bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“We cannot carry virginia for you” Political Earthquake, 1844
Authors: Silbey Joel H
Published: November 2023

American Politics Had Not Stood Still as Congress wrestled with Tyler’s Texas initiative. The political landscape was rarely placid in the middle of the nineteenth century, and it certainly was far from peaceful in the spring of 1844. In fact, it was a particularly tense time even by the highly combative standard that had been established over the previous twenty years. Political leaders and their followers had a great deal to fight about. The angry drama of the battle over the treaty of annexation had significantly roiled the waters in Washington as well as in much of the country at large. At the same time, the run-up to the imminent election to replace John Tyler, with all of the widespread confrontation, provocative bluster, and divisive rhetoric usually associated with such contests, added to the noise and rancor as it assumed a critical role in the unfolding course of national affairs.
A Psychometric Assessment of the Minnesota innovation Survey
Authors: Ven andrew H Van de , Chu Yun-han
Published: November 2023

This chapter evaluates the measurement properties of an innovation questionnaire developed and being used as one of several measurement instruments to observe the development of a wide variety of innovations over time by the Minnesota innovation Research Program (MIRP). Evidence of the reliability and validity of the Minnesota innovation Survey (MIS) is provided by applying standard psychometric The authors are grateful for the cooperation of their colleagues who provided data from their innovation studies for this chapter, particularly John Bryson, Raghu Garud, Daniel Gilbert, Alfred Marcus, John Maurie!, Douglas Polley, Michael Rappa, Peter Ring, William Roering, Roger Schroeder, and Gary Scudder. This research was supported in part with a major grant to the Strategic Management Research Center to study the management of innovation from the Program on Organizational Effectiveness of the office of Naval Research under contract No. N000l4-84-K-0016. Additional support for the research program is being provided by ADC Telecommunications, Bemis, CENEX, Control Data, IBM, Dayton-Hudson, Dyco Petroleum, Farm Credit Services, First Bank System, Honeywell, and 3M Corporations and by the McKnight and Bush Foundations. procedures for evaluating tests and measurement instruments. Such a psychometric assessment is a necessary prerequisite to developing or testing substantive theories based on the MIS data, and provides important information about the strengths and weaknesses of the MIS instrument to other potential users who wish to use the survey to conduct research on the management of innovation.
The Development of innovation Ideas
Authors: Schroeder Roger G , Ven andrew H Van de , Scudder Gary D , Polley Douglas
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes how innovation ideas develop over time based on findings emerging from seven innovations included in the Minnesota innovation Research Program. These observations are very different from typical We greatly appreciate the willingness of our colleagues involved in the Minnesota innovation Research Program to make this chapter possible by giving permission to use their research cases and data on their innovations: Harold Angle, Jeanne Buckeye, Roger Hudson, Raghu Garud, Daniel Gilbert, Mary Knudson, Karen Lindquist, John Maurie!, William Roering, and Vernon Ruttan. This research was supported in part by a grant to the Strategic Management Research Center at the University of Minnesota by the Organization Effectiveness Research Programs, office of Naval Research, under Contract No. N00014-84-K-0016. Additional research support for this research has been provided by the Underseas Systems Division of Honeywell Corporation. An earlier version of this chapter appeared in Agribusiness Management Journal 2, 4 (1986): 501-523.
Processes of New Business Creation in Different Organizational Settings
Authors: Ven andrew H Van de , Douglas S Venkataraman , Garud Polley Raghu
Published: November 2023

Organizational structures for business creation are different for small company startups and joint interorganizational ventures and within the large diversified corporation. It is widely We greatly appreciate comments on earlier drafts of this chapter from M. Scott Poole (University of Minnesota), Robert Burgelman (Stanford University), John Hake and Robert Schoenecker (Qnetics), William Coyne, Sheldon Klasky, Robert Oliveira, and Keith Wilson (3M), Michael Mirvis (Sams), and James Bray (Millipore), as well as other colleagues involved in the Minnesota innovation Research Program. in addition, we greatly appreciate the intensive and ongoing access provided to us by the 3M, Sams, Millipore, and Qnetics corporations to conduct the real-time longitudinal studies of business creation reported here. Funding for this research was provided by the Program on Organization Effectiveness in the office of Naval Research, under contract N00014-84-K-0016. held that the processes of business creation in these organizational settings are also different. We question this conventional belief for two reasons.
Externally-induced innovation
Authors: Marcus Alfred A , Weber Mark J
Published: November 2023

innovation can come into being when individuals in an organization see an opportunity that necessitates a new approach (andrews 1971; Child 1972; Bourgeois 1984). However, it also can come into being when an external threat or challenge occurs that has not been anticipated. The stimulus to most innovation is external, according to March and Simon (1958), who attribute it primarily to necessity not to opportunity. Terreberry (1968) maintains that innovation is largely a matter of external inducement as do Downs (1967), Kelly and Kranzberg (1975), and Zaltman and Duncan (1977).
Mobilizing innovation Efforts: The Case of Government Strategic Planning
Authors: Bryson John M , Roering William D
Published: November 2023

