bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for gravity wave drag in the boundary layer of a numerical forecast model: a comparison with observations
Authors: Lapworth A. , Osborne S. R.
Published: August 2016

The main effect of gravity wave drag is generally considered to be an increased drag on upper tropospheric flow. However, the nocturnal boundary layer overland is often extremely stable and in this case there can be considerable gravity wave drag on near‐surface flow, affecting turbulent fluxes and screen temperatures.

In order to determine whether this type of drag is correctly represented in numerical forecast models, a dataset of winds and temperatures output from a forecast model is compared with an archive of observations from two surface sites. Comparison with the output from a one‐dimensional model is used to differentiate gravity wave drag from form drag and flow blocking. The results indicate that a gravity wave drag component is probably present in the stable boundary‐layer flows of the forecast models. However the strength of the drag is not as great as that observed. This results in larger model turbulent fluxes and increased surface temperatures from those measured overnight.
Tropical rainfall, Rossby waves and regional winter climate predictions
Authors: Scaife Adam A. , Comer Ruth E. , Dunstone Nick J. , Knight Jeff R. , Smith Doug M. , MacLachlan Craig , Martin Nicola , Peterson K. Andrew , Rowlands Dan , Carroll Edward B. , Belcher Stephen , Slingo Julia
Published: August 2016

Skilful climate predictions of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation out to a few months ahead have recently been demonstrated, but the source of this predictability remains largely unknown. Here we investigate the role of the Tropics in this predictability. We show high levels of skill in tropical rainfall predictions, particularly over the Pacific but also the Indian and Atlantic Ocean basins. Rainfall fluctuations in these regions are associated with clear signatures in tropical and extratropical atmospheric circulation that are approximately symmetric about the Equator in boreal winter. We show how these patterns can be explained as steady poleward propagating linear Rossby waves emanating from just a few key source regions. These wave source ‘hotspots’ become more or less active as tropical rainfall varies from winter to winter but they do not change position. Finally, we show that predicted tropical rainfall explains a highly significant fraction of the predicted year‐to‐year variation of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation.
Dementia, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence in a patient with pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Labarca Gonzalo , Ramirez Romina , Monsalve Ximena , Mira‐Avendano Isabel
Published: August 2016

Hydrocephalus is an uncommon presentation of neurosarcoidosis. We discuss the case of a 67‐year‐old woman with a prior diagnosis of hypothyroidism, systemic hypertension, and lung sarcoidosis who presented with a 1‐month history of progressive impairment of consciousness leading to prostration and loss of sphincter control. At admission, patient was febrile with altered speech and without focalization. Laboratory results showed leucocytosis and mild anaemia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was characterized by mild elevated protein level, increased cell count, normal glucose and adenosine deaminase (ADA), negative cytology, and no bacterial isolations. Electroencephalogram showed toxic‐metabolic encephalopathy. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed hydrocephalus without structural damage, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated non‐specific diffuse meningeal enhancement and periventricular changes supporting normal pressure hydrocephalus. Chest X‐ray showed mediastinal adenopathy and parenchymatous lesions, consistent with stage II lung sarcoidosis. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was installed, and the patient experienced rapid improvement in her symptoms.
Effects of extrusion cooking and wheat bran substitution on the functional, nutritional, and rheological properties of cassava‐defatted toasted soy composite
Authors: Oladiran Dolapo A. , Emmambux Naushad M.
Published: August 2016

Wheat bran was substituted with cassava‐defatted toasted soy composite at 0, 10, and 20% substitution levels followed by extrusion cooking and some nutritional, functional, and rheological properties of the extrudates were determined. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in starch digestibility of composites after extrusion cooking, but the substitution of wheat bran lowered the rate and extent of starch hydrolysis. Extrusion cooking led to a reduction in NSI and IVPD. Substitution of cassava‐defatted toasted soy composite with wheat bran reduced expansion and solubility index of extrudates. Extrusion cooking also promoted fiber fragmentation with a consequent increase in soluble dietary fiber and a decrease in insoluble dietary fiber content. All the composites exhibited a shear thinning behavior and the composite with 20% wheat bran had the highest viscosity. The result indicates that substitution of starch with wheat bran together with extrusion cooking can be applied to produce products with improved nutritional and functional properties.
Systems‐level thinking for nanoparticle‐mediated therapeutic delivery to neurological diseases
Authors: Curtis Chad , Zhang Mengying , Liao Rick , Wood Thomas , Nance Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

Neurological diseases account for 13% of the global burden of disease. As a result, treating these diseases costs $750 billion a year. Nanotechnology, which consists of small (~1–100 nm) but highly tailorable platforms, can provide significant opportunities for improving therapeutic delivery to the brain. Nanoparticles can increase drug solubility, overcome the blood–brain and brain penetration barriers, and provide timed release of a drug at a site of interest. Many researchers have successfully used nanotechnology to overcome individual barriers to therapeutic delivery to the brain, yet no platform has translated into a standard of care for any neurological disease. The challenge in translating nanotechnology platforms into clinical use for patients with neurological disease necessitates a new approach to: (1) collect information from the fields associated with understanding and treating brain diseases and (2) apply that information using scalable technologies in a clinically‐relevant way. This approach requires systems‐level thinking to integrate an understanding of biological barriers to therapeutic intervention in the brain with the engineering of nanoparticle material properties to overcome those barriers. To demonstrate how a systems perspective can tackle the challenge of treating neurological diseases using nanotechnology, this review will first present physiological barriers to drug delivery in the brain and common neurological disease hallmarks that influence these barriers. We will then analyze the design of nanotechnology platforms in preclinical in vivo efficacy studies for treatment of neurological disease, and map concepts for the interaction of nanoparticle physicochemical properties and pathophysiological hallmarks in the brain. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1422. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1422

