bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KEWENANGAN PEMBERIAN IZIN PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN TANAH (IPPT) DI KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR
Authors: Riyanto Agus , Handayani I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this article are : (1) to investigate the implementation of licensing authority on the land use change from agricultural land to the non- agricultural one in Karanganyar Regency, of Central Java Province from 2013 – 2015 and (2) to investigate and analyze  the reasons behind the inabilities of the local government of Karanganyar Regencyin the implementation of its licensing authority on land use change.This research used the non-doctrinal evaluative research method, i.e. the empirical studies to effectiveness  claimed by Soerjono Soekanto. The result of research shows that the implementation  of licensing authority on land use change from the agricultural land to the non-agricultural until 2015 was have legal instruments, technical infrastructures and facilities, and human resources required to support the implementation of the aforementioned authority.

Keyword : Authority, Licencing, Land Use Change Permit, Agricultural Land, non- Agricultural land.
           

Abstrak
Tujuan dari artikelini adalah untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan kewenangan pemberian izin perubahan penggunaan tanah pertanian ke non  pertanian di  Kabupaten  Karanganyar, Propinsi   Jawa Tengah Tahun 2013 – 2015 dan untuk mengetahui serta menganalisis alasan-alasan yang menjadi  penyebab Pemerintah  Daerah  Kabupaten  Karanganyar  belum  mampu  melaksanakan  kewenangannyasendiri dalam pemberian Izin Perubahan Penggunaan Tanah (IPPT) tersebut. Jenis Penelitiannya adalah Non Doktrinal,yaitu  penelitian berupa studi-studi empiris  untuk menemukan teori-teori mengenai  proses terjadinya dan mengenai proses bekerjanya suatu  hukum di dalam masyarakat, dengan mengacu teori penelitian evaluatif. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pelaksanaan kewenangan pemberian Izin Perubahan Penggunaan Tanah (IPPT) dari Tanah Pertanian menjadi Tanah Non Pertanian sampai Akhir Tahun 2015  masih dilaksanakan oleh Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Karanganyar. Hal ini disebabkan karena Pemerintah Kabupaten Karanganyar belum mempunyai perangkat/instrumen hukum, sarana/prasarana teknis serta SDM (Sumber Daya Manusia) yang diperlukankan dalam mendukung pelaksanaan kewenangan dimaksud.

Kata Kunci : Kewenangan, Perizinan, Izin Perubahan Penggunaan Tanah, Tanah Pertanian, Tanah Non Pertanian.
PEMBATASAN CALON KEPALA DESA PADA PEMILIHAN KEPALA DESA ( PILKADES ) SERENTAK DALAM KONTEKS HAK ASASI MANUSIA
Authors: , Widada , Purwadi Hari , Asrori M. Hudi
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This articles examine about Restrictions on Head Village Candidate In The Head Village Election (Pilkades) Simultaneously in the Human Rights Context. This research was doctrinal law. Form of the study is exploratory. Analysis of data using qualitative analysis approach to law and case and using primary data source, secondary and tertiary.The technique of data collection using literature and observation to strengthen analysis qualitatively. Based on research carried out produced a conclusion that reason Restrictions on Head Village Candidate In The Head Village Election (Pilkades) Simultaneously was central government took aims to effective goal using by systemic of utilities. The villages chief candidates also citizens  which  given  protection of  his  political  rights  where  political  rights  can  only  limited by constitution. So restrictions village head candidate should not be applied because it law No. 6 of 2014 about village not directly contain restriction regulation village head candidates. The restriction of the village head candidate there is only on the implementation arrangements.

Key words : Restrictions village head candidate, Human rights, Head Village Election.
 
Abstrak
Artikel ini mengkaji tentang Pembatasan Calon Kepala Desa Pada Pemilihan Kepala Desa ( Pilkades ) Serentak Dalam Konteks Hak Asasi Manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum doktrinal
dan bentuk  penelitiannya eksploratif.  Pendekatan  yang  digunakan  adalah pendekatan  perundang  – undangan  dan  pendekatan  kasus  dengan menggunakan  sumber  data primer, sekunder  dan  tersier. Teknik Pengumpulan datanya menggunakan literatur dan observasi untuk memperkuat analisa secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan menghasilkan suatu kesimpulan bahwa alasan
pilkades.  Kedua  alasan tersebut  diambil  pemerintah  pusat  dengan  maksud untuk  mencapai tujuan yang efektif dengan menggunakan sarana – sarana yang sistemik sehingga kebijakan sentral dapat terlaksana. Calon kepala desa juga warga Negara yang diberi perlindungan terhadap hak politiknya dimana hak politik hanya dapat dibatasi dengan Undang – Undang saja. Jadi pembatasan calon kepala desa hendaknya tidak diberlakukan karena Undang – Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2016 tentang desa tidak secara langsung memuat aturan pembatasan calon kepala desa. Pembatasan calon kepala desa hanya ada pada aturan pelaksanannya.

