bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound‐guided procedures in the management of heterotopic caesarean scar pregnancy – A review of case reports and case series
Authors: Authreya Ashwini J , Agrawal Purvi , Makam Adinarayana
Published: March 2021

Background

Heterotopic caesarean scar pregnancy (HCSP) is where one gestational sac implants in the previous caesarean section (CS) scar and another sac implants in the uterine cavity. There is limited evidence on the management of this rare condition. Here, we present a case of HCSP in which US‐guided selective reduction of the CS pregnancy (CSP) was performed using potassium chloride (KCl) to salvage the intrauterine pregnancy. We also conducted a review of published case reports to understand the determinants of outcome.

Methods

After a MEDLINE search, 23 case reports were found eligible based on quality assessment and were included in the analysis. A composite‐score indicating overall obstetric morbidity was computed, and mixed‐effects linear regression was implemented to identify its predictors.

Results

US‐guided local treatment was the most common mode of intervention for HCSP. The regression analyses revealed that the poor obstetric outcomes, especially antepartum haemorrhage (APH) and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), were significantly predicted by advanced gestational age at treatment and a higher number of previous CS, irrespective of the mode of treatment.

Conclusion

These results indicate that a high index of suspicion for an early ultrasound diagnosis and treatment is critical. US‐guided techniques are useful in salvaging the intrauterine pregnancy with decreased maternal morbidity. The results are preliminary due to the rarity and a small number of published reports. Every CSP should be recorded in a central international registry to obtain reliable data on the diagnosis and management of women with CSP. Given the rising rates of CS, future systematic studies are warranted.
The COVID‐19 Pandemic: An Evolving Story. Professional and Personal Insights using Self and Culture as Agents of Calm and Healing after a Year of Co‐habitation with Imminent Threat
Authors: Amorin‐Woods Deisy
Published: March 2021

Being a cross‐cultural systemic therapist, clinical supervisor, and educator means that culture and language are central to my work. They provide a scaffold to develop deeper understanding, increased trust, and connection between myself and my supervisees, students, and clients and facilitate a process for the latter to connect to their own selves and values. Given the fear and uncertainty generated by the COVID‐19 pandemic, there exists a pervasive activation of the sympathetic nervous system in the community. In this article, I present two case studies as examples of a cross‐cultural/cross‐linguistic approach that facilitates two clients to find a place of comfort and calmness and consequently a balancing activation of the para‐sympathetic nervous system. First is a client who, due to the overwhelming pandemic chaos, suddenly exhibited a host of signs and symptoms of a functional neurological nature, which she experienced as a lack of control and disconnection from her body, her primary language, and herself. Within a trusted therapeutic relationship that draws on the culture and primary language of the therapist, the client regains connection with language and enhances her ability to communicate and connect with her body. Second is an international student who is encouraged to use her culture of origin and primary language to induce calmness, reconnect with herself, and return to the familiar as a ‘known’ collectively inclusive, comforting, and nurturing environment.
Construction of thermoplastic cellulose esters matrix composites with enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties by embedding hydrophobic magnesium hydroxide
Authors: Zhang Wuxiang , Zhou Nan , Zhang Yanjuan , Huang Zuqiang , Hu Huayu , Liang Jing , Qin Yuben
Published: March 2021

Biomass‐based composites with renewability and biodegradability have attracted extensive researches, but their applications are hindered by poor mechanical properties and flame retardancy. Cellulose ester matrix composites (CEMC), a kind of biomass‐based composites, were prepared with inorganic crystals as flame retardant and reinforcement. Cellulose acetate oleate (CAO) prepared by mechanical activation‐assisted solid‐phase reaction was used as thermoplastic matrix. Hydrophobic oleate‐magnesium hydroxide (O‐MH), which was surface‐modified with oleic acid, was embedded into CAO to prepare O‐MH/CAO composites by hot pressing. The introduction of oleoyl contributed to favorable thermoplasticity of cellulose ester, resulting in enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties of CEMC. The uniform dispersion of O‐MH in the CAO matrix via metal–organic coordination increased the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of O‐MH/CAO composites, ascribing to the toughening effect and combustion inhibition effect induced by O‐MH. This study provides a feasible technology for fabricating the CEMC with outstanding thermal stability and mechanical properties.
UV/enzyme dual responsive photosensitizer‐loaded 4‐(Phenylazo)benzoic Acid‐mPEG nanosystem for enhanced photodynamic insecticide efficacy
Authors: Jiang Mengqing , Yin Yihua , Cai Weiquan , Zhang Jingli , Fan Lihong , Yi Ying , Dai Yue , Zhou Ting , Liu Jinsheng
Published: March 2021

