bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Manchester short splint: A change to splinting practice in the rehabilitation of zone II flexor tendon repairs
Authors: Peck FH , Roe AE , Ng CY , Duff C , McGrouther DA , Lees VC
Published: May 2014

Introduction

The results of patients with primary zone II flexor tendon repairs rehabilitated using a traditional forearm-based splint were audited and compared with those who were managed in the Manchester short splint.

Method

The short splint was fabricated to permit maximal wrist flexion and up to 45° of wrist extension with a block to 30° of metacarpophalangeal joint extension. A rehabilitation regimen consisting of early combined passive flexion exercises and active motion was employed. In 2011, 62 patients (76 digits) with a mean age of 34 years (range 14–58) were rehabilitated using the forearm-based splint (group A). In 2012, 40 patients (45 digits) with a mean age of 31 years (range 15–71) were rehabilitated using the Manchester short splint (group B).

Results

Group B had significantly less flexion contracture at their proximal interphalangeal joints than group A at 6 weeks (median 15° versus 28°; p = 0.003) and 12 weeks (median 6° versus 18°; p = 0.024) postoperatively. At the final review, group B had a significantly greater arc of flexion at their distal interphalangeal joints (median 59° versus 30°; p < 0.001) and a greater proportion of patients with excellent/good Strickland’s grades. There were three (3.9%) ruptures in group A and two (4.4%) ruptures in group B (p > 0.999).

Conclusion

The use of a shorter splint would appear to enhance the outcomes whilst preserving repair integrity.
A Detailed Description of the Implementation of Inpatient Insulin Orders With a Commercial Electronic Health Record System
Authors: Neinstein Aaron , MacMaster Heidemarie Windham , Sullivan Mary M. , Rushakoff Robert
Published: May 2014

Background:

In the setting of Meaningful Use laws and professional society guidelines, hospitals are rapidly implementing electronic glycemic management order sets. There are a number of best practices established in the literature for glycemic management protocols and programs. We believe that this is the first published account of the detailed steps to be taken to design, implement, and optimize glycemic management protocols in a commercial computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system.

Process:

Prior to CPOE implementation, our hospital already had a mature glycemic management program. To transition to CPOE, we underwent the following 4 steps: (1) preparation and requirements gathering, (2) design and build, (3) implementation and dissemination, and (4) optimization. These steps required more than 2 years of coordinated work between physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and programmers. With the move to CPOE, our complex glycemic management order sets were successfully implemented without any significant interruptions in care. With feedback from users, we have continued to refine the order sets, and this remains an ongoing process.

Conclusions:

Successful implementation of glycemic management protocols in CPOE is dependent on broad stakeholder input and buy-in. When using a commercial CPOE system, there may be limitations of the system, necessitating workarounds. There should be an upfront plan to apply resources for continuous process improvement and optimization after implementation.
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, suppresses vasculogenic mimicry and proliferation of highly aggressive pancreatic cancer PaTu8988 cells
Authors: Xu Xing-dong , Yang Lan , Zheng Li-yun , Pan Yan-yan , Cao Zhi-fei , Zhang Zhi-qing , Zhou Quan-sheng , Yang Bo , Cao Cong
Published: May 2014

Background

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with a extremely low 5-year survival rate. Hence, the search for more effective anti-pancreatic cancer agents is urgent.

Methods

PaTu8988 pancreatic cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), cell survival, proliferation, migration and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) were analyzed. Associated signaling changes were also analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blots.

Results

Here, we reported that SAHA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), exerted significant inhibitory efficiency against pancreatic cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration and VM. SAHA dose-dependently inhibited PaTu8988 pancreatic cancer cell growth with the IC-50 of 3.4 ± 0. 7 μM. Meanwhile, SAHA suppressed PaTu8988 cell cycle progression through inducing G2/M arrest, which was associated with cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK-1)/cyclin-B1 degradation and p21/p27 upregulation. Further, SAHA induced both apoptotic and non-apoptotic death of PaTu8988 cells. Significantly, SAHA suppressed PaTu8988 cell in vitro migration and cell-dominant tube formation or VM, which was accompanied by semaphorin-4D (Sema-4D) and integrin-β5 down-regulation. Our evidences showed that Akt activation might be important for Sema-4D expression in PaTu8988 cells, and SAHA-induced Sema-4D down-regulation might be associated with Akt inhibition.

Conclusions

This study is among the first to report the VM formation in cultured human pancreatic cancer cells. And we provided strong evidence to suggest that SAHA executes significant anti-VM efficiency in the progressive pancreatic cancer cells. Thus, SAHA could be further investigated as a promising anti-pancreatic cancer agent.
Sheaf fuzzy problems for functional differential equations
Authors: Tri Phan Van , Hoa Ngo Van , Phu Nguyen Dinh
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we present the studies on two kinds of solutions to fuzzy functional differential equations (FFDEs) and sheaf fuzzy functional differential equations (SFFDEs). The different types of solutions to FFDEs and SFFDEs are generated by the usage of generalized Hukuhara derivative concepts of fuzzy derivative in the formulation of a differential problem. Some examples are given to illustrate these results.
First report of a Chinese strain of coxsackie B3 virus infection in a newborn in Germany in 2011: a case report
Authors: Ronellenfitsch Sebastian , Tabatabai Julia , Böttcher Sindy , Diedrich Sabine , Frommhold David , Schubert-Bast Susanne , Poeschl Johannes , Schnitzler Paul
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Enteroviruses commonly encounter babies and children and infections present in a wide variety of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection, benign illness, and aseptic meningitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease to severe life-threatening disease. Some newborns develop severe disease in the first 2 weeks of life and long-term sequelae may occur among survivors.

