bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use case cards: a use case reporting framework inspired by the European AI Act
Authors: Hupont Isabelle , Fernández-Llorca David , Baldassarri Sandra , Gómez Emilia
Published: March 2024

Despite recent efforts by the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community to move towards standardised procedures for documenting models, methods, systems or datasets, there is currently no methodology focused on use cases aligned with the risk-based approach of the European AI Act (AI Act). In this paper, we propose a new framework for the documentation of use cases that we call use case cards, based on the use case modelling included in the Unified Markup Language (UML) standard. Unlike other documentation methodologies, we focus on the intended purpose and operational use of an AI system. It consists of two main parts: firstly, a UML-based template, tailored to allow implicitly assessing the risk level of the AI system and defining relevant requirements, and secondly, a supporting UML diagram designed to provide information about the system-user interactions and relationships. The proposed framework is the result of a co-design process involving a relevant team of EU policy experts and scientists. We have validated our proposal with 11 experts with different backgrounds and a reasonable knowledge of the AI Act as a prerequisite. We provide the 5 use case cards used in the co-design and validation process. Use case cards allows framing and contextualising use cases in an effective way, and we hope this methodology can be a useful tool for policy makers and providers for documenting use cases, assessing the risk level, adapting the different requirements and building a catalogue of existing usages of AI.
Combination of Lolium perenne L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. improve yields under low phosphorus availability
Authors: Velasco-Sánchez Ángel , Ferron Laura M. E. , Mani Doina T. C. , Bennegadi-Laurent Nadia , Trinsoutrot-Gattin Isabelle , Van Groenigen Jan Willem , Moinet Gabriel Y. K.
Published: March 2024

Phosphorus (P) is one of the main nutrients for all plants, including grasses. However, sources of P fertilizer are not renewable, are not evenly distributed and overfertilization can lead to serious environmental degradation. Smart combinations of grasses may be able to more efficiently take up P from soils through complementarity. In a two-year field mesocosm experiment, we compared the performance of Lolium perenne L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. in monocultures and in combination, as well as a mixture of both species with a tetraploid variety of Lolium perenne L and Phleum pratense L. Plants were grown in an unfertilized low P soil and in P fertilized soil for two growing seasons. We measured biomass production, root traits, nutrient uptake, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities. In the unfertilized plots the combination of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea generated the highest cumulative yields (25,951 ± 4059 kg ha−1), relative total yield (> 1) and P nutrition index (0.79). We related this to the complementarity found in root traits and lower intraspecific competition of Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne diploid. Festuca arundinacea produced higher root biomass than Lolium perenne diploid at deeper soil layers (98 vs. 44 g m−2; p < 0.05). On the other hand, Lolium perenne diploid had significantly finer roots than Festuca arundinacea both at topsoil and bottom layers (0.19 vs. 0.22 mm and 0.19 vs. 0.23 mm at top and bottom layers respectively). The 4 species combination did not result in higher yields. Our results show that, in low P soils, combinations of grass species with contrasting root traits could lead to significantly higher yields than monocultures.
An Imperative Responsibility in Professional Role Socialization: Addressing Incivility
Authors: Layne Diana , Hudgins Tracy , Kusch Celena E. , Lounsbury Karen
Published: March 2024

The study used a thematic analysis to examine student and faculty responses to two qualitative questions focused on their perceptions of the consequence of incivility and solutions that would embed civility expectations as a key element to professional role socialization in higher education. Participants included students and faculty across multiple academic programs and respondent subgroups at a regional university in the southern United States. A new adapted conceptual model using Clark’s in Nursing Education Perspectives, 28(2), 93–97 (2007, revised 2020) Conceptual Model for Fostering Civility in Nursing Education and Daniel Goleman’s in Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam Books (1995) Emotional Intelligence domains was used as the framework for this study to give meaning and context to its findings. For this group of respondents, the study found that seventy percent of faculty and students agree that incivility has the largest impact on the emotional intelligence domain of self-management, which includes negative emotional outcomes, loss of respect, negative professional and student outcomes, poor academic outcomes, attrition, and less success. Leadership in higher education will strengthen their institutions by using a relational approach centered on communication skill-building to ensure that faculty have been socialized to the importance of civil professional behavior and that stakeholders collectively explore and agree on the meaning and organizational integration of civility.
The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima II: Recent advances in farming and applications
Authors: Sæther Maren , Diehl Nora , Monteiro Cátia , Li Huiru , Niedzwiedz Sarina , Burgunter-Delamare Bertille , Scheschonk Lydia , Bischof Kai , Forbord Silje
Published: March 2024

