bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and practices among registered nurses on occupational hazards in Onandjokwe Health District: Oshikoto region, Namibia
Authors: Amadhila Julia , Vyver Jacoba Marieta Van der , Ashipala Daniel Opotamutale
Published: July 2017

Objective: This study sought to explore and describe the extent of the knowledge on occupational hazards amongst registered nurses in Onandjokwe Health District.Methods: This study used a quantitative research design utilizing a survey by means of a questionnaire. The population of the study consisted of randomly selected registered nurses who were in direct contact with patients. Data was gathered using questionnaires, utilized for descriptive statistics and evaluated with quantitative, computerised statistical techniques using. Statistical Package for the Social Scientists (SPSS).Results: The findings of this study revealed that the majority of registered nurses have knowledge on occupational hazards, yet a few number (24%) have insufficient knowledge. The findings also revealed that information and support is provided to some (22%) nurses.Recommendations: Recommendations made based on the findings of this study include regular training and educational meetings to enhance occupational safety, develop/introduce policies and guidelines or strategies on all aspects related to occupational hazards/safety.Conclusions: Most (76%) of the registered nurses have knowledge on the ways that they can be exposed to occupational hazards in the following areas: such as handling of sharp instruments, lifting of patients, exposure to psychological problems due to frustrations, and exposure airborne diseases.
Evolution of Knowledge Management in Business
Authors: Ahmed Muhammad Sohail
Published: July 2017

While investigating the growth of knowledge management in academic literature and in consultancy firms Wilson (2002) in his article “The nonsense of knowledge management”, argues that the fields of information science and information systems, should clearly distinguish between the term “information” and “knowledge” in order to assure their respective importance within organizations.The purpose of this article is to analyze the evolution of the knowledge management as a field of study that clearly differentiates itself from the information system. It investigates the integration of technology in knowledge creation and identifies progress made in KM on the subject of business using information system with the successful utilization of tacit knowledge concepts.The study consists of a systemic review of articles on knowledge management from Web of Science and Esearch databases since 2003. The study used three search strings “knowledge management”, “knowledge management” and “tacit”, and “knowledge management” and “explicit”. This study may not have covered all articles and reports in KM. Yet, based on the chosen research methodology, it seems reasonable to assume that the review process covered a large share of the studies available.The literature concerning the evolution of the Knowledge Management (KM) has highlighted that KM as a strategy and tool is now more in line with the basic definition of knowledge and wisdom. The advancement in Information Technology (IT), has supported knowledge capture process by utilizing the human dimension of KM that emphasize on knowledge context. The main contribution of this study is to confirm the close relationship of dependency of IT and KM.
The Influence of Firm’s Size, Growth, and Profitability on Firm Value with Capital Structure as the Mediator: A Study on the Agricultural Firms Listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange
Authors: - Purwohandoko
Published: July 2017

This study aims to examine the effect of size, growth, and profitability on corporate value with capital structure as a mediator.This study was conducted on agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2014. The population of this study is an agricultural company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2011-2014 with a sample of 14 companies, using purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed using smartpal, because this research adds capital structure as mediator variable.The results of this study indicate that firm size and firm growth have no effect on capital structure. Profitability negatively affects the capital structure.
Economic Growth as Mediation of Regional Own Source Revenue, Investment and Asset Management on Labor Absorption and Social Welfare in Regencies/Cities in Riau Islands Province
Authors: Simanjuntak Jontro , Ratnawati Tri , Rahmiyati Nekky
Published: July 2017

This study, entitled Economic Growth as Mediation of Regional Own-source Revenue, Investment and Asset Management on the Labor absorption and Social welfare of Regencies/City in Riau Islands province. This study was conducted at the district / city located in the province of Riau Islands. There are Exogenous constructs (X) namely income, investment, and asset management variables. There are Intermediate variables (Y) namely economic growth and labor absorption. There is an endogenous construct namely social welfare. There are 12 hypotheses tested by using path analysis or SmartPLS.The results in this study show that the 1st hypothesis as the regional Own-source Revenue has a significant effect on economic growth. Hypothesis 2 Regional Own-source Revenue has a significant effect on labor absorption. Hypothesis 3 Regional Own-source Revenue significantly influence the social welfare. Hypothesis 4 Investment has significant effect on economic growth. Hypothesis 5 Investment has non-significant effect on labor absorption. Hypothesis 6 Investments significant effect on the social welfare. Hypothesis 7 Asset Management has non-significant effect on economic growth. Hypothesis 8 Asset Management has a significant effect on labor absorption. Hypothesis 9 Asset Management has significant effect on the social welfare. Hypothesis 10 Economic growth has non-significant effect on labor absorption. Hypothesis 11 The economic growth has significant effect on the social welfare. Hypothesis 12 Labor absorption has significant effect on the social welfare.
Profitability and Its Determinants in Turkish Manufacturing Industry: Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Model
Authors: Isik Ozcan , Tasgin Umit Firat
Published: July 2017

