bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RHIZOCTONIA RUBI SP. NOV. ASSOCIATED WITH THE DRY-BERRY DISEASE OF THE LOGANBERRY
Authors: McKeen W. E.
Published: March 2010

Rhizoctonia rubi sp. nov., which was isolated from incipient lesions on loganberry and Boysenberry dry-berry fruit, is described. This fungus was obtained, without exception, from diseased fruit of both, hosts and for several reasons is believed to be the primary cause of the destructive dry-berry disease on the Pacific coast of North America. The history, importance and symptoms of the dry-berry disease are given. This disease is clearly distinguished from anther and stigma blight, caused by Haplosphaeria deformans, with which it has been confused.
EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL DEFOLIATION ON SUNFLOWERS
Authors: Sackston W. E.
Published: March 2010

Sunflowers were defoliated artificially to various degrees at three stages of growth to simulate the effects of rust and other foliage diseases. Complete defoliation at the flowering stage was most injurious. It reduced seed yield by 88 to 93 per cent in all five years of the experiment. It also reduced plant height at maturity in one of two years in which heights were recorded, and it reduced weight of 200 seeds, and oil content and protein content of the seed. Removal of 50 per cent of each leaf at flowering reduced seed yield by 22 to 30 per cent, and reduced plant height, but did not cause other statistically significant reductions. Removal of all leaves on the upper half of the stem reduced yield and 200-seed weight significantly.Complete defoliation of seedlings reduced seed yields significantly in two years and reduced plant height in one year. Complete defoliation of maturing plants reduced seed yield significantly in one year. Partial defoliation (50 per cent and 25 per cent) of seedlings and maturing plants produced no significant effects.The results of artificial defoliation should be useful in evaluating damage caused by insects and by hail as well as the effects of foliage diseases.
RESPONSE OF GREENHOUSE CROPS TO SUPPLEMENTARY ILLUMINATION DURING THE WINTER MONTHS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Craig D. L.
Published: March 2010

Supplementary illumination produced a favourable growth response regardless of the type used. A consideration of operational costs and an analysis of data from 1) plant top dry weights; 2) plant height; 3) number of days to flowering of peas, beans, tobacco, snapdragon and strawberries, shows that mercury vapour plus low intensity incandescent light was the best type of illumination when compared to mercury vapour alone, mercury fluorescent and incandescent light.
THE INHERITANCE OF LEAF SIZE IN BROADLEAF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.
Authors: Donovan L. S.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of leaf size was studied in crosses involving the large-leafed, L. corniculatus var. vulgaris and the small-leafed, L. corniculatus var. arvensis. Results indicate the genetics of this character to be relatively simple in that it appears to be mainly under the control of alleles at one locus. These alleles show no dominance and there is evidence that the allelic interaction is geometric in nature rather than arithmetic. Backcross ratios of 1:4:1 and 1:2:2:1 were obtained which are indicative of autotetraploid segregation where the chromosomes pair at random. However a factorial hypothesis established wholly on this simple basis does not satisfactorily explain the results. Gene interactions, which at present are unknown, are thought to be involved.Cytological examination of the parent plants showed chromosome pairing to be chiefly as bivalents. Quadrivalent formation was rare. If this species is of autoploid origin as the backcross ratios indicate the process of reversion to the diploid type of chromosome behaviour is fairly complete, and therefore disomic, tetrasomic and disomic-tetrasomic ratios can be expected.
THE IDENTITY OF SMALL BITTER CHERRY AND WESTERN X LITTLE CHERRY
Authors: Lott T. B.
Published: March 2010

Small bitter cherry was found in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia in 1940, and was recognized as being different from little cherry in the Kootenay area of British Columbia and buckskin in California. Diseases similar to small bitter cherry were found in the northwestern states from 1942 to 1948 and were shown to be caused by the virus of western X-disease. Extensive surveys in British Columbia showed that small bitter cherry occurs only in the southern part of the Okanagan Valley and always in close proximity to western X-disease in peach. Small bitter cherry was inoculated into 48 peach seedlings and into 15 chokecherry trees. Symptoms of western X-disease appeared in 3 peach seedlings and in 2 chokecherry trees. Symptoms appeared up to 4 years after inoculation. The successful transmissions were obtained from 2 diseased sweet cherry trees. These limited transmissions, taken in conjunction with the other evidence submitted, support the conclusion that small bitter cherry is western X little cherry or a form of that disease.
SOME SYMPTOMS OF STOCK-SCION INCOMPATIBILITY OF APRICOT VARIETIES ON PEACH SEEDLING ROOTSTOCK
Authors: Lapins K.
Published: March 2010

In connection with apricot breeding, simple methods were sought for detecting stock-scion incompatibility between apricot varieties or seedling selections as scions and peach seedlings as rootstocks. Several incompatibility symptoms were studied, mainly those associated with structural weakness of the graft union. Smoothness of break at the union and discontinuity of wood and/or bark tissues were found to be reliable symptoms of incompatibility between apricot scion and peach rootstock. Highly significant correlations were found to exist between the above three observations. Examination of discontinuity of bark tissue is considered to be the simplest and, since it does not destroy the tree, the most practical method of determining the incompatibility status of apricot seedling selections.
EVAPORATION RATES OF SMALL DROPS OF TWO DDT OIL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Hopewell W. W.
Published: March 2010

