bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sharp Singular Trudinger–Moser Inequalities in Lorentz–Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Lu Guozhen , Tang Hanli
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we first establish a singular(0<β<n${(0<\beta<n}$) Trudinger–Moser inequality on any bounded domain inℝn${\mathbb{R}^{n}}$with Lorentz–Sobolev norms (Theorem 1.1). Next, we prove the critical singular(0<β<n${(0<\beta<n}$) Trudinger–Moser inequality on any unbounded domain inℝn${\mathbb{R}^{n}}$with Lorentz–Sobolev norms (Theorem 1.2). Then, we set up a subcritical singular(0<β<n${(0<\beta<n}$) Trudinger–Moser inequality on any unbounded domain inℝn${\mathbb{R}^{n}}$with Lorentz–Sobolev norms (Theorem 1.3). Finally, we establish the subcritical nonsingular(β=0${(\beta=0}$) Trudinger–Moser inequality on any unbounded domain inℝn${\mathbb{R}^{n}}$with Lorentz–Sobolev norms (Theorem 1.5). The constants in all these inequalities are sharp. In [9], for the proof of Theorem 1.2 in the nonsingular caseβ=0${\beta=0}$, the following inequality was used (see [17]):

u∗⁢(r)-u∗⁢(r0)≤1n⁢wn1/n⁢∫rr0U⁢(s)⁢s1/n⁢d⁢ss,$u^{\ast}(r)-u^{\ast}(r_{0})\leq\frac{1}{nw_{n}^{{1/n}}}\int_{r}^{r_{0}}U(s)s^{% {1/n}}\frac{ds}{s},$

whereU⁢(x)${U(x)}$is the radial function built from|∇⁡u|${|\nabla u|}$on the level set ofu, i.e.,

∫|u|>t|∇u|dx=∫0|{|u|>t}|U(s)ds.$\int_{|u|>t}\lvert\nabla u|\,dx=\int_{0}^{|\{|u|>t\}|}U(s)\,ds.$

The construction of suchUuses the deep Fleming–Rishel co-area formula and the isoperimetric inequality and is highly nontrivial. Moreover, this argument will not work in the singular case0<β<n${0<\beta<n}$. One of the main novelties of this paper is that we can avoid the use of this deep construction of such a radial functionU(see remarks at the end of the introduction). Moreover, our approach adapts the symmetrization-free argument developed in [19, 21, 23], where we derive the global inequalities on unbounded domains from the local inequalities on bounded domains using the level sets of the functions under consideration.
Initial growth and yield structure of selected cultivars of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) cultivated on mineral soils
Authors: Szwonek Eugeniusz , Maciorowski Robert , Koziński Bohdan , Smolarz Kazimierz , Sas-Paszt Lidia , Bryk Hanna , Derkowska Edyta , Estabrooks Estvan
Published: June 2016

A study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of cranberry cultivation on mineral soils and to assess the influence of vegetative biomass development, generative growth and yield components on the yielding of three cranberry cultivars originating in the USA (Stevens, Pilgrim and Ben Lear) at two locations in Poland. The key biometrical traits involved in yield formation were taken into account, and the soil and plant chemical conditions were evaluated. All of the measured biometrical characteristics were strongly influenced by the location and the year of cultivation, and varietal differences were also noted. The most important determinants that explained yield variation were: the number of uprights per square meter, floral induction and berry set. However, the participation of each component in yield variation was strongly affected by the location, age of plantation and to a minor extent by the cultivar. The study confirmed the possibility of cranberry cultivation on mineral soils with a low pH. The biggest average yield of the three years was collected from cv. Stevens as cultivated on sandy soil in contrast to the same cultivar grown on sandy loam soil. In the case of sandy loam soil after acidification, cv. Pilgrim appeared to be a relatively better yielding cultivar.
The influence of NANO-GRO® organic stimulator on the yielding and fruit quality of field tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Jędrszczyk Elżbieta , Ambroszczyk Anna M.
Published: June 2016

The effect of different methods of NANO-GRO® application on tomato plant growth and yield and its quality was determined. Four treatments were used: soaking seeds with NANO-GRO®, plants spraying, double application: soaking seeds + plants spraying and a control without NANO-GRO®. The cultivar Mieszko F1 was used for the study. A significant influence of NANO-GRO® application method on tomato plant growth, yield and quality was observed. Pre-sowing application positively influenced plant height and the thickness of the stems. The highest total and marketable yield was observed in plants whose seeds were soaked with NANO-GRO® (respectively 87.02 and 53.13 t ha−1) and in those with double application (respectively 73.48 and 45.67 t ha−1). The lowest marketable yield was found in the plants from the control (37.01 t ha−1). The highest lycopene content compared to the control was measured in fruits from plants sprayed with NANO-GRO®.
Annexins – insights from knockout mice
Authors: Grewal Thomas , Wason Sundeep J. , Enrich Carlos , Rentero Carles
Published: June 2016

