bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Army Culture, Interwar Politics, and Neutrality
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the culture and politics of the interwar Romanian Army. The First World War transformed the Romanian Army, re-equipping it with the panoply of modern war and acting as a catalyst that increased the officer corps' professionalism. Yet they soon lost to a devastating Austro-German-Bulgarian counteroffensive. French and British military missions then arrived to retrain and rearm the Romanian Army. Later, better armed, officered, and trained Romanian troops, backed by Russian soldiers, fended off a major Austro-German summer offensive. The Russian Army collapsed after the Bolshevik revolution, compelling Romania to agree to an armistice and sign a peace treaty, though it later rejoined the war and shared in the Entente Powers' victory. By 1919, the Romanian Army tried to build upon its progress in peacetime; however, it was frustrated by the social and economic realities of interwar Romania.
1940–1941: From Neutral to Axis
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter relates how Romania transformed from a neutral state into an Axis power united under Marshal Ion Antonescu. When Romanians united under a new monarch, a new conducător, General Antonescu, promised to eventually restore Greater Romania. Under his direction, Romania joined the Axis. Antonescu despised Judeo-Bolshevism and intended to rescue the Romanian Army’s sullied honor by reconquering northern Bukovina and Bessarabia. He bet that a war between Nazi Germany and the U.S.S.R. was inevitable and would allow Romania to take revenge on the Soviets and earn Hitler’s support against the Hungarians. Antonescu was far from alone in thinking this way. The officers and most average Romanians accepted the Antonescu regime’s prioritization of the Soviet threat, given their ideological beliefs, which were reinforced by propaganda. Allying with Nazi Germany radicalized antisemitic policies in Romania, setting the stage for antisemitic violence on a scale greater than ever before.
1942–1944: Holy War of Defense
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter argues that, despite eroding morale following the defeat at Stalingrad during the winter of 1942–1943, Romanian soldiers remained motivated to fight into 1944, but they were less motivated to commit atrocities. After the battle of Stalingrad, the Romanian Army fought for another year and a half alongside the German Army, helping to delay the Red Army’s advance. By mid-1943, Romanian soldiers knew the Axis was losing the war, and morale steadily eroded. Poor morale, mounting casualties, and inferior equipment increasingly reduced Romanian divisions' combat effectiveness. Romanian soldiers could still lash out at times, but now they thought twice about killing Soviet civilians, prisoners of war, partisans, and even Jews, as their motivation to perpetrate atrocities waned. The proliferation of trench warfare helped sustain soldiers' motivation in the Caucasus and Crimea, and there were only a few isolated cases of mutiny on the front.
Propaganda and Discipline
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains how propaganda and discipline functioned. The Antonescu regime worried about soldiers' motivation, so the General Staff increased propaganda efforts and enforced strict discipline. Because of Romanians' ideological beliefs, most soldiers accepted army propaganda messages about holy war, defending European civilization, German–Romanian comradeship, and the threat of Judeo-Bolshevism. However, soldiers were increasingly less convinced by army propaganda’s promises of final victory, especially in the aftermath of Stalingrad. The Romanian Army maintained strict discipline through various means, the most notorious being corporal punishment, but also including penal, capital, and financial sanctions. The General Staff transformed an old practice, the rehabilitation of officers through bravery in combat, into an extensive new system that provided the Romanian Army desperately needed manpower. The Romanian Army’s propaganda efforts and strict discipline reinforced its solders' motivation in the holy war against Judeo-Bolshevism.
Women and Minorities
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses attention on the long-overlooked role of female volunteers and minority soldiers. During the Second World War, the Romanian Red Cross recruited tens of thousands of female volunteers, and the Romanian Army drafted tens of thousands of ethnic, religious, and racial minorities. Women and minorities provided the Romanian Army with indispensable womanpower and manpower on the front and at home. The ideologies that motivated men to report for duty as soldiers motivated women to volunteer as nurses or medical assistants. Female voluntarism provides strong evidence of popular support for Romania’s holy war. Although ethnic minorities were not attracted to Romanian nationalism, religious and racial minorities were often staunch patriots. Religion, antisemitism, and anticommunism transcended ethnic, religious, and racial boundaries. Nevertheless, the General Staff distrusted minorities and relegated most of them to military service in labor detachments.
