bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VAD KAN VI LÄRA OSS OM TYSTNAD GENOM EN NÄRLÄSNING MED MARCEL MAUSS?
Authors: Friberg Torbjörn
Published: September 2021

Syftet är att diskutera begreppsligheten av tystnad, utefter en närläsning med

Gåvan och tillhörande referenslitteratur. Den metod som ligger till grund för

denna sorts närläsning hämtar inspiration från filosofen Gilles Deleuzes tillvägagångssätt,

vilket här innebär ett försök att producera nya tankar om tystnad snarare

än att påpeka felaktigheter i Marcel Mauss etnografiska beskrivningar. Istället

för att kritisera Mauss, såsom det många gånger tidigare gjorts av diverse antropologer,

handlar det här om ett experiment att bringa resonans med tystnaden.

Inledningsvis studeras Mauss användning av Boas (1858-1942) etnografiska

beskrivningar, där det framgår att den senare antropologens skrifter är idealiska

för en återanalys. Detta innebär att Mauss i rollen som skrivbordsetnograf på

nytt analyserar och till viss del omformar materialet. Bland annat tillskriver

Mauss bytesföremål en personlighet – ett resonemang som inte går att finna i

de ursprungliga texterna. Den andra delen har fokus på Mauss tillämpning av

Malinowskis (1884-1942) etnografiska beskrivningar. Här visas på hur Mauss

till en början samspelar med Malinowskis antagande, vilket senare övergår till

en polemik vad gäller „den rena gåvan“. Den tredje delen strävar efter att förstå

Mauss etnografiska beskrivningar genom att inplacera dem i en samtida intellektuell

och politisk kontext. Efter en kortare sammanfattning övergår slutsatsen

i en diskussion av tystnadens inneboende ambivalens (tvivel och förtroende) i

förhållande till den etnografiska beskrivningen.

Søgeord: Marcel Mauss, Gåvan, teori, etnografi, lokala strategier, tystnad
VI BEBOR MANGFOLDIGE VERDENER
Authors: Nielsen Morten
Published: September 2021

Debatoplæg. For udsagnet
NÅR VERDENER ER AMULETTER: Shamanisme, ting og ontologi blandt duhaerne i Mongoliet
Authors: Kristensen Benedikte Møller
Published: September 2021

Artiklen undersøger, hvilken rolle amuletter og såkaldt „dårlige ting“ spiller i

initieringen af shamaner blandt duha, som er rensdyrnomader i Mongoliet. Det

er artiklens tese, at duhaernes religiøe amuletter udgø et slags levende kort over

duhaernes shamanistiske ontologi og synliggø deres forestilling om, at hver

shamanslæt udgø en sæegen verden. De „ålige ting“ synliggø duhaernes

normer og vædier for korrekt omgang med mennesker og ikke-mennesker, som

er indeholdt i deres „aturlov“. Viden om de enkelte shamanslæters sæegenhed

videreføes fra shaman til shaman via slætens amuletter, mens de „ålige ting“

synliggø duhaernes fæles normer og vædier. Endelig illustrerer artiklen, hvordan

duhaernes shamanistiske ontologi indebæer en forestilling om multiple verdener,

hvis beskaffenhed kontinuerligt konstrueres og rekonstrueres i en dialektik mellem

viden og „ravæ af viden“ om amuletter, en dialektik, som drives fremad af hædelser

i menneskelivet, der udfordrer shamanen og slætens eksisterende viden

om –og ivæksæter en søen efter og rygter om –den enkelte amulets sande

natur og verden.

Søgeord: shamanisme, ting, ontologi, viden, fravær af viden, rygter
Göran Adamson: Svensk mångfaldspolitik – en kritik från vänster. Malmö: Arx förlag 2014. 181 sider. ISBN 978-91-87043-22-2. Pris: 163,00 SEK
Authors: Dyrberg Torben Bech
Published: September 2021

Intet resumé
EFTERORD
Authors: Pedersen Ove K.
Published: September 2021

Jeg har fundet megen inspiration ved at læse de forskellige bidrag og takker

for muligheden for at reflektere over dem alle. Det skal jeg gøre ved først at rette

tre misforståelser og i den forbindelse formulere et par præciseringer. Derefter

skal jeg vise, hvordan de mange bidrag har inspireret mig til at pege på yderligere

forskning i, hvordan transformationen fra velfærdsstat til konkurrencestat foregår.

Med misforståelser mener jeg, hvad jeg selv anser som fejlagtige læsninger af

bogen Konkurrencestaten (Pedersen 2011), både i den generelle debat og i dette

tidsskrift. Jeg udelukker ikke, at jeg selv har ansvar for flere – eller alle – og

bruger derfor ikke ordet misforståelse til at klandre nogen, men til at præcisere,

hvad der øjensynligt kan fejltolkes og er blevet det.
MIDT I LEGEN: Innovation i børnehøjde
Authors: Botelho Flora , Hansen Birgitte Gorm
Published: September 2021

I studier af entreprenørskab og innovation har man vist stor interesse for leg som et middel til at producere det nye og som en strategi for at sikre udvikling af innovative produkter og viden. Denne artikel udforsker en anden optik af leg, som problematiserer, hvad der ligger til grund for ideerne om brugbare innovationer eller nytte i organisatorisk kreativitet. Dette er gjort ved at kigge nærmere på børnehavebørns leg og se, hvordan børn igennem leg aktivt manipulerer med både reelle og virtuelle dele af virkeligheden og på den måde slører grænserne mellem det alvorlige og det legende, det fantasifulde og det virkelige. Det bliver især udforsket, hvordan børns leg præsenterer en særlig tilgang til nuet, som snarere end at være en lineært ordnet, tidslig periode fremstår som en beholder for potentialiteter. Ved at beskæftige sig med disse aspekter af leg foreslår artiklen, at leg er en aktivitet, der skaber potentielle virkeligheder og temporaliteter, snarere end en nyttebestemt aktivitet, som har til formål at udvikle diverse færdigheder i relation til et præetableret, kulturelt formål.

