bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bode Phase Angle Signaling of a TB Disease Biomarker
Authors: Sidwaba Unathi , Januarie Kaylin Cleo , Mini Sixolile , Mokwebo Kefilwe Vanessa , Iwuoha Emmanuel , Feleni Usisipho
Published: December 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide burden whose total control and eradication remains a challenge due to factors including false positive/negative diagnoses associated with the poor sensitivity of the current diagnostics in immune-compromised and post-vaccinated individuals. As these factors complicate both diagnosis and treatment, the early diagnosis of TB is of pivotal importance towards reaching the universal vision of a TB-free world. Here, an aptasensor for signaling an interferon gamma (IFN-γ) TB biomarker at low levels is reported. The aptasensor was assembled through gold–thiol interactions between poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), gold nanoparticles, and a thiol-modified DNA aptamer specific to IFN-γ. The aptasensor sensitively detected IFN-γ in spiked pleural fluid samples with a detection limit of 0.09 pg/mL within a linear range from 0.2 pg/mL to 1.2 pg/mL. The good performance of the reported aptasensor indicates that it holds the potential for application in the early diagnosis of, in addition to TB, various diseases associated with IFN-γ release in clinical samples.
Electropolymerization on ITO-Coated Glass Slides of a Series of π-Extended BODIPY Dyes with Redox-Active Meso-Substituents
Authors: Swavey Shawn , Wright Alexa
Published: December 2023

A series of meso-carbazole and meso-pyrene boron dipyrromethene(BDP) dyes have been synthesized using a two-step method. This simplified synthetic method did not require catalysts or oxidizing agents. Solution spectroscopic and electrochemical studies indicate that the HOMO and LUMO energies are dependent on the extent of π-conjugation associated with the pyrroles. Solution electrochemistry of the dyes in chloroform reveal film formation onto glassy carbon electrodes. Electrolysis of chloroform solutions of the dyes using indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides as the working electrode show, using UV/vis spectroscopy, the formation of films. For two of the dyes, the BODIPY structure stays in tact upon electrolysis, exhibiting sharp absorption peaks on the ITO slides similar to that observed for the same dyes in solution.
Study on the Influence of CaO on the Electrochemical Reduction of Fe2O3 in NaCl-CaCl2 Molten Salt
Authors: Li Hui , Song Lingyue , Liang Jinglong , Huo Dongxing , Cao Weigang , Liu Chang
Published: December 2023

The presence of calcium-containing molten salts in the electrolysis of oxides for metal production can lead to the formation of CaO and, subsequently, the generation of intermediate products, affecting the reduction of metals. To investigate the impact of CaO on the reduction process, experiments were conducted using a Fe2O3-CaO cathode and a graphite anode in a NaCl-CaCl2 molten salt electrolyte at 800 °C. The electrochemical reduction kinetics of the intermediate product Ca2Fe2O5 were studied using cyclic voltammetry and I-t curve analysis. The phase composition and morphology of the electrolysis products were analyzed using XRD, SEM-EDS, and XPS. The experimental results demonstrate that upon addition of CaO to the Fe2O3 cathode, Ca2Fe2O5 is formed instantly in the molten salt upon the application of an electrical current. Research conducted at different voltages, combined with electrochemical analysis, indicates that the reduction steps of Ca2Fe2O5 in the NaCl-CaCl2 molten salt are as follows: Ca2Fe2O5 ⟶ Fe3O4 ⟶ FeO ⟶ Fe. The presence of CaO accelerates the electrochemical reduction rate, promoting the formation of Fe. At 0.6 V and after 600 min of electrolysis, all of the Ca2Fe2O5 is converted into Fe, coexisting with CaCO3. With an increase in the electrolysis voltage, the electrolysis product Fe particles visibly grow larger, exhibiting pronounced agglomeration effects. Under the conditions of a 1 V voltage, a study was conducted to investigate the influence of time on the reduction process of Ca2Fe2O5. Gradually, it resulted in the formation of CaFe3O5, CaFe5O7, FeO, and metallic Fe. With an increased driving force, one gram of Fe2O3-CaO mixed oxide can completely turn into metal Fe by electrolysis for 300 min.
Oxidation of Mesalamine under Phenoloxidase- or Peroxidase-like Enzyme Catalysis
Authors: El Zein Rimaz , Ispas-Szabo Pompilia , Jafari Maziar , Siaj Mohamed , Mateescu Mircea Alexandru
Published: December 2023