Kata kunci : Pembatasan Calon Kepala Desa, Hak Asasi Manusia, Pemilihan   Kepala Desa.
MEKANISME PERAMPASAN ASET DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN NON-CONVICTION BASED ASSET FORFEITURE SEBAGAI UPAYA PENGEMBALIAN KERUGIAN NEGARA AKIBAT TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
Authors: , Sudarto , Purwadi Hari , , Hartriwiningsih
Published: August 2021

Abstrak
Artikel  ini  bertujuan  untuk mengetahui  mekanisme perampasan aset tanpa pemidanaan atau  Non-Conviction Based (NCB) Assets Forfeiture sebagai alternatif dalam upaya mengembalikan aset hasil tindak pidana korupsi sebagai jawaban permasalahan sulitnya melakukan perampasan harta kekayaan pelaku tindak pidana korupsi yang telah berpindah tangan, berubah wujud, atau disembunyikan. Artikel ini menggunakan penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan bahan primer yang bersifat otoritatif, berupa bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Artikel ini menjelaskan bahwa mekanisme perampasan aset  tanpa pemidanaan  dimasa  mendatang  dapat  diatur  dalam  undang-undang  perampasan  aset dengan mekanisme yang sesuai dengan ketentuan United Nations Convention Against Corruption, yang memungkinkan penerapan pembuktian terbalik oleh pelaku tindak pidana korupsi sejak tahap penyidikan demi terwujudnya prinsip follow the money dalam pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi.

Kata Kunci :   Perampasan Aset, NCB, Korupsi.
PEMAJUAN HAK ATAS KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI BAGI PEREMPUAN NARAPIDANA DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN KLAS IIA SRAGEN
Authors: Irawan Bambang , , Isharyanto , , Hartriwiningsih
Published: August 2021

Abstrak
Artikel  ini  bertujuan  untuk  menganalisis  tentang  pemajuan  hak  atas  kesehatan  reproduksi  bagi perempuan narapidana  di  Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA  Sragen.Narapidana adalah  seorang yang telah melakukan suatu perbuatan pidana yang sedang menjalani proses pidananya, walaupun telah melakukan suatu pelanggaran hukum narapidana juga mempunyai suatu hak asasi yang harus di lindungi oleh pemerintah. Akan tetapi pelaksanaan hak  terhadap Narapidanaperempuan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA  Sragenbelum terlaksana  dengan  baik dan optimal. Kesehatan reproduksi adalah bagian dari satu kebutuhan terhadap kesehatan yang merupakan hak dasar setiap individu baik laki-laki maupun perempuan.Perempuan di lembaga pemasyarakatan mempunyai resiko lebih besar di banding laki-laki untuk terkena penyakit organ reproduksi.Penelitian Hukum ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis  empiris,Penelitian ini  bersifat  deskriptif analisis yaitu penelitian yang  mendeskripsikan  suatu data kemudian menganalisa data yang di kumpulkan berdasarkan penemuan yang ada di lapangan. Hasil Penelitian ini adalah bahwa perempuan narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Sragen belum terpenuhi akan hak kesehatan reproduksi nya,terdapat faktor penghambat terhadap pemenuhan hak kesehatan reproduksi bagi narapidana perempuan di lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Sragen, antara lain: Anggaran belum memadai, SDM:kekurangan tenaga kesehatan missal nya dokter khusus kandungan ataupun bidan, belum ada ahli gizi dalam menentukan angka standar gizi, belum ada nya juru masak yang ahli di bidang memasak makanan, Sarana: fasilitas gedung yang belum layak untuk perempuan, ibu hamil dan menyusui.Pemajuan hak atas kesehatan reproduksi perempuan narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Sragenbelum terpenuhi dan masi mengalami berbagai kendala.

Kata Kunci : Kesehatan reproduksi, perempuan Narapidana, Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.
PENGAWASAN TERHADAP APARATUR LEMBAGA KEJAKSAAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA
Authors: Subroto Teguh , . Hartiwiningsih , , Supanto
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article aims to examine the oversight system of the apparatus of the prosecutor institution before Law No. 5 of 2014 on State Civil Apparatus as well as the implications of Law No. 5 of 2014 on
State Civil Apparatus on the authority of the prosecutor’s office in the field of supervision. Through normative legal research or doctrinal law research, the result shows that the system of supervision of the apparatus of the prosecutor institution before Law No. 5 of 2014 on State Civil Apparatus is based on the division of internal control as the control within the prosecutor’s and external
organizations as a control outside the prosecutor’s organization. Implemented by the Prosecutor Commission. With the enactment of Law Number 5 Year 2014 on the State Civil Apparatus (ASN)
which regulates the authority of the State Civil Service Commission (CASN), overlaps with the supervision of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia regulated in the Attorney General
Regulation No. PER- 022/A/JA/03/2011 on the Implementation of Oversight of the Attorney of the Republic of Indonesia. The authority of KASN will clash with the Deputy Attorney General for
Supervision in conducting inherent supervision and functional oversight.
Keywords: Attorney; Supervision; State Civil Apparatus.

