bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on Detection of Drug-Laboratory interactions in
Dermatology, in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Authors: Sreenivasulu M. , Sivaiah K. , Naik V.Jagadeesh
Published: December 2020

Background: An interaction is alleged to occur once the consequences of one drug
is changed by the presence of another drug, herbal medicine, food, drink or by some
environmental chemical agents. As per American psychological association drug interaction is
defined as chemical or physiological reaction that can occur when two different drugs are taken
together. Objective: This study was conducted for the detection of various drug interactions in
dermatology in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: An observational, prospective study
was conducted for a period of six months (July 2017 to December 2017) among 108 patients in
dermatology department of Santhiram Medical College and General Hospital, Nandyal.
Results: A total of 108 patients were included in the study. Among them, 63 (58.3%) were
males and 45(41.7%) were females. Of total 108 prescriptions, sever drug-drug interactions
were present in 42 (38.9 %) prescriptions. Whereas, moderate drug-drug interactions were
found in 14 (13%) and 52 prescriptions doesn’t have drug-drug interactions respectively. The
study found the associations of potential drug interactions with age, sex, number of drugs per
prescription. There was a direct link between polypharmacy and occurrence of drug
interactions. To lower the frequency of potential interactions it could be necessary to make a
careful selection of therapeutic alternatives, and in cases without other options, patients should
be continuously monitored to identify adverse events. Conclusion: we concluded that
educational interventions can minimize the incidence of drug interactions.
Sensor and Component Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Hydraulic Machinery Integrating LSTM Autoencoder Detector and Diagnostic Classifiers
Authors: Mallak Ahlam , Fathi Madjid
Published: December 2020

Anomaly occurrences in hydraulic machinery may lead to massive systems shut down, jeopardizing the safety of the machinery and its surrounding human operator(s) and environment, and the severe economic implications succeeding the faults and their associated damage. Hydraulics are mostly placed in ruthless environments, where they are consistently vulnerable to many faults. Hence, not only the machines and their components are prone to anomalies, but also the sensors attached to them, which monitor and report their health and behavioral changes. In this work, a comprehensive applicational analysis of anomalies in hydraulic systems extracted from a hydraulic test rig is thoroughly achieved. Firstly, we provided a combination of a new architecture of LSTM autoencoders and supervised machine and deep learning methodologies to perform two separate stages of fault detection and diagnosis. The two phases are condensed by: the detection phase using the LSTM autoencoder. Followed by the fault diagnosis phase represented by the classification schema. The previously mentioned framework is applied to both component and sensor faults in hydraulic systems, deployed in the form of two in-depth applicational experiments. Moreover, a thorough literature review of the past decade related work for the two stages separately is successfully conducted in this paper.
Potential Therapeutic Role of Phytochemicals to Mitigate Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Rahman Md. Ataur , Rahman Md. Hasanur , Biswas Partha , Hossain Md. Shahadat , Islam Rokibul , Hannan Md. Abdul , Uddin Md. Jamal , Rhim Hyewhon
Published: December 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a decline in cognitive function with neuronal damage. Although the precise pathobiology of AD is still elusive, accumulating evidences suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the underlying causes of AD. Mutations of mitochondrial or nuclear DNA that encode mitochondrial constituents may cause mitochondrial dysfunctions. In particular, dysfunction of electron transport chain complexes along with interactions of mitochondrial pathological proteins are associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions in AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes an imbalance in reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress (OS) and vice-versa. Neuroinflammation is another potential contributory factor to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Phytochemicals or other natural compounds have the potential to scavenge oxygen free radicals and enhance cellular antioxidant defense system, and thereby protect against OS-mediated cellular damage. Phytochemicals can also modulate other cellular processes, including autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Pharmacological intervention through neuroprotective phytochemicals can, therefore, be a potential strategy to combat mitochondrial dysfunctions as well as AD. This review focuses on the role of phytochemicals to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction in the therapy of AD pathogenesis.
Robot Tutoring Multiplications: Over One-Third Learning Gain for Most, Learning Loss for Some
Authors: Hoorn Johan F. , Huang Ivy S. , Konijn Elly A. , van Buuren Lars
Published: December 2020

In the design of educational robots, it seems undecided whether robots should show social behaviors and look human-like or that such cues are indifferent to learning. We conducted an experiment with different designs of social robots, rehearsing the multiplication tables with primary school children in Hong Kong. Results show that affective bonding tendencies may occur but did not significantly contribute to the learning progress of these children, perhaps due to the short interaction period. Nonetheless, 5 minutes of robot tutoring improved their scores with about 30% and only for a few challenged children, performance dropped. We discuss that topics such as teaching language skills may be fostered by human likeness in appearance and behaviors but that for STEM-related subjects, the social aspects of robots hardly matter.
Recent Advances in Trop 2 Targeted Therapy for Solid Tumors
Authors: Liao Shutan , Wang Bing , Zeng Rong , Bao Haifeng , Chen Xiaomin , Dixit Rakesh , Xing Xiaoyan
Published: December 2020

Trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (Trop 2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in various cancer types with relatively low or no baseline expression in most of normal tissues. Its overexpression is associated with tumor growth and poor prognosis; Trop 2 is therefore, an ideal therapeutic target for epithelial cancers. Several Trop 2 targeted therapeutics have recently been developed for the treatment of cancers, such as anti-Trop 2 antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), as well as Trop 2-specific cell therapy. In particular, the safety and clinical benefit of Trop 2-based ADCs have been demonstrated in clinical trials across multiple tumor types, including those with limited treatment options, such as triple-negative breast cancer, platinum-resistant urothelial cancer, and heavily pretreated non-small cell lung cancer. In this review, we elaborate on recent advances in Trop 2 targeted modalities and provide an overview of novel insights for future developments in this field.
A Tutorial on Cross Site Scripting Attack - Defense
Authors: Papaspirou Vassilis , Maglaras Leandros , Ferrag Mohamed Amine
Published: December 2020

The danger is still very large from cross site scripting attacks. When designing web applications We must follow as much as we can prevention rules and don’t leave any loophole to our programs. Experience is a great factor for programmers to know these attacks and for a trainee programmer is a difficult task to spot all the weak points. In this article we present a tutorial on launching an XSS attack and also we propose simple solutions.
Cloud-Based ICME Software Training
Authors: Koschmieder Lukas , Altenfeld Ralph , Eiken Janin , Böttger Bernd , Schmitz Georg J.
Published: December 2020

Hands-on type training of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) is characterized by assisted application and combination of multiple simulation software tools and data. In this paper, we present recent experiences in establishing a cloud-based infrastructure to enable remote use of dedicated commercial and open access simulation tools during an interactive on-line training event. In the first part, we summarize the hardware and software requirements and illustrate how these have been met using cloud hardware services, a simulation platform environment, a suitable communication channel, common workspaces and more. The second part of the article focuses (i) on the requirements for suitable on-line hands-on training material and (ii) on details of some of the approaches taken. Eventually, the practical experiences made during three consecutive on-line training courses held in September 2020 with 35 nominal participants each, are discussed in detail.
Medicare Physician Fee Reimbursement for Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty Has Not Kept Up with Inflation from 2002 to 2019
Authors: Jella Tarun K. , Acuña Alexander J. , Samuel Linsen T. , Schwarzkopf Ran , Fehring Thomas K. , Kamath Atul F.
Published: December 2020

Background:

As orthopaedic physician fees continue to come under scrutiny by the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), there is a continued need to evaluate trends in reimbursement rates across contemporary time intervals. Although substantially lower work relative value units (RVUs) have been previously demonstrated for septic revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) compared with aseptic revisions, to our knowledge, there has been no corresponding analysis comparing total physician fees. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to analyze temporal trends in Medicare physician fees for septic and aseptic revision TKAs.

Methods:

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes related to septic 1-stage and 2-stage revision TKAs and aseptic revision TKAs were categorized. From 2002 to 2019, the facility rates of physician fees associated with each CPT code were obtained from the CMS Physician Fee Schedule Look-Up Tool. Monetary data from Medicare Administrative Contractors at 85 locations were used to calculate nationally representative means. All total physician fee values were adjusted for inflation and were translated to 2019 U.S. dollars using Consumer Price Index data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Cumulative annual percentage changes and compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) were computed utilizing adjusted physician fee data.

Results:

After adjusting for inflation, the total mean Medicare reimbursement (and standard deviation) for aseptic revision TKA decreased 24.83% ± 3.65% for 2-component revision and 24.21% ± 3.68% for 1-component revision. The mean septic revision TKA total Medicare reimbursement declined 23.29% ± 3.73% for explantation and 33.47% ± 3.24% for reimplantation. Both the dollar amount (p < 0.0001) and the percentage (p < 0.0001) of the total Medicare reimbursement decline for septic revision TKA were significantly greater than the decline for aseptic revision TKA.

Conclusions:

Septic revision TKAs have been devalued at a rate greater than their aseptic counterparts over the past 2 decades. Coupled with our findings, the increased resource utilization of septic revision TKAs may result in financial barriers for physicians and subsequently may reduce access to care for patients with periprosthetic joint infections.

