bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal evaluation of tumor microenvironment in rat focal brainstem glioma using diffusion and perfusion MRI
Authors: Magdoom Kulam Najmudeen , Delgado Francisco , Bohórquez Ana C. , Brown Alec C. , Carney Paul R. , Rinaldi Carlos , Mareci Thomas H. , Ewing James R. , Sarntinoranont Malisa
Published: October 2018

Background

Brainstem gliomas are aggressive and difficult to treat. Growth of these tumors may be characterized with MRI methods.

Purpose

To visualize longitudinal changes in tumor volume, vascular leakiness, and tissue microstructure in an animal model of brainstem glioma.

Study Type

Prospective animal model.

Animal Model

Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 9) were imaged with 9L gliosarcoma cells infused into the pontine reticular formation of the brainstem. The MRI tumor microenvironment was studied at 3 and 10 days postimplantation of tumor cells.

Field Strength/Sequence

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI were performed at 4.7T using spin‐echo multislice echo planar imaging and gradient echo multislice imaging, respectively.

Assessment

Tumor leakiness was assessed by the forward volumetric transfer constant, Ktrans, estimated from DCE‐MRI data. Tumor structure was evaluated with fractional anisotropy (FA) obtained from DTI. Tumor volumes, delineated by a T1 map, T2‐weighted image, FA, and DCE signal enhancement were compared.

Statistical Tests

Changes in the assessed parameters within and across the groups (ie, rats 3 and 10 days post tumor cell implantation) were evaluated with Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests.

Results

Day 3 tumors were visible mainly on contrast‐enhanced images, while day 10 tumors were visible in both contrast‐enhanced and diffusion‐weighted images. Mean Ktrans at day 10 was 41% lower than at day 3 (P =  0.23). In day 10 tumors, FA was regionally lower in the tumor compared to normal tissue (P =  0.0004), and tumor volume, segmented based on FA map, was significantly smaller (P ≤ 0.05) than that obtained from other contrasts.

Data Conclusion

Contrast‐enhanced MRI was found to be more sensitive in detecting early‐stage tumor boundaries than other contrasts. Areas of the tumor outlined by DCE‐MRI and DTI were significantly different. Over the observed period of tumor growth, average vessel leakiness decreased with tumor progression.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1322–1332.
Multivariate calibration method for mass spectrometry of interfering gases such as mixtures of CO, N2, and CO2
Authors: Binninger Tobias , Pribyl Bernhard , Pătru Alexandra , Ruettimann Peter , Bjelić Saša , Schmidt Thomas J.
Published: October 2018

A multivariate calibration method for mass spectrometry is presented that enables a quantitative analysis of gas mixtures containing interfering gases that contribute to the same mass‐to‐charge ratios at nominal resolution. Multiple calibration gas mixtures with linearly independent compositions are used in order to obtain the calibration constants for the contribution of each gas to each of the mass‐to‐charge ratio peaks. The method was successfully applied to the quantitative detection of CO in a mixture with CO2 and N2, which represents a difficulty commonly encountered in heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis research.
Broadly reactive real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of human sapovirus genotypes
Authors: Oka Tomoichiro , Iritani Nobuhiro , Yamamoto Seiji P. , Mori Kohji , Ogawa Tomoko , Tatsumi Chika , Shibata Shinichiro , Harada Seiya , Wu Fang‐Tzy
Published: October 2018

Sapoviruses are associated with acute gastroenteritis. Human sapoviruses are classified into four distinct genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) based on their capsid gene sequences. A TaqMan probe‐based real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay that detects the representative strains of these four genogroups is widely used for screening fecal specimens, shellfish, and environmental water samples. However, since the development of this test, more genetically diverse sapovirus strains have been reported, which are not detectable by the previously established assays. In this study, we report the development of a broader‐range sapovirus real‐time RT‐PCR assay. The assay can detect 2.5 × 107 and 2.5 × 10
1 copies of sapovirus and therefore is as sensitive as the previous test. Analysis using clinical stool specimens or synthetic DNA revealed that the new system detected strains representative of all the 18 human sapovirus genotypes: GI.1‐7, GII.1‐8, GIV.1, and GV.1, 2. No cross‐reactivity was observed against other representative common enteric viruses (norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus). This new assay will be useful as an improved, broadly reactive, and specific screening tool for human sapoviruses.
Detection of biogenic amines in pet food ingredients by RP‐HPLC with automated dansyl chloride derivatization
Authors: Learey Jessica J. , Crawford‐Clark Shona , Bowen Benjamin J. , Barrow Colin J. , Adcock Jacqui L.
Published: October 2018

The detection of biogenic amines is of significant interest to the food industry, as they can be used as indicators of food spoilage and they are potentially toxic. Because of their importance, there is a need for automated methods suitable for industry use that can detect a wide range of biogenic amines at sufficient levels for food analysis. In this work, optimized conditions for the automated determination of biogenic amines (histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, spermidine, tyramine, and tryptamine) derivatized with dansyl chloride are presented. Limits of detection below 0.2 ppm were achieved for seven biogenic amines and percentage recoveries were between 80 and 109% for the seven analytes spiked into meat meal samples. The method is simple and compared well to an existing method for the detection of biogenic amines in pet food ingredients.
Long pulsed dye laser with a back‐to‐back double‐pulse technique and compression for the treatment of epidermal pigmented lesions
Authors: Labadie Jessica G. , Krunic Aleksandar L.
Published: October 2018

