bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equi-Plastic Work Locus of 5000 Series Aluminum Alloy Sheet at Warm Temperature
Authors: Tamashiro Fumiaki , Hamasaki H. , Yoshida Fusahito
Published: December 2016

Warm temperature biaxial stretching equipment was developed in order to observe equi-plastic work locus at elevated temperature. A thermostatic bath is installed in the conventional biaxial stretching machine, and a heat gun and an electric heater in the bath enable to heat the specimen up to 260°C. Since flow stress is affected by strain rate at warm temperature, the equipment enables stress ratio and strain rate controls at the same time. Equi-plastic work loci of AA5182-O was obtained by the developed apparatus at R.T., 170 and 260°C, and temperature dependence on biaxial deformation was discussed.
A Study on Tensile Deformation Behavior in Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloy by Rate Sensitive Transformation Kinetics Model
Authors: Budiaman Anthony , Fujita Kazuki , Iwamoto Takeshi
Published: December 2016

Fe-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) shows a shape memory effect (SME) governed by forward and reverse stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT). Fe-SMA has been applied to joints and dampers utilized at various strain rates. To utilize Fe-SMA better, it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties in a wide range of strain rate. In previous study, the results of a tensile test at various strain rates show a rate-sensitivity, however, the mechanism of rate-sensitive tensile deformation behavior is still unclear. Thus, a numerical simulation using a transformation kinetics model is needed to clarify the mechanism. Some transformation kinetics models have been proposed, however, the rate sensitivity cannot be included. In this study, the rate sensitivity of volume fraction martensite is considered into the transformation kinetics model as an improvement of the past-proposed model. The numerical simulation of the uniaxial tensile test at various strain rates is performed to reproduce transformation behavior of the martensite phase. Then, the model is validated by comparing to the experimental results. Afterwards, the mechanism of rate-sensitive tensile deformation behavior of Fe-SMA is discussed.
Crashworthiness Study of Composite Fuselage Section
Authors: Yu Ze Liang , Xue Pu
Published: December 2016

Crashworthiness is one of the requirements for design of aircraft to ensure the safety of passengers on aircraft. With increasing applications of advanced composite in aircraft structures, study on the crashworthiness of composite fuselage is desirable and important. For this purpose, this paper investigates the influence of composites on crashworthiness of fuselage section. Firstly, model of fuselage section of aircraft is established. Skin, frame, stringer and stiffener are made of the composite T800/QY8911 or GLARE. Then, the crash responses subjected to vertical impact velocity of 9.14m/s are analyzed. The acceleration history is recorded for assessment of the crashworthiness. In addition, the deformation process and failure mode of composite fuselage section are analyzed. Results indicate that the frame made of brittle composite may fracture in the crash process, which leads to serious damage to the fuselage. While the frame with good toughness can maintain the integrity of fuselage, thereby protecting passengers.
Changing paradigms in the management of forest insect disturbances
Authors: Alfaro René I. , Langor David
Published: December 2016

From the early descriptive work, focussed on documenting the forest insect fauna and the impacts of destructive species, Canadian forest entomology has passed through several distinct phases, each triggered by new societal demands of forests and of forest entomologists. We review the various stages that Canadian forest entomology gone through in the last 100 years. Following the initial descriptive and cataloguing phase, forest entomology entered a pest control or forest protection phase, which eventually evolved into the integrated pest management (IPM) era. Although IPM dominated the forest entomology discourse for at least two decades, this approach is now considered to be narrow and pest-centric and is being superseded by a more holistic approach where the emphasis is on ensuring the health and sustainability of forests at landscape levels. The new trends point away from the “command and control” approach of attempting to eradicate pests or reducing pest damage, and towards working with natural processes in the context of ecosystem management. We indicate several areas where 21st century forest entomology could make a contribution towards the sustainable management of Canadian forests.
Hitching a ride: firewood as a potential pathway for range expansion of an exotic beech leaf-mining weevil, Orchestes fagi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Morrison Andrew , Sweeney Jon , Hughes Cory , Johns Rob C.
Published: December 2016

We investigated the potential for human-mediated range expansion of an exotic beech leaf-mining weevil, Orchestes fagi (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Rhamphini) (formerly known as Rhynchaenus fagi) on timber or firewood, which for eight to nine months of the year may harbour adults in diapause. In both relatively low-density and high-density populations, adults were found on the base, middle, and upper boles of the primary host, American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart; Fagaceae), as well as red maple (Acer rubrum Linnaeus; Sapindaceae) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sargent; Pinaceae) in the vicinity. Comparatively few individuals were found on tree branches, or in the moss, duff, or soil collected beneath beech trees. Overwintering adults appeared to favour parts of trees with relatively high bark roughness. Our study suggests that, between the months of July through May, any woody stems near areas having O. fagi outbreaks are likely to harbour adults. Moreover, as all of the trees studied are common sources of timber or firewood, the harvest and transport of wood from these areas may facilitate outbreak spread; this may explain the multiple, distantly distributed populations of O. fagi that have been reported in eastern Nova Scotia, Canada in recent years.
Cutting Edge: LL-37–Mediated Formyl Peptide Receptor-2 Signaling in Follicular Dendritic Cells Contributes to B Cell Activation in Peyer’s Patch Germinal Centers
Authors: Kim Sae-Hae , Kim Yu Na , Jang Yong-Suk
Published: December 2016