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
“One‐Step” Synthesis of Ionic Ferrocenyl Compounds of Ferrocenylmethyldimethylamine. Characterization, Migration, and Catalytic Properties During Combustion
Authors: Li Ting , Li Dongdong , Li Jizhen , Zhang Guofang , Zhang Weiqiang , Gao Ziwei
Published: August 2016

Alkylferrocene‐based burning rate catalysts exhibit high migration tendency and volatility during prolonged storage and fabrication process of the solid propellants. To retard the migration problems, eight ionic compounds composed of ferrocenylmethyldimethylammonium cation paired with a common energetic anion, were synthesized by “one‐step” procedure. The compounds were characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as elementary analysis. Their crystal structures were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The TG and DSC analyses indicated that they exhibit high thermal stability. Cyclic voltammetry studies suggested that most of them show reversible or quasi‐reversible redox waves. The anti‐migration results revealed that 1–4 are low‐migratory compounds, but 5 exhibits high migration trends. The TG curves at 70 °C for 24 h showed that all of them have low volatility. They have from high to low impact sensitivity depending on the anions of the compounds. They all exhibit significant effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and some of them accelerate the thermal degradation of 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX). Among them 4 is the best one. Unexpectedly, compound 5, with 1H‐tetrazolate as anion, can decompose into its original reactants at the temperature just higher than its melting point and could show smart‐material functionality in solid propellants.
Biobased production of alkanes and alkenes through metabolic engineering of microorganisms
Authors: Kang Min-Kyoung , Nielsen Jens
Published: August 2016

Advancement in metabolic engineering of microorganisms has enabled bio-based production of a range of chemicals, and such engineered microorganism can be used for sustainable production leading to reduced carbon dioxide emission there. One area that has attained much interest is microbial hydrocarbon biosynthesis, and in particular, alkanes and alkenes are important high-value chemicals as they can be utilized for a broad range of industrial purposes as well as ‘drop-in’ biofuels. Some microorganisms have the ability to biosynthesize alkanes and alkenes naturally, but their production level is extremely low. Therefore, there have been various attempts to recruit other microbial cell factories for production of alkanes and alkenes by applying metabolic engineering strategies. Here we review different pathways and involved enzymes for alkane and alkene production and discuss bottlenecks and possible solutions to accomplish industrial level production of these chemicals by microbial fermentation.
Comparative analysis of l-sorbose dehydrogenase by docking strategy for 2-keto-l-gulonic acid production in Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus endophyticus consortium
Authors: Chen Si , Jia Nan , Ding Ming-Zhu , Yuan Ying-Jin
Published: August 2016

Improving the yield of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KGA), the direct precursor of vitamin C, draws more and more attention in industrial production. In this study, we try to increase the 2-KGA productivity by computer-aided selection of genes encoding l-sorbose dehydrogenases (SDH) of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare. First, six SDHs were modeled by docking strategy to predict the binding mode with co-factor PQQ. The binding energy between SSDA1-H/SSDA1-L and PQQ was the highest, followed by SSDA3/SSDA2. The binding energy between SSDA1-P/SSDB and PQQ was the lowest. Then, these genes were overexpressed, respectively, in an industrial strain K. vulgare HKv604. Overexpression of ssda1-l and ssda1-h enhanced the 2-KGA production by 7.89 and 12.56 % in mono-cultured K. vulgare, and by 13.21 and 16.86 % when K. vulgare was co-cultured with Bacillus endophyticus. When the engineered K. vulgare SyBE_Kv000116013 (overexpression of ssda1-p) or SyBE_Kv000116016 (overexpression of ssdb) was co-cultured with B. endophyticus, the 2-KGA production decreased significantly. The docking results were in accordance with the experimental data, which indicated that computer-aided modeling is an efficient strategy for screening more efficient enzymes.
Effect of Enzyme Pre‐treatments on Bioactive Compounds in Extracted Tiger Nut Oil and Sugars in Residual Meals
Authors: Ezeh Onyinye , Niranjan Keshavan , Gordon Michael H.
Published: August 2016

Tiger nut oil is a novel oil that requires more research data on its characteristics. In this study, the oil was extracted using both enzyme‐aided pressing (EAP) and aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) methods. Using enzymes as a pre‐treatment prior to mechanical pressing increased the concentration of some phenolic acids and tocopherols present in extracted oils compared to controls. High pressure processing as a pre‐treatment before aqueous enzymatic extraction also enhanced tocopherols and total polyphenolic content in oils. The percentage free fatty acid and peroxide values indicated that under the initial extraction parameters, the oils were stable and they all met the standards for virgin olive oil set by the International Olive Oil Council. Residual meals from both extraction processes contained low protein contents ranging from 2.4 to 4.6 %. Additionally, EAP and AEE meals contained low DP (degree of polymerisation) sugars that appeared as 1‐kestose (DP3) and nystose (DP4). EAP had the highest total DP3 and DP4 sugar content of 82.5 mg/g. These sugars would need further assessment to verify their identity and determine their suitability as a potential food.
Spelling correction and morphological analysis to aid electronic dictionary look-up
Authors: Adams Nikki
Published: August 2016

