bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ibn Jazlah and his 11th century accounts (Taqwim al-abdan fi tadbir al-insan) of disease of the brain and spinal cord
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Ardalan Mohammad , Oakes W. Jerry
Published: February 2011

The 11th century was culturally and medicinally one of the most exciting periods in the history of Islam. Medicine of this day was influenced by the Greeks, Indians, Persians, Coptics, and Syriacs. One of the most prolific writers of this period was Ibn Jazlah, who resided in Baghdad in the district of Karkh. Ibn Jazlah made many important observations regarding diseases of the brain and spinal cord. These contributions and a review of the life and times of this early Muslim physician are presented.
Chance and no change: survival of Backhouse material in the north-east of England
Authors: SIMMS C.
Published: February 2011

The northern Quaker family of Backhouse — flaxmillers, bankers and nurseymen of Darlington and York in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries — made a substantial contribution to natural history within and beyond their region. This work has been little recognised even by their biographers or in the standard work by Raistrick.1 They mixed banking with botany; they explored remote habitats in the antipodes and near at home; they mixed the pioneer cultivation of new and exotic plants with the excavation of old and new bones in caves in northern England and on the continent. One, James Backhouse, passed from expository missionary to exploratory botanist; another from clerk to ornithological taxonomist.
The original drawings for the Historia naturalis Brasiliae of Piso and Marcgrave (1648)
Authors: WHITEHEAD P. J. P.
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY

The Historia naturalis Brasiliae is the most important early account of Brazilian zoology, botany, medicine and, to some extent, ethnology. Its animals and plants were frequently cited by Linnaeus and later authors, but identification of the species is often hindered by the poor descriptions and woodcut illustrations. Much help can be gained, however, from a collection of contemporary drawings and paintings of these same animals and plants, many being the basis for the woodcuts. Officially, this collection is lost, after nearly three hundred years of safekeeping in Berlin, but recent investigations suggest that these precious pictures are now in Poland and that, with persistence, they can once more be made available to scientists and scholars.
Scandal, Choice and the Economy of Minority Literature
Authors: Hanneken Jaime
Published: February 2011

This essay proposes to examine minority literature, and the scandals often associated with it, as a function of economy and choice. Rather than weighing the political strategies of identity and representation available to minority literature, this approach aims to dissect the ways its circulation is conditioned both by the modern liberal principle of self-ownership and by the flexible conversion of value among different economies characteristic of late capitalist forms of recognition. The entanglement of these spheres of value becomes explicit in the moment of choice inherent to scandal, where the political or philosophical questions of minority identity are reduced to a matter of expenditure. Using the insights of Amartya Sen and Jean Baudrillard on the prerogative of choice in the constitution of capitalist subjects, I argue that it can offer a more comprehensive account of the political valence of minority literature, and its scandals, than the hermeneutics of representation.
Perceiving Text and Image in Apollinaire's Calligrammes
Authors: Shingler Katherine
Published: February 2011

Literary scholars have recently become increasingly interested in the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms involved in reading, and have incorporated scientific research in this area into their critical approaches to texts. This article argues that such an approach is particularly appropriate when authors explicitly engage with the way in which their texts are visually taken in and processed. This is the case with Guillaume Apollinaire, whose calligrammes are informed by a theory of visual-verbal simultaneity stipulating that the reader should be simultaneously aware of both textual and pictorial aspects of the poem. Experimental research in the psychology of reading and picture perception is used to assess this theory of simultaneity, and specifically to challenge Michel Foucault's claim that reading and viewing are mutually exclusive processes. The article concludes by considering further applications of psychological research to word and image studies.
Articulations of the Real: from Lacan to Badiou
Authors: Bell Lucy
Published: February 2011

This article gives a comparative analysis of the way in which Lacanian psychoanalysis and Alain Badiou's mathematical ontology understand the category of the real, respectively, as the foundation of individual subjectivity or the name of being-as-being. A number of shifts in focus arise from the fundamental difference in the location of the void: from the individual act to the collective event; from death drive to immortal truth; from subjective destitution and cathartic purification to transformative interventions and constitutive thought. These shifts are exemplified, elaborated and analysed through a close reading of the thinkers' respective commentaries on Sophocles' Antigone. Foregrounding what is philosophically at stake in these differences, the article defends Badiou against Lacanian critics (most notably Slavoj Žižek and Eleanor Kaufman) by examining the ethical and political force of his innovation.
Mastic Oil Inhibits the Metastatic Phenotype of Mouse Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Loutrari Heleni , Magkouta Sophia , Papapetropoulos Andreas , Roussos Charis
Published: February 2011

Mastic oil from Pistacia lentiscus variation chia, a natural combination of bioactive terpenes, has been shown to exert anti-tumor growth effects against a broad spectrum of cancers including mouse Lewis lung adenocarcinomas (LLC). However, no studies have addressed its anti-metastatic actions. In this study, we showed that treatment of LLC cells with mastic oil within a range of non-toxic concentrations (0.01–0.04% v/v): (a) abrogated their Matrigel invasion and migration capabilities in transwell assays; (b) reduced the levels of secreted MMP-2; (c) restricted phorbol ester-induced actin remodeling and (d) limited the length of neo-vessel networks in tumor microenvironment in the model of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Moreover, exposure of LLC and endothelial cells to mastic oil impaired their adhesive interactions in a co-culture assay and reduced the expression of key adhesion molecules by endothelial cells upon their stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Overall, this study provides novel evidence supporting a multipotent role for mastic oil in prevention of crucial processes related to cancer metastasis.
Plasmonic Nanobubbles as Tunable Cellular Probes for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Lapotko Dmitri
Published: February 2011

