bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a systematic assessment of errors in diffusion Monte Carlo calculations of semiconductors: Case study of zinc selenide and zinc oxide
Authors: Yu Jaehyung , Wagner Lucas K. , Ertekin Elif
Published: December 2015

The fixed node diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) method has attracted interest in recent years as a way to calculate properties of solid materials with high accuracy. However, the framework for the calculation of properties such as total energies, atomization energies, and excited state energies is not yet fully established. Several outstanding questions remain as to the effect of pseudopotentials, the magnitude of the fixed node error, and the size of supercell finite size effects. Here, we consider in detail the semiconductors ZnSe and ZnO and carry out systematic studies to assess the magnitude of the energy differences arising from controlled and uncontrolled approximations in DMC. The former include time step errors and supercell finite size effects for ground and optically excited states, and the latter include pseudopotentials, the pseudopotential localization approximation, and the fixed node approximation. We find that for these compounds, the errors can be controlled to good precision using modern computational resources and that quantum Monte Carlo calculations using Dirac-Fock pseudopotentials can offer good estimates of both cohesive energy and the gap of these systems. We do however observe differences in calculated optical gaps that arise when different pseudopotentials are used.
Electric-field-induced strain contributions in morphotropic phase boundary composition of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3 during poling
Authors: Khansur Neamul H. , Hinterstein Manuel , Wang Zhiyang , Groh Claudia , Jo Wook , Daniels John E.
Published: December 2015

The microscopic contributions to the electric-field-induced macroscopic strain in a morphotropic 0.93(Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3)−0.07(BaTiO3) with a mixed rhombohedral and tetragonal structure have been quantified using full pattern Rietveld refinement of in situ high-energy x-ray diffraction data. The analysis methodology allows a quantification of all strain mechanisms for each phase in a morphotropic composition and is applicable to use in a wide variety of piezoelectric compositions. It is shown that during the poling of this material 24%, 44%, and 32% of the total macroscopic strain is generated from lattice strain, domain switching, and phase transformation strains, respectively. The results also suggest that the tetragonal phase contributes the most to extrinsic domain switching strain, whereas the lattice strain primarily stems from the rhombohedral phase. The analysis also suggests that almost 32% of the total strain is lost or is a one-time effect due to the irreversible nature of the electric-field-induced phase transformation in the current composition. This information is relevant to on-going compositional development strategies to harness the electric-field-induced phase transformation strain of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-based lead-free piezoelectric materials for actuator applications.
Effect of structure on nonlinear optical properties in CaCu3Ti4O12 films
Authors: Ning Tingyin , Zhou Yueliang
Published: December 2015

We report the third-order nonlinear optical properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 films with different preferred growth orientations on MgO and fused silica substrates. The films have (310)- and (220)-orientation on MgO and fused silica, respectively, due to the lattice-mismatch. Raman spectra further indicate different atom-bonding states in the films. The nonlinear optical measurements show the films possess the same self-defocusing behavior but with different values of nonlinear refraction, and changed signs of nonlinear absorption. The difference of optical nonlinearity in CaCu3Ti4O12 films is ascribed to different lattice parameters and intermediate levels induced by structure.
Zonal wavefront sensing using a grating array printed on a polyester film
Authors: Pathak Biswajit , Kumar Suraj , Boruah Bosanta R.
Published: December 2015

In this paper, we describe the development of a zonal wavefront sensor that comprises an array of binary diffraction gratings realized on a transparent sheet (i.e., polyester film) followed by a focusing lens and a camera. The sensor works in a manner similar to that of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The fabrication of the array of gratings is immune to certain issues associated with the fabrication of the lenslet array which is commonly used in zonal wavefront sensing. Besides the sensing method offers several important advantages such as flexible dynamic range, easy configurability, and option to enhance the sensing frame rate. Here, we have demonstrated the working of the proposed sensor using a proof-of-principle experimental arrangement.
Transmission type flat-panel X-ray source using ZnO nanowire field emitters
Authors: Chen Daokun , Song Xiaomeng , Zhang Zhipeng , Li Ziping , She Juncong , Deng Shaozhi , Xu Ningsheng , Chen Jun
Published: December 2015

A transmission type flat-panel X-ray source in diode structure was fabricated. Large-scale patterned ZnO nanowires grown on a glass substrate by thermal oxidation were utilized as field emitters, and tungsten thin film coated on silica glass was used as the transmission anode. Uniform distribution of X-ray generation was achieved, which benefited from the uniform electron emission from ZnO nanowires. Self-ballasting effect induced by the intrinsic resistance of ZnO nanowire and decreasing of screening effect caused by patterned emitters account for the uniform emission. Characteristic X-ray peaks of W-L lines and bremsstrahlung X-rays have been observed under anode voltages at a range of 18–20 kV, the latter of which were the dominant X-ray signals. High-resolution X-ray images with spatial resolution less than 25 μm were obtained by the flat-panel X-ray source. The high resolution was attributed to the small divergence angle of the emitted X-rays from the transmission X-ray source.
From a non-magnet to a ferromagnet: Mn+ implantation into different TiO2 structures
Authors: Yıldırım O. , Cornelius S. , Butterling M. , Anwand W. , Wagner A. , Smekhova A. , Fiedler J. , Böttger R. , Bähtz C. , Potzger K.
Published: December 2015

