bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical and experimental investigation of the mesoscale fracture behaviour of quenched steels
Authors: Said Schicchi D , Hoffmann F , Hunkel M , Lübben T
Published: September 2016

During heat treatment processes, especially during quenching, cracks may form because of the presence of high thermal and mechanical stresses and strains. Notwithstanding the fact that increasingly detailed modelling for heat treatment is being performed (considering, i.a., grain size, creep and transformation plasticity), homogeneous microstructures are still normally assumed. Chemical and hence structural inhomogeneities are not commonly explicitly considered, which is especially accentuated in the case of real parts simulation because of the resulting numerical problem's size. Intensive quenching on a cylindrical specimen of 100Cr6 (SAE) steel is proposed here to experimentally investigate the microcrack generation. A finite element based model is proposed to numerically evaluate the fracture behaviour in a two‐step simulation. First, by solving the quenching problem in direct correspondance with the experimental test performed, and second, by studying the mesoscale response taking into account the influence of second phase particles in a representative volume element based approach. The maximum principal stress criterion is used to trigger the fracture by means of the extended finite element method at the mesoscale. The trend to form cracks in the surface region, experimentally observed, has been well captured by the model. The influence of carbides sizes and content on the mesoscale fracture response has been numerically analysed as well. A good agreement has been reached between the simulations and the experimental results, exhibiting the potential of the introduced approach to be used as a failure prediction methodology.
Numerical model of pore‐pressure diffusion associated with the initiation of the 2010–2011 Guy–Greenbrier, Arkansas earthquakes
Authors: Ogwari P. O. , Horton S. P.
Published: September 2016

We model pore‐pressure diffusion caused by pressurized waste‐fluid injection at two nearby wells and then compare the buildup of pressure with the observed initiation and migration of earthquakes during the early part of the 2010–2011 Guy–Greenbrier earthquake swarm. Pore‐pressure diffusion is calculated using MODFLOW 2005 that allows the actual injection histories (volume/day) at the two wells to diffuse through a fractured and faulted 3D aquifer system representing the eastern Arkoma basin. The aquifer system is calibrated using the observed water‐level recovery following well shut‐in at three wells. We estimate that the hydraulic conductivities of the Boone Formation and Arbuckle Group are 2.2 × 10−2 and 2.03 × 10−3 m day−1, respectively, with a hydraulic conductivity of 1.92 × 10−2 m day−1 in the Hunton Group when considering 1.72 × 10−3 m day−1 in the Chattanooga Shale. Based on the simulated pressure field, injection near the relatively conductive Enders and Guy–Greenbrier faults (that hydraulically connect the Arbuckle Group with the underlying basement) permits pressure diffusion into the crystalline basement, but the effective radius of influence is limited in depth by the vertical anisotropy of the hydraulic diffusivity. Comparing spatial/temporal changes in the simulated pore‐pressure field to the observed seismicity suggests that minimum pore‐pressure changes of approximately 0.009 and 0.035 MPa are sufficient to initiate seismic activity within the basement and sedimentary sections of the Guy–Greenbrier fault, respectively. Further, the migration of a second front of seismicity appears to follow the approximately 0.012 MPa and 0.055 MPa pore‐pressure fronts within the basement and sedimentary sections, respectively.
La dinámica manufacturas‐servicios y el desarrollo económico
Authors: KUCERA David , RONCOLATO Leanne
Published: September 2016

Este artículo se enmarca en el debate sobre el crecimiento impulsado por los servicios, que trata de determinar si estos son sustitutos o complementos, ex‐ante o ex‐post, de las manufacturas. Tras una revisión de la bibliografía empírica, los autores aplican métodos de descomposición del crecimiento a datos de 18 países asiáticos y latinoamericanos de 1980–2005, centrándose en las manufacturas y en los servicios más intensivos en TIC. Después tratan de ver si los países con más o menos crecimiento de la productividad del trabajo y del empleo tienen características estructurales comunes. También analizan la viabilidad del crecimiento impulsado por los servicios, en particular en la India.
Intensidad en empleo a largo plazo del crecimiento del producto sectorial en Túnez
Authors: SASSI Seifallah , GOAIED Mohamed
Published: September 2016

Se examina la capacidad a largo plazo de Túnez de generar empleo. Con datos de panel de 15 sectores económicos de 1983–2010, los autores estiman sus elasticidades producto‐empleo a largo plazo utilizando el estimador de media grupal. Según sus resultados, la política económica debería orientarse a los sectores más intensivos en empleo: servicios y manufacturas exportadoras. Destaca la incapacidad del sector minero de absorber mano de obra, por lo que la inversión en el mismo no será productiva; asimismo, el crecimiento sin empleo a largo plazo de la hotelería y restauración induce a pensar que deberían fomentarse más las actividades paraturísticas que las turísticas.
Derechos de los trabajadores migrantes. Aspectos económicos, políticos y éticos
Authors: RUHS Martin
Published: September 2016