Peyer’s patches (PPs) are the major mucosal immune-inductive site, and germinal centers (GCs) in PPs determine the quality of the Abs produced. PP GCs are continuously induced by the gut microbiota, and their maintenance contributes to the induction of strong IgA responses to Ags. In this study, we investigated the role of formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-mediated signaling in the maintenance of PP GCs, because FPRs recognize the microbiota and initiate an innate immune response by chemotaxis. We found that follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), a key organizer of B cell follicles and GCs in mucosal immunity, express Fpr2. Additionally, Fpr2-mediated signaling in PP FDCs promoted Cxcl13 and B cell activating factor expression, as well as B cell proliferation and activation. Therefore, we suggest that Fpr2-mediated signaling in FDCs plays a key role in GC maintenance in PPs and results in an Ag-specific IgA response in the gut mucosal immune compartment.
Cutting Edge: Murine Mast Cells Rapidly Modulate Metabolic Pathways Essential for Distinct Effector Functions
Authors: Phong Binh , Avery Lyndsay , Menk Ashley V. , Delgoffe Greg M. , Kane Lawrence P.
Published: December 2016

There is growing appreciation that cellular metabolic and bioenergetic pathways do not play merely passive roles in activated leukocytes. Rather, metabolism has important roles in controlling cellular activation, differentiation, survival, and effector function. Much of this work has been performed in T cells; however, there is still very little information regarding mast cell metabolic reprogramming and its effect on cellular function. Mast cells perform important barrier functions and help control type 2 immune responses. In this study we show that murine bone marrow–derived mast cells rapidly alter their metabolism in response to stimulation through the FcεRI. We also demonstrate that specific metabolic pathways appear to be differentially required for the control of mast cell function. Manipulation of metabolic pathways may represent a novel point for the manipulation of mast cell activation.
The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus–Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs1143678 in Integrin αM Cytoplasmic Tail Generates a 14-3-3ζ Binding Site That Is Proinflammatory
Authors: Ong Li-Teng , Tan Hui-Foon , Feng Chen , Qu Jing , Loh Shuzk-Cheng , Bhattacharyya Surajit , Tan Suet-Mien
Published: December 2016

The leukocyte integrin αMβ2 (CR3 or Mac-1) has both proinflammatory and immune regulatory functions. Genome-wide association studies have identified several ITGAM (αM subunit) single nucleotide polymorphisms that are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs1143678 substitutes Pro1146 for Ser in the integrin αM cytoplasmic tail. A detailed functional characterization of this substitution is lacking. Using transfected human cell lines, reconstituted mouse bone marrow neutrophils, and bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs), we showed that P1146S (PS) substitution promoted integrin αMβ2–mediated adhesion, spreading, and migration of cells on iC3b and fibrinogen. In the presence of LPS together with iC3b or fibrinogen, the expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in integrin αM(PS)β2 BMDMs were significantly higher than those of integrin αM(wild-type)β2 BMDMs, and they showed faster kinetics of Erk1/2 activation through the src family kinase(s)–Syk signaling pathway. Integrin αM(PS)β2 BMDMs also exhibited higher levels of active RhoA and phagocytic activity. Mechanistically, P1146S substitution in the αM cytoplasmic tail generates a noncanonical 14-3-3ζ binding site that modulates integrin αM(PS)β2 outside-in signaling.
Dimethyl Fumarate Treatment Mediates an Anti-Inflammatory Shift in B Cell Subsets of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Li Rui , Rezk Ayman , Ghadiri Mathab , Luessi Felix , Zipp Frauke , Li Hulun , Giacomini Paul S. , Antel Jack , Bar-Or Amit
Published: December 2016

The therapeutic mode of action of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), approved for treating patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, is not fully understood. Recently, we and others demonstrated that Ab-independent functions of distinct B cell subsets are important in mediating multiple sclerosis (MS) relapsing disease activity. Our objective was to test whether and how DMF influences both the phenotype and functional responses of disease-implicated B cell subsets in patients with MS. High-quality PBMC were obtained from relapsing-remitting MS patients prior to and serially after initiation of DMF treatment. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to monitor the phenotype and functional response-profiles of distinct B cell subsets. Total B cell counts decreased following DMF treatment, largely reflecting losses of circulating mature/differentiated (but not of immature transitional) B cells. Within the mature B cell pool, DMF had a greater impact on memory than naive B cells. In keeping with these in vivo effects, DMF treatment in vitro remarkably diminished mature (but not transitional B cell) survival, mediated by inducing apoptotic cell death. Although DMF treatment (both in vivo and in vitro) minimally impacted B cell IL-10 expression, it strongly reduced B cell expression of GM-CSF, IL-6, and TNF-α, resulting in a significant anti-inflammatory shift of B cell response profiles. The DMF-mediated decrease in B cell proinflammatory cytokine responses was further associated with reduced phosphorylation of STAT5/6 and NF-κB in surviving B cells. Together, these data implicate novel mechanisms by which DMF may modulate MS disease activity through shifting the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory B cell responses.
Time consumption and productivity of a medium size mobile tower yarder in downhill and uphill configurations: a case study in Czech Republic
Authors: Proto Andrea Rosario , Skoupy Alois , Macri Giorgio , Zimbalatti Giuseppe
Published: December 2016

