bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of chemotherapy‐induced DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients using the alkaline comet assay
Authors: Kopjar Nevenka , Garaj‐Vrhovac Vera , Milas Ivan
Published: September 2002

The alkaline comet assay was employed to assess the pre‐ and post‐treatment levels of in vivo DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients. During the study all patients were given antineoplastic drugs, mainly as polychemotherapy. To quantify the DNA damage, two different comet parameters were evaluated: the tail length and the tail moment. Our results indicate marked interindividual variations between baseline DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes recorded among cancer patients prior to the chemotherapy. After intravenous administration of various antineoplastic drugs, a significantly increased level of DNA damage in all cancer patients compared to their pre‐treatment values was recorded The highest level of DNA damage was seen following administration of 5‐fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cisplatin (FAP protocol). The results indicate that administration of antineoplastic drugs in standard protocols is accompanied by significant DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes. In order to diminish the potential risks of developing second neoplasms, a continuous biomonitoring of cancer patients after the ending of chemotherapy becomes important. Despite their limitations, present results confirm the usefulness of the alkaline comet assay as a sensitive biomarker of exposure that enables rapid and simple detection of primary DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients. Together with standard cytogenetic endpoints, the comet assay provides a powerful technique for the routine detection of critical DNA lesions produced after administration of antineoplastic drugs in the clinical settings. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:13–30, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consecutive carbon‐carbon bond formation approach in tandem cyclization reactions
Authors: Kim Sunggak
Published: September 2002

The conventional tandem cyclization reactions involve the formation of alternating carbon‐carbon bonds, whereas the newly developed cyclization reactions involve the formation of consecutive carbon‐carbon bonds, in which N‐aziridinylimines have been utilized as geminal radical acceptor and donor equivalents in a single operation. This unprecedented tandem cyclization approach becomes feasible by the successful generation of 5‐ and 6‐membered ring radicals by radical cyclizations of N‐aziridinylimines. The same notion can be applied to the anionic cyclizations of N‐aziridinylimines, thereby allowing anionic consecutive carbon‐carbon bond formation. This approach has great synthetic potential, particularly for the construction of quaternary carbon centers, and it provides highly efficient routes for the synthesis of natural products. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:415–421, 2001
Influence of different dietary calcium levels on the digestibility of Ca, Mg, and P in captive‐born juvenile Galapagos giant tortoises (Geochelone nigra)
Authors: Liesegang A. , Hatt J.‐M. , Nijboer J. , Forrer R. , Wanner M. , Isenbügel E.
Published: September 2002

Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are very important minerals in reptile nutrition, but many diets still are not balanced. To achieve optimal growth, including a healthy skeleton and a strong shell, a well‐balanced supply with these minerals is prerequisite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the digestibility of diets with different calcium levels, with special emphasis on the digestibility of minerals. Fourteen captive‐born juvenile Galapagos giant tortoises of the Zurich and Rotterdam Zoos were used. The animals were housed indoors at a mean temperature of 23°C and 25°C, and at 65% and 60% humidity, respectively. The animals from the same zoo were fed the same diet, which consisted of vegetables, herbs, and a mixture of different Ca sources. Daily mixed fecal samples of all tortoises were collected from day 8 to day 18. A Weender analysis was performed and the HCl‐insoluble ash was used as an indigestible indicator (marker) for the determination of the apparent digestibility. The Ca content of the mixed feedstuffs of diet I was 1.43% on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 3.9:1. In diet II, the Ca content was 2.06% on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 4.8:1. Diet III contained 7.33% of Ca on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 6.7:1. The digestibility of Ca in diet I was 42%. The other examined minerals, Mg and P, had a digestibility of 54% and 84%, respectively. In diet II, the digestibility of Ca was 63%, of Mg 76%, and of P 88%, and in diet III the digestibility of Ca was 82%, of Mg 92%, and of P 91%. The results of this study indicated that higher Ca concentrations in the diet led to an increased apparent digestibility of Ca, Mg, and P. The influence of an increased fat and decreased fiber content in diet III concerning digestibility is discussed. Zoo Biol 20:367–374, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggression control in a bachelor herd of fringe‐eared oryx (Oryx gazella callotis), with melengestrol acetate: Behavioral and endocrine observations
Authors: Patton M.L. , White A.M. , Swaisgood R.R. , Sproul R.L. , Fetter G.A. , Kennedy J. , Edwards M.S. , Rieches R.G. , Lance V.A.
Published: September 2002

