bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute Kindling: Discrepancy between Lengthening of After‐Discharge Duration and Increase of Field EPSP Evoked in Kindled Site during Interstimulation Interval
Authors: Jibiki Itsuki , Kubota Takashi , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: For studies on acute kindling that signifies the progressive changes in various epileptiform discharges produced with repeated electrical stimulations within a brief time span in acute experiments, changes in field EPSP and IPSP evoked in the unilateral visual cortex of rabbits by single shocks to the adjacent visual region were serially observed during and after kindling produced with a 15–minute interval stimulation repeatedly applied to the same visual cortex. Eventually, both the field EPSP and IPSP in the primary kindled site were progressively potentiated at each postictal or interictal stage during the acute kindling, and these potentiations lasted for hours allowed for acute experiments. However, a clear discrepancy was observed between the increase in the field EPSP and the lengthening of the after‐discharge duration reflecting a progressive development of epileptiform disharges in acute kindling. These results suggest that long‐term potentiation (LTP) has no parallel correlation to kindling development, although there is no denying the fact that LTP may be at least partly responsible for kindling development.
Alterations of Accumbens Neuronal Activity in Freely Moving Rats Following Methamphetamine
Authors: Fukuzako Hiroshi , Nagatomo Itsugi , Nomaguchi Mitsuo , Takenouchi Kaoru , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Multiple unit activity in the nucleus accumbens, locomotor activity, and stereotyped behavior were simultaneously recorded in freely moving rats. An intra‐peritoneal injection of 1.5 mg/kg methamphetamine produced an increase in the firing rate while a decrease in the discharge rate occurred following an administration of 4.5 mg/kg methamphetamine. In addition, the unit activity was positively correlated with the locomotor activity and negatively correlated with the stereotypy score. These results suggest that accumbens neuronal activation during locomotor hyperactivity may partly depend on the feedback from locomotion.
Effects of Chronic Treatment of Methamphetamine and Imipramine on Amygdaloid Seizure's Generation
Authors: Minabe Yoshio , Emori Kenji , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We assessed the effects of chronic treatment of methamphetamine (1–2 mg/kg/day, i.p., 17 days) and imipramine (2–8 mg/kg/day, P.o., 17 days) on amygdala‐generating seizures using the kindling method induced by low‐frequency electrical stimulations. The number of stimulating pulses required for the triggering of epileptic after‐discharge (pulse‐number threshold: PNT) is the indicator of seizure generating threshold. A PNT elevation followed by its reduction occurred, compared to the pretreatment level, during a 2 mg/kg/day chronic methamphetamine treatment. A reduction in the PNT and triggered afterdischarge durations occurred during a chronic imipramine treatment. These results indicate that both methamphetamine and imipramine reduced the seizure generating threshold by repeated applications. It is suggested that this finding might be related to the psychoactive potency and associated neurochemical changes which are known to be caused by these drugs.
Acute Effects of Sodium Valproate on Epileptic Photosensitivity in the Lateral Geniculate‐Kindled Cat
Authors: Wada Yuji , Okuda Hiroshi , Hasegawa Hidehiro , Yoshida Kazunori , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Epileptic photosensitivity was acquired as a result of kindling in the lateral geniculate body (GL), and a GL‐kindled cat pretreated with DL‐allylglycine wm found to be a useful model of epilepsy for assessing the efficacy of anticonvulsant drugs. In the present study the acute anticonvulsant effects of sodium valproate (VPA) were examined in the GGkindled cat under DL‐allylglycine. An intravenous injection of VPA at 50 mg/kg induced a protective action against photically induced seizures and paroxysmal EEG activities. This protection persisted for up to 4 hours of the observation period and corresponded to plasma concentrations (61 to 123 μg/ml) similar to those considered therapeutic in humans. The present findings are consistent with those obtained in other animal models of photosensitive epilepsy, and lend experimental support to the idea that VPA possesses antiepileptic activity in human photosensitive epilepsy.
Neuropsychiatric Studies of the “Pellucidumsyndrom”
Authors: Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Ofuku Kojiro , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Twenty‐nine cases with the cavum septi pellucidi were examined by the brain X‐ray CT comparing with the reported cases of “Pellucidumsyndrom” in the previous literatures. As to the clinical diagnoses of the 29 cases with the cavum septi pellucidi, there is no specificity of the clinical disorder in relation to the cavum septi pellucidi. But one case had an extremely large cavum septi pellucidi showing various types of mental and neurological symptoms similar to the “Pellucidumsyndrom” described by Wilder. It is suggested that the extremely large cavum septi pellucidi of the present case may produce the neuropsychiatric symptoms according to the direct action to the neigh boring regions of the cerebrum.
Timing Discontinuation of Antiepileptic Treatment in Childhood Epilepsies–The Role of the Sleep Deprivation EEG: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Clemens Béla
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Sleep deprivation EEGs can help us in timing discontinuation of antiepileptic treatment of childhood epilepsy. After 3–5 seizure‐free years, a negative sleep deprivation EEG (i.e., the lack of any epileptiform potentials) is a good predictor of terminal remission of the seizures after cessation of the drug. In the drug‐free follow‐up period (in average 2 years) only 2/40 patients relapsed, 38/40 (= 95 percent) remained free of seizures. The results and limits of the study as well as the theoretical background are discussed briefly.