Government leaders have become increasingly interested in strategic planning as a result of An earlier and shorter version of this chapter appeared as John M. Bryson and William D. Roering, “The initiation of Strategic Planning by Governments,” Public Administration Review, vol. 48, no. 6, 1988, pp. 995-1004.
Toward A General Theory of innovation Processes
Authors: Scott Marshall , Ven Poole andrew H Van de
Published: November 2023

This chapter advances a theoretical framework that is emerging from the Minnesota innovation Research Program studies. MIRP started with a set of sensitizing concepts, a few tentative models, and a research strategy that emphasized detailed, longitudinal study of a wide variety of innovations. The methodology was designed to measure and analyze innovation processes with all their real-world complexities in order to correct for the natural tendency to oversimplify and to fit observations to whatever theories a researcher is enamored with. The result is a complicated, somewhat unruly set of empirical observations that describe the multifaceted nature of innovations and that are often We gratefully appreciate the helpful comments of Harold Angle on a previous draft of this chapter. Support for this research program has been provided in part by a grant to the Strategic Management Research Center at the University of Minnesota from the Program on Organizational Effectiveness, office of Naval Research (code 442OE), under contract no. N00014-84-K-0016, as well as other sources. beyond the explanatory capabilities of existing innovation theories.
Suggestions For Managing the innovation Journey
Authors: Angle Harold L , Ven andrew H Van de
Published: November 2023

in Chapter 1, we stated that the applied purpose for undertaking the Minnesota innovation Research Program (MIRP) is to provide the innovation manager a road map that indicates how and why the innovation journey unfolds, and what paths are likely to lead to success or failure. Such a road map is needed because, heretofore, very few studies have directly examined the innovation process in real time. As a result, very few empirically substantiated statements are available about how and why the innovation journey emerges, develops, proceeds, and terminates over time. Yet an appreciation of the temporal sequence of events along this journey is fundamental to the management of innovation.
The Peripheral Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

The temporal bone contributes to the base and lateral wall of the skull and forms part of the middle and posterior fossae.1,2 It is divided into four parts: the squamous, tympanic, petrous, and mastoid areas. The squamous portion forms part of the lateral bony wall of the middle cranial fossa. The tympanic portion, the smallest, segment of the temporal bone, forms the anterior, inferior, and part of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal. The petrous portion, or pyramid, contains the sense organs of the inner ear. The seventh and eighth cranial nerves enter the petrous portion through the internal auditory canal; the facial nerve exits via the stylomastoid foramen of the mastoid portion (Fig. 2–1). The internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein enter the skull through the temporal bone, their bony canals forming part of the anteroinferior wall of the middle ear.
Immune-Mediated Diseases
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

The endolymphatic sac is the key structure for immunoregulation within the inner ear. Ultrastructural studies have identified lymphocytes and macrophages within the endolymphatic sac and a surrounding network of lymphatic vessels containing these mononuclear cells.1 Injection of exogenous antigens into the inner ear of a guinea pig is as effective for initiating systemic immunity as intraperitoneal injection. When an antigen is placed into the inner ear of animals that have been immunized against the antigen, immunocompetent cells infiltrate the ear and there is local production of antibody.2,3 The inner ear is damaged during the immune response even though the antigen is not expressed in the inner ear. Surgical ablation of the endolymphatic sac or blockade of the endolymphatic duct markedly curtails the immunological response and inner ear damage.4 Lymphocytes engaged in the immune response within the inner ear are recruited from the circulation, presumably via the spiral modiolar vein. With this secondary immune response, there is activation of spiral modiolar vein endothelium and up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression.5,6
Introduction
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

In 1838, an indigent tailor arrived at the Eberbach asylum terrified, dazed, and repeatedly crossing himself. At home before his committal, Martin M. had become violent and been bound and beaten. He had experienced, as he later explained, “an irresistable urge to spit in people’s faces and hit them.” Now, during his eleven-month incarceration, he incessantly begged for “mercy” from the asylum physicians.1 Rituals of authority and submission were built-in features of doctor-patient relations in an institution where doctors wielded almost absolute power and where acts of submission were a necessity for any patient who wanted to leave the place. Curiously, Martin M. understood this fact in a language foreign to the medical designs of the asylum-a language (“mercy”) of the prisoner or penitent, of criminal justice or the church, not that of the patient. Martin M., it seems, felt he needed either divine salvation or judicial clemency, not medical treatment.
Take Stock of Human Capital
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

