bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soft-materials elastic and shear moduli measurement using piezoelectric cantilevers
Authors: Markidou Anna , Shih Wan Y. , Shih Wei-Heng
Published: May 2005

We have developed a soft-material elastic modulus and shear modulus sensor using piezoelectric cantilevers. A piezoelectric cantilever is consisted of a highly piezoelectric layer, e.g., lead–zirconate–titanate bonded to a nonpiezoelectric layer, e.g., stainless steel. Applying an electric field in the thickness direction causes a piezoelectric cantilever to bend, generating an axial displacement or force. When a piezoelectric cantilever is in contact with an object, this electric field-generated axial displacement is reduced due to the resistance by the object. With a proper design of the piezoelectric cantilever’s geometry, its axial displacements with and without contacting the object could be accurately measured. From these measurements the elastic modulus of the object can be deduced. In this study, we tailored the piezoelectric cantilevers for measuring the elastic and shear moduli of tissue-like soft materials with forces in the submilli Newton to milliNewton range. Elastic moduli and shear moduli of soft materials were measured using piezoelectric cantilevers with a straight tip and an L-shaped tip, respectively. Using gelatin and commercial rubber material as model soft tissues, we showed that a piezoelectric cantilever 1.5–2cm long could measure the elastic modulus and the shear modulus of a small soft material sample (1–3mm wide) in the small strain range (<1%). For samples 5mm high, the resultant compressive (shear) strains were less than 0.5% (1%). The measurements were validated by (1) comparing the measured Young’s modulus of the commercial rubber sample with its known value and (2) by measuring both the Young’s modulus and shear modulus on the samples and confirming the thus deduced Poisson’s ratios with the separately measured Poisson’s ratios.
Microchannel plate position read-out system using field programmable gate arrays
Authors: Seferiadis G. , Pouchet M. , Gough M. P.
Published: May 2005

This article describes a technique that was developed to register particle events from a microchannel plate (MCP) used as the position sensitive detector within an electron spectrograph instrument. The MCP/amplification section is composed of 2 Z-stack MCP modules, an anode pattern connected to a passive delay line, and associated amplification circuitry. The digital output pulses from the amplification circuit are fed into a decoding architecture composed of delay chains integrated inside a field programmable gate array. Test results of the read-out system with delay line simulated input signals, have shown a good response with less than 1 error per 108 particle incident events. Initial tests with a MCP delay line anode have verified this technique and can be used to detect electron positions.
Open nonradiative cavities as millimeter wave single-mode resonators
Authors: Annino G. , Cassettari M. , Martinelli M.
Published: May 2005

Open single-mode metallic cavities operating in nonradiative configurations are proposed and demonstrated. Starting from well-known dielectric resonators, possible nonradiative cavities have been established; their behavior on the fundamental TE011 mode has been predicted on the basis of general considerations. As a result, very efficient confinement properties are expected for a wide variety of open structures having rotational invariance. Test cavities realized having in mind practical millimeter wave constraints have been characterized at microwave frequencies. The obtained results confirm the expected high performances on widely open configurations. A possible excitation of the proposed resonators exploiting their nonradiative character is discussed, and the resulting overall ease of realization enlightened in view of millimeter wave employments.
Optical flow visualization system for the cryogenic environment
Authors: Seddon James R. T. , Thurlow Michael S. , Lees Matthew J. , Lucas Peter G. J.
Published: May 2005

Low temperature optical visualization provides an essential tool in understanding some types of fluid flow. We outline the various optical systems we have successfully used to visualize Rayleigh–Bénard convection in normal He4, with comparisons of image quality between each method. The current system uses a cooled charge coupled device camera at liquid nitrogen temperatures and a 1 mW laser diode light source for illumination.
Instrumented thick-walled tube method for measuring thermal pressure in fluids and isotropic stresses in thermosetting resins
Authors: Merzlyakov Mikhail , Simon Sindee L. , McKenna Gregory B.
Published: May 2005

We have developed a method for measuring the thermal pressure coefficient and cure-induced and thermally induced stresses based on an instrumented thick-walled tube vessel. The device has been demonstrated at pressures up to 330 MPa and temperatures to 300 °C. The method uses a sealed stainless steel thick-walled tube to impose three-dimensional isotropic constraints. The tube is instrumented with strain gauges in hoop and in axial directions and can be used in open or closed configurations. By making measurements of the isotropic stresses as a function of temperature, the method allows determination of the thermal pressure coefficient in both the glassy and rubbery (or liquid) states. The method also can be used to measure isotropic stress development in thermosetting resins during cure and subsequent thermal cycling. Experimental results are presented for sucrose benzoate, di-2-ethylhexylsebacate, and an epoxy resin. The current report shows that the method provides reliable estimates for the thermal pressure coefficient. The thermal pressure coefficient is determined with resolution on the order of 10kPa∕K. Among advantages of the method is that the tubes are reusable, even when measurements are made for cure response of thermosetting resins.
The Critical Heritage of Japanese Geography: Its Tortured Trajectory for Eight Decades
Authors: Mizuoka Fujio , Mizuuchi Toshio , Hisatake Tetsuya , Tsutsumi Kenji , Fujita Tetsushi
Published: May 2005