This review is focused on a novel cellular probe, the plasmonic nanobubble (PNB), which has the dynamically tunable and multiple functions of imaging, diagnosis, delivery, therapy and, ultimately, theranostics. The concept of theranostics was recently introduced in order to unite the clinically important stages of treatment, namely diagnosis, therapy and therapy guidance, into one single, rapid and highly accurate procedure. Cell level theranostics will have far-reaching implications for the treatment of cancer and other diseases at their earliest stages. PNBs were developed to support cell level theranostics as a new generation of on-demand tunable cellular probes. A PNB is a transient vapor nanobubble that is generated within nanoseconds around an overheated plasmonic nanoparticle with a short laser pulse. In the short term, we expect that PNB technology will be rapidly adaptable to clinical medicine, where the single cell resolution it provides will be critical for diagnosing incipient or residual disease and eliminating cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells intact. This review discusses mechanisms of plasmonic nanobubbles and their biomedical applications with the focus on cancer cell theranostics.
Biodegradable Tri-Block Copolymer Poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lysine)(PLA-PEG-PLL) as a Non-Viral Vector to Enhance Gene Transfection
Authors: Fu Chunhua , Sun Xiaoli , Liu Donghua , Chen Zhijing , Lu Zaijun , Zhang Na
Published: February 2011

Low cytotoxicity and high gene transfection efficiency are critical issues in designing current non-viral gene delivery vectors. The purpose of the present work was to synthesize the novel biodegradable poly (lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lysine) (PLA-PEG-PLL) copolymer, and explore its applicability and feasibility as a non-viral vector for gene transport. PLA-PEG-PLL was obtained by the ring-opening polymerization of Lys(Z)-NCA onto amine-terminated NH2-PEG-PLA, then acidolysis to remove benzyloxycarbonyl. The tri-block copolymer PLA-PEG-PLL combined the characters of cationic polymer PLL, PLA and PEG: the self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) possessed a PEG loop structure to increase the stability, hydrophobic PLA segments as the core, and the primary ε-amine groups of lysine in PLL to electrostatically interact with negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA to deposit with the PLA core. The physicochemical properties (morphology, particle size and surface charge) and the biological properties (protection from nuclease degradation, plasma stability, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in vitro transfection ability in HeLa and HepG2 cells) of the gene-loaded PLA-PEG-PLL nanoparticles (PLA-PEG-PLL NPs) were evaluated, respectively. Agarose gel electrophoresis assay confirmed that the PLA-PEG-PLL NPs could condense DNA thoroughly and protect DNA from nuclease degradation. Initial experiments showed that PLA-PEG-PLL NPs/DNA complexes exhibited almost no toxicity and higher gene expression (up to 21.64% in HepG2 cells and 31.63% in HeLa cells) than PEI/DNA complexes (14.01% and 24.22%). These results revealed that the biodegradable tri-block copolymer PLA-PEG-PLL might be a very attractive candidate as a non-viral vector and might alleviate the drawbacks of the conventional cationic vectors/DNA complexes for gene delivery in vivo.
Des historiens sans histoire ?
Authors: Singaravélou Pierre
Published: February 2011

Résumé Depuis plus de 50 ans, l’historiographie coloniale française a été oblitérée par les spécialistes de l’histoire de la discipline. Pourtant, sous la Troisième République, l’histoire de la colonisation française à fait l’objet de nombreux enseignements universitaires, soutenances de thèses et publications de manuels spécialisés. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de revenir sur les modalités de développement de cette spécialité dans l’enseignement supérieur en observant les marges du champ universitaire, dans lesquelles s’insinuent les « sciences coloniales ». Cette histoire de la colonisation semble être le produit d’une communauté d’historiens professionnels qui partagent une même culture académique et appliquent une méthodologie spécifique. Jugée traditionnellement conformiste et médiocre, l’historiographie coloniale révèle de nouvelles méthodes de recherche (pluridisciplinarité, histoire orale, contemporaine et comparée, etc.). Le discours historique colonial apparaît toutefois répétitif. En effet, les historiens ont à répondre à la même question paradoxale qui met en jeu leur légitimité : comment écrire l’histoire de peuples sans histoire ? Aussi privilégient-ils une histoire diffusionniste de la colonisation et des peuples colonisateurs, les colonisés accédant à l’Histoire grâce à l’œuvre bienfaitrice des colonisateurs français et de leurs prédécesseurs (Romains, Arabes, Indiens, etc.).
Le charisme et la construction des héros de l'Empire en Grande-Bretagne et en France, 1880-1914
Authors: Berenson Edward
Published: February 2011

