bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
13Book Theory
Authors: Wilson Georgina
Published: June 2021

This article reviews five monographs, two edited volumes, two articles and one journal published in 2020 in the emergent field of Book Theory. This review takes Book Theory to mean theoretically-alert work at the intersection of the literary and material, and reflects on what that combination of material and theoretical approaches brings to scholarship through the work under discussion. The review is divided into four sections: ‘On the Book’, ‘On Reading’, ‘On Paper’, and ‘The Structures of Book Theory’.
Experiences of Malawian Mothers During Their Infants' Hospitalization
Authors: Gondwe Kaboni Whitney , Brandon Debra , Small Maria J. , Malcolm William F. , Chimala Eveles , Beyamu Joyce , Chirwa Ellen , Kamanga Martha , Holditch-Davis Diane
Published: June 2021

Background:

Hospitalization of a newborn infant is stressful for all mothers. Hospitals in Malawi have limited nursing staff and support, so mothers are the primary care providers for their hospitalized infants. Few studies have explored the experience of these mothers as both care providers and mothers.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of mothers during the hospitalization of the infant. The goal was to increase knowledge of their primary concerns about the hospital stay.

Methods:

This was a descriptive qualitative study conducted at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Malawi. Mothers were interviewed prior to their infant's discharge. We used the directed content analysis approach to analyze our data.

Results:

Twenty mothers of preterm or full-term infants were interviewed. The primary concerns were perinatal experiences, the infant's condition and care including breastfeeding, support from family members, and support and care from healthcare providers. Additionally, mothers of preterm infants were concerned about the burdens of kangaroo mother care.

Implication for Practice:

In hospitals that provide limited nursing support to mothers and their infants, it is important to identify a support system for the mother and provide mothers with information on infant care.

Implications for Research:

Future research should identify specific supports and resources in the community and hospital settings that are associated with positive hospital experiences.
Intra-articular acetabular osteochondroma in patients with multiple hereditary exostoses
Authors: Choudhry Ashima , Gimm Geunwu , Kang Ho Won , Shin Chang Ho , Yoo Won Joon , Choi In-Ho , Cho Tae-Joon
Published: June 2021

We report three additional cases of intra-articular acetabular osteochondroma in multiple hereditary exostoses patients in order to raise the awareness of this rare location, to prompt early diagnosis, and to present various treatment options according to the patient’s condition. A 2.5-year-old boy presenting with an out-toeing gait had a large acetabular osteochondroma causing lateral displacement of the femoral head and acetabular dysplasia. Mass excision through hip subluxation via anterior approach and concomitant Dega osteotomy resulted in a congruent, well-developed, and well-covered hip joint at 11-year follow-up. A 10-year-old boy showing a pedunculated osteochondroma arising from the triradiate cartilage was successfully treated by arthroscopic excision. Normal development of the hip joint was observed at skeletal maturity. A 6-year-old boy presented with a painless limp. Acetabular osteochondroma could be confirmed by computed tomography scan, which was excised through hip subluxation by anterior approach. Persistent coxa valga and femoral head uncovering were addressed by femoral varization osteotomy at 9 years of age. A high index of suspicion is required to detect a lesion at this rare location. Various procedures may be considered according to the pathoanatomy. Acetabular dysplasia, coxa valga, and femoroacetabular impingement by femur neck mass, if associated, should be addressed in due time.
T1ρ and T2 MRI show hip cartilage damage in adolescents with healed Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
Authors: Jones Carly E. , Mulpuri Kishore , Teo Tammie , Wilson David R. , d’Entremont Agnes G.
Published: June 2021

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a juvenile hip disorder associated with residual femoral head deformity, cartilage degeneration and a high risk of early onset hip osteoarthritis. Assessing management of LCPD in the healed phase requires an understanding of when and where hip cartilage damage happens. While it has been shown that cartilage is degenerated in healed LCPD hips in adults, it is not clear when this degeneration begins. Our research question was: Are the MR markers of cartilage degeneration T1ρ and T2 increased in healed LCPD hips in adolescents? Twelve adolescents [10–17 years old (mean 14); 3 female 9 male] with healed LCPD (Stulberg 2–5; 8 unilateral and 4 bilateral) and 15 age- and sex-matched controls were imaged in a 3T MRI using a T1ρ and a T2 sequence. We applied a mixed-effects model adjusted for age and nested by subject to determine the effect of Stulberg grade on overall and regional mean T1ρ and T2 values. T1ρ was significantly higher overall and in the medial region of Stulberg ≥3 hips, and in the medial region of Stulberg 2 hips than in the control group. T2 was significantly higher in the medial region of Stulberg ≥3 hips than in the control group. Our results suggest that cartilage damage in LCPD has begun by adolescence and that T1ρ can detect early changes in cartilage associated with LCPD.
Chinese registry of rheumatoid arthritis: IV. Correlation and consistency of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity indices in China
Authors: Song Xing , Wang Yan-Hong , Li Meng-Tao , Duan Xin-Wang , Li Hong-Bin , Zeng Xiao-Feng
Published: June 2021