Mesalamine, also called 5-ASA (5-aminosalicylic acid), is a largely used anti-inflammatory agent and is a main choice to treat Ulcerative Colitis. This report is aimed to investigate enzymatic processes involved in the oxidation of mesalamine to better understand some of its side-effects. Oxidation with oxygen (catalyzed by ceruloplasmin) or with hydrogen peroxide (catalyzed by peroxidase or hemoglobin) showed that these oxidases, despite their different mechanisms of oxidation, could recognize mesalamine as a substrate and trigger its oxidation to a corresponding quinone-imine. These enzymes were chosen because they may recognize hydroquinone (a p-diphenol) as substrate and oxidize it to p-benzoquinone and that mesalamine, as a p-aminophenol, presents some similarities with hydroquinone. The UV-Vis kinetics, FTIR and 1H NMR supported the hypothesis of oxidizing mesalamine. Furthermore, mass spectrometry suggested the quinone–imine as reaction product. Without enzymes, the oxidation process was very slow (days and weeks), but it was markedly accelerated with the oxidases, particularly with peroxidase. Cyclic voltammetry supported the hypothesis of the oxidative process and allowed a ranking of susceptibility to oxidizing mesalamine in comparison with other oxidizable drug molecules with related structures. The susceptibility to oxidation was higher for mesalamine, in comparison with Tylenol (acetaminophen) and with aspirin (salicylic acid).
Effect of Gaseous Ozone and Storage Time on Polyphenolic Profile and Sugar Content in Fruits of Selected Vaccinium corymbosum L. Genotypes
Authors: Gorzelany Józef , Kapusta Ireneusz , Pluta Stanisław , Belcar Justyna , Pentoś Katarzyna , Basara Oskar
Published: December 2023

One of the best sources of antioxidant and health-promoting bioactive substances is the fruit of V. corymbosum. A potent oxidizing agent, ozone (O3), can effectively eliminate bacteria. The application of ozone gas to V. corymbosum fruit during storage had a favorable impact on the fruit’s phenolic component and sugar content in the current investigation. After 7 days of storage, phenolic content in all highbush blueberry cultivars and clones tested increased on average by 28.60%, including anthocyanins by 34%. After 14 days of storage, an average increase of 16.50% in phenolic compounds was observed, including a 20.53% increase in anthocyanins. Among all the tested varieties, clone BOR-21 treated with a dose of 0.01 mL·L−1 ozone for 30 min after 14 days had the highest TPC—143.73 mg·100 g−1 f.w. The sugar content of berries treated with a dose of 0.01 mL·L−1 ozone for 30 min, on day 7 and day 14 of storage increased by 9.2% and 6.3%, respectively. On day 7, the highest amount of total sugar (22.74 g·100 g−1) was observed in Duke cultivar after being exposed to 0.01 mL·L−1 ozone for 15 min. The ozonation treatments enhanced the fruit’s saturation with nutrients, which raises the fruit’s value as food.
Development of a Carbon Nanotube-Enhanced FAS Bilayer Amphiphobic Coating for Biological Fluids
Authors: Paul Sumona , Rao Lingfen , Stein Louis H. , Salemi Arash , Mitra Somenath
Published: December 2023

This study reports the development of a novel amphiphobic coating. The coating is a bilayer arrangement, where carbon nanotubes (CNTs) form the underlayer and fluorinated alkyl-silane (FAS) forms the overlayer, resulting in the development of highly amphiphobic coatings suitable for a wide range of substrates. The effectiveness of these coatings is demonstrated through enhanced contact angles for water and artificial blood plasma fluid on glass, stainless steel, and porous PTFE. The coatings were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle (CA) measurements. The water contact angles achieved with the bilayer coating were 106 ± 2°, 116 ± 2°, and 141 ± 2° for glass, stainless steel, and PTFE, respectively, confirming the hydrophobic nature of the coating. Additionally, the coating displayed high repellency for blood plasma, exhibiting contact angles of 102 ± 2°, 112 ± 2°, and 134 ± 2° on coated glass, stainless steel, and PTFE surfaces, respectively. The presence of the CNT underlayer improved plasma contact angles by 29%, 21.7%, and 16.5% for the respective surfaces. The presence of the CNT layer improved surface roughness significantly, and the average roughness of the bilayer coating on glass, stainless steel, and PTFE was measured to be 488 nm, 301 nm, and 274 nm, respectively. Mechanistically, the CNT underlayer contributed to the surface roughness, while the FAS layer provided high amphiphobicity. The maximum effect was observed on modified glass, followed by stainless steel and PTFE surfaces. These findings highlight the promising potential of this coating method across diverse applications, particularly in the biomedical industry, where it can help mitigate complications associated with device–fluid interactions.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Functionalized Graphene/Polyaniline Composite Using Two Electrode Configuration for Supercapacitors
Authors: Yu Dongsheng , Li Jili , Jia Tiekun , Dong Binbin , Han Zhixiao , Tian Wenjie , Jiang Ruilin , Lu Xi , Li Lekang
Published: December 2023

An effective approach for the large-scale fabrication of conducting polyaniline (PANI) using in situ anodic electrochemical polymerization on nickel foam which had been coated in aryl diazonium salt (ADS)-modified graphene (ADS-G). In the present work, ADS-G was used as a high surface-area support material for the electrochemical polymerization of PANI. The electrochemical performances of the ADS-G/PANI composites exhibited better suitability as supercapacitor electrode materials than those of the PANI. The ADS-G/PANI composites achieved a specific capacitance of 528 F g−1, which was higher than that of PANI (266 F g−1) due to excellent electrode–electrolyte interaction and the synergistic effect of electrical conductivity between ADS-G and PANI in the composites. These findings suggest that the ADS-G/PANI composites are a suitable composite for potential supercapacitor applications.
Multi-Wavelength Selective and Broadband Near-Infrared Plasmonic Switches in Anisotropic Plasmonic Metasurfaces
Authors: Li Yan , Zhou Yaojie , Liu Qinke , Lu Zhendong , Luo Xiao-Qing , Liu Wu-Ming , Wang Xin-Lin
Published: December 2023