Properly evaluating the human side of the merger or acquisition and getting the management team in place is critical to the success of these transactions. Setting up and evaluating a human balance sheet is a tricky proposition, but that is what we recommend companies do when contemplating a merger. At the outset of merger discussions, at least a preliminary investigation of how management teams will fit together—including strengths, weaknesses, and gaps—is important. After that initial phase, if and when discussions become more serious, the human capital assessment must become more rigorous as well.
Cycles and Sensibilities
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Capital punishment, indiscriminate private possession of handguns, and mass imprisonment of black men in early twenty-first century America will someday be widely deplored and deeply regretted. Nearly all Americans regret and deplore the past subordination of black people in the American South, and yet it was approved and accepted by most southern whites for at least a century after the Civil War. The moral, religious, and social policy arguments against slavery did not change but people’s beliefs and values did, and now human slavery and deliberate racial or ethnic subjugation are, almost literally, unthinkable. In most Western countries today, adoption of American policies on capital punishment, handguns, and mass imprisonment is almost as unthinkable as adoption of slavery would be. Prevailing sensibilities elsewhere attach greater importance to ideas about human rights and the value of human lives and life chances than do prevailing American sensibilities.
Health Plans and Tort Liability
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins with an historical focus, discussing why tort liability has not posed a major challenge for health plans until relatively recently. A principal factor is plans’ tradition of merely paying for, rather than attempting to shape, the care that patients receive. Additionally, federal BRISA law has provided a powerful shield.
Health Plans and Contract Liability
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

Contract law has played a much larger role for health plans than it has for physicians because, although technically the physician-patient relationship begins in contract,1 thereafter it is generally addressed in tort-a “contorts” approach, so to speak..2 In contrast, the relationship between health plans and their enrollees is permeated by contract issues. Whether via indemnity reimbursement for incurred health care expenses or via a prepaid HMO that delivers a particular set of services, health plans perform insurance functions.’
Special Issues in ERISA
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

This book does not offer an in-depth analysis of BRISA,’ but a brief overview will provide necessary background to the discussion. BRISA was born in a time of economic “stagflation”-a stagnant economy marked by high inflation.
Reflections
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

I am a member of the Baby Boom generation. We came of age in the ‘60s and ‘70s, and it was an extraordinary time to grow up. Vertually everyone our age or older remembers precisely what we were doing on November 22, 1963, at about one o’clock in the afternoon Central Standard Time.
The Law of Compurgation
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: November 2023

Like the law of sanctuary, the law of procedure, both civil and criminal, provided abundant opportunities for interchange and conflict between the medieval English common law and the ius commune. Today, it provides an equally good vantage point for anyone interested in comparative legal history. The two legal systems took diver­ gent paths on a central aspect of procedural law: settling upon the best way to decide questions of fact. The one chose jury trial, the other judicial evaluation of evidence. However, the divergence between the two systems was never total. Not everything was decided in the same way within either system. In some circumstances, each system used one or another of the special procedural forms that were also used by the other.

Very often, these shared and special procedural forms had sprung from identical roots. Virtually always, they were subject to the same influences in the course of their later development. This chapter examines one of the most famous of these parts of procedural law, the history of compurgation. The chapter’s aim is to show that a comparison of what the canon law called canonical purgation and the common law called wager of law yields useful information about both institutions.
Health-Care Justice and Agency
Authors: Mann Patricia S
Published: November 2023

The failure of the United States to provide basic health-care coverage for a growing number of its citizens is one of those startling public facts-along with our huge prison population, and our continued use of capital punishment-that leads international commentators to shake their heads and puzzle over an American barbarian streak. Moreover, within U.S. society, there is a large gap between how this issue is understood by actual policymakers, and how it is understood by philosophers analyzing issues of just distribution. For many political philosophers, including John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, and Amartya Sen, it is a simple matter to show that distributive justice requires universal health-care coverage in a society with the material and technological resources of the United States. Indeed, all other affluent democratic societies today provide such coverage. Yet despite media attention to the suffering of the millions of children and adults who lack adequate access to basic medical and dental treatment, universal coverage does not appear to be on the immediate political agenda in this country. Why not? If, as a problem of distributive justice, universal health care is a “nobrainer,” then what other vectors of analysis are necessary to portray it as the difficult political decision it is today in the United States?
Miracle On 174th Street
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

