bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic Antiepileptics and Seizure Incidence Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Panczykowski David , Pease Matthew , Zhao Yin , Weiner Gregory , Ares William , Crago Elizabeth , Jankowitz Brian , Ducruet Andrew F.
Published: June 2016

Background and Purpose—

The utility of prophylactic antiepileptic drug (AED) administration after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage remains controversial. AEDs have not clearly been associated with a reduction in seizure incidence and have been associated with both neurological worsening and delayed functional recovery in this setting.

Methods—

We retrospectively analyzed a prospectively collected database of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients admitted to our institution between 2005 and 2010. Between 2005 and 2007, all patients received prophylactic AEDs upon admission. After 2007, no patients received prophylactic AEDs or had AEDs immediately discontinued if initiated at an outside hospital. A propensity score–matched analysis was then performed to compare the development of clinical and electrographic seizures in these 2 populations.

Results—

Three hundred and fifty three patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage were analyzed, 43% of whom were treated with prophylactic AEDs upon admission. Overall, 10% of patients suffered clinical and electrographic seizures, most frequently occurring within 24 hours of ictus (47%). The incidence of seizures did not vary significantly based on the use of prophylactic AEDs (11 versus 8%;
P
=0.33). Propensity score–matched analyses suggest that patients receiving prophylactic AEDs had a similar likelihood of suffering seizures as those who did not (
P
=0.49).

Conclusions—

Propensity score–matched analysis suggests that prophylactic AEDs do not significantly reduce the risk of seizure occurrence in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Greedy Hypervolume Subset Selection in Low Dimensions
Authors: Guerreiro Andreia P. , Fonseca Carlos M. , Paquete Luís
Published: June 2016

Given a nondominated point set [Formula: see text] of size [Formula: see text] and a suitable reference point [Formula: see text], the Hypervolume Subset Selection Problem (HSSP) consists of finding a subset of size [Formula: see text] that maximizes the hypervolume indicator. It arises in connection with multiobjective selection and archiving strategies, as well as Pareto-front approximation postprocessing for visualization and/or interaction with a decision maker. Efficient algorithms to solve the HSSP are available only for the 2-dimensional case, achieving a time complexity of [Formula: see text]. In contrast, the best upper bound available for [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]. Since the hypervolume indicator is a monotone submodular function, the HSSP can be approximated to a factor of [Formula: see text] using a greedy strategy. In this article, greedy [Formula: see text]-time algorithms for the HSSP in 2 and 3 dimensions are proposed, matching the complexity of current exact algorithms for the 2-dimensional case, and considerably improving upon recent complexity results for this approximation problem.
Some new and known species of Hatschekia Poche, 1902 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Hatschekiidae) parasitic on the branchial lamellae of Japanese actinopterygian fishes belonging to Perciformes (2)
Authors: Izawa Kunihiko
Published: June 2016

Twelve species ofHatschekiaPoche, 1902 are (re-)described based on specimens recovered from the branchial lamellae of Japanese actinopterygian fishes belonging to Perciformes. They areH. aigoisp. nov.,H. aulacocephalisIzawa, 2016,H. cepolaeYamaguti, 1939,H. crenataHewitt, 1969,H. gymnocraniisp. nov.,H. iniisticolasp. nov.,H. japonicaJones, 1985,H. leptoscariYamaguti, 1939,H. novaculopsisp. nov.,H. rhombocephalissp. nov.,H. rotundigenitalisYamaguti, 1939, andH. thyrsitoidesisp. nov., in addition toH. priacanthisnom. nov. (= H. jonesiIzawa, 2016a).
Effect of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection on immune enzyme activity and ultrastructure in the haemolymph tissue of Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Astacidea)
Authors: Ning J. J. , Zhang M. M. , Tong Q. Q. , Cao X. , Wang D. L. , Zhao Y. L.
Published: June 2016

To explore the pathogenic mechanism of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), we analysed activities of the three immune-related enzymes PO, SOD and LSZ in haemolymph tissue ofC. quadricarinatusbefore and after infection, and simultaneously studied the ultrastructural pathology. The results show that WSSV infection affects activities of the three enzymes. After 6-24 h of WSSV infection, the activities of PO, SOD and LSZ increased, but decreased significantly during longer infection times. The enzyme activities in WSSV-infected crayfish were significantly lower than those in controls at 72 h, except for LSZ (). Interestingly, the activities of PO, SOD and LSZ in the group treated with immune-polysaccharides before challenge with WSSV were higher than in the directly infected group, and the immune protection rate reached 51.9%, suggesting that the polysaccharides could improve enzyme activities and enhance antiviral defences of the organism. Ultrastructural pathological changes showed damaged haemolymph tissue, deformed golgiosomes, fuzzy damage in the mitochondrial structures, and nuclear membrane deformation and fracture. High levels of heterochromatin appeared in the nucleus; organoid and chromatin dissolved in dying blood cells, cytoplasm appeared oedematous and cells dissolved. WSSV particles were visible in blood cell nuclei of infected crayfish.
Growth patterns and population dynamics of the kelp crab Pugettia vulgaris (Decapoda, Brachyura, Epialtidae) on the coast of Sagami Bay, Japan
Authors: Ohtsuchi Naoya , Kawamura Tomohiko , Hayakawa Jun , Kurogi Hiroaki , Watanabe Yoshiro
Published: June 2016