Anisotropic plasmonic metasurfaces have attracted broad research interest since they possess novel optical properties superior to natural materials and their tremendous design flexibility. However, the realization of multi-wavelength selective plasmonic metasurfaces that have emerged as promising candidates to uncover multichannel optical devices remains a challenge associated with weak modulation depths and narrow operation bandwidth. Herein, we propose and numerically demonstrate near-infrared multi-wavelength selective passive plasmonic switching (PPS) that encompasses high ON/OFF ratios and strong modulation depths via multiple Fano resonances (FRs) in anisotropic plasmonic metasurfaces. Specifically, the double FRs can be fulfilled and dedicated to establishing tailorable near-infrared dual-wavelength PPS. The multiple FRs mediated by in-plane mirror asymmetries cause the emergence of triple-wavelength PPS, whereas the multiple FRs governed by in-plane rotational asymmetries avail the implementation of the quasi-bound states in the continuum-endowed multi-wavelength PPS with the ability to unfold a tunable broad bandwidth. In addition, the strong polarization effects with in-plane anisotropic properties further validate the existence of the polarization-resolved multi-wavelength PPS. Our results provide an alternative approach to foster the achievement of multifunctional meta-devices in optical communication and information processing.
Key Strategies on Cu2O Photocathodes toward Practical Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Son Min-Kyu
Published: December 2023

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) has been intensively in the limelight as a promising photocathode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The state-of-the-art Cu2O photocathode consists of a back contact layer for transporting the holes, an overlayer for accelerating charge separation, a protection layer for prohibiting the photocorrosion, and a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst for reducing the overpotential of HER, as well as a Cu2O layer for absorbing sunlight. In this review, the fundamentals and recent research progress on these components of efficient and durable Cu2O photocathodes are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, key strategies on the development of Cu2O photocathodes for the practical PEC water-splitting system are suggested. It provides the specific guidelines on the future research direction for the practical application of a PEC water-splitting system based on Cu2O photocathodes.
Layered Double Hydroxides as an Intercalation System for Hydrophobic Molecules
Authors: Li Lei , Sevciuc Anastasia , Rijn Patrick van
Published: December 2023

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been extensively studied as drug delivery systems due to their favorable characteristics, including biocompatibility, high loading efficiency, and pH-responsive release. However, the current research predominantly focuses on LDHs as carriers for various anionic drugs, while there are only limited reports on LDHs as carriers for hydrophobic drugs. In this study, we successfully achieved the loading of a hydrophobic drug mimic, Nile red (NR), into LDHs using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an intermediate storage medium. Furthermore, we optimized the experimental methods and varied the SDS/NR molar ratio to optimize this intercalation system. With an increase in the SDS/NR molar ratio from 2/1 to 32/1, the loading efficiency of LDH-SDS-NR for NR initially increased from 1.32% for LDH-SDS-NR_2/1 to 4.46% for LDH-SDS-NR_8/1. Then, the loading efficiency slightly decreased to 3.64% for LDH-SDS-NR_16.8/1, but then increased again to 6.31% for LDH-SDS-NR_32/1. We believe that the established method and the obtained results in this study broaden the application scope of LDHs as delivery systems for hydrophobic drugs and contribute to the further expansion of the application scope of LDHs.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlTiVCuN Coatings Prepared by Ion Source-Assisted Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Mei Haijuan , Yan Kai , Wang Rui , Cheng Lixia , Li Qiuguo , Zhao Zhenting , Ding Ji Cheng , Gong Weiping
Published: December 2023

The AlTiVCuN coatings were deposited by magnetron sputtering with anode layer ion source (ALIS) assistance, and the microstructure and mechanical properties were significantly affected by the ion source power. With increasing the ion source power from 0 to 1.0 kW, the deposition rate decreased from 2.6 to 2.1 nm/min, and then gradually increased to 4.0 nm/min at 3.0 kW, and the surface roughness gradually decreased from 28.7 nm at 0 kW to 9.0 nm at 3.0 kW. Due to the enhanced ion bombardment effect, the microstructure of the coatings changed from a coarse into a dense columnar structure at 1.0 kW, and the grain size increased at higher ion source powers. All the coatings exhibited c-TiAlVN phase, and the preferred orientation changed from the (220) to the (111) plane at 3.0 kW. Due to the low Cu contents (1.0~3.1 at.%), the Cu atoms existed as an amorphous phase in the coatings. Due to the microstructure densification and high residual stress, the highest hardness of 32.4 GPa was achieved for the coating deposited at 1.0 kW.
3D Printed Integrated Sensors: From Fabrication to Applications—A Review
Authors: Hassan Md Sahid , Zaman Saqlain , Dantzler Joshua Z. R. , Leyva Diana Hazel , Mahmud Md Shahjahan , Ramirez Jean Montes , Gomez Sofia Gabriela , Lin Yirong
Published: December 2023

