bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
γ‐Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), γ‐Butyrolactone (GBL), and 1,4‐Butanediol (1,4‐BD) Reduce the Volume of Cerebral Infarction in Rodent Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: SADASIVAN SHANKAR , MAHER TIMOTHY J. , QUANG LAWRENCE S.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  γ‐Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), an endogenous organic acid catabolite of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been shown to have tissue‐protective effects in various organs, including the brain. We examined the potential neuroprotective effect of GHB and its chemical precursors, γ‐butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4‐butanediol (1,4‐BD), in the rodent ischemic stroke model by intraluminal filament middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent transient left‐sided MCAO and received intraperitoneal treatment with 300 mg/kg of GHB, GBL, 1,4‐BD, or control vehicle given at 30 min before, as well as 180 and 360 min after the onset of ischemia. Infarct volumes were determined 24 h after MCAO. In transient MCAO, the mean volume of infarction for control rats was 464.4 ± 17.9 cu.mm versus 273.6 ± 53.1, 233.3 ± 44.7, and 275.4 ± 39.9 cu.mm for rats treated with 1,4‐BD (P < 0.05), GBL (P < 0.05), and GHB (P < 0.05), respectively. We conclude that GHB, GBL, and 1,4‐BD protect against rat focal cerebral ischemia from transient MCAO.
Identification of a novel protein that regulates mitochondrial fusion by modulating mitofusin (Mfn) protein function
Authors: Eura Yuka , Ishihara Naotada , Oka Toshihiko , Mihara Katsuyoshi
Published: November 2006

Mitofusin proteins 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and Mfn2, respectively) of the mammalian mitochondrial outer membrane are homologues of Drosophila FZO and yeast Fzo1, and both are essential for GTP-dependent mitochondrial fusion. We identified a 55-kDa Mfn-binding protein named MIB. It is a member of the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase protein superfamily, and has a conserved coenzyme-binding domain (CBD). The majority of MIB is localized in the cytoplasm but a small amount is associated with mitochondria. Exogenous expression of MIB in HeLa cells induced mitochondrial fragmentation, which was prevented by coexpression of Mfn1, suggesting a functional interaction of MIB with Mfn proteins; the GGVG sequence in the CBD of MIB is essential for its function. By contrast, MIB knockdown resulted in growth arrest of the cells, although apoptotic sensitivity was not affected by either its knockdown or its overexpression. Furthermore, MIB knockdown induced a large extension of mitochondrial network structures. By contrast, a double knockdown of MIB and Mfn1 resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation and reversal of the growth arrest, the morphology and growth phenotype induced by knockdown of Mfn1 alone, again suggesting that MIB modulates Mfn1 function. Together, these findings suggest that MIB is essential for cellular function by regulating mitochondrial membrane dynamics in cooperation with Mfn proteins.
Sequential implication of the mental retardation proteins ARHGEF6 and PAK3 in spine morphogenesis
Authors: Nodé-Langlois Roxanne , Muller Dominique , Boda Bernadett
Published: November 2006

The biological mechanisms underlying the mental retardation associated with mutation of the ARHGEF6 gene, a Rac1/Cdc42 exchange factor, are still unknown, although defects in the plasticity of synaptic networks have been postulated. We have cloned the rat ARHGEF6 gene and investigated, using a transfection approach, its involvement in spine morphogenesis and its relationship to p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3). We found that expression of tagged ARHGEF6 in hippocampal slice cultures shows a punctate staining in dendritic spines that colocalizes with PSD95. Over-expression of ARHGEF6, of PAK3 or constitutively active PAK3 did not alter spine morphology. By contrast, knockdown of ARHGEF6 using a siRNA approach resulted in abnormalities in spine morphology similar to those reported with knockdown of PAK3. This phenotype could be rescued through co-expression of a constitutively active PAK3 protein, but not with wild-type PAK3. Together, these results indicate that ARHGEF6 is localized in dendritic spines where it contributes to regulate spine morphogenesis probably by acting through a downstream activation of PAK3. Similar mechanisms are thus likely to underlie the mental retardation induced by mutations of ARHGEF6 and PAK3.
Three-dimensional analysis of mitosis and cytokinesis in the binucleate parasiteGiardia intestinalis
Authors: Sagolla Meredith S. , Dawson Scott C. , Mancuso Joel J. , Cande W. Zacheus
Published: November 2006

In the binucleate parasite Giardia intestinalis, two diploid nuclei and essential cytoskeletal structures including eight flagella are duplicated and partitioned into two daughter cells during cell division. The mechanisms of mitosis and cytokinesis in the binucleate parasite Giardia are poorly resolved, yet have important implications for the maintenance of genetic heterozygosity. To articulate the mechanism of mitosis and the plane of cell division, we used three-dimensional deconvolution microscopy of each stage of mitosis to monitor the spatial relationships of conserved cytological markers to the mitotic spindles, the centromeres and the spindle poles. Using both light- and transmission electron microscopy, we determined that Giardia has a semi-open mitosis with two extranuclear spindles that access chromatin through polar openings in the nuclear membranes. In prophase, the nuclei migrate to the cell midline, followed by lateral chromosome segregation in anaphase. Taxol treatment results in lagging chromosomes and half-spindles. Our analysis supports a nuclear migration model of mitosis with lateral chromosome segregation in the left-right axis and cytokinesis along the longitudinal plane (perpendicular to the spindles), ensuring that each daughter inherits one copy of each parental nucleus with mirror image symmetry. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to an episomal plasmid confirms that the nuclei remain separate and are inherited with mirror image symmetry.
Rhenium-catalyzed Addition of Trimethylsilylacetylene to Aldimines
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Inoue Yuichi , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: November 2006

