bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure of lateral heterogeneities in a coarse-grained model for multicomponent membranes
Authors: Meinhardt Sebastian , Schmid Friederike
Published: January 2019

Coarse-grained molecular simulation studies of the lateral domain structure in multicomponent lipid bilayers reveal different morphological regimes.
Superposition coded OFDM transmissions in a downlink cooperative relay network based on statistical channel state information
Authors: Abdel‐Razeq Sharief , Zhou Shengli , Wang Zhengdao , Zhao Ming
Published: January 2019

Non‐orthogonal multiple access has recently emerged as a promising multiple access technique for future wireless technology. In this study, the authors investigate superposition coding in a downlink cooperative cellular system based on the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation in the presence of frequency selective multipath fading channels, a setup that has not been studied before. Specifically, the base station communicates with two paired mobile users simultaneously via the OFDM modulation with the help of a half‐duplex relay under either the decode‐and‐forward (DF) or amplify‐and‐forward (AF) scheme, where the power allocation between two mobile users depends on the statistical channel state information (CSI) rather than perfect CSI. They derive the ergodic rate regions under Rayleigh fading channels and present an ad‐hoc approach to determine the power splitting parameters when the target data rates are given. Simulation results based on the outage probabilities show that superposition coding consistently outperforms frequency division, however, the relative advantage of the DF and AF schemes in a superposition‐coded OFDM relay system depends on the system geometry.
Research on islanding partition algorithm for the multi‐microgrids
Authors: Zeng Jie , Peng Jiajun , Zhang Chi , Zhang Wei , Zhou Shaoxiong
Published: January 2019

With the widespread application of microgrids, a number of adjacent microgrids in a certain area will form multi‐microgrids (MMGs) with three‐phase/single‐phase (TP/SP) architecture. Owing to the complicated structure and the various operation modes of MMGs, it is an urgent problem that how to achieve seamless handoff between multiple operation modes in the MMGs. Based on the analysis of the topology of MMGs with TP/SP architecture and the hierarchical control architecture, this study proposes the islanding partition method algorithm correspondingly. The discrete particle swarm optimisation algorithm is proposed to solve the problem by establishing the comprehensive evaluation of islanding MMGs with TP/SP architecture, which can effectively solve the problem of dimension explosion when the number of microgrids increases. The results of simulation show the applicability of the proposed strategy for MMGs.
Typical transmission section searching method considering geographical attributes for large power grids
Authors: Xue Bing , Duan Jiandong
Published: January 2019

Aiming at the problem of large number of power grids and the difficulty of on‐line monitoring, a method of on‐line search of typical transmission section considering geographical attributes is proposed. Firstly, the initial partition is divided by the geographical attributes of the station nodes, and the boundary nodes in each partition are further optimised and rationally evaluated to obtain the simplified structure of the grid. Then, the cut‐set search algorithm based on matrix operations of graph theory is used to quickly identify the transmission section in the power grid, and the power transmission section with heavy load and low margin is obtained by using the safety margin index of the power grid, which is regarded as a typical transmission section and used as the key monitoring object of power grid. Finally, an actual power grid and local grid are taken as an example to search for the typical transmission section of the system, which can not only find the section given by the operation mode expert but also find the new section, which verifies the practicability and effectiveness of the method.
The Orion Region: Evidence of enhanced cosmic-ray density in a stellar wind forward shock interaction with a high density shell
Authors: Cardillo M. , Marchili N. , Piano G. , Giuliani A. , Tavani M. , Molinari S.
Published: January 2019

Context. In recent years, an in-depth γ-ray analysis of the Orion region has been carried out by the AGILE and Fermi/LAT (Large Area Telescope) teams with the aim of estimating the H2–CO conversion factor, XCO. The comparison of the data from both satellites with models of diffuse γ-ray Galactic emission unveiled an excess at (l, b)=[213.9, −19.5], in a region at a short angular distance from the OB star κ-Ori. Possible explanations of this excess are scattering of the so-called “dark gas”, non-linearity in the H2–CO relation, or cosmic-ray (CR) energization at the κ-Ori wind shock.

Aims. Concerning this last hypothesis, we want to verify whether cosmic-ray acceleration or re-acceleration could be triggered at the κ-Ori forward shock, which we suppose to be interacting with a star-forming shell detected in several wavebands and probably triggered by high energy particles.

Methods. Starting from the AGILE spectrum of the detected γ-ray excess, showed here for the first time, we developed a valid physical model for cosmic-ray energization, taking into account re-acceleration, acceleration, energy losses, and secondary electron contribution.

