bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orally Active, Antimetastatic, Nontoxic Diphenyl Ether‐Derived Carbamoylphosphonate Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
Authors: Frant Julia , Veerendhar Ainelly , Chernilovsky Tamir , Nedvetzki Shlomo , Vaksman Olga , Hoffman Amnon , Breuer Eli , Reich Reuven
Published: June 2011

Seven 4‐phenoxybenzenesulfonamidopolymethylene carbamoylphosphonates (CPOs) bearing two to eight methylene units in the polymethylene chain were synthesized and evaluated as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors. The five lowest homologues [(CH2)2−6] are selective MMP‐2 inhibitors, whereas the two with the longest linkers [(CH2)7, 8] lack inhibitory activity. The most potent homologues are those with (CH2)5, 6; these two were evaluated for antimetastatic activity in a murine melanoma model and showed good potency both by oral and intraperitoneal administration without any toxic—including musculoskeletal—side effects. In contrast to the previously reported cis‐ACCP, which was shown to inhibit MMP‐2 for ∼30 min, the new compounds inhibit MMP activity for the duration of measurement, lasting several hours. Pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed, on the one hand, low oral bioavailability; on the other hand, a relatively large calculated volume of distribution, consistent with the observed reversible absorption of CPO 5 to hydroxyapatite, as a model for bone.
Defect‐Assisted Covalent Binding of Graphene to an Amorphous Silica Surface: A Theoretical Prediction
Authors: Kweon Kyoung E. , Hwang Gyeong S.
Published: June 2011

We propose a mechanism for defect‐assisted covalent binding of graphene to the surface of amorphous silica (a‐SiO2) based on first‐principles density functional calculations. Our calculations show that a dioxasilirane group (DOSG) on a‐SiO2 may react with graphene to form two SiOC linkages with a moderate activation barrier (≈0.3 eV) and considerable exothermicity (≈1.0 eV). We also examine DOSG formation via the adduction of molecular O2 to a silylene center, which is an important surface defect in a‐SiO2, and briefly discuss modifications in the electronic structure of graphene upon the DOSG‐assisted chemical binding onto the a‐SiO2 surface.
Isolated Gramicidin Peptides Probed by IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Rijs Anouk M. , Kabeláč Martin , Abo‐Riziq Ali , Hobza Pavel , de Vries Mattanjah S.
Published: June 2011

We report double‐resonant IR/UV ion‐dip spectroscopy of neutral gramicidin peptides in the gas phase. The IR spectra of gramicidin A and C, recorded in both the 1000 cm−1 to 1800 cm−1 and the 2700 to 3750 cm−1 region, allow structural analysis. By studying this broad IR range, various local intramolecular interactions are probed, and complementary IR modes can be accessed. Ab initio quantum chemical calculations are used to support the interpretation of the experimental IR spectra. The comparison of the calculated frequencies with the experimental IR spectrum probed via the strong infrared absorptions of all the amide groups (NH stretch, CO stretch and NH bend), shows evidence for a helical structure in the gas phase, which is similar to that in the condensed phase. Additionally, we show that to improve the spectral resolution when studying large neutral molecular structures of the size of gramicidin, the use of heavier carrier gas could be advantageous.
Interaction of Atomic Clusters with Intense Attosecond Pulses
Authors: Gets A. V. , Krainov V. P.
Published: June 2011

We consider the interaction between intense attosecond electromagnetic pulses and the Van der Waals atomic clusters. The important conclusion has been made that the cross section for scattering of soft x‐ray by Xe clusters increases resonantly when the photon energy is of the order of 100‐150 eV. This phenomenon is explained by resonance excitation of the giant resonance at the collection oscillations of Xe atomic 4d‐shell (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Handedness for grasping objects and declarative pointing: A longitudinal study
Authors: Jacquet Anne‐Yvonne , Esseily Rana , Rider Delphine , Fagard Jacqueline
Published: June 2011

It is still unclear whether infants become right‐handed because of their left‐hemisphere specialization for language (through gestural communication for instance), whether they speak predominantly with their left hemisphere because of this hemisphere's superiority in controlling sequential actions which first results in right‐handedness, or whether the two lateralization processes develop independently. To tackle this question, we followed 26 human infants from 8 to 20 months to evaluate the temporal relationship between the emergence of hand preference for grasping objects and for declarative pointing (communicative gesture). Our results show that when grasping and pointing are compared in similar conditions, with objects presented in several spatial positions, the tendency to use the right hand is significantly larger for pointing than for grasping, and both hand preferences are loosely correlated. This suggests that, at least at the age studied here, hand preferences for grasping and for declarative pointing develop relatively independently. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:36–46, 2012.
Influence of runoff regime type on a macroinvertebrate‐based flow index in rivers of British Columbia (Canada)
Authors: Armanini D. G. , Monk W. A. , Tenenbaum D. E. , Peters D. L. , Baird D. J.
Published: June 2011