Investigating the possibility of diverse patterns in habitat use of spider crabs requires to distinguish the growth phase of each sampled individual. In this study, ontogenetic stages (OS) were set on the basis of the different combinations of several secondary sexual characteristics, and used to describe the population dynamics of a small species kelp crab,Pugettia vulgarisOhtsuchi, Kawamura & Takeda, 2014. Morphometric analysis, together with an estimation of the size at 50% maturity, confirmed that each OS is a statistically independent group in both sexes, and that this species reaches Stage III (fully grown stage at terminal anecdysis) at around 4-5 mm CW in both sexes. Monthly quantitative sampling during two years, which was carried out in 11 different subtidal habitats (<0.1-8 m deep), revealed thatP. vulgarispreferred lower subtidal (2-8 m deep) red algal turfs with physically complex structures as their habitat, and will stay there throughout their entire post-settlement life history. The densities ofP. vulgarisrapidly increased during summer to late autumn due to the successive recruitments of juveniles, and the highest mean density (315 ± 72 ind./m2) was recorded at lower subtidal gelidiacean turfs (Rhodophyta, Gelidiaceae) in September 2009. Females were ovigerous at >4.28 mm CW, during spring to autumn. Stage III individuals died out by autumn. Thus, the longevity ofP. vulgarisis estimated to be approximately one year. Although the CW class frequency composition did not differ clearly, the OS frequency composition differed among populations in three algal turfs, suggesting settlement selectivity, and a different mortality among these different populations.
A new secondary ecotope for talitrids: driftwood in the Bay of Fundy
Authors: Wildish David J. , Robinson Shawn M. C.
Published: June 2016

Platorchestia platensis(Amphipoda, Talitridae) was previously known ecologically as a wrack generalist, but here we describe a secondary driftwood ecotope for this species. The trophic dependence of driftwood-acclimatedP. platensison rotting wood was confirmed by successfully culturing it within driftwood, without further addition of food. The stranded driftwood in whichP. platensiswas found contained gribble burrows (round and of 0.6 to 5 mm diameter). We hypothesize thatP. platensisused the empty gribble burrows for interspecific squatting (to gain initial entry to driftwood and for shelter). We found eleven driftwood depositories in a 230 km length of shoreline in Passamaquoddy Bay. The commonest driftwood was of spruce and eastern white cedar. The small marsh at Hartley Cove contained a driftwood depository, where the new driftwood ecotope was discovered. This site was studied temporally to understand how wind and tidal forces might affect import and export of driftwood.
Description of Mesocriconema ericaceum n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) and notes on other nematode species discovered in an ericaceous heath bald community in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Authors: Powers Thomas O. , Mullin Peter , Higgins Rebecca , Harris Timothy , Powers Kirsten S.
Published: June 2016

A new species of Mesocriconema and a unique assemblage of plant-parasitic nematodes was discovered in a heath bald atop Brushy Mountain in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Mesocriconema ericaceum n. sp., a species with males, superficially resembles M. xenoplax. DNA barcoding with the mitochondrial COI gene provided evidence of the new species as a distinct lineage. SEM revealed significant variability in arrangement of labial submedian lobes, plates, and anterior and posterior annuli. Three other nematodes in the family Criconematidae were characterised from the heath bald. Ogma seymouri, when analysed by statistical parsimony, established connections with isolates from north-eastern Atlantic coastal and north-western Pacific coastal wet forests. Criconema loofi has a southern Gulf Coast distribution associated with boggy soils. Criconema cf. acriculum is known from northern coastal forests of California. Understanding linkages between these species and their distribution may lead to the broader development of a terrestrial soil nematode biogeography.
Unity of the Persianate World under Turko-Mongolian Domination and Divergent Development of Imperial Autocracies in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: June 2016

The promotion of the Persianate normative model of imperial kingship was the major ecumenical contribution of the Persian bureaucrats who served the Saljuq and Mongol rulers of Iran and Anatolia in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries to state-building. The phenomenal growth of popular Sufism in Timurid Iran and early Ottoman Anatolia had a highly paradoxical impact on the legitimacy of kingship, making its conception increasingly autocratic. Both in the Ottoman and the Safavid successor empires, the disintegrative tendency of nomadic patrimonial empires was countered by variants of Persianate imperial monarchy. It is argued that the decisive event in sundering the ecumenical unity of the Persianate world was not the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, but the Mahdist revolution of the Safavidsheykhoghlu, Shah Esmāʿil, half a century later. The parting of ways stemmed from the variant of mystically enhanced autocracy adopted in the two cases—one with orthodox, Sunni, and the other with heterodox, Shiʿite inflection. The latter model became the Safavid model of autocracy under Shah Esmāʿil, and was quickly adopted by the Timurids after their conquest of India in 1526.
Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni’s Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān
Authors: Gould Rebecca
Published: June 2016

