bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF GERMINATION OF THE CONIDIA OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF POWDERY MILDEW AT LOW HUMIDITY
Authors: Brodie Harold J.
Published: April 2011

Collected data from the observations of the author and others indicate that nine species of powdery mildew fungi, obtained from 21 different hosts, have been examined with regard to germination of the conidia at various humidities. Of these species, four, viz., Erysiphe Polygoni DC., E. graminis DC., Uncinula Salicis (DC.) Wint., and Microsphaera Alni (DC) Wint., seem beyond doubt to produce conidia capable of germinating at low humidity. Five species do not tolerate low humidity, according to published information.Conidia of Erysiphe graminis, detached from the conidiophore but adhering in chains, do not germinate in as high proportion as separate conidia from the same sample; also, the longer the chain, the lower the percentage of germination. In chains it is usually the end conidia that germinate, not those in intercalary position. These observations are discussed in the light of the theory previously-put forward by the author to explain the germination of powdery mildew conidia at low humidity.The apparent osmotic pressures of the cell sap of conidia of two powdery mildews were determined by plasmolysis with potassium nitrate. For Erysiphe Polygoni, the figure obtained was 63 atm., and for E. graminis Hordei Marchal, 68 atm. These figures are higher than any previously recorded in the literature seen by the author. The significance of this high osmotic pressure is discussed.Study of the papillae that regularly appear on the end of conidia of E. graminis indicates that they are special structures with a special function and should not be considered as germ pores. It is suggested that the conidium wall is two-layered, at least in the region between adjacent conidia. Rupture of the outer part of the wall in a ring at the septum may serve to disjoin the conidia and form the papilla.
STUDIES ON CESTODES OF THE GENUS TRIAENOPHORUS FROM FISH OF LESSER SLAVE LAKE, ALBERTA: III. NOTES ON TRIAENOPHORUS NODULOSUS (PALLAS) IN THE SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

The plerocercoids of T. nodulosus were found in their earliest stages in the livers of burbot fry (Lota lota maculosa) in early July. At this time the worms occur scattered throughout the liver tissue, not enclosed in cysts. The anlagen of the scolex hooks are present.Later in July the cyst wall has developed and the plerocercoids are provided with a scolex identical with the adult structure. The cysts are small and compact and the contained worms strongly coiled in contrast to their earlier, diffuse state.During the second summer the plerocercoids begin to degenerate, the process proceeding from the posterior end forward. No burbot older than yearlings were found to contain cysts.A brief summary of the life history of T. nodulosus is given.
THE FATE OF PHENOTHIAZINE IN RABBITS: I. THE DETECTION OF A NEW CONJUGATE IN RABBITS' URINE AFTER THE FEEDING OF PHENOTHIAZINE
Authors: Benham G. H.
Published: April 2011

On feeding 5 gm. of phenothiazine to rabbits, approximately 50% of it is excreted in the urine as a colourless conjugate. This conjugate is readily hydrolysed by acids, giving the purple dye thionol and glucuronic acid. Determinations of both these entities suggest that the conjugate is composed of leuco thionol and glucuronic acid coupled together mole for mole.
SEPARATION OF STARCH AND GLUTEN:I. DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AND WASHING METHODS FOR SEPARATION FROM WHEAT FLOUR
Authors: Adams G. A. , Grace N. H. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

Starch and gluten were separated from wheat flour in a washing vessel, hemicylindrical in shape, oscillated 48 times per minute through 45°, accommodating 15 kgm. of water plus the dough prepared from 3 kgm. of patent hard spring flour. Washing action was provided by the combined movements of the vessel and an adjustable free-swinging rubber-covered roller. The starch suspension was continuously pumped into a settling tray, from which the overflow was recycled to the washing machine. Under these conditions 45 min. of washing with 40 kgm. of water effected a recovery of about 95% of the starch and gluten present in the dough. About 70% of the starch was extracted in the first 10 min. washing period.Washing was more efficient at 37 °C. than at lower temperatures, and dough mixing times of nine minutes gave better results than three minutes. The washing equipment provided results of a precision that permitted demonstration of statistically significant differences between starch yields differing by as little as 3%.
SEPARATION OF STARCH AND GLUTEN: II. EFFECTS OF PROCESSING FACTORS ON THE STARCH CONTENT OF WHEAT GLUTEN
Authors: Grace N. H. , Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

The effects of dough mixing time, dough conditioning, and washing temperature and time upon the mechanical separation of starch and gluten were studied in duplicated factorial experiments in which straight and clear grades of hard red spring wheat flour were employed. Glutens of low starch content were obtained over a considerable range of processing conditions, washing time being the factor of greatest importance. After comparable washing periods of 45, 60, and 90 min., average starch contents were 7.3, 2.4, and 0.8% respectively. The practicability of employing water recirculation in the batch preparation of practically starch-free gluten has also been demonstrated.
DRIED MILK POWDER: II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SORPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Sorption of carbon dioxide by milk powder in a closed system at 35 °C. and at approximately 74 cm. of mercury was observed to be greater than 0.4 cc. per gm. after 150 hr., while only 0.012 cc. of nitrogen was absorbed per gm. after 70 hr. The initial sorption of carbon dioxide varied with time according to the equation:[Formula: see text]where s is 100 times the amount sorbed in cc. per gm. at any time, t (min.), and k and m are constants peculiar to the system under investigation. The logarithmic form of this equation was used. Powders with 26, 28, and 30% fat did not differ in behaviour, but sorption curves for powders with only 1% fat had lower [Formula: see text] values and lower [Formula: see text] values than the curves for the high fat levels. Powders with 1% fat sorbed carbon dioxide in an identical manner when exposed to either 100% carbon dioxide or a mixture of 20% carbon dioxide and 80% nitrogen. For whole milk powder, dilution to 80% nitrogen content was effective in reducing the initial sorption rate of carbon dioxide. Great variation was observed in the sorption behaviour of powders from different plants and in powders produced at different time intervals in the same plant. Temperature differences within the range 25° to 40 °C. had no effect on sorption. Palatability and [Formula: see text] correlated to the extent of r =.61.
THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT IN BULK
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

