bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of the Time-Dependent and the Proppant Dominated Stress Shadow Effects in a Transverse Multiple Fracture System and Optimization
Authors: Zhou Lei , Chen Junchao , Gou Yang , Feng Wentao
Published: January 2017

In this paper, a numerical study is conducted to investigate the stress shadow effects (stress reorientation and change) during hydraulic fracturing in a transverse multiple fracture system. A numerical model is used for the numerical study. It is a 3D model and can simulate the fracture operation from injection begin to full closure (fracture contact). Therefore, there is no need to assume the fracture geometry for the investigation of the stress shadow effects (unlike previous studies). In the numerical study, the first and second operations in a fictive transverse multiple fracture system are simulated, meanwhile the stress shadow effects and their influences on the propagation and proppant placement of the second fracture are investigated. According to the results, the following conclusions are discerned: (1) most proppants are located in the lower part of the reservoir, even below the perforation; (2) the stress shadow effects are time-dependent and proppant dominated; (3) the stress shadow effects affect the fracture propagation and the proppant placement of the second fracture, and also the fracture conductivity of the first fracture; (4) the time-dependent stress shadow effects can be divided into four phases, fracture enlargement, closure without proppant contact, closure with proppant contact and full closure; and (5) the superposition effect of the stress shadow in a transverse multiple fracture system exists. According to the conclusions, some optimizations are recommended.
Folded Basinal Compartments of the Southern Mongolian Borderland: A Structural Archive of the Final Consolidation of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: Cunningham Dickson
Published: January 2017

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) records multiple Phanerozoic tectonic events involving consolidation of disparate terranes and cratonic blocks and subsequent reactivation of Eurasia’s continental interior. The final amalgamation of the CAOB terrane collage involved diachronous closure of the Permian-Triassic Solonker suture in northernmost China and the Jurassic Mongol-Okhotsk suture in northeast Mongolia and eastern Siberia. The distribution, style, and kinematics of deformation associated with these two terminal collision events is poorly documented in southern Mongolia and northernmost China because these regions were later tectonically overprinted by widespread Cretaceous basin and range-style crustal extension and Miocene-recent sinistral transpressional mountain building. These younger events structurally compartmentalized the crust into uplifted crystalline basement blocks and intermontane basins. Consequently, widespread Cretaceous and Late Cenozoic clastic sedimentary deposits overlie older Permian-Jurassic sedimentary rocks in most basinal areas and obscure the deformation record associated with Permian-Triassic Solonker and Jurassic Mongol-Okhotsk collisional suturing. In this report, satellite image mapping of basinal compartments that expose folded Permian-Jurassic sedimentary successions that are unconformably overlapped by Cretaceous-Quaternary clastic sediments is presented for remote and poorly studied regions of southern Mongolia and two areas of the Beishan. The largest folds are tens of kilometers in strike length, east-west trending, and reveal north-south Late Jurassic shortening (present coordinates). Late Jurassic fold vergence is dominantly northerly in the southern Gobi Altai within a regional-scale fold-and-thrust belt. Local refolding of older Permian north-south trending folds is also evident in some areas. The folds identified and mapped in this study provide new evidence for the regional distribution and kinematics of Jurassic and Permian-Triassic contractional tectonism in the southern Mongolia-northern China borderland region. The newly mapped folds are also important potential targets for hydrocarbon exploration and vertebrate paleontological discoveries.
Bioactive Nanocomposites for Tissue Repair and Regeneration: A Review
Authors: Bramhill Jane , Ross Sukunya , Ross Gareth
Published: January 2017

This review presents scientific findings concerning the use of bioactive nanocomposites in the field of tissue repair and regeneration. Bioactivity is the ability of a material to incite a specific biological reaction, usually at the boundary of the material. Nanocomposites have been shown to be ideal bioactive materials due the many biological interfaces and structures operating at the nanoscale. This has resulted in many researchers investigating nanocomposites for use in bioapplications. Nanocomposites encompass a number of different structures, incorporating organic-inorganic, inorganic-inorganic and bioinorganic nanomaterials and based upon ceramic, metallic or polymeric materials. This enables a wide range of properties to be incorporated into nanocomposite materials, such as magnetic properties, MR imaging contrast or drug delivery, and even a combination of these properties. Much of the classical research was focused on bone regeneration, however, recent advances have enabled further use in soft tissue body sites too. Despite recent technological advances, more research is needed to further understand the long-term biocompatibility impact of the use of nanoparticles within the human body.
An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Feed-Forward Neural Network Combined with RFID Sensors to Indoor Localization
Authors: Wang Changzhi , Shi Zhicai , Wu Fei
Published: January 2017

