bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bibliography of Published Works by W. S. Jevons
Authors: Inoue Takutoshi , White Michael V.
Published: June 2009

William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882) was one of the great Victorian polymaths. His published writing spans chemistry, meteorology, geology, astronomy, geometry, physiology, political economy, sociology, logic and the philosophy of science. The extraordinary range and volume of this output was not the result of dabbling in the tradition of the Victorian “gentleman scientific amateur.” Dependent in large part on extensive experimental practice, Jevons's work was published in prominent physics journals and his Principles of Science (1874) was considered by one physicist to be a state of the art summary of scientific method and principles (Clifford, 1875, p. 480). Jevons's versatility was evident throughout his life. His article on “reflected rainbows,” which drew on a controversy in art and optics, was published in the month of his death.
Malthus's Vision of the Population Problem in the Essay on Population
Authors: Hollander Samuel
Published: June 2009

In his Presidential address to the American Economic Association, Gary Becker alludes to Thomas Malthus's “great contribution” (1988, p. 1) in a prologue to a wider exploratory discussion of some of the implications for macroeconomics flowing from recent programs in family economics. The content of the contribution as represented here (p. 2) includes diminishing returns to increases in employment “when land and other capital are fixed;” population growth positively related to the wage, the lower population growth at low wages turning on reduced birth rates (the preventive check) and increased death rates (the positive check); and a long-run equilibrium wage at which population is constant at a level determined by the production function. Becker emphasizes the stability of the equilibrium wage in the face of disturbances. A catastrophic reduction in population size (eg. the Black Death) and consequently a wage increase will be followed by positive population growth which restores both the wage and population size to their respective equilibrium levels. In the event of increases in the amount of usuable land, population size will become permanently higher with the wage ultimately reduced to its original long-run level. Becker represents Malthus as reaching “much more pessimistic conclusions about the long-term economic prospects of the average family” than, for example, Godwin and Condorcet who had maintained that the economic position of mankind will continue to improve over time.
On the Historiography of Economics
Authors: Blaug Mark
Published: June 2009

Economists suffer badly from what we might call “Cliophobia.” Why bother with the history of economic thought?, they ask. Why not just do economics? What is the point of constantly recalling the inadequate economics of yesterday instead of improving the economics of today and tomorrow?
The Structure of Wages and Ricardian Wage Theory
Authors: Brandis Royall
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this note is to demonstrate a fundamental inconsistency between Ricardo's theory of wages and his treatment of the occupational structure of wages. This inconsistency arises on two levels'that of the economic reality of Ricardo's day and that of Ricardo's own theoretical schema. It is the latter that will concern us. The importance of Ricardo's theory of wages in the whole Ricardian system is too well-known to require substantiation here. Whether, or to what extent, Ricardo himself was aware of the flaw to be described, is a moot question. His treatment was masterly from the stand-point of avoiding facing up to the inconsistency. At least, those who followed immediately in his footsteps never noticed it, and indeed, it has gone largely unremarked by modern students of Ricardo's work.
Productive and Unproductive Labor and the Rate of Profit in Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx
Authors: Chernomas Robert
Published: June 2009

A principal objective of Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx was to discover the laws that regulate and limit the growth of the wealth of nations and, in particular, the unprecedented growth of capitalism. The central theme of this paper is that their productive and unproductive labor concepts are critical to understanding their analyses of capitalist growth and the tendency for the rate of profit to fall which regulates and limits this growth. The way in which they identify productive and unproductive labor and how they apply this distinction is critical to understanding the common thread that runs through and marks the differences between them.
The Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy in the History of Economic Thought
Authors: Kern William S.
Published: June 2009

The development of economic thinking has seldom taken place entirely independently of developments in other disciplines. There is a long history of interdisciplinary influences among economics, mathematics, physics, biology, and philosophy. Among the most influential of these other disciplines has been physics. Numerous authors have attributed significant influence upon economics to Newtonian mechanics (Taylor 1960, Georgescu-Roegen 1971). The strength of that influence is perhaps best illustrated by William Stanley Jevons's proclamation of his attempt to reconstruct economics as “the mechanics of utility and self interest.“ Frank Knight, having observed what Jevons and others had wrought, concluded that mechanics had become the “sister science” of economics (Knight 1976, p. 85).
Monopoly and Market Irregularities in Medieval Economic Thought: Traditions and Texts to A.D. 1500
Authors: Langholm Odd
Published: June 2009

In a study of pre-classical monopoly theory published in 1951, Raymond de Roo ver started by briefly examining the doctrines held by the medieval scholastics. His analysis met with favorable response and was confirmed and further developed by later historians. The most satisfactory statement may still be that of Barry Gordon in his monograph on early economics. The consensus of these scholars can be summarized as follows. Medieval authors looked askance at the attempts by the guilds to establish minimum prices. They recognized the expediency of government grants of monopoly and regulation of prices of certain commodities. They strongly condemned private monopolies established for personal gain, as well as collusion among sellers for that purpose, price discrimination, engrossing, forestalling, regrating, and other forms of speculation. The just price was the current, competitive market price, free of all irregularities of these kinds and free of fraud and duress. Gordon adds that the schoolmen also sometimes referred to labor and cost factors, rather than the market, as estimates of the just price. These estimates were not necessarily contradictive but mutually supportive. They applied when the market was not working smoothly and when there was no market in operation at the time and place of the sale. When an exchange is concluded in a competitive market under normal circumstances, the going price can hardly be said to be unjust. It may sometimes seem uncharitable. There will always be some who cannot afford to pay the competitive price. Poor relief in medieval society, however, was mainly a matter of almsgiving. Unlike commutative justice, charity is not a workable ethical norm in the marketplace.
Joan Robinson's “Secret Document” A Passage from the Autobigraphy of an Analytical Economist
Authors: Aslanbeigui Nahid , Oakes Guy
Published: June 2009

