bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING: FRAMEWORK, APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Sandhu Manbir , Saini Anuradha , Kaur Gurpreet , Purnima
Published: May 2024

Artificial Intelligence is the science of developing intelligent machines that can simulate human intelligence and perform complex tasks. Reinforcement learning (RL) is the trending interdisciplinary learning paradigm of machine learning and optimal control that mirrors the hit and trial learning mechanism of humans .The self-learning agents take actions in a dynamic environment, get rewarded or punished and use this feedback to learn optimal decision-making to maximize cumulative rewards over time. This objective of this paper is to present an insight into promising future technology. The introduction to the technology is followed by the key concepts that constitute the reinforcement framework, the different models of this paradigm, the applications that span a wide arena and the challenges facing this ever-evolving strategy.
IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON SOCIETY: RISK AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Chander Subhash
Published: May 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and act like humans. These machines are designed to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. AI technologies include machine learning, which enables computers to learn from experience and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed, and deep learning, which uses neural networks to process complex patterns and data. AI has applications in various fields, including healthcare, defence, transportation, education, and labour market, and its development has raised ethical, social, educational, and economic implications. The main objective of the study is to explore the literature on the artificial intelligence, its impact on society as well as challenges and risks posed by AI. Recently AI has been utilized in various fields. To cover various societal aspects, literature has been reviewed from various disciplines where AI is applied. These areas include healthcare, automobiles, education, labour market, defence, entertainment, computation, and security. These articles are retrieved from peer-reviewed sources based on the keywords suggesting the role of AI, forecasting & assessment of impact, behavioural & ecological aspects of AI, and AI's relation to employment. In this study it has been concluded that application of Artificial Intelligence has transformed the conventional ways of almost every area of modern society by bringing the significant changes in the industry, commerce, defence, education, labour market and healthcare services. But it has raised certain concerns also such as automation leads to job displacement and economic inequality concentrating revenue among fewer individuals. AI supported Autonomous Weapons to kill could cause mass casualties if misused. Hence the idea is both devastating and exciting and the application of AI should be carefully monitored.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Sharma Capt. Dr. Shweta
Published: May 2024

"Your body has a mind of its own of which your mind has no knowledge"
John H. Pflaum, Delightism, 1972 (Prentice Hall)
The term emotional intelligence was first used in 1985 by Wayne Payne. In 1930 the psychologist Edward Thorndike used the concept of social intelligence, that means the ability of individuals to get familiar with society. Emotional Intelligence also known as EI, is the state of being able to recognize and act upon behavioral traits of oneself as well as others. The first purpose is to recognize, understand and manage ones own emotions. The second purpose is to recognize, understand and influence the emotions of others.  Artificial Intelligence is the process of exhibiting human-like roles into machines or computers. In other words, the science and engineering of creating machines which portrays the basic fundamentals of human beings is called Artificial Intelligence. Both emotional intelligence and artificial intelligence have been popular over last two decades. In this paper we will be talking about comparison between both emotional and artificial intelligence.
Research on the Development Opportunities and Strategies of Guangzhou Cross-Border E-commerce Comprehensive Pilot Zone under the RCEP Agreement
Authors: CHEN Keyan , WU Tong , CAI Liangfeng , LI Shihua , WANG Weixin
Published: May 2024

This paper provides a thorough analysis of the development opportunities and strategies for the Guangzhou Cross-Border E-Commerce Comprehensive Pilot Zone in the context of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement. The article begins with a review of the background of the RCEP agreement and its role in promoting economic cooperation, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, followed by an analysis of the current development status, main opportunities, and challenges facing the Guangzhou Cross-Border E-Commerce Comprehensive Pilot Zone under the current international circumstances. Through empirical research, the paper proposes a series of strategic recommendations to promote the development of the pilot zone, aiming to provide references for policy-making and regional economic development.
An Analysis of Development Opportunities, Challenges, and Countermeasures of Small and Medium-sized Cross-border E-commerce Enterprises in Guangdong under the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: CUI Jinyi , LIANG Shuqing , YE Minen , DING Yu , CHEN Liying , ZHANG Mei
Published: May 2024

Under the Belt and Road Initiative, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Guangdong have demonstrated significant potential and opportunities in cross-border e-commerce. However, these enterprises also face several challenges, such as an imperfect logistics system, severe market homogenization, and a mismatch in talent supply and demand. To address these issues, this paper proposes a set of countermeasures, including the development of a diversified logistics system, strengthening brand innovation, optimizing electronic payment systems, and cultivating professional talents. These measures aim to promote the healthy development of SMEs in cross-border e-commerce in Guangdong and enhance cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road.
Research on cross-border e-commerce practical teaching for students majoring in economics and trade: Taking the School of Business at the College of Humanities & Information Changchun University of Technology as an Example
Authors: SONG Wenwen , ZHENG Yunpeng , GU Yuanyuan
Published: May 2024