Søgeord: leg, skabelse, innovation, nytte, børn, potentialitet
Black Russian. Moralkonservativa mardrömmar om totalitär neoliberalism
Authors: Höjdestrand Tova
Published: September 2021

Black Russian. Moralkonservativa mardrömmar om totalitär neoliberalism
Keith M. Murphy: Swedish Design. An Ethnography
Authors: Krause-Jensen Jacob
Published: September 2021

Dansk design, finsk design, svensk design. Ingen andre steder på kloden er design så tæt vævet sammen med nationalstaten som i Skandinavien. Sådan en national branding peger på forbindelsen mellem æstetik og velfærdsstatsnationalisme. For hvordan bliver forestillingen om medborgerskab og nation building knyttet sammen med æstetiske idealer? Hvordan tager kulturel identitet i bogstavelig forstand form? Det er det centrale spørgsmål, antropologen Keith Murphy prøver at besvare i sin bog Swedish Design. An Ethnography.
Danske resumeer
Authors: TA Redaktionen
Published: September 2021

Resumeer af artiklerne
Tvivlens etik og det at tro på spørgsmålets særegne værdi
Authors: Høyer Klaus
Published: September 2021

Tvivlens etik og det at tro på spørgsmålets særegne værdi
Mapa towarowości rolnictwa w Koncepcji Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju 2030 = Map of agricultural commodity in the National Spatial Development Concept 2030
Authors: Śleszyński Przemysław
Published: September 2021

The article presents a map, which was compiled in 2009 in cooperation with Prof. Roman Kulikowski for the National Spatial Development Concept 2030. It concerns the inclusion of agricultural commodities in connection with natural conditions for the development of this sector of economy. For the typology, a division into the following classes was proposed: in terms of the quality of agricultural production space: A – up to 45 points, B – 45.1 to 60 points, C – above 60 points and in terms of commodity quality per 1 ha of agricultural land: 1 – up to 1,000 PLN, 2 – 1,000 up to 2,000 PLN, 3 – above 2,000 PLN. It has been shown that in Poland there is no stronger interdependence between natural conditions and agricultural commercialization. The resulting typology was further used to show changes within particular 9 distinguished types in terms of total population and post-productive age in agglomeration (suburban) and non-agglomeration areas. A disturbing phenomenon of relatively fast depopulation and ageing of the population in areas with good natural conditions for the development of agricultural function was detected. If this is not related to agrarian overpopulation, it is a serious obstacle to the desired transformations in Polish agriculture. Typology of communes, due to natural conditions and agricultural commodities may be useful for research on the processes taking place in rural areas presenting diverse development level.
Typologia i regionalizacja obszarów wiejskich województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego = Typology and regionalization of rural areas in the Kuyavian‑Pomeranian (kujawsko-pomorskie) Voivodship
Authors: Falkowski Jan
Published: September 2021

The aim of the studies is the typology and regionalization of rural areas in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian (in Polish: kujawsko-pomorskie) Voivodship in 2018. Basing upon 27 features: natural, cultural, demographic, social, economic and financial conditions, 6 structural types were developed for 127 rural and urban-rural communes. All variables were subjected to the procedure of averaging the set and the standard deviation in plus and in minus. The position of the variable center meant the average level of favorable conditions, in plus – very favorable and favorable conditions, and in minus – less favorable and unfavorable conditions. On this basis, the structural typology of rural areas was developed statistically and cartographically (Figure 2A-E and Table 1). Then, 8 types of functional rural areas were distinguished: 1 – remarkably agricultural, 2 – dominated by the agricultural function, 3 – agricultural and tourism, 4 – agricultural and forestry, 5 – forestry, 6 – tourism and recreation, 7 – multifunctional and 8 – suburban (urbanized). The dominance of the occurrence or coexistence of individual functional and structural types became the basis for the geographical and economic regionalization of rural areas (Figure 3 and Table 2). Elaborated typology and regionalization is the first attempt at analytical and synthetic approach to rural areas in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship. It possesses significant application value. Presented results of functional and structural research may contribute to better understanding of contemporary geographic and economic processes taking place in the development of these areas. Their proper management, undertaken planning and strategic activities may allow for more rational use of the existing natural, social, economic, financial conditions and resources and can significantly improve life quality of rural residents.
In situ imaging of bacterial outer membrane projections and associated protein complexes using electron cryo-tomography
Authors: Kaplan Mohammed , Chreifi Georges , Metskas Lauren Ann , Liedtke Janine , Wood Cecily R , Oikonomou Catherine M , Nicolas William J , Subramanian Poorna , Zacharoff Lori A , Wang Yuhang , Chang Yi-Wei , Beeby Morgan , Dobro Megan J , Zhu Yongtao , McBride Mark J , Briegel Ariane , Shaffer Carrie L , Jensen Grant J
Published: September 2021

