bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building walls around open wells prevent Asiatic Lion Panthera leo persica (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) mortality in the Gir Lion Landscape, Gujarat, India
Authors: Kagathara Tithi , Bharucha Erach
Published: February 2020

The Asiatic Lion population has increased in the last three decades, which now occupies a large regional spread with six or more identified satellite populations in eight districts of Gujarat.  An overlap of lion habitat with human-dominated landscape elements leads to an increase in lion-human interactions in these growing satellite populations.  A high rate of lion mortality has been observed in the periphery of Gir in the last decade due to falls into open dug wells.  These wells have been excavated for irrigation in the agricultural landscape of Gir.  About 145 wild animals including lions have died due to accidental falls into open wells in past 10 years.  It has been observed that construction of parapet walls around wells in some of the peripheral areas of Gir Sanctuary have prevented this accidental mortality at very low cost.  To assess the efficiency of these measures we did a survey of 20 random villages in the Gir Lion Landscape to collect data on the types of wells that cause this uncalled-for mortality.  The paper explores the reasons for the lions falling into wells in the agricultural areas outside the Gir Sanctuary.  The survey has shown that the corridors used by lions and in the satellite population areas are high risk sites where more parapet walls should be built on a priority basis.  From the year 2007 to 2018 more than 48,000 parapet walls have already been randomly built in the periphery of the Gir Sanctuary.  Out of 130 identified wells, 90 were protected with parapet wall or iron net while, 32 were without parapet wall and rest eight were with unfinished parapet wall.  Providing a scheme for building more parapet walls around prioritized open wells would be an effective step towards Asiatic Lion conservation in the Gir Lion Landscape.  Our survey indicates that there has been no mortality of lions in those wells where parapet walls have been built.
An account of a first record of the Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Linnaeus, 1758 (Aves: Anseriformes: Anatidae) in Bhutan
Authors: Nidup Sangay , Gyeltshen  , Tobgay Tshering
Published: February 2020

PunatsangChhu in Wangduephodrang 27.486°N 89.899°E (1,273m) is one of the largest rivers and an important zone in Bhutan for resident and migrant water birds. It is the expanse where the diverse birds are seen on a stretch between 27.462°N 89.901°E and 27.579°N 89.867°E (Tobgay 2017). Large numbers of winter migratory water birds in Bhutan have been found in this location (Spierenburg 2005). Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula was first sighted on Saturday, 5th of January, 2019 along PunatsangChhu 27.512657’N 89.887610’E at the elevation of 1142meter above sea level in the morning but couldn’t capture photo and more over mistreated it to be some other common water birds. However, until on 8th of January, 2019, it was a success to have photographed while it was foraging alone at the sand extraction sites at around 12:30 hours in the evening. The duck was observed diving simultaneously under water foraging at the time of sighting. It was then photographed with the help of DSLR camera and kit lens 55–300 mm until it flew away to other side of the river.
First record of the hawkmoth Theretra lycetus (Cramer, 1775) (Sphingidae: Macroglossinae) from Bhutan
Authors: Nidup Sangay , Irungbam Jatishwor Singh
Published: February 2020

The present paper reports the sighting of the hawkmoth Theretra lycetus (Cramer, 1775) from Wangdue Phodrang district of Bhutan. Addition to the present species, we have 97 species of Sphingidae in Bhutan.
Low Systolic Blood Pressure and Mortality in Elderly Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mouhat Basile , Putot Alain , Hanon Olivier , Eicher Jean Christophe , Chagué Frédéric , Beer Jean‐Claude , Maza Maud , Zeller Marianne , Cottin Yves ,   Observatoire des Infarctus de Côte d'Or Survey
Published: February 2020

Background

Optimal blood pressure in elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction is still a matter of debate. In a prospective observational study, we aimed to identify optimal systolic blood pressure during the 48 first hours after admission for acute myocardial infarction and its prognostic value for cardiovascular mortality.

Methods and Results

From the Observatoire des Infarctus de Côte d'Or survey, all consecutive patients aged >75 years admitted for an acute myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit from 2012 to 2015 and discharged alive were included (n=814). Exclusion criteria were in‐hospital death, cardiogenic shock, and end‐stage renal disease. Average
systolic blood pressure
(
aSBP
) values over the first 48 hours after admission were recorded, and the population was dichotomized into 2 groups: low aSBP group (<125 mm Hg) and control group (
aSBP
≥125 mm Hg). When compared with patients without cardiovascular death at 1‐year follow‐up, patients who died from a cardiovascular cause had higher rate of cardiovascular risks factors, including age, diabetes mellitus, comorbidities, and cardiovascular history. They had higher rates of low body mass index (<21 kg/m
2
) and more elevated Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score. Patients with
aSBP
<125 mm Hg had a 2‐fold risk of 1‐year cardiovascular death (47 [12.0%] versus 28 [6.6%];
P
=0.008). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, low
aSBP
(odds ratio [95%
CI
], 1.91 [1.07–3.41]) remained a strong and independent predictor of 1‐year cardiovascular mortality.