In seven days during early October 1977, the South Bronx became the most notorious inner-city neighborhood in the United States. It had fallen into the abyss long before and languished—except for occasional hell-on-earth exposés—in disreputable semi-obscurity. The fateful week began when President Jimmy Carter, in search of an urban slum, came to the South Bronx and stood among the rubble and ruins of Charlotte Street, shocked by the devastation that surrounded him. That night an announcer on the CBS network news declared the South Bronx the worst slum in America.
In The Rust Belt: Can the Ghetto Be Rebuilt?
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

Earnest Gates, as hard-nosed and practical a person as you will ever meet, was walking through the luxurious apartment and deciding whether to buy it when a voice spoke to him. “What,” the voice asked incredulously, “are you doing?” Here was Gates, who had grown up on the tough Near West Side of Chicago, built a successful trucking business, and now could take his wife and children out of his run-down neighborhood and live pretty much wherever they wanted. And what they wanted could very well be this apartment in the Americana Towers in the fashionable Old Town neighborhood.
New Immigrants Transform The Old City
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

On a late spring afternoon in the West’s most sprawling metropolis, a golden sun beams on Pueblo de Los Angeles, an incongruous collection of ancient structures—a Spanish mission church, an open-air market, and a row of adobe houses—tucked behind the glistening downtown of modern Los Angeles. A stream of people pushes down historic Olvera Street against the tide of homebound office workers. In ones and twos and threes, the men and women enter the mission-style confines of El Paseo Restaurant, passing under the dark wooden ceiling beams until they reach a stuccoed room off the main dining hall. Here they drop their business cards in a large fish bowl and pick up margueritas and plates of enchiladas. As they nibble and sip, the thirty or so people at the semiannual social mixer of the Food Industry Business Roundtable, or FIBR, chat cheerfully with one another, at times exchanging business cards or scribbling the names and phone numbers of people and companies.
Market Structures
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

The trading rules and the trading systems used by a market define its market structure. They determine who can trade; what they can trade; and when, where, and how they can trade. They also determine what information traders can see about orders, quotations, and trades; when they can see it; and who can see it.
Why People Trade
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

People trade to invest, to borrow, to exchange assets, to hedge risks, to distribute risks, to gamble, to speculate, or to deal.We consider each of these objectives in this chapter and explain how markets help traders achieve them. You must understand why people trade in order to use markets effectively. Markets provide many valuable opportunities. To take advantage of them, you must first recognize them.
Informed Traders and Market Efficiency
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will consider how informed traders trade and how their trading makes prices informative. We will pay special attention to why some informed traders make money while others do not. We also will ex-plain why prices cannot be completely informative. This chapter will help you understand how informed traders make money, when they make money, and the limits to how much money they can make.
Volatility
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Volatility is the tendency for prices to change unexpectedly. Prices change in response to new information about values and in response to the demands of impatient traders for liquidity.
Performance Evaluation and Prediction
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Many people trade because they want to speculate successfully. They hope to profit by buying securities and contracts that will rise in value and by selling those that will fall.
Index and Portfolio Markets
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Index trading is one of the most important financial innovations of the twentieth century. The nominal dollar value of trading in equity index products now is greater than the total dollar value of trading in the underlying securities. The growth of index trading has had a profound effect on equity markets. It is also increasingly affecting debt markets.
Competition Within and Among Markets
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

In the last few years, many exchanges, brokers, electronic communications networks (ECNs), and dealers have created innovative trading systems to provide traders with better services at lower costs. The competition among these market centers is significantly changing how all markets operate, and the pace of change is accelerating.
The Taney Court and Judicial Power
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

Years of political pressure for a judicial settlement of the slavery controversy undoubtedly had their effect on the collective judgment of the Supreme Court in its handling of the Dred Scott case. But the boldness with which it acted also reflected public understanding of the nature of judicial power and the Court’s own sense of strategic responsibility in the American constitutional sys­ tem.
What the Court Decided
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

0nly one thing was absolutely certain. Dred Scott had lost his eleven-year legal battle for freedom in the last court of appeal. Seven of the nine justices agreed that at law he was still a slave. Beyond that simple fact, the results of the contest were far from clear. In his “opinion of the Court,” Chief Justice Taney had emphatically excluded Negroes from citizenship and denied Congress the power to prohibit slavery in the territories. But were these declarations part of the ratio decidendi and therefore authoritative? Concerning the first, there was doubt that it had the support of a majority of the justices, while the second was promptly challenged with the label, “obiter dictum.”
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Authors: Lavin Martin F , Shiloh Yosef
Published: November 2023

