bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cycling in the heat: performance perspectives and cerebral challenges
Authors: Nybo L.
Published: October 2010

Cycling performances require periods with high power output and consequently large endogenous heat production. During cycling in temperate or cold climates, heat is mainly released from the skin to the surroundings via convection, whereas evaporative heat loss becomes the dominant or only mechanism for heat dissipation when the environmental temperature increases. Accordingly, large sweat rates are required, which may challenge the cyclists' electrolyte and water balance. Furthermore, the cooling capacity of the environment may become a limiting factor for the ability to maintain heat balance, for example during cycling in very humid climates or when cycling up‐hill as the wind speed decreases and reduces the maximal rate of evaporative heat loss. Hyperthermia may in itself hamper performance, but especially in combination with dehydration it may deteriorate the cyclist's ability to maintain power output. Fatigue mechanisms involve cardiovascular stressing, but it also appears that factors within the central nervous system are of major importance for motor performance during such exercise. However, the influence of the environmental temperature on cycling performance appears to vary markedly depending on the course, the air humidity and the cyclist ability to avoid dehydration. If hyperthermia becomes a major issue, it will deteriorate performance, but as long as temperature and water balance can be established, the high air temperature may actually benefit performance because air density and air resistance will decrease and lower the power output required to maintain a given velocity.
Orthodontic Treatment of a Congenitally Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisor
Authors: PARK JAE HYUN , OKADAKAGE SAKIKO , SATO YASUMORI , AKAMATSU YUTAKA , TAI KIYOSHI
Published: October 2010

Clinicians agree that, regardless of gender or race, tooth agenesis has become more prominent in recent societies. The congenital absence of one or more maxillary lateral incisors poses a challenge to effective treatment planning for the restorative dentist. However, the one‐sided orthodontic approach of just moving canines mesially to eliminate restorative procedures leads to compromise. Adult patients presenting with malocclusions, missing lateral incisors, or anterior crowding but who fail to get proper orthodontic treatment, requesting instead esthetic solutions that do not establish a stable occlusion, proper alignment, and proper axial inclination of the teeth will have compromised esthetic and periodontal results. An evaluation of anterior smile esthetics must include both static and dynamic evaluations of frontal and profile views to optimize both dental and facial appearance. This article presents how orthodontics is combined with other specialties in treating a congenitally missing lateral incisor. One case is used to illustrate how orthodontic treatment is progressed in collaboration with other specialists.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Patients with missing teeth, crowding, midline deviation, unesthetic gingival contours, or other restorative needs may require the interaction between various specialists. For the successful treatment of orthodontic‐restorative patients, an interdisciplinary team effort is vital.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:297–313, 2010)
Effect of Artificial Aging on the Roughness and Microhardness of Sealed Composites
Authors: CATELAN ANDERSON , BRISO ANDRÉ L.F. , SUNDFELD RENATO H. , DOS SANTOS PAULO H.
Published: October 2010

Statement of the Problem:  The application of surface sealant could improve the surface quality and success of composite restorations; however, it is important to assess the behavior of this material when subjected to aging procedures.

Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of artificial aging on the surface roughness and microhardness of sealed microhybrids and nanofilled composites.

Materials and Methods:  One hundred disc‐shaped specimens were made for each composite. After 24 hours, all samples were polished and surface sealant was applied to 50 specimens of each composite. Surface roughness (Ra) was determined with a profilometer and Knoop microhardness was assessed with a 50‐g load for 15 seconds. Ten specimens of each group were aged during 252 hours in a UV‐accelerated aging chamber or immersed for 28 days in cola soft drink, orange juice, red wine staining solutions, or distilled water. Data were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance and Fischer's test (α = 0.05).

Results:  Artificial aging decreased microhardness values for all materials, with the exceptions of Vit‐l‐escence (Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan UT, USA) and Supreme XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) sealed composites; surface roughness values were not altered. Water storage had less effect on microhardness, compared with the other aging processes. The sealed materials presented lower roughness and microhardness values, when compared with unsealed composites.

Conclusions:  Aging methods decreased the microhardness values of a number of composites, with the exception of some sealed composites, but did not alter the surface roughness of the materials.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The long‐term maintenance of the surface quality of materials is fundamental to improving the longevity of esthetic restorations. In this manner, the use of surface sealants could be an important step in the restorative procedure using resin‐based materials.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:324–331, 2010)
Transitions in Nabokov Studies
Authors: Norman Will
Published: October 2010

This article maps recent transitions in Nabokov Studies and places them in the context of the history of the field as it has developed since the 1960s. While many critics have allowed Nabokov’s own injunctions and ‘strong opinions’ to establish the parameters of their research, various scholars over the last decade have shown a willingness to transgress the rules of Nabokovian reading. From historicist approaches to Lolita as a holocaust novel, to controversial questions concerning ethics and ideology, I survey some of the best work on the author and suggest ways in which Nabokov Studies might develop in the future. In the past, many of the most radical readings of Nabokov have focused on Lolita, but the posthumous publication of The Original of Laura now invites renewed focus on the late fiction, while there remains the necessity of exploring Nabokov’s place within the contexts of modernism and of world literature.
The Victorian Diary: Between the Public and the Private
Authors: Millim Anne‐Marie
Published: October 2010

