bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term Camellia oleifera cultivation influences the assembly process of soil bacteria in different soil aggregate particles
Authors: Lijun Chen , Wu Lichao , Qi Sun , Yuqi Chen , CongYa Wang , sheng Lu
Published: September 2022

Understanding the mechanisms that govern microbial community assembly across a soil–plant continuum is crucial for predicting the responses of ecosystems to environmental changes. However, the impact of the health status of plants on microbial assemblies across these continuums remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the stochastic and deterministic processes associated with different aggregate particles and Camellia oleifera growth stages (sapling, maturity, and degeneration periods). The composition of bacterial communities in C. oleifera soil was significantly affected by cultivation length and aggregate size, and cultivation length plays a more important role in the regulation of bacterial composition. The assembly processes of the bacterial community were dominated by deterministic processes in soil aggregates at different growth stages. Soil structurality determined soil α‐diversity and β‐diversity to a greater extent than soil nutrient content. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of soil bacterial community in different soil aggregates and C. oleifera plantation lengths and highlights the significance of soil physical properties to mediate soil microbial community composition and abundance.
Bottom‐up as well as top‐down processes govern zoobenthic secondary production in a tidal‐flat ecosystem
Authors: Beukema Jan J. , Dekker Rob
Published: September 2022

For decades, we monitored numbers and weights of the macrozoobenthos in a vast tidal‐flat area in the Dutch Wadden Sea. We used data collected since 1992 to estimate annual secondary production. Data on chlorophyll concentrations and primary production were available for a nearby tidal inlet, showing rapid increases in the late 1970s and gradual declines since the late 1980s. The benthos responded with a doubling of biomass around 1980 and gradual declines of summer biomass, annual production as well as seasonal biomass gain for the 1992–2019 de‐eutrophication period. In nearly all years, production of bivalves (on average 25.5 gAFDM m−2 yr−1) accounted for more than half of the total zoobenthic production (averaging 42.7 gAFDM m−2 yr−1). Production values for individual years were not correlated with chlorophyll concentrations or primary production of that year, but did show a significantly positive relationship with bivalve recruitment success in the preceding year. As recruitment was governed by predation pressure on early bivalve bottom stages, it is a top‐down process. Bottom‐up processes were expressed in the gradually declining long‐term trend of bivalve growth rates and secondary production during the de‐eutrophication period and also in a few years when bivalve numbers were so high that growth rates were reduced by food competition. In by far most years, numbers of bottom animals were too low to fully exploit the carrying capacity of the system and production increased linearly with preceding recruitment.
Effect of temperature on microstructures and mechanical properties of medium‐carbon low‐alloy steel by caliber rolling
Authors: Yang B. , Liu B.X. , Zhang B.Y. , Dong M.C. , Chen C.X. , Ji P.G. , Li Z.Y. , Yin F.X.
Published: September 2022

The effect of initial heat‐treated conditions on change of mechanical properties and microstructure evolution was investigated by caliber rolling of medium carbon alloy steel (ASTM 5140). Initial samples with two different kinds of microstructures of pearlite‐ferrite and martensite were prepared, and then caliber rolling was conducted at 550 °C, 600 °C, 650 °C, respectively. It was found that the caliber rolling provides better strength‐ductility balance and impact properties, when the rolling temperature is at 550 °C, the ultimate tensile strength of quenched steel can reach 1.3 GPa, and low‐temperature impact energy of 140 J at −80 °C. In a word, the improvement of mechanical properties is attributed to the ultrafine elongated grain structures, dispersed nano‐size carbides, and formation of distinct chromium segregation bands, furthermore, delamination crack is an effective measure to improve impact energy.
Evaluation of virtual surgical planning and three‐dimensional configurations for reconstruction of maxillary defects using the fibula free flap
Authors: Barrantes Sergi , Sadeghi Payam , Ojeda Anna López , Palacín Porté José A. , Vinyals Vinyals Joan M. , Barceló Lia Huesa , Lluis Enric Cisa , Compta Xavier González , Diaz Alberto Torres , Segú Josep Oriol Bermejo
Published: September 2022

Background

Maxillary reconstructive surgery with fibula free flaps (FFFs) is a challenging procedure for head and neck surgeons. However, virtual surgical planning (VSP) and three‐dimensional (3D) printing technologies have contributed to improved functional and aesthetic outcomes. The objective of this report is to demonstrate VSP/3D application in reconstruction of maxillary defects using the FFF by describing the different configurations available. We reviewed a series of consecutive cases operated at our institution and considered the management strategy of in‐house planning in VSP/3D application.

Methods

In total, 11 cases were included from November 2016 to December 2021. Eight male and three female were included, with a mean age of 55.4 years old (range: 34–74 years old). Maxillary defects were classified according to Brown's Classification: two cases with IIB, one case with IIC, four cases with IID, three cases with III, and one case with IV. Preoperatively, facial computed tomography (CT) and lower extremity computed tomography angiogram (CTA) were performed in all patients. Osteocutaneous FFFs were planned, harvested, and customized according to the VSP/3D guide configuration. VSP and 3D printed cutting guides were performed by an external company in nine cases and were self‐planned in three of them. Titanium 3D‐printed fixation plates were used in four cases.

