bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Encephalopathy: The Key Role of Neuroinflammation
Authors: Luo Yifan , Zhu Jinxi , Hu Ziyan , Luo Wei , Du Xiaohong , Hu Haijun , Peng Shengliang
Published: September 2024

Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a severe complication that occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) and leads to cognitive impairment. DE involves various pathophysiological processes, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. This review summarised current research on the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy, which involves neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, iron homoeostasis, blood‐brain barrier disruption, altered gut microbiota, insulin resistance, etc. Among these pathological mechanisms, neuroinflammation has been focused on. This paper summarises some of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinflammation, including the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), Lipocalin‐2 (LCN‐2), Pyroptosis, Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs), and some common pro‐inflammatory factors. In addition, we discuss recent advances in the study of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of DE against neuroinflammation. The current research on the pathogenesis of DE is progressing slowly, and more research is needed in the future. Further study of neuroinflammation as a mechanism is conducive to the discovery of more effective treatments for DE in the future.
Efficacy and Safety of Different Hybrid Closed Loop Systems for Automated Insulin Delivery in People With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Di Molfetta Sergio , Di Gioia Ludovico , Caruso Irene , Cignarelli Angelo , Green Suetonia C. , Natale Patrizia , Strippoli Giovanni F. M. , Sorice Gian Pio , Perrini Sebastio , Natalicchio Annalisa , Laviola Luigi , Giorgino Francesco
Published: September 2024

Aims

To compare the efficacy and safety of different hybrid closed loop (HCL) systems in people with diabetes through a network meta‐analysis.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and PubMed for randomised clinical trials (RCTs) enrolling children, adolescents and/or adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, evaluating Minimed 670G, Minimed 780G, Control‐IQ, CamAPS Fx, DBLG‐1, DBLHU, and Omnipod 5 HCL systems against other types of insulin therapy, and reporting time in target range (TIR) as outcome.

Results

A total of 28 RCTs, all enrolling people with type 1 diabetes, were included. HCL systems significantly increased TIR compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy without continuous glucose monitoring (SIT). Minimed 780G achieved the highest TIR ahead of Control IQ (mean difference (MD) 5.1%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) [0.68; 9.52], low certainty), Minimed 670G (MD 7.48%, 95% CI [4.27; 10.7], moderate certainty), CamAPS Fx (MD 8.94%, 95% CI [4.35; 13.54], low certainty), and DBLG1 (MD 10.69%, 95% CI [5.73; 15.65], low certainty). All HCL systems decreased time below target range, with DBLG1 (MD −3.69%, 95% CI [−5.2; −2.19], high certainty), Minimed 670G (MD −2.9%, 95% CI [−3.77; −2.04], moderate certainty) and Minimed 780G (MD −2.79%, 95% CI [−3.94; −1.64], high certainty) exhibiting the largest reductions compared to SIT. The risk of severe hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis was similar to other types of insulin therapy.

Conclusions

We show a hierarchy of efficacy among the different HCL systems in people with type 1 diabetes, thus providing support to clinical decision‐making.

Trial Registration: PROSPERO CRD42023453717
Doping Control Analysis of Perfluorocarbons in Equine Plasma by Headspace Gas Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kong Fred K. W. , Wong April S. Y. , Cheung Raymond K. K. , Wan Terence S. M. , Ho Emmie N. M.
Published: September 2024

In order to control the potential misuse of perfluorocarbons as an oxygen carrier in equine sports, a simple and sensitive method for detecting perfluorocarbons in equine plasma by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using negative chemical ionization with methane as reagent gas has been developed and fully validated. The method covers seven perfluorocarbons, which are the active components in blood substitute products, and shows good sensitivity and robustness. Limits of detection as low as 0.01 ng/mL could be achieved by the method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a detection method for the screening of perfluorocarbons in equine biological samples.
Snake diversity, occupancy, and detection on Thailand's largest university campus
Authors: Barnes Curt H. , Abdulaziz Ungku Zafirah , Kaenphet Arwut , Kanlayanapaphon Chatchai
Published: September 2024

More than 240 species of snake have been described from Thailand, yet basic natural history and ecology for this group of animals remains scarce in human disturbed environments despite conservation and human medical significance of them in these habitats. We studied snake diversity at Walailak University from March to December 2023, the largest university campus in Thailand (1525 hectares) through standardized walking surveys, opportunistic notifications and observation, road surveys, and traps and evaluated diversity using the Shannon diversity index (H), Pielou's evenness of species (J), detection probabilities (p), and occupancy probabilities (ψ). We observed 195 snakes (21 species, 7 families) at Walailak University and overall snake diversity (H = 2.60) and evenness (J = 0.85) were quite high, although specific site diversity (range H = 0–1.94) and evenness (range J = 0.67–0.91) within the university were variable. The probability of detecting snakes (range p = .10–.40) increased with increasing humidity and decreased with increasing amount of rain, temperature, and wind; site occupancy probability decreased with increased canopy height and increased with increased distance to buildings, increased canopy height loss, increased distance to roads, and increased distance to water. Our findings of relatively high snake diversity, presence of snake species potentially dangerous to humans (six species), and protected snake species (Thailand WARPA and international CITES, five species) suggest significant potential for conservation and further research at Walailak University and other campuses in Thailand.
Clinical characteristics, diagnosis and short‐term outcomes of COVID‐19–associated acute myocarditis in China
Authors: Liu Huihui , Zhou Ping , Huang Yan , Yan Sulan , Zhou Lei , Gao Chuanyu , Wang Lian , Tang Jianjun , Zhou Qiong , Li Xinqing , Zhuang Xiaofeng , Zhai Mei , Huang Liyan , Zhao Xuemei , Greenberg Barry , Hsi David H. , Zhang Yuhui , Zhang Jian
Published: September 2024

