bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Heuristics Work
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2010

The adaptive toolbox is a Darwinian-inspired theory that conceives of the mind as a modular system that is composed of heuristics, their building blocks, and evolved capacities. The study of the adaptive toolbox is descriptive and analyzes the selection and structure of heuristics in social and physical environments. The study of ecological rationality is prescriptive and identifies the structure of environments in which specific heuristics either succeed or fail. Results have been used for designing heuristics and environments to improve professional decision making in the real world.
Language: A Toolbox for Sharing and Influencing Social Reality
Authors: Fiedler Klaus
Published: October 2010

The key role of language is often neglected in explicitly formulated theories of cognition, affect, and social behavior. Implicitly, though, the relationship between language and mind is at the heart of psychological science. Two major research programs—linguistic universals and linguistic relativity—originate in opposite philosophical positions, assuming either that language reflects the mind's ideas and free will or that language differences govern and restrict the mind. However, modern psychological research was able to begin illuminating the power and richness of linguistic influences only after the priority debate was given up and language and cognition were treated as integral parts of the same process. Beyond the confines of referential communication, conceived as cooperative transfer of symbols referring to common world knowledge, some of the most intriguing phenomena are detached from referential bonds, reflecting unintended, emergent, or even random outcomes of verbal interaction. Indeed, the effectiveness of verbal priming may be actually contingent on language users failure to understand the primes referential meanings and implications.
The Fascination of Wisdom: Its Nature, Ontogeny, and Function
Authors: Baltes Paul B. , Smith Jacqui
Published: October 2010

Wisdom has intrigued both scholars and laypersons since antiquity. On the one hand, its seemingly ethereal yet obvious qualities are timeless and universal. On the other hand, these same qualities are evolving and responsive to historical and cultural change. Novel societal and personal dilemmas emerge over time, and the ways and means to deal with recurring dilemmas are revisited and updated with prudence. Building on philosophical analyses of the role of theoretical and practical wisdom in good conduct and judgment about life matters, psychologists have begun to apply scientific methods to questions about the nature, function, and ontogeny of wisdom. We outline these research directions and focus on the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, which was one of the first attempts to bring wisdom into the laboratory. Future research on wisdom would profit from interdisciplinary collaboration and creative application of new methods drawn from developmental, social, and cognitive psychology.
The Unconscious Mind
Authors: Bargh John A. , Morsella Ezequiel
Published: October 2010

The unconscious mind is still viewed by many psychological scientists as the shadow of a “real” conscious mind, though there now exists substantial evidence that the unconscious is not identifiably less flexible, complex, controlling, deliberative, or action-oriented than is its counterpart. This “conscious-centric” bias is due in part to the operational definition within cognitive psychology that equates unconscious with subliminal. We review the evidence challenging this restricted view of the unconscious emerging from contemporary social cognition research, which has traditionally defined the unconscious in terms of its unintentional nature; this research has demonstrated the existence of several independent unconscious behavioral guidance systems: perceptual, evaluative, and motivational. From this perspective, it is concluded that in both phylogeny and ontogeny, actions of an unconscious mind precede the arrival of a conscious mind—that action precedes reflection.
Love: What Is It, Why Does It Matter, and How Does It Operate?
Authors: Reis Harry T. , Aron Arthur
Published: October 2010

Love is a perennial topic of fascination for scholars and laypersons alike. Whereas psychological science was slow to develop active interest in love, the past few decades have seen considerable growth in research on the subject, to the point where a uniquely psychological perspective on love can be identified. This article describes some of the more central and well-established findings from psychologically informed research on love and its influence in adult human relationships. We discuss research on how love is defined, the significance of love for human activity and well-being, and evidence about the mechanisms by which love is believed to operate. We conclude by describing several key questions and potentially important new directions for the next wave of psychological science.
Role of intestinal lymphatics in interstitial volume regulation and transmucosal water transport
Authors: Kvietys Peter R. , Granger D. Neil
Published: October 2010

Two of the principal functions of intestinal lymphatics are to assist in the maintenance of interstitial volume within relatively normal limits during alterations in capillary filtration (e.g., acute portal hypertension) and the removal of absorbed water and chylomicrons. The contribution of lymphatics to the prevention of interstitial overhydration or dehydration during alterations in transcapillary filtration is similar in the small intestine and colon. While the lymphatics of the small intestine contribute substantially to the removal of absorbed water (particularly at low and moderate absorption rates), the contribution of colonic lymphatics to the removal of the fluid absorbate is negligible. This difference is attributed to the relative caliber and location of lymphatics in the mucosal layer of the small and large intestines. In the small intestine, large lacteals lie in close proximity to transporting epithelium, while colonic lymph vessels are rather sparse and confined to the basal portion of the mucosa. In the small intestine, the lymphatics assume a more important role in removing absorbed water during lipid absorption than during glucose absorption.
Basic mechanisms controlling lymph transport in the mesenteric lymphatic net
Authors: Gashev Anatoliy A.
Published: October 2010