Case presentation

We present a case report of a Caucasian newborn baby boy with severe encephalitis and systemic coxsackievirus B3 infection. The coincidence of maternal infection as well as previous mild respiratory illness in his sister suggests either prenatal or horizontal postnatal transmission. An electroencephalogram showed a severe pathologic pattern with theta-delta-rhythm and spike-wave complexes on both hemispheres. We also observed an unusual prolonged viremia for a period of 6 weeks. Due to the lack of specific antiviral treatment options, the supportive management included ventilation and medical treatment of seizures. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a genogroup D2 virus previously exclusively detected in China and now described in Europe for the first time.

Conclusions

Enteroviral infection is an important differential diagnosis in neonatal encephalitis. Prolonged viremia must be taken into account and might correlate with disease severity. The newly observed enterovirus genotype D2 is spreading from Asia to other continents.
An audio-magnetotelluric investigation of the Otjiwarongo and Katima Mulilo regions, Namibia
Authors: Share Pieter-Ewald , Jones Alan G. , Muller Mark R. , Khoza David T. , Miensopust Marion P. , Webb Susan J.
Published: May 2014

As an additional opportunistic component to the southern African magnetotelluric experiment, natural-source audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data were acquired during phase IV to investigate the local-scale electric conductivity subsurface structure in the Otjiwarongo and Katima Mulilo regions (Namibia) as an aid in locating the installation points for high-voltage direct current earth electrodes. The study showed that the shallow subsurface of areas containing one measurement site in the Otjiwarongo region and three sites in the Katima Mulilo region have appropriate high conductivities for the optimal placement of the earth electrodes. Both of the AMT surveys are situated close to the edge of the orogenic Neo-Proterozoic Damara mobile belt (DMB). Previous studies all suggest the existence of a highly conductive midcrustal zone, which correlates well with the spatial location of the DMB. Two-dimensional inverse modeling of the Otjiwarongo AMT data confirms the existence of the high-conductive zone at midcrustal depths (10–15 km). The high conductivity of the DMB is explained by the presence of interconnected graphite in the marble units present. The Katima Mulilo inversion results are characterized by a conductive upper crustal layer that does not form part of the DMB conductive belt. It was deduced that at the uppermost subsurface (maximum [Formula: see text]), Kalahari sediments are responsible for the high conductivity observed, whereas at greater depth (up to 6 km), its cause remains enigmatic, albeit the hypothesis of ironstone or graphite being present and causing the observed conductive upper crust.
Numerical modeling of elastic-wave scattering by near-surface heterogeneities
Authors: Almuhaidib Abdulaziz M. , Toksöz M. Nafi
Published: May 2014

In land seismic data, scattering from surface and near-surface heterogeneities adds complexity to the recorded signal and masks weak primary reflections. To understand the effects of near-surface heterogeneities on seismic reflections, we simulated seismic-wave scattering from arbitrary-shaped, shallow, subsurface heterogeneities through the use of a perturbation method for elastic waves and finite-difference forward modeling. The near-surface scattered wavefield was modeled by looking at the difference between the calculated incident (i.e., in the absence of scatterers) and the total wavefields. Wave propagation was simulated for several earth models with different near-surface characteristics to isolate and quantify the influence of scattering on the quality of the seismic signal. The results indicated that the direct surface waves and the upgoing reflections were scattered by the near-surface heterogeneities. The scattering took place from body waves to surface waves and from surface waves to body waves. The scattered waves consisted mostly of body waves scattered to surface waves and were, generally, as large as, or larger than, the reflections. They often obscured weak primary reflections and could severely degrade the image quality. The results indicated that the scattered energy depended strongly on the properties of the shallow scatterers and increased with increasing impedance contrast, increasing size of the scatterers relative to the incident wavelength, decreasing depth of the scatterers, and increasing attenuation factor of the background medium. Also, sources deployed at depth generated weak surface waves, whereas deep receivers recorded weak surface and scattered body-to-surface waves. The analysis and quantified results helped in the understanding of the scattering mechanisms and, therefore, could lead to developing new acquisition and processing techniques to reduce the scattered surface wave and enhance the quality of the seismic image.
Stable Q analysis on vertical seismic profiling data
Authors: Wang Yanghua
Published: May 2014

