bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sclerosing Mesenteritis Presenting as a Pseudotumor of the Greater Omentum
Authors: Masulovic Dragan , Jovanovic Miodrag , Ivanovic Aleksandar , Stojakov Dejan , Micev Marjan , Stevic Ruza , Filipovic Aleksandar , Galun Danijel
Published: October 2015

Objective: The aim was to demonstrate a diagnostic challenge of sclerosing mesenteritis initially considered as liposarcoma. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 45-year-old man was admitted with a painful abdominal mass. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated a well- demarcated tumor in his left hemiabdomen, with a large fat component and areas of soft tissue attenuation suggestive of liposarcoma. Intraoperative findings showed a tumor arising from the greater omentum. The tumor was completely removed, and histopathology confirmed a pseudotumorous type of sclerosing mesenteritis with dominant mesenteric lipodystrophy. Conclusion: This case showed that a pseudotumorous type of sclerosing mesenteritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the mesenteric tumors.
Transplante de órgãos pélvicos: uma nova proposta de tratamento para incontinência fecal e urinária
Authors: Iuamoto Leandro Ryuchi , Traldi Maria Clara De Camargo , Lee Victor Subyung , Araki Jun , Galvão Flávio Henrique Ferreira , D’Albuquerque Luiz Augusto Carneiro
Published: October 2015

Incontinência fecal e urinária é um problema atual de saúde pública, com enorme impacto social e econômico. Tratamentos para esse problema são insuficientes. Após investigação anatômica, percebemos o assoalho pélvico como tecido composto independente que compartilha pedículo vascular (ilíaca interna) e neuronal (pudendo) comum. Neste manuscrito nós descrevemos transplante de órgãos pélvicos em ratos e cadáveres. Doador - Uma incisão combinada perineal e abdominal foi realizada. A dissecção progrediu perto do anel pélvico; o nervo pudendo e seus vasos foram divididos permitindo a mobilização total do assoalho pélvico. Através da incisão abdominal, genitália, bexiga e reto foram mobilizados. A aorta e a veia cava foram isoladas, preservando os vasos ilíacos internos e os vasos espermáticos. Os enxertos contendo pele, complexo muscular, ligamentos, bexiga, uretra, vagina ou pênis, reto, ânus, útero, ovário, testículo e seus condutos foram removidos. Receptor - A mesma estratégia de incisão e dissecção do doador foi realizada. Os vasos ilíacos internos, incluindo vasos retais e nervos pudendo foram divididos e os tecidos do assoalho pélvico foram removidos em bloco. A aorta e a veia cava infra-renal foram isolados, o enxerto foi colocado no abdômen e foi realizada anastomose aorta-aorta e cava-cava. Também realizamos anastomoses do ureter, reto e nervos e vasos pudendo. O assoalho pélvico foi colocado em sua posição original por pontos entre os ligamentos do assoalho pélvico, nervos e vasos pudendo, peritônio e da pele, concluindo a operação. Nesta pesquisa, mostramos que a cirurgia de transplante do assoalho pélvico é viável.
Marcadores radiométricos de dano ao DNA: possíveis alvos e estado atual
Authors: Gaubeur Matheus Acquesta , Moura Elaine Imaeda de , Chammas Roger
Published: October 2015

Seja por fontes endógenas ou exógenas, terapêuticas ou espontâneas, o dano ao DNA celular está presente a todo o momento, demanda uma resposta de reparo com enzimas específicas e, eventualmente, gera processos neoplásicos. No tratamento do câncer, os benefícios da radioterapia e terapia radiomimética precisam ser balanceados com os riscos de indução de outras mutações. Estima-se que o risco de um indivíduo desenvolver neoplasias secundárias chega a 5% em indivíduos submetidos à radioterapia. Nesse estudo, foi realizada uma revisão na base de dados bibliográficos Pubmed, SciELO, e Lilacs utilizando-se três descritores de assunto: dano ao DNA, radiação ionizante, e reparo do DNA entre 2002 e 2014 e foram selecionados 22 artigos. Resultados: com base nas cascatas de reparo ao dano ao DNA, foi analisado o comportamento cinético das proteínas de reparo estudadas in vitro ATM, BRCA1, p53, histona H2AX, MC1 e 53BP1. As proteínas ATM e MDC1 foram descritas com período breve de platô em relação às demais e, no caso de ATM, há dois períodos de variação da concentração. Conclusão: com um período prolongado de platô, mostra-se promissor o estudo in vivo das proteínas p53, 53BP1, BRCA1 e H2AX para a dosagem indireta dos danos causados pela radioterapia.
Características radiográficas das massas incidentalmente descobertas em pacientes posteriormente diagnosticados com câncer adrenocortical
Authors: Nogueira Thiago Machado , Lirou Roy , Fragasso Maria Candida Barisson Villares , Else Tobias
Published: October 2015

