bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective interactions and dynamics of small passive particles in an active bacterial medium
Authors: Semeraro Enrico F. , Devos Juliette M. , Narayanan Theyencheri
Published: May 2018

This article presents an investigation of the interparticle interactions and dynamics of submicron silica colloids suspended in a bath of motile Escherichia coli bacteria. The colloidal microstructure and dynamics were probed by ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering and multi-speckles x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, respectively. Both static and hydrodynamic interactions were obtained for different colloid volume fractions and bacteria concentrations as well as when the interparticle interaction potential was modified by the motility buffer. Results suggest that motile bacteria reduce the effective attractive interactions between passive colloids and enhance their dynamics at high colloid volume fractions. The enhanced dynamics under different static interparticle interactions can be rationalized in terms of an effective viscosity of the medium and unified by means of an empirical effective temperature of the system. While the influence of swimming bacteria on the colloid dynamics is significantly lower for small particles, the role of motility buffer on the static and dynamic interactions becomes more pronounced.
Three-dimensional single-molecule localization with nanometer accuracy using Metal-Induced Energy Transfer (MIET) imaging
Authors: Karedla Narain , Chizhik Anna M. , Stein Simon C. , Ruhlandt Daja , Gregor Ingo , Chizhik Alexey I. , Enderlein Jörg
Published: May 2018

Our paper presents the first theoretical and experimental study using single-molecule Metal-Induced Energy Transfer (smMIET) for localizing single fluorescent molecules in three dimensions. Metal-Induced Energy Transfer describes the resonant energy transfer from the excited state of a fluorescent emitter to surface plasmons in a metal nanostructure. This energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent and can be used to localize an emitter along one dimension. We have used Metal-Induced Energy Transfer in the past for localizing fluorescent emitters with nanometer accuracy along the optical axis of a microscope. The combination of smMIET with single-molecule localization based super-resolution microscopy that provides nanometer lateral localization accuracy offers the prospect of achieving isotropic nanometer localization accuracy in all three spatial dimensions. We give a thorough theoretical explanation and analysis of smMIET, describe its experimental requirements, also in its combination with lateral single-molecule localization techniques, and present first proof-of-principle experiments using dye molecules immobilized on top of a silica spacer, and of dye molecules embedded in thin polymer films.
First-principles study of stability of helium-vacancy complexes below tungsten surfaces
Authors: Yang L. , Bergstrom Z. J. , Wirth B. D.
Published: May 2018

Density function theory calculations have been performed to study the stability of small helium-vacancy (He-V) complexes near tungsten (W) surfaces of different orientations. The results show that the stability of vacancies and He-V complexes near W surfaces depends on surface orientation. However, as the depth below the surface increased beyond about 0.65–0.8 nm, the stability of He-V complexes is similar to the bulk. The formation energies of single vacancies and di-vacancies at depths less than 0.2 nm below the W(110) surface are higher than for W(100) or W(111) surfaces, but have lower energies at depths between 0.2 and 0.65 nm. The formation energies of He-V complexes below W surfaces are sensitive to the geometric orientation of the He and vacancy, especially below the W(111) surface. Within about 0.2 nm of the top layer of the three W surfaces, neither a vacancy nor a di-vacancy can trap He. Because of the lower formation energy of He-V complexes and higher He binding energy to vacancies below the W(110) surface, the He desorption from the W(110) surface is less likely to occur than from the W(100) and W(111) surfaces. Our results provide fundamental insight into the differences in surface morphology changes observed in single W crystals with different surface orientations under He plasma exposure.
Band gap temperature-dependence of close-space sublimation grown Sb2Se3 by photo-reflectance
Authors: Birkett Max , Linhart Wojciech M. , Stoner Jessica , Phillips Laurie J. , Durose Ken , Alaria Jonathan , Major Jonathan D. , Kudrawiec Robert , Veal Tim D.
Published: May 2018

The candidate photovoltaic absorber antimony selenide Sb2Se3 has been prepared by the commercially attractive close-space sublimation method. Structure, composition, and morphology are studied by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Large rhubarb-like grains favorable for photovoltaics naturally develop. The temperature-dependence of the direct band gap is determined by photoreflectance between 20 and 320 K and is well described by the Varshni and Bose–Einstein relations, blue-shifting with decreasing temperature from 1.18 to 1.32 eV. The 300 K band gap matches that seen in high quality single-crystal material, while the 0 K gap is consistent with that found in first-principles calculations, further supporting the array of beneficial photovoltaic properties indicated for this material.
Impacts of cation ordering on bandgap dispersion of double perovskites
Authors: Kim Jongseob , Kim Hyungjun , Chandran Mahesh , Lee Seung-Cheol , Im Sang Hyuk , Hong Ki-Ha
Published: May 2018

