bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ONE-PARTY QUANTUM-ERROR-CORRECTING CODES FOR UNBALANCED ERRORS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION TO QUANTUM DENSE CODING AND QUANTUM SECURE DIRECT COMMUNICATION
Authors: WEN KAI , LONG GUI LU
Published: July 2010

In this article, we present unbalanced-quantum-error-correcting codes (one-party QECCs) — a novel idea for correcting unbalanced quantum errors. In some quantum communication tasks using entangled pairs, the error distributions between two parts of the pairs are unbalanced, and one party holds the whole entangled pairs at the final stage, and he or she is able to perform joint measurements on the pairs. In this situation the proposed one-party QECCs can improve error correction by allowing a higher-tolerated error rate. We have established the general correspondence between linear classical codes and the one-party QECCs, and we have given the general definition for these types of quantum-error-correcting codes. It has been shown that the one-party QECCs can correct errors as long as the error threshold is not larger than 0.5. They work even for fidelity less than 0.5 as long as it is larger than 0.25. We give several concrete examples of the one-party QECCs. We provide the applications of the one-party QECCs in quantum dense coding, so that it can function in noisy channels. As a result, a large number of quantum secure direct communication protocols based on dense coding are also able to be protected by this new type of one-party QECCs.
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: A Current Review
Authors: Twomley Katie M. , Wells Gretchen L.
Published: July 2010

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare but potentially lethal complication of pregnancy occurring in approximately 1 : 3,000 live births in the United States although some series report a much higher incidence. African-American women are particularly at risk. Diagnosis requires symptoms of heart failure in the last month of pregnancy or within five months of delivery in the absence of recognized cardiac disease prior to pregnancy as well as objective evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. This paper provides an updated, comprehensive review of PPCM, including emerging insights into the etiology of this disorder as well as current treatment options.
Sensitivity Study of Four Land Surface Schemes in the WRF Model
Authors: Jin Jiming , Miller Norman L. , Schlegel Nicole
Published: July 2010

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.0 developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) includes three land surface schemes: the simple soil thermal diffusion (STD) scheme, the Noah scheme, and the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) scheme. We have recently coupled the sophisticated NCAR Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3) into WRF to better characterize land surface processes. Among these four land surface schemes, the STD scheme is the simplest in both structure and process physics. The Noah and RUC schemes are at the intermediate level of complexity. CLM3 includes the most sophisticated snow, soil, and vegetation physics among these land surface schemes. WRF simulations with all four land surface schemes over the western United States (WUS) were carried out for the 1 October 1995 through 30 September 1996. The results show that land surface processes strongly affect temperature simulations over the (WUS). As compared to observations, WRF‐CLM3 with the highest complexity level significantly improves temperature simulations, except for the wintertime maximum temperature. Precipitation is dramatically overestimated by WRF with all four land surface schemes over the (WUS) analyzed in this study and does not show a close relationship with land surface processes.
Potential Role of Sugar Transporters in Cancer and Their Relationship with Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Calvo Moisés Blanco , Figueroa Angélica , Pulido Enrique Grande , Campelo Rosario García , Aparicio Luís Antón
Published: July 2010

Sugars, primarily glucose and fructose, are the main energy source of cells. Because of their hydrophilic nature, cells use a number of transporter proteins to introduce sugars through their plasma membrane. Cancer cells are well known to display an enhanced sugar uptake and consumption. In fact, sugar transporters are deregulated in cancer cells so they incorporate higher amounts of sugar than normal cells. In this paper, we compile the most significant data available about biochemical and biological properties of sugar transporters in normal tissues and we review the available information about sugar carrier expression in different types of cancer. Moreover, we describe the possible pharmacological interactions between drugs currently used in anticancer therapy and the expression or function of facilitative sugar transporters. Finally, we also go into the insights about the future design of drugs targeted against sugar utilization in cancer cells.
Statistical Analysis Aiming at Predicting Respiratory Tract Disease Hospital Admissions from Environmental Variables in the City of São Paulo
Authors: de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coêlho Micheline , Luiz Teixeira Gonçalves Fabio , do Rosário Dias de Oliveira Latorre Maria
Published: July 2010

This study is aimed at creating a stochastic model, named Brazilian Climate and Health Model (BCHM), through Poisson regression, in order to predict the occurrence of hospital respiratory admissions (for children under thirteen years of age) as a function of air pollutants, meteorological variables, and thermal comfort indices (effective temperatures, ET). The data used in this study were obtained from the city of São Paulo, Brazil, between 1997 and 2000. The respiratory tract diseases were divided into three categories: URI (Upper Respiratory tract diseases), LRI (Lower Respiratory tract diseases), and IP (Influenza and Pneumonia). The overall results of URI, LRI, and IP show clear correlation withSO2and CO,PM10andO3, andPM10, respectively, and the ETw4 (Effective Temperature) for all the three disease groups. It is extremely important to warn the government of the most populated city in Brazil about the outcome of this study, providing it with valuable information in order to help it better manage its resources on behalf of the whole population of the city of Sao Paulo, especially those with low incomes.
Effect of a Bonded Patch on Aeroelastic Behavior of Cantilevered Plates
Authors: Farhadi Sirwan , Hosseini-Hashemi Shahrokh
Published: July 2010