Small drops of an oil solution of DDT in which the solvent is methylated naphthalene and fuel oil (2:7) and the DDT content 10 per cent decrease in volume rapidly. Drops of 75 microns in diameter and smaller would probably be reduced to one-half their original volume or less by the time they had fallen 100 feet.Drops formed from a solution containing a similar amount of DDT but having base oil and diesel fuel as solvents were much less volatile.
THE INHERITANCE OF RUST RESISTANCE.: IV. MONOSOMIC ANALYSIS OF RUST RESISTANCE AND SOME OTHER CHARACTERS IN SIX VARIETIES OF WHEAT INCLUDING GABO AND KENYA FARMER
Authors: Knott D. R.
Published: March 2010

In previous papers in this series, 7 genes, designated Sr6–Sr12, controlling resistance to stem rust were identified. To determine the chromosomes carrying these genes, each of the 21 Chinese monosomics was crossed with the varieties, Gabo, Kenya Farmer, Egypt Na95 and Veadeiro. In addition mono-X was crossed with Lee and mono-XX with Red Egyptian. The F2populations from the crosses were tested with either or both of races 15B and 56 and in some cases were classified for other characters.The gene Sr7 was found to be on chromosome VIII but not linked to the gene Hd (Hooded). The locations of genes Sr6, Sr8, Sr9, Sr11 and Sr12 have been reported by other authors and were confirmed as follows: Sr6—chromosome XX, Sr8—chromosome VI, Sr9—chromosome XIII, Sr11 and Sr12—chromosome X (28% recombination).
THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF STANDARD COOL WHITE FLUORESCENT AND INCANDESCENT LIGHT IN THE PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSE OF MARQUIS WHEAT, GARNET WHEAT AND WINTEX BARLEY
Authors: Friend D. J. C. , Helson V. A. , Fisher J. E.
Published: March 2010

It has been shown that incandescent light is about four times as effective in promoting floral differentiation in Marquis and Garnet wheat and Wintex barley, as standard cool white fluorescent light of the same foot-candle intensity, when given as an interruption in the middle of the dark period of an 8-hour day length. There is little difference in the photoperiodic effect of incandescent or fluorescent light if an equal input wattage is given to an equal area of bench space at the same distance from the lamps. Interruptions of the dark period led to an earlier change from the vegetative to the flowering condition, and interruptions continued past this change further accelerated floral development. Garnet wheat showed a greater response to long photo-periods than either Marquis wheat or Wintex barley.
RATES OF SEEDING IRRIGATED PASTURES
Authors: Wilson D. B. , Peake R. W.
Published: March 2010

An experiment to determine the effects of different rates of seeding on stand establishment and early yield of an irrigated pasture mixture was conducted from 1953 to 1956. The seed mixture used, in parts by weight, was: smooth bromegrass 7, orchard grass 7, creeping red fescue 4; and white Dutch clover 2. Plots 6 ft. by 30 ft. were seeded at rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 lbs. per acre, with a tractor-drawn, multiple V-belt seeder with double disk furrow openers spaced 7 in. apart. Herbage yields were determined by mowing a 3-ft. strip down the middle of each plot.Good stands were obtained from all rates of seeding, but there were differences in rate of establishment, early yield, and botanical composition of the swards. The heavier rates developed stands more quickly, yielded more in the year of seeding, and were less subject to weed encroachment than the lighter rates. Orchard grass dominated under the heavier seeding rates, resulting in an undesirable balance of species. Although satisfactory stands were obtained using light rates, moderate ones were considered more economical because they developed a sward more quickly and produced higher yields in the year of seeding.
POLYSPORY IN AN AMPHIPLOID OF TRITICUM-AGROPYRON HYBRIDS
Authors: Armstrong J. M. , Hattersley-Smith M.
Published: March 2010

An amphiploid line in the F9 generation tracing to the cross, Triticum turgidum × Agropyron intermedium, was found to contain plants which at meiosis showed a spindle abnormality. In plants showing this abnormality, over 50 per cent of the microsporocytes contained 5 to 8 microspores instead of the normal 4. The occurrence of microspores with two nuclei was also common and was more prevalent in tetrads than in hexads to octads. Meiosis was found to be regular up to metaphase II. At this time a secondary spindle was formed and the chromosomes divided and moved to the poles of primary or secondary spindles. The number of chromosomes on secondary spindles ranged from 3 to one-half the complement of 32–35. After telophase II wall formation was usually initiated enclosing the resulting nuclei; where walls failed to form microspores were two-nucleate. The result of this abnormality was to bring about almost complete sterility in the affected plants.
EFFECTS OF SEED TREATMENTS WITH GIBBERELLIN AND DATES OF SEEDING ON WINTER SURVIVAL AND VEGETATIVE YIELD OF KHARKOV WHEAT
Authors: Corns Wm. G.
Published: March 2010

