bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of Direct and Indirect Injury Groups
Authors: Monte Veronica Eileen De , Geffen Gina Malke
Published: October 2005

The aims were to investigate the general and specific effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and if people with orthopaedic injuries who had sustained their injuries through exposure to acceleration/deceleration force could have sustained a brain injury. The Rapid Screen of Concussion and Digit Symbol Substitution Test were given to patients with mTBI (89 male, 23 female), and patients with orthopaedic injuries that did (27 male, 5 female) or did not (27 male, 15 female) involve deceleration forces within 24 hours of injury. A group of uninjured people (31 male, 12 female) were also tested. Compared to all other groups, patients with mTBI recalled fewer words and correctly answered fewer orientation questions. Patients with either mTBI or deceleration orthopaedic injuries showed slower speed of information processing than patients with nondeceleration orthopaedic injuries or participants without injury. Nondeceleration patients and uninjured participants did not differ. These results suggest that there are both general injury effects and specific mTBI effects on efficiency of cognitive functioning. The results also highlight the probability that patients with a diagnosis of orthopaedic injury who were exposed to acceleration/deceleration forces may have suffered a mild brain injury as well.
Pre-Injury, Injury and Early Post-Injury Predictors of Long-Term Functional and Psychosocial Recovery After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Tate Robyn L. , Broe G. Anthony , Cameron Ian D. , Hodgkinson Adeline E. , Soo Cheryl A.
Published: October 2005

Background: Findings from prognostic studies of functional and psychosocial recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) reported to date have been limited by the restricted timeframe for prediction, generally within the first 5 years post-trauma. This investigation examined prediction of functional and psychosocial recovery in the medium-term (6 years post-trauma; Time 1) and long-term (23 years post-trauma; Time 2). Methods: The participants comprised a consecutive series of the first 100 patients with severe TBI receiving their primary rehabilitation at a regionally based unit. At the 23-year follow-up, 91% of the sample was traced: 17 had died, 5 declined participation, and 69 were interviewed, with 68 participating at both Time 1 and Time 2. Five outcome domains were examined: mobility, self-care, employability, relationships and living skills. Results: Very few of seven pre-injury variables were significantly correlated with any of the outcome variables. A series of logistic regression analyses successfully predicted levels of recovery in all domains using four predictor variables: pre-injury occupational status, duration of post-traumatic amnesia, and physical and neuropsychological disability at rehabilitation discharge. At Time 1, 60% or more of the variance was accounted for in four of the five domains, and at Time 2, more than 40% of the variance was accounted for in all domains. Sensitivity ranged from 62% (self-care) to 90% (mobility). With a single exception (employability at Time 2), specificity was also high, ranging from 80% (relationships) to 98% (mobility). Comparable accuracy rates were also found for positive and negative predictive power. Conclusions: These results demonstrate impressive predictive capacity of early post-trauma variables for the very long-term levels of recovery. They provide guidance for the tailoring of individual rehabilitation programs and the identification of people who may require special supports after rehabilitation discharge.
Goal Planning Rather than Neuropsychological Tests Should Be Used to Structure and Evaluate Cognitive Rehabilitation
Authors: Wilson Barbara A.
Published: October 2005

Many studies of cognitive rehabilitation use neuropsychological tests to plan and evaluate treatment. This paper suggests that this is not a good rehabilitation procedure. The main purposes of rehabilitation are to achieve the maximum physical, psychological, social and vocational wellbeing of each individual and to enable people to return to their own, most appropriate environment. We do not engage in rehabilitation in order to help people achieve better scores on tests. This might be acceptable if there were a direct relationship between test scores and real life problems but there is not such a relationship. Although tests are useful in providing a picture of strengths and weaknesses, they are extremely limited in identifying everyday disabilities and handicaps. People can lead improved lives by compensating for or by-passing some of their cognitive problems yet remain unchanged on test scores. Conversely, they can improve on test scores yet remain severely handicapped in everyday life. One approach that is gaining ground in rehabilitation is goal planning. This allows patients/clients, their relatives and rehabilitation staff to negotiate appropriate and meaningful goals, determine how these should be achieved and measure success, or failure in real life situations. Goal planning both reduces the artificial distinction between rehabilitation practice and outcome measures, and allows the integration of theory and practice. The processes and procedures involved in goal planning are described and followed by an evaluative discussion.
Realising the Potential of Cognitive Rehabilitation for the Brain-Injured: Next Steps
Authors: Adams Kenneth M.
Published: October 2005