By enclosing wheat in a cylinder and heating by means of a wire stretched along the axis, the thermal conductivity k and the thermal diffusivity κ are determined. From the values obtained for these two quantities the specific heat is calculated. The following values are obtained: [Formula: see text]; κ = 0.00115 cm.2 per sec., and c = 0.37 cal. per gm. per °C. By the use of these values of the thermal constants, an estimate is made of the effect of external changes on the temperature within stored wheat.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: VII. LYCOPODIUM LUCIDULUM MICHX. (UROSTACHYS LUCIDULUS HERTER)
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

Nine alkaloids have been isolated from Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Three of these, nicotine, lycopodine, and alkaloid L13, have been previously described. The remaining six are alkaloid L20 (C17H27O2N), alkaloid L21 (C13H21ON), alkaloid L22 (G16H27ON), alkaloid L23 (C16H25O2N), alkaloid L24 (C16H25ON), and alkaloid L25 (C16H25O2N). These alkaloids represent but a small quantity of the total bases in the plant, the larger proportion of which it has not been possible to purify.
THE PORE STRUCTURE AND ADSORPTIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME ACTIVATED CHARCOALS: III. THE APPARENT DENSITY OF WATER ADSORBED ON ACTIVE CHARCOAL
Authors: Morrison J. A. , McIntosh R.
Published: April 2011

The apparent density of water adsorbed on four different charcoals at 20 °C. has been measured by a method of helium displacement. At low relative pressures the density is appreciably higher than that of liquid water, but falls rapidly to nearly the normal density as the amount adsorbed increases. A very sharp drop in density occurs close to saturation, and is attributed to the blocking of the very small porous spaces through the advent of capillary condensation in this region. It is suggested that the apparent high initial density is due to the size of the molecules of the measuring fluid rather than to the compression of the adsorbed film.The apparent density of the adsorbed water on the desorption branch of the isotherm differs from that on the adsorption branch, which suggests that the mechanisms of adsorption and desorption differ. An attempt has been made to evaluate the constants Vm and C of the multimolecular adsorption theory from one of the adsorption isotherms.
PREPARATION OF PICRAMIDE
Authors: Spencer E. Y. , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

The method of Kym for conversion of phenols into aromatic amines has been applied to picric acid. An 88% yield of picramide has been obtained by adjusting the reaction temperature to 173 °C., the molar urea: picric acid ratio to 3:1, and the reaction time to 36 hr.
TETRAPLOIDY IN FLAX
Authors: Ross J. G. , Boyes J. W.
Published: April 2011

Tetraploid forms of the flax variety, Redwing, and the F1 flax hybrid, Bison × Redwing, were most easily obtained by treatment of the epicotyl of seedlings with colchicine in lanolin emulsion. Seeds of the tetraploid forms were considerably larger than those of the diploid; but, because of their lower fertility and later maturity, yield and quality were definitely inferior.
THE MICROFLORA OF STORED WHEAT
Authors: James Norman , Wilson Joyce , Stark Egon
Published: April 2011

Wheat passing through the Winnipeg market in 1943 and 1945 harboured a large number of micro-organisms. They were not found on all kernels, but were present on all 10-gm. samples. The number was smallest on No. 1 Manitoba Northern red spring wheat and progressively larger on each successive lower grade.The organisms consisted chiefly of two species of bacteria, which persisted on the grain even after repeated vigorous washings. One was identified as Bacterium kerbicola aureum Duggeli. The other undoubtedly is a representative of the genus Pseudomonas. It is suggested that these species should be considered epiphytic on wheat.
THE EXPRESSION AND INTERACTION OF HEREDITARY FACTORS PRODUCING HYPOTRICHOSIS IN THE MOUSE: HISTOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Authors: Fraser F. Clarke
Published: April 2011

The first visible abnormality in the skins of homozygous rhino mice is a hyperkeratosis of the epidermis and follicle neck wall at the time when active growth of the hair ceases. This is associated with a widening of the hair canal (due to a lateral expansion of the hyperplastic layers of the follicle neck) and a subsequent irregular shortening of the follicle. The cause of hair loss is considered to be the widening of the hair canal and consequent lack of the support supplied by the normally tight-fitting follicle neck when shortening of the follicle raises the base of the hair to a level just below the proximal end of the hair canal. The hyperplastic tendencies of the epidermal derivatives are further expressed by (a) the development of hair canal cysts (utriculi), which leads to an increase in the surface area and a consequent wrinkling of the skin, (b) the formation of sebaceous-gland and follicle-end cysts, which cause the thickening of the epidermis, and (c) overgrowth of the nails.Hairless (hr hr) mice show a similar, but less extreme, tendency towards hyperplasia, and the histological character of the skins of hairless/rhino hybrids is intermediate between that of the rhino and hairless types.Mice of any of these types (hr hr, hrrhhr, hrrhhrrh), which are also heterozygous for the Naked factor, show an exaggeration of both the follicular keratosis and the Naked characteristics. In mice homozygous for the Naked factor the exaggeration is more extreme.Transplantation experiments show that rhino skin adjacent to normal skin behaves non-autonomously, indicating that rhino skin cells are able to utilize but cannot produce some substance necessary for the maintenance of normal stratified squamous epithelium; this substance is produced by normal skin cells but is not present in the blood stream of normal mice.Results of an attempt to discover a relationship between the mode of action of the rhino mutation and the metabolism of vitamin A by feeding rhino mice massive doses of vitamin A were inconclusive.
INHERITANCE OF THE ALLELOMORPHS OF THE Rh GENE IN CANADIANS OF JAPANESE RACE: A STUDY OF 65 FAMILIES
Authors: Chown B. , Okamura Y. , Peterson R. F.
Published: April 2011