The integration of 3D printed sensors into hosting structures has become a growing area of research due to simplified assembly procedures, reduced system complexity, and lower fabrication cost. Embedding 3D printed sensors into structures or bonding the sensors on surfaces are the two techniques for the integration of sensors. This review extensively discusses the fabrication of sensors through different additive manufacturing techniques. Various additive manufacturing techniques dedicated to manufacture sensors as well as their integration techniques during the manufacturing process will be discussed. This review will also discuss the basic sensing mechanisms of integrated sensors and their applications. It has been proven that integrating 3D printed sensors into infrastructures can open new possibilities for research and development in additive manufacturing and sensor materials for smart goods and the Internet of Things.
Metal-Ion Intercalation Mechanisms in Vanadium Pentoxide and Its New Perspectives
Authors: Alcántara Ricardo , Lavela Pedro , Edström Kristina , Fichtner Maximilian , Le Top Khac , Floraki Christina , Aivaliotis Dimitris , Vernardou Dimitra
Published: December 2023

The investigation into intercalation mechanisms in vanadium pentoxide has garnered significant attention within the realm of research, primarily propelled by its remarkable theoretical capacity for energy storage. This comprehensive review delves into the latest advancements that have enriched our understanding of these intricate mechanisms. Notwithstanding its exceptional storage capacity, the compound grapples with challenges arising from inherent structural instability. Researchers are actively exploring avenues for improving electrodes, with a focus on innovative structures and the meticulous fine-tuning of particle properties. Within the scope of this review, we engage in a detailed discussion on the mechanistic intricacies involved in ion intercalation within the framework of vanadium pentoxide. Additionally, we explore recent breakthroughs in understanding its intercalation properties, aiming to refine the material’s structure and morphology. These refinements are anticipated to pave the way for significantly enhanced performance in various energy storage applications.
Associations of Healthy Eating Behavior with Mental Health and Health-Related Quality of Life: Results from the Korean National Representative Survey
Authors: Kim Min-Ju , Park Jong Eun , Park Jong Hyock
Published: December 2023

Background: Healthy eating behaviors may be related to mental health and health-related quality of life. This study investigates the associations between diet quality, mental health, and health-related quality of life among men and women in Korea. Methods: A total of 6823 participants, aged 19, from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2016 to 2018 were included. Their overall diet quality was estimated using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the associations between diet quality, mental health, and quality of life. Results: The prevalence of stress perception and depression was highest in the lowest tertile of the KHEI score and higher for women than men. Among men, a significant association was observed only for stress perception and depressive symptoms in the second tertile, with odds ratios of 0.745 (95% CI, 0.585–0.949) and 0.519 (95% CI, 0.275–0.980). In contrast, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for stress perception, depressive symptoms, and low EQ-5D index among women in the highest tertile were 0.668 (95% CI, 0.541–0.823), 0.464 (95% CI, 0.288–0.746), and 0.722 (95% CI, 0.566–0.920), and significant dose–response associations were observed. Conclusions: A higher-quality diet was associated with a lower risk of stress and depression and a better quality of life. Thus, healthy eating behaviors may improve mental health and quality of life.
Berry Consumption and Sleep in the Adult US General Population: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2018
Authors: Zhang Li , Muscat Joshua E. , Kris-Etherton Penny M. , Chinchilli Vernon M. , Fernandez-Mendoza Julio , Al-Shaar Laila , Richie John P.
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Poor sleep is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Berries are rich in micronutrients and antioxidants that may improve sleep quality and duration. We determined the association of berry consumption and sleep duration and sleep difficulty among adult participants in NHANES. Methods: We analyzed the diet of US adults aged ≥ 20 y using two non-consecutive 24 h recalls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2018 (N = 29,217). Poor sleep quality was measured by sleep duration (short sleep duration: <7 h), long sleep (≥9 h), and reported sleep difficulty. The relative risk of poor sleep outcomes for berry consumers vs. nonconsumers was modelled using population weight-adjusted multivariable general logistic regression. Results: About 46% of participants reported inadequate sleep duration, and 27% reported sleep difficulties. Twenty-two percent reported consuming berries. Berry consumers had a 10–17% decreased risk of short sleep. The findings were consistent for specific berry types including strawberries and blueberries (p < 0.05). No significant associations with long sleep were found for total berries and any berry types. A decreased risk of sleep difficulties was found to be linked to blackberry consumption (adjusted OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40–0.97; p = 0.036) but not for other berries. Conclusions: US adult berry consumers had a decreased risk of reporting short sleep compared to nonconsumers. Berries are underconsumed foods in the US adult population, and increased berry consumption may improve sleep quality.
Effects of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Strain Shirota on Daytime Performance in Healthy Office Workers: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Kikuchi-Hayakawa Hiroko , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Suda Kazunori , Gondo Yusuke , Hirasawa Genki , Nakamura Hayato , Takada Mai , Kawai Mitsuhisa , Matsuda Kazunori
Published: December 2023