We report effect of the initial structural order on the resulting magnetic properties of manganese implanted TiO2 films. Different microstructures of as-grown TiO2 films, namely, amorphous, polycrystalline anatase, and epitaxial anatase, have been implant-doped with Mn+ up to a concentration of 5 at. %. We found that different initial structures lead to different defect and charge carrier concentrations and, as a result, strongly influence the magnetic properties upon implantation. Depending on the initial microstructure, paramagnetism, secondary phases related magnetic properties as well as ferromagnetism could be observed in the films.
Robust luminescence of the silicon-vacancy center in diamond at high temperatures
Authors: Lagomarsino Stefano , Gorelli Federico , Santoro Mario , Fabbri Nicole , Hajeb Ahmed , Sciortino Silvio , Palla Lara , Czelusniak Caroline , Massi Mirko , Taccetti Francesco , Giuntini Lorenzo , Gelli Nicla , Fedyanin Dmitry Yu , Cataliotti Francesco Saverio , Toninelli Costanza , Agio Mario
Published: December 2015

We performed high-temperature luminescence studies of silicon-vacancy color centers obtained by ion implantation in single crystal diamond. We observed reduction of the integrated fluorescence upon increasing temperature, ascribable to a transition channel with an activation energy of 180 meV that populates a shelving state. Nonetheless, the signal decreased only 50% and 75% with respect to room temperature at 500 K and 700 K, respectively. In addition, the color center is found highly photostable at temperatures exceeding 800 K. The luminescence of this color center is thus extremely robust even at large temperatures and it holds promise for novel diamond-based light-emitting devices.
Influence of layered skin structure on the distribution of radiofrequency currents in dermis and subcutaneous fat
Authors: Kruglikov Ilja L.
Published: December 2015

The layered structure of skin with multiple interfaces separating the skin layers having very different electrical characteristics significantly modifies the spatial distribution of radiofrequency (RF) current in the skin compared to that in a homogeneous medium. In this study we present the analytical solutions of Laplace’s equation describing the current densities for a two-layer skin model with homogeneous single layers for the monopolar and bipolar configurations of RF electrodes. Then we analyze analytically and numerically the optimal distances between the RF electrodes providing the maximal current concentration in a given depth or in a given depths’ interval under the skin surface. It is demonstrated that two main parameters which significantly define the optimization condition are the thickness of the dermis and the reflection coefficient of the current at the dermis/subcutis interface. According to this model, under physiological conditions, the surface under RF electrode collecting 50% of the current entering subcutis is 184 times larger than in homogeneous medium. Such redistribution of RF current will significantly reduce the local density of the current entering the fat tissue reducing the effect of its selective heating.
Accurate thermoelastic tensor and acoustic velocities of NaCl
Authors: Marcondes Michel L. , Shukla Gaurav , da Silveira Pedro , Wentzcovitch Renata M.
Published: December 2015

Despite the importance of thermoelastic properties of minerals in geology and geophysics, their measurement at high pressures and temperatures are still challenging. Thus, ab initio calculations are an essential tool for predicting these properties at extreme conditions. Owing to the approximate description of the exchange-correlation energy, approximations used in calculations of vibrational effects, and numerical/methodological approximations, these methods produce systematic deviations. Hybrid schemes combining experimental data and theoretical results have emerged as a way to reconcile available information and offer more reliable predictions at experimentally inaccessible thermodynamics conditions. Here we introduce a method to improve the calculated thermoelastic tensor by using highly accurate thermal equation of state (EoS). The corrective scheme is general, applicable to crystalline solids with any symmetry, and can produce accurate results at conditions where experimental data may not exist. We apply it to rock-salt-type NaCl, a material whose structural properties have been challenging to describe accurately by standard ab initio methods and whose acoustic/seismic properties are important for the gas and oil industry.
Continuity of care in the post partum period: general practitioner experiences with communication
Authors: Brodribb Wendy E. , Mitchell Benjamin L. , Van Driel Mieke L.
Published: December 2015