To improve photostability and enhance utilization rate and reduce pest resistance, a new strategy based on the combination of photodynamic insecticide action and stimulus‐responsive polymer micelles is developed. 4‐(phenylazo)benzoic acid (PBA)‐modified poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (mPEG) conjugate is prepared by the esterification reaction of mPEG and PBA, and followed by self‐assembly in aqueous solution to obtain polymeric nanoparticles. TEM shows that the nanoparticles have a core‐shell structure and an average diameter of 78 nm. DLS shows that the nanoparticles are stability in water solution but can change their structure in response to UV light and/or esterase stimulation. The photodegradation of Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) encapsulated in the nanoparticles can be effectively inhibited because of aggregation‐caused quenching effect, whose maximum photodegradation rate is about 20.54% after 8 h exposure to daylight compared with the complete photodegradation of free PpIX. UV light and/or esterase stimulus can trigger PpIX release and result in a high photodynamic activity. Compared with free PpIX, the PpIX‐loaded nanoparticles show a higher phototoxicity to insect cells and the daylight pretreatment has little influence on the phototoxicity.
Biochemically identified neuropeptides in a caddisfly (Trichoptera) and a pygmy mole cricket (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Tridactyloidea)
Authors: Gäde Gerd , Šimek Petr , Marco Heather G.
Published: March 2021

One representative of the order Trichoptera, namely the caddisfly Chaetopteryx villosa, was investigated along with the pygmy mole cricket Xya capensis which is a representative of the most basal superfamily of the caeliferan Orthoptera, that is, the Tridactyloidea. From both clades neuropeptides have not been biochemically characterized before this study. Here, members of the adipokinetic hormone family (AKHs) are sequenced via liquid chromatography (LC)‐ion trap mass spectrometry from methanolic extracts from the corpora cardiaca of respective species. The corpora cardiaca were dissected, methanolic extracts prepared, peptides separated by liquid chromatography (LC), and AKHs detected and sequenced by ion trap mass spectrometry. Both species investigated contain an octapeptide AKH: the trichopteran species has the peptide with the sequence pGlu‐Leu‐Thr‐Phe‐Thr‐Pro‐Ser‐Trp amide; the ambiguity of the isobaric amino acids Leu and Ile at position two was solved by comparing retention times on LC and by co‐elution with the synthetic Leu2‐form. This peptide is known as Aedae‐AKH and found in certain dipteran species and in an alderfly (Megaloptera). The tridactyloid species contains the peptide with the sequence pGlu‐Val‐Asn‐Phe‐Ser‐Pro‐Gly‐Trp amide which had first been identified in a member of the order Mantophasmatodea and is called Manto‐CC. Comparisons are made between the AKH complements of the sister groups Trichoptera and Lepidoptera and their possible relatedness and, on the other hand, between the AKH of X. capensis with those of closely related caeliferan superfamilies. The biology of the two studied species is used to speculate about a possible function of the elucidated hormones. Lastly, the use of a larval stage as starting material for structural neuropeptide information is discussed.
Why is Anatomy Difficult to Learn? The Implications for Undergraduate Medical Curricula
Authors: Cheung Chun Chung , Bridges Susan M. , Tipoe George L.
Published: March 2021

The impact of the medical curricular reform on anatomy education has been inconclusive. A pervasive perception is that graduates do not possess a sufficient level of anatomical knowledge for safe medical practice; however, the reason is less well‐studied. This qualitative study investigated the perceived challenges in learning anatomy, possible explanations, and ways to overcome these challenges. Unlike previous work, it explored the perceptions of multiple stakeholders in anatomy learning. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted and the transcripts were analyzed by a grounded theory approach. Three main themes emerged from the data: (1) visualization of structures, (2) body of information, and (3) issues with curriculum design. The decreasing time spent in anatomy laboratories forced students to rely on alternative resources to learn anatomy but they lacked the opportunities to apply to human specimens, which impeded the “near” transfer of learning. The lack of clinical integration failed to facilitate the “far” transfer of learning. Learners also struggled to cope with the large amount of surface knowledge, which was pre‐requisite to successful deep and transfer of learning. It was theorized that the perceived decline in anatomical knowledge was derived from this combination of insufficient surface knowledge and impeded “near” transfer resulting in impeded deep and “far” transfer of learning. Moving forward, anatomy learning should still be cadaveric‐based coupled with complementary technological innovations that demonstrate “hidden” structures. A constant review of anatomical disciplinary knowledge with incremental integration of clinical contexts should also be adopted in medical curricula which could promote deep and far transfer of learning.
Determination of salmeterol, α‐hydroxysalmeterol and fluticasone propionate in human urine and plasma for doping control using UHPLC–QTOF–MS
Authors: Sakellariou Panagiotis , Petrou Michael , Lyris Emmanouil , Tsivou Maria , Fragkaki Argyro , Kiousi Polyxeni , Angelis Yiannis S. , Pistos Constantinos
Published: March 2021

Salmeterol and fluticasone are included in the Prohibited List annually issued by the World Anti‐Doping Agency. While for other permitted beta‐2 agonists a threshold has been established, above which any finding constitutes an Adverse Analytical Finding, this is not the case with salmeterol. The salmeterol metabolite, α‐hydroxysalmeterol, has been described as a potentially more suitable biomarker for the misuse of inhaled salmeterol. In this study, a new and rapid UHPLC–QTOF–MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of salmeterol, α‐hydroxysalmeterol and fluticasone in human urine and plasma, which can be used for doping control. The analytes of interest were extracted by means of solid phase extraction and were separated on a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column. Detection was performed in a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source, in positive mode for the detection of salmeterol and its metabolite and in negative mode for the detection of fluticasone. Method was validated over a linear range from 0.10 to 2.00 ng/ml for salmeterol and fluticasone, and from 1.00 to 20.0 ng/ml for α‐hydroxysalmeterol, in urine, whereas in plasma, the linear range was from 0.025 to 0.500 ng/ml for salmeterol and fluticasone, respectively.
Transcarotid: A sign from above?
Authors: Eng Marvin H. , Fang H. Kenith
Published: March 2021

Key Points

Transcarotid (TC) access is primarily being performed in high risk patients and early mortalities are likely due to comorbidities.

