bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The political iceberg: the hidden side of leaders’ political behaviour
Authors: Kidron Aviv , Vinarski-Peretz Hedva
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to implement the concept of the “political iceberg” and to investigate its hidden or submerged part comprised of motives and latent triggers lying behind leaders’ political behavior, and which remains almost unexplored. Specifically, drawing on the abundant literature at the intersection of leadership and organizational politics, the authors examine – what drives leaders to engage in political behavior?

Design/methodology/approach

Public sector organizations are characterized by a high level of organizational politics and are therefore suitable for this research. A semi-structured interview formed the main data-gathering instrument. The authors conducted interviews with 14 leaders across public sector organizations. The findings are based on a qualitative analysis of the interviews.

Findings

Two key themes were analyzed: leaders’ motives to engage in political behavior to achieve corporate interests; leaders’ motives to engage in political behave or for personal interests. On the one hand, motives for political behavior are directed toward the general good, such as accomplishing organizational goals, attaining resources and managing change. On the other hand, motives to engage in political behavior may focus inter alia on such, personal interests as one’s career in the organization, gaining an advantage or other self-interests.

Originality/value

To date, research has focused primarily on the visible tip of the political iceberg. This study is part of a new stream of qualitative studies of political behavior. To gain a complete picture of organizational life, this study focuses on the hidden side of the political iceberg and has revealed the motives for political behavior.
What are the key innovative strategies needed for future tourism in Guyana?
Authors: Sinclair Donald , Jayawardena Chandana (Chandi)
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to provide answers to the strategic question: “What innovative strategies are needed to develop tourism in Guyana for 2025?”. It captures the essence of scholarly contributions made by experts and provides a concluding summary to WHATT theme issue on tourism in Guyana.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws from concepts, suggestions and solutions written by authors of seven proceeding papers. These authors cumulatively have valuable and diverse experience in managing, operating and teaching many key aspects of tourism industry. This paper presents summaries responding to seven questions on the following topics: understanding past tourism in Guyana; tourism policy and the path to sustainable tourism development; development of community-based tourism (CBT); impact in tourism from entrepreneurship ecosystem; strategies for boosting travel to Guyana from diasporic areas; justification for including Jonestown as part of dark tourism; and human resource development for tourism and hospitality.

Findings

In conclusion, a “Vision 2025 tool box for tourism in Guyana” concept is presented. Several specific recommendations related to tourism in Guyana are made.

Practical implications

As this paper is a combination of views from seven papers, there is no common conclusion. For further analysis, it is recommended that relevant papers of this theme issue be reviewed.

Originality/value

Readers who are interested in tourism in Guyana would benefit from this paper.
The role of conserved proteins DrpA and DrpB in nitrate respiration of Thermus thermophilus
Authors: Chahlafi Zahra , Alvarez Laura , Cava Felipe , Berenguer José
Published: September 2018

In many Thermus thermophilus strains, nitrate respiration is encoded in mobile genetic regions, along with regulatory circuits that modulate its expression based on anoxia and nitrate presence. The oxygen‐responsive system has been identified as the product of the dnrST (dnr) operon located immediately upstream of the nar operon (narCGHJIKT), which encodes the nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrate/nitrite transporters. In contrast, the nature of the nitrate sensory system is not known. Here, we analyse the putative nitrate‐sensing role of the bicistronic drp operon (drpAB) present downstream of the nar operon in most denitrifying Thermus spp. Expression of drp was found to depend on the master regulator DnrT, whereas the absence of DrpA or DrpB increased the expression of both DnrS and DnrT and, concomitantly, of the NR. Absence of both proteins made expression from the dnr and nar operons independent of nitrate. Polyclonal antisera allowed us to identify DrpA as a periplasmic protein and DrpB as a membrane protein, with capacity to bind to the cytoplasmic membrane. Here, we propose a role for DrpA/DrpB as nitrate sensors during denitrification.
Myeloid cell‐derived tumor necrosis factor‐alpha promotes sarcopenia and regulates muscle cell fusion with aging muscle fibers
Authors: Wang Ying , Welc Steven S. , Wehling‐Henricks Michelle , Tidball James G.
Published: September 2018

Sarcopenia is age‐related muscle wasting that lacks effective therapeutic interventions. We found that systemic ablation of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) prevented sarcopenia and prevented age‐related change in muscle fiber phenotype. Furthermore,TNF‐α ablation reduced the number of satellite cells in aging muscle and promoted muscle cell fusion in vivo and in vitro. Because CD68+ macrophages are important sources of TNF‐α and the number of CD68+ macrophages increases in aging muscle, we tested whether macrophage‐derived TNF‐α affects myogenesis. Media conditioned byTNF‐α‐null macrophages increased muscle cell fusion in vitro, compared to media conditioned by wild‐type macrophages. In addition, transplantation of bone marrow cells from wild‐type mice intoTNF‐α‐null recipients increased satellite cell numbers and reduced numbers of centrally nucleated myofibers, indicating that myeloid cell‐secreted TNF‐α reduces muscle cell fusion. Transplanting bone marrow cells from wild‐type mice intoTNF‐α‐null recipients also increased sarcopenia, although transplantation did not restore the age‐related change in muscle fiber phenotype. Collectively, we show that myeloid cell‐derived TNF‐α contributes to muscle aging by affecting sarcopenia and muscle cell fusion with aging muscle fibers. Our findings also show that TNF‐α that is intrinsic to muscle and TNF‐α secreted by immune cells work together to influence muscle aging.
Varenicline versus placebo for waterpipe smoking cessation: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dogar Omara , Zahid Raana , Mansoor Sonia , Kanaan Mona , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , Jawad Mohammed , Siddiqi Kamran
Published: September 2018

Background and Aims

Waterpipe tobacco smoking is a growing public health concern. There is limited research using pharmacotherapy and no research using varenicline (established treatment for smoking cessation) in waterpipe smokers. We tested the efficacy of varenicline in achieving abstinence from all tobacco use among waterpipe smokers.

