bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful ABO and HLA incompatible kidney transplantation in children in the UK
Authors: Hew Eun Yee , Kessaris Nicos , Stojanovic Jelena , Jones Helen , Christian Martin , Edwards Anusha , Milford David V. , Ognjanovic Milos , Shenoy Mohan , Baker Richard J. , Marks Stephen D.
Published: June 2022

Background

There is increasing evidence of good short-term and medium-term outcomes of ABO incompatible (ABOi) and HLA incompatible (HLAi) kidney transplantation with pre-transplant positive crossmatches in paediatric practice. However, there remain concerns regarding the higher risks of infective complications and antibody-mediated rejections. The aim of our study is to show longer-term follow-up on all ABOi and HLAi paediatric kidney transplant recipients (pKTR) in the UK.

Methods

Questionnaires specifying kidney transplant type, desensitisation requirement and kidney allograft function were sent to 13 paediatric nephrology centres that performed kidney transplantation in children and young people under 18 years of age who received an ABOi and/or HLAi transplant between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2016. Patient and kidney allograft survival were compared between ABOi, HLAi and ABO/HLA compatible (ABOc/HLAc) groups.

Results

Among 711 living donor kidney transplants performed in the UK, 23 were ABOi and 6 were HLAi. Patient survival was 87%, 100% and 96% in ABOi, HLAi and ABOc/HLAc groups, respectively, at median follow-up of 6.8 (3.6–14.0) years post-transplant. Death-censored kidney allograft survival was 100% in all 3 groups at last follow-up. There were no cases of primary non-function in ABOi or HLAi groups, but 2% in the ABOc/HLAc group. There was one reported case of Epstein-Barr viral-induced post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Conclusion

Longer term follow-up has shown that ABOi and HLAi kidney transplantation are feasible for pKTR where no compatible donors are available, and that minimising desensitisation should be achieved where possible.

Graphical abstract

A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
Was macht Übungsaufgaben eigentlich schwer? – Kognitive Gestaltungsmerkmale von Übungsaufgaben der Analysis I
Authors: Wlassak Felix , Schöneburg-Lehnert Silvia
Published: June 2022

Das Bearbeiten von Übungsaufgaben stellt die zentrale Aktivität von Studierenden in der Eingangsphase des Mathematikstudiums dar. Jedoch gibt es bisher nur wenige Untersuchungen, die sich mit Gestaltungsmerkmalen von Übungsaufgaben auseinandersetzen. Die niedrigen eigenständigen Bearbeitungs- und Lösungsquoten von Übungsaufgaben legen das Vorliegen substanzieller Unterschiede in den Gestaltungsmerkmalen zwischen schulischen Mathematikaufgaben und den Übungsaufgaben der Hochschulmathematik nahe. Auf Basis von Kategoriensystemen, die zur Untersuchung schulischer Aufgaben genutzt wurden, wurde ein Instrument entwickelt, welches sich zur Klassifizierung von Übungsaufgaben sowie dem Abgrenzen schulischer und universitärer Anforderungen eignet. Hierfür wurden 530 Übungsaufgaben der Analysis I von vier Universitäten hinsichtlich Ihrer kognitiven Gestaltungsmerkmale klassifiziert. Die Merkmalsverteilungen lassen auf einen deutlich höheren durchschnittlichen Anspruch der Übungsaufgaben im Vergleich zu den Aufgaben der Schulmathematik schließen. Weiterhin wurden Unterschiede in der Aufgabengestaltung zwischen den verschiedenen universitären Standorten festgestellt. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bieten insbesondere das Potenzial für einen Vergleich mit den Anforderungen, wie sie in Klausur- oder Präsenzübungsaufgaben gestellt werden.
Disease modification in Parkinsonism: obstacles and ways forward
Authors: Höllerhage M. , Klietz M. , Höglinger G. U.
Published: June 2022

To date, the diagnoses of Parkinson syndromes are based on clinical examination. Therefore, these specific diagnoses are made, when the neuropathological process is already advanced. However, disease modification or neuroprotection, is considered to be most effective before marked neurodegeneration has occurred. In recent years, early clinical or prodromal stages of Parkinson syndromes came into focus. Moreover, subtypes of distinct diseases will allow predictions of the individual course of the diseases more precisely. Thereby, patients will be enrolled into clinical trials with more specific disease entities and endpoints. Furthermore, novel fluid and imaging biomarkers that allow biochemical diagnoses are under development. These will lead to earlier diagnoses and earlier therapy in the future as consequence. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches will take the underlying neuropathological process of neurodegenerative Parkinson syndromes more specific into account. Specifically, future therapies will target the aggregation of aggregation-prone proteins such as alpha-synuclein and tau, the degradation of pathological aggregates, and the spreading of pathological protein aggregates throughout the brain. Many of these approaches are already in (pre)clinical development. In addition, anti-inflammatory approaches are in development. Furthermore, drug-repurposing is a feasible approach to shorten the developmental process of new drugs.
Targeted detection and repair of a spinal dural defect associated with successful biochemical resolution of subarachnoid bleeding in classical infratentorial superficial siderosis
Authors: Lobo Rhannon , Batbayar Bilguun , Kharytaniuk Natallia , Cowley Peter , Sayal Parag , Farmer Simon , Werring David J.
Published: June 2022

Background and importance  

Classical infratentorial superficial siderosis (iSS) is characterised by repeated insidious bleeding into the subarachnoid space, leading to haemosiderin deposition within the subpial layers of the brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord, sometimes with supratentorial involvement. Although nearly always associated with a dural defect (usually from previous trauma or neurosurgery) there is little evidence to support definitive investigation and management strategies. Here, we present a novel investigation strategy to identify a dural defect and subsequent successful surgical repair with biochemical resolution of subarachnoid bleeding.