Double perovskites using dual metal cations are promising candidates for Pb-free perovskites. This study shows that the electronic structures of double perovskites (A2B+B3+X6) can be significantly modulated by cation ordering changes. The bandgap of Cs2AgBiCl6 can be affected by changing octahedron alignments, and even zero gap states can be realized for the 2-dimensional BiCl6 (AgCl6) configuration. It is presented that different types of B+/B3+-site orderings in double perovskites could be the origin of bandgap dispersion. Comparative studies on the various compositions show that, among B+/B3+ cations, Tl/Bi could be promising for the suppression of ordering variation.
Reactive close-spaced sublimation processed CuSbSe2 thin films and their photovoltaic application
Authors: Wang Chong , Yang Bo , Ding Ruiqing , Chen Wenhao , Kondrotas Rokas , Zhao Yang , Lu Shuaicheng , Li Zha , Tang Jiang
Published: May 2018

CuSbSe2 is a promising absorber material for thin film solar cells because of its chemistry similarity to the well-known CuInSe2 but with low-cost and earth abundant component. Various methods have been employed to fabricate CuSbSe2 thin films with the best photovoltaic device achieving nearly 5% efficiency. Here, we develop a reactive close-spaced sublimation method to prepare high quality CuSbSe2 films via one evaporation process. In this method, a Cu layer is pre-sputtered onto the substrate, then reacts with Sb2Se3 vapor and its decomposition product Se, and finally generates single-phased CuSbSe2 films with large grains and proper doping density. This new strategy not only suppresses the decomposition of ternary chalcogenide CuSbSe2 but also is simple and applicable to other ternary semiconductors. Finally, based on this method, we have built prototype solar cells with a structure of AZO/CuSbSe2/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al/Au and obtained 3.04% power conversion efficiency for the champion device.
Exploration of the folding dynamics of human telomeric G-quadruplex with a hybrid atomistic structure-based model
Authors: Bian Yunqiang , Ren Weitong , Song Feng , Yu Jiafeng , Wang Jihua
Published: May 2018

Structure-based models or Gō-like models, which are built from one or multiple particular experimental structures, have been successfully applied to the folding of proteins and RNAs. Recently, a variant termed the hybrid atomistic model advances the description of backbone and side chain interactions of traditional structure-based models, by borrowing the description of local interactions from classical force fields. In this study, we assessed the validity of this model in the folding problem of human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex, where local dihedral terms play important roles. A two-state model was developed and a set of molecular dynamics simulations was conducted to study the folding dynamics of sequence Htel24, which was experimentally validated to adopt two different (3 + 1) hybrid G-quadruplex topologies in K+ solution. Consistent with the experimental observations, the hybrid-1 conformation was found to be more stable and the hybrid-2 conformation was kinetically more favored. The simulations revealed that the hybrid-2 conformation folded in a higher cooperative manner, which may be the reason why it was kinetically more accessible. Moreover, by building a Markov state model, a two-quartet G-quadruplex state and a misfolded state were identified as competing states to complicate the folding process of Htel24. Besides, the simulations also showed that the transition between hybrid-1 and hybrid-2 conformations may proceed an ensemble of hairpin structures. The hybrid atomistic structure-based model reproduced the kinetic partitioning folding dynamics of Htel24 between two different folds, and thus can be used to study the complex folding processes of other G-quadruplex structures.
Electrically active point defects in Mg implanted n-type GaN grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Alfieri G. , Sundaramoorthy V. K. , Micheletto R.
Published: May 2018

Magnesium (Mg) is the p-type doping of choice for GaN, and selective area doping by ion implantation is a routine technique employed during device processing. While electrically active defects have been thoroughly studied in as-grown GaN, not much is known about defects generated by ion implantation. This is especially true for the case of Mg. In this study, we carried out an electrical characterization investigation of point defects generated by Mg implantation in GaN. We have found at least nine electrically active levels in the 0.2–1.2 eV energy range, below the conduction band. The isochronal annealing behavior of these levels showed that most of them are thermally stable up to 1000 °C. The nature of the detected defects is then discussed in the light of the results found in the literature.
Sensing analysis based on tunable Fano resonance in terahertz graphene-layered metamaterials
Authors: Xu Hui , Zhao Mingzhuo , Chen Zhiquan , Zheng Mingfei , Xiong Cuixiu , Zhang Baihui , Li Hongjian
Published: May 2018

We theoretically investigate the sensing characteristics based on tunable Fano resonance in terahertz graphene-layered metamaterials. A Fano phenomenon comes from destructive interference in a narrow frequency range, and it can lead to a high figure of merit of ∼9786. A simple model for sensitivity is presented, and the sensitivity can reach up to 7885 nm/RIU. Besides, the Fano peak becomes more and more unobvious as symmetry breaking slowly recovers. We use an appropriate theoretical theory to explain the generation of Fano phenomena. Our proposed structure and investigation may pave the way for fundamental research of nanosensor applications and designs in highly integrated optical circuits.
Immersion-scanning-tunneling-microscope for long-term variable-temperature experiments at liquid-solid interfaces
Authors: Ochs Oliver , Heckl Wolfgang M. , Lackinger Markus
Published: May 2018

