bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographical distribution of lung cancer in the USSR
Authors: Wagner R. I. , Merabishvili V. M.
Published: February 2007

During recent years medico‐geographical studies on lung cancer in the USSR have been intensified. The results of these studies are reflected in works on the geographical distribution of lung cancer and on the influence of unfavourable natural‐economic factors upon lung cancer incidence. The steady increase in lung cancer morbidity and mortality throughout the world is one of the urgent problems of today. Numerous studies have been carried out, and these have identified several aetiological factors which play a certain role in lung cancer development (smoking, occupational hazards, air pollution by industry and traffic). These studies have shown lung cancer to be one of the cancers most closely associated with environmental conditions. Lung cancer is considered to be a disease of the male population inhabiting highly industrialized cities and countries. However, lung cancer incidence has also been increasing recently in the female population of different countries. (V. Merabishvili, G. Tserkovny, 1981) Different levels of morbidity and mortality from lung cancer throughout the world make it necessary to undertake comprehensive studies on the complicated and everchanging relations between the health status of the population and the effect of natural and economic factors.
Characterization of african green monkey B‐cell lines releasing an adult T‐cell leukemia‐virus‐related agent
Authors: Yamamoto Naoki , Kobayashi Nobuyuki , Takeuchi Kaoru , Koyanagi Yoshio , Hatanaka Masakazu , Hinuma Yorio , Chosa Toru , Schneider Josef , Hunsmann Gerhard
Published: February 2007

Eight lymphoblastoid cell lines were established from the peripheral blood of individual African green monkeys (AGM). The AGM‐2206 line grew out spontaneously. The others ‐ AGM‐6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, and 16 ‐ were obtained after infection of peripheral AGM lymphocytes with cellfree culture supernatant of AGM‐2206. All lines contained, and were probably transformed by, AGM‐EBV. Moreover, they expressed immunoglobulins but lacked the Leu I T‐cell marker. Thus they were B cells. Since a high percentage of AGMs are naturally infected with a virus similar to adult T‐cell leukemia virus (ATLV), we examined these cell lines for ATLV. With immunofluorescence tests we detected ATLV‐related antigens (ATLA) in three of the eight cell lines. EBV membrane antigen was present in three out of four. The highest percentage (40%) of ATLA‐positive cells was found in the AGM‐13 line. After metabolic labelling of these cells, ATLV‐specific polypeptides p24, p19, p15, and p10 were detected. Hybridization experiments showed that both AGM‐2206 and AGM‐13 cell lines contained ATLV‐proviral DNA. Electron micrographs of AGM‐13 revealed a few type‐C particles morphologically similar to the MT‐2 virus. By cocultivation this AGM virus was able to infect and immortalize human peripheral blood lymphocytes. One such human cell line, NA‐13, expressed polypeptides closely related to ATLV core antigens but a 68,000 mol.wt. glycopolypeptide was serologically distinct from MT‐2 ATLV gp68.
Monoclonal antibody against an antigen selectively assembled into vesicular stomatitis virus virions from HeLa cells
Authors: Poláková Katarina , Závadová Zuzana , Závada Jan , Russ Gustáv
Published: February 2007

A mouse hybridoma cell line IIB9, secreting IgG2b antibody specific for a HeLa cell antigen, was obtained by fusion of a mouse myeloma cell line with spleen cells from mice immunized with purified VSV tsO45 mutant (defective in assembly of G protein) which had been reproduced at a non‐permissive temperature in HeLa cells. The monoclonal antibody IIB9 was strictly specific for HeLa cells in two tests: (1) reaction with VSV or Chandipura virus phenotypically mixed with host cell antigen, (2) complement‐dependent cytotoxicity test (51Cr‐release).
Tumor‐cell‐platelet aggregation does not correlate with metastatic potential of rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cell clones
Authors: Estrada Jaime , Nicolson Garth L.
Published: February 2007

The ability of tumor cells to induce platelet aggregation has been correlated with their capacities to colonize the lungs of experimental animals. We tested this hypothesis by studying the ability of cloned, low‐passage metastatic tumor cell lines derived from rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma to aggregate rat platelets in vitro and in vivo, and we then compared this activity to metastatic potential by determining the incidence of lung metastasis after subcutaneous or intravenous inoculation of the tumor cell clones into syngeneic rats. Our results failed to show a correlation between in vitro platelet‐aggregating activity and metastatic potential. In this system we could not detect platelet‐aggregation activity with the most metastatic tumor clone, while the least metastatic clone clearly possessed high platelet‐aggregating activity. In addition, by measuring changes in blood platelet and fibrinogen concentrations at various intervals following intravenous injection of tumor cell clones, we were able to confirm in vivo the observed in vitro differences in their plateletaggregating activities. Thus, platelet aggregating activity is heterogeneously expressed among 13762NF cell clones and appears unrelated to spontaneous or experimental metastasis in this tumor system.
Enhanced susceptibility to a chemical carcinogen in rats carrying MHC‐linked genes influencing development (GRC)
Authors: Rao Kalipatnapu N. , Shinozuka Hishashi , Kunz Heinz W. , Gill Thomas J.
Published: February 2007