Otherwise, transcarotid access has low rates of vascular complications and perioperative strokes.

The length of stay and rates of major bleeding should be targeted as areas for improvement.
Is it time for a “functional” hybrid algorithm to optimize interventional results in chronic total occlusion?
Authors: Agarwal Shiv Kumar , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: March 2021

Key Points

The myocardium subtending a CTO is universally ischemic at rest measured by iFR.

In 30% of vessels, iFR remains in the ischemic range despite angiographic optimization after PCI.

In approximately half of the ischemic vessels after PCI, iFR can be improved with further intervention.

The strategy of functionally optimized coronary intervention is feasible in a CTO.
Combination antiplatelet/antithrombotic regimens after stenting: Are we forcing too much in this decision?
Authors: Nicolas Johny , Dangas George
Published: March 2021

Key Points

Patient‐centered care entails balancing the risks and benefits of each antithrombotic therapy regimen.

When assessing the risk–benefit tradeoffs of each antithrombotic therapy, all outcomes must be taken into account rather than focusing on a single outcome such as stent thrombosis.

Additional randomized clinical trials are needed to establish the optimal antithrombotic therapy regimen in all patients, especially in those at high risk for bleeding and ischemic events.
Early cases of acute infectious respiratory syndrome treated with photobiomodulation, diagnosis and intervention: Two case reports
Authors: Pelletier‐Aouizerate Michèle , Zivic Yvona
Published: March 2021

PBMT using 630 + 660 nm wavelengths transcutaneously at 7 cm above chest area irradiating lungs and heart regions of patients with acute, infectious respiratory syndrome alleviated their respiratory symptoms, mitigated pulmonary inflammation and hypoxia. PBMT could prevent more severe respiratory distress requiring emergency care and reduce the strain on healthcare. This case report's clinical experience can be the basis of future research evaluating oxygen saturation levels pre‐ and post‐PBMT.
Evaluation of engineered soils for bioretention areas containing dredged Illinois River sand, compost, biosolids, and pyrolyzed biosolids
Authors: Vaughn Steven F. , Theiling Charles , Rosenbohm Paul , Eller Fred J. , Peterson Steven C.
Published: March 2021

Dredged Illinois River sand is nutrient poor and has low cation exchange capacity. Engineering this soil by adding amendments to increase nutrient retention may help sustain plant growth and absorb contaminants when the sand is used in bioslopes, bioswales, and rain gardens. The objectives of this study were to compare the physical and chemical properties of engineered soils derived from dredged Illinois River sand combined with mixtures of a locally produced compost, dried Class B biosolids from the Greater Peoria Sanitary District (GPSD), and pyrolyzed GPSD biosolids, and to study their effect on the growth of a grass mixture designed for chronically wet areas, such as bioslopes and/or bioswales along Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) highways. Dry and wet bulk densities of the soil mixtures increased with increasing levels of both biosolids and pyrolyzed biosolids. Soils containing higher levels of compost were linked to higher CEC, soluble salts, porosity, and soil moisture. Shoot and root lengths, and fresh and dry tissue mass were highest in mixtures containing the higher compost levels. These results indicate that the addition of compost to Illinois River sand may be required for adequate grass growth in these engineered soils saturated with water. The use of either biosolids or pyrolyzed biosolids as nutrient sources may need to be supplemented with compost for adequate plant growth.
Tracking energy changes with match heads
Authors: Fredelake Bernd , Sieve Bernhard F.
Published: March 2021

Die Bestimmung der Entzündungstemperatur von Streichholzköpfchen ist ein klassischer Schulversuch aus dem Anfangsunterricht Chemie. Im Beitrag wird eine Variante beschrieben, mit der Lernende den Temperaturverlauf verfolgen und dabei zwischen Aktivierungs‐ und Reaktionsenergie unterscheiden können.
Removal of Cement Dust Particulates via Fully Submerged Self‐Primed Venturi Scrubber
Authors: Mukherjee Subhrajit , Verma Amit , Biswas Subrata , Bal Manisha , Meikap Bhim Charan
Published: March 2021