Fundamental insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of supramolecular self-assembly on surfaces are uniquely gained by variable-temperature high-resolution Scanning-Tunneling-Microscopy (STM). Conventionally, these experiments are performed with standard ambient microscopes extended with heatable sample stages for local heating. However, unavoidable solvent evaporation sets a technical limit on the duration of these experiments, hence prohibiting long-term experiments. These, however, would be highly desirable to provide enough time for temperature stabilization and settling of drift but also to study processes with inherently slow kinetics. To overcome this dilemma, we propose a STM that can operate fully immersed in solution. The instrument is mounted onto the lid of a hermetically sealed heatable container that is filled with the respective solution. By closing the container, both the sample and microscope are immersed in solution. Thereby solvent evaporation is eliminated and an environment for long-term experiments with utmost stable and controllable temperatures between room-temperature and 100 °C is provided. Important experimental requirements for the immersion-STM and resulting design criteria are discussed, the strategy for protection against corrosive media is described, the temperature stability and drift behavior are thoroughly characterized, and first long-term high resolution experiments at liquid-solid interfaces are presented.
Anatomy of point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy from the experimental point of view
Authors: Naidyuk Yu. G. , Gloos K.
Published: May 2018

We review applications of point-contact Andreev-reflection spectroscopy to study elemental superconductors, where theoretical conditions for the smallness of the point-contact size with respect to the characteristic lengths in the superconductor can be satisfied. We discuss existing theoretical models and identify new issues that have to be solved, especially when applying this method to investigate more complex superconductors. We will also demonstrate that some aspects of point-contact Andreev-reflection spectroscopy still need to be addressed even when investigating ordinary metals.
Some peculiarities of labile oxygen kinetics in underdoped single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7-x
Authors: Boiko Yu. I. , Bogdanov V. V. , Vovk R. V. , Khadzhai G. Ya.
Published: May 2018

We study the time dependence of the electrical conductivity of single-crystalline YBa2Cu3O7-x with varying oxygen content. We show that the accelerated transport of the oxygen ions in the initial stage of the process occurs along one-dimensional clusters of nonstoichiometric vacancies through the single-file diffusion mechanism. The final stage of the oxygen ion redistribution in the studied compound is described with a classical mechanism of bulk diffusion. At the same time, the degree of deviation from the oxygen stoichiometry significantly influences the change in duration of the time intervals corresponding to the mechanisms of single-file and bulk diffusion of the labile oxygen.
Radio-over-fiber using an optical antenna based on Rydberg states of atoms
Authors: Deb A. B. , Kjærgaard N.
Published: May 2018

We provide an experimental demonstration of a direct fiber-optic link for RF transmission (“radio-over-fiber”) using a sensitive optical antenna based on a rubidium vapor cell. The scheme relies on measuring the transmission of laser light at an electromagnetically induced transparency resonance that involves highly excited Rydberg states. By dressing pairs of Rydberg states using microwave fields that act as local oscillators, we encoded RF signals in the optical frequency domain. The light carrying the information is linked via a virtually lossless optical fiber to a photodetector where the signal is retrieved. We demonstrate a signal bandwidth in excess of 1 MHz limited by the available coupling laser power and atomic optical density. Our sensitive, non-metallic and readily scalable optical antenna for microwaves allows extremely low-levels of optical power (∼1 μW) throughput in the fiber-optic link. It offers a promising future platform for emerging wireless network infrastructures.
Energy behaviour of extraordinary waves in magnetized quantum plasmas
Authors: Moradi Afshin
Published: May 2018

We study the storage and flow of energy in a homogeneous magnetized quantum electron plasma that occurs when an elliptically polarized extraordinary electromagnetic wave propagates in the system. Expressions for the stored energy, energy flow, and energy velocity of extraordinary electromagnetic waves are derived by means of the quantum magnetohydrodynamics theory in conjunction with the Maxwell equations. Numerical results show that the energy flow of the high-frequency mode of extraordinary wave is modified only due to the Bohm potential in the short wavelength limit.
Ga2O3 Schottky rectifiers with 1 ampere forward current, 650 V reverse breakdown and 26.5 MW.cm-2 figure-of-merit
Authors: Yang Jiancheng , Ren F. , Tadjer Marko , Pearton S. J. , Kuramata A.
Published: May 2018

A key goal for Ga2O3 rectifiers is to achieve high forward currents and high reverse breakdown voltages. Field-plated β-Ga2O3 Schottky rectifiers with area 0.01 cm2, fabricated on 10 μm thick, lightly-doped drift regions (1.33 x 1016 cm-3) on heavily-doped (3.6 x 1018 cm-3) substrates, exhibited forward current density of 100A.cm-2 at 2.1 V, with absolute current of 1 A at this voltage and a reverse breakdown voltage (VB) of 650V. The on-resistance (RON) was 1.58 x 10-2 Ω.cm2, producing a figure of merit (VB2/RON) of 26.5 MW.cm-2. The Schottky barrier height of the Ni was 1.04 eV, with an ideality factor of 1.02. The on/off ratio was in the range 3.3 x 106 - 5.7 x 109 for reverse biases between 5 and 100V. The reverse recovery time was ∼30 ns for switching from +2V to -5V. The results show the capability of β-Ga2O3 rectifiers to achieve exceptional performance in both forward and reverse bias conditions.
Milk production of cows grazing pasture supplemented by a partial mixed ration with or without canola meal
Authors: Auldist M. J. , Wright M. M. , Marett L. C. , Hannah M. C. , Kennedy E. , Jacobs J. L. , Wales W. J.
Published: May 2018

