bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
İRAN NÜKLEER KRİZİ VE ZORLAYICI DİPLOMASİ
Authors: GÜL Murat , KARAPINAR Emrah
Published: February 2020

Diplomasi, başta devletler olmak üzere, uluslararası aktörlerin birbiriyle ilişki kurmasını sağlayan araçların başında gelmektedir. Bu çerçevede literatürde geniş anlamıyla diplomasi, devletlerin dış politika araçlarından biri olarak tanımlanmakta ve devletlerin tüm dış ilişkilerini nitelemektedir. Zamanla iletişim ve ulaşım olanaklarının gelişmesi ile dünyanın stratejik rekabetin ön plana çıktığı bir oyun sahasına dönüşmesi ve başta kitle imha silahlarının geliştirilmesi ve yayılması ile tehdit boyutunun daha da artması sonucunda özellikle barışçıl diplomasi günümüzde eskisinden daha fazla önemli hâle gelmiştir. Barışçıl diplomasinin en önemli ve başarılı türlerinden biri ise zorlayıcı diplomasidir. Zorlayıcı diplomasinin, 2002 yılında ortaya çıkan ve uzun yıllar dünya gündeminin ilk sıralarında yer alan, İran nükleer krizini özellikle askeri ve toplumsal bir yıkıma mahal vermeden çözüm aşamasına getirmesindeki başarısı zorlayıcı diplomasinin önemini uluslararası topluma bir kez daha göstermiştir. Bu başarının barış ve istikrara sağladığı katkıdan hareketle, bu çalışmada İran nükleer krizi ve zorlayıcı diplomasi ele alınmıştır. Zorluk derecesine bakılmaksızın herhangi bir uluslararası kriz karşısında barışçıl ve zorlayıcı diplomasi seçeneğinin kriz yönetimi ve çözümü konusunda en etkili ve en rasyonel seçenek olduğu savunulmuştur.
EKONOMİK KRİZLERİN TOPLUMSAL İZDÜŞÜMÜ: TÜRKİYE’DE YAŞANAN EKONOMİK KRİZLERİN İŞSİZLİK, SUÇ VE İNTİHARA YANSIMALARI
Authors: ATİLA Muhammet , ÇELİKKAYA Süha
Published: February 2020

Ekonomik krizler tarih boyunca sadece ekonomik sistemleri etkisi altına almakla kalmamış aynı zamanda toplumun her kesimine etki etmiştir. İşçilerden öğrencilere, suç oranlarından yoksulluğa, aile hayatından gelir dağılımına kadar birçok sosyoekonomik olgu krizlerden etkilenmiştir. Bu çalışmada; tüm bu sosyoekonomik etkileri tek tek incelemek mümkün olmasa da, krizlerin işsizlik, suç ve intihar kavramları üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Granger nedensellik analizi yardımıyla yapılmış olan çalışma sonucunda, ekonomik kriz ve işsizlik arasında negatif yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Literatürde bulunan birçok çalışmayı destekleyen bu bulgu, istihdamsız büyüme olgusu ile bağdaştırılmıştır. İşsizlik değişkeni, intihar değişkeninin Granger nedenidir hipotezi ise yapılan analiz ile doğrulanmıştır. Suç olgusunun, işsizlik üzerinden yansıyarak etki ettiği yönündeki hipotez doğrulanamamış olsa da, ekonomik krizler ile pozitif yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından sağlanan verilerin yetersizliği ve yapılan diğer çalışmaların güncel olmamasından kaynaklı olarak yoksulluk verisine ulaşılamamıştır. Bu durum çalışma kısıdı olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Practicing Genre-Based Language Teaching Model to Improve Students’ Achievement of Writing Skills
Authors: Haerazi Haerazi , Irawan Lalu Ari
Published: February 2020

This study investigated the use of genre-based language teaching model in the teaching of writing skills to improve students’ low achievement. It was aimed at improving the achievement of the fifth semester of English language education study program. This study was classroom action research. The subjects were the 4th semester in academic year 2017/2018. The procedure of the study included two steps namely the preliminary study and the action. The preliminary study collected information dealing with the students’ problems and the action presented the steps of the classroom action research. The data were collected through observation, questionnaire, and testing. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The result of the study showed that the genre-based language teaching model can improve the students’ writing achievement. Before the action, the average score of students’ writing achievement was 55 and the average score after the action was 76. The result was higher than the subject minimum passing grade which is 75. The improvement was supported by two indicators. First, students felt easy to write a descriptive text because the teaching steps guided them to practice writing much more according to the generic structures of the text. Last but not least, students felt compatible with the topics asked to be written because they have background knowledge of those.
New Insights into Spontaneous Imbibition Processes in Unfractured and Fractured Carbonate Cores with Stress-Induced Apertures
Authors: Vilhena Odilla , Farzaneh Amir , Pola Jackson , March Rafael , Sisson Adam , Sohrabi Mehran
Published: February 2020

