bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Functional Opportunities of Virtual Folklore in Lifelong Learning and Its Psychological Aspects
Authors: Hikmet Guliyev Serkhan Khaveri, Sefa Garayev,
Published: April 2021

One of the most important conditions for the education to be targeted to the requirements of modern times, as well as to be suitable for social orders, is determining the effective training technologies. Many socio-cultural institutions, including the training models of the traditional-cultural institutions and the traditional models of knowledge transfer can be urgent and effective in determining the effective learning technologies. In this sense, folklore has a great potential of use in the application of modern educational technologies with its own functional capabilities that played an important role during many centuries in the interaction of some individuals with one another, in the socialization of people and in the self-formation of society. It is known that in the traditional-cultural environment there were institutional aspects and structures of knowledge transfer. Before the appearance of the written language in the oral communication level the information, i.e. the gained experience and knowledge were passed with the empiric models from generation to generation by old people, wise elders who were the institutional aspects of the traditional culture.

The training technologies of the traditional culture have the following peculiarities:

Unlike the religious training technologies, it is not dogmatic, it has a democratic nature.

Taking into consideration the vital situations it has an operative adaptation character.

It has a character of getting and transferring the knowledge empirically.

It has the ability of taking into consideration the individual abilities and character in the process of incessant learning and teaching.

The appearance of the Internet which is considered the “apogee” of communication has caused the formation of new transformations of traditional folk culture, virtual folklore samples as in all other spheres. Of course, in modern times at the stage when the digital resources are growing, the methods and means of getting, transferring and mastering knowledge, as a whole, the formation of education has completely changed. That is why, we consider that it is possible to use the opportunities of folklore the potential of virtual folklore and digital folklore resources, in the of lifelong education and innovative educational concepts, in getting and teaching of knowledge. Because the folklore resources have unique opportunities in formation of socio-psychological essence of personality. There is a great need for the individual to adopt the folklore of this group to freely enter and become a member of various social groups without experiencing psychological complex and tension in all spheres of society. In this sense, one of the goals of modern education is to aim the growing new generations to promote stereotypes that are in harmony with human values and to free them from non-humanist and local stereotypes.
Econometric Evaluation of Impact of Education Quality on Economic Growth in Azerbaijan
Authors: Yadulla Hasanli Nazim Hajiyev, Sardar Shabanov,
Published: April 2021

The article is dedicated to study of the impact of the quality of education on the economic growth in Azerbaijan. The quality index of education has been selected for two levels: a) up to higher education; b) higher school and post higher school. The indicator of average score (if available) that an applicant obtained in the current year on the country in student admission to the higher schools as a quality index of education in the country at the pre-higher education is offered as an alternative to the number of upper grades (10-12) in the secondary education. In the higher and post-higher education level, the number of articles printed on basic science and engineering per million people in Azerbaijan, and indexed on the Web of Science is taken as a quality index of education. Semi-linear type regression equations were made to assess the dependence of the indicators characterizing economic development.
New Approach to State Protection of Competition
Authors: Nazim Hajiyev Adalat Muradov, Rovshan Akbarov,
Published: April 2021

The aim of the article is to improve the possibilities for learning and applying practical tips on competition protection, and to develop ways to promote competition and economic growth that will enhance the prosperity of the economy and society. It is important that the goal of competition protection is to create conditions that will lead to a more competitive market structure and business behavior without direct intervention from the competition body. Note that the most disadvantageous alternative to the competition body is the application of close and lasting control of the dominant firms by competition law. This alternative results in more inadequate funding by requiring more resources. Modern economic reality, characterized by the transformation of economic relations, business globalization, integration of transitional economies into the global space, makes the development of competitive relationships more important for improving economic and innovation performance. As a result, it has been established that a successful market economy requires a competitive culture within the country. Both consumers and the business community need to be aware of their competitive policies and how they can benefit from it. Competition agencies play an important role in this learning process.
About the concept for eradication of diseases
Authors: Morozov E. N , Litvinov Sergei K. , Zhirenkina E. N
Published: April 2021

