bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The different effects of heat shock duration and embryo age on embryonic development and hatching lengths of spotted barb (Puntius binotatus) fish
Authors: Rizal I , Mukti A T , Mubarak A S , Satyantini W H , Widjiati
Published: February 2020

The study aimed to determine the different effects of heat shock duration and embryo age on embryonic development and hatching lengths of spotted barb fish. The method was used the experimental method using a factorial completely randomized design with two factors of treatment, namely heat shock duration (1, 1.5, and 2 min) and embryo age (3, 4, and 5 min after fertilization). The fish embryos were shocked at temperature of 40ºC. Each combination was repeated three times. One treatment was conducted without heat shock as control. The results showed that treatments of heat shock duration and embryo age have affected embryonic development and hatching lengths of spotted barb embryo.
Preliminary study: the effect of cryopreservation on the gastrula-staged embryo of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: Eka S H , Mukti A T , Satyantini W H , Mubarak A S
Published: February 2020

This study was aimed to observe the effect of cryopreservation on gastrula-staged embryo of African catfish. The gastrula-staged embryos were treated 5% (v/v) solutions concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol, honey, and combined cryoprotectants, respectively and preserved at temperatures of -4 and -196ºC (in liquid nitrogen) for 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, and 6 h, respectively. Thawing of embryos was conducted in freshwater at temperature of 28ºC. After thawing, the embryos were incubated in the aquaria at 28ºC temperature. The result showed that the cryopreservation of gastrula-staged embryo at temperatures of -4 and -196ºC affects damage and hatching percentages of African catfish embryos. The percentage of catfish embryo damage increases with the length of preservation at temperature of -4ºC for all treatments. A combination of DMSO+honey and PG+honey has the lowest damage percentage and the highest hatching rate of catfish embryo compared to other treatments (p<0.05). Meanwhile, total embryo damage occurs since the first 30 min of preservation at temperature of -196ºC for all treatments. Cryoprotectant toxicity and inability to protect the embryo are thought to be a cause of damage and death of catfish embryos on preservation, especially at temperature of -196ºC.
Re-description of lobster fishery following ministerial decree of marine affair and fisheries 56/2016: case study in Pacitan, East Java
Authors: Setyawati W , Setyanto A , Wiadnya D G R
Published: February 2020

Fishery-based lobster production decreased substantially due to over-exploitation and urge fishermen to catch smaller-size. In early 2015, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries restrained catch of species up to 8 cm carapace length or at least 200 g weight. This study to identify species and individual size within catch of two different fishing gears at different fishing ground. “Krendet”, demersal pot (trap) was operated from the cliff of strong reef crest that connected to land-coast with a strong rope. Outside the cliff, fishermen operated gill net. Catch species were identified based on morphology and meristic. Species composition was calculated based on number of each species within catch. The results showed that there were six species was catch: Panulirus penicillatus, P. homarus, P. longipes, P. ornatus, P. versicolor, and P. polyphagus. It represents all lobster species of Indonesia. P. homarus dominated the catch at fishing ground outside the pinnacle (63%), and near cliff species was dominated by P. penicillatus (69%). Regarding size regulation, only 42% of catch met the carapace length of > 8 cm. Carapace length-weight relationship does not always meet the criteria. These results indicated that part of lobster fishery were exploited undersize exposing the stock under risk.
Screening of ammonia-degrading bacteria to reduce ammonia content in the manure of laying hens
Authors: Ali M , Zubair M , Rosyidi A , Amin M
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to screen probiotic candidates for the capacity to degrade ammonia content in the manure of laying hens. Seven bacteria previously isolated from broilers’ intestine were assigned to a completely randomized design. A fresh culture of each bacterial isolate was cultured to reach optical density at OD600:0.5. One ml suspension was inoculated into 100 ml samples (2g manure diluted in 100 ml of sterilized distilled water) and incubated for three days. Ammonia concentrations in each sample were measured daily using Ammonium/Ammonia-Test sera ammonia kits. The results showed that the ammonia concentration in all bacteria-treated samples was significantly lower than ammonia content in control, P<0.05). The average amount of ammonia in the control was 1.00±0.44 mg/l, while isolate I1-treated sample was 0.03±0.00 mg/l, isolate I2 0.02±0.00 mg/l, isolate I3 0.02±0.00 mg/l, isolate I4 0.04±0.01 mg/l, isolate I5 0.04±0.01 mg/l, isolate I6 0.02±0.01 mg/l and isolate I7 0.05±0.00 mg/l. The best three ammonia degrading capacity among the seven isolates were I2, I3, and I6. Based on the phenotypical characteristics, these bacteria were identified as Nitrosomonas sp. (I2), Nitrosobolus sp. (I3), and Nitrosococcus sp. (I6). Therefore, these three bacteria were recommended for probiotic candidates in laying hen.
Relationship of long weight between milkfish (Chanos chanos forsskal) and sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilot) that are multi-trophic sea farming
Authors: Surbakti J A , Dewi I A L , Alamsjah M A , Lamid M
Published: February 2020

