bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of school gardens on student salad selection: a pilot study (808.12)
Authors: Hanks Andrew , Wansink Brian , Just David
Published: June 2021

Objective: With concerns about childhood obesity and the lack of vegetable among children, many have suggested introducing school gardens to draw students toward vegetable consumption. This pilot study examines the influence that preparing school lunch salads with leafy greens from a school grown garden has on vegetable consumption.

Methods: A high school teacher in a small North Western New York community agreed to plant and maintain the garden with students in his class. The greens were ready to harvest in spring, 2012, and were added to the standard lunch salad on a pre‐determined date. Salad selection data were gathered for 370 high school students and compared on days when the salad bar did or did not contain greens from the school garden. To eliminate unobserved variation due to menu offerings, data were collected on three days during which pasta was served as the main dish in the cafeteria. Standard salads were served on two of the days and on the third observation day, garden greens were served with the salad. During the lunch hour, promotional materials_announcements and signs posted throughout the cafeteria_advertised that the salads served that day would include leafy greens from the school garden.

Results: When salads contained garden grown leafy greens, the percentage of students taking salad increased from 2% to 10% (p<0.001), a 400% increase.

Conclusions: Including leafy greens from School gardens can lead to an increase in salad selection. This is feasible in locations with shorter growing seasons. Additional interventions can be implemented encourage consumption of these nutritious foods.
Examination of the knowledge and consumption of fruits and vegetables of 7‐11 year old children at the Boys & Girls Club (808.15)
Authors: Drake Elizabeth , Gonzales Dana , Crook Tina , Hakkak Reza
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of childhood obesity has continued to rise in US over the past decade. The purpose of the study was to determine if the CATCH Kids Club (CKC) nutrition and physical activity program was effective in changing knowledge, and consumption of fruits and vegetables. The subjects in the study were 7‐11 year olds who attend the Boys and Girls Club. 43 children (33 boys and 10 girls) participated in the CKC intervention at the Boys & Girls Club. The results revealed improved knowledge of the intake of fruits and vegetables. The results also showed increased consumption of fruits and vegetables from pre‐intervention to post‐intervention. Over a two month period, the implementation of the CKC Program proved to be successful in increasing the amount of fruits and vegetables consumed by the students who participated. More evaluation of the CKC Program in similar environments (short or long‐term) could be beneficial to increase knowledge and health of our young school‐age children.
Evaluation of behavior changes in physical activity after implementation of CATCH Kids Club (808.3)
Authors: Norman Laura , Gonzales Dana , Crook Tina , Hakkak Reza
Published: June 2021

After school programs incorporating nutrition and physical activity may help combat the issue of childhood and adolescent obesity. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and behaviors of physical activity, before and after the implementation of CATCH Kids Club (CKC) among 7‐11 year olds attending the Boys and Girls Club in central Arkansas. Students’ knowledge and behaviors of nutrition and physical activity practices were assessed. Pre‐test were administered before the students participated in nutrition and physical activity lessons and a post‐test was completed following the lessons. The study population consisted of forty‐three 7‐11 year olds who attend after‐school care at a Boys and Girls Club in central Arkansas. The comparison of pre‐tests and post‐tests was conducted by using paired t‐tests and descriptive statistics. There was a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in hours spent watching weekend TV or videos (pre‐test 3.21±1.34, post‐test 2.91±1.23) and the likelihood to exercise and keep moving in the after school program (pre‐test 2.14±0.94, post‐test 2.44±0.80). Our results suggest that the CKC Program is effective and could be considered for further research. It was easy to implement and produced positive results of decreasing hours watching weekend TV shows or videos and increasing the likelihood of exercise and movement in the afterschool setting.
Caregiver’s feeding styles questionnaire ő new factors and correlates (808.4)
Authors: Kimble Ashley , Hubbs‐Tait Laura , Hayes Jenna , Sigman‐Grant Madeleine , Jahns Lisa , Dickin Katherine , Idris Rafida , Mobley Amy
Published: June 2021

Study objectives were to conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of Caregiver’s Feeding Styles Questionnaire (CFSQ) and evaluate correlations between factors and maternal feeding practices, attitudes, and perceptions. Mothers (N = 144) were 43% minority race/ethnicity, 24% full‐time employed, 54% married, and 100% low income; children were < age 6 (51% male). EFA and reliability analyses revealed a 3‐factor solution: an 8‐item “extrinsic motivation” factor (α = .86) that included food and non‐food rewards and removing food and non‐food items; a 3‐item “positive food talk” factor (α = .66) that included asking questions about food, complimenting the child about eating, and making positive comments; and a 4‐item “feeding power assertion” (α = .68) factor that included physically struggling with child, spoonfeeding, and telling child to hurry. “Feeding power assertion” was correlated with concern about overweight, r = .25; perception of child weight, r = ‐.19; and modeling healthy eating, r = ‐.22; all ps < .05. “Extrinsic motivation” was related only to perception of child weight, r = ‐.27, p=.001. “Positive food talk” was related to overt and covert control, r = .31 and .20, and modeling of healthy eating, r = .18, all ps < .05. Results support previous findings on CFSQ and extend them by identifying the promotion of positive parent‐child conversations about feeding as a potential target for child obesity prevention.
Dietary supplementation of sulforaphane improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in middle‐aged obese mice (809.4)
Authors: Luo Jing , Suh Kyung‐Shin , Liu Dongmin
Published: June 2021