In recent years, many researchers have studied vibration suppression of fluttering plates using piezoelectric actuators. Lots of these researchers have focused on optimal placement of piezoelectric patches to obtain maximum controllability. Although mass and stiffness characteristics of bonded patches can alter aeroelastic behavior of fluttering plates, few of them considered the effect of the mentioned parameters in optimization process. This paper investigates effect of a bonded patch on aeroelastic behavior of cantilevered plates in supersonic flow. For this purpose, critical dynamic pressure and limit‐cycle oscillations of the system are studied. Von Karman plate theory along with first order piston theory is employed for mathematical simulation of the system. Obtained results reveal that a bonded patch with a small mass ratio can change the system critical dynamic pressure significantly, where the main part of the variations is resulted from the added mass of the bonded patch. The maximum raise of dynamic pressure is acquired when the patch is placed on the plate’s leading edge. The results show that mass and stiffness characteristics of bonded piezoelectric patches can have a great impact on aeroelastic performance of fluttering plates. Therefore, these parameters must be considered as effective factors for optimal placement of piezo‐actuators.
Multiple Positive Solutions for Semilinear Elliptic Equations in ℝN Involving Concave‐Convex Nonlinearities and Sign‐Changing Weight Functions
Authors: Hsu Tsing-San , Lin Huei-Li
Published: July 2010

We study the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for the following semilinear elliptic equation −Δu + u = λa(x) | u|q−2u + b(x) | u|p−2u in ℝN, u ∈ H1(ℝN), where λ > 0, 1 < q < 2 < p < 2* (2* = 2N/(N − 2) if N ≥ 3, 2* = ∞ if N = 1,2), a(x), b(x) satisfy suitable conditions, and a(x) may change sign in ℝN.
Generation of a Transgenic Mouse for Colorectal Cancer Research with Intestinal Cre Expression Limited to the Large Intestine
Authors: Xue Yingben , Johnson Robert , DeSmet Marsha , Snyder Paul W. , Fleet James C.
Published: July 2010

Genetically modified mice have been used for colon cancer research, but findings from these models are confounded by expression of cancer in multiple organs. We sought to create a transgenic mouse with Cre recombinase (Cre) expression limited to the epithelial cells of the large intestine and used this model to study colon cancer driven by adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC) gene inactivation. A promoter/enhancer from the mouse carbonic anhydrase I gene was used to generate a Cre-expressing transgenic mouse (CAC). After characterizing transgene expression and distribution, CAC mice were crossed to APC580S mice to generate mice with APC inactivation at one (CAC;APC580S/+) or both alleles (CAC;APC580S/580S). Transgene expression was limited to the epithelial cells of the cecum and colon, extended from the crypt base to the luminal surface, and was expressed in approximately 15% of the crypts. No abnormal gross phenotype was seen in 3- or 6-week-old CAC;APC580S/+ mice, but CAC;APC580S/580S mice had significant mucosal hyperplasia in the colon at 3 weeks, which developed into tumors by 6 weeks. By 10 weeks, 20% of CAC;APC580S/+ mice developed adenomatous lesions in the distal colon (3.0 ± 0.4 mm; 1.1 per mouse). Dextran sulfate sodium treatment increased the incidence and number of tumors, and this occurred predominantly in distal colon. Our new model has improved features for colon cancer research, that is, transgene expression is limited to the epithelium of the large bowel with normal cells found next to genetically modified cells. Mol Cancer Res; 8(8); 1095–104. ©2010 AACR.
The Incremental Shuttle Walk Test in Older Brazilian Adults
Authors: Jürgensen Soraia Pilon , Antunes Letícia Cláudia de Oliveira , Tanni Suzana Erico , Banov Marcos Carraro , Lucheta Paulo Adolfo , Bucceroni Alessandra Freire , Godoy Irma , Dourado Victor Zuniga
Published: July 2010

Background: Despite widespread use of the incremental shuttle walk distance (ISWD), there are no reference equations for predicting it. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate ISWD in healthy subjects and to establish a reference equation for its prediction. Methods: 131 Brazilian individuals (61 males; 59 ± 10 years) performed 2 walk tests in a 10-m long corridor. We assessed height, weight, body mass index, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity and self-reported physical activity. Results: Mean ISWD was greater in males than in females (606 ± 167 vs. 443 ± 117 m; p < 0.001). ISWD correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with age (r = –0.51), height (r = 0.54) and weight (r = 0.20). A predictive model including age, height, weight and gender explained 50.3% of the ISWD variance. In an additional group of 20 subjects prospectively studied, the difference between measured and predicted ISWD was not statistically significant (534 ± 84 vs. 552 ± 87 m, respectively), representing 97 ± 12% of the predicted value calculated with our reference equation for ISWD. Conclusions: This reference equation including demographic and anthropomorphic attributes could be useful for interpreting the walking performance of patients with chronic diseases that affect exercise capacity.
Cooperation between the Hippocampus and the Striatum during Episodic Encoding
Authors: Sadeh Talya , Shohamy Daphna , Levy Dana Rubi , Reggev Niv , Maril Anat
Published: July 2010

