bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethics from Pulpits of the Church of Norway: A Self-Report Survey of Social-Ethical Issues
Authors: Thorbjørnsen Svein Olaf , Supphellen Magne
Published: June 2019

To what extent do Norwegian ministers deal with social-ethical issues in their sermons? While we examine the frequency of such topics in this article, we primarily explore the potential determinants of their priorities in discussing these issues: their individual backgrounds, their ethical and political orientations, the local parish characteristics and the ministers’ sources of inspiration in preparing sermons. The results shows that different ethical orientations appear to be largely unrelated to the frequency of addressing social-ethical issues. Experiences in nature are the most important source of inspiration. The school at which the minister was trained has a significant impact on frequency, while political orientation has a very weak influence. Different parish characteristics—affluence and level of social challenges—and the age and marital status of the clergy do have an impact on which issues are given priority. The minister’s gender and geographical location both have no effect.
Personal Rituals in Adolescence: Their Role in Emotion Regulation and Identity Formation
Authors: Demmrich Sarah , Wolfradt Uwe
Published: June 2019

This study examines the meaning of personal rituals for the adolescent identity development and emotion regulation. Both are ritual functions and can be characterized as adolescent developmental tasks. However, there is no consistent pattern in previous research to explain the processes for how identity is formed and emotions are regulated during the performance of personal rituals. Therefore, a questionnaire study among 410 (182 male) adolescents (age: M = 15.06, SD = .61) was carried out. The questionnaire used the Berzonsky Identity Style Inventory and various measures to assess different experiences during the ritual (i.e. mood, emotion regulation, reality-transforming experiences). After separating spiritual from non-spiritual rituals, the results showed that spiritual rituals were used as a means for emotion regulation. Furthermore, self-reflection was closely related to the information-oriented identity style. The findings are discussed against the background of the impact of spiritual practices for emotional and identity development in adolescence.
Brexit and the International Law Prohibitions on the Loss of eu Citizenship
Authors: Worster William Thomas
Published: June 2019

This submission challenges the presumption that uk nationals will lose eu citizenship following Brexit. Until now, the dominant narrative has been drawn from the law on treaties or international organizations, and this article adds the human rights perspective to Brexit. Firstly, eu citizenship can be assimilated to nationality. While eu citizenship is unique, the status protected under international law is a legal bond a person has with a political entity. This protection certainly covers nationality, and this paper argues it can be understood to also protect eu citizenship. Secondly, international law prohibits arbitrary withdrawal of this legal bond with a person. The uk does not have jurisdiction over eu citizenship, so it is doubtful the uk can terminate eu citizenship unilaterally. Even if the eu were to withdraw eu citizenship on its initiative, it would still constitute retroactive law, discrimination, and infringement of sovereignty. It is also disproportionate, because the loss of eu citizenship is not necessary for Brexit. When Greenland withdrew from the eu, its residents retained eu citizenship. For these reasons, the revocation of eu citizenship would be arbitrary. A distinction must be made between the membership of a state in the eu which can be terminated, and the direct legal bond formed between a person and the Union, which is far harder to revoke. On this basis, any uk national who has acquired eu citizenship prior to Brexit, should not be divested of it following Brexit.
Yezidis and Christianity: Shaping of a New Identity
Authors: Arakelova Victoria
Published: June 2019

For the last decades, the Yezidi identity whose main marker was for centuries based on a unique religion, the Sharfadin, has undergone specific transformations. One of the most stable trends playing a crucial role in the mentioned process, is the spread of Orthodox Christianity, particularly among the Yezidis of Georgia and Russia. This phenomenon is especially interesting regarding the fact that, unlike neo-Protestant missions, Orthodox Church has never been active in proselytism particularly among the Yezidis; no Orthodox mission has ever focused its activities on this group. Yet, the number of the Yezidis converting to the Orthodox Christianity gradually grows. The paper is an interim result of a project on the modern transformations of the Yezidi identity. Compiled on the materials collected by the author through interviews and questionnaires among the converted Yezidis of Georgia and Russia, it focuses on several particular cases reflecting the shaping of a principally new identity, when Christian mentality replaces the Yezidi eclectic religious outlook.
“Ice” in Western New Iranian
Authors: Asatrian Garnik
Published: June 2019

The paper aims at analysis of the terms denoting “ice” in New Western Iranian dialects. Most of the attested forms reflect NPers. yax. However, an attempt is made to identify several genuine designations of “ice”, which do not fit the common pattern, particularly based on the data obtained from toponymy of the region. In addition, some conjectures regarding the origin of yax are proposed.
Has Jonathan Bernier Rescued Critical Realism?
Authors: Porter Stanley E. , Pitts Andrew W.
Published: June 2019

