bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining civil society social capital relations against mining development for local sustainability: The case of Dullstroom, Mpumulanga, South Africa
Authors: Leonard Llewellyn
Published: September 2018

South Africa presents a unique case for mining development and impacts on sustainability because the lines between the mining industry and the state are unclear and due to the increasing inequality between citizens. This questions the potential for citizens to hold mining industries (and government) accountable for environmental abuse. This paper examines the ability of civil society actors to take action against (coal) mining development by way of social capital collective actions in the natural tourist destination in Dullstroom. Semistructured interviews were conducted with various social actors and are reported in this paper. The paper highlights that local responses to engage in social capital against mining development for local sustainability are best understood in relation to the socio‐economic and political positioning of individuals and ethnic groups. Overall, class and race differences, a tough farming environment, and perceptions and priorities of mining versus tourism jobs undermined capacity for social capital to act against mining risks. There is a need for social capital bridging and linking ties to protect the environment for tourism growth and long‐term human‐environment sustainability.
Designing cancer immunotherapy trials with random treatment time‐lag effect
Authors: Xu Zhenzhen , Park Yongsoek , Zhen Boguang , Zhu Bin
Published: September 2018

In some clinical settings such as the cancer immunotherapy trials, a treatment time‐lag effect may be present and the lag duration possibly vary from subject to subject. An efficient study design and analysis procedure should not only take into account the time‐lag effect but also consider the individual heterogeneity in the lag duration. In this paper, we present a Generalized Piecewise Weighted Logrank (GPW‐Logrank) test, designed to account for the random time‐lag effect while maximizing the study power with respect to the weights. Based on the proposed test, both analytic and numeric approaches are developed for the sample size and power calculation. Asymptotic properties are derived and finite sample efficiency is evaluated in simulations. Compared with the standard practice ignoring the delayed effect, the proposed design and analysis procedures are substantially more efficient when a random lag is expected; further, compared with the existing methods by Xu et al considering the fixed time‐lag effect, the proposed approaches are significantly more robust when the lag model is misspecified. An R package (DelayedEffect.Design) is developed for implementation.
Domino Oxidative Cyclization for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1, 2‐a]quinoxaline Derivatives
Authors: Reddy Lonka Madhava , Reddy Vulupala Veerabadra , Putta Chandra Shekar , Satteyyanaidu Vallabhareddy , Reddy Chepyala Krishna , Subba Reddy Basi V.
Published: September 2018

An oxidative cyclization of 1‐(2‐aminophenyl)pyrrole with styrenes has been developed for the synthesis of pyrrolo[1, 2‐a]quinoxaline derivatives using I2/2‐iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) in DMSO as an effective oxidant. I2 is found to catalyze effectively the oxidative cyclization of phenylacetylene and ethyl benzoylacetate with 1‐(2‐aminophenyl)pyrrole even in the absence of IBX to generate pyrrolo[1, 2‐a]quinoxaline derivatives under metal‐free conditions.
Sequential Production of Xylose, Levulinic Acid and Activated Carbon from Pine Wood
Authors: Kang Shimin , Lai Wenkang , Yin Xiaodong , Peng Zhezhe , Tu Junling , Huang Si‐Min
Published: September 2018

In this work, a sequential production of bioenergy platform intermediates (i. e., xylose and levulinic acid (LA)) and carbon materials from pine wood was developed by a three‐step conversion technology. Firstly, the hemicellulose in pine wood was hydrolyzed, obtaining 12.8 wt% xylose and 68.9 wt% solid products containing cellulose and lignin. Secondly, the solid products were hydrolyzed, obtaining 30.6 wt% LA and 42.0 wt% solid residues containing humins and lignin. Thirdly, the solid residues were used for activated carbon (AC) production through potassium hydrate (KOH) activation followed by pyrolysis from 400–800 oC. An AC obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 800 oC had a high Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area of 2436 m2/g and pore volume of 0.91 cm3/g, which exhibited an excellent reactive brilliant red X‐3B (RBRX‐3B) adsorption capacity of 892 mg/g. As a case, 1000 g of pine wood finally produced 128 g xylose, 211 g LA and 39 g high‐performance activated carbon.
Controlled Air‐Etching Synthesis of Porous‐Carbon Nanotube Aerogels with Ultrafast Charging at 1000 A g−1
Authors: Zhao Wenqi , Zhang Hui , Liu Jie , Xu Lu , Wu Huaisheng , Zou Mingchu , Wang Qian , He Xiaodong , Li Yibin , Cao Anyuan
Published: September 2018

