bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O lugar da família na rede social do lazer após a aposentadoria
Authors: Azevedo Raquel Pedreira da Cruz , Carvalho Ana Maria Almeida
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar o lugar da família nas redes sociais do lazer tecidas na fase da aposentadoria. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista em profundidade, aplicada em seis participantes aposentados de ambos os sexos, casados, com previdência privada complementar e filiados a Associações de Aposentados. Os resultados da análise dos dados sugerem que as redes de relações do lazer nesta fase estão mais centralizadas no círculo familiar ampliado (com filhos adultos, genros, noras e netos), favorecendo as relações intergeracionais. Indicam ainda haver uma redução na expansão da rede de relações extra-familiares, ocorrendo uma maior seletividade em relação a novas amizades, com uma consolidação das antigas amizades, além do surgimento de uma solidariedade parental devido à disponibilidade de tempo livre para servir.
O papel das representações sociais e da educação para o desenvolvimento da identidade de gênero
Authors: Bueno Cléria M.L.B
Published: March 2017

O artigo busca compreender de que forma se relacionam as identidades e as representações de gênero e como esta última, muitas vezes não reflete a verdadeira identidade individual do sujeito; embora seja uma construção socialmente reconhecida e aceita pela maioria dos indivíduos. Uma das implicações para essa situação refere-se à visão desigual baseada em diferentes níveis de socialização que atribuem a homens e mulheres padrões de condutas rígidos e que podem se cristalizar em condutas anti-sociais, geradoras de violências física e simbólica. O objetivo é criar um campo de discussão e atuação, tanto nas escolas, como na sociedade, levando até ambas a premissa da incorporação da perspectiva de gênero, assumindo-o como mais uma categoria não só de análise, mas também de distintas versões teóricas defendendo o direito à diversidade. A discussão amplia reconhecimento e a prevenção de atitudes e comportamentos que comprometem não somente o desenvolvimento emocional e psíquico do sujeito, assim como o de toda a coletividade.
Resiliência: em busca de um conceito
Authors: Taboada Nina G. , Legal Eduardo J. , Machado Nivaldo
Published: March 2017

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar na literatura especializada as principais definições de resiliência e seus conceitos operacionais. Entende-se, de maneira geral, resiliência como sendo o processo onde o indivíduo consegue superar as adversidades, adaptando-se de forma saudável ao seu contexto. Diante da diversidade de definições encontradas, estas foram agrupadas em três eixos principais, entendendo a resiliência como um processo: adaptação/superação; inato/adquirido; circunstancial/permanente. Tendo em vista a necessidade de compreensão de outros temas diretamente relacionados com a resiliência, o trabalho apresenta sessões que versam sobre: estresse, coping e suas relações com resiliência; fatores de risco, fatores de proteção e vulnerabilidade. Constata-se a falta de definições operacionais claras acerca do fenômeno, bem como se sugere que a resiliência pode ser entendida como uma estratégia de coping com resultados positivos e até transformadores.
Risk factors associated with the development of perinatal asphyxia in neonates at Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia, 2010-2011
Authors: Torres-Muñoz Javier , Rojas Christian , Mendoza-Urbano Diana , Marín-Cuero Darly , Orobio Sandra , Echandía Carlos
Published: March 2017

Introducción: La asfixia perinatal constituye una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal en el mundo, tiene factores de riesgo modificables y genera altos costos para los sistemas de salud.Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de asfixia perinatal en recién nacidos del Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia.Materiales y métodos: Estudio de casos incidentes y controles concurrentes. Casos: neonatos con asfixia perinatal moderada a severa, de edad gestacional mayor o igual a 36 semanas, que requirieron reanimación avanzada y al menos una de los siguientes: alteraciones neurológicas tempranas, compromiso multi-orgánico o la presencia de un evento centinela. Controles: neonatos sin diagnóstico de asfixia, nacidos hasta con una semana de diferencia con respecto al caso y con edad gestacional comparable. Se excluyeron pacientes con malformaciones congénitas mayores y síndromes.Resultados: Se estudiaron 56 casos y 168 controles. El desprendimiento prematuro de la placenta (OR 41,09 IC95% 4,61 – 366,56), un trabajo de parto con expulsivo prolongado (OR 31,76 IC95% 8,33 – 121,19), el no uso de oxitocina (OR 2,57 IC95% 1,08 – 6,13) y ser madre soltera (OR 2,56 IC95% 1,21 – 5,41) fueron factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de asfixia perinatal en la población bajo estudio. Se encontraron dificultades sociales en mayor proporción en las madres de los casos.Conclusiones: Se recomienda un apropiado control y monitoreo del trabajo de parto, haciendo un estricto partograma, también como una búsqueda activa para que cada mujer embarazada tenga un adecuado control prenatal, donde reciba soporte social.
Effect of antenatal spiramycin treatment on the frequency of retinochoroiditis due to congenital toxoplasmosis in a Colombian cohort
Authors: Zuluaga Liliana María , Hernández John Camilo , Castaño Carlos Felipe , Donado Jorge Hernando
Published: March 2017