Jonathan Bernier recently responded to Stanley Porter and Andrew Pitts’ article on epistemology in
jshj
. In this rejoinder, Porter and Pitts expose Bernier’s perpetual failure to understand the central terminology in this debate. Their response to Bernier reveals his clear confusion surrounding technical (even if basic) philosophical nomenclature in contemporary epistemology. Consequently, Bernier turns out to be just as committed to internalism as those he attempts to rescue from it. Their biggest disappointment, however, turns upon Bernier’s inability to engage the central argument of their original article. Their case rested entirely upon the crippling Gettier-style counterexamples to internalism and, by extension, critical realism. Yet, Gettier never makes an appearance in Bernier’s article. One can only speculate why Bernier would write an article-length response that neglects to address this argument. Whatever the cause, this oversight deeply undermines Bernier’s entire project by leaving Porter and Pitts’ original argument unscathed and firmly intact.
Obedient Unto Death: Philippians 2:8, Gethsemane, and the Historical Jesus
Authors: McGrath James F.
Published: June 2019

Despite the extensive attention that has been given to Philippians 2:6–11 in relation to its Christology, the possibility that v8 alludes to the story about Jesus in Gethsemane has received only cursory mention when it has been considered at all. Philippians 2:8 and the Gospel tradition converge in depicting Jesus choosing to be obedient to God even to the point of death, in the absence of an interpretation of that death as itself salvific. The historical allusion, offered in the midst of a heavily theologized Christological statement, offers an excellent test case for an approach to history which accepts that fact and interpretation are inseparable, and yet still proceeds under the conviction that critical historiography remains possible.
Memory, Theories of History, and the Reception of Jesus
Authors: Schröter Jens
Published: June 2019

In this article it is argued that the concept of cultural memory makes a siginficant contributon to the study of the historical Jesus. Because the past is always perceived from the perspective of the present, historical reconstruction and reception of the past are per se intertwined. Thus, there is no “real” past behind the sources. Instead our view of events and figures from the past is a result of the remains from the past interpreted from the perspective of the present. Moreover, with regard to historical-critical reconstruction, and also to Jesus reserach, it is important to distinguish between the wider category of “reception”, which also encompasses fictional accounts, and historical reconstruction proper. The latter aims at an image of the past based on a critical evaluation of the historical material and thus providing a reasonable, plausible access to the past.
Memory and Jesus’ Parables
Authors: Zimmermann Ruben
Published: June 2019

This article interacts with John P. Meier’s view concerning the parables that can be shown to be “authentic,” i.e., shown to have been uttered by the historical Jesus. His highly critical and largely negative result (only four parables remaining parables of Jesus) demonstrates once more that historical Jesus research that is intrinsically tied to questions of authenticity has run its course. Such an approach can only lead to minimalistic results and destroys the sources that we have. By contrast, the so-called memory approach tries to understand the process and result of remembering Jesus as a parable teller. Collective memory requires typification and repetition in order to bring the past to mind in a remembering community. Parables as a genre are such media of collective memory that shape and form not only the memory itself, but also the identity of the remembering community. Thus, the many parables of Jesus in early Christian writings are more than ever an indispensable source for historical research on the remembered Jesus, a point that is demonstrated in the final section of this article using kingdom parables as a test case.
The Historical and Human Existence of Jesus in Paul’s Letters
Authors: Gathercole Simon
Published: June 2019

The present article seeks to show that the case for the mythical Jesus is seriously undermined by the evidence of the undisputed Pauline epistles. By way of a thought experiment, these letters are taken in isolation from other early Christian literature, and are discussed in dialogue with mythicist scholarship. Attention to the language of the birth, ancestry and coming of Jesus demonstrates the historicity and human bodily existence of Jesus. There is also information about his ministry, disciples, teaching and character in the epistles which has been neglected. Paul’s letters, even taken alone, also show the Herodian timeframe of Jesus’ ministry. The evidence discussed challenges not only mythicist hypotheses, but also the minimalist strand of more mainstream Jesus-Paul research.
Harmful Choices: Scanlon and Voorhoeve on Substantive Responsibility
Authors: Stemplowska Zofia
Published: June 2019

How should the fact that a given policy offers people choice bear on policy selection? Should we favour choice-granting policies even if choices lead to harmful outcomes, and even if the causal thesis is true and people are not fully in control of how they choose? T.M. Scanlon and Alex Voorhoeve have tried to locate the significance of choice in the value or potential value that it has for choice-bearers. I show that this leaves them vulnerable to a general dilemma: either they can explain the significance of choice by supposing the causal thesis is false, or they cannot explain it when faced with certain policy cases. I argue that we should locate the significance of choice in the fact that having a choice means being in a position to treat others as they are due or not. My view can be summed up in a slogan: ask not only what choice can do for you; ask what having the choice means you can do to others.
Reply to Martin O’Neill
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: June 2019

Discusses the variety of objections to inequality, relations between these objections, and the implications of this pluralist view of equality for the question of cosmopolitanism about justice.
Reply to Leif Wenar
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: June 2019

Explains how a contractualist moral theory can explain the moral phenomena commonly called rights, although it does not appeal to the notion of a right as a basic element of moral thinking, or explain the difference between rights violations and wrongs of other kinds. Argues that the latter failure is not an important fault.
Reply to Jonathan Wolff
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: June 2019

Considers the variety of egalitarian ideas and, the compatibility of equality with the recognition of forms of valuable accomplishment.
Defending Civilians from Defensive Killing
Authors: Haque Adil Ahmad
Published: June 2019

