bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hide the Republicans, the Christians, and the Women: A Response to "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty"
Authors: Ames Barry , Barker David C. , Bonneau Chris W. , Carman Christopher J.
Published: January 2006

Do conservatives suffer discrimination in academe? In Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty, Rothman, Lichter, and Nevitte argue that conservatives and Republicans teach at lower quality schools than do liberals and Democrats. Using a survey of 1643 faculty members from 183 four-year colleges and universities, they conclude that their results are consistent with the hypothesis that political conservatism confers a disadvantage in the competition for political advancement. In this response, we show that Rothman, Lichter, and Nevittes work is plagued by theoretical and methodological problems that render their conclusions unsustainable by the available evidence. Furthermore, we offer an alternative hypothesis theoretically consistent with their findings. Unfortunately, we were unable to subject our alternative hypothesis to empirical assessment (or even to replicate the initial results of Rothman, Lichter and Nevitte) since they have refused to make their data available to the scientific community.
Why Can't We All Just Get Along? The Reality of a Polarized America
Authors: Abramowitz Alan , Saunders Kyle
Published: January 2006

According to Morris Fiorina, Americans are moderate, tolerant, and ambivalent in their political attitudes. This has always been true and it is, if anything, more true today than in the past. The culture war is almost entirely an elite phenomenon, driven by a small group of activists on the left and right who exert influence far out of proportion to their numbers. It is the elites and activists who are polarized, not the public. In this study we use data from the American National Election Studies and national exit polls to test five major claims made by Fiorina about the state of public opinion in the United States. This evidence indicates that while some of the claims of culture war proponents are overstated, there are deep divisions in America between Democrats and Republicans, between red state voters and blue state voters, and between religious voters and secular voters. These divisions are not confined to a small minority of elected officials and activiststhey involve a large segment of the public and they are likely to increase in the future as a result of long-term trends affecting American society.
The Deeper "Culture Wars" Questions
Authors: Evans John H. , Nunn Lisa M.
Published: January 2006

Fiorinas book is powerful enough to become canonical, and other texts concerning polarization may fall by the wayside. Fiorinas book, however, comes with a lens which obscures certain phenomena that previous texts concerning polarization have thought to be important. In this article we describe this other literature, largely outside of the field of political science, and describe its foci. We argue for retaining the concerns of this previous literature which address questions about long-standing value differences, the source of these differences and how they are likely to be mediated through institutions in the public sphere.
Where the Votes Are: The Electoral Geography of the Coming Democratic Majority
Authors: Estes Todd
Published: January 2006

This article offers an historical overview of the last three presidential elections and uses those results to categorize the states into base states and leaning states, providing a glimpse at the current status of the parties' standing in the electoral college. While it acknowledges that the Republicans have a slight edge based on recent voting trends, it argues ultimately that the Democrats have a better chance of capitalizing on a variety of electoral opportunities to attain a political majority. Thus, it joins the ongoing debate about the validity of the John Judis-Ruy Teixeira thesis about the emerging Democratic majority. It does so by offering an extended analysis of key data from the 2004 exit poll results and a reflection on historical voting results to forecast which states offer the best targets for Democrats. It considers those possibilities against the background of electoral trends over the last quarter-century to suggest what the electoral map looks like heading into the next election cycle.
Do 527's Add Up to a Party? Thinking About the "Shadows" of Politics
Authors: Skinner Richard M.
Published: January 2006

The creation and activities of the so-called 527 political organizations during the 2004 campaign support the framework created by John Aldrich in Why Parties? They also support the notion of a party network: a web of actors united behind the common pursuit of power under a shared label. The 527s were created by individuals deeply embedded in the party networks, were staffed by political professionals long active in party politics, and pursued strategies supportive of party aims. The party networks showed their flexibility by absorbing outside groups such as MoveOn.org and Swift Boat Veterans. The activities of the 527 organizations do not support the arguments for party decline that were popular in the 1970s and 1980s, nor do they validate the predictions made that BCRA would devastate the political parties. Other developments during the 2004 elections support the continuing trend of American political parties toward the responsible model.
The Death of a Presidency
Authors: White John K
Published: January 2006

During the past fifty years, presidents have had moments when the public disapproves of their performances. George W. Bush is one of them. Successful presidents have been able to reverse their low standing when they can change the subject. Such was the case for Harry Truman in 1948, Ronald Reagan in 1987, and Bill Clinton in 1995. Truman got back to the New Deal/Fair Deal agenda, Reagan acknowledged mistakes in the Iran-Contra scandal, and Clinton decided to get back to his middle class agenda. Unsuccessful presidents are those who found themselves in political trouble and could not change the subject. These include Truman in 1952 (Korea), Richard Nixon in 1974 (Watergate), Jimmy Carter in 1980 (Iranian hostages and the economy), and George H. W. Bush in 1992 (the economy). George W. Bush is likely to be one of the unsuccessful presidents. Iraq has brought this presidency to new lows in public approval, and it is unlikely that Bush will be able to shift the public focus away from Iraq.
Modeling Hydrocarbon Processing
Authors: Ho Teh C
Published: January 2006

