bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Outcome of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Experience in a Developing Country
Authors: Bhargav Panchagan Rama Kant , Mishra Anjali , Agarwal Gaurav , Agarwal Amit , Pradhan Prasanta Kumar , Gambhir Sanjay , Verma Ashok Kumar , Mishra Saroj Kanta
Published: November 2009

Background

The presentation and outcome of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in developing countries are different from the developed nations. We report the clinicopathologic profile and long‐term outcome of DTC in an iodine‐deficient area (IDA) in a developing country.

Methods

This retrospective study included 302 patients with DTC operated between 1989 and 2002. These patients had been followed up for a minimum period of 5 years after surgery. Clinicopathological profile, intervention, and follow‐up details were noted.

Results

Mean age of the patients was 42 ± 14 years. Mean follow‐up period was 80 ± 34 (24–196) months. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) was present in 62, 30, and 8% patients, respectively. Mean tumor size was 3.5 cm. Tumor multicentricity was noted in 40% of PTC, 22.2% of FTC, and 25% of PDTC patients. Lymphadenopathy was observed in 45, 10, and 67% patients with PTC, FTC, and PDTC, respectively. Extrathyroidal invasion and distant metastasis were observed in 36.8% (PTC 33%; FTC 36%; PDTC 71%) and 27% (PTC 17%; FTC 44%; PDTC 42%) of cases, respectively. Twenty percent of patients had synchronous metastases. Risk stratification ratio was 1:1.8 (high‐risk vs. low‐risk). Initial operative procedure was total thyroidectomy in 86.5% cases, and therapeutic lymph node dissection was performed in 37% cases. A total of 77.2% patients received adjuvant radioiodine therapy. Disease recurred in 26.6% of patients (thyroid bed recurrence 1.7%), and 21.2% patients died during follow‐up. Overall survival (OS) rate at 10 years in both low‐risk and high‐risk groups of FTC (80 and 54%) was inferior to PTC (94 and 62%). Five‐year OS for PDTC was 50%. Tumor multicentricity was a significant risk factor for OS in the low‐risk group, whereas the presence of skeletal metastases and extrathyroidal invasion were significant factors for OS in the high‐risk group.

Conclusions

Advance stage at presentation and proportionately high rates of FTC and PDTC contribute to poor outcome of DTC in developing countries. Despite dismal outcome, total thyroidectomy seems to prevent thyroid bed recurrence in surviving patients.
Characterization of Annona cherimola Mill. Seed Oil from Madeira Island: a Possible Biodiesel Feedstock
Authors: Branco Pedro Costa , Castilho Paula C. , Rosa Maria Fernanda , Ferreira Juan
Published: November 2009

The possibility of using Annona seed oil as an added value product, namely as a source of biodiesel, is explored. Milled Annona seeds were extracted with hexane at room temperature (72 h) and at solvent boiling point (6 h). Oil content was found to be 25 and 22.4% respectively. The oil was characterized in terms of lipid composition (HPLC–APCI–MS and 13C NMR), resistance to oxidation and acidity index. FAME composition was determined by GC–MS and five major peaks were identified. Production of biodiesel from Annona's seed oil was achieved by base‐catalyzed transesterification. Density, viscosity, refraction coefficient, acid value, cold filter plugging point, cloud point and oxidation stability were measured. The iodine value and the “apparent cetane number” were calculated. Density, viscosity, acid value, iodine value, cold filter plugging point and cloud point were within EN14214 specifications and the calculated “apparent cetane number” was also indicative of a suitable product.
Perceived gender role that shape youth sexual behaviour: Evidence from rural Orissa, India
Authors: Pradhan Manas Ranjan , Ram Usha
Published: November 2009

The study attempts to understand the association of perceived gender role with youth sexual behavior using qualitative data such as focus group discussions (N = 8), in‐depth interviews (N = 42), and free listing (N = 50) of rural married youths from Orissa, India. Data collection was conducted during July 2006–April 2007. Atlas. ti and ANTHROPAC packages have been used for the analysis. Youths in general are expected to adhere to the roles ascribed for them based on their biological construct and any deviation is not warranted for, more so for young women. Moreover, for many young men perceived gender role coupled with poor self risk perception result into unsafe sexual activities, putting them as well as their partners at the risk of STI/HIV and unintended parenthood.
Intact cutaneous C fibre afferent properties in mechanical and cold neuropathic allodynia
Authors: Hulse Richard , Wynick David , Donaldson Lucy F.
Published: November 2009

Patients with neuropathy, report changes in sensory perception, particularly mechanical and thermal allodynia, and spontaneous pain. Similar sensory changes are seen in experimental neuropathies, in which alteration in primary afferent properties can also be determined. The neural correlate of spontaneous pain is ongoing activity in sensory afferents. Mechanical and heat allodynia are thought to result from lowered activation thresholds in primary afferent and/or central neurones, but the mechanisms underlying cold allodynia are very poorly understood.

We investigated nociceptive behaviours and the properties of C and A fibre intact afferents running adjacent to damaged afferents following a partial ligation injury of the saphenous nerve (PSNI). Animals developed mechanical and cold allodynia by 3 days after PSNI. Intact mechanosensitive C fibre afferents developed ongoing activity, and had slower conduction velocities 3 and 7 days following nerve injury, with no change in mechanical threshold. There was a large increase (∼46‐fold) in calculated afferent input 3 days after nerve injury, as a result of the ongoing activity in these fibres. Mechano‐cooling‐sensitive C fibre afferents showed both enhanced cooling‐evoked firing, and increased ongoing activity. The afferent barrage associated with mechano‐cooling‐sensitive afferents was increased 26‐fold 7 days after nerve injury. We observed no differences in the properties of intact A fibre mechanosensitive afferents.

