bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A SURVEY OF NOISE FIGURE RESPONSE TO OPERATING MODES IN GAN HEMT TRANSISTORS.
Authors: Чаплыгин Ю.А. , Лосев В.В. , Хлыбов А.И. , Родионов Д.В. , Котляров Е.Ю. , Егоркин В.И.
Published: April 2024

This paper contain experimental results for GaN HEMT noise figure and gain as functions of operating mode for L-band (1-2 GHz). It was pointed that minimum noise figure values (less than 1 dB) was measured for 2.5-5.5 V drain voltage and density current 40-80 mA/mm. Minimum noise figure (NFmin) was less than 0.G5 dB.
UNANI PERSPECTIVE OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD)
Authors: Rehman Bushra , Latafat Tabassum , Ahmad Tanzeel , Azmat Jamal , Naseer Mursaleen
Published: April 2024

The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not described in classical Unani literature as such; however, many physicians have discussed the features caused by sua-e- mizaj har and sua-e-mizaj barid which imitate the clinical features of non-alcoholic fatty liver. The liver is responsible for the metabolic functions of the body. Synthesis of humours (Akhlat) takes place in liver. The temperament of liver is hot and moist (har ratab) but due to some unhealthy dietary habits, fat consumption in very large amount and using such diets which is unfavourable to the liver, the mizaj of liver is changed to barid.
Phenomenology of Educational Exclusion at Secondary School Level in India
Authors: Garg Mamta , Puri Kuldip , Kaur Kuldeep , Kaur Satvinderpal
Published: April 2024

Secondary education redefines the academic foundation of the child and serves as a link between the elementary and higher education, which in turns help in developing a reservoir of intellectual human resource. India envisioned having universalization of secondary education and substantial progress has been made in achieving the goal. Many of the children entering the schools are unable to complete education and multiple factors are responsible for their dropping out. It necessitates to a deeper probe into the problem of exclusion of children from secondary education. Present study provides an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of educational exclusion at secondary school level in India. Empirical Phenomenological approach was adopted to carry out this study. The study was delimited to one state of India i.e. Punjab. A sample of 72 dropped-out adolescents (54 boys and 18 girls), their parents (61) was drawn from the selected areas of Punjab using ppurposive sampling technique. Open-ended questions were asked to generate data that led to a textural description. Data analysis revealed nine composite textural theme swhich included (i) Gender Bias (in case of girls), (ii) Finnacial Constraints (iii) School Distance (iv) Family responsibilities (v) Physical disability (vi) Demotivating and Hostile teachers (vii) Learning Difficulties (viii) Failure (ix) Early marriage in case of girls.
Maximizing Marketing Efficiency: A Deep Dive Analysis into Castor crop in Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: N Venkatesa Palanichamy , A Suresh , V Balamurugan , M Kalpana , N Balakrishnan
Published: April 2024

Castor is a vital industrial oilseed crop with a range of uses that have increased its global economic importance. The research study was conducted using primary data collected through personal interview using well-structured and pre-tested interview schedules with 125 castor farmers and 50 intermediaries were selected purposively random sampling method. The study revealed that marketing of castor, small farmers often sell to local traders due to transportation costs, while larger farmers transport directly to market for higher prices. Main markets for castor are Namakkal, Tiruchengode and Paramathi. The most efficient marketing channel for castor was found to be Producer, Village Trader and Processor i.e. Channel I followed by Producer, Wholesaler and Processor i.e. Channel II and subsequently, Producer and Processor i.e. Channel III. Major constraints identified include pests, labour shortages, monsoons failure, high input & labour costs and lack of market information. Fruitful suggestions to improve the marketing efficiency of agricultural commodities like castor, it is important to consider the benefits of value addition reaching farmers and customers. Dealing with insect pests is crucial, so farmers need access to resistant cultivars and pest management methods. Weather-based crop insurance can protect against production risks. The castor industry is hindered by a lack of infrastructure, so improvements in processing, value addition, grading, packaging, storage, and market infrastructure are necessary. Encouraging farmers to add value to castor could be a profitable strategy.
Towards Sustainable IT Infrastructure: Integrating Green Computing with Data Warehouse and Big Data Technologies to Enhance Efficiency and Environmental Responsibility
Authors: Ugonnia Jennifer Chinelo , Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji , Olaniyi Folashade Gloria , Arigbabu Abiodun Aliyah , Oladoyinbo Tunbosun Oyewale
Published: April 2024

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Detection of Land Use Changes in Forests Using Satellite Image Classification Based on Deep Learning: A Case Study of Sardasht Forests
Authors: Zarrin Ziba , Khajavigodellou Yousef , Zoej Mohammad Javad Valadan
Published: April 2024

Awareness of changes in forest areas has always been one of the most crucial environmental considerations globally. Sardasht forests is located in the northern Zagros region and with an area of around 91,117 hectares constitute for 24% of Iran total forests. They play an important role in water supply, soil preservation, climate regulation and overall economic and social balance in the country. Nevertheless, these forests are currently perceived as degraded due to the primary reason of tree cutting for fuel and livestock feed. In this study, remote sensing data of the study area including Landsat 5 TM satellite images from 2002, Landsat 7 ETM images from 2012, Landsat 8 OLI images 2020 and classification algorithms, maximum likelihood and artificial neural network were utilized. To examine the accuracy of each classification, ground truth points were randomly collected using GPS devices and by implementing control points, statistical parameters of error accuracy including Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were calculated. The results show that the map generated using the artificial neural network algorithm has an overall accuracy of 98.32% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.9781 while the map produced by the maximum likelihood algorithm has an overall accuracy of 92.45% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.901. As a result, the artificial neural network algorithm demonstrates to be a more suitable method for producing land cover maps compared to the maximum likelihood algorithm.
Enhancing Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield and Zn Content with Zn Application through Seed, Soil and Foliar Methods
Authors: Kaur Kiranpreet , Chhina Gurbax Singh , Kaur Mandeep , Kaur Amritpal
Published: April 2024

