bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune response to C. albicans in monkeys with experimental candidiasis in the palate
Authors: BUDTZ‐JöRGENSEN E.
Published: October 2007

abstract—An experimentalCandidainfection of the palatal mucosa was produced in 14Macaca irusmonkeys by inoculatingC. albicansunder an acrylic plate. Half of the animals were subjected to immunosuppressive therapy (azathioprine) for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after infection. The course of development of the cellular and humoral immune response toC. albicanswas assessed using the leukocyte migration test and the agglutination reaction, respectively.Normal animals:migration inhibition was significant from 1 week to 5 months after infection. Cellular hypersensitivity developed concomitantly with clearing of the infection, while antibody was not yet detectable. As the antibody titer rose, cellular hypersensitivity declined.Azathioprine‐treated animals:the infection persisted and cellular hypersensitivity did not develop until 1–3 weeks after the treatment with azathioprine was discontinued. On the other hand, the humoral antibody response was early and strong. Clinically and histologically, inflammation was reduced as compared withnormalanimals and intraepithelial invasion by hyphae was seen. It was concluded that cellular hypersensitivity toCandidais of primary importance in host resistance against experimentally induced superficial candidiasis, as compared with serum antibody.
Histochemical studies on cholesterol formation in odontogenic cysts and granulomas
Authors: ARWILL TORE , HEYDEN GUY
Published: October 2007

abstract—A histologic and histochemical study was made of 45 odontogenic periapical cysts and granulomas with cholesterol formation. The specimens were transported in Histocon® solution and sectioned by cold microtome. This technique permits the preservation of the lipids and rertains the enzyme activities in the cells. Cholesterol crystals seemed to be formed in disintegrating clots of red blood corpuscles in congested capillaries of the inflammatory areas. The pericytes of the vessel walls changed their enzyme activities, indicating increased lysosomal functions, and eventually formed giant cells with tissue degrading properties.
Morphometric analysis of occlusal fissures in human premolars
Authors: FEJERSKOV O. , MELSEN B. , KARRING T.
Published: October 2007

abstract— In the present study serial sections were prepared of 51 human maxillary first premolars. Drawings were made (×150) from each side of the sections. The occlusal angle, the depth and width of the fissure and the thickness of the adjacent enamel were measured on each drawing. The data conformed to a normal continuous distribution and except for the occlusal angle and the depth of the fissure a low or no correlation was found between the different parameters. The results indicate that occlusal fissure of human teeth may not be categorized into specific groups on the basis of morphologic features. The average fissure depth of the individual tooth ranged from 120 to 1,050 μm. The average width in the middle part of the fissure varied between 40 and 156 μm. The average thickness of the enamel at the bottom of the fissure varied between 270 and 1,008 μm and the occlusal angle between 51.6° and 84.5°.
Histoquantitation of ground sections of human mandibles
Authors: VON WOWERN NINA
Published: October 2007

abstract— An automatic image analysis system (Leitz Classimat®) has been used in evaluating variations in bone mass and bone activity of human mandibles. Ground sections of 100 μm were found most suitable for the analysis. Methods have been developed to quantitatively analyze the following relations: (1) bone area/total area, (2) bone surface/bone area, (3) bone formation—and bone resorption surfaces/total bone surface, (4) areas of high, medium and low mineralization/total bone area, and (5) determination of the number and size of the Haversian's canals and osteones. The errors of the methods have been calculated and the variation coefficients were below 1.0. It is concluded that the reproducibility by the applied system is sufficient to warant its being used for comparative quantitative analysis of sections of mandibles, provided that the measurements are performed by the same person.
A standardized system for diagnosing, recording and analyzing dental caries data
Authors: MÖLLER I. J. , POULSEN S.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The present paper describes a standardized system for diagnosing, recording and analyzing dental caries data, based on diagnostic criteria previously described. Each surface is examined, and the diagnosis is coded on punch cards and processed by computer. Different diagnostic levels can be used in diagnosis or analysis depending on the purpose of the study. Data can be analyzed using one or more programs contained in a program library. The advantage of this system in comparison with others seems to be the high degree of flexibility, making it possible to employ the system in many different types of studies (longitudinal clinical trials as well as cross‐sectional epidemiologic surveys).
Distribution of fluoride and a dilution indicator (51Cr‐EDTA) in bacterial suspensions
Authors: BIRKELAND J. M.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Three strains of oral streptococci were grown in dextrose broth, washed, and re‐suspended in saline (1.0 ml) containing 0.6 and 5.7 parts/106 fluoride. The final suspensions also contained an inert dilution indicator (51Cr‐EDTA). This water‐soluble, non‐absorbable compound was added to compare its distribution with that of fluoride. The concentrations of fluoride and 51Cr‐EDTA were determined in the supernatants of the bacterial suspensions. A linear relationship was noted between the volume of the bacteria and the increase in concentration of 51Cr‐EDTA. The fluoride concentrations were independent of the amount of bacteria, indicating that the bacteria were permeable to fluoride. The recovery of fluoride from the supernatants and the water used for washing of the bacteria amounted to 97 ± 2%. The fluoride which was demonstrated in washed and dried bacteria seemed to be due to an incomplete washing. Neither direct nor indirect fluoride determinations indicated that fluoride was concentrated in the bacteria.
External root resorption caused by luxation of rat molars
Authors: BIRKEDAL‐HANSEN HENNING
Published: October 2007