Results. Despite the characteristic low velocity of an OB star forward shock during its “snowplow” expansion phase, we find that the Orion γ-ray excess could be explained by re-acceleration of pre-existing cosmic rays in the interaction between the forward shock of κ-Ori and the CO-detected, star-forming shell swept-up by the star expansion. According to our calculations, a possible contribution from freshly accelerated particles is sub-dominant with respect the re-acceleration contribution. However, a simple adiabatic compression of the shell could also explain the detected γ-ray emission. Futher GeV and TeV observations of this region are highly recommended in order to correctly identify the real physical scenario.
Proton acceleration at tearing coronal null-point current sheets
Authors: Pallister R. , Pontin D. I. , Wyper P. F.
Published: January 2019

Context. Non-thermal particle acceleration in the solar corona is thought to constitute a substantial part of the energy budget of explosive events such as solar flares. One well-established mechanism of non-thermal acceleration is directly via fields in current sheets.

Aims. In this paper we study proton acceleration during “spine-fan reconnection” at a 3D magnetic null point. This type of reconnection has recently been implicated in some flares known as circular-ribbon flares. It has also recently been discovered that the reconnecting current sheet may undergo a non-linear tearing-type instability. This tearing leads to the formation of flux ropes and quasi-turbulent dynamics.

Methods. A predictor-corrector test particle code is used to model the trajectories of protons at different stages of sheet tearing: when the sheet is intact, just after the formation of the first major flux rope, and once the non-linear phase of the instability has become more fully developed. The fields for these proton trajectories were taken from snapshots of a 3D magnetohydrodynamics simulation treated as three static field geometries represented by interpolated grids. Acceleration in the intact current sheet is compared to earlier simulations of infinite static current sheets and then used as a control case with which to compare the later snapshots.

Results. Protons are found to be predominantly accelerated along the fan surface, especially in the absence of current sheet tearing. Most of the highest energy protons are accelerated in the main body of the current sheet, along the direction of strongest parallel electric field. A high energy tail is present in the kinetic energy distribution. After tearing commences, this direct acceleration no longer dominates and acceleration in the outflow regions makes a proportionally greater contribution. Sheet tearing appears overall to hinder the acceleration of protons in the fan plane, at least in the absence of time-dependent acceleration mechanisms. Some correlation is found between high energy protons and locations of flux ropes formed by the instability, but the nature of the link remains at present unclear.
The hydrogen economy and jobs of the future
Authors: Bezdek Roger H.
Published: January 2019

Growth in the hydrogen and fuel cell industries will lead to vast new employment opportunities, and these will be created in a wide variety of industries, skills, tasks, and earnings. Many of these jobs do not currently exist and do not have occupational titles defined in official classifications. In addition, many of these jobs require different skills and education than current jobs, and training requirements must be assessed so that this rapidly growing part of the economy has a sufficient supply of trained and qualified workers. We discuss the current hydrogen economy and technologies. We then identify by occupational titles the new jobs that will be created in the expanding hydrogen/fuel cell economy, estimate the average US salary for each job, identify the minimum educational attainment required to gain entry into that occupation, and specify the recommended university degree for the advanced educational requirements. We provide recommendations for further research.
Chronic and acute stress monitoring by electrophysiological signals from adrenal gland
Authors: Sunwoo Sung Hyuk , Lee Ju Seung , Bae SungJun , Shin Yiel Jae , Kim Chang Seong , Joo Soo Yeon , Choi Hong Sang , Suh Minah , Kim Soo Wan , Choi Young Jin , Kim Tae-il
Published: January 2019

Significance

In this paper, we designed a flexible electrophysiological probe that could be implanted in the adrenal gland of a living animal. It allowed us to measure the electrophysiological signals of the adrenal gland in response to stress hormone release induced by acute stress. This report collects electrophysiological signals of the adrenal gland in vivo with chronic implantation.
Constructing knowledge and identity in a professionally-oriented discipline
Authors: Morton Janne
Published: January 2019

Central to rhetorical genre theory is the notion of ‘rhetorical situation’ (Bitzer, 1968), which emphasizes context as sociohistorically situated. In the analysis of academic genres, this notion helps us to think of the contexts that genres respond to as dynamic, varying across time and space, rather than as stable and unified disciplinary discourse communities. From this social perspective, academic disciplines are theorized as including a great number and range of rhetorical situations (Paré, 2014), and the idea of genre variation becomes of increasing scholarly interest. In this study, rhetorical genre theory and the concept of ‘rhetorical situation’ provide a framing for the analysis of a recurrent discursive event. The event is the design studio ‘crit’, a weekly presentation and review of students’ in-progress design ideas and artifacts, through which the teaching and learning of architectural design is enacted in the academy. In a professionally-oriented discipline such as architecture, curriculum genres often need to negotiate tensions between the academy and the profession. Applied to such settings, a rhetorical genre approach invites us to think about whose values and knowledge dominate, and who has the authority to adapt the genre to suit its changing needs. This paper reports on interviews with five design teachers (one senior academic and four professional practitioners). The interviews reveal how the teachers take up the crit genre in diverse ways, including what counts as knowledge and competence in the design studio and how this knowledge is best taught, learnt and assessed. The paper concludes that students would benefit from a genre pedagogy that focuses on genre variation, its sources and its consequences, as well as genre conventionality.
Inflectional morphology with linear mappings
Authors: Baayen R. Harald , Chuang Yu-Ying , Blevins James P.
Published: January 2019