Tumores adrenais benignos são comuns (5-10% da população) sendo frequentemente descobertos incidentalmente. Câncer adrenocortical (CAC), por outro lado, é uma neoplasia extremamente rara (incidência de 1/milhão/ano). O risco de CAC é a principal motivação para o seguimento de incidentalomas adrenais (IA), contudo os benefícios do follow-up com técnicas de imagem não foram estabelecido tendo em vista a sua raridade, havendo controvérsia entre os guidelines sobre seu seguimento (principalmente para IA menores que 6cm).Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar retrospectivamente casos de IA posteriormente diagnosticados como CAC e definir suas características radiológicas e clínicas. [...]
Estudo da farmacodinâmica da vancomicina durante a perfusão pulmonar ex-vivo
Authors: Messias Paula Malvezzi , Samano Marcos Naoyuki
Published: October 2015

Em nosso meio, somente 5% dos pulmões doados são adequados para transplante, em contraste com as taxas mundiais, que aproximam-se dos 15%. Técnicas de recondicionamento do órgão, como a perfusão pulmonar ex-vivo, são capazes de tornar viáveis pulmões que, inicialmente, seriam inadequados para o transplante, mas seu potencial para o tratamento de pulmões infectados ainda não foi avaliado. Dado que as infecções estão entre as principais causas para o alto índice de rejeição observado, uma técnica de tratamento adequada para esses casos seria de grande valia para aumentar o aproveitamento de órgãos doados. A vancomicina foi escolhida para este estudo por ser um antibiótico eficaz no tratamento de pneumonias por bactérias Gram-positivas, como o S. aureus, agente etiológico comum de pneumonias em doadores de múltiplos órgãos.[...]
Projeto QUARA - Prevalência de abusos, maus-tratos e outras agressões durante a formação médica: um estudo de corte transversal em São Paulo, Brasil, 2013
Authors: Barreto Abraão Deyvid Alves de Lima , Babler Fernanda , Quaresma Irene Yamamoto do Vale , Arakaki Juliana Naomy Lacerda , Peres Maria Fernanda Tourinho
Published: October 2015

Introdução: Estudos apontam altas prevalências de agressões, abusos e maus-tratos contra alunos de medicina e sugerem que estudantes vitimados sentem-se mais deprimidos, insatisfeitos com a carreira e tendem a ter baixa autoestima. Estudos sobre esse problema no Brasil são escassos. O nosso objetivo é estimar a prevalência de agressões, abusos e maus tratos entre estudantes de medicina durante a graduação, considerando o tipo, perpetrador, a frequência e gravidade percebida. Metodologia: Estudo de corte transversal com estudantes de medicina de uma universidade estadual paulista. Enviamos um questionário on-line para 1072 estudantes, dos 344 respondentes, 317 foram incluídos na análise. Utilizados a plataforma REDCAP para coleta de dados entre 11/09/2013 e 13/12/2013. Resultados: A média de idade foi 22,24 anos (± 2,89), 49% eram homens e aproximadamente 45% eram do ciclo básico. A quase totalidade (92,31%) referiu ter sofrido ao menos um tipo de agressão durante o curso. Os tipos de agressões mais comuns foram depreciação/humilhação (73,1%) e agressão verbal (59,99%). Foi alta a prevalência de abuso ou discriminação sexual (43,32%). Violência física foi referida por 13% dos alunos. Os principais perpetradores são os próprios estudantes (83,75%) e professores (72,8%). Aproximadamente 30% dos alunos referem ter sido agredidos 5 vezes ou mais e 70% das vítimas consideraram os episódios muito importantes. Conclusão: A prevalência de agressões, abusos e maus-tratos é alta entre estudantes de medicina. Os episódios são repetitivos e considerados graves pelos alunos. Torna-se necessário investigar as repercussões destas situações na saúde mental e na qualidade de vida dos estudantes.
Estabilidade e concordância entre o cateter esofágico com micro-transdutor e o cateter de balão esofágico: estudo in vitro e in vivo
Authors: Augusto Renan Maloni , Carvalho Carlos Roberto Ribeiro de , Albuquerque André , Caruso Pedro
Published: October 2015

As medidas da força inspiratória e da pressão transdiafragmatica (Pdi) (Pdi= Pgástrica – Pesofágica) têm grande importância na prática clínica. Diversas doenças respiratórias e musculares afetam a Pdi, muitas vezes não sendo detectadadas através de medidas não invasivas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade, frequência de resposta e concordância entre o cateter com balão (BC) e o com microtransdutores (MTC) no estudo das pressões esofágicas, gástricas e Pdi. [...]
Estimativa dinâmica da pressão alveolar pulmonar em diferentes modos ventilatórios controlados
Authors: Plens Glauco Cabral Marinho , Costa Eduardo Leite Vieira , Tucci Mauro Roberto , Carvalho Carlos Roberto Ribeiro de
Published: October 2015

O conhecimento da quantidade de colapso alveolar pulmonar é importante no manejo de pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA). Atualmente, o padrão-ouro dessa medida é a tomografia computadorizada de raios-X, a qual requer o transporte do paciente para a radiologia e um pós-processamento laborioso e lento. Recentemente foi descrito um método capaz de estimar em tempo real o colapso pulmonar em pacientes em ventilação mecânica invasiva com base na Tomografia por Impedância Elétrica (TIE) e na mecânica pulmonar. Esse método apresenta como limitação a necessidade de ajustes ventilatórios que proporcionem pausas inspiratória e expiratória. Existem alguns métodos descritos, como o da regressão linear múltipla (MLR) ou do isovolume, que permitem a avaliação da mecânica respiratória em condições dinâmicas. Essa possibilidade de monitorizar a mecânica do sistema respiratório sem a necessidade de padrão ventilatório específico ou períodos de pausa permitiria a estimativa do colapso pulmonar através da TIE em qualquer paciente sob ventilação mecânica controlada de forma robusta e pouco dependente do operador. [...]
Perfil dos pacientes em atendimento na Liga de Doença Renal Crônica
Authors: Darcie Ana Letícia Fornazieri , Okuma Jessica Kazumi , Pereira Bruno Figueiredo , Monteiro Helena , Simão Raif Restivo , Watanabe Rodrigo Akira , Abensur Hugo
Published: October 2015