Location-based services (LBS) have long been recognized as a significant component of the emerging information services. However, the localization cost and the performance of algorithm still need to be optimized. In the study, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on a feed-forward neural network (IMPSO-FNN) combined with RFID sensors is proposed, which can achieve the best indoor positioning location and overcome the problems effectively. In IMPSO-FNN, an improved PSO algorithm (IMPSO) is developed to determine the optimal connecting weights and markedly optimize the network parameters and structural parameters for the FNN, and then an optimal location prediction model is established by the IMPSO-FNN. To avoid the interference of environmental noise for the experimental data, some preprocessing methods are used during the positioning process. The computational results for learning two continuous functions show that the proposed positioning algorithm has a faster convergence rate and higher generalization performance. The model evaluation results also verify that the proposed positioning method really is superior to other algorithms in terms of the learning ability, efficiency, and positioning accuracy.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Micromachines in 2016
Authors:   Editorial Office
Published: January 2017

The editors of Micromachines would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...]
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Microorganisms in 2016
Authors:   Microorganisms Editorial Office
Published: January 2017

The editors of Microorganisms would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...]
13C-NMR Spectral Data of Alkaloids Isolated from Psychotria Species (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Carvalho Junior Almir , Vieira Ivo , Carvalho Mario , Braz-Filho Raimundo , S. Lima Mary , Ferreira Rafaela , José Maria Edmilson , Oliveira Daniela
Published: January 2017

The genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae) comprises more than 2000 species, mainly found in tropical and subtropical forests. Several studies have been conducted concerning their chemical compositions, showing that this genus is a potential source of alkaloids. At least 70 indole alkaloids have been identified from this genus so far. This review aimed to compile 13C-NMR data of alkaloids isolated from the genus Psychotria as well as describe the main spectral features of different skeletons.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Molecules in 2016
Authors:   Molecules Editorial Office
Published: January 2017

The editors of Molecules would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...]
Estimating Canopy Gap Fraction Using ICESat GLAS within Australian Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Mahoney Craig , Hopkinson Chris , Kljun Natascha , Van Gorsel Eva
Published: January 2017

Spaceborne laser altimetry waveform estimates of canopy Gap Fraction (GF) vary with respect to discrete return airborne equivalents due to their greater sensitivity to reflectance differences between canopy and ground surfaces resulting from differences in footprint size, energy thresholding, noise characteristics and sampling geometry. Applying scaling factors to either the ground or canopy portions of waveforms has successfully circumvented this issue, but not at large scales. This study develops a method to scale spaceborne altimeter waveforms by identifying which remotely-sensed vegetation, terrain and environmental attributes are best suited to predicting scaling factors based on an independent measure of importance. The most important attributes were identified as: soil phosphorus and nitrogen contents, vegetation height, MODIS vegetation continuous fields product and terrain slope. Unscaled and scaled estimates of GF are compared to corresponding ALS data for all available data and an optimized subset, where the latter produced most encouraging results (R2 = 0.89, RMSE = 0.10). This methodology shows potential for successfully refining estimates of GF at large scales and identifies the most suitable attributes for deriving appropriate scaling factors. Large-scale active sensor estimates of GF can establish a baseline from which future monitoring investigations can be initiated via upcoming Earth Observation missions.
Numerical Simulation of Fluid Dynamics in a Monolithic Column
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Tajima Yuuta
Published: January 2017

As for the measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) is used for PAH identification and densitometry. However, when a solvent containing a substance to be identified passes through a column of UPLC, a dedicated high-pressure-proof device is required. Recently, a liquid chromatography instrument using a monolithic column technology has been proposed to reduce the pressure of UPLC. The present study tested five types of monolithic columns produced in experiments. To simulate the flow field, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was used. The velocity profile was discussed to decrease the pressure drop in the ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system.
Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D
Authors: Iturri Jagoba , Vianna Ana C , Moreno-Cencerrado Alberto , Pum Dietmar , Sleytr Uwe B , Toca-Herrera José Luis
Published: January 2017

Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been employed to study the assembly and recrystallization kinetics of isolated SbpA bacterial surface proteins onto silicon dioxide substrates of different surface wettability. Surface modification by UV/ozone oxidation or by vapor deposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane yielded hydrophilic or hydrophobic samples, respectively. Time evolution of frequency and dissipation factors, either individually or combined as the so-called Df plots, showed a much faster formation of crystalline coatings for hydrophobic samples, characterized by a phase-transition peak at around the 70% of the total mass adsorbed. This behavior has been proven to mimic, both in terms of kinetics and film assembly steps, the recrystallization taking place on an underlying secondary cell-wall polymer (SCWP) as found in bacteria. Complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments corroborate these findings and reveal the impact on the final structure achieved.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR FOR RADIALLY SYMMETRIC SOLUTIONS OF A LOGISTIC EQUATION WITH A FREE BOUNDARY
Authors: Cai Jingjing , Wu Quanjun
Published: January 2017