Abstrak
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sistem pengawasan terhadap aparatur lembaga kejaksaan sebelum Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara serta implikasi
Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara terhadap kewenangan kejaksaan dalam bidang pengawasan.  Melalui penelitian hukum normatif atau penelitian hukum
doktrinal didapatkan hasil, bahwa sistem pengawasan terhadap aparatur lembaga kejaksaan sebelum  Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara didasarkan oleh
pembagian pengawasan internal sebagai kontrol di dalam organisasi kejaksaan dan eksternal sebagai kontrol di luar organisasi kejaksaan yang dilaksanakan Komisi Kejaksaan. Dengan
berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) yang mengatur kewenangan Komisi Aparatur Sipil Negara (KASN), menimbulkan tumpang tindih dengan penyelenggaraan pengawasan di lingkungan Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia yang diatur dalam Peraturan Jaksa Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor: PER-022/A/JA/03/2011 tentang Penyelenggaraan  Pengawasan  Kejaksaan  Republik  Indonesia.  Kewenangan  KASN  akan berbenturan dengan Jaksa Agung Muda Pengawasan dalam melaksanakan pengawasan melekat dan pengawasan fungsional.
Kata Kunci:   Jaksa; Pengawasan; Aparatur Sipil Negara.
POLITIK HUKUM DOKTRIN PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL PADA PENGELOLAAN PERSEROAN TERBATAS DI INDONESIA
Authors: Abdurrahman , , Pujiyono ,
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article aims to examine the legal politics of the doctrine of Piercing the Corporate Veil in the regulation of Limited Liability Companies in Indonesia. The problems discussed are related to how the legal politics of the Piercing the Corporate Veil doctrine in the management of Limited Liability Companies in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research with the nature of prescriptive research using a statute approach. The results of the study indicate  that the Piercing the Corporate Veil doctrine can eliminate the previously limited liability of the  Company’s organs to be unlimited if the Company’s organs are proven to have done an act that is detrimental to the Company or third parties.

Keywords: limited liability company; Responsibility of Company Organs; Piercing the Corporate Veil

Abstrak
Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji terkait politik hukum doktrin Piercing the Corporate Veil dalam peraturan Perseroan Terbatas di Indonesia. Permasalahan yang dibahas adalah terkait bagaimana politik hukum doktrin Piercing the Corporate Veil dalam pengelolaan Perseroan Terbatas di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan sifat penelitian preskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan statute approach. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa doktrin Piercing the Corporate Veil dapat menghapuskan pertanggungjawaban organ Perseroan yang sebelumnya terbatas menjadi tidak terbatas jika organ Perseroan terbukti melakukan perbuatan yang merugikan bagi Perseroan maupun pihak ketiga.

Kata kunci: Perseroan Terbatas; Pertanggungjawaban Organ Perseroan; Piercing the Corporate Veil
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM PENGURUS YAYASAN TERHADAP RUMAH SAKIT YANG DIKELOLA OLEH YAYASAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 44 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG RUMAH SAKIT
Authors: Reinan Mahastoro Hernindyo , Sudarwanto Albertus Sentot
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article aims to examine the legal issues to find out the liability of the foundation trustee  who manages a hospital. The research method uses non doctrinal research method or empirical research, which finding the secondary data at the beginning, later on proceeded to the primary data. Law Number 44 Year 2009 on Hospital emphasizes that explains that hospitals can be managed by a non-profit legal entity, Law Number 16 Year 2001 jo. Law Number 28 Year 2004
on Foundation emphasizes that foundation trustee is fully responsible for the management of the foundation for the interests and objectives of the foundation and has the right to represent the foundation both inside and outside the court. This study that the validity of hospital managed by foundation could be valid if referring to the Constitutional Court Decision Number: 38 / PUU-XI / 2013. It was found that Aria Sentra Medika Hospital is valid and the Fatmawati Foundation
Trustee is the party charged with liability for hospital management.
Keyword: Foundation; Foundation Trustee; Hospital; Validity; Liability

Abstrak
Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji isu hukum untuk mengetahui pertanggungjawaban pengurus  yayasan yang mengelola rumah sakit. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian non doktrinal atau penelitian Empiris, yaitu meneliti data sekunder pada awalnya, untuk kemudian dilanjutkan penelitian terhadap data primer di lapangan. Undang – Undang  Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 tentang Rumah Sakit menjelaskan bahwa rumah sakit dapat dikelola oleh
badan hukum nirlaba, Undang – Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2001 jo. Undang – Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2004 tentang Yayasan menegaskan bahwa pengurus yayasan bertanggung jawab penuh atas kepengurusan Yayasan untuk kepentingan dan tujuan yayasan serta berhak mewakili yayasan baik di dalam maupun di luar Pengadilan Hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa sahnya suatu rumah sakit yang dikelola oleh yayasan dapat dinyatakan sah jika merujuk pada Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor : 38/PUU-XI/2013. Pada hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa Rumah Sakit Aria Sentra Medika adalah sah dan pengurus Yayasan Fatmawati adalah pihak yang dibebankan pertanggungjawaban atas kepengelolaan rumah sakit.
Kata Kunci: Yayasan; Pengurus Yayasan; Keabsahan; Pertanggungjawaban
TARAF SINKRONISASI HORIZONTAL PENGATURAN IZIN USAHA PERTAMBANGAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 4 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PERTAMBANGAN MINERAL DAN BATUBARA DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 9 TAHUN 2015 TENTANG PERUBAHAN KEDUA UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH
Authors: Noor Ilmi Putri , Najib Imanullah Moch.
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The authority to issue Mining Business Licenses based on Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning  Mineral and Coal Mining is owned by the Central Government, Provincial Government and Regency/City Government. Meanwhile, based on Law Number 9 of 2015 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government the authority to issue  Mining Business Permits is owned by the Central Government and the Provincial Government. This article objective to discuss the implications of the regulation of mining business licenses that are not synchronized and efforts to synchronize the regulation of Mining Business Permits. This article is a descriptive analytical legal research. This research was carried out by the law approach. The data used are secondary data, namely the statutory provisions, the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, and the mining law literature with the technique of collecting study documents or library materials. So that the implications of these asynchronous arrangements can be resolved and the creation of an ideal Mining Business Permit arrangement.
Keywords: Synchronization; Implications; Mining Business Licenses; Investment.