Contemporary psychological literature as well as the preceding papers (Mateer & Sohlberg, 2003; Wilson, 2003; Ylvisaker, 2003) emphasise the individual patient's personal ecological context as a crucial factor in the delivery of cognitive rehabilitation services. Testing and assessment procedures in neuropsychology have been enjoined to take increasing notice of the patient's historical, cultural and social background in providing services (American Psychological Association, 2003). Similarly, the design and delivery of treatment services must take into account how and where patients are living their lives post-injury. This has the benefit of moving cognitive rehabilitation from an emphasis on the more obvious or face-valid concerns about sterile “cognitive” models to individual ways of facilitating learning and information transfer improvement in the real world. In this way of approaching the problem, the patient's cultural and demographic context as well as their emotional adaptations are not confounding variables but critical design variables. The challenge now in delivering these paradigms of care is to show that they are appropriate and effective in some place in healthcare delivery systems, whether traditional or alternative. Questions of effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation treatments and cost should be balanced in an equation relating to the probability of objective and demonstrable patient enhancement in living. Goals set and achieved must have consensual value that cannot be captured by traditional cost-benefit analysis in preventive or curative healthcare economic methodology. Cognitive rehabilitation as a family of interventions has little to no chance of being evaluated as efficacious using traditional treatment designs, using traditional neuropsychological measures as dependent variables, and involving research designs with crossover, sham or placebo conditions.
The Assessment of Executive Functioning Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hennessy Maria J. , Geffen Gina , Pauley Gerard , Cutmore Tim
Published: October 2005

The assessment of executive functioning 1 month following a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is minimal, inconsistent and difficult to integrate. Four executive processes of checking, inhibition, sharing and integrating were examined using an empirically derived assessment protocol based on executive process delineation (Baddeley & Della Sala, 1998). This protocol was administered to individuals at 1 month post-MTBI (n= 22), and a group of orthopaedic controls (n= 15) matched for age, sex, years of education and occupational status. Contrary to expectations, only one significant difference between the two groups occurred on the dual-task Telephone Search while Counting (p< .006), which was considered a measure of the executive process of sharing. Methodological limitations such as a small and heterogeneous sample may have influenced the findings in this study. The results provide support for the utility of a theoretically driven approach to executive functioning to aid the integration of neuropsychological results, and highlight the need for carefully controlled research at 1 month following a MTBI to further delineate the recovery process.
Verbal Recall After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Sensitivity of the Rapid Screen of Concussion
Authors: Kwapil Karleigh Jayne , Geffen Gina , McFarland Ken , DeMonte Veronica Eileen
Published: October 2005

The present study aimed to determine whether including a sensitive test of immediate and delayed recall would improve the diagnostic validity of the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC) in mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) versus orthopaedic clinical samples. Two studies were undertaken. In Study 1, the performance of 156 mTBI and 145 orthopaedic participants was analysed to identify the number of individuals who performed at ceiling on the verbal memory subtest of the RSC, as this test required immediate and delayed recall of only five words. A second aim was to determine the sensitivity and specificity levels of the RSC. Study 2 aimed to examine whether replacement of the verbal memory subtest with the 12-word Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) could improve the sensitivity of the RSC in a new sample of 26 mTBI and 30 orthopaedic participants. Both studies showed that orthopaedic participants outperformed mTBI participants on each of the selected measures. Study 1 showed that 14% of mTBI participants performed at ceiling on the immediate and 21.2% on delayed recall test. Performance on the original battery yielded a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 80% and overall correct classification of 81.5% participants. In Study 2, inclusion of the HVLT improved sensitivity to a level of 88.5%, decreased specificity to a level of 70% and resulted in an overall classification rate of 80%. It was concluded that although inclusion of the five-word subtest in the RSC can successfully distinguish concussed from non-concussed individuals, use of the HVLT in this protocol yields a more sensitive measure of subtle cognitive deficits following mTBI.
Community Integration Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Outcomes and Best Practice
Authors: Sloan Sue , Winkler Dianne , Callaway Libby
Published: October 2005

Community integration is often cited as the ultimate aim of rehabilitation. However, outcome studies show that following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), many people do not return to valued life roles or reach previous levels of integration within their community. More recent research, in association with extensive clinical experience, reveals significant variability in outcomes within this group. Although some people return to productive activity and maintain a network of family and friends, others lead lives characterised by boredom and loneliness. This paper has two aims. The first is to examine TBI community integration outcome literature and selected theoretical models. The second is to describe a Community Approach to Participation (CAP), an individualised and collaborative model of community-based practice, which endeavours to address the poor outcomes identified following TBI. The CAP will be illustrated in the detailed case study of Sarah.
Professional Claims, Uncertainty and the Politics of Care: Impact on Referral and Equitable Care in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Foster Michele
Published: October 2005