Résumé Comment expliquer la légitimation des conquêtes coloniales européennes menées en Afrique à la fin du XIX e siècle, alors que ces explorations se révélèrent, pour une bonne part, soit des entreprises hasardeuses ou des échecs, soit des faits irrationnels de politique étrangère ? Les études de cas d’Hubert Lyautey et de Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza en France, d’Henry Morton Stanley en Grande-Bretagne, montrent le rôle décisif de l’enthousiasme et de la confiance que soulevèrent ces personnages charismatiques auprès de larges couches de la population. La figure exemplaire du héros colonial qu’ils en vinrent à incarner dans leurs pays respectifs, en une période épargnée par la guerre, qui voit se généraliser l’alphabétisation et se créer un large circuit commercial pour l’imprimé, eut un grand rôle dans le retournement de l’opinion, d’abord indifférente, voire hostile, aux projets impérialistes. Leur célébrité et leurs exploits magnifiés furent diffusés et amplifiés à travers les nouveaux médias de masse (presse bon marché à grand tirage, best-sellers, comme les récits de Stanley), la commercialisation de biens de consommation (prolifération d’images et d’objets liés à Brazza et à ses expéditions), ou les distinctions honorifiques qui les rendirent politiquement influents (entrée à l’Académie française pour Lyautey, élection au Parlement pour Stanley). Le succès de cette référence culturelle inédite est attesté par l’étude de journaux intimes et de courriers, où des lecteurs formulèrent l’admiration et la dévotion qu’ils ressentirent pour ces hommes.
De la déconstruction de l'ethnie au branchement des cultures : un itinéraire intellectuel
Authors: Amselle Jean-Loup
Published: February 2011

Résumé Dans cet article, l’auteur retrace son itinéraire d’anthropologue depuis les années de formation jusqu’à celles de la maturité en évoquant successivement les différentes phases de l’élaboration de sa pensée. Partant de la déconstruction de la notion d’ethnie, puis de son remplacement par celle de métissage, Jean-Loup Amselle a été ensuite conduit à remettre en cause cette dernière notion, pour lui substituer celle de « branchements ». Cette évolution théorique et conceptuelle s’applique non seulement à des contextes exotiques – africains, entre autres – mais également à des situations domestiques, comme celle de la France, à travers l’usage de plus en plus répandu de la notion de multiculturalisme.
Médiation culturelle : l'enjeu de la gestion des ressources humaines
Authors: Aubouin Nicolas , Kletz Frédéric , Lenay Olivier
Published: February 2011

Résumé Au cours des 30 dernières années, les activités de médiation culturelle ont connu un essor continu dans l’ensemble des domaines artistiques et culturels, au sein des institutions et sur les territoires, notamment sous l’impulsion des politiques publiques de la culture, de la ville et de l’emploi. Pour autant, les activités de médiation ne constituent pas aujourd’hui un ensemble homogène ; le métier et les compétences, divers selon les établissements et les secteurs, restent peu reconnus. Au moyen d’une méthode inédite qui se décline sous la forme de 6 configurations professionnelles, l’étude dresse un état des lieux actualisé des situations professionnelles rencontrées (contenus d’activité, statuts d’emploi, conditions d’accès et identités professionnelles) et identifie l’enjeu majeur que constitue la gestion des ressources humaines pour la professionnalisation des activités de médiation.
Pratiques culturelles chez les jeunes et institutions de transmission : un choc de cultures ?
Authors: Octobre Sylvie
Published: February 2011

Résumé Avec la révolution numérique, les usages culturels évoluent, particulièrement dans les générations des digital natives , jeunes familiers des technologies de l’information et de la communication. Pour autant, les nouveaux usages culturels des jeunes (10-24 ans) ne sont pas exclusifs : les pratiques artistiques amateurs, la fréquentation des équipements culturels et la consommation médiatique se maintiennent auprès des jeunes générations où l’usage de l’internet apparaît lié à un intérêt plus global pour la culture et l’information. Le genre, l’âge et l’appartenance à une catégorie socioprofessionnelle demeurent des variables significatives. C’est du côté des instances de transmission – la famille, l’école et les institutions culturelles – que les évolutions sont les plus notables : celles-ci interrogent les instances de transmission (famille, école, équipements culturels) à repenser leurs modes d’action, qu’il s’agisse de transmission familiale, du lien entre culture et savoir ou encore de médiation.
Le tempérament de l'enfant et ses réactions émotionnelles
Authors: Quartier Vincent
Published: February 2011

Résumé En clinique infantile, la singularité des réactions émotionnelles d’un enfant passe parfois inaperçue. Reconnaître le tempérament d’un enfant est pourtant une étape souvent utile à la construction d’une alliance thérapeutique avec la famille. Le modèle en neuf traits de Thomas et Chess et l’épigenèse probabiliste de Gottlieb nous semblent offrir des repères utiles au clinicien. Il est alors possible, dans un second temps, d’aborder les problématiques personnelles des parents qui desservent leur ajustement aux besoins spécifiques de l’enfant.
« La peur de la peur » ou l'observation attentive en néonatologie
Authors: Simon José-Annick
Published: February 2011

Résumé Dans un service de néonatologie, l’équipe médicale et les intervenantes de pédopsychiatrie accueillent Nicolas et Nicolette, deux jumeaux nés à 6 mois. Nous sommes ainsi plongés dans un service « ventre-de-mère », chaleureux et porteur, mais aussi sur un océan où nous sommes roulés, fouettés par les vagues des émotions. C’est l’application de l’observation du nourrisson selon Esther Bick qui va permettre aux « pédopsys », par un travail d’attention (une attention soignante), d’accompagner ce long et douloureux voyage en transformant les vécus archaïques et violents en des pensées, et les pensées en paroles.
Corps, jeu et émotion dans un groupe thérapeutique à médiation artistique
Authors: Cologne Sandra
Published: February 2011