Annexins are a highly conserved protein family that bind to phospholipids in a calcium (Ca2+) – dependent manner. Studies with purified annexins, as well as overexpression and knockdown approaches identified multiple functions predominantly linked to their dynamic and reversible membrane binding behavior. However, most annexins are found at multiple locations and interact with numerous proteins. Furthermore, similar membrane binding characteristics, overlapping localizations and shared interaction partners have complicated identification of their precise functions. To gain insight into annexin function in vivo, mouse models deficient of annexin A1 (AnxA1), A2, A4, A5, A6 and A7 have been generated. Interestingly, with the exception of one study, all mice strains lacking one or even two annexins are viable and develop normally. This suggested redundancy within annexins, but examining these knockout (KO) strains under stress conditions revealed striking phenotypes, identifying underlying mechanisms specific for individual annexins, often supporting Ca2+ homeostasis and membrane transport as central for annexin biology. Conversely, mice lacking AnxA1 or A2 show extracellular functions relevant in health and disease that appear independent of membrane trafficking or Ca2+ signaling. This review will summarize the mechanistic insights gained from studies utilizing mouse models lacking members of the annexin family.
Evaluation method of allowable variance for results of tribological measurement on the basis of their the coherence trends and of the covariance trends
Authors: Zboiński Marek , Lindstedt Paweł , Deliś Maciej
Published: June 2016

This article discusses the possibility of assessing the technical condition of rolling bearings based on tribological tests of oil samples. The problem is to define diagnostic levels, especially when has a relatively small number of measurements (3, 4, 5 etc.). Rating variance of measurements can be performed using the dimensionless factor covariance ρ(τ) and the dimensionless coherence function γ2(ω). The set is compact enough when ρ (τ) and γ 2(ω) will be close enough to oscillate around the value of 1 [1, 3]. In summary, it is concluded that the thresholds δ, 2δ, 3δ are reliable when ρ (τ) and γ 2(ω) are greater than 0.7 [6].
Evaluation of diagnostic thresholds dependability for tribologic signals received in the environment disturbed by vibroacoustic and functional signals
Authors: Lindstedt Paweł , Zboiński Marek , Deliś Maciej , Manerowski Jerzy
Published: June 2016

Determination of dependable diagnostic thresholds for tribologic signals received e.g. from antifriction bearings (in particular for insufficient number of measurements, only 4÷5) is a really difficult task due to complexity of working environment where such bearings are operated. Typical working environment for such objects must take account for operation time under various working conditions and accompanying (and disturbing) signals, e.g. vibroacoustic ones. The sought assessment of the relationship between diagnostic signals and environmental noise can be determined from convolution of both diagnostic and environments signals that make up the complete set of received information. The convolution of these two series of signals can be obtained from an algorithm based on the Cauchy product. Then one has to find the coherence factor and the square of amplitude gain for the set of diagnostic signals with reference to various sets of signals received from environment, which makes it possible to evaluate cohesion of the investigated series of signals, thus their suitability to determine diagnostic threshold for tribologic signals intended for the analysis.
Creating mechanisms of toxic substances emission of combustion engines
Authors: Jankowski Antoni , Kowalski Mirosław
Published: June 2016

The paper analyses the mechanisms of creation of toxic exhaust gases, which mainly derived from inexact fuel metering and improper air-fuel mixture preparation. The paper describes the process of creating toxic components in the exhaust gases of piston engines during engine operation, and impact on the emission of these components determining the composition of the fuel mixture determined equivalence factor Φ. The principal mechanisms of formation of toxic exhaust gases, in particular nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and also essential according to create each of toxic exhaust gases are the subject of the paper. Moreover, empirical relationships, by means of which it is possible to determine the time of creation of the individual components of toxic exhaust gases, are presented. For example, one of the mechanisms for prompt formation of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons graphic illustration of formation as a function of crank angle is described. At the conclusion, the summary and significance of information on creation mechanisms of toxic components in the exhaust gases of piston engines are presented.
Rating forces grip and driving and accelerations of the car with drive different configuration
Authors: Kowalski Mariusz
Published: June 2016

The paper shows a typical drive systems used in today's vehicles, mainly cars. Approximated scheme of the formation of the driving force of the vehicle and the necessary mathematical relations for the calculation. For example, a typical passenger car BMW 320 was analyzed and calculations obtained a driving force, of adhesion and acceleration. The calculations were performed for the drive system, the classical (i.e. the rear axle of the vehicle) for front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive (4×4). Virtually assumed that to the above mentioned vehicle it is possible buildings of each of said system. These are shown graphically in diagrams bearing a distribution of the forces acting on the substrate and the reactions - the data necessary for the calculations. The resulting calculation is graphically shown in the diagrams, in which is illustrated a change value of the resulting adhesive strength, and the acceleration depending on the drive type vehicle.
The property changes of ammunition elements due to the exploitation time
Authors: Ampuła Dariusz
Published: June 2016