The ability to produce outer membrane projections in the form of tubular membrane extensions (MEs) and membrane vesicles (MVs) is a widespread phenomenon among diderm bacteria. Despite this, our knowledge of the ultrastructure of these extensions and their associated protein complexes remains limited. Here, we surveyed the ultrastructure and formation of MEs and MVs, and their associated protein complexes, in tens of thousands of electron cryo-tomograms of ~90 bacterial species that we have collected for various projects over the past 15 years (Jensen lab database), in addition to data generated in the Briegel lab. We identified outer MEs and MVs in 13 diderm bacterial species and classified several major ultrastructures: (1) tubes with a uniform diameter (with or without an internal scaffold), (2) tubes with irregular diameter, (3) tubes with a vesicular dilation at their tip, (4) pearling tubes, (5) connected chains of vesicles (with or without neck-like connectors), (6) budding vesicles and nanopods. We also identified several protein complexes associated with these MEs and MVs which were distributed either randomly or exclusively at the tip. These complexes include a secretin-like structure and a novel crown-shaped structure observed primarily in vesicles from lysed cells. In total, this work helps to characterize the diversity of bacterial membrane projections and lays the groundwork for future research in this field.
Bilder i hjemmet – hvordan visuelle uttrykk definerer muslimske rom i Norge
Authors: Brekketo Birte
Published: September 2021

Målet for denne artikkelen er å undersøke hvordan norske muslimske familier orienterer seg mellom sunni-islamsk og vestlig visuell tradisjon, hvordan de forholder seg til dilemmaer som oppstår når tradisjoner divergerer, og hvordan de konstruerer sin visuelle og religiøse identitet når de lever i diaspora. Artikkelen baserer seg på empiri fra intervjuer med tjue unge informanter. De forklarer at de og deres familier klassifiserer bilder i to hovedkategorier: Religiøse kalligrafiske bilder, som behandles i tråd med skikker og ritualer i hjemmet. Når det gjelder den andre kategorien, figurative bilder med sekulært fokus, er situasjonen annerledes: Noen typer av figurative bilder, særlig portrettfotografier, skaper konflikter i familiene. Innen sunni-islam finnes det ulike syn på slike bilder. Ofte blir portrettfotografiet oppfattet som en selvstendig sosial aktør, og man tenker seg at det kan øve uheldig innflytelse på betraktere og skape uro på de stedene der bønn praktiseres. Siden mange muslimer ber hjemme, kreves det nøye overveielser når bilder skal plasseres.
Refocusing Zuboff’s ‘division of learning’ on Education
Authors: Knox Jeremy
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the concept of the ‘division of learning’, and the broader thesis of ‘surveillance capitalism’ within which it is situated, in terms of its relevance to education. It begins with defining the term, before suggesting two key ways in which aligning the ‘division of learning’ with perspectives from educational research might provide productive insights for both domains. The first considers the impact of increasing ‘datafication’ in education, where platform technologies are proliferating as powerful actors that both mediate and shape educational activity. Here the ‘division of learning’ offers useful insights concerning the disparities resulting from learning in and learning from educational platforms. The second explores the extent to which education theory might offer ways to develop the concept of the ‘division of learning’, through critique of the term ‘learning’ itself, as well as the foregrounding of questions of educational ‘purpose’. Here the ‘division of learning’ is suggested to maintain, rather than challenge, the dominant practices of data exploitation, for which further engagement with a purposive, political, and emancipatory form of ‘data science’ is suggested.
Critical Data Studies and Data Science in Higher Education
Authors: Verständig Dan
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses an explorative approach on strengthening critical data literacy using data science methods and a theoretical framing intersecting educational science and media theory. The goal is to path a way from data-driven to data-discursive perspectives of data and datafication in higher education. Therefore, the paper focuses on a case study, a higher education course project in 2019 and 2020 on education and data science, based on problem-based learning. The paper closes with a discussion on the challenges on strengthening data literacy in higher education, offering insights into data practices and the pitfalls of working with and reflecting on digital data.
Introducing Maker-Inspired Technology in the Finnish Craft Subject – A Case Study from One School
Authors: Borg Rasmus , Porko-Hudd Mia , Hartvik Juha
Published: September 2021

In the last two decades, the use of technology in Finnish basic education has developed rapidly. The combination of digital and analogue resources is emphasized especially in the maker movement to reduce abstraction in digital equipment. Craft as a learning subject has substantive conditions for offering pupils instruction in both traditional analogue and current digital working methods within the subject area. The purpose of this study was to examine what kind of knowledge and skill development are expressed when three types of maker-inspired technologies consisting of 3D modelling, 3D printing and e-textiles, are integrated into a lesson sequence in craft in Grade 7 in a Finnish basic education school. The study was conducted as an action research cycle consisting of seven lessons within a craft sequence. The data collection method was a questionnaire. The study shows the development of pupils' self-reported knowledge and skills as well as their attitudes towards the technological contents of the lesson sequence. Keywords: craft, sloyd, maker movement, basic education
The Decisional Value of Information in European Semi-automated Decision-making
Authors: Demková Simona
Published: September 2021

