bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Neutrino Imaging of a Microquasar
Authors: Smponias Theodoros
Published: October 2021

Microquasar binary stellar systems emit electromagnetic radiation and high-energy particles over a broad energy spectrum. However, they are so far away that it is hard to observe their details. A simulation offers the link between relatively scarce observational data and the rich theoretical background. In this work, high-energy particle emission from simulated twin microquasar jets is calculated in a unified manner. From the cascade of emission within an element of jet matter to the dynamic and radiative whole jet model, the series of physical processes involved are integrated together. A programme suite assembled around model data produces synthetic images and spectra directly comparable to potential observations by contemporary arrays. The model is capable of describing a multitude of system geometries, incorporating increasing levels of realism depending on need and available computational resources. As an application, the modelling process is applied to a typical microquasar, which is synthetically observed from different angles using various imaging geometries. Furthermore, the resulting intensities are comparable to the sensitivity of existing detectors. The combined background emission from a potential distribution of microquasars is also modelled.
Indigenous Virginia Digital Storytelling Project: A Creation Story
Authors: Jernigan Kasey , Roach Beth
Published: October 2021

Indigenous ways of knowing and being are invested in creating and maintaining relationships, respectful and equitable exchange, and collective but particularistic knowledges that are practical, useful, and helpful in extending meaning-making within communities. In this paper, we describe the ways that university faculty and tribal citizens come together to build meaningful relations through storytelling and counter-mapping. Focusing on what is currently known as Virginia (and the surrounding regions more broadly), the project aims to center Indigenous-created accounts of places and spaces as being infused with stories, memories, and life to reveal living histories layered into the fabric of these lands and waters. This paper details the careful, enjoyable, and challenging-at-times processes of relation-building between a university and local tribal citizens (which continues to take shape) for this project to become the Indigenous Virginia Digital Storytelling Project.
DNA Satellites Are Transcribed as Part of the Non-Coding Genome in Eukaryotes and Bacteria
Authors: Subirana Juan A. , Messeguer Xavier
Published: October 2021

It has been shown in recent years that many repeated sequences in the genome are expressed as RNA transcripts, although the role of such RNAs is poorly understood. Some isolated and tandem repeats (satellites) have been found to be transcribed, such as mammalian Alu sequences and telomeric/centromeric satellites in different species. However, there is no detailed study on the eventual transcription of the interspersed satellites found in many species. Therefore, we decided to study for the first time the transcription of the abundant DNA satellites in the bacterium Bacillus coagulans and in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We have updated the data for C. elegans satellites using the latest version of the genome. We analyzed the transcription of satellites in both species in available RNA-seq results and found that they are widely transcribed. Our demonstration that satellite RNAs are transcribed adds a new family of non-coding RNAs. This is a field that requires further investigation and will provide a deeper understanding of gene expression and control.
Inherited Proteoglycan Biosynthesis Defects—Current Laboratory Tools and Bikunin as a Promising Blood Biomarker
Authors: Haouari Walid , Dubail Johanne , Poüs Christian , Cormier-Daire Valérie , Bruneel Arnaud
Published: October 2021

Proteoglycans consist of proteins linked to sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains. They constitute a family of macromolecules mainly involved in the architecture of organs and tissues as major components of extracellular matrices. Some proteoglycans also act as signaling molecules involved in inflammatory response as well as cell proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. Inborn errors of proteoglycan metabolism are a group of orphan diseases with severe and irreversible skeletal abnormalities associated with multiorgan impairments. Identifying the gene variants that cause these pathologies proves to be difficult because of unspecific clinical symptoms, hardly accessible functional laboratory tests, and a lack of convenient blood biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways of proteoglycan biosynthesis, the associated inherited syndromes, and the related biochemical screening techniques, and we focus especially on a circulating proteoglycan called bikunin and on its potential as a new biomarker of these diseases.
The Role of Place Attachment in Promoting Refugees’ Well-Being and Resettlement: A Literature Review
Authors: Albers Thomas , Ariccio Silvia , Weiss Laura A. , Dessi Federica , Bonaiuto Marino
Published: October 2021

Refugees are at great risk of developing mental health problems. Yet, little is known about how to optimally help this vulnerable group as there is a lack of evaluated refugee mental health interventions. The current article presents the results of a literature review which investigates the importance of place attachment for the promotion of refugees’ well-being in the resettlement process. This review concentrated on the most recent and current literature regarding the potential role, importance, and relevance of people–place bonds in the dynamic process of refugee resettlement. It examines literature from the field of positive and environmental psychology, highlighting key theoretical concepts and research findings as well as gaps in research. The review revealed that little is known about the dynamics of place bonding, while the debate rages on about the geometry of the psychological constructs of person–place relationships. Yet, knowing more about which needs should be satisfied for easing place bonding could be of crucial importance for facilitating refugee well-being. Ultimately, improving the knowledge and understanding of the phases of this dynamic process could be useful for a more successful implementation of refugee resettlement practices and activities.
The Effect of Postmigration Factors on Quality of Life among North Korean Refugees Living in South Korea
Authors: Shin Jung Eun , Choi Jung-Seok , Choi Soo-Hee , Yoo So Young
Published: October 2021