The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima has received intense scientific attention over the last decades. In recent years, interest in cultivation of the species has strongly increased in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Pacific Ocean, driven by the great potential of S. latissima to be utilised for various industrial applications, including food, feed, and biomaterials. Accordingly, current research has focused on improving farming methods and technology, environmental impacts, and site selection. In addition, many studies have investigated the varying chemical composition of S. latissima, extraction of commercially interesting components, and the use of the biomass and its derived components in various applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of farming and applications of S. latissima from the last 15 years. Additional insights on other research topics, such as ecology, physiology, biochemical and molecular biology of S. latissima, are given in the first review, “The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima I: recent advances in a changing climate” (Diehl et al. 2023).
Organic carbon utilisation by the filamentous alga Tribonema
Authors: Liu Jiajun , Crosbie Nicholas D. , Scales Peter J. , Martin Gregory J. O.
Published: March 2024

Filamentous algae have potential application to wastewater treatment, in particular for efficient recovery of nutrients into biomass. However, supplying inorganic carbon is a major limiting factor. The utilisation of organic carbon present in wastewater may reduce the constraints in carbon supply, however there is little knowledge of mixotrophic growth amongst filamentous algae. This study investigated the utilisation of organic carbon sources relevant to wastewater by the filamentous xanthophyte alga Tribonema. Algae growth was compared in the absence of organic carbon (autotrophic) and in presence of 0.2 g-C L-1 glucose, ethanol or acetate under mixotrophic (presence of organic carbon and light) or heterotrophic (presence of organic carbon and absence of light) conditions. To investigate direct utilisation of organic carbon and indirect utilisation via bacterial CO2-genesis, cultivation was performed under both axenic and non-axenic conditions. Tribonema was found to directly utilise glucose, which increased mixotrophic productivity and maintained growth under heterotrophic conditions. In contrast, acetate was only indirectly utilised mixotrophically in the presence of bacteria, whereas ethanol was not utilised under any conditions. The underlying mechanisms of glucose utilisation by Tribonema were also investigated by analysing its photosynthetic rate and respiration rate under glucose concentrations ranging from 0 – 100 g L-1. Based on the results, enhancements to metabolic pathways and reduced CO2 requirements provided by glucose utilisation were proposed. Despite the positive results with respect to glucose utilisation, out competition for this resource by bacteria suggest that Tribonema is more suitable for treatment of wastewater with low organic carbon concentrations, such as secondary-treated wastewater effluent.
Pore graded borosilicate bioactive glass scaffolds: in vitro dissolution and cytocompatibility
Authors: Szczodra Agata , Houaoui Amel , Salminen Turkka , Hannula Markus , Gobbo Virginia Alessandra , Ghanavati Sonya , Miettinen Susanna , Massera Jonathan
Published: March 2024

3D borosilicate bioactive glass (1393B20 and B12.5MgSr) scaffolds were prepared by robocasting, with and without a dense layer at the top. Pore graded scaffolds are promising as they allow for membrane deposition and could limit the risk of soft tissue infiltration. In vitro dissolution was studied in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) and Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). 1393B20 scaffolds dissolved faster than B12.5MgSr in TRIS whereas they dissolved slower in SBF. The difference in dissolution profiles, as a function of the medium used, is assigned to the different rates of precipitation of hydroxyapatite (HA). While the precipitation of calcium phosphate (CaP) in the form of HA, first sign of bioactivity, was confirmed by ICP, FTIR-ATR and SEM-EDX analysis for both compositions, 1393B20 was found to precipitate HA at a faster rate. The presence of a dense top layer did not significantly impact the dissolution rate and CaP precipitation. In vitro cell culture was performed using human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs). Prior to cell plating, a preincubation of 3 days was found optimum to prevent burst ion release. In direct contact, cells proliferate and spread on the scaffolds while maintaining characteristic spindle morphology. Cell plated on 1393B20 scaffolds showed increased viability when compared to cell plated on B12.5MgSr. The lower cell viability, when testing B12.5MgSr, was assigned to the depletion of Ca2+ ions from culture medium and higher pH. Static cell culture leads to believe that the scaffold produced from the 1393B20 glass composition are promising in bone regeneration applications.

Graphical Abstract
QGIS-based modeling and analysis of urban dynamics affecting land surface temperature towards climate hazards in coastal zones of Portugal
Authors: Isinkaralar Oznur
Published: March 2024

Climate risk creates considerable concern due to the density of natural and socio-economic assets in coastal areas. Monitoring land use/cover changes, detecting population growth, and analyzing their impact on land surface temperature (LST) are necessary for effective urban management. In this study, land use/land cover (LULC), population, and LST changes in coastal regions of Portugal. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery was examined using World Bank population and CORINE data. Changes in land use types and LST values from 1990 to 2018 were analyzed. At the same time, LULC predictions were made using the Modules for Land Use Change Simulation (MOLUSCE) plug-in included in the QGIS software, and population projections were analyzed with LULC predictions in 2046. The results show the significant impact of land use on temperatures. It has been demonstrated that green and water areas can effectively cool cities. In the LULC changes between 1990 and 2018, the Leiria region stands out, with an annual increase of 4.04% in built areas from 121.58 to 259.06 km2. According to the simulations between 2018 and 2046, it was predicted that 18.74% of agricultural areas and 14.43% of forest areas would be transformed into built environments. The study is also essential as it confirms that the MOLUSCE plug-in can be effectively applied to land cover simulation on a large regional scale.
Quine, evidence, and our science
Authors: Kemp Gary
Published: March 2024