Vertical seismic profiling (VSP) provides a direct observation of seismic waveforms propagating to various depths within the earth’s subsurface. The [Formula: see text] analysis or attenuation ([Formula: see text]) analysis based on direct comparison between individual waveforms at different depths, however, suffers from the problem of instability commonly due to fluctuations inherent in the frequency spectrum of each waveform. To improve the stability, we considered frequency and time variations and conducted [Formula: see text] analysis on an integrated observation. First, we transformed the time- (or depth-) frequency-domain spectrum to a 1D attenuation measurement with respect to a single variable, the product of time and frequency. Although this 1D measurement has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the 2D spectrum in the time-frequency domain, it can also be used to further generate a stabilized compensation function. Then, we implemented two [Formula: see text]-analysis methods by data fitting (in a least-squares sense) to either the attenuation measurement or the data-driven gain function. These two methods are theoretically consistent and practically robust for conducting [Formula: see text] analysis on field VSP data.
Numerical study of the interface errors of finite-difference simulations of seismic waves
Authors: Vishnevsky Dmitry , Lisitsa Vadim , Tcheverda Vladimir , Reshetova Galina
Published: May 2014

Numerical simulations of wave propagation produce different errors and the most well known is numerical dispersion, which is only valid for homogeneous media. However, there is a lack of error studies for heterogeneous media or even for the canonical case of media that have two constant velocity layers. The error associated with media that have two layers is called an interface error, and it typically converges to zero with a lower order of convergence compared to the theoretical convergence rate of the finite-difference schemes (FDS) for homogeneous media. We evaluated a detailed numerical study of the interface error for three staggered-grid FDS that are commonly used in the simulation of seismic-wave propagation. We determined that a standard staggered-grid scheme (SSGS) (also known as the Virieux scheme), a rotated staggered-grid scheme (RSGS), and a Lebedev scheme (LS) preserve the second order of convergence at horizontal/vertical solid-solid interfaces when the medium parameters have been properly modified, such as by harmonic averaging of finely layered media for the stiffness tensor and arithmetic mean for the density. However, for a fluid-solid interface aligned with the grid line, a second-order convergence can only be achieved by an SSGS. In addition, the presence of a fluid-solid interface reduces the order of convergence for the LS and the RSGS to a first order of convergence. The presence of inclined interfaces makes high-order (second and more) convergence impossible.
Reducing the dependence of the analytic signal amplitude of aeromagnetic data on the source vector direction
Authors: Cooper Gordon R. J.
Published: May 2014

The analytic signal amplitude (As) is commonly used as an edge-detection filter for aeromagnetic data. For profile (2D) data, its shape is independent of the source magnetization vector direction, but this is not the case for map (3D) data. A modified analytic signal amplitude ([Formula: see text]) is introduced here which has a much reduced dependence on this vector for both contact and dike models. When the modified analytic signal amplitude was applied to synthetic data sets, it was more effective in enhancing the edges of the bodies than the standard As. Because it uses second-order derivatives of the magnetic field, the method is sensitive to noise and so an additional formulation was developed for noisy data sets that only use first-order derivatives.
Vertical radar profiling: Combined analysis of traveltimes, amplitudes, and reflections
Authors: Tronicke Jens , Hamann Göran
Published: May 2014

Vertical radar profiling (VRP) is a single-borehole geophysical technique, in which the receiver antenna is located within a borehole and the transmitter antenna is placed at one or various offsets from the borehole. Today, VRP surveying is primarily used to derive 1D velocity models by inverting the arrival times of direct waves. Using field data collected at a well-constrained test site in Germany, we evaluated a VRP workflow relying on the analysis of direct-arrival traveltimes and amplitudes as well as on imaging reflection events. To invert our VRP traveltime data, we used a global inversion strategy resulting in an ensemble of acceptable velocity models, and thus, it allowed us to appraise uncertainty issues in the estimated velocities as well as in porosity models derived via petrophysical translations. In addition to traveltime inversion, the analysis of direct-wave amplitudes and reflection events provided further valuable information regarding subsurface properties and architecture. The used VRP amplitude preprocessing and inversion procedures were adapted from ray-based crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) attenuation tomography and resulted in an attenuation model, which can be used to estimate variations in electrical resistivity. Our VRP reflection imaging approach relied on corridor stacking, which is a well-established processing sequence in vertical seismic profiling. The resulting reflection image outlines bounding layers and can be directly compared to surface-based GPR reflection profiling. Our results of the combined analysis of VRP, traveltimes, amplitudes, and reflections were consistent with independent core and borehole logs as well as GPR reflection profiles, which enabled us to derive a detailed hydrostratigraphic model as needed, for example, to understand and model groundwater flow and transport.
Amoral Abolitionism: Frederick Douglass and the Environmental Case against Slavery
Authors: Ellis Cristin
Published: May 2014