The blood of 129 parents and 182 children was tested by the four anti-Rh sera, anti-D, anti-C, anti-E, and anti-c (or anti-Rho, -Rh′, -Rh″, and -Hr′). The data obtained were in agreement with R. A. Fisher's hypothesis of the allelic Rh genes. No exceptions to expected results were found.
THE EFFECT OF WHEAT GERM OIL ANTIOXIDANTS AND NATURAL REDUCING SUBSTANCES ON THE STABILITY OF WHOLE MILK POWDER
Authors: Chapman R. A. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

Storage trials have been conducted on a large number of roller and spray-process whole milk powders. Accelerated tests at 65 °C. were found to give an accurate indication of the relative keeping qualities of the samples. Wheat germ oil antioxidants were found effective in inhibiting deterioration due to copper. Reducing substances that develop in milk powders during storage in a moist atmosphere or at elevated temperatures are strong antioxidants and may offset the effect of added antioxidants. The riboflavin content of several powders with a high concentration of reducing groups decreased appreciably during storage.
THE DIFFUSION LENGTH OF THERMAL NEUTRONS IN HEAVY WATER
Authors: Sargent B. W. , Booker D. V. , Cavanagh P. E. , Hereward H. G. , Niemi N. J.
Published: April 2011

A continuous flux of thermal neutrons was passed into a large cylindrical tank of heavy water that sat on a graphite column containing a source of photoneutrons. The neutron density in the tank was explored with small indium detectors at selected points along two diameters at right angles in each of three horizontal planes and at 10-cm. intervals along the axis of the tank. The transverse measurements were fitted to Fourier–Bessel series in which the amplitudes of the harmonics were relatively small. The effective radius derived from the transverse analysis was the same in the three planes. The relaxation length of the first component was found from the axial measurements. Corrections were applied for the absorption of neutrons in the axial detector tube, enclosed framework, and indium detectors, and in the light hydrogen in the heavy water. The final value of the diffusion length of thermal neutrons in heavy water (100% D2O) is 171 ± 20 cm. Combining this with the known transport mean free path, the capture cross-section is (0.92 ± 0.22) × 10−27 cm.2 per molecule D2O for neutrons of velocity 2200 m. per second.
NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS SHOWING IMPROVED TRACKS OF IONIZING PARTICLES
Authors: Demers Pierre
Published: April 2011

The photographic emulsion method of registering the tracks of ionizing particles suffers from certain disadvantages that are mainly due to the relatively large size of grains forming the tracks and their large spacing. These disadvantages are mostly removed in new emulsions that have been prepared after numerous tests. The tracks of ionizing particles in these emulsions consist of grains of diameter d ~ 0.2 µ, which often form continuous lines.Grain spacing is no longer the main cause of apparent straggling, except below a range of 3 to 4 mm. of air. The standard deviation in determining energy from a single measurement of range is 3.25 to 3.5% for protons of 0.6 to 2.4 Mev., and 1.3 to 1.9% for α-rays of 4 to 8.5 Mev. The latter deviation is one-half to one-quarter that obtained in commercial emulsions. Ease of finding the tracks, especially of protons, is considerably increased. The tracks of fission fragments have a characteristic appearance and are easily found amidst the faint or invisible tracks of α-rays and protons. Slow electron tracks have occasionally been seen.The action of certain sensitizing and desensitizing chemicals is described and discussed in terms of the theory of the photographic process.The grain spacing is related to the diameter of the grain, the concentration of silver bromide in the emulsion, and the average probability of development of the grains touched by the ionizing particle. A quantitative theory is given for the probability of development in terms of the specific energy loss and a sensitivity parameter of the emulsion. The observed variation of the grain spacing with residual range of protons, α-rays, and fission fragments can be approximately explained by the theory.
THE SYNTHESIS OF SOME CARBAZOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Kulka Marshall
Published: April 2011

In attempts to synthesize 10-pyrido(3,4-b)carbazole, a number of new compounds were prepared. These are β-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3-carbazolyl)propionic acid, β-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3-carbazolyl)ethylamine and their intermediates.
APPLICATION DE LA RÉACTION DE MEERWEIN À LA SYNTHÈSE DE DÉRIVÉS DU STILBÈNE ET DU DISTYRYLE
Authors: L'Ecuyer Philibert , Turcotte François
Published: April 2011

not available
HEART ROT OF OAKS CAUSED BY POLYPORUS OBTUSUS
Authors: Riley C. G.
Published: April 2011