With the accelerated development of global economic integration, the growth of cross-border e-commerce transaction scale, and the support of national policies for cross-border e-commerce, the demand for cross-border e-commerce talents by various cross-border e-commerce enterprises has rapidly increased. Students from various universities have gradually realized that cross-border e-commerce is a good job opportunity. Based on the above reasons, the School of Business at the College of Humanities & Information Changchun University of Technology has timely adjusted its talent training program, carried out integration of industry and education School enterprise cooperation, construction of cross-border e-commerce practice teaching base, establishment of cross-border e-commerce practice teaching platform, active participation in various cross-border e-commerce competitions, two-way cooperation between schools and enterprises, and construction of a practical teaching system that adapts to social development have achieved mutual benefit and win-win situation among schools, enterprises, and students.
The Impact of Digital Economy on High Quality Urban Development: A Case Study of 21 Prefectural Cities in Guangdong Province
Authors: TANG Linglong , LIU Ruolin , LI Yirao
Published: May 2024

The digital economy has gradually become an important driving force for high-quality economic development. Based on the relevant data of 21 prefecture level cities in Guangdong Province from 2011-2021, this paper specifically analyzes the differences in the comprehensive scores of each city under the factors of livelihood, finance, transportation and scientific research. The research results show that the digital economy in Guangdong Province has a significant role in promoting high-quality urban development in terms of digital technology, digital industry development and digital ecological construction.
The Current Situation of Learning and Practice in Pharmacy and Discussion on Countermeasures under the Background of New Engineering
Authors: BIAN Weiwei , LI Xinxin , QI Mingying , WEI Liuya , ZHAO Chunzhen , WANG Xinying
Published: May 2024

Under the background of new engineering, technological innovation and industrial upgrading have put forward higher requirements for the theoretical and practical abilities, as well as innovation and entrepreneurship abilities of pharmaceutical students. The cultivation of high-quality pharmaceutical professionals is of great significance for promoting the healthy development of the pharmaceutical industry, ensuring medication safety, and improving people's quality of life and happiness. This article analyzes the subjective and objective factors of learning and practice, the construction of practical systems, and ideological political education. It summarizes the problems that pharmaceutical students currently face in their learning and practice, and proposes targeted and feasible plans to actively promote the cultivation of innovative and entrepreneurial high-level pharmaceutical talents.
On the modern inheritance of the folk song “Mulan” from Disney’s animated film “Mulan”
Authors: MA Xiaoru
Published: May 2024

Disney’s animated film “Mulan” is based on the Yuefu folk song “Mulan Ci” during the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China, which makes a wonderful interpretation of the folklore story of Hua Mulan serving in the army instead of her father, and makes an innovative and reasonable adaptation of it in line with the value orientation of modern people, successfully injecting new vitality into traditional Chinese culture. By analyzing the innovative design of the film in terms of content and plot, this paper explores the adaptation ideas of the animated film “Mulan” and the values it conveys and promotes, which provides an empirical reference for how to creatively adapt and innovatively develop traditional Chinese culture in China in the future, and thinks about how to realize the modern inheritance of traditional Chinese culture on the basis of promoting and abandoning.
Conceptualization of information warfare in the context of the development of modern social networks
Authors: Sokolova Arina Vadimovna
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the author examines the main theoretical directions in the study of information wars as a phenomenon of the modern political process in the world. Much attention is paid to the analysis of domestic approaches to determining the components of information wars, their goal-setting and mechanisms. Separately, the paper examines the phenomenon of social networks as the most important component of information warfare. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the increasing use of political propaganda in today's informational and increasingly digitalised world. The paper operationalises the concepts of "information warfare" and "political propaganda", studies technologies and methods of political influence, factors and stages of development of political propaganda, and describes the role of social networks as tools of political propaganda. As a result of the conducted research, the close relationship between social networks and information warfare technologies was confirmed. This is facilitated by the following factors: a large number of users, lack of control over the virtual space, imitation of real communication by virtual. The study conceptualised the main concepts in the works of Russian scholars to analyse the use of social networking technologies in political propaganda and information warfare. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the the fact that in the modern information and increasingly digitalizing world. The paper operationalizes the concepts of "information warfare" and "political propaganda", examines technologies and methods of political influence, factors and stages of development of political propaganda, and describes the role of social networks as tools of political propaganda.  
The use of guidelines development standards in recommendations and guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Kowalczyk Weronika , Kisielewska Weronika , Kościółek Michał
Published: May 2024