This methodological study provides a step-by-step introduction to a computational implementation of word and paradigm morphology using linear mappings between vector spaces for form and meaning. Taking as starting point the linear regression model, the main concepts underlying linear mappings are introduced and illustrated with R code. It is then shown how vector spaces can be set up for Latin verb conjugations, using 672 inflected variants of two verbs each from the four main conjugation classes. It turns out that mappings from form to meaning (comprehension), and from meaning to form (production) can be carried out loss-free. This study concludes with a demonstration that when the graph of triphones, the units that underlie the form space, is mapped onto a 2-dimensional space with a self-organising algorithm from physics (graphopt), morphological functions show topological clustering, even though morphemic units do not play any role whatsoever in the model. It follows, first, that evidence for morphemes emerging from experimental studies using, for instance, fMRI, to localize morphemes in the brain, does not guarantee the existence of morphemes in the brain, and second, that potential topological organization of morphological form in the cortex may depend to a high degree on the morphological system of a language.
Recrystallization behaviour and tensile properties of Al-added medium-Mn-steel at different deformation-annealing conditions
Authors: Sarkar Arnab , Sanyal Souriddha , Bandyopadhyay T. K. , Mandal Sumantra
Published: January 2019

The role of recrystallisation on structure–property relationship in Al-added medium-Mn steel was investigated at different stages of thermo-mechanical processing comprising of hot forging (HF), hot rolling (HR), cold rolling (CR) and intermediate annealing. The CR-annealed specimens have exhibited faster recrystallisation kinetics than HF-annealed and HR-annealed conditions, as reflected by the higher Avrami exponent (∼1.28) and requirement of minimum annealing temperature-time (1073K-50 min) for complete recrystallisation. The specimen cold rolled and annealed at 1073 K for 3 min (CR-1073K-3 min annealed) has exhibited excellent tensile properties owing to the co-existence of deformed and recrystallised grains. Further, the refinement of ferrite grains, lower austenite aspect ratio and higher volume fraction of γ-fibre of ferrite phase are responsible for better strength–ductility combination in the CR-1073K-3 min annealed specimen.

This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on Medium Manganese Steels.
On the statistical distribution of primary and secondary dendrite arm spacing in cast metals
Authors: Tiryakioğlu Murat
Published: January 2019

Statistical distributions of dendrite arm spacing have not been addressed in the literature. Two histograms for primary dendrite arm spacing in a cast nickel-based superalloy, and four histograms from a chill cast 5182 aluminium alloy ingots for secondary dendrite arm spacing have been analysed. For all datasets, lognormal distribution provided excellent fits to the data. Moreover, the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner distribution was found to have systematic error in the fits to the secondary arm spacing data.
Synthesis, microstructural, corrosion and antimicrobial properties of Zn and Zn–Al coatings
Authors: Tailor Satish , Modi Ankur , Modi S. C.
Published: January 2019

Development of a new coating named ‘Zincal’ is introduced for future smart cities’ infrastructures. Pure Zn and newly developed ‘Zincal’ (a composition of Zn–Al) thermal sprayed (TS) coatings were applied onto low-carbon steel to investigate coating's life against the corrosive and dusty environment for future smart cities’ infrastructures (big bridges, buildings, poles, stadiums, railway structures etc.). Therefore, for both coatings, salt spray humidity and microbial tests were carried out. The result shows that Zincal coating has promising anti-corrosion properties under combat microbiological corrosion attack and is also suitable in the humid and salt containing environment.
Infective endocarditis in right ventricular outflow tract conduits: a register-based comparison of homografts, Contegra grafts and Melody transcatheter valves
Authors: Gröning Mathis , Tahri Naima Borg , Søndergaard Lars , Helvind Morten , Ersbøll Mads Kristian , Ørbæk Andersen Henrik
Published: January 2019

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to investigate the incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) in right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduits implanted at a Danish tertiary centre.

METHODS

Cases of IE in patients with homografts, Contegra grafts and Melody transcatheter valves were evaluated retrospectively with regard to the likeliness of the diagnosis using the modified Duke criteria and the likeliness of conduit involvement. Incidence rates for IE were calculated 1 and 5 years after valve implantation for all 3 conduits, and separately for Melody subgroups depending on which conduit served as landing zone. Cox regression with time-dependent covariates was used to model the impact of the conduit type on the incidence of IE.

RESULTS

Annualized incidence rates of IE in homografts, Contegra grafts and Melody valves were 0.40% (0.40 cases per 100 patient-years), 0.97% and 6.96% 1 year and 0.27%, 1.12% and 2.89% 5 years after valve implantation. Hazard ratios (HRs) were 3.20 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91–11.17, P = 0.069] for Contegra grafts and 11.89 (95% CI 2.91–48.48, P < 0.001) for Melody valves compared to homografts.

