bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A genetically encoded far‐red fluorescent calcium ion biosensor derived from a biliverdin‐binding protein
Authors: Hashizume Rina , Fujii Hajime , Mehta Sohum , Ota Keisuke , Qian Yong , Zhu Wenchao , Drobizhev Mikhail , Nasu Yusuke , Zhang Jin , Bito Haruhiko , Campbell Robert E.
Published: September 2022

Far‐red and near‐infrared (NIR) genetically encoded calcium ion (Ca2+) indicators (GECIs) are powerful tools for in vivo and multiplexed imaging of neural activity and cell signaling. Inspired by a previous report to engineer a far‐red fluorescent protein (FP) from a biliverdin (BV)‐binding NIR FP, we have developed a far‐red fluorescent GECI, designated iBB‐GECO1, from a previously reported NIR GECI. iBB‐GECO1 exhibits a relatively high molecular brightness, an inverse response to Ca2+ with ΔF/Fmin = −13, and a near‐optimal dissociation constant (Kd) for Ca2+ of 105 nM. We demonstrate the utility of iBB‐GECO1 for four‐color multiplexed imaging in MIN6 cells and five‐color imaging in HEK293T cells. Like other BV‐binding GECIs, iBB‐GECO1 did not give robust signals during in vivo imaging of neural activity in mice, but did provide promising results that will guide future engineering efforts.

Significance

Genetically encoded calcium ion (Ca2+) indicators (GECIs) compatible with common far‐red laser lines (~630–640 nm) on commercial microscopes are of critical importance for their widespread application to deep‐tissue multiplexed imaging of neural activity. In this study, we engineered a far‐red excitable fluorescent GECI, designated iBB‐GECO1, that exhibits a range of preferable specifications such as high brightness, large fluorescence response to Ca2+, and compatibility with multiplexed imaging in mammalian cells.
Encapsulation of the Graphene Nanoribbon Precursor 1,2,4‐Trichlorobenzene in Boron Nitride Nanotubes at Room Temperature
Authors: Cadena Ana , Pekker Áron , Botka Bea , Dodony Erzsébet , Fogarassy Zsolt , Pécz Béla , Kamarás Katalin
Published: September 2022

Graphene nanoribbons are prepared inside boron nitride nanotubes by liquid phase encapsulation and subsequent annealing of 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene. The product is imaged with high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and characterized by optical absorption and Raman spectroscopy. Carbon‐containing material is detected inside the boron nitride nanotubes with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The observed structures twist under the electron beam and the characteristic features of nanoribbons appear in the Raman spectra.
Preclinical robotic device for magnetic resonance imaging guided focussed ultrasound
Authors: Giannakou Marinos , Antoniou Anastasia , Damianou Christakis
Published: September 2022

Background

A robotic device featuring three motion axes was manufactured for preclinical research on focussed ultrasound (FUS). The device comprises a 2.75 MHz single element ultrasonic transducer and is guided by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Methods

The compatibility of the device with the MRI was evaluated by estimating the influence on the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The efficacy of the transducer in generating ablative temperatures was evaluated in phantoms and excised porcine tissue.

Results

System's activation in the MRI scanner reduced the SNR to an acceptable level without compromising the image quality. The transducer demonstrated efficient heating ability as proved by MR thermometry. Discrete and overlapping thermal lesions were inflicted in excised tissue.

Conclusions

The FUS system was proven effective for FUS thermal applications in the MRI setting. It can thus be used for multiple preclinical applications of the emerging MRI‐guided FUS technology. The device can be scaled‐up for human use with minor modifications.
Efficiency of lean practices and blockchain combinations for green supplier integration improvements in sustainable development
Authors: Chen Ping‐Kuo
Published: September 2022

Previous studies indicate that green supplier integration can promote supplier knowledge sharing as a core resource and capability to strengthen supply chain resilience and achieve green performance for sustainable development. However, due to the lack of an effective approach and technology to improve green supplier integration, it is difficult for suppliers to promote or even maintain sharing. Few studies note that green supplier integration through lean practices may efficiently promote supplier knowledge sharing, and blockchain combinations may produce efficiencies in maintaining supplier knowledge sharing intention. However, there are still disputes and a lack of deep verification. Thus, this study aims to explore the following questions. First, when green supplier integration is improved through lean practices, can it promote supplier knowledge sharing and further strengthen supply chain resilience and green performance? Second, to what extent do blockchain combinations moderate the relationship between supplier knowledge sharing and supply chain resilience and why? Based on the natural resource‐based view and knowledge‐based view, this study builds a theoretical framework and verifies it using PLS‐SEM based on 214 Chinese manufacturers. The results of our analysis show that suppliers' knowledge sharing with manufacturers can certainly be promoted when lean practices are adopted to improve green supplier integration. In addition, blockchain combinations can certainly maintain supplier knowledge sharing intention and ensure that supply chain resilience related to prevention is continuously strengthened. In sum, our findings make useful contributions to the literature on the efficiencies of lean practices and blockchain combinations in the context of green supplier integration.
Successful Treatment of Mucosal Neuromas by Radiofrequency Ablation in a Patient with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
Authors: Escalante Luis , Granizo-Rubio Jennyfer , Ortiz-Prado Esteban , Pinos-León Víctor , Maldonado Astrid , Chandler David
Published: September 2022

