bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Nambudiri Ṛgvedic Recitation and the Nature of the Vedic Accent
Authors: Gray J. E. B.
Published: January 2010

The following description of Nambudiri Ṛgvedic recitation was made possible by Mr. J. F. Staal who very kindly lent the recordings he had taken in Kerala in 1957. Mr. Staal has already written on the Nambudiris in general as well as on their chanting in a publication1 to which the reader is referred for a very full account beyond the scope of the present pages. Apart from treating the saṃhitā; recitation in somewhat greater detail, an attempt will be made below to amplify some of the conclusions hinted at in a previous article with regard to the nature of the Vedic accent.2
Upon The Contextual Significance of Centain Groups of Ancient Indiān Signs
Authors: Allchin F. R.
Published: January 2010

IT is more than 20 years since Durga Prasad published his ‘ Observations on different types of silver punch marked coins, their periods and locale ’1. In this lengthy paper one section was devoted to demonstrating that certain signs can be regarded as Mauryan royal marks (pp. N 61-7). This conclusion and the many probabilities it raises have long been widely accepted in India, but in Europe acceptance has been more reserved. We are not here concerned with Prasad' main argument but with the section indicated above, our purpose being to restate that part of the evidence and consider its probable meaning. From some points of view Prasad's advocacy was imperfect, for in presenting his case he made certain assumptions which we are unable to accept, and thus weakened the force of his argument.
Some English Loan-words in Gujarati
Authors: Master Alfred
Published: January 2010

The following loan-words are taken from two newspapers, the Kheḍā vartamān of 5th December, 1928, and the Gujarat Times of 1st January, 1929.

The editors are both Hindus and the readers were for the most part Hindu also. The newspapers contain only a few words in English characters, perhaps eight or nine in each number. The proportion of English loan-words to the total may be about 2 per cent, but this is inevitably only a rough estimate.

The words have been transliterated faithfully with two exceptions—

(1) Inherent a of final consonants is omitted.

(2) Inherent a (not final) is omitted, if not pronounced. In such cases it is indicated by a dot. In Gujarati, however, there are certain consonants which do not alter their form when conjunct, such as “ ka ”. For practical purposes, this is of little importance, as conjunct consonants are often not used, when permissible.

In preparing the list some very uncommon words and transitory political expressions like “Sāyaman gobek” have been omitted. There are one or two words included, which are not English, e.g. peseṭā and Mādrīd, which have been included for their interest. Peseṭā has probably been taken for the English version of the Spanish word, as the t is retroflex. It is not clear, however, why the dental d is used for Mādrīd.

The articles in which few, if any, loan-words occur, are the political leading articles, a notice of a meeting of Brahmans, and a serial story about old Rajputana.
A Civil and Military Review in Fārs in 881/1476
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

The well-known Turkish scholar Kilisli Raf'at, to whom we owe the publication of Kāshgharī's monumental Dīwān lughat al-Turk, was fortunate in discovering a short but important work in Persian, which throws an unexpected light on the military and civil organization of the Aq-qoyunlu state in the reign of Uzun Hasan (A.D. 1466–1478). The original of the ‘Arḍ-nāma (“Account of the Parade”) forms one of the twenty-one items of MS. 1438 of the Ḥamdīya Library in Stambul which contains the complete works (kulliyāt) of Jalāl al-dīn Muḥammad b. As'ad Davānī (A.H. 830–908/ A.D. 1427–1502). This learned theologian, poet, and moralist is particularly known in the west by his Akhlāq-i Jalālī compiled at the request of Sulṭān-Khalīl, who was governor of Fars on behalf of his father Uzun-Ḥasan. The ‘Arḍ-nāma is a further proof of
A Jewish Source on Damascus just after the Ottoman Conquest
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: January 2010

In the year 5282 (A.D. 1521–2) an Italian Jew made a pilgrimage to Palestine, of which he left a brief record in Hebrew. Until the present year, no manuscript of this work was known,, and even the author's name had not come down to us. The text was preserved in an old Italian collection of Palestine Itineraries, published in Leghorn in 1785, under the name of Shibhḥē Yěrūshālāyim, by one Jacob Bārūkh b. Mōshe Ḥayyim, and several times reprinted since.The editor informs us that he found the work in an old manuscript, and that though the author's name was not marked, he was obviously a man of great learning. Nothing beyond this was known of the anonymous traveller. It had been suggested, without much evidence, that the traveller's name was Bārūkh, and that he was the Rabbi Bārūkh with whom the theologian R. Tam b.Yaḥya corresponded. The latest reprint of this text is that of Mr. J. Eisenstein, in his Corpus of Jewish Travellers.

In the present year a new edition of this work has been published by Mr. Isaac Ben-Zevi, who has had the good fortune to find an early—probably an autograph—manuscript.

