bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The orchid recovery program at Illinois College – a successful blend of teaching, research and undergraduate student participation to benefit orchid conservation
Authors: Zettler Lawrence
Published: July 2015

A decade ago (1996), the Orchid Recovery Program was established at Illinois College – a private liberal arts college – to promote the conservation of rare orchids through propagation. The school’s rural loca- tion, small size (1,000+ undergraduate students), and heavy teaching load (= 12 hours/semester) posed seri- ous challenges to the establishment of this research program. Nevertheless, over the years several aspects of the College were identified, targeted, and integrated to successfully blend the student academic experience with orchid conservation.
Sarcoidosis pulmonar e hiliar: Presentación de un caso y revisión del tema
Authors: Irigoyen Daniel , Brenes Piedra Luis Miguel , Morelos de Carvallo Ingrid , Molina Erick
Published: July 2015

La sarcoidosis es considerada una enfermedad rara en Costa Rica. Las manifestaciones pulmonares son la forma mas frecuente de presentación. Para el diagnóstico se requiere un cuadro clínico característico, con la demostración histológica de granulomas no caseificantes, descartando otra enfermedad que explique los hallazgos. El tratamiento no está aún estandarizado, en general, se escogerá en función de la severidad y extensión de la enfermedad, mientras que algunos pacientes no requerirán terapia, habrá un grupo significativo que si la ameritará. Los corticoides representan el mejor tratamiento inicial, utilizándose cada día más los agentes ahorradores de esteroides y en casos refractarios, terapia biológica. Se presenta un caso de una paciente con sarcoidosis pulmonar sintomática y una discusión sobre las principales características de esta entidad y su terapeútica
A perinatalis veszteségek és intrauterin magzati halálozások aktuális szakmai gyakorlatának, valamint a szakemberekre gyakorolt hatásainak vizsgálata
Authors: Zsák Éva , Kovácsné Török Zsuzsa , Hegedűs Katalin
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The sorrow caused by perinatal loss is a phenomenon of pathological mourning, a burden for the parents, their environment and the medical personnel, yet, it is a less studied field. Aim: (1) To present the applied practice in healthcare institutions, to compare the valid protocol with the effective help provided and to study how these events affect the helping personnel professionally and psychologically. Method: In-depth interviews with the involved personnel (n = 8). The authors studied the practice of the given institution; existing and wanted theoretical and practical competencies; personal attitude and the experienced difficulties. Results: Acting well professionally is a specially demanding task, with few tools to use when communicating, when helping the parents cope with sorrow, or when coping with their own feelings, all these involving a risk for burn-out. Conclusions: The results can serve to create trainings aimed at helping the patients with adequate support and improving coping strategies. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(29), 1174–1178.
Floristic survey of the Brazilian Ages Memorial: a Cerrado sensu stricto area with an educational relevance
Authors: Vasconcelos Thaís N.C. , Silva Juliana S. , Ianhez Marcelo L. , Proença Carolyn E. B.
Published: July 2015

The Cerrado Biome is currently classified as one of the most diverse savannas in the world. The anthropic destruction of this biome led the Cerrado to be recognized as one of the world’s hot spots for bioconservation. Cerrado sensu stricto phytophysiognomy represents 70% of the original Cerrado Biome surface and floristic surveys are basic and important studies for conservation initiatives in these areas. Our survey area is a Cerrado sensu stricto of 6 ha attached to the Memorial das Idades do Brasil, an open air museum located in Distrito Federal, in the center of the Cerrado Biome. Our list counted 225 species of angiosperms, with the families Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Malpighiaceae and Myrtaceae being the richest ones. Our work contributes towards a better understanding of the Cerrado biome and also may help future educational programmes in the museum.
Medium and large-sized mammals in a Cerrado area of the state of Goiás, Brazil
Authors: Estrela Dieferson Da Costa , Souza Daniele Cipriano de , Souza Joyce Moreira de , Castro André Luis da Silva
Published: July 2015

Brazilian mammal fauna is considered to be the richest of the Neotropical region. However, in several regions of the country, there are gaps in the knowledge of its mammal fauna. Thus, we conducted a survey of the medium and large-sized mammal species in the fragmented Cerrado region in the southeast area of the state of Goiás. Nonlinear transects were conducted in 28 sessions over 13 months using direct observation methods, indirect observation methods (scratches, footprints, feces and lairs) and camera trapping. Twenty-five species belonging to eight orders were recorded. The species richness estimated by the Jackknife 1 method was 24.89 (±1.61) species in the transects and 16.88 (±1.29) species in camera trap, with stabilization of the species accumulation curves. Among the recorded species, 5 were endangered at the national level, and three were globally endangered. The high species richness found in the area in addition to the presence of endangered species highlights the need for conservation measures for the study site.
The Coffee Red Mealybug, Nipaecoccus coffeae (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), an uncommon mealybug attacking coffee plants in Brazil
Authors: Prado Ernesto J. , Santa-Cecília Lenira V.C. , Reis Paulo R. , Mosca Eduardo
Published: July 2015