The Modern Archives, King's College, Cambridge University contain a carbon copy of a three-page single spaced manuscript with the title “A Passage From The Autobiography of an Analytical Economist” (RFK/16/2/134–139, hereinafter “Autobiography”). Joan Robinson's initials are typed at the end of the document, which is dated October 1932.

In October 1932, Heffer, the Cambridge University student bookstore, published Joan Robinson's methodological pamphlet, Economics is a Serious Subject, and she delivered the manuscript of The Economics of Imperfect Competition to Macmillan (Joan Robinson to Richard Kahn, October 30, 1932, RFK/13/90/1/19). The Autobiography was apparently drafted shortly after these two projects were completed. The typescript in Modern Archives, which seems to be the only extant copy, was not made until some months later. In a letter of March 2, 1933, Kahn suggested adding “a long section to your secret document if you can do so without spoiling it,” regretting that he had not asked her for a copy (RFK/13/90/1/162–67). She replied somewhat mysteriously, alluding to a superstitious reluctance to having it typed but admitting that eventually it would have to be done (March 23, 1933, RFK/13/90/1/205–208). Since the carbon copy refers to page 275 of her book, the Autobiography was not typed until she had seen the final set of page proofs, and perhaps not until the book had appeared.
Needs, the Principle of Minimum Means, and Public Goods in de Viti de Marco
Authors: Fossati Amedeo
Published: June 2009

Antonio De Viti de Marco is perhaps the most representative scholar at the origin of the Italian tradition in Public Finance, and his main work has been at the disposal of English-speaking economists since 1936 (De Viti de Marco 1936). However, at the time he was not particularly appreciated: his book had at the time one good and one bad review, but certainly left no mark on mainstream economic analysis. The fact is that De Viti's message was too far beyond the range of interests of Anglo-Saxon writers of the time.
Fifty Years after Samuelson's “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure”: What are we Left With?
Authors: Pickhardt Michael
Published: June 2009

In 1954, Paul A. Samuelson presented on just two and a half pages what he claimed to be “a pure theory of government expenditure on collective consumption goods” (1954c, p. 388). Just a year later, he supplemented this theory by an equivalent diagrammatic formulation and a few clarifying comments (Samuelson 1955). Although his initial paper was strongly criticized on various grounds, an industry was launched and public goods—or, as referred to initially by Samuelson, collective consumption goods—now play a crucial role in a number of theories like fiscal competition or endogenous growth, and in almost all textbooks on public economics or microeconomics at least a paragraph is devoted to public goods. In fact, Samuelson's 1954 paper is conventionally considered the foundation of the modern theory of public goods (for example, see Richard A. Musgrave 1983a, p. 141). However, the many contributions to the modern theory of public goods, including Samuelson's subsequent writings, have revealed that there is widespread disagreement both on fundamental aspects of the theory as well as on its significance for the determination of government expenditure.
“Looking at the Other Side of the Coin”: Allyn Young and the Early Development Theory
Authors: Perälä Maiju
Published: June 2009

This paper investigates the influence of Allyn Abbott Young's theoretical work on the groundbreaking contributions of early development theorists, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Ragnar Nurkse. The work of Allyn Young had a significant impact on early development theory as the above-mentioned pioneers of development economics built substantial portions of their theories—the “big push” and “vicious circle and balanced growth,” respectively—on the dynamic external economies, an integral part of the vision of self-sustaining growth, as described in Young (1928).
The R. D. Freeman Collection of Foxwell's Papers—Its Rescue
Authors: Freeman R. D.
Published: June 2009

When I was studying the history of economic thought at the University of Melbourne in 1959 I was extremely fortunate to have Graham Tucker as my tutor. Tucker was Reader in Economic History in Melbourne during the second half of the 1960s and then became Professor at the Australian National University in Canberra. Taciturn, understated, and droll, Tucker was a wonderful teacher who inspired a deep interest in the history of economics in all those who came under his influence. He was responsible for provoking my interest in Herbert Somerton Foxwell, although at the time it was more one of curiosity about a man who was in many ways an enigma.
THE COLONIAL POSTCARD: THE SPECTRAL/TELEPATHIC MODE IN CONAN DOYLE AND KIPLING
Authors: Ghosh Bishnupriya
Published: June 2009