Aims

Acute myocarditis (AM) has been recognized as a rare complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection. This study was conducted to present the clinical characteristics, disease courses and short‐term prognoses of Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) induced AM in China, which has been unavailable so far.

Methods and results

Data from 28 patients diagnosed with definite COVID‐19–associated AM from 6 hospitals in China between 1 December 2022 and 30 June 2023 were collected and analysed. The diagnosis of AM was based on increased troponin level plus typical findings of AM on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and/or endomyocardial biopsy. Among 28 patients with definite COVID‐19–related AM, median age was 37 years (Q1–Q3: 22–52) and 53.6% were men. Twenty‐three patients occurred within 2 weeks of the onset of COVID‐19 infection, 10 patients underwent endomyocardial biopsy and CMR was performed in all patients. Seven (25.0%) patients developed fulminant myocarditis that required inotropic agents or temporary mechanical circulatory support. Of the nine patients (32.1%) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 50% on admission, five had fully recovered LVEF and two demonstrated improvement but to levels below normal at discharge. The comparison of CMR parameters between the baseline and first follow‐up showed that ECV was decreased at the first follow‐up [28.95 (25.38, 32.55)% vs. 33.65 (31.58, 37.55)%, P = 0.028), while other CMR parameters had no significant changes. Eighteen patients (64.3%) were prescribed with corticosteroids, and seven patients (25.0%) underwent temporary mechanical circulatory support. Only two patients died during hospitalization.

Conclusions

The majority of COVID‐19–associated AM occurred within 2 weeks of Omicron variant infection. Fulminant myocarditis complicated by hemodynamic instability requiring temporary mechanical circulatory support was not uncommon. However, short‐term outcome was generally good and most AM patients fully recovered.
Water Networks within Metal Organic Nanotubes: Assessment of Techniques to Understand Structure and Properties.
Authors: Jahinge Tiron H. L. , Samarasiri Vidumini S. , Forbes Tori Z.
Published: September 2024

Hybrid materials, such as metal organic nanotubes (MONTs) can possess nanoconfined water molecules within their pore space and the overall behavior of the water within the material may be tuned based upon interactions with the inner channel walls. We have previously developed a range of methods (electron density mapping, kinetic models, and water interaction enthalpies) to evaluate water behavior under nanoconfinement using a uranium‐based metal organic nanotube (UMONT) but have not explored their applicability across a range of materials. In the current study, we test our methodologies on two additional MONT materials (LaMONT and Cu‐LaMONT) to determine if the techniques can be utilized in other systems to predict behavior within complex hybrid materials. In addition, we explored how to use Hirshfeld surface maps generated by the CrystalExplorer software in the visualization and prediction of water behavior within complex hybrid materials.
Photochemical Defluorinative Alkenylation of Trifluoromethyl Alkenes with Organoboronic Acids
Authors: He Shiyu , Xu Bo
Published: September 2024

We have developed a photo‐catalyzed defluorinative two‐component coupling reaction of trifluoromethyl alkenes and organoboronic acids, providing a straightforward and efficient route for the synthesis of functionalized gem‐difluorinated 1,4‐dienes. Both the chemical yields and functional group tolerance are generally good.
Visual analysis of coal mine safety using CiteSpace V
Authors: Zhang Xuesen , Yang Li
Published: September 2024

To intuitively and systematically grasp the development status and trend of safety evaluation research in China's coal mining operations, we consulted relevant literature in the fields of “coal mine” and “safety evaluation” collected by China Knowledge Network, and deployed CiteSpace V software to summarize and analyze research pertaining to safety evaluation in China's coal mines from three aspects: research institutions, authors, and hot keywords. With respect to research institutions, the results show that although many researchers have conducted in‐depth evaluations of coal mine safety, most of these studies were independent, and two‐way information exchange and cooperation between research institutions remains scarce. With respect to authors, most cooperation between authors has been limited to team members, and relatively stable research teams have been formed. However, most of these research teams are independent. With respect to hot keywords, the trends of coal mine safety evaluation studies exhibit continuous change, with an overall increase in richness. According to the frequency burst times of important keywords, “entropy weight method” and “mining with pressure” are expected to remain important keywords in future evaluations of coal mine safety in China.
Utilization of beef lung powder in model chicken emulsion formulation
Authors: Özer Cem Okan , Var Ganime Beyzanur , Gerçekaslan Kamil Emre , Demir Özer Ezgi
Published: September 2024

