bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American Indian Suicide and Homicide Rates and Unemployment
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1955–1987, American suicide and homicide rates were associated with unemployment rates in a correlational analysis, whereas American Indian suicide and homicide rates were not.
Height, Gross Domestic Product and Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 44 nations of the world, gross national product per capita was a stronger predictor of suicide and homicide rates than was the average height of the population.
Review of Recent Chinese Research on Field Dependence-Independence in High-Level Athletes
Authors: Liu Wen Hao
Published: August 2011

A review of seven studies in China concerning field dependence-independence among 500 athletes in 10 different sports is presented. Athletes participating in closed-skill sports were more field-independent than those in open-skill sports. In closed-skill sports, high-level athletes were more field-independent than those of medium level. In open-skill sports involving direct contact, high-level athletes were more field-dependent than those of medium level. No significant relationship was found between field dependence-independence and athletes' performance in open-skill sports in which no direct contact was involved.
Meta-Analysis of Interrater Reliability of Job Performance Ratings in Validity Studies of Personnel Selection
Authors: Salgado Jesús F. , Moscoso Silvia
Published: August 2011

Rating scales are most frequently used to assess the criterion in studies of validity in personnel selection. However, only a few articles report the interrater reliability for these scales. This paper presents four meta-analyses in which the inter-rater reliability was estimated for Civil Composite Criterion, Military Composite Criterion, Total Composite Criterion, and Single Civil Criterion. Mean reliabilities were .64, .53, .62, and .40, respectively. The implications of these findings for single and meta-analytic studies are discussed.
Aboriginal Suicide in British Columbia
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 33 census divisions in British Columbia in 1986, aboriginal suicide rates were associated with the percentage living on reserves and the nonaboriginal suicide rate.
Effects of Competitive Activation on Precision Movement Control
Authors: de Melo F. , Laurent M.
Published: August 2011

Models of emotional activity consider that the emotional state can have general effects on movement control. This control depends on programmed movement invariants (movement sequence, duration of the relative phases, etc.) and on the setting of the movement parameters (amplitude, velocity, etc.). This study of 14 adults shows an influence of the emotional state upon movement kinematics, namely, the peak velocity and the peak acceleration, the amplitude, and the duration of the acceleration phase.
An Explanation for Inconsistency between Psychophysical Functions Derived from Different Scaling Methods on a Prothetic Continuum
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiaki , Kawamura Satoru
Published: August 2011

In this note is proposed an hypothetical explanation for the question of why, on a prothetic continuum, a psychophysical function obtained by direct scaling is inconsistent with that obtained by indirect scaling. We explain by making the assumption that there are two stages of sensory processes which transform a given stimulus value to a perceived value serially by logarithmic and exponential functions. It is illustrated that, on a prothetic continuum, a logarithmic function should be obtained by direct scaling and a power function should be obtained by indirect scaling if our assumption is expanded mathematically.
Differences in Psychomotor Reaction Time in Male Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Lifetime Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Gibbons Laura E. , Videman Tapio , Simonen Riitta L. , Battié Michele C.
Published: August 2011

The effects of long-term cigarette smoking on psychomotor reaction time were investigated among 8 pairs of monozygotic male twins highly discordant for lifetime smoking (means 32.4 versus 0.6 pack-years). The men had no diagnosed cardiovascular disease or other major diseases, musculoskeletal complaints, or vision problems that might interfere with reaction time testing. The twins had similar education, work, and exercise histories; alcohol and coffee consumption and exposure to solvents were examined as possible confounds. Direct comparison of cotwins also controlled for age, genetics, and possible early environmental factors. Simple and choice reaction time were measured in the dominant hand and in both feet. The decision-time component of total reaction time was of primary interest. On average, long-term smokers had slower decision times than their nonsmoking twins; however, the differences were small (5 to 14%) and were not statistically significant for four of the six decision-time measures, perhaps due to the lack of power with only eight twin pairs. Further study may confirm our evidence suggesting that long-term cigarette smoking impedes reaction time, a key measure of function of the central nervous system.
Metric Aspects of Mental Images
Authors: Iachini Santa , Giusberti Fiorella
Published: August 2011

This research concerns the representation of size and shape in long-term memory at different levels of abstraction. Some authors suggested a distinction between surface characteristics, including size, depending on an observer's point of view (viewer-centered), and abstract characteristic based only on an object's shape (object-centered). These studies raise the question of whether size-information is stored in long-term memory. This question may be dealt with by considering the topic of cognitive costs; since abstract representation needs more processing, more time is required to store fewer abstract representations than many viewer-level representations. Two hypotheses were put forward: information about size is preserved when an intermediate time is allowed to process visual stimuli, whereas it is discarded when a longer time is available; subjects who have longer time focus on shape, while subjects who have less time do not. Subjects were assigned to two groups differing in the time allowed to learn visual images. Both groups had to recognize previously learned visual mental images. These images were built up by a subtraction task. The testing stimuli were identical to learned ones, of a different size, or of a different shape. Analysis showed that information about size is not held in long-term memory. As regards shape, results were controversial.
Capacity for Imagery and Creative Self-Perceptions
Authors: Fontao María del Pilar González
Published: August 2011