abstract – Following elevator luxation of the mandibular first right molar in 36 10‐weekold male Wistar SPF rats, three different kinds of external root resorption were observed. Surface resorption, found mainly on the sides where pressure was exerted, was recorded histometrically from 3 to 21 d after the trauma. Surface resorption increased considerably from the third to the tenth day, and no definite repair occurred within three weeks. The extension of areas with resorption decreased markedly in the apical direction on the root surface due to a tipping movement of the first molar during luxation. Inflammatory resorption was seen in association with an inflammation located between the first and second molars, and caused by the elevator. Replacement resorption (ankylosis) occurred on the pressure sides within 14–21 d after the trauma. Hyalinization of the periodontal membrane was seen on the pressure side. Osteoclastic bone resorption occurred on the pressure side as well as on the tension side and in the marrow spaces. Bone resorption later changed to bone formation and periodontal conditions became normal within three weeks. On the external surfaces of the mandible, periosteal bone formation was seen. No degenerative changes occurred in the pulp.
A method for isolation of anaerobic bacteria from endodontic specimens
Authors: BERG JAN‐OLOF , NORD CARL‐ERIK
Published: October 2007

abstract – A method for the isolation of anaerobic bacteria from endodontic specimens under continuous anaerobiosis is described. A mobile anaerobe unit supplies a gentle stream of oxygen‐free gas over the tooth when the bacteriologic sample is taken. The paper‐points are then, under oxygen‐free gas, immediately transferred to prereduced, anaerobically sterilized roll tubes. The different isolated anaerobic bacteria are typed with biochemical tests, antibiotic susceptibility testing and gaschromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acids and alcohols.
Protective effect of different lining materials placed under composite resin restorations in monkeys
Authors: ERIKSEN HARALD M.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The protective qualities of the cavity lining materials Tubulitec®, Dycal®, Dycal+Tubulitec and De Trey® phosphate cement were tested beneath the composite resin Addent Concise® in 153 monkey teeth. Insufficient pulpal protection was obtained from restorations lined with the phosphate cement, while the three other lining procedures gave good protection.
Acid phosphatase in developing teeth and bone of man and Macaque monkey
Authors: HAMMARSTRÖM LARS E. , HASSELGREN GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

abstract— The activity of acid phosphatase in jaws and teeth from human fetuses and young monkeys has been studied by means of histochemistry. The enzyme was found in all cells of the hard tissues. The highest activities were found in osteoclasts and presecretory ameloblasts. In the monkeys, where the development of the teeth had reached the stage of enamel maturation, an equally high activity was also found in postsecretory ameloblasts. Studies with specific inhibitors suggested that there may be at least three different acid phosphatases present in the cells associated with hard tissue formation and resorption: (1) fluoride and copper resistant, molybdate and tartrate sensitive acid phosphatase was found in secretory and postsecretory ameloblasts, (2) fluoride, copper and molybdate sensitive, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase was found in osteoclasts. and (3) acid phosphatase rather resistant to all the applied inhibitors was found in outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium, odontoblasts and osteoblasts. The acid phosphatase activity in the enamel organ prior to enamel matrix formation was inhibited similarly to the activity in the oral epithelium and may represent a fourth type.
Mineralization defects of primary teeth in children born pre‐term
Authors: GRAHNÉN HANS , SJÖLIN STIG , STENSTRÖM ANDERS
Published: October 2007

abstract— Investigation of 82 2‐ to 3‐year‐old children born pre‐term and 39 healthy full‐term controls showed that enamel mineralization defects were significantly more common in the pre‐term group than among the controls. Pre‐term delivery per se does not seem to be the direct cause of enamel mineralization defects, but rather it seems that common complications such as asphyxia and/or hyperbilirubinemia explain the increased incidence in children born pre‐term.
Fluoride and enamel solubility
Authors: LARSEN M. JOOST , THORSEN ANETTE
Published: October 2007