This article asserts that the automated processing of information, such as via large-scale information systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ), alters the 'value' of information from a means of assistance to a key decisional asset. Information in its different forms,
whether paper-based or digital, has always been fundamental to decision-making conduct. Concretely, the premise holds that decisions shall be based on correct, full, and adequate knowledge and reasoning. Technological innovation has, however, magnified information capacities and significance.
The article in that respect maintains that the 'decisional value' of automatically-processed information consequently also alters the nature of the respective decision-making – from a conventional type where the agent exercises discretion to a 'semi-automated' conduct in which automation
inhibits the agent's decision-making capacity. The recognition of such transformation is necessary for the law to keep up with the technological progress and safeguard rights of individuals who are subjects of such semi-automated decisions.
Revisiting food-sourced vitamins for consumer diet and health needs: a perspective review, from vitamin classification, metabolic functions, absorption, utilization, to balancing nutritional requirements
Authors: Ofoedu Chigozie E. , Iwouno Jude O. , Ofoedu Ebelechukwu O. , Ogueke Chika C. , Igwe Victory S. , Agunwah Ijeoma M. , Ofoedum Arinze F. , Chacha James S. , Muobike Onyinye P. , Agunbiade Adedoyin O. , Njoku Njideka E. , Nwakaudu Angela A. , Odimegwu Nkiru E. , Ndukauba Onyekachi E. , Ogbonna Chukwuka U. , Naibaho Joncer , Korus Maciej , Okpala Charles Odilichukwu R.
Published: September 2021

The significant attention gained by food-sourced vitamins has provided insights into numerous current researches; for instance, the potential reversal of epigenetic age using a diet and lifestyle intervention, the balance between food and dietary supplements in the general population, the role of diet and food intake in age-related macular degeneration, and the association of dietary supplement use, nutrient intake and mortality among adults. As relevant literature about food-sourced vitamin increases, continuous synthesis is warranted. To supplement existing information, this perspective review discussed food-sourced vitamins for consumer diet and health needs, scoping from vitamin absorption, metabolic functions, utilization, to balancing nutritional requirements. Relevant literatures were identified through a search of databases like Google Scholar, Web of Science, the Interscience Online Library, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. We demonstrated that vitamins whether from plant- and animal-based sources are prerequisites for the metabolic functions of the human body. The fat- and water-soluble classification of vitamins remains consistent with their respective absorption and dissolution potentials, underpinned by numerous physiological functions. Vitamins, largely absorbed in the small intestine, have their bioavailability dependent on the food composition, its associated interactions, as well as alignment with their metabolic functions, which involves antioxidants, coenzymes, electron acceptor/donor, and hormones. Moreover, vitamin deficiencies, in every form, pose a serious threat to human health. Vitamin toxicities remain rare, but can still occur mainly from supplementation, although it appears much less in water-soluble vitamins of which some excesses get readily removed by the human body, different from the fat-soluble ones that are stored in tissues and organs. Besides discussions of absorption, transport, and cellular uptake of vitamins, this perspective review also included approaches to meeting vitamin requirements and therapeutic strategies against micronutrient deficiency and COVID-19. We have also attempted on how to strike the balance between food-sourced vitamins and dietary supplements.
To culture or not to culture: a snapshot of culture-dependent and culture-independent bacterial diversity from peanut rhizosphere
Authors: Hinsu Ankit , Dumadiya Ashvin , Joshi Anjali , Kotadiya Rohitkumar , Andharia Kavan , Koringa Prakash , Kothari Ramesh
Published: September 2021

Background

Sequencing driven metagenomics studies have been instrumental in various aspects of microbiology including identification of newer taxa. While this culture-independent approach has its own merits and demerits, several studies have focussed on comparing it with traditional culture-dependent (CD) approach. However, most of these comparative studies rely on Sanger sequencing of complete 16S rRNA gene from pure culture colonies to determine the culturable bacterial diversity. This approach undercounts culturable diversity as only fewer isolates are selected, sequenced, and identified.

Methods

In this study, we have used an Illumina based partial 16S sequencing to identify all the microbes growing on the media and directly comparing with its culture-independent (CI) counterpart. Eight different media were used to target different organisms from soil. Diversity on these media were compared with their CI counterpart. The NGS data was analysed using DADA2 to provide more resolution to the data.

Results

In line with studies of similar nature, current study presented higher bacterial diversity in CI approach. However, the current study reflected that a greater number of sequence variants were missed out in CI approach as compared to number of sequence variants shared with CD approach. We observed around 322 (5.98%) ASVs (Amplicon Sequence Variants) exclusively present in CD samples while, 234 (4.35%) ASVs were shared between both approaches. Most of these 322 CD exclusive ASVs were classified as Enterobacteriaceae family and Bacillus genus, with several ASVs annotated at the species level as well, and these organisms are more commonly observed in soil and were also detected in CI approach. Furthermore, 22 genera were exclusively detected in CD samples, most of which were reported from soil and water.
The biomechanical characteristics of the strongman atlas stone lift
Authors: Hindle Benjamin , Lorimer Anna , Winwood Paul , Brimm Daniel , Keogh Justin W.L.
Published: September 2021

Background

The atlas stone lift is a popular strongman exercise where athletes are required to pick up a large, spherical, concrete stone and pass it over a bar or place it on to a ledge. The aim of this study was to use ecologically realistic training loads and set formats to (1) establish the preliminary biomechanical characteristics of athletes performing the atlas stone lift; (2) identify any biomechanical differences between male and female athletes performing the atlas stone lift; and (3) determine temporal and kinematic differences between repetitions of a set of atlas stones of incremental mass.

