bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CHEMISORPTION-RELEASE AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL STUDIES OF CIPROFLOXACIN FROM HYDROXYAPATITE-BASED IMPLANTS
Authors: VARUT RENATA-MARIA , MANDA VALENTIN , GINGU OANA , SIMA GABRIELA , TEISANU CRISTINA , NEAMTU JOHNY
Published: September 2020

Implant infections are the result of bacterial adhesion to the implant surface and subsequent biofilm formation at the implant site. A sustained and high antibiotic concentration over minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pathogenic bacteria at the implant site is expected to inhibit bacterial adhesion, colonization, and biofilm formation. In the present study we performed implants based on hydroxyapatite (HAp), HAp reinforced with titanium particles (HAp/Ti) and Hap/Ti with added calcium fructoborate (CaFb) by chemisorption deposition method (HAp/Ti/CaFb). The implants were immersed in ciprofloxacin (CP) solution for 24 hours, then was determined the release profile of antibiotic for 14 days and the antibacterial effect of the three types of composite. The period of antibiotic release may be considered as sufficient to support osteointegration under antibacterial protection.
Early diagnostics of acute honestious intestinal incapability with help of X-ray tomography
Authors: Sufiyarov I. F. , Mufazalov F. F. , Yamalova G. R.
Published: September 2020

The most important problem determining the indications for surgical treatment of peritoneal adhesion is associated with the uncertainty of the criteria for early diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Of all the most common acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity, acute intestinal obstruction gives the highest lethality. The main reason for this is untimely diagnosis. In two groups of patients, we performed a study of chronic peritoneal peritoneal disease using X-ray computed tomography (RCT), with obstruction (58 patients) and absence of this pathology (56 patients). Analyzing nonparametric statistics with the calculation of the Pearson criterion, with the Yates correction. We presented the criteria for the RCT study, diﬀerential diagnosis of adhesive intestinal obstruction from exacerbation of peritoneal adhesion. The main indicators of this disease: the ﬂuid content in the lumen of the small intestine is more than 200.0 ml, in two or more regions, the inﬂated intestinal loops, an extension of 2.1 mm and more of the intestinal wall. The validity of the diagnostic criteria for RCT research leaves no doubt about the need for their use in preoperative access prognosis and the scope of surgical intervention.
Modern trends in surgical treatment of liver echinococcosis
Authors: Musaev G. H. , Levkin V. V. , Sharipov R. H.
Published: September 2020

The article presents literature review about surgical treatment of liver hydatidosis. Particular attention is paid to the development of percutaneous treatment. Also modern trend of surgical treatment are described. We presented results of percutaneous treatment of liver hydatidosis in our clinic. We analized them and made the conclusion that percutaneous treatment is eﬀective and safe method for liver hydatidosis. To reduce the risk of recurrence we have to do it right and all patients must take anti-relapse chemotherapy.
INSTRUMEN STUDI KOMPARATIF KEBIJAKAN MONETER KONVENSIONAL DAN ISLAM DALAM PENGENDALIAN INFLASI
Authors: Ega Rusanti  , A.Syathir Sofyan  , Syarifuddin  , Nurfiah Anwar
Published: September 2020

Kebijakan moneter Bank Indonesia dilakukan untuk memengaruhi kegiatan ekonomi riil dan stabilitas harga dengan menggunakan mekanisme transmisi yang ada. Dalam pelaksaaannya Bank Indonesia saat ini bertanggungjawab untuk mencapai sasaran moneter melalui instumen kebijakan jalur konvensional dan syariah diantaranya Sertifikat Bank Indonesia (SBI), Sertifikat Bank Indonesia Syariah (SBIS), Pasar Uang Antar Bank  (PUAB) dan Pasar Uang Antar Bank Syariah (PUAS). Dalam penulisan paper ini menggunakan kajian kepustakaan melalui analisis isi terhadap penelitian sebelumnya. Segala informasi yang didapatkan berkaitan dengan topik penelitian ini diperoleh dari berbagai sumber kepustakaan serta bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil analisis yang didapatkan, menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh kebijakan moneter konvensional melalui jalur suku bunga dengan SBI dan PUAB terbukti lebih mampu mempengaruhi JUB dan akhirnya mengendalikan inflasi. Namun pada instrumen kebijakan moneter jalur syariah dengan menggunakan SBIS dan PUAS dengan system Profit and loss sharing (PLS) dari berbagai hasil penelitian yang di analisis menemukan jika instrumen tersebut masih memilki andil yang kecil pada pengendalian inflasi namun terbukti memberikan kontribusi pada output sektor rill.
Mise à jour de la distribution de l'abeille du lierre Colletes hederae Schmidt & Westrich (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) en Europe
Authors: Vereecken Nicolas J. , Schwenninger Hans , Gogala Andrej , Roberts Stuart P. M.
Published: September 2020

Update of the distribution of the ivy bee Colletes hederae Schmidt & Westrich (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) in Europe.
L'inquilinisme chez les bourdons
Authors: Lhomme Patrick
Published: September 2020