The Coffee Red Mealybug, Nipaecoccus coffeae (Hempel, 1919), was rediscovered in coffee crops in Brazil. Some brief recognition characters are provided to separate this mealybug from other species of the genus present in Brazil. It appears to be a rather uncommon parasite of coffee plants and is considered a secondary pest. This species is recorded for the first time in the State of Minas Gerais widening its distribution area. A predaceous hoverfly larva, Ocyptamus stenogaster (Williston, 1888), was also found predating eggs.
Jury Instructions in Hong Kong: A Gricean Perspective
Authors: Cheng Le , Cheng Winnie , Li Jian
Published: July 2015

Most previous studies on jury instructions have been confined to legalese such as the lexical and syntactic features of jury instructions. This study, drawing on reported cases on jury instructions from the Hong Kong judiciary, aims to examine jury instructions in Hong Kong to better explore how jury instructions are given in Hong Kong, being a common-law jurisdiction, and to argue that Grice’s Cooperative Principle can be usefully adopted to examine jury instructions in order to shed some light on the drafting of jury instructions. The study argues that the principle of rationality, a deeper-level of observance of Gricean maxims, which underlies the Cooperative Principle, has interpretative force on jury instructions in the case of non-observance of conversational maxims, and that, in the court judgments examined, non-observance of the fundamental communicative principle usually constitutes a good ground for appeal, although the opposite is also true. It therefore provides a pertinent demonstration of the differences of the operation of Gricean maxims in lay and legal contexts.
Impact of mobile phone usage on speech spectral features: some preliminary findings
Authors: Jovicic Slobodan T , Jovanović Nikola , Subotić Miško , Grozdić Đorđe
Published: July 2015

The manner of using a mobile phone in voice communications can significantly affect the spectral characteristics of the speech signal. This article presents preliminary results of the analysis of the long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS), the long-term formant distribution (LTF) in voiced sounds, and vowel formants F1, F2 and F3 of six speakers in five modes of mobile phone usage. These modes are: normal holding of a mobile phone (NOR), with a bonbon (sweet) in the mouth (BON), with a cigarette between the lips (CIG), with the mobile phone between cheek and shoulder (SHO) and with the hand covering the mobile phone and mouth (HAN). The results show that each mode has an impact on spectral features and that the modes HAN and SHO have the greatest impact. The most striking results are the relative displacement of F1, which can reach 30% (e.g. vowel /a/ in HAN mode for males), formant F2, near 15% (vowel /i/ in SHO mode for males), and formant F3, about 5% (vowel /u/ in CIG mode for females). These findings suggest that forensic practitioners should exercise caution in interpreting formant measurements in speaker identification cases involving mobile phone transmission.
The law of England and Wales: translation in transition
Authors: Huws Catrin Fflur
Published: July 2015

This article considers the role of the legal translator/interpreter in bilingual court proceedings. This is not, however, a situation where a non-English speaker gives oral evidence which is translated for the benefit of the court, but rather a situation where a court – the court in question being the Supreme Court of England and Wales – is unable to comprehend the bilingual text of the legislation. The interpreter is therefore called upon to explain the possible differences in meaning between the two versions. This article questions the extent to which the legal system is aware of the significance of these issues, and advocates re-evaluating the training requirements of legal interpreters.
Tod zweier Stuten mit Retentio secundinarum
Authors: Czerwonka N. , Schröder S. , Böhm J. , Wehrend A. , Treupel E.
Published: July 2015

Die Nachgeburtsverhaltung der Stute ist eine relativ häufige Erkrankung, die zu schweren Komplikationen führen kann. In dieser Kasuistik werden zwei Fälle beschrieben, bei denen Stuten mit Nachgeburtsverhaltung trotz Intensivtherapie akut verstarben. In der pathologischen Untersuchung konnten bei beiden Tieren schwere Blutungen als Ursache festgestellt werden.
Vergleich neuartiger Infrarotwärmeplatten mit konventionellen Warmwasserplatten als Ausrüstung für Ferkelnester im Abferkelstall
Authors: Strauch-Sürken L. , Wendt M.
Published: July 2015

