Soviet News-papers who were involved in the media coverage of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. Attention is especially paid to the largest Central editions - Pravda, Izvestia, Trud, and speciﬁcally for your audience, the Literaturnaya gazeta and Krasnaya zvezda. The essay examines the key themes, the stories published, the authors' use of presentation methods, and the combinations of textual and visual information. It details the formation of the image of the Czechoslovak opposition, which eventually became a key piece of information within the minds of Soviet citizens at large. The speciﬁcity of headlines and their functions as the main part of the newspaper text are also analysed. The correspondents' personal notes are considered as a tool that strengthened the divided view of the existing world in the Soviet system of mass information. Using the example of the Czechoslovak crisis, the reactions of newspaper publications to changes in the political situation are traced, which is shown to not always be an easy task for journalists. Based on both published and unpublished archival documents and memoirs of the participants in events, the essay compares how the facts stated in the newspaper notes correspond to the reality of the events. Another problem is ascertaining diﬀerences between the perceptions of the correspondents notes for the Soviet and Czechoslovak audiences. The author concludes that there was a potential opportunity to display diﬀerent stances in the Soviet press under the conditions of a tough conﬂict within the socialist system, and the use of this opportunity by correspondents of Central publications.
Estimates of the Armed Forces and war plans of Great Britain in Central and South Asia by officers of the Russian General Staff in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
Authors:   Research Institute of Military History, Military Academy of the General Staﬀ of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Alpeev Oleg Ye.
Published: December 2020

The essay is devoted to the intelligence assessment of planning for war against Great Britain in Central Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The systematic preparation for war against Great Britain began during the Pandjeh Incident of 1885 and continued until 1914. Russian war planning foresaw oﬀensive operations against the British Indian Army in Central Asia. The development of the “Invasion of India” plan became a high-priority objective for the Russian General Staﬀ during the lowest point of relations with Great Britain. After 1905, the development of this plan was abandoned. Study of the British Indian Army and possible enemy war plans in Central Asia by Russian military intelligence played an important role in the war planning. The Russian General Staﬀ's preparation for a war against Afghanistan and British India in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was carried out with a lack of information about the region and enemies. After the Russo-Japanese war, the War Ministry began paying more attention to the conduct of intelligence activities and the scientiﬁc analysis of information about the region. Since 1904, Russian military intelligence had observed the development of a large-scale reform of the British Indian Army, initiated by General H. Kitchener. The Russian General Staﬀ came to the wrong conclusions about the threat to Turkestan. Therefore, exaggerated estimates of the military readiness and plans of Great Britain inﬂuenced Russian strategic planning and brought about the cancellation of the “Invasion of India” plan in 1905-1910.
“Cultural diplomacy” in the absence of diplomatic relations: Pushkin’s “Vsevolozhsky Writing book” returns to Russia
Authors:   Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Silkin Aleksandr A.
Published: December 2020

The return of the “Vsevolozhsky Writing Book” from Belgrade to Moscow (1933) is of interest not only from the point of view of studying and preserving literary heritage, but also as an important episode in the history of Russian-Serbian relations. These relations are a complex phenomenon, the evolution of which, according to Miroslav Jovanović, took course at “various levels of the historical past: in the plane of politics and diplomacy; spiritual and church, social and cultural ties; relatively frequent migrations from one environment to another; fragmented economic relations; and, ﬁnally, in the plane of individual, personal contacts, connections and impressions”. It is obvious what of the above in particular came to the fore during the period of mutual non-recognition between the USSR and Yu-goslavia (1918-1940). The correspondence between the Serbian philologist and translator Jovan Maksimović and Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich that resulted in the acquisition of the Pushkin manuscript by the Literary Museum refers to the type of informal contacts that maintained relations between Russia and Serbia even when political ties were interrupted. “Over time, cultural, spiritual, and social contacts developed into what is today called traditional in Serbian-Russian relations, and what greatly inﬂuenced the formation of collective memory, mentality, and mutual perception”. As for the Serbs, one of the peculiarities of this perception was the widespread Russophilia or the idea of “real/ﬁctional proximity” with the Russians. Without this, Pushkin's manuscript would not have returned to Russia.
Artemy Rafalovich and his Essays by Russian Doctor: Historical and ethnographic source
Authors:   Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nosenko-Shtein Elena E.
Published: December 2020

