bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myth and the Zapatista movement: exploring a network identity
Authors: Russell Adrienne
Published: July 2005

Mexico’s Zapatista movement was one of the first to use the internet to propel a local struggle onto an international stage. In so doing it originated a new kind of social movement, one that pushes beyond group identities around which social movements have traditionally organized and into the realm of network identity. This analysis of Zapatista websites and listservs examines the ways several key myths - of a universal Marcos, of noble savages and of a neoliberal beast - help structure the relationships among diverse members of the network. Examining the myths around which the movement is organized reveals how people go about creating network identities and helps us assess to what extent they are new and to what extent traditional roles and relationships are being played out in a new environment.
Lonely at the top
Authors: Djerf-Pierre Monika
Published: July 2005

The Nordic countries are often noted for their high level of gender equality. The media sector is no exception and it is true that almost 50 percent of Swedish journalists are female. However, female presence at the senior level of media organizations remains much lower. This article analyses the Swedish media elite from a gender perspective. It is based on a survey study among all top-level managers (the Swedish national institutional elites) in seven different social fields and interprets the results by drawing upon Bourdieu’s theories on habitus, capital and field and Toril Moi’s ‘appropriation’ of Bourdieu (in the essay ‘Appropriating Bourdieu’, in What is a Woman? And Other Essays). Differences and similarities between men and women in the media elite are identified and analysed, including differences regarding social background and the amount and type of capital they have accumulated when reaching the top. The main conclusion is that the acquisition of social capital is of major significance to counterbalance the negative capital of femaleness in reaching a senior management position in the media.
The gendered and sexualized relationship between Israeli women journalists and their male news sources
Authors: Lachover Einat
Published: July 2005

This article studies the ways in which the interactions between female Israeli journalists and their male news sources are gendered and sexually structured. The article is grounded in feminist critiques of journalism as well as feminist organizational and work studies and it is based on examination of the narratives of individual experiences of 32 female Israeli journalists, working for 10 newspapers. I set forth the attitudes of the male sources toward the female journalists as the journalists perceive them, and then I examine the practices that the journalists adopt in order to cope with these attitudes. Finally, I both set forth and examine the views that these female journalists express concerning the legitimacy of their own practices. The research findings illustrate how gender and sexuality interact in journalism by showing the dynamic character of this process in organizations. The findings demonstrate that gender and sexuality are key aspects of the relationship between the female journalists I studied and their male sources in the Israeli context.
The feminist cable collective as public sphere activity
Authors: Steiner Linda
Published: July 2005

This article highlights the efforts of a group that produces, under the aegis of the National Organization for Women, a feminist public affairs series cablecast on cable television public access channels. The question addressed here is whether this work, called ‘New Directions for Women’, can be seen as representing agency in the public sphere, assuming that something like the public sphere is indispensable to democratic political practice. The research finds that public access cable television does provide viable opportunities for feminist ‘content’, for activist-minded news, discussion, and criticism of the economy sphere, the state, and family. Yet, publicness is at odds with certain feminist principles, at least as these have been practiced in feminist journalism (i.e. directed at the enclave), in large part because the technology constrains enactment of feminist modes of news production.
The veil as a means of legitimization
Authors: Klaus Elisabeth , Kassel Susanne
Published: July 2005

The article raises the question of how the news narrative of the liberation of Afghan women from the Taliban regime is linked to the legitimization of military involvement in general and of German foreign policy in particular. We extend the concept of media logic put forth by Altheide and Snow (1979) by those of gender logic (the symbolic construction of male-female dichotomy) and the logic of war (the legitimization of war through the construction of self and other). The interconnectedness of these three logics leads to a specific presentation of women, which in turn serves as proof for the allegedly altered circumstances after the defeat of the Taliban. The discourse analysis of Germany’s leading news magazines Der Spiegel and Focus shows that the veiling and unveiling of women is the most prominent feature in their reports on Afghanistan. ‘The veiled woman’ becomes a highly symbolic representation that marks the other culture as both foreign and irrational.
Masculine tears, feminine tears - and crocodile tears
Authors: Pantti Mervi
Published: July 2005

The supposed ‘emotionalization’ of the public sphere has recently been the target of much hostile commentary, both lay and academic. In the news media, there certainly seems to be a growing interest in emotion, as more and more space is devoted to the representations of mourning in the coverage of major disasters or extraordinary deaths. In this study I look at the news coverage of the display of public grief in the Finnish newspapers following the murders of Olof Palme, the Prime Minister of Sweden in 1986, and Anna Lindh, the Foreign Minister of Sweden in 2003. The similarities between the Palme and Lindh cases give an opportunity to examine how the representation of mourning has changed over time. The second aim of this article is to explore how gender is constructed in the portrayals of grief: are we witnessing a change regarding the persistent stereotypes about the emotional woman and the unemotional man in the representations of grief or just a new deal in gendered emotions?
A Family of Political Concepts
Authors: Richter Melvin
Published: July 2005

