bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Leuprecht Christian
Published: July 2021

In recent decades in general and since the turn of the millennium in particular, accountability has emerged as the democratic state’s most important legitimation mechanism for national security and intelligence practices and institutions. The functional imperative of accountability is to scrutinize intelligence agencies, practices, and systems to ensure their compliance with regulations, mandates, laws, and the Constitution—largely to provide reassurance that organisations that must operate in secret are not abusing their special powers and authorities. In addition to compliance, however, many other benefits that flow from crucial subsidiary functions that intelligence accountability performs. This chapter tracks the value and importance of intelligence to detect, disrupt, and deter a growing number of threat actors and vectors to security, prosperity, and democracy, and concomitant shift in intelligence posture from foreign spies to an array of domestic counterterrorism, counterespionage, counter sabotage, counter propaganda, counter information and counter cyber operations. In an era of social and political disruption that is marked by technological change, changing threat vectors, changing public expectations and scandals, democratic governments have established, evolved, and expanded accountability systems to review and oversee the intelligence community. The chapter introduces readers to ways of theorizing and reconciling the relationship between the intelligence community and civilian institutions of the democratic state, notably as a principal–agent problem: a relationship in which one side (the civilians) attempts to have an epistemic community (the ‘spies’) carry out its will. Politicians and the civil service leverage the intelligence community’s expert knowledge to keep the democratic state, its institutions, and its citizens safe and secure and deter and contain existential threats. In fulfilling this mandate, the democratic public expects the intelligence community to comply with relevant legal and constitutional frameworks.
The Political Commissioner
Authors: Mérand Frédéric
Published: July 2021

Based on four years of embedded observation in the cabinet of a European Commissioner, this book develops a sociology of international political work. Empirically, it offers an insider’s chronicle of the European Union between 2015 and 2019. The analysis traces the successes and failures of Commissioner Pierre Moscovici and his team on five issues that defined European politics between 2015 and 2019: the Greek crisis, budgetary disputes with Spain and Portugal, the rise of populism in Italy, the reform of the eurozone, and the fight against tax evasion. The aim is not to ascertain whether the Commission’s policy was good or bad, but to understand how political work is done in a European Union where the “spectacle of power” is blurred by twenty-four official languages, twenty-eight national histories, a powerful technocracy, and sometimes opaque institutions. As a life-long socialist politician and former French finance minister, Pierre Moscovici was perhaps the most intensely political character in Jean-Claude Juncker’s self-styled “Political Commission.” Brandishing his leftist identity, rejecting technocratic talk, he surrounded himself with staffers sharing his ambition—but also critical of his actions. Shadowing them from the corridors of the Berlaymont, the seat of the European Commission, to Washington and Athens, The Political Commissioner throws light on the partisan struggles that shaped the Juncker Commission, tensions with the Eurogroup and the Parliament, and recurring conflicts with the Member States. It also shows how political staffers operate informally and in their interaction with the media and civil servants, as they craft and sell public policies to the public.
Constitutionalism and Developmental Authoritarianism
Authors: Pinto Teresa Nogueira
Published: July 2021

This chapter contributes to the debate about ‘presidents for life’ in sub-Saharan Africa. Through an analysis of Paul Kagame’s leadership in Rwanda, it seeks to understand the legitimizing factors that could explain the resilience of personalized authoritarian regimes and the extent to which these factors undermine constitutionalism and democracy. The first part of the chapter examines the phenomena of personal rule and power legitimation in sub-Saharan Africa and how they were impacted on by colonial rule, independence, ‘democracy’s third wave’, and the more recent period of ‘democratic recession’. The second part appraises the case of Rwanda through the three prisms of history, power, and law. First, it is argued, the legitimacy of the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) stems from the fact that it ended the genocide. Second, the RPF is seen as effecting a ‘miracle’ by transforming a devastated country into one where real socio-economic gains were made. Finally, the authoritarian tendencies which have minimized opposition to the regime are not openly contested, neither internally nor externally. With the emphasis on national unity, the RPF is portrayed as being a non-negotiable pre-condition for political stability and prosperity, thus condoning any democratic deficits.
Party-Political Financing, Democracy, and Constitutionalism in Ethiopia
Authors: Degifie Zelalem
Published: July 2021