Background:

Disease activity indices (DAIs) including disease activity score 28 (DAS28), simplified disease activity index (SDAI), and clinical disease activity index (CDAI) have been widely used in clinical practice and research studies of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of our study was to evaluate the correlation and concordance among different DAIs in Chinese patients with RA.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study, including patients enrolled in the Chinese registry of rheumatoid arthritis from November 2016 to August 2018, was conducted. The correlations were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficient and concordance with Bland-Altman plots, quadratic weighted kappa, and discordance rates in the crosstab. For other indices, the optimal cutoff points corresponding to SDAI remission were explored through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results:

A total of 30,501 patients were included, of whom 80.46% were women. Most individuals were with moderate disease activity or high disease activity. High correlations among DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and DAS28-C-reactive protein (CRP), SDAI and CDAI were observed. Similarly, the weighted kappa value among the indices was high. In Bland-Altman plots, a positive difference between DAS28-ESR and DAS28-CRP was observed, with an absolute difference of >1.2 in 3079 (10.09%) patients. In crosstab, approximately 30% of the patients were classified into different groups. Concordance values between SDAI remission and the optimal cutoff points of DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, and CDAI were 3.06, 2.37, and 3.20, respectively.

Conclusions:

Although DAIs had high correlations and weighted kappa values, the discordance between DAIs was significant in Chinese patients with RA. The four DAIs are not interchangeable.
Neurodevelopmental Effects of Cannabis Use in Adolescents and Emerging Adults with ADHD: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cawkwell Philip B. , Hong David S. , Leikauf John E.
Published: June 2021

Objective

Systematically review the scientific literature to characterize the effects of cannabis use on brain structure, function, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in adolescents and young adults with ADHD.

Method

Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines utilizing PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane CENTRAL trials register from inception until 1 January 2020. Articles that examined the impact of cannabis use on youth with ADHD were included.

Results

Eleven studies were identified that compared outcomes for individuals with ADHD who used cannabis or synthetic cannabinoids against those with ADHD who did not. Seven of these studies used neuroimaging techniques, including fMRI, structural MRI, and SPECT. Differential regions of activation were identified, including the right hippocampus and cerebellar vermis, and bilateral temporal lobes. Morphological differences were identified in the right precentral and postcentral gyri, left nucleus accumbens, right superior frontal and postcentral gyri. No study identified any additive or ADHD × cannabis use interaction on neuropsychological tasks of executive function. Two studies found adverse differential impacts of early-onset cannabis use in this population.

Conclusion

A dearth of evidence is available on the impact of cannabis use on the developing brain and functioning for individuals with ADHD, despite the elevated risk for substance use in this population. The limited, potentially underpowered evidence does not support the hypothesis that cannabis use has a deleterious impact on neuropsychological tasks in transitional age youth with ADHD. Larger and longer-term studies are needed, however, to better inform clinicians and patients as to the impacts of cannabis use in youth with ADHD.
Two US Food and Drug Administration Communications Include Resources and Information About Fraudulent Products and Pulse Oximeter Reliability
Authors: Morabito Julie , Ferreira Antonio
Published: June 2021

The US Food and Drug Administration is committed to the continued evaluation of the safety, effectiveness, and availability of medical devices, including devices in high demand during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic. Two recent US Food and Drug Administration communications, shared here, include resources and information that may impact the work of healthcare professionals and healthcare technology managers.
Applying a Refined Approach to Cybersecurity Risk Assessments to the GE MAC VU360
Authors: Crisafulli Jacob
Published: June 2021

An effective medical device cybersecurity management plan is built upon having an effective and thorough risk management process. Protecting medical devices and the information they store begins by understanding the potential risks that may affect the device and the impact those risks may have on patient safety, treatment care delivery, and the organization's business objectives. Risks to medical devices must be identified, analyzed, evaluated, controlled, and then monitored so that the devices are secure and reside in a protected environment. The first 3 of these risk management elements comprise what is known as a risk assessment. Here, available information is used to identify hazards and estimate their risk. These estimations are compared with documented risk criteria to evaluate the acceptability of each risk. The overarching goal of risk assessment is to gather all the information necessary to measure the applicable cybersecurity risks to a specific type or class of medical devices and then use a risk scoring matrix to prioritize risks with high severity and exploitability. Risks with a higher score are then addressed first to establish a risk mitigation plan to control the risk to an acceptable level.
The ASCCP Cervical Cancer Screening Task Force Endorsement and Opinion on the American Cancer Society Updated Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
Authors: Marcus Jenna Z. , Cason Patty , Downs Levi S. , Einstein Mark H. , Flowers Lisa
Published: June 2021

