bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of rare nematode resistance Rhg1 haplotypes in Glycine soja and a novel Rhg1 α‐SNAP
Authors: Grunwald Derrick J. , Zapotocny Ryan W. , Ozer Seda , Diers Brian W. , Bent Andrew F.
Published: October 2021

This study pursued the hypothesis that wild plant germplasm accessions carrying alleles of interest can be identified using available single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes for particular alleles of other (unlinked) genes that contribute to the trait of interest. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines [HG]) resistance locus Rhg1 is widely used in farmed soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The two known resistance‐conferring haplotypes, rhg1‐a and rhg1‐b, typically contain three or seven to 10 tandemly duplicated Rhg1 segments, respectively. Each Rhg1 repeat carries four genes, including Glyma.18G022500, which encodes unusual isoforms of the vesicle‐trafficking chaperone α‐SNAP. Using SoySNP50K data for NSFRAN07 allele presence, we discovered a new Rhg1 haplotype, rhg1‐ds, in six accessions of wild soybean, Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc. (0.5% of the ∼1,100 G. soja accessions in the USDA collection). The α‐SNAP encoded by rhg1‐ds is unique at an important site of amino acid variation and shares with the rhg1‐a and rhg1‐b α‐SNAP proteins the traits of cytotoxicity and altered N‐ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) protein interaction. Copy number assays indicate three repeats of rhg1‐ds. G. soja PI 507613 and PI 507623 exhibit resistance to HG type 2.5.7 SCN populations, in part because of contributions from other loci. In a segregating F2 population, rhg1‐b and rhg1‐ds made statistically indistinguishable contributions to resistance to a partially virulent HG type 2.5.7 SCN population. Hence, the unusual multigene copy number variation Rhg1 haplotype was present but rare in ancestral G. soja and was present in accessions that offer multiple traits for SCN resistance breeding. The accessions were initially identified for study based on an unlinked SNP.
Separation of Cadmium Using a new Adsorbent of Modified Chitosan with Pyridine Dicarboxyamide derivative and application in different samples
Authors: Garoub Mohannad , Gado Mohamed
Published: October 2021

Pyridine di‐carboxyamide derivative coupled chitosan (CTPO) is a new adsorbent prepared by coupling N2,N6‐dicarbamothioylpyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxamide with chitosan, which offers an excellent synergistic effect for the extraction of cadmium ions. FT‐IR, X‐ray diffraction, and thermal analysis techniques were used to characterize the modified new chitosan adsorbent. The Langmuir isotherm model accurately represents the adsorption effect with a maximum adsorption capacity of 307 mg/g. It was noted that the adsorption or up‐taking process of cadmium ions corresponded more closely to the pseudo‐second order instead of pseudo‐first order kinetic. The thermodynamic tools ΔS, ΔH and ΔG were also evaluated indicating endothermic and spontaneous adsorption process with a randomness increasing. The prepared new adsorbent is successfully used to extract cadmium ions from the actual leach liquor of Wadi Um‐Gheig ore sample.
Why Does Making Connections Through Resilience Indicators Matter?
Authors: Le Tissier Martin , Whyte Hester
Published: October 2021

The year 2015 saw the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Paris Agreement. These landmark UN agreements both characterise and present the opportunity for developing integrated responses and coherence to the challenges bridging development, humanitarian, climate and disaster risk reduction areas. This chapter will provide examples of experiences and best practices from the international arena that identify how approaches to SDGs, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Management (DRM), and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) are juxtaposed, and the policy instruments currently in place that address SDG, DRR and CCA activities and actions. The text will consider opportunities for developing a concept of resilience that integrates SDG, DRR and CCA frameworks in response to global challenges, thereby constituting a development continuum instead of a series of independent and isolated phenomena. It will also identify and characterise opportunities for synergies across the different domains for community and sector vulnerability at local, national and international scales through integrated reporting across agreements.
TGF-β orchestrates the phenotype and function of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in colorectal cancer
Authors: Gneo Luciana , Rizkalla Nagy , Hejmadi Rahul , Mussai Francis , de Santo Carmela , Middleton Gary
Published: November 2021

Background

Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) are significantly expanded in the blood of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, their presence and underlying mechanisms in the tumour microenvironment of CRC have not been examined in detail.

Methods

Tumour tissues and peripheral blood from CRC patients were analysed for the presence of M-MDSCs. The mechanisms of suppression were analysed by blocking pathways by which MDSCs abrogate T cell proliferation. Co-culture of CRC cells with monocytes were performed with and without cytokine blocking antibodies to determine the mechanism by which CRC cells polarise monocytes. Multi-spectral IHC was used to demonstrate the intra-tumoral location of M-MDSCs.