This minireview summarizes an oral presentation given at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health workshop “Lymphatics in the Digestive System: Physiology, Health, and Disease” in Bethesda, Maryland on November 3–4, 2009. The concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic pumps, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic flows, are discussed in relation to the lymph transport in mesenteric lymphatic vessels. Age‐related alterations in the structure and regulatory mechanisms of lymph flow in mesenteric lymphatic vessels may provide the basis for their diminished ability to work during the periods of increased functional loads in them. The recent development of modern experimental tools provides the opportunity to extend the knowledge on lymph transport function of lymphatic vessels that is absolutely necessary to maintain fluid and macromolecular homeostasis and to provide a transportation route for lipids adsorbed in gut and to immune cells.
Gut‐associated lymphoid tissue, T cell trafficking, and chronic intestinal inflammation
Authors: Koboziev Iurii , Karlsson Fridrik , Grisham Matthew B.
Published: October 2010

The etiologies of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) have not been fully elucidated. However, there is very good evidence implicating T cell and T cell trafficking to the gut and its associated lymphoid tissue as important components in disease pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in naive and effector T cell trafficking to the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; Peyer's patches, isolated lymphoid follicles), mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine in response to commensal enteric antigens under physiological conditions as well as during the induction of chronic gut inflammation. In addition, recent data suggests that the GALT may not be required for enteric antigen‐driven intestinal inflammation in certain mouse models of IBD. These new data suggest a possible paradigm shift in our understanding of how and where naive T cells become activated to yield disease‐producing effector cells.
Lymphatic system: a vital link between metabolic syndrome and inflammation
Authors: Chakraborty Sanjukta , Zawieja Scott , Wang Wei , Zawieja David C. , Muthuchamy Mariappan
Published: October 2010

Metabolic syndrome is defined by a cluster of different metabolic risk factors that include overall and central obesity, elevated fasting glucose levels, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and intimal atherogenesis. Metabolic syndrome leads to increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart disease and stroke). The exacerbated progression of metabolic syndrome to cardiovascular disease has lead to intense study of the physiological ramifications of metabolic syndrome on the blood vasculature. These studies have particularly focused on the signaling and architectural alterations that manifest in hypertension and atherosclerosis. However, despite the overlap of metabolic syndrome pathology with lymphatic function, tangent effects on the lymphatic system have not been extensively documented. In this review, we discuss the current status of metabolic syndrome and provide evidence for, and the remaining challenges in studying, the connections among the lymphatic system, lipid transport, obesity, insulin resistance, and general inflammation.
Lymphatics in intestinal transport of nutrients and gastrointestinal hormones
Authors: Kohan Alison , Yoder Stephanie , Tso Patrick
Published: October 2010

The lymph fistula rat has been used for studying intestinal absorption of nutrients, especially lipids. Lipid absorption begins with the digestion of triacylglycerol (TAG) to form 2‐monoacylglycerol (2‐MAG) and fatty acids (FA), which are then incorporated in bile salt–mixed micelles. The mixed micelles deliver these digestion products to enterocytes for uptake. There, 2‐MAG and FA are re‐esterified to form TAG, which is then incorporated into chylomicrons (CMs) to be carried by the lymphatic system. Coincident with CMs' secretion into lymph, the small intestine also secretes incretin hormones. Advantages of the lymph fistula model in studying CMs and incretin secretion include the following: (1) the animal being conscious, (2) much less dilution of CMs and incretins than in portal blood, and (3) fewer degrading enzymes than portal blood, e.g., dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV. Examples of the lymph fistula model being used for studying CMs' transport in normal and pathophysiologic states are presented. Recently, the lymph fistula rat has also been used for studying the secretion of incretins by the small intestine.
Premature ejaculation: definition, assessment and clinical management
Authors: Steggall Martin
Published: October 2010

Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common of the male sexual dysfunctions. The prevalence of PE is estimated to be 22.7% of sexually active men, although this may be an underestimation. There are four types of PE, lifelong, acquired, ED‐like PE and normal variability PE. Treatment options include behavioural therapies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) daily or ‘as required’, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5I's) (Sildenafil, Tadalafil or Vardenafil), and local anaesthetics/desensitising creams/sprays. The selection of treatment depends on accurate diagnosis of the type of PE and patient preference.
A solitary bone metastasis from renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Drudge‐Coates Lawrence , Chowdhury Simon
Published: October 2010

We report on an unusual case of a 59‐year‐old man with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), who presented with a pathological fracture in his left third metacarpal resulting from a single osteolytic metastasis. Nuclear bone and computed tomography scans revealed no other sites of recurrence. Zoledronic acid and palliative radiotherapy were administered, and orthopaedic follow‐up revealed healing of the lesion. The prevalence and management of bone metastases in patients with RCC are discussed.
Equine influenza – surveillance and control
Authors: Cullinane Ann , Elton Debra , Mumford Jenny
Published: October 2010

Please cite this paper as: Cullinane et al. (2010) Equine influenza – surveillance and control. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 339–344.