In Japan, critical geography has been practised for eight decades: since the 1920s when poverty and the miserable condition of labour and peasants instigated Japanese social scientists to adopt Marxism. The critical heritage began with importing works by German Marxist and soviet scholars, followed by criticism of the geopolitical ideologies that supported the militarist regime and the war of aggression. Besides them, the general orientation of critical geography before World War 2 remained mainly exceptionalist. Critical geographers gained momentum in the course of the democratisation process after World War 2, and they consolidated themselves by forming one of the earliest alternative organisations of geography, the Japan Association of Economic Geographers. Although the trend of exceptionalism persisted, some attempts to theorise critical geography emerged in the late 1960s to early 1970s. Noboru Ueno's work Chishigaku no Genten (The ultimate origin of chorography) (1972, Taimeido, Tokyo), for example, integrated the tenets of Marxism and phenomenology into a theoretical body of Marxist chorography that dealt with alienation of the indigenous fishers from the neighbouring sea, which was polluted with mercury from industrial waste. Yet, the advent of Toshifumi Yada's chiiki kozo ron (theory of regional structure) in 1973 (see Yada, 1990 Chiiki Kozo no Riron [The theory of regional structure] Mineruba Shobo, Kyoto) and its subsequent domination in the circle of once-critical geographers of a younger generation shattered further development of the critical heritage. The general orientation of geographers in Japan has become much more conservative and lost the intellectual power to come to terms with the growing critical trend among international geographers. At the same time, Japanese social scientists outside geography started to adopt the conceptions of critical geography developed abroad, bypassing the Japanese geographers' circle. It was not until the early 1990s that a group of critically minded geographers set out their endeavour to revitalise the critical heritage of geography afresh, to create their own conceptions of critical geography in close association with an international group of critical geographers.
The Sydney 2002 Gay Games and Querying Australian National Space
Authors: Waitt Gordon
Published: May 2005

In what ways did Sydney's Gay Games reinvent the Australian nation? In this paper I set out to examine this question by drawing upon the idea that sports and parades of athletes during opening ceremonies have been definitive moments for the Australian nation. I investigate the social terrains or bodyscapes invoked by sporting gay pride during the participants' parade at the opening ceremony and sports venues of the Sydney 2002 Gay Games. This enables insights into whether these spaces subverted the heteronormativity of sporting bodies that are metaphors for Australian national space. I centre my argument within a post-Foucauldian performance theory to consider both lived experience and textual representations of queer sports spaces. This approach advocates a recursive relationship between power, discourse, and critically reflexive, geographically embedded subjects. The ethnographic basis of my findings is participant observation and a time series of in-depth interviews with over forty self-identifying gay and queer males living in Sydney. I extract two overarching themes from the bodyscapes of the games: transcendence and imprisonment. For those actively involved in the making of camp bodyscapes, mimicking the monopoly of the dominant order through the authority of national signification provided by the parade of athletes at opening ceremonies and by sporting bodies offered a transgressive vehicle. However, the pillar of hetero-normative sporting bodies in defining Australian national boundaries survived unchallenged. Sporting gay pride also worked to close rather than to open up a space for discourses about sexuality and national identity to occur. Closure from a mainstream audience occurred by jettisoning the shame that links sport, sex, and bodies. Closure also occurred amongst certain respondents who shunned the games, regarding it as disciplining bodies into ‘normalcy’.
The Nature of Op Art: Bridget Riley and the Art of Nonrepresentation
Authors: Rycroft Simon
Published: May 2005

The monochrome paintings of the British Op artist Bridget Riley produced between 1960 and 1965, in common with a number of experimental arts and media practices of the 1960s, were characterised by a drift away from traditional representational techniques towards what are now described as nonrepresentational practices. The dynamics of the Op Art aesthetic and the critical writings that surround it bear striking similarities to much recent work on nonrepresentational thought. Based upon an engagement with Riley's early work, and specifically with the perception and understanding of nature it engendered, an argument can be made that suggests that, despite claims to the contrary, Riley was engaged in a form of representational practice that rendered a new and fashionable understanding of cosmic nature. The multidimensional nature evoked in her aesthetic was designed to be experienced by the viewer in a precognitive, embodied fashion. In this there are strong echoes with the call made by nonrepresentational theorists who operationalise the same kind of cosmology to develop an evocative, creative account of the world. Both Op Art and nonrepresentational thought seem to build upon a shift in the representational register that occurred during the immediate postwar period, one which prompted representational practices which attempted to subjectify rather than objectify, to evoke instability and multidimensionality, and to exercise not only visual, oral, and cognitive ways of knowing, but also the precognitive and the haptic. The complex corelations between representation and nonrepresentation are apparent here, suggesting that it is problematic to emphasise one side of the duality over the other.
Effect of timing of protein supplementation on the performance of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Granzin B. C.
Published: May 2005