Résumé Au sein de l’analyse d’une pratique psychomotrice de groupe thérapeutique à médiation artistique, nous nous interrogerons sur la place des émotions et la fonction du mouvement dansé et de l’espace scénique dans la thérapie. Lieu de représentation de ce corps en mouvement, est-il un possible lieu de transformation des affects/émotions et de changement des modes de relation à soi et aux autres, grâce à l’espace d’exploration, d’expérimentation et de jeu qu’il ouvre à nouveau ? Une attention particulière sera portée au corps et à son rôle dans la construction de la personnalité. Ce corps senti, vécu, perçu individuellement mais également représenté, construit en identification à autrui et réfléchi par le regard d’autrui.
Le blues des « enseignants du terrain »
Authors: Seghetchian-Shomali Dominique
Published: February 2011

L’enseignement du français est plus que jamais « une discipline sur la sellette ». Sans accompagnement ni véritable formation, ses enseignants sont soumis aux injonctions contradictoires des idéologues entre l’obligation de mettre en œuvre la « modernité » d’un enseignement par compétences et un programme ancré dans la « tradition républicaine ». La définition même de la professionnalité des enseignants de français est mise à mal. Lieu où peuvent se rencontrer les enseignants de français de la maternelle à l’université, qu’ils l’enseignent en tant que langue maternelle, seconde ou étrangère, l’AFEF peut aussi impulser la réflexion sur les vrais bilans que l’institution ne tire pas. Elle peut être le lieu d’un renouveau qui puise dans les ressources des uns et des autres les outils pour dépasser non seulement ces dilemmes mais l’ancienne dichotomie langue/littérature. Elle parviendra ainsi à organiser une résistance constructive à un « pilotage » qui privilégie le quantitatif et in fine le marché, et répondre aux attentes des enseignants qui souhaitent exercer leur métier au service des sujets-élèves, de la démocratie et de l’humanisme.
Pour une rénovation de l'enseignement du français.
Authors: Cardon-Quint Clémence
Published: February 2011

Créée en 1967 pour représenter les professeurs français dans la future Fédération internationale des professeurs de français, l’Association française des professeurs de français (AFPF) devint en quelques années le porte parole de ceux qui souhaitaient une rénovation ambitieuse de l’enseignement du français, de la maternelle à l’université. Elle put se faire entendre, à compter de 1970, au sein de la commission Pierre Emmanuel, chargée par le ministère de l’Éducation nationale d’élaborer des propositions pour réformer cet enseignement. Sur le terrain, sans attendre les directives officielles, ses adhérents s’efforcèrent d’expérimenter de nouvelles pratiques. Portée par l’effervescence réformatrice de l’époque, l’association connut une période de croissance et d’optimisme qui prit fin avec l’inflexion de la politique ministérielle, plus ouvertement conservatrice à compter de 1972-1973.
L'AFEF, bilan d'étape. Du dépit aux défis
Authors: Youx Viviane
Published: February 2011

L’AFEF traverse une crise profonde : victime autant des coups de boutoirs régressifs que d’une baisse générale du militantisme. Elle continue pourtant à diffuser les valeurs fortes déjà affirmées par le Manifeste de Charbonnières. Son identité bicéphale, pédagogique et didactique, lui donne souvent plus d’affinités avec les mouvements pédagogiques qu’avec les associations de spécialistes. Et pourtant son parti pris d’une éducabilité pour tous se fonde sur une didactique de la littérature, de la langue, de l’oral..., convaincus qu’elle est de la place centrale que joue le français dans la formation des élèves. Malgré ses actions, rencontres-débats et relais internet, et sa revue, Le Français aujourd’hui , la méconnaissance dans laquelle vit l’AFEF aujourd’hui pourrait générer du dépit. Saura-t-elle relever les défis actuels : du numérique, du plurilinguisme, de la didactique, de la formation ? Avec quelles forces ?
RPS : Quels diagnostics ? Enjeux scientifiques et politiques
Authors: de Gaulejac Vincent
Published: February 2011

Résumé Les suicides à Renault Guyancourt et France Télécom ont déclenché une prise de conscience sur le mal-être au travail, dans le monde politique. Un débat s’est alors engagé sur « les risques psychosociaux ». Différents experts ont été mobilisés dans un débat médiatique important. Des commissions se sont mises au travail, des rapports ont été rédigés. À travers ces contributions, il est possible de repérer différentes problématiques, des oppositions et des complémentarités, un chevauchement des constats, mais aussi des divergences qui débouchent sur des propositions très diversifiées. Nous avons choisi de retenir trois « entrées » : le rapport remis en 2008 au ministre du Travail sur « la détermination, la mesure et le suivi des risques psychosociaux au travail », rédigé par Patrick Légeron et Philippe Nasse ; le rapport de la Commission de réflexion sur la souffrance au travail mis en place à l’Assemblée nationale fin 2009 par Jean François-Copé ; le rapport « Bien-être et efficacité au travail – 10 propositions pour améliorer la santé psychologique au travail », remis au Premier ministre en février 2010 par Henri Lachmann, Christian Larose et Muriel Pénicaud. Ce choix croise des expertises issues de milieux différents, il permet de poser un regard sur un certain « état de l’art ». Il permet également de montrer comment les politiques et les experts qui les servent abordent aujourd’hui la question. En conclusion, nous indiquerons quelques pistes de réflexions. La question des risques psychosociaux doit être abordée comme un phénomène social total qui met en perspective le registre du mal-être individuel, le registre du travail de ses modalités d’organisation et de management, le registre de l’imaginaire organisationnel et de l’idéologie gestionnaire qui domine le monde de l’entreprise, et le registre du système socio-économique, en particulier le développement du capitalisme financier.
La construction sociale du stress : entre objectivation, subjectivité et régulations collectives des difficultés au travail
Authors: Loriol Marc
Published: February 2011