A Case of Temporal Lobe Astrocytoma Associated with Epileptic Seizures and Schizophrenia‐Like Psychosis
Authors: Kan Rumiko , Mori Yoshiaki , Suzuki Satoru , Ono Tsuneo , Takahashi Yukio , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The clinical pictures of a left temporal lobe astrocytoma involving the hippocampal region showed a period of 27 years from ages 12 to 38 by epileptic sehres and a period of 9 years from 14 to 22 by schizophrenia‐like symptoms and the following aggressive behavior during 16 years from ages 23 to 38. After a resection of the temporal lobe tumor sparing the hippocampus, transient delusions and aggressive behavior were observed. It might be considered that the hippocampus has the most suspectable relation ship with the schizophrenia‐like symptoms.
Do Women without a Family History of Schizophrenia Have a Later Onset of Schizophrenia ?
Authors: Shimizu Akinori , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The relation among age at onset of schizophrenia, sex and the presence or absence of first‐degree relatives with schizophrenia was investigated in 2,417 inpatients meeting the DSM‐111 criteria for schizophrenia. The mean age at onset of female schizophrenic patients without a family history of this illness was slightly later than that of any of the other three groups (male familial, female familial and male nonfamilial groups). The female nonfamilial group developed schizophrenia after the age of 25 and 30 more frequently than the male familial group and female familial or male nonfamilial group, respectively.
Low Erythrocyte Coenzyme Q10 Level in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Imagawa Masaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Coenzyme Q10 in the plasma and erythrocytes were determined in ambulant schizophrenic patients. As a result, the erythrocyte level of coenzyme Q., in these patients was significantly low compared with most of the control group.
Visuo‐Motor Reaction Times of Normal Subjects and Schizophrenics Using Inverting Prisms
Authors: Ninomiya Hideaki , Arakawa Osami , Ikeda Teruchika
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The visuo‐motor reaction times of normal subjects and schizophrenics were measured to investigate adaptation of eye‐hand coordination in schizophrenics under modified vision. Reaction time was measured in 32 normal subjects and 32 schizophrenics by using a rectangular board with 24 illuminated buttons. Subjects' task was to press an illuminated button as quickly as possible under normal and modified vision. Time elapsed from when the light was switched on to when the button was pressed was measured as the visuo‐motor reaction time in msec. Three conditions were set up: control in normal vision; inverted using an inverting goggle; reversed using a reversing goggle. In general the visuo‐motor reaction times of schizophrenics were slower than those of nonnal subjects. But in the reversed condition, there was no significant difference between normal subjects and schizophrenics. The visuo‐motor reaction times of schizophrenics in the reversed Condition showed a large dispersion with the fastest being faster than that of any normal subjects. It is suggested that there may be a group among schizophrenics whose basic paradigm of visuo‐motor association is different from that of normal subjects.
Electroencephalographic Findings of Hereditary Dentatorubral‐Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA)
Authors: Inazuki Gen , Baba Kansaku , Naito Haruhiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 22 patients suffering from hereditary DRPLA were studied. Epileptoform patterns were observed in 14 patients (63.6%) with epileptic seizures. The epileptoform patterns most frequently observed were those atypical spike‐wave complexes. Slow wave bursts were seen in 18 patients (81.8%). Photosensitivity was revealed in six (27.3%) patients, all of whom presented progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) syndrome. Abnormal background activity was evident in 17 (77.3%) patients. These abnormalities in EEG were more severe in patients in the PME type than those of the A (ataxia) and AE (ataxia and epilepsy) types.
Further Postmortem Examination of a Case of Familial Ataxia with Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormality: An Electron Microscopic Study of the Intracytoplasmic Eosinophilic Inclusion Bodies in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Nakamura Ichiro , Kurachi Masayoshi , Fukutani Yuken , Katsukawa Kazuhiko , Kobayashi Katsuji , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Suzuki Michio , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Torii Hosaku
Published: March 2008

Abstract: As reported previously, the peculiar intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies (IEIBs) extensively appeared in the autopsied brain tissue from a 49‐year‐old man having familial ataxia with cerebrospinal fluid abnormality, and histochemically showed abundant proteins, but few lipids and carbohydrates. Ultrastructurally, many membrane‐bound vacuoles derived from the distended cisterns of rough‐surfaced endoplasmic re‐ticulum (RER) appeared in the neurons. They were filled with fine granular, less dense materials. The IEIBs, shown as a homogeneous dense core, were found in some of the vacuoles. Similar vacuoles also appeared in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, vascular peri‐cytes, ependymal and choroidal epithelial cells. It is suggested that the vacuoles result from the accumulation of metabolic products in the distended RER cisterns of the cells in the central nervous system, presumably representing a genetically determined functional abnormality of the RER in protein synthesis and/or transport.
Composed Dynamic Topography for Spike and Sharp Wave
Authors: Kowada Masayoshi , Yoneya Motohiro , Miura Shunichi
Published: March 2008

We reported two kinds of dynamic topographies. In one, an inters pike interval histogram and a computerized topography of the EEG basic activity were composed. In the other, spike and sharp wave characteristics were composed of an isopotential topography. These topographies enabled us to observe serial changes in epileptic discharge dynamically by 1 msec.