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is considered the most important respiratory virus of horses because it is highly contagious and has the potential to disrupt major equestrian events. Equine influenza (EI) can be controlled by vaccination but it has been demonstrated repeatedly in the field that antigenic drift impacts on vaccine efficacy. EI surveillance maintains awareness of emergence and international spread of antigenic variants. It not only serves as an early warning system for horse owners, trainers and veterinary clinicians but is fundamental to influenza control programmes based on vaccination. Data on outbreaks of EI and strain characterisation is reviewed annually by an Expert Surveillance Panel (ESP) including representatives from OIE and WHO. This panel makes recommendations on the need to update vaccines based on analysis of evidence of disease in well vaccinated horses, antigenic changes, genetic changes and when possible, experimental challenge data. However, the disparity in the level of surveillance and virus collection in different countries results in potentially biased information about the relative prevalence of different viruses. There is a need for increased surveillance on a global level and a greater awareness of the benefits of updating the vaccines. The vaccine companies have traditionally been slow to respond to the ESP recommendations. Veterinary clinicians have a major role to play in purchasing vaccines with epidemiologically relevant strains and promoting their benefits to their clients.
Nasal myiasis in a cat caused by larvae of the nasal bot fly,Oestrus ovis
Authors: Webb SM , Grillo VL
Published: October 2010

An 8‐year‐old desexed male Burmese cat, which lived on a sheep‐grazing property in central New South Wales, Australia, was presented following the sudden onset of dyspnoea, moist coughing and violent sneezing. The respiratory distress started several hours after the cat had made an outdoor excursion. Anterior rhinoscopy demonstrated small, white objects moving across oedematous and moderately inflamed nasal mucosa. These were retrieved via a series of vigorous nasal flushes and subsequently identified as larvae of the nasal bot fly,Oestrus ovis. The cat was treated with ivermectin followed by selamectin 7 days later. It went on to make a complete recovery over 2–3 weeks.
Improved procedure for implanting radiotransmitters in the coelomic cavity of snakes
Authors: Bryant GL , Eden P , De Tores P , Warren K
Published: October 2010

Objective  To investigate the expulsion of radiotransmitters in snakes and modify the surgical technique for coelomic implantation to prevent its occurrence.

Design  To enable monitoring of snakes for an ecological study, radiotransmitters were implanted in 23 south‐west carpet pythons (Morelia spilota imbricata) using the standard surgical technique. In a further 23 pythons we used a refinement of the technique, which anchored the tracking device, using non‐dissolvable sutures, to the snake's rib‐cage. We also investigated the potential mechanisms for expelling the radiotransmitters in one snake that underwent an exploratory coeliotomy.

Results  Of the initial group of snakes, 12 (52%) expelled the radiotransmitter between 4 days and 3 years post implantation. In the later group, which underwent the refined technique of implantation, none of the radiotransmitters was expelled and no adverse responses were observed.

Conclusion  An appropriately sized radiotransmitter anchored to the rib‐cage of the snake will prevent expulsion of the device and appears to be well tolerated. Non‐attachment of the tracking device enables it to migrate along the length of the body, particularly during feeding and reproduction. Caudal positioning of the transmitter's antenna provides a possible pathogenesis for expulsion into the cloaca.
Using magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose non‐displaced fractures of the second phalanx in horses
Authors: Podadera JM , Bell RJ , Dart AJ
Published: October 2010

Two horses presented with a history of severe lameness that was localised to the area around the second phalanx (P2) of one forelimb. Radiographs of the second phalanx of both horses were unremarkable, apart from some smooth periosteal new bone production on the dorsum of P2. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a non‐displaced fracture of P2 in both horses. One horse was euthanased because of a poor prognosis for racing, but the second horse was treated conservatively and salvaged for breeding. Magnetic resonance imaging is a newer imaging modality in horses and may be useful in diagnosing cases of obscure lameness.
Extended anaesthesia and nasotracheal intubation of a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus)
Authors: Bauquier SH , Golder FJ
Published: October 2010

Anaesthesia requires maintenance of a patent airway. Nasotracheal intubation of a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) was performed when the inability to open the animal's mouth prevented orotracheal intubation. Nasotracheal intubation was easy to perform, secured the airway and permitted delivery of supplemental oxygen, isoflurane and intermittent positive pressure ventilation.
Voice recognition versus transcriptionist: Error rates and productivity in MRI reporting
Authors: Strahan Rodney H , Schneider‐Kolsky Michal E
Published: October 2010

Purpose: Despite the frequent introduction of voice recognition (VR) into radiology departments, little evidence still exists about its impact on workflow, error rates and costs. We designed a study to compare typographical errors, turnaround times (TAT) from reported to verified and productivity for VR‐generated reports versus transcriptionist‐generated reports in MRI.