These studies demonstrate for the first time that the altered nociception seen after PSNI is associated with ongoing activity and enhanced cooling‐evoked activity in intact C fibre afferents in the saphenous nerve, with no concurrent alteration in A fibre afferents.
Stereochemical mechanisms of tRNA methyltransferases
Authors: Hou Ya-Ming , Perona John J.
Published: November 2009

Methylation of tRNA on the four canonical bases adds structural complexity to the molecule, and improves decoding specificity and efficiency. While many tRNA methylases are known, detailed insight into the catalytic mechanism is only available in a few cases. Of interest among all tRNA methylases is the structural basis for nucleotide selection, by which the specificity is limited to a single site, or broadened to multiple sites. General themes in catalysis include the basis for rate acceleration at highly diverse nucleophilic centers for methyl transfer, using S‐adenosylmethionine as a cofactor. Studies of tRNA methylases have also yielded insights into molecular evolution, particularly in the case of enzymes that recognize distinct structures to perform identical reactions at the same target nucleotide.
Overexpression of Sna3 stabilizes tryptophan permease Tat2, potentially competing for the WW domain of Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase with its binding protein Bul1
Authors: Hiraki Toshiki , Abe Fumiyoshi
Published: November 2009

PEP12 (uniprotkb:P32854) and TAT2 (uniprotkb:P38967) colocalize (MI:0403) by cosedimentation through density gradients (MI:0029)
Computational analysis of tRNA identity
Authors: Ardell David H.
Published: November 2009

I review recent developments in computational analysis of tRNA identity. I suggest that the tRNA–protein interaction network is hierarchically organized, and coevolutionarily flexible. Its functional specificity of recognition and discrimination persists despite generic structural constraints and perturbative evolutionary forces. This flexibility comes from its arbitrary nature as a self‐recognizing shape code. A revisualization of predicted Proteobacterial tRNA identity highlights open research problems. tRNA identity elements and their coevolution with proteins must be mapped structurally over the Tree of Life. These traits can also resolve deep roots in the Tree. I show that histidylation identity elements phylogenetically repositionPelagibacter ubiquewithin alpha‐Proteobacteria.
Discovery and characterization of tRNAIle lysidine synthetase (TilS)
Authors: Suzuki Tsutomu , Miyauchi Kenjyo
Published: November 2009

In the bacterial decoding system, the AUA codon is deciphered as isoleucine by tRNAIle bearing lysidine (L, 2‐lysyl‐cytidine) at the wobble position. Lysidine is an essential modification that determines both the codon and amino acid specificities of tRNAIle. We identified an enzyme named tRNAIle lysidine synthetase (TilS) that catalyzes lysidine formation by using lysine and ATP as substrates. Biochemical studies revealed a molecular mechanism of lysidine formation that consists of two consecutive reactions involving the adenylated tRNA intermediate. In addition, we deciphered how Escherichia coli TilS specifically discriminates between tRNAIle and the structurally similar tRNAMet, which bears the same anticodon loop. Recent structural studies unveiled tRNA recognition by TilS, and a molecular basis of lysidine formation at atomic resolution.
Bilateral uterine artery ligation plus B‐Lynch procedure for atonic postpartum hemorrhage with placenta accreta
Authors: Shahin Ahmed Y. , Farghaly Tarek A. , Mohamed Safwat A. , Shokry Mahmoud , Abd‐El‐Aal Diaa‐Eldeen M. , Youssef Mohammed A.
Published: November 2009

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of bilateral uterine artery ligation followed by B‐Lynch compression suturing in women with atonic postpartum hemorrhage and placental site bleeding due to adherent placenta accreta.

Method

This protocol was followed in 26 women undergoing cesarean delivery for placenta accreta.

Results

Two women died from disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. In the remaining 24 women, placental remnants completely disappeared within 8 months and ovulation resumed after a mean ± SD of 51.6 ± 3.2 days. Moreover, 18 women (75%) became pregnant within 12 months.

Conclusion

Atonic postpartum hemorrhage and placental site bleeding due to adherent placenta accreta can be safely controlled by bilateral uterine artery ligation followed by B‐Lynch compression suturing in women who desire to remain fertile.
Management of Congenital Third Branchial Arch Anomalies: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nicoucar Keyvan , Giger Roland , Jaecklin Thomas , Pope Harrison G. , Dulguerov Pavel
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review the existing literature on third branchial arch anomalies and suggest guidelines for their management.

DATA SOURCES

We searched PubMed, Medline, and Embase using Scopus, and collected additional publications cited in bibliographies. We included all English‐language articles and all foreign‐language articles with an English abstract.

REVIEW METHODS

Two investigators reviewed all cases explicitly identified as third arch anomalies or meeting anatomical criteria for third arch anomalies; they assessed presentation, diagnostic methods, intervention, and outcome.

RESULTS

We found 202 cases of third arch anomalies; they presented primarily on the left side (89%), usually as neck abscess (39%) or acute suppurative thyroiditis (33%). Barium swallow, direct laryngoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were the most useful diagnostic tools. The recurrence rate varied among the treatment options: incision and drainage, 94 percent; endoscopic cauterization of the sinus tract opening, 18 percent; open‐neck surgery and tract excision, 15 percent; and partial thyroidectomy during open‐neck surgery, 14 percent. Complications after surgery appeared somewhat more frequently in children eight years of age or younger.