Political party funding stands central to the process of democratization, because it affects whether the political playing field is level allowing for electoral competition. However, it can also threaten democracy if party funding regimes allow parties to be captured by private interests or a ruling party abuses its position as the incumbent government to gain access to resources. Adequately regulation is thus required. This chapter examines the interplay of party financing regulation, democracy, and constitutionalism in Ethiopia. Based on the normative framework of political finance in the democratic process, the study finds that badly designed and weakly enforced rules are the main challenges for political finance regulation in Ethiopia to provide a level playing field. The legislative framework and its implementation favours the ruling party, thereby causing a wide discrepancy in financial capacity between the ruling party and opposition parties. Furthermore, political parties are not transparent in their financial matters, as the law requires because the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) is reluctant to enforce the rules requiring such. Finally, the chapter recommends political finance reforms in order to level the political playing field and ensure transparency with regard to the funding of political parties. In this regard, diversified sources of income that combine regulated private donations with regular public funding should be introduced. Finally, the chapter suggests restrictions on the size of financial contributions and also imposing spending ceilings. A reformed legal framework would require, however, that the NEBE enforce it in a rigorously and non-discriminatory manner.
Reversing the Surging Tide towards Authoritarian Democracy in Africa
Authors: Fombad Charles M
Published: July 2021

The global crisis of democracy and constitutional governance is particularly manifest in Africa. Signs of authoritarian mobilization and resurgence are clearly apparent in the decline in the quality of democratic elections and governance in the last two decades. What emerges from many of the chapters in this book is that the legislative and constitutional framework for a sustainable democracy in Africa is weak; a weakness which has been aggravated by the weakness of a civil society often unable to mobilize to protect the laws, rules, and regulations that are in place. Arresting the decline in the quality of elections is a sine qua non to reviving and sustaining the present faltering progress towards a credible and sustainable culture of democracy, rule of law, and constitutionalism on the continent. It is contended that the key to reversing the surging tide towards authoritarian democracy in Africa is to enhance the legal and constitutional framework for elections to make it more robust. The chapter suggests certain critical reforms that are needed to ensure that elections are no longer used as a survival strategy in which opposition parties are kept in the game to maintain a semblance of democracy whilst autocrats hold on to power.
The 1890s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott
Published: July 2021

The 1890s were a difficult decade for the Clemens as they dealt with the death of their daughter Susy at age twenty-four and financial struggles that brought them nearly to bankruptcy and led Twain to undertake a world lecturing tour to pay off their debts. More positively, by the mid-1890s, Twain was a global celebrity whose opinions were solicited on many matters and who enjoyed friendships with numerous political, business, and literary luminaries. In earlier works, Twain had spoofed religious tracts, pompous preachers and grandstanders, and pretentious moralizing, but during the 1890s, his criticism of Christianity, God, and the Bible became harsher. In 1896, however, Twain published his most enigmatic book—Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc—a glowing portrait of the fifteenth-century French warrior-saint who played a pivotal role in liberating France from long-standing British domination but was captured and burned at the stake for her alleged heresy.
Free Particle, Wave Packet and Dynamics, Quantum Dots, Defects and Traps
Authors: Steel Duncan G.
Published: July 2021

This chapter continues with a study of the time independent Schrödinger equation and seeks to contrast the quantum behavior of a free particle with that of a particle localized in a potential quantum well. A free particle can exist over all space or can be localized in a wave package. The wave packet is a coherent superposition of the plane waves that make up the wave function that localizes the particle because of constructive and destructive interference. The wave packet spreads out in time because the waves leading to constructive interference get out of phase. In Chapter 2, the particle was localized by a quadratic potential energy. Here, the potentials are described as piecewise constant. The approach is based on assuming a one-dimensional space, x, which is relevant to many problems in the laboratory. The solution is easily generalized to higher dimensions (x-y or x-y-z), but the physics remains the same. The objective is to understand the shape of the eigenfunctions in space and to be able to relate this to the probability density of locating the particle, as well as understanding the relevance of these systems to today’s technology.
Bosons and Fermions: Indistinguishable Particles with Intrinsic Spin
Authors: Steel Duncan G.
Published: July 2021

If we imagine a Hamiltonian, H^(r1,r2), describing two identical particles at positions r1 and r2 and then we interchange the particles, the Hamiltonian will be unaffected, i.e. H^(r1,r2)=H^(r2,r1). If we introduce an exchange operator P^r1,r2 such that P^r1,r2H^(r1,r2)=H^(r2,r1)P^r1,r2=H^(r1,r2)P^r1,r2, we see that they commute, or [P^r1,r2,H^(r1,r2)]=0. We know then that P^r1,r2andH^(r1,r2) have common eigenfunctions. We can then easily show that the eigenfunctions of the exchange operator must be either even or odd. Experiments show that odd exchange symmetry corresponds to half-integer spin particles called fermions, while even exchange symmetry corresponds to integer spin particles called bosons. The notes then discuss the implications of the new postulate and then presents the Heitler–London theory and the Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian which has been so successful in predicting molecular structure.
Quantum Electromagnetics
Authors: Steel Duncan G.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 15 derived the fundamental theory and eigenstates for the quantized radiation field and then showed how the quantum vacuum gives rise to spontaneous emission. This chapter now goes more deeply into the meaning and implications of the quantized field. The polarization of a photon can be used as a qubit and the photonic qubit is called a flying qubit. It enables transmission of information from one node to another. Spontaneous emission is shown to enable creation of an entangled state between a photonic qubit and the spin of an electron. Spontaneous emission can also degrade the performance of some device designs and in other devices it can enhance performance such as for a single photon emitter. In this we show how to engineer the vacuum to control spontaneous emission.
Processing Views of Remembering
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M.
Published: July 2021