Objective: Our publication aimed to identify and present standards and tools implemented in the development of guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: The results were based on complementary data extraction from records identified in the systematic review of the guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity performed in 2022. We examined the type of evidence used to develop the guidelines, the standards followed by authors in developing guidelines, and the system for classifying scientific evidence quality. The identified standards for guideline development were checked for validity and the methodology for assessing scientific evidence and presenting recommendations was described. Results: Our analysis of twenty-three retinopathy of prematurity guidelines uncovered two standards: World Health Organization Handbook and Setting Standards for the Development of Clinical Guidelines in Paediatrics and Child Health by Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH). Only two guidelines from India and Latin America followed the WHO handbook and applied the GRADE system for assessing the quality of evidence and recommendations, while the United Kingdom guidelines adhered to the RCPCH standard and SIGN Grading Hierarchy. Conclusion: Our analysis revealed the need for improvement in the process of creating guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity in most countries. We believe that by raising awareness about the tools available to support authors we are able to spread their use as a standard practice.
Clinical immunology in Poland: achievements and challenges – status as for 2024
Authors: Kołtan Sylwia , Baran Jarosław , Bąbol-Pokora Katarzyna , Becht Rafał , Berdej-Szczot Elżbieta , Bernatowska Ewa , Bogunia-Kubik Katarzyna , Gackowska Lidia , Grześk Elżbieta , Heropolitańska-Pliszka Edyta , Jahnz-Różyk Karina , Lange Andrzej , Lewandowicz-Uszyńska Aleksandra , Matyja-Bednarczyk Aleksandra , Mikołuć Bożena , Napiórkowska-Baran Katarzyna , Piątosa Barbara , Pituch-Noworolska Anna , Pukas-Bochenek Anna , Renke Joanna , Roliński Jacek , Siedlar Maciej , Stelmach-Gołdyś Agnieszka , Strach Magdalena , Suchenek Hanna , Szczawińska-Popłonyk Aleksandra , Więsik-Szewczyk Ewa , Wolska-Kuśnierz Beata , Zeman Krzysztof , Ziętkiewicz Marcin , Pac Małgorzata
Published: May 2024

The dynamic development of clinical immunology in Europe began in mid 1980s, and was continued in Poland shortly thereafter. In 1993 the first national consultant in the field of clinical immunology was appointed in Poland. A milestone was the establishment of the Polish Working Group for Primary Immunodeficiencies (PGR for PID) in 2005. Since then, a network of numerous paediatric and internal medicine centres has been created within the Group, facing and resolving new challenges in the field. The study presents the organization of care for patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies in Poland, analyzes the staffing situation and patients' access to diagnostics and treatment between late 1980’s and 2024. The summary presents the achievements resulting in improved diagnostic efficiency, shortening the delay in the diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI)/primary immunodeficiencies (PID), and better access of patients to therapy within drug programs, largely carried out at home. The causes hindering the development of specialization are also analyzed. The most important among them are the lack of systemic support on the part of medical care organizers and the lack of motivation of young doctors to pursue specialization. The main goal is to improve diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for PID patients, including newborn screening, highly specialized, genetic test regardless where they are implemented. It can be only achieved with their better financing. An essential problem is the lack of an epidemiological or clinical IEI registry.
The Future of Health Insurance in India: A Case of Ayushman Bharat
Authors: Thakur Ruchi , Chatterjee Chandrima , Shannawaz Mohd
Published: May 2024

Introduction: In 2017, the National Health Policy recommended the introduction of Ayushman Bharat to promote Universal Health Coverage (UHC), with the aim of providing comprehensive, need-based, and equitable healthcare services to the Indian population. The scheme comprises two primary components: the creation of 1,50,000 Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) and the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY). These initiatives aim to enhance infrastructure related to comprehensive primary healthcare, maternal and child healthcare, non-communicable diseases, and improved drug delivery and diagnostic services. Out of 28 states and 8 Union territories in India, Delhi, Odisha, and West Bengal have not implemented the AB-PMJAY scheme. Telangana joined the scheme in May 2021, and each state has adopted different models to accommodate their healthcare requirements. Objective: The study elicits the various aspects of Ayushman Bharat, the scheme’s evolution throughout different timelines and its future prospects. Conclusion: The Ayushman Bharat scheme has played an enormous role in achieving comprehensive healthcare system by leveraging various technologies and digital health methods. During the pandemic, the rates of utilization have changed, and Ayushman Bharat is anticipated to contribute significantly to achieve UHC in the future.
Is disease-modifying therapy use in multiple sclerosis a risk factor during the COVID-19 pandemic? A large cohort study
Authors: Ozakbas Serkan , Baba Cavid , Yavaş İpek , SAMADZADE ULVI
Published: May 2024

Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) used in people with MS (pwMS) and the risk of COVID-19 infection. Methods: This longitudinal cohort study included the MS cohort of 3402 people followed for COVID-19 infection. The whole MS cohort was interviewed at least once for information about COVID-19. A semi-structured interview was developed and performed by a team consisting of a medical doctor, nurse, and physiotherapist. Clinical information was obtained from the patient's medical records. This study was approved by the Noninvasive Research Ethics Board (Date: 08.09.2021, Decision No: 2021/25-06). Results: Of the 487 pwMS infected with COVID-19, 35 reported reinfections. The major differences regarding DMT between pwMS with and without COVID-19 infection were observed for fingolimod, ocrelizumab, and azathioprine. Forty-three (8.9%) people experienced the COVID-19 infection severely or critically; 12 (37.5%) had MS treatment with ocrelizumab. Fifty percent of pwMS who were treated in intensive care (7/14 patients) and died (3/6 patients) were being treated with ocrelizumab. As a result of regression analysis, being younger and using dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, ocrelizumab, and cladribine DMTs were the main factors associated with having COVID-19 infection group. Conclusions: Current results show that disability due to MS and increased disease duration are not risk factors for COVID-19 infection, while age is negatively associated with contracting COVID-19 infection. These results show no relationship between the MS clinic and COVID-19 infection. We have found that using certain DMTs in pwMS increases the risk of contracting COVID-19 infection.
Comparative analysis of availability and affordability of hypoglycaemic medicines for Ukrainian patients during the war 2022-2023
Authors: Vlasenko Iryna , Zaliska Olha , Davitan Lena
Published: May 2024

Purpose: Diabetes care, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2D), is recognised as a growing challenge in emergency situations. During the humanitarian crisis of war in Ukraine, it is important to focus on ensuring that patients have access to essential medicines for T2D. Since 1 April 2017, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine has been implementing the government programme "Affordable medicines". The List of reimbursed medicines necessary for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes and bronchial asthma includes 3 glucose lowering medicines (GLMs) - gliclazide, metformin, glibenclamide. From 01 April 2019, electronic prescribing has been implemented as part of the "Affordable Medicines" programme. It is important to investigate changes in the availability and affordability of GLMs for the treatment of T2D during the war and future directions in 2022-2023 in Ukraine. Methods: Information from the State Register of Medicinal Products of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine from March 2023 and February 2022 (before the start of the war) was the subject of the study. Marketing, analytical, graphical, generalisation analyses were applied. Analysis of the cost of 1 DDD GLM according to the WHO ATC/DDD index and solvency ratio analysis were applied. Results: This study is based on actual data from before the war in Ukraine and now shows that the affordability and availability of GLMs during the war in 2022-2023 has not changed dramatically. The 'Affordable Medicines' program was stably implemented, with €111.9 million allocated in 2023 and within 6 months of 2023. The National Health Service of Ukraine reimbursed €42.8 million to pharmacies for the Reimbursement List. Most Ukrainian manufacturers and foreign GLMs are very affordable due to the reimbursement system. From October 2023, 23 names of test stripes were included in the Reimbursement list of the "Affordable medicines" programme. However, foreign GLMs of innovative groups are moderately affordable for the working population based on the calculated solvency ratio. Conclusions: Our study revealed that despite the challenges of war, the healthcare system in Ukraine remains robust, particularly in ensuring stable access to pharmaceuticals for diabetes treatment. The "Affordable Medicines" programme and the Reimbursement List are updated twice a year, and the introduction of the new drugs for T2D and diabetes insipidus was completed in 2022. Thus, the innovative GLMs, despite being registered on the market in 2022, such as Semaglutide, Semaglutide and Dapagliflozin, are not affordable in 2023. A prospective trend is the inclusion of innovative GLMs for diabetes better care on the reimbursement list.
Diseño e implementación de una estrategia evaluativa orientada a promover la conducta adaptativa para estudiantes en situación de discapacidad intelectual
Authors:   , Villarroel Baeza Cristian Andrés
Published: May 2024

A continuación, se presenta el trabajo desarrollado en el marco del TFE, enfocado en orientar una estrategia pedagógica enmarcada en el DUA y orientada con la conducta adaptativa, para estudiantes que se encuentran en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Lo anterior sumado identificar la actitud que los docentes del establecimiento presentan hacia al co-docencia. Se señalan los instrumentos y pautas a utilizar como también la forma en la que se busca dar credibilidad a estos, en el contexto de un estudio de caso. Luego, se proponen las etapas de trabajo que incluyen la implementación y la recogida de información, para pasar al análisis de los datos y el levantamiento de conclusiones. En una última parte se describe el proceso de posicionamiento profesional desarrollado en el marco del TFE.
Modeling the Electronic Properties of π‐Conjugated Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Heimel Georg , Rissner Ferdinand , Zojer Egbert
Published: April 2010