In the last few decades, researchers have aimed to improve the removal efficiency of air pollutants using several engineered devices. Here, cement dust removal is investigated using the water scrubbing technique by applying a self‐priming venturi scrubber in fully submerged conditions to study the effect of various operating parameters on performance. This study carries out optimization to develop a model. The removal efficiency of particulates acts as the functional process parameter and its related interaction terms are discussed in this work. Response surface methodology is applied to optimize the process output response. The developed model and design expert platform, inbuilt with the central composite design technique performs the process optimization. This helps in comparing the input and output variables. The maximum removal efficiency obtained is 99.77% at a throat gas velocity of 60 m s−1, an inlet cement dust loading rate of 3.1 g m−3, and a liquid level of 100 cm in the external cylinder under fully submerged conditions. Moreover, recyclable household greywater is used as a scrubbing liquid owing to its low‐cost and availability in sufficient quantities. The proposed scrubber system efficiently removes particulate matter such as cement dust particulates from the environment.
Chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps and asthma: Omalizumab improves residual anxiety but not depression
Authors: Vogt Florian , Sahota Jagdeep , Bidder Therese , Livingston Rebecca , Bellas Helene , Gane Simon B. , Lund Valerie J. , Robinson Douglas S. , Kariyawasam Harsha H.
Published: March 2021

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has a high prevalence of anxiety and depression. It is currently uncertain if treatment in patients with CRS with or without nasal polyps (CRSwNP and CRSsNP) has any impact on improving mental health outcomes. The aims here were to document anxiety and depression in patients with severe CRS and asthma already treated with appropriate medical therapy. We then evaluated whether further maximal treatment with omalizumab improved anxiety and/or depression alongside improvements in CRS and coassociated asthma.

Methods

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores along with measures of CRS and asthma severity were recorded according to CRSwNP and CRSsNP status in n = 95 patients with severe CRS and asthma. Of this group, a further n = 23 had omalizumab for associated allergic asthma. Follow‐up measures were collected 16 weeks after omalizumab treatment.

Results

HADS anxiety and depression prevalence in CRS were 49.47 % and 38.95%, respectively. Within the CRSwNP and CRSsNP group 53.06% and 45.66% had raised HADS‐anxiety scores. Abnormal HADS‐depression scores were present in 40.82% and 36.95% of the CRSwNP and CRSsNP groups, respectively. Correlations for sinonasal outcome test‐22 (SNOT‐22) versus HADS total was r = 0.59 p < 0.0001, HADS‐anxiety r = 0.56 p < 0.0001 and HADS‐depression r = 0.49 p < 0.0001. Omalizumab improved anxiety in CRS (p < 0.0001) regardless of nasal polyp status (CRSwNP p = 0.0042 and CRSsNP p = 0.0078). Depression scores did not improve in either group. SNOT‐22 (p = 0.0006), asthma control questionnaire‐7 (p = 0.0019) and mini‐asthma quality of life questionnaire including emotional function (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0009, respectively) all improved in both subgroups.

Conclusion

In CRS and asthma, anxiety scores but not depression improved after omalizumab treatment. Anxiety may be closely related to airway disease severity, but depression may be independent of airway disease itself. If so, a separate mental health care pathway is needed for CRS patients with depression.
Cancer surveillance awareness and practice among families at increased risk for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Everett Jessica N. , Burgos Gabriela , Chun Jennifer , Baptiste Ariele , Khanna Lauren G. , Oberstein Paul E. , Simeone Diane M.
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an important goal for improving survival. Individuals who meet published guidelines for surveillance may be underidentified, and family communication about risk represents a pathway to increasing participation in surveillance. We investigated the uptake of and barriers to surveillance in at‐risk relatives of clinic patients.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective record review of patients with personal or family history of PDAC evaluated over 12 months. The first relative presenting to clinic (proband) reported surveillance status and reasons for nonparticipation for at‐risk relatives. Descriptive analyses and Fisher's exact tests were conducted to evaluate differences in surveillance participation.

RESULTS

Among 193 at‐risk relatives, 21% were in surveillance. The primary reasons for nonparticipation were lack of awareness (36%) and lack of interest (24%). Neither the sex nor the cancer status of probands impacted surveillance. At‐risk relatives with familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) who also carried relevant pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) were more likely to undergo surveillance than those with FPC or PGVs alone (P = .003). Among families with PGVs, 59% of relatives potentially eligible for surveillance had not completed genetic testing.

CONCLUSION

PDAC surveillance is underutilized in high‐risk families. Communication interventions to address informational needs and decisional support could improve outcomes.
Survival advantage in patients with human papillomavirus‐driven oropharyngeal cancer and variation by demographic characteristics and serologic response: Findings from Head and Neck 5000
Authors: Whitmarsh Alex , Pring Miranda , Thomas Steve J. , Waylen Andrea , Ness Andy R. , Dudding Tom , Pawlita Michael , Brenner Nicole , Waterboer Tim , Schroeder Lea
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)‐driven oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) experience better survival than those with HPV‐negative OPC. It is unclear whether this benefit varies by demographic characteristics and serologic response.

METHODS

Records from 1411 patients with OPC who had HPV serology data were analyzed. HPV status was based on HPV type 16 (HPV16) E6 serology. Participants were followed for a median of 5.9 years, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). The association between HPV status and overall survival was analyzed by age group, sex, smoking status, tumor site, HPV antibody levels, and HPV antibody pattern. Models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and comorbidity.