abstract— The present paper deals with the solubility of enamel and the influence of fluoride on the degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite. Enamel surfaces were exposed to 8 ml buffer at various pH values. The buffers were analyzed at suitable intervals for calcium, phosphate, fluoride and pH and the ionic activity products for fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, calcium fluoride, brushite and octacalcium phosphate were calculated. It was found that the buffers were supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite and remained unsaturated with respect to the other salts investigated. Under these conditions fluorapatite was formed while hydroxyapatite dissolved, the system thus tending toward equilibrium at which the liquid phase is saturated concurrently with respect to both apatites. It is suggested that at least a part of the solubility reducing effect of fluoride is due to fluoride rendering the liquid phase supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite. This results in formation of fluorapatite, rendering the liquid phase unsaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite.
Histochemical study of the formation of dental plaque in artificial fissures
Authors: KARRING T. , ÖSTERGAARD E. , THEILADE J. , LÖE H.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The development of fissure plaque was studied in artificial fissures of Mylar® foil implanted in the occlusal surface of mandibular molars of 10 dental students for periods of 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 d. After removal the fissures were processed for histologic and histochemical examination. The early fissure content consisted mainly of remnants of animal and plant tissues and relatively few Gram‐positive cocci and short rods. Filamentous bacteria were rarely seen, whereas yeast cells were found in most fissures. After 2 months the food particles were almost completely disintegrated and the microorganisms constituted the major part of the fissure content. No distinct change had occurred in the relative proportion of the various morphologic types of bacteria. Some bacterial aggregates and single bacteria showed presence of carbohydrates. The development and composition of the plaque in the artificial fissures seemed to resemble that of natural fissures, indicating that the location and the anatomic characteristics of the occlusal fissures are important factors in the establishment of this particular ecosystem.
The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth
Authors: SLOTS J.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Black stain on human teeth is usually associated with a low caries frequency. In order to determine the predominant microflora of black stain a systematic qualitative and quantitative microbiologic investigation has been performed. Samples were obtained from 11 children, 3–5 years of age, who had black stain on at least 10 teeth. Various Gram‐positive rods comprised a surprisingly high percentage of the cultivable organisms. Catalase negative actinomycetes averaged 67%, catalase positive actinomycetes 15%, and Corynebacterium 8% of the viable flora. About one‐half of the catalase negative actinomycetes could not be classified satisfactorily with the data available. Most of the catalase positive actinomycetes were motile. Streptococci averaged only 5% of the flora, a finding which agress well with the low caries frequency. Neisseria averaged 4%, but had a somewhat variable occurrence in the samples. B. melaninogenicus averaged less than 1% of the flora. Yeast was present in one sample only. The data presented indicate that black stain has a characteristic and relatively stable microflora, dominated by various actinomycetes. The role of the actinomycetes in regard to the low caries frequency is unknown. Presumably, the actinomycetes are responsible for the formation of the color of the black stain.
Demineralization of human enamel
Authors: LARSEN M. JOOST
Published: October 2007

abstract— The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate that enamel can be dissolved in two, chemically distinct ways. Each of six premolars were exposed to 8 ml of a pH 5.0 buffer. The ionic activity products for Ca5(PO4)3OH, Ca5(PO4)3F, CaHPO4, CaF2andCa4H(PO4)3 were determined. It was found that the liquid phase initially was unsaturated with respect to all solid phases and that hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were dissolving coincidently. Four hours after initiation of the experiments the liquid phase was supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite while still unsaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, which resulted in a formation of fluorapatite in the enamel and a dissolution of hydroxyapatite from the enamel, the net result being a loss of mineral.
Chemically induced in vitro lesions in dental enamel
Authors: LARSEN M. JOOST
Published: October 2007

abstract— Intact enamel surfaces were exposed to continuously stirred buffers which were either supersaturated or unsaturated with respect to fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite. When the buffer was supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite and unsaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, caries‐like lesions developed. When the liquid was unsaturated with respect to both apatites, erosion‐like lesions developed. The preservation of the radiopaque surface layer of caries lesions was ascribed to formation of a fluorapatite, and the subsurface loss of mineral was ascribed to a dissolution of hydroxyapatite. The lack of a well‐preserved surface layer in erosions was explained by a coincident dissolution of both hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite.
Calcification of oral bacteria: an ultra structural study of two strains of Bacterionema matruchotii
Authors: LIE TRYGGVE , SELVIG KNUT A.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the pattern of calcification of dental plaque — either intracellularly or extracellularly — is dependent on the type of microorganisms present. Two strains of Bacterionema matruchotii. Strain 13 (Richardson) and Strain 14266 ATCC, were grown in an in vitro system and their calcification studied by transmission electron microscopy. Mineral crystals appeared in the specimens in scattered areas after 2 weeks of incubation, but consistently and in significant amounts after 4 weeks. In Strain 13 the crystals occurred only intracellularly, while in Strain 14266 the crystals were seen both within and around the bacteria. In the Strain 14266 specimens the extracellular crystals were often related to trilaminar vesicles and cell remnants. Differences in potential of calcification between closely related bacterial strains may partly explain the differences observed between calculus formers and non‐formers.
Fissure sealing with Nuva Seal® in a public health program for Danish schoolchildren after 12 months' observation
Authors: RISAGER J. , POULSEN S.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the Nuva‐Seal® method in a public health program for Danish schoolchildren, when applied by a specially trained chairside assistant. Forty‐nine children 7 to 9 years of age had a total of 148 permanent first molars sealed. The results after 12 months showed that retention of sealant material was comparable to that found in other studies. However, no caries preventive effect of the procedure could be demonstrated. It is concluded that sealing should be performed earlier than was done in this study in older to prevent caries.
Age changes in juxtaodontoblastic capillaries of rat molars
Authors: JOSEPHSEN K. , FEJERSKOV O. , THEILADE J.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – To Study the location and structure of juxtaodontoblastic capillaries during dentin formation, molars from 15 d, 1, 3 and 8‐month‐old rats were processed for eleetron microscopy. Seetions eomprising the enamel‐covered approximal walls of the pulp and subjacent pulpal tissue were examined. During early dentin formation (15 d) the capillaries were situated at the proximal end of the odontoblasts. In 1‐month‐old rats the capillaries were found between the odontoblasts, only 4–6 μm from the predentin. At 3 months they were again located in the subodontoblastic region. The number of cross‐sectioned capillaiies per 100 μm length of dentin decreased from 5–6 in 1‐month‐old rats to 2–3 in 3‐month‐oId rats. In 8‐month‐old rats no juxtaodontoblastic capillary plexus was found. The ultrastrueture of the capillaries was similar in all age groups except for a marked increase in the number of endothelial fenestrations when the capillaries were located close to the mineralizing zone. The findings indieate that eapillaries play an active role in dentin formation.
Cytophotometric analysis of DNA in enzymatically‐dissociated submandibular gland cells of the mouse
Authors: HJELJORD L. G. , FROM S. H. , ABDELMALEK R. G.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – DNA ia isolated secretory cells of mouse submandibular gland was analyzed by absorption microspectrophotometry and microfluoromotry. Cells were obtained by dissociation of the gland using 0.1 % collagenase and 0.2 % hyaluronidase in calcium‐ and magnesium‐free Hanks Balanced Salt Solution. Both cytophotometric techniques showed approximately 40 % of the cells in glands of 20–25 g prepubertal male mice to be involved in DNA synthesis.
A method for studying changes in sagittal structures of the rat skull
Authors: LA COUR S. , MELSEN B. , SCHRAMM J. E.
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – Radiocephalometric studies of the rat skull involve considerable inaccuracy, for which reason a new method for the investigation of craniofacial growth in rats has been developed. Rat skulls were embedded in methyl methacrylate and the midsagittal plane marked. Parasagittal sections, 500 μm thick, were cut and on the section comprising the midsagittal structures, angular and linear measurements were carried out. Duplicate measurements were performed by one person and by two different persons. The error of the method was calculated on the first set of duplicate measurements and the reproducibility was expressed as t values based on comparison of the original and the second set of duplicate measurements. The accuracy of the method described was found to be superior to that of previous radiocephalometric studies.
Mandibular anterior crowding in relation to tooth size and craniofacial morphology
Authors: NORDERVAL K. , WISTH P. J. , BöE O. E.
Published: October 2007

