bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy of Malaria
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

Malaria is one of the major health concerns of the world. Many researchers consider malaria to be the most important infectious dis ease, with an estimated 2.1 billion people living in areas where malaria is transmitted. Every year, there are 100 to 300 million new cases of malaria, and 1 to 2 million people die, mostly in Africa. In endemic malarial areas young children are at greatest risk be cause their natural immunity to the disease is weakest. In recent years the severity of the malaria problem has worsened in many parts of the world because of resistance of the parasites to antimalarial drugs, resistance of the mosquito vectors to insecticides; socioeconomic declines that have led to a de creased capacity to combat the disease, and movement of non immune populations into areas where malaria is transmitted.
Following Through with One’s Plans: Reply to David Gauthier
Authors: Bratman Michael E
Published: November 2023

We are planning agents. Planning helps us to realize ends that we value or desire, in part by helping us achieve important kinds of coordination, both intra-personal and social. A theory of practical rationality for agents like us should include a theory of rational planning (Bratman 1987). At least part of such a theory, and the focus of this discussion, will be a theory of instrumentally rational planning agency, planning agency that is rational in the pursuit of basic desires, ends, and values taken as given. A theory of instrumentally rational planning agency puts to one side important questions about the possibility of rational criticism of basic desires and ends. My discussion here of rational planning will be limited in this way throughout, though I will usually take the liberty of speaking simply of rational planning and action to avoid circumlocution.
Theorem 1
Authors: Burkholder Leslie
Published: November 2023

In a typical single-iteration prisoner’s dilemma (PD) game, each player has available two choices or actions, co-operate and defect. Each player gets a better pay-off by defecting, no matter what the other players do. But when all defect, each gets less than when all co-operate. A singleiteration PD might stand on its own. Agents or players might encounter each other only during a single play of the game, never before and never again. Or a single-iteration PD game might be part of a sequence of games involving the same players. In particular, it might be the last or terminating game or stage in a finite sequence of games. More particularly still, and the details will be gone into later in this paper, a PD game might be the last or terminating game in a sequence of games all but the last of which have no pay-offs or benefits or losses to any of the players but acquiring information or providing disinformation about how the players will act in the terminating PD game.
Akrasia And The Principle Of Continence or What the Tortoise Would Say to Achilles
Authors: Lazar Ariela
Published: November 2023

At a party, you offer me a cigarette and I consider your offer. On one hand, I reckon that smoking a cigarette now would be very enjoyable. On the other hand, I believe that smoking is detrimental to my health. Not only would smoking this cigarette be harmful in itself, I think, but it would also increase the probability of my picking up an abandoned habit of smoking. In short, accepting your offer for a cigarette decreases my chances of leading a long and healthy life. I consider this goal superior to that of enjoying the short-term pleasure from of smoking. Given my own values and goals, as well as the extent to which I believe accepting your offer would interfere with or satisfy them, I judge that I ought to decline your offer.
Relationships And Responsibilities
Authors: Jler Samuel Schef
Published: November 2023

How do we come to have responsibilities to some people that we do not have to others? In our everyday lives, many different kinds of considerations are invoked to explain these “special” responsibilities. Often we cite some kind of interaction that we have had with the person to whom we bear the responsibility. Perhaps we made this person a promise, or entered into an agreement with him. Or perhaps we feel indebted to him because of something heonce did for us. Or, again, perhaps we once harmed him in some way, and as a result we feel a responsibility to make reparation to him. In all of these cases, there is either something we have done or some thing the “beneficiary” of the responsibility has done that is cited as the source of that responsibility.
Practical Reason And Moral Certainty The Case of Discrimination
Authors: Richards Janet Radcliffe
Published: November 2023

The trouble with practical reasoning is that although it is something everybody has to do all the time, doing it well is often appallingly difficult. It is difficult enough even when it concerns only the practicalities of how to achieve some already deter mined goal, and the problem lies in trying to work out how to reach that goal with out disrupting too much else on the way. But when moral problems join the empirical ones, practical reasoning can seem impossible. It is all very well for philosophers to say that if you are a utilitarian you do this and if you are a Kantian you do that, but harassed doctors and politicians and directors of social services cannot get far on the basis of conditionals, and they cannot suspend all action until the fundamental truths of ethics have been finally settled. If moral philosophers are to be of any practical use, they must address the problems of making pressing decisions against a background of moral uncertainty and disagreement.
Origins of the Earth
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: November 2023