North Korean refugees have not only endured traumatic experiences in North Korea and during defection but have also undergone an adaptation process after arrival in South Korea. Their quality of life (QoL) is likely to be affected by these traumatic life events, leading to subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or postmigration adaptation-related stress, which involves a sense of dislocation with the culture, language, and people in South Korea. We investigated which aspects predicted the QoL of refugees from North Korea. Fifty-five participants currently living in South Korea completed a checklist about personal characteristics and traumatic experiences before, during and after migration. Diagnosis and symptom severity of PTSD, depressive mood, anxiety, and QoL were also assessed. A multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate associations between QoL and other variables of interest. Overall, QoL was associated with previous economic status in North Korea, present occupation in South Korea, difficulty interacting with South Koreans, depressed mood, and state–trait anxiety. Finally, QoL was explained by having difficulty interacting with South Koreans, depressed mood, and state anxiety, with the model accounting for 51.3% of the variance. Our findings suggest that QoL among North Korean refugees in South Korea is influenced by the current level of their anxiety and depressed mood, and post-migration adaptation-related stress resulting from trying to integrate with South Koreans after settlement.
A Novel Robust Approach for Computing DE-9IM Matrices Based on Space Partition and Integer Coordinates
Authors: Romanschek Enrico , Clemen Christian , Huhnt Wolfgang
Published: October 2021

A novel approach for a robust computation of positional relations of two-dimensional geometric features is presented which guarantees reliable results, provided that the initial data is valid. The method is based on the use of integer coordinates and a method to generate a complete, gap-less and non-overlapping spatial decomposition. The spatial relationships of two geometric features are then represented using DE-9IM matrices. These allow the spatial relationships to be represented compactly. The DE-9IM matrices are based on the spatial decomposition using explicit neighborhood relations. No further geometric calculations are required for their computation. Based on comparative tests, it could be proven that this approach, up to a predictable limit, provides correct results and thus offers advantages over classical methods for the calculation of spatial relationships. This novel method can be used in all fields, especially where guaranteed reliable results are required.
Gastric Helicobacter suis Infection Partially Protects against Neurotoxicity in A 6-OHDA Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model
Authors: Berlamont Helena , Bruggeman Arnout , Bauwens Eva , Vandendriessche Charysse , Clarebout Elien , Xie Junhua , De Bruyckere Sofie , Van Imschoot Griet , Van Wonterghem Elien , Ducatelle Richard , Santens Patrick , Smet Annemieke , Haesebrouck Freddy , Vandenbroucke Roosmarijn E.
Published: October 2021

The exact etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains largely unknown, but more and more research suggests the involvement of the gut microbiota. Interestingly, idiopathic PD patients were shown to have at least a 10 times higher prevalence of Helicobacter suis (H. suis) DNA in gastric biopsies compared to control patients. H. suis is a zoonotic Helicobacter species that naturally colonizes the stomach of pigs and non-human primates but can be transmitted to humans. Here, we investigated the influence of a gastric H. suis infection on PD disease progression through a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model. Therefore, mice with either a short- or long-term H. suis infection were stereotactically injected with 6-OHDA in the left striatum and sampled one week later. Remarkably, a reduced loss of dopaminergic neurons was seen in the H. suis/6-OHDA groups compared to the control/6-OHDA groups. Correspondingly, motor function of the H. suis-infected 6-OHDA mice was superior to that in the non-infected 6-OHDA mice. Interestingly, we also observed higher expression levels of antioxidant genes in brain tissue from H. suis-infected 6-OHDA mice, as a potential explanation for the reduced 6-OHDA-induced cell loss. Our data support an unexpected neuroprotective effect of gastric H. suis on PD pathology, mediated through changes in oxidative stress.
Memantine Modulates Oxidative Stress in the Rat Brain following Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Dąbrowska-Bouta Beata , Strużyńska Lidia , Sidoryk-Węgrzynowicz Marta , Sulkowski Grzegorz
Published: October 2021

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model most commonly used in research on the pathomechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The inflammatory processes, glutamate excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress have been proposed as determinants accompanying demyelination and neuronal degeneration during the course of MS/EAE. The aim of the current study was to characterize the role of NMDA receptors in the induction of oxidative stress during the course of EAE. The effect of memantine, the uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, on modulation of neurological deficits and oxidative stress in EAE rats was analyzed using several experimental approaches. We demonstrated that the expression of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutases SOD1 and SOD2) were elevated in EAE rat brains. Under the same experimental conditions, we observed alterations in oxidative stress markers such as increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased levels of sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, both protein and non-protein (indicating protein damage), and a decline in reduced glutathione. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of ionotropic NMDA glutamate receptors by their antagonist memantine improved the physical activity of EAE rats, alleviated neurological deficits such as paralysis of tail and hind limbs, and modulated oxidative stress parameters (MDA, -SH groups, SOD’s). Furthermore, the current therapy aiming to suppress NMDAR-induced oxidative stress was partially effective when NMDAR’s antagonist was administered at an early (asymptomatic) stage of EAE.
Pilot RNAi Screen in Drosophila Neural Stem Cell Lineages to Identify Novel Tumor Suppressor Genes Involved in Asymmetric Cell Division
Authors: Manzanero-Ortiz Sandra , de Torres-Jurado Ana , Hernández-Rojas Rubí , Carmena Ana
Published: October 2021

