bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-8 Difference between two fecal egg count methods and estimation of genetic parameters for gastrointestinal parasite resistance traits in sheep
Authors: Boareki Mohammed N , Willoughby Olivia , Kennedy Delma , Suarez-Vega Aroa , Schaeffer Larry , Schenkel Flavio , Canovas Angela
Published: November 2020

Fecal egg count (FEC) is an indicative measurement for parasite infection in sheep. Different FEC methods may show inconsistent results. Not accounting for inconsistencies can be problematic when integrating measurements from different FEC methods for genetic evaluation. The objectives of this study were to: evaluate the difference between two FEC methods, the Modified McMaster (LMMR) and the Triple Chamber McMaster (LTCM); estimate the genetic and phenotypic correlations between records from two methods; and estimate genetic parameters for FEC and other gastrointestinal parasite resistance traits. A total of 1,676 fecal samples were collected from a commercial sheep farm between 2012 and 2019. Fecal egg counting was performed using the Modified McMaster (n = 998) and the Triple Chamber McMaster (n = 678) methods. Other parasite resistance trait records were collected from the same farm including eye score (FAMACHA©), body condition score (BCS), and body weight (WT). The mean and variance between the two FEC methods were significantly different (P < 0.0001), but phenotypic and genetic correlations between them were high (0.88 and 0.94, respectively). Therefore, pre-adjustment is required prior to integrating data from the different methods. For multiple trait analysis with other parasite resistance traits, data from the two fecal egg counting methods were integrated (LFEC) by using records for the LMMR when available and replacing missing records with standardized LTCM records for mean and variance of LMMR. Heritability estimates were 0.12, 0.07, 0.17, and 0.24, for LFEC, FAMACHA©, BCS, and the WT, respectively. Estimated genetic correlations between fecal egg count and the other parasite resistance traits were low with FAMACHA© (0.24), BCS (-0.03), and WT (0.22), suggesting little to no benefit of using such traits as indicators for LFEC.
PSVIII-16 Interferon-TAU in the pathogenesis and prevention of intrauterine growth restriction and embryonic death in dairy cows
Authors: Shabunin Sergey , Mikhalev Vitaliy , Nezhdanov Anatoly , Safonov Vladimir , Parshin Pavel , Anipchenko Polina
Published: November 2020

The aim of the research was to assess the state of the hormonal and cytokine blood profiles of Holstein dairy cows during the early period of gestation with physiological formation of the embryo, its intrauterine growth restriction and death, clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms of these embryopathologies development and identify the efficacy of their prevention using recombinant bovine INFT. The dynamics of serum concentration of P4, cortisol (F) and cytokines: INFT, interleukin IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interferon-γ (INF-γ) at the physiological formation of the embryo (n = 9), its growth restriction (n = 9) and death (n = 8) were studied. The blood samples were obtained on the day of artificial insemination, during early blastogenesis (days 8–9), implantation of the embryo (days 15–16), the formation of primary genital organs (days 32–33), and at the end of the embryonic period of development (days 60–65). In cows with intrauterine growth restriction and embryonic death, serum concentration of P4, compared with the cows demonstrating their physiological formation, was lower by 14.0–30.1%, F - by 11.2–35.5%, INFT - by 21.0–37.7% when the content of IL-2 was exceeded by 46.5–310.5%, TNFα - by 11.7–36.2%, INF-γ - by 58.0–296.0%. A statistically significant positive correlative relationship between the content of INFT, P4, F and a negative one with the indices of the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines was found. Violation of the hormonal-cytokine balance in the organisms of fertilized animals is a universal pathogenetic mechanism for the development of early embryopathies. Injections of recombinant bovine INFT to inseminated cows during the pre- and implantation periods increased the level of progesterone production and reduced the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. The efficacy of insemination of cows increased by 1.96 times, the manifestation of fetal/embryonic intrauterine growth restriction syndrome decreased by 2.35 times in comparison with the control animals.
PSVIII-12 Estimations of treatment schemes efficiency of bacterial mastitis in dairy cow and antibiotic resistance of identified pathogens
Authors: Artemyeva Olga , Nikanova Daria A , Kolodina Evgenia , Brovko Fedor , Zinovieva Natalia A
Published: November 2020