The programs carried out previously for the eradication of infectious diseases have been described with the special attention in regard to the reasons of its failures and/or negative experience gained. So far the global program on smallpox eradication achieved the established goal, while two other, polio eradication initiative and dracontiasis eradication, are still going on rather long period of time. The program of elimination of measles and rubella, which according to the original plan, should be movedfor eradication in the future, is facing a lot ofproblems for the time being and therefore it is difficult to predict any future developments in this area. Nevertheless a number of initiatives and/or programs are very much keen nowadays to establish the goal of eradication or elimination without, according the authors opinion, serious and deep analysis of the burden of the targeted disease, its epidemiological and clinical peculiarities, feasibility for achievement of goal etc. The criterions for the disease selection for eradication/elimination are presented in the article. The hasty decision on such matter may lead to the failure of initiative, lack of the staff motivation, loss of the public health authority prestige and discredit the disease eradication concept as such.
Etiologic and clinical epidemiological features of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Krasnodar Krai
Authors: Tkachenko E. A , Morozov V. G , Dzagurova T. K , Yunicheva Yu. V , Pilikova O. M , Zavora D. L , Ishmukhametov A. A , Gorodin V. N , Bakhtina V. A , Zagidullin I. M , Sotskova S. E
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the study is the investigation of etiological, clinical and epidemiological features of HFRS, caused by Sochi virus in the Krasnodar area, as well as a comparative analysis of the data with those of HFRS, caused by Kurkino virus in the Central Russian regions and Puumala virus in the areas of Volga region. Materials and methods For the identification of HFRS patients, sera from more than 800 acute febrile patients residing in Krasnodar area were examined for hantavirus antibody by IFA with Puumala, Hantaan, Seoul, Sochi, Kurkino and Dobrava viruses. For primary screening there was used the indirect immunofluorescence (ELISA) method with polyvalent cultural antigen as for serotyping of positive sera according to affiliation of antibodies to various Hantaviruses species, there were used ELISA method with monovalent cultural antigens and the neutralization reaction with Puumala, Hantaan, Seoul, Sochi, Kurkino and Dobrava viruses with the use of the method of Inhibition of Focus-Forming Units assay. Clinical and epidemiological studies have been performed on the base of history cases and records of the epidemiological examination. Results of the study. During 2000 - 2013 there were identified 64 patients suffered from HFRS caused by the Sochi virus. The patients resided in 36 settlements of 10 administrative districts of the Krasnodar area. A comparative analysis of clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data of patients with HFRS-Sochi, HFRS-Kurkino and HFRS-Puumala viruses allowed to reveal differences between the clinical (frequency of registration and severity of several symptoms, severity of the course and mortality rate) and epidemiological (prevalence in rural and urban residents, occupational pattern, the seasonality of the disease, conditions of contamination) manifestations. Conclusion There was established the etiological and epidemiological importance of Sochi virus. Sochi virus causes sporadic annual incidence of HFRS in the territory of Krasnodar area. Cases of HFRS caused by the Sochi virus are differ in more severe course of the disease and high lethality rate in comparison with the other two forms of HFRS caused by Puumala and Kurkino viruses in the territory of the European part of Russia.
Acute biliary obstruction with cholestasis caused by Fasciola hepatica in a patient travelled to Turcmenistan (a case report and literature review)
Authors: Bronshteyn Alexander M. , Malyshev N. A , Fedianina L. V , Davydova I. V
Published: April 2021

The paper describes the case of Fasciola hepatica in patient from Turkmenistan presenting with icterus, biliary-type pain, dark urine and jaundice. Magnetic resonance (MRC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) were performed and after sphincterotomy one Fasciola hepatica was extracted. After the ERC antiparasitic treatment was given with triclabendazole. Clinical outcome was favourable. In conclusion, fascioliasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, especially in patients travelled to endemic regions, and it should be kept in mind that ERC and triclabendazole play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of Fasciola hepatica treated by ERC in Russia.
Clinical and immunological peculiarity of acute Epstein-Barr virus infection in adults
Authors: Trisko A. A , Avdeeva Marina G. , Kolesnikova N. V
Published: April 2021

The goal - improving the quality of the diagnosis of acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) in adults on the basis of a comparative study of cytokine status in MI, acute tonsillitis and acute viral hepatitis. Materials and methods. We observed three groups of patients hospitalized in «Specialized Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory» in 2012-2014: 29 patients with myocardial infarction (group 1), 25 - with acute tonsillitis (group 2), 19 - with acute viral hepatitis (group 3) and the control group. The groups were matched by sex, age and severity of the disease. In the acute phase of the disease the level of cytokines IL-1a, IL-1β, RaIL-1, IL-4, INF-y in serum was studied by ELISA. Results. At the height of the infectious mononucleosis increased content of IL-1a, IL-1β and INF-y was observed. In acute viral hepatitis significant increase in IL-1β, a less pronounced increase in INF-y, and no increase in IL-1a were registered. Acute tonsillitis is characterized by no increase in IL-1a and smaller increase in INF-y, compared to infectious mononucleosis. Significant difference between infectious mononucleosis and acute tonsillitis was a considerable rise of IL-1a and INF-y in first case. Acute viral hepatitis differs from infectious mononucleosis with pronounced increase in IL-1β. Conclusion. Determined significant intergroup cytokine status differences in patients with infectious mononucleosis, acute tonsillitis, and acute viral hepatitis may be helpful as additional diagnostic criteria for well examined infections in adults.
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ebola at the present stage
Authors: Nikiforov V. V , Shakhmardanov M. Z
Published: April 2021