MRI Lesion and Epileptogenic Focus in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Matsuda Kazumi , Yagi Kazuichi , Mihara Tadahiro , Tottori Takayasu , Watanabe Yutaka , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The spatial relationship between a circumscribed lesion in the temporal lobe detected by MRI and an epibptogenic focus identified by ictal depth EEG along with a correlation, of the MRI lesion with neuropath logical findings were investigated in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy but without any focal lesion on CT. Four parameters (an areal ratio of the temporal lobe against the hemisphere, area and calculated T1, T2 values of the hippocampus) were used to determine the abnormal MRI side. An agreement was reached in 67–72%, of 18 patients between the abnormal values of the hippocampus area and of calculated T1, T2 and the side of the epileptogenic focus. In 14 of 17 patients, typical hippocampus sclerosis was demonstrated in respected tissue in accordance with the MRI lesions (atrophy and/or prolonged T2 of hippocampus). These results imply: 1) MRI abnormality thus defined may, if not all, indicate the side of the epileptogenic focus, and 2) also the presence of hippocampal sclerosis. It was emphasized that the MRI lesion would be a usable instrument to explore the causal relationship of hippocampus sclerosis to a generation of epileptogenic lesions as well as for presurgical evaluation.
An Adult Case of Psychogenic Alopecia Universalis
Authors: Terashima Yasushi , Ichikawa Tadahiko , Suzuki Toshihito , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 39‐year‐old male with psychogenic alopecia universalis is reported to be a rare adult case. There are two characteristic features which are the reactive depressive state and hair loss on the head, eyebrows, axilla and genital organ. Discussions on the psychogenesis of these findings are as follows: The first is that the psychic escape from social life may be represented as the hair loss. And the second is that the depressive and anxious states as a result of his suffering from the initial alopecia areata which brought him changes in the physical image exaggerate the skin findings which lead to alopecia universalis.
A Physiological Marker for Assessing Anxiety Level in Humans: Frontal Midline Theta Activity
Authors: Mizuki Yasushi , Suetsugi Masatomo , Imai Tsuyoshi , Kai Shusaku , Kajimura Naofumi , Yamada Michio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The distinct theta rhythm in the frontal midline area during performance of mental tasks has been designated as Fmθ. Sixteen male university students who failed to show any appearance of Fmθ in 3 consecutive days were given diazepam 5 mg, amobarbital 80 mg, methylphenidate 15 mg and placebo, in a double‐blind, crossover design. Scores were made on the state anxiety scale of STAI; EEGs were recorded before and during performance of an arithmetic addition. The test was repeated twice: before and one hr after drug administration. Fmθ appeared following the drug administration even in those who had never shown the appearance of Fmθ, and the appearance time of Fmθ increased in the following order: diazepam > amobarbital > placebo > methylphenidate. The scores of STAI decreased in the same order. The speed of performed tasks was increased by methylphenidate and placebo, but decreased by amobarbital and diazepam. These results suggest that relief from anxiety might be reflected in the appearance of Fmθ and that Fmθ might be a useful tool to measure the anxiety level in humans.
A Clinical Case of Klinefelter's Syndrome with Various Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Koizumi Junzo , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Nagase Seiichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We present here a clinical case of Klinefelter's syndrome with various psychiatric symptoms. A 60‐year‐old male showed delusions of persecution, poisoning, and reference, auditory, visual and somatic hallucinations, depressive state and memory disturbance. These clinical symptoms except for memory disturbance were the characteristic clinical features of psychiatric symptoms in some cases of Klinefelter's syndrome reported so far. There has been no reported case of Klinefelter's syndrome showing memory disturbance. The memory disturbance of the present case is regarded as an amnestic organic brain syndrome (DSM‐III) due to Klinefelter's syndrome.
Axonal Dystrophy in the Posterior Column Nuclei of Young Adult Epileptics with Chronic Phenytoin Intoxication
Authors: Nakamura Haruomi , Takase Yasushi , Yamada Michio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Axonal spheroids in the posterior column nuclei of phenytoin‐intoxicated epileptics were classified according to their predominant subcellular components into six types, and their incidences were compared with those in controls. Spheroids from phenytoin‐intoxicated epileptics showed significantly higher proportions of the tubulo‐membranous (TM) and layered membrane loop (LML) types in the gracile nucleus, appearance of the same types in the cuneate nucleus, and a significant decrease of the neurofilamentous (NF) type in both nuclei. The incidences of the complex body (CB) and granular material types and of the homogeneous dense‐body (HDB) type, which appeared only in the gracile nucleus, showed no difference between the intoxicated patients and the controls. The NF, CB and HDB types were therefore considered to be nonspecific. It was thought that chronic phenytoin intoxication might induce dystrophic changes, such as those characterized by the presence of the TM and LML types, in the axon terminals of the gracile and cuneate nuclei, possibly due to some abnormalities of the axoplasmic transport system.