CONCLUSIONS

Bovine pulmonary conduits were more prone to endocarditis, with Melody valves being the most frequently infected. HRs for the risk of suffering from endocarditis were substantially higher for Melody valves and Contegra grafts compared to homografts, although this finding was only statistically significant for Melody valves and not for Contegra grafts.
Long-term outcomes of surgery for pulmonary artery sling in children†
Authors: Yong Matthew S , Zhu Michael Z L , Bell Douglas , Alphonso Nelson , Brink Johann , d’Udekem Yves , Konstantinov Igor E
Published: January 2019

OBJECTIVES

Pulmonary artery (PA) sling is a rare vascular anomaly often associated with congenital tracheal stenosis. We describe the long-term outcomes with repair of this condition.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted at 2 institutions. From 1984 to 2018, 33 patients with PA sling underwent repair.

RESULTS

The median age at the time of surgery was 5.9 months (quartile 1–3: 2.5–12 months). Concomitant tracheal surgery was required in 21 patients (64%) where slide tracheoplasty was used in 11 patients (52%). There were no early deaths in patients who did not require tracheal surgery (n = 12). Operative mortality was 22% (2 of 9 patients) between 1984 and 1993, 11% (1 of 9 patients) between 1994 and 2003 and 6.7% (1 of 15 patients) between 2004 and 2018. The 15-year probability of survival for patients who had PA sling repair alone was 100%, and for patients who required PA sling and tracheal repair was 76 ± 10% (95% confidence interval 51–89%) (P = 0.08). The mean follow-up for survivors was 14 ± 9.8 years (3 months–33 years). All survivors were in the New York Heart Association functional class I/II at the last follow-up. Spirometry performed at a median age of 10.4 years after PA sling and tracheal surgery demonstrated obstructive lung defects with median forced expiratory volume in 1 s of 1.0 l (48% predicted), forced vital capacity of 1.5 l (74% predicted) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity of 0.69 (78% predicted).

CONCLUSIONS

Early mortality after PA sling repair is determined by the need for tracheal surgery. Though late survival was excellent, and the majority of survivors remained asymptomatic, long-term respiratory assessment and follow-up is warranted for these patients.
Optimization of culture conditions for promoting heat-stable antifungal factor production level in Lysobacter enzymogenes
Authors: Wang Chunting , Xu Heng , Zhang Ying , Wu Suzhen , Chen Dedong , Qian Guoliang , Hu Baishi , Fan Jiaqin
Published: January 2019

Heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), which was first isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes, exhibits inhibitory activities against a wide range of pathogens; however, a low level of HSAF was obtained from L. enzymogenes cultured in 0.1 × tryptic soy broth (TSB), an amount that does not satisfy HSAF application in disease control. In this study, the optimization of media components and environmental conditions were examined for improving the production of HSAF from L. enzymogenes OH11. The one factor at a time method was used to screen optimal nitrogen and carbon sources and inorganic salt. Then the orthogonal matrix method was used to determine the optimal concentration of the media components and environmental factors. The results showed that the maximum level of HSAF (23361 mAU·s) was achieved when OH11 cultured in the media of 0.7% (w/v) soybean powder, 0.5% (w/v) glucose and 0.08% CaCl2 at 200 rpm at 30°C for 60 h, which is much higher than that cultured in 0.1 × TSB. This opens up the possibility of HSAF or L. enzymogenes utilization for biological control of plant disease.
Gromov–Witten Theory of Toric Birational Transformations
Authors: Acosta Pedro , Shoemaker Mark
Published: January 2019

We investigate the effect of a general toric wall crossing on genus zero Gromov–Witten theory. Given two complete toric orbifolds $X_{+}$ and $X_{-}$ related by wall crossing under variation of geometric invariant theory quotients, we prove that their respective $I$-functions are related by linear transformation and asymptotic expansion. We use this comparison to deduce a similar result for birational complete intersections in $X_{+}$ and $X_{-}$. This extends the work of the previous authors in [2] to the case of complete intersections in toric varieties and generalizes some of the results of Coates–Iritani–Jiang [15] on the crepant transformation conjecture to the setting of non-zero discrepancy.
The XUV irradiation and likely atmospheric escape of the super-Earth π Men c
Authors: King George W , Wheatley Peter J , Bourrier Vincent , Ehrenreich David
Published: January 2019

π Men c was recently announced as the first confirmed exoplanet from the TESS mission. The planet has a radius of just 2 R⊕ and it transits a nearby Sun-like star of naked-eye brightness, making it the ideal target for atmospheric characterization of a super-Earth. Here we analyse archival ROSAT and Swift observations of π Men in order to determine the X-ray and extreme-ultraviolet irradiation of the planetary atmosphere and assess whether atmospheric escape is likely to be on-going. We find that π Men has a similar level of X-ray emission to the Sun, with $L_{\rm X}/L_{\rm bol} = (4.84^{+0.92}_{-0.84})\times 10^{-7}$. However, due to its small orbital separation, the high-energy irradiation of the super-Earth is around 2000 times stronger than suffered by the Earth. We show that this is sufficient to drive atmospheric escape at a rate greater than that readily detected from the warm Neptune GJ 436b. Furthermore, we estimate π Men to be four times brighter at Ly α than GJ 436. Given the small atmospheric scale heights of super-Earths, together with their potentially cloudy atmospheres, and the consequent difficulty in measuring transmission spectra, we conclude that ultraviolet absorption by material escaping π Men c presents the best opportunity currently to determine the atmospheric composition of a super-Earth.
Assessment in German Music Education
Authors: Lehmann-Wermser Andreas
Published: January 2019