Milkfish (Chanos chanosForsskal) and sea cucumbers (Holothurians leucospilot), have high economic value, both to meet domestic and foreign consumption needs. This study examines the long-weight relationship of milkfish and sea cucumbers that are cultivated by multi tropic sea farming at the Tablolong Fish Seed Center in West Kupang District which has been conducted in October to December 2018. Sampling is done every 15 days with a maintenance period of 45 days showed that the milkfish and sea cucumbers have a negative algometric growth pattern based on a value of b which is lower than 3. The water quality parameters at the Balai Benih Ikan Pantai are still in the normal range to support the growth of milkfish and sea cucumbers.
Activity test of anti-stress from extract of Datura metel seeds with ethanol solvent towards blood glucose levels and survival rate of Osphronemus gouramy seed in closed system transportation
Authors: Mashuda M M , Triastuti J , Pursetyo K T
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this research was to know the appropriation of extract fromDatura metelL. seeds as anti-stress with ethanol solvent can give effect towards blood glucose levels and survival rate ofOsphronemus Gouramyseed in closed system transportation, to know optimal doses of extract fromDatura metelL. seeds as antistress with ethanol solvent can maintain normal blood glucose levels and yield the best survival rate ofOsphronemus gouramyseed. This research was carried in September 2016 in Education Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Airlangga University Surabaya. This research used Completely Randomized Design with five treatments (negative control without extract, positive control with chloralhydrate,Datura metelL. seeds extract 0.5 g/L, 1,5 g/L dan 4.5 g/L) and four replications. Statistical analysis used the Analysis of Variant (ANOVA) to determine the effect of treatment and continued with Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the appropriation of extract fromDatura metelL. seeds give effect towards blood glucose levels and survival rate onOsphronemus Gouramyseed. Doses 0.5 g/L was the optimal dose as antistress ofOsphronemus Gouramyseed during closed system transportation.
The Correlation between Work Stress and Hypertension among Industrial Workers: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Rengganis A D , Rakhimullah A B , Garna H
Published: February 2020

Hypertension is the most prevalent non-communicable disease in Indonesia. Stress is one of the modifiable risk factors of hypertension. Work stress is a complaint or disorder of physical, psychological, or social conditions, related to work and can be experienced by workers. This study was aimed to investigate the correlation between work stress and hypertension among industrial workers. A cross-sectional study in 100 male workers in the production department of a manufacturing industry in Bekasi, Indonesia, was conducted. The measurement of work stress was obtained by Work Stress Questionnaire (WSQ) and categorized as workers with work stress and without work stress. Hypertension was defined according to 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The relationship of variables was analyzed by chi-square test and stated as prevalence ratio (PR). The confounder of age was adjusted using logistic regression. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in workers with work stress, PR = 5.58, 95% CI 1.54–20.23 (p=0.005). Adjusted PR after adjusting for age was 6.27, 95% CI 1.71–23.06 (p=0.006). In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between work stress and hypertension among industrial workers.
Effects of Garlic Extract (allicin) on Proliferation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Putri A Y , Pikir B S , Oktaviono Y H , Alzahra’ F
Published: February 2020

The reduced number and function of Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients aggravate endothelial dysfunction and inhibit neovascularization, thus leading to atherosclerosis. Garlic is currently believed to increase the number and function of EPCs. Therefore, this in vitro study was conducted to analyse the effect of garlic extract (Allicin) on the proliferation of EPCs in patients with SCAD. Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood of eight SCAD patients and cultured on CFU-Hill media for three days. Samples were divided into 2 groups: a group treated with Allicin and a control group. The treatment group was then divided into 3 subgroups which received 10, 50, and 100 mg/ml of doses and incubated for 48 hours. EPC proliferation was assessed using MTT Cell Proliferation Assay. Immunohistochemical method of CD34+ were performed for EPC identification. Data was analysed using an independent T test and ANOVA. MTT Assay showed significant increase in EPC proliferation in Allicin group compared to control group (0.2811±0.008 vs 0.194±0.151, p<0.05) and significant improvements were observed in each dose increment. CFU-Hill quantification shows the addition of EPC colony in high-dose Allicin. Immunohistochemical method shows positive CD34+ expression. Allicin increases EPC proliferation dose-dependently from peripheral blood of SCAD patients.
Immature Platelet Level in Stable Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Patients with Diabetes Mellitus compared to Stable CHD Patients without Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Balti D R , Andrianto A , Dharmadjati B B , Asmarani D N
Published: February 2020