Design

Two‐arm, parallel group, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multi‐centre (n = 4), individually randomized trial with follow‐up to 25 weeks.

Settings

District general hospitals and catchment communities within four districts of Punjab, Pakistan.

Participants

Adult daily waterpipe smokers (n = 510; 253 in varenicline and 257 in placebo arms), who were interested in quitting, were recruited and analysed between March and November 2016. Of these, 220 (87%) in the varenicline and 239 (93%) in the placebo arms completed all follow‐ups. Participants were on average aged 49 [standard deviation (SD) = 15.2] years, daily smokers and smoked for the last 27 (SD = 15.9) years. More than half (261, 51.2%) also smoked cigarettes.

Intervention and comparator

All trial participants received two structured sessions of behavioural support (of 30 and 10 minutes) one at the time of registration and the other 1 week later. Participants were randomized to varenicline (active arm) and placebo (control arm) stratified on district, sex and concomitant cigarette smoking. Varenicline and placebo were dispensed as identical unlabelled tablets for 12 weeks: 0.5 mg for 1 week (once on days 1–3, twice on days 4–7) and 1 mg for the subsequent 11 weeks (twice daily).

Measurements

The trial participants were followed‐up for a period of 25 weeks post‐randomization. The primary outcome was 7‐day repeated point prevalence abstinence from all forms of tobacco, self‐reported at each of weeks 5, 12 and 25, verified by carbon‐monoxide cut‐off < 10 parts per million.

Findings

No evidence of statistically significant difference in repeated point prevalence abstinence between the varenicline (12 of 253; 4.7%) and placebo (11 of 257; 4.3%) arms (relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval = 0.50–2.47, P = 0.80) was observed (Bayes factor = 0.048). Adverse events reported in 27 participants were 34 (15 in varenicline and 19 in placebo); none was serious.

Conclusions

Varenicline was not more effective than placebo in aiding cessation of tobacco use in long‐term daily waterpipe smokers.
Attention difficulties and physical dysfunction common in children with complex congenital malformations: a study of preschool children with VACTERL association
Authors: Kassa A‐M , Dahl M , Strinnholm M , Engstrand Lilja H
Published: September 2018

Aim

Knowledge on the neurodevelopmental and physical function in children with vertebral defects, anorectal malformations, cardiac defects, tracheo‐oesophageal fistula, renal and limb malformations (VACTERL) is scarce. We evaluated Swedish preschool children with VACTERL and identified whether they would need extra support in school.

Methods

From 2015 to 2017, we recruited children aged 5–7 with VACTERL association from the paediatric surgical centre at the University Children's Hospital at Uppsala. Neurodevelopmental function was assessed by age‐appropriate intelligence and visual and auditory attention tests, and the children's behaviour and attention were observed by an experienced psychologist. Physical function was evaluated through parental interviews and examinations. Data on patient characteristics, including any surgery and anaesthesia, were extracted from medical records.

Results

Of the 13 eligible families, 10 agreed to participate. Intelligence was within the normal range for all children, but attention difficulties were found in eight of the children, requiring adjustments at school, and two of these were later diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. All children had physical dysfunctions that affected their daily nutrition, bowel or bladder functions.

Conclusion

Attention difficulties and physical dysfunction were common in Swedish preschool children aged 5–7 with VACTERL and they would need support and adjustments when they started school.
Oral health‐related quality of life as a predictor of subjective well‐being among older adults—A decade‐long longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Klotz Anna‐Luisa , Tauber Benjamin , Schubert Anna‐Lena , Hassel Alexander Jochen , Schröder Johannes , Wahl Hans‐Werner , Rammelsberg Peter , Zenthöfer Andreas
Published: September 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate possible longitudinal associations between oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) and subjective well‐being among quinquagenarians and septuagenarians over up to 10 years of clinical observation.

Methods

This research is part of the “Interdisciplinary Study on Adult Development and Aging (ILSE).” All participants lived in an urban region of southwest Germany. One hundred and fifty‐two participants born in 1930–1932 (older cohort, OC; n = 54) and 1950–1952 (younger cohort, YC; n = 98) underwent comprehensive psychological, medical and dental examinations at baseline and up to 10 years thereafter. The Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) was used to assess OHRQoL. The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS), general life satisfaction (GLS) and individuals’ general satisfaction with their health (SWH) were used to evaluate subjective well‐being. Regression models and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to analyse the longitudinal associations between OHRQoL and subjective well‐being.