The chapter describes and discusses previous accounts that viewed human memory as an activity of mind. These include members of the “Act Psychology School” and other early psychologists described by Boring (1950). The theoretical ideas of James (1890) and Bartlett (1932) are described and discussed, especially as emphasized in Bartlett’s 1932 classic book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. The notions associated with “activity theory” in Soviet psychology are outlined, and the studies in educational psychology deriving from these theories are described. The relevance of Hebb’s theory of cell assemblies is pointed out, as is the congenial work of James Jenkins and his students in the 1960s and 1970s. These latter studies are a clear forerunner of later experiments in the levels of processing tradition. Finally, Robert Crowder’s views on proceduralism are summarized and discussed.
Neuroimaging Studies
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M.
Published: July 2021

This short chapter first describes studies using PET scanning and fMRI imaging carried out by the author in collaboration with colleagues over the past 25 years. The main purpose of the chapter is to assess the extent to which current work on neuroimaging is compatible with the findings and ideas derived from the cognitive experiments described in previous chapters. The questions asked include: What are the neural correlates of deeper processing, and does the neuroimaging evidence illuminate the reasons for the strong relation between semantic processing and good memory? Is there evidence to support the proposal that retrieval processes recapitulate encoding processes? Is the similarity between perception and memory borne out at the neural level? How does novelty affect memory, and is there a conflict between the claims that both novel and familiar experiences are associated with good levels of recollection? What exactly are processing resources at the neural level? And, finally, how does the author’s emphasis on remembering as an activity square with the evidence from neuroimaging studies?
Final Reflections and Future Trends
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M.
Published: July 2021

In this final chapter some big-picture topics are described and discussed. These include the concept of hierarchies in memory theory and an assessment of their validity in the levels-of-processing (LOP) framework (e.g., does the construct of “LOP” connote a continuum of depth or a series of qualitative stages?). A further topic is the hypothesized organization of representations from episodic-specific to abstract-general. Other issues in encoding, retrieval, and their interactions are considered, including some recent findings on the effects of divided attention (DA) at the time of retrieval. Hintzman’s ideas on reminding and recurrence, and also Jacoby’s concept of source-constrained retrieval, are discussed and evaluated. The author’s perspective on working memory is described, including the view that there is no need to invoke discrete stores or memory buffers. Some further issues in cognitive aging are discussed, including a proximal-distal hypothesis of when deficits are found. The similarities and differences between perception and memory are assessed, and the author’s perspective on the concept of memory systems is described and discussed. The final conclusion is that remembering should be viewed as an activity of mind and brain.
Ontology by Stipulation
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: July 2021

In previous work the author suggested that many ontological disputes can be viewed as merely verbal, in that each side can be charitably interpreted as speaking the truth in its own language. Critics have objected that it is more plausible to view the disputants as speaking the same language, perhaps even a special philosophy-room language, sometimes called Ontologese. This chapter suggests a different kind of deflationary move, in a way more extreme (possibly more Carnapian) than the author’s previous suggestion. The chapter supposes we encounter an ontological dispute between two sides, the A-side and the B-side, and we assume that they are speaking the same language so that (at least) one of them is mistaken (perhaps the common language is Ontologese). The author’s suggestion is that we can introduce by stipulation two languages, one for each side, such that in speaking the A-side stipulated language we capture whatever facts might be expressed in the A-side’s position, and in speaking the B-side stipulated language we capture whatever facts might be expressed in the B-side’s position. In this way we get whatever facts there might be in this ontological area without risking falsehood. A further part of the argument consists in explaining why the stipulation maneuver applies to questions of ontology but not to questions of mathematics (such as the Goldbach conjecture). One basic point is that mathematics has application to contingencies in a way that ontology doesn’t.
Structural Pluralism
Authors: Torza Alessandro
Published: July 2021

