bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Modulation of Nanographenes Enabled by Defects, Size and Doping for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wu Bin , Meng Haibing , Chen Xingbao , Guo Ying , Jiang Li , Shi Xiaofeng , Zhu Jiexin , Long Juncai , Gao Wenliang , Zeng Feng , Jiang Wen‐Jie , Zhu Yongfa , Wang Dingsheng , Mai Liqiang
Published: November 2024

Nanographenes are among the fastest‐growing materials used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) thanks to their low cost, environmental friendliness, excellent electrical conductivity, and scalable synthesis. The perspective of replacing precious metal‐based electrocatalysts with functionalized graphene is highly desirable for reducing costs in energy conversion and storage systems. Generally, the enhanced ORR activity of the nanographenes is typically deemed to originate from the heteroatom doping effect, size effect, defects effect, and/or their synergistic effect. All these factors can efficiently modify the charge distribution on the sp2‐conjugated carbon framework, bringing about optimized intermediate adsorption and accelerated electron transfer steps during ORR. In this review, the fundamental chemical and physical properties of nanographenes are first discussed about ORR applications. Afterward, the role of doping, size, defects, and their combined influence in boosting nanographenes’ ORR performance is introduced. Finally, significant challenges and essential perspectives of nanographenes as advanced ORR electrocatalysts are highlighted.
Robust Bisulfite‐Free Single‐Molecule Real‐Time Sequencing of Methyldeoxycytidine Based on a Novel hpTet3 Enzyme
Authors: Sahin Hanife , Salehi Raheleh , Islam Shariful , Müller Markus , Giehr Pascal , Carell Thomas
Published: November 2024

In addition to the four canonical nucleosides dA, dG, dC and T, genomic DNA contains the additional base 5‐methyldeoxycytidine (mdC). The presence of this methylated cytidine nucleoside in promoter regions or gene bodies significantly affects the transcriptional activity of the corresponding gene. Consequently, the methylation patterns of genes are crucial for either silencing or activating genes. Sequencing the positions of mdC in the genome is therefore of paramount importance for early cancer diagnostics as it helps determine incorrect gene expression. Currently, the bisulfite method is the gold standard for mdC‐sequencing. However, this method has the drawback that the majority of the input DNA is degraded during the bisulfite treatment. Additionally, bisulfite sequencing is prone to errors. Here, we report a benign, bisulfite‐free mdC sequencing method termed EMox‐seq, which is based on third‐generation single‐molecule SMRT sequencing. The foundation of this technology is a new Tet3 enzyme that efficiently oxidizes mdCs to 5‐carboxycytidine (cadC). In turn, cadC provides an excellent readout by SMRT sequencing using specially trained AI‐based algorithms.
Economic impact of innovative entrepreneurship education: Dynamic modelling methods
Authors: Zhou Liren , Wang Sheng
Published: November 2024

This paper aims to explore the economic impact of innovative entrepreneurship education and proposes a dynamic modelling method to quantify this impact. The paper establishes a theoretical analysis framework, starting from the effects of innovative entrepreneurship education on the regional economy, and establishes a corresponding dynamic economic model. This model comprises processes such as variable definition, relationship establishment, parameter setting and architecture construction. Different levels of education and forms of innovative entrepreneurship education were experimentally analysed from multiple perspectives. In the comparative experiment between innovative entrepreneurship education and traditional education, the entrepreneurial intention score of the innovative entrepreneurship education group was scattered in the range of 90–100, higher than the 60–80 score of the traditional education group. In the experimental survey on investment return rates of different forms of innovative entrepreneurship education, it was found that the investment return rate of education was the lowest, only 6.82%, and the return rate of entrepreneurship competition was the highest, reaching 9.19%. The experimental results have proven a positive correlation between innovative entrepreneurship education and economic growth. It is suggested that the government and enterprises should increase their investment in innovative entrepreneurship education to promote sustainable economic development.
Relating normal human cardiac development to the anatomical findings in the congenitally malformed heart
Authors: Hikspoors Jill P. J. M. , Lamers Wouter H. , Kerwin Janet , Hu Zihan , Henderson Deborah J. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: November 2024