Objectives Informational and management continuity of care assists in providing a seamless transition for women and infants from tertiary or secondary to primary care during the post partum period. Few studies have evaluated the interaction between different aspects of the health system following a woman’s discharge from hospital after the birth of her infant. The present study describes how general practitioners (GPs) experience communications with hospitals and other post partum care providers relevant to continuity of care. Methods In the present cross-sectional study, a 52-item questionnaire adapted from a previously used survey was mailed to 932 GPs in southern Queensland, Australia, between February and July 2013. Questionnaire items included participant demographics, the timeliness and usability of discharge summaries, communication with other post partum care providers and consultation practices. Results The response rate was 17.4%. Nearly one-quarter of participants never or rarely received a hospital discharge summary in a timely manner and most considered the summaries somewhat useful. Few GPs (14.3%) had contact with or received information from domiciliary midwives who conducted post partum home visits. A higher proportion (38%) had some communication with a Child and Family Health nurse in the month before the survey. Conclusions Information flow from hospital to general practice and between other post partum care providers is less than ideal and may affect ongoing care for mothers and infants, especially those at risk. Knowledge exchange between healthcare services and initiatives to improve information sharing needs to be developed and implemented. What is already known on this topic? Transitions from tertiary or secondary care to primary care and between primary care providers are often times of vulnerability for patients, including women and infants in the post partum period. There is little information documenting communications between different maternity services and GPs that facilitate ongoing care. What does this paper add? There are significant gaps in the exchange of information about post partum women and infants from hospitals to GPs and a lack of communication between GPs and other post partum care providers, such as domiciliary midwives and Child and Family Health nurses. What are the implications for practitioners? Improvements in the timeliness, presentation and content of hospital discharge summaries, as well as enhancing channels of communication, collaboration, cooperation and information sharing between providers of community post partum care, are necessary if mothers are to receive the best care possible.
Shell shape as indicator of pollution in marine gastropods affected by imposex
Authors: Primost M. A. , Bigatti G. , Márquez F.
Published: December 2015

Tributyltin (TBT) and other pollutants are present in Patagonia, and are associated with maritime traffic and human activities. Cause–effect relationship between TBT and imposex development in females of marine gastropods is well documented. We tested whether the imposex incidence associated with TBT pollution is related to detectable shell-shape variations in the edible marine snail (Buccinanops globulosus). We compared shell shape of B. globulosus in six contiguous sites on a gradient of imposex and maritime traffic, by using geometric morphometric analysis. Our results indicated that the registered differences in shell shape are associated to imposex incidence in the harbour zone where previous works have detected TBT pollution. Gastropods from areas of high maritime traffic presented a rounded shell with a shorter spire, and a smaller relative size of the shell aperture, whereas the opposite shape (fusiform shape, elongated-spired shell and bigger relative size of the shell aperture) occurred in gastropod shells from areas of low maritime traffic. Shell variation registered here could be useful to detect TBT pollution in populations of B. globulosus and another neogastropod species.
Community and clinic-based screening for curable sexually transmissible infections in a high prevalence setting in Australia: a retrospective longitudinal analysis of clinical service data from 2006 to 2009
Authors: Silver Bronwyn , Kaldor John M. , Rumbold Alice , Ward James , Smith Kirsty , Dyda Amalie , Ryder Nathan , Yip Teem-Wing , Su Jiunn-Yih , Guy Rebecca J.
Published: December 2015

Background In response to the high prevalence of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in many central Australian Aboriginal communities, a community-wide screening program was implemented to supplement routine primary health care (PHC) clinic testing. The uptake and outcomes of these two approaches were compared. Methods: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) community and clinic screening data for Aboriginal people aged 15–34 years, 2006–2009, were used. Regression analyses assessed predictors of the first test occurring in the community screen, positivity and repeat testing. Results: A total of 2792 individuals had 9402 tests (median: four per person) over 4 years. Approximately half of the individuals (54%) were tested in the community and clinic approaches combined, 29% (n = 806) in the community screen only and 18% (n = 490) in the clinic only. Having the first test in a community screen was associated with being male and being aged 15–19 years. There was no difference between community and clinic approaches in CT or NG positivity at first test. More than half (55%) of individuals had a repeat test within 2–15 months and of these, 52% accessed different approaches at each test. The only independent predictor of repeat testing was being 15–19 years. Conclusions: STI screening is an important PHC activity and the findings highlight the need for further support for clinics to reach young people. The community screen approach was shown to be a useful complementary approach; however, cost and sustainability need to be considered.
Development and validation of fuel height models for terrestrial lidar – RxCADRE 2012
Authors: Rowell Eric M. , Seielstad Carl A. , Ottmar Roger D.
Published: December 2015