Everything in our universe, including the Earth and its living creatures, obeys the laws of physics, laws that became manifest in the first moments of time. Much of what we know to be true about the physical universe, like the curvature of spacetime and the fact that electrons are both particles and waves, is very difficult to visualize, even for people who spend their lives thinking about such topics. Moreover, as physicists and mathemeticians probe ever more deeply, they present us with ever more mind-boggling concepts, like the idea that subatomic particles may in fact be minute, vibrating “superstrings” of space, that our four-dimensional universe may actually be ten-dimensional, that the observable universe may be much smaller than the true universe, and that there may be many other universes besides our own.
How an organism Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: November 2023

The Mozart metaphor began with our delight in the sonata. We then acknowledged that the music was the consequence of notes and hammers. Invoking the concept of emergence, we can say that the music emerges from the notes. But there’s an intermediate level of emergence as well. From the notes emerge chords and phrases and tempos and melodies, and from these emerge the sonata as a whole. In the middle there are musical patterns.
Sex
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: November 2023

Eukaryotic sex is both ancient and ubiquitous: It arose some time prior to the Cambrian explosion, and is found in all the phyla that trace back to the Cambrian (Figure 3).
Johann Sebastian Bach
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Thuringia, on 21 March 1685 and died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 28 July 1750. The BWV numbers refer to Wolfgang Schmieder’s catalogue of Bach’s works, published in 1950. Schmieder was as retiring as one imagines librarians and archivists to be, and he did not want the items in the catalogue he spent years making referred to by S-numbers, comparable to the K-numbers associated with Ludwig Köchel’s Mozart catalogue; he recommended instead the use of BWV for Bach Werke Verzeichnis (Catalogue of Bach’s Works). Schmieder’s catalogue is arranged by categories rather than chronologically; thus his numbers tell us nothing about when a given work was composed. This is just as well, given the extensive revisions in Bach chronology that were made not long after the publication of the catalogue.
Johannes Brahms
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Using an idea from 1854 for its second movement, Brahms began work on his German Requiem early in 1865 and completed all but what is now the fifth movement in August 1866. Johannes Herbeck conducted the first three movements in Vienna on 1 December 1867. The first performance of the six movements then extant was given in the Bremen cathedral on Good Friday 1868, with the composer conducting and Julius Stockhausen as baritone soloist. Brahms added the fifth movement, “Ihr habt nun Traurigkeit,” in May 1868; that was first sung in Zurich on 17 September that same year by Ida Suter-Weber, with Friedrich Hegar conducting the Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra. The work was first given in its final seven-movement version in Leipzig on 18 February 1869 with Carl Reinecke, conducting the Gewandhaus Orchestra and Chorus, and soloists Emilie Bellingrath-Wagner and Franz Krückl.
Luigi Dallapiccola
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Dallapiccola composed the first section of the Canti, Preghiera di Maria Stuarda (Prayer of Mary Stuart), as an independent piece in 1938; it was first performed under the direction of Léonce Gras in Brussels on 10 April 1940. After that performance, the composer added the Invocazione di Boezio (Invocation of Boethius), completing it on 14 July, and also the Congedo di Girolamo Savonarola (Girolamo Savonarola’s Farewell), which he finished on 13 October 1941. The complete Canti had their first performance in Rome on 11 December 1941, Fernando Previtali conducting. Preghiera di Maria Stuarda is dedicated to Paul Collaer, music director of the Belgian Radio and a strong supporter of new music. Invocazione di Boezio is inscribed to the conductor Ernest Ansermet, and Congedo di Girolamo Savonarola to Sandro and Luisa Materassi, Sandro, a violinist, being Dallapiccola’s recital partner from 1930 into the 1970s.
Arthur Honegger
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

There are three versions of King David. Version I consists of twenty-seven numbers of incidental music for the eponymous play by René Morax. Honegger composed this between 25 February and 28 April 1921, completing the orchestration on 20 May. Marcelle Cheridjian-Charrey, accompanied by her husband, sang six of the solo movements with piano at a Paris concert on 2 June 1921, and Georges Hubbard sang three more at a concert on 7 June. The original King David was a spectacle that took more than four hours, about one hour of it being given over to music. Beginning on 11 June 1921, this was presented ten times that month and in July at the Thétre du Jorat at Mézières in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, with the composer conducting. The percussionist at these performances was the eighteen-year-old Maurice de Abravanel, who in his long career (without the “de”) as conductor would be one of Honegger’s most prominent interpreters.
Wolfgang Amadè Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The K numbers refer to the chronological catalogue of Mozart’s works published in 1862 by Ludwig, Ritter von Köchel, an Austrian botanist, mineralogist, and music bibliographer. His catalogue has several times been revised in the light of new knowledge, and when a K number appears with a second number in parentheses next to it, for example, K. 427(417a), the first is Köchel’s original, the other is the one in the most recent editions of the catalogue.
Boas’s Methodological Insights
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter we found Boas warning that faulty cultural comparisons may result from mistaking similar features of several cultures for the same feature. I have cited several of his examples, all of which involved an anthropologist comparing several cultures, none of which is his own. But Boas was also concerned with mistakes that are made in cases of another sort, those in which someone misunderstands another culture because it superficially resembles his own in some respect.
Our Relation to Other Cultures
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