Spontaneous imbibition (SI) experiments in fractured and unfractured Indiana limestone cores were performed to evaluate the impact of fractures in oil recovery. Numerical simulations were performed to reproduce the experimental setting and to history match fracture and matrix properties. Tracer tests were carried out to investigate the effect of changing stresses in hydraulic fracture conductivity. The pore space and connected pores in the fractured plug were analyzed via microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT) scan, and a thin petrography analysis was carried out to observe the matrix heterogeneity of the samples. Relative permeability, capillary pressure, and fracture properties were estimated numerically to match the SI curves measured at a temperature of 58.7°C. The investigation shows that the fractured core has suffered deformation under higher stress conditions, impacting the fracture aperture and the initial values of total permeability measured in the laboratory at a constant net stress. This deformation has led to decreased flow rates in the fracture and oil trapping in the fracture channel. At the field scale, this phenomenon could lead to decreased oil recovery rates in the initial stages of production.
A Test for Degree of Dispersion in Drilling Muds
Authors: Darley H.C.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 93–96.

Particles of montmorillonite-type clays consist of plate-like clay crystals stacked face to face. Under certain conditions in a suspension, these particles disperse to individual platelets with the formation of diffuse double layers round each platelet. This action has a profound influence on the rheological and other properties of the suspension. This paper describes a test for degree of dispersion and uses this test to correlate changes in dispersion with changes in viscosity and gel strength. The test is of practical value in determining and controlling dispersion in drilling muds.

Introduction

It has long been recognized that the hydration and dispersion of clays, particularly those of the montmorillonite type, strongly influences the rheological and other properties of drilling muds, but little has been done to measure either of these phenomena under conditions that exist in drilling muds. The hydration of clays as such has been extensively studied by those interested in clay mineralogy, but in drilling muds it is to be expected that dispersion is at least as important a factor as hydration because of the much higher water-to-clay ratios and the very high degree of mechanical agitation.

The term dispersion as generally applied to colloidal systems means the subdivision of large particles to small. Particles of montmorillonitic clays, however, consist of plate-like particles stacked face to face. Dispersion of these aggregates to individual platelets may be expected to have an unusually large influence on the properties of the suspension because of the shape factor, the enormous increase in specific surface, and the pronounced surface phenomena exhibited by the crystal surfaces. It is this form of dispersion that is particularly considered in this paper, and the term degree of dispersion is used to imply the number of platelets per particle. The term aggregation is used to denote the opposite of dispersion, the association of individual platelets face to face to form stacks.
Buckling of Tubing in Pumping Wells, Its Effects and Means for Controlling It (includes associated paper 1053-G)
Authors: Lubinski Arthur , Blenkarn K.A.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 73–88.

It is explained why the bottom portion of freely suspended tubing in a pumping well buckles and straightens in succession during the pumping cycle. Field evidence of resulting rod-on-tubing wear and excessive polished rod load and horsepower are given. The possibility that buckling hastens pump wear is strongly suggested. Means for either prevention of buckling or for minimizing its effects are explained, their relative merits compared, and field results of their use given. These means are: tension anchors, tail pipe, sucker rod guides, arid corrosion inhibitors Charts and formulae for best use of tension anchors, tail pipe, and guides are given. Buckling which generally occurs above compression anchors is more harmful than buckling of freely suspend tubing. Buckling above a compression anchor may be prevented by a heavy tail pipe below the pump.

Introduction

It is well known that a column must be subjected to some compression in order to buckle; and also that a structural member does not buckle if subjected to a tension. when consideration is given to a tubular column, the question may be asked, "How is the buckling phenomenon affected by inside or outside pressure?" At first, it would seem that it should not be affected. However, this is not so. In order to arrive at a correct answer to the question one should first understand the basic reasons for buckling of a column under loading. Then he should add to the effect of that loading the effect of pressure. Following this procedure, one may discover quite unexpected phenomena. In some cases, when subjected to more pressure inside than outside, a pipe may buckle under tension. In some other cases, a pipe may remain straight, although subjected to a very large compression.
A Laboratory Study of Gravity Segregation in Frontal Drives
Authors: Craig F.F. , Sanderlin J.L. , Moore D.W. , Geffen T.M.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 275–282.

Scaled reservoir models have been used to study the effect of gravity on oil recovery performance in frontal drive operations, namely, Water, gas, or solvent flooding. The difference in density between the reservoir oil and the inject fluid causes their segregation, resulting in a non-uniform advance of the flood front. In the laboratory flow tests, which simulated both five-spot and end-to-end injection operations in flat reservoirs, the viscous, capillary, and gravity forces present in these operations were scaled. Dyed fluids were used so that the gross movement of the injected fluid could be observed. The studies covered a range of injection rates, formation thicknesses, and rock and fluid properties normally encountered in field operations.

