bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary prevention trial of oral cancer in India: a 10–year follow‐up study
Authors: Gupta Prakash C. , Mehta Fall S. , Pindborg Jens J. , Bhonsle R. B. , Murti P. R. , Daftary D. K. , Aghi M. B.
Published: April 2006

Oral cancer is caused by chewing and smoking of tobacco. To assess the feasibility of primary prevention of oral cancer, two cohorts were studied in base‐line surveys and then followed up annually for 10‐yr in Ernakulam district of Kerala state. The intervention cohort consisted of 12212 tobacco users aged 15 yr and over, who were exposed to a concentrated program of eduction against tobacco use. The control cohort was a non‐concurrent cohort of 6075 tobacco users studied using similar methods but with a minimal amount of advice against tobacco use. The stoppage of tobacco use increased and the incidence rate of leukoplakia decreased significantly and substantially in the intervention cohort compared to the control cohort. The decrease in the incidence of leukoplakia was indicative of the decrease in the risk of oral cancer since the two were intimately related. This study demonstrated feasibility of primary prevention of oral cancer.
Melanin depigmentation of the palatal mucosa in reverse smokers: a preliminary study
Authors: Hedin C. A. , Pindborg J. J. , Daftary D. K. , Mehta F. S.
Published: April 2006

The melanin pigmentation in the palate of Indian reverse smokers was histologically studied in 80 biopsies, which were compared with corresponding tissue from 49 nontobacco users. The morphology of epithelium containing melanin in its basal part was normal in smokers and nonsmokers, in contrast to areas with a local melanin depigmentation of the epithelium found in some of the reverse smokers. Here an epithelial thinning, inflammation in the underlying connective tissue, and eventually a cancer was found. The histologic appearance was in accordance with the theory that as long as a smoker's melanosis or a genetic melanin pigmentation is present, melanin functions as a defence against toxic agents penetrating into the oral mucosa.
Langerhans cell distribution and keratinocyte expression of HLADR in oral lichen planus
Authors: Farthing P. M. , Matear P. , Cruchley A. T.
Published: April 2006

Keratinocyte expression of the Class II major histocompatibility complex antigen HLADR, is seen in several inflammatory disorders of skin and mucosa, including lichen planus. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the distribution of Langerhans cells and their expression of CD4 in oral lichen planus is related to keratinocyte HLADR. The numbers of CD1‐ and CD4‐positive Langerhans cells were compared in areas of keratinocyte HLADR and areas showing no expression in oral lichen planus and with normal oral mucosa. Cells were identified using an immunoalkaline phosphatase technique and numbers were expressed per mm epithelial surface length. In lichen planus, an increase both in the number of Langerhans cells and the numbers expressing CD4 were found in areas of keratinocyte HLADR expression compared with HLADR negative areas and with normal oral mucosa. There was no difference in the numbers of Langerhans cells or their expression of CD4 between HLADR‐negative areas in LP and normal oral mucosa. These results show that the distribution of Langerhans cells is related to keratinocyte expression of HLADR and suggest that Langerhans cell entry may be enhanced in these areas. Whilst it is possible this enhancement is mediated by CD4/HLADR interaction, other molecules are also likely to be important in controlling Langerhans cell entry into oral mucosa.
Relative efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide compared with triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of oral lichen planus
Authors: Thongprasom K. , Luangjarmekorn L. , Sererat T. , Taweesap W.
Published: April 2006

Twenty patients with oral lichen planus and topically treated with fluocinolone acetonide in orabase 0.1% (FAO) were compared with 20 treated with triamcinolone acetonide in orabase 0.1% (TAO). During 4 wk of treatment the lesions in 13 of 19 patients could be effectively cured with FAO whereas only 8 of 19 patients were cured with TAO. These differences were statistically significant. There were no differences in blood pressure, plasma cortisol or number of circulating lymphocytes after treatment with FAO, but the number of eosinophils was reduced in every case after treatment for 6 months. There was no permanent adrenal cortical suppression after treatment for 6 months. Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis during the treatment was common but could be cured with antifungal drug in every case. This study shows that FAO in a majority of cases is an effective treatment of oral lichen planus without any serious clinical side effects apart from treatable candidiasis.
Detection of human papilloma virus type 16 DNA in oral squames from normal young adults
Authors: Jalal Hamid , Sanders Cyril M. , Prime Stephen S. , Scully Crispian , Maitland Norman J.
Published: April 2006

We have employed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 in oral squames and mononuclear cells from 62 healthy young adult volunteers. Two groups were screened for the presence of this virus, but in not all cases was DNA obtained from the scrapes. In the first (n= 30), the results show that 43% of normal individuals harbour HPV 16 (a genital type) in their buccal mucosa, epithelium of dorsum of tongue and hard palate. In the second group (n= 18), 44% of individuals were positive for HPV 16 in their oral epithelial scrapes, while only 6% were positive for the same virus in mononuclear cells. Interestingly, in 2 cases, peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA gave a positive reaction with the HPV 16 primers. To investigate possible HPV infection of lymphocytes, a further 42 lymphocyte samples, taken from the same age group as the epithelial study group, were analysed. None of these lymphocytes were positive for the presence of HPV 16 DNA.
Transamidase and collagenase activity in healthy and diseased human gingival tissues
Authors: Robinson P. J. , Siew C. , Gruninger S. E. , Chang S.‐B. , Turner D. W. , Harper D. S.
Published: April 2006