Anthropogenic pressure on flow regimes has been recognized as a significant threat to the health of rivers in Canada and elsewhere. Yet while we know that the historical hydrological conditions prevailing at river sites can be assigned to runoff regime types, the implications of this hydrological structure on biological community composition have been poorly studied. Here we support the improvement of guidelines for flow management by exploring the relationship between biota and runoff regime types for selected rivers in British Columbia. One thousand six hundred biological samples were extracted from Environment Canada's Canadian Aquatic Biomonitoring Network (CABIN) database and a matching procedure was undertaken to associate biological samples to the long‐term hydrometric monitoring stations stored in the HYDAT National Water Data Archive. A practical approach for spatial matching of hydrometric and biomonitoring sites was presented, which permitted matching of a sufficient number of samples to assess the structure of biological communities across the four regime types identified. By examining multivariate and univariate biological descriptors, including the recently developed Canadian Ecological Flow Index, differences in macroinvertebrate community composition between the runoff regimes were observed. In conclusion, we have developed a practical approach to match hydrological and biomonitoring data and we have forwarded guidelines on how to improve integration between hydrometric and biomonitoring networks. Moreover, we have provided the first ecological validation of runoff regime types in Canada, confirming the need to account for antecedent hydrological conditions in the assessment of ecological quality using biomonitoring data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and Crown in the right of Canada
The impact of pine beetle infestation on snow accumulation and melt in the headwaters of the Colorado River
Authors: Pugh Evan , Small Eric
Published: June 2011

The mountain pine beetle is killing many trees in Colorado's high‐elevation forests. The thinned canopies found in dead tree stands should intercept less snow and transmit more radiation than canopies in living forests, altering snow accumulation and melt processes. We compare snow, forest, and meteorological properties beneath living and pine beetle‐killed tree stands. Eight pairs of living and dead tree stands were monitored over two years along the headwaters of the Colorado River. During year one, all eight dead stands were in the red phase of tree death — the trees still retained needles. Snow accumulation was the same under living and red phase stands, but snow melt was more rapid in red phase stands. As a result, the snowpack was depleted one week earlier in the red phase stands. Canopy shortwave transmission was not higher in red phase stands. We hypothesize that the faster melt and earlier depletion in red phase stands was caused by accelerated needle loss which lowers the albedo of the snow surface. By year two, many of the dead trees had progressed to the needle‐less grey phase of tree death. Snow accumulation in grey phase stands was 15% higher than in paired living stands. Snow in grey phase stands melted more rapidly than in living stands, likely as a result of increased canopy shortwave transmission. We combine our results with those from previous studies to develop a conceptual model that describes how beetle infestation affects snow accumulation and melt in the different stages of mortality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diatom sensitivity to hydrological and nutrient variability in a subtropical, flood‐pulse wetland
Authors: Mackay Anson W. , Davidson Thomas , Wolski Piotr , Woodward Selina , Mazebedi Richard , Masamba Wellington R. L. , Todd Martin
Published: June 2011

The principal aim of this study was to disentangle hydrochemical influences on primary producers in a pristine, flood‐pulse ecosystem. This was undertaken by analysing diatoms from 100 sample points from hydrologically distinct regions in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Cluster analysis was undertaken using two‐way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), and groups used to classify sample points in a principal components analysis (PCA) biplot. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed using hydrological data and diatom guilds as explanatory variables. A series of ordinations using redundancy analysis (RDA) was undertaken to assess which variables significantly accounted for diatom variation across the Delta. Species‐response curves for major taxa were generated using generalized additive models (GAMs). Cluster analysis revealed six distinct groups. Groups 5 and 6 consisted mainly of seasonally inundated floodplain sites, which lay at one end of a significant gradient revealed by PCA. Floodplain diatoms were characteristically N‐heterotrophs, requiring elevated concentrations of key resources such as total nitrogen (TN) and SiO2. Using forward selection, constrained RDA reveals five variables were significant in explaining diatom distributions across the Delta: hydroperiod class, flood frequency, flow velocity and nutrients SiO2 and TN. Species‐response curves show that motile diatoms were most abundant in seasonally inundated floodplains. Species diversity was significantly higher in the upper Panhandle region of the Delta, which may be related to moderate levels of disturbance and increased resource limitation. Species diversity was significantly lower during the period of maximum flood extent, which may in turn be related to fewer limiting resources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enyne‐Metathesis‐Based Tandem Processes
Authors: Li Jingwei , Lee Daesung
Published: June 2011

Enyne metathesis is a powerful synthetic tool for generating 1,3‐dienes by redistributing unsaturated functionalities between an alkene and an alkyne via vinylalkylidene intermediates. Although less explored, enyne metathesis has a unique capacity for forming multiple C=C bonds and polycyclic systems in a tandem fashion. By exploiting these characteristics, various tandem reactions have been developed and applied to the synthesis of natural and unnatural products. This microreview recapitulates the recent advances in enyne‐metathesis‐based tandem processes under two main categories: Enyne metathesis/metathesis and enyne metathesis/nonmetathesis.
Ruthenium‐Catalysed Epimerisation of Carbohydrate Alcohols as a Method to Determine the Equilibria for Epimer Interconversion in Hexopyranosides
Authors: Ramstadius Clinton , Träff Annika M. , Krumlinde Patrik , Bäckvall Jan‐E. , Cumpstey Ian
Published: June 2011