Such Enlightenment, the narrator tellsus facetiously, is effected by an elastic religion known as the Simla Creed, alive at the edges of the British Empire where he, an unnamed Englishman, is stationed. An amalgam of occult practices, the creed stretched itself and embraced pieces of everything that the medicine-men of all ages have manufactured (63). So Rudyard Kipling mockingly observes in this satire of British Victorian forays into the marginal sciences of occultism, Spiritualism, and Mesmerism. An early Kipling tale, “The Sending of Dana Da” (1888) is one of Kiplings first engagements with the religions and philosophies of the East; it was published in theCivil and Military Gazette, a provincial newspaper for which Kipling regularly wrote. The infamous Dana Da – whose name, we are told, escapes every ethnological inscription, and who came from nowhere, with nothing in his hands (62) – dispatches a sending on the behalf of (and through) the Englishman. The recipient of this letter, (again) a Lone Sahib, is characteristically armed with scientific naturalism and Christian faith, and therefore refutes the possibilities of ectoplasmic infestation, unseen currents, and the fecund times of reincarnation. Kiplings eloquent exposition on a sending, despite his final rational explanation of this unseemly act, betrays his fascination with such forbidden epistemologies multiplying at the edges of Empire:
“LOATHSOME LONDON”: RUSKIN, MORRIS, AND HENRY DAVEY'SHISTORY OF ENGLISH MUSIC(1895)
Authors: Zon Bennett
Published: June 2009

The dystopia of the Victorian cityis ubiquitous as a trope of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century literature, appearing across a wide array of literature in fiction, poetry, pamphlets, articles, reviews, socio-demographic works, socialist tracts, and miscellaneous papers. Anti-urbanism plays a prominent role in Dickens, Kingsley, and Gissing, to name but a few, and emerges in more pointedly sociological titles such as Andrew Mearns'sThe Bitter Cry of London(1883); Thomas Escott'sEngland: Its Peoples, Polity, and Pursuits(1885); Charles Booth'sLife and Labour of the People of London(1889–1902); Ford Madox Ford'sThe Heart of the Empire(1905); and W. W. Hutching'sLondon Town Past and Present(1909) (Lees, in Fraser and Sutcliffe, 1983: 154; Hulin and Coustillas, 1979:passim). Themes of urban degradation, overpopulation, squalor, unemployment, lack of education, despair, and pollution fill their pages.
OCEANAREVISITED: J. A. FROUDE'S 1884 JOURNEY TO NEW ZEALAND AND THE PINK AND WHITE TERRACES
Authors: Maxwell Anne
Published: June 2009

In his popularRomance of London(1867), John Timbs refers to Thomas Babington Macaulay's oft-repeated metaphor of a “New Zealander sitting, like a hundredth-century Marius, on the mouldering arches of London Bridge, contemplating the colossal ruins of St Paul's” (290). Originally intended as an illustration of the vigor and durability of the Roman Catholic Church despite the triumph of the Reformation, Macaulay's most famous evocation of this idea dates from 1840, the year of New Zealand's annexation; hence it is reasonable to suppose that this figure is a Maori (Bellich 297–98). For Timbs and subsequent generations, however, the image conveyed the sobering idea of the rise and fall of civilizations and in particular of England being invaded and overrun, if not by a horde of savages, then by a more robust class of Anglo-Saxons from the other side of the world.
“A BEAUTIFUL TRANSLATION FROM A VERY IMPERFECT ORIGINAL”: MABEL WOTTON, AESTHETICISM, AND THE DILEMMA OF LITERARY BORROWING
Authors: Cordell Sigrid Anderson
Published: June 2009

In a pivotal moment in Mabel Wotton'sshort story, “The Fifth Edition” (1896), Janet Suttaby, a struggling writer unable to find a publisher for her novel, offers the rising literary star, Franklyn Leyden, her manuscript, telling him, “If you really think there is any good in it . . . it must either go back to the drawer until I have time to polish it, or . . . you must take it” (179). Miss Suttaby offers almost no explanation for her act, nor does she outline what she expects Leyden to do with the manuscript, so when Leyden accepts, re-writes, and then publishes it under his own name, he hasn't done anything that she has explicitly forbidden. Nevertheless, his appropriation of her work is clearly marked in the text as ethically compromised, especially when Miss Suttaby's subsequent death from starvation underscores her desperate need for the money that the sale of a novel would have brought. At the same time, the text offers a much more nuanced critique of Leyden's actions that reaches beyond the ethics of plagiarism and into the realm of literary invention itself; as Leyden revises the manuscript, his creative act is bound up with a parasitical translation of Miss Suttaby herself into text, and he is thus implicated as a fraud on the grounds of both literal and figurative appropriation. In this way, the appropriated manuscript becomes a metaphor for the uneasy relationship between art and life, a concern that is central tofin-de-siècleliterary culture. As I will argue, the emphasis in this story, and elsewhere in Wotton's fiction, on what Susan Sontag has termed in another context the “shady commerce between art and truth” (6) makes visible concerns about the connection between inspiration and invention that emerge in the aesthetic theories of Pater, Wilde, and James, as well as in debates over plagiarism and New Woman fiction.
“A PREFACE IS WRITTEN TO THE PUBLIC”: PRINT CENSORSHIP, NOVEL PREFACES, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW READING PUBLIC IN LATE-VICTORIAN ENGLAND
Authors: Leckie Barbara
Published: June 2009