Obesity and diabetes are growing health problems world‐wide. In this study, we tested whether sulforaphane, a compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, has anti‐diabetic action using animal model. One year old male mice were fed either a high‐fat diet (FHD) or HFD supplemented with sulforaphane (0.3 g/kg diet) for 7 weeks. We found that dietary provision of sulforaphane greatly improved fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice fed HFD. Sulforaphane treatment had no effect on body weight gain or body composition of obese mice. In addition, body temperature, energy expenditure, or cage activity of mice were not altered by sulforaphane treatment. These data for the first time suggest that sulforaphane may be a potent natural compound for preventing the development of insulin resistance and diabetes in old adult mice.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by grants from the NCCAM of NIH (R01AT007077) and ADA Basic Research Award
Dietary patterns are associated with obesity among Canadian adults (810.14)
Authors: Jessri Mahsa , Lou Wendy , Corey Paul , L'Abbe Mary
Published: June 2021

Dietary factors are major contributors to the recent rise in the obesity epidemic. Since foods are consumed in combination, separating the effects of single foods is difficult in observational studies. One possible solution is to derive dietary patterns using data‐reduction techniques. The aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns and their association with obesity among Canadians.

Dietary recalls from 11,533 adults in Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 2.2) were used. Partial Least Squares analysis was applied to derive dietary patterns using 32 food groups, specifying five obesity‐related nutrients as response variables (fiber, polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio, calcium, cholesterol, fat). Bootstrap method was used to estimate p‐values, confidence intervals (CI), and coefficients of variations. Five dietary patterns were extracted, explaining 61% of response variation: “Western”, “low‐fiber”, “low‐dairy”, “egg” and “low‐processed”. Being in the fourth quartiles of “Western” and “low‐fiber” pattern scores increased the obesity risk by 1.89 (CI:1.4, 2.6) and 1.37 (CI:1.1, 1.7) times respectively, compared to the first quartile (P‐Trend=0.02). Having moderate scores for “egg” and “low‐processed” patterns was associated with 20‐25% reduction in obesity (P‐Trend=0.03). These findings support the benefits of low energy‐dense diets in prevention of obesity in Canadian adults.

Grant Funding Source: CCO/CIHR Grant in Population Intervention for Chronic Disease Prevention;Vanier Graduate Scholarship
Approach to determine nutrient contributions from milk consumption by Americans aged 2+ using NHANES 2007‐2010 (810.21)
Authors: Auestad Nancy , Cifelli Christopher , Agarwal Sanjiv , Fulgoni Victor
Published: June 2021

National dietary surveillance data collected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Education Survey (NHANES) provides a way to examine the contribution of different foods and food groups to nutrient intakes in the U.S. population. The USDA recently developed the Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED) to better align with the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The goal of this project was to examine nutrient intakes from milk in Americans aged 2 and over. Data from the dietary component of the 2007‐2008 and 2009‐2010 NHANES were used, and nutrient intakes from milk (whole, reduced‐fat, low‐fat, fat‐free) were determined using the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26, and weighted averages of milk intake based on NHANES consumption data. Approximately 70% percent of milk was consumed as milk with the rest as part of mixed dishes. Total milk consumption contributed only 5.5% of total calories, but a substantial amount of several nutrients: 56.3% of vitamin D, 27.5% of calcium, 21.1% of vitamin B12, 20.2% of vitamin A, 19.3% of riboflavin, 15.8% of phosphorus, 12.8% of potassium, 9.5% of protein, 8.8% of magnesium, 3.0% of sodium, and 9.5% of saturated fat. These results show that milk consumption continues to be an important source of nutrients in the U.S. diet, including calcium, vitamin D, and potassium which are nutrients Americans are encouraged to increase.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Dairy Research Institute
Whole grain consumption and associations with body weight measures in the United States: results from NHANES 2009‐10 and the new USDA Food Patterns Equivalents Database (810.23)
Authors: Albertson Ann , Joshi Nandan
Published: June 2021

National estimates of whole grain (WG) intake in the United States, dietary sources of WG, and the relationship between WG and body measures for children and adults were examined. Dietary data from the NHANES 2009‐10 were linked to the new USDA Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED). Mean daily whole grain (WG) intake, percent below recommendations, and major food sources were identified for children 6‐18 years (n=2263) and adults 19+ years (n=5820). These populations were classified into groups based on their average WG intake: 0 oz eq/d, > 0 & <1 oz eq/d, & >1 oz eq/d. Within these classifications, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and percent overweight/obese (OW/OB) were identified. Regression and logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between these dependent variables and WG. On average, children and adults consumed 0.61 and 0.84 serving of WG/d, respectively. Less than 1% and 4.5% percent of children and adults, respectively, met WG recommendations. Yeast breads and RTE cereals were the leading source of WG for both children and adults. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant, inverse relationship between BMI and WC with respect to WG intake after adjustment for covariates (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant inverse relationship between %OW/OB and WG consumption for adults (p=0.019). Consumption of whole‐grain foods by U.S. children and adults remains well below the recommended level. These data suggest that increased WG consumption is associated with a healthier body weight in children and adults.
Ten‐year trend in nutrient intakes among different breakfast habits of children and teenagers (810.4)
Authors: Miller Kevin , Fulgoni Victor
Published: June 2021