The research was done on the herd (n = 3000) of cows of black-motley breed with an admixture of Holstein. At the first stage, the diagnosis was carried out by using the Keno test. There were selected 148 (4.9%) cow, which had of subclinical mastitis. For treatment, there were used the schemes tried and tested in the farm: (1) nisin, polymexin B, ketoprofen, methyl salicylate; (2) nisin, polymexin B, ketoprofen, ceftiofur; (3) amoxicillin, ketoprofen, methyl salicylate, prednisone. Before it, the allocation of pathogens was not carried out. After treatment the number of repeated cases of the disease reached 44.6%, which indicated the ineffectiveness of the treatment regimens used. At the second stage, samples of milk, nasal and vaginal mucus were taken from animals with a relapse of mastitis. Different pathogens were used to isolate pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Enterococcus spp., Ps. aeruginosa). The extracted isolates were identified based on the cultural and biochemical properties. The results were interpreted on the recommendation of EUCAST. Of all the animals examined, they simultaneously detected in milk 3 pathogens in 37.8%, 2 pathogens in 40.9%, and only one pathogen was isolated in 21.3%. Moreover, S. aureus (84.8%), Ps. aeruginosa (62.1%), Enterococcus spp. (34.8%) was found in smears from the vagina. The sensitivity of the selected pathogens to antimicrobials showed that 73% of S. aureus strains were resistant to ≥6 antibiotics, 47% E. coli to ≥7, 34% Shigella spp. to ≥4 and 21% Ps. aeruginosa to ≥4. The use of antibiotics of different groups without isolating the pathogen and determining its sensitivity leads to the appearance of multiresistant strains of bacteria and culling animals from the herd. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia (AAAA-A18-118021590136-7) and the Russian Science Foundation (project 20-16-00106).
PSI-18 Performance of kiko wethers and katahdin rams co-stocked in woodlands with diverse vegetation
Authors: Paneru Bidur , Karki Uma , Ellis Nevershi , Bhattrai Shailes
Published: November 2020

Small ruminant production in the southeast United States is mainly pasture based and most of the producers are small scale. Woodland grazing is becoming familiar with the producers and can serve as an alternative grazing system in the Southeast. Some literature is available on the performance of matured goats and sheep stocked separately in woodlands. However, information is lacking on the performance of goats and sheep when co-grazed in woodlands. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams co-stocked in woodlands. Eight Kiko wethers and five Katahdin rams (both mature) were co-stocked rotationally in three woodland plots (1-acre each) from mid-May to mid-October 2019. Each study plot had four different virtual sections with average vegetation-canopy height of 2.7 feet, 4.4 feet, 5.5 feet, and 5.7 feet (treatments) at the beginning of the study. Animals were stocked together in each plot and moved to the next plot when 50% of the available vegetation within animal’s reach was consumed. Animal performance data on live weight, body condition score (BCS) and FAMACHA score were collected before stocking animals in the study plots and every 14 days thereafter. Animal performance data were analyzed using GLM procedure with MANOVA options in SAS 9.4. Results showed that live weight of Kiko wethers ranged (163±5.9 - 177±5.9) lbs., body condition score ranged (2.4±0.09 - 3.4±0.09) and FAMACHA score ranged (2.0±0.08 - 2.4±0.08). Katahdin rams maintained live weight between (199±11.6 - 211±11.6) lbs., body condition score between (2.7±0.09 - 3.7±0.09) and FAMACH score between (1.8±0.12 - 2.2±0.12). BCS and FAMACHA score were in the normal range for grazing goats and sheep. Both animal species maintained satisfactory live weight, BSC and FAMACHA score in woodlands when co-stocked. Further study is needed to determine the performance of animals in higher nutritional demand.
PSI-15 Feeding garlic powder at low doses does not negatively affect feedlot cattle health
Authors: Cheang-Deis Iris , Lardner Bart , Rochon Kateryn , Barkema Herman W , Block Hushton , Cook Nigel , Durunna Obioha N
Published: November 2020

Antimicrobial and insectifugal effects have been reported for dehydrated garlic powder. With limited knowledge of its impact on the health of beef cattle, this study investigated whether free-choice minerals infused with garlic powder affected cattle blood parameters and long-term stress during the summer. A total of 104 crossbred steers (26 steers per group) were randomly assigned to either 0% garlic product (Control), 0.3% garlic-oil-based premix (GOil), 2.5% garlic powder (2.5% GP) or 5% garlic powder (5% GP). Feed and mineral supplements were fed separately in individual GrowSafe® bunks to monitor each steer’s feed and mineral intake. Measures of individual steer performance collected include body weights and gains, feed intake and ultrasound body fat levels. Blood was collected from 10 steers with the greatest intake and 5 steers with the least mineral intake in each group for biochemical and hematological analyses. Hair samples were clipped from each steer (3 times) from the rump region to evaluate differences cortisol levels as a measure of long-term stress. Preliminary results showed no difference in final body weight (P =0.19) and dry matter intake (P =0.89). However, compared with the control, all garlic treatment groups had greater average daily mineral intake (P = 0.003). The group that received GOil had a greater average daily gain (P = 0.002) and more gain-to-feed ratio (P =0.01) than other groups. No difference (P >0.05) was observed in most serum biochemical parameters with the exception of 5% GP that had a significantly lower bilirubin (P = 0.0001) and albumin (P = 0.002) concentration but all biochemical and hematological measurements fell within the normal range for beef cattle. There was no difference (P = 0.29) among the groups for cortisol levels. The preliminary results show that low-dose infusion of garlic powder was not associated with any adverse health conditions in beef cattle.
PSI-9 Effect of Pen-Surface Temperature and Trace Mineral Source on Infrared Hide Temperature in Cattle Raised in Confinement Under a Natural-Feeding Protocol in Summer
Authors: Nelson William T , Branine Mark E , Bryant Tony C , Archibeque Shawn L , Wagner John J
Published: November 2020