Bumble Bees inquilinism. - In social insects, severe brood care costs have favoured the evolution of cheaters that exploit workers services of conspecifics or heterospecifics. In Bumblebees, a lot of species use hosts facultatively as an alternative to care for their own brood, while Psithyrus species have lost their worker caste and are completely dependant on hosts to produce their sexuals. Here is an overview of the adaptations and strategies used by bumblebees inquilines to successfully enter and exploit host social systems.
Oligolectisme et décalage phénologique entre plante hôte et pollinisateur : étude de deux espèces printanières psammophiles, Colletes cunicularius (L.) (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) et Andrena vaga (Panzer) (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae)
Authors: Vanderplanck Maryse , Bruneau Étienne , Michez Denis
Published: September 2020

Oligolectism and phenological shift between host plant and pollinator: study of two psammophilic spring species, Colletes cunicularius (L.) (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) and Andrena vaga (Panzer) (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae). - Colletes cunicularius (L.) and Andrena vaga (Panzer), both vernal solitary ground nesting bees, have been reported to feed strictly on Salix (Salicaceae) (oligolectic behavior). However a recent study has shown that Colletes cunicularius is able to shift on different plants, at least in the studied sites in Germany. In this study we investigated the extent to which this behavior applies to other regions within the distribution range of these bee species. We analysed the host-plant association of two populations in Belgium. Pollen loads and brood cells of both species have been investigated by optical microscopic analysis to estimate the proportion of willow pollen. Andrena vaga females collect pollen only on Salix but pollen loads of Colletes cunicularius sometimes contain other pollen types in agreement with a previously study. It is observed that the first nest cells made by C. cunicularius in early spring contain exclusively willow pollen. Towards the end of willow blooming, Colletes cunicularius females change their floral choice by foraging on other pollen types.
O papel da administração pública municipal no enfrentamento à Covid-19 no Brasil
Authors: Aroucha Sarah Pestana , Matos Jersiton Tiago Pereira
Published: September 2020

Resumo
O presente artigo trata acerca da distribuição desigual dos recursos no enfretamento à Covid-19 e interpreta o papel da administração pública municipal no combate à doença. Para isso, analisamos os dados disponibilizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) a respeito dos recursos básicos usados no combate à Covid-19, considerando as desigualdades regionais. Por conseguinte, aplicamos o método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO) para estimar a influência da despesa per capita e do investimento per capita com saúde no número de mortes causadas pela Covid-19. Adotamos como variável proxy para o investimento no sistema de saúde, as Transferências ao SUS para o bloco de investimentos. Em síntese, nosso estudo indica que municípios com maiores dispêndios em saúde em relação ao tamanho da população, tendem a apresentar menos mortes pela doença. Dessa forma, podemos dimensionar a influência dos recursos destinados à saúde no número de mortes causadas pela Covid-19. Concluímos que a situação crítica em que o país se encontra é, em parte, resultado da aplicação ineficiente dos recursos públicos

Abstract
This article deals with the unequal distribution of resources before Covid19 and interprets the role of the municipal public administration in combating the disease. For this, we analyzed the data provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and respected the basic resources used to combat Covid-19, considering regional inequalities. Therefore, we apply the method of Ordinary least Squares (OLS) to estimate the influence of per capita spending and per capita investment in health on the number of deaths caused by Covid-19. We adopted as a proxy variable for investment in the health system, the Transfers to SUS for the investment block. In summary, our study indicates that municipalities with higher health expenditures in relation to the size of the population, tend to have fewer deaths from the disease. In this way, we can measure the influence of resources involved in health on the number of deaths caused by Covid-19. It concludes that a critical situation in the country it finds is, in part, the result of the inefficient use of public resources.
Violación de los derechos humanos en Venezuela: la otra cara de la pandemia
Authors: Araujo Cuauro Juan
Published: September 2020

El objetivo de la investigación es analizar la violación de los derechos humanos en Venezuela, los cuales se han agravado por la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19), establecer la relevancia de que derecho humano fundamental viola el Estado venezolano. La naturaleza del estudio es de carácter socio–reflexivo, y se aborda desde la investigación cualitativa con la revisión bibliográfica documental, siendo Aguilar (2010), Depouy (1999), Pohl (2018), Sira (2020), La Fuente (1989) y documentos normativos como la Constitución de Venezuela (1999), y la Ley Orgánica de los Estados de Excepción (1999), los principales referentes consultados. La sociedad venezolana venía y viene atravesando por una grave crisis masiva de violaciones de derechos humanos que se evidencian en la pérdida de calidad de vida, la falta de acceso a los derechos a la alimentación adecuada y a la salud, en la inseguridad jurídica y personal, así como en la violencia institucional y la represión a la protesta. Resultados: pero en el tiempo o en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19 se ha agravado sistemáticamente la violación a todo estos Derechos Humanos en Venezuela. Se hace necesario establecer la relevancia de que derecho humano fundamental viola el Estado venezolano al decretar por la pandemia el Estado de Excepción bajo la figura del Estado de Alarma, imponiendo una medida de confinamiento como lo es la cuarentena radical en todo el territorio nacional, la cual por su forma errática de aplicación lo que hizo fue agudizar la crisis económica, social, médico sanitaria y política. Conclusión: estos ejemplos o casos narrados nos recuerdan nuevamente que la violación de un derecho humano puede poner en peligro el disfrute de todos los demás.
Aplicabilidad del principio contable de negocio en marcha en tiempos de COVID-19
Authors: De La Hoz Suárez Aminta , González Vergara Martha , Lugo Hernández Emily , Arenilla Buelvas María
Published: September 2020