Results

Tumour tissues and blood of CRC patients contain M-MDSCs which inhibit T cell proliferation. Whilst inhibition of arginase and nitric oxide synthase 2 fail to rescue T cell proliferation, blockade of IL-10 released by these HLA-DR−cells abrogates the suppresivity of M-MDSCs. Tumour conditioned media (TCM) significantly reduces HLA-DR expression, increases IL-10 release from monocytes and causes them to become suppressive. TGF-β is highly expressed in the TCM and accumulates in the plasma. TGF-β reduces HLA-DR expression and drives monocyte immunosuppressivity. The invasive margin of CRC is enriched in CD14+HLA-DR−cells in close proximity to T cells.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates the cross-talk between CRC cells, M-MDSCs and T cells. Characterisation of CRC M-MDSCs point to therapeutic avenues to target these cells in addition to TGF-β blockade.
Performance of three colposcopic images for the identification of squamous and glandular cervical precursor neoplasias
Authors: Fachetti-Machado Giselle , Figueiredo-Alves Rosane Ribeiro , Moreira Marise Amaral Rebouças
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To evaluate prevalence and diagnostic performance of three colposcopic images to diagnose squamous and glandular cervical precursor neoplasias.

Methods

Cross-sectional study, conducted through analysis of stored digital colposcopic images. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of three images, herein named grouped glands, aceto-white villi, and atypical vessels, for detection of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) grades 2 and 3, calculations of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive likelihood ratio, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under the curve (AUC) were made, with their respective 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Grouped glands, aceto-white villi, and atypical vessels images had: prevalence of 21.3, 53.8, and 33.8% in patients with AIS, and 16.2, 19.5, and 9.3% in those with CIN 2 and 3; for the diagnosis of AIS, sensitivity of 21.3, 53.8, and 33.8%, specificity of 89.8, 95.2, and 94.9%, accuracy of 76.6, 87.2, and 83.1%, positive likelihood ratio of 2.1, 11.2, and 6.6, and AUC of 0.55, 0.74, and 0.64; for the diagnosis of CIN 2 and 3, sensitivity of 16.2, 19.5, and 9.3%, specificity of 89.8, 95.2, and 94.9%, accuracy of 39.4, 43.4, and 36.3%, positive likelihood ratio of 1.6, 4.1, and 1, 8, and AUC of 0.53, 0.57, and 0.52, respectively.

Conclusion

Prevalence and accuracy of the three images were higher for the diagnosis of glandular than squamous cervical precursor neoplasias. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood, and AUC of aceto-white villi and atypical vessels images were higher for the diagnosis of glandular than squamous cervical precursor neoplasias.
Fast and multiscale formation of isogeometric matrices of microstructured geometric models
Authors: Hirschler T. , Antolin P. , Buffa A.
Published: October 2021

The matrix formation associated to high-order discretizations is known to be numerically demanding. Based on the existing procedure of interpolation and lookup, we design a multiscale assembly procedure to reduce the exorbitant assembly time in the context of isogeometric linear elasticity of complex microstructured geometries modeled via spline compositions. The developed isogeometric approach involves a polynomial approximation occurring at the macro-scale and the use of lookup tables with pre-computed integrals incorporating the micro-scale information. We provide theoretical insights and numerical examples to investigate the performance of the procedure. The strategy turns out to be of great interest not only to form finite element operators but also to compute other quantities in a fast manner as for instance sensitivity analyses commonly used in design optimization.
A pragmatic, evidence-based approach to coding for abdominal wall reconstruction
Authors:   Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative, Poulose B. K. , Huang L.-C. , Phillips S. , Greenberg J. , Hope W. , Janczyk R. , Malcher F. , Perez A. , Petersen R. A. , Prabhu A. , Reinhorn M. , Warren J. A. , White N. , Rosen M. J.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Ambiguity exists defining abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) and associated Current Procedural Terminology code usage in the context of ventral hernia repair (VHR), especially with recent adoption of laparoscopic and robotic-assisted AWR techniques. Current guidelines have not accounted for the spectrum of repair complexity and have relied on expert opinion. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based definition and coding algorithm for AWR based on myofascial releases performed.

Methods

Three vignettes and associated outcomes were evaluated in adult patients who underwent elecive VHR with mesh between 2013 and 2020 in the Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative including: (1) no myofascial release (NR), (2) posterior rectus sheath myofascial release (PRS), and (3) PRS with transversus abdominis release or external oblique release (PRS-TA/EO). The primary outcome measure was operative time based on the following categories (min): 0–59, 60–119, 120–179, 180–239, and 240 + ; secondary outcomes included disease severity measures and 30-day postoperative outcomes.

Results

15,246 patients were included: 7287(NR), 2425(PRS), and 5534(PRS-TA/EO). Operative time increased based on myofascial releases performed: 180–239 min (p < 0.05): NR(5%), PRS(23%), PRS-TA/EO(28%) and greater than 240 min (p < 0.05): NR (4%), PRS (17%), PRS-TA/EO(44%). A dose–response effect was observed for all secondary outcome measures indicative of three distinct levels of patient complexity and outcomes for each of the three vignettes.