A rhenium complex, [ReBr(CO)3(thf)]2, catalyzes reactions of aldimines with trimethylsilylacetylene to give propargylamines in excellent yields. The reactions proceed at room temperature under solvent-free conditions.
Synthesis and Properties of 9-Anthryldiphosphene
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Tsurusaki Akihiro , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Matsuda Kazunari , Kanemitsu Yoshihiko , Watanabe Yasuaki , Furukawa Yukio , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: November 2006

The first stable 9-anthryldiphosphene, TbtP=P(9-Anth) (1: Tbt = 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl, 9-Anth = 9-anthryl), was synthesized and its properties were revealed by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. The weak fluorescence of 1 was observed in hexane solution.
Magnetic Force Microscopy as a New Tool to Evaluate Local Magnetization of Organic Radical Polymers
Authors: Tanaka Manabu , Saito Yusuke , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: November 2006

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) was used to study the single-molecular magnetic response of the proxyl radical-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. Local magnetization of the organic radical molecules was evaluated by the MFM intensity, which correlated to the number of unpaired electrons per molecule.
Three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of pediatric tracheobronchial tree
Authors: Donnelly Kevin J. , Gussack Gerald S. , Todd N. Wendell , Bank Estelle R. , Parks W. James , Davenport Peter , Ms Scott Shepherd
Published: November 2006

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the airway has recently emerged as a diagnostic tool for evaluating tracheobronchial obstruction in pediatric patients. Computer‐assisted reconstructions of transaxial images have enabled three‐dimensional reconstructions of the airway to be manipulated in any plane and visualized in relation to adjacent anatomical structures. Eight patients in whom magnetic resonance imaging was used to diagnose a variety of airway obstructive lesions are presented. A protocol for the evaluation of pediatric tracheobronchial obstruction is presented, with the role of three dimensionally reconstructed MR imaging emphasized.
Carcinoma of the soft palate and anterior tonsillar pillar
Authors: Leemans Charles R. , Engelbrecht Willem J. , Tiwari Rammohan , Devillé Walter L. J. M. , Snow Gordon B. , Karim Abdul B. M. F. , van der Waal Isaac
Published: November 2006

The results after treatment of a total of 52 patients between 1974 and 1990 for squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate and anterior tonsillar pillar by surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of the two are reported in the present study. Of the 45 patients who were treated for cure, 38 were treated by surgery, followed by radiotherapy in 19 patients (50%). Five patients received definitive radiotherapy only, and 2 were treated by other modalities such as intra‐arterial methotrexate and carbon dioxide (CO2) laser.

Absolute and determinant 5‐year survival rates were 62% and 77%, respectively. Sixty‐four percent of patients survived 5 years recurrence‐free, and 27% developed multiple primary tumors in the head and neck. Tumor stages III and IV were shown to decrease survival by half compared to stages I and II. A 42% occult nodal metastases rate was observed, and 3 of 11 patients experienced regional relapse in an untreated neck.

From this review it appears that surgery, combined with postoperative radiotherapy when indicated, is an effective form of treatment for carcinoma of the soft palate and anterior tonsillar pillar.
Trematodes from Red Sea fishes: Proneohelicometra aegyptensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925) and Neohypocreadium gibsoni sp. nov. (Lepocreadiidae Odhner, 1905)
Authors: Hassanine Reda
Published: November 2006

Specimens of the fishes Pterois volitans Linnaeus (Scorpaenidae) and Chaetodon auriga Forsskål (Chaetodontidae) were caught in the Red Sea off the coast of Sharm El-Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. Five (20%) and 20 (44%) of these fishes, respectively, were found to harbour intestinal trematodes. P. volitans was parasitised by Proneohelicometra aegyptensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Opecoelidae) and C. auriga by Neohypocreadium gibsoni sp. nov. (Lepocreadiidae). Proneohelicometra gen. nov. is similar to Neohelicometra Siddiqi et Cable, 1960 which is the only opecoelid genus having caeca opening with separate ani and eggs with unipolar filaments, but differs significantly from it in having two lateral folds of body wall extending along the posterior third of body, an oral sucker smaller than the ventral sucker, a median cirrus sac not reaching the ventral sucker posteriorly and a median genital pore situating immediately posterior to the intestinal bifurcation. Neohypocreadium gibsoni sp. nov. is similar to the other four species of the genus, but is unique in having a distinctly pear-shaped body and a much smaller egg size, and differs significantly from each in several other characters: from N. longisaccatum, it differs in having a cirrus sac not reaching the testes and a pretesticular ovary; from N. dorsoporum in having an external seminal vesicle much shorter than the cirrus sac, a longer cirrus sac extending posteriorly to the level of the posterior margin of the ventral sucker and a pretesticular ovary; from N. chaetodoni in having a smaller body size, symmetrical testes, a longer cirrus sac extending posteriorly to the level of the posterior margin of the ventral sucker and a trilobed ovary; and from N. aegyptense in having a smaller body size, symmetrical testes, a longer cirrus sac extending posteriorly to the level of the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, a trilobed ovary and vitelline follicles terminating anteriorly at the level of oesophagus. Neohypocreadium Machida et Uchida, 1987 is briefly reviewed.
Vitellocyte ultrastructure in the cestode Didymobothrium rudolphii (Monticelli, 1890): possible evidence for the recognition of divergent taxa within the Spathebothriidea
Authors: Poddubnaya Larisa , Gibson David , Świderski Zdzisław , Olson Peter
Published: November 2006