By presenting a range of diaristic texts composed by canonical Victorian writers, this article illustrates the variety of forms that Victorian diaries take and shows the ways in which these documents can adopt the status of a public and a private text simultaneously. It explains the repercussions of the critical assessments of the diary genre by New Criticism and feminism, which have privileged aesthetically meritorious diaries and those of women, respectively, for the field of Victorian diary criticism. It argues that the more inclusive approach of Philippe Lejeune represents a useful alternative to interpretative strategies that are exclusively preoccupied with the literary form of a diary or the gender of its author. Many diary scholars have been influenced by Lejeune’s work because it highlights the heteroglossic diversity that is characteristic of Victorian diaries, which, in turn, allows for a clearer understanding of the subjective experience of Victorian individuals and the ways in which they negotiated their value within the cultural context of the nineteenth century.
Reviving ‘the Cavalier Poets’: Coterie Verse and the Form of the Poetic Anthology
Authors: McDowell Nicholas
Published: October 2010

In this essay I introduce the impressive literary circle which formed under the patronage of the young gentleman and poet Thomas Stanley in the Inns of Court in the mid‐1640s, in the aftermath of royalist defeat in the first civil war, and suggest that a reconstruction of the activities of this coterie can help us to define a new social context for Cavalier poetry. I contend that the culture of poetic experimentation and competitiveness in the Stanley circle was a material condition for the exceptional lyric productivity and publishing activity in the late 1640s of several of those who have become known to posterity as the ‘Cavalier Poets’, especially Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace, Alexander Brome, and James Shirley. Recognition of the intimately connected lyric output of the Stanley coterie, which is focused on translation and imitation of classical, neo‐Latin, and continental lyric, might help us to revive the study of ‘Cavalier’ poetry by identifying it with the efforts of Stanley and his friends to expand English lyric capability at a time when the future of English letters looked to them to be under threat. This insight into coterie poetics might also encourage us to rethink how we put together an anthology of early modern verse.
Reading Early Modern Literature Historically
Authors: Southcombe George
Published: October 2010

Recently the interrelationship between early modern literature and history has been much considered, but the dialogue between the disciplines of English and History has not always been harmonious. Disputes have been fuelled in part by the divisive nature of some of the work that has been carried out in a literary‐historical vein. In particular, New Historicist approaches, which might be criticised on methodological and conceptual grounds, have caused alarm among scholars from both departments. However, there are reasons to think that historians and literary critics might be able to enjoy better relations. First, the criticisms that may be levelled at New Historicism do not apply to the work of a number of scholars who, from the 1980s on, have sought to locate literature in precise historical contexts. Secondly, both sides might view positively the fact that new texts and contexts are being examined: radical writing is being recovered; the use of gender as a key category of analysis has led to a reconfiguring of the texts which are routinely studied; literature is being discussed within ever widening geographical contexts (British, European, global); and debate over the early modern ‘public sphere’ has led to a broadening of the political and social contexts in which literature is situated. Finally, those literary critics who remain suspicious of historicisation actually have little to fear: the text, and close analysis of it, remains at the heart of any effective literary‐historical work.
Sexual Behaviors, Relationships, and Perceived Health Among Adult Men in the United States: Results from a National Probability Sample
Authors: Reece Michael , Herbenick Debby , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dodge Brian , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: October 2010

Introduction

To provide a foundation for those who provide sexual health services and programs to men in the United States, the need for population-based data that describes men’s sexual behaviors and their correlates remains.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to, in a national probability survey of men ages 18–94 years, assess the occurrence and frequency of sexual behaviors and their associations with relationship status and health status.

Methods

A national probability sample of 2,522 men aged 18 to 94 completed a cross-sectional survey about their sexual behaviors, relationship status, and health.

Main Outcome Measures

Relationship status; health status; experience of solo masturbation, partnered masturbation, giving oral sex, receiving oral sex, vaginal intercourse and anal intercourse, in the past 90 days; frequency of solo masturbation, vaginal intercourse and anal intercourse in the past year.

Results

Masturbation, oral intercourse, and vaginal intercourse are prevalent among men throughout most of their adult life, with both occurrence and frequency varying with age and as functions of relationship type and physical health status. Masturbation is prevalent and frequent across various stages of life and for both those with and without a relational partner, with fewer men with fair to poor health reporting recent masturbation. Patterns of giving oral sex to a female partner were similar to those for receiving oral sex. Vaginal intercourse in the past 90 days was more prevalent among men in their late 20s and 30s than in the other age groups, although being reported by approximately 50% of men in the sixth and seventh decades of life. Anal intercourse and sexual interactions with other men were less common than all other sexual behaviors.

