bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased liver lipase activity in rats with essential fatty acid deficiency
Authors: Schoonderwoerd Kees , Hülsmann Willem C. , Jansen Hans
Published: January 2007

Liver lipase activity was measured in EFA‐deficient rats (long‐term) and in control rats and rats fed an EFA‐deficient diet for two weeks (short‐term). Liver lipase activity was significantly enhanced by EFA deficiency, both in long‐term and short‐term experiments. The enhanced liver lipase activity could be normalized by feeding these rats normal laboratory chow for 14 days. Since during EFA deficiency prostaglandin synthesis is impaired, the possible involvement of prostaglandins in the observed changes in liver lipase actvity during EFA deficiency was studied. Administration of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin (5 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) to normally fed rats for two days led to an increase of liver lipase activity. Prostaglandin E2 was found to inhibit the secretion of liver lipase activity by freshly isolated parenchymal liver cellsin vitro. These results indicate that the increase in liver lipase activity during EFA deficiency may be due to an impairment of the prostaglandin synthesis.
Synthesis and properties of Nα‐lauroyl‐L‐arginine dipeptides from collagen‐lauroyl‐L‐arginine dipeptides from collagen
Authors: Molinero J. , Julia M. R. , Erra P. , Robert M. , Infante M. R.
Published: January 2007

In order to obtain protein‐based amphoteric surfactants with antimicrobial properties, Nα‐lauroyl arginine dipeptides have been prepared by condensation between Nα‐lauroyl arginine and amino acids which come from a collagen hydrolysate. Some surfactant properties and the minimum inhibitory concentration against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have been evaluated. All types of compounds presented a surfactant‐like behavior. Furthermore, the compounds described in this paper may be considered as mild preservative or protective substances.
Gel filtration of surfactants
Authors: Nakagawa Toshio , Jizomoto Hiroaki
Published: January 2007

A simulation technique was developed for analyzing the gel filtration chromatography of surfactants. Theoretical elution curves obtained by this technique were compared with the experimental curves for the following five systems: an ionic or a nonionic surfactant of a single component, an ionic surfactant in the presence of an electrolyte, a mixture of two nonionic surfactants, a mixture of two ionic surfactants, and a mixture of an ionic and a nonionic surfactant. In the first four systems, good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental elution curves. A possible explanation for the disagreement in the last system is presented.
Interactions of colloidal particles with complex ions and polymers
Authors: Matijevic Egon
Published: January 2007

The lecture represented a review of the work done in the author's laboratory dealing with the behavior of a variety of submicronic particles in the presence of simple and complex ions, surface active agents, polyelectrolytes and polymers. Experimentally, the stability of colloidal sols, which can be readily followed by optical methods, was investigated as a function of the composition of the electrolyte environments. This approach offers a number of advantages when the evaluation of solid‐solute interactions is attempted. By selecting various colloidal sols one can study the interactions of counterions with particles of different surface properties, such as the charge density, type and concentration of stabilizing ions, degree of solvation, surface ionization, etc.
Alkali isomerization—Gas chromatography with the microreactor apparatus
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Lanser Alan C. , Dutton H. J.
Published: January 2007

A simple and rapid method of simultaneously conjugating polyunsaturation and forming methyl esters from triglyceride oils, other esters and fatty acids has been developed by using the microreactor apparatus (MRA). These reactions occur while a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide and sample of fat is being injected into a gas chromatograph from the MRA reaction chamber. The speed of this microanalysis is limited only by peak elution and peak integration times. Analyses of soybean oil and six partially hydrogenated fats have been compared with those previously obtained by the alkali isomerization spectrometric method. The amount of conjugation that occurs during the reaction is a measure of the linoleic acid in the oil. This procedure should prove useful for rapid microscale analysis of conjugatable dienes in a variety of samples, including edible fat products.
Odor and flavor responses to additives in edible oils
Authors: Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , List G. R.
Published: January 2007

The odor threshold was determined for a series of unsaturated ketones, secondary alcohols, hydrocarbons and substituted furans added to bland edible oil. Odor thresholds were taken as the point where 50% of a 15‐ to 18‐member taste panel could detect an odor difference from the control oil. These additives are oxidative products of fats, but the concentrations investigated were far below any level associated with an identifying odor or taste of the additive per se. Odor, rather than flavor, was selected as the starting basis because of greater acuity and ease of handling a large number of samples with less taster fatigue. Oil samples containing additive concentrations near the odor threshold levels were evaluated by flavor score and flavor descriptions. Taste panel members were experienced oil tasters and were allowed free choice in selecting terms to describe the flavor quality of the oil samples. The propyl and butyl members of the homologous series of vinyl ketones had the lowest odor thresholds, whereas the difference in odor threshold was small between homologs in the unsaturated alcohols and in the 2 substituted furans. Vinyl propyl ketone, vinyl propyl carbinol (1‐hexen‐3‐ol) and 2‐propyl furan had odor thresholds of 0.005, 0.5 and 6 ppm, respectively. Odor thresholds of the unsaturated hydrocarbons are markedly lower than those of the saturated isologs. The odor of nonane can be detected at 650 ppm. However, at 1000 ppm it cannot be tasted and oils containing it were scored equal to the control oil. 1‐Nonene, 1‐nonyne and other tested C‐9 unsaturated hydrocarbons, including a number of dienes, have odor thresholds of about 10 ppm. The hydrocarbons 1‐hexyne, 1‐nonyne and 1‐decyne had odor thresh‐olds of 0.2, 5 and 4 ppm, respectively.
Salmonella reservoirs in animals and feeds
Authors: Ellis Edwin M.
Published: January 2007