Caracterizada pela perda lenta e progressiva da função renal, a Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é causada principalmente por diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Várias são suas consequências para o organismo, como anemia, hiperparatireoidismo secundário e distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos. Os pacientes são atendidos na Liga até serem encaminhados, em fases mais avançadas, para tratamento dialítico ou transplante renal. [...]
Consistent long-term behavioural traits are linked to morphological defences in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Vrtělová Jana , Ferrari Maud C.O. , Manek Aditya K. , Chivers Douglas P.
Published: October 2015

Individual prey often exhibit consistent behavioural differences in responses to risk. Here, we assess whether such behavioural consistency is linked to morphological changes that are known to result in differences in vulnerability to predators. Some fishes increase their depth-to-length ratio when under increased risk of predation, thereby reducing their risk to gape-limited predators. However, the development of these defences is limited by available resources. We asked whether behavioural tendencies associated with shelter seeking and activity are linked to differences in growth patterns. Common carp classified as ‘active/non-sheltering’ or ‘passive/sheltering’ based on their movement patterns and shelter use, showed consistency in behaviour over a 10-month period with active/non-sheltering fish developing a greater depth to length ratio than passive/sheltering fish. The effectiveness of anti-predator strategies in animals is an integrative function of both behaviour and morphology. Our works highlights a fascinating link between behavioural consistency and the development of adaptive morphologies.
The effects of α-solanine and zinc sulphate on the behaviour of potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida
Authors: Būda Vincas , Čepulytė-Rakauskienė Rasa
Published: October 2015

Two behavioural assays were carried out: one on the attraction of potato cyst nematodes (PCN),Globodera rostochiensisandG. pallida, to solanaceae-specific secondary metabolite α-solanine, the other on the effect of ZnSO4(a compound known to suppress chemoreceptors). The first assay demonstrated that α-solanine was attractive to second-stage juveniles (J2) of PCN;G. pallidawas attracted to concentrations of 10−4 M and 10−5 M, whereasG. rostochiensiswas attracted to 10−5 M.Globodera pallidareacted faster thanG. rostochiensisto the same concentration of α-solanine. As α-solanine is produced by host plants of PCN, this compound is attributed to kairomones. The response to α-solanine of nematodes pre-exposed to a 3 mM ZnSO4solution was significantly suppressed compared to that of water control. The effect was observed throughout the whole testing period (30 min). This is the first evidence that both α-solanine and ZnSO4can affect the behaviour of hatched J2 of PCN.
Thrasymachus and His Attachment to Justice
Authors: Hansen Peter J.
Published: October 2015

Socrates defends justice against the attack mounted by Thrasymachus in Plato’s Republic, but it isn’t easy to say what the defense consists of. A careful reading shows that Thrasymachus himself is deeply though unselfconsciously attached to justice. Thrasymachus admires skillful artisans and thinks that devoting oneself to one’s art makes one a good man, worthy of good things. He feels that the skillful and unjust deserve to get the better of the artless and weak, which is to say he unselfconsciously believes in a form of distributive justice. Moreover, his surprising attachment to justice resembles and casts light on the attachment to justice that most people feel.
New species and new combinations in Micromeria (Lamiaceae) from the Canary Islands and Madeira
Authors: Puppo Pamela , Meimberg Harald
Published: October 2015

Based on recent molecular evidence, one new species and one new subspecies of Micromeria are described for the Canary Islands: M. pedro-luisii and M. hierrensis subsp. incana. Six new combinations are proposed: M. canariensis, M. canariensis subsp. meridialis, M. gomerensis, M. rupestris, M. herpyllomorpha subsp. palmensis, and M. hierrensis. Three new hybrids are described for La Gomera: M. lepida subsp. bolleana × M. gomerensis, M. lepida subsp. bolleana × M. pedro-luisii, and M. lepida subsp. lepida × M. pedro-luisii. A new name is also given to the taxon from Madeira: M. maderensis. A revised key to the species present in the Canary archipelago is provided.
Oxygraphis kumaonensis sp. nov. (Ranunculaceae) from Western Himalaya, India
Authors: Rai Ishwari Datt , Rawat Gopal Singh
Published: October 2015

Oxygraphis kumaonensis I. D. Rai and G. S. Rawat, a new species from the alpine region of Western Himalaya is described and illustrated. Diagnostic features for identification, brief notes on the ecology and description of Type locality are given. The species is named after place of its occurrence, i.e., Kumaon, a well-known floristic sub-region in the state of Uttarakhand, India. Information on the distribution and conservation status of the new species is provided.
Afrohybanthus (Violaceae), a new genus for a distinctive and widely distributed Old World hybanthoid lineage
Authors: Flicker Benjamin , Ballard Harvey E.
Published: October 2015