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to collect spatially continuous measurements of fuelbed characteristics across the plots and burn blocks of the 2012 RxCADRE experiments in Florida. Fuelbeds were scanned obliquely from plot/block edges at a height of 20 m above ground. Pre-fire blocks were scanned from six perspectives and four perspectives for post-fire at ~2 cm nominal spot spacing. After processing, fuel height models were developed at one meter spatial resolution in burn blocks and compared with field measurements of height. Spatial bias is also examined. The resultant fuel height data correspond closely with field measurements of height and exhibit low spatial bias. They show that field measurements of fuel height from field plots are not representative of the burn blocks as a whole. A translation of fuel height distributions to specific fuel attributes will be necessary to maximise the utility of the data for fire modelling.
Frequency preference and attention effects across cortical depths in the human primary auditory cortex
Authors: De Martino Federico , Moerel Michelle , Ugurbil Kamil , Goebel Rainer , Yacoub Essa , Formisano Elia
Published: December 2015

Significance

To the best of our knowledge, our data provide the first imaging evidence compatible with columnar processing of sound frequency in the human auditory cortex. Our study depicts the human auditory cortex with unprecedented spatial detail and demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring submillimeter functional images outside visual/motor cortices, setting the stage for a wide range of research possibilities. Our results elucidate the role of cortical layers in bottom-up and top-down processing of sounds, and suggest that ongoing behavioral goals shape population-based sound representations especially in superficial layers of A1 columns. These results may inform and improve computational models of auditory cortical processing and may be relevant for understanding neurological conditions that do not yet have an imaging “biomarker” (e.g., tinnitus).
Global divergence of the human follicle mite
Demodex folliculorum
: Persistent associations between host ancestry and mite lineages
Authors: Palopoli Michael F. , Fergus Daniel J. , Minot Samuel , Pei Dorothy T. , Simison W. Brian , Fernandez-Silva Iria , Thoemmes Megan S. , Dunn Robert R. , Trautwein Michelle
Published: December 2015

Significance

Mites live in human hair follicles and have been implicated in medically important skin disorders, but we know surprisingly little about these residents of our skin. By analyzing the variation segregating among 241 mite sequences isolated from 70 human hosts, we showed that hosts with different regional ancestries harbor distinct lineages of mites and that these associations can persist despite generations spent in a new geographic region. These results suggest that some mite populations are better able to survive and reproduce on hosts from certain geographic regions. Improving our understanding of human follicle mites promises to shed light on human evolution and to provide important contextual information for their role in human health.
Recombination patterns in maize reveal limits to crossover homeostasis
Authors: Sidhu Gaganpreet K. , Fang Celestia , Olson Mischa A. , Falque Matthieu , Martin Olivier C. , Pawlowski Wojciech P.
Published: December 2015

Significance

During meiosis, chromosomes exchange segments in a process of crossing-over. The crossover number is tightly regulated so that at least one crossover (but not many more) is formed per chromosome. The process of crossover homeostasis is thought to play a major role in this regulation by ensuring a stable crossover number even if the number of DNA breaks that initiate crossover formation varies. However, we found that, in maize, the crossover number changes with the number of DNA breaks, suggesting that different species exhibit different crossover control mechanisms. Plant breeders rely on recombination to create new combinations of alleles. Our data suggest that increasing recombination rates in plants may be accomplished by increasing the number of DNA breaks.
Initiation factor 2 stabilizes the ribosome in a semirotated conformation
Authors: Ling Clarence , Ermolenko Dmitri N.
Published: December 2015

Significance

Translation initiation is a key step for the regulation of protein synthesis. Initiation factors mediate the binding of initiator tRNA and mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit and subsequent binding of the large ribosomal subunit. The molecular mechanism of subunit association is poorly understood. Here, we show that bacterial initiation factor 2 (IF2) positions ribosomal subunits in a distinct rotational orientation during the subunit-joining step of initiation. IF2 also stabilizes the mobile domain of the large subunit named the L1 stalk in a unique conformation. Our studies provide insights into how IF2 promotes the association of ribosomal subunits.
Effect of Nanophyetus salmincola and Bacterial Co-Infection on Mortality of Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Authors: Roon Sean R. , Alexander Julie D. , Jacobson Kym C. , Bartholomew Jerri L.
Published: December 2015

The freshwater trematode Nanophyetus salmincola has been demonstrated to impair salmonid immune function and resistance to the marine pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, potentially resulting in ocean mortality. We examined whether infection by the parasite N. salmincola similarly increases mortality of juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha when they are exposed to the freshwater pathogens Flavobacterium columnare or Aeromonas salmonicida, two bacteria that juvenile salmonids might encounter during their migration to the marine environment. We used a two-part experimental design where juvenile Chinook Salmon were first infected with N. salmincola through cohabitation with infected freshwater snails, Juga spp., and then challenged with either F. columnare or A. salmonicida. Cumulative percent mortality from F. columnare infection was higher in N. salmincola-parasitized fish than in nonparasitized fish. In contrast, cumulative percent mortality from A. salmonicida infection did not differ between N. salmincola-parasitized and nonparasitized groups. No mortalities were observed in the N. salmincola-parasitized-only and control groups from either challenge. Our study demonstrates that a relatively high mean intensity (>200 metacercariae per posterior kidney) of encysted N. salmincola metacercariae can alter the outcomes of bacterial infection in juvenile Chinook Salmon, which might have implications for disease in wild fish populations.

