bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGUKURAN TINGKAT KEBISINGAN PADA STASIUN KAMAR MESIN DI PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT PT.PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA IV KEBUN ADOLINA
Authors: Erliana Cut Ita , Suhada Sinaga Aji
Published: August 2021

Pabrik Kelapa Sawit PTPN IV Kebun Adolina merupakan pabrik yang memproduksi Crude Pulm Oil (CPO). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada lingkungan kerja fisik di stasiun kamar mesin. Ada 11 stasiun pada pabrik kelapa sawit, namun tingkat kebisingan yang paling tidak normal terdapat pada stasiun kamar mesin. Rata-rata tingkat kebisingan pada stasiun kamar mesin mencapai 97dBA. Tingkat kebisingan disebabkan oleh 3 mesin turbin yang bekerja pada stasiun kamar mesin. Titik pengukuran dipetakan hingga terdapat 35 titik pengukuran yang berjarak 2 meter setiap titiknya. Setiap titik pengukuran akan dilakukan pengukuran dan dihitung dengan menggunakan metode ekuivalen. Hasil dari perhitungan tingkat kebisingan pada 35 titik pengukuran dinyatakan tidak baik, dikarenakan seluruh titik pengukuran melewati nilai ambang batas. Tingkat kebisingan pada stasiun kamar mesin perlu dilakukan reduksi. Perusahaan harus memperhatikan seluruh operator pada statsiun kamar mesin dalam hal menggunakan alat pelindung diri dan melakukan check kesehatan pendengaran operator secara rutin, sehingga pekerja terhindar dari cedera serius yang nantinya bisa terjadi.
Effects of platelet-rich plasma on in vitro proliferation and migration of fibroblasts from human chronic refractory wound granulation tissue
Authors: Zhang Tie-ning , Li Quan , Ba Te , Shao Tian-xi , Li Fang , Wang Ling-feng
Published: August 2021

Objective: To observe the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on in vitro proliferation and migration of fibroblasts from human chronic refractory wound granulation tissue.Methods: Fibroblasts were separated from human chronic refractory wound granulation tissue and then were identified. The obtained fibroblasts were divided into fetal bovine serum (FBS) group, hydrogel group and PRP group, and the three groups were cultured with culture mediums containing FBS, hydrogel and PRP respectively, in order to observe the growth of fibroblasts. The wound scratch assay was used to observe the migration of fibroblasts.Results: PRP group had more fibroblasts than FBS group and hydrogel group since Day 5 of culture, and exhibited greater fibroblast scratch migration area than FBS group on 48 h and 72 h of wound scratch assay (all p < .05).Conclusions: Compared with FBS, human fibroblasts cultured by PRP can more effectively promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts.
A Prospective Evaluation of Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography for Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Wilke Benjamin K. , Schultz Douglas S. , Huayllani Maria T. , Boczar Daniel , Spaulding Aaron C. , Sherman Courtney , Murray Peter , Forte Antonio J.
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

Postoperative wound complications after resection of soft-tissue sarcomas are challenging. Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography has previously been used to predict wound complications, but not for soft-tissue sarcomas. We aimed to evaluate whether this technology could help lower wound complications after soft-tissue sarcoma resections.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a prospective study from 10/2017 to 9/2019 using ICG angiography during sarcoma resection surgery. Rates of wound complications were compared with a historical control consisting of surgeries before utilization of ICG angiography.

Results:

A total of 88 patients were included in the study. We found significantly lower rates of infection (11.8% versus 38%; P = 0.03) and wound dehiscence (11.8% versus 42.3%; P = 0.02) in the ICG angiography cohort compared with the historical controls.

Conclusion:

ICG angiography use during soft-tissue sarcoma resections is promising technology and warrants further investigation to help reduce postoperative complications.
Language Attitudes Studies Between the Past and the Present: The Current State of Research in the Arab World and Within the Saudi Context
Authors: Towairesh Abdullah Abdulrahman Bin
Published: August 2021

Language attitudes studies are integral to our understanding of language-society dynamics, specifically in regions where linguistic diversity can create issues connected to social structure and social cohesion. The field of language attitudes studies heavily impacts research in areas such as language planning and policy, education and workplace inequality, and cultural discrimination. Thus, it is important to have a work that presents an overview of the most important notions and concepts in this field, with a specific focus on topics such as defining language attitudes, the components of an attitude, and the different methods of measuring it. This paper aims at providing this overview in addition to assessing the current status of language attitudes studies in the Arab world and outlining the challenges and opportunities for researchers in this field. One of the significant characteristics of language attitudes research in this region is the lack of studies that focus on the inequality dimension. Many studies in this region have opted to investigate the Standard-Spoken dichotomy and the attitudes of speakers toward foreign languages such as French and English. Researching issues such as the attitudes toward other Arabic varieties and toward migrant guest workers’ use of pidgins remains limited in the Arab context. Factors such as cultural rivalry and national pride may represent some of the obstacles in the path of conducting broader studies in the field of language attitudes in this region.
Measuring model of consumer’s moral reasoning in sport marketing: a scale development
Authors: Manouchehri Jasem , Soheili Behzad
Published: August 2021