abstract— In the present study the problem of mandibular anterior crowding was investigated by comparing a group of adults having approximately ideal occlusion (n=27) with a group with corresponding occlusion except for a slight crowding in the mandibular anterior segment (n=39). Both sexes were represented. A statistical evaluation revealed that in the latter group the mesiodistal diameter of the four mandibular incisor teeth was significantly greater, whereas the intercanine width and the frequency of third molars were the same in both groups. A comparison of the craniofacial morphology of the two groups displayed limited differences, and only the basal sagittal jaw relationship and the mandibular inclination differed significantly. No significant correlations were observed between the space conditions and any of the variables studied.
Experimental gingivitis in young dogs
Authors: LINDHE JAN , RYLANDER HARALD
Published: October 2007

abstract— The aim of the present study was to analyze and express in quantitative terms some of the structural alterations which develop in an initially normal gingiva during a phase of continuous plaque accumulation. Four beagle dogs were used. The animals had from birth been twice daily subjected to meticulous mechanical tooth cleaning. When the dogs were 10 months of age their gingiva were in excellent health as evaluated by Gingival Index and Gingival Exudate measurements. Gingival tissues were harvested from the premolar and molar regions in the right jaws. The tooth cleanings were then terminated and plaque allowed to accumulate. Clinical examinations were performed and gingival biopsies sampled after 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d. The composition of the gingival biopsies was analyzed in a sampling microscope. After 4 d of plaque accumulation significant amounts of gingival exudate could be sampled. The exudation then gradually increased during the following weeks. Biopsies representing day zero did not contain any inflammatory cell infiltrates. However, after 4 d of the experiment leukocytes were found in the collagen‐poor connective tissue immediately beneath the junctional epithelium. The size of the infiltrated connective tissue (ICT) gradually increased during the experiment. The volumetric density of collagen in the noninfiltrated connective tissue (NCT) was always much higher than in ICT. In ICT, however, this density parameter remained rather constant throughout the study. On days 4 and 7 neutrophilic granulocytes constituted 60–70% of the leukocyte population. On day 28, however, the infiltrate comprised mainly mononuclear leukocytes, especially plasma cells, neutrophils at that time occupying only a small fraction of the infiltrate.
A method for studying adherence of oral streptococci to solid surfaces
Authors: OLSSON J. , KRASSE B.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The adherence of different streptococci to test pieces of glass, human enamel and whale dentin carried in the mouth or immersed in saliva or bacterial suspensions was studied by examining the number and frequency of microorganisms which were selectively desorbed by a standardized washing technique. The results obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments were similar in principle. The proportion of streptococci obtained in the first washing resembled that found in the saliva, but with more vigorous washing the proportion of S. sanguis increased while that of S. salivarius decreased. This illustrates that different microorganisms can attach to solid surfaces with different strengths. The applicability of the method was tested by treating dentin surfaces with fluoride solutions and by incorporating sucrose in the test solution. The fluoride treatment reduced while the sucrose addition increased the number of streptococci which could be removed from the surfaces.
Histochemical localization of alkaline pyrophosphate‐ phosphohydrolase in tooth‐forming cells of rat
Authors: LARSSON AKE
Published: October 2007