The American Cancer Society (ACS) released updated cervical cancer screening guidelines in 2020 that endorse a shift in practice to primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening in people with a cervix, beginning at ages of 25–65 years. When access to US Food and Drug Administration–approved primary HPV testing is not available, the ACS offers cotesting or cytology as acceptable alternative strategies but suggests that these testing modalities may be excluded from future iterations of the guidelines. The ASCCP recognizes the benefits and risks of primary HPV cervical cancer screening while acknowledging the barriers to widespread adoption, including implementation issues, the impact of limited HPV vaccination in the United States, and inclusion of populations who may not be well represented on primary HPV screening trials, such as underrepresented minorities. The ASCCP endorses the 2018 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement and supports the ACS cervical cancer screening guidelines. Most importantly, the ASCCP endorses any cervical cancer screening for secondary prevention of cervical cancer and recommends interventions that improve screening for those who are underscreened or unscreened.
First Clinical Experience With the Pressure Sensor–Based Autoregulation of Blood Flow in an Artificial Heart
Authors: Netuka Ivan , Pya Yuriy , Poitier Bastien , Ivak Peter , Konarik Miroslav , Perlès Jean-Christophe , Blažejová Zuzana , Riha Hynek , Bekbossynova Makhabbat , Medressova Assel , Bousquet Fabien , Latrémouille Christian , Jansen Piet
Published: June 2021

The CARMAT-Total Artificial Heart (C-TAH) is designed to provide heart replacement therapy for patients with end-stage biventricular failure. This report details the reliability and efficacy of the autoregulation device control mechanism (auto-mode), designed to mimic normal physiologic responses to changing patient needs. Hemodynamic data from a continuous cohort of 10 patients implanted with the device, recorded over 1,842 support days in auto-mode, were analyzed with respect to daily changing physiologic needs. The C-TAH uses embedded pressure sensors to regulate the pump output. Right and left ventricular outputs are automatically balanced. The operator sets target values and the inbuilt algorithm adjusts the stroke volume and beat rate, and hence cardiac output, automatically. Auto-mode is set perioperatively after initial postcardiopulmonary bypass hemodynamic stabilization. All patients showed a range of average inflow pressures of between 5 and 20 mm Hg during their daily activities, resulting in cardiac output responses of between 4.3 and 7.3 L/min. Operator adjustments were cumulatively only required on 20 occasions. This report demonstrates that the C-TAH auto-mode effectively produces appropriate physiologic responses reflective of changing patients’ daily needs and represents one of the unique characteristics of this device in providing almost physiologic heart replacement therapy.
Novel biomarker panel measuring endothelial injury identifies patients at risk of coronary artery syndrome and discordance with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Authors: Premyodhin Ned , Fan Wenjun , Younus Masood , Harrington Douglas S. , Wong Nathan D.
Published: June 2021

Background

Individuals with no history of coronary artery disease can develop acute coronary syndrome (ACS), often in the absence of major risk factors including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We identified risk factors and biomarkers that can help identify those at discordantly high risk of ACS with normal LDL-C using a novel validated coronary artery disease predictive algorithm (CADPA) incorporating biomarkers of endothelial injury.

Methods

Five-year predicted ACS risk was calculated for 6392 persons using CADPA. Persons were classified as low (<3.5%), intermediate (3.5–<7.5%) or high (≥7.5%) CADPA risk and by LDL-C levels <130 mg/dL (low) and ≥130 mg/dL (high) and whether in the discordantly low LDL-C (but high CADPA risk) or high LDL-C (but low/intermediate CADPA risk) group. Multiple logistic regression identified risk factors and biomarkers that predicted discordance.

Results

31% were classified as low (<3.5%), 27% at intermediate (3.5–<7.5%) and 42% were at high risk (≥7.5%). 28% of subjects were identified in the low LDL discordant risk group (LDL-C< 130 mg/dL but 5-year CADPA predicted risk ≥7.5%) and 19% in the high LDL discordant risk group (LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL but 5-year CADPA risk of <7.5%). Diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 2.84 [2.21–3.66]), male sex (OR, 2.83 [2.40–3.35]), family history (OR, 2.23 [1.88–2.64]) and active smoking (OR, 1.99 [1.50–2.62]) predicted low LDL risk discordance more than other risk factors (all P < 0.01). Increased serum soluble FAS, hemoglobin A1c and interleukin-16 were the biomarkers most independently associated with increased risk.

Conclusions

Discordance between LDL-C levels and ACS risk is common. Males with diabetes and a family history of myocardial infarction who are actively smoking may be at highest risk of developing ACS despite controlled LDL-C. Future studies should examine whether using the CADPA can help identify individuals that could benefit from earlier targeting of risk factor modification for the prevention of ACS.
Fusion proteins of biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Authors: Wu Mingcai , Tao Mengjun , Wang Quanhai , Lu Xiaohua , Yuan Hui
Published: June 2021

Background:

To evaluate the efficacy of fusion proteins biologics (Etanercept (ETN), Anakinra (ANA), and Abatacept) combinations in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using network meta-analysis to rank those according to their performance medicines. The performance of these processes is ranked according to the results of the analysis and an explanatory study of the possible results is carried out.