Introducción. La toxoplasmosis gestacional es frecuente y grave. Hasta ahora no hay consenso sobre la utilidad del tratamiento para prevenir complicaciones oculares en el neonato. En la actualidad uno de los medicamentos utilizados es la espiramicina oral, en el momento del diagnóstico materno. Desafortunadamente, en algunas gestantes no se realiza el diagnóstico prenatal y por esta u otras razones no reciben tratamiento.Objetivo. Describir la relación entre el tratamiento con espiramicina durante el embarazo en madres con toxoplasmosis gestacional y la presentación de toxoplasmosis ocular en los recién nacidos.Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo de serie de casos. Se evaluaron una serie de pacientes prospectiva con toxoplasmosis gestacional durante 3 años de seguimiento en el Servicio de Retina de la Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana de Medellín. Resultados. Se observaron en total 23 niños cuyas madres tuvieron diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis gestacional. Quince (65%) recibieron tratamiento durante la gestación con espiramicina a dosis de 3 gramos al día, uno de los neonatos de este grupo (6,6%) presentó toxoplasmosis ocular. Las 8 (35%) pacientes que no recibieron tratamiento, cinco (62,5%) tuvieron hijos con compromiso ocular por toxoplasma. Se encontró un efecto protector contra el compromiso ocular en los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con una razón de momios (RM) de 0,04 (IC 95%: 0,00 –0,67), valor de p < 0,01 con prueba exacta de Fisher. Solo se evidenció compromiso del sistema nervioso central por toxoplasmosis en estudios de imaginología (tomografía o ecografía cerebral) en 2 (14%) pacientes de 14 en quienes se les realizó. Los dos pacientes presentaron además compromiso ocular. Ambos fueron diagnosticados al nacimiento y no habían recibido tratamiento prenatal.Conclusiones. Estos resultados muestran que el tratamiento tratamiento con espiramicina durante el embarazo en la toxoplasmosis gestacional reduce el riesgo relativo de presentar la enfermedad en el recién nacido en un 96% (IC 95%: 33-100%).
Seroprevalence and risk factors of cysticercosis in two rural communities from northern of Anzoátegui state, Venezuela
Authors: Toquero Manuel , Morocoima Antonio , Ferrer Elizabeth
Published: March 2017

Introducción. La cisticercosis es causada por larvas de Taenia solium, las cuales se localizan principalmente en el sistema nervioso central causando neurocisticercosis. En Venezuela se han realizado pocos estudios epidemiológicos.Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo de cisticercosis en dos comunidades rurales del estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una encuesta donde se recogieron datos sobre los posibles factores de riesgo y signos y síntomas de la enfermedad y se tomaron 182 muestras de las comunidades Boquerón y Punto Lindo. Se determinaron anticuerpos IgG contra cisticercos de T. solium, mediante el ensayo inmunoenzimatico (ELISA).Resultados. Boquerón presentó una seroprevalencia de 3,3%; debido al bajo número de positivos no se pudo hacer el análisis estadístico. Sin embargo, los 3 positivos tenían conocimiento de la enfermedad, antecedentes de tenencia de cerdos libres, consumo de carne de cerdo semicruda y cefalea frecuente. En Punto Lindo la seroprevalencia fue de 28,9%. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al género y la edad, sin embargo, se encontró mayor frecuencia en menores de 20 años. Con respecto a los factores de riesgo y signos y síntomas, se encontró asociación significativa con: consumo de carne de cerdo semicruda (OR 18; IC95% 5,78-55,9), cefalea frecuente (OR 3,6; IC95% 1,15-11,4), convulsiones (OR 18,9; IC95% 2,15-166,5) y problemas visuales (OR 5,7; IC95% 2,13-15,34).Conclusión. Los resultados demuestran poca transmisión de cisticercosis en Boquerón y alta en Punto Lindo, donde la alta prevalencia en niños sugiere que se trate de transmisión reciente.
Autoinmune encephalitis associated to antibodies against the receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate: report of two cases
Authors: Bustos José , Sánchez Yasmin , Medina Jhon , Olivieri Rommy , Mojica Julián , Ortiz Johan
Published: March 2017

La encefalitis por anticuerpos contra receptores N-metil-D-aspartato es un síndrome neurológico de presentación más común en mujeres jóvenes y frecuentemente se asocia a teratoma ovárico; se caracteriza por un cuadro agudo con síntomas generales inespecíficos que evoluciona a deterioro neurológico, psicosis y convulsiones; en su etapa más avanzada se asocia con movimientos anormales y trastornos disautonómicos. Se reportan dos casos en mujeres de 23 y 12 años, respectivamente. Dada su baja incidencia, se expone el ejercicio clínico que llevó a su diagnóstico y las opciones de tratamiento empleadas.
First evidence of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (Arenaviruses) infection in Mus musculus rodents captured in the urban area of the municipality of Sincelejo-Sucre, Colombia
Authors: Castellar Anais , Guevara Marco , Rodas Juan D. , Londoño Andrés F. , Arroyave Esteban , Díaz Francisco J. , Levis Silvana , Blanco Pedro J.
Published: March 2017