Clinical Relevance:

The devaluation of revision TKAs may result in reduced patient access to infection management at facilities unable to bear the financial burden of these procedures.
An Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography to Investigate Heavy Metals Pathways
Authors: Benyassine El Mehdi , Lachhab Ahmed , Dekayir Abdelilah , Parisot Jean C. , Rouai Mohamed
Published: December 2020

The abandoned lead mine of Zeida is located at the center of the High Moulouya watershed between the Middle and the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Zeida has produced a total of 640,000 tons of concentrated lead during the 14 years of its activity (1972–1985). Three large tailings were left at the center of the mine on both sides of Moulouya River without any risk reduction measures or monitoring and there is a concern regarding heavy metal contamination of local groundwater. Samples taken from and around the tailings were found to contain average lead and zinc concentrations of 3,000 ppm and 140 ppm, respectively, primarily in the form of galena and barite. Prior studies have also found high concentrations of lead and zinc in both local wells near the town of Zeida and along the banks of Moulouya River. In this study, five electrical resistivity imaging surveys were performed to identify the risk of pollution and trace the pathways of mine-based contaminants to groundwater and to the Moulouya River. The analysis of electrical resistivity data has provided new insights showing: 1) an average tailings thickness of 15 m; 2) rounded structures with high resistivity values at the center and gradually decreasing toward their edges that are assumed to be granite, with fractures and a weathered zone; and 3) the potential pathways of heavy metal occur predominantly along these fractures and in the thick layers of the sandstone overlaying granitic bedrock.
Anti-interference Test for the New SEP Instrument: CSAMT Study at Dongguashan Copper Mine, China
Authors: Lei Da , Di Qing-yun , Wu Jun-jie , Wang Xing-chun , Liu Yun-xiang , Fayemi Olalekan , Luan Xiao-Dong , Zhang Wen-wei
Published: December 2020

In this paper, an independently developed device system called Surface Electromagnetic Prospecting (SEP) system was introduced through a CSAMT test at Dongguashan copper mine, east of Tonglin, Anhui province. In this area exists a strong electromagnetic interference including mineral and other human interferences, so there is a big challenge for electromagnetic exploration field work. In order to test the anti-interference ability of our system and ensure the quality of data, we applied both spectral analysis and temporal filter methods to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. After data processing, we obtained better results in our geophysical models and showed that the SEP system is able to obtain stable and reliable data in a complex and noisy environment. Consequently, the anti-interference capability of the SEP system is capable to undertake complicated exploration tasks.
Recommendations for Field-Scale Induced Polarization (IP) Data Acquisition and Interpretation
Authors: Zarif Fardous , Kessouri Pauline , Slater Lee
Published: December 2020

Field-scale induced polarization (IP) data remain underutilized due to the challenges of data acquisition and interpretation of the resulting observations for near surface environmental applications. We use measurements at a test site and the principle of IP reciprocity to demonstrate that the primary factor controlling the quality of IP data acquired using standard resistivity/IP imaging systems is the signal to noise ratio (SNR), i.e., the recorded signal strength. This factor favors the use of nested arrays, where one or two of the potential electrodes fall between the current electrode pair, that guarantee a high primary voltage ( Vp) versus Dipole-Dipole type arrays where voltage differences rapidly decay away from the current injection pair. Comparison of data acquired using stainless steel, Cu-CuSO4 porous pot and graphite electrodes demonstrates that electrode material is a significant second order factor but only for measurements where the SNR is relatively low (for the instrument used in this study when Vp < 30 mV). We also propose a simple framework for interpretation of environmental IP datasets whereby the acquisition of IP data is used to remove the inherent ambiguity in the interpretation of standalone resistivity data such that the subsurface distribution of the surface conductivity and electrolytic conductivity contributions to the total conductivity can be resolved. We demonstrate this approach on a field site within a first order catchment where a high surface area formation likely limits vertical transport and promotes interflow. Sharp contrasts in electrical structure between the two slopes of the catchment are observed.
The Development of Near-source Electromagnetic Methods in China
Authors: Xue Guo-qiang
Published: December 2020

Near-source electromagnetic technology has been developed and applied in the exploration of petroleum, metallic ore, coal, and engineering geology due to its high efficiency, high detection accuracy, and deep depth of investigation. In this paper, research and applications of the frequency-domain electromagnetic sounding method (FDEM), wide-field electromagnetic method (WFEM), modified central-loop transient electromagnetic method (TEM), and short-offset grounded-wire TEM (SOTEM) with obvious near-source characteristics, were reviewed and analyzed. From the 1960s to 1990s, the FDEM method and equipment were extensively developed in China. These methods have played important roles in the exploration of coal resources. Based on controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) and FDEM methods, a new method has been developed by deriving a new expression to calculate apparent resistivity. This method, which is referred to as WFEM, has been studied, applied, and received great attention in China. To increase work efficiency and reduce the influence of local transverse anisotropy on the detection processes, a modified central-loop TEM detection technology based on the central loop transient electromagnetic method was developed in China. The advantages of SOTEM in near-source surveys with high resolution and increased depth detection stimulated academic research interest to further develop grounded-wire TEM techniques.

