bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Chia Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Stabilized with Chia Mucilage and Sodium Caseinate
Authors: Capitani Marianela I. , Sandoval‐Peraza Mukthar , Chel‐Guerrero Luis A. , Betancur‐Ancona David A. , Nolasco Susana M. , Tomás Mabel C.
Published: June 2018

The objective of this research was to study the effect of adding different concentrations of chia mucilage (0%, 0.30%, or 0.80%, wt/wt) and sodium caseinate (NaCas) as emulsifying agents (0.1%, 0.5%, 2.0%, or 5.0%, wt/wt) on the stability of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions (10:90, wt/wt) as a function of storage time, at room temperature. The emulsions were characterized by determining the evolution of backscattering profiles, the particle‐size distribution, and microscopic observations. The most stable emulsions over the storage period were those with 0.80% of the chia mucilage concentration. These emulsions also presented a bimodal particle‐size distribution, while the emulsions without chia mucilage exhibited a monomodal distribution. The De Brouker mean diameter (D) [4,3] of all the emulsions decreased with increasing NaCas concentrations and they increased with storage time, mainly for the emulsions with the lowest chia mucilage and the emulsifying agent concentrations. The optical micrographs showed a high destabilization in the emulsions with low concentrations of chia mucilage and NaCas. The results suggest that the addition of chia mucilage to O/W emulsions confers more stability to the emulsions, as a function of increase in the mucilage concentration. The addition of NaCas also showed a greater stability with increasing concentration for both emulsions (with and without chia mucilage).
Stewardship of Integrity in Scientific Communication
Authors: Albertine Kurt H.
Published: June 2018

Integrity in the pursuit of discovery through application of the scientific method and reporting the results is an obligation for each of us as scientists. We cannot let the value of science be diminished because discovering knowledge is vital to understand ourselves and our impacts on the earth. We support the value of science by our stewardship of integrity in the conduct, training, reporting, and proposing of scientific investigation. The players who have these responsibilities are authors, reviewers, editors, and readers. Each role has to be played with vigilance for ethical behavior, including compliance with regulations for protections of study subjects, use of select agents and biohazards, regulations of use of stem cells, resource sharing, posting datasets to public repositories, and so on. The positive take‐home message is that the scientific community is taking steps in behavior to protect the integrity of science. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:1481–1487, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Writing Scientific and Medical Papers Clearly
Authors: Wheatley Denys
Published: June 2018

My concern in this presentation is with the falling standard of papers, particularly primary research articles, in the scientific and medical literature. Few of our younger generation of scientists (and many older ones) have never had specific training in how to write a good article, and yet this is the major product of all research effort that has been done, perhaps over a year or more. This is a situation that has to be corrected by all institutions, universities, and similar bodies, who need to introduce into the curriculum a course (not just a token lecture) that deals with the complexity of writing a lucid article that is succinct and written with style. To assist in this exercise, I have now produced a manual (1) that goes step‐by‐step through the process of writing and publishing scientific papers in such a way that they have much greater chance of being accepted by learned journals. Anat Rec, 301:1493–1496, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reproducibility — A Journal Editor's Perspective
Authors: Drubin David
Published: June 2018

Recent articles published in the popular press have highlighted how science can go wrong; alarmingly, when some labs have attempted to reproduce results of already published data from preclinical studies, they have reported being successful only 12%–25% of the time. As there is a lack of consensus about this problem, this talk focuses on the magnitude and applicability of the problem of reproducibility and what journals can do to address it. Anat Rec, 301:1488–1490, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cascade Aerobic Oxidation and Semipinacol Rearrangement Reaction: A Visible Light‐Induced Approach to Access Chiral 2,2‐Disubstituted Indolin‐3‐ones
Authors: Bu Liwei , Li Jiangtao , Yin Yanli , Qiao Baokun , Chai Guobi , Zhao Xiaowei , Jiang Zhiyong
Published: June 2018

An enantioselective cascade aerobic oxidation and semipinacol rearrangement reaction of 2‐aryl‐3‐alkyl‐substituted indoles via visible‐light‐driven cooperative organophotoredox and H‐bonding catalysis is reported. The current method provides an expedient and sustainable approach to furnish a variety of valuable chiral 2‐aryl‐2‐alkyl‐substituted indolin‐3‐ones in 64–90 % yield with 58–94 % ee. Preliminary control experiments present important insights into the stereochemistry.
Design and Synthesis of Quenched Activity‐based Probes for Diacylglycerol Lipase and α,β‐Hydrolase Domain Containing Protein 6
Authors: van Rooden E. J. , Kohsiek M. , Kreekel R. , van Esbroeck A. C. M. , van den Nieuwendijk A. M. C. H. , Janssen A. P. A. , van den Berg R. J. B. H. N. , Overkleeft H. S. , van der Stelt M.
Published: June 2018

Diacylglycerol lipases (DAGL) are responsible for the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol. The fluorescent activity‐based probes DH379 and HT‐01 have been previously shown to label DAGLs and to cross‐react with the serine hydrolase ABHD6. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of two new quenched activity‐based probes 1 and 2, the design of which was based on the structures of DH379 and HT‐01, respectively. Probe 1 contains a BODIPY‐FL and a 2,4‐dinitroaniline moiety as a fluorophore–quencher pair, whereas probe 2 employs a Cy5‐fluorophore and a cAB40‐quencher. The fluorescence of both probes was quenched with relative quantum yields of 0.34 and 0.0081, respectively. The probes showed target inhibition as characterized in activity‐based protein profiling assays using human cell‐ and mouse brain lysates, but were unfortunately not active in living cells, presumably due to limited cell permeability.
Atom‐Economical Applications of Diaryliodonium Salts
Authors: Wang Ming , Chen Shihao , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: June 2018

