bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing Data Assimilation to Improve the Seasonal Snow Cover Simulations Over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Deng Gang , Liu Xiuguo , Shen Qikai , Zhang Tongchang , Chen Qihao , Tang Zhiguang
Published: November 2024

The reliability of seasonal snow cover information is constrained by limitation of in situ observations and uncertainties in remote sensing data and model simulations in alpine region, thus posing important challenges to understanding the climate system and water resource management in alpine region. Here, the assimilation of daily cloud‐free Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalised difference snow index (NDSI) product into an intermediate complexity snow mass and energy balance model—Flexible Snow Model (version FSM2_MO)—was implemented. The aim is to improve the model simulations of seasonal snow cover (snow‐covered extent; SCE, snow depth; SD, snow water equivalent; SWE, and snowmelt runoff; SMR) in the alpine region (a case of the upper‐middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, Northwest China). The results indicate comprehensive improvement in the simulation of SCE, SD, and SMR in the study area through data assimilation, with the ability to significantly reduce prior biases of the FSM2_MO. Based on the independent daily cloud‐free Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) SCE product, the updated SCE simulation (i.e., data assimilation) showed a reduction in mean absolute error (MAE) from 10.46% to 7.16%, root mean square error (RMSE) from 16.14% to 12.26%, and an increase in Pearson's correlation coefficient (CC) from 0.18 to 0.67 compared with the open loop simulation (i.e., without assimilation). The evaluation results of SD observation data showed that data assimilation improved SD simulation compared with the open loop run (OL). And utilising the monthly discharge observations at the Yingluoxia hydrological station, data assimilation slightly improved the SMR simulation. The updated SMR simulation achieved a CC of 0.91, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.73, and Kling‐Gupta efficiency coefficient (KGE) of 0.76. Moreover, the Landsat 8‐derived snow cover map and Sentinel‐1‐derived SD also indicated that the updated simulation effectively filled in the missing snow cover and removed the superfluous snow cover predicted by the OL simulation in terms of spatial distribution.
Mapping Climatic Regions of the Cerrado: General Patterns and Future Change
Authors: Cattelan Luís Gustavo , Mattos Caio R. C. , Pamplona Matheus Bonifácio , Hirota Marina
Published: November 2024

The Cerrado biome, renowned for its biodiversity and threatened by rapid land transformation, encompasses a vast savanna ecosystem in Brazil. The region is characterised by a seasonal climate, influenced by a myriad of meteorological systems creating diverse and non‐homogeneous rainfall regimes across the region. To account for this heterogeneity, we propose a novel classification of the Cerrado using rainfall data to delineate three distinct climatic regions: Eastern, Southern and Central‐West Cerrado. The Eastern region exhibited the driest and most seasonal climate, marked by high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and predominantly open‐canopy vegetation. Conversely, the Southern region, characterised by lower seasonality, boasts a higher proportion of forest cover and lower mean VPD. The Central‐West region, encompassing diverse landscapes, featured areas with higher precipitation levels, particularly along the Amazônia border. Furthermore, we conducted trend analyses on observed station data and used CMIP6 models to evaluate future scenarios under differing emissions trajectories. While observed trends in mean rainfall were marginal, VPD demonstrated a notable upward trend of approximately 1% annually throughout the biome. Climate models indicated a substantial drying close to the Amazônia border, and wetter conditions in the southeast. All Cerrado regions are anticipated to experience amplified seasonality and VPD, with VPD projected to surge by approximately 30% (60%) under low (high) emissions scenarios by the end of the century. Notably, the transition from the dry to wet season was the most affected. Our study provides critical insights on how the climatic heterogeneity of the Cerrado shapes vegetation structure distribution and how future changes will exacerbate water stress throughout the biome. These findings underscore the importance of understanding climate variability for effective conservation and management strategies in the region.
Rapid and Simultaneous Determination of 13 Sulfonamides in Soil by Matrix Solid‐Phase Dispersion With High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yuan JinPeng , Liu Chen , Jiang HaiLong , Zhou ZhaoTing , Xie Meng , Sun YouMin
Published: November 2024

Sulfonamides, the most frequent antibacterial agent, are widely used due to their low cost and excellent antibacterial effect. With the emergence of the environment, the potential hazard to the ecological environment has attracted the great attention of humans. Based on matrix solid‐phase dispersion coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, an accurate, fast, and sensitive analytical method was developed for the determination of sulfonamides (SAs) in soil. Several influencing factors including the type of dispersants, the ratio of sample‐to‐sorbent, eluents, and solvent volume were investigated, and the matrix effects were evaluated. Under optimized conditions, the calibration curves exhibited excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (r) exceeding 0.996. The limit of detection (based on signal‐to‐noise ratio [S/N] = 3) and limit of quantification (based on S/N = 10) were 0.024–0.058 and 0.079–0.195 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries ranging from 70.12% to 123.63% were obtained with a relative standard deviation of less than 15% at three levels (20, 40, and 200 µg/kg). The developed method was successfully applied to analyze 13 SAs at trace levels in a real soil sample. This proposed method would be an alternative and suitable for routine application in the future owing to its rapidity, sensitivity, and affordability.
Rapid Characterization of the Constituents in Classic Chinese Medicine Formula Guyinjian Using Ultra‐High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography With Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chen Gang , Ge Nan , Yang Le , Sun Hui , Sun Ye , Yan Guangli , Han Ying , Li Xiang , Wang Xijun
Published: November 2024