Aggression control is becoming an important component in the management of animals in captivity, but rigorous quantification of aggressive behavior has heretofore been lacking. This study was done to assess the ability of melengestrol acetate (MGA) given with feed (1.54 mg/kg) to control aggression in a bachelor group of fringe‐eared oryx (Oryx gazella callotis). Systematic behavioral observations were conducted and fecal androgen content was measured for 42 and 90 days, respectively, before treatment, and during the 42 days of treatment. There was a significant reduction in concentrations of fecal androgen from 153 ± 6.0 to 95 ± 4.5 ng/g (T66 = 7, P < 0.0001). This reduction in androgen excretion was apparent after the first week of treatment. There was measurable MGA excreted in the feces during treatment. Although treatment did not arrest all aggressive behaviors among animals, the decline in androgens and increase in MGA was accompanied by a significant reduction in several measures of agonistic behavior. Posturing, aggressive contact, pursuit, and submission occurred significantly less frequently after treatment, and there was also a reduction in fighting‐intention movements. Thus, both ritualized and nonritualized aspects of aggression were affected. Reductions in hormones and aggressive behaviors coincided temporally, suggestive of a potential causal relationship. Consistent with this hypothesis is a strong positive correlation between fecal androgen and total aggressive acts. This effect was not the result of a single behavioral element but occurred across several categories of agonistic behavior. Zoo Biol 20:375–388, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist RP 67580 reduces the sensitization of primary afferents by substance P in the rat
Authors: Pawlak Matthias , Schmidt Robert F. , Heppelmann Bernd , Hanesch Ulrike
Published: September 2002

The inflammatory mediator substance P (SP) produces a variety of biological effects in several tissues by binding to the tachykinin receptor neurokinin 1 (NK1) and, to a lesser extent, by binding to the neurokinin 2 receptor (NK2). To assess the sensitizing effect of SP on articular afferent fibres the NK1receptor antagonist RP 67580 was applied in normal and acutely inflamed rat knee joints.

Altogether 38 fine afferent nerve fibres from the rat knee with conduction velocities of 0.71–13.5 m/s were recorded as single units, during non‐noxious and noxious joint rotations. SP, injected i.a. as a bolus close to the knee joint, was able to sensitize 45.5% (10 of 22) of the units recorded from normal joints and 33.3% (five of 15) of afferents from inflamed joints. The following i.a. application of RP 67580 in a range of 20–200 nmol antagonized in a dose‐dependent manner the sensitizing effect of SP in a large proportion of slowly conducting articular afferents from normal (66.7%) and inflamed (46.2%) knee joints. Subsequent SP application enhanced the afferent sensitivity further. The electrophysiological results presented here further support the suggestion that the sensitization of afferents by SP in the rat knee joint is mediated mainly by the NK1receptor, which is probably located on the primary afferents.
On the nature of customer‐employee relationships
Authors: Butcher Ken , Sparks Beverley , O’Callaghan Frances
Published: September 2002

Argues that the aim of marketers should be to build positive relationships with customers. However, the nature of such relationships is unclear. Examines the one‐to‐one relationship between customers and individual employees and highlights key implications for managers.
Brand positioning: meme’s the word
Authors: Marsden Paul
Published: September 2002

This paper illustrates how memetics, the Darwinian science of culture and creativity, can be used to enhance brand positioning. Using a simple but powerful technique of memetic analysis, it is shown how marketers can unpack how brands are actually positioned in the minds of consumers in terms of their component memes, that is, their “genes of meaning”. A demonstration of the validity and reliability of memetic analysis is given through an investigation of how the notion of “healthy living” is positioned in the minds of consumers. The practical utility of memetic analysis in brand positioning is discussed, and the possibility is raised of using the analytical tool to increase profitability by “memetically modifying” brands with true, unique and compelling consumer values.
Perspectives for electronic books in the World Wide Web age
Authors: Bry François , Kraus Michael
Published: September 2002

While the World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is steadily expanding, electronic books (e‐books) remain a niche market. In this article, it is first postulated that specialized contents and device independence can make Web‐based e‐books compete with paper prints; and that adaptive features that can be implemented by client‐side computing are relevant for e‐books, while more complex forms of adaptation requiring server‐side computations are not. Then, enhancements of the WWW standards (specifically of XML, XHTML, of the style‐sheet languages CSS and XSL, and of the linking language XLink) are proposed for a better support of client‐side adaptation and device independent content modeling. Finally, advanced browsing functionalities desirable for e‐books as well as their implementation in the WWW context are described.
Optimizing multi‐response problem in the Taguchi method by DEA based ranking method
Authors: Liao Hung‐Chang , Chen Yan‐Kwang
Published: September 2002

Looks at the Taguchi method, a traditional approach that seeks to obtain the best combination of factors with the lowest societal cost solution to achieve customer requirements, and also principal component analysis (PCA). States that the Taguchi method can only be used to optimize single response problems and not multi‐response problems and that PCA, although it has been considered to solve multi‐response problems, itself has shortcomings. Proposes a data envelopment analysis ranking (DEAR) approach as an effective means of optimizing the multi‐response problem. Includes a series of steps from the proposed approach which are capable of decreasing uncertainty caused by engineering judgement in the Taguchi method and overcoming the shortcomings of PCA. Concludes that the DEAR approach is more powerful for practical applications.
The influence of product type on the purchasing structure
Authors: Xideas Evangelos , Moschuris Socrates
Published: September 2002

This article reports on the influence of product type on the purchasing structure within selected phases of the purchasing process by using regression analysis on data from Greek manufacturing and utility enterprises. Our study examined the influence of two different categories of items, namely product incorporated items and MRO (maintenance, repair and operating) items, on various aspects of the purchasing cycle. The results suggested that parameters of purchasing structure varied considerably between the two product types and that their configuration depended on attributes such as product complexity and environmental uncertainty.
Time, temporality and consumer behaviour
Authors: Gibbs P.T.
Published: September 2002

