bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beneficial impact of a mix of dairy fat with rapeseed oil on n‐6 and n‐3 PUFA metabolism in the rat: A small enrichment in dietary alpha‐linolenic acid greatly increases its conversion to DHA in the liver
Authors: Ezanno Hélène , Beauchamp Erwan , Catheline Daniel , Legrand Philippe , Rioux Vincent
Published: October 2014

The impact of the amount of dietary α‐linolenic acid (ALA) on its own tissue accumulation and conversion to longer n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) remains controversial and may depend on the other dietary fatty acids mixed with ALA. Whereas linoleic acid (LA) is well known to compete with ALA for its conversion to longer n‐3 PUFAs, the concomitant presence of dietary ALA with dairy saturated fatty acids (C4:0–C14:0) that are highly susceptible to β‐oxidation may inversely lead to its increased cellular storage and better conversion to long‐chain n‐3 PUFAs. The present study was therefore aimed at investigating further the putative beneficial effect of dietary dairy fat on n‐3 PUFA tissue levels in the rat. Firstly, we showed that when combined with a well‐defined dietary level of ALA (0.6% energy), substitution of olive oil for butterfat improved ALA storage in adipose tissue and liver, and had moderate effects on its conversion to n‐3 long‐chain PUFAs. Secondly, we showed that, when mixed with dairy fat, a small increase in dietary ALA (from 0.6 to 0.8% of energy) enhanced the ALA storage in adipose tissue only but conversely significantly increased its conversion to highly unsaturated n‐3 PUFAs in the liver.

Practical applications: α‐linolenic acid (ALA) is the most accessible source of n‐3 PUFAs in the global diet. However, the intake of ALA is currently lower than dietary guidelines and the rate of ALA conversion to longer chain n‐3 PUFAs is low. The results from this study showed that a small enrichment in dietary ALA combined with dairy fat increased adipose tissue ALA storage, which represents a slow releasable pool that may be utilized over time by other tissues and greatly increased the conversion of ALA to highly unsaturated n‐3 PUFAs in the liver. This knowledge may possibly result in the development of new dietary strategies to increase the cellular level of n‐3 PUFAs in animals and humans.

When mixed with dairy fat, a small increase in dietary α‐linolenic acid (from 0.6 to 0.8% of energy) enhances the α‐linolenic acid storage in adipose tissue and significantly increases its conversion to highly unsaturated n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver.
Cognitive Remediation in Anorexia Nervosa and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tchanturia Kate , Lounes Naima , Holttum Sue
Published: October 2014

Research evidence for cognitive remediation therapy's (CRT) effectiveness for anorexia nervosa (AN) has been gathering. This approach is also increasingly being implemented in other disorders including major depressive disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder and autistic spectrum disorder that share commonalities with AN in neuropsychological profiles and clinical presentations. This systematic literature review identified and appraised the current evidence base to see whether evidence from related conditions could be integrated into the theoretical understanding of CRT for AN as well as future AN treatment developments and research.

Overall, CRT studies in AN report promising findings, and CRT appears to be associated with improvements in set‐shifting and in central coherence. Cognitive remediation approaches in other conditions also show promising evidence in associated improvements in areas of executive functioning and information processing; links are made between AN treatment and what future treatment developments could consider. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Manipulating item proportion and deception reveals crucial dissociation between behavioral, autonomic, and neural indices of concealed information
Authors: Suchotzki Kristina , Verschuere Bruno , Peth Judith , Crombez Geert , Gamer Matthias
Published: October 2014

Developed as an alternative to traditional deception detection methods, the concealed information test (CIT) assesses recognition of critical (e.g., crime‐relevant) “probes.” Most often, recognition has been measured as enhanced skin conductance responses (SCRs) to probes compared to irrelevant foils (CIT effect). More recently, also differentially enlarged reaction times (RTs) and increased neural activity in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, the right middle frontal gyrus, and the right temporo‐parietal junction have been observed. The aims of the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study were to (1) investigate the boundary conditions of the CIT effects in all three measures and thereby (2) gain more insight into the relative contribution of two mechanisms underlying enhanced responding to concealed information (i.e., orienting versus response inhibition). Therefore, we manipulated the proportion of probe versus irrelevant items, and whether suspects were instructed to actively deny recognition of probe knowledge (i.e., deceive) during the test. Results revealed that whereas overt deception was not necessary for the SCR CIT effect, it was crucial for the RT and the fMRI‐based CIT effects. The proportion manipulation enhanced the CIT effect in all three measures. The results indicate that different mental processes might underlie the response pattern in the CIT. While skin conductance responding to concealed information may best be explained by orienting theory, it seems that response inhibition drives RT and blood oxygen level dependent responding to concealed information. Hum Brain Mapp 36:427–439, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of antidepressant medication and suicidal ideation—the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966
Authors: Rissanen Ina , Jääskeläinen Erika , Isohanni Matti , Koponen Hannu , Joukamaa Matti , Alaräisänen Antti , Miettunen Jouko
Published: October 2014

Objective

The aim was to study the association between use of antidepressant medication and suicidal ideation in different diagnostic groups in a large population‐based cohort.