Results

A cross‐lagged prediction model revealed a positive association between baseline OHRQoL and subjective well‐being across 10 years for both birth cohorts, OC [0.49 (0.21; 0.69)] and YC [0.36 (0.24; 0.52)]. However, higher subjective well‐being at baseline was not a predictor of better OHRQoL 10 years later for either cohort.

Conclusions

OHRQoL seems to be a substantial predictor of subjective well‐being in quinquagenarians and septuagenarians across the rather long observational period. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm this finding.
Solid carcinoma is a variant of microcystic adnexal carcinoma: A 14‐case series
Authors: Llamas‐Velasco Mar , Pérez‐Gónzalez Yosmar Carolina , Bosch‐Príncep Ramon , Fernández‐Figueras María‐Teresa , Rütten Arno
Published: September 2018

Background

Solid carcinoma is a poorly characterized malignant apocrine neoplasm as only 16 cases have been published.

Objective

To characterize its clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features.

Methods

We compiled 14 cases of solid carcinoma and clinical information were updated. Hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed and we stained all the cases for CEA, EMA, SMA, PHLDA‐1, BerP4, nestin, p53, p63, p75, CK5/6, CK7 and some with remaining material for CK14, 15, CK10, CK19, S100, CD117, and CAM5.

Results

All the lesions were located on the scalp. Histopathologically, all the cases were characterized by solid aggregates of neoplastic epithelial cells without nuclear atypia or mitotic figures involving all the dermis. All the cases presented perineural infiltration and most of them had cornified cystic structures. CK5/6 and p63 were positive. CEA and EMA underlined the scarce ducts. Ki67 was lower than 1%. BerEP4 and PHLDA‐1 were negative.

Conclusion

Solid carcinoma is a solid variant of MAC affecting the scalp more frequently than classic MAC, mostly in old males and showing variable‐sized nests involving the entire dermis and composed by poroid, clear‐cells, or a mixture of both. It is positive for p63 and CK5/6 and negative for BerEP4 and PHLDA‐1. Staining features with CK19 and PHLDA1 differ from classic MAC.
Comprehensive analysis of body composition and insulin traits associated with intra‐pancreatic fat deposition in healthy individuals and people with new‐onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis
Authors: Singh Ruma G. , Nguyen Ngoc N. , DeSouza Steve V. , Pendharkar Sayali A. , Petrov Maxim S.
Published: September 2018

Current knowledge of biomarkers of intra‐pancreatic fat deposition (IFD) is limited. We aimed to analyse comprehensively body composition and insulin traits as biomarkers of IFD in healthy normoglycaemic individuals as well as in individuals with new‐onset prediabetes or diabetes after acute pancreatitis (NODAP). A total of 29 healthy individuals and 34 individuals with NODAP took part in this cross‐sectional study. The studied biomarkers belonged to the following domains: body composition (anthropometric and MRI‐derived variables); indices of insulin secretion; indices of insulin sensitivity; incretins and related peptides; and pancreatitis‐related factors. All MRI‐derived variables (including IFD) were measured using ImageJ software. Univariate and step‐wise regression analyses were conducted to determine variables that best explained variance in IFD. Visceral fat volume and oxyntomodulin were the best biomarkers of IFD in normoglycaemic healthy individuals, contributing to 64% variance. The Raynaud index was the best biomarker of IFD in individuals with NODAP, contributing to 20% variance. Longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate the cause and effect relationship between oxyntomodulin and IFD in healthy individuals, as well as insulin sensitivity and IFD in individuals with NODAP.
Mystery of rhythmic signal emergence within the suprachiasmatic nuclei
Authors: Sumová Alena , Čečmanová Vendula
Published: September 2018

The circadian system provides organisms with a temporal organization that optimizes their adaptation to environmental fluctuations on a 24‐hr basis. In mammals, the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) develops during the perinatal period. The rhythmicity first appears at the level of individual SCN neurons during the fetal stage, and this step is often misinterpreted as the time of complete SCN clock development. However, the process is only finalized when the SCN begin to play a role of the central clock in the body, that is, when they are able to generate robust rhythmicity at the cell population level, entrain the rhythmic signal with external light‐dark cycles and convey this signal to the rest of the body. The development is gradual and correlates with morphological maturation of the SCN structural complexity, which is based on intercellular network formation. The aim of this review is to summarize events related to the first emergence of circadian oscillations in the fetal SCN clock. Although a large amount of data on ontogenesis of the circadian system have been accumulated, how exactly the immature SCN converts into a functional central clock has still remained rather elusive. In this review, the hypothesis of how the SCN attains its rhythmicity at the tissue level is discussed in context with the recent advances in the field. For an extensive summary of the complete ontogenetic development of the circadian system, the readers are referred to other previously published reviews.
Thymus autonomy as a prelude to leukemia
Authors: Paiva Rafael A. , Ramos Camila V. , Martins Vera C.
Published: September 2018