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of timing of protein supplementation on performance of grazing, lactating Holstein–Friesian cows fed maize silage and grain-based concentrate. In experiment 1, 36 cows were fed 0.8 kg DM/day of solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) either as 1 meal at 1200 hours with maize silage (CSM 1200) or at 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 1530), or in 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 600 + 1530). In experiment 2, 36 cows were either fed no CSM (control) or fed 1.0 kg DM/day as either CSM 1200 or CSM 600 + 1530.
In experiment 1, daily yields of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat for CSM 600 + 1530 were significantly higher than for CSM 1530 with respective means of 22.8 v. 20.7 L and 895 v. 804 g. Daily yields of FCM and milk fat for CSM 1200 were intermediate (21.7 L and 841 g/cow, respectively). A similar trend for daily protein yield per cow was noted (712, 695 and 666 g for CSM 600 + 1530, 1200 and 1530, respectively). In experiment 2, milk yield differed numerically between CSM 600 + 1530 and other treatments, with means (± s.e.d.) of 24.7 ± 0.78, 22.9 ± 0.78 and 22.9 ± 0.78 L/cow.day for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and control, respectively. Mean (± s.e.d.) net energy requirements for milk production and liveweight change tended to be lower for the control (68 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) as opposed to CSM 600 + 1530 (79 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) and CSM 1200 (76 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day).
Cumulative time where rumen degradable nitrogen:rumen degradable dry matter was less than 22 g/kg were 2, 2 and 3 h for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and CSM 1530, respectively, in experiment 1, and 6, 4 and 2 h for the control, 1200 and CSM 600 + 1530, respectively, in experiment 2. No differences in rumen ammonia-N concentrations were noted between treatments in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a significantly lower mean (± s.e.d.) rumen ammonia-N concentration was recorded for the control at 1530 hours (62 ± 14.1 mg/dL) in comparison to CSM 600 + 1530 (114 ± 14.1 mg/dL) and CSM 1200 (119 ± 14.1 mg/dL).
These experiments show that for grazing dairy cows supplemented with maize silage and grain-based concentrate, feeding a daily aliquot of CSM as 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours rather than 1 meal at 1200 or 1530 hours improves milk production.
Bush peas: a rapid radiation with no support for monophyly of Pultenaea (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae)
Authors: Orthia L. A. , Crisp M. D. , Cook L. G. , de Kok R. P. J.
Published: May 2005

Phylogenetic hypotheses are presented for Pultenaea based on cpDNA (trnL–F and ndhF) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence data. Pultenaea, as it is currently circumscribed, comprises six strongly supported lineages whose relationships with each other and 18 closely related genera are weak or conflicting among datasets. The lack of resolution among the six Pultenaea clades and their relatives appears to be the result of a rapid radiation, which is evident in molecular data from both the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. The molecular data provide no support for the monophyly of Pultenaea as it currently stands. Given these results, Pultenaea could split into many smaller genera. We prefer the taxonomically stable alternative of subsuming all 19 genera currently recognised in Pultenaea sensu lato (= the Mirbelia group) into an expanded concept of Pultenaea that would comprise ~470 species.
A revision of Pultenaea (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). 4. Species occurring in Western Australia
Authors: Orthia L. A. , de Kok R. P. J. , Crisp M. D.
Published: May 2005

Twenty-five species of Pultenaea endemic to Western Australia are revised at and below species level. Three species (P. daena Orthia & Chappill, P. indira Orthia & Crisp, P. wudjariensis Orthia), three subspecies (P. calycina subsp. proxena Orthia & Chappill, P. indira subsp. monstrosita Orthia, P. indira subsp. pudoides Orthia) and two informal taxa [P. ericifolia ‘southern’ (Orthia 39), P. sp. Mt Lesueur (Beard 7827)] are described for the first time. The status of all varieties of P. verruculosa is changed: P. verruculosa var. brachyphylla (Turcz.) Benth. is reinstated at species level, P. verruculosa Turcz. var. verruculosa and P. verruculosa var. pilosa Benth. are placed in synonymy of Pultenaea verruculosa Turcz., and P. verruculosa var. recurva Benth. is found to be a nomen dubium. Three names in common usage are found to be illegitimate: P. conferta Benth. [now P. purpurea (Turcz.) Crisp & Orthia], P. obcordata (R.Br.) Benth. (now P. quaerita Orthia) and P. drummondii Meisn. (older name P. brachytropis Benth. reinstated). The Pultenaea species occurring in both western and eastern Australia are discussed and addenda made to the treatments previously published by de Kok and West (2003, 2004). The status of P. vestita R.Br. and P. juniperina Labill. as naturally occurring WA species is questioned.
Characterization of subsets of CD4+memory T cells reveals early branched pathways of T cell differentiation in humans
Authors: Song Kaimei , Rabin Ronald L. , Hill Brenna J. , De Rosa Stephen C. , Perfetto Stephen P. , Zhang Hongwei H. , Foley John F. , Reiner Jeffrey S. , Liu Jie , Mattapallil Joseph J. , Douek Daniel C. , Roederer Mario , Farber Joshua M.
Published: May 2005

The pathways for differentiation of human CD4+T cells into functionally distinct subsets of memory cellsin vivoare unknown. The identification of these subsets and pathways has clear implications for the design of vaccines and immune-targeted therapies. Here, we show that populations of apparently naïve CD4+T cells express the chemokine receptors CXCR3 or CCR4 and demonstrate patterns of gene expression and functional responses characteristic of memory cells. The proliferation history and T cell receptor repertoire of these chemokine-receptor+cells suggest that they are very early memory CD4+T cells that have “rested down” before acquiring the phenotypes described for “central” or “effector” memory T cells. In addition, the chemokine-receptor+“naïve” populations contain Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively, demonstrating that Th1/Th2 differentiation can occur very earlyin vivoin the absence of markers conventionally associated with memory cells. We localized ligands for CXCR3 and CCR4 to separate foci in T cell zones of tonsil, suggesting that the chemokine-receptor+subsets may be recruited and contribute to segregated, polarized microenvironments within lymphoid organs. Importantly, our data suggest that CD4+T cells do not differentiate according to a simple schema from naïve → CD45RO+noneffector/central memory → effector/effector memory cells. Rather, developmental pathways branch early on to yield effector/memory populations that are highly heterogeneous and multifunctional and have the potential to become stable resting cells.
A missense mutation in the previously undescribed geneTmhsunderlies deafness in hurry-scurry (hscy) mice
Authors: Longo-Guess Chantal M. , Gagnon Leona H. , Cook Susan A. , Wu Jian , Zheng Qing Y. , Johnson Kenneth R.
Published: May 2005

