bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic compounds of different extractability in total solvent extracts from soils of contrasting water repellency
Authors: Atanassova I. , Doerr S.
Published: February 2010

Previous studies examining organic compounds that may cause water‐repellent behaviour of soils have typically focussed on analysing only the lipophilic fraction of extracted material. This study aimed to provide a more comprehensive examination by applying single‐ and sequential‐accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), separation and analysis by GC/MS of the total solvent extracts of three soils taken from under eucalypt vegetation with different degrees of water repellency. Water repellency increased in all the soils after extraction with DCM/MeOH (95:5), but was eliminated with iso‐propanol/ammonia (95:5). Quantities of major lipid compound classes varied between solvents and soils. Iso‐propanol/ammonia (95:5) solvent released saccharides, glycerol, aromatic acids and other polar organic compounds, which were more abundant in fractionated extracts from the single extraction and the third step sequential ASE extraction, than in the extracts from the DCM/MeOH ASE solvent. Dominant compounds extracted from all soils were long‐chain alkanols (>C22), palmitic acid, C29 alkane, β‐sitosterol, terpenes, terpenoids and other polar compounds. The soil with the lowest repellency lacked >C18 fatty acids and had the lowest concentrations of alkanols (C26,C28 and C30) and alkanes (C29, C31), but a greater abundance of more complex polar compounds than the more repellent soils. We therefore speculate that the above compounds play an important role in determining the water repellency of the soils tested. The results suggest that one‐stage and sequential ASE extractions with iso‐propanol/ammonia and subsequent fractionation of extracts are a useful approach in providing a comprehensive assessment of the potential compounds involved in causing soil water repellency.
Iridescent hindwing patches in the Pipevine Swallowtail: differences in dorsal and ventral surfaces relate to signal function and context
Authors: Rutowski Ronald L. , Nahm Alexandra C. , Macedonia Joseph M.
Published: February 2010

1. Iridescent colour signals are directional but, like diffusely reflected colours, vary within and among species in ways that may be adaptations to specific types of receivers in specific light environments.

2. The hindwings of pipevine swallowtail butterflies exhibit brilliant blue and iridescent colour patches on the ventral surface in both sexes and on the dorsal wing surface in males. Evidence suggests that the ventral iridescent blue is a component of the warning coloration of this distasteful species, while the dorsal blue iridescent wing area is a sexual signal. Given differences in the function and ecological context of signal production, we analysed reflectance spectra from the iridescent blue areas of both field‐caught and laboratory‐reared animals to test several predictions about the iridescent colour patches on these wing surfaces.

3. The ventral blue patches in the warning coloration of males and females should be most visible early and late in the day, due to wing orientation relative to sun angle. We therefore predicted that these iridescent colour patches would be brighter and of longer wavelengths than the male dorsal blue patch displayed during midday courtships. The prediction about reflectance intensity was supported but the prediction about hue was not.

4. We predicted that the sexually selected dorsal hindwing iridescence of males would be more variable among individuals and condition dependent than the naturally selected ventral iridescent colour patches. To assess variation and condition dependence, laboratory‐reared and field‐captured individuals were compared. The prediction about variation was not supported, but only the dorsal wing surfaces showed evidence of being condition dependent.

5. We investigated whether development of dorsal and ventral blue iridescence was coupled by determining correlations in colour properties between the wing surfaces. Our finding of positive correlations indicated a potential developmental constraint in the evolution of colour differences between the two wing surfaces.

6. Results of this study suggest that some properties of iridescent coloration on the hindwing of the pipevine swallowtail (especially intensity) may have been fine‐tuned by evolution in response to prevailing ambient light conditions and viewing perspectives that differ among types of signal receivers.
Scaling of basal metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in mammals
Authors: Clarke Andrew , Rothery Peter , Isaac Nick J. B.
Published: February 2010

1. We present a statistical analysis of the scaling of resting (basal) metabolic rate, BMR, with body mass, Bm and body temperature, Tb, in mammals.

2. Whilst the majority of the variance in ln BMR is explained by ln Bm, the Tb term is statistically significant. The best fit model was quadratic, indicating that the scaling of ln BMR with ln Bm varies with body size; the value of any scaling exponent estimated for a sample of mammals will therefore depend on the size distribution of species in the study. This effect can account for much of the variation in scaling exponents reported in the literature for mammals.

3. In all models, inclusion of Tb reduced the strength of scaling with ln Bm. The model including Tb suggests that birds and mammals have a similar underlying thermal dependence of BMR, equivalent to a Q10 of 2·9 across the range of Tb values 32–42 °C.

4. There was significant heterogeneity in both the mass scaling exponent and mean BMR across mammalian orders, with a tendency for orders dominated by larger taxa to have steeper scaling exponents. This heterogeneity was particularly marked across orders with smaller mean Bm and the taxonomic composition of the sample will thus also affect the observed scaling exponent. After correcting for the effects of ln Bm and Tb, Soricomorpha, Didelphimorphia and Artiodactyla had the highest BMR of those orders represented by more than 10 species in the data set.