It has been argued recently that tyranny is a persisting phenomenon very much alive today, a greater danger than newer forms of misrule such as totalitarianism. One argument is based on human nature being such that the temptation to abuse political power in the form of tyranny remains a possibility in all societies. Another defines tyranny as a spiritual disorder of the soul and polity. Both date the 19th century as the time when tyranny dropped out of the western political vocabulary. In this view, modern political thought, like political science generally, has been impoverished by ignorance of, or indifference to, the nature of tyranny. By contrast, I treat tyranny not as possessing an essential, unchanging nature, but as a contested political concept used for a variety of purposes by different regimes and groups. Nor do I agree that, because ‘tyranny’ was used infrequently during the 19th century, systematic abuses of political power went unnoticed and unclassified. I treat a number of cases by postulating a family of controversial and contested regime types: tyranny, despotism, absolute monarchy, Bonapartism, Caesarism, and dictatorship. From them I conclude that, after tyranny was conflated with despotism at the end of the 18th century, both concepts were redescribed in terms of newer classifications belonging to the same conceptual family. Because ‘tyranny’ was then extended to many non-political arenas, it became so trivialized as to leave no prospect of our retrieving its once potent political meanings. If ‘tyranny’ is equally applicable to teachers, husbands, fashions, or public opinion, the concept has lost its political cutting edge. It now lacks any distinctive meaning that might frame a situation and define it as calling for urgent and decisive action, especially in foreign policy.
Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin on Machiavelli
Authors: Moulakis Athanasios
Published: July 2005

Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin are two thinkers who seem to have much in common, yet they provide markedly different interpretations of Machiavelli. A comparison of their views on such a distinctive figure in the history of political thought reveals fundamental differences of philosophical outlook and scholarly temperament even as it occasions a re-examination of the ‘enigma’ of Machiavelli himself.
Freedom through Political Representation
Authors: Weymans Wim
Published: July 2005

This article aims to examine the problem of political representation through the work of Lefort, Gauchet and Rosanvallon. It first looks at Lefort, who argues that a democratic society is characterized by a tension between its abstract guiding principles and its concrete reality. Political representation, then, mediates between these principles and society. This theory of representation allows Lefort, Gauchet and Rosanvallon not only to examine critically both past and present discourses of their contemporaries, but also to offer an alternative history of their own. Yet, since the 1980s, increasing individualization has exacerbated the tension between abstract principles and society, thus making political mediation more difficult. This article discusses the diagnosis and remedy to this predicament, as developed by Gauchet and Rosanvallon. While Gauchet offers an interesting diagnosis, but remains sceptical about possible solutions, Rosanvallon is more voluntarist and offers concrete solutions for today’s crisis of political representation.
G.D.H. Cole on the General Will
Authors: Lamb Peter
Published: July 2005

In his contribution to socialist thought G.D.H. Cole adopted and revised Rousseau’s concept of the general will. During his early guild socialist phase Cole drew on the general will in his scheme for a functional, associational democracy. In the late 1920s Cole began to question whether the socially oriented element of individual will might be expressed in the existing social and economic circumstances. In the 1930s he combined social democratic and Marxist tenets. Nevertheless, his interest in Rousseau persisted. Will was, for him, crucial to socialism. He made a significant, if neglected, contribution to the socialist tradition of Rousseau scholarship.
An investigation into aspects of Thai culture and its impact on Thai students in an international school in Thailand
Authors: Deveney Barbara
Published: July 2005

English

This article describes research undertaken to investigate aspects of Thai culture and its effects on Thai students in an international school in Thailand. Using a variety of data gathering methods, the investigation looks at how Thai culture manifests itself in the classroom in the form of student behaviour and attitudes. The research also attempts to find out the extent of teachers’ awareness of the impact of culture in the classroom and how it can affect their own expectations.

French

Cet article décrit les recherches entreprises afin d'étudier les aspects de la culture thaïlandaise et ses effets sur les élèves thaïlandais dans un établissement scolaire international en Thaïlande. Grâce à une variété de méthodes de recueil de données, ces recherches s'intéressent à la manière dont la culture thaïlandaise se manifeste en classe à travers le comportement et les attitudes des élèves. Ces recherches tentent également de découvrir dans quelle mesure l'enseignant est conscient de l'impact de cette culture en classe et de quelle manière cela peut affecter leurs propres attentes.