Clinical presentation

A 55-year-old gentleman presented with a 15-year progressive history of sensorineural deafness, followed by a slowly worsening gait ataxia. He had previously sustained cranio-spinal trauma. On examination there were features of myelopathy and ataxia. MRI demonstrated classical iSS, affecting cerebellum and cerebral cortices, with a cervicothoracic epidural CSF collection. Lumbar puncture (LP) revealed elevated ferritin 413 ng/mL and red cell count of 4160. Reverse CT myelography, a novel technique involving contrast injection into the collection, delineated a dural defect at the T9/T10 level that was not present on conventional myelography. Following surgical repair, repeat LP twelve months later demonstrated biochemical improvement (ferritin 18 ng/mL, red cells < 1). There was no further neurological deterioration in symptoms during eighteen months follow-up.

Conclusion

We show the value of a rational targeted investigation pathway in identifying a surgically reparable dural defect underlying classical iSS. We also provide proof of concept that surgical repair can facilitate biochemical resolution of subarachnoid bleeding and might prevent progression of neurological disability.
Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulation for studying the impact of atherosclerosis on hemodynamics, arterial tissue remodeling, and initiation risk of intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Rostam-Alilou Ali A. , Jarrah Hamid R. , Zolfagharian Ali , Bodaghi Mahdi
Published: June 2022

The biomechanical and hemodynamic effects of atherosclerosis on the initiation of intracranial aneurysms (IA) are not yet clearly discovered. Also, studies for the observation of hemodynamic variation due to atherosclerotic stenosis and its impact on arterial remodeling and aneurysm genesis remain a controversial field of vascular engineering. The majority of studies performed are relevant to computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. CFD studies are limited in consideration of blood and arterial tissue interactions. In this work, the interaction of the blood and vessel tissue because of atherosclerotic occlusions is studied by developing a fluid and structure interaction (FSI) analysis for the first time. The FSI presents a semi-realistic simulation environment to observe how the blood and vessels' structural interactions can increase the accuracy of the biomechanical study results. In the first step, many different intracranial vessels are modeled for an investigation of the biomechanical and hemodynamic effects of atherosclerosis in arterial tissue remodeling. Three physiological conditions of an intact artery, the artery with intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS), and an atherosclerotic aneurysm (ACA) are employed in the models with required assumptions. Finally, the obtained outputs are studied with comparative and statistical analyses according to the intact model in a normal physiological condition. The results show that existing occlusions in the cross-sectional area of the arteries play a determinative role in changing the hemodynamic behavior of the arterial segments. The undesirable variations in blood velocity and pressure throughout the vessels increase the risk of arterial tissue remodeling and aneurysm formation.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease: an Updated Experience, with Emphasis on Newly Recognized Features
Authors: Oikonomopoulou Zacharoula , Shulman Stanford , Mets Marilyn , Katz Ben
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an uncommon, inborn error of immunity. We updated our large, single-center US experience with CGD and describe some newly recognized features.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 26 patients seen from November 2013 to December 2019. Serious infections required intravenous antibiotics or hospitalization.

Results

There were 21 males and 5 females. The most frequent infectious agents at presentation were aspergillus (4), serratia (4), burkholderia (2), Staphylococcus aureus (2), and klebsiella (2). The most common serious infections at presentation were pneumonia (6), lymphadenitis (6), and skin abscess (3). Our serious infection rate was 0.2 per patient-year from December 2013 through November 2019, down from 0.62 per patient-year from the previous study period (March 1985–November 2013). In the last 6 years, four patients were evaluated for human stem cell transplantation, two were successfully transplanted, and we had no deaths. Several patients had unusual infections or autoimmune manifestations of disease, such as pneumocystis pneumonia, basidiomycete/phellinus fungal pneumonia, and retinitis pigmentosa. We included one carrier female with unfavorable Lyonization in our cohort.