Time as a dependent (temporal patterning or allocation) or independent (temporal context) variable in the study of marketing problems has attracted a range of researchers who use a variety of paradigms. Common to the majority of approaches is the notion of an abstract, absolute, linear, irreversible, monotonic, homogeneous and divisible structure of time, into which consumer behaviour is set. In particular, current consumer models pay little attention to the phenomenological experience of both time and temporality. The perceived and experienced duration over which events can occur draws attention to notions of time beyond normal temporal horizons. This is illustrated through the example of certain financial service products where the expansion of everyday time horizons is required to understand the total consumption act. It is proposed that an understanding of the consumption act requires an insight into the consumer′s own temporality and that embedded in the product or service being consumed. Further, there needs to be harmony between these temporalities to optimise the utility to be gained from the transaction.
GENERALIZED MANDELBROT SETS FOR MEROMORPHIC COMPLEX AND QUATERNIONIC MAPS
Authors: BUCHANAN WALTER , GOMATAM JAGANNATHAN , STEVES BONNIE
Published: September 2002

The concepts of the Mandelbrot set and the definition of the stability regions of cycles for rational maps require careful investigation. The standard definition of the Mandelbrot set for the map f : z → z2+ c (the set of c values for which the iteration of the critical point at 0 remains bounded) is inappropriate for meromorphic maps such as the inverse square map. The notion of cycle sets, introduced by Brooks and Matelski [1978] for the quadratic map and applied to meromorphic maps by Yin [1994], facilitates a precise definition of the Mandelbrot parameter space for these maps. Close scrutiny of the cycle sets of these maps reveals generic fractal structures, echoing many of the features of the Mandelbrot set. Computer representations confirm these features and allow the dynamical comparison with the Mandelbrot set. In the parameter space, a purely algebraic result locates the stability regions of the cycles as the zeros of characteristic polynomials. These maps are generalized to quaternions. The powerful theoretical support that exists for complex maps is not generally available for quaternions. However, it is possible to construct and analyze cycle sets for a class of quaternionic rational maps (QRM). Three-dimensional sections of the cycle sets of QRM are nontrivial extensions of the cycle sets of complex maps, while sharing many of their features.
Lipid Lowering Reduces Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Cell Activation in Rabbit Atheroma
Authors: Aikawa Masanori , Sugiyama Seigo , Hill Christopher C. , Voglic Sami J. , Rabkin Elena , Fukumoto Yoshihiro , Schoen Frederick J. , Witztum Joseph L. , Libby Peter
Published: September 2002

Background—

Lipid lowering may reduce acute coronary events in patients in part by reducing vascular inflammation. Oxidative stress induces endothelial cell (EC) expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and reduces levels of atheroprotective NO, leading to monocyte recruitment and macrophage accumulation. This study tested the hypothesis that lipid lowering decreases oxidative stress and improves EC functions related to inflammatory cell accumulation.

Methods and Results—

Rabbits consumed an atherogenic diet for 4 months to produce atheroma, followed by a purified chow diet for 16 months. Atherosclerotic aortas from hypercholesterolemic rabbits produced high levels of reactive oxygen species. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) accumulated in atheroma underlying ECs that overexpress VCAM-1. In contrast, few if any ECs in atheroma stained for endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Lipid lowering reduced reactive oxygen species production, oxLDL accumulation, and plasma levels of anti-oxLDL IgG. After lipid lowering, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression decreased, eNOS expression increased, and ECs exhibited a more normal ultrastructure.

Conclusions—

These results establish that lipid lowering can reduce oxidative stress and EC activation in vivo. These mechanisms may contribute to improvement in endothelial function and plaque stabilization observed clinically.
Smart Gods, Dumb Gods, and the Role of Social Cognition in Structuring Ritual Intuitions
Authors: Barrett Justin
Published: September 2002

Religious activities of the Pomio Kivung people of Melanesia challenges a specific claim of Lawson & McCauley's (1990) theory of religious ritual, but does it challenge the general claim that religious rituals are underpinned by ordinary cognitive capacities? To further test the hypothesis that ordinary social cognition informs judgments of religious ritual efficacy, 64 American Protestant college students rated the likelihood of success of a number of fictitious rituals. The within-subjects manipulation was the manner in which a successful ritual was modified, either by negating the intentions of the ritual actor or by altering the ritual action. The between-subjects manipulation was the sort of religious system in which the rituals were to be performed: one with an all-knowing god ("Smart god") versus one with a fallible god ("Dumb god"). Participants judged performing the correct action as significantly more important for the success of rituals in the Dumb god condition than in the Smart god condition. In the Smart god condition, performing the correct action was rated significantly less important for the success of the rituals than having appropriate intentions while performing the ritual.
Vibrational and Electronic Resonance Raman Effects in Tetraphenylporphyrinato Complexes of High-spin and Low-spin Iron(III)
Authors: GALICH LUTZ , HÜCKSTÄDT HEINER , HOMBORG HEINER
Published: September 2002