The hippocampus and the striatum are thought to play distinct roles in learning and memory, each supporting an independent memory system. A fundamental question is whether, and how, these systems interact to jointly contribute to learning and memory. In particular, it remains unknown whether the striatum contributes selectively to implicit, habitual learning, or whether the striatum may also contribute to long-term episodic memory. Here, we show with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that the hippocampus and the striatum interact cooperatively to support episodic memory formation. Participants were scanned during a memory encoding paradigm and, subsequently, were tested for memory of encoded items. fMRI data revealed that successful memory was associated with greater activity in both the hippocampus and the striatum (putamen) during encoding. Furthermore, activity in the hippocampus and the striatum was correlated within subjects for items that were later remembered, but not for items that were forgotten. Finally, across subjects, the strength of the correlation between the hippocampus and the striatum predicted memory success. These findings provide novel evidence for contributions of both the striatum and the hippocampus to successful episodic encoding and for a cooperative interaction between them.
Immigration and the Economy
Authors: Drinkwater Stephen
Published: July 2010

Immigration has become one of the most discussed and controversial topics in recent public and political debates. This is true not just in the United Kingdom (UK), but also elsewhere in Europe, as well as in many other advanced economies, most notably the United States (US). For example, immigration became a major discussion point during the recent general election campaign in the UK, in spite of what appeared to have been an initial reluctance of some participants to engage in such debates. The importance of immigration is demonstrated by the strong attitudes that are displayed by the public. For instance, race and immigration has consistently been viewed as one of the most important issues facing Britain in recent years according to IPSOS/Mori's monthly Issues Index. Typically, more than 30 per cent of those questioned since 2002 have considered race and immigration to be the most important issue. This peaked at over 40 per cent in late 2007 and early 2008, which corresponds with the time when migration from Central and Eastern Europe to the UK was at its highest. This made it the top ranked issue for the British public, since when it has been replaced by concerns over the economy. Attitudes have also been found to vary by skill group, with Scheve and Slaughter (2001) reporting a significantly greater preference for limiting immigrant flows to the US amongst less skilled workers.
Migration, Skill Composition and Growth
Authors: Kim Young-Bae , Levine Paul , Lotti Emanuela
Published: July 2010

The UK, with its relatively liberal immigration policies following recent enlargements, has been one of the main recipients of migrants from new EU member states. This paper poses the questions: what is the effect of immigration on a receiving economy such as the UK? Is the effect beneficial or adverse for growth? Does emigration have brain drain effects on sending economies? How differently would skilled (or unskilled) migration affect both receiving and sending economies? What factors would contribute to immigration/emigration benefits/costs and economic growth driven by migration? Who are the winners and losers in both the sending and host regions? We utilise a two-bloc endogenous growth model with labour mobility of different skill compositions to address these questions. We show that migration, in general, is beneficial to the receiving country and increases the world growth rate. With remittances, the sending country in aggregate can also benefit. The only exception is in the case of unskilled migration, which can actually have a detrimental impact on the world growth rate. This possibility however seems to be unlikely by our examination of migration trends. Winners are migrants, and the skill group in the region that sees its relative size decrease.
The UK Labour Market and Immigration
Authors: Wadsworth Jonathan
Published: July 2010

Rising immigration has undoubtedly been one of the most significant demographic developments experienced by the United Kingdom over the past fifteen years. This article reviews the evidence on the effects of immigration on the UK labour market. On average, it seems that immigration has not had much of an effect on either employment or pay. However, there may be some evidence of downward pressures on pay and jobs impact in the low skill sector, though these effects are not large.
Returning to the Question of a Wage Premium for Returning Migrants
Authors: Barrett Alan , Goggin Jean
Published: July 2010

Using data from a large-scale survey of employees in Ireland, we estimate the extent to which people who have emigrated from Ireland and returned earn more relative to comparable people who have never lived abroad. In so doing, we test the hypothesis that migration can be part of a process of human capital formation. We find through OLS estimation that returners earn 7 per cent more than comparable stayers. We test for the presence of self-selection bias in this estimate but the tests suggest that the premium is related to returner status. The premium holds for both genders, is higher for people with postgraduate degrees and for people who migrated beyond the EU to the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The results show how emigration can be positive for a source country when viewed in a longer-term context.
Indo-German Relations
Authors: Rothermund Dietmar
Published: July 2010

Diplomatic relations between India and Germany were established by Nehru and Adenauer in 1951. Nehru visited Germany in 1956 and talked to Adenauer at length. Germany later on provided economic aid to India and helped to build the Rourkela steel mill and the IIT Madras (Chennai), German cultural institutes (Max Mueller Bhavan) were established in several Indian cities. Nehru refrained from recognizing the German Democratic Republic. After a promising beginning in this early period, Indo-German relations were caught in the doldrums of benign neglect from the mid-1960s to the 1980s. No German chancellor visited India for 19 years. After Helmut Kohls visits of India and Rajiv Gandhis visit of Germany (1988) Indo-German relations gained a new momentum. India’s economic growth attracted the interest of German industrialists. The Indo-German Chamber of Commerce emerged as the leading bilateral organisation of this kind. The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) launched a, ‘New Passage to India’ encouraging German students to study in India. At the same time more scholarships were given to Indian students and German scientists started important joint projects with their Indian colleagues. An area of very productive cooperation has begun.
Early Indian Influence in Southeast Asia
Authors: Trivedi Sonu
Published: July 2010