Las políticas de inmigración laboral de los países de altos ingresos establecen una relación inversa entre el grado de apertura y algunos de los derechos concedidos a los migrantes admitidos. Esta observación empírica es la base del libro The price of rights: Regulating international labor migration, que el autor de este artículo escribió en 2013. Aquí resume sus principales conclusiones, argumentos e implicaciones políticas, y responde a una reseña publicada por la Revista Internacional del Trabajo en 2015. Concluye exhortando a un debate más abierto sobre los vínculos entre derechos, migración laboral y desarrollo entre las organizaciones nacionales e internacionales interesadas en estas cuestiones.
Use of molecular markers to improve relationship information in the genetic evaluation of beef cattle tick resistance under pedigree‐based models
Authors: Junqueira V.S. , Cardoso F.F. , Oliveira M.M. , Sollero B.P. , Silva F.F. , Lopes P.S.
Published: September 2016

The selection of genetically superior individuals is conditional upon accurate breeding value predictions which, in turn, are highly depend on how precisely relationship is represented by pedigree. For that purpose, the numerator relationship matrix is essential asa prioriinformation in mixed model equations. The presence of pedigree errors and/or the lack of relationship information affect the genetic gain because it reduces the correlation between the true and estimated breeding values. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of correcting the pedigree relationships using single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on genetic evaluation accuracies for resistance of beef cattle to ticks. Tick count data from Hereford and Braford cattle breeds were used as phenotype. Genotyping was carried out using a high‐density panel (BovineHD ‐ Illumina®bead chip with 777 962 SNPs) for sires and the Illumina BovineSNP50 panel (54 609 SNPs) for their progenies. The relationship between the parents and progenies of genotyped animals was evaluated, and mismatches were based on the Mendelian conflicts counts. Variance components and genetic parameters estimates were obtained using a Bayesian approach via Gibbs sampling, and the breeding values were predicted assuming a repeatability model. A total of 460 corrections in relationship definitions were made (Table 1) corresponding to 1018 (9.5%) tick count records. Among these changes, 97.17% (447) were related to the sire's information, and 2.8% (13) were related to the dam's information. We observed 27.2% (236/868) of Mendelian conflicts for sire–progeny genotyped pairs and 14.3% (13/91) for dam–progeny genotyped pairs. We performed 2174 new definitions of half‐siblings according to the correlation coefficient between the coancestry and molecular coancestry matrices. It was observed that higher‐quality genetic relationships did not result in significant differences of variance components estimates; however, they resulted in more accurate breeding values predictions. Using SNPs to assess conflicts between parents and progenies increases certainty in relationships and consequently the accuracy of breeding value predictions of candidate animals for selection. Thus, higher genetic gains are expected when compared to the traditional non‐corrected relationship matrix.
Pediatric Hypertension: Are Pediatricians Following Guidelines?
Authors: Patel Neil D. , Newburn Andrew , Brier Michael E. , Chand Deepa H.
Published: September 2016

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends that children older than 3 years seen in the medical setting have their blood pressure (BP) measured. The authors aimed to determine whether BPs are measured at well‐child visits and whether elevated readings are recognized. A retrospective chart review of 3‐ to 18‐year‐old children seen for well‐child visits was performed. Age, sex, weight, height, BP, extremity measured, and type of intervention were collected. BP was measured in 777 of 805 patients (97%). BP was elevated in 158 patients (20%). A total of 95 patients (60%) did not receive any intervention. Not recognizing elevated BP was associated with increased daily patient load (17.9±6.5 vs 12.6±5.5, P=.001). Higher body mass index was associated with elevated BP (P=.0008) but was not associated with improved recognition. Findings show that BP is almost always measured at well‐child visits but is not being measured appropriately, and general pediatric clinics are not consistently following BP management recommendations.
Endogenous Entry in Markets with Unobserved Quality
Authors: Creane Anthony , Jeitschko Thomas D.
Published: September 2016

Markets for experience and credence goods can suffer from adverse selection. The negative implication for trading and welfare poses the question of how such markets originate. We consider entry in markets in which each seller's quality becomes private information. Entry lowers prices, which can trigger adverse selection. The anticipated price collapse limits entry so that high prices are sustained, resulting in above normal profits. The analysis suggests that rather than observing the canonical market collapse, markets with asymmetric information about quality may have above normal profits and less entry than would be expected even when there is low concentration.
Entry Models Applied to Churches: Could Protestants use a Catholic Bishop to Solve Excess Entry?
Authors: Walrath Michael W.
Published: September 2016