In an approach to testing the possible relationship between embryogenesis and carcinogenesis, we examined the susceptibility of rats carrying the grc, which is an MHC‐linked gene complex affecting growth and development, to the development of the cellular and biochemical changes known to be associated with the induction of cancer. Genetically related strains which differed mainly by the presence or absence of the grc were fed a diet containing 0.02% N‐2‐acetylaminofluorene (AAF), and the induction of gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)‐positive foci, bile‐duct proliferation and oval‐cell proliferation in the livers of the two groups of animals were scored. All of the rats homozygous for the grc displayed GGT‐positive foci (from three to six per section) and extensive bile‐duct and oval‐cell proliferation. By contrast, only 27% of the animals which did not carry the grc had GGT‐positive foci in the liver, and these were present in smaller numbers (from one to three per section); there was no bileduct or oval‐cell proliferation. Biochemical studies of the liver and testes showed that the grchomozygotes had the metabolic abnormalities associated with the development of cancer: increased cholesterol biosynthesis; increased DNA synthesis, as indicated by an enhanced incorporation of 3H‐thymidine into DNA; stimulation of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway, as indicated by increased levels of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD); and decreased levels of circulating lipoproteins. Both the morphological response of the rats carrying the grc to feeding AAF and the biochemical abnormalities that exist in these animal are consistent with the changes which eventually lead to cancer. Thus, there appears to be a relationship in rats between aberrations in the control of growth and development, susceptibility to the chemical induction of cancer and the control of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Age‐related expression of TL antigen in AKR/J mice
Authors: Peled Alpha , Haran‐Ghera Nechama
Published: February 2007

A survey of age‐related expression of thymus‐leukemia (TL) alloantigens (TL 1,2,4) among bone marrow, spleen and thymus cells of grossly normal and leukemic AKR/J mice is presented. The response of the stained cells to antisera directed against TL antigens was analysed by means of the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS) apparatus. A transient expression of TL antigens on cells among the bone marrow population was obsered in I‐ to 20‐day‐old AKR/J mice, followed by an undetectable level up to 3 months and its reappearance thereafter. Thymocytes expressed TL from the age of 4 months onwards, reaching a transient maximal level at the age of 6 months in females and 8 months in males. Subsequently, an agerelated decrease took place. In spleen cells from newborn mice TL expression was seen, followed by a rapid decrease to undetectable levels up to the age of 5‐6 months. In most tests the expression of TL.4 preceded the TL 1,2 phenotype. The frequency of TL+ leukemias was about 50% among the early‐occurring spontaneous leukemias (in 5‐ to 7‐month‐old mice) and decreased to 20% with age increase. Leukemia development following treatment with methyl‐nitrosourea (MNUA) or exposure to X‐rays increased the frequency of TL+ tumors to 75‐100%. These results suggest that heterogeneous target cells are involved in AKR leukemogenesis.
The ability to concentrate iodide as a marker of hormone dependence in GR mouse mammary tumors
Authors: Thorpe Susan M. , Briand Per
Published: February 2007

We have previously shown that hormone‐dependent (HD) but not hormone‐independent (HI) mammary tumors of GR mice concentrate iodide. Since hormone dependence is lost during serial transplantation of the tumors, we have investigated whether the ability to concentrate iodide is lost simultaneously. All tumors progressing to hormone independence lost the ability to concentrate iodide at the time of transition from the HD to the HI state. We believe, therefore, that the ability to concentrate iodide is a marker of hormone dependence in GR mouse mammary tumors.
Effects of CIS‐platinum on embryonal carcinoma cell lines in vitro
Authors: Oosterhuis J. W. , Andrews P. W. , Knowles B. B. , Damjanov I.
Published: February 2007

Human and mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells lines were compared with several cell lines of a more differentiated phenotype for their relative sensitivities to the cytotoxic effects of cis‐platinum (cis‐diamine‐dichloroplatinum; CDDP); EC lines were among the most sensitive. Furthermore, several markers of EC cell differentiation were not induced by CDDP, irrespective of the concentration of the drug used. These data provide an explanation for the relative sensitivity of the EC cells in non‐seminomatous germ‐cell tumors to cis‐platinum therapy.
Clinico‐pathological features of malignant lymphomas in 294 Hong Kong Chinese patients, retrospective study covering an eight‐year period
Authors: Ho Faith C. S. , Todd D. , Loke S. L. , Ng R. P. , Khoo R. K. K.
Published: February 2007

The clinical records and histological material from 294 adult Chinese patients with malignant lymphoma were examined. These patients were first seen at the Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, during the 8‐year period 1975‐82. There were 27 patients (9.2%) with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 267 with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The median age at presentation was younger for HD (45 years) and the male: female ratio was higher (2:1) than the corresponding figures for NHL of 51 years and 1.4:1. In 76 patients (28.5% of NHL), the disease was thought to have originated in an extra‐nodal site, 48 of these cases being gastrointestinal lymphomas. It was possible to reclassify 234 NHL according to the Rappaport and Kiel classifications, and the Working Formulation (WF) proposed by the US National Cancer Institute Study; for HD, the Rye classification was used in 26 cases where suitable material was available. Nodular/follicular lymphomas made up 17.1 % of nodal NHL and 5.3% of extra‐nodal NHL The “histiocytic” (Rappaport) or large‐cell (WF) subtype was the commonest amongst diffuse NHL. There were only four cases of Burkitt's lymphoma. For HD, the nodular sclerosing subtype was commonest in females (5 out of 8 cases) and for males, the commonest was mixed cellularity (10 out of 18 cases). Of patients with nodal NHL 64.7%, presented with Stage IV disease. For HD, there were about equal numbers of patients presenting with Stage II and Stage IV disease (10 and 9 respectively). The low incidence of Hodgkin's disease and of follicular lymphomas is comparable to figures from other “oriental” countries such as Japan.
Bladder cancer and smoking in males: Types of cigarettes, age at start, effect of stopping and interaction with occupation
Authors: Vineis Paolo , Estève Jacques , Terracini Benedetto
Published: February 2007

