bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neo-liberalism, social democracy or a social market system in South Africa?
Authors: Vorster JM
Published: June 2020

Despite the establishment of a full democracy in South Africa 25 years ago, the economy of the country has not answered to the ideals of economic growth and the alleviation of poverty as set by the various parties at the dawn of this new dispensation. Several political administrations have since endeavoured to address the problem with different plans and economic programmes. Characteristic of these plans is the fact that the focus fluctuated between neo-liberal principles and government-regulated social democratic ideas. The programmes reflect the vigorous debate in South African political circles between proponents of the neo-liberal philosophy of the economy and proponents of social democracy. The debated question is: What economic policy will suit South Africa to enable this country to deal with the perennial poverty and inequality in the best way? Should it be mere neo-liberalism or an authoritarian social democratic philosophy? This article aims to introduce a Christian-ethical perspective on the qualities of South African versions of neo-liberalism and socio-democracy in view of the obligation of the markets and the government to pursue the best policy to alleviate poverty and its various social effects. The central theoretical argument of this article is that a Christian-ethical approach holds that the government of the day is responsible to address poverty by applying a policy of economic growth that is immediately effective and sustainable on the long run. This policy entails a strategy that can be termed a “social market economy”, which sustains the freedom of the market, but facilitates limited government involvement in the economy on behalf of the poor.
Wolverine (2013) Filminin Tekno- Oryantalizm Bağlamında İncelenmesi
Authors: BECERİKLİ Rifat
Published: June 2020

Edward Said genel olarak, Batılı toplumların Doğu ülkeleri üzerindeki güç ve iktidar oluşturmak için kullandığı hegemonik ilişkilerin bütününü oryantalizm olarak tanımlamaktadır. Zaman içinde oryantalizm düşüncesi çeşitli biçimlere evrilerek farklı coğrafyalarda yeniden tanımlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda son yıllarda özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin başta Japonya olmak üzere Doğu Asya ülkeleri üzerinde kurmaya çalıştığı hegemonik ilişki biçimine tekno-oryantalizm adı verilmektedir. Tekno-oryantalizm düşüncesinin genel olarak bilimkurgu filmlerinde görünür olduğu bilinmektedir. Özellikle Hollywood filmleri Batılı egemen düşüncenin oluşturulmasında ve yayılmasında başat faktörlerden biridir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada dünya çapında en çok izlenen ve filmin neredeyse tamamı Japonya’da geçen The Wolverine eseri örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Araştırmada betimsel film analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı tekno-oryantalizm bağlamında filmsel evrendeki görünmez kodları ortaya çıkararak zımni olarak yer alan Batılı iktidar ve güç ilişkisini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Sonuç olarak filmin anlatısında tekno-oryantalist bakış açısıyla yaratılan Wolverine karakterinin Batılı zihinde ekonomik ve teknolojik olarak yükselen Japonya ve Doğu Asya tehdidini gidererek Batılı seyirciyi rahatlatmaya çalıştığı ortaya çıkmaktadır.
USE OF E-SOLUTIONS FOR PLANNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AHs UNDER CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION OF AUTHORITY IN UKRAINE
Authors: Kharlamova G.
Published: June 2020

The issue of decentralization in Ukraine is gaining momentum, and despite the first positive results, AHs are facing a lack of information for sound management decisions. E-solutions and the transition to successful data-driven management are essential tools for AHs. The developed structure of the diversification of interests of the actors of the process is capable to provide the basis for highly effective e-decisions (dashboards), which able the communities to carry out successful strategies and target their operational activities. A powerful modeling tool, including ANOVA and regression analysis, has confirmed that all AHs currently have a diversified path of development and have not yet demonstrated the synergy of response to government steps and policies to support them. A major problem for communities, on the one hand, is the lack of data to track their socio-economic development and, on the other hand, the opening of registers and access to data through the ESD, raise issues for communities about the methodology and tools for their prompt processing and interpretation. The econometric model-based scenario solutions have the potential to become a powerful management tool in the hands of the ATs chairman. The model approach proposed in the article can become a measure of the success and failure of local policy and become a tool for choosing the direction of the AHs’ development.
A Meta-Study of the Journal of Mental Health Counseling: An Analysis of Publication Characteristics, 2000–2019
Authors: Menzies Alyson , Kepley Leah , Crockett Stephanie A. , Erford Bradley T. , Byrd Rebekah , Aier Benlina
Published: June 2020

Articles published in the Journal of Mental Health Counseling (JMHC) from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed to find patterns over time in author characteristics (e.g., demographic information, work setting, and leading contributors and institutions) and article content (e.g., typology, research methodology, research design, sophistication of statistical applications, and participant characteristics). A majority of JMHC lead and total authors are women, while the proportion of practitioner authors dropped significantly over the past 20 years from nearly 15% to less than 5%. Topical content was stable, while the proportion of research articles rose significantly to more than 50% from 2000 to 2019. JMHC displayed consistency in nearly all research study characteristics, commensurate with a mature scholarly journal. Journal reporting standards were stable for sample reliability and validity. JMHC made great strides in increasing the proportion of research studies reporting effect sizes over the past 20 years and is well positioned to continue meeting the scholarly needs of the mental health community.
Los catálogos humorísticos de las Exposiciones Nacionales de Bellas Artes en el último tercio del siglo XIX.
Authors: Bazán de Huerta Moisés
Published: June 2020