Introducción. El virus coriomeningitis linfocítica es un arenavirus del viejo mundo que es mantenido en el ratón casero (Mus musculus), puede causar infecciones congénitas y ocasionar hidrocefalia, coriorretinitis y fallas multisistémicas en pacientes humanos receptores de trasplantes. En Colombia, la enfermedad aún no ha sido clínicamente diagnosticada, sin embargo, hay reporte de evidencia serológica de infección por virus Pichindé en roedores de los departamento de Cauca y Valle del Cauca y del virus Guanarito en roedores del departamento de Córdoba.Objetivo. Identificar el virus coriomeningitis linfocítica en M. musculus del municipio de Sincelejo.Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 80 muestras de plasma mediante la prueba ELISA usando antígeno del virus coriomeningitis linfocítica. Adicionalmente, se realizó una RT-PCR anidada (a muestras de seropositivos y seronegativos) para el segmento S.Resultados. Se encontró una seroprevalencia de 10% (8/80) y se detectó genoma viral en 16 muestras de cerebro; el alineamiento (BLAST) y análisis filogenético (MrBayes v3.2.2) confirmaron que corresponde al virus coriomeningitis linfocítica.Conclusión. Los resultados indican que la infección por virus coriomeningitis linfocítica en humanos podría ocurrir en el área urbana de Sincelejo, aunque hasta la fecha no se hayan reportado casos.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Report of a fatal case and analysis of predictors of bad prognosis
Authors: Torres Moisés Ulises , Delgado Ligia Victoria , Giraldo Natalia , Urueña Piedad , Franco Sergio , Hernández Olga Elena
Published: March 2017

Introducción. El síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible es una entidad multicausal con características clínico-radiológicas distintivas que deben ser conocidos por intensivistas y médicos de urgencias para hacer un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.Caso clinico. Se presenta un caso fatal de síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible y se identifican los factores de riesgo descritos relacionados con el desenlace. Un hombre de 60 años sin antecedentes médicos, ingresa a la urgencia con depresión de la conciencia, convulsiones y cifras tensionales altas. Imágenes tomográficas revelan hematoma cerebelosos posterior, las imágenes de resonancia mostraron zonas isquémicas, edema vasogénico desde los tálamos hacia el tallo cerebral, pedúnculos cerebelosos medios, sustancia blanca profunda de hemisferios cerebelosos y zonas de transformación hemorrágica. Este paciente a pesar del manejo médico-quirúrgico fallece. Se identificaron los factores de riesgos descritos como causa de desenlace fatal. Este caso demuestra que el síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible puede ocurrir sin factores de riesgos desencadenantes y pone en evidencia la necesidad de reconocimiento temprano para establecer una intervención adecuada y evitar daños o desenlace fatal. Abre puertas para investigar nuestra susceptibilidad para desarrollarlo y tomar medidas preventivas adecuadas.
Anthropogenic warming impacts on California snowpack during drought
Authors: Berg Neil , Hall Alex
Published: March 2017

Sierra Nevada climate and snowpack is simulated during the period of extreme drought from 2011 to 2015 and compared to an identical simulation except for the removal of the twentieth century anthropogenic warming. Anthropogenic warming reduced average snowpack levels by 25%, with middle‐to‐low elevations experiencing reductions between 26 and 43%. In terms of event frequency, return periods associated with anomalies in 4 year 1 April snow water equivalent are estimated to have doubled, and possibly quadrupled, due to past warming. We also estimate effects of future anthropogenic warmth on snowpack during a drought similar to that of 2011–2015. Further snowpack declines of 60–85% are expected, depending on emissions scenario. The return periods associated with future snowpack levels are estimated to range from millennia to much longer. Therefore, past human emissions of greenhouse gases are already negatively impacting statewide water resources during drought, and much more severe impacts are likely to be inevitable.
The MAVEN EUVM model of solar spectral irradiance variability at Mars: Algorithms and results
Authors: Thiemann Edward M. B. , Chamberlin Phillip C. , Eparvier Francis G. , Templeman Brian , Woods Thomas N. , Bougher Stephen W. , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: March 2017

Solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is a primary energy input to the Mars atmosphere, causing ionization and driving photochemical processes above approximately 100 km. Because solar EUV radiation varies with wavelength and time, measurements must be spectrally resolved to accurately quantify its impact on the Mars atmosphere. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) EUV Monitor (EUVM) measures solar EUV irradiance incident on the Mars atmosphere in three bands. These three bands drive a spectral irradiance variability model called the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM)‐Mars (FISM‐M) which is an iteration of the FISM model by Chamberlin et al. (2007, 2008) for spectral irradiance at Earth. In this paper, we report the algorithms used to derive FISM‐M and its associated uncertainties, focusing on differences from the original FISM. FISM‐M spectrally resolves the solar EUV irradiance at Mars from 0.5 to 189.5 nm at 1min cadence, and 0.1 nm resolution in the 6–106 nm range or 1 nm resolution otherwise. FISM‐M is suitable for both daily average and flaring spectral irradiance estimates and is based on the linear association of the broadband EUVM measurements with spectral irradiance measurements, including recent high time cadence 0.1 nm resolution measurements from the EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) on the Space Dynamics Observatory (SDO) between 6 and 106 nm. In addition, we present examples of model outputs for EUV irradiance variability due to solar flares, solar rotations, Mars orbit eccentricity, and the solar cycle, between October 2015 and November 2016.
MMS observation of inverse energy dispersion in shock drift accelerated ions
Authors: Lee S. H. , Sibeck D. G. , Hwang K.‐J. , Wang Y. , Silveira M. V. D. , Chu C. , Mauk B. H. , Cohen I. J. , Ho G. C. , Mason G. M. , Gold R. E. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Wei H.
Published: March 2017