Mouse deafness mutations provide valuable models of human hearing disorders and entry points into molecular pathways important to the hearing process. A newly discovered mouse mutation named hurry-scurry (hscy) causes deafness and vestibular dysfunction. Scanning electron microscopy of cochleae from 8-day-old mutants revealed disorganized hair bundles, and by 50 days of age, many hair cells are missing. To positionally clonehscy, 1,160 F2mice were produced from an intercross of (C57BL/6-hscy× CAST/EiJ) F1hybrids, and the mutation was localized to a 182-kb region of chromosome 17. A missense mutation causing a critical cysteine to phenylalanine codon change was discovered in a previously undescribed gene within this candidate interval. The gene is predicted to encode an integral membrane protein with four transmembrane helices. A synthetic peptide designed from the predicted protein was used to produce specific polyclonal antibodies, and strong immunoreactivity was observed on hair bundles of both inner and outer hair cells in cochleae of newborn +/+ controls and +/hscyheterozygotes but was absent inhscy/hscymutants. Accordingly, the gene was given the name “tetraspan membrane protein of hair cell stereocilia,” symbolTmhs. Two related proteins (>60% amino acid identity) are encoded by genes on mouse chromosomes 5 and 6 and, together with theTmhs-encoded protein (TMHS), comprise a distinct tetraspan subfamily. Our localization of TMHS to the apical membrane of inner ear hair cells during the period of stereocilia formation suggests a function in hair bundle morphogenesis.
Simultaneous inference of selection and population growth from patterns of variation in the human genome
Authors: Williamson Scott H. , Hernandez Ryan , Fledel-Alon Adi , Zhu Lan , Nielsen Rasmus , Bustamante Carlos D.
Published: May 2005

Natural selection and demographic forces can have similar effects on patterns of DNA polymorphism. Therefore, to infer selection from samples of DNA sequences, one must simultaneously account for demographic effects. Here we take a model-based approach to this problem by developing predictions for patterns of polymorphism in the presence of both population size change and natural selection. If data are available from different functional classes of variation, anda prioriinformation suggests that mutations in one of those classes are selectively neutral, then the putatively neutral class can be used to infer demographic parameters, and inferences regarding selection on other classes can be performed given demographic parameter estimates. This procedure is more robust to assumptions regarding the true underlying demography than previous approaches to detecting and analyzing selection. We apply this method to a large polymorphism data set from 301 human genes and find (i) widespread negative selection acting on standing nonsynonymous variation, (ii) that the fitness effects of nonsynonymous mutations are well predicted by several measures of amino acid exchangeability, especially site-specific methods, and (iii) strong evidence for very recent population growth.
Identification of cancer/testis-antigen genes by massively parallel signature sequencing
Authors: Chen Yao-Tseng , Scanlan Matthew J. , Venditti Charis A. , Chua Ramon , Theiler Gregory , Stevenson Brian J. , Iseli Christian , Gure Ali O. , Vasicek Tom , Strausberg Robert L. , Jongeneel C. Victor , Old Lloyd J. , Simpson Andrew J. G.
Published: May 2005

Massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) generates millions of short sequence tags corresponding to transcripts from a single RNA preparation. Most MPSS tags can be unambiguously assigned to genes, thereby generating a comprehensive expression profile of the tissue of origin. From the comparison of MPSS data from 32 normal human tissues, we identified 1,056 genes that are predominantly expressed in the testis. Further evaluation by using MPSS tags from cancer cell lines and EST data from a wide variety of tumors identified 202 of these genes as candidates for encoding cancer/testis (CT) antigens. Of these genes, the expression in normal tissues was assessed by RT-PCR in a subset of 166 intron-containing genes, and those with confirmed testis-predominant expression were further evaluated for their expression in 21 cancer cell lines. Thus, 20 CT or CT-like genes were identified, with several exhibiting expression in five or more of the cancer cell lines examined. One of these genes is a member of a CT gene family that we designated as CT45. The CT45 family comprises six highly similar (>98% cDNA identity) genes that are clustered in tandem within a 125-kb region on Xq26.3. CT45 was found to be frequently expressed in both cancer cell lines and lung cancer specimens. Thus, MPSS analysis has resulted in a significant extension of our knowledge of CT antigens, leading to the discovery of a distinctive X-linked CT-antigen gene family.
Cell membrane-specific epitopes on CD30: Potentially superior targets for immunotherapy
Authors: Nagata Satoshi , Ise Tomoko , Onda Masanori , Nakamura Kazuyasu , Ho Mitchell , Raubitschek Andrew , Pastan Ira H.
Published: May 2005