Received February 24, 2015; accepted September 7, 2015
Antimicrobial activity of hydroxytyrosol: a current controversy
Authors: Medina-Martínez María S , Truchado Pilar , Castro-Ibáñez Irene , Allende Ana
Published: December 2015

This study focus on the main factors that affect the antimicrobial capacity of hydroxytyrosol, including the concentration (200, 400, and 1000 μg/mL), target strains, and the culture media (nutrient-rich and less-rich culture media). The potential HT degradation was also evaluated by HPLC-PAD. Kinetic parameters from growth curves showed that HT concentrations produced a doses-dependent shift when compared to the untreated control. In most of the cases, the highest tested dose (1000 μg/mL) was needed to inhibit growth of the selected strains. However, all the strains were able to grow even at the highest HT dose when cultivated in nutrient-rich culture media. It was observed that HT concentrations were reduced by about 15%, except for Escherichia coli 533 and 679 in Muller Hinton broth, where HT was reduced up to 35%. The results showed a limited antimicrobial activity, contrary to information previously published in some research papers.
Report on APMP supplementary comparison: high precision roundness measurement
Authors: Buajarern J , Naoi K , Baker A , Zi X , Tsai C-L , Eom T B , Leng T S , Kruger O
Published: December 2015

A regional supplementary comparison, APMP.L-S4, was held in 2012 to demonstrate the equivalence of routine calibration services offered by NMIs to clients. Participants in this APMP.L-S4 comparison agreed to apply multi-step method for spidle error separation in order to yield the high precision roundness measurement. Eight laboratories from NMIs participated in this supplementary comparison; NIMT, NMIJ, NMIA, NIM, CMS/ITRI, KRISS, NMC/A*STAR and NMISA.

This report describes the measurement results of 2 glass hemispheres and 2 softgauges. The calibrations of this comparison were carried out by participants during the period from March 2012 to May 2013. The results show that there is a degree of equivalence within 0.8 for all measurands. Hence, there is a close agreement between the measurements.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
COOMET.QM-K93 (COOMET 615/RU/13): key comparison in the field of measuring of the ethanol amount fraction in nitrogen (120 μmol/mol)
Authors: Konopelko L A , Efremova O V , Fatina O V , Orshanskaia A A , Rozhnov M S , Melnyk D M , Petryshyn P V
Published: December 2015

The relevance of the COOMET.QM-K93 comparison is founded on paying particular attention to reliability of measurements which are performed during the medical examination of drivers of vehicles in order to assess the degree of alcoholic intoxication. Standard gas mixtures of ethanol in nitrogen in cylinders under pressure play a key role in providing metrological assurance of breath-alcohol analyzers. Participating laboratories: VNIIM and Ukrmetrteststandart. This comparison was carried out in 2014-2015. This supplementary comparison supports CMC claims for: ethanol in the range 50–500 μmol/mol in a matrix of either nitrogen or synthetic air.

Results:

The results are consistent with the reference values.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Roles of septins in prospore membrane morphogenesis and spore wall assembly inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Heasley Lydia R. , McMurray Michael A.
Published: December 2015

The highly conserved family of septin proteins has important functions in cytokinesis in mitotically proliferating cells. A different form of cytokinesis occurs during gametogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which four haploid meiotic products become encased by prospore membrane (PSMs) and specialized, stress-resistant spore walls. Septins are known to localize in a series of structures near the growing PSM, but previous studies noted only mild sporulation defects upon septin mutation. We report that directed PSM extension fails in many septin-mutant cells, and, for those that do succeed, walls are abnormal, leading to increased susceptibility to heating, freezing, and digestion by the Drosophila gut. Septin mutants mislocalize the leading-edge protein (LEP) complex required for normal PSM and wall biogenesis, and ectopic expression of the LEP protein Ssp1 perturbs mitotic septin localization and function, suggesting a functional interaction. Strikingly, extra copies of septin CDC10 rescue sporulation and LEP localization in cells lacking Sma1, a phospholipase D–associated protein dispensable for initiation of PSM assembly and PSM curvature but required for PSM extension. These findings point to key septin functions in directing efficient membrane and cell wall synthesis during budding yeast gametogenesis.
Microfinance
Authors: Sabin Nicholas
Published: December 2015

