bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RGD‐functionalised self‐assembling peptide hydrogel induces a proliferative profile in human osteoblasts in vitro
Authors: Castillo‐Díaz Luis A. , Gough Julie E. , Miller Aline F. , Saiani Alberto
Published: September 2024

Self‐assembling peptide hydrogels (SAPHs) have been used in the past decade as reliable three‐dimensional (3D) synthetic scaffolds for the culture of a variety of mammalian cells in vitro. Thanks to their versatile physicochemical properties, they allow researchers to tailor the hydrogel properties, including stiffness and functionality to the targeted cells and cells' behaviour. One of the advantages of using SAPH scaffolds is the ease of functionalisation. In the present work, we discuss the effect that functionalising the FEFEFKFK (F, phenylalanine; K, lysine; and E, glutamic acid) hydrogel scaffold using the cell‐binding RGDS (fibronectin — R, arginine; G, glycine; D, aspartic acid; S, serine) epitope affects the material properties as well as the function of encapsulated human osteoblast cells. RGDS functionalisation resulted in cells adopting an elongated morphology, suggesting attachment and increased proliferation. While this led to higher cell viability, it also resulted in a decrease in extra‐cellular matrix (ECM) protein production as well as a decrease in calcium ion deposition, suggesting lower mineralisation capabilities. The work clearly shows that SAPHs are a flexible platform that allow the modification of scaffolds in a controlled manner to investigate cell–material interactions.
Electric‐Field‐Modulated Topological Phase Transition in AlSb/InSe Heterobilayers
Authors: Fang Dangqi , Wang Dawei
Published: September 2024

Searching for controllable topological state by means of external stimuli in 2D material‐based van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures is currently an active field for both the underlying physics and practical applications. Herein, a vdW heterostructure formed by vertically stacking AlSb and InSe monolayers is designed and its stacking configuration, stability, electronic structure, and effect of external electric field are investigated using first‐principles calculations. The AlSb/InSe heterobilayer studied, possessing both dynamical and thermal stabilities, is direct bandgap semiconductor and forms a Z‐scheme heterojunction. With inclusion of spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and applying external electric field, the bandgap of AlSb/InSe heterobilayer decreases at first and then increases, and a trivial insulator to topological insulator phase transition is achieved. For the topological insulator phase, band inversion is ascribed to the strong SOC of p orbitals of Sb. In this work, the way is paved for the design and application of multifunctional nanoscale devices such as topological field‐effect transistor.
Approximating Maximum Independent Set on Rydberg Atom Arrays Using Local Detunings
Authors: Yeo Hyeonjun , Kim Ha Eum , Jeong Kabgyun
Published: September 2024

Rydberg atom arrays operated by a quantum adiabatic principle are among the most promising quantum simulating platforms due to their scalability and long coherence time. From the perspective of combinatorial optimization, they offer an efficient solution for an intrinsic maximum independent set problem because of the resemblance between the Rydberg Hamiltonian and the cost function of the maximum independent set problem. In this study, a strategy is suggested to approximate maximum independent sets by adjusting local detunings on the Rydberg Hamiltonian according to each vertex's vertex support, which is a quantity that represents connectivity between vertices. By doing so, the strategy successfully reduces the error rate three times for the checkerboard graphs with defects when the adiabaticity is sufficient. In addition, the strategy decreases the error rate for random graphs even when the adiabaticity is relatively insufficient. Moreover, it is shown that the strategy helps to prepare a quantum many‐body ground state by raising the fidelity between the evolved quantum state and a 2D cat state on a square lattice. Finally, the strategy is combined with the non‐abelian adiabatic mixing and this approach is highly successful in finding maximum independent sets compared to the conventional adiabatic evolution with local detunings.
Synthesis of Novel Eugenol‐Containing Polysilsesquioxanes with a Flexible Spacer and Their Use for Functional Anticorrosive Coatings
Authors: Ageenkov Alexander D. , Rozhkov Ilya M. , Piskarev Mikhail S. , Soldatov Mikhail A.
Published: September 2024

The destruction of various structural materials and products in aggressive atmospheric conditions demands for the development of more resistant and improved oligomers and polymers for adhesive coatings with barrier properties, which could prevent corrosion and rapid aging of metals and polymers. In this article, we demonstrate the synthesis of novel polysilsesquioxane containing a covalently bonded eugenol, being a corrosion inhibitor of natural origin. The research demonstrates the synthesis of a monomer from eugenol and MPTMS by the UV‐initiated thiol‐ene reaction. Polysilsesquioxanes were synthesized by hydrolytic and acidohydrolytic polycondensation methods. The 29Si NMR spectroscopy shows the difference in the chemical structures of the obtained products. The synthesized polysilsesquioxanes have a glass transition temperature of −6.5 °C and −7.2 °C for hydrolytic and acidohydrolytic polycondensation, respectively. At the same time, rheokinetics shows a significant difference in the curing of polysilsesquioxanes obtained by two different methods in the temperature range of 150–190 °C. So, it was shown that the product obtained by acidohydrolytic polycondensation exhibited much lower ability for the formation of cross‐linked networks. The product, obtained by hydrolytic polycondensation, exhibited good coating performance, and the obtained coatings showed high anticorrosive efficiency.
A Comprehensive Electrochemical Investigation of AuNPs‐Modified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes for Domoic Acid Detection and Its Effect on Endothelial Cells
Authors: Koç Yücel , Avci Huseyin
Published: September 2024