The way carry out of analysis concerning correctness working of evaluation module proposed in functioning research methodology, chosen features elements of artillery fuses was presented in the article. Probability distributions of the aptitude time of tested ammunition elements were applied for verification of undertaken post diagnostic decisions. The analysis of test results chosen fuses elements, based on the standard normal distributions were executed, further the graphic interpretations of these distributions were made. A measurement of the strength of resistance decline of the side-bolt spring was chosen for the analysis, as a way of checking MG-37 and MG-57 fuse types features. Furthermore, the author presents an illustrative comparison of normal distributions, which confirms that post diagnostic decisions had been undertaken correctly. The graphic interpretations of analyzed test results of MG-37 fuse elements type were executed by means of two-parameters gamma distribution in the comparison. Concise conclusions confirming the correctness of functioning of evaluation module in the research methodology were introduced at the end of the article.
Inductive sensors for blade tip-timing in gas turbines
Authors: Przysowa Radosław , Rokicki Edward
Published: June 2016

The paper reviews features and applications of the upgraded inductive sensor for BTT, which is able to operate in contact with exhaust gases of temperature even as high as 1200 K. The new design includes metal-ceramic housing ensuring proper heat transfer, magnetic circuit containing set of permanent magnets with various magnetic field values and Curie temperatures, completely redesigned windings and current/voltage converter used instead of an electromotive force amplifier. Its principle of operation is based on electro-dynamical interaction and therefore it may be referred as a passive eddy-current sensor. The sensor technique has been demonstrated on four stages of a surplus military turbofan including the high pressure turbine as part of the engine health monitoring system. We present signal samples and review methods used for online processing of time-of-arrival signals when only a limited number of sensors is available.
The risk analysis during production process of an innovative baby carriage with a bike function
Authors: Nowiński Emil , Kopyt Damian
Published: June 2016

The article presents the risk assesment of damages occurance in production stage of a babycarriage with a bike function. The analysis of risk is done by using the FMEA – Failure Made and Effect Analysis that is used in aviation and automotive industry. This way of innovative product assessment allows to evaluate the risk of defects and indicate the priorities of quality for key parts as well as the device.
Termovision and electricity capacitance measurements as a evaluation of a helicopter rotor’s blades delamination
Authors: Gębura Andrzej , Poradowski Michał
Published: June 2016

The article presents essential elements reached during investigations of heat section of rotor blades which have been done in AFIT. The investigations were related to a valuation of helicopter’s rotor blades delamination. They used a method of thermal field measurement as well as a electricity capacitance between an airframe and a heat element of the installation. A suggestion of such measurements appeared during the disassembly of rotor blade heat sections when some local unglue of heat element’s tape from the structure of blade’s heating pack has seen. Spots nearby separation of adhesive are a potential area of a local temperature increase, both the electric heating element and the mechanical structure of the blade. This is especially dangerous for composite structures. Overheated composite structures characterized by reduced flexibility and becomes prone to cracking. Therefore, the possibility of non-invasive monitoring adhesive spots, without removing the blades would be particularly useful.
Rotational and gas temperatures of molecular deuterium in a hollow cathode glow discharge
Authors: Majstorović G. Lj. , Šišović N. M.
Published: June 2016

We report the results of optical emission spectroscopy measurements of rotational Trot and translational (gas) temperature of deuterium molecules. The light source was a low-voltage high-pressure hollow cathode (HC) glow discharge with titanium cathode operated in deuterium. The rotational temperature of excited electronic states of D2 was determined from the intensity distribution in the rotational structure of Q-branches of the two Fulcher-α diagonal bands: [ν′ = ν″ = 2] and [ν′ =ν″ = 3]. The population of the excited energy levels, determined from relative line intensities, was used to derive the radial distributions of the temperature of the excited and the ground state of the deuterium molecule.
Land Management Strategies and their Implications for Mazahua Farmers’ Livelihoods in the Highlands of Central Mexico
Authors: García-Fajardo Belina , Orozco-Hernández María Estela , McDonagh John , Álvarez-Arteaga Gustavo , Mireles-Lezama Patricia
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a case study from a Mazahua indigenous community in the rural Highlands of Central Mexico. It analyses Mazahua farming livelihoods characterised by subsistence agriculture, marginality, poverty and severe land degradation. Mazahua farmers face constrained environmental, socioeconomic and cultural conditions, which influence their local decisions on natural resource management. The results describe the capital assets base used, where land, livestock and crop production are imperative assets to support farmers’ livelihood strategies. It analyses local management practices to achieve livelihood outcomes in the short/long term, and to improve or undermine land characteristics and other related assets. It also presents a farmer typology constructed by local perceptions, a controversial element to drive sustainable development strategies at the local level. Finally, it discusses how local land management practices are adopted and their importance in developing alternatives to encourage positive trade-offs between conservation and production in order to improve rural livelihoods.
Opportunities and costs of tourism for a new Humanism
Authors: Bizzarri Carmen
Published: June 2016

The first part of this paper describes the flow of tourism on a national and international scale, emphasizing the role that entertainment tourism and theme parks play globally. Following these preliminary remarks, the second part of the paper presents the positive and negative economic effects of leisure tourism opportunities at the European and regional level. The third part of the paper analyses the environmental aspects of tourism and entertainment tourism. It shows that sustainable tourism development can be an essential condition for the protection of natural and cultural resources. Finally, the fourth part summarizes some of the most important social issues arising from tourism activities, among them the conflict between residents and tourists on the exploitation of resources and the demonstration effect deriving from the consumption of resources. To avoid this spoliation and destruction of the destination (land and local community), the paper suggests a new Humanism based on Catholicism as a way to realize a sustainability utopia.
Predicting the Extent of Inundation due to Sea-Level Rise: Al Hamra Development, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. A Pilot Project
Authors: Arthur Robert M. , Garland G. G.
Published: June 2016