Helen Frowe’s Defensive Killing is in many respects an excellent book, full of arguments that are original, interesting, important, and often persuasive. In other respects, the book is deeply unsettling, as it forcefully challenges the belief that killing ordinary civilians in armed conflict is a paradigmatic moral wrong. In particular, Frowe argues that civilians who make political, material, strategic, or financial contributions to an unjust war may lose their moral protection from intentional and collateral harm. On this point, Frowe’s arguments are original, interesting, and important but, thankfully, not persuasive.
On Distracting and Disappearing Joy: An Exegetical Comparison of the Ethiopian Eunuch and the Slave-Girl Rhoda in Acts
Authors: Lee Jesse J.
Published: June 2019

While the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8 and the slave-girl Rhoda in Acts 12 are not commonly compared or connected, they both present a distinctive expression of joy in the face of great opposition and oppression. It is argued that their overwhelming expressions of joy that drove them to distraction are not best understood as simple responses to recent events or experiences in their narratives, i.e. non-cognitive emotion, but rather as willful and decisive proclamations demonstrative of their character, values, and worldview, i.e. cognitive emotion. In this way, their joyful behavior was a means of asserting their inclusion into the communities and culture that marginalized them. Despite their sudden disappearance from the text, their last words and actions were of joy and vindication, which continue to stand as their legacy and challenge.
The Byzantine Synagogue of Alfred Alschuler
Authors: Nelson Robert S.
Published: June 2019

The architect Alfred Alschuler, a prolific designer of commercial and industrial buildings in the Chicago area, also built several synagogues before his most significant creation, Temple Isaiah, now the home of the Kehilath Anshe Ma’ariv Isaiah Israel congregation. Completed in 1924, it marked a departure from Alschuler’s earlier classical synagogues and was Inspired, he wrote, by a synagogue at Hammat Tiberias in Palestine that Nahum Slouschz excavated under the auspices of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society. Accordingly, Alschuler switched to Byzantine models and copied details of the late antique ornament uncovered by Slouschz. Though such historical references to Palestine, the architect and the Rabbi of Temple Isaiah, Joseph Schultz, sought to connect their synagogue to Eretz Israel.
Animating Pushkin for the “Jewish War”
Authors: Katz Maya Balakirsky
Published: June 2019

This article argues that Jewish animators Valentina and Zinaida Brumberg both evoked and challenged dominant constructs of homeland during the otherwise repressive Stalinist regime in their film The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1943). In particular, I explore their insertion of the folk motif of the hunt, which I see as emblematic of their experience during the war. The Brumberg sisters referenced the popular Central Asian Islamic motif of the hunter and the Eastern European Jewish motif of the hunted. In the final iteration, they transformed the hunted deer into a leaping gazelle, which revised conventional Soviet-Jewish folklore typologies and sheds light on the filmmakers’ wartime yearnings for national autonomy.
Scenes from a Marriage: On the Confrontation Model of History and Philosophy of Science
Authors: Scholl Raphael
Published: June 2019

According to the “confrontation model,” integrated history and philosophy of science operates like an empirical science. It tests philosophical accounts of science against historical case studies much like other sciences test theory against data. However, the confrontation model’s critics object that historical facts can neither support generalizations nor genuinely test philosophical theories. Here I argue that most of the model’s defects trace to its usual framing in terms of two problematic accounts of empirical inference: the hypothetico-deductive method and enumerative induction. This framing can be taken to suggest an unprofitable one-off confrontation between particular historical facts and general philosophical theories. I outline more recent accounts of empirical inquiry, which describe an iterative back-and-forth movement between concrete (rather than particular) empirical exemplars to their abstract (rather than general) descriptions. Reframed along similar lines, the confrontation model continues to offer both conceptual insight and practical guidance for a naturalized philosophy of science.
Julian and Porphyry on the Resurrection of Jesus in the Gospels
Authors: Cook John Granger
Published: June 2019

Julian, in a Syriac fragment of his Contra Galilaeos, attacked the resurrection narratives in Matthew and Mark, because they were inconsistent with each other concerning the time of the arrival of the women to the tomb, the nature of the being they met in the tomb, and the women’s subsequent actions. Other texts in Syriac and Latin indicate the probability that Julian took over the substance of his argument from Porphyry.
The Goddess Athena as Symbol of Phronesis in Porphyry’s On the Cave of the Nymphs
Authors: Akcay Nilufer
Published: June 2019

On the Cave of the Nymphs, an allegorical exegesis of Homer’s description of the cave of the nymphs at Odyssey 13.102-112, a passage quoted in full at the beginning of the treatise after the briefest possible indication of the project on which Porphyry is embarking, has been generally given little attention in discussions of Neoplatonic philosophy, as it is deemed to be of little importance for establishing Porphyrian doctrine. However, the treatise contains significant philosophical thoughts on the relationship between the soul and body, embodiment, demonology, and the concept of salvation of soul, which are compatible with his other works, especially On Abstinence from Killing Animals (De Abstinentia) and Pathways to the Intelligible (Sententiae). The concept of salvation of soul is found in Porphyry’s identification of the goddess Athena with phronesis, along with the olive tree, while Odysseus represents the soul descending into genesis, but will return back to his fatherland.