In 1818 John Keats claims that prefacesare written to the public and that he does not want to participate in this mode of address. In 1837 Thomas Love Peacock notes that his novels had originally appeared without prefaces and that he would have preferred that they remain that way. But, he writes, “an old friend assures me, that to publish a book without a preface is like entering a drawing-room without making a bow” (cited in Grierson 134). In England in the 1880s, however, the novel preface went beyond textual etiquette. It was not only written to the public but it also participated in the debate over competing definitions of the reading public, and it contributed, in turn, to a new configuration of this public.
COSMETIC TRAGEDIES: FAILED MASQUERADE IN WILKIE COLLINS'STHE LAW AND THE LADY
Authors: Briefel Aviva
Published: June 2009

Inasmuch as they offer advice on howto improve appearances, nineteenth-century beauty manuals also vividly describe the dangers of putting on a face. The consequences of using cosmetics – often comprised of toxic ingredients such as arsenic, mercury, and lead – might range from the discomfort of surface irritation to the fatality of poisoning. Several manuals recount the unfortunate story of Lady Mary Montagu, who suffered an allergic reaction to a popular cosmetic, the Genuine Balm of Mecca, which led her face to turn red and swell “to a very extraordinary size . . . . It remained in this tormentable state three days, during which you may be sure I passed my time very ill” (Toilette of Health64). Another woman succumbed to an equally unfortunate fate as the facial powder, or “pearl white,” she wore to a scientific demonstration suddenly turned black in an adverse reaction to the chemicals used in the experiment. In an even more tragic case, “Mrs. S, being much troubled with pimples, applied an alum poultice to her face, which was soon followed by a stroke of the palsy, and terminated in her death” (Clark iv, 46). These stories caution that beautification through artificial means may eradicate the very self that had sought improvement.
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE ABNORMAL BODY INTHE MOONSTONE
Authors: Mossman Mark
Published: June 2009

Wilkie Collins'sThe Moonstoneis anovel constructed through the repeated representation of the abnormal body. ReadingThe Moonstonein critical terms has traditionally required a primary engagement with form. The work has been defined as a foundational narrative in the genre of crime and detection and at the same time read as a narrative located within the context of the immensely popular group of sensation novels that dominate the Victorian literary marketplace through the middle and the second half of the nineteenth century. T. S. Eliot is one of the first readers to define one end of this paradigm, reading the novel as an original text in the genre of detective fiction, and famously saying thatThe Moonstoneis “the first, the longest and the best of modern English detective novels” (xii). On the other end of the paradigm, the novel's formal workings are again often cited as a larger example, and even triumph, of Victorian sensation fiction – melodramatic narratives built, according to Winifred Hughes and the more recent Derridean readings by Patrick Brantlinger and others, around a discursive cross-fertilization of romanticism, gothicism, and realism.
THE TRAGIC MULATTA PLAYS THE TRAGIC MUSE
Authors: Manganelli Kimberly Snyder
Published: June 2009

Marie Lavington, the runaway octoroonslave in Charles Kingsley's little-read novelTwo Years Ago(1857), makes this declaration of independence in a letter to Tom Thurnall, the novel's hero. Though Tom helped her escape to a Canadian Quaker community, Marie has tired of the “staid and sober” (122; vol. 1, ch. 5) lifestyle of a Quakeress. She reenters the public marketplace by refashioning herself into the Italian diva, La Cordifiamma. Marie's ascent to the stage as La Cordifiamma marks the construction of a new female body in the mid-nineteenth century: the Tragic Mulatta who becomes a Tragic Muse.
“HE SINGS ALONE”: HYBRID FORMS AND THE VICTORIAN WORKING-CLASS POET
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: June 2009

In 1868, Alexander Wallace paused inhis introduction to the life and works of Janet Hamilton, a respected Scottish working-class poet, to note his subject's interest in literary parlour games: “Janet asked us if we had ever tried the writing ofCentoverses, which she characterized as a pleasant literary amusement for a meeting of young friends in a winter's night.”
“LOVE YOURSELF AS YOUR NEIGHBOR”: THE LIMITS OF ALTRUISM AND THE ETHICS OF PERSONAL BENEFIT INADAM BEDE
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M.
Published: June 2009

In the work of George Eliot, a “past evil that has blighted or crushed another” is often “made a source of unforeseen good to ourselves” (Adam Bede573; ch. 54). Eliot's early novelAdam Bedemight be read as a three-volume exploration of the moral difficulties inherent in a narrative pattern premised on such inequality of lots. The seduction of Adam Bede's first love, Hetty Sorrel, her pregnancy, subsequent act of infanticide, transportation, and early death darkly prepare the path to the hero's joyous union with Dinah Morris, who guides him through the story's most painful, educative hours. Adam's union with Dinah, the narrator tells us, is deeper, more powerful, and more pleasurable than any with Hetty might have been because of the knowledge through suffering that Adam attains; “what better harvest from that painful seed-time” can there be than this second love? (578; ch. 55). Yet Hetty embodies all the loss and destruction that enable Adam and Dinah's redemptive future while enjoying no such redemption herself.
Payments for environmental services and rural livelihood strategies in Ecuador and Guatemala
Authors: SOUTHGATE DOUGLAS , HAAB TIMOTHY , LUNDINE JOHN , RODRÍGUEZ FABIÁN
Published: June 2009