Cable cranes are among the most important means of yarding and transporting timber in many mountainous regions of Europe. In the last decade, all-terrain mobile tower cable cranes have been increasing due to their adaptability to operate both in uphill as well in downhill configuration. This research assesses the efficiency and the costs of a mobile cable crane manufactured in Czech Republic and designed for all-terrain application and specifically mounted on a wheeled agricultural tractor. A total of 100 cycle times were recorded in order to obtain evaluate the performance in the downhill as well uphill extraction configuration. The productivity analysis was based on regression equation as a function lateral distance, skyline slope distance and extracted volume. Increasing in number of lateral distance and extraction distance resulted as significant variables affecting the cycle time. Even if the test highlights a good efficiency of the extraction system for both the configuration (uphill vs downhill) there a still many organisational features that could be improved in order to fully exploit the potentiality of the tested cable crane system.
Using Landsat 8 imagery in detecting cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands: a case study in Calabria (Italy)
Authors: Modica Giuseppe , Solano Francesco , Merlino Angelo , Di Fazio Salvatore , Barreca Francesco , Laudari Luigi , Fichera Carmelo Riccardo
Published: December 2016

In the Mediterranean basin, cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands are characteristic and widespread forestry ecosystems. Though presenting significant economic potential as a renewable resource, they are not adequately valorised, in spite of a growing market demand for cork and cork-based products, which are appreciated, today, for their use in sustainable building. In this respect, cork meets the needs of the building industry in responding to the growing demand for quality products, which are eco- and energy-friendly and hygienically safe. Moreover, European cultural and biodiversity value has been attributed to cork oak woodlands and their most significant examples have been included in the Natura 2000 framework. So far, in some countries like Italy, the territorial distribution and characterisation of cork oak woodlands have not been adequately investigated. This study provides a method for mapping the actual presence of cork oak woodlands and for assessing their potential distribution. Special attention was given to the characterisation of cork oak spectral signature. To this end, Landsat 8 satellite images, digital photointerpretation and in situ surveys were implemented. The work carried out allows assessing the effectiveness of GIS and remote sensing techniques coupled with ancillary data and tools, and their applicability for the development of a comprehensive mapping and monitoring system of cork oak woodlands in Mediterranean ecosystems. Such techniques are vital to develop a detailed management strategy and to assist restoration activities and the economic assessment of semi-natural habitats. A case study, carried out in two different locations in Calabria (Italy), is provided.
Assessing, measuring and modelling erosion in calanchi areas: a review
Authors: Caraballo-Arias Nathalie Almaru , Ferro Vito
Published: December 2016

Calanchi are erosion landforms characterised by a heavily dissected terrain with steep, unvegetated slopes and channels with a dendritic pattern, which rapidly incise and extend headwards. Recent literature focusing on badland systems highlights their similarity with other larger fluvial landforms, stating that these behave as a full size laboratory, due to their rapid development in space and time and to the diversity of geomorphic processes involved. In this paper, a brief review of the most important results on badland research is firstly presented. Then, the morphometric similarity between calanchi and other erosion landforms is discussed. Finally, models quantitatively relating the volume of sediments eroded from calanchi landforms and a set of geometric features of their tributary areas, by exploiting the dimensional analysis and the self-similarity theory, are presented.
Organizational Infrastructure in the Collegiate Athletic Training Setting, Part II: Benefits of and Barriers in the Athletics Model
Authors: Goodman Ashley , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Eason Christianne M.
Published: December 2016

Context: The athletics model, in which athletic training clinical programs are part of the athletics department, is the predominant model in the collegiate athletic training setting. Little is known about athletic trainers' (ATs') perceptions of this model, particularly as it relates to organizational hierarchy.

Objective: To explore the perceived benefits of and barriers in the athletics model.

Design: Qualitative study.

Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I and III.

Patients or Other Participants: Eight full-time ATs (5 men, 3 women; age = 41 ± 13 years, time employed at the current institution = 14 ± 14 years, experience as a certified AT = 18 ± 13 years) working in the collegiate setting using the athletics model.

Data Collection and Analysis: We conducted semistructured interviews via telephone or in person and used a general inductive approach to analyze the qualitative data. Multiple-analyst triangulation and peer review established trustworthiness.

Results: Two benefits and 3 barriers emerged from the data. Role identity emerged as a benefit that occurred with role clarity, validation, and acceptance of the collegiate AT personality. Role congruence emerged as a benefit of the athletics model that occurred with 2 lower-order themes: relationship building and physician alignment and support. Role strain, staffing concerns, and work-life conflict emerged as barriers in the athletics model. Role strain occurred with 2 primary lower-order themes: role incongruity and role conflict.