This is the first report of mucosal neuromas being treated successfully with radiofrequency ablation in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B.
Large‐Area Flexible Memory Arrays of Oriented Molecular Ferroelectric Single Crystals with Nearly Saturated Polarization
Authors: Xu Mingsheng , Sheng Chenxu , Zhang Qiuyi , Zhou Xiaojie , Tian Bobo , Chen Luqiu , Cai Yichen , Li Jianping , Wang Jiao , Xie Yongfa , Qiu Xinxia , Wang Wenchong , Xiong Shisheng , Cong Chunxiao , Qiu Zhi‐Jun , Liu Ran , Hu Laigui
Published: September 2022

Molecular ferroelectrics (MFs) have been proven to demonstrate excellent properties even comparable to those of inorganic counterparts usually with heavy metals. However, the validation of their device applications is still at the infant stage. The polycrystalline feature of conventionally obtained MF films, the patterning challenges for microelectronics and the brittleness of crystalline films significantly hinder their development for organic integrated circuits, as well as emerging flexible electronics. Here, a large‐area flexible memory array is demonstrated of oriented molecular ferroelectric single crystals (MFSCs) with nearly saturated polarization. Highly‐uniform MFSC arrays are  prepared on large‐scale substrates including Si wafers and flexible substrates using an asymmetric‐wetting and microgroove‐assisted coating (AWMAC) strategy. Resultant flexible memory arrays exhibit excellent nonvolatile memory properties with a low‐operating voltage of <5 V, i.e., nearly saturated ferroelectric polarization (6.5 µC cm−2), and long bending endurance (>103) under various bending radii. These results may open an avenue for scalable flexible MF electronics with high performance.
Bonding Experiments at Elevated Temperatures: The Effect of the Sample Storage Time on the Bond Strength of Metals
Authors: Nietsch Juergen A. , Gouverneur Moritz , Schwab Christian , Bailly David , Martin Manfred , Hirt Gerhard
Published: September 2022

Bond formation plays a major role in the production of metallic composites, e.g., in roll bonding, composite ring rolling, and the permanent closure of voids by metal forming at elevated temperatures. At the same time, the determination of the corresponding bonding strength is quite challenging due to various influencing factors. These factors include the impact of the surface roughness and the degree of oxidation. The transition, or rather the storage time between the surface pretreatments and testing, leads to deviations in the surface conditions between the experiment and the industrial process. To evaluate the effect of the sample storage time on the bond strength of aluminum and steel, bonding experiments are conducted with storage times ranging from several minutes to 9 weeks at room temperature. The results show a major reduction of the bond strength between different aluminum alloys with increasing storage time, while the steel bond strength is less affected. The reasons for this are differences in the oxidation behavior of aluminum, tempered steel, and stainless steel. Nevertheless, the results indicate the importance of the storage time at room temperature and bonding parameters at elevated temperatures on the bond strength between these metals.
Formation and Deformation Mechanism of Mountain‐Like Surface Crack on the Hot‐Rolled Thick Plate of HSLA Steel
Authors: Shen Wenjun , Cheng Guoguang , Wang Guanbo
Published: September 2022

Mountain‐like surface cracks often appear on the thick plates of high‐strength low‐alloy (HSLA) steel after hot rolling, which have a serious impact on production efficiency. Herein, the formation cause of mountain‐like cracks is discussed using methods such as acid pickling and observations of microstructure and inclusions. The deformation behavior of microcracks is obtained by analyzing the rolling process of slab. The inclusions in the top of the crack are Type‐I inclusions with high elemental contents of K and P and Type‐II inclusions with high elemental contents of C. The inclusions in the sides of the crack are Al2O3. It is concluded that mountain‐like cracks are caused by surface microcracks containing Type‐I inclusions in the continuous casting slab. During rolling, the rapid deforming of side‐1 stretches the crack so that the unusual microstructure appears. The cracks extended in the rolling direction have Al2O3 inclusions. The mountain‐like crack with Type‐I inclusions in the top and Al2O3 in the sides eventually form. A single microcrack forms a single mountain‐like crack and multiple clustered microcracks form a continuous mountain‐like crack. To reduce mountain‐like cracks, reducing Type‐I inclusions to reduce surface defects of the slab is an effective means.
Effect of prestressing corrosion on failure in bridges
Authors: Messina Davide , Proverbio Edoardo
Published: September 2022