Recent traditional and molecular systematic studies of the violet family, Violaceae, have confirmed extensive polyphyly of the genus Hybanthus and substantial polyphyly in Rinorea as well. Phylogenetic analyses have proposed up to nine distinct hybanthoid clades. Broad studies of representative taxa within each clade have revealed coherent suites of macromorphological traits in foliage, flowers, fruits and seeds that easily discriminate the nine hybanthoid lineages from each other and from currently recognized genera in the family. Base chromosome numbers and biogeography also provide additional support for recognition of the hybanthoid clades as distinct segregate genera. Some hybanthoid clades have available older generic names, but one of the two Old World lineages, namely the Hybanthus enneaspermus group, is presently nameless. This clade, distinctive in its ellipsoid, pale yellow, often foveolate seeds, is the most diverse in the Paleotropics, with approximately 25 species distributed across Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia, northern Australia and the southwestern Pacific. The group is segregated here as Afrohybanthus gen. nov., with new combinations provided for existing names, all of which have thus far proven morphologically distinct and worthy of recognition at the rank of species. Imminent future studies will describe additional taxa in the new genus.
Porpomyces submucidus (Hydnodontaceae, Basidiomycota), a new species from tropical China based on morphological and molecular evidence
Authors: Wu Fang , ZHAO CHANG-LIN
Published: October 2015

A new species is described from tropical China as Porpomyces submucidus on the basis of both morphological characters and molecular evidence. Phylogenetic analyse based on the ITS sequence, LSU sequence and the ITS+LSU sequence show that the new species belongs to Porpomyces and forms a distict clade as a sister group of Porpomyces mucidus. The fungus is characterized by thin, white to cream, resupinate basidiome with cottony to rhizomorphic margin, small pores (7–9 per mm), a monomitic hyphal structure with clamped generative hyphae, usually ampullated at most septa, and small, hyaline, thin-walled, ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 2.2–2.8 × 1.2–1.8 μm. It is closely related to Porpomyces mucidus, but the latter has larger pores (4–5 per mm) and larger basidiospores (2.8–3.9 × 2–2.8 μm).
Redescription of Ateleopus japonicus Bleeker 1853, a senior synonym of Ateleopus schlegelii van der Hoeven 1855, Ateleopus purpureus Tanaka 1915, and Ateleopus tanabensis Tanaka 1918 with designation of a lectotype for A. japonicus and A. schlegelii (Ateleopodiformes: Ateleopodidae)
Authors: KAGA TATSUYA , OIJEN MARTIEN J.P. VAN , KUBO YOSHIKAZU , KITAGAWA EMI
Published: October 2015

Three nominal species of Ateleopodidae; Ateleopus japonicus Bleeker 1853, A. purpureus Tanaka 1915, and A. tanabensis Tanaka 1918, were taxonomically reviewed. Examination of many specimens, including the holotype of A. tanabensis and the newly designated lectotype of A. japonicus and A. schlegelii, revealed that their morphological differences can be explained by intraspecific variation and ontogenetic change within one species. Mitochondrial DNA analyses supported the results of the morphological study. Thus, A. purpureus and A. tanabensis are considered junior synonyms of A. japonicus. We have concluded after an examination of the relevant publications that Ateleopus schlegelii van der Hoeven 1855 is also a junior synonym of A. japonicus.
A new Glossocephalus (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea: Oxycephalidae) from deep-water in the Monterey Bay region, California, USA, with an overview of the genus
Authors: ZEIDLER WOLFGANG , BROWNE WILLIAM E.
Published: October 2015

A new species of Glossocephalus, G. rebecae sp. nov., is described from deep-water in the Monterey Bay region of California, Eastern Pacific Ocean. It seems to be associated exclusively with the mesopelagic ctenophore Bathocyroe fosteri. This association has been observed from 541–830 m depth. It is readily distinguished from G. milneedwardsi Bovallius, 1887 by the shape of the eye fields. The retina is organised into a crescent-shaped organ, occupying about one-quarter of the back half of the head, with the crystalline cones projecting both anteriorly and laterally. An updated review of the genus is provided, taking into account the new species, together with an overview of G. milneedwardsi, and three new records of associations with ctenophores for G. milneedwardsi. New observations on the interaction of G. milneedwardsi with one of its ctenophore hosts, Mnemiopsis sp., are also documented.
Microcenoscelis n. gen. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Ulomini) from tropical Africa, with description of a blind species from Zimbabwe
Authors: SCHAWALLER WOLFGANG
Published: October 2015

Microcenoscelis n. gen. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Ulomini) caeca n. sp. is described from Zimbabwe, a small and completely blind species. A second known species, however with completely developed eyes, and originally described as Uloma minuscula Ardoin, 1969, was also placed in the new genus. Microcenoscelis n. gen. seems to be mostly related to the genera Cenoscelis Wollaston, 1867, and Cneocnemis Gebien, 1914.
New combinations for six species belonging to Cryptotympanini Handlirsch (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), former members of the genus Tibicen Latreille, 1825
Authors: SANBORN ALLEN F.
Published: October 2015