The present study aimed to demonstrate the effect of beef lung powder addition to model chicken emulsion formulations on quality parameters and determine the optimum usage dose. A mixture design method was employed to determine the ideal proportions of chicken meat, animal fat, and water. The optimal formulation comprises 70.48% chicken meat, 12.42% animal fat, 9.30% water/ice, and 7.80% beef lung powder (w/w). The predicted outcomes for this optimized emulsion include a cooking loss of 3.05%, emulsion stability of 85.21%, an oxidation rate increase of 2.93%, a color difference of 13.24%, and firmness of 24.16 N. The use of lung powder resulted in a reduction in cooking loss and an increase in emulsion stability and hardness. Nevertheless, an increase in both color change and oxidation rate was found in emulsion models. The results of this study demonstrate that beef lung powder is a highly functional ingredient with the capacity to significantly enhance the stability and texture of chicken emulsions. Furthermore, it has the potential to considerably improve the nutritional and quality attributes of emulsified meat products, therefore suggesting its broader applicability in food production.
The Relationship Between Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults: An Exploratory Cross‐Sectional Analysis of Wave 1 Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 Data
Authors: Sweetman Jennifer , Stirland Lucy E. , Kanaan Mona , Corley Janie , Redmond Paul , Deary Ian J. , Cox Simon R. , Russ Tom C. , van der Feltz‐Cornelis Christina
Published: September 2024

Objectives

To explore the strength of the association between cognitive functioning and depression and anxiety in older people without dementia.

Methods

An exploratory, cross‐sectional analysis of Wave 1 (2004–2007) data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 dataset. Three subgroups were based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) subscales: no probable anxiety or depression (N = 592), probable anxiety no depression (N = 122), probable depression with/without anxiety (depression) (N = 30). Regression analyses determined relationships between subgroups and identified cognitive test variables.

Results

Participants were 744 individuals (male = 385 [51.5%]; mean [M] age = 69.5 years [Standard deviation = 0.83]); characteristics for subgroups were similar. Participants with probable depression had slower simple reaction time scores than those with no anxiety or depression (regression slope [β] on the log10 scale = 0.05, 95% Confidence Interval [0.03, 0.08], p ≤ 0.001). Those with probable anxiety had significantly worse scores on other tests: Spatial span (β = −0.80 [−1.36, −0.25], p ≤ 0.005), Symbol Search (β = −1.67 [−2.90, −0.45], p ≤ 0.01), Matrix Reasoning (β = −1.58 [−2.55, −0.60], p ≤ 0.005) and Block Design (β = −3.33 [−5.29, −1.37], p ≤ 0.001), than those without probable anxiety or depression.

Conclusion

Probable depression and anxiety were found to be associated with lower cognitive function in those without evidence of dementia. People with probable anxiety showed poorer performance in tests that concerned making decisions. People with probable depression showed slower processing speed.
The effect of a minor health shock on labor market outcomes: The case of concussions
Authors: Fouquet Florian , Meehan Lisa , Pacheco Gail , Theadom Alice
Published: September 2024

The literature on health shocks finds that minor injuries have only short‐term labor market impacts. However, mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs, commonly referred to as concussions) may be different as the medical literature highlights that they can have longer‐term health and cognitive effects. Moreover, TBIs are one of the most common causes of disability globally, with the vast majority being mild. Thus, it is important to understand the impact of mTBIs on labor market outcomes. We use administrative data on all medically‐diagnosed mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) in New Zealand linked to monthly tax records to examine the labor market effects of a mTBI. We use a comparison group of those who suffer a mTBI at a later date to overcome potential endogeneity issues, and employ a doubly‐robust difference‐in‐differences method. We find that suffering a mTBI has negative labor market effects. Rather than dissipating over time, these negative effects grow, representing a decrease in employment of 20 percentage points and earning losses of about a third after 48 months. Our results highlight the need for timely diagnosis and treatment to mitigate the effect of mTBIs to reduce economic and social costs.
Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Hydroxyapatites From Horse Humerus Bones of Different Ages (1, 3, 6, and 8 Years old) Calcined at Low Temperature
Authors: Correa‐Piña Brandon A. , Castillo‐Paz Angelica M. , Davila Urso , Rodriguez‐Garcia Mario E.
Published: September 2024

The aim of this work is to investigate the changes in the physicochemical properties of hydroxyapatite (HAp) extracted from horse humerus bones of different ages (1, 3, 6, and 8 years) subjected to low temperature calcination (600°C). Thermal analysis revealed significant mass loss due to water, collagen, organic compounds, carbonates, and age‐related magnesium out‐diffusion. Higher fat content in older bones contributed to increased mass loss. Phosphorus content remained constant across age groups, while calcium and sodium showed age‐related fluctuations. Magnesium levels decreased with age, emphasizing its importance for early bone development. The Ca/P ratio deviated from the stoichiometric values due to additional ions from biogenic sources. Infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in carbonated HAp, with changes observed before and after calcination. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 961 cm−1 band decreased with age, indicating improved crystalline quality. The molar absorption coefficients provided information on the changes in molecular concentration and emphasized the differences between the age groups. X‐ray analysis revealed nanocrystalline HAp in all samples, with crystallite size increasing with age. Rietveld analysis showed that the lattice parameters were affected by the presence of organic material, but the lattice constants remained stable, confirming high crystallinity independent of age. TEM analysis confirmed nanocrystalline structures, with crystallite size increasing with age. SEM images showed the characteristic porosity of calcined HAp, with particle size correlating positively with age. Calcination at 600°C preserved the nanoscale properties and microcrystal formation. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the identity of HAp, with FWHM variations indicating age‐related changes in crystalline quality. EHAp1 showed increased FWHM, indicating lower crystalline quality and increased trace element content.
Well‐differentiated inflammatory liposarcoma in the muscularis of the gallbladder
Authors: Chen Jianfei , Tang Congyu , Geng Zhidan , You Qiqin , Cao Hongli , Wang Wenping , Yu Qing , Yuan Haixia
Published: September 2024