We discuss here the potential use of a morphologically aware spelling corrector to aid second language learners in finding words in an electronic dictionary, using Korean as the language of instantiation but with a method extensible to many languages. The tool discussed is a composition of two parts: a spelling corrector and morphological analyzer. When these two parts are composed, it allows for the spelling correction of morphologically complex words. The results include correct spellings as well as one or more possible morphological parses, which can aid the student both in their spelling and in their understanding of the components of the words. It can be particularly useful when students hear a word (rather than constructing it themselves) and may, therefore, not know the correct spelling or all the morphemes in it. The performance of this method is tested with data obtained from a Korean student learner error corpus and then compared with that of another publicly available morphologically aware spellchecker—the online Pusan National University spelling and grammar checker. Testing and findings reveal that traditional spellcheckers will not find many student errors, because they are not designed to; the word they typed is a correct word, but the incorrect one for the context. Providing students with multiple search results at all times allows them to choose the correct one for their context, and doing so allowed our tool to offer spelling correction, where a more traditional spellchecker did not.
Techniques, Advantages, and Pitfalls of Ultrasound-Guided Internal Jugular Cannulation: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Shelton Clifford L. , Mort Maggie M. , Smith Andrew F.
Published: August 2016

Background: National guidelines advocating ultrasound guidance for internal jugular venous cannulation were introduced in the United Kingdom in 2002, followed by international guidelines a decade later. However, the benefits of ultrasound guidance do not appear to have universally translated into clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the practice of internal jugular vein cannulation.

Methods: We conducted an ethnographic study incorporating observations, interviews, and focus groups in 2 hospitals in the north of England over a 4-month period.

Results: Twenty-seven clinical observations, 10 interviews, and 3 focus groups were conducted. In 25 clinical episodes, ultrasound guidance was used. Four distinct needling techniques were observed, which we classified in terms of needle angulation: the traditional landmark technique, the ultrasound-guided traditional approach, ultrasound-guided medial angulation, and the ultrasound-guided steep approach. The latter 2 techniques represent a departure from conventional practice and appear to have developed alongside ultrasound guidance. Although no serious complications were observed, there appears to be enhanced potential for complications to occur with medial angulation and the steep approach. Participants described a loss of anatomic knowledge and a false sense of security associated with the adoption of ultrasound guidance, which may account for the emergence of new, potentially riskier needling techniques.

Conclusions: The introduction of safe technologies may lead to unintended consequences, and clinicians should attempt to recognize and mitigate them when they occur. Education to increase awareness of the pitfalls of ultrasound guidance is recommended.
Indications for Peripheral, Midline, and Central Catheters: Summary of the Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters Recommendations
Authors: Moureau Nancy , Chopra Vineet
Published: August 2016

Patients admitted to acute care frequently require intravenous access to effectively deliver medications and prescribed treatment. For patients with difficult intravenous access; those requiring multiple attempts; and those who are obese, have diabetes, or have other chronic conditions, determining the vascular access device (VAD) with the lowest risk that best meets the needs of the treatment plan can be confusing. Selection of a VAD should be based on specific indications for that device. In clinical settings, requests for central venous access devices are frequently precipitated simply by failure to establish peripheral access. Selection of the most appropriate VAD is necessary to avoid the potentially serious complications of infection and/or thrombosis. An international panel of experts convened to establish a guide for indications and appropriate use for VADs. This article summarizes the work and recommendations of the panel that created the Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters.
Thermal equation of state of a natural kyanite up to 8.55 GPa and 1273 K
Authors: He Qiang , Liu Xi , Li Baosheng , Deng Liwei , Liu Wei , Wang Liping
Published: August 2016