Music assessment in Germany is marked by several distinct features. One is the predominance of a philosophy of “Bildung,” which is only partly compatible with the idea of assessment. Although the philosophical background and day-by-day teaching may not be as sophisticated as a long tradition may suggest, a dislike for standardized measuring and systematic assessment is widespread. In return, there is a strong research tradition modeling competencies up to psychometrical standards and using latent trait theory to describe them. A future task may be to link everyday assessment required by school administration to the procedures developed in research to develop systematic assessment for learning and implement this into practice.
Educational Policy and Assessmentin Music
Authors: Schmidt Patrick
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an understanding of policy as a contested educational terrain where complex realities, the challenge of diverse interests and constituencies, and distinct perceptions of value, all contribute to decision-making processes that are anything but objective. The chapter discusses policy as a field of thought and action and highlights the deeply political structure of policy work. It provides an account for the challenges of ethics within policy and decision-making. The chapter places assessment as a significant area in policy exploration and an essential contributor to policy work as an aspect of public spheres of influence. The author also submits that educators should approximate themselves to policy and policy thinking (conceptually and strategically) as their voice and contribution is a needed aspect of the process. The author suggests that the notion of framing disposition be advanced as a tool for approaching policy work within education and music education.
Neurotechnologies and Justice by, with, and for Disabled People
Authors: Goering Sara , Klein Eran
Published: January 2019

Neurotechnologies under development are often explicitly justified in terms of the advantages they will provide to disabled people. Thus, it would seem important to know what disabled people want from current and future iterations of these technologies and how they experience the functional barriers the technologies are meant to address. Ensuring that disabled people want what is designed requires attention to “end user” needs and values. The paradigmatic form of end user input in device design focuses on device acceptability, usually happens late in the development process, and is oriented to economic viability. But seeking out and taking seriously the perspectives of disabled people (potential end users) should be grounded at least in part by considerations of justice, including both distribution and recognition.
Silencing and Assertion
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra
Published: January 2019

Theories of assertion must explain how silencing is possible. This chapter defends an account of assertion in terms of normative commitments on the grounds that it provides the most plausible analysis of how individuals might be silenced when attempting to make assertions. The chapter first offers an account of the nature of silencing and defends the view that it can occur even in contexts where speakers’ communicative intentions are understood by their audience. Second, it outlines some of the normative commitments characteristic of assertion when used in the speech act of telling. This commitment view of assertion is then used to explain silencing as a matter of being deprived of the ability to make some of the commitments one is trying to acquire. Finally, the main rivals of the commitment view of assertion endorsed here are shown to be unable to account for silencing, at least when they are considered in their purest form.
The Baroque as Anti-Classicism: The French Case
Authors: Norman Larry F.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the rising mid-twentieth-century attention to the Baroque as a challenge to “French Classicism.” The concept of the literary Baroque faced strong opposition in France, where it undermined a critical tradition that isolated the “Age of Louis XIV” from European-wide currents. After World War II, the transnational Baroque provided a model for a more cosmopolitan view of the seventeenth century. Its integration into French literary and cultural history, however, reverses established paradigms of cultural evolution and periodization according to which Renaissance Classicism is followed by Counter-Reformation Baroque. This development also raises questions concerning the intellectual and ideological underpinning of the Baroque, including its relation to monarchy and Cartesian modernity. Authors examined include foundational figures of comparative literature (Erich Auerbach, E. R. Curtius, Leo Spitzer, René Wellek), art critics and historians (Eugenio d’Ors, Arnold Hauser, Victor-L. Tapié), and pioneers of the French Baroque (Jean Rousset, Marcel Raymond).
The Organization of Knowledge from Ramus to Diderot
Authors: Bury Emmanuel
Published: January 2019