Because CD30 is highly expressed on Hodgkin's lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, it is a promising target for immunotherapy. Soluble CD30, the extracellular domain of CD30 that is shed from the cells, can reduce the effects of CD30-targeting agents by competitive binding. In this study, we identified two epitopes on membrane-associated CD30 that are missing on soluble CD30 probably because of a conformational change upon shedding. These epitopes are potentially superior targets for immunotherapy because targeting them should be free from the competitive effects of soluble CD30. We studied 27 anti-native CD30 mAbs that were assigned to 8 different topographical epitopes. Soluble CD30 was prepared from culture supernatants of L540 cells or Karpas 299 cells. In an ELISA, the mAbs to two epitopes, Ep2 (amino acids 107–153) and Ep7 (amino acids 282–338), showed less than a 2% average cross-reactivity to soluble CD30 compared with a CD30-Fc fusion protein. In addition, these mAbs bound to CD30 on cells in the presence of an excess of soluble CD30. These epitopes (Ep2 and Ep7) are, therefore, more efficiently presented on cell-associated CD30 than on soluble CD30 (membrane-specific epitopes). Also, soluble CD30 in the sera of mice bearing L540 tumors did not form immune complexes with the membrane-specific mAbs analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography. In contrast, mAbs to the other epitopes reacted with both soluble CD30 and membrane CD30. Our results suggest that it may be possible to find membrane-specific epitopes on other immunotherapy target molecules.
Comparative transcriptomics of rice reveals an ancient pattern of response to microbial colonization
Authors: Güimil Sonia , Chang Hur-Song , Zhu Tong , Sesma Ane , Osbourn Anne , Roux Christophe , Ioannidis Vassilios , Oakeley Edward J. , Docquier Mylène , Descombes Patrick , Briggs Steven P. , Paszkowski Uta
Published: May 2005

Glomalean fungi induce and colonize symbiotic tissue called arbuscular mycorrhiza on the roots of most land plants. Other fungi also colonize plants but cause disease not symbiosis. Whole-transcriptome analysis using a custom-designed Affymetrix Gene-Chip and confirmation with real-time RT-PCR revealed 224 genes affected during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. We compared these transcription profiles with those from rice roots that were colonized by pathogens (
Magnaporthe grisea
and
Fusarium moniliforme
). Over 40% of genes showed differential regulation caused by both the symbiotic and at least one of the pathogenic interactions. A set of genes was similarly expressed in all three associations, revealing a conserved response to fungal colonization. The responses that were shared between pathogen and symbiont infection may play a role in compatibility. Likewise, the responses that are different may cause disease. Some of the genes that respond to mycorrhizal colonization may be involved in the uptake of phosphate. Indeed, phosphate addition mimicked the effect of mycorrhiza on 8% of the tested genes. We found that 34% of the mycorrhiza-associated rice genes were also associated with mycorrhiza in dicots, revealing a conserved pattern of response between the two angiosperm classes.
Properties of fatty acids in dispersions of emulsified lipid and bile salt and the significance of these properties in fat absorption in the pig and the sheep
Authors: Freeman C. P.
Published: May 2005

1. The behaviour of fatty acids in dilute bile salt solution and in dispersions of triglyceride in bile salt solution was examined. The properties of fatty acids in bile salt solution were defined in terms of their saturation ratio, and of the critical micellar concentration of bile salt for each fatty acid as solute. The partition of fatty acids between the oil phase and the micellar phase of the dispersions was defined as the distribution coefficientK M/O.The phases were separated by ultracentrifugation.

2. Of the fatty acids examined, palmitic and stearic acids behaved in bile salt solution as typical non-polar solutes. Lauric, oleic and linoleic acids had properties similar to typical amphiphiles. The effectiveness of these and other amphiphiles was expressed in terms of an amphiphilic index.

3. Thetrans-fatty acids, vaccenic acid and linolelaidic acid possessed solubility properties similar to theircis-isomers. The properties of elaidic acid were intermediate between those of the non-polar and the amphiphilic solutes.

4. The distribution coefficients of fatty acids differed less significantly than their solubilities in bile salt solution, but were influenced to some extent by the composition of the oil phase.

5. The effect of pH on the partition of fatty acids was similar for all fatty acids examined. There was a marked increase in the partition of fatty acids in the micellar phase as pH increased above 6.2.

6. In the presence of Ca2+ions above a threshold concentration of I m-equiv./l. and at a pH higher than 6.4, the partition of stearic acid in the micellar phase of the bi-phasic system was restricted. No interaction of Ca2+ion and pH was observed with oleic acid.

7. The effect of some amphiphiles on the distribution coefficient of stearic acid was examined. The capacity of lysolecithin to solubilize stearic acid in the micellar phase of dispersions was about twice that of I-mono-olein. The significance of the results in relation to fat absorption in the pig and the sheep is discussed.
The effect of dietary content of plant protein on the utilization of urea in the bovine rumen
Authors: Nikolić J. Anna , Jovanović M. , Stošić D. , Pavličević A.
Published: May 2005

1. Four young Friesian bulls with rumen fistulas were given four isocaloric all-concentrate diets containing different amounts and sources of nitrogen in a Latin square arrangement. Diet HP (high-protein) contained 2·31% plant nitrogen; diet MPU (medium-protein with urea) 1·67% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 2·36%); diet LPU (low-protein with urea) 0·95% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 1·65%); diet HPU (high-protein with urea) 2·28% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 2·97%), calculated on an air-dry basis.

2. The rumen pH varied between 5·8 and 6·1 with diets HP, MPU and HPU, but was significantly lower with diet LPU with values between 5·4 and 5·8.

3. The results showed no differences between the isonitrogenous diets HP and MPU except that replacement of plant nitrogen with urea was followed by an increase in the concentration of ammonia in the rumen. With the diets containing urea, the concentrations of rumen ammonia varied inversely with the amount of dietary plant nitrogen supplied, indicating a negative effect of plant nitrogen on urea utilization.