RESULTS

For the overall association between HPV status and survival, the fully adjusted HR was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.33‐0.56). The HR was 0.19 (95% CI, 0.10‐0.35) for participants aged ≤54 years, 0.38 (95% CI, 0.25‐0.56) for those aged 55 to 64 years, and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.47‐1.13) for those aged ≥65 years (P for interaction = .023). There was no clear evidence for an interaction by sex, smoking status, or tumor site. Survival did not differ according to E6 antibody levels in those who were seropositive. All seropositivity patterns were associated with increased survival compared with a pattern of seronegativity for all antibodies. Patients who are positive for E1, E2, E6, and E7 may experience better survival.

CONCLUSIONS

HPV status confers a survival advantage across all groups. This survival advantage is more marked for younger patients. The HPV antibody pattern, but not the antibody level, may also affect survival.
Inadequacy of the classical formulation of the CMOS Schmitt trigger
Authors: da Silva Júnior Anselmo Luís , Pasini Melek Luiz Alberto , Galup‐Montoro Carlos , Cherem Schneider Márcio
Published: March 2021

The classical complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) Schmitt trigger (ST) circuit operating in strong inversion has been used as a basic building block in electronics since the 70s. However, no appropriate analytical models for determining the hysteresis threshold voltages have been presented. In this paper, we review the classical CMOS ST formulation for operation in strong inversion and introduce a new model for calculating the hysteresis window. In order to validate the approximations employed in this work, we measured the hysteresis curve for several combinations of transistors available in the popular off‐the‐shelf CD4007 and resorted to simulation in a 180‐nm technology for the specific purpose of measuring the ST window in terms of the transistors aspect ratios. Numerical, experimental, and simulation results corroborate the approximations employed in this research to derive simple expressions for the hysteresis threshold voltages.
Hypoglycaemia detection and prediction techniques: A systematic review on the latest developments
Authors: Diouri Omar , Cigler Monika , Vettoretti Martina , Mader Julia K. , Choudhary Pratik , Renard Eric ,   HYPO‐RESOLVE Consortium
Published: March 2021

The main objective of diabetes control is to correct hyperglycaemia while avoiding hypoglycaemia, especially in insulin‐treated patients. Fear of hypoglycaemia is a hurdle to effective correction of hyperglycaemia because it promotes under‐dosing of insulin. Strategies to minimise hypoglycaemia include education and training for improved hypoglycaemia awareness and the development of technologies to allow their early detection and thus minimise their occurrence. Patients with impaired hypoglycaemia awareness would benefit the most from these technologies. The purpose of this systematic review is to review currently available or in‐development technologies that support detection of hypoglycaemia or hypoglycaemia risk, and identify gaps in the research. Nanomaterial use in sensors is a promising strategy to increase the accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring devices for low glucose values. Hypoglycaemia is associated with changes on vital signs, so electrocardiogram and encephalogram could also be used to detect hypoglycaemia. Accuracy improvements through multivariable measures can make already marketed galvanic skin response devices a good noninvasive alternative. Breath volatile organic compounds can be detected by dogs and devices and alert patients at hypoglycaemia onset, while near‐infrared spectroscopy can also be used as a hypoglycaemia alarms. Finally, one of the main directions of research are deep learning algorithms to analyse continuous glucose monitoring data and provide earlier and more accurate prediction of hypoglycaemia. Current developments for early identification of hypoglycaemia risk combine improvements of available ‘needle‐type’ enzymatic glucose sensors and noninvasive alternatives. Patient usability will be essential to demonstrate to allow their implementation for daily use in diabetes management.
Primate landscape genetics: A review and practical guide
Authors: Westphal Darice , Mancini Amanda N. , Baden Andrea L.
Published: March 2021

Landscape genetics is an emerging field that integrates population genetics, landscape ecology, and spatial statistics to investigate how geographical and environmental features and evolutionary processes such as gene flow, genetic drift, and selection structure genetic variation at both the population and individual levels, with implications for ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. Despite being particularly well suited for primatologists, this method is currently underutilized. Here, we synthesize the current state of research on landscape genetics in primates. We begin by outlining how landscape genetics has been used to disentangle the drivers of diversity, followed by a review of how landscape genetic methods have been applied to primates. This is followed by a section highlighting special considerations when applying the methods to primates, and a practical guide to facilitate further landscape genetics studies using both existing and de novo datasets. We conclude by exploring future avenues of inquiry that could be facilitated by recent developments as well as underdeveloped applications of landscape genetics to primates.
Bidens pilosa: Nutritional value and benefits for metabolic syndrome
Authors: Kuo Tien‐Fen , Yang Greta , Chen Tzung‐Yan , Wu Yueh‐Chen , Tran Nguyen Minh Hieu , Chen Lin‐Shyan , Chen Wen‐Chu , Huang Ming‐Guang , Liang Yu‐Chuan , Yang Wen‐Chin
Published: March 2021