Methods: Fifty MRI reports generated by VR and 50 finalised MRI reports generated by the transcriptionist, of two radiologists, were sampled retrospectively. Two hundred reports were scrutinised for typographical errors and the average TAT from dictated to final approval. To assess productivity, the average MRI reports per hour for one of the radiologists was calculated using data from extra weekend reporting sessions.

Results: Forty‐two % and 30% of the finalised VR reports for each of the radiologists investigated contained errors. Only 6% and 8% of the transcriptionist‐generated reports contained errors.

The average TAT for VR was 0 h, and for the transcriptionist reports TAT was 89 and 38.9 h. Productivity was calculated at 8.6 MRI reports per hour using VR and 13.3 MRI reports using the transcriptionist, representing a 55% increase in productivity.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that VR is not an effective method of generating reports for MRI. Ideally, we would have the report error rate and productivity of a transcriptionist and the TAT of VR.
Diagnostic accuracy of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound in differentiating benign and malignant focal liver lesions: A retrospective study
Authors: Ooi Chin‐Chin , Low Su‐Chong Albert , Schneider‐Kolsky Michal , Lombardo Paul , Lim Sze‐Ying , Abu Bakar Rafidah , Lo Richard Hoau‐Gong
Published: October 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of our early experience with contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the characterisation of focal liver lesions (FLLs) using histopathology, contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or other imaging follow‐up as the standard of reference.

Materials and Methods: Seventy‐three patients with 82 FLLs who underwent liver CEUS from January 2006 to December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. CEUS was performed with up to 4.8 mL of SonoVue® (Bracco, Milan, Italy) using a low mechanical index mode. The CEUS findings were compared with histopathology, or where histopathology was not available, clinical and imaging follow‐up over at least 12 months was used as the standard of reference.

Results: Of the 82 FLLs, 50 were malignant and 32 were benign at final diagnosis. CEUS correctly identified 43 malignant FLLs, with final diagnosis confirmed by histopathology in 13 lesions and clinico‐radiological follow‐up in 30 lesions. Twenty‐nine lesions were correctly identified as benign on CEUS, with all these lesions confirmed on clinico‐radiological follow‐up. CEUS demonstrated a sensitivity of 86.0% and a specificity of 90.6% in the characterisation of liver lesions as malignant, with an overall accuracy of 87.8% (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Our early experience has shown that CEUS can be accurate in differentiating malignant from benign FLLs and may become a useful first‐line imaging tool where CT or MRI are not available or contra‐indicated.
Isolated left brachiocephalic vein aneurysm presenting as a symptomatic mediastinal mass
Authors: Bansal Krati , Deshmukh Hemant , Popat Bhavesh , Rathod Krantikumar
Published: October 2010

Thoracic venous aneurysms arising from the mediastinal systemic veins are very rare conditions. We report a case of a 42‐year‐old female who presented with dull aching pain in the left infraclavicular region, dyspnea and palpitation since 4–5 month. Chest roentgenogram revealed superior mediastinal widening secondary to a mass. Contrast enhanced CT scan revealed a homogenously enhancing superior mediastinal mass. Selective left brachiocephalic vein venography confirmed the diagnosis of an isolated large left brachiocephalic vein saccular aneurysm. The patient is being followed up without surgical treatment. Although rare a diagnosis of innominate vein aneurysm should be considered when a uniformly attenuating mediastinal mass is seen on CT so that unnecessary biopsy and surgery can be avoided.
The implementation of diagnostic reference levels to Australian radiology practice
Authors: Wallace Anthony B
Published: October 2010

At the present time, there is no national surveillance of the increasing ionising radiation dose to the population from diagnostic imaging procedures. As the number of procedures undertaken is increasing, it is expected that the population dose will also increase. A substantial component of that contribution is from multi‐detector computed tomography (MDCT) systems. The Australian Radiation Protection & Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) estimates that the growth in MDCT scans, based on Medicare Benefits Schedule data, is increasing at approximately 9% per annum, with over 2 million MDCT scans being performed in 2009. The caput effective dose (mSv) from this modality is expected to be approaching 1.2 mSv per annum. If current dose‐detriment models are accurate, the risk of induction of carcinogenic detriment from current MDCT scanning patterns is a significant public health issue that requires a concerted and ongoing response.