Conclusion

Contemporary men in the United States engage in diverse solo and partnered sexual activities; however, sexual behavior is less common and more infrequent among older age cohorts.
Sexual Behaviors, Relationships, and Perceived Health Status Among Adult Women in the United States: Results from a National Probability Sample
Authors: Herbenick Debby , Reece Michael , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dodge Brian , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Past surveys of sexual behavior have demonstrated that female sexual behavior is influenced by medical and sociocultural changes. To be most attentive to women and their sexual lives, it is important to have an understanding of the continually evolving sexual behaviors of contemporary women in the United States.

Aims

The purpose of this study, the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB), was to, in a national probability survey of women ages 18–92, assess the proportion of women in various age cohorts who had engaged in solo and partnered sexual activities in the past 90 days and to explore associations with participants’ sexual behavior and their relationship and perceived health status. Past year frequencies of masturbation, vaginal intercourse, and anal intercourse were also assessed.

Methods

A national probability sample of 2,523 women ages 18 to 92 completed a cross-sectional internet based survey about their sexual behavior.

Main Outcome Measures

Relationship status; perceived health status; experience of solo masturbation, partnered masturbation, giving oral sex, receiving oral sex, vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, in the past 90 days; frequency of solo masturbation, vaginal intercourse, and anal intercourse in the past year.

Results

Recent solo masturbation, oral sex, and vaginal intercourse were prevalent among women, decreased with age, and varied in their associations with relationship and perceived health status. Recent anal sex and same-sex oral sex were uncommonly reported. Solo masturbation was most frequent among women ages 18 to 39, vaginal intercourse was most frequent among women ages 18 to 29 and anal sex was infrequently reported.

Conclusion

Contemporary women in the United States engage in a diverse range of solo and partnered sexual activities, though sexual behavior is less common and more infrequent among older age cohorts.
Condom Use During Most Recent Vaginal Intercourse Event Among a Probability Sample of Adults in the United States
Authors: Sanders Stephanie A. , Reece Michael , Herbenick Debby , Schick Vanessa , Dodge Brian , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Correct and consistent condom use remains the most effective way to reduce sexually transmissible infection/HIV transmission during sex and is a highly effective contraceptive method. Understanding correlates of condom use is vital to public health programs.

Aim

To explore sociodemographic, event characteristics, and experiential correlates of condom use at last penile–vaginal intercourse (PVI).

Methods

Survey data were collected from a nationally representative probability sample of adults in the United States as part of the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior.

Main Outcome Measures

Condom use/non-use at most recent PVI was the main outcome. Logistic regression analyses predicted condom use from sociodemographic variables (i.e., age, education, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, health status, type of relationship with sexual partner) and event characteristics (i.e., location of sexual encounter, prior intercourse experience with partner, whether partner had other sex partners in the 6 months prior to sex with the participant; other contraceptive use, alcohol use, marijuana use, and for men, erection medication use). Logistic regression analyses examined evaluations of the sexual aspects of the experience (pleasure, arousal, erection/lubrication difficulty, participant orgasm, partner orgasm) in light of condom use.

Results

Condom-protected PVI was significantly greater among younger people, blacks and Hispanics, and those having PVI with a nonrelationship partner. Statistically adjusting for these differences, condom use was significantly associated with fewer previous intercourse experiences with the partner and not using other forms of contraception. The sexual aspects of experience were evaluated similarly regardless of whether or not a condom was used.

Conclusion

Public health programs among youths and minorities may underlie higher condom use rates among these groups. Condom use may be further improved by continuing such programs and also expanding outreach to older persons and whites, suggesting prolonging use as relationships develop, and highlighting that condom use does not necessarily interfere with the sexual experience.
Sexual Health Among U.S. Black and Hispanic Men and Women: A Nationally Representative Study
Authors: Dodge Brian , Reece Michael , Herbenick Debby , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Little is known about the prevalence of sexual behaviors among the black and Hispanic populations in the United States outside the context of sexual risk and disease transmission in “high-risk” samples.

Aim

This study sought to establish current rates of sexual behaviors, sexual health care practices (i.e., experiences with testing and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections [STIs]), and condom use in a probability sample of black and Hispanic adult men and women in the United States.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual behaviors including solo masturbation, partnered masturbation, receiving oral sex and giving oral sex, vaginal intercourse, and anal intercourse were assessed. Self-reported rates of HIV and other STI testing, and self-reported history of STI diagnosis were examined. Also assessed were rates of condom use during most recent and past 10 vaginal intercourse events.

Methods

Data from a probability sample of 1246 black and Hispanic adults were analyzed to explore sexual behaviors, condom use, and STI testing and diagnosis trends.