The thermal equation of state of a natural kyanite has been investigated with a DIA-type, cubic-anvil apparatus (SAM85) combined with an energy-dispersive synchrotron X-ray radiation technique up to 8.55 GPa and 1273 K. No phase transition was observed in the studied pressure-temperature (P-T) range. The Le Bail full profile refinement technique was used to derive the unit-cell parameters. By fixing the bulk modulus K0 as 196 GPa and its pressure derivative K0′ as 4, our P-V (volume)-T data were fitted to the high temperature Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. The obtained parameters for the kyanite are: V0 = 294.05(9) Å3, α = 2.53(11) × 10−5 K−1 and (∂K/∂T)P = −0.021(8) GPa∙K−1. These parameters have been combined with other experimentally-measured thermodynamic data for the relevant phases to calculate the P-T locus of the reaction kyanite = stishovite + corundum. With this thermodynamically constrained phase boundary, previous high-pressure phase equilibrium experimental studies with the multi-anvil press have been evaluated.
Flüchtlingskinder
Authors: Petermann Franz , Petermann Ulrike
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die Anzahl und die kulturelle Verschiedenheit der unbegleiteten Kinder und Jugendlichen, die in den letzten Monaten nach Deutschland gekommen sind, stellen eine große Herausforderung dar. Soziale Integration bildet die generelle Anforderung, wobei die Vielzahl der Erwartungen, unterschiedliche Wertesysteme und psychische Belastungen Barrieren einer erfolgreichen Integration bilden. Psychologische und therapeutische Maßnahmen sowie Angebote der Jugendhilfe können viele Probleme abfangen und als umfassendes Betreuungsangebot wertvolle Dienste leisten.
Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und Lebensqualität bei männlichen unbegleiteten minderjährigen Flüchtlingen in Jugendhilfe einrichtungen in Deutschland
Authors: Möhrle Birgit , Dölitzsch Claudia , Fegert Jörg M. , Keller Ferdinand
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Unbegleitete minderjährige Flüchtlinge (UMF) gelten als Hochrisikogruppe für die Entwicklung psychischer Erkrankungen. Hinsichtlich Häufigkeit und Art psychischer Störungen sowie gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität (LQ) fehlen für Deutschland bislang Originalarbeiten. Anhand der Daten von 191 männlichen UMF, erhoben in Jugendhilfeeinrichtungen in Deutschland, wurden emotionale und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten (SDQ) sowie gesundheitsbezogene LQ (ILK) untersucht und Vergleiche zur Normstichprobe durchgeführt. Internalisierende Verhaltensauffälligkeiten zeigten sich laut Selbst- und Fremdbeurteilung bei 35 bis 61 % der Jugendlichen signifikant häufiger als in der Normstichprobe (20 %). Hyperaktivitätssymptome waren dagegen sehr selten (4 bis 7 %). Externalisierende Verhaltensprobleme wurden von Betreuungspersonen häufiger (20 %) berichtet als von den Jugendlichen (8 %). Gesundheitsbezogene LQ wurde niedrig eingeschätzt, als Ressource konnte prosoziales Verhalten identifiziert werden.
Psychische Auffälligkeiten von Flüchtlingskindern
Authors: Reinelt Tilman , Vasileva Mira , Petermann Franz
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die gestiegenen Flüchtlingszahlen in den letzten Jahren werden von einer erhöhten Forschungstätigkeit begleitet. Viele dieser Studien in der Klinischen Kinderpsychologie und Kinder-/Jugendpsychiatrie beschäftigen sich dabei mit psychischen Auffälligkeiten bei Flüchtlingskindern, insbesondere der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung und depressiven Symptomen. Als Ursache dieser Auffälligkeiten werden dabei vor allem traumatisierende Erlebnisse vor oder während der Flucht angenommen. Diese traumafokussierte Sichtweise greift jedoch zu kurz, da sie (a) Prozesse von Resilienz (b) den Einfluss von Akkulturation auf das psychische Befinden und (c) die unmittelbare Erfüllung von primären Grundbedürfnissen nach einer Flucht vernachlässigt.
Selbstberichtetes Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern
Authors: Eschenbeck Heike , Meier Stefanie , Eisele Julia , Kohlmann Carl-Walter
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Mit dem Ziel der Validierung des „Fragebogens zum Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern“ (GEKI, Meier, Eschenbeck & Kohlmann, 2013 ) wurden Zusammenhänge gesundheitsbezogener Verhaltensweisen von Kindern im Selbstbericht mit Fremdeinschätzungen durch Eltern sowie Mitschüler geprüft. In Studie 1 nahmen 284 Eltern-Kind-Paare sowie 82 Mitschüler-Kind-Paare teil, in Studie 2 396 Kind-Eltern-Mitschüler-Triaden. In allen korrespondierenden Bereichen des Schutzverhaltens (Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr, Sonnenschutz, Zahnhygiene) und des Ernährungsverhaltens (Ungesunde Ernährung, Gesunde Ernährung, Schulfrühstück) zeigten sich substantielle Bezüge zwischen den Selbstberichten der Kinder und den Fremdeinschätzungen. Am deutlichsten waren die Zusammenhänge für Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr und Schulfrühstück, schwächer für Sonnenschutz und Zahnhygiene. Geschlecht und Alter moderierten (mit einer Ausnahme) die Assoziation zwischen Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzungen nicht. Auch nach Kontrolle von Geschlecht und Alter trugen für alle Gesundheitsverhaltensskalen die Fremdeinschätzungen von Eltern und Mitschülern substanziell zur Varianzaufklärung im Selbstbericht bei. Eltern schätzten insbesondere für Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr und Ungesunde Ernährung das Verhalten ihrer Kinder günstiger ein als die Kinder selbst und deren Mitschüler. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für die Validität des GEKI-Fragebogens.
Implementation und Evaluation eines multimodalen Stressbewältigungstrainings bei Lehramtsstudierenden
Authors: Karing Constance , Beelmann Andreas
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Auf Basis des transaktionalen Stressmodells von Lazarus wurde ein multimodales Stressbewältigungsprogramm für Studierende entwickelt. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Implementation und Evaluation dieses Programms bei einer Stichprobe von 75 Lehramtsstudierenden (Trainingsgruppe: n = 33, Kontrollgruppe: n = 42, Posttest: n = 73, Follow-Up: n = 53 Studierende). Die Trainingseffekte wurden anhand eines quasi-experimentellen Prä-Post-Kontrollgruppendesigns mit Follow-Up-Messung geprüft. Neben allgemeinen Effekten wurden auch konditionale Trainingseffekte überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigten positive kurz- und mittelfristige Effekte. Dabei ergab sich der stärkste Effekt für das Wissen, während für die Bewältigungsstrategien, die Achtsamkeit und die Selbstwirksamkeit die Effekte überwiegend in geringer bis mittlerer Höhe lagen. Keine Effekte zeigten sich dagegen für die emotionale Erschöpfung sowie die psychischen und psychosomatischen Beschwerden. Es ließen sich nur wenige konditionale Effekte für Vortestwert und Geschlecht feststellen. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass die Wirksamkeit des Trainings mit dem Kooperationsverhalten der Teilnehmer zusammenhing.
Good News!
Authors: Trepte Sabine , Schmitt Josephine B. , Dienlin Tobias
Published: August 2016