Imprisonment and Exile
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the imprisonment and exile of Nomura Bōtō. The Fukuoka domain arrested thirty-nine people, including Bōtō. During her and Sukesaku's arrest, she hears the assassination of her close friend Kitaoka, who was the only loyalist still servicing domain offices. Additionally, she had to return to her birth home, the Urano household, as prisoners cannot be arrested in the same domain as their families. Bōtō was exiled to Himeshima where she remained in a cramped cell and was subjected to various privations. However, her exile did not diminish her devotion to the loyalist cause as she continued writing the Himeshima Diary.
Poetry
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: July 2022

This chapter notes Nomura Bōtō's reputation in line with her poetry. Northern Kyushu boasts a distinguished literary culture dating back at least to the appointment in 728 of Ōtomo no Tabito as the viceroy of the government headquarters in Dazaifu. The chapter mentions how Bōtō could have received training in poetry from her father, Urano Katsuyuki, and her formal instructor, Futagawa Sukechika. It also highlights the characteristics of Bōtō's poetic style, which is complicated as her style shifted through time in line with her life before and after incarceration. Sasaki Nobutsuna has compiled and lauded the works of Nomura Bōtō.
Introduction
Authors: Harrisville David A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter seeks to understand the self-conception of the German soldier and the nature of his institution through the lens of moral history. It approaches the story of the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front from a novel angle. Rather than addressing why soldiers fought or what crimes they committed—important questions that have already been the subject of much scholarly attention—the chapter investigates how value systems within the German Army came to be deployed to hinder or advance Nazi goals and what the men who participated in the Vernichtungskrieg thought about who they were and what they were doing. As the chapter emphasizes, such an approach helps to explain how committed Nazis and non-Nazis alike came to willingly accept their part in the crimes of the Third Reich, now that these have been extensively uncovered. Beyond the Wehrmacht itself, the chapter illuminates the relationship between ideology, morality, and identity in the Third Reich, providing insight into how the Nazi state appropriated existing value systems and how Germans oriented their preexisting beliefs toward Nazi goals. It presents a new interpretation of the origins of the Wehrmacht myth that proved so influential in shaping the country's collective memory and serves as a useful case study in how perpetrators violate moral boundaries.
Conclusion
Authors: Harrisville David A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter details the Wehrmacht's efforts to present itself as a civilized institution through its treatment of the men who fell on the battlefield, in deliberate contrast to enemies it held in contempt for their alleged lack of respect for life and death. Years into the war, however, the narrative of heroic sacrifice was subverted by an emerging focus on victimhood that helped soldiers evade responsibility for their actions. The chapter also approaches the history of the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front by engaging with questions of morality and self-perception. It investigates how did ordinary servicemen of all backgrounds come to willingly accept their participation in Hitler's Vernichtungskrieg while holding on to the conviction that they remained morally decent. The chapter tracks where the myth of the Wehrmacht's “clean hands” come from, and how did it become so firmly embedded in German memory.
Introduction
Authors: Nono Grace
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter briefly delves into several discourses about the babaylan, ritual specialists found in the Philippines. It shows how the widely discrepant geographic, linguistic, and social locations of Native Philippine ritual specialists have rendered the notion of a unified babaylan identity untenable. It additionally exposes exclusions engendered by hegemonic babaylan constructions. The chapter also reveals how the five centuries of babaylan discourses have seen many Native ritual specialists defined by languages not their own, judged according to standards not their own, deemed wanting of religious conversion, development expansion, and metaphoric and/or hyperreal representation by interests not necessarily their own. The chapter thus explores three interlocking babaylan discourses that emerged from, on the one hand, Spanish and American colonists and some Philippine scholars, and on the other, from a number of Philippine and Philippine diasporic gender and decolonial scholars and activists.
Afterword
Authors: Nono Grace
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter returns to the construction of Native ritual specialists in the Philippines as being relegated to silent pasts and silent margins. Persecuted as agents of evil and superstition or valorized as symbols of woman power, gender pluralism, and land-based anticolonial resistance, these Native ritual specialists and their oral discourses have not had many opportunities to publicly contest hegemonic constructions about them. The chapter then considers how one might respond to the ways in which the babaylan “sing back” to dominant discourses about the babaylan, voice, sex and gender, and place, asserting their oral epistemology, historical agency, and authority. It asserts that one can listen, with full acknowledgment that listening is not a passive and value-free process but an act in direct correspondence with the auditor's social location. The chapter further asserts that one can “sing along” to these embodied voices as well.