Methods

Information on prescribed drugs within the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 was collected at the age of 31 years with postal questionnaire (N = 8218). The presence of suicidal ideation was assessed via the Hopkins Symptom Checklist‐25 questionnaire. We studied associations between suicidal ideation and antidepressant medication in various diagnostic and symptom groups, and it adjusted for symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Results

Suicidal ideation was associated with the use of antidepressant medication in all diagnostic groups, but the association disappeared with adjustment for other symptoms of depression and anxiety. Subjects who reported insomnia and used antidepressants had suicidal ideation more commonly than did subjects who were not using antidepressants even when other symptoms were adjusted for (p = 0.02). There were no statistically significant differences between antidepressant groups or doses.

Conclusion

In a large unselected cohort, antidepressant medication was not associated with increased suicidal ideation when other symptoms of depression and anxiety were taken into account. The assessment of insomnia might be useful for identifying individuals liable to have increased suicidal ideation while on antidepressant medication. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative type I polyketide synthases involved in enediyne natural product biosynthesis
Authors: Chen Xiaolei , Ji Rui , Jiang Xin , Yang Rongqiang , Liu Fuli , Xin Ying
Published: October 2014

Enediyne natural products are potent antibiotics structurally characterized by an enediyne core containing two acetylenic groups conjugated to a double bond in a 9‐ or 10‐membered carbocycle. The biosynthetic gene clusters for enediynes encode a novel iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKSE), which is generally believed to initiate the biosynthetic process of enediyne cores. This review article will cover research efforts made since its discovery to elucidate the role of the PKSE in enediyne core biosynthesis. Topics covered include the unique domain architecture, identification, and characterization of turnover products, and interaction with partner thioesterase protein. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(9):587–595, 2014
Interpersonal Problems, Dependency, and Self‐Criticism in Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Dinger Ulrike , Barrett Marna S. , Zimmermann Johannes , Schauenburg Henning , Wright Aidan G. C. , Renner Fritz , Zilcha‐Mano Sigal , Barber Jacques P.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

The goal of the present research was the examination of overlap between 2 research traditions on interpersonal personality traits in major depression. We hypothesized that Blatt's (2004) dimensions of depressive experiences around the dimensions of relatedness (i.e., dependency) and self‐definition (i.e., self‐criticism) are associated with specific interpersonal problems according to the interpersonal circumplex model (Leary, 1957). In addition, we examined correlations of interpersonal characteristics with depression severity.

Method

Analyses were conducted on 283 patients with major depressive disorder combined from 2 samples. Of the patients, 151 participated in a randomized controlled trial in the United States, and 132 patients were recruited in an inpatient unit in Germany. Patients completed measures of symptomatic distress, interpersonal problems, and depressive experiences.

Results

Dependency was associated with more interpersonal problems related to low dominance and high affiliation, while self‐criticism was associated with more interpersonal problems related to low affiliation. These associations were independent of depression severity. Self‐criticism showed high overlap with cognitive symptoms of depression.

Conclusion

The findings support the interpersonal nature of Blatt's dimensions of depressive experiences. Self‐criticism is associated with being too distant or cold toward others as well as greater depression severity, but is not related to the dimension of dominance.
Linkage Analysis as Evidence in Court: A Thematic Analysis of Mock Juror Deliberations
Authors: Fawcett Hannah , Clark Katie
Published: October 2014

Linkage analysis has, albeit occasionally, been presented in courts across the world as evidence that a series of offences possess behavioural similarities and distinctiveness from other offences, meaning they have probably been committed by the same individual. It is therefore imperative to ascertain how linkage analysis is regarded by juries within the context of deliberations. Three groups of participants (N = 22) eligible for jury duty in England and Wales viewed a simulated rape and murder trial derived from an actual South African case. Linkage analysis formed the sole evidence against the defendant in the two later offences, although DNA matches and eyewitness identifications of the defendant were present in the two earlier offences. Participant deliberations were recorded and subjected to thematic analysis. Five themes were discovered: behavioural consistencies and inconsistencies, physical versus case linkage evidence, barriers to admissibility, potential uses of linkage analysis, and dependence of lay knowledge. Jurors' over‐reliance on erroneous lay knowledge contributed to their conclusion that linkage analysis is, at present, unrepresentative evidence that cannot independently indicate a defendant's culpability. However, participants believed that linkage analysis could be a useful tool within investigations and, with further research evidence, in court in England and Wales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IAA production by Bacillus sp. JH 2‐2 promotes Indian mustard growth in the presence of hexavalent chromium
Authors: Shim Jaehong , Kim Jin‐Won , Shea Patrick J. , Oh Byung‐Taek
Published: October 2014