El surgimiento del nuevo virus infeccioso SARS-CoV-2 ha tenido en dominio a la humanidad, es especial al sistema empresarial, puesto que el ataque invisible está dejando estragos económicos con proximidades a un agobio financiero. Por ello, este escrito pretende describir el estado actual de la aplicación del principio contable rector de empresa en marcha en tiempos de amenaza pandémica. En atención a ello, se propone una revisión literaria que sustenta la declarativa del principio contable enunciado según el estándar NIIF-IFRS (2018; 2015) así como los comentarios y escritos documentados por consultoras del ámbito contable como Deloitte (2020), Price waterhouse Coopers (2020), KPMG (2020) y Ernst & Young (2020). Se encontró que el principio de negocio en marcha alude a una operatividad acorde a la aplicación de recursos financieros por lo cual en épocas de COVID-19 se debe evaluar muy bien este supuesto y revelar en sus estados financieros la incertidumbre relacionada con la operatividad, tal como ha ocurrido con el caso de Avianca Holdings S.A. y Subsidiarias, quienes han revelado en las notas a los estados financieros al corte del 31 de Marzo de 2020 la incertidumbre material relacionada con el principio contable de empresa en marcha cuestionada por los efectos pandémicos generados por el COVID-19 y sus impactos directos en el ciclo de operaciones del negocio.
PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENIC ENTERIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH DIARRHOEA IN CHILDREN OF UNDER FIVE YEARS AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS IN UNGUJA ISLAND, ZANZIBAR
Authors: Omar Muhiddin , Kigadye Prof. ES , Massomo Dr. Said M.S. , Mchenga Dr. Salum , Simai Dr. Burhan
Published: September 2020

Background:  Diarrhoea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries and resistance of bacteria is a global problem.Objective: The present study in Unguja Island, Zanzibar, aimed at determining the prevalence and identity of pathogenic enteric bacteria associated with diarrhoea in children under five years and to assess the resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics.Methodology: A cross sectional quantitative study was conducted, a total of 319 stool samples were collected. The prevalence and identity of pathogenic enteric bacteria were determined through conventional methods and antimicrobial resistance by the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing method.Results: The prevalence isolates were; Shigella spp. In 41.5%, Salmonella spp.(29.3%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus(13.1%) and pathogenic E. coli (16.2%). Pathogenic enteric bacteria were commonly more resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Ampicillin but were less resistant to Ciproflaxin, Gentamycin, and Chloramphenicol respectively.Conclusion: The results indicated that the prevalence of pathogenic enteric bacteria was high and often they were resistant to antibiotics commonly used to treat diarrhoea in children under five years in Zanzibar. We therefore recommend reviewing of guidelines for treatment of childhood diarrhoea, promote health education, scale up vaccination campaign and regulate the use of antimicrobials to prevent further development of antibiotic resistance.
EFFECTIVENESS OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY AND INNOVATION COMPETENCY OF UNIVERSITY STAFF, CASE OF UGANDA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY MBALE CAMPUS
Authors: Wauyo Fred , Omol Edwin , Okumu James
Published: September 2020

Purpose: the purpose of the study was to explore the extent of business intelligence technology on absorptive capacity, the level of innovative competence of University staffs, the relationship between the extent of business intelligence technology, absorptive capacity, the level of innovative competence among University staff, formulated development programs based on the study findings and established profile of respondents in terms of age, gender, educational level and length of service.Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional survey design guided the study and primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. Respondents classified into strata from which they were chosen randomly. The study population was 150 and a sample size of 108 got using sloven’s formula for generating sample size. Research data was organized according to research questions and by category of respondents of the study. The results were analyzed using SPSS. The responses to different questions were quantified into frequencies mean, translated into percentages and ranks and presented in tables.Results: The study revealed the following findings; majority of respondents were male, degree holders and most of the respondents served below 3 years. The extent of business intelligence technology Level ranged from high, moderate to very low, majority of staff’s level of innovative competence high and there was a significant relationship between business intelligence technology, absorptive capacity and level of innovative competence and the null hypothesis was rejected.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that the university’s top management needs to support the staff in various ways that will not only build their absorptive capacity but improve upon their skills and competencies in preparation for adoption of business intelligence technology (BIT) in the university.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT DENGAN KEPATUHAN PENGGUNAAN MASKER SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT COVID-19 DI NGRONGGAH
Authors: Devi Pramita Sari  , Nabila Sholihah ‘Atiqoh
Published: September 2020