Fatty Acid Analysis of Galactolipids and Ganglioside in the Brains of Four Cases of Nasu‐Hakola Disease
Authors: Yokoi Susumu , Suzuki Kyoko , Amano Naoji , Yagishita Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A study was conducted on the fatty acid composition of cerebroside, sulfatide and ganglioside in the brains of 4 cases of Nasu‐Hakola disease. The percentage of short carbon chain (C.16‐C.18) nonhydroxy fatty acids of sulfatide in the cortex was much higher than that of the control and long‐chain (C.24‐) fatty acids showed a lower percentage. Sulfatide in the white matter was of the same tendency. The percentage of C.16:0 palmitic acid of ganglioside in the cortex was much larger than that of the control. Referring to the fatty acid composition of lipids in the literature, abnormalities of the fatty acid concentration, namely a high percentage of short‐chain fatty acids of sulfatide and ganglioside in the cerebral cortex of the present cases, were confirmed.
Renal Transplantation: Psychiatric Aspects and Interventions
Authors: Iwashige Tatsuya , Inoue Kazuomi , Nakajima Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report on the clinical experience in consultation‐liaison psychiatric service for patients with end‐stage renal disease undergoing renal transplantation. Among a total of 30 patients (23 men and 7 women) 13 (43%) developed psychiatric disturbances: depressive state, 8; anxious‐irritable state, 5; and delirious state, 1 (One patient had both depressive and delirious states). Five patients got depressed following the episodes of a rejection reaction. Three of them had a graftectomy which exacerbated their depressions. The occurrence of rejection reaction was thought to be a major precipitating factor. Four patients became anxious‐irritable within a week following transplantation. Patient's intolerance to stressors seemed more responsible for the anxious‐irritable state than stressors per se. Steroid medications were thought to be a predisposing, not a causal, factor to psychiatric disturbances in transplant patients. In the 21 patients who were assessed preoperatively and who had no rejection reactions, the Basic Rorschach Score of less than – 20 was a predictor of posrtransplant psychiatric disturbances. Psychiatric interventions were done for the 13 mentally ill patients in collaboration with the surgeons in charge and ward nurses. For the patients with the anxious‐irritable state, listening, reassurance, and anxiolytics (sometimes with additional antipsychotics) were effective. For those who had a depressive state and who became uncooperative, “conjoint” sessions with the patients and their family members (e.g. spouses) were of therapeutic use.
The Reliability and Validity of the Tokyo Autistic Behavior Scale
Authors: Kurita Hiroshi , Miyake Yuko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The Tokyo Autistic Behavior Scale (TABS) consisting of 39 items provisionally grouped in four areas–interpersonal‐social relationship, language‐communication, habit‐mannerism and others–is an instrument used by a child's caretaker to rate the child's autistic behaviors on a 3‐point scale. Test‐retest reliability was satisfactory (i.e., an r for a total score was .94). Among six DSM‐III diagnostic groups, infantile autism showed a significantly higher total TABS score than the other five groups, and a taxo‐nomic validity coefficient was .54. An r between total scores of the TABS and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale–Tokyo Version was .59. The area scores showed a lower validity than the total score. The TABS appears to be a useful instrument to assess autistic behavior.
Hypoproteinemia Related with Chronic Lithium Therapy in Two Patients
Authors: Fukue Mayumi , Nakahara Toshio , Sarai Keisuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We present here two cases of reversible hypoproteinemia which could have occurred as an adverse effect of chronic lithium administration. In the present cases, protein losing a renal dysfunction, liver dysfunction and malabsorption syndrome were not observed, and the relationship between their dietary volume and serum protein levels was poor. The mechanism of hypoproteinemia in these cases was not identified from previously obtained data. We suggested that this type of hypoproteinemia might be a new adverse effect of lithium
Mental Disorders Induced by Carbamazepine
Authors: Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Naito Yutaka , Yoshida Motoaki , Nakanishi Takao , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We present here a case with various physical and neuropsychiatry symptoms caused by the administration of carbamazepine. The patient suffering from right opthal‐mic neuralgia showed fever, eczema, erythema, lymphoadenopathy, eosinophilia, vomiting, headache, dizziness, nystagmus, and various mental disorders which consisted of emotional instability, personality change, delusions of reference and persecution, depressive state, and hyperventilation syndrome during the administration of carbamazepine. The physical symptoms in the present case were conformable to the side effect of carbamazepine. The mental disorders appeared in a few days from the start of carbamazepine administration and disappeared after the discontinuation of the administration of this drug without antipsychotic therapy and have never relapsed until now. The mental disorders and the physical symptoms were in parallel with their clinical course. This kind of mental disorders induced by carbamazepine has not yet been reported.
Fine Structural Changes in the Rat Arcuate Nucleus by Forced Running Stress
Authors: Otani Masato
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The forced running stress in male rats induced some fine structural changes in the arcuate nucleus. By inducing stress for 2 days, the number of multilamellar astrocytic wrappings and endoplasmic reticular (ER) whorls increased significantly. After a stress of 12 days, half of the rats remained inactive for several weeks, and the other half regained their normal activity. In the inactive group, the ER whorls were partially degenerated at 2 weeks after the stress. These degenerative changes remained for 14 weeks after the stress with the increased lysosomes and the disorganization of r‐ER. These findings may suggest that long‐term stress induces degenerative changes in the arcuate nucleus neurons and that some of these changes persist with some aging‐like morphological changes.