In this paper we investigate a logistic equation with a new free boundary condition appearing in ecology, we aim to describe the spreading of a new or invasive species by studying the asymptotic behavior of the radially symmetric solutions of the problem. We will obtain a trichotomy result: spreading (the solution converges to a stationary solution defined on the half–line), transition (the solution converges to a stationary solution with compact support) and vanishing (the solution converges to 0 within a finite time). Besides we can also obtain a dichotomy result (either spreading or vanishing happens). Moreover, in the spreading case, we give the sharp estimate of the asymptotic spreading speed of the free boundary.
NON-EXTENSIVE STATISTICS TO THE COSMOLOGICAL LITHIUM PROBLEM
Authors: Hou S. Q. , He J. J. , Parikh A. , Kahl D. , Bertulani C. A. , Kajino T. , Mathews G. J. , Zhao G.
Published: January 2017

Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) theory predicts the abundances of the light elements D, 3He, 4He, and 7Li produced in the early universe. The primordial abundances of D and 4He inferred from observational data are in good agreement with predictions, however, BBN theory overestimates the primordial 7Li abundance by about a factor of three. This is the so-called “cosmological lithium problem.” Solutions to this problem using conventional astrophysics and nuclear physics have not been successful over the past few decades, probably indicating the presence of new physics during the era of BBN. We have investigated the impact on BBN predictions of adopting a generalized distribution to describe the velocities of nucleons in the framework of Tsallis non-extensive statistics. This generalized velocity distribution is characterized by a parameter q, and reduces to the usually assumed Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for q = 1. We find excellent agreement between predicted and observed primordial abundances of D, 4He, and 7Li for 1.069 ≤ q ≤ 1.082, suggesting a possible new solution to the cosmological lithium problem.
Infrequent Development of Drug Resistance in HIV-1-Infected Treatment-Naive Subjects after 96 Weeks of Treatment with Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide or Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/ Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Authors: Margot Nicolas , Cox Stephanie , Das Moupali , McCallister Scott , Miller Michael D , Callebaut Christian
Published: January 2017

Background

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a novel prodrug of the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir (TFV) that loads lymphocytes with TFV-diphosphate more efficiently than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). The single-tablet regimen (STR) comprising elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and TAF (E/C/F/TAF) has demonstrated non-inferiority to the STR of E/C/F/TDF in clinical studies, with high proportions of subjects achieving HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml at week 48 that were maintained through week 96. A resistance analysis of the combined Phase III clinical studies through 96 weeks is described here.

Methods

Genotypic and phenotypic susceptibility to antiretrovirals (ARVs) was evaluated for subjects with HIV-1 RNA ≥400 copies/ml at time of virological failure (VF) or early discontinuation.

Results

Through week 96, VF resistance analyses were conducted for 24 subjects in each arm (2.8%, 24/866 and 2.8%, 24/867; for E/C/F/TAF and E/C/F/TDF arms, respectively). Primary resistance development to ARVs of the regimen occurred in 10 of 24 subjects in the E/C/F/TAF arm, and 8 of 24 subjects in the E/C/F/TDF arm (E/C/F/TAF: M184V/I, n=9; integrase strand-transfer inhibitor resistance-associated mutations [INSTI-RAMs], n=8; K65R/N, n=2; E/C/F/TDF: M184V/I, n=6; INSTI-RAMs, n=5; K65R/N, n=3). The emergent resistance mutations were similar between the treatment arms.

Conclusions

E/C/F/TAF achieved a high level of virological suppression in HIV-1 treatment-naive subjects through 96 weeks of treatment, with infrequent resistance development and comparable genotypic changes across both the E/C/F/TAF and E/C/F/TDF treatment groups.
Development and Psychometric Properties of a Condom Use and Its Cognitive Determinants Questionnaire (CUCDQ)
Authors: Toopchian Arezoo , Kanani Safieh , Babazadeh Towhid , Allahverdipour Hamid , Nadrian Haidar
Published: January 2017

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of Condom Use and its Cognitive Determinants Questionnaire (CUCDQ) among married women in Tabriz, Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, applying multistage cluster sampling 388 married women were recruited to participate in the study. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to develop CUCDQ. Face, content, and construct validity, as well as reliability, were investigated.RESULTS: Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation demonstrated a six factors structure as the best solution [Bartlettâ€™s Test of Sphericity (Approx. Chi-Square= 4193.07, df= 780, p<0.001); KMO= 0.815] which explained 43.13% of all the variance between the items. CUCDQ represented a proper validity, reliability, simplicity and functionality.CONCLUSION: CUCDQ may be helpful for family health care providers and family planning decision makers in precise assessing the behavioural, psychological, and educational factors related to condom use. This scale may be useful in a various range of studies including family planning or STIs prevention studies in different communities. Future research is recommended to assess the different dimensions of the tool in different communities.
Arthropod and oligochaete assemblages from grasslands of the southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Bowser Matthew , Morton John , Hanson John , Magness Dawn , Okuly Mallory
Published: January 2017

By the end of this century, the potential climate-biome of the southern Kenai Peninsula is forecasted to change from transitional boreal forest to prairie and grasslands, a scenario that may already be playing out in the Caribou Hills region. Here, spruce (Picea × lutzii Little [glauca × sitchensis]) forests were heavily thinned by an outbreak of the spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby, 1837)) and replaced by the native but invasive grass species, Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. As part of a project designed to delimit and characterize potentially expanding grasslands in this region, we sought to characterize the arthropod and earthworm communities of these grasslands.