Background

In the recent past, long pulsed dye lasers (LPDL) have been investigated for the treatment of epidermal pigmented lesions (EPLs). Using a pigmented lesion compression headpiece, blood is pushed laterally out of the laser field focusing laser energy on melanin. Recent studies have demonstrated excellent responses using a single‐pulse at the following settings: 9–12 J/cm2, 1.5 milliseconds, 7‐10 mm spot size with compression. However, the majority of these studies report patients requiring up to four treatments for lesion resolution. Herein, we describe our experiences utilizing a back‐to‐back double‐pulse technique to decrease the total number of treatments needed for EPL clearance.

Methods

Thirty‐six patients (27 females, 9 males; skin types I–IV) with benign facial EPLs were included. Each lesion received two back‐to‐back pulses (fluence of 9–12 J/cm2, 1.5 milliseconds duration, and 7 mm spot size). If needed, a second treatment was delivered 4–8 weeks later. Pre‐ and post‐photos after the first treatment were evaluated by two independent board‐certified dermatologists.

Results

Lesion clearance after the first treatment was graded on a Likert scale as: 1 = poor (<25% clearance); 2 = fair (25–50%); 3 = good (51–75%); and 4 = excellent (>75%). Of the 36 participants, 23 had excellent clearing, 10 with good, 2 with fair and 1 with poor clearance. There was only one case of post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation that subsequently resolved, and no cases or scarring or hypopigmentation.

Conclusion

LPDL with compression continues to be a safe and effective modality for treatment of EPLs. Double‐pulsing decreases the total number of treatments needed for lesion resolution, while maintaining safety and potentially decreasing cost. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:136–140, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Benzoxazine‐Based Dimers, Oligomers, and Polymers as Chelating Agents
Authors: Iguchi Daniela , Salum María Laura , Froimowicz Pablo
Published: October 2018

Polybenzoxazines are a relatively new type of thermoset polymer that has primarily been used for the development of composite materials. However, there is an existing interest in expanding the applications for this family of polymers. One way of achieving this goal is by taking advantage of the molecular structure, where the presence of oxygen and nitrogen atoms with lone electron pairs allows the formation of coordination complexes and chelates between the benzoxazine oligomers and polymers with metal ions. This article is focused on studying the relationship between the spatial conformation of the polybenzoxazine and the capacity to form coordination complexes from a fundamental point of view as well as practical applications of this concept. Thus, it can be seen that use of polybenzoxazines for the removal of heavy metals from water and the use of benzoxazine dimers for the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles are examples of very different applications based on the same working principle.
Construction of Metallacage‐Cored Supramolecular Gel by Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Metal Coordination and Pillar[5]arene‐Based Host−Guest Recognition
Authors: Liu Yuezhou , Shi Bingbing , Wang Hu , Shangguan Liqing , Li Zhengtao , Zhang Mingming , Huang Feihe
Published: October 2018

In this work, a Pd2L4 metallacage 2•([BF4]−)4 with four pillar[5]arene units is first prepared and characterized by 1D multinuclear NMR (1H, 11B, and 19F NMR), 2D 1H−1H correlation spectra, 1H−13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence, and diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. By the introduction of a ditopic guest molecule 3 into a chloroform solution of 2•([BF4]−)4, a supramolecular polymer network gel is successfully constructed based on the metal coordination interactions and host−guest recognition between the pillar[5]arene units of 2•([BF4]−)4 and neutral ditopic guest molecule 3. The temperature and pH responsivenesses of the supramolecular gel are studied, which are further employed for the controlled release of different cargos. As a demonstration, emodin and methylene blue are trapped in the cavities of the metallacage and in the pores of the supramolecular gel, respectively. Methylene blue is first released along with the gel–sol transition while emodin is then released by the further addition of acid to destroy the metallacage. This study explores the use of metallacage‐cored supramolecular network gels for sequential controlled release and contributes to the development of smart and adaptive materials.
Synthesis and Activity of Escherichia coli on Different Chitosan Nanoparticles
Authors: Thomas Merin S. , Jose Jiya , K. Nandakumar , Thomas Sabu , Pothen Laly A.
Published: October 2018

With a view to finding out the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticle against E. coli, the author prepared chitosan nanoparticles (nCHS), modified form using aloe vera (m‐nCHS), hybrid nanoparticles with silver (h‐nCHS) and modified, hybrid form (m,h‐nCHS). The shape and uniformity of the nanoparticles are assessed by transmission electron microscopy and all the nanoparticles are found to be in the nanometer range. The physiochemical properties of the nanoparticles are determined by UV‐Visible spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, dynamic light scattering measurements, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. UV – visible analysis confirms the formation of chitosan nanoparticles and hybrid Ag – chitosan nanoparticles. The stability and size of the nanoparticles are further confirmed by zeta potential and dynamic light scattering measurements. The antibacterial activity of nanoparticle against Escherichia coli (E. coli) is evaluated by calculation of minimum inhibitory concentration. The results showed that antimicrobial activity is significantly enhanced by the aloe vera modification and presence of Ag nanoparticle on chitosan nanoparticle.
DGEBA‐Based Epoxy Resin as Compatibilizer for Biodegradable Poly (lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) Blends
Authors: Lopes Pereira Elaine C. , Soares Bluma G. , Jesus Rayan B. , Sirqueira Alex S.
Published: October 2018

