bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How/Can Psychology Support Low-Income LGBTGNC Liberation?
Authors: Billies Michelle
Published: October 2017

Findings from a participatory action research project conducted by the Welfare Warriors Research Collaborative (WWRC) are used to explore the questions of whether and what kind of psychology can support racially and ethnically diverse, low-income lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming (LGBTGNC) liberation. Such issues cannot be understood through lenses of gender and sexuality alone and mainstream psychology—as well as the larger LGBT movement—has tended to ignore the formative ways oppressions are made to work together. Intersectionality and homonationalism are necessary concepts in a psychology of low-income, racially and ethnically diverse LGBTGNC liberation as well as an understanding of “resistance” that broadens to include building community among individuals as well as solidarity and coalition with sister social movements. Freedom of movement and the right to housing are explored as human rights relevant for a low-income LGBTGNC psychology of liberation.
Critical Reflection of Section One
Authors: Grabe Shelly
Published: October 2017

Situated in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and New York City, with women raped in war and LGBQTGNC folks bearing the brunt of poverty, Section One reveals women’s struggles, hunger for recognition, blows of the State, and solidarities. Lindorfer and Wienberg address feminist evaluation, in a fraught policy arena, on a topic that could not be more dis-easing—rape as a crime of war. They critique human rights research practices and reframe evaluation as the radical praxis of recognition and circulation of stories in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Billies tells a story about feminist activist scholarship and gendered violence, this time woven with vectors of oppression including race, class, disability, immigration, and sexuality. Billies documents the Welfare Warriors Research Collective, where LGBTQGNC researchers gather stories and numbers, exposing their relations with public institutions. Both chapters reflect feminist indictments—of the State, of oppression, and of traditional conceptions of empirical science.
The Development of Pompeii’s Urban Street Network
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

Chapter 2 explores the present understanding of Pompeii’s evolution by disassembling the apparent patchwork of grids across the city and reconsiders the presumed awkwardness in their adhesion. To do this, the traditional tools of formal analysis—street alignments and block shapes—are employed with and critiqued by the stratigraphic evidence recovered in the last three decades of excavation below the 79 CE levels. The result is an outline of the development of Pompeii’s urban form as a series of street networks: from the archaic age, through the period of the “hiatus” of the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, to a reorganization of the city’s space so profound that it can genuinely be considered a refoundation, and finally to the adjustments of a refounded city in the Colonial, Augustan, and post-earthquake(s) periods.
Evidence of Traffic
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

The goal of Chapter 5 is to examine the interactions between the movement of ancient vehicles and the Pompeian streetscape. Roman vehicles are therefore examined to show how their construction and design defined their interactions with that environment. Ruts, the most resonant of such interactions, are subjected to a comprehensive study here for the first time, including a description of how they were formed and what they tell us about vehicle size and driving behavior. New forms of evidence inscribed on the vertical faces of street features—the marks of carts overriding or sliding along these features—expand the information beyond ruts. This new evidence permits the determination of the direction of travel at hundreds of locations throughout Pompeii and forms the archaeological foundation for the existence of the traffic systems there.
Conclusion
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: October 2017

The preceding chapters have shown that although the evidence for the existence of a traffic system in Pompeii is extensive and cohesive, the system was neither monolithic in its design nor mechanical in its operation. In many instances, the design and operational data appear equivocal, but that apparent messiness is often an illusion of the apparent synchronicity of these two factors. Therefore, in concluding this history of Pompeii’s traffic system, Chapter 9 briefly addresses the vagaries of its design, operation, and development within the context of the city’s evolving architectural landscape as well as within the urban landscapes of Roman Italy.
Concubines on the Road: Ibn Battuta’s Slave Women
Authors: Tolmacheva Marina A.
Published: October 2017

The chapter considers the enslaved women belonging to Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Battuta (1304–1368 CE). Ibn Battuta was a serial slave owner, master of numerous concubines, and author of the renowned Book of Travels (Rihla) completed in 1357. It underscores the ubiquitous use of concubinage during the medieval Islamic period. Drawing on Ibn Battuta’s own observations, the discussion points to the hardships imposed on these women by Ibn Battuta’s relentless itinerary, pointing out that, unlike free women, the concubine’s slave status trumped all other aspects of her identity. She lacked the legal agency reserved for the male owner, although she could improve her lot by sexual and emotional manipulation, subterfuge, or by producing a child for her master.
Doctor-Patient Relationships and Our Expectations
Authors: Hoff Timothy J.
Published: October 2017