The generic status of several species formerly placed in the genus Tibicen is reconsidered based on the recent erection of new genera as well as historical evidence. Subsolanus Moulds, 2015 syn. nov. is shown to be a junior synonym of Auritibicen Lee, 2015. Six species are reassigned from Tibicen to appropriate genera based on morphological characteristics.
Sexual Self-Schemas of Gay Men
Authors: Elder William B. , Morrow Susan L. , Brooks Gary R.
Published: October 2015

Self-schemas derive from past experience, influence current experiences, and facilitate the processing of sexual information. Using this concept, this study addressed the following question: How do gay men understand their own sexual self-schemas? Perspectives of 20 gay men were drawn together using a grounded theory methodology and member checking. A seven-category model emerged depicting the behaviors and values participants described as the gay male sexual schema (e.g., Avoidance of Emotional Expression; Pornography and Sexual Orientation Identity; Physically Attractive Men; Managing Sex and Social Perception; Competition for Men; Sex, Emotion, and Intimacy; and Commitment and Work in Relationships). In addition, all participants discussed a process of sexual self-schema transition over time. The resulting model may be used in counseling and in social justice and advocacy to produce adaptive changes for gay male clients.
Rhetorical functions of a ‘language of uncertainty’ in the mass media
Authors: Simmerling Anne , Janich Nina
Published: October 2015

As linguists, we are interested in the way uncertainty, understood as a range of epistemic qualities related to not knowing, is dealt with linguistically in communicative contexts involving scientists, the mass media and the public. One of our central theses is that uncertainty in journalistic texts is not only reflected at different linguistic levels but that it also has various rhetorical functions. Through close analysis of a German newspaper article about geo-engineering, we show which specific linguistic forms, categories and structures are used when dealing with uncertainty, and which rhetorical functions of uncertainty are identifiable in the text. We conclude from our analysis that a ‘language of (un-)certainty’ is always highly context sensitive, meaning that the linguistic resources used to express uncertainty are both multifaceted and multifunctional.
NSEL’s Payment Crisis: Jolt to Indian Commodity Markets
Authors: Satish D. , Kumar M.V. Nagendra
Published: October 2015

The National Spot Exchange Limited (NSEL) was launched to provide a nationwide platform for sellers (farmers) and buyers (consumers and traders) of agricultural commodities to transact and realize an efficient price in a highly fragmented and widely dispersed market. However, with the unearthing of a scam involving millions of dollars, this effort made to connect various local markets to enable efficient price discovery benefitting millions of farmers, failed to succeed. The case covers the objectives and evolution of NSEL and the regulatory environment on spot exchanges in India and provides a discussion point on the reasons for the failure of NSEL.
Supply Chain of Dong-In Entech in Philippines
Authors: Kim Song-Kyoo , Parmar Vivek
Published: October 2015

Dong-In group is a contract manufacturer of outdoor gears and equipment for leading global outdoor companies. It provides complete manufacturing services to many global companies. Established in 1992, in Seoul, Korea, its headquarters are based in Gimpo, South Korea. The company has a highly automated aluminium forging facility in Gimpo, seven factories in the Philippines, and one in Vietnam. Within the Philippines, there are six manufacturing plants and one warehousing and fabric cutting service provider for the factories. The facility in Vietnam is also a manufacturing factory. The company has been looking forward to moving up the value chain by taking up a larger share of the outdoor gear manufacturing supply chain. This is crucial if the organization wants to gain competitive advantage and have a sustainable business model. Being renowned worldwide for its excellence in low cost manufacturing, the next step is to add more value for the customers (i.e., outdoor companies). With this intention, the CEO of Dong-In is in the process of identifying what parts of the product development process can he acquire next and what are the challenges he would face in doing so.
Swachh Odisha: A Case on Attempting to Inculcate Healthy Sanitation Practices in Rural Odisha
Authors: Tripathi M.N.
Published: October 2015

The case focuses on the challenges faced by the state government in adhering to the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) goals to construct 120 million toilets by 2017 in rural areas in a bid to eradicate open defecation and achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. This aim is in line with the seventh goal of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG)—to ensure environmental sustainability. This was being spearheaded and funded by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and led by the Government of India. To accomplish this, UNICEF was trying to incentivize people in rural areas to build toilets at home and use them. Incentives were given to the below-poverty-line (BPL) homes to construct toilets with a small contribution from the beneficiary. However, after a few years of implementation initiated in 1999, it was realized that the majority were still going out to defecate despite having toilets at home. The toilets constructed were being used for other purposes or lying dilapidated.