In this context, this paper will explore the role and meaning of phronesis, namely the goddess Athena, in the process of the soul’s journey towards the intelligible realm and show the relevance of the Neoplatonic doctrine of virtues, particularly the cathartic virtues, in Sententia 32 to Porphyry’s reading of Homer’s image of Odysseus under guidance of the goddess Athena. Phronesis inspires the soul to incline towards the level of Intellect that is, away from damaging influences of the body to which the soul is enslaved and which confuses it with desires, passions, fears and illusory impressions, and prevents it from attaining the intelligible realm, whereas the body and its desires lead us to conflict and unjust behaviour in order to gain wealth, status, power, and pleasure.
Die Reihenfolge der kuschitischen Könige
Authors: Bányai Michael
Published: June 2019

Vorbemerkung (Angelika Lohwasser)

Nach dem Erscheinen des Artikels „Ein Vorschlag zur Chronologie der 25. Dynastie in Ägypten“ von Michael Bányai in JEgH 6 (2013): 46–129 entstand die Idee, die dort vorgebrachte Hypothese der Umkehrung der Herrscherreihenfolge in der 25. Dyn. in einer Expertenrunde zu diskutieren. Zu diesem Anlass trafen sich am 16.05.2014 Michael Bányai, Gerard Broekman, Dan´el Kahn, Karl Jansen-Winkeln, Claus Jurman, Hans Neumann, László Török sowie Meike Becker, Anke Ilona Blöbaum und Angelika Lohwasser in Münster bei der Diskussionsrunde „Die Chronologie der 25. Dynastie im alten Ägypten“.1 Nach der Vorstellung der Thesen durch Bányai und der Reaktionen auf bestimmte Argumente bzw. Vorstellung von einschlägigen Quellen durch die geladenen Referenten eröffneten wir eine Podiumsdiskussion, die zuletzt auch für das anwesende Auditorium geöffnet wurde.2

In den abschließenden Gesprächen wurde die Idee geboren, dass Bányai eine Überarbeitung seines Artikels unter Einbeziehung der Stellungnahmen verfasst und diese zur Kommentierung nochmals den Referenten zukommen lässt. Die jeweiligen Kommentare sind—mit Namenskürzeln gekennzeichnet—direkt nach dem betreffenden Absatz eingefügt worden bzw., sofern es sich um Literaturergänzungen handelt, in den Fußnoten beigefügt worden.3

Mit dem erneuten Aufgreifen des Problems der Herrscherreihenfolge von Schabako und Schebitko und den Kommentaren zu den einzelnen Argumenten hoffen wir, die Diskussion auch in einem weiteren Rahmen anzustoßen.
Beiträge zur Geschichte der Dritten Zwischenzeit
Authors: Jansen-Winkeln Karl
Published: June 2019

In this short Beiträge three points relevant to the history of the Third Intermediate Period are presented.

1. The genealogical data of the family of the army scribe Nespaqashuty written on a fragmentary block statue from Karnak have hitherto been misunderstood. The owner of the statue is not Nespaqashuty ii, who lived in the time of Siamun, but a grandson of Amenemone i. The statue may have been dedicated by his son Ankhefenkhons during the time of Osorkon ii.

2. According to stela Cairo je 66285, the Libyan chief and later king Shoshenq i had a statue of his father Nimlot A erected in the temple of Abydos. The offering established for this statue is written with a hieroglyph simply to be read ḥtp “offering,” not ẖntj “statue” or qnyt “portable image” as proposed before.

3. Some aspects of the chronological and political relations between Bocchoris and Shabako and their predecessors Tefnakhte and Piankhy are considered as well as the supposed reason for the attack on Bocchoris by “Sabakôn.”
De-colonizing the Historiography and Archaeology of Ancient Egypt and Nubia. Part 1. Scientific Racism
Authors: Matić Uroš
Published: June 2019

The process of epistemological de-colonization of the historiography and archaeology of ancient Egypt and Nubia has begun unfolding only in the last two decades. It is still set in the context of descriptive disciplinary history with little reflection on and criticism of background theories and methods. As a consequence, some of the old approaches and concepts live on in the discipline. Utilizing the concepts of “thought collective” and “thought style” (sensu Ludwik Fleck) this paper analyzes previous works on ancient Egypt and Nubia written in the colonial discourse. Three key ideas run like threads through these works: 1. scientific racism, 2. socio-cultural evolution, and 3. colonial and imperial discourse. In this paper the emphasis will be put on scientific racism, its development, and its remnants in the archaeology and historiography of Egypt and Nubia.
“Execration” of Nubians in Avaris? A Case of Mistaken Ethnic Identity and Hidden Archaeological Theory
Authors: Matić Uroš
Published: June 2019