A proper appreciation of cardiac development can now provide the necessary background to understand the anatomical findings in the congenitally malformed heart. We recently presented an account of human cardiac development based on reconstructions of histological datasets from human embryos aged between 3.5 and 8 weeks subsequent to conception. In this review, we summarize the changes observed relative to the findings when the heart is congenitally malformed. Beginning at the stage when it is first possible to recognize the primary heart tube, we describe the looping of its ventricular component, which occurs in the 5th week. We proceed with discussion of the formation of the atrial and ventricular chambers in the 6th week. The phases are successive, albeit partially overlapping. Separation of the circulations at the venous pole is completed at stage 17, equivalent to almost 6 weeks of development. During stages representing the 7th week of development, we concentrate on the remodeling of the outflow tract. This involves initially septation, but then separation of the developing circulations. The changes involve incorporation of the proximal outflow tract into the ventricles, with formation of the arterial roots in its middle part, and addition of a distal non‐myocardial component to produce the intrapericardial arterial trunks. We pay particular attention to the changes occurring during remodeling of the interventricular foramen. We show that an understanding of this process provides the basis for understanding the functionally univentricular heart, as well as the arrangement found in double outlet right ventricle.
Prevalence and Significance of AGR2 Expression in Human Cancer
Authors: Schraps Nina , Port Jacob Constantin , Menz Anne , Viehweger Florian , Büyücek Seyma , Dum David , Schlichter Ria , Hinsch Andrea , Fraune Christoph , Bernreuther Christian , Kluth Martina , Hube‐Magg Claudia , Möller Katharina , Reiswich Viktor , Luebke Andreas M. , Lebok Patrick , Weidemann Sören , Sauter Guido , Lennartz Maximilian , Jacobsen Frank , Clauditz Till S. , Marx Andreas H. , Simon Ronald , Steurer Stefan , Mercanoglu Baris , Melling Nathaniel , Hackert Thilo , Burandt Eike , Gorbokon Natalia , Minner Sarah , Krech Till , Lutz Florian
Published: November 2024

Backround

Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein with a vital role in embryonal development, mucus maturation, tissue regeneration, and wound healing.

Methods

To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of AGR2 expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 14,966 tumors from 134 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Results

AGR2 positivity was found in 103 of 134 tumor categories, and 83 tumor categories contained at least one strongly positive case. AGR2 expression was most frequently seen in tumors of the female genital tract, particularly adenocarcinomas (up to 100%), various breast cancer subtypes (57.1%–100%), urothelial carcinoma (74.6%–100%), adenocarcinomas of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract (93.6%–99.6%), and pancreaticobiliary cancers (65.2%–98.2%). AGR2 positivity was slightly less common in squamous cell carcinomas (46.4%–77.3%) and mainly absent in mesenchymal and lymphoid tumors. While AGR2 expression was only weak or absent in the normal thyroid, it was moderate to strong in 46.0% of adenomas, 52.8% of follicular carcinomas, and 81.8% of papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. High AGR2 expression was strongly linked to poor ISUP (p < 0.0001), Fuhrman (p < 0.0001), and Thoenes (p < 0.0001) grades as well as advanced pT stage (p = 0.0035) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Low AGR2 expression was associated with high BRE grade in breast cancer (p = 0.0049), nodal metastasis (p = 0.0275) and RAS mutation (p = 0.0136) in colorectal cancer, nodal metastasis (p = 0.0482) in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, high grade in noninvasive urothelial carcinoma (p = 0.0003), and invasive tumor growth in urothelial carcinoma (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

It is concluded that AGR2 expression occurs in a broad range of different tumor entities and that AGR2 assessment may serve as a diagnostic aid for the distinction of thyroidal neoplasms and as a prognostic marker in various cancer types.
Concise Affinity‐Based Purification of Ligated mRNA for Structure‐Activity Relationship Studies of Nucleosugar Modification Patterns
Authors: Yamada Hiroki , Iwai Hiroto , Hashiya Fumitaka , Kimura Yasuaki , Abe Hiroshi , Yamamoto Junichiro
Published: November 2024

Position‐specific nucleoside sugar modifications have been shown to improve the translational activity and stability of chemically synthesized mRNA. For pharmaceutical applications of chemically modified mRNAs, a rapid purification methodology is imperative to identify the optimal modification pattern. However, while the chemical synthesis of mRNAs can be accomplished by splint ligation of oligonucleotide fragments, the current purification method for ligated mRNAs based on denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis tends to be time consuming. In this study, we developed a two‐step affinity purification method for rapid sample preparation. In this method, ligated mRNA is captured by oligo dT magnetic beads and streptavidin magnetic beads with 3’‐biotinylated oligo DNA, which are complementary to the 3’‐poly(A) and 5’ terminal sequences of the target mRNA, respectively. Therefore, the target mRNA can be isolated from a complex mixture of splint ligations. Using this method, six sugar‐modified mRNAs were simultaneously purified, and the translational activities of these mRNAs were evaluated immediately after purification. The results demonstrate that this methodology is suitable for the rapid preparation of various chemically synthesized mRNAs to identify their optimal modification patterns.
Micro‐nanobubbles assisted fouling reduction in membrane distillation for desalination
Authors: Radadiya Nilkumar Laxmanbhai , Kumar Abhay , Kalla Sarita
Published: November 2024