A case‐control study of 512 male cases of bladder cancer and 596 male hospital controls (all living in the province of Turin, Northern Italy) has been analyzed for cigarette smoking. Relative risks (RRs) decreased with years since stopping, whereas they seemed not to change with age starting to smoke. A multiplicative effect of RRs for smoking and high‐risk occupations was suggested. Filters exerted a protective effect (RR = 0.3 for smokers of filter‐tip cigarettes only vs. smokers of non‐filter‐tip cigarettes). A previously unreported difference was noticed between black types and blond types of tobacco (RR = 0.4 for smokers of the blond types only vs. smokers of the black types, adjusted for age, average daily amount, years since stopping, occupation and use of filter).
Chromosome studies in patients with T‐CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia and expansions of granular lymphocytes
Authors: Dallapiccola B. , Alimena G. , Chessa L. , Gastaldi R. , De Rossi G. , Semenzato G. , Quinti I. , Pandolfi F.
Published: February 2007

Chromosome analyses were carried out in eight patients with lymphoproliferative disorders of mature T and NK cells. Three cases were characterized by an abnormal expansion of granular lymphocytes (GL), one by a lymphoma of GL with leukemic spread, and four by an OKT4‐T‐CLL In four patients cytogenetic studies were performed on bone marrow cells; in seven patients peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined by either direct preparations or PHA‐stimulated cultures. Six patients displayed a normal karyotype. Two cases belonging to the OKT4‐T‐CLL group had a chromosome number ranging from 44 to 47, with multiple numerical and structural clonal anomalies. Clonal anomalies could be a feature of patients with the more aggressive clinical course.
Differentiation features of human pancreatic tumor cells maintained in nude mice and in culture: Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies
Authors: Hollande E. , Trocheris St‐Front V. De , Louet‐Hermitte P. , Bara J. , Péquignot J. , Estival A. , Clemente F.
Published: February 2007

A poorly differentiated human pancreatic adenocarcinoma was maintained in nude mice for more than 3 years. When tumor fragments from xenografts were cultivated in suspension, some became adherent, allowing cell culture. Cytochemical, immunocytological and ultrastructural methods were used to study cell differentiation in both solid tumors and cultures. Pancreatic differentiation features such as cell polarization, production of secretory granules, and M1 and M3 mucus‐associated antigens were maintained in the tumor cells, in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, in long‐term cell cultures, cells were able to organize themselves spontaneously into duct‐like structures. Other differentiation features such as production of pancreatic enzymes and hormones were not expressed. However, differentiation patterns such as an intestinal‐like brush border and the presence of the M3 antigen associated with intestinal mucus were observed in both xenografts and cultures. This study shows the possible differentiation patterns which can be expressed by the hypothetical tumor pancreatic stem cell in nude mice as well as in culture.
Expression of gastrointestinal carcinoma‐associated antigen (GICA) detected in human fetal tissues by monoclonal antibody NS‐19‐9
Authors: Olding Lars B. , Thurin Jan , Svalander Christian , Koprowski Hilary
Published: February 2007

The expression of a gastrointestinal carcinoma‐associated antigen (GICA), a monosialoganglioside, was investigated in tissues from human fetuses of various gestational ages (10‐40 weeks). Mouse monoclonal antibody NS‐19‐9, generated in mice immunized with SW1116 human colon carcinoma cells, was used along with a second polyclonal antibody to mouse IgG to detect antigen expression as visualized by means of the biotin‐avadin‐peroxidase assay. Sections of snap‐frozen tissues or tissues fixed in 4% formaldehyde, in mercury chloride‐formaldehyde, or in Bouin's solution were used. GICA was consistently detected in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine. In contrast, the mucosal epithelium of the colon‐rectum contained no detectable GICA, nor could the antigen be detected biochemically in extracts from the large intestine. GICA was usually found in the epithelium of the larynx, trachea and main bronchi as well as in the conjunctiva, lacrimal and salivary glands, gall bladder and ductus choledochus, and in the epithelium of the renal pelvis of early and mid‐gestation fetuses.
Gastrointestinal cancer‐associated antigen (GICA) immunoreactivity in colorectal carcinoma in relation to patient survival
Authors: Arends J. W. , Wiggers T. , Verstijnen C. , Hilgers J. , Bosman F. T.
Published: February 2007