During Kharif 2022, an experiment was conducted at Student’s Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab by using a split plot design with three replications of each of the 16 treatments. In comparison to control, main plots with seed inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and soil application of ZnSO4 @ 16.25 kg ha-1 (S3) showed significantly greater yield and quality parameters. In case of sub plot treatments, similar results were seen with foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 45 + 75 DAS (F3).
In vitro Growth of Trichophyton Rubrum in the Presence of 80% Ethanolic Extract of Grapefruit Pepins as Antifungal Agent
Authors: S Ouattara , K. L. Yao , Soumahoro Thes P. M. Épse , A. F Yapo , A Yapi , G. N Zirihi , A. J. Djaman
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Many modern antifungal drugs have limits in terms of germ resistance, and to remedy this, plant compounds are being explored to find new more effective principles.
Aim: With the aim of complementing the efforts of modern medicine against viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal diseases, the plant extract of 80% hydroalcoholic grapefruit seed extract of Citrus paradisi was tested on the in vitro growth of Trichophyton rubrum.
Methods: Antifungal tests were carried out on Sabouraud medium, to which the plant extracts were incorporated using the double dilution method in inclined tubes. A 10 µL volume of the Trichophyton rubrum suspension was inoculated on the culture medium contained in the test tubes.
Results: Results showed that Trichophyton rubrum was sensitive to the 80% hydroethanolic extract of Citrus paradisi in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion: The hydroethanolic extract may be a source for the development of Traditional Improved Medicines (TIM) against skin mycosis.
Weniger Zusammenschlüsse – mehr Medienfreiheit?
Authors: Klumpp Ulrich , Witte Paz Annika
Published: April 2024

Der neue European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) sieht in Art. 22 eine medienfreiheitsrechtliche Kontrolle von Zusammenschlüssen vor, die neben die kartellrechtliche Fusionskontrolle tritt. Anders als die Medienkonzentrationskontrolle nach den Landesmediengesetzen bzw. dem MStV erfasst die EMFA-Fusionskontrolle sämtliche Mediengattungen, nicht nur Fernsehen und Hörfunk. Wesentliche Fragen, insb. die konkrete Ausgestaltung der Aufgreif- und Eingreifkriterien, lässt Art. 22 EMFA offen. Auch ist zweifelhaft, ob das hinter Art. 22 EMFA stehende Ziel, zum Schutz des Medienpluralismus einen gemeinsamen Rahmen für die Bewertung von Medienzusammenschlüssen zu schaffen, auf diesem Weg überhaupt erreicht werden kann. Trotz erheblicher Zweifel an der Recht- und Zweckmäßigkeit des EMFA, vor allem des Art. 22 EMFA, haben die EU-Gesetzgebungsorgane den EMFA im März beschlossen. Nun kommt es darauf an, wie die EMFA-Fusionskontrolle in den Mitgliedsstaaten umgesetzt wird. Neben der Konkretisierung der Aufgreifschwellen und der Prüfkriterien ist zu klären, welche Institution mit der Durchführung der Kontrolle betraut wird. In Deutschland wirft eine bundesweit einheitliche Umsetzung der EMFA-Fusionskontrolle kompetenzrechtliche Probleme auf. Zudem gilt es, mit Blick auf die bestehende kartellrechtliche Fusionskontrolle eine Überregulierung von Presse- und Rundfunkzusammenschlüssen zu verhindern.
Gesundheitsdatennutzungsgesetz: Der Zielkonflikt zwischen Datenschutz und Datennutzung
Authors: Rauch Pauline , Richters Carina , Naucke Christoph
Published: April 2024

Mit der rasch fortschreitenden Digitalisierung von Patientendaten haben sich Chancen zur Verbesserung von Gesundheitsprävention und zur Therapieforschung entwickelt, die noch vor wenigen Jahren kaum vorstellbar waren. Diese Möglichkeiten führen zu einem Zielkonflikt, bei dem nicht weniger als ein Interessenausgleich zwischen den Rechten des Individuums (nämlich dem Grundrecht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung) und andererseits fundamentalen Interessen der Allgemeinheit (u.a. dem Recht aller auf Leben und körperliche Unversehrtheit aus Art. 2 Abs. 2 GG) zu verhandeln ist (BVerfG, Urt. v. 20.7.1954 - 1 BvR 459/52 u.w., BVerfGE 4, 7 - Menschenbild des Grundgesetzes). Mit dem Gesetz zur verbesserten Nutzung von Gesundheitsdaten, einschließlich dem Gesundheitsdatennutzungsgesetz (GDNG) wird auf der Grundlage der entsprechenden Regelungen in der DSGVO und dem BDSG der Versuch eines sachgerechten Interessensausgleichs unternommen. Der Aufsatz ordnet diesen Versuch in Bezug auf die tatsächlichen Datennutzungsmöglichkeiten ein und stellt ihn in den Kontext des Datenschutzrechts, der Datenschutzpraxis und der Informationssicherheit.
Das Problem der sog. „Einmalprovision“ — Anmerkung zu OLG Köln v. 24.11.2023 – 19 U 146/22, IHR 2024, 72 (in diesem Heft)
Authors: Emde Raimond
Published: April 2024

Der Beitrag bespricht das in diesem Heft der IHR publizierte Urteil des OLG Köln v. 24.11.2023 - 19 U 146/22. Er setzt sich insbesondere mit der Bedeutung des Merkmals der entgehenden Provisionen aus § 89b Abs. 1 Nr. 2 HGB auseinander.
Nitrogen and Hydrogen Adsorption by an Organic Microporous Crystal
Authors: Msayib Kadhum J. , Book David , Budd Peter M. , Chaukura Nhamo , Harris Kenneth D. M. , Helliwell Madeleine , Tedds Steven , Walton Allan , Warren John E. , Xu Mingcan , McKeown Neil B.
Published: April 2009

Quick on the uptake: Following its identification during a targeted search, the intriguing crystal structure of 3,3′,4,4′‐tetra(trimethylsilylethynyl)biphenyl was investigated. Simple removal of the included solvent provides an organic crystal with an open microporous structure that has a striking similarity to that of zeolite A (see picture). Reversible adsorption of nitrogen and hydrogen gases at 77 K confirms that the microporosity is permanent.