The present study describes the use of micro‐nanobubbles (MNBs) as an easy‐to‐use method for delaying scaling in membrane distillation (MD) while treating highly concentrated saline feed (10 wt.%). The hydrodynamic flow conditions with MNBs are enhanced compared to the traditional gas bubbling in MD. Specifically, an air cushion is formed between the membrane surface and bulk, limiting the deposition of solid particles on the surface. Also, turbulence created by the MNBs reduces the membrane fouling. The findings of the MD performance analysis showed that, in the absence of nanobubbles, considerable membrane scaling occurred during the treatment of high‐salinity feed, which significantly decreased the distillate flux to 70% after 20 h. The one‐time incorporation of air NBs into the saline feed significantly reduced salt precipitation or fouling on the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane surface by delaying the start of flux drop and preventing membrane wetting, thus improving MD performance. For nanobubble‐assisted MD, the only measured flux drop after 20 h of operation was 57% under similar input concentration and operating parameters.
Effect of trace oxygen on smelter off‐gas reduction desulphurization process over FeSx/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts
Authors: Ge Tingting , Guo Hui , Li Yuchao , Hao Jinguo , Zheng Yanxia , Yang Lixi , Huang Haofei , Wang Ming , Zuo Cuncun
Published: November 2024

Effects of trace oxygen on iron sulphides‐supported catalysts (FeSx/γ‐Al2O3) were evaluated through smelter off‐gas reduction process for sulphur synthesis. Catalytic performance was evaluated under different oxygen content conditions. The properties of fresh and used catalysts were investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and elemental analysis and relationships of active phases and activity were analyzed. The relationship between different active crystal crystals (FeSx, FeS2, Fe, FeO, γ‐Fe2O3) and SO2/O2 adsorption and conversion was investigated. The mechanism of oxygen influence on the FeSx/γ‐Al2O3 surface was given and the lifetime of the catalyst in the reaction atmosphere close to real smelter off‐gas after dust and oxygen removal steps containing trace oxygen (0.5 O2 v/v.%) was explored.
Treatment of tenosynovial giant tumors with colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor kinase inhibitors: When to start? When to stop? When to restart?
Authors: Blay Jean‐Yves , Dufresne Armelle , Gouin François , Vaz Gualter , Brahmi Mehdi
Published: November 2024

Long‐term treatment of nonresectable tenosynovial giant cell tumor with pexidartinib is feasible and provides long‐term control and symptomatic improvement, with acceptable tolerance. Treatment interruption is possible, and one half of patients remain without progression after interruption. Among those who relapse, pexidartinib is again active, although not all patients need to resume treatment.
Controlling Metal‐Support Interactions to Engineer Highly Active and Stable Catalysts for COx Hydrogenation
Authors: Chen Shilong
Published: November 2024

This perspective focuses on the modulation of metal‐support interaction (MSI) in catalysts for COx hydrogenation, highlighting their profound impact on catalytic performance. Firstly, it outlines different strategies, including the use of highly reducible oxides and moderate reduction treatments, which induce the classical strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI) effect and the electronic metal‐support interaction (EMSI) effect. Morphology engineering and crystalline phase manipulation of oxides presented as effective methods to control EMSI are also discussed. The discrimination of SMSI and EMSI can be achieved using oxides with low encapsulation tendencies, such as ZrO2, which supports electronic modifications without or minimizing the overgrowth issues, optimizing the catalytic performance for methanation. Then, the synergy between Cu and ZnO in methanol synthesis, enhanced by SMSI, is emphasized inside. Optimizing support oxides to control oxygen vacancies enhances the catalytic performance of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Perspectives for the future research on the fundamental understanding of structure‐MSI‐performance relationship for catalyst design is discussed.
The modality of historical thinking in the latest Greek primary school curriculum and the new challenges in history education
Authors: Fardi Kyriaki
Published: November 2024

This paper refers to the concept of ‘historical thinking’ as it appears in the three versions of the recent Greek History Curriculum for primary school. It is a comparative study of the discourse of the three versions of the recent history curriculum for primary school. The methodological approach of this study was founded on Critical Discourse Analysis. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the meaning and context of this term as presented in the three versions of the history curriculum and to compare the findings of the study with corresponding references in the international literature regarding the terms of ‘historical thinking’. This study demonstrated that this term is not the same in all three versions of the curriculum. In the first version of the curriculum the term ‘historical thinking’ is mentioned autonomously and we also separately identify the term ‘critical thinking’, while in the second and third versions a synthesis of the term is observed, which eventually becomes ‘critical historical thinking’. As a result of this observation, the use of the terms is critically and comparatively studied. The main conclusion is that the term ‘critical historical study’ refers much more to the development of general skills and competences with cognitive characteristics and much less to the critical understanding of the historical past. Furthermore, the conclusions of this study suggest a perspective for historical thinking in contemporary curricula with new challenges such as the relationship of historical education with artificial intelligence and children's representations.
Teachers as macro curriculum makers: Mandate and influence in the Norwegian LK20
Authors: Finnanger Tiril Smerud
Published: November 2024