Résumé En réponse à la difficulté de définir, mesurer et expliquer le stress au travail, il est proposé de l’aborder comme une « construction sociale ». Mais cette expression n’est pas toujours bien comprise. En reprenant quatre grands types idéaux d’analyse constructiviste (production d’une catégorie, définition de la situation, étiquetage et carrière), cet article entend rendre compte de l’imbrication de phénomènes macro et microsociologiques dans la genèse concomitante des représentations et de l’expérience du stress au sein de trois catégories professionnelles (infirmières, policiers et cadres).
Protéger la santé des travailleurs : pour que la mission du chsct ne devienne pas impossible
Authors: Litim Malika , Castejon Christine
Published: February 2011

Résumé Depuis 1982, faisant suite à d’autres institutions, le Comité d’hygiène, de sécurité et des conditions de travail contribue à la protection de la santé et de la sécurité des travailleurs, dans les entreprises de plus de cinquante salariés. Dans les dernières années, sa mission s’est élargie explicitement aux dimensions psychosociales, sans qu’il en soit tiré les conséquences : lesdits risques psychosociaux l’entraînent pourtant très au-delà des classiques questions de conditions de travail, déjà difficiles mais plus concrètes et plus matérielles. L’article indique en quoi les spécificités du fonctionnement du chsct peuvent expliquer, au moins pour partie, la difficulté de faire face à l’extension de la mission. Pour aller plus loin, il illustre par quelques exemples le saut qu’il s’agit d’opérer quand le mal-être appelle la discussion des choix économiques de l’entreprise. Il ne suffit pas que le chsct refuse de réduire ses ambitions, il faut que d’autres acteurs partagent l’enjeu.
Du « harcèlement » à la « souffrance au travail » : la recatégorisation des risques psychosociaux dans une situation de négociation syndicale
Authors: Bernard Sophie , Glady Marc , Mathieu Caroline
Published: February 2011

Résumé À la frontière entre sociologie du langage, sociolinguistique, sociologie des relations professionnelles et psychosociologie des organisations et du travail, l’article analyse un déplacement des formes d’énonciation du mal-être au travail dans une collectivité territoriale : du « harcèlement moral » au thème de la « souffrance au travail ». Si l’analyse des déplacements catégoriels autour du thème des risques psychosociaux rend compte de situations de souffrance bien réelles, elle met aussi au jour les difficultés pour « mettre en mots » ces situations. Enfin, elle révèle les stratégies d’acteurs engagés dans des luttes sociales pour la défense d’une condition salariale malmenée par les évolutions managériales et qui prennent la forme de « jeux de langage » qui tour à tour visent à clarifier ou à opacifier le référent des catégories utilisées.
« Risques psychosociaux » : un concept opérant… pour transformer l'organisation du travail ?
Authors: Douillet Philippe
Published: February 2011

Résumé En France, l’expression de « risques psychosociaux » est fréquemment utilisée pour parler des questions de santé psychique au travail. Cela s’explique par l’histoire du contexte de la prévention qui a fait d’abord prévaloir une approche de ces questions par les seuls facteurs liés aux individus. Le concept s’est alors développé pour souligner les facteurs organisationnels à l’origine des problèmes de santé au travail. Si le concept de « risque » pose problème compte tenu des présupposés sur la santé au travail qui y sont rattachés, il est possible, pourtant, à certaines conditions d’utilisation de l’expression, de mobiliser les acteurs d’entreprises et de favoriser une approche large des questions de santé mentale au travail permettant de changer des facteurs liés aux organisations du travail.
Human Polyomavirus-Associated Cerebral Disorders in the Post-HAART Era
Authors: Cedeno-Laurent Filiberto , Penalva de Oliveira Augusto C. , Vidal José E. , Trujillo J. Roberto
Published: February 2011

Human polyomavirus JC is the causative agent of a deadly form of sudden onset dementia, progressive multifocal leukocoencephalopathy (PML). PML is highly prevalent in immunodeficient populations, specially those undergoing chemotherapy, immunosuppressive treatments for autoimmune conditions, and HIV-1/AIDS patients. In fact, before the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens became available, PML was a leading cause of death in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. However, patients under HAART show increased survival times with better prognoses. In this report we described the main differences between PML before and after the HAART era; highlighting the new patterns of presentation, the neurotropism of other human polyomaviruses, and the increased prevalence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), as a complication of PML in patients under HAART. Lastly, we propose a revised classification of human poliomavirus-associated cerebral disorders that may reflect more accurately what clinicians encounter in their everyday practice.
Secondary Osteoporosis in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Brabnikova Maresova Kristyna
Published: February 2011