The results of the model tests indicate that the volume of the reservoir contacted by the injected fluid at its breakthrough into the producing well is less than that expected based on information which neglects gravity effects. This difference can often be as much as 80 per cent by gas or water injection in uniform sand bodies. Preliminary flow tests on non-uniform sand bodies indicate that the uniformity of the flood front may in some situations be influenced to a much greater degree by permeability variations within the rock body than by gravity effects. The magnitude of fluid segregation due to gravity is controlled by the average injection rate, rather than day to day or week to week variations.

Introduction

One of the important factors controlling the oil recovery from a frontal drive operation, such as water, gas, or solvent injection, is the volumetric sweep efficiency. This factor is a measure of the gross portion of the reservoir that is contacted by the displacing fluid. The volumetric sweep efficiency is influenced by gravity effects, well arrangements, and variations in rock permeability within the reservoir. The gravity effects are due to the displacing fluid being of different density than the reservoir oil.
The Use of Transparent Three-Dimensional Models for Studying the Mechanism of Flow Processes in Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Van Meurs P.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 295–301.

This paper describes a technique which permits visual observation of oil displacement processes throughout the interior of a porous structure as thick as two inches. A model having glass walls is filled with finely powdered glass. Such a model becomes completely transparent if the powdered glass pack is saturated with an oil having the same refractive index as the glass. When water or gas, with a refractive index different from that of the oil (glass) is injected, the model becomes opaque in the space occupied by the water (gas). Visual observation and photography of these displacement processes are thus rendered possible.

The following processes have been studied:Displacement of oil by water (linear drive) in a homogeneous formation, in a stratified formation.Water flooding (five-spot well pattern).Solution gas-drive process.Oil-bank formation.

Introduction

Most of the scaled model experiments heretofore carried out in the Koninklijke/Shell Laboratorium, Amsterdam, have been done in steel containers, saturated sand packs being used to represent the oil bearing formation. In such experiments, for instance those on the displacement of oil by water, the cumulative oil production was measured as a function of the cumulative water injection.

In order to interpret the measured production data, a need has for some time been felt for a means of observing visually what happens in the course of such experiments.

Some information of this type was obtained earlier by observing the water oil distribution in various cross sections of the sand after the conclusion of the experiment. However, the technique used did not guarantee that the fluid distribution remained undisturbed. Moreover, the procedure was somewhat elaborate and the information obtained limited. Therefore a new technique has been developed, which is described below.
The Development of Shaped Charges for Oil Well Completion
Authors: Poulter Thomas C. , Caldwell Blake M.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 11–18.

A new approach to an old problem has made it possible to do in a relatively short period what has not been accomplished in the past three quarters of a century using strictly experimental methods.

A theoretical study was made of the underlying principles whereby a jet is formed by a shaped charge and of the mechanism of the penetration of the target by that jet. It was found that there are more than 10, and perhaps as many as 15 variables affecting the performance of the shaped charge. Only a few calculations are necessary to show that it is physically impossible to investigate all of these variables experimentally.

The shaped charge theory has been extended to include a previously littleunderstood mechanism in high explosive phenomena; namely, low order detonation. By superimposing a high order detonation on a zone already undergoing low order detonation, an appreciable improvement in performance is accomplished.

The development of a design whereby these phenomena are coordinated in such a way as to develop a jet which is tailored to meet the specific target requirement will be described in detail.

The shortcomings or even impossibility of strictly experimental techniques will be illustrated by a discussion of the development of a special-purpose explosive charge.

Introduction

In an article appearing in the May, 1888 issue of Scribner's' Magazine, Charles E. Monroe described his early experiments with gun cotton (Fig. 1) which led to his name being most frequently connected with our present-day shaped charge. Although the sunken letters or "cavities" in Monroe's gun cotton were not lined, they produced some penetration of an iron plate. The credit for the lined shaped charge, however, should rightfully go to R. W. Wood of the Physics Dept. of Johns Hopkins University, who was responsible for first discovering the fact that a metal liner in a cavity of explosive gave high velocity fragments and/or jets of metal.

This discovery was made by Wood inadvertently while investigating an accidental death resulting from an electric blasting cap.
Mechanics Of Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Hubbert M. King , Willis David G.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 210, 1957, pages 153–168. Paper presented at Petroleum Branch Fall Meeting in Los Angeles, Oct. 14–17, 1956.

A theoretical examination of the fracturing or rocks by means of pressures applied in boreholes leads to the conclusion that, regardless of whether the fracturing fluid be of the penetrating or non-penetrating type, the fractures produced should be approximately perpendicular to the axis of least stress. The general state of stress underground is that in which the three principal stresses are unequal. For tectonically relaxed areas characterized by normal faulting, the least stress should be horizontal; the fractures produced should be vertical with the injection pressure less than that of the overburden. In areas of active tectonic compression, the least stress should be vertical and equal to the pressure of the overburden; the fractures should behorizontal with injection pressures equal to or greater than the pressure of the overburden.