abstract— The activity of a pyrophosphate‐splitting tissue factor in jaws, teeth and intestinal mucosa has been studied by means of histochemistry. Freeze‐cut, unfixed sections of whole animals were incubated in a buffered medium (pH 8.6) containing inorganic pyrophosphate (PP) Pb2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ at various concentrations. The effects of compound R 8231, heat, aldehyde fixation, and demineralization with EDTA were also investigated. In sections showing optimal staining, deposition of incubation products was found in the stratum, intermedium and the subodontoblastic cells of the developing tooth, in the osteoblastic layers, and at the surface of the intestinal mucosa. The hard tissues were also stained except in the demineralized sections. Treatment with heat or compound R 8231 resulted in loss of originally observed soft tissue staining while short‐time demineralization with EDTA enhanced the staining reaction. It is argued that a nonspecific deposition of the capturing ion, Pb2+, can hardly explain the observed soft tissue staining. The results point to the presence of a PP‐splitting enzyme, and it is suggested that the enzyme exhibits features of an alkaline phosphatase with PP‐phosphohydrolytic properties rather than of an inorganic pyro‐phosphatase.
Acid hydrolases in the odontoblast‐predentin region of dentinogenically active teeth
Authors: Engström Christer , Linde Anders , Persliden Berne
Published: October 2007

abstract— The presence of hyaluronoglucosidase (EC 3.2.1.35; hyaluronidase), β‐N‐ace‐tylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), exo‐l,4‐β‐xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37), and arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) in dentinogenically active odontoblasts isolated from the rat incisor has been demonstrated by means of biochemical methods. The possible function of these enzymes in relation to the calcification process is discussed.
Lipoproteins in fluid from non‐keratinizing jaw cysts
Authors: SKAUG N.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Forty‐seven cyst fluids and autologous sera were examined for lipoproteins (LP) by cellulose acetate membrane (GAM) electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and quantitative analyses for β‐lipoprotein and cholesterol. By CAM electrophoresis all cyst fluids showed β‐LP and β‐LP bands but no pre‐β‐LP band. Four cyst fluids exhibited an additional, well‐defined lipid‐staining band located within the y‐globulin zone (post‐β‐band). The relative amount of β‐LP was higher in cyst fluid than in serum. Single radial immunodiffusion showed that the content of β‐LP was low. On an average, cyst fluid contained more cholesterol than did serum. Some cyst fluids were particularly rich in cholesterol. It is hypothesized that the cholesterol is derived partly from β‐LP originating from plasma.
Developmental disturbances in permanent teeth after intrusion of their primary predecessors
Authors: RAVN J. J.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The frequency and type of developmental disturbances in the permanent teeth in relation to the child's age at the time of injury were examined in 78 patients with 100 intruded primary incisors. The central incisors were found to be the most frequently affected teeth. Only maxillary teeth were involved. The dominating age group was 1–3 years and intrusion was seldom seen after the age of 4 years. The frequency of disturbed normal development of the permanent teeth was 54%. In eight cases the intruded teeth were removed immediately, 86 teeth reerupted, and six teeth did not reerupt. Internal white enamel hypoplasia was seen frequently; external hypoplasia, seldom.
Evaluation of a dehydrated test strip, Microstix®‐Candida, for detection of Candida‐induced denture stomatitis
Authors: BUDTZ‐JÖRGENSEN EJVIND
Published: October 2007

abstract – The outgrowth of yeasts from the fitting surface of the maxillary denture and the palatal mucosa was estimated in 63 denture wearers by means of smears and by culture on Microstix®‐Candida (M–C). There was a significant relationship between the concentration of yeasts as assessed by smears and by M–C. There were confluent spots on M–C, indicating large numbers of yeast cells, in 81 % of 37 denture wearers with a positive microscopic diagnosis for Candida‐induced denture stomatitis, whereas there were confluent spots on M–C in only one of 26 denture wearers with a negative microscopic diagnosis for infection. It is concluded that the M–C test system seems to have sufficient diagnostic sensitivity to be an alternative to the smear for establishing the diagnosis of Candida‐induced denture stomatitis.
A rapid method for separation and detection of human salivary amylase isoenzymes by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel
Authors: WADSTRÖM TORKEL , NORD CARL‐ERIK , KJELLGREN MARIANNE
Published: October 2007

abstract – Human salivary proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel in flat beds at 1000 V for 40 min. Amylase activity was detected after immersing the gel in 0.4 M tris‐HCl buffer pH 7.4 to equilibrate the pH gradient. The enzyme activity was detected after diffusion into an overlayer of agarose gel containing an insoluble dye‐starch polymer (Phadebas®). Both whole human saliva and parotid saliva from 15 different persons contained four amylase components, except in three cases where only three bands were detected. The bands were all focused within a rather narrow pH range (pH 5.4–7.2) and the results were very reproducible.
Effect of composite resin restorations in monkey teeth with experimentally induced pulpitis
Authors: ERIKSEN HARALD M. , SKOGEDAL OLE
Published: October 2007