This study investigates teacher participation in Norway's most recent national curriculum reform. During the reform period, teachers were invited to take part in macro curriculum making as members of national curriculum committees. In policy documents, teacher participation is emphasised as key to the legitimacy of the curriculum. In this study, what the teachers were expected to contribute to the process and the extent to which they were able to influence the final national curriculum are examined. Through interviews and document analysis, the study investigates teachers' mandate as macro curriculum makers and their perception of their own influence on the final curriculum. The findings show that the teachers' mandate is unclear and that official documents are vague regarding teachers' influence. The interviewed teachers believed they had some degree of influence on the final curriculum; however, they were largely excluded from the final decision‐making, which may have impacted their influence. The study contributes to the field of curriculum research by illuminating the complexity of participatory approaches and by discussing what teachers can contribute to national reform work. Implications for future reform include the need for clearly defined roles, as well as transparency and accountability in decision‐making on behalf of central authorities.
The pKa of Water and the Fundamental Laws Describing Solution Equilibria: An Appeal for a Consistent Thermodynamic Pedagogy
Authors: Neils Thomas L. , Schaertel Stephanie , Silverstein Todd P.
Published: November 2024

A recurring misconception in some textbooks and research papers has led to an abandonment of fundamental physical laws when describing a subset of acid‐base equilibria, especially regarding the role of the solvent. In the specific case of the autoprotolysis of water, experiments and theoretical calculations prove that the Kw of water at 25 °C, 1.00×10−14, is identical to its acid ionization constant, Ka. Nevertheless, several articles have been published erroneously purporting to give theoretical proof that the Ka of water is 10−15.743 (1.81×10−16) and that the Ka of the aqueous proton (hydronium ion) is 55.3 rather than 1.00. Here we argue that using the incorrect numbers has pedagogical implications beyond those of a simple error. Arguments for the incorrect Ka and pKa values require a misapplication of Henry's law and violate long‐standing methods that use Raoult's law and the conservation of matter to describe the behavior of solutions. As a result, chemistry students may be asked to accept one set of physical principles in one course and another set in another course. Here we argue for adherence to fundamental physical laws governing solution equilibria as applied to the autoprotolysis of water and all aqueous acid base equilibria.
Socioeconomic status and adherence to COVID‐19 preventative measures in Australia: A national cohort study
Authors: Aljeaidi Muhamad S. , Haaksma Miriam L. , Tan Edwin C. K.
Published: November 2024

Issue Addressed

The uptake of recommended preventative measures is a critical concern for protecting the public against COVID‐19 outbreaks and future pandemics. However, it is unclear to what extent COVID‐19 preventative measures were followed in Australia. This study aims to determine adherence level to COVID‐19 preventative measures in 2021, and whether these were associated with socioeconomic status (SES).

Study Design

This was a national cross‐sectional study using data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey.

Methods

This study included 15 457 community‐dwelling adults (18 years or older) who participated in the 2021 wave of HILDA survey. SES was assessed by the Socio‐Economic Index For Areas (SEIFA) score, split into quintiles. Outcomes included self‐reported adherence to COVID‐19 preventative measures (mask wearing, keeping distance, staying home; sum score range 3–15) and COVID‐19 status (yes/no). Linear and logistic regression were used accordingly to assess the association between SES and the sum score of adherence to COVID‐19 measures, and COVID‐19 vaccination status.

Results

Adherence to COVID‐19 preventative measures and uptake of COVID‐19 vaccine in Australia in 2021 were moderate (between 60% and 70%). Regression models showed higher SES was associated with a slightly higher score of adherence (β = .08, 95% CI = .04–.12) and a higher likelihood of self‐reporting receiving COVID‐19 vaccination (OR 1.27, 95% CI = 1.23–1.31).

Conclusion

SES was positively associated with the level of adherence to COVID‐19 preventative measures and the probability of receiving COVID‐19 vaccine. The findings of this study highlight the potential benefits of considering SES, particularly its impact on equity and access, when designing an educational program or awareness campaign in times of crisis.

So What?

The findings of this study highlight the importance of considering SES when designing an educational program or an awareness campaign in times of crisis.
The harmful effects of drought stress on the camelina oil content and fatty acid composition can be alleviated by using potassium silicate
Authors: Rad Amir Hosein Shirani , Malmir Mohammad , Eyni‐Nargeseh Hamed
Published: November 2024

A factorial experiment with three replicates was designed to investigate the effects of potassium silicate (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L−1) on camelina under three irrigation regimes (full irrigation, restricted irrigation from silicle formation and restricted irrigation from the beginning of flowering). Compared with full irrigation, restricted irrigation from the beginning of the flowering and silicle formation stages caused reductions of 5% and 11%, respectively, in the oil content and of 48% and 68%, respectively, in the oil yield (oil content 33% and oil yield 736 kg ha−1). The drought stress regimes increased the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, the PUFA/SFA (P/S) ratio and the monounsaturated fatty acid/SFA (M/S) ratio decreased. Under water‐limited conditions, 3 g L−1 potassium silicate significantly mitigated the negative effects of drought stress and increased the oil yield and content. Moreover, spraying 2 and 3 g L−1 potassium silicate increased the PUFA, P/S and M/S but decreased the SFA. Erucic acid, which was increased by the restricted irrigation treatments, decreased in response to potassium silicate application. Overall, the application of potassium silicate is a suitable measure for camelina cultivation under water‐limited conditions, as it mitigates the adverse effects of drought.
Genetic Influence of the Brain on Muscle Structure: A Mendelian Randomization Study of Sarcopenia
Authors: Lei Ting , Jiang Zichao , Wang Jiahao , Nan Jiangyu , Hua Long , Zhu Zewu , Hu Yihe
Published: November 2024

Background

The association between brain and sarcopenia has not been clarified. We aim to investigate the causal association between brain structure, function, gene expression and sarcopenia‐related traits.