Bacillus sp. strain JH 2‐2, isolated from the rhizosphere of plants at a multi‐metal contaminated mine site, has the potential to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and promote plant growth by reducing Cr toxicity and producing IAA. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Cr(VI) to Bacillus sp. JH 2‐2 was 1000 mg L−1 and the strain reduced 99% of 10 mg Cr(VI) L−1 to Cr(IV) within 24 h. Lower Cr(VI) stress (10 mg L−1) stimulated IAA production, but much less IAA was produced at 30 or 50 mg Cr(VI) L−1. Inoculation with Bacillus sp. JH 2‐2 increased the length of Brassica juncea L. roots by 364% and stems by 735% in the presence of 10 mg Cr(VI) L−1 from those of uninoculated control plants. These findings suggest potential use of Bacillus sp. JH 2‐2 to promote phytoremediation of soil contaminated with Cr(VI).
RNAIII suppresses the expression of LtaS via acting as an antisense RNA in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Yan Jun , Liu Yu , Gao Yaping , Dong Jie , Mu Chunhua , Li Di , Yang Guang
Published: October 2014

RNAIII is known as the key effector of staphylococcal accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum‐sensing system, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus. As a regulatory RNA, RNAIII regulates multiple targets, including exoproteins and cell‐wall‐associated proteins. Lipoteichoic acid synthase (LtaS) is involved in the synthesis of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) that is one of the major components of cell wall. The chemical compound targeting to LtaS decreases S. aureus growth via blocking LTA production. Until now, the regulatory mechanism of LtaS expression is still not clear. The level of ltaS mRNA in S. aureus is analyzed by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR analysis and qRT‐PCR. The protein level of LtaS is determined by Western blotting. The putative interaction sites between RNAIII and LtaS mRNA are predicted. And LtaS‐5′UTR‐lacZ and LtaS‐5′UTR‐mutant‐lacZ reporter vectors are constructed according to the putative interaction sites. Our data show that the expression of ltaS is regulated by RNAIII in S. aureus. The level of LtaS is significantly higher in the RNAIII deficient strain compared to its parent strain. In the further investigation, 5′UTR of ltaS was predicted to be the putative interaction site of RNAIII. The results of detection of β‐galactosidase activities suggest that RNAIII can inhibit the expression level of LtaS through acting on the 5′UTR region of LtaS mRNA. Our finding presents that LtaS is another target of RNAIII and RNAIII suppresses the expression of LtaS via acting as an antisense RNA in S. aureus.
Capillary electrophoresis separation of aminoalkanol derivatives of 1,7‐dimethyl‐8,9‐diphenyl‐4‐azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec‐8‐ene‐3,5,10‐trione as potential anticancer drugs
Authors: Grodner Błażej , Łukaszkiewicz Jacek , Kuran Bożena , Krawiecka Mariola
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study, the direct separation of aminoalkanol derivatives I and II of 1,7‐dimethyl‐8,9‐diphenyl‐4‐azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec‐8‐ene‐3,5,10‐trione, which was found in earlier studies as potential anticancer drugs, were performed. Capillary electrophoresis offers the possibility of fast, cheap, and reproducible separations for compounds I and II. In this paper, the simultaneous separation of I and II by capillary zone electrophoresis has been achieved within 8 min by use of 50 mM phosphate buffer of pH 2.5. Analysis of the two compounds in the serum plasma standards was conducted. Limits of detection of I and II by UV absorbance at 200 nm were achieved in the range of 156.3–156.6 ng/mL. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection, and quantification. The calibration equation revealed a good linear relationship (r2 = 0.998–0.999). Sufficient recovery was observed in the range of 96.3–99.5%. The method showed good reproducibility with intra‐ and interday precision of 0.97 and 1.76%, respectively. The quantification limits for the compounds were in the range of 477.0–479.8 ng/mL. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of real serum samples.
Development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of selected flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Pandey Renu , Chandra Preeti , Arya Kamal Ram , Kumar Brijesh
Published: October 2014

A rapid and sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 13 flavonoids in leaf, stem, and fruit extracts of male and female trees of Ginkgo biloba to investigate gender‐ and age‐related variations of flavonoids content. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm id, 1.7 μm) in 5 min. Quantitation was performed using negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curves of all analytes showed a good linear relationship (r2 ≥ 0.9977) over the concentration range of 1–1000 ng/mL. The precision evaluated by an intra‐ and interday study showed RSD ≤ 1.98% and good accuracy with overall recovery in the range from 97.90 to 101.09% (RSD ≤ 1.67%) for all analytes. The method sensitivity expressed as the limit of quantitation was typically 0.25–3.57 ng/mL. The results showed that the total content of 13 flavonoids was higher in the leaf extract of an old male Ginkgo tree compared to young female Ginkgo trees.
Upper extremity ischemia is superior to lower extremity ischemia for remote ischemic conditioning of antero–lateral thigh cutaneous blood flow
Authors: Kolbenschlag J. , Sogorski A. , Harati K. , Daigeler A. , Wiebalck A. , Lehnhardt M. , Kapalschinski N. , Goertz O.
Published: October 2014