The disease being caused by the Ebola virus (Ebola virus disease - EVD, Ebola haemorrhagic fever) referred to the genus Ebolaviruses - is a viral haemorrhagic fever in human and other primates subjects. There is a reason to consider frugivorous bats - the inhabitants of the tropics as the natural reservoir of the virus. The transmission from person to person by airborne droplets has not been proved. Signs and symptoms of the disease usually begin during the period from two days to three weeks after infection with fever virus, from sore throat, muscle pains and headaches. Then there are affiliated vomiting, diarrhea, rash, disorder of the function of liver and kidneys. In many patients there are adhered the external and internal bleeding. The mortality rate in this disease varies between 25 and 90 percent, in average about 50 percent. The cause of the lethal outcome in most cases is toxic shock and/or hypovolemic dehydration shock, which occurs usually after six to sixteen days from the onset of the disease. Therapy is limited to a complex ofpathogenetic therapeutic measures, as there is no specific treatment. EVD vaccines are at the final stages of the delivery.
The role of genetic factors in the development of liver cirrhosis in viral hepatitis B/D
Authors: Khikmatullaeva Aziza S. , Musabaev E. I
Published: April 2021

In the article there is presented the influence of genetic variation in the IL28B gene on the risk of the development of liver cirrhosis and possibility offorecasting disease outcomes of HB/DV infected patients. The purpose of the research: Study of the influence of genetic variations in the IL28V gene on the risk of the development of liver cirrhosis and the ability to forecast the disease outcome of HB/DV infected patients. Materials and methods: For the assessment of the impact of IL28Brs8099917 SNP among the observed groups there was determined the genotype of rs8099917 in the IL28B locus TaqMan SNP by means of genotyping of 94 persons, including 72 patients with liver cirrhosis associated with HDV infection. For the comparison, there was taken a group of 22 patients with liver cirrhosis of HBV etiology. Results of executed studies have shown the distribution of genotypes in liver cirrhosis of HBV etiology to be differed considerably from liver cirrhosis of HDV etiology, as for rs8099917 TT genotype (P < 0.001) as well in rs8099917 TG genotype (P < 0.001). Traditional risk factors for the liver cirrhosis (sex, age, viral load, comorbidities) hardly influenced on the outcome of chronic viral hepatitides. Results ofperformed studies have shown the distribution of genotypes with liver cirrhosis induced by HDV to be significantly differed from the liver cirrhosis of HBV etiology, as well of TT genotype as TG genotype. Conclusion: Thus, the genetic analysis is a promising method for the non-invasive diagnosis of risk for development of liver cirrhosis.
Molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae - development of the algorithm for data analysis of whole genome sequencing
Authors: Vodop'yanov Aleksey S. , Pisanov R. V , Vodop'yanov S. O , Mishankin B. N , Oleynikov I. P , Kruglikov V. D , Titova S. V
Published: April 2021

The algorithm of the comparative analysis of genome-sequencing data on toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae, obtained on different technological platforms was developed. The algorithm includes the establishment of sampling and analysis of genomes and 1929 SNP, localized in the open reading frames. The result of the analysis of genome-sequencing indicates to the presence of several waves of importation of toxigenic strains into the territory of the Russian Federation. As noted relationship strains caused the epidemic process in 1994 in Dagestan and in the Ukraine, and they are clearly discriminated from strains isolated after 2000. The strains have caused epidemic complications in Dagestan in 1994, are distributed between three different clusters, which allows to suggest the presence of at least three independent drifts in cholera in the Republic ofDagestan during the epidemic in 1994, and the presence of strains from Bangladesh and Mozambique in these clusters may indicate to the possible origin of the source of infection. So the flash in 2001 in Kazan, probably is caused by a "Nepalese" strains. Recent events in Haiti epidemic were caused by strains of "Haitian Group", which in the same period of time often were isolated in our country but have not received distribution. In our opinion, the developed algorithm can be used to develop a single unified approach to the study of the molecular epidemiology of cholera in the Russian Federation.
Long-term clinical observation. viral hepatitis B: from diagnosis to treatment selection in different periods of illness
Authors: Poluektova Viktors B. , Volchkova E. V
Published: April 2021

Therapy for viral hepatitis B at the present stage depends on the stage of the disease, activity of the viral process, the extent of liver tissue fibrosis and concomitant pathological processes. The high level of liver cells fibrosis in combination with viral processes are known to promote the formation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Under our supervision over 5 years there is the patient with HBV infection and high levels of fibrosis: from the acute period ofdiseases till now. Performing long-term antiviral therapy allowed to significantly reduce the level offibrosis, however, despite the prolonged use of modern antivirals, we have twice watched ”viral breakthrough”, that necessitated stopping treatment.
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, emerging issues for the study
Authors: Nafeev Aleksandr A. , Sibaeva E. I , Khaysarova A. N
Published: April 2021

In the work results on morbidity rate of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in the Ulyanovsk region for 2003- 2013 129626 are presented with the use of the epidemiological method, for the establishment a causal relationship to the number and infection of rodents. The material presented shows that in addition to well-known classical criteria to exert its influence on the epidemic process in HFRS there are others, in particular an increasingly growing role of anthropogenic factors to be scrutiny in the system of epidemiological surveillance of the infection. We observe that results, taking into account the number of rodents and their infection by Hantavirus, not conclusively found for the last 11 years, are not decisive in the development of the epidemic process of HFRS in Ulyanovsk Region.
Clinical and epidemiological aspects malaria in Krasnodar territory
Authors: Morenets T. M , Isayeva Ye. B , Gorodin V. N , Avdeeva Marina G. , Grechanaya T. V
Published: April 2021

