bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lysobacter enzymogenes antagonizes soilborne bacteria using the type IV secretion system
Authors: Shen Xi , Wang Bingxin , Yang Nianda , Zhang Lulu , Shen Danyu , Wu Huijun , Dong Ying , Niu Ben , Chou Shan‐Ho , Puopolo Gerardo , Fan Jiaqin , Qian Guoliang
Published: July 2021

Soil microbiome comprises numerous microbial species that continuously interact with each other. Among the modes of diverse interactions, cell–cell killing may play a key role in shaping the microbiome composition. Bacteria deploy various secretion systems to fend off other microorganisms and Type IV Secretion System (T4SS) in pathogenic bacteria was shown to function as a contact‐dependent, inter‐bacterial killing system only recently. The present study investigated the role played by T4SS in the killing behaviour of the soilborne biocontrol bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11. Results showed that L. enzymogenes OH11 genome encompasses genes encoding all the components of T4SS and effectors potentially involved in inter‐bacterial killing system. Generation of knock‐out mutants revealed that L. enzymogenes OH11 uses T4SS as the main contact‐dependent weapon against other soilborne bacteria. The T4SS‐mediated killing behaviour of L. enzymogenes OH11 decreased the antibacterial and antifungal activity of two Pseudomonas spp. but at the same time, protected carrot from infection by Pectobacterium carotovorum. Overall, this study showed for the first time the involvement of T4SS in the killing behaviour of L. enzymogenes and its impact on the multiple interactions occurring in the soil microbiome.
At the limits of “capability”: The sexual and reproductive health of women migrant workers in Malaysia
Authors: Freeman Tim , Miles Lilian , Ying Kelvin , Mat Yasin Suziana , Lai Wan Teng
Published: July 2021

Despite the centrality of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), women migrant workers in Malaysia face an environment inimical to their SRH needs. Drawing on qualitative case study material, we present the first empirical application of the capability approach (CA) to explore the reproductive health needs of women migrant workers in a developing country, offering an original analysis of the capability for SRH of these women. Specifically, we explore the resources available to them; their opportunities and freedoms (“capabilities”); and factors that mediate transformation of resources into capability sets (“conversion factors”). While SRH information and health care are notionally available, women migrant workers face multiple challenges in converting resources into functionings, constraining the achievement of capability for SRH. Challenges include language barriers, personal beliefs, power relations between workers and employers and the consequences of current migration policy. We consider the scale of the challenges facing these women in securing SRH rights, the difficulties of operationalising the CA within such a setting, and the implications of our findings for the adequacy of the CA in supporting marginalised populations.
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of an agricultural pest, the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis exigua (Crambidae, Lepidoptera)
Authors: Xu Hongxing , Zhao Xianxin , Yang Yajun , Chen Xi , Mei Yang , He Kang , Xu Le , Ye Xinhai , Liu Ying , Li Fei , Lu Zhongxian
Published: July 2021

The rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis exigua (Crambidae, Lepidoptera) is an important agricultural pest that damages rice crops and other members of related grass families. C. exigua exhibits a very similar morphological phenotype and feeding behaviour to C. medinalis, another species of rice leaffolder whose genome was recently reported. However, genomic information for C. exigua remains extremely limited. Here, we used a hybrid strategy combining different sequencing technologies, including Illumina, PacBio, 10× Genomics, and Hi–C scaffolding, to generate a high‐quality chromosome‐level genome assembly of C. exigua. We initially obtained a 798.8 Mb assembly with a contig N50 size of 2.9 Mb, and the N50 size was subsequently increased to 25.7 Mb using Hi–C technology to anchor 1413 scaffolds to 32 chromosomes. We detected a total of 97.7% Benchmarking Universal Single‐Copy Orthologues (BUSCO) in the genome assembly, which was comprised of ~52% repetitive sequence and annotated 14,922 protein‐coding genes. Of note, the Z and W sex chromosomes were assembled and identified. A comparative genomic analysis demonstrated that despite the high synteny observed between the two rice leaffolders, the species have distinct genomic features associated with expansion and contraction of gene families and selection pressure. In summary, our chromosome‐level genome assembly and comparative genomic analysis of C. exigua provide novel insights into the evolution and ecology of this rice insect pests and offer useful information for pest control.
Inhibition of the neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor with atracurium activates FOXO/DAF‐16‐induced longevity
Authors: McIntyre Rebecca L. , Denis Simone W. , Kamble Rashmi , Molenaars Marte , Petr Michael , Schomakers Bauke V. , Rahman Mizanur , Gupta Siddhartha , Toth Marton L. , Vanapalli Siva A. , Jongejan Aldo , Scheibye‐Knudsen Morten , Houtkooper Riekelt H. , Janssens Georges E.
Published: July 2021