The author considers the biography of Artemy Rafalovich and his Essays by a Russian doctor as a source for ethnography of the population of the Near East in the ﬁrst half of the nineteenth century. Rafalovich had been sent by the Russian Ministry of Home Aﬀairs to countries under the rule of Ottoman Empire in order to investigate reasons for the emergence and spread of the plague. His Essays by a Russian doctor who had been sent to the Orient were the main source for this essay, especially the second part of these Essays in which the climate, agriculture, urban centers, and populations of Syria, Palestine and Lebanon are described. The au-thor follows the life of Artemy Rafalovich and stresses that many facts are still not suﬃciently researched. Further, the author analyses the Essays as a source for the study of the history of medicine, public hygiene in the region, and the reasons for infectious diseases described by Rafalovich. The author also emphasizes that Rafalovich became a member of Ethnographic Department of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society, and during his trips he described the population - ethnic and religious groups of the region - its numbers, activities, customs, and so on. Rafalovich was a baptized Jew, so he distanced himself from the diﬀerent Jew-ish groups of the region; he describes their numbers and sometimes the hygiene of Jewish quarters. He was mainly interested in description of Jewish hospitals and pharmacies. The author concludes that Essays by Rafalovich were of great importance for medical research in his time, for example by highlighting the inﬂuence of climate, water, and food on the public health of the region. Moreover, his topographic descriptions - including clariﬁcations of riverbeds, directions of mountain chains, and so forth - would have been of interest to the Russian intelligence service, and the activities of Artemy Rafalovich were highly regarded by the Russian government.
Redefining the Lexicon of Power, Envisioning the Future: The Atikamekw Nehirowisiw Nation and the Comprehensive Land Claims Negotiations
Authors: Éthier Benoit , Ottawa Gérald , Coocoo Christian
Published: December 2020

Treaties and land claims negotiations between state institutions and Indigenous Peoples are necessarily tied to issues of territorial entanglements, resistance and coexistence. Regularly, studies of these negotiation dynamics make explicit the articulation and differentiation of Indigenous “life projects,” referring to the embodiment of socio-cultural desires, visions, aspirations and purposes – vis-à-vis neoliberal development projects. This article focuses precisely on the dynamics of negotiation in which the Atikamekw Nehirowisiwok (north-central Quebec) and state institutions have been involved for the last 40 years under the Comprehensive Land Claims Policy. More specifically, it addresses different policy mechanisms such as the extinguishment policy, burden of proof, debt obligations and results-based approach that are part and parcel of the negotiation process. Without disregarding the unequal power relations, this article also presents the motivations and aspirations expressed by the Atikamekw Nehirowisiwok in the negotiation process. It explains how their engagements are mobilised into nehirowisiw orocowewin – that is, a larger and deeper political and cultural project relating to the affirmation of nehirowisiw miro pimatisiwin, an Indigenous way of life and living well that is tied to the maintenance of a creative and open-ended coexistence based on reciprocity, complementarity, autonomy and consensus.
Sur la terre, pour la terre, dans une terre : La territorialité de l’utopie éco- spirituelle d’Auroville (sud de l’Inde)
Authors: Obadia Lionel
Published: December 2020