Polyporus obtusus Berk, is a heartwood decaying fungus that attacks several American species of broadleaved trees, principally oaks. It has a wide geographical range, but tends to occur in localized concentrations within which it causes great destruction, while elsewhere it is rarely found. On account of its peculiar distribution, P. obtusus is not well known, and the published references to it are comparatively few. A local concentration of this disease, the only one known in Canada, occurs at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, Ont. Here, oak trees from 0.8 to 4.8 in. in diameter were being attacked. The resulting white rot continues to advance into the sapwood, ultimately causing death of the tree. The large, cream-coloured, bracket-like sporophores are borne on the diseased trees in great abundance in some seasons, and are comparatively scarce in others.
THE FESCUE GRASSLAND OF ALBERTA
Authors: Moss E. H. , Campbell J. A.
Published: April 2011

A distinction is drawn between the virgin fescue prairie described as the Festuca scabrella association, and the fescue grassland produced by mowing for hay or by grazing. The virgin or climax association, dominated by Festuca scabrella, is characterized by some 150 species of higher plants. Various of the associated species, notably a few of the grasses, increase greatly in frequency and coverage when the prairie is used as hay meadow or as pasture, while the fescue shows a corresponding decline. Where grazing has been heavy the fescue has virtually disappeared. The fescue association is considered in relation to Stipa, poplar, and other contiguous plant communities. The name 'submontane' for the fescue prairie of Alberta and Saskatchewan is inappropriate. The fescue association is believed to have been associated with the formation of the black soils of Alberta, including the soils of those black and gray-black zones occupied in recent times by wooded vegetation. The bulk of the organic matter in the black soils has apparently derived from a single species of grass, viz. Festuca scabrella. An understanding of climax communities and successional relationships is basic to a proper classification of range land for lease purposes, and to sound long-term administrative policy for this land.
A FORM OF LEPTOSPHAERIA AVENARIA ON WHEAT IN CANADA
Authors: Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

In the late summer of 1942, a Septoria sp. with spores longer than those of Septoria nodorum Berk., and conforming rather closely to those of S. Avenae Frank, was found commonly in the Prairie Provinces of Canada on leaves of wheat and, in one instance, on leaves of barley. It was found again on wheat and more rarely on barley in both Eastern and Western Canada each year from 1943 to 1946. Occasionally, perithecia, attributable to the genus Leptosphaeria, were found on leaves that previously had borne numerous pycnidia of this organism. That the perithecia represented the perfect stage of this Septoria sp. was shown by the development of similar perithecia in many cultures established from pycnidiospores, and by the formation of pycnidia in certain cultures grown from ascospores of perithecia collected on wheat. The perithecia, asci, and ascospores conform closely though not identically with the description of Leptosphaeria avenaria Weber.The organism under discussion differs from S. nodorum not only in the size of its pycnidiospores but also in its inability to cause glume blotch, its longer incubation period, and lack of ability to attack the seedlings of certain wheat varieties susceptible to S. nodorum. It differs from S. Avenae in symptoms, host range, length of incubation period, and cultural characteristics. It differs from both these species by a lower parasitic vigour and a marked tendency to develop on fading leaves and sheaths. Owing to its morphological similarity to L. avenaria it is here described as a forma specialis of that species.
PHYLLODISTOMUM LACHANCEI SP. NOV., A TREMATODE FROM THE URETERS OF SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (MITCHILL), WITH A NOTE ON ITS PATHOGENICITY
Authors: Choquette L. P. E.
Published: April 2011

A new species of trematode (Gorgoderidae), Phyllodistomum lachancei, collected from speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), in Montmorency County, Que., is described. The presence of this parasite in the ureters of the host produces at most only slight pathological changes.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON, SALMO SALAR LINNAEUS, AND THE LAKE SALMON, SALMO SALAR SEBAGO (GIRARD)
Authors: Wilder D. G.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-six body measurements and counts were made on the majority of 381 specimens of lake and Atlantic salmon. Adult lake and Atlantic salmon generally differ in coloration, spotting, and flesh color. Evidence is presented that indicates that these differences are not inherent but result from differences in the environment and diet. In the parr and in the spawning adult stages no consistent differences in body measurements could be demonstrated. Non-spawning adult lake salmon tend to have larger head parts and longer fins than fresh-run Atlantic salmon grilse. These differences are associated with a slower growth rate, maturation at smaller sizes, and a more pronounced retention of the secondary sexual characteristics in the lake salmon. The average counts for certain meristic structures tend to increase with increase in length. When lake and Atlantic salmon of approximately the same size were compared no consistent differences in these meristic characters could be demonstrated. Lake and Atlantic salmon may be inherently different with respect to migratory behavior but the evidence available to date fails to establish such a difference.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ASSAY OF PENICILLIN
Authors: Trussell P. C. , Baird E. A. , Beall D. , Grant Gordon A.
Published: April 2011

Many of the problems concerning penicillin production and research have been found to require reliable assay data within a few hours. For this purpose a three hour turbidimetric assay method was developed, utilizing the increased rate of growth obtained when potassium nitrate was added to a conventional medium. With this rapid method many of the variations of the older 18 hr. incubation procedure, such as autolysis, partial autolysis, and secondary growth effects were avoided. Inhibition occurred during the active growth phase. The method has been checked against standard preparations, and has been shown to give equally reliable results when compared with the cup–plate method of assay.
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE A TOXOIDS
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Pallister E. F. , Smith L. C. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