Supercapacitors are energy storage systems capable of fast charging and discharging, thus generating superior power density. Porous carbon with high surface area and tunable pore size represents a promising candidate to construct ultrafast supercapacitors; so far, most porous carbon–based electrodes can only be charged to a moderate current density (100–200 A g−1), also with significant capacitance loss at increasing rate. Here, it is shown that a 3D aerogel consisting of interconnected 1D porous‐carbon nanotubes (PCNs) can serve as a freestanding supercapacitor electrode with excellent rate performance. As a result, the PCN aerogel electrodes achieve 1) ultrafast charging at current densities up to 1000 A g−1 (corresponding to a charge period of 16 ms), which is the highest value among other porous carbon–based supercapacitors, 2) superior cycling stability at high charging rates (88% capacitance retention after 105 cycles at 1000 A g−1). Mechanism study reveals favorable kinetics including a centralized pore size distribution at 0.8 nm which is a dominant factor to allow high‐rate charging, a low and linear IR drop, and a metallic feature of 1D PCNs by theoretical calculation. The results indicate that 1D PCNs with controlled porous structures have potential applications in ultrafast energy conversion and storage.
Applications of Dainshefsky's Dienes in the Asymmetric synthesis of Aza‐Diels‐Alder Reaction
Authors: Kal‐Koshvandi Afsaneh Taheri , Heravi Majid M.
Published: September 2018

Asymmetric hetero‐Diels‐Alder (AHDA) reactions provide a multitude of opportunities for the highly efficient, regio‐ and stereoselective construction of various heterocycles in enantiomerically pure form. The asymmetric aza‐Diels‐Alder (A‐aza‐DA) reaction using diversely hetero‐dienophiles and hetero‐dienes have been increasingly developed as a valuable method for the synthesis of functionalized nitrogen ring systems. The purpose of this review is to give a detailed discussion of the A‐aza‐DA reaction particularly, the stereoselective reactions of imines as dienophiles with Dainshefsky dienes to obtain optically pure aza‐Diels‐Alder products. The development of stereoselective variants of the reaction make use of imines as the dienophile and Dainshefsky dienes is at the forefront of these studies. This review updates the A‐aza‐DA reactions covering the literature from 1972 till date
Premodified Surface Method to Obtain Ultra‐Highly Dispersed Metals and their 3D Structure Control on an Oxide Single‐Crystal Surface
Authors: Takakusagi Satoru , Iwasawa Yasuhiro , Asakura Kiyotaka
Published: September 2018

Precise control of the three‐dimensional (3D) structure of highly dispersed metal species such as metal complexes and clusters attached to an oxide surface has been important for the development of next‐generation high‐performance heterogeneous catalysts. However, this is not easily achieved for the following reasons. (1) Metal species are easily aggregated on an oxide surface, which makes it difficult to control their size and orientation definitely. (2) Determination of the 3D structure of the metal species on an oxide powder surface is hardly possible. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed the premodified surface method, where prior to metal deposition, the oxide surface is premodified with a functional organic molecule that can strongly coordinate to a metal atom. This method has successfully provided a single metal dispersion on an oxide single‐crystal surface with the 3D structure precisely determined by polarization‐dependent total reflection fluorescence X‐ray absorption fine structure (PTRF‐XAFS). Here we describe our recent results on ultra‐high dispersions of various metal atoms on TiO2(110) surfaces premodified with mercapto compounds, and show the possibility of fine tuning and orientation control of the surface metal 3D structures.
Evidence for the Existence of (SiP6H2)2– and its Homologs as Examples of Binary Nortricyclane‐Type Zintl Anions
Authors: Mitzinger Stefan , Guggolz Lukas , Massa Werner , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: September 2018

The extraction of stoichiometric ternary K/Si/P, K/Ge/P, and K/Si/As solid mixtures with en/crypt‐222 afforded compounds with binary anions of the respective groups 14/15 elemental combination. Although the analysis of the products turned out to be extremely difficult owing to their intrinsically poor crystallinity and low solubility, we have evidence that one of them contains (SiP6H2)2– anions. Preliminary data from the two other compounds indicate the existence of the heavier Ge/P and Si/As variants as well. The combination of all analytical results, including X‐ray crystallography, energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, point towards the named composition of the anions and their doubly protonated nature. By this, they represent the first binary Zintl anions of the Si/P and Si/As elemental combination and complement the recent endeavors to synthesize binary Zintl anions of the light(er) p‐block elements. We discuss our attempts to elucidate the clusters' identity and provide our results as the most probable interpretation of the data, additionally corroborated by quantum chemical analyses.
Synthesis and Characterization of 2D and 3D Zinc(II) Coordination Polymers with High Photocatalytic Activities for Removal of Methylene Blue Dye
Authors: Li Jun‐Xuan , Hao Zeng‐Chuan , Ren Li , Cui Guang‐Hua
Published: September 2018

Two zinc(II) coordination polymers (CPs) {[Zn2(L)(MIPA)2]·2H2O}n (1) and {[Zn(L)(H2FA)]·2H2O}n (2) were synthesized via hydrothermal reaction by employment the 5‐methylisophthalic acid (H2MIPA) or 4,4‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic acid (H4FA) and the flexible ligand 1,6‐bis(2‐methylbenzimidazol‐1‐yl)hexane (L). The CPs were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. CP 1 possesses a rare 3D threefold interpenetration framework with coe topology, CP 2 displays a 2D corrugated network with a sql network with point symbol of (44·62). Both CPs exhibited high activities for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in water. The photocatalytic mechanism was also investigated.
Pb2PdO2(OH)2 Revisited
Authors: Daniels Jörg , Merz Patrick , Beck Johannes , Jansen Martin
Published: September 2018