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Residual stress and mechanical properties of polyimide thin films
Authors: Jang Wonbong , Seo Jongchul , Lee Choonkeun , Paek Sang‐Hyon , Han Haksoo
Published: April 2009

Four different structure polyimide thin films based on 1,4‐phenylene diamine (PDA) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) were synthesized by using two different dianhydrides, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), and their residual stress behavior and mechanical properties were investigated by using a thin film stress analyzer and nanoindentation method. The residual stress behavior and mechanical properties were correlated to the morphological structure in polyimide films. The morphological structure of polyimide thin films was characterized by X‐ray diffraction patterns and refractive indices. The residual stress was in the range of −5 to 38 MPa and increased in the following order: PMDA‐PDA < BPDA‐PDA < PMDA‐ODA < BPDA‐ODA. The hardness of the polyimide films increased in the following order: PMDA‐ODA < BPDA‐ODA < PMDA‐PDA < BPDA‐PDA. The PDA‐based polyimide films showed relatively lower residual stress and higher hardness than the corresponding ODA‐based polyimide films. The in‐plane orientation and molecularly ordered phase were enhanced with the increasing order as follows: PMDA‐ODA < BPDA‐ODA < BPDA‐PDA ∼ PMDA‐PDA. The PDA‐based polyimides, having a rigid structure, showed relatively better‐developed morphological structure than the corresponding ODA‐based polyimides. The residual stress behavior and mechanical properties were correlated to the morphological structure in polyimide films. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Cure characterization of soybean oil—Styrene—Divinylbenzene thermosetting copolymers
Authors: Badrinarayanan Prashanth , Lu Yongshang , Larock Richard C. , Kessler Michael R.
Published: April 2009

Bio‐based resins are an alternative to petroleum‐based resins in the production of fiber‐reinforced polymers (FRPs) by processes such as pultrusion. A detailed understanding of the cure behavior of the resin is essential to determine the process variables for production of FRPs. In this work, the cure kinetics of soybean oil‐styrene‐divinylbenzene thermosetting polymers is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. By varying the concentration of the cationic initiator from 1 to 3 weight percent (wt %), the most viable resin composition for pultrusion is identified. The ability of phenomenological reaction models to describe the DSC measurements for the optimum resin composition is tested and kinetic equations, which can be used to determine the degree of cure at any temperature and time, are determined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of in situ sodium‐activated and organomodified bentonite clay/styrene–butadiene rubber nanocomposites by a latex blending technique
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Sengupta R. , Dasgupta S. , Mukhopadhyay R. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Joshi Mangala , Ameta Suresh C.
Published: April 2009

In this article, we describe a method used to prepare an in situ sodium‐activated, organomodified bentonite clay/styrene–butadiene rubber nanocomposite master batch via a latex blending technique. The clay master batch was used for compound formulation. Octadecyl amine was used as an organic intercalate. The clay was purchased from local suppliers and was very cheap. Sodium chloride was used for in situ activation of the clay. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction data indicated that the in situ sodium activation helped to increase the intergallery distance from 1.28 to 1.88 nm. A transmission electron micrograph indicated intercalation and partial exfoliation. The thermal properties were relatively better in the case of the sodium‐activated, organomodified bentonite‐clay‐containing compound. A substantial improvement in physical properties such as the modulus, tensile strength, tear strength, and elongation at break was observed in the case of the in situ sodium‐activated compound. A cation‐exchange capacity equivalent (of the clay) of 1.5 times the octadecyl amine was the optimum dose for the modification. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Olefin Metathesis for Site‐Selective Protein Modification
Authors: Lin Yuya A. , Chalker Justin M. , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: April 2009

Protein compatible. Olefin metathesis has emerged as a viable strategy for site‐selective protein modification. This minireview traces its development from early peptide models and metathesis in water to its ultimate application to protein substrates. Prospects in chemistry and biology are also discussed.

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For a reaction to be generally useful for protein modification, it must be site‐selective and efficient under conditions compatible with proteins: aqueous media, low to ambient temperature, and at or near neutral pH. To engineer a reaction that satisfies these conditions is not a simple task. Olefin metathesis is one of most useful reactions for carbon–carbon bond formation, but does it fit these requirements? This minireview is an account of the development of olefin metathesis for protein modification. Highlighted below are examples of olefin metathesis in peptidic systems and in aqueous media that laid the groundwork for successful metathesis on protein substrates. Also discussed are the opportunities in protein engineering for the genetic introduction of amino acids suitable for metathesis and the related challenges in chemistry and biology.
Controlled‐release of Avermectin from Organically Modified Hydrotalcite‐like Compound Nanohybrids
Authors: QIU Depeng , LI Yonghai , FU Xiying , JIANG Zhen , ZHAO Xinyan , WANG Tian , HOU Wanguo
Published: April 2009

The intercalation of avermectin (AVM) into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) modified hydrotalcite‐like compounds (HTlc) was carried out using an evaporating solvent enhanced intercalation method to obtain AVM‐SDS‐HTlc nanohybrids. It was found that the nanohybrids could well control the release of avermectin, showing the nanohybrids are a potential pesticide controlled‐release formulation. The release of avermectin from AVM‐SDS‐HTlc nanohybrids is dependent on the pH, temperature and the presence of electrolyte in release medium. Acidic medium and higher temperature and the presence of electrolytes may induce the higher release rate of avermectin. The release process of avermectin from AVM‐SDS‐HTlc nanohybrids can be described by pseudo‐first‐order release kinetics, and the activation energy of release is 279 kJ/mol.
SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire
Authors: Hill Laura S. , Reid Fiona , Morgan John F. , Lacey J. Hubert
Published: April 2009

Objective:

This article describes the three‐stage development of the SCOFF, a screening tool for eating disorders.

Method:

Study 1 details questionnaire development and testing on cases and controls. Study 2 examines reliability of verbal versus written administration in a student population. Study 3 validates the test as a screening tool in primary care.