The organization of knowledge in early modernity concerns both the institutional organization of types of learning and the study of persons engaged with such learning (traditionally “men of letters”) with regard to their professions and to their forms of exchange and sociability. It also deals with the intellectual organization that articulates and structures hierarchically the different fields of knowledge during a crucial period of their mutation (humanism, scientific revolution, the Enlightenment). The central notion that orients this ensemble is the “Republic of Letters,” which conveys the European dimension of the space of learning and conditions the practices of communication (correspondence, periodicals, circulation of manuscripts and printed works). From the age of philology (ars critica) to that of the Encyclopédie, the world of learning reacted in its own way to the political and religious history of an epoch in turmoil in order to maintain the standards of critical reasoning and to permit the emergence of new forms of knowledge.
Major Life Events
Authors: Monroe Scott M. , Slavich George M.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of the present chapter is to provide an overview of key issues involving the definition and assessment of major life events for researchers interested in the effects of life stress on a wide range of disorders. General conceptual and definitional issues are addressed initially, and a conceptual heuristic is proposed for guiding inquiry on major life stress and human disorder. This heuristic is drawn upon to develop principled practices for assessing, operationalizing, and finally quantifying major life events. Throughout the chapter, contemporary approaches for research on major life events are evaluated, their relative merits and shortcomings discussed, and their psychometric credentials formally compared. In closing, we consider future directions for research on major life events and their implications for health and disease.
Self-Report Assessment of Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Gratz Kim L. , Forbes Courtney N. , Wheeless Linnie E. , Richmond Julia R. , Tull Matthew T.
Published: January 2019

Self-report assessments remain among the most widely used measures for most psychological constructs, due to their feasibility, ease of administration, low cost, and wide availability. Self-report measures of emotion dysregulation are no exception. This chapter reviews two predominant conceptualizations of emotion dysregulation (one of which focuses on dysregulated emotional responses per se and another that focuses on maladaptive ways of responding to emotions), as well as the empirical support for extant self-report measures of emotion dysregulation consistent with both conceptualizations. Based on this review, the chapter concludes that both emotional responses themselves and an individual’s responses to those emotions may evidence dysregulation and inform our understanding of normal and abnormal development. Finally, future directions for research in this area are discussed, including the need for studies examining the clinical utility of targeting responses to emotions versus emotional experience per se in psychological interventions.
Codeswitching
Authors: González-Vilbazo Kay , Ramos Sergio E.
Published: January 2019

While research on codeswitching and on ellipsis has flourished in the last two decades, ellipsis in codeswitching has not received as much attention. In this chapter, we argue that using ellipsis to study codeswitching is insightful on two fronts: first, codeswitching data offer a new proving ground against which to test extant theories of ellipsis. Second, ellipsis data ought to bear on theories of codeswitching, which have for the most part remained silent on it. The chapter first offers an overview of the literature on codeswitching. Then, we cover the work on ellipsis in codeswitching done so far. Our claim is that codeswitching points largely towards a structural condition on identity in ellipsis. Conversely, we find that the ellipsis data from codeswitching can be accounted for within a constraint-free approach to codeswitching, without having to further complicate the system.
Fragments
Authors: Hall Alison
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses two kinds of fragments: phrases such as DPs and PPs that occur apparently unembedded in a sentence, without any overt antecedent, and fragment answers to questions. It presents non-sententialist (Stainton 2006, Progovac 2006) and sententialist approaches (focusing especially on Merchant’s 2004 movement-then-deletion account), then considers the main evidence for each approach, and how the opposing approach has tried to address this evidence. Arguments discussed in favour of non-sententialism are anticonnectivity effects, differences in the behaviour of fragment answers and their overtly sentential counterparts with regard to presupposition inheritance, and questions about the psychological plausibility of silent syntax; arguments in favour of sententialism are various kinds of connectivity effects—case, island effects, binding, and requirements for complementizers and prepositions in fragment answers.
Ellipsis in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Authors: Ginzburg Jonathan , Miller Philip
Published: January 2019

The chapter provides an overview of the types of analyses of elliptical phenomena that have been proposed in the literature on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). First, it explains the central insights behind the analyses, which have concentrated on three classes of phenomena: (i) non-sentential utterances, (ii) argument or predicate ellipsis, and (iii) constructions involving unpronounced syntactic structure. HPSG is crucially non-modular. Constraints involving various levels can be easily stated, which benefits the framework for the analysis of ellipsis, because it allows one to express simultaneous semantic and syntactic constraints on ellipsis (explaining for instance the connectivity effects among non-sentential utterances) and provides means to integrate non-semantic information-information about the realization of utterances-into context. A more detailed discussion of the theory then follows. The chapter provides a more technically precise account of the syntax of argument ellipsis, an area which has received a considerable amount of analysis in HPSG, for which there is a broad consensus. Subsequently, more recent developments are introduced and a detailed analysis of non-sentential utterances is provided. In particular, we introduce an alternative version of HPSG, which allows the grammar to directly interface with dialogue context as conceived in the framework of KoS.
Newton’s Scholium on Time, Space, Place and Motion
Authors: Rynasiewicz Robert
Published: January 2019

In the Scholium to the Definitions at the beginning of the Principia, Newton distinguishes absolute time, space, place, and motion from their relative counterparts. He argues that they are indeed ontologically distinct, in that the absolute quantity cannot be reduced to some particular category of the relative, as Descartes had attempted by defining absolute motion to be relative motion with respect to immediately ambient bodies. Newton’s rotating bucket experiment, rather than attempting to show that absolute motion exists, is one of five arguments from the properties, causes, and effects of motion. These arguments attempt to show that no such program can succeed, and thus that true motion can be adequately analyzed only by invoking immovable places, that is, the parts of absolute space.
Making sense of altmetrics: The perceived threats and opportunities for academic identity
Authors: Regan Áine , Henchion Maeve
Published: January 2019