The principle concern of moral relativists has been to dissuade the peoples of the world from thinking themselves superior to others where they do not see eye-to-eye on moral matters. What now becomes of that concern if, as I have argued, relativism must be abandoned? Does my argument have the consequence of giving encouragement to moral busybodies who think they know best how everyone should conduct theirs lives? No, for although my position does away with the relativist’s all-purpose argument against moral busybodies, there is nothing in it that opens the door to indiscriminate interference in the lives of other peoples.
Kant: Subjectivity and Apperception
Authors: Carr David
Published: November 2023

Is Kant’s philosophy a metaphysics of the subject? Certainly not, if we take him at his word in the Critique of Pure Reason. That work is indeed about metaphysics, but it is not itself a work of metaphysics. In fact, its central question is whether metaphysics, as conceived by the philosophical tradition, is even possible as a science; and Kant concludes that it is not. And since traditional metaphysics, according to Kant, addresses itself to the problems of God, freedom, and immortality, (A3B7), and since at least two of these problems involve meta physical claims about the nature of the self, a metaphysics of the self in this sense seems to be ruled out. And indeed, as we know, important sections of the Critique are devoted to showing how metaphysical claims about the immortality and the freedom of the human subject cannot be supported. Far from offering us a metaphysics of the subject, then, Kant seems not merely to exempt himself from such a project, but even to declare it impossible for anyone else.
Speciation: The Ecological Transition
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

The role of ecological processes in speciation has been the subject of debate for several decades (Schluter, 1998). Two principal ideas emerge. The most prominent is that divergent natural selection on populations in different envi-ronments drives the development of pre- and postzygote barriers to gene ex change (Mayr, 1942, 1963; Dobzhansky, 1951). The second idea is that ecological processes influence speciation principally through their effect on the viability of populations (Mayr, 1963; Allmon, 1992). How these processes work will be the subject of much of this book.
Speciation: The Genetic Transition
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

The genetic changes leading to the formation of new species are poorly under stood and are the subject of considerable debate. Some evolutionists propose that major gene changes may propel populations into different reproductive or ecological realms and thereby promote speciation (Gottlieb, 1984). Speciation may be a direct result of selection acting on these genes or a pleiotropic consequence of adaptive shifts elsewhere in the genome (Templeton, 1980). Others propose that the interactive effects of many minor gene loci produce divergent reproductive or ecological profiles (Barton and Charles worth, 1984; Coyne and Lande, 1985). These views are not mutually exclusive; some differences may be dictated by major genes, while others may be dictated by poly genes.
The Geographical Expansion of Neospecies
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

If we track the distributions of successful species, we find that they pass through four major stages. The first stage is one of expansion that ends with the neospecies reaching its geographical limits. This stage is the focal point of this chapter. The second stage is essentially one of macro distributional stasis, unless novel habitats are invaded. The third stage involves the dissection and/ or movement of a species range in response to major environmental change. The fourth stage involves the contraction and fragmentation of a species range, which when carried to the extreme results in extinction.
The Persistence and Sorting of Incipient Species
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

The emergence of full-fledged neospecies is preceded by the evolution of incipient neospecies (species in statu nascendi). They have distinctive ecological pro files and/or genetic systems, but are not sufficiently divergent to warrant recognizing them as neospecies. Incipient neospecies will have short evolutionary futures if they cannot move beyond their locus of origin. In this chapter, I will discuss the fate of incipient neospecies, especially in terms of their survival and the impact that differential survival has on the character of full-fledged neospecies.
Economic and Medicolegal Aspects of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Weir Bryce
Published: November 2023

Throughout the Western world there has been an increasing realization that resources available for the treatment of disease are not infinite and that difficult choices will have to be made to decide who gets what kind of treatment. Although most physicians accept that ethically we should do for others what we would like to have done for ourselves, this may not always be practical or possible. As the population ages and new public health threats arise, society may not be able to afford the luxury of fully investigating every patient with a possible subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), regardless of age, general health, or ability to pay. It has therefore become a legitimate field of scientific inquiry to examine the economic consequences of various diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We must now overcome our distaste for this type of pursuit and seriously consider such concepts as “cost per quality-adjusted life year gained.” Without abandoning our role as the patient’s ultimate defender, estimating the financial consequences of our medical actions or inactions can be viewed as helpful.
Physiology of Aneurysmal rupture and Vasospasm
Authors: Weir Bryce
Published: November 2023