Abstrak
Kewenangan penerbitan Izin Usaha Pertambangan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun  2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara dimiliki oleh Pemerintah Pusat, Pemerintah  Provinsi, dan Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota. Sedangkan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor  9 Tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Kedua Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah kewenangan penerbitan Izin Usaha Pertambangan dimiliki oleh Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Provinsi. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membahas mengenai implikasi pengaturan Izin Usaha Pertambangan yang tidak sinkron dan upaya sinkronisasi pengaturan Izin Usaha Pertambangan. Artikel ini merupakan penelitian hukum doktrinal yang bersifat deskriptif analitis. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan undang-undang. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yaitu ketentuan perundang-undangan, Peraturan Menteri Energi dan  Sumber Daya Mineral, dan literatur hukum pertambangan dengan teknik pengumpulan data studi dokumen atau bahan pustaka. Sehingga implikasi dari pengaturan yang tidak sinkron tersebut dapat diselesaikan dan terciptanya pengaturan Izin Usaha Pertambangan yang ideal.
Kata Kunci: Sinkronisasi; Implikasi; Izin Usaha Pertambangan; Investasi.
PROSES PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA DI LEMBAGA ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PERBANKAN INDONESIA (LAPSPI)
Authors: Gabriel Pradipta Yosua , Budi Kharisma Dona
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This articels discusses how to discuss the process of dispute resolution at the Indonesian Institute  for Alternative Banking Dispute Resolution (LAPSPI). In this study, the author uses empirical legal research methods. This research is descriptive. By referring to the invitation, the primary legal material used in this study is the legislation and secondary legal materials used consisting of legal books and relevant legal journals. The technique of answering legal material carried out by the author in this legal discussion is in the form of library studies, interviews or interviews. This study uses a qualitative method. Based on the results of the research and discussion, it was concluded that LAPSPI had 3 (three) services that could be used to complement banks that is mediation, adjudication, and arbitration.
Keywords: Banking disputes; LAPSPI; Banking Dispute Settlement.

Abstrak
Artikel ini bertujuan unutk mengetahui bagaimana proses penyelesaian sengketa di Lembaga  Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan Indonesia (LAPSPI). Pada penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, bahan hukum primer yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa peraturan perundang-undangan serta bahan hukum sekunder yang digunakan berupa buku-buku hukum dan jurnal hukum yang relevan. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang dilakukan oleh penulis di dalam penulisan hukum ini berupa studi kepustakaan, wawancara atau interview. Teknik analisa bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan dihasilkan kesimpulan yaitu LAPSPI  memiliki 3 (tiga) layanan yang dapat digunakan dalam menyelesaikan sengketa perbankan yaitu  mediasi, ajudikasi, dan arbitrase.
Kata kunci : Sengketa perbankan; LAPSPI; Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan.
PENERAPAN E-COURT DALAM PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA UMUM DALAM PRESPEKTIF HUKUM PROGRESIF
Authors: Saputri Ari Hani
Published: August 2021

Abstract

This article tries to discuss the implementation of e-court in general criminal cases. In fact, Perma Number 1 Year 2019 does not include criminal cases. This is because Perma Number 1 of 2019 only allows general civil, family civil, state administrative, and military administrative matters. However, with the corona virus outbreak making the implementation of criminal cases into an online trial, this has a positive impact in the form of a breakthrough for the litigation world due to the existence of e-court, it can be predicted to decrease costs for the trial, but on the other hand there are weaknesses, namely not yet arranged e court for criminal cases. To find a way out, the authors recommend implementing progressive law to fill the legal vacuum while waiting for a positive law that accommodates the implementation of e-court

Keywords: E-court, General Criminal Case, Progressive Law

Abstrak

Artikel ini mencoba untuk membahas mengenai pelaksaan e-court dalam perkara pidana umum. Sejatinya, dalam Perma Nomor 1 Tahun 2019 tidak mengikutsertakan perkara pidana. Hal ini dikarenakan Perma Nomor 1 Tahun 2019 hanya memperbolehkan perkara perdata umum, perdata keluarga, tata usaha negara, tata usaha militer. Namun dengan adanya wabah virus korona membuat pelaksaan perkara pidana menjadi sidang secara online, hal ini membawa dampak positif berupa terobosan untuk dunia litigasi dikarenakan dengan adanya e-court maka dapat diprediksikan menurunnya biaya untuk persidangan, namun dilain sisi terdapat kelemahan, yaitu belum diaturnya pelaksanaan e-court untuk perkara pidana. Untuk mencari jalan keluarnya maka penulis menganjurkan diterapkannya hukum progresif untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum sambil menunggu adanya sebuah hukum positif yang mengakomodasi pelaksanaan e-court.

Kata Kunci: E-court, Perkara Pidana Umum, Hukum Progresif
PERLNDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP IBU PENGGANTI (SURROGATE MOTHER) YANG MENGIKATKAN DIRI DALAM PERJANJIAN SEWA RAHIM (SUROGASI) DI INDONESIA
Authors: Malindi Lintang Wistu
Published: August 2021

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the legal protection on Surrogate Mother who bound into Surrogate Mother Agreement alongside the existence of Surrogate Mother Agreement based on Indonesia’s Civil Law. This tudy is normative legal research with analysis descriptive characteristic. The approach which was used in this research was statute approach. Type of data which   was used in this research was secondary data which included primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The technique of collecting the data in this research was literature study. Analytical technique in this research was done by law interoretation.The result shows that there are many violation on ther rights against Surrogate Mother cause there is no strong legal protection. Therefpre, there is a eed for strong legal protection from the state through its legislations policy.