Results:

The SCOFF demonstrates good validity compared with DSM‐IV diagnosis on clinical interview. In the primary care setting it had a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 89.6%, detecting all true cases of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and seven of nine cases of EDNOS. Reliability between written and verbal versions of the SCOFF was high, with a kappa statistic of 0.82.

Discussion:

The SCOFF, which has been adapted for use in diverse languages, appears highly effective as a screening instrument and has been widely adopted to raise the index of suspicion of an eating disorder. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Click Multivalent Homogeneous Neoglycoconjugates – Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Binding Affinities
Authors: Perez‐Balderas Francisco , Morales‐Sanfrutos Julia , Hernandez‐Mateo Fernando , Isac‐García Joaquín , Santoyo‐Gonzalez Francisco
Published: April 2009

Mannose (α‐Man)‐containing neoglycoconjugates possessing aliphatic‐, aromatic‐, and carbohydrate‐centered architectures and differing in structural characteristics such as valency, topology, and nature of the linker have been synthesized using click chemistry that shows its value as an efficient and versatile methodology for accessing tailor‐made multivalent neoglycoconjugates. The binding behaviour of these glycomimics toward Concanavalin A (Con A) has been evaluated to determine the influence of the structural parameters. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Detection of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide‐DNA adducts in mononuclear white blood cells by CE immunoassay and its application to studying the effect of glutathione depletion
Authors: LeBlanc Adrienne , Shen Shengwen , Lew Kristi , Weinfeld Michael , Chris Le X.
Published: April 2009

High levels of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)‐DNA adducts in white blood cells have been indicated as a risk factor for lung cancer. Sensitive, specific, fast and cost‐efficient techniques for the detection of BPDE‐DNA adducts in white blood cells are required for routine human biomonitoring. In the present study, an immunoassay based on CE/LIF was developed for the detection of BPDE‐DNA adducts in mononuclear white blood cells (MNCs). Although glutathione (GSH) conjugation catalyzed by glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) is considered to be the major pathway for inactivating BPDE, the effect of GSH depletion on BPDE‐DNA adduct formation in MNCs has not been assessed. Therefore, we applied the newly developed method to study the effect of GSH depletion by d,l‐buthionine‐[S,R]‐sulfoximine (BSO) on the level of DNA adducts. We found that pretreatment of MNCs with 150 μM BSO for 2 h prior to BPDE exposure increased the level of BPDE‐DNA adducts appreciably (by ∼70%). Further investigations revealed that the 2‐h BSO treatment neither decreased the GSH level instantly nor affected GST activity; rather, it prevented the induction of GSH in response to subsequent BPDE incubation. The blocked synthesis of GSH might be responsible for the elevated level of BPDE‐DNA adducts in MNCs after BSO and BPDE treatment.
Capillary zone electrophoresis of Cowpea mosaic virus and peak identification
Authors: Liang Shucai , Schneider Rudolf J.
Published: April 2009

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) was analyzed by CZE and the two separated subcomponents recorded at ∼2.2 and ∼2.7 min were respectively designated to be the slow electrophoretic form of CPMV (CPMVs) and the fast electrophoretic form of CPMV (CPMVf), the two electrophoretic forms of CPMV, by the following methods: first, CZE analysis of the biospecific complexes of CPMV and anti‐CPMV polyclonal antibody proved the properties of CPMV; second, isolation and CZE analysis of CPMVf and CPMVs. Because CPMVs was precipitated and CPMVf was left in the supernatant at pH 5.6, the only one peak at ∼2.7 min from the supernatant was assigned for CPMVf, while the peak at ∼2.2 min dominating for the precipite was deemed to be CPMVs. Third, viral characterization by directly analyzing the capsid proteins using MALDI‐TOF‐MS. Based on the theoretical molecular weights calculated from the sequence of the capsid proteins, the three peaks at m/z 21 516.75, 23 745.8 and 42 509.22 for natural CPMV were destined for the small (S) protein of CPMVf, the S protein of CPMVs and the large (L) protein of both of them, respectively. As expected, the non‐appearance of the peak at m/z 23 745.8 for the isolated CPMVf sample indicated the absence of CPMVs, and the peak at m/z 23 745.8 was predominant in the spectrum for the precipitated CPMVs sample. After the confirmation of CPMVs and CPMVf, the CZE separation of them was optimized. The developed analysis method has proven useful in investigating the stability of CPMV and the effect of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐decoration on the modification of the electrophoretical behavior of CPMV.
Syntheses du tri‐O‐benzyl‐3,4,6‐D‐glucal
Authors: Boullanger Paul , Martin Jean‐Claude , Descotes Gérard
Published: April 2009

Le tri‐O‐benzyl‐3,4,6‐D‐glucal, intermédiaire de synthèse pour de nombreuses réactions d'addition, est obtenu, soit par benzylattion directe du glucal ou de son dérivé acétylé (Rendement), soit à partir de l'acétobromoglucose (Rendement 26%). Les caractéristiques physiques et spectrales sont décrites.
Mass spectra of 6‐ketononanolides and related ketolactones
Authors: Borowitz Irving J.
Published: April 2009

The mass spectral fragmentation of 6‐ketononanolides, 6‐ and 7‐ ketodecanolides, 7‐ketoundecanolides and 9‐ketotridecanolide has been partially correlated via high resolution measurements and the use of methyl substituted derivatives. Moities characteristic of the “lactone side” and the “non‐lactone side” of the ketolactones can be described. Metastable transitions and decoupled measurements are offered as additional evidence for some of these pathways.
A new synthesis of 2,1‐benzisothiazoles
Authors: Singerman Gary M.
Published: April 2009

A novel synthesis of 2,1‐benzisothiazoles is described. When ano‐toluidine orN‐sulfinyl‐o‐toluidine is allowed to react with anN‐sulfinylsulfonamide, a 2,1‐benzisothiazole is formed.
Benzomorphan related compounds. IV. The stevens rearrangement of a trimethoxybenzyl‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridinium salt
Authors: Bosch J. , Canals J. , Granados R.
Published: April 2009