Bone disease in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is associated with focal (joint erosion and juxtaarticular osteopenia) and systemic bone loss (generalized osteopenia or reduction of bone mass density). Pathophysiology of bone loss is multifactorial and involves particularly proinflammatory cytokines and deleterious effects of glucocorticoid therapy. Clinical studies in patients with JIA indicate excessive activation of osteoclastogenesis and reduction of bone formation. Reduction of physical activity, muscle atrophy caused by high disease activity, and compulsory restriction in movements are also associated with bone loss. In patients with JIA, the disease can be complicated by growth cartilage involvement and systemic or local growth retardation. In the absence of preventive measures, fragility fractures can occur even at an early age.
Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue: A Rare Tumor in an Unusual Location
Authors: Oktay Murat , Kokenek-Unal Tuba Dilay , Ocal Bulent , Saylam Guleser , Korkmaz Mehmet Hakan , Alper Murat
Published: February 2011

Spindle cell carcinoma is a rare biphasic tumor consisting of epithelial and mesenchymal components. Presence of this tumor type in the tongue has rarely been reported. Herein, a case of 55-year-old woman who presented with a polypoid lesion at her tongue has been reported. Surgery was performed and pathologic examination revealed a spindle cell carcinoma. We present this rare tumor with an unusual location to contribute in part to the better understanding and awareness of this rare malignancy.
Amniotic-Fluid Stem Cells: Growth Dynamics and Differentiation Potential after a CD-117-Based Selection Procedure
Authors: Arnhold S. , Glüer S. , Hartmann K. , Raabe O. , Addicks K. , Wenisch S. , Hoopmann M.
Published: February 2011

Amniotic fluid (AF) has become an interesting source of fetal stem cells. However, AF contains heterogeneous and multiple, partially differentiated cell types. After isolation from the amniotic fluid, cells were characterized regarding their morphology and growth dynamics. They were sorted by magnetic associated cell sorting using the surface marker CD 117. In order to show stem cell characteristics such as pluripotency and to evaluate a possible therapeutic application of these cells, AF fluid-derived stem cells were differentiated along the adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic as well as the neuronal lineage under hypoxic conditions. Our findings reveal that magnetic associated cell sorting (MACS) does not markedly influence growth characteristics as demonstrated by the generation doubling time. There was, however, an effect regarding an altered adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation capacity in the selected cell fraction. In contrast, in the unselected cell population neuronal differentiation is enhanced.
Metabolic Syndrome, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Dynamic and Life-Threatening Triad
Authors: Raimundo Mário , Lopes José António
Published: February 2011

The metabolic syndrome (MS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have both become global public health problems, with increasing social and economic impact due to their high prevalence and remarkable impact on morbidity and mortality. The causality between MS and CKD, and its clinical implications, still does remain not completely understood. Moreover, prophylactic and therapeutic interventions do need to be properly investigated in this field. Herein, we critically review the existing clinical evidence that associates MS with renal disease and cardiovascular disease, as well as the associated pathophysiologic mechanisms and actual treatment options.
Gas Transport Properties in Gas Diffusion Layers: A Lattice Boltzmann Study
Authors: Munekata Toshihisa , Inamuro Takaji , Hyodo Shi-aki
Published: February 2011

The lattice Boltzmann method is applied to the investigations of the diffusivity and the permeability in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The effects of the configuration of water droplets, the porosity of the GDL, the viscosity ratio of water to air, and the surface wettability of the GDL are investigated. From the simulations under the PEFC operating conditions, it is found that the heterogeneous water network and the high porosity improve the diffusivity and the permeability, and the hydrophobic surface decreases the permeability.
Healthcare Information Systems to Assess Influenza Outbreaks
Authors: Aliperti V. , Salazar E. , Otero C. , Schpilberg M. , Taliercio V. , Otero P. , González Bernaldo de Quirós F. , Figar S.
Published: February 2011

Objective: To determine whether a private HIS could have detected the influenza epidemic outbreaks earlier through changes in morbidity and mortality patterns.

Methods: Data Source included a health information system (HIS) from an academic tertiary health care center integrating administrative and clinical applications. It used a local interface terminology server which provides support through data autocoding of clinical documentation. Specific data subsets were created to compare the burden of influenza during the epidemiological week (EW) 21 to 26 for years 2007 to 2009 among 150,000 Health Maintenance Organization members in Argentina. The threshold for identifying an epidemic was considered met when the weekly influenza-like illness (ILI) rate exceeded 200 per 100,000 visits. Case fatality rates and mortality rates of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from 2007 to 2009 were retrospectively compared. Case fatality rates and mortality rates for A/H1N1 influenza 2009 also were estimated.