Covid-19 is a disease caused by a corona virus that makes a pandemic in all countries, especially Indonesia. Covid 19 disease can be prevented including knowledge and compliance of the public in the use of masks as an effort to prevent Covid-19 disease. Preliminary preliminary survey revealed that there were 3 respondents with bad knowledge and 6 people in RT03 / RW08 Ngronggah were not compliant to wear masks. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between community knowledge and compliance with the use of masks as an effort to prevent Covid-19 in Ngronggah. This research was conducted using a descriptive quantitative survey method with cross sectional study approach. The population and sample were taken in total sampling, that is, all 62 RT RT / RW 08 Ngronggah communities. The research instrument used questionnaires and observation guidelines. Quantitative data analysis uses the chi-square relationship test. The results of this study of 62 respondents based on the results of the Chi-Square test of significance of p between independent variables namely community knowledge with the dependent variable compliance with the use of masks by 0.004 (p <0.05) then Ho was rejected and stated there was a relationship. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between public knowledge and compliance with the use of masks as an effort to prevent Covid-19 disease in Ngronggah. Suggestions should provide education about the importance of using masks to prevent and avoid the risk of Covid-19 disease
Extending Humanity’s Reach: A Public-Private Framework for Space Exploration
Authors: Chaben Jack B.
Published: September 2020

The Cold War initiated not only rapid weaponization campaigns within the United States and the Soviet Union, but launched a space race between the ideological opponents. The Soviet Union claimed an early victory by becoming the first nation to launch a satellite into space. Despite the United States' rough start, the country triumphed during its Apollo Program to become the leader in space. Treaties and international norms emerged throughout this time to prevent these technologically raging nations from weaponizing the expansive environment of outer space, but the resulting protections against national ownership of space limited incentives for future deep space travel. As the U.S. Space Shuttle program came to an end in 2011, the United States forfeit its capabilities to transport humans to the International Space Station. This apparent abandonment of outer space, however, began to reveal the seminal role of the commercial space industry and its revolutionary technologies. This article traces the transition from the Cold War-era space race to today’s robust public-private expansion into space. It highlights the foundational importance of international cooperation to protect the interests of private companies, and presents a model of cooperative succession between space agencies and companies to send humans to Mars.
NATO’s Internal Deepening, Endurance, and Expansion: Economic Incentives and Gains as an Explanatory Complement to Realist Alliance Theory
Authors: Esitashvili Nikoloz G. , Martín Félix
Published: September 2020

NATO endured the end of the Cold War in 1991, its members deepened their commitment to the alliance, and it expanded considerably. Its survival fundamentally challenges the logic of realism, prompting two essential questions. First, is it possible to salvage realist alliance theory in the face of its apparent failure to explain NATO's continuing operation? This article contends that realism is repairable and salvageable in this context. Second, if realism is still a viable argument about NATO's endurance, how can it explain it? This article adds a complementary and still-missing explanation to realism based on economic incentives and gains. It argues that economic considerations such as the high cost and complexity to research, design, develop, and produce cost-efficiently modern, sophisticated, and technically complex weapon systems represented a substantial financial undertaking for NATO's great power members. The unparalleled economic burden prompted allies to pull resources together instead of seeking security unilaterally or through other alignment alternatives. The economic imperative of the modern defense industry is an essential and overlooked variable among realist and non-realist perspectives. Economic incentives affected in unprecedented ways the strategic calculus of NATO's great powers and, thus, causes their increased commitment to the alliance, its endurance, and expansion.
Edith Ayrton Zangwill’s The Call
Authors: Zangwill Edith Ayrton
Published: September 2020

Edith Ayrton Zangwill’s 1924 novel The Call is widely regarded as one of the most important suffrage novels of the early 20th century. Including authoritative notes and commentary throughout, this is the first comprehensive scholarly edition of the novel.

The Call tells the story of a young chemist, Ursula Winfield, who comes of age in the years before the start of the First World War. Confronted by the gross injustices faced by women and the working class in early 20th-century Britain, she is drawn inexorably and with increasing militancy into the suffragette movement. The story charts the conflict between her political commitments and her personal life as the Great War approaches.

Alongside the definitive text of the novel, this edition also includes contextual historical documents – from contemporary reviews of the novel to newspaper coverage of the suffragette movement – and critical chapters by leading scholars exploring the world of the novel
Fat
Authors: Blank Hanne
Published: September 2020

Object Lessons is a series of short, beautifully designed books about the hidden lives of ordinary things.

Public enemy. Crucial macronutrient. Health risk. Punchline. Moneymaker. Epidemic. Sexual fetish. Moral failing. Necessary bodily organ. Conveyor of flavor. Freak-show spectacle. Never mind the stereotype, fat is never sedentary: its definitions, identities, and meanings are manifold and in constant motion.

Demonized in medicine and public policy, adored by chefs and nutritional faddists (and let’s face it, most of us who eat), simultaneously desired and abhorred when it comes to sex, and continually courted by a multi-billion-dollar fitness and weight-loss industry, for so many people “fat” is ironically nothing more than an insult or a state of despair.

In Hanne Blank's Fat we find fat as state, as possession, as metaphor, as symptom, as object of desire, intellectual and carnal. Here, “feeling fat” and literal fat merge, blurring the boundaries and infusing one another with richer, fattier meanings.