Conclusions

In our large population‐based study in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, low
aSBP
was an independent and powerful predictor of 1‐year cardiovascular mortality. Early
aSBP
measurement could help to improve risk stratification. Moreover, our results may suggest an optimal blood pressure target in elderly patients.
Inferring Future Landscapes: Sampling the Local Optima Level
Authors: Thomson Sarah L. , Ochoa Gabriela , Verel Sébastien , Veerapen Nadarajen
Published: February 2020

Connection patterns among Local Optima Networks (LONs) can inform heuristic design for optimisation. LON research has predominantly required complete enumeration of a fitness landscape, thereby restricting analysis to problems diminutive in size compared to real-life situations. LON sampling algorithms are therefore important. In this article, we study LON construction algorithms for the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). Using machine learning, we use estimated LON features to predict search performance for competitive heuristics used in the QAP domain. The results show that by using random forest regression, LON construction algorithms produce fitness landscape features which can explain almost all search variance. We find that LON samples better relate to search than enumerated LONs do. The importance of fitness levels of sampled LONs in search predictions is crystallised. Features from LONs produced by different algorithms are combined in predictions for the first time, with promising results for this “super-sampling”: a model to predict tabu search success explained 99% of variance. Arguments are made for the use-case of each LON algorithm and for combining the exploitative process of one with the exploratory optimisation of the other.
Effects of spatial smoothing on group-level differences in functional brain networks
Authors: Triana Ana María , Glerean Enrico , Saramäki Jari , Korhonen Onerva
Published: February 2020

Brain connectivity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular approach for detecting differences between healthy and clinical populations. Before creating a functional brain network, the fMRI time series must undergo several preprocessing steps to control for artifacts and to improve data quality. However, preprocessing may affect the results in an undesirable way. Spatial smoothing, for example, is known to alter functional network structure. Yet, its effects on group-level network differences remain unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of spatial smoothing on the difference between patients and controls for two clinical conditions: autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder, considering fMRI data smoothed with Gaussian kernels (0–32 mm). We find that smoothing affects network differences between groups. For weighted networks, incrementing the smoothing kernel makes networks more different. For thresholded networks, larger smoothing kernels lead to more similar networks, although this depends on the network density. Smoothing also alters the effect sizes of the individual link differences. This is independent of the region of interest (ROI) size, but varies with link length. The effects of spatial smoothing are diverse, nontrivial, and difficult to predict. This has important consequences: The choice of smoothing kernel affects the observed network differences.
Studies in Australian Tettigoniidae: New Fully-winged Agraeciini From North-eastern Australia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Conocephalinae; Agraeciini)
Authors: RENTZ DCF , SU YOU NING
Published: February 2020

Four new genera including five new species are described. All are from north-eastern Queensland. Barbaragraecia comprises two new species. B. unicorn Rentz & Su, gen. et sp. nov. (the type species) and B. richardsoni Rentz & Su, sp. nov. Geoffagraecia is known from a single species, G. gwinganna Rentz & Su, sp. nov. the type species. Greenagraecia Rentz & Su, gen. et sp. nov. is known from two species, G. attenuata Rentz & Su, gen. et sp. nov., the type species and G. cooloola Rentz & Su, gen. et sp. nov.. The unrelated genus Nicsara Walker 1869 is discussed and species with falcate ovipositors are removed and placed in a new genus, Larifugagraecia Rentz & Su gen. nov., with Nicsara spuria Redtenbacher 1891 designated as the type species. Two species are removed from Nicsara and placed in Larifugagraecia. These are N. cornuta (Redtenbacher 1891) and N. spuria. Other species remain in Nicsara until they can be further assessed. Biological and ecological notes accompany detailed descriptions of the new species along with many morphological illustrations. Illustrations also are provided for L. spuria gen. nov. A key to the described fully-winged Australian agraeciine genera is provided at the end of the paper.
First record of Dosima fascicularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (Crustacea, Cirripedia) in the Strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: CAVALLARO M. , AMMENDOLIA G. , BATTAGLIA P.
Published: February 2020

Four specimens of Dosima fascicularis were collected from the Strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean Basin), representing the first record of the species from this locality, the second from Italian waters, and the most eastern indication of the species in the Mediterranean Sea.
Review of the genus Amnihayesomyia Niitsuma (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), with descriptions of three new species from China
Authors: HONGQU TANG , NIITSUMA HIROMI
Published: February 2020

Three new species of Amnihayesomyia are described from China: A. vittata sp. n. and A. tibetica sp. n. each based on the male and female adults, and A. subflava sp. n. based on the male adult. In addition, a key to the known males of this genus is provided.
Hydaticus (Prodaticus) hauthi sp. nov., a new diving beetle from the cloud forest in the Cordillera El Sira, Peru (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: HENDRICH LARS , BALKE MICHAEL
Published: February 2020