In the spathebothriidean tapeworm Didymobothrium rudolphii (Monticelli, 1890) the fine structure of the vitellocytes at different stages of their development within the vitelline follicles, vitelline ducts and uterus was studied for the first time using transmission electron microscopy. The vitellocyte inclusions of D. rudolphii are shell globule clusters containing tightly packed shell globules associated with a matrix of moderate electron density, glycogen granules, large electron-lucent lipid droplets (up to 3 μm in diameter), and, occasionally, a lipid droplet may occur in the nucleus of the vitellocytes. The diameter of the clusters ranges from 0.4 to 2.5 μm, the number of shell globules in the clusters varies from 8 to 45, and the size of the globules ranges from 0.12 to 0.25 μm and they are of approximately homogeneous sizes within a cluster. Most vitellocyte lipid droplets have a heterogeneous configuration with a ‘cavity’ inside them when they are within vitelline ducts and intrauterine eggs. Vitellocytes of the eggs contain dark concentric bodies and lipid droplets. The interstitial tissue has a syncytial structure. The morphological parameters of the diameter and shape of shell globule clusters, arrangement of shell globules in clusters, number and diameter of globules within clusters, types of lipid droplets and presence of dark concentric bodies are compared with those of two other spathebothriidean genera, Cyathocephalus and Diplocotyle. The comparative data demonstrate that vitelline material morphology has unique features in three spathenothriidean genera and may be used as evidence for the recognition of separate taxa.
Redescription of Neobrachiella spinicephala (Ringuelet, 1945) parasitic on Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829 from Argentina, with the first description of the male
Authors: Etchegoin Jorge , Timi Juan , Lanfranchi Ana
Published: November 2006

Neobrachiella spinicephala (Ringuelet, 1945) (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Lernaeopodidae) is redescribed based on newly collected material from the Brazilian sandperch, Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829, (the type host) from Mar del Plata, Argentina (the type locality). A description of the male is given for the first time. Although some differences were observed between the original description and the specimens examined in this study, these differences do not warrant a change in the taxonomic status of this species. Indeed, the generic status of the species is confirmed, especially based on characteristics of the male.
Ecological aspects influencing the helminth community of the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus in Dunas de Mira, Portugal
Authors: Eira Catarina , Torres Jordi , Vingada José , Miquel Jordi
Published: November 2006

This paper presents the first extensive data on the helminth community of the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus in a coastal sand dune area in Portugal. The 557 hosts analysed in this study were trapped seasonally between autumn 2002 and summer 2005 across 6 habitat types. Twelve helminth species were detected among which, Taenia parva larvae, Angiostrongylus dujardini, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia stroma and S. frederici constitute the component species, accounting for 98.7% of all worms. H. polygyrus was the most prevalent helminth parasite. Species richness varied according to habitat and season. The highest species richness was found in sand dunes during winter whereas the lowest was detected along lake margins also during the winter. Some differences in prevalence and mean intensity values were found in relation to year (T. parva larvae and H. polygyrus), habitat (A. dujardini), season (T. parva larvae, H. polygyrus, A. dujardini and S. stroma) and host sex (T. parva larvae and S. stroma). These differences are discussed both in view of the host’s biology and habitat characteristics.
Low threshold voltage asymmetric antiferroelectric liquid crystal cells
Authors: Bennis N. , Spadło A. , Dąbrowski R. , Martinelli E. , Galli G. , Quintana X. , Otón J. , Geday M.
Published: November 2006

Asymmetric antiferroelectric liquid crystal displays (AAFLCD) are attractive since they show a very well defined off state and fast switching time. Moreover, they can be driven by a simple biasless DC compensated waveform. The electrooptical response of an AAFLCD allows for new addressing modes, including quasi-static intermediate greyscales maintained without applying a field and passively addressed multiplexed high-frequency displays and spatial light modulators. A new kind of asymmetric cells have been obtained by using fluorinated block copolymer (FBC) alignment, which enhances surface segregation and provides a low energy surface. In this work we combine FBC alignment with antiferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures containing strongly electronegative fluorinated components. Threshold voltages for the antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition as low as 3 volts are observed. We report the time evolution of the shift of the electro-optical response.
Depolarization of partially coherent light in liquid crystals
Authors: Domański A. , Budaszewski D. , Sierakowski M. , Woliński T.
Published: November 2006