Results

All flaps survived, and the main reconstructive goals were achieved in 9 cases out of 11. Mean FFF length before osteotomy was 20.0 cm (17.5–22.5 cm). None of the cases experienced flap ischemia or venous congestion. At least one complication occurred in four cases: Prefabricated titanium plate exposure (two cases), loss of donor site skin grafts (one case), and ectropion (one case). One patient underwent a second FFF reconstruction. Two titanium printed plates became exposed after radiotherapy and needed to be removed. Mean follow‐up time was 23.5 months (range 6–63 months). Dental rehabilitation was completed in eight of the 11 cases. Regarding functional recovery, five cases underwent delayed osseo‐integrated dental implants (ODI), and two cases had immediate ODI procedures. One case was treated with removal dentition.

Conclusion

VSP/3D printing technology is a new and helpful tool to successful restoration of craniofacial function and aesthetics. It can be used in the broad range of configurations offered by FFFs considering our suggested management strategy.
An element‐based formulation for ES‐FEM and FS‐FEM models for implementation in standard solid mechanics finite element codes for 2D and 3D static analysis
Authors: Colombo Daniele , Drira Slah , Frotscher Ralf , Staat Manfred
Published: September 2022

Edge‐based and face‐based smoothed finite element methods (ES‐FEM and FS‐FEM, respectively) are modified versions of the finite element method allowing to achieve more accurate results and to reduce sensitivity to mesh distortion, at least for linear elements. These properties make the two methods very attractive. However, their implementation in a standard finite element code is nontrivial because it requires heavy and extensive modifications to the code architecture. In this article, we present an element‐based formulation of ES‐FEM and FS‐FEM methods allowing to implement the two methods in a standard finite element code with no modifications to its architecture. Moreover, the element‐based formulation permits to easily manage any type of element, especially in 3D models where, to the best of the authors' knowledge, only tetrahedral elements are used in FS‐FEM applications found in the literature. Shape functions for non‐simplex 3D elements are proposed in order to apply FS‐FEM to any standard finite element.
Integrating histology in the analysis of multispecies cremations: A case study from early medieval England
Authors: French Katherine McCullough , Crowder Christian , Crabtree Pam Jean
Published: September 2022

Methodological options for differentiating commingled human from nonhuman calcined remains are limited. A zooarchaeological analysis of human cremations from three early medieval sites in the Avon Valley (Warwickshire, England) identified commingled animal remains in burials from the site of Bidford‐on‐Avon, but not at the contemporary sites of Wasperton and Alveston Manor. A histological study was conducted to further investigate whether additional fragments of nonhuman bone could be identified and to quantify potential differences in preservation or cremation intensity between the sites. Bone fragments (n = 92) were selected from 44 cremation burials across the three sites for thin section preparation. Histological cross sections were observed to record the presence of fibrolamellar plexiform bone and secondary osteon banding, as well as to categorize the histological preservation and cremation intensity. The analysis did not identify any nonhuman remains from Wasperton or Alveston Manor, but nonhuman bone fragments were identified in the Bidford‐on‐Avon histology sample. These data supplement and support the findings of the macroscopic analysis that multispecies commingled cremations were only prevalent at Bidford‐on‐Avon. No statistically significant differences were identified in histological preservation or cremation intensity between the cemeteries. Variability in animal use in funerary rites between cemetery sites, rather than preservation bias, is therefore the likely explanation for the differential recovery of commingled nonhuman bone from excavated cremation burials. These results confirm that histomorphology is a useful tool to incorporate in the analysis of multispecies commingled cremations.
Stable Oligomer Formation from Lignin by Pyrolysis of Softwood in an Aprotic Solvent with a Hydrogen Donor
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Minai Eiji , Kawamoto Haruo
Published: September 2022

Pyrolysis of Japanese cedar wood in diphenoxybenzene (an aprotic solvent) with a hydrogen donor was investigated between 270–380 °C. Under these conditions, re‐condensation via radical and quinone methide intermediates was efficiently suppressed and a thermally stable oligomer was obtained. The oligomer was stable even after the treatment time was extended. Yields of lignin‐derived products at 270 °C were limited to approximately 20 wt %, but increased to >80 wt % (lignin basis) at the higher temperatures. The oligomer yield increased directly with the extent of the cellulose degradation at 350 °C. Based on the NMR analysis results, the ether bonds in lignin were largely cleaved, but condensed linkages such as β‐aryl and β‐β and 5‐5’ types remained. The γ‐hydroxypropyl group was identified as a typical side chain, formed by hydrogenation of the double bond of a coniferyl alcohol‐type structure.
Stable low‐friction carbon/epoxy composites using carbon nanocages stuffed with ionic liquids as fillers
Authors: Liang Hongyu , Yin Tianqiang , Fu Caihong , Xu Meijuan , Zhang Yanhu , Min Chunying , Hua Xijun , Fu Yonghong , Bu Yongfeng
Published: September 2022