Highly toxic filtrates of cultures of C. botulinum, Type A, when treated with 0.5% formalin and incubated at 37 °C. for several weeks became non-toxic. These toxoids induced resistance in mice and guinea-pigs to several thousand times the amount of Type A botulinus toxin required to kill a normal animal of the same species.In general, three 1.0 ml. doses of the fluid toxoid protected over 60% of inoculated mice against 100,000 lethal doses of Type A botulinus toxin. Six weeks after receiving a 5.0 ml. dose of fluid toxoid, some 88% of guinea-pigs survived the injection of 160,000 lethal doses of Type A toxins. The antitoxic titres of their sera ranged from < 0.001 to 10 units per ml. Alum precipitation increased the effectiveness of the toxoid as an immunizing agent in mice; two 1.0 ml. doses protected about 80% of mice against 100,000 lethal doses of Type A toxin. In guinea-pigs, the immunity induced by 5.0 ml. of alum-precipitated toxoid was similar to that observed following the injection of 5.0 ml. of the fluid material. No correlation was apparent between the flocculative titre of the culture filtrates before and after formalinization and their antigenicity.
PRECISION OF ASSESSMENT OF PALATABILITY OF FOODSTUFFS BY LABORATORY PANELS: II. SALTINESS OF BACON
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Numerical ratings of the salty taste of freshly cooked portions of 80 pieces of Wiltshire-cured Canadian bacon by each member of a panel of 23 judges are analysed statistically, with results in general qualitative agreement with those previously reported for other palatability tests made in the same laboratory. Single assessments were subject to considerable random variation superimposed upon wide differences between individuals in respect of both tolerance and sensitivity. Nevertheless, a significant element of correlation made possible reproducible results, although it is calculated that to discriminate differences of the order of 5% on the organoleptic scale would have required 35 and 62 judges for intra- and inter-panel comparisons, respectively. The preferred degree of saltiness corresponded to a sodium chloride content of the cooked bacon of about [Formula: see text] in the absence, and of roughly 4% in the presence of [Formula: see text] parts per thousand of sodium nitrate.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXII. THE EFFECT OF AEROBIC CONDITIONS ON THE AEROBACILLUS FERMENTATION
Authors: Rose Dyson
Published: April 2011

In the A. polymyxa fermentation, aerobic as compared to anaerobic conditions resulted in an increased yield of acetoin plus diol and a decreased yield of ethanol. As the fermentation proceeded under anaerobic conditions, there was a decrease in the proportion substrate being used in the formation of acetoin and diol. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in the formation of acetic acid. During fermentation under aerobic conditions, no decrease occurred in the formation of acetoin plus diol.
A HIGH TEMPERATURE CONTROL CIRCUIT
Authors: Lutz Bruce C. , Wood John H.
Published: April 2011

This is an electronic circuit useful in the control of electric air-bath furnaces having a long time lag. The control is accomplished by means of a relay that shunts a portion of the resistance in series with the furnace winding. The thermometric device is a thermocouple connected in series with a mirror-type galvanometer and a variable voltage supplied by a potentiometer. The setting of the potentiometer selects the temperature at which the device will control. A light beam falling on the mirror is reflected to one of two photocells. One photocell closes the shunt by means of the described circuit and increases the current in the furnace. This condition is maintained until the beam moves across the second photocell, when the shunt is again opened. The device will control temperatures over 1000 °C. within a precision of ± 2 °C. over any desired length of time.
HEAT TRANSFER WITH SURFACE BOILING
Authors: Knowles J. W.
Published: April 2011

These experiments were undertaken to investigate the transfer of heat from solid surfaces to flowing water. The bulk temperature of the cooling water was below the boiling point, and the surface temperature of the heat transfer tube went to about 100 °C. above the boiling point. Water velocities ranged up to 10 ft. sec.−1 and heat fluxes up to 720 w. cm.−2. The non-dimensionless heat transfer constant a in the Dittus and Boelter formula (Nu) = a(Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4, which under normal forced convection has a value of 2.30 × 10−2, increased to four times the normal value under the surface boiling conditions. It is shown graphically that the constant a bears a simple relation to the heat flux and the length–diameter ratio for surface temperatures below a certain value. For constant heat flux and volume flow rate, the surface temperature rises with rising bulk liquid temperature until it reaches the certain value of the surface temperature referred to above. The surface temperature then remains constant with further rise in the bulk liquid temperature until conditions become too unstable for measurements.
THE EMISSION OF L RADIATION IN THE DISINTEGRATION OF ThC AND RaD
Authors: Kinsey B. B.
Published: April 2011

The amount of L radiation resulting from the K conversion of γ-radiation emitted in the disintegration of ThB has been measured and found to be in general agreement with the calculations of the preceding paper. This amount, which is determined mainly by the fluorescence yield of the L3 level, confirms the results of Küstner and Arends; selective absorption measurements confirm the calculated value for the ratio of the fluorescence yields of the L2 and L3 levels for the product element (bismuth). The yields of L radiation resulting from the L conversion of the low energy γ-radiation emitted in the disintegrations of ThC and of RaD have been measured and compared. In the first case the yield is too high, and in the second it is too low compared with the calculated values. Selective absorption measurements indicate that the yields of the L1 and L2 levels, taken together, are equal to that of the L3 level. It is shown that the experimental result for ThC can be explained on the assumption that Auger transitions of the type L1 → L2N play some part in the distribution of energy in the spectrum; the result for RaD, which is consistent with the results of Stahel (1935), indicates that the low energy γ-transitions emitted by that element and converting in the L levels are excited in less than 100% of the disintegrations.
THE COMPOSITION OF ALUMINIUM STEARATE
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The composition of aluminium stearate as normally prepared approximates that of the distearate. Extraction over extended periods, using ethyl alcohol, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone as extractants, reduced the proportion of stearic acid to that of a monobasic soap. Excess stearic acid over that represented by the monostearate is adsorbed and removable by solvent extraction. In the presence of moisture, extensive hydrolysis occurs, leading to a large excess of alumina. The results obtained by solvent extraction are corroborated by the indicator titration and electrometric titration experiments. It is concluded that aluminium stearate is monobasic only, and that neither the distearate nor the tristearate exists.
KINETIC STUDIES ON METHYL-BIS-β-CHLOROETHYLAMINE: I. THE HYDROLYSIS OF THE PIPERAZINIUM DIMER
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Thompson A. L. , Hardwick T. J. , Hay A. W.
Published: April 2011