Driven by the global competition and market demand, the petroleum industry is under increasing pressure to produce clean, high-value products from low-cost feedstocks with minimum capital outlays. This has triggered an urgent need to develop robust process models capable of predicting the effects of feedstock composition, operating conditions, and catalyst properties on product quality. To develop such models, one generally splits the reaction mixture at the molecular level, examines microscopic interactions among individual reactions, and then works all the way up to the macroscopic level. Along the way one performs lumping to keep the size and complexity of the problem at bay. This is not only crucial for practical applications, but also important for fundamental understanding, since one does not want to lose sight of the forest for too many trees. This paper gives an overview of new and emerging theoretical tools for building kinetic models for hydrocarbon processing. While the emphasis is on reaction kinetics, the question of reducing hydrodynamic complexities is addressed as well.
Computing Asymptotic Power and Sample Size for Case-Control Genetic Association Studies in the Presence of Phenotype and/or Genotype Misclassification Errors
Authors: Ji Fei , Yang Yaning , Haynes Chad , Finch Stephen J , Gordon Derek
Published: January 2006

It is well established that phenotype and genotype misclassification errors reduce the power to detect genetic association. Resampling a subset of the data (e.g, double-sampling) of genotype and/or phenotype with a gold standard measurement is one method to address this issue. We derive the non-centrality parameter (NCP) for the recently published Likelihood Ratio Test Allowing for Error (LRTae) in the presence of random phenotype and genotype errors. With the NCP, power and sample size can be analytically determined at any significance level. We verify analytic power with simulations using a 2**k factorial design given high and low settings of: case and control genotype frequencies, phenotype and genotype misclassification probabilities, total sample size, ratio of cases to controls, and proportions of phenotype and/or genotype double-samples. We also perform example applications of our method assuming equal costs for the LRTae method and the standard method that does not use double-sample information (LRTstd) to determine if power gain due to double-sampling a proportion of samples outweighs the reduction in sample size due to additional costs in obtaining double-samples.Our results showed a median difference of at most 0.01 between analytic and simulation power for the factorial design settings, with maximum difference of 0.054. For our cost/benefits analysis calculations, results for genotype errors are that double-sampling appears most beneficial (in terms of power gain) when cost of double-sampling is relatively low, irrespective of the proportion of individuals double-sampled. In the presence of phenotype error, there is always power gain using the LRTae method for the parameter settings considered. We have freely available software that performs power and sample size calculations for the LRTae method and cost/benefits analyses comparing power for LRTae and LRTstd methods assuming equal costs.
Comparison of Technologies on Extracting and Concentrating Natural Vitamin E Using Supercritical CO2
Authors: Liu Yun , Ding Xiao-lin , Zhu Dan-hua
Published: January 2006

Solubilities are measured for natural tocopherols and fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs) under partly isothermal, isobaric and isochoric conditions in the range of temperature of 40-60deg.C and pressure of 9.7-16.2MPa based on soybean de-odorizer(DOD) pretreatment, the separation factors between FAMEs and tocopherols are 3.1-5.4 in this study. Furthermore, three different technology projects are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively of single column extraction (SCE), extraction and fractionation (EF), two-column extraction (TCE).
Effect of Solid State Fermentation on the Physico-Chemical, Functional and Textural Properties of Nixtamalized Maize
Authors: Afoakwa Emmanuel Ohene , Aidoo Philip Roger
Published: January 2006

Spontaneous lactic acid fermentation is an important process in cereal processing. It is applied to develop and enhance taste and flavour, modify texture and improve the microbial safety of foods. When applied with nixtamalization to maize, it is expected to further improve the functionality, improve nutritional quality and provide an alternative maize-based ingredient. This study was carried out to determine the extent to which fermentation could influence the physico-chemical, functional and textural properties of nixtamalized maize. A 2 x 3 x 3 factorial experimental design with fermentation medium (water, coconut water), fermentation time (0, 24, 48 hours) and blends composition (0:100, 50:50, 100:0 steeped:nixtamalized maize) was performed. The blends were fermented for the specific times and analysed for pH, titratable acidity, water absorption, colour and texture. Traditional maize dough facilitated the fermentation process by acting as a starter culture to produce lower pH and higher acidity in the steeped:nixtamalized maize blends. The fermentation time significantly (p<0.05) influenced the pH, titratable acidity, water absorption capacity, colour and texture of the samples. The pH of all the blends decreased from 6.24 to 4.22 with a corresponding increase in titratable acidity from 0.009 to 0.036 g Lactic/100g sample during fermentation. There was however no significant (p<0.05) difference in the effect of fermentation medium on these indices. The samples with a higher percentage of nixtamalized maize had a deeper yellow colour, that is lower L  value (lightness) and higher b-values (yellowness) than the non- nixtamalized maize and this increased further with fermentation. The texture of the blends of steeped  nixtamalized maize generally decreased with increasing fermentation time for all samples fermented in water as well as in coconut water, however, the texture of the blends of steeped: nixtamalized maize for samples fermented in coconut water had relatively higher but comparable textural values. Maize can therefore be nixtamalized and fermented using both water and coconut water to effectively produce adequate souring or acids resulting in improved physico-chemical, functional and textural quality characteristics required for the processing of traditional fermented maize products.
Evaluation of a method to experimentally induce colic in horses and the effects of acupuncture applied at the Guan-yuan-shu (similar to BL-21) acupoint
Authors: Merritt Alfred M. , Xie Huisheng , Lester Guy D. , Burrow James A. , Lorenzo-Figueras Mireia , Mahfoud Ziyad
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the reliability of a method for
inducing colic via small intestinal distention in horses
and to examine the analgesic potential of bilateral
electroacupuncture (EAP) at the Guan-yuan-shu (similar
to BL-21) acupoint.