Conclusion

We update of a large US single-center experience with CGD and describe some recently identified features of the illness.
The Socialisation of Athlete Irrational Beliefs
Authors: King Ailish M. , Turner Martin J. , Plateau Carolyn R. , Barker Jamie B.
Published: June 2022

According to Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT), humans have a strong biological tendency to adopt self-defeating irrational beliefs which are subsequently driven by the socio-cultural environment one lives in Ellis (J Individ Psychol 32:145–168, 1976). Sport of all levels presents a unique environment which may serve to explain sport-related irrationalities harboured by athletes given that sport seems to endorse irrationality evident by the language used by key personnel and outlets (e.g., coaches and the media; (Turner in Front Psychol 7(9):1–16, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423). An athlete’s beliefs and philosophies are shaped by a myriad of people within and outside of sport with whom they look to for guidance, such as coaches, medical professionals, parents, and the media. These key social agents within an athlete’s micro- and macro-environment harbour and model irrationality through their behaviour, language and processes. These irrationalities may then be internalized, giving rise to the development and maintenance of irrational beliefs in athletes. Research has consistently demonstrated the association between irrational beliefs and deleterious mental health outcomes in athletes, such as psychological distress (e.g., Turner in Bernard and Dryden (eds.) REBT: advances in theory, research, prevention, promotion, Springer Press, pp. 307–335, 2019). Therefore, the aim of our commentary is twofold: (1) to critically explore how key stakeholders within an athlete’s micro- and macro- environment contribute to the development, maintenance, and strengthening of irrational beliefs in athletes and, (2) to provide guidance to key stakeholders on weakening irrational beliefs and strengthening rational beliefs, thereby promoting a healthy and successful sport environment and positive mental health outcomes in athletes.
The ability of callus tissues induced from three Allium plants to accumulate health-beneficial natural products, S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides
Authors: Yoshimoto Naoko , Asano Takashi , Kisanuki Ayuna , Kanno Chihiro , Asanuma Machiko , Yamazaki Mami , Fujii Isao , Saito Kazuki
Published: June 2022

S-Alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides (CSOs), such as methiin, alliin, and isoalliin, are health-beneficial natural products biosynthesized in the genus Allium. Here, we report the induction of multiple callus tissue lines from three Allium vegetables, onion (A. cepa), Welsh onion (A. fistulosum), and Chinese chive (A. tuberosum), and their ability to accumulate CSOs. Callus tissues were initiated and maintained in the presence of picloram and 2-isopentenyladenine as auxin and cytokinin, respectively. For all plant species tested, the callus tissues almost exclusively accumulated methiin as CSO, while the intact plants contained a substantial amount of isoalliin together with methiin. These results suggest that the cellular developmental conditions and the regulatory mechanisms required for the biosynthesis of methiin are different from those of alliin and isoalliin. The methiin content in the callus tissues of onion and Welsh onion was much higher compared to that in the intact plants, and its cellular concentration could be estimated as 1.9–21.7 mM. The activity of alliinase that degrades CSOs in the callus tissues was much lower than that of the intact plants for onion and Welsh onion, but at similar levels as in the intact plants for Chinese chive. Our findings that the callus tissues of onion and Welsh onion showed high methiin content and low alliinase activity highlighted their potential as a plant-based system for methiin production.
Das Selbstkonzept im Schulfach Musik: Einbettung in die Forschung zum akademischen Selbstkonzept
Authors: Arens A. Katrin , Fiedler Daniel , Hasselhorn Johannes
Published: June 2022

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht das Selbstkonzept im Schulfach Musik im Kontext der aktuellen Forschung zum bereichsspezifischen akademischen Selbstkonzept. Dazu werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Selbstkonzept im Schulfach Musik und (1) Selbstkonzepten in weiteren Schulfächern und bezogen auf Schule allgemein, (2) Noten und (3) intrinsischen Werten in verschiedenen Schulfächern geprüft. Weiter werden Unterschiede in der Struktur und in den Mittelwerten verschiedener akademischer Selbstkonzepte mitsamt dem Selbstkonzept für das Schulfach Musik zwischen Jungen und Mädchen sowie zwischen musikalisch aktiven und nicht-aktiven Schülerinnen und Schülern untersucht. Die Stichprobe umfasste N = 442 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen 7 bis 9. Das Selbstkonzept im Schulfach Musik zeigte einen höheren Zusammenhang zu Selbstkonzepten verbaler Schulfächer als zu Selbstkonzepten mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlicher Schulfächer. Weiter zeigte das Selbstkonzept im Schulfach Musik höhere Zusammenhänge zur Note und zum intrinsischen Wert im selben Fach als zur Note und zu intrinsischen Werten anderer Schulfächer. Musikalisch aktive und nicht-aktive Schüler unterschieden sich nicht in der Struktur, aber in den Mittelwerten der akademischen Selbstkonzepte. Das gleiche galt für Jungen und Mädchen, wobei der Geschlechtseffekt im Mittelwert für das Selbstkonzept im Schulfach Musik zugunsten der Mädchen auf die ungleiche Geschlechtsverteilung in der musikalischen Aktivität zurückging. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass sich bekannte Phänomene des akademischen Selbstkonzepts auf das Selbstkonzept im Schulfach Musik übertragen lassen.
Housing Space in England at the Neighbourhood-Level, 1971 to 2017
Authors: Lloyd Christopher D. , Gleeson James
Published: June 2022