Two pits (L1016 and L1055) from the early New Kingdom cemetery in areas H/I and H/III at ʿEzbet Helmi, Tell el-Dabʿa (ancient Avaris), have long been identified as remains of execration rituals in which Nubians were killed. In this paper I will argue that nothing in these two pits suggests execration of Nubians. The racial attribution of the individuals found in these pits can be questioned on both a theoretical and methodological basis. The Nubian pottery and supposedly Nubian arrowheads often associated with these “execration” pits do not come from either the burials in the cemetery nor from the pits. These finds are later than the cemetery and the “execration” pits in H/I and H/III. In the case of Nubians and “execration” pits from Tell el-Dabʿa we are dealing with a case of mistaken identity, an erroneous interpretation based on culture-historical and racial anthropological assumptions—a hidden theory.
Seeing Like a Khanate: On Archives, Cultures of Documentation, and Nineteenth-Century Khvārazm
Authors: Sartori Paolo
Published: June 2019

While students of imperial and colonial history began long ago to investigate the culture of documentation that informed the production, disposition and concealment of texts in archives, little has been done to understand how chancery practices and record-keeping activities in the modern Perso-Islamicate world relate to forms of governance. Material coming from the Khivan archives lends itself to provide for a corrective to this situation. By examining reports penned by leaders of mosque communities and reflecting on local archival practices, I address in this paper the following questions: Why did the Qongrats create and run an archive? What were the goals that the Qongrats wanted to achieve by developing and sustaining a project of documentation? I think these are pressing questions for anyone who sets out to make sense of trends of textualization in nineteenth-century Central Asia (and beyond) without succumbing to the somewhat facile narrative of modernization.
The Iranian Origin of the Word ‘Barid’
Authors: Gazagnadou Didier
Published: June 2019

The origin of the Arabic word barid (“the post”) is problematic; various interpretations have been advanced, but are based solely on linguistic reasoning, which is an essential yet insufficient approach. Loan words like barid must be assessed in the global historic and anthropological context of the Middle East during the transition to Islam. In particular, the importance of oral culture during this period in Sasanian and Arab societies needs to be considered.
The Accidentality of Existence in Avicenna and its Critique by Averroes
Authors: Shayegan † Yegane
Published: June 2019

The accidentality of existence in Avicenna (Ebn Sinā, d. 1037) is related to his distinction between “existence (vojud)” and “quiddity (māhiyya).” Both these theories have been greatly criticized by Averroes (Ebn Roshd, d. 1198). The latter’s misunderstanding of Avicenna has been the cause of confusion for the comprehension of Aristotle (d. 322 bce) in Western Christian scholasticism. This misunderstanding has also extended to Western contemporary Aristotelian scholarship.

This paper will try to clarify how this phenomenon perpetuated a global confusion and misunderstanding between the East and the West and also created a disastrous situation for the comprehension of the Peripatetic School. This state of affairs has continued up to the present day among both medievalists and scholars of Aristotelian philosophy. However, it is not my intention in this paper to give a complete review of Western and Eastern scholarship on this subject. Rather, I shall limit myself (with some exceptions) to the works of Aristotle, Alexander of Aphrodisias (fl. c. 205) and other Greek commentators, Avicenna, and Averroes, which together constitute the primary sources for the ongoing discussion around the nature of “essence” and “existence” in Avicenna’s works.
Research note: Thomas Hobbes - A Page in the History of Sport Philosophy. A Race as a Metaphor
Authors: Sorgi Giuseppe
Published: June 2019

Analysing race as the metaphor of life - by means of which Thomas Hobbes describes the passions in The Elements of Law, natural and politic - seems to be the right occasion to underline the relationship between the mechanistic idea of human being and sports activity. This approach makes a paradigm come to the surface - where factors such as extreme competition, the pursuit of success at any cost, ineliminable fear of defeat confirm the relevance of the Malmesbury born philosopher's thought, even within the so popular but little investigated field of sport.
“Physicists and ‘Fellow Travelers’: Nuclear Fear, the Red Scare, and Science Policy in Occupied Japan”
Authors: Grunden Walter E.
Published: June 2019

This essay presents a microhistory of U.S.-Japanese relations during the years of the Allied Occupation (1945–1952), describing how policies the United States enacted in the context of Cold War era national security concerns negatively affected the experiences of Japanese scientists. The Red Scare of the McCarthy Era ran along parallel tracks in the United States and Japan, and during those years, Japanese scientists—especially physicists—were the targets of surveillance and intense scrutiny, initially for fear they might abet diehard militarists in exacting revenge for the war, but later out of concern that they would pass “atomic secrets” to Communist nations. In the agenda to reform Japan, a “schizophrenic” science policy emerged, where, on the one hand, U.S. Occupation authorities under the Economic and Scientific Section assisted in the reconstruction of science institutions in Japan and facilitated international outreach, while on the other, the Civil Intelligence Division (G-2) frequently obstructed these efforts, as it imposed a regime of surveillance and penalties against those whom it suspected of being Communists or left-wing sympathizers. Toward this end, U.S. Occupation officials used travel visas as both a carrot and stick to influence the political behavior of Japanese scientists with mixed outcomes.
“Institutional Conversion of Japan’s National Personnel Authority: How Indigenous Forces Have Reshaped a U.S. Occupation-imposed Bureaucratic Institution”
Authors: Mishima Ko
Published: June 2019