Gegenstand und Ziel: In einem konventionellen Ferkelerzeugerbetrieb wurden neuartige Infrarot(IR)-Wärmeplatten für Saugferkel auf ihre Praxistauglichkeit und Vergleichbarkeit mit herkömmlichen Warmwasser(WW)-Platten untersucht. Material und Methoden: In die Auswertung gingen 134 Würfe (Sommer n = 82, Winter n = 52) ein, deren Ferkelnester mit IR-Platten (ohne/mit Abdeckung, Gruppe 1 und 2) oder mit WW-Platten (ohne/ mit Abdeckung, Gruppe 3 und 4) ausgerüstet waren. Verglichen wurde der Einfluss auf die Wundheilung nach Kastration und Schwanzkupieren sowie auf die Nabelrückbildung und die Gewichtsentwicklung der Saugferkel. Ein weiterer geprüfter Parameter war die Liegezeit im Bereich der Ferkelnester. Zur Geburt wurde die Gesäugeplatzierung bei den Sauen erfasst (zur Wärmeplatte hin/weg). Ferner erfolgte ein Vergleich von Energieverbrauch und -kosten. Ergebnisse: Bei Ferkeln, deren Liegeflächen mit IR-Platten ausgerüstet waren, heilten die Kastrationswunden und die Schwänze nach dem Kupieren besser ab als bei den Ferkeln auf den WW-Platten. Die besten Ergebnisse zeigten sich bei IR-Platten mit Abdeckung. Auch für die Nabelrückbildung ergaben sich signifikante Vorteile bei Nutzung der IR-Platten. Die Gewichtsentwicklung der Ferkel auf IR-Platten war im Sommer tendenziell besser, im Winter bestanden keine Unterschiede. Generell sank mit zunehmendem Alter der Ferkel der Anteil der Liegezeit auf allen Platten, im Winter war der Anteil höher als im Sommer. Zur Geburt bevorzugten 74,6% aller Sauen die Nähe des Gesäuges zur Wärmequelle. Bei IR-Platten richteten die Sauen ihr Gesäuge jedoch signifikant häufiger zur Wärmeplatte hin aus. Der Energieverbrauch (kWh) pro Wurf war bei IR-Platten (Strom) im Sommer und Winter niedriger als bei den WW-Platten (Gas). Die Energiekosten dagegen waren im Sommer vergleichbar, im Winter für die IR-Platten höher. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: IR-Strahlung von Wärmeplatten hat einen positiven Einfluss auf die Abheilung von Wunden nach Kastration und Schwanzkupieren sowie die Nabelrückbildung der Ferkel und beeinflusst das Liegeverhalten der Sau zur Geburt. Trotz niedrigeren Energieverbrauchs der IR-Platten ist betriebsindividuell zu prüfen, welches System sich rentiert.
Herbicide Program Approaches for Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatusandAmaranthus rudis) in Future Soybean-Trait Technologies
Authors: Meyer Christopher J. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Young Bryan G. , Steckel Lawrence E. , Bradley Kevin W. , Johnson William G. , Loux Mark M. , Davis Vince M. , Kruger Greg R. , Bararpour Mohammad T. , Ikley Joseph T. , Spaunhorst Douglas J. , Butts Thomas R.
Published: July 2015

Herbicide-resistantAmaranthusspp. continue to cause management difficulties in soybean. New soybean technologies under development, including resistance to various combinations of glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, 2,4-D, isoxaflutole, and mesotrione, will make possible the use of additional herbicide sites of action in soybean than is currently available. When this research was conducted, these soybean traits were still regulated and testing herbicide programs with the appropriate soybean genetics in a single experiment was not feasible. Therefore, the effectiveness of various herbicide programs (PRE herbicides followed by POST herbicides) was evaluated in bare-ground experiments on glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth and glyphosate-resistant waterhemp (both tall and common) at locations in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Nebraska, and Tennessee. Twenty-five herbicide programs were evaluated; 5 of which were PRE herbicides only, 10 were PRE herbicides followed by POST herbicides 3 to 4 wks after (WA) the PRE application (EPOST), and 10 were PRE herbicides followed by POST herbicides 6 to 7 WA the PRE application (LPOST). Programs with EPOST herbicides provided 94% or greater control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp at 3 to 4 WA the EPOST. Overall, programs with LPOST herbicides resulted in a period of weed emergence in which weeds would typically compete with a crop. Weeds were not completely controlled with the LPOST herbicides because weed sizes were larger (≥ 15 cm) compared with their sizes at the EPOST application (≤ 7 cm). Most programs with LPOST herbicides provided 80 to 95% control at 3 to 4 WA applied LPOST. Based on an orthogonal contrast, using a synthetic-auxin herbicide LPOST improves control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp over programs not containing a synthetic-auxin LPOST. These results show herbicides that can be used in soybean and that contain auxinic- or HPPD-resistant traits will provide growers with an opportunity for better control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth and waterhemp over a wide range of geographies and environments.
Weed Control in Cotton by Combinations of Microencapsulated Acetochlor and Various Residual Herbicides Applied Preemergence
Authors: Cahoon Charles W. , York Alan C. , Jordan David L. , Everman Wesley J. , Seagroves Richard W. , Braswell Lewis R. , Jennings Katherine M.
Published: July 2015

Residual herbicides are routinely recommended to aid in control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth in cotton. Acetochlor, a chloroacetamide herbicide, applied PRE, controls Palmer amaranth. A microencapsulated (ME) formulation of acetochlor is now registered for PRE application in cotton. Field research was conducted in North Carolina to evaluate cotton tolerance and Palmer amaranth control by acetochlor ME alone and in various combinations. Treatments, applied PRE, consisted of acetochlor ME, pendimethalin, or no herbicide arranged factorially with diuron, fluometuron, fomesafen, diuron plus fomesafen, and no herbicide. The PRE herbicides were followed by glufosinate applied twice POST and diuron plus MSMA directed at layby. Acetochlor ME was less injurious to cotton than pendimethalin. Acetochlor ME alone or in combination with other herbicides reduced early season cotton growth 5 to 8%, whereas pendimethalin alone or in combinations injured cotton 11 to 13%. Early season injury was transitory, and by 65 to 84 d after PRE treatment, injury was no longer noticeable. Before the first POST application of glufosinate, acetochlor ME and pendimethalin controlled Palmer amaranth 84 and 64%, respectively. Control by acetochlor ME was similar to control by diuron plus fomesafen and greater than control by diuron, fluometuron, or fomesafen alone. Greater than 90% control was obtained with acetochlor ME mixed with diuron or fomesafen. Palmer amaranth control was similar with acetochlor ME plus a full or reduced rate of fomesafen. Acetochlor ME controlled large crabgrass and goosegrass at 91 and 100% compared with control at 83 and 91%, respectively, by pendimethalin. Following glufosinate, applied twice POST, and diuron plus MSMA, at layby, 96 to 99% control was obtained late in the season by all treatments, and no differences among herbicide treatments were noted for cotton yield. This research demonstrated that acetochlor ME can be safely and effectively used in cotton weed management programs.
Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in neutral and alkaline environments containing interfering ions
Authors: Seguí Femenias Yurena , Angst Ueli , Caruso Francesco , Elsener Bernhard
Published: July 2015