Objetivo do estudo: O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa foi a padronização de um modelo para medir a quantidade de raciocínio moral do consumidor em face do escândalo moral de celebridades do esporte.Metodologia: Os participantes desta pesquisa foram todos estudantes de graduação em educação física e ciências do esporte em universidades do Irã, e uma abordagem de método misto contendo entrevistas com questões abertas como fase qualitativa e, em seguida, análise fatorial confirmatória como fase quantitativa foram usados para determinar a validade de as ferramentas de pesquisa.Originalidade: as ofensas do atleta endossante são consideradas imorais. Em vista da psicologia moral, os sentimentos morais ocorrem direta e automaticamente e o raciocínio moral é buscado para criar razões morais. O raciocínio moral é uma situação em que os indivíduos tendem a escolher informações diante dos fenômenos e tentar obter seu resultado moral.Principais resultados: Os achados mostraram que a validade e confiabilidade do modelo de mensuração, adaptado aos achados qualitativos, recebeu valores aceitáveis em comparação com os valores relatados em outros estudos. O modelo de mensuração dos componentes do raciocínio moral na estimação padrão, coeficientes significativos e parâmetros obtidos do modelo mostraram bom ajuste do modelo.Contribuições metodológicas: O presente estudo limitou-se à violação de doping de atletas endossantes e é necessário que outras violações que levem a propaganda negativa e afetem o raciocínio moral do consumidor, como interessante tema de estudo, sejam consideradas por outros pesquisadores.Contribuições do managemnet: Devido à visão frequentemente negativa em relação ao atleta dopado antes do raciocínio moral, sugere-se que os contratos de endosso sejam mais rigorosos por parte das empresas e parece mais sensato usar celebridades de esportes onde o número de seus testes de doping positivos é menor e há pouca chance de tal violação. Em última análise, considerando as diferentes percepções da comunidade esportiva e da população em geral sobre o doping ou qualquer violação, o estudo das diferenças pode ser de interesse para futuros pesquisadores.
Fatores de competitividade que influenciam a escolha do turista entre o transporte aéreo e os trens de alta velocidade: uma revisão da literatura publicada em inglês (1995-2020)
Authors: Braga Debora Cordeiro , Paixão Caroline Vasconcelos da , De Brito Pereira Isabeli , Santos Mariana Pereira dos
Published: August 2021

Objetivo do estudo: Analisar os temas sobre competitividade entre transporte aéreo e trem de alta velocidade, publicados em periódicos internacionais, compreendendo a evolução do número de trabalhos publicados ao longo do tempo e avaliando a abordagem de quais fatores de competitividade influenciam a decisão de passageiros por modais de transporte.Metodologia/abordagem: Revisão bibliográfica, utilizando o método de análise bibliométrica, de artigos internacionais, através da base de dados Scopus. A aplicação dos resultados se deu com o apontamento dos fatores de competitividade mais estudados ao longo do tempo, apresentados através de tabelas e gráficos. Originalidade/relevância: O transporte é um componente intrínseco ao turismo, porém, a literatura faz pouca conexão entre ambos, no que tange às análises sobre competitividade. Além disso, há uma lacuna nos estudos nacionais sobre o tema ou que estimulem a produção de pesquisas que tratem do assunto.Principais resultados: Os fatores mais estudados e que se mostram como influenciadores na escolha do modal são: distância e o acesso aos terminais; frequência das partidas; preço; tempo de viagem; e confiabilidade. Além de outros que não se mostram tão frequentes nos estudos, como questões ambientais, segurança e conforto, mas, é reconhecida uma tendência na abordagem destes fatores.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: (i) apresenta um panorama geral dos temas tratados em publicações internacionais sobre competitividade entre os modais aéreo e ferroviário; (ii) aponta a evolução do número de trabalhos publicados sobre o tema; (iii) indica quais são os oito principais fatores de competitividade entre os modais, abordados nos artigos analisados.
Counseling LGBT Military Clients Using the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies Framework
Authors: Cole Rebekah F
Published: August 2021

When working with LGBT service member clients, counselors should use the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies as a framework to guide their practice as they navigate the intersection between the military culture and LGBT culture. This framework addresses four domains that are foundational for multicultural and social justice competency: (a) counselor self-awareness, (b) the client worldview, (c) the counseling relationship, and (d) counseling and advocacy interventions. Included in the framework are the following aspirational competencies within each domain: attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills, and action. Best practices for culturally competent, social-justice-focused work with LGBT service members within each of these domains are discussed.
Dissemination of algorithms for decision-making aiding in the design of furniture and other products made of lignocellulosic materials in the scientific literature
Authors: Jasińska Anna , Sydor Maciej
Published: August 2021