The National Personnel Authority (NPA), Jinjiin in Japanese, was an unwelcome gift from the U.S. occupation ruler. It was fundamentally alien to Japanese bureaucratic traditions. It was a U.S.-style independent agency and aimed to remake the Japanese bureaucracy on the American model. This article analyzes the NPA’s survival in the post-occupation era from the perspective of historical institutionalism. It argues that the NPA has been successful because of institutional conversion in indigenizing itself. Soon after Japan’s recovery of independence in April 1952, the NPA abandoned its original mission of Americanization. Instead, it repositioned itself as the promoter of harmonious industrial relations in the public sector to contribute to promotion of Japan’s high-growth economy. Moreover, with the end of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)’s hegemony in the 1990s, the NPA has reactivated the function of safeguarding the bureaucracy’s partisan neutrality. This development represents the paradox of foreign-imposed institutions because the NPA ignored its responsibility for protecting bureaucratic neutrality for many years under the LDP’s monopoly of power.
“Failure to Change the Status Quo: Jimmy Carter, the Two Koreas, and the International Pursuit of Dialogue, 1977–1979”
Authors: Kraus Charles
Published: June 2019

President Jimmy Carter’s foreign policies toward Korea were targets of wide criticism from his contemporaries in the late 1970s, and they remain contentious among historians today. The root of Carter’s dismal record regarding this East Asian nation was not simply his misplaced focus on troop withdrawals and human rights, but rather the U.S. president’s failure to change measurably or positively the status quo on the Korean Peninsula. Utilizing sources from the United States and, to a lesser extent, Romania, the former Yugoslavia, and People’s Republic of China, this article explores an often ignored element of Carter’s policy toward the two Koreas—dialogue—to illuminate this point. It also explores U.S.-China diplomacy on the dialogue initiative, demonstrating the limits of relying on Beijing to coax P’yŏngyang into returning to the negotiating table.
Reexamining Differential Object Marking as a Linguistic Contact-Phenomenon in Gernika Basque
Authors: Rodríguez-Ordóñez Itxaso
Published: June 2019

The present study aims to show that Basque Differential Object Marking (dom) is the result of intense contact with the Basque-Spanish Leísta Dialect (bld) and to determine the process by which Basque dom is a contact feature. Following theories of contact-induced phenomena in variationist sociolinguistics (Poplack and Levey, 2010), theories of dom (Aissen, 2003) and grammaticalization theory (Heine and Kuteva, 2005), the speech of 29 native speakers of Gernika Basque are examined, stratified by age and language dominance. Results from oral data show that animacy and specificity are the strongest predictors of Basque dom, followed by person and number. In terms of language specific constraints, the use of Spanish borrowed verbs and the null object character of the language strongly favors dom in Gernika Basque. It is proposed that Basque dom involves a complex process of ‘replica grammaticalization’, explaining the intertwined relationship between typological factors, contact-induced forces and language-specific constraints.
AMADOU HAMPÂTÉ BÂ: A TESTIMONY
Authors: Sanankoua Bintou
Published: June 2019

Amadou Hampâté Bâ was a major African traditionalist and humanist figure of the twentieth century. This article, essentially written from personal memories and direct conversations with him and certain people from his family environment, tells of the unusual journey and secret struggles of an unusual man in search of his roots. Writer, politician, and diplomat, spiritual and religious leader, philosopher, traditionalist; this text shows how Amadou Hampâté Bâ became all of these at once, how he lived through the violence and injustice of French colonialism and how he rediscovered his roots thanks to oral tradition. It was oral tradition that reconciled him with himself and allowed him to reenter Fulani society, from which the violence of colonial wars had expelled him. This article shows how his journey made him into a passionate defender of African cultures, traditions, and languages and someone who admirably knew how to make use of UNESCO as a platform for these causes.
THE MEDIUM OF “TRADITION”: AMADOU HAMPÂTÉ BÂ’S CONFRONTATIONS WITH LANGUAGES, LITERACY, AND COLONIALISM
Authors: Austen Ralph A.
Published: June 2019

In his efforts to communicate his research on African “tradition”—more specifically oral texts—Hampâté Bâ was faced with a choice of languages and alphabets. Much of his work appeared only in French, the language of his main formal education and administrative training. In collaboration with several French colonial scholar-administrators (Henri Gaden, Colonel R. Figaret, and Gilbert Vieillard) Hampâté Bâ eventually developed a system for writing his native Fulfulde in Roman characters. However for his own Fulfulde religious poetry (“mes seules oeuvres de ‘creation’”), Hampâté Bâ used Ajami (Arabic letters representing non-Arabic languages), a writing system that he also promoted as a medium of wider Fulbe literacy.
Anything Goes: Post-1991 Historiography about Ivan iv in Russia
Authors: Halperin Charles J.
Published: June 2019

The dissolution of the Soviet Union unleashed a flood of publications about Ivan the Terrible in Russia. Instead of creating a new consensus about Ivan’s personality and rule, these books and articles manifested a greater polarization of opinion than has ever existed in Russian historiography on this controversial subject. The spectrum of opinion may be structured under five rubrics – apologetic, positive, conflicted, critical, and hostile – but Ivan’s paradoxical rule confounds even this heuristic paradigm.
John Stuart Mill and His Autobiography in Imperial Russia
Authors: Berest Julia
Published: June 2019