A new species of the genus Hydaticus Leach, 1817, subgenus Prodaticus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) has been discovered in the mountains of Cerros del Sira, Peru. It is here described as Hydaticus (Prodaticus) hauthi sp. nov.. It is morphologically similar to the Peruvian H. panguana Megna, Balke, Apenborn & Hendrich, 2019. The new species differs from H. panguana by its almost complete black dorsal surface and the shape of the median lobe. Diagnostic characters of both species, including illustrations of male genitalia and habitus, are presented, and a modified key for the 12 Neotropical species is provided.
Perturbation Solution for Four-Stream Infrared Radiative Transfer
Authors: Li Jiangnan , Barker Howard W.
Published: February 2020

A four-stream solution of the longwave radiative transfer is proposed. It is based on the exact perturbation method utilizing the absorption approximation equation as the zero-order solution. Scattering is handled by the first-order perturbation equation. The two- and four-stream approximations are compared both offline and using data from CALIPSO’s dual-wavelength lidar.
Seasonal and Annual Changes of the Regional Tropical Belt in GPS-RO Measurements and Reanalysis Datasets
Authors: Luan Lan , Staten Paul W. , Ao Chi O. , Fu Qiang
Published: February 2020

The width of the tropical belt has been analyzed with a variety of metrics, often based on zonal-mean data from reanalyses. However, constraining the global and regional tropical width requires both a global spatial-resolving observational dataset and an appropriate metric to take advantage of such data. The tropical tropopause break is arguably such a metric. This study aims to evaluate the performance of different reanalyses and metrics with a focus on depicting regional tropical belt width. We choose four distinct tropopause-break metrics derived from global positioning system radio occultation (GPS-RO) satellite data and four modern reanalyses (ERA-Interim, MERRA-2, JRA-55, and CFSR). We show that reanalyses generally reproduce the regional tropical tropopause break to within 10° of that in GPS-RO data—but that the tropical width is somewhat sensitive (within 4°) to how data are averaged zonally, moderately sensitive (within 10°) to the dataset resolution, and more sensitive (20° over the Northern Hemisphere Atlantic Ocean during June–August) to the choice of metric. Reanalyses capture the poleward displacement of the tropical tropopause break over land and equatorward displacement over ocean during summertime, and the reverse during the wintertime. Reanalysis-based tropopause breaks are also generally well correlated with those from GPS-RO, although CFSR reproduces 14-yr trends much more closely than others (including ERA-Interim). However, it is hard to say which dataset is the best match of GPS-RO. We further find that the tropical tropopause break is representative of the subtropical jet latitude and the Northern Hemisphere edge of the Hadley circulation in terms of year-to-year variations.
Impacts of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Sea Level and Gyre Circulation of the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Duan Jing , Li Yuanlong , Zhang Lei , Wang Fan
Published: February 2020

Interannual variabilities of sea level and upper-ocean gyre circulation of the western tropical Pacific Ocean (WTPO) have been predominantly attributed to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results of the present study put forward important modulation effects by the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. The observed sea level in the WTPO shows significant instantaneous and lagged correlations (around −0.60 and 0.40, respectively) with the IOD mode index (DMI). A composite of 14 “independent” IOD events for 1958–2017 shows negative sea level anomalies (SLAs) of 4–7 cm in the WTPO during positive IOD events and positive SLAs of 6–8 cm in the following year that are opposite in sign to the El Niño effect. The IOD impacts are reproduced by large-ensemble simulations of a climate model that generate respectively 430 and 519 positive and negative independent IOD events. A positive IOD induces westerly winds over the western and central tropical Pacific and causes negative SLAs through Ekman upwelling, and it facilitates the establishment of a La Niña condition in the following year that involves enhanced Pacific trade winds and causes positive SLAs in the WTPO. Ocean model experiments confirm that the IOD affects the WTPO sea level mainly through modulating the tropical Pacific winds. Variability of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) induced by IOD winds has a relatively weak effect on the WTPO. The IOD’s impacts on the major upper-ocean currents are also considerable, causing anomalies of 1–4 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) in the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) volume transports.
Automated Classification of Regional Meteorological Events in a Coastal Area Using In Situ Measurements
Authors: Sokolov Anton , Dmitriev Egor , Gengembre Cyril , Delbarre Hervé
Published: February 2020

The problem is considered of atmospheric meteorological events’ classification, such as sea breezes, fogs, and high winds, in coastal areas. In situ wind, temperature, humidity, pressure, radiance, and turbulence meteorological measurements are used as predictors. Local atmospheric events of 2013–14 were analyzed and classified manually using data of the measurement campaign in the coastal area of the English Channel in Dunkirk, France. The results of that categorization allowed the training of a few supervised classification algorithms using the data of an ultrasonic anemometer as predictors. The comparison was carried out for the K-nearest-neighbors classifier, support vector machine, and two Bayesian classifiers—quadratic discriminant analysis and Parzen–Rozenblatt window. The analysis showed that the K-nearest-neighbors and quadratic discriminant analysis classifiers reveal the best classification accuracy (up to 80% correctly classified meteorological events). The latter classifier has higher calculation speed and is less sensitive to unbalanced data and the overtraining problem. The most informative atmospheric parameters for events recognition were revealed for each algorithm. The results obtained showed that supervised classification algorithms contribute to automation of processing and analyzing of local meteorological measurements.
Book review: Aishwary Kumar, Radical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy
Authors: Rai Santosh Kumar
Published: February 2020