Infrastructures (viaducts, bridges, tunnels, railways, and roads) are fundamental to allow people and goods move around a country. In particular, in Italy, due to its orographic and morphological complexity, the ratio between the number of viaducts and the national geographical extension is the largest in Europe. This kind of structure constitutes a weakness of the road networks, especially those over 50 years old, and among these, prestressed concrete structures are the most vulnerable. Therefore, the study of the robustness of an infrastructure network is a quite useful topic for modern societies and public mobility managers. The aim of the present work is to develop a reliable and fast analysis tool capable of processing many structures in a relatively short time. In order to calibrate the most suitable instrument, starting from the study of an experimental campaign on six prototypes of artificially corroded posttensioned concrete beams, the reliability of concentrated plasticity models was investigated to reproduce force‐displacement diagrams and in particular, the effect of corrosion on the moment‐curvature relationship. In fact, this method could provide a well‐defined nonlinear analysis of prestressed elements, especially in the case of grillage decks where external girders could be more affected by corrosion damage in opposition to internal girders or diaphragms. A numerical model by FEM analysis is also presented to reproduce a vulnerability study on an actual structure.
Effectiveness, economics, and safety of drop nets and helicopters with net‐gunning for capturing white‐tailed deer
Authors: Beaver Jared T. , Grantham Chad , Lucas Cooksey M. , Skow Kevin , Pierce Brian L. , Lopez Roel R.
Published: September 2022

Capture and handling of animals is an essential component of wildlife research. Human population growth, coupled with rapid land use changes, have resulted in increased wildlife‐human interactions and subsequently increased public awareness and sensitivity to animal welfare. However, few publications have compared capture techniques in terms of effectiveness, economics, and animal safety across the same environment. We evaluated capture effectiveness, monetary cost, and safety for drop nets and both single and tandem helicopters with net‐gunning techniques for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; deer). We captured 32 (drop nets), 68 (single helicopter), and 71 (tandem helicopters) deer over 6 study periods (3 autumn and 3 spring) from August 2011 to February 2014. Catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE, person hours/deer) was lowest for tandem helicopters (2.3) followed by single helicopter (2.7) and then drop nets (65.8). Animals captured using drop nets heavily favored younger males compared to both helicopter and net‐gunning techniques. Capture cost (total cost/deer) was greater for drop nets ($655 USD) than either single helicopter ($164) or tandem helicopters ($231). Total mortality (capture‐related and postcapture myopathy) was highest for drop nets at 12.5% followed by 5.9% for single helicopter and 4.2% for tandem helicopters. While all 3 techniques were safe and effective methods for deer capture, the tandem helicopter technique was superior in balancing effectiveness, cost, safety, and maximizing spatial coverage, all of which must be considered when selecting among available capture methods.
Building a Bioimage Analysis Workflow Using Deep Learning
Authors: Gómez-de-Mariscal Estibaliz , Franco-Barranco Daniel , Muñoz-Barrutia Arrate , Arganda-Carreras Ignacio
Published: September 2022

The aim of this workflow is to quantify the morphology of pancreatic stem cells lying on a 2D polystyrene substrate from phase contrast microscopy images. For this purpose, the images are first processed with a Deep Learning model trained for semantic segmentation (cell/background); next, the result is refined and individual cell instances are segmented before characterizing their morphology. Through this workflow the readers will learn the nomenclature and understand the principles of Deep Learning applied to image processing.
How to Do the Deconstruction of Bioimage Analysis Workflows: A Case Study with SurfCut
Authors: Louveaux Marion , Verger Stéphane
Published: September 2022

Published bioimage analysis workflows are designed for a specific biology use case and often hidden in the material and methods section of a biology paper. The art of the bioimage analyst is to find these workflows, deconstruct them and tune them to a new use case by replacing or modifying components of the workflow and/or linking them to other workflows.
A MATLAB Pipeline for Spatiotemporal Quantification of Monolayer Cell Migration
Authors: Zabary Yishaia , Zaritsky Assaf
Published: September 2022

In this chapter we present a MATLAB-based computational pipeline for the quantification of monolayer migration assays. Wound healing assay (or scratch assay) is a commonly used in vitro assay to assess collective cell migration. Our pipeline outputs traditional and spatiotemporal readouts that quantify the group migration properties and was previously used for a screen that included thousands of time-lapse sequences. You will learn how to execute the pipeline, the principles behind the design and implementation choices we made, pitfalls, tips, and tricks in using it.
Ultralight Bosonic Dark Matter Theory
Authors: Jackson Kimball Derek F. , Duffy Leanne D. , Marsh David J. E.
Published: September 2022

The basic theoretical concepts motivating the hypothesis that dark matter may consist of ultralight spin-0 or spin-1 bosons are explored. The origin of bosons with masses ≪ 1 eV from spontaneous and explicit symmetry breaking is illustrated with examples. The origins and characteristics of nongravitational couplings or “portals” between ultralight bosons and Standard Model particles and fields are considered, with particular attention paid to the cases of the axion-photon and axion-fermion interactions. Theoretical motivations for the existence of ultralight bosons, besides as an explanation of dark matter, are examined, with particular focus on the Peccei-Quinn solution to the strong CP problem (resulting in the QCD axion) and a dynamical solution to the hierarchy problem (the “relaxion” hypothesis, based on a particular axion-Higgs coupling in the early universe). Mechanisms for non-thermal production of ultralight bosonic dark matter are examined.
Astrophysical Searches and Constraints
Authors: Marsh David J. E. , Hoof Sebastian
Published: September 2022