Mr. Ben-Zevi's text is in every way fuller and better than the Leghorn edition, and is presumably the original and correct one.Although the manuscript does not bear the author's name, there is no reason to doubt Mr. Ben-Zevi's attribution of the work to Rabbi.
The Sautrāntika Theory of Bīja
Authors: Jain Padmanabh S.
Published: January 2010

Vasumitra in his famous work‘Origin and doctrines of early Indián Buddhist schools’ (Samaya-bhedoparacanacakra)1 enumerates the following four doctrines as characteristic of the Sautrāntika school: '(i) The skandhas transmigrate from one world to the other: hence the name Saṃkrānti-vāda; (ii) There are mulāntika-skandhas and eka-rasa-skandhas; (iii) An average person (prthagjana) also possesses the potentiality of becoming a Buddha (lit. in the statě of average man there are also divine things, drya-dharmas); (iv) There are paramārtha-pudgalas '.2
‘The Language Of The Medians’
Authors: Mackenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

In his article ‘Caucasica’ Professor H. W. Bailey drew attention to an interesting article by A. Shanidze, ‘The newly-discovered alphabet of the Caucasian Albanians and its significance for science’, in a sadly inaccessible periodical. ‘The discovery of the lost alphabet was made by I. Abuladze in an Armenian manuscript of the fifteenth century containing a miscellany of alphabets, Greek, Syriac, Latin, Georgian, Coptic, Arabic, and Albanian.’
Remarks on the Test of the Falasha ‘Death if Moses’
Authors: Wurmbrand Max
Published: January 2010

Professor E. ULLENDORFF is entitled to the grateful appreciation of all students of Ethiopic letters for having published anew the Falasha story of the ‘Death of Moses’. The first edition published by the late Dr. Jacques Faitlovitch in 1906 has, indeed, become very rare. Moreover, his editio princeps was based on a single manuscript, while Ullendorff's recension is the result of a painstaking comparison of Faitlovitch's text with a manuscript extant inthe National Library of Addis Ababa. Some variants of this manuscript were already knownfrom the notes appended to Professor Wolf Leslau's translation of the ‘Death of Moses’ in his Falasha anthology, New Haven, 1951. Now we have them all before us in the apparatus criticus of Ullendorff's edition. The collation of the Addis Ababa manuscript has yielded an improved text. Itso happens, however, that this is not yet the last stage in the research on this interesting opuscle.
Recent Marriage Legislation From Al-Mukallā with Notes on Marriage Customs
Authors: Serjeant R. B.
Published: January 2010

In Ḥaḍramawt, it seems, there have been constantly reiterated attempts at creating effective sumptuary laws limiting expenditure at marriages and other social activities, especially in respect of the extravagant demands of women for dress and other forms of ostentation where their rivalry leads their male relatives into expenditure beyond their means. The sentiments of the Hadrami man are admirably expressed in a qasīdah by the shaikh Aḥmad Barakā of which one line may be quoted here:
An Islamic Tradition of Reform in the westei Sudan from the sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Cressy David
Published: January 2010

Among the many unpublished works of the Shehu ‘Uthmān dan Fodio three have come to my notice which are of interest in that they illustrate the development of a tradition of reform which, having remote origins in the Almoravid movement of the eleventh century A.D. achieved literary expression in the Muslim empire of Songhay, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and which was continued in the Habe kingdoms almost three centuries later. They also illustrate the continuity of social custom in the Sudan over this period. The works are:
Two Derivatives in -Y4
Authors: Mehendale M. A.
Published: January 2010

This word is not very frequent in its occurrence, and its usage is restricted to the Vedic literature. It is obviously derived from pājas- which occurs more often and in usage is restricted to the ĳgveda. The meaning assigned to the former is ‘belly’, and the latter has been variously interpreted as ‘brightness’, ‘form or appearance’, ‘shining form’.
Notes on Teizang, A Northern Chin Dialect
Authors: Henderson Eugénie J. A.
Published: January 2010

While studying Tiddim Chin (Kamhau) during a visit to the northern Chin Hills in 1954, I had an opportunity of making a brief investigation of Teizang, a neighbouring dialect closely akin to it. The paucity of first-hand material on the Chin dialects permits me to hope that it may be useful to set down some of my findings, tentative and limited as they are, and to make such comparisons as suggest themselves with the better known Tiddim Chin dialect.

My informant, Mr. Hau Za Lian [] came from Suangzang village [] a few miles from Tiddim, on the other side of the Manipur river. The phonetic and grammatical pattern of the language appeared to correspond closely with that of Tiddim Chin, 1 but certain differences were noted.
Liquid Consonants and the Relationship of Polynesian to Austronesian Languages
Authors: Milner G. B.
Published: January 2010

In a number of recent publications it has been suggested that the existence of more than one liquid consonant in parallel distribution in certain of the Polynesian outliers may not only provide an important clue for the next attempt to ascertain the status of Polynesian languages, but incidentally suggest a solution of the problem of the routes of Polynesian migrations.
Mūsā Čelebi's Ni

sh

ān of 815/1412
Authors: Ménage V. L.
Published: January 2010

A few weeks ago while looking through our library's set of Ibrahim Hakki Konyah's popular periodical Tarih Hazinesi, with its lavish photographs of important material, I chanced on the reproduction of a nishān of 815/1412, one of the illustrations accompanying an article on the Turkish State Archives (vol. i, no. 5, issue of 15 January 1951, p. 238).
Indo-arica I
Authors: Turner R. L.
Published: January 2010

In an illuminating article, ‘Le traitement du groupe Sanskrit sifflante + m Jules Bloch suggests that in the Northwest dialects of Indo-Aryan the groups sp and ṣp became ss and ṣṣ if preceded by a labial at the beginning of the word: Kashmiri braswār ‘Thursday’ < bhaspativāra- (cf. Pkt. bahassadi-, bihassaī-), and MS. Dutreuil de Rhins pusa-, Kash. pōś ‘flower’ < púspa-. This contrasts with the development labial—sp < labial-pph in Pkt. bihapp(h)aī-, Hindi bihphai, Nepali biphe, and in Pa. Pkt. puppha- (see below).
Ved. barhánā—
Authors: Rönnow Kasten
Published: January 2010