This article examines how the Persian prison poem (habsiyāt) incorporated Islamic legal norms for governing non-Muslim peoples into its poetics. By tracing how Khāqāni of Shirvān (d. 1199) brought the aesthetics of incarceration to bear on Islamic legal regulations pertaining to non-Muslim communities (ahl al-zemma), I offer a new perspective on the politics of poetry in Persian culture. As I delineate the intertextual references to legal stipulations (shorut) pertaining to non-Muslims that suffuse Khāqāni’s Christianqasida, I demonstrate how the Persian poetics of incarceration coalesced into a powerful internal critique of Islamic law.
A new Eunotia (Bacillariophyta: Eunotiales) species from Karst formations of southern China
Authors: KOCIOLEK J.P. , YOU Q-M. , STEPANEK J. , LOWE R.L. , WANG Q-X.
Published: June 2016

We describe a new diatom species of the genus Eunotia from a karst pond in Maolan Town, a karst area in Moalan Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, China, using light and scanning electron microscopy. The species is similar to Eunotia sudetica, differing in size and shape of the valves. Externally, the new species has striae contained in shallow, irregularly-shaped channels and individual areolae have narrow openings due to the presence of rimmed occlusions. A large external opening of the rimportula occurs at one end of each valve. Internally, the new species has alveoli covering the areolae, the alveoli are partial in some specimens, present only in the middle of the valve while they extend from the dorsal margin to the ventral margin in other specimens. This species has a large rimportula and pseudosepta. In addition to the differences in extent of the alveoli, specimens differ in that some are proportionately wider than others, in the narrower valves small spines are consistently present as well as a few, shortened striae on the dorsal margin. We compare this new species with others in the genus based on its morphological features, and note similar internal alveoli in a species assigned to the genus Fragilariforma.
Nomenclatural notes on Eugenia section Phyllocalyx (Myrtaceae)
Authors: BÜNGER MARIANA DE OLIVEIRA , MAZINE FIORELLA FERNANDA , STEHMANN JOÃO RENATO
Published: June 2016

Eugenia Linnaeus (1753: 470) is a widespread tropical genus with about 385 species in Brazil (Govaerts et al. 2014, Sobral et al. 2016), most of which grow in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest biome (Oliveira-Filho & Fontes 2000). This richness, allied to the fact that some species are known from a single historical collection, perhaps a specimen with only fruits or only flowers, results at times in considerable taxonomic uncertainty, making it difficult to identify specimens with any level of confidence (Landrum & Kawasaki 1997: 509).
The genus Prestonia (Apocynaceae) in Colombia
Authors: MORALES J. FRANCISCO , LIEDE-SCHUMANN SIGRID
Published: June 2016

A treatment of Prestonia in Colombia is presented, including a key to the 25 species, descriptions, distribution data, and selected specimens examined. Prestonia megagros is reported for the country for first time, and conversely, P. surinamensis is excluded. Prestonia antioquiana is newly described and ilustrated. A lectotype is designated for Echites megagros.
A new species of Bertolonia (Melastomataceae) from southern Bahia, Brazil
Authors: BACCI LUCAS F. , AMORIM ANDRÉ M. , MICHELANGELI FABIÁN A. , GOLDENBERG RENATO
Published: June 2016

We describe and illustrate Bertolonia hirsutissima, a new species from the state of Bahia in Brazil. It has been collected only three times in one locality in the municipality of Wenceslau Guimarães. The new species can be recognized by the combination of bullate/foveolate leaf surfaces, hirsute petioles (these also with sessile and stalked glands), long sepals with crenulate-denticulate and long ciliate margins, and anthers lacking appendages and dehiscing through an extrorse apical pore.
A new species of Hirtella (Chrysobalanaceae), and redescription of a closely related taxon, from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Authors: CAMARGO ASPRINO RENATA , AMORIM ANDRÉ MÁRCIO
Published: June 2016

Hirtella prancei, a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, is described, illustrated and its morphological affinities with other species are discussed. The new species differs from the closely related H. hebeclada and H. santosii mainly by its indumentum on young branches and inflorescences, leaves that are usually larger with a bullate surface and greater number of secondary veins, and by its longer stipules and inflorescences. Hirtella prancei is only known from wet forests in southern Bahia State, Brazil. A more detailed morphological description and new data on distribution and habitat are also provided for H. santosii, which was based on an analysis of additional specimens.
Triumfetta acahuizotlanensis (Malvaceae), a new tree species endemic of Guerrero, Mexico
Authors: JIMÉNEZ-RAMÍREZ JAIME , GONZÁLEZ-MARTÍNEZ CÉSAR ADRIÁN , RIOS-CARRASCO SANDRA
Published: June 2016

Triumfetta acahuizotlanensis is herein described and illustrated as a new species from the state of Guerrero, Mexico. The new taxon can be identified by the presence of tetramerous flowers, four glands in the androgynophore and piriform fruit.
A new species of Calea (Asteraceae—Neurolaeneae) from Goiás State, Brazil
Authors: LIMA DA SILVA GUSTAVO HENRIQUE , BRINGEL JR. JOÃO BERNARDO DE AZEVEDO , TELES ARISTÔNIO MAGALHÃES
Published: June 2016