Horizontal fractures cannot be produced by hydraulic pressures less than the total pressure of the overburden. These conclusions are compatible with field experience in fracturing and with the results of laboratory experimentation.

Introduction

The hydraulic-fracturing technique of well stimulation is one of the major developments in petroleum engineering of the last decade. The technique was introduced to the Petroleum Industry in a paper by J. B. Clark, of the Stanolind Oil and Gas Co. in 1918, and since then its use has progressively expanded so that by the end of 1955 more than 100,000 individual treatments had been performed.
A Method for Predicting Depletion Performance of a Reservoir Producing Volatile Crude Oil
Authors: Jacoby R.H. , Berry V.J.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 210, 1957, pages 27–33. Paper presented at Petroleum Branch Fall Meeting in Los Angeles, Oct. 14–17, 1956.

Future depletion performance and ultimate oil recovery from reservoirs producing under volumetric control are often predicted with the aid of a material balance equation. when the reservoir fluid is very volatile, however, certain assumptions implicit in the use of the conventional methods are no longer valid. This is because laboratory differential vaporization test procedures do not adequately represent the reservoir depletion process and the performance of surface separation facilities. In such cases recovery of stock tank oil per unit of pressure decline can be predicted only from a detailed knowledge of the separator conditions and the over-all composition of the fluid entering the wellbore at each stage of depletion. Surface recovery is not simply related to the total quantity of liquid flowing into the well under reservoir conditions.

In order to improve predictions for reservoirs which produce volatile oils, a stepwise method of calculation has been developed. This method uses relative permeability data and multi-component flash calculations to predict oil and gas production as a function of reservoir pressure. Calculations are presented for a reservoircontaining a volatile crude oil, and predicted tank oil recovery by primary depletion is more than twice that predicted by conventional methods which are known to be adequate for ordinary black crude oils. Calculated maximum produced gas-oil ratio is less than one-fourth of the conventional prediction. Wellstream compositions have also been used to determine variation in stock tank oil composition and liquid content of the separator gas. This information is of particular importance for crude stabilization calculations and for design of gasoline plant facilities to recovery LAG and natural gasoline.
Performance Calculations for Reservoirs with Natural or Artificial Water Drives
Authors: Wooddy L.D. , Moore W.D.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 245–251.

Water drives may be natural or artificial. For the case of a natural water-drive reservoir, the volume of water influx corresponding to reservoir pressure-production history may be calculated by means of the material balance-unsteady state equation. For the artificial water drive or pattern injection water flood, the material balance equation is sufficient to determine the reservoir pressure-production, injection history. However, for both cases to reliably predict reservoir performance, it is necessary to calculate the saturation distribution of the reservoir fluids at different stages of depletion.

This paper consolidates the various equations used to determine the performance of water-drive reservoirs into one approach that is applicable to any reservoir that has a natural water drive or is to be produced by water injection. The numerical procedure has been simplified considerably, and the solution is adaptable to either hand calculations or digital computer operation.

Introduction

A water-drive reservoir is one in which the predominant source of energy for production of oil results from the encroachment of water into the oil zone. The water drive may be either natural or artificial.

Water invasion takes place by expansion of water in the aquifer as a result of the pressure decline transmitted from the oil reservoir. Because water is practically incompressible, a natural water drive requires an extensive aquifer containing a volume of water many times the volume of oil in the reservoir. Provided the permeability of the formation is reasonably high, a moderate decline of reservoir pressure usually causes adequate water influx.

If the reservoir pressure decline becomes excessive because of low permeability or a high rate of production, part of the oil production may result from the liberation of dissolved gas which may cause excessive quantities of free gas to be produced along with the oil. In extreme cases, reservoir pressure may decline so rapidly as to cause the oil to be produced predominantly by dissolved gas drive, leading to abandonment of the reservoir before the advancing water has had a chance to flush the entire reservoir.
Fractional Balance Evaluation of Pressure Maintenance, Smackover Lime Gas Condensate Reservoir, McKamie-Patton Field, Arkansas
Authors: Schauer P.E.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 108–113.

During the initial nine-year depletion of the McKamie-Patton pool gas-condensate reservoir, the pressure behavior and fluid analyses indicated pressure maintenance by gas injection would be attractive relative to continued pressure depletion. As a result, a gas cycling program was inaugurated in Aug., 1949, which has since maintained reservoir pressure. In order to evaluate the benefits of this program, the recoveries for natural depletion and for cycling followed by blowdown were determined by calculating the fractional balance of the molar quantities of vapor and liquid remaining in the reservoir and produced at the surface for various stages of depletion. The results of the investigation show theoretical ultimate recovery due to the cycling program will be 42 per cent greater than would be realized under pressure depletion type operation.