4. Concentrations of alkali-labile nitrogen (amide) were not increased with diets containing urea except with diet HPU, which produced the highest concentrations of ammonia in the rumen.

5. The concentration of true protein in the rumen and the amino acid distribution were similar with all four diets, indicating the ability of the microflora to adapt to qualitative and quantitative differences in dietary nitrogen intake.

6. Ration acceptability was lower with diets LPU and HPU than with diets HP and MPU.

7. Large differences between individual animals in rumen pH, percentage of dry matter and total nitrogen concentration in the rumen were noted.
Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion in calves
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Roy J. H. B. , Stobo I. J. F. , Shotton Susan M. , Gillies Catherine M.
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of giving milk once or twice daily (Expt 1) and of weaning (Expt 2) on the flow rate of digesta through the duodenum and on pancreatic secretion were studied in four and two Ayrshire calves respectively. The calves were prepared with duodenal re-entrant and pancreatic sac cannulas.

2. In Expt 1, when whole milk was offered ad lib. once daily, the calves ingested 141 g/kg live weight (46 g dry matter (dm)/kg live weight 0.75) at a single meal. The subsequent pattern of flow and total recovery of polyethylene glycol from the duodenum suggested that none of the ingested milk passed into the rumeno-reticulum. As the total daily quantity of milk ingested when the calves were fed once and twice daily was similar, it was concluded that abomasal distension is unlikely to be the sole factor limiting milk intake in the preruminant calf.

3. With twice-daily feeding, there were no differences in the pattern or total flow of fluid, electrolytes, nitrogen or fat through the duodenum of the calves following the 09.00 and 21.00 hours meals. The pattern of flow of duodenal and pancreatic fluids and the concentration of electrolytes, N and fat were markedly different when the calves were fed once or twice daily. The patterns of flow of fluid and the concentration of electrolytes in the duodenal digesta reflected the frequency of feeding and the size of the meal and the consequent balance between feed and endogenous components of the digesta. The quantity of the apparent endogenous secretion and pancreatic secretion was markedly less when the calves were fed once daily.

4. In Expt 2, the two Ayshire calves were given whole milk twice daily (diet MM), whole milk once daily with concentrates (diet MC), concentrates alone (diet CC) or dried grass alone (diet DG). The calves consumed 46, 49, 45 and 51 g dm/kg live weight 0.75 when given diets MM, MC, CC and DG respectively.

5. The twice-daily fluctuations in the flow and concentration of fluid, electrolytes, N and fat in the duodenal digesta and the pancreatic fluid observed when diet MM was given were replaced by relatively constant flow rates and composition when diet CC or DG was given.

6. Over the 24 h experimental period 97, 70, 50 and 58% of the DM and 112, 98, 99 and 84% of the N in the feed passed through the duodenum of calves when given diets MM, MC, CC and DG respectively.

7. When dry food was given, the rate of pancreatic fluid secretion was markedly lower (11.3 and 13.5 ml/kg live weight for diets CC and DG respectively) than when diet MM (19.7 ml/kg live weight) was given.
Serum and intracellular retinol transport in the equine
Authors: Sklan D. , Donoghue Susan
Published: May 2005

1. Serum and intracellular distribution of retinol was determined in equines maintained on four levels of vitamin A intake.

2. The form of retinol transported in serum was determined by gel filtration and chromatography to be a complex of retinol bound to a protein of molecular weight (MW) of approximately 20000, which was in turn complexed probably with prealbumin to yield a complex with a MW of 75000 to 80000.

3. Increasing dietary vitamin A levels enhanced the concentration of lipoprotein-bound retinyl esters in the plasma.

4. Vitamin A in the liver cytosol was found predominantly as retinyl esters in a lipid–protein aggregate of MW approximately 2 × 106and hydrated density of 1·063–1·111. In the kidney and adrenal gland, two Iipid–protein entitites were found with MW of approximately 1·8 × 106and 1·7 × 105respectively. These fractions contained approximately 40 and 20% lipid respectively and had densities of 1·063–1·111 and approximately 1·21.

5. All lipid–protein aggregates were associated with retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity and guanidine treatment released a 15000 MW material, presumably intracellular retinol-binding protein.

6. Increasing dietary vitamin A enhanced the proportion of retinol in the 1·7 × 105fraction.

7. Findings in equine plasma and liver resemble previous observations in other species. The characterization of two new lipid–protein aggregates in equine kidney and adrenal glands, which have hydrolase activity, may be important in intracellular retinol transport and metabolism, especially in animals subjected to high intakes of vitamin A.
The determination of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) activity
Authors: Whitehead C. C. , Armstrong J. A. , Waddington D.
Published: May 2005

1. Experiments were carried out to establish the conditions required for the measurement of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1; PC) activity.

2. Reference diets were formulated which gave a linear response in blood PC activity at 3 weeks of age over a wide range of supplemental dietary biotin concentrations.

3. Dietary protein concentration was found to affect blood PC activity. Hence purified ingredients in the reference diets were wholly or partially replaced by the test ingredients so that all diets in each assay contained the same amounts of protein, fat and metabolizable energy. Comparison of the blood PC activities of birds$ given the test diets with those given biotin-supplemented reference diets provided a measure of the available biotin content of the test ingredient.