Rising healthcare expenditure and more explicit rationing of healthcare resources is a central feature of healthcare systems globally. In Australia, reform efforts have targeted the high cost areas such as the public hospital system. This has increased the demands on professionals to reduce length of stay and complicated post-hospital referral of people with complex and severe injury. In the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI), pressures on existing rehabilitation resources and a changing healthcare environment, with greater emphasis on efficiency and evidence-based practice, confront professionals' efforts to provide equitable care. In this paper, some of the key issues important in understanding patterns of referral in TBI are presented. It is argued that referral decisions exemplify a negotiation of professional claims and value judgements that not only conceal the uncertainty in decision-making, but also more notably, reflect the lack of attention to equity in the broader politics of care. Case studies are used to illustrate these issues and to discuss the implications for equitable care in the contemporary healthcare environment in Australia. The paper concludes by outlining the challenges and opportunities in applying evidence-based decision-making in TBI and some future directions for attaining more equitable patterns of referral.
Age Differences in Negative Priming, Episodic Memory and Frontal Lobe Tasks: A Single Inhibitory Deficit?
Authors: Gamboz Nadia , Russo Riccardo
Published: October 2005

The present investigation aimed to assess whether a generalised inhibitory breakdown (Hasher & Zacks, 1988) can account for the well-documented age-related episodic memory deficits. It was argued that, according to whether significant correlations were found among all or between some of the measures of episodic memory and of inhibition included in the present investigation, it would be possible to assume that either a general or a specific, for instance, frontal lobe dependent inhibitory deficit (Dempster, 1992), was responsible for age-related memory deficit. At an empirical level, results from this investigation complement the large number of studies indicating an episodic memory deficit and an early deterioration of frontal lobes in the elderly. At a theoretical level, however, the failure to find age-related differences in the negative priming task challenges the hypothesis that cognitive ageing is due to a generalised inhibitory deficit. Furthermore, the failures to find significant correlations among performance on different tasks assumed to reflect the operation of inhibition processes support the hypothesis for the existence of multiple dissociable inhibitory processes (e.g., Kramer, Humphrey, Larish, Logan, and Strayer, 1994).
A Reexamination of Source Monitoring Deficits in the Elderly: Evidence for Independent Age Deficits of Item and Source Memory
Authors: Tree J.J. , Perfect T.J.
Published: October 2005

Within the experimental literature there is substantial evidence of larger age-related deficits in retrieving source information relative to item-based information. However, this evidence is potentially subject to methodological criticism given that several studies have argued for the presence of source-monitoring deficits by examining source memory contingent on correct recall of item information but not the reverse. In order to address this potential shortcoming our study examines recall of both item information contingent on correct source judgement and source-based information contingent on correct recall of item information. We demonstrate that when this novel type of analysis is conducted, there are age deficits for both source and item information, and no evidence of a selectively greater source-monitoring deficit in the elderly. The results are discussed with reference to two overarching theoretical positions concerning age-related deficits in memory performance.
The Effects of Task Complexity and Practice on Dual-Task Interference in Visuospatial Working Memory
Authors: Murray Stephen J. , McFarland Ken , Geffen Gina
Published: October 2005

Although the n-back task has been widely applied to neuroimagery investigations of working memory (WM), the role of practice effects on behavioural performance of this task has not yet been investigated. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of task complexity and familiarity on the n-back task. Seventy-seven participants (39 male, 38 female) completed a visuospatial n-back task four times, twice in two testing sessions separated by a week. Participants were required to remember either the first, second or third (n-back) most recent letter positions in a continuous sequence and to indicate whether the current item matched or did not match the remembered position. A control task, with no working memory requirements required participants to match to a predetermined stimulus position. In both testing sessions, reaction time (RT) and error rate increased with increasing WM load. An exponential slope for RTs in the first session indicated dual-task interference at the 3-back level. However, a linear slope in the second session indicated a reduction of dual-task interference. Attenuation of interference in the second session suggested a reduction in executive demands of the task with practice. This suggested that practice effects occur within the n-back task and need to be controlled for in future neuroimagery research using the task.
Effects of Methylphenidate on Attention Skills in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Lajoie Genevieve , Anderson Vicki , Anderson Peter , Tucker Alan R. , Robertson Ian H. , Manly Tom
Published: October 2005

This study aimed to investigate the effects of methylphenidate on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The study employed a conceptual framework of attention, consistent with contemporary theory, and including the following components: sustained attention, selective attention, divided attention, shifting attention, and speed of information processing. Fifteen children (12 boys and 3 girls) of normal intelligence, with a diagnosis of ADHD according to the DSM-IV criteria, and ranging in age from 8 to 11 years participated in the study. Children's attentional abilities were evaluated using the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch: Manly, Roberston, Anderson, & Nimmo-Smith, 1999). A double-blind counterbalanced repeated-measures design approach was employed to tap on–off medication effects, and deviations from normal. Results showed that comparisons between on–off medication conditions generally detected few differences with respect to sustained and selective attention measures and simple processing speed. In contrast, for higher-level attention domains, including shifting and divided attention, children on medication demonstrated a speed–accuracy trade-off, exhibiting greater accuracy, but slower completion times. When data from the ADHD group were compared to controls a consistent pattern emerged, with children with ADHD in the medication condition being more accurate across all attention domains on all measures. While these children also tended to record slower completion times, group differences and effect sizes were of smaller magnitude. The findings of this study suggest a possible speed–accuracy trade-off effect for children with ADHD on medication.
Children, Brain Injury and the Resiliency Model of Family Adaptation
Authors: Spina Sylvana , Ziviani Jenny , Nixon James
Published: October 2005