Conclusions: The athletics model is the most common infrastructure for employing ATs in collegiate athletics. Participants expressed positive experiences via character identity, support, trust relationships, and longevity. However, common barriers remain. To reduce role strain, misaligning values, and work-life conflict, ATs working in the athletics model are encouraged to evaluate their relationships with coaches and their supervisor and consider team physician alignment. Moreover, measures to increase quality athletic training staff from a care rather than a coverage standpoint should be considered.
Moderate-Risk and Problem Slot Machine Gamblers: A Typology of Gambling-Related Cognitions
Authors: Hahmann Tara Elisa
Published: December 2016

Cognitive distortions are said to play a key role in the development and maintenance of problem gambling, as well as in its treatment. Toneatto’s (1999, 2002) typology of gambling distortions provides a useful conceptualization of gambling-related cognitions, although game-type specification is absent from his analysis. Toneatto’s categorization was used in the present study to organize the beliefs of 43 slot machine gamblers experiencing either moderate-risk or problem gambling, recruited and interviewed in Toronto, Canada. The typology captured many of the gambling-related cognitions, although specific beliefs held by this sample of slot machine gamblers required revision of the original typology. This study provides unique insight into the cognitive structure of these beliefs, as described by gamblers, and their frequency count, suggesting that game type is an important factor when identifying and describing gambling-specific cognitive distortions. Les distorsions cognitives joueraient un rôle dans l’apparition et le maintien des problèmes de jeu, ainsi que dans leur traitement (Cunningham, Hodgins et Toneatto, 2014; Cunningham, Hodgins, Toneatto et Murphy, 2012; Fortune et Goodie, 2012). La typologie des distorsions cognitives liées au jeu de Toneatto (1999, 2002) est à ce titre un outil utile pour conceptualiser les processus cognitifs des joueurs, bien que l’analyse ne précise pas les types de jeux de hasard en cause (Milosevic et Ledgerwood, 2010). Le présent article cherche à organiser à l’aide des catégories de Toneatto (1999, 2002) les croyances de 43 utilisateurs d’appareils à sous présentant un risque moyen ou problématique, recrutés et interviewés à Toronto (Canada). En conclusion, cette typologie permet de rendre compte de nombreux processus cognitifs liés au jeu, bien que certaines des croyances propres à cet échantillon de joueurs utilisant des appareils à sous aient nécessité une révision des catégories initiales. Fournissant un aperçu unique de la structure cognitive associée à ces croyances, telles qu’elles ont été décrites par les joueurs et selon leur nombre d’occurrences, cette étude donne à penser que le type de jeu de hasard en cause constitue un facteur important pour cerner et décrire les distorsions cognitives rattachées au jeu.
Treatment Protocol for Dentin Hypersensitivity
Authors: Bandeca Matheus Coelho , Kuga Milton C , Lima Suellen L , Escalante-Otárola Wilfredo , Castro-Núñez Gabriela , Jordão-Basso KCF
Published: December 2016

How to cite this article

Escalante-Otárola W, Castro-Núñez G, Jordão-Basso KCF, Lima SL, Kuga MC, Bandeca MC. Treatment Protocol for Dentin Hypersensitivity. World J Dent 2017;8(1):1-4.
Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia Profiles for Pain Prediction in the Trigeminal System
Authors: Assiri Khalil
Published: December 2016

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the predictivity of exerciseinduced hypoalgesia (EIH) profile on pain severity produced by nerve injury in an animal model.

Materials and methods

A total of 51 rats were divided according to the EIH model, which was evaluated by the percentage of withdrawal actions of 30 repetitive physical stimuli on the hind paw of the rat before and after 3 minutes of exercise on a treadmill, into high and low EIH. Left infraorbital nerve injury was then done on rats from high and low EIH groups. Pain assays as mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia were evaluated in the ipsilateral and unaffected whisker pad before and 3, 10, and 17 days after the surgery.

Results

Rats that were categorized as low EIH showed increased hypersensitivity and demonstrated significantly severe mechanical hyperalgesia in ipsilateral side 10 and 17 days after the surgery compared with the high EIH rats.

Conclusion

The authors concluded that the pinprick behavioral assay (mechanical hyperalgesia) was able to predict chronic pain development in the area of the trigeminal nerve distribution using EIH profile measured at the hind paw of the rat.

How to cite this article

Assiri K. Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia Profiles for Pain Prediction in the Trigeminal System. World J Dent 2017;8(1):21-27.
Evaluation of Influencing Factors and commonly Involving Side in Maxillofacial Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents by Motorized Two Wheelers: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Thinakaran Meera , Mohanavalli S , Bala G Sree V
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Trauma remains to be a leading cause of maxillofacial injury globally. Motorized two wheelers (MTWs) are the main cause of (73%) maxillofacial injuries in the road traffic accidents; in several studies, the right side of maxillofacial injuries was reported as the common side of injury than left side. In our previous study, the percentage of the right side injuries was higher than the left side.

Aim

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influencing factors of the maxillofacial injury by MTWs and to find the association between the side maxillofacial injuries and the handedness of drivers.

Materials and methods

Clusters sampling method was used; 20 clusters were selected in Chennai. Motorized twowheeler drivers were selected. Data collected by prepared questionnaires’ were statistically analyzed. Data included the demographic details, type of vehicle, engine capacity, average driving speed, years of driving, regular usage of the helmet, type, mode and frequency of accident, management, influence of alcohol, and use of the helmet at the time of injury. The side of the facial injury and handedness of drivers were recorded.