4. Bioavailabilities of biotin were found to vary widely in the cereals and vegetable-protein sources tested.
Efficiency of utilization of essential amino acids in growing rats at different levels of intake
Authors: Heger J. , Frydrych Z.
Published: May 2005

1. Nitrogen balance was studied in growing male SPF-rats fed on diets in which each essential amino acid was varied from zero to about 120% of optimum requirement. From the balance results, optimum and maintenance requirements were estimated as well as the efficiency of utilization of amino acids for growth and growth + maintenance.

2. N balance increased with increasing dietary level of the deficient amino acid; the response gradually diminished as the content of the amino acid approached optimum. At zero level of intake, negative N balance was found for all amino acids except histidine. The highest loss of body N was found in the sulphur-amino-acid-free diet and the lowest one in the lysine-free diet.

3. Maximal utilization of essential amino acids for growth was found at dietary levels corresponding to 30–60% of optimum requirement and ranged from about 0.65 to 0.85 except for S amino acids and histidine. The utilization of S amino acids was about 0.55 while that of histidine exceeded 1.0. The utilization of amino acids for growth-tmaintenance was maximal at the lowest levels of intake and gradually decreased as the dietary concentration of the limiting amino acid increased. At dietary levels near optimum the utilization was about 06–07, except for S amino acids where the utilization was less than 0.5.
Mannose-Binding Lectin in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Ip W. K. Eddie , Chan Kwok Hung , Law Helen K. W. , Tso Gloria H. W. , Kong Eric K. P. , Wong Wilfred H. S. , To Yuk Fai , Yung Raymond W. H. , Chow Eudora Y. , Au Ka Leung , Chan Eric Y. T. , Lim Wilina , Jensenius Jens C. , Turner Malcolm W. , Peiris J. S. Malik , Lau Yu Lung
Published: May 2005

Little is known about the innate immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) infection. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a key molecule in innate immunity, functions as an ante-antibody before the specific antibody response. Here, we describe a case-control study that included 569 patients with SARS and 1188 control subjects and used in vitro assays to investigate the role that MBL plays in SARS-CoV infection. The distribution of MBL gene polymorphisms was significantly different between patients with SARS and control subjects, with a higher frequency of haplotypes associated with low or deficient serum levels of MBL in patients with SARS than in control subjects. Serum levels of MBL were also significantly lower in patients with SARS than in control subjects. There was, however, no association between MBL genotypes, which are associated with low or deficient serum levels of MBL, and mortality related to SARS. MBL could bind SARS-CoV in a dose- and calcium-dependent and mannan-inhibitable fashion in vitro, suggesting that binding is through the carbohydrate recognition domains of MBL. Furthermore, deposition of complement C4 on SARS-CoV was enhanced by MBL. Inhibition of the infectivity of SARS-CoV by MBL in fetal rhesus kidney cells (FRhK-4) was also observed. These results suggest that MBL contributes to the first-line host defense against SARS-CoV and that MBL deficiency is a susceptibility factor for acquisition of SARS
An uncountable family of nonorbit equivalent actions of 𝔽_{𝕟}
Authors: Gaboriau Damien , Popa Sorin
Published: May 2005

For each

2
≤
n
≤
∞

2 \leq n \leq \infty

, we construct an uncountable family of free ergodic measure preserving actions

α
t

\alpha _t

of the free group

F

n

\mathbb {F}_n

on the standard probability space

(
X
,
μ
)

(X, \mu )

such that any two are nonorbit equivalent (in fact, not even stably orbit equivalent). These actions are all “rigid” (in the sense of Popa), with the II

1

_1

factors

L
∞

(
X
,
μ
)

⋊

α
t

F

n

L^\infty (X, \mu )\rtimes _{\alpha _t} \mathbb {F}_n

mutually nonisomorphic (even nonstably isomorphic) and in the class

H

T

s

.

\mathcal {H}\mathcal {T}_{_{s}}.
Valuations and multiplier ideals
Authors: Favre Charles , Jonsson Mattias
Published: May 2005

We present a new approach to the study of multiplier ideals in a local, two-dimensional setting. Our method allows us to deal with ideals, graded systems of ideals and plurisubharmonic functions in a unified way. Among the applications are a formula for the complex integrability exponent of a plurisubharmonic function in terms of Kiselman numbers, and a proof of the openness conjecture by Demailly and Kollár. Our technique also yields new proofs of two recent results: one on the structure of the set of complex singularity exponents for holomorphic functions; the other by Lipman and Watanabe on the realization of ideals as multiplier ideals.
On the Farrell-Jones conjecture for higher algebraic 𝐾-theory
Authors: Bartels Arthur , Reich Holger
Published: May 2005

We prove the Farrell-Jones Conjecture for the algebraic

K
K

-theory of a group ring

R
Γ

R \Gamma

in the case where the group

Γ
\Gamma

is the fundamental group of a closed Riemannian manifold with strictly negative sectional curvature. The coefficient ring

R
R

is an arbitrary associative ring with unit and the result applies to all dimensions.
Minkowski’s conjecture, well-rounded lattices and topological dimension
Authors: McMullen Curtis
Published: May 2005

Let

A
⊂

SL

n

(

R

)

A \subset {\operatorname {SL}}_n({\mathbb R})

be the diagonal subgroup, and identify

SL

n

(

R

)

/

SL

n

(

Z

)

{\operatorname {SL}}_n({\mathbb R})/ {\operatorname {SL}}_n({\mathbb Z})

with the space of unimodular lattices in

R

n

{\mathbb R}^n

. In this paper we show that the closure of any bounded orbit

A
⋅
L
⊂

SL

n

(

R

)