Dissemination of algorithms for decision-making aiding in the design of furniture and other products made of lignocellulosic materials in the scientific literature. The issue of the proper selection of dimensions of the designed products can be supported with the use of mathematical algorithms built into CAD systems. There are many such algorithms, they have their specificity and areas of application. The article lists a dozen or so of the most popular algorithms of this type, and then checks their prevalence in the scientific literature on furniture design. The result is a point the method (group of methods) that best takes into account the specific features of lignocellulosic materials. The main conclusion is that the most popular algorithms are: the ε-constraint method, genetic algorithms and artificial immune systems. The most popular is the ε-constraint method.
Contamination with microscopic fungi measured by the concentration of ergosterol in dusts of various types of wood with different granulation
Authors: Szablewski Tomasz , Szwajkowska-Michałek Lidia , Pędzik Marta , Rogoziński Tomasz , Stupor-Szablewska Kinga
Published: August 2021

Contamination with microscopic fungi measured by the concentration of ergosterol in dusts of various types of wood with different granulation. Dusts are a mixture of compounds generated both in the anthropogenic and natural environment and they are a by-product of combustion and abrasion or crushing of solid materials. Dust generated in wood industry plants as a result of mechanical wood processing is particularly dangerous. Wood dusts - both dispersed in the air inside a production plant and deposited - also contain the work environment's so-called biological agents. This term refers to microorganisms and the structures and substances produced by these organisms, which have an adverse effect on the human organism and may cause numerous diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the level of contamination with microscopic fungi of dusts from various types of wood depending on the granulation. The method of analysis of the chemical ergosterol marker was used here, the concentration of which is correlated with the number of mycoscopic fungi. On the basis of the study, it was found that dusts with finer granulation from deciduous wood are characterized by a higher concentration of ERG, i.e. a higher level of contamination with microscopic fungi. It is important information from the point of view of health and safety at work.
Sliding angle of repose and pickup velocity of chosen types of chipped wood
Authors: Trofimov Sergei , Rogoziński Tomasz
Published: August 2021

Sliding angle of repose and pickup velocity of chosen types of chipped wood. The report presents the results of the study of conditions sufficient for the motion or immobility of a layer of chipped wood on an inclined plane of sliding and the value of the air velocity in a horizontal duct for lifting or settling a layer of particles of bulk material. When performing the work, special laboratory units were used with adjustment of the angle of inclination of the sliding plane and air velocity in the pipeline. The results of experimental studies can be used to solve issues of transportation, bunkering and storage of some common species and types of chipped wood (sawdust, shavings, sanding dust).
Mathematics Heritage Project: An Exploration Empowering Students' Mathematical Identities
Authors: Desai Siddhi , Kurtz Brianna , Safi Farshid
Published: August 2021

The International Study Group on Ethnomathematics (ISGEm) supports incorporating cultural diversity of mathematical practices to promote the teaching and learning of school mathematics. Through The Mathematics Heritage Project, students at a middle school in the southeastern United States developed unique creations to connect with the mathematics connected to their identities and self-identified cultural group. Upon reflection, students reported an increased awareness of the relevance of mathematics in their lives and a sense of ownership that is both meaningful and modern.
Assessment, Evaluation, and Grading: A Reflection on My Radicalization
Authors: Bremser Priscilla
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic forced instructors to adapt their assessment practices. For this author, that adaptation led to a reconsideration of evaluation systems, given the ways in which such systems can interfere with learning and perpetuate inequities. The author describes resulting changes in her grading of student work and evaluation of faculty colleagues.
Can We Science the Poop, Too?
Authors: Banting Nat
Published: August 2021

This article describes how an innocuous question from a primary schooler taught me to pay attention to the dynamic meaning making activities of children—particularly, those of my young daughter. Through this lens, I examine how the verb-based world of children might compel us to think differently about the largely nominalized project of schooling and, more specifically, about the craft of teaching mathematics.
Archimedes of Syracuse and Sir Isaac Newton: On the Quadrature of a Parabola
Authors: Hooper Wyatte
Published: August 2021

Good mathematics stands the test of time. As culture changes, we often ask different questions, bringing new perspectives, but modern mathematics stands on ancient discoveries. Isaac Newton’s discovery of calculus (along with Leibniz) may seem old but is predated by Archimedes’ findings. Current mathematics students should be familiar with parabolas and simple curves; in our introductory calculus courses, we teach them to compute the areas under such curves. Our modern approach derives its roots from Newton’s work; however, we have filled in many of the gaps in the pursuit of mathematical rigor. What many students may not know is that Archimedes solved the area problem for parabolas long before the use of algebraic expressions became mainstream. Archimedes used the geometry of the ancient Greeks, which gave him a vastly different perspective. In this paper we provide both Archimedes’ and Newton’s proofs involving the quadrature of the parabola, trying to remain true to their original texts as much as feasible.
Mathematical Rigor From Within
Authors: Abrams Lowell
Published: August 2021

There is a certain feel that is unique to the rarefied context of rigorous mathematics. These poems constitute an exploration of my experience of mathematical rigor when I am in the midst of exercising my skills as a research mathematician.
Asymptotic Dream
Authors: Gonzalez Oscar
Published: August 2021