The influence of capacity for imagery was studied in the creativity of students in secondary school. Several questionnaires were administered to 1125 students. Analysis of scores indicated few significant correlations as well as low predictive control between scores on the sensorial modalities of the Betts questionnaire, spatial tests, and creativity.
Effects of Perceptual Training Based upon Synthesized Voice Signals
Authors: Martin David P. , Wolfe Virginia I.
Published: August 2011

28 undergraduate students participated in a perceptual voice experiment to assess the effects of training utilizing synthesized voice signals. An instructional strategy based upon synthesized examples of a three-part classification system: “breathy,” “rough,” and “hoarse,” was employed. Training samples were synthesized with varying amounts of jitter (cycle-to-cycle deviation in pitch period) and harmonic-to-noise ratios to represent these qualities. Before training, listeners categorized 60 pathological voices into “breathy,” “rough,” and “hoarse,” largely on the basis of fundamental frequency. After training, categorizations were influenced by harmonic-to-noise ratios as well as fundamental frequency, suggesting that listeners were more aware of spectral differences in pathological voices associated with commonly occurring laryngeal conditions. 40% of the pathological voice samples remained unclassified following training.
Effects of Pretest Stimulative and Sedative Music on Grip Strength
Authors: Karageorghis Costas I. , Drew Kevin M. , Terry Peter C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of stimulative (energizing) and sedative (relaxing) music on grip strength. A 2 × 3 (gender × condition) repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc tests showed that participants ( N = 50) evidenced higher grip strength after listening to stimulative music ( M = 43.94 kg. force) than after sedative music or a white noise control condition. Sedative music yielded lower scores than white noise. Men evidenced higher grip strength than women, but there was no interaction between gender and music condition. It was concluded that a simple motoric task such as grip strength provides a sensitive measure of psychophysical responses to music.
Matching Proprioceptive to Visual Speed Affected by Nonkinematic Parameters
Authors: Stappers P. J.
Published: August 2011

In an experiment three subjects adjusted the speed of a treadmill under their feet to match the speed of a flow pattern visible in front of their feet. Although the subjects could perform the matching fairly well, their adjustment varied with the effort of walking manipulated. This finding rules out a purely kinematic-matching hypothesis.
Covert Speech Behavior during a Silent Language Recitation Task
Authors: Livesay Jerry , Liebke Ashley , Samaras Michael , Stanley Aileen
Published: August 2011

This study tested the prediction that covert speech behavior measured electromyographically from the lips is significantly more prominent during a brief silent-language recitation task than a brief nonlanguage visualization task. Subjects were 20 right-handed, adult volunteers who agreed to participate. Subjects were tested in a multiple-baseline reversal design following an ARAB procedure whereby A1 and A2 were 30–sec. rest periods. B1 and B2 were alternatively assigned 30–sec. silent-language recitation and visualization-test periods, respectively. Subjects' dorsal lips and nondominant forearm EMG measures were taken during resting baseline and testing conditions. In addition, subjects' skin surface temperature and heartrate were measured during the rest and test conditions. For the silent-language task, subjects were asked to recite ‘mentally’ the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag. Subjects were instructed to ‘imagine seeing’ the American flag for the visualization task. Subjects' mean lip EMG activity increased significantly from rest to the silent-language recitation task, while no significant change in mean lip EMG was observed from rest to the visualization condition.
Time Estimation: Effects of Cognitive Task, Presentation Rate, and Delay
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Shepard Heather A.
Published: August 2011

The variables of which subjective time is a function extend throughout a myriad of “people, places, and things.” This study measured subjective estimations of time as a function of complexity of cognitive task including arithmetic and recall (within subjects), the rate of stimulus (digit span) information (between subjects), and the delay between stimulus presentation and estimations of time (between subjects). A mixed analysis of variance 2 × 2 × 3 (repeated-measures) factorial design showed that retrospective time estimations were significantly different as a function of the main effects of rate of digit presentation and delay. Men and women showed no differences with no significant interactions so their data were pooled. Quotient values for ratios of delayed versus immediate estimates and slow versus fast rates showed overestimates of “real time.” Explanations based on the “storage-size model,” the “attention-allocation” model, and comparisons with Pedri and Hesketh's 1993 data are discussed.
Lateral Cradling Preferences in Children
Authors: Regina Maria , Souza-Godeli C.
Published: August 2011