Financial access for poor and low-income clients has expanded dramatically over the last four decades. This chapter provides an overview of the microfinance landscape and highlights key debates within the field. The market structure is shifting, with organizations increasingly accessing commercial funding. Some geographic markets have overheated, producing substantial criticism. Recent impact evaluations are raising questions about what microfinance actually can and should attempt to achieve. Even the basic offering is being rethought in terms of products and services that may better suit the needs of the poor. This changing landscape is placed in its historical context, noting key predecessors and how the microfinance movement began and grew to its present form. Contrasting perspectives are structured around three ongoing debates: the critical features of modern microfinance, the appropriate role of commercialization, and the assessment of microfinance’s impact. The chapter concludes with implications for the broader field of social finance.
Negatives
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines affixal negation in English. A broad definition of negation is used here, including along with standard negatives (‘not X’) also privatives (‘without X’ or ‘remove X from’), reversatives (‘reverse action of verbing’), and verbal pejoratives (‘do X wrongly, badly’). The affixes examined are in-, un-, non-, a-, dis-, de-, -less, mis-, and mal-. The chapter considers the extent to which these affixes are semantically distinct, and discusses claims in past literature that negative affixes avoid attaching to already negative bases. The compositionality of the different kinds of negative interpretations is also discussed.
Compounds: semantic considerations
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo
Published: December 2015

This chapter first establishes some general semantic characteristics of English compounds and provides a justification of the terminology needed for an in-depth discussion. A basic distinction is introduced between argumental and non-argumental compounds. The semantic properties of both endocentric and exocentric exemplars are investigated. In addition, the semantics of both blends and neoclassical compounds are examined and the extent to which their semantic properties are similar to those of other compounds is considered. Finally the chapter looks at the semantic properties of several marginal or disputed compounding patterns, including compounds with verbs as their second elements (henpeck), phrasal compounds (over-the fence gossip), and reduplicative compounds (friend friend).
Schrödinger equation on a lattice
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios
Published: December 2015

This chapter begins by studying the one-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation. In order to do this the chapter discretizes the spatial coordinates, and thus the differential equation becomes a set of coupled difference equations first order in time. Dealing with a finite number or a numerable set of states makes it easier to understand the concepts of Hilbert space, its measure, and the overlap between states. Furthermore, the chapter only has to deal with the Kronecker symbol as opposed to the Dirac delta function. Later, in Chapter 3, it will consider the continuum limit where we will naturally recover the Schrödinger differential equation, the state normalization condition as an integration condition, and the delta function.
Operator mechanics
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses the need to use operator in quantum mechanics and how the operators relate to observables.
Bound states in one dimension
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios
Published: December 2015

In this and in the following chapter, it reviews an important part of undergraduate material, namely solving for bound states and for scattering in one-dimension for the case where the potential is constructed from different constant values in various regions pieced together.
Time-independent perturbation expansion
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses time-indendent perturbation theory. It discusses the non-degenerate case first and then the case of application of perturbation theory for the case in which the state is degenerate. It further discusses the case of quasi-degeneracy.
Molecules
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses some elementary molecular physics. Its goal is to understand the reason why neutral atoms form aggregates, that is, molecules, solids, and the matter which we see around us. The answer that it is simply because of the dipole–dipole attraction is not correct. In the case of the hydrogen molecule, for example, the size of its binding energy is orders of magnitude larger than the size of the dipole–dipole attraction between two isolated hydrogen atoms. In fact, in the hydrogen molecule, the two electrons are shared by both nuclei, so the integrity of each atom is completely lost in the molecule. The chapter analyzes within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation the H2+ ion. The chapter introduces the idea of hybridization, the tight-binding approximation, and the meaning of electron correlations in the hydrogen molecule which we treat within the Hubbard model.
The elasticity field
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios
Published: December 2015

This chapter treats the monoatomic and a diatomic chain of atoms interacting with harmonic springs. First, the chapter finds the classical normal modes and then we quantize them. This part is also useful in order to draw an analogy with the problem of quantization of the electromagnetic field which is carried out in the next chapter.
Negation
Authors: Pinkster Harm
Published: December 2015

A first distinction is made between semantic negation and pragmatic negation. Semantic negation is achieved by negators, by adverbs, by negative subordinators, by zero quantifiers, or by negative verbs. A second distinction is that between clause negation and local negation (of individual words or phrases). Latin uses different negation adverbs for imperative and other sentence types. The individual negation adverbs and subordinators are discussed separately. Additional sections are devoted to coordination of negative clauses and to the occurrence of multiple negators in the same clause. The co-occurence of negators may either entail annihilation of the negation or lead to reinforced negation. The best example of pragmatic negation is rhetorical questions.
Satellites
Authors: Pinkster Harm
Published: December 2015