Introduction

The benefits of gas injection pressure maintenance programs in condensate reservoirs have been recognized and qualitatively described in several papers during the past 15 years. Some of these papers also describe methods for calculating the increased recovery realized from cycling; however, as a rule, hypothetical reservoirs were used as examples. This paper presents an evaluation of the pressure maintenance program for the McKamie-Patton condensate reservoir and includes a description of the fractional balance method employed to determine the benefits.

Reservoir Development and Characteristics

The McKamie-Patton pool, Lafayette County, Ark., was opened in June, 1940, with production obtained from the oolitic Smackover lime at a depth of approximately 9,300 ft. The structure is an anticline 8 miles long by 1 to 2 miles wide, and is one of many productive Smackover structures in Southern Arkansas.

Of predominant importance is the condensate-bearing gas cap portion of the reservoir, which covers approximately 4,000 acres, attains a maximum thickness of some 200 ft, and has an average thickness of 90 ft. Development of the cap was accomplished with 21 wells drilled on 160 acre spacing. An isopach map of the cap is shown in Fig. 1.
Microbit Dynamic Filtration Studies
Authors: Horner Victor , White M.M. , Cochran C.D. , Deily F.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 183–189.

A laboratory study of the effects of physical and easily measured rheological properties upon dynamic filtration was carried out. The purpose was to determine the factors affecting dynamic filtration and thus learn how to control this important property.

The recommended procedure for determining the amount of fluid loss prescribed by API Code RP 29 "Field Procedure for Testing Drilling Fluids," is very useful for mud conditioning purposes, but inadequate for comparing filtration properties of different muds under dynamic conditions. Where dynamic filtration control becomes important for purposes such as logging and coring, other means of evaluating filtration properties are needed.

A special device and testing technique were developed to provide reliable data on filtration characteristics of different fluids under dynamic conditions. Liquid saturated rock samples were drilled with a microbit, and the amount of connate liquid displaced by the fluid being investigated was measured. The empirical testing procedure was considered reliable.

A large number of laboratory-prepared and field-mixed drilling fluids with a wide range of physical properties were studied. These properties included:shape of consistency curves,apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity,yield value,density, andAPI filter loss.

Test results indicate that very little, if any, trend could be established between changes in these fluid properties and dynamic filtration.

Introduction

During the process of drilling, excessive loss of liquid from the mud to the formation is undesirable for many reasons. Filtration can reduce production-zone permeability, cause sloughing of formations, affect electric log curves, and render the fluid data obtained from cores unreliable. Thus, it is very important that we gain a knowledge of the factors that control filtration.

It is generally agreed that in any type of filtration (static, dynamic, or combinations thereof), the mechanics of filtering depend in great part upon the composition of the fluid. Moreover, it is also true that the physical and rheological properties are influenced by the composition of the fluid. Indirectly, then, it was hypothesized that a relationship existed between dynamic filtration and physical-rheological properties, two effects of a common cause - fluid composition.
Potentiometric Analyzer Prediction of Pressure Distribution in a Gas-Condensate Reservoir
Authors: Bradley H.B. , Mullins L.D.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 397–398.

Introduction

Numerous articles have appeared in the literature citing the application of the potentiometric analyzer to cycling operations. Specific information obtainable by a potentiometric analysis, as noted by various investigators, includes:Pattern sweep efficiency for various injection and production rate programs.Injected fluid breakthrough time at production wells.Optimum production and injection rates.Prediction of injection and/or production well locations.History of advance of the injected-produced fluid interface.Ultimate life of the reservoir.Ultimate reservoir production.

This note describes a procedure for predicting pressure distribution in a gas-condensate reservoir by using the potentiometric analyzer to obtain potential distribution data on an analog model of the reservoir and then applying Muskat's equations. The method relates the volumetric weighted average datum pressure to the mean potential in the model.

Procedure

To predict the pressure distribution (assuming steady-state conditions) in a gas-condensate reservoir by potentiometric analysis, it is necessary first to establish the potential distribution in the potentiometric model of the reservoir. This can be done by measuring the voltage difference between a reference point (other than a production or injection well) and other points throughout the model for the particular injection-production rate schedule of interest and plotting these readings preferably on an isopachous map of the reservoir. Points of equal potential differences are then joined giving isopotential lines. To relate potential in the model to field pressure requires several operations.
Special Applications of Drill-Stem Test Pressure Data
Authors: Dolan John P. , Einarsen Charles A. , Hill Gilman A.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 318–324.

This paper discusses how the following formation characteristics can be determined mathematically from drill-stem test pressure charts: true formation pressures, effective permeability of the entire section tested, well productivities, wellbore damage and possible detection of barriers (faults, pinchouts, etc.). This paper also presents a practical method for immediate determination of effective permeability and wellbore damage from successful double shut-in pressure tests. A list of recommendations for improving the reliability of drill-stem test pressures is also presented.