Combination Treatment of High‐Dose Pyridoxal Phosphate and Low‐Dose ACTH in Children with West Syndrome and Related Disorders
Authors: Seki Tohru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Combination therapy of hih‐dose pyridoxal phosphate (PALP, 40–50 mg/kg/day) and low‐dose ACTIW1‐X‐Z (tetracosactide acetate‐Zn, Cortrosyn Z®, 0.01 mg/kg/day) was institnted in 26 children suffering from West syndrome and related disorders ‐pretreated without success with high‐dose PAL‐P alone; 18 with West syndrome (14 with symptomatic and 4 with cryptogenic types), 2 with symptomatic Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome, 5 with cerebral palsy with hypsarhythmia or diffuse slow spike‐waves and one with myoclonic seizures (secondary generalized epilepsy). Clinical, electroencephalographic and neurochemical investigations were carried out.

The results were summarized as follows. 1) Only one of 27 children with West syndrome and related disorders pretreated using high‐dose PALP alone before ACTH showed a clinically excellent response. 2) Clinical seizures were completely suppressed in 19 of 21 children who initially had seizures (90%) after this combination therapy. 3) Twenty‐one of the total 26 children (80%) had disappearance of hypsarhythmia or diffuse slow spike‐waves in EEG after this therapy. 4) During PALP treatment alone transient increases in liver enzymes occurred in 37 percent. The brain shrinkage of CT and the significant rise in CSF NSE were seen in 95% and 78% after ACTH, respectively. 5) Twenty‐three children have been followed for one to 29 months after tapering off of ACTH. No relapses were experienced in 11 of 18 who initially had seizures (61%) and 13 of 23 with hypsarhythmia or diffuse slow spike‐waves (57%). 6) Postictal PRL elevations were suppressed during high‐dose PAL‐P. 7) No significant changes in the CSF leves of HVA and 5‐HIAA were seen during this combination therapy. The CSF levels of HVA were significantly lower than the controls. 8) Daily ACTH therapy transiently suppressed the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones (GH, TSH, PRL, LH and FSH) and thyroid hormones (T, free T, T, and free T,).

It is recommended that the combination therapy of high‐dose PAL‐P and low‐dose ACTH is a promising new method and should be tried in children with West syndrome and related disorders.

The mechanism of action of this combination therapy remains obscure although some information has been obtained from our investigations.
Long‐Term Prognosis of the Lennox‐Gastaut Syndrome
Authors: Ohtsuka Yoko , Amano Rumi , Mizukawa Michiko , Ohtahara Shunsuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A long‐term follow‐up study of 89 patients of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) disclosed the persistent occurrence of seizures in 68 patients (76.4%) and severe mental defect in 48 (53.9%). An analysis of the correlation between the mental and seizure prognoses confirmed that the persistence of minor seizures could result in mental deterioration. An examination of the evolutional changes in EEG demonstrated that diffuse slow spike‐waves characteristic of LGS gradually disappeared, while focal epileptic discharges, especially multifocal spikes, appeared in spite of the persistence of minor seizures. The diagnostic criteria were satisfied in only 31 (47.0%) of 66 patients with the persistence of minor seizures. Patients with multiple independent spike foci and minor seizures were considered to belong to a specific type of epilepsy, namely the severe epilepsy with multiple independent spike foci (the severe epilepsy with MISF). The seizure and mental prognoses were poorer in patients who evolved into the severe epilepsy with MISF than others.
Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy in the Comprehensive Care Program: Advantages and Considerations
Authors: Mihara Tadahiro , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Watanabe Yutaka , Hiyoshi Toshio , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To properly establish the surgical treatment of epilepsy in the comprehensive care program, we planned a surgical strategy mainly for a temporal lobe epilepsy and have performed 60 temporal lobectomies. The surgical candidates were selected from 142 patients who met the initial criteria, and passed the initial evaluation for surgical intervention. Forty‐five patients had long‐term intracranial EEG recording, and circumscribed organic lesions were disclosed in 27 patients by neuroimaging techniques. The outcome of 23 patients who were followed for 2 years postoperatively was complete freedom from complex partial seizures in 17 patients (74%) and an increase in full employment from 2 to 10 patients. Despite the possible surgical complications, including detrimental effects on the higher cerebral functions, it is essential that the surgical treatment of epilepsy should be established as a part of the comprehensive care program. Our experiences and analyses of the state of the art in surgical intervention also suggest that surgical indications for more intractable patients whose social adjustment is less hopeful should be established and the surgical care system for these patients should also be planned. Furthermore, some patients may be free from recurrent seizures postoperatively, but still have difficulties in social rehabilitation. The problems for such patients remain unsolved.
Deteriorating Epilepsies: Severely Deteriorated Cases
Authors: Onuma Teiichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A total of 28 cases of severely deteriorated epileptic patients were seen at out‐ and inpatient services in the past 12 years. In 22 out of these 28 cases, the etiology for the deterioration was considered to be due to either repetitive intractable seizures or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or both. Although differential diagnoses were difficult in many cases as to the responsible causes, namely seizure vs. AEDs, it was considered in 6 cases that AEDs took a major role in their deterioration. Details of such cases are presented. Special emphasis was made to the fact in which they frequently showed episodes of acute ataxia and confusion often associated with febrile illness. They took a course of acute or subacute exacerbation and partial remission. Discussion was held on the nature and possible avoidance of these deteriorations.