Epoxy resin (EP) is prone to brittle fracture during friction due to internal stress after curing, resulting in fatigue wear and cracking. Adding carbon fillers is considered as one of the great potential solutions to solve the serious dry wear of EP. Herein, we develop a novel carbon capsule composite filler (CNC‐IL) filled with ionic liquid (IL) in carbon nanocages (CNC) using the vacuum principle to address these concerns. Compared with pure EP, the friction coefficient (0.10) and wear rate (1.712 × 10−6 mm3 Nm−1) of the optimized CNC‐IL/EP were reduced by 74.62% and 88.14%, respectively. Such excellent tribological properties can be attributed to the solid–liquid lubricating film formed by the IL released from the broken CNC during friction. A low‐shear‐resistance slip layer can be formed between the CNC‐IL in the film due to the repulsion of the isoelectric ions adsorbed on the surface of the CNC; it effectively integrates the self‐lubricating functions of CNC and the liquid lubrication functions of ILs. This work provides a valuable idea for designing C/EP composites with good antifriction properties.
Diabetes representations on adherence and quality of life: Do parents and adolescents differ?
Authors: Almeida Ana C. , Leandro M. Engrácia , Pereira M. Graça
Published: September 2022

Type 1 diabetes is one of the most frequent chronic diseases in adolescents. To manage diabetes and prevent complications, a set of self‐care behaviors needs to be implemented into family daily routines. This study analyzed diabetes representations in adolescents and their parents, the dissimilarities between them, and the relationship between illness dissimilarities and adherence/quality of life (QoL) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The sample included 200 participants: 100 adolescents with type 1 diabetes and 100 parents who accompanied the adolescents. Adolescents were assessed on adherence (Self‐Care Inventory‐Revised), quality of life (Diabetes QoL) and family support (Diabetes Family Behavior Scale). Both adolescents and parents were assessed on illness representations (Brief‐Illness Perception Questionnaire). Dissimilarities in illness representations between parents and adolescents were performed using Olsen et al's proposal. Parents showed a more negative representation of diabetes than adolescents. Adolescents' illness representations, the dissimilarities between adolescents' and parents' illness representations, and family support were associated with adolescents' adherence and QoL. Higher family support moderated the relationship between the dissimilarity in timeline representations and QoL, explaining 17.8% of the variance on QoL. Adolescent's  gender (male) was a moderator in the relationship between adolescent's coherence and QoL, explaining 18.6% of the variance on QoL. Adolescent's gender (female) was a moderator in the relationship between timeline and QoL, explaining 11.9% of the variance on QoL. Being a male parent was a moderator in the relationship between adolescent's concerns and QoL, explaining 13.5% of the variance on QoL. Intervention programs should focus on illness representations, particularly on the dissimilarities between adolescents and parents, as well as on family support in order to promote adolescents' adherence and QoL.
Framework for successful school reintegration after psychiatric hospitalization: A systematic synthesis of expert recommendations
Authors: Tougas Anne‐Marie , Houle Andrée‐Anne , Leduc Karissa , Frenette‐Bergeron Émilie , Marcil Katherine
Published: September 2022

This systematic synthesis aimed to identify and synthesize expert recommendations from best available clinical and scientific literature for successful school reintegration of students after psychiatric hospitalization. Following principles outlined by the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Coordinating Centre (EPPI‐Centre), we searched 15 electronic databases with all possible literature from 1985 to May 2019 and conducted both supplementary retrospective and prospective reference searches. Fifty‐three documents (37 scientific and 16 clinical) met the inclusion criteria. A thematic synthesis of identified recommendations led to the development and definition of a nine‐step framework to guide collaboration between school and mental health practitioners. This innovative framework offers clear, structured and consensus‐based prescriptive guidelines to determine what should be done, for whom, by whom, when, and how, to facilitate the school reintegration of students hospitalized for mental health issues. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of this step‐based framework.
Understanding the experiences of lung volume recruitment among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A multicenter qualitative study
Authors: Katz Sherri L. , Blinder Henrietta , Newhook Dennis , Azerrad Leana , Nicholls Stuart , McMillan Hugh J. , Mah Jean K. , Campbell Craig , McAdam Laura C. , Zielinski David , Toupin‐April Karine , Momoli Franco , McKim Douglas A.
Published: September 2022

Background

Despite recommendations for regular lung volume recruitment (LVR) use in clinical practice guidelines for children with neuromuscular disease, adherence to LVR is poor. We aimed to describe the experience of LVR by boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), their families, and healthcare providers (HCPs), as well as to identify the barriers and facilitators to LVR use.

Methods

This multicenter, qualitative study evaluated boys with DMD (n = 11) who used twice‐daily LVR as part of a randomized controlled trial, as well as their parents (n = 11), and HCPs involved in the clinical use of LVR (n = 9). Semistructured interviews were conducted to identify participants' understanding of LVR therapy and their beliefs, barriers and facilitators to its use. Thematic analysis was conducted using an inductive approach. A subanalysis compared adherent and nonadherent children.

Results

Seven themes were identified related to participants' beliefs and experiences with LVR: emotional impact, adaptation to LVR, perceived benefits of LVR, routine, family engagement, clinical resources, and equipment‐related factors. Strategies to improve adherence were also identified, including education, reinforcement and demonstration of LVR benefit, as well as clinician support. There were no thematic differences between adherent and nonadherent children.