A new species of Calea sect. Monanthocalea (Neurolaeneae, Asteraceae) is here described as C. aldamoides, an endemic species from Goiás State, Brazil. This new species is recognized by the petiolate lanceolate leaves with suprabasal acrodromous venation, and by the terminal radiate capitula. It is closely related to C. abbreviata and C. multiplinervia, and differs from both mainly by the size and margins of the leaves, and the number of the ray florets; it also differs from C. multiplinervia by the size of the pappus scales. Illustrations, comments, distribution map, and conservation status are provided for the new species. Additionally, a diagnostic key to the Brazilian’s Central-West species of C. sect. Monanthocalea is provided.
Improved Retrieval of Cloud Liquid Water from CloudSat and MODIS
Authors: Leinonen Jussi , Lebsock Matthew D. , Stephens Graeme L. , Suzuki Kentaroh
Published: June 2016

A revised version of the CloudSat–MODIS cloud liquid water retrieval algorithm is presented. The new algorithm, which combines measurements of radar reflectivity and cloud optical depth, addresses issues discovered in the current CloudSat–MODIS cloud water content (CWC) product. This current product is shown to be underconstrained by observations and to be too dependent on prior information incorporated into the Bayesian optimal-estimation algorithm. The most significant change made to the algorithm in this study was decreasing the number of independent variables to allow the observations to constrain the retrieved values better. The retrieval was also reformulated for improved compliance with the mathematical assumptions of the optimal-estimation algorithm. To validate the accuracy of the revised algorithm, the path-integrated attenuation (PIA) of the CloudSat radar signal was computed from the algorithm results. These modeled values were compared with independent measurements of the PIA that were obtained using a surface reference technique. This comparison shows that the cloud liquid water retrieved by the algorithm is close to being unbiased. The revised algorithm was also found to be an improvement over the current CloudSat CWC product and, to a lesser degree, the MODIS-derived cloud liquid water path.
A New Theory for Downslope Windstorms and Trapped Mountain Waves
Authors: Lott François
Published: June 2016

Linear mountain gravity waves forced by a nonlinear surface boundary condition are derived for a background wind that is null at the surface and increases smoothly to reach a constant value aloft and for a constant buoyancy frequency. In this configuration, the mountain waves have a critical level just below the surface that is dynamically controlled by the surface and minimum Richardson number J. When the flow is very stable , and when the depth over which dissipations act is smaller than the mountain height, this critical-level dynamics easily produces large downslope winds and foehns. The downslope winds are more intense when the stability increases and much less pronounced when it decreases (when J goes below 1). In contrast, the trapped lee waves are very small when the flow is very stable, start to appear when , and can become pure trapped waves (e.g., not decaying downstream) when the flow is unstable (for ). For the trapped waves, these results are explained by the fact that the critical level absorbs the gravity waves downstream of the ridge when , while absorption decreases when J approaches 0.25. Pure trapped lee waves follow that when the absorption can become null in the nondissipative limit. In the background-flow profiles analyzed, the pure trapped lee waves also correspond to neutral modes of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The validity of the linear approximation used is tested a posteriori by evaluating the relative amplitude of the neglected nonlinear terms.
Aerodynamic and Radiative Controls on the Snow Surface Temperature
Authors: Pomeroy J. W. , Essery R. L. H. , Helgason W. D.
Published: June 2016

The snow surface temperature (SST) is essential for estimating longwave radiation fluxes from snow. SST can be diagnosed using finescale multilayer snow physics models that track changes in snow properties and internal energy; however, these models are heavily parameterized, have high predictive uncertainty, and require continuous simulation to estimate prognostic state variables. Here, a relatively simple model to estimate SST that is not reliant on prognostic state variables is proposed. The model assumes that the snow surface is poorly connected thermally to the underlying snowpack and largely transparent for most of the shortwave radiation spectrum, such that a snow surface energy balance among only sensible heat, latent heat, longwave radiation, and near-infrared radiation is possible and is called the radiative psychrometric model (RPM). The RPM SST is sensitive to air temperature, humidity, ventilation, and longwave irradiance and is secondarily affected by absorption of near-infrared radiation at the snow surface that was higher where atmospheric deposition of particulates was more likely to be higher. The model was implemented with neutral stability, an implicit windless exchange coefficient, and constant shortwave absorption factors and aerodynamic roughness lengths. It was evaluated against radiative SST measurements from the Canadian Prairies and Rocky Mountains, French Alps, and Bolivian Andes. With optimized and global shortwave absorption and aerodynamic roughness length parameters, the model is shown to accurately predict SST under a wide range of conditions, providing superior predictions when compared to air temperature, dewpoint, or ice bulb calculation approaches.
Modulation of Tropical Instability Wave Intensity by Equatorial Kelvin Waves
Authors: Holmes R. M. , Thomas L. N.
Published: June 2016