The higher than desired prevalence of breakfast skipping reinforces the need to highlight the nutritional benefits of breakfast, especially among children and adolescents. This study evaluated recent and ten‐year intake trends by breakfast habits in children (2‐5, 6‐12, and 13‐17y). NHANES 2001‐2010 data were used to calculate adjusted means and usual nutrient intakes (NCI method) using SAS 9.2 and SUDAAN 11. Breakfast skipping (BSK) increased with age from children (2‐5y), adolescents (6‐12y) to teens (13‐17y) from 6.3, 14.6, and 28.1%, respectively. The gaps between reported intake and EAR/AI were greater for teenagers than 2‐5 or 6‐12 y/o children and included fiber, vitamin D, Ca, K (nutrients of concern in 2010 DGA), vitamins A, B1, E, K and Mg. BSK exacerbated nutrient intake shortfalls placing teens at elevated nutritional risk. Within breakfast consumers (BC), ready‐to‐eat cereal (RTEC) consumers 2‐5, 6‐12 and 13‐17 y/o reported significantly higher nutrient intakes for 11, 14, and 12 vitamins and minerals, respectively. Over the decade (2001‐2010), a positive trend for higher diet quality (HEI‐2005) was observed in the groups consuming RTEC. In addition, fiber intake trends by RTEC consumers 2‐5y and 13‐17y improved while BSK showed no improvement during the period for any age group. Compared to BSK, RTEC consumption was also associated with greater intake of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn and vitamins A, folate, C and D.

Grant Funding Source: Funding by Kellogg Company
Intermittent availability of sugar‐sweetened beverages induces different reactions in mice sensitive or resistant to diet‐induced obesity (811.1)
Authors: Soto Marion , Mauduit Charles‐David , Chaumontet Catherine , Even Patrick , Fromentin Gilles , Tomé Daniel
Published: June 2021

Sensitivity to obesity is highly variable in humans, and mice fed high caloric diets are used as a model of this heterogeneity. We hypothesised that obesity‐associated metabolic abnormalities due to long‐term consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) were greater for mice sensitive to obesity induced by a high caloric diet.

180 male C57BL/6 mice were fed a western diet (WD) for 3 weeks. The 45 obesity prone (OP) mice (those with the greatest weight gain) and the 45 obesity resistant (OR) mice (lowest weight gain), were retained and each divided into 3 groups (n=15/group) with access to WD plus either: i) water for 16 weeks, ii) water and SSB‐2h (12.6% w/v sucrose in water, random 2h period a day, random 5 days per week) for 16 weeks, or iii) water and SSB‐2h for 8 weeks, then access to only water for 8 weeks.

SSB consumption led to increased fat mass for both OP and OR mice, without increasing total caloric intake. OP mice with access to SSB had a greater body weight gain and adiposity, food efficiency, increased hepatic lipid accumulation, and developed insulin resistance. Results from group (iii) show that most effects were at least partly reversible.

Our study demonstrates that time‐limited and random access to SSB for 16 weeks has metabolic consequences that are greater for OP mice. Quantification of genes involved in lipid metabolism, insulin signaling and central satiety pathways will allow us to understand their origins.
Relationships between physical activity, food choice, gender, and BMI in Southern California teenagers (811.11)
Authors: Fuller Shiloah , Levy Susan , Dehamer Rebecca , Hong Mee Young
Published: June 2021

More than one third of the adolescent and child population is overweight or obese. It is critical to determine the major underlying causes and how to remedy them to prevent the onset of obesity related diseases. The goal of this survey was to determine the relationship between physical activity (PA), BMI, and food choices in adolescent males and females. One thousand eighty one Southern California teenagers between the ages of 13 and 18 were surveyed. Sugary beverage consumption was significantly higher for over weight (OW) teens reporting higher (PA), but significantly lower for normal BMI teens reporting higher PA (P<0.05). Regardless of BMI, those reporting higher PA reported higher vegetable intake (P<0.05). OW teens reported significantly higher fruit intake regardless of PA level (P<0.05). Increased dairy consumption was reported in OW teens, as well as in those with higher PA levels (P<0.005). Protein and legume consumption was higher in the OW groups (P<0.05), regardless of PA. Males reported significantly more PA than females (P<0.001), but no significant gender differences in BMI were detected. Female BMIs were negatively correlated with reported PA (P<0.005). Both male and female OW teens reported significantly higher intakes of sugary and higher fat foods, regardless of PA level, leading us to believe that food intake has more of an effect on BMI than PA.

Grant Funding Source: SDSU Nutr 302L
Review on mobile phone applications in weight management interventions (811.29)
Authors: Meng Yu , Wong Siew Sun
Published: June 2021

During the past 5 years, mobile technology gained more researchers’ attentions for its strong capabilities and potential usability in weight management interventions. This review summarizes the applications of mobile phone from over 30 literatures and interventions. In nutrition and physical activity interventions, mobile phones were most frequently used for participants to: 1) receive daily/weekly communications; 2) tract physical activities and daily food and calorie consumption; and 3) use mobile phone games to promote healthy behaviors. The most common features of mobile phones were texting, Global Positioning System (GPS) and health and wellness apps. Studies using mobile phone as a major intervention tool had relatively shorter duration (1‐4 wk), smaller sample size (n=8‐30), but had more significant findings than those that only used mobile phone to communication such as weekly text or email. The main reason of this difference, which is also the most challenging part of using phone apps as major intervention, is that the interest attenuates rapidly during the studies. Best practices found were: 1) keep usage motivation high by integrating features that are interactive, exciting, joyful, and lively; 2) provide both positive and negative feedback; ; and 3) use corrective and celebratory techniques in health games on phone.