Ruthenium‐catalysed epimerisation of secondary carbohydrate alcohols was used to determine the thermodynamic equilibrium between non‐anomeric epimers of partially protected glucose, mannose and allose derivatives. A cyclopentadienylruthenium catalyst was used to epimerise each of two pure epimeric alcohols in two separate experiments. The epimerisation reactions were run until the same ratio of epimers was obtained from the two experiments.
C‐5 Modified S‐Benzoxazolyl Sialyl Donors: Towards More Efficient Selective Sialylations
Authors: Harris Benjamin N. , Patel Payal P. , Gobble Chase P. , Stark Matthew J. , De Meo Cristina
Published: June 2011

We previously reported that the selective activation of an S‐benzoxazolyl (SBox) sialyl donor over a galactosyl acceptor equipped with a thioethyl anomeric moiety can be performed in high yield but with poor stereoselectivity. To optimize this strategy, which allows the synthesis of complex carbohydrates to be shortened, a range of SBox sialyl donors modified at C‐5 were synthesized and tested. In particular, the combination of the SBox leaving group and an oxazolidinone at C‐4,5 allowed superior stereocontrol in various solvents and at different temperatures. Nearly complete stereoselectivity was obtained in the presence of bismuth(III) triflate in a dichloromethane/tetrahydrofuran (1:1) solvent system.
Alkynylboronates and ‐boramides in CoI‐ and RhI‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions: Construction of Oligoaryls through Selective Suzuki Couplings (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 18/2011)
Authors: Iannazzo Laura , Vollhardt K. Peter C. , Malacria Max , Aubert Corinne , Gandon Vincent
Published: June 2011

The cover picture shows the stepwise construction of oligoaryls, which is illustrated by three construction steps of the main tower of our University. Compounds bearing different borylated groups were constructed by Co‐ or Rh‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition and were subjected to site‐selective Suzuki cross‐couplings. Details are discused in the article by C. Aubert, V. Gandon et al. on p. 3283 ff.
Study on availability and issues of evacuation using stopped escalators in a subway station
Authors: Kadokura Hiroyuki , Sekizawa Ai , Takahashi Wataru
Published: June 2011

Recent years have seen an increasing number of deep subway stations, and many of the existing stations have been made progressively barrier free. This has been accompanied by the installation of more and more escalators, and often existing stairways have been converted to escalators. This has resulted in fewer egress paths in an emergency case. Considering this background, firstly, a crowd walking experiment using stopped escalators was conducted in order to get the base data, for example, on obtained walking speed, for the parameters in the evacuation simulation of several fire scenarios in a typical subway station. Secondly, a smoke movement simulation of the metro fire scenarios was conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the smoke model in a two‐layer zone model. Finally, based on the results of the evacuation and smoke simulations of the chosen subway station, we examined the availability and the issues of evacuation using stopped escalators. As a result, it was found that the evacuation potential of passengers on a platform is considerably improved if escalators are permitted in addition to stairs for emergency evacuation. Several issues to be considered for the safe operation of escalators are identified. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new reactor coupling heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalytic oxidation with membrane separation for degradation of organic pollutants
Authors: Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , He Chun , Sharma Virender‐Kumar , Li Xiang‐Zhong , Tian Shuang‐Hong , Xiong Ya
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in employing heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalysts in slurry to obtain higher activity. However, fine size particles create problems associated with recovery from the treated water. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop a novel Fenton‐like process that not only has high degradation efficiency of organic pollutants, but also allows for easily reusing the catalysts.

RESULT: A new reactor was investigated by coupling the heterogeneous Fenton‐like oxidation with membrane separation. Results showed that the FeY catalyst could be almost filtrated by a submerged micro‐filtration membrane in the reactor to continuously activate H2O2. For a FeY dose of 1 g L−1 and a residence time of 120 min, the degradation efficiency of AO II reached 97%.

CONCLUSIONS: In the new reactor, degradation of AO II occurred continuously and efficiently without an additional FeY separation process. The treatment capacity of this FeY catalyst for wastewater containing 100 mg L−1 AO II in the reactor was estimated to be 82 times that of a reactor in which the catalyst could not be reused. The distinguishing technical feature of this reactor was the reuse of the Fenton‐like catalyst. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonography for the assessment of peripheral vasomotor response in an elderly population
Authors: Chang Ke‐Vin , Wu Chueh‐Hung , Wang Tyng‐Guey , Hsiao Ming‐Yen , Yeh Tian‐Shin , Chen Wen‐Shiang
Published: June 2011

Purpose:

To assess sympathetic vasomotor activity and its changes with age, using pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound.

Methods:

We recruited 20 young adults (24–37 years old) and 20 older individuals (60–81 years old). Pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound was applied over the right radial artery to measure blood flow at rest and after a voluntary inspiratory cough eliciting sympathetic activation. The maximal (Vmax), minimal (Vmin), time‐averaged (TAMaxV) blood flow velocity, and the pulsatility index (PI) were calculated and compared between groups.

Results:

At rest, PI was similar in both groups but Vmax and TAMaxV were higher in the older group (p < 0.05). Vmax, Vmin, and TAMaxV decreased, and PI increased after inspiratory cough in both groups (p ≤ 0.001), but this increase was lower in the older group (p < 0.001). TAMaxV after coughing was higher in the older group (p < 0.05). Heart rate did not differ significantly within or between groups.