Transamidases are a class of calcium–dependent mammalian enzymes which crosslink proteins by catalyzing the formation of (γ–glutamyl)–ε–lysine bonds. It is possible that these enzymes play an important anabolic role in tissue healing. This study was to quantitate transamidase activity in human gingival tissue and examine the relation between transamidase activity and degree of inflammation. Forty–four out of a total 120 collected human gingival specimens from healthy and diseased patients were selected based on histometric and microbiologic criteria. Specimens were minced and homogenized in 10 mM CaCl2 and then extracted for 30 min, in 50 mM tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 100 mM CaCl2. Following low speed centrifugation at 4 C, the supernatant solution was assayed for both transamidase and collagenase activities by radioactive amine incorporation, and digestion of tritiated collagen, respectively. Appreciable levels of transamidase and collagenase activities in healthy gingivae were found. These enzyme activities were significantly elevated in the diseased and healing tissues. Unlike other transamidases, calcium was required in the enzyme extraction process.
Immunocytochemical detection of herpes viruses in oral smears of HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Langford A. , Kunze R. , Schmelzer S. , Wolf H. , Pohle H.‐D. , Reichart P.
Published: April 2006

Cytologic smears (CS) were taken from the lateral border of the tongue of HIV‐seropositive patients (HIV +) (n= 39) and of seronegative controls (HIV‐) (n=19) and examined by immunocytochemistry (APAAP) and in situ hybridization (ISH) (biotinylated DNA probes) for the presence of viral antigens/DNA of EBV and CMV While none of the HIV controls showed positive results for EBV antigen, 61% (APAAP) resp. 79% (ISH) of oral epithelial cells in the group of HIV+ patients were EBV‐positive. While all CS taken from areas with the clinical diagnosis of hairy leukoplakia (HL) were EBV positive (APAAP and/ or ISH), the detection of EBV in CS from uninvolved oral mucosa seemed to be associated with the later development of HL. In the group of HIV + patients the detection rate for CMV was about five times (APAAP) resp. three times (ISH) higher than in HIV‐ persons. This non‐invasive technique seems to be a valuable tool to screen for viral antigens/genoms.
Distribution of cytokeratins in oral cytological smears of HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Langford A. , Kunze R. , Lobeck H. , Pohle H.‐D. , Reichart P.
Published: April 2006

Cytological smears (CS), taken from the lateral border of the tongue of HIV‐seropositive patients (HIV +) (n= 34) and of seronegative controls (HIV ‐) (n= 16), were examined by means of immunocytoychemistry (APAAP) for the distribution patterns of different cytokeratins and MHC class II antigens. Compared with HIV‐ patients in CS of HIV‐infected patients cornification associated cytokeratins 10/11 were increased, while the number of keratinocytes positive for cytokeratins 13/16 was comparable in both groups. Expression of simple epithelial cytokeratins 19, rarely observed in CS of HIV‐ patients, was a frequent findings in CS of HIV+ patients. Keratinocytes positive for MHC class II antigens were observed in CS of 12/34 HIV +, while all control CS were negative. In the group of HIV + patients no correlation was found between the clinical presence of HL and the expression of cytokeratins or class II antigens. The altered distribution of cytokeratins may reflect local responses to proliferative stimuli or local inflammation due to the presence of microbial antigens or may occur as a general unspecific reaction in the setting of systemic viral infection. This non‐invasive technique seems to be a valuable tool to determine the proliferation rate of oral epithelial cells.
Salivary gland 99mTc‐scintigraphy: a grading scale and correlation with major salivary gland flow rates
Authors: Kohn William G. , Ship Jonathan A. , Atkinson Jane C. , Patton Lauren L. , Fox Philip C.
Published: April 2006

Sequential salivary gland scintigraphy with 99mTc‐technetium pertechnetate (Tc‐99) is a safe, minimally invasive test for study of major salivary glands. However, its relationship to salivary function has not been investigated in detail. We have investigated the relationship between major salivary gland flow rates and Tc‐99 scans and developed a new rating scale using scans of a control group with normal salivary function. Salivary flow rates and Tc‐99 scans were obtained from healthy, non‐medicated subjects (n= 33) and from xerostomic patients (n= 22). There were significant differences between the groups for salivary flow rates and Tc‐99 ratings. Significant correlations were found between salivary flow rates and Tc‐99 ratings in the control and xerostomic groups. The Tc‐99 rating scale proved reliable in assessing salivary dysfunction, and showed a high inter‐examiner correlation. These results demonstrate the usefulness of salivary gland scintigraphy in assessing major salivary gland flow rates and the utility of a new rating scale.
The nature of the eosinophilic and laminated masses in the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor: a histochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: El‐Labban N. G.
Published: April 2006