Introduction

A drill-stem test is a temporary completion designed to sample the formation fluid and to establish the possibility of commercial production. Early pressure recording devices were used merely to verify proper operation of the testing tool. Until recently the accuracy of the pressure gauges has been insufficient for any reliable quantitative use of the recorded pressures. In view of the need for more reliable formation evaluation and as a result of the recent interest in exploration work employing the concept of hydrodynamic entrapment, better pressure recording gauges are now in use. These devices can record pressure within 1 per cent above 1,000 psig and can detect differential pressures as low as 1/2 psig.

In addition to formation pressure, several other reservoir characteristics can be determined from DST charts; namely, well productivity, formation permeability, wellbore damage, and the possible existence of barriers (faults, pinchouts, changes in permeability, etc.). This paper presents a practical method to interpret DST pressure charts for formation pressures and many other reservoir properties, a method that has been developed in analyzing approximately 4,000 DST charts during the last five years. The techniques used are a composite of published articles on drill-stem testing together with well-known pressure build-up analysis methods.
The characteristics of the frequent exacerbator with chronic bronchitis phenotype and non-exacerbator phenotype in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis and system review
Authors: wu jianjun , Xu Hong-ri , Zhang Ying-xue , Li Yi-xuan , Yu Hui-yong , Jiang Liang-duo , Wang Cheng-xiang , Han Mei
Published: February 2020

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics between the frequent exacerbator with chronic bronchitis (FE-CB) phenotype and the non-exacerbator (NE) phenotype among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: We searched CNKI, Wan fang, Chongqing VIP, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases for relevant studies published as of April 30, 2019. All studies that investigated COPD patients with the FE-CB and NE phenotypes and which qualified the inclusion criteria were included. Cross-Sectional/Prevalence Study Quality recommendations were used to measure methodological quality. RevMan5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. Results: Ten case-control studies (n=8848) were included. Compared with the NE phenotype, patients with the FE-CB phenotype showed significantly lower forced vital capacity percent predicted (FVC%pred) [mean difference (MD) -6.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) -7.73–-5.65, P<0.001, I2=5%], forced expiratory volume in one second percent predicted (FEV1%pred) (MD -8.50, 95% CI -11.36–-5.65, P<0.001, I2=91%), and forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) (MD -3.76, 95% CI -4.58–-2.95,P<0.001, I2=0%); in contrast, the quantity of cigarettes smoked (pack-years) (MD 3.09, 95% CI 1.60–4.58, P<0.001, I2=41%), COPD assessment test (CAT) score (MD 5.61, 95% CI 4.62–6.60, P<0.001, I2=80%), modified Medical British Research Council (mMRC) score (MD 0.72, 95% CI 0.63–0.82, P<0.001, I2=57%), exacerbations in previous year (2.65, 95% CI 2.32–2.97, P<0.001, I2=91%), body mass index (BMI), obstruction, dyspnea, exacerbations (BODEx) (MD 1.78, 95% CI 1.28–2.28, P<0.001, I2=91%), I2=34%), and Charlson comorbidity index (MD 0.47, 95% CI 0.37–0.58, P<0.001, I2=0] were significantly higher in patients with FE-CB phenotype. No significant between-group difference was observed with respect to BMI (MD-0.14, 95% CI -0.70–0.42, P=0.62, I2=75%). Conclusion: COPD patients with the FE-CB phenotype had poorer pulmonary function and higher CAT score, the quantity of cigarettes smoked (pack-years), frequency of acute exacerbations, and mMRC scores than those with the NE phenotype.
Patient Centred Medical Home (PCMH) transitions in western Sydney, Australia: A qualitative study
Authors: Metusela Christine , Usherwood Tim , Lawson Kenny , Angus Lisa , Kmet Walter , Ferdousi Shahana , Reath Jennifer
Published: February 2020

Objectives
Patient Centred Medical Homes (PCMHs), increasingly evidenced to provide high quality primary care, are new to Australia. To learn how this promising new healthcare model works in an Australian setting we explored experiences of healthcare providers in outer urban Sydney, where a number of practices are transitioning from traditional Australian general practice models to incorporate elements of PCMH approaches.
Design
We collected qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers working in a range of transitioning practices and thematically analysed the data.
Setting and participants
We interviewed 35 participants including general practitioners, practice managers and practice nurses from 25 purposively sampled general practices in western Sydney, Australia, seeking maximal variation in practice size, patient demographics and type of engagement in practice transformation.
Results
Interviewees described PCMH transformation highlighting the importance of whole of practice engagement with a shared vision; key strategies for transformation to PCMH models of care including leadership, training and supportive information technology; structures and processes required to provide team-based, data-driven care; and constraints such as lack of space and the current Australian fee-for-service general practice funding model. They also reported their perceptions of early outcomes of the PCMH model of care, describing enhanced patient and staff satisfaction and also noting fewer hospital admissions, as likely to reduce costs of care.
Conclusions
Our study exploring the experience of early adopters of PCMH models of care in Australia, informs the international movement towards PCMH models of care. Our findings provide guidance for practices considering similar transitions and describe the challenges of such transitions within a fee-for-service payment system.
Survival and mortality of elderly men with localized prostate cancer managed with primary androgen deprivation therapy or by primary observation
Authors: Seikkula Heikki , Boström Peter J. , Seppä Karri , Pitkäniemi Janne , Malila Nea , Kaipia Antti
Published: February 2020