We also used this sampling effort as a trial of applying high-throughput sequencing metabarcoding methods to a real-world inventory of terrestrial arthropods.

We documented 131 occurrences of 67 native arthropod species at ten sites, characterizing the arthropod fauna of these grasslands as being dominated by Hemiptera (60% of total reads) and Diptera (38% of total reads). We found a single exotic earthworm species, Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny, 1826), at 30% of sites and one unidentified enchytraeid at a single site. The utility of high-throughput sequencing metabarcoding as a tool for bioassessment of terrestrial arthropod assemblages was confirmed.
Physical Restraint: A Historical Review and Current Practice
Authors: Masters Kim J.
Published: January 2017

The use of physical restraint in the management of psychiatric patients has a history dating back at least 300 years, with its origins in society finding a
quid pro quo
legal justification for taking action against unruly citizens. It became increasingly obvious through the years that such practices were violations of patients' civil rights. The consumer movement in mental health in the 1960s and patients' rights cases involving the 14th amendment to the US Constitution that soon followed changed the views and policies related to the use of physical restraint in psychiatric patients. This article discusses current practices and strategies to minimize the use of physical restraint.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2017;47(1):52–55.]
Neuropsychiatric Complications of Injection-Associated Diseases: HIV and Hepatitis C
Authors: Rado Jeffrey
Published: January 2017

Intravenous use of illicit substances increases the risk for transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both of these infections develop into chronic medical conditions with high morbidity and mortality. HIV and HCV may lead to significant neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive complications, including depression, fatigue, disturbed sleep, and cognitive impairment. Mental health providers need to be aware of these syndromes to initiate prompt evaluation and treatment. Furthermore, antiretroviral medications for HIV and direct-acting antivirals for HCV have their own neuropsychiatric side effects. Pegylated interferon for the treatment of hepatitis C, in particular, is strongly associated with depression. Finally, one must vigilantly monitor for possible drug-drug interactions when these agents are administered with psychotropic medications.[Psychiatr Ann. 2017;47(1):38–44.]
De openbare ruimten in Brussel ontwerpen en aanleggen
Authors: Moritz Benoit
Published: January 2017

Het artikel biedt een kort overzicht, een beknopte geschiedenis, van de stedenbouwkundige opvattingen die sinds de oprichting van het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest de manier om de openbare ruimten aan te leggen hebben beïnvloed. De auteur overloopt de verschillende scharniermomenten en overlappingen in de evolutie van die opvattingen.Aan de hand van concrete voorbeelden illustreert de tekst hoe de praktijken bij de aanleg van de openbare ruimten op geaggregeerde wijze tot stand zijn gekomen, in eerste instantie in het kader van projecten die een evenwichtigere verdeling van de openbare ruimte beoogden en vervolgens geleidelijk in het kader van projecten die rekening hielden met de desiderata van de gebruikers en de architecturale kwaliteiten. De auteur wijst in het bijzonder op de invloed die de wijkcontracten, het instrument voor stadsherwaardering, op die evolutie hadden. Tot besluit vermeldt het artikel de nieuwe methodologische uitdagingen die moeten worden aangenomen bij de aanleg van de Brusselse openbare ruimten, namelijk de afweging en verzoening van de lokale en gewestelijke belangen en de processen voor de formalisering van de projecten.
L’impact de l’Union européenne sur l’immobilier à Bruxelles : entre cliché et sous-estimation
Authors: Bernard Nicolas
Published: January 2017

Quel est l’impact de la présence des institutions européennes sur le marché immobilier de Bruxelles et de sa périphérie ? Si elle n’est peut-être pas taboue, la question assurément embarrasse. Pointe-t-on une influence trop directe de l’Union sur les prix du logement à Bruxelles, et l’on risque de se voir taxé de populisme (et d’insensibilité à l’apport – certes précieux – de l’Union pour la capitale). Nie-t-on, en sens inverse, toute corrélation, et c’est de déconnexion de la réalité que l’on sera accusé. Certes, en ce qui concerne l’impact direct, cette incidence est à la fois circonscrite sur le plan géographique et cantonnée à un certain segment du bâti. Toutefois, la concentration des agents de l’Union dans les quartiers – aisés – de la capitale et dans les catégories – supérieures – de biens ne va pas sans induire des effets indirects qui se répercutent en cascade sur les autres secteurs, touchés eux aussi. Non satisfaite dans ces zones prospères devenues petit à petit inaccessibles financièrement, la demande se « rabat » sur des périmètres – limitrophes ou non – un peu moins qualifiés qui, à leur tour, voient leurs tarifs s’apprécier, et ainsi de suite. Par ailleurs, les conséquences se situent également au niveau de la gentrification que les Européens provoquent – malgré eux – en investissant certains quartiers centraux dégradés. La question est complexe, on le voit.
Innovative Instructional Strategies for Teaching Materials Science in Engineering
Authors: Ozturk Fahrettin , Deveci Tanju , Gunister Ebru , Simmons Rodney J.
Published: January 2017