[Figure: see text]
Integrated ERT, Seismic, and Electrical Resistivity Imaging for Geological Prospecting on Metro Line R3 in Qingdao, China
Authors: Nie Lichao , Ma Zhao , Wang Chengkun , Liu Rentai , Liu Zhengyu , Zhou Wei , Li Jian , Ju Song
Published: December 2020

Metros are mass rapid-transit systems that have helped solve commuting problems for residents of metropolises throughout the world. However, adverse geological structures, leading to problem such as water inrush and mud gushing, pose a major threat to metro construction. Geophysical survey techniques provide quick and relatively inexpensive ways to detect adverse geological structures ahead of the tunnel face. Left line of the R3 metro tunnel in Qingdao, China will pass an aquifer sand layer under the Wolong River. To map the geological conditions below the river, we proposed a comprehensive prospecting method that would combine the merits of surface electrical resistivity imaging (S-ERT), seismic ahead prospecting, and tunnel-face and borehole electrical resistivity imaging (TBERI). The prospecting scheme was effectively revealed in a numerical model analysis, in which the stratum distribution was reconstructed using S-ERT. Field tests validated the synthetic results. The ahead prospecting scheme was able to reconstruct the distribution of an aquifer sand layer. Based on the results obtained, we believe that, the proposed scheme could play an important role in metro tunnel construction.
Time–Frequency Electromagnetic Method for Exploring Favorable Deep Igneous Rock Targets: A Case Study from North Xinjiang
Authors: Zhanxiang He , Xiaodong Suo , Zuzhi Hu , Yanling Shi , Dongyang Shi , Weibin Dong
Published: December 2020

The detection of deep targets has always been a challenging topic for controlled source electromagnetic methods; however, the time–frequency electromagnetic method (TFEM) can overcome some of these challenges. In this paper, we introduce the method and showcase the technique for imaging deep targets using optimal offsets and transmission periods. In addition, we implement a simulated annealing constrained inversion, based on well-seismic data, to illustrate improvement in the effective detection depth and the ability to identify deep targets. We apply TFEM for two targets in North Xinjiang to show that internal multiple sets of layered series in a deep Carboniferous system and the volcanic rock mass developed in this area can be imaged. We conclude that the low-resistivity layer inside the Carboniferous system is the response of hydrocarbon source beds of muddy clastic rocks and predict that the high-resistivity layer is a favorable reservoir of volcanic rocks. Subsequent drilling confirmed the structural characteristics of the Carboniferous system revealed by TFEM data.
Electrical Resistivity Tomography at Construction Sites in Northeast Thailand with Implications for Building Foundation Design
Authors: Arjwech Rungroj , Everett Mark E.
Published: December 2020

A good understanding of the subsurface geological conditions at proposed construction sites is a fundamental requirement to design appropriate building foundations. In this study, the 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method was used to characterize the subsurface geology at three active construction sites located on or near exposed bedrock in northeast Thailand. The resistivity tomograms proved useful for determining the thickness of intact bedrock overlying a potentially weaker weathered rock of variable saturation. The wide-area information provided by the ERT method should be helpful to foundation design engineers assuming they have confidence in the geophysical results. Geophysics was also useful to guide suitable locations for ongoing geotechnical tests at a given construction site especially if difficult ground conditions exist.
Mapping Subsurface Conditions and Detecting Seepage Channels for an Embankment Dam Using Geophysical Methods: A Case Study of the Kinion Lake Dam
Authors: Rahimi Salman , Moody Timothy , Wood Clinton , Kouchaki Behdad Mofarraj , Barry Michelle , Tran Khiem , King Chris
Published: December 2020

Capacitively-Coupled Resistivity (CCR), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and seismic surface wave testing using Love and Rayleigh waves were performed on Kinion Lake Dam, an embankment dam that has historically experienced significant seepage and internal erosion issues. The goal of this study is to detect seepage locations in the embankment dam for remediation purposes and map bedrock location across the area using nondestructive geophysical measurements. Surveys were completed along the crest and downstream toe of the dam to map subsurface conditions with a focus on seepage detection. The seismic surface wave data were analyzed using two different methods: Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and Full Waveform Inversion (FWI). Both MASW and FWI methods were shown to be capable of resolving the bedrock layer below the dam, but the FWI method, provided a higher resolution image of the subsurface conditions compared to MASW method. However, the MASW and FWI provided little guidance regarding the seepage path through the dam. The CCR and ERT surveys, on the other hand, were shown to be very valuable for seepage detection. The seepage paths of the embankment dam were detected by comparing the resistivity measurements acquired in a wet winter and a dry summer. These seepage regions correspond well with previous sinkholes observed in the pool area following a drought. Additionally, new drilling in the two regions which showed differences in resistivity indicated the areas contained highly fractured limestone with evidence of solution cavities. It seems that the highly fractured limestone becomes fully saturated during the wet season causing very low resistivity values for these layers in wet seasons, but it quickly loses the water during the dry season leading to a highly resistive material in dry seasons. Therefore, seasonal resistivity measurements can be considered as a useful method for locating potential weak zones of earthen hydraulic structures in a cost-effective and timely manner.
The Suppression of Powerline Noise for TEM with Coded Source Based on Independent Component Analysis
Authors: Wu Xin , Xue Guoqiang , Wang Shun , Feng Yongqiang , Zhang Qimao , Fang Guangyou
Published: December 2020