The four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observed a ∼1 min burst of energetic ions (50–1000 keV) in the region upstream from the subsolar quasi‐perpendicular bow shock on 6 December 2015. The composition, flux levels, and spectral indices of these energetic protons, helium, and oxygen ions greatly resemble those seen in the outer magnetosphere earlier while MMS crossed the magnetopause and differ significantly from those simultaneously observed far upstream by Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE). However, the event cannot be explained solely in terms of leakage from the magnetosphere. The strongly southward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines at the time of the event precludes any connection to the magnetosphere. This point is confirmed by the presence of energetic electrons, known to occur on magnetic field lines that graze the bow shock rather than connect to the magnetosphere. We suggest that the ions gradient drifted out of the nearby quasi‐parallel foreshock and into the quasi‐perpendicular bow shock. Each of the ion species exhibited an inverse energy dispersion. As predicted by models for shock drift acceleration, the energies of the ions increased as θBn, the angle between the IMF and the shock normal, increased. Finally, we note that a similar event was observed a few minutes later in the subsolar magnetosheath, indicating that such events can be swept downstream of the bow shock.
Local time dependence of turbulent magnetic fields in Saturn's magnetodisc
Authors: Kaminker V. , Delamere P. A. , Ng C. S. , Dennis T. , Otto A. , Ma X.
Published: March 2017

Net plasma transport in magnetodiscs around giant planets is outward. Observations of plasma temperature have shown that the expanding plasma is heating nonadiabatically during this process. Turbulence has been suggested as a source of heating. However, the mechanism and distribution of magnetic fluctuations in giant magnetospheres are poorly understood. In this study we attempt to quantify the radial and local time dependence of fluctuating magnetic field signatures that are suggestive of turbulence, quantifying the fluctuations in terms of a plasma heating rate density. In addition, the inferred heating rate density is correlated with magnetic field configurations that include azimuthal bend forward/back and magnitude of the equatorial normal component of magnetic field relative to the dipole. We find a significant local time dependence in magnetic fluctuations that is consistent with flux transport triggered in the subsolar and dusk sectors due to magnetodisc reconnection.
Simulating estimation of California fossil fuel and biosphere carbon dioxide exchanges combining in situ tower and satellite column observations
Authors: Fischer Marc L. , Parazoo Nicholas , Brophy Kieran , Cui Xinguang , Jeong Seongeun , Liu Junjie , Keeling Ralph , Taylor Thomas E. , Gurney Kevin , Oda Tomohiro , Graven Heather
Published: March 2017

We report simulation experiments estimating the uncertainties in California regional fossil fuel and biosphere CO2 exchanges that might be obtained by using an atmospheric inverse modeling system driven by the combination of ground‐based observations of radiocarbon and total CO2, together with column‐mean CO2 observations from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO‐2). The work includes an initial examination of statistical uncertainties in prior models for CO2 exchange, in radiocarbon‐based fossil fuel CO2 measurements, in OCO‐2 measurements, and in a regional atmospheric transport modeling system. Using these nominal assumptions for measurement and model uncertainties, we find that flask measurements of radiocarbon and total CO2 at 10 towers can be used to distinguish between different fossil fuel emission data products for major urban regions of California. We then show that the combination of flask and OCO‐2 observations yields posterior uncertainties in monthly‐mean fossil fuel emissions of ~5–10%, levels likely useful for policy relevant evaluation of bottom‐up fossil fuel emission estimates. Similarly, we find that inversions yield uncertainties in monthly biosphere CO2 exchange of ~6%–12%, depending on season, providing useful information on net carbon uptake in California's forests and agricultural lands. Finally, initial sensitivity analysis suggests that obtaining the above results requires control of systematic biases below approximately 0.5 ppm, placing requirements on accuracy of the atmospheric measurements, background subtraction, and atmospheric transport modeling.
Evaluation of ground‐based black carbon measurements by filter‐based photometers at two Arctic sites
Authors: Sinha P. R. , Kondo Y. , Koike M. , Ogren J. A. , Jefferson A. , Barrett T. E. , Sheesley R. J. , Ohata S. , Moteki N. , Coe H. , Liu D. , Irwin M. , Tunved P. , Quinn P. K. , Zhao Y.
Published: March 2017