The brain is an engine that uses highenergy phosphates as fuel. These compounds are produced by the oxidation of glucose in the glycolytic pathway, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. The ratios of different adenine nucleotides give a measure of energy production and utilization in nervous tissue. Adenosine diphosphate and orthophosphate are converted by oxidative metabolism to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used directly in the osmotic (ion transport, axoplasmic transport) and biosynthetic (production of lipids, proteins, ribonucleic acid [RNA], deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA], and polysaccharides) work of the brain. More than half of the oxidative metabolism is devoted to ion pumping. The sodium-potassium pump (Na+ /K+) and ATP couple the accumulation of K+ inside the cell and the transport of Na+ to the outside. With cellular electrical activity, there is a passive flux in the opposite direction (K+ to the outside; Na+ and Ca2+ to the inside). The 40-fold lower extracellular K+ concentration is the main determinant of the inside negative 60-to 90-mV membrane potential across the neuronal wall. The extracellular concentration of Na+ is 10 times higher than the intracellular concentration; for Ca2+, this difference is 10,000-fold. Neurotransmitter metabolism accounts for only 1% of energy metabolism.
Primary Vascular Abnormalities
Authors: Weir Bryce
Published: November 2023

In one of every five or six patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), no aneurysm is apparent on the initial angiogram. According to the Dutch group that has done the most extensive studies of this syndrome, two-thirds of patients with initially negative angiography show a CT pattern of perimesencephalic blood (blood confined to the cisterns around the upper brain stem). In their opinion, such a pattern means that the patient invariably has a good prognosis and obviates the need for a second angiogram.1 If the pattern of blood in the basal cisterns is more diffuse or anteriorly located, the patient with the initially negative angiogram can have an occult aneurysm, an intracranial arterial dissection, a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), infective aneurysms, trauma, bleeding disorders, substance abuse, or spinal origin of the hemorrhage. If the early CT scan shows no evidence of blood, the chance that the patient will have xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is extremely low. In such instances, the Dutch research group recommends a second reading of the initial CT scan for the presence of blood in the prepontine cistern. They recommend dropping the umbrella term “angiogram-negative SAH.”
Human Reproductive Cloning: A Look at the Arguments against It and a Rejection of Most of Them
Authors: Gillon Raanan
Published: November 2023

Human reproductive cloning—replication of genetically identical or near identical human beings—can hardly be said to have had a good press. Banned in one way or another by many countries including the United Kingdom, execrated by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization as “ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality,” forbidden by the European Commission through its Biotechnology Patents Directive, by the Council of Europe through its Bioethics Convention, and by UNESCO through its Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, clearly human cloning arouses massive disapproval. What are the reasons, and especially the moral reasons, offered as justifications for this wholesale disapproval?
Key to the major groups and Families
Authors: Felger Richard Stephen , Johnson Matthew Brian , Wilson Michael Francis
Published: November 2023

The definitive treatment of the trees and tree-like plants of Sonora, a remarkably diverse and biologically important region, ranging from some of the driest and hottest areas in North America to cool, temperate woodlands and the northernmost tropical regions in the New World. The majority of the trees in this semi-arid region are at their northern limits in the Americas in this state and many range to South America. Thus, this book will be important to biologists in regions well outside of the area covered. Felger is the recognized expert in the area, and the book contains an enormous body of information nowhere else obtainable. The introductory chapter contains biotic and climatic information and an analysis of the geographical distributions of the trees of a state that is poorly known biologically. Two hundred eighty-five species of native and naturalized trees are covered, featuring extensive identification keys and illustrations, most of them newly produced for this book.
A One-Dimensional Developmental System and Life-Long Silk Synthesis May Preclude the Evolution of Higher Eusociality in Spiders
Authors: Craig Catherine L
Published: November 2023

Sociality—cooperative nest building and the sharing of tasks—has evolved in all higher orders of insects (Holldobler and Wilson 1990). Of these higher orders, the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and Isoptera (termites) are remarkable for the variety of social systems they include. Their life histories vary from solitary, to “primitively” social (individuals living in colonies with primitive caste systems; that is, they differ in physiology and size), to highly “eusocial” (individuals living in colonies characterized by reproductive and worker castes). The highest levels of social complexity are characterized by the evolution of queen and worker that includes the evolution of multiple, morphologically diverse worker castes (Wilson 1971; Wheeler 1986).