Chloride ingress can lead to serious degradation of various materials and structures. Continuous measurements of local chloride concentrations is thus of uttermost importance for laboratory research, monitoring of structures, and predictions of the residual life span for the most common building materials. This work investigates the applicability of Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes for the non-destructive continuous measurement of local chloride concentrations in concrete and stone when exposed to chloride-bearing environments such as seawater. The work studies the stability of Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in neutral and alkaline solutions and the sensitivity to the main interfering ions coming from the environment and from the material itself. The results indicate negligible interference from fluoride, sulfate, and hydroxyl but considerable from bromide and sulfide. In chloride-free alkaline solutions, Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes are not stable over time, but—upon chloride arrival—they permit again reliable measurements of the chloride concentration. The results concerning interference are discussed by taking into account typical exposure environments and it is concluded that the ion-selective electrodes can satisfactorily be used to monitor chloride concentrations in built structures made out of concrete or stone.
Determination of flow characteristics of stepped spillways
Authors: Dursun O. Faruk , Ozturk Mualla
Published: July 2015

Stepped spillways have become a popular method in recent times. Stepped spillways are used commonly for both energy dissipation and aeration. In this study, the energy dissipation ratio and inception point location of stepped spillways with and without end sills were studied using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods. The analyses were carried out for two sill types and three s/h ratios. Flow characteristics and air inception points were determined for slope angles of 30°, 40° and 50°. The results were compared and discussed with the other studies in the literature. The greatest energy dissipation ratio was obtained at the slope angle of 30° for type 2A (i.e. stepped sill and s/h ratio of 0·30). Moreover, the greatest energy dissipation ratio was shown at the slope angle of 50° for stepped spillways without end sills. It was found that the length of the non-aerated flow region was closely related to energy dissipation. Finally, the flow characteristics of the stepped spillways can be reliably determined by using CFD analysis.
The Richards Bay Clean Air Association: A Case Study for Success in Participatory Air Quality Management
Authors: Okello N , Allan C
Published: July 2015

Increasing population growth and rapid urbanisation in South Africa’s major centres have resulted in a race for geographical space. The proximity of residential areas to industries is decreasing, and with this, the concern for air quality impacts on people’s health. More stringent regulations and the roll-out of atmospheric emission licenses have attempted to curb this concern, at least from a legislative perspective, by limiting the levels of exposure to potentially harmful pollutants. However, implementation, accountability and active community involvement remain a problem in many areas across the country. Nevertheless, success stories in which public and private entities work together for better air quality management, do exist and offer an opportunity for learning. Established 17 years ago in response to a concern for the health of people living and working in Richards Bay, the Richards Bay Clean Air Association (RBCAA) brings together industry, government and the community with the common goals of improving air quality in the region and encouraging polluters to take responsibility for their actions. The tried and tested formula, and long term success of the RBCAA is a demonstration of the fact that integrated air quality management is not limited to the local authority and is better accomplished as a collective. This paper outlines the strengths and common obstacles faced by the RBCAA, with the goal of showcasing a template for success in unlocking clean air opportunities for all.
A Geostationary Air Quality Monitoring Platform for Africa
Authors: Marais EA , Chance K
Published: July 2015

African populations and economies are growing rapidly, but there are few surface observations to monitor the effects on air quality. Trend analysis of the 19-year record of space-based observations from remote sensors onboard low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites shows that anthropogenic pollution is on the rise. Conversely, biomass burning, the largest contributor to surface ozone, is declining. UVvisible instruments on LEO satellites with daily resolution have provided invaluable constraints on sources, evolution, and transport of air pollution in Africa. Sensors in geostationary orbit (GEO) with hourly resolution and a smaller ground pixel than current and past fleets of LEO satellites would further our understanding of air quality in Africa and address the dearth of surface monitoring sites on the continent. Africa has successfully launched Earth observation platforms to retrieve satellite imagery and should expand its remote sensing capabilities by joining the northern hemisphere constellation of GEO Earth observation satellites.
Measurement of atmospheric black carbon in the Vaal Triangle and Highveld Priority Areas
Authors: Feig GT , Vertue B , Naidoo S , Ncgukana N , Mabaso D
Published: July 2015