In the paper we present results of analysis of partially coherent light depolarization in two types of liquid crystals possessing linear birefringence controlled by temperature and external electric field changes. Some experimental results of degree of polarization measurements for different light sources as a superluminescent diode and a laser diode are also presented.
Electrooptic study of antiferroelectric mixtures for display application
Authors: Mikułko A. , Marzec M. , Wróbel S. , Dąbrowski R.
Published: November 2006

The aim of this paper is to study the influence of electric field on alignment of para-, ferro- and antiferroelectric phases in the vicinity of SmA* — SmC* or SmC* — SmCA* phase transitions as to obtain mono-domain cells. Four mixtures studied (W-193B, W-193B-1, W-201, W-204D) show the SmCA* phase in a wide room temperature range. Measurements of the spontaneous polarization versus temperature by using reversal current method give an answer to the question, what kind of the transitions take place between para-, ferro- or antiferroelectric phases using the Landau mean field theory. Optimal electrooptic parameters for different compositions of the mixtures such as tilt angle, spontaneous polarization and saturation voltage have been measured to compare parameters of the mixtures studied.
Evaluation of the rheological properties of sulfonic acids and sodium sulfonates
Authors: Berna J. L. , Bengoechea C. , Moreno A. , Rounds R. S.
Published: November 2006

Sulfonic acids of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) are converted into the corresponding sodium salts to produce the most widely used anionic surfactant worldwide, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Used in many industrial applications and consumer products, the physical and mechanical properties of the sulfonates are strongly dependent on the LAB manufacturing process. Until recently, commercial alkylation of benzene has employed aluminum chloride or hydrogen fluoride catalysts, but a new fixed‐bed alkylation process (DETAL) has been developed with improved 2‐phenyl isomer selectivity and low tetralin concentration. In order to better understand the rheology of LAS in aqueous media, a comprehensive comparative evaluation of sulfonic acids and sodium sulfonates of the three LAB process derivatives has been done using dynamic mechanical rheometry, steady shear viscometry, and X‐ray diffraction for phase identification. LAB sulfonic acids are Newtonian fluids in the temperature range of 20–60°C. The neat AlCl3, HF, and DETAL sulfonic acids are Newtonian fluids within the temperature range of 20–60°C. At 30 wt%, all three sulfonates are Newtonian at 20–60°C, and the 40 wt% AlCl3 sodium sulfonate remains in the Newtonian regime within this temperature range. Lamellar liquid crystalline phases have been identified for the sulfonates in the concentration range of 40–60 wt% in water at 20–60°C, and a hexagonal lattice phase also has been identified for DETAL sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate at 40 wt%, 60°C. The presence of anisotropic phases results in non‐Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior with time‐dependent viscosity functions.
Synthesis and characterization of new cationic surfactants derived from lactic acid
Authors: Anoune Naoual , Nouiri Moustapha , Arnaud Christian , Petit Serge , Lanteri Pierre
Published: November 2006

A series of new cationic surfactants was prepared by condensation of lactic acid with N,N‐dimethyl propylamine, followed successively by acetylation with acid chloride or ester and by quaternization with dimethylsulfate. Each surfactant and its precursors' structural assignments were based on infrared spectra and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Critical micelle concentrations, contact angles, kinetics of drop spreading, and foam capacities were determined.
Modern methods of detergent manufacture
Authors: Appel Peter W.
Published: November 2006

It is convenient to split past trends in detergent manufacture into three periods: the 1980s, the early 1990s, and more recent trends. In this review, the focus is on this decade, in which the detergent industry has implemented the most fundamental changes in process technology of these decades. At the same time, however, these changes can be better appreciated by understanding (i) the limitations of the spray‐drying process as the industry's traditional workhorse and (ii) the driving forces for change.
Function of lipase in lipid soil removal as studied using fabrics with different chemical accessibility
Authors: Obendorf S. K. , Varanasi Arindam , Mejldal Rie , Thellersen Marianne
Published: November 2006

Fatty stain removal is enhanced by the inclusion of lipase in washing compounds and leads to increased lipid removal from within the fibers. Cotton fabrics with varied morphology/chemistry were investigated to study the accessibility of soil in textiles to detergent and lipase. Three cotton fabrics (untreated, mercerized, and carboxymethylated cotton), differing in chemical accessibility, and TencelTM lyocell fabric, a microdenier manufactured cellulosic fiber, were subjected to three treatments—unwashed, washed with detergent, and washed with lipase—so as to understand further the effects of fiber morphology on lipase effectiveness. Both detergents and lipase removed more soil from the more chemically accessible and hydrophilic textiles. Lipase increased lipid removal for all fabrics and all morphological locations on the fiber, including fiber surfaces, interfiber capillaries, small capillaries, and the center of the yarn bundle. Lipase removed significant quantities of soil from the lumen in untreated and mercerized cotons; these fabrics showed the largest total increases in amount of lipid removed by lipase. When the fiber surfaces were smoother and the fiber structure was less open and not carboxymethylated, i.e., the mercerized cotton fabric, more lipase benefit was observed (72% of the residual soil left after washing with detergent was removed when lipase was added). The total soil removal from the mercerized cotton fabric by use of lipase was equal to that observed for the more open, hydrophilic carboxymethylated fabric and for the Tencel, which has no lumen or other morphological features of natural cotton such as crenulations. Lipase appeared to enhance lipid removal under conditions where removal by the detergent surfactant system was limited. Furthermore, we concluded that lipase acted to remove lipid soil from within the fibers by functioning at the interior surfaces of microfibrils and pores within the fiber structure at the lipid‐water interface.
Preparation, surface‐active properties, and antimicrobial activities of bis(alkylammonium) dichlorides having a butenylen or a butynylene spacer
Authors: Tatsumi Taiga , Zhang Wanbin , Nakatsuji Yohji , Miyake Kazuhiro , Matsushima Kenji , Tanaka Misa , Furuta Taro , Ikeda Isao
Published: November 2006