The most important advantage of sociality is “energetic”: individuals living as a group are better able to withstand the effects of fluctuating environments.
The Naxi of Lijiang County
Authors: Rees Helen
Published: November 2023

The Naxi exemplify many of the characteristics of the minority-state relationship described in the last chapter. Officially recognized in 1954, they are regarded by most scholars as a branch of a western people termed “Qiang” in Chinese historical sources, and are thought to have migrated to northern Yunnan during the Han dynasty. Their language is generally assigned to the Yi branch of TibetoBurman (Kou, Wang, and He 1995: 12; McKhann 1992: 383; Ramsey 1987: 265). The 1990 population census of the People’s Republic of China announced a grand total of277,750 Naxi, of whom 265,450 lived in Yunnan Province, 8,595 in Sichuan Province, and 1,333 in southeast Tibet, with small numbers elsewhere. The greatest concentration of Naxi is in Lijiang County in northwest Yunnan, where slightly more than 180,000 were registered in 1990 (Zhongguo 1990 Nian Renkou Pucha Ziliao: 311; Yunnan Cidian 1993: 62).
The Musical World of Republican Ljjiang
Authors: Rees Helen
Published: November 2023

“Each of the different kinds of barbarians has its own songs and leaping songdances,” says Guan Xuexuan, compiler of the eighteenth-century Lijiang gazetteer (Lijiang Fu Zhilüe 1991 [1743]: 208). Early-twentieth-century Lijiang also offered a wonderfully diverse soundscape, created through the interaction of a multitude of ethnic, religious, economic, political, and technological factors. There is much validiry in the constantly repeated truism that, then as now, the opposite poles on a continuum from “Naxi” to “sinicized” are represented by remote mountainous villages at one end and Dayan Town at the other, with the lowland rural areas of the Lijiang basin and the banks of the Jinsha River coming somewhere in between. Yet within this common conceptual framework, there must remain room for shades of meaning and greater subtlery of distinction.
The Dongjing Music Revival: Have Music, Will Travel
Authors: Rees Helen
Published: November 2023

Like many other forms of traditional music, Dongjing music began to experience a tentative revival at the end of the 1970s. Though this could not have occurred without the national political liberalization, the catalysts in the revival were the enthusiastic individuals who had the courage, imagination, and organizational skills to lead the way. At the same time, the tradition has experienced the same problems as its counterparts elsewhere in China—a mainly middle-aged and elderly population of aficionados, a shortage of young recruits, and financial limitations. Nevertheless, the groups still playing the music in the 1990s have solved some or all of these problems, so that there is once again a network of individual and group interaction conducted through the medium of Dongjing music in Lijiang County.
Conclusion
Authors: Rees Helen
Published: November 2023

In the twentieth century, Lijiang’s Oongjing music has been exalted ritual music, refined secular entertainment, funeral music, tool of patriotic and political propaganda, object of musicological interest, emblem of place and ethnicity, and an economic asset in the socialist market economy and the tourist trade. Over the last fifty years it has also traveled a trajectory of geographically widening recognition and significance.
Narcolepsy and Related Disorders
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Narcolepsy is a disorder of particular interest to sleep medicine specialists because it appears to be caused by a defect in the fundamental process of sleep-wake regulation. Although the precise central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction that leads to narcolepsy is as yet unknown, it seems likely that elucidation of the dysfunction will lead to or accompany fundamental breakthroughs in the understanding of how the brain regulates sleep and wakefulness.
Chronobiologic Disorders
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

The circadian pacemaker exerts a powerful influence on sleep and wakefulness (see Chap. 4), and when it is not in phase with the desired sleep-wake schedule, sleep-wake disturbances can occur. Symptoms include sleepiness when alertness is desired, insomnia when sleep is desired, or both. The six chronobiologic disorders listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders1 are discussed in this chap ter. Because knowledge of chronobiology is essential for understanding these disorders, the reader may benefit from reading Chapter 4 before continuing with this chapter.
Medical Causes of Disordered Sleep
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Because the pathophysiology of many medical disorders is altered during non rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and because nocturnal symptoms and their management often differ from daytime symptoms and their management, a comprehensive review of sleep disturbance in medical dis eases would require a large textbook. Major textbooks of internal medicine, often more than 2000 pages in length, focus largely on daytime manifestations of dis ease; a similar volume covering disease manifestations during the third of our lives spent asleep would probably require I 000 pages, far beyond the scope of this work.
Materials with high dark conductivity
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

A remarkable aspect of organic systems that in their pure state have such a high resistivity is that some of them show enormous increases in conductivity when mixed with each other. As may be seen in Table V.l, the dark conductivities of some of the organic compounds resemble those of metals. This is particularly true of tetracyanoquinodimethane{TCNQ} salts, to be described at greater longth shortly.
The Ethics of Punishing Indigent Parents
Authors: Roberts Dorothy
Published: November 2023