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota (LcS) modulates psychological homeostasis via the gut–brain axis. To explore the possible efficacy of LcS for improving daytime performance, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study of 12 healthy office workers with sleep complaints. The participants received fermented milk containing viable LcS (daily intake of 1 × 1011 colony-forming units) and non-fermented placebo milk, each for a 4-week period. In the last week of each period, the participants underwent assessments of their subjective mood and measurements of physiological state indicators via an electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability in the morning and afternoon. The attention score in the afternoon as assessed by the visual analog scale was higher in the LcS intake period than in the placebo intake period (p = 0.041). Theta power on EEG measured at rest or during an auditory oddball task in the afternoon was significantly lower in the LcS period than in the placebo period (p = 0.025 and 0.009, respectively). The change rate of theta power was associated with the change in attention score. Treatment-associated changes were also observed in heart rate and the sympathetic nerve activity index. These results indicate that LcS has possible efficacy for improving daytime performance, supported by observations of the related physiological state indicators.
BoLA-DRB3 Polymorphism Associated with Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection and Proviral Load in Holstein Cattle in Egypt
Authors: Hamada Rania , Metwally Samy , Matsuura Ryosuke , Borjigin Liushiqi , Lo Chieh-Wen , Ali Alsagher O. , Mohamed Adel E. A. , Wada Satoshi , Aida Yoko
Published: December 2023

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most prevalent neoplastic disease of cattle worldwide. The immune response to BLV and disease susceptibility and resistance in cattle are strongly correlated with the bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 allelic polymorphism. BLV infection continues to spread in Egypt, in part because the relationships between BLV infection, proviral load in Egypt, and BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism are unknown. Here, we identified 18 previously reported alleles in 121 Holstein cows using a polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing method. Furthermore, BoLA-DRB3 gene polymorphisms in these animals were investigated for their influence on viral infection. BoLA-DRB3*015:01 and BoLA-DRB3*010:01 were identified as susceptible and resistant alleles, respectively, for BLV infection in the tested Holsteins. In addition, BoLA-DRB3*012:01 was associated with low PVL in previous reports but high PVL in Holstein cattle in Egypt. This study is the first to demonstrate that the BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism confers resistance and susceptibility to PVL and infections of BLV in Holstein cattle in Egypt. Our results can be useful for the disease control and eradication of BLV through genetic selection.
Evolving Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Waves in a Romanian Hospital Setting
Authors: Briciu Violeta , Leucuta Daniel-Corneliu , Muntean Monica , Radulescu Amanda , Cismaru Cristina , Topan Adriana , Herbel Lucia , Horvat Melinda , Calin Mihai , Dobrota Roxana , Lupse Mihaela
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the clinical manifestations and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a single Romanian center during four pandemic waves determined by different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). A retrospective study on 9049 consecutive hospitalized adult patients was performed between 27 February 2020 and 31 March 2023. The study interval was divided into waves based on national data on SARS-CoV-2 VOCs’ circulation. Multivariate logistic regression models were built, predicting death and complications as functions of comorbidities, therapy, wave, severity form, and vaccination status, and adjusted for ages ≥65 years. Pulmonary (pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum, pulmonary embolism) and extrapulmonary complications (liver injury, acute kidney injury, ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, and gastrointestinal bleeding) were present, more frequently in ICU hospitalized patients and with differences between waves. The highest in-hospital mortality was found in patients presenting pneumothorax/pneumomediastinum. All of the evaluated risk factors were significantly associated with death, except for obesity and the Omicron wave. Our study highlights the changing nature of COVID-19 and acknowledges the impacts of viral mutations on disease outcomes. For all four waves, COVID-19 was a severe disease with a high risk of poor outcomes.
Concomitant Polyoma BK Virus and West Nile Virus in Renal Allografts
Authors: Sheth Riddhish T. , Ibrahim Dalia Y. , Gohara Amira F. , Ekwenna Obi , Rees Michael A. , Malhotra Deepak , Gunning William T.
Published: December 2023

Surveillance of the renal allograft recipient is essential when monitoring renal function to detect the early onset of rejection and alter therapeutic treatments to treat acute rejection or other causes and improve long-term graft function. If renal function begins to deteriorate, a renal biopsy is often indicated to assess the Banff grade of potential rejection or other causes, especially in the setting of polyoma BK viral load elevation. Although BK infection in the allograft is asymptomatic, reactivation of the virus is known to be associated with the acceleration of pathologic change and a poor outcome in the allograft. BK reactivation in a transplant kidney is not uncommon, and determining inflammation related to the virus versus acute rejection is paramount for appropriate immunosuppressive therapy management. We identified a concomitant polyoma BK virus and West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in two renal transplant patients which, to our knowledge, has not previously been reported. However, other concomitant infections have been reported in renal allografts including BK virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV), CMV and hepatitis C (HCV), and HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As WNV has become endemic in many regions of the United States, and since the transmission of the virus via transplanted organs is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, it may be prudent to consider serologic screening for WNV in living donors prior to organ procurement. Regardless, the observation we made and report here should underscore the potential for concomitant viral infections that may be masked when a renal allograft has a significant inflammatory response to BK virus.
Complexes of Ruthenium(II) as Promising Dual-Active Agents against Cancer and Viral Infections
Authors: D’Amato Assunta , Mariconda Annaluisa , Iacopetta Domenico , Ceramella Jessica , Catalano Alessia , Sinicropi Maria Stefania , Longo Pasquale
Published: December 2023