Methods

Kinematic measures of hip, knee and ankle joint angle, and temporal measures of phase and repetition duration were collected whilst 20 experienced strongman athletes (female: n = 8, male: n = 12) performed three sets of four stone lifts of incremental mass (up to 85% one repetition maximum) over a fixed-height bar.

Results

The atlas stone lift was categorised in to five phases: the recovery, initial grip, first pull, lap and second pull phase. The atlas stone lift could be biomechanically characterised by maximal hip and moderate knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion at the beginning of the first pull; moderate hip and knee flexion and moderate ankle plantarflexion at the beginning of the lap phase; moderate hip and maximal knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion at the beginning of the second pull phase; and maximal hip, knee extension and ankle plantarflexion at lift completion. When compared with male athletes, female athletes most notably exhibited: greater hip flexion at the beginning of the first pull, lap and second pull phase and at lift completion; and a shorter second pull phase duration. Independent of sex, first pull and lap phase hip and ankle range of motion (ROM) were generally smaller in repetition one than the final three repetitions, while phase and total repetition duration increased throughout the set. Two-way interactions between sex and repetition were identified. Male athletes displayed smaller hip ROM during the second pull phase of the first three repetitions when compared with the final repetition and smaller hip extension at lift completion during the first two repetitions when compared with the final two repetitions. Female athletes did not display these between-repetition differences.

Conclusions

Some of the between-sex biomechanical differences observed were suggested to be the result of between-sex anthropometric differences. Between-repetition differences observed may be attributed to the increase in stone mass and acute fatigue. The biomechanical characteristics of the atlas stone lift shared similarities with the previously researched Romanian deadlift and front squat. Strongman athletes, coaches and strength and conditioning coaches are recommended to take advantage of these similarities to achieve greater training adaptations and thus performance in the atlas stone lift and its similar movements.
The bioinformatics and experimental analysis of AlkB family for prognosis and immune cell infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Peng Bi , Yan Yuanliang , Xu Zhijie
Published: September 2021

Background

Serving as N6-methyladenosine demethylases, the AlkB family is involved in the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular profiles and clinical values of the AlkB family in HCC are not well known.

Methods

Several bioinformatics tools and in vitro experiments were used to identify the immune-related profiles and prognostic values of AlkB family in HCC.

Results

In this study expression levels of ALKBH1/2/3/4/7 were all remarkably increased in HCC tissues when compared with normal tissues. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the expression of AlkB family members in HCC tissues and normal liver tissues. In addition, high expression levels of ALKBH4 were negatively correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with HCC. Increased ALKBH4 was also associated with pathological stage in HCC patients. The molecular profiles of AlkB family in HCC were mainly associated with peptidyl-serine modification, peptidyl-tyrosine modification, regulation of metal ion transport, etc. Furthermore, tumor-infiltrating immune cell analysis indicated that ALKBH1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8 and FTO were related to the infiltration of different immune cell, such as CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells. We also discovered that the methylation levels of ALKBH1/2/4/5/6/8 and FTO were remarkably reduced in HCC tissues.

Conclusions

Collectively, our findings may deepen the understanding of specific molecular profiles of the AlkB family in HCC pathology. In particular, ALKBH4 could serve as a promising prognostic candidate for treating HCC, and these results might potentiate the development of more reliable therapeutic strategies for patients with HCC.
Contribution to Natural Rubber Production without Exogenous Hormonal Stimulation
Authors: Samuel Obouayeba , Moussa Diarrassouba , Djézou Konan , Pacôme Obouayeba Abba , Francis Soumahin Eric , Antoine Koffi , Christophe Adou Bini , Kouadio Ballo Espérance
Published: September 2021

Rubber production and especially its increase absolutely depend on the activation of the latex-producing metabolism. Can the latex-producing metabolism activation mechanism developed by rubber tree lead to higher yield without exogenous hormonal stimulation? In order to verify this decisive hypothesis, several works, carried out for nine years in Southern Côte d’Ivoire, were conducted on some 15 clones (IRCA 18, IRCA 209, IRCA 111, IRCA 130, PB 235, PB 260, PB 280, PB 330, PB 310; GT 1, BPM 24, RRIC 100; PB 217 and PR 107) of the three metabolisms respectively, active, moderate and slow, with two main statistical designs. On a small scale, in a “one-tree plot” design, the same latex harvesting system, tapping in d4 with different hormonal stimulation regimes (0/y; 2/y; 4/y; 6/y; 8/y; 13/y; 18/y; 26/y, 39/y and 78/y), has been applied to all treatments. In a randomized complete block design, different tapping frequencies (d2, d3, d4, d5 and d6) and hormonal stimulation (0/y, 4/y, 8/y and 10/y) were applied. Whatever the stimulation regime, the average g.t-1.t-1 of the unstimulated control (56) of the active metabolism clones (PB 235, PB 310, IRCA 111 and IRCA 130) over 9 years was statistically the same order that of the stimulated patterns (54). The average g.t-1.t-1 of the control (60) was lower than that of the highest yielding stimulated patterns (67) of the clones (PB 330, PB 280, PB 260, IRCA 18 and IRCA 209). The average g.t-1.t-1of the unstimulated control (49) was significantly lower than that of the highest yielding stimulated treatment (57) of moderate metabolism clones (GT 1, BPM 24 and RRIC 100). The average g.t-1.t-1 of the unstimulated control (39) was significantly lower than that of the highest yielding stimulated treatment (70) of slow metabolism clones (PB 217 and PR 107). On a large scale and at tapping frequency (d2), the unstimulated latex harvesting system (d2 0/y) showed an average yield of (2341; 2266 and 1849 kg.ha-1.year-1 for the active, moderate and slow metabolisms, respectively) statistically comparable to those of the highest yielding tapping frequencies d3, d4, d5 and d6 all latex harvesting systems combined for the clones studied (2388; 2348 and 2256 kg.ha-1.year-1). These results show that it is possible to produce natural rubber without exogenous hormonal stimulation by judiciously playing on tapping intensity.
Professional Development Learning Plans
Authors: Quirke Phil
Published: September 2021