The goal of this study was to design and construct a biosensor for detecting domoic acid (DA) using bioimmobilization of DA antibodies on the surface of screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) enhanced with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). To accomplish this aim, the SPCE surface was modified by applying AuNPs using electrodeposition, and the optimum modification time was determined by using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed to thoroughly analyze the electrochemical alterations in SPCEs prior to and during the modification with AuNPs. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the structural surface characteristics, topography, and contact angle measurements. The limit of detection (LOD) for the AuNPs‐modified SPCE was determined to be 1.069 ng/mL, whereas the limit of quantification (LOQ) for DA was found to be 3.52 ng/mL using the EIS technique. While many studies concentrate on identifying target molecules through nanoparticle modification, our research surpasses this by offering a comprehensive electrochemical analysis of the modification of AuNPs and a thorough assessment of the changes in the microstructure of the electrode surface. This strategy greatly enhances the progress of biosensor development in the area. In addition, we investigated the harmful effects of DA on human endothelial cells EA.hy926 by subjecting them to different concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 ng/mL for a duration of 24 h. This experiment demonstrated that there was a decrease in cell viability that was directly proportional to the concentration of DA.
Green Synthesis of BaSO4 NPs Using Antigonon Leptopus and Its Applications on Dye Degradation and Seedling Growth
Authors: Chelliah D. Abiya , Cynthia P. , Selson S. Paul David , Sheela P. Jeya , Amutha M. , Jebaraj J. Winfred , Edison S. Darwin Paul , Muthuvel S. , Gnanasangeetha D. , Anushya M.
Published: September 2024

This study presents barium sulfate nanoparticles (BaSO4 NPs) synthesis and characterization using leaf extract from Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Various analytical techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to confirm the structural properties, crystallinity, surface morphology, chemical purity, and presence of organic compounds. The XRD analysis indicated the crystallinity of BaSO4 NPs with an average crystallite size of 7.8 nm, whereas SEM imaging revealed round morphology and EDX confirmed good chemical purity. FTIR spectroscopy provided evidence of both BaSO4 NPs and organic compounds from the leaf extract. The synthesized BaSO4 NP was then applied to degrade four different azo and azonium dyes, demonstrating effectiveness under various conditions. Furthermore, the impact of BaSO4 NP on the germination and growth of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.) was investigated. Preliminary findings suggested that BaSO4 NPs promoted seed germination and growth of foxtail millet at low concentrations. However, caution is advised as higher concentrations may have a toxic effect. Overall, this study highlights the potential of bio‐forged BaSO4 NPs for environmental remediation (dye degradation) and agricultural applications (enhancement of seed germination and growth) while emphasizing the importance of dosage control due to potential toxicity at higher concentrations.
Silanization Improves the Performance of Reduced Graphene Oxide as Biomaterial for Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Rathnam V Shanmuga Sharan , Tiwari Devendra , Agarwal Tarun , Mohanty Biswaranjan , Banerjee Indranil
Published: September 2024

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a potential biomaterial for tissue engineering, photothermal therapy, and drug delivery. However, the hydrophobic nature of rGO results in poor dispersibility in a physiologically relevant aqueous environment, limiting its biomedical applications. To surmount this problem, here, we have developed a silanized derivative of reduced graphene oxide (rSiGO) using 3‐Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and evaluated its impact on [I] stability of rGO in different aqueous solvents, [ii] drug loading capacities, and [iii] biocompatibility. The physico‐chemical characterization suggested that silanization alters the 2D carbon skeleton of rGO to a certain extent and improves its aqueous dispersibility and drug‐loading capacity. The in vitro cytocompatibility study showed that rSiGO was compatible with the human dermal fibroblasts and murine fibroblast cell lines. It was also found that rSiGO possesses a higher loading capacity for hydrophilic drugs than rGO. The drug‐loaded rSiGO showed higher cytotoxicity against hepatocarcinoma cells by inducing intracellular reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, and nuclear fragmentation. In vivo systemic toxicity studies in mice showed that the rSiGO is nontoxic at the tested concentration. These results clearly showed that silanization improves the aqueous dispersibility, drug loading capacity, and biocompatibility of rGO making it a better candidate for various biomedical applications.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis Method for the Production of Carbon Nano Dots and Its Genotoxicity Assessment
Authors: Tekin Zeynep , Ergenler Ayşegül , Zaman Buse Tuğba , Tahir Günkara Ömer , Depci Tolga , Turan Funda , Bakırdere Sezgin
Published: September 2024