Auroville, ville internationale située en Inde du Sud et fondée sur une utopie spirituelle, a récemment fêté un demi-siècle d’existence. Cette ville met en relief les différentes facettes de la catégorie de « terre », notamment ses usages et significations dans les mouvements spirituels néo-orientaux : la terre comme site (résidentiel) d’une communauté qui a dû engager une lutte pour ses droits fonciers au sein de la Nation indienne et qui souscrit aux principes du collectivisme interne ; la terre comme cadre (environnement) anthropomorphisé et agencé selon les principes de la philosophie spirituelle qui a motivé la création de la ville ; la terre comme espace-laboratoire de nouvelles technologies développées avant la vague environnementaliste mais aussi « laboratoire spirituel » des nouvelles manières de transcender les traditions religieuses ; la terre comme modèle cosmique et architectural, puisqu’Auroville représente une galaxie et que son seul « temple » a la forme d’un globe terrestre ; et enfin, la terre comme planète puisque Auroville est supposée irriguer le monde de ses découvertes techniques et de ses avancées philosophiques. Idéal de cité et cité idéale ancrée dans une matérialité concrète, Auroville offre à l’analyse un cas d’étude qui révèle la complexité des aspects d’un retour (théorique et pratique) à la « Terre » dans les mouvements spirituels.
On Nation-to-Nation Partnership and the Never-Ending Business of Treaty-Making: Reflections on the Experience of the Crees of Eeyou Istchee (Eastern James Bay)
Authors: Scott Colin H.
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the successes of the Crees of Eeyou Istchee in the continual negotiation and renegotiation of their treaty relationship with the Quebec and Canadian governments but also queries how arrangements reached during more than four decades of treaty relationship, charting a course of proliferating entanglements with resource-extractive capitalism and state administration, both express and diverge from the “community of life” relational ontology of Cree activity on the land. While the Crees of Eeyou Istchee have achieved important successes in negotiating economic equity and territorial self-government and have not allowed themselves to be trapped in a once-and-for-all “settlement” of their rights, their negotiations with the state and with corporate entities reward certain Cree interests and positions over others. Compromises have occurred and development pathways chosen that increasingly challenge those who maintain as political priorities the defence of ecological diversity and integrity and accompanying Cree lifeways. Incommensurable premises of liberal capitalism and statehood have inhibited the conditions for the reproduction of Cree relationality, however nimbly the latter grapples with the former in reaching successive treaties and agreements Dans cet article, je me penche sur les succès obtenus par les Cris de Eeyou Istchee dans la (re)négociation perpétuelle de la relation de traité qu’ils entretiennent avec les gouvernements du Québec et du Canada. En même temps, j’explore comment la relation de traité, qui a dessiné pendant plus de quatre décennies des enchevêtrements proliférants avec le capitalisme d’extraction et l’administration étatique, reflètent tout en s’en distinguant l’ontologie relationnelle de type « communauté de vie » qui caractérise l’activité des Cris sur le territoire. Bien que les Cris de Eeyou Istchee aient engrangé d’importants succès dans la négociation de l’équité économique et de l’autonomie territoriale, et bien qu’ils ne se soient pas laissés piéger dans un « règlement » définitif de leurs droits, les négociations engagées avec l’État et les corporations ont favorisé certains intérêts et positionnements Cris par rapport à d’autres. Les compromis réalisés et les voies de développement empruntées mettent de plus en plus au défi ceux dont les priorités politiques restent la défense de la diversité et de l’intégrité écologiques et l’accompagnement des modes de vie cris. En ce sens, les présupposés incommensurables du capitalisme libéral et de l’État entravent la reproduction de la relationnalité crie, même si cette dernière lutte habilement contre les premiers dans la conclusion des traités et des ententes successives.
“Ils sont fous, ces Gaulois”:Asterixbetween Cold War America and Gaullist France
Authors: Lüthi Lorenz M.
Published: December 2020

Much ink has been spilled on the comic strip Asterix, but few observers have paid attention to the contemporaneous political context in which René Goscinny (1926–1977) and Albert Uderzo (1927–2020) produced this Gallic epic, and how it gives meaning to this world-famous comic star. The association of the fictional Gauls resisting Roman occupation in 50 bce with France’s heated public debate in the 1950s and 1960s about the role of the Resistance during the German occupation from 1940 to 1944 was no doubt on the mind of French readers at the time. Yet the Asterix epic also is the most successful francophone comic strip in the world. On the one hand the epic works as anti-American diatribe, which equates the Pax Romana of the ancient past with the Pax Americana of the Cold War. On the other hand it is also an anti-Gaullist critique of France in the 1960s and 1970s. Accordingly the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar stands as a symbol for both the anti-Gaullist United States and the anti-American Charles de Gaulle. The contradictory nature of these two claims might be surprising, but the Asterix epic was never intended to be an internally consistent philosophical treatise. The epic looks more like a precursor to the animated series The Simpsons, given its circular narrative structure, the use of cameos by celebrities, and the parodic commentary on contemporaneous affairs.
SUBSTANTIATION OF THE MODEL OF IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS FOR VEHICLES AND ENGINES OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TRACTORS IN UKRAINE
Authors:   DNU « L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT», Kravchuk V. , Afanasieva S. , Ryzhkova S.
Published: December 2020