The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation is a theoretical framework used in this article to understand how families adapt when their child has had a traumatic injury. This article describes the Resiliency Model in relation to the findings of studies on families where a child has sustained a brain injury. Identifying the factors impacting on the family and the adaptation process they experience provides valuable insight and information for the provision of family-centred services.
Are You Crying or Laughing? Emotion Recognition Deficits After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: McDonald Skye
Published: October 2005

To date there has been little research concerning the neuropsychological mechanisms of emotion perception deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI), although such deficits are well documented. This paper considers two major issues. First, are emotion-processing deficits found regardless of the media of presentation? In a recent study examining this issue, adults with severe TBI were found to have particular problems identifying emotions from conversational tone, as well as difficulties when presented with still photographs and audiovisual dynamic displays (videoed vignettes). They were relatively normal when asked to classify emotions on the basis of moving visual displays without sound. This may reflect the fact that the parietal cortices, important for processing movement, are relatively unscathed in TBI. The second issue concerns whether emotion recognition is facilitated by empathic emotional responses and whether these are diminished in people with TBI. Evidence is presented for a relation between subjective reports of diminished emotional experience and emotion recognition accuracy. Finally, preliminary data suggests that people with TBI may fail to have empathic reactions when asked to passively view emotional expressions.
Book Reviews
Authors: Crosta Suzanne , Fallon Jean M. , Forsdick Charles , Gemie Sharif , Orlando Valérie , Saïdi Redouan
Published: October 2005

Mapping A Tradition: Francophone Women's Writing from Guadeloupe, MHRA Texts and Dissertations, vol. 48, Sam Haigh (2000) Leeds: Maney for MHRA, 234 pp.. [Reviewed by Suzanne Crosta]

In Search of Shelter: Subjectivity and Spaces of Loss in the Fiction of Paule
Constant, Margot Miller (2003) Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 175 pp., $65.00. [Reviewed by Jean M. Fallon]

French Civilization and Its Discontents: Nationalism, Colonialism, Race, Tyler Stovall and Georges van den Abbeele (eds), (2003) Lanham, MD; Boulder, CO;
New York and Oxford: Lexington Books, ix + 374 pp.. [Reviewed by Charles Forsdick]

Simone Weil on Colonialism: An Ethic of the Other, Simone Weil (edited and translated by J.P. Little), (2003) Lanham, MD; Boulder, CO; New York and Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, x + 241 pp..
[Reviewed by Charles Forsdick]

Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France, Tony Chafer and Amanda Sackur (2002) Houndsmill: Palgrave, 248 pp.. [Reviewed by Sharif Gemie]

Forms of Protest: Anti-Colonialism and Avant-Gardes in Africa, the
Caribbean, and France, Phyllis Taoua (2004) London: Heinemann, 277 pp.. [Reviewed by Valérie Orlando]

Pour une littérature de l'impossible: Rachid Mimoun, Robert Elbaz (2003) Paris: Publisud, Collection Espaces méditerranéens, 143 pp.. [Reviewed
by Redouan Saïdi]

Tanger ou la derive litteraire: Essai sur la colonisation littéraire d'un lieu, Marie-Haude Caraës and Jean Fernandez (2003) Paris: Publisud, Collection Espaces méditerranéens, 130 pp.. [Reviewed by Redouan Saïdi]
Sartre and black Africa: cross-cultural issues
Authors: Yillah Dauda
Published: October 2005

This article reconsiders, against the backdrop of postcolonial theoretical and critical debate, Sartre's treatment of the black African theme in a number of polemical essays he wrote between the late 1940s and the early 1960s. As that period saw the dislocation of France's black African
empire and the emergence in its place of a politically independent continent, the article seeks to identify the ways in which Sartre, known for his searing indictment of colonial exploitation, responded to issues of difference across the continental divide. It considers in particular whether
such a cross-cultural response occurring as it did in the context of decolonization and its immediate aftermath, can be described as being invariably a function of changing relations between France and black Africa. The issues raised are these: What forms does Sartre's anti-colonialism take?
What philosophical and ideological convictions shape it? Is the attitude entirely disruptive of colonial modes of relating to difference? If not, what are its aporias, its ambiguities and paradoxes?
The war against terrorism: the Spanish experience from ETA to al-Qaeda
Authors: Woodworth Paddy
Published: October 2005