In this study, nitrogen‐doped carbon nanodots (N‐CNDs) were synthesized from Citrus reticulata using microwave‐assisted process and material's genotoxic effects were investigated in Daphnia magna. Morphological size and shape variations of the synthesized N‐CNDs were evaluated by using zetasizer and transmission electron microscope. Acute/chronic toxicity experiments were performed using method by OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 202–212 guidelines. Daphnia magna was subjected to the N‐CNDs produced from Citrus reticulata at the different concentrations ranging between 0.04 and0.24 mg tangerine equivalent N‐CND/mL for 96 h at 20 °C. After 96 h, the LC50 (lethal concentration‐ at which 50% of cells) value of N‐CNDs was determined to be 0.1 mg equivalent N‐CND/mL using probit analysis. Based on toxicity levels determined by EU‐Directive 93/67/EEC, N‐CNDs are classified in the nontoxic category. The toxicological assessments of sublethal concentrations of N‐CNDs demonstrated that 0.013 mg tangerine equivalent N‐CND/mL dose group exhibited a similar profile to the control group, indicating its safety. Although the DNA damage frequency of the 0.03 and 0.06 mg equivalent N‐CND/mL dose groups was found to be higher than control group, these levels were observed almost 70% lower than the DNA damage frequency found in the mutagenic group/positive group.
Exploring New Small Molecule Inhibitors for SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro: A Comprehensive Computational Study
Authors: Hernández‐Hernández José Manuel , Ávila‐Avilés Rodolfo Daniel
Published: September 2024

The SARS‐CoV‐2 3C‐like protease (3CLpro) has emerged as a key target for drug development owing to its crucial role in viral replication of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus. In this study, we employed a ligand‐based virtual screening strategy to identify potential small molecules capable of binding to SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro. Using GC376 as a reference compound, we conducted a comprehensive search in a chemical database and identified 178 candidate molecules (CPLs) with structural similarity to GC376. Molecular docking analyses revealed that several CPLs exhibited superior binding affinities to SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro compared to GC376. Notably, CPL‐390, CPL‐374, and CPL‐306 displayed the highest binding energies, indicating their potential as inhibitors of SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro. Detailed analysis of noncovalent interactions and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) calculations further supported the binding affinity of CPLs to SARS‐CoV‐2 3CLpro. Key interactions with catalytic residues and steric hindrance within the binding pocket highlighted potential inhibition mechanisms for CPL‐306, CPL‐374, and CPL‐390. Moreover, pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that CPL‐306, CPL‐374, and CPL‐390 possessed favorable absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties, positioning them as promising candidates for further drug development. In contrast, GC376 exhibited less favorable pharmacological characteristics, emphasizing the need for novel compounds with improved profiles.
Optimal Biofunctionalization of Gold Nanoislands for Electrochemical Detection of Soluble Programmed Death Ligand 1
Authors: Lotfibakalani Zahra , Liu Borui , Dastidar Monalisha Ghosh , Trân‐Phú Thành , Murugappan Krishnan , Moazzam Parisa , Nisbet David R , Tricoli Antonio
Published: September 2024

Soluble programmed death ligand‐1 (sPD‐L1), a pivotal immune checkpoint protein, serves as a biomarker for evaluating the efficacy of cancer therapies. Aptamers, as highly stable and specific recognition elements, play an essential role in emerging point‐of‐care diagnostic technologies. Yet, crucial advancements rely on engineering the intricate interaction between aptamers and sensor substrates to achieve specificity and signal enhancement. Here, a comprehensive physicochemical characterization and performance optimization of a sPD‐L1 aptamer‐based biosensor by a complementary set of state‐of‐the‐art methodologies is presented, including atomic force microscopy‐based infrared spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, providing critical insights on the surface coverage and binding mechanism. The optimal nanoaptasensors detect sPD‐L1 across a wide concentration range (from am to μm) with a detection limit of 0.76 am in both buffer and mouse serum samples. These findings, demonstrating superior selectivity, reproducibility, and stability, pave the way for engineering miniaturized point‐of‐care and portable biosensors for cancer diagnostics.
Recent Advances in the Design and Structural/Functional Regulations of Biomolecule‐Reinforced Graphene Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Li Dagang , Zhao Jinze , Wang Yuan , Wang Jialu , Sun Zhenjuan , Wei Fuxin , Wei Gang , Sun Zhengang
Published: September 2024

Biomolecule‐reinforced graphene materials (Bio‐RGMs) have emerged as versatile matrices for biomedical and tissue engineering applications, owing to the combination of graphene‐based materials (GMs) with biomolecular components and their synergistic effects. In this review, an overview of the design, synthesis, structural/functional regulation, and bone engineering applications of various Bio‐RGMs is provided. Both covalent and noncovalent methods for conjugating biomolecules onto GMs, followed by an exploration of the structural diversity of Bio‐RGMs, ranging from 1D nanofibers to 2D membranes and 3D scaffolds/hydrogels/aerogels are discussed. Techniques such as electrospinning, self‐assembly, freeze‐drying, 3D printing, and templated synthesis are highlighted for their roles in designing and fabricating Bio‐RGM architectures. Additionally, specific properties and functions endowed to Bio‐RGMs by biomolecule conjugation, including biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, drug delivery ability, and fluorescent sensing are examined. Finally, recent advance is showcased in fabricating Bio‐RGMs for the bone tissue engineering applications of bone repair, regeneration, grafting, drug/cell delivery, and tumor inhibition, and further, the potential of Bio‐RGMs for preclinical applications is analyzed. It is believed that this review will deepen readers’ understanding of biomolecule–GM interactions and inspire the development of innovative Bio‐RGMs for advanced biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
Substitution Box Construction Using Transfer‐Function Assisted Metaheuristic and Booster Algorithm: A Hybrid Approach
Authors: Shadab Mohd , Jawed Md Saquib , Sajid Mohammad
Published: September 2024