Presented in this paper are the results of two contingent valuation analyses, one undertaken in Ecuador and the other in Guatemala, of potential payments for environmental services (PES) directed toward rural households. We find that minimum compensation demanded by these households is far from uniform, depending in particular on individual strategies for raising incomes and dealing with risks. Our findings strengthen the case for allowing conservation payments to vary among recipients, which would be a departure from the current norm for PES initiatives in Latin America.
The health and nutrition of young indigenous women in north Queensland – intergenerational implications of poor food quality, obesity, diabetes, tobacco smoking and alcohol use
Authors: McDermott Robyn , Campbell Sandra , Li Ming , McCulloch Brad
Published: June 2009

Objective

To document nutritional status and health behaviours of young indigenous women of childbearing age in rural communities in north Queensland.

Design

Cross-sectional survey of 424 Aboriginal and 232 Torres Strait Islander (TSI) women aged 15–34 years, conducted in twenty-three rural and remote communities of far north Queensland in 1999–2000, with follow-up of a smaller cohort (n132) in 2006–2007.

Main outcome measures

Weight, waist circumference, intake of fruit and vegetables, smoking, alcohol intake, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, γ-glutamyltransferase, red cell folate (RCF), interval weight and waist gain and incidence of diabetes.

Results

Forty-one per cent of Aboriginal and 69 % of TSI had central obesity, 62 % were smokers, 71 % drank alcohol regularly and of those, 60 % did so at harmful levels. One third of Aboriginal and 16 % of TSI women had very low RCF levels. In the group followed up, there was a mean annual waist gain of 1·6 cm in Aboriginal women and 1·2 cm in TSI, 0·5 kg/m2in BMI and 1·5 kg in weight. Incidence of new type 2 diabetes mellitus in this cohort was 29·1 per 1000 person-years (py) (95 % CI 14·0, 52·8) in Aboriginal women and 13·9 per 1000 py (95 % CI 5·6, 28·5) among TSI.

Conclusions

High prevalence and incidence of central obesity and diabetes, poor nutrition, high rates of alcohol use and tobacco smoking together with young maternal age, provide a poor intra-uterine environment for many indigenous Australian babies, and contribute to high perinatal morbidity and future disability. Community level interventions to improve pre-pregnancy nutrition and health behaviours in young women are urgent.
The relationship between income and food insecurity among Oregon residents: does social support matter?
Authors: De Marco Molly , Thorburn Sheryl
Published: June 2009

Objective

Millions of US households experienced food insecurity in 2005. Research indicates that low wages and little social support contribute to food insecurity. The present study aimed to examine whether social support moderates the relationship between income and food insecurity.

Design

Using a mail survey, we collected data on social support sources (social network, intimate partner and community) and social support functions from a social network (instrumental, informational and emotional). We used hierarchical logistic regression to examine the potential moderation of various measures of social support on the relationship between income and food insecurity, adjusting for potential confounding variables.

Setting

Oregon, USA.

Subjects

A stratified random sample of Oregonians aged 18–64 years (n343).

Results

We found no evidence of an association between social support and food insecurity, nor any evidence that social support acts as a moderator between income and food insecurity, regardless of the measure of social support used.

Conclusions

Although previous research suggested that social support could offset the negative impact of low income on food security, our study did not find support for such an effect.
Association between vitamin B12-containing supplement consumption and prevalence of biochemically defined B12 deficiency in adults in NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)
Authors: Evatt Marian L , Terry Paul D , Ziegler Thomas R , Oakley Godfrey P
Published: June 2009

Objective

To explore the association between vitamin B12 (B12)-containing supplement use, low B12 concentrations and biochemically defined B12 deficiency in US adults.

Design

A cross-sectional study with adjustment for survey design. Prevalence ratios for two age groups (18–50 and >50 years) were estimated using unconditional logistic models. Outcome measures included prevalence of low serum B12 concentration (<148 pmol/l) and biochemical B12 deficiency (serum B12 < 148 pmol/l with concomitant homocysteine > 10 μmol/l).

Setting

A population survey of health and nutritional measures.

Subjects

Subjects were non-institutionalized adults, aged 18 years and older, who participated in Phase 2 of NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).

Results

Low B12 concentrations were less prevalent among persons consuming B12-containing supplements (P = 0·001) with an adjusted prevalence ratio of 0·6 (95 % CI 0·3, 1·0). Biochemical B12 deficiency showed a similar trend (P = 0·0002), with an adjusted prevalence ratio of 0·3 (95 % CI 0·1, 0·8). Prevalence ratios were similar in adults >50 years of age, although the prevalence of low B12 and biochemical deficiency was proportionally higher.