While most discussions of housing in the UK tend to focus on national or regional scales, the level of diversity within regions means that measuring trends at neighbourhood level is vital for a more complete understanding of how housing markets and housing conditions are changing. Using small area data also enables identification of hot spots of changing housing demand as well as charting changes in the composition of housing stock in neighbourhoods. This paper makes use of a new dataset, developed as a part of the PopChange project, which enables analysis of population and housing change using Census data for neighbourhoods across England since 1971. The data reveal considerable neighbourhood-level diversity in trends throughout this period. Notable trends identified include a marked increase in overcrowding in outer London over the period 1971–2011, a decrease in the number of rooms per person across much of the wider south east between 2001 and 2011, and large increases in average household size in parts of London, Birmingham, Bradford, and Oldham. Administrative data for 2015 and 2017 allow a post 2011 Census perspective on the number of dwellings per person. When measured in terms of dwellings per person, housing space increased at regional level over the period everywhere except London, but there is considerable variation and all regions contain neighbourhoods with declining numbers of dwellings per person.
The Health of Immigrant Youth in Denmark: Examining Immigrant Generations and Origin
Authors: Tegunimataka Anna
Published: June 2022

First-generation migrants tend to have better health than those of native ancestry, while second-generation migrants often are affected by negative health assimilation. Less is known about immigrants arriving before their teens, the 1.5 generation, or those with one native and one immigrant parent, the 2.5 generation. We apply logistic regression models to study physical and mental health outcomes for immigrant youth across generations using Danish register data. We take heterogeneities into account studying gender and origin differences. Our analysis shows that first- and 1.5-generation immigrants have better physical health than natives, while the physical health of the second and 2.5 generations is the same or worse than natives. For mental health, the 2.5 generation is the only group with worse outcomes than natives, which we relate to identification struggles translating into poorer mental health. When studying potential heterogeneities, we find that males belonging to the second generation with an African background have a higher likelihood of hospitalization for a mental health issue.
Transkatheterverfahren zur Behandlung der primären und sekundären Mitralklappeninsuffizienz. Wie sind die Ergebnisse in klinischen Studien?
Authors: Barth U.
Published: June 2022

Hintergrund

Die perkutanen Verfahren (z. B. Pascal, MitraClip und Tendyne) werden zur Behandlung der symptomatischen primären und sekundären Mitralklappeninsuffizienz („MI“) verschiedener Schweregrade gemäß der europäischen Leitlinie angewendet. Die chirurgischen Verfahren haben unter definierten Bedingungen einen höheren Empfehlungsgrad. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Vor- und Nachteile der perkutanen Verfahren, die Ergebnisse aus klinischen Studien und gibt einen Ausblick auf die Bedeutung von neueren Verfahren wie den Transkathetermitralklappenersatz (TMVR).

Methoden

Die Effektivität und Sicherheit (z. B. MI-Reduktion, Komplikationsraten) der Verfahren im Vergleich zu Behandlungsalternativen in klinischen Studien werden anhand einer Literaturanalyse (2003–2022) und der BfArM-Datenbank bewertet.

Ergebnisse

Die Behandlung mit MitraClip hat sich in den letzten Jahren auch in klinischen Studien (z. B. MI-Reduktion ≤ 1+) bewährt. Inzwischen wird das Produkt zur Therapie der primären und sekundären Mitralklappeninsuffizienz verwendet. Im Vergleich zeigt die Analyse einer Studie aus der BfArM-Datenbank zur direkten Anuloplastie (2-Jahres-Follow-up, Anwendung bei Hochrisiko-OP-Patienten, sekundäre MR ≥ 3+) die spezifischen Vorteile (insgesamt deutliche Besserung der NYHA-Klassen und MI-Grade) und Risiken (z. B. Ankerablösungen mit z. T. ineffektiver MI-Reduktion bei 8,3 % der implantierten Patienten).

Diskussion

In den letzten Jahren hat eine rasante Entwicklung bei den perkutanen Verfahren zur Therapie der Mitralklappeninsuffizienz stattgefunden. Sie haben Vorteile, bergen aber auch produktspezifische Risiken (z. B. bei TMVR die LVOT-Obstruktion). Bei MitraClip wird die erweiterte Indikation (intermediäres Operationsrisiko) derzeit in einer klinischen Studie (REPAIR MR) untersucht. Das BfArM begrüßt die Ausweitung entsprechender Evidenz und wird die weitere Entwicklung im Hinblick auf die Verfügbarkeit sicherer und leistungsfähiger Medizinprodukte für Patientinnen und Patienten im Blick behalten.
Intention to Transfer and Transfer Following eLearning in Spain
Authors: Quesada-Pallarès Carla , González-Ortiz-de-Zárate Aitana , Pineda-Herrero Pilar , Cascallar Eduardo
Published: June 2022

Understanding vocational learning and transfer is vital to European citizens. We need to understand how transfer works, which factors influence it, and how these factors affect employee behaviour. Research in online training specific to Southern Europe is needed to move the field forward. The Unified Model of Motivation for Training Transfer (MTT) was proposed to understand behaviour change after training. It conceives three phases: (1) forming transfer intentions, (2) actualizing implementation intentions for transfer, and (3) strengthening transfer commitment. We analysed initial transfer intention and transfer following online training in three Spanish organisations. We used an ex post facto prospective design with one group (n = 204). We applied the online version of the Initial Transfer Intention questionnaire (ITI) three days before the training, and the Transfer Questionnaire (TrQ) three to four months after the training. Training consisted of 22 online courses offered by the three participating organisations. A cluster analysis and post hoc analysis were performed. We identified three groups (k = 3), indicating that there were significant differences in the means between employees with low and high intention to transfer. Results showed a greater difference in the factor profile between participants with LowPT and HighPT. We identified common characteristics among people with low levels of transfer; this information can help understand what type of employee will transfer less and provide cues on how to prevent this from happening in future training activities. Limitations and recommendations for research and practice are discussed.
Nine year in-hospital mortality trends in a high-flow level one trauma center in Italy
Authors: Reitano Elisa , Bini Roberto , Difino Margherita , Chiara Osvaldo , Cimbanassi Stefania
Published: June 2022