Cell competition in the thymus promotes turnover and functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting leukemia. Using thymus transplantation experiments, we have shown that the presence of T lymphocyte precursors, recently seeding the thymus, promotes the clearance of precursors with a longer time of thymus residency. If cell competition is impaired and no cells seed the thymus, the organ is capable of sustaining T lymphocyte production, a state termed thymus autonomy. However, we observed consistently that prolonged autonomy is permissive to the emergence of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL). This resembled the onset of T‐ALL in patients treated by gene therapy for X‐linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID‐X1). Following treatment, thymus activity was established, with T lymphocyte production, although no bone marrow contribution was detected. However, some patients developed T‐ALL. The favored explanation for malignant transformation was considered to be genotoxicity due to integration of the retroviral vector next to oncogenes, thereby activating them ectopically. Although plausible, we consider an alternative, mutually nonexclusive explanation: that any condition enabling prolonged thymus autonomy will promote leukemogenesis. In support of this view, two independent studies have recently shown that the efficacy of reconstitution of the bone marrow in the context of SCID‐X1 dramatically influences the outcome of treatment, and that lymphoid malignancies emerge following transplantation of a small number of healthy progenitors. Here, we discuss the most recent data in light of our own studies in thymopoiesis and the conditions that trigger malignant transformation of thymocytes in various experimental and clinical settings.
The hedging benefits of industrial and global diversification: Evidence from economic downturns
Authors: Liu Yixin , Mauer David C. , Zhang Yilei
Published: September 2018

In a large panel of US firms, we find that discounts for industrial and global diversification significantly decrease in economic downturns, suggesting a valuable hedging benefit of diversification. This finding is robust to a wide variety of business cycle and economic uncertainty variables and persists when we account for endogeneity of industrial and global diversification. We further analyze the channels through which diversification is more valuable in economic downturns. We find that the value improvement is largely explained by increases in investment and product market performance relative to focused firms. There is no evidence that improved internal capital market efficiency or access to external finance contribute to the hedging value of diversification.
Tooth loss in periodontally compromised patients: Results 20 years after active periodontal therapy
Authors: Pretzl Bernadette , El Sayed Shirin , Weber Dorothea , Eickholz Peter , Bäumer Amelie
Published: September 2018

Aim

To assess tooth loss in periodontally compromised patients 20 years after active periodontal therapy (APT) and to detect potential influencing factors for tooth loss on patient level.

Material and Methods

From a total of 100 patients, who were re‐evaluated ten years after APT, 70 could be re‐examined 20 years ± 12 months after APT. Tooth loss during 20 years was detected and based on regression analyses the impact of patient‐levelled factors was estimated.

Results

Of 1.639 teeth, 201 were lost (mean 2.87 teeth/patient, range 0–19 teeth, SD 3.49), resulting in a mean tooth loss rate of 0.14 teeth/patient/year during 20 years. Mean tooth loss per patient was higher during the second ten years of supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) compared to the first (1.20 vs. 1.67 teeth/patient). As influencing factors age (p < 0.001), smoking (p < 0.001), compliance to SPT (p < 0.001), marital status (p < 0.001), presence of diabetes (p < 0.001) and heart diseases (p = 0.001) could be detected.

Conclusion

Over 20 years of follow‐up, a low number of teeth were lost in mostly severely compromised periodontal patients. Smoking, non‐compliance to SPT, age, living as a single and systemic diseases like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases negatively influence tooth loss on the long run.
Urban Metabolism of Intermediate Cities: The Material Flow Analysis, Hinterlands and the Logistics‐Hub Function of Rennes and Le Mans (France)
Authors: Bahers Jean‐Baptiste , Barles Sabine , Durand Mathieu
Published: September 2018

Although urban metabolism has been a subject of renewed interest for some years, the related studies remain fragmented throughout the world. Most of them concern major cities (megacities and/or national capitals) and, more rarely, intermediate, medium‐sized or small cities. However, urbanization trends show that together with the metropolization process, another one is characterized by the proliferation of intermediate cities.

We have studied the metabolism of two French intermediate cities for the year 2012: Rennes Métropole (400,000 inhabitants) and Le Mans Métropole (200,000 inhabitants). To this end, we used material flow analysis (MFA) based on the methodology developed by Eurostat, adapted to the subnational level. This has been made possible by the use, for the first time, of very precise statistical sources concerning freight. We have developed a multiscale approach in order to weigh the urban metabolism of those two cities and to compare it to other cases and larger territories. This allows a better understanding of the specific territorial metabolism of intermediate cities, their hinterlands, and their logistics‐hub function. We conclude with the “urban dimension” of social metabolism, and, thanks to the multiscale approach, to the debate regarding logistical hubs, dematerialization, and territorial autonomy.
Integrating X‐ray mapping and microtomography of garnet with thermobarometry to define theP–Tevolution of the (near)UHPMiędzygórze eclogite, Sudetes,SWPoland
Authors: Majka Jarosław , Mazur Stanisław , Młynarska Maria , Klonowska Iwona , Tual Lorraine , Kośmińska Karolina , Tarasiuk Jacek , Wroński Sebastian
Published: September 2018