The potassium hydroxide‐induced (Stevens) rearrangement of 1,3,4‐trimethyl‐1‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzyl)‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridinium chloride (I) gives the desired 1,3,4‐trimethyl‐2‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzyl)‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridine (III) and the Hofmann elimination product, N‐methyl‐N‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzyl)‐2,3‐dimethyl‐2,4‐pentadienamine (II). In the presence of ethereal phenyllithium, the salt I undergoes rearrangement giving the expected tetrahydropyridine III in about 17% yield and four other products, N‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzyl)methylamine (VI), 1,3,4‐trimethyl‐2‐(6‐methyl‐2,3,4‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridine (IV), 1,3,3‐trirnethyl‐2‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐4‐rnethylenepiperidine (V) and 1,3,4‐trimethyl‐4‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzyl)‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyridine (VII), the latter being the 1,4‐Stevens rearrangement product which cyclizes easily to β‐2′,3′,4′‐trimethoxy‐2,5,9‐trimethyl‐7,8‐benzomorphan (VIII). Their structures have been proved both by analytical and spectral data. A possible route for VIII and its stereochemical aspects are discussed.
Synthesis of 1,2,3‐thiadiazoles
Authors: Peet Norton P. , Sunder Shyam
Published: April 2009

Several methods were explored for preparing certain 4,5‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐thiadiazoles. The reaction of phenoxyacetyl chlorides with diazoacetylamides yielded α‐diazo‐β‐ketoacetamides which were cyclized, with hydrogen sulfide and ammonium hydroxide, to 4‐carboxamido‐5‐phenoxymethyl‐1,2,3‐thiadiazoles. However, treatment of α‐diazo‐α‐benzoylacetamides with hydrogen sulfide and ammonium hydroxide yielded hydrazones rather than thiadiazoles. The reaction of α‐[(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazono]benzenepropanoic acid (25) with thionyl chloride yielded 5‐phenyl‐1,2,3‐thiadiazole‐4‐carbocylic acid (26a), the corresponding acid chloride 26b, and 5‐(phenylmethyl)‐2H‐1,3,4‐oxadiazine‐2,6(3H)dione (27). The yields of 26a, 26b, and 27 were dependent on the reaction conditions employed. Oxadiazine 27 could also be converted to acid chloride 26b with thionyl chloride. Reduction of 1‐([5‐(4‐chlorophenoxy)methyl‐1,2,3‐thiadiazol‐4‐yl]‐carbonyl)piperidine (10b) with diborane yielded a boron complex which produced 1‐([5‐((4‐chlorophenoxy)methyl)‐1,2,3‐thiadiazol‐4‐yl]methyl)piperidine (31) upon recrystallization from ethanol.
2,3,7,8‐Tetraazaspiro[4.4] nonane, 2,3,7,8‐tetraazaspiro‐[4.4] nona‐2,7‐diene and derivatives
Authors: Nielsen Arnold T.
Published: April 2009

Synthetic routes to the title compounds (4, 12) are described. Chiral derivatives of these, 2,7‐bis(phenylcarbamoyl)‐2,3,7,8‐tetraazaspiro[4.4]nonane (7) and 3,8‐dicarbomethoxy‐2,3,7,8‐tetraazaspiro[4.4]nona‐1,6‐diene (10) were prepared. Synthetic routes to diketo derivatives of other tetraazaspiro[4.4]nonanes were explored. 3,3‐Dicarbethoxy‐1‐pyrazoline (24) and 3,3‐dicarbethoxypyrazolidine (25) were prepared and their reactions with hydrazine examined. Proton and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of new compounds, including some 5‐substituted 3‐hydroxypyrazoles, are discussed in relation to structure.
Selenium heterocycles. XIX. Synthesis of selenophenes and triarylbenzenes from 2,5‐diaryl‐1,4‐dithiin 1,1,4,4‐tetroxides
Authors: Lalezari I. , Shafiee A. , Rashidbaigi A.
Published: April 2009

Mixtures of 2,5‐diaryl‐1,4‐dithiin 1,1,4,4‐tctroxides and selenium were subjected to heat and afforded 2,5‐diarylselenophenes. Pyrolysis of 2,5‐diaryl‐1,4‐dithiin 1,1,4,4‐tetroxides led to the formation of a mixture of 1,2,4‐ and 1,3,5‐triarylbenzenes.
Unexpected formation of a 10H‐Pyrido[2,3‐h]pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoline derivative, a new ring system
Authors: Crenshaw R. R. , Luke G. M. , Whitehead D. F.
Published: April 2009

Treatment of N‐(1,3‐dimethylpyrazol‐5‐yl)‐4‐anthranilic acid with phosphorus oxychloride gave an intermediate which was condensed with 3‐dimethylaminopropylamine to yield 10,8‐dimethyl‐7‐(3‐dimethylaminopropylamino)‐10H‐pyrido[2,3‐h]pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoline (IV). The structure of IV, which represents a previously undescribed ring system, was confirmed by an independent synthesis.
Ring‐opening and a novel ring expansion in the reactions of 1‐Alkyl‐2‐carbomethoxyazetidine with hydrazine
Authors: Leung Hiu‐Kwong , Phillips Barry A. , Cromwell Norman H.
Published: April 2009

The mechanism of the reactions of 1‐t‐butyl‐2‐carbomethoxyazelidine and 1‐benzyl‐2‐carbomethoxyazetidine with hydrazine hydrate was investigated. Treatment of 1‐alkyl‐2‐earbomethoxyazetidine with hydrazine hydrate in cold ethanol yielded 1‐alkylazetidine‐2‐carhohydrazide. Depending on the sterie bulkiness of the alkyl group of the amino functionality, reactions of 1‐alkylazetidine‐2‐carbohydrazides in methanol gave the appropriate aminoester or the appropriate pyrrolidone, or a mixture of both. The intermediacy of the diimide in these transformations was confirmed by the concurrent reduction of azobenzene to hydrazobenzene.
Acetylenic ketones. Part III . Reaction of acetylenic ketones with nucleophilic sulfur compounds
Authors: Haddar F. G. , Al‐Hajjar F. H. , El‐Rayyes N. R.
Published: April 2009

Aroylphenylacetylenes reacted with ammonium dithiocarbamate and ammonium hydrogen sulfide in 60% dioxane‐waler mixture at 15° to give mainly a mixture of the corresponding β‐hydroxy‐α‐thiobenzoylstyrene derivatives (III) and (E,Z)‐β,β'‐di(α‐aroylstyryl) sulfides (IV), whereas with sodium xanthate and sodium sulfide they gave only (III). However, when benzoyl‐(Ia) or p‐ehlorobenzoyl‐(Id)phenylacetylenes was refluxed with ammonium dithiocarbamate in ethyl alcohol, it gave a mixture of (IIIa or d) and the (E,E)‐β,β'‐di(α‐aroylstyryl) sulfide (VIa or d).