Results

Masturbation, oral sex, and vaginal intercourse were prevalent among black and Hispanic men and women throughout the life course. Anal intercourse and same-gender sexual activities were less common. Self-reported rates of HIV testing were relatively high but varied by gender across age groups. Similarly, rates of testing for other STI were high and differed by gender across age groups. Overall rates of condom use among black and Hispanic men and women were relatively high and did not appear to be related to a variety of situational factors including location of sexual encounter, relationship status, other contraceptive use, and substance use during sexual activity.

Conclusion

These data provide a foundation for understanding diverse sexual behaviors, sexual health-care practices, and condom use among the general population of black and Hispanic men and women in the United States.
Mental- and Physical-Health Indicators and Sexually Explicit Media Use Behavior by Adults
Authors: Weaver James B. , Weaver Stephanie Sargent , Mays Darren , Hopkins Gary L. , Kannenberg Wendi , McBride Duane
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Converging evidence from culturally diverse contexts indicates that sexually explicit media use behavior (SEMB; i.e., pornography consumption) is associated with risky sexual health perceptions and behaviors, many that involve high risks of HIV/STD transmission.

Aim

Essentially unexplored, and the focus here, are potential relationships between SEMB and nonsexual mental- and physical-health indicators.

Main Outcome Measures

Variability in six continuously measured health indicators (depressive symptoms, mental- and physical-health diminished days, health status, quality of life, and body mass index) was examined across two levels (users, nonusers) of SEMB.

Methods

A sample of 559 Seattle–Tacoma Internet-using adults was surveyed in 2006. Multivariate general linear models parameterized in a SEMB by respondent gender (2 × 2) factorial design were computed incorporating adjustments for several demographics.

Results

SEMB was reported by 36.7% (n = 205) of the sample. Most SEMB users (78%) were men. After adjusting for demographics, SEMB users, compared to nonusers, reported greater depressive symptoms, poorer quality of life, more mental- and physical-health diminished days, and lower health status.

Conclusions

The findings show that mental- and physical-health indicators vary significantly across SEMB, suggesting the value of incorporating these factors in future research and programmatic endeavors. In particular, the findings suggest that evidence-based sexual health promotion strategies simultaneously addressing individuals’ SEMB and their mental health needs might be a useful approach to improve mental health and address preventable sexual health outcomes associated with SEMB.
Tenderness as Measured by Pressure Pain Thresholds Extends Beyond the Pelvis in Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in Men
Authors: Davis Seth N.P. , Maykut Caroline A. , Binik Yitzchak M. , Amsel Rhonda , Carrier Serge
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (UCPPS) in men is a common complaint, and causes significant impairment in quality of life. Until recently, the focus of research has primarily been on pain symptoms or underlying prostate pathology. However, new clinical phenotyping demonstrates pelvic tenderness to be an important component of UCPPS. Unfortunately, mechanisms underlying tenderness remain to be understood, and tenderness itself has not been well quantified.

Aim

To validate the use of pressure pain thresholds as a method of measuring tenderness in UCPPS and to demonstrate that tenderness extends beyond the pelvis.

Methods

Fifty-five men diagnosed with UCPPS and 46 healthy controls were recruited through referrals and advertisements. Each participant filled out questionnaires and was assessed by a structured interview. In addition, all UCPPS men underwent urological assessment.

Main Outcome Measures

Demographic information was collected as well as the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Using a digital algometer, pressure pain thresholds on 10 genito-pelvic and one control site (deltoid) were measured. The four-glass test was used for all UCPPS men.

Results

UCPPS men had reliably lower pain thresholds compared to controls in all locations, including the deltoid. UCPPS men also demonstrated consistently lower overall pain thresholds regardless of location. Furthermore, pressure pain thresholds were able to correctly distinguish patients from controls 77% of the time. Prostate infection did not influence pain thresholds.

Conclusions

Lower pelvic and nonpelvic thresholds suggest the involvement of a central mechanism in UCPPS. Overall, the data confirm the move away from a prostate-based view of UCPPS. This is supported by the failure to find threshold differences related to prostate infection. Pressure pain thresholds appear to be a promising method of assessing tenderness in UCPPS.
Contraceptive Use Among Low-Income Urban Married Women in India
Authors: Kumar Manisha , Meena Jyoti , Sharma Sumedha , Poddar Anju , Dhalliwal Vikas , Modi-Satish Chander Modi S.C. , Singh Kamlesh
Published: October 2010

Introduction

The reports of a rise in contraceptive practices have not been matched by a similar decrease in population, so there is a need to look into the causes of this discrepancy.

Aim

To obtain information from low-income urban married women regarding their contraceptive knowledge, practices, and utilization of the services.

Main Outcome Measure

Percentage of low-income urban married women using contraception, different types of contraception used, influence of education on choice of contraception.