Advancements in materials production and materials science education accelerate innovations in many engineering fields. Therefore, strong Materials Science education is extremely important for quality part development and efficient designs. Comfort, safety, and cost requirements can be met utilizing technology and knowledge base advancements. This chapter firstly introduces the contents of a more contemporary materials science education curriculum, and advanced content-related laboratory applications. The applicability of incorporating such content in the current curriculum and number of semester hours necessary to teach such a course are discussed. Finally, it explains the role that engineering educators have in preparing students to develop designs that add to the “triple bottom line” which considers costs in economic, social, and environmental terms. Successful Materials Science education helps technological development and increases innovations. This chapter is significant for its detailed discussion on the shortcomings of current Materials Science education and its recommendations of effective teaching strategies.
Computational Design of Microstructure
Authors: Anand G. , Chattopadhyay P. P.
Published: January 2017

During the last couple of decades, treatment of microstructure in materials science has been shifted from the diagnostic to design paradigm. Design of microstructure is inherently complex problems due to non linear spatial and temporal interaction of composition and parameters leading to the target properties. In most of the cases, different properties are reciprocally correlated i.e., improvement of one lead to the degradation of other. Also, the design of microstructure is a multiscale problem, as the knowledge of phenomena at range of scales from electronic to mesoscale is required for precise composition-microstructure-property determination. In the view of above, present chapter provides the introduction to computationally driven microstructure engineering in the framework of constitutive length scale in microstructure design. The important issues pertaining to design such as phase stability and interfaces has been explained. Additionally, the bird-eye view of various computational techniques in order of length scale has been introduced, with an aim to present the picture of combination of various techniques for solving microstructural design problems under various scenarios.
Advanced Machining Techniques for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Singh Inderdeep , Debnath Kishore
Published: January 2017

This chapter addresses the issues and challenges associated with the conventional drilling of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (FRPs). The status of the work reported in the area of conventional drilling of FRPs has also been reviewed. Further, the opportunities with the advanced machining techniques have been reported. A state-of-the-art research review has been presented in light of the capability of advanced machining techniques for machining of FRPs. Advanced machining techniques, such as Electric Discharge Machining (EDM), Electrochemical Machining (ECM), Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM), laser beam drilling, vibration-assisted drilling, and Ultrasonic Machining (USM) for FRPs has been discussed. The limitations associated with the advanced machining of FRPs have also been highlighted.
Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Assessment for the Production of Green Composites
Authors: Jain Siddharth , Zhang Xiaolei
Published: January 2017

Botanically, green composites belong to an economically important seed plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum known as Saccharum offi cinarum. There are so many natural fibers available in the environment such as rice husk, hemp fibers, flax fibers, bamboo fibers, coconut fiber, coconut coir, grawia optiva and many others also. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a process to estimate the environmental feature and potential impacts related to a product, by organizing a directory of pertinent inputs and outputs of a product system, assessing the potential environmental impacts related with the said inputs and outputs, explaining the results of the inventory analysis and impact evaluation phases in connection to the objectives of the study. Particularly Bagasse, an agricultural residue not only becomes a problem from the environmental point of view, but also affects the profitability of the sugarcane industries. This chapter discusses the properties, processing methods and various other aspects including economic and environmental aspects related to green composites.
Developments in Antibacterial Disinfection Techniques
Authors: Rongione Nicolas Augustus , Floerke Scott Alan , Celik Emrah
Published: January 2017

One of the most daunting challenges facing nations today is controlling the spread of increasingly lethal bacteria. Today, a handful of bacteria can no longer be treated with traditional antibiotics and show antibacterial resistance. In this regard, nanotechnology possesses tremendous potential for the development of novel tools which help prevent and combat the spread of unwanted microorganisms. These tools can provide unique solutions for the challenges of the traditional disinfection methods, such as increased antibacterial activity, cost reduction, biocompatibility and personalized treatment. Despite its great potential, nanotechnology remains in its infancy and continued research efforts are required to achieve its full potential. In this chapter, traditional methods and their associated limitations are reviewed for their efficacy against microbial spread, and potential solutions in nanotechnology are described. A review of the state of the art disinfection techniques using nanotechnology is presented, and promising new areas in the field are discussed.
Processing Routes, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Light Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
Authors: Jayalakshmi S. , Singh R. Arvind
Published: January 2017