Spanish

Este artículo trata de las investigaciones sobre los efectos de ciertos aspectos de la cultura tailandesa en estudiantes tailandeses de un colegio internacional de ese país. Utilizando una gama variada de métodos de obtención datos, el estudio examina cómo se manifiesta la cultura tailandesa en la clase a través de las conductas y actitudes de los alumnos. También se intenta averiguar en qué medida los profesores son conscientes de dicho impacto y cómo ello puede afectar sus propias expectativas.
Culture as a configuration of learning
Authors: Van Oord Lodewijk
Published: July 2005

English

This article approaches the concept of culture from an anthropological perspective. It places various culture concepts in their historical contexts and discusses several models that are utilized in research in international education. It is argued that the lack of a theory is a major reason for the culture concept’s proliferation. A theory is presented that identifies a culture as a particular configuration of learning and meta-learning. In line with this theory, it is argued that most ‘cultural’ differences in teaching and learning are not cultural and that real cultural differences will emerge in the context of international academic curricula.

French

Cet article s'intéresse au concept de la culture d'un point de vue anthropologique. Il place divers concepts culturels dans leurs contextes historiques et traite de plusieurs modèles utilisés dans la recherche en éducation internationale. Il est avancé que le manque de théorie est la principale explication de la prolifération du concept de la culture. Une théorie est proposée, selon laquelle une culture est identifiée comme étant une configuration particulière de l'apprentissage et du méta-apprentissage. Il est aussi avancé que la plupart des différences 'culturelles' dans l'enseignement et l'apprentissage ne sont pas réellement culturelles et que les véritables différences culturelles vont apparaître dans le contexte des programmes scolaires internationaux.

Spanish

Este artículo se acerca al concepto de cultura desde una perspectiva antropológica. Ubica varios conceptos de cultura en sus contextos históricos y analiza distintos modelos que se utilizan en la investigación en el campo de la educación internacional. El autor sostiene que la falta de una teoría es una de las razones primordiales que contribuyen a la proliferación de los conceptos de cultura. Se presenta una teoría que define una cultura como una configuración especial de aprendizajes y meta-aprendizajes. Siguiendo esta teoría se sostiene que muchas de las diferencias 'culturales' en el ámbito de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje no son culturales y que las diferencias culturales reales surgen en el contexto de los currículos académicos internacionales.
The role of the host culture as a resource for developing intercultural understanding in a Dutch international secondary school
Authors: Jackson Mandy
Published: July 2005

English

This article explores the importance of the host culture in the development of international mindedness in the pupils of an international school. It puts forward a model for engagement based on Allport’s contact theory and examines the success of one such model resulting from co-operation between the International School of Maastricht and its parent Dutch school, the Porta Mosana College. The article argues that only with this kind of contact can international schools succeed in their mission to produce interculturally aware young people.

French

Cet article explore l'importance de la culture du pays d'accueil dans le développement d'une sensibilité internationale chez les élèves d'un établissement scolaire international. Il propose un modèle d'engagement basé sur la théorie du contact d'Allport et étudie la réussite d'un tel modèle en prenant l'exemple de la coopération entre l'International School of Maastricht et son prédécesseur hollandais, le Porta Mosana College. Cet article insiste sur le fait que seul ce genre de contacts peut permettre aux établissements scolaires internationaux d'atteindre leur but, à savoir former des jeunes à l'interculturalité.

Spanish

Este artículo estudia la importancia de la cultura del país donde se encuentra un colegio internacional para el desarrollo de la mentalidad internacional de sus alumnos. Propone un modelo de participación e integración que se basa en la teoría del contacto de Allport, y analiza la eficacia de un modelo de este tipo a partir de la cooperación entre la International School of Maastricht y su colegio matriz, Porta Mosana College (holandés). El artículo llega a la conclusión de que este tipo de contacto es el único medio que permite a los colegios internacionales lograr su objetivo de desarrollar una conciencia intercultural en sus alumnos.
An examination of Hegelian and Spinozian philosophy and their relationships with the International Baccalaureate subject, Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Cole David R.
Published: July 2005

English

One concern for teachers of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is how to balance academic study with a need for the development of the imagination. This article examines the subject at the heart of the IB Diploma, Theory of Knowledge, and looks at the contrasting philosophies of Spinoza and Hegel and their relationship with this area. Through such an investigation, one may understand how the balance between academic study and the expansion of the imagination may be achieved to the benefit of the student and teacher alike.

French

Les enseignants du Programme du diplôme de l'Organisation du Baccalauréat International s'efforcent entre autres de trouver un certain équilibre entre l'étude théorique et le besoin de développer l'imagination. Cet article analyse la théorie de la connaissance, matière-phare du Programme du diplôme du BI et s'intéresse aux philosophies de Spinoza et Hegel, ainsi qu'à leurs relations avec cette matière. Á travers cette recherche, il est possible de comprendre comment atteindre l'équilibre entre l'étude théorique et le développement de l'imagination au profit de l'élève et de l'enseignant.