A vibrational resonance Raman effect of the totally symmetric Fe - F stretching mode at 453 cm−1is observed for high-spin tetra-n-butylammonium di(fluoro)tetraphenylporphyrinatoferrate(III). Typical A-term scattering with a high intensity overtone progression is proposed to be due to coincidence of the excitation energy with a ‘trip-sextet’ transition at 21 000 cm−1. The complex salt crystallizes as a dichloromethane solvate in the monoclinic space group P12/n1 (No. 13): a = 12.287(3) Å, b = 12.381(4) Å, c = 20.761(5) Å,β = 105.05(2)°,Z = 4. The iron atom is in the centre of the slightly distorted porphyrinate core. The Fe - F distance is 1.907(2) Å, the averaged Fe - Npdistance 2.072(2) Å. There is no hydrogen bonding of the floride ligand to the cation or solvate. Contrary to the high-spin difluoro complex, a molecular electronic resonance Raman effect is detected for low-spin pyridine(cyano)- and -(thiocyanato( N )tetraphenylporphyrinatoiron(III) at 550 and 561/578 cm−1respectively. This Γ7 g→Γ8 gtransition is a consequence of the spin-orbit splitting of the2T2 gground state of low-spin FeIIIassuming octahedral symmetry. B-term scattering is active by excitation with 476.5 nm, effectively enhancing the intensity of non-totally symmetric electronic and vibrational transitions.
Incorporation of Differently Substituted Phthalocyanines into the Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Si-MCM-41
Authors: GANSCHOW MATTHIAS , WÖHRLE DIETER , SCHULZ-EKLOFF GÜNTER
Published: September 2002

Substituted phthalocyanine Zn complexes exhibiting negative, positive or no charge are incorporated in the mesopores of Si -MCM-41 materials during hydrothermal synthesis in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. The nature of the intermolecular interaction between the surfactant micelle and the capped chromophores determines (i) the resistance of the dye towards hydrolytic degradation during the synthesis and (ii) its stability of anchoring towards extraction with ethanol in the composite material. Loadings up to 2 × 10−5 mol/g molecular sieve are achieved, corresponding to an average distance between the encapsulated dye molecules between 2 and 3 nm. The UV-vis spectra reveal the non-aggregated state of the chromophores, pointing to a uniform distribution and a perfect separation by the surfactant molecules.
Update on selected inherited venous thrombotic disorders
Authors: Robetorye Ryan S. , Rodgers George M.
Published: September 2002

The inherited thrombophilias are a group of inherited conditions that predispose to thrombotic events. Most of the inherited thrombotic disorders are associated with venous thromboembolism rather than arterial thrombosis. Frequently, one or more predisposing genetic factors and/or environmental risk factor are identified in thrombosis patients. Significant advances in the identification of etiologies of inherited thrombosis have recently been reported. The most common inherited thrombotic disorders include activated protein C (APC) resistance (factor V Leiden), hyperhomocysteinemia, the prothrombin gene variant G20210A, elevated factor VIII levels, and deficiencies of thrombomodulin, protein C, protein S, and antithrombin. Less well characterized disorders include elevated factor IX, X, and XI levels. Recognition of these disorders now permits a laboratory diagnosis in approximately 70% of patients being evaluated for inherited thrombosis. This review focuses on the clinical and laboratory aspects of some of the most common inherited venous thrombotic disorders, including APC resistance, hyperhomocysteinemia, the prothrombin G20210A mutation, and elevated coagulation factor levels. Am. J. Hematol. 68:256–268, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of positional behavior in mixed‐species troops ofCallimico goeldii,Saguinus labiatus, andSaguinus fuscicollisin northwestern Brazil
Authors: Garber P.A. , Leigh S.R.
Published: September 2002

We present the results of a 4‐month field investigation of positional behavior, vertical ranging, and species differences in limb proportions and body mass in a mixed‐species troop ofSaguinus fuscicollis,Saguinus labiatus, andCallimico goeldiiin northwestern Brazil. Despite certain similarities in overall positional repertoire, patterns of positional behavior varied significantly between species. Travel inCallimicooccurred principally in the lowest levels of the canopy, and was characterized by an exaggerated form of hindlimb‐dominated bounding (bounding‐hop), and leaping to and from vertical trunks (55.1% of leaps). In contrast, saddle‐back tamarins traveled in the lower and middle levels of the canopy, and engaged in a range of leaping behaviors, including stationary leaps (37.3%), acrobatic leaps (31.3%), and trunk‐to‐trunk leaps (20%). Red‐bellied tamarins exploited the highest levels of the arboreal canopy. Travel in this species was dominated by quadrupedal bounding and acrobatic leaps (67% of leaps) that began and ended on thin, flexible supports. Species differences in positional behavior correlated with species differences in limb proportions and locomotor anatomy, and provide a framework for understanding niche partitioning in mixed‐species troops ofSaguinusandCallimico. Am. J. Primatol. 54:17–31, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing the taxonomic integrity of Paranthropus boisei sensu stricto
Authors: Silverman Nicole , Richmond Brian , Wood Bernard
Published: September 2002