CONCLUSION

Third arch anomalies are more common than previously reported. They appear to be best treated by complete excision of the cyst, sinus, or fistula during a quiescent period. Repeated incision and drainage yields high rates of recurrence and should be avoided. Complications might be minimized by first initiating antibiotic treatment, delaying surgical treatment until the inflammatory process is maximally resolved, and by using endoscopic cauterization.
The role of water in the deep upper mantle and transition zone: dehydration of stagnant slabs and its effects on the big mantle wedge
Authors: Ohtani E. , Zhao D.
Published: November 2009

Mineral physics data related to the deep dehydration of stagnant slabs are summarized. The hydrogen diffusion in minerals of the mantle transition zone is not fast enough to homogenize the transition zone on the geological time scale, and hydrogen is expected to be unevenly distributed there. The hydrous fluid formed in the transition zone tends to percolate into shallower depths to form gravitationally stable hydrous magmas at the base of the upper mantle. We need further studies on the relation of intraplate volcanism above the stagnant slab and deep dehydration, because we expect the geochemical fingerprints of deep dehydration to be quite different from those of shallow dehydration from the subducting slabs.
Metasomatic zoning of subcratonic lithosphere in Siberia: physicochemical modeling
Authors: Sharapov V.N. , Chudnenko K.V. , Mazurov M.P. , Perepechko Yu.V.
Published: November 2009

Nonisothermal equilibrium physicochemical dynamics has been numerically modeled to estimate the effect of reduced asthenosphere fluids on continental lithosphere profiles beneath the Siberian Platform (SP). When the over-asthenosphere continental mantle is metasomatically changed by reduced magmatic fluids, the following sequence of zones forms: (1) zone where initial rocks are intensively sublimated and depleted by most petrogenic components; the restite in this case becomes carbonated, salinated and graphitized; (2) zone of Si and Fe enrichment and carbon deposition in initial rocks depleted in Na, K, P, Mn; (3) zone of diamond-bearing lherzolites enriched with Na; (4) zone of hydrated rocks enriched with K; (5) zone of hydrated rocks not enriched with petrogenic components. Zone 1 can be responsible for the formation of kimberlite melts, zones 3 and 4 can be substrates of alkaline magma melting, and zone 5 can be the source of mafic tholeiitic magma.
The coefficients of heterovalent NaSi–CaAl interdiffusion in plagioclases
Authors: Korolyuk V.N. , Lepezin G.G.
Published: November 2009

Literature data on the coefficients of heterovalent NaSi–CaAl interdiffusion in plagioclases are analyzed. It is shown that activation energy and frequency factor decrease as the partial pressure of water and plagioclase basicity increase. A general expression has been derived for the interdiffusion coefficients of albite and anorthite components as a function of the plagioclase composition (NPl), temperature T (K), and water pressure PH2O (kbar):D~[cm2s]=exp{13.14−0.354NPl+40.721+PH2O2−116095−1037NPl+139732/(1+PH2O2)RT}.
Pyrope–knorringite garnets: overview of experimental data and natural parageneses
Authors: Turkin A.I. , Sobolev N.V.
Published: November 2009

This paper gives an analytical overview of the experimental data obtained by different authors at high P and T in the model system MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–Cr2O3 (MASCr). A set of four simple polynomial equations is proposed for the temperature and pressure dependence of chromium content in garnet and spinel in the assemblage Gar + Opx + Es and Gar + Fo + Opx + Sp.

From the first equation, one can estimate the minimum pressure at a given temperature which is required for the formation of peridotite garnets of uncertain paragenesis with a known knorringite content. A combination of the second and third equations helps estimate P and T from the chromium content of garnet and spinel from assemblages containing both minerals. If the spinel composition is unknown, but there is reason to assign garnet to a spinel-bearing paragenesis, the fourth equation is applicable for estimating pressure at given temperature.

Originally, the proposed garnet–spinel geothermobarometer was developed for a harzburgite paragenesis. However, it is applicable to garnets with CaO/Cr2O3 < 0.903 (including lherzolitic ones), that is, those within the Pyr–Kn–Uv triangle of the reciprocal quaternary diagram Pyr–Cros–Uv–Kn.

Using the above equations and an empirical PCG geobarometer (Grütter et al., 2006), comparative geothermobarometric estimates were obtained for a set of garnet and garnet–spinel inclusions in diamonds and intergrowths with diamond, as well as garnet inclusions in spinel. If garnet has CaO/Cr2O3 = 0.35–0.40, the results are in good accord. For Cr-richest and Ca-poorest garnets, the PCG barometer shows pressures 10–15% higher compared with our estimates.
The physicochemical conditions of diamond formation in the mantle matter: experimental studies
Authors: Litvin Yu.A.
Published: November 2009