Pb2PdO2(OH)2 is accessible from aqueous solution at mild conditions as a well defined, crystalline material. However, an earlier structural study resulted in an average structure model, leaving some discrepancies unresolved concerning different experimental diffraction techniques applied. At revisiting the structure determination, it turned out that obviously radiation damage had affected the powder diffractogram recorded using synchrotron radiation. The high precision crystal structure re‐determination presented [a = 5.9455(7), b = 10.284(3), c = 7.9187(10) Å, β = 90.549(8)°; P21/c; 935 independent intensities; R1 = 0.0200] removes all inconsistencies.
Microwave‐assisted Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Stability of C11H10N2Cu2Br3 and C22H20N4Cu8I10
Authors: Deng Min , Wu Yuandong , Rao Pinhua , Zhang Wenqi , Wang Runkai , Doert Thomas
Published: September 2018

Complexes of C11H10N2Cu2Br3 (1) and C22H20N4Cu8I10 (2) [C22H20N4 = 1,1"‐(1,2‐ethanediyl)‐bis‐4,4′‐bipyridinium] were synthesized via the microwave‐assisted solvo‐thermal reactions of C22H20N4Br2, CuSO4·5H2O, and NaX (X = Br, I) and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analysis. The crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. C11H10N2Cu2Br3 crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c (no. 15) with lattice parameters a = 24.658(3) Å, b = 6.71(9) Å, c = 17.368(9) Å, β = 98.274(1)°, V = 2847.7(1) Å3, whereas C22H20N4Cu8I10 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n (no. 14) with lattice parameters a = 7.392(2) Å, b = 20.809(7) Å, c = 25.412(7) Å, β = 92.06(8) °, V = 3906.6(8) Å3. Complex 1 showed a 2D layered structure composed of [Cu4Br6]– chains connected via 1,1"‐(1,2‐ethanediyl)‐bis‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ligands. Complex 2 possessed a 3D framework, in which puckered [Cu8I10]2– layers were linked by organic ligands. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that both two complexes were stable up to 230 °C and 170 °C, respectively.
Market Participation and Economic Capital
Authors: Dalziel Paul , Saunders Caroline , Saunders Joe
Published: September 2018

The market economy supports human wellbeing. This chapter offers evidence for this observation, while recognising that markets need rules, customs and institutions to work well. A key market institution is the firm, which combines different types of capital to maintain specialist capabilities for supplying goods and services valued by their customers. This expands the potential for wellbeing, but a large number of jobs pay less than the real living wage, with a strong gender bias, which diminishes wellbeing. The chapter analyses economic capital, comprised of physical capital and financial capital. Growth in economic capital has increased material living standards for billions of people, but recent economic development is also associated with cumulative environmental damage, episodes of financial instability and greater concentration of wealth.
Local Government and Natural Capital
Authors: Dalziel Paul , Saunders Caroline , Saunders Joe
Published: September 2018

This chapter marks a significant change in the book’s narrative, as the analysis moves from private citizens to the public sphere. Its starting point is that good government can develop distinctive capabilities to ensure that certain types of goods and services, especially those involving externalities and economic public goods, are provided for persons to use to enhance wellbeing. For some policies, particularly where local residents can improve outcomes by participating in policy design or implementation, local government can do this better than central government. In this context, the chapter explains Ostrom’s theory of co-production of local government services and applies it to regional economic development. The chapter also discusses natural capital. Since ecosystem services provided by the natural environment can be diminished by human activity, investment in natural capital is required to maintain wellbeing.
The Global Community and Diplomatic Capital
Authors: Dalziel Paul , Saunders Caroline , Saunders Joe
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how persons can collaborate for the common good of the global community through participation in international non-governmental organisations, multinational corporations and intergovernmental organisations. It also explains the collaboration of researchers globally to develop knowledge by following well-established norms and protocols to build an interconnected corpus of publications that offer evidence for falsifiable propositions. An example of researchers contributing to global efforts for wellbeing is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The chapter introduces the metaphor of diplomatic capital to represent institutions and norms designed to foster cross-cultural collaborations in order to strengthen capabilities of the global community to act together for the common good.
Singlet-Doublet dark matter freeze-in: LHC displaced signatures versus cosmology
Authors: Calibbi Lorenzo , Lopez-Honorez Laura , Lowette Steven , Mariotti Alberto
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We study the Singlet-Doublet dark matter model in the regime of feeble couplings, where the dark matter abundance is obtained via the freeze-in mechanism. As a consequence of the small couplings, the heavier particles in the model are long-lived with decay length at typical scales of collider experiments. We analyse the collider signatures of the model, characterised by displaced h and Z bosons plus missing momentum, employing current LHC searches for displaced vertices and missing energy to significantly constrain the parameter space of the model. We also take into account the cosmological bounds relevant for our light dark matter candidate arising from Lyman-α forest constraints. Our analysis emphasises the interplay between displaced signatures at the LHC and cosmology for dark matter candidates whose relic abundance is obtained through the freeze-in mechanism.
Potential discovery of staus through heavy Higgs boson decays at the LHC
Authors: Arganda Ernesto , Martín-Lozano Víctor , Medina Anibal D. , Mileo Nicolas I.
Published: September 2018