Coronary heart disease (CHD) causes high mortality and morbidity in many countries. Immature platelet reactivity is one of the major causes of CHD thrombus formation due to its larger size and stronger aggregation properties than normal platelets. Though still controversial, diabetes mellitus (DM), which is one of the CHD risk factors, is mentioned to have a strong association with a high immature platelet level. Since studies on immature platelet in stable CHD are limited, the authors intended to search for the difference between immature platelet level in DM and non-DM patients with stable CHD. This research was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design; 31 samples of CHD patients who underwent coronary catheterization were obtained. The characteristics of the data was collected by completing a pre-operation form and the immature platelets were counted using an automated cytometry tool, SYSMEX XE 2100. They were analyzed using Pearson’s statistical analysis. There was no significant correlation between the immature platelet levels of DM and non-DM patients with stable CHD (p>0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between HbA1C and the immature platelet level (Immature Platelet Fraction, p <0.05; Immature Platelet Count, p <0.01) in stable CHD patients.
Effect of Black Tea (camellia sinensis) on Serum Adiponectin Level in Atherogenic Diet Rats
Authors: Utami E R , Ardiana M , Lestari B , Wahyuni E S , Widjajanto E , Rizkiawan R
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of black tea administration on serum adiponectin level in male Wistar fed with atherogenic diet (AD). This study was designed as a true experimental design that assigns 20 rats, and divides them into four groups as follows: P1 (AD 3 months); P2, P3, and P4 (3 months AD + black tea extract administration at dosage 0.015gr/day, 0.03gr/day, 0.045gr/day, respectively). Serum adiponectin level was measured using ELISA method. This study demonstrated that there is an elevation trend of adiponectin level as the dose elevated. However, serum adiponectin level in AD-only group (380.6ng/mL) was not significantly different with treatment group (386.93ng/mL, 404.27ng/mL, and 416.6ng/mL in P2, P3, and P4, respectively) (ANOVA, p = 0.352). Furthermore, there was no significant association between the dosage of black tea and adiponectin levels (Pearson correlation test, p = 0.073, r = 0.373). We concluded that black tea extract increased serum adiponectin level insignificantly in atherogenic diet rats.
Induction hardening of steels with use of the device for incremental forming of round bars HDQT-R 30-12
Authors: Peković M , Vrtáček J , Janda T , Volkmannová J
Published: February 2020

Induction hardening is mainly used for treating parts in which high hardness, wear-resistance, and ductile core are required, such as spur gears, wind turbine rings, and bearings. Innovative induction hardening processes are also developed for complex automotive components, such as camshafts and crankshafts. In the process, steel is heated by passing high-frequency alternating current through a coil which is equivalent to the primary winding of a transformer. The material to be heat-treated is equivalent to a short-circuited secondary winding. The HDQT-R 30-12 device for incremental forming of round bars includes modules which can be used for heat-treating bars after rolling or even without rolling. Heating is provided by five induction coils at a faster rate than in a chamber furnace. In addition, there is less oxidation of the material surface. This paper presents findings related to microstructures and hardnesses in 42CrMo4, 13CrMo4, and S235JR steel grades after heating at different inductor coil power settings with subsequent hardening in a water bath.
Design of Piezoresistive Sensor using FEA in ANSYS
Authors: Sahi Yashwardhan , Sharma Shivam , Chandan Swet
Published: February 2020

Piezoresistive pressure sensors are widely used in various fields such as in industries, automobiles, medical applications and many others. To get proper input from the sensors we must have a good sensor having good sensitivity in every type of environmental conditions. The behavior of the sensor also depends upon its thickness, area, material properties etc. This paper is based on the piezoresistive micro pressure sensor having greater sensitivity made of silicon material. Using finite element analysis (FEA) and ANSYS the sensitivity is determined on different dimensions with different loading conditions. The piezo resistors of silicon material are arranged in different patterns and the sensitivity of each plate is determined by having all the results best design for the sensor is achieved.
State Evaluation for Intelligent Distribution Terminal Units Based on Mining Association Rules
Authors: Zhu L , Ge Y , Song X D , Zhao W B , Guo J C
Published: February 2020

The construction of Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things expands the content and scale of data in distribution network. In order to meet the demand of intelligent operation and maintenance of distribution terminals, this paper proposes a method of mining association rules in data to realize evaluation of distribution terminal units. In this method, firstly, the Apriori algorithm with directional constraint of terminals’ functional module is used to mine the correlation indicators system under each divided functional module of terminals. Secondly, the comprehensive measurement of confidence and lift degree is used to increase the objectivity of evaluation’s weights of indicators which found by mining associations rules. Then, combined with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, according to the correlation indicators system, the status evaluation of intelligent distribution terminals is realized. Finally, the historical status data of the actual disabled terminals are selected to verify the good effectiveness of the method that described in this paper.
‘Endless Wonder’ for Whom?: Adaptation, Transformation, and Magical Libraries
Authors: Anjirbag Michelle Anya
Published: February 2020

Books such as Polly Shulman’s The Grimm Legacy series, and made-for-television films and television series such as The Librarians and Warehouse 13 incorporate the idea of a library or repository where artefacts connected to various stories are stored that facilitates new adventures, not through retelling, but by using the space of the library as a contact point for people to encounter the artefacts, linking the past and the present. Though not adaptations per se, they challenge ideas of adaptation, transformation, and fidelity, and offer a new way to access different narratives. The library embedded in the book is a focal point for a societal nostalgia for libraries as potential spaces for knowledge and wonder, reflecting the push to protect libraries in contemporary society. The library artefacts become mechanisms for new, wondrous experiences, connected to and informed by knowledge from the past. The mechanism of the fantasy relies on a meta-construction of the library within the story as a portal, insofar as it relies on the recognizability of the stories embedded within the narrative as symbolically constructed ‘artefacts’. The library here is not just an archive, but a contact zone for wonder in an increasingly digitized age, and a departure point for a new fantastic journey. These narratives become as much about adapting the library as a concept—recalling, renewing, and renegotiating the potential for wonder, discovery, and egalitarian access to knowledge that they can symbolize—as they are about incorporating old stories into new narratives.
Deglobalizing Rule of Law and Democracy: Hunting Down Rhetoric Through Comparative Law
Authors: Bussani Mauro
Published: February 2020