For the application of ionising radiation in medicine, the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends the conservative philosophy of Justification and Optimisation via the measurement of ‘Diagnostic Reference Levels’ to limit the potential overexposure of patients and decrease the overall population burden. The Australian government has commissioned ARPANSA to survey, calculate and construct representative national diagnostic reference levels for diagnostic imaging modalities that use ionising radiation. This will be achieved in close consultation with the professional organisations who represent the professionals responsible for the use of ionising radiation in diagnostic imaging.
Radiotherapy in treatment of carcinoma of the parotid gland, an approach for the medically or technically inoperable patient
Authors: Matthiesen Chance , Thompson Spencer , Steele Alisha , Thompson David , Ahmad Salahuddin , Bogardus Jr Carl
Published: October 2010

Introduction: Initial surgical resection is considered the standard of care for patients diagnosed with tumours involving the salivary glands. We reviewed our institutional outcomes of patients treated with initial radiation therapy (RT) for diagnosed carcinoma of the parotid gland.

Methods: This review examined seventeen patients that received RT as initial therapy for tumours involving the parotid gland. Fifteen patients had primary salivary gland cancer, and two patients had metastatic carcinoma to the parotid gland. Sixteen patients (94.1%) following surgical evaluation had operative risk of facial nerve impairment or sacrifice with initial surgery, four (23.5%) had clinical objective evidence of nerve involvement at evaluation, five (29.4%) were poor surgical candidates and three (17.6%) refused initial surgery. Primary tumour stages ranged T2‐T4b, and disease stages ranged II‐IVb. RT median dose was 70 Gy, and median follow‐up was 12 months.

Results: Eleven patients (64.7%) achieved a clinical complete response (CR) to therapy. Of these CR patients eight (72.7%) received definitive RT and three (27.3%) underwent surgery following RT. Two surgical patients avoided facial nerve impairment while one required nerve sacrifice. The other six patients (35.3%) achieved an unfavourable response to RT and had unresectable or metastatic disease at follow‐up. No long‐term complications were reported.

Conclusion: Initial radiation therapy for tumours involving the parotid gland is effective to achieve clinical CR, eliminate surgical resection for many patients, and decrease risk of facial nerve impairment or sacrifice for those patients requiring surgery following RT.
Variations in cone beam CT numbers as a function of patient size: In vivo demonstration in bladder cancer patients
Authors: Mullen Ajit , Kron Tomas , Thomas Jessica , Foroudi Farshad
Published: October 2010

We determined Hounsfield numbers, using cone beam CT (CBCT), in the bladder of 27 muscle invasive bladder cancer patients treated with online adaptive radiotherapy using a Varian linear accelerator. The CBCT number of urine was found to increase by 130 from the thinnest to the largest patient (249 mm to 346 mm average diameter) demonstrating the effect of patient size on Hounsfield number in CBCT in vivo.
Percutaneous cystic duct stent placement in the treatment of acute cholecystitis
Authors: Comin Jules M , Cade Richard J , Little Andrew F
Published: October 2010

Percutaneous cholecystostomy is well established as a temporising treatment option in selected patients presenting with acute cholecystitis. However, some patients who undergo cholecystostomy will have persistent discharge, which precludes catheter removal, or may not be medically suitable for future cholecystectomy. In these circumstances, percutaneous cystic duct stenting is a novel treatment option. It may delay or avoid the need for cholecystectomy, and thereby provide definitive treatment in a subset of patients who have acute cholecystitis and a high anaesthetic risk or limited life expectancy. Current application has been limited largely to patients with pre‐existing malignant common bile duct strictures, but there is potential for the application to be broadened to include other subsets of patients.

In this paper, we describe the technique used for percutaneous cystic duct stenting in a patient and report on its effectiveness. We also explore the technical considerations and consider the application of the procedure on other groups of patients.
Histone Deacetylases and Mood Disorders: Epigenetic Programming in Gene‐Environment Interactions
Authors: Machado‐Vieira Rodrigo , Ibrahim Lobna , Zarate, Jr. Carlos A.
Published: October 2010

Epigenetics involves molecular mechanisms related to gene expression independent of DNA sequence, mostly mediated by modification of chromatin histones. It has recently been suggested that these transcriptional changes may be implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. In addition, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown to control epigenetic programming associated with the regulation of cognition and behavior, and may reverse dysfunctional epigenetic regulation associated with early life events in preclinical models. In this context, the active and continuous adaptation of chromatin, and the access of gene promoters to transcription factor mechanisms may represent a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of mood disorders such as bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Notably, the standard mood stabilizer valproate (VPA) has been shown to modulate the epigenome by inhibiting HDACs. However, several potential limitations are associated with this class of agents, including lack of selectivity for specific HDAC isoforms as well as risk of potentially serious side effects. Further studies regarding the potential role of chromatin remodeling in the mechanism of action of antidepressants and mood stabilizers are necessary to clarify the potential role of this class of agents as therapeutics for mood disorders.
Elbow Dislocations in a Canadian Metropolitan Health Region: A 3-Year Population-Based Incidence Study
Authors: Sheps David M. , Kemp Kyle A. R. , Hildebrand Kevin A.
Published: October 2010

Background

There are no current North American population-based incidence studies of elbow dislocations. This creates further challenges in assessing associated outcomes and complication rates. The present study aimed to determine the population-based incidence of elbow dislocations in a large Canadian city.