Southeast Asia has always been socially and culturally diverse, making accommodation easy. The indigenous people shaped adaptation and adoption of outside influences and sought out concepts and practices that enhanced rather than redirected changes already underway in their own societies. This was the result of a process that fundamentally changed the cultural composition and the indigenous traditions of the Southeast Asianists. The distinctive cultural pattern of India succeeded in striking roots in the Southeast Asian region. The result was an imposing array of architectural and other cultural marvels with indigenous interpretations. Under this background, this article studies the impact of early Indian influence on Southeast Asia. It further discovers India’s relation with one of its oldest ally—Indonesia—and proposes strategies for constructive re-engagement for revitalizing partnership.
Impact of Economic Globalization on Urbanization
Authors: Narayana M.R.
Published: July 2010

This article analyzes the impact of economic globalization on urbanization since July 1991, with special reference to comparisons of Indian and select global experiences. India’s degree of globalization, measured by internationalization of trade and capital, is shown to be low at global levels. Patterns of urbanization in the post-globalization period show higher growth and concentration of population in bigger class-size cities. Urban economic growth is increasingly contributed by service sectors, declining share of manufacturing sector and higher labour productivity. These experiences of India coincide with experiences in countries such as China, G7 and Korea. Overall growth implications of these comparative analyses imply a need for continuing with economic globalization and for a national approach for development of large cities in India. Interestingly, sources of urban economic growth in India are distinguishable by both formal and informal sectors with varying labour productivity. Distributive implications of changing composition and growth of urban labour market across countries are essential to compare the growth-cum-equity implications of globalization on urbanization between India and other countries. This is identified as a topic of future research in Indian urban economics.
Status groups and altruistic behaviour in dictator games
Authors: Liebe Ulf , Tutic Andreas
Published: July 2010

We provide evidence on the effects of social status in the dictator game. With regard to average donations from and to status groups, it turns out that (a) the higher the status of the dictator, the more she donates, and (b) the higher the status of the recipient, the less she receives in donations. Both tendencies are proposed by altruism. On a lower level of aggregation, we find that altruism has the highest proportion of correct predictions among all theoretical concepts under consideration (i.e. altruism, warm-glow giving, in-group bias, noblesse oblige). Surprisingly, there are rarely pure altruists on the individual level. This points at well-known problems of aggregation in social science research and challenges, among others, experimental studies on the in-group bias.
Revolutionaries, despots, and rationality
Authors: Olsson-Yaouzis Nicolas
Published: July 2010

The role of groups has often been invoked as an explanation of how successful revolutions can be the outcome of rational action. This paper attempts to show that the focus on groups fails to incorporate an important aspect of oppression, namely the oppressive regime itself. If rational choice theory is to be taken seriously and if it is assumed that the potential revolutionaries are rational, then similar assumptions should be made about the despot. If this is done, then it is far from obvious that groups help to solve the free-rider problem. Rather it is shown that in this case the revolutionaries become subject to a higher order free-rider problem.
Women and Gender Studies in Italy
Authors: Saraceno Chiara
Published: July 2010

This brief note critically discusses the description of women and gender studies in Italian universities offered by Pravadelli in a previous issue of this journal. The author argues that the weak institutionalization of these studies, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s, was not the outcome of some ‘feminist choice’. Rather it was the consequence both of the Italian institutional framework and of the weak position women academics had within it. The author then goes on to argue, on the basis of empirical information, that, notwithstanding these constraints, Italian women academics have been able to use innovatively the institutional resources available and to create new institutions within the university.
Not Pollyannas
Authors: Carter Nancy L. , Mark Weber J.
Published: July 2010

This research used a job interview context to investigate the relationship between peoples’ degrees of generalized trust—their default assessments of the likely trustworthiness of others—and their ability to detect lies. Participants watched videos of eight simulated job interviews: Half of the interviewees were completely truthful; half told a variety of lies to make themselves more attractive job candidates. Contrary to lay wisdom, high trusters were significantly better than low trusters were at detecting lies. This finding extends a growing body of theoretical and empirical work suggesting that high trusters are far from foolish Pollyannas and that low trusters’ defensiveness incurs significant costs.
Political Ideology at Face Value
Authors: Samochowiec Jakub , Wänke Michaela , Fiedler Klaus
Published: July 2010

Four studies demonstrated that perceivers were able to identify the political attitudes of unknown politicians on a left–right dimension when the targets were merely shown in photographs. In Study 1, party membership provided an objective criterion for political attitudes, whereas actual voting behavior served as a validity criterion in Studies 2, 3a, and 3b. All studies yielded ratings highly chance accuracy. Additional ratings suggest that perceived dominance may partly account for the effect. Moreover, perceivers were more accurate when they rated politicians whose attitudes were opposite to their own position, reflecting a more liberal criterion for out-group than for in-group members. Finally, politicians who were rated accurately had higher chances of being reelected to the following parliamentary session.
A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes
Authors: Chatterjee Sumantra , Kraus Petra , Lufkin Thomas
Published: July 2010