Transcriptome‐based drug screening is emerging as a powerful tool to identify geroprotective compounds to intervene in age‐related disease. We hypothesized that, by mimicking the transcriptional signature of the highly conserved longevity intervention of FOXO3 (daf‐16 in worms) overexpression, we could identify and repurpose compounds with similar downstream effects to increase longevity. Our in silico screen, utilizing the LINCS transcriptome database of genetic and compound interventions, identified several FDA‐approved compounds that activate FOXO downstream targets in mammalian cells. These included the neuromuscular blocker atracurium, which also robustly extends both lifespan and healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans. This longevity is dependent on both daf‐16 signaling and inhibition of the neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor subunit unc‐38. We found unc‐38 RNAi to improve healthspan, lifespan, and stimulate DAF‐16 nuclear localization, similar to atracurium treatment. Finally, using RNA‐seq transcriptomics, we identify atracurium activation of DAF‐16 downstream effectors. Together, these data demonstrate the capacity to mimic genetic lifespan interventions with drugs, and in doing so, reveal that the neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor regulates the highly conserved FOXO/DAF‐16 longevity pathway.
Opioid use disorder and the brain: a clinical perspective
Authors: Herlinger Katherine , Lingford‐Hughes Anne
Published: July 2021

Opioid use disorder (OUD) has gained increasing publicity and interest during recent years, with many countries describing problems of epidemic proportions with regard to opioid use and deaths related to opioids. While opioids are not themselves acutely neurotoxic, the chronic relapsing and remitting nature of this disorder means that individuals are often exposed to exogenous opioids for lengthy periods of time (either illicit or prescribed as treatment). We are increasingly characterizing the effect of such long‐term opioid exposure on the brain. This narrative review aims to summarize the literature regarding OUD and the brain from a clinical perspective. Alterations of brain structure and function are discussed, as well as neurological and psychiatric disorders in OUD. Finally, we review current and new directions for assessment and treatment.
Review article: The aetiology of fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease and potential therapeutic management strategies
Authors: McGing Jordan J. , Radford Shellie Jean , Francis Susan T. , Serres Sébastien , Greenhaff Paul L. , Moran Gordon W.
Published: July 2021

Background

Fatigue is the inability to achieve or maintain an expected work output resulting from central or peripheral mechanisms. The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) fatigue can reach 86% in active disease, persisting in 50%‐52% of patients with mild to inactive disease. Fatigue is the commonest reason for work absence in IBD, and patients often report fatigue burden to be greater than that of primary disease symptoms. Relatively few evidence‐based treatment options exist, and the aetiology is poorly understood.

Aim

To review the available data and suggest a possible aetiology of IBD fatigue and to consider the efficacy of existing management strategies and highlight potential future interventions.

Methods

We reviewed fatigue‐related literature in IBD using PubMed database.

Results

Disease related factors such as inflammation and pharmacological treatments negatively impact skeletal muscle and brain physiology, likely contributing to fatigue symptoms. Secondary factors such as malnutrition, anaemia, sleep disturbance and psychological comorbidity are potential determinants. Immune profile, faecal microbiota composition and physical fitness differ significantly between fatigued and non‐fatigued patients, suggesting these may be aetiological factors. Solution‐focused therapy, high‐dosage thiamine supplementation and biological therapy may reduce fatigue perception in IBD. The effect of physical activity interventions is inconclusive.

Conclusions

A multimodal approach is likely required to treat IBD fatigue. Established reversible factors like anaemia, micronutrient deficiencies and active disease should initially be resolved. Psychosocial intervention shows potential efficacy in reducing fatigue perception in quiescent disease. Restoring physical deconditioning by exercise training intervention may further improve fatigue burden.
A novel route of follicle‐stimulating hormone administration with a split‐single ischiorectal fossa in Thai‐Holstein crossbred superovulation programs under heat stress conditions
Authors: Ratsiri Thanaporn , Ratchamak Ruthaiporn , Chumchai Rujira , Boonkum Wuttigrai , Vongpralub Thevin , Chankitisakul Vibuntita
Published: July 2021

The objectives of this study were to compare the efficiency of a split single injection of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) given by either intramuscular (split‐single IM) or ischiorectal fossa (split‐single IRF) injection to the traditional treatment and to determine the concentrations of FSH. The temperature and humidity index (THI) values were interpreted together with the ovarian responses and embryo characteristics. The ovarian responses in the split‐single IRF group were similar to those of the control group (p > .05) but higher compared with the split‐single IM group (p < .05). Higher peak levels of plasma FSH in the split‐single IRF group did not differ compared with the control group (p > .05) but were lower in split‐single IM administration (p < .05). The results showed a significant decrease in the numbers of large follicles and corpora lutea (CLs) in the moderate THI compared with low and high THI (p < .05). The high THI affected ovulation rate as well as the numbers of transferable embryos and degenerated embryos (p < .05). In conclusion, the split‐single IRF administration had a comparable superovulatory response to the traditional twice‐daily protocol. Moreover, the ovulation rate, ovarian follicle responses, and embryo quality were affected by heat stress.
The White Man in the Room: Finding My Position as a White Therapist
Authors: Weir Daniel
Published: July 2021