Milk production responses were measured in grazing cows offered mixed rations with or without canola meal. Experiments were conducted in spring (Experiment 1; early lactation) and autumn (Experiment 2; late lactation). The experiments used 140 (Experiment 1) or 96 (Experiment 2) Holstein-Friesian multiparous dairy cows that had calved in late winter/early spring. Each experiment lasted 28 days including a 14-day adjustment period and a 14-day measurement period during which intake and milk production was measured. In each experiment, there were two dietary treatments: PMR: cows grazed a restricted pasture allowance (10–15 kg DM/cow per day, measured to ground level) supplemented with a PMR comprising wheat grain (60%, DM basis), lucerne hay (21%) and maize grain (19%); and PMR+C: cows were fed the same as the PMR cows, but some wheat grain in the PMR was replaced with solvent-extracted canola meal so that it comprised wheat grain (39%, DM basis), lucerne hay (21%), maize grain (19%) and canola meal (21%). The two treatments were randomly allocated to half the cows in each experiment. Cows were then further allocated into 10 groups of 7 cows (Experiment 1) or 8 groups of 6 cows (Experiment 2). Two groups of cows were assigned to receive a different amount of each ration: 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16 kg DM total supplement/cow per day for Experiment 1 and 6, 8, 10 or 12 kg DM total supplement/cow per day for Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, yields of energy corrected milk (ECM), milk fat, and milk protein were greater for PMR+C cows than PMR cows when 12 kg/cow per day of supplement or more was offered. Milk protein concentration was greater in PMR+C cows than PMR cows but only when 16 kg DM supplement/cow per day was offered. These changes in milk yield and composition were associated with increases in the intakes of pasture, supplement and total DM intake in the PMR+C cows compared with the PMR cows. In Experiment 2 there were no differences in milk yield or composition between PMR and PMR+C cows at any amount of supplement offered, nor were there any differences in intakes of pasture, supplement or total DM intake. It is concluded that replacing some of the wheat in a well-formulated PMR with canola meal can stimulate DMI and increase per-cow production of ECM when high amounts of supplement are fed in early lactation, but not late lactation.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 activation prevents radiation-induced xerostomia by protecting salivary stem cells from toxic aldehydes
Authors: Saiki Julie P. , Cao Hongbin , Van Wassenhove Lauren D. , Viswanathan Vignesh , Bloomstein Joshua , Nambiar Dhanya K. , Mattingly Aaron J. , Jiang Dadi , Chen Che-Hong , Stevens Matthew C. , Simmons Amanda L. , Park Hyun Shin , von Eyben Rie , Kool Eric T. , Sirjani Davud , Knox Sarah M. , Le Quynh Thu , Mochly-Rosen Daria
Published: May 2018

Significance

Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer often leads to dry mouth, a debilitating condition that affects speaking, swallowing, and other functions related to quality of life. Since salivary functional recovery after radiation is largely dependent on the number of surviving salivary stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs), we reasoned that protection of SSPCs from injury is critical for mitigating dry mouth. Following radiation, SSPCs accumulate toxic aldehydes that damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to cell death. Here, we identified
d
-limonene as an activator of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) with a favorable safety profile for clinical use. ALDH3A1 activation decreases aldehyde accumulation in SSPCs, increases sphere-forming ability, reduces apoptosis, and preserves salivary gland structure and function following radiation without reducing the anticancer effects.
OLIFE: Tight Binding Code for Transmission Coefficient Calculation
Authors: Mijbil Zainelabideen Yousif
Published: May 2018

A new and human friendly transport calculation code has been developed. It requires a simple tight binding Hamiltonian as the only input file and uses a convenient graphical user interface to control calculations. The effect of magnetic field on junction has also been included. Furthermore the transmission coefficient can be calculated between any two points on the scatterer which ensures high flexibility to check the system. Therefore Olife can highly be recommended as an essential tool for pretesting studying and teaching electron transport in molecular devices that saves a lot of time and effort.
A Dictionary of Public Health
Authors: Porta Miquel , Last John M.
Published: May 2018

Over 5,000 entries

This dictionary covers terms used in public health science and practice, including areas such as communicable disease control, epidemiology, genetics, nutrition, toxicology, social work, sanitation and public health engineering, environmental sciences, and administration. It offers definitions, discussion, and an occasional brief commentary on the relevance of each term to people and their health.