Kharkov winter wheat seeds soaked for 24 hours in 100 p.p.m. gibberellin solution, or in water, were sown on six weekly dates from August 21, to September 25, in the field, in black loam soil, at Edmonton. The chemical stimulated the shoot-growth that occurred before freeze-up but reduced the vigour of subsequent spring-growth, significantly reduced the numbers of survivors from the later seedings, retarded heading, and in most cases significantly reduced the forage yield. The adverse effects of the gibberellin treatments were intensified by the delays in seeding time, which also retarded the development of the untreated wheat.
RELATION OF SOIL, TEMPERATURE AND TOPOGRAPHY TO FRUIT GROWING IN SUMMERLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Anstey T. H. , Weiss G. M. , Watt A. W. , Wilcox J. C. , Sprout P. N.
Published: March 2010

The relation of soil class, minimum-temperature differences and topography to the growing of apricot, cherry, peach, apple and pear was studied in an area 7 miles by 4 miles, varying in elevation from 1122 to 1800 feet above m.s.l. The use of an automobile-mounted thermistor thermometer was found useful in establishing minimum-temperature differences. Temperature differences bore a relationship to topography and kinds of fruit being grown satisfactorily. Soil class, except in extreme cases where land was non-arable, bore no relation to the kinds of fruit being grown satisfactorily.
THE EFFECTS OF SEEDING RATE AND ROW WIDTH IN RELATION TO SEED PRODUCTION IN ORCHARD GRASS, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.
Authors: Fulkerson R. S.
Published: March 2010

The effects of six seeding rates and five row spacings on seed yield, seed quality and the yield components—number of fertile culms per square foot, number of seeds per culm and seed weight were studied in orchard grass.Row width had a marked effect on seed yield each year. Rate of seeding affected seed yield to a lesser extent and a row width × seeding rate interaction did occur. Seeding rates and row width caused small relatively unimportant differences in seedling establishment and early seedling vigour only in the third harvest year. Considering seed yield, seed quality and the ease of weed control, the best treatment combination appeared to be a seeding rate in the area of [Formula: see text] in 14-in. rows for stands to produce for 2 or 3 years.Seed yield was positively and closely correlated with the number of fertile culms in the first 2 crop years but a negative relationship was found in the third crop year. Seed weight was negatively correlated with seed yield. The number of seeds per panicle was closely associated with yield in the third crop year and negatively correlated with seed weight and culm numbers.
EMBRYO-SAC PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO SEED YIELDS OF DIPLOID DOLLARD RED CLOVER
Authors: Povilaitis Bronius , Botes J. W.
Published: March 2010

Evidence that red clover plants of the Dollard variety differ in production of fertile ovaries is presented. The amount of ovary sterility arising through failure of the embryo sac to complete its development is apparently controlled by genetic factors and influenced by environmental conditions. Consideration of the data on frequencies of ovary fertility of plants in nursery lines and in progenies of crosses, together with data on their seed production, leads to the conclusion that ovary sterility is an important limiting factor on the ability of a plant to produce seed. Even under adverse environmental conditions; appreciable ovary sterility is still the primary limiting factor in restricting seed production and hence, among plants affected by ovary sterility, it is not surprising that we found significant correlation between the percentages of ovary fertility and seed yields.
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN THE GENUS HORDEUM: II. INTERSPECIFIC AND INTERGENERIC CROSSES
Authors: Morrison J. W. , Hannah A. E. , Loiselle R. , Symko S.
Published: March 2010

The relationships of species were studied by making crosses in the genus Hordeum. Most of the crosses were between H. vulgare and one of the wild species. Embryo culture was necessary to produce most hybrids. The methods used for the preparation of the nutrient agar and for the excision of the embryos are given. Data on the seeds harvested, embryos transplanted, embryos germinated, and on the number of surviving plants are listed for 111 interspecific and six intergeneric crosses. In most of these crosses viable embryos were produced which later germinated and grew normally for a time but later died. Fourteen viable hybrids were obtained.
GERMINATION OF ALFALFA VARIETIES IN SOLUTIONS OF VARYING OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND RELATIONSHIP TO WINTER HARDINESS
Authors: Heinrichs D. H.
Published: March 2010

Two laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the reliability of amount of germination in solutions of varying osmotic pressure, as a means of separating alfalfa varieties into winter-hardiness classes. In one test 23 varieties or strains were studied, and in the other 36. It was found that significant differences exist between certain alfalfa varieties in their ability to germinate in sucrose or sodium chloride solutions of 3, 6, and 9 atmospheres. There is a general tendency for non-hardy varieties to germinate more rapidly and more completely than hardy ones but there are many exceptions to this trend. Germination in solutions of 6 atmospheres osmotic pressure at 5 days gave the best separation of varieties on the basis of their ability to germinate. Germination was generally better in solutions of sucrose at 6 atmospheres osmotic pressure than in solutions of sodium chloride of the same osmotic pressure but several varieties germinated equally well in either solution. The results indicate that germinating alfalfa in sugar or salt solutions is not a reliable method for differentiating alfalfa varieties into winter hardiness classes.
NOTE ON A PLOT-SIZE CANNING PEA VINER
Authors: Nonnecke I. L. , Strachan G. , Anderson D. T.
Published: March 2010

not available
GRAY LEAF SPOT OF RAPE IN MANITOBA
Authors: McDonald W. C.
Published: March 2010