Methods

All participants were Europeans. GWAS data of Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDs) was from the UK Biobank. Gene expression in 13 brain regions was acquired from the GTEx Consortium. The sarcopenia‐related traits, including appendicular lean mass (ALM), whole body lean mass (WBLM), grip strength and sarcopenia diagnosed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) or Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH), were from the IEU website. The inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, weighted mode and Wald ratio methods were used for a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis between brain structures and sarcopenia‐related traits. The summary‐data‐based MR (SMR) was used to investigate brain genes causally influencing sarcopenia. We calculated the F‐value, odds ratio with 95% CI and p‐value. For the sensitivity analysis, the heterogeneity I2 statistic, Cochrane's Q test, Egger's intercept test, MR‐PRESSO and the leave‐one‐out sensitivity test were used. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, protein–protein interaction (PPI), transcription factor interaction prediction and miRNA interaction prediction analysis were used to reveal potential signalling pathways and mechanisms.

Results

We included 3144 imaging phenotypes from 8428 participants in BIDs data. One hundred forty‐one BIDs were identified to causally influence ALM, 160 BIDs showed significant causal effect on the WBLM, and 86 BIDs showed significant causal effect on grip strength. There were 48 or 32 BIDs causally associated with sarcopenia diagnosed by the EWGSOP or FNIH criteria respectively. After FDR correction, there were 35 BIDs showing causal effect on the ALM, 28 BIDs showing causal effect on the WBLM and 7 BIDs showing causal effect on grip strength (p < 0.05). Twelve to forty‐eight genes in different brain regions showed causal effect on all the five sarcopenia‐related traits. MMP24‐AS1, HLA‐DRB6, HLA‐DQA2, DDX42, BAG6, NUSAP1, LINC00940, NME1‐NME2 and AS3MT in the amygdala region showed detrimental effect on all the five sarcopenia‐related traits, whereas HLA‐DRB1, HLA‐DQB1‐AS1 and C6ORF3 showed protective effect (p < 0.05). The gene enrichment analysis indicated these screened genes was mainly enriched in immune‐related signalling.

Conclusion

We discovered the causal effect of BIDs and brain gene expression on sarcopenia. The positive genes were mainly enriched in immune‐related signalling, suggesting an immune‐based cross‐organ regulation mechanism of brain–muscle axis.
Extraction of Penicillin G From Dairy Products Using Deep Eutectic Solvent/Alginate Beads Enhanced via Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Sereshti Hassan , Taghavi Ali , Soltani Sara , Nodeh Hamid Rashidi
Published: November 2024

A new nanocomposite based on alginate microbeads impregnated with novel strontium–aluminum layered double hydroxide (Sr‐Al LDH) incorporated with choline chloride‐urea deep eutectic solvent (ChCl‐U DES) was introduced. The microbeads and LDH were characterized by adsorption/desorption isotherms, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, SEM, and x‐ray diffraction. The adsorbent was employed for determining penicillin G (PENG) using dispersive solid‐phase extraction prior to HPLC analysis. The extraction efficiency of the adsorbent, compared with that of unmodified alginate, showed a 2.5‐fold increase. Significant parameters, including elution conditions, sorbent composition and mass, adsorption time, and sample pH, were optimized. The LOD was 0.4 µg kg−1, and the linear range was 1.4–500 µg kg−1. The LOQ (1.4 µg kg−1) was lower than the established maximum level for PENG by the European Union (4 µg kg−1). Enrichment factor and synthesis reproducibility were also investigated. The method's accuracy was evaluated through PENG analysis in dairy products and water, with recoveries of 81%–107% (RSDs < 7.6%). The procedure's greenness was assessed using the Analytical Eco‐scale and achieved excellent green credentials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis and application of a novel alginate composite for the extraction of PENG from dairy and water samples.
Chemical Screening, Identification, and Comparison of Tripterygium Hypoglaucum Hutch Preparations by Ultra‐High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry Combined With Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Authors: Luo Hui‐Zhi , Xiang Jie , Gui Wan‐Yu , Gong Jia‐Hui , Zou Jian‐Dong , Li Chang‐Yin
Published: November 2024