The chapter introduces and defends structural pluralism: the view that there is a plurality of ways of carving nature at the joints. The first part of the chapter argues that structural pluralism is able to meet a challenge to Ted Sider’s monism about joint-carving. The second part spells out the metaontological consequences of adopting structural pluralism, and shows that the view is compatible with a moderate form of deflationism about ontological disagreement. The third and last part fleshes out a number of consequences of adopting structural pluralism, and suggests further applications of that view, including a reassessment of an influential argument against vague existence.
Levels of Ontology and Natural Language
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: July 2021

Two levels of ontology are commonly distinguished in metaphysics: the ontology of ordinary objects, or more generally ordinary ontology, and the ontology of what there really or fundamentally is. This chapter argues that natural language reflects not only the ordinary ontology but also a language-driven ontology, which is involved in the mass-count distinction and part-structure-sensitive semantic selection (as well as perhaps the light ontology of pleonastic entities in the sense of Schiffer). The language-driven ontology does not constitute another level of representation, but is taken to be a (selective) ontology of the real, given a plenitudinous or maximalist conception of reality. The language-driven ontology aligns closely with the functional part of grammar and a commitment to it is mandatory with the use of language. This gives rise to a novel view according to which part of ontology should be considered part of universal grammar on a broadened understanding. The chapter recasts the author’s older theory of situated part structures without situations, in purely ontological terms, making use of a primitive notion of unity.
What Are You Guarding?
Authors: DeYoung Rebecca Konyndyk
Published: July 2021

What role should anger play in a virtuous life? If anger’s rightful target is injustice, and the world is marked by persistent injustice, is it virtuous to be habitually angry? Or, on the contrary, if Christlike character is marked by gentleness, should a virtuous person have little to no anger? To address this puzzle, DeYoung incorporates insights from two strands in Christian thought—one drawing on counsel from the desert fathers and mothers to eschew anger as a manifestation of the false self, and the other from Aquinas, who argues that some anger can be virtuous, if it has the right object and mode of expression. Next, she examines ways that formation in virtuous anger depends on other virtues, including humility, and other practices, such as lament and hope. Finally, she argues for appropriate developmental and vocational variation in anger’s virtuous expression across communities and over a lifetime.
An Instinct for the Divine
Authors: Knobel Angela
Published: July 2021

The Christian Scriptures imply that some virtues are bestowed directly by God; that God “infuses” virtue along with the gift of sanctifying grace. This implication stands in sharp contrast to the traditional Aristotelian understanding of virtue, for it implies—against the Aristotelian account—that virtue does not arise from our own efforts. Many scholars explain Christian moral growth by hypothesizing that it occurs when the Christian cultivates Aristotelian acquired virtues that “fill out” his divinely given virtues. In this chapter, Knobel argues that this view is incorrect, and proposes a different way of understanding how it is that the infused virtues grow. She argues that to understand what it would mean for an infused virtue to grow, we must first consider the question of what an infused virtue is. Only then does it become clear that the growth of infused virtue cannot be achieved by cultivating Aristotelian acquired virtues.
Cultivating Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: July 2021

The virtue of honesty has been seriously neglected in contemporary philosophy. Hardly any papers on the nature of the virtue have appeared in a leading philosophy journal in decades. Similarly, almost nothing has been said about how to cultivate the virtue of honesty. In recent work, Miller has offered a preliminary account of the nature of the virtue of honesty. In this chapter he aims to do the same with honesty cultivation. Specifically, he first looks to the psychological literature on cheating to see what dispositions most people actually possess in this moral domain. Central among them will be beliefs about the wrongness of cheating, as well as desires to cheat while also appearing honest both to others and to ourselves. With this baseline in place, Miller considers what strategies can be recommended to enhance the importance and salience of the wrongness of cheating, while weakening our desires to cheat.
On Graciousness
Authors: Giannini Heidi Chamberlin
Published: July 2021

Heidi Chamberlin Giannini attends to a virtue that has been largely neglected in the philosophical and theological literature of the virtues—graciousness. Giannini argues that graciousness is a virtue in its own right, distinct from other related virtues such as generosity, humility, and modesty. She argues that the gracious person notices and responds in ways that undercut indications of relative standing when social cues threaten to cause discomfort by suggesting that someone is inferior to another. While distinct from divine grace, graciousness nevertheless reflects God’s grace and importantly contributes to a life of virtue.
Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis
Authors: Rostagno Massimo , Altavilla Carlo , Carboni Giacomo , Lemke Wolfgang , Motto Roberto , Saint Guilhem Arthur , Yiangou Jonathan
Published: July 2021