A disease of rape characterized by black spots on stems and pods and gray to black spots on the leaves, caused considerable damage to crops in Manitoba in the wet years 1955 and 1956. Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. was the only pathogen isolated from infected leaves, stems, pods and seed. Sporulation of the fungus was greatest on a 10% alfalfa seed decoction agar medium. The fungus was pathogenic to seedlings and adult plants. Penetration into leaves was indirect through stomata. Inoculations in greenhouse and field experiments resulted in a higher percentage of shrunken seed and seed infestation by the fungus, and in lower yield and percentage germination of seed compared with those from uninoculated plants.
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FORAGE CROPS ADAPTED TO SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN AS DETERMINED BY THEIR DIGESTIBILITY AND DRY MATTER INTAKE WHEN FED TO SHEEP
Authors: Troelsen J. E. , Campbell J. B.
Published: March 2010

Hays from stands top-dressed with 150 pounds of ammonium nitrate (33.5 per cent nitrogen) per acre and unfertilized stands of crested wheat-grass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., intermediate wheatgrass, A. intermedium (Host.) Beauv., streambank wheatgrass, A. riparium Scribn. and Smith, and Russian wild ryegrass, Elymus junceus Fisch., as well as hay from unfertilized stands of tall wheatgrass, A. elongatum (Host.) B. P., reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea L., and Ladak alfalfa, Medicago media Pers., were fed to 70-pound wethers in digestion stalls in a randomized incomplete-block experiment.Chemical analyses of the hays indicated differences in percentage organic matter, crude protein, and nitrogen-free extract, while feed-feces ratios showed differences in the percentage digestibility of crude protein, nitrogen-free extract, and crude fibre. Despite these results no differences were established in nutritive values as estimated by digestible dry matter, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy or starch equivalents.Calculations demonstrated that the nutrient intake of crested wheatgrass, streambank wheatgrass, Russian wild ryegrass, and Ladak alfalfa were sufficient to provide at least a maintenance ration, but that the voluntary nutrient intake of intermediate wheatgrass, tall wheatgrass, and reed canary grass did not do so.Top-dressing did not increase the digestibility nor the apparent palatability of any feed; apparently consumption was determined by species characteristics rather than fertilizer treatment.
SYMPTOMS OF SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS AND NECROTIC RING SPOT IN RELATION TO TIME OF INOCULATION
Authors: Davidson T. R. , George J. A.
Published: March 2010

Each month throughout the growing seasons of 1954 and 1955 two pairs of virus-free Montmorency sour cherry trees were inoculated by budding or patch grafting, one pair with cherry yellows and the other with necrotic ring spot virus. Shock symptoms induced by the two viruses were indistinguishable except that growth was retarded more severely and longer with yellows than with ring spot. However, the type and distribution of initial symptoms varied with the time of inoculation. Four symptom patterns were distinguished, and each was associated with an inoculation period. Seasonal symptom variations also revealed that the rate of movement of the yellows virus differed from that of the ring spot virus.
VARIETAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON RAPESEED: II. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE OIL
Authors: Craig B. M. , Wetter L. R.
Published: March 2010

The content of C16, C18, C20, C22 fatty acids were measured by gas liquid phase chromatography and linoleic and linolenic acids by spectral analyses on the oil from seven varieties of rapeseed grown at seven stations in Western Canada. Significant differences were found between varieties for all oil properties except the content of C16 acids. The major variation occurred in C18, C22 and linoleic acids with lesser amounts in the C20 and linolenic acids. The varieties Golden, Argentine, Regina II and Swedish are classed as high, Gute and Arlo as intermediate, and Polish as low erucic acid oils.
THE PRECISION OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH VEGETABLE CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY PLOT AND BLOCK SIZE AND SHAPE: I. SWEET CORN
Authors: Nonnecke I. L.
Published: March 2010

In 1956 weights of marketable ears of hybrid sweet corn from three irrigated uniformity trials were recorded to determine the effect of varying plot and block sizes and shapes on yield variability. The coefficients of variation decreased with increased plot size. For block shapes of 1 × 6 plots (1 plot long and 6 plots wide) and block shapes of 3 × 2 plots (3 plots long and 2 plots wide) widening the plots was more effective in reducing variation than lengthening them. However, for block shapes of 6 × 1 plots and block shapes of 2 × 3 plots lengthening the plots was most effective. Estimates of cost were obtained showing the percentage of the total cost that was proportional to the number of plots used and the percentage that was proportional to the total area used per treatment. Optimum plot size for yield and quality studies was found to be one of two basic units (10 ft. by 6 ft., or 20 ft. by 3 ft.) depending upon cost assumed and the value of the regression coefficient. Smith's method for determining optimum size of plot agreed with the coefficients of variation method as to optimum size of plot.
A STUDY OF THE MEGAGAMETOPHYTE IN PRUNUS AVIUM AND ITS RELATION TO FRUIT SETTING
Authors: Eaton G. W.
Published: March 2010

A cytological study of the megagametophyte in Prunus avium was undertaken to determine to what extent delayed development, cytological irregularities, or degeneration might account for failure of this fruit to set commercial crops. In 1957, under high temperatures, the proportion of embryo sacs with functional egg cells decreased rapidly following anthesis. In 1958, under low temperatures, the maximum proportion of functional embryo sacs at any one time was much lower than in 1957, and the proportion of embryo sacs with functional egg cells began to decrease within 2 days of anthesis. At anthesis in both years sufficient functional embryo sacs were present to allow a commercial set of fruit. The importance of cross-pollination immediately at anthesis is emphasized. The conclusions are supported by studies of pistils hand-pollinated at intervals after anthesis.
THE EFFECT OF SWATHING AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY ON THE BUSHEL WEIGHT AND YIELD OF FALL RYE
Authors: Dodds M. E.
Published: March 2010