Discussion

Despite the benefits of LVR and positive experiences with it by many families, there remain barriers to adherence to treatment. HCPs need to balance the need for early introduction to give families time to adapt to LVR while ensuring that the benefit of LVR outweighs the burden. Clinician support is important for family engagement.
Efficacy of basic body awareness therapy on functional outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Vancampfort Davy , Brunner Emanuel , Van Damme Tine , Stubbs Brendon
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This study examined the efficacy of basis body awareness therapy (BBAT) on functional outcomes and quality of life (QoL) in patients with mental health problems and long‐lasting conditions including musculoskeletal disorders, chronic and psychosomatic pain, and neurological conditions.

Material and Methods

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were obtained from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and PEDro from inception to April 1st, 2022. A random effects meta‐analysis was performed to explore the efficacy of BBAT versus non‐active and active control conditions.

Results

Eight RCTs (n BBAT = 307, n controls = 428) were included. There was no evidence for reductions in anxiety (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −3.30 to 0.46, p = 0.14), depression (SMD = −0.82, 95% CI = −1.85 to 0.21, p = 0.12), and no improvements in global assessment of functioning for functioning (GAF‐F) (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI = −0.03 to 1.19, p = 0.06) or for symptoms (GAF‐S) (SMD = 0.76, 95% CI = −0.44 to 1.96, p = 0.21) in BBAT versus non‐active control conditions. BBAT reduced anxiety significantly more than active interventions (SMD = −0.84, 95% CI = −1.17 to −0.51, p < 0.001). No significant differences between BBAT and active control conditions were found for reduction in depression (SMD = −1.16, 95% CI = −2.74 to 0.41, p = 0.15) or in self‐reported pain (SMD = 0.08, 95% CI = −0.25 to 0.40, p = 0.65). Active control conditions were superior in improving QoL (SMD = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.49 to 1.17, p < 0.001), GAF‐F (SMD = 1.58, 95% CI = 0.29 to 2.86, p = 0.016) and GAF‐S (SMD = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.85 to 1.53, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Physiotherapists should be cautious in adopting BBAT, noting there is no high‐quality evidence to support its' use to improve functionality and QoL in patients with mental health problems and/or long‐lasting conditions.
Decomposition, Condensation Defects, and Fusion
Authors: Lin Ling , Robbins Daniel G. , Sharpe Eric
Published: September 2022

In this paper we outline the application of decomposition to condensation defects and their fusion rules. Briefly, a condensation defect is obtained by gauging a higher‐form symmetry along a submanifold, and so there is a natural interplay with notions of decomposition, the statement that d‐dimensional quantum field theories with global ‐form symmetries are equivalent to disjoint unions of other quantum field theories. We will also construct new (sometimes non‐invertible) defects, and compute their fusion products, again utilizing decomposition. An important role will be played in all these analyses by theta angles for gauged higher‐form symmetries, which can be used to select individual universes in a decomposition.
Conversion of fungicide cyprodinil to salts with organic acids: preparation, characterization, advantages
Authors: Wang Qiuxiao , Wang Tao , Zhou Yifei , Gao Haixiang
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

As an effective strategy to improve the basic properties of drugs, salt formation was less used in the field of pesticides than the medicine field. It is worth trying to improve the inherent shortcomings of cyprodinil (high Kow values; polymorphism) in this way to enhance its practicality.

RESULTS

Eight cyprodinil salts (CYP‐Salts) were prepared. The properties of CYP‐Salts, including solubility in various solvents, polymorphic behavior, soil absorption, photolysis in aquatic water, in vitro fungicidal activity and curative activity, were assessed. It was observed that compared with those of cyprodinil, CYP‐Salts had lower soil adsorption, while also having lower log Kow values and could be more easily photodegraded in water. That is, CYP‐Salts have lower impacts on water bodies and aquatic organisms than cyprodinil. Three CYP‐Salts showed higher in vitro antifungal activities and curative activity. CYP‐Salts have enhanced practicality, as they could avoid possible agglomeration caused by recrystallization.

CONCLUSION

Salt forming enhanced the properties of Cyprodinil in many aspects. CYP‐Salts may potentially become a better substitute for cyprodinil. This study offers a more economical and effective strategy to prepare better alternatives to existing fungicides. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Green Synthesis of 2‐Nitropropane via Ammoximation‐Oxidation over Organic Base Modified TS‐1 Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Chu Qingyan , Sun Yuan , Wang Hao , Lu Deming , Liu Yuying , Xiao Haibin , Wang Ping , Cui Hongyou , Wang Ming
Published: September 2022