As new information is received, predictions of sea-level rise resulting from global warming continue to be revised upwards. Measurements indicate that the rise in sea-level is continuing at, or close to, the worst case forecasts (Kellet et al. 2014). Coastal areas are coming under increasing risk of inundation and flooding as storms are predicted to increase in frequency and severity, adding to the risk of inundation due to higher sea levels. Stakeholders, government agencies, developers and land owners require accurate, up to date information to be able to protect coastal areas. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) along with accurate remote sensing technologies such as LiDAR provides the best means for delivering this information. Using these technologies, this paper predicts the risk posed to a large multi-use development in the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. This development, Al Hamra Village, is situated on the coast of the Arabian Gulf. Al Hamra’s physical relationship to the Gulf is in common with other developments in Ras Al Khaimah in its and for this reason has been used as a pilot project. The resulting GIS model shows that Al Hamra is indeed at risk from predicted flood events. How this information can be used as a planning tool for numerous strategies is discussed in this paper.
From Hebrew to Greek: Verbs in Translation in the Book of Ecclesiastes
Authors: Gorton Luke
Published: June 2016

This article discusses the translation of verbs in the Book of Ecclesiastes from Hebrew into Greek.
Each Hebrew verbal category is examined in turn. Qal perfective verbs are found to be primarily rendered
via the Greek aorist indicative, while Qal imperfective verbs are translated primarily by both the future
indicative and by the aorist subjunctive. Qal participles are rendered almost equally by Greek participles and
Greek finite forms (usually present), while Qal infinitives and imperatives are rendered by their equivalents
in Greek. With regard to other Hebrew stems, these general trends hold true, but it is noted that Piel and
Hiphil verbs are translated overwhelmingly by Greek active forms (almost never deponent or middle), while
the Niphal is predictably rendered by passive Greek forms. Besides these general trends, the article makes
note of exceptions and oddities which help to elucidate the ancient translator’s understanding of both the
Hebrew and Greek verbal systems.
Between Text and Commentary:
A Characteristic Feature of Jewish Bible
Versions
Authors: Greenspoon Leonard J.
Published: June 2016

Jewish versions of the Bible frequently feature extensive commentaries in addition to translated
text. In many instances these commentaries elicit as much attention as the translation itself—if not more.
Typically combining grammatical and exegetical remarks, these commentaries accompany both freer
and more literal renderings and may contain non-Jewish and non-traditional commentators along with
substantial offerings from mainstream Jewish exegetes. The erudition displayed by these Jewish translators
is extensive, often aimed at a more learned audience than the translated text itself. Overall, such Jewish
versions may be seen as efforts to open up for non-Hebrew readers the intentionally ambiguous language
of the original, where lexical and grammatical multivalence are characteristic features—features that are
frequently lost when rendering words and expressions from one language to another.
Spiritual Transcendence in Psychotherapy:
A Relational, Pragmatic, and Semiotic
Approach
Authors: Salimi Barbod , Sandage Steven J. , Stavros George S.
Published: June 2016

The last several decades have ushered in an abundance of creative activity and wisdom with
regard to spiritually and/or religiously informed psychotherapy. Most of these pursuits have led to
significant and positive changes, both in thought and practice, in the way that human psychology is seen
as intersecting (and interacting) with religious, theological, and spiritual dimensions of experience. At
the same time much has been neglected amidst these advances. In the present paper, we submit that one
vital area of neglect may be found in an implicit retreat from sacred encounter in favor of instrumentalized
approaches to psychotherapy. We argue for a spiritually transcendent psychotherapy that implicitly
attends to relational and semiotic phenomenology while retaining pragmatic gain.
Modification of Luyckx et al.’s Integrated Process Oriented Model of Identity Formation
Authors: Słowińska Aleksandra , Oleszkowicz Anna
Published: June 2016

Our study attempts to assess the validity of a modification of the Luyckx, Schwartz, Berzonsky, Soenens, Vansteenkiste, Smits and Goossens’ dual-cycle model of identity formation (2008). The model has been extended to include a six dimensions because it takes two types of ruminative exploration into account. Thus, the model consists of reflective exploration in breadth, ruminative exploration in breadth and commitment making, which form a commitment formation cycle, and reflective exploration in depth, ruminative exploration in depth and identification with commitment, which in turn form a commitment evaluation cycle. Six hundred and forty-two Caucasian Poles (including 51 early adolescents, 270 late adolescents, 272 emerging adults and 49 young adults; 66% women) participated in our study. Confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis between identity dimensions indicate that the proposed model has a satisfactory internal validity. Analysis of variance in groups with different educational-professional contexts and ages, as well as correlation analysis of the identity dimensions with adjustment indicators, and ruminative and reflective self-consciousness show a satisfactory external validity. In summary, the proposed modification may present an alternative to the original model, but its limitations will also be discussed.
Whose shopping malls and whose shopping streets? Person-environment fit in retail environments
Authors: Dębek Michał , Janda-Dębek Bożena
Published: June 2016