Notwithstanding the well-known differences that run through cultures and traditions, the West has never stopped trying to export its own law into the rest of the world. During and after the colonial era similar endeavors were spreading Western views on how legal issues are to be understood and handled, thereby broadening the West’s area of influence on global legal affairs. More recently, these efforts have overlapped with (and have been blurred by the rhetorical veil of) so-called legal globalization. The focus of this Article is on the attitudes and methods underpinning the ongoing Western attempts to transplant the two pillars of Western civilization, i.e., democracy and the rule of law, into outside contexts. Confronted with processes that concern different legal systems, this Article cannot but take a comparative law approach. Such an approach entails a careful consideration of the historical and contextual factors and will enable an analysis of data that are usually either discarded or underrated in mainstream legal debates. Thus notions, ideas, and debates about the rule of law and democracy will be reappraised from a comparative law point of view in order to both unearth their intimate legal foundations and to scrutinize their potential for being transplanted outside Western societies. The analysis will show how this potential, to the extent that it exists, can only be exploited through a radical shift from the usual way in which the West approaches the legal settings it aims to change.
Recombinant Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Induces Ventricular Remodeling By Up-Regulating Angiotensin II
Authors: Luo Lu-yuan , Gu Si-qi , Zhou Wan-xing , Chen Li-zhi , You Xin-chao , Li Rui-ying , Zhang Wei , Song Yu-lan
Published: February 2020

Objective

To study the effect of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) on ventricular remodeling and involvement of angiotensin II (Ang II).

Methods

Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (n = 12), MMP-9 (n = 12), and MMP-9 + olmesartan (n = 12) groups. Recombinant MMP-9 (2.1 ng/g) was injected intraperitoneally twice a week. Olmesartan (3 mg/kg) was given by oral gavage once daily. Animals were treated for 4 or 8 weeks. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography followed by histological analysis. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of MMP-9 in myocardial tissues were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Serum levels of Ang I, II, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and MMP-9 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

MMP9 administration for 4 or 8 weeks increased mRNA and protein levels of MMP-9 in myocardial tissues, serum levels of MMP-9, Ang I, II and ACE, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) but decreased collagen volume fraction (CVF) compared with the control group (all P < 0.05). Cardiomyocyte cell size was significantly enlarged and disorganized with cytoplasmic lysis and necrosis in the MMP-9 group. After olmesartan treatment, myocardial MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels, serum levels of MMP-9 and Ang II, and LVMI were lower, and CVF was higher with significant improvement in myocardial morphology and cardiac function (all P<0.05).

Conclusion

Recombinant MMP-9 treatment induces ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction by up-regulating Ang II.
Real-world evidence on impact of a pharmacist-led transitional care program on 30- and 90-day readmissions after acute care episodes
Authors: Bae-Shaaw Yuna H , Eom Hyunah , Chun Robert F , Steven Fox D
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Recent evidence suggests that improving the transitional care process may reduce 30-day readmissions and hospital length of stay (LOS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-led transitions-of-care (TOC) program on 30- and 90-day all-cause readmissions and LOS for patients discharged from the hospital acute care setting.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a difference-in-difference (DID) approach. Patients who were at least 18 years old with any of the following primary diagnoses were included: acute myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure (CHF), and pneumonia. Outcome measures were all-cause 30- and 90-day readmission and LOS for the index admission.

Results

From October 2013 through September 2017, 1,776 patients were discharged from the intervention site, and 2,969 patients were discharged from 3 control sites. Only 33.3% of eligible patients at the intervention site actually received the intervention. The DID analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) for 30-day readmission was 0.65 [P = 0.035] at the intervention site following TOC program initiation. The OR for 90-day readmission was 0.75 [P = 0.070]. Among all diagnosis groups, the CHF subgroup had the highest proportion of patients who actually received the TOC intervention (57.2%). Within that CHF subgroup, the ORs for 30- and 90-day readmissions were 0.52 [P = 0.056] and 0.47 [P = 0.005], respectively. The mean LOS did not change significantly in either analysis.

Conclusion

This pharmacist-led transitional care intervention was associated with significantly decreased inpatient readmissions. The analysis indicates that pharmacist interventions can significantly reduce 30-day readmissions for high-risk populations and 90-day readmissions in patients with CHF.
Management of an i.v. fluid shortage through use of electronic medical record alerts
Authors: Sandler Melissa , Cavanaugh Jared , Walton Ted , Cavendish Laurie , Shah Kruti
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Evaluation of mechanisms used to cope with an i.v. fluid shortage to determine if prescribing habits were changed and if substitution of an i.v. dose of magnesium with an oral dose impacted patient outcomes.