Despite strong evidence over time of the clinical, psychological, and emotional benefits of strong doctor-patient relationships, these relationships are transforming quickly due to a “new normal” within health care delivery of de-emphasizing patient contact with the physician; using disruptive innovations that emphasize transactional speed and convenience in service delivery; and pressures exerted by external forces like the overuse of performance metrics. Strong doctor-patient relationships are characterized by dyadic interactions over time that feature high degrees of trust, empathy, listening, and emotional support. As the notion of “relationship” in health care moves from doctor-patient to organization-patient, it is important to gain insights about the present and future of relational care through the voices of doctors and patients describing their interactional experiences, and how these experiences shape their thinking and behavior with respect to each other.
The Forces Impacting Doctor-Patient Relationships and Our Expectations
Authors: Hoff Timothy J.
Published: October 2017

Several key external forces are now impacting doctor-patient relationships in health care. These include a widespread focus on standardized quality measurement and reporting; the integration of physicians and their services into large, complex organizational forms; and the rise of disruptive innovations meant to deal with decreased patient access to needed health services. These forces, although intending in part to address various health care problems, promote excessive care standardization; a de-emphasis on relational care features such as trust; and redistribute power and influence to large health care organizations and away from both doctors and patients. The shift toward a tightly managed, corporately run health care delivery system undermines dyadic doctor-patient relationships, and creates opportunity for new philosophies such as retail thinking and “patients as consumers” to take hold.
Free Will Pessimism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: October 2017

This chapter articulates the essential features of an alternative compatibilist position, one that is responsive to sources of resistance to the compatibilist program based on considerations of fate and luck. Issues of skepticism and pessimism are carefully distinguished as they arise in this context. A compatibilism that is properly responsive to concerns about fate and luck is committed to free will pessimism, distinct from free will skepticism. Critical compatibilism and free will pessimism should not be understood as providing a solution to the free will problem but rather as a basis for rejecting the assumptions and aspirations that lie behind it—assumptions and aspirations that have been shared by all the major parties involved in this debate. The stance of free will pessimism recognizes not a (skeptical) problem waiting to be solved but a (troubling) human predicament that needs to be recognized and acknowledged.
Tending the Flower Garden
Authors: Stirr Anna Marie
Published: October 2017

Focusing on dohori’s place in state constructions of nationalism, this chapter traces the genealogies of musical tropes in dohori and the umbrella genre of lok gīt, or folk song, through a history of musical nationalism and associated musical and language ideologies. It looks at song genres chosen to represent the nation after the founding of Radio Nepal in 1951, and tells how men in charge of the folk song department at the radio shaped Nepali national folk music. It also tells the story of national dohori competitions and how they, along with the radio and national cultural policy, helped consolidate dohori into its current generic parameters. It examines the power dynamics of region, caste, and ethnicity, showing how the attempt to unite Nepal’s musical diversity into an all-inclusive national genre ended in the overrepresentation of particular regional styles, and, most important, how the music chosen became symbolic of cultural intimacy.
Legal Rationales Relating to School Segregation and Diversity
Authors: Levesque Roger J.R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter details how the legal system applies the legal developments to racial classifications, with a focus on school diversity and segregation. That analysis centers on the extent to which the government retains a compelling interest to assert a need for differential treatment and the extent to which the government’s actions reach the intended goals of furthering that compelling interest. To do so, the analysis proceeds in two directions, which reveal how the legal system raises questions that readily lend themselves to empirical formulations. The chapter concludes by presenting some of the key challenges raised by empirical evaluations of legal rationales, which sets the stage for the remainder of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Petersen Kristian
Published: October 2017