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a complex multisystem disorder characterized by progressive neurological impairment, variable immunodeficiency, and ocular and cutaneous telangiectasia. A-T has proven a fascinating but elusive subject of investigation since its first description 80 years ago (Syllaba and Henner, 1926). Only three reports of this syndrome were made between 1926 and its establishment as a disease entity 30 years later by Boder and Sedgwick (1957). While these physicians noted absence of the thymus, A-T was not recognized as an immunodeficiency syndrome until 6 years later (Peterson et al., 1963). Recurrent sinopulmonary infections and variable degrees of immunodeficiency, both cellular and humoral, were shown to be hallmarks of this disease during the 1960s and 1970s.
Assessment of the Immune System
Authors: Chapel Helen M , Misbah Siraj , Webster A David B
Published: November 2023

Progress in clinical and molecular immunology has heightened the awareness of primary immune deficiency diseases (PIDD) and improved the diagnostic options and therapeutic choices available to physicians and clinical immunologists. Since many immunodeficiency syndromes can be treated or even cured, early diagnosis is of prime importance. As more physicians become familiar with the clinical and laboratory findings of these syndromes, PIDD patients will live longer and have better-quality lives. The most common reason for diagnostic delay is still lack of awareness of medical advisers and diagnostic centers; a widespread misconception is that PIDDs occur predominantly in children, whereas most of these syndromes present in individuals over 10 years of age. The presenting features, usually an excess of infections, are similar in patients of all ages.
Who Has the Right to Change Tradition? Evolving Conceptions of Religious Authority and Their Implications for the Jewish People
Authors: Kopelowitz Ezra
Published: November 2023

How does the reality of secular society affect the role of the rabbinate vis-a-vis the Jewish people? As Mark Chaves has argued, the most important feature of the secularization process is the loss of religious authority.1 Individuals have the option of rejecting organized religion and in some cases are able to create competing religious institutions. To whom, then, is a rabbi responsible: to the individual who joins his or her synagogue and denomination, or to the wider Jewish community? Unable to take for granted a community bound by a uniform set of religious norms, the rabbinate is torn between an obligation to all the Jews living in a given community and the individuals who join their religious movements.
The Decline and Rise of German Antisemitism
Authors: Helibronner Oded
Published: November 2023

One of the most flourishing areas of historical research in Germany today is that concerning German Jewry. Included in this broad topic, of course, is the path taken by German society toward the ultimate Final Solution, about which many thought-provoking studies have been published.1 Another key subject is antisemitism in the period before the rise of the Nazis. Several factors have contributed to increased scholarly interest in this phenomenon: the archival discoveries in Eastern Europe, which have caused a reevaluation of traditional lines of research and historical approaches; the rise of a new generation of scholars, who are investigating both the Third Reich and German antisemitism without ideological or emotional preconceptions or inhibitions; and finally, the storm surrounding Daniel J. Goldhagen’s Hitler’s Willing Executioners (1995). At a time when Holocaust studies were becoming increasingly preoccupied with functional, structural explanations of the Final Solution, Goldhagen’s enormously successful book-although faulted on a number of methodological grounds-argued strenuously that the roots of the Holocaust were to be found in historic German antisemitism.
Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation: Simulations of the Future (1976–2000)
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Sinquefield Rex A
Published: November 2023

In this article, Ibbotson and Sinquefield showed how to use the historical return data from their earlier paper to make long-run forecasts of our capital markets. They used 50 years of stock, bond, and inflation data to make a 25-year forecast through the year 2000. The forecast method was unique and innovative in several respects: It was one of the first times that historical data were bootstrapped to form simulations of the future. The forecast included all the major asset classes. The returns were broken into components so that inflation, real shortterm interest rates, equity risk premiums, maturity (horizon or interest rate) risk premiums, and default premiums could be separately and collectively forecast. Inflation and real rate expectations were based upon the existing yield curve at the time of the forecast.Inflation and real rates were estimated to follow an autoregressive process with only their residuals being randomly drawn.
Short-Horizon Inputs and Long-Horizon Portfolio Choice
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Edwards Franklin R
Published: November 2023

Despite its well-known limitations, mean-variance optimization is commonly used to make long-term portfolio allocation decisions. See Hakansson (1972, 1974), Jorion (1985, 1986, 1990), Michaud (1989), Broadie (1991), and Best and Grauer (1991), for instance. In this article we examine the implications of using as Markowitz model inputs the means, standard deviations, and correlations derived from shortterm (or short-horizon) asset class returns as opposed to long-term (or longhorizon) asset class returns. More specifically, we simulate long-term returns using a linear model that allows stock, bond, and bill returns to be autocorrelated, and then use these returns to form efficient portfolios.
Survivorship Bias in Performance Studies
Authors: Brown Stephen J , Goetzmann William , Ibbotson Roger G , Ross Stephen A
Published: November 2023