The 20th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) offers an opportunity to look back on the record of the European Central Bank (ECB) and learn lessons that can improve the conduct of policy in the future. This volume charts the way the ECB has defined, interpreted, and applied its monetary policy framework—its strategy—over the years from its inception, in search of evidence and lessons that can inform those reflections. Our ‘Tale of Two Decades’ is largely a tale of ‘two regimes’: one—stretching slightly beyond the ECB’s mid-point—marked by decent growth in real incomes and a distribution of shocks to inflation almost universally to the upside; and the second—starting well into the post-Lehman period—characterized by endemic instability and crisis, with the distribution of shocks eventually switching from inflationary to continuously disinflationary. We show how the most defining feature of the ECB’s monetary policy framework, its characteristic definition of price stability with a hard 2 per cent ceiling, functioned as a key shock absorber in the relatively high-inflation years prior to the crisis, but offered a softer defence in the face of the disinflationary forces that hit the euro area in its aftermath. The imperative to halt persistent disinflation in the post-crisis era therefore called for a radical, unprecedented policy response, comprising negative policy rates, enhanced forms of forward guidance, a large asset purchase programme and targeted long-term loans to banks. We study the multidimensional interactions among these four instruments and quantify their impact on inflation and the macroeconomy.
Introduction
Authors: Rostagno Massimo , Altavilla Carlo , Carboni Giacomo , Lemke Wolfgang , Motto Roberto , Guilhem Arthur Saint , Yiangou Jonathan
Published: July 2021

Institutions dedicated to serving the public good must look to the past to learn from experience; and look to the future to prepare, as best they can, for the trials that might lie ahead. The 20th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) offers an opportunity to apply such a perspective to the monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB): to evaluate its accomplishments and to learn the lessons that can improve the conduct of its policy in the future....
The ECB Strategy and Its Critics
Authors: Rostagno Massimo , Altavilla Carlo , Carboni Giacomo , Lemke Wolfgang , Motto Roberto , Guilhem Arthur Saint , Yiangou Jonathan
Published: July 2021

While the EU Treaty established the European Central Bank’s (ECB) primary objective as price stability, defining price stability was left to the ECB’s Governing Council (GC). This chapter shows how the GC chose to formulate an objective that subtly but consciously differed from the standard inflation targeting framework of the time. Rather than expressing a preference for a particular rate of inflation, a ‘target’ that could be changed if circumstances changed, it opted to qualify price stability unconditionally as an inflation rate below 2%. We explain some of the factors behind this decision and describe the process whereby, already in 2003, the ECB’s monetary policy strategy came to be reviewed. The internal debates that informed the ECB’s characteristic ‘below but close to 2%’ objective and ‘two pillar’ strategy are discussed. The chapter also focuses on the ECB’s early critics.
A Combined Arms Strategy
Authors: Rostagno Massimo , Altavilla Carlo , Carboni Giacomo , Lemke Wolfgang , Motto Roberto , Guilhem Arthur Saint , Yiangou Jonathan
Published: July 2021

The culmination of the European Central Bank’s (ECB) policy evolution was the ‘combined arms strategy’ that started taking shape in 2014–2015. In this chapter, we review how four unconventional measures—negative interest rates, asset purchases, targeted lending operations, and forward guidance—were progressively combined into a unified policy package. We recount the sequence of ‘recalibrations’ of these tools that took place between December 2015 and June 2018 and the internal debates that informed them. We then conduct an impact analysis where we seek to isolate and examine the contribution of the policy package to financial conditions and macroeconomic outcomes. The novelty of our analysis lies both in its methodological approach and in its diagnostics, which allows us to disentangle the respective contribution of each instrument and assess counterfactual scenarios in which they were not combined. We end by considering some of the side effects of our unconventional policies with a focus on the banking sector.
Dead Men Telling Tales
Authors: Greig Matilda
Published: July 2021

Dead Men Telling Tales is an account of the lasting cultural impact made by the autobiographies of Napoleonic soldiers over the course of the nineteenth century. Focussing on the nearly three hundred military memoirs published by British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese veterans of the Peninsular War (1808–1814), it charts the histories of these books over the course of a hundred years, around Europe and the Atlantic, and from writing to publication to afterlife. Drawing on extensive archival research in multiple languages, the book challenges assumptions made by historians about the reliability of these soldiers’ direct eyewitness accounts, revealing the personal and political motives of the authors and uncovering the large cast of characters, from family members to publishers, editors, and translators, involved in production behind the scenes. By including literature from Spain and Portugal, it also provides a missing link in current studies of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, showing how the genre of military memoirs developed differently in south-western Europe and led to starkly opposing national narratives of the same war. The book’s findings tell the history of a publishing phenomenon which gripped readers of all ages across the world in the nineteenth century, made significant profits for those involved, and was fundamental in defining the modern ‘soldier’s tale’.
Macro and Micro Foundations for Technology Upgrading and Innovation
Authors: Cherubini Alves André , Vonortas Nicholas S. , Antônio Zawislak Paulo
Published: July 2021