A love poem about breaching mathematical limits, inspired by the tragic beauty of calculus.
Fourth VOICES Conference On Teaching STEM With Song
Authors: Lesser Lawrence
Published: August 2021

The fourth VOICES (Virtual Ongoing Interdisciplinary Collaborations on Educating with Song) conference will be held September 26, 2021, with its Sunday date especially targeting those whose teaching schedule precludes attendance on a weekday. This online-only conference explores the use of song to teach STEM content at the college or secondary school level and will include reviewed interactive sessions, video-posters, and discussions of interest to both practitioners and researchers.
Microwave Synthesized Functional Dyes
Authors: Marganakop Sheetal , Kattimani Pramod , Belgur Satyanarayana Sudha , Kamble Ravindra
Published: August 2021

Microwave chemistry involves the application of microwave radiation to chemical reactions and has played an important role in organic synthesis. Functional dyes are those with hi-tech applications and this chapter attempts to provide an overview of the recent developments in microwave-assisted synthesis of functional dyes. Emphasis has been paid to the microwave-assisted synthesis of dye molecules which are useful in hi-tech applications such as optoelectronics (dye-sensitized solar cells), photochromic materials, liquid crystal displays, newer emissive displays (organic-light emitting devices), electronic materials (organic semiconductors), imaging technologies (electrophotography viz., photocopying and laser printing), biomedical applications (fluorescent sensors and anticancer treatment such as photodynamic therapy). In this chapter, the advantages of microwaves as a source of energy for heating synthesis reactions have been demonstrated. The use of microwaves to functional dyes is a paradigm shift in dye chemistry. Until recently most academic laboratories did not practice this technique in the synthesis of such functional dyes but many reports are being appeared in the journals of high repute.
History and Overview of Proton Therapy
Authors: L. Elaimy Ameer , Ding Linda , Bradford Carla , Geng Yansong , Bushe Harry , Kuo I-Lin , Fan Yankhua , Liu Fenhong , Khalifeh Abdulnasser , Yu Suhong , Saleeby Jonathan , Shen James , O’Connor Kevin , Ulin Kenneth
Published: August 2021

The use of proton therapy in oncology is not a new idea. The unique physical properties of protons and potential advantages in radiation therapy were initially recognized in the 1940s. Since the first patients were treated in the 1950s, technology and clinical applications have evolved as evidenced by the increasing number of proton therapy centers and patients being treated throughout the world. This chapter will review the history of proton therapy providing a detailed overview of the cyclotron and synchrotron techniques used and how they have advanced with time.
Direct and External Hybrid Modulation Approaches for Access Networks
Authors: E. Abejide Adebayo , R. Kota Madhava , Pandey Sushma , Aboderin Oluyomi , Pinho Cátia , Lima Mário , Teixeira António
Published: August 2021

The demand for low-cost high-speed transmission is a major challenge for 5G future networks. To meet this optical communication demand, holistic and painstaking approaches are required in designing a simplified system model. Since the demands for high bandwidth are growing at unprecedented speed as we approach the Zettabyte era, it is crucial to minimize chromatic dispersion (CD) associated to high bit-rate signals. Mitigating CD electronically comes at high cost which may not be compatible with 5G. Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) as an enabler for fast speed optical transmission is still undergoing its growth stage and its major speed and efficiency have not yet been attained. However, proper and right combination of components and approaches can potentiate this technology in a more cost-efficient way. Hybrid modulation (HM)-PIC presents a simplified approach in terms of cost and efficiency for 5G networks. Hybridization of existing modulation components and approaches in PIC can enhance the generation of high bit-rate signals without the need for electrical CD compensation. A detailed study of hybrid multilevel signal modulation concept as a valuable solution for Data Centers (DC) high data-rate signals and next-generation Passive Optical Networks (PONs) is proposed.
Proton Therapy Center Layout and Interface
Authors: L. Elaimy Ameer , Ding Linda , Glanzman Jonathan , Shanmugham Lakshmi , Herrick Beth , Morr Jody , Han Dan , C. Buchsbaum Jeffrey , J. FitzGerald Thomas
Published: August 2021

Due to space requirements and a substantial financial burden, the feasibility of health systems adopting proton therapy has been called into question. However, advances in facility design and treatment delivery have allowed institutions offering proton therapy to reduce footprint while incorporating technological improvements at reduced costs. As the number of centers and patients treated continue to increase, this chapter will review the layout and interface of proton therapy facilities providing a detailed overview of the design, costs and faculty and staff considerations.
Shock Tube Combustion Analysis
Authors: Marcio Santana Claudio , Eduardo Mautone Barros Jose
Published: August 2021