Diaryliodonium salt, as a stable and easily prepared reagent, has become one of the most efficient arylation reagents in organic synthesis. In traditional methods, this reagent is generally applied as a single arylation source and the regenerated aryl iodide is a waste of resources. In the past five years, transition‐metal‐catalyzed utilization of both aryl groups in diaryliodonium salts has been well demonstrated. The purpose of the present review is to focus on various atom‐economical applications of diaryliodonium salt methodologies that have been reported recently for the synthesis of functionalized molecules. The presentation is organized according to the structures of the diaryliodonium salts and the reaction components.
Luminescence and structural characterization on praseodymium (Pr3+) doped potassium bromide (KBr) single crystals
Authors: Subban Bangaru , Dhanraj Roobanguru
Published: June 2018

The luminescence properties of praseodymium (Pr3+) ion in potassium bromide (KBr) host have been investigated. The excitation bands observed in the region 220–300 nm are attributed to the transitions from 4f level to the 5d crystal field splitting levels of Pr3+ ion. Emission bands originated due to transition of 3P2 →3H6 (564 nm), 3P0 →3H6 (604 nm), 1D2 →3P4 (721 nm) and 3P0 →3F2 (659 nm) have been observed. Optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and thermoluminescence (TL) studies confirms the trivalent state of Pr3+ ion in KBr host. Trap parameters for the TL glow curve have been calculated and the values are tabulated by using Chen's peak shape method. The lattice cell parameters of Pr3+ doped KBr single crystals are a = b = c = 6.596 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. From the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph analysis, the particle size ranges from a few micrometres to 5 μm. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum exhibits two resonance signals at magnetic fields of 2895 and 3106 gauss with g‐values of 2.32 and 2.16, respectively, calculated using Lande's formula.
Meta-analysis of in-hospital delay before surgery as a risk factor for complications in patients with acute appendicitis
Authors: van Dijk S T , van Dijk A H , Dijkgraaf M G , Boermeester M A
Published: June 2018

Background

The traditional fear that every case of acute appendicitis will eventually perforate has led to the generally accepted emergency appendicectomy with minimized delay. However, emergency and thereby sometimes night-time surgery is associated with several drawbacks, whereas the consequences of surgery after limited delay are unclear. This systematic review aimed to assess in-hospital delay before surgery as risk factor for complicated appendicitis and postoperative morbidity in patients with acute appendicitis.

Methods

PubMed and EMBASE were searched from 1990 to 2016 for studies including patients who underwent appendicectomy for acute appendicitis, reported in two or more predefined time intervals. The primary outcome measure was complicated appendicitis after surgery (perforated or gangrenous appendicitis); other outcomes were postoperative surgical-site infection and morbidity. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using forest plots if possible. Unadjusted data were pooled using generalized linear mixed models.

Results

Forty-five studies with 152 314 patients were included. Pooled adjusted ORs revealed no significantly higher risk for complicated appendicitis when appendicectomy was delayed for 7–12 or 13–24 h (OR 1·07, 95 per cent c.i. 0·98 to 1·17, and OR 1·09, 0·95 to 1·24, respectively). Meta-analysis of unadjusted data supported these findings by yielding no increased risk for complicated appendicitis or postoperative complications with a delay of 24–48 h.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis demonstrates that delaying appendicectomy for presumed uncomplicated appendicitis for up to 24 h after admission does not appear to be a risk factor for complicated appendicitis, postoperative surgical-site infection or morbidity. Delaying appendicectomy for up to 24 h may be an acceptable alternative for patients with no preoperative signs of complicated appendicitis.
A case of prenatal chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction associated with Leigh syndrome
Authors: Itai Toshiyuki , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Kurosawa Kenji , Tsuyusaki Yu
Published: June 2018

Key Clinical Message

Chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (CIPO) is a major sign of mitochondrial disorders. We present the first reported case of fetal bowel dilation associated with Leigh syndrome. The possibility of CIPO should be taken into consideration even when mild fetal bowel dilation is detected.
Cyclohexane Oxidation to Adipic Acid Under Green Conditions: A Scalable and Sustainable Process
Authors: Mazzi Alberto , Paul Sébastien , Cavani Fabrizio , Wojcieszak Robert
Published: June 2018

This work reports a 1 mol scale catalytic process to synthesize adipic acid directly from cyclohexane in solvent‐free conditions using air as oxidant. Catalysts based on vanadium phosphorus oxides were prepared, characterized and tested. They showed good activity and remarkably high selectivity to adipic acid in comparison to other already known heterogeneous catalysts. The use of solvent‐free conditions permits the easy separation of the product from the reactant mixture, which is very important from the industrial point of view. The process can be used at industrial scale for sustainable adipic acid synthesis.
Partially Oxidized Bimetallic Nanocrystals as Efficient Non‐Noble Metal Alcohol Electrooxidation Catalysts
Authors: Shao Qi , Song Jia , Feng Yonggang , Zhu Xing , Huang Xiaoqing
Published: June 2018