The case centres on the progress of toilet implementation in rural areas in the state of Odisha, in which only 36 per cent of the target for toilet completion was achieved as against the national average of 54 per cent. To find out the reasons for such tardy progress, UNICEF decided to conduct a pilot study to ascertain the reasons, if any, for such low target achievement and arrive at a set of recommendations. Another objective of the study was to ascertain reasons as to why constructed toilets were still not being used despite being present at homes. The study was done in nine villages from three districts—three from each district. The criteria for selection of the districts were based on the performance of the TSC progress: good, average and poor. The selection of the villages for each district was based on the criteria as mentioned in the case.
SELCO Solar Light Private Limited: A Social Enterprise’s Scaling Up Challenge
Authors: Subramanian Ram
Published: October 2015

Launched by Dr Harish Hande in 1995, SELCO Solar Light Private Limited was a Bengaluru, India-based social venture whose mission was to bring solar energy to the bottom-of-the-pyramid customers. In February 2014, the company had weathered a number of challenges in its start-up phase and had succeeded in becoming a profitable venture without veering from its social mission. However, Hande and his team faced a number of challenges in scaling up the business. An early foray into franchising had failed, while a more recent venture to create replicas of the company (called Baby SELCOs) in other parts of India had gotten off to a slow start. Given that nearly 300 million people in India had no access to electricity, SELCO’s decentralized and low-cost model had tremendous opportunities. The inflection point that SELCO faced was in choosing the best way to leverage the immense potential for solar energy in India without compromising its social mission.
Developing Service-Based Teaching in Health Education for Medical Students
Authors: Brieger William R.
Published: October 2015

In the expanding concern about the social-behavioral aspects of health care in medical education, health education has opportunities for making itself an important part of basic medical training. The need is to actually define a physician's appropriate educational tasks and competencies as a basis for curriculum development in health education which would ideally be integrated into the whole educational program.

This case study presents efforts to develop an educational service component at a rural health center which, connected to a major teaching hospital, serves as a learning base for medical students. Through trial and student feedback a program has been developed which includes patient counseling, evaluative home visits, group education sessions, exit interviews, medication counseling, community needs assessment and educational consultation with local school teachers. With this program as a foundation, the goal is to integrate health education learning throughout the rest of the medical curriculum.
Progressive Health Education through Community Organization: A Case Study
Authors: Hatch John W. , Renfrow William C. , Snider Gayle
Published: October 2015

Successful health education programs should be based on well-integrated community systems and networks. A health educator encountering community disintegration assumes a responsibility for taking a community organization effort. A case study of such an effort, based on Rothman's locality development model, is described. Community diagnosis and program development stages are detailed. Community health projects were among the outcomes attributed to this project.
Determinants of Consumer Influence in a Health Systems Agency
Authors: Steckler Allan , Dawson Leonard
Published: October 2015

An 18-month study of consumer participation and influence in a Health Systems Agency (HSA) found consumer board members to be less influential than provider board members in agency decision-making. In an effort to investigate causes of the influence deficit experienced by consumer HSA board members three issues were studied: staff attitudes toward consumer participation; board member degree of representative accountability; and board member attitudes concerning commitment to consumer participation, commitment to health planning, health services attitude, and feelings of social powerlessness. Results indicated that staff members were favorable toward the concept of consumer participation. They recognized a lack of low-income minority participation, but they did not provide support or allocate resources to enhance consumers' ability to participate. Providers were less committed to consumer participation, felt more socially powerful, and had greater representative accountability than did consumers. Several strategies for increasing consumer influence in HSA decision-making processes are proposed.
The burden of multiple sclerosis variants in continental Italians and Sardinians
Authors: Barizzone Nadia , Zara Ilenia , Sorosina Melissa , Lupoli Sara , Porcu Eleonora , Pitzalis Maristella , Zoledziewska Magdalena , Esposito Federica , Leone Maurizio , Mulas Antonella , Cocco Eleonora , Ferrigno Paola , Guerini Franca R , Brambilla Paola , Farina Gabriele , Murru Raffaele , Deidda Francesca , Sanna Sonia , Loi Alessia , Barlassina Cristina , Vecchio Domizia , Zauli Andrea , Clarelli Ferdinando , Braga Daniele , Poddie Fausto , Cantello Roberto , Martinelli Vittorio , Comi Giancarlo , Frau Jessica , Lorefice Lorena , Pugliatti Maura , Rosati Giulio ,   PROGEMUS (PROgnostic GEnetic factors in MUltiple Sclerosis) Consortium PROGRESSO (Italian network of Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis) Consortium, Melis Maurizio , Marrosu Maria G , Cusi Daniele , Cucca Francesco , Martinelli Boneschi Filippo , Sanna Serena , D’Alfonso Sandra
Published: October 2015

Background:

Recent studies identified > 100 non-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility variants in Northern European populations, but their role in Southern Europeans is largely unexplored.

Objective:

We aimed to investigate the cumulative impact of those variants in two Mediterranean populations: Continental Italians and Sardinians.

Methods:

We calculated four weighted Genetic Risk Scores (wGRS), using up to 102 non-HLA MS risk variants and 5 HLA MS susceptibility markers in 1691 patients and 2194 controls from continental Italy; and 2861 patients and 3034 controls from Sardinia. We then assessed the differences between populations using Nagelkerke’s R2 and the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results:

As expected, the genetic burden (mean wGRS value) was significantly higher in MS patients than in controls, in both populations. Of note, the burden was significantly higher in Sardinians. Conversely, the proportion of variability explained and the predictive power were significantly higher in continental Italians. Notably, within the Sardinian patients, we also observed a significantly higher burden of non-HLA variants in individuals who do not carry HLA risk alleles.