Poor responses to medical care and the failure of pharmacological treatment for many high-frequency diseases, such as cancer and viral infections, have been widely documented. In this context, numerous metal-based substances, including cisplatin, auranofin, various gold metallodrugs, and ruthenium complexes, are under study as possible anticancer and antiviral agents. The two Ru(III) and Ru(II) complexes, namely, BOLD-100 and RAPTA-C, are presently being studied in a clinical trial and preclinical studies evaluation, respectively, as anticancer agents. Interestingly, BOLD-100 has also recently demonstrated antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the last years, much effort has been dedicated to discovering new dual anticancer–antiviral agents. Ru-based complexes could be very suitable in this respect. Thus, this review focuses on the most recent studies regarding newly synthesized Ru(II) complexes for use as anticancer and/or antiviral agents.
Self-Penetrating Oligonucleotide Derivatives: Features of Self-Assembly and Interactions with Serum and Intracellular Proteins
Authors: Bauer Irina , Ilina Ekaterina , Zharkov Timofey , Grigorieva Evgeniya , Chinak Olga , Kupryushkin Maxim , Golyshev Victor , Mitin Dmitry , Chubarov Alexey , Khodyreva Svetlana , Dmitrienko Elena
Published: December 2023

Lipophilic oligonucleotide derivatives are a potent approach to the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids. The binding of these derivatives to serum albumin is a determinant of their fate in the body, as its structure contains several sites of high affinity for hydrophobic compounds. This study focuses on the features of self-association and non-covalent interactions with human serum albumin of novel self-penetrating oligonucleotide derivatives. The study revealed that the introduction of a triazinyl phosphoramidate modification bearing two dodecyl groups at the 3′ end region of the oligonucleotide sequence has a negligible effect on its affinity for the complementary sequence. Dynamic light scattering verified that the amphiphilic oligonucleotides under study can self-assemble into micelle-like particles ranging from 8 to 15 nm in size. The oligonucleotides with dodecyl groups form stable complexes with human serum albumin with a dissociation constant of approximately 10−6 M. The oligonucleotide micelles are simultaneously destroyed upon binding to albumin. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and affinity modification, we examined the ability of DNA duplexes containing triazinyl phosphoramidate oligonucleotides to interact with Ku antigen and PARP1, as well as the mutual influence of PARP1 and albumin or Ku antigen and albumin upon interaction with DNA duplexes. These findings, together with the capability of dodecyl-containing derivatives to effectively penetrate different cells, such as HEK293 and T98G, indicate that the oligonucleotides under study can be considered as a platform for the development of therapeutic preparations with a target effect.
Charge-Complementary Polymersomes for Enhanced mRNA Delivery
Authors: Kim HakSeon , Ahn Yu-Rim , Kim Minse , Choi Jaewon , Shin SoJin , Kim Hyun-Ouk
Published: December 2023

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapies have emerged as potent and personalized alternatives to conventional DNA-based therapies. However, their therapeutic potential is frequently constrained by their molecular instability, susceptibility to degradation, and inefficient cellular delivery. This study presents the nanoparticle “ChargeSome” as a novel solution. ChargeSomes are designed to protect mRNAs from degradation by ribonucleases (RNases) and enable cell uptake, allowing mRNAs to reach the cytoplasm for protein expression via endosome escape. We evaluated the physicochemical properties of ChargeSomes using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared, and dynamic light scattering. ChargeSomes formulated with a 9:1 ratio of mPEG-b-PLL to mPEG-b-PLL-SA demonstrated superior cell uptake and mRNA delivery efficiency. These ChargeSomes demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity in various in vitro structures, suggesting their potential safety for therapeutic applications. Inherent pH sensitivity enables precise mRNA release in acidic environments and structurally protects the encapsulated mRNA from external threats. Their design led to endosome rupture and efficient mRNA release into the cytoplasm by the proton sponge effect in acidic endosome environments. In conclusion, ChargeSomes have the potential to serve as effective secure mRNA delivery systems. Their combination of stability, protection, and delivery efficiency makes them promising tools for the advancement of mRNA-based therapeutics and vaccines.
Microwave-Assisted Freeze–Drying: Impact of Microwave Radiation on the Quality of High-Concentration Antibody Formulations
Authors: Härdter Nicole , Geidobler Raimund , Presser Ingo , Winter Gerhard
Published: December 2023

Microwave-assisted freeze-drying (MFD) offers significant time savings compared to conventional freeze-drying (CFD). While a few studies have investigated the stability of biopharmaceuticals with low protein concentrations after MFD and storage, the impact of MFD on high-concentration monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations remains unclear. In this study, we systematically examined the effect of protein concentration in MFD and assessed protein stability following MFD, CFD, and subsequent storage using seven protein formulations with various stabilizers and concentrations. We demonstrated that microwaves directly interact with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), leading to decreased physical stability, specifically aggregation, in high-concentration antibody formulations. Furthermore, typically used sugar:protein ratios from CFD were insufficient for stabilizing mAbs when applying microwaves. We identified the intermediate drying phase as the most critical for particle formation, and cooling the samples provided some protection for the mAb. Our findings suggest that MFD technology may not be universally applicable to formulations well tested in CFD and could be particularly beneficial for formulations with low API concentrations requiring substantial amounts of glass-forming excipients, such as vaccines and RNA-based products.
Genome-Wide Identification of Callose Synthase Family Genes and Their Expression Analysis in Floral Bud Development and Hormonal Responses in Prunus mume
Authors: Zhang Man , Cheng Wenhui , Wang Jia , Cheng Tangren , Lin Xinlian , Zhang Qixiang , Li Cuiling
Published: December 2023