Although extensive efforts have been devoted to pursuing active nanomaterials for fuel cell reactions, they still suffer from serious structure changes and loss of active sites during the electrocatalysis. Herein, we have successfully constructed bimetallic Cu−Ni nanocrystals with unique yolk‐shell architecture via partial oxidation, which can largely release the particle expansion and effectively prevent the particle from aggregation and dissolution during the electrocatalysis. As a consequent, the optimized Cu−Ni yolk‐shell electrocatalyst delivers excellent durability with only 19.6 % activity decay after 10 h‐methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), in contrast with that of the commercial Pt/C (96.0 %), and can even maintain 62.6 % activity after long‐term MOR (5 days). XPS analysis indicates that the large downshift of d‐band center of Cu−Ni yolk‐shell electrocatalyst leads to the release of “poison effect” for enhancing the alcohol electrooxidation. The present work provides a new approach for achieving low‐cost catalysts with ultrahigh stability for electrooxidation and beyond.
Black Phosphorus‐Based Compound with Few Layers for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Yan Junqing , Ji Yujin , Kong Lingqiao , Li Youyong , Navlani‐García Miriam , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Kuwahara Yasutaka , Mori Kohsuke , Che Michel , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: June 2018

Although black phosphorus (BP) is an interesting 2D nanosheet material with a high hole mobility, its application in the photocatalytic water oxidation for O2 evolution is not reported yet. Herein the use of BP coupled with a reductive hydroxide, Ni(OH)2, is reported for the first time. The developed photo‐assisted process confirms that the BP XPS measurements confirm that the oxidation state of BP is reduced through the photo‐assisted loading method. The obtained P−Ni(OH)2 samples present the steady and efficient photocatalytic water splitting for O2 generation. Under the simulated sunlight irradiation in 0.1 M Na2S2O4 solution, the O2 generation rate can reach up to 15.7 μmol/(gcatalyst*h) or 224.3 μmol/(gBP*h). The density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests that the electrons and holes move to surface of BP and Ni(OH)2, respectively. The merit of self‐polarization of P−Ni(OH)2 ensures the stability of BP and achieves the photocatalytic O2 generation from water.
Durable Platinum‐Based Electrocatalyst Supported by Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Modified with CeO2
Authors: Li Yuping , Zhang Xiaoming , Wang Suli , Sun Gongquan
Published: June 2018

The stability of a carbon support is especially essential for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts in fuel cells. The state‐of‐the‐art support, generally active carbons, usually have poor corrosion resistance and weak interaction with noble metals, leading to degradation of electrocatalyst performance. Herein, a composite electrocatalyst support denoted CeO2/MWNT, combining high corrosion resistance and strong interaction with platinum, was fabricated through ceria deposited on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). On the one hand, high electronic conductivity, medium surface area, and abandoned surface functional groups of MWNTs guarantee fine dispersion and performance of platinum. On the other hand, high corrosion resistive MWNTs and strong interactions between platinum and CeO2 prevent the platinum from degrading. The durability of the electrocatalyst and support are evaluated, referring to the NREL standard. After accelerated testing, the mean particle size of Pt‐CeO2/MWNT increases from 3.1 to 3.5 nm, whereas the loss of electrochemical surface area and specific activity are 14.7 and 9.2 %, respectively, which are much lower than those of commercial Pt/C, which uses activated carbon as the support.
Embedding MnO2 Ultrafine Nanoparticles within Graphene‐Based Hybrid Elastomer as an Anode for Enhanced Lithium Storage
Authors: Zhou Xiangyang , Cheng Fangyan , Tang Jingjing , Sun Antao , Bai Tao , Yu Yawen , Yang Juan
Published: June 2018

Despite its high theoretical capacity, the practical application of MnO2 anodes for lithium‐ion batteries is still hindered by poor rate capability, owing to its low electronic conductivity and large volume variation during Li+ insertion/extraction. Herein, these tough issues are tackled by embedding MnO2 ultrafine nanoparticles within polydopamine‐modified reduced graphene oxide. This smart design skillfully utilizes the reduction and self‐polymerization properties of dopamine to reduce graphene oxide while MnO2 ultrafine nanoparticles are embedded in the polydopamine and form a stable interface. The polydopamine, acting as an elastomer, can cushion the stress associated with the expansion of MnO2 ultrafine nanoparticles, and the reduced graphene oxide, as the highly conductive matrix, can greatly improve the rate performance. The resultant composites exhibit a high reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability, and good rate performance, owing to the synergistic effects among conductive graphene, elastic polydopamine, and ultrafine MnO2.
Inside Cover: Ir‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Alkylidene β‐Lactams and Cyclobutanones (Chin. J. Chem. 7/2018)
Authors: Xia Jingzhao , Nie Yu , Yang Guoqiang , Liu Yangang , Gridnev Ilya D. , Zhang Wanbin
Published: June 2018

The inside cover picture shows Chiral β‐lactams and cyclobutanones are present in numerous natural and pharmaceutical products. A direct preparation of chiral four‐membered rings via metal‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation has not been described yet. In this article, we report an Ir/BiphPHOX‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐alkylidene β‐lactams and cyclobutanones for the direct preparation of β‐lactams and cyclobutanones bearing an α‐substituted stereocenter. Our tropos phosphine‐oxazoline biphenyl ligand is essential for the preparation of the desired products with high enantioselectivities. More details are discussed in the article by Zhang et al. on page 612–618.