Abstract. International news articles often compare different countries, favoring one country over another. On the basis of this notion, we hypothesized that when people read international news articles favoring their own country over another, they would afterwards evaluate their country (in-group) better than the other country (out-group) – a tendency referred to as positive distinctiveness in social identity theory (SIT). We further hypothesized that when people read international news articles favoring their own country, they would afterwards have better knowledge of the news articles they read. An experiment with two groups (positive vs. negative articles in terms of participants’ own national identity) was conducted in Germany and the US (total N = 364). We found that when participants read positively valenced news articles, they afterwards showed more positive distinctiveness (e.g., U.S. students believed that the US had a better national educational system than Germany). We also found that when German participants read positively valenced news articles, they demonstrated better knowledge of the articles. This effect was not found in the U.S. sample. Overall, we found support for the notion that social identity mechanisms are relevant when it comes to analyzing the effects of news media.
Why Do We Enjoy Reality Shows
Authors: Hershman Shitrit Michal , Cohen Jonathan
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The increased popularity of reality shows has been followed by criticism that they rely on viewers’ enjoyment of the humiliation and degradation of participants. This study included 163 Israelis who reported on their own willingness to participate in reality shows and how they would react if family members were to participate. Positive correlations between these responses and reported viewing enjoyment dispel the myth that viewers’ enjoyment comes primarily from watching others suffer and being humiliated.
Watching Closely
Authors: Bálint Katalin , Klausch Thomas , Pólya Tibor
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Theory of mind, defined as attributing intentions, feelings, and thoughts to others, is a key capacity in building mental models of narratives. Shot scale, referring to the relative size of the figure on the screen, effectively regulates theory of mind relevant visual cues carried by faces. However, research into the effect of shot scale on theory of mind responses in a narrative is almost nonexistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the extent to which shot scale influences theory of mind responding in film viewers. Four short animated movies were annotated for average shot scale and presented in a within-subject design. Employing mixed-method data collection, participants were asked to retell the story of the films and fill in questionnaires on narrative experience. Skin conductance was also measured during exposure. Story descriptions were content analyzed for theory of mind responses. In a Poisson regression model, average shot scale predicted theory of mind response indicating that increasing spatial proximity to the character triggered higher occurrence of mental state references in participants’ story descriptions. The findings elucidate how formal properties of character presentation affect an audience’s mental models of a story.
Pim2 is important for regulating DNA damage response in multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Ramachandran J , Santo L , Siu K T , Panaroni C , Raje N
Published: August 2016

Pan proviral integrations of Moloney virus (PIM) inhibition in multiple myeloma (MM) results in reduced cell viability in tested human-derived MM cell lines and reduces tumor burden in xenograft mouse models, making PIMs important therapeutic targets for the disease. PIM kinase inhibitors are currently being tested clinically in MM. We sought to elucidate the role of the various PIMs in MM. Our data demonstrate that Pim2 has a significant role in MM cell cytotoxicity. Our data provide evidence for a novel role for Pim2 in the regulation of the DNA damage response (DDR). Knockdown of Pim2 upregulates several downstream DDR markers, mimicking the effects of doxorubicin (Dox) treatment of MM cells, and suggesting a role for the kinase as a negative regulator of this pathway. Dox-induced DNA damage results in a decrease in Pim2 levels, placing the kinase directly downstream of the site of Dox-DNA binding. Overexpression of Pim2 confers a slight survival advantage against Dox through antiapoptotic activity, further underscoring its relevance in the DDR pathway. These data provide insights into a novel mechanism of PIM kinase activity and provide the framework for designing therapeutic approaches in MM.
Rare phenotypes in the understanding of autoimmunity
Authors: Zeissig Yvonne , Petersen Britt‐Sabina , Franke Andre , Blumberg Richard S , Zeissig Sebastian
Published: August 2016