Modified TS‐1 catalysts for the acetone ammoximation‐oxidation reaction were prepared by post‐treating TS‐1 with different concentrations of TPAOH/TIPA, and the effects of alkali treatment on the catalytic performance were systematically investigated. The techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM and N2 sorption were used to characterize the catalyst samples, which exhibited that the introduction of alkali increased the volume and quantity of mesopores, while there was no obvious influence on the framework structure and titanium content in the framework. And the improvement in catalyst performance after alkali treatment was attributed to the increase of mesopores and the decrease in diffusion limitation. In addition, three common ammoximation catalysts (Ti‐MOR, Ti‐ MWW and TS‐1) were systematically investigated in this reaction. Ti‐MOR showed superiority in the ammoximation to oxime, while TS‐1 displayed the best catalytic performance in the ammoximation oxidation of ketones to nitroalkanes. It was indicated that modified TS‐1 could be a promising catalyst for the ammoximation‐oxidation reaction of acetone.
Insights into enhanced electrochemiluminescence of a multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule
Authors: Yang Liuqing , Dong Lihui , Hall David , Hesari Mahdi , Olivier Yoann , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Ding Zhifeng
Published: September 2022

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of a multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule has been investigated for the first time by means of ECL‐voltage curves, newly designed ECL‐time observatory, and ECL spectroscopy. The compound, Mes3DiKTa, shows complex ECL behavior, including a delayed onset time of 5 ms for ECL generation in both the annihilation pathway and the coreactant route, which we attribute to organic long‐persistent ECL (OLECL). Triplet‐triplet annihilation, thermally activated delayed fluorescence and uncompensated solution resistance cannot be ruled out as contributing mechanisms to the ECL. A very long ECL emission decay was attributed to OLECL as well. The absolute ECL efficiencies of Mes3DiKTa were enhanced and reached 0.0013% in annihilation route and 1.1% for the coreactant system, which are superior to those of most other organic ECL materials. It is plausible that ECL materials with comparable behavior as Mes3DiKTa are desirable in applications such as ECL sensing, imaging, and light‐emitting devices.
Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Antioxidant Capacity of Edible Agar Films Containing Hull‐Less Barley Grass Polysaccharide Extracts
Authors: Gao Shan , Wang Junyi , Zhang Yongze , Liu Nuaner , Zhang Rui , Sui Zhongquan , Hou Hanxue
Published: September 2022

Hull‐less barley grass polysaccharide extracts (HBP) are prepared, and the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of agar films with different HBP contents (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% w/w of agar mass) are investigated. Infrared spectroscopy shows that HBP interacts with the agar matrix via intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The incorporation of HBP causes rougher surface morphology with increased film thickness (p < 0.05). The films with HBP exhibit decreased brightness with a greenish and yellowish hue. The flexibility of the films is improved gradually as HBP contents increase from 0 to 1.5% w/w (p < 0.05), however, a slight reduction is observed with 2% w/w HBP addition (p > 0.05). The water resistance and surface hydrophobicity of the films are enhanced by adding HBP (p < 0.05). The antioxidant test reveals the strong antioxidant capacity of the HBP‐loaded films, which is positively correlated with the HBP contents (p < 0.05), with 2% w/w HBP leading to 59.28% DPPH radical scavenging and 69.00% ABTS radical scavenging. Results suggest that HBP is a promising functional agent for developing antioxidant biopolymer films, and the agar/HBP edible films prepared in this study have potential in food packaging fields.
The Trajectories of a Life
Authors: Schatzki Theodore R.
Published: September 2022

This essay combines a phenomenological account of life trajectories with a practice theory approach to the social contexts in which life trajectories occur to illuminate key features of the phenomena studied by life course research, including the Doing Transitions approach. The discussion construes life trajectories, not as the events and transitions that make up the progress of life in specific life domains, but as central dimensions of a life qua continually unfolding entity. It subjects three types of trajectories so construed to analysis: space-time paths, successions of actions, and past-future arcs. It then explores the contextualization of such trajectories in constellations of social practices. The essay concludes by situating life and its trajectories in the causal order of society and reflecting on the advantages of using theories of practices in this context.
Welfare States as Transition Regimes: Reconstruction from International Comparisons of Young People’s Transitions to Work
Authors: Walther Andreas
Published: September 2022

International comparison of welfare states offers a way for understanding how welfare states have contributed to the constitution of life course transitions and the different ways in which they are being shaped. The chapter introduces the concept of “transition regimes”, a comparative model developed with regard to school-to-work-transitions. The aim is to question if and to what extent this model can contribute to the objectives of reflexive transition research that extends the research of how individual transitions progress to how they are constantly re-constituted. In detail, this implies relating the analysis of comprehensive constellations with the discursive, institutional and individual practices involved in doing transitions. The chapter starts with an overview of international studies of school-to-work-transitions. This is followed by a review of comparative welfare research and the introduction of the concept of transition regimes, which is then related to the concept of doing transitions. The conclusion explores the contribution of comparative analysis of transition regimes for reflexive transition research.
Vorgehen und Methodik der Analyse rechtlicher Dokumente zur schulischen Personalentwicklung
Authors: Thiel Felicitas , Schewe Claudia Manuela
Published: September 2022

In diesem Kapitel wird das methodische Vorgehen bei der Analyse rechtlicher Dokumente zur Verankerung von Personalentwicklung an Schulen dargestellt. Die relevanten Dokumente betreffen aufgrund der föderalen Zuständigkeit vor allem die Landesgesetzgebung. Weil dieselben Sachverhalte in den Ländern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen der Normhierarchie geregelt werden, wurden neben Schulgesetzen, Lehrkräftebildungsgesetzen und Beamtengesetzen auch Verwaltungsvorschriften und Erlasse in die Analyse einbezogen.