The literature on the chemistry of methyl-bis-β-chloroethylamine is reviewed. The hydrolysis of the dimer is shown to proceed through a unimolecular mechanism whose rate expression is given by k = 1.0 × 1014e−29400/RT hr.−1. Secondary processes of higher activation energy are observed.
CATALYZED NITRATION OF AMINES: VII. A NEW METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF PRIMARY NITRAMINES
Authors: Wright George F , Smart G. N. R.
Published: April 2011

A method has been devised for conversion of alkyldichloramines to the corresponding nitramines. Six examples have been described. The reaction seems to proceed via the chloronitramine. This compound may be converted to the nitramine by hydrolysis with evolution of hypochlorous acid. An intramolecular fission of hydrogen chloride seems in one case to yield, alternatively, the nitrimine. The structures of diisopropylnitramine and di-n-octylnitramine have been confirmed by synthesis from the primary nitramines.
CATALYZED NITRATION OF AMINES: VIII. THE MEDIUM USED IN NITRATION OF SECONDARY ALIPHATIC AMINES
Authors: Connor Thelma , Wright George F , Smart G. N. R.
Published: April 2011

The reaction [Formula: see text] has been found to be reversible in acetic anhydride. Analysis for electropositive chlorine and for nitric acid in this reacting system indicates that consumption of NO3− and production of Cl+ passes through a maximum after which nitric acid is regenerated and electropositive chlorine disappears. This phenomenon has been interpreted as an initial formation of chlorine acetate (or other chlorine ester) which then decomposes to give elemental chlorine. The increased demand for hydrogen chloride then shifts the equilibrium toward regeneration of nitric acid. The reaction has been found to be second order in its kinetics, with an activation energy of about 8000 cal. It is probably not the rate-controlling step in the catalyzed nitration, except perhaps where such nitration is easy and efficient. When nitration is difficult the electropositive chlorine tends to accumulate. When it becomes elemental chlorine, it is ineffective for nitration catalysis and is destructive to the amine. The catalysts acetyl chloride and zinc chloride have been studied. Electropositive chlorine formation occurs at the same rate with acetyl chloride as with hydrogen chloride. Zinc chloride, on the other hand, has been found to generate the maximum amount of electropositive chlorine immediately. This indicates that zinc chloride would be a good catalyst for easily nitrated amines but less efficient for amines which react more slowly, since the chlorine acetate not consumed by chloramination would decompose to give the destructive elemental chlorine. No mono-, di-, or trichloroacetic acids, nor perchloric acid, could be detected in aged reaction systems initially hydrogen chloride – nitric acid – acetic anhydride.
CONVERSION OF XYLOSE TO FURFURAL BY MEANS OF HYDROBROMIC ACID
Authors: Adams G. A. , Castagne A. E.
Published: April 2011

Simple distillation with hydrobromic acid converted xylose to furfural in approximately 93% yield. Addition of sodium bromide to hydrobromic acid increased the rate of formation of furfural but did not increase the final yield. Twenty-three per cent hydrobromic acid was slightly more destructive towards furfural than 12% hydrochloric acid. Approximately 23% hydrobromic acid was found to be the best concentration for pentose determination; higher concentrations gave lower yields of furfural while lower concentrations gave slightly higher yields but required greatly extended periods of distillation. For determination of pentoses and pentosans, hydrobromic acid has no advantage over hydrochloric acid now in general use.
THE SYNTHESIS OF D,L-α-AMINO-ε-HYDROXYCAPROIC ACID AND A NEW SYNTHESIS OF D,L-LYSINE
Authors: Gaudry Roger
Published: April 2011

δ-Hydroxyvaleraldehyde, obtained by acid hydrolysis of dihydropyran, is a convenient starting material for the synthesis of D,L-lysine. Application to the aldehyde of the Bucherer modification of the Strecker synthesis for α-amino acids yields 5-δ-hydroxybutylhydantoin which is hydrolyzed into D,L-α-amino-ε-hydroxycaproic acid. D,L-Lysine is obtained from 5-δ-hydroxybutylhydantoin by bromination with hydrobromic acid into 5-δ-bromobutylhydantoin, amination of the bromo compound with ammonia, and hydrolysis of the hydantoin ring into D,L-lysine, readily isolated as the dipicrate.
THE SYNTHESIS OF POSSIBLE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF MORPHINE AND METATHEBAINONE. IV.
Authors: Holmes H. L. , Stoik J. L.
Published: April 2011