Atmospheric black carbon is an important atmospheric pollutant; it has impacts on human health and a strong climate impact. Black carbon particles are functionally defined by their optical properties (viz. characteristics in light absorption). As a result, black carbon particles are derived from a wide range of sources, but are largely the result of incomplete combustion processes. In order to quantify the atmospheric load of black carbon particles, multi angle absorption photometer (MAAP) instruments have been installed in 8 of the ambient air quality monitoring stations in the Vaal Triangle and Highveld Priority areas. Three of the instruments have been in operation since 2012 and the other 5 were installed in August 2013. This paper presents an analysis of the initial black carbon monitoring data. The impacts of seasonality and meteorological conditions as well as the relationship of the black carbon concentration to PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are discussed.
Prevalence and genotype distribution of rotaviruses in children with gastroenteritis in Rize province
Authors: Dereci Selim , Çopur Çiçek Ayşegül , Savaş Acar Sümeyra , Bakkaloğlu Zekiye , Özkasap Serdar , Kanber Kadri , Hacisalihoğlu Şadan , Albayrak Yücehan , Durmaz Rıza
Published: July 2015

Determination of the distribution of rotavirus genotypes is essential for understanding the epidemiology of this virus responsible for nearly half a million of deaths in patients with gastroenteritis worldwide. In the present study, we aimed to genotype the rotavirus strains isolated from diarrheal stool samples in children under 5 years old. A total of 1297 fecal samples were collected, and rotavirus antigen was detected in 73 of these samples. Antigen-positive samples were transferred to the Public Health Agency of Turkey, Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, and were tested for determination of genotypes G and P using semi-nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction method performed with consensus- and genotype-specific primers. Twelve specimens were found to be negative for rotavirus in genotyping method. All the positive-strains were in G1-4, G8-9, P(4), P(8), and P(9) genotypes. The most frequent GP genotype combinations were found to be G9P(8) in 21 strains (34.4%), G2P(4) in 14 strains (23.0%), and G1P(8) in 12 strains (19.7%). We found 10 distinct genotypes amongst a total of 61 strains. Among the strains isolated and genotyped in our study, 90.2% (55/61) and 67.2% (41/61) have already been included in the two existing commercial vaccines. In conclusion, these findings implicate the necessity of development of region-specific vaccines after evaluation of the local genotype distribution. Further studies on the large number of rotavirus strains would contribute to this process.
Advocacia em saúde e as organizações não governamentais do Distrito Federal
Authors: Brito Clênio M.
Published: July 2015

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil e a atuação das organizações não governamentais (ONGs) que atuam na defesa do direito à saúdeno Distrito Federal (Brasil). Metodologia: Pesquisa exploratória comrealização de entrevista e aplicação de formulário aos dirigentes. Resultados: Foram identificadas 33 ONGs com atuação em saúde no DF; 64% foram fundadas entre 1991 e 2005; 82% estão localizadas em apenas duas cidades; apenas 18% têm sede própria; 73% têm menos de 500 associados; têm suas equipes compostas predominantemente de voluntários; cerca da metade não possuem empregados contratados; são financiadas predominantemente com contribuições de associados e doações de pessoas físicas; destinam o total ou parcela significativa de seus ingressos à atuação em saúde; atuam, quase que exclusivamente, na reivindicação de atendimentos na rede pública e na participação em conselhos e conferências de saúde. Conclusão: As ONGs que atuam no campo da saúde no DF atuam muito pouco em advocacy e têm a sustentabilidade de suas atividades ameaçada por problemas de infraestrutura e financiamento.
O registro sanitário de medicamentos e as políticas de saúde
Authors: Bieber Luís Bernardo Delgado
Published: July 2015

A legislação sanitária vigente no Brasil, embora se preste a cumprir os propósitos de garantir a qualidade, a eficácia e a segurança dos medicamentos colocados no mercado, não basta para defender o interesse público relativo à implementação da política de assistência farmacêutica. Não há norma que garanta a continuidade da produção e da distribuição do medicamento de interesse das políticas públicas de saúde após o fim da validade do seu registro. A partir do registro de medicamentos, a agência reguladora (vigilância sanitária) teria uma contribuição especial às políticas de saúde e, em especial à política de medicamentos, se procedesse a um verdadeiro enfrentamento dos interesses econômicos empresariais que, com não rara frequência, sobrepõem-se aos interesses da população. O artigo revisa a legislação e a doutrina sobre a matéria, concluído pela necessidade de articulação das ações de assistência farmacêutica com as de vigilância sanitária como mais um instrumento na luta pela garantia do acesso ao medicamento, e que a legislação referente ao registro de medicamentos confere às empresas reguladas um protagonismo incoerente com a nova ordem sanitária constitucional quanto às decisões relativas aos medicamentos que serão disponibilizados no mercado ou dele retirados. O autor defende que, no entanto, existem disposições constitucionais e legais que fundamentam suficientemente uma atuação mais incisiva do Estado na defesa do interesse público e da continuidade de suas políticas de saúde.
A abordagem de aspectos jurídicos na Audiência Pública da Saúde do Supremo Tribunal Federal
Authors: Santos Alethele de Oliveira , Marques Silvia Badim
Published: July 2015