The shock tube is a metal tube that the gas at low pressure and high pressure are separated by a diaphragm. When the diaphragm (make of material copper and aluminum) breaks on predetermined conditions (high pressure in this case) produces shock waves that move from the high-pressure chamber (known the compression chamber or Driver section) for low pressure chamber (known the expansion chamber or Driven section). The objective of this work is the correlate the ignition delay times of convectional Diesel and Biodiesel from soybean oil measured in a shock tube. The results were correlated with the cetane number of respective fuels and compared with the ignition delay times of Diesel and Biodiesel with cetane numbers of known. The ignition delay time of biodiesel from soybean oil was approximately three times greater than the ignition delay time of convectional Diesel. The contribution of this work is that it shows why pure biodiesel should not be used as substitutes for Diesel compression ignition engines without any major changes in the engines.
Challenges in Controlling Vibriosis in Shrimp Farms
Authors: Chellapandian Hethesh , Sivakamavalli Jeyachandran , Vijay Anand A. , Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan
Published: August 2021

Recently the shrimp farming has blooming as a crucial counterpart in the aquaculture industry which contribute the remarkable role in sea food production as well economy of the country. However, this could be fluctuated every year through several circumstances such as unfavorable (Poor water and soil quality) environmental factors. The environmental factors includes disease causing bacterial pathogens in the soil and water which causes the bacterial diseases in the aquatic animals, like this hectic problems are prevented through bioaugmentation strategies. The pond environment plays a vital role in determining the healthy culture system, but there is high risk for manipulation by bacterial community which takes care of waste generated in the system through in situ bioremediation. Due to the impact of rapidly growing bacterial diseases of shrimps throughout the world, numerous studies have been carried out to find immunostimulants, immunomodulators and biotic component that can be used against vibrio causing pathogens, and can also be used as an alternative for antibiotics. Recent research focus towards the marine resources such as microalgae, seaweed, live feeds (like artemia, copepods, rotifers), bacteriophage, and probiotics have been found to have higher potential in reducing vibriosis. Eco-based shrimp farming includes green water technology, phage therapy bio-floc technology (BFT) and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), these methods hold a promising alternative to antibiotics in the near future. Bacterial diseases caused by vibrios have been reported in penaeid shrimp culture systems implicating at least 14 species and they are Vibrio harveyi, V. splendidus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. vulnificuslogei etc.
Geothermal Power Generation
Authors: Yusupov Ziyodulla , Almaktar Mohamed
Published: August 2021

Bulk power system based on fossil fuels becomes less reliable and stable in economic terms, technically more labor-consuming and harmful environmental impact. These problems have led many countries to find ways to supply the electricity from a green and sustainable energy source. The electricity derived from renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, biomass and geothermal refers to as green and sustainable energy. Geothermal energy is not only utilized for electric power generation, but it is also exploited to generate environmentally friendly heat energy. As of the end of 2018, geothermal global cumulative installed capacity exceeded 13 GW, generated an energy of about 630 peta joule (PJ). This chapter presents the geothermal energy resource in terms of the types of power plants, principle of the electricity generation and current world status of geothermal resource utilization. The issues such as advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy economically and environmentally and means to overcome shortcomings are also considered. The main barriers for the development of geothermal industry include high resource and exploration risk, overall high development cost particularly drilling, and inadequate financing and grant support. The global averaged cost of electricity for the geothermal facility is nearly 0.072 USD/kWh as compared to 0.056 for onshore wind and 0.047 USD/kWh for hydropower. However, the technology is rather competitive to other renewables such as concentrating solar power (0.185 USD/kWh) and offshore wind (0.127 USD/kWh). Meanwhile, further research and development is critically needed to eliminate the non-condensable gases (NCGs) associated with the geothermal power generation.
The Intervention of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Interactions Lead to the Disappearing of Virus Particles
Authors: Abdulaziz Othman Alkubaisi Noorah , Mohammed Amin Aref Nagwa
Published: August 2021

In the context of plant-pathogen interaction, the application of nanoparticle technology and efficient transportation of substances, such as systemic AuNPs to the specific coupling of AuNPs and virus, provide novel solutions for the treatment of plants against the virus. The included data proved that AuNPs provide an efficient means to control virus infection in a fashion way with reducing collateral damage. The AuNPs assure fatal damage to the VLPs with low concentration using different AuNPs sizes. Synergistic therapeutic effects could lead to virus resistance.
Insights of Cisplatin Resistance in Cervical Cancer: A Decision Making for Cellular Survival
Authors: Mahapatra Elizabeth , Das Salini , Biswas Souvick , Ghosh Archismaan , Sengupta Debomita , Roy Madhumita , Mukherjee Sutapa
Published: August 2021

The clinical scenario of acquired cisplatin resistance is considered as a major impediment in cervical cancer treatment. Bulky drug-DNA adducts formed by cisplatin elicits DNA damage response (DDR) which either subsequently induces apoptosis in the cervical cancer cells or enables them to adapt with drug assault by invigorating pro-survival molecular cascades. When HPV infected cervical cancer cells encounter cisplatin, a complex molecular interaction between deregulated tumor suppressors, DNA damage-repair enzymes, and prosurvival molecules get initiated. Ambiguous molecular triggers allow cancer cells to cull apoptosis by opting for a survival fate. Overriding of the apoptotic cues by the pro-survival cues renders a cisplatin resistant phenotype in the tumor microenvironment. The present review undrapes the impact of deregulated signaling nexus formed due to crosstalk of the key molecules related to cell survival and apoptosis in orchestrating platinum resistance in cervical cancer.
Measuring Marine Protected Areas’ Conservation Effort: A Different Look at Three Deeply-Rooted Illusions
Authors: Beuret Jean-Eudes , Cadoret Anne
Published: August 2021