β‐Hydroxy‐α‐thiobenzoylstyrene derivatives (III), (E,Z)‐(IV) and (E,E)‐(VI)‐β,β'‐di(α‐aroylstyryl) sulfides reacted with hydrazine hydrate and phenylhydrazine to give 3(5)‐aryl‐5(3)‐phenyl‐(IX)‐ and 5‐aryl‐1,3‐diphenyl‐(X)pyrazoles, respectively. The former compounds (III) reacted with guanidine and ethyl hydrazinecarboxylate to give the corresponding aminopyrimidines (XIII) and acetophenone‐N‐ethoxycarbonyl hydrazones (XI), respectively.
12H‐naphtho[1′,2′:5,6]pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Roma Giorgio , Ermili Aldo , Mazzei Mauro
Published: April 2009

Reaction of 1‐oxo‐2‐formyl‐3‐dimethylamino‐1H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyran with amidines, guanidine, O‐methylisourea, S‐methylisothiourea afforded 9‐substituted 12‐oxo‐12H‐naphtho[1′,2′:5,6]pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines.

When the reaction with O‐methylisourea was carried out in anhydrous pyridine, 10,20‐dioxo‐10H,20H‐dinaphtho[1,2‐e:1′,2′‐e′][1,5]diazocino[2,3‐b:6,7‐b′]dipyran was formed.
Studies on quinoline derivatives and related compounds. IV. Synthesis of 4‐substituted 1‐alkyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acid
Authors: Agui Hideo , Nakagome Takenari
Published: April 2009

By the displacement reactions of 1‐ethyl‐4‐chloro‐3‐carboethoxy‐6,7‐methylenedioxyquinolinium iodide (3a), several 4‐substituted derivatives including the 4‐thioxo (1c) and 4‐amino derivatives (6) of oxolinic acid were prepared. The acid 1c and its N1‐substituted derivatives (18a‐h) were prepared alternatively by alkylation of ethyl 4‐ethylmercapto‐6,7‐methylenedioxy‐3‐quinolinecarboxylate (15) followed by treatment with sodium hydrosulfide and hydrolysis.
Heterocyclic compounds. VII. Synthesis of thiadiazasteroid analogs
Authors: Manhas M. S. , Rao V. V. , Amin S. G.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of a number of β‐northiadiaza steroid analogs has been described. Suitable o‐aminonitriles were acylated with γ‐chlorobutyryl chloride. These amidonitriles were cyclized to substituted γ‐lactams and subsequently to the tetracyclic products. To functionalize the “17‐position” in these steroids, the intermediate γ‐lactams were converted to arylidene derivatives before cyclization to the tetracyclic derivatives.
Synthesis of the carbocyclic analogs of uracil nucleosides
Authors: Shealy Y. Fulmer , O'Dell C. Allen
Published: April 2009

Treatment of the required hydroxyl derivatives ofcis‐3‐aminocyclopentanemethanol with 3‐ethoxyacryloyl isocyanate gaveN‐(3‐ethoxyacryloyl)‐N′‐[hydroxy‐ or dihydroxy(hydroxy‐methyl)cyclopentyl]ureas. Cyclization of the ureas in dilute sulfuric acid afforded high yields of the carbocyclic analogs of uridine, 2′‐deoxyuridine, and 3′‐deoxyuridine. The uridine and 3′‐deoxyuridine analogs were also obtained in good yields by cyclizing the ureas in concentrated aqueous ammonia. None of the three analogs showed activity in testsversusKB cells in culture or L1210 leukemiain vivo.
Nucleophilic substitutions on the pyridine ring with enolate anions
Authors: Smith Francis X. , Evans Gordon G.
Published: April 2009

The enolate anions of 5‐alkylbarbituric acids and isopropylidene alkylmalonates are demonstrated to readily displace chloro, pyridinio, and acetoxy substituents from the 4‐position of simple pyridine derivatives under conditions in which the ring nitrogen carries a positive charge.
The synthesis of some benzo[4,5]cyclohept[1,2,3‐ij]isoquinolines
Authors: Santroch George , Humber Leslie G.
Published: April 2009

A facile synthesis and spectroscopic properties of various oxidation states of the novel benzo[4,5]cyclohept[1,2,3‐ij]isoquinoline system are described. The synthesis involves the condensation of 5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5‐one, or of its 10,11‐dihydro derivative, with amino‐acetaldehyde diethylacetal, followed by treatment of the resultant imines with polyphosphoric acid to afford the novel tetracyclic system in high yields.
Synthesis of 2‐substituted‐5‐rnethylthiazolo[ 3,2‐b ] ‐1,2,4‐lriazoles and acylatcd 3‐amino‐2‐imino‐4‐methyl‐2‐thiazolines
Authors: Pilgram Kurt , Pollard G. E.
Published: April 2009