Results

From the total of 721 participants, 75.7% were males, 24.3% were females; 46.74% were in the age of 18 to 25; mean age is 29.45. Bikes were 55.9%, scooter 38.2%, moped 8.3%; 59.9% are geared; 50.5% were 80 to 100 cc vehicles types and 37% were 110 to 150 cc types; 62% of male's average speed is 80 km/hour; 53% of female's average speed is less than 40 km/hour. Only 18.06% had used at the time of injury. 39.4% of females had accidents, males had 59.3% (p < 0.0001). Two-wheeler vs two-wheeler accidents were 24.8%; two-wheeler vs four wheeler were 19%; by pedestrians crossing 18.7%; by animal crossing was 16.5%; skid two wheeler 20%. A total of 30.02% were under the influence of alcohol. Right-side injuries were 44.5%; left side 25.9% (p < 0.0001), while 96.9% were right-handers.

Conclusion

Right-side injuries were common in MTW skid and fall. Speed, type of vehicle, handedness, influence of alcohol, use of helmet, mode of injury, all are the determining factors for pattern and severity of injury. Helmet usage would definitely minimize the head injury to some extent.

How to cite this article

Mohanavalli S, Thinakaran M, Bala GSV. Evaluation of Influencing Factors and commonly Involving Side in Maxillofacial Injuries in Road Traffic Accidents by Motorized Two Wheelers: A Cross-sectional Study. World J Dent 2017;8(1):49-54.
Update to Assessing Economic Damages in Personal Injury andWrongful Death Litigation: The State of Utah
Authors: Bowles Tyler J.
Published: December 2016

Current changes to personal injury and wrongful death litigation in the state of Utah.
Update to Assessing Economic Damages in Personal Injury andWrongful Death Litigation: The State of Idaho
Authors: Bowles Tyler J.
Published: December 2016

This paper covers the current changes in personal injury and wrongful death litigation in the state of Idaho.
Update to Assessing Economic Damages in Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation: The State of Mississippi
Authors: Brooking Carl G. , Fender Blakely Fox , Fiser Harvey L.
Published: December 2016

This article provides summary and analysis of case law and relevant statutes in Mississippi since 2004 that are important for the forensic economist to consider in the calculation of economic damages in wrongful death and personal injury matters. Particular attention is devoted to Rebelwood Apartments RP, LP v. English (2010), which provided specific guidance to the forensic economist in Mississippi on several fronts and explicitly tasks the economic expert with rooting analysis in sufficient facts and evidence.
A problemática na definição da jurisdição penal para os crimes cometidos a bordo de embarcação mercante em passagem inocente
Authors: Campos Ingrid Zanella Andrade , Leonardo Siqueira Henrique
Published: December 2016

A problemática da definição da jurisdição penal para crimes cometidos a bordo de embarcações representa um dos grandes temas atuais das relações jurídicas internacionais que se inscrevem dentro do núcleo das novas perspectivas do Direito Internacional do Mar. No presente artigo, a identificação do Direito Internacional Penal, com destaque ao aspecto marítimo, será analisado, o que levará em conta os tratados e convenções bilaterais que tentaram definir a referida jurisdição.
O direito na sociedade da informação: a proteção aos direitos autorais e direitos conexos frente às novas tecnologias
Authors: Nascimento Marcelo Tadeu , Macedo Caio Sperandeo
Published: December 2016

O presente artigo trata do direito na sociedade da informação e suas características para fins de proteção às violações dos direitos autorais e conexos, isto é, da ciência jurídica na sociedade do conhecimento e da tecnologia enquanto orientadora na aplicação da legislação e proteção dos direitos autorais e conexos violados através do uso indevido das novas tecnologias (internet e aplicativos). O método de pesquisa será a revisão bibliográfica e a consulta legislativa, acrescendo dados estatísticos acerca das novas mídias. Na conclusão, será verificado que embora a legislação não acompanhe as modificações sociais, cada vez mais velozes e irrestritas, é possível por meio dos princípios constitucionais norteadores alcançar proteção aos direitos autorais e conexos violados.
Uma análise biopolítica do parto e da violência obstétrica no Brasil
Authors: Wermuth Maiquel Angelo Dezordi , Gomes Paulo Ricardo Favarin , Nielsson Joice Graciele
Published: December 2016

A violência contra as mulheres no parto é um tema recorrente na sociedade brasileira. Explícita ou velada, a violência obstétrica contra parturientes é apresentada, no presente estudo, como consequência do processo de excessiva medicalização do parto, que submete a gestante a um processo de absoluta invisibilização em decorrência do saber-poder médico que lhe é imposto, nos moldes da filosofia foucaultiana. Nesse sentido, busca-se compreender, a partir do método fenomenológico, em que medida a mulher vítima dessa violência pode ser considerada uma “vida nua”, nos termos da categoria desenvolvida na obra do filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben.
Corporações transnacionais e responsabilização na jurisdição estatal por violação a direitos humanos na cadeia produtiva
Authors: Barbosa Pecin Bruna , Spack Kemmelmeier Carolina
Published: December 2016