Animals—5 healthy adult horses, each with a gastric
cannula.

Procedure—A polyester balloon connected to an electronic
barostat was introduced into the duodenum via
the gastric cannula. At 2 specified intervals (before and
after commencement of EAP), the balloon was inflated
to a barostat-controlled pressure that induced signs of
moderate colic. Each inflation was maintained for 10
minutes. Heart and respiratory rates were continuously
recorded. Frequency of various clinical signs of colic was
recorded by 2 trained observers during various combinations
of balloon inflation and EAP. Each horse received
each of 5 treatment protocols (EAP at 20 Hz, sham EAP
at 20 Hz, EAP at 80 : 120 Hz dense:disperse, sham EAP
at 80 : 120 Hz dense:disperse, no treatment). Sham EAP
was at a point located 2 cm lateral to the Guan-yuan-shu
acupoint.

Results—Duodenal distention consistently induced a
significant increase in frequency of signs of colic.
None of the EAP protocols caused a significant reduction
in frequency of these clinical signs during distention.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The method
described is reproducible and highly controllable
method for inducing colic that involved duodenal distention
that should be useful in evaluating the efficacy
of various analgesic strategies. Bilateral EAP at the
Guan-yuan-shu acupoint was ineffective in reducing
signs of discomfort induced by this method. (Am J Vet
Res 2002;63:1006–1011)
Pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in sheep
Authors: Bermingham Eden C. , Papich Mark G.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered IV and in various oral preparations to ewes.

Animals—5 mature Katahdin ewes weighing 42 to 50 kg.

Procedure—Ewes received 4 single-dose treatments of enrofloxacin in a nonrandomized crossover design followed by a multiple-dose oral regimen. Single-dose treatments consisted of an IV bolus of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg), an oral drench (10 mg/kg) made from crushed enrofloxacin tablets, oral administration in feed (10 mg/kg; mixture of crushed enrofloxacin tablets and grain), and another type of oral administration in feed (10 mg/kg; mixture of enrofloxacin solution and grain). The multiple-dose regimen consisted of feeding a mixture of enrofloxacin solution and grain (10 mg/kg, q 24 h, for 7 days). Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results—Harmonic mean half-life for oral administration was 14.80, 10.80, and 13.07 hours, respectively, for the oral drench, crushed tablets in grain, and enrofloxacin solution in grain. Oral bioavailability for the oral drench, crushed tablets in grain, and enrofloxacin in grain was 47.89, 98.07, and 94.60%, respectively, and median maximum concentration (Cmax) was 1.61, 2.69, and 2.26 µg/ml, respectively. Median Cmaxof the multiple-dose regimen was 2.99 µg/ml.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enrofloxacin administered orally to sheep has a prolonged half-life and high oral bioavailability. Oral administration at 10 mg/kg, q 24 h, was sufficient to achieve a plasma concentration of 8 to 10 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of any microorganism with an MIC ≤ 0.29 µg/ml. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:1012–1017)
Influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus content in a fixed ratio on growth and development in Great Danes
Authors: Lauten Susan D. , Cox Nancy R. , Brawner William R. , Goodman Susan A. , Hathcock John T. , Montgomery Ronald D. , Kincaid Steven A. , Morrison Nancy E. , Spano Joseph S. , Lepine Allan. J. , Reinhart Gregory A. , Baker Henry J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To study the musculoskeletal development of Great Dane puppies fed various dietary concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in fixed ratio by use of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), determination of serum insulin-like growth factor I and parathyroid hormone concentrations, radiography, and blood chemistry analysis results.

Animals—32 purebred Great Dane puppies from 4 litters.

Procedure—At weaning, puppies were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 diets. Blood was collected for biochemical analyses and hormone assays, and radiography and DEXA were performed through 18 months of age. Changes in body weight, bone mineral content, fat tissue weight, lean mass, result of serum biochemical analyses, hormonal concentrations, and radius lengths were analyzed through 18 months of age.