This paper explores the discomfort that resulted from a brief exchange between a white male therapist and a black male patient. The discomfort is understood as pointing towards an absence of racial understanding in the therapist, which contributed to a breakdown in empathic communication. This absence is explored in relation to the concept of internal racism and used to highlight an inequality in the subjective experience of race between the therapist and patient (Davids, 2011; Internal Racism: A Psychoanalytic Approach to Race and Difference). The notion of white privilege is introduced and considered as a useful counterpart to internal racism for thinking about white racial experience. White privilege is viewed as a useful concept for making present what is often missing from discussions of race and difference. It is suggested that until white experience acquires racial meanings, the burden of thinking about race will be placed upon the racial other (Davids, 2011). These themes are considered from within a psychoanalytic framework, but significant use is made of ideas from outside psychoanalytic theory to demonstrate the complex interplay of internal and external forces that give shape to unconscious racism. It is suggested that further exploration of these ideas in relation to the superego could be especially useful for clinical understanding.
‘Trusting the Lord, Conquering the Land’: Pentecostals, Landless Movement and Grassroots Politics from Dilma Rousseff to Jair Bolsonaro
Authors: Simbsler David
Published: July 2021

One dominant narrative of the recent Brazilian crisis elaborated by scholars explains it as the result of a (lost) battle of secularist and progressive forces against religious and conservative ones. This paper challenges such a Manichaean viewpoint, by approaching grassroots politics in the context of critical events from Dilma Rousseff's impeachment to Jair Bolsonaro's victory in the 2018 presidential elections, from an ethnographic perspective. Drawing on fieldwork among Pentecostal families involved in the Landless Workers Movement, this paper argues that looking at moral reciprocity as well as power relations may help us to move beyond dichotomous stereotypes and analytical frameworks such as ‘patronage’ or ‘populism’.
Ecological drivers of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal services of a common neotropical palm
Authors: Lamperty Therese , Karubian Jordan , Dunham Amy E.
Published: July 2021

Through frugivory and seed dispersal, vertebrates influence plant demography and forest regeneration. Variation in local habitat surrounding fruiting plants can influence frugivore foraging decisions, thereby creating intraspecific variation in seed dispersal services. However, we have little knowledge of drivers of local variation in frugivory. Here, we investigate factors that may influence frugivore diversity and fruit removal at the level of individual plants. We focus on a common understory palm within a continuous Chocó forest with mixed land‐use histories in Ecuador. The density of pioneer tree species in the genus Cecropia around focal palms was negatively related to fruit removal and the diversity of frugivores visiting palms. This may relate to the fact that the presence and abundance of Cecropia species often indicate the existence and severity of past disturbances. Local Cecropia density was also related to an overall shift in the frugivore community that corresponded with an increase in fruit removal by lower‐quality seed dispersers (rodents). We also found that the local density of fruiting conspecifics was positively related to frugivore diversity, but not fruit removal. Our results provide information on drivers of intraspecific inequalities in plant populations across tropical forest landscapes. The reduction in fruit removal and frugivore diversity associated with local Cecropia abundance suggests that seed dispersal services can be sensitive to fine‐scale variation in habitat structure. Furthermore, because Cecropia are often indicative of past disturbances, this indicates that even small‐scale habitat degradation by humans can have lasting effects by creating localized pockets of forest unfavored by frugivores.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Response to heterospecific calls in non‐passerine species: can two Rallidae species recognise each other based on their vocalisations?
Authors: Jedlikowski Jan , Polak Marcin , Koperski Paweł , Ręk Paweł
Published: July 2021

Communication is generally assumed to be the domain of conspecific signallers and receivers that produce reliable signals and respond adaptively. However, interactions between coexisting species can be surprisingly complex, suggesting that animals not only perceive but also selectively respond to signals produced by other species. Many species respond to the vocalisations of heterospecifics, but it is usually difficult to separate actual vocal recognition from the response resulting from misidentification. We controlled this bias in a playback experiment with two sympatric Rallidae species, the water rail (Rallus aquaticus) and little crake (Zapornia parva). Both focal species produced more calls and little crake additionally approached the speaker more often in response to calls of each other than to calls of closely related but non‐sympatric spotted crakes (Porzana porzana) or the sympatric but non‐competing little grebes (Tachybaptus ruficollis). By contrast, when responding to each other's calls water rails produced fewer loud calls than during the conspecific treatment suggesting that focal birds were merely announcing their presence, whereas little crakes produced mainly alarms suggesting that they communicated with the mated partner to warn it rather than with the heterospecific intruder. We conclude that focal Rallidae species could distinguish not only their calls from those of conspecifics, but also each other's calls from those of other sympatric and phylogenetically related species.
Eat, sleep, repeat – endocrine regulation of behavioural circadian rhythms
Authors: Koop Sarah , Oster Henrik
Published: July 2021

The adaptation of organisms to a rhythmic environment is mediated by an internal timing system termed the circadian clock. In mammals, molecular clocks are found in all tissues and organs. This circadian clock network regulates the release of many hormones, which in turn influence some of the most vital behavioural functions. Sleep–wake cycles are under strict circadian control with strong influence of rhythmic hormones such as melatonin, cortisol and others. Food intake, in contrast, receives circadian modulation through hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, insulin and orexin. A third behavioural output covered in this review is mating and bonding behaviours, regulated through circadian rhythms in steroid hormones and oxytocin. Together, these data emphasize the pervasive influence of the circadian clock system on behavioural outputs and its mediation through endocrine networks.
Foreign language speaking competence and self‐regulated speaking motivation
Authors: Uztosun Mehmet Sercan
Published: July 2021