The modification of electrode surfaces by depositing self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) provides the possibility for controlled adjustment of various key parameters in organic and molecular electronic devices. Most important among them are the work function of the electrode and the relative alignment of its Fermi level with the conducting states in the SAM itself and with those in a subsequently deposited organic semiconductor. For the efficient application of such interface modifications it is crucial to reach a proper understanding of the relation between the chemical structure of a molecule, its molecular electronic characteristics, and the properties of the SAM formed by such molecules. Over the past years, quantum‐mechanical calculations have proven to be a valuable tool for reaching a fundamental understanding of the relevant structure–property relations. Here, we provide a review over the field and report on recent progress in the modeling of the interfacial electronic properties of π‐conjugated SAMs. In addition to the insight that can be gained from simple electrostatic considerations, we focus on the quantum‐mechanical description of the roles played by substituents, molecular backbones, chemical anchoring groups, and the packing density of molecules on the surface. Furthermore, we explicitly address the energy‐level alignment at the interface between a prototypical organic semiconductor and a SAM‐covered metal electrode and describe an approach suitable for extending the metallic character of the substrate onto the monolayer.
Magnetoelectric Coupling Effects in Multiferroic Complex Oxide Composite Structures
Authors: Vaz Carlos A. F. , Hoffman Jason , Ahn Charles H. , Ramesh Ramamoorthy
Published: April 2010

The study of magnetoelectric materials has recently received renewed interest, in large part stimulated by breakthroughs in the controlled growth of complex materials and by the search for novel materials with functionalities suitable for next generation electronic devices. In this Progress Report, we present an overview of recent developments in the field, with emphasis on magnetoelectric coupling effects in complex oxide multiferroic composite materials.
Polymer‐Supported 1,5,7‐Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene as Polyvalent Ligands in the Copper‐Catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Coelho Alberto , Diz Paula , Caamaño Olga , Sotelo Eddy
Published: April 2010

New supported catalysts for the Huisgen’s [3+2] azide‐alkyne cycloaddition have been prepared by immobilization of copper species on commercially available polymeric matrixes incorporating the 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) template. The synergic exploitation of the exceptional copper chelating ability and basicity profile of the TBD framework, in addition to ensuring effective immobilization and stabilization of copper species, allows the implementation of three‐component strategies. The new catalytic systems enabled the development of regioselective, efficient, modular, mild and eco‐friendly multicomponent syntheses of diversely decorated 1,2,3‐triazoles, contributing to expand the scope and versatility of the Cu‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative sp2 CH Bond Acylation with Aldehydes
Authors: Baslé Olivier , Bidange Johan , Shuai Qi , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: April 2010

An efficient method was developed for the direct acylation of arene sp2 CH bonds with aldehydes using palladium acetate as catalyst and peroxide as oxidant. The solvent‐free oxidative acylation reaction assisted by a pyridine directing group provides an easy access to aromatic, aliphatic, and optical active ketones.
Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α‐Dehydroamino Acid Esters Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes with Chiral Bisaminophosphine Ligands
Authors: Sun Xianfeng , Li Wei , Zhou Le , Zhang Xumu
Published: April 2010

A highly efficient strategy for the synthesis of a series of chiral bisaminophosphine ligands was well established with several remarkable features. The synthetic utility of these ligands was explored for rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations of α‐dehydroamino acid esters. Up to 98% ee values were achieved for the enantioselective synthesis of aminocarboxylic acids and their derivatives, which are very important chiral building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of natural products and biologically active molecules.
Myoclonus dystonia plus syndrome due to a novel 7q21 microdeletion
Authors: Saugier‐Veber Pascale , Doummar Diane , Barthez Marie‐Anne , Czernecki Virginie , Drouot Nathalie , Apartis Emmanuelle , Bürglen Lydie , Frebourg Thierry , Roze Emmanuel
Published: April 2010

Myoclonus dystonia (M‐D) is a rare genetic movement disorder characterized by a combination of myoclonic jerks and dystonia. It is usually due to mutations in the SGCE gene. We report on a patient with a typical M‐D syndrome, but also short stature, microcephaly, and mental retardation. Molecular analysis showed no mutations within the SGCE gene but a microdeletion encompassing the SGCE gene in chromosome region 7q21. Array‐CGH analysis showed that the deletion spanned approximately 1.88 Mb. We suggest that M‐D plus patients with mental retardation, microcephaly, dysmorphism, or short stature, all frequently associated disorders, should be screened for 7q21 microdeletion. By examining previously published cases of mental retardation associated with pure 7q21 deletions, we identified two distinct regions of respectively 455 and 496 kb that are critical for mental retardation and growth retardation. Among the genes located within these regions, LOC253012, also known as HEPACAM2, is a good candidate for both mental retardation and microcephaly. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly processible maleimide and nitrile functionalized benzoxazines for advanced composites applications
Authors: Chaisuwan Thanyalak , Ishida Hatsuo
Published: April 2010

Maleimide and 2‐aminobenzonitrile (MIan)‐based benzoxazine has been synthesized and characterized. MIan contains imide, oxazine, and nitrile functional groups that can react almost simultaneously, leading to complicated reaction mechanisms. For understanding the fundamental polymerization mechanism, the model benzoxazine compound is synthesized. The ortho‐nitrile group in the model compound undergoes cyclization reaction, producing the thermally stable six‐membered ring species resulting in the excellent thermal properties of the material. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Die Elektrochemische Reduction Einiger Stilbenabkömmlinge
Authors: Elbs K. , Kremann R.
Published: April 2010

die Ergebnisse der elektrochemischen Reduktion des Sonnengelbs stimmen mit der Auffassung überein, dass dieser Farbstoff im wesentlichen aus p‐Azoxystilbendisulfonsäure besteht.