S‐box strengthens the encryption and decryption process by introducing nonlinearity and protecting the encrypted data against various differential and linear cryptanalytic attacks. Generating a highly nonlinear S‐box with maximal nonlinearity is computationally impractical due to the expansive search space, classifying it as an NP‐hard problem. This paper proposes the Hawkboost algorithm, a novel hybrid method merging the Harris Hawks optimization algorithm (HHO) and the Booster algorithm for generating highly nonlinear S‐boxes with low computational efforts. The HHO algorithm is utilized to navigate in the large permutation search space to find an S‐box with acceptable cryptographic properties. The HHO algorithm is assisted by the Transfer function and Random Key (RK) method to speed up the S‐box design process. Additionally, the Booster algorithm enhances S‐box nonlinearity by applying random local operators like swap and inversion, effectively reshaping elements of S‐box. This novel combination of methodologies facilitates the efficient generation of S‐boxes that exhibit excellent cryptographic properties while addressing key challenges in S‐box optimization. The performance of the proposed S‐box has been analyzed by comparing various state‐of‐the‐art S‐boxes based on numerous characteristics including average nonlinearity, strict Avalanche criterion (SAC), SAC offset, bit independence criterion (BIC), linear approximation probability (LP), differential approximation probability (DP), fixed points, opposite fixed points, and cycle counts. The results from experiments and analysis based on multiple metrics show that the proposed Hawkboost algorithm satisfies all requirements for safe and reliable S‐boxes without sacrificing any crucial security features.
Exploring Novel Frontiers in Online Privacy Ethics
Authors: Gavrilov Doina
Published: September 2024

Social networks have become a new environment in which a large part of our daily life has been transposed. It has become a new research environment and tool for two reasons: It is easy and cheap to use and offers the chance to provide a large amount of novelty. However, questions arise as people navigate privacy on social media differently than in real life, meaning, less intuitively and over a longer time. With this in mind, this study examines how people perceive privacy on social networks and how collecting data without consent violates users' privacy rights, even when the information is public. For this, we focus on the Romanian case study and explore new perspectives on online research to uphold human rights and maintain research objectivity. The results show that managing privacy online is not intuitive, and it requires time for the users to understand how their data can be accessed and used, and to learn the tools they can employ to limit other's access to personal information. We also have found that the majority of our study participants see social networks as a tool for socialization and the use of their information outside this purpose violates their privacy rights. The paper proposes a set of principles and markers to help researchers differentiate between personal and public information to comply with research ethics and not breach human rights.
A Novel Technique for Preparation and Separation of Iron Carbide from Sintering Dust
Authors: Lv Yanan , Chen Dong
Published: September 2024

Sintering dust is a typical refractory secondary iron resource. A technology‐based utilization of sintering dust as iron carbide by applying chlorination, carburization, and magnetic separation is proposed. Under optimized conditions, an electric furnace burden comprised of 83.51% Fe and 6.52% C and with a corresponding iron recovery rate of 81.21% is prepared. Meanwhile, 96.97% Pb can be removed by chlorination and magnetic separation. Furthermore, the separation mechanism is revealed using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, and optical microscopy. The results show that sodium sulfate can promote the carburizing efficiency of sintering dust, strengthen the growth of iron carbide particles, and improve the embedding relationship between iron carbide and gangue minerals, which significantly promotes the separation efficiency. The study demonstrates that the preparation of iron carbide from sintering dust using the proposed technology is a feasible method.
Advances in colored carbon‐based fiber materials and their emerging applications
Authors: Zhang Yu , Luo Yuxin , Wang Mengqi , Xing Tonghe , He Annan , Huang Zhiyu , Shi Zhicheng , Qiao Sijie , Tong Aixin , Bai Jie , Zhao Shichao , Chen Fengxiang , Xu Weilin
Published: September 2024