Keywords: Surrogate Mother, Surrogacy  Agreement, Legal Protection.

Abstrak

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perlindungan hukum terhadap ibu pengganti yang mengikatkan diri dalam perjanjian sewa rahim sekaligus eksistensi oerjanjian sewa rahim dalam perspektif hukum perdata di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang ebrsifat deskriptif analitis. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah pendekatan undang-undang. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah data sekunder yang terdiri atas bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah melalui studi kepustakaan. Analisis data dilakukan melalui penafsiran hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pelanggaran hak-hak asasi ibu pengganti karena tidak adanya perlindungan hukum yang kuat. Maka dari itu diperlukan perlindungan hukum yang kuat dari negara melalui legistasinya.

Kata Kunci: Ibu Pengganti, Perjanjian Sewa Rahim, Perlindungan Hukum.
PERAN GRASSROOT ACTOR TERHADAP POTENSI TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DALAM KEBIJAKAN BANTUAN PANGAN NON TUNAI (BPNT)
Authors: Gunawan '
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT), has the ability as an effort to protect the community (Social  Defense) and an effort to achieve community welfare (Social Welfare). At the implementation stage of the program, the legal events summarize the tug of war of interests in accessing resources played by grassroot actors. This article identifies and formulates problems in the question, how is the role of grassroot actors as a potential criminogenous correlative factor for corruption in the implementation of the BPNT program? This study aims to analyze the potential for corruption in the BPNT program to arise from the sociological implications of its application in society. The research study used is a normative juridical approach in both broad and narrow terms. The results found in this study are the potential for corruption, stemming from the role of grassroot actors who have excessive power in power relations to gain access to BPNT resources (single supply of foodstuffs to E-Warong). The strengthening of the potential for corruption is boosted by the discretionary behavior of program supervisors. It takes proactivity in the role of program guard (Government) in terms of its implementation.

 

Abstrak

Bantuan Pangan Non-Tunai (BPNT), memiliki kemampuan sebagai upaya perlindungan masyarakat (Social Defence) dan upaya mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat (Social Welfare). Pada tahap implementasi program, peristiwa hukumnya merangkum tarik menarik kepentingan dalam mengakses sumber daya yang dimainkan oleh grassroot actor (Aktor akar rumput). Makalah ini mengidentifikasi dan merumuskan problematika dalam pertanyaan bagaimanakah peran grassroot actor sebagai faktor korelatif kriminogen potensi tindak pidana korupsi pada implementasi program BPNT? Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis potensi timbulnya tindak pidana korupsi penyimpangan program BPNT bersumber dari sosiologis penerapannya di masyarakat. Kajian penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif baik dalam arti luas maupun sempit. Hasil yang ditemukan pada kajian ini ialah potensi timbulnya tindak pidana korupsi, bersumber dari peran aktor akar rumput (grassroot actor) yang memiliki excessive power dalam relasi kuasa mendapatkan akses sumber daya BPNT (pasokan tunggal bahan pangan ke E-Warong).  Penguatan potensi tindak pidana korupsi dibooster oleh perilaku diskresi supervisor program. Dibutuhkan proaktivitas peran pengawal program (Pemerintah) dalam hal implementasinya.
PENDEKATAN SOSIOLOGI HUKUM DALAM MEMAHAMI KONFLIK PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Amin Rizal Irvan
Published: August 2021

Abstract

The issue of regulation has indeed become a lively discourse in recent years. Laws and  regulations, which in essence is a set of regulatory systems to provide an orderly legal order and society, often creates conflicts, both internal conflicts between regulations and external conflicts involving government agencies and the community. The study of legal science in the perspective of sociological jurisprudence is a scientific instrument that makes sense to analyze the phenomenon of legal problems that occur in indonesia, this is because the beginning and the end of a regulation is society. The results show that regulatory conflicts occur because in practice the formation of laws and regulations often ignores procedural due process of law and substantive due process of law, one of the main points is that the widest possible public participation is required in the regulatory formation process. As a result, several regulations that have been produced often cause conflicts due to a mismatch between the substance of the regulations and the conditions and needs of the community.

 

Abstrak

Isu permasalahan regulasi menjadi diskursus yang sering mencuat beberapa tahun terakhir.  Peraturan perundang-undangan yang esensinya merupakan sekumpulan sistem aturan untuk menghadirkan tatanan hukum dan masyarakat yang tertib, justru realitanya sering kali memunculkan konflik, baik konflik internal antar peraturan maupun konflik eksternal yang melibatkan lembaga pemerintahan dan masyarakat. Kajian ilmu hukum dalam perspektif sosiologi hukum menjadi instrumen keilmuan yang masuk akal untuk membedah fenomena permasalahan peraturan perundang-undangan yang terjadi, hal ini dikarenakan hulu dan hilir suatu regulasi adalah masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konflik regulasi terjadi dikarenakan di dalam praktik pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan masih sering kali mengabaikan procedural due process of law dan substantive due process of law yang salah satu poin utamanya adalah dibutuhkan partisipasi publik yang seluas-luasnya di dalam proses pembentukan peraturan. Alhasil beberapa regulasi yang dihasilkan kerap menimbulkan konflik dikarenkan ketidaksesuaian antara substansi peraturan dengan keadaan dan kebutuhan di masyarakat.
TINDAK PIDANA GRATIFIKASI DI INDONESIA DITINJAU DARI ASPEK BUDAYA HUKUM
Authors: Maradona Tigana Barkah
Published: August 2021

Seeing definition of meaningful gratification neutral provision, then the implementation of cultural value system of plant cultivation and reciprocation in the form of gift-giving when it is done the work environment of government, civil service, and organizers of the State, can be interpreted as a form of modus operandi of the practice of gratuities. Gratuity is a form of criminalization of cultural values reciprocation that basically prohibited is a gift related to their occupation, position or influence. Setting the Crime of Bribery in the formulation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the exclusion of the elements of the acceptance of gifts as a form of crime.