Lateral preferences for cradling a doll and for holding a package were investigated among children from 2– to 6–yr.-old. Results showed a preference for holding a baby on the left side of the body in children as young as 3 yr. old. The data favour the hypothesis of an early emergence of this pattern of behavior in the human ontogenesis.
Scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test by Undergraduates in Information Management
Authors: Murphy H. Joseph , Casey Barbara , Day Deborah A. , Young Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2011

The Group Embedded Figures Test was administered to 63 undergraduates in a program for a Bachelor of Applied Arts in Information Management. Distribution characteristics, sex differences, reliability, and internal consistency measures for this sample were compared with those for Witkin's original sample. In addition, item difficulty and discrimination coefficients are provided. Scores for this group show desirable measurement characteristics.
Ebbinghaus Illusion: Effect of Figural Similarity upon Magnitude of Illusion When Context Elements are Equal in Perceived Size
Authors: Deni James R. , Brigner Willard L.
Published: August 2011

The magnitude of the Ebbinghaus illusion has been reported to be greater when test element and context elements are figurally similar as opposed to figurally dissimilar. In the current investigation with 16 observers, illusion magnitude was greater for a figurally similar configuration even though the context elements of the figurally similar configuration were perceived as smaller than the context elements of a figurally dissimilar configuration. Hence, figural similarity appears to have a prepotent effect in the Ebbinghaus illusion.
Keirsey's Temperament Types and Religious Preference for a Filipino Sample in a Conservative Church
Authors: Calahan Charles A.
Published: August 2011

Significant associations were found for the frequencies of Keirsey's temperament types expected in the general population and the observed frequencies among Filipinos from a conservative church. The result suggested a possible relationship between typology of temperament and the religious preference for a conservative church setting in the Philippines.
Psychology of Computer Use: XLVI. Age-Related Differences in the Mapping of Auditory Icons to Visual Icons in Computer Interfaces for Children
Authors: Jacko Julie A. , Rosenthal David J.
Published: August 2011

An investigation was conducted to characterize how children ages 6 through 9 identify auditory icons present in educational software. 24 subjects were required to map auditory icons to visual icons, both present in a computer interface. The interface used in the experiment was constructed with Visual Basic and involved 40 auditory icons, 40 corresponding visual icons, and 66 extraneous visual icons. It was hypothesized that older children would be better able to map the auditory icons to visual icons due to more extensive exposure to everyday sounds. The results supported the hypothesis and suggestions for additional research were provided.
Time Headway in Car following and Operational Performance during Unexpected Braking
Authors: Van Winsum Wim , Brouwer Wiebo
Published: August 2011

The relation between car-following behaviour and braking performance was studied in a driving simulator. The theoretical perspective was that individual differences in tactical car-driving behaviour may be related to skills on the operational level of the driving task via a process of adaptation. In a sample of 16 young and middle-aged experienced drivers independent assessments were made of preferred time headway during car following and of braking skill. Starting from modern theories of visual-motor learning, braking performance was analyzed in terms of a reaction time component, an open-loop visual-motor component, and a closed-loop visual-motor component involving the precise adjustment of braking (timing and force) to the situation. The efficiency of the visual-motor component of braking was a strong and significant predictor of choice of time headway to the lead vehicle in such a way that less efficient braking indicated a preference for a longer time headway. This result supports the theory of adaptation on the individual level.
Job Satisfaction in Casino Employees
Authors: Lapenz Suzanne K. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 82 casino employees, job satisfaction was predicted by scores on the Beck Depression Inventory.
Autogenic Training and Dream Recall
Authors: Schredl Michael , Doll Evelyn
Published: August 2011

The present study has investigated the relationship between Autogenic Training and dream recall for 112 participants in 16 beginning courses of 10 wk. Analyses confirmed the hypothesis that learning and practicing this relaxation technique enhanced dream recall.
Differences in Shot-Making Skills among High and Low Money Winners on the PGA Tour
Authors: Engelhardt George M.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of individual performance statistics for the 1995 Professional Golf Association tour yielded statistically significant differences between the shot-making skills of the top ten and bottom ten money winners. Only two skills (driving distance and total driving) were significantly higher among the ten top-ranked money winners.
Correlations of Body Composition and Body-Image Assessments of Adolescents
Authors: Byrne Nuala M. , Hills Andrew P.
Published: August 2011

Body composition status influenced the strength of correlations between indices of body dissatisfaction assessed using a perceptual size-estimation method and two subjective measures of body image for 217 male ( n = 122) and female ( n = 95) adolescents.
Perception of Body Size and Body Satisfaction in Recovered Anorexic Women: Comparison with Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters
Authors: Lautenbacher Stefan , Kraehe Nicoline , Krieg Jürgen-Christian
Published: August 2011