Carbon‐based fiber materials are widely used in aerospace, military, and electronics owing to their outstanding comprehensive properties. However, the high degree of crystallization and chemical inertness of their surfaces impede the coloring of such materials by traditional dyeing methods, thereby limiting their application in a broader field. Exploring advanced micro/nano‐processing technology for colored carbon‐based fiber materials has become a growing interdisciplinary research area in recent years. Therefore, this review comprehensively discusses the structure‒color‒function relationships of carbon‐based fiber materials. The structure of carbon‐based fiber materials and their properties responsible for challenges in coloring by traditional dyeing methods are discussed. Moreover, the color‐generating mechanisms underlying the display of structural colors by living organisms due to fundamental optical phenomena, including thin/multilayer‐film interference, diffraction grating, scattering, and photonic crystals, are described. Furthermore, recent progress in bio‐inspirated colored carbon‐based fiber materials prepared via advanced micro/nanoscale manufacturing strategies is reviewed. In addition, emerging applications of colored carbon‐based fiber materials in various fields are presented. Finally, the possible challenges and future directions for the design, large‐scale production, and application of colored carbon‐based fiber materials and their composites are discussed, aiming to promote the material design of innovative next‐generation systems and research in the advanced material and related engineering fields.
Unveiling effectiveness: A meta‐analysis of professional development programs in science education
Authors: You Hyesun , Park Sunyoung , Hong Minju , Warren Alison
Published: September 2024

Teacher professional development (PD) is essential to continuously improve teaching skills, to adapt to diverse student needs, and to promote equity and inclusion. Only a few studies to date have synthesized how PD programs improve teachers' content knowledge and instructional quality, as well as students' academic performance. In this meta‐analysis, we aim to evaluate the impact of PD programs on science teachers and their students. We calculate a total of 514 effect sizes using Hedges' g from 66 studies published between 2010 and 2022. The bias‐corrected standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) is within‐subject and between‐subjects design. The overall effect size is 0.772, indicating a substantial effect size on PD effectiveness (s.e. = 0.063, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.647, 0.897]). We observe considerable heterogeneity of effect sizes, moderated by PD dosage hours, duration, and active teaching. The findings indicate that relatively short PD periods—less than 48 h—and durations under 3 months may yield the most effective science PD for educators. As an alternative, slightly longer engagement exceeding 72 h, coupled with sustained support over 6 months, has proven to be the second most effective option for PD. Furthermore, an active learning approach within PD programs (ḡ = 0.794, s.e. = 0.066, 95% CI [0.656, 0.926]) has emerged as a pivotal influence on PD effectiveness. This study provides insights into education research and policy to understand PD research and to ensure how PD can be designed and implemented to improve student performance.
Prenatal Exposure to Herbicide 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4D) Exacerbates Zika Virus Neurotoxicity In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Christoff Raissa Rilo , da Silva Débora Santos , Lima Rafael Ferreira , Franco Ana Luiza Meneguci Moreira , Higa Luiza Mendonça , Rossi Átila Duque , Batista Carolina , de Andrade Cherley Borba Vieira , Ortiga‐Carvalho Tania Maria , Ascari Lucas , de Azevedo Abrahim‐Vieira Bárbara , Bellio Maria , Tanuri Amilcar , de Carvalho Flavia Martinez , Garcez Patricia Pestana , Lara Flavio Alves
Published: September 2024

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can lead to a set of congenital malformations known as Congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS), whose main feature is microcephaly. The geographic distribution of CZS in Brazil during the 2015–2017 outbreak was asymmetrical, with a higher prevalence in the Northeast and Central‐West regions of the country, despite the ubiquitous distribution of the vector Aedes aegypti, indicating that environmental factors could influence ZIKV vertical transmission and/or severity. Here we investigate the involvement of the most used agrochemicals in Brazil with CZS. First, we exposed human neuroblastoma SK‐N‐AS cells to the 15 frequently used agrochemical molecules or derivative metabolites able to cross the blood–brain barrier. We found that a derived metabolite from a widely used herbicide in the Central‐West region, 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D), exacerbates ZIKV neurotoxic effects in vitro. We validate this observation by demonstrating vertical transmission leading to microcephaly in the offspring of immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice exposed to water contaminated with 0.025 mg/L of 2,4D. Newborn mice whose dams were exposed to 2,4D and infected with ZIKV presented a smaller brain area and cortical plate size compared to the control. Also, embryos from animals facing the co‐insult of ZIKV and 2,4D exposition presented higher Caspase 3 positive cells in the cortex, fewer CTIP2+ neurons and proliferative cells at the ventricular zone, and a higher viral load. This phenotype is followed by placental alterations, such as vessel congestion, and apoptosis in the labyrinth and decidua. We also observed a mild spatial correlation between CZS prevalence and 2,4D use in Brazil's North and Central‐West regions, with R2 = 0.4 and 0.46, respectively. Our results suggest that 2,4D exposition facilitates maternal vertical transmission of ZIKV, exacerbating CZS, possibly contributing to the high prevalence of this syndrome in Brazil's Central‐West region compared to other regions.
The water–climate nexus: Intersections across sectors
Authors: Gunda Thushara , Cantor Alida A. , Grubert Emily , Harris Angela R. , McDonald Yolanda J.
Published: September 2024