As a major tool for policies to protect biodiversity, the current idea of Marine Protected Areas is based on a triptych (a status, a perimeter, and regulations) that is intended to ensure their effectiveness, with the conservation effort assessed by adding up the classified surface areas. Based on an international comparative analysis using 13 differentiated case studies, we take another look at three founding illusions according to which (a) the MPA status corresponds to protection (b) on the level of the classified perimeter, and (c) founded upon regulations laid down to be respected. Our analysis shows that the status is an activatable capital, whose activation may encounter various obstacles that we have listed; that we should distinguish between two levels and types of protection, active and passive, rather than stick to the classified perimeter; that the lack of specific regulations means nothing with regard to the lack of protection; and that MPAs with a legal arsenal at their disposal use these rules first and foremost as a medium for dialogue with stakeholders, with various aims. This analysis leads us to specify what MPAs actually are, and to suggest new means and indicators to assess the conservation efforts made.
Cognitive Decision-Making in Dynamic Systems: When the Objectivity (of the Processing) Does Not Guarantee the Validity (of the Choice of Action)
Authors: Cadet Bernard
Published: August 2021

Since around 1970, academic studies on decision-making have changed in nature. Whereas they used to be laboratory studies of selected situations giving rise to the expression of individual choices, nowadays studies focus on real situations. These situations are processed in their natural contexts at the time they occur. The decisions to be made concern generally social problems (for instance forest fires, maritime pollution or global warming). This mutation in the nature of situations studied requires a paradigm shift, which leads to elaborate decisions in complex, dynamic and evolving systems, even sometimes resilient to human actions implemented to control them. This chapter analyses, at individual and group level (crisis units), cognitive difficulties encountered by decision-makers in handling such situations. These situations consist in treating information by assigning them, from the outset, meanings (sometimes personal). This is done by looking for temporary interactions, while respecting the global nature of the situation, by focusing on knowing the properties of context as well as those of the temporal evolution of the system concerned. This chapter analyses a case study for which urgent and fundamental decisions could not be taken and proposes an interpretation in terms of paradigms. Previous studies noted that the decision in complex systems, could entail paradoxes. This study on the decision-making dynamic shows that seeking objectivity, as defined under its current intangible form, does not produce a significant increase in the validity of choices made.
Consequence of Meteorological Parameters on the Transmission of Covid-19
Authors: Sharma Manish , Bangotra Pargin , Sagar Gautam Alok
Published: August 2021

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The characteristics of the spread of COVID-19 infection from one person to another have led to an increasing number of infected cases and caused tremendous pressure around the world. The rapid spread of COVID-19 infection has made it a pandemic. In India, as of mid-May 2020, there were approximately 75,048 confirmed cases and 2,440 deaths due to COVID-19 alone. In order to break the COVID-19 chain, the Indian government decided to implement a lockdown, which was first implemented on March 23, 2020. The significant benefits of the lockdown have led to a reduction in air pollutants in cities around the world. The significant benefits of the lockdown have led to a reduction in air pollutants in cities around the world. The importance of particulate matter, temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) to the spread of the COVID-19 virus and its correlation with the total number of cases (TC), active cases (AC), recovered cases (RC) and death cases (DC) Reference DEL will be discussed in detail in this chapter.
The Role of Aflatoxins in Aspergillus flavus Resistance to Stress
Authors: Reverberi Massimo , Beccaccioli Marzia , Zaccaria Marco
Published: August 2021

Aspergillus section Flavi produce the aflatoxins, secondary metabolites toxic to humans and animals. Why do these fungi produce aflatoxins? They do not have a clear role in pathogenicity or in niche competition. Aspergillus employs a considerable amount of energy to synthesize them: more than 20 enzymatic catalyzes are needed. Within the A. flavus species, all opportunistic pathogens of maize, more than half of the natural population are atoxigenic, indicating that aflatoxins are not so obviously linked to an enhancement of population fitness. The perspective changes in A. parasiticus, pathogen to peanuts, where more than 90% of the natural population produce the four aflatoxins. In this chapter, we aim to discuss our recent hypothesis that aflatoxins act as antioxidants providing more time to Aspergillus to “escape” an exploited substrate, that in the meanwhile is “fully charged” with reactive oxygen species and oxylipins.
Physicochemical Insights of the Organic Matter Particles Dispersed in Wastewaters Induced by Bio-Polyelectrolytes
Authors: A. Quintero Gonzalez Carlos , A. López-Maldonado Eduardo , T. Oropeza-Guzmán Mercedes
Published: August 2021