Powerline noise is one of the most common contaminating types of the observed transient electromagnetic signal. For the conventional TEM method using the bipolar square wave as transmitter waveform, synchronous sampling is the main technology for powerline noise suppression, and notching filtering is sometimes used also. When the transmitter wave has been encoded based on pseudo-random binary sequence, it has proven difficult to achieve the effect by using the above-mentioned conventional methods for the suppression of powerline noise. This is due to the fact that the duration of each logic states of the pseudo-coded transmitter waveform is normally inconsistent. In this study, a method for the suppression of powerline noise is proposed, which is based on the independent component analysis method (ICA). In order to introduce the observation and processing details of this method more clearly, we attempt to apply this method to the time-domain electromagnetic method with coded source researched and developed by the institute of geology and geophysics of Chinese academy of sciences on the basis of the MTEM method. In terms of specific processes, the electrical measurements need to be simultaneously observed in the inline and crossline directions firstly, and then the data will be input into the processing procedures based on ICA method to realize the effective separation of the powerline noise and the useful signals. The processing results of the simulation data and field data show that the method proposed in this paper can suppress the powerline noise effectively, and the processing results build a good data foundation for the subsequent processing.
Exploration of workplace violence among nurses at a selected University Teaching Hospital in Rwanda
Authors: Banamwana Gilbert
Published: December 2020

Background: Workplace violence is a global problem in the health sector especially in the hospitals affecting healthcare works’ job satisfaction and performance. Workplace violence is present in different forms associated with various factors and the nurses are the most affected. The aim of this study was to explore workplace violence experience among nurses working at a selected University Teaching Hospital in Rwanda.Method: There search approach used was quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design. The stratified random sampling was used to recruit 195 participants among 379 nurses. The data was collected using a structured, validated, and self-administered questionnaire that was adapted from the International Labor Organization, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization and Public Services International. Descriptive statistics were used for analyzing frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used for evaluating the association between variables.Results: The findings revealed that (58.5%, n=114) of nurses have experienced some types of WPV in the twelve months preceding the study, among them (44.6%, n=108) of nurses were verbally abused. The nurses providing emergency care, the nurses working at the emergency department and nurses working with vulnerable patients like HIV/AIDS patients were associated with workplace violence Chi square(1, n=195), P=<0.001). The psychological problems has been found as the first consequences of workplace violence.Conclusions: Based on the study findings, it was concluded that the hospital management needs to be aware of workplace violence, develop and implement appropriate policies and strategies. These strategies will strengthen nurses’ concentration towards their and will resulting in service delivery improvement.
Polymorphism rs368234815 Of Interferon Lambda 4 Gene And Spontaneous Clearance Of Hepatitis C Virus In Haemodialysis Patients: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Grzegorzewska Alicja , Mostowska Adrianna , Świderska Monika , Marcinkowski Wojciech , Stolarek Ireneusz , Figlerowicz Marek , Jagodziński Paweł P.
Published: December 2020

Background: In non-uremic subjects, IFNL4 rs368234815 predicts HCV clearance. We investigated whether rs368234815 is associated with spontaneous HCV clearance in haemodialysis patients and whether it is a stronger predictor of HCV resolution than the IFNL polymorphisms already associated with HCV clearance in dialysis subjects. We also evaluated an association of rs368234815 with patients` survival and alterations in transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) caused by IFNL polymorphisms.Methods: Among 161 haemodialysis patients with positive anti-HCV antibodies, 68 (42.2%) spontaneously resolved HCV infection, whereas 93 remained HCV RNA positive. Patients were tested for near IFNL3 rs12980275, IFNL3 rs4803217, IFNL4 rs12979860, IFNL4 rs368234815, and near IFNL4 rs8099917. IFNL4 rs368234815 polymorphism (TT/TT, ΔG/TT, ΔG/ΔG) was genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis; other IFNL polymorphisms - by high resolution melting curve analysis. We used the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test for survival analysis. In silico analysis included the use of ENCODE TFBS ChIP-seq data, HOCOMOCO, JASPAR CORE, and CIS-BP databases, and FIMO software. Results: The probability (OR, 95%CI, P) of spontaneous HCV clearance for rs368234815 TT/TT patients was higher than for the ΔG allele carriers (2.63, 1.38–5.04, 0.003). This probability for other major homozygotes varied between 2.80, 1.45–5.43, 0.002 for rs12980275 and 2.44, 1.27–4.69, 0.007 for rs12979860. In the additive model, rs368234815 TT/TT was the strongest predictor of HCV clearance (6.38, 1.69–24.2, 0.003). Survival analysis suggested an association of the ΔG allele with mortality due to neoplasms (log-rank P = 0.005). The rs368234815 ∆G allele caused TFBS removal for PLAGL1. Conclusions: In haemodialysis patients, the association of rs368234815 with the spontaneous HCV clearance is better than that documented for other IFNL3/IFNL4 polymorphisms only in the additive mode of inheritance. However, identifying the homozygosity in the variant ∆G allele of rs368234815 means a more potent prediction of persistent HCV infection in haemodialysis subjects that we observe in the case of the variant homozygosity of other tested IFNL3/IFNL4 polymorphisms. Removal of PLAGL1 TFBS in subjects harbouring the rs368234815 ∆G allele may contribute to cancer susceptibility. The association of rs368234815 with cancer-related mortality needs further studies in HCV-exposed subjects.
Characterizing the effect of drought, conflict, and locusts on food security in Africa
Authors: Anderson Weston , Taylor Charles , McDermid Sonali Prabhat , Ilboudo-Nébié Elisabeth , Seager Richard , Schlenker Wolfram , Cottier Fabien , de Sherbinin Alex , Mendeloff Dara , Markey Kelsey
Published: December 2020