Conclusion

AWR is defined as VHR including myofascial release. Coding for AWR should reflect the actual effort used to manage these patients. We propose an evidence-based approach to AWR coding that focuses on myofascial release and is inclusive of minimally invasive techniques.
Post-Paris policy relevance: lessons from the IPCC SR15 process
Authors: Hermansen Erlend A. T. , Lahn Bård , Sundqvist Göran , Øye Eirik
Published: November 2021

Policy relevance is the raison d’être for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), yet few studies have analysed what the concept entails, not least from the perspective of key target groups for the IPCC. We present a framework which enables analysis of how different actor strategies (heating up and cooling down) contribute to shape relevance-making in specific political situations when IPCC knowledge is interpreted and used. Drawing on empirical evidence from the reception and use of the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15) across three policy making levels, the paper demonstrates different examples of creating policy relevance. First, the paper analyses the origin of SR15 and the failed attempts to formally acknowledge SR15 in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process. Second, it investigates how SR15 has been used to develop and legitimize the EU net-zero target and the European Green Deal. Third, the paper demonstrates how SR15 has been used both for legitimizing and challenging climate policy at the national level, using the example of Norway. In sum, the reception of SR15 demonstrates that while IPCC outputs have resulted in controversy at the international level, they have been highly relevant at regional and national levels. The analysis shows that policy relevance is context-dependent and indirect—created through processes involving many actors, institutions, and types of knowledge. Situating these findings within the larger shift in the international climate regime implied by the Paris Agreement, the paper concludes with a set of empirically grounded recommendations for how the IPCC may approach the goal of policy relevance post-Paris.
Mexican Psychiatric Trainees’ Attitudes Towards People with Mental Illness: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lagunes-Cordoba Emmeline , Lagunes-Cordoba Roberto , Fresan-Orellana Ana , Gonzalez-Olvera Jorge , Jarrett Manuela , Thornicroft Graham , Henderson Claire
Published: October 2021

Despite their training, psychiatrists have been found to have negative attitudes towards people with mental illness, including the patients they treat. Similarly, studies focused on service users have identified psychiatrists as a source of stigma. Even though negative attitudes in psychiatrists have been identified in different countries and settings, in Mexico the attitudes of these professionals have never been assessed. Because of this, we invited psychiatric trainees from a hospital in Mexico to participate in individual interviews to describe their opinions regarding mental health-related stigma, to evaluate their attitudes towards people with mental illness and to identify factors that could be influencing their attitudes. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. A total of 29 trainees participated in the study. The results suggested that trainees recognised psychiatrists can have negative attitudes towards people with mental illness, such as poor empathy, judgement and labelling, and mainly towards patients considered difficult and with borderline personality disorder. Participants recognised these attitudes can influence their relationship with patients, and considered it is necessary to develop interventions to improve their own attitudes and reduce mental health stigma. From this study we concluded Mexican psychiatrists are not free from stigma towards people with mental illness. However, Mexican psychiatric trainees are interested in improving their attitudes and reactions towards their patients.
Exact solutions for the formation of stagnant caps of insoluble surfactant on a planar free surface
Authors: Crowdy Darren G.
Published: October 2021

A class of exact solutions is presented describing the time evolution of insoluble surfactant to a stagnant cap equilibrium on the surface of deep water in the Stokes flow regime at zero capillary number and infinite surface Péclet number. This is done by demonstrating, in a two-dimensional model setting, the relevance of the forced complex Burgers equation to this problem when a linear equation of state relates the surface tension to the surfactant concentration. A complex-variable version of the method of characteristics can then be deployed to find an implicit representation of the general solution. A special class of initial conditions is considered for which the associated solutions can be given explicitly. The new exact solutions, which include both spreading and compactifying scenarios, provide analytical insight into the unsteady formation of stagnant caps of insoluble surfactant. It is also shown that first-order reaction kinetics modelling sublimation or evaporation of the insoluble surfactant to the upper gas phase can be incorporated into the framework; this leads to a forced complex Burgers equation with linear damping. Generalized exact solutions to the latter equation at infinite surface Péclet number are also found and used to study how reaction effects destroy the surfactant cap equilibrium.
Resistance fracture of minimally prepared endocrowns made by three types of restorative materials: a 3D finite element analysis
Authors: Meng Qingzhen , Zhang Yuejiao , Chi Danlu , Gong Qimei , Tong Zhongchun
Published: October 2021