The observation of Holmes and Mann that bromine is eliminated during the condensation of amyl and ethyl formate with ethyl γ-(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-butyrate, when sodium ethylate is the condensing agent, has led to the substitution of chlorine for bromine in the above product in the hope that it might withstand the conditions of the reaction. These expectations were not realized and the required dienophile (5-chloro-7,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthoic acid) was not available by this method for combination with 2-ethoxybutadiene-1,3 as a route to possible degradation products of metathebainone. The 5-chloro-7,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1-naphthoic acid has been prepared and the methyl ester added to 2-ethoxybutadiene. The enol ethyl ether of the resulting adduct was readily hydrolyzed in dilute mineral acid and the keto-ester characterized as its oxime and dinitrophenylhydrazone.
SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS FROM SUBSTITUTED CYANOACETIC ESTERS
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L.
Published: April 2011

Nine α-amino acids, namely, dl-alanine, dl-α-aminobutyric acid, dl-α-ammoenanthic acid, dl-α-amino-γ-phenoxybutyric acid, dl-C-phenylglycine, dl-proline, dl-ornithine, dl-lysine and 2-aminoindane-2-carboxylic acid have been prepared from α-substituted cyanoacetic esters. Pyrrolidine or piperidine was isolated when it was attempted to prepare ornithine or lysine by hydrolysis of diurethanes with hydrochloric acid. When a mixture of formic and hydrochloric acids and water was used as hydrolyzing agent, ornithine or lysine was obtained in low yield in addition to traces of pyrrolidine or piperidine. The following compounds, as far as the authors are aware, have been prepared for the first time: α-cyanopropionhydrazide, benzal α-cyanopropionhydrazide, α-cyanopropionic azide, α-carbethoxyaminopropiononitrile, α-cyanobutyrhydrazide, benzal α-cyanobutyrhydrazide, α-cyanobutyric azide, α-carbethoxyaminobutyronitrile, ethyl α-cyanoenanthate, α-cyanoenanthic hydrazide, benzal α-cyanoenanthic hydrazide, α-cyanoenanthic azide, α-carbethoxyaminoenanthonitrile, 5-(n-amyl)-hydantoin, ethyl α-cyano-γ-phenoxybutyrate, ethyl bis-β-phenoxyethylmalonate mononitrile, α-cyano-γ-phenoxybutyrhydrazide, benzal α-cyano-γ-phenoxybutyrhydrazide, α-cyano-γ-phenoxybutyric azide, α-carbethoxyamino-γ-phenoxybutyronitrile, 5-(β-phenoxyethyl)-hydantoin, α-cyano-α-phenylacethydrazide, benzal α-cyano-α-phenylacethydrazide, α-cyano-α-phenylacetic azide, ethyl δ-bromo-α-cyanovalerate, δ-bromo-α-cyanovalerhydrazide, benzal δ-bromo-α-cyanovalerhydrazide, δ-bromo-α-cyanovaleric azide, δ-bromo-α-carbethoxyaminovaleronitrile, dibenzal α-cyanoadipic dihydrazide, α-cyanoadipic diazide, α,δ-dicarbethoxyaminoadiponitrile, dibenzal α-cyanopimelic dihydrazide, α-cyanopimelic diazide, α, ε-dicarbethoxyaminocapronitrile, 2-cyano-2-carbethoxyindane, 2-cyano-2-carboxylindane hydrazide, benzal 2-cyano-2-carboxylindane hydrazide, 2-cyano-2-carboxylindane azide, 2-cyano-2-carbethoxyaminoindane, 2-aminoindane-2-carboxylic acid, 2-aminoindane-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride.
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH ENERGY RADIATIONS ON WATER AND AQUEOUS SYSTEMS
Authors: Krenz F. H.
Published: April 2011

Radiation chemistry is a study of the chemical effects produced by the high energy particles and quanta usually associated with nuclear mutations. When water absorbs this kind of radiation, it is decomposed into hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide. The primary act of absorption is thought to result in the production of hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals which then react to give the decomposition products. In dilute aqueous solutions the effects of radiation can generally be explained from a consideration of the probable effects of hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals on the solute. This is true when the solute consists of biologically active material. Since biological systems consist largely of water, the "indirect effect" that radiation has upon them through the medium of atoms and radicals produced in the water is very important. In this laboratory an attempt is being made to gain information about the "indirect effect" by investigating the properties of irradiated water. Evidence has been obtained for the production of long lived activity in irradiated water which may be attributed to vibrationally excited "polymers" of water. The extraordinary efficiency of the indirect effect" of radiation is possibly related to properties of these excited polymers.
STUDIES IN THE POLYOXYPHENOL SERIES: III. SYNTHESES OF SUBSTITUTED PHENYLUREAS FROM METHYLATED AND ETHYLATED VANILLIN
Authors: Gardner J. A. F. , Moir R. Y. , Purves C. B.
Published: April 2011