As is reasonably well-appreciated, Quine struggled with his definition of the all-important notion of an observation sentence; especially in order to make them bear out his commitment to language’s being a ‘social art’. In an earlier article (Mind 131(523):805–825, 2022), I proposed a certain repair, which here I will explain, justify and articulate further. But it also infects the definition of observation categoricals, and furthermore makes it a secondary matter, a seeming afterthought, that evidence, science and knowledge generally are shared—are joint, social and collaborative products. Without forsaking Quine’s strict naturalism, I try to make the necessary adjustments to Quine’s scheme.
The phenotype of recovery XI: associations of sleep quality and perceived stress with discounting and quality of life in substance use recovery
Authors: Yeh Yu-Hua , Zheng Michelle H. , Tegge Allison N. , Athamneh Liqa N. , Freitas-Lemos Roberta , Dwyer Candice L. , Bickel Warren K.
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Sleep and stress show an interdependent relationship in physiology, and both are known risk factors for relapse in substance use disorder (SUD) recovery. However, sleep and stress are often investigated independently in addiction research. In this exploratory study, the associations of sleep quality and perceived stress with delay discounting (DD), effort discounting (ED), and quality of life (QOL) were examined concomitantly to determine their role in addiction recovery. DD has been proposed as a prognostic indicator of SUD treatment response, ED is hypothesized to be relevant to the effort to overcome addiction, and QOL is an important component in addiction recovery.

Method

An online sample of 118 individuals recovering from SUDs was collected through the International Quit and Recovery Registry. Exhaustive model selection, using the Bayesian Information Criterion to determine the optimal multiple linear model, was conducted to identify variables (i.e., sleep quality, perceived stress, and demographics) contributing to the total variance in DD, ED, and QOL.

Results

After model selection, sleep was found to be significantly associated with DD. Stress was found to be significantly associated with psychological health, social relationships, and environment QOL. Both sleep and stress were found to be significantly associated with physical health QOL. Neither sleep nor stress was supported as an explanatory variable of ED.

Conclusion

Together, these findings suggest sleep and stress contribute uniquely to the process of addiction recovery. Considering both factors when designing interventions and planning for future research is recommended.
Benefit and risk of oral anticoagulant initiation strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation and cancer: a target trial emulation using the SEER-Medicare database
Authors: Truong Bang , Hornsby Lori , Fox Brent , Chou Chiahung , Zheng Jingyi , Qian Jingjing
Published: March 2024

Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are recommended for patients with atrial fibrillation (AFib) having CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2. However, the benefits of OAC initiation in patients with AFib and cancer at different levels of CHA2DS2-VASc is unknown. We included patients with new AFib diagnosis and a record of cancer (breast, prostate, or lung) from the 2012–2019 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database (n = 39,915). Risks of stroke and bleeding were compared between 5 treatment strategies: (1) initiated OAC when CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 1 (n = 6008), (2) CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2 (n = 8694), (3) CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 4 (n = 20,286), (4) CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 6 (n = 30,944), and (5) never initiated OAC (reference group, n = 33,907). Confounders were adjusted using inverse probability weighting through cloning-censoring-weighting approach. Weighted pooled logistic regressions were used to estimate treatment effect [hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CIs)]. We found that only patients who initiated OACs at CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 6 had lower risk of stroke compared without OAC initiation (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54–0.75). All 4 active treatment strategies had reduced risk of bleeding compared to non-initiators, with OAC initiation at CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 6 being the most beneficial strategy (HR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.44–0.55). In patients with lung cancer or regional/metastatic cancer, OAC initiation at any CHA2DS2-VASc level increased risk of stroke and did not reduce risk of bleeding (except for Regimen 4). In conclusion, among cancer patients with new AFib diagnosis, OAC initiation at higher risk of stroke (CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 6) is more beneficial in preventing ischemic stroke and bleeding. Patients with advanced cancer or low life-expectancy may initiate OACs when CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 6.
Unlocking high-performance HCl adsorption at elevated temperatures: the synthesis and characterization of robust Ca–Mg–Al mixed oxides
Authors: Cao Jun , Cao Songshan , Zhu Hualun
Published: March 2024