List-Inspired Neomercantilism beyond the Nation-State
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the neomercantilism inspired by Friedrich List beyond the nation-state. It starts with the distinctive form of neomercantilism promoted by Mahadev Govind Ranade, the leading advocate of Friedrich List's work in India in the late nineteenth century. Ranade adapted List's work to boost the wealth and power of the British colony. On the other hand, Mihail Manoilescu developed another innovative kind of neomercantilism wherein he addresses the relationship between multilateral institutions and neomercantilist policies in line with the free-trade orientation of the League of Nations. Benoy Kumar Sarkar's invocation of the Arthashastra demonstrates that neomercantilists derived inspiration from mercantilist traditions beyond the European ones that List cited.
The Emergence of Henry Carey’s Distinctive Vision
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the distinctive vision of Henry Carey. Carey's version of neomercantilist thought departed from Friedrich List's despite his interest in List's ideas. Carey pointed to his country's economic troubles since its 1837 financial crisis as the key factor that encouraged him to reconsider his views. Carey's support for protectionism was influenced by his long familiarity with the arguments of critics of free trade. Additionally, Carey frequently quoted Samuel Laing in his works due to his support for strategic protectionist policies. John Baynard Byles, on the other hand, was quoted due to his critique of free trade. The chapter expounds on Carey's notion of social neomercantilism.
Another Chinese Contribution and Korea’s Gaehwa Group
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the ideologies of Chinese neomercantilist Liang Qichao and the emergence of neomercantilist thought in Korea. Liang's idea of neomercantilism rejects the notion of nationalism as a stepping stone towards a cosmopolitan future while coming into terms with Western and Japanese neomercantilist influences and Chinese intellectual tradition. The chapter notes a group of Gaehwa thinkers promoted neomercantilist views following Korea's economic opening due to external pressure. Additionally, Gaehwa thinkers drew on Silhak reformist thought. The chapter mentions how East Asian neomercantilism placed heavy emphasis on export-led growth and more ambitious kinds of government economic activism than Friedrich List did.
Early Theorists in Russia and the Canadian Backwoods
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the ideologies of Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov in Russia and John Rae in Canada. According to Mordvinov, the industrialization of Russia needed to be prioritized in order to boost the country's power and wealth. He also argues how the development of domestic manufacturing was key for the protection of Russia's sovereignty. On the other hand, Rae noted the significance of local industry, tariff protection, invention and technological change for national independence and security. The chapter highlights the complexity of the international circulation of neomercantilist thought in the pre-1939 period. It also compares the ideologies against Friedrich List's.
What Legacies?
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the legacies left by mercantilists beyond Friedrich List's ideologies. These legacies were first evident during the wartime Bretton Woods negotiations that helped to construct the post-1945 international economic order. Additionally, US priorities changed dramatically following World War II as policymakers were less sympathetic to the neomercantilist policies of less industrialized countries. Recognizing the diverse intellectual origins of neomercantilist ideology in the pre-1939 era will help scholars of international political economy (IPE) to interpret the growing prominence of neomercantilist ideas across many parts of the world in the early twenty-first century. The chapter also highlights how the history of neomercantilism would shed light on its importance in the modern era.
Introduction
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of ancient Egypt's investment in three distinct, yet interdependent, historical areas during the third millennium BCE. These include death, and imagined life after death; power, via public displays of social capital for eternity; and apotheosis, specifically the processes of deification of certain dead. The book demonstrates that the dead were initially mobilized, near the end of the Old Kingdom, as a direct means of subverting royal power in ancient Egypt. Confronting this potential threat to power, the new kings of the Middle Kingdom coopted cults to distinguished and deified dead, enveloping them into official royal building campaigns as a way of appropriating their influence. As a result, Middle Kingdom kingship was intimately tied to the temples, and the king emphasized his closeness to the gods as a way of displaying political capital.
Markers of Distinguished and Deified Status
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This chapter evaluates the markers of the esteemed dead, which are the above-average distinguished and deified dead. During the height of the Old Kingdom, the king held an exclusive position as divine intermediary and mortuary benefactor. As such, the increase in engagement with the dead, in which the dead are invoked as mortuary benefactors, suggests a subversion of royal power. These observable changes are reflections of larger, more ephemeral, changes in the conception of Egyptian kingship, religion, power, and access. Notably, beginning in the Fifth Dynasty, divine temples, distinct from the king's mortuary complex, began to populate the landscape around the capital and in the provinces. Contemporaneously, the first evidence for the divinization, or apotheosis, of a few extraordinary dead emerged. Whereas the king was once the sole mediator (at least ideologically) between the gods and the inhabitants of Egypt, now these deified dead became accessible local gods, who had personal connections to the people who worshipped them and sought their favor.