The primary objective of this introduction is to establish the key theoretical concerns that are examined through the Han Kitab body of literature. The text defines the analytical boundaries of this discussion and identifies key issues about the study of Muslims in China—translation, interpretation, and sources. It defines the Han Kitab tradition as a genre of Chinese-language Islamic texts, which deploy “literati” discourses, themes, and references. Following this, the main subjects of the book, Wang Daiyu (1590–1658), Liu Zhi (1670–1724), and Ma Dexin (1794–1874), are briefly introduced. Next, the text critiques notions of centers and peripheries in establishing authenticity, orthodoxy, and authority. We argue that these literary artifacts are best understood as being produced within a dialogical process of past, present, and future readers and sources. Overall, the discussion describes a clear methodological method for a comparative assessment of key categories in the study of religion through an analysis of the Sino-Islamic tradition.
Models of Disability
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the different models of disability to help sport and exercise psychology researchers understand the various philosophical and psychological perspectives embedded in each model. First examined is the medical model and how it frames disability as a personal flaw and a medical condition that needs fixing. The social model follows, which suggests that while people might have an impairment it is the physical and social environment that causes disability. The third model discussed is the social-relational model, which acknowledges that people’s physical impairment, the built environment, and other people’s attitudes can all influence the experience of disability. In the tragedy model, people have the cultural viewpoint that having an impairment is tragic, that people with disabilities have a poor quality of life and should be pitied. Finally, the affirmation model repudiates the tragedy model and suggests that having a disability, while challenging, is often embraced and can result in benefits. The strengths and weaknesses of all models are discussed and examples of disability sport psychology research are used to illustrate the models.
Doing Research
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Researchers have to consider a host of factors when planning their research and analyzing their data. This chapter discusses a number of important research considerations. For instance, when planning research it is important to have a large enough sample to prevent conducting an underpowered study that would be unable to detect true differences when they existed. When selecting measures, researchers should understand exactly what they are assessing and determine if the scales used have a history of producing valid and reliable scores with similar samples. When developing measures, researchers should avoid the jingle jangle fallacy and avoid creating scales that are redundant with already developed scales or use names that obfuscate the reader. When analyzing their data scientists should avoid dichotomizing continuous constructs and should shun stepwise regression techniques. When compiling findings, researchers need to consider if their results are meaningful, so effect sizes should be reported and interpreted in light of absolute standards and relative to prior research.
Coaching
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to examine research on disability sport coaching. Many athletes with disabilities receive no or very minimal coaching, although elite athletes (e.g., Paralympians) from wealthy countries usually have the benefit of good coaching during the Paralympics and at national training camps. The chapter first documents the history of coaching in disability sport and notes some negative outcomes of self-coaching. Coaches’ attitudes toward disability sport are addressed, which are mostly positive but colored by inexperience, a lack of knowledge about disability conditions, and how various impairments influence sport performance. Coaches face various challenges, such as trying to understand when impairments hamper training or when inadequate training might be the result of fatigue, lack of skill or knowledge, or lack of effort. Positive athlete outcomes stemming from effective coaching are discussed. such as reduced anxiety and enhanced confidence. Finally, effective disability sport coaching practices are reviewed.
Achievement Goal Theory
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Similar to achievement motivation theory (AMT), achievement goal theory (AGT) has a long history in sport psychology research. This chapter discusses the origins of AGT, followed by a review of AGT research in disability sport. AGT is based in how athletes define success, and most of the work in this area has been done with the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Lots of disability sport research has involved researchers asking athletes to complete the TEOSQ and then differences in groups (e.g., disabled athletes versus able-bodied athletes) have been examined. In contrast to AMT research, climate scales paralleling the orientation scales have been developed, allowing researchers to investigate if task climates promote well-being. Most of the findings regarding both task and ego orientations and climates support what is known in able-bodied sport: both task orientations and climates are adaptive and positively linked to other positive psychological constructs and negatively linked to negative constructs. Researchers in disability sport should consider research on avoidant goals and states of goal involvement that result from both orientations and climates.
Self-Determination Theory
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

People with impairments often lack social connectedness, feel a lack of control, and struggle with regaining competence for various tasks after an acquired disability and rehabilitation challenges. Use of self-determination theory (SDT) and basic needs theory to examine these three needs appears particularly relevant for people with impairments and by extension to investigate if sport can help individuals meet their needs in each area. This chapter discusses the body of knowledge in disability sport using SDT. Research using SDT in disability sport appears more advanced than research examining other theories. For instance, researchers have tested theoretical propositions such as whether balancing the three areas of autonomy, competence, and relatedness helps promote optimal well-being or whether the absolute importance of meeting each need is more valuable. Research examining links between self-esteem, coping skills, anxiety, and SDT constructs has advanced the knowledge base in this area. Disability coaching research has used SDT to examine if autonomy-supportive coaching promotes well-being and better performance.
Individual Barriers
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