Guyinjian (GYJ) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, ovulation disorders, immuno‐sterility, oligomenorrhea with kidney deficiency, and so forth. Due to the unclear chemical components of GYJ, the elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism, and the comprehensive development and utilization of GYJ in clinical is being restricted. In this study, ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight‐tandem mass spectrometry combined with the Progenesis QI platform and using reference standards, online and self‐built databases matching, fragmentation rules analysis of mass spectrometry peaks, a total of 235 compounds were preliminarily characterized, including 69 flavonoids, 65 terpenoids, 34 phenylpropanoids, 22 saccharides, sugar esters, and glycosides, 15 organic acids, and 30 others. These compounds may reflect the chemical properties of GYJ. The method established in this study can systematically, rapidly, and accurately resolve the chemical components in GYJ, which lays the foundation for further establishment of the pharmacodynamic substance basis and quality control.
Follow‐up Trends in Patients Undergoing Modified Wendler Glottoplasty
Authors: Bowers Ian D. , Ma Yue , Crosby Tyler W. , Rosen Clark A. , Stockton Steven D. , Schneider Sarah L. , Young VyVy N.
Published: November 2024

Objectives

After modified Wendler glottoplasty (mWG), close follow‐up with laryngologist and speech‐language pathologist (SLP) is thought to be essential to achieve best outcomes. This study presents a case series of patients undergoing mWG at a single institution to identify factors associated with trends in post‐operative follow‐up.

Methods

Retrospective review of trans women patients who underwent mWG between March 2018 and July 2023 was performed. Demographic data, pre‐operative care, and post‐operative course were reviewed. Lost to follow‐up (LTFU) was defined as a failure to return to the office or schedule a follow‐up appointment as recommended, for ≥2 months after last visit. Logistic regressions were utilized to identify possible factors associated with being LTFU.

Results

Eight (50%) of 16 patients met LTFU criteria. Patients were considered not LTFU if they completed care (n = 3, 19%) or were still undergoing care (n = 5, 31%). Patients with chronic diseases were less likely to become LTFU (p = 0.03). Those lost to follow‐up had more no‐show visits (p = 0.04). Total number of gender‐affirming surgeries, distance from hospital, socioeconomic status of residential zip code, race/ethnicity, other psychological history, and patient‐reported outcome measure scores did not affect LTFU rates.

Conclusion

Fifty percent of patients were LTFU after modified Wendler glottoplasty. Even one no‐show visit increased risk of being LTFU, whereas the presence of chronic diseases was protective against this. This study illustrates that increased efforts are needed following mWG to better understand the factors associated with being LTFU and to facilitate patients' ability to complete post‐operative care successfully.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 2024
Airway Management With Congenital Tracheal Stenosis: Surgical and Anesthetic Consideration
Authors: Kanavitoon Sawita , Kou Yann‐Fuu , Rutter Michael J.
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To investigate demographic data and airway management techniques for patients with congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods.

Study Design

A retrospective chart review.

Methods

This study was a retrospective case series at a single tertiary care pediatric medical center. It encompassed all children diagnosed with CTS who underwent slide tracheoplasty from January 2001 through December 2018. Exclusion criteria were acquired stenosis, tracheomalacia, patients without a confirmed diagnosis of CTS, and those with missing data. Patient demographics and details of airway management were collected and analyzed.

Results

A total of 148 patients met the inclusion criteria. The most common etiology of CTS was congenital tracheal rings (90.5%). The median age at surgery was 9 months (interquartile range [IQR] 3.3–35.4), and the median stenosis length was 4.0 cm (IQR 3.5–5.4). The most frequent comorbidities were genetic diseases, prematurity, and preoperative intubation. The most common related cardiac comorbidities were pulmonary artery sling, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and tetralogy of Fallot. Most of the patients with CTS exhibited 50% to 80% stenosis. Most of the patients underwent thoracic approach slide tracheoplasty. Airway management was primarily accomplished using an oral or nasal endotracheal tube preoperatively, cardiopulmonary bypass during surgical repair, and an oral or nasal endotracheal tube during closure and the postoperative period.