Methods:

Multiple databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were used to identify applicable articles and collect relevant data to analyze using STATA (14.0) software. The literature included in this study was divided into a combination of a placebo, methotrexate (MTX), and an observation group (1 of the 3 drugs). The last search date was December 12, 2019.

Results:

A total of 19 eligible randomized controlled trials of fusion proteins biologics were identified, a total of 1109 papers were included, and the results showed that the ETN + MTX had the highest probability of being the most clinically efficacious intervention, with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve of 91.6, was significantly superior (P < .05). Patients who had received ETN or ETN + MTX or ANA had effective compared with patients who had received placebo (95% CI 1.28%–8.47%; 1.92%–19.18%; 1.06%–10.45%).

Conclusions:

1. The combination of ETN and MTX had the highest probability of optimal treatment compared to other drugs and 2. ENT, ENT + MTX, and ANA were effective in the treatment of RA compared to placebo.
Herbal medicine for irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Jun Hyejin , Ko Seok-Jae , Kim Keumji , Kim Jinsung , Jung Hwan-Su , Park Jae-Woo
Published: June 2021

Background:

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder characterized by the recurrence of abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. Owing to the limitations of conventional treatments, patients with IBS are often dissatisfied with the effect of treatment and have a poor quality of life. Herbal medicines (HMs) are frequently used for the treatment of IBS. This protocol was designed through an overview of systematic reviews (SRs), to investigate the safety and efficacy of HMs for treating IBS.

Methods:

SRs published up to May 2021 will be searched from the following 6 electronic databases: Medline (via PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database. SRs and/or meta-analyses on the use of HMs for IBS will be included in this overview. The effects of a placebo, no treatment, usual care, or conventional treatment will be compared with those of HMs. Two investigators will independently extract the data and assess the methodological and evidence quality for each main finding. The total clinical effectiveness rate will be measured as the primary outcome.

Results:

This overview is expected to provide data on the use of HMs for the treatment of IBS based on qualitative and quantitative syntheses of the included SR data.

Conclusion:

This overview will evaluate and propose the efficacy and safety of HMs for the treatment of IBS.

Registration number:

DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/NT6WZ (https://osf.io/nt6wz).
Efficacy of Baduanjin exercise for rehabilitation after COVID-19
Authors: Rong Jiao , Li Jing , Jing Fushi , Ren Yonghui , Xiao Yunpeng , Pan Qi , Li Mengtian , Lv Yueming , Zhang Jing , Jing Fujie
Published: June 2021

Background:

The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Baduanjin exercise for rehabilitation after COVID-19.

Methods:

The following electronic databases will be searched from establishment to Jan 2021: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Springer, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan-fang database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Databases, and other databases, All published randomized controlled trials about this topic will be included. Two independent researchers will operate article retrieval, duplication removing, screening, quality evaluation, and data analyses by Review Manager (V.5.3.5). Meta-analyses, subgroup analysis, and/or descriptive analysis will be performed based on the included data conditions.

Results:

The results of this study will provide a combination of high-quality evidence for researchers in the current field of COVID-19 treatment and rehabilitation.

Conclusion:

The conclusion of this study will provide the evidence of whether Baduanjin is an effective and safe intervention for rehabilitation after COVID-19.

PROSPERO registration number:

CRD42020181078.
Management of upper urinary tract problems after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma: tips and tricks
Authors: van ’t Hof Maartje E.M. , Bruins Harman Max , van Roermund Joep G.H.
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review

After radical cystectomy (RC) patients are at risk for both benign and malignant problems regarding the upper urinary tract (UUT). This review summarizes the recent literature and provides tips on how to manage problems of the UUT after RC.

Recent findings

Disease recurrence, kidney stones and ureteroenteric strictures (UES) are common after RC. Endourological techniques can be used to treat low-grade disease recurrence, either with a retrograde or antegrade approach. Treatment success depends on getting access to the UUT and on tumor characteristics; selecting the right approach is key. Kidney stones can be treated endourologically with good results. With use of minimal invasive techniques such as robot cystectomy, a higher incidence of UES is observed. The use of indocyanine green could help to prevent this complication. In case of a stricture, primary reconstruction should be the treatment strategy of choice.

After RC, recurrence of the UUT remains a complicated problem. Choice of treatment method should be tailored to the patient and tumor characteristics. Kidney stones after cystectomy can be successfully managed endourological. Robot assisted RC introduced a higher rate of UES, which should be managed by primary revision.
A Charge Nurse Orientation and Development Program
Authors: Kramer Margaret , Davies Claire C.
Published: June 2021

Role transition from clinical nurse to charge nurse can be challenging. The purpose of this quasi-experiment was to evaluate a charge nurse orientation and development program, designed to increase nurses’ confidence regarding this role. Patients’ response to care as a result of this program was also assessed. It appears that nurse confidence regarding this transition improves following a formal intervention. Regarding patient satisfaction, charge nurse visits to patients increased as well.
Disparity in Opportunities
Authors: Baghchechi Mohsen , Oviedo Parisa , McLean Paige , Dean Riley , Dobke Marek
Published: June 2021