Starting from the evidence that dark matter (DM) indeed exists and permeates the entire cosmos, various bounds on its properties can be estimated. Beginning with the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure, we summarize bounds on the ultralight bosonic dark matter (UBDM) mass and cosmic density. These bounds are extended to larger masses by considering galaxy formation and evolution and the phenomenon of black hole superradiance. We then discuss the formation of different classes of UBDM compact objects including solitons/axion stars and miniclusters. Next, we consider astrophysical constraints on the couplings of UBDM to Standard Model particles, from stellar cooling (production of UBDM) and indirect searches (decays or conversion of UBDM). Throughout, there are short discussions of “hints and opportunities” in searching for UBDM in each area.
Solar Production of Ultralight Bosons
Authors: Vogel Julia K. , Irastorza Igor G.
Published: September 2022

This chapter will spotlight axions produced in the core of the Sun. A first focus will be put on the production mechanism for axions in the solar interior through coupling of axions to photons via the Primakoff effect as well as their interactions with electrons. In addition to the axion production, the axion-to-photon conversion probability is a crucial quantity for solar axion searches (also referred to as helioscopes) and determines the expected number of photons from solar axion conversion that are detectable in a ground-based search. After these basic considerations, the helioscope concept will be detailed, and past, current, and future experimental realizations of axion helioscopes will be discussed. This includes the analysis used to aim at axion detection and upper limit calculations in case no signal above background is detected in experimental data. For completeness, alternative approaches other than traditional helioscopes to search for solar axions are discussed.
Light-Shining-Through-Walls Experiments
Authors: Spector Aaron D.
Published: September 2022

The light-shining-through-walls (LSW) method of searching for ultralight bosonic dark matter (UBDM) uses lasers and strong dipole magnets to probe the coupling between photons and UBDM in the presence of a magnetic field. Since these experiments take place entirely in the laboratory, they offer a unique opportunity to perform a model independent measurement of this interaction. This involves shining a high-power laser through a magnetic field toward a wall which blocks the light. The interaction between the laser and the magnetic field generates a beam of UBDM that passes through the wall. Beyond the wall is another region of strong magnetic field that reconverts the UBDM back to photons that can then be measured by a single photon detection system. The sensitivity of these kinds of experiments can be improved further by implementing optical cavities before and after the wall to amplify the power of the light propagating through the magnetic fields. This chapter gives an introduction to LSW experiments and discusses a number of interesting challenges associated with the technique.
Introduction to Learners, Teachers, Media, and Technology in ODDE
Authors: Dennen Vanessa P.
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the 13 chapters in Section V of The Handbook of Open Distance and Digital Education (ODDE), which focus on learners, teachers, media, and technology. Through these chapters, which explore the characteristics, competencies, skills, and roles that people need in ODDE contexts and the ways that media and technology support them, it becomes clear that all four areas work together systemically in the pursuit of learning. Three themes can be cultivated from the chapters: learners and instructors share common needs in online learning settings; the field has an ethical obligation to consider how technology-mediated and technology-based learning interventions affect learners and instructors; and the ongoing presence of a tension between human tasks and technology tasks in increasingly automated learning environments.
Understanding anomalous particle production in massless QED via time-varying θ angle
Authors: Hamada Yu , Kitano Ryuichiro , Matsudo Ryutaro , Mukaida Kyohei
Published: September 2022

Abstract

The Maxwell equations imply that, under the background of non-zero B, varying θ term produces E·B. An interesting example is the Witten effect where a magnetic monopole becomes a dyon which, however, should disappear in the exact massless limit of the fermion. Underlying mechanism of this phenomenon has been understood by Callan by the presence of an effective axion-like degree of freedom around the monopole, which is roughly the phase of the fermions. The configuration of this axion cancels the effect of the θ term. Now, the chiral anomaly implies that non-vanishing E·B induces the chiral charge in the system. The question is whether the chiral charge is generated in the massless limit when we take into account the axion-like degree of freedom in the discussion. The discussion is relevant for the mechanism of baryogenesis under the background of time-dependent θ. We solve the system of the massless QED with time dependent θ by reducing it to the two-dimensional QED. We demonstrate the occurrence of chiral charge generation in the background of static magnetic field for two cases: a magnetic monopole and a uniform magnetic flux. For the monopole case, the chiral charge comes out from the monopole while canceling the Witten effect. For the case of the uniform flux, on the other hand, the effect of the backreaction cannot be ignored, giving a more non-trivial time dependence. We also discuss their implications on baryogenesis.
Strong coupling expansion in 𝒩 = 2 superconformal theories and the Bessel kernel
Authors: Beccaria M. , Korchemsky G. P. , Tseytlin A. A.
Published: September 2022