Experimental studies of diamond formation in the alkaline silicate-carbon system Na2O–K2O–MgO–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–C were carried out at 8.5 GPa. In accordance with the diamond nucleation criterion, a high diamond generation efficiency (spontaneous mass diamond crystallization) has been confirmed for the melts of the system Na2SiO3–carbon and has been first established for the melts of the systems CaSiO3–carbon and (NaAlSi3O8)80(Na2SiO3)20–carbon. It is shown that in completely miscible carbonate-silicate melts oversaturated with dissolved diamond-related carbon, a concentration barrier of diamond nucleation (CBDN) arises at a particular ratio of carbonate and silicate components. Study of different systems (eclogite–K-Na-Mg-Ca-Fe-carbonatite–carbon, albite–K2CO3–carbon, etc.) has revealed a dependence of the barrier position on the chemical composition of the system and the inhibiting effect of silicate components on the nucleation density and rate of diamond crystal growth. In multicomponent eclogite-carbonatite solvent, the CBDN is within the range of carbonatite compositions (<50 wt.% silicates). Based on the experimental criterion for the syngenesis of diamond and growth inclusions in them, we studied the syngenesis diagram for the system melanocratic carbonatite–diamond and determined a set of the composition fields and physical parameters of the system that are responsible for the cogeneration of diamond and various mineral and melt parageneses. The experimental results were applied to substantiate a new physicochemical concept of carbonate-silicate (carbonatite) growth media for most of natural diamonds and to elaborate a genetic classification of growth mineral, melt, and fluid inclusions in natural diamonds of mantle genesis.
Peridotite–eclogite–carbonatite systems at 7.0–8.5 GPa: concentration barrier of diamond nucleation and syngenesis of its silicate and carbonate inclusions
Authors: Bobrov A.V. , Litvin Yu.A.
Published: November 2009

Diamond crystallization in multicomponent melts of variable composition is studied. The melt carbonates are K2CO3, CaCO3⋅MgCO3, and K-Na-Ca-Mg-Fe-carbonatites, and the melt silicates are model peridotite (60 wt.% olivine, 16 wt.% orthopyroxene, 12 wt.% clinopyroxene, and 12 wt.% garnet) and eclogite (50 wt.% garnet and 50 wt.% clinopyroxene). In the experiments carried out under the PT-conditions of diamond stability, the carbonate-silicate melts behave like completely miscible liquid phases. The concentration barriers of diamond nucleation (CBDN) in the melts with variable proportions of silicates and carbonates have been determined at 8.5 GPa. In the system peridotite–K2CO3–CaCO3⋅MgCO3–carbonatite they correspond to 30, 25, and 30 wt.% silicates, respectively, and in the analogous eclogite–carbonate system, 45, 30, and 35 wt.%. In the silicate-carbonate melts with higher silicate contents seed diamond growth occurs, which is accompanied by the crystallization of thermodynamically unstable graphite phase. In the experiments with melts compositionally corresponding to the CBDN at 7.0 GPa and 1200–1700 °C, a full set of silicate minerals of peridotite (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, garnet) and eclogite (garnet, clinopyroxene) parageneses was obtained. The minerals occur as syngenetic inclusions in natural diamonds; moreover, the garnets contain an impurity of Na, and the pyroxenes, K. The experimental data indicate that peridotite-carbonate and eclogite-carbonate melts are highly effective for the formation of diamond (or unstable graphite) together with syngenetic minerals and melts, which agrees with the carbonate-silicate (carbonatite) model for the mantle diamond formation.
Late Quaternary climatic events and sea-level changes recorded by turbidite activity, Dakar Canyon, NW Africa
Authors: Pierau Roberto , Hanebuth Till J.J. , Krastel Sebastian , Henrich Rüdiger
Published: November 2009

The relationship of sea-level changes and short-term climatic changes with turbidite deposition is poorly documented, although the mechanisms of gravity-driven sediment transport in submarine canyons during sea-level changes have been reported from many regions. This study focuses on the activity of the Dakar Canyon off southern Senegal in response to major glacial/interglacial sea-level shifts and variability in the NW-African continental climate. The sedimentary record from the canyon allows us to determine the timing of turbidite events and on the basis of XRF-scanning element data, we have identified the climate signal at a sub-millennial time scale from the surrounding hemipelagic sediments. Over the late Quaternary the highest frequency in turbidite activity in the Dakar Canyon is confined to major climatic terminations when remobilisation of sediments from the shelf was triggered by the eustatic sea-level rise. However, episodic turbidite events coincide with the timing of Heinrich events in the North Atlantic. During these times continental climate has changed rapidly, with evidence for higher dust supply over NW Africa which has fed turbidity currents. Increased aridity and enhanced wind strength in the southern Saharan–Sahelian zone may have provided a source for this dust.
Computational Analysis of Cysteine Proteases (Clan CA, Family C1) of Leishmania Major to Find Potential Epitopic Regions
Authors: Saffari Babak , Mohabatkar Hassan
Published: November 2009

Leishmania is associated with a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from simple cutaneous to invasive visceral leishmaniasis. Here, the sequences of ten cysteine proteases of types A, B and C of Leishmania major were obtained from GeneDB database. Prediction of MHC class I epitopes of these cysteine proteases was performed by NetCTL program version 1.2. In addition, by using BcePred server, different structural properties of the proteins were predicted to find out their potential B cell epitopes. According to this computational analysis, nine regions were predicted as B cell epitopes. The results provide useful information for designing peptide-based vaccines.
How Do Variable Substitution Rates Influence Ka and Ks Calculations?
Authors: Wang Dapeng , Zhang Song , He Fuhong , Zhu Jiang , Hu Songnian , Yu Jun
Published: November 2009