Keywords: Social system, Reciprocation, Gifts, Gratuities.

 

Melihat definisi gratifikasi yang bermakna pemberian yang bersifat netral, maka Implementasi sistem nilai budaya menanam budi dan balas budi dalam bentuk pemberian hadiah jika dilakukan dilingkungan kerja pemerintahan, pengawai negeri, dan penyelenggara Negara, dapat ditafsirkan sebagai bentuk modus operandi dari praktek gratifikasi. Gratifikasi merupakan bentuk kriminalisasi terhadap nilai budaya balas budi yang pada dasarnya yang dilarang adalah hadiah yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan, jabatan atau pengaruhnya. Pengaturan Tindak Pidana Penyuapan dalam rumusan United Nations Convention Against Corruption dan tidak dimasukkannya unsur-unsur penerimaan hadiah sebagai bentuk tindak pidana.

Kata Kunci : sistem sosial, balas budi, hadiah, gratifikasi. 
Expert elicitation workshop for planning wetland and reef natural and nature-based features (NNBF) futures
Authors: Piercy Candice , Altman Safra , Swannack Todd , Carrillo Carra , Russ Emily , Winkelman John
Published: August 2021

This special report discusses the outcomes of a September 2019 workshop intended to identify barriers to the consideration and implementation of natural and nature-based features (NNBF) in US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works projects. A total of 23 participants representing seven USACE districts, the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), and the University of California–Santa Cruz met at USACE’s South Atlantic Division Headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, to discuss how to facilitate the implementation of NNBF into USACE project planning for wetlands and reefs using six categories: (1) site characterization, (2) engineering and design analysis, (3) life-cycle analysis, (4) economic analysis, (5) construction analysis, (6) and operation and maintenance (and monitoring). The workshop identified seven future directions in wetland and reef NNBF research and development: • Synthesize existing literature and analysis of existing projects to better define failure modes. • Determine trigger points that lead to loss of feature function. • Identify performance factors with respect to coastal storm risk management (CSRM) performance as well as ecological performance. • Focus additional research into cobenefits of NNBF. • Quantify the economic life-cycle costs of a project. • Improve technology transfer with regards to NNBF research and topics.
Intelligently Predict the Rock Joint Shear Strength Using the Support Vector Regression and Firefly Algorithm
Authors: Huang Jiandong , Zhang Jia , Gao Yuan
Published: August 2021

To propose an effective and reasonable excavation plan for rock joints to control the overall stability of the surrounding rock mass and predict and prevent engineering disasters, this study is aimed at predicting the rock joint shear strength using the combined algorithm by the support vector regression (SVR) and firefly algorithm (FA). The dataset of rock joint shear strength collected was employed as the output of the prediction, using the joint roughness coefficient (JRC), uniaxial compressive strength (σc), normal stress (σn), and basic friction angle (φb) as the input for the machine learning. Based on the database of rock joint shear strength, the training subset and test subset for machine learning processes are developed to realize the prediction and evaluation processes. The results showed that the FA algorithm can adjust the hyperparameters effectively and accurately, obtaining the optimized SVR model to complete the prediction of rock joint shear strength. For the testing results, the developed model was able to obtain values of 0.9825 and 0.2334 for the coefficient of determination and root-mean-square error, showing the good applicability of the SVR-FA model to establish the nonlinear relationship between the input variables and the rock joint shear strength. Results of the importance scores showed that σn is the most important factor that affects the rock joint shear strength while σc has the least significant effect. As a factor influencing the shear stiffness from the perspective of physical appearance, the change of the JRC value has a significant impact on the rock joint shear strength.
HPV16 E6-178G/E7-647G Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer C33A Cells
Authors: Zhe Xiangyi , Xin Huizhen , Zhang Chunhe , Pan Zhenzhen , Li Dongmei , Li Hongtao , Jin Fuyuan , Long Haichen , Zheng Weinan , Shao Renfu , Pan Zemin
Published: August 2021

