bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation of the Jianggalesayi basin and its response to the unroofing history of the Altyn Tagh, northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen Zhengle , Wang Xiaofeng , Liu Jian , Chen Xuanhua , Sun Zhiming , Pei Junling
Published: September 2015

Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.2(4) Special Issue 2004 pp. 114-115
The expansion mechanism of Himalayan supraglacial lakes: Observations and modelling
Authors: Chikita KA
Published: September 2015

Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.2(4) Special Issue 2004 pp. 118-120
A comparison of Main Central Thrust and other Himalayan fault systems from central and west Nepal with some two-dimensional stress fields
Authors: Dhital Megh R
Published: September 2015

Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.2(4) Special Issue 2004 pp. 123-4
Fluctuation of Indian monsoon during the last glacial period revealed by pollen analysis of Kathmandu Basin sediments, Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Fujii Rie , Sakai Harutaka , Miyoshi Norio
Published: September 2015

Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.2(4) Special Issue 2004 pp. 133-4
New significant advances of regional geological survey in the blank regions of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
Authors: Gangyi Zhai
Published: September 2015

Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.2(4) Special Issue 2004 pp.136-7
Relationship between Roadway Illuminance Level and Nighttime Rural Intersection Safety
Authors: Bhagavathula Rajaram , Gibbons Ronald B. , Edwards Christopher J.
Published: September 2015

Almost all existing research about intersection lighting indicates that the presence of lighting reduces nighttime crashes. This study aimed to quantify the effect of lighting level and lighting quality on the night-to-day (ND) crash ratios at rural intersections. Illuminance measurements were collected from 99 lighted and unlighted rural intersections in Virginia. The measurements were then combined with the crash data, obtained from the Virginia Department of Transportation, for each of the intersections. A negative binomial regression was used to model the crash and lighting data. Results indicated that lighting level (average horizontal illuminance) significantly affected the ND crash ratios at rural intersections. A 1 lux (lx) increase in the average horizontal illuminance at all rural intersections in Virginia corresponded to a 7% decrease in the ND crash ratio. For the lighted intersections, a 1 lx increase in average horizontal illuminance corresponded to a 9% decrease in the ND crash ratio. The largest decrease in the ND crash ratio was for unlighted intersections, where a 1 lx increase in the average horizontal illuminance corresponded to a 21% decrease. Stop-controlled intersections had smaller ND crash ratios than signalized intersections. Intersections with a posted speed limit of less than or equal to 40 mph had lower ND crash ratios than intersections with a posted speed limit of greater than 40 mph. Each of the results is discussed with respect to the impacts of the lighting measurements on nighttime driving safety and overall visibility.
Approaches to Adaptive Lighting on Roadways
Authors: Gibbons Ronald B. , Guo Feng , Medina Alejandra , Du Jianhe , Terry Travis , Lutkevich Paul , Li Qing
Published: September 2015

Adaptive lighting is an approach to lighting design that proposes to change the light level on a roadway on the basis of the needs of drivers. A review of the literature and building the connection between crashes and light level allowed the development of a system to select roadway luminance levels and then modify these levels on the basis of the needs of the driver. This adaptive lighting system uses parameters such as traffic volume, ambient light levels, pavement marking quality, intersection density, and, most important, the presence of pedestrians to allow lighting design criteria to be selected through a weighting system. As these parameters (such as traffic volume) change, a new light requirement is determined, and the lighting system can be adjusted with controllable luminaires and a master control system. Guidelines for the implementation of this system and an example are provided.
Investigating Maximum Intensities for Yellow Rapid-Flashing Beacons at Night
Authors: Avelar Raul E. , Fitzpatrick Kay , Robertson James
Published: September 2015

Research has shown that rapid-flashing beacons (RFBs) at marked pedestrian crossings increase driver yielding rates at these locations. There are recommended minimum intensity levels for these devices, but no guidelines exist for maximum intensity levels that would cause light glare to drivers at night. This paper searches for evidence of such maximum thresholds by analyzing two data sets. One data set represented driver yielding at various RFB intensity levels; the data were collected from four cities in Arizona, Wisconsin, and Texas. The other data set was from a human factors study conducted on a closed course. These data were collected from volunteers in Texas who were asked to indicate their discomfort glare rating of various beacon intensities at a simulated pedestrian crossing. On the basis of the data set containing driver yielding rates, researchers estimated a minimum nighttime intensity of 1,100 candela (cd) was needed for the expected yielding rate at night to be at least the same as the yielding rate during the day. The wide dispersion of yielding rates in this data set made it impractical to find a minimum intensity in a more general way. More research is needed to reach a better explanation of the wide range of yielding rates. On the basis of the second data set, it was determined that driver discomfort from glare may become an issue at an intensity of approximately 1,000 cd. It is estimated that a maximum intensity of 1,350 cd at night should keep drivers' ratings of glare as being “unbearable” to 15% at most.
Evaluation of Mobile Work Zone Alarm Systems
Authors: Brown Henry , Sun Carlos , Cope Timothy
Published: September 2015