Conclusions

Slide tracheoplasty is an effective treatment for congenital tracheal stenosis. Coordinated airway management between the anesthesia and surgical teams is crucial. Appropriate planning yields the best patient outcomes.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 2024
Interaction Parameters of Some Polymers Used in Nuclear Power Plants with Ionizing Radiation, Produced Secondary Radiations and Radiation Damages
Authors: Akman Ferdi , Oğul Hasan
Published: November 2024

The primary interactions of polypropylene (PP), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA), ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polychloroprene (CR) and polyurethane (PUR) polymers preferred in the nuclear industry with gamma and neutron radiations, secondary radiations formed after neutron interactions and damages given to polymers by these ionizing radiations are investigated. The gamma interaction parameters Were determined in the photon energy range of 0.03‐20 MeV using WinXCOM, GEANT4 and FLUKA methods. Also, energy absorption and exposure buildup factors and Kerma parameters are calculated at different photon energies. To investigate the interactions of the studied polymers with neutron, the effective removal cross‐section for fast neutrons with theoretical and the partial neutron rates passing through the studied polymer at 4.5 MeV, 100 eV and 0.025 eV energies are determined with simulation codes. The numbers of secondary gamma‐rays and neutrons Were obtained with GEANT4. The Total Ionizing Dose and Displacements per Atom parameters are studied with the help of FLUKA simulation. It is observed that the interaction of PVC polymer with gamma radiation and PP polymer with neutron particles is higher than the others. The secondary radiation from PVC and CR is less. The PP, PVA, and EVA exhibit superior resistance to radiation damage.
Surface Engineering of Polymeric Colloidal Crystals by Temperature – Pressure Annealing
Authors: Varghese Jeena , Babacic Visnja , Pochylski Mikolaj , Gapinski Jacek , Butt Hans‐Juergen , Fytas George , Graczykowski Bartlomiej
Published: November 2024

Polymer colloidal crystals (PCCs) have been widely explored as acoustic and optical metamaterials and as templates for nanolithography. However, fabrication impurities and fragility of the self‐assembled structures are critical bottlenecks for the device's efficiency and applications. We have demonstrated that temperature‐assisted pressure [ annealing results in the mechanical strengthening of PCCs, which improves with the annealing temperature. Here, the enhancement of elastic properties and morphological features of self‐assembled PCC's is evaluated using Brillouin light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. The pressure‐induced effects on the vibrational modes of PCCs are also illustrated at temperatures well below the polymer glass transition. While the PCCs colloid constituents display reversibility, the PCC material is strongly irreversible in the performed thermodynamic cycle. The effective elastic modulus enhances from 0.7 GPa for the pristine sample to 0.8 GPa, solely by pressure annealing at room temperature. [ annealing at higher temperatures leads to a maximum effective elastic modulus of 1.7 GPa, more than twice the value in the pristine sample. Above a cross‐over pressure, 725 bar at 348 K), the PCCs respond elastically and, hence, reversibly to pressure changes.
Varying the Core Topology in All‐Glycidol Hyperbranched Polyglycerols: Synthesis and Physical Characterization
Authors: Pagnacco Carlo Andrea , Alvarez‐Fernandez Alberto , Maestro Armando , González de San Román Estíbaliz , Lund Reidar , Barroso‐Bujans Fabienne
Published: November 2024

In the present study, low molecular weight cyclic polyglycidol is used as a macroinitiator for hypergrafting glycidol and producing cyclic graft hyperbranched polyglycerol (cPG‐g‐hbPG) in the molecular weight range of 103–106 g mol−1. Linear graft hyperbranched polyglycerol (linPG‐g‐hbPG) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (hbPG) are prepared as reference samples. This creates a family of hbPG structures with cyclic, linear, and star cores, allowing to evaluate their properties in solution and in bulk. The morphology study of the high molecular weight structures using atomic force microscopy revealed a spherical shape for cPG‐g‐hbPG and hbPG, and a cylindrical shape for linPG‐g‐hbPG in the nanometric range. Small angle X‐ray scattering confirmed the compact particle‐like structure of this family of hbPG architectures. Interestingly, the glass transition temperature showed a structure dependence, with cPG‐g‐hbPG having the highest values and hbPG having the lowest values for the same molecular weight. This study is a step forward in the generation of water‐soluble polymers with tailored structure and functionality for advanced applications.
Probabilistic degenerate Dowling polynomials associated with random variables
Authors: Kim Taekyun , Kim Dae San
Published: November 2024

Let Y be a random variable whose moment generating function exists in some neighborhood of the origin. The aim of this paper is to study probabilistic versions of the degenerate Whitney numbers of the second kind and those of the degenerate Dowling polynomials, namely, the probabilistic degenerate Whitney numbers of the second kind associated with
and the probabilistic degenerate Dowling polynomials associated with
. We derive some properties, explicit expressions, certain identities, recurrence relations and generating functions for those numbers and polynomials. In addition, we investigate their generalizations, namely, the probabilistic degenerate
‐Whitney numbers of the second kind associated with
and the probabilistic degenerate
‐Dowling polynomials associated with
, and get similar results to the aforementioned numbers and polynomials.
Diffusion‐derived intravoxel‐incoherent motion anisotropy relates to CSF and blood flow
Authors: Voorter Paulien H. M. , Jansen Jacobus F. A. , van der Thiel Merel M. , van Dinther Maud , Postma Alida A. , van Oostenbrugge Robert J. , Gurney‐Champion Oliver J. , Drenthen Gerhard S. , Backes Walter H.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study investigates the feasibility of multi‐b‐value, multi‐directional diffusion MRI for assessing the anisotropy of the cerebral pseudo‐diffusion (D*)‐tensor. We examine D*‐tensor's potential to (1) reflect CSF and blood flow, and (2) detect microvascular architectural alterations in cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and aging.