Thirty-two pens housing between 249–282 beef cattle each were blocked by arrival date and sex and used to investigate effects of pen-surface temperature, trace mineral source and sex on hide temperature. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 treatments: 1) Control, with inorganic sources for all trace minerals of interest; and 2) Test, with ProPath (Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) used to provide additional AA complexes of Zn and Mn, complexed Co, and ruminally-protected folic acid to basal control diet. Cattle were fed to meet requirements of JBS “Aspen Ridge” and observed twice monthly from June–September. Three observations per observation day were made at these times: 1) 0700–1000; 2) 1015–1315; 3) 1430–1700 (all times ± 30 min). Hide temperatures were observed caudal to glenohumeral joints of 10 black-hided and, when available, 10 non-black-hided animals per pen. Within each pen, surface temperatures were observed at 3 locations on the cement bunk apron and 7 locations on the dirt surface. Temperatures were observed using a Fluke VT04 visual infrared thermometer. Temperatures were greater on black-hided cattle than non-black-hided cattle (P < 0.0001) and on steers than heifers (P < 0.0001). Temperatures on Test cattle were greater (P = 0.0008) than temperatures on Control cattle, but this effect was small (0.251o C) and inconsistent across observation days (treatment within date interaction: P < 0.0001). Pen-surface temperatures were greater in Time 2 than Time 1 (P < 0.0001), but not different between Time 2 and Time 3 (P = 0.37). Hide temperatures on all cattle were correlated with pen-surface temperature (R2 = 0.43). Trace mineral source had a small but statistically significant effect on hide temperature. Correlations between hide temperature and visible signs of heat stress are unclear and warrant further observation.
PSI-2 Activity and rumination of implanted British × Continental steers vs. non-hormone treated counterparts consuming various levels of roughage throughout a 361-d growth window
Authors: Pillmore Sierra L , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Wesley Kaitlyn R , Cooper Kimberly B , Francis Forest L , Tennant Travis , Nichols Wade , Hutcheson John , Lawrence Ty
Published: November 2020

A serial-harvest study was conducted to evaluate rumination and activity of growing steers in response to implant and dietary roughage. Charolais×Angus steers (n = 80) were randomized to harvest (0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336 or 378 DOF) and implant treatment (REV: Revalor-XS on d-0 and d-190 or CON: no implant). Activity and rumination were objectively monitored by SCR accelerometers attached to the left ear. Steers consumed 3 rations throughout the study: starter (38.5% roughage), intermediate (23% roughage), and finishing (8.5% roughage). Data was logged in 2-h increments from 77 steers across 361 d and analyzed using mixed models. Rumination and activity varied (P < 0.01) within 24-h, exhibiting bimodal patterns; rumination peaked at 0600 and 1400 h and troughed at 1000 and 1800 h. Activity peaked at 0800 and 1800 h and troughed at 0400, 1200–1400, and 2200 h. Steers administered REV ruminated less (364 vs 380 min/d; P = 0.04) than CON; however, 24-h activity was similar (P = 0.29) among treatments. Treatment×roughage interactions (P < 0.01) occurred for rumination and activity. Rumination tended to differ (P = 0.06) between CON consuming 38.5% and 23% roughage, however, CON steers ruminated (P < 0.01) more than REV when consuming 8.5% roughage. Implanted and non-implanted steers ruminated less (P < 0.01) as roughage inclusion decreased from 38.5% and 23% to 8.5% (457 and 439 vs 317 min/d) in the finishing ration. Activity was highest for steers consuming 38.5% roughage and was similar (P > 0.05) among treatments; however, activity decreased (P < 0.01) upon transition to 23 and 8.5% roughage. Activity peaks and troughs can be attributed to processing days and weather events. Implanted steers consuming 8.5% roughage were more active (342 vs. 337 and 333 min/d; P < 0.01) than CON and REV steers consuming 23% roughage. In conclusion, rumination and activity are responsive to hour, dietary roughage and growth-promoting implants.
PSIV-1 Apparent and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Dry Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs Without or With Organic Acids and Multi-Carbohydrase
Authors: Song Jichen , Nyachoti Charles Martin
Published: November 2020

Dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM) is an attractive feed ingredient for swine not only as a protein source but also as a good source of energy because of its high fat content. Apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in DESBM fed without or with organic acid (OA) and a multicarbohydrase (MC) supplementation to growing pigs were determined. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (17.3 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a replicated 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods, each consisting of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Four cornstarch-based diets with 44.4% DESBM as the only source of AA, without or with OA and MC supplementation, and a 5% casein-cornstarch diet were used. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedures of SAS, with the final model including OA, MC, and the interaction between OA and MC as the main effects. The SID of indispensable AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs were: Arg, 93.2%; His, 85.1%; Ile, 87.1%; Leu, 87.6%; Lys, 88.7%; Met, 87.8%; Phe, 88.4%; Thr, 81.4%; Trp, 73.6%; Val, 84.5%. OA supplementation decreased the AID and SID (P < 0.05) of Arg, Ile, Asp, and Glu, and tended (P < 0.10) to decrease the AID and SID of Phe, Trp, Cys, Gly, and Tyr. MC supplementation did not affect the AID and SID of AA, and no interactive effect on AA digestibility was observed between OA and MC supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of OA and MC showed no positive effects on improving AA digestibility in DESBM fed to growing pigs.
PSIV-14 Fecal Microbiome of Horses Grazing Integrated Warm- and Cool-Season Grass Rotational Pasture Systems
Authors: Weinert Jennifer R , Biddle Amy S , Williams Carey A
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to characterize shifts in the fecal microbiota of horses grazing different forage types within integrated cool- and warm-season grass (CSG; WSG) pasture systems and to explore relationships between forage nutrients and microbial composition. Eight mares grazed integrated rotational systems containing mixed CSG and one of two WSG: bermudagrass or crabgrass. Fecal samples were collected after 2–3 weeks grazing WSG, CSG, and following an orchardgrass hay diet (HAY). Forage nutrients were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy and analyzed by two-way ANOVA in SAS (v.9.4). Following DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was conducted in QIIME 2 (v.2020.2) with Kruskall-Wallis tests for alpha diversity, Spearman correlation with forage nutrients, and taxonomic assignment with Greengenes. A random forest classifier and regressor determined ability to predict forage type and nutrients based upon bacterial composition. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Forage water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were greatest in CSG and lowest in WSG; neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was greater in HAY than CSG or WSG. Species richness and evenness (Shannon Index) was greater in horses adapted to WSG vs. CSG or HAY and was correlated with WSC (rs = -0.49) and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESCrs = -0.62). The random forest classifier resulted in model accuracy of 1.0 and identified amplicon sequence variants (ASV) most important in prediction of forage type. Sixteen ASV were from the order Clostridiales including Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcacceae, and Veillonellaceae families and the genus Coprococcus. Other important taxa included Prevotella spp., Streptococcus luteciae, and Fibrobacter succinogenes. The regressor accurately predicted WSC (r2 = 0.95) and ESC (r2 = 0.84), but not NDF (r2 = 0.09). These results suggest that the equine hindgut microbiome is impacted by forage type and soluble carbohydrate content; however, further research is required to determine functional and physiological significance in grazing horses.
PSIV-13 Examining feedlot performance of Angus sired steers implanted with estradiol, trenbolone acetate, or a combined implant
Authors: Reichhardt Caleb C , Brady Tevan J , Briggs Reganne K , Smith Laura A , Bowman Brett , Thomas Aaron , Thornton Kara J
Published: November 2020

The goal of this research was to examine feedlot performance of steers receiving implants with different hormone composition. Fifty Angus sired steers were initially blocked by weight and placed into one of four implant treatment groups: no implant (CON), estrogen (E2; Compudose; 25.7 mg estradiol; Elanco Animal Health; Greenfield, IN), androgen (TBA; Finaplix H; 200 mg trenbolone acetate; Merck Animal Health; Madison, NJ), and a combination of estrogen and androgen (ETBA; Revalor-S; 120 mg trenbolone acetate + 24 mg estradiol; Merck Animal Health). Steers were randomly placed into pens equipped with GrowSafe® bunks and fed the same ration. Steers were weighed and ultra-sounded on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Blood was collected on days 0, 2, 10, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Average daily gain (ADG), backfat (BF), and weights were collected. Data were analyzed with day as a repeated measure using the ProcMixed procedure to test the main effect of implant. Both treatment and day had effects on weight of the steers (P < 0.05) indicating that steers receiving ETBA gained more (P < 0.05) than the CON or E2 steers. Steers implanted with ETBA or TBA had an increased (P < 0.05) ADG when compared to the CON steers. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of treatment or treatment*day on BF; however, BF did increase (P < 0.05) over time. The information gathered from this trial corroborates that implants are an effective tool to increase overall growth of angus sired steers in feedlots and that a combined implant results in increased weight gain when compared to an E2 only implant or non-implanted animals. Future work is going to examine the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms that improve growth of steers implanted with E2, TBA, or ETBA implants.
PSIV-5 Developmental and hormonal regulation of gene expression of fibrillin-1 (FBN1) and the asprosin receptor, olfactory receptor family 4 subfamily M member 1 (OR4M1), in bovine ovarian cells
Authors: Maylem Excel Rio , Spicer Leon , Batalha Isadora , Schutz Luis
Published: November 2020