Methods

A single-center, retrospective analysis of electronic medical record (EMR) alerts and medical records covering 6-month periods before and during an i.v. fluid shortage was conducted. Records of adult medical and surgical inpatients admitted during these periods who had an order for i.v. or oral magnesium were screened for inclusion. The primary outcome of part 1 of the study was the percent acceptance of drug shortage–related EMR alert recommendations associated with i.v. magnesium. The primary outcome of part 2 of the study was the change in serum magnesium concentration (SMC) after an i.v. or oral dose of magnesium was administered.

Results

Of the 7,476 EMR alerts generated during provider ordering of i.v. magnesium products, 4.8% resulted in the provider accepting the recommendation to switch to an oral alternative, 89% resulted in continuation of an i.v. magnesium order, and 6.2% resulted in order cancellation. Among patients who received magnesium doses, SMC values increased by a mean (SD) of 0.135 (0.08) mg/dL per gram of i.v. magnesium sulfate administered (n = 251), compared to an increase of 0.058 (0.08) mg/dL per 400-mg tablet of magnesium oxide administered (n = 42).

Conclusion

Acceptance of the EMR alert recommendations was low. Both i.v. magnesium sulfate and oral magnesium oxide are viable options for increasing SMC.
The Decline in Alcohol Consumption in Russia from 2006 to 2017: Do Birth Cohorts Matter?
Authors: Radaev Vadim , Roshchina Yana , Salnikova Daria
Published: February 2020

Aim

Previous studies on youth drinking showed opposite trends for high-income and low-income countries. In Russia, a recent decline was observed in the prevalence of alcohol use, particularly among younger cohorts. This study aims at disentangling age and birth cohort effects to better understand the dynamics of abstinence and the volume of alcohol consumption.

Methods

Data were collected from annual nationally representative panel surveys from 2006 to 2017. Data included 34,514 individuals aged 14–80. We estimated mixed-effects binary-choice models for percentage of abstainers and mixed-effects linear models with Heckman correction for alcohol volume. Integer variables of age and age-squared were used. Period was defined with a dummy variable using 2012 as the dividing line associated with a new Russian alcohol policy. Birth cohorts were defined as 13 groups from 1930–1939 to 2000–2003. Controls were per capita income, education, marital status, composition of households, body weight, ethnicity, residence type, regional per capita income and regional climate.

Results

In both genders, percentage of abstainers increased and drinking volumes declined. Age for both genders showed u-shaped trend for abstinence and inverse u-shaped trend for alcohol volume. Controlling for age effects, cohorts born after 1990 demonstrated the strongest increase in abstinence for both genders and the strongest decrease in alcohol volume for males. The period of 2012–2017 had the effect of increasing the abstinence and decreasing the alcohol volume.

Conclusion

Downward trend in alcohol consumption in Russia is partially attributable to increased abstinence and reduced alcohol volume among younger cohorts.
Asymmetrical canina meiosis is accompanied by the expansion of a pericentromeric satellite in non-recombining univalent chromosomes in the genus Rosa
Authors: Lunerová Jana , Herklotz Veit , Laudien Melanie , Vozárová Radka , Groth Marco , Kovařík Aleš , Ritz Christiane M
Published: February 2020

Background and Aims

Despite their abundant odd-ploidy (2n = 5x = 35), dogroses (Rosa sect. Caninae) are capable of sexual reproduction due to their unique meiosis. During canina meiosis, two sets of chromosomes form bivalents and are transmitted by male and female gametes, whereas the remaining chromosomes form univalents and are exclusively transmitted by the egg cells. Thus, the evolution of chromosomes is expected to be driven by their behaviour during meiosis.

Methods

To gain insight into differential chromosome evolution, fluorescence in situ hybridization was conducted for mitotic and meiotic chromosomes in four dogroses (two subsections) using satellite and ribosomal DNA probes. By exploiting high-throughput sequencing data, we determined the abundance and diversity of the satellite repeats in the genus Rosa by analysing 20 pentaploid, tetraploid and diploid species in total.

Key Results

A pericentromeric satellite repeat, CANR4, was found in all members of the genus Rosa, including the basal subgenera Hulthemia and Hesperhodos. The satellite was distributed across multiple chromosomes (5–20 sites per mitotic cell), and its genomic abundance was higher in pentaploid dogroses (2.3 %) than in non-dogrose species (1.3 %). In dogrose meiosis, univalent chromosomes were markedly enriched in CANR4 repeats based on both the number and the intensity of the signals compared to bivalent-forming chromosomes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and cluster analysis revealed high intragenomic homogeneity of the satellite in dogrose genomes.