Tests were conducted over a 4-year period to determine the earnest stage of maturity at which fall rye could be swathed without loss of bushel weight or yield.Cutting commenced when the kernel moisture content of the standing crop approximated 50 per cent and continued until the kernel moisture reached 14 per cent or until a maximum of 20 plots (15 in 1955) had been cut. The weight per measured bushel, 1000-kernel weight, and yield in bushels per acre were determined at the time of picking up the swath with the combine.An analysis of variance of the data indicated that fall rye may be swathed at a stage of maturity defined by a kernel moisture content of 45 per cent without affecting yield or bushel weight. Correlations between kernel moisture at the time of swathing and bushel weight, 1000-kernel weight and yield indicated that generally a significant negative association existed to the 40 per cent moisture level but the relationship was not significant at the later stages of maturity.
SURVEYS OF AIR-BORNE RAGWEED POLLEN IN CANADA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SITES IN ONTARIO
Authors: Bassett I. John
Published: March 2010

Results from 164 pollen collecting stations across Canada indicate that the heaviest concentration of ragweed pollen in the air is in southern Ontario and Quebec. The northern limits of this heavy ragweed pollen concentration extend from the base of the Bruce Peninsula to the St. Lawrence River about midway between the mouth of the Saguenay River and Quebec City. Zones of different intensities of air-borne ragweed pollen in Ontario are determined from investigations initiated in 1950.
CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN WIREWORM AGRIOTES OBSCURUS (L.) IN NOVA SCOTIA WITH INSECTICIDES APPLIED TO THE SOIL
Authors: Fox C. J. S. , Smeltzer G. G.
Published: March 2010

The wireworm Agriotes obscurus (L.) was con trolled at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, with insecticides incorporated into the soil. Aldrin or heptachlor at 4 lb. per acre, and lindane at 1.25 lb., each significantly reduced the number of larvae per square foot and increased the yield of dry matter of forage for 3 years after application. A single application of aldrin or heptachlor at 3 lb. per acre resulted in increased yields of oats during the second season after application, and of leguminous forage plants during the third, but potatoes grown immediately after the application were not significantly less injured by wireworms than those grown on untreated check plots.
INCREASE IN YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF NATIVE BLUEBUNCH WHEATGRASS FROM NITROGEN FERTILIZATION
Authors: Mason J. L. , Miltimore J. E.
Published: March 2010

A native, bluebunch wheatgrass stand on a Brown soil in the South Okanagan district of British Columbia with a mean precipitation of 11 inches has shown striking response to nitrogen fertilization. With applications of ammonium nitrate broadcast annually at rates of 0 to 60 lb. of actual nitrogen per acre, yield was increased from 640 to 1060 lb. of dry matter in 1957 and from 678 to 1725 lb in 1958. Protein content increased from 3.9 to 6.2 per cent and protein production per acre from 27 to 107 lb. Ground cover of Agropyron spicatum increased from 4.6 to 6.8 per cent, of Poa secunda from 2.0 to 2.7 per cent. The number of culms of Agropyron spicatum per hundred-point sample increased from 9.8 to 188.2.
ALSIKE CLOVER POLLINATION BY HONEY BEES IN THE PEACE RIVER REGION
Authors: Pankiw P. , Elliott C. R.
Published: March 2010

Pollination studies involving zero, one and three colonies of honey bees per acre, on commercial alsike clover fields ranging in size from 15 to 75 acres, were conducted in 1954, 1955, and 1957 in the Hinton Trail district of the Peace River Region of Alberta. These studies indicated that in large fields one colony of honey bees per acre is sufficient to pollinate alsike clover, consideration being given to competition of other crops and to the climatic conditions. The influence of competing crops was such that 65- to 75-acre fields, with one colony per acre, were similar in honey bee populations and seed production to 15- to 20-acre fields with three colonies per acre. Competing plant species accounted for 15 to 36 per cent of the pollen collected by honey bees. Fields with the higher populations of pollinators matured earlier than fields deficient in pollinators. A population of 3400 honey bees per acre (0.7 bee per sq. yd.) throughout the flowering period resulted in seed sets up to 82 per cent and seed yields to 375 lb. per acre. Check fields, where no honey bees were supplied, ranged in production from 29 lb. per acre, with a low native pollinator count, to 293 lb. where a pollinator equivalent of 1300 bumble bees per acre was observed. Bumble bees worked alsike clover at the rate of 28.6 florets per minute, as compared to 20.0 for leaf-cutter bees and 18.7 for honey bees.
INHERITANCE OF POST-HARVEST SEED DORMANCY AND KERNEL COLOUR IN SPRING WHEAT LINES
Authors: Gfeller F. , Svejda F.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of post-harvest seed dormancy was studied in F7 lines of a cross between Renown—a dormant red spring wheat, and Cascade—a non-dormant white spring wheat. The estimate of heritability of seed dormancy was 73 per cent. The inheritance of seed coat colour was controlled by three pairs of duplicate genes. Red seed coat colour was found to be associated with seed dormancy. All lines with white seed coat colour were non-dormant. The moisture content of the seed was found to influence seed dormancy. Although moisture affected the dormancy status of the seed, other factors appeared to be involved as significant differences between lines of red seed coat colour were obtained at similar moisture levels. It is postulated that the degree of seed dormancy is controlled by the multiple genes which govern seed colour. The inheritance of phenol colour reaction of the seed was monogenic, and no association was found between seed dormancy and phenol colour reaction.
SAWFLY RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: III. CHANGES IN RESISTANCE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHEAT PLANT
Authors: Roberts D. W. A.
Published: March 2010