The use of state terrorism by the 1982–86 PSOE administration undermined Spanish democracy and fostered support for ETA. Efforts to cover up this dirty war scandal, and to manipulate it for short-term political gain, compounded the damage. However, the investigation of the GAL
death squads by the judiciary and media indicates growing democratic maturity. The PP's very different counter-terrorism strategy has left an ambiguous legacy: legitimate police action has critically weakened ETA, but Aznar's hostility to Basque nationalism in general has left the region more
politically polarized than ever. His instrumentalization of the 9/11 attacks to gain international support against ETA led him to support the invasion of Iraq, but paradoxically caused him to underestimate the growing domestic danger of Islamic terrorism. The new PSOE administration has been
slow to reform the intelligence services and take other measures necessary to counter this threat. The government and the PP have played a blame game about the March 11 bombings, to the detriment of a clear democratic strategy against radical Islamism. Dirty war tactics have no place in the
‘international war on terrorism’. When democracy breaks its best rules to fight terrorism, democracy loses and terrorism makes gains.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wright Sarah , Longhurst Alex , McFall Ann , Margaras Vasilis
Published: October 2005

Spanish Culture and Society. The Essential Glossary, Barry Jordan (ed.) (2002) London: Arnold, xix + 255 pp., ISBN 0-340-76341-8 (Hardback), 0-340-76342-6 (Paperback)

The Internationalization of the Spanish Economy, William Chislett (2002) Madrid: Real
Instituto Elcano, www.realinstitutoelcano.org, 203 pp.

Spanish Direct Investment in Latin America: Challenges and Opportunities, William Chislett (2003) Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano, www.realinstitutoelcano.org, 241 pp

Exploring the Spanish Language, Christopher
J. Pountain (2003) London: Hodder Arnold, xiv + 312 pp., ISBN 0-340-71946-X (Paperback)

Contemporary Spanish Politics, José M. Magone (2004) London: Routledge, xviii + 227 pp., ISBN 0-415-30336-2 (Paperback)
Introduction of innovations in the industrial structure of a developing region: The case of the Porto Alegre Technopole ‘HomeBrokers’ Project
Authors: Lahorgue Maria Alice , Cunha Neila da
Published: October 2005

This paper focuses on the ‘HomeBrokers’ project developed by the Porto Alegre Technopole in Brazil. This project operated from May 1998 to December 1999 in a pilot phase. Its service addressed the socio-economic significance of small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs),
which largely thrive on traditional technologies, and the need to promote the innovation culture among such enterprises. A major challenge in this respect has been bridging the traditional gap between the researchers/academics and the small- and medium-size entrepreneurs. In developing countries
like Brazil, creating a good environment for innovation to occur across the economic spectrum and for a robust and sustainable industrial base to emerge would call for policy provision aimed at fostering the transformation of traditional sector activities, especially the SMEs, by enabling
them to interact with and learn from high-technology-based enterprises. This is important as SMEs contribute significantly to regional employment.
The university–industry relationship in Brazil: trends and implications for university management
Authors: Meneghel Stela , Mello Debora Luz , Gomes Erasmo J. , Brisolla Sandra N.
Published: October 2005

Over the past few years, new demands have been made on universities in Brazil to review, inter alia, the roles they play in scientific and technological production systems, in teaching, and in qualifying people for professional work. In this new environment, there has been a growing
recognition of the need for a greater connection of the university system with the productive sector. This article, based on a survey of the relevant literature and analyses of interviews made with educators from three well-known Brazilian teaching and research institutions, seeks to identify
the characteristics of interactions between universities and the productive sector and the tendencies underlying the university–industry relationship in Brazil. The results obtained show that Brazilian universities and research centres are strongly involved in the processes of seeking
partners in the productive sector. They also suggest the need for a policy to reduce conflicts that emerge from interactions between universities and firms in the productive sector.
Networks of innovation in biotechnology: The Brazilian experience
Authors: Guedes Tereza M. Mariscano
Published: October 2005

This paper examines the extent to which government initiatives in Brazil have been successful in promoting innovative activities in biotechnology both in academia and industry, and also in setting the foundation for the development of the Brazilian Biotechnology Innovation Network (BBINet). The federal government’s role in carrying out these tasks is, however, shown to have been somewhat ambivalent. On the one hand, the government appears to have been reluctant and even wanting in its pursuit of science and technology policy. This is mainly reflected in the instability of government funding for innovation, which is claimed to have contributed to the weakness of the innovation network. In addition, policy has not been operating as a system geared to maximizing the benefits of synergy and the release of Brazil's innovative potential. On the other hand, government policies have been crucial for the emergence and growth of the BBINet. The existence of some programmes and some ‘islands of efficiency’ show that it is possible to establish efficient networks of innovation. Given this evident potential and recent changes in the perception of Brazil's innovation potential in government and academic circles, there are grounds for hope. Realization of this hope is, however, contingent upon the provision of policy stability in lieu of the institutional ‘roller-coaster’ that has been at the heart of Brazil's science policy. It would also depend on the extent of the scope for exploiting synergies between different policy domains that affect innovation.
Democratic breakdown and transitions to democracy in Portugal
Authors: Hersvik Jarle , Larsen Stein Ugelvik
Published: October 2005