The second edition expands coverage of terms relevant to the following areas, amongst others: health policy, health economics, and health services, including the Affordable Care Act and related topics; preventive medicine, health promotion, and behavioral sciences; risk assessment and risk management; emerging diseases; emergency preparedness; and bioethics and essential legal terms relevant for public health. It includes a list of useful web links and c.300 bibliographic references, directly linked from relevant entries. It continues to be a trusted resource for answers to questions that arise in the course of public health practice, whether in the office or in the field, in interactions with the public or with the media.
The fathers of demographic thought
Authors: Harper Sarah
Published: May 2018

Demographic ideas can be traced back to antiquity, but it is generally accepted that demography originated in the middle of the 17th century with the English statistician, John Graunt (1620–74), and his primitive life tables, which were the first attempt to examine statistical regularities inherent within the numbers of births and deaths. ‘The fathers of demographic thought’ describes the diverse theorists who founded and developed the study of demography. It begins with Graunt and then outlines the input of Sir William Petty (1623–87), Edmund Halley (1656–1742), Richard Price (1723–91), and Thomas Malthus (1766–1834). Their foundations were central to developing the relationship between analytical reasoning, numerical problems, and arithmetical records.
The demographic transition—centrepiece of demography
Authors: Harper Sarah
Published: May 2018

The demographic transition is regarded as a centrepiece of demography. It is the series of changes that occur as countries evolve from a stable state of high mortality and high fertility to one of low mortality and low fertility, but its timing and drivers are strongly debated. ‘The demographic transition—centrepiece of demography’ explains that demographic transition theory can be divided into three broad components: first, the changes over time in mortality and fertility, based on clear data and therefore generally uncontested; second, and the most controversial, the construction of causal models to explain the timing, pace, and drivers of these changes; and third, the attempt to predict future changes especially for countries of the South.
2. Establishing an American Navy
Authors: Symonds Craig L.
Published: May 2018

With independence secured, the American navy ceased to exist. The 1787 Constitution gave Congress the authority to provide and maintain a navy, but it was not until the emergence of Barbary threats to American shipping in the Mediterranean that the need for a standing navy was accepted. The order for six large frigates was authorized and then for further smaller ships during the Quasi War (1798–1801) against the French in the Caribbean. ‘Establishing an American navy: the Age of Sail (1783–1809)’ outlines the role of the U.S. Navy during the Anglo–French conflict, as well as the development of the gunboat navy during Jefferson’s second term to enforce his unpopular trading embargo.
Nutrition‐Based Incentives in Dairy Contract Farming in Northern Senegal
Authors: Bernard Tanguy , Hidrobo Melissa , Le Port Agnes , Rawat Rahul
Published: May 2018

In developing countries contract farming faces numerous challenges that many times lead to its failure. Innovations that help overcome the difficulties of contracting with a large pool of small farmers in such settings can enhance the viability of such schemes. We use a randomized control trial design combined with high frequency data to investigate the impact of adding a nutrition‐based incentive in contracts between a Senegalese dairy processing factory and its semi‐nomadic milk suppliers. The incentive rewarded suppliers for consistent milk deliveries with daily delivery of a micro‐nutrient fortified yogurt for each young child in corresponding households. Findings show large and significant impacts on the frequency and amount of milk delivered, albeit limited to the dry season. We also find larger impacts on milk deliveries when contracts are managed by women.
Clostridium difficile Screening for Colonization During an Outbreak Setting
Authors: Linsenmeyer Katherine , O’Brien William , Brecher Stephen M , Strymish Judith , Rochman Alexandra , Itani Kamal , Gupta Kalpana
Published: May 2018

A rapidly deployed ward-based screen and isolate initiative for Clostridium difficile carriers during an outbreak averted 5 of 10 expected hospital-acquired infections without identified harms. Each infection avoided required screening 197 and isolating 4.4 patients. Targeted C. difficile screening resulted in outbreak mitigation.
Star-forming galaxies are predicted to lie on a fundamental plane of mass, star formation rate, and α-enhancement
Authors: Matthee Jorryt , Schaye Joop
Published: May 2018

Observations show that star-forming galaxies reside on a tight 3D plane between mass, gas-phase metallicity, and star formation rate (SFR), which can be explained by the interplay between metal-poor gas inflows, SFR and outflows. However, different metals are released on different time-scales, which may affect the slope of this relation. Here, we use central, star-forming galaxies with Mstar = 109.0–10.5 M⊙ from the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation to examine 3D relations between mass, SFR, and chemical enrichment using absolute and relative C, N, O, and Fe abundances. We show that the scatter is smaller when gas-phase α-enhancement is used rather than metallicity. A similar plane also exists for stellar α-enhancement, implying that present-day specific SFRs are correlated with long time-scale star formation histories. Between $z$ = 0 and 1, the α-enhancement plane is even more insensitive to redshift than the plane using metallicity. However, it evolves at $z$ > 1 due to lagging iron yields. At fixed mass, galaxies with higher SFRs have star formation histories shifted towards late times, are more α-enhanced, and this α-enhancement increases with redshift as observed. These findings suggest that relations between physical properties inferred from observations may be affected by systematic variations in α-enhancements.
The Aging Prison Population
Authors: Scaggs Samuel
Published: May 2018