Quantitative data obtained in field experiments showed that the resistance of wheat to attack by the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) depended on the stage of development of the plants at the time of oviposition. Wheat plants were usually most heavily infested for a part or all of the period from 1 week before shot blade to 1 week after the flowering stage. Rescue, H46146, H4191, Golden Ball, and Melanopus lost their resistance to the development of the eggs and first-instar larvae some time between shot blade and flowering. Thatcher and Red Bobs did not show this type of resistance. The mortality of the older larvae increased in plants infested toward maturity. The time at which this increase began depended on the variety involved and ranged from just before shot blade to just after flowering.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE HOST ON OVIPOSITION BY THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT. (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Peterson L. K.
Published: March 2010

Differences in host development largely determined the relative times, amounts, and locations of oviposition by the wheat stem sawfly in various hosts studied under field conditions. The difference in rates of development of varieties was the main cause of differences in infestations of the varieties. Resistance to oviposition was not a factor in the sawfly resistance of any of the test varieties.
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIETY, TEMPERATURE, AND STAGE OF GROWTH ON THE RESPONSE OF SPRING BARLEY TO PHOTOPERIOD
Authors: Guitard A. A.
Published: March 2010

Olli and Vantage barley were grown in plant growth chambers under 27 combinations of photoperiod at continuous temperatures of 55° and 75°F. in two consecutive experiments. The photoperiod treatments (8, 16 and 24 hours) were applied during seeding to internode elongation (Stage I), internode elongation to heading (Stage II), and heading to maturity (Stage III) of the first culm.Increases in photoperiod during Stage I reduced the number of days from seeding to internode elongation and heading but increased the number of days from heading to maturity, reduced leaf number and height, weight of stem and head, stem length, head length, number of florets and kernels per head, and fertility for the first culm. Time of initiation of tillering relative to elongation of the first internode of the first culm was advanced for Olli but delayed for Vantage with the increases in photoperiod. Tillering extended over a longer period and tillers were more numerous under 16- than under 8-or 24-hour photoperiods during Stage I.Increases in photoperiod during Stage II reduced the number of days from internode elongation to heading but generally increased leaf, stem and head development, and fertility for the first culm, and increased the number of fertile tillers. Increases in photoperiod during Stage III reduced the number of days from heading to maturity of the first culm and increased the number of fertile tillers.An increase in the temperature from 55° to 75°F. reduced the duration and extent of development of the first culm, delayed commencement and reduced duration of tiller initiation, and reduced the number and extent of development of the tillers. The influence of temperature decreased with increase in length of photoperiod.Olli and Vantage differed in duration of leaf initiation and number of leaves associated with the first culm, in kernel weight and in the relative time of initiation of tillering. They were essentially similar in duration and extent of stem and head development and fertility for the first culm, in the duration of tillering and number of tillers produced, and in the extent of stem, head and kernel development of the tillers.There were significant associations of number of days from seeding to internode elongation with number of leaves on the first culm, among stem length, head length, number of florets per head and weight of the stem and head, and of number of tillers with duration of tillering.
COLD HARDINESS OF SPROUTING WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY DURATION OF HARDENING AND HARDENING TEMPERATURE
Authors: Andrews J. E.
Published: March 2010

The cold hardiness of sprouting winter wheat seeds, as measured by exposure to −15 °C. for 16 hours, increased rapidly during the first 5 weeks of hardening and decreased rapidly between the seventh and eleventh week of hardening at 1.5 °C. in the dark. With a slightly higher hardening temperature (3.5 °C.) in the dark, a lower level of cold hardiness resulted; cold hardiness reached a maximum with 4 weeks of hardening and then decreased. Material grown at 5 °C. did not develop sufficient cold hardiness to withstand the freezing temperature. The application of supplementary light during hardening at 3.5 °C. resulted in a slight increase in average hardiness but did not prevent the rapid decrease in hardiness after the fourth week of growth.Sprouting winter wheat will harden to cold in the dark. The ultimate level of cold hardiness attained depends on the hardening temperature, the duration of hardening, and the stage of development of the seedling. Small changes in these factors can result in large differences in cold hardiness.
TWO VIRUS DISEASES OF RHUBARB IN EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: MacLachlan D. S.
Published: March 2010