Objetivos: O grande número de ações judiciais contra entes estatais pleiteando prestações de saúde levou o Supremo Tribunal Federal do Brasil a convocar uma audiência pública para discutir o problema, realizada em abril e maio de 2010. O estudo objetivou identificar os principais argumentos jurídicos contidos nos discursos proferidos na audiência. Metodologia: Análise do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (Lefèvre & Lefrève, 2003), com utilização do software Qualiquantisoft. Resultados: 64 discursos analisados; 13 ideias centrais caracterizadas; identificadas abordagens jurídicas em 89% dos discursos; predominância do debate sobre a natureza do direito à saúde (20,7% dos discursos), de abordagens sobre o fenômeno da judicialização (14,6%) e sobre a decretação de repercussão geral e a proposta de súmula vinculante (10,4%). Discussão: Os discursos ficaram adstritos pelas ideias de que o direito à saúde é direito subjetivo público passível de garantia pela via judicial e que a escassez de recursos obriga o administrador a fazer escolhas; que a discussão dos problemas sociais se deslocou para o Judiciário, tanto no Brasil como em outros lugares do mundo; que, no Brasil, o problema não é o Judiciário determinar cumprimento ao Executivo e sim o Executivo dar cumprimento ao que já está legalmente determinado; que não há invasão de poderes nas decisões judiciais e sim controle das omissões daqueles que são responsáveis pela implementação das políticas públicas. Conclusões: o direito à saúde merece observação e análise, não mais de seu contexto teórico, mas de seu contexto prático e diuturno nos tribunais e na Administração Pública.
Análise jurídica do artigo 196 da Constituição Federal de 1988, à luz da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal
Authors: Nogueira de Abreu Tiago Souza
Published: July 2015

O artigo analisa o atual entendimento do Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro acerca do direito a saúde, a partir da interpretação do artigo 196 da Constituição Federal de 1988, consoante as decisões proferidas no período de março de 2010 a junho de 2011. Destaca-se o entendimento daquela Corte de que a responsabilidade em garantir o acesso a saúde é partilhada e solidária entre os entes que compõe a federação; que o caráter programático da referida disposição constitucional não afasta o dever do ente federado de fornecer os meios necessários para o gozo do direito à saúde; e que cabe ao Poder Judiciário, quando acionado, determinar a pronta e eficaz prestação do serviço público de acesso à saúde ao cidadão que tem o seu direito negado. O Supremo Tribunal Federal tem o entendimento consolidado no sentido de que o conteúdo jurídico do artigo 196 da Constituição Federal irradia seus efeitos de forma plena, estabelecendo um vínculo jurídico cogente ao Estado quando demandado na temática da saúde, não importando, nesse particular, qual dos entes federados figure no polo passivo, já que a responsabilidade pela prestação do serviço é partilhada e solidária.
Considerações críticas sobre a Lei nº 11.705, de 19 de junho de 2008 (“Lei Seca”)
Authors: Machado Gustavo Silveira
Published: July 2015

Objetivo: o artigo trata de abordar sobre os trâmites legislativos da Lei 11.705/2008, também conhecida como „Lei Seca‟, que introduziu restrições ao comércio e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas às margens de rodovias. Metodologia: fez-se um estudo legislativo comparado das introduções da nova legislação ao antigo arco normativo sobre o tema, como também comparações com outros países. Resultados e Conclusões: a produção de novas leis deveria corresponder a uma real necessidade. Deveria se intensificar a fiscalização, pois a lei em seu formato anterior atendia a necessidade do controle pretendido.
Direitos Humanos à Água e ao Saneamento e a Política de Saneamento Básico no Brasil
Authors: Zancul Juliana de Senzi
Published: July 2015

Em 2010, a Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) reconheceu expressamente o acesso à água e ao saneamento como direitos humanos fundamentais, levando os Estados a definirem, obrigatoriamente, ações afirmativas, visando à garantia da realização desses direitos de forma progressiva. No Brasil, a elaboração dos atuais marcos regulatórios da Política Federal de Saneamento Básico foi contemporânea ao debate internacional que culminou no reconhecimento dos Direitos Humanos à Água e ao Saneamento. A partir de tais considerações, este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar em que medida os princípios e as diretrizes relativos aos referidos direitos estão incorporados na Política Federal de Saneamento Básico. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, realizado por meio da análise documental. Como resultados são apontados aspectos convergentes, complementares e divergentes nos documentos analisados, e nas considerações são abordados desafios do Brasil no cumprimento dos Direitos Humanos à Água e ao Saneamento.
INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF CREDIT GRANTING OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN UKRAINE
Authors: Gulaya A. S.
Published: July 2015

In this article institutional and organizational framework for credit granting of the agricultural sector of the economy has been studied. The works of scientists is considered the essence of the mechanism of credit granting to small businesses, especially bank credit granting to the agricultural sector, analyze the features of the financial and credit policy, etc. The ways to organize specific credit relations in the agricultural sector as established institutional forms that determine the order of interaction of agricultural producers, lenders, and other state entities have been identified. The analysis of the functioning of credit institutions for farmers has been made. The analysis of the functioning of formal enshrined in law, and informal defined in the norms, the rules of behavior, and institutions of the banking system which ensure an orderly interaction of economic entities in the market of borrowed resources has been carried out. An increase in the volume of credit granting of the economy by credit unions, in comparison with banks has been revealed. Basing on the study of data of credit granting of the economy it has been established that the volume of credit granting by credit unions increased in comparison with banks. The definition of a system of agricultural credit in the form of a set of institutional forms and methods of credit granting on a contractual basis has been provided.
CONCEPTION OF THE MANAGEMENT THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE METHODS OF RECOVERY OF THE PASSED DATA OF TIME OF AVAILABILITY OF THE SERVER INFORMATION ECONOMIC AREA
Authors: Gorbenko A. V. , Ruban V. I.
Published: July 2015