Inflammatory liposarcoma is one of the rarest subtypes of well‐differentiated liposarcoma. We present an extremely rare case of well‐differentiated inflammatory liposarcoma that occurs in the muscularis of the gallbladder, which was difficult to diagnose before surgery due to the lack of specific clinical and imaging findings. Since cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) both displayed amplification in this case, they are not only important markers for auxiliary diagnosis but also the focus of current targeted therapy.
Efficacy of albumin use in decompensated cirrhosis and real‐world adoption in Australia
Authors: Kalo Eric , Read Scott , Baig Asma , Marshall Kate , Ma Wai‐See , Crowther Helen , Gofton Cameron , Lynch Kate D , Sood Siddharth , Holmes Jacinta , Lubel John , Wigg Alan , McCaughan Geoff , Roberts Stuart K , Caraceni Paolo , Ahlenstiel Golo , Majumdar Avik
Published: September 2024

The current treatment approach to patients with liver cirrhosis relies on the individual management of complications. Consequently, there is an unmet need for an overall therapeutic strategy for primary and secondary prevention of complications. The clinical potential of long‐term albumin infusions supported by recent clinical trials has expanded its indications and holds promise to transform the management and secondary prevention of cirrhosis‐related complications. This renewed interest in albumin comes with inherent controversies, compounding challenges and pressing need for rigorous evaluation of its clinical potential to capitalize on its therapeutic breakthroughs. Australia is among a few countries worldwide to adopt outpatient human albumin infusion. Here, we summarize currently available evidence of the potential benefits of human albumin for the management of multiple liver cirrhosis‐related complications and discuss key challenges for wide application of long‐term albumin administration strategy in Australian clinical practice. Australian Gastroenterological week (AGW), organised by the Gastroenterological Society of Australia (GESA), was held between 9‐11 September 2022. A panel of hepatologists, advanced liver nurses and one haematologist, were invited to a roundtable meeting to discuss the use of long‐term albumin infusions for liver cirrhosis. management in Australia. In this review, we summarise the proceedings of this meeting in context of the current literature.
Cannabidiol Modulation of Nicotine‐Induced Toxicity: Assessing Effects on Behavior, Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Oxidative Stress in C57BL/6 Male Mice
Authors: Mesiakaris Konstantinos , Atsopardi Korina , Lagoumintzis George , Margarity Marigoula , Poulas Konstantinos
Published: September 2024

High doses of nicotine administered to rodents serve as a model for studying anxiety and test compounds' potential anxiolytic effects. At these doses, anxiety in rodents is accompanied by disruption of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The endocannabinoids and nicotine modulate several central nervous system processes via their specific receptors, impacting locomotion, anxiety, memory, nociception, and reward. Cannabidiol (CBD), an active ingredient of Cannabis sativa L., is devoid of psychoactive actions and has gained attention for its anxiolytic, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory properties, among others. This work aims to examine the potential anxiety‐reducing properties of CBD in a well‐established experimental mouse model of anxiety‐like behavior induced by high doses of nicotine on male C57BL/6 mice. In this context, the open‐field behavioral test was specially conducted to assess CBD's effects on anxiety‐like behavior and locomotion. Brain neuronal plasticity, modulated by BDNF, along with a diverse array of blood's metabolic markers, was examined as a means of evaluating systemic toxicity under various treatments. Finally, oxidative stress was evaluated through the measurement of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), while pro‐inflammatory cytokine assessments were conducted to evaluate redox status and immune system function. Our research suggests that CBD shows potential in reducing anxiety‐like behaviors induced by high doses of nicotine, by mitigating changes in BDNF protein levels in cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. At the same time, CBD targets specific liver enzymes, maintains tissue's systemic toxicity (i.e., renal, kidney, and pancreatic), balances redox status (SOD, GSH, and MDA), and regulates the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐alpha and IL‐6).
Getting away “Scott” (but not Susan) free: The effects of safety‐specific abusive supervision and supervisor gender on follower attributions and safety outcomes
Authors: Fiset John , Byrne Alyson
Published: September 2024