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Pharmacokinetics of Co‐Suspension Delivery Technology Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate (BGF MDI) and Budesonide/Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate (BFF MDI) Fixed‐Dose Combinations Compared With an Active Control: A Phase 1, Randomized, Single‐Dose, Crossover Study in Healthy Adults
Authors: Maes Andrea , DePetrillo Paolo , Siddiqui Shahid , Reisner Colin , Dorinsky Paul
Published: June 2018

This randomized, phase 1, single‐dose, crossover study (NCT02189304) compared the 12‐hour pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety profiles of budesonide/glycopyrronium/formoterol fumarate dihydrate metered dose inhaler (BGF MDI) 320/14.4/10 μg and budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate (BFF) MDI 320/10 μg (both formulated using innovative co‐suspension delivery technology) to an active comparator (budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate dry powder inhaler [BUD/FORM DPI] 320/9‐μg delivered dose) in healthy adults. The potential for PK interaction between glycopyrronium and budesonide/formoterol within BGF MDI was assessed. Of 72 subjects randomized, 59 completed treatment. Systemic budesonide exposure (primary objective) based on area under the plasma drug concentration‐time curve 0‐12 hours (AUC0‐12; % coefficient of variation) was 1598.38 (49.7), 1657.09 (50.4), and 1276.75 (70.4) pg·h/mL for BGF MDI, BFF MDI, and BUD/FORM DPI, respectively; and formoterol exposure (AUC0‐12 [% coefficient of variation]) was 39.16 (45.9), 39.53 (40.5), and 23.24 (59.2) pg·h/mL, respectively. BGF MDI and BFF MDI were bioequivalent for budesonide and formoterol. All treatments were well tolerated. While systemic exposure to budesonide and formoterol was higher for BGF MDI and BFF MDI than for BUD/FORM DPI, there were no appreciable differences in the incidence of pharmacologically predictable adverse events. This, coupled with the absence of PK interactions, suggests the BGF MDI safety profile will be comparable to BUD/FORM DPI.
PBPK Modeling Strategy for Predicting Complex Drug Interactions of Letermovir as a Perpetrator in Support of Product Labeling
Authors: Wang Ying‐Hong , Chen Dapeng , Hartmann Georgy , Cho Carolyn R. , Menzel Karsten
Published: June 2018

Letermovir is a human cytomegalovirus (CMV) terminase inhibitor for the prophylaxis of CMV infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. In vitro, letermovir is a time‐dependent inhibitor and an inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A, and an inhibitor of CYP2C8 and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B. A stepwise approach was taken to qualify the interaction model of an existing letermovir physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict letermovir interactions with CYP3A and OATP1B. The model was then used to prospectively predict the interaction between letermovir and CYP2C8 substrates such as repaglinide, a substrate of CYP2C8, CYP3A, and OATP1B. The results showed that letermovir modestly increased the exposure of CYP2C8 substrates. These results were used to inform the US prescribing information in the absence of clinical drug–drug interaction studies. In addition, midazolam interactions with letermovir at therapeutic doses were also simulated to confirm that letermovir is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.
Sum rules and exact inequalities for strongly coupled one‐component plasmas
Authors: Arkhipov Yu.V. , Ashikbayeva A.B. , Askaruly A. , Bonitz M. , Conde L. , Davletov A.E. , Dornheim T. , Dubovtsev D.Yu. , Groth S. , Santybayev Kh. , Syzganbayeva S.A. , Tkachenko I.M
Published: June 2018

Several sum rules and other exact relations are employed to determine both the static and the dynamic properties of strongly coupled, partially and completely degenerate one‐component plasmas. Emphasis is placed on the electron gas, both at zero and finite temperatures. The procedure is based on the self‐consistent method of moments, recently developed in Phys. Rev. Lett., 2017, 119, 045001, that provides a neat expression for the loss function valid at strong couplings. An input value of the method in its classical version is the static structure factor, whose accuracy is shown to insignificantly affect the resulting numerical data. Starting from the Cauchy‐Bunyakovsky‐Schwarz inequality, a criterion is proposed to verify the quality of various approaches to the evaluation of the static characteristics of one‐component, strongly coupled plasmas.
Effect of non‐extensivity parameter q on the damping rate of dust ion acoustic waves in non‐extensive dusty plasma
Authors: Rehman Aman‐ur , Ahmad Mushtaq , Hamza M.Y.
Published: June 2018

Kinetic theory has been applied to study the damping characteristics of dust ion acoustic waves (DIAWs) in a dusty plasma comprising q‐non‐extensive distributed electrons and ions, while the dust particles are considered extensive following the Maxwellian velocity distribution function. It is found that the results of the three‐dimensional velocity distribution function are more accurate compared to the results of the one‐dimensional velocity distribution function. The numerical solution of the dispersion relation is carried out to study the effect of the non‐extensivity parameter q on the dispersion, the damping rate, and the range of the values of the normalized wavenumber ( k λD) for which the DIAWs are weakly damped. It is found that the change in the value of the electron non‐extensivity parameter qe has a minor effect on the dispersion, the damping rate, and the range of the values of the normalized wavenumber ( k λD) for which the DIAWs are weakly damped, while on the other hand, ion non‐extensivity parameter qi has a strong effect on these arguments. The effect of other parameters, such as the ratio of electron to ion number density and ratio of electron to ion temperature, on the damping characteristics of DIAWs is also highlighted.
Identifying drivers of spatial variation in occupancy with limited replication camera trap data
Authors: Hepler Staci A. , Erhardt Robert , Anderson T. Michael
Published: June 2018