Object Lessons is published in partnership with an essay series in The Atlantic.
Perioperative brain health: strategies to prevent perioperative neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Hong Jeong-Min
Published: September 2020

Cognitive changes in patients after anesthesia and surgery have been recognized for over 100 years. Research on postoperative cognitive changes accelerated in the 1980s and the term postoperative cognitive dysfunction emerged, which was used until recently. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction has been used in research to describe an objectively measurable decline in cognitive function using neuropsychological tests. This dysfunction had significant heterogeneity in the type, number of tests, timing of tests, and the criteria for change. Therefore, a recent article recommended a new nomenclature for perioperative neurocognitive disorders including neurocognitive disorder, postoperative delirium, delayed neurocognitive recovery, and postoperative neurocognitive disorder. Since old age and baseline cognitive impairment are important risk factors for these perioperative neurocognitive disorders, routine preoperative cognitive assessment in all elderly patients is recommended. A preventive strategy is important, since effective modality for the treatment of perioperative neurocognitive disorders is not yet known. Intraoperative monitoring of age-adjusted end-tidal minimal alveolar concentration fraction, electroencephalography-based anesthetic management, and perioperative non-pharmacological methods are recommended for effective prevention.
Activities of an infection control surveillance-working group for the infection control and prevention of COVID-19
Authors: Choi Ui Yoon , Kwon Young Mi , Choi Jung Hyun , Lee Jehoon
Published: September 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is unlikely to end soon, and hospitals face a high risk of exposure to COVID-19 and nosocomial infections. Therefore, strengthened infection control and prevention (ICP) strategies are crucial. Here, we share our experience of activities implemented by an infection control surveillance-working group (ICS-WG) and the introduction of a hospital emergency code for patients requiring screening for COVID-19, which were established at a university-affiliated hospital. This hospital applies multi-step processes to identify patients who must visit the outdoor screening clinic for COVID-19 testing, instead of entering the hospital building. However, some of these patients inevitably end up inside the hospital building. To solve this issue, we implemented a process to announce the emergency code (“code apple”) and have the medical personnel escort such patients to the outdoor screening clinic. This process was useful in protecting the hospital from unnecessary exposure to COVID-19. The ICS-WG was assigned to conduct the surveillance of ICP practices, patrol the hospital, and recommend improvements for any practices that did not adhere to the guidelines. The ICS-WG also developed a checklist as a monitoring tool for ICP practices. The checklists were distributed to the infection control coordinators who were assigned to monitor their team’s ICP practices and report to the ICS-WG. Overall, we believe that code apple and the ICS-WG are effective strategies in improving ICP practices of COVID-19 at hospitals.
Confinement of air in the Asian monsoon anticyclone and pathways of convective air to the stratosphere during the summer season
Authors: Legras Bernard , Bucci Silvia
Published: September 2020