Highway maintenance often involves the use of mobile work zones for various types of low-speed moving operations, such as striping and sweeping. The speed differential between the moving operation and traffic and the increasing problem of distracted driving can lead to potential collisions between approaching vehicles and the moving work zone. One novel tool for mitigating this problem is a mobile work zone alarm system. This paper describes the field evaluation of two types of mobile work zone alarm devices: an alarm device and a directional audio system (DAS). Three modes of operation were tested: continuous, manual, and actuated. The components of the evaluation included sound level testing, analysis of merging distances and speeds, and observations of driving behavior. The sound levels for the tested configurations were within national noise standards. All tested configurations increased the merging distance of vehicles except for the alarm actuated setup. The DAS continuous setup also reduced vehicle merging speeds and the standard deviation of merging distance. Some undesirable driver behaviors were occasionally observed, but it was unclear whether these driver behaviors were caused by the presence of the mobile work zone alarm device. Factors such as horizontal and vertical curves and movement of the vehicle with the truck-mounted attenuator caused false alarms and false negatives. The research demonstrated that mobile work zone alarms have the potential to be an effective tool in improving safety. Further refinements to the systems could improve effectiveness.
Innovative Work Zone Capacity Models from Nationwide Field and Archival Sources
Authors: Yeom Chunho , Hajbabaie Ali , Schroeder Bastian J. , Vaughan Christopher , Xuan Xingyu , Rouphail Nagui M.
Published: September 2015

Freeway work zone capacity has been the focus of significant research, but most studies were limited to specific geographic regions or work zone configurations or both. To date, no work zone predictive capacity model exists for U.S. freeways that is based on a geographically representative data set or sensitive to key geometric and operational attributes of the work zone. This paper proposes a new capacity model for freeway work zones, developed from nationwide field data fused with data obtained from an in-depth review of archived literature of prior work zone capacity studies in the United States. The proposed model estimates work zone capacity as a function of the lane closure severity index, barrier type, area type, lateral clearances, and daytime or nighttime work conditions. The model was successfully validated with 25% of the combined data that were not used for the model development. In addition, findings from literature archives suggested a 13.4% difference between prebreakdown, uninterrupted capacity and the ensuing queue discharge rate. The developed capacity model is intended to be incorporated into the next release of the Highway Capacity Manual and provides important insights on the relative effects of work zone configuration and other variables on the expected capacity of freeway work zones.
Improved Business Driveway Channelizing Treatments in Work Zones
Authors: Theiss LuAnn , Gillette George F. , Ullman Gerald L.
Published: September 2015

This paper documents the efforts and results of a human factors study of alternative business driveway channelizing treatments in work zones. The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of alternative business driveway channelizing treatments over standard drum treatments. The alternative treatments included combinations of 18-in. low-profile longitudinal channelizing devices and 42-inch tall cones (i.e., grabber cones). Using paid participants who drove an instrumented vehicle, the researchers used driver eye-tracking equipment to compare differences in drivers' visual attention while approaching business driveways with the various channelization treatments deployed. Other measures of effectiveness considered were detection distance, percentage of missed driveways, driver perception and recall of treatments, and driver preferences. Although differences in the measures of effectiveness were less pronounced during the day, the alternative channelizing treatments generally performed better than the standard drum treatment at night.
Exploring the Nature and Severity of Heavy Truck Crashes in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hassan Hany M. , Albusaeedi Nuha M. , Garib Atef M. , Al-Harthei Hussain A.
Published: September 2015

Traffic crashes involving heavy trucks long have been a major concern in the field of traffic safety because of their great effect on accident severity. The emirate of Abu Dhabi, capital of the United Arab Emirates, features a unique situation: several roads designed mainly for truck movement. Even though those roads were constructed more than 10 years ago to decrease the severity of truck-related crashes, no prior studies have examined their effects on traffic safety improvements. The goals of this study were to understand better the nature, characteristics, and causes of heavy truck crashes occurring in Abu Dhabi; to identify the factors associated with crash severities; and to examine the probability of truck crashes involving fatalities on truck roads versus on mixed-vehicle roads. Data were analyzed from a sample of 1,426 heavy truck–related crashes with reported fatalities or injuries that occurred in Abu Dhabi between 2007 and 2013. First, conditional distributions, two-way analysis, and odds ratios were performed. Second, ordered probit and structural equation models were developed. Results indicated that the likelihood of truck crashes involving fatalities was 35% higher on truck roads than on mixed-vehicle roads. In addition, findings showed that human error, driver education, location, road type, and road speed variables were significant in affecting the severity of heavy truck– related crashes. Finally, practical suggestions on how to reduce the number of heavy truck–related crashes in Abu Dhabi are presented and discussed.
Machine Learning for Recognizing Driving Patterns of Drivers of Large Commercial Trucks
Authors: Chen Chen , Xie Yuanchang
Published: September 2015