Background：HPV16 is the main cause of cervical cancer. In our study, we aimed to investigate the role of HPV mutants HPV16 E6-178G/E7-647G in the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer C33A cells. Methods：Plasmids encoding the HPV16 E7 prototype (E7-647A)-GV144, E7 mutant (E7-647G)-GV144, HPV16 E6/E7 prototype (E6-178T/E7-647A)-GV144, and E6/E7 mutant (E6-178G/E7-647G)-GV144 were stably transfected into cervical cancer C33A cells. Western blot analysis, CCK8 proliferation assay, cell cloning assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of the different polymorphism sites in HPV16 on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Results：HPV16 mutations promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of cervical cancer C33A cells, and the effect of the E6-178G/E7-647G co-mutation was significantly greater than that of the single E7-647G mutant (P<0.05). Conclusions：HPV16 E6-178G/E7-647G can thus promote the proliferation and inhibit the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells.
Biocultural key species: an assembly of biotic resources with biocultural importance
Authors: Gutiérrez-Santillán Tania Vianney , Estrada-Castillón Eduardo , Sánchez-Rojas Gerardo , Valencia-Herverth Jorge , Cuellar-Rodríguez Luis Gerardo , Sánchez-Salas Jaime , Robles-García Daniel , Vargas-Vázquez Víctor Abraham , Reyes-Zepeda Francisco , Santos Rodolfo Torres de los , Lara-Reimers Eduardo , Uresti-Durán Diana , Muro-Pérez Gisela , Castañeda-Gaytán Gamaliel , Figueroa-Serrano David , Hernández-Ramírez Daniel
Published: August 2021

Background

The cultural importance assigned to biodiversity is a complex subject, its study has been developed from ethnobotany and ethnomicology, mainly. A new proposal to address cultural importance is from the biocultural key species. Therefore, integrating information on the knowledge and use of various biological groups, the species with the greatest cultural relevance were selected.
Methods

An index (BKSI: Biocultural Key Species Index) was integrated, which assesses the relevance based on general attributes associated with fauna, flora and funga. The study was carried out in the Náhuatl community called El Barco, Lolotla; in the Huastec Hidalguense region. Field work was carried out for two years (2018–2019) with 24 field trips. Percentage ethnographic method combined with snowball (10% of the population) were applied; and as the ethnographic tool multiple free listings (n = 50) were used.
Results

In total of 335 species associated to 537 traditional names in Spanish and indigenous language (Náhuatl) are reported, that belongs to different biological groups (fungi and plants; fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). The biocultural relevance degree was categorized respect to the obtained value in the index (BKSI); a representative set of each biological group was selected, being those with the highest biocultural relevance.
Conclusions

It is proposed that these species constitute a useful tool in the application of programs that promote the conservation of diversity from a biocultural approach; they may even promote the proper use of resources or biological restoration.
PCF Design With Extremely High Nonlinearity And Extremely Negative Dispersion
Authors: Pandey Sanat Kumar , Maurya J.B. , Prajapati Yogendra Kumar
Published: August 2021

In this manuscript we designed a circular photonic crystal fiber (PCF) having three rectangular holes filled with GaP in the core region, three air hole rings and one annular air ring in cladding region. We found highest negative dispersion for the 1.8µm pitch alongwith very low confinement loss at wavelength 1.55µm. This designed PCF offers high nonlinearity (39612 W-1km-1) and high negative dispersion (-6586 ps nm-1 km-1) alongwith zero confinement loss at 1.55µm wavelength. We also compared the proposed PCF with the previously published PCF structure and found that the nonlinearity and negative dispersion of the designed PCF are very high in comparison to circular air hole based PCF. Another performance parameters viz. birefringence, numerical aperture, effective area and effective material loss are also analyzed.
Patient Age Associates with Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Density in Breast Cancer
Authors: Takada Koji , Kashiwagi Shinichiro , Asano Yuka , Goto Wataru , Ishihara Sae , Morisaki Tamami , Shibutani Masatsune , Tanaka Hiroaki , Hirakawa Kosei , Ohira Masaichi
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Lymphocytes surrounding the cancer participate in tumor-related immune responses, and are called tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Several recent reports suggest TILs to index the tumor-microenvironment (TME), and predict the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy. However, only few studies have studied the relationship between age and TILs. Aging reduces host immunity, and we predict that it may also affect TILs. Thus, we hypothesized that older breast cancer (BC) patients may have low TILs density than younger BC patients. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the differences in TILs by age and the therapeutic effects of pre-operative chemotherapy (POC) in BC patients aged less than 45 years and more than 60 years.Methods: POC was administered to 356 patients. We confirmed and compared TILs density and therapeutic effects in patients aged < 45 years (n=75) and those aged >61 years (n=116). TIL density was evaluated using pre-treatment needle biopsy specimens. Definition and evaluation of TILs was based on the International TILs Working Group 2014.Results: Based on subtype, younger patients showed significantly higher pathological complete response rates than older patients with hormone receptor (HR)+ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ and HER2-enriched BC. In HR+HER2+BC, the objective response rate was significantly high in younger than in older patients. Further, a significant difference was observed for overall survival between these patients with triple-negative BC.Conclusions: Our study suggests that younger BC patients possess significantly high TILs density than older patients. These differences may influence the therapeutic efficacy in highly immunogenic subtypes.
A Scatter Search Algorithm for Multi-Criteria Inventory Classification with Maximize the Satisfaction Level
Authors: Saracoglu Ilkay
Published: August 2021

Inventory management requires thousands or millions of individual transactions each year. Classification of the items influences the results of inventory management. Traditionally, this is usually classified with considering an annual dollar usage criterion but maybe other criterias such as lead time, criticality, perishability, inventory cost, and demand type can be affected on that classification. The objective of this study is to determine the multi-criteria inventory classification (MCIC) of the inventory items to minimize the total inventory cost and also dissimilarity of classes. Because of the two objectives is considered to solve with together, the maximization of satisfaction level is described to solve the multi-objective problem. This study introduces a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model of the MCIC problem by giving two objectives. A Scatter Search Algorithm (SSA) is used to solve the MINLP model for obtaining high-quality solutions within reasonable computation times. Finally, we illustrate an example and compare our results with other studies in previous literature.
Chromatin Accessibility Reveals Potential Prognostic Value of the Peak Set Associated with Smoking History in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liang Han , Deng Jianlian , Luo Tian , Luo Huijuan , Wu Xuan , Ye Yiwang , Wang Shubin , Li Fuqiang , Wu Kui , Lin Cong
Published: August 2021