Die Analyse erfolgte als qualitative Inhaltsanalyse, die ein theoriegeleitet-deduktives Vorgehen mit einer induktiven Fortschreibung der abgeleiteten Kategorien kombiniert. Auf der Grundlage der Inhaltsanalyse wurde für jeden untersuchten Bereich der Personalentwicklung ein Summenindex gebildet.
High-Resolution Representation Learning and Recurrent Neural Network for Singing Voice Separation
Authors: Bhattarai Bhuwan , Pandeya Yagya Raj , Jie You , Lamichhane Arjun Kumar , Lee Joonwhoan
Published: September 2022

Music source separation has traditionally followed the encoder-decoder paradigm (e.g., hourglass, U-Net, DeconvNet, SegNet) to isolate individual music components from mixtures. Such networks, however, result in a loss of location-sensitivity, as low-resolution representation drops the useful harmonic patterns over the temporal dimension. We overcame this problem by performing singing voice separation using a high-resolution representation learning (HRNet) system coupled with a long short-term memory (LSTM) module to retain high-resolution feature map and capture the temporal behavior of the acoustic signal. We called this joint combination of HRNet and LSTM as HR-LSTM. The predicted spectrograms produced by this system are close to ground truth and successfully separate music sources, achieving results superior to those realized by past methods. The proposed network was tested using four datasets (DSD100, MIR-1K, Korean Pansori, and Nepal Idol singing voice). Our experiments confirmed that the proposed HR-LSTM outperforms state-of-the-art networks at singing voice separation when the DSD100 dataset is used, performs comparably to alternative methods when the MIR-1K dataset is used, and separates the voice and accompaniment components well when the Pansori and NISVS datasets are used. In addition to proposing and validating our network, we also developed and shared our Nepal Idol dataset.
Influence of warm isostatic press (WIP) process parameters on mechanical properties of additively manufactured acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts
Authors: Park Seong Je , Park Seong Jun , Son Yong , Ahn Il Hyuk
Published: September 2022

Owing to the deposition mechanism, parts fabricated from the material extrusion (ME) process have intrinsic air gaps that negatively impact their mechanical properties. Thus, the amount of air gaps should be minimized. In this study, a warm isostatic press (WIP) process was adopted to decrease the amount of air gaps, resulting in improved mechanical properties using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). To identify changes in the mechanical properties, tensile tests were performed with specimens heat-treated by the WIP processes with different pressure–temperature profiles. The influence of the temperature and pressure on tensile strength, elongation at break, and toughness was investigated. Water tightness evaluation was conducted to prove the decrease in the air-gap size. Based on the investigation, the WIP process was concluded to be effective for decreasing the intrinsic air gaps and improving the mechanical properties owing to the increase of the bonding force between the lines and layers, which led to the suggestion of a method that optimizes the parameters of the WIP process.
The Physiological Responses of Maize Seedlings with Different Amylose Content to Drought Stress
Authors: Wu Wenhao , Xu Renyuan , Liu Na , Zhang Maoxi , Sun Ying , Dang Yaru , Xue Jiquan , Zhang Xudong , Guo Dongwei
Published: September 2022

In this study, we investigated the physiological responses of maize with different amylose content at seedlings to drought stress. For waxy maize (WMS) and normal maize (NMS), the decline of photosynthesis under drought stress (DS) was due to the stomatal limitation. DS increased the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), whereas decreased the activities of peroxidase (POD) and the plant height (PH), compared with the plants under normal irrigation. The content of starch increased and decreased significantly upon moderate and severe drought stress, respectively. For high amylose maize (HAMSs), they showed stomatal limitation upon moderate stress, while non-stomatal limitation upon severe stress. The NPQ and POD showed contrary trend compared with WMS and NMS. DS significantly decreased the starch content and PH of them. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed HAMSs were more sensitive to drought than WMS and NMS. The GBSSIIa level of HAMSs was also lower than that of WMS and NMS. Therefore, we conclude that HAMSs respond to DS through redox regulation to avoid oxidative damage, whereas WMS and NMS by increasing starch biosynthesis, and the higher GBSSIIa level may produce more amylose, which could promote the growth of maize under drought effectively.
The effect of lidocaine iontophoresis for the treatment of tinnitus: a systematic review
Authors: Bülow Marcus , Best Norman , Brugger Sebastian , Derlien Steffen , Loudovici-Krug Dana , Lemhöfer Christina
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Tinnitus is a common symptom with multiple causes and treatment options. Previous studies have investigated the effect of lidocaine iontophoresis. The aim of this review is to systematically present the effects on tinnitus and to derive possible effects.

Methods

In accordance to the PRISMA statement, the search and analysis were performed. An abstract in German or English and a performed intervention with lidocaine iontophoresis for the treatment of tinnitus, independent of the study design, were considered as inclusion criteria. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, only a narrative synthesis was performed.