RESUMEN: Las Exposiciones Nacionales de Bellas Artes son un factor relevante para valorar el arte español contemporáneo. Inauguradas en 1856, durante más de un siglo fueron la principal vía promocional y su celebración se convirtió en un evento no solo artístico, sino también social. Se publicaba un Catálogo Oficial, que identificaba títulos y autores. Pero generaban también guías y ediciones paralelas, además de un gran aparato crítico en prensa.Nos ocupamos en concreto de los catálogos humorísticos que parodiaban en versos satíricos el contenido de las Exposiciones. Es una fuente poco conocida y singular, escrita para servir de guía al espectador mientras visitaba la muestra. Sus autores fueron escritores con afianzada trayectoria y también críticos de arte, que aunaban destreza literaria, ingenio y humor. El artículo analiza estas fuentes y recoge amenos ejemplos que ofrecen una alternativa a la crítica de arte en el último tercio del XIX. Palabras clave: Exposiciones Nacionales; catálogo; crítica de arte; humor; arte español.
Application of screen-printed sensors for the determination of painkillers
Authors: Sasal Agnieszka , Tyszczuk-Rotko Katarzyna
Published: June 2020

This paper addresses the problem of the intensive development of the pharmaceutical industry and its consequences for the natural environment. The characteristics of the most commonly consumed pharmaceutical preparations and the ways of these substances penetrating into water ecosystems are presented. Attention was paid to the need to monitor environmental contamination and to search for new methods that would enable routine quality control of natural water samples. The application of modern, miniature screen-printed sensors for the determination of trace concentrations of selected active substances of pharmaceutical preparations are presented.
The application of lignin as renewable raw material in chemical industry
Authors: Goliszek Marta , Podkościelna Beata
Published: June 2020

The overutilization of fossil fuels will inevitably cause the global environmental problems and dwindling of available resources. For that reason, identifying renewable sustainable alternatives has attracted an increasing attention. Lignocellulosic biomass has been considered to be one of the most logical feedstock to replace traditional fossil resources as one of the most accessible renewable forms of carbon. One of the primary components of lignocellulosic biomass, next to hemicellulose and cellulose is lignin. It is a by-product in paper and pulp industry. Lignin is mainly used as fuel directly, without further utilization which is suggested to be a waste of natural resources. With this purpose, the valorization of lignin into value-added products needs particular attention of researchers. This review article focuses on chosen possible applications of lignin in chemical industry.
Artificial skin composites
Authors: Ładniak Agata
Published: June 2020

Skin injuries are a health problem and can lead to serious, significant deterioration in the quality of life and, consequently, even illness and disability. Therefore, after wounding, immediate regeneration of the tissue is necessary to avoid further complications and pathogenesis. Consequently, many wound healing strategies have been developed, leading to the progress in constructing of multifunctional tissue substitutes for the skin, biomembranes, scaffolds and intelligent dressings. The field of science focusing on the creation of the above-mentioned products is tissue engineering (TE). Its main goal is to find a system that is able to replace or be a model that perfectly mimics the form and function of the skin. Research carried out on such constructs is mainly based on the analysis of mechanical properties (porosity, elasticity), as well as the assessment of the impact of individual components on processes related to the formation of new tissue as cell proliferation and differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis - through in vivo studies (using animal models: mice, New Zealand rabbits) and in vitro (most often using mouse fibroblasts - L929). Skin constructions may have potential applications as wound dressings or skin substitutes in cases of severe skin damage.
Menengiç Meyve ve Tohumlarının Fiziksel, Mekanik ve Kimyasal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: ALTUNTAŞ Ebubekir , GÜL Esra Nur , GÖK Hüsne
Published: June 2020

Çalışmada, menengiç meyve ve tohumlarının fiziksel, mekanik ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Menengiç meyveleri, Tokat ilindeki sadece bitkisel ürünlerin satıldığı bir marketten temin edilmiş, denemeler ise Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü, Biyolojik Malzeme Laboratuvarında yürütülmüştür. Meyve ve tohumların hacim değerleri sırasıyla 0.08 cm3 ile 0.043 cm3, 100 adet meyve ağırlığı ve 1000 tohum ağırlığı 9.25 g ile 0.442 g, boşluk (porozite) oranları ise %51.33 ile %21.73 olarak bulunmuştur. Renk karakteristiklerinden Kroma ve hue açısı değerleri meyvede sırasıyla, 2.51 ve -1.17 tohumda ve 9.39 ve 0.75 değerleri olarak tespit edilmiştir. Meyveler için kırılma kuvveti değerleri Y- ve Z- eksenlerinde yükleme hızlarına göre artışlar gösterirken, tohumlarda ise X-, Y- ve Z- eksenlerinde azalışlar görülmüştür. Sürtünme katsayısı değerleri menengiç meyvesi için en yüksek 0.514 değeriyle kontrplak yüzeyde çıkarken, tohum için en düşük değer ise 0.314 ile laminant yüzeyde bulunmuştur. Kimyasal özelliklerden pH, titre edilebilir asitlik ve suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı, meyvede sırasıyla 5.70, 1.61 g 100 g-1 ve %3.14 olarak bulunurken, tohumlar için 6.49, 1.84 g 100 g-1 ve %3.60 olarak belirlenmiştir. Menengiç meyvesi ve tohumlarına ait fiziksel, mekanik ve kimyasal özellikleri, hasat sonrası üretim teknolojilerinde makine ve sistemlerin tasarım ve işletim aşamalarında dikkate alınabilir.
Actual and potential production of agricultural crops.
Authors: Alberda T.
Published: June 2020