This paper studies the entry behavior of churches of different religious denominations. In a given town, there tend to be fewer Catholic churches (with more members) than there are Protestant churches. Entry of Catholic churches can be considered centralized, since entry is controlled by a bishop; whereas, the entry of Protestant churches is rather decentralized. I estimate an entry game for Protestants, then conduct counterfactuals looking at how entry would change if it were centralized. I find that a large portion of the differences in entry between Catholic and Protestant churches is explained by this difference in entry regulation.
An innovative masticatory efficiency test using odour intensity in the mouth as a target marker: a feasibility study
Authors: Goto T. , Higaki N. , Yagi K. , Ishida Y. , Watanabe M. , Nagao K. , Ichikawa T.
Published: September 2016

A large number of studies have reported the findings for masticatory efficiency tests; however, some objective masticatory efficiency tests have a drawback, in that subjects are required to spit out the test material. This study examined the possibility of a masticatory efficiency test that evaluates the intensity of odours released when chewing an odour compound‐containing material. A total of 20 volunteers were used in this study. The odour intensity in the breath after chewing a gum was measured by portable odour sensor device. The odour intensity after chewing the gum was measured over four chewing durations and at four intervals between spitting out and measurement of the odour intensity. The volume of stimulated saliva was measured by calculating the difference in the weight of the gauze before and after chewing to examine the effect of saliva flow. With an increase in chewing duration, odour intensity reduced. The odour intensity was the highest immediately after chewing. There was a positive correlation between odour intensity and gummy jelly‐related masticatory efficiency test value (G‐METV), which was significant for 10‐s chewing. The regression equation was calculated from three objective variables of odour intensity and G‐METV as dependent variable. Pearson's correlation coefficient between G‐METV and the odour intensity‐related masticatory efficiency value (O‐METV) was 0·68. The coefficient of variation of O‐METV was significantly lower than that of G‐METV. These results suggest that the masticatory performance can be estimated by measuring the odour intensity immediately after chewing food containing odour compounds for 10 s.
Methods, innovations and extensions: Reflections on half a century of methodology in social dialectology
Authors: Meyerhoff Miriam
Published: September 2016

Labov's ingenuity in devising methods for collecting and analysing ‘the language used by ordinary people in their everyday affairs’ (1972: 69) is unmatched. This paper considers the goals and underlying questions shaping the methods that Labov innovated for (1) collecting quantities of everyday speech, (2) approaching variation in language use scientifically, and (3) thinking interdisciplinarily. The first includes the sociolinguistic interview, and other activities focused directly on forms, and critiques of Labov's methods. The second includes quantitative methods and raises some broader issues around triangulation. The third includes the complementary use of attitudes and perception data with production data. It concludes by suggesting that Labov's body of work has also contributed to the creation of a distinct, sociolinguistic community of practice.
Labov in sociolinguistics: An introduction
Authors: Bell Allan , Sharma Devyani , Britain David
Published: September 2016

This theme issue marks fifty years since the publication of William Labov's Social Stratification of English in New York City, the foundation study of variationist sociolinguistics. This Introduction offers the editors' rationale for the shape of the issue. We briefly survey the innovations and impact of the New York study, together with the subsequent development of the field by Labov and others. We then touch on several strands of Labov's contribution to sociolinguistics: language change, linguistic evaluation, methodological innovation, African American English, language and the individual, and language style. We conclude with a reflection on Labov's commitment to the study of language in society.
Children's medicine: What do consumers really want to know?
Authors: Crunkhorn Clara , van Driel Mieke , Nguyen Van , McGuire Treasure
Published: September 2016

Aim

This study explored consumer knowledge gaps and concerns regarding medication use in children.

Methods

Calls concerning or made by people under 18 to the pharmacist‐operated, national consumer medicines call centre National Prescribing Service Medicines Line (2002 to June 2010) were analysed. Calls were classified and narratively explored by age group: <1, 1–4, 5–14 and 15–17 years. Consumer Medication Information (CMI) and evidence‐based resources were examined to determine information concordance for common questions.

Results

There were 14 753 paediatric‐related calls (mean age 4.1 years). Callers were predominantly female (91.5%), mean age was 35.8 years. Most (89.4%) phoned for a child and 2.2% for themselves. Main enquiry types were: lactation (22.1%), treatment/prophylaxis (11.1%), dose (10.2%), adverse reaction (10.0%), interaction (8.4%) and vaccination (8.4%). However, the primary enquiry differed by age group: lactation (<1 year), dosing (1–4, 5–14 years) and interactions (15–17 years). Global concerns were medication safety, with breastfeeding for infants <1 year and age/weight dose clarification for children 1–4 and 5–14 years. In contrast, interaction questions from adolescents concerned nervous system medicines, cold/flu products, contraceptives and recreational drugs. While paracetamol was the primary medication of interest across age groups, the remaining ‘top two’ differed significantly. Inconsistencies identified between CMI and evidence‐based resources contribute to consumer uncertainty.