This study investigates the extent to which variables related to self‐regulated speaking motivation contributes to the prediction of foreign language speaking competence and explores whether there is a relationship between these two constructs. The data were collected from 84 Turkish university students using self‐regulated motivation for improving speaking English as a foreign language scale that comprised four subscales: task value activation, regulation of learning environment, regulation of classroom environment, and regulation of affect. Multiple regression analyses revealed that self‐regulated speaking motivation predicts 34% of EFL (English as a foreign language) speaking competence, with a unique contribution of regulation of affect. Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a significant positive correlation between foreign language speaking competence and self‐regulated speaking motivation. These findings suggest that self‐regulated speaking motivation may be one of the predictors of improved speaking competence. Implications of self‐regulated speaking motivation for the development of speaking competence are included.
Roots are key to increasing the mean residence time of organic carbon entering temperate agricultural soils
Authors: Poeplau Christopher , Don Axel , Schneider Florian
Published: July 2021

The ratio of soil organic carbon stock (SOC) to annual carbon input gives an estimate of the mean residence time of organic carbon that enters the soil (MRTOC). It indicates how efficiently biomass can be transformed into SOC, which is of particular relevance for mitigating climate change by means of SOC storage. There have been few comprehensive studies of MRTOC and their drivers, and these have mainly been restricted to the global scale, on which climatic drivers dominate. This study used the unique combination of regional‐scale cropland and grassland topsoil (0–30 cm) SOC stock data and average site‐specific OC input data derived from the German Agricultural Soil Inventory to elucidate the main drivers of MRTOC. Explanatory variables related to OC input composition and other soil‐forming factors were used to explain the variability in MRTOC by means of a machine‐learning approach. On average, OC entering German agricultural topsoils had an MRT of 21.5 ± 11.6 years, with grasslands (29.0 ± 11.2 years, n = 465) having significantly higher MRTOC than croplands (19.4 ± 10.7, n = 1635). This was explained by the higher proportion of root‐derived OC inputs in grassland soils, which was the most important variable for explaining MRTOC variability at a regional scale. Soil properties such as clay content, soil group, C:N ratio and groundwater level were also important, indicating that MRTOC is driven by a combination of site properties and OC input composition. However, the great importance of root‐derived OC inputs indicated that MRTOC can be actively managed, with maximization of root biomass input to the soil being a straightforward means to extend the time that assimilated C remains in the soil and consequently also increase SOC stocks.
Does central environmental protection inspection enhance firms’ environmental disclosure? Evidence from China
Authors: Pan Lingling , Yao Sheng
Published: July 2021

An increasing number of emerging countries have begun implementing central environmental protection inspection (CEPI) to make up for the lack of environmental decentralization. Extant literature has shown that CEPI improves local environmental enforcement and performance. However, it is unclear whether CEPI, which is regarded as a non‐routine environmental enforcement and independent of the system of environmental decentralization, has an increasing effect on firms’ environmental disclosure. This paper selects the listed firms located in Hebei Province, the pilot province inspected by the CEPI, as the treatment group and uses the listed firms of the third and fourth rounds of inspected provinces as the control group. The difference‐in‐difference results show that the environmental information level and quality of listed firms in Hebei Province is improved compared with those of firms in other provinces, and the increasing effect is more significant in state‐owned firms, in developed regions and in regions where local officials have more promotion incentives. The results of this study suggest that the central government should establish a regular environmental inspection mechanism and coordinate it with the system of environmental decentralization in emerging countries.
MiR‐382‐5p suppresses M1 macrophage polarization and inflammatory response in response to bronchopulmonary dysplasia through targeting CDK8: Involving inhibition of STAT1 pathway
Authors: Lv Yuanyuan , Li Yang , Wang Jiangya , Li Mei , Zhang Wenhao , Zhang Huifen , Shen Ying , Li Chao , Du Yuan , Jiang Lian
Published: July 2021