A thin endocrown restoration was often applied in endodontically treated teeth with vertical bite height loss or inadequate clinical crown length. A model of mandibular molars made by endocrown restoration with 1 mm thickness and 2 mm depth of pulp chamber was constructed and imported into FEA ANSYS v18.0 software. The three CAD/CAM materials, feldspathic (Mark2), lithium disilicate (EMAX), and lava ultimate (LU), were assigned, and the five load indenters were loaded on the full occlusal (FO), occlusal center (OC), central fossa (CF), buccal groove (BG), and mesiobuccal cusp (MC) of restoration in the model. The MinPS and MaxPS of the thin endocrown were significantly higher than those of tooth tissue in five types of loads except for the LU endocrown loaded in the FO group. The smaller the contact surface of the load was, the higher MaxPS and MinPS were. MaxPS and MinPS of the MC were the highest, followed by the BG and CF in the restoration. In the stress distribution of tooth tissue, MaxPS in the LU endocrown accumulated at the external edge of enamel and was significantly higher than MaxPS in Mark2 and EMAX endocrown concentrated on the chamber wall of dentin under OC, CF and BG loads. Within the limitations of this FEA study, the LU endocrown transferred more stress to tooth tissue than Mark2 and EMAX, and the maximum principal stress on endocrown restoration and tooth tissue at the mesiobuccal cusp load was higher than that at the central fossa and buccal groove load.
Uniform decay rates of a coupled suspension bridges with temperature
Authors: Afilal Mounir , Alahyane Mohamed , Soufyane Abdelaziz
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we investigate the decay properties of the thermoelastic suspension bridges model. We prove that the energy is decaying exponentially. To our knowledge, our result is new and our method of proof is based on the energy method to build the appropriate Lyapunov functional.
Theory of preference modelling for communities in scale-free networks
Authors: Dombi József , Dhama Sakshi
Published: November 2021

Detecting a community structure on networks is a problem of interest in science and many other domains. Communities are special structures which may consist nodes with some common features. The identification of overlapping communities can clarify not so apparent features about relationships among the nodes of a network. A node in a community can have a membership in a community with a different degree. Here, we introduce a fuzzy based approach for overlapping community detection. A special type of fuzzy operator is used to define the membership strength for the nodes of community. Fuzzy systems and logic is a branch of mathematics which introduces many-valued logic to compute the truth value. The computed truth can have a value between 0 and 1. The preference modelling approach introduces some parameters for designing communities of particular strength. The strength of a community tells us to what degree each member of community is part of a community. As for relevance and applicability of the community detection method on different types of data and in various situations, this approach generates a possibility for the user to be able to control the overlap regions created while detecting the communities. We extend the existing methods which use local function optimization for community detection. The LFM method uses a local fitness function for a community to identify the community structures. We present a community fitness function in pliant logic form and provide mathematical proofs of its properties, then we apply the preference implication of continuous-valued logic. The preference implication is based on two important parameters $$\nu$$
ν
and $$\alpha$$
α
. The parameter $$\nu$$
ν
of the preference-implication allows us to control the design of the communities according to our requirement of the strength of the community. The parameter $$\alpha$$
α
defines the sharpness of preference implication. A smaller value of the threshold for community membership creates bigger communities and more overlapping regions. A higher value of community membership threshold creates stronger communities with nodes having more participation in the community. The threshold is controlled by $$\delta$$
δ
which defines the degree of relationship of a node to a community. To balance the creation of overlap regions, stronger communities and reducing outliers we choose a third parameter $$\delta$$
δ
in such a way that it controls the community strength by varying the membership threshold as community evolves over time. We test the theoretical model by conducting experiments on artificial and real scale-free networks. We test the behaviour of all the parameters on different data-sets and report the outliers found. In our experiments, we found a good relationship between $$\nu$$
ν
and overlapping nodes in communities.
Simulating systematic bias in attributed social networks and its effect on rankings of minority nodes
Authors: Neuhäuser Leonie , Stamm Felix I. , Lemmerich Florian , Schaub Michael T. , Strohmaier Markus
Published: November 2021

Network analysis provides powerful tools to learn about a variety of social systems. However, most analyses implicitly assume that the considered relational data is error-free, and reliable and accurately reflects the system to be analysed. Especially if the network consists of multiple groups (e.g., genders, races), this assumption conflicts with a range of systematic biases, measurement errors and other inaccuracies that are well documented in the literature. To investigate the effects of such errors we introduce a framework for simulating systematic bias in attributed networks. Our framework enables us to model erroneous edge observations that are driven by external node attributes or errors arising from the (hidden) network structure itself. We exemplify how systematic inaccuracies distort conclusions drawn from network analyses on the task of minority representations in degree-based rankings. By analysing synthetic and real networks with varying homophily levels and group sizes, we find that the effect of introducing systematic edge errors depends on both the type of edge error and the level of homophily in the system: in heterophilic networks, minority representations in rankings are very sensitive to the type of systematic edge error. In contrast, in homophilic networks we find that minorities are at a disadvantage regardless of the type of error present. We thus conclude that the implications of systematic bias in edge data depend on an interplay between network topology and type of systematic error. This emphasises the need for an error model framework as developed here, which provides a first step towards studying the effects of systematic edge-uncertainty for various network analysis tasks.
Essentials of Geophysical Data Processing
Authors: Wilson Clark R.
Published: November 2021