Conclusions

Care givers and older children use a call centre to address their information needs about frequently used and highly accessible medicines, and their concerns vary across paediatric age groups. Inconsistent information provided by CMI on medication use in children contributes to consumer uncertainty and help‐seeking behaviour.
Frontline Employees' Innovative Service Behavior as Key to Customer Loyalty: Insights into FLEs' Resource Gain Spiral
Authors: Maria Stock Ruth , Jong Ad de , Zacharias Nicolas A.
Published: September 2016

Many service firms require frontline service employees (FLEs) to follow routines and standardized operating procedures during the service encounter, to deliver consistently high service standards. However, to create superior, pleasurable experiences for customers, featuring both helpful services and novel approaches to meeting their needs, firms in various sectors also have begun to encourage FLEs to engage in more innovative service behaviors. This study therefore investigates a new and complementary route to customer loyalty, beyond the conventional service–profit chain, that moves through FLEs' innovative service behavior. Drawing on conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study introduces a resource gain spiral at the service encounter, which runs from FLEs' emotional job engagement to innovative service behavior, and then leads to customer delight and finally customer loyalty. In accordance with COR theory, the proposed model also includes factors that might hinder (customer aggression, underemployment) or foster (colleague support, supervisor support) FLEs' resource gain spiral. A multilevel analysis of a large‐scale, dyadic data set that contains responses from both FLEs and customers in multiple industries strongly supports the proposed resource gain spiral as a complementary route to customer loyalty. The positive emotional job engagement–innovative service behavior relationship is undermined by customer aggression and underemployment, as hypothesized. Surprisingly though, and contrary to the hypotheses, colleague and supervisor support do not seem to foster FLEs' resource gain spiral. Instead, colleague support weakens the engagement–innovative service behavior relationship, and supervisor support does not affect it. These results indicate that if FLEs can solicit resources from other sources, they may not need to invest as many of their individual resources. In particular, colleague support even appears to serve as a substitute for FLEs' individual resource investments in the resource gain spiral.
Spatio‐temporal variation in density and size structure of the endangered sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus in Huatulco National Park, Mexico
Authors: Glockner‐Fagetti Andrea , Benítez‐Villalobos Francisco
Published: September 2016

The brown sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) has been subjected to strong fishing pressure and is currently considered an endangered species by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Spatial and temporal variations in density were analysed and population parameters of I. fuscus were estimated in three localities of the Southern Mexican Pacific. Density was estimated using circular transects covering a 300 m2 area in each locality. Body length and weight were also measured. The mean density was 0.018 ± 0.013 individuals·m−2, and was statistically significantly lower during summer. The mean length and weight were 22.4 ± 3.8 cm and 396 ± 130 g, respectively, and statistically significant differences were found among localities. The weight–length relationship was W = 0.28·L1.32 and the mean relative condition index (Kn) = 1.04 ± 0.31. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was Lt = 38.7·(1–exp(−0.4·t)). The lowest values of length, weight and age were found at Dos Hermanas, suggesting that this locality could be favorable for the settlement of larvae and recruitment and growth of juveniles. The present study is the second to estimate densities of I. fuscus and the first one to publish data on size structure and growth for the population at Bahias de Huatulco. The densities were so low in the three sampled localities that none of them would be able to support a fishery, even under a sustainable management scheme. The information collected in the present study could be helpful for management programs of the Huatulco National Park, as all the data used for these currently come mainly from the populations of I. fuscus in the Gulf of California.
Global population genetic dynamics of a highly migratory, apex predator shark
Authors: Bernard Andrea M. , Feldheim Kevin A. , Heithaus Michael R. , Wintner Sabine P. , Wetherbee Bradley M. , Shivji Mahmood S.
Published: September 2016