Objective: to define clinical, epidemiological and entomological characteristics of malaria in the Krasnodar Territory in 2001-2014. Materials and methods. The clinical and epidemiological aspects of malaria in 25 patients hospitalized in the regional clinical hospital for the period 2005-2014 were studied. A comparative analysis of the incidence of malaria was done, entomological indicators of malaria season in the region for pathogens vivax in the last 3 years were considered. Results and discussion. In the Krasnodar Territory malaria is imported mainly from Africa (68%), more than half of cases (54.2%) - local residents, Russian citizens. Foreign citizens (Africans, migrants from Tajikistan) amounted to 45.8%. Basically middle-aged (21-59 years) men (88%) are subjected, traveling abroad for professional purposes, the tourists among the cases amounted to 15.4%. The residence time in an endemic area ranged from 16 days to 24 months, with regular chemoprophylaxis absence in 80% of cases. Cases of imported malaria in were recorded mainly from May to September, which corresponds to the epidemiological season with a high risk of disease transmission. In the etiological structure of imported malaria Pl.falciparum (64%) prevailed, cases of Pl.vivax were 32%, in one case (4%) Pl.ovale was found. Reference clinical and epidemiological features of imported malaria were acute onset of high fever, chills, headache, general weakness with the presence of the majority of patients with hepato-splenic syndrome, thrombocytopenia, in half the cases at a tropical malaria dyspeptic symptoms with increasing theirfrequencies in parallel of the disease severity were observed. For timely diagnosis, in addition to knowledge of the main clinical symptoms and disease complications, of paramount importance was the identification and registration of epidemiological history (stay in endemic area), knowledge of the disease phases, the duration of the incubation period for different kinds of invasions and timely screening for malaria patients with fever of unknown origin. Conclusion. Epidemiological and entomological studies confirm the presence in Krasnodar Territory of high malariogenic potential with the duration of the epidemic season, the possible transfer of the three-day malaria from May to October. Retention of the threat of imported malaria requires necessary level of knowledge among doctors in the diagnosis and prevention of malaria and ensuring effective health care facilities with antimalarial drugs.
The actuality of the problem co-infection of HIV and tuberculosis in current epidemiological conditions
Authors: Chumachenko G. V , Babaeva Irina Yu. , Avdeeva M. G
Published: April 2021

The aim of the study. The analysis of clinical and epidemiological peculiarities of tuberculosis associated with HIV infection (TB+HIV), in the Tula region for 16 years from 1995 to 2012 to determine priority directions of the prevention and improvement of the quality of medical care. Materials and methods. There was executed the retrospective analysis of 818 inpatient medical records of TB+HIV patients and 645 outpatient medical cards (Tula regional antitubercular dispensary N1). Patients were observed and examined also in the Center for Prevention and Control ofAIDS and Infectious diseases. A study of HIV-associated TB was performed in 7 scientific and practical directions: clinical, radiological, immunological, microbiological, postmortem, statistical. Results and discussion. In the structure of TB+ HIV patients men (73.3%) prevailed, urban residents accounted for 76.76%, there is an increase in the dynamics of the proportion of women from 20.0% (2002) to 34.6% (2011), 83.38% ofpatients were aged of 21-40 years. Social portrait of the patient: the secondary (37.94%) or secondary special (32.65%) education and the lack of constant work (71.32%), 40.88% of the patients had previously been in prison. Two-thirds of patients (66.18%) were HIV infected due to the intravenous use of narcotics, however, during last 6 years of observation (from 2006 to 2012) the proportion of sexual transmission of HIV increased from 18.2% to 39.4%. The sexually transmitted HIV-infected cases most commonly occur in persons older than 41 years as well as in women. In most HIV cases TB appeared to be secondary infection, the average timespan between the onsets of these diseases was 6.3±2.77 years. In examined patients older 50 years HIV and tuberculosis were diagnosed simultaneously at the advanced stage of HIV infection. In 96.18% of cases (654 patients) tuberculosis had pulmonary localization, in most (67.1% of cases, 439patients) it was disseminated, including milliarytuberculosis, followed by infiltrative tuberculosis - 171 patients (26.1% ofpulmonary form cases). In long-term observation there was noted an increase in the proportion of infiltrative tuberculosis in the structure ofpulmonary forms. Conclusion. With taking in consideration the unfavorable epidemic situation, it is quite advisable to perform a comprehensive monitoring of social, medical and other factors, characterizing the patients suffered from TB associated with HIV infection.
The analysis of imported cases of dengue fever in Saint-Petersburg
Authors: Novak Kseniya E. , Esaulenko E. V , Fedunyak I. P , Dyachkov A. G
Published: April 2021