Ellis’s essay reconstructs the history of environmental crisis—the crisis of Southern soil exhaustion—at the heart of the antebellum slavery debates. Through readings of landscape in My Bondage and My Freedom, the essay argues that in the 1850s, Douglass displaces the moral and sentimental antislavery rhetorics for which he is known in favor of a newly pragmatic antislavery logic focused on slavery’s unsustainability—its tendency to exhaust the soil. This argument has two main aims: to explore Douglass’s engagement with ecological and economic antislavery rhetorics, and, more broadly, to consider the relevance of his pragmatic turn to modern ecocriticism as it reexamines the role of ethical sentiment in its project going forward.
William Dean Howells’s Deserted Wife: E. D. E. N. Southworth,A Modern Instance, and Sentimental Divorce Narration
Authors: Korobkin Laura H.
Published: May 2014

This essay challenges received readings of William Dean Howells’s A Modern Instance and well-established critical assumptions that associate his realist project with public male legal discourse and define it strongly against presumptively feminine rhetorical strategies like sentimentality. In A Modern Instance, Howells shows the professional effectiveness of strategically deployed affective narration in the courtroom, making it a necessary subject for realist representation. I argue that the novel is Howells’s realist response to and rewriting of E. D. E. N. Southworth’s The Deserted Wife; that Gaylord’s courtroom narration is a reductive, parodic version of Southworth; and that Howells’s ending punishes Gaylord and Marcia, who have functioned as sentimental author and heroine. Critics have long accepted Howells’s 1908 claim that Euripides’s Medea inspired the novel, but I contend that it was more likely conceived as an appropriation and revision of Southworth, whose pivotal chapter is titled “The New Medea.” Anxiously competing for the role of moral and cultural advisor to female readers, Howells writes his own deserted wife novel, in which he vanquishes Southworth in a variety of ways.
When Old Meets New: Classicizing Columns in Northern French Flying Buttress Systems
Authors: Hutterer Maile
Published: May 2014

Appearing in the mid-twelfth century in and around the Paris basin, flying buttresses fundamentally transformed churches, representing a radical break with architectural tradition. While flying buttresses were visually unprecedented forms, they quickly became standard components of church design. But how was such a new form incorporated into traditional architectural language? This article examines one formal aspect in the design of flying buttresses: the column, an iconographically potent form that communicated the idea of support through its several-millennia-long history of use. We can better understand the visual character of the flying buttress by exploring lingering references to the classical column within the innovative features of the flying buttress form. A survey of French examples from the twelfth to the sixteenth century shows that some medieval builders strategically employed classical-looking features, especially during periods of intense experimentation. The incorporation of the column into the new buttressing configuration served as one strategy for mediating the buttress’s deviant character. Tracing various ways in which flying buttresses articulate historicizing syntax over their long history illuminates their aesthetic role as part of an architectural language that may help us understand better the ambiguity and contingency of architectural meaning.
Transcription factor heterogeneity in pluripotent stem cells: a stochastic advantage
Authors: Torres-Padilla Maria-Elena , Chambers Ian
Published: May 2014

When pluripotent cells are exposed to a uniform culture environment they routinely display heterogeneous gene expression. Aspects of this heterogeneity, such as Nanog expression, are linked to differences in the propensity of individual cells to either self-renew or commit towards differentiation. Recent findings have provided new insight into the underlying causes of this heterogeneity, which we summarise here using Nanog, a key regulator of pluripotency, as a model gene. We discuss the role of transcription factor heterogeneity in facilitating the intrinsically dynamic and stochastic nature of the pluripotency network, which in turn provides a potential benefit to a population of cells that needs to balance cell fate decisions.
Limited predictive value of blastomere angle of division in trophectoderm and inner cell mass specification
Authors: Watanabe Tomoko , Biggins John S. , Tannan Neeta Bala , Srinivas Shankar
Published: May 2014

The formation of trophectoderm (TE) and pluripotent inner cell mass (ICM) is one of the earliest events during mammalian embryogenesis. It is believed that the orientation of division of polarised blastomeres in the 8- and 16-cell stage embryo determines the fate of daughter cells, based on how asymmetrically distributed lineage determinants are segregated. To investigate the relationship between angle of division and subsequent fate in unperturbed embryos, we constructed cellular resolution digital representations of the development of mouse embryos from the morula to early blastocyst stage, based on 4D confocal image volumes. We find that at the 16-cell stage, very few inside cells are initially produced as a result of cell division, but that the number increases due to cell movement. Contrary to expectations, outside cells at the 16-cell stage represent a heterogeneous population, with some fated to contributing exclusively to the TE and others capable of contributing to both the TE and ICM. Our data support the view that factors other than the angle of division, such as the position of a blastomere, play a major role in the specification of TE and ICM.
Extrinsic and intrinsic control by EKLF (KLF1) within a specialized erythroid niche
Authors: Xue Li , Galdass Mariann , Gnanapragasam Merlin Nithya , Manwani Deepa , Bieker James J.
Published: May 2014