The main legislative and regulatory acts of Ukraine and the European Union (EU), which establish environmental requirements for agricultural and forestry vehicles, analyzed the components of exhaust gas pollutants emitted by engines, studied the nature of changes in their volume during the establishment of environmental standards. classes, a promising model of stages of implementation of European environmental standards for these vehicles in Ukraine. The purpose of the work. Development of approaches to the creation of a national model for the implementation of environmental requirements in Ukraine in the field of agricultural and forestry vehicles, taking into account the relevant technical legislation of the EU. The research methods are to analyze, compare, summarize and evaluate data, including statistical and graphical composition of pollutants for different environmental classes of requirements for emissions of pollutants from engines of agricultural and forestry vehicles, stages of implementation of such requirements in Ukraine and EU countries. Results. Legislative and regulatory acts of the EU and Ukraine have been identified, the provisions of which should be taken into account when developing national environmental requirements for agricultural and forestry vehicles. The emission standards in force in the EU countries and in Ukraine, the stages of their implementation, composition, content of the main components, the nature of changes in the maximum permissible values of individual components of pollutants for which emission standards are set are considered and analyzed. The ways of approximation of national ecological requirements to the European norms with gradual stages of their introduction in Ukraine are offered. Conclusion. The results of the research will be used to adapt national legislation in the field of environmental safety of agricultural and forestry vehicles to the new European requirements in order to increase the safety of such vehicles and reduce the negative impact on the environment, human and animal health and remove technical barriers. in trade.
The results of experimental evaluation of the operating conditions of the machine for contact weed control
Authors:   Lutsk National Technical University, Nalobina O. , Bundza O. , Holotiuk M. , Puts V. , Martyniuk V.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The article presents the results of research carried out during the creation of a machine for contact weed control and clarification of the parameters of its operation. The purpose of the research, the results of which are set out in the article, is to prove experimentally the hypothesis put forward in the course of creating a machine for contact weed control about the effect of acceleration of the cut of the stem on which the working solution is on the value of unproductive losses of the working solution. Methods. To achieve the goal of the work, experimental studies have been carried out. The experimental results were processed according to the method of a mathematical full-factor experiment on the MathCAD v.14 software product. Results. In the course of experimental studies, it was found that the operation of the machine at a height of less than 0.2 m is inappropriate, because the accelerations during the oscillatory process of the stem reach significant values and lead to the dropping of the working solution from the stem of the plant. Based on the results of experimental studies, a regression equation was obtained, which reveals the dependence of the efficiency of weed control on the installation height of the machine, the diameter of the weed stems, and the cut angle. Conclusions. In the process of experimental studies, it was found that the acceleration of the edge (cut) of the stem, on which the applied working solution is located, significantly affects the amount of unproductive losses of the working solution. A sharp increase in the acceleration of the tops of the stems when they move from the deflected position to the initial position leads to the discharge of the applied drop of herbicide from the cut of the stem. This is unacceptable for two reasons. First, the herbicide enters the soil and, as a result, leads to its pollution. Secondly, the effectiveness of weed control is significantly reduced due to losses and leads to the need to increase the doses of herbicides. This leads to increased financial costs for weeding. It has been experimentally established that it is advisable to cut plants at a height of at least 0.2 m. The introduction of the established requirement for the height of the machine location allows avoiding the indicated undesirable consequences.
Impact of Screw Diameter and Length on Pedicle Screw Fixation Strength in Osteoporotic Vertebrae: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Matsukawa Keitaro , Yato Yoshiyuki , Imabayashi Hideaki
Published: December 2020

Study Design: Biomechanical study.Purpose: To quantitatively investigate the effect of screw size on screw fixation in osteoporotic vertebrae with finite element analysis (FEA)Overview of Literature: Osteoporosis poses a challenge in spinal instrumentation; however, the selection of screw size is directly related to fixation and is closely dependent on each surgeon’s experience and preference.Methods: Total 1,200 nonlinear FEA with various screw diameters (4.5–7.5 mm) and lengths (30–50 mm) were performed on 25 patients (seven men and 18 women; mean age, 75.2±10.8 years) with osteoporosis. The axial pullout strength, and the vertebral fixation strength of a paired-screw construct against flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation were examined. Thereafter, we calculated the equivalent stress of the bone-screw interface during nondestructive loading. Then, using diameter parameters (screw diameter or screw fitness in the pedicle [%fill]), and length parameters (screw length or screw depth in the vertebral body [%length]), multiple regression analyses were performed in order to evaluate the factors affecting various fixations.Results: Larger diameter and longer screws significantly increased the pullout strength and vertebral fixation strength; further, they decreased the equivalent stress around the screws. Multiple regression analyses showed that the actual screw diameter and %length were factors that had a stronger effect on the fixation strength than %fill and the actual screw length. Screw diameter had a greater effect on the resistance to screw pullout and flexion and extension loading (β =0.38–0.43, p <0.01); while the %length had a greater effect on resistance to lateral bending and axial rotation loading (β =0.25–0.36, p <0.01) as well as mechanical stress of the bone-screw interface (β =−0.42, p <0.01).Conclusions: The screw size should be determined based on the biomechanical behavior of the screws, type of mechanical force applied on the corresponding vertebra, and anatomical limitations.
Anatomical Variation and Morphometric Study on Foramen Transversarium of the Upper Cervical Vertebrae in the Thai Population
Authors: Chaiyamoon Arada , Yannasithinon Supataechasit , Sae-Jung Surachai , Samrid Rarinthorn , Thongbuakaew Tipsuda , Iamsaard Sitthichai
Published: December 2020