Medical students pursuing plastic surgery training must overcome multiple challenges to successfully match in such a highly coveted subspecialty. This adversity is amplified in applicants from medical schools without a home plastic surgery residency program and academic division. There is a paucity of data on the advantage of medical students applying from an institution with a home residency program. Applicant data from the past 5 years were accessed from the Association of American Medical Colleges Electronic Residency Application Services statistics form. Individual home programs of successfully matched applicants were collected from plastic surgery residency websites. A survey was distributed to 32 students pursuing specialty residencies from home medical schools without a plastic surgery residency. Evaluation of a subset of incoming plastic surgery interns revealed that 72% of matched applicants attended home medical institutions with plastic surgery residency programs. Seventy-seven percent of survey respondents felt strongly that students at institutions with home residency programs had a significant advantage. The current COVID pandemic is changing the landscape of subinternships and bringing to light the disadvantage students face without home residency programs. The development of virtual subinternships, online mentorship, and selection of students for subinternships from geographic areas without home programs may help address some disparities in educational opportunities. Continuing these virtual programs and offering preferential help to disadvantaged medical students permanently is an avenue for the field of plastic surgery to be a leader in diversity and inclusion.
A new quantitative assessment method for predicting pneumonia caused by chest wall injury
Authors: Kawai Yasuyuki , Konishi Hironobu , Miyazaki Keita , Kogeichi Yohei , Takano Keisuke , Okuda Akinori , Maegawa Naoki , Urisono Yasuyuki , Fukushima Hidetada
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

The severity of rib fractures has been previously evaluated by combining categorical data, but these methods have only low predictive capability for respiratory complications and mortality. This study aimed to establish a more accurate method for predicting the development of pneumonia, a frequent complication in chest injuries, using anatomical relationships.

METHODS

We analyzed three-dimensional reconstructed images of 644 consecutive trauma patients who underwent whole-body computed tomography (CT) in our institution within a 36-month study period from April 2017. The anatomical relationship between the right and left thoracic volumes of non–rib fracture patients was used to estimate thoracic volume changes on the injured side in unilateral rib fracture patients. The predictive capability of changes in thoracic volume for the development of pneumonia was evaluated according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and compared with that of previous chest wall severity evaluation methods.

RESULTS

Of the 644 patients, 133 and 478 patients had unilateral rib fractures and non–rib fractures, respectively. The amount of change in thoracic volume due to unilateral rib fractures was significantly greater in pneumonia patients (400 mL vs. 160 mL, p < 0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the development of pneumonia was 0.83, which tended to be higher than that of the previous severity scoring methods.

CONCLUSION

The amount of change in chest volume, which can be estimated using CT images, has better predictive capability for pneumonia than previous severity assessment methods based on categorical data. The amount of change in chest volume measured using whole-body CT can be used to rapidly determine the optimal treatment for severe chest wall injuries.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic study, level IV.
Association between type 2 diabetes and long-term outcomes in middle-aged and older trauma patients
Authors: Daly Stuart L. , Gabbe Belinda J. , Climie Rachel E. , Ekegren Christina L.
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is associated with increased hospital complications and mortality following trauma. However, there is limited research on the longer-term recovery of trauma patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to explore the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in-hospital and 24-month outcomes in major trauma patients.

METHODS

In this cohort study using the Victorian State Trauma Registry, middle-aged and older adults (≥45 years) with major trauma were followed up at 24 months postinjury. Logistic regression (univariable and multivariable) analyses were used to determine the association between diabetes status and 24-month patient-reported outcomes. In-hospital outcomes were compared between groups using χ2 tests.

RESULTS

Of the 11,490 participants who survived to hospital discharge, 8,493 survived to 24 months postinjury and were followed up at that time point: 953 people (11%) with and 7540 (89%) without T2D. People with T2D had a higher in-hospital death rate (19%) compared with people without T2D (16%; p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, people with T2D had poorer outcomes 24 months postinjury than people without T2D, with respect to functional recovery (Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48–0.69) and return to work/study (AOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37–0.71]). People with T2D experienced higher odds of problems with mobility (AOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.60–2.30), self-care (AOR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.64, 2.29), usual activities (AOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.26–1.79), pain and discomfort (AOR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.49–2.07), anxiety and depression (AOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.24, 1.70), and self-reported disability (AOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.28–1.79) than people without T2D.