Given the low levels of physical activity (PA) among all people it is clear that many individuals are simply uninterested in PA or struggle unsuccessfully to overcome a host of barriers to engaging consistently in PA. People with disabilities face an even greater number of barriers to PA than those encountered by able-bodied individuals. The purpose of this chapter is to document the obstacles faced by people with impairments at an individual level. Often the disability itself can be a barrier. Many disabilities result in chronic pain and produce fatigue; both pain and fatigue can be barriers to PA. Secondary disabilities can also get in the way of PA. Fear of getting hurt, limited energy, lack of time, a limited budget for discretionary income, suboptimal self-efficacy, and a lack of knowledge of opportunities to engage in PA and of how to exercise are also individual-level barriers. In the real world, individual barriers can easily become additive and present a host of obstacles to PA.
Theory of Planned Behavior and Stages of Change Models
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and stages of change (SOC) models have been used to predict physical activity (PA) in people with disabilities. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the TPB and SOC models and the research findings stemming from testing them in people with impairments. The health action process approach (HAPA), designed with individuals with disabilities, is also introduced, along with suggested future research using the HAPA. The HAPA is in many ways a meta-theory, as it incorporates many constructs from theories discussed here and in other chapters. For instance, various forms of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, coping, planning, and social support are all included in the HAPA. In addition, the HAPA includes a three-stage model in which people are labeled as pre-intenders, intenders, or actors. Researchers intending to use the SOC theories and the TPB should know that they have come under criticism, and these criticisms are addressed in the chapter.
Body Image
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

It has often been wrongly assumed that people with disabilities have poor body image. The purpose of this chapter is to review the body image research involving individuals with impairments and investigating if they are dissatisfied with their appearance. People with disabilities such as cerebral palsy, blindness, and amputations are all very different, and their impairments are likely to differ in many other respects that can play a role in body image self-perceptions. The lack of unanimity across the research reviewed here suggests that disability type, disability severity, visibility, duration, congenital versus acquired factors, age, gender, ethnicity, social support, and self-efficacy are all important considerations that can moderate and mediate the link between disability and body image. Researchers are urged to use theory to guide their research and to consider nontraditional approaches to the study of body image. For instance, researchers studying positive body image understand that this does not comprise simply the absence of negative body image cognitions and have examined the role of body appreciation and body acceptance.
Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2017

As noted in Chapter 36, children with disabilities have varied experiences in inclusive physical education (PE) settings. The purpose of this chapter is to review the research on inclusive PE teachers and other educators in supporting roles. A fairly robust finding in the adapted PE literature is that many teachers have minimal to zero education in adapted PE and minimal experience teaching adapted PE. As a result, teachers often lack teacher efficacy and feel ill-prepared to teach children with disabilities. Despite teachers’ lack of experience and confidence, many still have positive attitudes toward teaching children with disabilities, although their attitudes are often linked to their perceived competence. Research on support personnel, such as peer tutors, teacher’s aides, and adapted PE specialists, indicates that they have the potential to enrich experiences of children with disabilities. However, their lack of training and challenges compromises their ability to deliver quality adapted PE. Teachers face many significant and daunting challenges to providing children with disabilities quality PE experiences.
The Borderlands of Authoritarianism
Authors: Harford Vargas Jennifer
Published: October 2017

Chapter 2 teases out the fraught links between authoritarianism, authority, and authorship, using Salvador Plascencia’s The People of Paper. The characters stage a revolution against the author of their world, whom they accuse of controlling the plots of their lives and using omniscient narration to profit from their stories. In contrast to the author-as-god analogy, the chapter explores the analogy of the author-as-dictator. The layout of the novel formally reflects the effects of surveillance and visually depicts the struggle against the militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border and the exploitation of undocumented migrants. The novel grapples with the problem of defending the rights of agricultural laborers and people without papers in the pages of a novel that circulates as a commodity and poses questions about possible alternative economic and narrative ethics that could be used in the service of social and narrative justice. The chapter ultimately wrestles with the contradiction that writing, which is as a form of power and violence, is used to resist repressive power.
Coda
Authors: Harford Vargas Jennifer
Published: October 2017

The coda examines how cultural producers contribute to the Latina/o counter-dictatorial imaginary using non-print-based artistic forms. It focuses in depth on the murals in Balmy Alley in San Francisco’s Mission District, examining how their depiction of authoritarian repression in Central America coexists alongside representations of other forms of oppression in the United States. The murals generate linked histories of violence and are material testaments to interracial solidarity and a collective struggle for social justice. The coda’s analysis of the palimpsests of paint and the visual polyphony across the walls of Balmy Alley adds another texture and layer to the counter-dictatorial imaginary traced in the preceding chapters. It ends by suggesting that other forms of Latina/o cultural production such as music, film, and Day of the Dead altars work together with the murals and the novel to capture the afterlives of the dictatorial past and current dictatorial forms of oppression.
Church-Turing Lovers
Authors: Bołtuć Piotr
Published: October 2017