The eosinophilic and laminated masses in AOT were investigated with the light and electron microscope in two cases. The results showed that the eosinophilic amorphous masses were heterogenous and consisted mainly of three types of fibrils. These were: thin collagen, electron dense fibrils probably resulting from degradation of collagen and masses of amyloid filaments with or without collagen fibers in normal and degraded forms. In addition some of the eosinophilic deposits resulted from changes surrounding blood vessels which led to deposition of either collagen or fine filaments arranged into layers around these vessels. In all these areas there was a peripheral layer of fine filaments perpendicular to the epithelial basal lamina, similar to that found in early dentin formation. This layer may be responsible for the reticulin staining found in this tumor. On the other hand the great majority of the laminated masses represented calcified amyloid with or without areas of calcified degraded collagen which were indistinguishable from amyloid. The results suggest that the various fibrils forming the eosinophilic masses in AOT are probably related and may be the result of changes in blood vessels. They also revealed that calcification involves mainly amyloid.
Diffuse peripheral odontogenic fibroma: report of 3 cases
Authors: Weber A. , van Heerden W. F. P. , Ligthelm A. J. , Raubenheimer E. J.
Published: April 2006

Since peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF) is characteristically described as a solitary lesion and no diffuse POF had been reported in the literature, our cases should be considered as extremely unusual. Three diffuse cases of POF are described of which one case was seen in association with ocular and skin lesions. The question arises whether POF should be considered as a true odontogenic tumor rather than a diffuse hamartomatous lesion caused by uncontrolled induction of the gingiva. It is also possible that such lesions could be part of a yet undescribed syndrome.
Heterologous tissue elements in melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
Authors: Slootweg P. J.
Published: April 2006

Two cases of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) contained highly cellular stromal areas consisting of spindle cells exhibiting mitotic activity. In one case, single spindle cells exhibited the same immunohistochemical profile as tumor cells forming part of the epithelial component. In the other case woven bone was formed in a dense fibroblastic stroma. These tumor parts were judged to be heterologous tissue elements that also may be observed in other kinds of neuroectodermal tumors and that reflect the potential of the neural crest to differentiate into various mesenchymal tissue types.
Reduction of Langerhans cells in smokeless tobacco‐associated oral mucosal lesions
Authors: Daniels Troy E. , Chou Laisheng , Greenspan John S. , Grady Deborah G. , Hauck Walter W. , Greene John C. , Ernster Virginia L.
Published: April 2006

Localized absence of epithelial Langerhans cells (LC) has been shown to affect systemic immune responses, allow microbial colonization and play a possible role in carcinogenesis. Because use of smokeless tobacco is associated with abnormal oral mucosal changes and development of carcinoma, we examined lesion and control specimens from 17 current users of smokeless tobacco to determine whether lesions showed changes in LC number or antigen expression. We identified LC by immunohistochemistry with antibodies to the antigens T6, HLA‐DR, HLA‐DQ, and HLA‐DP. Lesion specimens contained fewer LC (means of 6 LC/mm and 10 LC/mm2) than did the corresponding control specimens (means of 14 LC/mm and 30 LC/mm2), and in each pair of lesion and autologous control specimens the reduction in LC was on average 58% (range, 3% to 95%). There were no apparent differences between lesion and control specimens in the number of LC expressing each of the four marker antigens. Reductions in LC occurred in all types of smokeless tobacco‐associated lesions, regardless of increased epithelial thickness or changes in keratinization. Our data indicate that smokeless tobacco reduces the number of Langerhans cells at its site of contact with the oral mucosa.
Histologic effects of smokeless tobacco and alcohol on the pouch mucosa and organs of the Syrian hamster
Authors: Summerlin D.‐J. , Dunipace A. , Potter R.
Published: April 2006

This study's intent was to measure the histologic effects of smokeless tobacco and alcohol on the buccal pouch mucosa and internal organs of male Syrian hamsters. Eighty hamsters were divided into four groups: tobacco only, alcohol only, tobacco and alcohol, and negative control. 200 mg of smokeless tobacco were placed in each pouch of the tobacco groups five times a week. In the alcohol groups, 2 ml of 15% ethyl alcohol were placed in each pouch five times a week. The negative control group had mechanical stimulation of the right pouch to simulate the placement of the tobacco. After 26 wk the animals were sacrificed with pouches and abdominal organs removed. Alterations were observed in the abdominal organs, but not of statistical significance. However, significant acanthosis of the pouch epithelium was noted in the tobacco and tobacco and alcohol groups. This study reaffirms the lack of carcinogenic potential of smokeless tobacco upon the hamster pouch mucosa and internal organs.
Serum dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV activity in hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis with 9,10‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benzanthracene
Authors: Urade Masahiro , Uematsu Takashi , Mima Takashi , Ogura Takafumi , Matsuya Tokuzo
Published: April 2006

Dynamic change of serum DPP IV activity in carcinogenesis of hamster buccal pouch epithelium with DMBA was investigated. The serum enzyme level in hamster (21.5±3.1 IU/1 serum) was decreased gradually from the 8th to the 10th wk when papillomas were induced by DMBA application (18.9 ± 2.7 IU/1 serum). The enzyme level was further decreased in the formation of carcinoma in situ or early invasive carcinoma (13.2±0.5 IU/1 serum), and reached to less than half of the normal level at the time when tumors were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma histologically (8.1 ± 1.3 IU/1 serum). This enzyme level was increased by tumor excision and decreased again by tumor recurrence toward death. These findings suggested that the decrease of serum DPP IV activity occurred from the early stage of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis as a tumor‐burden marker.
Periodontal health in 200 HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Riley Chiara , London Jack P. , Burmeister John A.
Published: April 2006