Grant Funding Source: PacificSource Healthcare
Summer camp participants in rural Arkansas ő dietary and lifestyle findings (811.9)
Authors: Champagne Catherine , Shapiro Meredith , McCabe‐Sellers Beverly , Allen H. , Bogle Margaret , Johnson William
Published: June 2021

The epidemic of obesity and health risks for children affect those in rural as well as urban areas. Nutrition education efforts in the rural Delta during 2007‐2010 involved a partnership between the Delta Obesity Research Prevention Unit (DOPRU) and Phillips County, Arkansas to bring a summer camp program to this impoverished area. Camp included access to food and focused on nutrition, physical activity, and social/behavioral sessions conducted by DOPRU trained student interns. Dietary intake and physical activity data were collected at beginning and end of camp. Over the course of the 4‐year period, 483 children participated (39% male) with a mean age of 9 (age range 5‐14 years). Approximately 37% were classified as either overweight or obese. While improvements in diet were seen during the camp as a result of exposure to fruits and vegetables and whole grains, 24‐hr recalls only showed a trend for increased vitamin C (49mg to 65mg) and decreased sodium (3236mg to 2723mg) from baseline to end of camp (p=.10 and p=.09, respectively). In 2009‐2010, magnesium intake increased from 136mg at baseline to 182mg by camp end (p=.01). There were few changes in physical activity, and notably more than 60% of children reported having a television set in their bedroom, a high percentage given that this is a high poverty area. Despite small changes with positive results, Delta children continue to have poor nutrient intakes and engage in fairly sedentary activities. Interventions to increase awareness of healthy diets which include family participation are desperately needed, along with efforts to increase physical activity.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA/ARS 6251 5100 008 00D
Desk Jockey: a device to increase non‐exercise activity thermogenesis in adults (812.1)
Authors: Tang Jiangqi , Scarchilli Michael , Yeh Yu‐lyu , Singh Jaipal , Jen Kai‐Lin Catherine
Published: June 2021

Desk Jockey: A Device to Increase Non‐exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) in Adults Jiangqi Tang1, Michael Scarchilli2, Yu‐lyu Yeh1, Jaipal Singh1, K‐L. Catheyrine Jen1, 1Wayne State University, 2 Desk Jockey LLC, Detroit, MI Increased sedentary behavior, just like reduced physical activity, has been shown to increase the risk of obesity and chronic diseases. This is mostly due to increased time spent sitting at the office desk. There is limited research studying how to decrease such risk in office workers (OW). This study was to investigate a portable device “Desk Jockey” (DJ) on increasing NEAT and reducing sedentary behavior in a simulated office environment. Participants whose daily work requiring long sitting hours were recruited (mean sitting hours/day: 8.6 ± 3 hr, mean age: 25 ± 7 yr, 54% male, 15% obese). Metabolic rates (METs), energy expenditure (EE) and heart rates (HRs) were collected during five sessions, including one sedentary, with different paddling frequencies and resistances. Each session includes 10min rest, 20min paddling and 20min recovery. The results showed that paddling frequency is more important in METs than resistances (p<0.01). With the increase of BMI, EE increased significantly (r=0.77, p<0.05) regardless of different frequencies or resistances. METs increased significantly during paddling in each session (0.90, 0.93, 1.26, 1.48, p’s <0.01) compared to the sedentary session, while the METs were still very low (2.5 ± 0.6). Moreover, the METs and HRs during the first 10min recovery period were still significantly higher than those at resting state (p’s<0.05). Therefore, DJ can be used by OWs to increase METs and EE not only during paddling, but also in 10min after cessation of paddling. Thus this device may be adapted for OWs to increase NEAT.
Short‐ and long‐term changes in plasma vitamin and mineral concentrations following laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery (812.2)
Authors: Uriu‐Adams Janet , Miller Gary , Fernandez Adolfo , Gedestad Michael , Ensunsa Jodi , Carlson Charles , Keen Carl
Published: June 2021

Over 340,000 bariatric surgeries are performed annually worldwide, many of them on young individuals. While successful weight loss can occur, it has been associated with a number of nutritional deficiencies. In this prospective study, blood was taken from 21 female patients (19 White, 2 Black; age = 44.5 ± 2 yrs; body mass index (BMI) = 54.8 ± 1.7 kg/m2) at baseline and 3 wk, 3 mo., 6 mo. and 12 mo. after RYGB surgery to determine the extent to which select nutrient concentrations change over time. Average BMI at 12 mo. was 36.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2. At baseline, 47.7% were characterized by vitamin D (25OHD) <20 ng/ml and 33.3% had 25OHD between 20‐30 ng/ml. By 12 mo., these levels represented 18% and 38.1% of the subjects, respectively. Iron status was lowest at 3 wks post‐surgery as evidenced by low plasma iron and high transferrin receptor levels. Inflammation was evident (hsCRP >10 mg/ml) at baseline. The highest hsCRP level was observed at 3 wks post‐surgery and decreased over time. Consistent with an acute‐phase response, ferritin levels were highest at 3 wks post‐surgery. Plasma zinc levels were highest at 3 wks post‐surgery. None of the women were characterized with zinc deficiency (<0.5 µg/ml). Prevalence of low copper status (<0.8 µg/ml) at baseline was 14.3% and increased to 31.6% by 12 months. These data support the concept that short and long‐term changes in nutritional status are common after RYGB surgery.
The acceptability of an innovative feeding bowl and spoon to improve maternal and child nutrition in Western Kenya (813.1)
Authors: Kram Nidal , Collison Deborah , Webb Girard Amy , Colton Jonathon , Blount Wendy , Grant Frederick , Kedera Ellah
Published: June 2021