The object of the work was to prepare alkoxylated derivatives of sym-diethyldiphenylurea from methylated and ethylated vanillin. Standard procedures for converting methylated vanillin to 3,4-dimethoxyaniline were extended to the syntheses of the known 3-methoxy-4-ethoxyaniline. The following derivatives of 3,4-dimethoxyaniline are believed to be new: the formanilide, m.p. 91 °C.; sulphonamide, m.p. 132 °C.; N-ethylsulphonamide, m.p. 94 °C.; N-ethylacetanilide, m.p. 62 °C.; and the N-ethylaniline, an uncrystallized oil. Condensations of the last with phosgene yielded the N-ethylcarbamyl chloride, m.p. 86 °C.; N-ethyl-NN'-NN′-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-urea, m.p. 159 °C.; and the corresponding sym-N,N′-diethyl derivative, m.p. 79 °C. N,N′-di-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-urea, m.p. 214 °C., was synthesized by a method that removed previous doubt about its structure. The derivatives of 3-methoxy-4-ethoxyaniline believed to be new are: the hydrochloride, m.p. 221 °C.; the formanilide, m.p. 103 °C.; the N-ethylformanilide, m.p. 80 °C.; and the N-ethylaniline, m.p. 43 °C. Condensations of the last with phosgene gave the N-ethylcarbamyl chloride, m.p. 85 °C.; N-ethyl-N,N′-di-(3-methoxy-4-ethoxyphenyl)-urea, m.p. 127 °C. and the corresponding N,N′-diethyl derivative, m.p. 51 °C. A condensation of 3-methoxy-4-ethoxyaniline with urea resulted in the corresponding monosubstituted urea, m.p. 177 °C.; and N,N′-disubstituted urea, m.p. 209 °C. Yields were uniformly higher than those obtained in the 3,4-dimethoxy series.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THIAMINE AND RIBOFLAVIN IN WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY AT SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF PLANT GROWTH
Authors: Robinson Allen D. , Lynd L. E. , Miles Barbara J.
Published: April 2011

Renown wheat, OAC 21 barley, and Vanguard oats were grown in test plots, and the plants and their parts analyzed at approximately weekly intervals for thiamine and riboflavin. In wheat and barley, thiamine increased till after heading, translocation of it to the kernel continuing till the time of ripening. The thiamine content of the oat plant and its kernels continued to increase to the 'dead ripe' stage. When ripe, from 80 to 90% of the total thiamine in the tiller was located in the kernels, with the rest in the stem and, in barley, in the glumes and rachis. Negligible amounts were found in the leaves of all three varieties and in the glumes and rachis of wheat and oats. The riboflavin content of wheat decreased continuously till the plant ripened, when it became constant. The amount in the kernels was also constant at this stage. There were initial increases in both barley and oats, after which the amounts decreased till the grains were ripe. Barley kernels showed a constant riboflavin content from just before this stage. The riboflavin content of oat kernels continued to rise even after the grain was ripe. Less than half of the riboflavin of the ripened plants was found in the kernels. The stem contained nearly as much—in the case of wheat, more—while appreciable amounts occurred in the leaves.
THE MINERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PYOCYANIN PRODUCTION
Authors: Burton Margaret O. , Campbell Jack J. R. , Eagles Blythe A.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the salt requirements for pyocyanin production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been carried out, and the mineral balance for maximum pyocyanin production determined. By employing a medium containing the required salt balance, it has been possible to obtain a fourfold increase in pyocyanin production over that obtained on other media usually employed for that purpose.The ions, Mg, SO4, K, PO4, and Fe have been found essential to the formation of the pigment. Optimum production of pyocyanin was obtained by the use of 0.04% dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 2.0% magnesium sulphate septahydrate, and 0.001% ferrous sulphate septahydrate in a medium containing glycerol, glycine, and leucine. In the presence of minimum amounts of Mg and SO4, maximum pyocyanin production can be obtained by the addition of increased amounts of either Mg or SO4.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF LEAF RUST ON THE YIELD, GRADE, AND QUALITY OF WHEAT
Authors: Peturson B. , Newton Margaret , Whiteside A. G. O.
Published: April 2011

Experiments were carried out at Winnipeg in 1944, 1945, and 1946 to ascertain the effects of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) on the yield, grade, and quality of wheat. Infection in the rusted plots ranged from 22% on some varieties to 87% on others. In these tests, reductions of as much as 26% in yield of straw 40% in yield of seed, 27% in kernel weight, and 3.5 lb. in bushel weight were caused by infections ranging from 78% to 87%. Lighter infection caused smaller but important reductions. Heavy infection generally reduced grades by one commercial grade while light to moderate infection caused no grade reduction. With but one exception, leaf rust decreased the percentage protein content of the seed, although in the majority of cases it increased baking strength as measured by loaf volume. The carotinoid content of the seed was invariably increased by leaf-rust infection.
STUDIES OF CANADIAN THELEPHORACEAE: I. SOME NEW SPECIES OF PENIOPHORA
Authors: Jackson H. S.
Published: April 2011

In connection with a general taxonomic study of the resupinate Thelephoraceae of Canada, a number of forms have been encountered that appear to be undescribed. In this contribution nine such forms falling in the genus Peniophora are described and illustrated as probable new species.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF RHIZOBIA IN HUMUS AND SOIL CULTURES
Authors: Hedlin R. A. , Newton J. D.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the growth of rhizobia outside the host plant in three high humus mixtures and a mineral soil. Rhizobia grew better in pure cultures than in an unsterile base. Incubation in Erlenmeyer flasks gave, as a rule, higher counts than in paper cartons. Addition of a mixture of sucrose, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, dipotassium phosphate, and magnesium sulphate led to increased numbers of rhizobia in pure culture in all bases used, and produced increased numbers in the unsterilized mineral soil also. Addition of this mixture to the unsterile high humus bases increased the total numbers of bacteria, but not the number of rhizobia. When the bases were sterilized, the highest counts of rhizobia were obtained in the high humus bases. When sterilization was not carried out, the greatest numbers of rhizobia occurred in the mineral soil. In tightly stoppered flasks that did not permit aeration, the rhizobia appeared to die out completely when stored for more than a few days, whereas in loosely stoppered flasks the counts remained at a high level until the base became desiccated.