The perception of body size, measured by three different methods, and body satisfaction were assessed in 23 formerly anorexic inpatients with an “intermediate” ( n = 9) or a “good” outcome ( n = 14) and compared with the data obtained from 21 restrained and 20 unrestrained eaters. Using the Kinaesthetic Size Estimation Apparatus, overestimation and uncertainty in the perception of body size became apparent in both groups of former patients. The other two methods, Video Distortion Technique and Image Marking Procedure, did not produce comparable results. There was only a trend towards higher scores on body dissatisfaction, as measured by the Body Shape Questionnaire, in the patients' groups in comparison with the group of unrestrained eaters, whereas the patients' scores on body dissatisfaction were quite similar to those of the restrained eaters. None of these measures discriminated between the two outcome categories of “intermediate” and “good.” These findings suggest that restoration of body weight, by itself, obviously does not cause a normalization of body experience in all its components in patients with anorexia nervosa.
Role of Pictorial Cues in Young Children's Distinguishing Self-Performed from Self-Imagined Actions
Authors: Vandermaas-Peeler Maureen
Published: August 2011

32 4– and 5–yr.-olds participated in a series of performed and imagined actions and a memory interview. Children in the Picture condition answered questions accompanied by pictures of actions whereas children in the Verbal condition received only the verbal cues. Children in the Picture condition performed as well as children in the Verbal condition when classifying performed and new actions but had more difficulty classifying imagined actions. Results suggest that retrieval cues (pictures) did not enhance children's discrimination of self-performed and self-imagined actions.
Supernatural Belief and Political Alienation
Authors: Randall Tom M.
Published: August 2011

27 self-identified third-party conservative voters gave unusually high endorsements of supernatural phenomena. Their supernatural beliefs were not related to strong religious belief. More likely these voters are a group of politically alienated people whose supernatural leanings are consistent with their protest voting.
Factors Related to Perinatal Substance Abuse in a California County
Authors: Gurnack Anne M. , Paul Wendy
Published: August 2011

The study reported here originates from a county in California between Los Angeles and San Francisco. 658 mothers were tested over a 1–mo. period in June 1991 to ascertain the prevalence of drug misuse among pregnant women. 11% of the mothers tested positive for some type of substance. Of those substances found in the urine of the mothers who tested positive, the most prevalent were barbiturates, marijuana methamphetamines, and amphetamines. When the multivariate analysis of logistic regression was performed with test results as the dependent variable, history of drug use was the most important factor related to mothers testing positive for drugs.
Individual and Sex Differences in Speed of Handwriting among High School Students
Authors: Cohen Marsha R.
Published: August 2011

A group of 153 high school students participated in a cursive handwriting task which required them to copy sentences as quickly as possible. The 78 girls performed significantly better than the 75 boys and a substantial range of speed for each sex was found. The results have implications for more demanding writing and composition processes. Handwriting speed has the potential to act as a limiting factor under some circumstances.
Confidence Interval Procedures for Retest, Alternate-Form, Validity, and Alpha Coefficients
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Formulas for constructing confidence intervals for retest, alternate-form, validity, and alpha coefficients are given. Examples are provided.
Clarification of the Effect of Rotation and Reflection on the Difficulty of Matrices Items
Authors: Green Kathy E. , Kluever Raymond C.
Published: August 2011

Experimental matrices items were constructed to isolate the effect of option rotation and reflection on item difficulty. Results for 91 first to fifth graders showed no significant difference in difficulty for the two test forms and neither rotation nor reflection predicted item difficulty. The strongest predictor of item difficulty was number of task dimensions.
Sex and Handedness in Development of Visuomotor Skills
Authors: Karapetsas Anargyros B. , Vlachos Filippos M.
Published: August 2011

Development of visuomotor skills in 420 left-handed and 420 right-handed school children were investigated using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. Analysis indicate that the visuomotor skills involved in copying a complex figure improve with age until the mean age of 10.5 yr., in both sex and handedness groups. Further analysis showed that girls performed significantly better than boys at certain developmental stages and right-handers performed better than left-handers in various age groups. Some possible differences in performance could be attributed to different rates of maturation of the cerebral hemispheres, to different neuropsychological strategies, or to functional differences between the sex groups and between right- and left-handed children.
Scores on Morningness-Eveningness and Sleep Habits of Korean Students, Japanese Students, and Japanese Workers
Authors: Park Young Man , Seo Yoo Jin , Matsumoto Kazuya , Shinkoda Harumi , Park Kwang Pak
Published: August 2011