Knowledge of genetic connectivity dynamics in the world's large‐bodied, highly migratory, apex predator sharks across their global ranges is limited. One such species, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), occurs worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, uses remarkably diverse habitats (nearshore to pelagic) and possesses a generalist diet that can structure marine ecosystems through top‐down processes. We investigated the phylogeography and the global population structure of this exploited, phylogenetically enigmatic shark by using 10 nuclear microsatellites (n = 380) and sequences from the mitochondrial control region (CR, n = 340) and cytochrome oxidase I gene (n = 100). All three marker classes showed the genetic differentiation between tiger sharks from the western Atlantic and Indo‐Pacific ocean basins (microsatellite FST > 0.129; CR ΦST > 0.497), the presence of North vs. southwestern Atlantic differentiation and the isolation of tiger sharks sampled from Hawaii from other surveyed locations. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA revealed high levels of intraocean basin matrilineal population structure, suggesting female philopatry and sex‐biased gene flow. Coalescent‐ and genetic distance‐based estimates of divergence from CR sequences were largely congruent (dcorr = 0.0015–0.0050), indicating a separation of Indo‐Pacific and western Atlantic tiger sharks <1 million years ago. Mitochondrial haplotype relationships suggested that the western South Atlantic Ocean was likely a historical connection for interocean basin linkages via the dispersal around South Africa. Together, the results reveal unexpectedly high levels of population structure in a highly migratory, behaviourally generalist, cosmopolitan ocean predator, calling for management and conservation on smaller‐than‐anticipated spatial scales.
Causes and consequences of large clonal assemblies in a poplar hybrid zone
Authors: Macaya‐Sanz David , Heuertz Myriam , Lindtke Dorothea , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Lexer Christian , González‐Martínez Santiago C.
Published: September 2016

Asexual reproduction is a common and fundamental mode of reproduction in plants. Although persistence in adverse conditions underlies most known cases of clonal dominance, proximal genetic drivers remain unclear, in particular for populations dominated by a few large clones. In this study, we studied a clonal population of the riparian treePopulus albain the Douro river basin (northwestern Iberian Peninsula) where it hybridizes withPopulus tremula, a species that grows in highly contrasted ecological conditions. We used 73 nuclear microsatellites to test whether genomic background (species ancestry) is a relevant cause of clonal success, and to assess the evolutionary consequences of clonal dominance by a few genets. Additional genotyping‐by‐sequencing data were produced to estimate the age of the largest clones. We found that a few ancient (over a few thousand years old) and widespread genets dominate the population, both in terms of clone size and number of sexual offspring produced. Interestingly, large clones possessed two genomic regions introgressed fromP. tremula, which may have favoured their spread under stressful environmental conditions. At the population level, the spread of large genets was accompanied by an overall ancient (>0.1 Myr) but soft decline of effective population size. Despite this decrease, and the high clonality and dominance of sexual reproduction by large clones, the Douro hybrid zone still displays considerable genetic diversity and low inbreeding. This suggests that even in extreme cases as in the Douro, asexual and sexual dominance of a few large, geographically extended individuals does not threaten population survival.
Interactions between parental traits, environmental harshness and growth rate in determining telomere length in wild juvenile salmon
Authors: McLennan D. , Armstrong J. D. , Stewart D. C. , Mckelvey S. , Boner W. , Monaghan P. , Metcalfe N. B.
Published: September 2016

A larger body size confers many benefits, such as increased reproductive success, ability to evade predators and increased competitive ability and social status. However, individuals rarely maximize their growth rates, suggesting that this carries costs. One such cost could be faster attrition of the telomeres that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and play an important role in chromosome protection. A relatively short telomere length is indicative of poor biological state, including poorer tissue and organ performance, reduced potential longevity and increased disease susceptibility. Telomere loss during growth may also be accelerated by environmental factors, but these have rarely been subjected to experimental manipulation in the natural environment. Using a wild system involving experimental manipulations of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Scottish streams, we found that telomere length in juvenile fish was influenced by parental traits and by direct environmental effects. We found that faster‐growing fish had shorter telomeres and there was a greater cost (in terms of reduced telomere length) if the growth occurred in a harsher environment. We also found a positive association between offspring telomere length and the growth history of their fathers (but not mothers), represented by the number of years fathers had spent at sea. This suggests that there may be long‐term consequences of growth conditions and parental life history for individual longevity.
Genomic divergence and lack of introgressive hybridization between two 13‐year periodical cicadas support life cycle switching in the face of climate change
Authors: Koyama Takuya , Ito Hiromu , Fujisawa Tomochika , Ikeda Hiroshi , Kakishima Satoshi , Cooley John R. , Simon Chris , Yoshimura Jin , Sota Teiji
Published: September 2016