Our paper empirically analyses the factors that determine the profitability of 120 manufacturing firms listed in Borsa Istanbul Stock Exchange during the period 2005-2012. Estimation results from dynamic panel data model taking into account the endogeneity of variables indicate that lagged profitability, firm size, financial risk, R&D costs, net working capital, and economic growth are the most important variables affecting firm profitability. More specifically, profitability is positively and significantly affected by past profitability, firm size in terms of total sales, net working capital, and economic growth. On the other hand, R&D costs and financial risk have a dampening effect on the profitability.
Creant xarxes del passat al futur: patrimoni històric i societat civil
Authors: González Marcén Paloma , Roda Xavier
Published: July 2017

Prenent com a inspiració la convenció del Consell d’Europa sobre el valor del patrimoni cultural per a la societat, signada el 2005 a Faro (Portugal), el 8è Seminari d’Arqueologia i Ensenyament va reunir, al llarg de tres dies, professionals procedents del camp de la investigació històrica i arqueològica, l’administració pública, la gestió cultural, l’associacionisme ciutadà i la didàctica que haguessin portat o estiguessin duent a terme projectes de participació de la societat civil en la gestió i valoració patrimonial amb la voluntat de facilitar la posada en comú de les experiències i reflexions de les diferents parts implicades en els projectes, tant des del punt de vista del seu contingut científic com dels seus objectius professionals, socials i educatius i dels procediments emprats.
Sensibilització, comunicació i repartiment de decisions: com implicar la societat civil en la conservació del patrimoni. La guia de l’ICCROM «Iniciar els joves en la gestió i la protecció dels punts patrimonials als països àrabs»
Authors: Aslan Zaki , Ardemagni Monica
Published: July 2017

El coneixement que té el públic en general sobre els problemes de la conservació i gestió de llocs arqueològics és desigual arreu del món. Diverses organitzacions proporcionen informació i orientació, sovint a través dels seus llocs web. No obstant això, pocs d’ells estan preocupats pel canvi de les actituds en les generacions més joves. Aquest llibre de l’ICCROM i la UNESCO, que ha estat publicat amb el suport de l’oficina de la UNESCO a Amman, està dirigit directament al professorat. Per a ICCROM aquest plantejament no és nou i ja ha publicat, amb el Consell d’Europa, material per al professorat destinat a conscienciar sobre el patrimoni a les ciutats europees.El llibre aborda els grans temes que giren al voltant del patrimoni cultural. De fet, el títol de la primera secció és «Els conceptes de patrimoni cultural». Els autors es pregunten: què és el patrimoni? I per què és important el patrimoni? El llibre presenta informació per a la comprensió dels llocs històrics, el seu deteriorament i la seva conservació, les qüestions del turisme, sensibilització i divulgació, i el patrimoni mundial. Però el llibre no és només sobre la presentació dels fets. Està clarament estructurat de cara al professorat, amb informació, idees, activitats i paraules clau, juntament amb descripcions de cada una de les «unitats». Cada unitat comença amb «objectius d’aprenentatge», seguint el format curricular i la bona pràctica docent.En l’ampli ús que se’n fa en països com el Líban, Líbia i l’Iraq, s’ha mostrat útil i suggerent en la seva aplicació a les aules. Actualment està disponible en línia perquè el professorat de fora de la regió àrab es pugui beneficiar d’aquest treball. De fet, s’ha donat permís per traduir el llibre a l’espanyol, que inclourà els llocs del patrimoni cultural en països de parla espanyola.
Arqueologia de la Guerra Civil: una aproximació des del seu ús didàctic
Authors: Solsona Fontova Rosa , Galitó Martí Pol , Gatell Arimont Cristina , Bardavio Novi Antoni
Published: July 2017

Des de l’any 2008 el Camp d’Aprenentatge de la Noguera, Servei Educatiu de la Generalitat de Catalunya, s’involucra en el projecte de recuperar la memòria d’un dels indrets que millor simbolitza el que va suposar la Guerra Civil a les Terres de Ponent, la posició defensiva del Merengue a Camarasa. Per desenvolupar aquesta tasca es va comptar amb la col·laboració de l’Associació d’Estudiosos del Front del Segre, que impulsa la localització i recuperació d’espais de memòria a la zona del cap de pont de Balaguer i jornades i exposicions amb l’objectiu de difondre i reflexionar sobre els llocs i els fets de la contesa bèl·lica. Vincular l’alumnat de 4t d’ESO i batxillerat als escenaris i moments cabdals de la història local a partir d’una sèrie de propostes didàctiques dissenyades per ser portades a la pràctica en els mateixos espais arqueològics, ha estat la contribució del Camp d’Aprenentatge de la Noguera a la feina realitzada. L’objectiu, potenciar l’empatia històrica, l’acció ciutadana, la capacitat crítica i desenvolupar la consciència històrica, tot posant en valor el patrimoni proper.El curs 2009-2010 es va portar a terme una activitat compartida entre centres escolars, l’Escola L’Àlber (Albesa) i la ZER del Montsec (Àger, Avellanes-Santa Linya, Gerb, Os de Balaguer i Tartareu), coordinats pel Camp d’Aprenentatge de la Noguera, en la qual l’alumnat de cicle mitjà i cicle superior d’un dels centres participants, convertits en grups d’experts, presentaven a l’alumnat de l’altre centre elements del patrimoni històric de l’entorn proper: la Vil·la Romana del Romeral (Albesa) i la Via Romana d’Àger. La proposta es va desenvolupar en el marc del Projecte l’Escola Adopta un Monument, que té com a objectiu primordial fer partícips els nens i les nenes del reconeixement, la divulgació i la protecció d’elements del seu patrimoni històric.
Les ocupacions prehistòriques de la cavitat de Forat de Conqueta (Santa Linya, Lleida): metodologia d’excavació i seqüència arqueològica
Authors: García Guixé Elena , González Marcén Paloma , Lou Maria , Martínez-Moreno Jorge , Mora Torcal Rafael , Pizarro Jezabel , Vega Susana
Published: July 2017