This article has very modest aspirations: We will utilize elementary game theory in two versions in order to illuminate how this type of thinking may make more explicit the analysis of two of Portugal's most important political events in modern times: the breakdown of democracy in 1926
and the transition to democracy in 1974. The first process we will also link to one type of framework – ‘funnel of causality’ ’ as a means of organizing the theoretical understanding of the process. As the reader will understand, we thus pay special attention to pedagogical
instruction and analytical clarity, rather than an extensive empirical test and methodological sophistication. In order to give the analysis a comparative relevance, we shall use concepts of modern breakdown and transition theory when commenting on the decisions made by the main actors.
Editorial
Authors: Garner Ken
Published: October 2005

This concluding number of the first volume of The Radio Journal features, as promised, two major new articles from notable figures who have been most influential in our international community of radio scholars for many years: Peter Lewis, our Associate Editor; and Manuel Chaparro
Escudero, of the University of Malaga and our International Advisory Board.
Opening and closing doors: radio drama in the BBC
Authors: Lewis Peter
Published: October 2005

Radio drama has long been a cornerstone of the BBC's public service broadcasting (PSB) remit. Its current state of health might therefore be regarded as an indicator of the BBC's commitment to PSB values in today's ‘convergence environment’. This article compares radio drama
production and the commissioning process in the late 1980s with contemporary practice, drawing on a participant observation study reported in Scannell's Broadcast Talk and on recent research. The introduction of new technology in production and management has affected creative practice,
but a more significant influence has been a changed management culture and the radical restructuring it has overseen.
Bare-knuckled broadcasting: enlisting manly respectability and racial paternalism in the battle against chain stores, chain stations, and the Federal Radio Commission on Louisiana's KWKH, 1924–33
Authors: Vaillant Derek
Published: October 2005

Between 1924 and 1933 William Kennon Henderson, a clear-channel Shreveport, Louisiana broadcaster, ‘abused’ radio to defend its regional autonomy. Defying principles of the ‘American System’ of commercial network broadcasting, Henderson charged chain and network broadcasters, chain retailers, and the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), the regulatory body overseeing broadcasting, with impinging on local control of the airwaves and of everyday life itself. Henderson's neo-populist critique operated synergistically by interspersing combative political commentaries with cultural programmes that championed white Southern paternalism, manly respectability, and conventional gender and racial modes of social organization. Henderson's ‘abuse’ of the market-friendly cult of respectability heard elsewhere on the dial won supporters across the country and generated consternation in the United States Senate, among corporate retailers, and within the FRC. This essay argues that the Depression exacerbated regional tensions such that the KWKH airwaves readily became a self-reflexive space for debates over modernity and embodiments of economic, social, and cultural power.
Iboga's Travel: questions raised by shamanic experience as a project of artistic exploration
Authors: Laval-Jeantet Marion
Published: October 2005

Iboga's Travel is the title of a global project which was conceived after a Gabonese initiation into ‘Bwiti’. The Bwiti is one of the few secret shamanic practices forced to open itself to the outside world by the disappearance of the Equatorial forest. Its traditions remain
alive in Gabon, but it has to adapt to the changes brought by cultural globalization. The Bwiti is a rite in which the sacred and revealing plant called ‘iboga’ plays a central role. It leads to visions supposed to widen the power of consciousness. Iboga's Travel can be analysed
both in its political and spiritual dimensions. What questions the current globalization process is the author's very unusual presence in the Bwiti, and also when she obtained access to their traditional knowledge. This globalization has contradictory aspects, since it endangers the forest-based
healing and initiation traditions on the one hand, and opens it up to the outside world on the other. This experience turned out to be a lot more than the political act that it was in the beginning. It showed us another way of comprehending our world. Making art about it was the author's own
way of documenting this experience.
A post-digital universe
Authors: Punt Michael
Published: October 2005

The underlying claim of this essay is that we live in a multiverse, that is a universe of many universes that occupy the same space and time, not as an exotic excursion into the realms of science fiction, but as an everyday necessity that affects our social and economic interchange. Faced with such instability, the convenient way that this was managed was through an arbitrary division of labour that assigned the rational to the ‘real’ and the irrational to the ‘imagined’. Recent speculation in cosmology and the science of consciousness studies has obliged us to reconsider the concept of reality as an ‘absolute given’ from which all laws can be verified. In string theory in particular, the dispute now hinges on the existence of ten or eleven dimensions in rippling membranes that discharge energy at the point of contact. In consciousness studies, similar models have appeared in order to embrace what might be understood as an apparent moment of enchantment essential to turn consciousness into awareness. The inevitable realization in scientific circles that the reality of the imagined has as an equivalent epistemological significance to the reality of the material, raises fascinating questions as it invites a sceptical reconsideration of the essential basis of knowledge and a revision of procedures. While the radical shift in scientific thought provides the moment of profound satisfaction for those artists, designers and scientists who have long argued for a transdisciplinary world-view, it also provides a moment of great challenge as we begin to consider how knowledge might be extended, codified and distributed in a multiverse, and begin to reflect on the relationships between text and world when any given world is only defined by the temporary consensus dependent on an arbitrary episteme.
Communicating vessels: The 'pataphysical exceptions of reflexive architecture
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: October 2005