5. Inclusion of Tb in the model removed the effect of diet category evident from a model in ln Bm alone and widely reported in the literature; this was caused by a strong interaction between diet category and Tb in mammals.

6. Inclusion of mean ambient temperature, Ta, in the model indicated a significant inverse relationship between ln BMR and Ta, complicated by an interaction between Ta and Tb. All other things being equal, a polar mammal living at −10 °C has a body temperature ∼2·7 °C warmer and a BMR higher by ∼40% than a tropical mammal of similar size living at 25 °C.
The phylogeographic architecture of the fucoid seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum: an intertidal ‘marine tree’ and survivor of more than one glacial–interglacial cycle
Authors: Olsen Jeanine L. , Zechman Frederick W. , Hoarau Galice , Coyer James A. , Stam Wytze T. , Valero Myriam , Åberg Per
Published: February 2010

Aim  Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis is a dominant fucoid seaweed occurring along sheltered, rocky shores throughout the North Atlantic (but not in the Pacific), where it is a foundational species of the intertidal community. Its large size and vulnerability to ice‐scour have led to the hypothesis that contemporary populations in the north‐west Atlantic may be the result of de novo recolonization from the north‐east Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (c. 20 ka). We tested this hypothesis.

Location  Temperate North Atlantic rocky intertidal between c. 42 and 65° N latitude.

Methods  More than 1300 individuals from 28 populations were sampled from across the entire range of A. nodosum and genotyped for six microsatellite loci, and > 500 individuals were genotyped for two mitochondrial loci, an intergenic spacer (IGS) and the tRNA (W) gene (trnW). Population structure and historical demography were analysed in a standard population genetics and coalescence framework.

Results  Based on the presence of private alleles and haplotypes, we found that A. nodosum has survived on both sides of the Atlantic (since before the LGM, dating back to at least the penultimate Eemian interglacial) with similar effective population sizes and divergence times (1.2 and 0.8 Ma). Dispersal has been predominantly from Europe to North America, and there is very weak present‐day population differentiation across the North Atlantic. Diversity measures provided additional support for determining the location of refugia.

Main conclusions  Ascophyllum nodosum was apparently little affected by the LGM, although contemporary climate change is likely to have major effects on its latitudinal distribution on both sides of the North Atlantic. It is a very long‐lived species, analogous in virtually all demographic aspects to a tree – resistant to extinction but vulnerable to catastrophic events. The Brittany peninsula is a hotspot of genetic diversity worthy of conservation.
The phylogenetic structure of primate communities: variation within and across continents
Authors: Kamilar Jason M. , Guidi Lisa M.
Published: February 2010

Aim  Our goals are: (1) to examine the relative degree of phylogenetic overdispersion or clustering of species in communities relative to the entire species pool, (2) to test for across‐continent differences in community phylogenetic structure, and (3) to examine the relationship between species richness and community phylogenetic structure.

Location  Africa, Madagascar, Asia, and the Neotropics.

Methods  We collected species composition and phylogenetic data for over 100 primate communities. For each community, we calculated two measures of phylogenetic structure: (1) the net relatedness index (NRI), which provides a measure of the mean pairwise phylogenetic distance among all species in the community; and (2) the nearest taxon index (NTI), which measures the relative phylogenetic distance among the closest related species in a community. Both measures are relative to the phylogeny of the species in the entire species pool. The phylocom package uses a randomization procedure to test whether the NRI and NTI values are higher or lower than expected by chance alone. In addition, we used a Kruskal–Wallis test to examine differences in NRI and NTI across continents, and linear regressions to examine the relationship between species richness and NRI/NTI.

Results  We found that the majority of individual primate communities in Africa, Asia and the Neotropics consist of member species that are neither more nor less closely related than expected by chance alone. Yet 37% of Malagasy communities contain species that are more distantly related to each other compared with random species assemblages. Also, we found that the average degree of relatedness among species in communities differed significantly across continents, with African and Malagasy communities consisting of more distantly related taxa compared with communities in Asia and the Neotropics. Finally, we found a significant negative relationship between species richness and phylogenetic distance among species in African, Asian and Malagasy communities. The average relatedness among species in communities decreased as community size increased.

Main conclusions  The majority of individual primate communities exhibit a phylogenetic structure no different from random. Yet there are across‐continent differences in the phylogenetic structure of primate communities that probably result from the unique ecological and evolutionary characteristics exhibited by the endemic species found on each continent. In particular, the recent extinctions of numerous primates on Madagascar are likely responsible for the low levels of evolutionary relatedness among species in Malagasy communities.
Multiple fossil calibrations, nuclear loci and mitochondrial genomes provide new insight into biogeography and divergence timing for true seals (Phocidae, Pinnipedia)
Authors: Fulton Tara L. , Strobeck Curtis
Published: February 2010

Aim  To better understand the historical biogeography of the true seals, Phocidae, by combining nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a divergence time analysis using multiple fossil calibrations.