The ratio of nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) to synonymous substitution rate (Ks) is widely used as an indicator of selective pressure at sequence level among different species, and diverse mutation models have been incorporated into several computing methods. We have previously developed a new γ-MYN method by capturing a key dynamic evolution trait of DNA nucleotide sequences, in consideration of varying mutation rates across sites. We now report a further improvement of NG, LWL, MLWL, LPB, MLPB, and YN methods based on an introduction of gamma distribution to illustrate the variation of raw mutation rate over sites. The novelty comes in two ways: (1) we incorporate an optimal gamma distribution shape parameter a into γ-NG, γ-LWL, γ-MLWL, γ-LPB, γ-MLPB, and γ-YN methods; (2) we investigate how variable substitution rates affect the methods that adopt different models as well as the interplay among four evolutional features with respect to Ka/Ks computations. Our results suggest that variable substitution rates over sites under negative selection exhibit an opposite effect on ω estimates compared with those under positive selection. We believe that the sensitivity of our new methods has been improved than that of their original methods under diverse conditions and it is advantageous to introduce novel parameters for Ka/Ks computation.
Equivariant K-theory of quaternionic flag manifolds
Authors: Mare Augustin-Liviu , Willems Matthieu
Published: November 2009

We consider the manifold Fln(ℍ) = Sp(n)/Sp(1)n of all complete flags in ℍn, where ℍ is the skew-field of quaternions. We study its equivariant complex K-theory rings with respect to the action of two groups: Sp(1)n and a certain canonical subgroup T = (S1)n (a maximal torus). For the first group action we obtain a Goresky-Kottwitz-MacPherson type description. For the second one, we describe the ring KT(Fln(ℍ)) as a subring of KT(Sp(n)/T). This ring is well known, since Sp(n)/T is a complex flag variety.
Survival analysis approach to insect life table analysis and hypothesis testing: with particular reference to Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko)) populations
Authors: Ma Z.S.
Published: November 2009

The goal of this paper is to examine and demonstrate that survival analysis, which has been ade factostandard in biomedical research since the 1990s but has not been widely adopted in entomology yet, should possess similar potential in entomological research. The following three objectives are set to achieve this goal: (i) addressing a fundamental issue – censoring or incomplete observations; (ii) demonstrating the application of survival analysis to analyze insect life tables; and (iii) applying survival analysis for hypothesis testing. The data used to demonstrate the applications is from our laboratory experiments, which recorded the development, survival and reproduction of 1800 Russian wheat aphids (Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko), RWA) under 25 treatments of temperature and plant-growth stage. With regard to the first two objectives, besides examining the near ubiquitous existence of censoring in insect population research, we constructed and analyzed life tables of 1800 RWA individuals with survival analysis. We further demonstrate that there could be very significant differences in life table parameters, such as median development times with and without considering censoring. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first recognition in entomology that censoring, which is hardly avoidable, can cause significant systematical bias (ranging between 4–25%; table 1) in insect development data analysis. As for the third objective, the study shows that four statistics from survival analysis can be applied to testing the effects of covariates, such as temperature and plant-growth stage, on development and survival of the Russian wheat aphid. The advantages of survival analysis include the handling of censored observations, survival probabilities in the form of rigorous survivor function vs. simple survival rates, dynamic modeling of covariates effects on development and survival with a unified model structure, etc. The methods demonstrated in this article should also be useful for entomological research beyond insect demography, such as bioassay, assessment of natural enemies, the studies of insect behaviors, etc.
Population genetic structure of economically important Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: a comparative analysis
Authors: Timm A.E. , Geertsema H. , Warnich L.
Published: November 2009

Comparative studies of the population genetic structures of agricultural pests can elucidate the factors by which their population levels are affected, which is useful for designing pest management programs. This approach was used to provide insight into the six Tortricidae of major economic importance in South Africa. The population genetic structure of the carnation wormE. acerbellaand the false codling mothT. leucotreta, analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, is presented here for the first time. These results were compared with those obtained previously for the codling mothCydia pomonella, the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta, the litchi mothCryptophlebia peltasticaand the macadamia nut borerT. batrachopa. Locally adapted populations were detected over local geographic areas for all species. No significant differences were found among population genetic structures as result of population history (whether native or introduced) although host range (whether oligophagous or polyphagous) had a small but significant effect. It is concluded that factors such as dispersal ability and agricultural practices have the most important effects on genetically structuring populations of the economically important Tortricidae in South Africa.
Reproductive performance of asexual clones of the peach-potato aphid, (Myzus persicae, Homoptera: Aphididae), colonising Scotland in relation to host plant and field ecology
Authors: Fenton B. , Kasprowicz L. , Malloch G. , Pickup J.
Published: November 2009

The population of peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), in Scotland comprises large numbers of a few superclones with much smaller numbers of other clones, and the reason for their differential success has yet to be elucidated. In the current study, the reproduction of lineages derived from these clones was measured by counting the numbers of offspring produced by a one-day-old nymph after 15 days. This was measured on four plant species, including local agricultural hosts and at two different temperatures (14 and 18°C). There were significant differences in clonal lineage reproduction on different hosts and at different temperatures and amongst clonal lineages on the same hosts at the same temperature. Lineages of local insecticide sensitive clones did not have the best reproductive potential; instead, a recently introduced clonal lineage carrying MACE insecticide resistance was the best reproducer. The clonal lineage with the lowest reproductive potential also carried insecticide resistance, but this was kdr. A lineage from a local insecticide-sensitive clone was the least affected by reduced temperature. There was evidence of host plant specialisation in some of the clonal lineages.
Do schistosomes grow old? A confocal laser scanning microscopy study
Authors: Machado-Silva J.R. , Neves R.H. , Rodrigues-Silva R.
Published: November 2009