Shopping malls and shopping streets are environments frequented by millions of people daily. Malls are purposively built and strictly managed, whereas streets are evolving more spontaneously. Are these different but popular retail environments, out there to meet human needs, a like fit for all of us? Do all of us perceive them in the same way? Do we all feel just as good in them? Use them just as often and enthusiastically? We have set our research in a theoretical frame using one of the key concepts – describing the person-environment fit (P-EF) understood as a mental state giving rise to subsequent positive or negative states or behaviors. We assumed that the possible correlates of P-EF would be the person’s personality, temperament, and their system of values. Our cross-sectional correlational study involved 122 people aged 18 to 40. We found the match with retail environments to be influenced by subject traits, among them: consumption style, social affiliation need and openness to experience. Interestingly, it also turned out that the fit with retail environments is but ambiguously connected with hedonism co-variance, and that shopping streets can make for a fit no worse than malls.
Diffuse traumatic brain injury affects chronic corticosterone function in the rat
Authors: Rowe Rachel K , Rumney Benjamin M , May Hazel G , Permana Paska , Adelson P David , Harman S Mitchell , Lifshitz Jonathan , Thomas Theresa C
Published: June 2016

As many as 20–55% of patients with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience chronic endocrine dysfunction, leading to impaired quality of life, impaired rehabilitation efforts and lowered life expectancy. Endocrine dysfunction after TBI is thought to result from acceleration–deceleration forces to the brain within the skull, creating enduring hypothalamic and pituitary neuropathology, and subsequent hypothalamic–pituitary endocrine (HPE) dysfunction. These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that a single diffuse TBI results in chronic dysfunction of corticosterone (CORT), a glucocorticoid released in response to stress and testosterone. We used a rodent model of diffuse TBI induced by midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI). At 2months postinjury compared with uninjured control animals, circulating levels of CORT were evaluated at rest, under restraint stress and in response to dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid commonly used to test HPE axis regulation. Testosterone was evaluated at rest. Further, we assessed changes in injury-induced neuron morphology (Golgi stain), neuropathology (silver stain) and activated astrocytes (GFAP) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Resting plasma CORT levels were decreased at 2months postinjury and there was a blunted CORT increase in response to restraint induced stress. No changes in testosterone were measured. These changes in CORT were observed concomitantly with altered complexity of neuron processes in the PVN over time, devoid of neuropathology or astrocytosis. Results provide evidence that a single moderate diffuse TBI leads to changes in CORT function, which can contribute to the persistence of symptoms related to endocrine dysfunction. Future experiments aim to evaluate additional HP-related hormones and endocrine circuit pathology following diffuse TBI.
Lymphovascular invasion is associated with survival for papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Pontius Lauren N , Youngwirth Linda M , Thomas Samantha M , Scheri Randall P , Roman Sanziana A , Sosa Julie A
Published: June 2016

Data are limited regarding the association between tumor lymphovascular invasion and survival for patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). This study sought to examine lymphovascular invasion as an independent prognostic factor for patients with PTC undergoing thyroid resection. The National Cancer Data Base (2010–2011) was queried for patients with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy or lobectomy. Patients were classified into two groups based on the presence/absence of lymphovascular invasion. Demographic, clinical and pathological features were evaluated for all patients. A Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to identify factors associated with survival. Results show that 45,415 patients met inclusion criteria; 11.6% had lymphovascular invasion. Patients with lymphovascular invasion were more likely to have larger tumors (2.8cm vs 1.5cm,P<0.01), metastatic lymph nodes (74.1% vs 32.5%,P<0.01), and distant metastases (3.0% vs 0.5%,P<0.01). They were also more likely to receive radioactive iodine (69.3% vs 44.9%,P<0.01). Unadjusted overall 5-year survival was lower for patients who had tumors with lymphovascular invasion (86.6% vs 94.5%) (log-rankP<0.01). After adjustment, increasing patient age (HR=1.06,P<0.01), male gender (HR=1.68,P<0.01), presence of metastatic lymph nodes (HR=1.77,P<0.01), distant metastases (HR=3.49,P<0.01), and lymphovascular invasion (HR=1.88,P<0.01) were associated with compromised survival. For patients with lymphovascular invasion, treatment with RAI was associated with reduced mortality (HR=0.43,P<0.01). The presence of lymphovascular invasion among patients with PTC is independently associated with compromised survival. Patients who have PTC with lymphovascular invasion should be considered higher risk, and adjuvant RAI should be more strongly considered.
Estimating the Number of Subpopulations (K) in Structured Populations
Authors: Verity Robert , Nichols Richard A
Published: June 2016