Callose is an important polysaccharide composed of beta-1,3-glucans and is widely implicated in plant development and defense responses. Callose synthesis is mainly catalyzed by a family of callose synthases, also known as glucan synthase-like (GSL) enzymes. Despite the fact that GSL family genes were studied in a few plant species, their functional roles have not been fully understood in woody perennials. In this study, we identified total of 84 GSL genes in seven plant species and classified them into six phylogenetic clades. An evolutionary analysis revealed different modes of duplication driving the expansion of GSL family genes in monocot and dicot species, with strong purifying selection constraining the protein evolution. We further examined the gene structure, protein sequences, and physiochemical properties of 11 GSL enzymes in Prunus mume and observed strong sequence conservation within the functional domain of PmGSL proteins. However, the exon–intron distribution and protein motif composition are less conservative among PmGSL genes. With a promoter analysis, we detected abundant hormonal responsive cis-acting elements and we inferred the putative transcription factors regulating PmGSLs. To further understand the function of GSL family genes, we analyzed their expression patterns across different tissues, and during the process of floral bud development, pathogen infection, and hormonal responses in Prunus species and identified multiple GSL gene members possibly implicated in the callose deposition associated with bud dormancy cycling, pathogen infection, and hormone signaling. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of GSL family genes in Prunus species and has laid the foundation for future functional research of callose synthase genes in perennial trees.
On Sandy, Boron-Poor Soils, Liming Induced Severe Boron Deficiency and Drastically Reduced the Dry Matter Yield of Young Olive Trees
Authors: Arrobas Margarida , Raimundo Soraia , Conceição Nuno , Moutinho-Pereira José , Correia Carlos Manuel , Rodrigues Manuel Ângelo
Published: December 2023

In the northeast of Portugal, like in many parts of the world, most soils are acidic, which may hamper crop productivity. This study presents the findings of a factorial experiment on olive (Olea europaea L.) involving three factors: (i) soil type [schist (Sch) and granite (Gra)]; (ii) cultivars [Cobrançosa (Cob) and Arbequina (Arb)]; and (iii) fertilizer treatments [liming (CaCO3) plus magnesium (Mg) (LMg), phosphorus (P) application (+P), boron (B) application (+B), all fertilizing materials combined (Con+), and an untreated control (Con-)]. Dry matter yield (DMY) did not show significant differences between cultivars, but plants grown in schist soil exhibited significantly higher biomass compared to those in granite soil. Among the treatments, +B and Con+ resulted in the highest DMY (50.8 and 47.2 g pot−1, respectively), followed by +P (34.3 g pot−1) and Con- (28.6 g pot−1). Treatment LMg yielded significantly lower values (15.6 g pot−1) than Con-. LMg raised the pH above 7 (7.36), leading to a severe B deficiency. Although Con+ also raised the pH above 7 (7.48), it ranked among the most productive treatments for providing B. Therefore, when applying lime to B-poor sandy soils, moderate rates are advised to avoid inducing a B deficiency. Additionally, it seems prudent to apply B after lime application.
Recent Advances in the Phytochemistry of Bryophytes: Distribution, Structures and Biological Activity of Bibenzyl and Bisbibenzyl Compounds
Authors: Sen Kakali , Khan Mohammad Imtiyaj , Paul Raja , Ghoshal Utsha , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: December 2023

Research on bryophyte phytochemistry has revealed the presence of different phytochemicals like fatty acids, terpenoids, small phenolic molecules, etc. Small phenolic molecules, i.e., bibenzyls (of two aromatic rings) and bisbibenzyls (four aromatic rings), are unique signature molecules of liverworts. The first bisbibenzyls marchantin A and riccardin A were discovered in two consecutive years, i.e., 1982 and 1983, respectively, by Asakawa and coworkers. Since then, about 70 bisbibenzyls have been reported. These molecules are characterized and identified using different spectroscopic techniques and surveyed for different bioactivity and structure–activity relations. Biochemistry is determined by the season, geography, and environment. In this review, quantitative and qualitative information on bibenzyls and bisbibenzyl compounds and their distribution in different liverworts across, geographies along withtraditional to advanced extraction methods, and characterization techniques are summarized. Also, a comprehensive account of characteristic spectra of different bisbibenzyl compounds, their subtypes, and their basic skeleton patterns are compared. A comprehensive table is provided here for the first time presenting the quantity of bibenzyls, bisbenzyls, and their derivatives found in bryophytes, mentioning the spectroscopic data and mass profiles of the compounds. The significance of these compounds in different bioactivities like antibiotic, antioxidative, antitumor, antivenomous, anti-influenza, insect antifeedant, cytotoxic, and anticancerous activities are surveyed and critically enumerated.
Effects of Different Forms and Proportions of Nitrogen on the Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Tomato
Authors: Sun Jianhong , Jin Li , Li Ruirui , Meng Xin , Jin Ning , Wang Shuya , Xu Zhiqi , Liu Zitong , Lyu Jian , Yu Jinhua
Published: December 2023