Trauma is the leading cause of death in young people with a considerable socio-economic impact worldwide. A trimodal distribution of trauma mortality was described in the past, but recently different studies underlined a progressive change in trauma mortality distribution linked to improvement in trauma care. This study aimed to analyze the mortality trends in a Level-One Trauma Center in Italy. Data on 6065 patients consecutively admitted to the Trauma Center between 2011 and 2020 were selected and retrospectively analyzed. Causes of Death (CODs) and time of death were stratified in four main groups and the patient sample was further divided into five age groups. Multivariate regression models were then performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. The most common COD in all age groups was Central Nervous System injuries. Immediate deaths (in ED) affected mostly patients over 75 years of age (34.3%). Deaths caused by massive hemorrhage occurred soon upon arrival in the ED, whereas deaths due to other causes (e.g. sepsis, MOF) after the first week. Patients’ characteristics, the need for emergency procedures and high trauma severity scores were independent predictors of deaths. This study represented the first analysis on trauma mortality distribution in Italy over a nine-year period. The trimodal distribution described in the past seems to be no longer present in Italy, due to improvements in trauma systems and critical care. However, the high number of immediate and acute deaths underlies a persisting need for efforts in injury prevention and control .
Predicting EHL film thickness parameters by machine learning approaches
Authors: Marian Max , Mursak Jonas , Bartz Marcel , Profito Francisco J. , Rosenkranz Andreas , Wartzack Sandro
Published: June 2022

Non-dimensional similarity groups and analytically solvable proximity equations can be used to estimate integral fluid film parameters of elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts. In this contribution, we demonstrate that machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches (support vector machines, Gaussian process regressions, and artificial neural networks) can predict relevant film parameters more efficiently and with higher accuracy and flexibility compared to sophisticated EHL simulations and analytically solvable proximity equations, respectively. For this purpose, we use data from EHL simulations based upon the full-system finite element (FE) solution and a Latin hypercube sampling. We verify that the original input data are required to train ML approaches to achieve coefficients of determination above 0.99. It is revealed that the architecture of artificial neural networks (neurons per layer and number of hidden layers) and activation functions influence the prediction accuracy. The impact of the number of training data is exemplified, and recommendations for a minimum database size are given. We ultimately demonstrate that artificial neural networks can predict the locally-resolved film thickness values over the contact domain 25-times faster than FE-based EHL simulations (R2 values above 0.999). We assume that this will boost the use of ML approaches to predict EHL parameters and traction losses in multibody system dynamics simulations.
Protective Clothing Reduces Lower Limb Injury Severity Against Propelled Sand Debris in a Laboratory Setting
Authors: Rankin Iain A. , Nguyen Thuy-Tien N. , McMenemy Louise , Breeze John , Clasper Jonathan C. , Masouros Spyros D.
Published: June 2022

The contribution of energised environmental debris to injury patterns of the blast casualty is not known. The extent to which personal protective equipment (PPE) limits the injuries sustained by energised environmental debris following an explosive event is also not known. In this study, a cadaveric model exposed to a gas-gun mediated sand blast was utilised which reproduced soft-tissue injuries representative of those seen clinically following blast. Mean sand velocity across experiments was 506 ± 80 ms−1. Cadaveric samples wearing standard-issue PPE were shown to have a reduced injury severity to sand blast compared to control: a statistically significant reduction was seen in the total surface area (143 mm2vs. 658 mm2, p = 0.004) and depth of injuries (0 vs. 23 deep injuries, odds ratio = 0.0074, 95% confidence intervals 0.0004–0.1379). This study is the first to recreate wounds from propelled sand in a human cadaveric model. These findings implicate environmental debris, such as sand ejected from a blast event, as a critical mechanism of injury in the blast casualty. Tier 1 pelvic PPE was shown to reduce markedly the severity of injury. This injury mechanism should be a key focus of future research and mitigation strategies.
Superconductor superfluid density from the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer/Bose crossover theory
Authors: Chávez Israel , Grether Marcela , de Llano Manuel
Published: June 2022

The superfluid density $$n_{s}(T)$$

n
s

(
T
)

of a superconductor is calculated based on the generalized Bose–Einstein condensation (GBEC) theory that addresses a fully-interacting ternary boson-fermion gas mixture of free electrons as fermions, plus two-electron Cooper pairs (2eCPs) and also, explicitly, two-hole Cooper pairs (2hCPs), both as bosons. Here we consider two special cases (i) 100%–0% (i.e., with no condensed 2hCPs) and (ii) 0%–100% (i.e., with no condensed 2eCPs). Subsumed in GBEC are the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) and Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) theories along with the BCS-BEC crossover theory extended with 2hCPs. We find that in the weak-coupling regime $$n_{s}(0)$$

n
s

(
0
)

agrees with data from the Uemura et al. (2004) graph for several elemental SCs by taking in 3D with a quadratic energy-dispersion relation while in 2D with a linear relation are much too far below the data. In the strong-coupling regime the linear behavior of critical temperature $$T_{c}$$