Some of the most interesting effects of using “survived” data appear in the quest for picking winners—whether it is picking winning markets, winning stocks, or winning investment managers. In this article, we explore the biases that survivorship can induce in the ranking of money managers. When you look only at survived funds or markets, it can appear that winners repeat, even when they do not. A winner last period is more likely to be a winner in the next period simply because of the problem of survival rather than due to inherent skill. The main contribution of the article is in pointing out that the problem of attrition in the analysis of manager performance cannot be ignored. Using historical data without understanding how they came to be included in the data set can lead to incorrect inferences and possibly incorrect investment choice.
Global Stock Markets in the 20th Century
Authors: Jorion Philippe , Goetzmann William N
Published: November 2023

The contribution of this article is to present a wide cross section of historical stock market performance over roughly 80 years of world history. Until recently, studies of the long-term rate of return to the stock market have been confined only to the U.S. or U.K. markets because of data availability. The central question to us is whether the U.S. experience is representative of equity investing around the world through the 20th century. Over the period we examine, the United States had the highest rate of real appreciation in stock prices in a sample of 39 countries—significantly higher than the median market and slightly higher than a GDP-weighted index of non- U.S. markets. Some of the most difficult challenges in this article were trying to understand what happened to investment markets during crisis periods, particularly the Second World War, when many markets ceased to function normally, and legal ownership claims—at least for parts of the population— ceased to exist. As econometricians, we like to imagine that the economic environment is roughly stationary—that a stock is a stock whether it trades in 1941 in Berlin or 2005 in the United States. The experience of the 20th century cautions us that this is not necessarily true. Major world events, for which standard econometric models cannot account, are apt to redefine and realign markets
Patterns in Three Centuries of Stock Market Prices
Authors: Goetzmann William N
Published: November 2023

This article was one of the most exciting pieces of research that I have ever participated in. It involves the historical clash of two giants in the field of investments, the Dow-Jones Index and the Wall Street Journal founder Charles Henry Dow, and Alfred Cowles, founder of the Cowles Foundation for Economic Research and the father of the index on which the S&P 500 is now based. That same clash gave rise to the great schism between academic finance and Wall Street practice, between random-walk theorists and technical traders. Our article focuses squarely on the key historical study that gave birth to the random-walk theory—and finds that its conclusion was wrong.
The Rehnquist Court and Economic Rights
Authors: Graglia Lino A
Published: November 2023

William H. Rehnquist was appointed an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court by President Nixon in 1972, replacing John Marshall Harlan.
A Journalist’s Perspective
Authors: Savage David
Published: November 2023

Most people think of books as being more solid and profound, deeper, and certainly more permanent when compared to a speech, a panel discussion, or a newspaper article. This perception is true of readers as well as writers of all sorts. On occasion, I have chatted with Chief Justice Rehnquist about writing and books-he always seems to have one in the works-and he has commented he writes books because they offer a more lasting record for history.
The Epidemiology of Childhood Cholesterol
Authors: Freeman Laura E Beane , Lauer, Ronald M , Clarke William R
Published: November 2023

Elevated cholesterol levels in adults are predictive of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, drug trials to lower cholesterol levels in adults have demonstrated a reduction in the risk of morbidity and mortality from CVD. While children with elevated cholesterol levels have been shown to be at increased risk for elevated cholesterol levels as adults, long-term studies of children and adolescents with elevated cholesterol levels have not been conducted to show that elevated childhood cholesterol levels are predictive of adult CVD.
The Influence of Ion Concentrations on Neuron Functions
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, the brain-similarly to the eye and the testicles-has a privileged position, protected by the BBB against undue fluctuations of ion levels and other unwanted intrusions. In the pages that follow, we will see why this is important. We will explore how deviations from the normal range of ion levels can disrupt neuron function. Later, we will also ask, under what conditions do ion levels in brain move outside their normal range?
Introduction to Spreading Depression: Extracellular Electric Signs
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

Spreading depression (SD) is perhaps not the best choice of a name, because this peculiar, transient, but profound disorder has nothing to do with mood or affect or with the state of the economy. It is a striking and highly reproducible response of the gray matter of the CNS. Its place in and significance for the functioning of the brain, and its biophysical mechanism have long intrigued yet eluded researchers. Recent developments have moved us closer to solution of the puzzle, and in this part of the book I attempt to put the pieces together. Spreading depression is important for at least two reasons. First, it may underlie certain clinical neuro logical conditions. But, second, apart from practical considerations, understanding its mechanism is essential for a complete picture of cerebral function.
Fear
Authors: Robin Corey
Published: November 2023