Methods

All nonpregnant married women between the ages of 18 and 45 years, belonging to low-income groups were selected for study. Statistical analysis was done using EPI Info ver-5.0. Chi square test was used to test the significance of data.

Results

Contraceptive use among these women was 52%; the most common method was tubal ligation. Educated women used spacing methods more often than uneducated women. Women had adequate awareness regarding type of contraceptives available but had no idea about the timing of starting contraception after delivery and about emergency contraception.

Conclusion

The low-income urban population is aware of the importance of limiting the family size and has family planning facilities yet has less contraceptive usage because of low level of education, increased rate of discontinuation, and lack of proper knowledge of the use of contraception.
Focusing “Hot” or Focusing “Cool”: Attentional Mechanisms in Sexual Arousal in Men and Women
Authors: Both Stephanie , Laan Ellen , Everaerd Walter
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Knowledge about the regulation of sexual emotion may add to the understanding of sexual problems such as diminished sexual desire and hypersexuality.

Aim

To investigate the regulation of sexual arousal by means of attentional focus in healthy sexually functional men and women.

Method

Using a habituation design with attentional strategies, it was investigated whether a focus on hot, emotional information of sexual stimuli would sustain or amplify sexual responses, whereas a focus on cool, cognitive information would weaken sexual responses.

Main Outcome Measures

Genital response (in women measured by vaginal photoplethysmography assessing vaginal pulse amplitude, and in men measured by mechanical penile strain gauge assessing penile circumference) and subjective report of sexual arousal and absorption.

Results

Attenuation of sexual feelings by attentional focus was observed, with stronger sexual feelings under the hot focus condition than under the cool focus condition. Also, sexual feelings diminished during repeated erotic stimulation, and increased with the introduction of novel stimulation, indicating habituation and novelty effects. Contrary to the expectations, the hot attentional focus did not preclude habituation of sexual arousal.

Conclusions

Attentional focus has substantial regulatory effects on subjective sexual arousal. Taking a participant and emotion-oriented focus rather than a spectator and stimulus-oriented focus while viewing erotic stimuli, enhances feelings of sexual arousal. Implications for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire, sexual arousal disorder, and hypersexuality are discussed, as well as future directions for studying regulation of sexual emotion.
In Vitro and in Vivo Animal Models in Priapism Research
Authors: Dong Qiang , Deng Shi , Wang Run , Yuan Jiuhong
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Priapism is an enigmatic yet devastating clinical phenomenon. In the last two decades, the use of various animal models to study this disorder has dramatically advanced our understanding of this mysterious disorder.

Aim

This report reviews various animal models used to study ischemic priapism and informs basic science researchers the broad view of priapism research.

Methods

Retrospective review of pertinent literature from the last two decades via PubMed search using the keywords “ischemic priapism” and “priapism model.”

Main Outcome Measures

Findings on the animal models used in ischemic priapism research and its advantages and limitations.

Results

In vitro and in vivo animal models varying from dogs, cats, rabbits, rats to mice were used in priapism research. In vitro models included: (i) corpora cavernosa smooth muscle (CCSM) strip in organ bath; (ii) corporal tissue binding assay; (iii) CCSM cell culture under hypoxia/anoxia. In vivo models could be categorized as: (i) pharmacologically induced by corpus cavernosum medicine injection; (ii) ventilation induced by tidal volume control; (iii) mechanical induced by a constrictor band placed around the base of the penis combined with induced erection; (iv) genetic engineered by intracorporal gene transfer, transgenic, or gene knock-out.

Conclusions

The ischemic priapism animal models are shifting from pharmaceutically or mechanically induced to genetically engineered. The knowledge generated by those models is enhancing our understanding and management of this clinical challenge.
A decelerating jet observed by the EVN and VLBA in the X-ray transient XTE J1752−223
Authors: Yang J. , Brocksopp C. , Corbel S. , Paragi Z. , Tzioumis T. , Fender R. P.
Published: October 2010

The recently discovered Galactic X-ray transient XTE J1752−223 entered its first known outburst in 2010, emitting from the X-ray to the radio regimes. Its general X-ray properties were consistent with those of a black hole candidate in various spectral states, when ejection of jet components is expected. To verify this, we carried out very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations. The measurements were carried out with the European VLBI Network (EVN) and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at four epochs in 2010 February. The images at the first three epochs show a moving jet component that is significantly decelerated by the last epoch, when a new jet component appears that is likely to be associated with the receding jet side. The overall picture is consistent with an initially mildly relativistic jet, interacting with the interstellar medium or with swept-up material along the jet. The brightening of the receding ejecta at the final epoch can be well explained by initial Doppler deboosting of the emission in the decelerating jet.
Gas response in chaotic bars
Authors: Patsis P. A. , Kalapotharakos C. , Grosbøl P.
Published: October 2010