Considerable differences in molecular characteristics have been defined between non-smoker and smokers in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), yet studies of open chromatin patterns associated with LUAD progression caused by smoking are still lacking. Here, we constructed a novel network based on correlations between each ATAC-seq peak from TCGA data using our previously developed algorithm. Subsequently, principal component analysis was performed on LUAD samples with retained peaks filtered by the correlation network and pathway analysis was conducted for potential pathways identification. We identified a set of peaks that discriminated smokers in LUAD patients according to levels of exposure to tobacco quantified in pack-years, and also significantly associated with progression-free survival and overall survival of these patients. We then investigated the gene set related to those peaks and found that the comprising genes are strongly associated with LUAD development, such as B3GNT3, ACTN4 and CLDN3. They are consistent with the important roles for the associated pathways in LUAD oncogenesis induced by smoking, including glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and tight junction pathways. In summary, our study may provide valuable insights on exploration of ATAC-seq peaks and on smoking-related LUAD carcinogenesis from a perspective of open chromatin changes.
Early Quality of Life Outcomes In Head And Neck Cancer Survivors With EORTC QLQ-C30 And EORTC QLQ-HN35 In An Asian Tertiary Center
Authors: Kao Nern Hoong , Iyer Gopalakrishna , Chua Alice Foong Sin , Nagadia Rahul Harshad
Published: August 2021

Background The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of head and neck cancer survivors after treatment and to identify patients’ main concerns. The study also aims to establish pre-treatment reference values particularly for the Asian patient. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and Head and Neck module (EORTC QLQ-HN35) were used for objective evaluation.Methods Patients planned for elective surgery for head and neck cancers were enrolled in the study. The questionnaires were completed at pre-treatment and at 6 months after surgery. Results were compared with previously published reference values. Results 140 patients completed both questionnaires. Locally advanced tumour and extent of surgery [tracheostomy (p<0.01), surgical flap (p<0.01)] were associated with lower global health scores. Adjuvant treatment was also a contributory factor (p<0.01). Dysphagia and social eating was a primary concern within our population. Conclusion Treatment of head and neck cancers is safe but there is poor QOL in the early post-treatment period especially with eating. Previously published data suggests improvement after a year.
Disposable Medical Masks: Environmental Costs
Authors: TÜRKMEN BURÇİN ATILGAN
Published: August 2021

A massive increase in the use and production of masks worldwide has been seen in the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has contributed to reducing the transmission of the virus globally. This paper aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of disposable medical masks using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, first for the selected functional unit related to the manufacturing of one disposable medical mask and then for the global manufacturing of this type of mask in 2020. The inventory data was constructed directly from the industry. The system boundaries include the fabric, nose wire, and ear loops parts, transportation of materials, body making, ultrasonic vending, and packaging steps. The results suggest that the global warming potential of a disposable medical mask is 0.02 g CO2-Eq. for which the main contributor is the packaging step (44%) followed by the life cycle of fabric (27%), and nose wire (14%) parts. In total, 52 billion disposable medical masks used worldwide consumes 25 TJ of energy in 2020. The global warming potential of disposable medical masks supplied in a year of the COVID-19 pandemic is 1.1 Mt CO2 eq., equivalent to around 1.3 billion return flights from Istanbul to New York. This paper assessed the hotspots in the medical mask, allowing for a significant reduction in the environmental impact of mask use. This can be used as a roadmap for future mask designs.
RBP-J Deficiency Promoted The Proliferation and Differentiation of CD133-Positive Ependymal Cells In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Ye Xin , Li Mengyi , Bian Wei , Li Junwei , Zhang Ting , Zhou Peng , Cui Huairui , Ding Yu-Qiang , Qi Shuangshuang , Wu Anting , Liao Min , Sun Chenyou
Published: August 2021

Although the ependymal cells were reported to have the characteristics of neural stem cells (NSCs), the properties of CD133-ependymal cells have not been uncovered, in particular, it is largely unknown about the effect of Notch signaling pathway on the neurogenesis of CD133-positive ependymal cells. By using the transgenic mouse and primarily cultured ependymal cells, we found that the immunoreactivity for prominin-1/CD133 was exclusively localized in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and ependymal layer of ventricles, moreover, most CD133-positive ependymal cells were co-labeled with Nestin. In addition, RBP-J, a key nuclear effector of Notch signaling pathway, was highly active in CD133-positive ependymal cells. Our results demonstrated that CD133-positive ependymal cells can differentiate into the immature and mature neurons, in particular, the number of CD133-positive ependymal cells differentiating into the immature and mature neurons was significantly increased following the deficiency or interference of RBP-J in vivo or in vitro. By using real-time qPCR and Western blot, we found that RBP-J and Hes1 were down-regulated while Notch1 was up-regulated in the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins following the deficiency or interference of RBP-J in vivo or in vitro. These results demonstrated RBP-J deficiency promoted the proliferation and differentiation of CD133-positive ependymal cells. Therefore, we speculated that RBP-J could maintain CD133-positive ependymal cells in the characteristics of NSCs possibly by regulating Notch1/RBP-J/Hes1 pathway.