Commercial large truck crashes are more likely to involve fatalities and significant costs than passenger vehicle crashes are. To reduce fatigue-related crashes of large trucks caused by drivers' irregular work schedules, FMCSA has enforced hours-of-service rules to regulate the activities of drivers of commercial large trucks. The complex influence of drivers' multiday driving activity patterns on crash risk was examined with data collected from two national truckload carriers. A machine learning approach, k-means clustering, was used to classify large truck drivers into 10 clusters according to their 15-min driving activities over multiple days. Then, the crash risk and driving activity pattern were identified for each cluster. Discrete-time logistic regression models were used to quantify the relationships between driving activity patterns and crash risk. Results indicated that the driving pattern with the lowest crash risk could be daytime driving between 4:00 a.m. and noon, with rest breaks in the late afternoon (4:00 to 6:00 p.m.). Drivers with high proportions of afternoon on-duty time after a long off-duty period experienced significantly higher crash risk. A representative day concept is proposed as a complementary method to identify relationships between driving patterns and crash risk. Moreover, on-duty hours can be a useful indicator of crash risk for drivers of large trucks. High proportions of on-duty hours in the early morning and late afternoon often are associated with high crash risk.
Safety Impacts of Access Management Features near Roundabouts
Authors: Alluri Priyanka , Gan Albert , Diaz Andres , Steiner Ruth
Published: September 2015

Roundabouts can better facilitate U-turns and provide better safety, especially in reducing severe crashes, than can traditional intersections. Roundabouts, instead of traditional signalized intersections, increasingly are being installed on busy arterial streets. Even though roundabouts gradually are becoming integral to regional transportation networks, no literature addresses the safety impacts of access management features such as driveways and median openings along corridors with roundabouts. The existing access management guidelines for signalized intersections are not directly applicable to roundabouts because traffic operations are different at the two types of intersections. In this study the safety impact of access features near roundabouts was investigated. In particular, three potential safety concerns associated with roundabouts were studied in commercial areas in Florida: (a) the impact of driveway corner clearances on roundabout safety, (b) the safety impact of median openings near roundabouts, and (c) the safety at roundabouts that provided direct access to activity centers. Data for the analysis reflected 131 roundabouts in commercial areas in Florida. Police reports for more than 1,000 crashes that occurred in roundabout influence areas between 2007 and 2011 were reviewed carefully to identify crash patterns and causes related to specific roundabout designs, con-figurations, and access features. Recommendations are made for access features near roundabouts in commercial areas.
Estimation of Roundabout Entry Capacity that Considers Conflict with Pedestrians
Authors: Kang Nan , Nakamura Hideki
Published: September 2015

At roundabouts, the main streams that conflict with entry flow and have a significant effect on entry capacity are circulating flow and pedestrian flow. Pedestrian impact is estimated with an adjustment factor ( fped) in existing methods that were developed under standard roundabout designs, such as a physical splitter island at entry and exit. However, available space may limit these geometric designs in some locations (e.g., in Japan), and, as a result, the impact of driver and pedestrian behaviors on entry capacity probably changes. In a microscopic approach, entry vehicles cross pedestrian flow through available pedestrian gaps. Therefore, gap acceptance behavior is used to reproduce conflict with pedestrians. This analysis aimed to estimate roundabout entry capacity that considers conflict with pedestrians by gap acceptance behavior as well as several influencing factors, including presence or absence of a physical splitter island and the farside pedestrian yield rate (i.e., number of drivers yielding to the total farside pedestrian demand). Entry capacity was estimated two ways, with simulation analysis and a theoretical model. The estimated entry capacity results from the two approaches were compared, and the limitations of each approach were interpreted. Results from the two proposed approaches also were compared with those from the existing fped model that was applied in Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (referred to as HCM fped). Findings imply that HCM fped is not appropriate for Japanese situations. Both proposed approaches are expected to be used in the planning and design stages for roundabout implementation not only in Japan but also in other countries that must consider space limitations and pedestrians.
Capacity Estimation on Turboroundabouts with Gap Acceptance and Flow Level Methods
Authors: Fortuijn Lambertus G. H. , Hoogendoorn Serge P.
Published: September 2015

In the literature, linear models and exponential models based on gap acceptance theory are distinguished. Parameters for the linear models can be estimated only at the level of traffic flow, whereas the gap acceptance theory assumes that behavioral parameters (critical gap, follow-on time, and minimum headway) can be estimated at the vehicle level, and then capacity can be determined. However, in the latter method, measurements must also be made under saturated conditions because of so-called pseudoconflict (caused by vehicles leaving the roundabout in the opposite leg direction). An analysis of data sources (vehicle level and traffic flow level) indicates that the parameters estimated at the vehicle level correspond with those estimated at the level of traffic flow for single-lane roundabouts, but not for more complex situations. Despite this deficiency, better results can be gained with a model based on the present gap acceptance theory than with a linear model, provided that the parameters are adjusted to consider traffic flow measurements under saturated conditions. Additional research will be necessary to determine which underlying assumptions of the gap acceptance models cause these deficiencies. In Germany, capacity is higher in turboroundabouts than in compact two-lane roundabouts because of better use of the inner lane in the turboroundabout.
Interactive Role of Fungicides and Plant Growth Regulator (Trinexapac) on Seed Yield and Oil Quality of Winter Rapeseed
Authors: Ijaz Muhammad , Mahmood Khalid , Honermeier Bernd
Published: September 2015