Conclusions:

The older group exhibited reduced vasomotor reactivity of the radial artery after sympathetic stimulus. Peripheral vasomotor response should be interpreted with caution in elderly populations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Sonographic findings of a Bochdalek hernia: The importance of ring‐down artifacts
Authors: Yang Dal Mo , Kim Hyun Cheol , Jin Wook
Published: June 2011

Bochdalek hernia is the most common congenital diaphragmatic hernia. It may be incidentally identified on CT. We report the sonographic findings in a case of Bochdalek hernia, which showed ring‐down artifact posterior to the herniated intra‐abdominal fat. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011.
Determination of sudan dyes in red wine and fruit juice using ionic liquid‐based liquid–liquid microextraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Sun Shuo , Wang Ying , Yu Wenzhi , Zhao Tianqi , Gao Shiqian , Kang Mingqin , Zhang Yupu , Zhang Hanqi , Yu Yong
Published: June 2011

The liquid–liquid microextraction (LLME) was developed for extracting sudan dyes from red wine and fruit juice. Room temperature ionic liquid was used as the extraction solvent. The target analytes were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The extraction parameters were optimized. The optimal conditions are as follows: volume of [C6MIM][PF6] 50 μL; the extraction time 10 min; pH value of the sample solution 7.0; NaCl concentration in sample solution 5%. The extraction recoveries for the analytes in red wine and fruit samples are 86.79–108.28 and 68.54–85.66%, whereas RSDs are 1.42–5.12 and 1.43–6.19%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.428 and 1.426 ng/mL for sudan I, 0.938 and 3.127 ng/mL for sudan II, 1.334 and 4.445 ng/mL for sudan III, 1.454 and 4.846 ng/mL for sudan IV, respectively. Compared with conventional liquid–liquid extraction (CLLE) and ultrasonic extraction (UE), when LLME was applied, the sample amount was less (LLME: 4 mL; CLLE: 10 mL; UE: 10 mL), the extraction time was shorter (LLME: 15 min; CLLE: 110 min; UE: 50 min) and the extraction solvent amount was less (LLME: 0.05 mL IL; CLLE: 15 mL hexane; UE: 20 mL hexane). The proposed method offers a simple, rapid and efficient sample preparation for determining sudan dyes in red wine and fruit juice samples.
A high‐resolution capillary isoelectric focusing method for the determination of therapeutic recombinant monoclonal antibody
Authors: Lin Jun , Tan Qingqiao , Wang Shaoxiong
Published: June 2011

Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) is a common choice for separation and analysis of the charge variants and impurities of therapeutic proteins. In this study, we developed a sensitive CIEF analysis method for determining the charge heterogeneity of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) using Beckman PA800 plus platform. The mixture of 5% Pharmalyte 8–10.5 and 1% Pharmalyte 3–10 was used to overcome the limitation of using single Pharmalyte 3–10 in detecting charge heterogeneity of basic mAb. This approach largely improved the resolution of the heterogeneous peaks. In addition, 3 M urea and 50 mM arginine (Arg) were used to improve the separation as solubilizer and cathodic stabilizer, respectively. Under optimized condition, both acidic and basic peaks of the mAb were separated well. Method qualification results showed good specificity, precision, and linearity within the concentration range of 0.03–0.20 mg/mL for mAb R1. The method was then used for C‐terminal lysine (Lys) variants characterization and glycosylation profiles analysis. Furthermore, it also had a wide application in the clone screening process. The highly sensitive and repeatable results highlighted the wide application prospects of this method in biopharmaceutical industry.
Identification of hemocyanin as a novel non‐cross‐reactive allergen from the giant freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Piboonpocanun Surapon , Jirapongsananuruk Orathai , Tipayanon Thitinun , Boonchoo Siribangon , Goodman Richard E.
Published: June 2011

Scope: Sensitization to giant freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Mr) was recently reported. However, the allergens have yet to be identified. This study aimed to identify and characterize a novel allergen of Mr shrimp.

Methods and results: Extracted proteins were separated and purified by anion and in some experiments, size‐exclusion chromatography. Serum IgE from shrimp allergic donors identified a candidate protein, which was characterized by LC‐MS/MS. The specificity of IgE binding was tested using immunoblotting and inhibition ELISA. The IgE‐binding profiles from 12 of 13 Mr allergic subjects that were pre‐incubated with an extract of Penaeus monodon showed residual binding to ∼60–80 kDa proteins. The 60–80 kDa IgE‐bound proteins were fractionated in the flow‐through of anion chromatography showing a high IgE reactivity. Peptides identified by LC‐MS/MS showed the proteins closely match subunits of hemocyanin (Hcs). Purified Hcs from hemolymph markedly inhibited binding of IgE from sera of Mr allergic subjects to solid‐phased Mr proteins in inhibition ELISA.