Study Design: Foramen transversarium (FT) and foramen arcuale (FA) of upper cervical vertebrae (C1 and C2) in the Thai population were investigated for variation and morphometry.Purpose: This study aimed to reveal the morphometry of FT and FA in the Thai population. Overview of Literature: The FT and FA are structures found in the upper spine that support the vertebral neurovascular system. Clinically, the surgical approaches to achieve upper cervical stability can be affected by spine variations. FT and FA morphometries have been documented to vary by nationality. However, such reports have been limited in the Thai population.Methods: The FT and FA of dried C1 and C2 vertebrae (identified bones; n=107, males=53 and females=54) were observed and measured using a Digital Vernier Caliper (Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan). Anteroposterior (AP) and transverse diameters of the left and right FTs (n=214) were measured and compared between sexes. Variations and types of FT and FA found on the upper vertebrae were recorded and classified.Results: The FT shape of the Thai C1 was AP elliptical, while of that of C2 was transverse elliptical. Compared to females, both diameters of the upper spine were significantly greater in males except for the AP diameter of C2 on the right side. All diameters were significantly different in both sexes and sides except for the AP diameter of C1 and C2. A common type of FT classified in C1 was type 2 (male [69.81%], female [79.63%]) whereas for C2 it was type 1 (male [63.21%], female [59.26%]). Moreover, an incomplete osseous bridge was a major FA subtype observed in the Thai spine.Conclusions: FT morphometry has an elliptical shape and diameters are greater in males. The FT and FA variations identified in this study will be useful for surgeons treating vertebral neurovascular injuries of the posterior upper cervical spine in the Thai population.
CURRENT STATE OF HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL REGIME OF THE RIVER ESYLE
Authors: Shutkaraev A. , Barinova G. , Asylbekova A.
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the features of the hydrological and hydrochemical regime of the Yessil river, as a transboundary river of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. In General, the hydrological regime of the Yessil river is acceptable for most freshwater fish species. The maximum permissible concentration for fishery reservoirs is exceeded annually for the entire length of the river in terms of ion content only for sulfates from 1.1 to 1.7 times. The main pollutants of the Yessil river are storm runoff from the territories of settlements, as well as mineral and organic fertilizers washed away by meltwater and rainwater from catchment areas.
THE VALUE OF THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GENERA OF ELAEAGNUS AND SHEPHERDIA (SEHEPHERDIA) AS MEDICAL PLANTS. (REVIEW)
Authors:   Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Potapova A. , Zubik I. ,   Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Sorokopudov V. ,   Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy
Published: December 2020

A review of the available literature data of some authors on the medicinal value of plants of the genera Elaeagnus and Shepherdia (Sehepherdia) of the Elaeagnaceae family is carried out to identify the current state and degree of knowledge of this theme, as well as to systematize this information. The article discusses the properties and medical uses of such species as Elaeagnus angustifolia, Elaeagnus argentea, Elaeagnus multiflora and Shepherdia argentea. Parts of these plants used in medical practice, their chemical composition, useful characteristics, and diseases, in the treatment of which it is reasonable to use medicines obtained from the plants which are being studied, are described. Then are given existing medicines obtained from the considered species, their characteristics and application are discribed. Also article includes the basics of cultural practice of Elaeagnus and shepherdia. Species of the Elaeagnaceae family are very valuable for world medicine.
ON THE ISSUE OF STUDYING FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Authors:   Department of physics Yaroslavl higher military school Of Air Defense, Volkova M.
Published: December 2020

The article analyzes the most profound and fundamental properties of the world around us, manifested in the sense of fundamental physical constants. The stages of studying and forming ideas about fundamental constants are considered.
Outlines on Pyrrhonism by Sextus Empiricus: paradigm of terms and translation intentions
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine), Zvonska Lesia
Published: December 2020

The article considers the principles underpinning the Ukrainian translation of Sextus Empiricus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism and the translation strategy employed to render the fundamental concepts of his philosophy. The author believes that the translation should fully reproduce Outlines of Pyrrhonism’s rich word-forming terminological potential while preserving the internal form and etymological affinity of concepts. The basic principle is the unification of terms and key concepts. At the same time, an acceptable translation should adequately convey the original meaning of the text and not its letter. The accurate translation of the contents is more important than an effort to use the same Ukrainian word throughout the translation as an equivalent of a particular word in the original. Besides, our translation seeks to abide by a principle that one has to avoid, whenever possible, Grecisms, Latinisms, and loan translations from the Russian language. In accord with this translation strategy, the paper describes the lexical and semantic fields of the basic concepts of skepticism, their paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections, and the range of these terms’ derivation, and substantiates the choice of Ukrainian equivalents. The explanations are illustrated by fragments of the contextual translation of several cognate word forms. The translation should take into account the extensive synonymy present in the Greek text and certain lability of the terminological system used by Sextus himself. The translator’s intentions aim at conveying the rich lexical imagery and metaphors of the Outlines of Pyrrhonism.
Hegel and Ukrainian Philosophy of the 70-80th
Authors:   National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Kozlovskyi Viktor , Davidenko Illia ,   Taras  Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine), Kruhlyk Kateryna ,   Taras  Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine), Popil Daria ,   Taras  Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine)
Published: December 2020