The craniodental hypodigm of Paranthropus boisei sensu stricto is morphologically distinctive, but it has been suggested that the substantial variation in mandibular and dental size in that hypodigm may exceed that which is reasonable to subsume within a single hominin species. In this study, Fligner and Killeen, coefficient of variation (CV)‐based and average taxonomic distance (ATD)‐based bootstrap tests, were used to compare variation in size and shape of the mandibular corpus remains attributed to P. boisei s.s. with the variation observed in samples of great apes and modern humans. The degree of size variation in the P. boisei s.s. mandibular hypodigm is never observed in human and chimpanzee samples, is rare in gorillas, but is not uncommon in orangutans. However, the shape variation in the fossil group is comparable to the variation in the extant reference groups. Although the size variation in P. boisei s.s. is substantial, it is exaggerated by the effects of taphonomy. The small mandibles are more often abraded, whereas the large mandibles are more likely to have been infiltrated with matrix. On the basis of the results of this investigation of the mandibular corpus, there are no grounds for rejecting the “single‐species” hypothesis for P. boisei s.s. When Sokal and Braumann's adjusted CV values were used to predict the index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) for the P. boisei s.s., despite the substantial geological time embraced by the mandibular corpus hypodigm, the predicted value of lnISD, when corrected for taphonomic factors, is comparable to the sexual dimorphism observed within Gorilla. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:167–178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and genetic analysis of 4 Mexican families with spinocerebellar ataxia type 10
Authors: Rasmussen Astrid , Matsuura Tohru , Ruano Luis , Yescas Petra , Ochoa Adriana , Ashizawa Tetsuo , Alonso Elisa
Published: September 2002

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by expansion of an unstable ATTCT repeat. SCA10 has been described as a pure cerebellar syndrome accompanied by seizures and has been recognized only in families of Mexican origin. We describe clinical and molecular findings of 18 patients in four Mexican families with SCA10. Affected individuals had an average age at onset of 26.7 years (range 14–44 years) and ATTCT repeats ranging from 920 to 4,140 repeats. We could not detect significant anticipation or correlation between repeat size and age at onset, probably due to the small sample size. In addition to pure cerebellar ataxia and seizures, patients often showed soft pyramidal signs, ocular dyskinesia, cognitive impairment, and/or behavioral disturbances. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed predominant cerebellar atrophy, and nerve conduction studies indicated polyneuropathy in 66% of patients. One family showed hepatic, cardiac, and hematological abnormalities in affected members. These findings suggest that a wide range of tissues may be affected in SCA10, including those outside of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
Clinical, histologic, and electron microscopy study of skin exposed to low‐frequency ultrasound
Authors: Boucaud Alain , Montharu Jérôme , Machet Laurent , Arbeille Brigitte , Machet Marie Christine , Patat Frédéric , Vaillant Loïc
Published: September 2002

The use of low‐frequency ultrasound has been proposed to enhance the transdermal transport of various drugs, a technique referred to as sonophoresis. The aim of the present study was to determine the safety of low‐frequency sonophoresis on human and rat skin by evaluating their structural modifications after ultrasound exposure. Human skin samples and hairless rats were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Ultrasound was used with average intensities ranging from 0.25 to 7 W/cm2in pulsed or continuous mode. Hairless rats were also exposed to a heat source mimicking the temperature versus time profile during sonication. Skin samples were observed under optical and electron microscopy to detect any structural changes. Human skin samples exposed to intensities lower than 2.5 W/cm2showed no modification. For hairless rats, slight and transient erythema was observed after 2.5 W/cm2exposure, whereas deep lesions (dermal and muscle necrosis) were observed 24 hr later. These lesions were also observed when a plastic film was placed between the coupling medium and the animals' skin during sonication. In contrast, no histologic lesion could be seen when a heat source was applied to animal skin. Low‐frequency ultrasound induces delayed and deep lesions in hairless rat skin at 2.5 W/cm2which are not only attributable to the increase in temperature at the skin surface during ultrasound exposure. By using the same ultrasound conditions, human skin seems to be less sensitive in vitro. Anat Rec 264:114–119, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TMOF‐like factor controls the biosynthesis of serine proteases in the larval gut of Heliothis virescens
Authors: Nauen Ralf , Sorge Dorian , Sterner Andreas , Borovsky Dov
Published: September 2002