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is an inflammation‐related respiratory disorder in infants. MiR‐382‐5p has displayed low expression in developing lungs with BPD, while the effect of miR‐382‐5p on BPD remains elusive. Here, a hyperoxia (85% oxygen)‐induced BPD model in neonatal mice was established. On postnatal days 10 and 15, hyperoxia reduced miR‐382‐5p expression in lungs of mice. Besides, CDK8, CD68 and CD86 levels were elevated on day 15 after birth, implying the involvement of CDK8 in M1 macrophage polarization. In addition, in vitro injury in RAW264.7 macrophages was induced by IFN‐γ and LPS stimulation. Lentivirus‐encoding miR‐382‐5p decreased CDK8 expression, alleviated the production of inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6, and restricted the levels of CD40 and CD86 in response to IFN‐γ and LPS. Moreover, miR‐382‐5p inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT1. Luciferase reporter assay verified that miR‐382‐5p might target the 3′UTR of CDK8. Rescue assays revealed that CDK8 reversed the mitigating roles of miR‐382‐5p in inflammatory response and M1 macrophage polarization, as reflected by increased IL‐6 and CD40 levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that miR‐382‐5p may suppress M1 macrophage activation and inflammatory response via inhibiting CDK8, thereby regulating the development of BPD, which is possibly mediated by STAT1 signaling.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID‐19 in a low‐prevalence, well resourced setting, Sydney, Australia
Authors: Shiel Emily , Miyakis Spiros , Tennant Elaine , Fernando Shelanah , Kizny‐Gordon Alice , Koh Bryant , Findlay Michael , Garnham Katherine , Pilli Shravya , Segboer Hayden , Tallon Jo , Kao Joanna , Miller Anne , Shore Tim , Maher Richard , Telford Mark , Barclay Kate , Harris Ben , Newcombe James , Hudson Bernie , Figtree Mel
Published: July 2021

Background

The Northern Sydney Local Health District was one of the first health regions to be affected by COVID‐19 in Australia.

Aims

To describe the clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes in our low‐prevalence Australian population.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of 517 laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 cases between January and June 2020. Patient information was collected as part of routine care within the COVID‐19 Virtual Hospital system. Outcomes examined were death, recovery at 30 days and intensive care unit (ICU) admission.

Results

The case fatality rate was 1.8%. Multivariate analysis showed factors independently associated with death, composite outcome of death/ICU admission or incomplete recovery at 30 days were age >80 years and presence of two or more comorbidities. Most cases acquired COVID‐19 through international (50.9%) or cruise ship travel (9.1%). Healthcare workers comprised 12.8% of the cohort and represented a disproportionately high percentage of the ‘unknown’ source group (27.6%). The median incubation period was 5 days (interquartile range 3–8); one patient had an incubation period of 15 days. Hospitalisation was required in 11.8%, ICU admission in 2.1% and ventilation in 1.4%. A Radiographic Assessment of Lung Oedema score on chest X‐ray of >10 was independently associated with death.

Conclusions

In this low prevalence, well resourced Australian setting, we report an overall low mortality. Factors associated with adverse patient outcomes on multivariate analysis were age greater than 80 and the presence of two or more comorbidities. These data can assist in early risk stratification of COVID‐19 patients, and in surge capacity planning for hospitals.
How and when organization identification promotes safety voice among healthcare professionals
Authors: Hu Xiaowen , Casey Tristan
Published: July 2021

Aim

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of organizational identification on safety voice behaviour, focusing on the mediating role of safety motivation and the moderating role of management commitment to safety and psychological safety.

Design

The study used a cross‐sectional questionnaire and a convenience sampling method.

Method

Data were collected online during November 2019 from 165 staff members from a disability healthcare organization in Australia that employs over 800 staff. Nearly 80% of the study sample were healthcare workers without supervisory responsibilities, and the remainder were senior staff with some operational duties. Measures of organizational identification, safety motivation, perceived management commitment to safety, psychological safety and safety voice were collected. Data were analysed using a moderated mediation model available with the SPSS PROCESS macro.

Results

Findings show that organizational identification interacted with management commitment to safety to predict safety motivation, such that only healthcare employees who identified with their organization and perceived that their management cares about safety would feel that safety was personally important to them. In turn, safety motivation predicted safety voice. However, the effect of safety motivation on safety voice was only significant when psychological safety was low.

Conclusion

These findings offer initial evidence for the important role of organizational identification in prompting safety voice, how the relationship is contingent on management commitment to safety and psychological safety.

Impact

Healthcare professionals' discretionary sharing of ideas and suggestions are crucial to organizational performance and both staff and patient safety. However, safety voice involves inherent social risks because speaking up might not always be perceived positively by co‐workers and leaders. We recommend that managers implement specific strategies to cultivate employee identification with the organization and demonstrate a genuine and visible commitment to safety so that employees will be motivated to raise safety concerns.
Entrepreneurship and nurse entrepreneurs lead the way to the development of nurses’ role and professional identity in clinical practice: A qualitative study
Authors: Jakobsen Lizette , Wacher Qvistgaard Laura , Trettin Bettina , Juel Rothmann Mette
Published: July 2021

Aims and objectives

To explore the experiences and perspectives of nurses’ transition into entrepreneurship in a clinical and cultural nursing setting and the impact of entrepreneurship on the nurses’ role and professional identity.

Background

Entrepreneurship is a relatively unknown phenomenon in international nursing research, and the prevalence of entrepreneurial nurses is only 0.5–1% of all working nurses globally. Unfortunately, several barriers occur within the healthcare system and existing nursing culture that may affect the potential of bringing entrepreneurship into the nursing profession.

Design

The qualitative study used a phenomenological–hermeneutical approach based on an interpretative phenomenological analysis and COREQ‐guided reporting.

Methods

Nine individual, semi‐structured interviews were conducted face to face (n = 6) and by telephone (n = 3) with Danish nurse entrepreneurs between February and March 2019.