Since the 1980s, the proportion of state and federal prisoners who are older has experienced unprecedented changes to the extent that they currently represent the fastest-growing inmate population in the United States. This increase has become an important policy concern for government officials and correctional administrators due to older prisoners’ health-care and confinement expenses. Consequently, politicians are increasingly under pressure to implement innovative policies to respond to the growth in this low-risk, albeit costly, prisoner population. At the same time, correctional administrators in several states are planning for the increased use of nursing services. The study of older prisoners involves scholarly works from an amalgam of disciplines including criminology, demography, economics, gerontology, public health, social work, and sociology. To study aging in prison, researchers must first understand the conceptual definitions ascribed to being older in prison and the typology of older prisoners. They must also gain a sense of social and demographic contributors to the aging inmate population over time. These explanations lend themselves to a description of health-care issues associated with an increasingly aging prisoner population. Since older prisoners are similar to their younger counterparts in that many will return to the community, the reader must also understand reentry issues among older ex-prisoners. Finally, the growth in the proportion of older prisoners has been followed by an array of policy recommendations to address the growth in older prisoners, meet the needs of prisoners aging inside correctional institutions, and assist older ex-prisoners with their transition back to the community.
Detrimental Outcomes of Unmasking Cryptococcal Meningitis With Recent ART Initiation
Authors: Rhein Joshua , Hullsiek Kathy H , Evans Emily E , Tugume Lillian , Nuwagira Edwin , Ssebambulidde Kenneth , Kiggundu Reuben , Mpoza Edward , Musubire Abdu K , Bangdiwala Ananta S , Bahr Nathan C , Williams Darlisha A , Abassi Mahsa , Muzoora Conrad , Meya David B , Boulware David R ,   ASTRO-CM study team, Nabeta Henry W , Ndyetukira Jane Francis , Ahimbisibwe Cynthia , Kugonza Florence , Namuju Carolyne , Sadiq Alisat , Namudde Alice , Mwesigye James , Kandole Tadeo Kiiza , Kirumira Paul , Okirwoth Michael , Akampurira Andrew , Luggya Tony , Kaboggoza Julian , Laker Eva , Atwine Leo , Muganzi Davis , Velamakanni Sruti S , Jawed Bilal , Pastick Katelyn , Merry Matthew , Stadelman Anna , Flynn Andrew , Fujita A Wendy , Mukaremera Liliane , Lofgren Sarah M , Morawski Bozena M , Taseera Kabanda , Nielsen Kirsten , Bohjanen Paul R , Kambugu Andrew
Published: May 2018

Background

Increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability has been associated with more patients developing cryptococcosis after ART initiation. Despite this changing epidemiology, data regarding cryptococcal meningitis in those already receiving ART are limited. We compared clinical presentations and outcomes among ART-naïve and ART-experienced Ugandans.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 605 HIV-infected persons with first-episode cryptococcal meningitis from August 2013 to May 2017 who received amphotericin-based combination therapy. We classified participants by ART status and ART duration and compared groups for 2-week survival.

Results

Overall, 46% (281/605) of participants were receiving ART at presentation. Compared with those not receiving ART, those receiving ART had higher CD4 counts (P < .001) and lower cerebrospinal fluid fungal burdens (P < .001). Of those receiving ART, 56% (156/281) initiated ART within 6 months, and 18% (51/281) initiated ART within 14 days. Two-week mortality did not differ by ART status (27% in both ART-naïve and ART-experienced%; P > .99). However, 47% (24/51) of those receiving ART for ≤14 days died within 2 weeks, compared with 19% (20/105) of those receiving ART for 15–182 days and 26% (32/125) of those receiving ART for >6 months (P < .001). Among persons receiving ART for >6 months, 87% had HIV viral loads >1000 copies/mL.

Conclusions

Cryptococcosis after ART initiation is common in Africa. Patients initiating ART who unmask cryptococcal meningitis are at a high risk of death. Immune recovery in the setting of central nervous system infection is detrimental, and management of this population requires further study. Implementing pre-ART cryptococcal antigen screening is urgently needed to prevent cryptococcal meningitis after ART initiation.
The Cefazolin Inoculum Effect Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Miller William R , Seas Carlos , Carvajal Lina P , Diaz Lorena , Echeverri Aura M , Ferro Carolina , Rios Rafael , Porras Paola , Luna Carlos , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Munita Jose M , Nannini Esteban , Carcamo Cesar , Reyes Jinnethe , Arias Cesar A
Published: May 2018

Background

Recent studies have favored the use of cefazolin over nafcillin for the treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. The clinical influence of the cefazolin inoculum effect (CzIE) in the effectiveness of cephalosporins for severe MSSA infections has not been evaluated.

Methods

We prospectively included patients from 3 Argentinian hospitals with S. aureus bacteremia. Cefazolin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined at standard (105 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) and high (107 CFU/mL) inoculum. The CzIE was defined as an increase of MIC to ≥16 µg/mL when tested at high inoculum. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in all isolates.

Results

A total of 77 patients, contributing 89 MSSA isolates, were included in the study; 42 patients (54.5%) had isolates with the CzIE. In univariate analysis, patients with MSSA exhibiting the CzIE had increased 30-day mortality (P = .034) and were more likely to have catheter-associated or unknown source of bacteremia (P = .033) compared with patients infected with MSSA isolates without the CzIE. No statistically significant difference between the groups was observed in age, clinical illness severity, place of acquisition (community vs hospital), or presence of endocarditis. The CzIE remained associated with increased 30-day mortality in multivariate analysis (risk ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–6.42; P = .03). MSSA genomes displayed a high degree of heterogeneity, and the CzIE was not associated with a specific lineage.