Aishwary Kumar, Radical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015, 393 pp.; Ajay Skaria, Unconditional Equality: Gandhi’s Religion of Resistance, Ranikhet: Permanent Black & Ashoka University, 2016, 390 pp.
Displacement rate effect in the fracture toughness of glass fiber reinforced polyurethane
Authors: Reis JML , Machado JJM , Marques EAS , Carbas RJC , da Silva Lucas FM
Published: February 2020

Composite structures currently used in the oil industry must meet strict requirements for design and safety reasons. They need to maintain strength under varied displacement rates throughout its lifetime. It is therefore critical to fully understand the fracture behavior of such composites. This work presents experimental results regarding the influence of a range of displacement rates on the fracture energy in mode I, GIc, of glass fiber reinforced polyurethane used in the oil industry to repair and reinforce pipelines with corrosion damage. To determine GIc as a function of displacement rate, double cantilever beam specimens were tested, with displacement rates of 2, 20 and 200 mm/min with different thicknesses. A complementary numerical study was performed with the aim of predicting strength using the measured values. This work has demonstrated a significant influence of the strain rate and composite thickness on GIC of the composite materials, with higher rates and thicker specimens causing an increase in the GIC values.
The Strength of Weak-Tie Consensus Language
Authors: Lee Jeffrey K. , Kronrod Ann
Published: February 2020

Every day, consumers share word of mouth (WOM) on how products and behaviors are commonly adopted through the use of consensus language. Consensus language refers to words and expressions that suggest general agreement among a group of people regarding an opinion, product, or behavior (e.g., “everyone likes this movie”). In a series of online and field experiments, the authors demonstrate that the interpretation and persuasiveness of consensus language depends on the tie strength between the communicator and the receiver of WOM. Although abundant literature highlights the advantage of strong ties (e.g., close friends, family) in influence and persuasion, the authors find that weak ties (e.g., distant friends, acquaintances) are more influential than strong ties when using consensus language. The authors theorize and demonstrate that this effect occurs because weak ties evoke perceptions of a larger and more diverse group in consensus, which signals greater validity for the issue at hand. These findings contribute to research on WOM, tie strength, and descriptive norms and provide practical implications for marketers on ways to analyze and encourage consumer discourse.
Assessing electronic readiness in university libraries: An exploratory model
Authors: Noorafrooz Ali Hossein , Keshavarz Hamid
Published: February 2020

The current research aimed to develop and evaluate a fundamental and international model for assessment of electronic readiness (e-readiness) in university libraries, following an extensive investigation of existing theoretical frameworks at national, international and organizational levels. Documentary research and analytical survey were the methods used in this study. Considering the factor loading using CFA and path analysis, the weights of every indicator, component and dimension were analyzed using SEM method. The model of assessing e-readiness constituted 4 dimensions, 12 factors and 64 indicators based on the research literature and on the opinions of related experts. Convergent validity, composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha of all components were analyzed. Results from the CFA were then analyzed according to the structural model and indices related to goodness of fit for ensuring high quality on measuring the variables identified. Path analysis showed that human resources, electronic infrastructure, network programs and services and enablers of the networked world have a direct effect upon electronic readiness with values 0.57, 0.68, 0.77 and 0.51 respectively. Further analysis showed that the indicators skills, software, information services and investment are of higher weight and impact in their equivalent dimension. The proposed model was finally used for evaluating the e-readiness of the libraries located at one of the largest universities in Iran which showed their low readiness regarding electronic infrastructures as well as some discrepancies.
Biphasic Feline Mammary Carcinomas Including Carcinoma and Malignant Myoepithelioma
Authors: Sammarco Alessandro , Finesso Giovanni , Zanetti Rossella , Ferro Silvia , Rasotto Roberta , Caliari Diego , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Orvieto Enrico , Castagnaro Massimo , Cavicchioli Laura , Zappulli Valentina
Published: February 2020