Two hundred HIV‐positive subjects were surveyed to determine their periodontal health status. Particular attention was given to the occurrence of a severe and rapidly progressing form of periodontal disease designated “HIV‐associated periodontitis”, which has been reported as being unique to AIDS patients. Among the subjects comprising the cohort, 85 subjects had good gingival health, 59 subjects exhibited gingivitis, 49 cases of adult periodontitis were observed, 5 subjects presented with advance adult periodontitis, and 2 cases of necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) were found within the group. The periodontitis of the patients in this survey did not have unique or pathognomonic characteristics which could set their periodontal disease apart from the periodontal disease seen in HIV negative population.
Pyostomatitis vegetans: report of three cases and review of the literature
Authors: Thornhill Martin H. , Zakrzewska Joanna M. , Gilkes Jeremy J. H.
Published: April 2006

Pyostomatitis vegetans is a rare condition of the mouth frequently associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. It is characterized by miliary abscesses and superficial erosions affecting a hyperplastic, soft and friable oral mucosa. Three cases are presented here and used as a basis for reviewing the literature and discussing the differential diagnosis, etiology and treatment of this unusual condition.
Effect of ionizing radiation on sympathetic nerve function in rat parotid glands
Authors: Kohn W. G. , Grossman E. , Fox P. C. , Armando I. , Goldstein D. S. , Baum B. J.
Published: April 2006

Ionizing radiation (IR) irreversibly damages salivary glands. The pathologic mechanism is unknown. Previously we reported that parotid serous acinar cells may not be the primary site of damage by IR. The purpose of this study was to determine if IR alters sympathetic nerve function in rat parotid glands. Male adult rats received a single dose of radiation (20 Gy) to the head and neck. Three days after IR, parotid saliva secretion induced by norepinephrine (NE) was completely blocked. Catecholamine uptake and metabolism were studied by injecting [3H] dopamine ([3H]DA) into irradiated rats, as a bolus. After 60 min, animals were sacrificed and the parotid gland, submandibular gland, and left ventricle removed. Tissue contents of [3H]DA and [3H]NE, identified by HPLC, were unaffected by IR. The results indicate that IR abolishes acinar responsiveness to NE without affecting parotid sympathetic nerve function.
Oral alimentary tract cyst
Authors: Slootweg Pieter J. , Visser Janneke , Leibbrandt Cees C.
Published: April 2006

A cyst in the floor of the mouth of a 2‐yr‐old boy was characterized by smooth muscle tissue with an overlying epithelial lining of varying morphology including gastric mucosa. The combination of smooth muscle with a variety of epithelial linings argues against the “misplaced anlage” histogenesis.
Prevalence of developmental enamel defects in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Bhat Mohandas , Nelson Karin B. , Cummins Susan K. , Grether Judith K.
Published: April 2006

Enamel defects observed in primary anterior teeth of 123 children with congenital cerebral palsy (CP) born 1983 through 1985 in four northern California counties were categorized using an adaptation of the Developmental Defects of Enamel Index. Nineteen children (15%) had crowns or loss of tooth substance (LTS) due to attrition. Missing enamel (ME) including horizontal groove, was observed in 39 children (32%). Twenty‐four children without ME (20%) had enamel pits, vertical grooves, or colored enamel opacities. Forty‐one (33%) had clinically normal enamel. ME children did not differ significantly from those with normal enamel with respect to race, sex, singleton vs twin, severity or type of CP, or presence of dysmorphic features. ME children more often had shorter gestational ages than children with normal enamel. More ME children, even those who were not low in birth weight, were reported by parents to have required neonatal intensive care.
Distribution of fibronectin in healthy, inflamed and drug‐induced gingival hyperplasia
Authors: Romanes G.E. , Schröter‐Kermani C. , Hinz N. , Bernimoulin J.‐P.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of fibronectin (FN) in the healthy, inflamed and hyperplastic human gingiva was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence. FN appeared as a fibrillar structure in the lamina propria of the healthy gingivae. In the inflamed specimens. FN demonstrated parallel fibres, especially in the coronal areas of the tissue. In the phenytoin gingival overgrowth, tissue F'N was observed as thin fibres with variable length. The thin fibres gave the appearance of penetrating the basement membrane of the epithelium. Cyclosporin A gingival enlargement could be differentiated by phenytoin lesions because of the higher length and the parallel distribution of the FN. Finally, FN was observed in the nifedipine gingival overgrowth, where a microfibrillar delicate network gave the appearance of a “cloud”‐pattern of distribution. In all of the specimens, blood vessels and nerves could not be stained. These findings show that FN distribution could differentiate the structure of the gingival lesions.
Morphometric study of nucleolar organizer regions in human oral normal mucosa, papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Cabrini R. L. , Schwint A. E. , Mendez A. , Femopase F. , Lanfranchi H. , Itoiz M. E.
Published: April 2006

A morphometric study of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) was performed to analyze their distribution, volume, number and shape in the different strata of human normal oral mucosa epithelium and papilloma and in squamous cell carcinoma employing microphotographs of silver‐stained paraffin sections. The different NOR‐related parameters evidenced significant differences between normal mucosa, papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma. The functional polarity of normal mucosa epithelium and of papilloma is also evidenced in terms of NOR‐related parameters. The discriminative value of certain NOR parameters was demonstrated.
Compound odontoma erupting in the mouth: 4‐year follow‐up of a clinical case
Authors: López‐Areal Luis , Donat Francisco Silvestre , Lozano Jaime Gil
Published: April 2006