Results—Bone mineral content of puppies correlated positively with Ca and P content of the diets fed. Significant differences between groups in bone mineral content, lean mass, and body fat were apparent early. The disparity among groups increased until 6 months of age and then declined until body composition was no longer different at 12 months of age. Accretion rates for skeletal mineral content, fat, and lean tissue differed from each other and by diet group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ca and P concentrations in the diet of young Great Dane puppies are rapidly reflected in the bone mineral content of the puppies until 5 to 6 months of age, after which hormonal regulation adjusts absorption and excretion of these minerals. Appropriate Ca and P concentrations in diets are important in young puppies < 6 months of age. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1036–1047)
Use of routine ventrodorsal radiographic views of the pelvis to assess inclination of the wings of the sacrum in dogs
Authors: Breit Sabine M. , Knaus Iris M. , Künzel Wolfgang W. F.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the ratio of ventral-to-dorsal
transverse diameters between the wings of the
sacrum on ventrodorsal radiographic views of the
pelvis in large dogs and to validate the reliability of
this morphometric analysis for functional interpretation.

Sample Population—Pelvic specimens from 40
large-breed dogs and radiographs of 113 large-breed
dogs.

Procedure—In an anatomic and radiographic evaluation,
the transverse dorsal diameter (TVDS) and transverse
ventral diameter (TVV) between the wings of
the sacrum were evaluated in sacrum specimens and
on corresponding radiographs of the pelvis and
sacrum. The ratio between TVV and TVDS (VD ratio)
was calculated. Intraobserver reliability was determined
by calculation of the coefficient of variation. In
a retrospective radiographic evaluation, the VD ratio
was determined in Rottweilers, Golden Retrievers,
and German Shepherd Dogs. Correlations between
VD ratio and breed, age, and sex were tested.

Results—The VD ratio was significantly higher in
Rottweilers than in Golden Retrievers and German
Shepherd Dogs, denoting an oblique alignment of the
sacral wings in Rottweilers (ie, the dorsal aspects of
the sacral wings were located more medially than the
ventral aspects) and an almost sagittal alignment in
the other breeds. The VD ratio was significantly associated
with age but not with sex.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Sagittal alignment
of the wings of the sacrum is considered to be
biomechanically less efficient. These results provide a
basis for further studies to evaluate radiographic
assessment of the sacroiliac joints similar to the evaluation
for hip dysplasia. (Am J Vet Res 2002;
63:1220–1225)
Comparison of corn gluten meal and meat meal as a protein source in dry foods formulated for cats
Authors: Funaba Masayuki , Matsumoto Chiho , Matsuki Kunihiro , Gotoh Ken , Kaneko Masahiro , Iriki Tsunenori , Hatano Yoshikazu , Abe Matanobu
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare the nutritional value of corn gluten meal (CGM) and meat meal (MM) as a dietary source of protein in dry food formulated for adult cats.

Animals—8 healthy adult cats (4 males and 4 females).

Procedure—Diets containing CGM or MM as the main protein source were each fed for a 3-week period in a crossover study. Digestibility and nutritional balance experiments were conducted during the last 7 days of each period. Furthermore, freshly voided urine was obtained to measure urinary pH, struvite crystals, and sediment concentrations.

Results—Daily food intake and dry-matter digestibility were significantly higher for the MM diet. Fecal moisture content also was higher for the MM diet. Apparent nitrogen (N) absorption and N retention were higher for the MM diet, even when values were expressed as a percentage to account for differences in N intake. Urinary pH, struvite activity product, number of struvite crystals in urine, and urinary sediment concentrations were not different between diets. Retention of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium was lower for the CGM diet, and cats lost body calcium and magnesium when fed the CGM diet.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Meat meal was superior to CGM as a protein source in dry foods formulated for cats, because dry-matter digestibility and N utilization were higher for the MM diet. In addition, net loss of body calcium and magnesium for the CGM diet suggests that mineral requirements increase when CGM is used as a protein source. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1247–1251)
Effects of hydrocortisone on substrates of energy metabolism in alpacas
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Tornquist Susan J. , McKane Shaun A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate effects of hydrocortisone administration, with and without concurrent administration of insulin, on intermediary metabolism in alpacas.

Animals—8 adult castrated male alpacas.

Procedure—On each of 2 consecutive days, food was withheld from alpacas for 8 hours. Alpacas then were administered 1 mg of hydrocortisone sodium succinate/kg, IV (time 0). On 1 of the days, randomly assigned alpacas were also administered regular insulin (0.2 U/kg, IV) 120 minutes after hydrocortisone administration. Blood samples were collected at 0, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 minutes. Plasma concentrations of glucose and lactate and serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate were determined. Data were compared between days. Additionally, serum insulin concentrations before and after hydrocortisone administration were determined for selected samples.

Results—Hydrocortisone administration induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, a reduction in concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol, and a reduction in triglyceride-to-cholesterol ratio. Subsequent insulin administration temporarily negated the hyperglycemic effects of hydrocortisone, induced temporary hyperlactemia, and augmented the reduction in blood triglycerides.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A single dose of a short-acting corticosteroid does not increase blood lipid fractions in healthy alpacas, probably because of a competent endogenous insulin response. Corticosteroids may induce differing responses in camelids with depleted glycogen stores or an ineffective insulin response. Administration of insulin can effectively negate the hyperglycemic effects of hydrocortisone and augment lipoprotein clearance. Hence, insulin administration may be therapeutic for alpacas with hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, or hyperketonemia. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1269–1274)
Effects of various diets on gastric tone in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses
Authors: Lorenzo-Figueras Mireia , Jones Galin , Merritt Alfred M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To assess gastric tone in the proximal portion
of the stomach in horses during and after ingestion
of 4 diets (2 diets of grain and 2 diets of hay).