A key quantity in the analysis of structured populations is the parameter K, which describes the number of subpopulations that make up the total population. Inference of K ideally proceeds via the model evidence, which is equivalent to the likelihood of the model. However, the evidence in favor of a particular value of K cannot usually be computed exactly, and instead programs such as Structure make use of heuristic estimators to approximate this quantity. We show—using simulated data sets small enough that the true evidence can be computed exactly—that these heuristics often fail to estimate the true evidence and that this can lead to incorrect conclusions about K. Our proposed solution is to use thermodynamic integration (TI) to estimate the model evidence. After outlining the TI methodology we demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, using a range of simulated data sets. We find that TI can be used to obtain estimates of the model evidence that are more accurate and precise than those based on heuristics. Furthermore, estimates of K based on these values are found to be more reliable than those based on a suite of model comparison statistics. Finally, we test our solution in a reanalysis of a white-footed mouse data set. The TI methodology is implemented for models both with and without admixture in the software MavericK1.0.
Simple Penalties on Maximum-Likelihood Estimates of Genetic Parameters to Reduce Sampling Variation
Authors: Meyer Karin
Published: June 2016

Multivariate estimates of genetic parameters are subject to substantial sampling variation, especially for smaller data sets and more than a few traits. A simple modification of standard, maximum-likelihood procedures for multivariate analyses to estimate genetic covariances is described, which can improve estimates by substantially reducing their sampling variances. This is achieved by maximizing the likelihood subject to a penalty. Borrowing from Bayesian principles, we propose a mild, default penalty—derived assuming a Beta distribution of scale-free functions of the covariance components to be estimated—rather than laboriously attempting to determine the stringency of penalization from the data. An extensive simulation study is presented, demonstrating that such penalties can yield very worthwhile reductions in loss, i.e., the difference from population values, for a wide range of scenarios and without distorting estimates of phenotypic covariances. Moreover, mild default penalties tend not to increase loss in difficult cases and, on average, achieve reductions in loss of similar magnitude to computationally demanding schemes to optimize the degree of penalization. Pertinent details required for the adaptation of standard algorithms to locate the maximum of the likelihood function are outlined.
Contrasting Levels of Molecular Evolution on the Mouse X Chromosome
Authors: Larson Erica L , Vanderpool Dan , Keeble Sara , Zhou Meng , Sarver Brice A J , Smith Andrew D , Dean Matthew D , Good Jeffrey M
Published: June 2016

The mammalian X chromosome has unusual evolutionary dynamics compared to autosomes. Faster-X evolution of spermatogenic protein-coding genes is known to be most pronounced for genes expressed late in spermatogenesis, but it is unclear if these patterns extend to other forms of molecular divergence. We tested for faster-X evolution in mice spanning three different forms of molecular evolution—divergence in protein sequence, gene expression, and DNA methylation—across different developmental stages of spermatogenesis. We used FACS to isolate individual cell populations and then generated cell-specific transcriptome profiles across different stages of spermatogenesis in two subspecies of house mice (Mus musculus), thereby overcoming a fundamental limitation of previous studies on whole tissues. We found faster-X protein evolution at all stages of spermatogenesis and faster-late protein evolution for both X-linked and autosomal genes. In contrast, there was less expression divergence late in spermatogenesis (slower late) on the X chromosome and for autosomal genes expressed primarily in testis (testis-biased). We argue that slower-late expression divergence reflects strong regulatory constraints imposed during this critical stage of sperm development and that these constraints are particularly acute on the tightly regulated sex chromosomes. We also found slower-X DNA methylation divergence based on genome-wide bisulfite sequencing of sperm from two species of mice (M. musculus and M. spretus), although it is unclear whether slower-X DNA methylation reflects development constraints in sperm or other X-linked phenomena. Our study clarifies key differences in patterns of regulatory and protein evolution across spermatogenesis that are likely to have important consequences for mammalian sex chromosome evolution, male fertility, and speciation.
Promotion of Cell Viability and Histone Gene Expression by the Acetyltransferase Gcn5 and the Protein Phosphatase PP2A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Petty Emily L , Lafon Anne , Tomlinson Shannon L , Mendelsohn Bryce A , Pillus Lorraine
Published: June 2016

Histone modifications direct chromatin-templated events in the genome and regulate access to DNA sequence information. There are multiple types of modifications, and a common feature is their dynamic nature. An essential step for understanding their regulation, therefore, lies in characterizing the enzymes responsible for adding and removing histone modifications. Starting with a dosage-suppressor screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have discovered a functional interaction between the acetyltransferase Gcn5 and the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex, two factors that regulate post-translational modifications. We find that RTS1, one of two genes encoding PP2A regulatory subunits, is a robust and specific high-copy suppressor of temperature sensitivity of gcn5∆ and a subset of other gcn5∆ phenotypes. Conversely, loss of both PP2ARts1 and Gcn5 function in the SAGA and SLIK/SALSA complexes is lethal. RTS1 does not restore global transcriptional defects in gcn5∆; however, histone gene expression is restored, suggesting that the mechanism of RTS1 rescue includes restoration of specific cell cycle transcripts. Pointing to new mechanisms of acetylation–phosphorylation cross-talk, RTS1 high-copy rescue of gcn5∆ growth requires two residues of H2B that are phosphorylated in human cells. These data highlight the potential significance of dynamic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of these deeply conserved histone residues for cell viability.
Identification of Coilin Mutants in a Screen for Enhanced Expression of an Alternatively Spliced GFP Reporter Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kanno Tatsuo , Lin Wen-Dar , Fu Jason L , Wu Ming-Tsung , Yang Ho-Wen , Lin Shih-Shun , Matzke Antonius J M , Matzke Marjori
Published: June 2016