A review.-R.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Distribution of dry matter in the plant.
Authors: Brouwer R.
Published: June 2020

A review.-R.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Effect of fertilization on mineral-element balance in grassland.
Authors: Lehr J.J. , Grashuis J. , Van Koetsveld E.E.
Published: June 2020

On humic sandy soil annual application of 104 kg/ha N, 24 kg P and 146 kg K (as lime ammonium nitrate, KC1 and super or basig slag) limited the leaching of bases except Na, and Mg was severely leached. The Na supply was improved by supplying the first N dressing in spring wholly or partly as Chilean NaNO3; NaCl can be applied on land where organic manures are mainly used. For Mg deficiency the Mg level of the soil should be increased & annual or biennial applications made of 100 kg/ha kieserite or lime ammonium nitrate containing Mg. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
On the criticism of the determination of net energy with difference trials.
Authors: Van Es A.J.H.
Published: June 2020

The shortcomings of determining the net energy content of feeds using difference trials are discussed. In trials with low-quality hay and silage, experimental error is large and it is suggested that the SE of one lot of hay or silage should be determined by difference and that maintenance trials should be performed with the above roughage in alternation with other roughages of poor quality, using non-lactating cows for the difference trials and lactating cows for the maintenance trials. The SE of the poor quality feeds can then be calculated.-R.B. See also 1832. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Contribution to the agropedological knowledge of the tropical black earths of southern Ghana.
Authors: Hagenzieker F.
Published: June 2020

Calcareous montmorillonitic black clays, occupying 1, 000 sq miles on undulating coastal plains in S.E. Ghana, overly basic gneisses & schists. The soils are deficient in N & P. Annual rainfall is 30-50 inches with maximum rain in June & a less pronounced peak in October. During the severe dry season the soil cracks into vertical columns & "puffs" are formed, sometimes bringing the subsoil to the surface. When puffs & shelves become continuous, wavy gilgae formations are found; continuous shelves & discontinuous puffs form lattice gilgae. The land is uncultivated, but rice & sugarcane could be grown with fertilizers & irrigation. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Objectives of soil tillage related to field operations and soil management.
Authors: Blake G.R.
Published: June 2020

The various tillage practices and field operations necessary for the growing and harvesting of crops are reviewed critically, with particular reference to possible ways of reducing these operations, with attendant benefits to soil structure and decreased costs. Particular reference is made to the possibilities of the reduction in cultivations made possible by the introduction of chemical techniques of controlling weeds. New minimum-tillage concepts and practices are discussed, including wheel-track planting and plough-planting techniques evolved in the USA for maize. See also Abs. 1182 and 1183.-P.J.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Interaction of pollination and number of leaves in the tomato.
Authors: Verkerk K.
Published: June 2020

Heavy pollination of tomato flowers, obtained by using an electric vibrator, resulted in earlier maturity and in most cases a higher yield. At a high leaf: truss ratio yields were increased, but maturity was delayed compared with that at a lower ratio. Average fruit weight was increased after heavy pollination, but fruit number was usually lower; when extra leaves were present, however, the depressing effect of heavy pollination on fruit number tended to disappear. The number of seeds in fruits weighing 100 g. increased considerably with heavy pollination, and this effect was more marked in the higher than in the lower trusses. With an increase in leaf number the seed number per fruit decreased.-Lab. Tuinbouwpl., Wageningen. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
A preliminary report on the production characters of three types of cattle in Ghana.
Authors: Montsma G.
Published: June 2020

At the University of Ghana's Agricultural Research Station at Nungua observations were begun in 1957 on the performance of West African Shorthorn, N'Dama and Sokoto Gudali cattle. The main preliminary findings are discussed under the following headings: body weight, growth rate, milk yield, reproductive efficiency, and dentition and age. In spite of the fact that the N'Dama and West African Shorthorn are naturally small animals, body weight and growth rate could be substantially increased by better feeding. Insufficient data are as yet available on the Sokoto. Under the better-than-average feeding conditions at the station, av. body weight at 8 mths. was 305 lb. in the N'Dama, 340 lb. in the West African Shorthorn, and 470 lb. in the Sokoto. Maximum body weight at 8 mths. was 340, 360 and 550 lb. resp. In animals fed a concentrate supplement, av. 252-day milk yields per 100 lb. body weight were 295, 300 and 335 lb. for the N'Dama, West African Shorthorn and Sokoto resp. max. yields, expressed in a similar manner, being 416, 430 and 458 lb. resp. Milk yields were estimated by weighing the calves before and after suckling thrice daily for approx. 20 mins The av. calving percentages for the 3 breeds were 85, 83 and 76 resp. which are equivalent to calving intervals of 14-2, 14.5 and 15.8 mths. The av. age at 1st calving in the West African Shorthorn was estimated to be 3 yrs. (2.3-3.8). Insufficient data were available on the other 2 breeds. It is considered that, if adequately fed, heifers are capable of calving at 27-30 mths. of age. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
An inventory of soils and soil suitabilities in West Irian. 2B.
Authors: Schroo H.
Published: June 2020