T
c

vs $$n_{s}(0)$$

n
s

(
0
)

obtained here is just as Božović et al. (2016) found. However, in 2D with a linear relation accounting for 0%–100%, $$n_{s}(T)/n_{s}(0)$$

n
s

(
T
)

/

n
s

(
0
)

compares well with some high-$$T_{c}$$

T
c

-cuprate SC data between the two coupling regimes.
Edible insects: A bibliometric analysis and current trends of published studies (1953–2021)
Authors: Kavle Ruchita Rao , Pritchard Ellenna Tamsin Maree , Bekhit Alaa El-Din Ahmed , Carne Alan , Agyei Dominic
Published: June 2022

Edible insects have huge potential as an important alternative food and feed, and research in this area has developed considerably over the past few decades. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was conducted for the first time to provide a quantitative and visualization analysis of the trends in the edible insect research landscape. Documents on 'edible insects' OR 'insects as food' OR 'entomophagy' published from 1953 until 2021 were retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed in terms of publication output, active journals and countries, leading authors, and institutes, and main keywords. The VOSviewer program was used to visualize trends in the bibliographic information. A total of 1376 documents were published in this time duration on the topic. Meyer-Rochow, Van Huis; Journal of Insect as Food and Feed; and Wageningen University and Research were respectively the top publishing authors, leading journals, and research institutes. Keywords analysis and categorization of studies highlighted 'food security', 'food neophobia', 'functional properties', 'food processing', and 'sustainability' as some of the main areas of interest and research trends, and that research on 'edible insects' is highly multidisciplinary. We have surmised potential 'hotspot' areas of developing research and key players and activities that can drive the research and development of edible insects for use as food. International collaborations to bridge knowledge and habit of entomophagy in many developing countries with the skills and facilities of developed countries could lead to accelerated utilization and commercialization of this food source.

Graphical abstract
Preparation and Characterization of Porous Palygorskite/Carbon Composites through Zinc Chloride Activation for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhuang Yu , Wang Sheng , Liu Yin , Kong Lingbing , Li Jianjun , Chen Huayong
Published: June 2022

In order to develop high-performance adsorbents to remove toxic methylene blue (MB) from wastewater, palygorskite (Plg) was utilized as a template to prepare palygorskite/carbon (Plg/C) composites by using a hydrothermal reaction in the presence of glucose. The porous Plg/C composites were then activated with ZnCl2. The effects of the dose of the activator and the activation temperature on the crystal structure, micro-morphology, specific surface area, and adsorption performance of the porous Plg/C composites were studied systematically here. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the crystal structure of Plg was destroyed during the activation process and irregular porous carbon was closely attached to the residual aluminosilicate skeleton. The activation was optimized at 400°C with a ZnCl2:Plg/C impregnation ratio of 2:1. The sample had a specific surface area of 1497.88 m2/g, together with a total pore volume and micropore volume of 1.0355 and 0.5464 cm3/g, respectively. The MB adsorption capacity was 381.04 mg/g. Such inexpensive, high-performance, porous Plg/C composites could find potential applications in wastewater treatment.
Subexponential potential asymptotics with applications
Authors: Knopova Victoria , Palmowski Zbigniew
Published: June 2022

Let
$X_t^\sharp$
be a multivariate process of the form
$X_t =Y_t - Z_t$
,
$X_0=x$
, killed at some terminal time T, where
$Y_t$
is a Markov process having only jumps of length smaller than
$\delta$
, and
$Z_t$
is a compound Poisson process with jumps of length bigger than
$\delta$
, for some fixed
$\delta>0$
. Under the assumptions that the summands in
$Z_t$
are subexponential, we investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the potential function
$u(x)= \mathbb{E}^x \int_0^\infty \ell\big(X_s^\sharp\big)ds$
. The case of heavy-tailed entries in
$Z_t$
corresponds to the case of ‘big claims’ in insurance models and is of practical interest. The main approach is based on the fact that u(x) satisfies a certain renewal equation.
Prevalence of postpartum anaemia and iron deficiency by serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor and total body iron, and associations with ethnicity and clinical factors: a Norwegian population-based cohort study
Authors: Næss-Andresen Marthe-Lise , Jenum Anne Karen , Berg Jens Petter , Falk Ragnhild Sørum , Sletner Line
Published: June 2022