A series of new cationic gemini surfactants, bis(alkylammonium) dichlorides having a butenylene or a butynylene spacer, were prepared almost quantitatively by the reaction of a long‐chain alkyldimethylamine with a highly reactive allylic or propargylic dichloride, and their surface‐active properties were measured. All of them showed good water solubility and quite low critical micelle concentrations, which were more than one order of magnitude lower than those of the corresponding mono(alkylammonium) salts. They also showed quite high foaming ability and foam stability when they have an appropriate hydrophile‐lipophile balance. Many of them showed almost the same antimicrobial activities against the eumycetes Aspergillus sp. and Candida albicans as commercial germicides such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate.
Effect of alkyl groups in anionic surfactants on solution properties of anionic‐nonionic surfactant system
Authors: Azzam Eid M. S.
Published: November 2006

The effect of different alkyl chains of anionic surfactants on properties of binary anionic‐nonionic mixed surfactant systems was studied. These systems included ocytldodecyl‐, and cetylsulfoacetates mixed with isooctyl phenol nonyl ethoxylate. The critical micelle concentration of mixed surfactants shifted to lower values compared to those of the single anionic surfactants. Effectiveness values increased with decreases in the mole fraction of anionic surfactants. The negative values of interaction parameter (β) increased with increases in the chain length of anionic surfactants.
Assay of quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compounds by aqueous potentiometric titration
Authors: Battaglini George T.
Published: November 2006

An automatic potentiometric titration method for the determination of quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compounds at the macro level is described. The procedure involves the use of standard sodium lauryl sulfate as the titrant and a nitrate ion‐selective or surfactant electrode to detect the end point. The method, which includes a new, simpler means of titrant standardization, avoids the use of hazardous solvents such as chloroform, which are employed in two‐phase titration methods currently in common use. In this study, four frequently produced antimicrobial quats were titrated potentiometrically and by a two‐phase titration using bromphenol blue as the indicator. Comparison of results shows the automatic potentiometric method to be accurate, more precise, easier, faster, and generally better suited for use in a production laboratory than the two‐phase approach. The nitrate and the surfactant electrodes appear to be equal in performance.
The role of hydrophilic linkers
Authors: Acosta Edgar , Uchiyama Hirotaka , Sabatini David A. , Harwell Jeffrey H.
Published: November 2006

In microemulsion formulations, linker molecules are additives that can enhance the surfactant‐oil interaction (lipophilic linkers) or the surfactant‐water interaction (hydrophilic linkers). In this paper, the role of the hydrophilic linker is elucidated through solubilization studies, interfacial tension studies, and by studying the partitioning of the hydrophilic linker into an optimum middle phase. This research used alkyl naphthalene sulfonates as the hydrophilic linkers, sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate as the surfactant, and trichloroethylene as the oil phase. The hydrophilic linkers were found to have interfacial properties between a hydrotrope and a cosurfactant. More specifically, the data show that a hydrophilic linker is an amphiphile that coadsorbs with the surfactant at the oil/water interface but that has negligible interaction with the oil phase. The role of the hydrophilic linker can thus be interpreted as opening “holes” in the interface. Based on the characteristics of alkyl naphthalene linkers, carboxylic molecules were evaluated as hydrophilic linkers. For trichloroethylene microemulsions, sodium octanoate was found to be an alternative hydrophilic linker to sodium mono‐ and dimethyl naphthalene sulfonates.
Microemulsion formation and detergency with oily soils: II. Detergency formulation and performance
Authors: Tongcumpou C. , Acosta E. J. , Quencer L. B. , Joseph A. F. , Scamehorn J. F. , Sabatini D. A. , Chavadej S. , Yanumet N.
Published: November 2006

In part I of this series (J. Surfact. Deterg. 6, 191–203, 2003), the mixed surfactant system of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT), alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate (ADPODS) and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) was shown to form Winsor type I and type III microemulsions with hexadecane and motor oil. In addition, high solubilization and low interfacial tension were obtained between the oils and surfactant solutions both in the supersolubilization region (Winsor type I system close to type III system) and at optimal conditions in a type III system. In the present study, this mixed surfactant system was applied to remove oily soil from fabric (a polyester/cotton blend), and detergency results were correlated to phase behavior. Dynamic interfacial tensions were also measured between the oils and washing solutions. In the supersolubilization and in the middle‐phase regions (type III), much better detergency performance was found for both hexadecane and motor oil removal than that with a commercial liquid detergent product. In addition, the detergency performance of our system at low temperature (25°C) was close to that obtained at high temperature (55°C), consistent with the temperature robustness of the microemulsion phase behavior of this system.
Surfactant properties of purified polyglycerol monolaurates
Authors: Kato Tomoharu , Nakamura Takeshi , Yamashita Masatsugu , Kawaguchi Masami , Kato Tadaya , Itoh Takahito
Published: November 2006