CONCLUSION

Major trauma patients with T2D have a poorer prognosis than patients without T2D, both during their hospital admission and 24 months postinjury. Patients with T2D may need additional health care and support following trauma to reach their recovery potential.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic, level III.
PET-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for positron emission tomography
Authors: Norgaard Martin , Matheson Granville J. , Hansen Hanne D. , Thomas Adam , Searle Graham , Rizzo Gaia , Veronese Mattia , Giacomel Alessio , Yaqub Maqsood , Tonietto Matteo , Funck Thomas , Gillman Ashley , Boniface Hugo , Routier Alexandre , Dalenberg Jelle R. , Betthauser Tobey , Feingold Franklin , Markiewicz Christopher J. , Gorgolewski Krzysztof J. , Blair Ross W. , Appelhoff Stefan , Gau Remi , Salo Taylor , Niso Guiomar , Pernet Cyril , Phillips Christophe , Oostenveld Robert , Gallezot Jean-Dominique , Carson Richard E. , Knudsen Gitte M. , Innis Robert B. , Ganz Melanie
Published: June 2021

The Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) is a standard for organizing and describing neuroimaging datasets. It serves not only to facilitate the process of data sharing and aggregation, but also to simplify the application and development of new methods and software for working with neuroimaging data. Here, we present an extension of BIDS to include positron emission tomography (PET) data (PET-BIDS). We describe the PET-BIDS standard in detail and share several open-access datasets curated following PET-BIDS. Additionally, we highlight several tools which are already available for converting, validating and analyzing PET-BIDS datasets.
Ovulation sources coagulation protease cascade and hepatocyte growth factor to support physiological growth and malignant transformation
Authors: Huang Hsuan-Shun , Chen Pao-Chu , Chu Sung-Chao , Lee Ming-Hsun , Huang Chi-Ya , Chu Tang-Yuan
Published: June 2021

The fallopian tube fimbrial epithelium (FTE), which is exposed to the follicular fluid (FF) contents of ovulation, is regarded as the main origin of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). Previously, we found that growth factors in FF, such as IGF2, are responsible for the malignant transformation of FTE. However, ovulation is a monthly transient event, whereas carcinogenesis requires continuous, long-term exposure. Here, we found the transformation activity of FF sustained for more than 30 days after drainage into the peritoneal fluid (PF). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), activated through the ovulation injury-tissue factor–thrombin–HGFA–HGF cleavage cascade confers a sustained transformation activity to FTE, HGSC. Physiologically, the high reserve of the coagulation-HGF cascade sources a sustained level of HGF in PF, then to the blood circulation. This HGF axis promotes the growth of the corpus luteum and repair of tissue injury after ovulation.

Graphical Abstract

The fluid content of the ovulating ovarian follicle (follicular fluid [FF]) exerts a long-lasting transformation effect that is sustained after mixing with peritoneal fluid (PF). The coagulation protease cascade and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are responsible for the sustained activity. The high abundance of cascade proteins and pro-form HGF activator and HGF in FF/PF supports the constant supply of active-form HGF lasting for a whole month, covering the entire ovulation cycle. This sustained HGF activity promotes the proliferative repair of the ovarian surface and fallopian tube fimbrial epithelia as well as the growth of the corpus luteum. The same activity also inadvertently promotes the malignant transformation of the fimbrial epithelium, high-grade serous carcinoma, and epithelial ovarian cancer. In addition to the peritoneal cavity, ovulation sources HGF to blood circulation, which may serve an endocrine role.

HIGHLIGHT

Ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) exerts a long-lasting transformation activity covering throughout the ovulation cycle.

The ovulation injury-coagulation proteases-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) cascade is responsible for the sustained activity.

Ovulation sources HGF into the peritoneal cavity, then into the blood circulation.

This coagulation-HGF cascade promotes the transformation of fallopian tube epithelial cells and ovarian cancer cells.

Physiologically, it promotes the growth of the corpus luteum and injured epithelium after ovulation.
Decline in constitutive proliferative activity in the zebrafish retina with ageing
Authors: Hernández-Núñez Ismael , Quelle-Regaldie Ana , Sánchez Laura , Adrio Fátima , Candal Eva , Barreiro-Iglesias Antón
Published: June 2021

It is largely assumed that the teleost retina shows continuous and active proliferative and neurogenic activity throughout life. But when deepening in the teleost literature one finds that assumptions about a highly active and continuous proliferation in the adult retina are based on studies in which proliferation was not quantified in a comparative way at the different life stages or was mainly studied in juveniles/young adults. Here, we performed a systematic and comparative study of the constitutive proliferative activity of the retina from early developing (2 days post-fertilization) to aged (up to 3-4 years post-fertilization) zebrafish. Mitotic activity and cell cycle progression were analyzed by using immunofluorescence against pH3 and PCNA, respectively. We observed a decline in cell proliferation in the retina with ageing, even despite the occurrence of a wave of secondary proliferation during sexual maturation. During this wave of secondary proliferation the distribution of proliferating and mitotic cells changes from the inner to the outer nuclear layer in the central retina. Importantly, in aged zebrafish there is a virtual disappearance of mitotic activity. Our results showing a decline in proliferative activity of the zebrafish retina with ageing are of crucial importance since it is generally assumed that the fish retina has continuous proliferative activity throughout life.
Modulation of RecFORQ- and RecA-mediated homologous recombination inEscherichia coliby isoforms of translation initiation factor IF2
Authors: Mallikarjun Jillella , SaiSree L , Himabindu P , Anupama K , Reddy Manjula , Gowrishankar J
Published: June 2021