Abstract

In this work we present a new search strategy for the discovery of staus at the LHC in the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model. The search profits from the large s-channel b-quark annihilation production of the heavy CP-even and CP-odd Higgs bosons (H/A) which can be attained in regions of tan β ≫ 1 that avoid the stringent H/A → τ
+
τ
− searches via decays into stau pairs. We also focus on regions where the staus branching ratios are dominated by the decays into a tau lepton and the lightest neutralino. Thus the experimental signature consists of final states made up of a tau-lepton pair plus large missing transverse energy. We take advantage of the large stau-pair production cross sections via heavy Higgs boson decays, which are between one or two orders of magnitude larger than the usual electroweak production cross sections for staus. A set of basic cuts allow us to obtain significances of the signal over the SM backgrounds at the discovery level (5 standard deviations) in the next LHC run with a center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV and a total integrated luminosity of only 100 fb−1.
Review: Observation of Majorana Bound States at a Free Surface of $$^3\hbox {He-B}$$
Authors: Ikegami Hiroki , Kono Kimitoshi
Published: September 2018

The p-wave superfluid $$^3\hbox {He}$$

3

He

is a textbook example of topological superfluids. Among its multiple superfluid phases, the B phase ($$^3\hbox {He-B}$$

3

He-B

) is known as a topological state protected by time-reversal symmetry. One of the important topological features of $$^3\hbox {He-B}$$

3

He-B

is the formation of bound states at its surface. Notably, such surface Andreev bound states are predicted to be Majorana fermions, i.e., their antiparticles are identical to their particles. Because of the well-elucidated bulk properties of the superfluid $$^3\hbox {He}$$

3

He

owing to its cleanliness, $$^3\hbox {He-B}$$

3

He-B

provides an ideal platform to pursue Majorana fermions in condensed matter systems. In this article, we review recent investigations of surface Andreev bound states by the mobility of ions trapped below a free surface of $$^3\hbox {He-B}$$

3

He-B

. The free surface is an ideal surface providing a specular boundary condition; the surface Andreev bound states formed there are expected to be Majorana fermions with a well-defined energy spectrum. We show that the temperature and depth dependences of the experimentally obtained mobility of negative ions (Ikegami et al. in J Phys Soc Jpn 82:124607, 2013) are quantitatively reproduced by a theoretical study that includes scattering of the surface Andreev bound states (Tsutsumi in Phys Rev Lett 118:145301, 2017). This quantitative agreement unambiguously demonstrates the experimental detection of surface Andreev bound states. We also discuss the future prospects of the Majorana physics in $$^3\hbox {He-B}$$

3

He-B

.
Improved Baseline Correction Method Based on Polynomial Fitting for Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Hu Haibing , Bai Jing , Xia Guo , Zhang Wenda , Ma Yan
Published: September 2018

Raman spectrum, as a kind of scattering spectrum, has been widely used in many fields because it can characterize the special properties of materials. However, Raman signal is so weak that the noise distorts the real signals seriously. Polynomial fitting has been proved to be the most convenient and simplest method for baseline correction. It is hard to choose the order of polynomial because it may be so high that Runge phenomenon appears or so low that inaccuracy fitting happens. This paper proposes an improved approach for baseline correction, namely the piecewise polynomial fitting (PPF). The spectral data are segmented, and then the proper orders are fitted, respectively. The iterative optimization method is used to eliminate discontinuities between piecewise points. The experimental results demonstrate that this approach improves the fitting accuracy.
The influence of group values and behavior on adolescent male perceptions of and use of homophobic language
Authors: Bailey Benjamin M. , Heath Melissa Allen , Jackson Aaron P. , Coyne Sarah M. , Williams Marleen S.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

The pervasive and derogatory use of homophobic language is a threat to safe, respectful, and inclusive school environments. Group membership has been shown to influence how students use homophobic language. Previous qualitative studies have largely approached the use of this language from the theoretical framework of hegemonic masculinity. In contrast, the current study actively challenged all assumptions about the use of this language.

Method

This study was conducted in a public high school located in a rural conservative Christian community in the Intermountain West (USA). Using hermeneutic qualitative methodology to assess individual perceptions of homophobic language, 20 randomly selected 12th‐grade male students (17–18 years of age) were individually interviewed.

Results

Three distinct groups emerged during our interviews: students on the debate team, students who strongly identified with a conservative religion, and students on popular athletic teams. Membership in specific peer groups influenced how students participated in or abstained from using homophobic language. Contrary to the prevailing research that pairs religiosity with negatively biased attitudes toward LGBTQIA, in this study, participants' religious beliefs appeared to be associated with respecting others' feelings and a decreased likelihood of using homophobic language.