Conclusions

Consumption of B12-containing supplements was associated with at least 50 % lower prevalence of both low serum B12 and biochemical B12 deficiency in a nationally representative sample of US adults, suggesting increased consumption of B12 from supplements or from fortified foods may reduce the prevalence of B12 deficiency. Additionally, the current Recommended Daily Allowance for B12 of 2·4 μg may be insufficient for those aged >50 years.
Persistence of severe iodine-deficiency disorders despite universal salt iodization in an iodine-deficient area in northern India
Authors: Yadav Subhash , Gupta Sushil Kumar , Godbole Madan M , Jain Manoj , Singh Uttam , V Pavithran Praveen , Boddula Raman , Mishra Anand , Shrivastava Ashutosh , Tandon Ashwani , Ora Manish , Chowhan Amit , Shukla Manoj , Yadav Narendra , Babu Satish , Dubey Manoj , Awasthi Pradeep K
Published: June 2009

Objective

The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of universal salt iodization (USI) on the prevalence of iodine deficiency in the population of an area previously known to have severe iodine deficiency in India.

Design

In a cross-sectional survey, a total of 2860 subjects residing in fifty-three villages of four sub-districts of Gonda District were examined for goitre and urinary iodine concentration. Free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were also measured. Salt samples from households were collected for estimation of iodine content.

Results

A reduction in goitre prevalence was observed from 69 % reported in 1982 to 27·7 % assessed in 2007. However, 34 % of villages still had very high endemicity of goitre (goitre prevalence >30 %). Twenty-three per cent of households consumed a negligible amount (<5 ppm) and 56 % of households consumed an insufficient amount (5–15 ppm) of iodine from salt.

Conclusions

Although there was an overall improvement in iodine nutrition as revealed by decreased goitre prevalence and increased median urinary iodine levels, there were several pockets of severe deficiency that require a more targeted approach. Poor coverage, the use of unpackaged crystal salt with inadequate iodine and the washing of salt before use by 90 % of rural households are the major causes of persisting iodine-deficiency disorders. This demonstrates lapses in USI implementation, lack of monitoring and the need to identify hot spots. We advocate strengthening the USI programme with a mass education component, the supply of adequately iodized salt and the implementation of complementary strategies for vulnerable groups, particularly neonates and lactating mothers.
Evidence of paleo–cold seep activity from the Bay of Bengal, offshore India
Authors: Mazumdar A. , Dewangan P. , Joäo H. M. , Peketi A. , Khosla V. R. , Kocherla M. , Badesab F. K. , Joshi R. K. , Roxanne P. , Ramamurty P. B. , Karisiddaiah S. M. , Patil D. J. , Dayal A. M. , Ramprasad T. , Hawkesworth C. J. , Avanzinelli R.
Published: June 2009

We report evidence of paleo–cold seep associated activities, preserved in methane‐derived carbonates in association with chemosynthetic clams (Calyptogena sp.) from a sediment core in the Krishna‐Godavari basin, Bay of Bengal. Visual observations and calculations based on high‐resolution wet bulk density profile of a core collected on board R/VMarion Dufresne(May 2007) show zones of sharp increase in carbonate content (10–55 vol %) within 16–20 meters below seafloor (mbsf). The presence ofCalyptogenaclam shells, chimneys, shell breccias with high Mg calcite cement, and pyrite within this zone suggest seepage of methane and sulfide‐bearing fluid to the seafloor in the past. Highly depleted carbon isotopic values (δ13C ranges from −41 to −52‰ VPDB) from these carbonates indicate carbon derived via anaerobic oxidation of methane. Extrapolated mean calendar age (∼58.7 ka B.P.) of the clastic sediments at a depth of 16 mbsf is close to the upper limit of the U‐Th based depositional age (46.2 ± 3.7 and 53.0 ± 1.6 ka) of authigenic carbonates sampled from this level, thereby constraining the younger age limit of the carbonate deposition/methane expulsion events. The observed carbonate deposition might have resulted from the flow of methane‐enriched fluids through the fracture network formed because of shale diapirism.
Quantitative estimates of the slab and 2‐D power in solar wind turbulence using multispacecraft data
Authors: Osman K. T. , Horbury T. S.
Published: June 2009

A quantitative estimate of the field‐aligned anisotropy of magnetohydrodynamic inertial range turbulence is obtained by comparing multispacecraft data with a fully three‐dimensional turbulent magnetic field numerical model. The simulated turbulence is a superposition of slab fluctuations parallel to the mean field and 2‐D fluctuations perpendicular to it. This model is fitted to spatial autocorrelation functions, computed from measurements made by the four Cluster spacecraft in the solar wind, by varying the slab‐2‐D fraction. The mean power in the 2‐D fluctuations, 81 ± 3%, is consistent with solar wind fluctuations being anisotropic with energy mainly in wave vectors perpendicular to the large‐scale mean magnetic field. Eight intervals of multipoint magnetic field data are analyzed, and a large degree of variation in the anisotropy estimates about the mean is observed. The origin of this variability is unclear. However, variations in the anisotropy estimates are correlated between different field components.
Southward recirculation of the East China Sea Kuroshio west of Okinawa Island
Authors: Hisaki Yukiharu , Imadu Chika
Published: June 2009