How should the criminal justice system address the disproportionatenumber of poor people who are punished for crime? The answer depends on the nature of the relationship between poverty and crime as well as between criminal punishment and social justice. Scholarly debate on this issue has focused on the claim that deprivation provides an excuse for crime because it impairs moral responsibility for criminal conduct. Crime, punishment, and poverty are connected in other ways as well, and these connections also have implications for the culpability of indigent offenders. In this essay, I explore the ethics of punishing indigent lawbreakers by considering the association between poverty and the crimes of child abuse and neglect.
Homelessness in the Criminal Law
Authors: Failer Judith Lynn
Published: November 2023

Anatole France once wrote that 11 [t]he law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the street, and to steal bread. “In this essay I also challenge that so-called II majestic equality” by looking at the ways in which poor people-and homeless people in particularhave not so equal standing in American criminal law.
Material Poverty—Moral Poverty
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The persistence of poverty in a rich society should be a source of shameregardless of whether the material inequality results in increased crime. Yet the argument is often made that poverty drives the poor to a life of crime. So far as the labels “liberal” and “conservative” are useful markers of political orientation, the belief that poverty causes crime is usually associated with liberals. Conservatives, it seems, are more inclined to locate the ultimate cause of crime not in the offender’s surroundings but in the personality of the offender. There is no need, the conservative argument runs, to look behind the evil person who acts in an anti-social way. The will to do evil is manifested in the deed and that is all the explanation one needs.
Education
Authors: Louden Robert B
Published: November 2023

As noted earlier, in The Metaphysics of Morals Kant describes the second part of practical philosophy, “moral anthropology,” as dealing with “the development, spreading, and strengthening of moral principles (in education in schools and in popular instruction), and with similar teachings and precepts based on experience” (6:217). This description of the sorts of questions moral anthropology is to address gives the second part of ethics a pronounced pedagogical flavor, and suggests also that a likely place to look for details concerning Kant’s impure ethics is in his writings on education.
History
Authors: Louden Robert B
Published: November 2023

Kant’s writings on history occupy a middle position between the texts examined in earlier chapters, in the sense that they are neither edited versions of lectures he gave in various seminars nor large, systematic works that he published himself. Rather, his views on the philosophy of history for the most part are presented in short, informal essays published between the mid-l780s and mid-l790s, many of which first appeared in journals. Among the most important of these writings are: (1) “Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View” (first published in 1784 in the Berlinische Monatschrift), (2) reviews of parts 1 and 2 of Herder’s book Ideas for a Philosophy of the History of Humanity (first published in 1785 in separate issues of the Jenaische Allgemeine Literaturzeitung), (3) “Conjectural Beginnings of Human History” (1786, Berlinische Monatschrift), (4) “The End of All Things” (1794, Berlinische Monatschrift), (5) “An Old Question Raised Again: Is the Human Race Constantly Improving? ” (probably written in 179 5),1 and (6) “Perpetual Peace” (published separately as an essay by Kant in 179 5). Additionally, sections 83-84 of the Critique of Judgment also count as being among Kant’s most important discussions of the philosophy of history.
Saved by impurity?
Authors: Louden Robert B
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I have examined in detail the central fields or areas of Kant’s impure ethics as presented in his own published writings and related lecture materials. Because this second part of Kant’s ethics is not well known and often conflicts with the standard picture of his moral philosophy, and because there is also no single textual source in which it is presented, it was necessary to quote extensively from a wide variety of texts-both to allow him to speak for himself, and to provide readers with sufficient textual data to form a coherent picture of their own as to what this second part of ethics actually looks like.
Flesh-Eating Beetles and The Secret Art & Taxidermy
Authors: Asma Stephen T
Published: November 2023

Collecting and Displaying natural history specimens is a more complex and dramatic activity than most museum visitors appreciate. The specimens themselves, for example, have intriguing and elaborate histories that largely go untold, because, unlike fine art objects, their individuality must be subjugated to the needs of scientific pedagogy. Generations of visitors at the American Museum of Natural History, for example, examined an Inuit skeleton as part of a general anthropology exhibit, unaware of the skeleton’s own peculiar history.