While most research emphasizes the harmful effects of abusive supervision, we argue that certain contextual factors—specifically hazardous work environments and supervisor gender—may lead abusive supervision to be perceived as driven by performance promotion intentions as opposed to injury initiation intentions. We introduce the concept of Safety‐Specific Abusive Supervision (SSAS), which we define as the extent to which a supervisor's active response to safety incidents is perceived by employees as abusive. Drawing from event system theory and research on attributions of abusive supervision, we theorize that when supervisors engage in SSAS, employees are more likely to attribute their behavior to performance promotion rather than injury initiation, perceiving the supervisors' actions as a means to keep them safe rather than to cause harm. We predict that performance promotion attributions mediate the relationship between SSAS and safety performance outcomes, namely safety voice and perceived supervisor safety commitment. However, consistent with role congruity theory, we hypothesize that this relationship is only true for male supervisors and not for female supervisors. Across three studies (two experimental studies and one field study), we largely find support for our hypotheses.
Plasma levels of EPA and DHA after ingestion of a single dose of EPA and DHA ethyl esters
Authors: Schmieta Henrieke Marie‐Luise , Greupner Theresa , Schneider Inga , Wrobel Sonja , Christa Vanessa , Kutzner Laura , Hahn Andreas , Harris William S. , Schebb Nils Helge , Schuchardt Jan Philipp
Published: September 2024

Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFA), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3), are essential for maintaining health. To better understand their biology, it is important to define their bioavailability. The aim of this cross‐over study was to investigate and compare the acute effects on plasma EPA and DHA levels after single doses of EPA oil (99% pure) and DHA (97% pure) ethyl esters. Twelve men aged 20–40 years with a body‐mass‐index of 20–27 kg/m2 and low fish consumption were recruited. Several measures (e.g., 4‐week run‐in period, standardized diet, and blood collection protocols) were taken to reduce the inter‐individual variability of plasma fatty acids levels. Using a cross‐over design, the subjects received 2.2 g of EPA in the first test period and 2.3 g of DHA in the second. The test periods were separated by 2 weeks. Blood samples were taken before dosing and after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The mean ± SE maximum concentrations for EPA were higher than for DHA (115 ± 11 μg/mL vs. 86 ± 12 μg/mL; p = 0.05). The mean ± SE incremented area under the plasma concentration curve over 72 h for EPA (2461 ± 279 μg/mL) was 2.4 times higher (p < 0.001) than that for DHA (1021 ± 170 μg/mL). The mean ± SE half‐life was for EPA and DHA was 45 ± 8 and 66 ± 12 h. Our results indicate that EPA administration in single doses leads to higher circulating plasma levels of EPA compared to an effect of an equivalent dose of DHA on DHA plasma levels.
Delineating population structure of resilient sea/river‐type sockeye salmon
Authors: Brennan Kyle G. , Brennan Sean R. , Cline Timothy , Bowen Gabriel J.
Published: September 2024

Conserving wild fisheries requires identifying and monitoring distinct populations, yet prevalent genetic approaches often do not integrate habitat data and may not fully delineate these structures. This issue is critical in sea/river‐type sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), an ecotype whose specific spawning habitats better define distinct breeding populations. Despite possessing traits that confer greater resilience to climate change and significant contributions to wild fisheries, gene flow among groups dilutes genetic structure, making it difficult to track populations. We focus on sea/river sockeye from one of the Pacific Rim's largest Sockeye fisheries, combining river strontium (Sr) isotope predictions, otolith Sr isotope measurements, and a Bayesian assignment model with a 4‐yr radiotelemetry and genetic dataset (n = 1994) to delineate the geographic structure of spawning habitats. Our results identify four distinct subpopulations with unique natal habitat Sr isotope ratios previously undifferentiated by genetic methods, providing a novel approach to monitor critical groups over multiple years.
Transient Electroluminescence Spectroscopy in Planar Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Xue Xulan , Zhu Bingyan , Kang Zhihui , Chi Xiaochun , Zhang Hanzhuang , Tang Aiwei , Ji Wenyu
Published: September 2024

The emergence of planar electroluminescent diodes (including polymer light‐emitting diodes, organic light‐emitting diodes, quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes, and perovskite light‐emitting diodes) is causing a revolution in displays, lighting, and wearable electronic devices. Continuous advancement in the comprehension and management of charge carrier dynamics in these devices has led to several significant breakthroughs, including diodes with ultrahigh luminance, memory devices, and amplified spontaneous emission. Transient electroluminescence (TrEL) spectroscopy is a relative powerful technology to investigate charge dynamics, including transport, distribution, and storage of charge carriers, in electrically‐driven planar light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). The aim of this review is to revisit the principle and applications of TrEL spectroscopy in planar electroluminescent diodes, and to evaluate the reliability of various parameters extracted using this technology. A particular focus is on electroluminescence response time, charge‐carrier transport and storage, and exciton species. First, the principle and equipment system of the TrEL, as well as specific attention during TrEL measurements are described in detail, following by the applications TrEL spectroscopy in planar LEDs. Further development on the TrEL technology is discussed in the third section. Finally, a summary and outlook for the TrEL are shown and challenges faced by the TrEL spectroscopy are also highlighted.
New Insights into Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease from Spectral Dynamic Causal Modeling
Authors: Taniguchi Seira , Kajiyama Yuta , Kochiyama Takanori , Revankar Gajanan , Ogawa Kotaro , Shirahata Emi , Asai Kana , Saeki Chizu , Ozono Tatsuhiko , Kimura Yasuyoshi , Ikenaka Kensuke , D'Cruz Nicholas , Gilat Moran , Nieuwboer Alice , Mochizuki Hideki
Published: September 2024

Background

Freezing of gait is one of the most disturbing motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the effective connectivity between key brain hubs that are associated with the pathophysiological mechanism of freezing of gait remains elusive.