The acceptability of an innovative feeding bowl and spoon to improve maternal and child nutrition in Western Kenya Dietary practices in Kenya often fail to provide adequate nutrition during the first 1000 days of life. We developed and qualitatively assessed a low‐cost, easy‐to use demarcated bowl and slotted spoon to assist mothers with appropriate diet practices during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and feeding children 6‐24 mo. We conducted 12 focus group discussions with community members and 5 interviews with nutrition experts to assess acceptability and obtain recommendations on design and delivery in western Kenya. We also conducted 24‐28 days of user testing with 14 pregnant, 14 breastfeeding women, and 32 mothers with infants 6‐18 mo. Tools were positively received by communities. Mothers perceived improvements in their and their children’s food intakes including increased quantity, frequency, consistency and diversity. Many attributed own and child’s weight gain/increase in energy to tool use. A minority of women reported using the bowl for other activities, and 4/28 did not use the bowl due to food insecurity. 12/30 mothers with children 6‐18 mo. reported forced feeding. Results indicate these tools have the potential to positively impact maternal and child nutrition, however future work should address food insecurity and counseling on responsive feeding.
Hypolipidemic potentials of mistletoe exudates in monosodium glutamate‐induced hyperlipidemia in rats (813.13)
Authors: Ogunlabi Olugbenga , Adegbesan Bukunola , Ajani Emmanuel
Published: June 2021

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) intake could induce an increase in energy intake which could lead to obesity or alter the levels of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in animals. It is an excitotoxin which may also damage the brain when taken orally without food. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), the sodium salt of amino acid glutamate, is a known food additive, popularly used as “flavour enhancer” all over the world, it is abundant in yeast extracts and other food ingredients without otherwise appearing on the label. Thus, it could be abused inadvertently.

Thirty‐five adult female albino wistar rats weighing between 200‐250g were obtained and acclimatization under standard laboratory conditions for two week after which they were randomly assigned into five study groups of seven animals each. The groups were maintained on standard rat chow and water ad libitum in addition to the following oral treatment. Group I ‐ animals received a daily placebo of distilled water. Group II ‐ Rats were treated with 200mg/kg b.w MSG daily for 28 days. Group III ‐ Rats were treated with 200mg/kg b.w MSG and 200mg/kg b.w mistletoe aqueous extract daily for 28 days. Group IV ‐ Rats received 200mg/kg b.w MSG daily for 28 days after which the group was treated as in group III for an additional 28 days. Group V ‐ Rats received 200mg/kg b.w MSG daily for 28 days after which the animals were treated as in group I for an additional 28. At the end of 28 days, animals in groups I, II and III were sacrificed while animals in groups IV and V were sacrificed after 56 days. Blood samples were collected and used for lipid profile analysis. Results revealed a significant increase (p>0.05) in serum total cholesterol, LDL and TG for group II when compared with groups I, III and IV, while there was a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in serum HDL for group II compared with other groups This result suggests that mistletoe extract supplementation may ameliorate MSG‐induced hyperlipidemia in rats.
Total dietary exposure of PCBs in Koreans and related socio‐demographic factors (813.9)
Authors: Lee Jee‐yeon , Lee Haengshin , Kim Dohee , Yon Miyong , Nam Jiwoon , Kwon Sung‐ok , Choi Ariari , Chang Yoon‐seok , Shin Eun‐su , Baek Ock‐jin , Suh Junghyuck , Park SunHee , Kim Cho‐il
Published: June 2021

Due to environmental toxicity and classification as a persistent organic pollutant, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) production was banned by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. In line with risk management of PCBs, we estimated dietary exposure of PCBs in Koreans and looked into the possible associations between socio‐demographic factors and PCBs exposure. In a Total Diet Study (TDS), dietary intake data from 2008‐2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to select representative foods (RF) for PCBs analysis. With best‐fit mapping of other foods to RF, comprehensive PCBs exposure was estimated at individual & population level based on the PCBs content in RF. Mean PCBs exposure of the Korean population was estimated to be 6.04±0.04 ng/kg bw/day corresponding to 30.2 % of the reference (tolerable daily intake: TDI) by WHO. Exposure was significantly higher in males (6.69±0.06 vs. 5.38±0.04 ng/kg bw/day in females, p<0.0001), in higher income group (6.34±0.08 vs. 5.73±0.08 ng/kg bw/day, quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, p<0.0001), and in population with higher fat intake (7.65±0.08 vs. 3.86±0.05 ng/kg bw/day, quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, p<0.0001). Also, the exposure in children (10.25±0.13 ng/kg bw/day, 1‐11 yrs,) was double of that in adults (5.73±0.05 ng/kg bw/day, 19‐64 yrs.). Although the present dietary exposure of PCBs in Koreans is far below the reference value, these results suggest that the socio‐demographic factors and dietary pattern should be considered in risk management and risk communication for PCBs. Continuous monitoring of PCBs in foodstuffs and periodic TDS are warranted.