The presence of HCl and SO2 gas imposes limitations on syngas utilization obtained from household waste in a wide range of applications. The hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTLs) have been proved that could remove HCl efficiency. However, the research on impact of synthesis conditions of HTLs and SO2 on HCl removal was limited. In this study, a range of Ca–Mg–Al mixed oxide sorbents was synthesized by calcining HTLs, with variations in crystallization temperature, solution pH, and the Ca/Mg molar ratio. These sorbents were examined for their effectiveness in removing HCl at medium–high temperatures under diverse conditions. The adsorption performance of selected sorbents for the removal of HCl, SO2, and HCl-SO2 mixed gas at temperature of 350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C, respectively, was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was observed that the HTL synthesis parameters significantly influenced the HCl adsorption capacity of Ca–Mg–Al mixed oxides. Notably, HTLs synthesized at 60 °C, a solution pH of 10–11, and a Ca/Mg ratio of 4 exhibited superior crystallinity and optimal adsorption characteristics. For individual HCl and SO2 removal, temperature had a minor effect on HCl adsorption but significantly impacted SO2 adsorption rates. At temperatures above 550 °C, SO2 removal efficiency substantially decreased. When exposed to a mixed gas, the Ca–Mg–Al mixed oxides could efficiently remove both HCl and SO2 at temperatures below 550 °C, with HCl dominating the adsorption process at higher temperatures. This dual-action capability is attributed to several mechanisms through which HTL sorbents interacted with HCl, including pore filling, ion exchange, and cation exchange. Initially, HCl absorbed onto specific sites created by water and CO2 removal due to the surface’s polarity. Subsequently, HCl reacted with CaCO3 and CaO formed during HTL decomposition.

Graphical abstract
Capturing the subject-specific quality of mathematics instruction: How do expert judgments relate to students’ assessments of the quality of their own learning and understanding?
Authors: Pauli Christine , Lipowsky Frank , Reusser Kurt
Published: March 2024

Based on an opportunity-use model of instructional quality, this study investigates the extent to which subject-specific instructional quality rated by experts is reflected in students’ assessments of their own learning and understanding, and how students’ perceptions predict their achievement. The analyses used data from a German-Swiss sample of 36 classes with around 900 lower secondary students, obtained as part of the so-called “Pythagoras study” in the school year 2002/2003. The teachers were instructed to introduce the Pythagorean theorem in three lessons, which were videotaped. Using the videos, the experts assessed the instruction quality with respect to the goal of promoting a deep understanding of the theorem. The students completed the questionnaires assessing their understanding of the content, their learning process, and the general comprehension orientation of the teacher. The results showed significant and moderate correlations on the class level between expert-rated subject-specific teaching quality and students’ perceptions of their own learning and understanding, as well as of the teacher’s general comprehension orientation. Multilevel models revealed that subject-specific expert ratings are reflected in individual students’ perceptions of their own learning and understanding. Student perceptions were also associated with achievement gains. The results suggest that the assessment of quality by students and experts is more closely linked if a distinction is made between the quality of the learning opportunities offered and their use and if subject-specific criteria are used instead of generic criteria. This study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the validity of student perspective in assessing instructional quality.
Effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms on the lipid profile of children being treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Ioannidou Maria , Avgeros Chrysostomos , Georgiou Elisavet , Papadimitriou-Tsantarliotou Aliki , Dimitriadis Dimitrios , Tragiannidis Athanasios , Panagopoulou Paraskevi , Papakonstantinou Evgenia , Galli-Tsinopoulou Assimina , Makedou Kali , Hatzipantelis Emmanuel
Published: March 2024

Background

Medications used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), such as l-asparaginase, can cause blood lipid disturbances. These can also be associated with polymorphisms of the lipoprotein lipase (LpL) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes.

Procedure

We aimed to investigate the association between lipid profile, certain LpL and APOE gene polymorphisms (rs268, rs328, rs1801177 and rs7412, rs429358 respectively) as well as the risk subgroup in 30 pediatric patients being treated for ALL, compared with 30 pediatric ALL survivors and 30 healthy controls.

Results

The only APOE gene polymorphism with significant allelic and genotypic heterogeneity was rs429358. Further analysis of this polymorphism showed that genotype (CC, CT, or TT) was significantly associated with (1) changes in the lipid profile at the end of consolidation (total cholesterol, LDL, apo-B100, and lipoprotein a) and during re-induction (total cholesterol and apo-B100), and (2) classification in the high risk-ALL subgroup (for CC genotype/C allele presence).

Conclusions

Lipid abnormalities in children being treated for ALL may be associated with the APOE genotype, which is also possibly associated with risk stratification. Further research is needed to confirm the potential prognostic value of these findings.
Phenology, population trends and natural enemy complex of Illinoia liriodendri in Spain
Authors: Meseguer Roberto , Madeira Filipe , Kavallieratos Nickolas G. , Pons Xavier
Published: March 2024