/

SL

n

(

Z

)

\begin{equation*} A \cdot L \subset {\operatorname {SL}}_n({\mathbb R})/{\operatorname {SL}}_n({\mathbb Z}) \end{equation*}

meets the set of well-rounded lattices. This assertion implies Minkowski’s conjecture for

n
=
6

n=6

and yields bounds for the density of algebraic integers in totally real sextic fields. The proof is based on the theory of topological dimension, as reflected in the combinatorics of open covers of

R

n

{\mathbb R}^n

and

T
n

T^n

.
Well-posedness of the water-waves equations
Authors: Lannes David
Published: May 2005

We prove that the water-waves equations (i.e., the inviscid Euler equations with free surface) are well-posed locally in time in Sobolev spaces for a fluid layer of finite depth, either in dimension

2
2

or

3
3

under a stability condition on the linearized equations. This condition appears naturally as the Lévy condition one has to impose on these nonstricly hyperbolic equations to insure well-posedness; it coincides with the generalized Taylor criterion exhibited in earlier works. Similarly to what happens in infinite depth, we show that this condition always holds for flat bottoms. For uneven bottoms, we prove that it is satisfied provided that a smallness condition on the second fundamental form of the bottom surface evaluated on the initial velocity field is satisfied. We work here with a formulation of the water-waves equations in terms of the velocity potential at the free surface and of the elevation of the free surface, and in Eulerian variables. This formulation involves a Dirichlet-Neumann operator which we study in detail: sharp tame estimates, symbol, commutators and shape derivatives. This allows us to give a tame estimate on the linearized water-waves equations and to conclude with a Nash-Moser iterative scheme.
A combinatorial formula for Macdonald polynomials
Authors: Haglund J. , Haiman M. , Loehr N.
Published: May 2005

We prove a combinatorial formula for the Macdonald polynomialH~μ(x;q,t)\tilde {H}_{\mu }(x;q,t)which had been conjectured by Haglund. Corollaries to our main theorem include the expansion ofH~μ(x;q,t)\tilde {H}_{\mu }(x;q,t)in terms of LLT polynomials, a new proof of the charge formula of Lascoux and Schützenberger for Hall-Littlewood polynomials, a new proof of Knop and Sahi’s combinatorial formula for Jack polynomials as well as a lifting of their formula to integral form Macdonald polynomials, and a new combinatorial rule for the Kostka-Macdonald coefficientsK~λμ(q,t)\tilde {K}_{\lambda \mu }(q,t)in the case thatμ\muis a partition with parts≤2\leq 2.
Estimates for the extinction time for the Ricci flow on certain 3-manifolds and a question of Perelman
Authors: Colding Tobias , Minicozzi William
Published: May 2005

We show that the Ricci flow becomes extinct in finite time on any Riemannian

3
3

-manifold without aspherical summands.
The essentially tame local Langlands correspondence, I
Authors: Bushnell Colin , Henniart Guy
Published: May 2005

Let

F
F

be a non-Archimedean local field (of characteristic

0
0

or

p
p

) with finite residue field of characteristic

p
p

. An irreducible smooth representation of the Weil group of

F
F

is called essentially tame if its restriction to wild inertia is a sum of characters. The set of isomorphism classes of irreducible, essentially tame representations of dimension

n
n

is denoted

G

n

e
t

(
F
)

\mathcal {G}^\mathrm {et}_n(F)

. The Langlands correspondence induces a bijection of

G

n

e
t

(
F
)

\mathcal {G}^\mathrm {et}_n(F)

with a certain set

A

n

e
t

(
F
)

\mathcal {A}^\mathrm {et}_n(F)

of irreducible supercuspidal representations of

G
L

n

(
F
)

\mathrm {GL}_n(F)

. We consider the set

P
n

(
F
)

P_n(F)

of isomorphism classes of certain pairs

(
E

/

F
,
ξ
)

(E/F,\xi )

, called “admissible”, consisting of a tamely ramified field extension

E

/

F

E/F

of degree

n
n

and a quasicharacter

ξ
\xi

of

E
×

E^\times

. There is an obvious bijection of

P
n

(
F
)

P_n(F)

with

G

n

e
t

(
F
)

\mathcal {G}^\mathrm {et}_n(F)

. Using the classification of supercuspidal representations and tame lifting, we construct directly a canonical bijection of

P
n

(
F
)

P_n(F)

with

A

n

e
t

(
F
)

\mathcal {A}^\mathrm {et}_n(F)

, generalizing and simplifying a construction of Howe (1977). Together, these maps give a canonical bijection of

G

n

e
t

(
F
)

\mathcal {G}^\mathrm {et}_n(F)

with

A

n

e
t

(
F
)

\mathcal {A}^\mathrm {et}_n(F)

. We show that one obtains the Langlands correspondence by composing the map

P
n

(
F
)
→

A

n

e
t

(
F
)

P_n(F) \to \mathcal {A}^\mathrm {et}_n(F)

with a permutation of

P
n

(
F
)

P_n(F)

of the form

(
E

/

F
,
ξ
)
↦
(
E

/

F
,

μ
ξ

ξ
)

(E/F,\xi )\mapsto (E/F,\mu _\xi \xi )

, where

μ
ξ

\mu _\xi

is a tamely ramified character of

E
×

E^\times

depending on

ξ
\xi

. This answers a question of Moy (1986). We calculate the character

μ
ξ

\mu _\xi

in the case where

E

/

F

E/F

is totally ramified of odd degree.