Sonnengelb, p‐Azostilbendisulfonsäure und auch p‐Dinitrostilbendisulfonsäure liefern bei der elektrochemischen Reduktion in alkalischer Lösung als Endprodukt ρ‐Azotoluoldisulfonsäure; die Aethylenbindung wird gesprengt und die zur Hydrazogruppe reduzierte Azogruppe durch den Luftsauerstoff wieder zurückgebildet.

p‐Dinitrostilben liefert bei der elektro‐chemischen Reduktion in alkalischer Lösung p‐Azoxystilben, in saurer Lösung nach dem Boehringerschen Verfahren p‐Diaminostilben.

Unter den nämlichen Bedingungen liefert p‐Dinitrodibenzyldisulfonsäure p‐Azodibenzydisulfonsäure, bezw. p‐Diaminodibenzyldisulfonsäure.

Aus Sonnengelb entsteht bei der Reduktion nach dem Boehringerschen Verfahren nebeneinander p‐Diaminostilbendisulfonsäure und p‐Toluidinsulfonsäure; unter denselben Bedingungen erzeugt p‐Dinitrostilbendisulfonsäure im wesentlichen nur p‐Diaminostilbendisulfonsäure.
Die elektromotorische Kraft der Daniellschen Ketten
Authors: Cohen Ernst , Commelin J. W.
Published: April 2010

Die von Chaudier ausgeführten Bestimmungen der E. M. K. von Daniell‐Ketten mit verdünnter Zinksulfatlösung und bei 150°C. gesättigter Kupfersulfatlösung sind wiederholt worden

Dabei hat sich ergeben, dass die E. M. K. dieser Ketten, ceteris paribus, bei Zunahme der Konzentration der Zinksulfatlösungen abnimmt. Ein Maximalwert (nach Chaudier bei etwa 1/2 g ZnS04.7H20 auf 100 g Wasser) liegt also nicht vor.

Ein Widerspruch zwischen dem Tatsachenmaterial und der von Nernst gegebenen Gleichung für die E. M. K. (Daniellscher Ketten) besteht nicht; der Verlauf der gefundenen Werte lässt sich im Gegenteil mittels dieser Formel vorhersagen.
Anodisches Verhalten von Zinn, Antimon und Wismut
Authors: Elbs K. , Thümmel H.
Published: April 2010

Unter Versuchsbedingungen, die bezüglich Stromdichte, Temperatur und Konzentration in sehr weiten Grenzen schwanken, geht in den Elektrolyten Natriumchlorid, Natriumsulfat, Salz‐und Schwefelsäure das Zinn stets zum weitaus grössten Teil zweiwertig anodisch in Lösung

Von den obigen Elektrolyten eignen sich für Antimon als Lösungsanode nur Natriumchlorid und Salzsäure als Elektrolyte. Es entstehen ausschliesslich Verbindungen des dreiwertigen Antimons

Das Wismut verhält sich als Anode dem Antimon ähnlich; es bilden sich nur Verbindungen des dreiwertigen Wismuts
FOXL2 versus SOX9: A lifelong “battle of the sexes”
Authors: Veitia Reiner A.
Published: April 2010

Testis determination in most mammals is regulated by a genetic hierarchy initiated by the SRY gene. Early ovarian development has long been thought of as a default pathway switched on passively by the absence of SRY. Recent studies challenge this view and show that the ovary constantly represses male‐specific genes, from embryonic stages to adulthood. Notably, the absence of the crucial ovarian transcription factor FOXL2 (alone or in combination with other factors) induces a derepression of male‐specific genes during development, postnatally and, even more interestingly, during adulthood. Strikingly, in the adult, targeted ablation of Foxl2 leads to a molecular transdifferentiation of the supporting cells of the ovary, which acquire cytological and transcriptomic characteristics of the supporting cells of the testes. These studies bring many answers to the field of gonadal determination, differentiation and maintenance, but also open many questions.
Analysis of ancient human genomes
Authors: Shapiro Beth , Hofreiter Michael
Published: April 2010