Technological upgrading and innovation is necessary for long-term economic development. Nonetheless, creating the conditions that allow technological upgrading and innovation to occur is far from simple, especially for developing economies. While policymaking may create important macro- and meso-incentives for economic agents, it is at the micro-level that policy effectiveness can truly be verified. In this chapter we analyze the recent development of the Brazilian shipbuilding sector where an entire institutional setting was put in place to boost technological and industrial development. We investigate the policies and results by contrasting the macro-, the meso- and the micro-perspectives. Though policies put in place gave an initial boost to the sector, coordination uncertainties and critical bottlenecks at the micro-level generated high capability building costs that precipitated the subsequent failure of the shipbuilding industry to catch up and to upgrade sufficiently in order to really become internationally competitive.
Innovation for Inclusive Structural Change
Authors: Ciarli Tommaso , Savona Maria , Thorpe Jodie
Published: July 2021

The chapter proposes the foundations of an analytical framework to identify innovation pathways that lead to inclusive structural change in low- and medium-income countries (LMICs). Innovation pathways depend on how actors, interactions, and conditions affect the origin of innovation; the uptake of the innovations (adoption and diffusion); the impact of this diffusion on upgrading; the extent to which technological upgrading scales up to drive structural change and inclusion; the complementarity among these processes; and the potential trade-offs between structural change and inclusion. After delineating the analytical framework, the chapter focuses on applications of the framework to identify typical trade-offs between inclusion and structural change, and policy options to tackle these trade-offs and achieve outcomes of inclusive structural change. We finally propose a research agenda to build upon the framework and directly inform policies for inclusive structural change. The contribution of this work aims to respond to the recently increasing demand coming from international institutions, inter-departmental research funds, NGOs and national ministries, for improved knowledge to shape a more effective innovation policy for inclusive development in LMICs.
Group Interests, Individual Attitudes
Authors: Donnelly Michael J.
Published: July 2021

What drives support for or opposition to redistributive taxation and spending? Why is ethnic diversity associated with inequality and a lack of redistribution? This book argues that many individuals, recognizing that they live in a world of uncertainty, use the groups of which they are a member as a heuristic to understand how welfare states are likely to impact them. This leads to reduced support for redistribution among the wealthy, whose disproportionate influence over policy in turn leads to less redistribution. I develop the argument with a series of empirical implications, which I then test using data from a variety of sources. I examine regional and ethnic politics in the United Kingdom, Germany, Slovakia, Canada, and Italy, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative evidence, existing and new surveys, and observational and experimental methods. The evidence is largely consistent with a heuristic theory, allowing us to see group politics in a new light.
Group Memberships and Political Attitudes
Authors: Donnelly Michael J.
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, I discuss how regional and ethnic inequality shape attitudes toward redistribution. I argue that previous analyses have not adequately explained how people think about their own interests because they have focused too much on either the national level or the individual level. Instead, I suggest that we should turn our attention to the politics of group membership. People can and do use the effect of a policy on other members of their ethnic or regional categories as heuristics for how policy is likely to affect them. I discuss a variety of ways that scholars might use to study these relationships, and argue that a mix of them is necessary for understanding these processes.
Politicians, Rhetoric, and Heuristics in a Complex World
Authors: Donnelly Michael J.
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, I argue that the salience of particular groups is affected by the rhetoric of institutions and political leaders. To test this argument, I draw on an observational difference in survey of Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom and experiments in that survey and two others, one of which includes Italy. I show that ethnic and regional arguments shape the relationship between group incomes and attitudes toward redistribution, but that these cues do not affect everyone equally.
Depicting Deity
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: July 2021

A theology aims to explicate what God is like, and a metatheology investigates more fundamental issues concerning how to structure such a project and where it should begin. Approaches that ignore this more fundamental investigation risk presupposing stances that do not withstand scrutiny and perhaps would never have been endorsed if considered directly. In addition, approaches that ignore the issue of fundamentality often switch from one set of assumptions to another without noticing the change in perspective that results, giving rise to a chance of incoherence and to an approach that is theoretically disorderly and thus failing to as systematic and elegant as we would like. This work begins with the more basic question of where to begin thinking about God, where it is best to start the project of theology, in a way that offers some hope of a defensible metatheory, from which a complete theology, displaying the kind of theoretical elegance and structure we find in our best scientific and philosophical theories, can be developed.
Initial Desiderata on Metatheology
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, we develop desiderata to be used in rating each approach. We look for what can be gleaned from each starting point, and assess each competitor in terms of what is generated by other competitors. We will thus approach the issue of desiderata on a metatheology, not in search of some simple algorithm to decide between competing metatheologies, but rather in search of something more like rules of thumb to rely on when starting our inquiry. These rules of thumb will favor views that are monotheistic and on which God is a person, but remain open on the issue of whether God is embodied.
Party Personnel Strategies
Authors: Shugart Matthew S , Bergman Matthew E , Struthers Cory L. , Krauss Ellis S , Pekkanen Robert J
Published: July 2021