Among Western European thinkers whose works were translated into Russian in the 19th century, John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) was one of the most influential and controversial figures. As an economist with socialist sympathies and an advocate of women’s rights, Mill enjoyed special popularity among the left intelligentsia in Russia. Ironically, Mill’s reputation proved higher and more long-lasting in Russia than in Mill’s home country. This essay examines the Russian reception of Mill’s Autobiography, the last of his works to be translated into Russian. It illustrates significant differences in the Russian and British treatments of Mill’s legacy.
Terence Emmons and Russian Historiography
Authors: Hamburg G. M.
Published: June 2019

This article analyzes Terence Emmons’ contributions to Russian historiography. It discusses Emmons’ publications on the “golden age” of Russian historical writing and its links to Russian liberalism; his activity as instructor of graduate students at Stanford University from the 1960s to 2004, especially his seminars on the “new current” [novoe napravlenie] of the 1960s–1970s in Soviet historical writing; his editions of diaries by Iurii Vladimirovich Got’e, Frank Golder and Julia Dent Grant Cantacuzene; his articles on the “school” of Vasilii Osipovich Kliuchevskii and on Pavel Nikolaevich Miliukov as historian; his discovery of Boris Ivanovich Syromiatnikov’s unpublished monograph on Russian historiography; his analysis of Natan Iakovlevich Eidel’man’s “last book” on “revolution from above”; his editing of Martin Malia’s posthumous book, History’s Locomotives; his contemplated book on the Priiutino Brotherhood; his article on Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadskii and his son Georgii Vladimirovich (George) Vernadskii; and his links to Petr Andreevich Zaionchkovskii and to Zaionchkovskii’s “school” of historians.
Scholarly Families of Odessa Historians (XIX – First Third of XX Century): Typology, Periodization, Personnel, Peculiarities
Authors: Levchenko Valerii Valer’evich
Published: June 2019

This article analyzes the genesis and role of fifteen families of historians from the nineteenth- to the early twentieth century. It identifies these families, periodizes their appearance and advances a typology for their study; the article concludes by characterizing their scholarly activities, teaching and research in the century since their origins.
Teahouses and Telephones
Authors: Iselin Lilian
Published: June 2019

Telecommunication infrastructure that enables mobile communication has penetrated all regions of China with unprecedented speed. Tibetan pastoral regions in the north of Sichuan are no exception. Along with road and urban construction, the enlarged telecommunication system has become part of the landscape. Tibetan pastoralists’ mobility patterns and forms of communication have been affected by these developments, and spatial practices have undergone significant transformation. One aspect in which spatial transformations become manifest is in the increased tendency of pastoralists to visit towns. This has contributed to a growth in the number of teahouses and similar gathering places where pastoralists converge. This paper examines how pastoralists embed mobile communication into fixed-place sociability located in towns. It argues that, although mobile communication implies mobility, helping people living in remote areas maintain contact over distance, it is in fact used as a tool of contact and interaction in the centralised location of towns and teahouses.
The Solon Sable Tribute, Hunters of Inner Asia and Dynastic Elites at the Imperial Centre
Authors: Chia Ning
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the political and cultural importance of the Qing sable tribute for the expression and maintenance of imperial authority by focusing on the Solon, the largest sable-hunting group of the Qing dynasty in Heilongjiang. The political use of fur tribute items at the Qing centre reveals how the privilege of wearing fur defined the boundaries of the ruling hierarchy and, therefore, why sable tribute throughout the dynasty was a mechanism for maintaining relations between the Manchu court and the hunting population. The high demand for sable and other furs by the Qing emperor and other members of the political elite explains why the Qing empire needed the hunting population and their native places in the borderlands.
ʿAyn al-Quḍāt between Divine Jealousy and Political Intrigue
Authors: Rustom Mohammed
Published: June 2019

Modern scholars have been interested in the great Persian Sufi martyr ʿAyn al-Quḍāt Hamadānī (d. 525/1131) for over six decades. Despite this fact, many aspects of his life and thought still remain terra incognita. Our knowledge of the circumstances surrounding his death is a case-in-point. Although we have a fairly good understanding of the factors which led to ʿAyn al-Quḍāt’s demise, there are other “causes” which simultaneously complement and problematize this understanding. Chief amongst these are the underlying reasons for ʿAyn al-Quḍāt’s critique of the Seljuk government, as well as something which ʿAyn al-Quḍāt saw as a more subtle cause for his death several years before his anticipated state execution.
Companionship, Human Perfection, and Divine Union in Thirteenth-Century Persian Sufism
Authors: Kars Aydogan
Published: June 2019