Distinguished Dead
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This chapter presents three case studies of distinguished dead: Ptahhotep, Hordjedef, and the governors of ʻAin Asil. These distinguished dead were elevated above “average” ancient Egyptian dead but were not fully deified. To prove that the identification of these dead as “distinguished dead” is accurate, the chapter considers onomastic, literary, and architectural/archaeological evidence. It concludes that these distinguished dead could be mobilized to undermine royal authority; specifically, the distinguished dead were invoked in the imakhu kher formula that is shown to be evidence for the king's role as mortuary benefactor. This illustrates that the distinguished dead were taking on roles once exclusive to the king.
Apotheosis in the Middle Kingdom
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at three individuals who underwent apotheosis during the Middle Kingdom: Heqaib, Isi, and Wahka. Heqaib, Isi, and Wahka were venerated because they were remembered for the deeds they performed during life—such as Heqaib's reputation as a great warrior, or Isi's and Wahka's roles as local dignitaries and leaders. Thus, Middle Kingdom apotheosis can be generalized, on the basis of current evidence, as occurring uniquely in the provinces and typically (but not exclusively) numerous generations after the death of the deified dead in question. This delay, followed by a fully materialized display of divine status, was likely a reflex of the fact that the local temples became the primary locus of political display in the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom. The deified dead of the Old Kingdom participated in Old Kingdom systems of power. Deified dead of the Middle Kingdom participated in Middle Kingdom hierarchies of power, which were situated in the local temples. Their articulation as gods, then, was much more explicit.
Introduction
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter explores a major turning point in the life of Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev and briefly explains the significance of his works. It shows how a crisis during 1871 is usually regarded as the great watershed in Leontiev's life—the moment at which the pagan aesthete and anti-moralist of his youth and early manhood disappeared to be replaced by the gloomy pessimist and God-seeker of his maturity and premature old age. But as this chapter shows, Leontiev's conversion was by no means a clear-cut Damascene experience. On the contrary, Leontiev's entire life was spent in a continuous, and only partially successful, struggle to achieve a resolution of the competing impulses within his soul. This struggle repeatedly gave rise to conflicts of one kind or another, conflict within himself but equally conflict with his contemporaries.
The Divided Self
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores Leontiev's early forays into fiction writing and literary criticism. It also takes a look at Leontiev's studies at Moscow University and his later involvement in the Crimean War. The chapter shows how Leontiev's first forays into literary criticism found as little resonance as had his first attempts at fiction. However, it takes a longer perspective on Leontiev's writings, revealing that his works about what is beautiful in art found resonance in the “aesthetic” movement in Russian art at the start of the twentieth century. The aesthetic movement has been defined as “a late nineteenth-century movement that championed pure beauty and ‘art for art's sake’.” There could be no better summary of the stance taken by Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev in his disputes with the “denunciatory” school in Russian letters. As with much else in his life, Leontiev was vindicated by events, even if he did not live to see them.
The Best of All Possible Worlds
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter analyzes the ideas presented in Leontiev's 1864 novel, A Place of One's Own. The novel is essentially a roman à thèse, a psychological and philosophical study and clash of ideologies representing the opposite sides of its author's divided self. The dialectical progression in A Place of One's Own is more complete than in the earlier works and marks both a high-water mark in Leontiev's crusade to defend the aesthetic principle in art and a conscious attempt on his part to promote devotion to beauty as a template for the productive and worthwhile life. The novel thus encapsulates the feelings of its author during what was a critical moment in his intellectual development. It also stands as one of the most remarkable and neglected works of nineteenth-century Russian literature.
Reactionary or Revolutionary?
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the political works of Leontiev's final years. It shows how these are informed by tendencies toward fatalism and pessimism which were the key elements of his religious outlook. They are also, like his earlier political treatises, strongly deterministic in flavor, predicated on a belief in a “higher, supra-human logic of history, her spiritual teleology.” Leontiev saw this logic working to hidden ends, producing deep impressions on the soul of man the microcosm, who converts them into a psychological whole within himself. The result is to imbue man with the conviction that he is in control of events and the destiny of nations, whereas in reality it is he who is being led by the hand of predetermined fate.