A connection between compromised asymmetric cell division (ACD) and tumorigenesis was proven some years ago using Drosophila larval brain neural stem cells, called neuroblasts (NBs), as a model system. Since then, we have learned that compromised ACD does not always promote tumorigenesis, as ACD is an extremely well-regulated process in which redundancy substantially overcomes potential ACD failures. Considering this, we have performed a pilot RNAi screen in Drosophila larval brain NB lineages using RasV12 scribble (scrib) mutant clones as a sensitized genetic background, in which ACD is affected but does not cause tumoral growth. First, as a proof of concept, we have tested known ACD regulators in this sensitized background, such as lethal (2) giant larvae and warts. Although the downregulation of these ACD modulators in NB clones does not induce tumorigenesis, their downregulation along with RasV12 scrib does cause tumor-like overgrowth. Based on these results, we have randomly screened 79 RNAi lines detecting 15 potential novel ACD regulators/tumor suppressor genes. We conclude that RasV12 scrib is a good sensitized genetic background in which to identify tumor suppressor genes involved in NB ACD, whose function could otherwise be masked by the high redundancy of the ACD process.
1,25(OH)2D3 Inhibited Ferroptosis in Zebrafish Liver Cells (ZFL) by Regulating Keap1-Nrf2-GPx4 and NF-κB-hepcidin Axis
Authors: Cheng Ke , Huang Yanqing , Wang Chunfang
Published: October 2021

Ferroptosis is a kind of iron-dependent programed cell death. Vitamin D has been shown to be an antioxidant and a regulator of iron metabolism, but the relationship between vitamin D and ferroptosis is poorly studied in fish. This study used zebrafish liver cells (ZFL) to establish a ferroptosis model to explore the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on cell ferroptosis and its mechanism of action. The results showed that different incubation patterns of 1,25(OH)2D3 improved the survival rate of ZFL, mitigated mitochondrial damage, enhanced total glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as iron ion levels, with the best effect at 200 pM 1,25(OH)2D3 preincubation for 72 h. Preincubation of ZFL at 200 pM 1,25(OH)2D3 for 72 h downgraded keap1 and ptgs2 gene expression, increased nrf2, ho-1, fth1, gpx4a,b expression, and lowered the expression of the nf-κb p65,il-6,il-1β gene, thus reducing the expression of hamp1. The above results indicate that different incubation patterns of 1,25(OH)2D3 have protective effects on ferroptosis of ZFL induced by ferroptosis activator RSL3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 can inhibit ferroptosis of ZFL by regulating Keap1–Nrf2–GPx4 and NF-κB–hepcidin axis.
New Hybrid Compounds Combining Fragments of Usnic Acid and Thioether Are Inhibitors of Human Enzymes TDP1, TDP2 and PARP1
Authors: Dyrkheeva Nadezhda S. , Filimonov Aleksandr S. , Luzina Olga A. , Orlova Kristina A. , Chernyshova Irina A. , Kornienko Tatyana E. , Malakhova Anastasia A. , Medvedev Sergey P. , Zakharenko Alexandra L. , Ilina Ekaterina S. , Anarbaev Rashid O. , Naumenko Konstantin N. , Klabenkova Kristina V. , Burakova Ekaterina A. , Stetsenko Dmitry A. , Zakian Suren M. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F. , Lavrik Olga I.
Published: October 2021

Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) catalyzes the cleavage of the phosphodiester bond between the tyrosine residue of topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) and the 3′ phosphate of DNA in the single-strand break generated by TOP1. TDP1 promotes the cleavage of the stable DNA–TOP1 complexes with the TOP1 inhibitor topotecan, which is a clinically used anticancer drug. This article reports the synthesis and study of usnic acid thioether and sulfoxide derivatives that efficiently suppress TDP1 activity, with IC50 values in the 1.4–25.2 μM range. The structure of the heterocyclic substituent introduced into the dibenzofuran core affects the TDP1 inhibitory efficiency of the compounds. A five-membered heterocyclic fragment was shown to be most pharmacophoric among the others. Sulfoxide derivatives were less cytotoxic than their thioester analogs. We observed an uncompetitive type of inhibition for the four most effective inhibitors of TDP1. The anticancer effect of TOP1 inhibitors can be enhanced by the simultaneous inhibition of PARP1, TDP1, and TDP2. Some of the compounds inhibited not only TDP1 but also TDP2 and/or PARP1, but at significantly higher concentration ranges than TDP1. Leader compound 10a showed promising synergy on HeLa cells in conjunction with the TOP1 inhibitor topotecan.
Systematic Analysis of FASTK Gene Family Alterations in Cancer
Authors: Magraner-Pardo Lorena , Gobelli Dino , de la Fuente Miguel A. , Pons Tirso , Simarro María
Published: October 2021