The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Life Habits Inventory were given to three groups of the same mean age: 533 Korean students, 468 Japanese students, and 311 Japanese workers. The distributions of scores on the questionnaire for these three groups are normal; however the Japanese students' distribution was slightly skewed towards the Evening type. The self-reported waking times and bedtimes for the three groups were late in the order of Morning, Intermediate, and Evening types. It is noteworthy, however, that the Korean students woke earlier than the Japanese students, and the workers always went to bed and woke earlier than the students. For the groups the variations in bedtime, waking time, and length of sleep were large, the sleep latency was long, and mood of the participants upon waking was bad in the order of the Morning, Intermediate, and Evening types. The scores of the Korean students were distributed more highly in the Morning type than were the Japanese students', but the students' sleep habits in both countries were quite similar. The subjects categorized as Evening types had more irregular sleep habits than those of the Morning type. In comparison with the student groups, Japanese workers of the same mean age had higher scores and slightly different sleep habits. The change in sleep habits could be seen as a result of the demands of employment, and the probable basis for difference in scores.
Homicide-Suicide Rates and Homicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 27 studies on murder-suicide, the homicide rate was negatively associated with the percentage of murder-suicides, and the murder-suicide rate showed less variation than the homicide rate.
Home Literacy Program and Children's Development of Literacy
Authors: Saracho Olivia N.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the relation between family's involvement in a home literacy program and children's development of literacy. Differences in outcomes between 48 children whose parents participated in a parent program and 54 whose parents did not were examined by multivariate analysis of variance which indicated significantly higher scores for the former children.
Italian Version of the Perceived Physical Ability Scale
Authors: Bortoli Laura , Robazza Claudio
Published: August 2011

The Perceived Physical Ability scale developed by Ryckman, Robbins, Thornton, and Cantrell in 1982 was translated into the Italian language and modified to be applicable to children and youth. The scale was administered to 2,546 subjects, 1,269 females and 1,277 males, aged 10 to 20 years. Composed of 10 items, the scale assesses an individual's perception of his physical ability and motor performance. The scale showed good reliability and discriminative capacity. From factor analysis, two factors linked to perceptions of physical efficiency and difficulties with movements emerged. Findings with this scale showed that higher scores on Perceived Physical Ability were reported for males than for females, and for subjects with sport experience than for subjects without. Further, high scores on Perceived Physical Ability tended to be associated with high scores on Self-perception, Confidence with own body, and Positive Attitude when facing motor tasks.
Repeated-Measures Designs: Univariate or Multivariate Analysis of Variance?
Authors: Hassmén Peter
Published: August 2011

Violation of the sphericity assumption in repeated-measures analysis of variance can lead to positively biased tests, i.e., the likelihood of a Type I error exceeds the alpha level set by the user. Two widely applicable solutions exist, the use of an epsilon-corrected univariate analysis of variance or the use of a multivariate analysis of variance. It is argued that the latter method offers advantages over the former.
Effect of Verbal Cues on Recognition Memory and Pleasantness Evaluation of Unfamiliar Odors
Authors: Ayabe-Kanamum Saho , Kikuchi Tadashi , Saito Sachiko
Published: August 2011

The experiment investigated the effect of verbal cues on recognition memory for unfamiliar odors. 58 participants learned 20 odors of chemical substances. The control group learned the odors without accompanying verbal labels whereas two other groups learned the odors with accompanying verbal labels. The labels referred to relatively pleasant or unpleasant odor sources. On a memory test, administered 15 min. and also 1 wk. after the learning phase, participants were asked to recognize 10 learned odors from 10 unlearned odors and to evaluate each odor's pleasantness. Analysis showed (a) the verbal labels did not facilitate recognition of the unfamiliar odors, (b) recognition performance was lower after 1 wk. than after 15 min., and (c) rated pleasantness tended to be affected by the verbal label assigned to the odor in the learning phase.
On Mental Rotation in Three Dimensions
Authors: McWilliams W. , Hamilton C. J. , Muncer S. J.
Published: August 2011

Real three-dimensional models and three-dimensional images were used in a test of mental rotation. Although the 33 men performed better than the 33 women when presented three-dimensional images (14.4 and 11.2), this sex difference disappeared when real models were used (17.5 and 17.3).
A Triarchical Model of Batting Abilities: Applying Psychological Statistics to Baseball
Authors: Kaufman James C.
Published: August 2011

A triarchical model of batting ability in baseball (Power, Skill, and Speed) was hypothesized. Factor analysis of data obtained from 77 players on the four 1996 playoff teams produced three meaningful oblique factors, giving support to the proposed model. The factor structure and specific pattern of factor loadings were quite stable as coefficients of congruence of .97 to .99 were obtained between factors extracted from separate analyses of the National League players ( n = 38) and the American League players ( n = 39).
Asymmetry of the Stepping Test
Authors: Reiß Michael , Reiß Gilfe
Published: August 2011

The influence of handedness on a measure of the vestibulospinal response was investigated with 25 right-handed and 25 left-handed subjects to examine the asymmetry of the stepping test. Right-handed subjects showed dominance of the right side indicated by direction of movement, but left-handed subjects tended much less to the left side so a functional asymmetry is for left-handers somewhat less clearly expressed.
A Preliminary Comparison of Stimulus Presentation Methods with the Bassin Anticipation Timing Task
Authors: Hart Melanie A. , Reeve T. Gilmour
Published: August 2011