Colquhounia root tablets (CRT) and Tripterygium hypoglaucum hutch tablets (THHT), two major Tripterygium hypoglaucum hutch (THH) commercial preparations, have been used to treat chronic kidney diseases or rheumatic diseases. However, there have been no reports on the chemical comparison between CRT and THHT, greatly hindering the understanding of their pharmacological difference as well as their rational application in clinical practice. In the present study, ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry combined with automated data analysis by MS‐DIAL software and MS‐FLO website was employed to systematically screen and characterize the components in CRT and THHT. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to compare the differences between these two preparations. As a result, up to 92 components were tentatively identified, and 17 of them were characterized for the first time in THH preparations. According to the criteria of variable importance in projection (VIP) >1, p < 0.05, and fold change (FC) > 1.2, 46 components could be screened as major differential chemical components. Among them, phenolic acids, organic acids, amino acids, and diterpenoids were higher in CRT, while the sesquiterpene alkaloids were relatively higher in THHT. This study clarified the chemical material basis and the difference between CRT and THHT, providing a valuable reference for quality control and clinical rational use of THH preparations.
Reliability of Semitendinosus and Biceps Femoris Aponeurosis Thickness Using B‐Mode Ultrasound
Authors: Sahinis Chrysostomos , Kellis Eleftherios
Published: November 2024

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of aponeurosis and muscle thickness of the hamstrings using ultrasound (US).

Methods

US images were captured from the semitendinosus (ST) and biceps femoris long head (BFlh) of 30 individuals (15 females), undergoing two testing sessions with a 24‐hour interval. Measurements were taken at six sites along the thigh at two knee angles (0° = full extension and 90°) in prone position. Aponeurosis and muscle thickness across the entire length of ST and BFlh were evaluated using computational image segmentation which generated ~360 data points per participant.

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.937 to 0.998 while the standard error of measurement varied from 0.88 to 2.72% for superficial aponeurosis, from 1.41 to 2.29% for deep aponeurosis, and from 1.50 to 4.22% for muscle thickness. The minimal detectable change ranged from 2.44 to 7.56% for the superficial aponeurosis, from 3.57 to 6.27% for deep aponeurosis, and from 4.17 to 11.70% for BF and ST muscle thickness.

Conclusions

Evaluation of hamstring aponeurosis and muscle thickness measurements at rest displayed very high reliability and, hence, such measurements can be used to diagnose changes in thickness due to injury or exercise interventions.
The Impact of Slight to Mild Hearing Loss on Academic Performance and Behavior of 9–15‐Year‐Olds
Authors: Reijers Stefanie N.H. , Vroegop Jantien L. , Jansen Pauline W. , Kremer Bernd , van der Schroeff Marc P.
Published: November 2024

Objective

To examine the impact of slight to mild hearing loss in children by studying its association with academic performance and behavioral problems.

Methods

This study was embedded within a prospective birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Participants underwent audiometric and behavioral evaluations between ages 9–11 (April 2012–October 2015) and 13–15 (May 2017–September 2019). At 13–15, a multiple linear regression was conducted to explore the relationship between hearing acuity and both academic and behavioral outcomes. A cross‐lagged analysis using data from ages 9 to 11 investigated bidirectional associations between hearing loss and behavioral problems.

Results

The cross‐sectional part of the study involved 4688 participants at the age of 13–15 years. The relative risk for children with slight to mild hearing loss of being placed in a lower educational level compared with the highest level was 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.14, 2.02]). Among boys, elevated high‐frequency pure‐tone average (HPTA) was associated with a higher total problem score (per 1 dB HPTA: β = 0.01; 95% CI [0.00, 0.02]). For girls, elevated low‐frequency pure‐tone average (LPTA) was associated with a higher attention problem score (per 1 dB LPTA: β = 0.02; 95% CI [0.01, 0.02]). Cross‐lagged effects showed that participants with increased pure‐tone averages in low frequencies at 9–11 years had more social problems at ages 13–15 years (Z‐score difference: 0.01; 95% CI [0.01, 0.02]).

Conclusion

Elevated hearing thresholds in slight to mild hearing loss were linked to poorer academic performance and increased behavioral problems.

Level of Evidence

2 (prospective cohort study) Laryngoscope, 2024
Temporal Trends in Soil Health and Productivity on Reclaimed Natural Gas Pipeline Rights‐of‐Way on Cropland
Authors: Muitire Clemence , Zvomuya Francis , Adesanya Theresa , Amarakoon Inoka , Mante Afua
Published: November 2024

The construction of underground pipelines negatively impacts soil productivity in various ecosystems. However, the temporal progression in the recovery of soil productivity following the reclamation of cropland impacted by natural gas pipeline rights‐of‐way (ROWs) construction remains unclear. This study examined temporal, post‐reclamation changes in selected soil health indicators and productivity on reclaimed underground natural gas pipeline ROWs on cropland. Soil and crop samples were collected from ROWs ranging in time elapsed since reclamation (TSR) from 6 to 12 years and from adjacent undisturbed locations (off‐ROW) in the same field. The soil samples were analyzed for soil health indicators (permanganate‐oxidizable carbon (POXC), soil respiration, and autoclaved citrate‐extractable (ACE) protein) and selected chemical properties. Crop samples were assessed for grain and total biomass yields as well as grain protein content. Compared to the off‐ROW, soil organic C on the ROWs was 29% (6‐year ROW) and 33% (9‐year ROW) lower than on the off‐ROWs. Soil respiration recovered within 6 years of ROW reclamation, whereas it took 12 years for POXC and ACE protein to recover to off‐ROW levels. Grain and biomass yields 12 years post‐reclamation were still 42% and 36%, respectively, lower on the ROWs than on the off‐ROWs. However, measured soil attributes recovered faster than crop variables, indicating that pipeline construction on cropland has longer‐term impacts on crop yields than on soil attributes. These results indicate that, although underground pipeline construction has detrimental impacts on soil and crop attributes, these attributes would slowly recover to pre‐construction levels with increasing TSR.
Common sports‐related nerve injuries seen by the electrodiagnostic medical consultant
Authors: Farag Jordan I. , McDougall Alexandre N. , Catapano Michael
Published: November 2024