Epilogue
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter reflects on Leontiev's life, relationships, and works. As with his novels, his political, ethical, and social writing made little headway during his lifetime. For despite his service in the diplomatic corps, he seems never to have acquired the people skills necessary to gain a wide audience for his groundbreaking, not to say revolutionary, ideas and his uncannily accurate predictions. Yet if it was his misfortune to live and die a voice crying in the wilderness, the chapter asserts that it has at least been to the benefit of posterity. Here, the chapter considers how Leontiev's bold ideas have been handed down throughout the generations unsullied and undiluted by any vain attempts on his part to trim his sails according to the prevailing winds.
Telling the Truth in Postwar Europe
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the struggles of the screening process for displaced persons. The debates around how to conceptualize persecution, guilt, victimhood, and the refugee after the war were conducted in courtrooms, in the pages of law books, in lofty conference halls, in rooms of parliaments, and makeshift rooms in DP camps. There had been a growing suspicion of a flourishing underground industry in writing petitions and document forgery in the camps. Thus, secrecy surrounded the screening process from the beginning. Moreover, hefty groundwork led to the creation of the United Nations War Crimes Commission, which developed definitions of war crimes under international law.
Housewives and Opportunists
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the lives of women and wives in the post-war era. Women were rarely assessed on their own merits if there was a living male relative. Many women and children were denied displaced person status when the head of the family was found to be outside the mandate of Allied protection, which could lead to eviction from a displaced person camp, loss of humanitarian assistance, and the possibility of a free passage to the West. Single women were more likely to be rejected for refugee status than were single men because International Refugee Organization officers were more inclined to be suspicious of women's narratives.
Conclusion
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter highlights the struggles of displaced persons in post-war Europe. A climate of suspicion plagued refugees in their encounters with the occupation authorities and humanitarian organizations. Stormy narratives equating refugee journeys with terrifying supernatural forces have legitimized an aggressive border protection regime in the twenty-first century, alongside a generalized aversion to engaging with refugee histories. The anonymity of the refugees in history has governed the modern political discourse on asylum seekers today. The chapter explains how occupied Europe was a workshop for the production of ideas and policies that left an indelible mark on the post-war order.
The Agencies and What They Do
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the work of rating agencies. Numerous people have misconceptions about rating agencies such as being created by the government. The process of disintermediation has made the agencies and their work more important over time in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The emergence of the agencies' role in the global financial system was only revealed following the issues with rating companies like Enron and the RMBS products at the center of the global financial crisis. The chapter regards ratings as an enormously ambitious form of human knowledge which predicts financial movement. It clarifies how ratings do not predict future market prices.
Cogs in the Wheel of Financial Destruction
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the transition of rating agencies to an advisory role. Due to disintermediation, banks pursued securitized finance. The disintermediation of finance happens when borrowers seek funds in the capital markets directly, rather than borrowing from banks. The chapter argues that agencies were uncertain about the rating business after the Enron disaster which led to the role change. Alongside the aforementioned uncertainty was the rise and recapitalization of Fitch. Fitch transformed a comfortable duopoly into a three-way oligopoly. The chapter also mentions how encouraging competition may reduce the price of ratings but will impact the veracity of the product itself.
Addendum
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites how rating agencies were used as scapegoats by the politicians, regulators, experts, the financial press, and the wider media with regards to the global financial crisis. It explains a focus on the bad guy offers a way of relieving public and professional anger. The Bretton Woods system, which fixed exchange rates and controls over the movement of capital, was gradually abandoned in the developed world fifteen years after 1970. The chapter also looks into the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 which had been the result of excessive short-term lending and risky pegging of national currencies to the US dollar.
I’ll Be Gone. You’ll Be Gone.
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter concludes on rating agencies and the global financial crisis. The active role of agencies robbed them of their established image as putatively disinterested parties, exposing them to accusations and criticisms of partiality. However, agencies have thrived since the Enron Corporation crisis and demonstrated their renewed relevance during the European sovereign debt crisis that began in 2010. The exogenous approach to the crisis remains the dominant view as it shapes the collective understanding of the agencies' role during crisis. The chapter also explains the significance of social foundations views in understanding rating agencies. It includes how financial innovation could create issues. The chapter mentions that the enigma of rating will continue for years to come.
Introduction
Authors: Juffer Jane
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains that the book's title will cover seventeen essays of feminist experiences in the workforce. It tackles issues such as the difficulty of living as an outspoken feminist in a world that valorizes professionalism over radical politics. The feminist theory offers strategies for analyzing the power imbalances of any particular site. Moreover, privilege is a consideration in all of the essays. Thus, the precarious economic conditions are worsened by other vulnerabilities related to race, gender, and sexuality. The chapter mentions the title is divided into five sections: nonprofit organizations, business, pedagogy, health and medicine, and media. It adds how these sections will take place within the ambit of capitalism.