As ELT professionals, we are committed to our own professional development as part of our lifelong learning journey, not just to further our own knowledge, practice, and career, but also to model best learning practice to our students. Our professional development learning plan should be theoretically based, outline our current professional practice, and detail how we want to improve and grow in the profession. The theories that most inform our professional development (PD) learning plans are from teacher knowledge, teacher identity, and reflective practice, and the practical development of these plans is best achieved by addressing key questions on where we now are in our career, where we want to go, and what we need to learn in order to bridge the skills and knowledge gap between the two.
Middle School Readers
Authors: Karkouti Ibrahim M. , Wolsey Thomas Devere
Published: September 2021

English learners in middle school confront challenges that are different from those of other students who may struggle with reading. This entry explains the theoretical underpinnings of reading, as they pertain to middle grade English learners. English learners need teachers who are well prepared to address their specific needs. Several techniques to promote reading comprehension via instructional routines and cognitive strategies are provided that address issues of fluency, word study and vocabulary development, and accessible content. The role of an appropriate reading practice and that of collaborative activities are also explored.
Conjugation‐Free Multilamellar Protein‐Lipid Hybrid Vesicles for Multifaceted Immune Responses
Authors: Koo Bon Il , Jin Seon‐Mi , Kim Hayeon , Lee Dong Jae , Lee Eunji , Nam Yoon Sung
Published: September 2021

Various lipid‐based nanocarriers have been developed for the co‐delivery of protein antigens with immunological adjuvants. However, their in vivo potency in vaccine delivery is limited by structural instability, which causes off‐target delivery and low cross‐presentation efficacies. Recent works employ covalent cross‐linking to stabilize the lipid nanostructures, though the immunogenicity and side effects of chemically modified protein antigens and lipids can cause a long‐lasting safety issue. Here robust “conjugation‐free” multilamellar protein antigen‐lipid hybrid nanovesicles (MPLVs) are introduced through the antigen‐mediated self‐assembly of unilamellar lipid vesicles for the co‐delivery of protein antigens and immunologic adjuvants. The nanocarriers coated with monophosphoryl lipid A and hyaluronic acids elicit highly increase antigen‐specific immune responses in vitro and in vivo. The MPLVs increase the generation of immunological surface markers and cytokines in mouse‐derived bone‐marrow dendritic cells compared to soluble antigens with adjuvants. Besides, the vaccination of mice with the MPLVs significantly increase the production of anti‐antigen antibody and interferon‐gamma via the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively. These findings suggest that MPLVs can serve as a promising nanovaccine delivery platform for efficient antigen cross‐presentation through the efficient co‐delivery of protein antigens with adjuvants.
Converging 2D Nanomaterials and 3D Bioprinting Technology: State‐of‐the‐Art, Challenges, and Potential Outlook in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Rastin Hadi , Mansouri Negar , Tung Tran Thanh , Hassan Kamrul , Mazinani Arash , Ramezanpour Mahnaz , Yap Pei Lay , Yu Le , Vreugde Sarah , Losic Dusan
Published: September 2021

The development of next‐generation of bioinks aims to fabricate anatomical size 3D scaffold with high printability and biocompatibility. Along with the progress in 3D bioprinting, 2D nanomaterials (2D NMs) prove to be emerging frontiers in the development of advanced materials owing to their extraordinary properties. Harnessing the properties of 2D NMs in 3D bioprinting technologies can revolutionize the development of bioinks by endowing new functionalities to the current bioinks. First the main contributions of 2D NMS in 3D bioprinting technologies are categorized here into six main classes: 1) reinforcement effect, 2) delivery of bioactive molecules, 3) improved electrical conductivity, 4) enhanced tissue formation, 5) photothermal effect, 6) and stronger antibacterial properties. Next, the recent advances in the use of each certain 2D NMs (1) graphene, 2) nanosilicate, 3) black phosphorus, 4) MXene, 5) transition metal dichalcogenides, 6) hexagonal boron nitride, and 7) metal–organic frameworks) in 3D bioprinting technology are critically summarized and evaluated thoroughly. Third, the role of physicochemical properties of 2D NMSs on their cytotoxicity is uncovered, with several representative examples of each studied 2D NMs. Finally, current challenges, opportunities, and outlook for the development of nanocomposite bioinks are discussed thoroughly.
3D‐Printed Light‐Driven Microswimmer with Built‐In Micromotors
Authors: Chen Yin , Yang Huanhua , Li Mingliang , Zhu Shilu , Chen Shuo , Dong Liuyi , Niu Fuzhou , Yang Runhuai
Published: September 2021