According to PW. barhánā is an old instr. of a *barhána- from the 2 √ barh-, “kräftigen,” etc., and means adverbially: “dicht fest, derb, nachdrücklich, tüchtig”; emphatically “sehr, gar, recht eigentlich”. Grassmann, Wb. zum Rigveda, s.v. has: (1) “Kraft, Macht,” (2) “insbesondere Macht über jemand (gen.), (3) as an adverb: “mit Macht, kräftiglich.” In RV. 1, 166, 6, the word is used, according to him, to denote a weapon “wie etwa ein Schleuderstein”. So also for 8, 63, 7. Ludwig agrees on the whole with PW.
The Khazars and the Turks in the Ākālm al-Marj¯n
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

In 1929 Professor Angela Codazzi published a careful edition, with an Italian translation, of a geographical compendium by Isḥāq ibn al-Ḥusayn entitled Kitāb ākām al-marjān fī dhikr al-madā'in al-mashhūra fī kull makān. According to Professor Nallino's suggestion the author may be identical with one of the sources mentioned by Idrīsī ( “IsḤāq ibn al-Ḥusayn al-munajjim” ) and by Ibn-Khaldūn ( “Isḥāq ibn al-Ḥasan (?) al-Khāzinī”).
Appunti su Baśśār b. Burd
Authors: Gabrieli F.
Published: January 2010

Una recente silloge di versioni da poeti ‘abbāsidi, corredata di introduzioni critiche e di aneddoti storico-letterarī, si apre con un ampio capitolo dedicate a Baśśār b. Burd. Dopo sommari cenni biografici, e un elenco delle varianti testuali fra le citazioni dell’ Aġānī e altre fonti (principalmente un ms. di Monaco), l'autore esamina in primo luogo il valore poetico di Baśśār, poi le sue idee politiche e inline quelle religiose, in relazione sopratutto all'accusa di zandaqah, illustrando il tutto con saggi di versioni dalle poesie superstiti.
A Vocabulary of the Language of Longgu, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands
Authors: Ivens W. G.
Published: January 2010

This vocabulary has been collected from the words found in a small Prayer Book in the Longgu language, published by the Melanesian Mission Press in 1916. The book is of 79 pages, 8vo, and contains a translation of some of the services of the Book of Common Prayer, viz. Mattins and Evensong, the Litany, certain prayers, seven liturgical collects, twenty-four Psalms, the Church Catechism, and nineteen hymns.
Sung bronzes—an economic analysis
Authors: Ch'en Jerome
Published: January 2010

The question under discussion here is both perplexing and easy, a paradox arising from the scarcity of precisely datable Sung bronzes. Because of the scarcity of such bronzes, art historians have not succeeded in forming a definite view about their quality, casting, and designs; however, it may be possible for specialists in other fields to say something about them. Unfortunately, records, too, are scanty. Under such circumstances, we may be justified in resorting to exogenous, namely economic, factors in the hope of finding an acceptable provisional conclusion.
Sogdian Tales
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

The röle which the Manichæans played in the migration of tales and fables from East to West and West to East has received much attention in recent years, but next to nothing has been published of the abundant Iranian material which was found in Chinese Turkestan. The present collection of Sogdian stories, taken (with the possible exception of text J) from Manichæan manuscripts, is meant to close this gap. These stories are also of some interest from the linguist's point of view. For while the Christian and Buddhist Sogdian texts are valuable merely as repositories of vocables, the Manichæan texts alone (apart from the few available Sogdian documents and letters) give us a clear idea of the true structure and syntax of the Sogdian language, and this quality is nowhere better apparent than in these stories, which are sometimes pleasingly vivid. Even the translated texts are written in good Sogdian, partly because the Manichæans were better translators than their Christian and Buddhist compatriots, partly because it was easier to translate from Middle Persian or Parthian, languages closely related to Sogdian, than from Syriac or Chinese. How different real Sogdian was from the miserable stammer of the Christian and Buddhist translators is shown at a glance by the Sogdian Tale of Rustam, of which we have a larger fragment now, thanks to the publication of the Codices Sogdiani, Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale (Mission Pelliot).
Dravidian Studies V
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

An initial y- is found in Tamil only before long ā in such Words as yā1E49;ai elephant, yāṭu goat, yāṟu river, yāmai tortoise, etc. Side by side with these forms We also have forms without the initial y-, āṉai, āṭu, etc., and an examination of literary usage shows that the forms with initial y- has been dropped. In the early anthologies the forms with initial yā- greatly preponderate; in Middle Tamil, literature yā- and ā- forms are indifferently used; while in Modern Tamil, Particularly in the spoken language, ā- forms alone are current. The following is a list of such words together with their cognates in the other Dravidian languages:—

Ta. yā, ā to bind, tie; to dam up, stop, confine, yākkai binding, bond; body, ākkai body; strips of fibre used for thatching, yāppu binding, bond; metre, prosody, āppu bandage, tie; body; wedge, Ma. āppu wedge, plug, what stops a crevice, Ka. āpu a restraint, a stoppage, what stops, Malt. eye to tie, bind, 3rd p.t. ēcha, ēpu the fibres of a wild plant of which cord is made, Kur. ēp string, cord, rope, (with prothetic h-) hē' enā to tie, bind, 3rd p.t. hēcas.
Materials for the Study of the Ssŭ i Kuan
Authors: Wild Norman
Published: January 2010