A case of a compound odontoma erupting in the oral cavity is presented: a follow‐up study of 4yr has been performed evaluating the possible relationship with a previous dental trauma. A discussion is presented concerning the etiologic aspects, clinical signs, diagnostic aids and therapeutic approaches to this type of lesion.
Gingival cyst in adults
Authors: Nxumalo T. N. , Shear M.
Published: April 2006

A retrospective study is reported of 14 cases of gingival cyst of adults. Clinical data were pooled with well‐documented cases in the literature. Most cases occurred in the 5th and 6th decades and in the premolar‐canine‐incisor area. Microscopically, the epithelial lining ranged from a thin, flat to cuboidal layer, 1‐3 cells thick, resembling reduced enamel epithelium, to a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium without rete ridges, of about 5–6 layers. Epithelial cells were frequently atrophic and this could involve the full thickness of the epithelium leaving an amorphous band of eosinophilic material. Plaque‐like epithelial thickenings are sometimes present. Multicystic or “botryoid” forms may occur. The cysts are of developmental origin, arising either from basal cell extensions of overlying epithelium; or from postfunctional odontogenic epithelial residues of the dental lamina or rests of Malassez; or from junctional epithelium in the gingival crevice. The latter theory of origin is favored.
Epidermal growth factor receptor in odontogenic cysts and tumors
Authors: Shrestha Praschanta , Yamada Kazuto , Higashiyama Hidetoshi , Takagi Hisashi , Mori Masahiko
Published: April 2006

The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was investigated in 67 cases of odontogenic cysts and 35 cases of odontogenic tumors using monoclonal antibody to EGFR (Biomarker, Israel) to determine the presence and significance of this transmembrane growth factor receptor. The cystic epithelial cells of odontogenic cystic lesions (keratocyst 60%: primordial cyst 75%; radicular cyst 35%; and follicular cyst 47.4%) were positive to EGFR staining. Cytochemical characterization of EGFR in those cystic epithelium was cell membrane positive type as in the normal epithelium. No expression of EGFR was found in the odontogenic tumors. This diversity of EGFR represents no binding activity of EOF, or loss of EGFR in the tumor cell upon EGFR mediated growth in odontogenic tumors was suggested a different tumor cell growth factor status or microenvironment in cell proliferation mechanism at the cellular level in cysts and tumors of odontogenic origin.
Possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus the Amsterdam experience
Authors: Voûte A.B.E. , de Jong W.F.B. , Schulten E.A.J.M. , Snow G.B. , van der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

In the present paper the 21‐yr experience of the Department of Oral and Maxillo facial Surgery and Oral Pathology, and the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Free University Hospital. Amsterdam, is reported with regard to the possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus. The study consists of two parts: 1) the follow‐up of 113 patients with histopathologically proven oral lichen planus, and 2) a search for lichen planus in 727 patients who have been admitted for oral cancer. Three patients with histopathologically proven lichen planus developed a squamous cell carcinoma in an average follow‐up period of 7 yr. In the 727 patients with oral cancer, two additional patients with the simultaneous occurrence of oral lichen planus were observed. Our experience gives some but not very strong support to the hypothesis that oral lichen planus is a premalignant condition.
Cementoblastoma and osteoblastoma: a comparison of histologic features
Authors: Slootweg Pieter J.
Published: April 2006

Three cases of cementoblastoma (CB) and three cases of osteoblastoma (OB) were histologically compared. The aim of the study was to investigate whether CB and OB are different in other aspects than being connected with a tooth. CB cases were the following: maxillary lesions in a 23‐yr‐old woman and a 22‐yr‐old man and a mandibular lesion in a 28‐yr‐old man. In one case the tumor was fused to the roots of two teeth. Of the OB cases, one occurred in the mandible of a 27‐yr‐old man, one in the ankle of a 19‐yr‐old male and one in the thoracic vertebrae of a 27‐yr‐old man. Histologically, CB and OB had the same appearance including peripheral spiculae rimmed by swollen blasts. This histologic similarity between OB and CB indicates that the diagnosis CB should not be made unless the lesion is connected with a tooth.
Enamel ultrastructure in pigmented hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Wright J. Timothy , Lord Valerie , Robinson Colin , Shore Roger
Published: April 2006

Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a hereditary condition of enamel that is presumed to result from defects during the maturation stage of enamel development. This study characterized the enamel ultrastructure and enamel crystallite morphology, as well as the distribution of organic material in enamel affected with pigmented hypomaturation AI. Enamel exhibiting autosomal recessive pigmented hypomaturation AI was sectioned or fractured and examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Enamel samples were treated with 30% NaOCl or 8 M urea to remove organic components and determine the effect of deproteinization on crystallite morphology. These were compared with untreated normal enamel samples. The enamel crystallites in hypomaturation AI exhibited considerable variability in size and morphology. Examination of deproteinized tissue indicated that the AI crystallites had a thick coating, presumably of organic or partially mineralized material, which was not visible in normal enamel. The results of this investigation provide further evidence that hypomaturation AI is associated with the retention of organic material that is most probably enamel protein. Enamel protein retention is likely to be involved in the inhibition of normal crystallite growth resulting in the morphological crystallite abnormalities associated with this disorder.
Odontogenic myxoma: histochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: Moshiri S. , Oda D. , Worthington P. , Myall R.
Published: April 2006