High‐capacity sequencing technologies have dramatically reduced both the cost and time required to generate complete human genome sequences. Besides expanding our knowledge about existing diversity, the nature of these technologies makes it possible to extend knowledge in yet another dimension: time. Recently, the complete genome sequence of a 4,000‐year‐old human from the Saqqaq culture of Greenland was determined to 20‐fold coverage. These data make it possible to investigate the population affinities of this enigmatic culture and, by identifying several phenotypic traits of this individual, provide a limited glimpse into how these people may have looked. While undoubtedly a milestone in ancient DNA research, the cost to generate an ancient genome, even from such an exceptionally preserved specimen, remains out of reach for most. Nonetheless, recently developed DNA capture methods, already applied to Neanderthal and fossil human mitochondrial DNA, may soon make large‐scale genome‐wide analysis of ancient human diversity a reality, providing a fresh look at human population history.
Real‐time detection of the morphological change in cellulose by a nanomechanical sensor
Authors: Zhao Liming , Bulhassan Ahmed , Yang Guoliang , Ji Hai‐Feng , Xi Jun
Published: April 2010

Up to now, experimental limitations have prevented researchers from achieving the molecular‐level understanding for the initial steps of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, where cellulase breaks down the crystal structure on the surface region of cellulose and exposes cellulose chains for the subsequent hydrolysis by cellulase. Because one of these non‐hydrolytic enzymatic steps could be the rate‐limiting step for the entire enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by cellulase, being able to analyze and understand these steps is instrumental in uncovering novel leads for improving the efficiency of cellulase. In this communication, we report an innovative application of the microcantilever technique for a real‐time assessment of the morphological change of cellulose induced by a treatment of sodium chloride. This sensitive nanomechanical approach to define changes in surface structure of cellulose has the potential to permit a real‐time assessment of the effect of the non‐hydrolytic activities of cellulase on cellulose and thereby to provide a comprehensive understanding of the initial steps of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 190–194. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antibody expression kinetics in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris
Authors: Potgieter Thomas I. , Kersey Sean D. , Mallem Muralidhar R. , Nylen Adam C. , d'Anjou Marc
Published: April 2010

Growth of the antibody market has fueled the development of alternative expression systems such as glycoengineered yeast. Although intact antibody expression levels in excess of 1 g L−1 have been demonstrated in glycoengineered yeast, this is still significantly below the titers reported for antibody fragments in fungal expression systems. This study presents a simplified approach to estimate antibody secretion kinetics and oxygen uptake rate requirements as a function of growth‐rate controlled by a limiting methanol feed rate in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. The yield of biomass from methanol and the specific oxygen requirements predicted in this study compare well with values reported in the literature for wild‐type P. pastoris, indicating the intrinsic nature of these yields independent of glycoengineering or the heterologous protein expressed. Specific productivity was found to be a non‐linear function of specific growth rate. Based on comparison with relationships between specific growth rate and specific productivity reported in the literature this correlation seems empirical in nature and cannot be established a priori. These correlations were then used in a simple mass balance based model to predict the cultivation performance of carbon limited cultivations under oxygen transfer limited conditions to indicate the usefulness of this approach to predict large scale performance and aid in process development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 918–927. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long-term outcome of Nissen fundoplication in non-erosive and erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Broeders J A , Draaisma W A , Bredenoord A J , Smout A J , Broeders I A , Gooszen H G
Published: April 2010

Background

Non-erosive (NERD) and erosive (ERD) gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) show similar severity of symptoms and impact on quality of life (QoL). Prospective data on long-term outcomes of antireflux surgery in NERD are lacking.

Methods

Subjective and objective 5-year outcomes of Nissen fundoplication were compared in 96 patients with NERD and 117 with ERD, operated on for proton-pump inhibitor (PPI)-refractory GORD.

Results

Preoperative and postoperative QoL, PPI use, acid exposure time, symptom–reflux correlation, lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure and reoperation rates were similar in the two groups. At 5 years, relief of reflux symptoms was similar (NERD 89 per cent versus ERD 96 per cent), PPI use showed a similar reduction (82 to 21 per cent versus 81 to 15 per cent respectively; both P < 0·001) and QoL score improved equally (50·3 to 65·2 (P < 0·001) versus 52·0 to 60·7 (P = 0·016)). Five patients with NERD developed erosions after surgery; oesophagitis healed in 87 per cent of patients with ERD. Reduction in total acid exposure time (NERD 12·7 to 2·0 per cent versus ERD 13·8 to 2·9 per cent; both P < 0·001) and increase in LOS pressure (1·3 to 1·8 kPa versus 1·2 to 1·8 kPa; both P < 0·001) were similar. The reintervention rate was comparable (NERD 15 per cent versus ERD 12·8 per cent).