Church-Turing Lovers are sex robots that attain every functionality of a human lover, at the desired level of granularity. Yet they have no first-person consciousness—there is “nobody home.” When such a lover says, “I love you,” there are all the intentions to please you, even computer emotions. Would you care whether your significant other is a Church-Turing Lover? Does one care about one’s lover only insofar as his/her functionalities are involved, or does one care how the lover feels. Church-Turing Lovers demonstrate how even epiphenomenal experience provides reasons to care about other people’s first-person consciousness. In a related argument, I propose the notion of the Uncanny Valley of Perfection. I systematize the standards for humanoid robots as follows: minimally humanoid (teddy bears); bottom of the Uncanny Valley (repulsive sex dolls); Silver Standard (almost human-looking), Gold Standard (hard to distinguish from humans at the right level of granularity); Platinum Standard (slightly improved on humans); the Uncanny Valley of Perfection (too much better than humans); the Slope of the Angels (no longer humanoid, viewed with awe).
Artificial Identity
Authors: DiGiovanna James
Published: October 2017

Enhancement and AI create moral dilemmas not envisaged in standard ethical theories. Some of this stems from the increased malleability of personal identity that this technology affords: an artificial being can instantly alter its memory, preferences, and moral character. If a self can, at will, jettison essential identity-giving characteristics, how are we to rely upon, befriend, or judge it? Moral problems will stem from the fact that such beings are para-persons: they meet all the standard requirements of personhood (self-awareness, agency, intentional states, second-order desires, etc.) but have an additional ability—the capacity for instant change—that disqualifies them from ordinary personal identity. In order to rescue some responsibility assignments for para-persons, a fine-grained analysis of responsibility-bearing parts of selves and the persistence conditions of these parts is proposed and recommended also for standard persons who undergo extreme change.
The Unabomber on Robots
Authors: Galliott Jai
Published: October 2017

This chapter offers a limited defense of a controversial argument put forward by Ted Kaczynski, the “Unabomber,” namely that technological society threatens humanity’s survival. It draws on direct correspondence and prison interviews with Kaczynski and applies his broader views to the robotization of humanity; and it argues that the technological system is so complex that users are forced into choosing between jailed technology controlled by those within existing oppressive power structures, dedicating their lives to building knowledge and understanding of the software and robotics that facilitate participation in the technological system, or otherwise revolting against said system. That is, contra Peter Ludlow, it is not simply a matter of putting technology back in the hands of the people through “hacktivisim” or open-source design and programming. We must either accept revolt as permissible or recover a philosophy of technology truly geared toward human ends—parts set against the dehumanizing whole.
Introduction
Authors: Hornby Louise
Published: October 2017

The introduction provides an overview of the book and sets out the photographic stakes of stillness in the historical context of the early twentieth century and the invention of motion pictures. These two technologies—photography and motion pictures—provide the ground for reframing the modernist debate around stasis-kinesis, which has typically played out unevenly on the side of discourses of speed and acceleration, focusing on the creation and impact of ever newer and ever faster technologies of motion, such as the railway, the motor car, the modern assembly line, and motion pictures. However, stillness remains an obdurate stopping point and necessary critical intervention in such kinetic economies. Charting the book’s interdisciplinary terrain, the introduction brings art history and film studies to bear upon each other to determine the critical purchase of stillness, how it accrued a negative meaning, and how modernist writers, filmmakers, and artists negotiated its limits.
Someone To Talk To
Authors: Small Mario Luis
Published: October 2017

When people are facing difficulties, they often feel the need for a confidant—a person to vent to or talk things through with who will offer sympathy or understanding. How do they decide on whom to rely? In theory, the answer seems obvious: if the matter is personal, they will turn to a spouse, a family member, or someone otherwise close. In practice, what people actually do often belies these expectations. This book follows a group of graduate students as they cope with the stress of their first year in their programs, probing how they choose confidants over the course of their everyday experiences and unraveling the implications of the process. The book then tests its explanations against data on national populations. It shows that rather than consistently rely on their “strong ties,” people often take pains to avoid close friends and family, because these are too fraught with complex expectations. People often confide in “weak ties,” as their fear that their trust could be misplaced is overcome by their need for one who understands. In fact, people may find themselves confiding in acquaintances and even strangers unexpectedly, without much reflection on the consequences. Amid a growing wave of big data and large-scale network analysis, the book returns to the basic questions of who we connect with, how, and why, and upends decades of conventional wisdom on how we should think about and analyze social networks.
Because They Were There
Authors: Small Mario Luis
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines how much the graduate students’ decisions about approaching confidants were deliberative as opposed to spontaneous—whether they assessed pros and cons before deciding whom to ask or instead spontaneously spilled their emotions on the spot. It first considers the standard assumption in theories of purposive action across the social sciences that deliberation precedes action. It then discusses three decisions that a person inherently makes when he or she mobilizes his or her network: to seek help, to select a confidant, and to activate the tie. The chapter suggests that the extent to which their activation decisions were incidental or spontaneous, rather than reflective, depended in part on the context of students’ interactions with others. It argues that students often found themselves confiding in someone not because they had planned it, but simply because the confidant was present and available when needed.
Empirical Generalizability
Authors: Small Mario Luis
Published: October 2017