Three cases of Odontogenic myxoma are presented, two of which were located in the mandible and one in the maxilla. All cases demonstrated similar morphology by light microscopy. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated positive reaction with antibodies to vimentin and actin, and negative reaction to antibody to S‐100 protein. A 127‐day‐old human tooth bud was used as a control. The ultrastructural features performed on Case 3, when combined with the immunohistochemical findings suggest that the cells comprising odontogenic myxoma are of myofibroblastic origin.
Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies 17.13 and 63.12 with 141 oral mucosal lesions
Authors: Migliorati C. A. , Ranken R. , Kaplan M. J. , Silverman S.
Published: April 2006

We studied the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 17.13 and 63.12 with normal and diseased human oral mucosa by means of the immunoperoxidase technique. The specimens included: 22 normal oral tissues, 20 benign tumors, 17 lichen planus, 23 focal keratosis and epithelial hyperplasias, 18 proliferative verrucous leukoplakias, 20 dysplasias, and 21 squamous cell carcinomas. In most cases of normal mucosa and benign lesions, MAb 17.13 stained basal epithelial cells only, whereas MAb 63.12 stained all cell layers above the basal cells. In the premalignant and malignant lesions MAb 17.13 stained above the basal cells and MAb 63.12 either stained areas not stained by MAb 17.13 or the staining was absent. Based on the different staining patterns observed, there appears to be a potential value of these new reagents in diagnostic histopathology regarding specimens with equivocal cellular morphology.
Hypophosphatasia: a family study involving a case diagnosed from gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Chapple I. L. C. , Thorpe G. H. G. , Smith J. M. , Saxby M. S. , Glenwright H. D. , Green A. , Perry G. M. , Grundy M. , Shaw L. , Matthews J. B.
Published: April 2006

Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder characterized by defective mineralization of the skeletal and dental structures of the body and deficient liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase (L/B/K ALP) activity. There has been a tremendous advance in our knowledge of this condition over the last decade due to the advent of highly specific DNA probes and novel microanalytic techniques. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to review the dental aspects of current literature about this rare condition; to present a case (and family study) that was diagnosed in a 5‐yr‐old boy from 0.14 μl of gingival crevicular fluid, using a new ultrasensitive chemiluminescent assay for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase; and to provide strong evidence for an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
Experimentally induced ameloblastomas: a critical review
Authors: Gardner D. G.
Published: April 2006

This article reviews the experimental induction of ameloblastomas with emphasis on the acceptability of the induced tumors as being truly equivalent to amelobastomas in humans. Attempts to induce odontogenic tumors in experimental animals have been made sporadically since the early 1960's but the yield of ameloblastomas has been low. Tumors resembling ameloblastomas. but not completely typical histologically and apparently lacking the invasive qualities of ameloblastoma, have been produced in mice using polyoma virus. However, the most typical ameloblastomas have been those induced in opossums, using ethylnitrosourea. Consequently, it is recommended that this model be used in any further attempts to produce ameloblastomas experimentally.
Acid production by Actinomyces viscosus of root surface caries and non‐caries origin during glycogen synthesis and degradation at different pH levels
Authors: Komiyama K. , Khandelwal R. L.
Published: April 2006

Actinomyces viscosus strains, freshly isolated from root surface caries lesions and intact root surfaces, were studied for their glycogen synthetic and degradative activities at pH 4.5, 5.0, and 7.0 in a pH‐stat. At all three pH levels, root caries origin of A. viscosus synthesized up to three times as much glycogen compared to non‐root caries origin. Since root caries origin of A. viscosus strains initially synthesized large amounts of glycogen, a longer period of time was required to deplete this polymer, resulting in an extended period of acid production, even at pH 4.5 and pH 5.0. This study suggests that the ability of A. viscosus of root caries origin to synthesize large quantities of glycogen and subsequently degrade this stored polymer slowly with acid production, at acidic pH levels, may play an important role in the root caries process.
Direct immunofluorescence of oral mucosal biopsies: a comparison of fresh‐frozen tissue and formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue
Authors: Firth Norman A. , Rich Alison M. , Radden Bryan G. , Reade Peter C.
Published: April 2006

The diagnosis of some oral mucosal diseases can be facilitated by the use of direct immunofluorescence. Fresh frozen tissue is preferred when using this technique, however frequently the material received by the histopathology laboratory has been fixed in formalin. Enzyme digestion of tissue sections glued to glass slides prior to incubation with antibodies was shown in this study to give comparable results with direct immunofluorescence on fresh frozen tissue and can be used for diagnostic purposes when fresh frozen tissue is unavailable or not representative of the disease process.
Occurrence of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Albrecht Mária , Bánóczy Jolán , Dinya Elek , Tamás Gyula
Published: April 2006