The erythroblastic island provides an important nutritional and survival support niche for efficient erythropoietic differentiation. Island integrity is reliant on adhesive interactions between erythroid and macrophage cells. We show that erythroblastic islands can be formed from single progenitor cells present in differentiating embryoid bodies, and that these correspond to erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) that first appear in the yolk sac of the early developing embryo. Erythroid Krüppel-like factor (EKLF; KLF1), a crucial zinc finger transcription factor, is expressed in the EMPs, and plays an extrinsic role in erythroid maturation by being expressed in the supportive macrophage of the erythroblastic island and regulating relevant genes important for island integrity within these cells. Together with its well-established intrinsic contributions to erythropoiesis, EKLF thus plays a coordinating role between two different cell types whose interaction provides the optimal environment to generate a mature red blood cell.
Switching on sex: transcriptional regulation of the testis-determining geneSry
Authors: Larney Christian , Bailey Timothy L. , Koopman Peter
Published: May 2014

Mammalian sex determination hinges on the development of ovaries or testes, with testis fate being triggered by the expression of the transcription factor sex-determining region Y (Sry). Reduced or delayed Sry expression impairs testis development, highlighting the importance of its accurate spatiotemporal regulation and implying a potential role for SRY dysregulation in human intersex disorders. Several epigenetic modifiers, transcription factors and kinases are implicated in regulating Sry transcription, but it remains unclear whether or how this farrago of factors acts co-ordinately. Here we review our current understanding of Sry regulation and provide a model that assembles all known regulators into three modules, each converging on a single transcription factor that binds to the Sry promoter. We also discuss potential future avenues for discovering the cis-elements and trans-factors required for Sry regulation.
Elaboration of Titanium Oxide Nanocrystallites by Sol–Gel Method with Soluble-starch Stabilization and Coupling of Hydrothermal and Biological Extraction
Authors: Mehri Afef , Kochkar Hafedh
Published: May 2014

Mesostructured TiO2 nanomaterials with tuned crystallite sizes were elaborated by a novel green route using soluble starch as the structuring agent and titanium(IV) isopropoxide as the inorganic precursor. Using hydrothermal treatment (HT), soluble-starch removal from the inorganic matrix is about 80 wt % against 60 wt % for the enzymatic one (ET). Coupling the ET and HT leads upto 90 wt % of starch removal. The TiO2 crystallite sizes are stabilized at 6 nm.
A Red Fluorescence Two-photon Absorption Probe for Sensitive Imaging of Live Mitochondria
Authors: Tominaga Makoto , Mochida Shuhei , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Satomi Koichiro , Moritomo Hiroki , Fuji Akinari , Tomoyuki Arina , Suzuki Yasutaka , Kawamata Jun
Published: May 2014

We synthesized two-photon absorption probes based on naphthalene and anthracene: 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-(2,6-naphthylenedi-2,1-ethenediyl)dipyridinium diiodide (NP) and 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-(2,6-anthrylenedi-2,1-ethenediyl)dipyridinium diiodide (AC). These two probes were successfully accumulated in mitochondria with different fluorescence colors: yellow (NP) and red (AC). Two-photon absorption cross sections (σ(2)) were 712 and 685 GM (1 GM = 10−50 cm4 s photon−1 molecule−1), respectively. These values are nine times larger than the σ(2) of the commercially available mitochondria-selective probe with efficient two-photon absorption property (rhodamine 123).
Spin-crossover Compounds with Wide Thermal Hysteresis
Authors: Halcrow Malcolm A
Published: May 2014

Spin-crossover compounds showing wide thermal hysteresis are surveyed, and the factors underlying these properties are discussed. Hysteresis is promoted by large structural rearrangements during the transition and by strong intermolecular interactions involving rigid ligand groups or donor atoms. These observations provide new principles for the design of molecular crystals undergoing spin crossover (or other phase changes) with predefined switching properties.
Facile Synthesis of 3D Hierarchical Dandelion-like Co3O4 Microspheres for Superior Ethanol Gas Sensing Properties
Authors: Liu Aifeng , Che Hongwei , Mu Jingbo , Bai Yongmei , Zhao Shufeng , Hou Junxian , Zhang Xiaoliang
Published: May 2014

Novel hierarchical dandelion-like Co3O4 microspheres have been successively synthesized via a facile solvothermal reaction and subsequent calcination. The calcined products exhibit well-fined dandelion-like morphology with sizes of about 2 µm. These microspheres are composed of numerous 1D nanorods arranged radially on the surface. The evolution process of dandelion-like microspheres has been investigated, and a possible evolution mechanism has been proposed. When evaluated as a gas sensor, the obtained dandelion-like Co3O4 microspheres exhibit superior ethanol gas sensing performance.
Evolution of alarm cues: a test of the kin selection hypothesis
Authors: Meuthen Denis , Baldauf Sebastian A , Thünken Timo
Published: May 2014