Two viruses were isolated from Ruby Red rhubarb growing in the Ottawa district. Isolate I produced a severe rugosity and mottle on rhubarb, a systemic mottle in Nicotiana tabacum, N. glutinosa and Datura stramonium, and local lesions on Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna sinensis and Beta vulgaris. The virus was inactivated after being heated for 10 minutes at 65 °C., and became non-infective after the sap was diluted to 1:2000. Isolate II incited the formation of chlorotic and necrotic spots on rhubarb, and produced a systemic mottle in N. tabacum, N. glutinosa, and D. stramonium. The virus was inactivated by being heated at 75 °C. for ten minutes, and became non-infective after the sap was diluted 1:8000. Both isolates were mechanically transmitted by diluting crude sap 1;100 in 0.1 M. phosphate buffer (pH 8–9) and rubbing on leaves dusted with carborundum. The success in isolating these viruses or virus strains was dependent on the season in which isolations were attempted. The size of the virus particles of both isolates was 478 × 15μm.
VARIETY, FERTILIZER, MANAGEMENT INTERACTIONS IN ALFALFA
Authors: Twamley B. E.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted for the purpose of studying over a 4-year period the interactions to be found among four alfalfa varieties differing in winter hardiness and wilt reaction, six fertilizer treatments differing quantitatively and qualitatively, and three management systems differing in the frequency and timeliness of cutting.In the second crop year hardiness was the main factor in determining both yields and stands; bacterial wilt was of somewhat less importance. In the third crop year wilt became the main factor. Varieties differed significantly in their reaction to potash, to phosphorus and to the severity of cutting treatments. Phosphorus helped the winter-hardy varieties more than the non-hardy, whereas potash was of greater benefit to the winter-susceptible varieties.The management system which included a September clipping was detrimental to all varieties and particularly to the less hardy ones, DuPuits and Ranger. Only with the hardy varieties, Vernal and Grimm, was it feasible to attempt to compensate by the addition of fertilizers for the mismanagement involved in untimely cutting.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE RASPBERRY ROOT BORER, BEMBECIA MARGINATA (HARR.), ON LOGANBERRY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Raine J. , Andison H.
Published: March 2010

A single spray of 25 per cent Diazinon emulsible concentrate applied as a drench to loganberry crowns in March, April or October against early instar larvae of the raspberry root borer, Bembecia marginata (Harr.) reduced a severe infestation (77 per cent or more) to 4 per cent or less of the crowns. This outstanding control was obtained at rates as low as 2 pints per 100 gallons and 1/2 pint of drench per plant (43 gallons per acre). Applications in May at 2 pints of drench per crown reduced the infestation to 10 per cent. The following emulsible concentrates reduced the infestation to between 0 and 10 per cent: at 1 pint of drench per crown applied in October, lindane at 5 pints, Thimet at 1 pint, or 12008 at 1 pint per 100 gallons; at 2 pints of drench per crown applied in April, Sevin at 8 pints, NC262 at 1/2 pint, or Phosdrin at 1 pint per 100 gallons. The drenches apparently killed the early instar larvae which overwinter in hibernacula at the base of the canes until early April, and feed just beneath the bark in May. Thus damage to canes that would bear fruit the following year was prevented.
INFLUENCE OF PERIODIC SHADING ON THE LENGTH AND SOLIDNESS OF THE INTERNODES OF RESCUE WHEAT
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Larson R. I. , Peterson L. K. , MacDonald M. D.
Published: March 2010

Shading at the initiation of elongation shortened the internodes of Rescue wheat whereas shading later in the elongation period caused the internodes to elongate as much as or more than if they had not been shaded.The solidness of the bottom Internode, 1, was reduced mainly by shading from the 2-leaf to the boot stage, while that of Internodes 2 and 3 was reduced mainly by shading from the 4-leaf to the boot stage. The solidness of Internode 4 was reduced mainly by shading from the boot to the heading stage. The solidness in the lower 3 internodes was affected by reduction in light intensity even after the boot stage. Severe lodging occurred only in stems shaded from the boot to the heading stage.Two methods were used for rating stem solidness, namely, measurement in the split stem of proportion of the internode filled with pith, and classification of solidness of cross-sections at designated points in each internode. They were strongly correlated and appeared to give equally accurate estimates of solidness, although their degrees of sensitivity varied with the amount of stem solidness present.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXTRACT OF SOME CROPS AND SOIL RESIDUES ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH
Authors: Nielsen K. F. , Woods W. B. , Cuddy T. F.
Published: March 2010

Six plant species were germinated in sand wetted with water extracts of tissues of five field crops and three soils. Deionized water was used as a check f he study was conducted using standard seed germination techniques.Alter 7 to 10 days all of the germinated seeds were harvested and measurements made of the shoot and root lengths.Alfalfa extract caused the greatest reduction in shoot and root length as well as m percentage germination. It caused the greatest increase in the time required for germination. Timothy extract was not quite as harmful as the alfalfa. Extracts of oats, corn and potatoes were still less harmful with potato extract causing the least effect.The soil extracts generally had very little effect when compared with deionized water.Plant species showed marked differences in tolerance to the extracts alfalfa being the most resistant and timothy the least.Where water alone was used rate of germination and per cent germination were as high or higher than with the other extracts, but the root and shoot lengths were not always the greatest.
EFFECTS OF SEVIN ON PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES AND PREDATORS IN AN ONTARIO PEACH ORCHARD
Authors: Putman Wm. L. , Herne D. C.
Published: March 2010