For many commentators, September 11 inaugurated a new era of fear. But as Corey Robin shows in his unsettling tour of the Western imagination--the first intellectual history of its kind--fear has shaped our politics and culture since time immemorial. From the Garden of Eden to the Gulag Archipelago to today’s headlines, Robin traces our growing fascination with political danger and disaster. As our faith in positive political principles recedes, he argues, we turn to fear as the justifying language of public life. We may not know the good, but we do know the bad. So we cling to fear, abandoning the quest for justice, equality, and freedom. But as fear becomes our intimate, we understand it less. In a startling reexamination of fear’s greatest modern interpreters--Hobbes, Montesquieu, Tocqueville, and Arendt--Robin finds that writers since the eighteenth century have systematically obscured fear’s political dimensions, diverting attention from the public and private authorities who sponsor and benefit from it. For fear, Robin insists, is an exemplary instrument of repression--in the public and private sector. Nowhere is this politically repressive fear--and its evasion--more evident than in contemporary America. In his final chapters, Robin accuses our leading scholars and critics of ignoring “Fear, American Style,” which, as he shows, is the fruit of our most prized inheritances--the Constitution and the free market. With danger playing an increasing role in our daily lives and justifying a growing number of government policies, Robin’s Fear offers a bracing, and necessary, antidote to our contemporary culture of fear.
Upstairs, Downstairs
Authors: Robin Corey
Published: November 2023

In the United States, there is arguably no higher virtue than hard work. At other times, in other places, work has been a biblical curse, the mark of the laboring classes, the dividing line between the bourgeoisie and leisured aristocracy. Here, it is the universal instrument of an achieved identity, the symbol of status earned rather than inherited. It seems strange that we in the United States should so fasten work to personal identity, for a deep, if unacknowledged, current in our culture suggests that the workplace has frequently been inhospitable to the individual. Benjamin Franklin, the original self-made man, discovered the self that made the man not through work, as is commonly thought, but through its refusal. Franklin worked at the Boston printing press of his older brother James. Deeming himself the “master” and Ben “his apprentice,” the older brother regularly beat the younger, and according to Ben, “demean’d me too much in some he requir’d of me.” So Ben decided to “assert my freedom” and look for work elsewhere. But because James made sure no other employer would hire his brother, Ben decided to flee Boston for New York. Fearing that if he “attempted to go openly, means would be used to prevent me,” Ben had a ship captain secretly shepherd him out of the city. Thus did the avatar of hard work go into exile—not from the British crown or the elders of the church, but from his employer and the Boston blacklist—and make his first stab at freedom and selfhood.
Evidence-Based Ethics and the Best Project
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

The BEST project and its accompanying ethical analysis were conceived of and directed by a collaborative research team from Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, and the National Institutes of Health. Our team included individuals with training and experience in philosophy, law, public health, health services research, and health-care management. Multidisciplinary in background, the team was distinguished by the fact that all but one member was a physician still active in part-time clinical practice. It is well known that physicians and physician-ethicists may bring their own strongly forged clinical culture to the table in any ethical forum. With an internist, an oncologist, and two psychiatrists participating, we were endowed with a full measure of clinical cultures from the quite different worlds of primary care, specialty care, and mental health. In addition to varying clinical cultures, the mix of physician specialties gave us a broad range of exposures to the managed care experience of practicing physicians in the United States. Our personal experiences included, among others, coming face to face with closed formularies, onerous 1-800 utilization-approval phone numbers, rapid shifts in approved provider lists for specialty referral, and disputes over funding experimental treatment protocols. One of us even had his part-time clinical position eliminated in a wave of cost cutting during the course of the BEST project.
Consumer Empowerment
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

Safecare, a managed care plan, announced that it was pulling out of Medicare in a particular county. Safecare had sustained significant financial losses during the last three years, and the announcement stated that Medicare reimbursement was inadequate to cover the cost of providing care to patients in that county. Those long-term members of Safecare who were now over 65 and enrolled through Medicare learned that the plan they had belonged to for more than 30 years was dropping their coverage. The members who were threatened with loss of the plan met as a group and wrote a petition to the organization: “We have been loyal and committed members for up to 30 years. If Safecare leaves our county, some of us will lose longstanding doctor relationships. How can Safecare have made this decision without even giving us a chance to influence it beforehand? “ The city of Philadelphia was determined to unify its Medicaid-supported substance abuse and mental health services into an innovative, city-wide managed care system. But bold ideas in the public mental health sector-like deinstitutionalizationhave caused significant harm as well as important gains.
Flesh and Blood
Authors: Lederer Susan E
Published: November 2023