Tropical instability waves (TIWs) and equatorial Kelvin waves are dominant sources of intraseasonal variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and both play important roles in the heat and momentum budgets of the large-scale flow. While individually they have been well studied, little is known about how these two features interact, although satellite observations suggest that TIW propagation speed and amplitude are modulated by Kelvin waves. Here, the influence of Kelvin waves on TIW kinetic energy (TIWKE) is examined using an ensemble set of 1/4° ocean model simulations of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The results suggest that TIWKE can be significantly modified by 60-day Kelvin waves. To leading order, TIWs derive kinetic energy from the meridional shear and available potential energy of the background zonal currents, while losing TIWKE to friction and the radiation of waves. The passage of Kelvin waves disrupts this balance. Downwelling (upwelling) Kelvin waves induce decay (growth) in TIWKE through modifications to the background currents and the TIWs’ Reynolds stresses. These modulations in TIWKE affect eddy heat fluxes and the downward radiation of waves, with implications for the variability of SST and the energetics of abyssal flows in the eastern equatorial Pacific.
An Evaluation of the Parallel Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Method in Revealing the Role of Downscaling Processes Associated with African Easterly Waves in Tropical Cyclone Genesis
Authors: Wu Yuling , Shen Bo-Wen
Published: June 2016

In this study the parallel ensemble empirical mode decomposition (PEEMD) is applied for an analysis of 10-yr (2004–13) ERA-Interim global reanalysis data in order to explore the role of downscaling processes associated with African easterly waves (AEWs) in tropical cyclone (TC) genesis. The focus of the study was aimed at understanding the downscaling process in multiscale flows during storm intensification. To represent the various length scales of atmospheric systems, intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) were extracted from the reanalysis data using the PEEMD. It was found that the nonoscillatory trend mode can be used to represent large-scale environmental flow and that the third oscillatory mode (IMF3) can be used to represent AEW/TC scale systems. The results 1) identified 42 developing cases from 272 AEWs, where 25 of them eventually developed into hurricanes; 2) indicated that the maximum for horizontal shear largely occurs over the ocean for the IMF3 and over land near the coast for the trend mode for developing cases, suggesting shear transfer between the trend mode and the IMF3; 3) displayed opposite wind shear tendencies for the trend mode and the IMF3 during storm intensification, signifying that the downscaling process was active in 13 hurricane cases along their tracks; and 4) showed that among the 42 developing cases, only 13 of the 25 hurricanes were found to have significant downscaling transfer features, so other processes such as upscaling processes may play an important role in the other developing cases, especially for the remaining 12 hurricane cases. In a future study, the authors intend to investigate the upscaling process between the convection scale and AEWs/TCs, which requires data at a finer grid resolution.
Hurricane Irene Sensitivity to Stratified Coastal Ocean Cooling
Authors: Seroka Greg , Miles Travis , Xu Yi , Kohut Josh , Schofield Oscar , Glenn Scott
Published: June 2016

Cold wakes left behind by tropical cyclones (TCs) have been documented since the 1940s. Many questions remain, however, regarding the details of the processes creating these cold wakes and their in-storm feedbacks onto tropical cyclone intensity. This largely reflects a paucity of measurements within the ocean, especially during storms. Moreover, the bulk of TC research efforts have investigated deep ocean processes—where tropical cyclones spend the vast majority of their lifetimes—and very little attention has been paid to coastal ocean processes despite their critical importance to shoreline populations. Using Hurricane Irene (2011) as a case study, the impact of the cooling of a stratified coastal ocean on storm intensity, size, and structure is quantified. Significant ahead-of-eye-center cooling (at least 6°C) of the Mid-Atlantic Bight occurred as a result of coastal baroclinic processes, and operational satellite SST products and existing coupled ocean–atmosphere hurricane models did not capture this cooling. Irene’s sensitivity to the cooling is tested, and its intensity is found to be most sensitive to the cooling over all other tested WRF parameters. Further, including the cooling in atmospheric modeling mitigated the high storm intensity bias in predictions. Finally, it is shown that this cooling—not track, wind shear, or dry air intrusion—was the key missing contribution in modeling Irene’s rapid decay prior to New Jersey landfall. Rapid and significant intensity changes just before landfall can have substantial implications on storm impacts—wind damage, storm surge, and inland flooding—and thus, coastal ocean processes must be resolved in future hurricane models.
A Comparison of ASOS Near-Surface Winds and WSR-88D-Derived Wind Speed Profiles Measured in Landfalling Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Krupar Richard J. , Schroeder John L. , Smith Douglas A. , Kang Song-Lak , Lorsolo Sylvie
Published: June 2016