The study of rare phenotypes has a long history in the description of autoimmune disorders. First Mendelian syndromes of idiopathic tissue destruction were defined more than 100 years ago and were later revealed to result from immune‐mediated reactivity against self. In the past two decades, continuous advances in sequencing technology and particularly the advent of next‐generation sequencing have allowed to define the genetic basis of an ever‐growing number of Mendelian forms of autoimmunity. This has provided unique insight into the molecular pathways that govern immunological homeostasis and that are indispensable for the prevention of self‐reactive immune‐mediated tissue damage and ‘horror autotoxicus’. Here we will discuss selected examples of past and recent investigations into rare phenotypes of autoimmunity that have delineated pathways critical for central and peripheral control of the adaptive immune system. We will outline the implications of these findings for rare and common forms of autoimmunity and will discuss the benefits and potential pitfalls of the integration of next‐generation sequencing into algorithms for clinical diagnostics. Because of the concise nature of this review, we will focus on syndromes caused by defects in the control of adaptive immunity as innate immune‐mediated autoinflammatory disorders have been covered in excellent recent reviews on Mendelian and polygenic forms of autoimmunity.
Simultaneous atomic-resolution electron ptychography and Z-contrast imaging of light and heavy elements in complex nanostructures
Authors: Yang H. , Rutte R. N. , Jones L. , Simson M. , Sagawa R. , Ryll H. , Huth M. , Pennycook T. J. , Green M.L.H. , Soltau H. , Kondo Y. , Davis B. G. , Nellist P. D.
Published: August 2016

The aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has emerged as a key tool for atomic resolution characterization of materials, allowing the use of imaging modes such as Z-contrast and spectroscopic mapping. The STEM has not been regarded as optimal for the phase-contrast imaging necessary for efficient imaging of light materials. Here, recent developments in fast electron detectors and data processing capability is shown to enable electron ptychography, to extend the capability of the STEM by allowing quantitative phase images to be formed simultaneously with incoherent signals. We demonstrate this capability as a practical tool for imaging complex structures containing light and heavy elements, and use it to solve the structure of a beam-sensitive carbon nanostructure. The contrast of the phase image contrast is maximized through the post-acquisition correction of lens aberrations. The compensation of defocus aberrations is also used for the measurement of three-dimensional sample information through post-acquisition optical sectioning.
A moving contact line as a rheometer for nanometric interfacial layers
Authors: Lhermerout Romain , Perrin Hugo , Rolley Etienne , Andreotti Bruno , Davitt Kristina
Published: August 2016

How a liquid drop sits or moves depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the underlying substrate. This can be seen in the hysteresis of the contact angle made by a drop on a solid, which is known to originate from surface heterogeneities, and in the slowing of droplet motion on deformable solids. Here, we show how a moving contact line can be used to characterize a molecularly thin polymer layer on a solid. We find that the hysteresis depends on the polymerization index and can be optimized to be vanishingly small (<0.07°). The mechanical properties are quantitatively deduced from the microscopic contact angle, which is proportional to the speed of the contact line and the Rouse relaxation time divided by the layer thickness, in agreement with theory. Our work opens the prospect of measuring the properties of functionalized interfaces in microfluidic and biomedical applications that are otherwise inaccessible.
Automated optogenetic feedback control for precise and robust regulation of gene expression and cell growth
Authors: Milias-Argeitis Andreas , Rullan Marc , Aoki Stephanie K. , Buchmann Peter , Khammash Mustafa
Published: August 2016

Dynamic control of gene expression can have far-reaching implications for biotechnological applications and biological discovery. Thanks to the advantages of light, optogenetics has emerged as an ideal technology for this task. Current state-of-the-art methods for optical expression control fail to combine precision with repeatability and cannot withstand changing operating culture conditions. Here, we present a novel fully automatic experimental platform for the robust and precise long-term optogenetic regulation of protein production in liquid Escherichia coli cultures. Using a computer-controlled light-responsive two-component system, we accurately track prescribed dynamic green fluorescent protein expression profiles through the application of feedback control, and show that the system adapts to global perturbations such as nutrient and temperature changes. We demonstrate the efficacy and potential utility of our approach by placing a key metabolic enzyme under optogenetic control, thus enabling dynamic regulation of the culture growth rate with potential applications in bacterial physiology studies and biotechnology.
Reaction-induced rheological weakening enables oceanic plate subduction
Authors: Hirauchi Ken-ichi , Fukushima Kumi , Kido Masanori , Muto Jun , Okamoto Atsushi
Published: August 2016

Earth is the only terrestrial planet in our solar system where an oceanic plate subducts beneath an overriding plate. Although the initiation of plate subduction requires extremely weak boundaries between strong plates, the way in which oceanic mantle rheologically weakens remains unknown. Here we show that shear-enhanced hydration reactions contribute to the generation and maintenance of weak mantle shear zones at mid-lithospheric depths. High-pressure friction experiments on peridotite gouge reveal that in the presence of hydrothermal water, increasing strain and reactions lead to an order-of-magnitude reduction in strength. The rate of deformation is controlled by pressure-solution-accommodated frictional sliding on weak hydrous phyllosilicate (talc), providing a mechanism for the ‘cutoff’ of the high peak strength at the brittle-plastic transition. Our findings suggest that infiltration of seawater into transform faults with long lengths and low slip rates is an important controlling factor on the initiation of plate tectonics on terrestrial planets.
Cep295 is a conserved scaffold protein required for generation of a bona fide mother centriole
Authors: Tsuchiya Yuki , Yoshiba Satoko , Gupta Akshari , Watanabe Koki , Kitagawa Daiju
Published: August 2016

Centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM) serve as the core structure of the centrosome. A newly formed daughter centriole grows into a functional mother centriole. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that Cep295, an evolutionarily conserved protein, is required for generation of a bona fide mother centriole organizing a functional centrosome. We find that Cep295 is recruited to the proximal centriole wall in the early stages of procentriole assembly. Cep295 then acts as a scaffold for the proper assembly of the daughter centriole. We also find that Cep295 binds directly to and recruits Cep192 onto the daughter centriole wall, which presumably endows the function of the new mother centriole for PCM assembly, microtubule-organizing centre activity and the ability for centriole formation. These findings led us to propose that Cep295 acts upstream of the conserved pathway for centriole formation and promotes the daughter-to-mother centriole conversion.
TNIK inhibition abrogates colorectal cancer stemness
Authors: Masuda Mari , Uno Yuko , Ohbayashi Naomi , Ohata Hirokazu , Mimata Ayako , Kukimoto-Niino Mutsuko , Moriyama Hideki , Kashimoto Shigeki , Inoue Tomoko , Goto Naoko , Okamoto Koji , Shirouzu Mikako , Sawa Masaaki , Yamada Tesshi
Published: August 2016

Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling is essential for maintaining intestinal stem cells, and its constitutive activation has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis. We and others have previously identified Traf2- and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK) as an essential regulatory component of the T-cell factor-4 and β-catenin transcriptional complex. Consistent with this, Tnik-deficient mice are resistant to azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis, and Tnik−/−/Apcmin/+ mutant mice develop significantly fewer intestinal tumours. Here we report the first orally available small-molecule TNIK inhibitor, NCB-0846, having anti-Wnt activity. X-ray co-crystal structure analysis reveals that NCB-0846 binds to TNIK in an inactive conformation, and this binding mode seems to be essential for Wnt inhibition. NCB-0846 suppresses Wnt-driven intestinal tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice and the sphere- and tumour-forming activities of colorectal cancer cells. TNIK is required for the tumour-initiating function of colorectal cancer stem cells. Its inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach.
Asymmetric synthesis using chiral-encoded metal
Authors: Yutthalekha Thittaya , Wattanakit Chularat , Lapeyre Veronique , Nokbin Somkiat , Warakulwit Chompunuch , Limtrakul Jumras , Kuhn Alexander
Published: August 2016

The synthesis of chiral compounds is of crucial importance in many areas of society and science, including medicine, biology, chemistry, biotechnology and agriculture. Thus, there is a fundamental interest in developing new approaches for the selective production of enantiomers. Here we report the use of mesoporous metal structures with encoded geometric chiral information for inducing asymmetry in the electrochemical synthesis of mandelic acid as a model molecule. The chiral-encoded mesoporous metal, obtained by the electrochemical reduction of platinum salts in the presence of a liquid crystal phase and the chiral template molecule, perfectly retains the chiral information after removal of the template. Starting from a prochiral compound we demonstrate enantiomeric excess of the (R)-enantiomer when using (R)-imprinted electrodes and vice versa for the (S)-imprinted ones. Moreover, changing the amount of chiral cavities in the material allows tuning the enantioselectivity.
Erratum: Cell culture-derived HCV cannot infect synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Abd-Elshafy Dina N. , Pietschmann Thomas , Müller-Ladner Ulf , Neumann Elena , Anggakusuma  , Bahgat Mahmoud M. , Pessler Frank , Behrendt Patrick
Published: August 2016

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 18043; published online: 08 December 2015; updated: 26 August 2016 The original version of this Article contained errors in the spelling of the authors Dina N. Abd-Elshafy, Thomas Pietschmann, Ulf Müller-Ladner, Elena Neumann, Mahmoud M. Bahgat, Frank Pessler and Patrick Behrendt which were incorrectly given as Abd-Elshafy D.
Insight into the template effect of vesicles on the laccase-catalyzed oligomerization of N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine from Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements
Authors: Ležaić Aleksandra Janoševic , Luginbühl Sandra , Bajuk-Bogdanović Danica , Pašti Igor , Kissner Reinhard , Rakvin Boris , Walde Peter , Ćirić-Marjanović Gordana
Published: August 2016

We report about the first Raman spectroscopy study of a vesicle-assisted enzyme-catalyzed oligomerization reaction. The aniline dimer N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (= p-aminodiphenylamine, PADPA) was oxidized and oligomerized with Trametes versicolor laccase and dissolved O2 in the presence of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) vesicles (80–100 nm diameter) as templates. The conversion of PADPA into oligomeric products, poly(PADPA), was monitored during the reaction by in situ Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained are compared with UV/vis/NIR and EPR measurements. All three complementary methods indicate that at least some of the poly(PADPA) products, formed in the presence of AOT vesicles, resemble the conductive emeraldine salt form of polyaniline (PANI-ES). The Raman measurements also show that structural units different from those of “ordinary” PANI-ES are present too. Without vesicles PANI-ES-like products are not obtained. For the first time, the as-prepared stable poly(PADPA)-AOT vesicle suspension was used directly to coat electrodes (without product isolation) for investigating redox activities of poly(PADPA) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). CV showed that poly(PADPA) produced with vesicles is redox active not only at pH 1.1–as expected for PANI-ES–but also at pH 6.0, unlike PANI-ES and poly(PADPA) synthesized without vesicles. This extended pH range of the redox activity of poly(PADPA) is important for applications.
Neonatal treatment with scopolamine butylbromide prevents metabolic dysfunction in male rats
Authors: Malta Ananda , Souza Aline Amenencia de , Ribeiro Tatiane Aparecida , Francisco Flávio Andrade , Pavanello Audrei , Prates Kelly Valério , Tófolo Laize Peron , Miranda Rosiane Aparecida , Oliveira Júlio Cezar de , Martins Isabela Peixoto , Previate Carina , Gomes Rodrigo Mello , Franco Claudinéia Conationi da Silva , Natali Maria Raquel Marçal , Palma-Rigo Kesia , Mathias Paulo Cezar de Freitas
Published: August 2016