Animals—6 adult horses.

Procedure—A polyester bag with a volume of approximately
1,600 ml was inserted through a gastric cannula
into the proximal portion of the stomach of each
horse. Internal pressure of the bag was maintained at
2 mm Hg by use of an electronic barostat, and
changes in bag volume were recorded before, during,
and after horses consumed diets of grain or hay. Each
horse was fed 0.5 and 1.0 g of grain/kg and 0.5 and 1.0
g of hay/kg. Changes in bag volume measured by use
of the barostat were indirectly related to changes in
tone of the gastric wall.

Results—Food intake caused a distinctly significant
biphasic increase in volume. The first phase was during
active ingestion, which was followed shortly by a
second, more prolonged postprandial phase. The
ingestion-related phase of the response to intake of a
diet of 1 g of hay/kg was significantly greater than that
for the other diets.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Ingestion of a
solid meal induces a biphasic relaxation response in
the proximal portion of the stomach of horses.
Magnitude of the ingestion-related phase may be
determined by size of the meal. (Am J Vet Res 2002;
63:1275–1278)
Effect of inhaled endotoxin on cardiopulmonary function and E-selectin expression in pigs
Authors: Landolt Gabrielle , Nemke Brett W. , Darien Benjamin J. , Kruse-Elliott Kris T.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effect of controlled exposure to inhaled lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the pulmonary inflammatory response of anesthetized pigs.

Animals—Forty-seven 8- to 12-week-old domestic pigs.

Procedure—Pigs were anesthetized with pentobarbital, instrumented for measurement of cardiopulmonary function, and randomly assigned to receive saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 µg of LPS/kg/h for 2 or 6 hours via nebulization through the endotracheal tube. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured, ex vivo neutrophil superoxide production determined, and postmortem assessment for pulmonary neutrophil influx and modulation of adhesion molecule (E-selectin) expression was done.

Results—Mild changes in cardiopulmonary function were observed in response to inhaled LPS in the 2- and 6-hour groups. In pigs inhaling LPS (0.5 or 1.0 µg/kg/h) for 6 hours, there was significant pulmonary neutrophil influx observed postmortem. An increase in expression of E-selectin on pulmonary endothelial cells after 6 hours of LPS inhalation (0.5 µg/kg/h) was also observed. In contrast, there was no significant influx of neutrophils or expression of E-selectin in lungs from pigs inhaling LPS for 2 hours.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Inhalation of LPS resulted in localized pulmonary inflammation characterized by neutrophil influx and increased expression of the endothelial cell adhesion molecule, E-selectin. It may be possible to relate our experimental findings to the clinical consequences of airborne LPS exposure in swine confinement facilities. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1302–1308)
Laparoscopic-assisted enterostomy tube placement and full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum with serosal patching in dogs
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Howerth Elizabeth W. , Bement Shannon , Canalis Chanda
Published: January 2006

Objective—To develop laparoscopic-assisted techniques for enterostomy feeding tube placement and full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum in dogs.

Animals—15 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, and positive pressure ventilation was provided. A trocar cannula for the laparoscope was inserted on the ventral midline caudal to the umbilicus. For enterostomy tube placement, a second trocar cannula was placed lateral to the right rectus abdominis muscle, and a Babcock forceps was used to grasp the duodenum and elevate it to the incision made for the cannula. The duodenum was sutured to the abdominal wall, and a feeding tube was inserted. For jejunal biopsy, a third trocar cannula was placed lateral to the left rectus abdominis muscle. A portion of jejunum was elevated to the incision for the second or third cannula, and a full-thickness biopsy specimen was obtained. A second specimen was obtained from another portion of jejunum, and retention sutures for the 2 biopsy sites were tied so that serosal surfaces of the biopsy sites were apposed to each other. Dogs were euthanatized 30 days after surgery.

Results—The enterostomy tube was properly positioned and functional in all 8 dogs that underwent laparoscopic-assisted enterostomy tube placement, and sufficient samples for histologic examination were obtained from all 7 dogs that underwent laparoscopic-assisted jejunal biopsy. None of the dogs had any identifiable problems after surgery.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that in dogs, laparoscopic-assisted procedures for enterostomy tube placement and jejunal biopsy are an acceptable alternative to procedures performed during a laparotomy. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:1313–1319)
Plasma and synovial fluid endothelin-1 and nitric oxide concentrations in horses with and without joint disease
Authors: Calle Jorge de la , Burba Daniel J. , Ramaswamy Chidambaram M. , Hosgood Giselle , Williams Jamil , LeBlanc Casey , Moore Rustin M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare plasma and synovial fluid endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in clinically normal horses and horses with joint disease.

Animals—36 horses with joint disease, and 15 horses without joint disease.