The evolution of alarm signals has puzzled evolutionary ecologists for decades. This is particularly true for alarm cues (‘Schreckstoff’) which are present in many fishes. They are passively released through injuries and signal the presence of a predator. Although the benefits for conspecific receivers are obvious (they can adjust their behavior to avoid predation), those for the senders are not which is, however, a necessary requirement for the evolution of alarm signals. Several hypotheses relying on potential direct benefits for the senders have been suggested. Alarm cues might attract secondary predators which in turn might increase the escape probability of the sender. A primary immune enhancing role was suggested as well. An alternative explanation is based on Hamilton’s inclusive fitness theory stating that individuals can indirectly increase their fitness by increasing the survival of genetically related individuals (‘kin selection theory’). If related individuals preferentially benefit from alarm signals, for instance by being more receptive to kin-alarm cues, senders could increase their inclusive fitness. Here, we investigate whether individuals of the cichlid fishPelvicachromis taeniatus respond differentially to alarm cues derived from kin and non-kin. P. taeniatuspossesses alarm cues and is known to adjust its behavior when exposed to alarm cues. We measured the change in activity after the addition of alarm cues (derived from kin- and non-kin) relative to a control treatment. Reduced activity is a widespread behavioral adaptation to reduce predation risk in prey organisms. Fish of the alarm cue treatments significantly reduced their activity relative to control fish. However, fish did not respond differentially to alarm cues derived from kin and non-kin suggesting that potential inclusive fitness benefits are not mediated by responses specific to individual alarm cues. We discuss alternative mechanisms such as kin shoaling and mating preferences potentially leading to kin-biased alarm cue perception.
A Model of Professional Training in Tourism in the System of Territorial Brand Formation and Promotion (Case Study: the city of Belgorod and the Belgorod region)
Authors: Макринова Елена , Makrinova Elena , Каплунова Ирина , Kaplunova Irina
Published: May 2014

The article proposes a model of professional training development, as applied to professional training in

tourism. The model provides for the peculiarities of a transboundary region and enhances the attractiveness

of urban areas as centers of scientific and educational tourism. The authors systematize the modes of formation and promotion of the city of Belgorod’s tourist brand incorporating a variety of tourism types.

Special attention is paid to identifying innovative approaches to an integration of educational and research

activities at HE institutions offering professional training in tourism. The authors suggest revising the content

of the «educational quality» concept, and claim that its tasks, objectives, technologies, forms and educational

strategies be differently interpreted in the light of educational transformations. With the view to improving

the quality of professional training in tourism and educational process optimization, the authors insist that

innovative teaching strategies, on-site learning, academic exchange and students’ apprenticeship in Russia

and abroad should be recognized as the major contributors. The authors conclude that among the most

valuable in the context of tourist activity and employability-enhancing competences are design and destination

management skills. In this regard, the authors demonstrate the process of industry-specific education content

formation in general and concerning skills in tourist destination management in particular. The rationale for

developing the content of a training module connected with territorial tourist brand formation is based on the

conceptual definition of the specifics of tourist activity types and a consideration of the existing and potential

major target tourist flows. The authors emphasise the role of excursion-and-education programmes in the

implementation of the educational evolution as outlined in the article.
On Legal Competence of Bachelors and Masters in Tourism
Authors: Сирик Наталия , Sirik Nataliya , Кусков Алексей , Kuskov Aleksey , Щука Галина , Shchuka Galina
Published: May 2014

The article presents the author’s perspective on the content of legal training as part of the undergraduate

and graduate education in tourism-related disciplines and as implemented in the framework of the new

(3+) generation of standards. The authors substantiate the expediency of the «Legal groundwork for the

tourism industry» course development. The authors proceed from the premise that law-related courses have

always been generally considered to be the most challenging both for the faculty (as their teaching requires faculty members to be qualified instructors and legal practitioners actively engaged in research concerning

legal regulation in the tourism industry) and the students, which brought a majority of HE institutions to

consciously exclude the course from the curriculum or to replace it by other less law-specific courses. The

authors of the article make a case of a complex approach to and consideration of the major issues linked to

the legal groundwork for tourism activity, the development and implementation of the federal and regional

tourism development programmes. The «Legal groundwork for the tourism industry» course, as developed by

the authors, views tourist activity as the object of legal regulation, covers the current issues of tourist activity

legal regulation, identifies the operators of the tourist activity, describes the contracting system used in the

tourism industry, provides for research into the major aspects of the legal groundwork for federal, regiona,

and municipal programme development, the tourist market clusterization, etc. The course is designed as a

core course for graduate students and as an advanced course of study for undergraduate students majoring

in law- and/or service-and-tourism-related disciplines.
Application of the 2D Didactics Principle to Ecology- and Information-Related Discipline Teaching: A Posteriori
Authors: Цеханович Ольга , Tsekhanovich Olga , Бырдин Виктор , Byrdin Viktor
Published: May 2014