In 1993 the American Museum of Natural History finally returned this particular skeleton, the remains of an Inuit man named Qisuk, to his descendants in western Greenland. Qisuk and other Inuits, including his six-year-old son, Minik, had been “acquired” as living specimens during an Arctic expedition in 1897. After polar explorer Robert Peary convinced the Inuits to return with him, the new emigrants found themselves housed in the basement of the American Museum of Natural History. Shortly after arriving, Qisuk died of tuberculosis, and unbeknownst to Minik, the museum staff removed Qisuk’s flesh, cleaned his bones, and put him on display for New York audiences. Some time later Minik, who originally had been told that his father’s bones had been returned home for proper burial, stumbled across his own father in an exhibit display case.
Taxonomic Intoxication, part II: In Search The Engine Room
Authors: Asma Stephen T
Published: November 2023

Looking Out The Dusty Window of the Galerie d’anatomie comparée, one can see the giant botanical hothouse and the multicolored “carpeting” of blooming flowers and herbs. It was somewhere out there, in the sculpted Jardin des plantes, that a small flock of new students hovered around a professor named Bernard de Jussieu. The year was 1738, and the Garden of Plants was then called the Jardin duroi. Jussieu’s official title at the garden was “subdemonstrator of the exterior of plants” (which was considerably more prestigious than it sounds), and he was taking a group of students through some botany drills. Jussieu must have smiled as he held up one plant in particular. Turning to the students, he asked them whether they could identify this utterly rare and unfamiliar specimen. He probably paused dramatically, knowing full well that no one would be able to identify the obscure plant. Being a college professor myself, I know all about this useful pedagogic technique. You ask some thoroughly impossible question, and then you wait for the crushing silence to humble all the students into studying harder. It’s very effective, as long as you don’t use it too often.
Work, Family, and Leisure
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Many people who develop RA become suddenly aware of how they once took for granted their ability to perform everyday activities. From the smallest of tasks such as opening a door or brushing one's teeth to the larger responsibilities of running the house, providing for the family, and holding down a job, the "activities of daily living," as occupational therapists refer to them, can take on a new significance. If you're struggling with activities that once seemed basic, you're not alone. Painful joints, restricted mobility, and fatigue can cause many people with RA to leave the paid labor force or cut down significantly on the number of hours they work outside the home, participate less in social and recreational activities, and to some degree become dependent on others for assistance with certain tasks.
Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Menopause
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Conceiving a baby, growing it in the womb, giving birth, and raising a child can be some of the most fulfilling experiences life has to offer a woman— whether she has RA or not. There's no doubt that you'll face challenges as a woman with RA, but moms who live with the disease and experts agree: If you want to have children, the rewards far outweigh the difficulties you may face. Your chances of becoming pregnant are normal, pregnancy will not make your disease worse, and your arthritis will not harm your baby, although there is a small possibility that RA will be passed along to your child through your genes and affect him or her later in life.
More Resources
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Your PLAN TO WIN involves learning everything you can about RA. By reading this book, you've taken a giant leap forward in your understanding of the disease process, and you've gained a vast amount of knowledge about how you, personally, can influence your symptoms and prevent joint damage. A book such as this one aims to provide information and tools in many areas: from lifestyle to medications, exercise, relationships, sex, mind-body work, nutrition, reproductive health, and surgery. As such, it can only scratch the surface of many of these topics. We have drawn on hundreds of studies, reports, books, and experts worldwide to provide you with the most reliable, up-to-date information, but there is always more to be learned.
Using Their Advice and Counsel
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Kim looked up to her sister, Sandy, who was two years older. She followed Sandy in nearly everything she did: volleyball and seftball, schoolwork and soda[ life. Far from minding, Sandy thrived on the attention and chance to show her younger sister everything that exdted her. Sandy was successful and popular. She was proud of Kim as her life took a similar shape. As they grew up together, each came to think of the other as her best friend. They confided everything, espedally late at night when Kim came to visit in Sandy’s room before they went to sleep. They spoke about things they would never think of talking about with their parents. The summer she turned fourteen, Kim was at once exdted and anxious about entering high school in the fall. She knew she could rely on Sandy’s advice and counsel, and she sensed she would need it more than ever. In late June, while riding with some friends just recently licensed to drive, Sandy was killed in an auto acddent. Kim felt betrayed by fate and abandoned by her sister just when she needed her most.
Meeting Them in Things They Leave Behind
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Dad died thirty years ago. I now have only a few photographs of him. One of Dad and Mom on their wedding day is now on a shelf in our family room. I see more in that photo than just the joy of that day. I see all the years of their marriage as I know them. I see how he was with Mom. And I see how he was with my brother, John, and me. I expect to have more photos and scrapbook materials when my brother and I eventually sort through the albums Mom now has. When I go through them now, I visit with Dad again, recall what he was like, and find what grounded me and shaped my early years. I also revisit objects in the photos, especially Dad’s hats, a console radio, early televisions, favorite chairs, an old dining room set, and Ford cars that are filled with his character and my life with him. In addition to the photos, I expect one day to have a simple, wooden hanging shelf that Dad made for me for the model cars we made together when I was a boy. Such are the few tangible remnants of his life.
Their Spirits Are with Us
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