Procedure—Horses with joint disease were assigned to 1 of the 3 groups (ie, synovitis, degenerative joint disease [DJD], or joint sepsis groups) on the basis of findings on clinical and radiographic examination and synovial fluid analysis. Endothelin-1 and NO concentrations were measured in plasma from blood samples, collected from the jugular vein and ipsilateral cephalic or saphenous vein of the limb with an affected or unaffected joint, as well as in synovial fluid samples obtained via arthrocentesis from the involved joint.

Results—Plasma ET-1 concentrations between affected and unaffected groups were not significantly different. Median concentration and concentration range of ET-1 in synovial fluid obtained from the joint sepsis group (35.830 pg/mL, 7.926 to 86.614 pg/mL; n = 7) were significantly greater than values from the synovitis (17.531 pg/mL, 0.01 to 46.908 pg/mL; 18), DJD (22.858 pg/mL, 0.01 to 49.990 pg/mL; 10), and unaffected (10.547 pg/mL, 0.01 to 35.927 pg/mL; 10) groups. Plasma and synovial fluid NO concentrations between affected and unaffected groups were not significantly different.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Endothelin-1 is locally synthesized in the joints of horses with various types of joint disease. Synovial fluid concentrations of ET-1 varied among horses with joint disease, with concentrations significantly higher in the synovial fluid of horses with joint sepsis. These results indicate that ET-1 may play a role in the pathophysiologic mechanism of joint disease in horses. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1648–1654)
Comparison of the cardiopulmonary effects of anesthesia maintained by continuous infusion of romifidine, guaifenesin, and ketamine with anesthesia maintained by inhalation of halothane in horses
Authors: McMurphy Rose M. , Young Lesley E. , Marlin David J. , Walsh Karen
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare cardiopulmonary responses during anesthesia maintained with halothane and responses during anesthesia maintained by use of a total intravenous anesthetic (TIVA) regimen in horses.

Animals—7 healthy adult horses (1 female, 6 geldings).

Procedure—Each horse was anesthetized twice. Romifidine was administered IV, and anesthesia was induced by IV administration of ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained for 75 minutes by administration of halothane (HA) or IV infusion of romifidine, guaifenesin, and ketamine (TIVA). The order for TIVA or HA was randomized. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured 40, 60, and 75 minutes after the start of HA or TIVA.

Results—Systolic, diastolic, and mean carotid arterial pressures, velocity time integral, and peak acceleration of aortic blood flow were greater, and systolic, diastolic, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure were lower at all time points for TIVA than for HA. Pre-ejection period was shorter and ejection time was longer for TIVA than for HA. Heart rate was greater for HA at 60 minutes. Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation were greater and inspiratory time was longer for TIVA than for HA at 75 minutes. The PaCO2was higher at 60 and 75 minutes for HA than for TIVA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses receiving a constant-rate infusion of romifidine, guaifenesin, and ketamine maintained higher arterial blood pressures than when they were administered HA. There was some indication that left ventricular function may be better during TIVA, but influences of preload and afterload on measured variables could account for some of these differences. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1655–1661)
Effects of medetomidine-midazolam, acepromazine-butorphanol, and midazolam-butorphanol on induction dose of thiopental and propofol and on cardiopulmonary changes in dogs
Authors: Kojima Kentaro , Nishimura Ryohei , Mutoh Tatsushi , Hong Sung-Hyeok , Mochizuki Manabu , Sasaki Nobuo
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate dose-sparing effects of medetomidine-midazolam (MM), acepromazinebutorphanol (AB), and midazolam-butorphanol (MB) on the induction dose of thiopental and propofol and to examine cardiopulmonary changes in dogs.

Animals—23 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—Dogs were administered MM, AB, MB, or physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (PS) IM, and anesthesia was induced with thiopental or propofol. Cardiopulmonary measurements were obtained before and after administration of medication and 0, 5, 10, and 15 minutes after endotracheal intubation.

Results—Induction doses were reduced significantly by preanesthetic administration of MM, AB, and MB (thiopental, 20, 45, and 46% after administration of PS; propofol, 42, 58, and 74% after administration of PS, respectively). Recovery time in dogs administered MM-thiopental or MM-propofol and AB-propofol were significantly prolonged, compared with recovery time in dogs administered PS-thiopental or PS-propofol. Relatively large cardiovascular changes were induced by administration of MM, which were sustained even after the induction of anesthesia. Administration of AB and MB induced cardiovascular changes during and immediately after endotracheal intubation that were significantly decreased by induction with thiopental or propofol. However, mild hypotension developed with AB-propofol. Apnea was observed in dogs administered MM during induction of anesthesia, but most respiratory variables did not change significantly.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Preanesthetic medication with MM greatly reduced the anesthesia induction dose of thiopental and propofol but caused noticeable cardiopulmonary changes. Preanesthetic medication with AB and MB moderately reduced the induction dose of thiopental and propofol and ameliorated cardiovascular changes induced by these anesthetics, although AB caused mild hypotension. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1671–1679)
Pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue residues for marbofloxacin and its metabolite N-desmethyl-marbofloxacin in broiler chickens
Authors: Anadón Arturo , Martínez-Larrañaga María R. , Díaz María J. , Martínez María A. , Frejo María T. , Martínez Marta , Tafur McAllister , Castellano Victor J.
Published: January 2006

Objectives—To determine pharmacokinetic characteristics of marbofloxacin after a single IV and oral administration and tissue residues after serial daily oral administration in chickens.