Aim of work Analysis of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of dengue fever in St. Petersburg in 2012-2015. Materials and methods. There were analyzed medical records of 43 patients hospitalized with dengue fever in S.P. Botkin Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital. In all cases the diagnosis of dengue fever was confirmed by ELISA. Results. At the prehospital stage the correct diagnosis ofdengue fever was established only in 1/5 ofpatients (n = 9). Among other patients 39.5% were hospitalized with the diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infection (n = 17), 9.3% (n = 4) - with pneumonia, 4.7% (n = 2) - with enterocolitis and the rest - with infectious mononucleosis, measles, rubella, sore throat, pseudotuberculosis and acute hepatitis. At admission the sound diagnosis of dengue fever was made only in quarter ofpatients (n = 11), in other 63% of cases there was made the diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infection, gastroenterocolitis and rubella in 4-7%, and viral hepatitis in 2,3% of a cases. On the threshold of the disease 76.7% (n=33) patients visited Thailand and Vietnam, 11.6% (n=5) - India, 4.7% (n=2) - Cuba. The clinical picture of the diseases was characterized by follows signs: fever (39.1 ± 0,60C° for 6.4 ± 16 days), in some cases - two-wave fever was registered, oropharyngeal hyperemia was seen in 69.8%, myalgia and arthralgia in 41.9% of cases, small-spotted or mottled-papular rash was observed in half of the patients, 7% ofpatients had a hemorrhagic component of a rush. Polylymphoadenopathy was registered in 48.8%, hepatomegaly in 46.5% and splenomegaly in 18.6% of patients. Laboratory data showed leukopenia - in 67%, (3.5 ± 1,3•109/l), thrombocytopenia - in 70% (140 ± 58,3•109/l), increased ALT activity (72,2 ± 62,9 U/l; max - 247 U/l) and AST (73.3 ± 55.5 U/l; max - 225 U/l) in the half of the cases. Conclusion. The course of dengue fever on the territory of St. Petersburg in 2012 - 2015 was characterized by typical clinical and laboratory symptoms, but the lack of epidemiological alertfor imported infections becomes an obstacle for timely diagnosis of the disease and gives trouble to make the choice of the right tactics of treatment.
COMPARISON OF THE APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC «ELISA-IGM-DENGUE» KIT, DELIVERED IN THE D.I. IVANOVSKY INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY (MOSCOW, RUSSIAN FEDERATION) AND «ANTI-DENGUE VIRUS ELISA IGM» KIT (EUROIMMUN, GERMANY) FOR THE SERODIAGNOSIS OF DENGUE FEVER
Authors: Akinshina Yu. A , Larichev V. F , Saifullin M. A , Mardanly S. G , Butenko A. M
Published: April 2021

88 sera from patients with dengue fever were examined with the use of two test systems: Pilot Production kit «ELISA- IgM-dengue», delivered in the D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology (Russian Federation) and. All 88 samples were positive for specific IgM in «ELISA-IgM-dengue», but 8 cases examined with the test kit «Anti-Dengue virus ELISA (IgM)» (Euroimmun, Germany) appeared to be negative. The ratio between the titers of anti-dengue IgM determined in patients’ blood samples by "ELISA-IgM-dengue" and «Ratio» (index, recommended by the company «Euroimmun» for differentiation of positive, equivocal or negative results, was evaluated. 53 blood sample containing M antibodies to cytomegalovirus (n = 43), Epstein-Barr virus (n = 6), herpes simplex virus (n = 2) and rubella virus (n = 2) were tested by both ELISA kits to compare their specificity. When «ELISA- IgM-dengue» kits were applied all observed samples were negative, but under the application of the «Anti-Dengue virus ELISA (IgM)» kit (Euroimmun, Germany) 17 samples (32.1%) were false positive or equivocal.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE O1 EL TOR ISOLATED ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2006-2015
Authors: Egiazaryan L. A , Selyanskaya N. A , Zakharova I. B , Podshivalova M. V , Bereznyak E. A , Verkina L. M , Trishina A. V
Published: April 2021

Aim of the study. The analysis of antibiotic resistance and molecular mechanisms of the persistence of Vibrio cholerae О1 El Tor strains, isolated from patients and environmental objects on the territory of the Russian Federation in 2006-2015. Material and Methods. The susceptibility of 34 V. cholerae El Tor strains to 13 antibacterial drugs was determined by the method of serial dilutions in a rich culture medium (Instructional Guidelines (МUК) 4.2.2495-09). Results. The strains showed resistance to 1-5 antibiotics (levomicetin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, furazolidone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) and harbored SXT-element with antibiotic resistance genes. The emergence of quinolone resistance in V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains with accompanying multiple drug resistance limits the choice for drugs for etiotropic therapy and aggravates the possibility of unfavourable cholera outcome.
CLINICO-LABORATORY INDICES CHARACTERIZING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CHICKENPOX PATIENTS
Authors: Kalinina Yu. S , Savchenko A. A , Kudryavtsev I. V , Tikhonova Elena P. , Borisov A. G
Published: April 2021