From early times China was surrounded by states of lower culture, and on the whole, of lesser military power, which the Chinese regarded as protectorates or tributaries. As early as the Chou dynasty, interpreters were appointed to deal with envoys bringing tribute or declarations of loyalty. The Chou interpreters were called chi , hsiang , ti t'i , or i , and took charge of peoples from the east, south, west, and north respectively. The Ch'in dynasty bureaux of tributary affairs were the tien k'o and tien shu kuo , which the Han later replaced by the Ta Hung Lu under which there were interpreters (i kuan ). In the Sui, T'ang, and Sung dynasties tributary affairs were handled by the Ssŭ Fang Kuan (). In the Ming dynasty the Ssŭ I Kuan was founded to translate foreign diplomatic documents, and was continued in the Ch'ing with a change of name ( to ) and accompanied by the Hui T'ung Kuan, which handled oral interpreting.
On the Greek Sources for the History of the Turks in the Sixth Century
Authors: Macartney C. A.
Published: January 2010

In the following pages an attempt will be made to resolve certain obscurities in the references made by Byzantine writers to the Turki nations of Central and Western Asia in that period—the sixth century—when the two civilizations first came into contact. It is hoped thereby to throw additional light on the situation of the various Turki tribes at that date.
The Karaits of Eastern Asia
Authors: Dunlop D. M.
Published: January 2010

Among the peoples of Mongolia at the advent of Chingiz Khān the Karaits () stand out for several reasons. First, We can trace them for more than three centuries, roughly A.D. 1000 to 1300. Second, in them we have the unusual phenomenon of a Far Eastern nation professing Christianity. Third, they have the interest of being connected with the story of Prester John, of Which the attraction has not altogether vanished. In what follows the attempt is made to give a connected account of these Karaits. From the nature of the sources it will be confined largely to the history of their ruling house.
An Indo-Aryan Language of South India: Saurāṣṭra-bhāṣā, Part II
Authors: Randle H. N
Published: January 2010

Rāma Rāo's Grammar, which was summarized in the first part of this article, gives conjugational forms of the auxiliaries hū- and rhā- only. It will be convenient to give here the conjugation of an ordinary consonantal stem.
Pashto Verse
Authors: MacKenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

In, and since, the nineteenth century a more than passing interest inPashto verse, both literary and popular, has been shown in Europe, as thefollowing titles (not to mention a number of chrestomathies) testify:
A Note On Chinese Texts In Tibetan Transcription
Authors: Simon Walter
Published: January 2010

We witness two kinds of Chinese texts in Tibetan transcription, thosewhich have the Tibetan transcription by the side of the Chinese characters—much as the Japanese syllabic script occurs by the side of theChinese characters—and those which are in Tibetan script only.
The Treatment Of Opposites In Lao Tzŭ
Authors: Lau D. C.
Published: January 2010

It is obvious to anyone who reads Lao Tzǔ that opposites play a prominentpart in it. There is hardly a page on which one cannot find some contrasted terms like ‘ long ’ and short', ‘ weak’ and ‘ strong ’. What may not be soobvious is the complexity of the different theories concerning these opposites.It is thepurpose of this paper to study, in some detail, these theories.
The Kyaikmaraw Inscriptions
Authors: Shorto H.L.
Published: January 2010

The two inscriptions which are the subject of this article are preserved in the vestibule of the Kyaikmaraw image shrine in the village of that name, which lies on the Ataran 11 miles south-east of Moulmein. That to the left of the entrance (Kyaikmaraw I) records a dedication of land to the shrine by the ruling queen of Pegu, Bañā Thau (Shin Sawbu), in A.D. 1455, and is thus the earliest dated Middle Mon inscription as well as the only one assignable to Bañā Thau's reign which antedates the co-regency of Dhammacetī. The stone to the right of the entrance (Kyaikmaraw II), which is mutilated and much weathered, is for the most part occupied by a fragmentary replica of lines 8–20 of the first, but with a different preamble, and apparently records a second dedication.
The Old Testament in Muslim Spain
Authors: Brough J.
Published: January 2010

Israel Friedlaender pointed out long ago that the work of Ibn Hazm,al-fisalfi 'l-nihal, was not a book but a collection of pamphlets ; not all these collections were identical. Asin Palacios published a Spanish translation of the printed text with many careful notes and Di Matteo discussed the criticisms of Jews and Christians by Ibn Hazm but neither knew the British Museum manuscript Or. 842 which differs from the print by omissions and additions. Some paragraphs on Muslim sects, absent from the print, were published in BSOAS, xn, 1, 1947, 1 ff. (This passage is in Or. 843 which is by the same hand as Or. 842.) Another addition (f. 2a) states that the Samaritan Pentateuch gives the years from the fall of Adam to the flood as 1307, the Hebrew which is accepted by both the Rabbanites and Karaites as 1650 (presumably the final 6 was lost by a scribal error), and the Greek as 2242. It adds that another sect of the Jews made the period 667 years and 8 months less 8 days. (A thousand has probably dropped out.)
Blank Verse (Al-Shi'R Al-Mursal) In Modern Arabic Literature
Authors: Moreh S.
Published: January 2010