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is known to improve microcirculation in various settings, but little is known about the impact of the amount of ischemic tissue mass or the limb itself. Since ischemia and subsequent necrosis of flaps is one of the most dreaded complications in reconstructive surgery, adjuvant methods to improve microcirculation are desirable. We therefore performed a randomized trial to compare the effect of arm versus leg ischemia for RIC of the cutaneous microcirculation of the antero–lateral thigh. Forty healthy volunteers were randomized to undergo 5 min of ischemia of either the upper or lower extremity, followed by 10 min of reperfusion.Ischemia was induced by a surgical tourniquet applied to the proximal limb, which was inflated to 250 mmHg for the upper and 300 mgHg for the lower extremity. This cycle was repeated a total of three times. Cutaneous microcirculation was assessed by combined laser doppler spectrophotometry on the antero–lateral aspect of the thigh to measure cutaneous blood flow (BF), relative hemoglobin content (rHb), and oxygen saturation (StO2). Baseline measurements were performed for 10 min, after which the ischemia/reperfusion cycles were begun. Measurements were performed continuously and were afterwards pooled to obtain a mean value per minute. Both groups showed significant increases in all three measured parameters of cutaneous microcirculation after three cycles of ischemia/reperfusion when compared to baseline (BF: 95.1% (P < 0.001) and 27.9% (P = 0.002); rHb: 9.4% (P < 0.001) and 5.9% (P < 0.001), StO2: 8.4% (P = 0.045) and 9.4% (P < 0.001). When comparing both groups, BF was significantly higher in the arm group (P = 0.019 after 11 min., P = 0.009 after 45 min). In conclusions, both ischemic conditioning of the upper and lower extremity is able to improve cutaneous BF on the ALT donor site. However, RIC of the upper extremity seems to be a superior trigger for improvement of cutaneous BF. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:211–217, 2015.
Suppression of phase and amplitude J(HH) modulations in HSQC experiments
Authors: Castañar Laura , Sistaré Eduard , Virgili Albert , Williamson R. Thomas , Parella Teodor
Published: October 2014

The amplitude and the phase of cross peaks in conventional 2D HSQC experiments are modulated by both proton–proton, J(HH), and proton–carbon, 1J(CH), coupling constants. It is shown by spectral simulation and experimentally that J(HH) interferences are suppressed in a novel perfect‐HSQC pulse scheme that incorporates perfect‐echo INEPT periods. The improved 2D spectra afford pure in‐phase cross peaks with respect to 1J(CH) and J(HH), irrespective of the experiment delay optimization. In addition, peak volumes are not attenuated by the influence of J(HH), rendering practical issues such as phase correction, multiplet analysis, and signal integration more appropriate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Egg yolk identification and aging in mixed paint binding media by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Sfakianaki Sofia , Kouloumpi Eleni , Anglos Demetrios , Spyros Apostolos
Published: October 2014

NMR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool for the identification and quantitative analysis of organic materials in a cultural heritage context. In this report, we present an analytical NMR protocol for the identification and semiquantification of egg yolk binders and mixed binding media that also contain a drying oil, namely linseed oil. The samples studied have been artificially and/or naturally aged in order to simulate the composition of organic materials in paintings. Analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR spectra showed that egg yolk can be identified even in binding media of considerable age via signals originating from cholesterol and/or cholesterol oxidation products present in the aged binding medium. Based on cholesterol‐related and other lipid signals in the NMR spectra of egg yolk binders, a molecular marker (R/F) that suggests the presence of egg yolk in paint binders is proposed. Via this marker, the presence of egg yolk in the organic material obtained from an early 18th century Greek icon is confirmed, and this is further verified by 2D NMR spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that NMR molecular markers developed to estimate the hydrolysis/oxidation state of oil paintings are also suitable for the analysis of egg yolk and mixed medium (egg yolk–linseed oil) binders, indicating the generality of the NMR methodological approach in the analysis of organic materials in a cultural heritage context. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minoxidil‐Associated Anorexia in an Infant with Refractory Hypertension
Authors: Vesoulis Zachary A. , Attarian Stephanie J. , Zeller Brandy , Cole Francis Sessions
Published: October 2014

Minoxidil is a potent antihypertensive used as an adjunctive agent in refractory hypertension. It exerts an antihypertensive effect through two mechanisms: selective arterial vasodilation by activation of potassium channels in the vascular smooth muscle and stimulation of carotid and aortic baroreceptors, leading to downstream release of renin and norepinephrine. Although frequently cited in reviews of antihypertensive agents, limited data about the use of minoxidil in neonates are available. We describe an infant girl, born at 35 weeks of gestation, who was diagnosed with idiopathic hypertension after extensive diagnostic evaluation. Adequate blood pressure control was not achieved with captopril, amlodipine, and clonidine. Oliguria secondary to captopril and rapid‐onset congestive heart failure due to persistent hypertension led to the introduction of intravenous agents labetalol and nitroprusside. Although adequate blood pressure control was achieved, attempts to transition back to oral agents were unsuccessful, prompting the use of minoxidil as an alternative agent. Although good blood pressure control was achieved, the infant's oral intake plummeted from 210 to 63 ml/kg/day. The anorexia quickly resolved after stopping minoxidil, and she was discharged home at 5 months of age receiving propranolol, amlodipine, and doxazosin. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a definite relationship (score of 10) between the patient's development of anorexia and minoxidil therapy. To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of minoxidil‐associated anorexia in preterm or term infants. Clinicians should be aware that anorexia is a possible adverse effect of minoxidil in this patient population when initiating the drug in similar patients.
Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from Spikes of Prunella vulgaris L. Inhibit Glycogen Phosphorylase and Improve Insulin Sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Yu Qian , Qi Jin , Wang Lu , Liu Shou‐Jin , Yu Bo‐Yang
Published: October 2014