Proteolytic enzyme biosynthesis in the midgut of the 4th instar larva of Heliothis virescens is cyclical. Protease activity increases immediately after the molt from the 3rd to the 4th instar larvae and declines just before the molt into the 5th instar. Characterization of the midgut proteases using soybean tryspin inhibitor (SBTI) Bowman Birk Inhibitor (BBI) 4‐(2‐aminoethyl)benzensulfonylfluoride (AEBSF) and N‐tosyl‐L‐phenylalanine chloromethylketone (TPCK) indicate that protease activity is mostly trypsinlike (80%) with a small amount of chymotrypsinlike activity (20%). Injections of late 3rd and 4th instar larval hemolymph into H. virescens larvae inhibited tryspin biosynthesis in the larval midgut. Similar results were obtained when highly purified 4th instar larval hemolymph that crossreacted with Aea‐TMOF antisurm using ELISA was injected into 2nd instar larvae. Injections of Aea‐TMOF and its analogues into 2nd instar, and Aea‐TMOF alone into 4th instar larvae stopped trypsin biosynthesis 24 and 48 h after the injections, respectively. Injections of 4th instar H. virescens larval hemolymph into female Aedes aegypti that took a blood meal stopped trypsin biosynthesis and egg development. These results show that the biosynthesis of trypsin‐like enzymes in the midgut of a lepidoptera is modulated with a hemolymph circulating TMOF‐like factor that is closely related to Aea‐TMOF. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:169–180, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose staggering as a strategy to reduce drug–drug interactions due to reversible enzyme inhibition between orally administered drugs with high first pass effect: a computer simulation study
Authors: Fang J. , Mckay G. , Hubbard J. W. , Hawes E. M. , Midha K. K.
Published: September 2002

A physiological computer model was designed to simulate the metabolic drug–drug interactions between two orally co‐administered drugs due to reversible enzyme inhibition using drug concentrations in the portal vein. The extent of interactions was compared at steady‐state for the effects of a delay in time between the administration of the substrate and the inhibitor. It was demonstrated that the extent of the interactions can be strongly affected by a time interval between the two drug administrations. By delaying the administration of the inhibitor until after the absorption phase of the substrate, one can significantly reduce the extent of the drug–drug interactions. This is because drug concentrations in the portal vein and the liver are much higher than that in the systemic circulation during the absorption phase. The model also showed that interactions involving substrates with a high extraction ratio (EH), i.e., drugs with higher first‐pass effect, can be more strongly affected by dose staggering. Substrates with a low absorption rate constant (ka) require a longer interval with the inhibitor in order to reduce the extent of the interactions. This observation suggests dose staggering as a simple and cost‐effective way to reduce the extent of unwanted drug–drug interactions in clinical practice. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous microbatch screening of enantiorecognition on solid chiral selectors using selected mixtures of test‐racemates: a case study on cellulose tris(α‐phenylpropionate) with configurational diversity
Authors: Roussel C. , Bonnet B. , De Riggi I. , Suteu C.
Published: September 2002

An improved methodology for microbatch screening in the liquid–solid enantioselective adsorption of racemates by solid chiral selector is presented and illustrated by the evaluation of a series of six cellulose tris(α‐phenylpropionate) presenting a configurational diversity and cellulose tris (4‐methylbenzoate). Analyses were performed on 5 mg scale of chiral selector and 150 µL of supernatant containing a mixture of three test‐racemates. Fifteen test‐racemates were chosen according to their molecular diversity using a hierarchical clustering approach for seven selected three‐dimensional molecular properties. The 15 racemates were sorted in five test mixtures composed of three racemates each according to the following constraints: each triplet of test‐racemates can be analyzed without peak overlap on a commercially available chiral stationary phase (CSP). The designed five groups of three racemates may be used for the evaluation of other chiral selectors in view of the preparation of CSPs. This methodology improves the throughput of the evaluation and could be automated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalyzed asymmetric dialkylzinc addition to benzaldehyde in the presence of new chiral ligands — δ‐(1‐phenethyl)aminoalcohols
Authors: Demyanovich V.M. , Shishkina I.N. , Zefirov N.S.
Published: September 2002

A series of δ‐aminoalcohols prepared from (S)‐ and (R)‐N,N‐dimethyl‐1‐phenethylamines was found to catalyze the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde to yield optically active 1‐phenylpropanol with enantiomeric excess 60–85%. Chirality 13:507–509, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neu differentiation factor regulates tau protein and mRNA in cultured neonatal oligodendrocytes
Authors: LoPresti Patrizia , Muma Nancy A. , De Vries George H.
Published: September 2002

Axonal signals activate myelinogenesis via regulation of the extent to which oligodendrocyte (OLG) processes wrap around the axon. The cytoskeleton in OLG processes is actively involved in myelination and is a putative target for axonal regulation of myelination. The axon‐associated neuregulins may regulate the cytoskeleton extensions in OLG processes. Here, we report that the neuregulin neu differentiation factor (NDF) increases the expression of tau mRNA and tau protein in OLGs. Treatment of neonatal OLGs with α‐NDF or β‐NDF resulted in dramatic increases in the length of OLG processes, which appeared either as singular unbranched extensions or as a network of extensively branched processes. By immunoblot analysis with tau‐1 mAb, which recognizes the dephosphorylated form of the tau proteins, neonatal OLGs treated with α‐NDF or β‐NDF, had an increase in tau protein levels. The increase of tau levels in β‐NDF–treated cells is much greater than the twofold increase present in α‐NDF–treated cells. By immunoblot analysis with the phosphorylation‐insensitive tau‐5 mAb, β‐NDF–treated cells had a twofold increase in tau. Immunoblot analysis suggest that α‐NDF and β‐NDF promote a twofold increase in the tau protein levels in OLG, with the β‐factor also promoting a tau dephosphorylation. Using promoters spanning the amino‐terminal region of tau, we found that OLGs treated with α‐NDF or β‐NDF contained approximately twofold more tau mRNA than untreated cells. However, there was no qualitative difference between control and NDF‐treated cells in the pattern of tau mRNA isoforms expressed. A model is proposed in which the axonal NDF‐induced regulation of tau expression in OLGs may be part of the mechanism by which the axon regulates myelination. GLIA 35:147–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide synthase expression and function in embryonic and adult cardiomyocytes
Authors: Bloch Wilhelm , Addicks Klaus , Hescheler Jürgen , Fleischmann Bernd K.
Published: September 2002