Infected hosts progressively decrease egg output during the chronic phase of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Ageing may be a factor that results in a progressive decrease in the ability to reproduce. This study was performed to gain insight into the effects of ageing on adult schistosomes, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Adult worms were recovered from experimentally infected Nectomys squamipes (water rat). Viable eggs were voided in the faeces for 65 weeks and, thereafter, only unviable eggs were eliminated. The rat died after 70 weeks in captivity. Recovered worms (six males and one female) were prepared for confocal microscopy and images were obtained with an LSM 510–ZETA laser confocal microscope. The overall morphology of the adult worms (suckers and tegument) and reproductive organs were the focus of this work. The suckers, ovary, vitellaria and oocytes appeared to be apparently normal. The ootype was formed by flattened cells and unclear nuclei, suggesting that the mechanism for eggshell production by the ootype during organogenesis might have been impaired. Testicular lobes showed empty areas around the germinative cells. Male adult worms showed flaccid musculature of the dorsal surface. Taken together, the present results provided several indications of infertility in older male and female schistosomes.
An outbreak of hepatitis A in Roma populations living in three prefectures in Greece
Authors: VANTARAKIS A. , NEARXOU A. , PAGONIDIS D. , MELEGOS F. , SERETIDIS J. , KOKKINOS P. , ZARKADIS I. , PARASIDIS T. , ALAMANOS Y.
Published: November 2009

An outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection affected Roma populations living in three prefectures of northeastern Greece. Between July and November 2007, 124 cases were reported. We carried out investigations to characterize the pathogen, to identify the source of infection and the route of transmission. Using the RT–PCR technique, HAV strains of the same genotype were detected in all sera from a subset of patients with acute disease. These showed more than 99·8% identity, suggesting a common source. A questionnaire was also completed to collect clinical and epidemiological information. The outbreak affected mainly Roma children aged <10 years. An inspection of Roma settlements showed that poor sanitary conditions were associated with the HAV outbreak.
Association of HIV transmission categories with sociodemographic, viroimmunological and clinical parameters of HIV-infected patients
Authors: COLLAZOS J. , ASENSI V. , CARTON J. A.
Published: November 2009

To analyse sociodemographic, viroimmunological and clinical parameters in different HIV-transmission categories at baseline and during treatment, 3039 patients were followed up for 12 months after the initiation of a nelfinavir-based regimen. Multiple baseline parameters were significantly different in the diverse categories, including CD4 counts (P<0·0001) and viral load (P=0·02). There were differences in the groups regarding the CD4 response (P=0·01), but not the virological response (P=0·4), to therapy over time. Multivariate analyses revealed that transmission categories were significantly related to baseline CD4 counts (P=0·01), viral load at 12 months (P=0·0006), poorer adherence to therapy of injecting drug users (IDUs)vs. each of the other groups (P<0·001) and failure to complete the 12-month evaluation of IDUvs. heterosexual (P=0·003) and men who have sex with men (MSM) groups (P=0·02). We conclude that transmission categories had a significant influence on several baseline parameters and viroimmunological outcomes following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), as well as on adherence to therapy and to medical appointments.
Cross-dialectal variation in propositional anaphora: Null objects and propositionalloin Mexican and Peninsular Spanish
Authors: Alamillo Asela Reig
Published: November 2009

Despite the interest in null direct objects in Spanish, the case of direct objects with propositional antecedents, which complement cognition and communication verbs, remains mostly uninvestigated. This article investigates, from a comparative variationist perspective, null direct objects with propositional antecedents, variably coded by the cliticlo, in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. Variable rule analysis of six Spanish corpora reveals a big difference between the two dialects in the frequency of overt vs. null neuter pronoun yet shows that some of the linguistic constraints conditioning the variation are shared by both dialects (presence of a dative pronoun, type of antecedent, sentence type), suggesting that the null pronoun has the same grammatical role in both dialects. Some divergences in the conditioning of the null pronoun also emerge from the analysis and the sociodemographic information available suggests the existence of a change in progress in Mexican Spanish.
Structural analysis of the embryonic development inBrycon cephalus(Günther, 1869)
Authors: de Alexandre Juliana Sversut , Ninhaus-Silveira Alexandre , Veríssimo-Silveira Rosicleire , Buzollo Hellen , Senhorini José Augusto , Chaguri Milena Penteado
Published: November 2009

The embryogenesis ofBrycon cephaluswas established in seven stages: zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, larval and hatching, in an incubation period of 11 h (26°C). The zygote phase was observed directly after fertilization and egg hydration. Cleavage began at 0.5 h of incubation and extended up to the morula phase (1.5 h; +100 blastomeres). Cleavage was meroblastic and underwent the following division pattern: the first five divisions were vertical and perpendicular to each other, following the model 2 × 2, 4 × 2, 4 × 4 and 4 × 8. The sixth division was horizontal and occurred at 1.25 h after fertilization, giving rise to two cell layers (4 × 8 × 2) with 64 blastomeres. At the blastula stage (1.25–1.5 h), an irregular space between the blastomeres, the blastocoele, could be detected and the periblast structure initiated. The gastrula (1.75–6.0 h) was characterized by the morphogenetic movements of epiboly, convergence and cell involution, and formation of the embryonic axis. The segmentation stage (7–9 h) comprised the development of somites, the notochord, optic, otic and Kupffer's vesicles, neural tube, primitive intestine and ended with the release of the tail. The larval stage (up to 10 h) was characterized by the presence of 30 somites and growth and elongation of the larvae. At the hatching stage, the embryos presented more than 30 somites and exhibited swimming movements and a soft chorion. The blastomeres presented euchromatic nuclei, indicating a high mitotic activity and many yolk globules in the cytoplasm. The periblast was constituted of a layer with several nuclei and many vesicles, which grew during the epiboly movement.
Hygiène militaire. Observations sur ses tendances actuelles
Authors: Roth Wilhelm
Published: November 2009