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify effective connectivity underlying freezing of gait.

Methods

This study applied spectral dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in dedicated regions of interest determined using a data‐driven approach.

Results

Abnormally increased functional connectivity between the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the bilateral mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was identified in freezers compared with nonfreezers. Subsequently, spectral DCM analysis revealed that increased top‐down excitatory effective connectivity from the left DLPFC to bilateral MLR and an independent self‐inhibitory connectivity within the left DLPFC in freezers versus nonfreezers (>99% posterior probability) were inversely associated with the severity of freezing of gait. The lateralization of these effective connectivity patterns was not attributable to the initial dopaminergic deficit nor to structural changes in these regions.

Conclusions

We have identified novel effective connectivity and an independent self‐inhibitory connectivity underlying freezing of gait. Our findings imply that modulating the effective connectivity between the left DLPFC and MLR through neurostimulation or other interventions could be a target for reducing freezing of gait in PD. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Unilateral Magnetic Resonance–Guided Focused Ultrasound Lesion of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease: A Prospective Study
Authors: Armengou‐Garcia Laura , Sanchez‐Catasus Carlos A. , Aviles‐Olmos Iciar , Jiménez‐Huete Adolfo , Montoya‐Murillo Genoveva , Gorospe Arantza , Martin‐Bastida Antonio , Gonzalez‐Quarante Lain Hermes , Guridi Jorge , Rodriguez‐Oroz Maria C.
Published: September 2024

Background

Unilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) ablation using magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is being explored as a new treatment for asymmetric Parkinson's disease (PD).

Objectives

The aims were to study the efficacy and safety of this treatment in asymmetric PD patients and to characterize the lesions.

Methods

This prospective, single‐center, open‐label study evaluated asymmetric PD patients at 6 (n = 20) and 12 months (n = 12) after MRgFUS lesion of the STN. The primary outcome was the change in the Movement Disorders Society‐Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III (MDS‐UPDRS III), score in off medication on the treated side and the adverse events (AEs) at 6‐month follow‐up. We also evaluated cognitive–neuropsychological changes, self‐assessment of clinical improvement, and the correlation of the lesion volume with the motor outcomes.

Results

On the treated side, the MDS‐UPDRS III score (mean difference = 13.8) and the scores in rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor improved (P < 0.001) throughout the follow‐up compared to baseline (at 6 months: rigidity mean difference = 2.8, improvement: 83.5%; bradykinesia mean difference = 6.0, improvement: 69.4%; tremor mean difference = 4.7, improvement: 91.5%). One patient had severe weakness in the treated hemibody, 1 had moderate dyskinesia, and 1 was in moderate confusional state that became mild (weakness) or completely resolved (dyskinesia and confusional state) at 6 months. The rest of the AEs were mild. We observed no clinically relevant changes in cognitive–neuropsychological tests. The percentage of ablation of the STN correlated with the improvement in the total MDS‐UPDRS III and contralateral tremor scores (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Unilateral MRgFUS lesion of the STN resulted in a significant motor improvement. We observed no persistent severe AEs, although mild, mostly transient AEs were frequent. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Free Vascularized Scapula tip Flap to L5—S1 Vertebral Defect After Chronic Infection Related to Interbody Fusion Cage: A Case Report
Authors: Reilly Frank O. F. , Georgopoulos Ioannis , Jonsson Håkan , Mani Kevin , Rodriguez‐Lorenzo Andrés , Schizas Nikos
Published: September 2024

Septic nonunion after vertebral fusion can lead to significant patient disability. The management of septic nonunions usually involves surgical debridement, bone fixation, and antibiotic therapy. Particularly challenging is lumbosacral vertebral nonunions, which necessitate a difficult surgical approach. We present a novel approach using a scapula tip free flap through an intra‐abdominal approach to reconstruct a L5–S1 vertebral defect after a septic nonunion. Our patient, 31‐year‐old man, with no medical conditions, had a fusion of L5–S1 due to severe lower back pain secondary to isthmic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Despite multiple attempts of surgical fusion, postoperatively the patient developed a septic nonunion. Following a modified DAIR, the nonunion was reconstructed with a scapula tip bone flap 4 × 3 × 2 cm. The subscapular vessels were anastomosed to the deep inferior epigastric vessels after an intra‐abdominal inset. The patient was discharged at 15 days postoperatively without any complications. At 1‐year follow‐up the patient is pain‐free, off opiate analgesia with radiological evidence of fusion between the scapula tip, L5 and the S1 vertebral body. This case report describes the use, for the first time, of a free scapula tip, to a lumbosacral spinal defect. The use of the free scapula tip flap may be considered for reconstruction of osseous spinal defects due to its long pedicle and the unique bone shape.
Extracting Scalar Couplings From Complex 1H NMR Spectra Using a Simple 2D J‐Resolved Sequence
Authors: Mudgil Manjeet , Kurur Narayanan D.
Published: September 2024