Conclusions

After summarizing this study's findings, we conclude with implications for practice. To more effectively deter the use of homophobic language, we encourage school‐based interventions that target specific groups of adolescents and consider the social context in which homophobic language occurs.
Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome—Return to Sport Considerations: A Case Report
Authors: Hayano Todd , Cormier David J. , Rybko Niki , Borg‐Stein Joanne
Published: September 2018

This is a case of a 19‐year‐old female collegiate field hockey player with left leg pain, numbness, and tingling. A comprehensive workup including dynamic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) revealed a type VI functional popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES). There are many options for treatment of functional PAES including activity modification, botulinum toxin injection, and surgery. To the authors' knowledge there is no published return to sport recommendation for postsurgical functional PAES. This report highlights alternative treatment options and proposes a postsurgical return to play rehabilitation protocol in functional PAES.

Level of Evidence

V
The Commitment Curve: Global Regulation of Business and Human Rights
Authors: KIRKEBØ Tori Loven , LANGFORD Malcolm
Published: September 2018

The divide between hard law and soft law approaches to global regulation of corporations in relation to human rights is partly based on empirical assumptions. Taking a step back, we assess the claims concerning the current state of global regulation and political feasibility of hard law approaches. Moving beyond the usual suspects, we map 98 existing standards that regulate corporations and find a great variation in how different sectors treat human rights and accountability issues. Turning to the explanation of the current jungle of global business and human rights regulation, we contrast and test dominant and competingexpressivetheories with a consequentialistcommitment curve, in which corporations and states seek to minimize human rights commitments. We find support for all approaches to regulatory reform, but argue that greater attention should be given to the consequentialist insights, and how political economy can be leveraged to strengthen regulatory outcomes.
Logic, Being and Nothing
Authors: Rödl Sebastian
Published: September 2018

The first part of this essay develops the idea of logic as the science of thought, articulating, and thus being, the self-consciousness of thought. It explains that logic, so understood, is nothing other than metaphysics, the science of what is in so far as it is. Self-consciousness, then, thought itself, is not empty, but the source of all content. The second part of the essay discusses the opening paragraphs of Hegel’sScience of Logic; it shows how, in these paragraphs, thought is revealed to be the source of its own content in virtue of its original negativity. Thus the second part begins to make concrete the idea of logic provided by the first.
Dietary patterns are not associated with overweight and obesity in a sample of 8900 Chinese preschool children from four cities
Authors: Rutayisire Erigene , Wu Xiaoyan , Huang Kun , Tao Shuman , Chen Yunxiao , Wang Sufang , Tao Fangbiao
Published: September 2018

Globally, the prevalence of childhood obesity has substantially increased at an alarming rate. This study investigated associations between dietary patterns and overweight/obesity in 3- to 6-year-old children. Recruited children were from four prefecture-level cities in Eastern China. Childhood overweight and obesity were defined according to WHO Child Growth Standards. Individual dietary patterns were assessed by a comprehensive self-administered FFQ using thirty-five food items. Using factor analysis two dietary patterns were derived: the traditional Chinese pattern was characterised by high consumption of cereals, vegetables and fresh juices while the modern pattern was characterised by high consumption of Western fast food, Chinese fast food, sweets/sugary foods and carbonated beverages. The associations of dietary patterns with overweight/obesity were evaluated by logistic regression models. Data of 8900 preschool children from thirty-five kindergartens recruited from March to June 2015 were used in the final analysis. Adherence to the modern dietary pattern was positively associated with children's age while adherence to the traditional dietary pattern was positively associated with maternal education; these associations were statistically significant. After adjustment, we found that being in the highest tertile of any identified dietary patterns was not significantly associated with overweight and obesity. Dietary patterns are not associated with overweight/obesity in Chinese preschool children. Prospective studies are needed to establish a causal link between dietary patterns and childhood obesity.
Health by design: teaching cleanliness and assembling hygiene at the nineteenth-century sanitation museum
Authors: BUXTON HILARY
Published: September 2018

In 1878, amid a rapidly proliferating social interest in public health and cleanliness, a group of sanitary scientists and reformers founded the Parkes Museum of Hygiene in central London. Dirt and contagion knew no social boundaries, and the Parkes's founders conceived of the museum as a dynamic space for all classes to better themselves and their environments. They promoted sanitary science through a variety of initiatives: exhibits of scientific, medical and architectural paraphernalia; product endorsements; and lectures and certificated courses in practical sanitation, food inspection and tropical hygiene. While the Parkes's programmes reified the era's hierarchies of class and gender, it also pursued a public-health mission that cut across these divisions. Set apart from the great cultural and scientific popular museums that dominated Victorian London, it exhibited a collection with little intrinsic value, and offered an education in hygiene designed to be imported into visitors’ homes and into urban spaces in the metropole and beyond. This essay explores the unique contributions of the Parkes Museum to late nineteenth-century sanitary science and to museum development, even as the growth of public-health policy rendered the museum obsolete.
THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY'S PUBLISHING STRATEGIES AND THE FINANCIAL UNDERPINNINGS OF ACTIVISM, 1968–1975
Authors: FEARNLEY ANDREW M.
Published: September 2018