The book develops the notion of “party personnel strategies”, which are the ways in which political parties assign their elected members—their “personnel”—to serve collective organizational goals. Key party goals are to advance a policy brand and maximize seats in the legislature. We offer a theory of how assignments of members to specialized legislative committees contribute to these goals. Individual members vary in their personal attributes, such as prior occupation, gender, and local experience. Parties seek to harness the attributes of their members by assigning them to committees where members’ expertise is relevant; doing so may enhance the party’s policy brand. Under some electoral systems, parties may need to trade off the harnessing of expertise against the pursuit of seats, instead matching legislators according to electoral situation (e.g., marginality of seat) or characteristics of their constituency (e.g., population density). The book offers analysis of the extent to which parties trade of these goals by matching the attributes of their personnel and their electoral needs to the functions of the available committee seats. The analysis is based on a dataset of around 6,000 legislators across thirty-eight elections in six established parliamentary democracies with diverse electoral systems.
Committees Type and the Expertise Model of Party Personnel
Authors: Shugart Matthew S. , Bergman Matthew E. , Struthers Cory L. , Krauss Ellis S. , Pekkanen Robert J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter introduces the typology of committee types: high policy, public goods, and distributive. It develops the theory of party personnel strategy, consisting of two models political parties may use: the expertise model and the electoral–constituency model. The chapter derives testable premises for the expertise model, which states that parties assign legislators according to individual attributes (e.g., occupation, gender, and local electoral experience) that signal a background relevant to the type of committee on which they serve. The chapter argues that parties of the left and right will tend to differ in which committee types they emphasize, even in the same electoral system, according to their issue ownership. It summarizes the thirteen parties on their tendencies to have legislators with each of the key individual attributes.
New Zealand
Authors: Shugart Matthew S. , Bergman Matthew E. , Struthers Cory L. , Krauss Ellis S. , Pekkanen Robert J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter focuses on the impact of electoral reform in New Zealand, which changed from first-past-the post (FPTP) to mixed-member proportional (MMP). The chapter analyzes the National and Labour parties under both electoral systems. As expected, the expertise model becomes more important to parties’ allocation of legislators to House of Representatives committees after the electoral reform to MMP, due to the move to a system in which votes cast anywhere count toward seat maximization. Parties also change how they assign members under the electoral–constituency model, as the system moves from one in which winning districts is the exclusive way in which a party maximizes seats to one in which legislators representing districts may be leveraged to help the party win more votes from the party list. Both parties show strong issue ownership tendencies before and after electoral reform.
Locke, God, and Materialism
Authors: Duncan Stewart
Published: July 2021

This chapter investigates Locke’s views about materialism, by looking at the discussion in Essay IV.x. There Locke—after giving a cosmological argument for the existence of God—argues that God could not be material, and that matter alone could never produce thought. In discussing the chapter, I pay particular attention to some comparisons between Locke’s position and those of two other seventeenth-century philosophers, René Descartes and Ralph Cudworth. Making use of those comparisons, I argue for two main claims. The first is that the important argument of Essay IV.x.10 is fundamentally an argument about the causation of perfections. Indeed, Locke gives multiple such arguments in the chapter. My second main claim is that my proposed reading of IV.x is not merely consistent with what Locke says elsewhere about superaddition, but also provides reasons to favor a particular understanding of what superaddition is.
Explaining our Knowledge of Normative Supervenience
Authors: Venesmaa Vilma
Published: July 2021

It is commonly assumed that if normative terms are analyzable in descriptive terms, as claimed by analytic reductionists, this provides an easy explanation why normative supervenience would be a conceptual truth. This chapter argues that our knowledge of normative supervenience has two important features this explanation fails to account for: first, the idea that normative properties supervene on descriptive properties seems obvious to us and, secondly, we don’t come to accept this thesis distributively by finding it plausible in each of its particular instances but rather by seeing a pattern that all normative properties must conform to. An alternative is suggested, an expressivist account of normative supervenience that allows us to explain both of these features. The chapter closes by arguing that they require explanation even on the assumption that normative supervenience is not a conceptual truth. This makes the explanation problem concerning our knowledge of normative supervenience more general than previously thought.
European Union Plant Variety Protection
Authors: Würtenberger Gert , Ekvad Martin , van der Kooij Paul , Kiewiet Bart
Published: July 2021