Measurement of scalar couplings between protons is a very challenging task because of complex multiplet patterns and severe overlapping of these multiplets in congested 1D spectra. Numerous 2D J‐resolved sequences now exist that utilize either the Zangger‐Sterk or PSYCHE or z‐filter elements along with selective refocusing and pure‐shift schemes to generate high‐resolution phase‐sensitive spectra with simple doublets in
dimension. Herein, we present a 2D J‐resolved sequence that employs a simple element consisting of hard pulses and inter‐pulse delays to generate phase‐sensitive spectra. This simple element in combination with selective refocusing eliminates all the undesired components including the intense axial peaks, thus provides clean 2D J‐resolved spectra with signals of only two targeted protons with simple doublets in
dimension and full multiplets of target protons in
dimension. This high selectivity thus obviates the need for extra filtering elements and pure‐shift acquisition schemes that are integrated into existing sequences to facilitate coupling measurements in overcrowded signals. It is therefore anticipated that this sequence, with the ease of implementation and ability to extract coupling values from highly congested spectra, should turn out an important tool for structural and conformational analyses in chemical and biological studies.
Enhanced Hybrid Algorithms for Segmentation and Reconstruction of Granular Grains From X‐Ray Micro Computed‐Tomography Images
Authors: Li Ruidong , Zhang Pin , Yin Zhen‐Yu , Sheil Brian
Published: September 2024

Accurate three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of granular grains from x‐ray micro‐computed tomography (µCT) images is a long‐standing challenge, particularly for dense soil samples. This study develops a machine learning (ML) enhanced approach to automatically reconstruct granular grains from µCT images. The novel academic contributions of this paper include (a) a hierarchical strategy based on parameter‐independent polygonal approximation, area, and concavity analysis, for the first time, to identify and eliminate both intergranular and intragranular voids; (b) incorporation of a recursive segmentation scheme and ML‐based grain classifier to avoid over‐segmentation; (c) novel modifications on the determination of splitting paths to enhance segmentation accuracy; and (d) an effective approach of assigning initial level set functions for reconstructing granular grains automatically. The hybrid ML algorithm is applied to µCT images of dense Mojave Mars Simulant. The results indicate that the proposed method can accurately segment grain clumps with unclear boundaries. The new automatic reconstruction algorithm eliminates ineffective operations and achieves a three‐fold increase in computational speed than previous methods documented in the literature. Ninety‐one percent of grains with distinct boundaries can be reconstructed and the reconstruction ratio reaches 81% even for grains without distinct boundaries. The overall reconstruction ratio of grains increases by 20% compared with previous methods, achieving a step‐change improvement for one‐to‐one mapping of real soil samples.
The polytannic acid‐Fe(III) functionalized graphene oxide in poly (propylene carbonate) nanocomposite enabling enhanced shape memory, UV‐resistance, and self‐healing performance
Authors: Ren Xinqi , Yang Zhihai , Xie Zhong , Gao Xingyu , Zuo Peiyuan , Zhuang Qixin
Published: September 2024

Polypropylene carbonate (PPC) is a promising candidate of substrate materials used for human wearable devices due to its excellent ductility and biocompatibility. However, PPC is prone to be deformed, thus resulting in poor shape recovery property. One effective solution is to construct composites. In this work, poly (tannic acid) with Fe3+ (FPTA) @ graphene oxide (GO) was added to fabricate FPTA@GO/PPC composites. The results show that FPTA@GO can construct a tight network of hydrogen bonds into PPC to improve shape memory and self‐healing properties. By varying the FPTA@GO content, the composites exhibit tunable shape memory property. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirms that FPTA@GO/PPC composites show better shape memory properties compared with pure PPC. 5 wt% FPTA@GO/PPC composite demonstrates superior shape fixation ratio (Rf = 99%) as well as superior shape recovery ratio (Rr = 94%) in 37°C. Moreover, 5 wt% FPTA@GO/PPC composite possesses great self‐healing efficiency of 81% and tensile strength (17.2 MPa). The UV absorption capacity of 5 wt% FPTA@GO/PPC is increased by 150% (far and mid‐UV regions) and 400% (near‐UV region) compared with pure PPC. Thus, FPTA@GO/PPC composites have potential applications in developing shape memory, self‐healing, and UV‐resistant materials for human wearable devices.
Age resistant low density peroxide cured EPDM rubber insulation for large rocket motors
Authors: Jabez I. Kingstone Lesley , Das Urmila , Sudarshan Nakka , Rani R. Sheena , Paparao B. V.
Published: September 2024