Detailed X‐ray compositional mapping and microtomography have revealed the complex zoning and growth history of garnet in a kyanite‐bearing eclogite. The garnet occurs as clusters of coalesced grains with cores revealing slightly higher Ca and lower Mg than the rims forming the coalescence zones between the grains. Core regions of the garnet host inclusions of omphacite with the highest jadeite, and phengite with the highest Si, similar to values in the cores of omphacite and phengite located in the matrix. Therefore, the core compositions of garnet, omphacite, and phengite have been chosen for the peak pressure estimate. Coupled conventional thermobarometry, averageP–T, and phase equilibrium modelling in theNCKFMMnASHTsystem yieldsP–Tconditions of 26–30 kbar at 800–930°C. Although coesite is not preserved, theseP–Tconditions partially overlap the coesite stability field, suggesting near ultra‐high–pressure (UHP) conditions during the formation of this eclogite. Therefore, the peak pressure assemblage is suggested to have been garnet–omphacite–kyanite–phengite–coesite/quartz–rutile. Additional lines of evidence for the possibleUHPorigin of the Międzygórze eclogite are the presence of rod‐shaped inclusions of quartz parallel to the c‐axis in omphacite as well as relatively high values of Ca‐Tschermak and Ca‐Eskola components. Late zoisite, rare diopside–plagioclase symplectites rimming omphacite, and minor phlogopite–plagioclase symplectites replacing phengite formed during retrogression together with later amphibole. These retrograde assemblages lack minerals typical of granulite facies, which suggests simultaneous decompression and cooling during exhumation before the crustal‐scale folding that was responsible for final exhumation of the eclogite.
Eosinophilic aortitis with thoracic aortic aneurysm and rupture in a captive‐born owl monkey
Authors: Gozalo Alfonso S. , Elkins William R. , Lambert Lynn E.
Published: September 2018

Eosinophilic aortitis is a rare condition in animals and humans, and it has been occasionally reported associated with parasitic migration and with a poorly understood complex group of autoimmune vasculitides. Here, we describe a case of eosinophilic aortitis with thoracic aortic aneurysm and rupture in a captive‐born owl monkey and discuss the differential diagnoses.
Development and analytical validation of a radioimmunoassay for the quantification of alpha1‐proteinase inhibitor in serum and feces from the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Parambeth Joseph Cyrus , Lidbury Jonathan A. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jörg. M.
Published: September 2018

Background

The objective of this study was to develop and analytically validate a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of alpha1‐proteinase inhibitor (α1‐PI) concentrations in serum and feces from the common marmoset.

Methods

Serum samples (n = 30) and 3‐day fecal samples (n = 30) were obtained from healthy marmosets. AnRIAwas established and validated by determination of sensitivity, working range, dilutional parallelism, spiking recovery, and intra‐ and interassay variability. A reference interval for mα1‐PIin serum and feces was established.

Results

Sensitivity and upper limit of the working range were 0.75 and 100.62 μg/L, respectively. Observed‐to‐expected (O/E) ratios for serial dilutions ranged from 89.9% to 123.0% (mean ±SD: 106.0 ± 11.5%) for 8 serum samples, and from 90.6% to 132.7% (mean ±SD: 107.6 ± 19.2%) for 4 fecal samples. O/E ratios for spiking recovery ranged from 97.6% to 104.4% (mean ±SD: 101.3 ± 3%) for 4 serum samples, and from 97.5% to 101.4% (mean ±SD: 99.2 ± 1.8%) for 4 fecal samples and 3 different spiking concentrations. Coefficients of variation (CV) for intra‐assay variability for 8 serum samples ranged from 1.7% to 10.6% and 2.2% to 5.1% in the 8 fecal samples. The interassayCVfor eight serum samples ranged from 1.3% to 9.9%, and from 1.0% to 6.7% in the 8 fecal samples. The reference interval in serum was determined to be 1047‐1484 μg/L. The reference interval in serum was determined to be 1047‐1484 μg/L. The reference interval for the 3‐day mean fecal concentration, and 3‐day maximum fecal concentration were determined to be 32.4‐124.4 μg/g and 39.1‐158.7 μg/g of feces, respectively.

Conclusion

The developed assay is sensitive, linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of this assay.
Asc‐1 transporter activation: an alternative to rescue age‐related alterations in functional plasticity at rat hippocampal CA3/CA1 synapses
Authors: Billard Jean‐Marie , Freret Thomas
Published: September 2018

Activation of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor (NMDA‐R) represents a key functional process for memory formation. A decreased synthesis of the NMDA‐R co‐agonist d‐serine was recently proposed to contribute to alterations of hippocampus‐dependent memory mechanisms with ageing. Nevertheless, other pathways could also be involved and thus considered to be targets of interest to prevent cognitive ageing. Herein, we demonstrate that the Asc‐1 subtype of neutral amino acid (nAA) transporters that regulates d‐serine and glycine release from neurons could be viewed as one of these targets. At CA3/CA1 hippocampal synapses, Asc‐1 activation did not modify basal glutamate neurotransmission either in adult or aged rats. In contrast, Asc‐1 activation significantly increased NMDA‐R‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP) in both groups of animals and fully rescued the age‐related LTP deficits. This rescue in aged animals was observed only when Asc‐1 activation was selectively managed by d‐Isoleucine (d‐Ile), but not when less specifically driven by a mixture of nAA. Similarly, while any activation of Asc‐1 improved the isolated NMDA‐R‐induced synaptic potentials in adult rats, only d‐Ile was efficient in aged animals. Taken together, these results strengthen the interest in specifically targeting Asc‐1 transporters to better cure age‐associated memory decline.

Open Practices

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Left distal trans‐radial access facilitates earlier discharge post‐coronary angiography
Authors: Coughlan John Joseph , Zebrauskaite Aiste , Arnous Samer , Kiernan Thomas J.
Published: September 2018

Aims

In 2017, Kiemeneij published a paper on distal trans‐radial artery access for coronary angiography in 62 patients. This paper proposed several advantages to this method. Since this paper was published, several other papers have been published describing this technique, with less than 200 cases in total described. We performed a non randomized control study of left distal trans‐radial access in patients undergoing coronary angiography in our center.