Location  Arctic, Antarctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Lake Baikal, Caspian Sea.

Methods  Fifteen nuclear genes totalling 8935 bp plus near‐complete mitochondrial genome sequences were used in a Bayesian divergence time analysis, incorporating eight soft‐bound fossil calibrations across the phylogeny. All species of true seals were included, plus the walrus, three otariids and seven carnivore outgroups. The majority of the nuclear sequences and four phocid mitochondrial genomes (plus three non‐phocid mitochondrial genomes) were newly generated for this study using DNA extracted from tissue samples; other sequences were obtained from GenBank.

Results  Using multiple nuclear genes and multiple fossil calibrations resulted in most divergence time estimations within Phocidae being much more recent than predicted by other molecular studies incorporating only mtDNA and using a single calibration point. A new phylogenetic hypothesis was recovered for the Antarctic seals.

Main conclusions  Incorporating multiple nuclear genes and fossil calibrations had a profound effect on the estimated divergence times. Most estimated divergences within Phocinae (Arctic seals) correspond to Arctic oceanic events and all occur within the last 12 Myr, a time when the Arctic and Atlantic oceans were freely exchanging and perennial Arctic sea ice existed, indicating that the Arctic seals may have had a longer association with ice than previously thought. The Monachinae (‘southern’ seals) split from the Phocinae c. 15 Ma on the eastern US coast. Several early trans‐Atlantic dispersals possibly occurred, leaving no living descendants, as divergence estimates suggest that the Monachus (monk seal) species divergences occurred in the western Atlantic c. 6 Ma, with the Mediterranean monk seal ancestor dispersing afterwards. The tribes Lobodontini (Antarctic seals) and Miroungini (elephant seals) are also estimated to have diverged in the eastern Atlantic c. 7 Ma and a single Lobodontini dispersal to Antarctica occurred shortly afterwards. Many of the newly estimated dates are used to infer how extinct lineages/taxa are allied with their living relatives.
Whole blood cytokine attenuation by cholinergic agonists ex vivo and relationship to vagus nerve activity in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Bruchfeld A. , Goldstein R. S. , Chavan S. , Patel N. B. , Rosas‐Ballina M. , Kohn N. , Qureshi A. R. , Tracey K. J.
Published: February 2010

Abstract.  Bruchfeld A, Goldstein RS, Chavan S, Patel NB, Rosas‐Ballina M, Kohn N, Qureshi AR, Tracey KJ. (Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore University Hospital‐LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA; and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden) Whole blood cytokine attenuation by cholinergic agonists ex vivo and relationship to vagus nerve activity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Intern Med 2010; 268:94–101.

Objective.  The central nervous system regulates innate immunity in part via the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway, a neural circuit that transmits signals in the vagus nerve that suppress pro‐inflammatory cytokine production by an α‐7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) dependent mechanism. Vagus nerve activity is significantly suppressed in patients with autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It has been suggested that stimulating the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway may be beneficial to patients, but it remains theoretically possible that chronic deficiencies in this pathway will render these approaches ineffective.

Methods.  Here we addressed the hypothesis that inflammatory cells from RA patients can respond to cholinergic agonists with reduced cytokine production in the setting of reduced vagus nerve activity.

Results.  Measurement of RR interval variability (heart rate variability, HRV), in RA patients (n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 10) revealed that vagus nerve activity was significantly depressed in patients. Whole blood cultures stimulated by exposure to endotoxin produced significantly less tumour necrosis factor in samples from RA patients as compared to healthy controls. Addition of cholinergic agonists (nicotine and GTS‐21) to the stimulated whole blood cultures however significantly suppressed cytokine production to a similar extent in patients and healthy controls.

Conclusion.  These findings suggest that it is possible to pharmacologically target the α7nAChR dependent control of cytokine release in RA patients with suppressed vagus nerve activity. As α7nAChR agonists ameliorate the clinical course of collagen induced arthritis in animals, it may be possible in the future to explore whether α7nAChR agonists can improve clinical activity in RA patients.
Immune mechanisms of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep
Authors: HEIN W. R. , PERNTHANER A. , PIEDRAFITA D. , MEEUSEN E. N.
Published: February 2010

Infections with gastrointestinal nematode parasites are a major problem for the sheep industry in Australia and New Zealand and have been the subject of intensive research to define mechanisms of resistance. The ability to take continuous biopsy samples of infected organs and cannulate both afferent and efferent lymphatics of draining lymph nodes has been particularly useful in illuminating the kinetics of immune responses at the site of infection. Distinct localized immune responses were shown to occur within and between sheep breeds at different sensitization regimes, as well as at different developmental stages of the parasite within the host. Using localized antibodies derived from mucus and lymph nodes, two major antigens have been identified on the infective L3 stage, which may be responsible for inducing protection and have potential as vaccine targets. Recent advances in sheep genomics also offer the potential of gaining further insight into the underlying genetics of resistance to nematode infections.
Feasibility of exhaled nitric oxide measurements at various flow rates in children with asthma
Authors: Robroeks Charlotte M. H. H. T. , Van Vliet Dillys , Hendriks Han J. E. , Dompeling Edward , Jöbsis Quirijn
Published: February 2010