Asprosin is a novel fasting-induced protein associated with insulin resistance and polycystic ovaries in humans. It is encoded by FBN1 gene and produced when FBN1 is cleaved by the enzyme furin. In cattle, the role of asprosin is unknown. To characterize mRNA abundance of FBN1, furin, and the asprosin receptor, OR4M1, in granulosa (GC) and theca cells (TC), and identify hormones regulating FBN1 mRNA expression, GC and TC from small (< 6 mm; SM) and large (>5 mm; LG) follicles were collected from heifers at an abattoir and used for real-time gene expression analysis or in vitro evaluation of hormone regulation. SMTC had 151-fold greater (P < 0.05) FBN1 mRNA abundance than SMGC, and LGTC had 50-fold greater (P < 0.05) FBN1 mRNA than LGGC. In contrast, OR4M1 mRNA abundance was significantly greater (by 81-fold) in SMGC than LGGC and did not differ from SMTC, but LGTC had 9-fold greater (P < 0.05) OR4M1 mRNA abundance than LGGC. Furin mRNA was significantly greater (by 2.6-fold) in SMGC than SMTC but did not differ between LGTC and LGGC. In SMGC, leptin, insulin, GH, FSH, EGF, and steroids had no effect (P >0.10) on FBN1 mRNA abundance. In contrast, TGFB1, WNT3A and FGF9 increased (P < 0.05) and IGF1 significantly decreased SMGC FBN1 mRNA abundance. In LGTC, leptin, insulin, LH, IGF1 and steroids did not significantly affect FBN1 mRNA, but TGFB1, WNT3A, EGF, FGF2 and FGF9 increased (P< 0.05) FBN1 mRNA abundance. Altogether, FBN1 mRNA was more highly expressed in TC than GC and was stimulated by TGFB1, WNT3A and FGF9 in both cell types. Developmental and hormonal regulation of FBN1, furin and OR4M1 along with a greater expression of OR4M1 mRNA in GC than TC suggests that asprosin may be acting as a paracrine regulator of ovarian follicular function in cattle.
PSVII-17 Program Chair Poster Pick: Reproductive function of cows depending on lipid metabolism
Authors: Baymishev Murat , Eremin Sergey , Plemyashov Kirill , Baymishev Khamidulla , Konopel’tsev Igor , Nikitin Georgy , Anipchenko Polina , Pristyazhnyuk Oksana
Published: November 2020

The aim of the study was to determine the etiopathogenesis of reproductive dysfunction in highly productive cows. Studies were conducted on cows of black-motley breed, aged 3–5 lactations, with a live weight of 480–520 kg. Cows were divided into two groups. The first group included 20 cows effective inseminated after the first insemination. The second group included 17 cows that did not fertilize after the first insemination. Blood samples (n = 253) were taken from 4–7; 14–17; 24–34; 35–50; 88–95; 195–210 days of pregnancy; during the beginning of dry period (DP); 1–4 days before calving and on the first day after calving. The content of total serum lipids in pregnant animals was 15.8% higher compared to unfertilized animals. In non-pregnant cows, a decrease in free cholesterol (by 28.65%), especially in its ether-bound fraction (14.91%), indicates a lower synthetic function of the liver, which is confirmed by the low serum levels of vitamins A and E (a difference of 11.3 and 23.65%). The DP was characterized by a significant increase in the products of lipid peroxidation - malondialdehyde by 12–17%, diene and triene conjugates - by 10–15 and 8–15%, respectively, and 1–4 days before calving in cows, which subsequently had a pathological calving, in particular - retention of placenta (5 cows), were characterized by an increased content in the blood plasma of lipid peroxidation products. Thus, the difference in the number of dienes, trienes, and malondialdehyde products was 14.0, 12.0, and 23.5%, compared with animals without obstetric pathology. On the first day after calving, this difference increased even more. Cows with retention of placenta had a significantly higher level of lipid peroxidation products and were characterized by a predominance of oxidized products over the antiradical thiol disulfide and ascorbate systems restored in the antioxidant balance.
PSVII-14 Performance and health responses of feedlot cattle consuming different feed additives during a 45-day receiving period
Authors: Colombo Eduardo , Cooke Reinaldo F , Brandão Alice , Wiegand Jacob , Schubach Kelsey , Sowers CiCi A , Duff Glenn , Gouvea Vinicius N
Published: November 2020

This experiment compared performance and health responses of feedlot cattle consuming different feed additives during a 45-d receiving period. Angus-influenced steers (n = 256) were purchased from a commercial auction yard, and road-transported (12 h) to the experimental feedyard on d -1. Upon arrival, body weight (BW) was recorded and steers were ranked by BW into 1 or 18 drylot pens (14 or 15 steers/pen). Pens were randomly assigned to receive RAMP® from d 0 to d 45 with the inclusion of: 1) Rumensin + Tylan (Elanco Animal Health; Greenfield, IN; 360 mg and 90 mg per animal/daily, respectively; RT), 2) Rumensin + Celmanax + Certillus (Church and Dwight Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ; 18 g and 28 per animal/daily, respectively; RCC), or Celmanax + Certillus (18 g and 28 per animal/daily, respectively; CC). Feed intake during the initial 21 d of the experiment was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in CC vs. RCC and RT. No treatment effects were detected for steer BW gain and feed efficiency (P ≥ 0.41). Total incidence of steers treated for respiratory disease did not differ between treatments (77.9, 82.3, and 80.0%, respectively, P = 0.77). Removal of steers from the experiment due to extreme morbidity of mortality was greater (P = 0.02) in RT vs. CC, and intermediate for RCC (22.4, 7.0, and 12.9%, respectively). Accordingly, total liveweight per pen on d 45 was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CC and RCC vs. RT (3.79, 3.61, and 3.20 ton, respectively). Inclusion of CC into a receiving diet improved initial feed intake compared with ionophore-containing diets, but without changing steer performance. Moreover, CC and RCC resulted in improved health responses during the 45-d receiving period compared with the traditional RT receiving diet. These results suggest that CC ingredients improved intake and immunocompetence of receiving cattle.
PSVI-23 Evaluation of graded levels of Bacillus coagulans (GBI-30, 6086) on apparent nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and intestinal health indicators in healthy adult dogs
Authors: Acuff Heather L , Aldrich Charles G
Published: November 2020