The genusBidens(Asteraceae) encompasses over 240 different species. One of them isBidens pilosaL. that is an easy‐to‐grow perennial, and broadly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This plant has been regarded as an edible plant by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations since 1975, and has been traditionally used as a food and medicine in America, Africa, and Asia.B. pilosahas been claimed to possess active compounds with more than 40 distinct bioactivities. Although considerable progress has been made in studying the phytochemistry and biology ofB. pilosaand its compounds over recent years, a critical review of its dietary functions for metabolic syndrome is unavailable. The present review summarizes the nutrition, benefits, phytochemistry, and safety ofB. pilosawith respect to metabolic syndrome. As well as highlighting studies of the use ofB. pilosafor metabolic syndrome, scientific evidence regarding the antimetabolic action, mechanism, and application of this species and its active phytochemicals are discussed. This review consolidates information for further study into the medicinal benefits of the compounds in this plant.
Encouraging Independent Readers: Combining Reading Workshop and Textbook‐Based Lessons in a Japanese High School Classroom
Authors: Katsuta Hikaru , Sawada Eisuke
Published: March 2021

In Japan, the workshop‐style approach for teaching reading has drawn recent attention. However, the obligation to use Ministry of Education–approved textbooks makes applying this method in classes difficult. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possibilities of incorporating workshop‐style lessons into a Japanese language arts class and its benefits for high school students. Based on findings from questionnaires and interviews undertaken with students and reflective dialogues with the teacher, the benefits of incorporating reading workshop–style lessons were examined and compared with the traditional textbook‐style lesson. The main finding is that reading self‐selected books accompanied by teacher/student conferences nurtures good reading habits. Although this study indicates the importance of workshop‐style lessons, it also highlights the benefits and importance of traditional textbook‐style lessons. Finally, how to integrate them into the curriculum is discussed.
Cholangio‐venous reflux of biliary contents through paracellular pathways between hepatocytes in patients with acute cholangitis
Authors: Takada Tadahiro , Takikawa Hajime , Sawada Norimasa , Higuchi Ryota , Nagamachi Yukiko , Isaji Shuji , Yoshida Masahiro , Yamamoto Masakazu
Published: March 2021

Background

We re‐analyzed data on cholangio‐venous reflux from a clinical study conducted prospectively on 22 patients in 1974.

Method

Direct cholangiography was performed with indocyanine green (ICG) mixed into UrographinR under monitoring of intrabiliary pressure, and the participants were allocated to three groups according to whether ICG leakage into the blood, signs of infection, or both, were present.

Results

The intrabiliary pressure of six patients negative for both ICG leakage and signs of infection was approximately 19.5 (median, [range 18‐22]) cmH2O. In contrast, for the five patients positive for ICG leakage but negative for signs of infection, the intrabiliary pressure was higher (median 32.0 [range 27‐41) cmH2O]. The 11 patients positive for both ICG leakage and signs of infection had the highest intrabiliary pressure (median 48.0 [range 33‐77] cmH2O). Our analyses revealed that, as the intrabiliary pressure increased, the status of ICG leakage and signs of infection appeared in a stepwise fashion.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the tight junctions sealing the bile canaliculi deteriorated with increasing intrabiliary pressure, resulting in reflux of the biliary contents into the vascular system via paracellular pathways between hepatocytes.
Hand fine motor control in classic galactosemia
Authors: MacWilliams Jessica , Patel Sneh , Carlock Grace , Vest Sarah , Potter Nancy L. , Fridovich‐Keil Judith L.
Published: March 2021

Classic galactosemia (CG) is a rare inborn error of metabolism that results from profound deficiency of galactose‐1‐P uridylyltransferase (GALT). Despite early detection and rapid and lifelong dietary restriction of galactose, which is the current standard of care, most patients grow to experience a broad range of complications that can include motor difficulties. The goal of this study was to characterize hand fine motor control deficit among children and adults with classic galactosemia (CG). Specifically, we used Neuroglyphics software to collect digital Archimedes spiral drawings on a touch screen from 57 volunteers with CG (cases) and 80 controls. Hand fine motor control was scored as root mean square (RMS) of spirals drawn relative to an idealized template. Presence of tremor was defined as a peak in periodicity of changes in drawing speed or direction in the 4‐8 Hz range. We observed a highly significant difference (P < .001) in RMS scores between cases and controls, with almost 51% of cases showing at least 1 of 4 spirals scoring outside the 95th percentile for controls. The corresponding prevalence for controls was 10%. Similarly, more than 35% of cases, and almost 14% of controls, showed at least 1 of 4 spirals with a tremor amplitude above the 95th % cutoff for controls. Our results both confirm and extend what is known about hand fine motor control deficit among children and adults with CG and establish digital assessment as a useful approach to quantify this outcome.
Collision‐induced dissociation of [UO2(NO3)(O2)]− and reactions of product ions with H2O and O2
Authors: Bubas Amanda R. , Perez Evan , Metzler Luke J. , Rissler Scott D. , Van Stipdonk Michael J.
Published: March 2021