Conclusions:

The observed differences in MS genetic burden between the two Mediterranean populations highlight the need for more genetic studies in South Europeans, to further expand the knowledge of MS genetics.
Current challenges and novel treatment strategies in double hit lymphomas
Authors: Anderson Mary Ann , Tsui Alpha , Wall Meaghan , Huang David C. S. , Roberts Andrew W.
Published: October 2015

High-grade B-cell lymphomas with recurrent chromosomal break points have been termed ‘double hit lymphoma’ (DHL). The most commonly seen DHL is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with t(14;18) and t(8;14) or t(8;22) resulting in overexpression of BCL2 and MYC, respectively. The increased proliferation due to MYC overexpression, without the ability for an apoptotic brake as a result of BCL2 overexpression, results in ‘the perfect storm of oncogenesis’. Thus this disease presents a number of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for the hematologist. The first and foremost challenge is to recognize the DHL. As different morphological entities can be affected it is incumbent on pathologists and clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion especially in disease that appears unusually aggressive or refractory to therapy. Diagnosis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a sensitive and specific method for detection of the disease but is time-consuming and expensive. While detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is sensitive and correlates with survival, standardized methods for this are not widely agreed upon. The second and equally important challenge in DHL is optimizing clinical outcome in a group of patients for whom the prognosis is widely regarded as poor. While improvements have been achieved by dose escalating standard chemotherapeutic regimens, many patients continue to do badly. Furthermore as a disease of aging many patients are unsuitable for dose-intensive chemotherapy regimens. There are now multiple novel targeted agents in various stages of clinical development that offer hope for better outcomes without undue toxicity. Among the most exciting of these developments include specific inhibitors of both BCL2 and MYC.
Weathering the storm: parental effort and experimental manipulation of stress hormones predict brood survival
Authors: Ouyang JQ , Lendvai ÁZ , Dakin R. , Domalik AD , Fasanello VJ , Vassallo BG , Haussmann MF , Moore IT , Bonier F.
Published: October 2015

Background

Unpredictable and inclement weather is increasing in strength and frequency, challenging organisms to respond adaptively. One way in which animals respond to environmental challenges is through the secretion of glucocorticoid stress hormones. These hormones mobilize energy stores and suppress non-essential physiological and behavioral processes until the challenge passes. To investigate the effects of glucocorticoids on reproductive decisions, we experimentally increased corticosterone levels (the primary glucocorticoid in birds) in free-living female tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, during the chick-rearing stage. Due to an unprecedented cold and wet breeding season, 90 % of the nests in our study population failed, which created a unique opportunity to test how challenging environmental conditions interact with the physiological mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs.

Results

We found that exogenous corticosterone influenced the regulation of parental decisions in a context-dependent manner. Control and corticosterone-treated females had similar brood failure rates under unfavorable conditions (cold and rainy weather), but corticosterone treatment hastened brood mortality under more favorable conditions. Higher female nest provisioning rates prior to implantation were associated with increased probability of brood survival for treatment and control groups. However, higher pre-treatment male provisioning rates were associated with increased survival probability in the control group, but not the corticosterone-treated group.

Conclusions

These findings reveal complex interactions between weather, female physiological state, and partner parental investment. Our results also demonstrate a causal relationship between corticosterone concentrations and individual reproductive behaviors, and point to a mechanism for why naturally disturbed populations, which experience multiple stressors, could be more susceptible and unable to respond adaptively to changing environmental conditions.
Complete genome sequence of the chromate-reducing bacterium Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus strain BSB-33
Authors: Bhattacharya Pamela , Barnebey Adam , Zemla Marcin , Goodwin Lynne , Auer Manfred , Yannone Steven M.
Published: October 2015

Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus BSB-33 is a thermophilic gram positive obligate anaerobe isolated from a hot spring in West Bengal, India. Unlike other T. thermohydrosulfuricus strains, BSB-33 is able to anaerobically reduce Fe(III) and Cr(VI) optimally at 60 °C. BSB-33 is the first Cr(VI) reducing T. thermohydrosulfuricus genome sequenced and of particular interest for bioremediation of environmental chromium contaminations. Here we discuss features of T. thermohydrosulfuricus BSB-33 and the unique genetic elements that may account for the peculiar metal reducing properties of this organism. The T. thermohydrosulfuricus BSB-33 genome comprises 2597606 bp encoding 2581 protein genes, 12 rRNA, 193 pseudogenes and has a G + C content of 34.20 %. Putative chromate reductases were identified by comparative analyses with other Thermoanaerobacter and chromate-reducing bacteria.
Quantifying the ground-penetrating radar response to ultrathin layers of nonaqueous phase liquid contaminants
Authors: Babcock Esther , Bradford John
Published: October 2015