Novel methodology introduced to incorporate peroxide in the rubber matrix led to successful development of peroxide cured EPDM insulation based on precipitated silica, a conventional filler. Effect of Silica Filler on the physical, mechanical, thermal, ablative properties and thermal degradation of such an insulation has been recently published. As an outcome of above study, peroxide cured EPDM insulation with 25 PHR of Silica, has been promulgated as potential low density insulation meeting all the requirements of Large Rocket Motor, while having a density as low as 0.997 g/cm3 and Tg as low as −55°C. Effect of aging on mechanical, thermal properties and thermal degradation behavior of low density peroxide cured EPDM insulation has been studied and the findings have been corroborated by FTIR Spectroscopy and morphological Examination by SEM.
Forming performance and environmental impact of bamboo fiber reinforced polypropylene composites based on injection molding process for automobiles
Authors: Zhao Feng , Liu Xiaorui , Feng Tao , Zhao Jialong , Guo Wei
Published: September 2024

To explore the potential application of plant fiber reinforced composites for automotive component applications, this study prepared bamboo fiber (BF)/nano‐talc/polypropylene (PP) composites based on the injection molding process, comprehensively evaluated the effect of reinforcement materials on the forming properties of composites, including thermal performance, mechanical properties, water absorption, etc. Furthermore, taking a certain automotive injection molded interior part as the object, a life‐cycle assessment from production to the gate was conducted based on the real energy and material consumption during the composite preparation process. The results indicate that adding BF and talc powder increased the thermal stability, density, hardness, viscosity, and crystallinity of the composites while reducing the water contact angle on the surface. Surface‐modified BF and PP showed good compatibility. Talc powder exhibited good dispersibility in PP, and the synergistic effect of BF and talc powder effectively enhanced the composite performance. The tensile, flexural, and impact strength of the composites were improved by 40.64%, 51.48%, and 66.51%, respectively, compared with pure PP. The modulus of the composite increased nearly 2 times compared with pure PP. Additionally, the composite demonstrated good friction and wear properties. The environmental impact of the BF composite manufacturing process was significantly higher than that of pure PP. The substantial consumption of electricity, chemicals, and water resources in the extraction and modification processes of BF were the main factors. The findings of this study contribute to achieving green, high‐performance BF composite manufacturing and the expansion of its applications.

Highlights

Composites have a higher environmental impact compared to PP.

BF and talc can synergistically enhance the performance of composites.

BF shows good compatibility with PP.

Composites exhibit good friction and wear characteristics.
Impact of graphite on tribo‐mechanical, structural, and thermal behaviors of polyoxymethylene copolymer/glass fiber hybrid composites via Taguchi optimization
Authors: Vikram Kamlendra , Bhaumik Shubrajit , Pramanik Sumit
Published: September 2024

Unique hybrid thermoplastic composites based on polyoxymethylene copolymer (POM C), 10 wt.% glass fiber (GF) and graphite (Grt) filler at 1, 3, and 5 wt.% were developed using injection molding technique. According to the Taguchi L16 orthogonal array, present experiments were carried out with the aim of determining the coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear rate (SWR) under a range of loads (namely, 5, 10, 20, and 30 N), sliding speeds (namely, 200, 400, 600, and 800 rpm), and run times (namely, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min) with varying wt.% of Grt (namely, 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) throughout the experiment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the most significant factors that affect the output functions (viz., COF and SWR). The findings demonstrated that POM C/10GF composites' tribo‐mechanical, structural, and thermal properties were considerably improved upon by including Grt. Various microscopical methods were also employed to study the wear mechanisms of the composites and the surface morphology of the worn samples. The POM C/10GF with a 3 wt.% of Grt exhibited superior tribological properties owing to its enhanced interfacial bonding characteristics, resulting to increased wear resistance.

Highlights

Injection molded POM C/10GF hybrid composites with 1, 3, and 5 wt.% graphite (Grt)

Structural, thermal, chemical, tribo‐mechanical and microstructural studies

Design of experiment with variable loads, times, speeds, and Grt compositions

COF and specific wear resistance as response

Optimization of hybrid composite composition using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array
3D printing single‐stroke path planning, local reinforcement and performance testing of MBB beams and cantilever beams
Authors: Wang Jianshu , Fu Hongya , Han Zhenyu , Jin Hongyu , Zhang Peng , Sun Shouzheng
Published: September 2024

3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTPCs) has been applied for the molding of composite complex structures due to the advantages of flexibility and one‐step forming. In this study, feature points simplification, merging and rearrangement were accomplished for Messerschmitt‐Bölkow‐Blohm (MBB) beam and cantilever beam to generate single‐stroke print paths for the specimens. For the significant stress areas in the finite element analysis results of these structures, a local reinforcement method using orthogonal layups was proposed, which was achieved by raising and lowering the print head and adjusting the fiber volume fraction during the printing. After experimental validation and failure modes analysis, the path planning significantly improved the peak load and structural stiffness of the specimens, and the local reinforcement further enhanced the equivalent specific strength and specific stiffness. This study provides a single‐stroke 3D printing strategy for complex structure molding in conjunction with parameter adjustments.

Highlights

A single‐stroke path planning was developed for MBB beams and cantilever beams, including simplification, merging and rearrangement methods for feature points.

A local reinforcement method was proposed, which was achieved by raising and lowering the print head and adjusting the fiber volume fraction during the printing process.

The effect of different print paths on specimen properties was investigated.