Phytochemical investigation of methanol extract from the spikes of Prunella vulgaris L. led to the isolation of two new pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides Vulgasides I (1) and II (2) along with 13 known compounds (3–15). Their structures were established on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D) and mass spectroscopic data analysis. All the isolated compounds were screened for glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory activity and also evaluated for their effect on insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Two new compounds (1, 2) did not demonstrate the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory activity, but other compounds (3–11) exhibited varying degrees of glycogen phosphorylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values in the range from 30.69 to 68.85 μM. Compounds 3, 6, 7, 11, and 13 demonstrated markedly increased insulin‐mediated glucose consumption in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting bondons by Goldstone mechanism with chemical topological indices
Authors: Putz Mihai V. , Ori Ottorino
Published: October 2014

The Goldstone symmetry breaking algorithm is applied on ϕ2 and ϕ4 chemical field contributions weighted, respectively, by the sphericity and extreme‐sphericity topological indices to provide for stable chemical bonding in the high temperature regime, the typical mass for the bondon, and the associated quantum boson. The method is applied to a representative series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons providing an aromaticity hierarchy comparable with the scale‐based on the chemical hardness; present calculations on the bondonic mass place the physical existence of that bosonic‐bondonic quantum particle in the range of a few GeV and 10−22 s, as typical for negatively charged massive bosons. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MoTIVE: mobile two‐hop integrity validation for emergency vehicle routing
Authors: Lin Hsiao‐Ching , Tseng Chinyang Henry , Lin Hui‐Tang
Published: October 2014

For disaster rescue and crisis support services, secure and trusted communication among emergency vehicles and mobile devices is important. VANET has been incrementally experimented for rescue scenario. Therefore, one of the popular ad hoc protocols, ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV), is applied to adjust VANET environment. In AODV, its critical routing fields (CRF) are security leakages allowing malicious nodes to launch routing attacks by illegally modifying field content. To prevent CRF from being modified by forwarders, we propose Mobile Two‐hop Integrity Validation for Emergency vehicle routing (MoTIVE) to enhance routing security of AODV. To design a secure VANET without introducing extra traffic, MoTIVE uses two‐hop integrity stamping (THIS) and validation rules, accompanying routing information exchanges without modifying protocol design. With THIS, MoTIVE verifies the integrity of forwarded AODV routing messages within each two‐hop area; consequently, it guarantees the routing correctness of whole network with induction concept. The main contribution of MoTIVE is that security‐reinforced information is piggybacked in normal routing messages within two‐hop locally instead of being flooded to the entire network globally. Compared with the original AODV, experiment results show that MoTIVE is scalable and causes no performance degradation while supplementary security protection is applied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contested Modelling: a Critical Examination of Expert Modelling in Sustainability
Authors: Yearworth Michael , Cornell Sarah E.
Published: October 2014

We discuss the role of expert modelling in sustainability using a framework designed to improve the effectiveness of the modelling process. Based on the development of a set of reflective questions that can be used at certain key stages in the lifecycle of projects developing such models, we discuss how using the framework would lead to improvements in the coupling of the process of expert modelling with the process of intervention, which is implied by the existence of the expert modelling project. This questioning pushes the development of a framework beyond considerations of ontology and epistemology into issues of axiology and praxis; extending the notion of contested modelling beyond the narrow scientific sense to a wider social setting. Our framework has been developed through a case study analysis of the effectiveness of four research initiatives that have used expert modelling to address the complexity of intervention in a sustainability context. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The allelopathic effect of Potentilla acaulis on the changes of plant community in grassland, northern China
Authors: Zhang Yujuan , Tang Shiming , Liu Kesi , Li Xuefeng , Huang Ding , Wang Kun
Published: October 2014