Methods

Multi‐b‐value diffusion MRI was acquired in 32 gradient directions for 11 healthy volunteers, and in six directions for 29 patients with cSVD and 14 controls at 3 T. A physics‐informed neural network was used to estimate intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)–DTI model parameters, including the parenchymal slow diffusion (D‐)tensor and the pseudo‐diffusion (D*)‐tensor, from which the fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were derived. Comparisons of D*‐tensor metrics were made between lateral, third, and fourth ventricles and between the middle cerebral arteries and superior sagittal sinus. Group differences in D*‐tensor metrics in normal‐appearing white matter were analyzed using multivariable linear regression, correcting for age and sex.

Results

D*‐anisotropy aligned well with CSF flow and arterial blood flow. FA(D*), MD(D*), AD(D*), and RD(D*) were highest in the third, moderate in the fourth, and lowest in the lateral ventricles. The arteries showed higher MD(D*), AD(D*), and RD(D*) than the sagittal sinus. Higher FA(D*) in the normal‐appearing white matter was related to cSVD diagnosis and older age, suggesting microvascular architecture alterations.

Conclusion

Multi‐b‐value, multi‐directional diffusion analysis using the IVIM–DTI model enables assessment of the cerebral microstructure, fluid flow, and microvascular architecture, providing information on neurodegeneration, glymphatic waste clearance, and the vasculature in one measurement.
Dynamic glucose‐enhanced MRI of gliomas: A preliminary clinical application
Authors: Mo Jianhua , Xu Xiang , Ma Andong , Lu Mingjun , Wang Xianlong , Rui Qihong , Zhu Jianbin , Wen Haitao , Lin Genyun , Knutsson Linda , van Zijl Peter , Wen Zhibo
Published: November 2024

The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of dynamic glucose‐enhanced (DGE) MRI technology in the clinical application of glioma. Twenty patients with glioma were examined using a preoperative DGE‐MRI protocol before clinical intervention. A brief hyperglycemic state was achieved by injecting 50 mL of 50% w/w D‐glucose intravenously during the DGE imaging. The total acquisition time for the DGE was 15 min. Area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) images were calculated using the DGE images. AUC2–7min values of the glioma core, margin area, edema area, and contralateral brain parenchyma were compared using Mann–Whitney U tests. Overall, gray and white matter areas in the AUC images showed relatively low DGE signal change and bilateral symmetry. However, the tumor cores displayed a significant hyperintensity. A high DGE signal change was also seen in the necrotic, cystic, and cerebrospinal areas. These results show that DGE MRI is a feasible technique for the study of brain tumors as part of a clinical exam. Importantly, DGE MRI showed enhancement in areas confirmed histopathologically as tumors, whereas Gd T1w MRI did not show any enhancement in this area. Since the D‐glucose molecule is smaller than Gd‐based contrast agents, DGE MRI may be more sensitive to subtle blood–brain barrier disruptions, thus potentially providing early information about possible malignancy. These findings provide a new perspective for the further exploration and analysis of D‐glucose uptake in brain tumors.
Numerical analysis of the stress‐based formulation of linear elasticity
Authors: Sky Adam , Zilian Andreas
Published: November 2024

The Beltrami–Michell equations of linear elasticity differ from the Navier–Cauchy equations, in that the primary field in former equations is the stress tensor rather than the displacement vector. Consequently, the equations can be used for circumstances where the displacement field is not of interest, for example in design, or when increased smoothness of the solution of the stress tensor is desired. In this work, we explore the stress‐based Beltrami–Michell equations for isotropic linear elastic materials. We introduce the equations in modern tensor notation and investigate their limitations. Further, we demonstrate how to symmetrise and stabilise their weak formulation, complemented by existence and uniqueness proofs. With latter at hand, we construct a conforming finite element discretisation of the equations, avoiding the need for intermediate stress functions. Finally, we present some numerical examples.
Numerical simulation of individualized flow diversion cerebral aneurysms treatment
Authors: Do Huy Quang , Makvandi Resam , Ding Andreas , Juhre Daniel
Published: November 2024