Illinoia liriodendri (Monell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an Eastern North American native aphid species that infests ornamental tulip trees, Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae), in many localities of Spain and southern Europe. This is a comprehensive three-year study on the biology and ecology of the aphid, where its life cycle, phenology, population dynamic trends, comfort damages, natural enemy complex and its potential to control aphid populations have been investigated for the first time in Europe. The monoecic-holocyclic annual cycle of I. liriodendri has been demonstrated. The highest infestation levels were recorded in May and June, but infestation severity varied among localities. No clear trend regarding the effect of planting site (pit vs. ground) on aphid abundance was observed. A strong positive relationship between the aphid infestation severity and the honeydew dripping was recorded. There was a wide complex of natural enemies associated with the aphid. Coccinellidae were the most abundant predators (< 95%) and showed a positive numerical response to the aphid infestation. Several parasitoid species (mainly Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae and Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were found parasitizing I. liriodendri in Spain. The role of natural enemies as agents for controlling the aphid populations is discussed.
Evaluation of mAb 2C5-modified dendrimer-based micelles for the co-delivery of siRNA and chemotherapeutic drug in xenograft mice model
Authors: Yalamarty Satya Siva Kishan , Filipczak Nina , Pathrikar Tanvi , Cotter Colin , Ataide Janaína Artem , Luther Ed , Paranjape Swarali , Torchilin Vladimir
Published: March 2024

Combination therapy with small interfering RNA (siRNA) and chemotherapeutic drug is proven to be effective in downregulating cancer resistance proteins, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). These proteins are involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumors. A targeted formulation capable of delivering siRNA and chemotherapeutic drug will not only downregulate P-gp but also increase the concentration of the chemotherapeutic drug at the site of tumor thereby increasing the therapeutic effect and lowering the systemic exposure. In this study, monoclonal antibody 2C5-modified dendrimer-based micelles were used to co-deliver siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX) to the tumor site in both male and female xenograft mouse model. The nucleosome-specific 2C5 antibody recognizes the cancer cells via the cell-surface bound nucleosomes. The ability of ability of the 2C5-modified formulation to affect the metastasis of highly aggressive triple negative breast cancer cell migration in (MDA-MB-231) was assessed by a wound healing. Further, the therapeutic efficacy of the formulation was assessed by measuring the tumor volume progression in which the 2C5-modified nanoparticle group had a similar tumor volume to the free drug group at the end of the study, although a 50% increase in DOX concentrations in blood was observed after the last dose of nanoparticle. The free drug group on the other hand showed body weight reduction as well as the visible irritation around the injection spot. The treatment group with 2C5-modified micelles has shown to be safe at the current dose of DOX and siRNA. Furthermore, the siRNA mediated P-gp downregualtion was studied using western blotting assay. We observed a 29% reduction of P-gp levels in both males and females with respect to the control (BHG). We also conclude that the dose of DOX and siRNA should be further optimized to have a better efficacy in a metastatic tumor model, which will be the subject of our future studies.

Graphical abstract
Production and Mechanical Characterization of Steel/Al-B4C Layered Circular Hybrid Composite Materials
Authors: Göçer Abdullah , Karamis Mehmet Baki
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to develop a layered circular metal composite that would combine high strength, low density, and developable surface properties. The outer part of this composite material called the sheath was made of AISI 4140 steel, and the inner part, as the core, was composed of Al/B4C (boron carbide) mixed metal matrix composite. Al/B4C powder mixing ratios were determined by volume rate as 5, 15, and 25% B4C. Al2024 powder with an average particle size of 40 µm and B4C with particle sizes of 5, 17, and 58 µm were used. Composite materials were produced by forming the pre-products obtained by compressing Al/B4C powder mixtures into steel tubes using the drawing method. The drawing process was carried out at room temperature, 250 °C, and 400 °C, and with three different deformation extents (16, 30, and 37%). In the composite materials produced under all temperature conditions, increasing of the deformation extent increased the compression strength of the materials. Compression strength also increased with B4C reinforcement at all temperature conditions, but it decreased when the ratio of reinforcement passed over 15%. The gas nitriding process was applied to the produced composites to improve their surface properties. Strength values showed improvement after the nitriding process, and a thicker nitride layer was obtained on the steel sheath in highly deformed materials. As a result, the study presented the production of a composite with different sheath-core materials by rod drawing method and the effect of production variables on the material's mechanical properties. In addition, it was shown that the desired surface quality can be obtained by the gas nitriding process at low temperatures.
It takes two to tango: the second session of negotiations (INC-2) for a global treaty to end plastic pollution
Authors: Cowan Emily , Holmberg Karl , Nøklebye Emmy , Rognerud Idun , Tiller Rachel
Published: March 2024

The United Nations (UN) Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) has completed its second round of negotiations on a new international legally binding instrument to ‘end plastic pollution’. This paper examines the results of the second session of negotiations, which took place May 29–June 2, 2023, and analyses the trends, barriers, and themes shaping the emerging legally binding instrument. The paper considers the discussion surrounding the Options Paper as presented by the INC Secretariat and United Nations Environmental Program based upon written submissions received by UN member states prior to the second session of negotiations. These include potential elements the future treaty text may include—namely objectives, core obligations, and implementation and monitoring measures. At the second session of negotiations, progress towards consensus on these items was severely lacking. We draw on close observations via event ethnography of participants during the negotiations and document analysis. We conclude by looking towards the third round of negotiations by discussing the ongoing ‘dance’ of sorts as submissions are being asked of member states and like-minded groups to contribute to the zero draft treaty text.
Gastrodinol derivatives and prenylated flavones from the flower branch of Gastrodia elata
Authors: Qin Shi-Hui , Li Zhi-Lan , Yang Liu , Hu Jiang-Miao
Published: March 2024