A set of velocity–azimuth display (VAD) wind speed profiles derived from coastal Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) systems was paired with Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) 10-m standardized mean and nonstandardized gust wind speeds measured within 10 km of nearby WSR-88Ds. The goal was to formulate an appropriate methodology and empirical relationships to estimate overland near-surface wind conditions in landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) using VAD tropical cyclone boundary layer (TCBL) lower-tropospheric wind measurements. A total of 17 TCs and seven ASOS/WSR-88D sites were used to construct a unique comparative dataset. Four estimation methods including the log and power laws, mean and gust wind speed ratio (WSR) methods, and curve fitting with linear regression and polynomial fits were evaluated. Results from the evaluation show that WSR-88D site-specific linear regression equations using a VAD 0–200-m layer average wind speed and nonzero intercepts provided the most accurate predictions of the ASOS 10-m standardized mean wind speed. Results also show that a non-site-specific linear regression model using a VAD 0–500-m mean boundary layer (MBL) wind speed and nonzero intercept is 1.07% more accurate than using a single-gust WSR to predict ASOS 10-m nonstandardized gust wind speeds. Only 2.15% of the ASOS 10-m nonstandardized maximum 3-s gust wind speeds were found to exceed the VAD 0–500-m MBL wind speed, indicating that the VAD 0–500-m MBL wind speed represents a viable source of momentum available for transport to the surface in the form of a gust.
Cooperating without Co-laboring
Authors: Young-Hyman Trevor
Published: June 2016

I examine how different distributions of ownership and governance rights in firms affect the optimal organization of cross-functional project teams for knowledge-intensive work. I analyze multi-method data from two competing automated manufacturing equipment engineering firms with contrasting formal power structures, one a worker cooperative with ownership and governance rights distributed across occupations and the other a conventional firm with ownership and governance rights concentrated in the hands of several senior workers in one occupational group. Contrary to prior research, my findings suggest that when collective tasks are uncertain and complex, the benefits of cross-functional interactions depend on organizations’ formal power structure: cross-functional interactions improve teams’ productivity in the context of concentrated ownership and governance rights but not when ownership and governance rights are widely distributed among workers. Fieldwork at the two firms revealed three mechanisms by which dispersed formal power decreases the productivity benefits of cross-functional interaction: it reduces status distinctions among team members, increasing the labor hours required to resolve conflicts; boosts participation in oversight and coordination processes outside teams so that workers have more access to information and less need for cross-functional interactions; and increases the distribution of knowledge-management technology, which increases workers’ autonomy and reduces the value of cross-functional interactions.
Double Disadvantage
Authors: Durand Jorge , Massey Douglas S. , Pren Karen A.
Published: June 2016

From 1988 to 2008, the United States’ undocumented population grew from 2 million to 12 million persons. It has since stabilized at around 11 million, a majority of whom are Mexican. As of this writing, some 60 percent of all Mexican immigrants in the United States are in the country illegally. This article analyzes the effect of being undocumented on sector of employment and wages earned in the United States. We show that illegal migrants are disproportionately channeled into the secondary labor market, where they experience a double disadvantage, earning systematically lower wages by virtue of working in the secondary sector and receiving an additional economic penalty because they are undocumented. Mexican immigrants, in particular, experienced a substantial decline in real wages between 1970 and 2010 attributable to their rising share of undocumented migrants in U.S. labor markets during a time when undocumented hiring was criminalized.
The Precarious Position of Latino Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Durand Jorge , Pren Karen A.
Published: June 2016

A majority of Mexican and Central Americans living in the United States today are undocumented or living in a marginal, temporary legal status. This article is a comparative analysis of how Mexican and non-Mexican Latino immigrants fare in the U.S. labor market. We show that despite higher levels of human capital and a higher class background among non-Mexican migrants, neither they nor Mexican migrants have fared very well in the United States. Over the past four decades, the real value of their wages has fallen across the board, and both Mexican and non-Mexican migrant workers experience wage penalties because they are in liminal legal categories. With Latinos now composing 17 percent of the U.S. population and 25 percent of births, the precariousness of their labor market position should be a great concern among those attending to the nation’s future.
The Effects of Legal Status on Employment and Health Outcomes among Low-Skilled Chinese Immigrants in New York City
Authors: Liang Zai , Zhou Bo
Published: June 2016

Using a 2004 survey done in New York City’s Chinese community, we explore the extent to which legal status affects immigrants’ labor market performance and health status. We focus on five issues related to legal status of immigrants: wages, weekly working hours, employment location, self-rated health, and health care utilization. Our results show that undocumented immigrants are more likely to work for exceptionally long hours and are less likely to see a doctor when they get sick. However, we also find that current legal status does not have a significant effect on current health status. This work contributes to a growing literature on how legal status is linked to labor market and health consequences.
Different but the Same
Authors: Donato Katharine M. , Carrico Amanda R. , Sisk Blake , Piya Bhumika
Published: June 2016

This article builds on prior studies that document how legal status stratifies society, specifically in outcomes related to international migration. Here, we study such outcomes in Bangladesh, a low-lying nation that has experienced dramatic environmental changes in recent decades and high rates of out-migration. We do event history analyses of a new and unique dataset that includes information from approximately eighteen hundred households in nine villages to investigate whether and how legal status differentiates out-migration from Bangladesh. We find substantial variation in legal status among the women and men who make an initial international trip and that unauthorized migration affects other labor market and economic outcomes: it reduces the number of hours that migrants work in destination countries, lowers the odds that migrants pay taxes or open a bank account, and increases the odds that migrants use social contacts to find jobs.
Twenty-First-Century Globalization and Illegal Migration
Authors: Donato Katharine M. , Massey Douglas S.
Published: June 2016