The FASTK family of proteins have been recently reported to play a key role in the post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial gene expression, including mRNA stability and translation. Accumulated studies have provided evidence that the expression of some FASTK genes is altered in certain types of cancer, in agreement with the central role of mitochondria in cancer development. Here, we obtained a pan-cancer overview of the genomic and transcriptomic alterations of FASTK genes. FASTK, FASTKD1, FASTKD3 and FASTKD5 showed the highest rates of genetic alterations. FASTK and FASTKD3 alterations consisted mainly of amplifications that were seen in more than 8% of ovarian and lung cancers, respectively. FASTKD1 and FASTKD5 were the most frequently mutated FASTK genes, and the mutations were identified in 5–7% of uterine cancers, as well as in 4% of melanomas. Our results also showed that the mRNA levels of all FASTK members were strongly upregulated in esophageal, stomach, liver and lung cancers. Finally, the protein-protein interaction network for FASTK proteins uncovers the interaction of FASTK, FASTKD2, FASTKD4 and FASTKD5 with cancer signaling pathways. These results serve as a starting point for future research into the potential of the FASTK family members as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for certain types of cancer.
Binary and Multiclass Text Classification by Means of Separable Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Solovyeva Elena , Abdullah Ali
Published: October 2021

In this paper, the structure of a separable convolutional neural network that consists of an embedding layer, separable convolutional layers, convolutional layer and global average pooling is represented for binary and multiclass text classifications. The advantage of the proposed structure is the absence of multiple fully connected layers, which is used to increase the classification accuracy but raises the computational cost. The combination of low-cost separable convolutional layers and a convolutional layer is proposed to gain high accuracy and, simultaneously, to reduce the complexity of neural classifiers. Advantages are demonstrated at binary and multiclass classifications of written texts by means of the proposed networks under the sigmoid and Softmax activation functions in convolutional layer. At binary and multiclass classifications, the accuracy obtained by separable convolutional neural networks is higher in comparison with some investigated types of recurrent neural networks and fully connected networks.
Towards a Policy Management Framework for Managing Interaction Behaviors in IoT Collectives
Authors: Batool Amna , Loke Seng W. , Fernando Niroshinie , Kua Jonathan
Published: October 2021

This paper proposes a policy management framework which we call the SANIJO framework. This framework comprises three different types of policy rules that are applicable to smart devices for managing their multiuser–multidevice interactions in IoT collectives, from a socio-ethical perspective. We developed a policy language to help regulate and manage the interaction behaviors of smart internet-connected devices that are being deployed at an increasing rate around the world. The policy rules are classified into Authorization, Obligation, and Prohibition rules and are prototyped in the SANIJO system. We implemented our framework as a collection of mobile apps (running on smartphones) and a robot app (running on the robot). We then illustrate its operation based on an aged care center scenario.
Lymphocytic Infiltrate and p53 Protein Expression as Predictive Markers of Response and Outcome in Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treated with Azacitidine
Authors: Pescia Carlo , Boggio Francesca , Croci Giorgio Alberto , Cassin Ramona , Barella Marco , Pettine Loredana , Reda Gianluigi , Sabattini Elena , Finelli Carlo , Gianelli Umberto
Published: October 2021

High-risk Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent therapeutical challenges and are usually managed with hypomethylating agents such as azacitidine. Given the lack of data in the literature concerning azacitidine effects on bone marrow, we retrospectively analyzed 57 high-risk MDS cases in order to identify any changes induced by azacitidine therapy or relevant correlations between therapy response and pre- or post-treatment features. Azacitidine treatment had no significant impact on bone marrow cellularity or morphological dysplastic features. On the contrary, although not statistically significant, we observed a slight decrease in CD34+ and CD117+ blasts and p53+ precursors after treatment. Moreover, pre-treatment IPSS-R cytogenetic score (p = 0.004), lymphocytic infiltrate (p = 0.017) and p53+ elements (p = 0.001) correlated with AML progression; pre-treatment lymphocytic infiltrate was also linked to better response to therapy (p = 0.004), suggesting an anti-tumoral role of bone marrow microenvironment. Post-treatment blast count impacted negatively on overall survival (p = 0.035) and risk of leukemic progression (p = 0.04), while both post-treatment lymphocytic infiltrate and p53+ elements showed significant correlation with treatment response (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003 respectively). Higher post-treatment p53+ elements correlated also with risk of leukemic progression (p = 0.013). Our results suggest the possible role of lymphocytic infiltrate and p53+ elements as predictive markers in MDS treated with azacitidine, disclosing new chapters in the understanding of MDS evolution and treatment.
A Survey of Regional Anesthesia Use in Greece and the Impact of a Structured Regional Anesthesia Course on Regional Techniques Knowledge and Practice
Authors: Theodoraki Kassiani , Moka Eleni , Makris Alexandros , Stavropoulou Evmorfia ,   on behalf of ESRA Hellas Working Group
Published: October 2021