Optimal plant growth in many species is achieved when the two major forms of N are supplied at a particular ratio. This study investigated optimal nitrogen forms and ratios for tomato growth using the ‘Jingfan 502’ tomato variety. Thirteen treatments were applied with varying proportions of nitrate nitrogen (NN), ammonium nitrogen (AN), and urea nitrogen (UN). Results revealed that the combination of AN and UN inhibited tomato growth and photosynthetic capacity. Conversely, the joint application of NN and UN or NN and AN led to a significant enhancement in tomato plant growth. Notably, the T12 (75%UN:25%NN) and T4 (75%NN:25%AN) treatments significantly increased the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, thereby promoting the accumulation of photosynthetic products. The contents of fructose, glucose, and sucrose were significantly increased by 121.07%, 206.26%, and 94.64% and by 104.39%, 156.42%, and 61.40%, respectively, compared with those in the control. Additionally, AN favored starch accumulation, while NN and UN favored fructose, sucrose, and glucose accumulation. Gene expression related to nitrogen and sugar metabolism increased significantly in T12 and T4, with T12 showing greater upregulation. Key enzyme activity in metabolism also increased notably. In summary, T12 enhanced tomato growth by upregulating gene expression, increasing enzyme activity, and boosting photosynthesis and sugar accumulation. Growers should consider using NN and UN to reduce AN application in tomato fertilization.
Unraveling Epigenetic Changes in A. thaliana Calli: Impact of HDAC Inhibitors
Authors: Pírek Pavlína , Kryštofová Karolína , Kováčová Ingrid , Kromerová Anna , Zachová Dagmar , Helia Ondřej , Panzarová Klára , Fajkus Jiří , Zdráhal Zbyněk , Lochmanová Gabriela , Fojtová Miloslava
Published: December 2023

The ability for plant regeneration from dedifferentiated cells opens up the possibility for molecular bioengineering to produce crops with desirable traits. Developmental and environmental signals that control cell totipotency are regulated by gene expression via dynamic chromatin remodeling. Using a mass spectrometry-based approach, we investigated epigenetic changes to the histone proteins during callus formation from roots and shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Increased levels of the histone H3.3 variant were found to be the major and most prominent feature of 20-day calli, associated with chromatin relaxation. The methylation status in root- and shoot-derived calli reached the same level during long-term propagation, whereas differences in acetylation levels provided a long-lasting imprint of root and shoot origin. On the other hand, epigenetic signs of origin completely disappeared during 20 days of calli propagation in the presence of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), sodium butyrate, and trichostatin A. Each HDACi affected the state of post-translational histone modifications in a specific manner; NaB-treated calli were epigenetically more similar to root-derived calli, and TSA-treated calli resembled shoot-derived calli.
Electrical, Thermal, and Structural Characterization of Plant-Based 3D Printed Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Future Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Mahamood Muhammad Afiq Hazizi , Norjeli Muhammad Faishal , Abu Bakar Ahmad Adnan , Abdullah Shahino Mah , Tamchek Nizam , Mohd Noor Ikhwan Syafiq , Sabeeh Ala H. , Alforidi Ahmad Fudy , Khawaji Ibrahim H. , Mohd Ghazali Mohd Ifwat
Published: December 2023

In this work, a plant-based resin gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was prepared by stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) with a concentration between 0 wt.% and 25 wt.% was added into the plant-based resin to observe its influence on electrical and structural characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed shifts in the carbonyl, ester, and amine groups, proving that complexation between the polymer and LiClO4 had occurred. GPEs with a 20 wt.% LiClO4 (S20) showed the highest room temperature conductivity of 3.05 × 10−3 S cm−1 due to the highest number of free ions as determined from FTIR deconvolution. The mobility of free ions in S20 electrolytes was also the highest due to greater micropore formation, as observed via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images. Transference number measurements suggest that ionic mobility plays a pivotal role in influencing the conductivity of S20 electrolytes. Based on this work, it can be concluded that the plant-based resin GPE with LiClO4 is suitable for future electrochemical applications.
Development of an Electroactive and Thermo-Reversible Diels–Alder Epoxy Nanocomposite Doped with Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Lorero Isaac , Rodríguez Álvaro , Campo Mónica , Prolongo Silvia G.
Published: December 2023

The manufacturing of Diels–Alder (D-A) crosslinked epoxy nanocomposites is an emerging field with several challenges to overcome: the synthesis is complex due to side reactions, the mechanical properties are hindered by the brittleness of these bonds, and the content of carbon nanotubes (CNT) added to achieve electroactivity is much higher than the percolation thresholds of other conventional resins. In this work, we develop nanocomposites with different D-A crosslinking ratios (0, 0.6, and 1.0) and CNT contents (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 wt.%), achieving a simplified route and avoiding the use of solvents and side reactions by selecting a two-step curing method (100 °C-6 h + 60 °C-12 h) that generates the thermo-reversible resins. These reversible nanocomposites show ohmic behavior and effective Joule heating, reaching the dissociation temperatures of the D-A bonds. The fully reversible nanocomposites (ratio 1.0) present more homogeneous CNT dispersion compared to the partially reversible nanocomposites (ratio 0.6), showing higher electrical conductivity, as well as higher brittleness. For this study, the nanocomposite with a partially reversible matrix (ratio 0.6) doped with 0.7 CNT wt.% was selected to allow us to study its new smart functionalities and performance due to its reversible network by analyzing self-healing and thermoforming.