The Bassin Anticipation Timing Task was used to compare response performance when the stimulus terminated at the target location to when the stimulus continued past the target location. Two conditions (terminating and continuing) were tested by measuring timing errors on the task. Analyses indicated no significant differences in absolute error and variable error between the conditions. However, analysis of constant error showed a significant effect, with the timing errors being fewer on the terminating condition. These results suggest that the two stimulus presentation methods with the Bassin Anticipation Task differentially influence timing performance.
An “Ecological” Constructional Test
Authors: Trojano Luigi , Angelini Renato , Gallo Paolo , Grossi Dario
Published: August 2011

We describe a simple, three-dimensional constructional test (the Box test), which reflects common daily-living activities, to be used for the assessment of constructional disability in elderly brain-lesioned patients. Subjects are required to put as many of 12 objects of varied shape and volume as they can into a box. To carry out the task successfully subjects have to arrange the items according to an efficient constructional strategy. We administered this test to 68 normal subjects and to 50 brain-damaged patients. Analysis indicated the Box test is easy and simple to administer and can be used without difficulty by elderly patients having focal brain damage. Performance correlated well with general intelligence and other bidimensional, conventional constructional tasks. Right or left brain lesions have a similar, significant detrimental effect on performance but probably through different mechanisms.
An Assessment of Contextual Mediation in Trance States of Shamanic Journeys
Authors: Houran James , Lange Rense , Crist-Houran Michelle
Published: August 2011

30 experiences of shamanic journeys derived from Harner (1990) were analyzed based on a recent coding scheme for contextual variables proposed by Lange, Houran, Harte, and Havens. Consistent with previous research, the experiential content of the trances was quite consistent with the content of the available contextual variables, and embedded cues in particular ( r = .68, p < .001). As predicted, trance states of shamanic journeys are sufficiently structured to suppress contextual effects on the modality of experience. The findings suggest that the contents of shamanic trance are not solely influenced by psychopathology, biochemical effects, or cultural influences.
Logistic Regression: The Generalized Linear Model in the Social Sciences
Authors: White Michael C. , Long Rebecca G. , Tansey Richard
Published: August 2011

A new statistical technique is now being used quite frequently in the behavioral and social sciences but appears to be poorly understood due to undue reliance perhaps on explanations in statistical packages.
Ability to Detect Covert Observation
Authors: Rosenthal Gary T. , Soper Barlow , Tabony Rebecca S. , Rosenthal Abe
Published: August 2011

A study was conducted to evaluate persons' purported ability to detect hidden observers. Anecdotally, most people (87%) report that covert observation can be detected. A total of 140 college students individually sat in a room with a two-way mirror and video-monitor camera. They were told that they might be observed for any or all of the subsequent 5 min. Participants noted whether they felt a hidden observer watched them during each minute of the 5-min. session. After the session, students reported if a possible hidden observer watched via a two-way mirror or video camera or if they were not watched. Students were unable to detect observation beyond chance. Possible reasons for the persistence of the belief in detection of covert observation are posited as impetus for further research.
Stroop and Mood/Memory Measures in the Study of Unconscious “Oneness”
Authors: Sohlberg Staffan , Arvidsson Maria , Birgegard Andreas
Published: August 2011

Adaptive behavior following subliminal stimulation with “Mommy and I are One” (MIO) is a poorly understood finding. Positive mood may explain adaptive behavior, but we replicated an earlier finding that effects can also include negative mood. Color naming in a Stroop paradigm was slower on “symbiosis” words (Cohen's d = .19 to .56). Perhaps a “oneness” structure if primed has different affective correlates in different participants.
Spoken Messages as Auditory Cues for Orientation in Promoting Indoor Travel and Activity by Persons with Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Lancioni G. E. , Oliva D. , Hoopen G. Ten
Published: August 2011

Spoken messages lasting about 2 sec. and occurring every 8 or 9 sec. were used as auditory cues for orientation to guide two persons with multiple disabilities to destinations for indoor activities. The use of spoken messages was alternated with buzzer-like sounds of the same duration and frequency of occurrence. The preliminary data indicated that both the spoken messages and the buzzer-like sounds were very effective as orientation cues. Staff found no difference in disturbance between them, yet, both were considered less disturbing than buzzer-like sounds of previous studies which had a higher frequency of occurrence.
Effect of Information about Odor on Causal Ascriptions for Illness
Authors: Williams Christopher W. , Lees-Haley Paul R.
Published: August 2011