Animals—40 healthy broiler chickens.

Procedure—Two groups of chickens (groups A and B; 8 chickens/group) were administered a single IV and oral administration of marbofloxacin (2 mg/kg). Chickens of group C (n = 24) were given serial daily doses of marbofloxacin (2 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 3 days). Plasma (groups A and B) and tissue concentrations (group C) of marbofloxacin and its major metaboliteN-desmethyl-marbofloxacin were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Residues of marbofloxacin andN-desmethyl-marbofloxacin were measured in target tissues.

Results—Elimination half-life and mean residence time of marbofloxacin in plasma were 5.26 and 4.36 hours after IV administration and 8.69 and 8.55 hours after oral administration, respectively. Maximal plasma concentration was 1.05 µg/ml, and interval from oral administration until maximum concentration was 1.48 hours. Oral bioavailability of marbofloxacin was 56.82%. High concentrations of marbofloxacin andN-desmethyl- marbofloxacin were found in the kidneys, liver, muscles, and skin plus fat 24 hours after the final dose of marbofloxacin; however, marbofloxacin andN-desmethyl-marbofloxacin were detected in only hepatic (27.6 and 98.7 µg/kg, respectively) and renal (39.7 and 69.1 µg/kg, respectively) tissues 72 hours after termination of marbofloxacin treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of pharmacokinetic data obtained in this study reveals that a minimal therapeutic dose of 2 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours should be appropriate for control of most infections in chickens. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:927–933)
In vitro anion transport alterations and apoptosis induced by phenylbutazone in the right dorsal colon of ponies
Authors: Richter Ruth-Anne , Freeman David E. , Wallig Matthew , Whittem Ted , Baker Gordon J.
Published: January 2006

Objectives—To study the functional and structural responses of the right dorsal colon (RDC) of ponies to phenylbutazone (PBZ) in vitro at a concentration that could be achieved in vivo.

Animals—8 adult ponies.

Procedure—Short circuit current and conductance were measured in mucosa from the RDC. Tissues incubated with and without HCO3–were exposed to PBZ, bumetanide, or indomethacin. Bidirectional Cl–fluxes were determined. After a baseline flux period, prostaglandin E2(PGE2) was added to the serosal surfaces and a second flux period followed. Light and transmission electron microscopy were performed.

Results—Baseline short circuit current was diminished significantly by PBZ and indomethacin, and increased significantly after addictions of PGE2. After PGE2was added, Cl–secretion increased significantly in tissues in HCO3-–-free solutions and solutions with anti-inflammatory drugs, compared with corresponding baseline measurements and with control tissues exposed to PGE2. Bumetanide did not affect baseline short circuit current and Cl–fluxes. The predominant histologic change was apoptosis of surface epithelial cells treated with PBZ and to a lesser extent in those treated with indomethacin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prostaglandin- induced Cl–secretion appeared to involve a transporter that might also secrete HCO3–. Both PBZ and indomethacin altered ion transport in RDC and caused apoptosis; PBZ can damage mucosa through a mechanism that could be important in vivo. The clinically harmful effect of PBZ on equine RDC in vivo could be mediated through its effects on Cl–and HCO3–secretion. (Am J Vet Res2002;220:934–941)
Reliability of goniometry in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Jaegger Gayle , Marcellin-Little Denis J. , Levine David
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the reliability of goniometry by comparing goniometric measurements with radiographic measurements and evaluate the effects of sedation on range of joint motion.

Animals—16 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure—3 investigators blindly and independently measured range of motion of the carpus, elbow, shoulder, tarsus, stifle, and hip joints of 16 Labrador Retrievers in triplicate before and after dogs were sedated. Radiographs of all joints in maximal flexion and extension were made during under sedation. Goniometric measurements were compared with radiographic measurements. The influence of sedation and the intra- and intertester variability were evaluated; 95% confidence intervals for all ranges of motion were determined.

Results—Results of goniometric and radiographic measurements were not significantly different. Results of measurements made by the 3 investigators were not significantly different. Multiple measurements made by 1 investigator varied from 1 to 6° (median, 3°) depending on the joint. Sedation did not influence the range of motion of the evaluated joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Goniometry is a reliable and objective method for determining range of motion of joints in healthy Labrador Retrievers. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:979–986)
Depletion of gentamicin and its major components from various tissues of turkeys
Authors: Shem-Tov Motti , Gabor Nagy , Suth Miklós , Kormoczy Peter
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine tissue depletion profiles for
gentamicin and its 3 major components (C1, C1a, and
C2) in turkeys.

Animals—Twenty 10-week-old male turkeys.