Spanish

Un aspecto que preocupa a los profesores del Programa del Diploma del Bachillerato Internacional es cómo encontrar un equilibrio entre el estudio teórico y la necesidad de desarrollar la imaginación. Este artículo examina Teoría del Conocimiento, materia esencial del Programa del Diploma del BI, y analiza las filosofías contrastantes de Spinoza y Hegel, así como su relación con esta materia. Mediante esta investigación, es posible entender cómo lograr el equilibrio entre el estudio teórico y el desarrollo de la imaginación para beneficio del estudiante y del propio profesor.
the contribution of school textbooks in the early grades of education in preparing young children to become effective citizens
Authors: Al-Barakat Ali A. , Al-Karasneh Samih M.
Published: July 2005

The exploration of the contribution of school textbooks to the preparation of young children to be effective citizens is the primary aim of the study reported here. To achieve this aim, 75 primary teachers were interviewed. The analysis of these interviews showed that school textbooks provide young children with specific knowledge that can affect their preparation to be effective citizens. Despite this, it was revealed that school textbooks do not provide children with activities and experiences associated with serving the local community. The study concluded that the contributions of school textbooks in preparing young children to become effective citizens are principally dependent on the appropriate deployment of these textbooks in the classroom settings.
talking early childhood education
Authors: Selbie Philip , Clough Peter
Published: July 2005

The use of fictional writing, and in particular fictional dialogue, has gained increasing credibility and popularity within the field of qualitative social science research (Clough, 2002; Denzin, 1997; Tierney, 1998) but research in early childhood education has yet to exploit such methodologies. This article asks: what is meant by the term ‘narrative inquiry’ and how do researchers justify its use in research design and report? The article first argues the place for narrative enquiry in early childhood research. It then demonstrates the power of creating fictional dialogues by illustrating the educational ideas of two historical figures and famous pioneers of early childhood education, John Amos Comenius and Susan Isaacs, through an authored ‘dialogue’ with Philip Selbie. This fictional dialogue explores the meanings of Comenius’ and Isaacs’ work and their relevance to Selbie’s work with young English speaking children in the Czech Republic of 2004.
early childhood education and equity issues in Portugal
Authors: Vasconcelos Teresa
Published: July 2005

This article presents a multiple-case study of four early childhood settings in a borough in Lisbon, Portugal. Researchers were looking at questions of equity because of recent legislation that reinforced it. Participant observation, ethnographic interviews and artefacts collection were used as ways of collecting data. A brief description of each one of the settings is provided. Emergent themes were found which connect with: leadership and organizational structures; pedagogies and quality supervision; local policies of emancipation and self-realization. Implications are drawn that may serve as reference for educators, administrators and policy makers.
a look at friendships between preschool-aged children with and without disabilities in two inclusive classrooms
Authors: Dietrich Sylvia L.
Published: July 2005

A naturalistic study of six naturally occurring friendships among preschool-aged children with and without disabilities in inclusive settings was conducted with the children, their parents, and teachers. Data were collected through participant observations and interviews. Descriptive field notes, a fieldwork journal, and transcribed interviews were inductively analysed. Analysis uncovered descriptions, meanings, and revealed various perspectives regarding the friendships studied including those of the children, parents, and teachers. The friendships are described as typical and portray characteristics that are common among friendships during the preschool-age period. The friendships were dynamic and changed throughout the course of the study. Several factors influenced the formation of the friendships including: similarity in play styles; the opportunity to engage in similar activities; similar knowledge and interests; proximity; and parental factors. Implications for further research are discussed.
Equality in education
Authors: Lynch Kathleen , Baker John
Published: July 2005

Transforming schools into truly egalitarian institutions requires a holistic and integrated approach. Using a robust conception of ‘equality of condition’, we examine key dimensions of equality that are central to both the purposes and processes of education: equality in educational and related resources; equality of respect and recognition; equality of power; and equality of love, care and solidarity. We indicate in each case some of the major changes that need to occur if we are to promote equality of condition. Starting with inequalities of resources, and in particular with inequalities tied to social class, we argue for abandoning rigid grouping policies, challenging the power of parents in relation to both selection and grouping, and changing curricula and assessment systems to make them more inclusive of the wide range of human intelligences. In relation to respect and recognition, we call for much more inclusive processes for respecting differences, not only in schools’ organizational cultures, but also in their curriculum, pedagogy and assessment systems. Regarding inequalities of power, we call for democratization of both teacher-student relationships and school and college organization. For promoting equality of love, care and solidarity, we argue that schools need to develop an appreciation of the intrinsic role that emotions play in the process of teaching and learning, to provide a space for students and teachers to talk about their feelings and concerns, and to devise educational experiences that will enable students to develop their emotional skills or personal intelligences as a discrete area of human capability.
Is our history of educational philosophy mostly wrong?
Authors: Muir James R.
Published: July 2005