Conclusions

The CANR4 satellite arose early in the evolution of the genus Rosa. Its high content and extraordinary homogeneity in dogrose genomes is explained by its recent amplification in non-recombining chromosomes. We hypothesize that satellite DNA expansion may contribute to the divergence of univalent chromosomes in Rosa species with non-symmetrical meiosis.
Visual-Spatial Perspective-Taking in Spatial Scenes and in American Sign Language
Authors: Secora Kristen , Emmorey Karen
Published: February 2020

As spatial languages, sign languages rely on spatial cognitive processes that are not involved for spoken languages. Interlocutors have different visual perspectives of the signer’s hands requiring a mental transformation for successful communication about spatial scenes. It is unknown whether visual-spatial perspective-taking (VSPT) or mental rotation (MR) abilities support signers’ comprehension of perspective-dependent American Sign Language (ASL) structures. A total of 33 deaf ASL adult signers completed tasks examining nonlinguistic VSPT ability, MR ability, general ASL proficiency (ASL-Sentence Reproduction Task [ASL-SRT]), and an ASL comprehension test involving perspective-dependent classifier constructions (the ASL Spatial Perspective Comprehension Test [ASPCT] test). Scores on the linguistic (ASPCT) and VSPT tasks positively correlated with each other and both correlated with MR ability; however, VSPT abilities predicted linguistic perspective-taking better than did MR ability. ASL-SRT scores correlated with ASPCT accuracy (as both require ASL proficiency) but not with VSPT scores. Therefore, the ability to comprehend perspective-dependent ASL classifier constructions relates to ASL proficiency and to nonlinguistic VSPT and MR abilities.
The management and long-term outcomes of endoscopic and surgical treatment of early esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Saunders John H , Al-Zubaidi Samim , Waller Ruth C , Ortiz-Fernandez-Sordo Jacobo , Parsons Simon L , Ragunath Krish , Kaye Philip V ,   Trent Oesophago-Gastric Unit
Published: February 2020

Endoscopic resection (ER) for early (pT1) esophageal adenocarcinoma can be justified if the rate of coexisting lymph node (LN) metastasis is less than the mortality rate from esophagectomy. This study examines endoscopic and surgical outcomes, histological assessment of submucosal (sm) disease, factors influencing LN metastasis, and the safety of treating pT1b disease endoscopically. Histopathological reexamination recorded thickness, width and depth of sm invasion, grade, presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI), resection margin status and tumor stage. Multivariate analysis was employed to evaluate the factors influencing survival and LN metastasis. Rate of LN metastasis for pT1 low-risk (LR: sm invasion < 500 μm, G1–2, no LVI) or high-risk (HR: sm invasion >500 μm, G3–4 or LVI) disease were analyzed. Ninety three patients underwent ER and 96 underwent esophagectomy. We demonstrate conflicting histological methods of sm disease reporting, which may explain the difference in LN metastasis rate between reported surgical & endoscopic series. Multivariate analysis confirmed age, T stage, and presence of LN metastases were the independent factors predicting poor prognosis. Tumor thickness as well as grade, T stage, LVI were predictors of LN metastasis. Rates of LN metastasis are <2% in LR sm1 disease, and >15% in HR sm1 disease. Pathological reporting of sm invasion should be updated for uniform analysis of endoscopic and surgical specimens. Following rigorous histopathological examination and within a close endoscopic follow-up regimen, pT1a and pT1b LRsm1 disease may be treated with curative intent endoscopically, whereas pT1b HRsm1-sm3 disease should be offered surgery.
Preoperative determination of artificial chordae tendineae length by transoesophageal echocardiography in totally endoscopic mitral valve repair
Authors: Pitsis Antonios , Tsotsolis Nikolaos , Theofilogiannakos Efstratios , Boudoulas Harisios , Boudoulas Konstantinos Dean
Published: February 2020

OBJECTIVES

Artificial chordae tendineae are widely used for surgical repair in patients with mitral regurgitation due to floppy mitral valve/mitral valve prolapse. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene has been used to construct these artificial chordae; however, the determination of the optimal length of the chordae prior to surgery has been an issue. For this reason, such a method was developed and the results of its use are presented.

METHODS

Forty-seven consecutive patients with significant mitral regurgitation due to floppy mitral valve/mitral valve prolapse who underwent totally endoscopic mitral valve surgery were studied. The chordae length was predetermined using transoesophageal echocardiography. The length between the top of the fibrous body of the papillary muscle and the coaptation line of the 2 leaflets of the mitral valve was measured and used to define the length of the chordae to be used for repair. Then under stereoscopic vision, a total endoscopic mitral valve repair was performed.

RESULTS

The predicted mean length of chordal loops was 19.76 ± 0.71 mm (median 20, range 16–28) and the actual mean length of chordal loops used was 19.68 ± 0.74 mm (median 20, range 16–26) demonstrating an excellent correlation between the two (r = 0.959). The mean number of chordae loops used per patient was 5.12 ± 0.62 (median 4, range 2–12). All patients at the time of discharge had no or trivial mitral regurgitation on transoesophageal echocardiography.