Abstract

We consider strong ’t Hooft coupling expansion in special four-dimensional 𝒩 = 2 superconformal models that are planar-equivalent to 𝒩 = 4 super Yang-Mills theory. Various observables in these models that admit localization matrix model representation can be expressed at large N in terms of a Fredholm determinant of a Bessel operator. The latter previously appeared in the study of level spacing distributions in matrix models and, more recently, in four-point correlation functions of infinitely heavy half-BPS operators in planar 𝒩 = 4 SYM. We use this relation and a suitably generalized Szegő-Akhiezer-Kac formula to derive the strong ’t Hooft coupling expansion of the leading corrections to free energy, half-BPS circular Wilson loop, and certain correlators of chiral primaries operators in the 𝒩 = 2 models. This substantially generalizes partial results in the literature and represents a challenge for dual string theory calculations in AdS/CFT context. We also demonstrate that the resulting strong-coupling expansions suffer from Borel singularities and require adding non-perturbative, exponentially suppressed corrections. As a byproduct of our analysis, we determine the non-perturbative correction to the above mentioned four-point correlator in planar 𝒩 = 4 SYM.
Mapping the SMEFT to discoverable models
Authors: Cepedello Ricardo , Esser Fabian , Hirsch Martin , Sanz Veronica
Published: September 2022

Abstract

The matching of specific new physics scenarios onto the SMEFT framework is a well-understood procedure. The inverse problem, the matching of the SMEFT to UV scenarios, is more difficult and requires the development of new methods to perform a systematic exploration of models. In this paper we use a diagrammatic technique to construct in an automated way a complete set of possible UV models (given certain, well specified assumptions) that can produce specific groups of SMEFT operators, and illustrate its use by generating models with no tree-level contributions to four-fermion (4F) operators. Those scenarios, which only contribute to 4F at one-loop order, can contain relatively light particles that could be discovered at the LHC in direct searches. For this class of models, we find an interesting interplay between indirect SMEFT and direct searches. We discuss some examples on how this interplay would look like when combining low-energy observables with the SMEFT Higgs-fermion analyses and searches for resonance at the LHC.
Thermal stress tensor correlators, OPE and holography
Authors: Karlsson Robin , Parnachev Andrei , Prilepina Valentina , Valach Samuel
Published: September 2022

Abstract

In strongly coupled conformal field theories with a large central charge important light degrees of freedom are the stress tensor and its composites, multi-stress tensors. We consider the OPE expansion of two-point functions of the stress tensor in thermal and heavy states and focus on the contributions from the stress tensor and double-stress tensors in four spacetime dimensions. We compare the results to the holographic finite temperature two-point functions and read off conformal data beyond the leading order in the large central charge expansion. In particular, we compute corrections to the OPE coefficients which determine the near-lightcone behavior of the correlators. We also compute the anomalous dimensions of the double-stress tensor operators.
Regularity for quasilinear vectorial elliptic systems via an iterative scheme with numerical applications
Authors: Koch Lukas
Published: September 2022

We consider an iterative procedure to solve quasilinear elliptic systems with p-growth. The scheme was first considered by Koshelev in the quadratic case $$p = 2$$

p
=
2

. We present numerical applications as well as applications to higher regularity properties.
Deformation-induced coupling of the generalized external actions in third-gradient materials
Authors: Fedele Roberto
Published: September 2022

In this study, diverse typologies of external actions are outlined, which turn out to be admissible for the third-gradient modeling of elastic materials. It is shown how such loading, when prescribed over the boundary surface, along the border edges and at the wedges of a deformable body in the Eulerian configuration, can be transformed into the Lagrangian description generating multiple interactions, with a surprising deformation-induced coupling. Such a phenomenon becomes more and more important at increasing the order of the $$\beta $$
β
-forces, specified by duality as covectors expending work on the $$\beta $$
β
th normal derivative of the virtual displacements, being herein at most $$\beta =2$$

β
=
2

. Insights are provided into the true nature of such generalized forces, resting on the differential geometric features of the deformation process.
End-of-life practices in 11 German intensive care units
Authors: Denke C. , Jaschinski U. , Riessen R. , Bercker S. , Spies C. , Ragaller M. , Weiss M. , Dey K. , Michalsen A. , Briegel J. , Pohrt A. , Sprung C. L. , Avidan A. , Hartog C. S. ,   SepNet Critical Care Trials Group—Ethicus 2 Study Group
Published: September 2022

Background

End-of-life care is common in German intensive care units (ICUs) but little is known about daily practice.

Objectives

To study the practice of end-of-life care.

Methods

Prospectively planned, secondary analysis comprising the German subset of the worldwide Ethicus‑2 Study (2015–2016) including consecutive ICU patients with limitation of life-sustaining therapy or who died.

Results

Among 1092 (13.7%) of 7966 patients from 11 multidisciplinary ICUs, 967 (88.6%) had treatment limitations, 92 (8.4%) died with failed CPR, and 33 (3%) with brain death. Among patients with treatment limitations, 22.3% (216/967) patients were discharged alive from the ICU. More patients had treatments withdrawn than withheld (556 [57.5%] vs. 411 [42.5%], p < 0.001). Patients with treatment limitations were older (median 73 years [interquartile range (IQR) 61–80] vs. 68 years [IQR 54–77]) and more had mental decision-making capacity (12.9 vs. 0.8%), advance directives (28.6 vs. 11.2%), and information about treatment wishes (82.7 vs 33.3%, all p < 0.001). Physicians reported discussing treatment limitations with patients with mental decision-making capacity and families (91.3 and 82.6%, respectively). Patient wishes were unknown in 41.3% of patients. The major reason for decision-making was unresponsiveness to maximal therapy (34.6%).