There are two very different accounts of the history of educational philosophy and ideas presently available. One account is the work of historical scholars and classicists, and is based on thorough historical research. The other account is the work of educationists and philosophers, and is generally based on little or no historical research in the history of educational thought. Consequently, the prevailing accounts of the history of educational philosophy produced by educationists and philosophers over the past 50 years are remarkably inaccurate. The inaccuracies are of two kinds: (1) the unequalled influence of the educational ideas and practices of Isocrates, Plato’s rival, is almost wholly unrecognised, and (2) knowledge of the tradition of autonomous educational thought has been lost. Contemporary educational philosophy has much to gain, both in new methods and ideas and in the recovery of some of the academic credibility it still lacks, by recovering the legacy of Isocrates and the tradition of autonomous educational thought.
A capability perspective on impairment, disability and special needs
Authors: Terzi Lorella
Published: July 2005

This article presents elements of a capability perspective on impairment and disability and develops in connection with it a multidimensional and relational account of disability. It suggests how a capability perspective provides new and fundamental insights into the conceptualization of impairment and disability, and in doing this, resolves the tension between natural and social causal factors evident in current discussions of disability and education. It argues that the capability approach is innovative with respect to the centrality of human diversity in assessing equality, and that the specific understanding of human diversity proposed, the democratic decisional process promoted and the normative account of disability those entail, all have the potential to take educational theory and inclusive education policies in fruitful directions.
A fair educational standard
Authors: Adams Harry
Published: July 2005

In this article, I propose and defend a certain model of a fair Educational Standard, where this represents the minimally adequate threshold conditions and resources that any just society will devote to the grade school education of its youth. Starting with suggestions made by Harry Frankfurt, I argue that this Standard may be initially founded upon the norm of ‘sufficiency‘, so that the Standard comes to require the provision of whatever educational resources are needed to enable children to lead minimally decent lives as adults. Largely because of the social inequities that it would allow, however, I argue that this norm of sufficiency is not enough, by itself, to constitute the Educational Standard, but that the norm of ‘equal educational opportunity’ (EEO) must also be incorporated. And I defend a certain conception of EEO, from among various competing conceptions. Ultimately, then, this article seeks to establish these twin components (a set of sufficiency conditions and a certain conception of EEO) as being individually necessary and jointly sufficient for any truly just and complete educational standard.
Cytokines and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Mehra Vishal C , Ramgolam Vinod S , Bender Jeffrey R
Published: July 2005

The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is increasingly evident since the identification of immune/inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis and heart failure. In this review, we describe how innate and adaptive immune cascades trigger the release of cytokines and chemokines, resulting in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We discuss how cytokines have direct and indirect effects on myocardial function. These include myocardial depressant effects of nitric oxide (NO) synthase-generated NO, as well as the biochemical effects of cytokine-stimulated arachidonic acid metabolites on cardiomyocytes. Cytokine influences on myocardial function are time-, concentration-, and subtype-specific. We provide a comprehensive review of these cytokine-mediated immune and inflammatory cascades implicated in the most common forms of cardiovascular disease.
Selective Electrochemical Response of Dopamine against 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid at Bare Indium–Tin Oxide Electrode
Authors: Xu Guobao , Iwasaki Yuzuru , Niwa Osamu
Published: July 2005

Electrochemistry of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid at ITO were investigated. The oxidation of dopamine significantly depended on pH and supporting electrolyte. The peak current increased more than one hundred folds with increasing pH from 2.5 to 10.0 in phosphate buffer. Moreover, selective oxidation of dopamine against 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid at bare ITO was observed. It is the first electrode material that can be produced in large scale for selective oxidation of dopamine. Selective catecholamine detection at ITO is suggested.
Selective Synthesis of Isocyanides from Secondary Alcohols by a New Type of Oxidation–Reduction Condensation
Authors: Masutani Kouta , Minowa Tomofumi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2005

Selective synthesis of isocyanides from secondary alcohols via alkyl diphenylphosphinites is established by a new type of oxidation–reduction condensation in controlling the ambident reactivity of cyanide anion. In the presence of ZnO, isocyanides are obtained exclusively in moderate to high yields.
Competitive Effect in Metallic κ-Type DHOT-TTP [2-(1,3-Dithiolan-2-ylidene)-5-(1,3-oxathiolan-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene] Salts
Authors: Yamada Jun-ichi , Kunigita Ken-ichi , Akutsu Hiroki , Nakatsuji Shin’ichi , Kikuchi Koichi
Published: July 2005

The preparation of κ-(DHOT-TTP)2X (X = PF6, AsF6, and FeCl4) has been accomplished, which exhibit metallic conducting behavior down to low temperatures. A comparison of the values of the intermolecular overlap integrals calculated on the donor layers of these salts with those of the corresponding isomorphous BDH-TTP [2,5-bis(1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene] salts suggests that DHOT-TTP, like BDH-TTP, has the ability to form tight packing motifs.
Selective Cyclic Trimerization of 4-(Alkylamino)benzoic Acid Dimer Phenyl Esters
Authors: Yokoyama Akihiro , Shimizu Yuuki , Yokozawa Tsutomu
Published: July 2005