L’objectiu d’aquest text és presentar la metodologia d’excavació i registre desenvolupada al jaciment de Forat de Conqueta i presentar la seqüència estratigràfica de la cavitat càrstica. La totalitat dels materials va ser coordinada tridimensionalment assignant-los un número de registre seqüencial per unitats arqueològiques en què s’han diferenciat quatre nivells arqueològics. L’anàlisi de la disposició espacial, la distribució vertical i la incidència d’alteracions tèrmiques dels diferents grups materials són emprades com a eina d’anàlisi de la seqüència arqueològica.
Estudi dels materials lítics de Forat de Conqueta (Santa Linya, Lleida)
Authors: Masvidal Cristina , Pizarro Jezabel , Mora Rafael , Roda Gilabert Xavier
Published: July 2017

Al llarg de l’article es presenten els materials lítics recuperats en el jaciment de Forat de Conqueta. Aquestos suports lítics foren tallats i dipositats a la cavitat, en part, probablement, com a elements relacionats amb ofrenes funeràries diverses. S’ha pogut definir una sèrie de materials lítics que inclouen puntes de projectil així com làmines i laminetes i diversos tipus de retocats, i també una sèrie de suports amb estigmes i morfologies que relacionem amb l’obtenció i encesa de foc que hem agrupat sota la denominació de «suports de foc».
Els objectes metàl·lics al jaciment de Forat de Conqueta (Santa Linya, Lleida)
Authors: González Marcén Paloma
Published: July 2017

L’article presenta els objectes metàl·lics al jaciment de Forat de Conqueta. Els objectes documentats són dues anelles localitzades al nivell 1/2 en posició secundària. S’hi ha aplicat fluorescència de raigs X amb l’espectròmetre, que ha determinat que es tracta de bronzes binaris (Cu+Sn) amb elevades impureses de plom. Tant per la seva composició com per la tipologia, es corresponen amb materials habituals en contextos del bronze recent/bronze final.
Els materials en terra al jaciment de Forat de Conqueta (Santa Linya, Lleida)
Authors: Masvidal Cristina
Published: July 2017

L’article presenta els materials en terra recuperats al jaciment de Forat de Conqueta. S’han recuperat més de 50 fragments d’argiles d’origen fluvial als quals s’ha afegit i barrejat elements vegetals. El material en fang cru podria correspondre a les restes d’una plataforma construïda a la zona del passadís per facilitar la circulació de les persones en aquesta zona.
Estudi paleodontològic de les restes humanes del jaciment de Forat de Conqueta (Santa Linya, Lleida)
Authors: Chimenos-Küstner Eduardo , Albuquerque Rui , Esteves Romao , García Guixé Elena
Published: July 2017

L’estudi ha estat realitzat sobre restes dentals recuperades al jaciment de Forat de Conqueta. La majoria de les dents s’han trobat aïllades, fora del suport ossi, la qual cosa n’ha dificultat la identificació i l’estudi. Entre els objectius de l’estudi paleodontològic, volem destacar la determinació d’un nombre mínim i màxim d’individus a partir de les restes. L’estudi ha estat molt limitat a causa de la tipologia funerària (enterrament col·lectiu en cova) i del ritual d’enterrament (cremació parcial). El resultats provisionals assenyalen que el nombre mínim d’individus representats per la mostra estudiada és de 41 i que, d’aquests, fins a sis individus podrien pertànyer a un grup d’edat infantil o juvenil.
El jaciment de Forat de Conqueta (Santa Linya, Lleida). Localització i característiques geològiques
Authors: Mora Rafael , Pizarro Jezabel , Lou Maria , Jordá Pardo Jesus , Benito-Calvo Alfonso
Published: July 2017

Al llarg d’aquest treball es presenten les característiques del jaciment de Forat de Conqueta. Es descriu la ubicació i les característiques geològiques del jaciment. Alhora s’adjunta la descripció de la morfologia de la cavitat.
Jouer à mourir, jouer pour survivre. L’expérience de la mort en groupe thérapeutique à médiation virtuelle-numérique
Authors: Gillet1 Guillaume
Published: July 2017

Ce travail vise l’étude des effets psychiques de l’expérience de la mort virtuelle-numérique dans le jeu vidéo au sein d’un cadre-dispositif à médiation-virtuelle numérique utilisant le logiciel New Super Mario Bros U sur la console de jeu vidéo Nintendo Wii U auprès de jeunes adultes. L’expérience de la mort dans le jeu vidéo en groupe, en écho de la tentative de suicide précédemment réalisée par une jeune femme, permet de présenter les fondements de l’approche psychodynamique de la médiation thérapeutique, tout en révélant les spécificités des modalités de symbolisation au sein de la thérapie par le jeu vidéo.
Une cérémonie d’hommage aux défunts en centre d’hébergement1
Authors: Gagnon Éric , Allaire Émilie
Published: July 2017