Results

The search yielded 179 studies of which 170 were excluded. Six full-texts and three abstracts were included. In total, 957 patients were treated with lidocaine iontophoresis. The percent improvement in symptoms after lidocaine iontophoresis ranged from 4% to 62%. The qualitative assessment of the studies resulted in an overall “weak” rating for all of them.

Conclusions

Due to the heterogeneity and the limited quality of the studies found, no clear statement can be made about the efficacy. The number of those who benefited from therapy varied widely. In addition, it cannot be ruled out that the effect was merely due to electrical stimulation of the cochlea.
Zircon and monazite reveal late Cambrian/early Ordovician partial melting of the Central Seve Nappe Complex, Scandinavian Caledonides
Authors: Barnes Christopher J. , Bukała Michał , Callegari Riccardo , Walczak Katarzyna , Kooijman Ellen , Kielman-Schmitt Melanie , Majka Jarosław
Published: September 2022

The Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) comprises continental rocks of Baltica that were subducted and exhumed during the Caledonian orogeny prior to collision with Laurentia. The tectonic history of the central SNC is investigated by applying in-situ zircon and monazite (Th-)U–Pb geochronology and trace element analysis to (ultra-)high pressure (UHP) paragneisses in the Avardo and Marsfjället gneisses. Zircons in the Avardo Gneiss exposed at Sippmikk creek exhibit xenocrystic cores with metamorphic rims. Cores show typical igneous REE profiles and were affected by partial Pb-loss. The rims have flat HREE profiles and are interpreted to have crystallized at 482.5 ± 3.7 Ma during biotite-dehydration melting and peritectic garnet growth. Monazites in the paragneiss are chemically homogeneous and record metamorphism at 420.6 ± 2.0 Ma. In the Marsfjället Gneiss exposed near Kittelfjäll, monazites exhibit complex zoning with cores enveloped by mantles and rims. The cores are interpreted to have crystallized at 481.6 ± 2.1 Ma, possibly during garnet resorption. The mantles and rims provide a dispersion of dates and are interpreted to have formed by melt-driven dissolution-reprecipitation of pre-existing monazites until 463.1 ± 1.8 Ma. Depletion of Y, HREE, and U in the mantles and rims compared to the cores record peritectic garnet and zircon growth. Altogether, the Avardo and Marsfjället gneisses show evidence of late Cambrian/early Ordovician partial melting (possibly in (U)HP conditions), Middle Ordovician (U)HP metamorphism, and late Silurian tectonism. These results indicate that the SNC underwent south-to-north oblique subduction in late Cambrian time, followed by progressive north-to-south exhumation to crustal levels prior to late Silurian continental collision.
Mild simulator sickness can alter heart rate variability, mental workload, and learning outcomes in a 360° virtual reality application for medical education: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hsin Li-Jen , Chao Yi-Ping , Chuang Hai-Hua , Kuo Terry B. J. , Yang Cheryl C. H. , Huang Chung-Guei , Kang Chung-Jan , Lin Wan-Ni , Fang Tuan-Jen , Li Hsueh-Yu , Lee Li-Ang
Published: September 2022

Virtual reality (VR) applications could be beneficial for education, training, and treatment. However, VR may induce symptoms of simulator sickness (SS) such as difficulty focusing, difficulty concentrating, or dizziness that could impair autonomic nervous system function, affect mental workload, and worsen interventional outcomes. In the original randomized controlled trial, which explored the effectiveness of using a 360° VR video versus a two-dimensional VR video to learn history taking and physical examination skills, only the former group participants had SS. Therefore, 28 undergraduate medical students who participated in a 360° VR learning module were included in this post hoc study using a repeated measures design. Data of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, Task Load Index, and Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise were retrospectively reviewed and statistically analyzed. Ten (36%) participants had mild SS (total score > 0 and ≤ 20), and 18 (64%) had no SS symptom. Total SSQ score was positively related to the very low frequency (VLF) band power, physical demand subscale, and frustration subscale, and inversely related to physical examination score. Using multilevel modeling, the VLF power mediated the relationship between total SSQ score and physical examination score. Furthermore, frustration subscale moderated the mediating effects of the VLF power. Our results highlight the importance of documenting SS to evaluate a 360° VR training program. Furthermore, the combination of HRV analysis with mental workload measurement and outcome assessments provided the important clinical value in evaluating the effects of SS in VR applications in medical education.
Time trend in the surgical management of obstructed defecation syndrome: a multicenter experience on behalf of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR)
Authors: Picciariello A. , Rinaldi M. , Grossi U. , Trompetto M. , Graziano G. , Altomare D. F. ,   SICCR ODS Study Group, Gallo G.
Published: September 2022

Background

Surgical management of obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) is challenging, with several surgical options showing inconsistent functional results over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend in surgical management of ODS in a 10-year timeframe across Italian referral centers.

Methods

Surgeons from referral centers for the management of pelvic floor disorders and affiliated to the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery provided data on the yearly volume of procedures for ODS from 2010 to 2019. Six common clinical scenarios of ODS were captured, including details on patient’s anal sphincter function and presence of rectocele and/or rectal intussusception. Perineal repair, ventral rectopexy (VRP), transanal repair (internal Delorme), stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR), Contour Transtar, and transvaginal repair were considered in each clinical scenario.