We tested whether treatment with a cholinergic antagonist could reduce insulin levels in early postnatal life and attenuate metabolic dysfunctions induced by early overfeeding in adult male rats. Wistar rats raised in small litters (SLs, 3 pups/dam) and normal litters (NLs, 9 pups/dam) were used in models of early overfeeding and normal feeding, respectively. During the first 12 days of lactation, animals in the SL and NL groups received scopolamine butylbromide (B), while the controls received saline (S) injections. The drug treatment decreased insulin levels in pups from both groups, and as adults, these animals showed improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, vagus nerve activity, fat tissue accretion, insulinemia, leptinemia, body weight gain and food intake. Low glucose and cholinergic insulinotropic effects were observed in pancreatic islets from both groups. Low protein expression was observed for the muscarinic M3 acetylcholine receptor subtype (M3mAChR), although M2mAChR subtype expression was increased in SL-B islets. In addition, beta-cell density was reduced in drug-treated rats. These results indicate that early postnatal scopolamine butylbromide treatment inhibits early overfeeding-induced metabolic dysfunctions in adult rats, which might be caused by insulin decreases during lactation, associated with reduced parasympathetic activity and expression of M3mAChR in pancreatic islets.
Metadynamic metainference: Enhanced sampling of the metainference ensemble using metadynamics
Authors: Bonomi Massimiliano , Camilloni Carlo , Vendruscolo Michele
Published: August 2016

Accurate and precise structural ensembles of proteins and macromolecular complexes can be obtained with metainference, a recently proposed Bayesian inference method that integrates experimental information with prior knowledge and deals with all sources of errors in the data as well as with sample heterogeneity. The study of complex macromolecular systems, however, requires an extensive conformational sampling, which represents a separate challenge. To address such challenge and to exhaustively and efficiently generate structural ensembles we combine metainference with metadynamics and illustrate its application to the calculation of the free energy landscape of the alanine dipeptide.
The Cytomegalovirus protein pUL37×1 targets mitochondria to mediate neuroprotection
Authors: Hong Chien Tai , Chau Kai-Yin , Schapira Anthony H. V.
Published: August 2016

There is substantial evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). This contribution probably encompasses defects of oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial turnover (mitophagy), mitochondrial derived oxidative stress and apoptotic signalling. Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early protein pUL37 × 1 induces Bax mitochondrial translocation and inactivation to prevent apoptosis. Over-expressing pUL37 × 1 in neuronal cells protects against staurosporin and 6-hydroxydopamine induced apoptosis and cell death. Protection is not enhanced by bax silencing in pUL37 × 1 over-expressing cells, suggesting a bax-dependent mechanism of action. pUL37 × 1 increases glycolysis and induces mitochondrial hyperpolarization, a bax independent anti-apoptotic action. pUL37 × 1 increases glycolysis through activation of phosphofructokinase by a calcium-dependent pathway. The dual anti-apoptotic mechanism of pUL37 × 1 may be considered a novel neuroprotective strategy in diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic pathways are involved.
A novel method to predict visual field progression more accurately, using intraocular pressure measurements in glaucoma patients
Authors:   The Japanese Archive of Multicentral Database in Glaucoma (JAMDIG) construction group, Asaoka Ryo , Fujino Yuri , Murata Hiroshi , Miki Atsuya , Tanito Masaki , Mizoue Shiro , Mori Kazuhiko , Suzuki Katsuyoshi , Yamashita Takehiro , Kashiwagi Kenji , Shoji Nobuyuki
Published: August 2016

Visual field (VF) data were retrospectively obtained from 491 eyes in 317 patients with open angle glaucoma who had undergone ten VF tests (Humphrey Field Analyzer, 24-2, SITA standard). First, mean of total deviation values (mTD) in the tenth VF was predicted using standard linear regression of the first five VFs (VF1-5) through to using all nine preceding VFs (VF1-9). Then an ‘intraocular pressure (IOP)-integrated VF trend analysis’ was carried out by simply using time multiplied by IOP as the independent term in the linear regression model. Prediction errors (absolute prediction error or root mean squared error: RMSE) for predicting mTD and also point wise TD values of the tenth VF were obtained from both approaches. The mTD absolute prediction errors associated with the IOP-integrated VF trend analysis were significantly smaller than those from the standard trend analysis when VF1-6 through to VF1-8 were used (p < 0.05). The point wise RMSEs from the IOP-integrated trend analysis were significantly smaller than those from the standard trend analysis when VF1-5 through to VF1-9 were used (p < 0.05). This was especially the case when IOP was measured more frequently. Thus a significantly more accurate prediction of VF progression is possible using a simple trend analysis that incorporates IOP measurements.