Occupancy models are widely used in camera trap studies to analyze species presence, abundance, and geographic distribution, among other important ecological quantities. These models account for imperfect detection using a latent variable to distinguish between true presence/absence and observed detection of a species. Under certain experimental setups, parameter estimation in a latent variable framework can be challenging. Several studies have issued guidelines on the number of independent replicated observations (surveys) needed for each unchanging occupancy field (season) to ensure reliable estimation. In this paper, we present a spatio‐temporal occupancy model, and show through a simulation study that it can be fit to data obtained from a single survey per season, so long as the number of seasons is sufficiently large. We include an application using camera‐trap data on the Thomson's gazelle in the Serengeti in Tanzania.
Echocardiographic predictors of change in renal function with intravenous diuresis for decompensated heart failure
Authors: Gannon Stephen A. , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Chang James D.
Published: June 2018

Aims

The aim of this study was to identify echocardiographic predictors of improved or worsening renal function during intravenous diuresis for decompensated heart failure. Secondary aim included defining the incidence and clinical risk factors for acute changes in renal function with decongestion.

Methods and results

A retrospective review of 363 patients admitted to a single centre for decompensated heart failure who underwent intravenous diuresis and transthoracic echocardiography was conducted. Clinical, echocardiographic, and renal function data were retrospectively collected. A multinomial logistic regression model was created to determine relative risk ratios for improved renal function (IRF) or worsening renal function (WRF). Within this cohort, 36% of patients experienced WRF, 35% had stable renal function, and 29% had IRF. Patients with WRF were more likely to have a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction compared with those with stable renal function or IRF (P = 0.02). Patients with IRF were more likely to have a dilated, hypokinetic right ventricle compared with those with stable renal function or WRF (P ≤ 0.01), although this was not significant after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Left atrial size, left ventricular linear dimensions, and diastolic function did not significantly predict change in renal function.

Conclusions

An acute change in renal function occurred in 65% of patients admitted with decompensated heart failure. WRF was statistically more likely in patients with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. A trend towards IRF was noted in patients with global right ventricular dysfunction.
Hysteresis Design of Magnetocaloric Materials—From Basic Mechanisms to Applications
Authors: Scheibel Franziska , Gottschall Tino , Taubel Andreas , Fries Maximilian , Skokov Konstantin P. , Terwey Alexandra , Keune Werner , Ollefs Katharina , Wende Heiko , Farle Michael , Acet Mehmet , Gutfleisch Oliver , Gruner Markus E.
Published: June 2018

Magnetic refrigeration relies on a substantial entropy change in a magnetocaloric material when a magnetic field is applied. Such entropy changes are present at first‐order magnetostructural transitions around a specific temperature at which the applied magnetic field induces a magnetostructural phase transition and causes a conventional or inverse magnetocaloric effect (MCE). First‐order magnetostructural transitions show large effects, but involve transitional hysteresis, which is a loss source that hinders the reversibility of the adiabatic temperature change ΔTad. However, reversibility is required for the efficient operation of the heat pump. Thus, it is the mastering of that hysteresis that is the key challenge to advance magnetocaloric materials. We review the origin of the large MCE and of the hysteresis in the most promising first‐order magnetocaloric materials such as Ni–Mn‐based Heusler alloys, FeRh, La(FeSi)13‐based compounds, Mn3GaC antiperovskites, and Fe2P compounds. We discuss the microscopic contributions of the entropy change, the magnetic interactions, the effect of hysteresis on the reversible MCE, and the size‐ and time‐dependence of the MCE at magnetostructural transitions.
Sustainable Energy System Utilizing High‐Voltage‐Stable and Energy‐dense Supercapacitors Based on Porous Fe2O3@Graphene Electrode in Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Yang Cheng , Shi Minjie , Tian Yuyu , Song Xuefeng , Zhao Liping , Liu Jing , Zhang Peng , Gao Lian
Published: June 2018

Energy‐dense supercapacitors (SCs) based on metal oxides@graphene electrode and ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte hold great promise in sustainable energy system. However, these types of SCs suffer from poor cycling stability, especially at high working voltage. Herein, a porous ferric oxide/graphene (P−Fe2O3/G) electrode has been developed, in which Fe2O3 nanoparticles exhibit abundant and suitable mesoporous channels. This structure ensures the high ionic diffusion kinetics of the IL ions during the repeated charging‐discharging processes, thereby providing the P−Fe2O3/G electrode with outastanding capacitance behavior and cycling performance in IL electrolyte. As a result, an ingenious asymmetric electrode concept has been put forward to fabricate energy‐dense SCs based on this P−Fe2O3/G as negative electrode, carbon dodecahedrons/graphene (CDs/G) as positive electrode and IL electrolyte. Remarkably, the fabricated devices exhibit superior high‐voltage cycling stability with 95 % retention after 20 000 cycles, which are much better than that of most previously reported SCs based on metal oxides/graphene electrode and IL electrolyte. On this basis, a sustainable energy system combining wind harvesting with asymmetric SCs has been established, wherein the asymmetric SCs can be effectively recharged by harvesting sustainable wind power and repeatedly supply power without decline of electrochemical performance. Therefore, this work can provide a promising porous electrode for high performance SCs in sustainable energy system.
Parental diet affects embryogenesis of the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) exposed to cadmium, pyraclostrobin, and tributyltin
Authors: Reátegui-Zirena Evelyn G. , Salice Christopher J.
Published: June 2018