Feline mammary tumors are usually malignant and aggressive carcinomas. Most cases are simple monophasic carcinomas (1 epithelial population), and additional phenotyping is usually not needed. In this study, we describe 10 malignant mammary tumors from 9 female cats that had unusual histomorphology: they appeared biphasic, with 2 distinct cell populations. Initially, they were morphologically diagnosed as either carcinosarcoma (1/10) or malignant pleomorphic tumor (9/10) of the mammary gland, as the latter did not match any previously described histological subtype. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for pancytokeratin, cytokeratins 8 and 18, cytokeratin 14, cytokeratins 5 and 6, vimentin, p63, calponin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, Ki-67, ERBB2, estrogen receptor alpha, and progesterone receptor. In 7 of 10 cases, the biphasic nature was confirmed and, on the basis of the IHC results, they were classified as carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma (4/10), ductal carcinoma (1/10), and carcinosarcoma (2/10). The other 3 of 10 cases were monophasic based on IHC. In the cases of carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma, the malignant myoepithelial cells were 100% positive for vimentin (4/4) and variably positive for p63, calponin, and cytokeratins (4/4). These findings show that, although rare, biphasic mammary carcinomas do occur in cats. In dogs and humans, tumors composed of malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells have a less aggressive behavior than certain simple carcinomas, and therefore, their identification might also be clinically significant in the cat.
Efficacy of Nonaugmented, Static Augmented, and Dynamic Augmented Suture Repair of the Ruptured Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Hoogeslag Roy A.G. , Brouwer Reinoud W. , de Vries Astrid J. , Boer Barbara C. , Huis in ‘t Veld Rianne
Published: February 2020

Background:

Anterior cruciate ligament suture repair (ACLSR) was abandoned late last century in favor of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) because of overall disappointing results. However, in recent years there has been renewed and increasing interest in ACLSR for treatment of ACL ruptures. Several contemporary ACLSR techniques are being used, but any difference in effectiveness is unclear.

Hypothesis:

Contemporary nonaugmented (NA), static augmented (SA), and dynamic augmented (DA) ACLSR leads to (1) comparable outcomes overall and (2) comparable outcomes between proximal third, middle third, and combined ACL rupture locations (a) within and (b) between ACLSR technique categories.

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

An electronic search was performed in the MEDLINE and Embase databases for the period between January 1, 2010, and August 7, 2019. All articles describing clinical and patient-reported outcomes for ACLSR were identified and included, and outcomes for NA, SA, and DA ACLSR categories were compared.

Results:

A total of 31 articles and 2422 patients were included. The majority of articles (65%) and patients (89%) reported outcomes of DA ACLSR. Overall, there was high heterogeneity in study characteristics and level as well as quality of evidence (19 level 4; 7 level 3; 3 level 2; and 2 level 1). Most studies indicated excellent patient-reported outcomes. Overall, the variability in (and the maximum of) the reported failure rate was high within all ACLSR categories. The variability in (and the maximum of) the reported rate of all other complications was highest for DA ACLSR. Regarding ACL rupture location, the failure rate was highest in proximal ACL ruptures within the SA and DA ACLSR categories; rates of all other reported complications were highest in combined ACL ruptures within the DA ACLSR category. However, no studies in the NA category and only 1 study in the SA ACLSR category evaluated combined ACL ruptures. The majority of studies comparing ACLSR and ACLR found no differences in outcomes.

Conclusion:

The amount of high-quality evidence for contemporary ACLSR is poor. This makes it difficult to interpret differences among ACLSR categories and among ACL rupture locations and, though promising, to establish the role of ACLSR in the treatment of ACL ruptures. More high-quality large randomized clinical trials with longer follow-up comparing ACLSR and ACLR are needed.
Emotion and judgments of scientific research
Authors: Drummond Caitlin , Fischhoff Baruch
Published: February 2020

Scientific research has the power to prompt strong emotional reactions. We investigated the relationship between such reactions and individuals’ understanding and judgments of the research. Participants read an article describing recent cancer research and reported the extent to which it evoked six emotions: fear, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise. We modeled these emotions two ways, either considering each separately or clustering them into two groups, for emotions with positive or negative valence. Even after controlling for the number of predictors, models based on the six separate emotions better predicted participants’ subjective understanding of the research, judgments of its quality, and trust in the scientists who conducted it. Participants who reported more disgust also had more negative judgments of the research and the scientists, but these relationships were weaker when participants reported their emotions before making these judgments, rather than after. We discuss practical and ethical implications of these results.
The Accuracy and Value of Voter Validation in National Surveys: Insights from Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Studies
Authors: Miller Jon D. , Kalmbach Jason , Woods Logan T. , Cepuran Claire
Published: February 2020

Ansolabehere and Hersh and others have examined the reported voting behavior of survey respondents using a variety of validation methods, including matching with national voter files provided by outside vendors. This analysis provides the first examination of a thirty-year national longitudinal study and compares the insights obtained from this longitudinal analysis to two 2016 national cross-sectional studies of voting behavior using structural equation modeling. We find that respondents of the longitudinal study overreport at lower rates than respondents in our 2016 samples, and the traditional predictors of overreporting such as political interest, engagement, and partisanship predict overreporting among respondents in both our longitudinal and 2016 short-term panel studies, but our longitudinal data include novel predictors of overreporting such as parent socialization factors. We conclude with a discussion of the phenomenon of overreporting in surveys and how survey accuracy becomes increasingly important for both the public and policymakers in an era of decreasing trust in institutions and expertise.
2018 Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Enrollments
Authors: McLaughlin Bryan , Gotlieb Melissa R. , Cummins R. Glenn
Published: February 2020