Based on the research progress and traditional usage with whole herbal of the TCM "Tianma", chemical studies herein on the flower branch of Gastrodiaelata were carried out in-depth and got 13 compounds including the gastrodinols (1–4), the flavonoid morins (5–8, 11–12), together with the specialist mulberrofurans (9, 13) and gastrodiamide (10) for the first time from the species. The antibacterial and cholinesterase inhibitory activities were then evaluated and the results showed that compounds 5, 11, 12, 13 have good activity against anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus, and compounds 9, 13 had good acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. All these results provide new chemical composition for better understanding the traditional application of "Tianma" and for exploring new pharmacological ingredients.

Graphical Abstract
Roll waves in a predictive model for open-channel flows in the smooth turbulent case
Authors: Richard G.L.
Published: March 2024

A depth-averaged model for turbulent open-channel flows with breaking roll waves on a sloping smooth bottom is derived under an assumption of independence between the wall turbulence and the roller turbulence. The model includes four variables – the water depth, the average velocity, and two variables called enstrophy, the shear enstrophy and the roller enstrophy – which take into account the deviations of the velocity with respect to its depth-averaged value due to shear effect and roller turbulence, respectively. The four equations of the model are the mass, momentum, energy and shear enstrophy balance equations, with the mathematical structure of the Euler equations of compressible fluids, with an additional transport equation and with source terms. The system is hyperbolic. The roller enstrophy is created by shocks. A non-zero value of the roller enstrophy indicates a breaking wave and a turbulent roller. The model is solved by a fast and well-known numerical scheme, with an explicit finite-volume method in one step. The model is used to simulate periodic and natural roll waves with a good agreement with existing experimental results. There is no parameter to calibrate in the model, which gives it a predictive character.
An improved iterative approach with a comprehensive friction model for identifying dynamic parameters of collaborative robots
Authors: Li Zeyu , Wei Hongxing , Liu Chengguo , He Ye , Liu Gang , Zhang Haochen , Li Weiming
Published: March 2024

Collaborative robots are becoming intelligent assistants of human in industrial settings and daily lives. Dynamic model identification is an active topic for collaborative robots because it can provide effective ways to achieve precise control, fast collision detection and smooth lead-through programming. In this research, an improved iterative approach with a comprehensive friction model for dynamic model identification is proposed for collaborative robots when the joint velocity, temperature and load torque effects are considered. Experiments are conducted on the AUBO I5 collaborative robots. Two other existing identification algorithms are adopted to make comparison with the proposed approach. It is verified that the average error of the proposed I-IRLS algorithm is reduced by over 14% than that of the classical IRLS algorithm. The proposed I-IRLS method can be widely used in various application scenarios of collaborative robots.
Protecting the cultural property of religious communities during war: The Church of Sweden and total defense planning
Authors: Legnér Mattias
Published: March 2024

Even though places of worship are protected by the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, they often become targets. To safeguard the cultural property of religious communities, it is necessary to plan for wartime protection under peaceful conditions, but studies of how this planning was conducted after 1945 are largely missing. This Article compares how the cultural property of the Church of Sweden (Lutheran) has been planned for protection up until 2023. Cultural property protection was first introduced in World War II, but the Church had to plan and carry out most protective measures without state support. During the Cold War, a system for protecting movable property was developed that lasted until it was replaced in the 1980s by cultural protection plans that employed a more holistic approach to risk mitigation in peace as well as in war. Finally, the recent development and future challenges are discussed in relation to the 1954 Hague Convention and the reconstruction of a Swedish total defense due to the Russo-Ukrainian War.
The impact of meteorological factors on tuberculosis incidence in Spain: a spatiotemporal analysis
Authors: Díez Galán María del Mar , Redondo-Bravo Lidia , Gómez-Barroso Diana , Herrera Laura , Amillategui Rocio , Gómez-Castellá Javier , Herrador Zaida ,   Spanish Working Group on Tuberculosis
Published: March 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global leading cause of death, necessitating an investigation into its unequal distribution. Sun exposure, linked to vitamin D (VD) synthesis, has been proposed as a protective factor. This study aimed to analyse TB rates in Spain over time and space and explore their relationship with sunlight exposure. An ecological study examined the associations between rainfall, sunshine hours, and TB incidence in Spain. Data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RENAVE in Spanish) and the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET in Spanish) from 2012 to 2020 were utilized. Correlation and spatial regression analyses were conducted. Between 2012 and 2020, 43,419 non-imported TB cases were reported. A geographic pattern (north–south) and distinct seasonality (spring peaks and autumn troughs) were observed. Sunshine hours and rainfall displayed a strong negative correlation. Spatial regression and seasonal models identified a negative correlation between TB incidence and sunshine hours, with a four-month lag. A clear spatiotemporal association between TB incidence and sunshine hours emerged in Spain from 2012 to 2020. VD levels likely mediate this relationship, being influenced by sunlight exposure and TB development. Further research is warranted to elucidate the causal pathway and inform public health strategies for improved TB control.
A next-generation protective emblem: Cross-frequency protective options for non-combatants in the context of (fully) autonomous warfare
Authors: Hinck Daniel C. , Schöttler Jonas J. , Krantz Maria , Widulle Niklas , Isleif Katharina-Sophie , Niggemann Oliver
Published: March 2024