Background: Due to the growing interest in regional anesthesia (RA) techniques and the realization of the need for formalized education in them, the Greek Chapter of the European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA-Hellas) has established a structured hands-on training course held annually since 2009, which is quite popular in the community of Greek anesthesiologists. The aim of the current survey was twofold: first, to provide an overview of the current practice of RA in Greece; secondly, to evaluate the effect the aforementioned training course has on participants’ knowledge and attitude towards RA. Methods: An electronic questionnaire was uploaded on SurveyMonkey and a link giving access to the questionnaire was forwarded via email to a mailing list of 825 practicing Greek anesthesiologists held in the electronic database of ESRA Hellas. The survey was totally anonymous and no identifying information was collected throughout. It contained questions relating to the anesthesiologists’ demographic characteristics, their RA practice, and information pertaining to the RA training course. Results: A total of 424 fully completed questionnaires were received, representing an overall response rate of 51.4%. Attendants of the course are more familiar than non-attendants with the performance of peripheral nerve blocks with neurostimulation and/or ultrasound guidance (p < 0.001). Attendants are also less likely to practice exclusively general anesthesia, more likely to use peripheral blocks for lower limb surgery, and more likely to consider taking the European Diploma of RA in comparison to non-attendants (p < 0.001, p = 0.018 and p = 0.002, respectively). Both cohorts consider the course of value and agree that the main reason to use regional techniques is to ensure optimal postoperative analgesia, while the main hindrance to RA practice is the lack of relevant education in the techniques, especially those under ultrasound guidance. Regarding improvement of the course, most participants suggested devoting ampler time in hands-on ultrasound practice and application. Conclusion: Greek anesthesiologists seek educational activities in the field of RA and the course seems to fulfil the majority of attendants’ expectations. There will be further effort by the organizers to improve weaknesses of the current course and undertake further educational initiatives in the field of RA according to international recommendations.
Effect of Automated Oxygen Titration during Walking on Dyspnea and Endurance in Chronic Hypoxemic Patients with COPD: A Randomized Crossover Trial
Authors: Kofod Linette Marie , Westerdahl Elisabeth , Kristensen Morten Tange , Brocki Barbara Cristina , Ringbæk Thomas , Hansen Ejvind Frausing
Published: October 2021

The need for oxygen increases with activity in patients with COPD and on long-term oxygen treatment (LTOT), leading to periods of hypoxemia, which may influence the patient’s performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of automated oxygen titration compared to usual fixed-dose oxygen treatment during walking on dyspnea and endurance in patients with COPD and on LTOT. In a double-blinded randomised crossover trial, 33 patients were assigned to use either automated oxygen titration or the usual fixed-dose in a random order in two walking tests. A closed-loop device, O2matic delivered a variable oxygen dose set with a target saturation of 90–94%. The patients had a home oxygen flow of (mean ± SD) 1.6 ± 0.9 L/min. At the last corresponding isotime in the endurance shuttle walk test, the patients reported dyspnea equal to median (IQR) 4 (3–6) when using automated oxygen titration and 8 (5–9) when using fixed doses, p < 0.001. The patients walked 10.9 (6.5–14.9) min with automated oxygen compared to 5.5 (3.3–7.9) min with fixed-dose, p < 0.001. Walking with automated oxygen titration had a statistically significant and clinically important effect on dyspnea. Furthermore, the patients walked for a 98% longer time when hypoxemia was reduced with a more well-matched, personalised oxygen treatment.
Predictors of Acute Encephalopathy in Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Vinogradov Oleg I. , Ogarkova Tatyana K. , Shamtieva Kamila V. , Alexandrov Pavel V. , Mushba Astanda V. , Kanshina Daria S. , Yakovleva Daria V. , Surma Maria A. , Nikolaev Ilia S. , Gorst Nadezhda Kh.
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The majority of patients with severe COVID-19 suffer from delirium as the main sign of encephalopathy associated with this viral infection. The aim of this study was to identify early markers of the development of this condition. Materials: The prospective cohort-based study included patients with community-acquired pneumonia and confirmed pulmonary tissue infiltration based on CT data, with a lesion consisting of at least 25% of one lung. The main group included patients who have developed acute encephalopathy (10 patients, 3 (30%) women; average age, 47.9 ± 7.3 years). The control group included patients who at discharge did not have acute encephalopathy (20 patients, 11 (55%) women; average age, 51.0 ± 10.5 years). The study collected clinical examination data, comprehensive laboratory data, neurophysiological data, pulse oximetry and CT data to identify the predictors of acute encephalopathy (study ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04405544). Results: Data analysis showed a significant relationship between encephalopathy with the degree of lung tissue damage, arterial hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as with D-dimer, LDH, and lymphopenia. Conclusions: The development of encephalopathy is secondary to the severity of the patient’s condition since a more severe course of the coronavirus infection leads to hypoxic brain damage.
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome as a Human Model for Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: de Reuver Steven , Homans Jelle F. , Schlösser Tom P. C. , Houben Michiel L. , Deeney Vincent F. X. , Crowley Terrence B. , Stücker Ralf , Pasha Saba , Kruyt Moyo C. , McDonald-McGinn Donna M. , Castelein René M.
Published: October 2021