Flow diverter implantation has emerged as a highly effective treatment for cerebral aneurysms. However, the variability in patient‐specific vascular anatomy necessitates detailed pre‐operative planning to mitigate potential complications arising from standard, one‐size‐fits‐all devices. To address these challenges, robust predictive simulation tools are essential for optimizing flow diverter design and implantation strategies tailored to the unique characteristics of each patient's anatomy. This study focuses on developing an advanced numerical simulation tool for modeling the mechanical behavior of braided flow diverters during crimping and navigation through patient‐specific vasculature. Using isogeometric analysis (IGA) with NURBS‐based representations in LS‐Dyna, the intricate deformations of the flow diverter wires during catheter crimping are captured with high accuracy. The patient‐specific vessel geometries, derived from imaging data, are integrated into the model to account for variations in vascular structure, ensuring precise alignment and controlled navigation of the device. The navigation process relies on optimizing the central axis of the blood vessel to minimize torsional stress on the flow diverter, reducing the risk of device malfunction or failure during deployment. By incorporating patient‐specific information, such as vessel curvature and tortuosity, the simulation tool enables the prediction of potential issues, thus allowing for intervention planning that is tailored to individual anatomy. This patient‐specific approach enhances the safety and efficacy of flow diverter implantation and serves as a foundation for improved device design prior to prototype development.
Biotoxicity Evaluation of Biodegradable Polymeric Particles: Exploring the Possible Adverse Impacts on Biological Systems
Authors: Kim Yoonyoung , Lee Eunsol , Kim Jiseung , Shin Giyoung , Oh Dongyeop X. , Park Sung Bae , Park Jeyoung , Lee Eun Seong
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to investigate the impact of plastic particles on cell viability and tissue toxicity. The cells were subjected to incubation with plastic particles immobilized in agar gels, resulting in minimal cell death and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, direct exposure of various cell types to suspended plastic particles showed negligible effects on cell viability, with no observed lysis or growth inhibition. Staining techniques revealed minimal plastic particle‐induced cell death, with the majority of cells remaining viable. However, histological evaluations of mouse tissues demonstrated that the nondegradable low‐density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) groups exhibited severe irritation, characterized by an excessive presence of macrophages, neutrophils, fibrosis, fat infiltration, and increased blood vessel formation in subcutaneous tissue. In contrast, biodegradable neat poly(butylene succinate) (KRICT‐PBS) and cellulose nanocrystals/PBS nanocomposite (CNC‐PBS) groups induced minimal toxicity. Interestingly, the intravenous injection of KRICT‐PBS and CNC‐PBS degradate solutions in mice exhibited mild toxicity, suggesting no significant damage to normal kidney and liver function.
Outcomes of patients with intermediate‐risk neuroblastoma presenting with motor deficits relating to intraspinal tumor extension: A report from the Children's Oncology Group study ANBL0531
Authors: Voeller Julie , Katzenstein Howard M. , Naranjo Arlene , Tenney Sheena C. , Chen Lulu , London Wendy B. , Handler Michael H. , Schmidt Mary Lou , Shimada Hiroyuki , Hogarty Michael D. , Gastier‐Foster Julie , Park Julie R. , Cohn Susan L. , Maris John M. , Bagatell Rochelle , Twist Clare J.
Published: November 2024

Background

Tumor invasion of the spinal canal is detected radiographically in approximately 15% of patients with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma (NB). The optimal clinical approach to maintain excellent survival outcomes while minimizing long‐term sequelae is yet to be defined.

Methods

Patients with intermediate‐risk neuroblastoma (IR‐NB) and radiographically identified intraspinal tumors who were treated on the Children's Oncology Group study ANBL0531 were studied prospectively to evaluate neurologic outcomes related to cord compression. Patients were defined as being symptomatic versus asymptomatic based on reporting of neurologic motor deficits at diagnosis. Patient characteristics, tumor biology, chemotherapy treatment, surgical interventions, and neurologic and disease outcomes are reported.

Results

Of the 92 patients with intraspinal tumors, 42 (46%) were symptomatic and most (73%) had complete resolution of symptoms. Age, degree of motor deficit, and duration of symptoms at diagnosis were not associated with complete resolution. While symptomatic patients were more likely to undergo upfront laminectomy, laminectomy was not associated with improvement of motor symptoms. Administration of additional chemotherapy beyond initial treatment assigned per protocol to achieve the treatment end point was not associated with achieving symptom resolution.

Conclusion

Patients presenting with motor deficits due to intraspinal tumor had excellent survival and favorable neurologic outcomes, with the majority reporting complete resolution of motor symptoms regardless of severity and duration of symptoms at diagnosis or neurosurgical intervention. Prompt diagnosis and initiation of first‐line chemotherapy treatment remain priority, while neurosurgical intervention should be reserved for patients with rapid neurologic deterioration. Biology‐based therapy and tumor response should continue to be used to maintain favorable outcomes.
Neurocutaneous Melanocytosis‐Associated Hydrocephalus: The Memorial Sloan Kettering Experience from 2001 to 2022
Authors: Rodriguez Scarlett , DeIeso‐Frechette Francesca , Umeasor Chidobe , Alli Christianah , Azzi Caline , Haque Sofia , Pugh John A , Meeker Nathan , Khakoo Yasmin
Published: November 2024