The accepted definition of poetry among most of the classical Arab prosodists is al-kalām al-mawzūn al-muqaffā ‘speech in metre and rhyme’. Unrhymedverse was thus excluded. The simplest rhyme in Arabic verse is generally, a consonant (rawiyy)between two vowels. The only exception to this rule is the rhyme of al-qaṣīda al-maqṣūra, i.e. in a poem which rhymes with alif maqṣūra, where the consonantis not important. It is obvious from the different statements of some of the critics and philosopherswho were interested in the Greek sciences, that the Arabs were aware that the Greeks had blank verse. However, they were all firm in their conviction that rhyme in Arabic poetry is as essential as metre. Fārābī (873–950) in his Kitāb al-shi'r, observed that Homer used blank verse: wa-yabīn min fi'l Awmīrūsh shā'ir al-Yūnāniyyīn annahu lā yaḥlafiẓ bi-tasāvn al-nihāyāt, while the Arabs pay more attention to rhyme than do other nations: Inna li 'I-'Arabmin al-'ināya bi-nihāyāt al-abyāt allatī fi 'l-shi'r ahihar mimmā li-kathīr minal-umam allatī 'arafnā ash'ārahā.
The Story of Sudhana and Manoharā: An Analysis of The Texts and the Borobudur Reliefs
Authors: Jaini Padmanabh S.
Published: January 2010

The story of Sudhana is one of the most popular of the avadānas of Northern Hīnayāna Buddhism. There are two main versions of this story, one adopted by the Mahāsanghika school and the other by the mūla-Sarvāstivāda school. The former is preserved in the Mahāvastu under the title Kinnarījātaka, and a similar version of this story is found in a Chinese collection called Liu-tu-chi-ching ‘Collection [of tales to illustrate] the six pāramitās’, said to have been translated in approximately A.D. 270 (Taishō Tripiṭaka, in, no. 152, 44 f.) and accessible to us in Chavannes's Tripitạka (Cinq cents contes et apologues, no. 80). The mūla-Sarvāstivāda redaction is found in a Vinaya text of that school called the Bhaiṣajya-vastu. It was translated by I-ching and is referred to as Ken pen chouo … by Chavannes (iv, 133).
Colloquial in the Yu-hsien k‘u
Authors: Waley Arthur
Published: January 2010

What follows, as will be apparent to the reader, was written as a review of Mr. Howard Levy's translation of the T‘ang story Yu-hsien k‘u, which, although mentioned in some Western histories of Chinese literature, has not hitherto appeared in a complete translation.
As'ad Pasha al-‘Azm and Ottoman rule in Damascus (1743–58)
Authors: Shamir Shimon
Published: January 2010

The remarkable rise of the ‘Aẓms from an inconspicuous family of landed campaigners at Ma‘arrat al-Nu‘man to a dynasty of governors that ruled in Syria for most of the eighteenth century owes its origin to the process of disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and its institutions.
The popular verse of the Bakhtiāri of S.W. Persia—III: further specimens
Authors: Lorimer D. L. R.
Published: January 2010

[For parts i and ii see BSOAS, xvi, 3, 1954,542–55, and xvir, 1, 1955, 92–110. On the death of Col. Lorimer, in February 1962, the whole of his rich collection of linguistic material, mostly unpublished, passed by his bequest into the possession of the School.
Tone patterns in Chinese poetry
Authors: Downer G. B.
Published: January 2010

The tone patterns of the Recent Style (chin-t‘i ) have always given trouble to Western readers of Chinese poetry. Chinese authorities offer us a confusing variety of patterns, each with a different tone sequence for every line of the quatrain, no apparent principle of organization, and seemingly unaccountable licences for certain syllables. Yet if we choose to ignore these patterns, we are left only with such clumsy rules of thumb as that syllables of the same tone tend to fall into pairs and that corresponding syllables within the couplet generally contrast in tone.
A type of nominal syntagm in modern Aramaic dialects
Authors: Tsereteli Konstantin
Published: January 2010

Of the nominal syntagms in modern Aramaic, the one in which one substantive is determined by another substantive is deserving of special notice. This kind of syntagm may be classified as follows: (1)a substantive determinedby another substantive in the genitive case; (2)a substantive determined byanother substantive with a relative particle; (3)a substantive determined by a possessive pronominal suffix and a relative particle with another substantive; (4)a substantive determined by another substantive with the aid of a pronominalsuffix; (5)a substantive determined by another substantive without recourse todot; any morphological element whatsoever.
The sound change j > y in the Arabic dialects of peninsular Arabia
Authors: Johnstone T. M.
Published: January 2010

An important phonological feature of many of the dialects of Arabia is the pronunciation of . This sound change is not confined to one dialect group, and unlike the affrication of and is non-conditioned. The evidence whether > in Classical Arabic or in the ancient dialects is rather inconclusive, and exceptin a few authors it is not categorically stated to be a sound change in the way that this is stated, for example, of 'aj'aja (iy[y] > ij[j] mainly in pause) for the dialect of the Tamīm.
New Syriac inscriptions from Edessa
Authors: Segal J. B.
Published: January 2010

The inscriptions published here for the first time were discovered in the course of a visit to Edessa, the modern Urfa, during the summer of 1956. My journey was made possible by generous subventions from the Central Research Funds of the University of London and the Pilgrim Trust Fund administered by the British Academy. It is a pleasure to express here my gratitude not only to those bodies, but also to the officials of the Turkish Department of Antiquities and to the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, whose ready co-operation greatly facilitated our work in the field; and my sincere thanks are due no less to the energy and perseverance of Dr. D. S. Rice and his assistants Dr. Donald Strong and Mr. Michael Ballance, my companions in the rigours of an Anatolian heat-wave.
Ibn Isḥāq and al-Wāqidī: The Dream of 'Ātika and the Raid to Na

kh

la in Relation to the Charge of Plagiarism
Authors: Jones J. M. B.
Published: January 2010