To better understand the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis, prospective research into the pre-scoliotic state is required, but this research is practically impossible to carry out in the general population. The use of ‘models’, such as idiopathic-like scoliosis established in genetically modified animals, may elucidate certain elements, but their translatability to the human situation is questionable. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), with a 20-fold increased risk of developing scoliosis, may be a valuable and more relevant alternative and serve as a human ‘model’ for idiopathic scoliosis. This multicenter study investigates the morphology, dynamic behavior, and presence of intraspinal anomalies in patients with 22q11.2DS and scoliosis compared to idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis patients with 22q11.2DS and spinal radiography (n = 185) or MRI (n = 38) were included (mean age 11.6 ± 4.2; median Cobb angle 16°) and compared to idiopathic scoliosis patients from recent literature. Radiographic analysis revealed that 98.4% of 22q11.2DS patients with scoliosis had a curve morphology following predefined criteria for idiopathic curves: eight or fewer vertebrae, an S-shape and no inclusion of the lowest lumbar vertebrae. Furthermore, curve progression was present in 54.2%, with a mean progression rate of 2.5°/year, similar to reports on idiopathic scoliosis with 49% and 2.2–9.6°/year. The prevalence of intraspinal anomalies on MRI was 10.5% in 22q11.2DS, which is also comparable to 11.4% reported for idiopathic scoliosis. This indicates that 22q11.2DS may be a good model for prospective studies to better understand the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis.
A Study of the Minimum Thermal Power of a Nuclear Reactor
Authors: Holbert Keith E.
Published: October 2021

The minimum mass for a critical reactor is well studied whereas the minimum heat production from a nuclear reactor has received little attention. The thermal power of a (sub)critical reactor originates from fission as well as radioactive decay. Fission includes neutron-induced and spontaneous fission. For an idealized critical core, we find that the minimum theoretical power is ER/Λ, whereas for a subcritical reactor comprising fissionable material undergoing spontaneous fission, the minimum power is dictated by subcritical multiplication. Interestingly, radioisotopic heat generation exceeds the minimum theoretical fission power for most of the fissile materials examined in this study.
Epigenetic Clock and Circadian Rhythms in Stem Cell Aging and Rejuvenation
Authors: Samoilova Ekaterina M. , Belopasov Vladimir V. , Ekusheva Evgenia V. , Zhang Chao , Troitskiy Alexander V. , Baklaushev Vladimir P.
Published: October 2021

This review summarizes the current understanding of the interaction between circadian rhythms of gene expression and epigenetic clocks characterized by the specific profile of DNA methylation in CpG-islands which mirror the senescence of all somatic cells and stem cells in particular. Basic mechanisms of regulation for circadian genes CLOCK-BMAL1 as well as downstream clock-controlled genes (ССG) are also discussed here. It has been shown that circadian rhythms operate by the finely tuned regulation of transcription and rely on various epigenetic mechanisms including the activation of enhancers/suppressors, acetylation/deacetylation of histones and other proteins as well as DNA methylation. Overall, up to 20% of all genes expressed by the cell are subject to expression oscillations associated with circadian rhythms. Additionally included in the review is a brief list of genes involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, along with genes important for cell aging, and oncogenesis. Eliminating some of them (for example, Sirt1) accelerates the aging process, while the overexpression of Sirt1, on the contrary, protects against age-related changes. Circadian regulators control a number of genes that activate the cell cycle (Wee1, c-Myc, p20, p21, and Cyclin D1) and regulate histone modification and DNA methylation. Approaches for determining the epigenetic age from methylation profiles across CpG islands in individual cells are described. DNA methylation, which characterizes the function of the epigenetic clock, appears to link together such key biological processes as regeneration and functioning of stem cells, aging and malignant transformation. Finally, the main features of adult stem cell aging in stem cell niches and current possibilities for modulating the epigenetic clock and stem cells rejuvenation as part of antiaging therapy are discussed.
Cervical Lymphadenopathies as Unusual Presentations of Erdheim–Chester Disease: The Need for Knowledge for Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Antúnez-Conde Raúl , Navarro Cuéllar Carlos , Ochandiano Santiago , Díez-Montiel Alberto , Montes Pablo , Monteserín Eduardo , Agea Marc , Gascón Dafne , Navarro Ignacio , Arenas Gema , Tousidonis Manuel , Salmerón José Ignacio
Published: October 2021

The appearance of cervical adenopathies can occur in many pathologies in a non-specific manner; Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD) is characterized by xanthogranulomatous and xanthomatous infiltration of different tissues with numerous foamy histiocytes. Bone lesions are frequent and radiological features are pathognomonic for diagnosis, but lymph node involvement is exceptional and is not a form of presentation reported in the literature. Recurrent BRAFV600E mutation and others have been discovered in recent years. Since then, several treatments targeting the BRAF and MEK pathways have been developed with high success rates; even so, interferon-α continues to be one of the most widely used treatments. The best imaging test for the study and monitoring of the disease is PET-CT. The prognosis of ECD is relatively poor, with a survival of 43% of patients after 32 months follow-up. Higher survival rates have been reported in patients treated with interferon. The authors present an exceptional case of ECD with cervical adenopathies as a debut, highlighting the need for the knowledge of the disease for differential diagnosis, early treatment, and the importance of communication between the clinician and the pathologist. The main features of the disease and a brief discussion of current diagnosis and treatment are reviewed.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Alginate Lyase from a Marine Streptomyces Species Isolated from Seaweed
Authors: Nguyen Thi Nhu Thuong , Chataway Timothy , Araujo Ricardo , Puri Munish , Franco Christopher Milton Mathew
Published: October 2021