3‐Amino‐2‐imino‐4‐mcthyl‐2‐thiazoline, 1, underwent ring closure with ethyl formate, cyanogen bromide and carbon disulfide, giving moderate yields of 2‐substituted‐5‐methylthiazolo[ 3,2‐b ]‐1,2,4‐triazoles, II. Reaction of I‐HCl with acid anhydrides (acetic, propionie, trifluoroacetic) resulted in the formation of the corresponding II compounds, whereas other anhydrides (benzoic, perfluoropropionic, perfluorobutyric) gave high yields of 3‐aeylamido‐2‐acylimido‐4‐melhyl‐2‐thiazolines. With acid chlorides and I‐HCl, in the presence of trielhylamine, mixtures of 2‐acyl‐irnino‐3‐aniino‐4‐methyl‐2‐thiazolines and 2‐aeylimino‐3‐(diacylamido)‐4‐methyl‐2‐thiazolines are formed. Spectral characteristics are reported.
Diazepines I. A new synthesis of 6‐phenyl‐4H‐imidazo[1,2‐a] [1,4] benzodiazepines
Authors: Hara Takeshi , Itoh Kazuhiko , Itoh Nobuhiro
Published: April 2009

6‐Phenyl‐4H‐imidazo[1,2‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines are obtained on reaction of 2‐amino‐7‐chloro‐5‐phenyl‐3H‐1,4‐benzodiazepine with α‐bromoketones. In the cases of 3‐bromo‐2‐butan‐one and of 3‐bromo‐2‐pentanone, 2‐alkylimidazobenzodiazepine but not 1,2‐dialkyl compound is the major product. A mechanism for the imidazole ring formation is presented.
Synthesis of C‐glycosylindazoles by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of α‐Diazoketoses to benzynes
Authors: Garcia‐Abbad E. , Garcia‐López M. T. , Garcia‐Muñoz G. , Stud M.
Published: April 2009

A number of C‐glycosylindazoles were prepared by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddilion of several α‐diazoketoses to benzyne. When the cycloaddition reaction was carried out with benzyne derivatives the two possible isomeric indazoles were obtained in most of the cases. Structural assignments were made on the basis of nmr data.
Nucleosides CV. Synthesis of the 8‐((β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazine isosteres of adenosine and inosine
Authors: Tam S. Y‐K. , Hwang J‐S. , De Las Heras F. G. , Klein R. S. , Fox J. J.
Published: April 2009

Reaction of ethyl N‐cyanoformimidate (3) and of ethyl N‐carbelhoxyformimidate (5) with 3‐aminopyrazole (2) gave 4‐amino‐ and 4‐oxo‐3H‐pyrazolo[1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazine (4 and 7), respectively. Reaction of 3‐amino‐4‐(2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐5‐O‐trityl‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazole (8) with the same reagents similarly gave the blocked 4‐amino‐8‐ribosyl‐ and 4‐oxo‐3H‐8‐ribosyl‐pyrazolo[ 1,5‐a]‐1,3,5‐triazine (9 and 15), respectively. Deblocking in acid finally afforded the unblocked products 10 (an isostere of adenosine and formycin) and 16 (an isostere of inosine and formycin B). The corresponding derivatives in the a series were made by identical procedures for confirming all structural assignments. Preliminary in vitro testing results of 10 are included.
A Novel dioxano‐annellated benzofuroxan
Authors: Hadjimihalakis P. M.
Published: April 2009

Oxidation of 6‐amino‐7‐nitro‐1,4‐benzodioxane using alkaline hypochlorite affords 1,4‐benzo‐dioxano[6,7‐c]furoxan in a very good yield. Pyrolysis of 6‐azido‐7‐nitro‐1,4‐benzodioxane failed to give the same product. The structure of the new furoxan is confirmed by the spectra.
A simple convenient synthesis of trans‐1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b‐octahydrophenanthridines
Authors: Rahman M. F. , May Everette L.
Published: April 2009

trans‐1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b‐Octahydrophenanthridine, the 9‐methoxy analog, and 5‐methyl derivatives (6a,6b) of each have been synthesized from trans‐phenylcyclohexylamines (2a,2b) and ethyl chloroformate followed by cyclization and reduction or by cyclization, N‐methylation and reduction. The oximes (la,1b) of 2‐phenylcyclohexanone and the m‐methoxy relative, a mixture of the syn and anti isomers, were reduced to 2a and 2b with sodium and ethanol. Hydrogenation (platinum oxide‐acetic acid) of 1a gave in addition to 2a, a small yield of 2‐cyclohexylcyclohexyl‐amine. Similar hydrogenation of 1b gave only this fully reduced compound.
The effect of organic amendments on mineral phosphate fractions in calcareous soils
Authors: Uygur Veli , Karabatak Ibrahim
Published: April 2009

Organic amendments considerably affect nutrient balance and interfraction mobility of nutrients by influencing the chemical, physical, and biological environment in soils. In this study, the effects of five amendments including: two composts, farmyard manure, packaging‐industry by‐product, and olive‐mill waste on time‐dependent interfraction mobility of P among mineral P fractions in two semiarid‐region soils differing in carbonate content and texture were investigated. Organic materials were applied at the rate of 0, 25, 50, and 100 g (kg soil)–1 soil thoroughly mixed and incubated at 27°C ± 2°C for 110 d. Phosphorus fractions were sequentially extracted by 0.1 M NaOH + 1 M NaCl (NaOH‐P), citrate‐bicarbonate‐dithionite (CBD‐P), and 0.5 M HCl (Ca‐P). Results showed that organic amendments especially farmyard manure significantly influenced NaOH‐P, CBD‐P, and Ca‐P. In addition, higher application rates of organic residues increased NaOH‐P fraction. NaOH‐P and CBD‐P fractions were increased after addition of organic residues and then converted to Ca‐P fraction within the end of incubation period. Increasing application rate of organic residues allowed P to be retained in more labile fractions for a longer period. The amount of Ca‐P was found to be related with carbonate content of soils. It can be concluded that organic residues applied to calcareous soils may enhance P nutrition of agricultural plants.
Low nitrogen supply decreases water‐use efficiency of oriental tobacco
Authors: Brueck Holger , Senbayram Mehmet
Published: April 2009