Grant Funding Source: supported by a grant (13162KFDA026) from Korea Food and Drug Administration in 2013
Chickens from lines selected for low or high body weight differ in fatty acid oxidation efficiency and metabolic flexibility in skeletal muscle and abdominal fat (814.2)
Authors: Zhang Shuai , McMillan Ryan , Hulver Matthew , Zhang Wei , Siegel Paul , Cline Mark , Gilbert Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

The Virginia lines of chickens resulted from long‐term selection for low (LWS) or high (HWS) juvenile body weight. We hypothesized that hyperphagia and obesity in HWS are associated with reduced fatty acid oxidation efficiency and metabolic inflexibility in skeletal muscle and fat. Pectoralis major and abdominal fat were collected from 56‐day old LWS and HWS chickens (n=8). Production of 14CO2 and 14C‐labeled acid‐soluble metabolites (ASM) from the oxidation of [1‐14C] palmitic acid were measured. The ratio of CO2/ASM was indicative of oxidative efficiency. Fatty acid oxidation and metabolic flexibility were then measured in Pectoralis major and gastrocnemius skeletal muscles from 61 day‐old LWS and HWS chickens (n=7). Metabolic flexibility was determined from the decrease in pyruvate oxidation in the presence of free fatty acids. The rate of CO2 production was greater in 56 day‐old LWS than in HWS chickens in fat (P = 0.001), while the rate of ASM production was greater (P = 0.003) in the fat of HWS than LWS. The ratio of CO2/ASM production was greater (P < 0.0001) in the fat of LWS than HWS. Metabolic flexibility was greater (P = 0.006) in the Pectoralis major of LWS than in HWS. The results suggest that HWS chickens have impaired metabolic flexibility and oxidative efficiency in skeletal muscle and abdominal fat in comparison to LWS chickens.
A high fructose diet during pregnancy significantly affects markers of intestinal permeability in the offspring (816.2)
Authors: Astbury Stuart , Song Aleida , Nielsen Brent , Coursen Nicole , Hoedl Abha , Bell Rhonda
Published: June 2021

Maternal diet in pregnancy has been shown to affect offspring development but few studies have examined changes in the gut. Gut barrier dysfunction may allow components of the microbiota to pass into the circulation, which has been linked to the development of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. This study examined the effect of a maternal diet that is high in fructose on gut permeability markers in pregnant offspring.

Female Wistar rats were placed on 10% fructose (F1) or water (W1) at 8 weeks of age and were mated at 10 weeks; the intervention continued throughout pregnancy. Female offspring continued on the same diet as their dams (W2, n=10 and F2, n=10) from 4 weeks of age, were mated at 10 weeks, and tissue was collected at gestational day 20. Ileum and jejunum expression of occludin (OCLN), claudin 3 (CLDN3) and zonulin 1 (ZO1) were used as markers of intestinal permeability.

F2 pups had a lower birth weight but similar weights at 13 weeks of age compared with W2. F2 also had a significantly higher % fat mass and reduced gut length vs W2. Expression of ZO1 (W2=1.64±0.28; F2=0.64±0.09), OCLN (W2=1.27±0.15; F2=0.51±0.09), but not CLDN3 (W2=1.09±0.19; F2=2.15±0.45) was reduced in the jejunum (p<0.05) but not different in the ileum.

A high fructose diet during pregnancy increases intestinal permeability in pregnant offspring. Further studies will examine the effect of the fructose diet on the microbiome during pregnancy.
Formulation of the Total Western Diet 2, a whole food‐based rodent diet that emulates average American micro‐ and macronutrient intakes for colorectal cancer and gut microflora studies (816.6)
Authors: Kellen Sara , Lefevre Michael , Ward Robert , Benninghoff Abby , Hintze Korry
Published: June 2021

Previously, we used NHANES data to formulate the TWD, a rodent diet that emulates average American intake levels for macro and micronutrients using nutrient density. We have demonstrated that the TWD increases basal CRC by ~2‐fold compared to the standard AIN93‐G diet in two different models. However, the TWD is comprised of purified ingredients and does not recapitulate the complex food matrix consumed by Americans. Using the latest version of the USDA Food Intakes Converted to Retail Commodities Database, we modified the TWD by using the most commonly consumed whole foods as ingredients. The TWD2 has the same micro and macronutrient content as the previous TWD but contains 25 ingredients including: sweeteners (sucrose and high fructose corn syrup), flours (wheat, potato, corn, rice and oat), meats (beef, poultry, pork, eggs and fish), dairy (lactose, whey and casein) and fruits/vegetables (oranges, apples, bananas, grapes, strawberries, soy, snap beans, peanuts and cashews). Whole foods were cooked (meats), freeze‐dried and homogenized. Only low fat foods were used and the dietary fat profile was adjusted to the American average by adding a diverse blend of oils. Ingredients were then blended, pelleted and baked to dryness. The TWD2 will narrow the gap between human nutrition and rodent models as the food matrix, secondary compounds and cooking byproducts have been shown to influence CRC and gut microflora.