Interview of Illia Davidenko, Kateryna Kruhlyk, Daria Popil with Viktor Kozlovskyi.
Determinación de la fracción de masa de lantano (La) en suelos mediante análisis por activación neutrónica
Authors: Sierra Arias Oscar Alberto , Alonso Contreras David Leonardo , Parrado Lozano Guillermo Abel , Herrera Diana Carolina , Porras Ríos Andrés Felipe , Peña Urueña Mary Luz
Published: December 2020

Este trabajo describe el procedimiento llevado a cabo mediante la técnica de análisis por activación neutrónica para la validación de la determinación de la fracción de masa de lantano (La) en matrices de suelo. En este estudio se muestran los principios del método relativo del análisis por activación neutrónica instrumental y el desarrollo experimental implementado para realizar la evaluación de los parámetros de desempeño:  selectividad, linealidad, límite de detección, límite de cuantificación, rango de trabajo, precisión, veracidad e incertidumbre. Los resultados muestran que en el rango de 0,66 a 38,0 mg/kg de La, el método cumple con los criterios de aceptación establecidos en el proceso de validación, y por lo tanto su determinación con la técnica desarrollada ofrece resultados satisfactorios.
Study of Side Effects of Patients Receiving Cisplatin in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer by Age Group
Authors: Chaitosa Rachadapan , Maskasame Worathida
Published: December 2020

Background: Cisplatin is one of the options of chemotherapy used to treat cervical cancer. Patient can experience side effects from drugs frequently with many factors as a catalyst including the age of the patient.

Objective: To compare the side effects of cervical cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (Cisplatin) 2 rounds between patients ≤ 60 years and > 60 years.

Methods: A retrospective study, 70 cervical cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy at Ramathibodi Hospital were investigated. Questionnaires about adverse effects were completed by patients at home 7 days after 1st and 2nd courses of combined therapy. The side effects of cervical cancer patients between groups was analyzed.

Results: Of 70 patients, there were 47 patients ≤ 60 years and 23 patients > 60 years. After the 1st course, life-threatening side effects occurred in 9 patient’s ≤ 60 years but none occurred in patients > 60 years. Younger patients also had significant more nausea than older patients (P < .05). After the 2nd course, younger patients also had significant more vomiting than older patients (P < .05). The most common side effects for both age groups were fatigue and anorexia respectively.

Conclusions: Patients younger than 60 year would experience significantly more symptoms of nausea and vomiting after the 1st and 2nd courses of concurrent chemoradiotherapy.
EDUCATING TEACHERS FOR CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING IN KAZAKHSTAN: DEVELOPING POSITIVE ATTITUDES
Authors: Dontsov Artyom Sergeyevich , Burdina Elena Ivanovna
Published: December 2020

The aim of the present research is to identify whether teachers' attitudes towards the use of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in the Republic of Kazakhstan can undergo significant changes if they study a course introducing them to the fundamentals of CLIL. Despite the country's plans to adopt English as one of the languages of education, stakeholders’ attitudes towards teaching through the medium of this language remain rather skeptical. A survey was held among Master’s degree students majoring in Education (n = 59) at Pavlodar State University before the course and after its completion. Since it is the affective component that largely determines the quality of attitudes, the levels of participants' anxiety, self-esteem and motivation were used as the indicators. The tools for measuring these variables were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Dembo-Rubinstein's Method of Self-esteem Measurement and Dubovitskaya's Diagnostics of Learning Motivation Orientation. The end-of-course results show a marked reduction in the level of participants' state anxiety, a growth in self-esteem in terms of the readiness to use CLIL, and a shift towards intrinsic motivation. It is argued that for attitudes shift to take place, it is necessary to adopt a constructivist approach to teaching and learning. Keywords: content and language integrated learning, CLIL, attitude, teacher training, affective filter, anxiety, self-esteem, learning motivation.
The Ultrasonography Examination of Fetal Heart Beats as the Application of Mechanic Waves Principle
Authors: Luthfiana AS Esi , Mayub Afrizal , Nirwana Nirwana
Published: December 2020