Methods

From April 2002 to March, 2005, consecutive cases of elbow dislocation were documented. Age-specific, gender-specific and age-adjusted rates for simple and complex dislocations were calculated according to patient demographic and 2001 Canadian census data. All rates were reported per 10,000 persons per year.

Results

One hundred thirty-seven dislocations (53 simple and 84 complex) were identified. Simple dislocations occurred at a rate of 0.262 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.191 to 0.332). Fracture-dislocations occurred at a rate of 0.415 (95% CI = 0.326 to 0.504). The overall age-adjusted incidence was 0.671 (95% CI = 0.638 to 0.704). With the exception of the 18 years to 29 years (rate = 0.916, 95% CI = 0.648 to 1.183) and ≥80 years groups (rate = 0.906, 95% CI = 0.112 to 1.700), all age groups had an approximate rate of 0.600.

Discussion

The results obtained in the present study are similar to those obtained in a previous European study. True population-based estimates of elbow dislocation incidence are provided, which may facilitate the assessment of outcomes and complication rates of such injuries.
Operations in Financial Services—An Overview
Authors: Hatzakis Emmanuel D. (Manos) , Nair Suresh K. , Pinedo Michael
Published: October 2010

We provide an overview of the state of the art in research on operations in financial services. We start by highlighting a number of specific operational features that differentiate financial services from other service industries, and discuss how these features affect the modeling of financial services. We then consider in more detail the various different research areas in financial services, namely systems design, performance analysis and productivity, forecasting, inventory and cash management, waiting line analysis for capacity planning, personnel scheduling, operational risk management, and pricing and revenue management. In the last section, we describe the most promising research directions for the near future.
Experimental Results From an Offshore Wave Energy Converter
Authors: Boström Cecilia , Lejerskog Erik , Tyrberg Simon , Svensson Olle , Waters Rafael , Savin Andrej , Bolund Björn , Eriksson Mikael , Leijon Mats
Published: October 2010

An offshore wave energy converter (WEC) was successfully launched at the Swedish west coast in the middle of March 2006. The WEC is based on a permanent magnet linear generator located on the sea floor driven by a point absorber. A measuring station has been installed on a nearby island where all measurements and experiments on the WEC have been carried out. The output voltage from the generator fluctuates both in amplitude and frequency and must therefore be converted to enable grid connection. In order to study the voltage conversion, the measuring station was fitted with a six pulse diode rectifier and a capacitive filter during the autumn of 2006. The object of this paper is to present a detailed description of the Lysekil research site. Special attention will be given to the power absorption by the generator when it is connected to a nonlinear load.
When Too Much Oxygen Is Not Too Much
Authors: Ahmad Shama
Published: October 2010

Breast regression protein-39 and YKL-40 regulate hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in mouse and human lung.
Blunting Pain at a Distance
Authors: Minzenberg Michael J.
Published: October 2010

Anandamide—a natural transmitter—stimulates cannabinoid receptors located outside the brain to cause analgesia, pointing to a new target for pain relief that may have fewer risks and side effects.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: Not Just Epidermal
Authors: Morozov Alexei
Published: October 2010

Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor enhances granulocyte colony–stimulating factor–induced mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
Stop Poking Me! New Implantable Microbeads for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Authors: Ng Kenneth W.
Published: October 2010

New implantable microbeads offer a minimally invasive alternative to finger pricks for glucose monitoring.
Factors Affecting the Folding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF Porin into the One-Domain Open Conformer
Authors: Sugawara Etsuko , Nagano Keiji , Nikaido Hiroshi
Published: October 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
OprF is a largely monomeric outer membrane protein that allows the slow, nonspecific transmembrane diffusion of solutes. This protein folds into two different conformers, with the majority conformer folding into a two-domain conformation that has no porin activity and the minority conformer into a one-domain conformation with high porin activity and presumably consisting of a large β barrel. We examined the factors that control the divergent folding pathways of OprF. OprF contains four Cys residues in the linker region connecting the N-terminal β-barrel domain and the C-terminal globular domain in the majority conformer. Prevention of disulfide bond formation either by expression of OprF in an
Escherichia coli
dsbA
strain grown with dithiothreitol or by replacement of all Cys residues with serine (CS OprF) increased the specific pore-forming activity of OprF significantly. Replacement of Phe160 with Ile at the end of the β-barrel termination signal as well as replacement of Lys164 in the linker region with Gly, Cys, or Glu increased porin activity 2-fold. Improving a potential β-barrel termination signal in the periplasmic domain by replacement of Asp211 with asparagine also increased porin activity. The porin activity could be improved about 5-fold by the combination of these replacements. OprF mutants with higher porin activity were shown to contain more one-domain conformers by surface labeling of the A312C residue in intact cells, as this residue is located in the periplasmic domain in the two-domain conformers. Finally, when the OprF protein was expressed in an
E. coli
strain lacking the periplasmic chaperone Skp, the CS OprF protein exhibited increased pore-forming activity.