Conclusions

Treatment limitations are common, based on information about patients’ wishes and discussion between stakeholders, patients and families. However, our findings suggest that treatment preferences of nearly half the patients remain unknown which affects guidance for treatment decisions.
Anterolateral versus modified posterolateral approach for tibial plateau fractures with involvement of the posterior column: a cadaveric study
Authors: Behrendt Peter , Berninger Markus T. , Thürig Grégoire , Dehoust Julius , Christensen Jan H. , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Krause Matthias , Hartel Maximilian J.
Published: September 2022

Introduction

The aim of this study was to compare the reduction quality of the anterolateral (AL) and modified posterolateral approach (PL) in lateral tibial plateau fractures involving the posterior column and central segments.

Methods

Matched pairs of pre-fractured cadaveric tibial plateau fractures were treated by either AL approach (supine position) or PL approach (prone position). Reduction was controlled by fluoroscopy and evaluated as satisfying or unacceptable. Afterwards, the reduction was examined by 3D scan.

Results

10 specimens (3 pairs 41B3.1, 2 pairs 41C3.3) were evaluated. PL approach achieved significantly (p 0.00472) better fracture reduction results (0.4 ± 0.7 mm) of the posterior column compared to the AL group (2.1 ± 1.4 mm). Fracture steps involving the central area of the lateral plateau were insufficiently reduced after fluoroscopy using both approaches.

Conclusion

Optimal reduction of displaced tibial plateau fractures involving the posterolateral column necessitates a posterior approach, which can be conducted in prone or lateral positioning. The anterolateral approach is indicated in fractures with minor displacement of the posterolateral rim but fracture extension in the latero-central segments. In these cases, an additional video-assisted reduction or extended approaches are helpful.
Analysis of drilling-induced geometrical damages in basalt and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP and CFRP) composites
Authors: Magyar Gergely , Károly Dóra , Xu Jinyang , Geier Norbert
Published: September 2022

Basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites probably tend to replace some carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) applications due to their excellent specific strengths and sustainability. Despite the published early promising results concerning the material properties of BFRP, their application is not widespread, and their machinability is not supported widely by published experiences. The main aim of the present study is to experimentally investigate the drilling-induced geometrical damages of BFRP and CFRP composites. Drilling experiments were conducted at various feed and cutting speed levels using a solid carbide twist drill. The drilling-induced burr was analysed by a Mitutoyo 361–804 digital microscope, a Mitutoyo SJ400 surface tester recorded the surface roughness, and the microstructure was analysed by a Zeiss Evo MA 10 scanning electron microscope. The measured data were evaluated through digital image processing (DIP), response surface methodology (RSM), and analysis of variances (ANOVA). The experimental results show that drilling-induced burr is more severe and surface roughness is worse in BFRP than in CFRP. The composite type influenced the geometrical damages primarily, followed by the feed in the case of burrs and by the cutting speed in the case of surface roughness. The present experimental study suggests that the drilling of BFRP is even more challenging than drilling CFRP from the point of view of burr formation and micro geometrical properties.
Machine learning techniques for cross-sectional equity returns’ prediction
Authors: Fieberg Christian , Metko Daniel , Poddig Thorsten , Loy Thomas
Published: September 2022

We compare the performance of the linear regression model, which is the current standard in science and practice for cross-sectional stock return forecasting, with that of machine learning methods, i.e., penalized linear models, support vector regression, random forests, gradient boosted trees and neural networks. Our analysis is based on monthly data on nearly 12,000 individual stocks from 16 European economies over almost 30 years from 1990 to 2019. We find that the prediction of stock returns can be decisively improved through machine learning methods. The outperformance of individual (combined) machine learning models over the benchmark model is approximately 0.6% (0.7%) per month for the full cross-section of stocks. Furthermore, we find no model breakdowns, which suggests that investors do not incur additional risk from using machine learning methods compared to the traditional benchmark approach. Additionally, the superior performance of machine learning models is not due to substantially higher portfolio turnover. Further analyses suggest that machine learning models generate their added value particularly in bear markets when the average investor tends to lose money. Our results indicate that future research and practice should make more intensive use of machine learning techniques with respect to stock return prediction.
Feasibility and outcome of spleen and vessel preserving total pancreatectomy (SVPTP) in pancreatic malignancies — a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Beltzer Christian , Jovine Elio , Hesch Konstantin-Viktor , Stifini Derna , Mastrangelo Laura , Huth Marco , Königsrainer Alfred , Nadalin Silvio
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Total pancreatectomy (TP) is most commonly performed to avoid postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) in patients with high-risk pancreas or to achieve tumor-free resection margins. As part of TP, a simultaneous splenectomy is usually performed primarily for the reason of oncologic radicality. However, the benefit of a simultaneous splenectomy remains unclear. Likewise, the technical feasibility as well as the safety of spleen and vessel preserving total pancreatectomy in pancreatic malignancies has hardly been evaluated. Thus, the aims of the study were to evaluate the feasibility as well as the results of spleen and vessel preserving total pancreatectomy (SVPTP).