Immunoreactivity of gastrointestinal cancer‐associated antigen (GICA) was studied in tissue sections of 311 colorectal cancer patients and the results were correlated with data on patient survival. The group of uniformly GICA‐positive tumours (10.6%) tended to behave more aggressively than focally positive (53.4%) and GICA‐negative tumours (36.0%), also when stratified for stage of tumour extension and histological grade. This trend, however, did not reach statistical significance, perhaps as the result of a bias introduced by the relatively small number of GICA‐positive cases. There appeared to be no significant difference in clinical course between patients with GICA focally positive or GICA‐negative tumours (together comprising 89.4% of the total population studied). Further studies including a larger number of patients and longer follow‐up periods are needed to validate the suggestion that GICA‐positive colorectal carcinomas might show a more aggressive behaviour than tumours displaying other modes of GICA expression. However, the results of our study suggest that GICA immunoreactivity in colorectal carcinoma tissue is unlikely to be a sensitive, independent parameter for the prediction of prognosis in individual patients.
Monoclonal antibodies against human milk‐fat globule membranes detecting differentiation antigens of the mammary gland and its tumors
Authors: Hilkens J. , Buijs F. , Hilgers J. , Hageman Ph. , Calafat J. , Sonnenberg A. , Van Vlak M. Der
Published: February 2007

Mouse monoclonal antibodies have been raised against human milk‐fat globule membranes (HMFGM) to obtain reagents for mammary tumor diagnosis. A panel of 17 anti‐HMFGM antibodies was selected for further investigation. Antibody‐blocking studies indicated that with these antibodies at least nine different non‐overlapping epitopes could be distinguished on six differend molecules, MAM‐1 to MAM‐6. Electron microscopic studies of the cellular localization of the antigens detected by some of these antibodies revealed that they were present on the cell membrane mainly, on the microvilli, lining intercellular and intracytoplasmic lumina. The reactivity of the antibodies was studied on normal and tumor tissues and on in vitro cell lines. All antibodies reacted with the resting mammary gland while eight antibodies also bound to breast tumors. None of the antibodies was specific for the mammary gland or its tumors only, but most antibodies also reacted with other epithelial cells, especially of secretory tissues. When tested on a variety of cell lines a distribution reflecting the tissue distribution could be demonstrated. One of the antibodies reacted with nearly all carcinomas and their metastases and did not react with lymphomas, sarcomas, neuroblastomas, melanomas or nervous system tumors. The specificity of the antibodies, tested individually, was not sufficient for further differential diagnosis of the carcinomas, but when some of these antibodies were used in a panel they contribute to an important improvement of the diagnosis.
Cancer in Iraq: Seven years' data from the Baghdad tumour registry
Authors: Al‐Fouadi Asia , Parkin D. M.
Published: February 2007

The relative frequency, by age, sex and site, of the malignant tumours notified to the Baghdad Cancer Registry for the period 1976‐1982 is presented. The pattern of cancer occurrence resembles that seen in other Middle‐Eastern populations in the frequency of respiratory cancer and lymphomas, and the apparent deficit of cervix cancer. Cancer of the urinary bladder is the dominant tumour, the majority being squamous‐cell carcinomas, and the occurrence of this type is associated with histological evidence of infection with Schistosoma haematobium. However, the prevalence of schistosome ova in association with bladder cancer is lower than that reported in other endemic areas.
Type‐I HTLV antibody in urban and rural Ghana, West Africa
Authors: Biggar Robert J. , Saxinger Carl , Gardiner Charlotte , Collins William E. , Levine Paul H. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Nkrumah Francis K. , Blattner William A.
Published: February 2007

The prevalence of antibodies against the newly described human T‐cell lymphoma virus, type I (HTLV‐I) in two communities in Ghana, West Africa, is described. There was no difference by community (urban, 3.6% and rural, 4.0%). Prevalence increased with age, being 5.9% among persons >10 years old, but did not differ by sex. There was no difference when data were analysed by housing status or crowding. Non‐confirmed reactions in the assay system were frequent and correlated with both prevalence and titer of antibody against malaria. Possible explanations include vector‐borne transmission like that of malaria, but the relationship is more probably due to a polyclonal stimulation of B cells, enhancing the potential for detecting reactivity in the assay. Because assay systems vary and because most laboratories do not routinely use a confirmation assay, results presented by different groups must be interpreted cautiously.
Cell surface phenotypes and expression of viral antigens of various human cell lines carrying human T‐cell leukemia virus
Authors: Sugamura Kazuo , Fujii Masahiro , Kannagi Mari , Sakitani Mitsuru , Takeuchi Masao , Hinuma Yorio
Published: February 2007

Human T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV)‐carrying cells from various origins were characterized by cell surface markers and expression of HTLV antigens. Eight cell lines named TCL were obtained by transformation of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of healthy donors or HTLV carriers in cocultures with HTLV‐producer MT‐2 cells. Nine cell lines named ILT were interleukin 2 (IL2)‐dependent cell lines cloned from PBL of ATL patients and healthy HTLV‐carriers. Tc‐Kan9 cell line was also an IL2‐dependent cell line clonally established from PBL culture stimulated with autologous TCLcells. Five cell lines named TL were established in vitro directly from PBL of an adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) patient and from ILT cells of an ATL patient and three HTLV‐carriers, respectively, to grow autonomously without IL2. All the TCLs, ILTs, TLs and Tc‐Kan9 possessed Leu‐I antigen, a pan‐T‐cell marker. Leu3a antigen, a helper/inducer T‐cell marker, was expressed on five of eight TCLs and all of the ILTs and TLs. Leu‐2a, a cytotoxic/suppressor T‐cell marker, was detected only on Tc‐Kan9 but not others. Fresh ATL leukemic cells of patients had a helper/inducer T‐cell marker. Ia, OKT9 and Tac antigens, markers for activated and differentiated T cells, were strongly expressed on all of the cell lines tested and fresh ATL leukemic cells were weakly positive for these antigens. Expression of HTLV antigens detected by mouse monoclonal antibodies and an ATL‐patient serum varied among these cell lines. One TL, two ILTs and most of the fresh ATL leukemic cells did not express HTLV antigens on the cell surface. The other cell lines were all positive for the surface viral antigens. However, molecular species of antigens defined by radioimmunoprecipitation with an ATL‐patient serum were not always identical among the cell lines. Molecular weights of polypeptides detectable in most of the cell lines were 62K, 46K, 40K, 24K, 21K and 19K which could never be detected in several control T‐cell lines. 68K and 28K polypeptides were frequently detected in MT‐2 and TCLs. GINI4, a mouse monoclonal antibody against HTLV core protein (p19) detected not only p19 in various cell lines but also p28, p29, p31 or p40 in certain cell lines tested. B‐cell lines named LCL were established and cloned from PBL of two HTLV‐carriers by EB‐virus‐induced transformation and they also expressed HTLV antigens, la, OKT9 and Tac antigens. Expression of Tac and HTLV antigens of fresh ATL leukemic cells were induced or enhanced after in vitro short‐term cell cultivation with crude IL2.
Vinblastine and vincristine ‐ growth‐inhibitory effects correlate with their retention by cultured Nb 2 node lymphoma cells
Authors: Gout Peter W. , Noble Robert L. , Bruchovsky Nicholas , Beer Charles T.
Published: February 2007