This chapter presents each of the book’s core empirical propositions about how much graduate students change, retain, develop, avoid, and make use of confidants and compares them with nationally representative data. Drawing on original surveys and recent findings from other national studies, it examines whether other populations make decisions about whom to talk to as the graduate students did. Among the most significant findings: the core discussion networks of people at all ages change most often as they experience transitions that alter those with whom they interact on a regular basis; people actually confide often in individuals they are not close to; people often avoid those they are close to; people are willing to forgo closeness for empathy; people will often confide in whomever is around. In general, while graduate students are unique, their decisions with respect to confiding in others are largely not.
Empire of Ruin
Authors: Barnard John Levi
Published: October 2017

This book traces the development of a critical practice within African American literature, art, and activism that identifies and critiques the widespread appropriation of classical tradition to the projects of exceptionalist historiography and cultural white supremacy in the United States. This appropriative method has typically figured the United States as the inheritor of the best traditions of classical antiquity and thus as the standard bearer for the idea of civilization. Where dominant narratives—articulated through political speeches and editorials, poetry and the visual arts, and the monumental architecture of Washington, DC—envision the political project of the United States as modeled on ancient Rome yet destined to surpass it in the unfolding of an exceptional history, the writers, artists, and activists this book considers have connected modern America to the ancient world through the institution of slavery and the geopolitics of empire. The book tracks this critique over more than two centuries, from Phillis Wheatley’s poetry in the era of Revolution, through the antislavery writings of David Walker, William Wells Brown, and the black newspapers of the antebellum period, to the works of Charles Chesnutt, Toni Morrison, and other twentieth-century writers, before concluding with the monumental sculpture of the contemporary artist Kara Walker.
In Plain Sight
Authors: Barnard John Levi
Published: October 2017

This chapter elaborates three primary elements of “black classicism” that African American writers, editors, and activists would develop in relation to dominant modes of classicism and monumental culture: the appropriation of the classically inflected rhetoric of revolutionary liberty to the cause of radical abolitionism; the critical juxtaposition of the neoclassical architecture of national buildings and monuments with images of the infrastructure of slavery; and the imaginative transformation of these buildings and monuments from icons of democracy and civilization to symbols of imperial hubris and harbingers of ruin. The chapter traces these developments through the pages of black newspapers and abolitionist polemics by radical figures such as David Walker, Henry Highland Garnet, and especially William Wells Brown. Brown draws together all the elements of antebellum black classicism in writings across a number of genres, from memoir and travel narrative to moving panorama, antislavery lecture, and finally his novel Clotel.
Ancient History, American Time
Authors: Barnard John Levi
Published: October 2017

This chapter considers the ways Charles Chesnutt and other writers at the turn of the twentieth century critically responded to the project of postbellum national reconciliation, which involved not only a recommitment to national expansion and the increasingly global projection of American power, but also the proliferation of monumental structures and historical celebrations that enabled and justified that imperial agenda. The chapter focuses on Charles Chesnutt’s early work in relation to this resurgent imperial culture of the postbellum United States. While monumental constructions and public rituals commemorating national history aimed to reassert the Jeffersonian notion of the “empire for liberty,” Chesnutt’s early fiction—in alignment with the writings of contemporaries like T. Thomas Fortune and Pauline Hopkins—reads these cultural rituals and artifacts as evidence of the persistence of the “empire of slavery” by another name.
How Horror Works, II
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: October 2017