Coilin is a marker protein for subnuclear organelles known as Cajal bodies, which are sites of various RNA metabolic processes including the biogenesis of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Through self-associations and interactions with other proteins and RNA, coilin provides a structural scaffold for Cajal body formation. However, despite a conspicuous presence in Cajal bodies, most coilin is dispersed in the nucleoplasm and expressed in cell types that lack these organelles. The molecular function of coilin, particularly of the substantial nucleoplasmic fraction, remains uncertain. We identified coilin loss-of-function mutations in a genetic screen for mutants showing either reduced or enhanced expression of an alternatively spliced GFP reporter gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. The coilin mutants feature enhanced GFP fluorescence and diminished Cajal bodies compared with wild-type plants. The amount of GFP protein is several-fold higher in the coilin mutants owing to elevated GFP transcript levels and more efficient splicing to produce a translatable GFP mRNA. Genome-wide RNA-sequencing data from two distinct coilin mutants revealed a small, shared subset of differentially expressed genes, many encoding stress-related proteins, and, unexpectedly, a trend toward increased splicing efficiency. These results suggest that coilin attenuates splicing and modulates transcription of a select group of genes. The transcriptional and splicing changes observed in coilin mutants are not accompanied by gross phenotypic abnormalities or dramatically altered stress responses, supporting a role for coilin in fine tuning gene expression. Our GFP reporter gene provides a sensitive monitor of coilin activity that will facilitate further investigations into the functions of this enigmatic protein.
ETHEPHON SPRAYS AS A DEFOLIANT IN ‘NIAGARA ROSADA’ VINE SUBJECTED TO TWO CROP PRODUCTION PER YEAR
Authors: COSTA THIAGO VIEIRA DA , FAÇANHA RAFAELA VIEIRA , SCARPARE FILHO JOÃO ALEXIO
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT In climate region Cwa of the State of São Paulo the technique of double cropping the grapevine is possible, however, when it is time for the second pruning of the crop, most of the vine’s leaves are still in the plant, posing the problem that the use of ethephon as a defoliant could increase leaf senescence and improve the vine management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethephon spray as a defoliant in the development and production of the ‘Niagara Rosada’ vine when subjected to double cropping, and the influence this bioactivator may have on carbohydrate reserves in the branch. The experiments were conducted in a commercial, non-irrigated area in agricultural years of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. The length, diameter and total carbohydrate reserves of the branches, as well as bud break, number of clusters, crop production, length, width and mass of cluster, berry diameter, soluble solids and titratable acidity were evaluated. Ethephon treatments were applied at a concentration of 1,440 mg L-1 and 2,160 mg L-1 at 20 and 15 days before pruning. As a control, the vines were defoliated by hand at the time of pruning. A randomized block experimental design was used. Data was subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance level. In conclusion, we propose that ethephon sprays promoted vine defoliation and improved the bud break, altered plant development and crop production. This was not due to increases in concentration of carbohydrate reserves in the branches, but due to a higher induction stimulus of bud break, which allowed the vines to express their higher yield capacity.
ALTERNATIVE FOR REDUCING PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN ‘BARTLETT’ PEARS
Authors: ZUCOLOTO MOISES , ANTONIOLLI LUCIMARA ROGERIA , SIQUEIRA DALMO LOPES DE , CZERMAINSKI ANA BEATRIZ COSTA
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT ‘Bartlett’ pears from different harvest dates were assessed regarding to cold storage potential and reduction of physiological disorder incidence. Three harvests, the first (HD1), second (HD2), and third (HD3), were carried out at weekly intervals. The pears were assessed after the harvest, with no exposition to the temperature conditioning, after 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 days at 0 ± 1 °C and 90 ± 5% RH and after three and six days at room temperature (20 ± 1 °C). Fruit from the early harvest (HD1) showed the smallest incidence of physiological disorder during both cold and room temperature storage. The disorder symptoms became apparent in HD1 fruit after 20 days at cold storage followed by three days at 20 °C, whereas HD2 and HD3 fruit showed the symptoms before being kept in a cold room. ‘Bartlett’ pears harvested at 70.75 N flesh firmness can be stored at 0 ± 1 °C for up to 40 days and preferably commercialized within three days, when they reach the firmness for eating. The extension of cold storage as well as the trade period can result in higher physiological disorder incidence and loss of sensorial quality.
CONTROL OF GRAPEVINE DECLINE WITH THE USE OF DRAINS AND RIDGES
Authors: DAMBROS REMI NATALIN , DALBÓ MARCO ANTONIO , ARIOLI CRISTIANO JOÃO , VEIGA MILTON DA
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT The incidence of grapevine decline and dye back is quite severe in grapevine-growing regions of southern Brazil, especially in the Midwest of Santa Catarina State. Field studies on problematic areas identified the presence of the Brazilian ground pearl or margarodes (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis Hempel) and soil fungi (Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium and others) associated with the disease. Soil characteristics such as high clay content and poor aeration were associated with the problem. To evaluate the effect of pre-planting tillage in reducing the incidence of grapevine decline, an experiment was carried out with two rootstocks and three pre-planting tillage (regular plowing, drains, and ridges) in an area where high plant mortality had been previously observed. Pre-planting tillage with the use of ridges along the rows gave the best results with a drastic reduction in the decline incidence. The number of ground pearl cysts was unaffected by pre-planting tillage and did not relate with the incidence of decline and death of plants.