In al-Wāqidī's Kitdb al-maghāzī and in that part of Ibn Ishāq's Sīra which deals with Muhammad's life in Medina and is contained in Ibn Hishrm's version of al-Bakkā'Ī's recension, there are similar and sometimes identical passages. Since Ibn Ishāq is the earlier of the two authorities, it has been assumed on a plausibly a priori basis that al-Wāqidī modelled himself on his predecessor in the arrangement of his material, and drew from him much of the basic warp of his narrative to which he then added his own weft.
The tripartite ideology of the Indo-Europeans: an experiment in method
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

Those who wish to ascertain ‘le dernier état de ces questions’ will be grateful to Professor G. Dumézil who has now summed up for us in brief compass his immense labours of nearly a quarter of a century in the study of Indo-European religion. Although the book does not cover the whole wide range of his researches, it does deal comprehensively (and with full bibliographical notes) with the central dogma:

'La comparaison des plus vieilles traditions des divers peuples parlant des langues indo-europeennes a révélé un fond considérable d'éléments communs, et d'éléments non pas isolés, mais organises en structures complexes, dont les autres peuples de l'ancien monde n'offrent pas l'équivalent. L'xposé qu'on va lire est consacré à la plus importante de ces structures'(introduction, p. 5).
Sātavāhana and Sātakarṅi
Authors: Baknett L. D.
Published: January 2010

Upon the fascinating problem of the dynastic names Sātavāhana and Śātakarṇi there has been “great argument”, and it is to be feared that the judicious reader's experience thereof has been like that of Omar Khayyam.
Neo-Babylonian ba-ga-ni(-'). I
Authors: Winckworth C. P. T.
Published: January 2010

In an article by W. Eilers, entitled “Eine mittelpersische Wortform aus frühachämenidischer Zeit ?” (ZDMG., 90, 160 ff.), it is contended that already by the end of the sixth century B.C. the nominal inflexions of Old Persian had completely disappeared from the Persian spoken language, in contradistinction to the literary language of the Achsemenid inscriptions. The author's arguments are based entirely upon his own novel interpretation of two short passages contained in Neo-Babylonian private letters of the time of Darius I, which are to all intents and purposes identical the one with the other, and which may be provisionally transliterated:—
The Languages of the Eastern Louisiade Archipelago
Authors: Ray Sidney H.
Published: January 2010

The vocabularies of the present notice are due to Dr. W. M. Strong. They were collected at Panakrusima (Earle Island) in the east-centralpart of the Calyados Chain, about 48 miles south-east of Panaieti(Deboyne Island) and at Panatinani (Joannet Island), about 18 milesto the east, close to North-West Tagula (Sud-Est Island).
The Estates of the Realm in Thakaundrove, Fiji
Authors: Hocakt A. M.
Published: January 2010

The foundations of a house are useless in themselves; they exist merely to support the living rooms which we build for our enjoyment, comfort, and protection. Yet the superstructure cannot exist without the foundations, although the foundations can exist without a superstructure. Facts are the foundations of science: they are of no interest in themselves, but only as they serve to support theories in which we house our lives.
Hvatanica III
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

The Sanskrit-Khotanese bilingual text edited in this study is contained in the manuscript fonds Pelliot 5538. Since we are still seriously in need of bilingual texts in the elucidation of Khotanese problems, the present short text is welcome. I am deeply indebted to Professor Paul Pelliot who has most kindly and courteously given me permission to read and to publish Khotanese manuscripts of his collection. I was able during the Christmas vacation last year to examine some sixty texts at the Bibliotheque Nationale. The recto of the Manuscript P 5538 contains a carefully written Parau ‘decree’, which is indicated also by a large drawing of the Chinese character ‘imperial commands’, kindly identified for me by M. C. M. Wang.
Zurvanica II
Authors: Zaehner R. C.
Published: January 2010

It gives me great pleasure to take this occasion to thank Professor Bailey for material assistance without which this article would probably not have appeared. He has been kind enough to put at my disposition an edition of Zātspram printed in India and sent to him from there. This edition—the work of Behramgore Anklesaria—was utilized by Dr. Tavadia in proof form for his edition of the Šāyastnē-šāyast.
Muslim Funeral Customs
Authors: Tritton A. S.
Published: January 2010

There is no article “funeral” in the Enchclopædia of Islam so it seemed good to collect the material on this subject. The first charge on a Musulim' estate was the cost of his funeral, the provision of grave-clothes, tomb, and the expense of washing the body.

Washing

The body was washed by those nearest to the dead; normally men prepared a man for burial. “They turned up their sleeves, tucked their shirts into their belts, washed him, and wrapped him in the winding sheet.” Abū Baki was washed by his widow and Jābir b. Zaid gave orders that his widow should wash his body; this rule is generlized in al-Mudawwana.
An Ismaili Interpretation of the Fall of Adam
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: January 2010

During a recent stay in Cairo, I found in the Taimūr¯ya library a manuscript copy of an interesting Ismaili work entitled Kitābu'1-Iḋāḥ wa'1-Bayān, by the Yemenite dā'i Ḥusain ibn 'Ali.