Untethered biocompatible microswimmers driven by micromotors in fluids can enable innovative technologies in fields such as biology and chemical and biomedical engineering. However, efficiently driving and controlling the movement of microswimmers by light remains a challenge. Herein, a method for fabricating a light‐driven microswimmer with built‐in micromotors and 3D‐printed multiscale features that exhibits high photocatalytic performance is proposed. TiO2‐CaCO3 composite microparticles (TC) are fabricated as highly efficient micromotors that provide high photocatalytic efficiency in bubble generation, while 3D‐printed hydrogels are fabricated as TiO2‐CaCO3/PEGDA (TC/P) microswimmers that provide biocompatibility, large specific surface area, and controllable movement. The results show that TC micromotors produced by physical mixing at a specific concentration exhibit a large specific surface area, reduced agglomeration, increased photocatalytic active sites, and improved photocatalytic stability. TC micromotors are effectively loaded into the porous hydrogel by 3D printing for multiscale fabrication to improve the photocatalytic performance across scales and realize effective and directional driving under violet light excitation. The TC/P microswimmers exhibit stable catalysis and motion in 7 days, at which point the catalysis by TiO2 is already ineffective. With stability, biocompatibility, and biomedical functions, this multiscale fabricated microswimmer exhibits great potential in micromanipulation and targeted therapy.
Flexible Self‐Powered Electrochemical Photodetector Functionalized by Multilayered Tantalum Diselenide Nanocrystals
Authors: Chauhan Payal , Patel Alkesh B. , Solanki Gunvant K. , Machhi Hiren K. , Soni Saurabh S. , Pathak Vivek M. , Patel Vikas , Narayan Som , Jha Prafulla K.
Published: September 2021

Few layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are widely used in electrochemical systems due to their unique optical and electronic properties including applications over a large area. Despite the widespread use of 2D layered materials as active components of photoanode, electrochemical conversion studies of few‐layered Tantalum diselenide (TaSe2) are still negligible. In view of this, the TaSe2 nanocrystals (NCs) are successfully synthesized by using the facile liquid‐phase exfoliation (LPE) approach. Different physiochemical characterization confirms the inherent physical and optical properties of TaSe2 NCs. The flexible self‐powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) type photodetector based on TaSe2 NCs achieves the highest photocurrent density (Pph) of 20.8 µA cm−2 and photoresponsivity (Rph) of 0.208 mA W−1 in 0.5 m KOH. TaSe2 NCs demonstrate the excellent self‐driven ability and also unveil decent response under applied bias potential in different concentration of KOH electrolyte. Moreover, the electrode shows excellent ON/OFF switching stability up to 1000 s even after the 1 month of storage in the air. Importantly, the photodetector retains the Pph of 15.8 µA cm−2 after 95 bending cycles of 120° angle, displaying the great flexibility of TaSe2 NCs. This work demonstrates the potential of TaSe2 NCs for their extended application in PEC‐type devices and flexible electronics.
CO2 Ionized Poly(vinyl alcohol) Electrolyte for CO2‐Tolerant Zn‐Air Batteries
Authors: Zhou Yingjie , Pan Ji , Ou Xu , Liu Qinbo , Hu Yin , Li Weizheng , Wu Rongliang , Wen Jin , Yan Feng
Published: September 2021

CO2 poisoning of alkaline electrolytes is a critical issue that affects the energy efficiency and lifespan of Zn‐air batteries. However, few strategies have been explored to address this issue because it is challenging to block CO2 from the outer atmosphere. Herein, a CO2‐tolerant flexible quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte for Zn‐air batteries, which is achieved by the pre‐fixation of CO2 on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via its ionization in the form of side ‐OCO2‐ groups (PVA‐TMG), is reported. The pre‐fixation of CO2 enables excellent CO2 tolerance and alleviates the Zn dendrite and ZnO deposition, because the ‐OCO2‐ groups can strongly interact with the Zn2+. In addition, PVA‐TMG exhibits higher ionic conductivity and better water retention capability than the pristine PVA. Consequently, the fabricated Zn‐air batteries deliver excellent performance in both air and a CO2‐rich atmosphere. The optimized PVA‐TMG presents a cycling lifetime 12 times longer than that of the pristine PVA in the atmosphere with 22.7 vol% CO2. The feasible study presented here presents a new milestone in CO2 utilization with energy storage technology.
Self‐Supported Electrocatalysts for Practical Water Electrolysis
Authors: Yang Hongyuan , Driess Matthias , Menezes Prashanth W.
Published: September 2021

Over the years, significant advances have been made to boost the efficiency of water splitting by carefully designing economic electrocatalysts with augmented conductivity, more accessible active sites, and high intrinsic activity in laboratory test conditions. However, it remains a challenge to develop earth‐abundant catalysts that can satisfy the demands of practical water electrolysis, that is, outstanding all‐pH electrolyte capacity, direct seawater splitting ability, exceptional performance for overall water splitting, superior large‐current‐density activity, and robust long‐term durability. In this context, considering the features of increased active species loading, rapid charge, and mass transfer, a strong affinity between catalytic components and substrates, easily‐controlled wettability, as well as, enhanced bifunctional performance, the self‐supported electrocatalysts are presently projected to be the most suitable contenders for practical massive scale hydrogen generation. In this review, a comprehensive introduction to the design and fabrication of self‐supported electrocatalysts with an emphasis on the design of deposited nanostructured catalysts, the selection of self‐supported substrates, and various fabrication methods are provided. Thereafter, the recent development of promising self‐supported electrocatalysts for practical applications is reviewed from the aforementioned aspects. Finally, a brief conclusion is delivered and the challenges and perspectives relating to promotion of self‐supported electrocatalysts for sustainable large‐scale production of hydrogen are discussed.
Covalent‐Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Proton Conductors
Authors: Sahoo Rupam , Mondal Supriya , Pal Shyam Chand , Mukherjee Debolina , Das Madhab C.
Published: September 2021