Abstract. We study the transport pathways from the top of convective clouds to
the lower tropical stratosphere during the Asian monsoon, using a
dense cover of Lagrangian trajectories driven by observed clouds and
the two reanalyses ERA-Interim and ERA5 with diabatic and kinematic
vertical motions. We find that the upward propagation of convective
impact is very similar for the kinematic and diabatic trajectories
using ERA5, while the two cases strongly differ for ERA-Interim. The
parcels that stay confined within the Asian monsoon anticyclone and
reach 380 K are mostly of continental origin, while maritime
sources dominate when the whole global 380 K surface is
considered. Over the continent, the separation of descending and
ascending motion occurs at a crossover level near 364 K, which
is slightly above the clear-sky zero level of radiative heating rate,
except over the Tibetan Plateau. The strong impact of the Tibetan
Plateau with respect to its share of high clouds is entirely due to
its elevated proportion of high clouds above the crossover. The
vertical conduit found in previous studies actually ends where the
convective clouds detrain. Subsequent parcel motion is characterized
by an ascending spiral that spans the whole anticyclone. The mean age
of parcels with respect to convection exhibits a minimum at the centre
of the Asian monsoon anticyclone, due to the permanent renewal by
fresh convective air, and largest values on the periphery as air
spirals out. This contrast is reduced by dilution for increasing
altitude. Above 360 K, the confinement can be represented by a
simple 1-D process of diabatic advection with loss. The mean loss time
is about 13 d and uniform over the range 360 to 420 K, which
is compared with a total circulation time of 2 to 3 weeks
around the anticyclone. The vertical dilution is consequently
exponential with an e-folding potential temperature scale of
15 K (about 3 km). The mechanism is compatible with
the appearance of a columnar tracer pattern within the anticyclone. It
is noticeable that the tropopause does not exhibit any discontinuity
in the transport properties when seen in terms of potential
temperature.
Thermal and near-infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-transform spectrometer-2 (TANSO-FTS-2) on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2 (GOSAT-2) during its first year on orbit
Authors: Suto Hiroshi , Kataoka Fumie , Kikuchi Nobuhiro , Knuteson Robert O , Butz Andre , Haun Markus , Buijs Henry , Shiomi Kei , Imai Hiroko , Kuze Akihiko
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite-2 (GOSAT-2), in orbit since 29 October 2018, follows up the GOSAT mission, itself in orbit since 23 January 2009. GOSAT-2 monitors carbon dioxide and methane in order to increase our understanding of the global carbon cycle. It simultaneously measures carbon monoxide emitted from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, and permits identification of the amount of combustion-related carbon. To do this, the satellite utilizes the Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation Fourier-Transform Spectomer-2 (TANSO-FTS-2). This spectrometer detects gas absorption spectra of solar radiation reflected from the Earth’s surface in the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) region as well as the emitted thermal infrared radiation (TIR) from the ground and the atmosphere. TANSO-FTS-2 can measure the oxygen A band (0.76 um), weak and strong CO2 bands (1.6 um and 2.0 um), weak and strong CH4 bands (1.6 um and 2.3 um), a weak CO band (2.3 um), a mid-wave TIR band (5.5–8.4 um) and a long-wave TIR band (8.4–14.3 um) with 0.2 cm−1 spectral resolution. TANSO-FTS-2 is equipped with a solar diffuser target, a monochromatic light source, and a black body for spectral radiance calibration. These calibration sources permit characterization of time-dependent instrument changes in orbit. The onboard-recalibrated instrumental parameters are considered in operational level-1 processing and released as TANSO-FTS-2 level-1 version 102102 products, which were officially released on 25 May 2020. This paper provides an overview of the TANSO-FTS-2 instrument, the level-1 processing, and the first-year on-orbit performance. To validate the spectral radiance calibration during the first year of operation, the spectral radiance of the version 102102 product is compared at temporally coincident and spatially collocated points from February 2019 to March 2020 with TANSO-FTS on GOSAT for SWIR, and with AIRS on AQUA and IASI on METOP-B for TIR. The spectral radiances measured by TANSO-FTS and TANSO-FTS-2 agree within 2 % of the averaged bias and 0.5 % standard deviation for SWIR bands. The agreement of brightness temperature between TANSO-FTS-2 and AIRS, IASI, is better than 0.5 % in the range from 220 K to 320 K. GOSAT-2 not only provides seamless global CO2 and CH4 observation but also observes local emissions and uptake with an additional CO channel, fully customized sampling patterns, higher signal-to-noise ratios, and wider pointing angles than GOSAT.
Nordic Seas Acidification
Authors: Fransner Filippa , Fröb Friederike , Tjiputra Jerry , Chierici Melissa , Fransson Agneta , Jeansson Emil , Johannessen Truls , Jones Elizabeth , Lauvset Siv K. , Ólafsdóttir Sólveig R. , Omar Abdirahman , Skjelvan Ingunn , Olsen Are
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Being windows to the deep ocean, the Nordic Seas play an important role in transferring anthropogenic carbon, and thus ocean acidification, to the abyss. Due to its location in high latitudes, it is further more sensitive to acidification compared with many other oceanic regions. Here we make a detailed investigation of the acidification of the Nordic Seas, and its drivers, since pre-Industrial to 2100 by using in situ measurements, gridded climatological data, and simulations from one Earth System Model (ESM). In the last 40 years, pH has decreased by 0.11 units in the Nordic Seas surface waters, a change that is twice as large as that between 1850–1980. We find that present trends are larger than expected from the increase in atmospheric CO2 alone, which is related to a faster increase in the seawater pCO2 compared with that of the atmosphere, i.e. a weakening of the pCO2 undersaturation of the Nordic Seas. The pH drop, mainly driven by an uptake of anthropogenic CO2, is significant all over the Nordic Seas, except for in the Barents Sea Opening, where it is counteracted by a significant increase in alkalinity. We also find that the acidification signal penetrates relatively deep, in some regions down to 2000 m. This has resulted in a significant decrease in the aragonite saturation state, which approaches undersaturation at 1000–2000 m in the modern ocean. Future scenarios suggest an additional drop of 0.1–0.4 units, depending on the emission scenario, in surface pH until 2100. In the worst case scenario, RCP8.5, the entire water column will be undersaturated with respect to aragonite by the end of the century, threatening Nordic Seas cold-water corals and their ecosystems. The model simulations suggest that aragonite undersaturation can be avoided at depths where the majority of the cold-water corals live in the RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios. As these results are based on one model only, we request additional observational and model studies to better quantify the transfer of anthropogenic CO2 to deep waters and its effect on future pH in the Nordic Seas.
Stability assessment of degrading permafrost rock slopes based on a coupled thermo-mechanical model
Authors: Mamot Philipp , Weber Samuel , Eppinger, Saskia , Krautblatter Michael
Published: September 2020