We report the presence of typical straight ‘dust lane shocks’ in the gas response of a barred galaxy model, that lacks, to a large extent, in its stellar component the backbone of stable x1 periodic orbits. The stellar response of this model is characterized by an ansae-type bar, supported mainly by chaotic orbits. We follow the gas response by means of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The shocks along almost straight line segments inside the bar region,are formed as a result of a flow according to which gas is streaming from both sides of the ‘dust lanes’. The gas then flows towards the galactic centre along them. Our simulations describe an alternative flow pattern (to the one based on elliptical motion of the gas around the centre of the galaxy) that could explain the frequently observed dust lanes in the bars of barred galaxies.
ISCO for Groundwater Remediation: Analysis of Field Applications and Performance
Authors: Krembs Friedrich J. , Siegrist Robert L. , Crimi Michelle L. , Furrer Reinhard F. , Petri Benjamin G.
Published: October 2010

A critical analysis of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) projects was performed to characterize situations in which ISCO is being implemented, how design and operating parameters are typically employed, and to determine the performance results being achieved. This research involved design of a database, acquisition and review of ISCO project information, population of the database, and analyses of the database using statistical methods. Based on 242 ISCO projects included in the database, ISCO has been used to treat a variety of contaminants; however, chlorinated solvents are by far the most common. ISCO has been implemented at sites with varied subsurface conditions with vertical injection wells and direct push probes being the most common delivery methods. ISCO has met and maintained concentrations below maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), although not at any sites where dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) were presumed to be present. Alternative cleanup levels and mass reduction goals have also been attempted, and these less stringent goals are met with greater frequency than MCLs. The use of pilot testing is beneficial in heterogeneous geologic media, but not so in homogeneous media. ISCO projects cost $220,000 on average, and cost on average $94/yd3 of target treatment zone. ISCO costs vary widely based on the size of the treatment zone, the presence of DNAPL, and the oxidant delivery method. No case studies were encountered in which ISCO resulted in permanent reductions to microbial populations or sustained increases in metal concentrations in groundwater at the ISCO‐treated site.
Immunomodulators as adjuvants for vaccines and antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Nicholls Erin F. , Madera Laurence , Hancock Robert E. W.
Published: October 2010

A highly effective strategy for combating infectious diseases is to enhance host defenses using immunomodulators, either preventatively, through vaccination, or therapeutically. The effectiveness of many vaccines currently in use is due in part to adjuvants, molecules that have little immunogenicity by themselves but which help enhance and appropriately skew the immune response to an antigen. The development of new vaccines necessitates the development of new types of adjuvants to ensure an appropriate immune response. Herein, we review commonly used vaccine adjuvants and discuss promising adjuvant candidates. We also discuss various other immunomodulators (namely cytokines, Toll‐like receptor agonists, and host defense peptides) that are, or have potential to be, useful for antimicrobial therapies that exert their effects by boosting host immune responses rather than targeting pathogens directly.
Fostering Linguistic Habits of Mind: Engaging Teachers’ Knowledge and Attitudes Toward African American Vernacular English
Authors: Wheeler Rebecca
Published: October 2010

This article outlines one linguistically based approach – contrastive analysis and code‐switching – for teachers of students who speak African American Vernacular English (AAVE). I discuss obstacles to bringing these linguistic insights and strategies to teachers in training and in the classroom. Across four scenarios from a teacher education program and from middle school classrooms, I describe (i) a grammatical construction or a linguistic insight covered in classes or professional development sessions with pre‐service and in‐service teachers and (ii) teachers’ work products (e.g. code‐switching charts) implementing their new knowledge. Analyzing the mismatch between (i) and (ii), I unpack teachers’ knowledge and ways of thinking about grammar, AAVE and Standard American English (SAE). This analysis reveals that teachers’ dominant language ideology and prior lack of training in the structure of English stand as limiting factors in the classroom, constraining their ability to implement a linguistically informed approach to stigmatized dialects, and constraining the linguist’s ability to communicate core linguistic principles. Finally, I show how this analysis led to adapting the core graphic organizer, the code‐switching chart, and to increasing the specificity of grammatical explanations to help teachers take steps toward building a linguistically informed language arts classroom.
Athabaskan Phonetics and Phonology
Authors: Hargus Sharon
Published: October 2010

There is a long tradition of phonetic and phonological research on Athabaskan languages, some synchronic in focus, some diachronic. A variety of theoretical approaches have been employed. An understanding of the morphology is required for research in virtually any other subfield of Athabaskan linguistics, including phonetics and phonology. Most research on Athabaskan languages has been undertaken by nonnative speakers of Athabaskan languages. Instrumental phonetic studies are now available for a variety of phenomena in the languages of this family.
Oral Proficiency Assessment: Current Approaches and Applications for Post‐Secondary Foreign Language Programs
Authors: Malone Margaret E. , Montee Megan J.
Published: October 2010