Robroeks CMHHT, van Vliet D, Hendriks HJE, Dompeling E, Jöbsis Q. Feasibility of exhaled nitric oxide measurements at various flow rates in children with asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: e222–e228. © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Munksgaard

Measurement of bronchial and alveolar exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels could be of clinical importance for the treatment of asthma. To discriminate between alveolar and bronchial NO, measurements need to be assessed at various flow rates. To study the feasibility, linearity, and long‐term repeatability of NO measurements at four different exhalation flow rates in children with asthma. Twenty‐one children with moderate persistent asthma, aged 6–12 yrs, were included in the study. NO was measured according to the ATS/ERS guidelines, using the NIOX® analyzer with flow restrictors of 30, 50, 100, and 200 ml/s. Duration of the measurements ranged from 6–10 s, depending on the flow rate. The tests were repeated 3 and 6 months after the first NO measurement. Feasibility of NO measurements at these four flow rates increased from 67% to 91% and 95% at the first, second and third visit, respectively. A significant learning effect was present. Age and lung function indices did not influence success or failure of the tests. At the first measurements occasions, no problems occurred during the NO analysis at a 100 ml/s flow rate. There was a 75–90% success rate when performing the test using flow rates of 30, 50, and 200 ml/s. However, repeating the tests resulted in a 100% success rate. Measurements were not successful if: (i) children ran out of air; (ii) NO concentration exceeded 200 ppb; (iii) the measured NO flow was unstable; and (iv) the NO plateau was not formed. This study showed good feasibility and linearity of NO measurements in asthmatic children of 6 yrs and over at flow rates between 50–200 ml/s. A significant learning effect was present. The long‐term reproducibility of alveolar and bronchial NO values during 6 months was moderate.
The phylogeographic system survey of native sheep breeds in the eastern and southern Central Asia
Authors: Sun W. , Chang H. , Tsunoda K. , Musa H.H. , Yang Z.P. , Ma Y.H. , Guan W.J.
Published: February 2010

The genetic diversity and phylogenetic survey of native sheep breeds in the eastern and southern Central Asia were assessed in the present study. The clustering, principal components, structure and F statistics all demonstrate that the native sheep breeds in these regions be classified into two genetic groups: Mongolia‐Tibetan sheep group and South‐Southeast Asia sheep group. The Mongolia sheep group and the Tibetan sheep group had a certain degree of gene communication from the ancient times. In the present study we demonstrated that the Chinese native sheep populations belonged to Mongolia‐Tibetan sheep group. However, the relationships among the sheep populations in Mongolia sheep group in China were not closely related to the geographical distance among sheep populations.
The Neoliberalisation of the Local State in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Narsiah Sagie
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  There exists a growing literature on the geographical aspects of neoliberalism and neoliberalisation. In this paper I focus on how the neoliberalisation process is articulated at the scale of the local state in Durban, South Africa. I examine the neoliberalisation process through the lens of the water sector. This paper contributes to the body of literature showing how private sector governance techniques are being used in the public sector effecting its neoliberalisation. I show how pricing structures are neoliberal and in turn how they are deployed and contribute to the neoliberalisation of the local state in Durban. I show that accounting strategies, tariff structures, and cost recovery measures are central to the neoliberalisation process in Durban.
Global Commodity Chains and the Marxian Law of Value
Authors: Starosta Guido
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  This paper develops a Marxian critique of the “global commodity chain” (GCC) paradigm. It is argued that this approach fails to provide an actual explanation of the phenomenon it sets about to investigate. Instead, it offers a typological description of the immediate manifestations of the determinations at stake. As a consequence, the GCC approach one‐sidedly conceptualises the relations among individual capitals within a commodity chain as the simple result of relations of power (or co‐operation), that is, of direct social relations. By contrast, this paper argues that the latter are concrete mediations of the inner laws regulating the indirect social relations among individual capitals: the process of global competition through which the formation of the general rate of profit asserts itself. On this basis, it develops an alternative account of the social determinations underlying the genesis, structure and evolving configuration of GCCs as an expression of the unfolding of the Marxian “law of value”.
The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico since NAFTA
Authors: Waldkirch Andreas
Published: February 2010

Foreign direct investment (FDI) into Mexico has increased dramatically since the inception of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), raising questions about its effect on the Mexican economy. This paper studies the impact of FDI on industry productivity and wages over the first 10 years of NAFTA, paying particular attention to the source country and destination industry of investments. It also offers a detailed description of the evolution of FDI, its components, sectoral composition and sources from 1994–2005. There is evidence of a positive effect of FDI on productivity, particularly total factor productivity (TFP). The effect on wages is negative or zero at best, suggesting a divergence from productivity over this time period. The positive productivity effect stems largely from US FDI into non‐maquiladora industries, which receive over two‐thirds of manufacturing FDI. There is no evidence that more distant source countries have a differential effect. Consistent with theoretical expectations, FDI into maquiladoras benefits unskilled workers at the expense of skilled workers.
Complex regional pain syndromes: new pathophysiological concepts and therapies
Authors: Maihöfner C. , Seifert F. , Markovic K.
Published: February 2010