The high physiologic demands of sports create dynamic stress on joints, soft tissues, and nerves which may lead to injuries in the athlete. Electrodiagnostic (EDx) assessment is essential to identify the correct diagnosis, localization, and prognosis, to guide management of sports‐related neuropathies. A comprehensive review was performed to provide the EDx medical consultant with a practical approach to the common peripheral nerve disorders seen in athletes. Sports‐related neuropathies reviewed include transient traumatic irritation of the brachial plexus and/or cervical nerve roots (“Burners and stingers,”) suprascapular and axillary neuropathies, ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) in throwers, ulnar neuropathy at the hand/wrist in cyclists, multi‐ligamentous knee injury, and foot/ankle neuropathies including tarsal tunnel syndrome. A thorough understanding of peripheral anatomy, possible entrapment sites, mechanisms of injury, and key physical examination findings is essential for correct diagnosis. EDx assessments beyond routine studies are generally required for sports‐related neuropathy, which may not necessarily follow typical entrapment patterns. Adjunct diagnostic imaging, such as point‐of‐care ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, are helpful tools to identify associated musculoskeletal pathology such as compressive cysts or nerve entrapment, which may be amenable to interventional or surgical treatment. When no clear reversible structural pathology exists, management of sports‐related neuropathy is athlete‐specific and generally multi‐modal, involving a combination of physical rehabilitation techniques to address muscle imbalances, load management, protective equipment, and interventional pain procedures.
On the role of local reinforcement in an adhesively bonded AL/CFRP energy absorber under axial loading: A theoretical investigation and optimization
Authors: Rahmani Reza , Keshavarzi Ali , Googarchin Hamed Saeidi
Published: November 2024

This paper aims to develop a novel theoretical model that incorporates the effects of local composite reinforcement using adhesive bonding on the energy absorption of aluminum structures under axial loading. The goal is to optimize energy absorption prior to any connection failures and to prevent uneven structural deformation. Moreover, it strives to reduce the structure's weight and material usage, achieving superior results compared to traditional global reinforcement techniques. The theoretical model was validated through experimental testing and finite element analysis, demonstrating good agreement with the predicted results. The results reveal that increasing the CFRP fiber angle, layer thickness, and number of layers generally leads to improved energy absorption capacity. An optimization analysis was performed to determine the optimal design parameters, yielding a fiber angle of 80°–90°, composite thickness of 1.5 mm, and aluminum thickness of 2.5 is the best configuration, offering the highest specific energy absorption and adequate peak load capacity for maximized energy absorption. The proposed model offers significant improvements over existing approaches, enhancing the predictive capabilities and practical applicability of energy absorption predictions in engineering design.

Highlights

A novel theoretical model for energy absorption in locally reinforced hybrid AL/CFRP structures.

The influence of design parameters, such as CFRP layer count, fiber orientation, and thickness ratio.

Optimization to maximize the average crushing force while meeting weight and geometric constraints.

Findings can inform the design of safer and more efficient energy‐absorbing structures in various applications.
Pine Needle of Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc) Essential Oil Through Liquid Nitrogen Quick‐Freezing Assisted Solvent‐Free Microwave Extraction Process for Antibacterial Application
Authors: Yu Shuai , Ma Shengtao , Wang Qiuling , Chen Zhifei , Xi Gaolei , An Nan , Yao Hanning , Jia Tao , Zhao Xiuhua , Yang Lei
Published: November 2024

Introduction

This study investigates the composition and antibacterial properties of essential oil extracted from Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc) pine needles using a liquid nitrogen freezing treatment combined with solvent‐free microwave extraction (LNSFM).

Objective

The aim is to develop a low‐energy, high‐efficiency extraction method for conifer essential oils, analyze their chemical composition, and evaluate their antibacterial efficacy.

Methodology

Pine needle samples were frozen with liquid nitrogen and subsequently crushed. The essential oil was extracted using solvent‐free microwave technology. A single‐factor test and response surface methodology were employed to optimize extraction parameters. The extraction efficiency of LNSFM was compared with traditional methods through kinetics, and the essential oil components were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antibacterial activity of the extracted volatile oil was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusion

LNSFM proves to be a green and efficient extraction method suitable for obtaining volatile oils from pine needles, which demonstrate significant antibacterial properties.
Screening Anti–Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovitis Effective Ingredients of Total Flavonoid From Artemisia argyi Folium Based on Spectrum–Effect Relationship
Authors: Shi Yu , Lei Yueyue , Guo Shiwen , Li Lujun , Li Xu , Liu Xinyi , Ding Shuiping
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Flavonoids are the main nonvolatile component responsible for the anti–rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovitis activities of Artemisia argyi Folium. However, the effective ingredient remains unidentified. Spectrum–effect relationships analysis was a reliable and efficient strategy for herbal effective ingredient discovery.