Also labeled undocumented, irregular, and unauthorized migration, illegal migration places immigrants in tenuous legal circumstances with limited rights and protections. We argue that illegal migration emerged as a structural feature of the second era of capitalist globalization, which emerged in the late twentieth century and was characterized by international market integration. Unlike the first era of capitalist globalization (1800 to 1929), the second era sees countries limiting and controlling international migration and creating a global economy in which all markets are globalized except for labor and human capital, giving rise to the relatively new phenomenon of illegal migration. Yet despite rampant inequalities in wealth and income between nations, only 3.1 percent of all people lived outside their country of birth in 2010. We expect this to change: threat evasion is replacing opportunity seeking as a motivation for international migration because of climate change and rising levels of civil violence in the world’s poorer nations. The potential for illegal migration is thus greater now than in the past, and more nations will be forced to grapple with growing populations in liminal legal statuses.
Reinforcing the State
Authors: Amengual Matthew , Chirot Laura
Published: June 2016

Research on global programs to regulate labor standards has emphasized interactions between transnational and state regulatory institutions. If transnational initiatives can make state institutions more relevant, they have the potential to reinforce, rather than displace, state labor regulation. Through a study of the Indonesia-based program of a leading initiative to improve working conditions in the garment industry, Better Work, this article identifies the conditions under which transnational regulations reinforce domestic ones. Drawing on two case studies comparing regulations governing fixed-term contracts and minimum wage renegotiations in four Indonesian districts, the authors find that reinforcement is likely when two conditions jointly occur: unions mobilize to activate state institutions, and transnational regulators have support to resolve ambiguities in formal rules in ways that require firms to engage with constraining institutions. The authors further test the findings through a quantitative analysis of factory participation in state-supervised wage renegotiations. The findings reveal opportunities and constraints to designing global programs that can both improve factory-level standards and support the functioning of state labor market institutions.
Do Gatekeeping Schemes Influence Health Care Utilization Behavior Among Patients With Different Educational Background? An Analysis of 13 European Countries
Authors: Schulz Maike
Published: June 2016

Gatekeeping has been introduced to regulate health care demand and to decrease existing educational inequalities in specialist utilization. This article aims to test whether these policy intentions are met effectively. By pooling two waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), this study performs a cross-country comparison of the impact of two different types of gatekeeping—obligatory referral and skip-and-pay schemes—on absolute and relative general practitioner and specialist utilization levels as well as their moderating effect on inequalities in health care utilization according to education. Results imply that skip-and-pay gatekeeping schemes are not successful in decreasing specialist use and, moreover, aggravate inequalities in health care use, according to education. These findings question the role of choice in health care and call for instruments other than gatekeeping to make health care more efficient and to buffer existing educational inequalities in health care use.
Social work practitioners in post-conflict Northern Ireland: Lessons from a critical ethnography
Authors: Moore Melinda Williams
Published: June 2016

This article presents candid lessons learned by an ‘outsider’ conducting qualitative research in Northern Ireland over a 15-month period. Former combatant women ( N = 14) with the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) were interviewed using a critical ethnography framework. The findings include a description of difficulties in conducting such research in the areas of accessing hard-to-reach samples, building trust and credibility over time, having a main gatekeeper, maintaining an apolitical position, modeling non-judgmental attitudes, and at all costs safeguarding confidentiality. These lessons resonated with the core tenets of social work practice which enabled and facilitated the conduct of this study.
Spatial and Temporal Brain Responses to Noxious Heat Thermal Stimuli in Burning Mouth Syndrome
Authors: Shinozaki T. , Imamura Y. , Kohashi R. , Dezawa K. , Nakaya Y. , Sato Y. , Watanabe K. , Morimoto Y. , Shizukuishi T. , Abe O. , Haji T. , Tabei K. , Taira M.
Published: June 2016

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an idiopathic orofacial pain condition. Although the pathophysiology of BMS is not clearly understood, central and peripheral neuropathic mechanisms are thought to be involved. The authors compared brain response to noxious heat stimuli in 16 right-handed women with primary BMS and 15 sex- and age-matched right-handed healthy female controls. A thermal stimulus sequence of 32 °C to 40 °C to 32 °C to 49 °C was repeated 4 times in a cycle. Warm and noxious heat stimuli were delivered with a Peltier thermode placed on the right palm or right lower lip for 32 s each in a session. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained by recording echoplanar images with a block design. Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 software was used to analyze the data. Patients and controls both reported feeling more pain during palm stimulation than during lip stimulation. Repetition of noxious heat stimulus on the lower lip but not on the palm induced habituation in brain activity in the cingulate cortex without reduction in pain perception. Multiple regression analysis revealed a correlation between perceived pain intensity and suppression of brain activity in the anterior cingulate cortex when the repeated thermal sequence was applied at the lower lip. Furthermore, the response of the parahippocampal area differed in BMS patients and controls when the same repeated thermal sequence was applied at the palm. The authors’ findings indicate that BMS patients show specific brain responses due to impaired function of the central and peripheral nervous systems (clinical trial registration: UMIN000015002).
Towards a Figurational History of Leicester Sociology, 1954–1982
Authors: Kaspersen Lars Bo , Mulvad Andreas Møller
Published: June 2016