Proton conductivity is the paramount property of proton‐conducting materials that are playing significant roles in diverse electrochemical devices with applications in proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for fuel cells (PEMFCs). Considering the scarcity of fossil fuels, the development of clean and green renewable energy resources is in‐demand across the globe. Toward this direction, the development of solid‐state proton conductors is of significant interest. The higher structural tunability, lower density, good crystallinity, accessible well‐defined pores, excellent thermal and chemical stability of covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs) make them versatile platforms as proton conductors both under hydrous and anhydrous conditions. Taking advantage of such superior properties, the reports on proton‐conducting COFs have been increasing swiftly since 2014, which demands a summarization and comprehensive discussion for “at a glance” visualization and further development. In this review, the COFs are showcased as a newer class of solid‐state proton‐conducting material. A comprehensive discussion is presented by organizing the strategies taken to develop the proton‐conducting COFs. Establishment of structure–function relationships and the implementation of COFs as proton conductors are discussed as well. Moreover, challenges and future prospects are presented elaborately and are critically analyzed.
Methane hydrate production using a novel spiral‐agitated reactor: Promotion of hydrate formation kinetics
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Shi Xiaoyun , Wang Fei
Published: September 2021

To enhance hydrate formation kinetics, we presented a novel spiral‐agitated reactor, where hydrates were synthetized in pure water systems, and fast hydrate kinetics was observed under extremely mild conditions. Hydrates can nucleate within 4 min under 3.5 MPa and 275.15 K at a rotating speed of 60 rpm, and large water‐to‐hydrate conversion (>85%) was obtained at a moderate condition of 4.85 MPa, 275.15 K, and 30 rpm with an average methane uptake of 139.78 V/V, demonstrating that pure water systems are feasible for hydrate‐based solidified natural gas (SNG) technology. Numerical simulations of flow fields inner the reactor were carried out, and four mechanisms behind the excellent promotion were proposed, dual‐agitation, two‐way convection, interfacial impact and micro bubbles, which significantly improve mass transfer, giving rise to fast hydrate nucleation and growth kinetics. These findings suggest extraordinary performance of spiral agitation, and this may pave way on the industrial application of hydrate‐based SNG technology.
Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of methemoglobinemia
Authors: Iolascon Achille , Bianchi Paola , Andolfo Immacolata , Russo Roberta , Barcellini Wilma , Fermo Elisa , Toldi Gergely , Ghirardello Stefano , Rees David , Van Wijk Richard , Kattamis Antonis , Gallagher Patrick G. , Roy Noemi , Taher Ali , Mohty Razan , Kulozik Andreas , De Franceschi Lucia , Gambale Antonella , De Montalembert Mariane , Forni Gian Luca , Harteveld Cornelis L. , Prchal Josef ,   SWG of red cell and iron of EHA and EuroBloodNet
Published: September 2021

Methemoglobinemia is a rare disorder associated with oxidization of divalent ferro‐iron of hemoglobin (Hb) to ferri‐iron of methemoglobin (MetHb). Methemoglobinemia can result from either inherited or acquired processes. Acquired forms are the most common, mainly due to the exposure to substances that cause oxidation of the Hb both directly or indirectly. Inherited forms are due either to autosomal recessive variants in the CYB5R3 gene or to autosomal dominant variants in the globin genes, collectively known as HbM disease. Our recommendations are based on a systematic literature search. A series of questions regarding the key signs and symptoms, the methods for diagnosis, the clinical management in neonatal/childhood/adulthood period, and the therapeutic approach of methemoglobinemia were formulated and the relative recommendations were produced. An agreement was obtained using a Delphi‐like approach and the experts panel reached a final consensus >75% of agreement for all the questions.
Morphological Factors that Underlie Neural Sensitivity to Stimulation in the Retina
Authors: Raghuram Vineeth , Werginz Paul , Fried Shelley I. , Timko Brian P.
Published: September 2021

Retinal prostheses are a promising therapeutic intervention for patients afflicted by outer retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and age‐related macular degeneration. Although significant advances in the development of retinal implants have been made, the quality of vision elicited by these devices remains largely suboptimal. The variability in the responses produced by retinal devices is most likely due to the differences between the natural cell‐type‐specific signaling that occur in the healthy retina versus the nonspecific activation of multiple cell types arising from artificial stimulation. To replicate these natural signaling patterns, stimulation strategies must be capable of preferentially activating specific retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types. To design more selective stimulation strategies, a better understanding of the morphological factors that underlie the sensitivity to prosthetic stimulation must be developed. Herein, the role that different anatomical components play in driving the direct activation of RGCs by extracellular stimulation is focused on. Briefly, 1) the variability in morphological properties of α‐RGCs is characterized, 2) the influence of morphology on the direct activation of RGCs by electric stimulation is detailed, and 3) some of the potential biophysical mechanisms that could explain differences in activation thresholds and electrically evoked responses between RGC types are described.