Procedure—4 birds were maintained as untreated
controls. The remaining birds were treated with gentamicin
sulfate at a dosage of 2 mg/kg, IM, once daily
for 5 days. Treated birds were euthanatized 45, 60, 75,
and 90 days (4 birds at each sample time) after the
last dose of gentamicin was administered, and samples
of muscle, liver, kidney, and skin and fat were collected.
Control birds were euthanatized on day 45.
Concentrations of the 3 major components of gentamicin
were measured by means of reversed-phase
high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results—Total gentamicin concentration (ie, sum of
the concentrations of the 3 major components) was
< 100 µg/kg for all muscle and skin and fat samples by
day 45 and all liver samples by day 75. At all sample
times, concentration of the gentamicin C1 component
was higher than concentrations of the C1a and
C2 components in all tissues.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that tissue depletion profiles of the 3 major components
of gentamicin differ from each other.
Withdrawal time, therefore, may depend on the ratio
of the components in the pharmaceutical preparation
used. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1234–1236)
Relationship between orally administered dose, surface emission rate for gamma radiation, and urine radioactivity in radioiodine-treated hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Weichselbaum Ralph C. , Cronk Daniel E. , Anderson Kari L.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the relationship between surface emission rate of gamma radiation and urine concentration of I131(urine radioactivity) during the period 7 to 21 days after oral or SC administration of I131to hyperthyroid cats.

Animals—47 hyperthyroid cats administered I131PO and 24 hyperthyroid cats administered I131SC.

Procedure—A dose of I131(1.78 to 2.04 X 102MBq [4.8 to 5.5 mCi]) was administered orally. Surface emission at the skin adjacent to the thyroid gland on days 7, 10, 14, 18, and 21 and number of counts/30 s in a urine sample (1 mL, obtained via cystocentesis) on days 7, 14, and 21 after oral administration were measured. Effective half-life (T1/2E) was derived for each point. Surface emission thresholds for maximum urine radioactivity values were established. A dose of I131(1.48 X 102MBq [4.0 mCi]) was administered SC. Urine radioactivity and surface emission rates for SC administration were compared with values for oral administration.

Results—The T1/2Efor surface emissions and urine radioactivity progressively increased toward values for physical T1/2over time. The T1/2Efor surface emissions was 2.19 to 4.70 days, and T1/2Efor urine radioactivity was 2.16 to 3.67 days. Surface emission rates had a clinically useful threshold relationship to maximum urine concentrations of I131.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Surface emission rates for cats administered I131appeared useful in determining upper limits (threshold) of urine radioactivity and are a valid method to assess the time at which cats can be discharged after I131administration. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1242–1247)
Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration in green iguanas (Iguana iguana)
Authors: Benson Keith G. , Tell Lisa A. , Young Lee A. , Wetzlich Scott , Craigmill Arthur L
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of
ceftiofur sodium after IM and SC administration in
green iguanas.

Animals—6 male and 4 female adult green iguanas.

Procedure—In a crossover design, 5 iguanas
received a single dose of ceftiofur sodium (5 mg/kg)
IM, and 5 iguanas received the same dose SC. Blood
samples were taken at 0, 20, and 40 minutes and 1,
2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after administration. After
a 10-week washout period, each iguana was given the
same dose via the reciprocal administration route,
and blood was collected in the same fashion.
Ceftiofur free-acid equivalents were measured via
high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results—The first phase intercepts were significantly
different between the 2 administration routes.
Mean maximum plasma concentration was significantly
higher with the IM (28.6 ± 8.0 µg/mL) than the
SC (18.6 ± 8.3 µg/mL) administration route. There
were no significant differences between terminal halflives
(harmonic mean via IM route, 15.7 ± 4.7 hours;
harmonic mean via SC route, 19.7 ± 6.7 hours) and
mean areas under the curve measured to the last
time point (IM route, 11,722 ± 7,907 µg·h/mL; SC
route, 12,143 ± 9,633 µg·h/mL). Ceftiofur free-acid
equivalent concentrations were maintained ≥ 2 µg/mL
for > 24 hours via both routes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A suggested
dosing schedule for ceftiofur sodium in green iguanas
for microbes susceptible at > 2 µg/mL would be 5
mg/kg, IM or SC, every 24 hours. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1278–1282)
Phototoxic effects of 635-nm light on canine transitional cell carcinoma cells incubated with 5-aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Ridgway Tisha D. , Lucroy Michael D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells incubated in media containing 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) would produce sufficient protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) to cause lethal phototoxic effects when exposed to 635-nm light.

Sample Population—Canine TCC cells (K9TCC).

Procedure—Cultured K9TCC cells were exposed to graded doses of ALA, and PpIX concentrations were determined. Cells then were exposed to various doses of 635-nm light from a diode laser, and cell viability was assayed.

Results—Production of PpIX was dependent on time and dose of ALA. The K9TCC cells incubated with ALA produced sufficient PpIX to cause lethal phototoxic effects when exposed to 635-nm light. Phototoxic effects were dependent on time and dose of ALA. Increasing laser power density and energy density decreased cell survival.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ALA is an effective photosensitizer for in vitro photodynamic treatment of K9TCC cells. Further studies are warranted to assess the safety and efficacy of ALA as a photosensitizer for use in treating dogs with TCC.

Impact for Human Medicine—On the basis of this study, dogs with TCC may be useful in the development of protocols for ALA-based photodynamic therapy of humans affected with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:131–136)