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a primary treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa) even though there is no evidence that its use is beneficial in the absence of curative treatment.Methods: Men aged ≥70 years (n = 16534) diagnosed with localized PCa from 1985 to 2014 and managed either with primary observation or ADT in the absence of curative treatment were included. The cases were identified from the population-based Finnish Cancer Registry. We estimated the standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for overall mortality by treatment group. We determined the relative risk (RR) of PCa-specific mortality (PCSM) and other-cause mortality between the two treatment groups. Survival was determined using the life table method. Two age groups (70–79 years and ≥80 years) and three calendar time cohorts (1985–1994, 1995–2004, and 2005–2014) were compared following adjustment of propensity score matching between the treatment groups with four covariates (age, year of diagnosis, educational level, and hospital district). Follow-up continued until death or until December 31, 2015. Results: Patients in the observation group had lower overall SMRs than those in the ADT group in both age cohorts over the entire study period. PCSM was higher in men aged 70–79 years undergoing primary ADT compared to those managed by observation only (RR: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–2.23 [1985–1994]; RR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.35–1.84 [1995–2004]; and RR 2.71, 95% CI: 2.08–3.53 [2005–2014]); p = 0.005 for periodic trend. A similar trend over time was also observed in men aged >80 years; (p for age–period interaction = 0.237). Overall survival was also higher among men in their 70’s managed by observation compared to those undergoing ADT.Conclusions: Primary ADT within four months period from diagnosis is not associated with improved long-term overall survival or decreased PCSM compared to primary conservative management for men with localized PCa. However, this observational study’s conclusions should be weighted with confounding factors related to cancer aggressiveness and comorbidities.
Predictors of advanced fibrosis in elderly patients with biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The GOASIA study
Authors: Pitisuttithum Panyavee , Chan Wah Kheong , Piyachaturawat Panida , Imajo Kento , Nakajima Atsushi , Seki Yosuke , Kasama Kazunori , Kakizaki Satoru , Fan Jian Gao , Song Myeong Jun , Yoon Seung Kew , Dan Yock Young , Lesmana Laurentius , Ho Khek Yu , Goh Khean Lee , Wong Vincent Wai Sun , Treeprasertsuk Sombat
Published: February 2020

Background: The Gut and Obesity in Asia (GOASIA) Workgroup was formed to study obesity and gastrointestinal diseases in the Asia Pacific region. We aimed to 1) compare the characteristics of elderly (i.e. age ≥ 60) vs. non-elderly patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); 2) identify predictors of advanced fibrosis in elderly patients with NAFLD; and 3) assess the performance of non-invasive fibrosis scores in the prediction of advance fibrosis in the elderly population. Methods: We abstracted the data of 1008 patients with NAFLD from nine centers across eight countries. Characteristics of elderly and non-elderly patients with NAFLD were compared using 1:3 sex-matched analysis. Results: Of the 1008 patients, 175 were elderly [age 64 (62-67) years], who were matched with 525 non-elderly patients [46 (36-54) years]. Elderly patients were more likely to have advanced fibrosis (35.4% vs. 13.3%; p<0.001). By multivariable analysis, factors associated with advanced fibrosis in elderly patients included female sex [odds ratio (OR) 3.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-7.54] and hypertension (OR 3.68; 95%CI 1.11-12.23). The area under receiver-operating characteristics curve (95% CI) of aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, NAFLD fibrosis score and Fibrosis-4 index for predicting advanced fibrosis in elderly patients were 0.62 (0.52-0.72), 0.65 (0.55-0.75) and 0.64 (0.54-0.74) respectively. Conclusions: Elderly patients with NAFLD had a higher prevalence of advanced fibrosis than non-elderly patients. Female and hypertension were predicting factors for advanced fibrosis in the elderly. Non-invasive fibrosis scores had a lower specificity in elderly.
Establishment of a type 1 diabetes structured education programme suitable for Chinese patients: Type 1 Diabetes Education in Lifestyle and Self Adjustment (TELSA)
Authors: Xie Yuting , Liu Fang , Huang Fansu , Lan Chunna , Guo Jia , He Jing , Li Lezhi , Li Xia , Zhou Zhiguang
Published: February 2020