This study was designed to evaluate the role of growth regulator trinexapac and fungicides on growth, yield, and quality of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). The experiment was conducted simultaneously at different locations in Germany using two cultivars of rapeseed. Five different fungicides belonging to the triazole and strobilurin groups, as well as a growth regulator trinexapac, were tested in this study. A total of seven combinations of these fungicides and growth regulator trinexapac were applied at two growth stages of rapeseed. These two stages include green floral bud stage (BBCH 53) and the course of pod development stage (BBCH 65). The results showed that plant height and leaf area index were affected significantly by the application of fungicides. Treatments exhibited induced photosynthetic ability and delayed senescence, which improved the morphological characters and yield components of rape plants at both locations. Triazole, in combination with strobilurin, led to the highest seed yield over other treatments at both experimental locations. Significant effects of fungicides on unsaturated fatty acids of rapeseed oil were observed. Fungicides did not cause any apparent variation in the values of free fatty acids and peroxide of rapeseed oil. Results of our study demonstrate that judicious use of fungicides in rapeseed may help to achieve sustainable farming to obtain higher yield and better quality of rapeseed.
Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Levulinic Acid to γ-Valerolactone Using Low-Loaded Supported Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Porous Silicates
Authors: Yepez Alfonso , De Sudipta , Climent Maria , Romero Antonio , Luque Rafael
Published: September 2015

The microwave-assisted conversion of levulinic acid (LA) has been studied using low-loaded supported Fe-based catalysts on porous silicates. A very simple, productive, and highly reproducible continuous flow method has been used for the homogeneous deposition of metal oxide nanoparticles on the silicate supports. Formic acid was used as a hydrogen donating agent for the hydrogenation of LA to effectively replace high pressure H2 mostly reported for LA conversion. Moderate LA conversion was achieved in the case of non-noble metal-based iron oxide catalysts, with a significant potential for further improvements to compete with noble metal-based catalysts.
Optical Cutting Interruption Sensor for Fiber Lasers
Authors: Adelmann Benedikt , Schleier Max , Neumeier Benedikt , Wilmann Eugen , Hellmann Ralf
Published: September 2015

We report on an optical sensor system attached to a 4 kW fiber laser cutting machine to detect cutting interruptions. The sensor records the thermal radiation from the process zone with a modified ring mirror and optical filter arrangement, which is placed between the cutting head and the collimator. The process radiation is sensed by a Si and InGaAs diode combination with the detected signals being digitalized with 20 kHz. To demonstrate the function of the sensor, signals arising during fusion cutting of 1 mm stainless steel and mild steel with and without cutting interruptions are evaluated and typical signatures derived. In the recorded signals the piercing process, the laser switch on and switch off point and waiting period are clearly resolved. To identify the cutting interruption, the signals of both Si and InGaAs diodes are high pass filtered and the signal fluctuation ranges being subsequently calculated. Introducing a correction factor, we identify that only in case of a cutting interruption the fluctuation range of the Si diode exceeds the InGaAs diode. This characteristic signature was successfully used to detect 80 cutting interruptions of 83 incomplete cuts (alpha error 3.6%) and system recorded no cutting interruption from 110 faultless cuts (beta error of 0). This particularly high detection rate in combination with the easy integration of the sensor, highlight its potential for cutting interruption detection in industrial applications.
MicroRNA Polymorphisms in Cancer: A Literature Analysis
Authors: Pipan Veronika , Zorc Minja , Kunej Tanja
Published: September 2015

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in microRNA (miRNA) genes (miR-SNPs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their involvement in the development of various types of cancer. Therefore, a systematic review on this topic was needed. From 55 scientific publications we collected 20 SNPs, which are located within 18 miRNA encoding genes and have been associated with 16 types of cancer. Among 20 miRNA gene polymorphisms 13 are located within the premature miRNA region, five within mature, and two within mature seed miRNA region. We graphically visualized a network of miRNA-cancer associations which revealed miRNA genes and cancer types with the highest number of connections. Our study showed that, despite a large number of variations currently known to be located within miRNA genes in humans, most of them have not yet been tested for association with cancer. MicroRNA SNPs collected in this study represent only 0.43% of known miRNA gene variations (20/4687). Results of the present study will be useful to researchers investigating the clinical use of miRNAs, such as the roles of miRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Multi-Level Converters
Authors: Bose Bimal
Published: September 2015

In the history of modern power electronics evolution, we are now going through the era of multi-level converters [1]. [...]
Conduction Mechanism of Valence Change Resistive Switching Memory: A Survey
Authors: Lim Ee , Ismail Razali
Published: September 2015