Continuation of a survey (S. & F. XXVII [975]) giving information on soil types and their characteristics in different localities. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Some notes on the use of hygrograms for phytopathological purposes with special reference to their reliability.
Authors: De Weille G.A.
Published: June 2020

Attention is directed to the need (in warning systems for control of crop fungus diseases) for measurement on the ground between plant rows (as opposed to some distance above ground) of momentary (as opposed to averaged) values of relative humidity. Evidence is provided that hygrographs, if their records are read in a special way, measure relative humidity most accurately at levels above 90%, and hence in the range most important for disease warning systems.-W.M.S.R. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Moisture indication on grassland by vegetation and soil : a comparison of maps.
Authors: Kop L.G.
Published: June 2020

There was a clear but not very close correlation between soil-moisture classes and moisture classes indicated by proportions of drought-indicating and moisture-indicating plants. The correlation was closer on wetter sites. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
The effect of different methods of improving the botanical composition of permanent pasture.
Authors: Andries A. , Van Slijcken A.
Published: June 2020

Long-term methods (NPK fertilizing, with or without manuring, and rotational grazing) are compared with short-term methods (plowing or surface cultivation followed by reseeding). (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Autumn crocus [Colchicum autumnale] grassland: one of the most interesting plant associations of the Ardennes which is now in course of disappearing.
Authors: Lambert J.
Published: June 2020

Studies on Colchicum grassland, which is fast disappearing from irrigated valleys in the Ardennes in face of increasing afforestation, showed that the name species requires for its persistence a high Mg status of soil together with a liberal water supply and good drainage.-W.L.M. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Effect of drying and freezing on certain physical properties of peat.
Authors: Van Dijk H. , Boekel P.
Published: June 2020

Enlargement of the average pore diameter on freezing fresh peat considerably decreases the tension with which moisture over and about 100 g per 100 g dry peat is retained. After freezing of fresh peat, shrinkage on drying is also much smaller and removal of water is much less irreversible; the amount of water taken up by air-dried peat is linearly related to the rate of shrinkage on drying. The volume of fresh peat decreases linearly with loss of moisture; freezing beforehand causes a strong deviation from this course of shrinkage on drying. The main effect of freezing of small volumes of peat was achieved in a single freezing period of -5 degrees C during the last three days; the effect of frost on peat is smaller when moisture content at the moment of freezing is low. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
A five-year fertilizer trial with apples on a sandy soil; the effect on magnesium deficiency, foliage and fruit composition, and keeping quality.
Authors: Van der Boon J. , Das A. , Van Schreven A.C.
Published: June 2020

Deficiency of Mg in the foliage was increased by K fertilizing, while N and Ca had no constant effects. There is no Mg deficiency when the K2O/MgO ratio is
Calculation of the digestibility for ruminants of roughages from the contents of cell-wall constituents.
Authors: Gaillard B.D.E.
Published: June 2020

From 29 roughages having a wide range of apparent digestibility, a regression equation was derived for calculating this digestibility from the sum of the contents of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and anhydrouronic acid. The correlation coefficient was 0.95, and the standard deviation was 3.2; where lignin alone was used as an independent variable, these values were 0.89 and 4.3 and where crude fibre was used, 0.87 and 4.7, respectively.-A.G.G.H. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Controlled climate comparisons of a tropical grass and legume.
Authors: Tow P.G.
Published: June 2020

Glycine javanica cv. Tinaroo and green panic, grown in a phytotron, were compared in terms of growth analysis, transpiration coefficients and response to 7 different root temp. Green panic had a higher NARI (NAR on a light-interception basis) than G. javanica. This resulted in a higher RGR; thus, green panic made more efficient use of the light intercepted. The grass had higher shoot/root ratios than the legume, especially at later harvests and higher temp. 5 other G. javanica cv. had RGR and NARI values similar to those of Tinaroo, but their shoot/root ratios approached those of green panic. Green panic produced about 80% more DM per unit of water than G. javanica and made better growth at root temperatures of > 30 degrees C. The practical implications of the results are discussed. [See also abs. 1479]-A.M.H. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Notes on the reclamation of salt-affected soils is the Indus Plain of West Pakistan.
Authors: Schroo H.
Published: June 2020