The aim of the study was the evaluation of the function of the immune system in chicken pox patients based on clinical and laboratory data. There were examined 75 patients. The study on phenotypic composition of cells in innate immunity was executed with the method of flow cytometry. A detailed study of the immune system in chickenpox patients revealed the alteration in the composition of the subpopulation of T-lymphocytes, with declining populations of T-helper cells, namely, the lowering of relative and absolute number of CD3+ CD4+ and an increase in the relative number of CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes, which is indicative of immunosuppression. No changes according to the number of NK cells, which must actively respond to viral infection (the final stage of activation of cell growth with an increase in their number in peripheral blood). The absence of their increase is indicative of the irresponsive immunity in chickenpox patients
THREAT OF TYPHUS EPIDEMICS IN THE VORONEZH REGION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1942-1944)
Authors: Esaulenko I. E , Markova Svetlana V.
Published: April 2021

The article describes the threat of typhus epidemics in the area due to the fascist occupation in the Voronezh Region during the Great Patriotic War. The authors present the facts concerning attempts of civil and military healthcare to eliminate the threat of the epidemics among the civilian population and the Red Army soldiers.
THE AGE STRUCTURE OF THE MORBIDITY RATE OF HIV INFECTIONS ASSOCIATING WITH TUBERCULOSIS AND ITS CHANGES OVER LAST YEARS
Authors: Sarmometov E. V , Sergevnin Viktor I. , Shmagin D. V
Published: April 2021

The age structure of the morbidity rate of HIV infections` and HIV-infection associating with tuberculosis among population of the Perm Region from 2005 to 2014 was studied. In recent years the incidence rate of these infections was noticed to be redistributed towards the older age groups. The average age of cases has increased from 27.0 and 25.4 years in 2005 to 34.1 and 32.5 years in 2014. The hypotheses explaining changes in the age structure of epidemic processes of the studied infections were formulated.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THIOL-DISULFIDE UNIT OF THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN THE ACUTE BACTERIAL DYSENTERY IN THE FORECAST OF THE COURSE AND THE SELECTION OF THE TREATMENT REGIMEN
Authors: Tagirova Zarema G.
Published: April 2021

The goal was to optimize the treatment of shigellosis patients on the basis of an evaluation of the functional state of the thiol-disulfide unit of the antioxidant system (AOS) on a background of various treatment methods. Materials and methods. 400 patients with acute bacterial dysentery of varying severity of the course were observed; Shigella Flexner was isolated in 324(81%) cases, Shigella Sonne - in 76(19%) cases. The determination of sulfhydryl (SH-) groups and disulfide bonds (SS-) was carried out by the direct and reverse amperometric titration with the use of silver nitrate and unithiol in hemolysate. Three groups separated by random sampling were considered. In group I (122 patients), basic therapy was prescribed, including etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment. In group II (134 patients), pathogenetic treatment was prescribed in the combination with a complex of natural cytokines and antimicrobial peptides secreted by pig peripheral blood leukocytesa (»superlimph» preparation). In the third group (144 patients), the drug «superlimph» was prescribed along with etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment. Results. In acute bacterial dysentery disturbances of the redox balance were established to be correlated with the severity of the course in the form of a significant decrease in the level of SH-groups and the thiol-disulfide coefficient on the background of an increase in the level of SS-groups, which indicates to a decrease in the buffer capacity of the AOS. These data can serve as predictors of the nature of the course of dysentery. Comparative clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of various treatment methods revealed the most pronounced in severe disease advantages of complex therapy, including a combination of basic etiotropic, pathogenetic treatment with a complex of natural cytokines and antimicrobial peptides («superlimph»). Conclusion. The change in the ratio of oxidative processes to AOS occurs at any severity of dysentery, but in severe cases these changes acquire a qualitative character. In the survey standards for bacterial dysentery there is recommended to include the determination of indices of the thiol-disulfide unit, as an additional criterion for the severity of the course and the prognosis of the course of the disease. Exceeding the concentration of SS-groups of the concentration of SH-groups and the inversion of the thiol-disulfide coefficient as markers of the breakdown in AOS seem to be prognostically unfavorable factor. The severe course of acute bacterial dysentery is an indication for inclusion of antioxidant agents in the therapeutic complex. Based on the mechanism of revealed abnormalities in AOS, the use of a complex of natural cytokines and antimicrobial peptides («superlimph») can be considered as an immunocorrecting drug.
INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF PERENNIAL AND ANNUAL DYNAMICS OF THE INCIDENCE OF HEPATITIS A AND SHIGELLOSIS
Authors: Yakovlev A. A , Chekunina S. N
Published: April 2021

In epidemiology, traditionally it is accepted to separately consider the epidemic process of specific infections. However, in the human population at the same time many pathogens circulate and cause disease in people. The question remains to be open: does every epidemic process in the each case occurs as alone or being interconnected with the epidemic process of other infectious diseases? The implementation of the integration method in the study of the spread of causal pathogens with similar transmission mechanism contributes to a more objective conclusion on this issue. The purpose of the research is a comparative epidemiological estimation of the long-term and annual dynamics of the morbidity rate of hepatitis A (HA), shigellosis Sonnei and Flexneri. Materials and methods.There were used data of the official accounting of the incidence of hepatitis A and shigellosis Sonnei and Flexneri in the total population of the Primorsky territory for 1986-2014. The treatment of obtained results was carried out with the use of techniques of epidemiological diagnosis, conventional statistical methods and computer applications Microsoft Excel 2010. Results. The obtained results showed the long-term prevalence rate of hepatitis to be in the opposite phase as the prevalence rate of shigellosis Flexneri, and Sonnei. The periods and maximums in the annual dynamics of the incidence of specified infections also did not coincide. Conclusion. Epidemiс process of these infections develops autonomously. However, its autonomy is relative and possibly is implemented through evolutionary established of integrative and competitive interrelationships between the agents.
FREQUENCY OF DETECTION OF LPS O-ANTIGENS OF DIFFERENT CAUSATIVE AGENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASES
Authors: Belaia O. F , Paevskaya O. A , Zuevskaya S. N , Korogodskaia E. G , Umbetova K. T , Volchkova E. V , Pak S. G
Published: April 2021