Historians of America's post-war social movements have said little about the financial underpinnings of activism, and this article aims to address this oversight. It focuses on the Black Panther Party, which was formed in Oakland, California, in 1966, and was soon one of America's most visible, and controversial, black power organizations. The article sketches the array of funding sources from which the party drew, and reconstructs the apparatus it fashioned to steward those resources. It condenses the discussion to one of the organization's most lucrative streams, that of book publishing, and relates this to the period's literary culture, which, in the US, witnessed a ‘black revolution in books’. Between 1968 and 1975, members of the party published some ten books, which together raised $250,000 in advances, and additional sums through their sale, serialization, and translation. The production of these works relied on the assistance of several freelance writers, and was guided by the party's commercial agency, Stronghold Consolidated Productions. By recovering the role of these groups and the infrastructure they fashioned, the article shows how publishing was connected to the wider financial structure of the organization, and prompts us to see that the Panthers’ books were not just accounts of their activism, but examples of it.
Perceptual beginnings to language acquisition
Authors: WERKER Janet F.
Published: September 2018

In this article, I present a selective review of research on speech perception development and its relation to reference, word learning, and other aspects of language acquisition, focusing on the empirical and theoretical contributions that have come from my laboratory over the years. Discussed are the biases infants have at birth for processing speech, the mechanisms by which universal speech perception becomes attuned to the properties of the native language, and the extent to which changing speech perception sensitivities contribute to language learning. These issues are reviewed from the perspective of both monolingual and bilingual learning infants. Two foci will distinguish this from my previous reviews: first and foremost is the extent to which contrastive meaning and referential intent are not just shaped by, but also shape, changing speech perception sensitivities, and second is the extent to which infant speech perception is multisensory and its implications for both theory and methodology.
Ejective harmony in Lezgian
Authors: Ozburn Avery , Kochetov Alexei
Published: September 2018

This paper contributes to the typology of laryngeal harmony by analysing an unusual case of long-distance laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions and alternations in Lezgian. This pattern, previously unmentioned in the phonological literature, is the first known case of alternations involving ejective harmony. In Lezgian, local processes mask the interaction of ejectives and plain voiceless stops. This is robustly supported by our dictionary analysis, which reveals a ban on the co-occurrence of ejectives and plain voiceless stops within the foot. Both harmony alternations and static co-occurrence restrictions are sensitive to foot structure, unlike previous cases of consonant harmony. Harmony also interacts opaquely with vowel syncope, and certain co-occurrences of plain and ejective stops are resolved with dissimilation rather than harmony, showing a conspiracy to avoid co-occurrences. We demonstrate an account within the Agreement by Correspondence framework and discuss implications for the typology and analysis of consonant harmony.
Interacting processes in phonological theory
Authors: Prillop Külli
Published: September 2018

This article introduces basic principles of a generative theory of phonology that unifies aspects of parallel constraint-based theories and serial rule-based theories. In the core of the grammar are phonological processes that consist of a markedness constraint and a repair. Processes are universal, but every language activates a different set, and applies them in different orders. Phonological processes may be in bleeding or feeding relations. These two basic relations are sufficient to define more complicated interactions, such as blocking, derived and non-derived environment effects, chain shifts and allophony.
Second language learning in the context of massively multiplayer online games: A scoping review
Authors: Jabbari Nasser , Eslami Zohreh R.
Published: September 2018

This review examines the second language acquisition (SLA) literature with regard to the role of “massively multiplayer online games” (MMOGs) in second language (L2) learning. It focuses on commercially developed off-the-shelf (COTS) MMOGs only (some of them modified for educational purposes such as Reinders’ & Wattana’s work). It surveys the current empirical research to find out which aspects of L2 learning have been investigated, how they were studied, and what the findings suggest in relation to L2 learning opportunities and outcomes within and beyond MMOG contexts. We synthesized the findings of 31 studies reporting empirical evidence about the role of MMOGs in L2 learning. We observed that the empirical research in this area is mainly qualitative and that L2-related motivational and affective factors, L2 vocabulary, and learners’ communicative competence (or discourse management strategies) are the most widely investigated topics. Based on the findings, our paper presents a model that depicts hypothetical interrelationships among (a) MMOG designed settings, (b) the social and affective affordances provided in these settings, (c) L2 learning opportunities, and (d) the L2 learning outcomes achieved. We conclude that MMOGs provide socially supportive and emotionally safe (i.e. low-language-anxiety) environments that afford multiple opportunities for L2 learning and socialization, which, in turn, help L2 learners to enrich their L2 vocabulary repertoire and enhance their communicative competence in the target language.
Does national culture change as countries develop? Evidence from generational cleavages
Authors: Tarabar Danko
Published: September 2018