The surface current of the Kuroshio recirculation region in the East China Sea is investigated. The surface currents in the west of Okinawa Island observed by HF radars and the assimilation results of the Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment (JCOPE) are analyzed. It appeared that currents in the easternmost edge of the Kuroshio bifurcate southward and flow into the west of Okinawa Island from JCOPE data. The currents are called Kuroshio southward recirculation currents. The currents are controlled by the bottom topography. The wind stress curl in the area where the bifurcated current can be seen in JCOPE data is negative, while the curl is positive in the eastern portion of the Kuroshio. The Kuroshio southward recirculation currents are sometimes enhanced, and their enhancement coincides with that of the positive and negative wind stress curls.
Role of the upper ocean in the energy budget of Arctic sea ice during SHEBA
Authors: Shaw W. J. , Stanton T. P. , McPhee M. G. , Morison J. H. , Martinson D. G.
Published: June 2009

As part of the 1997–1998 Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Experiment (SHEBA), a nearly yearlong record of upper ocean observations was obtained below a drifting ice camp in the Beaufort Gyre. A combination of observational and numerical modeling techniques are used to estimate heat fluxes across the under‐ice ocean boundary layer. Over the Canada Basin, the upper pycnocline contained moderate heat, but strong stratification effectively insulated it from mixed layer turbulence. Average resulting heat fluxes at the base of the mixed layer (Fpyc) and at the ocean‐ice interface (F0) were small (0.3–1.2 and 0.2 W m−2, respectively). Over the Chukchi Borderlands, the presence of relatively warm and salty Pacific origin water increased upper pycnocline heat content and reduced stratification, which permitted moderate Fpyc and F0 (2.1–3.7 and 3.5 W m−2, respectively). Solar insolation was the dominant heat source during the final, summertime portion of the drift. During the heating period, Fpyc was relatively small (0.4–1.5 W m−2) while F0 was large (16.3 W m−2). The drift‐averaged value of F0 was 7.6 W m−2. Energy budgets for the ice cover were constructed. The oceanic contribution to the budget during the portion of the drift over the Chukchi Borderlands, supported by entrainment of heat stored in the upper pycnocline, was responsible for a 15% reduction in ice growth. During the summer heating season, the F0 estimates were larger than the latent energy changes associated with basal melting.
Differentiating fluvial components of upper Canada Basin waters on the basis of measurements of dissolved barium combined with other physical and chemical tracers
Authors: Guay Christopher K. H. , McLaughlin Fiona A. , Yamamoto‐Kawai Michiyo
Published: June 2009

The utility of dissolved barium (Ba) as a quasi‐conservative tracer of Arctic water masses has been demonstrated previously. Here we report distributions of salinity, temperature, and Ba in the upper 200 m of the Canada Basin and adjacent areas observed during cruises conducted in 2003–2004 as part of the Joint Western Arctic Climate Study and Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project. A salinity–oxygen isotope mass balance is used to calculate the relative contributions from sea ice melt, meteoric, and saline end‐members, and Ba measurements are incorporated to resolve the meteoric fraction into separate contributions from North American and Eurasian sources of runoff. Large fractions of Eurasian runoff (as high as 15.5%) were observed in the surface layer throughout the Canada Basin, but significant amounts of North American runoff in the surface layer were only observed at the southernmost station occupied in the Canada Basin in 2004, nearest to the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Smaller contributions from both Eurasian and North American runoff were evident in the summer and winter Pacific‐derived water masses that comprise the underlying upper halocline layer in the Canada Basin. Significant amounts of Eurasian and North American runoff were observed throughout the water column at a station occupied in Amundsen Gulf in 2004. This suggests the export of runoff from both sources through the passages of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
On the use of lumped sources in a nonlinear lightning return stroke model and extension for evaluating strikes to tall objects
Authors: De Conti Alberto , Visacro Silvério
Published: June 2009

The use of lumped current and voltage sources is investigated in a nonlinear return stroke model that includes the dependence of the channel per‐unit‐length resistance on the lightning current and the variation of the channel impedance with height. First, considering the case of lightning strikes to flat ground, it is shown that equivalent channel currents can be obtained regardless of the lumped source type (current or voltage) connected at the channel base. This equivalency is obtained provided the effect of current reflections coming from the upper part of the channel is taken into account in the derivation of the voltage source waveform, which is made according to a procedure proposed by the authors. The nonlinear return stroke model is then extended for evaluating lightning strikes to tall grounded objects. Two different possibilities are considered for selecting the channel impedances in this case. In one approach, the impedance of each channel segment is calculated by considering its total height to ground whereas in the other approach the distance from each channel segment to the excitation point at the tower top is considered. It is shown that currents calculated along a lossy channel are nearly independent of the considered approach, whereas differences of about 10% are expected in the peak values of currents calculated along a 102‐m‐high object. Also, regardless of the selected approach, relatively small errors are observed in the evaluation of the total charge transferred to ground, which is convenient for allowing a consistent comparison between lightning strikes to flat ground and lightning strikes to grounded objects of different heights. Finally, comparisons with results obtained with the transmission line return stroke model show that the nonlinear interaction between the channel resistance and the lightning current has a moderate effect on the predicted tower currents, as opposed to the channel currents, which are greatly affected by such interaction.
Spatial distribution and diurnal variation of cumuliform clouds during Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Raut Bhupendra A. , Karekar R. N. , Puranik Dileep M.
Published: June 2009