Conclusions

In patients with MSSA bacteremia where cephalosporins are used as firstline therapy, the CzIE was associated with increased 30-day mortality. Clinicians should be cautious when using cefazolin as firstline therapy for these infections.
Resection of Large Petrotentorial Tumor via a Retrosigmoid Approach: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Couldwell William T
Published: May 2018

A 22-yr-old female college athlete had noted ataxia during competitive gymnastic events. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large tumor compatible with preoperative diagnosis of meningioma arising from the petrotentorial region with marked brainstem compression. The technical challenges associated with this removal include safe dissection of cranial nerves IV to VIII and dissection from the brainstem and cerebellum, taking care to not interfere with blood supply to these structures. The vascular tumor was removed via standard suboccipital approach, with the trajectory above the seventh/eighth nerve complex. The attachment was at the petrotentorial junction, and the fourth nerve was intimately involved with the tumor as the tumor was emanating from the tentorial edge where the fourth nerve entered. In most instances, the nerves are displaced by the tumor but in this case injury to the fourth nerve ensued with dissection at the tumor attachment. After tumor resection, the interrupted fourth nerve was repaired microsurgically. A hemangiopericytoma was identified on pathological analysis, and the patient received postoperative radiation therapy, which has been given postoperatively or at recurrence in the literature. Technical nuances of removal are discussed. Patient consent was granted for publication of this video.
Back to Modernism. Back to Futurism. Back to New York (1948–1975)
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

Carter’s mid-life oeuvre much of it composed in Europe, can be divided into three phases. From the Cello Sonata to the Variations for Orchestra he achieved a synthesis of European modernism, especially as found in the music of Schoenberg, Berg and Bartók, and American ultra-modernism; in all of these works Carter either quoted or alluded to compositions by Charles Ives. The works from the Second Quartet to the Concerto for Orchestra reflect his ambivalent connection with the European avant-garde. While he was particularly impressed with the spatial composition and expansion of percussion found in works of Boulez and Stockhausen, he rejected the algorithmic and aleatoric aspects of their music. After 1968 Carter returned to New York and became a central figure in the “uptown” new music scene. He formed a particularly close association with the new music group, Speculum Musicae.
Carter vs. Poets (Round 1)
Authors: Schiff David
Published: May 2018

With A Mirror on which to Dwell, composed in 1975, Carter returned to vocal music and to modern American poetry. Mirror, to poems of Elizabeth Bishop, was soon followed by Syringa (John Ashbery) and In Sleep, In Thunder (Robert Lowell). These three works explore a wide range of expressive territory. Bishop and Lowell were close to Carter in age, while Ashbery was twenty years younger. The two older poets pursue an intimate confessional style, while Ashbery’s far more experimental poetry derives from French surrealism. Bishop’s poetry is precise and observant, while Lowell’s seems to teeter on the verge of mental collapse. All three works reveal a complex relation between composer and poets, as does the single orchestra work of this period, A Symphony of Three Orchestras, which summed up and concluded Carter’s engagement with Hart Crane.
Introduction
Authors: de Guzman Maria Rosario T. , Brown Jill , Pope Edwards Carolyn
Published: May 2018

An increasing number of families around the world are living apart—defining and redefining their relationships, roles, and ways of maintaining a sense of cohesion across distance. This book uniquely highlights how families, both in times of crisis and within normative cultural practices, organize and configure themselves and their parenting across distance. Readers are given a unique peek into the lives of families globally that are affected by separation in a wide range of circumstances including migration, fosterage, divorce, military deployment, education, and orphanhood. Authors delve into the daily reality of members and help us understand why families live apart, how families are redefined across distance, and the impact on various members. This volume is unique in its representation of issues affecting families around the world, in its broad geographic scope of studies, and in the diverse representation of authors from fields such as psychology, anthropology, sociology, education, and geography.
Parenting from Prison
Authors: Arditti Joyce A. , Beckmeyer Jonathon J.
Published: May 2018

Due to the rapid growth of prison populations over the past 25 years, scholars have more recently turned their attention to the issue of parental separation as a result of incarceration. Parental separation as a result of incarceration is a potentially adverse childhood experience affecting at least 1.7 million children and adolescents. In this chapter, the authors provide a contextualized discussion of parenting from prison. First, the authors summarize research on the effects of incarceration on offender parents and their families, with particular emphasis on what these effects might mean in terms of the offenders ability to parent. Second, the authors discuss family processes relevant to parenting from prison, with particular attention to family contact processes and co-parenting scenarios with children’s caregivers. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of innovative programs and policies that support parenting within the context of parental incarceration.
Where Should My Child Go to School?
Authors: Hamann Edmund T. , Zúñiga Víctor , García Juan Sánchez
Published: May 2018