Long‐term measurements of the light absorption coefficient (babs) obtained with a particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP), babs (PSAP), have been previously reported for Barrow, Alaska, and Ny‐Ålesund, Spitsbergen, in the Arctic. However, the effects on babs of other aerosol chemical species coexisting with black carbon (BC) have not been critically evaluated. Furthermore, different mass absorption cross section (MAC) values have been used to convert babs to BC mass concentration (MBC = babs/MAC). We used a continuous soot monitoring system (COSMOS), which uses a heated inlet to remove volatile aerosol compounds, to measure babs (babs (COSMOS)) at these sites during 2012–2015. Field measurements and laboratory experiments have suggested that babs (COSMOS) is affected by about 9% on average by sea‐salt aerosols. MBC values derived by COSMOS (MBC (COSMOS)) using a MAC value obtained by our previous studies agreed to within 9% with elemental carbon concentrations at Barrow measured over 11 months. babs (PSAP) was higher than babs (COSMOS), by 22% at Barrow (PM1) and by 43% at Ny‐Ålesund (PM10), presumably due to the contribution of volatile aerosol species to babs (PSAP). Using babs (COSMOS) as a reference, we derived MBC (PSAP) from babs (PSAP) measured since 1998. We also established the seasonal variations of MBC at these sites. Seasonally averaged MBC (PSAP) decreased at a rate of about 0.55 ± 0.30 ng m−3 yr−1. We also compared MBC (COSMOS) and scaled MBC (PSAP) values with previously reported data and evaluated the degree of inconsistency in the previous data.
Distributary channels in the fluvial to tidal transition zone
Authors: Kästner K. , Hoitink A. J. F. , Vermeulen B. , Geertsema T. J. , Ningsih N. S.
Published: March 2017

Coastal lowland plains under mixed fluvial‐tidal influence may form complex, composite channel networks, where distributaries blend the characteristics of mouth bar channels, avulsion channels, and tidal creeks. The Kapuas coastal plain exemplifies such a coastal plain, where several narrow distributaries branch off the Kapuas River at highly asymmetric bifurcations. A comprehensive geomorphological analysis shows that trends in the channel geometry of all Kapuas distributaries are similar. They consist of a short, converging reach near the sea and a nonconverging reach upstream. The two parts are separated by a clear break in scaling of geometrical properties. Such a break in scaling was previously established in the Mahakam Delta, which suggests that this may be a general characteristic in the fluvial to tidal transition zone. In contrast to the geometrical trend similarities, a clear difference in bed material between the main and side distributaries is found. In the main distributary, a continuous trend of downstream fining is established, similar to what is often found in lowland rivers. In the side distributaries, bed material coarsens in the downstream direction. This indicates an undersupply of sediment to the side distributaries, which may contribute to their long‐term stability as established from historical maps. Tides may be the main agent preventing fine sediment to settle, promoting residual transport of fine material to the coastal ocean.
Impacts of land use changes on net ecosystem production in the Taihu Lake Basin of China from 1985 to 2010
Authors: Xu Xibao , Yang Guishan , Tan Yan , Tang Xuguang , Jiang Hong , Sun Xiaoxiang , Zhuang Qianlai , Li Hengpeng
Published: March 2017

Land use changes play a major role in determining sources and sinks of carbon at regional and global scales. This study employs a modified Global biome model‐biogeochemical cycle model to examine the changes in the spatiotemporal pattern of net ecosystem production (NEP) in the Taihu Lake Basin of China during 1985–2010 and the extent to which land use change impacted NEP. The model is calibrated with observed NEP at three flux sites for three dominant land use types in the basin including cropland, evergreen needleleaf forest, and mixed forest. Two simulations are conducted to distinguish the net effects of land use change and increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and nitrogen deposition on NEP. The study estimates that NEP in the basin decreased by 9.8% (1.57 Tg C) from 1985 to 2010, showing an overall downward trend. The NEP distribution exhibits an apparent spatial heterogeneity at the municipal level. Land use changes during 1985–2010 reduced the regional NEP (3.21 Tg C in year 2010) by 19.9% compared to its 1985 level, while the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nitrogen deposition compensated for a half of the total carbon loss. Critical measures for regulating rapid urban expansion and population growth and reinforcing environment protection programs are recommended to increase the regional carbon sink.
Phosphorus availability and turnover in the Chesapeake Bay: Insights from nutrient stoichiometry and phosphate oxygen isotope ratios
Authors: Li Jiying , Bai Yuge , Bear Kristi , Joshi Sunendra , Jaisi Deb
Published: March 2017

Understanding phosphorus (P) availability and its control on eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay is complicated by variable sources and biogeochemical reactions transforming P forms. We investigated seasonal and spatial variability in P limitation and biological utilization in the Bay using nutrient stoichiometry (of both dissolved and particulate forms), phosphate oxygen isotope ratios, and alkaline phosphatase activity at three sites along the salinity gradient. We demonstrate that particulate nutrient ratios can be used as indicators of nutrient limitation in the Bay and suggest strong seasonal and spatial variability in P availability: the surface water is P limiting in spring, but this condition is alleviated in summer and in the deeper waters. Variability in P limitation is well reflected in the trends of phosphate oxygen isotope composition (δ18OP), with values approaching isotopic equilibrium under P limiting conditions, suggesting rapid biological P turnover. Furthermore δ18OP values suggest multiple phosphate sources including remobilization of terrestrial inorganic P phases and remineralization of organic P and P from both sources is sufficiently cycled by microorganisms, suggested by the extensive equilibrium oxygen isotope exchange. Our results further suggest high P utilization in the deeper euphotic zone where nutrients are abundant, raising caution on studying nutrient availability and limitation only in the surface water.
The aurorae of Uranus past equinox
Authors: Lamy L. , Prangé R. , Hansen K. C. , Tao C. , Cowley S. W. H. , Stallard T. S. , Melin H. , Achilleos N. , Guio P. , Badman S. V. , Kim T. , Pogorelov N.
Published: March 2017