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) are melt blended in a proportion of 50:50 in the presence of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) − based epoxy resin, which plays a role of compatibilizing agent and/or chain extender. The increase of torque values during melt mixing and the molar mass of the polymer in the compatibilized blends suggest that DGEBA acts as a chain extender between the polyesters chains. The blend is immiscible with sea‐island type morphology, as suggested by scanning electron microscopy. The addition of 3 phr of DGEBA results in a decrease of domain size and a better interfacial adhesion, which is also confirmed by rheological behavior. An increase of modulus and tensile strength of the blend is also observed by the addition of 3 phr of DGEBA. Dynamic‐mechanical and thermal properties are also investigated. Therefore, this article provides a new strategy for improving the compatibilization of PLA and PBAT biodegradable polyesters and open new possibilities to develop fully biodegradable polymeric materials.
Plasma Modified and Unmodified Polyethylene as Filler in Natural Rubber Compounds: Morphology, Cure Behavior and Vulcanization Kinetics
Authors: Sasidharan Sari P. , Spatenka Petr , Anisimov Evgeny , Thomas Sabu
Published: October 2018

The present paper investigates the influence of polyethylene (PE) and plasma modified polyethylene (PPE) as fillers in natural rubber (NR) compound. The NR/PE and NR/PPE compounds were prepared through mechanical mixing using two roll mill by varying their compositions. The morphology of the compounds was analyzed in detail using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to understand the dispersion of PE and PPE in the NR matrix as well as its interfacial adhesion. Morphological analysis revealed that unmodified polyethylene was nicely dispersed in the NR matrix whereas plasma modified polyethylene showed agglomerated structure due to the polar functional groups on the PPE surface. The vulcanization kinetics and cure characteristics of natural rubber compounds containing PE and PPE were examined using an oscillating disc rheometer. The cure behavior of the composites were studied at different temperatures (140, 160, and 180 °C) using conventional sulphur vulcanization system. The addition of polyethylene influenced the cure properties to a great extent. Theoretical modeling was done to follow the mechanism of the cure reaction. The cure reaction was kinetically controlled at the beginning followed by the diffusion mechanism. The curing reaction was found to be autocatalytic and extent of reaction increased with increasing temperature.
CD147‐mediated glucose metabolic regulation contributes to the predictive role of 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging for EGFR‐TKI treatment sensitivity in NSCLC
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Fu Qiang , Zhu Yanjia , Wang Jian , Liu Jianjing , Yu Xiaozhou , Xu Wengui
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of CD147 in glucose metabolic regulation and its association with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment sensitivity prediction using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) PET/CT imaging in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, four human NSCLC cell lines with different EGFR‐TKI responses were used to detect p‐EGFR/EGFR and CD147 expression via Western blotting and flow cytometric analyses. Radioactive uptake of 18F‐FDG by established stable NSCLC cell lines (HCC827, H1975) with different levels of CD147 expression and the corresponding xenografts was assessed through γ‐radioimmunoassays in vitro and micro‐PET/CT imaging in vivo to study the role of CD147 in glucose metabolic reprogramming. Correlation analyses were performed to investigate the association between CD147 expression and PD‐L1 expression in stable NSCLC cell lines. Higher CD147 expression was found in EGFR‐TKI‐sensitive NSCLC cell lines than in relatively resistant NSCLC cell lines (HCC827>PC9>A549>H1975). CD147 could promote 18F‐FDG uptake by HCC827 and H1975 cells in vitro and in vivo through an EGFR‐initiated Akt/mTOR‐dependent signaling pathway. Programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression was positively correlated with CD147 expression in human NSCLC cell lines. EGFR‐TKI treatment sensitivity prediction in NSCLC using 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging significantly correlated with CD147‐mediated glucose metabolic regulation via the Akt/mTOR‐dependent pathway. Moreover, PD‐L1 expression in NSCLC cell lines could be regulated by CD147, suggesting a potential immunosuppression induced by the upregulation of tumor glucose metabolism.
Symmetrical metal‐rimmed mobile antenna with decoupling network for penta‐band
Authors: Lee Jae‐Gon , Lee Jeong‐Hae
Published: October 2018

A symmetrical metal‐rimmed mobile antenna, which is designed to be separated into two antennas covering different bands, is proposed for penta‐band in this letter. The proposed antenna consists of a gap‐coupled quarter wavelength loop antenna to reduce the length of an antenna and a decoupling network of 90° delay line to improve an isolation in the low band. Its resonant frequencies in low and high band can be controlled by the length of a feed line and a lumped series inductor, respectively. Since the slit of the metal rim is located at the center of the phone, the designed metal‐rimmed antenna could be less affected by the hand compared to the case where the slit is located on the side of the phone. To verify the performance, we have simulated and measured the characteristics of the proposed antenna without and with the decoupling network such as reflection coefficients, far‐field radiation patterns, and total efficiencies. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results is obtained.
Review of the design process of a representative test specimen of a structural joint of a carbon‐epoxy aircraft
Authors: Vargas‐Rojas Erik
Published: October 2018