Dans un centre d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée de Québec s’est tenue en 2015 une cérémonie à la mémoire des résidents décédés au cours de la dernière année. Cet évènement fut l’occasion d’assisteren directà la création d’une nouvelle cérémonie aux morts, de la conception jusqu’à son déroulement. L’étude des caractères généraux de la cérémonie, des séquences et des étapes, des gestes posés et des paroles prononcées, ainsi que des symboles manipulés, permet d’interroger les relations aux morts et à la mort dans la société contemporaine, mais aussi la manière dont un centre d’hébergement se pense et se représente.
Lunatic fringe-mediated Notch signaling regulates adult hippocampal neural stem cell maintenance
Authors: Semerci Fatih , Choi William Tin-Shing , Bajic Aleksandar , Thakkar Aarohi , Encinas Juan Manuel , Depreux Frederic , Segil Neil , Groves Andrew K , Maletic-Savatic Mirjana
Published: July 2017

Hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) integrate inputs from multiple sources to balance quiescence and activation. Notch signaling plays a key role during this process. Here, we report that Lunatic fringe (Lfng), a key modifier of the Notch receptor, is selectively expressed in NSCs. Further, Lfng in NSCs and Notch ligands Delta1 and Jagged1, expressed by their progeny, together influence NSC recruitment, cell cycle duration, and terminal fate. We propose a new model in which Lfng-mediated Notch signaling enables direct communication between a NSC and its descendants, so that progeny can send feedback signals to the ‘mother’ cell to modify its cell cycle status. Lfng-mediated Notch signaling appears to be a key factor governing NSC quiescence, division, and fate.
LKB1 pro‐oncogenic activity triggers cell survival in circulating tumor cells
Authors: Trapp Elisabeth Katharina , Majunke Leonie , Zill Beate , Sommer Harald , Andergassen Ulrich , Koch Julian , Harbeck Nadia , Mahner Sven , Friedl Thomas Wolfram Paul , Janni Wolfgang , Rack Brigitte , Alunni‐Fabbroni Marianna
Published: July 2017

During intravasation, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detach from the epithelium of origin and begin the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, where they lose epithelial features and pass through the endothelium to enter circulation. Although detachment from the extracellular matrix is a strong source of metabolic stress, which induces anoikis, CTCs can survive. Recently, the tumor suppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1) has gained attention for its role as a proto‐oncogene in restoring the correct ATP/AMP ratio during metabolic stress. The aim of this study was to assess LKB1 expression in epithelial‐negative CTCs isolated from patients with metastatic breast cancer and to characterize its possible association with EMT and stemness features. Transcriptome analysis of EpCAM‐negative CTCs indicated that over 25% of patients showed enhanced LKB1 levels, while almost 20% of patients showed enhanced levels of an EMT transcription factor known as ZEB1. Transcriptome and immunofluorescence analyses showed that patients with enhanced LKB1 were correspondingly ZEB1 negative, suggesting complementary activity for the two proteins. Only ZEB1 was significantly associated with cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. Neither LKB1 nor ZEB1 upregulation showed a correlation with clinical outcome, while enhanced levels of stemness‐associated CD44 correlated with a lower progression‐free and overall survival. Ex vivo models showed that MDA‐MB‐231, a mesenchymal tumor cell line, grew in suspension only if LKB1 was upregulated, but the MCF‐7 epithelial cell line lost its ability to generate spheroids and colonies when LKB1 was inhibited, supporting the idea that LKB1 might be necessary for CTCs to overcome the absence of the extracellular matrix during the early phases of intravasation. If these preliminary results are confirmed, LKB1 will become a novel therapeutic target for eradicating metastasis‐initiating CTCs from patients with primary breast cancer.
Tooth Induction
Authors: Balic Anamaria
Published: July 2017

Tooth development is a sequential process governed by reciprocal interactions between ectoderm and neural crest‐derived mesenchyme. Initially, the inductive signal resides in the epithelium, but during subsequent developmental stages, it shifts to the mesenchyme. The complex signalling and cellular cross‐talk generate differentiated cell lineages which will ultimately form the intricate tooth structure, composed of heterogeneous cellular compartments and mineralised matrices, namely enamel, dentin and cementum. The first morphological sign of tooth development is dental lamina, a thickening of the oral epithelium at the sites of future tooth rows. Humans generate two separate dentitions: primary and permanent teeth which are formed from primary dental lamina and its extension (successional dental lamina), respectively. Many signalling pathways involved in tooth development have been identified and characterised. While some molecules demonstrate transient expression during tooth morphogenesis, many signalling pathways are active at all stages of tooth development and regulate tooth induction, morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.

Key Concepts

Tooth development is regulated by a chain of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions that generate unique morphological features which mark different stages of development.

The first sign of tooth formation is an epithelial thickening known as the dental lamina. In humans, the initial dental lamina generates primary dentition and extends into a structure called successional lamina from which permanent teeth develop.