The protection of non-combatants in times of autonomous warfare raises the question of the timeliness of the international protective emblem. (Fully) Autonomous weapon systems are often launched from a great distance, and there may be no possibility for the operators to notice protective emblems at the point of impact; therefore, such weapon systems will need to have a way to detect protective emblems and react accordingly. In this regard, the present contribution suggests a cross-frequency protective emblem. Technical deployment is considered, as well as interpretation by methods of machine learning. Approaches are explored as to how software can recognize protective emblems under the influence of various boundary conditions. Since a new protective emblem could also be misused, methods of distribution are considered, including encryption and authentication of the received signal. Finally, ethical aspects are examined.
Analysis of the current vitamin A terminology and dietary regulations from vitamin A1 to vitamin A5
Authors: Rühl Ralph , Bánáti Diána
Published: March 2024

Abstract: Dietary recommendations on vitamin intake for human food fortification concerning vitamin A in various countries, larger economic zones and international organizations are mainly based on the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) “Codex Alimentarius standards”. The general vitamin A terminology is based on regulations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) that are used to describe the involved derivatives. These regulations and terminology were set up in the middle of the last century. Starting with the decade of the 80ies in the 20th century a large improvement of molecular biological methodologies, background physiological mechanisms as well as analytical techniques contributed to a large diversification of this simply claimed vitamin A terminology. Unfortunately, the following terminology and governmental regulations for food fortification are imprecise and non-harmonized. In this article we tried to unravel this terminology for updating terminology, nutritional suggestions and governmental regulations for vitamin A, which are currently based on various uncertainties. According to the current regulations, the newly found vitamin A5/X can be included in the current vitamin A terminology as “vitamin A5” or alternatively or even in parallel as a new vitamin A-independent terminology as “vitamin X”. Based on the detailed knowledge of research from the early beginning of general vitamin A pathway identification towards detailed research of the last decades the commonly used and simplified term vitamin A with relevance for governmental recommendations on vitamin intake and food fortification advice was now more correctly sub-categorized to further vitamin A1, and A5 sub-categories with vitamin A1-alcohol as retinol, vitamin A2-alcohol as 3,4-didehydroretinol and vitamin A5-alcohol as 9- cis-13,14-dihydroretinol as their mainly relevant vitamin forms present in the human organism. Here we suggest and advise how the vitamin A terminology and further governmental regulations should be organized depending on a successful unraveling of the organization of the current vitamin A terminology.
Prediction of Atmospheric Profiles With Machine Learning Using the Signature Method
Authors: Fujita M. , Sugiura N. , Kouketsu S.
Published: March 2024

An array of atmospheric profile observations consists of three‐dimensional vectors representing pressure, temperature, and humidity, with each profile forming a continuous curve in this three‐dimensional space. In this paper, the Signature method, which can quantify a profile's curve, was adopted for the atmospheric profiles, and the accuracy of profile representations was investigated. The description of profiles by the signature was confirmed with adequate accuracy. The machine‐learning‐based model, developed using the signature, exhibited a high level of annual accuracy with minimal absolute mean differences in temperature and water vapor mixing ratio (<2.0 K or g kg−1). Notably, the model successfully captured the vertical structure and atmospheric instability, encompassing drastic variations in water vapor and temperature, even during intense rainfall. These results indicate the Signature method can comprehensively describe the vertical profile with information on how ordered values are correlated. This concept would potentially improve the representation of the atmospheric vertical structure.
Delay of punishment highlights differential vulnerability to developing addiction-like behavior toward sweet food
Authors: Solinas Marcello , Lardeux Virginie , Leblanc Pierre-Marie , Longueville Jean-Emmanuel , Thiriet Nathalie , Vandaele Youna , Panlilio Leigh V. , Jaafari Nematollah
Published: March 2024