The design process of a Representative Test Specimen (RTS) intended to reproduce the same state of stress of a complex‐in‐shape structural joint but with a simpler geometry is here inspected. The RTS corresponds to the joint of the fuselage with the main landing gear and the lower segment of the supporting strut of a strut‐braced, high wing aircraft fabricated with carbon‐epoxy composite. The design process of the RTS is based on the Multi‐Instrumented Technological Evaluators method, developed to reduce testing times and costs with respect to the standard Testing Pyramid approach. Complementary design methods comprise the Quality Functions Deployment articulated with the Functional Analysis. Afterward, once that the parametric design of the RTS is conducted with an iterative numerical analysis based on the Finite Element Method the outcome is a sandwich‐type structure to be tested with a non‐standardized three‐point bending test. In closing, the said design methods plus the numerical analysis foster an integral‐design approach in the outline of composite structures. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E898–E911, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Impact response and post‐impact performance of unidirectional and crossply carbon/epoxy laminates modified with milled glass fibers
Authors: Kannivel Saravanakumar , Periasamy Kailashbalan , Vellayaraj Arumugam
Published: October 2018

In this research work, the low‐velocity impact behavior and post impact performance of carbon/epoxy laminates modified with milled glass fibers was investigated. Unidirectional (UD) and Cross‐ply (CP) carbon/epoxy laminates were incorporated with milled glass fibers by 5 wt% of epoxy. Low‐velocity impact test was performed at impact velocity of 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5 m/s, respectively and the results were correlated with the baseline samples without filler. The filler loaded samples exhibited higher peak force, lesser deformation, and lower damage degree than the baseline samples. The milled glass fibers in the interlaminar zone restricts the delamination crack propagation resulting in reduced impact damage area and also promotes additional energy dissipation mechanism including filler debonding/pullout. Furthermore, the CP filler‐loaded samples show higher residual load‐bearing capacity for impact velocities 3, 3.5, and 4 m/s, respectively. Although the unidirectional filler‐loaded samples showed better load bearing capacity for impact velocities beyond 4 m/s. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2441–2451, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
DFT study on the structure and racemization mechanism of 2‐amino‐2′‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl
Authors: Da Liang‐Guo , He Jie , Hu Li‐Fang
Published: October 2018

To explore the structure of chiral ligands important in asymmetric catalysis, the density functional theory has been applied to study the ground‐state geometries and isomerization processes of 2‐amino‐2′‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl. The study shows that there are four isomers for 2‐amino‐2′‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl, each of which has R‐ and S‐ enantiomer. The isomerization between R‐conformations is easier than the racemization between R‐ and S‐ enantiomer. A parallel reaction mechanism via anti‐enantiomerization routes was proposed for the racemization of 2‐amino‐2′‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl, which provides a valuable reference for the design, synthesis, and resolution of chiral ligands.
Excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer of 6‐amino‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazole (6A‐HBO) in different solvents
Authors: Du Can , Zhou Qiao , Zhang Meixia , Song Peng , Ma Fengcai
Published: October 2018

The excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process of 6‐amino‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazole (6A‐HBO) was investigated using density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory methods with B3LYP and TZVP basis sets. n‐Heptane, dichloromethane, methanol, and acetonitrile were chosen as a series of polar solvents in calculations using the IEFPCM model. To obtain a more comprehensive ESIPT mechanism, we constructed the S0 and S1 states' potential energy surfaces (PESs) by incrementally twisting the ─OH bond and increasing the distance of O–H bond. Based on the analysis of the bond lengths, the IR vibrational spectra, and the frontier molecular orbits (MOs), the intramolecular hydrogen bonding (O─H...N) is clearly strengthened, and the charge is redistributed in the S1 state. The results of calculated absorption spectrum are in accord with the experimental data. The fluorescence spectrum of 6A‐HBO‐enol showed a normal red shift, but the red shift of the 6A‐HBO‐keto is larger and increases with the solvent polarity, indicating a charge transfer. Analysis of the PESs indicates a lower potential energy barrier in S1 state for the proton transfer from the O atom to the N atom, with the excited state potential barrier slightly decreasing with the increase of the solvent polarity.
The theoretical study about the ESIPT mechanism for 2,4‐bis(benzooxazol‐2′‐yl)hydroquinone: Single or double?
Authors: Hao Jiaojiao , Yang Yang
Published: October 2018