This article applies Norbert Elias’s ‘processual-relational approach’ to an empirical case: the influential Leicester Department of Sociology between 1954 and 1982. Based on 42 qualitative interviews and extensive archival materials, we identify two phases: the early phase of cohesion is characterised by a strong sense of purpose and a growing influence on British sociology. The second phase is characterised by social and intellectual fragmentation. In explaining this reversal, we argue that a critical juncture of youth rebellion around 1968 provided the portents of an anti-authoritarian civilisational trend, which increasingly put strains on the established power nexus: the autocratic leadership model embodied by the department’s inspirational leader, Ilya Neustadt.
“Darles el lugar”: A Place for Nondominant Family Knowing in Educational Equity
Authors: Barajas-López Filiberto , Ishimaru Ann M.
Published: June 2016

Educational researchers, leadership, and policymakers have had the privileged voices and place from which to theorize and address educational inequities. But for some exceptions, nondominant families have been relegated to participation in school-centric “parent involvement” activities. Drawing from a participatory design-based research study using standpoint and critical race theory, our findings suggest key convergences between the lived experiences and insights of nondominant parents and recent educational equity scholarship, while revealing untapped expertise, knowledge, and capacity for addressing inequity. We argue that holding a “place” for the complex understandings of nondominant families can open expansive possibilities for transforming educational systems toward racial equity.
The possibilities and limits of political contestation in times of ‘urban austerity’
Authors: Fuller Crispian , West Karen
Published: June 2016

This paper seeks to provide a conceptual framework in which to examine the social practices of contemporary austerity programmes in urban areas, including how these relate to different conceptions of crisis. Of current theoretical interest is the apparent ease with which these austerity measures have been accepted by urban governing agents. In order to advance these understandings we follow the recent post-structuralist discourse theory ‘logics’ approach of Glynos and Howarth (2007), focusing on the relationship between hegemony, political and social logics, and the subject whose identificatory practices are key to understanding the form, nature and stability of discursive settlements. In such thinking it is not only the formation of discourses and the mobilisation of rhetoric that are of interest, but also the manner in which the subjects of austerity identify with these. Through such an approach we examine the case of the regeneration/economic development and planning policy area in the city government of Birmingham (UK). In conclusion, we argue that the logics approach is a useful framework through which to examine how austerity has been uncontested in a city government, and the dynamics of acquiescence in relation to broader hegemonic discursive formations.
Children as Saviors? A Propensity Score Analysis of the Impact of Teenage Motherhood on Personal Transformation
Authors: Zito Rena Cornell
Published: June 2016

Teenage mothers often report immense personal benefits of children, claiming that motherhood reordered their priorities, provided a sense of purpose, and prevented a worse fate, yet the potentially beneficial impacts of early motherhood receive little empirical attention. This study employs propensity score analysis using nearest neighbor matching to assess the causal effect of teenage motherhood on personal transformation (i.e., self-worth, life satisfaction, and orientation toward risk, the future, and relationships) using first- and third-wave National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data from 7,563 female respondents. The study finds that teenage mothers are more risk averse than similarly situated non-mothers. Contrary to qualitative narratives, though, adolescent mothers express lower global life satisfaction than their counterparts and do not differ from them in self-worth, future orientation, or relationship orientation. Excepting risk aversion, these results imply that accounts of transformation may be less about realized transformation than projecting competent identities that counter stigma.
Impact of Minimally Invasive Multilevel Surgery on Mild/Moderate OSA
Authors: Salapatas Anna M. , Bonzelaar Lauren B. , Hwang Michelle S. , Goyal Vinay , Bakhsheshian Joshua , Ellenberg Elie C. , Friedman Michael
Published: June 2016

Objective

To assess 10‐year data on subjective and objective improvements in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after single‐stage multilevel minimally invasive surgery.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary academic center.

Subjects and Methods

A chart review was conducted of 601 patients diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA who were treated with single‐stage multilevel minimally invasive surgery from January 2005 to January 2015. Patients were treated with a combination of procedures that included various nasal procedures, palatal stiffening, and radiofrequency tongue base reduction. Demographics and objective and subjective parameters were collected; all patients were included who had a mean of 6 months of follow‐up data available. Pre‐ and postoperative values were compared.

Results

A total of 601 patients were included in this study (67.0% male; age, 38.2 ± 9.4 years; mean body mass index, 27.4 ± 4.1 kg/m2). Mean apnea‐hypopnea index decreased significantly from 19.8 ± 5.9 events per hour preoperatively to 12.7 ± 7.6 events per hour postoperatively (P <. 0001), with a 45.9% rate of “surgical success.” Mean daytime sleepiness decreased significantly from 12.1 ± 4.8 to 6.8 ± 2.9 (P <. 001) per the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Mean snoring intensity showed a significant decrease from 8.8 ± 0.8 to 4.0 ± 2.1 (P <. 001).

Conclusion

Ten‐year experience shows that treatment with single‐stage multilevel minimally invasive surgery decreases objective and subjective measures in selected patients with mild to moderate OSA. Although not curative, this technique helps to control symptoms in a population of patients who refused CPAP.