The effect of information about detection of an odor on causal ascriptions for illness was investigated. In four different scenarios perceptions regarding the cause of a hypothetical symptomatic experience were compared for events described with and without an odor. Participants ( N=106) were asked to imagine themselves becoming ill after engaging in several common experiences, including pumping gasoline at a service station. In two scenarios participants read that they smelled an offensive odor while pumping the gasoline whereas in two other scenarios no information about an odor was provided. Further, information about gasoline described with or without odor was presented either early or late in the stimulus paragraphs. All participants then responded to questions including an open-ended question asking them to make causal attributions for their illness. Participants in the odor-suggested group ascribed the cause of illness more frequently to gasoline and perceived the probability of other potential causes as lower than did participants in the nonodor suggested group. Findings suggest that peoples' implicit theories about toxicity contain causal connections between malodorous stimuli and illness. The implications of implicit theories for perception of illness are discussed.
Fractionated Reaction Time as a Function of Magnitude of Force in Simple and Choice Conditions
Authors: Ito Masanobu
Published: August 2011

The present study examined whether varying magnitude of force required to perform an isometric response influences fractionated reaction time in simple and choice conditions and whether reaction time and premotor time to initiate the response are shorter when force is selected freely by the subject than when it is selected by the experimenter. 20 subjects were required to react and produce a designated peak force as quickly and accurately as possible by squeezing a handle after a reaction signal. Four different magnitudes of force were 30, 50, and 70% of the maximum grip strength of the subjects and subject-selected magnitude of force. Reaction time and premotor time did not change across the range of forces examined in both simple and choice reaction-time conditions regardless of whether a desired force was selected by the experimenter or by the subject These findings suggest that programming an isometric response may require a constant amount of time.
Job Performance and Organizational Commitment
Authors: Wright Thomas A.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between employees' commitment and job performance continues to interest those studying organizational behavior and management. The present study yielded a significant negative correlation between measures of organizational commitment and job performance for a sample of 41 employees with significant organizational work experience. Limitations and further directions for research are discussed.
Reading, Writing, and Vocabulary Skills of Children with Strokes Due to Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Sanders Christina , Gentry Betholyn , Dancer Jess , Jackson Jacquelyn , Saccente Suzanne , Davis Priscilla
Published: August 2011

The reading, writing, and vocabulary skills of 8 children with strokes due to sickle cell disease were compared with 8 control children. The former were delayed in reading and writing skills but not in vocabulary development or use.
Effects of Circadian Orientation, Time of Day, and Arousal on Consumers' Depth of Information Processing of Advertising
Authors: Chebat Jean-Charles , Limoges François , Gélinas-Chebat Claire
Published: August 2011

Since depth of information processing, as defined by MacInnis and Jaworski in 1989 has been shown to influence the strength of the relation between the intent to purchase and the attitudes toward the advertisement, this paper focused on the interactive effects of three antecedents of information processing, arousal, circadian orientation, and time of day (Morning vs Evening). Analysis indicated that deeper information processing is reached by 65 morning-oriented consumers who are exposed to advertisements in the morning and by 52 relaxed consumers who are exposed to advertisements in the evening. Theoretical explanations and managerial implications are proposed.
Determinants of Choice of Method for Suicide and the Person/Situation Debate in Psychology
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Researchers have not identified personological predictors of choice of method for suicide, whereas an availability hypothesis has received support. Thus, the situational position may be useful as a framework for efforts to prevent suicide.
Review of the Criterion-Related Validity of the WISC–III: The First Five Years
Authors: Zimmerman Irla Lee , Woo-Sam James M.
Published: August 2011

A review of studies comparing the WISC–III to other measures of intelligence and achievement indicates the revision is continuing to meet the standards established by its predecessor, the WISC–R. Correlations are substantial, both for measures of ability and achievement; however, compared to the WISC–R, the WISC–III Full Scale IQ tends to be about six points lower, probably reflecting the “Flynn effect” (1984). As a consequence, eligibility for programs in special education may be negatively affected.
Evidence for Psychological Refractory Effect in Motor Inhibition for a Dual-Response Go/No-Go Task
Authors: Muroi Miya , Naito Eiichi , Matsumura Michikazu
Published: August 2011

Human subjects exhibit difficulty in initiating two independent, discrete responses in close succession, a difficulty known as the ‘psychological refractory effect.’ It is not yet known whether motor-inhibition processes are under the influence of this effect, as are motor-execution processes. This study examined the temporal changes of subjects' reaction times, interpreted in terms of motor programming for inhibition, in a dual-response Go/No-Go task that required two independent responses in close succession Light subjects performed the task with both a shorter (400 msec.) and a longer interstunulus interval (800 msec). The mean reaction time for the second stimulus (RT2) in the Go response of the 400-msec. condition was significantly longer than that of the 800-msec. condition. For committed error responses during the No-Go trials, the mean RT2 in the 400-msec. condition was longer than that in the 800-msec. condition. The total number of these errors in the 400-msec. condition was significantly greater than that in the 800-msec. condition. These results suggested that both the motor-execution processes and motor-inhibition processes were influenced by the psychological refractory effect.
The Organization of Visual Objects: Randomness
Authors: Ginsburg N.
Published: August 2011