Since the mid Nineties the impact of virtual technology has rapidly changed the architectural profession. This change has altered even the most mundane normative practice. Also it has drastically altered the nature of the architectural avant-garde. Its direction has progressed from
the affected nihilism of the ‘deconstructive’ era of the eighties to paradigms of responsiveness. The basic premise of this work is that objects and events can be made to respond to the specifics of sites, the evolutionary emergent imperative, users and viewers, manufacturing processes
and virtual tectonics. This notion gives rise to six fundamental paradigms that responsive architecture with any virtual component must deal with. The impact of virtuality and advanced remote sensing devices should lead architects to reassess Surrealist and Pataphysical concepts of space.
There are many similarities between these modes of creativity and the way an architect might perceive, interact and make connections between their architecture and the myriad machinic and natural ecologies that constitute the sites of our contemporary architecture.
DVD Review
Authors: Pepperell Robert
Published: October 2005

Takahiko iimura Seeing/Hearing/Speaking
ISBN 4-901181-06-8, $200, Multimedia DVD distributed by Heure Exquise! (E-mail: exquise@nornet.fr)
Materia poetica: models of corporeality and onto-poetic pata-physics of the post-mechanical age
Authors: Jaros Milan
Published: October 2005

In the course of the twentieth century natural sciences became an integral part not only of the industrial production but also of the semiotics of audio-visual and literary cultures. In the absence of legitimating traditions the techno-scientific models and relations appear to be a readily available habitual source of creative dynamics. Yet this domination contains a paradox. The application of analogy in, for example, visual culture does not work the same way as in mathematics. In the latter when a relation between two points is known it is always possible to assign to a third point its counterpart exactly. In the former it is only the potentiality of the fourth point that analogy can offer. To make the analogy work an onto-poetic step is needed. Repeated applications of such steps detach the model from the original source. The model re-emerges as pata-physics, in its new re-coded art form and territory of application. Models of, for example, atoms, rainbows, meteors, automatons, radiation, entropy, quantum effects, astro-catastrophic singularity, fractals, etc. find their way into literature and arts. This results in new divisions of space and time that in turn determine the shape of archetypal icons through which contemporary meanings are communicated and actualized.
An alternative expression for counting the number of close-packed polytypes
Authors: Estevez-Rams Ernesto , Azanza Ricardo Cristy , Aragón Fernández Beatriz
Published: October 2005

Alternative formulas are given to compute the number of crystallographically nonequivalent monoatomic close packed polytypes of length N: Γ(N). A formula giving the number of sequence, Ω(N), of length N which complies with the neutrality condition (#1 – #0 = 0 mod 3) is deduced. The asymptotic behavior of both Γ(N) and Ω(N) are given.
Calculation of the BO3 triangle to BO4 (PO4) tetrahedron ratio for borates and borophosphates based on the O bond numbers in the anion complexes
Authors: Parthé Erwin
Published: October 2005

An equation is derived to calculate the BO3 triangle to BO4 (PO4) tetrahedron ratios in the anion complexes of borates and borophosphates from the fractions of O atoms with 1, 2, 3 and 4 single bonds to central atoms, respectively. The validity of this formula is verified on a great number of examples including hydrous and anhydrous phases and also high-pressure modifications. The equation can serve to check the agreement between structural features and reported composition of borate or borophosphate. The fractions of the different O atoms needed for the calculation are accessible from lists of interatomic distances. But for 250 borates with only half-shared O atoms and/or OH groups — a quarter of the known borates — the fractions of O atoms with one and two bonds to central atoms can be read from the chemical formula and the triangle-to-tetrahedron ratio thus be calculated directly in simple fashion.
Polymorphs of 2,3-diphenyl maleic acid anhydride and 2,3-diphenyl maleic imide: Synthesis, crystal structures, lattice energies and fluorescence
Authors: Meents Alke , Kutzke Hartmut , Jones Matthew J. , Wickleder Claudia , Klapper Helmut
Published: October 2005