Resistive switching effect in transition metal oxide (TMO) based material is often associated with the valence change mechanism (VCM). Typical modeling of valence change resistive switching memory consists of three closely related phenomena, i.e., conductive filament (CF) geometry evolution, conduction mechanism and temperature dynamic evolution. It is widely agreed that the electrochemical reduction-oxidation (redox) process and oxygen vacancies migration plays an essential role in the CF forming and rupture process. However, the conduction mechanism of resistive switching memory varies considerably depending on the material used in the dielectric layer and selection of electrodes. Among the popular observations are the Poole-Frenkel emission, Schottky emission, space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC), trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) and hopping conduction. In this article, we will conduct a survey on several published valence change resistive switching memories with a particular interest in the I-V characteristic and the corresponding conduction mechanism.
Investigation of Electromagnetic, Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of a Five-Phase Dual-Rotor Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Zhao Jing , Liu Wei , Li Bin , Liu Xiangdong , Gao Congzhe , Gu Zhongxin
Published: September 2015

This paper investigates of a kind of five-phase dual-rotor permanent-magnet synchronous motor (DRPMSM), which contains dual rotors and a single stator. This kind of motor has the potential advantages of high power density, high reliability and high efficiency, which make it more appropriate for using in electric vehicles (EVs). In order to evaluate the most suitable power level for this kind of structure, the electromagnetic, the thermal and the mechanical characteristics are investigated in this paper. The length to diameter ratio of motors is researched to obtain the highest power density and then the optimum ratio is obtained. Based on the optimum ratio, the thermal characteristics are researched under natural condition and forced-air cooling condition with different wind speeds. In addition, the mechanical characteristics are analyzed under no-load and different loads conditions, respectively. All of the results are analyzed by two-dimension (2-D) and three-dimension (3-D) finite element method (FEM) simulation, which provide a good reference to select suitable power level for this kind of motor structure. Finally, a DRPMSM prototype is manufactured and tested. The experimental results effectively verify the FEM results.
Influence of Combustion Parameters on Fouling Composition after Wood Pellet Burning in a Lab-Scale Low-Power Boiler
Authors: Febrero Lara , Granada Enrique , Regueiro Araceli , Míguez José
Published: September 2015

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of different operating conditions on fouling composition after woody biomass combustion in an experimental low-power fixed-bed boiler. The boiler was built specifically for research purposes and allows easy removal of areas susceptible to fouling and the control, modification and registry of combustion parameters. The influences of the total airflow supplied and the deposition probe temperature were studied in fouling; differentiating between the layers of fouling adhered to the tube and those deposited over the tube. Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were performed in order to determine a relationship between the fouling composition and the combustion parameters used. Upon increasing the total airflow supplied and the deposition probe temperature, the amount of organic matter, namely unburned carbon, decreased, indicating a better combustion efficiency. Chemical analysis results of fouling deposits showed that inorganic elements presented different behaviors depending on the collection area and the combustion parameters. Non-volatile elements such as Si and Ca were mostly found in the coarse fraction of the bottom ash and minor amounts were deposited over the tube. Small amounts of Cl in biomass generated serious deposition problems, especially during combustions with low airflow rates.
Effect of Sodium Selenite on Pathological Changes and Renal Functions in Broilers Fed a Diet Containing Aflatoxin B1
Authors: Liang Na , Wang Fengyuan , Peng Xi , Fang Jing , Cui Hengmin , Chen Zhengli , Lai Weimin , Zhou Yi , Geng Yi
Published: September 2015

To evaluate the renal toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ameliorating effects of added dietary sodium selenite in broiler, renal histopathological changes, ultrastructural changes, and renal function parameters were monitored at 7, 14, and 21 days of age. Two hundred one-day-old healthy male Avian broilers were divided into four groups, namely control group, AFB1 group (0.3 mg/kg AFB1), +Se group (0.4 mg/kg Se), and AFB1+Se group (0.3 mg/kg AFB1+0.4 mg/kg Se). Compared with that of the control group, the relative weight of kidney was increased in the AFB1 group. There were no significant differences between the AFB1+Se group and the control group. By histopathological observation, the renal epithelia were swelling and necrosis at 7 and 21 days of age. Ultrastructurally, the lipid droplets and expanded endoplasmic reticulum appeared in the plasma of epithelia cells in the AFB1 group. Enlarged mitochondria with degenerated cristae were observed in the +Se group. Compared with the control group, the contents of serum creatinine and serum uric acid in the AFB1 group were increased, while the activity of renal Na+-K+ ATPase was decreased. When 0.4 mg/kg selenium was added into the diet containing 0.3 mg/kg AFB1, there were no obvious histological changes in the AFB1+Se group, and the contents of the serum creatinine and serum uric acid contents and the activity of renal Na+-K+ ATPase were close to those in the control group. In conclusion, sodium selenite exhibited protective effects on AFB1-induced kidney toxicity in broilers.
Pollution Prevention through Peer Education: A Community Health Worker and Small and Home-Based Business Initiative on the Arizona-Sonora Border
Authors: Ramírez Denise , Ramírez-Andreotta Mónica , Vea Lourdes , Estrella-Sánchez Rocío , Wolf Ann , Kilungo Aminata , Spitz Anna , Betterton Eric
Published: September 2015