We report two neurocutaneous melanocytosis (NCM) patients who required ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and subsequently developed intraperitoneal melanoma. These patients with NCM are at an increased risk for developing NRAS‐associated melanomas in the central nervous system, which in turn may lead to symptomatic hydrocephalus requiring cerebrospinal fluid diversion. Due to the rarity of NCM, current knowledge on disease progression and appropriate management is limited. Ongoing studies aiming to better understand this condition and inform its clinical management may help to identify risk factors for developing more severe complications.
A two‐scale numerical analysis of intra‐yarn hybrid natural/synthetic woven composites
Authors: Yang Nenglong , Zou Zhenmin , Soutis Constantinos , Potluri Prasad , Katnam Kali Babu
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates how combining natural and synthetic fibers within yarns, altering the degree of hybridisation, and varying weave architectures affect the homogenized elastic properties and stress distributions in 2D woven composite laminae using a two‐scale homogenization scheme. The novelty lies in integrating a micro‐scale representative volume element model with a meso‐scale repeating unit cell model to capture intra‐yarn natural/synthetic fiber hybridisation. The study focuses on 2/2 twill and 5‐harness satin woven laminae with flax/E‐glass, hemp/E‐glass and basalt/E‐glass hybrid yarns, all with a total fiber volume fraction of 0.6. Fiber distributions are created through a random sequential expansion algorithm for hybrid RVEs, while periodic meso‐structures are used to define weave architectures for RUCs. Results show that yarn‐level fiber hybridisation significantly influences matrix stress distributions, with variations of up to 22%. In contrast, weave architecture has a minimal effect, with variations in homogenized properties below 2%. Varying fiber types, degrees of hybridisation and weave architectures allow for the tailoring of yarn and lamina properties and altering the stress distributions at micro‐ and meso‐scales and potentially influencing damage mechanisms. The modeling approach for analyzing the mechanical behavior of intra‐yarn hybrid natural/synthetic woven laminae could potentially be used to tailor their tolerance to damage.

Highlights

Two‐scale homogenization integrates RVE and RUC for 2D woven hybrid composites.

Analyzed flax/E‐glass, hemp/E‐glass, basalt/E‐glass in twill and satin weaves.

Intra‐yarn hybridisation significantly affects properties and stress fields.

Hybridizing fibers offers tailored properties and may improve damage tolerance.
Core Concepts in Pharmacoepidemiology: Principled Use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Pharmacoepidemiology and Healthcare Research
Authors: Rough Kathryn , Rashidi Emaan S. , Tai Caroline G. , Lucia Rachel M. , Mack Christina D. , Largent Joan A.
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are important tools across many fields of health and medical research. Pharmacoepidemiologists can bring essential methodological rigor and study design expertise to the design and use of these technologies within healthcare settings. AI/ML‐based tools also play a role in pharmacoepidemiology research, as we may apply them to answer our own research questions, take responsibility for evaluating medical devices with AI/ML components, or participate in interdisciplinary research to create new AI/ML algorithms. While epidemiologic expertise is essential to deploying AI/ML responsibly and ethically, the rapid advancement of these technologies in the past decade has resulted in a knowledge gap for many in the field. This article provides a brief overview of core AI/ML concepts, followed by a discussion of potential applications of AI/ML in pharmacoepidemiology research, and closes with a review of important concepts across application areas, including interpretability and fairness. This review is intended to provide an accessible, practical overview of AI/ML for pharmacoepidemiology research, with references to further, more detailed resources on fundamental topics.
Investigation of amyl acetate sorption impact on high‐density polyethylene bottle properties
Authors: Elkori Rabiaa , Lamarti Amal , El Had Khalid , Hachim Abdelilah
Published: November 2024

Thermoplastics based on polyolefins, including polypropylene, high‐density polyethylene and low‐density polyethylene, are extensively utilized across various packaging sectors. The selection of these materials for specific applications is influenced by multiple factors, such as the polymer's absorption characteristics and the impact on its mechanical properties when in contact with the packaged product. This study presents an experimental methodology designed to simulate the effects of absorption on the macroscopic and microscopic properties of high‐density polyethylene bottles in contact with amyl acetate. Macroscopic degradation was evaluated by modeling mechanical damage using unified theory and the energy method. Analytical techniques such as gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry were employed. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for suppliers and industries to experimentally determine the usability and safety intervals of plastic packaging through comprehensive macroscopic and microscopic analyses within relatively short timescales. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Controllable Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Carbon Quantum Dots Synthesised by Plasma Electrochemical Method
Authors: Ma Yupengxue , Wang Ruoyu , Qin Xiaoru , Zhang Qing , Zhong Xiaoxia
Published: November 2024

Carbon quantum dots were synthesised in an environmentally friendly and efficient way using the plasma electrochemical method with folic acid as a precursor. By taking online measurements of the 90‐min synthesis process, we observed that the fluorescence quantum yield (QY) varied with the reaction time. The optimisation of reaction time and other experimental parameters can effectively improve the QY of carbon quantum dots. The results demonstrate that an increase in nitrogen doping leads to an increase in QY. In this paper, the QY of carbon quantum dots was increased from 0.64% to 13.72% by optimising the experimental parameters, which provides an effective way to increase the QY of carbon quantum dots synthesised by the plasma electrochemical method or other methods.
Selection for agronomic traits in intermediate wheatgrass increases responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: McKenna Thomas P. , Koziol Liz , Crain Jared , Crews Timothy E. , Sikes Benjamin A. , DeHaan Lee R. , Bever James D.
Published: November 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Agricultural practices have had a negative impact on the physical, chemical, and biological components of soil. Perennial cropping systems that facilitate positive soil microbial interactions could not only rebuild soils but also sustain productivity through expected variations in environmental conditions. Here, we show the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, soil symbionts that can improve host performance and soil health, increased the growth of intermediate wheatgrass, a novel perennial grain crop, in populations that have been increasingly bred for desirable agricultural characteristics. The right pairing of intermediate wheatgrass and a beneficial AM fungal community could lead to more sustainable agroecosystems.

Intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) is a novel perennial grain that can provide many soil health benefits in agroecosystems; however, little is known about how selection for agronomic traits has impacted interactions with soil biota. Here, we assess how the selection for agronomic traits in IWG has impacted its relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi.

First, growth response to AM fungi was compared across five generations of IWG with varying degrees of selection. Second, variation in AM fungal responsiveness was compared among genets of IWG individuals within a more advanced generation. Finally, a meta‐analysis was performed on all published studies exploring AM fungal inocula effects on IWG performance to increase understanding of selection effects.

AM fungal responsiveness increased with selection for agronomic traits, responsiveness varied among genets in the advanced generation, and a majority of genets performed better in the presence of AM fungi. The meta‐analysis supported the findings that AM fungal responsiveness has increased with selection in IWG.

Further studies are needed to realize the combined potential soil health and sustainability benefits of IWG and AM fungi, including assessment of symbiotic benefits beyond biomass production, identification of IWG traits correlated with responsiveness, and characterization of AM fungal community response to IWG.
Encapsulation of Rifampicin in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by Microwave‐Assisted Microemulsion Method
Authors: Nguyen Anh T.M. , Ife Alexander F. , Goff Abigail , Russo Diane , Palombo Enzo A. , Shah Rohan M. , Eldridge Daniel S.
Published: November 2024

Rifampicin (RF) is a potent antibiotic, but its clinical effectiveness is limited by poor water solubility and stability. To overcome these limitations, RF is encapsulated in solid‐lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using a one‐pot microwave microemulsion method. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize RF‐loaded SLNs, evaluating their physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial efficacy. The synthesized SLNs exhibit particle sizes ranging from 150 to 200 nm, with a high encapsulation efficiency of ≈55% and high loading capacity. The particles are imaged by cryogenic‐transmission electron microscopy and found to be circular and elongated, with RF homogenously distributed throughout the particles. The RF‐loaded SLNs demonstrate potent antimicrobial activity, as evidenced by disc diffusion assays. The SLNs exhibits a sustained drug release profile, highlighting their potential as an effective drug delivery system for antimicrobial treatment. These findings suggest that SLNs can enhance the stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of hydrophobic drugs like RF.
Persistent Airflow Limitation Prediction and Risk Factor Analysis Among Asthmatic Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Xiong Shiqiu , Tian Chunyu , Shao Mingjun , Liu Chuanhe
Published: November 2024

Introduction

A minority of asthmatic children develop persistent airflow limitation (PAL), associated with an increased risk of chronic airflow obstruction and poor prognosis. This study aimed to identify risk factors for PAL and develop a prediction model to identify high‐risk asthmatic children.

Methods

This retrospective study included 2072 children (5–16 years) with asthma. After a 2‐year follow‐up, patients were categorized into non‐PAL, reversible PAL (RPAL), and irreversible PAL (IPAL) groups. Logistic regression (LR) was used to identify independent risk factors for RPAL and IPAL. A prediction model based on multivariate LR was developed and validated to identify asthmatic children at high risk of developing PAL. A nomogram was created for visualization.

Results

Among the 2072 asthmatic patients, 14.72% (n = 305) developed PAL. Asthma exacerbation history (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.03–3.01) and poor adherence (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.26–2.65) were independent risk factors of RPAL. Independent risk factors for IPAL were BMI over 19.0 kg/m2 (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.03–3.21) and a history of pneumonia (OR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.30–4.26). The prediction model incorporated nine variables and showed good discriminatory ability, with AUC values of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.76–0.81) for the training set, 0.76 (95% CI: 0.76–0.77) for internal validation, and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64–0.81) for temporal validation.

Conclusion

Asthma exacerbation history and poor adherence were independent risk factors for developing RPAL. BMI over 19.0 kg/m2 and a history of pneumonia were risk factors for IPAL. Our prediction model effectively identified asthmatic children at high risk of developing PAL.
SUSY QED with Lorentz‐Asymmetric Fermionic Matter and a Glance at the Electron's EDM
Authors: Melo João Paulo S. , Silva Wagno Cesar e , Helayël‐Neto José A.
Published: November 2024

This contribution sets out to pursue the investigation of a supersymmetric electrodynamics model with Lorentz‐symmetry violation (LSV) manifested by a space‐time unbalance in the propagation of the fermionic charged matter. Despite violation of Lorentz symmetry, the supersymmetry algebra is kept untouched. A superspace approach is then adopted to build up an ‐supersymmetric Abelian gauge theory in presence of a Lorentz‐violating background supermultiplet that accommodates the space‐time asymmetry parameter of the charged matter. It is described, in this scenario, how the particular Lorentz‐symmetry breaking, brought about by the fermionic matter, affects its (matter) scalar partners and the photon/photino that minimally couple to charged matter. From the (modified) Dirac, Klein–Gordon and Maxwell field equations, the corresponding dispersion relations are worked out to inspect and discuss the physical effects of the LSV Majorana fermion condensates that naturally emerge from the background supermultiplet. Finally, efforts are targeted to investigate the Gordon decomposition of the charged lepton electromagnetic current. This is carried out by iterating the (fermion and scalar) matter field equations, which points to an effective contribution to the electron's electric dipole moment. This result allows us to attain an estimate of the pseudo‐vector condensate of the (LSV) Majorana background fermion.
Naturally‐occurring nematicides of plant origin: two decades of novel chemistries
Authors: Ibrahim Hashim , Nchiozem‐Ngnitedem Vaderament‐A. , Dandurand Louise‐Marie , Popova Inna
Published: November 2024