Results: The HIS detected the outbreak in EW 23 while the government Ministry of Health (MoH) gave a national epidemic alert during EW 25. The number of visits for ILI increased more than fourfold when comparing 2009 to the period 2007-2008. The SARI mortality rate in 2009 was higher than in 2008 (RR 2.8; 95%CI 1.18-6.63) and similar to that of 2007 (RR 1.05; 95%CI 0.56-1.49). 2009 was the first year with mortalities younger than 65 years attributable to SARI. The estimated A/H1N1 case fatality rate for SARI was 6.2% (95%CI 2.5 to 15.5) and A/H1N1 mortality rate was 6 per 100,000 (95%CI 0 to 11.6).

Conclusion: Our HIS detected the outbreak two weeks before than the MoH gave a national alert. The information system was useful in assessing morbidity and mortality during the 2009 influenza epidemic H1N1 outbreak suggesting that with a private-public integration a more real-time outbreak and disease surveillance system could be implemented.
Classification of Emotional Speech Based on an Automatically Elaborated Hierarchical Classifier
Authors: Xiao Zhongzhe , Dellandrea Emmanuel , Dou Weibei , Chen Liming
Published: February 2011

Current machine-based techniques for vocal emotion recognition only consider a finite number of clearly labeled emotional classes whereas the kinds of emotional classes and their number are typically application dependent. Previous studies have shown that multistage classification scheme, because of ambiguous nature of affect classes, helps to improve emotion classification accuracy. However, these multistage classification schemes were manually elaborated by taking into account the underlying emotional classes to be discriminated. In this paper, we propose an automatically elaborated hierarchical classification scheme (ACS), which is driven by an evidence theory-based embedded feature-selection scheme (ESFS), for the purpose of application-dependent emotions' recognition. Experimented on the Berlin dataset with 68 features and six emotion states, this automatically elaborated hierarchical classifier (ACS) showed its effectiveness, displaying a 71.38% classification accuracy rate compared to a 71.52% classification rate achieved by our previously dimensional model-driven but still manually elaborated multistage classifier (DEC). Using the DES dataset with five emotion states, our ACS achieved a 76.74% recognition rate compared to a 81.22% accuracy rate displayed by a manually elaborated multistage classification scheme (DEC).
Carbon‐Nanotube‐Templated Microfabrication of Porous Silicon‐Carbon Materials with Application to Chemical Separations
Authors: Song Jun , Jensen David S. , Hutchison David N. , Turner Brendan , Wood Taylor , Dadson Andrew , Vail Michael A. , Linford Matthew R. , Vanfleet Richard R. , Davis Robert C.
Published: February 2011

Carbon‐nanotube‐templated microfabrication (CNT‐M) of porous materials is demonstrated. Partial chemical infiltration of 3D carbon‐nanotube structures with silicon results in a mechanically robust material, structured from the 10 nm scale to the 100 μm scale. The nanoscale dimensions are determined by the diameter and spacing of the resulting silicon/carbon nanotubes, while the microscale dimensions are controlled by the lithographic patterning of the CNT growth catalyst. We demonstrate the utility of this hierarchical structuring approach by using CNT‐M to fabricate thin‐layer‐chromatography (TLC) separations media with precise microscale channels for fluid‐flow control and nanoscale porosity for high analyte capacity. Chemical separations done on the CNT‐M‐structured media outperform commercial high‐performance TLC media.
New Huprine Derivatives Functionalized at Position 9 as Highly Potent Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Ronco Cyril , Foucault Richard , Gillon Emilie , Bohn Pierre , Nachon Florian , Jean Ludovic , Renard Pierre‐Yves
Published: February 2011

A series of 24 huprine derivatives diversely functionalized at position 9 have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These derivatives were prepared in one to five steps from huprine 1 bearing an ester function at position 9. Ten analogues (1, 2, 6–9, 13–15, and 23) are active in the low nanomolar range (IC50 <5 nM), very close to the parent compound huprine X. Compounds 2, 6, and 7 show a very good selectivity for AChE, with AChE inhibitory activities 700–1160‐fold higher than those for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The inhibitory potency of these compounds decreases with the steric bulk of the substituents at position 9. According to docking simulations, small substituents fit into the acyl‐binding pocket, whereas the larger ones stick out of the active site gorge of AChE. Determination of the kinetic parameters of three of the most potent huprines (2, 6, and 7) showed that most of the difference in KD is accounted by a decrease in kon, which is correlated to the increase of the substituent size. A first in vivo evaluation has been performed in mice for the most active compound 2 (IC50=1.1 nM) and showed a rather weak toxicity (LD50=40 mg kg−1) and an ability to cross the blood–brain barrier with doses above 15 mg kg−1.
Alkylation of Oxazolones and Related Heterocycles through an SN1 Reaction
Authors: Alba Andrea‐Nekane R. , Calbet Teresa , Font‐Bardía Mercé , Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon
Published: February 2011

The alkylation of oxazolones through an SN1 reaction by using stabilized carbocations is reported. The reaction (catalyzed by Brønsted acids, such as TFA or thioureas) affords the final compounds in excellent yields. Reaction with other heterocycles has also been studied, rendering pyrazolone or oxindole derivatives in good yields.
Quantitative determination of Bisphenol A from human saliva using bulk derivatization and trap-and-elute liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Samuel H , Morgan Aaron A , Nguyen Hien P , Moore Hannah , Figard Benjamin J , Schug Kevin A
Published: February 2011