Background: Various guidelines recommend that all adults diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) should be offered an evidence based, structured education programme (SEP) to optimize self-management care. China has a 13,000 annual increase in newly diagnosed T1D cases, of which 65% are adults. However, there is yet no validated SEP targeted to T1D patients in China. The purpose of this study is to establish a structured T1D self-management education programme—‘Type 1 Diabetes Education in Lifestyle and Self Adjustment’ (TELSA) that is adapted to medical and cultural practices in China.
Methods: TELSA programme was developed based on the ADDIE model, following three steps: i) Semi-structured interviews were administered to 10 healthcare professionals (HCPs) and 13 T1D patients. Different topic guides, focusing on 4 dimensions including goals, contents, format of delivery, and quality assurance, were designed for either HCPs or patients. The interviews were recorded and analysed with thematic analysis. ii) Extracted themes were modified according to Delphi consultation. iii) Preliminary courses were conducted as pilot study to evaluate the effects of TELSA and optimization of the curriculum was finalized accordingly.
Results: A total of 18 themes in 4 dimensions of the programme design were identified in the final version: i) goals: ‘behaviour modification’ and ‘outcome improvement’; ii) contents: ‘living with T1D’, ‘self-monitoring of blood glucose’, ‘knowing insulin’, ‘insulin dose adjustment’, ‘carbohydrates and carbohydrate counting’, ‘hypoglycaemia’, ‘complications of diabetes’, ‘managing psychological issues’, ‘physical activity’, and ‘question-and-answer’; iii) format: ‘multidisciplinary team combined with peer support’, ‘face-to-face education followed by remote learning’, and ‘2-day programme held on weekends’; and iv) quality assurance: ‘after-class quiz’, ‘patients’ feedback’, and ‘long-term evaluation on effectiveness’.
Conclusions: A type 1 diabetes structured education programme in China was set up and shown to be applicable under local medical, social, and cultural environment.
Diagnostic performance of clinic and home blood pressure measurements compared with ambulatory blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Karnjanapiboonwong Auttakiat , Anothaisintawee Thunyarat , Chaikledkaew Usa , Dejthevaporn Charungthai , Attia John , Thakkinstian Ammarin
Published: February 2020

Background: Currently, clinic blood pressure measurement(CBPM) is most commonly used for screening hypertension, but it is facing with white coat hypertension(WCHT) and masked hypertension(MHT). Home blood pressure measurement(HBPM) may be an alternative, but its diagnostic performance is inconclusive relative to CBPM. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to estimate the performance of CBPM and HBPM compared with ambulatory blood pressure measurement(ABPM) and to pool prevalence of WCHT and MHT. Methods: Medline and Scopus databases were searched up to 23 rd January 2020. Studies having diagnostic test as CBPM or HBPM, reference standard as ABPM, and reported sensitivity and specificity of either or both tests and/or proportion of white coat or masked hypertension were eligible. Diagnostic performance of CBPM and HBPM were pooled using bivariate mixed-effect regression model. Random effect model was applied to pool prevalence of WCHT and MHT. Results: Fifty-eight studies were eligible. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio of CBPM were 70%(95%CI:63%-76%), 81%(95%CI:73%-81%), and 9.84(95%CI:6.82-14.20), respectively. Pooled prevalence of WCHT and MHT were 28%(95%CI:25%-32%) and 27%(95%CI:22%-31%). Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio of HBPM were 74%(95%CI:66%-80%), 83%(95%CI:76%-89%), and 13.73(95%CI:8.55.0-22.03), respectively. Pooled WCHT and MHT were 17%(95%CI:11%-22%) and 30%(95%CI:19%-42%), respectively. Conclusions: Diagnostic performances of HBPM were slightly higher than performance of CBPM. However, prevalence of MHT was high in both negative CBPM and HBPM. Therefore, ABPM is still necessary for hypertension diagnosis, especially in people suspected with masked hypertension.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Non-Autoimmune Hypothyroidism: A case-control study
Authors: Ahi Salma , Dehdar Mohammad Reza , Hatami Naser
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
Although in many studies, the relationship between autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto) and Vitamin D deficiency was shown, no research has been performed on the role of vitamin D in non-autoimmune hypothyroidism.
Design:
This was a Retrospective case–control study in Endocrinology clinic of Jahrom (south of Iran). The patients with Hashimoto (n=633) and non-Hashimoto hypothyroidism (n=305), along with a control group (n=200) were evaluated. 25(OH)D level, T3 and T4 levels were studied and Anti TPO and Anti TG tests were performed. The results of vitamin D level were analyzed and interpreted using SPSS in terms of the cause of hypothyroidism (immune and non-immune).
Results:
The results of the study showed a significantly lower level of vitamin D in both immune and non-immune Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) in comparison to healthy controls (P<0.05). We observed a significant inverse correlation between the vitamin D and TGAb level (p=0.001, r=-0.261) and a direct correlation of vitamin D with TSH level (p=0.008, r=0.108) in HT patients.
Conclusion:
Finally, the results indicated that non-autoimmune hypothyroidism, as well as HT, is associated with vitamin D deficiency. The role of vitamin D deficiency in HT was thought to be in the association of higher autoantibody (TGAb) level; while, there should be further studies determining vitamin D deficiency's role in non-immune hypothyroidism.