How research impact is defined and evaluated is much-debated at research policy level. Offering one avenue for capturing societal research impact, altmetrics are proposed as quantitative indicators providing a measure of the reach and attention that a research output, such as a peer-reviewed paper, is receiving online. Eighty publicly-funded food researchers participated in an online mixed-methods engagement study. The analytical framework of sensemaking was used to explore participants’ views of altmetrics as a threat or opportunity for their perceived professional identities. The identities important to our participants included ensuring rigour and quality in knowledge production; communicating and engaging with non-academic audiences; and bringing about tangible and meaningful changes in society. While an appetite for changes to research evaluation was apparent in our study, altmetrics was perceived to introduce a number of different threats as well as opportunities to the academic identity, which will influence its potential uptake and use.
A molecular phylogeny for the Pacific monitor lizards (Varanus subgenus Euprepiosaurus) reveals a recent and rapid radiation with high levels of cryptic diversity
Authors: Weijola Valter , Vahtera Varpu , Lindqvist Christer , Kraus Fred
Published: January 2019

We provide a geographically well-sampled, time-calibrated molecular phylogeny for the Pacific monitor lizards (Varanus: subgenus Euprepiosaurus) based on ND4 and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA sequences. Three well-supported clades, or species groups, are retrieved: the Varanus doreanus Group, the V. jobiensis Group and the V. indicus Group. The subgenus is estimated to have originated in the Mid-Miocene, but extant lineage diversification dates from the Late Miocene and Pliocene. A rapid and widespread radiation of the V. indicus Group into the South-West Pacific islands has occurred in the Pleistocene, but colonization onto these islands did not occur in a linear, stepping-stone fashion. Genetically distinct populations – by tradition classified as V. indicus, but seemingly representing distinct species – occur scattered on Tanimbar, several of the Solomon Islands, the Admiralty Islands, the Louisiade Archipelago, Palau and Guam. Our analyses indicate that Varanus jobiensis is a species complex with several divergent lineages that started to separate in the Pliocene and continued in the Pleistocene, the former coinciding with the uplift of the Central Dividing Range on New Guinea. We find that sympatry among species of Euprepiosaurus has not occurred until divergence times of 4.7–5.8 Myr have accrued.
Effect of Local Anesthetic Versus Botulinum Toxin-A Injections for Myofascial Pain Disorders
Authors: Ahmed Sara , Subramaniam Shoba , Sidhu Kamaldeep , Khattab Shereen , Singh Dhanveer , Babineau Jessica , Kumbhare Dinesh A.
Published: January 2019

Objective:

Myofascial pain is a chronic pain disorder characterized by the presence of painful localized regions of stiff muscle and/or myofascial trigger points. Intramuscular myofascial trigger point injections are considered first-line treatments for myofascial pain. Common injectates include local anesthetics and botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A). The objective of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of local anesthetics and BTX-A on pain intensity in patients with myofascial pain.

Methods:

A comprehensive systematic search of 3 databases, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Medline was conducted. The search was comprised of words to describe “myofascial pain” and “injections.” We performed a meta-analysis comparing local anesthetic and BTX-A injections across these follow-up week periods: 0 (immediately following the injection), 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 6, 7 to 8, 9 to 10, 11 to 12, 16, 18, 24 weeks with local anesthetics and BTX-A as subgroups. We also performed subgroup analyses comparing the effectiveness of local anesthetic injections and BTX-A injections at various muscle locations and comparing the effectives of single versus multiple injection sessions.

Results:

In total, 33 studies were included. A qualitative analysis suggested that local anesthetics and BTX-A were inconsistently effective at mitigating pain across all follow-up periods. The meta-analyses revealed that local anesthetic injections were more effective than BTX-A at mitigating pain intensity. Multiple injection sessions of local anesthetics were more beneficial than a single session.

Conclusions:

Additional studies are needed to determine sources of heterogeneity mediating the observed differences in effectiveness of local anesthetic and BTX-A injections among the studies. Additional replicative studies are also needed to delineate the relative efficacy and effectiveness of local anesthetic and BTX-A injection. The quantitative results of this study suggest that patients overall experience more pain relief with local anesthetic injections.
Comparing Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with Instillation and Conventional Dressings for Sternal Wound Reconstructions
Authors: Chowdhry Saeed A. , Wilhelmi Bradon J.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Muscle flap reconstruction has become a mainstay of therapy following treatment of sternal wound complications; however, success depends on removing wound exudate and infectious material from the wound before reconstruction and closure. Importantly, time to closure is a key factor affecting morbidity/mortality and cost-to-treat for this wound type.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of 30 patients who were treated for sternal wound complications between June 2015 and October 2017 was performed. After surgical debridement, group 1 patients (n = 15) received negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) with instillation and dwell time (NPWTi-d), instilling 1/8-strength Dakin’s solution with a 20-minute dwell time followed by 2 hours of NPWT (-125 mm Hg); group 2 patients (n = 15) were treated with wet-to-moist dressings soaked in 1/8-strength Dakin’s solution. After muscle flap reconstruction and closure with sutures, group 1 patients received closed incision negative pressure therapy, and group 2 patients received Benzoin and wound closure strips. Data collected included time to closure, therapy duration, number of debridements/dressing changes, drain duration, and complications.