Treatment of 4-(alkylamino)benzoic acid dimer phenyl esters with a base, under conditions where monomeric 4-(alkylamino)benzoic acid phenyl esters polymerize to give well-defined aromatic polyamides, affords not polymers, but cyclic trimers in good yield.
Silole-core Dendrimers: A Facile Synthesis and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Sanji Takanobu , Ishiwata Hiroyuki , Kaizuka Tomoyoshi , Tanaka Masato , Sakurai Hideki , Nagahata Ritsuko , Takeuchi Kazuhiko
Published: July 2005

Silole-core dendrimers having benzyl ether-type dendron units, readily synthesized by the Ni-catalyzed reaction of benzyloxy-substituted diphenylacetylenes with 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane, display, upon excitation of the dendron units, efficient energy transfer from the dendron units to the silole core, resulting in strong emission from the silole ring.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Iron Phosphate Using PAMAM Dendrimer as a Single Molecular Template
Authors: Luo Xuzhong , Imae Toyoko
Published: July 2005

A successful demonstration of the formation of mesostructural pores in iron phosphate has been reported by using generation 4.0 poly(amido amine) dendrimer as a single molecular template.
Lewis Base-catalyzed Cyanomethylation of Aldimines with Trimethylsilylacetonitrile
Authors: Kawano Yoshikazu , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2005

A catalytic cyanomethylation of various aldimines with trimethylsilylacetonitrile (TMSCH2CN) in the presence of Lewis bases such as lithium acetate or benzoate proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding cyanomethylated adducts in good yields.
Prey Selectivity and Diet of Striped Bass in Western Albemarle Sound, North Carolina
Authors: Rudershausen Paul J. , Tuomikoski Jack E. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Hightower Joseph E.
Published: July 2005

We collected 1,399 striped bass Morone saxatilis from western Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, during May through October of 2002 and 2003 to characterize diet, prey type selectivity, and prey size selectivity. Herrings Alosa spp., Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, silversides Menidia spp., and yellow perch Perca flavescens dominated the diets of age‐1 striped bass, while Atlantic menhaden dominated the diets of older striped bass. Selectivity was calculated for three categories of striped bass (ages 1, 2, and 3+ [3–7]) based on fish prey collections from a 61‐m beach seine and a 76‐m purse seine. Striped bass of all ages primarily consumed fish prey regardless of the month or year. Each age category of striped bass selected for one or more species of prey from the suborder Clupeoidei. Age‐1 striped bass selectivity of Alosa spp. generally increased with the progression of each sampling season, whereas selectivity for Atlantic menhaden, Menidia spp., and yellow perch decreased over time within each season. Striped bass of all ages displayed strong selection for Atlantic menhaden and strong selection against spiny‐rayed fish prey. Striped bass displayed selection for specific prey, although the mechanisms responsible for selection appear to vary through time and may differ for different prey types. Striped bass either displayed neutral size selectivity or selected for relatively small prey. The mean and maximum sizes of fish prey increased with increases in striped bass size, but the minimum prey size changed little. Our results of seasonal and age‐specific changes in selectivity will be valuable for modeling the impact of striped bass predation on resource prey species.
A Critical Review of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Blanchard Edward B.
Published: July 2005

Research on controlled evaluations of psychological treatments for IBS is summarized with regards to methodology and outcome, with special attention to differential outcome. There is ample evidence to support the efficacy of various combinations of cognitive and behavioral therapy techniques as well as brief psychodynamic psychotherapy, and hypnotherapy. There has also recently appeared some evidence that is not supportive of each approach. Long-term follow-up, although relatively rare, generally finds the maintenance of initial improvement in IBS symptoms. There is some growing evidence on changes in the putative cognitive mechanisms targeted by the cognitive therapy techniques. More research is needed on these process variables. The field may be ripe for direct comparisons of 2 or more psychological approaches to the IBS treatment.
No Brain, No Gain: The Role of Cognitive Processes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Lackner Jeffrey M.
Published: July 2005

This article seeks to summarize research supporting the influence of psychological factors in general and cognitive factors in shaping the onset, expression, and outcome of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). To this end, 6 lines of research are reviewed, with a focus on studies showing (a) the lack of correspondence between IBS symptoms and measured gut motility; (b) IBS patients as a group tend to label visceral sensations negatively and show a lower tolerance for visceral sensations; (c) neuroimaging studies showing abnormalities in central pain processing mechanisms in response to rectal stimuli among IBS vs. healthy controls; (d) high rates of psychiatric comorbidity among treatment seeking IBS patients, particularly of psychiatric disorders marked by cognitive dysfunction (e.g., depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder); (e) the effects of cognitive factors on IBS and its outcome; and (f) frequency of comorbid functional somatic symptoms whose pathophysiology involves central processing abnormalities (e.g., fibromyalgia, headache). These data provide a strong conceptual foundation for formulating and treating IBS from a cognitive therapy orientation.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for the Treatment of Recurrent Abdominal Pain
Authors: Levy Rona L. , Walker Lynn S.
Published: July 2005