Results

Twenty-five centers were included providing data on 2943 surgical patients. Procedure volumes ranged from 10–20 (54%) to 21–50 (46%) per year across centers. The most performed techniques in patients with good sphincter function were transanal repair for isolated rectocele (243/716 [34%]), transanal repair for isolated rectal intussusception (287/677 [42%]) and VRP for combined abnormalities (464/976 [48%]). When considering poor sphincter function, these were perineal repair (112/194 [57.8%]) for isolated rectocele, and VRP for the other two scenarios (60/120 [50%] and 97/260 [37%], respectively). The use of STARR and Contour Transtar decreased over time in patients with impaired sphincter function.

Conclusions

The complexity of ODS treatment is confirmed by the variety of clinical scenarios that can occur and by the changing trend of surgical management over the last 10 years.
Household disposal of pharmaceuticals: attitudes and risk perception in a UK sample
Authors: Watkins Scott , Barnett Julie , Standage Martyn , Kasprzyk-Hordern Barbara , Barden Ruth
Published: September 2022

Pharmaceuticals can enter the environment through disposal in toilets, sinks and general waste. In the UK, household medicines are correctly disposed of by returning them to a pharmacy. This study examined household patterns of medicine waste, storage and disposal practices via a cross-sectional survey with 663 UK adults. Multiple regression was used to explore the contribution of key variables on self-reported medicines disposal behaviour. Analysis demonstrated that age, information, awareness, probability, attitude and intention all predicted correct disposal behaviour. Results indicate that multiple factors influence different disposal destinations uniquely. Affect and age increase disposal in sink/toilet but reduce disposal in bin. Presence of children increase bin and sink/toilet disposal but decrease pharmacy returns. Awareness and received information on correct disposal reduce bin disposal and increase pharmacy returns. The results suggest people use different mental models for each destination with disposal in sink/toilets and bins considered quicker and safer in the presence of children or for those feeling anxious. It is important to understand the capability, opportunity and motivation people have to return medicines to the pharmacy in addition to raising awareness of correct medicine disposal.
Consensus Head Acceleration Measurement Practices (CHAMP): Laboratory Validation of Wearable Head Kinematic Devices
Authors: Gabler Lee , Patton Declan , Begonia Mark , Daniel Ray , Rezaei Ahmad , Huber Colin , Siegmund Gunter , Rooks Tyler , Wu Lyndia
Published: September 2022

Wearable devices are increasingly used to measure real-world head impacts and study brain injury mechanisms. These devices must undergo validation testing to ensure they provide reliable and accurate information for head impact sensing, and controlled laboratory testing should be the first step of validation. Past validation studies have applied varying methodologies, and some devices have been deployed for on-field use without validation. This paper presents best practices recommendations for validating wearable head kinematic devices in the laboratory, with the goal of standardizing validation test methods and data reporting. Key considerations, recommended approaches, and specific considerations were developed for four main aspects of laboratory validation, including surrogate selection, test conditions, data collection, and data analysis. Recommendations were generated by a group with expertise in head kinematic sensing and laboratory validation methods and reviewed by a larger group to achieve consensus on best practices. We recommend that these best practices are followed by manufacturers, users, and reviewers to conduct and/or review laboratory validation of wearable devices, which is a minimum initial step prior to on-field validation and deployment. We anticipate that the best practices recommendations will lead to more rigorous validation of wearable head kinematic devices and higher accuracy in head impact data, which can subsequently advance brain injury research and management.
The Shape of Phylogenies Under Phase-Type Distributed Times to Speciation and Extinction
Authors: Soewongsono Albert Ch. , Holland Barbara R. , O’Reilly Małgorzata M.
Published: September 2022

Phylogenetic trees describe relationships between extant species, but beyond that their shape and their relative branch lengths can provide information on broader evolutionary processes of speciation and extinction. However, currently many of the most widely used macro-evolutionary models make predictions about the shapes of phylogenetic trees that differ considerably from what is observed in empirical phylogenies. Here, we propose a flexible and biologically plausible macroevolutionary model for phylogenetic trees where times to speciation or extinction events are drawn from a Coxian phase-type (PH) distribution. First, we show that different choices of parameters in our model lead to a range of tree balances as measured by Aldous’$$\beta $$βstatistic. In particular, we demonstrate that it is possible to find parameters that correspond well to empirical tree balance. Next, we provide a natural extension of the$$\beta $$βstatistic to sets of trees. This extension produces less biased estimates of$$\beta $$βcompared to using the median$$\beta $$βvalues from individual trees. Furthermore, we derive a likelihood expression for the probability of observing an edge-weighted tree under a model with speciation but no extinction. Finally, we illustrate the application of our model by performing both absolute and relative goodness-of-fit tests for two large empirical phylogenies (squamates and angiosperms) that compare models with Coxian PH distributed times to speciation with models that assume exponential or Weibull distributed waiting times. In our numerical analysis, we found that, in most cases, models assuming a Coxian PH distribution provided the best fit.