The aim is to determine the frequency and dynamics of detection of specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigens LPS/O-antigens of causative agents in hospitalized diarrhea patients. Materials and methods. A total of 146 hospitalized diarrhea patients were examined with the use of an immunological method of the reaction of coagglutination (RCA) for the presence of LPS O-antigens of Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter in feces as markers of major intestinal infections pathogens. The control group was consisted of 40 blood donors. Results. In acute diarrhea patients there was detected the predominance of Yersinia and Salmonella LPS O-antigens over Shigella and Campylobacter; the high frequency of intestinal bacterial mixt-infection in total (68%), as well as elevated rate incidence of Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia antigens in mixt-infections in comparison with those in monoinfections (24%). The total O-antigen "load" in patients with mixt-infection was 3 times higher than in patients with monoinfections; with the increasing of LPS/O-antigen "load" the rate of Salmonella inoculation declines. Conclusion. Under the same severity of the clinical course of the disease, the decline of Salmonella inoculation rate in cases of high antigenic "load" may indicate to the presence of the phenomenon of summation of toxic effects of LPS O-antigens when the concentration of each pathogen in the feces is insufficient (for inoculation) for bacteriological examination.
THERAPY OF RECURRENT HEPATITIS C AFTER TRANSPLANTATION OF THE LIVER WITH DIRECT ACTING ANTI-HEPATITIS C VIRUS DRUGS: EXPERIENCE OF THREE RUSSIAN CENTERS
Authors: Syutkin Vladimir E. , Bessonova E. N , Davydenko M. N
Published: April 2021

The results of a retrospective analysis of the experience of three Russian regional liver transplantation centers in relation to antiviral therapy of recurrent hepatitis C in liver recipients are presented. There were studied six different therapeutic schedules with direct antiviral drugs (DAVD) administered in 91 patients. The frequency of the persistent virologic response in 12 weeks after the completion of therapy (PVR12) amounted to 92.3%. In recipients, the use of a combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir seems to be the most promising as following its administration relapses observed in only 3 out of the 57 recipients were associated with drug resistance mutations to NS5A inhibitors. There were no serious adverse events related to the use of DAVD. The frequency of the reactivation of HBV infection against the background of DAVD therapy in liver recipients did not exceed the previously reported frequency of de novo hepatitis B in non-endemic regions. In recurrent hepatitis C patients after the liver transplantation effects of both the virus genotype, the pronouncement of graft fibrosis and the addition of ribavirin, on the frequency of SVO12 have not been revealed.
FEATURES OF THE MECHANISMS OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV: VERBAL COMMUNICATION RESEARCH
Authors: Malinovsky Andrey A. , Kharchenko V. I , Bessarab T. P , Gerasimov I. V , Serebryakov E. M , Khalilulin T. R
Published: April 2021

The aim of the study is to assess the features of the formation and implementation of the risks of HIV infection in the city of Moscow, taking into account the gender, type of contact, number of partners, sexual activity, information on the use of barrier protection means. To develop proposals for raising awareness of key (vulnerable) groups of the population. Materials and methods. A survey study involved 329 patients who were on the primary admission to the AIDS Moscow Municipal Center. Four groups of observation, separated by gender and HIV status, were selected. On the base of absolute values, the relative indices for each studied sigh were calculated, the errors in the representativeness of the relative indices were determined, the reliability of the differences in relative values was estimated, the probability of an error-free forecast was assumed to be equal to or greater than 95% (p ≥ 95%). Results and discussion There is established the high prevalence and significant role of anal intercourses (AIC) in the transmission of HIV infection to both men and women among the residents of the metropolitan region along with the lack of awareness of the potential risks of this form of sexual contact in the transmission of HIV infection. The low frequency of condom use by men practicing the AIC has been revealed. The preventive effect of control by women on the use of condoms by their partners has been confirmed. Conclusion As the main tasks to optimize preventive measures for HIV infection, it is necessary to consider informing key (vulnerable) population groups of the base of women's consultations and medical organizations of the dermatovenerologic profile concerning the potential danger of the AIC and the preventive value of barrier protection.
THE PATIENT HAS LISTERIOSIS MENINGITIS AT 33-34 WEEKS OF PREGNANCY. THEMULTIDISCIPLINARY SOLUTION
Authors: Sozaeva Larisa G. , Tetova V. B , Kuznetsov R. E , Samorukov V. Y , Tumgoeva L. B , Mass E. E
Published: April 2021