The manuscript is of 165 pages, 16 by 23 cms., in two hands—the first till p. 70, at 22 lines per page, the second pp. 71–165 at 19 lines per page. The first and last lines of each page are in red ink throughout. The copy was started by the Sharif 'Abdullah Abū Yūsuf, and completed on his death by 'Ali b. Shaikh Ibrāhīm Al-Haidarābādī. It is dated 22nd Dhu'l Hijja 1286 (= 26/3/1870), and was made by order of the chief Dā'i Al-Ḥasan b. Ismā'īl.
The Application of World Orthography to Sinhalese
Authors: Perera H. S. , Jones Daniel
Published: January 2010

A Description of “World Orthography”, which is now the official manner of writing a number of languages of Africa, is to be found in the booklet Practical Orthography of African Languages published by the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures. The system is a phonetic one and is in most respects the same as the International Phonetic Alphabet, the chief exceptions being that j and y are used with their English values, vowel length is indicated by doubling the letter, and capital letters are provided for the use of those who consider them necessary. J. R. Firth has shown how World Orthography may be applied to Burmese and to several Indian languages, and it is the object of this article to show how it might be applied to Sinhalese.
Metra Ugaritica: pro et contra
Authors: Wansbrough John
Published: January 2010

Amongst the contributions to a recent volume commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Ugaritic studies is a paper devoted to analysis of the problems involved in description of Semitic prosody. While the data adduced there are explicitly limited to Ugaritic and Hebrew verse, the author's method entails consideration of such general matters as the definition of metre and parallelism. Since these are, as is well known, the traditional parameters in virtually every discussion of Biblical poetry, Professor Pardee's study evokes (and is clearly intended so to do) examination of all the categories and terms hitherto employed to describe the several and occasionally disparate phenomena collectively adduced as evidence of poetic composition. Historical surveys of the subject are now abundant, more or less easily accessible and not very often undertaken except as preface to special pleading on behalf of one or other of the criteria so far discerned for distinguishing poetry from prose.
Saladin and his Admirers: A Biographical Reassessment
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

‘The life and achievements of Saladin constitute one of the great moments in the history of the crusades. In literature he appears most frequently as a conquering hero, who fought his enemies victoriously and in the end beat them to a standstill. But a closer examination of his actual life reveals him not only as a conqueror, but as a man who struggled with enemies of his own side who finally joined him and fought along with him under his sole command. From this angle we see him as a man who fought for his ideals, and fought, not victoriously, but in a measure that fell short of his hopes and ambitions’.
Hooker's expenses in Sikkim: an early Lepcha text
Authors: Sprigg R. K.
Published: January 2010

Some years ago I received from the India Office Library a xerox copy of a short document found at Kew among the papers of Sir Joseph Hooker, with an inquiry as to whether it was a permit for him to travel in Sikkim for the botanical research described in hisHimalayan Journals(1854/1905). I knew enough Lepcha to be able to report to the India Office Library that the 42 lines of Lepcha script (romanized and translated at (II) below) were some sort of statement of accounts in East India Company rupees (kúm-pá-nyi kóm tsu; line 1); but I was not able to arrive at the sense of the text in detail until my present stay in Kalimpong again put me in touch with Lepchas, especially Mr. A. Foning, of the Kalimpong Lepcha Association, whose help it is a pleasure to acknowledge.
Ibn 'Abbās's Gharīb al-Qur'ān
Authors: Rippin A.
Published: January 2010

In a previous article discussing the text entitled al-Lughāt fī'l-Qur'ān attributed to Ibn 'Abbās, mention was made of two manuscripts of Gharīb al-Qur'ān also attributed to Ibn 'Abbās. A recent visit to Istanbul allowed an examination of these works, leading to the discovery that, in fact, these manuscripts contain two additional copies of al-Lughāt fī'l-Qur'ān and that an independent text Gharīb al-Qur'ān attributed to Ibn. 'Abbās does not exist. A proliferation of titles has taken place regarding this text and, most significantly of course, around the figure of Ibn 'Abbās and his role in Qur'ānic lexicography.
Maurice Delafosse and the pre-Sunjata Trône du Mandé
Authors: Conrad David C.
Published: January 2010

Scholars working with problems in ethnology, languages and history of the Manding-speaking peoples and some of their western Sudanic neighbours have long been aware that while much in the impressive range of works by Maurice Delafosse demands consultation, the writings of this prolific but fallible pioneer in West African studies must be treated with an extra measure of caution. The more one makes use of what is perhaps Delafosse's best-known work, Haut-Sénégal-Niger, the more apparent it becomes that a critical reassessment of his writings would be desirable.
The Miracle of the Pearls
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

JALĀL AL-DĪN RŪMĪ in Maihnawi, ii, 3478 sqq., recounts a story of a saint J falsely accused of theft, and of the miraculous manner in which he cleared himself. R. A. Nicholson in his annotation to the passage (vol. vii, p. 359) comments: “ Saints accused of theft, who produce miraculous proof of their innocence, appear in many legends related by Moslem hagiographers.”
Studies in the Vocabulary of Tocharian
Authors: Windekens A. J. Van
Published: January 2010

I have explained the first member in my article in KZ., 68, 218 f. (relationship to Arm. eres). The meaning of the second member is certainly near that of the first, since we evidently have to do with an old dvandva. I would suggest connection with the root of Olr. Mlr. bind “ melodious ’, Skt. bhand- “ worship, exhilarate, shine ”, IE. *bhend- “ ± sing ” (Walde-Pokorny, 2, 151). For the semantic development “ ± countenance ” from “ ± sing ”, cf. Skt. vadana- “ mouth, face ” and vad- “ speak, sound ”, and also Toch. A. sunk-, B. sähkw- “ muzzle ”, related to Grk. όμΦ “ voice ”, Goth, siggwan, OHG., OS. singan “ sing ” (cf. my Lexique etymologique des dialectes tokhariens, 127, and my Morphologie comparee du tokharien, 45).
Two Tocharian Notes
Authors: Windekens A.J. Van
Published: January 2010