A method was described for determining whether or not a pattern of visual objects is arranged randomly. Based on distance to nearest neighbor, it includes three conditions and is designed to avoid Type I errors. Examples were given, and comparisons were made with other methods.
Ethnicity, Sex and Snoring
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Lucero-Gorman Kristy , Ching Patrick
Published: August 2011

The associations of the incidence of snoring with ethnicity and sex were measured using self-report data collected from 1098 university undergraduates. Both the relationships were significant. The unique feature of these data is that for the first time, a significant relationship between ethnicity and snoring has been reported.
Instances and Category Structure in Intercategory Relationships
Authors: Nahinsky Irwin D. , Taylor Leslie , LaSelva Theresa
Published: August 2011

An experiment was performed to examine the role of category instances and category structure in the transfer of learning between categories. Two problems in learning of categories were presented using exemplars of categories that were individuals with specified demographic characteristics. One group received two problems in which the same individuals were used as exemplars in both problems. The categories in both problems partitioned the exemplars in the same way, such that learning of the first problem could be transferred to the second problem by learning the correspondence. A second group received two problems which did not overlap on specific exemplars, but the second problem categorization rule preserved the attribute-value structure of the first problem. A third group received two problems which overlapped completely on specific exemplars, but in which there was no correspondence between problems in the way the rule partitioned the set. Performance on the second problem showed different patterns for the three groups. Results suggest that intercategory relationships are mediated in part by some exemplar-based representation and in part by structural similarity.
Age, Side Height, and Spindle Shape of the Crib in Climbing over the Side
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: August 2011

The crib is the only infant product in which a consumer, such as a parent or caretaker, is encouraged to leave the infant unattended, usually alone in the bedroom, while the infant is sleeping or going to sleep or waking. Given frequent falls from the crib, federal crib regulations have set the minimum distance between the top of the mattress support and cop of the crib side rail as 26 in. and this height must include a 6-in. thick mattress. When a mattress is used with the crib, the actual height of the crib side as a barrier is 20 in. These crib regulations also require instructions for the caretaker to discontinue using the crib when the child's height is 35 inches. These federal crib regulations attempt to create an escape-resistant sleeping environment for all children who are less than 35 in. tall. Of 144 children between the ages of 12.5 and 36.5 mo. observed while attempting to climb out of a crib, who also had standing heights of less than 35 in., many were able to climb from cribs with side rail heights of 26 in. When the crib side-rail height was raised beyond the minimum of 26 in., the frequency of children climbing over the crib rails decreased.
Relations of Scores on Children's Embedded Figures Test with Age, Item Difficulty and Internal Consistency
Authors: Amador-Campos Juan Antonio , Kirchner-Nebot Teresa
Published: August 2011

This study analyzes the Children's Embedded Figures Test by examining its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, the order of difficulty of the items, and the change of scores with age. Among the sample 337 boys and 287 girls who were between the ages of 6 and 11 years and in the first five grades of primary school scores increased significantly. The test presented moderate internal consistency (.86), and the test-retest reliability after one year was .63. The order of difficulty of the items did not coincide with the order proposed by the test's authors and varied from grade to grade, i.e., in the Tent series Item 4 and in the House series Item 5 were among the most difficult.
Scores on Emotional Self-Control of Elementary School Children after a Five-Week Running Program
Authors: Pargman David , Abry Dennis
Published: August 2011

This study tested the prediction that fitness running would increase elementary school children's emotional self-control (Grade 3, n = 26, Control, n = 25). The results were contrary to the hypothesis.
An Exploration of the Influence of Educational Placement on the Community Recreation and Leisure Patterns of Children with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Modell Scott J. , Rider Robert A. , Menchetti Bruce M.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the recreation and leisure patterns of children with moderate to severe developmental disabilities. 28 parents of children labeled “trainable mentally handicapped” were questioned about the type of sport, exercise, and social activities their children participated in as well as about the opportunities for social inclusion with nondisabled peers that these activities afforded their children. Analyses indicated that most of the children participated in segregated recreation and leisure activities. However, after adjusting for age, an analysis of covariance showed that children placed in more socially integrated educational settings participated in significantly more inclusive recreational activities than children who were served in segregated educational settings.
Estimating the Effect of the File Drawer Problem in Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bradley M. T. , Gupta R. D.
Published: August 2011

Although meta-analysis appears to be a useful technique to verify the existence of an effect and to summarize large bodies of literature, there are problems associated with its use and interpretation. Amongst difficulties is the “file drawer problem.” With this problem it is assumed that a certain percentage of studies are not published or are not available to be included in any given meta-analysis. We present a cautionary table to quantify the magnitude of this problem. The table shows that distortions exaggerating the effect size are substantial and that the exaggerations of effects are strongest when the true effect size approaches zero. A meta-analysis could be very misleading were the true effect size close to zero.