Vinblastine (VLB) and vincristine (VCR) have been compared with respect to their inhibitory effects on the growth of cultured Nb 2 node rat lymphoma cells and their binding and release by these cells. When examined over a wide concentration range, the two alkaloids were found to be almost equally effective in inhibiting culture growth, providing they were continuously present in the incubation medium. A striking difference was found, however, when the cells were incubated for short periods with the alkaloids and then restored to alkaloid‐free medium for further incubation. Cells treated with VCR (5 × 10−9 g/ml) for 3 h and washed free of extracellular alkaloid failed to resume normal proliferation during a subsequent 48 h incubation period in alkaloid‐free medium. In contrast, cells treated with VLB at a higher concentration (5 × 10−8 g/ml) and for a longer time (7 h), rapidly resumed growth in alkaloid‐free medium. Binding studies, using (3H)VLB and (3H)VCR, showed that when cells were incubated continuously with the alkaloids at a given concentration, they bound equal amounts of the drugs. When labelled cells were resuspended in alkaloid‐free medium, VLB was released very readily by the cells, whereas VCR was tenaciously retained. The findings indicate that the growth‐inhibitory effects of VLB and VCR are related to the amount of alkaloid associated with the cells and that the long‐lasting effects of VCR, relative to VLB, are very likely due to the retention of VCR by the cells when the extracellular alkaloid levels decline. The study also suggests that, in the treatment of malignancies, VLB could be more effective if its extracellular levels were maintained, e.g. by continuous administration.
Immunotherapy of murine leukemia. XI. Differential susceptibility of spleen cells from serum‐protected mice to the in vitro immunosuppressive effects of friend leukemia virus‐infected splenocytes
Authors: Pettey Carolyn L. , Collins Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2007

It has previously been shown that DBA/2 mice protected against the development of Friend leukemia virus (FLV)4‐induced disease by the passive administration of heterologous antisera directed against disrupted virions or the major viral envelope glycoprotein (gp71) fail to undergo the generalized immunosuppression which characterizes FLV leukemogenesis. In the present studies, the susceptibility of spleen cells from serum‐protected mice to the immunosuppressive effects of FLV‐infected spleen cells has been examined by means of in vitro assays of antibody production and of natural killing (NK). In contrast to the parallel suppression of both functions in FLV‐infected mice and their lack of suppression in serum‐protected animals, a dichotomy was observed in the in vitro susceptibility of these activities of spleen cells from serum‐protected mice to the suppressive effects of virus‐infected splenocytes, implying that more than one mechanism of suppression is operative. Thus, the antibody‐producing capability of serum‐protected splenocytes was not suppressed by FLV‐infected spleen cells, this suppression reflecting the activity of infectious virus, while the NK effector function of serum‐protected spleen cells was as susceptible as that of normal splenocytes to suppression by virus‐infected spleen cells. This suppression of NK activity is mediated by virus‐induced suppressor cells and does not involve free infectious virus, in contrast to suppression of antibody production. These results thus indicate that, while serum therapy inhibits the development of the virus‐induced NK suppressor cells found in the spleens of progressively infected mice, splenic NK effectors, which are present, demonstrate full susceptibility to the suppressive effects of such independently generated virus‐induced suppressor cells. Preliminary attempts at characterizing these NK suppressors in the spleens of FLV‐infected mice indicate that they are not eliminated by treatment with antisera directed against T cells, B cells, macrophages or FLV gp71. However, Percoll fractionation of spleen cells from infected mice has revealed the presence of an expanded (as compared to normal spleen cells) population of cells of density 1.077 which demonstrates high in vitro NK suppressor activity, presumably representing the virus‐induced suppressor cells measured in this assay. At the present time, the mechanism of the resistance of serum‐protected spleen cells' antibody production to suppression by FLV‐infected splenocytes (i.e., by FLV itself) remains undefined.
Red blood cell polyamines in mice bearing the lewis lung carcinoma (3ll) and in patients with bronchopulmonary cancers
Authors: Moulinoux Jacques‐Philippe , Quemener Véronique , Larzul Jean‐Jacques , Calve Michèle Le , Roch Anne‐Marie , Toujas Louis , Quash Gérard
Published: February 2007