The chapter highlights the various processing/synthesizing routes of Light Metal Matrix Nanocomposites (LMMNCs), their microstructural characteristics, mechanical behaviour, and tribological properties. LMMNCs are advanced materials, in which nano-sized ceramic particles are reinforced into Al/Mg matrices. In conventional Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), the incorporation of micron sized reinforcements in the matrix usually results in a considerable improvement in hardness and ultimate strength when compared to the unreinforced base material. However, most of these composites do not show plastic deformation (little or no yield) and exhibit drastic reduction in ductility. This poses a major limitation for MMCs to be used in real-time applications. In order to overcome this drawback, Al/Mg composites with nano-scale reinforcements have been developed. Based on numerous research works, it has been established that LMMNCs are better materials that possess superior properties, wherein both strength and ductility improvements along with excellent wear resistance can be achieved.
Interdisciplinary Course Development in Nanostructured Materials Science and Engineering
Authors: Roberts Kenneth L.
Published: January 2017

Modern industrial processes are presently adapting to the use of multiscale production techniques where consumer products can be made at the mesoscale and also approaching atomic, or the nanoscale level. Coupled with the fact that classical Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education typically does not address nanoscale science and engineering topics in most technical courses, this condition could potentially leave countless STEM students around the world relatively unprepared for the 21st century marketplace. This chapter focused on the development of the nanostructured materials science and engineering discipline from the most recent research and development topics to the integration of this information internationally into the technical classroom. The chapter presented future work on the adaption of the previous research and educational work on this topic at the College of Engineering at King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia and suggestions were offered for successful new nanoscale science and engineering course development.
Abrasion-Corrosion of Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Wood Robert J. K. , Thakare Mandar R.
Published: January 2017

WC-based thermal-spray and High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) coatings are extensively used in a wide range of applications ranging from downhole drilling tools to gas turbine engines. WC-based thermal spray coatings offer improved wear resistance as a result of hard phases dispersed in binder-rich regions. However, the presence of hard and soft phases within the coating can also lead to the formation of micro-galvanic couplings in aqueous environments leading to some reduction in combined wear-corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the coating also responds differently to change in mechanical loading conditions. This chapter examines the wear-corrosion performance of thermal spray coatings in a range of wear, electrochemical, and wear-corrosion tests under varying contact conditions to develop models and establish relationships between wear mechanisms, wear rates, and environmental factors such as pH and applied load.
Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications of Nanofibers
Authors: Adibkia Khosro , Yaqoubi Shadi , Dizaj Solmaz Maleki
Published: January 2017

Nanofibers as a main group of nanoparticles have a vast range of applicability for therapeutic purposes, duo to their outstanding attributes such as very large surface to volume ratio and high porosity. These types of nanoparticles are more known as tissue scaffolds and drug delivery carriers. Nanofiber-based carriers are able to control the release pattern of drugs. In addition, they can act as multidrug-loaded materials with programed dual release profile. Electrospinning is a simple method, which is recognized as the most efficient approach for the fabrication of nanofibers. Production of ultrafine fibers based on various natural or synthetic polymers is possible by means of electrospinning. In this chapter, a comprehensive review is presented on various medical applications of electrospun nanofibers in the case of tissue engineering and drug delivery. Several investigations on therapeutic nanofibers and their processing methods are also summarized in this chapter.
Application of Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery System
Authors: Singh Vijay Kumar , Keservani Raj K.
Published: January 2017

Small colloidal particles having their diameter in the range of 50 to 500nm are defined as Nanoparticles. These are usually prepared either by using biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymers and are usually classified in two broad categories: (1) Nanocapsules: a type of reservoir system in which an oil or aqueous core is surrounded by a polymeric membrane. (2) Nanospheres: a type of matrix system. Preparation of nanoparticle as a drug delivery system is one of the most widely accepted approach since the preparation of nanoparticle were easy and convenient to scale up. Their high stability and conveniently easy to freeze-dried their preparations provide some additional advantages to choose Nanoparticles as a good drug delivery system. In spite of them Nanoparticles were able to achieve with success tissue targeting of many drugs (antibiotics, cytostatics, peptides and proteins, nucleic acids, etc.).
Cultural Heritage Career Paths for Materials Scientists and Corrosion Engineers
Authors: Golfomitsou Stavroula , Georgakopoulou Myrto , Rehren Thilo
Published: January 2017

The study and preservation of cultural heritage is a multidisciplinary field where Materials Science and Corrosion Science have a very significant role to play. This chapter discusses how materials and corrosion scientists can follow a career in cultural heritage. It highlights the particular challenges that these disciplines encounter in the study and preservation of cultural heritage materials and the exciting career paths offered in museums, monuments, and relevant academic and research institutions. The applications for science and engineering skills to cultural materials are diverse, including the reverse engineering necessary to reconstruct ancient technologies used for materials production, the examination and condition assessment of often complex finds and structures, and the development of innovative treatment methods for their protection and conservation for future generations. Within this range of challenges and materials, numerous career paths are available that lead to specialisations within the sub-fields of archaeological science and conservation science.
Teaching “Design-for-Corrosion” to Engineering Undergraduates
Authors: Kahraman Ramazan , Shakoor R. A.
Published: January 2017