The inner ear is one of the most complex and detailed organs in the vertebrate body and provides us with the priceless ability to hear and perceive linear and angular acceleration (hence maintain balance). The development and morphogenesis of the inner ear from an ectodermal thickening into distinct auditory and vestibular components depends upon precise temporally and spatially coordinated gene expression patterns and well orchestrated signaling cascades within the otic vesicle and upon cellular movements and interactions with surrounding tissues. Gene loss of function analysis in mice has identified homeobox genes along with other transcription and secreted factors as crucial regulators of inner ear morphogenesis and development. While otic induction seems dependent upon fibroblast growth factors, morphogenesis of the otic vesicle into the distinct vestibular and auditory components appears to be clearly dependent upon the activities of a number of homeobox transcription factors. The Pax2 paired-homeobox gene is crucial for the specification of the ventral otic vesicle derived auditory structures and the Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes play a major role in specification of the dorsally derived vestibular structures. Some Micro RNAs have also been recently identified which play a crucial role in the inner ear formation.
TAM receptor ligands in lupus: Protein S but not Gas6 levels reflect disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Suh Chang-Hee , Hilliard Brendan , Li Sophia , Merrill Joan T , Cohen Philip L
Published: July 2010

Introduction

The TAM (tyro 3, axl, mer) kinases are key regulators of innate immunity and are important in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Gas6 and protein S are ligands for these TAM kinases and bind to phosphatidyl serine residues exposed during apoptosis. In animal models, absence of TAM kinases is associated with lupus-like disease. To test whether human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients might have deficient levels of TAM ligands, we measured Gas 6 and protein S levels in SLE.

Methods

107 SLE patients were recruited. Of these, 45 SLE patients were matched age, gender and ethnicity with normal controls (NC). Gas6 and free protein S were measured with sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).

Results

Overall, the plasma concentrations of Gas6 and free protein S were not different between 45 SLE patients and 45 NC. In SLE patients, the levels of free protein S were positively correlated with age (r = 0.2405, P = 0.0126), however those of Gas6 were not. There was no correlation between the concentrations of Gas6 and free protein S in individuals. Levels of free protein S were significantly lower in SLE patients with a history of serositis, neurologic disorder, hematologic disorder and immunologic disorder. Gas6 levels were elevated in patients with a history of neurologic disorder. The SLE patients with anti-Sm or anti-cardiolipin IgG showed lower free protein S levels. Circulating free protein S was positively correlated with complement component 3 (C3) (r = 0.3858, P < 0.0001) and complement component 4 (C4) (r = 0.4275, P < 0.0001). In the patients with active BILAG hematologic involvement, the levels of free protein S were lower and those of Gas6 were higher.

Conclusions

In SLE, free protein S was decreased in patients with certain types of clinical history and disease activity. Levels of free protein S were strongly correlated with C3 and C4 levels. Gas6 levels in SLE patients differed little from levels in NC, but they were elevated in the small numbers of patients with a history of neurological disease. The correlation of decreased protein S levels with lupus disease activity is consistent with a role for the TAM receptors in scavenging apoptotic cells and controlling inflammation. Protein S appears more important functionally in SLE patients than Gas6 in this regard.
Bifunctional Organometallic Catalysis and Reactivity Using Heterocyclic Phosphines and Metallated Heterocycles
Authors: Grotjahn Douglas B
Published: July 2010

Pyridyl- and imidazolylphosphines accelerate anti-Markovnikov alkyne hydration and alkene isomerization and deuteration by factors of 1000 to more than 10000. Evidence for proton transfer and hydrogen bonding in catalytic intermediates comes from computational, mechanistic, and structural studies. Related concepts are being applied to a novel class of protic N-heterocyclic carbene complexes which feature an unusual NH group.
A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education: Article 3: teaching and assessment in the clinical setting
Authors: Shehmar Manjeet , Khan Khalid S
Published: July 2010

Key content

Busy clinical settings can be put to good use for teaching through observation and role modelling.

Teaching and learning in the clinical setting highlight the relevance of education to practice.

Work‐based assessments are strong determinants of learning.

Learning objectives

Trainees and trainers to be introduced to the main medical education theories on teaching and assessment in the clinical setting.

Trainees to be able to use structured strategies for maximising teaching and learning in a clinical setting.

Trainers to know how to take full advantage of learning and teaching opportunities for trainees during their usual clinical sessions and to observe their performance.

Ethical issues

What are the rights of patients when trainers involve them in their teaching?

How can a non‐threatening educational environment be created for trainees when they are being taught in front of patients?