(I) Experimentally, during Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) growth, the red blood cell (RBC) polyamine levels increase with tumor volume and are inversely correlated to tumoral concentrations of spermidine and spermine. The RBC level of spermidine is continually correlated to both the volume and the tumoral concentration of this polyamine. (2) Clinically, high levels of RBC polyamine are observed in cases of squamous‐cell carcinoma or anaplastic cancer, and not in cases of adenocarcinoma. (3) RBC polyamine levels only permit the establishment of statistical differences between groups of patients. (4) Therefore, clinical use of these molecules as tumor markers depends on an understanding of polyamine distribution within blood.
Characterization of plasminogen activators from normal human breast and colon and from breast and colon carcinomas
Authors: Tissot Jean‐Daniel , Hauert Jacques , Bachmann Fedor
Published: February 2007

Triton X‐100 and NaSCN extracts of 18 normal breast and colon tissues and of 20 breast and colon carcinomas were fractionated by SDS‐PAGE and plasminogen activators (PA) revealed by a zymographic method. Four different lysis bands, corresponding to MWs of 54,000, 68,000, 95,000 and 110,000 were observed. Using immunoadsorption with specific antisera against urokinase (UK) and tissue PA (t‐PA), we found that all normal tissue extracts contained free t‐PA (68 kd). Some of these revealed, in addition, a complex (110 kd) of t‐PA with a 40‐kd component. The latter presumably represents the fastacting specific inhibitor of t‐PA and UK. Most carcinoma extracts contained, in addition to the two t‐PA‐related lysis bands, the UK‐related 54 kd PA, and some a 95 kd complex of UK with the 40 kd component For each extractant, mean total fibrinolytic activity of normal and tumor tissue was comparable when measured on conventional fibrin plates, but breast and colon carcinomas contained higher concentrations of UK‐related PA. PA activity was higher in normal and carcinoma NaSCN extracts than in the corresponding Triton X‐100 extracts. In general, Triton X‐100 but not NaSCN extracts of malignant tissue contained a high concentration of fibrinolytic inhibitors. Mixing experiments revealed that the inhibitory activity was mainly directed against UK. It was abolished by acidification of the carcinoma extracts. The anti‐UK inhibitory activity was absent in extracts of normal breast or colon and appears to be different from the 40 kd fast‐acting PA inhibitor. These studies show that malignant transformation of breast and colon is accompanied by important changes of the production of a UK‐related PA and of an inhibitory activity directed against UK.
Schistosoma japonicum and colorectal cancer: An epidemiological study in the people's republic of China
Authors: Xu Zhong , Su De‐Long
Published: February 2007

Prevalence of infestation with Schistosoma japonicum was highly correlated with mortality from colorectal cancer in 89 communes in four counties of Jiangsu province, China (rank correlation coefficient = 0.68) in 1973‐75, and with incidence of colorectal cancer in 24 communes of Haining county, Zhejiang province in 1977‐79. No similar correlations were seen with lung cancer. The presence or absence of a past history of schistosomiasis was ascertained from 154 patients with cancer of the rectum, 98 patients with cancer of the colon and two sets of individually matched control patients. One set consisted of patients with non‐gastrointestinal cancer and the other of near neighbours of the colorectal cancer patients. In patients with a history of schistosomiasis, relative risk of rectal cancer was 8.3 (95% confidence interval 3.1 to 22.6) when other cancer patients were used as controls and 4.5 (95% confidence interval 1.7 to 12.1) with neighbourhood controls. Relative risk of colon cancer was not significantly increased (1.20 with 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 3.18 in a matched triplet analysis) in association with schistosomiasis.
Dietary vitamin A and the risk of invasive cervical cancer
Authors: Vecchia Carlo La , Franceschi Silvia , Decarli Adriano , Gentile Antonella , Fasoli Monica , Pampallona Sandro , Tognoni Gianni
Published: February 2007

The relation between dietary vitamin A and the risk of invasive cervical cancer was evaluated using data from a hospital‐based case‐control study of 191 women with cervical cancer and 191 age‐matched controls. There was no association between dietary retinoids and cervical cancer risk. Intake of dietary beta‐carotene, on the other hand, was inversely and strongly related to the risk of cervical cancer. Compared to risks for women reporting a monthly intake of 150,00 or more international units (IU) of betacarotene, the estimated relative risks for those with 100,000 to 149,000 and those with less than 100,000 IU per month were 2.8 and 6.1 respectively. The inverse association was not explained by any of the major identified risk factors for cervical cancer (including indicators of socioeconomic status or sexual habits), or by differences in general characteristics and other lifestyle habits between cases and controls. Thus, although the uncertainties of the vitamin A measurements used are substantial, these findings support the hypothesis that dietary beta‐carotene ‐ or some related aspect of a vegetable‐rich diet‐is protective against invasive cervical cancer.
Hyperprolactinemia is an indicator of progressive disease and poor prognosis in advanced breast cancer
Authors: Holtkamp Wilhelm , Nagel Gerd Arno , Wander Hans‐Erik , Rauschecker Helmut Franz , Heyden Dorit Von
Published: February 2007