Changes in plant community composition may be driven partly by the traits of dominant species during succession. In degraded northern China grasslands, plant community composition has changed remarkably and previous studies have mostly focused on the effects of anthropogenic activities, ignoring the role of interspecific interactions. We hypothesized that Potentilla acaulis, a dominant plant in heavily degraded steppe landscapes, inhibits co‐occurring plant species by exuding allelopathic exudates that are inhibitory to establishing seedlings. Field vegetation surveys showed that mean heights and importance values of Stipa krylovii and Leymus chinensis were significantly lower in patches dominated by P. acaulis compared with patches dominated by S. krylovii. In germination experiments, P. acaulis extracts had significant allelopathic effects on three grass species (S. krylovii, Artemisia frigida, and L. chinensis) common in northern China grasslands. Allelopathic effects were a factor of exudate source, exudate concentration, and target species. Shoot growth of L. chinensis and A. frigida, extracts showed a “low‐promotion and high‐inhibition” effect, wherein low levels of exudate had a growth‐promoting effect, but higher concentrations had an increasingly inhibitory effect. S. krylovii was the most sensitive target species, and both its shoot and radicle growth were significantly reduced in the presence of P. acaulis. As with the other two targets, the magnitude of inhibition increased with increasing exudate concentration. Ecologically, this study suggests that allelopathy may contribute to the dominance of P. acaulis in degraded grasslands, which has important implications for recovery of other native plants in these degraded grasslands. The specific mechanism demands further investigation.
A Mixture Cure-Rate Model for Responses and Response Times in Time-Limit Tests
Authors: Lee Yi-Hsuan , Ying Zhiliang
Published: October 2014

Many large-scale standardized tests are intended to measure skills related to ability rather than the rate at which examinees can work. Time limits imposed on these tests make it difficult to distinguish between the effect of low proficiency and the effect of lack of time. This paper proposes a mixture cure-rate model approach to address this issue. Maximum likelihood estimation is proposed for parameter and variance estimation for three cases: when examinee parameters are to be estimated given precalibrated item parameters, when item parameters are to be calibrated given known examinee parameters, and when item parameters are to be estimated without assuming known examinee parameters. Large-sample properties are established for the cases under suitable regularity conditions. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed approach is appropriate for inferences concerning model parameters. In addition, not distinguishing between the effect of low proficiency and the effect of lack of time is shown to have considerable consequences for parameter estimation. A real data example is presented to demonstrate the new model. Choice of survival models for the latent power times is also discussed.
Treatment of Low HDL‐C Subjects with the CETP Modulator Dalcetrapib Increases Plasma Campesterol Only in Those Without ABCA1 and/or ApoA1 Mutations
Authors: Niesor Eric J. , Kallend David , Bentley Darren , Kastelein John J. P. , Kees Hovingh G. , Stroes Erik S. G.
Published: October 2014

We investigated the effect of dalcetrapib treatment on phytosterol levels in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) or familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia (FHA) due to mutations in apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) or ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Patients (n = 40) with FCH or FHA received dalcetrapib 600 mg or placebo in this 4‐week, double‐blind, crossover study. Lipids, apolipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity and mass, and phytosterols were assessed. Dalcetrapib increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and ApoA1 levels to a similar extent in FHA (+22.8, +13.9 %) and FCH (+18.4, +12.1 %), both p < 0.001 vs. placebo. Changes in CETP activity and mass were comparable for FHA (−31.5, +120.9 %) and FCH (−26.6, +111.9 %), both p < 0.0001 vs. placebo. Campesterol and lathosterol were unchanged in FHA (+3.8, +3.0 %), but only campesterol was markedly increased in FCH (+25.0 %, p < 0.0001 vs. placebo). Campesterol increased with dalcetrapib treatment in FCH but not in FHA, despite comparable HDL‐C and ApoA1 increases, suggesting that ApoA1 and/or ABCA1 is essential for HDL lipidation by enterocytes in humans.
Combined double tarsal wedge osteotomy and transcuneiform osteotomy for correction of resistant clubfoot deformity (the “bean-shaped” foot)
Authors: Elgeidi Adham , Abulsaad Mazen
Published: October 2014

Purpose

The “bean-shaped foot” exhibits forefoot adduction and midfoot supination, which interfere with function because of poor foot placement. The purpose of the study is a retrospective evaluation of patients who underwent a combined double tarsal wedge osteotomy and transcuneiform osteotomy to correct such a deformity.

Methods

Twenty-seven children with 35 idiopathic clubfeet were treated surgically by combined double tarsal wedge osteotomy (closing wedge cuboid osteotomy and opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy) and transcuneiform osteotomy between 2008 and 2012. The age of children at surgery ranged from 4 to 9 years. There were 19 boys and 8 girls. Pre- and postoperative X-rays were used, considering: on the AP radiograph, the calcaneo-fifth metatarsal angle and the talo-first metatarsal angle (indicators of forefoot adduction); on the lateral radiograph, the talo-first metatarsal angle (an indication of supination deformity) and calcaneo-first metatarsal angles (an indication of cavus deformity). These radiological parameters were compared with the clinical results.

Results

Follow-up was conducted for 24–79 months following surgery. Clinical and radiographic improvements in forefoot position were achieved in all cases. An average improvement in the anteroposterior talo-first metatarsal angle of 21°, calcaneo-fifth metatarsal angle of 14°, lateral talo-first metatarsal angle of 10°, and lateral calcaneo-first metatarsal of 12° confirmed the clinically satisfactory correction in all feet. One patient had a wound infection postoperatively, which resolved with removal of the wires and administration of oral antibiotics. Eight patients followed up for more than 5 years had no deterioration of results.