Affective Exertions at the Humanitarian Frontlines
Authors: Poor Kate
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the experiences featuring gendered labor and mutuality feminist and queer theory. Nonprofit labor policies have evidence of inconsistency that overlook, undervalue, and underpay traditionally feminine forms of labor despite its supposed queer, feminist, anticapitalist, and antiracist ideologies. The pathologization of emotive experience forges the crater of axiological skepticism of the utility of affective labor. Thus, labor with a high affective component is generally feminized, given less authority, and paid less. The chapter also explains the challenges of implementing structural changes in nonprofit organizations due to the hold on power and the stratification of priorities by leadership.
The Patriarchal Roots of Philanthropy
Authors: Danzig Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the patriarchal roots of philanthropy. It highlights how private-sector philanthropy flourishes under capitalist patriarchy. Additionally, gender and class hierarchies are unambiguously present in the work. The chapter explains the differences between the donation of men and women, wherein women are more confident on which causes to support while men tend to be confident on which assets to donate. Within the context of the capitalist patriarchy, some donors are much more motivated by peer recognition than by more gendered factors. This type of philanthropy sustains the capitalist patriarchy because philanthropic recognition gives the donor additional social status within the wealthy audience.
#MyBirthToo
Authors: Taylor Savannah Medley
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the patriarchy of the modern obstetric system. It introduces the concept of a birth doula, who is present with birthing people during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. Pain is normal amidst childbirth, but there are numerous ways to ease pain without resorting to an epidural. The fundamental nature of labor in the chapter was rooted in an attitude of convenience for providers and the medicalization of birth. The power of the decision of birthing mothers was taken away by those people in power. The chapter briefly tackles the Me Too era being unable to cover birthing bodies. After all, consent is key to understanding birthing.
Bridging the Divide
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This book attempts to determine the differences between working-class and middle-class cultures in the United States. The book's author writes as a now middle-class professional with a working-class upbringing, explaining the various ways the two cultures conflict and complement each other, illustrated by his own lived experiences. Set in a historical framework that reflects on how both class cultures developed, adapted, and survived through decades of historical circumstances, the book challenges professional middle-class views of both the working-class and themselves. In the end, the author argues for the creation of a cross-class coalition of what he calls “standard-issue professionals” with both hard-living and settled-living working people and outlines some policies that could help promote such a unification if the two groups had a better understanding of their differences and how to use those differences to their advantage. The book mixes personal stories and theoretical concepts to give us a compelling look inside the current complex position of the working-class in American culture and a view of what it could be in the future.
What Was Glorious about the Glorious Thirty?
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the glorification of Glorious Thirty from 1947 to 1973. It expounds on the expression's historical origin from the economic standpoint amidst the post-war prosperity. Les Trentes Glorieuses is linked to the upward mobility leading to the American Dream. Additionally, the golden ages are times when important things such as racial and gender inequalities turn and start moving in new and better directions. The upsurge of liberatory social movements during the Glorious Thirty made those decades glorious in retrospect. The chapter also looks into the gathered data of US family incomes from the Economic Policy Institute's series The State of Working America.
The Rise of Professional Middle-Class Labor
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the rise of professional middle-class labor. The middle class has a comfortable standard of living, but its power was based in a way it mediated between the social and economic interests of capital, labor, and its advancement of meritocratic culture. Conversely, the traditional part of free wage labor was being changed by union-won increases in wages, living standards, and working conditions. Middle class often refers to the supposed majority of people having incomes sufficient to buy things beyond the necessities. The dramatic rise of middle-class professionalism during the Glorious Thirty meant individualism earned more and more traction as the years and decades went by.
Categorical Differences in Class Cultures
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the categorical differences in class cultures. It defines feeling rules as social guidelines about what individuals should feel and express in a given situation. Different cultures deeply affect the way people live their lives, however, they do not determine them. The chapter mentions how cultures are simultaneously internalized and framed the way people see and act in the world. Working-class people rank themselves and others on the criteria of values of character and personal relationships. Moreover, the working class values diversity less but experiences more of it in their daily lives. The chapter also mentions how additional binaries could allow people to recognize themselves within class divisions.