Conclusion: Hcs were identified as heat‐stable, non‐cross‐reactive, high‐molecular‐weight (MW) allergens from Mr shrimp. Since circulatory organs are not always removed during food preparation, high concentrations of Hcs may be present along with shrimp meat, which contains the known cross‐reactive tropomyosin protein.
Effect of surface modification of fly ash reinforced in polyetheretherketone composites
Authors: Parvaiz M. Rahail , Mahanwar P.A. , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: June 2011

Fly ash reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites were fabricated using compression molding technique. The fly ash surface was chemically modified using vinyltrimethoxy silane and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxy silane. The properties of treated fly ash PEEK composites were examined in terms of scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermo gravimetric analysis. The modified fly ash was observed to disperse more uniformly than the unmodified counterpart. The tensile strength and modulus also improved with treated fly ash filled PEEK composites. The increment of the dynamic modulus for the PEEK/treated fly ash composites is 32% at 250°C, indicating apparent improvement of high temperature mechanical properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and crystallization kinetics of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate)/calcium carbonate composites
Authors: Ding Yongchao , He Jianyun , Yang Yaya , Cui Shujun , Xu Kaitian
Published: June 2011

Bacterial polyester poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) (P3/4HB) containing 5 mol% 4HB was composited with different calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fillers. The effect of CaCO3 contents on thermal properties, mechanical property, and crystallization kinetics was evaluated. The thermal stability of P3/4HB was reduced by mixing with CaCO3 particles. With increasing CaCO3 content, the elongation at break, tensile strength, and impact strength decrease; however, elastic modulus increases. When P3/4HB with 20 mol% 4HB was added into the P3/4HB/CaCO3 composite, the impact strength were enhanced significantly; however, the elongation at break and tensile strength were only slight to moderate improvements. However, when compared with nano‐ and light‐CaCO3, heavy CaCO3 had the best mechanical properties. The nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization results demonstrated that the crystallization rate of P3/4HB was reduced and the highest crystallinity was obtained for all kinds of CaCO3 fillers at 40 phr content. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Prenatal assessment and management of sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: Gucciardo Leonardo , Uyttebroek Anne , De Wever Ivo , Renard Marleen , Claus Filip , Devlieger Roland , Lewi Liesbeth , De Catte Luc , Deprest Jan
Published: June 2011

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is one of the most common tumors in newborns with a birth prevalence of up to 1 in 21 700 births. Routine fetal anomaly screening programs allow for prenatal diagnosis in many cases. Fetal ultrasound with Doppler evaluation and more recently magnetic resonance imaging may be used to document the extent of the tumor as well as identifying the population at risk for serious fetal complications. Rapidly growing SCT and highly vascularized tumors are more likely to have hemodynamic repercussions. Fetal hydrops is usually considered as a poor prognostic marker and a potential indicator for fetal intervention. Newborns with SCT require stabilization prior to early surgical resection. In case of malignancy additional chemotherapy may be required. SCT may result in significant morbidity, either directly or as a consequence of surgical therapy. Careful postnatal follow‐up is required for timely identification and treatment of complications as well as recurrence. This paper aims to review the perinatal management of this condition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular design and density functional theory investigation of novel low‐band‐gap copolymers between quinoid acceptors and aromatic donors
Authors: Ou Pansheng , Shen Wei , He Rongxing , Xie Xiaohua , Zeng Chenglu , Li Ming
Published: June 2011

The structures and electronic properties of furo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐based alternating donor and acceptor conjugated oligomers, in which furan and pyrrole are used as donors, and their periodic polymers were investigated using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. The bond lengths, bond length alternation, bond critical point (BCP) properties, nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) and Wiberg bond index (WBI) were analyzed and correlated with conduction properties. The changes of bond length, BCP properties, NICS and WBI all show that the degree of conjugation increases with main chain extension. The changes of NICS also show that the conjugation is stronger in the central section than in the outer section. Hydrogen bonding interactions and nitrogen atom substitution in the acceptors play very important roles in the geometries, electronic structures and energy gaps. The theoretical results suggest that pyrrole‐based polymers are good candidates for conducting materials, compared with furan‐based polymers. With an increase of nitrogen atom substitution in the acceptors in these polymers, the intermolecular charge transfers along the polymeric axes are enhanced, and the bond length alternations and HOMO–LUMO energy gap for these polymers are decreased. The results suggest that the six polymers studied all have lower energy gaps (in the range 0.81–1.26 eV), which indicate that these proposed polymers are good candidates for n‐doping conductive materials, especially poly(7‐(furan‐2‐yl)furo[3,4‐e][1,2,4]triazine) and poly(7‐(1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)furo[3,4‐e][1,2,4]triazine). Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Study on flame‐retardancy and thermal degradation behaviors of intumescent flame‐retardant polylactide systems
Authors: Xuan Shanyong , Wang Xin , Song Lei , Xing Weiyi , Lu Hongdian , Hu Yuan
Published: June 2011

Two intumescent flame‐retardant (IFR) additives, IFR‐I and IFR‐II, were synthesized and their structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Polylactide (PLA) was modified by the two IFRs to obtain flame‐retardant composites. The flammability of the PLA/IFR composites was characterized by the vertical burning test UL‐94 and limiting oxygen index. The limiting oxygen index values of the PLA composites increased with increase of IFR content. The PLA composite with 20 wt% IFR‐I could pass the UL‐94 V0 rating, while the composite with 30 wt% IFR‐II could not. The results of pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry showed that the heat release capacity of PLA composites with 30 wt% IFR‐I decreased 43.1% compared with that of pure PLA. The thermal degradation and gas products of PLA/IFR‐I systems were monitored by thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis infrared spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the surface morphology of the char residue. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Reaction kinetics and thermal properties of epoxidised cresol novolac/4,4′‐diglycidyl (3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbiphenyl) epoxy resin composite cured with aromatic diamine
Authors: Liu Zhongguo , Zhang Gang , Tu Kuifeng , Zhao Sen , Han Miaomiao , Ni Jing , Ma Wenjia , Na Hui
Published: June 2011