Alginate, a natural polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed, is finding multiple applications in biomedicine via its transformation through chemical, physical, and, increasingly, enzymatic processes. In this study a novel alginate lyase, AlyDS44, was purified and characterized from a marine actinobacterium, Streptomyces luridiscabiei, which was isolated from decomposing seaweed. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 108.6 U/mg, with a molecular weight of 28.6 kDa, and was composed of 260 amino acid residues. AlyDS44 is a bifunctional alginate lyase, active on both polyguluronate and polymannuronate, though it preferentially degrades polyguluronate. The optimal pH of this enzyme is 8.5 and the optimal temperature is 45 °C. It is a salt-tolerant alginate lyase with an optimal activity at 0.6 M NaCl. Metal ions Mn2+, Co2+, and Fe2+ increased the alginate degrading activity, but it was inhibited in the presence of Zn2+ and Cu2+. The highly conserved regions of its amino acid sequences indicated that AlyDS44 belongs to the polysaccharide lyase family 7. The main breakdown products of the enzyme on alginate were disaccharides, trisaccharides, and tetrasaccharides, which demonstrated that this enzyme acted as an endo-type alginate lyase. AlyDS44 is a novel enzyme, with the potential for efficient production of alginate oligosaccharides with low degrees of polymerization.
NMR Studies of the Ion Channel-Forming Human Amyloid-β with Zinc Ion Concentrations
Authors: Kim Minseon , Son Jinyoung , Kim Yongae
Published: October 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is classified as an amyloid-related disease. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a transmembrane protein known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of AD. These Aβ proteins can form ion channels or pores in the cell membrane. Studies have elucidated the structure of the transmembrane domain of Aβ ion channels. In addition, various studies have investigated substances that block or inhibit the formation of Aβ ion channels. Zinc ions are considered as potential inhibitors of AD. In this study, we focused on the transmembrane domain and some external domains of the Aβ protein (hAPP-TM), and solution-state NMR was used to confirm the effect on residues of the protein in the presence of zinc ions. In addition, we sought to confirm the structure and orientation of the protein in the presence of the bicelle using solid-state NMR.
Improving Texture and Microstructure Homogeneity in High-Purity Ta Sheets by Warm Cross Rolling and Annealing
Authors: Long Doudou , Liu Shifeng , Zhu Jialin , Liu Yahui , Zhou Shiyuan , Yuan Xiaoli , Orlov Dmytro
Published: October 2021

The evolution of texture and microstructure uniformity in high-purity tantalum (Ta) sheets during 135° warm cross rolling (WCR) was analyzed in detail. X-ray diffraction suggested that relatively uniform ‘ideal’ deformation texture distribution across the thickness could be obtained from WCR, since more potential slip systems could be activated. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results indicated that the change in strain path in warm rolling could enhance dislocations mobility and increase the probability of dislocations rearrangement and annihilation. Thus, the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries was significantly reduced, and more sub-grain boundaries or sub-grains were formed via WCR. The calculation of geometrically necessary dislocation density based on the strain gradient model supports this result. The analysis of relative Schmid factor combined with the strain contouring map indicated that inhomogeneous orientation-dependent grain subdivision could be effectively weakened, and relatively uniform strain distribution could be formed in the WCR sample. Upon annealing, uniform fine grain size and more randomly oriented grains were obtained in the WCR sample after the completion of recrystallization because of relatively uniform grain subdivision and stored energy distribution.
Deformation Mechanisms of FCC-Structured Metallic Nanocrystal with Incoherent Twin Boundary
Authors: Tao Yang , Zhao Yufeng , Wang Zhanxin , Fu Libo , Wang Lihua
Published: October 2021

Incoherent twin boundaries (ITBs) can significantly affect the mechanical properties of twin-structured metals. However, most previous studies have focused on the deformation mechanism of the coherent twin boundary (CTB), and metals with ITB-accommodated plasticity still require further investigation. In this study, deformation mechanisms of FCC-structured nanocrystal metals with ITBs were investigated using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. We revealed that three deformation mechanisms occur in metals with ITBs. The first type of deformation was observed in Au, where the plasticity is governed by partial dislocation intersections with CTBs or reactions with each other to form Lomer–Cottrell (L–C) locks. In the second type, found in Al, the deformation is governed by reversible ITB migration. The third type of deformation, in Ni and Cu, is governed by partial dislocations emitted from the ITB or the tips of the stacking faults (SFs). The observed L–C lock formation, as well as the reversible ITB migration and partial dislocation emission from the tips of SFs, have rarely been reported before.
The Influence of Hard Coal Combustion in Individual Household Furnaces on the Atmosphere Quality in Pszczyna (Poland)
Authors: Smołka-Danielowska Danuta , Jabłońska Mariola , Godziek Sandra
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to determine the influence of ashes produced in the combustion of hard coal and eco-pea coal in individual household furnaces on the air quality in the region under analysis. To achieve this objective, we analysed the chemical and mineral composition of ashes, suspended and respirable dusts with particular attention being paid to phases containing potentially toxic elements (PTE) (As, Cd, Pb, Se, Ni, Ba, Tl, S, Th and U), and sulphur. The research methods used included powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Measurements were taken for PM concentrations, total suspended particulate matter (TSP), gaseous TVOC pollutants (volatile organic compounds) and soot at various altitudes and a mobile laboratory with measuring apparatus placed in the basket of a manned hot-air balloon was used for the analysis. The use of Poland’s unique laboratory allowed us to obtain real-time measurements up to an altitude of 1200 m above sea level. Measurements using unmanned units such as drones do not enable such analyses. The research confirmed that PTE concentrations in ash and its mineral composition are varied. The PM10 and PM2.5 ashes are dominated by sodium chloride, particles containing C, and a substance composed of S + C + O + N + Na. Trace amounts of Pb and Zn sulphides are also present.
Mind-Body Therapies for Cancer Patients Living with Depression, Anxiety or Insomnia (MIRACLE): A Systematic Review with Individual Participant Data Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Birling Yoann , Nevitt Sarah , Bhuyan Deep Jyoti , Jia Mingxian , Feng Fan , Carlson Linda Ellen , Pham Tiffany , Liu Jing , Ayati Zahra , Nyiam Liyi , Yu Zhichao , Fahey Paul
Published: October 2021