A concise introduction to geophysical data processing - many of the techniques associated with the general field of time series analysis - for advanced students, researchers, and professionals. The textbook begins with calculus before transitioning to discrete time series via the sampling theorem, aliasing, use of complex sinusoids, development of the discrete Fourier transform from the Fourier series, and an overview of linear digital filter types and descriptions. Aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students in geophysics, environmental science, and engineering with no previous background in linear algebra, probability, or statistics, this textbook draws scenarios and datasets from across the world of geophysics, and shows how data processing techniques can be applied to real-world problems using detailed examples, illustrations, and exercises (using MATLAB or similar computing environment). Online supplementary resources include datasets for students, and a solutions manual and all the figures from the book as PowerPoints for course instructors.
Flow-excited membrane instability at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Li Guojun , Jaiman Rajeev Kumar , Khoo Boo Cheong
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we study the fluid–structure interaction of a three-dimensional (3-D) flexible membrane immersed in an unsteady separated flow at moderate Reynolds numbers. We employ a body-conforming variational fluid–structure interaction solver based on the recently developed partitioned iterative scheme for the coupling of turbulent fluid flow with nonlinear structural dynamics. Of particular interest is to understand the flow-excited instability of a 3-D flexible membrane as a function of the non-dimensional mass ratio (

$m^{*}$

), Reynolds number (

$Re$

) and aeroelastic number (

$Ae$

). For a wide range of parameters, we examine two distinct stability regimes of the fluid–membrane interaction: deformed steady state (DSS) and dynamic balance state (DBS). We propose stability phase diagrams to demarcate the DSS and DBS regimes for the parameter space of mass ratio versus Reynolds number (

$m^{*}$

-

$Re$

) and mass ratio versus aeroelastic number (

$m^{*}$

-

$Ae$

). With the aid of the global Fourier mode decomposition technique, the distinct dominant vibrational modes are identified from the intertwined membrane responses in the parameter space of

$m^{*}$

-

$Re$

and

$m^{*}$

-

$Ae$

. Compared to the deformed steady membrane, the flow-excited vibration produces relatively longer attached leading-edge vortices which improve the aerodynamic performance when the coupled system is near the flow-excited instability boundary. The optimal aerodynamic performance is achieved for lighter membranes with higher

$Re$

and larger flexibility. Based on the global aeroelastic mode analysis, we observe a frequency lock-in phenomenon between the vortex-shedding frequency and the membrane vibration frequency causing self-sustained vibrations in the dynamic balance state. To characterize the origin of the frequency lock-in, we propose an approximate analytical formula for the nonlinear natural frequency by considering the added mass effect and employing a large deflection theory for a simply supported rectangular membrane. Through our systematic high-fidelity numerical investigation, we find that the onset of the membrane vibration and the mode transition has a direct dependence on the frequency lock-in between the natural frequency of the tensioned membrane and the vortex-shedding frequency or its harmonics. These findings on the fluid-elastic instability of membranes have implications for the design and development of control strategies for membrane wing-based unmanned systems and drones.
Bubble production by air filament and cavity breakup in plunging breaking wave crests
Authors: Gao Qiang , Deane Grant B. , Shen Lian
Published: November 2021

Air filaments and cavities in plunging breaking waves, generically cylinders, produce bubbles through an interface instability. The effects of gravity, surface tension and surface curvature on cylinder breakup are explored. A generalized dispersion relation is obtained that spans the Rayleigh–Taylor and Plateau–Rayleigh instabilities as cylinder radius varies. The analysis provides insight into the role of surface tension in the formation of bubbles from filaments and cavities. Small filaments break up into bubbles through a Plateau–Rayleigh instability driven through the action of surface tension. Large air cavities produce bubbles through a Rayleigh–Taylor instability driven by gravity and moderated by surface tension, which has a stabilizing effect. Surface tension, interface curvature and gravity are all important for cases between these two extremes. Predicted unstable mode wavenumber and bubble size show good agreement with direct numerical simulations of plunging breaking waves and air cylinders.
The Influence of Unknown Media on Public Opinion: Evidence from Local and Foreign News Sources
Authors: PETERSON ERIK , ALLAMONG MAXWELL B.
Published: November 2021

In the Internet era, people can encounter a vast array of political news outlets, many with which they are unfamiliar. These unknown media outlets are notable because they represent potential sources of misinformation and coverage with a distinctive slant. We use two large survey experiments to consider how source familiarity influences political communication. Although this demonstrates the public is averse to consuming news from unfamiliar media, we show that—conditional on exposure to them—unknown local and foreign media sources can influence public opinion to an extent similar to established mainstream news outlets on the same issues. This comparable effectiveness stems from the public’s charitable evaluations of the credibility of unfamiliar news sources and their relatively low trust in familiar mainstream media. We find avoidance of unknown news outlets, not resistance to their coverage, is the primary factor limiting their political influence.
Relational cost analysis in a functional-imperative setting
Authors: QU WEIHAO , GABOARDI MARCO , GARG DEEPAK
Published: November 2021