In this study, a direct observation was carried out on pregnant women in several months of pregnancy by detecting fetal age, fetal length, fetal weight, and normal reactivity of fetal heart beats on ultrasonography. Ultrasonography is a tool that applies the working principle of vibration and waves to the world of health in which mechanical waves that require a medium to propagate. The results showed that the condition of fetal age two to three months in early pregnancy, the transducer on ultrasonography is difficult to detect the weight and length of the fetus. It is mainly because the propagation medium is still tiny, but in conditions of fetal age at four to nine months, the transducer on ultrasonography is able to detect the weight value and fetal length displayed on the ultrasound monitor screen. Therefore, it can be concluded that the working principle of mechanical waves in ultrasonography is one of the developments in physics in the world of technology.
The Correlation between The Principle Innovation and Work Motivation toward Mathematics Teacher Performance at Junior High School
Authors: Handayani Yenny , Rohiat Rohiat , Sumarsih Sumarsih
Published: December 2020

The research aims to analyze the correlation between principal innovation and motivation toward the performance of mathematics teachers at State Junior High School in Bengkulu City. This research was correlation research with a quantitative approach. The sampling technique was proportionate random sampling. The sample in this study was a mathematics teacher at Junior High School in Bengkulu city, totaling 53 people. Data collection instruments were used in the form of a questionnaire with data analysis techniques using the statistical correlation test. The results showed that: (1) There was a positive correlation between school principal innovation and teacher performance in mathematics learning, it was 0.590 (2) There was a positive relationship between motivation and teacher performance in mathematics learning, it was 0.606. it was a strong and positive criterion. (3) There was a joint correlation between school principal innovation and work motivation toward teacher performance at State Junior High School in Bengkulu City.
Definitive Treatment of Neurological Decompression Sickness in a Resource Limited Location
Authors: Petruso Matthew J. , Philbrick Samuel M.
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: While Fairbanks, AK, USA, is a remote location with significant constraints on medical resources and specialty care, a small U.S. Air Force clinic was able to provide a pilot with definitive care for neurological decompression sickness.CASE REPORT: A 31-yr-old
female patient presented to her flight surgeon in Anchorage, AK, USA, with migrating polyarthropathy and headaches 48 h after a flight which included planned aircraft decompression for high altitude low opening (HALO) jump operations. In order to get definitive treatment in a hyperbaric chamber,
the patient typically would have to be flown to Seattle, WA, USA. This transfer of care would cost the Air Force approximately 150,000 and may have led to more complicated disease. Fortunately, Eielson Air Force Base (AFB) in Fairbanks had previously procured a Hyperlite hyperbaric chamber
specifically for this situation. After consultation with a hyperbaric specialist, the team decided that the most appropriate course of action was to transfer her by car 6 h north from Anchorage to Fairbanks. On initiation of the Hart treatment table, she experienced immediate reduction in
joint pain with a reversal of neurological symptoms.DISCUSSION: This patients care could not have been done without the procurement of a hyperbaric chamber. This case demonstrates the utility and necessity for these capabilities at more facilities that manage significant flying
operations. Military bases should ensure that hyperbaric treatment capabilities are available within a close proximity.Petruso MJ, Philbrick SM. Definitive treatment of neurological decompression sickness in a resource limited location. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(1):4749.
Challenges and potential to adopt biogas technology: A case study of Faisalabad, Pakistan
Authors: Shahzad Hafiz U. , Mustafa Muhammad F. , Afridi Zohaib U.
Published: December 2020

In the past few years, pertaining to energy shortage, Government of Pakistan promoted the biogas plants in specific rural areas. This study is an attempt to explore the success and failure adopted biogas plants by the farmers in rural areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan. In this study, the researcher selected tehsil Faisalabad of district Faisalabad based on the availability of biogas plants installed by the Government, NGO/INGOs and private contractors in the past few years. Snowball sampling method was used to identify the sample size. Total 51 biogas adopters participated in the study as respondents. Primary data were collected through face to face interviews on a structured questionnaire. Results shows that 33.3% of respondents were fully satisfied with their biogas plants. Close to one fourth (23.5%) of respondents were partially satisfied while 43.1% of respondents were not satisfied with their biogas plants. More than half (56.9%) of biogas plants were in working condition and 43.1% of biogas users abandoned for many reasons. The major reasons for the inspiration behind construction and installation of biogas plants were subsidy, cases of existing biogas plant owners, social advantages/reputation, motivation from construction/installation agency and conservation of time and energy. Whereas, for the reasons such as frequently come across technical problems, unavailability of technicians, difficulty in operation of biogas plant, insufficient gas for food preparation /lighting, escape of gas through joints/connections and extra workload were the reasons compelling farmers to abandoning the biogas plants. It was found that operation and maintenance of biogas plants is one of the major issues due to untrained, partially trained owners, unavailability of technicians and skilled operators.
Monetary regulation and its role in the state’s economic growth
Authors:   Odesa National Economic University, KOVALENKO Viktoriia , SHELUDKO Sergii ,   Odesa National Economic University
Published: December 2020