Endocrine disruptors cause adverse health effects as a result of their ability to shift the hormonal balance that is essential to the body. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that has garnered much attention because of its presence in many consumer materials, which generates a significant risk for exposure. A method is presented for rapid detection of oral exposure to BPA directly from human saliva. Saliva was chosen because it serves as a noninvasive sampling route to detect BPA exposure; however, it is one of many complex biological matrices that have traditionally posed problems in quantitative analysis. Such analyses usually require extensive sample preparation to reduce interferences contributed by the sample matrix. Three validated methods are presented here that feature a streamlined sample-preparation strategy (bulk derivatization) prior to accurate and sensitive analysis by trap-and-elute liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Validated methods include standard addition calibration with variable injection volumes and multiple injection loading, as well as with incorporation of an internal standard. Reported limits of detection reached as low as 49.0 pg/ml (2.9 pg loaded on-column; equivalent to parts per trillion in saliva) among the presented methods with good accuracy and precision throughout. A proof-of-concept study is demonstrated to show that the final validated method has potential application to specific studies for trace-level BPA detection from real samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1243–1251. © 2011 SETAC
Response predictions for organisms water-exposed to metal mixtures: A meta-analysis
Authors: Vijver Martina G , Elliott Elise G , Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M , de Snoo Geert R
Published: February 2011

To develop a multimetal toxicity model requires insight into the relationships between the composition of metal mixtures and their toxicological effects on organisms. As a first step in developing such a model, quantitative data from binary and higher mixture studies of Cu, Cd, and Zn were compiled and used to assess trends in toxicological effects on various organisms. The findings of this meta-analysis show relatively little occurrence of additive effects compared with antagonistic and synergistic effects. This observation held true irrespective of test species, environmental compartment, or metal concentrations in the mixture. However, the type of effect was significantly correlated with the metal combination tested and the selected toxicological endpoint. It was also found that different methods were used for assessing deviation from additivity in the various individual studies. For robust comparison, standardization on this point is required. Toxicological responses of organisms to metal mixtures were shown to be hard to predict and were often slightly less than or slightly more than additive. The interactions observed could not be explained by metal–metal interactions alone. We therefore conclude that with current scientific knowledge it is not yet possible to predict responses to metal mixtures in individual cases; at best this is possible only in terms of general patterns. Nevertheless, in the context of environmental risk policy, the assumption of additivity produces a conservative prediction of toxicity, because toxicity of a metal mixture will be either predicted correctly or overpredicted by default in approximately 75% of all cases. The use of models based on noninteraction is satisfactory from this regulatory perspective. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1482–1487. © 2011 SETAC
Uptake from water, biotransformation, and biliary excretion of pharmaceuticals by rainbow trout
Authors: Lahti Marja , Brozinski Jenny-Maria , Jylhä Antti , Kronberg Leif , Oikari Aimo
Published: February 2011

An urgent need exists to assess the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals. The aim of the present study was to assess the uptake and metabolism of waterborne pharmaceuticals in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A further objective was to determine the possibility of monitoring exposure to low levels of pharmaceuticals by bile assays. Rainbow trout were exposed for 10 d under flow-through conditions to mixtures of five pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, bisoprolol, and carbamazepine) at high and low concentrations. The low concentration was used to mimic the conditions prevailing in the vicinity of the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants. The uptake and the bioconcentration were determined by blood plasma and bile analyses. The average bioconcentration factor in plasma ranged from below 0.1 for bisoprolol to 4.9 for diclofenac, the values being approximately similar at low and high ambient concentrations. The biotransformation of diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen was considered efficient, because several metabolites could be detected in concentrations clearly exceeding those of the unmetabolized compounds. The glucuronides were the dominant metabolites for all three pharmaceuticals. The total bioconcentration in the bile was two to four orders of magnitude higher than in the plasma. The results of this work show that the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals in environmentally relevant concentrations may be monitored by blood plasma and bile analyses, the latter allowing detection at markedly lower ambient concentration. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1403–1411. © 2011 SETAC
Input pathways of organochlorine pesticides to typical freshwater cultured fish ponds of South China: Hints for pollution control
Authors: Zhang Bao-Zhong , Yu Huan-Yun , You Jing , Zeng Eddy Y
Published: February 2011

Air, rain, pond water, bank soil, pond sediment, fish feed, and fish were sampled from four freshwater cultured fish ponds (FWCFPs) in rural areas within the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China. Compositional analyses indicated that historical residues were the main sources of DDXs (defined as the sum of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDMU)), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the FWCFPs. The input fluxes to the FWCFPs were estimated at 4.0, 1.6, 15, and −0.92 µg/m2·year for DDXs and 3.8, 0.92, 2.9, and −1.4 µg/m2·year for HCHs for dry deposition, wet deposition, feeding, and net air-water exchange in Dongguan, and 3.8, 1.2, 137, and −1.2 µg/m2·year for DDXs and 3.6, 0.66, 5.0, and −1.0 µg/m2·year for HCHs in Shunde, respectively. These results indicated that fish feed was the dominant input source of DDXs to the FWCFPs. As for HCHs, fluxes via dry deposition and feeding were similar and slightly higher than those via wet deposition. Biological effects due to the occurrence of DDXs in the FWCFPs were minimal, and consumption of freshwater fish from the PRD appeared to pose insignificant risk to human health based on some existing regulations and guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1272–1277. © 2011 SETAC