Il se manifeste actuellement de toute part une tendance qui commence à produire de bons résultats. Elle conduit à élargir le cercle d'action des médecins, que l'on ne considère plus comme devant n'agir qu'en présence des maladies déclarées, sans s'inquiéter des faits antérieurs.
Événements de Dalmatie
Authors: Dr d'Arneth
Published: November 2009

C'est dans un moment bien grave que j'adresse au Bulletin international ce premier rapport sur l'activité de la Société patriotique. Vous savez qu'une insurrection a éclaté en Dalmatie. Vous êtes mieux placés en Suisse que nulle part en Europe, pour apprécier les immenses difficultés qu'offre, au mouvement des troupes ainsi qu'à leur approvisionnement, un terrain semblable à vos Alpes sous beaucoup de rapports; mais, ce que vous ignorez complètement dans votre beau pays, où l'on admire partout les fruits de la civilisation, ce sont les actes inouïs de barbarie qu'on commet dans ce coin de l'Europe. Les insurgés dépouillent les pauvres blessés de leurs vêtements, de leurs chemises même, et les renvoient dans cet état; ou bien, jugeant nos braves soldats indignes d'être mis à mort, ils les mutilent, leur coupent le nez, leur fendent les lèvres, font d'eux une cible et leur infligent de graves blessures, non dans un combat loyal, mais de sang-froid et de propos délibéré. Jugez, d'après cela, si l'on peut attendre de ces barbares qu'ils respectent le drapeau blanc ou la croix rouge. Un témoin oculaire m'a raconté qu'ils ont demandé, au commandant d'un petit fort, la permission d'enterrer les cadavres de quelques-uns de leurs camarades, qui avaient été tués dans un combat et qui étaient restés entre les mains des nôtres; le commandant y consentit; mais à peine ces dépouilles mortelles se trouvèrent-elles en la possession des insurgés, que quelques-uns d'entre eux se chargèrent de ces cadavres et prirent la fuite, tandis que les autres tiraient des coups de fusil sur ceux de nos soldats qui venaient de les leur livrer.
La guerre et l'humanité au XIXme siècle, par M. L. de Cazenove
Authors: Dr Chenu
Published: November 2009

Le général Foy, dans son histoire de la guerre de la Péninsule, déclare « que, vainqueurs ou vaincus, nous avons perdu quatre fois plus de monde par le désordre inséparable de notre système que par le feu ou le fer de l'ennemi.» Cette triste vérité, plus que confirmée par le résultat des guerres les plus récentes, n'a jamais assez frappé les hommes chargés de l'organisation des armées. Ils disent: — La guerre est un fléau, — ses conséquences sont inévitables, — on ne peut y remédier, — il faut en prendre son parti. — C'est là du fatalisme ou de l'indifférence qui ne sait pas sortir de l'ornière; et, à coup sûr, si, au point de vue administratif, c'est la négation du progrès, il faut bien ajouter qu'au point de vue économique c'est la ruine.
Ajournement de la conférence préparatoire à la Conférence de Vienne (28me circulaire aux Comités centraux)
Authors: Moynier G.
Published: November 2009

Par notre circulaire du premier juin dernier, nous avons prié les comités centraux de rédiger les questions qu'ils désirent voir étudiées par la Conférence préparatoire à la Conférence de Vienne, et nous leur avons demandé de nous les communiquer avant le premier août.
Lettre de l'impératrice Augusta à L'Assemblée de Nuremberg
Authors: Augusta
Published: November 2009

C'est avec une cordiale sympathie et une joie véritable que je salue le premier jour de la réunion de toutes les Associations allemandes de secours, et des Comités allemands de femmes qui poursuivent la même œuvre, et j'attends avec confiance qu'il en sortira un heureux développement pour la Société, dont l'activité s'est montrée d'une manière si brillante eu des circonstances graves et sérieuses.
La Convention de Genève pendant la guerre franco-allemande
Authors: Moynier G.
Published: November 2009

Le moment me semble venu d'entretenir les lecteurs du Bulletin du résultat des expériences de la dernière guerre, touchant la Convention de Genève. Les destinées de ce traité ont éveillé naturellement à un haut degré la sollicitude des amis de la Croix rouge et, pour ma part, je me suis efforcé de réunir toutes les informations possibles sur ce point important. Aujourd'hui, l'on s'en préoccupe de tous côtés, et je pense qu'un résumé impartial des jugements parvenus à ma connaissance répondra À un besoin tout à fait actuel.
Instruction populaire sur la Convention de Genève
Authors: Sydow R.de
Published: November 2009

Nous extrayons du rapport du Comité central allemand la note suivante, qui résume brièvement et clairement tout ensemble les prescriptions de la Convention de Genève, et que le Comité de Berlin avait répandue dans l'armée allemande en 1870, lors de son entrée en campagne.
Lettre du général van Swieten au Comité de Batavia
Authors: van Swieten
Published: November 2009

Le Comité central de la Croix rouge des Indes néerlandaises a droit à la gratitude du corps expéditionnaire combattant dans les eaux et sur le territoire de l'empire d'Atchin.