CONCLUSIONS

The chordae length used for mitral valve repair can be determined prior to surgery using transoesophageal echocardiography with a high degree of accuracy. Further, total endoscopic repair in this group of patients provides excellent results. For these reasons, it is expected that this method will replace most traditional approaches to cardiac surgeries in the years to come.
Settler Colonialism, Decolonization and Radicalizing Transitional Justice
Authors: Park Augustine S J
Published: February 2020

Although transitional justice has been mobilized to address violence perpetrated under regimes of settler colonialism that are also established liberal democracies, this article theorizes the inability of paradigmatic transitional justice to confront settler colonialism. The liberal teleology of transitional justice risks working to realize the self-supersessionist goal of replacing the colony with a ‘post-colonial’, settler/settled polity. Drawing on Indigenous scholars, decolonization is explored through refusal, resurgence and prefiguration. The article advances a counterfactual proposition: If transitional justice is radicalized it has the potential to contribute to decolonization through decentring the state, inter-nationalizing the justice relation, challenging the legitimacy of the settler regime and abandoning liberal teleology. The article argues for a decolonizing acceptance of indeterminacy and uncertainty.
Exact solutions by integrals of the non-stationary elliptic Calogero–Sutherland equation
Authors: Atai Farrokh , Langmann Edwin
Published: February 2020

We use generalized kernel functions to construct explicit solutions by integrals of the non-stationary Schrödinger equation for the Hamiltonian of the elliptic Calogero–Sutherland model (also known as elliptic Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov–Bernard equation). Our solutions provide integral representations of elliptic generalizations of the Jack polynomials.
Electron Capture Gas Chromatography for Determination of DDT in Butter and Some Vegetable Oils
Authors: Klein A K , Watts J O , Damico J N
Published: February 2020

The use of electron capture gas chromatography makes it possible to determine DDT in 1 g of butter and in 1 g of refined vegetable oils at the 0.1—1.0 ppm level of DDT. The precision is about 90%. The lowest limit for reliable measurements is 0.1 ppm DDT. At 0.05 ppm, DDT is not measured. A variable artifact, having the same retention time as p,p’-DDT, is the limiting factor. The presence of DDT may be confirmed by measuring and identifying DDE formed by alkaline hydrolysis.
Enzymatic Determination of Carbon Dioxide in Lightly Carbonated Wines—1962 Collaborative Study
Authors: Morrison Robert L
Published: February 2020

The titrimetric method for determining carbon dioxide in wine using carbonic anhydrase (presented at the 1961 AOAC Meeting) was studied collaboratively. Six laboratories analyzed 20 samples by the enzymatic method. Results varied considerably, and it is recommended that the method be studied collaboratively for another year.
Feed Microscopy
Authors: Smith C Tyson
Published: February 2020

This preliminary report on feed microscopy comprises a brief history of the subject, an outline of present objectives and possible ways to attain them, and a suggested program for future development.
Note on the Determination of Caffeine in Coffee
Authors: Borker E
Published: February 2020

A chromatographic-spectral method can be vised for the determination of caffeine in coffee products as well as in beverages and caffeine-containing drugs. Four methods (the official micro Bailey-Andrew and three chromatographic procedures) have been compared on six different types of coffees. A modified version of the Levine procedure appears to have value as a general purpose caffeine method.
Collaborative Study of the Method for Counting Microorganisms in Maple Sirup
Authors: Wasserman Aaron E
Published: February 2020

A proposed procedure for counting bacteria and mold in maple sirup by the membrane filter technique was tested by collaborative assay. Four samples of maple sirup containing varying numbers of bacteria and molds were analyzed by 15 laboratories. Results were treated statistically. There was no apparent significant difference between replicate counts done within the laboratories but a highly significant difference in results obtained among laboratories. Further analysis of differences in procedures brought out by replies to a questionnaire indicate there was no detectable difference in results due to (a) use of glass or stainless steel filter holders, (b) use of glass or plastic petri dishes, (c) dilution of samples in one step or multiple steps, (d) length of storage over approximately a 4-week period before the test was carried out.

Further collaborative studies on the procedure were recommended.
Gas Chromatographic Identification of Components in Maple Sirup Flavor Extract
Authors: Underwood J C , Filipic V J
Published: February 2020

Three major components in the chloroform extract of the flavor constituents of maple sirup have been separated by gas chromatography and identified as vanillin, syringaldehyde, and dihydroconiferyl alcohol from their infrared spectra.
Lemon Juice Composition. III. Characterization of California-Arizona Lemon Juice by Use of a Multiple Regression Analysis
Authors: Rolle Laurence A , Vandercook Carl E
Published: February 2020

A multiple regression analysis of the total amino acids, l-malic acid, and total polyphenolics content of 61 samples of commercial California-Arizona lemon juice yields an equation which can be used to characterize the authenticity of lemon juice samples in terms of their citric acid content, or to determine per cent fruit content in juice products such as lemonade. Statistical evaluation of the data indicates that if the titrated citric acid of a lemon juice is 20% or more above the calculated value, the sample falls outside acceptable limits and, therefore, should be considered as abnormal.
Characterization of Fruit Juices by Acid Profiles
Authors: Jorysch David
Published: February 2020

The gradient elution technique has been applied to the investigation of organic acids present in fruit juices. In this technique, fruit juices are placed on columns containing Dowex ion exchange Resin, 1-X10, soluble fruit solids other than acids are eluted with water, and the acids are eluted with formic acid. Recovery data are given and evaluated on a number of fruit juices. Gradient elution chromatography appears to be a valuable adjunct to present analytical methods for fruit juices. Further work is necessary to determine the constancy of values, especially with regard to the varying degrees of ripeness of the fruit at the time of picking.
Assay for Cyzine® in Finished Feeds
Authors: Woolford M H
Published: February 2020