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), formerly known as Sudeck’s dystrophy and causalgia, is a disabling and distressing pain syndrome. We here provide a review based on the current literature concerning the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of CRPS. CRPS may develop following fractures, limb trauma or lesions of the peripheral or CNS. The clinical picture comprises a characteristic clinical triad of symptoms including autonomic (disturbances of skin temperature, color, presence of sweating abnormalities), sensory (pain and hyperalgesia), and motor (paresis, tremor, dystonia) disturbances. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical signs. Several pathophysiological concepts have been proposed to explain the complex symptoms of CRPS: (i) facilitated neurogenic inflammation; (ii) pathological sympatho‐afferent coupling; and (iii) neuroplastic changes within the CNS. Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence that genetic factors may predispose for CRPS. Therapy is based on a multidisciplinary approach. Non‐pharmacological approaches include physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Pharmacotherapy is based on individual symptoms and includes steroids, free radical scavengers, treatment of neuropathic pain, and finally agents interfering with bone metabolism (calcitonin, biphosphonates). Invasive therapeutic concepts include implantation of spinal cord stimulators. This review covers new aspects of pathophysiology and therapy of CRPS.
Launch of the HILJ Strategic Plan 2010–2014
Authors: Grant Maria J.
Published: February 2010

The 2010‐2014 strategic plan builds on the reputation of Health Information and Libraries Journal (HILJ) as a dynamic internationally inclusive journal and will ensure that the journal remains relevant to the day‐to‐day practices of its readership. The plan seeks to maintain the high quality of the journal, build on the already strong relationship with the Health Libraries Group (HLG), and find new ways to engage with the HILJ readers and writers.
Prevention of Drug Abuse
Authors: Tarter Ralph E.
Published: February 2010

Prevention efforts in alcohol and drug abuse have typically focused on the general population. However, most individuals who abuse addictive drugs either terminate consumption voluntarily or do not progress to a clinical diagnosis of psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD). Because PSUD has such adverse effects on costs to society, prevention research and practice should emphasize the development and implementation of interventions for individuals who are at high risk for this disorder. This article proposes a conceptual framework for better understanding of the etiology of PSUD and for implementing prevention efforts that are targeted to specific vulnerabilities of an individual. These vulnerabilities are discussed with respect to their spatial organization (i.e., manifestations across multiple levels of biobehavioral organization) and temporal organization (i.e., manifestations across an individual's life span).
Tolerance and Withdrawal in the DSM‐III‐R Diagnosis of Substance Dependence
Authors: Rounsaville Bruce J. , Bryant Kendall
Published: February 2010

Proposed DSM‐IV revisions to psychoactive substance dependence include emphasizing the physiological symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal by requiring the presence of either symptom to diagnose psychoactive substance dependence or by subtyping the diagnosis according to presence or absence of physiological symptoms. This article is an empirical evaluation of the tolerance and withdrawal criteria in a sample of 399 cocaine abusers. The required use of tolerance or withdrawal to make a dependence diagnosis had a comparatively small impact on rates of diagnosis because most of the subjects who meet DSM‐III‐R criteria for dependence report tolerance as one of their symptoms. In contrast, withdrawal or withdrawal avoidance are reported by a much smaller number. Compared with other DSM‐III‐R dependence syndrome criteria, tolerance and withdrawal showed no superiority in test‐retest agreement, concurrent validity, or predictive validity.
Relationship Between HIV‐1 Antibody Seropositivity and Alcohol/Nonintravenous Drug Abuse Among Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Lee Hyung Kon , Travin Sheldon , Bluestone Harvey
Published: February 2010

Of 132 psychiatric inpatients tested for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody seropositivity, 41.7% (10/24) of intravenous drug abusers, 11.4% (8/70) of alcohol and/or nonintravenous drug abusers, and 2.6% (1/38) of nonabusers showed seropositivity, indicating a fourfold increase in the seropositivity among alcohol/non‐intravenous drug abusers compared with nonabusers. This difference, however, did not reach the level of statistical significance.
Substance Abuse and Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Weiss Roger D. , Collins Daniel A.
Published: February 2010

In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between substance abuse and psychiatric disorders, review case examples of various subgroups of dually diagnosed patients, suggest guidelines for diagnosing coexisting psychiatric disorders in patients with substance use disorders, and review treatment considerations in dually diagnosed patients.
Cocaine Abuse and Pathological Gambling
Authors: Steinberg Marvin A. , Kosten Therese A. , Rounsaville Bruce J.
Published: February 2010