The turbidity and color of the water are mainly caused by colloidal particles. These particles remain in suspension for a long time and can even pass through a very fine filter medium, since they do not have a tendency to agglomerate. Due to this, polyelectrolytes such as chitosan have been used in coagulation-flocculation processes because they dissociate into charged species in solution and these contribute to charges or dissociable groups which are covalently bound to its structure. With the zeta potential measurements (ζ) vs. pH and particle size, the ideal dose of bio-polyelectrolyte was determined with which, the isoelectric point (IEP) was reached, generating electroneutrality in the system, removing 92% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results discussed here represent a sustainable alternative to the water reuse and sanitation problem of the fish processing industry. The use of bio-polyelectrolytes offers that the by-products obtained from the coagulation-flocculation process can be reused and recovered for other uses.
Suicide: A Public Health Problem in Brazil
Authors: Cecília de Souza Minayo Maria , Alves Bahia Camila
Published: August 2021

This text focuses on the situation of suicide in Brazil, defines and quantifies information, and presents a description of the main risk factors, as well as a reflection on the phenomenon and the possibilities for prevention. Fatal suicide is a serious public health problem. In 2012, 172 member states of the World Health Organization registered 804,000 self-inflicted deaths, representing an annual rate of 11.4/100,000, of which 15/100,000 men and 8.0/100,000 women. Consummate suicide rates are unevenly distributed globally, within countries, according to sex and according to age groups. The mortality rate is highest in Asia (17.7/100 thousand inhabitants), followed in Europe (12/100 thousand inhabitants). The Americas have a mortality rate of 7.3/100 thousand inhabitants (WHO, 2014). In Brazil, with an unevenly distributions between the regions, gender and ages, the total rate is 4.5/100,000. In the country and everywhere, risk factors are classified as medical, psychiatric and psychological, micro social, social and environmental. The history of the occurrence of suicides shows that it is possible to prevent them and to reduce the incidence rates. This requires investment in local diagnostics and multidisciplinary action. Given the delicacy of the problem and the taboos that surround it, the protection network for people at risk for suicide needs to be constantly in the process of training and taking action. As national and international surveys show, at least two-thirds of the individuals who tried or committed suicide had somehow communicated to friends, family, acquaintances or health professionals their intention to kill themselves.
Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and in Experimental Arthritis: Evaluation of Combinations of Carnosic Acid and Extract ofRhodiola roseaL. with Methotrexate
Authors: Ponist Silvester , Pruzinska Katarina , Bauerova Katarina
Published: August 2021

The host immune response generates the pro-inflammatory immune response as a protective measure against invading pathogens, allergens, and/or trauma. However, dysregulated and chronic inflammation may result in secondary damage to tissues and immune pathology to the host. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease which primarily involves synovial inflammation, joint pain, immobility, and stiffness. Increased infiltration of inflammatory immune cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes into joints, form pannus and small blood vessels that lead to synovium and cartilage destruction. In this chapter we will focus on the role of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17), chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the pathogenesis of experimental arthritis in animals and in human RA. Further, we will be discussing about methotrexate’s (cornerstone of anti-rheumatic therapy) immune suppressing activity, anti-inflammatory properties of carnosic acid and extract of Rhodiola rosea L., and their innovative combination treatments with methotrexate in rat adjuvant arthritis.
Teachers’ Time for Planning, Assessment and Development Connected to Staff Well-Being in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Heikka Johanna , Kahila Sanni , Pitkäniemi Harri , Hujala Eeva
Published: August 2021

The planning, assessment and development (PAD) of pedagogy carried out by early childhood education (ECE) teachers is an important quality factor in ECE. In Finland, the working hours reserved for PAD tasks for ECE teachers were increased from 8 to 13% in 2018. The purpose of this study was to investigate ECE teachers’ and centre directors’ perceptions of the impact of increased PAD hours on the well-being of ECE staff. Based on the mixed-methods approach, 325 ECE teachers and 107 ECE centre directors participated in the study. The results of the study indicated that, apart from the atmosphere in the work community, the impact of working hours on the well-being at work was positive. In particular, the reform has increased the well-being of teachers at work. The increased PAD hours have had only a minor impact on the well-being of all staff.
A Brief Summary of EEG Artifact Handling
Authors: Kaya İbrahim
Published: August 2021

There are various obstacles in the way of use of EEG. Among these, the major obstacles are the artifacts. While some artifacts are avoidable, due to the nature of the EEG techniques there are inevitable artifacts as well. Artifacts can be categorized as internal/physiological or external/non-physiological. The most common internal artifacts are ocular or muscular origins. Internal artifacts are difficult to detect and remove, because they contain signal information as well. For both resting state EEG and ERP studies, artifact handling needs to be carefully carried out in order to retain the maximal signal. Therefore, an effective management of these inevitable artifacts is critical for the EEG based researches. Many researchers from various fields studied this challenging phenomenon and came up with some solutions. However, the developed methods are not well known by the real practitioners of EEG as a tool because of their limited knowledge about these engineering approaches. They still use the traditional visual inspection of the EEG. This work aims to inform the researchers working in the field of EEG about the artifacts and artifact management options available in order to increase the awareness of the available tools such as EEG preprocessing pipelines.
Fabry Disease
Authors: Kåks Ida , Magnusson Peter
Published: August 2021