A series of purified polyglycerol monolaurates (PGML), such as di‐, tri‐, tetra‐, and pentaglycerol monolaurates, were synthesized, and their surfactant properties in aqueous solutions were examined. The surfactant properties of PGML were compared with those of n‐dodecyl polyoxyethylene monoethers (C12EOn) to examine the function of the hydrophilic part of these compounds. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values and the surface tension at CMC of PGML and C12EOn increased linearly with an increase in the number of glycerol and oxyethylene units, respectively; the slope of the increase was greater for PGML than C12EOn. The minimum surface area per molecule of PGML was smaller than that of C12EOn at the air/aqueous solution interface. The initial foam heights of the surfactants at the CMC increased with an increase in the number of glycerol or oxyethylene units, and the foam heights of PGML were consistently higher and more stable than those of C12EOn. Detergency depended on a reduction in interfacial tension. Triglycerol monolaurate showed the lowest interfacial tension and the highest detergency among all the surfactants tested. Overall, the PGML showed better performance in all the surfactant properties tested than C12EOn. It is noteworthy that the surfactant properties of PGML having few glycerol units (di‐ to tetraglycerol monolaurates) are on par with those of C12EOn having many oxyethylene units (hexa‐ and octaoxyethylene). These results suggest that PGML having a secondary hydroxyl group on every glycerol unit of the hydrophilic part could be more hydrophilic than C12EOn; this characteristic feature guaranteed the superior surfactant properties of PGML.
Synthesis of β‐bromoethoxylates and β‐chloroethoxylates from olefinic fatty methyl esters
Authors: Singh Sukhprit , Singh Bhupinderpal
Published: November 2006

Olefinic fatty methyl esters [undec‐10‐enoate (1), octadec‐Z‐9‐enoate (2), methyl‐12 hydroxy octadec‐Z‐9‐enoate (3)], on reaction with an N‐halosuccinimide (4–5)—i.e., N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS; 4) or N‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS; 5)—in the presence of diols such as mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and tetraethylene glycols (6–9), gave the respective β‐bromo‐ or β‐chloroethoxylates (11–34).
Aging of oily soils on textile materials: A literature review
Authors: Chi Yong‐Seung , Obendorf S. Kay
Published: November 2006

Literature covering the problems of oily soil aging on textile materials is reviewed. Difficulty of soil removal and discoloration of oily soiled fabrics were the main problems of aged oily soil reported by researchers. Yellowing of fabrics is attributed mainly to residual oily soils although there are other causes. Oxidation of unsaturated oils was suggested as the cause of problems related to aging of oily soils; thus, the autoxidation mechanisms of unsaturated lipids are an important part of this review. The effects of aging on oily soil removal are attributed to this oxidation of unsaturated oils, wicking of oils into small capillaries within the yarn structure, and possible chemical linkages of aged oils with fibers. Thus, included in this review are studies on the interactions between lipid oxidation products and proteins that suggest interaction between aged oily soils and fiber substrates.
Aspects of polymer use in detergents
Authors: Bertleff Werner , Neumann Peter , Baur Richard , Kiessling Dieter
Published: November 2006

Recent developments in polymer builders and specialty polymers (i.e., soil shield and soil release agents, dye transfer inhibitors) for detergents are reviewed. Attention focuses on polycarboxylates as detergent processing auxiliaries as well as detergent actives under low‐temperature washing conditions.
Preferential loss of visceral fat following aerobic exercise, measured by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Louise Thomas E. , Brynes Audrey E. , McCarthy John , Goldstone Anthony P. , Hajnal Joseph V. , Saeed Nadeem , Frost Gary , Bell Jimmy D.
Published: November 2006

The aim of this study was to use whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) together with biochemical and anthropometric measurements to study the influence of regular moderate exercise with no dietary intervention on adipose tissue distribution in nonobese healthy women. We found significant decreases in both total (28.86±2.24 vs. 27.00±2.27 liters, P<0.05) and regional fat depots (visceral fat: 1.68±0.21 vs. 1.26±0.18 liters, P<0.01) using whole‐body MRI despite no significant change in body weight, body mass index, or the waist‐to‐hip ratio. Interestingly, no changes in body fat content were found using anthropometry or impedance. There was a significant increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.58 ±0.06 vs. 1.66±0.08 mmol/L P<0.02) following exercise although there were no changes in other blood lipids such as triglycerides. In summary, moderate aerobic exercise over a period of 6 mon resulted in a preferential loss in visceral fat in nonobese healthy women, and this may help to explain some of the health benefits associated with regular and moderate physical activity.
A comparison of lycopene and astaxanthin absorption from corn oil and olive oil emulsions
Authors: Clark Richard M. , Yao Lili , She Li , Furr Harold C.
Published: November 2006