In contrast to previous years, enrollments in journalism and mass communication programs in the United States were relatively stable from 2015 to 2018. Although strategic communication sequences remained the most popular, the percentage of undergraduates enrolled in journalism sequences increased since the previous survey, whereas the percentage enrolled in strategic communication sequences decreased slightly. In addition, the demographic composition of journalism and mass communication programs is changing, as the survey found an increase in the percentage of minority students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs. The 2018 survey also revealed growth in online offerings, both at the undergraduate and master’s level.
Collaborative and Inclusive Journalism: More Than Words
Authors: Ford Rochelle , Gonzales Sara , Quade Victoria
Published: February 2020

The failure of the news media to include diverse voices is a global issue. Journalism students and novice journalists need to be trained how to report on marginalized communities. However, this training necessitates journalism educators to both recognize why these attempts have failed in the past and be proactive in identifying ways in which journalism programs can be truly inclusive and collaborative.
Digital Global Collaboration: New Ways to Teach International Reporting
Authors: Whitehead Sandra , Baines David , Wall Melissa
Published: February 2020

World issues and news organizations’ operational realities have become so complicated that journalism professionals realize collaboration is the only solution to quality reporting on global issues. Journalism schools need to train their students in the key elements of global collaboration so they can prepare them to stay relevant and cover as many aspects of global events and their implications as possible. This syndicate discussed these issues and new ways in which journalism schools can teach international reporting.
Surface, size and topological effects for some nematic equilibria on rectangular domains
Authors: Fang Lidong , Majumdar Apala , Zhang Lei
Published: February 2020

We study nematic equilibria on rectangular domains, in a reduced two-dimensional Landau–de Gennes framework. These reduced equilibria carry over to the three-dimensional framework at a special temperature. There is one essential model variable, [Formula: see text], which is a geometry-dependent and material-dependent variable. We compute the limiting profiles exactly in two distinguished limits: the [Formula: see text] 0 limit relevant for macroscopic domains and the [Formula: see text] limit relevant for nanoscale domains. The limiting profile has line defects near the shorter edges in the [Formula: see text] limit, whereas we observe fractional point defects in the [Formula: see text] 0 limit. The analytical studies are complemented by some bifurcation diagrams for these reduced equilibria as a function of [Formula: see text] and the rectangular aspect ratio. We also introduce the concept of ‘non-trivial’ topologies and study the relaxation of non-trivial topologies to trivial topologies mediated via point and line defects, with potential consequences for non-equilibrium phenomena and switching dynamics.
Meeting Calorie and Protein Needs in the Critical Care Unit: A Prospective Observational Pilot Study
Authors: Yamamoto Shinobu , Allen Karen , Jones Kellie R , Cohen Sarah S , Reyes Kemuel , Huhmann Maureen B
Published: February 2020

Background:

Inadequate calorie and protein intake during critical illness is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, most critically ill patients do not consume adequate levels of these nutrients. An enteral formula with appropriate macronutrient composition may assist patients in meeting nutritional goals.

Design:

This study was a single center, prospective, observational study of 29 adults in the medical intensive care unit who required enteral nutrition for at least 3 days. Subjects received a calorically dense, enzymatically hydrolyzed 100% whey peptide-based enteral formula for up to 5 days to assess the ability to achieve 50% of caloric goals within the first 3 days (primary outcome), the daily percentage of protein goals attained and gastrointestinal tolerance (secondary outcomes).

Result:

A total of 29 subjects consented and began the study. Four subjects dropped out before first day and 25 subjects were included in analyses. Subjects were aged 55.5 ± 16.9 years with mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.9 ± 7.5 kg/m2. Most (92%) subjects were on a mechanical ventilator and experienced organ failure. At least 50% of caloric and protein goals were achieved in 78.9% and 73.7% of the subjects, respectively, during the first 3 days. Overall, 75.0 ± 26.3% and 69.3 ± 26.7% of calorie and protein goals were achieved using the study formula.

Conclusions:

Subjects fed enterally with a calorically dense, enzymatically hydrolyzed 100% whey peptide-based enteral formula exceeded 50% of caloric and protein goals in most critically ill subjects included in this study. Use of study formula did not lead to severe gastrointestinal intolerance.
Long-Term Outcome of Common Femoral Artery Endarterectomy In Octogenarians and Non-Octogenarians
Authors: Uhl Christian , Götzke Hannah , Zeman Florian , Woronowicz Sandra , Betz Thomas , Töpel Ingolf , Steinbauer Markus
Published: February 2020

Objective:

Arteriosclerotic disease of the common femoral artery can be treated by surgical or endovascular intervention. Elderly patients are said to have a worse outcome if treated by surgical means; however, data to support this theory are missing.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent common femoral artery endarterectomy between March 2007 and July 2018 in our clinic. Group 1 included all patients <80 years and Group 2 included all patients ⩾80 years. Endpoints were patency rates, limb salvage, and overall survival.