The aurorae of Uranus were recently detected in the far ultraviolet with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) providing a new, so far unique, means to remotely study the asymmetric Uranian magnetosphere from Earth. We analyze here two new HST Uranus campaigns executed in September 2012 and November 2014 with different temporal coverage and under variable solar wind conditions numerically predicted by three different MHD codes. Overall, the HST images taken with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph reveal auroral emissions in three pairs of successive images (one pair acquired in 2012 and two in 2014), hence 6 additional auroral detections in total, including the most intense Uranian aurorae ever seen with HST. The detected emissions occur close the expected arrival of interplanetary shocks. They appear as extended spots at southern latitudes, rotating with the planet. They radiate 5–24 kR and 1.3‐8.8 GW of ultraviolet emission from H2, last for tens of minutes and vary on timescales down to a few seconds. Fitting the 2014 observations with model auroral ovals constrains the longitude of the southern (northern) magnetic pole to 104 ± 26° (284 ± 26°) in the Uranian Longitude System. We suggest that the Uranian near‐equinoctial aurorae are pulsed cusp emissions possibly triggered by large‐scale magnetospheric compressions.
Proficiency tests, Evaluating
Authors: Cofino Wim P. , Molenaar Jaap , Torfs Paul
Published: March 2017

Marine monitoring programs provide data that are essential for marine management. The reliability of such data is underpinned by proficiency tests. In the context of Quasimeme, a proficiency testing program for the marine environment, a statistical model has been developed in 2000 to evaluate data sets. The mathematical basis of this model has been reformulated in 2016. In this article, the new mathematical basis is concisely explained. The main results of a comparative study using five statistical procedures on about 2400 data sets are described. Examples of the application of the five techniques on two data sets with complicated distributions are given. It is concluded that the NDA implementation of our model offers the highest robustness and that a thorough evaluation should invoke graphical representations of the data sets and consider robust skewness and results from different statistical methods.
Detection Limits
Authors: Walshaw David
Published: March 2017

In analytical chemistry, the
detection limit
is the lowest level of an analyte that can reliably be detected by a well‐defined operating procedure. It is often confused with the
decision limit
, which is a threshold of measurement used to determine whether or not the analyte is present in a particular study. We discuss the history and confusion relating to the definition in a univariate context. We consider the detection limit as a function of the sources of variation within an operating procedure. Estimation of the detection limit assuming constant variance in one‐level designs and calibration designs is described, as well as a brief treatment of the assumption of nonconstant variance. We outline modifications for multiple future detection decisions. We consider recent advances in theory and practice, and we pay particular attention to the statistics literature concerning detection limits. Finally, we consider approaches to multivariate detection, when decisions are based on more than one quantitative signal.
F
ederer,
W
alter
T
heodore
Authors: Basford Kaye E.
Published: March 2017

Walter T. Federer was one of the world's leading biometricians. His long‐standing career at Cornell University included being Professor‐in‐Charge of the Biometrics Unit for its first 29 years, Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor of Biological Statistics for 8 years, and Emeritus Professor for 22 years. Walt (as he was known) crafted pioneering contributions on experiment and treatment design, analysis of variance, and the application of statistical methodology. His nine books and hundreds of articles included work on augmented designs, incomplete block designs, spatial analyses, covariance analyses, statistical genetics and plant breeding, and programming complex statistical analyses for researchers. As well as serving on various national and international panels and boards, he was a consultant for international research stations – he believed consulting complemented teaching and research. Walt played a leadership role in professional societies and was awarded several Fellowships. Colorado State University presented him with the Honor Alumnus Achievement Award and Honored Alumnus Award, while Kansas State University honored him with the Distinguished Service in Agriculture Award. Friends and colleagues knew Walt as a generous and compassionate man who enjoyed sharing his knowledge for the betterment of others.
Risk Management Using
B
ayesian Networks
Authors: Neil Martin , Fenton Norman
Published: March 2017

Bayesian networks (BNs) can be used to model risk in situations where data is scarce but where casual knowledge and expert estimation is available. The graphical part of a BN is used to model the causes and consequences of risk, hence enabling better management and intervention, while subjective probabilities are exploited, along with BN computation algorithms, to calculate risk. Risk measurement is therefore more meaningful in the decision context and the results easier to check and verify in practice by decision makers.
Agenda‐Setting: Individual‐Level Effects Versus Aggregate‐Level Effects
Authors: Guo Lei
Published: March 2017

This entry reviews agenda‐setting literature from two theoretical and methodological perspectives: aggregate‐ and individual‐level media effects. The literature suggests that all three levels of agenda‐setting have found solid evidence at the aggregate level. That is, the news media are able to transfer the salience of objects, attributes, and network relationships among different elements to the public as one generalized group. With respect to the role of individual differences in the agenda‐setting process, the entry focuses on the explication of a key psychological concept: need for orientation. Future directions of research in this field are suggested.
Agenda‐Setting: Second‐Level Perspective and Cognitive Versus Persuasive Effects
Authors: López‐escobar Esteban , Sádaba Teresa
Published: March 2017