We recently reported a detailed investigation of the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of [UO2(NO3)3]− and [UO2(NO3)2(O2)]− in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer (J. Mass Spectrom. DOI:10.1002/jms.4705). Here, we describe the CID of [UO2(NO3)(O2)]− which is created directly by ESI, or indirectly by simple elimination of O2 from [UO2(NO3)(O2)2]−. CID of [UO2(NO3)(O2)]− creates product ions as at m/z 332 and m/z 318. The former may be formed directly by elimination of O2, while the latter required decomposition of a nitrate ligand and elimination of NO2. DFT calculations identify a pathway by which both product ions can be generated, which involves initial isomerization of [UO2(NO3)(O2)]− to create [UO2(O)(NO2)(O2)]−, from which elimination of NO2 or O2 will leave [UO2(O)(O2)]− or [UO2(O)(NO2)]−, respectively. For the latter product ion, the composition assignment of [UO2(O)(NO2)]− rather than [UO2(NO3)]− is supported by ion‐molecule reaction behavior, and in particular, the fact that spontaneous addition of O2, which is predicted to be the dominant reaction pathway for [UO2(NO3)]− is not observed. Instead, the species reacts with H2O, which is predicted to be the favored pathway for [UO2(O)(NO2)]−. This result in particular demonstrates the utility of ion‐molecule reactions to assist the determination of ion composition. As in our earlier study, we find that ions such as [UO2(O)(NO2)]− and [UO2(O)(O2)]− form H2O adducts, and calculations suggest these species spontaneously rearrange to create dihydroxides.
Decadal phase shift of summertime Arctic dipole pattern and its nonlinear effect on sea ice extent
Authors: Heo Eun‐Sook , Sung Mi‐Kyung , An Soon‐Il , Yang Young‐Min
Published: March 2021

The rapid decline in Arctic sea ice during recent decades has been attributed to the combined influence of global warming and internal climate variability. Herein, we elucidate the process by which the decrease in sea ice is accelerated in association with the decadal phase shift of the Arctic dipole (AD), using observational data and Community Earth System Model (CESM1) simulations. The influence of the AD on Arctic sea ice varied according to its phase; in the negative‐AD decades (1979–1998), atmospheric circulation during summers of positive phase AD acts to reduce the sea ice extent (SIE) in the Pacific sector but increases it in the Atlantic sector. In contrast, in the positive‐AD decades (after 1999), the same atmospheric circulation pattern reduces the SIE in both sectors, resulting in enhanced sea ice melting across the entire Arctic region. A similar nonlinear relationship between the AD phase and SIE change is also observed in CESM1 Pre‐Industrial simulations, which stem from altered background temperature conditions between periods, implying the significant role of internal variability, particularly over the Atlantic sector. However, contrary to the recently observed AD trend, CESM1 Large Ensemble experiments predicted a negative AD trend as global warming proceeded. This suggests that the recent positive AD phase may be naturally driven, but the current state of sea ice decline associated with AD could be altered in the near future because of enhanced global warming.
Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with malnutrition risk estimated by the Royal Free Hospital–Nutritional Prioritizing Tool in hospitalized cirrhosis
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Feng Hongjuan , Hui Yangyang , Yu Zihan , Zhao Tianming , Mao Lihong , Lin Lin , Wang Bangmao , Fan Xiaofei , Yu Qingxiang , Sun Chao
Published: March 2021

Background

Liver cirrhosis is characterized by immune dysfunction, contributing to malnutrition. We previously revealed neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an indicator of disordered immune system. Herein we aimed to (1) determine the optimal NLR cutoff that best predicts malnutrition risk and (2) clarify the association between NLR and nutrition status.

Methods

A total of 135 hospitalized patients with cirrhosis were included. Immune dysfunction was evaluated by levels of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP), NLR, and other parameters. Malnutrition was screened by a risk score referring to the Royal Free Hospital–Nutritional Prioritizing Tool (RFH‐NPT). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was implemented to determine the best NLR cutoff that predicts malnutrition risk. Correlation between NLR and indicators of hepatic and physical function (handgrip strength) were also examined. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between NLR and malnutrition risk.

Results

ROC curve revealed that the optimum cutoff to predict malnutrition risk was NLR > 4.2, with a sensitivity of 47.2%, specificity of 81.0%, negative predictive value of 58.0%, and positive predictive value of 74.5%, respectively. Patients with NLR > 4.2 exhibited a higher RFH‐NPT score, serum platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and CRP. A positive correlation was found between NLR values and Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh (r = 0.22; P = .010), model for end‐stage liver disease (r = 0.36; P < .001), and RFH‐NPT scores (r = 0.31; P < .001). NLR was a risk factor for malnutrition independently of alcoholic liver disease and presence of ascites.

Conclusions

Immune dysfunction measured by NLR was associated with malnutrition risk estimated by RFH‐NPT in cirrhosis.
The correlation between history of periodontitis according to staging and grading and the prevalence/severity of peri‐implantitis in patients enrolled in maintenance therapy
Authors: Ravidà Andrea , Rodriguez Maria Vera , Saleh Muhammad H. A. , Galli Matthew , Qazi Musa , Troiano Giuseppe , Wang Hom‐Lay , Moreno Pablo Galindo
Published: March 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to determine if a previous history of periodontitis according to the preset definitions of the 2017 World Workshop is correlated with increased implant failure, and occurrence and severity of peri‐implantitis (PI).