Budding morphogenesis and crown formation are regulated by signals emanating from the epithelial signalling centres called initiation knots and enamel knots, respectively.

Many signalling molecules and receptors are expressed at different stages of tooth development and have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of tooth morphogenesis and in induction of the differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts.

Morphogenesis of the replacement and successionally formed teeth is similar to the morphogenesis of the primary teeth and is regulated by the same signalling pathways.
Mitochondria Protein Import: Methods
Authors: Stojanovski Diana , Ryan Michael T , Wojtkowska Małgorzata , Kmita Hanna
Published: July 2017

Mitochondria are prominent and essential organelles within eukaryotic cells. The majority of proteins residing within mitochondria are nuclear encoded and consequently synthesised as precursor proteins on cytosolic ribosomes. These precursors must be imported across one or both of the mitochondrial membranes to reach their final destination where they can acquire their functional state. The import proceeds owing to the presence of different pathways formed by sophisticated complexes known as the import complexes. The complexes are located in all mitochondrial compartments including both mitochondrial membranes. Currently, we have knowledge of at least four different pathways that govern the import and sorting of nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial precursors. The elucidation and characterisation of these pathways has been greatly facilitated by the
in vitro
mitochondrial import assay. The
in vitro
assay is the main biochemical approach for analysing protein import into mitochondria and is performed by incubating a radiolabelled precursor protein with isolated mitochondria.

Key Concepts

Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA and need to be imported into the organelle following translation.

Different pathways exist for the import of proteins into the various mitochondrial subcompartments.

In vitro
translated precursors can be imported into isolated mitochondria.

The final residence of the imported precursor can be analysed using various treatments.

In vitro
import reactions can be accompanied with monitoring the assembly of the precursor into complexes.
Human Parechoviruses: Biology and Infection
Authors: Fischer Thea K , Harvala Heli , Midgley Sofie
Published: July 2017

Infections with human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are highly prevalent, particularly in neonates, where they may cause substantial morbidity and mortality. The clinical presentation of HPeV infection in neonates is indistinguishable from that of enterovirus (EV) infection and may vary from mild disease involving gastrointestinal and/or respiratory symptoms to more severe illness with sepsis‐like symptoms such as fever, seizures, irritability, rash and/or feeding problems. HPeV is among the most common single causes of aseptic meningitis/meningoencephalitis in infants <90 days old worldwide. The mainstay of diagnosis for HPeV infections involves the use of molecular diagnostic techniques for detection of virus RNA (ribonucleic acid) in various materials (e.g. faeces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), nasopharyngeal, bronchial and autopsy materials). Despite the relatedness of HPeV and EV both at the genomic and clinical presentation levels, routine nucleic acid detection methods for EV will not detect HPeV. Laboratory diagnosis of these viral infections is important not only for differential diagnostic purposes and determining a patient's prognosis but also for guidance of clinical management. Clinical disease varies somewhat among genotypes; while HPeV1 mostly causes gastrointestinal illness, HPeV3 prominence is due to sepsis syndromes and central nervous system (CNS) infections in preterm and term infants. Of diagnostic importance, HPeV3 CNS infections usually lack CSF pleocytosis, and despite ‘unremarkable’ CSF, HPeV3 RNA can be amplified from CSF, nasopharyngeal and rectal swabs in an infected individual. Taking the global incidence of reported laboratory‐confirmed HPeV cases into consideration, mortality and sequelae are overall uncommon and usually accompanying initially severe or neurologically complicated acute illnesses. However, underreporting due to lack of testing and/or appropriate diagnostic methodology likely means gross underestimation of the true incidence of HPeV disease. Currently, neither effective treatment nor vaccines are available in the control of these common viruses with the potential to cause severe harm in neonates and young children worldwide.

Key Concepts

HPeV infections are common among infants and children worldwide.

HPeV infections are underdiagnosed, and HPeV disease burden underestimated.

Nineteen HPeV types identified so far – their role/significance in human infections unclear except for HPeV3.

HPeV3 is a major cause of neonatal infections including severe meningoencephalitis.

Genomic differences between EV and HPeV.

Diagnostics: HPeV required specific PCR for detection, not that easy to culture.

Majority of children with HPeV3 infection lack pleocytosis in CSF/have normal CSF.

Having older siblings are associated with higher risk for an infant to be hospitalised with severe HPeV infection.

HPeV infection should always be ruled out when caring for infants with sepsis‐like illness and/or CNS infection.
Adverse Selection and Insurance
Authors: Hoy Michael , Lun Esmond (Tin Ching)
Published: July 2017

If insurance providers cannot determine the risk levels of their various clients, but individuals do know this information, then adverse selection arises. We present the canonical models of adverse selection in insurance markets that shed some light on the economic consequences of this phenomenon. Under symmetric information, companies observe all relevant risk characteristics. By charging risk‐type specific prices, all risk types purchase full coverage. The result is an efficient allocation of resources with no risk bearing costs incurred by individuals. Under asymmetric information (adverse selection), if contracting is exclusive (i.e. each insured can contract with one and only one insurer), high risks end up with full insurance, but low‐risk types end up with partial coverage. Under nonexclusive contracting (i.e. each insured may purchase contracts from more than one insurance provider), higher risk individuals end up with too much insurance, while low risk individuals end up with too little. In either case, the allocation of resources is inefficient.