This chapter briefly describes the challenges and developments in the field of corrosion focusing on the subject of materials science. A brief introduction was provided on corrosion damage and the importance of its prevention. The fundamentals of corrosion and different forms of corrosion were presented to understand the basics of the subject. By presenting novel Ni-B coatings as a case study, innovative, effective instructional approaches to deal with corrosion were illustrated. After going through this chapter, readers are guided on how to develop student understandings of the fundamentals of materials selection, coating design, and their characterization to combat corrosion. Finally, the chapter also described how the use of modern characterization tools such as AFM and TEM could be innovative powerful tools used in the class/training sessions to build real and clear concepts about materials.
Risks and Preventive Measures of Nanotechnology
Authors: Anwar Waqas , Khitab Anwar
Published: January 2017

Application of Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering is a rapidly growing field. It has brought improvements in construction materials as well as practices. Moreover, further developments are foreseeable in this field based on the positive outcomes of the current research works. Utilization of nanoparticles in Civil Engineering has been proved advantageous from several aspects of strength, durability and sustainability. Unfortunately, there are not only benefits associated with the application of nanotechnology. According to various studies, nanoparticles are supposed to damage human organs through physical contact and inhalation. Considering the environmental impacts, atmospheric transport, as well as transport in saturated and unsaturated regions in the subsurface are possible. Nowadays, nanoparticles are progressively produced and they could easily be released in air, water, and eventually contaminate the soil which is harmful for the environment and its habitats. The following chapter would address these issues as well as preventive measures in order to improve benefit-risk ratio.
On-Site Neutralization of Civil War Munitions Recovered From an Underwater Environment
Authors: Nzengung Valentine A. , Redmond Ben
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper describes the recovery, on-site nondestructive mechanical breaching, and chemical neutralization of munitions recovered from an underwater environment. The munitions were recovered during salvaging of the scuttled confederate states ship (CSS) Georgia,
as part of the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project (SHEP). The CSS Georgia was scuttled on December 20, 1864. The CSS Georgia wreck site is on the Georgia and South Carolina border and covers an approximate area of 350 × 200 feet at a depth of about 36 feet. Because the CSS
Georgia shipwreck site would obstruct the SHEP, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) entered into agreements to salvage some artifacts, including the munitions, for conservation. Due to the historical significance of the artifacts and the munitions among the CSS Georgia wreckage,
the USACE required that the munitions be neutralized in the safest and least destructive manner possible. The munitions on board the scuttled CSS Georgia consisted of two types of civil war era projectiles, often described as cannon balls. A total of 185 munitions were removed from
the CSS Georgia site in 2015. The majority of the recovered projectiles (170) were mechanically breached, and energetics were safely neutralized using MuniRem, an innovative chemical reduction reagent for explosives. After the black powder was completely flushed and neutralized, fuzes
were unscrewed, if it could be done safely; otherwise, the explosive ordnance disposal technicians drilled into the fuzes at an angle. The contents of the fuze were neutralized in a solution of MuniRem before reattachment to the projectile. The neutralized black powder solids and wastewater
were disposed as nonhazardous wastes. This project constitutes the largest on-site chemical neutralization of recovered confederate and underwater disposed military munitions from the U.S. civil war era.
Interventricular Membranous Septal Aneurysm Incidentally Diagnosed during Computed Tomographic Angiography in a Patient with Infrequent Supraventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Sharma Munish , Elmi Farhad
Published: January 2017

Interventricular membranous septal (IVMS) aneurysm is a rare condition with no accurate incidence. It is known to be associated with 0.3 % of congenital heart disease and 19 % of ventricular septal defects. IVMS aneurysm is often asymptomatic but can be complicated with right ventricular obstruction, rupture, thromboembolism, and conduction defects. Clinicians and radiologist should be aware about this rare clinical entity and evaluation of any possible underlying cardiac abnormalities should be performed. Conservative management with close follow up is the mainstay of management in the absence of complication.
Correlating Airborne Hyperspectral Images with Geological Field Data at Red Lake Ontario
Authors: Assouad P , Singhroy V
Published: January 2017

A hyperspectral airborne campaign using the TRWIS sensor was undertaken in August 2001 in Red Lake, Ontario, to study the feasibility of using hyperspectral data as a tool for identifying small mineralized outcrops. In this paper, the methodology and results of
correlating airborne and lab spectra are presented for the Marcus site location covered by the survey. Special emphasis is placed on the data post-processing needed for sensor corrections. Our results show that the distribution mapping of some alterations related to gold mineralization on the Marcus
site in Red Lake can be made. However not all units were successfully identified from the airborne data.
Magnetic anomaly map, Canada
Authors: Miles W , Oneschuk D
Published: January 2017