Conflict, drought, and locusts have been leading concerns for African food security in recent years, but the relative importance and spatiotemporal scales of crises resulting from each hazard is poorly characterized. Here we use continuous, subnational data from Sub-Saharan Africa to characterize how food crises differ according to livelihood strategy in response to each hazard. We find that when exposed to drought, pastoralists experienced more widespread, severe, and long-lasting food crises compared to those in agricultural zones. From 2009-2013 drought was the primary trigger of food security crises in all non-riverine zones; after 2013 conflict-related food security crises become prevalent. The few confirmed famines coincided with both conflict and drought. Locusts had little effect on food security during this time. These results provide multidimensional empirical evidence of how hazards affect food security in different livelihood zones, which provides an opportunity to improve scenario development in food security early warning forecasts.
Translation, Transcultural Adaptation and Validation to Brazilian Portuguese of Tools for Adverse Drug Reaction Assessment in Children
Authors: Lima Elisangela , Fernandes Thais , Freitas Adair , Sias Juliana , Land Marcelo , Aires Mariana , Bracken Louise , Peak Matthew
Published: December 2020

Background: Children are more vulnerable to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to complex changes in the body during the growth process and lack specific pharmacoepidemiologic studies. Causality and Avoidability assessment of ADRs are relevant to clinical guidelines development and pharmacovigilance. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt two new tools - Liverpool Causality Assessment Tool (LCAT) and the Liverpool Avoidability Assessment Tool (LAAT) - to Brazilian-Portuguese and evaluate the psychometric properties of these tools to analyze ADRs in Brazilian children.Methods: The validation of the cross-cultural adaptation of tools was obtained by the functional equivalence (degree of agreement between conceptual and item equivalence, semantic equivalence, operational and measurement equivalence) between the original versions two translated versions of each tool. The second version of LCAT and LAAT was applied to assessing the twenty-six case reports of suspected adverse drug reactions in a Brazilian teaching pediatric hospital. The inter-rater reliability (a pharmacist and a physician) was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. The exact agreement percentages (%EA) and extreme disagreement (%ED) were computed. Overall Kappa index was calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Results: Some words and terms needed carefully discussed and examined to improve the clarity of the Portuguese language tools. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient values obtained were 0.95 and 0.85, and the weighted Kappa (95% confidence interval) were 0.82 (0.67-0.97) and 0.68 (0.45-0.91) for LCAT and LAAT, respectively. The Brazilian-Portuguese versions of the LCAT and LAAT showed reliable and valid tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of ADRs in children. Conclusion: The methodological approach allowed the translation, transcultural adaptation, and validation to Brazilian-Portuguese of two easy and quick to perform tools for causality and avoidability of ADRs in children by a multidisciplinary expert specialist committee, including the authors of original tools. We believe this version may be applied by professionals (patient safety teams) and researchers in Brazil in groups or by a single reviewer.Trial registration: This study was evaluated and approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Instituto de Pediatria e Puericultura Martagão Gesteira – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – Number: 3.264.238.
Lower Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration is Associated with Favorable Prognosis of Resected Pancreatic Cancer.
Authors: Wang Dan , Fan Xiaona , Fang Lin , Zhou Tianshuo , Li Qingwei , Zhang Wenjing , Liu Jinshuang , Li Ruiyang , Han Shuling , Li Zhiwei
Published: December 2020