In the authors'study of 298 treatment‐seeking cocaine abusers, 44 (15%) were pathological gamblers, an amount that is 10 times the rate of gamblers found in community samples. They compared cocaine abusers diagnosed with pathological gambling with abusers without a gambling disorder on several psychological and social measures. Dually diagnosed addicts were more likely to have had attention deficit disorder and alcoholism and were more likely to be polydrug abusers. These subjects had more legal problems and showed somewhat higher sensation‐seeking behavior. Drug treatment programs should be aware of the prevalence of gambling among drug abusers and their greater problems.
Self‐Reported Withdrawal Symptoms and Pathological Gambling
Authors: Rosenthal Richard J. , Lesieur Henry R.
Published: February 2010

A broad spectrum of pathological gamblers (N = 222) were queried with regard to physical symptoms when attempting to slow down or stop gambling. Results were compared with a control group of substance‐dependent patients who gambled at least casually. Sixty‐five percent of the pathological gamblers (vs. only 2% of controls) experienced at least one of the following: insomnia (50%), headaches (36%), upset stomach or diarrhea (34%), loss of appetite (29%), physical weakness (27%), heart racing or palpitations (26%), shaking (19%), muscle aches or cramps (17%), difficulty breathing (13%), sweating (12%), and chills or fever (6.5%). In addition, 91% experienced “cravings'and 87% felt “restless and irritable'when attempting to cut down or stop gambling. Contrary to expectations, none of the symptoms correlated with gender, type of gambling, extent of alcohol or drug use while gambling, or self‐described alcoholism or drug addiction. Symptoms did correlate with number of hours spent gambling, severity of the problem as measured by proposed DSM‐IV criteria, and presence of dissociation.
Effects of a Family History of Alcoholism on Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Subjective Reactions to Alcohol
Authors: Bauer Lance O. , Yehuda Rachel , Meyer Roger E. , Giller Earl
Published: February 2010

The authors evaluated two groups of young nonalcoholic men with (n = 14) and without (n = 25) a family history of alcoholism (FH+ and FH−) in a single laboratory session, During the session, subjects drank either an alcoholic (0.5 ml/kg) or a nonalcoholic beverage. Neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, electrodermal, and self‐report data were collected at multiple time points before and after beverage consumption. The data analysis revealed time‐related changes in plasma cortisol, finger temperature, skin conductance level, and several of the self‐report measures. Beverage‐related changes were seen in finger temperature, plasma glucose, and self‐reported fatigue. The only dependent measure to discriminate FH+ and FH‐ groups was plasma cortisol, which exhibited a more rapid decline over time in the FH+ group. The FH+/FH‐ group difference in plasma cortisol was neither enhanced nor reduced by alcohol.
Countertransference and Other Mutually Interactive Aspects of Psychotherapy With Substance Abusers
Authors: Kaufman Edward R.
Published: February 2010

The author reviews countertransference in relation to the psychodynamics of substance abusers. The contemporary view of countertransference acknowledges the importance of reciprocal cycles of interaction between patients and therapists. These cycles can now be viewed as a pathway for change for the substance‐abusing patient. The six phenomena that are fused with countertransference (i.e., parallel process, codependence, denial, enabling, burnout, and family of origin) are discussed in detail.
Antecedents, Severity of Abuse, and Response to Treatment in Substance‐Abusing Schizophrenic Individuals
Authors: Munsey Douglas F. , Galanter Marc , Lifshutz Harold , Franco Hugo
Published: February 2010

The authors assessed the characteristics of disadvantaged, dually diagnosed schizophrenic individuals, antecedents of their substance abuse, and their treatment outcome. Forty hospitalized inpatients were evaluated. When daily users were compared with less frequent users, differences were found in measures of parental substance abuse. Frequency of drug use did not discriminate between the two groups on admission or discharge. However, treatment response, as measured by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores, improved significantly in both groups.
Model Curriculum for Alcohol and Drug Abuse Training and Experience During the Adult Psychiatry Residency
Authors: Halikas James A.
Published: February 2010

This article presents a training curriculum in substance abuse that can be incorporated within an existing psychiatry residency training program. This set of training experiences is currently in place in the psychiatry residency program at the University of Minnesota. It includes a series of basic psychopathology lectures; focused lectures on the interview of the chemically dependent patient; a full‐time, core clinical rotation in alcohol and drug abuse; a didactic graduate seminar; a longitudinal outpatient management experience; advanced electives; research opportunities; resident presentations and teaching experience; and the possibility of a chemical dependency fellowship program.
Can Cocaine Craving Be a Medication Development Outcome?
Authors: Kosten Thomas R.
Published: February 2010

Craving, which ranges from a sustained desire for drugs persisting for weeks to an acute desire passing within minutes, has been described as an important clinical precipitant of relapse in cocaine and opioid abusers and may be a useful surrogate outcome for developing new drug abuse pharmacotherapies. Whereas craving for opioids frequently has been conceptualized as the negative reinforcer of protracted withdrawal or “drug hunger,” craving for cocaine has been conceptualized as the positive reinforcer of remembered euphoria. Medications can reduce both sustained cocaine craving and acute craving induced by a single dose of cocaine, and reductions in both types of craving are correlated with reductions in cocaine use. Furthermore, high levels of craving during treatment or during cue‐induced challenges predict poor treatment response and later relapse to cocaine abuse in those who have attained abstinence.
Persistent Urinary Benzoylecgonine Following Cocaine Use
Authors: Kranzler Henry R. , Dellafera Sandra S. , McLauglin Lynn , Wong Steven H.Y.
Published: February 2010