Stimulus Train‐Induced Bursting in Hippocampal Slices: Difference between CA1 and CA2/3 Subfields
Authors: Kojima Hisashi , Katsuta Youichi , Kowada Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We studied the relationship between CA2/3 and CA1 subfields in the generation of stimulus train‐induced bursting using in vitro hippocampal slices. Repeated stimulation to the stratum radiatum induced three types of epileptiform activities: afterdis‐charge bursts, spontaneous bursts and single stimulus‐triggered bursts. In the intact slices, spontaneous bursts in CA3 preceded those in CA1, whereas afterdischarge bursts in CA3 followed those in CA1 when it was possible to distinguish differences in the burst onset. After transection between CA2/3 and CA1, neither spontaneous nor triggered bursts could be induced or maintained in isolated CA1, where only small afterdischarge bursts with a higher bursting frequency were observed. It was difficult to induce after‐discharge bursts by the tetani to the mossy fibers. Some of the mechanisms underlying the generation of these stimulus train‐induced bursts are discussed.
Subtypes of Temporal Lobe Epilepsies: A Clinical Point of View
Authors: Mihara Tadahiro , Tottori Takayasu , Hiyoshi Toshio , Matsuda Kazumi , Watanabe Yutaka , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We studied 40 patients with temporal lobe epilepsies who had long‐term intracranial EEC recordings and temporal lobectomies. They were divided into 3 groups on the basis of the anatomical site of seizure origin. An electrode implantation technique combined intracerebral depth electrodes with subdural strip electrodes. The seizures were of amygdalo‐hippocampal origin in 18 patients, lateral temporal in 13 patients, and temporo‐basal in 9 patients. The clinical and EEG features were reviewed retrospectively with regard to 3 factors in each patient: localization of interictal spikes in the scalp‐recorded EEG, signal symptoms (auras), and presumed etiologies. Epilepsy with amygdalo‐hippocampal and lateral temporal seizures was found to be distinguishable by the electroclinical features. It seems practical to classify these 2 subtypes of temporal lobe epilepsies as in the 1989 Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes. Temporal lobe epilepsies thus defined can be regarded as epileptic syndromes rather than a cluster of seizure manifestations.
Direct Modification of Obsessive Thinking with Messages
Authors: Nakashima Katsuhide , Nakagawa Akiko , Yamagami Toshiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We treated 2 patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorders for years using messages, and their symptoms had improved. We provided the messages that utterly disprovedthe core reason of their fears, and suggested the patients to repeat, listen or read these messages whenever the obsessive thinking occurred. We supposed that the therapeutic intervention we proposed here have the following benefits: 1. This could dispel the patients' fears and correct the contents of obsessive thinking. 2. This could avoid involving others around and remove the disadvantages following the involvement. We discussed the mechanism of this intervention on the basis of the learning theory.
Relative Frequencies of Dementia of the Alzheimer Type and Vascular Dementia in Japanese Nursing Homes
Authors: Ishino Hiroshi , Seno Haruo , Inagaki Takuji , Naora Chikako , Iijima Masaaki , Tanaka Osamu , Yamori Yukio , Horie Ryohichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have studied neuropathologically 200 aged nursing home residents (101 men and 99 women) autopsied between 1976 and 1985. Seventy‐three of the 200 showed dementia during life, that is, 27% and 55% of the residents in nursing homes and special nursing homes, respectively. The relative frequencies of SDAT and VD in nursing homes as a whole were the same (34%). The relative frequencies of SDAT and VD in special nursing homes, where usually high concentrations of VD have been noted, were 21% and 52%, respectively. A comparison of the results of our special nursing homes (SDAT‐.VD = 1:2.5) and nursing homes as a whole (SDAT:VD = 1:1) with those of Barnes and Raskind (SDAT:VD = 2:1) and Rovner et al. (SDAT:VD = 3:1) showed that the frequencies of VD in Japanese nursing homes are considerably higher than those in their American counterparts.
Elevated Plasma Dopamine Concentrations in Unmedicated Acute Schizophrenics
Authors: Sarai Masakazu , Matsunaga Hidenori , Kimura Shuzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The authors studied the concentrations of plasma catecholamines in 23 acute schizophrenics, 28 healthy controls, 20 chronic schizophrenics, and 26 otherwise diagnosed psychiatric cases. Blood samples were taken from the consecutively admitted acute schizophrenics before the administration of antipsychotic drugs and catecholamines were assayed with a high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detector. Plasma adrenaline in the acute schizophrenics and the other psychiatric patients was significantly elevated in comparison with the healthy controls. There were no significant differences in the noradrenaline concentrations among the four groups. The plasma dopamine concentrations in the acute schizophrenics were also higher than those in the healthy controls. It is unlikely that physical exercise caused the elevation of dopamine in the acute schizophrenics. There was no significant correlation between plasma catecholamines and BPRS scores in the acute schizophrenics.
Pure Word Deafness with Possible Transfer of Language Dominance
Authors: Kitayama Isao , Yamazaki Kazumasa , Shibahara Kiyotomo , Nomura Junichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 55‐year‐old, right‐handed male patient wtih a past history of a stroke followed by a difficulty of speech and hearing fell and manifested a left hemiplegia. He could neither comprehend spoken language and melody nor repeat them, though he spoke with paraphasia and understood written language and nonverbal sound. An electroencephalogram, pneumoencephalogram and cerebral angiogram suggested the existence of old infarcts in the left temporal lobe and a probable new one in the right cerebrum. A diagnosis of this case was made as pure word deafness which might be caused by a reimpairment of the language function possibly transferred to the nondominant, right hemisphere following the early stroke.