Worldwide, there are limited data on the prevalence of postpartum anaemia and iron status. The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency (ID) by three iron indicators 14 weeks postpartum, their relations to haemoglobin (Hb) and associations with ethnicity and clinical factors in a multi-ethnic population. We conducted a population-based cohort study of 573 women followed from early pregnancy. The prevalence of postpartum anaemia (Hb <12·0 g/dl) was 25 %. ID prevalence varied from 39 % by serum ferritin (SF <15 μg/l), to 19 % by soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR >4·4 mg/l) and 22 % by total body iron (TBI < 0 mg/kg). The mean Hb concentration was 12·8 g/dl in women with no ID, 12·6 g/dl in those with ID by SF only and 11·6 g/dl in those with ID by SF, sTfR and TBI. ID by sTfR and TBI defined by the current threshold values probably identified a more severe iron-deficient population compared with ID assessed by SF. Compared with Western Europeans, the prevalence of anaemia was at least the double in ethnic minorities (26–40 %v. 14 %;P< 0·01–0·05), and the prevalence of ID by sTfR and TBI, but not of ID by SF < 15 μg/l, was significantly higher in some minority groups. After adjustment for covariates, only South Asians had lower Hb and higher sTfR concentration. Insufficient iron intake, gestational anaemia or ID, and postpartum haemorrhage were associated with lower postpartum Hb concentration and poorer iron status.
COMPUTABLE REDUCIBILITY OF EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS AND AN EFFECTIVE JUMP OPERATOR
Authors: CLEMENS JOHN D. , COSKEY SAMUEL , KRAKOFF GIANNI
Published: June 2022

We introduce the computable FS-jump, an analog of the classical Friedman–Stanley jump in the context of equivalence relations on the natural numbers. We prove that the computable FS-jump is proper with respect to computable reducibility. We then study the effect of the computable FS-jump on computably enumerable equivalence relations (ceers).
Anthropometry, body composition, early growth and chronic disease risk factors among Zambian adolescents exposed or not to perinatal maternal HIV
Authors: Filteau Suzanne , Kasonka Lackson , Wells Jonathan C. K. , Munthali Grace , Chisenga Molly , Rehman Andrea Mary
Published: June 2022

Early life exposures and growth patterns may affect long-term risk of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD). We followed up in adolescence two Zambian cohorts (n322) recruited in infancy to investigate how two early exposures – maternal HIV exposure without HIV infection (HEU) and early growth profile – were associated with later anthropometry, body composition, blood lipids, Hb and HbA1c, blood pressure and grip strength. Although in analyses controlled for age and sex, HEU children were thinner, but not shorter, than HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) children, with further control for socio-demographic factors, these differences were not significant. HEU children had higher HDL-cholesterol than HUU children and marginally lower HbA1c but no other biochemical or clinical differences. We identified three early growth profiles – adequate growth, declining and malnourished – which tracked into adolescence when differences in anthropometry and body fat were still seen. In adolescence, the early malnourished group, compared with the adequate group, had lower blood TAG and higher HDL, lower grip strength (difference: −1·87 kg, 95 % CI −3·47, −0·27;P= 0·02) and higher HbA1c (difference: 0·5 %, 95 % CI 0·2, 0·9;P= 0·005). Lower grip strength and higher HbA1c suggest the early malnourished children could be at increased risk of NCD in later life. Including early growth profile in analyses of HIV exposure reduced the associations between HIV and outcomes. The results suggest that perinatal HIV exposure may have no long-term effects unless accompanied by poor early growth. Reducing the risk of young child malnutrition may lessen children’s risk of later NCD.
The Practice of Ideals: Erich Honecker, Rudolf Bahro, and East Germany's Socialist Imaginary
Authors: Petrusek Alexander
Published: June 2022

In July 1992, nearly two years after the demise of the German Democratic Republic (GDR/East Germany), Erich Honecker, former general secretary of the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) was arrested in Berlin for his complicity in the murder of citizens fleeing his country. Yet his subsequent imprisonment brought forth unexpected help: former SED member Rudolf Bahro, who had been imprisoned by Honecker's regime a decade earlier for publishing a party-critical text,Die Alternative. Bahro wrote to his former jailer on August 17, ironically to offer support for his legal defense. Now, Bahro also expressed hope for a “human understanding … about the substance of our undoubtedly still existing difference of opinion about the path of the GDR” and enclosed his recently published article connecting his support for Honecker with the GDR's founding ideals. In the article, Bahro rejected reducing East German history to the SED's abuses, arguing that “our impulse was conceived with the heart, and no such impulse is ever entirely lost.” That impulse, for Bahro, ultimately emanated from antifascism, its entwined relationship with socialism on German soil, and those who fought for both. Though he acknowledged that “a German revolutionary continuity did not exist en masse” after the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, it did survive among the few socialists, like Honecker, who struggled against fascism and “rightly wanted a new German state” after 1945. For his role in building this alternative to capitalism, Bahro argued that Honecker should be allowed to retire in peace.
Exploring the Rebirth of a Chronicle: Why Robert the Monk's Historia Iherosolimitana Gained New Life in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: PORTNYKH VALENTIN
Published: June 2022

The chronicle of Robert the Monk is a well-known source for the First Crusade and the most copied First Crusade narrative in the Middle Ages. Though the number of copies decreased after the twelfth century, it increased in the fifteenth, with most of these later copies either being preserved in German-speaking lands or originating from there. It is possible that a First Crusade narrative was needed in fifteenth-century German-speaking lands because of their proximity to the struggle against the Ottomans, and the chronicle of Robert the Monk was the only one widely available for copying.
Phenotypical characterization of African savannah and forest elephants, with special emphasis on hybrids: the case of Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Bonnald Julie , Cornette Raphaël , Pichard Maëllie , Asalu Edward , Krief Sabrina
Published: June 2022