Relational cost analysis aims at formally establishing bounds on the difference in the evaluation costs of two programs. As a particular case, one can also use relational cost analysis to establish bounds on the difference in the evaluation cost of the same program on two different inputs. One way to perform relational cost analysis is to use a relational type-and-effect system that supports reasoning about relations between two executions of two programs. Building on this basic idea, we present a type-and-effect system, called ARel, for reasoning about the relative cost (the difference in the evaluation cost) of array-manipulating, higher order functional-imperative programs. The key ingredient of our approach is a new lightweight type refinement discipline that we use to track relations (differences) between two mutable arrays. This discipline combined with Hoare-style triples built into the types allows us to express and establish precise relative costs of several interesting programs that imperatively update their data. We have implemented ARel using ideas from bidirectional type checking.
The Election of 1916, “Negrowumpism,” and the Black Defection from the Republican Party
Authors: Oks David
Published: November 2021

This essay examines the debate within the community of Black intellectuals and politicians about whether or not to abandon the Republican Party in 1916, and discusses both major parties’ attempts to cultivate Black voters. The objective of this article is to analyze 1916 through the lens of the rise of Black political independence and to elucidate the strains of thought that pushed an increasing number of Black thinkers—and, later, everyday Black voters—to operate outside of the political framework of the Republican Party. Though the momentous shift in the Black vote had not yet fully materialized, 1916 saw a pivotal and significant crystallization of discontent with the GOP that pushed Black voters to search for alternatives, including the radical option of a “Negro Party.” Ultimately, this new sense of political opportunity helped create the atmosphere that allowed Black voters to shift to the Democratic Party from 1928 to 1936.
Anti-Black Racial Violence and Popular Culture in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
Authors: Stamilio Anthony
Published: November 2021

With #saytheirnames, the 2020 Black Lives Matters movement implores the national public to etch the names of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor into their consciousness. The fight for racial justice is a fight for attention in American popular culture. Activists push for recognition of the right to Black life, celebrities attempt to shine their spotlights on justice initiatives, and public figures debate solutions to systemic racism. The immediacy of today’s racial violence discourse parallels that of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.
THE BEOWULF POET'S SENSE OF DECORUM
Authors: NEIDORF LEONARD
Published: November 2021

This paper reassesses the relationship between Beowulf and the legendary tradition that existed prior to its composition. Through wide-ranging comparative analysis, it identifies probable departures from the antecedent tradition and argues that these departures are best understood not in impersonal terms, as Christian reactions to a pagan tradition, but in terms of a singular poet's sense of decorum, which was not possessed by all Christian authors throughout the Middle Ages. Focusing on interpretive controversies related to matters such as slavery, kin-slaying, the posthumous fate of pagans, and violence orchestrated by women, this paper argues that a series of ostensibly unrelated problems in the poem's critical literature could be resolved with a single coherent explanation: namely, that Beowulf was composed by a poet who sought to preserve as much as possible from the antecedent tradition, while not hesitating to obscure indecorous features and to express value judgments alien to the inherited material. The Beowulf poet's sense of decorum is shown herein to be idiosyncratic yet coherent and pervasive, responsible for various minor departures from tradition and for the selection of the untraditional protagonist around which the poem is structured.
A Plate‐Mantle Convection System in the West Pacific Revealed by Tertiary Ultramafic‐Mafic Volcanic Rocks in Southeast China
Authors: Pan Fa‐Bin , Jin Chong , He Xiaobo , Tao Lu , Jia Bao‐Jian
Published: October 2021

Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the East Asian continental margin usually form because of asthenosphere upwelling and resultant decompression melting, and their origins are important in deciphering mantle geodynamics attributed to intraplate volcanism. In this study, Oligocene basanite‐tephrite rocks were found in continental interior outcrops, and Miocene to Pliocene basanite, alkaline basalt, and olivine tholeiite were abundant in coastal areas in Zhejiang, Southeast China. Episodic magmatic activities appeared to migrate oceanward with an ∼100‐km spatial gap, which was temporally and spatially synchronized with repeated retreat and rollback of the Tertiary westward subducting Pacific slab. All rocks had OIB‐like trace‐element patterns, but the basanite‐tephrite rocks contained higher LILE, HFSE, and LREE than the alkaline basalt and olivine tholeiite. Geochemical modeling indicated the basanite‐tephrite and the alkaline and olivine tholeiite basalts had low‐degree (7%–15%) and slightly higher degree (20%–30%) partial melting of heterogeneous pyroxenite sources, respectively. In addition, their magma sources showed a progressive weakening of carbonatite metasomatism and decreasing melting depths. Those features were tightly associated with punctuated upwelling of asthenospheric materials, most likely metasomatized by the stagnant Pacific slab‐derived silica/carbonatite melts. A plate‐mantle convection system is proposed in which asthenosphere materials pulled by the subducting Pacific slab explain the intraplate volcanism in East Asia as asthenospheric upwelling, which formed by escaping from either slab tears or slab front edges in the mantle transition zone.
Deep Learning 3D Sparse Inversion of Gravity Data
Authors: Huang Rui , Liu Shuang , Qi Rui , Zhang Yujie
Published: October 2021