The effect of different oils on the absorption of carotenoids was investigated in mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats. Sixteen treatment emulsions containing increasing concentrations of either lycopene (LYC) or astaxanthin (AST) (5, 10, 15, 20 μmol/L) were prepared with olive oil or corn oil and continuously infused into the duodenum of the rat. Absorption of carotenoids into the mesenteric lymph duct was determined. Absorption of LYC and AST from both oils increased with the amount infused into the duodenum. The average recovery of AST in the lymph from the olive oil emulsion was 20% but was decreased to 13% from emulsions containing corn oil. Lycopene was not as well absorbed as AST. The average recovery of LYC was 6% from olive oil emulsions but only 2.5% when infused with corn oil. The LYC used in this study was isolated from tomato paste and was primarily in the all‐trans form. We did not observe any significant isomerization of all‐trans LYC to 9‐cis LYC during absorption. We conclude that the type of oil with which a carotenoid is consumed can influence its absorption.
Recent advances in infant cognition: Implications for long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation studies
Authors: Colombo John
Published: November 2006

The assessment of cognitive function in early life has recently become an issue for consideration in long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) supplementation studies. This article reviews the various means by which such assessment has been done in past LC‐PUFA supplementation studies and provides some background on recent advances in the measurement of infant cognition that may need to be considered when planning or designing future supplementation studies. These include (i) consideration of the specificity of LC‐PUFA effects on cognition, (ii) inclusion of multiple tasks or levels of measurement as outcome measures, and (iii) a stronger emphasis on developmental processes in the design of such studies.
Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on retinal development: Cellular and molecular aspects
Authors: Politi Luis , Rotstein Nora , Carri Nestor
Published: November 2006

We have recently shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is necessary for survival and differentiation of rat retinal photoreceptors during development in vitro. In cultures lacking DHA, retinal neurons developed normally for 4 d; then photoreceptors selectively started an apoptotic pathway leading to extensive degeneration of these cells by day 11. DHA protected photoreceptors by delaying the onset of apoptosis; in addition, it advanced photoreceptor differentiation, promoting opsin expression and inducing apical differentiation in these neurons. DHA was the only fatty acid having these effects. Mitochondrial damage accompanied photoreceptor apoptosis and was markedly reduced upon DHA supplementation. This suggests that a possible mechanism of DHA‐mediated photoreceptor protection might be the preservation of mitochondrial activity; a critical amount of DHA in mitochondrial phospholipids might be required for proper functioning of these organelles, which in turn might be essential to avoid cell death. Müller cells in culture appeared to be involved in DHA processing: they took up DHA, incorporated in into glial phospholipids, and channeled it to photoreceptors in coculture. Both Müller cells, when cocultured with neuronal cells, and the glial‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protected photoreceptors from cell death. These results suggest that glial cells may play a central role in regulating photoreceptor survival during development through the provision of trophic factors. The multiple effects of DHA on photoreceptors suggest that in addition to its structural role, DHA might be one of the trophic factors required by these cells.
Stable isotope approaches, applications, and issues related to polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism studies
Authors: Emken E. A.
Published: November 2006

The use of stable isotope tracers for investigating fatty acid metabolism in human subjects has increased substantially over the last decade. Advances in analytical instrumentation, commercial availability of labeled substrates, and safety considerations are major reasons for this increased use of stable isotope tracers. Several experimental design options are available for using either deuterium or carbon‐13 as tracers for fatty acid and lipid studies. Options include feeding a pulse dose of labeled fat or a mixture containing two or more labeled fats. Multiple doses of the labeled fat can be fed at timed intervals to increase enrichments. Administration by injection or continuous intravenous infusion is an alternative. Another option is to use diets containing foods from plants that have slightly higher natural carbon‐13 enrichment. Each basic experimental design has its specific strengths, and the best choice of experimental design depends on the study objectives. Stable isotope studies have been used to address a variety of questions related to unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in humans. Examples are provided that illustrate the use of stable isotopes to investigate oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid, desaturation of linoleic and linolenic acids in infants and adults, incorporation of long‐chain n−6 and n−3 fatty acids, bioequivalency of linolenic acid in primates, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of arachidonic acid in living rat brain, and effect of triacylglycerol structure on absorption. Radioisotope and stable isotope tracer studies in animals and humans are responsible for much of our understanding of fatty acid and lipid metabolism. However, tracer studies have limitations, and there are some unresolved issues associated with isotope studies. Examples of unresolved issues are quantification of isotope data, validity of in vivo fatty acid metabolite results, kinetic modeling, subject variability, and use of blood lipid data as a reflection of tissue lipid metabolism. Resolving these issues, developing novel methodology, and applying stable isotope tracer methods to questions related to PUFA metabolism are broad areas of interesting and challenging research opportunities.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid supply with human milk
Authors: Sauerwald T. U. , Demmelmair H. , Koletzko B.
Published: November 2006