Resistance to punishment is commonly used to measure the difficulty in refraining from rewarding activities when negative consequences ensue, which is a hallmark of addictive behavior. We recently developed a progressive shock strength (PSS) procedure in which individual rats can titrate the amount of punishment that they are willing to tolerate to obtain food rewards. Here, we investigated the effects of a range of delays (0–12 s) on resistance to punishment measured by PSS break points. As expected from delay discounting principles, we found that delayed shock was less effective as a punisher, as revealed by higher PSS breakpoints. However, this discounting effect was not equally distributed in the population of rats, and the introduction of a delay highlighted the existence of two populations: rats that were sensitive to immediate punishment were also sensitive to delayed shock, whereas rats that were resistant to immediate punishment showed strong temporal discounting of delayed punishment. Importantly, shock-sensitive rats suppressed responding even in subsequent non-punishment sessions, and they differed from shock-resistant rats in anxiety-like behavior, but not in sensitivity to pain. These results show that manipulation of temporal contingencies of punishment in the PSS procedure provides a valuable tool to identify individuals with a double vulnerability to addiction: low sensitivity to aversion and excessive discounting of negative future consequences. Conversely, the shock-sensitive population may provide a model of humans who are vulnerable to opportunity loss due to excessive anxiety.
Improving nutritional status after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: results of phase 2 ALLONUT clinical trial
Authors: Estran Sophie , Loschi Michael , Benachour Sami , Soldati Alizée , Chiche Edmond , Sammut Rinzine , Robert Guillaume , Jacquel Arnaud , Chibois Jacques , Schneider Stephane , Cluzeau Thomas
Published: March 2024

Malnutrition increases the risk of non-relapse mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT). Here are the results of the ALLONUT clinical trial designed to improve the nutritional outcome of patients receiving aHSCT. ALLONUT is a prospective open label phase 2 clinical trial assessing the efficacy of a close tailored nutritional support and management with traditional and original solutions to improve patients nutritional status following aHSCT. Nutritional status evaluation was performed before transplantation, on Day 0, 30, 100 and one year after transplantation. The study involved 70 patients treated by aHSCT. 10% of patients were moderately or severely malnutrition at baseline and 26.9 were severely malnutrition at D30. Patients’ nutritional status improved thanks to the cooking classes and the personalized outpatient nutrition program. At D100, 23% were still malnutrition, while only 10.8% were severely malnutrition one year after transplantation. The QLQ-C30 show that quality of life (QoL) decreased until D30, and improve to reach the pre-transplant level on D100 before exceeding it on D360. The study confirmed that a close, personalized nutritional program combining traditional and original measures can improve both nutritional status and QoL for patients suffering from moderate or severe malnutrition after aHCST.
Metabolic targeting of cancer associated fibroblasts overcomes T-cell exclusion and chemoresistance in soft-tissue sarcomas
Authors: Broz Marina T. , Ko Emily Y. , Ishaya Kristin , Xiao Jinfen , De Simone Marco , Hoi Xen Ping , Piras Roberta , Gala Basia , Tessaro Fernando H. G. , Karlstaedt Anja , Orsulic Sandra , Lund Amanda W. , Chan Keith Syson , Guarnerio Jlenia
Published: March 2024

T cell-based immunotherapies have exhibited promising outcomes in tumor control; however, their efficacy is limited in immune-excluded tumors. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in shaping the tumor microenvironment and modulating immune infiltration. Despite the identification of distinct CAF subtypes using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), their functional impact on hindering T-cell infiltration remains unclear, particularly in soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) characterized by low response rates to T cell-based therapies. In this study, we characterize the STS microenvironment using murine models (in female mice) with distinct immune composition by scRNA-seq, and identify a subset of CAFs we termed glycolytic cancer-associated fibroblasts (glyCAF). GlyCAF rely on GLUT1-dependent expression of CXCL16 to impede cytotoxic T-cell infiltration into the tumor parenchyma. Targeting glycolysis decreases T-cell restrictive glyCAF accumulation at the tumor margin, thereby enhancing T-cell infiltration and augmenting the efficacy of chemotherapy. These findings highlight avenues for combinatorial therapeutic interventions in sarcomas and possibly other solid tumors. Further investigations and clinical trials are needed to validate these potential strategies and translate them into clinical practice.
Ultrafast all-optical second harmonic wavefront shaping
Authors: Sinelnik Artem , Lam Shiu Hei , Coviello Filippo , Klimmer Sebastian , Della Valle Giuseppe , Choi Duk-Yong , Pertsch Thomas , Soavi Giancarlo , Staude Isabelle
Published: March 2024

Optical communication can be revolutionized by encoding data into the orbital angular momentum of light beams. However, state-of-the-art approaches for dynamic control of complex optical wavefronts are mainly based on liquid crystal spatial light modulators or miniaturized mirrors, which suffer from intrinsically slow (µs-ms) response times. Here, we experimentally realize a hybrid meta-optical system that enables complex control of the wavefront of light with pulse-duration limited dynamics. Specifically, by combining ultrafast polarization switching in a WSe2 monolayer with a dielectric metasurface, we demonstrate second harmonic beam deflection and structuring of orbital angular momentum on the femtosecond timescale. Our results pave the way to robust encoding of information for free space optical links, while reaching response times compatible with real-world telecom applications.