Results:

During this time period, 977 common femoral artery endarterectomies were performed. Indication was claudication in 61.5% and critical limb ischemia in 38.5%. Group 1 included 805 cases (82.4%) and Group 2 included 172 cases (17.6%). Thirty-day mortality was 2.7% (Group 1 = 1.6% versus Group 2 = 7.6%; p < 0.001) and 30-day major amputation was 1.1% (Group 1 = 0.7% versus Group 2 = 2.9%; p = .043). Primary patency and secondary patency were 84.2% and 96.8%, respectively, after 7 years. Limb salvage (93.7%, Group 1 = 94.1% versus Group 2 = 91.8%; p = .088) and overall survival (52.0%, Group 1 = 59.1% versus Group 2 = 15.7%; p = .006) were significantly different after the same time period. Multivariable analysis showed female gender to be a risk factor for loss of primary patency. Age ⩾ 80 years and ulcer or gangrene were risk factors for death. Statin use was beneficial to survival.

Conclusions:

Common femoral artery endarterectomy is a safe procedure with excellent long-term results. Octogenarians have an increased risk for perioperative mortality and major amputation.
Exploring County Lines: Criminal Drug Distribution Practices in Scotland
Authors: Holligan Chris , McLean Robert , McHugh Richard
Published: February 2020

The concept of ‘County Lines’ denotes an exploitative type of illegal drug distribution and dealing criminal enterprise that is indicative of the development of new strategies to underpin criminal markets in Britain. It is a growing phenomenon characterizing the evolution and working of drug distribution networks in contemporary Britain which often establish ‘nests’ in the homes of vulnerable persons domiciled within drug traffic hubs. This article draws upon qualitative data generated from interviews with active and former offenders and members of intervention agencies in order to understand more about the denizens of this embryonic criminal world.
Digital surveillance and access to encrypted communications in Australia
Authors: McGarrity Nicola , Hardy Keiran
Published: February 2020

Australia’s counterterrorism laws have significantly expanded the powers of its law enforcement and intelligence agencies with regard to digital surveillance. In this article, we explain and evaluate Australia’s counterterrorism laws with respect to intercepting telecommunications, other forms of digital surveillance and access to encrypted communications. We focus on the statutory powers held by federal law enforcement agencies and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), Australia’s domestic security intelligence agency. These powers confirm several important trends. They have further blurred the lines between intelligence and evidence and they have granted law enforcement and ASIO extraordinary powers to modify consumer technologies. They also create significant potential for conflict of laws across national boundaries. Significant strengthening of existing accountability mechanisms is needed to ensure public transparency and reduce opportunities for misuse.
A Tale of two Networks—Glial Contributions to Generalized Seizures
Authors: Rosch Richard E. , Dulla Chris G.
Published: February 2020

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A Family Home Once Again: How Authentic is the Visitor’s Experience of an Edwardian Country House at Sewerby Hall?
Authors: Chester Robert
Published: February 2020

Sewerby Hall was purchased by the local authority in 1934 although its contents were not. In the years that followed, the house suffered alteration and loss of some original features. In 2013/2014, the house was restored to reflect its appearance as the Edwardian home of the Lloyd Greame family, with dressed period rooms, reinstated features, a working Edwardian kitchen, and costumed interpretation. However, in reality, the house would be unrecognizable to the family; the furniture, the ornaments, and clutter are not theirs. In the kitchen the range is a replacement and the furniture brand new, while the interpreters are often older than the roles they portray. If so much has changed, can the visitor’s experience ever be considered authentic? This essay seeks to examine and define authenticity in the context of Sewerby Hall and to demonstrate how apparently irreconcilable contradictions can in fact combine to create an authentic visitor experience.
Poisson’s ratios of molded pulp materials by digital image correlation method and uniaxial tensile test
Authors: Hua Guangjun , Yang Maoteng , Fei Weimin , Lu Fude
Published: February 2020

The mechanical properties of molded pulp materials are the basis of the structural optimum design of molded pulp products. Therefore, the correlations between Poisson’s ratio and fiber structure, molding process, and thickness were found for materials including wood pulp, bamboo pulp, sugarcane pulp, white mixed pulp, black mixed pulp, recycled corrugated board pulp, and recycled newspaper pulp by the uniaxial tensile test and digital image correlation method. The fiber structures of the selected molded pulp materials were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed Poisson’s ratios of wood pulp, bamboo pulp, sugarcane pulp, white mixed pulp, black mixed pulp, recycled corrugated board pulp, and recycled newspaper pulp to be 0.169, 0.108, 0.202, 0.120, 0.166, 0.098, and 0.044, respectively. Microstructural investigation further revealed that Poisson’s ratios of molded pulp materials were related to the fiber structure and drying method. The pulp material dried outside mold under lower pressure and temperature had a smaller Poisson’s ratio, while that dried inside mold under higher pressure and temperature had a larger Poisson’s ratio. The layered phenomenon of the molded pulp materials was also found by scanning electron microscopy images: the outer layer was denser than the inner layer. These results can provide guidance for the numerical simulation analysis and optimal design of molded pulp products.
A comparative study of thermal performance in three generations of Iranian residential buildings: Case studies in Csa Gorgan
Authors: Moolavi Sanzighi Shima , Soflaei Farzaneh , Shokouhian Mehdi
Published: February 2020