In a long‐term follow‐up study, prolactin levels were measured in 149 patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer. Control groups included 221 patients with primary operable breast cancer and 150 women with benign breast disease. Hyperprolactinemia (>1,000 mlU/l; HYPRL) occurs in 44% of patients with metastatic breast cancer in the course of the disease (p<0.001 compared to patients with non‐metastatic disease). HYPRL is associated with progressive breast cancer in 88% of cases. In patients experiencing several episodes of disease remission and relapse, incidence of HYPRL increases with each relapse. Prolactin blood levels return to normal if hyperprolactinemic patients experience remission after chemotherapy. Patients expressing HYPRL have a shorter survival time after mastectomy when compared to patients who never developed HYPRL (154/89 months, p= 0.01). It is concluded that HYPRL is of prognostic significance and a reliable indicator of progressive disease in advanced metastatic breast cancer.
Susceptibility of skin fibroblasts from individuals genetically predisposed to cancer, to transformation by the tumour promoter 12‐o‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate
Authors: Gainer H. St. C. , Schor S. , Kinsella A. R.
Published: February 2007

Skin fibroblasts from patients with hereditary retinoblastoma (RB) and familial polyposis coli (FPC) were chosen for study since their predisposition to the tumour may be due to an inherited “initiation” event which is present in every cell. Thus, it might be predicted that skin fibroblasts from these patients would exhibit increased susceptibility to in vitro transformation by tumour promoters alone. In the case of skin fibroblasts from RB patients, transformation as assessed by the ability of the cells to grow in semisolid medium and their migration in collagen gels did not occur. However, experiments involving skin fibroblasts from FPC patients showed certain of these cells to grow in semi‐solid medium following treatment with the tumour promoter 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) alone, although the pattern of migration of the parent cell population in collagen gels was unchanged and they were non‐tumorigenic in nude mice. The clones which grew in semi‐solid medium, although stable with regard to anchorage‐independent growth, were also unaltered in terms of their migration pattern in collagen gels and their tumorigenicity in nude mice, and were considered not to be completely transformed. Parallel cytogenetic analysis showed that, during the course of these transformation studies, TPA significantly increased not only tetraploidy but also the chromosome aberration frequency. Several quadriradial figures were noted.
Biologic and biochemical differences between in vitro and in vivo passaged friend erythroleukemia cells. I. Tumorigenicity and capacity to metastasize
Authors: Belardelli F. , Ferrantini M. , Maury C. , Santurbano L. , Gresser I.
Published: February 2007

Cloned interferon‐sensitive (745) and interferon‐resistant (3CI‐8) Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) passaged in vitro, are not very tumorigenic when first injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) into syngeneic DBA/2 mice although they do form solid tumors when injected subcutaneously (s.c.). By serially passaging FLC (either 745 or 3CI‐8 cells) i.p. in DBA/2 mice, we obtained two different FLC lines capable of growing i.p. and inducing tumor ascites. The s.c. injection of DBA/2 mice with these in vivo passaged FLC resulted in tumor metastases in the liver and spleen, whereas metastases were not observed in mice inoculated s.c. with in vitro passaged FLC. The capacity of in vivo passaged FLC to metastasize was acquired after several i.p. passages. This highly malignant behavior was a stable characteristic of these cells. All the clones derived from in vivo passaged FLC and passaged more than 14 times in vitro induced hemorrhagic ascites when injected i.p., and metastasized to the liver and spleen when injected s.c. The phenotype of sensitivity or resistance to the inhibitory effect of alpha/beta mouse interferon on virus replication and cell multiplication was conserved during serial i.p. passages and maintained in the clones derived from in vivo passaged cells. These FLC showed a decreased capacity to differentiate in vitroupon treatment with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and a reduced production of Friend leukemia virus with respect to the original clones passaged in vitro.
Studies of the invasiveness of the chemically induced mouse sarcoma FS9. I. monoclonal antibodies to a 37,000 dalton membrane glycoprotein inhibit invasion of fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Steinemann Claudia , Fenner Martin , Parish Roger W. , Binz Hans
Published: February 2007

Monoclonal antibodies against the mouse sarcoma FS9 were prepared. Antibodies recognizing a 37,000 dalton gly‐coprotein on FS9 tumor cells inhibit invasion by FS9 sarcoma cells of chicken heart fibroblasts in vitro as assessed by Abercrombie's confronted explant assay. Antibodies to other membrane proteins of FS9 tumor cells failed to inhibit invasiveness of FS9 sarcoma cells. The 37,000 dalton glycoprotein, which is neither a histocompatibility antigen nor a gp37 glycoprotein of Rous sarcoma virus nor the MEP described by Gottesman, is present on the surface and in the cytoplasm of FS9 sarcoma cells. The plasma membrane of the non‐invasive mouse cell line L929 contains only low concentrations of the 37,000 dalton antigen. Hence, a relationship apparently exists between the increased concentration of this protein on the surface of FS9 cells and their invasiveness.
Treatment of intravenously implanted lewis lung carcinoma with liposome‐encapsulated cytosine arabinoside and non‐specific immunotherapy
Authors: Patel Kanaiyalal R. , Baldeschwieler John D.
Published: February 2007