This article reevaluates Rūmī’s approach to divine union in the light of the larger institutional and normative context that orchestrates it. Via key terms “spiritual companionship” [ṣuḥba] and normative Sufi “conduct” [adab], I situate Rūmī within the Khurasanian Sufi milieu wherein divine union was perceived as a communicative and communal process whereby the existentiating divine mercy overflows to, and reflects from, embodied companions. Not only Rūmī’s, but also Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār’s approach to divine union can be better appreciated in this normative Sufi setting where the perfection of human soul, body, speech, and agency coincide with an apophatic communion of companions.
Italian Practice in the Implementation of International Targeted Sanctions: Enhanced Protection or Additional Complexities?
Authors: Carpanelli Elena
Published: June 2019

The proliferation of UN and EU targeted sanctions and their potential impact on individual rights and private interests require constantly monitoring how Member States implement such restrictive measures within their own domestic legal systems. This article focuses specifically on Italian practice in the implementation of UN and EU-mandated targeted sanctions. In so doing, it first dissects the relevant legal framework currently in place at the domestic level, taking into particular account the main novelties brought about by legislative decree (D. Lgs.) No. 90/2017. It then underscores some critical issues and shortcomings potentially stemming from its practical application. Finally, this article purports to examine the recent institution of a “domestic sanctions regime” and questions whether it might, in practice, end up rising additional grounds of concern, other then those already emerging from the implementation of UN and EU-mandated targeted sanctions, especially in terms of lack of adequate procedural guarantees for alleged human rights violations.
The Standards for the Identification of Exceptions to Customary Law
Authors: Manna Mariangela La
Published: June 2019

This paper addresses some methodological concerns regarding the identification of customary rules. It presents a brief theory of the ascertainment of exceptions to customary rules and, more specifically, enquires whether the identification of an exception follows the same standards and the same evidentiary threshold as the identification of a brand new customary rule or not.
Religion, Second Modernity and Individualization in Japan
Authors: Porcu Elisabetta
Published: June 2019

Drawing on the theory of second modernity and individualization postulated by Ulrich Beck and his colleagues, Japanese sociologists have noted that a radical shift in Japan’s societal structure and modes has occurred since the mid-1990s, when institutions that had so far maintained a stable social order and integrated society started to collapse (Suzuki et al. 2010). In this context, religion too has no longer been able to provide stability and support to individuals, and its role in public life has been reduced. One of the most cited consequences has been the lack of trust in religious institutions that has led individuals to sever their ties with them. This has affected religious organizations dependent on traditional family ties, in particular Buddhist temples. Against this backdrop, this paper reflects on how some recent outreach activities carried out by religious institutions in contemporary Japan are the result of a crucial transformation of their configurations and structure rather than a representation of the same old patterns in new clothes. To this end, the paper focuses on the attempts made by the resident priest of an urban temple to come to terms with conditions proper to second modernity, where uncertainties and “risks” have replaced stability and security, and categories such as the family and religion have been destabilized.
Rule of Law, Socially Constructed Reasons, and Marriage Equality
Authors: Gedicks Frederick Mark
Published: June 2019

A reason is “constructed” if it does not appeal to a natural or normative authority that stands apart from human action, but is instead created by contingent social forces. The idea of constructed reason coexists uneasily with the rule of law. A bedrock rule-of-law principle requires that government action be nonarbitrary or reasoned, “reason unaffected by desire,” as Aristotle said. Yet, if the reasons judges invoke to justify judicial decisions are part of variable social and historical contexts in which the judges themselves are embedded, how can judicial decisions uphold the rule-of-law requirement of reasoned decision making untainted by the decision maker’s desires?

This essay gives a philosophical account of the social construction of legal reasons, relying on Kant, Heidegger, and Gadamer as the decisive figures. It applies this account to current U.S. controversies over same-sex marriage, and suggests how constructed reasons might coexist with still-powerful rule-of-law myths.
Balaniyot, Baths and Beyond
Authors: Perez Nahshon , Rosman-Stollman Elisheva
Published: June 2019

Ritual immersion in Israel has become a major point of contention between Israeli-Jewish women and the state-funded Chief Rabbinate of Israel. In order to conduct a religious household, Orthodox Jewish women are required to immerse in a ritual bath (mikveh) approximately once a month. However, in Israel, these are strictly regulated and managed by the Chief Rabbinate, which habitually interferes with women’s autonomy when immersing. The article presents the case, then moves to discuss two models of religion-state relations: privatization and evenhandedness (roughly the modern version of nonpreferentialism), as two democratic models that can be adopted by the state in order to properly manage religious services, ritual baths included. The discussion also delineates the general lessons that can be learned from this contextual exploration, pointing to the advantages of the privatization model, and to the complexities involved in any evenhanded approach beyond the specific case at hand.
What Does Success Look Like for Entrepreneurship Education?
Authors: Sá Creso
Published: June 2019

Entrepreneurship education is a growing field of studies internationally, as a range of curricular and co-curricular programs have emerged in higher education institutions. Considering the multiple goals and motivations of both those supporting and running entrepreneurship programs, how do entrepreneurship educators define “success”? This study explores this question focusing on the Canadian province of Ontario. Ontario is a critical case for investigating entrepreneurship education as programs in the field have proliferated over the past decade. Findings show multiple co-existing views on student success that are far from being reconciled, and speak to broader debates over the goals of entrepreneurship education in the university.