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk may derive from diet, liberation from maternal body stores, or endogenous synthesis from precursor fatty acids. The contribution of each of these sources has not been studied in detail. Although maternal diet is a key factor affecting human milk composition, other factors such as gestational age, stage of lactation, nutritional status, and genetic background are known to influence the fat content and fatty acid composition in human milk. Both linoleic and α‐linolenic acids, the essential fatty acids, are present in human milk, as are several other n−6 and n−3 longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are required for optimal growth and development of infants. The fatty acid profile of human milk from lactating women of different countries is remarkably stable, but there is variability in some of the components, such as docosahexaenoic acid, which is mainly due to differences in dietary habits. Tracer techniques with stable isotopes have been valuable in assessing the kinetics of fatty acid metabolism during lactation and in determining the origin of fatty acids in human milk. Based on these studies, the major part of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk seems not to be provided directly from the diet but from maternal tissue stores.
Isomeric fatty acids: Evaluating status and implications for maternal and child health
Authors: Craig‐Schmidt Margaret C.
Published: November 2006

“Isomeric fatty acids” is a term that refers to the trans‐ and positional isomers formed during hydrogenation of naturally occurring oils. The purposes of this paper are as follows: (i) to summarize potential exposure of infants to isomeric fatty acids by reviewing estimates of isomeric fatty acids in the maternal diet, in human milk, and in infant formula/infant foods, and (ii) to evaluate the evidence for adverse effects of isomeric fatty acids on infant development with respect to growth and essential fatty acid status. Estimates of the intake of trans‐fatty acids vary widely both within and across populations. Current estimates of trans‐fatty acids in the North American population are 4–11% of total fatty acids or 3–13 g/(person·d), whereas in Mediterranean countries in which olive oil is the primary fat and in Far Eastern countries in which little commercially hydrogenated fat is consumed, per capita consumption of trans‐fatty acids is <1–2 g/d. The trans‐fatty acid content of human milk reflects the cross‐cultural variation in the maternal diet, with trans‐fatty acids in human milk samples ranging from 6 to 7% in North America to <0.5% in Hong Kong. Trans‐fatty acids are transferred from the maternal diet through the placenta to the developing fetus or through milk to the breast‐fed infant. In some studies, plasma trans‐fatty acids are inversely related to birth weight and head circumference. The hypothesis that dietary trans‐fatty acids could inhibit biosynthesis of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms and thus affect infant development is supported by studies demonstrating an inverse correlation of plasma trans‐fatty acids with n−3 and n−6 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infants. However, no such relationship has been observed in human milk. A definitive answer concerning a potentially adverse effect of dietary trans‐fatty acids on infant development awaits future studies.
The intestinal mucosa as a target for dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Donnet‐Hughes A. , Schiffrin E. J. , Turini M. E.
Published: November 2006

Several studies have reported beneficial effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on various aspects of both human and animal health, and particular reference has been made to their effects on systemic immune responses. Both immune stimulation and immune suppression have been reported, with the outcome dependent on the type of PUFA, the target cell, as well as the immune competence of the cells before exposure. The systemic and the mucosal immune systems are discrete entities, which have evolved specific approaches in the defense of the host. The latter comprises several interconnected tissues, which communicate with one another through the action of soluble mediators and the trafficking of cellular components. After the oral mucosa, the intestinal epithelium and its associated gutassociated lymphoid tissue are the primary targets of dietary components. Absorption of dietary PUFA and its incorporation into intestinal tissues has been well studied, but the consequences of these events in relation to local immune responses have received little attention. This article describes some of the immune mechanisms operating at this barrier and, where possible, pinpoints areas for which a modulatory role for PUFA has already been demonstrated. Although not an exhaustive treatise of the subject, it is hoped that this review will foster research into the specific interaction between dietary PUFA and cell populations comprising the intestinal barrier.
Pancreatic β‐cell α2A adrenoceptor and phospholipid changes in hyperlipidemic ratsadrenoceptor and phospholipid changes in hyperlipidemic rats
Authors: Clément L. , Kim‐Sohn K. ‐A. , Magnan C. , Kassis N. , Adnot P. , Kergoat M. , Assimacopoulos‐Jeannet F. , Pénicaud L. , Hsu F. ‐F. , Turk J. , Ktorza A.
Published: November 2006

We previously showed that a 48‐h intravenous lipid infusion in rats induces pancreatic β‐cell hypersensitivity to catecholamines. Our aim was to study the lipid‐related changes that may account for such hypersensitivity in pancreatic islets. We show here that a 48‐h increase in plasma FFA alters the binding characteristics of β‐cell α2 adrenoceptors in rats. Lipid infusion decreases pancreatic norepinephrine (NE) turnover rate by 28%, reflecting a reduction of pancreatic NE stores. Following lipid infusion, the density of α2 adrenoceptor binding sites is significantly lower and receptor affinity higher, both in islet homogenates (by three‐ and fivefold, respectively) and isolated whole β‐cells (by two‐ and sixfold, respectively). These changes correlate with the elevated insulin response to glucose found in lipid‐infused rats. We also found a modification of islet phospholipid content, particularly in phosphoethanolamine species containing infused FA such as palmitate, oleate, stearate, and linoleate. This may account for the modifications in receptor affinity. These results suggest that hyperlipidemia‐associated pathologies such as diabetes and obesity not only may result from alterations of metabolic pathways but also may be a consequence of early modifications in nervous firing rates and signal transduction pathways.