Organ transplantation is one of the most dramatic interventions in modern medicine. Since the 1950s thousands of people have lived with ‘new’ hearts, kidneys, lungs, corneas, and other organs and tissues transplanted into their bodies. From the beginning, though, there was simply a problem: surgeons often encountered shortages of people willing and able to give their organs and tissues. To overcome this problem, they often brokered financial arrangements. Yet an ethic of gift exchange coexisted with the ‘commodification of the body’. The same duality characterized the field of blood transfusion, which was essential to the development of modern surgery. This book is the first to bring together the histories of blood transfusion and organ transplantation. It shows how these two fields redrew the lines between self and non-self, the living and the dead, and humans and animals. Drawing on newspapers, magazines, legal cases, films and the papers and correspondence of physicians and surgeons, Lederer challenges the assumptions of some bioethicists and policymakers that popular fears about organ transplantation necessarily reflect timeless human concerns and preoccupations with the body. She shows how notions of the body-intact, in parts, living and dead-are shaped by the particular culture in which they are embedded.
Banking on the Body
Authors: Lederer Susan E
Published: November 2023

We are hardly accustomed to thinking of our body parts and fluids as commodities. Yet the American practice of selling blood, skin, and other body parts to be used in or on other people’s bodies is more than a century old. Over the course of the twenti-eth century, so-called “professional blood sellers” and even “professional skin sellers” advertised their availability, the quality of their product, and their services. In New York City, in 1938, a group of professional blood sellers actually unionized, joining the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and promising not to strike.
Religious Bodies
Authors: Lederer Susan E
Published: November 2023

Blood has long been a substance thick with meaning, magic, and symbolism. More than a red body fluid, blood also established relationships between humans and their gods, mediating between the heavens and the earth. In Mesoamerica, blood letting rituals played a crucial role in religious governance. The ancient Mayans believed that human blood nourished and sustained the gods, and the shedding of blood opened the portal to the Otherworld. In the Aztec empire, the continuing welfare of the community demanded human blood sacrifice on a massive scale. Blood (and the flesh) have also played a profound role in the Christian tradition.
Has the Prison a Future?
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

It is a matter of pride to every American that the new penitentiary system has been established and successfully practiced in this country. That community which . . . persevered in this novel experiment, until success has crowned its perseverance, must occupy an elevated place in the scale of political or social civilization. Francis Lieber (quoted in de Beaumont and de Tocqueville 1833, p. 6) The falls of Niagara and your penitentiary are two objects I might almost say I most wish to see in America.
Toxic Leaders: They’re Plentiful
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

Falstaff is not the only follower who has ever felt bewitched by a toxic leader. Many of us succumb to their allure. Falstaff, for his part, was openly besotted with Prince Hal, the rebellious, youthful leader-in-waiting.1 More often, however, we followers deny how truly enchanted we are. We may grouse about toxic leaders, but frequently we tolerate them-and for surprisingly long periods of time.
Creoles, Intertwined Languages, and “Bicultural Identity”
Authors: Mcwhorter John h.
Published: November 2023

As creolists have widened their purview beyond trade pidgins and plantation creoles, it has become increasingly apparent that certain contact languages strain the boundaries of categories established on the basis of languages like Chinese Pidgin English and Haitian Creole French. “Intertwined” languages such as Media Lengua have been especially interesting in this vein. In this chapter I argue that a common analysis of these languages as products of a cultural configuration distinct from those that produced creoles does not account for the data when we pull the lens back from the relatively few languages usually addressed on the subject.
Inflectional Morphology and Universal Grammar
Authors: Mcwhorter John h.
Published: November 2023

A tradition in the Principles and Parameters framework of theoretical syntax hypothesizes that Universal Grammar includes parameters that differ in terms of the presence or absence of inflectional morphology. More specifically, various researchers hypothesize that inflectional morphology, or its absence, constitutes one of the signals that infants are innately disposed to attend to in setting the parameters that determine the structure of the grammar they are acquiring. Baker (1996) is a particularly explicit and comprehensive argument of this kind, paralleled by the school arguing that inflectional affixation determines whether or not the verb moves to INFL (e.g., Roberts 1993, Bobalijk 1995, Bobalijk and Thrainnson 1998, Rohrbacher 1999, and others).
The Assessment of Sex
Authors: Brůžek Jaroslav , Franciscus Robert G , Novotný, Vladimír , Trinkaus Erik
Published: November 2023

A number of the interpretations of the Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov human remains is dependent in part on the sex of the individuals. We have therefore attempted to assign sex to as many of the remains as is reasonable, using the skeletal elements available for each individual. The assessment of sex from these skeletal remains involves considerations of several aspects of their skeletal morphology. The first, and most important, involves their pelvic remains, which are assessed from qualitative, degenerative, discrete trait and morphometric perspectives. The second is the form of their cranial and mandibular remains, involving both overall dimensions and detailed traits. The third is an evaluation of overall body size, in the context of the levels of skeletal sexual body size dimorphism present in recent humans and inferred for Upper Paleolithic European populations.