The magnetic anomaly map of Canada shows small variations in the magnetic field that are caused largely by variations in the magnetic properties of Earth's crust. The magnetic character of a rock depends on its composition and its deformational and metamorphic
history. To map these variations, the Geological Survey of Canada has been acquiring aeromagnetic data since 1947. Over the years, more than 500 surveys have been carried out, generally with a flight-line spacing of 800 m and an altitude of 305 m above the ground. These aeromagnetic surveys have
been levelled to each other to correct for arbitrary datums, slow variations of Earth's magnetic field over time, and differing survey specifications. The dominant structural trends of geological provinces, truncation of those trends at structural boundaries, and the characteristic patterns of
suture zones can be recognized on the magnetic anomaly map. The magnetic signature of Precambrian basement rocks can be seen through the Phanerozoic sedimentary basin cover. Major dyke swarms can be traced over hundreds of kilometres from their radiating linear magnetic pattern. Oceanic crust has
a characteristic striped magnetic pattern that is due to changes in the polarity of Earth's magnetic field, which occur over intervals of millions of years.
Household borrowing and the possibility of ‘consumption-driven, profit-led growth’*
Authors: Setterfield Mark , Kim Yun K.
Published: January 2017

We first show that, with a Kaleckian structure that is consistent with Pasinetti (1962), the relationship between distribution and growth is more robust than conventional wisdom suggests. Next, we extend our model by incorporating borrowing and emulation effects into workers’ consumption behavior, under different assumptions about how debt is serviced. Our results demonstrate that borrowing and emulation transform the relationship between distribution and growth, giving rise to the possibility of a ‘consumption-driven, profit-led’ growth regime (Kapeller and Schütz 2015) and what we call the ‘paradox of inequality.’ A key conclusion is that the wage- or profit-led characteristics of the growth process, rather than being invariant, can be altered by social constructs such as borrowing and consumption norms that change over time.
In-flight performance of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument
Authors: Schenkeveld V. M. Erik , Jaross Glen , Marchenko Sergey , Haffner David , Kleipool Quintus L. , Rozemeijer Nico C. , Veefkind J. Pepijn , Levelt Pieternel F.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The Dutch-Finnish Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is an imaging spectrograph flying on NASA's EOS Aura satellite since July 15, 2004. OMI is primarily used to map trace gas concentrations in the Earth’s atmosphere, obtaining mid-resolution (0.4–0.6 nm) UV-VIS (264–504 nm) spectra at multiple (30–60) simultaneous fields of view. Assessed via various approaches that include monitoring of radiances from selected ocean, land, ice and cloud areas, as well as measurements of line profiles in the Solar spectra, the instrument shows low optical degradation and high wavelength stability over the mission lifetime. In the regions relatively free from the slowly unraveling ‘row anomaly’ the OMI irradiances have degraded by 3–8 %, while radiances have changed by 1–2 %. The long-term wavelength calibration of the instrument remains stable to 0.005–0.020 nm.
La conservación de las iglesias de Chiloé: Rilán, un caso de intervención
Authors: Salinas J. Ignacio , Berg C. Lorenzo
Published: January 2017

El desarrollo de modelos de arquitectura religiosa introducidos por los jesuitas en Chile, y la permanencia de las tipologías formales establecidas produjeron una verdadera escuela regional matizada con valores estilisticos secundarios tomados del acontecer arquitectónico de cada momento. La Iglesia de Rilán es un ejemplo significativo de esta escuela, que ha requerido una acción restauradora especializada, rescatándose así la obra para el patrimonio nacional gracias a una base informativa producto de un trabajo de investigación continuo.
El cuidado del ambiente
Authors: Trentini O. Silvana
Published: January 2017

El cuidado de los bienes ambientales culturales es uno de los objetivos que todo arquitecto debe perseguir. No se trata sólo de tenerlo presente en proyectos de conservación arquitectónica, sino también en todo proyecto de arquitectura urbana o rural, de conjuntos urbanos o rurales, o de ordenamiento territorial. Los esfuerzos en este sentido serán en vano, sin embargo, si paralelamente no existe el apoyo de una administración que haga posible en la práctica el cumplimiento de estos objetivos.
Reflexiones : vivienda industrializada una hipótesis de desarrollo
Authors: Pallarés T. María Eugenia , Valenzuela V. Marcelo
Published: January 2017

Las más recientes expresiones de la industrialización en los países desarrollados, como por ejemplo, la robótica, obliga a analizar el estado actual de la tecnología de construcción y su impacto en los sectores económico y social del país. La industrialización aportaría ciertas ventajas, además de permitir importantes economías de escala, que en un plan nacional de viviendas, suplirían un déficit para un grupo social que se encuentra bajo los niveles de demanda actual. Se propone aquí una visión macroeconómica para un tema recurrente.