The authors examine the utility of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (the ADx Cocaine Metabolite Assay) for the determination of benzoylecgonine in 41 patients (28 women and 13 men) admitted to an inpatient substance abuse treatment unit following recent cocaine use. The assay remained positive (i.e., exceeded 300 ng/ml) in urine for a mean of 84.4 hours from the last reported use. There was no difference by gender or route of administration either for grams used or hours of positivity. Cocaine use in the week prior to admission was the only significant predictor of hours of positivity; age, gender, and weight did not contribute significantly to the variance. The implications of these findings for both cocaine pharmacokinetics and for treatment of cocaine abuse are discussed.
A Model of Integrated Services for Outpatient Treatment of Patients With Comorbid Schizophrenia and Addictive Disorders
Authors: Rosenthal Richard N. , Hellerstein David J. , Miner Christian R.
Published: February 2010

The authors present a model of integrated services for the outpatient treatment of patients comorbid for psychoactive substance use disorders and schizophrenia. First, the authors consider the implications of dual diagnoses for the design of effective treatments. Second, they stress the importance of integrating components from both psychiatric and substance abuse treatment domains. Finally, they describe a pilot treatment project integrating psychiatric and substance abuse treatment and outline a longitudinal research effort that will test its efficacy.
A Public Dual Diagnosis Detoxification Unit
Authors: Wilens Timothy E. , O'Keefe Janice , O'Connell James J. , Springer Ronnie , Renner John A.
Published: February 2010

A significant proportion of the nearly 1 million individuals with chronic mental illness in this country have problems with chemical dependency (CD). This problem is particularly germane among the almost 3 million homeless individuals in the United States. Traditional models for treating CD and psychiatric illness autonomously are not adequate for this population. This two‐part article describes a cost‐efficient detoxification, stabilization treatment unit, primarily for a homeless or homeless‐prone population with comorbid CD and mental illness. In Part I, the authors discuss the overall treatment philosophy, staffing requirements, and specialized approaches designed for this heterogeneous population.
Patterns of Cocaine Use Among Cocaine‐Dependent Outpatients
Authors: Levin Frances Rudnick , Hess Judith M. , Gorelick David A. , Kreiter Nancy A. , Fudala Paul J.
Published: February 2010

The authors systematically evaluated the frequency patterns of cocaine use in 85 cocaine‐dependent outpatients and found four patterns of use: continuous (27%), intermittent patterned (35%), intermittent nonpatterned (25%), and occasional (13%). Few subjects reported consistent cycling between binges and crashes. There were no significant differences in patterns of use associated with gender, race, educational level, route of administration, or recency of heroin use. Continuous users and occasional users were older than intermittent users. Because different contingencies may control patterned vs. nonpatterned cocaine use, pattern of use may have implications for treatment, even in individuals reporting similar amounts of cocaine use.
Mutual Dissatisfaction Between Mother and Son in Substance‐Abusing and Normal Families
Authors: Tarter Ralph E. , Blackson Timothy C. , Martin Christopher S. , Seilhamer Ruthann , Pelham William E. , Loeber Rolf
Published: February 2010

This study compares relationship satisfaction between mother and son in families where the father either qualified for a diagnosis of psychoactive substance use disorder (SA+) or had no lifetime psychiatric diagnosis (SA−). The authors found that there was greater mutual dissatisfaction in SA+ families compared with SA‐ families. The magnitude of dissatisfaction covaried with behavioral disturbance in the children; however, in SA+ families, mother‐son dissatisfaction correlated positively with externalizing and internalizing behaviors in the children, whereas in SA‐ families dissatisfaction correlated only with externalizing behaviors. The results suggest that in SA+ families, generalized behavioral deviations in the child, combined with parent‐offspring dissatisfaction, may facilitate the child's disengagement from parental influence and promote negative association with peers.
Comparison of the Subjective and Amnestic Effects of Diazepam and Amobarbital in Healthy Young Men
Authors: Anthenelli Robert M. , Klein Jeffery L. , Smith Tom L. , Schuckit Marc A.
Published: February 2010

Changes in subjective responses and a test of immediate free‐recall were evaluated in a sample of 10 healthy young men following challenges with placebo, intravenous diazepam, and intravenous sodium amobarbital. Both central nervous system depressants produced significant impairment on the memory task; however only diazepam did so in a dose‐dependent manner. Despite producing nearly identical subjective effects, diazepam administration led to significantly greater impairment on the free‐recall test than did amobarbital across both dose ranges. These findings suggest that at doses that cause similar subjective effects, diazepam may have a greater amnestic potential than amobarbital.
Crossover Trial of Mazindol for Cocaine Dependence
Authors: Kosten Thomas R. , Steinberg Marlene , Diakogiannis Ionas A.
Published: February 2010