Results:

There was a significantly shorter time to closure (P < 0.0001) for group 1 when compared with group 2. In addition, there were fewer therapy days (P = 0.0041), fewer debridements/dressing changes (P = 0.0011), and shorter drain duration (P = 0.0001) for group 1 when compared with group 2.

Conclusions:

We describe a novel regimen consisting of adjunctive NPWTi-d, along with debridement and systemic antibiotics, followed by closed incision negative pressure therapy after muscle flap reconstruction and closure, to help manage preexisting sternal wounds that had failed to close following a previous cardiac procedure.
Treating Opioid Dependence: Pain Medicine Physiology of Tolerance and Addiction
Authors: JAMES DOMINIKA LIPOWSKA , JOWZA MARYAM
Published: January 2019

Inappropriate and excessive opioid prescribing practices for treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain contributed to rising rates of opioid related mortality. Effective and widely available opioid addiction treatment resources are needed to ensure successful resolution of the “opioid epidemic”. This chapter outlines the basic pathophysiology of addiction as well as principles of opioid addiction management focusing on the pharmacological and nonpharmacological aspects of care. Pharmacological treatment focuses on opioid substitution therapy, with aim at prevention of opioid cravings and opioid withdrawal symptoms. Nonpharmacological treatment involves psychological and supportive approaches to addiction such as group meetings, psychological counseling, and mindfulness training.
Beat the bite: pathophysiology and management of itch in mosquito bites
Authors: Fostini Anna C. , Golpanian Rachel S. , Rosen Jordan D. , Xue Rui-De , Yosipovitch Gil
Published: January 2019

Mosquito bites are the most common cause of acute itch in humans. The pathophysiology of itch in mosquito bites is not well understood, but 3 mechanisms have been hypothesized. These mechanisms are based on the assumption that mosquito salivary components are somehow implicated in the pruritus that results after a bite. In the first mechanism, salivary components such as histamine are said to directly induce itch via classic pruritic pathways. The second mechanism involves an IgE-dependent hypersensitivity response to salivary components. Finally, in the third mechanism, salivary components modulate an IgE-independent inflammatory response. Individuals’ susceptibility to being bitten relies on factors that may be altered by genetics, as certain immune-related loci have been associated with mosquito bite trait characteristics. Furthermore, certain disease states such as hematologic cancers and HIV may exaggerate the response to mosquito bites. Several preventative measures such as mosquito repellants should be used to prevent the bite of a mosquito, and in cases where bites cannot be avoided, most treatment options serve to relieve symptoms.
The Benefit of a Wireless Contralateral Routing of Signals (CROS) Microphone in Unilateral Cochlear Implant Recipients
Authors: Kurien George , Hwang Euna , Smilsky Kari , Smith Leah , Lin Vincent Y.W. , Nedzelski Julian , Chen Joseph M.
Published: January 2019

Objective:

Assess speech outcomes in unilateral cochlear implant (CI) recipients after addition of a wireless contralateral routing of signals (CROS) microphone.

Study Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

Ambulatory.

Patients:

Sixteen adult unilateral CI users with nonserviceable hearing on the contralateral side were recruited. Those with AzBio sentence scores of 40 to 80% or Hearing in Noise Test – Quiet (HINT-Q) scores of 60 to 90% with a CI alone were eligible participants.

Intervention:

Speech testing was carried out with the CROS on and off.

Main Outcome Measure:

Speech recognition.

Results:

In the consonant-nucleus-consonant test presented in quiet from the front, word scores were 64.4 (CI) and 63.8% (CI + CROS) (p = 0.72), and phoneme scores were 80.2 (CI) and 80.8% (CI + CROS) (p = 0.65). In AzBio sentence testing in quiet, with the signals projected from the contralateral, front, or ipsilateral to the CI, speech perception with the CI alone was 60.8, 75.9, and 79.1%. With the addition of the CROS microphone, using the same speaker arrangement, speech perception was 69.8 (p < 0.05), 71.8 (p = 0.05), and 71.8 (p < 0.05). In AzBio sentence testing in noise, speech perception with the CI alone was 18.6, 45.3, and 56.3% when signals were projected from contralateral, front, and ipsilateral sides to the CI. The addition of the CROS microphone led to speech perception of 45.3 (p < 0.05), 45.3 (p = 0.86), and 51.4% (p = 0.27) in the same paradigm.

Conclusions:

Addition of a wireless CROS microphone to a unilateral CI recipient can improve users’ perception of speech in both quiet and noise if speech signals come from the deaf ear, mitigating the head shadow effect.