The most effective monsters of horror fiction mirror ancestral dangers to exploit evolved fears. For most of human evolutionary history, we have faced threats in the domains of predation, conspecific violence, contagion, status loss, and dangerous nonliving environmental features. We thus very easily acquire fears directed toward threats from these domains. This chapter argues that the nonrandom distribution of human fears is reflected in horror, which features stimuli that mirror evolved fears, often in incarnations that are exaggerated and/or counterintuitive for increased salience, including giant spiders, supernormal monsters such as evil clowns, and physics-violating ghosts. Many monsters are also equipped with contagion cues, thus exploiting an evolved disgust mechanism. Some monsters evoke moral disgust through their violation of norms. To strengthen audiences’ emotional responses to such monsters, horror artists often provide descriptions of characters’ reactions which are mirrored by the audience through an adaptive mechanism enabling emotional contagion.
Complainants Use Deceptive Ambiguity
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: October 2017

Complainants are people who suspect of crimes often committed by members of their own family or someone they know. They go to the police, who then have the complainants tape-record their conversations with suspects and coach them in how to make these confrontation calls as they try to get the suspects to admit their roles in the crime. Complainants use deceptive ambiguity to camouflage the speech event as a friendly meeting or call, which causes the suspects to have different schemas about the conversations. By controlling the agenda and using various conversational strategies to block the suspects’ topics, the complainants try to prevent suspects from defending themselves. The complainants also use ambiguity to misinterpret suspects’ speech acts and words in ways that support a prosecution. This chapter describes complainants’ conversations with two brothel commissioners, an uncle of a girl who claimed he sexually molested her, and a sheriff whose secretary accused him of sexual misconduct.
Deceptive Ambiguity in Language Elements of the Inverted Pyramid
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the uses of deceptive ambiguity by representatives of the government, including police, prosecutors, undercover agents, and complainants. The chapter summarizes the findings of the preceding chapters under the six categories of speech events, schemas, agendas, speech acts, conversational strategies, and lexicon/grammar. These language elements make up what is referred to here as the Inverted Pyramid, a sequential approach to analyzing language evidence that is used by representatives of the government during their criminal investigations, hearings, and trials. These six language elements, when viewed as a whole, range from larger language units to smaller ones and provide the discourse context in which the government’s perceptions of smoking gun evidence must be seen.
Introduction
Authors: Muders Sebastian
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the book. It argues that human dignity deserves a closer examination within the debate on assisted dying. The aim of this book is threefold. First, it will enlighten and explain the widely shared intuitions about human dignity, which has a specific usage in the medical context of terminal illness, because opponents as well as supporters for assisted suicide lay claim to that notion. Second, it will push the debate an important step forward because arguments that are often taken for granted can be more fairly reconsidered once their relationship to dignity has been clarified. Third, if one is able to make sense of dignity even within the complex and seemingly confused context of this debate, one will have taken an important step toward a clarification of it in general, which might lead to its application in other contexts as well.
Autonomy and the Value of Life as Elements of Human Dignity
Authors: Muders Sebastian
Published: October 2017

Within the debate on assisted suicide and euthanasia, the arguments from autonomy and from the special value of life are often linked to human dignity in order to make the normative principles they defend more resistant against competing considerations. However, the resulting conceptions of dignity are usually presented as competing with each other; that is, either one spells out human dignity in terms of autonomy, or one explicates it in terms of the value of human life. As an alternative, this chapter offers a “combined approach”: It seeks to explicate dignity in terms of specific interpretations of both autonomy and life’s value in a way that ascribes a unique normative role to both. This can help explain the complex attitudes toward various cases that are discussed in the debate on assisted suicide and euthanasia. The upshot will be that the arguments from autonomy and from the value of life can be recognized as valid without having strict priority with respect to one another. Still, each one might be employed for turning the tide in favour or against assisted suicide and euthanasia within specific cases.
Two Competing Conceptions of Human Dignity
Authors: Gormally Luke
Published: October 2017

The doctor–patient relationship that is at issue in assisted suicide should be governed by norms of justice, expressed in rights and obligations. An autonomy-based understanding of dignity provides no basis for just regulation of interpersonal relationships and in particular grounds no right to assistance in suicide. An understanding of dignity as intrinsic to human nature does provide a basis for the doctor–patient relationship, as for all interpersonal relationships, and one that is incompatible with accommodating in law the judgment that characteristically underpins requests for assistance in suicide and that purports to justify such assistance, namely the patient’s judgment that his or her life is no longer worth living. The continued prohibition of assistance in intentional killing is one that serves both to protect citizens, including patients, and to preserve the integrity of medical professionals as healers and servants of life.
The Value of Life and the Dignity of Persons
Authors: FitzPatrick William J.
Published: October 2017