Numbers of the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) increased but those of the brown mite (Bryobia arborea Morgan & Anderson) and the peach silver mite (Vasates cornutus Banks) decreased after sprays of Sevin (N-methyl-1-naphthyl carbamate) were applied to peach trees. Sevin practically eliminated the predacious mite Typhlodromus rhenanus Oudms., and larvae and pupae of Stethorus punctillum Weise, and greatly reduced the numbers of adults of S. punctillum, chrysopid larvae, and spiders.
NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF BINUCLEATE PYCNIOSPORES IN SPECIES OF PUCCINIA
Authors: McGINNIS R. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE SOLUTION TEMPERATURE ON UPTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS BY FLUE-CURED TOBACCO PLANTS
Authors: McEvoy E. T.
Published: March 2010

The influence of the temperature of the culture medium on the uptake of phosphorus by flue-cured tobacco plants was studied in solution culture, using radioactive phosphorus. P32 uptake increased significantly with temperature increase from 10° to 35 °C. for absorption periods of 2, 4, and 6 days. There was a further increase in P32 uptake at 40 °C. for absorption periods of 2 and 4 days but a decrease after 4 days. Increase in root growth during the absorption periods bore no relation to increase in P32 uptake with increasing temperature.
DETERMINATION OF BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF TWO-COMPONENT FORAGE MIXTURES
Authors: Tanner J. W. , Gamble E. E. , Tossell W. E.
Published: March 2010

A comparative study was made in 1958 of the visual estimation and hand separation methods of determining botanical composition of two-component forage mixtures. The results indicated that there were positive significant correlations between the per cent legume values obtained by the two methods. The visual estimation method was less variable than the hand separation method and the precision per unit cost was greater. The differences between per cent legume values obtained by the two methods were influenced by the stage of maturity (medium or late hay) of the components and the cut (hay or aftermath). In this study, the difference was significant only in the medium aftermath cut.Individually, three observers showed some inconsistencies between estimates on the medium and late maturity groups and between the hay and aftermath cut. However, by averaging the three estimates to obtain a mean sample, these inconsistencies were minimized.Both methods were more precise in the aftermath pasture cut than in the hay. An additional observer increased precision of the visual estimate more than an additional replicate or sample. The greater precision resulting from additional replicates, samples, or observers increased at a decreasing rate. The number of replicates, samples, and observers required for specific degrees of precision and a specific cost were calculated.The experiment showed that the visual estimation method can be superior to the hand separation method as a means of determining botanical composition.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS INCREMENTS OF N, P AND K ON THE YIELD AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF PERMANENT PASTURES
Authors: Chiasson T. C.
Published: March 2010

Applications of N, P and K to an area grazed and unfertilized for over 30 years resulted in some immediate and marked improvements in yields and botanical composition. Phosphorus, at rates up to 80 pounds per acre, brought about the most marked improvement. This element was responsible for highly significant increases in yield, increased wild white clover and useful grasses and decreased weeds, moss and bare ground markedly. Potassium, up to 60 pounds per acre, also gave highly significant increases in yield. Potassium had relatively little effect on the prevalence of species at first, but by the fourth year had maintained white clover better than phosphorus and had also decreased weeds and moss. Nitrogen, at 15 pounds per acre, increased yields each year but only during the early part of the season. Thirty pounds per acre was superior to the 15-pound rate one year only and this was also during the early part of the season. It actually tended to decrease yields during July and August. The effect of nitrogen on botanical composition was largely to decrease the percentage of wild white clover with a corresponding increase in grasses.
EVALUATION OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL: I. Compatibility of Lotus corniculatus L. with other legumes and grasses
Authors: Chevrette J. E. , Folkins L. P. , Gauthier F. M. , Greenshields J. E. R.
Published: March 2010

Four tests were conducted on three soil types, at Ottawa, Ont., and Ste. Anne de la Pocatière, Que., to study the comparative behaviour of birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in various mixtures. Data show that birdsfoot trefoil was more persistent than alfalfa in long-term leys on imperfectly drained soils. It also persisted longer than ladino or alsike clovers on the two soil types where these crops were compared. Data confirm previous findings that it possesses very little competitive ability. Accordingly, to reduce competition, birdsfoot trefoil should be used in simple mixtures with non-aggressive species. Timothy seemed generally to be the best companion grass. Red clover should be used with great care since it has a marked detrimental effect on its contribution to the crop. Preliminary results suggest the value of an orchardgrass-birdsfoot trefoil mixture in dry habitats.
THE GROWTH OF TOBACCO AT CERTAIN SOIL TEMPERATURES AND NUTRIENT LEVELS IN GREENHOUSE
Authors: Parups E. V. , Nielsen K. F.
Published: March 2010

Two varieties of tobacco, Hicks, a flue-cured variety, and Resistant Havana 211, a cigar variety, were grown at soil temperatures of 46°, 59, 72° and 85°F. in a greenhouse. Three rates of each: N, P2O5, and K2O were applied in a factorial combination. The best soil temperature for growth was around 72°F. as indicated by measurements of leaf weight, leaf area, number of leaves, stalk weight, and stalk length. The 46°F. soil temperature was too low for good growth. Resistant Havana 211 grew better generally at the low and high soil temperatures. Phosphorus appeared to be the most important and beneficial nutrient element for growth at the lower soil temperatures.