Methods

We prospectively identified patients presenting for coronary angiography to our center for enrolment in this study. We recruited 94 patients (47 ldTRA, 47 age and sex matched controls). Pre‐defined endpoints for the study were as follows: time until radial compression device (RCD) removal, procedural time, radiation dose, fluoroscopy time, and contrast dose.

Results

Patient and procedural characteristics did not differ significantly between the two groups. With regard to our primary endpoint, patients undergoing ldTRA required, on average, 69 min less time until removal of the RCD (167.8 ± 30 vs 236.6 ± 63.9 min, P < 0.0001). Procedural length did not vary between groups (28.95 ± 5.89 vs 29.76 ± 8.16 min, P = 0.5824). Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in radiation dose area product (5032.66 ± 2740 vs 4826 ± 2796 Gy/cm2, P = 0.7191), contrast dose (82.93 ± 23 vs 92.1 ± 33 mL, P = 0.1215), and fluoroscopy time between the two groups (5.41 ± 3.42 vs 4.82 ± 2.97 min, P = 0.3742).

Conclusions

Our study confirms that ldTRA is a feasible technique for diagnostic coronary angiography in a modern cardiac catheterization laboratory. It results in decreased post‐procedure radial artery compression time without increasing procedural time or radiation dose.
Long‐term follow‐up of patients treated with entecavir and peginterferon add‐on therapy for HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B infection: ARES long‐term follow‐up
Authors: van Campenhout Margo J. H. , Brouwer Willem Pieter , Xie Qing , Guo S. , Chi Heng , Qi Xun , Tabak Fehmi , Streinu‐Cercel Adrian , Wang Ji‐Yao , Zhang Ning‐Ping , Idilman Ramazan , Reesink Hendrik W. , Diculescu Mircea , Simon Krzysztof , Akdogan Meral , Mazur Włodzimierz , de Knegt Rob J. , Verhey Elke , Hansen Bettina E. , Janssen Harry L. A. ,   for the ARES Study Group
Published: September 2018

Addition of peginterferon alpha (PEG‐IFN add‐on) to entecavir (ETV) treatment after a short lead‐in phase results in more response than ETV monotherapy in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB). This study is the first to assess long‐term efficacy of this treatment strategy. Patients who received ETV ± 24 weeks of PEG‐IFN add‐on in a global trial (ARES study) and completed follow‐up were eligible to participate in this observational LTFU study if they had at least one combined HBeAg and HBV DNA measurement beyond week 96 of the ARES study. The primary endpoint was combined response (HBeAg loss and HBV DNA <200 IU/mL) at LTFU. In total, 48 patients treated with PEG‐IFN add‐on and 48 patients treated with ETV monotherapy were included. The median follow‐up duration was 226 (IQR 51) weeks, and 86/96 (90%) patients were initial non‐responders. At LTFU, combined response was present in 13 (27%) vs 11 (23%) patients (P = 0.81), and 1 log10 HBsAg decline in 59% vs 28% (P = 0.02) for PEG‐IFN add‐on and ETV monotherapy, respectively. In 41 initial non‐responders who continued ETV therapy, combined response at LTFU was present in 9 patients (PEG‐IFN add‐on: 5/22 [23%]; ETV monotherapy: 4/19 [21%]). Beyond week 96 of follow‐up, rates of serological response became comparable between PEG‐IFN add‐on and ETV monotherapy. Although in this LTFU study initial non‐responders were overrepresented in the add‐on arm, PEG‐IFN add‐on possibly leads rather to accelerated HBeAg loss than to increased long‐term HBeAg loss rates.
A clarion call for preventing taxonomical errors of dermatophytes using the example of the novelTrichophyton mentagrophytesgenotype VIII uniformly isolated in the Indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis
Authors: Nenoff Pietro , Verma Shyam B. , Uhrlaß Silke , Burmester Anke , Gräser Yvonne
Published: September 2018

An alarming pan Indian increase in the incidence of superficial dermatophytosis has been noticed over the past 5‐6 years. Recent studies have demonstrated emerging predominance ofTrichophyton(T.)mentagrophytesas the causative organism in such cases. Interestingly, a distinct Indian genotype ofT. mentagrophyteshas been identified and recognised with the help of sequencing of the ITS region of the rDNA. That has, however, led to a basic confusion owing to the newly introduced taxonomy of dermatophytes in 2017. According to this most recently suggested classification and new taxonomy of dermatophytes, the former “T.mentagrophytescomplex” is differentiated intoT. mentagrophytes(zoophilic strains) andT. interdigitale(anthropophilic strains). We have noticed that in some recent studies the causative agent of the chronic, relapsing dermatophytosis outbreak in India has been described asT. interdigitale. In our opinion, it is very likely that theseT. interdigitalestrains isolated in Delhi and Chennai in India are indeed strains more closely related to the neotype ofT. mentagrophytesand not strains ofT. interdigitale. We therefore want to underscore the importance of a common nomenclature of species in accordance with the new taxonomy of dermatophytes. This would most likely facilitate better understanding of the issue amongst dermatologists and microbiologists in general. Mistaken identification ofTrichophytonisolates not limited to India is very likely to occur due to the lack of appropriate molecular diagnosis which in turn is based on the already published data that presumably wrongly identify one species instead of the other.
DNA methylation dynamics during the interaction of wheat progenitor Aegilops tauschii with the obligate biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici
Authors: Geng Shuaifeng , Kong Xingchen , Song Gaoyuan , Jia Meiling , Guan Jiantao , Wang Fang , Qin Zhengrui , Wu Liang , Lan Xiujin , Li Aili , Mao Long
Published: September 2018

DNA methylation is dynamically involved in plant immunity, but little information is known about its roles in plant interactions with biotrophic fungi, especially in temperate grasses such as wheat (Triticum aestivum).