Results

The analysis revealed four themes: (a) prejudice towards entrepreneurship; (b) to become an entrepreneur in a nursing culture; (c) rebellion against the traditional role as employee and (d) challenged professional identity and new professional roles.

Conclusion

Nurse entrepreneurs are caught between traditional and new ways of viewing nursing identity, norms, values and roles, and they face a conflict of professional values and a stereotyped view of ‘real’ nursing. Our findings show that entrepreneurship entails a huge learning process that develops nurses’ ability to think outside the box in a broader health perspective and challenge the existing nursing culture and role. However, nurse entrepreneurs’ ability to engage in entrepreneurship is compromised by professional values, the duty to behave as a good nurse and their own prejudices towards entrepreneurs.

Impact

Entrepreneurship and nurse entrepreneurs pose a huge potential development of the nursing role and identity, as they challenge the current view on the nursing profession. This development is important for patients and health professionals, as future health challenges call for new ways of thinking and acting.
Advanced glycation end products induce endothelial hyperpermeability via β‐catenin phosphorylation and subsequent up‐regulation of ADAM10
Authors: Weng Jie , Chen Zhenfeng , Li Jieyu , He Qi , Chen Deshu , Yang Lin , Su Haiying , Huang Junlin , Yu Shengxiang , Huang Qiaobing , Xu Qiulin , Guo Xiaohua
Published: July 2021

Endothelial hyperpermeability is the initial event in the development of diabetic microvascular complications, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are suggested to cause much of the endothelial hyperpermeability associated with diabetes mellitus, but the molecular mechanism remains to be characterized. β‐catenin reportedly plays dual functions in maintaining normal endothelial permeability by serving both as an adhesive component and a signal transduction component. Here, we found that AGEs induced the phosphorylation of β‐catenin at residues Y654 and Y142 and the endothelial hyperpermeability was reversed when the two residues were blocked. In mechanism, phosphorylation of Y654 was blocked by Src inactivation, whereas phosphorylation of Y142 was reduced by a focal adhesion kinase inhibitor. β‐catenin Y654 phosphorylation induced by AGEs facilitated the dissociation of vascular endothelial (VE)‐cadherin/β‐catenin and the impairment of adherens junctions (AJs), whereas β‐catenin Y142 phosphorylation favoured the dissociation of β‐catenin and α‐catenin. Further investigation revealed that β‐catenin Y142 phosphorylation was required for AGEs‐mediated β‐catenin nuclear translocation, and this nuclear‐located β‐catenin subsequently activated the TCF/LEF pathway. This pathway promotes the transcription of the Wnt target, ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10), which mediates VE‐cadherin shedding and leads to further impairment of AJs. In summary, our study showed the role of β‐catenin Y654 and Y142 phosphorylation in AGEs‐mediated endothelial hyperpermeability through VE‐cadherin/β‐catenin/α‐catenin dissociation and up‐regulation of ADAM10, thereby advancing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of AGEs‐induced microvascular hyperpermeability.
Efficacy of non‐hydrogen peroxide mouthrinses on tooth whitening: An in vitro study
Authors: Ntovas Panagiotis , Masouras Konstantinos , Lagouvardos Panagiotis
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the tooth whitening efficacy of non‐hydrogen peroxide containing mouthrinses.

Methods

Forty incisors were randomly assigned into four groups. Four whitening mouthrinses, Oral‐B 3D White Luxe/Procter & Gamble (WL), Listerine Advanced White/Johnson & Johnson (AW), Colgate Max White/Colgate (MW), and iWhite Whitening Mouthwash/Sylphar (iW), were used over a four‐week period. Color changes of L*, a*, b*, ΔE*ab, and ΔE00, were recorded by a digital spectrophotometer (Spectroshade Micro/Mht), at baseline and intermediate week‐intervals. Data were statistically analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA at α = 0.05.

Results

The first‐week mean change of L* was 0.76 and significantly different from the baseline for all solutions, without any further changes. Correspondingly, a* decreased by −0.36, while b* increased by 0.48, contributing to a color change of 1.15 ΔE*ab or 0.91 ΔE00. No differences were found among the solutions in respect to color‐parameter changes (p > 0.05). Differences among time intervals were significant (p < 0.05) and mainly observed between the baseline and the following week‐measurements. There was no statistically significant time‐solution interaction (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Non‐hydrogen peroxide whitening mouthrinses, slightly contribute to tooth whitening, by removing superficial staining, without any further tooth bleaching effect.