The occurrence of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus in 1600 patients with diabetes mellitus (815 type 1: insulin‐dependent, 761 type 2: non‐insulin‐dependent) under care at the International Medicine Department ‐ was studied. Prccancerous lesions and conditions were diagnosed and grouped according to internationally accepted criteria. The prevalence of oral leukoplakia in diabetic patients was 6.2%, as compared to 2.2% in the healthy controls, that of oral lichen was 1.0% in the test‐, and 0.0% in the control group. Leukoplakia and lichen both showed the highest occurrence in the second year of established diabetes, and their prevalence was higher among insulin‐treated diabetics. Smokers were more often affected, by both kind of lesions, oral lichen showed a more frequent association with candidiasis. The prevalence of oral leukoplakia and lichen in diabetes mellitus patients was higher, than average ratios in population samples from the same country.
Involucrin expression in some oral lichenoid lesions
Authors: McCullough Michael J. , Radden Bryan G.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this investigation was to assess the reproducibility of a study which reported that involucrin could be used as a diagnostic marker in oral lichenoid lesions. Twenty‐eight formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens were examined. They included tissue from 13 patients with lichen planus. 11 with drug‐related lichenoid reactions, one with dysplasia in a lichenoid lesion and three with normal oral mucosa. In each case the biopsy site was the buccal mucosa, PAS stained smears for fungi were negative and immunofluorescence results supported the diagnosis. An immunoperoxidase technique was used to demonstrate involucrin reactivity. In all sections there was consistent positive staining for involucrin in the superficial layers of the epithelium and all the basal layers were negative. In conclusion there were no demonstrable differences in the involucrin reactivity between the different lesions.
Asymptomatic oral Candida albicans carriage in HIV‐infection: frequency and predisposing factors
Authors: Fetter Anny , Partisani Marialuisa , Koenig Helene , Kremer Michel , Lang Jean‐Marie
Published: April 2006

Many studies have focused on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of oral candidiasis in HIV infection. Little is known on the incidence and predisposing factors of asymptomatic oral Candida carriage in this setting, obviously an important issue in view of prophylaxis. To address this question. 261 consecutive HIV‐infected individuals without clinical evidence of candidiasis were investigated. C. albicans was isolated from cultured oral cavity swabs of 63 subjects (24%). Colonization was significantly more frequent in IV drug users. CDC groups IV. and in subjects with lymphocytopenia. CD4+ cell depletion, or elevated beta‐2 microglobulin. These data further suggest that oral candidiasis occurs in HIV infection as a result of C. albicans overgrowth and raise the question of primary antifungal prophylaxis in subjects with low CD4 counts and asymptomatic oral Candida carriage.
HLA‐DR and DQ antigens in Chinese patients with Behçet's disease
Authors: Sun Andy , Lin Song‐Chyr , Chu Chien‐Ts , Chiang Chun‐Pin
Published: April 2006

The frequencies of HLA‐DR and DQ antigens in 24 Chinese patients with Behçet's disease (BD) were calculated and compared with those in 130 healthy control Chinese and those in 80 Chinese patients with recurrent oral ulcers (ROU). Although an increased trend of DRw6 and DRw8 antigens in patients with BD was noted, there was no significant difference in frequencies of HLA‐DR and DQ antigens between patients with BD and healthy control subjects or patients with ROU after correction of P values (Pc>0.05). Further analysis of our data of the phenotype frequencies of DRw6 and DRw8 antigens according to the subtypes of BD also showed the increased frequencies of DRw6 and DRw8 antigens in patients with mucocutaneous type of BD as compared with those in healthy control subjects. However, only the phenotype frequency of DRw8 antigen in patients with mucocutaneous type of BD was significantly higher than that in patients with ROU (P< 0.005, PC < 0.05, relative risk= 17.7, and etiologic fraction =0.30). This significant increase of the phenotype frequency suggests that the gene coding for HLA‐DRw8 antigen in patients with ROU was only partially (30%) responsible for susceptibility to the mucocutaneous type of BD.
Recurrent aphthous ulceration: a possible clinical manifestation of reactivation of varicella zoster or cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Pedersen Anne , Hornsleth Allan
Published: April 2006

The etiology of the most common intraoral mucosal disease, recurrent aphthous ulceration (Rau), Remains Obscure. Here, attempts were made to diagnose reactivation of varicella zoster (CMV), Rpstcin‐Barr (EBV) And Human herpes virus 6 (HHV‐6) infections from paired sera in association with Rau Recurrences. The first sample was obtained within 3 days after a new recurrence (I) and the second 10–14 days later (2). The study initially comprised IS otherwise healthy Rau Patients (GRA) and 17 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy non‐Rau Individuals. Values of specific antibody subclasses (IgM. IgG. IgA) were determined by Elisa (VZV, CMV. EBV) and Ifa (Hhv‐6). Patients and controls exhibited differences in parameters on specific VZV IGM And C'M V IgM. In order to substantiate these findings, specific VZV IGM and CMV IGM Were subsequently also evaluated in 17 other Rau Patients (GR B). Ten patients in GR A and II in Gr B were IgM seropositive for either Vzv And/or CMV in at least one of the serum samples, whereas in the controls only one was VZV IGM Positive and none CMV IGM Positive. Evaluated as groups, optometric density (OD) antibody levels of VZV IGM Were significantly higher in the patients (gr A (I, 2) vs controls: p<0.0001; gr B (1,2) Vs Controls: P<O.Ooi). CMV OD IGM antibody values were significantly higher in Gr B only (I, 2 vs controls. p<O.OI). The study lends support for reactivation of VZV And/or CMV Infection Associated with Rau Recurrences.
A retrospective evaluation of 193 patients with oral lichen planus
Authors: Brown Ronald S. , Bottomley William K. , Puente Edward , Lavigne Gilles J.
Published: April 2006