About 5, 500, 000 acres of cultivated land in the area are, to varying degrees, damaged by salinity and alkalinity due to waterlogging and under-irrigation in an arid, climate. Most juvenile sedimentary soils of the Indus Plain are calcareous and some of the salt-affected soils, especially in the south, are easily reclaimed because of their high content of divalent cations. In the north, much of the soil is difficult to reclaim because of alkalinity. These latter soils have very low contents of divalent cations, Ca- and Mg carbonates being the only source. Rapid and efficient reclamation will necessitate use of soil amendments. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Calculation of the digestibility for ruminants of roughages from their contents of cell-wall constituents. 2. Time-saving method of analysis.
Authors: Gaillard B.D.E. , Nijkamp H.J.
Published: June 2020

For part 1, not numbered, see Abst. 3404, Vol. 37. 2. The method described here was quicker than that of part 1 for routine use, and gave the same correlation coefficient of 0.95 and standard deviation of 3.2 between the digestibility of organic matter and the estimated content of neutral detergent residue, anhydrouronic acid and lignin. The reagents and method are described in detail. Formulae for estimation of digestibility of organic matter from neutral detergent residue, lignin and anhydrouronic acid and for estimation of starch equivalent from digestible organic matter and digestible crude protein are presented.-M. S. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Competitive interference of plant species in monocultures and mixed stands.
Authors: Baeumer K. , De Wit C.T.
Published: June 2020

A dynamic model was developed enabling calculation of the DM yields of species in a mixture on day n + 1 from the DM yields on day n, by means of parameters derived from a spacing experiment with the species grown at 2 densities and harvested at intervals. Differences of growth in height between the species are taken into account. The model is evaluated by means of experiments with oats, barley and peas. It is applicable under conditions of near optimum supply of water and nutrients, i.e., where the species mainly interfere by competition for light. A simple non-destructive method for measuring the relative light interception of species in mixed stands is described.-A.M.H. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Two model experiments on the durability of subsoil compaction.
Authors: Van Ouwerkerk C.
Published: June 2020

When the topsoil of a sandy loam previously under fallow was removed, loosening the subsoil had negligible effect on pore space, but applying strong compaction decreased the pore space by about 4%, causing anaerobic conditions in the wet state; this effect persisted almost unchanged for 3 1/2 years. Under a. cropping sequence, light compaction (I kg/cm2) had similar effect to loosening, but heavy compaction (1 kg/cm2) decreased the pore space and the air content by about 2 and 2 1/2% respectively. Despite vigourous plant growth, this small effect persisted unchanged during 6 1/2 years. Farmyard manure stimulated plant growth and decreased the adverse effect of heavy compaction. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Rejuvenating sick agriculture: Indian experience.
Authors: Dantwala M.L.
Published: June 2020

On attaining independence, India inherited an agriculture with perhaps the lowest productivity in the world (before World War II rice yield per acre in Taiwan was twice as high as in India), the infrastructure was insignificant and practically no chemical fertilizer was used. The development of Indian agriculture since 1949 is described and compared with other developing countries. Topics examined include the increase of area under cultivation, use of fertilizers, adoption of high-yielding varieties, growth rates of production of the several agricultural products (1949/50-1964/65), structure of Indian farming, and agricultural labour force. E. A. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Transforming traditional rice farming; the Surinam experience.
Authors: Luning H.A.
Published: June 2020

A theoretical model is used to represent the economic development of family rice-farming in Surinam. Analysis of the possible causes underlying the transformation from traditional to commercial enterprises suggests: (1) the human factor, and (2) techno-economie factors are mainly responsible for the presence of various stages of development. The paper further examines peasant rice-production in Surinam, the economic structure of rice farming in transformation, cost of rice production, and factors affecting the transformation. E. A. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Boron deficiency in sugar cane, oil palm and other monocotyledons on volcanic soils of Ecuador.
Authors: Tollenaar D.
Published: June 2020

Deficiency symptoms and factors making B deficiency common and difficult to correct are described. B deficiency in cacao was not correlated with leaf-B content. Soil analysis suggested a critical B level between 0.25 and 0.5 ppm water- soluble B. Recognition of visual symptoms remained essential for B-deficiency diagnosis. 35 references. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
The biological activities of vitamin A acetate and vitamin A palmitate: experiments with chickens.
Authors: Bolhuis L. , Kortenoeven K.
Published: June 2020

In the first experiment, 250 unsexed day-old chickens were given for 7 days a diet low in vitamin A based on white maize and soya bean meal. Then 100 chickens were given a single dose of 11, 960 IU retinyl acetate or 11, 510 IU retinyl palmitate and 50 were not dosed. After 68 h lots of 10 pooled livers were analysed for vitamin A. The birds given acetate had more vitamin A in the liver and a higher proportion of the dose stored than the palmitate groups, but the differences were not significant. In experiment 2 the sexes were equally divided within groups and the birds were similarly dosed. After 72 h liver vitamin A was significantly higher in groups given the acetate. In experiment 3 male and female chickens were separated and groups of each were given either the acetate or the palmitate ester. Vitamin A was measured in the liver after 3 days and after 4, 6, 7 and 8 weeks. It was significantly more in acetate-treated groups at 3 days and at 4 weeks. Compared with males, females had significantly greater vitamin A stores at 6, 7 and 8 weeks in groups given acetate and at 7 weeks in groups given palmitate. The next experiment was similar, but the basal diet contained 7-5 IU retinyl acetate in dry stabilised form and measurements were continued to 9 and 11 weeks. There was no significant difference in vitamin A stores between sexes or esters, or between dosed and non-dosed groups. Stores of vitamin A rose rapidly during the entire period. In experiments 5 and 6 male broiler chickens were given for 8 weeks the basal diet with 7.5 IU retinyl acetate or palmitate per g. Lots of 3 different body-weight ranges were taken from each treatment and liver vitamin A was measured. No significant effects of treatment on stores or bodyweight were found in either trial. In one trial liver weights were significantly higher in the acetate groups and the combined results showed significantly greater vitamin A stores in groups given acetate.-G. F. H. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Effects of growth regulators on fruit set and June drop of pears and apples.
Authors: Varga A.
Published: June 2020