This book explains how the Community plant variety rights system works and provides guidance regarding the field of law relating to the Basic Regulation and other implementing regulations. It gives an idea of how the grant system works, the advantages of Community plant variety rights, and the aspects to be considered in exploiting and defending. It also explains the mechanisms in the Basic Regulation on how infringements of Community plant variety rights should be dealt with, including certain enforcement systems of the EU Member States. This book analyses major aspects that are considered of practical relevance in infringement proceedings under the applicable national law. It elaborates how the case law is limited in comparison with patent infringement proceedings throughout the EU Member States.
Rights Granted
Authors: Würtenberger Gert , van der Kooij Paul , Kiewiet Bart , Ekvad Martin
Published: July 2021

This chapter deals with the scope of protection once the material and formal conditions for the granting of Community plant variety rights have been granted. It discusses the scope of rights, the limitation of rights, and the duration and termination of rights. It also highlights the acts to which only the holder of the Community plant variety right is entitled, and the products obtained directly from harvested material. This chapter highlights essentially derived varieties and explains the use of variety denominations, as the holder of the plant variety right is entitled to take action in court against persons who omit the correct usage of such denominations. It talks about the Community plant variety rights that are granted after accession of new Member States to the European Union, which are applied throughout the territories of both the new and old Member States.
Learning from Models
Authors: Bronstein David
Published: July 2021

Chapter 5 examines Plato’s account of the method of learning by paradeigma (‘model’) in the Statesman (277c7-283a9). It first explains what the method is and then considers the two parties who are described as using it: children who are learning to read and write and the dialogue’s two interlocutors. It highlights some parallels between each party’s use of the method. These parallels illuminate important features of dialectical inquiry in general and the Visitor and Young Socrates’ inquiry in particular, including the nature of the knowledge they ultimately hope to achieve, and one stage in the complex process by which they aim to achieve it.
Above the Law and Out for Justice
Authors: Trivigno Franco V.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 8 focusses on Statesman 291a1-297b4 and argues that, according to the Eleatic Visitor, the single criterion for right rule (orthē archē) is the wisdom or expertise of the statesman; thus it is entirely irrelevant to right rule whether the statesman rules without laws and by force. But he also says that judges and orators possess arts that are ‘precious and related to statecraft’ (303e9-10), suggesting that law and consent will be essential to the statesman’s governance. The solution to this puzzle hangs on an elaboration of the content and teleological structure of statecraft. This expertise aims at and achieves what is beneficial (most just) to the city, and it is for the statesman to decide when laws and consent are actually beneficial. Since laws and consent are tools that typically facilitate the goals of statecraft, they are ‘marks’ of right rule, even though neither is a criterion of right rule.
Rousseau’s People Trap
Authors: Näsström Sofia
Published: July 2021

The chapter critically examines the sovereign people as the foundation of modern democracy. More specifically, it asks what allegiance to the sovereign people entails for how one addresses conflicts on the nature of modern democracy: who should govern. The central argument made in the chapter is that commitment to the sovereign people leads to a trap. It spurs disillusionment with democracy’s capacity to adjudicate conflicting claims on who “we, the people” are under conditions of globalization, migration, and secession. By letting go of Rousseau’s legacy and introducing the work of Montesquieu, this chapter initiates the reorientation of democratic theory from sovereignty to spirit.
Introduction: Fatal Ambition
Authors: Weddle Kevin J.
Published: July 2021

THE QUEEN’S HOUSE WAS modest as royal palaces went in eighteenth-century England. In 1761, King George III purchased the former country home of the Duke of Buckingham for his young wife, Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. This unpretentious retreat for the royal family—later expanded substantially—would one day be known as Buckingham Palace. A family home, only a few steps from St. James Palace, the official royal residence, the Queen’s House provided the king and queen with some respite from their official duties....
A Question of American Command
Authors: Weddle Kevin J.
Published: July 2021

While the British were creating a strategy for 1777 that was fatally flawed, the Americans had their own issues. Major General Philip Schuyler and Major General Horatio Gates both vied for command of the Northern Department during the spring and early summer of 1777. As a result of this conflict, and the failure of General George Washington and Congress to resolve it, the American Northern Department’s readiness to face a British invasion from Canada was compromised, especially at Fort Ticonderoga. Congress would ultimately confirm Schuyler as the Northern Department’s commander. The chapter also discusses the frantic, but ultimately futile, American preparations at Fort Ticonderoga, due to both poor leadership and incompetence.