Abstract. In the last two decades, permafrost degradation has been observed to be a major driver of enhanced rock slope instability and associated hazards in high mountains. While the thermal regime of permafrost degradation in high mountains has already been intensively investigated, the mechanical consequences on rock slope stability have so far not been reproduced in numerical models. Laboratory studies and conceptual models argue that warming and thawing decrease rock and discontinuity strength and promote deformation. This study presents the first general approach for a temperature-dependent numerical stability model that simulates the mechanical response of a warming and thawing permafrost rock slope. The proposed procedure is applied to a rockslide at the permafrost-affected Zugspitze summit crest. Laboratory tests on frozen and unfrozen rock joint and intact rock properties provide material parameters for the discontinuum model developed with the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). Geophysical and geotechnical field surveys deliver information on the permafrost distribution and fracture network. The model demonstrates that warming decreases rock slope stability to a critical level, while thawing initiates failure. A sensitivity analysis of the model with a simplified geometry and warming trajectory below 0 °C shows that progressive warming close to the melting point initiates instability above a critical slope angle of 50–62°, depending on the orientation of the fracture network. The increase in displacements intensifies for warming steps closer to zero degree. The simplified and generalised model can be applied to permafrost rock slopes (i) which warm above −4 °C, (ii), with ice-filled joints, (iii) with fractured limestone or probably most of the rock types relevant for permafrost rock slope failure, (iv) with a wide range of slope angles (30–70°) and orientations of the fracture network (consisting of three joint sets). The presented model is the first one capable of assessing the future destabilisation of degrading permafrost rock slopes.
Simulating the forest fire plume dispersion, chemistry, and aerosol formation using SAM-ASP version 1.0
Authors: Lonsdale Chantelle R. , Alvarado Matthew J. , Hodshire Anna L. , Ramnarine Emily , Pierce Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Biomass burning is a major source of trace gases and
aerosols that can ultimately impact health, air quality, and climate.
Global and regional-scale three-dimensional Eulerian chemical transport
models (CTMs) use estimates of the primary emissions from fires and can
unphysically mix them across large-scale grid boxes, leading to incorrect
estimates of the impact of biomass burning events. On the other hand,
plume-scale process models allow for explicit simulation and examination of
the chemical and physical transformations of trace gases and aerosols within
biomass burning smoke plumes, and they may be used to develop
parameterizations of this aging process for coarser grid-scale models. Here
we describe the coupled SAM-ASP plume-scale process model, which consists of
coupling the large-eddy simulation model, the System for Atmospheric
Modelling (SAM), with the detailed gas and aerosol chemistry model, the
Aerosol Simulation Program (ASP). We find that the SAM-ASP version 1.0 model
is able to correctly simulate the dilution of CO in a California chaparral
smoke plume, as well as the chemical loss of NOx, HONO, and NH3
within the plume, the formation of PAN and O3, the loss of OA, and the
change in the size distribution of aerosols as compared to measurements and
previous single-box model results. The newly coupled model is able to
capture the cross-plume vertical and horizontal concentration gradients as
the fire plume evolves downwind of the emission source. The integration and
evaluation of SAM-ASP version 1.0 presented here will support the
development of parameterizations of near-source biomass burning chemistry
that can be used to more accurately simulate biomass burning chemical and
physical transformations of trace
gases and aerosols within coarser grid-scale CTMs.
Definitions and methods to estimate regional land carbon fluxes for the second phase of the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Project (RECCAP-2)
Authors: Ciais Philippe , Bastos Ana , Chevallier Frédéric , Lauerwald Ronny , Poulter Ben , Canadell Pep , Hugelius Gustaf , Jackson Robert B. , Jain Atul , Jones Matthew , Kondo Masayuki , Luijkx Ingrid , Patra Prabir K. , Peters Wouter , Pongratz Julia , Petrescu A. M. Roxanna , Piao Shilong , Qiu Chunjing , Von Randow Celso , Regnier Pierre , Saunois Marielle , Scholes Robert , Shvidenko Anatoli , Tian Hanqin , Yang Hui , Wang Xuhui , Zheng Bo
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Regional land carbon budgets provide insights on the spatial distribution of the land uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and can be used to evaluate carbon cycle models and to define baselines for land-based additional mitigation efforts. The scientific community has been involved in providing observation-based estimates of regional carbon budgets either by downscaling atmospheric CO2 observations into surface fluxes with atmospheric inversions, by using inventories of carbon stock changes in terrestrial ecosystems, by upscaling local field observations such as flux towers with gridded climate and remote sensing fields or by integrating data-driven or process-oriented terrestrial carbon cycle models. The first coordinated attempt to collect regional carbon budgets for nine regions covering the entire globe in the RECCAP-1 project has delivered estimates for the decade 2000–2009, but these budgets were not comparable between regions, due to different definitions and component fluxes reported or omitted. The recent recognition of lateral fluxes of carbon by human activities and rivers, that connect CO2 uptake in one area with its release in another also requires better definition and protocols to reach harmonized regional budgets that can be summed up to the globe and compared with the atmospheric CO2 growth rate and inversion results. In this study, for the international initiative RECCAP-2 coordinated by the Global Carbon Project, which aims as an update of regional carbon budgets over the last two decades based on observations, for 10 regions covering the globe, with a better harmonization that the precursor project, we provide recommendations for using atmospheric inversions results to match bottom-up carbon accounting and models, and we define the different component fluxes of the net land atmosphere carbon exchange that should be reported by each research group in charge of each region. Special attention is given to lateral fluxes, inland water fluxes and land use fluxes.