Clinical significance

Non‐hydrogen peroxide containing whitening mouthrinses, despite having a quick initial action, reach their ceiling relatively soon. Their effectiveness is barely perceptible and definitely inferior to other professional tooth bleaching methods. Thus, they can only be considered as a supplementary way of keeping teeth whiter, mainly by preventing recurrent tooth discoloration.
The Other's Tongue: Place, Perspective, and the Desire to Speak Portuguese among the People of the Xingu Indigenous Territory
Authors: Horta Amanda
Published: July 2021

This article examines the frequently expressed desire among people of the Xingu Indigenous Territory living in the city of Canarana, Brazil, to learn Portuguese. It examines such statements of intent, which are typically presented as a reason for indigenous urban migration. I argue that the desire to learn Portuguese is itself in need of investigation, to which end I turn to two Upper‐Xinguan Carib myths and a conversation at the headquarters of the Xingu indigenous land association. The indigenous presence in urban spaces offers evidence of the ways in which place serves as a perspectival stabilizer for them, in a world where perspective determines the body's form and, by extension, ontology. Based on long‐term fieldwork and the application of a technique of ethnographic imagination, adapted from Strathern, the article demonstrates how modulation of the tongue is a means of preserving autonomy in relations with Whites and a survival strategy.
Testing the inhibitory cascade model in a recent human sample
Authors: Bermúdez de Castro José María , Modesto‐Mata Mario , García‐Campos Cecilia , Sarmiento Susana , Martín‐Francés Laura , Martínez de Pinillos Marina , Martinón‐Torres María
Published: July 2021

The Inhibitory Cascade Model was proposed by Kavanagh and colleagues (Nature, 449, 427–433 [2007]) after their experimental studies on the dental development of murine rodent species. These authors described an activator–inhibitor mechanism that has been employed to predict evolutionary size patterns of mammalian teeth, including hominins. In the present study, we measured the crown area of the three lower permanent molars (M1, M2, and M3) of a large recent modern human sample of male and female individuals from a collection preserved at the Institute of Anthropology of the University of Coimbra (Portugal). The main aim of the present study is to test if the size molar patterns observed in this human sample fits the Inhibitory Cascade Model. For this purpose, we first measured the crown area in those individuals preserving the complete molar series. Measurements were taken in photographs, using a planimeter and following well‐tested techniques used in previous works. We then plot the M3/M1 and M2/M1 size ratios. Our results show that the premise of the Inhibitory Cascade Model, according to which the average of the crown area of M2 is approximately one‐third of the sum of the crown area of the three molars, is fulfilled. However, our results also show that the individual values of a significant number of males and females are out of the 95% confidence interval predicted by the Inhibitory Cascade Model in rodents. As a result, the present analyses suggest that neither the sample of males, nor that of females, nor the pooled sample fits the Inhibitory Cascade Model. It is important to notice that, although this model has been successfully tested in a large number of current human populations, to the best of our knowledge this is the first study in which individual data have been obtained in a recent human population rather than using the average of the sample. Our results evince that, at the individual level, some factors not yet known could interfere with this model masking the modulation of the size on the molar series in modern humans. We suggest that the considerable delay in the onset of M3 formation in modern humans could be related to a weakening of the possible activation/inhibition process for this tooth. Finally, and in support of our conclusions, we have checked that the absolute and relative size of M1 and M2 is not related to the M3 agenesis in our sample. In line with other studies in primates, our results do not support the Inhibitory Cascade Model in a recent human sample. Further research is needed to better understand the genetic basis of this mechanism and its relationship to the phenotype. In this way, we may be able to find out which evolutionary changes may be responsible for the deviations observed in many species, including Homo sapiens.
A stereoscopic optical system for objective quantification of the change in cumulative acne scar depth following various treatment interventions
Authors: Salameh Fares , Shehadeh Waseem , Sprecher Eli , Artzi Ofir
Published: July 2021

Background

Current approaches for assessment of acne scars are subjective, including counting scar subtypes, subjective self‐assessment, or scoring global acne scar severity.

Aims

We aimed to validate accuracy and present initial data of a new, simple, non‐contact, high‐resolution 3D stereoscopic optical imaging system in the setting of acne scarring.

Patients/methods

Ten patients treated for acne scars in the dermo‐esthetic outpatient clinics in our institution from July to December 2019 were recruited from medical files and completed by telephone interview. Each patient was assessed by the 3D imaging system, the Qualitative Scarring Grading Score (QSGS), and the patient's questionnaire for Self‐assessment of Clinical Acne‐Related Scars (SCARS) before and 4 weeks after a single intervention.

Results

Scar depth measured by the imaging system correlated significantly with the actual depth of printed surface depressions and the 3D optical imaging assessments. The changes in SCARS and 3D optical imaging assessments correlated significantly, but there were no correlations between changes in QSGS and 3D optical assessment measures, or between the QSGS and SCARS results.

Conclusion

The new stereoscopic optical system is a reliable and practical objective method for assessing the cumulative depth of atrophic acne scars and monitoring treatment response. It is more sensitive, accurate, and informative than subjective scales.
Care and management of stillborn babies from the parents’ perspective: A phenomenological study
Authors: Sun Jui‐Chiung , Rei Wenmay , Chang Min‐Yu , Sheu Shuh‐Jen
Published: July 2021

Aim

To explore parents’ perspective on hospital's care and management of the remains of stillborn babies.

Background

Each year, 2.6 million of pregnancies end as stillbirth. Recent literature began to understand parents’ traumatic experience in stillbirth and its profound impact on parents’ mental health and psychosocial effect. But there is limited understanding on the actual care and management of the stillborn baby, nor is there an agreement on how hospitals should care for the stillborn baby to mitigate parents’ profound loss.