abstract – The short‐ and long‐term pulpal reactions to composite resin restorations using defferent cavity lining materials have been assessed in monkey teeth with experimentally indeced pulpitis. The inflammation was induced by fillion cavities with soft human carious dentin and amalgam for 1 week. Healing of the inflammation and formation of reparative dentin was generally found independent of the lining materials used. The long‐term response to caviities restored with carious dentin and amalgam was also healing of the primarily induced pulpal inflammation in most instances.
Allergy tests against formaldehyde, cresol, and eugenol in children with formocresol pulpotomized primary teeth
Authors: RÖLLING INGE , THULIN HENNING
Published: October 2007

abstract – One hundred and twenty‐eight children in the age range 5—14 years with formocresol pulpotomized teeth were tested for sensitivity against formaldehyde, eugenol, and cresol using the patch test. The number of treated teeth on each child varied from one to six and the time between the pulpotomy and patch test varied from 2 months to 8 years. None of the children showed positive results.
Differentiation of odontogenic tissues in organ culture
Authors: THESLEFF IRMA
Published: October 2007

abstract – Molar tooth germs from 17‐d‐old mouse embryos were cultivated in a Trowelltype culture, and different culture media were tested for their ability to support enamel formation. The medium which allowed secretion of considerable amounts of enamel matrix by ameloblasts consisted of BGJb medium supplemented with 20 % horse serum, 10 % chick embryo extract and 0.9 mM ascorbic acid. At the onset of culture the teeth were in the early bell stage. After 2 weeks of cultivation both odontoblasts and ameloblasts had differentiated, and considerable amounts of predentin and enamel matrix had been secreted. Similar development was also seen in teeth which had been enzymatically separated into the mesenchymal dental papilla and epithelial enamel organ and subsequently recombined in vitro. This method allows good differentiation of odontogenic tissues, and is considered suitable for further studies of tissue interactions in the tooth rudiment.
Changes in the water permeability of palatal mucosa after complete denture treatment
Authors: RIBER E. , KAABER S.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The water permeability of the human palatal mucosa has been studied in 12 persons with 1 year of full maxillary denture experience and 10 persons without dentures. Transmucosal water transport rates were studied gravimetrically with the use of solutesaturated discs of filter paper in contact with the mucosa, in accordance with earlier described procedures (Kaaber 1973a, b). The inflow of water through clinically healthy mucosa was at the same level in both groups. After use of a 1.10 mol sucrose solution a significant increase in the inflow was observed in the denture wearers group, which suggested an increased amount of osmolytes in the mucosal surface. Two denture wearers with a slightly inflamed mucosal surface showed an increased inflow after use of water and a corresponding strong outflow after use of the sucrose solution, indicating a partial loss of the mucosal barrier function.
Effect of acupuncture on the pain perception thresholds of human teeth
Authors: BAKKE M.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The effect of acupuncture on the pain perception threshold of maxillary incisors and canines as determined by a Bofors Pulp Tester(r) was studied in 33 dental students 19–30 years of age. Test teeth were cleaned with pumice and 10 % alcohol, air‐dried, and insulated at the approximal surfaces with strips of rubber dam. Based on a comparison of bipolar and monopolar stimulation the latter method was chosen, with the cathode placed on the incisal third of the facial surface, the indifferent electrode in the subject's hand. In separate groups of subjects thresholds were assessed four times at intervals of 15 min without acupuncture (1), with acupuncture performed manually (2) and electrically (3), and during electrical stimulation with surface electrodes over acupuncture points (4). On separate days acupuncture and surface stimulation was applied unilaterally at the points S2 (cheek), Li4 (hand), or S44 (foot). Compared with control threshold (8.44 μA) acupuncture was accompanied by a small increase, most pronounced after 45 min (1.51 μA, P < 0.0005). However, the hypalgesia observed was insufficient to justify acupuncture as a means of pain control in conservative dentistry.
Marginal fracture of dental amalgams
Authors: FORSTEN L. , KALLIO M.‐L.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of this study was to determine the marginal fracture of different amalgams, using a semiclinical method which facilitates standardization and minimizes the observation time, in 10 patients receiving complete dentures. Cavities were cut occlusally in acrylic premolars and molars. The margin was then beveled to 45° with a cone‐shaped diamond. Two dispersion‐strengthened amalgams and one conventional amalgam were used in each mouth. The cavities of each quadrant were filled with the same amalgam. Thus, conventional amalgam fillings were always placed in opposing quadrants to those filled with a dispersion‐strengthened amalgam. The degree of marginal fracture was evaluated from the prints (magnification × 5–7) by five dentists separately and blindly. After 6 months' service, severe marginal fracturing was frequently seen.
Classification of written examinations in dental education in Norway according to educational aims
Authors: SKOGEDAL OLE , LAUVAS PER
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of the present study was to assess to what extent retention of factual knowledge or higher cognitive abilities, such as analytical/critical evaluation, were required by the students in the written examinations in clinical departments of dental schools in Norway in 1973–1975. A modified version of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives was used to classify the examination questions. Most of the questions were covered by the teaching program and concerned factual knowledge. When clinical examinations included a complete patient history and/or radiographs, judgment of the available information was demanded from the students. A great number of minor questions usually represented a lower taxonomic level than the use of a few essay questions.
Preventive practices in schoolchildren in Oppegard, Norway, related to some background factors
Authors: KJAERHEIM V. , VON DER FEHR F. R. , HELÖE L. A.
Published: October 2007