Most studies indicating positive effects of nitrogen (N) supply on biomass water‐use efficiency (WUE) used two contrasting levels of N supply and monitored some of the relevant traits being associated with WUE. In order to investigate N effects on WUE over a wider range of N‐supply levels, oriental tobacco was cultivated in pots under six (Exp. 1) and four (Exp. 2) N levels until flowering stage. Water‐use efficiency, intrinsic water‐use efficiency (A/g), carbon isotope discrimination (CID), average daily canopy transpiration rate (EC; from 12 to 7 d before harvest), and biomass‐partitioning parameters were determined. Water‐use efficiency increased from the lowest to the highest N level and was positively correlated with biomass. Intrinsic water‐use efficiency was positively correlated with leaf N and chlorophyll concentration. Whole‐plant CID was significantly less negative under high compared to low N supply. Biomass‐partitioning parameters were only slightly affected by N supply except for leaf‐area ratio, which significantly increased with N supply. The low planting density of Exp. 2 resulted in an increase of WUE and substantially less negative whole‐plant CID compared to Exp. 1. In both experiments, EC was lower under high compared to low N supply and was negatively correlated with WUE. It is concluded that plants under high N supply realized a higher WUE via increases of A/g and a reduction of EC.
Analysis of theActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeHlyX (FNR) regulon and identification of iron‐regulated protein B as an essential virulence factor
Authors: Buettner Falk F. R. , Bendalla Ibrahim M. , Bossé Janine T. , Meens Jochen , Nash John H. E. , Härtig Elisabeth , Langford Paul R. , Gerlach Gerald‐F.
Published: April 2009

The Gram‐negative rodActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeis a facultative anaerobic pathogen of the porcine respiratory tract, and HlyX, theA. pleuropneumoniaehomologue of fumarate and nitrate reduction regulator (FNR), has been shown to be important for persistence. AnA. pleuropneumoniae hlyXdeletion mutant has a decreased generation time but highly prolonged survival in comparison to its wild type parent strain when grown anaerobically in glucose‐supplemented medium. Applying a combination of proteomic and transcriptomic approaches as well asin silicoanalyses, we identified 23 different proteins and 418 genes to be modulated by HlyX (≥ twofold up‐ or down‐regulated). A putative HlyX‐box was identified upstream of 54 of these genes implying direct control by HlyX. Consistent with its role as a strong positive regulator, HlyX induced the expression of genes for anaerobic metabolism encoding alternative terminal reductases and hydrogenases. In addition, expression of virulence‐associated genes encoding iron uptake systems, a putative DNA adenine modification system, and an autotransporter serine protease were induced by HlyX under anaerobic growth conditions. With respect to virulence‐associated genes, we focused on the iron‐regulated protein B (FrpB) as it is the outer membrane protein most strongly up‐regulated by HlyX. AnfrpBdeletion mutant ofA. pleuropneumoniaehad the same growth characteristics as wild type grown aerobically and anaerobically. In contrast,A. pleuropneumoniaeΔfrpBdid not cause any disease and could not be re‐isolated from experimentally infected pigs, thereby identifying FrpB as a previously unknown virulence factor.
Drosophila proteins interacting with metallothioneins: A metal‐dependent recognition
Authors: Tio Laura , Pagani Maria‐Ayelén , Atrian Sílvia
Published: April 2009

Metallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous, low‐molecular weight, cysteine‐rich proteins. Despite a well‐established protective role in metal excess detoxification, there is little data about their putative physiological functions, commonly assumed to be metal homeostasis and redox equilibrium. Protein–protein interactions should have provided useful information to unveil unsuspected functions, but reports on MT interactions are scarce. This is probably due to the MT metal‐dependent 3D structure, a fact that has been seldom taken into account when performing proteomic interaction assays. In the present work, we have detected that the two major D. melanogaster isoforms (MtnA and MtnB) interact with the peroxiredoxin (Prx) encoded by the gene Jafrac1, both in a clear metal‐dependent pattern. The MT–Prx interaction is further confirmed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by assaying both yeast MTs (Crs5p and Cup1p) versus Tsa1p and Tsa2p, the Jafrac1 homologous Prxs in this organism. Thus, a new methodological approach to detect MT‐interacting proteins in different proteomes is established on the basis of assaying MTs in the form of different metal complexes. Furthermore, new perspectives to investigate the often hypothesized contribution of MTs to the redox physiological networks are open.
GST‐P1 as a histological biomarker of synovial sarcoma revealed by proteomics
Authors: Suehara Yoshiyuki , Kikuta Kazutaka , Nakayama Robert , Tochigi Naobumi , Seki Kunihiko , Ichikawa Hitoshi , Fujii Kiyonaga , Hasegawa Tadashi , Shimoda Tadakazu , Kurosawa Hisashi , Chuman Hirokazu , Beppu Yasuo , Kawai Akira , Hirohashi Setsuo , Kondo Tadashi
Published: April 2009

Synovial sarcoma have two histological subtypes, biphasic and monophasic, defined respectively by the presence or absence of glandular epithelial differentiation. To develop histological biomarkers for synovial sarcoma subtypes, we examined the proteomic profile using two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. We identified 29 protein spots whose intensity was statistically different between the monophasic (15 cases) and biphasic (9 cases) subtypes (p<0.01). Mass spectrometric protein identification demonstrated that these 29 spots corresponded to 24 distinct gene products involved in cytoskeletal organization, trsnscription/trsnslation, protein/collagen binding, and ion transport, as well as structural constituents of the epidermis. Two of the 29 spots derived from glutathione S‐transferase P (GST‐P1) had higher intensity in biphasic type. Immunohistochemistry on additional 42 synovial sarcoma cases revealed that positive expression of GST‐P1 was observed in 10 of 12 biphasic (83.3%), in 4 of 27 monophasic (14.8%) and in 1 of 3 poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas (p= 0.0002). Among the clinico‐pathological parameters examined, GST‐P1 expression significantly correlated only with the histological subtype. GST‐P1 had more discriminative power than the status of fusion genes SYT‐SSX1 and SYT‐SSX2, previously reported to be correlated with the histological subtype. These results establish GST‐P1 as a histological biomarker candidate for synovial sarcoma differentiation into subtypes.