Objective: This study was designed to explore the value of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) for overall survival (OS) in resectable pancreatic cancer (PC). Background: Systemic inflammatory response are important factors that promotes the occurrence and metastasis of malignant tumors. MCHC are suggested to be relevant to the prognosis of several malignancies. Such as lung cancer, head and neck cancers. However, there are few studies to explore the correlation between them and PC. Methods: The present study included totally 544 patients with PC who underwent radical resection between March 2011 and May 2019. These patients were classified into a training set (n=195) and a validation set (n=349). Kaplan-Meier curve method and Cox proportional hazard regression model were employed to analyze prognosis. Results: Survival curve showed that OS were significantly favorable for resectable PC patients with low preoperative MCHC (P=0.015). Multivariate analysis suggested that MCHC (hazard ratio [HR], 1.266; 95% confidential interval [CI], 0.895-1.792; P=0.028) were independent prognostic factors for resectable PC patients. Conclusion: Low MCHC was positively correlated with OS in resectable PC, which could be used to predict the prognosis.
MACE-Seq-based coding RNA and TrueQuant-based small RNA profiles in breast cancer: tumor-suppressive miR-1275 identified as a novel marker 
Authors: Majed Sevan , Mustafa Suhad
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Disruption of cellular processes in the breast by abnormally expressed miRNA is characterized to develop cancer. We aimed to identify the differential expression of small RNAs (sRNAs) and mRNAs in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue of the breast cancer (BC) and normal adjacent tissue (NAT). Another aim is to determine the differential expression of miR-1275 as a novel biomarker for BC and also identify its target genes. Methods: TrueQuant method for analysis of sRNA expression and MACE-sequencing method for analysis of gene expression were used analyzing. The RT-qPCR technique was used to confirm miR-1275 down expression. Target genes of miR-1275 were computationally identified using target prediction sites and also the expression level of them was experimentally determined among the expressed genes.Results: TrueQuant findings showed that 1400 sRNAs were differentially expressed in the FFPE tissue of two Kurdish cases with BC, as compared to NAT. Among the sRNAs, 29 small RNAs were shown to be significantly downregulated in BC cells. The RT-qPCR results confirmed that miR-1275 was significantly down-expressed in 20 Kurdish cases with BC compared to NAT. However, Overall survival (OS) analysis revealed that the correlation between the expression level of miR-1275 and clinical significance was highly corrected in cases with BC (OS rate: P = 0.0401). The MACE-seq results revealed that 26843 genes were differentially expressed in the BC tissue compared to NAT, but 7041 genes were displayed in a scatter plot. Furthermore, putative target genes (DVL3, PPP2R2D, THSD4, CREB1, SYT7, and PRKACA) were computationally identified as direct targets of miR-1275 in several target predicted sites. The MACE-seq results revealed that the expression level of these targets was increased in BC tissue compared to NAT. The level of these targets was negatively associated with miR-1275 expression. Finally, the role of down-regulated miR-1275 on its targets in biological mechanisms of BC cells was identified; including cell growth, proliferation, movement, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis.Conclusion: down-expressed miR-1275, a tumor suppressor, is a novel biomarker for early detection of breast cancer. DVL3, PPP2R2D, THSD4, CREB1, SYT7, and PRKACA are newly identified to be targeted by miR-1275.
Are Surgical and Non-Operating Room Interventions Safe in the COVID-19 Pandemic?: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Yildirim Serap Aktas , Sarikaya Zeynep , Ulugol Halim , Ozata Sanem , Aksu Ugur , Toraman Fevzi
Published: December 2020

Background It is not known whether emergency surgeries and interventions are safe during the pandemic period. We investigate the effect of surgery and intervention on COVID-19 disease progression, intensive care (ICU) need, mortality, and virus transmission to patients and healthcare workers.Methods This retrospective study was conducted between 20 March -20 May 2020 in six hospitals in Istanbul. Patients were examined in three groups. Group I patients who underwent emergency surgery, Group II patients who underwent emergency nonoperating room intervention, Group III patients who underwent inpatient COVID-19 treatment but did not have any surgery or intervention. During this period, all healthcare workers and patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with any of the symptoms, PCR positivity, or Thorax CT findings were recorded. Patient and healthcare worker transmission, unplanned intensive care need, and death due to COVID-19 were also recorded.Results 1,273 surgical, 476 nonoperating room intervention patients, and 1,884 COVID-19 inpatients were examined. ICU requirement of COVID-19 patients who had surgery was 20 times higher than COVID-19 inpatients and intervention patients but there is no difference in mortality. The total mortality rates were 2.3% in surgical patients, 3.3% in intervention patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and 3% in COVID-19 inpatients. COVID-19 PCR positivity among hospital workers was % 2.4. Only 3.3% of the infected frontline healthcare workers were anesthesiologists. No deaths occurred among infected healthcare workers.Conclusions Emergency surgeries and interventions during the pandemic period did not increase mortality and can be performed safely with very low transmission rates by complying with the effective use of personal protective equipment.
Growing-Rod Implantation Improves Nutrition Status of Early-Onset Scoliosis Patients: A Case Series Study of Minimum 3-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Li Xingye , Li Zheng , Lin Youxi , Tan Haining , Chen Chong , Jianxiong Shen
Published: December 2020