Homologous recombination (HR) is critically important for chromosomal replication as well as DNA damage repair in all life forms. InEscherichia coli, the process of HR is comprised of (i) two parallel pre-synaptic pathways that are mediated, respectively, by proteins RecB/C/D and RecF/O/R/Q; (ii) a synaptic step mediated by RecA that leads to generation of Holliday junctions (HJs); and (iii) post-synaptic steps mediated sequentially by HJ-acting proteins RuvA/B/C followed by proteins PriA/B/C of replication restart. Combined loss of RuvA/B/C and a DNA helicase UvrD is synthetically lethal, which is attributed to toxicity caused by accumulated HJs since viability in these double mutant strains is restored by removal of the pre-synaptic or synaptic proteins RecF/O/R/Q or RecA, respectively. Here we show that, as in ΔuvrDstrains,ruvmutations confer synthetic lethality in cells deficient for transcription termination factor Rho, and that loss of RecFORQ pre-synaptic pathway proteins or of RecA suppresses this lethality. Furthermore, loss of IF2-1 (which is one of three isoforms [IF2-1, IF2-2, and IF2-3] of the essential translation initiation factor IF2 that are synthesized from three in-frame initiation codons ininfB) also suppresseduvrD-ruvandrho-ruvlethalities, whereas deficiency of IF2-2 and IF2-3 exacerbated the synthetic defects. Our results suggest that Rho deficiency is associated with an increased frequency of HR that is mediated by the RecFORQ pathway along with RecA. They also lend support to earlier reports that IF2 isoforms participate in DNA transactions, and we propose that they do so by modulation of HR functions.

Importance

The process of homologous recombination (HR) is important for maintenance of genome integrity in all cells. InEscherichia coli, the RecA protein is a critical participant in HR, which acts at a step common to and downstream of two HR pathways mediated by the RecBCD and RecFOR proteins, respectively. In this study, an isoform (IF2-1) of the translation initiation factor IF2 has been identified as a novel facilitator of RecA’s function in vivo during HR.
CHD4 conceals aberrant CTCF-binding sites at TAD interiors by regulating chromatin accessibility in mESCs
Authors: Han Sungwook , Lee Hosuk , Lee Andrew J. , Kim Seung-Kyoon , Jung Inkyung , Koh Gou Young , Kim Tae-Kyung , Lee Daeyoup
Published: June 2021

CTCF plays a critical role in the 3D chromatin organization by determining the TAD borders. Although CTCF primarily binds at the TAD borders, there also exist putative CTCF-binding sites within TADs, which are spread throughout the genome by retrotransposition. However, the detailed mechanism responsible for masking these putative CTCF-binding sites remains elusive. Here, we show that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler, CHD4, regulates chromatin accessibility to conceal aberrant CTCF-binding sites embedded in H3K9me3-enriched heterochromatic B2 SINEs in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Upon CHD4 depletion, these aberrant CTCF-binding sites become accessible, and aberrant CTCF recruitment occurs at the TAD interiors, resulting in disorganization of the local TADs. Furthermore, RNA-binding intrinsically disordered domains of CHD4 is required to prevent the aberrant CTCF bindings. Lastly, CHD4 is required for the repression of B2 SINE transcripts. These results highlight the CHD4-mediated mechanism that safeguards the appropriate CTCF bindings and associated TAD organizations in mESCs.
High-speed multifocus phase imaging in thick tissue
Authors: Xiao Sheng , Zheng Shuqi , Mertz Jerome
Published: June 2021

Phase microscopy is widely used to image unstained biological samples. However, most phase imaging techniques require transmission geometries, making them unsuited for thick sample applications. Moreover, when applied to volumetric imaging, phase imaging generally requires large numbers of measurements, often making it too slow to capture live biological processes with fast 3D index-of-refraction variations. By combining oblique back-illumination microscopy and a z-splitter prism, we perform phase imaging that is both epi-mode and multifocus, enabling high-speed 3D phase imaging in thick, scattering tissues with a single camera. We demonstrate here 3D qualitative phase imaging of blood flow in chick embryos over a field of view of 546 × 546 × 137 μm3 at speeds up to 47 Hz.
Dopamine enhanced auditory perceptual learning in humans via long-term memory consolidation
Authors: Tang Ding-lan , Zhang Jun-Yun , Li Xiaoli , Zhang Yu-Xuan
Published: June 2021

Dopamine is known to modulate sensory plasticity in animal brain, but how it impacts perceptual learning in humans remains largely unknown. In a placebo-controlled, double-blinded training experiment with young healthy adults (both male and female), oral administration of Madopar, a dopamine precursor, during each of multiple training sessions was shown to enhance auditory perceptual learning, particularly in late training sessions. Madopar also enhanced learning and transfer to working memory when tested outside the time widow of drug effect, which appeared to retain for at least 20 days. To test whether such learning modulation was mediated by the dopaminergic working memory network, the same dopamine manipulation was applied to working memory training, but to little influence on learning or transfer. Further, a neural network model of auditory perceptual learning revealed distinctive behavioural modulation patterns for proposed dopaminergic functions in the auditory cortex: trial-by-trial reinforcement signals (reward/reward prediction error and expected reward) and across-session memory consolidation. Only the memory consolidation simulations matched experimental observations. The results thus demonstrate that dopamine modulates human perceptual learning, mostly likely via enhancing memory consolidation over extended time scales.
From collocations to call-ocations: using linguistic methods to quantify animal call combinations
Authors: Bosshard Alexandra B. , Leroux Maël , Lester Nicholas A. , Bickel Balthasar , Stoll Sabine , Townsend Simon W.
Published: June 2021