Design

A descriptive phenomenological approach was applied to conduct this study.

Methods

A purposive sample of twenty couples (40 individuals) who had encountered how to care for the remains of their stillborn babies participated in the study. The data were collected through in‐depth interviews, which involved semi‐structured and open‐ended questions. The phenomenological methods of Giorgi were applied to analyse the data. The COREQ checklist was used preparing the manuscript.

Results

Parents felt unprepared and lack of support when they had to handle their stillborn babies’ remains. The research results revealed two major themes: (1) Handling stillborn babies remain ignorantly; (2) Pacifying the disturbed soul on both sides.

Conclusions

It was found in the study that reflection and identification were the emerging themes, which can enable healthcare professionals to understand parents’ concerns in a meaningful way, as they deal with the remains of stillborn babies. Moreover, it is hoped that hospital administration and health care personnel should consider stillborn parents’ concerns and incorporate their needs into nursing assessment and treatment practices.

Relevance to clinical practice

Given stillbirth's profound implication for parents’ identity and psychosocial role, hospitals need to be more sensitive and proactive to parents’ cultural and religious needs when they care for stillborn baby and handle its body.
Withdrawn and Acting out?: Early Adolescents’ Social Avoidance and Externalizing Problems
Authors: Clifford Brandon Neil , Eggum Natalie D. , An Danming , Clifford Sierra , Lemery‐Chalfant Kathryn
Published: July 2021

Relative to other motivations of social withdrawal (i.e., shyness, unsociability), social avoidance is understudied. Furthermore, the relation between social avoidance and externalizing problems seldom has been investigated despite reasons to expect an association. We examined the association between social avoidance and externalizing problems using a sample of early adolescents in the United States using parents’ reports (N = 294; 54.1% boys; M age = 12.43 years). Supporting our hypotheses, structural equation models indicated that social avoidance positively predicted concurrent externalizing problems, controlling for shyness, unsociability, and internalizing problems (including depression and anxiety). Findings highlight that socially avoidant adolescents’ behaviors may include avoiding others as well as acting out. Longitudinal work is needed to examine the potential bidirectional relations between social avoidance and externalizing problems.
Phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of Afrotrichloris, Apochiton, Coelachyrum, Dinebra, Eleusine, Leptochloa, Schoenefeldia, and a new genus, Schoenefeldiella (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae: Eleusininae)
Authors: Peterson Paul M. , Romaschenko Konstantin , Herrera Arrieta Yolanda , Vorontsova Maria S.
Published: July 2021

To investigate the evolutionary relationships among species of Afrotrichloris, Apochiton, Coelachyrum, Dinebra, Eleusine, Leptochloa, and Schoenefeldia of subtribe Eleusininae, a phylogeny based on DNA sequences from nine gene regions (ITS, rps16‐trnK, rps3, rps16, rpoC2, rpl32‐trnL, ndhF, ndhA, ccsA) is presented. Previous molecular phylogenies indicated that Coelachyrum was polyphyletic and Schoenefeldia was paraphyletic, with Afrotrichloris embedded within it. Apochiton burttii was embedded in the Coelachyrum clade paired with C. longiglume, Coelachyrum poiflorum was placed outside of Coelachyrum and sister to Eleusine, and Schoenefeldia is paraphyletic, with its two species forming a grade sister to Afrotrichoris. Our molecular phylogeny supports recognition of a new genus, Schoenefeldiella, and a new combination, Schoenfeldiella transiens. In addition, we provide generic emendations for Coelachyrum, which now includes five species including a new combination proposed here, Coelachyrum burttii, and Eleusine, which now includes 11 species.
Pharmacokinetics of dipyrone in horses: A multi‐dose, dose escalation study
Authors: O'Banion Melinda Poole , Sundman Emily , Edmonds Matt , Davis Jennifer
Published: July 2021

Dipyrone is a non‐opioid, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug with antipyretic and analgesic properties commonly used in horses. Dipyrone is rapidly hydrolyzed to the primary active metabolite 4‐methylaminoantipyrine (4‐MAA). The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of 4‐MAA following repeated and escalating doses of intravenously administered dipyrone. Twenty‐six horses were randomly allocated to five treatment groups (one placebo group and four dipyrone groups [30 mg/kg q8h, 30 mg/kg q12h, 60 mg/kg q8h, and 90 mg/kg q12h]) and treated for nine consecutive days. Blood was collected at predetermined timepoints, and plasma was analyzed for 4‐MAA concentrations with a validated LC/MS/MS method. Following a single dose, there was a linear correlation to the maximum concentration (Cmax) achieved. There was a disproportionate increase in the minimum concentration (Cmin) of 4‐MAA with accumulation occurring at higher doses or more frequent dosing intervals. Significant differences were noted in 4‐MAA Cmax, half‐life, and area under the curve during the dosing interval (AUCtau) when dipyrone was administered at 30 mg/kg q12h versus q8h. Adverse effects attributed to drug administration were not noted.