Plant‐parasitic nematodes are among the most destructive plant pathogens, resulting in a global annual economic loss of about 358 billion dollars. Using synthetic nematicides to control plant‐parasitic nematodes has resulted in broad‐spectrum toxicity to the environment. Plant‐derived secondary metabolites have recently emerged as viable options that provide effective, greener, and renewable routes for managing plant‐parasitic nematodes in various cropping systems. However, limited comprehensive information on plant‐derived secondary metabolites sources, chemical structures, and nematicidal activities is available. This study aims to compile and analyze data on plant‐based secondary metabolites with nematicidal properties collected over the last two decades. In this review, we identified 262 plant‐based metabolites with nematicidal activities that were isolated from 35 plant families and 65 plant species. Alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, thiophenes, and annonaceous acetogenins were among the most studied compounds. In addition to the structure–activity relation for specific metabolites with nematicidal potency, various techniques for their extraction and isolation from plant material are discussed. Our findings demonstrate the potential of plants as a feedstock for sourcing nematicidal compounds and discovering new chemistries that could potentially be used for developing the next generation of nematicides. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
DMI fungicide resistance in Zymoseptoria tritici is unlinked to geographical origin and genetic background: a case study in Europe
Authors: Oreiro Eula Gems , Samils Berit , Kildea Steven , Heick Thies , Hellin Pierre , Legrève Anne , Rodemann Bernd , Berg Gunilla , Jørgensen Lise N , Friberg Hanna , Berlin Anna , Zhan Jiasui , Andersson Björn
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

The hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causing Septoria tritici blotch (STB), is a devastating foliar pathogen of wheat worldwide. A common group of fungicides used to control STB are the demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). DMI fungicides restrict fungal growth by inhibiting the sterol 14‐α‐demethylase, a protein encoded by CYP51 gene and essential for maintaining fungal cell permeability. However, the adaptation of Z. tritici populations in response to intensive and prolonged DMI usage has resulted in a gradual shift towards reduced sensitivity to this group of fungicides. In this study, 311 isolates were collected pre‐treatment from nine wheat‐growing regions in Europe in 2019. These isolates were analysed by high‐throughput amplicon‐based sequencing of nine housekeeping genes and the CYP51 gene.

RESULTS

Analyses based on housekeeping genes and the CYP51 gene revealed a lack of population structure in Z. tritici samples irrespective of geographical origin. Minimum spanning network (MSN) analysis showed clustering of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) based on CYP51 haplotypes, indicating an effect of selection due to DMI fungicide use. The majority of the haplotypes identified in this study have been reported previously. The diversity and frequencies of mutations varied across regions.

CONCLUSION

Using a high‐throughput amplicon‐sequencing approach, we found several mutations in the CYP51 gene combined in different haplotypes that are likely to cause fungicide resistance. These mutations occurred irrespective of genetic background or geographical origin. Overall, these results contribute to the development of effective and sustainable risk monitoring for DMI fungicide resistance. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
High‐dose propranolol decreases aggression in young people with autism
Authors: Price Lawrence H.
Published: November 2024

As many as two‐thirds of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience challenging symptoms of irritability, including aggression and self‐injury. The antipsychotics risperidone and aripiprazole are approved for the treatment of irritability associated with ASD; however, their adverse effects can compromise long‐term use in many patients. Based on longstanding case reports showing promising results for the beta‐blocker propranolol in reducing challenging symptoms in ASD, investigators conducted a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial to evaluate the feasibility of high‐dose propranolol for treating aggression in patients with ASD. The investigators recruited youths and young adults aged 12 to 30 with ASD and a history of severe and chronic aggression, self‐injury, and disruptive behaviors that interfere with daily activities. Participants were required to have had an inadequate trial of at least two psychotropic medications, including at least one antipsychotic. Dosing of propranolol started at 10 mg three times a day and could be increased until adequate therapeutic response was achieved, to a maximum dose of 200 mg three times a day. Most study visits were conducted via telehealth in order to minimize patient schedule disruption. The primary outcomes were change in scores on the Clinical Global Impression‐Improvement (CGI‐I) and Aberrant Behavior Checklist‐Community (ABC‐C) scales from baseline to study endpoint. Six participants with a mean age of 16 years were enrolled. The investigators found that propranolol resulted in mean reductions of 50% in scores on the CGI‐I and 37% in scores on the ABC‐C. Effect sizes were large for both measures: –0.74 for the CGI‐I and –0.64 for the ABC‐C. “As this was a feasibility pilot study, we had a small sample that limits the generalization of our results to a wider population, and therefore, until a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study with an adequate number of subjects is conducted, the clinical value of this report is limited,” the study's authors wrote. [London, E., et al. (2024). J Clin Psychopharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001895]