This article outlines the rationale and use of cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of the gastrointestinal symptoms and illness behavior associated with Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP), often described as the childhood variant of IBS. It begins with a conceptualization of the social learning perspective of RAP, and then covers the relationship between childhood social learning and adult and childhood illness behavior. Studies that have utilized a cognitive behavior therapy approach for treating adult pain are summarized. Finally, specific cognitive behavior therapy trials for treating RAP, as well as moderators of treatment effectiveness, are discussed.
Dysfunctional Attitudes, Gender, and Psychopathology as Predictors of Pain Affect in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Lackner Jeffrey M. , Gellman Rebecca , Gudleski Gregory , Sanders Kathryn , Krasner Susan , Katz Leonard , Blanchard Edward B.
Published: July 2005

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and the emotional unpleasantness of pain (pain affect) in a large sample (N= 281) of severely affected patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Subjects completed measures of pain, dysfunctional attitudes, and psychopathology as part of baseline assessment of an NIH-funded clinical trial featuring cognitive therapy for IBS. Drawing from the cognitive model of emotion, we predicted that patients with IBS would have a propensity toward negative thinking, as measured by the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), and as a result rate pain affect as higher than patients with healthier cognitions. Consistent with these predictions, DAS scores for a sizable proportion of IBS patients were elevated compared to those from normative samples. Further, multiple regression analyses showed that dysfunctional attitudes account for approximately 11% of the variance in pain affect when control variables (gender, age, psychopathology) were held constant. These data are discussed in light of clinical implications for treating patients from a cognitive therapy orientation.
Towards A Better Understanding of Anxiety in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Preliminary Look at Worry and Intolerance of Uncertainty
Authors: Keefer Laurie , Sanders Kathryn , Sykes Mark A. , Blanchard Edward B. , Lackner Jeffrey M. , Krasner Susan
Published: July 2005

Although it has been fairly well established that symptoms of anxiety are often present in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), less is known about the role of worry and intolerance of uncertainty in this population. This study investigates the relations among these variables in a sample of treatment-seeking IBS patients. Although the results are preliminary, worry does seem to predict gastrointestinal symptom severity and, when combined with a measure of current anxiety, accounts for almost 30% of the variance. Intolerance of uncertainty differentiated diarrhea-predominant IBS patients from constipation-predominant IBS patients. Earlier research has taken a psychiatric perspective on anxiety in IBS patients—the current study may provide some support for shifting our focus to the cognitive biases that may be operating in IBS patients, regardless of the presence of an anxiety disorder. Implications for a cognitive therapy approach to IBS treatment are discussed.
Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Open Trial
Authors: Wilhelm Sabine , Steketee Gail , Reilly-Harrington Noreen A. , Deckersbach Thilo , Buhlmann Ulrike , Baer Lee
Published: July 2005

This study examined the effectiveness of a new type of purely Beckian cognitive treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The manualized treatment used a flexible format permitting therapists to choose among several modules developed to address specific OCD belief domains identified by the Obsessive-Compulsive Cognition Working Group (1997). Fifteen participants diagnosed with OCD were treated individually for 14 weekly sessions. Ten participants had never received behavior therapy, and 5 participants had failed to benefit from exposure and response prevention (ERP) in the past. Participants improved with respect to their depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms over the course of the treatment. However, those who had never received ERP improved more than those who had failed to benefit from prior ERP. Implications of the study are discussed.
Response to Ellis’ Discussion of “Science and Philosophy: Comparison of Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy”
Authors: Padesky Christine A. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: July 2005

These authors appreciate Ellis’ clarification that he encourages REBT therapists to use many of the same principles and methods used by CT therapists. His assertions that many of these elements are done more frequently or thoroughly in REBT than in CT are best evaluated by objective observers via empirical analysis of therapy transcripts, session videotapes, and treatment manuals. Such research would have particular value if it linked therapy methods with treatment outcome and relapse prevention for particular problems. In this regard, Ellis’ recommendation that REBT become more empirical is welcome. Also, these authors clarify the distinction they make between the terms philosophical and philosophically-based; empirically responsive and empirically-based. Finally, the authors applaud Ellis’ major contributions to the field.
Particle nucleation for dewetting initiation of thin polymer films
Authors: Karapanagiotis Ioannis , Gerberich William W.
Published: July 2005