The chapter deals with constituents that function as adjunct or disjunct in their clause. Within both categories further semantic distinctions are made. The criteria used to distinguish the various types of adjunct are question words and the possibility for different adjuncts to occur in the same clause. For each semantic type of adjunct whenever possible a distinction is made in accordance with the types of constituents that may be used in those functions, such as noun phrases (in the accusative, dative, or ablative case), prepositional phrases, and adverbs. Some adjuncts are sensitive to the content of the nucleus of the sentence (for instance, they only occur with controlled states of affairs), others are not. Disjuncts are divided into attitudinal and illocutionary disjuncts.
The Ritual Interplay of Fire and Water in Hindu and Buddhist Tantras
Authors: Grether Holly
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines the symbolic relations between fire and water in ritual performances of both Hindu and Buddhist tantric traditions. In one form or another, water appears both before and after fire, thus providing a kind of symbolic framing device. The chapter finds this pairing to be more than coincidental, but rather to constitute a ritual rule, one that applies across the full range of Asian fire rituals, from the Zoroastrian yasna to the homa rituals of Japanese tantric practice. The chapter also touches on themes found in several of the other chapters, those of the internalization of ritual, and of gendered symbolism—fire as masculine and water as feminine. It also argues that in addition to Vedic influences on the creation of tantric homa rites, Zoroastrian ritual practices were also formative.
Anatomy
Authors: Borucki Amber N. , Ellinas Herodotos
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 17 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of anatomy.
Renal and Urinary System
Authors: Vinson Amy E.
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 17 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of the renal/urinary system.
Neonatal
Authors: Gummerson Matthew C. , Irwin Maria , Leduc Laura , Dearden Jennifer
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 69 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of neonatal anesthesiology.
Otolaryngology
Authors: Broderick Daniel K. , Tuason Pacifico
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 25 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of otolaryngology.
Plastic and Oral-Maxillary Facial Surgery
Authors: Bajic Dusica
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 21 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of plastic and oral-maxillary facial surgery.
Trauma and Burns
Authors: Jones Cathie
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 25 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of trauma and burns.
Evaluation of Coexisting Disease
Authors: Arnett Jacob T. , Chow Chien-Hsiang
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 42 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of evaluating coexisting disease.
Regional Anesthesia
Authors: King Michael R. , Kandiah Nisha , Boretsky Karen , Anderson T. Anthony
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 25 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of regional anesthesia.
Complications of Anesthesia
Authors: Infosino Andrew , Ferschl Marla
Published: December 2015

This chapter contains 27 questions relevant for the Pediatric Subspecialty Exam about the topic of complications of anesthesia.
India and the World
Authors: Malone David M. , Mohan C. Raja , Raghavan Srinath
Published: December 2015

India has emerged as a leading voice in global affairs in the past two decades. Its fast-growing domestic market largely explains the ardour with which Delhi is courted by powers great and small. India is also becoming increasingly important to global geostrategic calculations, being the only Asian country with the heft to counterbalance China over time. Nevertheless, India’s foreign policy has been relatively neglected in the existing literature. ThisHandbook, edited by three widely recognized students of the topic, provides an extensive survey of India’s external relations. The authors include leading Indian scholars and commentators of the field and several outstanding foreign scholars and practitioners. They address factors in Indian foreign policy flowing from both history and geography and also discuss key relationships, issues, and multilateral forums through which the country’s international relations are refracted.
Bangladesh
Authors: Srinivasan Krishnan , Datta Sreeradha
Published: December 2015

Bangladesh is the ultimate prize in the subcontinent for Indian foreign policy. To enjoy good relations with the world’s third largest Muslim population would immeasurably strengthen India’s hands in transactions with Pakistan and the Islamic world, undermine the Muslim League’s theory that Hindus and Muslims could never coexist, and stabilize India’s vulnerable north-east with the promise of transit facilities through Bangladesh raising expectations of a boost to the economy. Being embedded in the most sensitive area of India, Bangladesh’s cooperation will also boost India in regard to China and Myanmar. Achieving a state of consistently friendly relations with Bangladesh will, however, take time, given the prevailing vertical division in Bangladesh’s polity and society about the fundamentals of its nationhood.
Austrian Methodology
Authors: Martin Adam
Published: December 2015

This chapter offers a synthetic account of the key methodological ideas espoused by prominent Austrian economists. It focuses on the contributions of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig Lachmann, and Donald Lavoie, arguing that epistemological concerns fail to encapsulate their overlapping but distinctive and complementary methodological arguments. Their methodological positions are better explained as flowing from a shared and distinctive social ontology that underlies Austrian economic theory. Austrian social ontology is distinct because of its commitment to three key concepts: radical subjectivism, sheer ignorance, and spontaneous order. The chapter then presents a stylized schema of social processes that embodies these key concepts and shows that the schema both accommodates distinctively Austrian theories and allows for a synthesis of the key methodological contributions of all the Austrian economists discussed earlier.
Review of Basic Mathematical Concepts Used in Computational and Mathematical Psychology
Authors: Busemeyer Jerome R. , Townsend James T. , Wang Zheng , Eidels Ami
Published: December 2015