Development scholars have identified several Hofstede (1980, 2001) cultural dimensions as critically important determinants of long-run economic development across countries. Does economic progress, in turn, shape culture in a predictable direction? This paper investigates whether economic change since 1970 has induced shifts in five of the Hofstede value orientations in a sample of up to 72 countries. To achieve identification, we employ a unique data set on country-level cleavages in the values of two non-overlapping age cohorts approximately one generation (30 years) apart, on average. We find evidence that faster-growing countries during the period of coming of age and personality development of the younger cohort witnessed the rise of more individualistic and politically egalitarian generations, suggesting the existence of a self-perpetuating cycle between certain “good-for-development” cultural attitudes and economic development.
The debate about renaming schizophrenia: a new name would not resolve the stigma
Authors: Gaebel W. , Kerst A.
Published: September 2018

The concept and name of schizophrenia have been questioned in the scientific community and among various stakeholders. A name change is seen as a means and an opportunity to reduce stigmatizing beliefs and to improve mental health care. Some Asian countries have already taken the step of a name change. So far, however, the scientific community of western countries has not yet come to an agreement on any alternative name. Meeting relevant criteria for a new name, finding agreement among all involved groups and replacing the established term is a complex process. For now, the concept of schizophrenia has proven its reliability, clinical utility and validity, although schizophrenia is a stigmatised mental disorder like many others. Renaming cannot be the only answer to negative beliefs, prejudice and discrimination.
Weed Communities in Strip-Tillage Corn/No-Tillage Soybean Rotation and Chisel-Plow Corn Systems after 10 Years of Variable Management
Authors: Drewitz Nathaniel M. , Stoltenberg David E.
Published: September 2018

Previous research has shown that strip-tillage (ST) systems conserve soil, reduce production costs, and save time for growers compared with intensive-tillage systems. In contrast to these well-documented benefits, we have limited information on weed community dynamics and management risks in ST corn (Zea maysL.) production systems in the northern Corn Belt. Therefore, we conducted research in 2015 and 2016 to characterize weed community composition, emergence patterns, and aboveground productivity in an ST corn/no-tillage (NT) soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] rotation that was established in 2007 compared with a long-term intensive-tillage chisel-plow (CP) continuous-corn system. Fifteen or more weed species were identified in nontreated quadrats in each cropping system in each year. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) was the most abundant weed species across systems and years.Chenopodium albumdensities were similar between CP and ST corn phases and were approximately 2-fold greater compared with the NT soybean phase. Other abundant weed species occurred at much lower densities thanC. album. In each year, cumulative emergence of nontreated weed communities was described best by a logistic function in each cropping system. Maximum weed community emergence was greater in CP corn than ST corn phases in 2015, but did not differ in 2016. In the ST corn phase, most (about 75%) weed community emergence occurred in the in-row (tilled) zone compared with the between-row (nondisturbed) zone. Total late-season weed shoot biomass did not differ between nontreated CP and ST corn phases in either year, withC. albumaccounting for >85% of total weed biomass in these phases. These results suggest that weed community composition, total emergence, and productivity were similar between CP and ST corn phases after 10 yr. Our findings, coupled with previous research that showed favorable agronomic performance and greater soil conservation associated with the long-term ST corn/NT soybean system, suggest that production risks are no greater than a CP corn system, while processes that underpin ecosystem services are enhanced. These results provide strong evidence to support grower adoption of ST practices as an alternative to intensive tillage.
A Comparison of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Triazine Herbicides for Enhanced Degradation in Three Midwestern Soils
Authors: Parker Ethan T. , Owen Micheal D. K. , Bernards Mark L. , Curran William S. , Steckel Lawrence E. , Mueller Thomas C.
Published: September 2018

The triazines are one of the most widely used herbicide classes ever developed and are critical for managing weed populations that have developed herbicide resistance. These herbicides are traditionally valued for their residual weed control in more than 50 crops. Scientific literature suggests that atrazine, and perhaps others-triazines, may no longer remain persistent in soils due to enhanced microbial degradation. Experiments examined the rate of degradation of atrazine and two other triazine herbicides, simazine and metribuzin, in both atrazine-adapted and non-history Corn Belt soils, with similar soils being used from each state as a comparison of potential triazine degradation. In three soils with no history of atrazine use, thet1/2of atrazine was at least four times greater than in three soils with a history of atrazine use. Simazine degradation in the same three sets of soils was 2.4 to 15 times more rapid in history soils than non-history soils. Metribuzin in history soils degraded at 0.6, 0.9, and 1.9 times the rate seen in the same three non-history soils. These results indicate enhanced degradation of the symmetrical triazine simazine, but not of the asymmetrical triazine metribuzin.
Landslides Send Carbon-Rich Soils into Long-Term Storage
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: September 2018

Earthquake-triggered landslides move soils down steep slopes and deposit the sediments near rivers, sequestering the carbon contained within them for millions of years.
In Situ Characterization of the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere System beneath NW Pacific Ocean Via Broadband Dispersion Survey With Two OBS Arrays
Authors: Takeo Akiko , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Isse Takehi , Nishida Kiwamu , Shiobara Hajime , Sugioka Hiroko , Ito Aki , Utada Hisashi
Published: September 2018