The agenda‐setting second‐level perspective offers an explanation for the transfer of attribute salience from the media agenda to the public agenda, calling attention to cognitive and persuasive effects. Attribute agenda‐setting goes further than just gaining substantial public exposure and attention for the media. Media not only tell us “what to think about” but also “how to think about it.” Research has been developed that attempts to differentiate cognitions and affections; however, more recent studies see how both fall on a continuum in terms of the way we think and are influenced by the media.
Pluralistic Ignorance Through Media
Authors: Hetsroni Amir
Published: March 2017

Pluralistic ignorance denotes a highly prevalent false belief about ideas, feelings, and actions of many others in a relevant social group. It represents an erroneous perception of public opinion and may have adverse implications on willingness to speak out and act. Attendance to the media facilitates the establishment of pluralistic ignorance. Explanations of this facilitation rely on heuristic processing of media information and connect pluralistic ignorance to the spiral of silence theory and to the idea of persuasive press inference.
Uses and Gratifications: Basic Concepts
Authors: Krcmar Marina
Published: March 2017

The uses and gratifications approach examines basic questions concerning why we choose the media we do, including our motives for choices (e.g., to learn, to pass time) regarding the medium itself as well as particular media content. As such, the audience is viewed as engaged and active. Early research examined typologies of motives for selecting various media (e.g., television); however, later theoretical clarifications resulted in differentiating media use motives into two related constructs: gratifications sought and gratifications obtained. Later research in the uses and gratifications tradition has not only considered why we use media but also examined predictors of media choice, such as personality characteristics, and has considered how our motives for media use may moderate or mediate the effects of various media exposures. This entry concludes with an analysis of how new media may offer an opportunity to clarify and synthesize the large body of uses and gratifications work and offers suggestions for future research.
Uses and Gratifications: Evidence for Various Media
Authors: Lev‐On Azi
Published: March 2017

This entry reviews the scope and character of the current research based on the uses and gratifications approach, and discusses challenges faced by contemporary uses and gratifications studies. From a theoretical perspective, the uses and gratifications approach emerged as a response to earlier approaches that perceived the mass media as a generator of strong and uniform effects across individuals and groups. The new approach became prevalent as television was transforming people's media ecologies, prompting a need for approaches that more adequately fit the emerging media landscape. Given the significant changes in the current media ecology, we face a similar situation today, and, as with the diffusion of television, the penetration of new media again seems to be hospitable for the uses and gratifications approach.
Priming
Authors: Dillman Carpentier Francesca R.
Published: March 2017

Priming concerns the act of triggering a concept in one's memory (e.g., violence) via exposure to an image (e.g., gun), word (e.g., fight), sound (e.g., gunshot) or a combination of representations of the concept. Studies of media priming effects examine what kinds of concepts are triggered by specific media depictions or combinations of depictions, as well as how the primed concepts influence subsequent cognitions, affects, and behaviors, unbeknownst to the media user. Media priming is characterized, thus, as occurring outside our conscious awareness, working within our own memory to shift which ideas become top‐of‐mind, having temporary rather than long‐lasting effects, and being most applicable to impulsive rather than deliberative thoughts and actions. Media priming is therefore a particularly compelling explanation for understanding how music might bias first impressions, how advertisements might influence an impulse purchase, and how movies might temporarily elevate aggressive tendencies.
News Values: Reciprocal Effects on Journalists and Journalism
Authors: Shoemaker Pamela J.
Published: March 2017

News values guide news content producers in deciding what should become news content. Dating from the days of oral communication, the mass and social media have established similar values, but these values are not applied in the same way by both media. The Internet has changed how mass and social media users communicate with one another, creating a network of information. Social media, once thought of as secondary distributors of mass media content, are now seen as independent producers of information that is of interest to their users and those users' routine practices.
Multistep Flow of Communication: Evolution of the Paradigm
Authors: Weimann Gabriel
Published: March 2017

Several models have attempted to describe how messages, images, information, and influence flow from the mass media to the public. These models also suggest the existence of direct flow, two‐step flow, and multistep flow. The evolution of these models was the result of empirical traditions as well as changing media technologies and platforms. This entry reviews the emergence of these models and their current state in the online era.
Diffusion Theories: Media as Innovation
Authors: Goggin Gerard
Published: March 2017

Media as innovation is a relatively new approach within diffusion theories of communication. This entry charts the emergence of media innovation from the 1970s onwards, identifies key approaches in media innovation research, and discusses the dynamics and challenges of media innovation, with particular reference to digital, mobile, Internet, and social media.
Media Malaise and Political Cynicism
Authors: Schuck Andreas R. T.
Published: March 2017