Grant Funding Source: Utah Agricultural Experiment Station
Serum folate and whole blood global DNA methylation response to chronic folic acid supplementation in normal weight and obese women of child‐bearing age (817.2)
Authors: Kauwell Gail , Caudill Marie , Hausman Dorothy , Park Hea Jin , Shade Deanna , Malysheva Olga , Bailey Lynn
Published: June 2021

Folate is a water‐soluble vitamin important for normal fetal development. Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk for birth defects; however the relationship between obesity and folate metabolism is not well understood. Recently, our lab reported a lower short‐term pharmacokinetic response to an acute oral dose of folic acid in obese vs normal weight women of child‐bearing age. This study determined the serum folate (microbiological assay) and whole blood DNA methylation (LC/MS) response to 8 wks of supplementation with 800 µg/d folic acid (FA) in healthy normal weight (n=13, BMI=21.5±0.4) and obese (n=7, BMI=37.6±0.8) women of child‐bearing age. Samples were collected at baseline and after 4 and 8 wks of supplementation. At baseline, serum folate was lower in obese vs normal weight women, whereas global DNA methylation was similar in both groups. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated an effect of FA on increasing serum folate over time (p < 0.0001) for all subjects combined, and a time x group interaction for global methylation (p < 0.05) characterized by a reduction in methylation from baseline to 8 wks in normal weight but not obese women. These data provide additional evidence suggesting differences in metabolic response to folic acid as a function of BMI in women of child‐bearing age and provide support for consideration of a BMI‐adjusted folic acid intake recommendation.

Grant Funding Source: Funded in part by HATCH #GEO00706, #GEO00707, #FLA‐FOS‐004797 and the Obesity Initiative at the Univ
Histone deacetylase 1 plays an important role in brown adipogenesis (817.4)
Authors: Li Fenfen , Shi Hang , Xue Bingzhong
Published: June 2021

Induction of brown adipocytes in white fat plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we have investigated the role of HDAC1 in brown adipogenesis. The RNA and protein levels of HDAC1 are lower in mice brown compared to white adipose tissue, in brown adipose tissue of mice exposed to cold compared to that of mice residing in room temperature, and reduced during brown adipocyte differentiation. Overexpression of HDAC1 inhibits, whereas genetic deletion of HDAC1 results in further enhancement of isoproterenol‐stimulated expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and other BAT‐specific genes, including peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), PGC1β, PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), type 2 deiodinase (DIO2), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and myelin protein zero‐like 2 (Eva1) in brown adipocyte cell lines BAT‐1 and HIB1B. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicates that histone H3 and H4 acetylation is significantly increased at the UCP1 promoter in β‐adrenergic stimulated brown adipocytes, which is also associated with increased active histone markers H3 lysine 4 tri‐methylation, and H3 lysine 27 acetylation. Thus, our data suggest that epigenetics plays an important role in brown adipogenesis and thermogenesis, and identify HDAC1 as an important regulator during this process.

Grant Funding Source: NIHR01HL107500
Mapping metabolic traits in the diversity outbred mouse population (818.12)
Authors: Bennett Brian , Smallwood Tangi , Quizon Pamela , Pomp Daniel
Published: June 2021

Hyperlipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is a complex trait regulated by a variety of dietary and genetic risk factors. Inbred mice, which exhibit strain‐specific variation in circulating lipoprotein levels, have effectively been used to model the genetic complexity of hyperlipidemia. Traditional quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies using inbred strains often identify large genomic regions, containing many genes, due to limited recombination. This hampers candidate gene identification and translation of results into possible therapeutic targets. An alternative approach is the use of outbred strains for genetic mapping, such as the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse panel recently developed by the Jackson Laboratory.

Our current studies use the DO mice to map QTL for plasma lipid levels. DO mice were genotyped for 77,800 SNPs using the MegaMUGA array and founder haplotype states were predicted using a hidden Markov model. QTL mapping was carried out in R using a genetic model that incorporates reconstructed haplotypes and accounts for population structure. Our initial studies used 316 male and female DO mice fed a synthetic diet to map total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels and identified a significant peak on Chromosome 1 (max LOD 8.02) and a suggestive peak on Chromosome 6 (max LOD 6.43) associated with TC. The Chromosome 1 QTL maps 1 Mb away from a well characterized gene regulating cholesterol (ApoA2). We identified two suggestive peaks on Chromosome 17 associated with TG. We have also measured plasma lipid levels and traits modeling atherosclerosis in an additional cohort of 300 female DO mice fed either a hyperlipidemia‐inducing diet or a control diet; mapping results are pending. Our studies are intended to demonstrate the value of the DO population to improve mapping resolution and aid in the identification of potential therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases.

Grant Funding Source: Pilot funds from the Nutrition Obesity Research Center (P30DK056350) and the NHLBI (4R00HL102223)
Branched‐chain amino acids alter cbx1 and c‐fos gene expressions in brain cells (818.14)
Authors: Lee Jimin , Lee Heejin , Park Yoon Jung
Published: June 2021

Branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine, isoleucine and valine, have well‐studied effects as supplement including endurance performance improvement and life span extension. The potential adverse effects of BCAA supplement on brain such as neurotransmitter synthesis defect and in vitro neurotoxicity have been reported, but the molecular mechanism has remained unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify gene expression changes respond to BCAA supplementation in a brain cells. We conducted microarray experiments on total RNA samples isolated from brain cells supplemented with 0, 2, and 8mM of BCAA solution. Ontology analysis found that biological pathways such as chromatin organization and ncRNA processing and molecular functions such as transcriptional activity were altered via gene expression changes. In particular, down‐regulated expression of CBX1 and up‐regulated expression of c‐FOS are respectively likely to influence mammalian viability and have overall effects on brain cells through cell signaling. This study revealed that BCAA supplement results in the significant expression changes of genes showing epigenetic or transcriptional functions in the brain cells.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the NRF grant funded by the Korea government(MEST) (2012018819)
Leucine and ω‐3 fatty acids act synergistically through mTOR to activate translation initiation in young and aged C2C12 myotubes (820.18)
Authors: Baum Jamie , Shouse Stepanie , Wei Jeanne , Wolfe Robert
Published: June 2021