Functional pet foods, such as those containing probiotics, are considered a key growth driver in the $37 billion market of dog and cat foods in the United States. Of particular interest to pet food applications is the patented bacterial strain Bacillus coagulans (GBI-30, 6086), a commercially available spore-forming non-toxigenic microorganism with high resiliency to stresses associated with commercial manufacturing. The objectives of this research were to examine the effect of Bacillus coagulans on stool quality, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health markers in healthy dogs. High-protein, grain-free extruded diets containing graded levels of probiotic applied through extrusion or as a topical coating were fed to ten adult Beagle dogs of similar age. The study was designed as 5 x 5 replicated Latin square with 16-d adaptation followed by 5-d total fecal collection for each period. The five dietary treatments were formulated to deliver a dose of 0-, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 9-log10 colony-forming units (CFU) per dog per day. Data were analyzed using a mixed model through SAS (version 9.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment and period as fixed effects and dog as random effect. Apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy were greatest for dogs fed the 9-log10 dose treatment (85.8, 83.6, 91.7, 84.0%, respectively), with increases (P < 0.05) observed in gross energy and organic matter digestibility compared to the negative control. Crude protein digestibility tended (P < 0.10) to increase as probiotic dose increased. No significant differences were observed in food intake, stool quality, fecal pH, fecal ammonia, or fecal short chain fatty acids. These results suggest that Bacillus coagulans has a favorable impact on nutrient digestibility and no apparent adverse effects when added to extruded diets at a daily intake level of up to 9-log10 CFU in healthy adult dogs.
PSVI-26 Insect meals as novel protein sources in wet pet foods for adult cats
Authors: Hu Yi , He Fei , Mangian Heather , Lambrakis Leah , Saad Flavia M , de Godoy Maria R C
Published: November 2020

As the human and pet populations increase, the human and pet food industries will experience a greater demand for animal-based protein sources. Finding alternative proteins that are nutritional adequate and safe for companion animals may contribute to diversification of protein sources and lower the demand for animal-based protein in pet food products. However, limited information is available on the nutritional value of insects for pet animals. Thus, the object of this study was to evaluate three different insect meals, Speckled cockroach (SC; Nauphoeta cinerea), Madagascar hissing cockroach (MC; Gromphadorhina portentosa) and superworm (SW; Zophobas morio larvae), added at the expense of chicken meal (control diet), as protein sources in retorted feline diets. This study was a complete randomized design, with a total of 28 cats (mean age = 2.1 ± 0.03 yr; mean BW= 4.9 ± 0.8 kg) randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 dietary treatments. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All diet formulated meet or exceed the AAFCO (2018) nutrient profile. The experimental period was 28 d in length, with 7 d of diet adaptation (control diet) followed by 21 of feeding the assigned experimental diets. Fecal samples were collected at the last 4 d of experiment. All diets were well digested by the cats, and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (86.5–88.1%), organic matter (88.9–90.6%), fat (90.1–92.3%), crude protein (86.3–89.4%) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). Fecal scores were not affected by dietary treatment, ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 (5–point scale). Similarly, fecal branched-chain fatty acids, indole and phenol concentrations did not differ among treatments. Overall, the selected insect meals tested herein had no negative effects on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics and metabolites, or overall health of adult cats.
PSXI-32 Effects of algae DHA on fatty acid profile of plasma red blood cell membrane and fecal microbiota of adult cats
Authors: James Carrie , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L , de Godoy Maria R C
Published: November 2020

There is evidence that algae can be a sustainable alternative of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w-3 PUFA; DHA and EPA) in the diets of felines, but more information is needed to determine bioavailability of algal w-3 PUFAs in felines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of algae DHA on plasma and red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acid profiles and fecal microbiota of adult cats. A complete randomized design was utilized with thirty female and male adult cats (mean age: 1.8 ± 0.03 yr, mean BW: 4.5 ± 0.8 kg) which were fed an assigned diet for 90 d. Three diets were formulated with poultry fat alone or inclusion of 2% fish oil or 2% algae DHA meal. Blood samples were collected after fasting on 0, 30, 60 and 90 d to be analyzed for plasma and red blood cell fatty acid profiles. A fresh fecal sample was collected within 15 min of defecation from each cat to be analyzed for fecal microbiota. Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing from V4 region was completed using MiSeq and analyzed using QIIME 2. Plasma and RBC fatty acid concentrations at baseline were similar among all cats and treatment groups. However, dietary treatment had a significant effect on the concentrations of several fatty acids in plasma and RBC over time. Plasma and RBC concentrations of DHA were greater (P < 0.05) for cats fed the algal DHA diet compared to the control and fish oil diets. Conversely, plasma and RBC concentrations of EPA did not differ among treatments when analyzed as a change from baseline. Beta- and alpha-diversity did not differ among treatments, indicating that 2% fish oil or algal-DHA meal does alter fecal microbiota of cats in contrast with cats fed a poultry fat-based diet.
PSIX-38 Program Chair Poster Pick: Healthy Farms Healthy Agriculture: A Web Hub for Biosecurity to Protect the Herd and Flock
Authors: Smith Julia M , Cummings Joanna C
Published: November 2020