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder where deficient or completely absent activity of the enzyme α-galactosidas A leads to accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and other glycosphingolipids in lysosomes. The condition is rare, approximately 1:50,000, although underdiagnosis seems frequent. The condition can affect multiple organ systems, including the skin, nervous system, kidneys, and heart. Early manifestations include skin lesions (angiokeratoma), neuropathic pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Later on, FD can result in cardiomyopathy, kidney failure, and stroke. Both lifespan and health-related quality of life are affected negatively by FD. Patients are divided into a classical or a non-classical phenotype based on presentation, where the diagnosis of classical FD requires that a set of specific criteria are met. Patients with non-classical FD often have a less severe disease course, sometimes limited to one organ. The hereditary pattern is X-linked. Thus, men are in general more severely affected than women, although there is an overlap in symptomatic burden. Two types of specific treatment options are available: enzyme replacement therapy and pharmacological chaperone therapy. In addition to this, management of each organ manifestation with usual treatment is indicated.
Red and Purple Flesh Potatoes a Healthy and Attractive Alternative Associated with New Market Trends
Authors: Pino María-Teresa , Vergara Cristina
Published: August 2021

The potato is the fourth most important crop in the world in terms of human food, after maize, wheat and rice (FAOSTAT, 2019). The cultivated potato is a vital food-security crop considering its worldwide growth, from latitudes 65° Lat N to 53° Lat S, high yield, and great nutritive value. The potato is a good source of dietary energy and micronutrients, and its protein content is high in comparison with other roots and tubers. The cultivated potato is also a concentrated source of vitamin C and some minerals such as potassium and magnesium. Tuber flesh color generally ranges from white to dark yellow in cultivated potato; however, the high potato diversity shows tuber flesh color varies from white to dark purple. Red and purple-flesh potatoes are an interesting alternative for consumers due to phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The goal of this publication is to show the advances in red and purple flesh potato, in terms of anthocyanin profile, color extraction and stability in simulated in vitro digestion.
Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematodes Using Trichoderma Spp.
Authors: Mulusa Linnley
Published: August 2021

Agriculture is an important activity globally since it ensures food security and is a source of income for many families, especially those living in underprivileged countries. The continuous growth in the global population has seen farmers increase the crop production acreage to meet the increasing demand for food and avert food shortage. Despite this, farmers continue to harvest lower yields than anticipated, which threatens global food security. The reduced yields result from outdated and ineffective farming practices as well as pests and diseases. Diseases are a significant cause of reduced crop yields globally. Biotic and abiotic factors cause diseases. Of the recognized biotic causes of disease, root-knot nematodes, also known as Meloidogyne spp. are plant-parasitic nematodes that cause significant losses to farmers in terms of reduced plant yields. Over the years, researchers have conducted several studies on the effective use of Trichoderma spp. fungi as a biocontrol agent for these pathogens. This paper analyzes the advancements made towards the effective and efficient biocontrol of Meloidogyne spp. using Trichoderma spp. and the implications of these advancements for agriculture and food security.
Review of Existing Methods for Evaluating Adhesive Bonds in Timber Products
Authors: Shirmohammadi Maryam , Leggate William
Published: August 2021

Gluing is an integral part of the majority of production processes in the timber industry. The effectiveness of adhesive application, glue bond development and glue penetration into the wood structure is becoming more and more important as more structural glued timber products are used in construction and other applications. The continued increase in utilisation of mass timber products (MTPs) such as CLT, glulam and LVL in tall timber buildings requires an accurate and in-depth understanding of adhesive roles and their performance effectiveness during the life span of any of those products in relation to the type of loading applied, environmental effects (e.g. RH and temperature) and in-service condition of elements (e.g. exposure to major wet events and degradation from decay). This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing imaging and other visualisation methods used to assess the glue line properties and examine the performance of glue lines in relation to factors such as species, product type and environmental conditions during manufacture and in-service life.
Suicide Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Pathogenesis and Neurocognitive Mechanisms
Authors: J.D. Allen Kenneth
Published: August 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with varied neuropsychiatric sequelae, including elevated risk for later suicidal behaviors (SBs). This chapter provides a qualitative narrative review of hypothesized biological and neurocognitive mechanisms linking TBI to subsequent SBs. The following selective review specifically highlights: (1) Structural and functional alterations to neural circuitry secondary to common head injuries (e.g., concussions or mild TBI) as well as severe or repetitive TBI (e.g., chronic traumatic encephalopathy); (2) Overlap between post-TBI neuropsychological deficits and proposed bio-behavioral indicators of suicide risk; and (3) Potential neurocognitive mediators of the relationship between TBI and SBs, with a particular focus on executive functions involved in self-regulation (i.e., cognitive and affective inhibitory control) and their neural substrates, e.g., corticolimbic, frontostriatal, and frontoparietal circuitry. The chapter concludes with theoretical and practical implications of this shared pathophysiology, based on the reviewed empirical literature.