In the article presents results of research of primary statistical characteristics of time of processing and data transmission are given in systems of information economic area. On the basis of the received results the analysis of methods of recovery of the passed data is made. In work methods of data processing with admissions are analyzed and the most rational are chosen. Change of the law of distribution of selection depending on a way of elimination of the passed data is investigated. Forecasting of time of availability of the server of information economic area is executed. The goal of this paper is primary statistical characteristics research of data processing and transmission time in IES. Particularly, the server availability time (SAT) was studied within this work. This time consists of Client-to-Server connection time, Server data processing time, and Server answer transfer time. The values of service time were taken for research, that were received while studying of cloud computing performance. It was established that if data loss is not over 6% distribution law of initial model selection saves. If data loss is between 9% and 15% methods primary statistical characteristics of studied selection were determined without consideration of data missing. Missed data was filled with data distributed by the same law as for initial selection with admissions.
THE WAYS OF İMPROVEMENT THE MECHANİSM OF COMPANİES’ İNCOME TAX İN UKRAİNE
Authors: Lyehostayeva O. O. , Samorodova N. M. , Steshenko Y. I.
Published: July 2015

this article describes the main disadvantages and ways of improvement of corporate income taxation mechanism inUkraine. There is examined influence of income tax rate and exemptions on revenues to the state budget. It is analyzed the dynamics of budget losses due to preferential enterprise income tax and observed performance of planned receipts of income tax to consolidated budget of Ukraine. Conclusions are drawn about introducing a system of differential rates of income tax, reviewing the list of tax incentives and using the accelerated depreciation method that reduces the tax base. All recommendations are based on the analysis of the experience and in comparison with foreign countries.
STATE REGULATION OF PENSION ASSETS INTERNATIONAL INVESTING
Authors: Tkachenko N. V. , Tsikanovska N. A.
Published: July 2015

The goal of this article is to clarify the role of government regulation in international investment asset of accumulating pension funds. The main purpose of state regulation of pension assets international investment is to protect the interests of accumulating pension funds to preserve the value of pension savings. The subject of state regulation of pension assets international investment is the National Commission for the State Regulation of Financial Services Markets. There are the legal, administrative and economic forms of state regulation of international investment of pension assets. Government regulation of pension assets international investment require the additional risks of investing pension assets in international financial markets, which can provide effective balance between benefits and costs for pension funds participants and for state.In the article it is studied the experience of state regulation of assets mandatory funded pension funds international investment in EU countries of Central andEastern Europe. Positive and negative effects of quantitative restrictions on pension assets international investment are shown. Practical recommendations for state regulation of Ukrainian accumulating of pension funds asset international investment are offered.
МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ СТРУКТУРНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ ФІНАНСОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ КОМЕРЦІЙНОГО БАНКУ
Authors: Sergienko О. А. , Chuyko І. М. , Soldatova Y. Y.
Published: July 2015

Побудовано комплекс економіко-математичних моделей дослідження структурних елементів фінансової безпеки комерційного банку, реалізація якого дозволяє проводити оцінку та аналіз структурних елементів фінансової безпеки комерційного банку, досліджувати ступінь впливу локальних індикаторів на загальний рівень фінансової безпеки, моделювати сценарії розвитку досліджуваних індикаторів, обґрунтовувати вибір відповідної стратегії забезпечення фінансової безпеки комерційного банку та визначати економічну доцільність впровадження і використання тих чи інших інновацій в практичній діяльності.
СУЧАСНІ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ РЕСУРСО- ТА ЕНЕРГОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ТА НАУКОВІ ЗАСАДИ ЇХ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ
Authors: Voznyuk M. A.
Published: July 2015

Розглянуто зміст понять «ресурсозбереження» та «енергозбереження» та визначено їх сутнісні характеристики. Здійснено аналіз теоретичних концепцій ресурсозбереження. Визначено принципи, з урахуванням яких має здійснюватися управління ресурсозбереженням.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF MODERN MECHANISM OF SOLID INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FUNCTIONING
Authors: Kryvenko S. V.
Published: July 2015

In the paper the experience of foreign systems of solid waste management is analyzed. The common European policy on waste management, its principles and guidelines are considered. The best practices of some countries that have achieved notable successes in resource saving and solid industrial waste recycling is studied. The levels of waste treatment hierarchy are analyzed and the necessity of building “recycling society” is proved in the article. The major economic instruments of environmental friendly and resource saving activities including the scheme “pay as much as throw away”, various taxes for disposal, utilization and / or transportation of waste, compensation / reduction of tax rates for the disposal and / or departure of waste, product certificates or product environmental permits, plans for waste prevention in different sectors of the economy, the transfer of responsibility for the production of waste to the manufacturer, voluntary agreements are named. The conclusion on the possibility of implementing international experience inUkraineis done.
Hybrid Biosynthetic Autograft Extender for Use in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Safety and Clinical Effectiveness
Authors: Chedid Mokbel K , Tundo Kelly M , Block Jon E , Muir Jeffrey M
Published: July 2015