Emerging data in a range of non-human animal species have highlighted a latent ability to combine certain pre-existing calls together into larger structures. Currently, however, there exists no objective quantification of call combinations. This is problematic because animal calls can co-occur with one another simply through chance alone. One common approach applied in language sciences to identify recurrent word combinations is collocation analysis. Through comparing the co-occurrence of two words with how each word combines with other words within a corpus, collocation analysis can highlight above chance, two-word combinations. Here, we demonstrate how this approach can also be applied to non-human animal communication systems by implementing it on a pseudo dataset. We argue collocation analysis represents a promising tool for identifying non-random, communicatively relevant call combinations in animals.
The water-soluble chitosan derivative, N-methylene phosphonic chitosan, is an effective fungicide against the phytopathogen Fusarium eumartii
Authors: Mesas Florencia Anabel , Terrile María Cecilia , Silveyra María Ximena , Zuñiga Adriana , Rodriguez María Susana , Casalongué Claudia Anahí , Mendieta Julieta Renée
Published: June 2021

Chitosan has been considered an environmental-friendly polymer. However, its use in agriculture has not been extended yet due to its relatively low solubility in water. In an attempt to improve such chemical characteristics, a chitosan-derivative prepared by adding a phosphonic group to chitosan N-methylene phosphonic chitosan, NMPC, was obtained from shrimp fishing industry waste from Argentinean Patagonia. This study showed that NMPC had a fungicidal effect on the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (F. eumartii). NMPC inhibited F. eumartti mycelial growth and spore germination with low IC50 values. In vivo studies showed that NMPC affected fungal membrane permeability, ROS production, and cell death. NMPC also exerted antifungal effects against two other phytopathogens, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora infestans. NMPC did not affect tomato cell viability at the same doses applied to these phytopathogens. Furthermore, the selective cytotoxicity of NMPC could give it added value in its application as an antimicrobial agent in agriculture.
Destructive and constructive cheater suppression through quorum sensing
Authors: Moffett Alexander S. , Thomas Peter J. , Hinczewski Michael , Eckford Andrew W.
Published: June 2021

The evolutionary consequences of quorum sensing in regulating bacterial cooperation are not fully understood. In this study, we reveal unexpected consequences of regulating public good production through quorum sensing on bacterial population dynamics, showing that quorum sensing can be a collectively harmful alternative to unregulated production. We analyze a birth-death model of bacterial population dynamics accounting for public good production and the presence of non-producing cheaters. Our model demonstrates that when demographic noise is a factor, the consequences of controlling public good production according to quorum sensing depend on the cost of public good production and the presence of non-public fitness benefits. When public good production is inexpensive, quorum sensing is a destructive alternative to unconditional production, in terms of the mean population extinction time. When costs are higher, quorum sensing becomes a constructive strategy for the producing strain, both stabilizing cooperation and decreasing the risk of population extinction.
A stem-loop RNA RIG-I agonist confers prophylactic and therapeutic protection against acute and chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice
Authors: Mao Tianyang , Israelow Benjamin , Lucas Carolina , Vogels Chantal B. F. , Fedorova Olga , Breban Mallery I. , Menasche Bridget L. , Dong Huiping , Linehan Melissa ,   Yale SARS-CoV-2 Genome Surveillance Initiative, Wilen Craig B. , Landry Marie L. , Grubaugh Nathan D. , Pyle Anna M. , Iwasaki Akiko
Published: June 2021

As SARS-CoV-2 continues to cause morbidity and mortality around the world, there is an urgent need for the development of effective medical countermeasures. Here, we assessed the antiviral capacity of a minimal RIG-I agonist, stem-loop RNA 14 (SLR14), in viral control, disease prevention, post-infection therapy, and cross-variant protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A single dose of SLR14 prevented viral replication in the lower respiratory tract and development of severe disease in a type I interferon (IFN-I) dependent manner. SLR14 demonstrated remarkable protective capacity against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection when used prophylactically and retained considerable efficacy as a therapeutic agent. In immunodeficient mice carrying chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection, SLR14 elicited near-sterilizing innate immunity by inducing IFN-I responses in the absence of the adaptive immune system. In the context of infection with variants of concern (VOC), SLR14 conferred broad protection and uncovered an IFN-I resistance gradient across emerging VOC. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of SLR14 as a host-directed, broad-spectrum antiviral for early post-exposure treatment and for treatment of chronically infected immunosuppressed patients.