Conclusion

Patients with PPI-refractory NERD and ERD benefit equally from Nissen fundoplication. The absence of mucosal lesions on endoscopy in patients with proven PPI-refractory reflux disease is not a reason to refrain from antireflux surgery.
Monitoring oxygen uptake in 3D tissue engineering scaffolds by phosphorescence quenching microscopy
Authors: Guaccio Angela , Netti Paolo A.
Published: April 2010

Measuring oxygen concentration in three‐dimensional cultures, without interfering with cellular activities, is a fundamental request of tissue engineering research. Among the other techniques, it has been demonstrated that phosphorescence quenching microscopy (PQM) represents a valid tool for the detection of oxygen concentration in 3D environments. Indeed, it is not invasive, with high spatial and temporal resolution, and, once calibrated, it is not affected by the presence of extracellular matrix components and other environmental factors. In this work, a description of the PQM experimental set up for oxygen measurements in solutions and 3D polymer‐based cellular constructs is provided. Moreover, the advantage and the limits in the use of this technique are critically discussed to provide a technical note for future applications. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Strategies for selecting Recombinant CHO cell lines for cGMP manufacturing: Realizing the potential in bioreactors
Authors: Porter Alison J. , Dickson Alan J. , Racher Andrew J.
Published: April 2010

Manufacture of recombinant proteins from mammalian cell lines requires the use of bioreactor systems at scales of up to 20,000 L. The cost and complexity of such systems can prohibit their extensive use during the process to construct and select the manufacturing cell line. It is therefore common practice to develop a model of the production process in a small scale vessel, such as a shake‐flask, where lower costs, ease of handling, and higher throughput are possible. This model can then be used to select a small number of cell lines for further evaluation in bioreactor culture. Here, we extend our previous work investigating cell line construction strategies to assess how well the behavior of cell lines in such a shake‐flask assessment predicts behavior in the associated bioreactor production process. A panel of 29 GS‐CHO cell lines, all producing the same antibody, were selected to include a mixture of high and low producers from a pool of 175 transfectants. Assessment of this panel in 10 L bioreactor culture revealed wide variation in parameters including growth, productivity, and metabolite utilization. In general, those cell lines which were high producing in the bioreactor cultures had also been higher producing in an earlier shake‐flask assessment. However, some changes in rank position of the evaluated cell lines were seen between the two systems. A potential explanation of these observations is discussed and approaches to improve the predictability of assessments used for cell line selection are considered. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Rapid and Direct Conversion of Graphite Crystals into High‐Yielding, Good‐Quality Graphene by Supercritical Fluid Exfoliation
Authors: Rangappa Dinesh , Sone Koji , Wang Mingsheng , Gautam Ujjal K. , Golberg Dmitri , Itoh Hiroshi , Ichihara Masaki , Honma Itaru
Published: April 2010

Graphene has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years due to its unusual electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties. Exploiting graphene properties in a variety of applications requires a chemical approach for the large‐scale production of high‐quality, processable graphene sheets (GS), which has remained an unanswered challenge. Herein, we report a rapid one‐pot supercritical fluid (SCF) exfoliation process for the production of high‐quality, large‐scale, and processable graphene for technological applications. Direct high‐yield conversion of graphite crystals to GS is possible under SCF conditions because of the high diffusivity and solvating power of SCFs, such as ethanol, N‐methyl‐pyrrolidone (NMP), and DMF. For the first time, we report a one‐pot direct conversion of graphite crystals to a high yield of graphene sheets in which about 90–95 % of the exfoliated sheets are <8 layers with approximately 6–10 % monolayers and the remaining 5–10 % are ≥10 layers.
ChemInform Abstract: K3TaF8 from Laboratory X‐Ray Powder Data.
Authors: Smrcok Lubomir , Cerny Radovan , Boca Miroslav , Mackova Iveta , Kubikova Blanka
Published: April 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Solution‐Phase Approach to Nanocrystalline Niobates: Selective Synthesis of Sr0.4H1.2Nb2O6 ·H2O Nanopolyhedrons and SrNb2O6 Nanorods Photocatalysts.
Authors: Liang Shijing , Wu Ling , Bi Jinhong , Wang Wanjun , Gao Jian , Li Zhaohui , Fu Xianzhi
Published: April 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Vibrational Spectroscopy of K2Ca4Si8O21 — An Unusual Single‐Layer Silicate Containing Q2 and Q3 Units.
Authors: Arroyabe E. , Kaindl R. , Toebbens D. M. , Kahlenberg V.
Published: April 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Characterization, and Computational Study of WSF4 and WSF4·CH3CN.
Authors: Nieboer Jared , Hillary William , Yu Xin , Mercier Helene P. A. , Gerken Michael
Published: April 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Does Iodate Incorporate into Layered Uranyl Phosphates under Hydrothermal Conditions?
Authors: Ling Jie , Wu Shijun , Chen Fanrong , Simonetti Antonio , Shafer John T. , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: April 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Substituted Phenanthrenes and Polycyclic Heteroarenes by Pd‐Catalyzed, Direct, Intramolecular Arylation/Heteroarylation.
Authors: Yadav Ashok K. , Ila Hiriyakkanavar , Junjappa Hiriyakkanavar
Published: April 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient One‐Pot Method for the Synthesis of N‐Methoxy‐N‐methyl Amides from Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Kim Joong‐Gon , Jang Doo Ok
Published: April 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.