Ethical discourse about end-of-life issues tends to be framed in terms of both the value or “sanctity” of human life and the importance of human dignity. This chapter argues that the notion of human dignity is more fundamental than that of sanctity of life and defends a person-centered conception of both. Such an approach contrasts sharply with views focused primarily on respecting the sanctity of the life manifested in a person, or the value of her rational capacity, or the value of the continuation of the human organism associated with her against her wishes or even after she (as an embodied human subject) is gone. Such approaches all misidentify the locus and nature of the ethical value at issue.
Introduction
Authors: Tran Anh Q.
Published: October 2017

The Introduction gives the background of the significance of translating and study of the text Errors of the Three Religions. The history of the development of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism in Vietnam from their beginning until the eighteenth century is narrated. Particular attention is given to the different manners in which the Three Religions were taken up by nobles and literati, on the one hand, and commoners, on the other. The chapter also presents the pragmatic approach to religion taken by the Vietnamese, which was in part responsible for the receptivity of the Vietnamese to Christianity. The significance of the discovery of Errors and its impact on Vietnamese studies are also discussed.
From Collective Violence to Human Violation
Authors: Weisband Edward
Published: October 2017

This chapter argues that the psychodynamics of desire contribute to the transformation of “ordinary” individuals into those who directly and indirectly support or engage in genocide, mass atrocity, and their performative dramaturgies. The chapter describes the practices of the macabresque in terms of noir ecstasy and the psychodynamics of obscene surplus enjoyment in the transgressive theaters of human violation. Comparative depictions of the macabresque in the Guatemalan, Chilean, Sri Lankan, Congolese, Darfurian, and other cases are framed by Lacanian psychosocial theory and concepts focused on ideology, fantasy, and personality that analytically transitions from festivality and the carnivalesque to the macabresque. Human violation and the desire for absolute power drive perpetrator behavior in ways that normalize their anti-normative or anomic hatred and enemy-making relative to victims’ fixed, fixated, and frozen identitarian categories that become naturalized, and often racialized. Victims suffer racialization by means of forced displacement. This produces spatialized “islands” of demonization.
The Poetry of the Americas
Authors: Feinsod Harris
Published: October 2017

The Poetry of the Americas offers an expansive, detailed history of relations among poets in the United States and Latin America, spanning three decades from the Good Neighbor diplomacy of World War II through the Cold War cultural policies of the late 1960s. Connecting works by Martín Adán, Elizabeth Bishop, Paul Blackburn, Jorge Luis Borges, Julia de Burgos, Ernesto Cardenal, Jorge Carrera Andrade, Allen Ginsberg, Langston Hughes, José Lezama Lima, Pablo Neruda, Charles Olson, Octavio Paz, Heberto Padilla, Wallace Stevens, Derek Walcott, William Carlos Williams, and many others, Feinsod reveals how poets of many nations imagined a “poetry of the Americas” that linked multiple cultures, even as it reflected the inequities of the inter-American political system. This account encompasses a rich contextual study of the state-sponsored institutions and the countercultural networks that sustained this poetry, from Nelson Rockefeller’s Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs to the mid-1960s avant-garde scene in Mexico City. This innovative literary-historical project enables new readings of such canonical poems as Stevens’s “Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction” and Neruda’s “The Heights of Macchu Picchu,” but it positions these alongside lesser-known poetry, translations, anthologies, literary journals, and private correspondences culled from library archives across the Americas. The Poetry of the Americas thus broadens the horizons of reception and mutual influence—and of formal, historical, and political possibility—through which we encounter midcentury American poetry, recasting traditional categories of “US” or “Latin American” literature within a truly hemispheric vision.
A Xenoglossary for the Americas
Authors: Feinsod Harris
Published: October 2017

This chapter advances a “tropological history” of inter-Americanism by showing how foreign words (xenoglossia) became a key poetic device for Wallace Stevens, José Lezama Lima, and Jorge Luis Borges after World War II, at the low ebb of political inter-Americanism. It shows how Stevens’s monumental “Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction” used this device in order to reimagine the poetic identity of the Americas—a gesture resonant with the US Congress’s contemporaneous debates about globalization. While Stevens’s “lingua franca et jocundissima” (his self-designated attempt to fashion a playful, sonorous global language) was rebuked in the United States by nationalistic postwar critics, the chapter demonstrates how it belongs to a rich vein of postwar poetry by Borges and Lezama, who respond to national and insular literary formations with similar turns toward international language norms and the style of “post-symbolism.”