Government-led pollution prevention programs tend to focus on large businesses due to their potential to pollute larger quantities, therefore leaving a gap in programs targeting small and home-based businesses. In light of this gap, we set out to determine if a voluntary, peer education approach led by female, Hispanic community health workers (promotoras) can influence small and home-based businesses to implement pollution prevention strategies on-site. This paper describes a partnership between promotoras from a non-profit organization and researchers from a university working together to reach these businesses in a predominately Hispanic area of Tucson, Arizona. From 2008 to 2011, the promotora-led pollution prevention program reached a total of 640 small and home-based businesses. Program activities include technical trainings for promotoras and businesses, generation of culturally and language appropriate educational materials, and face-to-face peer education via multiple on-site visits. To determine the overall effectiveness of the program, surveys were used to measure best practices implemented on-site, perceptions towards pollution prevention, and overall satisfaction with the industry-specific trainings. This paper demonstrates that promotoras can promote the implementation of pollution prevention best practices by Hispanic small and home-based businesses considered “hard-to-reach” by government-led programs.
Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Dose Adjustment Recommendations: Agreement Among Four Drug Information Sources
Authors: Bicalho Millena , Soares Danielly , Botoni Fernando , Reis Adriano , Martins Maria
Published: September 2015

: Hospitalized patients require the use of a variety of drugs, many of which individually or in combination have the potential to cause kidney damage. The use of potentially nephrotoxic drugs is often unavoidable, and the need for dose adjustment should be evaluated. This study is aimed at assessing concordance in information on drug-induced nephrotoxicity and dose adjustment recommendations by comparing four drug information sources (DRUGDEX®, UpToDate®, Medscape® and the Brazilian Therapeutic Formulary) using the formulary of a Brazilian public hospital. A total of 218 drugs were investigated. The global Fleiss’ kappa coefficient was 0.265 for nephrotoxicity (p < 0.001; CI 95%, 0.211–0.319) and 0.346 for recommendations (p < 0.001; CI 95%, 0.292–0.401), indicating fair concordance among the sources. Anti-infectives and anti-hypertensives were the main drugs cited as nephrotoxic by the different sources. There were no clear definitions for qualitative data or quantitative values for dose adjustments among the four information sources. There was no advice for dosing for a large number of the drugs in the international databases. The National Therapeutic Formulary offered imprecise dose adjustment recommendations for many nephrotoxic drugs. Discrepancies among information sources may have a clinical impact on patient care and contribute to drug-related morbidity and mortality.
Homozygous ALOXE3 Nonsense Variant Identified in a Patient with Non-Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma Complicated by Superimposed Bullous Majocchi’s Granuloma: The Consequences of Skin Barrier Dysfunction
Authors: Wang Tao , Xu Chenchen , Zhou Xiping , Li Chunjia , Zhang Hongbing , Lian Bill , Lee Jonathan , Shen Jun , Liu Yuehua , Lian Christine
Published: September 2015

Non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NBCIE) is a hereditary disorder of keratinization caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding enzymes important to lipid processing and terminal keratinocyte differentiation. Impaired function of these enzymes can cause pathologic epidermal scaling, significantly reduced skin barrier function. In this study, we have performed a focused, genetic analysis of a probrand affected by NBCIE and extended this to his consanguineous parents. Targeted capture and next-generation sequencing was performed on NBCIE associated genes in the proband and his unaffected consanguineous parents. We identified a homozygous nonsense variant c.814C>T (p.Arg272*) in ALOXE3 (NM_001165960.1) in the proband and discovered that his parents are both heterozygous carriers of the variant. The clinical manifestations of the proband’s skin were consistent with NBCIE, and detailed histopathological assessment revealed epidermal bulla formation and Majocchi’s granuloma. Infection with Trichophyton rubrum was confirmed by culture. The patient responded to oral terbinafine antifungal treatment. Decreased skin barrier function, such as that caused by hereditary disorders of keratinization, can increase the risk of severe cutaneous fungal infections and the formation of Majocchi’s granuloma and associated alopecia. Patients with NBCIE should be alerted to the possible predisposition for developing dermatophytoses and warrant close clinical follow-up.
Isolation of Specific Genomic Regions and Identification of Their Associated Molecules by Engineered DNA-Binding Molecule-Mediated Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (enChIP) Using the CRISPR System and TAL Proteins
Authors: Fujii Hodaka , Fujita Toshitsugu
Published: September 2015