Taking It and Living in the Moments
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter explicates the concept of delayed gratification and taking-it culture. Working-class people are champions of not just delaying but also renouncing gratification in large parts of their lives. The chapter discusses Stanford psychologist Walter Mischel's marshmallow study wherein preschool children's greater self-control correlates to greater cognitive and academic competence and ability to cope with frustration and stress in adolescence. Moreover, taking it is an important part of the working-class character as it develops good character. Meanwhile, living in the present is initially a defensive move in working-class life. The chapter mentions how middle-class professions show contempt for ceding control and taking-it mechanisms.
Two Good Class Cultures
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the working-class culture. It notes the argument that working-class culture is an asset for the people who live within it and for a modern capitalist society. Cultural differences of all sorts make discussions and actions with each other difficult. The chapter also includes its critique of middle-class professionalism wherein it is not focused on how its competitive status anxiety can turn so ugly, both socially and psychologically. Better economic circumstances could impact a person's foundation, prospects, and possibilities of seeing and being in the world. The working-class culture needs a change in the economic circumstances of the class instead of being undermined, overcome, or reformed.
All Options on the Table
Authors: Elizabeth Whitlark Rachel
Published: July 2022

When is preventive war chosen to counter nuclear proliferation? This book looks beyond systemic and slow-moving factors such as the distribution of power. Instead, it highlights individual leaders' beliefs to explain when preventive military force is the preferred strategy. Executive perspective—not institutional structure—is paramount. The book makes its argument through archivally based comparative case studies. It focuses on executive decision making regarding nuclear programs in China, North Korea, Iraq, Pakistan, and Syria. The book considers the actions of US presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, as well as Israeli prime ministers Menachem Begin, Yitzhak Rabin, and Ehud Olmert. It demonstrates that leaders have different beliefs about the consequences of nuclear proliferation in the international system and their state's ability to deter other states' nuclear activity. These divergent beliefs lead to variation in leaders' preferences regarding the use of preventive military force as a counter-proliferation strategy. The historical evidence amassed in the book bears on strategic assessments of aspiring nuclear powers such as Iran and North Korea. The book argues that only those leaders who believe that nuclear proliferation is destabilizing for the international system will consider preventive force to counter such challenges. In a complex nuclear world, this insight helps explain why the use of force as a counter-proliferation strategy has been an extremely rare historical event.
Explaining Preventive War as a Counterproliferation Strategy
Authors: Elizabeth Whitlark Rachel
Published: July 2022

This chapter investigates when do leaders use preventive military force as a counterproliferation strategy. It argues that leaders and their beliefs are key to understanding state responses to nuclear proliferation and that their role has been previously overlooked. Specifically, leaders enter executive office possessing different views about the dangers of nuclear proliferation generally and about the threats posed by individual states attempting to go nuclear. These divergent prior views encourage leaders to adopt different preventive force policies once in office when, they may use or consider using military force as a counterproliferation strategy. The chapter then offers a leader-centric argument for understanding preventive war decisions. It emphasizes that the counterproliferation policies adopted by subsequent leaders in the same polity differ because of individual disagreements over the requirements of deterrence and the dangers of nuclear proliferation.
Challenging Constructions of Gender and Sexuality, 1980s–2018
Authors: Roces Mina
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores migrants challenging constructions of gender and sexuality. It starts with the premise how divorce is not legal in the Philippines. Sexual affairs outside marriage are frowned upon, however, migrants discovered the trend of having spouses in the Philippines and other countries. Narratives have revealed how migrants defy social conventions and cultural norms in the most intimate of spaces. Moreover, migrant women, who rejected the ideals of the chaste wife, became pioneers in dismantling traditional constructions of the feminine. The chapter also explains how the Spanish colonization introduced Roman Catholicism which shaped the constructions of gender in the Philippines.
Filipina/o/x Americans as Community Historians, 1980s–2018
Authors: Roces Mina
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on Filipina/o/x Americans’ crusade to include their history into the mainstream white American historical accounts. These migrants and their descendants have taught themselves to become historians and custodians for visibility as an important ethnic group contributing to American society. Most of the founding members of the Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) archive in Seattle had been second-generation migrants. The process of fashioning the new identity of Filipina/o/x Americans began amidst the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Additionally, the chapter explores Filipinotown tours conducted by SoMa Pilipinas in San Francisco and Little Manila Foundation in Stockton.