This article focuses on evaluating thermal performance of different types of residential buildings in Mediterranean climate (Csa) of Iran. The aim is to identify the main design parameters in nine research cases, selected from three distinct periods of history with different architectural styles, and evaluating thermal performance of these buildings. To that end, a library study was carried out to identify the most influential passive design strategies and to highlight their impact on thermal comfort and energy efficiency of residential buildings. A field survey was conducted to determine the most common types of average-income houses in Csa climate of Gorgan, Iran, with a historical overview from 19th century to present. Nine buildings were selected to study from three different period of times including the years from 1850 to 1925, 1925 to 1979 and 1979 to present. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to assess the impact of four main design parameters including orientation, geometrical properties, openings and materials on indoor thermal comfort for each case, using Design Builder commercial software package. The correlation between these design variables and thermal comfort was presented; the results reveal that the contemporary residential buildings are not designed as efficient as traditional houses in this area, in terms of passive energy saving techniques.
Comparison of two rhodamine-based polystyrene solid-phase fluorescent sensors for mercury(II) determination
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Li Yi , Zong Linghui , Zhang Jingyi
Published: February 2020

Two novel rhodamine-based polystyrene solid-phase fluorescent sensors PS-AC-I and PS-AC-II with different coordination atoms (O or S) are synthesized and shown to be able to detect Hg(II) ions. They are characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Their fluorescent properties, including response time, pH effects, fluorescence titrations, metal ion competition and recycling, are investigated and compared. Sensor PS-AC-II displayed higher selectivity and sensitivity to Hg(II), with a lower detection limit of 0.032 µM, which was 15 times better than PS-AC-I. A detection mechanism involving the Hg(II) chelation-induced ring-opening of the rhodamine spirolactam is proposed with the aid of theoretical calculations.
Optimization of combined measures of airway physiology and cardiovascular hemodynamics in mice
Authors: Kopf Katrina W. , Harral Julie W. , Staker Emily A. , Summers Megan E. , Petrache Irina , Kheyfets Vitaly , Irwin David C. , Majka Susan M.
Published: February 2020

Pulmonary hypertension may arise as a complication of chronic lung disease typically associated with tissue hypoxia, as well as infectious agents or injury eliciting a type 2 immune response. The onset of pulmonary hypertension in this setting (classified as Group 3) often complicates treatment and worsens prognosis of chronic lung disease. Chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), emphysema, and interstitial lung fibrosis impair airflow and alter lung elastance in addition to affecting pulmonary vascular hemodynamics that may culminate in right ventricle dysfunction. To date, functional endpoints in murine models of chronic lung disease have typically been limited to separately measuring airway and lung parenchyma physiology. These approaches may be lengthy and require a large number of animals per experiment. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for combined assessment of airway physiology with cardiovascular hemodynamics in mice. Ultimately, a comprehensive overview of pulmonary function in murine models of injury and disease will facilitate the integration of studies of the airway and vascular biology necessary to understand underlying pathophysiology of Group 3 pulmonary hypertension.
Social Media and Teens: A Needs Assessment Exploring the Potential Role of Social Media in Promoting Health
Authors: Plaisime Marie , Robertson-James Candace , Mejia Lidyvez , Núñez Ana , Wolf Judith , Reels Serita
Published: February 2020

Aims:

Social media use is widespread in teens. But, few studies have developed recommendations on how social media can be used to promote teen health. The Philadelphia Ujima™ Coalition funded by the Office on Women’s Health conducted a needs assessment to explore social media as a health communication tool. This study aimed to identify (1) social media utilization practices, (2) strategies to effectively engage teens on social media, and (3) recommendations for teen health promotion on social media.

Methods:

A cross-sectional mixed methods study design was used, in which a survey was administered to 152 youth (ages: 13–18 years). In addition, four focus groups were conducted with 26 teens to elaborate on the quantitative findings.

Results:

We found that while 94.6% of teens use social media, only 3.5% reported using it to seek health-related information. However, when asked about specific topics (i.e., fitness, sexual health, nutrition), 66.7% to 91.7% reported health information seeking. Although, many teens were not able to identify reliable sources of information. Teens felt health messages should be attractive and tailored.

Conclusion:

Social media holds promise as an effective health communication tool; however, information must be reliable and composed of attractive messages tailored to meet teens’ diverse needs. The findings from this study are indicative of the critical need to further explore how social media platforms enhance usage in health promotion.