Liposomes have been used as biological carriers of anti‐tumor drugs, and their potential use has been tested using various mouse tumors. In this study, we describe a potential role of liposome‐encapsulated 1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl‐cytosine (Ara‐C) with a mouse solid lung tumor model. Non‐encapsulated Ara‐C at 25 mg/kg dose by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route on days 1, 4 and 7 had no improving effect on the average survival time of tumor‐bearing mice compared to untreated control mice. However, the same dose of Ara‐C encapsulated in multilamellar liposomes (MLV) improved the average survival of tumor‐bearing mice by 60 to 80%. Ara‐C was encapsulated more efficiently when DSPC or DPPC MLV were prepared at temperatures below their respective transition temperatures. DSPC and DPPC MLV prepared at 25°C and DPPC MLV prepared at 50°C were equally effective for in vivo therapy, while DSPC MLV prepared at 60°C were not as effective. Non‐specific immunotherapy using BCG (Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and CP (Corynebacterium parvum) was effective, particularly when injected by the intravenous (i.v.) route, in prolonging the average survival of tumor‐bearing mice. A combination of either i.v. BCG or i.p. CP with liposome therapy gave no further improvement in the average survival of tumor‐bearing mice. However, a combination of either i.p. BCG od i.v. CP with liposome therapy was somewhat more effective than either liposome therapy or immunotherapy alone.
Relationship of a novel extracellular matrix glycoprotein to cell detachment in highly metastatic B16 melanoma: Modulating effect of bromodeoxyuridine
Authors: Rieber Manuel , Rieber Mary S. , Urbina Cecilia , Lira Renée
Published: February 2007

Growth of highly invasive B16 melanoma BL6 cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) decreases in vitro cell detachment and modulates extrapulmonary growth in vivo. We now show: (1) The presence of an 80 kd glycoprotein in the Triton‐insoluble matrix of control BL6 cells but not in the corresponding fractions from BUdR‐treated BL6 cells and poorly metastatic Flr cells. (2) The matrix fractions from the two last mentioned cells reveal Triton‐insoluble glycoproteins of about 55‐58 kd. (3) Mild trypsin treatment of intact cells before matrix preparation leads to the preferential disappearance of the 80 kd component from control BL6 matrix, suggesting its extracellular localization. (4) Prevention of Triton‐mediated BL6 matrix detachment by zinc chloride pretreatment, and analysis of different BL6 clones with significant metastatic behavior, also revealed the presence of 80‐90 kd matrix‐associated glycoproteins in control but not in corresponding BUdR‐grown cultures. Since BUdR decreases cell detachment, extrapulmonary metastasis and the levels of the 80‐90 kd Triton‐insoluble glycoprotein species in metastatic B16 melanoma, and this matrix component is also decreased in poorly metastatic Flr cells, we propose an involvement of this glycoconjugate in tumor cell detachment and metastatic behavior.
Correlation between tumorigenicity and altered glycosylation of a “leukocyte common” antigen in human lymphoid cell lines
Authors: Deane David L. , Cohen Brian B. , Morton John E. , Steel C. Michael
Published: February 2007

Five human lymphoblastoid cell lines which have become tumorigenic, as judged by transplantability into immunosuppressed mice, have been compared with earlier, non‐tumorigenic stocks of the same cultures, recovered from liquid nitrogen. Analysis of the cell surface glycoproteins by SDS‐PAGE, electro‐transfer to cellulose nitrate and “blotting” with radioiodinated lectins, reveals an increase in the molecular weight of one band from around 190 kd to 220 kd, in each case coinciding with the acquisition of the tumorigenic phenotype. Probing the electrotransfers with a monoclonal antibody demonstrates that the altered glycoprotein is a member of the “leukocyte common antigen” family. The increase in molecular weight is due to the addition of carbohydrate residues which are removed by treatment with neuraminidase and endoglycosidase. Screening a larger number of lymphoid cell lines, including those derived from Burkitt's lymphoma, shows an excellent correlation between tumorigenicity and altered molecular weight of a leukocyte common antigen.
Pregnancy‐associated glycoprotein (α2‐pag) ‐ A possible marker in breast cancer?
Authors: Wilking Nils , Carlström Kjell , Gustafsson Sven A. , Karnström Leif , Schoultz Bo Von
Published: February 2007

Serum levels of pregnancy‐associated α‐glycoprotein (α2‐PAG) and estradiol‐17β (E2) and the estrogen receptor content (ER) in the tumor cytosol were measured in 174 women aged 24 to 94 years with primary breast cancer and the values were related to patient age, tumor size and clinical stage. While E2, levels were significantly lower and ER values significantly higher in older women, no significant correlation was found between α‐PAG on one hand and the patients' age, E2, or ER values or tumor size on the other. A significant positive correlation (p= 0.016, Pearson correlation test) was found between α2‐PAG values and the clinical stage of the tumor. The results suggest the possible use of α2‐PAG as a marker for the monitoring of disseminated breast cancer during systemic therapy.
Monocyte activation in patients with Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Kávai Maria , Berßnyi Ernö , Zsindely Attila , Szegedi Gyula , Fésüs Läszlö
Published: February 2007

Transglutaminase activity in monocytes and serum lysozyme level were tested in 40 patients with Hodgkin's disease and were found to be significantly increased. Transglutaminase activity in monocytes from patients in a clinicaly active stage of the disease was higher than in clinically inactive cases of HD, and varied along with the histological subtypes. Serum lysozyme varied with the stage of the disease and with the symptomatology as well as with the histological subtype. The enzyme activities were higher before any treatment than after. A parallel increase of transglutaminase activity in monocytes and of serum lysozyme level suggests an elevated activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system in Hodgkin's disease.