In connection both with the continuing prevalence of the listeriosis disease, and polymorphism of clinical manifestations, as well as the high lethality rate, it is necessary to better understand this problem. Listeriosis infection often affects patients with the weakened immunity, the elderly persons, pregnant women, and newborns. In particular, in pregnant women, the risk of infection with listeriosis is 18 times higher than in the general population. This feature is due to cell-mediated immune suppression in pregnant women and placental tropism of the causative agent of listeriosis L. monocytogenes. The problem of listeriosis during pregnancy includes the maternal, fetal and neonatal disease. Listeriosis in a pregnant woman is usually characterized by a sharp onset, rapid development, and a high incidence, and often it does not take much trouble. Along with this, there are cases of asymptomatic, complicated and atypical variants of the disease, which requires a high degree of clinical awareness of various specialists and the implementation of adequate screening. Fetal listeriosis is characterized by the high mortality rate amounting to up 25-35%, depending on the gestational age at the time of the onset of infection. Clinical manifestations of listeriosis in newborn infants depend on the time and pathway of infection (antenatal or intranatal infection). Neonatal listeriosis can manifest as sepsis or meningitis with severe consequences and high mortality rate (up to 20%). The appropriate treatment of maternal listeriosis is aimed at preventing the fetal disease, it also has important therapeutic value for newborn babies. The empirical use of antibiotics may appear to be ineffective for listeria. Amoxicillin or ampicillin are at the first line of the treatment in pregnant women, alone or in the combination with gentamycin, followed by trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole. The aim of the work is to summarize the available knowledge about the problem of listeriosis, including the features of the course of the disease during pregnancy, with presenting the example of a clinical case. The article reports a clinical case demonstrating the clinical problem of listeriogenic meningitis in a pregnant woman aged 35 years. Data showing different treatment strategies are also presented.
LIVER PATHOLOGY MANIFESTATIONS BY OPISTHORCHIASIS, DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION
Authors: Karbysheva Nina V. , Bobrovskiy E. A , Saldan I. P , Volchkova E. V , Nikonorova M. A , Nemilostiva E. A
Published: April 2021

Research objective: identification of the nature of liver damage in residents of endemic territory with a chronic phase of opisthorchiasis. In 273 patients with chronic phase of opisthorchiasis, by the absence of markers of viral, autoimmune hepatitis and aggravating factors (drug and alcoholic nature) and duration of invasion for at least five years, there were revealed pronounced pathomorphological changes of cytolytic syndrome (40,3%) to liver fibrosis (2,6 %) and carcinogenesis (1,1%). The nature of the pathology (according to ultrasound, computed tomography, liver biopsy) indicated the development of steatosis and steatohepatitis (in 42,9% and 8,8% of cases observed, respectively) with hepatomegaly (57,5%) and disorders of pigment metabolism in 19,4% of patients. In 15,7%, hyperbilirubinemia with predominance of the indirect fraction was a manifestation of Gilbert’s syndrome. The presented data should be taken into account when conducting differential diagnosis, etiological interpretation of liver pathology in the group of unspecified hepatitis and cirrhosis for timely diagnosis of opisthorchiasis, complete dehelminthization and prevention of development of adverse outcomes in such patients.
PROBLEMS OF TREATMENT OF TOXIC HEPATITIS ON THE BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC VIRAL LESION OF HCV-ETIOLOGY. CLINICAL EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL THERAPY
Authors: Avdeeva Marina G. , Kulbuzheva M. I , Kolod’ko Ye. I , Chernikova N. V , Zapashnyaya O. V
Published: April 2021

Epidemiological and clinical-laboratory features of the course of drug-induced and viral liver damage are considered. Clinical observation of severe toxic liver damage in a patient suffering from chronic viral hepatitis “C” is given. The authors share the experience of successful therapy.
Questions of forensic science and radiology on live births and stillbirths: cases from expert practice
Authors: Klevno Vladimir A. , Chumakova Yulia V. , Dubrova Sofia E. , Muranova Natalia S. , Popova Olga M.
Published: April 2021

Background: The article discusses the criteria, forensic and radiological life tests, difficulties in assessing the results of live births and stillbirths. It also dives into the history of the development of X-ray, including pre-sectional examination of newborn corpses. Two cases of newborn corpses that were subjected to pre-sectional computed tomography (CT) are presented. Case presentation: Case no. 1: Examination of a newborn corpse found in a cardboard box on the unheated terrace of a private house after a secret self-birth. Case no. 2: Examination of the corpse of an infant with massive injuries and the division of the body into two fragments, found on a sorting tape in the premises of a waste sorting shop. Conclusion: Postmortem CT of newborn corpses was an evidence-based and visual addition to the traditional forensic medical study. This helped determine the maturity of fetuses even at the pre-dissection stage to identify injuries and anatomical variants of the structure, to refute the presence of congenital deformities, and to establish and record evidence-based CT signs of live birth and stillbirth.