Comprehensive understanding of genome functions requires identification of molecules (proteins, RNAs, genomic regions, etc.) bound to specific genomic regions of interest in vivo. To perform biochemical and molecular biological analysis of specific genomic regions, we developed engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) to purify genomic regions of interest. In enChIP, specific genomic regions are tagged for biochemical purification using engineered DNA-binding molecules, such as transcription activator-like (TAL) proteins and a catalytically inactive form of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system. enChIP is a comprehensive approach that emphasizes non-biased search using next-generation sequencing (NGS), microarrays, mass spectrometry (MS), and other methods. Moreover, this approach is not restricted to cultured cell lines and can be easily extended to organisms. In this review, we discuss applications of enChIP to elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying genome functions.
Hypothalamic Obesity in Craniopharyngioma Patients: Disturbed Energy Homeostasis Related to Extent of Hypothalamic Damage and Its Implication for Obesity Intervention
Authors: Roth Christian
Published: September 2015

Hypothalamic obesity (HO) occurs in patients with tumors and lesions in the medial hypothalamic region. Hypothalamic dysfunction can lead to hyperinsulinemia and leptin resistance. This review is focused on HO caused by craniopharyngiomas (CP), which are the most common childhood brain tumors of nonglial origin. Despite excellent overall survival rates, CP patients have substantially reduced quality of life because of significant long-term sequelae, notably severe obesity in about 50% of patients, leading to a high rate of cardiovascular mortality. Recent studies reported that both hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure can contribute to severe obesity in HO patients. Recognized risk factors for severe obesity include large hypothalamic tumors or lesions affecting several medial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei that impact satiety signaling pathways. Structural damage in these nuclei often lead to hyperphagia, rapid weight gain, central insulin and leptin resistance, decreased sympathetic activity, low energy expenditure, and increased energy storage in adipose tissue. To date, most efforts to treat HO have shown disappointing long-term success rates. However, treatments based on the distinct pathophysiology of disturbed energy homeostasis related to CP may offer options for successful interventions in the future.
Synthesis of Ternary Borocarbonitrides by High Temperature Pyrolysis of Ethane 1,2-Diamineborane
Authors: Leardini Fabrice , Massimi Lorenzo , Flores-Cuevas Eduardo , Fernández Jose , Ares Jose , Betti Maria , Mariani Carlo
Published: September 2015

Ethane 1,2-diamineborane (EDAB) is an alkyl-containing amine-borane adduct with improved hydrogen desorption properties as compared to ammonia borane. In this work, it is reported the high temperature thermolytic decomposition of EDAB. Thermolysis of EDAB has been investigated by concomitant thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis-mass spectrometry experiments. EDAB shows up to four H2 desorption events below 1000 °C. Small fractions of CH4, C2H4 and CO/CO2 are also observed at moderate-high temperatures. The solid-state thermolysis product has been characterized by means of different structural and chemical methods, such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Elemental analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The obtained results indicate the formation of a ternary borocarbonitride compound with a poorly-crystalline graphitic-like structure. By contrast, XPS measurements show that the surface is rich in carbon and nitrogen oxides, which is quite different to the bulk of the material.
Effect of Nb on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Behavior, and Cytotoxicity of Ti-Nb Alloys
Authors: Han Mi-Kyung , Kim Jai-Youl , Hwang Moon-Jin , Song Ho-Jun , Park Yeong-Joon
Published: September 2015

In this paper, the effects of Nb addition (5–20 wt %) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and cytotoxicity of Ti-Nb alloys were investigated with the aim of understanding the relationship between phase/microstructure and various properties of Ti-xNb alloys. Phase/microstructure was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and TEM. The results indicated that the Ti-xNb alloys (x = 10, 15, and 20 wt %) were mainly composed of α + β phases with precipitation of the isothermal ω phase. The volume percentage of the ω phase increased with increasing Nb content. We also investigated the effects of the alloying element Nb on the mechanical properties (including Vickers hardness and elastic modulus), oxidation protection ability, and corrosion behavior of Ti-xNb binary alloys. The mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Ti-xNb alloys were found to be sensitive to Nb content. These experimental results indicated that the addition of Nb contributed to the hardening of cp-Ti and to the improvement of its oxidation resistance. Electrochemical experiments showed that the Ti-xNb alloys exhibited superior corrosion resistance to that of cp-Ti. The cytotoxicities of the Ti-xNb alloys were similar to that of pure titanium.
A Three-Component Microbial Consortium from Deep-Sea Salt-Saturated Anoxic Lake Thetis Links Anaerobic Glycine Betaine Degradation with Methanogenesis
Authors: Cono Violetta , Arcadi Erika , Spada Gina , Barreca Davide , Laganà Giuseppina , Bellocco Ersilia , Catalfamo Maurizio , Smedile Francesco , Messina Enzo , Giuliano Laura , Yakimov Michail
Published: September 2015