One hundred and ninety‐three patients with oral lichen planus were evaluated retrospectively. Women outnumbered men by more than two to one. The mean age at lesion discovery was in the sixth decade. The buccal mucosa was the most common site of occurrence. There were concomitant systemic diseases in many of the patients. The ulcerative form was the most prevalent referred form. Therapies included observation and treatment with topical and systemic corticosteroids with and without antifungals and immunosuppressants. Areas of discussion include lesion location, chronicity, therapeutic modalities, malignant transformation, age, gender, symptomatology and systemic disease.
Cytokeratin expression in oral cancer and its relationship to tumor differentiation
Authors: Ogden Graham R. , Chisholm Derrick M. , Adi Mohammed , Lane E. Birgitte
Published: April 2006

Although cytokeratin expression is said to alter with the state of tumor differentiation, few studies appear to have confirmed this in fresh tissues biopsies from oral squamous cell carcinomas. Previous studies have been limited by the number of antibodies utilized, small sample size, or lack of information regarding tumor differentiation. A panel of 8 antikeratin antibodies (of which five recognised the simple epithelial karatins, 8. 18 and 19) were applied to fresh tissue biopsies from 24 oral cancer and 15 normal oral mucosal biopsies. A standard immunocytochemical technique was followed (Vectastain Abc Method), with keratin expression graded on a 3 point scale. Our analysis indicated that simple epithelial keratins (K8. K.I8, K19) were not confined to the more poorly differentiated tumors. This may be relevant to tumor prognosis.
Pemphigus vulgaris precipitated by glibenclamide therapy
Authors: Paterson A. J. , Lamey P‐J. , Lewis M. A. O. , Nolan A. , Rademaker M.
Published: April 2006

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare but potentially fatal autoimmune bullous disorder which frequently affects the oral mucosa. Although the essential cause of PV is unclear, its onset has occasionally been associated with drug therapy, in particular penicillamine. The patient described in this paper was a 78‐year‐old diabetic man who developed oral lesions of PV following institution of glibenclamide therapy.
Oral lesions in children born to HIV–1 positive women
Authors: Moniaci D. , Cavallari M. , Greco D. , Bruatto M. , Raiteri R. , Palomba E. , Tovo P. A. , Sinicco A.
Published: April 2006

A cohort of 69 children born to HIV‐1 positive women was studied to evaluate types, prevalences and relationships to clinical stages of HIV‐1‐related oral lesions. In addition, relationships among C. albicans biotypes, clinical features of oral candidiasis and HIV‐1 disease were investigated. C. albicans biotypes did not correlate with clinical features of oral lesions, disease stages and CD4+ lymphocyte count. Of 8 patients with recurrent oral candidiasis. 4 changed clinical features and 5 changed biotype. Our study pointed out the high frequency (28.9%) of oral lesions, especially caused by fungi and the importance of the examination of the oral cavity in children born to HIV‐1 positive women.
Detection of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in oral smears from healthy individuals and patients with squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mao Er‐Jia , Smith Colin J.
Published: April 2006

To assess the presence of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA in normal oral mucosa, as well as its relationship to age, sex and different sites in the oral cavity, oral smears from healthy adults were investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Smears taken from oral cancer patients were also examined using the same method. Sixty healthy volunteers (30 men and 30 women) were selected and divided equally into three age groups. Four cytologic samples were taken from each subject using a cytobrush. Smears from 20 patients with oral cancer were taken from similar sites and from the lesion. The Bam W region of EBV DNA was chosen as the specific genome for PCR amplification. Fifteen out of 60 healthy individuals (25%) showed EBV positivity. Of these, seven were men and eight were women. There were no significant differences between the three age groups nor between the four sites of oral mucosa. Our results also showed that EBV DNA could be identified in 10 out of 20 oral cancer patients (50%), though in only 7 (35%) of the lesions. Taken into account with the age of the patients, these findings indicate that EBV infection in the oral cavity does not appear to be directly associated with the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Application of Levanol fast cyanine 5RN stain for demonstrating rhabdomyoblasts in epoxy‐embedded tumors
Authors: El‐Bardaie Adel M.
Published: April 2006

To facilitate the survey of actomyosin‐containing cells in soft tissue sarcomas with skeletal muscle differentiation, the tannic acid‐phosphomolybdic acid‐Levanol fast cyanine 5RN procedure was applied to plastic‐free (deresined) thick sections (2‐3 μm) obtained from epoxy blocks conventially prepared for transmission electron microscopy. By light microscopy, rhabdomyoblasts of varying configuration revealed intense dark blue staining reaction. The stained sections were used for orientation and direct interpretation of the ultrastructural material.
Liposarcoma of the cheek: report of a case
Authors: Ruacan Sevket , Önerci Metin , Gedikoḡlu Gökhan , Dal Teoman
Published: April 2006

Liposarcomas of the head and neck region are rare. Those originating in the buccal mucosa cause special diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. In this report, a predominantly well‐differentiated liposarcoma of the cheek in a 32‐yr‐old man is reported. The tumor continued to grow slowly over a period of 3 yr before definitive diagnosis was established. Radical maxillectomy was performed with total excision of the tumor. Recommendations for earlier and correct diagnosis and treatment of this rare neoplasm are discussed.