Conclusions

Combined double tarsal wedge osteotomy as well as transcuneiform osteotomy is an effective and safe procedure for lasting correction of the bean-shaped foot.
When Does Time Matter? Maternal Employment, Children’s Time With Parents, and Child Development
Authors: Hsin Amy , Felfe Christina
Published: October 2014

This study tests the two assumptions underlying popularly held notions that maternal employment negatively affects children because it reduces time spent with parents: (1) that maternal employment reduces children’s time with parents, and (2) that time with parents affects child outcomes. We analyze children’s time-diary data from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and use child fixed-effects and IV estimations to account for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that working mothers trade quantity of time for better “quality” of time. On average, maternal work has no effect on time in activities that positively influence children’s development, but it reduces time in types of activities that may be detrimental to children’s development. Stratification by mothers’ education reveals that although all children, regardless of mother’s education, benefit from spending educational and structured time with their mothers, mothers who are high school graduates have the greatest difficulty balancing work and childcare. We find some evidence that fathers compensate for maternal employment by increasing types of activities that can foster child development as well as types of activities that may be detrimental. Overall, we find that the effects of maternal employment are ambiguous because (1) employment does not necessarily reduce children’s time with parents, and (2) not all types of parental time benefit child development.
Ist umweltbezogener Gesundheitsschutz noch nachgefragt?
Authors: Wiesmüller Gerhard A. , Hornberg Claudia
Published: October 2014

Einleitung

Umweltbezogener Gesundheitsschutz bedeutet, sowohl potenziell gesundheitsgefährdende schädliche Umwelteinflüsse zu erkennen, zu bewerten und entsprechend zu verhindern als auch begünstigende Umwelteinflüsse als Gesundheitsressource zu erkennen und zu fördern. Diese Aufgabe obliegt im Regelfall den unteren Gesundheitsbehörden der Landkreise und kreisfreien Städte. Um diese Aufgaben mit hoher Qualität (weiterhin) erfüllen zu können, bedarf es im öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst der Kontinuität an qualifizierten Mitarbeiter/Mitarbeiterinnen sowie deren regelmäßigen Fortbildung. Die Vielfalt der Aufgabenfelder des umweltbezogenen Gesundheitsschutzes unterstreicht dessen Stellenwert an der Schnittstelle zwischen Humanmedizin, Public Health und Umweltwissenschaften als eine zentrale Einrichtung zum Wohle und zum Schutz der Bevölkerungsgesundheit in Deutschland.
Confinement effects in shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions through wall-modelled large-eddy simulations
Authors: Bermejo-Moreno Iván , Campo Laura , Larsson Johan , Bodart Julien , Helmer David , Eaton John K.
Published: October 2014

We present wall-modelled large-eddy simulations (WLES) of oblique shock waves interacting with the turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) (nominal$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\delta _{99}=5.4\ \mathrm{mm}$and${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta }\approx 1.4\times 10^4$) developed inside a duct with an almost-square cross-section ($45\ \mathrm{mm}\times 47.5\ \mathrm{mm}$) to investigate three-dimensional effects imposed by the lateral confinement of the flow. Three increasing strengths of the incident shock are considered, for a constant Mach number of the incoming air stream$M\approx 2$, by varying the height (1.1, 3 and 5 mm) of a compression wedge located at a constant streamwise location that spans the top wall of the duct at a 20° angle. Simulation results are first validated with particle image velocimetry (PIV) experimental data obtained at several vertical planes (one near the centre of the duct and three near one of the sidewalls) for the 1.1 and 3 mm-high wedge cases. The instantaneous and time-averaged structure of the flow for the stronger-interaction case (5 mm-high wedge), which shows mean flow reversal, is then investigated. Additional spanwise-periodic simulations are performed to elucidate the influence of the sidewalls, and it is found that the structure and location of the shock system, as well as the size of the separation bubble, are significantly modified by the lateral confinement. A Mach stem at the first reflected interaction is present in the simulation with sidewalls, whereas a regular shock intersection results for the spanwise-periodic case. Low-frequency unsteadiness is observed in all interactions, being stronger for the secondary shock reflections of the shock train developed inside the duct. The downstream evolution of secondary turbulent flows developed near the corners of the duct as they traverse the shock system is also studied.
Transnational Political Cosmology: A Central Mediterranean Example
Authors: Ben-Yehoyada Naor
Published: October 2014