Permettez-moi d'être auprès de vous l'interprête de la reconnaissance des officiers et des soldats qui ont été témoins de l'action bienfaisante de la Croix rouge ou qui en ont éprouvé les effets salutaires.
Annexe no 1: Instructions pour les délégués du Comité international
Authors: Ador G. , Moynier G.
Published: November 2009

1. Les délégués du Comité international porteront le brassard blanc à croix rouge pendant l'accomplissement de leur mission, laquelle est limitée, en principe, au territoire monténégrin.
Annexe no 3: 31me Circulaire du Comité international aux comités centraux
Authors: Ador G. , Moynier G.
Published: November 2009

Nous avons la satisfaction de vous annoncer la formation d'une nouvelle société de la Croix rouge, que nous estimons digne d'entrer dans notre fédération internationale, et avec laquelle nous vous engageons, eu conséquence, à nouer des relations régulières.
Concours sur la Convention de Genève
Authors: Holleben
Published: November 2009

A l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle de Vienne, un prix de 2,000 thalers avait été offert par Sa Majesté l'impératrice d'Allemagne, reine de Prusse « pour le meilleur travail sur la Convention de Genève, » ainsi que nous l'avons fait savoir dans la publication du 9 décembre 1874.
Expédition d'Atchin
Authors: de Stuers Général
Published: November 2009

Le Comité supérieur de la Croix rouge des Pays-Bas a l'honneur de vous transmettre les deux circulaires adressées aux Comités et aux correspondants, le 20 février et le 11 mai 1875; elles contiennent en résumé des communications envoyées par le Comité de Batavia à partir du 22 octobre 1874 jusqu'au 19 mars de cette année.
Circulaire du Comité central aux comités sectionnaires et aux correspondants
Authors: de Stuers  , Dr Carsten
Published: November 2009

Selon l'art. 1er de ses statuts, la Société néerlandaise a pour but de se préparer en temps de paix, exclusivement à la tâche d'adoucir le sort du militaire blessé et malade et d'y être toujours prête.

Elle tâche d'atteindre ce but en formant de bons infirmiers et en se pourvoyant du matériel nécessaire.
Le principe de la Convention de Genève et les sociétés nationales de secours d'aprés M. le Dr Schmidt-Ernsthausen, médecin d'État-major
Authors: Odier E.
Published: November 2009

La seconde partie de la brochure du docteur Schmidt a pour titre: Le Droit des gens et la Convention de Genève du 22 août 1864. En tête de cette seconde partie, l'auteur a réuni un certain nombre de textes du droit des gens, relatifs au sens des mots ennemi et neutre, à la manière de traiter les blessés et malades de l'ennemi, aux hôpitaux, au personnel sanitaire, etc.; enfin quelques préceptes sur la conduite de la guerre; Grotius, Vattel, Martens, Klüber. Wheaton, Durat-Lasalle, Heffter, Bluntschli sont tour à tour mis à contribution, et viennent affirmer leurs thèses en quelques lignes concises et absolues.
Le Bulletin international (41me circulaire)
Authors: Ador G. , Moynier G.
Published: November 2009

Le moment nous semble venu, après plus de huit années écoulées depuis la Conférence de Berlin, de vous rendre compte de ce que nous avons fait pour répondre an vœn de cette assemblée, concernant la publication d'un recueil périodique, sorte de Moniteur officiel de la Croix rouge. Bien que notre Bulletin vous soit connu, nous pensons que quelques détails administratifs à son sujet, et un coup d'œil rétrospectif sur les volumes déjà parus de celle collection, sont de nature à vous intéresser, puisque la chose vous concerne directement.
Avis relatif à la Société nationale belge de la Croix rouge et Appel du Comité central serbe (42me circulaire)
Authors: Le Président Renard  , Sigart F.
Published: November 2009

A la demande de l'Association belge de secours aux militaires blessés en temps de guerre, nous venons attirer votre attention sur les agissements d'une antre association, qui s'intitule Société nationale belge de la Croix rouge, avec laquelle la première désire ne pas être confondue.
Aperçu des services rendus par la Société de la Croix rouge en 1877–78
Authors: Ghika Démétrius , Boboc Jean-S.
Published: November 2009

10 Le nombre des malades et blessés, soignés dans les ambulances organisées par la Société de la Croix rouge roumaine sur les champs de bataille, a été de 2716, dont 2,147 Roumains, 553 Turcs et 16 Russes.

Le nombre exact des journées de malades a été de 7,139.

Les ambulances roumaines ont, en outre, donné 494 consultations gratuites et fait 742 pansements, aux malades et blessés qui ont préféré être soignés hors des ambulances.
Rapport de la Société anglaise sur la guerre russo-turque
Authors: Lindsay R. Loyd
Published: November 2009

Peu de temps après que la guerre eut éclaté entre la Russie et la Turquie, en avril 1877, il devint évident que, quelle qu'en fût la durée ou le résultat, il y aurait beaucoup de sang versé, de souffrances et de maladies dans les deux armées.

Il se passa un certain temps, après la déclaration de guerre, sans qu'il y eêt de combat, et il fut impossible de se rendre compte de la tournure que prendraient les événements, malgré la position relative bien reconnue des deux pays quant à leurs moyens d'attaque ou de défense.
La Société nationale au sud de l'Afrique
Authors: Young J.-S.
Published: November 2009

Nous ne pouvons mieux renseigner nos lecteurs sur l'activité déployée au sud de l'Afrique, par la Société anglaise de secours, qu'en reproduisant la lettre écrite par M. J.-S. Young, agent de cette Société, en date de Durban, le 26 juillet dernier. Nous avons à peine besoin de rappeler que M. J.-S. Young est le même agent qui a si vaillamment accompli un mandat semblable sur le théâtre de la guerre russo-turque. On va le reconnaître à l'œuvre.