Using wheat diploid progenitor Aegilops tauschii accession AL8/78, the genome of which has been sequenced, we assessed the extent of DNA methylation in response to infection with Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), which causes powdery mildew.

Upon Bgt infection, ARGONAUTE4a (AGO4a) was significantly downregulated in A. tauschii, which was accompanied by a substantial reduction in AGO4a‐sorted 24‐nt siRNA levels, especially for genes near transposable elements (TAGs). Bisulfite sequencing revealed abundant differentially methylated regions (DMRs) with CHH hypomethylation. TAGs bearing CHH‐hypomethylated DMRs were enriched for ‘response to stress’ functions, including receptor kinase, peroxidase, and pathogenesis‐related genes. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) of a DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLASE 2 (DRM2) homolog enhanced plant resistance to Bgt. The effect of CHH hypomethylation was exemplified by the upregulation of a pathogenesis‐related β‐1,3‐glucanse gene implicated in Bgt defense.

These findings support the idea that dynamic DNA methylation represents a regulatory layer in the complex mechanism of plant immunity, which could be exploited to improve disease resistance in common wheat.
Parental age in relation to the severity of cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Hermann Nuno V. , Darvann Tron A. , Munch Anders , Kreiborg Sven
Published: September 2018

Structured Abstract

Objective

To investigate parental age in relation to the severity of cleft diagnosis in a population‐based consecutive sample of individuals with clefts.

Setting/Sample

Retrospective, consecutive.

Material/Methods

The sample comprised 545 consecutive cases with nonsyndromic clefts (437 individuals with cleft lip with/without cleft palate [CL ± P] and 106 individuals with isolated cleft palate [CP]) and parental ages recorded. The groups were subdivided according to the extent/severity of cleft. Unilateral clefts were divided according to left/right sidedness. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between parental age and risk of severe cleft separately for CL ± P and CP, as well as between parental age and risk of right‐sided cleft.

Results

In CL ± P, the risk of a complete cleft in the offspring increases with maternal age when the paternal age exceeds approximately 29 years. Moreover, the risk is higher when both parents are old than when both parents are young. In CP, no statistically significant results were identified. However, there were clear trends that indicated a similar pattern as that for CL ± P. No association was identified between increased parental age and the sidedness of clefts.

Conclusions

Parental age seems to contribute to cleft severity, as older parents showed a higher risk of having offspring with a complete cleft than younger parents.
Evolutionary constraints on polyembryony in parasitic wasps: a simulation model
Authors: Keasar Tamar , Wajnberg Eric
Published: September 2018

Polyembryony involves the production of several genetically identical progeny from a single egg through clonal division. Although polyembryonic development allows highly efficient reproduction, especially in some parasitoid wasps, it is far less common than monoembryony (development of one embryo per egg). To understand what might constrain the evolutionary success of polyembryony in parasitoids, we developed Monte Carlo models that simulate the competition between polyembryonic females and their monoembryonic counterparts. We investigated which simulated life‐history traits of the females allow the monoembryonic mode of development to succeed. Published empirical studies were surveyed to explore whether these traits indeed differ between polyembryonic parasitoids and related monoembryonic species. The simulations predict an advantage to monoembryony in parasitoids whose reproduction is limited by host availability rather than by egg supply, and that parasitize small‐bodied hosts. Comparative data on the parasitoid families Encyrtidae and (to a lesser extent) Braconidae, but not the data from Platygastridae, circumstantially support these predictions. The model also predicts monoembryony to outcompete polyembryony when: 1) hosts vary considerably in quality, 2) polyembryonic development carries high physiological costs, and 3) monoembryonic females make optimal clutch size decisions upon attacking hosts. These multiple constraints may account for the rarity of polyembryony among parasitoid species.
Natural history and extracutaneous involvement of congenital morphea: Multicenter retrospective cohort study and literature review
Authors: Mansour Mark , Liy Wong Carmen , Zulian Francesco , Li Suzanne , Morishita Kimberly , Yeh Eluen Ann , Stewart Katie , Laxer Ronald M. , Pope Elena
Published: September 2018

Background

Congenital morphea is a form of localized scleroderma that presents at birth. There is limited information on its presentation and progression.

Methods

Patients with congenital morphea were identified from five pediatric dermatology and rheumatology tertiary care centers in Canada, the United States, and Italy from 2001 to 2016. Cases from the literature were identified by searching Ovid (EMBASE and MEDLINE) from inception to June 30, 2017. Disease characteristics and prevalence of extracutaneous involvement were analyzed.