A series of novel composites based on different ratios of epoxidised cresol novolac (ECN) and 4,4′‐diglycidyl(3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbiphenyl) epoxy resin (TMBP) have been prepared with the curing agent 4,4′‐methylenediamine (DDM) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), respectively. The investigation of cure kinetics was performed by differential scanning calorimetry using an isoconversional method. The high thermal stabilities of the cured samples were also studied by thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, no phase separation was observed for cured ECN/DDM and ECN/DDS blending with different amounts of TMBP by dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the cured systems also exhibited excellent impact properties and low moisture absorption. All the results indicate that the ECN/TMBP/DDM and ECN/TMBP/DDS systems are promising materials in electronic packaging. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The oxidative polymerization of p‐phenylenediamine with silver nitrate: Toward highly conducting micro/nanostructured silver/conjugated polymer composites
Authors: Ćirić‐Marjanović Gordana , Marjanović Budimir , Bober Patrycja , Rozlívková Zuzana , Stejskal Jaroslav , Trchová Miroslava , Prokeš Jan
Published: June 2011

The oxidative polymerization of p‐phenylenediamine with silver nitrate by using various oxidant/monomer mole ratios in aqueous solutions of both acetic and nitric acid was studied experimentally and computationally. The produced micro/nanostructured conducting poly(p‐phenylenediamine)–silver composites, reaching the conductivities >104 S/cm, were characterized by conductivity and density measurements, gel permeation chromatography, transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopies. The highest conductivity was 31,700 S/cm for poly(p‐phenylenediamine) base–silver (81.4 wt % Ag). The unexpected increase of conductivity after deprotonation of polymer component is discussed on the basis of interfacial electrical barriers and their removal. Theoretical study of the mechanism of p‐phenylenediamine oxidation has been based on the AM1 semi‐empirical quantum chemical computations of the heat of formation of the reaction intermediates, taking into account the influence of pH and solvation effects. Quantum chemical predictions of molecular structure of poly(p‐phenylenediamine) were correlated with spectroscopic findings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Zyflamend inhibits the expression and function of androgen receptor and acts synergistically with bicalutimide to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth
Authors: Yan Jun , Xie Bingxian , Capodice Jillian L. , Katz Aaron E.
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND

Interference of androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a target for prostate cancer (CaP) chemoprevention and treatment. We hypothesize that Zyflamend (ZYF) assert its anti‐cancer effect by disrupting AR signaling. We also hypothesize that it may act synergistically with the anti‐androgen bicalutimde to inhibit CaP cell growth.

METHODS

Western blotting, ELISA and reporter assays were done to test ZYF on AR signaling. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR and AR half‐life were also examined. Potential synergism between ZYF and bicalutimide were tested via cytotoxicity, colony formation assays, flow cytometry, and Western blotting in the human CAP line, LNCaP and 22RV1.

RESULTS

ZYF reduced AR protein, mRNA and protein stability levels in LNCaPs. ZYF also reduced both full‐length AR protein and truncated AR protein in the 22Rv1 cell line. Nkx3.1 and PSA were also reduced at the mRNA level. PSA promoter activity and secretion were lower after treatment of cells with ZYF. DHT induction of cell proliferation and AR responsiveness revealed reduction of AR, Nkx3.1, and PSA protein were demonstrated with ZYF treatment. Co‐treatment with bicalutimide reducing cell growth, induced apoptosis, and reduced Bcl‐2 and BclxL, caspase‐3 and PARP. Co‐treatment also reduced Nkx3.1 and PSA protein.

CONCLUSIONS

These data indicate that ZYF suppresses cell growth mediated by AR signaling, and suggests that the co‐treatment with the anti‐androgen bicalutimide and ZYF may be a promising approach for cancer therapy and may demonstrate the mechanism of action of ZYF. Prostate 72:244–252, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Claudin‐4‐targeted therapy using Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin for prostate cancer
Authors: Maeda Toshihiro , Murata Masaki , Chiba Hideki , Takasawa Akira , Tanaka Satoshi , Kojima Takashi , Masumori Naoya , Tsukamoto Taiji , Sawada Norimasa
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) triggers lysis of epithelial cells through binding to tight‐junction proteins claudin‐3 (Cldn3) and Cldn4, which are over‐expressed in prostate cancer. We investigated the potential of Cldn‐targeted therapy using CPE.

METHODS

We investigated the expression levels and subcellular localization of Cldn3 and Cldn4 in primary human prostate cancer tissues, human prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1, DU145, and PC3) and normal human prostate epithelial cells (PrECs). Cytotoxic effects of CPE on these cells were examined by colorimetric assay. We studied whether knockdown of Cldn3 and/or Cldn4 expression using RNA interference influenced CPE‐mediated cytotoxicity. The therapeutic effect of CPE was evaluated in PC3 xenografts in athymic mice.