Objectives

This study aimed to screen the effective ingredients within the total flavonoid from Artemisia argyi Folium (TFAA) that exhibit anti‐RA synovitis activities based on spectrum–effect relationship.

Methods

TFAA was obtained through ethanol extraction and subsequent purification with D101 resin from 15 distinct batches of Artemisia argyi Folium. The fingerprint of TFAA was established using HPLC, and its efficacy against RA synovitis was evaluated by determining the inhibition rate of nitric oxide (NO) on MH7A synovioblast induced by TNF‐α. Common peaks were identified using HPLC‐MS/MS and authentic standards. The spectrum–effect relationships between the fingerprints and efficacy were analyzed by gray relational analysis (GRA), canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR) to pinpoint the peaks responsible for the anti‐RA synovitis activity, and the results were further verified by in vitro anti‐RA synovitis experiments and molecular docking studies.

Results

The fingerprint revealed 14 common peaks, and 12 compounds were identified, including four caffeoylquinic acids and eight flavonoids. Among them, five flavonoids—X10 (hispidulin), X11 (jaceosidin), X12 (centaureidin), X13 (eupatilin), and X14 (casticin)—were highly relevant to anti‐RA synovitis activity. Verification experiments confirmed their inhibitory effect on NO production and cytokine secretion in MH7A cells, showing anti‐RA synovitis potential, which was consistent with the established spectrum effect relationship. The underlying mechanism might be related to the inhibition of iNOS.

Conclusion

Hispidulin, jaceosidin, centaureidin, eupatilin, and casticin were the key effective ingredient of TFAA responsible for its anti‐RA synovitis effects. These compounds can serve as quality control markers for Artemisia argyi Folium and as lead compounds for anti‐RA synovitis treatment.
Double Copy From Tensor Products of Metric BV■‐Algebras
Authors: Borsten Leron , Jurčo Branislav , Kim Hyungrok , Macrelli Tommaso , Saemann Christian , Wolf Martin
Published: November 2024

Field theories with kinematic Lie algebras, such as field theories featuring color–kinematics duality, possess an underlying algebraic structure known as BV■‐algebra. If, additionally, matter fields are present, this structure is supplemented by a module for the BV■‐algebra. The authors explain this perspective, expanding on our previous work and providing many additional mathematical details. The authors also show how the tensor product of two metric BV■‐algebras yields the action of a new syngamy field theory, a construction which comprises the familiar double copy construction. As examples, the authors discuss various scalar field theories, Chern–Simons theory, self‐dual Yang–Mills theory, and the pure spinor formulations of both M2‐brane models and supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. The latter leads to a new cubic pure spinor action for 10‐dimensional supergravity. A homotopy‐algebraic perspective on colour–flavour‐stripping is also given, obtain a new restricted tensor product over a wide class of bialgebras, and it is also show that any field theory (even one without colour–kinematics duality) comes with a kinematic ‐algebra.
Nanosecond Laser Passivation and Corrosion Resistance Mechanism on the Surface of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Yang Qibiao , Li Hao , Yi Zongyu , Cheng Jian , Lou Deyuan , Chen Lie , Li Qianliang , Liu Dun
Published: November 2024

In addressing issues related to defects in laser quenching technologies, this study undertakes surface passivation treatment on 2205 duplex stainless steel. The investigation explores the impact of different laser parameters on the corrosion resistance of the passive film on the steel surface. The findings may provide theoretical references for the laser passivation treatment and corrosion resistance mechanism of steel surfaces.
Decreasing Carrier Mobility under Concentrated Illumination and Its Effect on the Series Resistance and Conversion Efficiency of Silicon Concentrator Solar Cells
Authors: Harada Tomoki , Yamashita Kyosuke , Ikari Tetsuo , Fukuyama Atsuhiko
Published: November 2024

The carrier mobility of solar cell materials is a critical physical parameter that determines the series resistance. Furthermore, series resistance is an essential factor affecting the conversion efficiency of concentrator solar cells under high sunlight illumination. However, there has been slight discussion regarding the relationship between these factors. In the previous study, it was reported that concentrated illumination decreased carrier mobility; however, the scattering mechanism has not yet been clarified. Moreover, carrier–carrier scattering was discussed; however, it did not cause a mobility reduction. Thus effective mass changes are discussed as a possible cause of the decrease in carrier mobility under concentrated illumination. The cause of the decrease in mobility under concentrated sunlight illumination cannot be fully elucidated; however, it is a change in lattice scattering. Furthermore, the effect of the decrease in mobility due to concentrated illumination on the series resistance and conversion efficiency of Si solar cells using numerical calculations is clarified. The increase in the series resistance caused by the mobility reduction is ≈10% under 30 suns.