Spatial-temporal changes in flow hydraulic characteristics and soil loss during gully headcut erosion
Authors: Guo Mingming , Chen Zhuoxin , Wang Wenlong , Wang Tianchao , Shi Qianhua , Kang Hongliang , Zhao Man , Feng Lanqian
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The temporal-spatial changes in flow hydraulics and energy consumption and their associated soil erosion remain unclear during gully headcut retreat. A simulated scouring experiment was conducted on five headcut plots consisting of upstream area (UA), gully headwall (GH) and gully bed (GB) to elucidate the temporal-spatial changes in flow hydraulic, energy consumption, and soil loss during headcut erosion. The flow velocity at the brink of headcut increased as a power function of time, whereas the jet velocity entry to plunge pool and jet shear stress logarithmically or linearly decreased over time. The jet properties significantly affected by upstream flow discharge. The Reynold number, runoff shear stress, and stream power of UA and GB increased as logarithmic or power functions of time, but the Froude number decreased logarithmically over time. The flow of UA and GB was supercritical and subcritical, respectively, and transformed to turbulent with inflow discharge increased. The Reynold number, shear stress and stream power decreased by 56.0 %, 63.8 % and 55.9 %, respectively, but the Froude number increased by 7.9 % when flow dropped from UA to GB. The accumulated runoff energy consumption of UA, GH and GB positions linearly increased with time, and their proportions of energy consumption are 18.3 %, 77.7 % and 4.0 %, respectively. The soil loss rate of the UA-GH-GB system initially rose and then gradually declined and levelled off. The soil loss of UA and GH decreased logarithmically over time, whereas the GB was mainly characterized by sediment deposition. The proportion of soil loss at UA and GH are 11.5 % and 88.5 %, respectively, of which the proportion of deposited sediment on GB reached 3.8 %. The change in soil loss of UA, GH and GB was significantly affected by flow hydraulic and jet properties. The critical energy consumption initiating soil erosion of UA, GH, and GB are 1.62 J s−1, 5.79 J s−1 and 1.64 J s−1, respectively. These results are helpful to reveal the mechanism of gully headcut erosion and built headcut migration model.
Coupled machine learning and the limits of acceptability approach applied in parameter identification for a distributed hydrological model
Authors: Teweldebrhan Aynom T. , Schuler Thomas V. , Burkhart John F. , Hjorth-Jensen Morten
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Monte Carlo (MC) methods have been widely used in uncertainty
analysis and parameter identification for hydrological models. The main
challenge with these approaches is, however, the prohibitive number of model
runs required to acquire an adequate sample size, which may take from days to
months – especially when the simulations are run in distributed mode. In the
past, emulators have been used to minimize the computational burden of the
MC simulation through direct estimation of the residual-based response
surfaces. Here, we apply emulators of an MC simulation in parameter
identification for a distributed conceptual hydrological model using two
likelihood measures, i.e. the absolute bias of model predictions (Score) and
another based on the time-relaxed limits of acceptability concept (pLoA).
Three machine-learning models (MLMs) were built using model parameter sets
and response surfaces with a limited number of model realizations (4000). The
developed MLMs were applied to predict pLoA and Score for a large set of
model parameters (95 000). The behavioural parameter sets were identified
using a time-relaxed limits of acceptability approach, based on the predicted
pLoA values, and applied to estimate the quantile streamflow predictions
weighted by their respective Score. The three MLMs were able to adequately
mimic the response surfaces directly estimated from MC simulations with an
R2 value of 0.7 to 0.92. Similarly, the models identified using the
coupled machine-learning (ML) emulators and limits of acceptability approach have performed
very well in reproducing the median streamflow prediction during the
calibration and validation periods, with an average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency value of 0.89 and 0.83, respectively.
Throughfall isotopic composition in relation to drop size at the intra-event scale in a Mediterranean Scots pine stand
Authors: Pinos Juan , Latron Jérôme , Nanko Kazuki , Levia Delphis F. , Llorens Pilar
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The major fraction of water reaching the forest floor is throughfall, which consists of free throughfall, splash throughfall and canopy drip. Research has shown that forest canopies modify the isotopic composition of throughfall by means of evaporation, isotopic exchange, canopy selection and mixing of rainfall waters. However, the effects of these factors in relation to throughfall isotopic composition and the throughfall drop size reaching the soil surface are unclear. Based on research in a mountainous Scots pine stand in northeastern Spain, this study sought to fill this knowledge gap by examining the isotopic composition of throughfall in relation to throughfall drop size. In the experimental stand, throughfall consisted on average of 65 % canopy drip, 19 % free throughfall and 16 % splash throughfall. The dynamics of the isotopic composition of throughfall and rainfall showed complex behaviour throughout events. The isotopic shift showed no direct relationship with meteorological variables, number of drops, drop velocities, throughfall and rainfall amount, or raindrop kinetic energy. However, the experiment did reveal that the isotopic shift was higher at the beginning of an event, decreasing as cumulative rainfall increased, and that it also increased when the median
volume drop size of throughfall (D50_TF) approached or
was lower than the median volume drop size of rainfall (D50_RF). This finding indicates that the major
contribution of splash throughfall at the initial phase of rain events
matched the highest vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and, at the same time,
corresponded to higher isotopic enrichment, which implies that splash
droplet evaporation occurred. Future applications of our approach will
improve understanding of how throughfall isotopic composition may vary with
drop type and size during rainfall events across a range of forest types.