Skeletal muscle is a major site of metabolic activity. For skeletal muscle to function at optimal levels, activation of processes that regulate muscle development, growth, and metabolism is required. Nutrition is an important modulator of health and function in aging and it is important to develop an optimal nutritional therapy that will improve skeletal muscle function in aging. Leu and ω−3 FA (EPA/DHA) are ideal candidates. The objective of this study was to determine if treatment with leu+ω−3 FA improves skeletal muscle function in aged cells through an mTOR‐mediated pathway. Young and aged C2C12 myotubes were serum and leu starved for 6 hr followed by treatment with rapamycin or DMSO for 1 hr. Cells then received one of four physiological treatments: control, 0.5mM leu, 60μM EPA/240μM DHA, or leu+EPA/DHA for 60 min. Both leu and ω−3 FA increased signaling through mTOR by hyperphosphorylating p70S6K and 4EBP1 (p<0.05) in young and aged cells, however aged cells were less responsive to nutrient treatment. Leu+ω−3 FA had a synergistic effect (p<0.05) on p70S6K and 4EBP1 phosphorylation. Treatment with rapamycin blunted the nutrient response, suggesting leu and ω−3 FA act via mTOR to regulate muscle function. Taken together, these data suggest that leu and ω−3 FA are potential candidates for nutrition therapy during aging.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by UAMS Pepper Center Pilot Grant AG028718.
Exercise increases indicators of cholesterol absorption and decreases indicators of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase activity in livers of mice consuming high and low fat diets (821.10)
Authors: Harding Scott , Steane Isobel , Jadhav Kavita , Williamson David
Published: June 2021

Regular aerobic exercise is effective for weight loss and reducing adiposity, but its effects on hepatic lipid metabolism and composition while consuming a high fat/high calorie diets are not well understood. Here we describe the effects of no exercise (Sed) or progressive treadmill exercise training (Ex) over 8 weeks (5 days/week up to 45 min/day, 25 m/min, 5% grade, on a motorized treadmill) in mice fed either low fat ((LF) 5 mg/g; 3.8 kcal/g) or high fat ((HF) 350 mg/g; 5.2 kcal/g) diet on hepatic markers of cholesterol (Chol) synthesis and absorption, de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) activity. Hepatic Chol, lathosterol (LS), campesterol (CS), beta‐sitosterol (BS) and fatty acid composition were determined by gas chromatography. Differences were analyzed by 2‐way ANCOVA, with food intake as the covariate. Although total hepatic Chol and LS were not different across groups, both LF groups had higher hepatic CS (p=0.002) and BS (p=0.014) content. Irrespective of exercise, the LS/Chol ratio, an indicator of Chol synthesis, tended to be higher in the LF groups (p=0.051). Both LF groups had higher CS/Chol (p<0.0001) and BS/Chol (p=0.001), indicating higher Chol absorption. While there was no difference due to exercise alone, LF‐Ex mice had the highest Chol absorption (diet x Ex; CS/Chol, p=0.051 and BS/Chol, p=0.016). DNL (16:0/18:2n‐6) and SCD activity (16:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:0) were higher (16:1/16:0) in the LF (p<0.0001), but decreased in the Ex groups (p<0.0001) with the LF‐Ex having the largest decrease (diet x Ex; 16:1/16:0, p=0.016). In conclusion, our data show that 8 weeks of progressive treadmill exercise increases hepatic cholesterol absorption and decreases SCD activity.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by King's College London and University at Buffalo
The consumption of 1 serving of beef vs. 1 serving of soy at lunch on appetite control, satiety, and subsequent energy intake: a practical comparison (823.5)
Authors: Douglas Steve , Lasley Tyler , Ortinau Laura , Shafer Rebecca , Leidy Heather
Published: June 2021

Background: Higher protein plant foods, such as soy, have recently been touted as an equivalent replacement for animal products. However, plant sources contain less protein but more fiber compared to animal versions. Objective: To examine the effects of one serving of beef (BEEF) vs. one serving of soy (SOY) on appetite, satiety, and subsequent food intake. Methods: Using a randomized, crossover design, 23 adults (age 23 ± 1 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2) consumed, on separate days, 400 kcal burger‐style lunch meals. The BEEF meal contained 1 serving of beef and included 24 g beef protein (33 g total protein); 44 g CHO; 1 g fiber; and 11 g fat, whereas the SOY meal contained 1 serving of soy and included 14 g soy protein (24 g total protein); 49 g CHO; 5 g fiber; and 11 g fat. Pre and post‐lunch appetite questionnaires and hormonal responses were measured throughout the day until dinner was voluntarily requested. Ad libitum dinner was provided. Results: No differences in afternoon perceived appetite, ghrelin, PYY, or GLP‐1 concentrations were found between meals. Further, no differences in voluntary dinner request or dinner energy content were observed between meals. Conclusions: When comparing single servings of beef vs. soy, no differences in appetite, satiety, or subsequent food intake were detected, suggesting that the reduced protein but higher fiber content of soy appears to counterbalance the higher protein content of beef.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by The Beef Checkoff