O objetivo desse texto é refletir, no contexto do Direito Internacional Público, acerca da aplicabilidade do princípio da Jurisdição Universal para fins de responsabilização na jurisdição estatal de corporações transnacionais violadoras a direitos humanos na cadeia produtiva, notadamente os direitos dos trabalhadores. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura sobre o assunto, a partir da qual se discute a possibilidade de aplicação do Direito Internacional Público a pessoas privadas visando responsabilização de um ente integrante da cadeia produtiva em país diverso daquele em que o dano foi causado, analisando a efetividade do princípio da Jurisdição Universal para o resguardo dos direitos humanos nas relações de trabalho.
What happened to our community of practice? The early development of Adult Basic Education in NSW through the lens of professional practice theory.
Authors: Osmond Pamela
Published: December 2016

The field of adult basic education had its genesis as a named field of education in the English speaking world in the mid-1970s, based firmly on an underpinning philosophy of humanistic education and a socio-cultural view of literacy. Subsequent decades of its development have involved recurrent and destabilising periods of change with a major and overriding theme being the move away from the humanist philosophy, towards an economically driven, human capital view of literacy, which mirrors the story of a number of other social programs in their trajectory towards the ‘new capitalism’. This paper considers the first fifteen years, or genesis, of the field of adult basic education in the state of New South Wales in Australia through official documents and archival material and through the stories from practice told by the teachers. Analysis of these stories using a theory of professional practice knowledge demonstrates the ways in which the early field of professional practice emerged as a product of its particular socio-political climate, and demonstrates also the strong convergence between the public discourses and the professional discourses surrounding the field in this period; a convergence which was progressively weakened in subsequent decades.
Notes on Contributors
Authors: Yasukawa Keiko
Published: December 2016

Notes on Contributors
Observing entrainment mixing, photochemical ozone production, and regional methane emissions by aircraft using a simple mixed-layer framework
Authors: Trousdell Justin F. , Conley Stephen A. , Post Andy , Faloona Ian C.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. In situ flight data from two distinct campaigns during winter and summer seasons in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California are used to calculate boundary-layer entrainment rates, ozone photochemical production rates, and regional methane emissions. Flights near Fresno, California, in January and February 2013 were conducted in concert with the NASA DISCOVER-AQ project. The second campaign (ArvinO3), consisting of 11 days of flights spanning June through September 2013 and 2014, focused on the southern end of the SJV between Bakersfield and the small town of Arvin, California – a region notorious for frequent violations of ozone air quality standards. Entrainment velocities, the parameterized rates at which free tropospheric air is incorporated into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), are estimated from a detailed budget of the inversion base height. During the winter campaign near Fresno, we find an average midday entrainment velocity of 1.5 cm s−1, and a maximum of 2.4 cm s−1. The entrainment velocities derived during the summer months near Bakersfield averaged 3 cm s−1 (ranging from 0.9 to 6.5 cm s−1), consistent with stronger surface heating in the summer months. Using published data on boundary-layer heights we find that entrainment rates across the Central Valley of California have a bimodal annual distribution peaking in spring and fall when the lower tropospheric stability (LTS) is changing most rapidly.Applying the entrainment velocities to a simple mixed-layer model of three other scalars (O3, CH4, and H2O), we solve for ozone photochemical production rates and find wintertime ozone production (2.8 ± 0.7 ppb h−1) to be about one-third as large as in the summer months (8.2 ± 3.1 ppb h−1). Moreover, the summertime ozone production rates observed above Bakersfield–Arvin exhibit an inverse relationship to a proxy for the volatile organic compound (VOC) : NOx ratio (aircraft [CH4] divided by surface [NO2]), consistent with a NOx-limited photochemical environment. A similar budget closure approach is used to derive the regional emissions of methane, yielding 100 (±100) Gg yr−1 for the winter near Fresno and 170 (±125) Gg yr−1 in the summer around Bakersfield. These estimates are 3.6 and 2.4 times larger, respectively, than current state inventories suggest. Finally, by performing a boundary-layer budget for water vapor, surface evapotranspiration rates appear to be consistently  ∼  55 % of the reference values reported by the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) for nearby weather stations.
Carbonaceous aerosol source apportionment using the aethalometer
model – Evaluation by radiocarbon and levoglucosan analysis at a
rural background site in southern Sweden
Authors: Martinsson Johan , Abdul Azeem Hafiz , Sporre Moa K. , Bergström Robert , Ahlberg Erik , Öström Emilie , Kristensson Adam , Swietlicki Erik , Eriksson Stenström Kristina
Published: December 2016