RESULTS

Cldn4 and Cldn3 were expressed in primary human prostate cancer tissues, 22Rv1, DU145, and PC3. Cldn4 protein was expressed in PrEC. Cldn4 was distributed along whole cell membranes of the cancer cell lines, whereas it was localized at tight junctions in PrEC. CPE‐mediated cytotoxicity was greatly detected in PC3, but was hardly detectable in PrEC. Reduced expression of Cldn4, but not Cldn3, led to remarkable decreases of cytotoxicity in both PC3 and 22Rv1. The injection of CPE around PC3 xenografts significantly suppressed tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

CPE‐mediated cytotoxicity was observed in human prostate cancer cell lines, but barely detected in normal human PrECs. The cytotoxic effect depended not only on the expression level of Cldn4 protein but also on its subcellular localization. These results suggest that Cldn4‐targeted therapy using CPE may be a new treatment for prostate cancer. Prostate 72:351–360, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal resistance, gain, and antiguiding factor of GaN‐based cyan laser diodes
Authors: Scheibenzuber W. G. , Schwarz U. T. , Lermer T. , Lutgen S. , Strauss U.
Published: June 2011

We present a highly precise method to determine the thermal resistance and the antiguiding factor of (Al,In)GaN laser diodes. Knowing the thermal resistance, we are able to exclude thermal effects and study the charge carrier density dependence of the optical gain and the refractive index. From these properties we determine the antiguiding factor. The method is applied to 489 nm (Al,In)GaN laser diodes with a high charge carrier density in the active region. For these laser diodes we find a high antiguiding factor of 10 ± 1 at the laser wavelength.

magnified image

Schematic drawing of the heat transport in a Fabry–Perot‐type ridge laser diode.
On the measurement of the Casimir torque
Authors: Chen Xiang , Spence John C. H.
Published: June 2011

We discuss the possibility of measuring the recently proposed Casimir torque between bi‐refringent crystals, using a torsion pendulum in dark vacuum. By simulation, we analyze the effects of precession, surface polish, and torque due to stray charge. We determine the experimental conditions under which the torque might be measured, and conclude that these are achievable with modern instrumentation, and we give an estimate of errors.
The Impact of Local Demand on Innovation in a Global Industry
Authors: Fabrizio Kira R. , Thomas L. G.
Published: June 2011

Localization of knowledge flows has been extensively examined in the literature on innovation. However, almost all previous research has focused on technological knowledge. This study examines why knowledge of demand can also be tacit and localized. We provide a detailed empirical study of the global pharmaceutical industry and find not only that demand is as important as technological knowledge in determining the pattern of innovation in this industry but also that innovation is a locally determined phenomenon. These findings contribute to research regarding determinants of innovations and provide an explanation for geographic patterns of innovation that is distinct from technological knowledge spillovers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler echocardiography for the analysis of fetal cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Tutschek B. , Schmidt K. G.
Published: June 2011

Objectives

Rhythm analysis of the fetal heart is hampered by the inability to routinely obtain electrocardiographic recordings of the fetus. Doppler studies of fetal cardiac tissue movements, assessing cardiac movements both qualitatively and quantitatively, have recently been described. We used a conventional high‐resolution ultrasound system to obtain rhythm data from pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler signals of the fetal heart in normal cardiac rhythm and in a variety of fetal cardiac arrhythmias.

Methods

Fifty‐five fetuses with normal (sinus) rhythm, 45 fetuses with rhythm disturbances and two neonates (one with arrhythmia and one with normal sinus rhythm) were studied. Using a conventional high‐resolution ultrasound system equipped for fetal studies, but without specific tissue Doppler hardware or software, we performed pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler echocardiography (PW‐TDE) of atrioventricular valve ring excursions to study the atrial and ventricular mechanical actions. In the neonates, electrocardiograms were also recorded.

Results

PW‐TDE in normal fetuses shows a typical pattern of tissue motion parallel to the long axis of the heart and in the opposite direction to the blood flow, both in systole and diastole. This pattern is easily obtained from the tricuspid valve annulus in normal sinus rhythm and shows characteristic changes in various fetal arrhythmias.

Conclusion

PW‐TDE of atrioventricular valve annulus movement patterns may prove to be a valuable additional tool for assessing fetal cardiac arrhythmias. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standardisierte Charakterisierung optischer Komponenten
Authors: Ristau Detlev
Published: June 2011

Zielsetzung des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es, einen Überblick zu den einschlägigen Messverfahren für die Bestimmung von Qualitätsparametern optischer Schichten und Laserkomponenten zu vermitteln. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei standardisierte Prüfverfahren für die spektralen Übertragungseigenschaften, für die optischen Verluste durch Streuung und Absorption, sowie die laserinduzierten Zerstörschwellen von Schichtoptiken. Die grundlegenden Prinzipien der Messverfahren werden erläutert und durch ausgewählte Beispiele illustriert. Der Beitrag soll die Messverfahren auf praktischer Ebene vorstellen und auch Hinweise für eine tiefere Einsicht in die Materie geben.
What a Difference Family‐Driven Makes: Stories of Success and Lessons Learned
Authors: Slaton A. Elaine , Cecil Carol W. , Lambert Lisa E. , King Teresa , Pearson Malisa Marie
Published: June 2011