Gravity prospecting is an important geophysical method for mineral resource exploration and investigating crustal structures. Based on the importance of this method, we propose a novel method that takes advantage of rock data, using a supervised deep fully convolutional neural network, that generates a sparse subsurface distribution from gravity data. During the data preparation phase, we used the random walk to synthesize diverse geological models, in which each model element has only two choices. During network training, we feed the geological model as labels and their corresponding forward modeling of gravity data as the input, after which the network parameters are learned using the Dice coefficient. During network testing, six general types of 3D models were developed, and corresponding gravity data was entered into a trained network to achieve the prediction results in less time. The statistical analysis of two evaluation metrics showed that our network was highly effective using our proposed data set, wherein the recovered models were characterized by distinct boundaries. Furthermore, our approach was validated using real data obtained from the San Nicolas deposit in central Mexico.
Effect of El Niño‐Related Warming on Phytoplankton's Vertical Distribution in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Hu Qiwei , Chen Xiaoyan , He Xianqiang , Bai Yan , Gong Fang , Zhu Qiankun , Pan Delu
Published: November 2021

In this study, we analyzed the effect of warming in ecological responses due to seasonal cycle and 2015/2016 El Niño event on the vertical distribution of phytoplankton within the entire euphotic zone (0–100 m) in the eastern Arabian Sea using BGC‐Argo data during 2015–2019. We found that phytoplankton in different layers had different responses to warming. Phytoplankton biomass (defined as the integrated chlorophyll a concentration in this paper) decreased in 0–50 m layer while it increased in 50–100 m layer during spring (March‐June) and 2015/2016 El Niño event. At the same time, the vertical expansion of warming (temperature >28 °C), together with nitrate and silicate co‐limitation, triggered the formation of subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer, which became thinner and deeper during these warming periods. Results from the generalized additive models showed that the monthly 28 °C isotherm can be used as a first approximation to separate vertical water column where warming had opposite signed effects. For a 0–50 m layer of poor nutrients due to the mixed layer shoaling and reduced atmospheric deposition, a negative effect of warming on phytoplankton was seen if the temperature was higher than 28 °C. But, for a 50–100 m layer of rich nutrients, a positive effect of warming on phytoplankton was seen if the temperature was within the range of 25.5–28.0 °C and the light was enhanced. These results shed light on the effect of global warming on subsurface phytoplankton and may help research of the same topic regarding future warming.
ExoMars TGO/NOMAD‐UVIS Vertical Profiles of Ozone: 1. Seasonal Variation and Comparison to Water
Authors: Patel M. R. , Sellers G. , Mason J. P. , Holmes J. A. , Brown M. A. J. , Lewis S. R. , Rajendran K. , Streeter P. M. , Marriner C. , Hathi B. G. , Slade D. J. , Leese M. R. , Wolff M. J. , Khayat A. S. J. , Smith M. D. , Aoki S. , Piccialli A. , Vandaele A. C. , Robert S. , Daerden F. , Thomas I. R. , Ristic B. , Willame Y. , Depiesse C. , Bellucci G. , Lopez‐Moreno J.‐J.
Published: November 2021

We present ∼1.5 Mars Years (MY) of ozone vertical profiles, covering LS = 163° in MY34 to LS = 320° in MY35, a period which includes the 2018 global dust storm. Since April 2018, the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer channel of the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) instrument aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has observed the vertical, latitudinal and seasonal distributions of ozone. Around perihelion, the relative abundance of both ozone and water (from coincident NOMAD measurements) increases with decreasing altitude below ∼40 km. Around aphelion, localized decreases in ozone abundance exist between 25 and 35 km coincident with the location of modeled peak water abundances. High‐latitude (>±55°), high altitude (40–55 km) equinoctial ozone enhancements are observed in both hemispheres (LS ∼350°–40°) and discussed in the companion article to this work (Khayat et al., 2021). The descending branch of the main Hadley cell shapes the observed ozone distribution at LS = 40°–60°, with the possible signature of a northern hemisphere thermally indirect cell identifiable from LS = 40°–80°. Morning terminator observations show elevated ozone abundances with respect to evening observations, with average ozone abundances between 20 and 40 km an order of magnitude higher at sunrise compared to sunset, attributed to diurnal photochemical partitioning along the line of sight between ozone and O or fluctuations in water abundance. The ozone retrievals presented here provide the most complete global description of Mars ozone vertical distributions to date as a function of season and latitude.
Caffeine is a respiratory stimulant without effect on sleep in the short-term in late-preterm infants
Authors: Seppä-Moilanen Maija , Andersson Sture , Kirjavainen Turkka
Published: October 2021

Background

Caffeine is widely used in preterm infants for apnea control. It has no effect on sleep in the only existing polysomnographic study including ten preterm infants Behavioral and polygraphic studies have conflicting results.