A Case of Bilateral Ptosis Associated with Cerebral Hemispheric Lesions
Authors: Kishi Masahiko , Kurihara Teruyuki , Kinoshita Masao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Ptosis occurs in a variety of disorders including myasthenia gravis, oculomotor palsy, Horner's syndrome and brain stem disorders. There are also supranuclear lesions causing blepharoptosis. The latter disorders are reflex blepharospasm, apraxia of eyelid opening and Meige's syndrome. Since the total number of bilateral ptosis associated with cerebral hemispheric lesions is very few, whether the responsible lesions are located in the nondominant hemisphere or bilateral hemispheres are still controversial. We report here a case of bilateral cerebral ptosis that occurred in association with cerebral infarction of the nondominant hemisphere.
The Threshold of Pain and Neurotransmitter's Change on Pain in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Urakami Katsuya , Takahashi Kazuro , Matsushima Eiji , Sano Kazuhiko , Nishikawa Seiho , Takao Takeo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Among Parkinson's disease (PD) patients complaining of pain, 10 with pain not associated with a motor fluctuation or L‐dopa therapy were evaluated. The controls were 14 PD without pain and eight with thalamic pain syndrome. The threshold of pain and neurotransmitters in CSF were measured in the three groups. In PD with pain, the maximum tolerance level and tourniquet pain ratio decreased significantly. In PD with pain, the score on the self‐depression scale increased significantly and S‐hydroxy‐indole acetic acid (5‐HIAA) among the neurotransmitters decreased significantly. These results suggest that decreases in the threshold of pain and changes of serotonin in CSF are involved in the development of specific pain in PD who do not respond to L‐dopa.
The Stabilizing Effect of Bestatin on the Resting Membrane Potentials of X‐Linked Muscular Dystrophy Mice
Authors: Kishi Masahiko , Kurihara Teruyuki , Hidaka Takanobu , Kinoshita Masao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The resting membrane potentials of X‐linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) mice are about 10 mV lower than those of control (C57BL/10Sc) mice. Also repetitive action potentials which resemble insertion myotonia are frequently recorded intracellularly from the mdx mice of various ages. When the mdx mice are treated with bestatin intraperito‐neally for 7 days, the RMPs improvement almost attained its normal levels. Repetitive action potential bursts (electrical myotonia) recorded at the time of microelectrode insertion had decreased or abolished after bestatin therapy. Another set of in vitro experiments to see direct action of bestatin to the hemidiaphragm preparations of the mdx mice reveal improvement in RMP's and a reduction in electrical myotonia within a 30‐minute exposure to Tyrode's solution with bestatin. Bestatin has a favorable direct effect on the muscle fiber membrane to stabilize RMP's and suppress muscle membrane irritability.
A Case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus–Its Clinical and MRI Resemblance to Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Moriwaka Fumio , Tashiro Kunio , Fukazawa Toshiyuki , Akino Minora , Yasuda Izumi , Sagawa Akira , Hida Kazutoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We documented a case of systemic lupus erythematosus with clinical features of multiple sclerosis who developed transverse myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of an abnormal high signal intensity in the gray matter of a swollen spinal cord corresponding to the patient's neurological deficits. After two previous episodes of exacerbation and remission consistent with the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, right hemiparesis and hemisensory disturbances ensued, then lupus nephritis was confirmed by a renal biopsy.
Psychiatric Patients Showing Irregular β Activities in EEGs and Treatment with Antiepileptic Drugs: A Report of 15 Cases†
Authors: Kumagai Naoki , Nagakubo Shoji , Kameyama Tomomichi , Fukuda Masato , Shirayama Yukihiko , Saitoh Osamu , Anzai Nobuo , Niwa Shin‐Ichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Fifteen psychiatric cases are reported who were clinically diagnosed as schizophrenic, affective disorders, or neurotic, but resisted standard medication regimens, all showing irregular β activities on EEGs. The cases tended to display symptoms in common, such as dysphoria, emotional instability or frequent physical complaints. These characteristic symptoms share something mutually with the symptoms shown in some epileptic patients or psychiatric patients with epileptic EEG abnormalities without clinical seizures. Antiepileptic drugs seemed more specifically effective to the above symptoms. More than half of these cases showed improvement on EEG findings such as a decrease in irregular β activities and an increase in rhythmicity or regularity of α activities along with clinical improvement with the administration of adjunctive antiepileptic drugs. These results suggest that the adjunctive administration of antiepileptic drugs to patients with irregular β activities on EEGs is clinically useful and an EEG examination has much value in psychiatric practice to find the criteria of drug therapy.