The Indian Summer Monsoon brings most of the annual rainfall to India and its neighborhood. Since cumuliform clouds contribute the major fraction of rain, it is important to study the spatial and diurnal distribution of the probability of occurrence of cumuliform clouds (POC). For this study, Meteosat‐5 infrared data for June to September of 2003 to 2006 are used. A wavelet‐based method to extract all cumuliform clouds is used. The method uses the à trous wavelet transform (ATWT) to separate small‐scale (<40 km) structures in brightness temperature images. The monthly POC distribution shows large areas of high POC on the west coast of India (June and September), Arakan coast in Bay of Bengal (all months), northeast India (all months), and east coast of India (September). Over land, POC peaks in the evening (1600 to 1800 Indian Standard Time (IST)) while over the oceans its peak time is in the morning (∼0800 IST). The land‐sea contrast in POC along the coast during evening time is remarkable. Over the ocean, POC varies sinusoidally, but over land it has a narrow peak with flat minimum. The cloudiness minimum over land lasts longer (∼10 h) than that over the oceans (<5 h). South‐facing slopes of the Himalayas, Khasi hills, and isolated smaller land regions show a diurnal cycle of cumuliform clouds opposite to that of the diurnal cycle of land regions, while afternoon maximum is observed over the middle Himalayan ranges and Tibetan plateau. POC for brightness temperature (BT) < 210 K are improved with finer resolution. Cold clouds are found to be less prominent over Western Ghats and middle Himalayan ranges. Hovmöller plots show that cumuliform clouds travel across the domain from east to west, while mesoscale features originating over the Western Ghats in the peninsula move west to east from evening to morning. Such propagation of convective systems is so regular that it appears even in 4‐year‐average POC data of wavelet transform and BT threshold of 220 K.
Use of strontium isotopes in detrital sediments to constrain the glacial position of the Agulhas Retroflection
Authors: Franzese Allison M. , Hemming Sidney R. , Goldstein Steven L.
Published: June 2009

The Agulhas Leakage represents a significant portion of the warm, surface return flow of the global overturning circulation and thus may be an important feedback in the ocean climate system. Models indicate that reduced leakage could be caused by a stronger Agulhas Current and/or a more upstream (eastward) Agulhas Retroflection, while a weaker Agulhas Current would result in a more westward retroflection and increased leakage. However, data for the Last Glacial Maximum support both a weaker Agulhas Current and less leakage, implying a possible displacement of the retroflection. We present new 87Sr/86Sr results for modern sediments within this region, confirming that the modern pathway of the Agulhas Current, Retroflection, and Leakage can be traced by terrigenous sediment provenance using Sr isotopes. New 87Sr/86Sr data from sediments deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum suggest that the glacial Agulhas Current and Retroflection followed nearly their modern trajectory. The provenance data appear to rule out both a stronger Agulhas Current and a more upstream Agulhas Retroflection. We conclude that the reduced glacial leakage was caused by the weakened Agulhas Current, with no significant change in the retroflection position. This is inconsistent with the model predictions and thus emphasizes the need for further work in this region.
Temporal evolution of pore geometry, fluid flow, and solute transport resulting from colloid deposition
Authors: Chen Cheng , Lau Boris L. T. , Gaillard Jean‐François , Packman Aaron I.
Published: June 2009

Deposition of colloidal particles is one of many processes that lead to the evolution of the structure of natural porous media in groundwater aquifers, oil reservoirs, and sediment beds. Understanding of the mechanisms and effects of this type of structural evolution has been limited by a lack of direct observations of pore structure. Here, synchrotron X‐ray difference microtomography (XDMT) was used to resolve the temporal evolution of pore structure and the distribution of colloidal deposits within a granular porous medium. Column filtration experiments were performed to observe the deposition of relatively high concentrations of colloidal zirconia (200 mg/l of particles having diameter ∼1μm) in a packed bed of glass beads (diameters 210–300μm). Noninvasive XDMT imaging of the pore structure was performed three separate times during each column experiment. The structural information observed at each time was used to define internal boundary conditions for three‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations that show how the evolving pore structure affects pore fluid flow and solute transport. While the total deposit mass increased continuously over time, colloid deposition was observed to be highly heterogeneous and local colloid detachment was observed at some locations in a low ionic strength medium. LB simulations indicated that particle accumulation greatly reduced the permeability of the porous medium while increasing the tortuosity. The colloidal deposits also increased the spatial variability in pore water velocities, leading to higher dispersion coefficients. Anomalous dispersion behavior was investigated by simulation at the scale of the experimental system: weak tailing was found in the clean bed case, and the extent of tailing greatly increased following colloid deposition because of the development of extensive no‐flow regions. As a result of this coupling between pore fluid flow, colloid accumulation, and the pore geometry, colloid deposition is expected to strongly influence long‐term solute dynamics in cases where solute transport is either accompanied by high colloid influx or where the passage of the solute front mobilizes and then redistributes material from the porous matrix.