We conducted broadband dispersion survey by deploying two arrays of broadband ocean bottom seismometers in the northwestern Pacific Ocean at seafloor ages of 130 and 140 Ma. By combining ambient noise and teleseismic surface wave analyses, dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves were obtained at a period range of 5–100 s and then used to invert for one‐dimensional isotropic and azimuthally anisotropic βV (VSV) profiles beneath each array. The obtained profiles show ~2% difference in isotropic βV in the low‐velocity zone (LVZ) at a depth range of 80–150 km in spite of the small difference in seafloor ages and the horizontal distance of ~1,000 km. Forward dispersion‐curve calculation for thermal models indicates that simple cooling models cannot explain the observed difference and an additional mechanism, such as sublithospheric small‐scale convection, is required. In addition, the fastest azimuths of azimuthal anisotropy in the LVZ significantly deviate from the current plate motion direction. We infer that these observations are consistent with the presence of small‐scale convection beneath the study area. As for azimuthal anisotropy in the Lid, the peak‐to‐peak intensity is 3–4% at the depth from Moho to ~40 km. The fastest direction is almost perpendicular to magnetic lineation in area A at 130 Ma and oblique to magnetic lineations in area B at 140 Ma, suggesting complex mantle flow beneath the infant Pacific Plate surrounded by three ridge axes. The intensity of azimuthal anisotropy in the LVZ is ~2%, indicating that radial anisotropy is stronger than azimuthal anisotropy therein.
Regionalization of the Atmospheric Dust Cycle on the Periphery of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet Since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Baccolo G. , Delmonte B. , Albani S. , Baroni C. , Cibin G. , Frezzotti M. , Hampai D. , Marcelli A. , Revel M. , Salvatore M. C. , Stenni B. , Maggi V.
Published: September 2018

Ice cores from inner East Antarctica provided some of the longest and most detailed climatic reconstructions and allowed understanding the relationships between atmospheric mineral dust and climate. In this work we present synchrotron radiation X‐ray Fluorescence geochemical data of dust from the TALDICE ice core drilled at Talos Dome, a peripheral ice dome of East Antarctica (Western Ross Sea). Results highlight a dominant southern South American origin for dust at TALDICE during the Last Glacial Maximum, similarly to other sites located further inland onto the polar plateau. On the contrary, a different scenario concerns Talos Dome during the Holocene if it is compared to more inner sites. The tight connection between high southern latitudes and Antarctica that characterizes cold climate stages becomes weaker since the onset of the last climatic transition and throughout the Holocene. The net effect of this process at Talos Dome is a modification of the atmospheric and environmental settings, owing to local Antarctic sources of Victoria Land to gain importance and become the dominant ones. At the same time in inner East Antarctica the provenance of dust remains remote also during Holocene, revealing an evolution of the homogeneous scenario observed in glacial periods. The enhanced sensitivity of peripheral ice sheet sites to local dust sources makes Talos Dome an ideal site to assess the climatic and atmospheric changes of the peripheral sectors of East Antarctica during the current interglacial period.
Geometric Complexity of Earthquake Rupture Surfaces Preserved in Pseudotachylyte Networks
Authors: Rowe Christie D. , Ross Catherine , Swanson Mark T. , Pollock Stephen , Backeberg Nils R. , Barshi Naomi A. , Bate Charlotte E. , Carruthers Samantha , Coulson Sophie , Dascher‐Cousineau Kelian , Harrichhausen Nicolas , Peña Castro Andrés F. , Nisbet Haylea , Rakoczy Paul , Scibek Jacek , Smith Hendrik , Tarling Matthew S. , Timofeev Alexander , Young Erik
Published: September 2018

Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that rupture may propagate through geometrically complex networks of faults. Ancient exhumed faults have the potential to reveal the details of complex rupture at seismogenic depths. We present a new set of field observational criteria for determining which of a population of pseudotachylyte fault veins formed in the same earthquake and apply it to map rupture networks representing single earthquakes. An exceptional exposure of an exhumed ancient strand of the Norumbega Shear Zone preserves evidence of multistranded earthquake rupture in the deep seismogenic zone of a continental transform fault. Individual fault strands slipped at least 2–18 cm, so significant slip is represented by each rupture network. Our data show that synchronously slipped faults intersect at angles of 0 to ∼55°, with the opening angles of fault intersections directed toward the dilational quadrants for dextral slip. Multistranded rupture on a fault network instead of rupture of a single fault may result in greater and/or more variable slip and cause slip rake to vary spatially and temporally. Slip on intersecting faults unequivocally means that there will be motion perpendicular to the average fault plane. Modern earthquakes displaying non‐double‐couple components to focal mechanism solutions and spatially varying rake, slip, and anomalous stress drop may be explained by rupture across fault networks that are too close (spatially and temporally) to be resolved seismically as separate events.