REM Sleep without Muscle Atonia (Stage 1‐REM) and Its Relation to Delirious Behavior during Sleep in Patients with Degenerative Diseases Involving the Brain Stem
Authors: Shimizu Tetsuo , Inami Yasushi , Sugita Yoshio , Iijima Susami , Teshima Yoshio , Matsuo Ryunosuke , Yasoshima Aki , Egawa Isao , Okawa Masako , Tashiro Tetsuo , Hishikawa Yasuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Nocturnal sleep was examined in 12 patients with degenerative diseases involving the brain stem and in 2 patients with late cerebellar cortical atrophy (LCCA). A peculiar sleep state, characterized by the concomitant appearance of a low‐voltage mixed frequency EEG, rapid eye movements (REMs) and tonic EMG in mental muscles, repeatedly appeared during nocturnal sleep in all of the 12 patients with degenerative diseases involving the brain stem and it was called stage 1‐REM after Tachibana et al.32 In 8 of the 12 patients, delirious or oneiric behavior appeared during, or soon after, the episodes of stage 1‐REM. Inner experiences reported by one of the subjects well corresponded to his behavior during the episode of stage 1‐REM. Stage 1‐REM was not observed during nocturnal sleep of the patients with LCCA. These results indicate that a degenerative lesion in the brain stem induced stage 1‐REM and delirious behavior during nocturnal sleep through abolishing muscle atonia of REM sleep and causing dissociation of the functional components characterizing REM sleep.
Carmofur‐Induced Organic Mental Disorders
Authors: Suzuki Toshihito , Koizumi Junzo , Uchida Kaoru , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Hori Masashi
Published: March 2008

Summary: Organic mental disorder was observed in a 29‐year‐old female in the prognostic period after the onset of carniofur‐induced lenkoencephalopathy. Symptoms such as euphoria, emotional lability and puerile attitude noted in the patient were diagnosed as organic personality syndrome according to the criteria defined in the DSM‐HI‐R. It is referred to as a frontal lobe syndrome. Brain CT revealed a periventricular low density area in the frontal white matter and moderate dilatation of the lateral ventricles especially at the bilateral anterior horns. Consequently, carmofur‐induced leukoencepha‐lopathy may uncommonly result in organic personality syndrome in the residual state. It may be attributed to the structural damage to the frontal lobe.
Chronic Herpes Simplex Encephalitis with Somnambulism: CT, MR and SPECT Findings
Authors: Hori Takafumi , Suzuki Toshihito , Terashima Yasushi , Kawai Nobutoshi , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 64‐year‐old male with herpes simplex encephalitis had shown somnambulism and memory disturbance for nine months before consciousness disturbance appeared. Brain CT, MR and SPECT revealed lesions in the right temporal lobe. The atypical clinical course of this patient, including chronkity and focal symptom, is discussed.
Linkage Analysis of Affective Disorder Using DNA Markers on Chromosomes 11 and X
Authors: Nanko Shinichiro , Kobayashi Masaru , Gamou Shinobu , Kudoh Jun , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Takazawa Noboru , Kazamatsuri Hajime , Furusho Toshiyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have investigated two pedigrees in an attempt to detect the putative linkages between affective disorder and c‐Ha‐ras‐1 oncogene and the insulin gene on chromosome 11, or hypoxanthhte phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) on X chromosome. The linkage between affective disorders and the markers on chromosomes 11 and X was ruled out with the assumption of no recombination.
Vascular Changes in the Brains with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Yamashita Kensho , Miyakawa Taihei , Katsuragi Shoichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Sections of temporal and occipital cortex from 14 patients with Alzheimer's disease were examined by light and electron microscopy. Especially, areas without senile plaques or neurofibrillary degeneration were examined in detail. The initial change in the cerebral cortex occurred in the capillaries. The endothelial cells demonstrated degeneration with hypertrophic distorted basement membranes and swelling of the vascular feet. Lipochromes were found in the processes and cell bodies of the astrocytes. A decrease in the number of nerve cells and their processes noted in the cortices may be due to primary vascular degeneration. Severe dementia in Alzheimer's disease may be related to the histopathological findings of diffusely destroyed nerve cells and their processes.
Clinical Study of Insomnia, a Common Disorder in Primary Care: From a Viewpoint of Consultation‐Liaison Psychiatry
Authors: Hattori Takao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: :A total of 100 new patients was investigated who consulted the Department of Psychiatry of Tosei General Hospital concerning insomnia as a chief complaint. The average age of the subjects was 52, with an age range of 13–88, and a male female ratio of 1: 22. According to the DSM‐HI‐R classification, primary sleep disorder was most frequent (39%), followed by affective disorders (34%), organic mental disorders (9%), anxiety disorders (6%), psychoactive substance use disorders (4%), psychotic disorders not elsewhere classified (4%), and others. Various psychosocial stressors were observed in 40% of the subjects, and concurrent major physical disorders in 44% of the subjects. Based on the results, the role of consultation‐liaison psychiatry in treatment of sleep disorders and primary care was discussed.
Shoma Morita, Founder of Morita Therapy, and Haiku Poet Shiki: Origin of Morita Therapy
Authors: Moriyama Nariakira
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A hypothesis that Shiki's struggle for life probably influenced the creation of Morita therapy is presented. Although Morita had no personal acquaintance with Shiki, they did have three common friends in Terada, Wakao and Katori. Considering this, as well as the renown of Shiki's works, Morita likely knew much of Shiki and may have been deeply impressed by his approach to life. Several essential concepts of Morita therapy such as absolute bed‐rest, anguish and deliverance, “Arugamama,”“Jijitsu Yuishin,” desire to live, and the importance of keeping a diary can be found in Shiki's lifestyle and in his literary theory.