Microbial communities inhabiting the deep-sea salt-saturated anoxic lakes of the Eastern Mediterranean operate under harsh physical-chemical conditions that are incompatible with the lifestyle of common marine microorganisms. Here, we investigated a stable three-component microbial consortium obtained from the brine of the recently discovered deep-sea salt-saturated Lake Thetis. The trophic network of this consortium, established at salinities up to 240, relies on fermentative decomposition of common osmoprotectant glycine betaine (GB). Similarly to known extreme halophilic anaerobic GB-degrading enrichments, the initial step of GB degradation starts with its reductive cleavage to trimethylamine and acetate, carried out by the fermenting member of the Thetis enrichment, Halobacteroides lacunaris TB21. In contrast to acetate, which cannot be easily oxidized in salt-saturated anoxic environments, trimethylamine represents an advantageous C1-substrate for methylotrophic methanogenic member of the Thetis enrichment, Methanohalophilus sp. TA21. This second member of the consortium likely produces hydrogen via methylotrophic modification of reductive acetyl-CoA pathway because the initial anaerobic GB cleavage reaction requires the consumption of reducing equivalents. Ecophysiological role of the third member of the Thetis consortium, Halanaerobium sp. TB24, which lacks the capability of either GB or trimethylamine degradation, remains yet to be elucidated. As it is true for cultivated members of family Halanaerobiaceae, the isolate TB24 can obtain energy primarily by fermenting simple sugars and producing hydrogen as one of the end products. Hence, by consuming of TB21 and TA21 metabolites, Halanaerobium sp. TB24 can be an additional provider of reducing equivalents required for reductive degradation of GB. Description of the Thetis GB-degrading consortium indicated that anaerobic degradation of osmoregulatory molecules may play important role in the overall turnover of organic carbon in anoxic hypersaline biotopes.
Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) from Alpinia zerumbet: Its Isolation, Synthesis, and Characterization
Authors: Xuan Tran , Teschke Rolf
Published: September 2015

Dihydro-5,6-dehydrokavain (DDK) is the major and most promising component of the tropical plant Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger), a species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae. Alpinia zerumbet is known for its human use as a traditional herbal medicine, food, and dietary supplement. With its α-lactone ring, DDK belongs to the large chemical group of kavalactones, which are also found in kava (Piper methysticum), another herbal medicine; DDK is characterized by a double-bond linkage at positions 5,6 and the absence of a double-bond linkage at positions 7,8. This dissociates DDK from other kavalactones with their linkages at positions 7,8 and 5,6 that are both either completely saturated or unsaturated, or may have an unsaturated bond at the position 7,8 as well as a saturated bond at the position 5,6. DDK is easily identified and quantified by HPLC and GC. DDK contents in fresh leaves, stems and rhizomes range from 80 to 410 mg/g, requiring solvent extraction procedures to ensure high DDK yield. This is best achieved by hexane extraction from fresh rhizomes that were previously boiled in water, allowing DDK yields of up to 424 mg/g. Successful synthesis of DDK can be achieved by asymmetric pathways, whereas its simple chemical structure facilitates the synthesis of DDK derivatives by HCl hydrolysis. Thus, all synthesized products may be used for various commercial purposes, including the potential development of promising antiobesity pharmaceutical drugs, preparation of specific and safe dietary supplements, and use as effective natural herbicides or fungicides.
Anti-Enterovirus 71 Agents of Natural Products
Authors: Wang Liyan , Wang Junfeng , Wang Lishu , Ma Shurong , Liu Yonghong
Published: September 2015

This review, with 42 references, presents the fascinating area of anti-enterovirus 71 natural products over the last three decades for the first time. It covers literature published from 2005–2015 and refers to compounds isolated from biogenic sources. In total, 58 naturally-occurring anti-EV71 compounds are recorded.
Lifestyle Patterns Are Associated with Elevated Blood Pressure among Qatari Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional National Study
Authors: Al Thani Mohammed , Al Thani Al , Al-Chetachi Walaa , Al Malki Badria , Khalifa Shamseldin , Bakri Ahmad , Hwalla Nahla , Nasreddine Lara , Naja Farah
Published: September 2015

Women of childbearing age are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of elevated blood pressure (BP), with dietary and lifestyle habits being increasingly recognized as important modifiable environmental risk factors for this condition. Using data from the National STEPwise survey conducted in Qatar in year 2012, we aimed to examine lifestyle patterns and their association with elevated BP among Qatari women of childbearing age (18–45 years). Socio-demographic, lifestyle, dietary, anthropometric and BP data were used (n = 747). Principal component factor analysis was applied to identify the patterns using the frequency of consumption of 13 foods/food groups, physical activity level, and smoking status. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of the identified lifestyle patterns with elevated BP and to examine the socio-demographic correlates of these patterns. Three lifestyle patterns were identified: a “healthy” pattern characterized by intake of fruits, natural juices, and vegetables; a “fast food & smoking” pattern characterized by fast foods, sweetened beverages, and sweets, in addition to smoking; and a “traditional sedentary” pattern which consisted of refined grains, dairy products, and meat in addition to low physical activity. The fast food & smoking and the traditional & sedentary patterns were associated with an approximately 2-fold increase in the risk of elevated BP in the study population. The findings of this study highlight the synergistic effect that diet, smoking and physical inactivity may have on the risk of elevated BP among Qatari women.