PARASITISM OF FRUIT FLIES (TEPHRITIDAE) IN FIELD, AFTER THE RELEASES OF Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (ASHMEAD) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: MEIRELLES RAFAEL NARCISO , REDAELLI LUIZA RODRIGUES , JAHNKE SIMONE MUNDSTOCK , OURIQUE CLÁUDIA BERNARDES , OZORIO DÂNIA VIEIRA BRANCO
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was introduced in 1994, in Northeastern Brazil, to evaluate its use in biological control programs of fruit flies. However, the effects of this specie on parasitism rates on the population of native parasitoids and fruit flies in Southern Brazil conditions are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of releases of D. longicaudata on the parasitism rates on loquats, peach trees, strawberry guava trees, and persimmons in an experimental area in the city of Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. In the first year of the study, fruits were collected and stored in the laboratory to obtain pupae. The flies or parasitoids that emerged were counted and identified. In the second year, adults of D. longicaudata were reared in the laboratory on Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) and larvae were released in the field (1.700 insects/ha) at each harvest time and the parasitism was evaluated in the same manner as in the first year. In the third year, the procedure was the same as the first year, without any releases. A significant increase in the rates of parasitism was recorded in the second year except in the persimmon, in which no parasitoid was recovered in any year. In the second year the number of emerged fruit flies was also lower. In the third year, no D. longicaudata were recorded and parasitism rates of parasitism were statistically similar to those found in the first year. The native parasitoids collected were Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck). These species were found in at least one kind of fruit even in the years after the introduction of the exotic parasitoid, indicating that it was not harmful to these species. We conclude that D. longicaudata can help to reduce the population of fruit flies in Eldorado do Sul region, in Rio Grande do Sul.
INFLUENCE OF 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE ON THE BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE AND RIPENING OF ‘SOLO’ PAPAYAS
Authors: OHASHI THAÍS LURI , FOUKARAKI SOFIA , CORRÊA DANIEL SOUZA , FERREIRA MARCOS DAVID , TERRY LEON
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT The market demand for tropical fruits has been growing steadily over the past two decades and global papaya production has grown significantly over the last few years. This sector, however, suffers greatly from postharvest losses due to reduced quantity and quality of fruits between harvest and consumption. The use of ethylene inhibitors after harvest could improve the final quality of the fruit to satisfy the consumer and also minimize waste. The physiological and biochemical responses of ‘Solo’ papayas treated with the ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to extend storage shelf life and maintain quality during long-term storage are deeply discussed in this study. Papaya fruits arrived at Cranfield University (CU) and received a 24 h 1-MCP, being stored at 20 ºC for 10 days. The ethylene inhibitor 1-MCP application significantly delayed ‘Solo’ papaya ripeness on fruit storage by reducing respiration rate and ethylene production. There was a delay from 7 days in fruit firmness loss and the retention of green peel colour was increased. Inhibition of ethylene perception by 1-MCP did not prevent the accumulation of sugars and the mean values were similar and higher than those found for control fruits, which are possibly due to the lower reaction speed, leading to a higher accumulation.
BUD DORMANCY INTENSITY IN PEACH TREE CULTIVARS BY BIOLOGICAL AND TETRAZOLIUM TEST
Authors: ALVES GISELDA , BIASI LUIS ANTONIO , MAY-DE-MIO LOUISE LARISSA
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT Temperate climate fruit trees often exhibit uneven budding and flowering, due to the low number of chilling hours that determine the occurrence of dormancy and its depth. The objective of this study was to determine the depth of bud dormancy in peach tree cultivars and evaluate the efficiency of the tetrazolium test for dormancy and comparing with biological test. Branches of the cultivars Aurora 1, Chimarrita, Chiripá, Coral, Eldorado, Granada, Leonense, Maciel, Marli, Premier, and Vanguard were collected between May and August 2008 at two locations: Curitiba and Lapa. The evaluation of dormancy was performed using a biological test of single node cuttings through the parameters: average time for bud burst, velocity of bud burst, final rate of bud burst and rate of vigorous bud burst. For the tetrazolium test, 300 mg of buds was used and the color intensity readings were obtained using a spectrophotometer. The peach tree cultivars evaluated differ in the intensity of dormancy in late fall. The most intense endodormancy cultivars found were: Chiripá, Leonense and Eldorado cultivars, and the weaker cultivars found were: Aurora 1 and Maciel. The tetrazolium test was efficient at estimating the intensity of dormancy in peach trees when the occurrence of cold was suitable for installation endodormancy. At a location with the lowest occurrence of cold (Curitiba), the tetrazolium test did not simulated successfully the biological test results.