Key Concepts

Under symmetric information, each risk type purchases full insurance at the risk type specific actuarially fair odds rate and this allocation is pareto efficient. However, if these contracts were offered under asymmetric information, one expects high risk types to report being low risk in order to receive a more favorable contract

If insurance companies do not have access to information about immutable characteristics of their potential customers where these characteristics affect the risk level of some activity, then this creates a situation of asymmetric information and a problem of adverse selection (also called antiselection).

As individuals who are ‘bad risks’ (i.e. low risk) will desire more insurance than ‘good risks’ (i.e. high risk) if the price is the same for all, then insurers would end up selling more insurance to the bad risks and so the overall price of insurance would reflect this.

If a pooling contract is offered and purchased, there is always a profitable deviation that is only attractive to low risk types but not high risk types. However, if insurance companies have sufficient foresight, they would not offer such a contract in the first place as such a deviation will make losses once other firms react to it.

Adverse selection may also result in screening strategies whereby insurers offer higher coverage at a higher unit price in order to attract high‐risk types with lower risk types ending up with less insurance coverage.
T‐Box Genes: Developmental Functions in Mammals
Authors: Papaioannou Virginia E
Published: July 2017

Transcription factors encoded by the T‐box gene family control key functions throughout development in all metazoans. The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)‐binding domain is highly conserved. There are 17 genes in mouse and human, all with diverse functional roles from early embryogenesis through organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. The same gene may function in different tissues and at different stages such that mutation phenotypes can be complex. Most T‐box mutations display heterozygous defects, indicating dose sensitivity. Several T‐box genes affect pluripotency and differentiation in the pre‐ and early postimplantation embryo; limb outgrowth and differentiation is a major developmental area affected by T‐box genes as is the heart, nervous system, immune system and many other organs and tissues. T‐box gene loss‐of‐function mutations in humans cause major developmental syndromes such as ulnar‐mammary and Holt–Oram syndrome, and other abnormalities are increasingly being attributed to alteration in T‐box gene function, including the association with many types of cancer.

Key Concepts

T‐box genes code for transcription factors with diverse roles in development through regulation of a variety of downstream target genes.

They comprise an ancient gene family present in all metazoans as well as nonmetazoan lineages, defined by a conserved DNA‐binding motif.

In vertebrates, T‐box genes play diverse and key roles in specification, differentiation and development of most organ systems.

Mutations in T‐box genes result in complex birth defects and/or neonatal lethality and usually show effects in heterozygotes and homozygotes.

Multiple tissues may be affected by the same T‐box gene, and multiple T‐box genes may affect the same tissue at the same or different times in development.

Mutation or misregulation of T‐box genes is associated with a large variety of human cancers.

Little information is available about the role of T‐box genes in adult organisms.
Laboulbeniomycetes
Authors: Weir Alex
Published: July 2017

Fungi belonging to class Laboulbeniomycetes are a diverse group that utilise arthropods for nutrition and/or dispersal. This enigmatic group has been studied by very few researchers since their original discovery in the mid‐nineteenth century. Salient features of the general biology of these organisms include information on host range, transmission, host specificity, position specificity, pathogenicity, thallus development and classification and phylogeny.

Key Concepts

Class Laboulbeniomycetes are a diverse group of Ascomycete fungi.

These understudied organisms utilise arthropods for nutrition and/or dispersal.

General biological features of Laboulbeniomycetes are outlined.

Results from the latest research on the group are summarised.

Areas for future research are defined.
Molecular Imaging in Genomic Medicine
Authors: Shaikh Faiq A , Mulero Francisca , Mohiuddin Sohaib A
Published: July 2017

Molecular imaging is the result of advances in the fields of molecular biology and imaging technology and has become an increasingly important tool in the discovery and understanding of a wide range of pathophysiologic processes, ranging from genetic disorders to malignant conditions. The advancement in molecular pathology techniques has enabled us to study the complex genotype of disease entities and how it impacts their behaviour and natural history. Image‐guided genomic medicine utilises methodologies to integrate genomic and radiologic data to develop insights into the genotype–phenotype relationship, which in turn can guide medical decision‐making and treatment planning.

Key Concepts

Molecular imaging comprises the visualisation, characterisation and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels, which can synergise with genomic medicine to enhance our understanding of disease processes.

Reporter gene imaging entails encoding proteins that can be rapidly and sensitively assayed as surrogate markers when fused with regulatory regions of the gene of interest as a means of indirectly monitoring molecular basis of diseases.

Optical imaging is based on the principle of detecting light in living organisms that reflect molecular processes; types include bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging.

ImmunoPET is based on combining the PET with monoclonal antibodies raised against a tumoural antigen.

Functional MRI uses the MRI technology to provide a means of measuring brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow as a phenotype that can be correlated with genotypic data.

Radiomics/imaging genomics leverage machine learning technology to process large data sets acquired through imaging and genomic biomarker extraction and provide valuable insights into pathophysiology and personalised disease management.