Life history evolution spurred by post‐Pleistocene climatic change is hypothesized to be responsible for the present diversity in periodical cicadas (Magicicada), but the mechanism of life cycle change has been controversial. To understand the divergence process of 13‐year and 17‐year cicada life cycles, we studied genetic relationships between two synchronously emerging, parapatric 13‐year periodical cicada species in the Decim group, Magicicada tredecim and M. neotredecim. The latter was hypothesized to be of hybrid origin or to have switched from a 17‐year cycle via developmental plasticity. Phylogenetic analysis using restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequences for all Decim species and broods revealed that the 13‐year M. tredecim lineage is genomically distinct from 17‐year Magicicada septendecim but that 13‐year M. neotredecim is not. We detected no significant introgression between M. tredecim and M. neotredecim/M. septendecim thus refuting the hypothesis that M. neotredecim are products of hybridization between M. tredecim and M. septendecim. Further, we found that introgressive hybridization is very rare or absent in the contact zone between the two 13‐year species evidenced by segregation patterns in single nucleotide polymorphisms, mitochondrial lineage identity and head width and abdominal sternite colour phenotypes. Our study demonstrates that the two 13‐year Decim species are of independent origin and nearly completely reproductively isolated. Combining our data with increasing observations of occasional life cycle change in part of a cohort (e.g. 4‐year acceleration of emergence in 17‐year species), we suggest a pivotal role for developmental plasticity in Magicicada life cycle evolution.
Duopolistic Price Competition with Captives
Authors: Babutsidze Zakaria
Published: September 2016

We extend the Bertrand duopolistic competition to include captives. These are consumers that have no choice between the suppliers. Usual population of shoppers are modeled performing a sequential search in order to decide where to buy a homogenous good. These two simple departures from the original setup have sharp consequences. First, we find that duopolistic price competition is not robust to inclusion of captives. The equilibrium results starkly differ and the only possible equilibrium now includes duopolists charging monopolistic prices. Second, addition of sequential search introduces multiplicity of pure strategy Nash equilibria. In this setup, we observe perverse optimal response to competitor's price changes. Notably, we find that the firm might want to reduce the price in response to the competitor's price increase, which is at odds with the usual undercutting principle. Third, we investigate the behavior of equilibrium prices depending on the heterogeneity in consumer risk attitudes. We find that the higher consumer heterogeneity with respect to acceptance of risky gambles leads to higher prices in equilibrium.
Alterations of CorTFL1 and CorAP1 expression correlate with major evolutionary shifts of inflorescence architecture in Cornus (Cornaceae) – a proposed model for variation of closed inflorescence forms
Authors: Ma Qing , Liu Xiang , Franks Robert G. , Xiang Qiu‐Yun (Jenny)
Published: September 2016

TFL1‐, AP1‐ and LFY‐like genes are known to be key regulators of inflorescence development. However, it remains to be tested whether the evolutionary modifications of inflorescence morphology result from shifts in their expression patterns.

We compared the spatiotemporal expression patterns of CorTFL1, CorAP1 and CorLFY in six closely related Cornus species that display four types of closed inflorescence morphology using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and RNA in situ hybridization. Character mapping on the phylogeny was conducted to identify evolutionary changes and to assess the correlation between changes in gene expression and inflorescence morphology.

Results demonstrated variation of gene expression patterns among species and a strong correlation between CorTFL1 expression and the branch index of the inflorescence type. Evolutionary changes in CorTFL1 and CorAP1 expression co‐occurred on the phylogeny with the morphological changes underpinning inflorescence divergence.

The study found a clear correlation between the expression patterns of CorTFL1 and CorAP1 and the inflorescence architecture in a natural system displaying closed inflorescences. The results suggest a role for the alteration in CorTFL1 and CorAP1 expression during the evolutionary modification of inflorescences in Cornus. We propose that a TFL1‐like and AP1‐like gene‐based model may explain variation of closed inflorescences in Cornus and other lineages.
Reluctant Bureaucracy: Accounts, Narrative, and Negotiation in Serbian High School Classrooms
Authors: George Rachel
Published: September 2016

Despite anthropologists’ increased interest in bureaucracies, the pervasive role of talk for resolving policy–practice gaps and structuring citizen–bureaucrat encounters has been underanalyzed in the literature on the everyday practices of the state. This article examines classrooms in Belgrade, Serbia, as examples of sites in which some locally recognized features of bureaucratic interactions can be enacted and reproduced. I argue that frequent student‐teacher negotiations over grades, attendance, and behavior render the classroom a space for reluctant bureaucracy. Teachers, even those who criticize the bureaucratic rules that govern education, spend much of their time enforcing and interpreting an oft‐confusing set of state‐mandated school policies, while students use excuses, justifications, and narratives to negotiate outcomes. This situation parallels many Serbs’ experiences in government offices, where they believe the law is rarely applied fairly and success depends on making a persuasive case. Although student–teacher negotiations may reproduce some common features of bureaucratic interactions, teachers also demonstrate ambivalence toward the practice of negotiation—and its political implications—through an alternation of what I call the institutional voice and the intimate voice. Through this alternation, teachers critique the system that they simultaneously perpetuate and train students to manage.
Human Rights, Colonial Criminality, and the Death of Kwementyaye Briscoe in Custody: A Central Australian Case Study
Authors: Holcombe Sarah
Published: September 2016