Material and methods

Patient characteristics, technical feasibility, perioperative data, morbidity, and mortality as well as histopathological results after SVPTP, mainly for pancreatic malignancies, from patient cohorts of two European high-volume-centers for pancreatic surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Mortality was set as the primary outcome and morbidity (complications according to Clavien-Dindo) as the secondary outcome.

Results

A SVPTP was performed in 92 patients, predominantly with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (78.3%). In all cases, the splenic vessels could be preserved. In 59 patients, the decision to total pancreatectomy was made intraoperatively. Among these, the most common reason for total pancreatectomy was risk of POPF (78%). The 30-day mortality was 2.2%. Major complications (≥ IIIb according to Clavien-Dindo) occurred in 18.5% within 30 postoperative days. There were no complications directly related to the spleen and vascular preservation procedure. A tumor-negative resection margin was achieved in 71.8%.

Conclusion

We could demonstrate the technical feasibility and safety of SVPTP even in patients mainly with pancreatic malignancies. In addition to potential immunologic and oncologic advantages, we believe a major benefit of this procedure is preservation of gastric venous outflow. We consider SVPTP to be indicated in patients at high risk for POPF, in patients with multilocular IPMN, and in cases for extended intrapancreatic cancers.
Computational study of the relative stability of some glass-ionomer cement-forming molecules
Authors: Gaviria Jair , Quijano Silvia , Quijano Jairo , Ruiz Pablo
Published: September 2022

This work is part of a larger study whose main objective was to find a series of promising molecules to be used as glass-ionomer-type materials. The project was divided into 3 successive stages; the results of the first stage have been previously published and were used to continue the study. The molecules evaluated in the second stage were constructed by adding a glycidyl methacrylate molecule to the carboxylic groups of the polyacids selected in the previous stage. The modeling was done using the density functional theory for M06-2X/6-311G(d,p). The results indicate that the addition over the carboxylic groups of the fraction of the molecule, corresponding to itaconic acid, is thermodynamically favored. The final stage was modeled with the M06 functional and consisted of obtaining basic structures of glass-ionomer-type materials, by acid–base reaction between the molecules resulting from the second stage with individual ions of Ca (2 +), Zn (2 +), or Al (+ 3). It was concluded that aluminum atoms generate more compact structures that would correlate with more resistant materials.
Integrated freight car routing and train scheduling
Authors: Frisch Sarah , Hungerländer Philipp , Jellen Anna , Lackenbucher Manuel , Primas Bernhard , Steininger Sebastian
Published: September 2022

Rail freight transportation is involved with highly complex logistical processes and requires a lot of resources such as locomotives or wagons. Thus, cost-efficient strategies for routing freight cars in a cargo network are of great interest for railway companies. When it comes to single wagon load traffic, trains are usually formed by collecting individual freight cars into batches at shunting yards, in order to transport them jointly to their destinations. The problem of finding optimal routes and schedules for single freight cars is typically solved in two steps: (i) determining routes for the freight cars in the railway network by solving the Single-freight car routing problem (), and (ii) deciding on time schedules for trains by solving the freight train scheduling problem (). Since train departure and arrival times, as well as freight car routes are highly interdependent, one aims to solve the and the simultaneously. For smooth and convenient operational processes many railway companies apply the concept of a routing matrix. This matrix defines unique routes between all shunting yards that are used for all shipments. In this work, we present an integrated mathematical model based on time discretization, that jointly solves the and and enforces the routing matrix concept. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that combines all three aspects. The approach is tailored for Rail Cargo Austria’s (RCA) needs, incorporating train capacities, yard capacities, and restrictions regarding travel times. We perform an extensive computational study based on real-world data provided by RCA. Besides the performance we analyze the utilization of trains, waiting times of freight cars, and the number of shunting processes.
Evaluation of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography
Authors: Uchikawa Shinsuke , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Fujino Hatsue , Ono Atsushi , Nakahara Takashi , Murakami Eisuke , Yamauchi Masami , Miki Daiki , Imamura Michio , Aikata Hiroshi
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Previous reports suggest that contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is useful for predicting the efficacy of sorafenib and lenvatinib treatment. However, there are no reports on the utility of CEUS for predicting the efficacy of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab combination therapy (Atezo + Bev). This study aimed to identify CEUS parameters for predicting the efficacy of Atezo + Bev.

Methods

A total of 30 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with Atezo + Bev who underwent CEUS before and 5 weeks after treatment initiation were included.

Results

Post area under the curve (post AUC) was identified as a predictive factor for early progressive disease (PD). The optimal cut-off value of post AUC for predicting progression-free survival (PFS) was 61.3.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that CEUS at 5 weeks after initiation of Atezo + Bev may predict PFS in HCC patients. Changes to the treatment plan may need to be considered in patients with post AUC > 61.3.
Examining local and regional ecological connectivity throughout North America
Authors: Belote R. Travis , Barnett Kevin , Zeller Katherine , Brennan Angela , Gage Josh
Published: September 2022

Context

Conservation scientists recommend maintaining and restoring ecological connectivity to sustain biodiversity in the face of land-use and climate change. Alternative connectivity assessments conducted at multiple spatial scales are needed to understand consequences of varying assumptions and for use in multi-scale conservation planning.