Please cite this article as: Shehmar M, Khan KS. A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education: Article 3: teaching and assessment in the clinical setting. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:199–205.
Age-Structured Assessment of Walleyes, Saugers, and Naturally Produced Hybrids in Three Missouri River Reservoirs
Authors: Graeb Brian D. S. , Willis David W. , Billington Neil , Koigi Rachael N. , VanDeHey Justin A.
Published: July 2010

Walleye Sander vitreus and sauger Sander canadensis naturally hybridize in many populations, but the factors influencing the recruitment of hybrids are unknown. We determined relative year-class strength for 1,454 saugers, walleyes, and naturally produced hybrids from three Missouri River reservoirs. Hybridization rates varied from 4% in Lakes Sharpe and Francis Case to 21% in Lewis and Clark Lake. Hybrids comprised multiple year-classes in each system, indicating that hybridization does not occur in erratic pulses but at a consistent low-level recruitment rate. The year-class strength of hybrids was not correlated with that of either walleyes or saugers. Our models suggest that higher than average recruitment of walleyes, saugers, and hybrids can be expected during years with warmer spring and early summer water temperatures in Lake Sharpe and Lewis and Clark Lake and during years when inflow (from main-stem discharge for hybrids and tributary inputs for saugers and walleyes) is reduced in Lewis and Clark Lake.
Autonomous Acoustic Receiver Deployment and Mooring Techniques for Use in Large Rivers and Estuaries
Authors: Titzler P. Scott , McMichael Geoffrey A. , Carter Jessica A.
Published: July 2010

Acoustic telemetry receivers are used across a range of aquatic habitats to study a diversity of aquatic species. The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System autonomous acoustic receiver system was deployed and moored in the Columbia River and its estuary. A high receiver loss rate during 2005 in the Columbia River estuary, an area with high water velocities and unstable substrates, prompted improvements to the receiver mooring system, and in 2006 the mooring system was redesigned. This change included elimination of surface buoys, a cable bridle, and an anchor tagline (for anchor recovery). The new mooring configuration, consisting of an acoustic receiver, acoustic release, and mooring line sections that were anchored to the riverbed, improved receiver recovery rates and crew safety. Additionally, a reward program was implemented to provide an incentive for people to return found receivers. The mooring design presented here performed well compared with previous acoustic receiver mooring methods used in the Columbia River system and should be useful for similar applications in large rivers and estuaries with high water velocities and shifting substrates.
Eficiência e atividade enzimática elicitada por metil jasmonato e silicato de potássio em cana-de-açúcar parasitada por Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Guimarães Lílian Margarete Paes , Pedrosa Elvira Maria Régis , Coelho Rildo Sartori Barbosa , Couto Erick Farias , Maranhão Sandra Roberta Vaz Lira , Chaves Andréa
Published: July 2010

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de metil jasmonato e silicato de potássio sobre o parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita na variedade RB863129 de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) e a atividade enzimática da peroxidase e β-1,3-glucanase elicitada, em condições de casa de vegetação. Metil jasmonato diminuiu significativamente o número de ovos por grama de raiz, mas não afetou à biomassa da parte aérea da planta. Sete dias após a aplicação, os dois indutores afetaram a atividade de β-glucanase na plantas parasitadas e, aos 14 e 21 dias, promoveram variações significativas nos níveis de peroxidase e β-1,3-glucanase, muito embora, ao contrário da peroxidase, a atividade β-1,3-glucanase não diferiu entre plantas inoculadas e não inoculadas.
Murcha de fusário em helicônia: fontes de resistência, método alternativo de detecção e defesa estrutural
Authors: Castro Neilza Reis , Coêlho Rildo Sartori Barbosa , Laranjeira Delson , Pimentel Rejane Magalhães de Mendonça , Ferreira Clébio Pereira
Published: July 2010

O cultivo das helicônias vem sendo afetado pela murcha, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Este trabalho objetivou identificar fontes de resistência, verificar a detecção da resistência através de método alternativo e avaliar a lignificação como mecanismo de defesa do hospedeiro ao patógeno. As espécies utilizadas na identificação de resistência foram Heliconia bihai, H. psittacorum cvs. Golden Torch e Golden Torch Adrian, H. rostrata, H. stricta cvs. Capri e Fire Bird, H. psittacorum cvs. Sassy e Alan Carle, H. caribea, H. latispatha, H. wagneriana e H. chartacea cv. Sexy Pink. A avaliação dos sintomas foi realizada aos 40 dias após a inoculação baseada em escala de notas variando de 1 a 6. As espécies consideradas resistentes foram H. bihai, H. psittacorum cvs. Golden Torch e Golden Torch Adrian, H. rostrata, H. stricta cv. Capri, H. psittacorum cv. Sassy e H. caribea. O método alternativo de detecção de resistência consistiu na utilização de filtrado fúngico obtido a partir do cultivo em meio Czapek, utilizando várias concentrações do mesmo depositando em folhas destacadas das cultivares resistentes e suscetíveis H. psittacorum cvs. Golden Torch e Alan Carle, respectivamente. A avaliação foi feita após 48 horas de incubação, onde a concentração em 50% do filtrado foi a mais eficiente na distinção da resistência. O mecanismo estrutural foi observado em secções histológicas nas raízes das espécies utilizadas no estudo de resistência, inoculadas com o método de injeção e não inoculadas, que permitiram verificar a ausência de relação entre a resistência e a lignificação.
Avaliação da gestão descentralizada da assistência farmacêutica básica em municípios baianos, Brasil
Authors: Barreto Joslene Lacerda , Guimarães Maria do Carmo Lessa
Published: July 2010