Changes to oral proficiency instruction and assessment in post‐secondary foreign language programs grew out of the proficiency movement of the 1970s and 1980s. The Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) became the major approach to oral proficiency assessment in the United States. Initially developed for government use, the OPI was originally rated according to the Interagency Language Roundtable Guidelines. Over time, the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines‐Speaking were developed for use with the OPI in academic settings, particularly at the post‐secondary level. In this paper, we discuss the strengths and limitations of the OPI and identify current controversies related to its use at the post‐secondary level. In addition, we explore new approaches to oral proficiency assessment, including computer‐mediated oral proficiency testing. We also examine the expected proficiency outcomes for foreign language students at different levels, an area that has been little researched. Finally, we recommend ways to increase the formal use of oral proficiency assessment and establish and publicize realistic expectations of outcomes for programs, instructors and students.
Sexualities in/of the Global South
Authors: Brown Gavin , Browne Kath , Elmhirst Rebecca , Hutta Simon
Published: October 2010

This paper scopes the contemporary literatures that examine sexualities in/of the Global South. Recognising the complexities of both ‘sexualities’ and ‘the Global South’, the paper outlines key areas that can be explored under these headings. It questions the conflation of sexualities with homosexualities and contests the assumptions that spatial analyses of the Global South are confined within the discipline of geography. Instead a broad range of material is drawn upon and pointed to highlighting the breadth and possibilities of this field. The paper concludes by considering the shifting and contingent power relations of authors writing the ‘Global South’ from positions of privilege in the Global North. Yet like many before us we call for a reflexive approach that is not afraid of researching these areas but that does recognise the importance of destabilising existing power relations both in terms of geopolitical interventions, and in interrogating academic hegemonies.
Mobile Phone Geographies
Authors: Pfaff Julia
Published: October 2010

Over the last two decades, the mobile phone has not only entered our everyday lives at tremendous speed but also diverse fields of academia. Critically examining the mobile phone’s appeal as a research object from a geographic perspective, this article engages with the recent fashioning of mobile phones by geographers. In doing so, it pays special attention to the particularities of focusing on a technological object, dealing with the issue of technological determinism from different theoretical perspectives and the ways in which they impact on research practice. Identifying and discussing emerging themes and fields of interest, it is the central aim of this article to provide an overview of ‘mobile phone geographies’ and, by developing an idea of the specific character and challenges of this emerging field, to conclude with reflections on promising links for future research.
Aliskiren Alone or in Combination With Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients With the Lower Ranges of Stage 2 Hypertension: The ACQUIRE Randomized Double‐Blind Study
Authors: Black Henry R. , Kribben Andreas , Aguirre Palacios Fernando , Bijarnia Mahendra , Laflamme Annik K. , Baschiera Fabio
Published: October 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Patients with stage 2 hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥100 mm Hg) are at high cardiovascular risk and require intensive blood pressure (BP)–lowering therapy. This randomized double‐blind study is the first prospective trial specifically designed to evaluate the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with a mean sitting SBP ≥160 mm Hg and <180 mm Hg (the lower ranges of stage 2 systolic hypertension). After a 2‐ to 4‐week washout period, 688 patients were randomized to once‐daily aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) 150/12.5 mg or aliskiren 150 mg for 1 week and then double the doses for 11 weeks. Baseline BP was 167.1/95.0 mm Hg. At week 12, both aliskiren/HCT and aliskiren provided substantial BP reductions from baseline (30.0/12.6 mm Hg and 20.3/8.2 mm Hg, respectively). Aliskiren/HCT lowered BP significantly more than aliskiren (least‐squares mean between‐treatment differences [95% confidence interval] were –9.7 [−12.0 to −7.4] for SBP and −4.5 [−5.8 to −3.2] for DBP; both P<.0001). Similar BP reductions were seen in the subgroups of patients with isolated systolic hypertension and obesity. Aliskiren, with or without HCT, provides clinically significant BP reductions and may therefore be an effective treatment option in patients with stage 2 hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:917–926. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Transformation of Multilateralism Mode 1.0 to Mode 2.0
Authors: Van Langenhove Luk
Published: October 2010

This article presents an analysis of the multilateral system, arguing that multilateralism is going through a profound set of changes as a result of: (1) the emergence of new multilateral actors; (2) the development of new multilateral playing fields; and (3) the rise of new concepts of multilateralism. This has consequences for world politics: the world is moving from unipolarity towards a networked form of multipolarity. This article proposes to grasp these changes through the ‘Web 2.0’ metaphor, as the existing multilateral system is contrasted with the emerging ‘Mode 2.0’ of which the main characteristics are: (1) the diversification of multilateral organisations; (2) the growing importance of nonstate actors such as substate regions and supranational regional organisations; (3) the increased interlinkages between policy domains; and (4) the growing space for citizen involvement. The main upshot is that the multilateral system is moving from a closed to an open system. Both states and international organisations will have to adapt to this new reality.