The article is a description of the 2D didactical methodology as applied to HE settings. The 2D didactics

concept, «Gzhel-1», was developed at the Gzhel state artistically-industrial institute with the view to developing more refined common cultural and professional competences of undergraduate students

majoring in tourism. The methodology aims at developing individual capabilities of students, an integration

of teacher-facilitated in-class, individual and joint learning ensuring a collective as well as individual

content processing, constructing knowledge, a creation of new individually meaningful knowledge, and

acquiring socially and professionally valuable competences [1]. The author supports the general view of

the use of mobile devices (computers, smart phones, tablet PCs) as a currently important contributor to

new educational technologies implementation. Mobile devices afford student access to education-tailored

applications: «Gzhel-1» methodology, as applied in «Computer sciences» and «Information technologies in

the service sphere» classes, assumes that students receive discipline-specific tasks, as well as tasks involving

the regional ecological component. From the author’s perspective, the influence of students’ knowledge and

skills acquired through the methodology serves to decrease social tension in the Gzhel zone, as the content of

the Gzhel-1-supported disciplines includes research tools and a range of mechanisms of enhacing the quality

of Gzhel’s eco-surroundings. The article provides a description of the major eco-surroundings challenges

such as: drinking water quality, electromagnetic fields, air pollution, historical landscape alterations, the

status of unique natural monuments, clay extraction, anthropogenic load, and radioecological situation.
Translating a Lab Based Spreadsheet Modeling Course to an Online Format: Experience from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Isken Mark W.
Published: May 2014

Spreadsheet modeling courses are a common feature of business school curricula. We describe how a lab based spreadsheet modeling course was translated for online delivery. Both the online and lab based versions of the course were offered in the same semester, and we report encouraging results of a comparison of the two delivery modes with respect to student performance, student activity level, and student evaluations. A Moodle based demonstration version of the course website, including almost all of the course content, has been created as a supplement to this paper.
New fungal diagnostics
Authors: Backx M , White PL , Barnes RA
Published: May 2014

Invasive fungal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised patient. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential to improve outcome. This article explores non-culture based methods as aids to diagnosis as well as a means to risk stratify patients in order to determine the need for targeted therapy.
The role of emotion in effective clinical leadership and compassionate care
Authors: O'Sullivan Helen , McKimm Judy
Published: May 2014

This article explores the role of emotion in clinical leadership and medical practice and suggests that the Francis report and subsequent debate provides the opportunity for a reframing of how doctors and leaders might engage in ‘emotion work’.
Improving emergency department management of paediatric clavicle fractures: a complete audit cycle
Authors: Matthews AH , Boyd M , Bott AR , Metcalfe JE
Published: May 2014

A protocol was devised to address the issue of unnecessary attendance at fracture clinic by children who have a fracture of the clavicle that is deemed to be uncomplicated. For the purposes of this protocol, the clavicle was divided into three zones. Fractures of the middle clavicle for which displacement was minimal, heal quickly in the majority of cases, without the need for follow up. As a result these children can be discharged provided the parents are adequately advised. This article outlines a study which investigated the effectiveness of the protocol. The study found that implementation of the protocol reduced unnecessary attendance at clinic from 85% (47/55) to 17% (4/23). This resulted in cost savings to the trust and reduced the pressure on staff working in busy fracture clinics.
East midlands surgical society
Authors: Mukul Dube
Published: May 2014

The following abstracts won prizes at the East Midlands Surgical Society meeting held on 8 November 2013 at Chesterfield Royal Hospital.
Insecticidal effect of volatile compounds from fresh plant materials of Tephrosia vogelii against Solenopsis invicta workers
Authors: Li Wei-Sheng , Zhou You , Li Hong , Wang Kun , Cheng Dong-Mei , Zhang Zhi-Xiang
Published: May 2014

The effect of volatile compounds from the mashed fresh bean pods (B) as well as the branches and leaves (L) of Tephrosia vogelii on the behavior of Solenopsis invicta workers was investigated by fumigation toxicity bioassay. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify and quantify the volatile compounds. α-pinene, thujene, caryophyllene, and d-limonene were identified as major components of the volatile compounds, which were found toxic to workers when applied by fumigation. Responses varied according to worker size, exposure time, and plant material. An increase in exposure time from 1h to 12h led to increases in mortality from 18.33% to 100.00% (B) and 13.33% to 100.00% (L) in minor workers as well as increases from 1.67% to 95.00% (B) and 15.00% to 98.33% (L) in major workers. The volatile compounds were also found to exert a behavioral effect against S. invicta in an A4 paper test. Walking and grasping abilities decreased at exposure times ranging from 40 min to 280 min. These findings suggest that the volatile compounds of T. vogelii can be used to control S. invicta.
Evaluation of Insects that Exploit Temporary Protein Resources Emphasizing the Action of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a Neotropical Semi-deciduous Forest
Authors: Santos-Junior Luiz Carlos , Saraiva Juliana Martinho , Silvestre Rogério , Antonialli-Junior William Fernando
Published: May 2014