Diet quality has a strong impact on life-history traits, but it is not usually considered as a factor in toxicity tests. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate how diets differing in nutritional content affect sensitivity to cadmium, pyraclostrobin, and tributyltin in Lymnaea stagnalis offspring. Three groups were fed a different diet each: lettuce, high-caloric pellets, or a combination of both. Snails fed pellets and both diets had similar growth; however, snails fed lettuce showed lower growth until the fourth month. Egg masses were collected from adult snails fed each diet and exposed to 3 concentrations of either cadmium, pyraclostrobin, or tributyltin. We quantified time to hatch, hatching success, and the developmental stages of embryos. We measured fecundity in adults and total lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins in adult snails and egg masses. Adult snails fed different diets produced a similar number of egg masses, but the number of eggs per egg mass in snails fed pellets was lower than for snails fed the other 2 diets. We found that adult snails fed pellets had a higher lipid content compared to snails fed the other 2 diets. However, egg masses from parental snails fed pellets did not hatch, including those from the controls. Interestingly, egg masses exposed to the lowest concentration of tributyltin had low hatching success. These observations on offspring performance suggest that there are important diet effects that can strongly influence responses that could be diet- and chemical-dependent. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2428–2438. © 2018 SETAC.
An Examination of the Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Groups
Authors: Hunnicutt Hollenbaugh K. Michelle , Lenz A. Stephen
Published: June 2018

This study implemented a multiple‐phase, contrast, single‐case research design to examine the effectiveness of the 4 core dialectical behavior therapy skills group modules in reducing emotion dysregulation. Three participants completed four 6‐week skills modules over 9 months. Examination of calculated estimates of treatment effect indicated that 2 out of the 3 participants experienced meaningful changes in their degree of emotion dysregulation over the course of treatment. Implications for counseling practice are discussed.
A failure to show the efficacy of a dot‐probe attentional training in dysphoria: Evidence from an eye‐tracking study
Authors: Duque Almudena , Vazquez Carmelo
Published: June 2018

Objective

This study examines whether a 4‐day dot‐probe attentional training to orient attention toward positive words could lead participants with dysphoria to change selective attention to emotional faces. It was also explored whether this positive attentional bias training could lead to a decrease in depressive symptoms.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to Positive Training Group (PTG) and No Training Group (NTG). PTG was composed of 16 subjects, whereas NTG was composed of 15 subjects. All participants were women with a mean age of 22.87 (SD = 3.21).

Results

Results showed that dysphoric participants in the PTG did not show changes in attentional patterns to emotional faces. Furthermore, depressive symptoms did not significantly change after the 4‐session training.

Conclusions

These results suggest that cognitive training procedures based on dot‐probe paradigms are probably not adequate to modify attentional patterns in individuals with depressive symptoms. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Automated GMP‐production of α‐[11C]methyl‐L‐tryptophan using a tracer production system (TPS)
Authors: Nordeman Patrik , Yngve Ulrika , Wilking Helena , Gustavsson Sven Åke , Eriksson Jonas , Antoni Gunnar
Published: June 2018

The radiosynthesis and GMP validation of [11C]AMT for human use are described. Three consecutive batches were produced giving 940‐3790 MBq (4%‐17% RCY, decay corrected, based on [11C]CO2) of the tracer. The molar activity at the end of synthesis was 19 to 35 GBq/μmol, the radiochemical purity was ≥98%, and the enantiomeric purity was >99%. While the synthesis method was automated using a new generation of synthesis equipment, tracer production system developed in house, the method should be readily applicable to other synthesis platforms with minor modifications.
Fine‐scale geographic clustering pattern of human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 infection among blood donors in Kyushu‐Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Sagara Yasuko , Iwanaga Masako , Morita Maiko , Sagara Yasuhiro , Nakamura Hitomi , Hirayama Hideaki , Irita Kazuo
Published: June 2018

Human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐1) infection is endemic in Japan, particularly clustered in the southwestern district, Kyushu‐Okinawa, which consists of eight prefectures that further consist of 274 municipalities. However, no information is available about the fine‐scale distribution of HTLV‐1 infection within Kyushu‐Okinawa. To assess the municipal‐level distribution of people with HTLV‐1 infection in Kyushu‐Okinawa, we performed a cross‐sectional study using a fine‐scale geographic information system map based on HTLV‐1 screening test results from the Japanese Red Cross database from September 2012 to February 2014. Of the 881 871 (646 914 male, 234 957 female) screened blood donors, 981 were seropositive for HTLV‐1 by confirmatory test. The seroprevalence was 0.11% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10%‐0.12%) for all, 0.094% (95% CI, 0.09%‐0.10%) for male, and 0.16% (95% CI, 0.14%‐0.18%) for female individuals. The sex‐ and age‐specific HTLV‐1 seroprevalence varied significantly across municipalities; particularly, the seroprevalence among women aged 50 years was significantly higher than that of men in both the mainland of Kyushu‐Okinawa and the satellite island, in all of which the seroprevalence of HTLV‐1 was more than 1.2%. These results show that, even in the Kyushu‐Okinawa district, there are endemic clusters of HTLV‐1 in small areas. This suggests that public health education programs are needed to eliminate new HTLV‐1 infection in these areas.
Scoring system for risk stratification of viral reactivation during prophylactic antiviral treatment in Korean patients with hepatitis B undergoing anticancer chemotherapy: A multicenter study
Authors: Kim Hwi Young , Yoo Jeong‐Ju , Oh Sohee , Yu Su Jong , Kim Yoon Jun , Yoon Jung‐Hwan , Kim Won , Jung Yong Jin , Kim Bo Hyun , Kim Chang‐Min , Park Joong‐Won , Lee Jeong‐Hoon
Published: June 2018