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients with a history of periodontitis who received nonsurgical and, if indicated, surgical corrective therapy prior to implant placement was performed. Periodontitis stage and grade were determined for each included patient based on data from the time of initiation of active periodontal therapy. Cox Proportional Hazard Frailty models were built to analyze the correlation between stage and grade of periodontitis at baseline with implant failure, as well as occurrence and severity of PI.

Results

Ninety‐nine patients with a history of periodontitis receiving 221 implants were followed for a mean duration of 10.6 ± 4.5 years after implant placement. Six implants (2.7%) failed and a higher rate of implant failure due to PI was found for Grade C patients (P < 0.05), whereas only an increased trend was seen for Stages III and IV compared with I and II. Grading significantly influenced the risk of marginal bone loss (MBL) >25% of the implant length (P = 0.022) in PI‐affected implants. However, a direct correlation between higher‐level stage and grade and PI prevalence was not recorded.

Conclusion

No statistically significant association between periodontitis stage or grade and the prevalence of PI was found. However, when PI was diagnosed, there was a relationship between periodontitis grade and severity of PI or the occurrence of implant failure.
Identification of the absorbed ingredients and metabolites in rats after an intravenous administration of Tanreqing injection using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Xie Like , Wang Yangyang , Yin Hao , Li Jiajia , Xu Zhou , Sun Zhaolin , Liu Fang , Zhang Xiaoli , Liu Shaoyong , Sun Jianguo , Tian Xiaoting , Huang Chenggang
Published: March 2021

The metabolic profiles of Tanreqing injection, which is a traditional Chinese medicine recommended for complementary administration to treat a novel coronavirus, have remained unclear, which inhibit the understanding of the effective chemical compounds of Tanreqing injection. In this study, a sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry method was used to identify the compounds and metabolites in various biosamples, including plasma, bile, liver, lung, kidney, urine, and feces, following the intravenous administration of Tanreqing injection in rats. A total of 89 compounds were characterized in the biosamples of Tanreqing injection‐treated rats including 25 precursor constituents and 64 metabolites. Nine flavonoid compounds, twelve phenolic acids, and four iridoid glycosides were identified in the rats. Their metabolites were mainly produced by glucuronidation, deglucuronidation, glycosylation, deglycosylation, methylation, demethylation, N‐heterocyclisation, sulphation, dehydroxylation, decarboxylation, dehydration, hydroxylation, and corresponding recombination reactions. This study was the first to comprehensively investigate the metabolic profile of Tanreqing injection and provides a scientific basis to further elucidate the pharmacodynamic material basis and therapeutic mechanism of Tanreqing injection.
Hydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymers functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes for selective extraction of cyclic adenosine monophosphate from winter jujube
Authors: Li Fei , Li Xiaoxuan , Su Jie , Li Yijun , He Xiwen , Chen Langxing , Zhang Yukui
Published: March 2021

In this work, a green strategy was developed to prepare molecularly imprinted polymers functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes in aqueous phase under mild conditions for cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Thanks to water solubility of chitosan, a natural polysaccharide which is rich in amino and hydroxyl groups, provided the feasibility to synthesize the green molecularly imprinted polymers for water soluble template in aqueous media. Coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography, the method exhibited a short equilibrium time (6 min), high adsorption capacity (22.42 μg/mg), high magnetic susceptibility, and good selectivity to template molecule with the imprinting factor of 2.94. A good linearity in the range of 0.020‐3.0 mg/mL for target was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The limit of detection (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3) and limit of quantitation (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 10) of the magnetic solid phase extraction method for cyclic adenosine monophosphate were 5 and 15 ng/mg, respectively. And the practical application of chitosan‐based molecularly imprinted polymers as adsorbent to isolate and determine cyclic adenosine monophosphate in real natural samples (winter jujube) was demonstrated.
Development of a surfactant‐assisted dispersive solid phase extraction using deep eutectic solvent to extract four tetracycline antibiotics residues in milk samples
Authors: Nemati Mahboob , Farajzadeh Mir Ali , Afshar Mogaddam Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2021

In this study, a new floating dispersive solid phase extraction method based on deep eutectic solvents has been developed in a home‐made extraction device for the extraction of four tetracycline antibiotics from milk samples. In this approach, the sorbent (activated carbon) was dispersed in whole parts of solution with the aid of air stream and floated on top of the solution with the aid of the surfactant (lauryl betaine) and air bubbles. After collection of the sorbent, the adsorbed analytes were eluted with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride–propionic acid deep eutectic solvent under sonication. In this method, there was no need of organic dispersive and extraction solvents and the used sorbent was collected on top of the solution and collected without centrifugation. The validation parameters showed that low limits of detection (0.1‐0.3 μg/kg) and quantification (0.6‐1.0 μg/kg), acceptable enrichment factors (52‐60), efficient extraction recoveries (80‐91%), and satisfactory relative standard deviations (≤9.8%) were obtained. Eventually, the method was successfully applied on different milk samples and tetracycline was determined in them.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring in Pediatric Surgery Using a Modified Dragonfly Electrode
Authors: Lawlor Claire M. , Zendejas Benjamin , Julian Carlos Munoz‐San , Meisner Jay , Jennings Russell W. , Choi Sukgi S.
Published: March 2021

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