The intersection of colonialism, legal systems, and human rights is revealed in the Alice Springs Watch House, a place for the temporary custody of, usually intoxicated, Aboriginal men. “Kwementyaye Briscoe” became the fourth death in custody since 1999; and this article draws on his coronial inquest. The post‐mortem humanity of the coroner is contrasted with the uncaring disregard of the police for Briscoe while he lived. These contradictory postures reveal the contingency of Aboriginal people's human rights in the neoliberal colonial state. Critical criminology has revealed that the Australian legal system has been complicit in establishing and reproducing the Aboriginal “criminal”. Relative to colonial relations of power, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the associated machinery of international law are relatively recent phenomena. This articles questions: What can a consideration of the discourse of human rights bring to an understanding of the treatment of an Aboriginal man in custody, and is this discourse complicit? Also, would sanctioning human rights in national law, via, for example, a bill of rights, legitimize human rights while simultaneously revealing their tacit assumptions? Agamben's concept of “bare life” sheds light on the paradoxes of human rights, as they are intensified in this custodial context.
The Contemporary Presidency: The Obama Administrative Presidency: Some Late‐Term Patterns
Authors: Rudalevige Andrew
Published: September 2016

President Obama's iteration of the administrative presidency, as his term ended, used both extant tools and stressed new ones. This essay centers on three themes: (1) the array of managerial directives used, as a caution against simply counting executive orders to measure Obama's administrative efforts; (2) the central role of statutory interpretation to find power in extant law to justify presidential preferences in areas such as health care, environmental protection, and immigration, with mixed results in the courtroom and thus on the ground; and (3) the aggressive—and far less challenged—use of that same tool in foreign policy and the war powers. In each area the Obama administrative presidency will bequeath useful precedent to his successors.
Introduction
Authors: Balfour Danny L. , Newbold Stephanie P.
Published: September 2016

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The Effects of Urbanization on Insurance Consumption—The experience of China
Authors: Barrese James , Wang Ping , Zhang Ji
Published: September 2016

Cross‐country studies of insurance find little support for a hypothesized urbanization–insurance consumption link. Unlike the literature, we argue and find that the relationship is positive. Our study refines the literature relating economic development and financial service activities. The empirical evidence in the existing literature is based on cross‐country samples that are criticized as unrepresentative because they are disproportionately composed of highly developed economies and consequently have limited range in the variables considered; this limits confidence in the resulting evidence. The current study overcomes these empirical difficulties by focusing on one large country with a unique recent development pattern. Like the existing studies, we find a positive insurance–economic development link. In contrast to cross‐country studies, we find that insurance consumption is influenced by urbanization and that the country's World Trade Organization entry had a differential impact on its insurance markets.
Indian Country Poverty: Place‐Based Poverty on American Indian Territories, 2006–10
Authors: Whitney Mauer K.
Published: September 2016

This article examines place‐based poverty in Indian Country, emphasizing that reservation characteristics are influenced by the system of federal Indian policy that affects American Indian self‐determination and antipoverty strategies within reservation boundaries. Using data from the American Community Survey five‐year file, 2006–10, I model poverty rates using multivariate, nested regression along key dimensions associated with American Indian antipoverty strategies and place‐based poverty. The results indicate that rates of female‐headed households and opportunity structures, such as lack of work, contribute to higher rates of reservation poverty while gaming acts as a slight buffer against poverty. Surprisingly, natural‐resource‐related occupations, thought to be associated with expropriation of tribal resources, was not associated with higher poverty, while self‐governance compacts, acting as a proxy for tribal autonomy, had no significant impact on poverty rates. As tribal governments seek to address poverty through strategies enabled by self‐determination policies, there is a critical need for more comprehensive and reliable data to understand how and whether tribal governments can effectively adapt federal policies to specific reservation conditions.
Detecting Suicide Risk Among College Students: A Test of the Predictive Validity of the Modified Emotional Stroop Task
Authors: Chung Yeunjoo , Jeglic Elizabeth L.
Published: September 2016

Detecting suicide risk among nonclinical populations is challenging due to low base rates and the help‐negation tendency of at‐risk individuals. The current longitudinal study investigated the predictive validity of the modified emotional Stroop task (EST) by conducting a follow‐up study of 197 students who participated in a study by Chung and Jeglic (2016). The EST latencies for suicide‐related cues and past suicidal behaviors were the only significant predictors of suicide risk. The findings of this study provide preliminary support for the use of the EST as part of a suicide risk screening battery that could add to the detection of suicide risk.
A Numerical Study of the Nanoscale Heat Transfer in the Head-Disk Interface for Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording
Authors: Wu Haoyu , Bogy David
Published: September 2016