Prophylactic antiviral therapy is recommended for hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients with malignancies who are undergoing systemic chemotherapy. In the current study, we aimed to develop a risk scoring system to guide the selection of prophylactic antiviral agents. In this retrospective analysis, we included consecutive chronic hepatitis B patients who received antiviral prophylaxis for chemotherapy of solid or hematologic malignancies at three large‐volume hospitals in Korea. The primary endpoint was HBV reactivation. The inverse probability treatment weighting method was used to minimize selection bias in terms of antiviral assignments. A total of 419 patients were enrolled: 129 patients received lamivudine (LAM), 216 received telbivudine (LdT), and 74 received entecavir (ETV), respectively. Of these, 36 patients developed on‐treatment HBV reactivation (LAM, 17; LdT, 18; ETV, 1). Multivariate analysis identified three independent predictors for reactivation: hepatitis B e‐antigen positivity, HBV DNA level, and type of malignancy. Accordingly, a risk scoring system was developed wherein one point was assigned for each of the risk factors. HBV reactivation occurred more frequently in the high‐risk group (score ≥ 2) than in the low‐risk group (hazards ratio, 14.17; P < 0.001). ETV exhibited superior prophylactic efficacy over LdT or LAM in the high‐risk group, whereas no significant difference was noted in the low‐risk group. The prognostic scoring system was useful for risk stratification of chemotherapy‐related HBV reactivation. High genetic barrier agents appear to be vital for high‐risk patients, whereas cost‐effectiveness may be more relevant for low‐risk patients.
Change in the hepatic profile of hepatitis C virus genotype 4–infected patients with compensated cirrhosis receiving ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir plus ribavirin: A subanalysis of the AGATE‐II study
Authors: Waked Imam , Esmat Gamal , Fouad Rabab , Allam Naglaa , Hassany Mohamed , Mohey Mohammad , Shiha Gamal , Soliman Reham , Qaqish Roula B. , Hall Coleen , Alami Negar N. , Kopecky‐Bromberg Sarah , Mobashery Niloufar
Published: June 2018

In AGATE‐II, treatment with ombitasvir coformulated with paritaprevir/ritonavir plus ribavirin (RBV) in Egyptians infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 4 resulted in high rates of sustained virologic response at post‐treatment week 12. This subanalysis examined the effects of treatment in AGATE‐II on liver biomarkers in patients with compensated cirrhosis. AGATE‐II was a phase 3, open‐label, partly randomized trial of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir with weight‐based RBV daily once in treatment‐naive or treatment‐experienced patients. Patients without cirrhosis received treatment for 12 weeks and patients with compensated cirrhosis were randomized 1:1 to the same regimen for either 12 or 24 weeks. Sixty patients with compensated cirrhosis were randomized to treatment for 12 weeks (n = 31) or 24 weeks (n = 29). In the 12‐week arm, significant improvements were observed in biomarkers of liver injury (alanine aminotransferase: –53.7 U/L, P < 0.001; aspartate aminotransferase: –35.9 U/L, P < 0.001) and liver fibrosis (aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index: –0.987, P < 0.001; fibrosis‐4 index: –1.165, P < 0.001). Similar results were reported in the 24‐week arm. Treatment with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus RBV in hepatitis C virus genotype, 4‐infected Egyptians with compensated cirrhosis resulted in improvements in certain biomarkers of liver synthetic function, injury, and fibrosis, independent of treatment duration.
The abundance and mineral‐weathering effectiveness of Bacillus strains in the altered rocks and the soil
Authors: Wang Qi , Xie Qingdong , He Linyan , Sheng Xiafang
Published: June 2018

In this study, we collected different levels of altered rocks of a rocky mountain and the adjacent soil and characterized the abundance and weathering effectiveness of Bacillus strains. Based on qPCR and culture‐dependent approaches, the gene copies or the numbers of Bacillus strains were significantly higher in the soil than in the altered rocks, while the ratio of the gene copies or the numbers of Bacillus strains to those of total bacteria was higher in the less altered rock, followed by the more altered rock and the soil. The relative abundance of the highly active Al‐solubilizing Bacillus strains was higher in the more altered rock, followed by the less altered rock and the soil. Among the Al‐solubilizing Bacillus species, 30–36% of them were different between the altered rocks and the soil, however, similar Al‐solubilizing Bacillus species were found in the less altered rocks and the more altered ones. The results showed the alteration‐related changes in the abundance and mineral weathering effectiveness of Bacillus strains and suggested the ecological adaptation of the mineral‐weathering Bacillus populations and their role in mineral weathering in the rock and soil environments.
Is augmented LISS plating biomechanically advantageous over conventional LISS plating in unstable osteoporotic distal femoral fractures?
Authors: Todorov Dimitar , Zderic Ivan , Richards Robert Geoff , Lenz Mark , Knobe Matthias , Enchev Dian , Baltov Asen , Gueorguiev Boyko , Stoffel Karl
Published: June 2018