To increase yields of pear and apple trees the growth regulators kinetin, gibberellin (A3 and a mixture of A4 and A7), Alar and CCC were applied by spraying on blossoms or fruitlets and by injection into the trunk. Kinetin and particularly gibberellins were effective in stimulating fruit set in pears. Doyenne du Cornice pear set more fruits with a mixture of gibberellin A4 and A7 than with gibberellin A3. Although the majority of stimulated fruits abscised during the June drop period, the crop was markedly increased. The growth retard-ants Alar and CCC were inactive in increasing fruit set, but prevented excessive drop of fruits when applied after a gibberellin application.-Lab. TuinbPl, Wageningen. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
The influence of soil steaming on some properties of the soil and on the growth and heading of winter glasshouse lettuce. II. The reaction of the crop.
Authors: Jager G. , Van der Boon J. , Rauw G.J.G
Published: June 2020

Soil steaming increased fresh and dry weights and N and Mn contents of the plants. Leaching the steamed soil caused a further increase in Mn content but decreased yields and N content. The addition of straw to the steamed soil did not affect growth or N content but it reduced the Mn content. Plants grown on steamed soil had darker coloured leaves and a greater incidence of leaf margin necrosis and bad heading than plants grown on unsteamed soil. See also Sous Fertil. 33 [1230]. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Chemical renovation of grassland.
Authors: Hoogerkamp M.
Published: June 2020

Till recently the new practical prospects opened up by chemical grassland renovation were very few: the old sward was inadequately killed, seedbed preparation required rather intensive soil tillage and the method was expensive. The construction of a new type of rotary cultivator has removed many drawbacks of the earlier method. The Lely machine, rotating oppositely to the direction of travel, buries sod fragments beneath a layer of fine soil thus creating a good seedbed, and applies fertilizers, reseeds and rolls the soil all in one operation. Chemical renovation might be applicable in fields infested with weeds hard to control mechanically, such as Elytrigia [=Agropyron] repens, Deschampsia cespitosa and Festuca arundinacea and on steep hills, stony soils, etc. A. repens and D. cespitosa, however, are relatively resistant to paraquat. Sodium chlorate (98% a.i.) at 150-200 pounds per acre, applied during active growth, has given much better results against D. cespitosa and TCA is better against A. repens. Dalapon may also be used to control A. repens; it is applied at 20-25 kg/ha to regrowth in July/August and incorporated 10 days later by the Lely rotary cultivator before reseeding. A. repens is suppressed by the combination of herbicide, burial and competition from the new sward.-P.K. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Changes in production of organic nitrogen and carboxylates (C-A) in young sugar-beet plants grown in nutrient solutions of different nitrogen composition.
Authors: Houba V.J.G. , Van Egmond F. , Wittich E.M.
Published: June 2020

Sugar-beet seedlings grown in controlled environment for 19 days in culture solution containing nitrate were then grown with nitrate, ammonium or no N. Carboxylate levels (in meq.) were approximately equal to organic N levels (in mM) in plants given nitrate, were lower in plants grown with ammonium and were higher in plants grown without further N; this was accompanied by a slight rise in culture solution pH where nitrate was supplied and a sharp drop in pH in the other treatments.-R.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Yield pattern of grassland in terms of farm management.
Authors: Wieling H.
Published: June 2020

Research and Advisory Institute for Field Crop and Grassland Husbandry, Wageningen, Netherlands. Management of grassland for maximum yield was shown not to be worthwhile, as benefits did not outweigh costs. Using a mathematical model, yield patterns under optimum management were determined for a range of farm situations; these all showed a peak in May and June, indicating that good use was being made of spring growth. Average yields in May and June were 44% (40-50%) of total yield, in July and Aug. 35% (30-40%) and in Sept. and Oct. 21% (17-26%). There were negative correlations between May and June yields and between July and Aug. yields; other correlations were virtually absent. RB. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Effects of soil and air temperature on growth, development and water use of tomatoes.
Authors: Abdelhafeez A.T. , Harssema H. , Veri G. , Verkerk K.
Published: June 2020