abstract – As part of a clinical trial among schoolchildren in a suburban community just outside Oslo, dental preventive behavior was studied by means of mailed questionnaires, In all, 340 mothers, i.e. 95% of the sample, filled out and returned the forms. The results indicate a distinct and improving preventive attitude in the target population. The age of the family was the most influential background variable.
Mineral composition of enamel and dentin of primary and permanent teeth in Finland
Authors: LAKOMAA EEVA‐LIISA , RYTÖMAA INKERI
Published: October 2007

abstract – The concentrations of 12 different elements were measured in dentin and enamel of primary and permanent teeth collected in six different localities in Finland. Na, Cl, Al, Mn, Ca, and P were determined by neutron activation analysis, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Fe by the atomic absorption method, and F with the fluoride‐specific electrode. Most elements were present in higher concentrations in the enamel than in the dentin: Mg, however, was higher in the dentin. Compared with the permanent teeth, the primary teeth contained more K and Mn in enamel and K and Mg in dentin, but less Na and Zn in enamel. Differences between the six localities were significant for F, Cl, K, Zn, Na, and Mn. Fe, Cu, and Mn contents of teeth were much lower in Finland than elsewhere; in the typical Finnish diet the contents of Fe and Cu are relatively low and iron deficiency anemia is unusually common in Finland.
Serum antibodies to plaque bacteria in subjects with dental caries and gingivitis
Authors: ÖRSTAVIK DAG , BRANDTZAEG PER
Published: October 2007

abstract – Correlations were sought between indices of gingival inflammation and dental caries experience and serum antibody titers to five species of oral bacteria. The material comprised 53 young adult males. A statistically significant, negative correlation was observed between the antibody titer to a pool of Veillonella strains and dental caries experience. Multiple regression analyses failed to reveal significant associations between periodontal disease and serum antibody titers. However, the data suggested a combined association of the titers to the strains of Veillonella and a strain of Fusobacterium with the periodontal index.
The predominant cultivable microflora of advanced periodontitis
Authors: SLOTS JÖRGEN
Published: October 2007

abstract – A study on the predominant cultivable microorganisms harbored in the base of deep periodontal pockets of eight patients aged 34–48 years was carried out using the roll tube culture technique. From a total of 475 isolates, 425 (89.5 %) were obligate anaerobes, 356 (74.9 %) were Gram‐negative, and 441 (92.8%) were categorized as rods. Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Fusobacterium nucleatum constituted the majority of the isolates in seven samples, but their mutual proportions differed considerably between the samples. One sample was dominated by Actinomyces species. Some periodontopathic potentials of the predominating Gram‐negative rods are summarized.
Experimental palatal candidosis and saliva flow in monkeys
Authors: OLSEN I. , HAANAES H. R.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Maxillary acrylic plates, inoculated with Candida albicans, were inserted for 3 weeks in 10 monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) (Series I), and reinserted in five of the animals 8 weeks after removal (Series II). To suppress saliva flow oxyphencyclimine was injected intramuscularly (0.125 mg/kg) thrice daily for 3 weeks in six monkeys of Series I, while four controls received no drug. In Series II the oxyphencyclimine dose was doubled in three animals, and two controls were sham‐treated with sodium chloride. Mean saliva flow was reduced to 58 % after 1 week and to 63 % after 3 weeks with the low dose of oxyphencyclimine. The values with the high dose were 56 % and 64 %, respectively. After 1 week thrush had developed beneath the plates of all monkeys. The patches were more extensive and regressed slower with oxyphencyclimine. Enlarged lesions were seen with the double dose, In Series I intraepithelial invasion by hyphae was detected more frequently and longer after inoculation in the oxyphencyclimine group. Such invasion was not found in biopsies from Series II. It is likely that saliva offers some protection against yeasts colonizing the fitting side of a denture.
Effect of drying on viability of periodontal membrane
Authors: SÖDER P.‐Ö. , OTTESKOG P. , ANDREASEN J. Q. , MODÉER T.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The influence of a dry extra‐alveolar period on the viability of cells in the periodontal membrane of human and monkey teeth was examined in vitro. Extracted mature teeth were allowed to dry for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Cell viability was examined with the following methods: 1) Culturing the teeth with subsequent trypsination and counting of viable cells. 2) Culturing the teeth with subsequent vital staining of the root surface with neutral red and estimation of the vital stained periodontal membrane area in percentage of the total root surface. Both methods revealed that the number of viable cells in the period declines very rapidly with an increase in drying time. After 2 h it was not possible to demonstrate cell viability using tissue culture technique.
Operational definitions of mandibular morphogenetic and positional rotations
Authors: LAVERGNE JEAN , GASSON NICOLE
Published: October 2007