Este artigo avalia a gestão descentralizada da assistência farmacêutica no âmbito municipal do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Parte-se do pressuposto de que seus fatores condicionantes decorrem principalmente de uma visão tecnicista e procedimental que ainda prevalece sobre a assistência farmacêutica. Utilizaram-se duas estratégias de pesquisa: uma extensiva, realizada a partir da aplicação do Protocolo de Indicadores construído pelo Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Assistência Farmacêutica (NEPAF) da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal da Bahia em dois municípios baianos. A coleta de dados foi feita com questionários, formulário (check list) e análise de documentos. Na fase intensiva utilizaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chave. Os resultados confirmam os pressupostos revelando práticas de gestão reduzidas à sua dimensão operacional, com ênfase em aspectos do ciclo logístico da assistência farmacêutica. Identificaram-se avanços, ainda tímidos, na dimensão organizacional e da sustentabilidade voltadas para fomentar maior participação e autonomia da gestão da assistência farmacêutica municipal.
Comparação entre solicitações psiquiátricas de dois hospitais gerais universitários brasileiros: uso do protocolo de registro de interconsulta em saúde mental
Authors: Nakabayashi Tatiana Iuriko Kawasaki , Guerra Karen Aguirres , Souza Roberto Molina de , Loureiro Sonia Regina , Contel José Onildo Betioli , Cabrera Catalina Camas , Hallak Jaime Eduardo Cecílio , Osório Flávia Lima , Leal Cybele Garcia , Rufino Armanda Carla T. Brandão Fragata , Crippa José Alexandre de Souza
Published: July 2010

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar pedidos de interconsulta psiquiátrica realizados para dois hospitais gerais universitários brasileiros e avaliar a aplicabilidade de um protocolo de registro de interconsulta psiquiátrica (PRISMe). Foi realizada análise dos pedidos de interconsulta, do PRISMe anexado a eles e o número total de pedidos de interconsulta incluídos na amostra foi 541 (438 pedidos de interconsulta do HCFMRP-USP e 103 pedidos de interconsulta do HU-UFSC). Observou-se maior freqüência de solicitação para pacientes do sexo feminino, caucasianos, entre 31 a 60 anos e casados. Os diagnósticos psiquiátricos mais freqüentes foram depressão, transtornos de adaptação e de personalidade. Os resultados estão de acordo com a literatura nacional e internacional e as diferenças encontradas podem ser atribuídas às diferenças na infra-estrutura das instituições e nos contextos sócio-econômicos nos quais estão inseridas. Achados do presente estudo demonstram a aplicabilidade do PRISMe e sugerem que podem facilitar a sistematização da obtenção de achados clínico-demográficos e a comparabilidade entre as diferenças.
Alveolar osseous defect in rat for cell therapy: preliminary report
Authors: Raposo-Amaral Cassio Eduardo , Kobayashi Gerson Shigeru , Almeida Ana Beatriz , Bueno Daniela F. , Freitas Fatima Rodrigues de Souza e , Vulcano Luiz Carlos , Passos-Bueno Maria Rita , Alonso Nivaldo
Published: July 2010

PURPOSE: To study were to reproduce an alveolar bone defect model in Wistar rats to be used for testing the efficacy of stem cell therapies. Additionally, we also aimed to determine the osteogenesis process of this osseous defect in the 1 month period post-surgery. METHODS: The animals were randomly divided into two groups of 7 animals each. A gingivobuccal incision was made, and a bone defect of 28 mm² of area was performed in the alveolar region. Animals were killed at 2 weeks after surgery (n=7) and 4 weeks after surgery (n=7). RESULTS: The average area of the alveolar defect at time point of 2 weeks was 22.27 ± 1.31 mm² and the average area of alveolar defect at time point of 4 weeks was 9.03 ± 1.17 mm². The average amount of bone formation at time point of 2 weeks was 5.73 ± 1.31 mm² and the average amount of bone formation at time point of 4 weeks was 19 ± 1.17 mm². Statistically significant differences between the amount of bone formation at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after surgery were seen (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The highest rate of ossification occurred mostly from 2 to 4 weeks after surgery. This observation suggests that 4 weeks after the bone defect creation should be a satisfactory timing to assess the potential of bone inductive stem cells to accelerate bone regeneration in Wistar rats.
As análises da memória militar sobre a ditadura: balanço e possibilidades
Authors: Vasconcelos Cláudio Beserra de
Published: July 2010

Estudos baseados em fontes orais têm possibilitado boas reflexões sobre a ditadura implantada no Brasil em 1964. Entre elas, tem recebido especial atenção a memória dos militares partícipes do regime. De maneira inversa, a memória dos militares cassados tem recebido pouca atenção. Este artigo faz um balanço das principais análises da memória militar sobre a ditadura, tentando apresentar seus limites e levantar questões para o enriquecimento dos estudos sobre o tema.
Conflitos de memória e de identidades no cenário rural: ritualizações e representações de colonos assentados no norte do RS
Authors: Tedesco João Carlos
Published: July 2010