Gene therapeutics is another area where molecular imaging can be valuable in therapy monitoring and response assessment.
Molecular Genetics of Hyperaldosteronism
Authors: Scholl Ute I
Published: July 2017

In primary aldosteronism, the adrenal gland produces excessive amounts of the steroid hormone aldosterone, which causes hypertension. Common causes are aldosterone‐producing adenomas (benign tumours) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. The majority of aldosterone‐producing adenomas carry somatic mutations in known disease genes. These include
KCNJ5
(a potassium channel),
CACNA1D
(a calcium channel) and
ATP1A1
and
AT2B3
(ATPase subunits). These mutations either directly or indirectly cause increased intracellular calcium levels, which lead to increased aldosterone production and proliferation. Mutations in
CTNNB1
(beta‐catenin) are rare. The molecular mechanisms underlying bilateral adrenal hyperplasia are largely unknown, with the exception of rare forms of familial hyperaldosteronism (FH). FH‐I, ‐III and ‐IV are caused by germ line mutations in
CYP11B2
(aldosterone synthase),
KCNJ5
and
CACNA1H
(another calcium channel), respectively, and a syndrome that includes neurologic abnormalities is due to germ line mutations in
CACNA1D
. These observations suggest pathways for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in primary aldosteronism.

Key Concepts

Primary aldosteronism is the most common cause of secondary hypertension, caused by aldosterone‐producing adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.

Recent exome sequencing studies have identified the genetic basis of the majority of aldosterone‐producing adenomas.

Somatic mutations in the potassium channel
KCNJ5
explain about 40% of aldosterone‐producing adenomas.

Mutations in
KCNJ5
are associated with female gender, early onset and larger tumour size.

Other somatic mutations in aldosterone‐producing adenomas affect the
CACNA1D
,
ATP1A1
,
ATP2B3
and
CTNNB1
genes.

The shared common final pathway of somatic mutations in aldosterone‐producing adenomas is increased calcium signalling, which causes excessive aldosterone production and proliferation.

The pathophysiology of sporadic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is largely unknown.

Rare forms of familial hyperaldosteronism (FH) include FH‐I, ‐III and ‐IV, caused by germ line mutations in
CYP11B2
,
KCNJ5
and
CACNA1H
, respectively, and FH‐II, whose genetic basis remains unknown.

The identification of the molecular mechanisms of primary aldosteronism suggests pathways for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Lamins in Inherited Disease
Authors: Comai Lucio
Published: July 2017

Lamins are a family of intermediate filament proteins that establish a complex protein network on the inner side of the nuclear membrane and play a critical role in preserving the structural integrity of the nuclear envelope. They also contribute to the spatial organisation of the genome and influence nuclear processes through a multitude of interactions with proteins and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). A large number of mutations have been identified primarily in the gene that encodes for A‐type lamins that cause a group of diseases with a broad range of clinical phenotypes collectively known as laminopathies. Many of these disorders show tissue‐restricted pathologies, indicating that even though lamins are present in the vast majority of metazoan cells, the mutations differentially influence the physiology of distinct tissues. Important clues have emerged over the past decade on the impact of disease‐causing mutations on the processes that maintain the structural and functional integrity of the nucleus.

Key Concepts

Lamins are components of the nuclear lamina, a network of proteins that controls nuclear structure and stiffness.

Lamins play critical roles in the spatial organisation of the nucleus, chromatin organisation, nucleocytoplasmic communication and mechanotransduction.

Mutations in genes encoding lamins are associated with a wide range of human diseases known as laminopathies.

Studies of lamins structure and function have shed light on the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.

Insights into the molecular pathology of lamins‐associated diseases create opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Comparison between electromagnetic transponders and radiographic imaging for prostate localization: A pelvic phantom study with rotations and translations
Authors: Hamilton Daniel G. , McKenzie Dean P. , Perkins Anne E.
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in target localization between Calypso®, kV orthogonal imaging and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) for combined translations and rotations of an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom. The phantom was localized using all three systems in 50 different positions, with applied translational and rotational offsets randomly sampled from representative normal distributions of prostate motion. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρc) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the agreement between the localization systems. Mean differences and difference vectors between the three systems were also calculated. Agreement between systems for lateral, vertical, and longitudinal translations was excellent, with ρc values of greater than 0.98 between all three systems in all axes. There was excellent agreement between the systems for rotations around the lateral axis (pitch) (ρc > 0.99), and around the vertical axis (yaw) (ρc > 0.97). However, somewhat poorer agreement for rotations around the longitudinal axis (roll) was observed, with the lowest correlation observed between Calypso and kV orthogonal imaging (ρc = 0.895). Mean differences between the phantom position reported by Calypso and the radiographic systems were less than 1 mm and 1° for all translations and rotations. The results for translations are consistent with the publications of previous authors. There is no comparable published data for rotations. While there is lower correlation between the three systems for roll than for the other angles, the mean differences in reported rotations are not clinically significant.
Psychometric Comparison of Dissociative Experiences Scales II and C: A Weak Trauma‐Dissociation Link
Authors: Patihis Lawrence , Lynn Steven Jay
Published: July 2017