Treatment of complex osteoporotic distal femur fractures with the Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS) has been associated with high complication rates. The aim of this study was to investigate the biomechanical competence of two different techniques of augmented versus conventional LISS plating. Unstable distal femoral fracture AO/OTA 33‐A3 was created via osteotomies in artificial femora simulating osteoporotic bone. Three study groups, consisting of 10 specimens each, were created for fixation with either LISS plate, LISS plate with additional polylactide intramedullary graft, or LISS plate plus medial locking plate (double plating). All specimens were non‐destructively tested under axial (20–150 N) and torsional (0–4 Nm) quasi‐static loading. Each bone‐implant construct was tested with two different working length (WL) configurations (long and short) of the LISS plate. Relative movements between the most medial superior and inferior osteotomy aspects were investigated via three‐dimensional motion tracking analysis. Double plating revealed significantly smaller longitudinal and shear displacement than the other two techniques (p ≤ 0.001). In addition, LISS plus graft fixation was with significantly less longitudinal displacement in comparison to conventional LISS plating (p < 0.001). Long WL resulted in significantly higher longitudinal and shear displacement compared to short WL for LISS and LISS plus graft (p ≤ 0.032), but not for double plating (p > 0.999). In conclusion, intramedullary grafting resulted in significantly increased fracture stability under axial loading in comparison to conventional LISS plating. Although it was not efficient enough to provide comparable stability to double plating, intramedullary grafting may be considered as a useful biological alternative to the latter in a surgeon's armamentarium. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2604–2611, 2018.
mTOR‐mediated inactivation of 4E‐BP1, an inhibitor of translation, precedes cartilage degeneration in rat osteoarthritic knees
Authors: Katsara Olga , Kolupaeva Victoria
Published: June 2018

Proper control of protein synthesis is vital for tissue homeostasis and its deregulation is characteristic of many disorders including osteoarthritis (OA). The objectives of this work were to analyze and correlate changes in activity of the translation apparatus associated with cartilage degeneration in an animal model of OA. Osteoarthritis was induced surgically in rats by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Using a modified Mankin scoring system and analysis of protein expression we demonstrated, that mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)‐mediated 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation was detected significantly earlier than other mTORC1‐mediated modifications, such as p70S6K and ULK1 phosphorylation. 4E‐BP1 is an inhibitor of cap‐dependent translation those functions are inhibited by mTORC1 mediated phosphorylation. This signaling event not only preceded prominent signs of cartilage degeneration but also the increase in global protein synthesis rate. These results suggest that abnormal mTORC1 activity is one of the primary dysregulations observed in OA cartilage. Importantly, it is distributed disproportionately between targets, with 4E‐BP1 being phosphorylated earlier than other downstream targets. Thus, our work provides new insights into the sequence of molecular events leading to cartilage destruction in OA and identifies translational control as an important regulatory hub involved in initiating OA. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2728–2735, 2018.
Joint contracture is reduced by intra‐articular implantation of rosiglitazone‐loaded hydrogels in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis
Authors: Arsoy Diren , Salib Christopher G. , Trousdale William H. , Tibbo Meagan E. , Limberg Afton K. , Viste Anthony , Lewallen Eric A. , Reina Nicolas , Yaszemski Michael J. , Berry Daniel J. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Morrey Mark E. , Sanchez‐Sotelo Joaquin , Abdel Matthew P.
Published: June 2018

Trauma, surgery, and other inflammatory conditions can lead to debilitating joint contractures. Adjunct pharmacologic modalities may permit clinical prevention and treatment of recalcitrant joint contractures. We investigated the therapeutic potential of rosiglitazone by intra‐articular delivery via oligo[poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate] (OPF) hydrogels in an established rabbit model of arthrofibrosis. OPF hydrogels loaded with rosiglitazone were characterized for drug elution properties upon soaking in minimum essential media (MEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum and measurements of drug concentrations via High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Drug‐loaded scaffolds were surgically implanted into 24 skeletally mature female New Zealand White rabbits that were divided into equal groups receiving OPF hydrogels loaded with rosiglitazone (1.67 mg), or vehicle control (10 µl DMSO). After 8 weeks of joint immobilization, rabbits were allowed unrestricted cage activity for 16 weeks. Contracture angles of rabbit limbs treated with rosiglitazone showed statistically significant improvements in flexion compared to control animals (mean angles, respectively, 64.4° vs. 53.3°, p < 0.03). At time of sacrifice (week 24), animals in the rosiglitazone group continued to exhibit less joint contracture than controls (119.0° vs. 99.5°, p = 0.014). The intra‐articular delivery of rosiglitazone using implanted OPF hydrogels decreases flexion contractures in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis without causing adverse effects (e.g., gross inflammation or arthritis). Statement of Clinical Significance: Post‐traumatic joint contractures are common and debilitating, with limited available treatment options. Pharmacologic interventions can potentially prevent and treat such contractures. This study is translational in that a commercially approved medication has been repurposed through a novel delivery device. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2949–2955, 2018.