Autologous iliac crest bone graft is the preferred option for spinal fusion, but the morbidity associated with bone harvest and the need for graft augmentation in more demanding cases necessitates combining local bone with bone substitutes. The purpose of this study was to document the clinical effectiveness and safety of a novel hybrid biosynthetic scaffold material consisting of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA, 75:25) combined by lyophilization with unmodified high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (10-12% wt:wt) as an extender for a broad range of spinal fusion procedures. We retrospectively evaluated all patients undergoing single- and multi-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion at an academic medical center over a 3-year period. A total of 108 patients underwent 109 procedures (245 individual vertebral levels). Patient-related outcomes included pain measured on a Visual Analog Scale. Radiographic outcomes were assessed at 6 weeks, 3-6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Radiographic fusion or progression of fusion was documented in 221 of 236 index levels (93.6%) at a mean (±SD) time to fusion of 10.2+4.1 months. Single and multi-level fusions were not associated with significantly different success rates. Mean pain scores (+SD) for all patients improved from 6.8+2.5 at baseline to 3.6+2.9 at approximately 12 months. Improvements in VAS were greatest in patients undergoing one- or two-level fusion, with patients undergoing multi-level fusion demonstrating lesser but still statistically significant improvements. Overall, stable fusion was observed in 64.8% of vertebral levels; partial fusion was demonstrated in 28.8% of vertebral levels. Only 15 of 236 levels (6.4%) were non-fused at final follow-up
One-pot synthesis of carbazole based 3-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-ones by modified Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reaction and their antimicrobial activity
Authors: Ashok Dongamanti , Ravi Sidda , Lakshmi Vijaya , Ganesh Arram
Published: July 2015

A new series of 2-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-hydroxy-4Hchromen-4-ones have
been synthesized from substituted 2-hydroxy acetophenones and
9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde using NaOH and H2O2 by modified
Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reaction. In this method flavonols are synthesized
without isolating chalcones in good yields (70-82%). The structures of the
compounds were established on the basis of 1H-NMR, 13CNMR, FT-IR and mass
spectral and analytical data. All the compounds were evaluated for their
antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae as well as
fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum.
Facile synthesis and antifungal activity of dithiocarbamate derivatives bearing an amide moiety
Authors: Li Yu-Wen , Li Shu-Tao
Published: July 2015

A series of novel dithiocarbamate derivatives bearing amide moiety 3a-3i and
4a-4i were synthesized by a facile method, and the structures of these
derivatives were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis and
high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Their antifungal activity against
five phytopathogenic fungi were evaluated, and the results showed that most
of the target compounds displayed low antifungal activity in vitro against
Gibberella zeae, Cytospora sp., Collectotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria
solani, and Fusarium solani at concentration of 100 mg/L. Compound 4f and 4g
exhibited significant activity against Alternaria solani and Collectotrichum
gloeosporioides, respectively.
Multiple lateral sinus pericranii: A case report
Authors: Ivetic Drazen , Pavlicevic Goran , Antic Branislav , Kostic Dejan
Published: July 2015

Introduction. Sinus pericranii is a rare vascular anomaly. It is
characterized by abnormal communication between the extracranial and
intracranial venous system, usually involving the superior sagittal sinus and
occasionally the transverse sinus. Off the midline lesions are extremely
rare. Multiplicity, associated venous lakes, venous angioma and lateral
location are unusual and unique presentation of sinus pericranii. Case
report. A case of multiple congenital off-midline sinus pericranii in the
left frontotemporal and parietal region is presented. Magnetic resonance
imaging showed an extracranial vascular anomaly connected with the
intracranial venous system through abnormal diploic or emissary veins. The
lesions were removed completely by surgery. Conclusion. Sinus pericranii is a
rare vascular malformation with unique clinical and radiological features.
Sinus pericranii may cause fatal complications, and it must be treated by
surgical or endovascular procedures.
Emotional reactions in patients after frontal lobe stroke
Authors: Stojanovic Zlatan , Vukadinovic-Stojanovic Sanja
Published: July 2015

Background/Aim. Emotional reactions have been documented after tumor lesions
and the other damages of the brain. The aim of this paper was to examine the
correlation between frontal lobe lesions and emotional reactions in patients
with stroke. Methods. The research included 118 patients after stroke.
Lesion localization was defined on computed axial tomography records,
whereas the area and perimeter of lesion were measured by AutoCAD 2004
software. Examinations by means of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and
Depression (HRSA and HRSD) were carried out 11-40 days after stroke.
Statistic data were processed by simple linear/nonlinear regression, Cox's
and the generalized linear model. Results. A higher frequency of emotional
reactions, i.e. anxiety, was determined in women after stroke (p = 0.024). A
negative correlation between the lesion size and the intensity of anxiety
manifestations was determined (Spearman?s r = -0.297; p = 0.001). Anxiety
was more frequent in patients with frontal lobe lesions in the dominant
hemisphere (interaction: frontal lesion * hand dominant hemisphere, p = 0.017). Also, HRSD score values showed the tendency for lesser decline in case of greater frontal lobe lesions in relation to lesions of other regions of prosencephalon (interaction: frontal lesion * lesion area, p = 0.001). Conclusion. The results of this study indicate the correlation between evolutionary younger structures of the central nervous system and emotional reactions of man. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake proper early psychopharmacotherapy in the vulnerable group of patients.