Community Psychology's emphasis on citizen participation aligns with the nationwide children's mental health family movement and is clearly evident in communities that have made sustainable system changes. The national family movement has long advocated for the meaningful engagement of families and youth who are the focus population of the federal Children's Mental Health Initiative. Little rigorous research about the experience of families in leadership positions or of their impact on systems of care has been done. In the absence of scientifically acquired evidence, this article offers the reader a glimpse into the authority, influence and credibility earned by four family leaders as well as their impact on local system of care communities. Their stories occur in four distinct macro level arenas: governance, evaluation, legislative advocacy, and workforce development. In the end, common attributes emerge from their stories, providing anecdotal information useful to identifying the qualities of successful family leadership and their impact on sustainable macro level changes.
Colours of fruit and vegetables and 10-year incidence of CHD
Authors: Oude Griep Linda M. , Monique Verschuren W. M. , Kromhout Daan , Ocké Marga C. , Geleijnse Johanna M.
Published: June 2011

The colours of the edible part of fruit and vegetables indicate the presence of specific micronutrients and phytochemicals. The extent to which fruit and vegetable colour groups contribute to CHD protection is unknown. We therefore examined the associations between fruit and vegetables of different colours and their subgroups and 10-year CHD incidence. We used data from a prospective population-based cohort including 20 069 men and women aged 20–65 years who were enrolled between 1993 and 1997. Participants were free of CVD at baseline and completed a validated 178-item FFQ. Hazard ratios (HR) for the association between green, orange/yellow, red/purple, white fruit and vegetables and their subgroups with CHD were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. During 10 years of follow-up, 245 incident cases of CHD were documented. For each 25 g/d increase in the intake of the sum of all four colours of fruit and vegetables, a borderline significant association with incident CHD was found (HR 0·98; 95 % CI 0·97, 1·01). No clear associations were found for the colour groups separately. However, each 25 g/d increase in the intake of deep orange fruit and vegetables was inversely associated with CHD (HR 0·74; 95 % CI 0·55, 1·00). Carrots, their largest contributor (60 %), were associated with a 32 % lower risk of CHD (HR 0·68; 95 % CI 0·48, 0·98). In conclusion, though no clear associations were found for the four colour groups with CHD, a higher intake of deep orange fruit and vegetables and especially carrots may protect against CHD.
Vitamin A deficiency in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease
Authors: Peres W. A. F. , Chaves G. V. , Gonçalves J. C. S. , Ramalho A. , Coelho H. S. M.
Published: June 2011

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with oxidative stress and vitamin A possesses antioxidant activity. The objective of the present study was to investigate vitamin A nutritional status in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), according to biochemical, functional and dietetic indicators correlating these findings with liver function, liver damage and death. Vitamin A nutritional status was analysed by serum retinol levels, dietetic indicators and functional indicators. A total of 140 patients with HCV-related liver disease were enrolled. Vitamin A deficiency was detected in 54·3 % of all patients, and there was a progressive drop in serum retinol levels from chronic hepatitis C patients towards cirrhosis and HCC patients. Increased total bilirubin, liver transaminases and prothrombin time, presence of hepatic encephalopathy and ascites were related to reduced serum retinol levels, and values ≤ 0·78 μmol/l of serum retinol were associated with liver-related death. A high prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin A was observed in all stages of chronic liver disease. The functional indicator was not an adequate parameter for evaluating the vitamin A nutritional status. Therefore, serum retinol concentration is related to severity of the disease, liver complications and mortality. The effectiveness of nutritional counselling and measures of intervention in this group in improving vitamin A nutritional status should be examined further in a controlled study.
Manager Characteristics and Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Bhagat Sanjai , Bolton Brian , Subramanian Ajay
Published: June 2011

We investigate the effects of manager characteristics on capital structure in a structural model. We implement the manager’s optimal contracts through financial securities that lead to a dynamic capital structure, which reflects the effects of taxes, bankruptcy costs, and manager-shareholder agency conflicts. Long-term debt declines with the manager’s ability, inside equity stake, and the firm’s long-term risk, but increases with its short-term risk. Short-term debt declines with the manager’s ability, increases with her equity ownership, and declines with short-term risk. We show support for these implications in our empirical analysis.
‘Blessed is Whoever is Not Offended by Me’: The Subversive Appropriation of (Royal) Messianic Ideology in Q 3–7
Authors: Joseph Simon J.
Published: June 2011

Jesus is never explicitly identified as the ‘messiah’ orchristosin Q. The conspicuous absence of this particular term—so frequently used in the Pauline letters and the Gospels—is often taken to mean that the Q community was uninterested in, unaware of and/or rejected kerygmatic traditions which understood Jesus as a ‘messianic’ figure. Yet a careful analysis of the literary structure of Q 3–7 demonstrates that the redactor of Q both appropriated and subverted ‘traditional messianic expectations’ of a popular warrior-king by framing Jesus' baptism, temptation and Inaugural Sermon within announcement and confirmation passages that serve to both affirm andqualifyJesus' relationship to ‘messianic’ traditions. Located within a text dominated by the theme of eschatological reversal, the literary structure of Q 3–7 serves as a rhetorical defense in the redactor's construction of a new identity for Jesus.