The article provides a comparative analysis of monetary regulation models and explores their impact on economic growth. The aim of the paper is to study models of monetary regulation and their impact on economic growth. The authors claim that monetary regulation of any country in the world should be aimed at ensuring economic growth. The study shows that the rapid development of monetary policy and economic growth theories is marked by certain contradictions, uncertainty and cross flows. Based on the analysis of the views of researchers on the impact of monetary regulation on economic growth, the authors conclude that concepts are divided according to those that characterize weak relations between these phenomena, and those that prove close correlation. The authors state that in Ukraine, in conditions of using a monetary design based on the inflation targeting regime and taking into account the importance of increasing the efficiency of using main instruments of monetary regulation, it is necessary, first of all, to ensure the consistency of monetary and fiscal policies. The coordination of monetary and fiscal policies should consist of developing and implementing them in such a way that they do not contradict each other and together contribute to the achievement of the common goals of economic policy, such as sustainable economic growth and low unemployment in terms of long-term price and external stabilities. That is, the main problem of the significant influence of monetary regulation on economic growth in the country lies in restoring the effectiveness of the channels of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, which depends on the choice of monetary design.
Spatial Variability of Soil Phosphorus Indices under Two Contrasting Grassland Fields in Eastern Canada
Authors: Nze Memiaghe Jeff D. , Cambouris Athyna N. , Ziadi Noura , Karam Antoine , Perron Isabelle
Published: December 2020

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for grassland production systems. However, continuous applications of P fertilizers result in soil P accumulations, increasing the risk of P losses in runoff and erosion. This study aims to investigate the field-scale variability of soil-test P (STP) in two contrasting grassland fields using descriptive statistics and geostatistics for accurate recommendations on soil sampling strategy and sustainable approaches to P management. A young grassland (YG; 2 years) and an old grassland (OG; 10 years under permanent pasture) were classified as humo-ferric podzol and received organic fertilizers. Soil samples were collected in 16-m by 16-m triangular grids at two depths (0–5 and 5–20 cm). They were analyzed for available P and other soil elements extracted using the Mehlich-3 method (M3). The agri-environmental P saturation index (P/Al)M3 was calculated. Phosphorus accumulation was observed in OG (0–5 cm) as a result of long-term manure applications. Repeated applications of organic fertilizers can impact the long-term buildup of soil P, thus decreasing soil P va-riability and spatial dependence in permanent grasslands. A soil sampling strategy focusing on the 0–5 cm layer should be retained in permanent grasslands for sustainable P recommendations in Eastern Canada.
Transcriptomic and Morphological Analysis of Cells Derived from Porcine Buccal Mucosa—Studies on an In Vitro Model
Authors: Bryja Artur , Latosiński Grzegorz , Jankowski Maurycy , Angelova Volponi Ana , Mozdziak Paul , Shibli Jamil A. , Bryl Rut , Spaczyńska Julia , Piotrowska-Kempisty Hanna , Krawiec Krzysztof , Kempisty Bartosz , Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska Marta
Published: December 2020

Transcriptional analysis and live-cell imaging are a powerful tool to investigate the dynamics of complex biological systems. In vitro expanded porcine oral mucosal cells, consisting of populations of epithelial and connective lineages, are interesting and complex systems for study via microarray transcriptomic assays to analyze gene expression profile. The transcriptomic analysis included 56 ontological groups with particular focus on 7 gene ontology groups that are related to the processes of differentiation and development. Most analyzed genes were upregulated after 7 days and downregulated after 15 and 30 days of in vitro culture. The performed transcriptomic analysis was then extended to include automated analysis of differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) images obtained during in vitro culture. The analysis of DIC imaging allowed to identify the different populations of keratinocytes and fibroblasts during seven days of in vitro culture, and it was possible to evaluate the proportion of these two populations of cells. Porcine mucosa may be a suitable model for reference research on human tissues. In addition, it can provide a reference point for research on the use of cells, scaffolds, or tissues derived from transgenic animals for applications in human tissues reconstruction.