I have connected this adverb with Skt. atha,having the same meaning, and with OHG. unti, anti, enti =OE., Eng. and,Germ, und(cf. BSL.,41, 184 and also my Lexique (étymologiqbe des dialectes tokhariens),20);the Tocharian form agrees with Skt. athain its root-vocalism:both Sanskrit and Tocharian show the weak grade, IE. *nth-.This etymology, however, leaves the w-suffix of Toch. B. entweunexplained:for -weI have only assumed a secondary origin. At present this view seems no more plausible to me:several extended forms of Skt. atharender imperative a primary origin. Skt. athais attested with following him(“yes, well ”, in dialogue), with following ajri(“nevertheless ”), and with following uand vā.Skt. atha + umeans “afterwards, then, and, even ”, and Skt. atha+vā“or, or also, or even, etc.”Both Skt. atha + uand atha+ vāmay be the formal equivalents of Toch. B. entwe,but an original *-vē-extension is more probable for the Tocharian form, since the final of the Indo-European words is dropped in this language.
“The Forest-Demon”: A Tatar Poem of Gabdulla Tuqaj
Authors: Benzing Johannes
Published: January 2010

One of the most important works of the great Tatar poet Gabdulla Tuqaj (27th April, 1886, to 15th April, 1913) 1 is said to be the poem “Şyrale (The Forest-Demon) ”, written in 1907. There is no doubt about the literaryimportance of this work, although many “enlightened ”Tatars disparage it as a mere nursery-tale 2 ;but it is likewise important for folklore and literary history.
A Gã Folk Tale
Authors: Berry J.
Published: January 2010

Amongst some material recently recorded for me by Mr. E. A. W. Engmann, a native of Christiansborg, was a passage from his prize essay, “ Ganyo bi”. The passage contained a Gã, folk tale told some years ago to Mr. Engmann by his aunt (minyε nukpa). Apart from any intrinsic merit, the story affords an interesting example of the adaptation of a borrowed theme. A detailed comparison with the well-known Akan version would undoubtedly prove profitable. I give Mr. Engmann′s text below.
Some Corrections and Critical Remarks on Dr. Johan van Manen's Contribution to the Bibliography of Tibet
Authors: Vostrikov Andrew
Published: January 2010

The bibliography of the literature of Tibet is beset with extraordinary difficulties. The access to the literary treasures of this country is not easy and our knowledge in this domain is therefore exceedingly limited. If we exclude the two great Collections of Translations (the Kanjur and the Tanjur) which are tolerably well known from the bibliographical standpoint, we must confess that the great ocean of the original Tibetan literature, the literature of Tibet proper, remains almost entirely unknown.
A Fragment of the Uttaratantra in Sanskrit
Authors: Bailey H. W. , Johnston E. H.
Published: January 2010

Ch. 47 is an incomplete roll of the Stein collection at the India Office, measuring 130 X 31 cm. The accompanying photograph shows the roll except the lower part (32 cm.) containing six short vertical lines (a business account) in Chinese, the last 10 cm. being blank. The reverse of the roll contains the Chinese version of the Aparimitāyuh Sūtra, and one line in Tibetan script.
A History of the Caliphate in the Ḥayāt al-ḥayawān of ad-Damīrī
Authors: De Somogyi Joseph
Published: January 2010

Owing to the voluminousness of the great Arabic works on general history, from the fourth century A.H. onwards many abridgments were made from them by both the authors of the large works themselves and later hands. These concise works contain a brief survey of the history of Islām as is seen in the Kitāb duwal al-islām of adh-Dhahabī or an enumeration oxf the illustrious persons of a longer period as is seen in the Tabaqāt al-huffāz of the same author.
Two Yemenite

Dj

inn
Authors: Serjeant R. B.
Published: January 2010

The word(pi. ) appears in most of the lexicons which I have consulted, but it does not seem to be known in the sense of a supernatural creature, although this meaning is familiar to Yemenite folklore and dialect.
New Materials on the Tabaqāt al-shu‘arā’ of al-Jumahī
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

I

IT is well known that the Ṱabaqāt al-shu‘arā’ of Muḥammad b. Sallāam al-Jumahi is one of our most important source-books for the history of Arabic poetry and poetic theory; it is equally well known that the text as at present available is both deficient, because of lacunae in the manuscripts hitherto discovered and used, and otherwise unsatisfactory, on account of inadequate editing. Despite the very numerous emendations to Joseph Hell's edition (Leiden, 1916) proposed by several eminent scholars, the book still remains lamentably short of perfection; though there can be few texts in the whole of Arabic literature which it would be more desirable to have in good and proper shape.

It has now been my unusual fortune to study in Mr. Chester Beatty's library an exceedingly fine old copy of the Ṱabaqāt al-shu‘arā’, undated but certainly of the fourth/tenth century. This hitherto unknown manuscript not only supplies a great part of the major lacuna in Hell's text (p. 19), but also contains other extensive additions summing up to a considerable fraction of the whole work; it presents moreover a very reliable recension of the book, and its numerous variants will make it possible at last to establish a satisfactory edition.

In the present paper a collation is offered of all the passages contained in Hell's text for which new readings are provided by the Chester Beatty manu-script. It is hoped in a subsequent paper to publish the additional material for which that manuscript constitutes the sole authority. Scholars will be interested to note how remarkably this fresh evidence confirms many of the brilliant emendations proposed by the famous Arabists who have from time to time devoted themselves to the improvement of Hell's edition.