In glasshouse experiments (a) without air temperature control and soil temperatures ranging from 14 degrees to 29 degrees C, and (b) with constant air temperatures of 17 degrees , 21 degrees and 25 degrees C and soil temperatures ranging from 12 degrees to 30 degrees C, growth of tomato plants was reduced at soil temperatures below 17 degrees C and air temperatures below 20 degrees C. Soil temperature did not influence reproductive development very much; root extension was somewhat influenced by soil temperature, and high soil temperatures increased the water use. A late but rather profuse flowering was produced by low air temperatures. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Growth retardation in side shoots of brussels sprout plants.
Authors: Kronenberg H.G.
Published: June 2020

In 2-year studies bud cuttings were taken from Sandra brussels sprouts plants at 2-week intervals from 19 May to 6 October and grown in continuous light at 15 degrees C. The stem length of 12-week-old plants declined progressively with successive plantings up to 11 August and thereafter increased progressively. With field-grown plants (planted on 10 May) the growth rate of a long side shoot (assessed at intervals between 14 July and 15 December) was slow until the end of July, increasingly rapid until 22 September and thereafter progressively slower.-Agric. Univ., Wageningen. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Climate, nitrogen and grass. 3. Some effects of light intensity on nitrogen metabolism.
Authors: Deinum B.
Published: June 2020

Between 18 May and 29 June 1966, a 2-year-old sward of perennial ryegrass was grown at normal (390), low (88) or high (711 cal/cm2 day) light intensity and given 20-160, 40-320 and 80-360 kg N/ha at the 3 light intensities, respectively. At low rates of N, high light intensity exhausted the nitrate reserves of perennial ryegrass, diminished the CP content, but greatly increased the percentage of water-soluble carbohydrates. With high N, high light intensity decreased nitrate content but increased both CP and water-soluble-carbohhdrate content. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
The thickness of bark and bark per dm² of Cinchona.
Authors: Ebes K.
Published: June 2020

An analysis of yielding capacity in stands of C. ledgeriana at Buitenzorg, Java, revealed a low correlation (r = +0.208) between bark thickness and yield of dry bark per tree. Relationship between amount of dry bark per dm.2 and bark thickness showed variability, both from clone to clone and within each clone. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Mechanical sorting of cinchona seeds.
Authors: Ebes K.
Published: June 2020

Tests have shown that the usual method of sorting cinchona seed by hand in transmitted light is unreliable. A machine constructed for winnowing the seed in a slow current of air proved quite satisfactory. A good correlation was obtained between number of seeds per gram and germination capacity of the winnowed seed. The cost of mechanical sorting was very much lower than that of hand sorting and the percentage of good seed to waste seed was considerably higher.-W. Java exp. Stat., Buitenzorg. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Experimental studies on seed production of tropical grasses in Kenya. 3. The effect of nitrogen and row width on seed crops of Setaria sphacelata cv. Nandi II.
Authors: Boonman J.G.
Published: June 2020

Setaria sphacelata sown broadcast or in rows up to 100 cm apart was given 0-260 kg N/ha applied to each seed crop. 100 kg N/ha increased herbage DM yields 3-fold and yields of germinable seed 7-fold. At 130 kg N/ha yields of germinable seed were 33% higher from rows 30 cm apart than from rows 90 cm apart. Percentage and yield of germinable seed varied very greatly between seasons, though DM yield and inflorescence number varied little. The highest yield of germinable seed was 48 kg/ha for a single harvest. Rapid heading was preceded by a rapid increase and a subsequent rapid decline in tiller numbers. Herbage DM response to 100 kg N was 65 kg DM/kg N. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
The effect of sublethal doses NaNO3 given in concentrates or by capsules on blood and vitamin A status of young red and white female cattle.
Authors: Leeuwen J.M. van
Published: June 2020

Administration of 0, 75, 150, 225 or 300 mg/kg body wt daily of NO3 as aqueous soln of NaNO3, mixed with the concentrate ration, to young heifers for a period of four months did not produce any serious toxic symptoms. In animals given 225 or 300 mg/kg there was, however, a slight reduction in feed consumption, along with increases in water intake, PCV values and conversion of Hb (up to 7%) into methaemoglobin. Respiration rate, body weight and vitamin A content of the liver were not affected. The toxicity of NaNO3 is discussed in relation to NO3 poisoning of cattle in the field. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Research on some technical aspects of outdoor recreation, as part of multipurpose rural reconstructions in the Netherlands.
Authors: Lier H.N. van
Published: June 2020

In this article three major groups of problems are distinguished: location, capacity, and layout problems. The determination of the right location is based on the recreation patterns, and on the properties of the landscape, and on model studies, in which demand, use and gravity models are commonly used. The layout of the new project has to be based on the behaviour and preferences of the visitors and on the technical possibilities. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Protein digestion in the stomachs and intestines of the cow.
Authors: Klooster A.T. van 't , Boekholt H.A.
Published: June 2020

Two cows, with fistulae in the rumen, proximal duodenum and distal ileum, were given diets varying in protein quality and quantity. Daily N intake/cow ranged from 149 to 330 g with lysine contents of 2.7 to 5.7 g/16 g N. The ammonia N constituted 2 to 9% of the N in duodenal contents and less than 2% of the N in the feedstuff, ileal contents and faeces. The proportion of alpha -amino N in non-ammonia N was greater in duodenal contents than in ileal contents and in faeces. The disappearance of non-ammonia N and alpha -amino N from the small intestine with different diets averaged 65% and 70% of the amounts in duodenal contents. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Experimental studies on seed production tropical grasses in Kenya. 6. The effect of harvest date on seed yield in varieties of Setaria sphacelata, Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum.
Authors: Boonman J.G.
Published: June 2020