Methods

We studied 21 late-preterm infants at a median gestational age of 36 weeks. Polysomnography was performed twice, at baseline on day 1 and on the day after the onset of caffeine treatment (20 mg/kg loading and 5 mg/kg morning maintenance dose).

Results

Caffeine acted short term as a breathing stimulant with reduction of apneas, improved baseline SpO2 (p < 0.001), and decreased 95 percentile of end-tidal carbon dioxide level (p < 0.01). It also increased arousal frequency to SpO2 desaturations of more than 5% (p < 0.001). Caffeine did not affect sleep stage distribution, sleep efficiency, frequency of sleep stage transitions, appearance of REM periods, or the high number of spontaneous arousals. The median spontaneous arousal count was 18 per hour at baseline, and 16 per hour during caffeine treatment (p = 0.88).

Conclusions

In late-preterm infants, caffeine has a clear short-term respiratory stimulant effect, and it increases the arousal frequency to hypoxia. However, caffeine does not appear to act as a central nervous system stimulant, and it has no acute effect on sleep quality.

Impact

Effects of caffeine on sleep in preterm infants has previously been investigated with only one full polysomnographic study including ten preterm infants. The study showed no effect.

The current study shows that caffeine acts short term as a respiratory stimulant and increases arousal frequency to hypoxia.

Although a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant in adults, caffeine does not seem to have similar acute CNS effect in late-preterm infants.

The onset of caffeine treatment has no short-term effect on sleep stage distribution, sleep efficiency, frequency of sleep stage transitions, appearance of REM periods, or the high number of spontaneous arousals.
Cognitive behavioral markers of neurodevelopmental trajectories in rodents
Authors: Choy K. H. Christopher , Luo Jiaqi K. , Wannan Cassandra M. J. , Laskaris Liliana , Merritt Antonia , Syeda Warda T. , Sexton Patrick M. , Christopoulos Arthur , Pantelis Christos , Nithianantharajah Jess
Published: October 2021

Between adolescence and adulthood, the brain critically undergoes maturation and refinement of synaptic and neural circuits that shape cognitive processing. Adolescence also represents a vulnerable period for the onset of symptoms in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Despite the wide use of rodent models to unravel neurobiological mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders, there is a surprising paucity of rigorous studies focusing on normal cognitive-developmental trajectories in such models. Here, we sought to behaviorally capture maturational changes in cognitive trajectories during adolescence and into adulthood in male and female mice using distinct behavioral paradigms. C57 BL/6J mice (4.5, 6, and 12 weeks of age) were assessed on three behavioral paradigms: drug-induced locomotor hyperactivity, prepulse inhibition, and a novel validated version of a visuospatial paired-associate learning touchscreen task. We show that the normal maturational trajectories of behavioral performance on these paradigms are dissociable. Responses in drug-induced locomotor hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition both displayed a ‘U-shaped’ developmental trajectory; lower during mid-adolescence relative to early adolescence and adulthood. In contrast, visuospatial learning and memory, memory retention, and response times indicative of motivational processing progressively improved with age. Our study offers a framework to investigate how insults at different developmental stages might perturb normal trajectories in cognitive development. We provide a brain maturational approach to understand resilience factors of brain plasticity in the face of adversity and to examine pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions directed at ameliorating or rescuing perturbed trajectories in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Bridging late-life depression and chronic somatic diseases: a network analysis
Authors: Triolo Federico , Belvederi Murri Martino , Calderón-Larrañaga Amaia , Vetrano Davide Liborio , Sjöberg Linnea , Fratiglioni Laura , Dekhtyar Serhiy
Published: October 2021

The clinical presentation of late-life depression is highly heterogeneous and likely influenced by the co-presence of somatic diseases. Using a network approach, this study aims to explore how depressive symptoms are interconnected with each other, as well as with different measures of somatic disease burden in older adults. We examined cross-sectional data on 2860 individuals aged 60+ from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen, Stockholm. The severity of sixteen depressive symptoms was clinically assessed with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. We combined data from individual clinical assessment and health-registers to construct eight system-specific disease clusters (cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, metabolic, musculoskeletal, respiratory, sensory, and unclassified), along with a measure of overall somatic burden. The interconnection among depressive symptoms, and with disease clusters was explored through networks based on Spearman partial correlations. Bridge centrality index and network loadings were employed to identify depressive symptoms directly connecting disease clusters and depression.Sadness,pessimism,anxiety, andsuicidal thoughtswere the most interconnected symptoms of the depression network, while somatic symptoms of depression were less interconnected. In the network integrating depressive symptoms with disease clusters,suicidal thoughts,reduced appetite, andcognitive difficultiesconstituted the most consistent bridge connections. The same bridge symptoms emerged when considering an overall measure of somatic disease burden.Suicidal thoughts,reduced appetite,andcognitive difficultiesmay play a key role in the interconnection between late-life depression and somatic diseases. If confirmed in longitudinal studies, these bridging symptoms could constitute potential targets in the prevention of late-life depression.