Water security and climate change are important priorities for communities and regions worldwide. The intersections between water and climate change extend across many environmental and human activities. This Primer is intended as an introduction, grounded in examples, for students and others considering the interactions between climate, water, and society. In this Primer, we summarize key intersections between water and climate across four sectors: environment; drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene; food and agriculture; and energy. We begin with an overview of the fundamental water dynamics within each of these four sectors, and then discuss how climate change is impacting water and society within and across these sectors. Emphasizing the relationships and interconnectedness between water and climate change can encourage systems thinking, which can show how activities in one sector may influence activities or outcomes in other sectors. We argue that to achieve a resilient and sustainable water future under climate change, proposed solutions must consider the water–climate nexus to ensure the interconnected roles of water across sectors are not overlooked. Toward that end, we offer an initial set of guiding questions that can be used to inform the development of more holistic climate solutions.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation

Human Water > Value of Water
Study on the response mechanisms and evolution prediction of groundwater microbial‐toxicological indicators
Authors: Sun Weichao , Wang Shuaiwei , Bi Junbo , Ning Zhuo , Wang Jingjing , Hou Haibo
Published: September 2024

This study aims to investigate the response mechanisms of groundwater microbial‐toxicological indicators, specifically total bacteria count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC), to water quality indicators and environmental conditions. Using data from a water source in the western plateau of China, a predictive model focusing on TBC and TCC was developed. An orthogonal experimental design was employed to manipulate environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, and porosity, facilitating laboratory experiments. These experiments measured pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), TBC, and TCC at varying depths and environmental conditions. Principal component analysis elucidated the mechanisms by which water quality indicators and environmental conditions affect groundwater microbial–toxicological indicators. A prediction model for these indicators in plateau regions was established based on a backpropagation neural network (BP‐NN), using TBC and TCC as target variables and the newly extracted principal components as influencing factors. The results demonstrate that environmental conditions and water quality indicators primarily influence the evolution of groundwater microbial–toxicological indicators by altering the ionic charge quantities, redox conditions, and temperature of the groundwater. The predictive model for groundwater microbial–toxicological indicators shows trends consistent with experimental outcomes, with an average relative error of less than 15%, meeting engineering requirements.

Practitioner points

The values of total bacteria count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC) under different conditions were obtained by column experiments.

The influence mechanism of environmental conditions and groundwater indicators on TBC and TCC was elaborated by principal component analysis.

TBC and TCC prediction models were established through the investigation of water sources in a plateau area and laboratory experiments.
Entropy generation analysis on MHD mixed convective flow of couple stress MWCNT$MWCNT$–Ag/C2H6O2$\text{Ag/C}_{2}\text{H}_{6}\text{O}_{2}$ hybrid nanofluid with variable properties in a vertical channel
Authors: Mushahary Pungja , Ontela Surender
Published: September 2024

The investigation of the mixed convective magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a couple stress hybrid nanofluid having temperature‐dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity in a vertical channel is dealt with within this paper. The considered hybrid nanofluid is processed by mixing multiwalled carbon nanotubes () and silver (Ag) nanoparticles in a base fluid of ethylene glycol () assuming the base fluid and the nanoparticles to be in a thermal equilibrium state following the Tiwari–Das nanofluid model. The flow is generated by the buoyancy force under the standard Boussinesq approximation and the pressure gradient force. The effect of a uniform transverse magnetic field is considered, and a constant temperature is maintained at the channel walls. The governing momentum and energy equations are nondimensionalized with relevant dimensionless parameters and solved using the homotopy analysis method (HAM) to obtain semi‐analytical solutions. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number on the channel walls are derived to analyze the shear stress and heat transfer rate, and to scrutinize the irreversibilities in the system, the entropy generation number and the Bejan number are defined. The emphasis is given to the analysis of velocity and temperature profiles, irreversibilities in the system, shear stresses, and heat transfer rate on the channel walls concerning the volumetric concentration of the nanoparticles, shape factor effect for various nanoparticle shapes, and temperature‐dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. The analysis reveals that with higher shape factors and enhancement of nanoparticle concentration, both velocity and temperature degrade, and the entropy generation rate escalates with growing heat transfer irreversibility. Moreover, a lower and higher shear stress and heat transfer rate are achieved, respectively. The variable viscosity and thermal conductivity parameters effectively alter the velocity and temperature profiles, irreversibilities, shear stress, and heat transfer rate.
To consider second gradient continua as constrained microstructured continua à la Germain simplifies numerical analysis of metamaterials
Authors: Spagnuolo Mario
Published: September 2024

In this work we base our analysis on a seminal paper by Paul Germain (1973) in which the principle of virtual work is used to found microstructured continuum mechanics. Recently, it was shown that a particular considered microstructured continuum can be regarded as a second gradient continuum of the kind studied by Germain. To prove how these theoretical ideas can be useful in applications, we present the paradigmatic case of pantographic metamaterials, in which the deformation energy may depend only on placement second gradient being independent on placement first gradient. In this case, the numerical simulations become more efficient by introducing the Lagrange multipliers which are dual in work of the introduced kinematical constraint, so proving that the viewpoint about stress presented originally by Lagrange is the most fruitful one.
Moduli spaces in CFT: large charge operators
Authors: Cuomo Gabriel , Rastelli Leonardo , Sharon Adar
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Using the large-charge expansion, we prove a necessary condition for a CFT to exhibit conformal symmetry breaking, under the assumption that a continuous global symmetry is also broken on the moduli space: there must be a tower of charged local operators whose scaling dimensions are asymptotically linear in the charge. In supersymmetric theories with a continuous R-symmetry and a holomorphic moduli space, the existence of such a tower of operators follows trivially from a BPS condition: their scaling dimensions are then exactly linear in the R-charge. We illustrate the more general statement in several examples of three-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 CFTs, where the leading linear behavior receives nontrivial corrections. By considering a suitable scaling limit, we also relate the spectrum of states with large charge on the cylinder (isomorphic to local operators) to the spectrum of massive particles on the moduli space.
A decomposition of economic growth decompositions
Authors: Oosterhaven Jan
Published: September 2024