Many websites do not provide comprehensive information and resources on farm-level agricultural biosecurity, so those seeking recommendations may need to consult more than one website. With extramural funding, we created a new, more comprehensive biosecurity website with resources applicable across the United States. The site facilitates discovery and utilization of information, planning, and training resources that are focused on livestock biosecurity. The Healthy Farms Healthy Agriculture website (https://healthyagriculture.org) features information organized around three key mission areas or objectives: Prevent, Detect and Respond. The information on the site is appropriate for farm-level users, and includes training resources for youth or those working with youth; veterinarians; and other service providers. Planning resources include a risk assessment, an example biosecurity plan, a biosecurity plan template, and a crisis communications plan template. There is also a modular biosecurity plan-builder designed in a password-protected learning management system where users can save their plan. To attract traffic, a blog and a biosecurity community forum (at https://forums.healthyagriculture.org) keep the site fresh. Monthly Google analytics reports provide insights into how people get to and use the site, allowing adjustments to be made to increase traffic and time on the site. Funding for this effort is partially supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, under award number 2015-69004-23273.
PSVIII-31 Sources of variations, repeatability and reproducibility of microbial count data
Authors: Hassen Abebe T , Laffont Jean-Louis , Smiley Brenda , Iiams Chris , DeRoos Jennifer , Mounsey Denise D
Published: November 2020

The current study consists of two separate experiments to evaluate the relative contribution of systematic factors to the total variability of count data using same silage inoculant. In experiment-1, two lots of a raw material were used to prepare three batches of media. Each of three technicians weighed five independent samples per day, over 10 days and worked on their samples through dilution, plating, and counting. Each sample was grown on three plates. In experiment-2 technician effect was further evaluated at weighing-diluting, plating and counting subprocesses. Each technician weighed and diluted three independent samples per day, over three days. Samples were then shared between technicians during plating and counting. Count data were converted to log10 values and data in experiment-1 were analyzed using a random effects model that included lot, batch, technician, day, and sample within lot-batch-day-technician. Model for experiment-2 included similar effects, except technician effect was partitioned into weighing-diluting technician, plating technician, and counting technician, and there were no batch and lot effects. In experiment-1 sampling variance accounted for a relatively large proportion of the total variance (35%) followed by 33% due to technician effects. The overall repeatability standard deviation of count data was 0.08. Reproducibility standard deviation of measurements made by different technicians on the same day was 0.12. Reproducibility standard deviation of microbial count by the same technician at different days was 0.10. Contribution of sampling variance remained the highest in experiment-2 (39%). The total technician variance was mainly due to weighing-diluting technician, contributing to 31% of the total variance. The relatively large contribution of sample-to-sample variance suggests a major improvement in the precision of count data may be obtained through additional samples rather than increasing number of plates per sample. Technician training can further help reduce variation and improve consistency in sample weighing and dilution.
PSVIII-32 Late-Breaking Abstract: The effect of outdoor stocking density and weather on the behavior of broiler chickens raised in mobile shelters on pasture
Authors: Heins Brad J , Phillips Hannah
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to examine the behavior, and the relationship between weather and behavior, of broilers raised in mobile shelters with two stocking densities of pasture access. Fifty straight-run Freedom Rangers were used in three replicates (n = 150) at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center (Morris, MN). From 4 to 11 weeks of age, birds were housed in a mobile shelter divided into two equal-sized pens with daily access to pasture. Birds were allocated to one of the two pens corresponding to the treatment groups: 1) high (0.46 m2 per bird) and 2) low (2.5 m2 per bird) density outdoor pasture allowance. Ten focal birds per pen were randomly designated for behavior observations performed eight times weekly from 5 to 10 weeks of age. Counts of the number of birds outside were recorded during each observation. Behaviors were recorded continuously for 1-minute durations (Animal Behaviour Pro© app) on each focal bird. The means averaged for each observation were analyzed in linear mixed models with fixed (treatment), random (pen and replicate), and repeated (observation) effects. Models included age, heat index, solar radiation, and their interactions with treatment based on a backward stepwise selection. The temperature range recorded during the study was 7 to 32 ⁰C. No behavioral differences between treatments were observed. Standing decreased (P < 0.05) as heat index increased. Pasture use declined (P < 0.05) when heat index was greater than 26 ⁰C. Foraging decreased (P < 0.05) and pasture use increased (P < 0.05) as age increased. The results of this study indicate similar behaviors of broilers raised with two levels of pasture allowance and suggests that hot weather negatively affects the use of pasture space. Thus, providing shade in pasture might be a method to increasing ranging in broilers.
PSX-36 Late-Breaking Abstract: Effect of increasing levels of soy hulls in finishing diets of feedlot cattle offered free-choice hay on performance, roughage intake and carcass characteristics
Authors: Pittaluga Alejandro , Felix Tara L , Relling Alejandro E
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing quantity of soy-hulls in diets of feedlot cattle offered free-choice hay on finishing performance, roughage intake, and carcass characteristics. Sixty heifers and 54 steers, Angus*Simangus-crossbreds, were used in a randomized complete block design. Cattle were stratified by sex and weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens. Treatment 1 consisted of 5% soy hulls (SH; 5%SH), 70% cracked corn (CC), 15% dry distiller grains with soluble (DDGS), 10% mineral supplement (SUP). Treatments 2 (10%SH) and 3 (15%SH) included an additional 5% and 10% SH in place of CC, respectively. Hay was offered ad libitum and separate from the concentrates in different bunks, both concentrate and forage were fed in GrowSafe units. Data were analyzed as a complete block design and mean differences in group means were determined using polynomial contrast [lineal (L) and quadratic (Q)]. There was a quadratic effect of soy hull inclusion on final body weight (fBW) and concentrate intake (Q-P ˂ 0.05); 5%SH and 15%SH had a greater fBW and concentrate intake compared to those fed 10%SH. Gain to feed ratio was not affected by treatments (L-P ≥ 0.33). There was a linear effect of SH on hay intake (L-P ˂ 0.05) with cattle fed 5%SH consuming less hay than those fed 15%SH. There was no effect on ribeye area, yield grade, or backfat (L-P ≥ 0.35; Q-P ≥ 0.14). Hot carcass weight tended to quadratically respond to dietary treatments (Q-P < 0.10), while marbling score tended to be linearly decreased by increased SH inclusion (L-P = 0.09). Kidney-pelvic-heart fat was linearly decreased by increased SH inclusion (L-P ˂ 0.05). Results indicate that non-roughage NDF from by-products can effectively contribute to a reduction of roughage utilization in feedlot diets without compromising growth performance or carcass characteristics.
PSIII-32 Interactive effects of copper sources and superdose phytase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and tissue mineral concentrations in nursery pigs
Authors: Ren Ping , Cushing Joe , Hancock Deana , Vazquez-Anon Mercedes
Published: November 2020