IMPORTANCE
High intrinsic levels of resistance to many antimicrobial agents, seen in Gram-negative bacterial species such as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Acinetobacter
species, are largely due to the extremely low permeability of their major porin OprF and OmpA. Because this low permeability is caused by the fact that these proteins mostly fold into a two-domain conformer without pores, knowledge as to what conditions increase the production of the pore-forming minority conformer may lead to dramatic improvements in the treatment of infections by these bacteria. We have found several factors that increase the proportion of the pore-forming conformer up to 5-fold. Although these studies were done with
Escherichia coli
, they may serve as the starting point for the design of strategies for improvement of antimicrobial therapy for these difficult-to-treat pathogens, some strains of which have now attained the “pan-resistant” status.
Effect of Acupuncture on Assisted Reproduction Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Madaschi Camila , Braga Daniela Paes Almeida Ferreira , Figueira Rita de Cássia Savio , Iaconelli Assumpto , Borges Edson
Published: October 2010

Background

Acupuncture has recently been used as a complementary technique in the management of infertility. It has physiological and psychological effects and may be considered an alternative for stress reduction in women undergoing infertility treatments.

Objective

To examine the hypothesis that acupuncture treatment may increase the pregnancy rate in patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles.

Methods

Patients enrolled in the study were stratified according to age and randomised to either a control group (n=208) or acupuncture group, (n=208). The pregnancy, implantation and abortion rates of the two groups were compared.

Results

No influence of acupuncture treatment on clinical outcomes was seen; however, when cycles in which the causes of infertility were exclusively tubal-uterine or idiopathic were evaluated separately, a positive influence of acupuncture on pregnancy (OR=5.15, 95% CI 1.03 to 34.5; p=0.048) was noted. Moreover, trends toward an increase in implantation were seen when acupuncture was performed (regression coefficient: 0.645; p=0.092).

Conclusion

The results suggest that acupuncture treatment had no influence when performed immediately before and immediately after embryo transfer, on clinical outcomes overall. In a subgroup analysis, when the embryo was not affected by an ovarian or seminal influence, a benefit was noted.
Guide to the assessment and analysis of silage for the general practitioner
Authors: Cooper Richard , Hutley Ben
Published: October 2010

The modern cattle practitioner is increasingly being expected to offer advice and services beyond that of emergency treatments, routine fertility visits and tuberculosis testing. With a good knowledge of farming ‘best practices’ and the unique ability to link cow‐side indicators with health and performance, veterinary surgeons are best placed to offer expert independent and unbiased advice on many aspects of herd management, especially nutrition. Volatile and increasing prices for purchased feed mean that a greater emphasis must be placed on making the most of home‐grown forages. This article aims to equip practitioners with the confidence to give nutritional advice on the main component of most winter diets in the UK – silage.
Skin diseases of rodents
Authors: Meredith Anna
Published: October 2010

Pet rodents make up a small but significant part of the caseload in small animal veterinary practice. Skin disease is a frequent reason for presentation, as it is easily noticed by the owner, even in species that are not regularly handled. Particular problems encountered with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disease in rodents include the stress of handling and restraint, the need for sedation or general anaesthesia to obtain diagnostic samples, problems using some topical medications because of fastidious grooming habits, lack of availability of licensed drug preparations, and adverse effects of certain drugs, particularly antibiotics. This article describes the common skin conditions seen in rodents, and outlines the treatment options for each.
Obesity in companion animals
Authors: German Alex
Published: October 2010

Obesity is officially defined as a disease in which excessive body fat has accumulated to such an extent that the health of an animal may be adversely affected. In the past, many veterinary surgeons have not considered obesity as a serious concern, instead believing it to be a cosmetic issue. However, it is now recognised to be an important medical disease, as it may predispose patients to a variety of other disorders, including osteoarthritis, cardiorespiratory problems, diabetes mellitus, constipation, dermatitis, anaesthetic risk and reduced life expectancy. Furthermore, following recent studies showing that approximately 40 per cent of pets are overweight, obesity is now the most common medical disorder of companion animals and a major welfare concern. This article highlights the risk factors associated with obesity in small animals, discusses how the condition can be managed and suggests some strategies for how it might be prevented.
The practice telephone system 1. Handling inquiries
Authors: Taylor John
Published: October 2010