O texto analisa aspectos do uso da memória coletiva por grupos sociais (no caso assentados, oriundos dos acampamentos da Encruzilhada Natalino e da Fazenda Annoni, na região centro-norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul) para redefinir e/ou fortalecer sua identidade de sem-terra e enfrentar desafios e conflitos do tempo presente. Objetiva mostrar processos de construção/reconstrução de memórias coletivas através de rituais mediados por várias instituições, os quais buscam fortalecer identidades de pertencimento, manter a mística e os processos de luta de sem-terra ainda que os sujeitos envolvidos não o sejam mais. Centraliza-se na discussão e análise do papel da memória coletiva, das representações sociais, cultura de pertencimento, rituais agregadores, processos de socialização e temporalidades que se cruzam.
Correlação da massa e porcentagem de gordura com a idade na distrofia muscular de Duchenne
Authors: Caromano Fátima Aparecida , Tanaka Clarice , João Sílvia Maria Amado , Kamisaki Ana Patrícia , Yano Kelly Cristina , Ide Maiza Ritomy
Published: July 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma desordem genética, caracterizada pela perda progressiva e irreversível da musculatura esquelética. OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetiva correlacionar a porcentagem e a massa de gordura com a idade em pacientes com DMD. METODOLOGIA: Foram selecionados 68 indivíduos com idades entre 5 e 20 anos, com diagnóstico molecular de certeza para DMD, residentes na cidade de São Paulo. Todos foram submetidos à mensuração do peso e altura e também ao teste de análise de composição corporal com o uso da bioimpedância, no período da manhã, todas no mesmo dia. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Os resultados foram analisados agrupando os indivíduos em quartis de idade e mostraram um índice de massa corpóreo (IMC) de 21 ± 8 kg/m². Assim, observou-se que, com a idade e o grau de sedentarismo imposto pela doença, houve um acúmulo de gordura corporal e perda de massa magra. CONCLUSÃO: São necessários mais estudos relacionados às características nutricionais desses indivíduos, para que se esclareçam melhor os efeitos da doença e da alimentação no ganho de porcentagem e massa de gordura.
Alterações ortopédicas em crianças e adolescentes obesos
Authors: Brandalize Michelle , Leite Neiva
Published: July 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade infanto-juvenil é um problema muito frequente e implica complicações que podem estar presentes precocemente, como as alterações ortopédicas. OBJETIVO: descrever as alterações que atingem o aparelho locomotor em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade. METODOLOGIA: Foram consultadas as bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, ISI e base de dados da Universidade de Standford, com a combinação dos seguintes descritores: "obesidade", "complicações", "criança", "dores músculo-esqueléticas", "postura", "alterações ortopédicas", "marcha" e seus respectivos sinônimos em inglês. RESULTADOS: Pôde-se observar que as crianças e adolescentes obesos são mais predispostos a apresentar essas complicações ortopédicas que os indivíduos eutróficos, e os principais problemas relatados foram as alterações posturais, como hiperlordose lombar e joelhos valgos, e dores músculo-esqueléticas, principalmente na coluna lombar e membros inferiores. Os principais fatores que causam esses problemas não são bem definidos, mas incluem aumento da sobrecarga articular associado à fragilidade óssea em fase de crescimento e à diminuição da estabilidade postural, o que conduz ao aumento das necessidades mecânicas regionais. CONCLUSÃO: A identificação precoce dessas disfunções é fundamental para que essas crianças recebam tratamento multidisciplinar adequado.
Um projeto político-pedagógico de graduação em fisioterapia pautado em três eixos curriculares
Authors: Signorelli Marcos Claudio , Israel Vera Lucia , Corrêa Clynton Lourenço , Motter Arlete Ana , Takeda Sibele Yoko Mattozo , Gomes Anna Raquel Silveira
Published: July 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: O Setor Litoral da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), com seu Projeto Político-Pedagógico (PPP) inovador, baseado na Teoria da Complexidade, está finalizando o processo de implantação de sua primeira turma de Fisioterapia. OBJETIVOS: Comentar algumas das bases teóricas que sustentam tal projeto pedagógico, apresentando a experiência da construção coletiva de um PPP pautado em três eixos curriculares. METODOLOGIA: De caráter qualitativo e de cunho teórico-reflexivo. RESULTADOS: A construção do PPP resultou numa organização curricular em três eixos: Fundamentos Teórico-Práticos (FTP), Projetos de Aprendizagem (PA) e Interações Culturais e Humanísticas (ICH). Os FTP (aproximadamente 60% do currículo) compreendem módulos temáticos elaborados por equipe interdisciplinar de professores, contextualizados com a realidade do mundo do trabalho, aproximando-se dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e atendendo às Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN). Nos PA, o estudante desenvolve projetos mediados por docentes, que envolvem necessariamente a tríade "ensino-pesquisa-extensão". Esses são imbricados à realidade do litoral paranaense, extensiva e/ou ampliada para outras comunidades. Já as ICH (20% do currículo) são espaços para a vivência de um diferencial na gênese do fisioterapeuta: uma formação pautada na complexidade do ser humano e na integração deste com o meio, pois são realizadas em conjunto com outros cursos e comunidade. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Nessa trajetória, os estudantes que se desenvolvem pela UFPR já demonstram características diferenciadas, resultantes de práxis generalista, humanista, crítica e reflexiva, como preconizam as DCN. Esperamos que essa vivência proporcione articulação de saberes e práticas, formando profissionais qualificados, cidadãos conscientes e sensibilizados para a coletividade.