Policy Implications

 Policy makers and scholars need to be aware that the multilateral system is undergoing radical changes that affect global policy making.

 These changes bring with them new potentials for an increased efficiency and legitimacy of multilateralism.

 Multilateral organisations, regional organisations and states will have to adapt to the new reality and join forces to further shape the ‘Mode 2.0’ of multilateralism.
Multidrug resistance reversal properties and cytotoxic evaluation of representatives of a novel class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors
Authors: Coburger Claudius , Lage Hermann , Molnár Joséf , Langner Andreas , Hilgeroth Andreas
Published: October 2010

Objectives

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a central role in the development of resistance against cytostatics in anticancer therapy and against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapeutics of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor type. An approach to reverse the so-called multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon by the use of P-gp inhibiting agents is a challenge in the therapy of cancer and AIDS. Effective in-vitro inhibitors have P-gp substrate properties so that the expected in-vivo effects have been disappointing so far. Consequent higher dosages cause toxic effects.

Methods

Novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (H17, JW41, JW33 and JW46) have been evaluated in comparison with ritonavir as P-gp inhibiting agents, in the exclusively P-gp overexpressing model cell line mouse T lymphoma using flow cytometry. The cytotoxic properties against various cell lines were characterized in the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay to estimate potential toxic effects in therapeutically relevant concentrations in metabolically active HepG2 cells, drug-sensitive Jurkat cells and in gastric carcinoma cells.

Key findings

Concentration-dependent effective reversal properties have been discussed in context and proved to be mainly influenced by the number of potential hydrogen bond acceptor functions. The compounds showed no cytotoxic properties in P-gp inhibiting concentration ranges. Ritonavir, a known P-gp substrate, proved to be less toxic in the P-gp expressing cell line than in the nonexpressing cell line at the cell-exposed concentrations and thus showed P-gp substrate properties. Two compounds, H17 and JW41, showed no P-gp substrate properties, with higher toxicity in the P-gp expressing cell line compared with the nonexpressing cell line.

Conclusions

The novel compounds have been shown to be prospective AIDS therapeutics, acting as effective and nontoxic P-gp inhibitors compared with ritonavir, which is a known P-gp inhibitor with unfavourable toxic and P-gp substrate properties.
Lutein is a competitive inhibitor of cytosolic Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2
Authors: Song Ho Sun , Kim Hee Rae , Kim Myung Cheul , Hwang Yeon Hee , Sim Sang Soo
Published: October 2010

Objectives

We have investigated the effect of lutein on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isozymes.

Methods

We measured arachidonic acid release in [3H]arachidonic acid-labelled Raw 264.7 cells and PLA2 activity using 1-palmitoyl-2-[14C]arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine ([14C]AA-PC) and 10-pyrene phosphatidylcholine in vitro.

Key findings

Lutein suppressed the release of arachidonic acid and inhibited Raw 264.7 cell-derived cytosolic Ca2+-dependent PLA2 (cPLA2)-induced hydrolysis of [14C]AA-PC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, lutein did not affect secretory Ca2+-dependent PLA2 (sPLA2)-induced hydrolysis of [14C]AA-PC. A Dixon plot showed that the inhibition by lutein on cPLA2 appeared to be competitive with an inhibition constant, Ki, of 13.6 µm.

Conclusions

We suggest that lutein acted as a competitive inhibitor of cPLA2 but did not affect sPLA2.
Reducing alcohol-related harm and social disorder in a university community: a framework for evaluation
Authors: Cousins Kimberly , Connor Jennie L , Kypri Kypros
Published: October 2010

Background

In New Zealand and other middle to high income countries, university student are at high risk of alcohol-related injury and other problems due to their typical pattern of episodic heavy drinking. In 2007, one university implemented Campus Watch, a novel and extensive programme to reduce social disorder, including alcohol-related injury, in the university area.

Objectives

To quantify the effects of this complex intervention.

Setting

A large public university campus and surrounding community in New Zealand.

Design

A health promotion evaluation model was used, examining: (1) how the programme was developed, introduced and received by the community? (process); (2) whether the programme affected behaviour? (impact); and (3) whether the programme reduced social disorder and alcohol-related harm in particular? (outcome). The outcome phase uses a non-equivalent control group design to measure changes occurring in the Campus Watch area compared with other universities, and with a same-city control site.

Participants

Programme staff, university students and other community members.

Data

Interviews with university administrators and Campus Watch staff; surveys of local residents' views; Campus Watch incident data; national surveys of university students in 2005, 2007 and 2009; police data; fire department data.

Outcome Measures

Prevalence of heavy episodic drinking; number of acute alcohol-related harms; incidence of antisocial behaviour, assault and street fires.

Analysis

Regression analyses will be used to examine changes in the intervention site relative to changes in the control areas.