The IUCN now recognizes the savannah Loxodonta africana and forest Loxodonta cyclotis elephants to be separate species. Despite ecological, behavioural and morphological differences, and different habitat ranges, genetic studies confirm that the two species and hybrids coexist in forest–savannah ecotones. However, the hybrid phenotypes have not yet been described. In this survey we examined whether the phenotypes of the two species and of hybrids can be distinguished. In the first step, we used a machine learning algorithm (K-nearest neighbours) to compare 296 reference images of African elephants from five forest areas and six savannah areas where hybrids have not been recorded, confirming that six morphological criteria can be used to distinguish the species with more than 90% confidence. In the second step, we analysed 1,408 videos of elephants from 14 camera traps in Sebitoli, in Kibale National Park, Uganda, part of the main hybridization area. We used a multiple correspondence analysis and a species assignment key, highlighting the presence of three categories of phenotypes. Compared to the savannah and forest phenotypes (36.8 and 12.1%, respectively), the intermediate phenotypes, which could include hybrids, were more frequent (51.1%). Further studies combining morphology and genetics of the same individuals will be necessary to refine this species assignment key to characterize phenotypes confidently. This non-invasive, fast and inexpensive phenotypical-based method could be a valuable tool for conservation programmes.
Income Loss and Leave Taking: Increased Financial Benefits and Fathers’ Parental Leave Use in Sweden
Authors: DUVANDER ANN-ZOFIE , HALLDÉN KARIN , KOSLOWSKI ALISON , SJÖGREN LINDQUIST GABRIELLA
Published: June 2022

A major reason for the gendered division of parental leave use is the financial compensation during leave. Swedish national parental leave benefit provides 77.6 percent of earlier earnings up to an income ceiling, but collective agreements cover part of the income loss above the ceiling during leave. We focus on the importance of such collective agreements by examining fathers’ parental leave take-up across the 2000s, as agreements were expanded during this period in time. We combine register data for the period 2001 to 2011 with the Longitudinal Integrated Database for Health Insurance and Labour Market Studies (LISA) being the key data source. The main division of agreements is between the state, the municipality and county, and the private sector. Results indicate that fathers with income above the income ceiling increase their use over the time period. Especially in the private sector a polarisation can be seen, where high income fathers increase their leave use, while fathers with lower income fall behind. As we do not find stronger increase in fathers’ leave use in sectors where agreements expanded across time there is no evident support of a direct effect of the top-ups.
Child second language development of English tense and aspect: The role of narrative organization
Authors: Kang Hyun-Sook , Uchikoshi Yuuko
Published: June 2022

Much research has documented that second language (L2) development of tense and aspect markers is influenced by a range of factors that include cross-linguistic influences, phonological nature of forms, inherent semantics of predicates, and discourse structure. Nonetheless, relatively little research has examined the role of discourse organization in the development of tense and aspect marking. To expand our understanding of L2 tense and aspect, this study examined child L2 development of English tense and aspect in oral narratives in relation to the foregrounding and backgrounding of narrative discourse. Thirty-eight learners’ oral narratives were elicited, usingFrog, Where Are You?(Mayer, 1969) three points in time: kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2. The foreground in oral narratives was associated with more frequent use of the simple past than the background across the grade levels. While the occurrence of the simple past did not necessarily mark the foreground, the simple past emerged as the dominant form in the foreground in Grade 1. In the background, on the other hand, it took longer for the past forms to catch up with the non-past forms. The simple past became dominant in the background in Grade 2.
Sources of transitivity
Authors: Muñoz Daniel
Published: June 2022

Why should ‘better than’ be transitive? The leading answer in ethics is that values do not change with context. But this cannot be the entire source of transitivity, I argue, since transitivity can fail even if values never change, so long as they are complex, with multiple dimensions combined non-additively. I conclude by exploring a new hypothesis: that all alleged cases of nontransitive betterness, such as Parfit’s Repugnant Conclusion, can and should be modelled as the result of complexity, not context-relativity.
The Woman with No Escape: Operatic Retellings of the Zhu Maichen Story
Authors: Guo Chao , Stenberg Josh
Published: June 2022

The Zhu Maichen story originates as a case of ‘female-initiated divorce' in an ancient Chinese biography, before later becoming a familiar late imperial narrative. In the last hundred years, it has featured as a prominent part of the narrative heritage available for operatic reworking. The absence of a canonical authorial version gives more space for playwrights and performers to incorporate their current perspectives of gender and sexuality into various renditions. We have seen a continuance of older patterns where the wife is demonised for her desire to divorce, as well as productions tending to reconsider the travails of the wife. The Hokkien-language genre liyuanxi draws on local narrative versions to arrive at a happy ending, enabling Zhu to remarry his wife, while a new jingju (Beijing opera) version at the turn of century even enables the disillusioned wife to liberate herself from the hypocritic Confucian family. Yet in liyuanxi the wife is taken back, having retained chastity during their parting, while in jingju the wife's materialistic motivations led to criticism in the press. The female-initiated divorce thus provides no escape for Zhu Maichen's wife, who is condemned even when tragedy is averted or the narrative’s patriarchal morality subverted.