Results

Thirteen patients were identified from the five centers, and 13 cases were described in the literature, representing 25 patients, with one duplication. Fourteen patients (56%) were female. Median age at diagnosis was 2.9 years (interquartile range 1.2‐5.1 years). Linear morphea, including en coup de sabre and Parry‐Romberg syndrome, was the most common subtype observed (n = 19, 76%), followed by circumscribed (n = 5, 20%), generalized (n = 2, 8%), and mixed (n = 2, 8%). The face (n = 14, 56%), scalp (n = 8, 32%), and trunk (n = 6, 24%) were the most common locations affected. Most lesions were active at diagnosis (n = 19, 76%), but all patients with follow‐up later became inactive. Extracutaneous involvement was seen in 12 (48%) patients, all of whom had linear morphea. Musculoskeletal sequelae were seen in those with linear morphea of the extremities (4/5, 80%), and neurologic involvement was seen in those with linear morphea of the head (8/13, 62%).

Conclusion

Congenital morphea is associated with extracutaneous manifestations and delayed diagnosis. More research is needed to determine whether early recognition, monitoring, and treatment can alter the disease course.
Neonatal urticaria: Could it be CAPS?
Authors: Cutts Louise , Parslew Richard , Eustace Karen
Published: September 2018

A neonatal boy presented with a persistent urticarial rash. Initial investigations showed raised inflammatory markers and evidence of systemic inflammation. A working diagnosis of cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) was made, and the patient responded extremely well to Anakinra. Molecular genetic testing revealed a somatic mutation (affecting 12.5% of cells) in the NLRP3 gene, accounting for the persistent inflammatory state but milder phenotype as seen in our patient.
Management of a rare presentation of Kindler disease with digital constriction bands—Case report
Authors: Ting Jeannette W. C. , Kaur Sarbjit , Ogboli Malobi , Irani Kiri , Jester Andrea
Published: September 2018

Kindler disease is a type of epidermolysis bullosa associated with acral blistering, diffuse cutaneous atrophy, poikiloderma, mucosal stenosis, and photosensitivity. This is the first case report in the literature to describe constriction bands associated with Kindler disease causing ischemia of the fingertips requiring urgent release and full‐thickness skin grafts. Dermatologists reviewing such patients need to be aware of this condition and refer to a children's hand surgeon early to avoid leaving patients with prolonged periods of pain.
The combination of K+ deficiency with other environmental stresses: What is the outcome?
Authors: Nieves‐Cordones Manuel , Ródenas Reyes , Lara Alberto , Martínez Vicente , Rubio Francisco
Published: September 2018

Potassium (K+) is a macronutrient known for its high mobility and positive charge, which allows efficient and fast control of the electrical balance and osmotic potential in plant cells. Such features allow K+ to remarkably contribute to plant stress adaptation. Some agricultural lands are deficient in K+, imposing a stress that reduces crop yield and makes fertilization a common practice. However, individual stress conditions in the field are rare, and crops usually face a combination of different stresses. As plant response to a stress combination cannot always be deduced from individual stress action, it is necessary to gain insights into the specific mechanisms that connect K+ homeostasis with other stress effects to improve plant performance in the context of climate change. Surprisingly, plant responses to environmental stresses under a K+‐limiting scenario are poorly understood. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge and find substantial gaps regarding specific outcomes of K+ deficiency in addition to other environmental stresses. In this regard, combined nutrient deficiencies of K+ and other macronutrients are covered in the first part of the review and interactions arising from K+ deficiency with salinity, drought and biotic factors in the second part. Information available so far suggests a prominent role of potassium and nitrate transport systems and their regulatory proteins in the response of plants to several stress combinations. Thus, such molecular pathways, which are located at the crossroad between K+ homeostasis and environmental stresses, could be considered biotechnological targets in future studies.
Fine‐scale genetic diversity and landscape‐scale genetic structuring in three foundational bulrush species: implications for wetland revegetation
Authors: Kettenring Karin M. , Mossman Bret N. , Downard Rebekah , Mock Karen E.
Published: September 2018

The appropriate sourcing of seeds for restoration is critical for establishing foundational plant species that support ecosystem functions and services. Genetic analyses of such species can yield insights into patterns of genetic diversity and structuring to inform seed collections. Here we document, for three foundational bulrush species, distinct genetic patterns to guide restoration of wetlands along the iconic Great Salt Lake, the largest lake in western North America. Specifically, Schoenoplectus acutus and Schoenoplectus americanus had moderate levels of site‐scale genet richness and relatively low genet richness levels within 1‐m2 plots. These patterns contrast with Bolboschoenus maritimus, which had higher levels of site‐ and plot‐level genet richness, and has therefore likely experienced more recent seedling establishment. At the landscape scale, we found some evidence for genetic isolation of individuals at more remote sites (namely Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge in the West Desert of Utah), but all species are relatively well dispersed over hundreds of kilometers, a pattern most likely to occur via avian dispersal. In our mechanistic dispersal assessment, we found abundant bulrush seeds present in waterfowl gizzards and those seeds germinated readily despite (or because of) partial digestion. Migratory waterfowl likely facilitate the broad dispersal of all species and may aid in bulrush establishment by breaking seed dormancy. These findings suggest that seeds for restoration should be collected within and among seed source sites to ensure a diverse restoration seed lot that does not disrupt gene flow patterns.