The Limits of Pancasila as a Framework for Pluralism
Authors: Formichi Chiara
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the limits of Pancasila as a framework for pluralism. Indonesia built itself as an independent nation-state grounded on a commitment to a motto linked to Pancasila, which is the postcolonial republic's founding philosophy. The identity of Pancasila as a philosophy and ideology enabled postcolonial Indonesia to portray itself as an inclusive container for a diverse set of peoples. Shari'a laws have made their way into the legal Indonesia corpus despite the general dissent of claiming Indonesia as an Islamic state. Moreover, Islam is the majority religion in Indonesia that grabs the headlines in terms of its inclusion demands in political, legal, or societal structures.
Deity Statue Disputed
Authors: Sutrisno Evi Lina
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the politicization of religion, intolerance, and local resistance in Tuban, East Java. It notes the struggles of a Chinese-Indonesian community to express their religiosity and identity during the recent turn of Islamic conservatism and hypernationalism in post-reformation Indonesia. The fear of China's supremacy and growing anti-Chinese sentiments added complications against China's and Chinese Indonesians' growing power in the economic and political spheres. Moreover, politicizing fear is a common strategy used in numerous countries. The chapter expounds on the politics of Islam and selective iconoclasm in the post-reformation era in line with how statues are considered idolatrous. It also looks into using Bumi Wali as a disciplining tool.
Regulating Religion and Recognizing “Animist Beliefs” IN INDONESIAN LAW AND LIFE
Authors: Aragon Lorraine V.
Published: July 2022

This chapter correlates religious pluralism to the concept of animism by framing it as a parallel category to Indonesia's six official religions. Indonesia's national ideology of Pancasila is potentially challenged by the 2017 decision's implication that traditional and other minority sect beliefs should be legally recognized on national identity cards along with Buddhism, Catholicism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, and Protestantism. The chapter notes the conflicting constitutional debates on religious freedom and religious intolerance. Additionally, the 2016–17 blasphemy prosecution suggests the rising new forms of legalized intolerance. The historic framework of religious pluralism denied the political legitimacy and cosmological challenges of indigenous faiths in postcolonial Indonesia.
From Imposed Order to Conflicting Superdiversity
Authors: Vignato Silvia
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the imposed order and conflicting superdiversity of mixed religion environments in Medan. It focuses on the historical change of practiced religious tolerance in line with the Tamil Hindu ritual carried in Medan. A specific analysis of moral values is needed to examine an enacted pluralism in a neighborhood. Hinduism was made to fit into the national framework through debates and specific policies rooted in Bali. Moreover, Reformasi and the ensuing lightning-fast liberalization and globalization of Indonesian multireligious environments have established and specified divinity and its consequent morality in respective religions. The chapter notes monistic values are hierarchically superior to pluralistic values.
Agama Hindu Under Pressure From Muslim and Christian Proselytizing
Authors: Picard Michel
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the construction of Balinese religion. It considers how it has been framed by Islam and Christianity. The chapter focuses on the formation of agama Hindu from agama Bali and religion for the Balinese. The return to agama Hindu Bali attests to a tension over Balinese identity due to the increasing heterogeneity of the island's population since the development of tourism prompted a massive influx of labor migrants in search of a better livelihood. As the dominant religion in Indonesia and before the Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia's religion requirements, Islam has served as a model for the definition of “Balinese religion” as agama Hindu.
Organized Anarchy in Army Mental Health Care
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses a few of the numerous problems that plagued the US Army's early attempts to combat the rising tide of mental illness brought on by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Overcoming these and many others would take a near total transformation of the clinical system that organized, delivered, and monitored the care. Indeed, the Army has transformed an organized anarchy into a learning mental health care system that delivers a consistent patient-centered care experience, irrespective of hospital location. The Army has the advantage of being an integrated delivery system with centralized policy making and implementation-assessment capabilities. Learning health systems represent a fundamental shift in the design of health systems in general and mental health systems in particular, because of the historical separation between mental health care and other medical care, the disciplinary fragmentation that exists within mental health care, and the stigma associated with having a mental health condition.
A Brief and Incomplete History of US Army Mental Health Care
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter traces the history of the US Army's mental health care. An Army psychiatrist named Thomas Salmon, while serving on the staff of the surgeon general in 1917, developed the first systematic effort to combat US psychiatric casualties on the western front of World War I. His approach, called “forward psychiatry,” intercepted soldiers suffering from shell shock and other psychological maladies immediately after the appearance of their symptoms got them removed from the trenches. The relative success of Salmon's approach to mental health on the front lines in World War I helped establish the beginnings of mental health care for soldiers at their home stations. In the 1920s, the Army began to recognize psychiatric conditions as major challenges. The chapter then looks at how Army hospitals struggled to respond to mental health issues during the global war on terror.