The majority of the ants is opportunistic and generalist foragers, commonly feeding on vegetable secretions, seeds, and living or dead animal material. They may be present on any type of substrate even, occasionally on carcasses. This work, then, aimed to evaluate the action of insects, especially ants, in the exploitation of protein resources in forest environment. Monthly collections were made over a year and, in each collection, were made observations during 12 consecutive hours. To simulate exposure of protein resources we used three types of baits, sardines, beef liver and chicken. To evaluate the importance of ants on protein resources for each type of bait there was a control replica with physical barrier to prevent their access. The ants were observed on all baits throughout the collection period. In total, the baits were visited by 34 species of ants. The main genus of ants to visit the baits were: Pheidole, Crematogaster and Solenopsis. These results demonstrate that the presence of ants is important to ecological succession on temporary protein sources in forest environments interfering in the occurrence of other frequent groups in this type of resource, such as flies, for instance. The species that dominated the baits, when presents, were those that regardless of size and aggressiveness, presented mass recruitment and exploited the baits with large flow of individuals Although some species that exhibit certain characteristics can locate the baits faster and eventually dominate them at some point, depending on the ants species that co-occur, the results for the sequence of colonization can be modified.
Colony Performance of Melipona quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera, Meliponina) in a Greenhouse of Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae)
Authors: Bartelli Bruno Ferreira , Santos Alexandre Oliveira Resende , Nogueira-Ferreira Fernanda Helena
Published: May 2014

The use of stingless bees in greenhouses has provided tremendous benefits to diverse crops in terms of productivity and fruit quality. However, knowledge about management techniques in these environments is still scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the adaptation of Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836 in a greenhouse of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. for its potential use in pollinating this crop. Six nests of M. quadrifasciata were introduced in a greenhouse in Araguari, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The development of colonies inside the greenhouse was investigated and the foraging behaviour of the workers was assessed before introduction into the greenhouse and again after the nests had been removed. The vital activities of colony maintenance were performed unevenly throughout the day inside and outside the greenhouse, but with confinement the daily period of foraging decreased and bees started collecting pollen from the flowers after approximately six months. The difficulty in orienting to and identifying flowers by the workers was attributed to sunlight diffusion and blockage of ultraviolet radiation caused by the cover on the greenhouse. Structural changes in the greenhouses, as well as improvements in management techniques, are required for better utilization of stingless bees for pollination of plant species grown in greenhouses.
Comparative Evaluation of Three Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Termite Baits Using Multiple Bioassay Designs
Authors: Gautam Bal Krishna , Henderson Gregg
Published: May 2014

Use of chitin synthesis inhibitors has revolutionized the potential impact of termite baiting systems. Several chitin synthesis inhibitors have been used or tested against subterranean termites. We evaluated the effect of lufenuron on bait matrix consumption and mortality of Coptotermes formosanus and compared it with 2 other chitin synthesis inhibitors presently used for termite control: diflubenzuron and noviflumuron. Laboratory no-choice and multi-chamber bioassay designs were employed. At the end of 6 weeks, in both the no-choice and multi-chamber tests, mortality was significantly higher in all the chitin synthesis inhibitor treatments as compared to the controls; however, lufenuron treatment had significantly higher mortality than the other chitin synthesis inhibitors. Multi-chamber tests suggested no sign of feeding deterrence with any of the chitin synthesis inhibitors at the concentrations tested. Consumption of lufenuron cardboard or noviflumuron bait matrix was similar to that of control cardboard in the no-choice tests. We conclude that, based on the overall bait consumption and mortality data, lufenuron was at least as effective as noviflumuron and diflubenzuron.
Composition and Diversity of Ant Species into Leaf Litter of Two Fragments of a Semi-Deciduous Seasonal Forest in the Atlantic Forest Biome in Barra do Choça, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Freitas Juliana Martins da Silva , Lacau Sebastien , Delabie Jacques Hubert Charles
Published: May 2014

We present here the preliminary results of a study of leaf litter ant diversity in remnant areas of semi-deciduous seasonal forests in the Atlantic Forest biome. Standardized collections were made in 2011, using pitfall and Winkler traps in two fragments of native forest belonging to the municipality of Barra do Choça in the micro-region of the Planalto da Conquista, in Southwestern Bahia State, Brazil; 107 species from 37 ant genera and 9 subfamilies were collected. The observed richness was high, and the diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener) of the two fragments suggest that in spite of being strongly impacted by anthropogenic actions, they maintained a high faunal diversity levels, similar to those observed in other original Atlantic Forest sites in Bahia State. Analyses of the accumulated species richness curves and estimated richnesses (Jackknife 2), however, demonstrated that the survey efforts expended were not sufficient to capture all of the species present. The high observed numbers of unique species, smooth curves of the accumulated richness graphs, and high values of estimated richness suggested that the survey areas were quite heterogeneous. These results furnished new information concerning regional biodiversity that will be useful as initial references for continuing studies of fragmentation processes in the region.
Scaling in light scattering by sharp conical metal tips
Authors: Pors Anders , Nerkararyan Khachatur V. , Bozhevolnyi Sergey I.
Published: May 2014

Using the electrostatic approximation, we analyze electromagnetic
fields scattered by sharp conical metal tips, which are illuminated
with light polarized along the tip axis. We establish scaling
relations for the scattered field amplitude and phase, and verify the
validity with numerical simulations. Analytic expressions for the
wavelength at which the scattered field near the tip changes its
direction and for the field decay near the tip extremity are obtained,
relating these characteristics to the cone angle and metal
permittivity. The results obtained have important implications for
various tip-enhanced phenomena, ranging from Raman and scattering
near-field imaging to photoemission spectroscopy and nano-optical
trapping.