Background: Early onset scoliosis (EOS) may cause malnutrition in affected patients. Growing-rod treatment has been an effective protocol for treating EOS. The objective of this study is to demonstrate whether growing-rod treatment improves nutritional status of EOS patients.Methods: 52 EOS patients who had dual growing-rod surgery was enrolled. The minimum follow-up was 3-years. Their body weights were normalized based on the data of two National Population Census of China. Z-scores were used to indicate the standard deviation from the median body weight-for-age.Results: The median follow-up time was 6 years. Preoperatively, the prevalence of malnutrition (Z<-2) was 21.2%, and reduced to 9.6% at the end of the follow-up. Preoperatively, the average Z-score was -0.94, and it increased to -0.65 at the latest follow-up (p<0.05). Patients with preoperative Z-score below -1 had more significant increase of Z-scores (-2.15 vs -1.26, p<0.001). A significant negative correlation between the change of Z-score and the preoperative Z-score (correlation coefficient -0.65, p<0.001).Conclusions: The growing rod surgery and lengthening procedures significantly improves the nutrition status of EOS patients. The body weight gains are more significant in patients with lower body weights.
Estimated Number of Short-Stay Service Recipients in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, from 2020 to 2045: Estimation by Machine Learning and Review of Changing Trend by Cartogram
Authors: Ouchi Junko , Hattori Kanetoshi
Published: December 2020

Background: The present study aimed to estimate the numbers of short-stay service recipients in all administrative units in Hokkaido from 2020 to 2045 with the machine learning approaches and reviewed the changing trends of spatial distributions of the service recipients with cartograms.Methods: A machine learning approach was used for the estimation. To develop the model to estimate, population data in Japan from 2015 to 2017 were used as input signals, whereas data on the numbers of short-stay service recipients at each level of needs for long-term care (levels 1–5) from 2015 to 2017 were used as a supervisory signal. Three models were developed to avoid problems of repeatability. Then, data of the projected population in Hokkaido every 5 years from 2020 to 2045 were fed into each model to estimate the numbers of the service recipients for the 188 administrative units of Hokkaido. The medians of the estimations from the models were considered as the final results; the estimates for 188 administrative units were presented with continuous area cartograms on the map of Hokkaido.Results: The developed models predicted that the number of the service recipients in Hokkaido would peak at 18,016 in 2035 and the number of people at level 3 in particular would increase. The cartograms for levels 2 and 3 from 2020 to 2030 and level 3 for 2035 were heavily distorted in the several populated areas in Hokkaido, indicating that the majority of the service recipients would be concentrated in those populated areas. Conclusions: Machine learning approaches could provide estimates of future care demands for each administrative unit in a prefecture in Japan based on past population and care demand data. Results from the present study can be useful when effective allocations of human resources for nursing care in the region are discussed.
Cognitive Status of Patients Judged Fit for Discharge from the Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit after General Anaesthesia. A Randomized Comparison between Desflurane and Propofol Anaesthesia
Authors: Robert Cyrille , Soulier Anne , Sciard Didier , Dufour Guillaume , Alberti Corinne , Boizeau Priscilla , Beaussier Marc
Published: December 2020

Background: The Aldrete's score is used to determine when a patient can safely leave the Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and be transferred to the surgical ward. The Aldrete score is based on the evaluation of vital signs and consciousness. Cognitive functions at the time the patient is judged fit for discharge from the PACU (Aldrete’s score ≥9) had not yet been studied. The aim of this trial was to assess the cognitive status of inpatients emerging either from desflurane or propofol anesthesia, at the time of PACU discharge (Aldrete score ≥9). Methods: Sixty adult patients scheduled for hip or knee arthroplasty under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive either desflurane or propofol anesthesia. Patients were evaluated the day before surgery using Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Stroop Test and Verbal Learning Test. After surgery, the Aldrete score was checked every 5 min until reaching a score ≥9. At this time, the same battery of cognitive tests was applied. Every tests were evaluated separately. Cognitive status was reported using a combined Z score pooling together the results all 3 cognitive tests. Results: Among the 3 tests, only DSST was significantly reduced at Aldrete Score ≥9 in the Dsflurane group. Combined Z-scores at Aldrete Score ≥9 were (in medians [interquartils]): -0.2 [-1.2;+0.6] and -0.4 [-1.1;+0.4] for desflurane and propofol groups respectively (P=0.62). The majority of patients did not present any cognitive dysfunction at Aldrete score ≥9 (24 patients out of 27 in the Propofol group and 23 patients out of 25 in the Desflurane group). Conclusion: An Aldrete score ≥9 was associated with satisfactory cognitive function recovery in the majority of the patients after a lower limb arthroplastic surgery under general anesthesia. No difference was observed between desflurane and propofol. This reinforces the clinical value of Aldrete score to state about ability to leave the PACU in safety conditions. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials identifier NCT 02036736