A quantitative comparison between spontaneous dewetting and particle nucleation for thin (thickness = 17nm) polystyrene (PS) films on nonwettable silicon (Si) surfaces is presented both experimentally and theoretically. Performing experiments in a class 100 clean room, we found that ∼ 23% of the observed dry patches formed because of dust particles, while the majority of the holes formed via the well known spontaneous dewetting process. The result was verified qualitatively by diffusion theory, which, however, predicted a diminished role for the airborne particles, leading to the conclusion that pre‐existing particles on the Si surfaces and/or the polymer solutions contribute substantially to the dewetting process. The driving force of particle motion into the polymer film is examined by placing aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles on PS films. Finally, the effect of particle geometry is studied by placing gold (Au) disks on the free surface of PS films. An optically continuous PS film is found to be present around the periphery of the disk particles, even after the completion of the dewetting process in the rest of the sample. An attempt to explain dewetting inhibition at the vicinity of the micro‐disks, on the basis of molecular interactions developed in the system Au/PS/Si, is finally presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 138–145, 2005
Distribution of mono‐ and di‐methacrylic monomers in SBS block copolymer and its influence on the photopolymerization process
Authors: Mateo J. L. , Calvo M. , Bosch P.
Published: July 2005

Persoz hardness measurements and the analysis of the temperature dependence of the storage modulus (E′) for SBS di‐ and tetrafunctional methacrylic monomer systems were carried out to determine the distribution of the monomers in the domains or phases of the SBS block copolymer, as well as the aggregation state of each system. The forces of attraction between the monomer and the phases or domains in the matrix (similar solubility parameters with appreciable dipole‐dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions) were determinant as for the monomer distribution. The influence of these structural factors on the kinetic parameters of the photoinitiated polymerization of di‐ and tetrafunctional methacrylic monomers in the SBS matrix was studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 163–168, 2005
Synthesis and applications of a variety of fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids
Authors: Sawada Hideo , Yoshioka Hiroaki , Kawase Tokuzo , Takahashi Hidetaka , Abe Akemi , Ohashi Ryusei
Published: July 2005

Fluoroalkyl end‐capped trimethoxyvinylsilane oligomers, trimethoxyvinylsilane–N,N‐dimethylacrylamide cooligomers, and trimethoxyvinylsilane–acryloylmorpholine cooligomers were polymerized with hydrolysis and condensation between tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and trimethoxysilyl segments in oligomers to afford homogeneous fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids under mild conditions. Similarly, fluoroalkyl end‐capped N,N‐dimethylacrylamide oligomers and acryloylmorpholine oligomers reacted with TEOS under mild conditions to afford the fluorinated oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids. The formation of these fluorinated oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids is due to the homogeneous incorporation of fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers into the silica gel networks through the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the residual silanol groups in silica gels and amido groups of fluorinated oligomers. We have also succeeded in preparing new fluorinated polymer hybrids by the use of fluoroalkyl end‐capped N,N‐dimethylacrylamide co‐oligomer‐containing silsesquioxane segments. Thermal stability of a variety of fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids thus obtained was found to increase significantly compared to those of the parent fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers. In addition, in these fluorinated oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids, their sol solutions are applicable to the surface modification of glass to exhibit not only a strong oleophobicity imparted by fluorine but also a good hydrophilicity on the glass surface. Therefore, these fluorinated oligomers/silica gel polymer hybrids are suggested to have high potential for new functional materials through their unique properties imparted by not only fluorine but also by the hybrid counterparts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 169–177, 2005
Synthesis of well‐defined glycoconjugate polyacrylamides via preactivated polymers prepared by ATRP
Authors: Hu Zhicheng , Liu Ye , Hong Chunyan , Pan Caiyuan
Published: July 2005

Poly(N‐acryloxysuccinimide) (polyNAS) with narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD) applicable for the preparation of well‐defined glycoconjugate polyacrylamides were successfully prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The structures of polyNAS were characterized by 1H‐NMR and GPC. GPC results showed that the molecular weight polydispersity indices (PDI) range from 1.17 to 1.29. The molecular weights could be calculated based on 1H‐NMR results but GPC results of polyNAS by using 0.01M LiBr/DMF did not give accurate molecular weights, probably because of the complex interaction in the system. The effects of free N‐hydroxysuccimide produced in the polymerization processes on the free‐radical concentrations and apparent initiation efficiencies of ATRP were discussed. Well‐defined glycoconjugate polyacrylamides (i.e., with narrow molecular weight distributions and designed glycoconjugate degrees) were prepared by substituting N‐oxysuccimide units with galactosamine followed by reaction of ethanolamine. The galactose conjugate degrees were determined by 1H‐NMR and the total substitutions of N‐oxysuccimides were verified by 1H‐NMR and FTIR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 189–194, 2005