Mazindol, an indirect dopamine agonist, was given at 2 mg qd to 19 cocaine‐dependent, methadone‐maintained patients during a 2‐week, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial. Patients showed no significant reduction in cocaine use, but they had increased cocaine craving on mazindol compared with placebo.
Bromocriptine Treatment for Cocaine Addiction
Authors: Nunes Edward V. , McGrath Patrick J. , Stewart Jonathan W. , Quitkin Frederic M.
Published: February 2010

In an open trial of bromocriptine in seven outpatients with cocaine addiction, most patients experienced reduced dysphoria and craving but none achieved abstinence. These results may suggest limitations of the dopamine agonist approach. Cautious interpretation is required because this may have been a treatment‐refractory sample.
Characteristics and Correlates of Child Discipline Practices in Substance Abuse and Normal Families
Authors: Tarter Ralph E. , Blackson Timothy , Martin Christopher , Loeber Rolf , Moss Howard B.
Published: February 2010

Sons of substance‐abusing (SA+) fathers and sons of control (SA‐) fathers were compared on measures of parental discipline, temperament, and problem behavior. It was found that discipline was less effective in 10–12‐year‐old boys of SA+ parents compared with boys of SA‐ parents. Children in the SA+ group also scored higher on the constellation of traits comprising a difficult temperament. In the SA+ group only, parental discipline explained a significant, albeit modest, amount of variance on the Child Behavior Checklist summary scores measuring the externalizing and internalizing behavior of the boys. Temperament did not exercise a moderating influence on the association between parental discipline and behavior.
Treatment Outcome in Substance‐Abusing Patients With a Personality Disorder
Authors: Nace Edgar P. , Davis Carlos W.
Published: February 2010

One hundred inpatients admitted to a substance abuse program were diagnosed for personality disorder and were followed up for substance use and adjustment 12 months after discharge. Use of all substances declined significantly. The personality disorder group had significantly greater decreases in the use of marijuana, amphetamines, and LSD, whereas the non‐personality disorder group had significantly greater decreases in the use of wine, beer, and hard liquor. The non‐personality disorder group was significantly more satisfied with their lives compared with the personality disorder group. Differentiated treatment approaches for patients with personality disorders may enhance long‐term response to treatment.
Parental Substance Abuse and Its Relationship to Severe Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Youth
Authors: Gabel Stewart , Shindledecker Richard
Published: February 2010

Research concerning hypothesized relationships between parental alcoholism and conduct problems in their children has had mixed findings. In this study, general and specific aspects of a possible relationship between a history of parental substance abuse (a category including parental alcohol abuse and parental abuse of other substances) with antisocial behavior and severe aggressive/destructive behavior was studied by reviewing preadmission variables in a large group of hospital‐treated children and adolescents. The results indicated that various categories of more specifically defined parental substance abuse (e.g., substance abuse in fathers) were related to severe aggressive/destructive behavior and/or conduct disorder in their children. Parental abuse of nonalcohol substances appears to be more important than parental alcohol abuse in predicting severe aggressive and antisocial behavior. Substance abuse in fathers, especially abuse of substances other than alcohol, also seems more important than substance abuse in mothers in predicting severe aggression and conduct disorder.
A Public Dual Diagnosis Detoxification Unit
Authors: Wilens Timothy E. , O'Keefe Janice , O'Connell James J. , Springer Ronnie , Spencer Thomas
Published: February 2010

In Part I, the authors described the philosophy and organizational concerns of a public inpatient unit for the stabilization and treatment of acute dual diagnosis patients. In this pilot report, clinical experience with 70 consecutively referred alcohol‐dependent psychiatric inpatients was retrospectively reviewed and findings were contrasted with 70 primarily alcohol‐dependent referrals (controls). Demographic and patient‐care variables were examined to elucidate some of the special needs of these “dually diagnosed” patients. The results show that psychiatrically referred patients have fewer social and professional supports, higher rates of homelessness, earlier ages at onset, and more comorbid chemical dependency than the alcohol‐dependent referrals. Psychiatrically referred patients required more staff intervention and had more inpatient problems than controls.
Urine Screening for Marijuana Among Methadone‐Maintained Patients
Authors: Saxon Andrew J. , Calsyn Donald A. , Greenberg Diane , Blaes Paul , Haver Virginia M. , Stanton Viki
Published: February 2010

Ninety‐eight male patients on methadone maintenance treatment provided weekly urine screens for typical substances of abuse and periodic screens for 9‐carboxy‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Although different in some demographics and personality characteristics, patients who were THC‐positive (THC+; n = 54, 55.1%) were no more likely to use other illicit drugs and showed similar treatment retention, employment, and cognitive function to those who were THC‐negative. THC+ patients reported more marijuana use at admission. Marijuana use exhibits no apparent impact on methadone treatment outcome. Routine urine screening for THC in methadone programs is not currently justified.