On the basis of the density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods, we theoretically study the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism of 2,4‐bis(benzooxazol‐2′‐yl)hydroquinone (2,4‐DHBO), which is reported in the previous literature (Ulrich et al. New J. Chem. 2016, 40, 5877). The calculated absorption and fluorescence spectra of 2,4‐DHBO are accordant with previous experiment, which indicates that the selective theoretical method is credible. The comparisons of the calculated bond lengths, angles, infrared, and Raman vibrational spectra of 2,4‐DHBO manifest that two intramolecular hydrogen bonds (HBs) strengthen in the excited state (S1), which should be triggered the ESIPT reaction. In addition, the calculated frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) and the map of the electron density difference between the ground (S0) and S1 states provide that the ESIPT reactions are facilitated by charge transfer after photoexcitation. Moreover, to explore the detailed ESIPT mechanism of 2,4‐DHBO, the potential energy surfaces (PESs) in the S0 and S1 states are constructed. Because of the low excited‐state potential barriers on the PESs of 2,4‐DHBO, the single and stepwise double ESIPT mechanisms are revealed in the S1 state, which is different from single ESIPT mechanism proposed by experiment. We hope the detailed ESIPT mechanism of this fluorophore based on my theoretical research will help researchers to design such kinds of fluorophores in the future.
Kirchhoff index, multiplicative degree‐Kirchhoff index and spanning trees of the linear crossed hexagonal chains
Authors: Pan Yingui , Li Jianping
Published: October 2018

Let Hn be a linear crossed hexagonal chain with n crossed hexagonals. In this article, we find that the Laplacian (resp. normalized Laplacian) spectrum of Hn consists of the eigenvalues of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix of order 2n + 1 and a diagonal matrix of order 2n + 1. Based on the properties of these matrices, significant closed formulas for the Kirchhoff index, multiplicative degree‐Kirchhoff index and the number of spanning trees of Hn are derived. Finally, we show that the Kirchhoff (resp. multiplicative degree‐Kirchhoff) index of Hn is approximately one quarter of its Wiener (resp. Gutman) index.
Composite‐Structure Materials for Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Su Heng , Yu Haijun
Published: October 2018

Due to the growing concern of aggravated environmental problems (air pollution, global warming, etc.) and Li resources, Na‐ion batteries have received significant attention as a promising alternative. Many electrode materials for Na‐ion batteries have been reported in the past, especially over the past five years. However, most of these materials have a single crystalline structure and exhibit a limited electrochemical performance. Recently, some electrode materials with composite structures have been reported for both Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries and have attracted attention because of their enhanced comprehensive electrochemical performance. Herein, a detailed discussion on the development of these composite‐structure materials for Na‐ion batteries is conducted based on the crystalline structure. The structure design, identification, and adjustment of these materials are thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, the future outlook based on a mechanism analysis and a new electrode‐material structure system is also introduced in this work, by reviewing previous important studies on composite‐structure materials.
VAnDroid: A framework for vulnerability analysis of Android applications using a model‐driven reverse engineering technique
Authors: Nirumand Atefeh , Zamani Bahman , Tork Ladani Behrouz
Published: October 2018

Android is extensively used worldwide by mobile application developers. Android provides applications with a message passing system to communicate within and between them. Due to the risks associated with this system, it is vital to detect its unsafe operations and potential vulnerabilities. To achieve this goal, a new framework, called VAnDroid, based on Model Driven Reverse Engineering (MDRE), is presented that identifies security risks and vulnerabilities related to the Android application communication model. In the proposed framework, some security‐related information included in an Android app is automatically extracted and represented as a domain‐specific model. Then, it is used for analyzing security configurations and identifying vulnerabilities in the corresponding application. The proposed framework is implemented as an Eclipse‐based tool, which automatically identifies the Intent Spoofing and Unauthorized Intent Receipt as two attacks related to the Android application communication model. To evaluate the tool, it has been applied to several real‐world Android applications, including 20 apps from Google Play and 110 apps from the F‐Droid repository. VAnDroid is also compared with several existing analysis tools, and it is shown that it has a number of key advantages over those tools specifically regarding its high correctness, scalability, and usability in discovering vulnerabilities. The results well indicate the effectiveness and capacity of the VAnDroid as a promising approach in the field of Android security.
Heavy ion induced Ti X‐ray satellite structure for Ti, TiN, and TiO2 thin films
Authors: Käyhkö Marko , Palosaari Mikko R. J. , Laitinen Mikko , Arstila Kai , Maasilta Ilari J. , Sajavaara Timo
Published: October 2018

X‐ray emission spectra of three different titanium‐containing thin films, Ti, TiO2, and TiN, were measured using 5.1 MeV 7Li2+, 4.4–6.8 MeV 12C3+, 6.8 MeV 16O3+, and 11.9 MeV 63Cu6+ beams as excitation. The energy spectra were collected using a high energy resolution transition‐edge sensor array. In all measurements, the average L‐shell vacancy fraction was higher for the metallic Ti than for the other samples, whereas the difference between TiN and TiO2 was negligible. The universal variable Xn of the geometrical model was used to study the systematics of the average L‐shell vacancy fraction at the time of Kα emission. Our experiments expand previously studied Xn values, and a fairly good agreement with previous studies was found.
The relationship between intra–guild diet overlap and breeding in owls in Israel
Authors: Charter Motti , Izhaki Ido , Roulin Alexandre
Published: October 2018