Setaria sphacelata cv. Nandi I and Nandi III, Chloris gayana cv. Mbarara, Masaba and Pokot, and Panicum coloratum cv. Solai were grown for seed and harvested on a range of dates beginning 3-4 weeks after initial head emergence (defined as 5-10 heads/m2). Harvesting date was not very critical, and harvesting could normally be spread over 1-2 weeks. The interval between initial heading and optimum harvest date was normally 6-7 weeks. In most crops considerable shedding of spikelets (up to 30-50% in P. coloratum, rather less in the other 2 species) could be tolerated before yield of pure germinating seed fell with delay in harvesting. It was suggested that most of the spikelets which were shed early were empty. Cultivars which headed early produced nearly twice as much seed as those which headed late. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Effect of light intensity, temperature and daylength on the rate of leaf appearance of maize.
Authors: Meyling H.D.G.
Published: June 2020

Periodic sowings of maize cv. C.I.V. 2 were made between 1 Feb. and 25 Nov. in glasshouses controlled at 16 or 25 deg C with light intensity about 75% of natural radiation. Some plants were grown in natural daylength, others in 17-h photoperiods. RGR was considerably affected by light intensity and temperature; at 16 deg C it was only about half that at 25 deg C. Rate of leaf appearance was higher at 25 deg C, and rate of development at 25 deg C was double that at 16 deg C. Plants produced 14.2 leaves in long days and 12.8 leaves in short days. Graphs are given showing the effect of light intensity on NAR and rate of development up to tassel emergence. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Effect of blue and red radiation on cycling stomata of bean.
Authors: Hopmans P.A.M.
Published: June 2020

Differences in the effect of blue and red radiation of low radiant flux density on sustained stomatal cycling were studied in Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Vroege Wagenaar. Stomatal behaviour in a constant environment was observed indirectly by recording the differences between leaf and air temperature. In radiation with equal radiant flux densities of 1.75 W/m2 and with equal estimated absorbed quantum flux densities of 0.73 nE/cm2 s of both colours, cycling was more rapid and peak-to-trough differences were smaller in red than in blue radiation. Blue radiation from below caused more rapid cycling with larger peak-to-trough differences than radiation from above. In red radiation the direction of radiation had a much smaller influence on period and peak-to-trough difference. To explain these qualitatively different effects of both colours on cycling stomata, the hypothesis is proposed that blue light increases the osmotic pressure in the guard cells more effectively than red light. In blue light the permeability for water transport of the guard cell membranes is lower than in red light. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
Effects of successive applications of maneb and benomyl on growth and yield of five wheat varieties of different heights.
Authors: Spiertz J.H.J.
Published: June 2020

Wheat cv. Juliana (culm length 117 cm), Manella (82 cm), Lely (80 cm), Mex-cross (69 cm) and Gaines (79 cm) were sprayed twice before flowering with 2 kg maneb/ha and twice after flowering with 1 kg benomyl/ha. Combined treatment greatly delayed the spread of Septoria tritici and S. nodorum in the crop, the flag leaf remained green longer, the grain filling period was lengthened, and the growth rate of the grain between the milk stage and the dough stage was increased from 204 to 230 kg/ha day; effects were greater in the susceptible cultivars Lely and Gaines. Increases in grain yield were 14, 23, 32, 16 and 42% for the 5 cultivars, respectively. The green area of the flag leaf accounted for 85% of the variance in grain yield. The degree of disease infection was not significantly correlated with culm length or amount of leaf area.
ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Spraying with maneb at 2 kg/ha twice before flowering and with benomyl at 1 kg/ha twice after flowering greatly delayed the spread of Septoria tritici and S. [Leptosphaeria] nodorum and increased yields, particularly in the 2 susceptible cvs. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
A comparison between ammonium and nitrate nutrition of young sugar-beet plants grown in nutrient solutions at constant acidity. 2. Effect of light and carbohydrate supply.
Authors: Breteler H.
Published: June 2020

The effect of light and of glucose in the nutrient medium on the release of OH- or H+ and on ion accumulation by sugar beet plants grown with NO3 or NH4 nutrition was studied at a constant pH of 5.50. Decrease in OH- production rate in the dark was probably caused by retarded nitrate assimilation or carbohydrate shortage in the roots. Decrease in the rate of H+ production (NH4 uptake) in the dark was probably due to carbohydrate depletion. Both 24-h illumination and the addition of glucose increased H+ production during NH4 uptake and OH- production during NO3 uptake. 24 h darkness decreased the carboxylate pool on both N sources and it was tentatively concluded that light and darkness exert more influence on the carboxylate pool than N assimilation. Relationships between organic acid, carbohydrate and N metabolism, H+ or OH- production and inorganic composition were considered in detail. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)