In the letter Joy wrote Lewis to introduce herself, she admires his children’s books. And, she adds, “I can’t decide whether you’d like to be the child caught in the spell or the magician casting it.” Lewis, reading the letter aloud to his brother, says she writes as if she knows him. “I suppose there’s something of me in my books, isn’t there?” T¼rnie responds, “I expect it’s just the American style. Americans don’t understand about inhibition.” When they meet, it is apparent that Joy’s is not an inhibited spirit. She is vivacious. She embraces life with enthusiasm. Lewis’s spirit, on the other hand, is cautious and reserved. He knows inhibition well. He likes the idea of casting a magic spell, but there is little magic in his own life. When Joy asks him about an annual festival where a boys’ choir climbs to the Oxford roeftops to greet the sunrise with song, he says, “I’ve never gone in for seeing the sights.” She asks, “What do you do? Just walk around with your eyes shut?” Another time, Joy asks whether a picture on his study wall depicts a real place.
Excursus on Wittgenstein’s Vision of Language
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

In speaking of the vision of language underlying ordinary language procedures in philosophy, I had in mind something I have suggested in discussing Wittgenstein’s relation of grammar and criteria to “forms of life”, and in emphasizing the sense in which human convention is not arbitrary but constitutive of significant speech and activity; in which mutual under standing, and hence language, depends upon nothing more and nothing less than shared forms of life, call it our mutual attunement or agreement in our criteria.
Allometry and Natural Selection
Authors: Bonner John Tyler , Horn Henry S
Published: November 2023

The whole point of scaling in general and allometry in particular is to understand the effect of changes in size on the construction of organisms. Going back to Galileo and D’Arcy Thompson, there are problems which are imposed by increased size when one considers that weight goes up as the cube of the linear dimensions and strength as the square. And there are all those interesting physiological matters which stem from the fact that, like weight, metabolism is related to the cube of the linear dimensions, while the diffusion of food and the exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, is a square function dependent on the surface area of the individual.
Why and How Phylogenetic Relationships Should Be Incorporated into Studies of Scaling
Authors: Kozlowski Paul H Harvey
Published: November 2023

Under what circumstances should we use phylogenetic information when examining scaling? I shall argue that we should use phylogenetic information whenever we can get it. That position is almost universally accepted by evolutionary biologists, and is widely accepted by comparative morphologists, physiologists, and even ethologists. Reticence remains among some ecologists, but force of example is showing its value even there. For example, we shall see that new patterns in community structure, which are generated in ecological rather than evolutionary time, are revealed when data are analyzed in a phylogenetic context. When those patterns are subjected to further scrutiny, they make good ecological and evolutionary sense.
The Critique of Consciousness in Existentialism and Linguistic Behaviorism
Authors: Antonaccio Maria
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, I tried to show that Murdoch’s retrieval of metaphysics and her defense of moral realism provide the condition for relating knowledge and morality by establishing a formal correlation between notions of self and good. The purpose of the present chapter and the one following it is to clarify Murdoch’s substantive account of the moral self, focusing especially on her claims about consciousness. These two chapters are crucial in establishing the book’s general thesis that the importance of Murdoch’s thought for contemporary ethics lies in her effort to redescribe the moral self and its integral relation to the good. To the extent that she succeeds in this effort, she may be said to articulate a “moral ontology” in which the self is conceived as situated within a “space” or framework of questions about the good.
Introduction
Authors: Pietersma Henry
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to adopt a phenomenological attitude, or follow the associated method, in matters epistemological? Husserl, the father of phenomenology, often starts by contrasting the phenomenological with what he calls the natural attitude, which is that of common sense and science. And in his doctrine of knowledge, he criticizes epistemologists who presuppose the validity of the natural attitude and are in whole or in part, implicitly or explicitly, indebted to it. Phenomenological epistemology, he argues, breaks with that attitude and focuses its attention differently: not on objects, but on their experience. It is supposed to find its subject matter by reflection on our cognitive experience, which is the reason he often develops his own thoughts by starting with some laudatory comments about Descartes. Let us therefore start off by saying that the stand point of phenomenology is that of reflection and that it approaches cognitive experience from within, i.e., from a first-person point of view. Since this formulation implies some sort of contrast with a non-reflective, third-person approach to the subject matter of epistemology, it does not help us very much until we have a sense of this contrast.
Introduction
Authors: Reardon Colleen
Published: November 2023

In his acclaimed compendium of the lives of famous Sienese, Le pompe sanesi (Pistoia, 1649), Isidoro Ugurgieri Azzolini dedicates a chapter to women of distinction from his native city. Near the end of the chapter, after many short biographies devoted to the charms of noblewomen married to prominent aristocrats, he abandons his usual format of separate, numbered entries and instead rushes headlong into paragraphs describing not the rank and status but rather the talents of a number of his Sienese compatriots, most of them unnamed.