Even though intra‐guild predators frequently prey on the same species, it is unclear whether diet overlap between two predators is a source of interspecific competition or whether predators simply use the same abundant prey resource. We measured the extent to which the diets of barn owls (Tyto alba) and long‐eared owls (Asio otus) in Israel overlap and examined whether yearly differences in diet overlap correlate with barn owl breeding success. Pianka's index of niche overlap was positively related to barn owl population size but not to its breeding success. The number of breeding barn owls was higher when long‐eared owls consumed more rodents, suggesting that diet overlap most likely increased when rodents became more abundant. Therefore, in Israel, when these two owl species prey more often on rodents, their diets are more similar and interspecific competition is reduced. Unlike sympatric populations in Europe, in years when rodents are less abundant in Israel long‐eared owls switch to hunting alternative prey (e.g., birds), perhaps to avoid competition with barn owls.
Opioid-Free Total Knee Arthroplasty? Local Infiltration Analgesia Plus Multimodal Blood-Loss Prevention Make it Possible
Authors: Carlos Rodriguez-Merchan E. , Vaquero-Picado Alfonso , Ruiz-Perez Juan S.
Published: October 2018

Opioids have been widely used in the USA for pain control after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, adverse effects, especially the possibility of addiction, have increased interest in opioid-free pain management after surgery. We therefore sought to review current pain management protocols after TKA, focusing especially on opioid-free alternatives. We reviewed the literature on pain management after TKA using Medline (PubMed), through June 30, 2018, using the keywords “TKA” and “analgesia.” We found 388 articles but chose to analyze the 34 that presented high-quality (levels I and II) evidence. Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) is a good option for reducing the use of post-operative opioids; many reports have compared LIA against a nerve block or studied the synergies between two protocols of loco-regional anesthesia. Multimodal blood-loss prevention is sometimes recommended in combination with opioid-free analgesia. In most studies, however, no differences are reported or contradictory results exist. Post-operative pain management protocols vary so much that it is difficult to strongly favor a determined pathway.
Moroccan Counter-terrorism Policy: Case of Moroccan Female Migrants to
ISIS
Authors: Jamal Bahija
Published: October 2018

In this paper, Moroccan female migration to the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is
explored within the overall framework of Moroccan counter-terrorism policy. According to
available data, Moroccans are considered as one of the main suppliers of fighters to ISIS.
However, as it will be highlighted in this research, there is a scarcity of data related to
Moroccan female migration to ISIS, to their sociodemographic profile, methods of their
recruitment and programs of their reintegration once they come back home. This article
focuses on Moroccan counter-terrorism policy and analyzes the extent to which it provides an
exemplary precedent in effectively fighting terrorism. This policy includes, as will be
examined, repressive and “soft” counter-radicalization and de-mobilization measures.
Genséric fossoyeur de laRomanitasafricaine?
Authors: Nsiri Mohamed-Arbi
Published: October 2018

During his four decades of rule, Genseric appears to many Africans – Catholic and pro-Roman – as the incarnation of the Antichrist. For the African municipal aristocracy he represented the image of a greedy barbarian obsessed with power, the persecutor and the gravedigger ofRomanitas. If we look closely, Genseric had learned from the Romans how to manage strength and diplomacy, for negotiating with the Romans in particular. He sought to perpetuate his conquests by organising treaties with Ravenna and Constantinople, which did not prevent him from launching parallel plundering campaigns in Africa and along the coast that brought him respect and financial gain. First king of the vandals, he managed to create the first barbaric state on the territory of the empire. He was the type of leader who can be considered a visionary, bringing to fulfilment the material, political and spiritual conquests of a new era, theSpätantike.
A Computational Network Control Theory Analysis of Depression Symptoms
Authors: Kenett Yoed N. , Beaty Roger E. , Medaglia John D.
Published: October 2018

Rumination and impaired inhibition are considered core characteristics of depression. However, the neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to these atypical cognitive processes remain unclear. To address this question, we apply a computational network control theory approach to structural brain imaging data acquired via diffusion tensor imaging in a large sample of participants, to examine how network control theory relates to individual differences in subclinical depression. Recent application of this theory at the neural level is built on a model of brain dynamics, which mathematically models patterns of inter-region activity propagated along the structure of an underlying network. The strength of this approach is its ability to characterize the potential role of each brain region in regulating whole-brain network function based on its anatomical fingerprint and a simplified model of node dynamics. We find that subclinical depression is negatively related to higher integration abilities in the right anterior insula, replicating and extending previous studies implicating atypical switching between the default mode and Executive Control Networks in depression. We also find that subclinical depression is related to the ability to “drive” the brain system into easy to reach neural states in several brain regions, including the bilateral lingual gyrus and lateral occipital gyrus. These findings highlight brain regions less known in their role in depression, and clarify their roles in driving the brain into different neural states related to depression symptoms.
The Mestizos of Kisar: An insular racial laboratory in the Malay Archipelago
Authors: Pols Hans , Anderson Warwick
Published: October 2018