Contamination of groundwater resources is a worldwide problem that threatens human health. Characterizing the type, location, and quantity of the contamination is the first step toward successful site remediation. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is one geophysical tool that provides information that may be used to derive the location and quantity of nonaqueous phase liquid contaminants (NAPLs). Because of the large contrast between the dielectric permittivity of water and NAPL, GPR is sensitive to areas in which NAPL displaces pore water. We have used numerical and physical models to investigate the GPR response to ultrathin layers of dense NAPL (DNAPL) trapped at a sand/clay interface. We have defined ultrathin as one-tenth of a wavelength [Formula: see text] or less at the dominant frequency of the radar signal. The numerical and physical models were in good agreement and both found an increase in reflection strength of 10% or more with partially DNAPL-saturated layer thicknesses as low as [Formula: see text]. The reflection strength generally increased with DNAPL-layer thickness reaching a 61% increase with a layer thickness of [Formula: see text]. These results were especially pertinent to field investigations because they were often limited to lower frequency radar ([Formula: see text]) and NAPL accumulations may lie well below the conventional [Formula: see text] radar resolution limit.
Seismology education and public-outreach resources for a spectrum of audiences, as provided by the IRIS Consortium
Authors: Taber J. , Hubenthal M. , Bravo T. , Dorr P. , Johnson J. , McQuillian P. , Sumy D. F. , Welti R.
Published: October 2015

The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology's (IRIS) Education and Public Outreach (EPO) program is committed to advancing awareness and understanding of seismology and geophysics while also inspiring careers in the earth sciences. To achieve this mission, the IRIS EPO program combines the content expertise of the consortium membership with the educational and outreach expertise of IRIS staff members to create programs, products, and services that target a range of audiences, including students and teachers in grades six through 12, undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, researchers, and the general public. Since 1998, the IRIS EPO program has produced a portfolio of freely available products and services and offers a rich repository for anyone who teaches seismology-related topics and/or communicates seismology research to the general public.
Visualize geoscience education — Earth Science Week 2015
Authors: Camphire Geoff
Published: October 2015

Earth Science Week 2015 (11–17 October) will engage millions of people in all 50 states and around the world in learning about the many ways scientists monitor and represent information about earth systems, including land, water, air, and living things. Through the “Visualizing Earth Systems” theme of this year's celebration, science educators, students, and others will explore what it means to see our planet through eyes informed by the geosciences. Each year, the American Geosciences Institute promotes better understanding of earth science and stewardship of the planet through Earth Science Week. A major addition to the 2015 celebration will be the launch of a new “Visualizing Earth Systems” Web page, linking educators to online visualizations that they can use in instruction. Additional new components of the program include a visualization online competition, stakeholder events linked to citywide celebrations, a video promoting the program, posters on the national parks, and an in-depth publication on the topic of geologic heritage produced in partnership with the National Park Service. Earth Science Week provides a wide variety of ways for geoscience professionals, such as exploration geophysicists, to become involved, share their expertise, strengthen the field, and celebrate earth science.
AGU education, student programs, and career center: Helping to prepare the next generation of earth and space scientists
Authors: Asher Pranoti , Adamec Bethany , Furukawa Harry , Cooper Paul , Williams Billy
Published: October 2015

The American Geophysical Union (AGU), an international nonprofit scientific association, has a major strategic goal to develop and nurture the next generation of earth and space scientists. Education, public outreach, and student and career services play a significant role in achieving that goal. From interacting with the public to providing professional development for K-12 educators and early-career students and faculty members to supporting department heads and chairs, AGU is working to help address the talent-pool needs in the earth and space sciences.
Informal geoscience education for all generations
Authors: Vanić Marko
Published: October 2015

The exponential development of science in recent times makes it easy for formal education to become outdated. In many cases, school curricula have not adapted to those changes fast enough. Informal education events play important roles in bringing science discoveries and science in general to youths and prospective scientists as well as to wide audiences of all generations. Keeping in mind the influences that geoscience has, from purely scientific to social and political, which impact every person on this planet, lifelong informal geoscience education is important. Different ways of informal geoscience represent best-practice examples from science promotional events in Serbia in the past five years.
Summer of Applied Geophysical Experience (SAGE): Training for our future geoscientists
Authors: Baldridge W. Scott , Bedrosian Paul A. , Biehler Shawn , Braile Lawrence W. , Ferguson John F. , Folsom Matthew , Jiracek George R. , Kelley Shari A. , McPhee Darcy K. , Pellerin Louise , Snelson Catherine M.
Published: October 2015

Energy and natural resources are crucial to the sustainability of worldwide economies, security, and overall well-being. However, the future workforce in the energy and natural-resources sector is at risk, and meeting the challenges of this dwindling workforce requires well-educated geoscientists in exploration and applied geophysics and related geoscience and technology disciplines. Programs such as geophysical field courses that are supported by SEG and industry, in partnership with academic institutions and government laboratories, are important approaches to maintaining and enhancing expertise in exploration geophysics. One example of a geophysical field course devoted to educating our future workforce is the Summer of Applied Geophysical Experience (SAGE), a four-week program based in Santa Fe, New Mexico, designed to actively engage students in all phases of applied geophysical research. SAGE is a unique educational experience that combines teaching and research as a partnership among universities, industry, government agencies, and professional societies. SAGE teaches the principles and applications of refraction and reflection seismology, magnetics, gravity, GPS, heat flow, several electromagnetic (EM) methods, and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in a field-based, hands-on setting. More than 850 students and qualified professionals have attended SAGE, many of whom have gone on to become leaders in academia, industry, and government. SAGE students are exposed to the exciting challenges that face earth scientists today, and they develop skills that are necessary to address the world's growing energy demands. Examples of SAGE research projects include mapping archaeological sites and tectonic structure and investigating water and geothermal resources in the Rio Grande rift.