Media malaise is one of the most popular and most controversial concepts in political communication research. At its core is the observation that citizens have become more cynical and distrustful of politicians and the political process as a whole and that political participation is on the decline. This is partly blamed on the news media's presentation of politics as a game or contest in which strategy becomes more important than substantial issues. Media malaise theory claims that such coverage results in widespread political cynicism that turns citizens off. This claim has been fiercely contested, with researchers stressing that media might well mobilize citizens politically or arguing that citizens might well become more cynical but not necessarily less engaged. Evidence is mounting to support both sides of the debate, which emphasizes the need to add further nuance and to spell out the exact conditions and processes behind such effects.
Hostile Media Effect
Authors: Gunther Albert C.
Published: March 2017

The hostile media effect refers to a perceptual bias in which partisans—people highly involved with an issue or interest group—tend to see media coverage of that issue or group as unfairly slanted against their own position. Journalists argue that accusations of media bias coming from partisans on both sides of an issue is evidence that the content in question is, in fact, fair and balanced. Empirical research since the 1980s has demonstrated several causes of this bias, including conditions that stimulate defensive processing as well as particular mechanisms such as selective attention and evaluation. The hostile media effect is also thought to have important consequences such as partisans' perception of increasingly disagreeable public opinion and more general alienation from democratic processes.
Schema Theory and Mental Models
Authors: Busselle Rick
Published: March 2017

Schemas and mental models are cognitive structures that link concepts and represent relationships among those concepts. We create schemas and mental models as we interact with our physical and social environments, including mediated environments, and we retrieve them from memory and use them to interpret the people, objects, and events we experience directly and through media. Among subtypes of schemas are scripts, stereotypes, story schemas, and genre schemas. Among subcategories of mental models are event models, situation models, and spatial and character models.
Transportation Theory
Authors: Green Melanie C. , Sestir Marc
Published: March 2017

Transportation theory describes the tendency of narrative consumers to “travel” or be mentally drawn into the reality described in a narrative, as well as the outcomes associated with this experience of narrative immersion. Narrative transportation involves a strong sense of absorption into a narrative, including emotional and cognitive responses to narrative content that mirror reactions to real‐world events. Transported readers may also experience vivid mental imagery. Transportation predicts the persuasive impact of narratives, with transported consumers frequently displaying increases in story‐consistent beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Transportation has also been found to influence aspects of the mind as central as self‐concept. It is related to, but distinct from, other forms of media engagement such as identification and parasocial interactions.
Presence Theory
Authors: Lombard Matthew , Lee Songyi , Sun Weimei , Xu Kun , Yang Hocheol
Published: March 2017

Presence (shortened from telepresence) occurs when media users in some way overlook the role of technology in their experience; it is increasingly common and takes place with media from novels to videoconferencing to virtual reality. A variety of theoretical frameworks have been proposed to understand spatial presence (in which a mediated environment seems to not be mediated) and social presence (in which mediated actual or artificial people or characters seem to be present). The development of presence theories, including the many reviewed here, is at an early and fragmented stage but represents an exciting and important challenge for scholars.
Social Identity Theory and Self‐Categorization Theory
Authors: Trepte Sabine , Loy Laura S.
Published: March 2017

Social identity theory and self‐categorization theory suggest that people categorize themselves as belonging to certain groups such as nationality, gender, or even sports teams. Social identity theory focuses on how group memberships guide intergroup behavior and influence an individual's self‐concept. Closely tied to self‐categorization is an individual's evaluation of the in‐group. To reach positive evaluations of one's own in‐group, people engage in processes of social comparison. They derogate the out‐group with the aim of increasing their own self‐esteem. Self‐categorization theory proposes that, depending on salience in a situation, either personal identity and interpersonal behavior, social identity and intergroup behavior, or dynamic interplay prevails. These theories have widely been used to explain media use and media effects on people. For example, it has been shown that media users prefer media featuring positively portrayed protagonists of their own in‐group.
Political Economy of Media Effects
Authors: Mosco Vincent , Nagy Ian
Published: March 2017

The political economy of communication provides one significant theoretical starting point for the analysis of media effects. It is therefore important to define the perspective, identify its primary characteristics, and describe major schools of thought. The political economy approach to media effects is distinguished by its emphasis on power as well as on social structural (rather than on individual psychological) effects, which are mediated by social class, gender, and race, among other sociological variables. There are some significant differences within the political economy approach to media effects, particularly between strong, direct, and instrumental effects, as evidenced in the work of Parenti, Chomsky, and Herman, and complex effects, based on the construction of hegemony through the mutual constitutions of producers and users, who use their agency in a contested terrain. The work of Murdock and Golding as well as of Wasko and Meehan provide exemplars.
Feminist Theory and the Media
Authors: Krijnen Tonny
Published: March 2017

Media's relations to gender have been a topic of academic inquiry since the 1960s. Feminist scholars soon began to criticize the androcentric character of mainstream sciences addressing these relations. Three epistemologies—feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint theory, and feminist postmodernism—emanated from these criticisms, which still inform feminist theory on media today. Varying beliefs about who, what, and how to know mark each epistemology. These epistemological values and beliefs have serious consequences for feminist theories generated about media and gender. In this entry, first, the three epistemologies are described. Next, the three major disciplines in which media and gender are studied (psychoanalysis, social psychology, and cultural studies) are discussed and illustrated by one of the major theories within a particular field. Each field is scrutinized for the impact of these epistemological foundations, which are simultaneously responsible for each discipline's merits as well as its limitations.