The near field transducer (NFT) overheating problem is an issue the hard disk drive (HDD) industry has faced since heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology was first introduced. In this paper, a numerical study of the head disk interface (HDI) is performed to predict the significance of the nanoscale heat transfer due to the back heating from the disk. A steady-state heat transfer problem is first solved to get the disk temperature profile. Then an iterative simulation of the entire HDI system is performed. It shows that the heat transfer coefficient in the HDI increases to about 6:49 × 106 W/(m2K) when the clearance is 0:83 nm. It also shows that in the free space laser scenario, the simulation result is close to the experimental result.
Analysis on Resolution Enhancement by Optical Pupil Apodization in a Laser Scanning Printing System
Authors: Kim Wan-chin , Han Sang-Koo , Kim Sung-Dae
Published: September 2016

Apodization of amplitude and phase at the entrance pupil of an optical system is able to have advantages on optical resolution and focal depth. As an optical system for the electro-photography continuously requires highly resolved dot image and extended focal length to obtain more delicate expression with adequate production stability. Advantages from apodization technique can improve system performance and supply high degree of reliability of the optical system. In this study, theoretical apodization characteristics in a laser scanning optical system for electro-photography is firstly analyzed in the aspects of enhancement of optical resolution and focal depth with the proposed method of apodization. In addition, fundamental experimental result on measurement of beam spot size is reported to support theoretical results.
Evaluation of Sheet Metal Leveling Based on Elimination of Coilset Residual Stress
Authors: Tsai Sung-Yu , Chen Brian , Chang Jen-Yuan (James)
Published: September 2016

Flexible media such as tape, web or sheet metal are commonly used in the mass production manufacturing. In the modern manufacturing process, about one third of the steel production is converted to sheet metal [1]. Sheet metal is normally winded and stored into coil form which can be easily tranported. However, when it is unwinded for metal forming process such as press stamping, laser cutting or any other forming process, sheet metal will have coilset residual stress which can cause defects from the forming process. The coilset residual stress is caused by the way the sheet metal is stored and packaged [2]. Therefore, in order to eliminate such residual stress, leveing process is carried out to eliminate common coilset residual stress.
Workspace Analysis of Cable-Driven Parallel Robot With Coulomb Friction Under Ultra-High-Acceleration
Authors: Heo Jun-Mu , Choi Sung-hyun , Park Kyoung-Su
Published: September 2016

Cable driven parallel robots (CDPRs) are a class of parallel robots in which the rigid links are replaced by cables. It consists of a moving end-effector and a number of active cables connected to the end-effector.
Adaptive Temperature Control of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) for Dynamic Environmental Thermal Convection
Authors: Zamani Nima , Khamesee Mir Behrad , Khan Mohammad Ibraheem
Published: September 2016

In recent years, there have been an increased interest in manufacturing and controlling of smart materials such as NiTi Shape Memory for variety of applications in the fields of robotics, automotive, aerospace, and biomedical. In the past, there have been several studies done to control the position of SMA actuators, they mostly use a position sensor which directly measures the position [1][2]. The use of a position sensor adds substantially to the cost of an actuator unit. Moreover, there have been a few studies done in the field of self-sensing control of SMA actuators, however, they either assume a constant environmental conditions[3] or don’t consider the full complexity of the hysteresis behavior of SMAs [4]. Shape memory effect of SMAs, such as NiTi, are inherently due to a thermal process which leads to a phase transformation between the two solid phases of austenite and martensite [5]. The objective of this paper is to develop an adaptive electrical resistance feedback controller which controls the temperature of the NiTi SMA actuator based on the identified unknown heat convection coefficient.
Detection of Slippage Using Flexible Tactile Sensor for a Robot Fingertip
Authors: Kim Sung Joon , Choi Jae Young , Moon Hyung Pil , Choi Hyouk Ryeol , Koo Ja Choon
Published: September 2016

Tactile sensor for detecting slip is essential to grasp an object safely in a robot hand with a complicated structure and various functions. In this paper, sensors with three patterns in different forms are designed to sense slip moment through a resistance change. The slip sensors developed in this paper have flexible and stretchable characteristics to be used on the robot hand surface. For realizing these characteristics, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) is used as a substrate of the sensor. Graphene material is employed bacause of suitable for flexible substrate as an electrode. An imprint process to produce a micro-unit sensor structure is newly developed. As a result, sensors can have an extremely small structure like human fingerprint. Experiments for performance of the developed sensors are conducted. In addition, a stretchable and fatigue tests are conducted to verify the performance of sensors with a flexible characteristic like the human skin.