This paper examines the workings of kinship and marriage idioms in transnational political imaginary in the central Mediterranean to challenge current academic reliance on the notion of fraternity as the symbolic building block of both national and global political relations. Since the 1960s, the Sicilian town of Mazara del Vallo and its fishing fleet have become entwined in intensifying interactions with Tunisia and the wider Maghreb. These interactions—specifically the Tunisian-Italian “Fish War” and construction of a trans-Mediterranean natural gas pipeline between North Africa and Europe—rejuvenated the old geopolitical imagination of the Mediterranean and helped produce the central Mediterranean as a spatio-temporal field of political action. Italians and Tunisians perceived each other as related, and staged the trans-Mediterranean infrastructural project as a sort of European-African (cross-cousin) marriage. I begin by examining the tensions between two central kinship idioms—fraternity and cousinage—in current understandings of transnational relations. I then discuss the growing prevalence of a transnational political cosmology of affinity across difference over that of shared descent and sameness that characterize national alignments. I conclude by examining how Tunisians and Sicilians in Mazara today cast each other in roles deriving from segmentary schemes they share, but on the content of which they disagree. By applying concepts associated with kinship and marriage studies to recent Mediterranean history, I show how segmentation, a concept anthropologists abandoned when they crossed the Mediterranean on their way into Europe, can help us understand transnational politics.
Sounding the Latin Transatlantic: Music, Integration, and Ambivalent Ethnogenesis in Spain
Authors: Tucker Joshua
Published: October 2014

This article uses commentary on and consumption of popular music as a lens to explore how Peruvian immigrants in Spain experience new notions of belonging and alterity as they tack between official Spanish discourses about difference and otherness and distinct notions of unity and sameness that circulate within the country's wider Latin American community. I examine the uneven, tentative emergence of a local Latino identity, and how this formation compares to the tenets that accrue to the formation found in the United States. I explain how the naturalization of this new and alien way of organizing national difference, in concert with native Spanish ideas about European modernity and the need to suppress ethnicitytout court, tends to marginalize distinctive experiences valued by indigenous and mestizo Peruvians from the country's Andean region. I show how they evade the homogenizing tendencies of Latino discourse, bypass native Spanish opposition to the very notion of deep difference, and seek out spaces for asserting difference. Considered also are challenges faced by a country that has undergone rapid and recent multicultural change, even as it seeks to become part of a European project that citizens view widely as an effort to transcend divisive particularity.
Progress and Backwardness in Book Accumulation: Bancroft, Basadre, and Their Libraries
Authors: Salvatore Ricardo D.
Published: October 2014

The essay examines the conditions of book accumulation in two places in the world economy, California and Peru, through the narratives left by book collector Hubert Bancroft and librarian and historian Jorge Basadre. A reading of these reveals the complex interrelations between socioeconomic development and cultural accumulation. In California, Bancroft turned his fortune accumulated through business into a unique book collection and this, in turn, was placed at the service of a “factory of history” that produced a multivolume “History of the Pacific States of North America.” In the Peruvian case, after a fire destroyed most of the collections of the National Library of Lima, historian Basadre directed an effort of reconstruction that led him to reflect upon the state's neglect of cultural patrimony, popular disdain for high culture, and Peru's long tradition of exporting books and documents to foreign collectors and libraries. Basadre's reflections speak of the position of a peripheral intellectual within a context of underdevelopment. I examine the centripetal logic of book accumulation and call for further engagement with this neglected side of cultural history.
Adaptivity in high-performance embedded systems: a reactive control model for reliable and flexible design
Authors: Yu Huafeng , Gamatié Abdoulaye , Rutten Éric , Dekeyser Jean-Luc
Published: October 2014

System adaptivity is increasingly demanded in high-performance embedded systems, particularly in multimedia system-on-chip (SoC), owing to growing quality-of-service requirements. This paper presents a reactive control model that has been introduced in Gaspard, our framework dedicated to SoC hardware/software co-design. This model aims at expressing adaptivity as well as reconfigurability in systems performing data-intensive computations. It is generic enough to be used for description in the different parts of an embedded system, for example, specification of how different data-intensive algorithms can be chosen according to some computation modes at the functional level; and expression of how hardware components can be selected via the usage of a library of intellectual properties according to execution performances. The transformation of this model toward synchronous languages is also presented, in order to allow an automatic code generation usable for formal verification, based on techniques such as model checking and controller synthesis, as illustrated in the paper. This work, based on Model-Driven Engineering and the standard UML MARTE profile, has been implemented in Gaspard.
Taxonomy of reputation assessment in peer-to-peer systems and analysis of their data retrieval
Authors: Azzedin Farag
Published: October 2014

The need for reputation assessment is particularly strong in peer-to-peer (P2P) systems because the peers’ personal site autonomy is amplified by the inherent technological decentralization of the environment. However, the decentralization notion makes the problem of designing a P2P-based reputation assessment substantially harder in P2P networks than in centralized settings. Existing reputation systems tackle the reputation assessment process in anad hocmanner. There is no systematic and coherent way to derive measures and analyze the current reputation systems. In this paper, we propose a reputation assessment process and use it to classify the existing reputation systems. Simulation experiments are conducted and focused on the different methods in selecting the recommendation sources and collecting the recommendations. These two phases can contribute significantly to the overall performance owing to precision, recall, and communication cost.