Collaborative studies have shown that no difficulties are encountered in the method for Cyzine® in finished feeds, and the method is recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Enzymatic-Ultraviolet Method for Determination of Uric Acid in Flour
Authors: Farn Gin , Smith D Morison
Published: February 2020

Improvements in the enzymatic-ultraviolet method for the determination of uric acid in flour include readjusting the sample size in relation to other reagents, using a more efficient extractant, and increasing the strengths of both the uricase and trichloroacetic acid solutions. Results indicate that the lower limit of the measurement is 10 mg per 100 g of flour.
Nitrification of Urea-Formaldehyde Fractions Insoluble in Hot or Cold Water
Authors: Pereira Roger L , Smith John B
Published: February 2020

Nitrification rates were compared for two urea-forms and the solubility fractions from which activity index values are calculated. The indexes successfully predicted the more rapid rate of nitrification and greater accumulations of nitrate nitrogen from the more soluble product (AI56) than from a ureaform (AI35) that fails to meet the conventional specification for acceptable products (AI40). Nitrification was also reflected in the greater activity of each fraction of the more soluble urea-form studied. The presence of more soluble fractions with those less soluble had an important influence in increasing nitrification of the latter. Results substantiate the use of the activity index as a measure of agronomic usefulness of urea-form fertilizers.
Quinoline Molybdate Method for the Determination of Water-Soluble and Available Phosphorus in Fertilizers
Authors: Hoffman W M , Ferretti R J , Breen H J
Published: February 2020

Addition of a separate acid hydrolysis step in the determination of watersoluble phosphorus was found necessary in the official volumetric method but not in the quinoline molybdate method. By carefully controlling the phosphorus and ammonium citrate concentrations in the direct determination of available phosphorus, phosphorus can be completely precipitated as quinoline phosphomolybdate. The nitration of the ammonium citrate digestate in preparing the combined water-soluble and citrate-soluble extract for direct determination of available phosphorus can be eliminated. The latter two observations were supported by the results of a collaborative study by 8 analysts on 8 fertilizer materials.
A Critical Evaluation of the Reduced-Iron Method for Reduction of Nitrates
Authors: Brabson J A , Burch W G , Woodis T C
Published: February 2020

The first action reduced iron method for nitrogen in fertilizers specifies the use of electrolytic iron and indicates that a large excess of iron is required for the reduction of nitrates. Iron reduced by hydrogen, however, is a more efficient reductant than electrolytic iron, but it requires a longer reaction time. The specified amount of iron is excessive. The particle size of the iron is important, and 250-mesh is the largest particle size that should be used; specification of the average particle diameter in microns is recommended. The reduced iron method is, at best, a cumbersome procedure, and other, more efficient, reductants for nitrate should be sought.
Collaborative Study of Determination of Silicon in Agricultural Liming Materials
Authors: Chichilo P
Published: February 2020

Six samples of liming materials, including carbonates and silicates, were analyzed for silicon content by: (I) The AOAC method; (II) the AOAC method plus volatilization of SiO2 with HF; (III) the AOAC method, omitting the Na2CO3 fusion of the sample, including the HClO4 dehydration of SiO2, plus HF volatilization of SiO2; and (IV) a colorimetric method. Nine collaborators reported results by Methods I, II, and III and eleven by Method IV. Precision of the methods was good; no method was superior for all samples. Method I gave high results for most samples; the average result with Method I for a standard sample of dolomite was high, but that for a standard limestone was near the certificate value. Average results by Methods II, III, and IV for the standard samples were near certificate values. The collaborators appeared to prefer Method IV.
Rapid Screening Procedure for Benzoates in Meat
Authors: Stanley Ronald L
Published: February 2020

A rapid screening procedure is being developed for the detection and determination of benzoates in meat. In the current stage of the method, the meat sample is digested in a mixture of perchloric and acetic acids, and the fat is determined in a Paley cheese bottle. The benzoic acid is then extracted with ether, and the benzoate is identified and estimated by its ultraviolet spectrum. The method gives accurate quantitative results when the benzoate concentrations in the meat exceed 500 ppm, and semi-quantitative results in the range 100—500 ppm. It is recommended that the method be studied collaboratively.
Determination of Dihydrocodeinone in Mixtures With Antihistamines
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: February 2020

Dihydrocodeinone is separated from pheniramine and similar antihistamines by passage of a chloroform extract of the combined bases over a chromatographic column on which 2N HCl is the stationary phase. The latter is retained on the column while the dihydrocodeinone passes through. The dihydrocodeinone is transferred from the chloroform eluate by shaking it with a measured volume of sulfuric acid, and the concentration is measured spectrophotometrically. The method is recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Detection and Estimation of Cocaine by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Scaringelli Frank P
Published: February 2020

Cocaine can be separated, detected, and estimated in illicit drug samples by gas chromatography with a silicon rubber column.
Carbon Disulfide Evolution Method for Dithiocarbamates
Authors: Bontoyan W R
Published: February 2020

A collaborative study was conducted on the CS2 evolution method for determining dithiocarbamates. The results obtained were in fair agreement. It is recommended that other methods of analysis for dithiocarbamates be considered for study, and that further study be made on the present method.