Depression, anxiety, and insomnia are common in cancer patients. Mind-body therapies (MBTs) are promising forms of treatment for cancer patients living with depression, anxiety, and insomnia. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of MBTs in cancer patients living with depression, anxiety, or insomnia. EMBase, PubMed, Cinahl, PsychINFO, IndMED, CSI-NISCAIR, CNKI, Clinicaltrial.gov, ChiCTR, and CTRI will be searched until October 2020 for relevant studies. Randomized controlled studies in which MBTs were tested in a cancer population will be selected. The authors of the selected studies will be contacted to obtain individual participant data. The participants who reached a defined clinical threshold for depression, anxiety, or insomnia will be selected for the three sub-studies on depression, anxiety, and insomnia, respectively. Pairwise and network meta-analyses will be used to assess the changes in depression, anxiety, sleep quality, and completion rate. We will assess the effect of the treatment dose (number and frequency of interventions) on effectiveness. The results of this study will inform clinical decision-making for the treatment of psychological disturbances in cancer patients. If MBTs are found effective, they will potentially be recommended as treatments for cancer patients with psychological symptoms.
Magnon Torque Transferred into a Magnetic Insulator through an Antiferromagnetic Insulator
Authors: Chen Zhiren , Chen Zehan , Zhao Xiaotian , Cui Baoshan , Zheng Hongnan , Liu Lin , Jia Wei , Li Tianhui , Ye Zhixiang , Qiu Mingxia , Wang Ning , Ma Lei , An Hongyu
Published: October 2021

Electrical spin-orbit torque (SOT) in magnetic insulators (MI) has been intensively studied due to its advantages in spin-orbitronic devices with ultralow energy consumption. However, the magnon torque in the MIs, which has the potential to further lower the energy consumption, still remains elusive. In this work, we demonstrate the efficient magnon torque transferred into an MI through an antiferromagnetic insulator. By fabricating a Pt/NiO/Tm3Fe5O12 heterostructure with different NiO thicknesses, we have systematically investigated the evolution of the transferred magnon torque. We show that the magnon torque efficiency transferred through the NiO into the MI can retain a high value (∼50%), which is comparable to the previous report for the magnon torque transferred into the metallic magnet. Our study manifests the feasibility of realizing the pure magnon-based spin-orbitronic devices with ultralow energy consumption and high efficiency.
Efficient Hydrogen Generation and Total Nitrogen Removal for Urine Treatment in a Neutral Solution Based on a Self-Driving Nano Photoelectrocatalytic System
Authors: Wang Pengbo , Li Jinhua , Xu Yang , Zhou Changhui , Zhang Yan , Zha Lina , Zhang Bo , Bai Jing , Zhou Baoxue
Published: October 2021

Urine is the main source of nitrogen pollution, while urea is a hydrogen-enriched carrier that has been ignored. Decomposition of urea to H2 and N2 is of great significance. Unfortunately, direct urea oxidation suffers from sluggish kinetics, and needs strong alkaline condition. Herein, we developed a self-driving nano photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) system to efficiently produce hydrogen and remove total nitrogen (TN) for urine treatment under neutral pH conditions. TiO2/WO3 nanosheets were used as photoanode to generate chlorine radicals (Cl•) to convert urea-nitrogen to N2, which can promote hydrogen generation, due to the kinetic advantage of Cl−/Cl• cyclic catalysis. Copper nanowire electrodes (Cu NWs/CF) were employed as the cathode to produce hydrogen and simultaneously eliminate the over-oxidized nitrate-nitrogen. The self-driving was achieved based on a self-bias photoanode, consisting of confronted TiO2/WO3 nanosheets and a rear Si photovoltaic cell (Si PVC). The experiment results showed that hydrogen generation with Cl• is 2.03 times higher than in urine treatment without Cl•, generating hydrogen at 66.71 μmol h−1. At the same time, this system achieved a decomposition rate of 98.33% for urea in 2 h, with a reaction rate constant of 0.0359 min−1. The removal rate of total nitrogen and total organic carbon (TOC) reached 75.3% and 48.4% in 2 h, respectively. This study proposes an efficient and potential urine treatment and energy recovery method in neutral solution.