This paper critically compares the ability of all three decomposition techniques that explain economic growth and its variation between regions and nations. Old time shift-and-share analysis (S&S) presumes that industry mix and regional competitiveness are all important. Structural decomposition analysis (SDA) presumes that final demand growth and input–output coefficient changes are all that matter. Growth accounting (GA) presumes the same for the growth of production factors and technological progress. This paper concludes that an econometric estimation of a GA equation without its residual factor productivity growth component, but with industry mix and demand components from S&Ss and SDAs, respectively, offers the best approach to explain longer term economic growth and variations therein.
Multireference calculations on bond dissociation and biradical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as guidance for fractional occupation number weighted density analysis in DFT calculations
Authors: Carvalho Jhonatas R. , Nieman Reed , Kertesz Miklos , Aquino Adelia J. A. , Hansen Andreas , Lischka Hans
Published: September 2024

This study explores open-shell biradical and polyradical molecular compounds based on extended multireference (MR) methods (MR-configuration interaction with singles and doubles (CISD) and MR-averaged quadratic coupled cluster (AQCC) approach) using the numbers of unpaired densities NU. These results were used to guide the analysis of the fractional occupation number weighted density (FOD) calculated within the finite temperature (FT) density functional theory (DFT) approach. As critical test examples, the dissociation of carbon–carbon (CC) single, double and triple bonds and a benchmark set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been chosen. By examining single, double, and triple bond dissociations, we demonstrate the utility and accuracy but also limitations of the FOD analysis for describing these dissociation processes. In significant extension of previous work (Phys Chem Chem Phys 25: 27380–27393), the assessment of FOD applications for different classes of DFT functionals was performed examining the range-separated functionals ωB97XD, ωB97M-V, CAM-B3LYP, LC-ωPBE, and MN12-SX, the hybrid (M06-2X) functional and the double hybrid (B2P-LYP) functional. In all cases, strong correlations between NFOD and NU values are found. The major task was to develop a new linear regression formula for range-separated functionals allowing a convenient determination of the optimal electronic temperature Tel for the FT-DFT calculation. We also established an optimal temperature for the semiempirical extended tight-binding GFN2-xTB method. These findings significantly broaden the applicability of FOD analysis across various DFT functionals and semiempirical methods.
Determination of unsteady wing loading using tuft visualization
Authors: De Voogt Francis , Ganapathisubramani Bharathram
Published: September 2024

Unsteady separated flow affects the aerodynamic performance of many large-scale objects, posing challenges for accurate assessment through low-fidelity simulations. Full-scale wind tunnel testing is often impractical due to the object’s physical scale. Small-scale wind tunnel tests can approximate the aerodynamic loading, with tufts providing qualitative validation of surface flow patterns. This investigation demonstrates that tufts can quantitatively estimate unsteady integral aerodynamic lift and pitching moment loading on a wing. We present computational and experimental data for a NACA0012 wing, capturing unsteady surface flow and force coefficients beyond stall. Computational data for varying angles of attack and Reynolds numbers contain the lift coefficient and surface flow. Experimental data, including lift and moment coefficients for a tuft-equipped NACA0012 wing, were obtained at multiple angles of attack and constant Reynolds number. Our results show that a data-driven surrogate model can predict lift and pitching moment fluctuations from visual tuft observations.
Ips typographus vision system: a comprehensive study
Authors: Morgante Giuseppe , Belušič Gregor , Ilić Marko , Škorjanc Aleš , Negrisolo Enrico , Battisti Andrea
Published: September 2024