The debate regarding the relationship between dissociation and trauma has raised questions regarding the validity of measures of dissociation. Dalenberg et al.'s () meta‐analysis included studies using the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES II), but excluded the DES‐Comparison (DES‐C) scale, claiming that it lacked validity as a measure of dissociation. Lynn et al. () contended that omitting those studies might have skewed the results. In the current study, we compared the psychometric properties of both measures in two nonclinical US adult (student, general population) samples to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales. We found support for the DES‐II as a measure of dissociation as well as the validity and reliability of the DES‐C, which compares well to the DES II. Compared with studies in Dalenberg et al., we found lower correlations between trauma and dissociation. No empirical basis exists to exclude studies using the DES‐C in literature reviews. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting Cell Migration in Tissue Engineering Scaffolds with Graded Channels
Authors: Yang Degang , Zhao Zhitong , Bai Fan , Wang Shutao , Tomsia Antoni P. , Bai Hao
Published: July 2017

Ideal bone scaffolds having good biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and beneficial mechanical properties are the basis for bone tissue engineering. Specifically, cell migration within 3D scaffolds is crucial for bone regeneration of critical size defects. In this research, hydroxyapatite scaffolds with three different types of architectures (tortuous, parallel, and graded channels) are fabricated using the freeze‐casting (ice‐templating) method. While most studies promote cell migration by chemical factors, it can be greatly enhanced by introducing only graded channels as compared with tortuous or parallel channels. The results provide insights and guidance in designing novel scaffolds to enhance cell migration behavior for bone tissue regeneration.
Manipulating Orientation of Silicon Carbide Nanowire in Polymer Composites to Achieve High Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Huang Yun , Hu Jiantao , Yao Yimin , Zeng Xiaoliang , Sun Jiajia , Pan Guiran , Sun Rong , Xu Jian‐Bin , Wong Ching‐Ping
Published: July 2017

Highly thermally conductive polymer composites have received considerable attention, along with development of electronic devices toward being more integrated, miniaturized, and functionalized. However, traditional polymer composites cannot meet the requirement of achieving higher thermal conductivity at relatively low filler loading. Herein, manipulating orientation of silicon carbide nanowire (SiCNW) in epoxy composites by coating method is reported to achieve high in‐plane thermal conductivity (10.10 W m−1 K−1) at extremely low filler loading (5 wt%), while it is only 1.78 and 0.30 W m−1 K−1 for epoxy/random SiCNW composite and epoxy/silicon carbide nanoparticle composite. Several models are employed to demonstrate that a good orientation and high aspect ratio of SiCNWs contribute to form heat transfer networks in the composites. This provides a promising future for thermal‐management materials, which are widely applied to electronic packaging, aerospace field, and medical engineering.
Preparation of Boron Nitride Nanosheet/Nanofibrillated Cellulose Nanocomposites with Ultrahigh Thermal Conductivity via Engineering Interfacial Thermal Resistance
Authors: Sun Jiajia , Yao Yimin , Zeng Xiaoliang , Pan Guiran , Hu Jiantao , Huang Yun , Sun Rong , Xu Jian‐Bin , Wong Ching‐Ping
Published: July 2017

With the rapid development of modern electronics toward miniaturization, high‐degree integration, and multifunctionalization, increased heat is generated during the operation of devices, which seriously limits the performance, lifetime, and reliability of electronic devices. Polymer‐based composites with high thermal conductivity have attracted much attention in solving the heat dissipation issue. However, conventional polymer‐based composites can hardly achieve a thermal conductivity of over 10 W m−1 K−1, due to high interfacial thermal resistance. Herein, engineering interfacial thermal resistance in boron nitride nanosheet/nanofibrillated cellulose nanocomposites by constructing nanoscale silver “bridges” between fillers is reported, aiming at achieving a high thermal conductivity. The highest in‐plane thermal conductivity is up to 65.7 ± 3.0 W m−1 K−1, which is one order magnitude higher than those of conventional polymer‐based composites. By fitting the experimental data with theoretical models, it is quantitatively demonstrated that silver nanoparticles can help to sharply decrease the interfacial thermal resistance between adjacent boron nitride nanosheets. In addition, the small amount of silver hardly affects the electrical insulation of boron nitride nanosheet/nanofibrillated cellulose nanocomposites. This strategy can potentially pave the way for the design and preparation of highly thermally conductive materials in the future.
Batch Fabrication of Customizable Silicone‐Textile Composite Capacitive Strain Sensors for Human Motion Tracking
Authors: Atalay Asli , Sanchez Vanessa , Atalay Ozgur , Vogt Daniel M. , Haufe Florian , Wood Robert J. , Walsh Conor J.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents design and batch manufacturing of a highly stretchable textile‐silicone capacitive sensor to be used in human articulation detection, soft robotics, and exoskeletons. The proposed sensor is made of conductive knit fabric as electrode and silicone elastomer as dielectric. The batch manufacturing technology enables production of large sensor mat and arbitrary shaping of sensors, which is precisely achieved via laser cutting of the sensor mat. Individual capacitive sensors exhibit high linearity, low hysteresis, and a gauge factor of 1.23. Compliant, low‐profile, and robust electrical connections are established by fusing filaments of micro coaxial cable to conductive fabric electrodes of the sensor with thermoplastic film. The capacitive sensors are integrated on a reconstructed glove for monitoring finger motions.