abstract – A material of 30 patients with metallic implants was used in a longitudinal study, based on lateral headplates, of the mandibular rotational pattern. The complexity of the rotational phenomenon in the mandibular rotation has necessitated the proposal of some operational definitions: morphogenetic and positional rotations of the mandible. A relation‐ship has been established between the variation of the gonial angle and the variation of both morphogenetic and positional rotations of the mandible. A relationship has been established between the variation of the condylar growth direction and the variation of both morphogenetic and positional rotations of the mandible: this relationship is the strongest when the morphogenetic rotation of the corpus is considered.
Phase content of a high copper dental silver amalgam
Authors: JENSEN STIG JORGO
Published: October 2007

abstract – The phase content of a conventional zinc‐free silver amalgam and a high copper silver amalgam has been determined by X‐ray diffraction and by stoichiometric calculation. The γ2 content in the high copper amalgam is zero for low mercury contents and increases with rising mercury concentration. The γ2 content also rises with prolonged annealing of the alloy.
Binding of dyes to chlorhexidine‐treated hydroxyapatite
Authors: JENSEN JØRN ERIK
Published: October 2007

abstract – The binding of some selected food dyes to hydroxyapatite with and without a coating of chlorhexidine was studied. The apatite had bound 0.6 μmol chlorhexidine per g dry weight. The bound chlorhexidine was in equilibrium with a free concentration of 115 μg/ml (128 μM). The dyes. investigated were brilliant blue (FD&C Blue No. 1), indigo carmine (FD&C Blue No. 2), tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5), sunset yellow (FD&C Yellow No. 6), amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2), and riboflavin. Riboflavin did not bind to either chlorhexidine‐treated apatite or untreated apatite, whereas the other dyes showed a considerable affinity for chlorhexidine‐treated apatite as compared with untreated apatite. Because the dyes with binding ability possess two or three acidic groups, and because riboflavin has none, it was suggested that the binding of the dyes is mediated by an interaction between the anionic groups of the dye molecules and the cationic groups of the chlorhexidine molecules. The results are discussed and related to the formation of the brownish discolorations seen on the teeth of patients using chlorhexidine mouthrinses. A mechanism to explain the development of tooth stains is proposed.
Demonstration of a K+ ‐stimulated and ouabain‐sensitive p‐nitrophenyl phosphatase activity in enamel‐ and dentin‐forming tissues in the rat
Authors: MÖRNSTAD HÅKAN
Published: October 2007

abstract— Nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis was studied at neutral pH with tissue preparations of the rat secretory and maturation enamel organs and denial pulp. By introduction of inhibitors to nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity and stimulants to the K+stiinulated and ouabain‐sensitive p‐nitrophenyl phosphatase activity, the latter‐enzyme activity could be demonstrated. This enzyme activity is generally held to be representative of the enzyme sodium‐ and potassium‐stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. The K+‐stimulated activity was magnesium dependent and highly sensitive to fluoride. It was inhibited completely by 3 mM fluoride in the incubation medium and about 1 mM produced hall the maximum inhibition. The K+‐independent enzyme activity was inhibited 50–60% by fluoride in concentrations between 3 and 15 mM. The high fluoride sensitivity of the K+‐stimulated activity may perhaps help to explain the vulnerability of dental tissues to fluoride.
Intrafamilial levels of Streptococcus mutans and some aspects of the bacterial transmission
Authors: KÖHLER BIRGITTA , BRATTHALL DOUGLAS
Published: October 2007

abstract— The number of S. mutans (S.m.) in saliva of parents and their children was studied. Thirty‐six children, 4 1/2–5 years old, and their parents participated. A quantitative correlation was found between the number of S.m. in the mothers and their children. The degree of infection also seemed to reflect the caries experience of the child. When adults with different levels of S.m. in saliva contaminated metal spoons with saliva, a correlation between the salivary count of S.m. and the number of microorganisms transferred to the spoon was found. The survival of S.m. on saliva‐contaminated test‐plates was tested. After 7 h the number of viable S.m. had decreased considerably but a few cells could be found after 24–48 h. To study the presence of S.m. on objects in the city often touched by hands, MSB‐containing agar dishes were pressed against several objects such as doorhandles. Only four out of 24 objects were found to be contaminated by S.m.
Clinical, histologic and microradiographic study of natal, neonatal and pre‐erupted teeth
Authors: ANNEROTH GÖRAN , ISACSSON GÖRAN , LINDWALL ANN‐MARIE , LINGE GÖRAN
Published: October 2007

abstract— A clinical, histologic and microradiographic investigation of 62 natal, neonatal and otherwise pre‐erupted teeth from 51 children is presented. Such a comprehensive material has not previously been reviewed. Of the 62 teeth, 59 were mandibular incisors. A hereditary factor could be demonstrated in 12 cases. Fifty‐three teeth showed more or less pronounced enamel hypoplasia. The enamel had a normal prism structure and mineralization with the exception of 22 cases where the prism structure was absent in the cervical part of the enamel. The cervical and apical dentin was atubular and in developing teeth the dentin in these regions changed to an irregularly formed hard tissue of osteodentin character, in which enclosed cells could be observed. Developing teeth often had no cementum, and in those cases where acellular cementum could be observed it was thinner than normal. In four patients atypically located carious lesions occurred.