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Mestizos of Kisar, a dry, almost barren island in the Dutch East Indies off the coast of East Timor, were a model for the study of race mixing or human hybridity. Discovered in the late nineteenth century, these ‘anomalous blondes’ of Dutch and Kisarese ancestry became subjects of intense scrutiny by physical anthropologists. As a German specialist in tropical medicine in search of a convenient empire after 1918, Ernst Rodenwaldt favourably evaluated the physique and mentality of the isolated, fair Mestizos in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Back in Germany in the 1930s, as professor of hygiene at Heidelberg, his views on race hardened to accord with Nazi doctrine. Yet after the war, Rodenwaldt successfully cited his earlier appreciation of mixed-race peoples in the eastern Malay Archipelago as grounds for rehabilitation. Once a celebrated case study in human hybridity, the Mestizos of Kisar were erased from anthropological discussion in the 1950s, when race mixing ceased to be a biological issue and became instead a sociological interest. Still, Rodenwaldt's work continues to exert some limited influence in the eastern parts of the archipelago and among the Kisarese diaspora, indicating the penetrance and resilience of colonial racialisation projects.
Assessing the relationship between epidemic growth scaling and epidemic size: The 2014–16 Ebola epidemic in West Africa
Authors: Ganyani Tapiwa , Roosa Kimberlyn , Faes Christel , Hens Niel , Chowell Gerardo
Published: October 2018

We assess the relationship between epidemic size and the scaling of epidemic growth of Ebola epidemics at the level of administrative areas during the 2014–16 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. For this purpose, we quantify growth scaling parameters from the ascending phase of Ebola outbreaks comprising at least 7 weeks of epidemic growth. We then study how these parameters are associated with observed epidemic sizes. For validation purposes, we also analyse two historic Ebola outbreaks. We find a high monotonic association between the scaling of epidemic growth parameter and the observed epidemic size. For example, scaling of growth parameters around 0.3–0.4, 0.4–0.6 and 0.6 are associated with epidemic sizes on the order of 350–460, 460–840 and 840–2500 cases, respectively. These results are not explained by differences in epidemic onset across affected areas. We also find the relationship between the scaling of epidemic growth parameter and the observed epidemic size to be consistent for two past Ebola outbreaks in Congo (1976) and Uganda (2000). Signature features of epidemic growth could become useful to assess the risk of observing a major epidemic outbreak, generate improved diseases forecasts and enhance the predictive power of epidemic models. Our results indicate that the epidemic growth scaling parameter is a useful indicator of epidemic size, which may have significant implications to guide control of Ebola outbreaks and possibly other infectious diseases.
European Communities and Certain Member States – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (EC and Certain Member States–Large Civil Aircraft) (DS316)
Authors: Kugler Kholofelo
Published: October 2018

This dispute relates to the compliance proceedings in which the panel and the Appellate Body found that that European Union (EU) and certain of the member States acted inconsistently with their obligations under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). The types of measures at issue in the original panel proceedings include the Launch Aid/Member State Financing (LA/MSF) for, inter alia, the A300, A310, and A380; French and German government ‘equity infusions’ provided in connection with the corporate restructuring of Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus; certain infrastructure and related measures provided by the German and Spanish authorities; and research and technological development funding provided by the European Communities and certain member States. The EU replaced the terminated the A300 and A310 programmes with new LA/MSF programmes, including the A350XWB LA/MSF subsidies.
Response of the Hydrological Cycle in Asian Monsoon Systems to Global Warming Through the Lens of Water Vapor Wave Activity Analysis
Authors: Xue Daokai , Lu Jian , Leung L. Ruby , Zhang Yaocun
Published: October 2018

The column integrated water vapor (CWV)‐based local wave activity (LWA) is adapted to examine the response of the hydrological cycle and extremes of the Asian summer monsoon in CMIP5 simulations under the RCP8.5 forcing scenario. A tight linear relationship between CWV LWA (
) and its sink (
, which measures the intensity of the local hydrological cycle and extremes, affords a simple scaling framework for the hydrological cycle intensity in terms of the contributions from (i) ratio of moisture participating in the hydrological cycle, (ii) stirring length scale, (iii) background moisture gradient, and (iv) hydrological cycling rate. Future CWV LWA over the broad Asian monsoon region shows a large increase (~35%), attributable largely to the increase of the background moisture. The scaling analysis reveals a distinct mix of the contributing factors for the increase in
between East Asian and Indian monsoon regions, despite both experiencing sizable increase of
.
Biogeochemical Anatomy of a Cyclonic Warm‐Core Eddy in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Nishino Shigeto , Kawaguchi Yusuke , Fujiwara Amane , Shiozaki Takuhei , Aoyama Michio , Harada Naomi , Kikuchi Takashi
Published: October 2018

In the oligotrophic Arctic Ocean, previous studies have implied positive impacts of eddies on phytoplankton biomass. However, direct observations for estimating vertical nutrient fluxes in various parts of eddies are still lacking; these could explain the mechanism of high phytoplankton biomass associated with eddies compared to their surroundings. Here we conducted conductivity‐temperature‐depth surveys with water sampling to examine the characteristics of a cyclonic warm‐core eddy found over the Chukchi shelf slope in late summer 2015. Furthermore, we measured ocean microstructures to estimate vertical nutrient fluxes and their contributions to nutrient uptake by phytoplankton. The results imply that nutrients were supplied to the euphotic zone from a lower layer through vertical shear mixing near the center of the eddy and through double‐diffusive mixing associated with an interleaving structure at the rim of the eddy. Phytoplankton size structures differed markedly between the center and rim of the eddy.
First Observations of Volcanic Eruption Clouds From the L1 Earth‐Sun Lagrange Point by DSCOVR/EPIC
Authors: Carn S. A. , Krotkov N. A. , Fisher B. L. , Li C. , Prata A. J.
Published: October 2018

Volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions have been measured by ultraviolet sensors on polar‐orbiting satellites for several decades but with limited temporal resolution. This precludes studies of key processes believed to occur in young (~1–3 hr old) volcanic clouds. In 2015, the launch of the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) aboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) provided an opportunity for novel observations of volcanic eruption clouds from the first Earth‐Sun Lagrange point (L1). The L1 vantage point provides continuous observations of the sunlit Earth, offering up to eight or nine observations of volcanic SO2 clouds in the DSCOVR/EPIC field of view at ~1‐hr intervals. Here we demonstrate DSCOVR/EPIC's sensitivity to volcanic SO2 using several volcanic eruptions from the tropics to midlatitudes. The hourly cadence of DSCOVR/EPIC observations permits more timely measurements of volcanic SO2 emissions, improved trajectory modeling, and novel analyses of the temporal evolution of volcanic clouds.
Coincidental TID Production by Tropospheric Weather During the August 2017 Total Solar Eclipse
Authors: Mrak Sebastijan , Semeter Joshua , Nishimura Y. , Hirsch Michael , Sivadas Nithin
Published: October 2018

It has been proposed (Chimonas & Hines, , https://doi.org/10.1029/JA075i004p00875) that a total solar eclipse should generate internal gravity waves (GWs) that manifest as traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) at ionospheric heights. Zhang et al. (, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076054) recently reported observations of electron density perturbations trailing the region of maximum obscuration, claiming the results as the first unambiguous evidences for eclipse‐induced bow waves. We present evidence showing extensive TID activity on two consecutive days, the day of the eclipse and the day before. A particularly intense TID concentric wavefield emerged from the background ionosphere 5 hr before the arrival of the totality and persisted there throughout the eclipse. The apparent center was located over Iowa/South Dakota region, 300–500 km north from the eclipse path. We examine concurrent observations of tropospheric and ionospheric weather and find a great spatiotemporal correlation. TID wave parameters do agree with previous observations and models of thunderstorm‐generated GWs/TIDs; conversely, the wave parameters are an order of magnitude off from modeling results for eclipse‐generated GWs/TIDs.
Seismic Structure of the Oceanic Crust Around Petit‐Spot Volcanoes in the Outer‐Rise Region of the Japan Trench
Authors: Ohira Akane , Kodaira Shuichi , Fujie Gou , No Tetsuo , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Kaiho Yuka , Miura Seiichi
Published: October 2018

The structure of an incoming oceanic plate in a subduction zone systematically changes toward the trench because of the flexure of the plate. Changes in seismic velocity from the outer rise toward the trench are widely considered to be caused by the development of bending‐related faults. However, few studies have focused on the effects of igneous activities preceding the subduction, which lead to structural changes of the incoming plate. Here we present active‐source seismic data acquired around petit‐spot volcanoes situated in the outer‐rise region of the Japan Trench. The resultant velocity model showed low seismic velocities (Vp < 4.0 km/s) at the top of the oceanic crust under the petit‐spot volcanoes. Moreover, the velocity reduction was significantly larger than that caused only by bending‐related faults. Our results suggest that petit‐spot volcanism is a contributing factor affecting structural variation and modification of the incoming oceanic plate in this subduction zone.
Improved Aerosol Processes and Effective Radiative Forcing in HadGEM3 and UKESM1
Authors: Mulcahy J. P. , Jones C. , Sellar A. , Johnson B. , Boutle I. A. , Jones A. , Andrews T. , Rumbold S. T. , Mollard J. , Bellouin N. , Johnson C. E. , Williams K. D. , Grosvenor D. P. , McCoy D. T.
Published: October 2018

Aerosol processes and, in particular, aerosol‐cloud interactions cut across the traditional physical‐Earth system boundary of coupled Earth system models and remain one of the key uncertainties in estimating anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate. Here we calculate the historical aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) in the HadGEM3‐GA7 climate model in order to assess the suitability of this model for inclusion in the UK Earth system model, UKESM1. The aerosol ERF, calculated for the year 2000 relative to 1850, is large and negative in the standard GA7 model leading to an unrealistic negative total anthropogenic forcing over the twentieth century. We show how underlying assumptions and missing processes in both the physical model and aerosol parameterizations lead to this large aerosol ERF. A number of model improvements are investigated to assess their impact on the aerosol ERF. These include an improved representation of cloud droplet spectral dispersion, updates to the aerosol activation scheme, and black carbon optical properties. One of the largest contributors to the aerosol forcing uncertainty is insufficient knowledge of the preindustrial aerosol climate. We evaluate the contribution of uncertainties in the natural marine emissions of dimethyl sulfide and organic aerosol to the ERF. The combination of model improvements derived from these studies weakens the aerosol ERF by up to 50% of the original value and leads to a total anthropogenic historical forcing more in line with assessed values.