The authors’ research collaboration in five Mexican states and one US locale has shown that there are hundreds of thousands of children in Mexican schools with prior experience in US schools and/or US citizenship rights because of birthplace. The distribution of a binational, under-18 population in both countries illuminates the demographic conditions whereby some American/Mexican children may be growing up in a different country than a parent or both parents. Through juxtaposed cases, the chapter illuminates how school and safety factor into binational parents’ decisions about where their children should live and whether an arrangement other than living together makes the most sense. Despite political rhetoric in both countries about the importance of family unity, extant policies sometimes make “parenting from afar” a more pragmatic course of action.
Introduction
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This introduction establishes the core concepts of the book, setting the stage for the chapters that follow. It describes the significance of replaying both in video games and in classical music and introduces the concept of replay value. The chapter offers some instances of classical music appearing in 1980s video games, such as the opening theme of the Toccata and Fugue in D Minor by J. S. Bach, which is used in a key moment in the game The Battle of Olympus. It then sketches an outline of the organization of the book, including a brief description of each of the later chapters.
A Requiem for Schrödinger’s Cat
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This chapter embarks on a close reading of the video game BioShock Infinite, investigating how its use of popular and classical music connects with the game’s larger themes. The chapter begins by describing how BioShock Infinite employs covers of popular music, such as the songs “God Only Knows” by the Beach Boys and “Girls Just Want to Have Fun” by Cyndi Lauper. A later section of the chapter analyzes in detail how the inclusion of portions of W. A. Mozart’s Requiem acts as a sonic manifestation of the larger issues of quantum mechanics and uncertainty that are at play in BioShock Infinite.
A Clockwork Homage
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on games that use classical music to allude to the films of auteur director Stanley Kubrick, whether as homage, parody, or both. By invoking Kubrick’s work, these games aim to connect with his legacy as an artistically lauded filmmaker whose works also had wide appeal. The chapter explores connections between 2001: A Space Odyssey and the massively successful early space flight simulator Elite, which includes features explicitly modeled on Kubrick’s film. It continues by examining two very different games that make reference to Kubrick’s notoriously violent film A Clockwork Orange: Conker’s Bad Fur Day and Batman: Arkham Origins.
Classifying Game Music
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: May 2018

This final chapter considers the ways in which video game music has rapidly entered the concert repertoire, and what that change might mean for how listeners, critics, and musicians understand classical music. In the wake of successful long-running concert tours such as Video Games Live (which pairs local orchestras with a traveling multimedia show) and Final Symphony, many financially strapped orchestras have embraced game music as a way of reaching out to millennial audiences, much to the chagrin of some traditionally minded audience members. Moreover, some groups have begun to advocate for reclassifying game music as classical, thus breaking down persistent barriers between high and low arts.
The Role of Culture in Creative Cognition
Authors: Leung Angela K.-Y. , Koh Brandon
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, we propose the complementary model of culture and creativity (CMCC) to account for three pairs of contrasting forces that characterize the manners in which individuals manage their cultural experiences and that produce impacts on creative pursuits. We theorize three bidimensional psychological processes that explain the effects of culture on creativity: (a) stereotyping versus destabilizing cultural norms, (b) fixating on one cultural mindset versus alternating between cultural frames, and (c) distancing from versus integrating cultures. We contend that a broader and diversifying cultural experience offers an impetus to break down cultural confines, to oscillate between a variety of cultural perspectives, and to synthesize a multitude of ideas from different cultures, which can bring about discernible enduring benefits to creativity. We discuss the CMCC by putting it in the perspective of the state-of-the-art empirical findings on culture and creativity.
Diversity in Creative Teams
Authors: Paletz Susannah B. F. , Pavisic Ivica , Miron-Spektor Ella , Lin Chun-Chi
Published: May 2018

This chapter synthesizes literature on multidisciplinary and multicultural creative teams. We examine the main similarities and differences between cultural and disciplinary diversity; summarize the primary, relevant theories; describe the extant literature on the relationship between team diversity and creativity, information sharing, conflict, and other factors; and point out gaps in the literature and potential future work. Diversity can benefit creativity if the underlying breadth of perspectives is harnessed, but the relationship between diversity and creativity is a complex and heavily moderated one. This chapter integrates recent advances, such as multilevel theory, the importance of shared mental models, and different aspects of creativity. In addition, this chapter highlights the importance of faultlines, or when multiple types of diversity align within the same team. Future research should take a broader systems perspective, examining factors such as type and degree of diversity, context of the team, and time/group development, among other variables.
Intercultural Relationships and Creativity
Authors: Wiruchnipawan Fon , Chua Roy Y. J.
Published: May 2018

In the global economy, individuals have to engage in cross-cultural interactions when tasked to develop creative new products or services. Research on the effects of cultural diversity on creativity, however, has been equivocal. One stream of research champions that cultural diversity in relationships broadens ideas and resources for creative thinking, whereas skeptics counter that intercultural tensions and conflicts hurt rather than help. This chapter discusses both sides of the argument. We examine the effects of intercultural relationships on creativity from three perspectives: (a) how a culturally diverse social environment (including social networks) influences individuals’ creativity; (b) how individuals can successfully engage in intercultural dyadic creative collaboration; and (c) how intercultural relationships influence creativity of multicultural teams. In addition, we investigate the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions of how intercultural relationships impact creative performance. We conclude by integrating ideas from existing research and proposing new research directions.