Abstract. With the present demand on fast and inexpensive aerosol source apportionment methods, the aethalometer model was evaluated for a full seasonal cycle (June 2014–June 2015) at a rural atmospheric measurement station in southern Sweden by using radiocarbon and levoglucosan measurements. By utilizing differences in absorption of UV and IR, the aethalometer model apportions carbon mass into wood burning (WB) and fossil fuel combustion (FF) aerosol. In this study, a small modification in the model in conjunction with carbon measurements from thermal-optical analysis allowed apportioned non-light absorbing biogenic aerosol to vary in time. The absorption differences between WB and FF can be quantified by the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE). In this study AAEWB was set to 1.81 and AAEFF to 1.0. Our observations show that AAE was elevated during winter (1.36 ± 0.07) compared to summer (1.12 ± 0.07). Quantified WB aerosol showed good agreement with levoglucosan concentrations, both in terms of correlation (R2 = 0.70) and in comparison to reference emission inventories. WB aerosol showed strong seasonal variation with high concentrations during winter (0.65 µg m−3, 56 % of total carbon) and low concentrations during summer (0.07 µg m−3, 6 % of total carbon). FF aerosol showed less seasonal dependence, however black carbon (BC) FF showed clear diurnal patterns corresponding to traffic rush hour peaks. The presumed non-light absorbing biogenic carbonaceous aerosol concentration was high during summer (1.04 µg m−3, 72 % of total carbon) and low during winter (0.13 µg m−3, 8 % of total carbon). Aethalometer model results were further compared to radiocarbon and levoglucosan source apportionment results. The comparison displayed good agreement in apportioned mass of WB and biogenic carbonaceous aerosol but discrepancies were found for FF aerosol mass. The aethalometer model overestimated FF aerosol mass by a factor of 1.3 compared to radiocarbon and levoglucosan source apportionment. This discrepancy may possibly be explained by a relatively low R2 value in the fit of FF aerosol light absorption to carbon mass concentration. In summary, the aethalometer model offers a cost-effective, yet robust high-time resolution source apportionment at rural background stations compared to a radiocarbon and levoglucosan alternative.
Modeling the Physical Multi-Phase Interactions of HNO3 Between Snow and Air on the Antarctic Plateau (Dome C) and coast (Halley)
Authors: Chan Hoi Ga , Frey Markus M. , King Martin D.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions from nitrate (NO3−) photolysis in snow affect the oxidising capacity of the lower troposphere especially in remote regions of the high latitudes with low pollution levels. The porous structure of snowpack allows the exchange of gases with the atmosphere driven by physicochemical processes, and hence, snow can act as both source and sink of atmospheric chemical trace gases. Current models are limited by poor process understanding and often require tuning parameters, for example the recently developed air-snow exchange model by Bock et al. (2016) requires an unrealistically large growth rate of snow grains to explain the NO3− peak in surface snow at Dome C in the summer. Here, two multi-phase physical models were developed from first principles constrained by observed atmospheric nitrate, HNO3, to describe the air-snow interaction of nitrate. Similar to most of the previous approaches, the first model assumes that below a threshold temperature, To, the air-snow grain interface is pure ice and above To, a disordered interface (DI) emerges assumed to be covering the entire grain surface. The second model assumes that Air-Ice interactions dominate over the entire temperature range below melting and that only above the eutectic temperature, liquid is present in the form of micropockets in grooves. The models are validated with available year-round observations of nitrate in snow and air at a cold site on the Antarctica Plateau (Dome C, 75°06′ S, 123°33′ E, 3233 m a.s.l.) and at a relatively warm site on the Antarctica coast (Halley, 75°35′ S, 26°39′ E, 35 m a.s.l). The first model agrees reasonably well with observations at Dome C (Cv(RMSE) = 1.34), but performs poorly at Halley (Cv(RMSE) = 89.28) while the second model reproduces with good agreement observations at both sites without any tuning (Cv(RMSE) = 0.84 at both sites). It is therefore suggested that air-snow interactions of nitrate in the winter are determined by non-equilibrium surface adsorption and co-condensation on ice coupled with solid-state diffusion inside the grain, similar to Bock et al. (2016). In summer, however, the air-snow exchange of nitrate is mainly driven by solvation into liquid micropockets following Henry’s law with contributions to total NO3− concentrations of 75 % and 80 % at Dome C and Halley respectively. It is also found that liquid volume of the snow grain and air-micropocket partitioning of HNO3 are sensitive to total solute concentration and pH. In conclusion, the second model can be used to predict nitrate concentration in surface snow over the entire range of environ- mental conditions typical for Antarctica and forms a basis for parameterisations in regional or global atmospheric chemistry models.
Changing trends and emissions of hydrochlorofluorocarbons and their
hydrofluorocarbon replacements