In a world where good customer service is paramount, having the right telephone system in the practice is important. Here, John Taylor looks at the current technologies available and how to implement them to optimise the handling of inquiries. A second article, to be published in the June issue of In Practice, will discuss existing and emerging technologies to help identify the best type of phone system for your practice and your budget.
A fresh look at EMS
Authors: Johnson Barry
Published: October 2010

The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) guidance for veterinary practices hosting undergraduates for extramural studies (EMS) has been updated in line with the recommendations of the RCVS EMS working party, which were accepted by the RCVS Council in November 2009. This advice was issued following a year‐long review of EMS and underpinned by two consultations carried out by the working party within the veterinary profession. In this article, Barry Johnson explains what the new guidelines mean for practices, students and universities.
The practice telephone system 2. New technologies
Authors: Taylor John
Published: October 2010

New technologies are changing the way telephones are viewed and used. In the May issue of In Practice (volume 32, pp 210–213), John Taylor discussed various ways of handling telephone inquiries. Here, he looks at the ‘nuts and bolts’ of various telephone systems, and what they have to offer.
Kitting out an exotics ward
Authors: Brown Donna
Published: October 2010

The term ‘exotics’ covers a large range of animals and, as pets such as reptiles become increasingly popular, it is worth considering how the demands of these animals might be met should they ever need hospitalisation. This article describes the key areas that should be considered when setting up an exotics ward, and highlights some specific factors that should be taken into account for the care of particular species.
Environmental medicine tool box for pig vets
Authors: Carr John
Published: October 2010

Poor performance on pig farms is too often blamed on pathogens. However, in practice, many conditions have an environmental element that plays a significant role in the development of disease. In production medicine, the welfare and wellbeing of animals showing clinical signs are already seriously affected, added to which subsequent treatment will impact on farm profits. Understanding animal husbandry can therefore go a long way to promoting health rather than treating problems. This article describes a systematic approach to environmental medicine and details the basic equipment required to help veterinary surgeons assess a pig's surroundings in relation to the clinical picture, and to make appropriate changes to the environment where deficiencies are identified.
Insulin overdose
Authors: Fawcett Anne
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Insulin overdose’, is presented and discussed by Anne Fawcett. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘The wrong vaccine’, which was published in the May issue of In Practice, appears on page 271.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Sending diagnostic samples: your questions answered
Authors: Cade Sue
Published: October 2010

Diagnostic veterinary laboratories are regularly asked exactly how samples should be packaged and sent to them. In this article, Sue Cade answers the most commonly asked questions and explains the rules behind sample transportation.
Biosecurity in the dairy herd
Authors: Sibley Richard
Published: October 2010

Infectious disease threatens all dairy herds, irrespective of their size or location. The risks of disease entering a herd are high, particularly with the evolution of modern dairy husbandry systems and industry structures that increase animal movements and other specific risks of disease transmission. Identifying risks and hazards, analysing their impact and applying controls to those that are significant should become an integral and practical part of any herd health plan. This article highlights the importance of including biosecurity within a comprehensive disease management programme to control infectious disease in any dairy herd effectively and efficiently.
Growth deformities of the long bones in dogs
Authors: McKee Malcolm
Published: October 2010

Growth deformities are an important cause of pain and lameness in dogs. Early detection allows appropriate management strategies to be instituted that optimise clinical outcome. Many long bone growth deformities result in problems in adjacent joints, including joint incongruity, instability and osteoarthritis. The abnormalities affecting bones and joints are often complex. While some dogs can be managed conservatively, many require surgery to correct limb alignment and improve joint morphology and function. Some surgical techniques are complex and require advanced training to minimise the risk of complications. This article reviews the most common long bone growth deformities in the dog, with particular emphasis on diagnosis and management.
Surgical diseases of the female genital tract 1. Ovaries and uterus
Authors: Tivers Mickey , Baines Stephen
Published: October 2010

Surgery of the female genital tract, in the form of routine neutering, is one of the most common procedures performed in small animal practice. Consequently, diseases of the ovaries and uterus are relatively rare. Pyometra is frequently seen in practice, but some readers may be unfamiliar with other conditions, which can be diagnostically challenging. This article describes the common and less common conditions affecting the ovaries and uterus and highlights their diagnosis and treatment. An article, to be published in the next issue of In Practice, will describe surgical diseases of the vagina and external genitalia.
Beginner's guide to making short veterinary videos
Authors: Barrand Keith
Published: October 2010

The digital age has revolutionised the way that we record, store and use media such as music, photographs and videos. In this article, Keith Barrand explains how short veterinary videos can be produced within the practice with little specialist knowledge and minimal outlay.