This study investigated the interactive effects of copper (Cu) sources and superdose phytase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and tissue mineral concentrations in nursery pigs. A total of 288 weaning barrows (PIC 337 × 1050, Hendersonville, TN; BW = 6.06 ± 0.99 kg), blocked by BW, were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments, with 12 pens/treatments and 4 pigs/pen. Six dietary treatments were arranged in 3 × 2 factorial design, with 3 Cu sources [125 ppm Cu from copper sulfate (CuSO4), tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) or copper methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (Cu-MHAC, MINTREX® Cu, Novus International, Inc.), respectively] and 2 phytase levels [0 or 1500 FTU/kg from phytase PHYTAVERSE® G10 (Novus International, Inc.)]. There was an interaction (P = 0.05) between Cu sources and superdose phytase on ADG during d 0–41, with the improvement by superdose phytase being 25.84, 33.96 and 40.85% when the Cu sources were CuSO4, TBCC and Cu-MHAC, respectively. Superdose phytase significantly (P < 0.01) reduced F:G during d 0 to 41. Cu-MHAC led to greater ATTD of neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF, ADF, respectively; P = 0.01) than CuSO4 and TBCC, respectively. Cu-MHAC led to greater (P = 0.03) ATTD of P than CuSO4, with TBCC intermediate. There was no interaction (P > 0.10) between Cu sources and superdose phytase in terms of nutrient digestibility and tissue mineral concentrations. Cu source did not (P > 0.10) affect tissue mineral concentrations; however, superdose phytase increased (P ≤ 0.05) bone Ca and P concentrations. In conclusion, Cu-MHAC may improve the efficacy of superdose phytase in terms of growth performance, most likely by improving phytate P hydrolysis and therefore providing more P for absorption. Superdose phytase is effective in improving growth performance of nursery pigs, mainly driven by increased Ca and P absorption and utilization.
PSIII-38 Butyric acid and derivatives: In vitro anti-inflammatory effects tested in porcine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Kovanda Lauren L , Hejna Monika , Liu Yanhong
Published: November 2020

The aim of this experiment was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of butyric acid, sodium butyrate, monobutyrin and tributyrin using porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). PAMs were isolated from the bronchial lavage of 6 piglets at 6 weeks of age, and then seeded at 106 cells/mL in 24-well plates. After 24 h incubation, cells were treated with different treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates. The treatments were in a factorial arrangement with 2 doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0 or 1 μg/mL) and 5 levels of organic acid (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 mM for butyric acid and tributyrin and 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 mM for sodium butyrate and monobutyrin). Supernatants were collected after another 24 h incubation and analyzed for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Cell viability was also tested by the MTT assay. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. No cytotoxic effect was observed in LPS challenge and each organic acid with the percentage of live cells was more than 76% in comparison to the sham control. Sodium butyrate at 2 and 4 mM dose exhibited (P < 0.01) a stimulatory effect on cell proliferation. LPS challenge remarkably stimulated (P < 0.0001) TNF-α secretion from PAMs. In the non-challenge group, butyric acid, monobutyrin, and tributyrin linearly reduced TNF-α production from PAMs, whereas 2 mM sodium butyrate tended to increase (P = 0.056) TNF-α secretion from PAMs. In the LPS challenge group, all tested organic acid dose-dependently reduced (P < 0.001) TNF-α production from LPS-challenged PAMs, with the strongest inhibiting effect observed at the highest dose. Results indicated that butyric acid and its derivatives that were tested in the current experiment all had strong anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.