2,3-Diphenyl maleic acid anhydride (DPMA), (C6H5)2C4O3, is a “historical” compound for which polymorphism, crystal morphology and fluorescence were first reported by Drugman in 1912. For 2,3-diphenyl maleic imide (DPMI), (C6H5)2C4O2NH, crystallographic data have not been reported previously. In this work the polymorphs of DPMA have been crystallised from various solvents, from the supercooled melt and from the vapour phase. Small single crystals of the stable, orthorhombic α-phase (m.p. = 156 °C, ρ = 1.334 g/cm3) and of the metastable, monoclinic β-phase (m.p. = 146 °C, ρ = 1.350 g/cm3) were obtained, as described by Drugman. In addition, a fine powder of a previously unknown second metastable phase γ(m.p. = 149 °C) was crystallised. For DPMI, a stable, triclinic α-phase (m.p. = 216 °C, ρ = 1.307 g/cm3) and a metastable, monoclinic β-phase (m.p. = 212 °C, ρ = 1.296 g/cm3) were observed. The structures of the α- and β-polymorphs of DPMA and DPMI were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Space groups are Pbca for α-DPMA, P21/c for β-DPMA, P-1 for α-DPMI and C2/c for β-DPMI. In both DPMA polymorphs van der Waals interactions dominate. In both phases of DPMI, pairs of molecules form centrosymmetric dimers via H—N…O hydrogen bonds. Between the dimers significant van der Waals interactions exist. Lattice energy calculations based upon the Dreiding force-field using individual molecules as the building blocks for the crystal lattice yield reasonable energy values for DPMI. For DPMA, however, the calculated lattice energy is significantly higher for the stable phase than for the metastable phase. This observation correlates with the observed violation of the density rule for polymorphs, with ρ
α < ρ
β, and is discussed here in terms of the different conformational energies of the molecules. The results of fluorescence and Raman spectroscopic measurements on the α- and β-polymorphs of both DPMA and DPMI are reported.
Synthesis, crystal structure and electrochemical behaviour of water soluble Schiff bases
Authors: Tatar Leyla , Nazır Hasan , Gümüşer Mine , Kale Cansen , Atakol Orhan
Published: October 2005

Four water soluble Schiff bases were prepared from the reaction of salicylaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphtaldehyde with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-dihydroxy propane and 2-amino-2-methoxy-1,3-dihydroxy propane. Two of the Schiff bases were characterized using elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition cyclic voltammetric studies were performed. The Schiff bases C11H5NO4 (II) and C15H17NO3 (III) crystalize in monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell dimensions a = 10.499(2), b = 8.725(2), c = 12.635(10) Å, β = 101.649(11); a = 14.579(8), b = 9.834(13), c = 9.542(5) Å, β = 107.559(5) respectively.
Structure determination without Fourier inversion. Part I. Unique results for centrosymmetric examples
Authors: Fischer Karl F. , Kirfel Armin , Zimmermann Helmuth
Published: October 2005

A concept is presented for determining a one-dimensional structure ofmindependent point scatterers by mapping into anm-dimensional spacePmat leastmobservations as (m– 1)-dimensional so-called “isosurfaces” defined bys(h) ·g(h) org(h) alone, wheres(h) andg(h) are sign and modulus, respectively, of the geometrical structure factor. Values ofg(h) are derived from the observed |F(h)|. The “solution vector(s)”, (x1, …,xm), representing the coordinatesxjof the point scatterers is (are) found from the “common” intersection(s) ofn≥mdifferent isosurfaces. Homometric and quasi-homometric structures can thus safely be detected from multiple solutions, the latter mainly arising from the experimental uncertainties of theg(h). Spatial resolution is by far higher than that offered by a corresponding Fourier transform. Computer time can be drastically reduced upon consideration of both the symmetry ofPmand the anti-symmetry and self-similarity properties of the isosurfaces, which allow for tayloring of the intersection search routines and/or applying linear approximations. The basic principles of the method are illustrated by various two- and three-atom structure examples and discussed in view of the application potential to real structure problems.
On sphere packings of arbitrarily low density
Authors: Fischer Werner
Published: October 2005

The search for a least dense packing of spheres (circles) makes sense only under suitable restrictions because otherwise sphere packings of arbitrarily low density may be constructed. An effective restriction is that all spheres have to be symmetrically equivalent. It has been tried to weaken this condition such that the spheres (circles) have only to be equal in size as well as in their number of contacts. It turned out, however, that even then series of packings may be derived within which the density approaches zero. Examples for such series are presented.
Surface relaxations at mineral surfaces
Authors: Lee William T. , Salje Ekhard K. H. , Bismayer Ulrich
Published: October 2005

A surface relaxation is a topology preserving distortion of a crystal surface. Investigations of simple models with harmonic interactions between planes of atoms, and simulations of the surface structure of crystals show that the distortion of the crystal structure at the surface is not restricted to the layers immediately adjacent to the surface, but instead the magnitude of the distortion decays exponentially with distance from the surface. Thus relaxations can mediate short range interactions between surfaces, destabilising symmetrical growth morphologies in favour of platelet morphologies. The relaxations that occur when a twin wall intersects a surface are also of interest since twin walls are sites of fast diffusion, high reactivity and novel properties. The surface structure of twin walls are affected by surface relaxations of the order parameter and by the coupling of secondary strains to the order parameter.