Computational and mathematical models of psychology all use some common mathematical functions and principles. This chapter provides a brief overview.
Bayesian Estimation in Hierarchical Models
Authors: Kruschke John K. , Vanpaemel Wolf
Published: December 2015

Bayesian data analysis involves describing data by meaningful mathematical models, and allocating credibility to parameter values that are consistent with the data and with prior knowledge. The Bayesian approach is ideally suited for constructing hierarchical models, which are useful for data structures with multiple levels, such as data from individuals who are members of groups which in turn are in higher-level organizations. Hierarchical models have parameters that meaningfully describe the data at their multiple levels and connect information within and across levels. Bayesian methods are very flexible and straightforward for estimating parameters of complex hierarchical models (and simpler models too). We provide an introduction to the ideas of hierarchical models and to the Bayesian estimation of their parameters, illustrated with two extended examples. One example considers baseball batting averages of individual players grouped by fielding position. A second example uses a hierarchical extension of a cognitive process model to examine individual differences in attention allocation of people who have eating disorders. We conclude by discussing Bayesian model comparison as a case of hierarchical modeling.
Model Comparison and the Principle of Parsimony
Authors: Vandekerckhove Joachim , Matzke Dora , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: December 2015

According to the principle of parsimony, model selection methods should value both descriptive accuracy and simplicity. Here we focus primarily on Bayes factors and minimum description length, explaining how these procedures strike a balance between goodness-of-fit and parsimony. Throughout, we demonstrate the methods with an application on false memory, evaluating three competing multimonial proces tree models of interference in memory.
Mathematical and Computational Modeling in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Neufeld Richard W. J.
Published: December 2015

This chapter begins with an introduction to the basic ideas behind clinical mathematical and computational modeling. In general, models of normal cognitive-behavioral functioning are titrated to accommodate performance deviations accompanying psychopathology; model features remaining intact indicate functions that are spared; those that are perturbed are triaged as signifying functions that are disorder affected. Distinctions and interrelations among forms of modeling in clinical science and assessment are stipulated, with an emphasis on analytical, mathematical modeling. Preliminary conceptual and methodological considerations are presented. Concrete examples illustrate the benefits of modeling as applied to specific disorders. Emphasis in each case is on clinically significant information uniquely yielded by the modeling enterprise. Implications for the functional side of clinical functional neuro-imaging are detailed. Challenges to modeling in the domain of clinical science and assessment are described, as are tendered solutions. The chapter ends with a description of continuing challenges and future opportunities.
Slip knots and unfastening topologies enhance toughness without reducing strength of silk fibroin fibres
Authors: Berardo Alice , Pantano Maria F. , Pugno Nicola M.
Published: December 2015

The combination of high strength and high toughness is a desirable feature that structural materials should display. However, while in the past, engineers had to compromise on either strength or toughness depending on the requested application, nowadays, new toughening strategies are available to provide strong materials with high toughness. In this paper, we focus on one of such strategy, which requires no chemical treatment, but the implementation of slip knots with optimized shape and size in the involved material, which is silkworm silk in this case. In particular, a variety of slip knot topologies with different unfastening mechanisms are investigated, including even complex knots usually used in the textile industry, and their efficiency in enhancing toughness of silk fibres is discussed.
Patient-specific blood rheology in sickle-cell anaemia
Authors: Li Xuejin , Du E. , Lei Huan , Tang Yu-Hang , Dao Ming , Suresh Subra , Karniadakis George Em
Published: December 2015

Sickle-cell anaemia (SCA) is an inherited blood disorder exhibiting heterogeneous cell morphology and abnormal rheology, especially under hypoxic conditions. By using a multiscale red blood cell (RBC) model with parameters derived from patient-specific data, we present a mesoscopic computational study of the haemodynamic and rheological characteristics of blood from SCA patients with hydroxyurea (HU) treatment (on-HU) and those without HU treatment (off-HU). We determine the shear viscosity of blood in health as well as in different states of disease. Our results suggest that treatment with HU improves or worsens the rheological characteristics of blood in SCA depending on the degree of hypoxia. However, on-HU groups always have higher levels of haematocrit-to-viscosity ratio (HVR) than off-HU groups, indicating that HU can indeed improve the oxygen transport potential of blood. Our patient-specific computational simulations suggest that the HVR level, rather than the shear viscosity of sickle RBC suspensions, may be a more reliable indicator in assessing the response to HU treatment.