Aggressive bark beetle species such as the Eurasian spruce bark beetle Ips typographus play a fundamental role in forest ecosystems but can also lead to extensive forest mortality and massive economic damage during outbreaks. Currently I. typographus’ eyes, visual perception of the world and recognition of specific targets like host plants are understudied topics. Studying its visual sense can open the way to novel efficient monitoring and management methods, particularly important in avoiding the switch from an endemic to an epidemic condition. In addition, the integration of visual cues in trapping systems may offer new opportunities for surveillance. Vision in I. typographus was investigated by means of morphological analysis, electroretinography (ERG), molecular analysis of opsin genes and behavioural tests. ERG has revealed that the compound eyes contain two classes of photoreceptors, maximally sensitive to UV and green at 370 and 530 nm, respectively. The result was further supported by the identification of two relevant opsin genes. Finally, the innate wavelength sensitivity was tested in a Y-maze. Ips typographus consistently preferred UV over non-UV (VIS) light, irrespective of their intensity ratios, but preferred high over low intensity VIS light, consistent with a UV-VIS dichromatic visual system. Overall, the results may open the way to better understand the navigation pattern in tree canopies and the host selection processes of this ecologically and economically important beetle species.
IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with IgA nephropathy and IgA vasculitis nephritis
Authors: Vivarelli Marina , Samuel Susan , Coppo Rosanna , Barratt Jonathan , Bonilla-Felix Melvin , Haffner Dieter , Gibson Keisha , Haas Mark , Abdel-Hafez Maher Ahmed , Adragna Marta , Brogan Paul , Kim Siah , Liu Isaac , Liu Zhi-Hong , Mantan Mukta , Shima Yuko , Shimuzu Masaki , Shen Qian , Trimarchi Hernan , Hahn Deirdre , Hodson Elisabeth , Pfister Ken , Alladin Areefa , Boyer Olivia , Nakanishi Koichi ,   the International Pediatric Nephrology Association
Published: September 2024

IgA nephropathy and IgA vasculitis with nephritis, albeit rare, represent two relatively frequent glomerular conditions in childhood. Compared to adults, pediatric IgA nephropathy has a more acute presentation, most frequently with synpharyngitic macrohematuria and histologically with more intense inflammation and less intense chronic damage. Management of these conditions is controversial and supported by little high-quality evidence. The paucity of evidence is due to the disease heterogeneity, its inter-ethnic variability, and the difficulty of extrapolating data from adult studies due to the peculiarities of the condition in children. IgA vasculitis with nephritis is a kidney manifestation of a systemic disorder, typical of the pediatric age, in which both the diagnosis of kidney involvement and its management are poorly defined, and an interdisciplinary approach is crucial. Both conditions can have a profound and long-lasting impact on kidney function and the global health of affected children. The International Pediatric Nephrology Association has therefore convened a diverse international group of experts from different disciplines to provide guidance on the recommended management of these conditions in children and to establish common definitions and define priorities for future high-quality, evidence-based collaborative studies for the benefit of children.
10Be-derived catchment-wide erosion rates from a high-elevation, low-relief landscape in the Gurktal Alps (Austria): comparison with thermochronological data and implications for landscape evolution
Authors: Hampel Andrea , Wölfler Andreas , Wolff Reinhard , Hetzel Ralf
Published: September 2024

In contrast to the mountainous topography and high relief of the Hohe Tauern, the adjacent Nock Mountains (Gurktal Alps) are characterized by hilly topography, lower relief and rounded summits. Although the peculiar landforms in the Nock Mountains have long been recognized, little is known about the rates of landscape evolution in this area. Here we present the first set of 16 10Be-based catchment-wide erosion rates from the Nock Mountains. Our results show that the 10 main catchments erode at rates between ~ 120 and ~ 280 mm/ka. Sub-catchments comprising a high percentage of low-relief surfaces erode at lower rates than the steeper lower parts of the main catchments, which indicates active river incision and relief growth. A comparison between 10Be erosion rates and exhumation rates derived from thermochronology and thermokinematic modelling reveals that short-term and long-term erosion rates are remarkably similar. In the central Nock Mountains, the average 10Be erosion rate (166 ± 35 mm/ka) is almost identical to the average exhumation rate (160 ± 20 m/Ma since ~ 34 Ma). The southern Nock Mountains show a higher 10Be rate (202 ± 58 mm/ka) and a higher long-term exhumation rate (270 ± 30 m/Ma since ~ 18 Ma). The agreement between short-term and long-term erosion rates suggests that average erosion rates in the Nock Mountains did not change significantly during the late Cenozoic. Comparing our data to surrounding regions shows that erosion rates from the Nock Mountains fit to the general W–E decrease in catchment-wide erosion rates observed in the Eastern Alps.

Graphical abstract
Placing the tibial component of an ankle prosthesis: results of a CT-based simulation in healthy adults
Authors: Gahr Patrick , Wittmüß Josephine , Martin Heiner , Beyer Thomas , Fischer Dagmar-C. , Mittlmeier Thomas
Published: September 2024

Purpose

To characterize the 3D geometry of the distal tibia resection area from healthy individuals using CT-based digital implantation for proper preoperative sizing of TAA tibia component placement.

Methods

Standardized CT images of healthy ankle joints serving as intra-individual references for treatment of contralateral injuries were identified. The tibial cross section dedicated to virtually host the tibial component was digitally prepared, and the size of the virtual contact surface was calculated. Finally, out of five prototypes the one fitting best in terms of size and alignment was identified.

Results

CT scans taken from 319 subjects were used for the virtual implantation procedure. Body height and size of the distal tibia contact area correlated (r = 0.49 and 0.42 in females and males, each p < 0.001). Prosthesis sizes 2 and 3 fit well for the vast majority of patients, while the smallest and largest sizes are rarely required.

Conclusions

Digital implantation of the tibial component should be considered a valuable tool for preoperative planning as well as for the development of new implant types.