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule that plays a relevant role in different cell systems, among them the adult heart. The effects of NO are primarily mediated through modulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, myofibrillar contractility, and metabolic regulation in cardiomyocytes. Recent evidence also suggests an important role of NO for cardiomyogenesis by modulating proliferation and differentiation and regulating cardiac function. In the embryonic, but also the healthy and diseased, adult mammalian heart, the inducible (iNOS) and the endothelial (eNOS) nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are detected. However, the expression pattern of NO and its function differ during development. Furthermore, under pathophysiological conditions NOS expression can also change and cause impairment of cardiac performance and cytotoxic effects. The present review focuses on the role and function of NO during cardiomyogenesis, the mechanisms responsible for eNOS availability, and the paracrine effects of NO generated by cardiomyocytes. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:259–269, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Docking of combinatorial peptide libraries into a broadly cross‐reactive human IgM
Authors: Yuriev Elizabeth , Ramsland Paul A. , Edmundson Allen B.
Published: September 2002

A monoclonal IgM cryoglobulin with diverse binding behavior was isolated from a patient (Mez) with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. It gave very high titers in the binding of combinatorially synthesized libraries of peptides ranging in size from two to eight residues. The crystal structure of Mez Fv revealed that the binding site was divided into two cavities of unequal volumes with dimensions and chemical properties that were compatible with the binding of peptides. Access to this unique combination of structural information and peptide binding data led us to carry out Mez‐peptide docking simulations to gain insight into the Mez binding propensities. In the present article, the results for docking of five peptide libraries are combined with discussions of the methods and approximations involved in the docking process. We analyze the origins of peptide binding affinity for Mez IgM in terms of its cross‐reactivity and its structural preferences. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

3‐D

three‐dimensional

Ab

antibody

A

absorbance

C

constant

CDR

complementarity‐determining region

CH

constant domain of the heavy chain

ELISA

enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay

Fv

fragment variable

H

heavy

HB

hydrogen bond

L

light

PDB

Protein Data Bank

V

variable

VH

variable region of the heavy chain

VL

variable region of the light chain

vdW

van der Waals
The spatial and temporal behaviour of the lower stratospheric temperature over the Southern Hemisphere: the MSU view. Part II: spatial behaviour
Authors: Salles M. Alejandra , Canziani Pablo O. , Compagnucci Rosa H.
Published: September 2002

Monthly lower stratosphere temperature anomalies in a layer centred about 70 hPa, from the MSU data set are analysed for the period 1979–1997. T‐mode approach principal component analysis (PCA) is used in order to obtain the leading spatial anomaly patterns and their sequences of occurrence throughout the period under study. Five principal components (PCs) are significantly different from the spatial distribution of noisy data. The patterns given by the PC scores represent ten typical spatial anomaly patterns: five correspond to the direct mode, that is to say anomaly fields with the same sign as the PC score patterns, and five have the opposite sign. The first three PCs represent simple spatial temperature anomaly distributions, with zonal wave 0 to wave 2 wave structures. The following significant PCs, orders four and five, display a more complex spatial behaviour, with wave 3 wave structures. The first two PC's frequency distribution in time, given by the PC loadings time series, do not show noticeable changes throughout the period analysed. The remaining three PCs show changes in their frequency of occurrence that might be associated with the negative trends in the lower stratosphere temperature, as well as to the other different features observed in the real temperature anomaly time series for the grid points in the Southern Hemisphere. The latter are studied with the PCA in the S‐mode approach in the companion paper (Compagnucci et al., 2001. International Journal of Climatology 21: 419–437). Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Winter and summer Hadley circulations over peninsular India as monitored by MST radar at Gadanki (13.47°N, 79.18°E)
Authors: Annes V.H. , Mohankumar K. , Joseph P.V.
Published: September 2002