Authors: Simmonds Peter G. , Rigby Matthew , McCulloch Archibold , O'Doherty Simon , Young Dickon , Mühle Jens , Krummel Paul B. , Steele L. Paul , Fraser Paul J. , Manning Alistair J. , Weiss Ray F. , Salameh Peter K. , Harth Chris M. , Wang Ray H. J. , Prinn Ronald G.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. High frequency, in situ global observations of HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F), HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) and HCFC-124 (CHClFCF3) and their main HFC replacements HFC-134a (CH2FCF3), HFC-125 (CHF2CF3), HFC-143a (CH3CF3), and HFC-32 (CH2F2) have been used to determine their changing global growth rates and emissions in response to the Montreal Protocol and its recent amendments. The 2007 adjustment to the Montreal Protocol required the accelerated phase-out of HCFCs with global production and consumption capped in 2013, to mitigate their environmental impact as both ozone depleting substances and important greenhouse gases. We find that this change has coincided with a reduction in global emissions of the four HCFCs with aggregated global emissions in 2015 of 444 ± 75 Gg/yr, in CO2 equivalent units (CO2 e) 0.75 ± 0.1 Gt/yr, compared with 483 ± 70 Gg/yr (0.82 ± 0.1 Gt/yr CO2 e) in 2010. (All quoted uncertainties in this paper are 1 sigma). About 80 % of the total HCFC atmospheric burden in 2015 is HCFC-22, where global HCFC emissions appear to have been relatively constant in spite of the 2013 cap on global production and consumption. We attribute this to a probable increase in production and consumption of HCFC-22 in Montreal Protocol Article 5 (developing) countries and the continuing release of HCFC-22 from the large banks which dominate HCFC global emissions. Conversely, the four HFCs all show increasing annual growth rates with aggregated global HFCs emissions in 2015 of 329 ± 70 Gg/yr (0.65 ± 0.12 Gt/yr CO2 e) compared to 2010 with 240 ± 50 Gg/yr (0.47 ± 0.08 Gt/yr CO2 e). As HCFCs are replaced by HFCs we investigate the impact of the shift to refrigerant blends which have lower global warming potentials (GWPs). We also note that emissions of HFC-125 and HFC-32 appear to have increased more rapidly during the 2011–2015 5-yr period compared to 2006–2010.
Technical note: Fu-Liou-Gu and Corti-Peter model performance evaluation
for radiative retrievals from cirrus clouds
Authors: Lolli Simone , Campbell James R. , Lewis Jasper R. , Gu Yu , Welton Ellsworth J.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. We compare, for the first time, the performance of a simplified radiative transfer algorithm code, the Corti-Peter model, versus the more complex Fu-Liou-Gu model, for resolving top-of-the-atmosphere radiative forcing characteristics from single layer cirrus clouds obtained from the NASA Micro Pulse Lidar Network database in 2010 and 2011 at Singapore. The results of the intercomparison show that differences in annual net TOA cloud radiative forcing can reach 68 %. The simplified Corti and Peter, 2009 model proves useful for first-order estimates of TOA cirrus cloud forcing, but may not be suitable for a quantitative estimation, including the sign of cirrus cloud TOA forcing that can readily oscillate around zero globally.
Tropospheric delay parameters from numerical weather models for multi-GNSS precise positioning
Authors: Lu Cuixian , Zus Florian , Ge Maorong , Heinkelmann Robert , Dick Galina , Wickert Jens , Schuh Harald
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The recent dramatic development of multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) constellations brings great opportunities and potential for more enhanced precise positioning, navigation, timing, and other applications. Significant improvement on positioning accuracy, reliability, as well as convergence time with the multi-GNSS fusion can be observed in comparison with the single-system processing like GPS (Global Positioning System). In this study, we develop a numerical weather model (NWM)-constrained precise point positioning (PPP) processing system to improve the multi-GNSS precise positioning. Tropospheric delay parameters which are derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis are applied to the multi-GNSS PPP, a combination of four systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. Observations from stations of the IGS (International GNSS Service) Multi-GNSS Experiments (MGEX) network are processed, with both the standard multi-GNSS PPP and the developed NWM-constrained multi-GNSS PPP processing. The high quality and accuracy of the tropospheric delay parameters derived from ECMWF are demonstrated through comparison and validation with the IGS final tropospheric delay products. Compared to the standard PPP solution, the convergence time is shortened by 20.0, 32.0, and 25.0 % for the north, east, and vertical components, respectively, with the NWM-constrained PPP solution. The positioning accuracy also benefits from the NWM-constrained PPP solution, which was improved by 2.5, 12.1, and 18.7 % for the north, east, and vertical components, respectively.
Euler potentials for two layers with non-constant current densities in the ambient magnetic field aligned to the layers
Authors: Vandas Marek , Romashets Eugene P.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The Euler potentials for two current layers aligned to an ambient homogeneous magnetic field are found. Previous treatment of such a system assumed constant current density in the layers. However, the magnetic field becomes infinite at the edges. The new approach eliminates this inconsistency by introducing an inhomogeneous current density. Euler potentials are constructed semi-analytically for such a system. Charged-particle motion and trapping in it are examined by this representation. Using Euler potentials, the influence of current sheets of zero and non-zero thicknesses on energetic-particle fluxes is investigated, and characteristic flux variations near the sheets are presented. The results can be applied to Birkeland currents.
Observations of diffusion in the electron halo and strahl
Authors: Gurgiolo Chris , Goldstein Melvyn L.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Observations of the three-dimensional solar wind electron velocity distribution functions (VDF) using ϕ–θ plots often show a tongue of electrons that begins at the strahl and stretches toward a new population of electrons, termed the proto-halo, that exists near the projection of the magnetic field opposite that associated with the strahl. The energy range in which the tongue and proto-halo are observed forms a “diffusion zone”. The tongue first appears in energy generally near the lower-energy range of the strahl and in the absence of any clear core/halo signature. While the ϕ–θ plots give the appearance that the tongue and proto-halo are derived from the strahl, a close examination of their density suggests that their source is probably the upper-energy core/halo electrons which have been scattered by one or more processes into these populations.