Objectives

We compared mapped output from different model scenarios conducted to identify areas important for ecological connectivity across North America. We asked how areas important for connectivity vary with spatial scale and assumptions regarding the way in which human modification affects landscape resistance.

Methods

We conducted a factorial experiment using omnidirectional connectivity analyses across North America where we crossed “treatments” represented by four moving window sizes and three resistance surfaces. The three resistance surfaces represent a gradient in species’ sensitivity to human modification.

Results

Maps of connectivity importance varied among scenarios. The effects of moving window size were more conspicuous than effects of different resistance surfaces. Outputs from small moving windows revealed mottled patterns of connectivity importance, while outputs from larger moving windows revealed broad swaths of connectivity importance across mountainous and boreal areas of North America. Patterns of connectivity importance tended to be more channelized from resistance surfaces produced to represent more human-sensitive species and more diffuse from resistance surfaces produced to represent more human-tolerant species.

Conclusions

Our scenarios and output represent alternative hypotheses and predictions about how multiple species may move in response to varying degrees of human modification. Our output can be compared to species-specific models to investigate which of our scenarios best matches observed movements of organisms. Our output can also be used as coarse-filter and multi-scale connectivity assessments for conservation plans. Notably, our outputs highlight the importance of small and isolated fragments of relatively natural land while simultaneously identifying broad regions important for maintaining connectivity across natural areas of North America.
Exposure of a single wild boar population in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) to perfluoroalkyl acids
Authors: Felder Carsten , Trompeter Lukas , Skutlarek Dirk , Färber Harald , Mutters Nico Tom , Heinemann Céline
Published: September 2022

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) are among the leading chemical pollutants in the twenty-first century. Of these, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) have been widely detected in a large number of animal and environmental samples. Wild boars accumulate PFAA in their livers, but it has not yet been clarified to what extent wild boars of the same population accumulate different PFAA in their livers or whether any conclusions can be drawn from any differences found in regard to environmental contamination. In this study, liver samples from wild boars killed during driven hunts in 2019 and 2020 from a defined forest area in North Rhine-Westfalia, Germany were analyzed for 13 different PFAA. A mean load of 493 µg/kg (± 168 µg/kg) PFAA was measured in 2020. Perfluorosulfonic acids accounted for 87% of the total load in both years, with PFOS dominating this group. These results were similar to those of 14 liver samples collected from other regions of Germany for comparison. In addition, the livers of hunted pregnant sows and fetuses were examined. The load of short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (< C8) in the fetus liver was as high as that of the sows, whereas the concentrations of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (≥ C8) were lower than in the dams. This result shows for the first time that fetuses take up PFAA from their mothers in utero. Our study shows that PFAA content in wild boar livers is comparably high in all animals in a local population and indicates a need for further research regarding a nationwide background exposure to PFAA in wild boars and their surrounding environment.
Parasitological and histopathological studies to the effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves combined with praziquantel therapy in modulating the liver and spleen damage induced by Schistosoma mansoni to male mice
Authors: Saad El-Din Marwa I. , Gad EL-Hak Heba N. , Ghobashy Mahi A. , Elrayess Ranwa A.
Published: September 2022

This study assessed the effectiveness of an aqueous extract of Moringa Oleifera Lam. leaves (MOL) alone or in combination with praziquantel (PZQ) drug targeting–infected mice with Schistosoma mansoni-induced liver and spleen damage. Mice were divided into eight groups control mice group treated orally with saline. PZQ group: non-infected mice treated orally with 300 mg/kg bwt PZQ three consecutive days. MOL group: non-infected mice treated orally with 150 mg/kg bwt MOL extract for 15 days. PZQ/ MOL group: non-infected mice treated orally with 300 mg/kg bwt PZQ for three consecutive days and 150 mg/kg bwt MOL extract for 15 days. IF group: infected mice with 100 cercariae/mouse of the Egyptian strain of S. mansoni. IF/PZQ group infected mice with S. mansoni cercariae and treated orally with 300 mg/kg bwt PZQ for three consecutive days. IF/MOL group: infected mice with S. mansoni cercariae treated orally with 150 mg/kg bwt MOL extract for 15 days. IF/PZQ +MOL group: infected mice with S. mansoni cercariae treated orally with 300 mg/kg bwt PZQ for three consecutive days and 150 mg/kg bwt MOL extract for 15 days. Blood, liver, spleen, worm, and eggs were collected at the end of the experimental period. Treatment of infected mice with MOL and PZQ together significantly reduced the number of ova/g tissue and eliminated the parasites. In addition, the liver and spleen of infected mice showed less histopathological alteration and immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa β (NF-Kβ). We can conclude that MOL extract combined with PZ has a curative effect on S. mansoni infection and helped to lessen its pathological effects.