The vertical velocity observed using the mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar at Gadanki (13.47°N, 79.18°E), India, shows that downward motion prevails in the troposphere and lower stratosphere during both winter and summer. Zonal and meridional components of winds over the Gadanki region are compared with the Hadley circulation over the peninsular Indian region obtained from National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysed data. An anomalous northerly wind is observed in the lower troposphere over the radar station during summer monsoon months instead of southerlies according to the reverse Hadley cell theory. NCEP/NCAR reanalysed data show that this anomaly covers a large area around peninsular India. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Identification of highest magnitude coastal storm events over western Ireland on the basis of wind speed and duration thresholds
Authors: MacClenahan P. , McKenna J. , Cooper J.A.G. , O'Kane B.
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a computer‐based method for the analysis of the wind record from coastal weather stations to identify storm events based on wind speed and duration thresholds. Various combinations of thresholds help identify two main storm signatures, i.e. peak‐like and plateau‐like profiles. Seven further types of storm are defined according to their intensity. The date of each event provided by the program is a key item in the analysis that allows for the establishment of storm catalogues at individual weather stations. Catalogues that identify particular storms produce information on the varying local storm regime of the western Irish seaboard and provide input to the understanding of the climatology of the wider northeastern Atlantic region. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Buried palaeosols of the Nevado de Toluca: an alternative record of Late Quaternary environmental change in central Mexico
Authors: Sedov Sergey , Solleiro‐Rebolledo Elizabeth , Gama‐Castro Jorge E. , Vallejo‐Gómez Ernestina , González‐Velázquez Arelia
Published: September 2002

Buried palaeosols of central Mexico, not previously analysed from a palaeopedological standpoint, have helped to develop a reliable regional model of Late Quaternary climatic change. This paper focuses upon morphological and micromorphological properties, particle‐size distribution, and extractable Fe, Al and Si of seven palaeosols (named PT1–PT7) in the vicinity of the Nevado de Toluca volcano. The characteristics of Andic Cambisol PT1, similar to those of modern soils in semi‐arid environments, indicate a drier climate in the first half of the Holocene. Humic Andosols PT2–PT4 are analogous to modern volcanic soils of humid forest environments. They show evidence that a moist palaeoclimate prevailed during marine oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 2 and 3. Luvisols PT5 and PT6, which are assumed to have formed at the end of marine OIS 5 to marine OIS 4, also indicate humid conditions. We attribute the differences between Andosols PT2–PT4 and Luvisols PT5–PT7 to variations in the duration in the pedogenesis rather than to changes in palaeoclimate. Micromorphological features of Andosol to Luvisol transition confirm that these soils form an evolutionary sequence. Being for the most part consistent with lacustrine records, the palaeosol properties do not reflect the episodes of ‘drier climate’ during the Last Glacial Maximum, however, as shown by diatom and palynological data from lake sediments. Mesoclimate variations and/or incompleteness of ‘soil memory’, reflecting mostly periods of humid pedogenesis, probably provide the reason for this disagreement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated marine and terrestrial evidence for abrupt Congo River palaeodischarge fluctuations during the last deglaciation
Authors: Marret Fabienne , Scourse James D. , Versteegh Gerard , Fred Jansen J. H. , Schneider Ralph
Published: September 2002

We present a high‐resolution reconstruction of tropical palaeoenvironmental changes for the last deglacial transition (18 to 9 cal. kyr BP) based on integrated oceanic and terrestrial proxies from a Congo fan core. Pollen, grass cuticle, Pediastrum and dinoflagellate cyst fluxes, sedimentation rates and planktonic foraminiferal δ18O ratios, u37K′ sea‐surface temperature and alkane/alkenone ratio data highlight a series of abrupt changes in Congo River palaeodischarge. A major discharge pulse is registered at around 13.0 cal. kyr BP which we attribute to latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during deglaciation. The data indicate abrupt and short‐lived changes in the equatorial precipitation regime within a system of monsoonal dynamics forced by precessional cycles. The phases of enhanced Congo discharge stimulated river‐induced upwelling and enhanced productivity in the adjacent ocean. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of deforestation on soil physicochemical characteristics, microbial biomass and microbial activity of tropical soil
Authors: Sahani U. , Behera N.
Published: September 2002

The study dealt with the assessment of the impact of deforestation on tropical soil through a comparative analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of natural forest and a deforested barren site. With significant decline in clay, texturally the soil of the deforested barren site was observed to be different from that of natural forest. Bulk density and porosity data revealed structural deterioration of deforested barren soil. The soil hydrological regime was also adversely affected by the deforestation. Levels of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass C, N and microfungal biomass also exhibited significant decline in deforested site. Analysis of microbial respiratory quotient (q CO2) was also observed to be impaired in the deforested site. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seedbank phytosociology of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South Africa: a pre‐mining benchmark survey for rehabilitation
Authors: De Villiers A. J. , Van Rooyen M. W. , Theron G. K.
Published: September 2002

Prior to the mining of heavy minerals, the seedbank of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo was investigated to serve as a benchmark for the future rehabilitation of the area. Seedbank composition and species' abundance were determined with the seedling emergence method. By using the Braun‐Blanquet method, five main vegetation units were identified in concordance with results obtained for the standing vegetation. A total of 108 species were recorded in the seedbank, which represents c. 50 per cent of the species recorded in the standing vegetation of the total study area. Seven annual species (3 per cent) were unique to the soil seedbank. On community level, similarity in species composition between the standing vegetation and the soil seedbank ranged between 39·2 per cent and 48·8 per cent, with a similarity of 54·3 per cent for the total study area. Annual and perennial species' similarity in species composition between the standing vegetation and the seed bank totalled 74·8 per cent and 43·1 per cent respectively. Post‐mining topsoil replacement as well as seeding and transplanting of selected local species will be essential to revegetate this area. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.