Salmonellosis is an important worldwide problem involving all species of wild and domestic animals and fowl. With few exceptions serotypes are not host specific and cross infections are frequent. Carriers exist in most species including man. Probably no species is free of the disease. Animal feeds frequently contain the organisms. Transmission is most often due to ingestion of fecal‐contaminated food or water, but infection by contact is a frequent and serious problem. Control by sanitation and protection against contamination of feeds would appear to solve much of the problem. Improved serologic methods for detecting carriers are badly needed.
Humans and pets as sources of salmonellae
Authors: Galton Mildred M.
Published: January 2007

Reported non‐typhoid salmonella infections in man have increased in the United States from 723 in 1946 to 20,040 in 1966, and this may represent only 1% of the salmonella infections actually occurring. The temporary carrier state following infections in man represents an important source for the spread of infection to other persons. Pets including dogs, cats, Easter chicks and ducklings, and turtles can also be a source of human salmonella infections. Approximately 15–20% of normal household dogs may be infected with salmonellae, although documented human infections traced to dogs are rare. Pet Easter chicks and ducklings have been incriminated frequently as a source of infection in young children. More than 100 cases of salmonellosis have been traced to pet turtles. Only by the implementation of appropriate control measures attacking each one of these potential sources of infection can we hope to reduce the increasing incidence of salmonellosis in the United States.
Method for determination of combined maleic anhydride in rosin‐maleic anhydride adducts by chromatographic techniques
Authors: Stanley J. B. , Moseley P. B.
Published: January 2007

A new analytical method for the determination of combined maleic anhydride in rosin maleic anhydride adducts has been developed. The method is based on the use of chromatographic techniques for separating the rosin acids and the rosin maleic anhydride adduct using silicic acidcelite as the adsorbent and benzene and acetone as solvents. An acid number is determined on the adduct which is used to calculate the combined maleic anhydride in the sample. Free maleic anhydride does not interfere in the analysis. Data are presented showing good agreement with the results obtained on known blends by infrared spectroscopy and chromatography.
Quantitative estimation of sucrose esters of plamitic acid
Authors: WEiss T. J. , Brown Mona , Zeringue H. J. , Feuge R. O.
Published: January 2007

Thin layer chromatography was adapted for direct quantitative estimation of sucrose esters of palmitic acid. Urea‐phosphoric acid spray was used to detect the sucrose moiety of the various esters. The photometrically metermined density density of each spot on the thin layer plate was found to be proportional to its sucrose content. Ester content was then obtained by multiplying sucrose found by the factor, mol. wt. ester/mol. wt. sucrose. Ester mixtures were prepared by interesterifying sucrose with various proportions of methyl palmitate in dimethylformamide solution. Positional isomers were observed at each level of substitution but could not be adequately separated from each other for quantitative evaluation.
Changes in carotenoid and oil content during maturation of peanut seeds
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Purcell A. E. , Johns Elizabeth B.
Published: January 2007

To understand the changes in the color of peanut oil during maturation of the seeds, measurements were made of carotenoid and oil contents per kernel and carotenoid concentration of extracted peanut oil between the 4th and 12th weeks from pegging. Initially carotenoid concentration in the oil declined rapidly followed by a 50% decline between the 6th and 12th week. Changes in the carotenoid content and oil content of the peanut kernel indicated that the decrease in carotenoid concentration was due to a dilution produced by the rapid increase in oil content. Evidence is presented to indicate that the carotenoids are in areas separated from the oil containing spherosomes of the peanut kernel.
Quantitative separation of diazelaoglycerides from insoluble azelaoglycerides and its applications in glyceride structure studies
Authors: Kartha A. R. S.
Published: January 2007

Diazelains can be quantitatively removed from mixtures of di‐ and monoazelains by treatment in diethyl ether with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate under specified conditions. The total monoazelains produced by oxidation of GS3nil fats of C16‐C18 acid type can be isolated quantitatively for further examination by applying this procedure to the insoluble azelaoglycerides. Similar treatment of the insoluble azelaoglycerides from GS3 positive fats will give a mixture of GS3 and GS2A in the bicarbonate insoluble fraction. The GS3 can be accurately estimated from the analysis of the latter by already available procedures.
Chemical inactivation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in cottonseed meals and their physiological evaluation
Authors: Reilich H. G. , O'neill H. J. , Levi R. S. , Proctor J. , Pons W. A.
Published: January 2007

Chemical inactivation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in commercial cottonseed meals was explored with three classes of compounds: anhydrous gases, organic acids and sulfhydryl compounds. Of the reagents screened, sulfur dioxide reduced the cyclopropenoid content by over 90% while free cottonseed fatty acids and thioglycollic acid reduced the cyclopropenoid fatty acid content by over 30%. Large batches of the above three selected meals, as well as a control commercial screw‐pressed meal, were then incorporated at 20 wt % levels in the rations of laying hens. A negative control containing 25% soybean meal and a positive control containing a 2% refined cottonseed oil of known CPA content were also employed. During a four‐week feeding period, eggs were collected during the third and fourth week and stored at 35 F for periods of 3 and 6 months. Overall egg quality and the fatty acid distribution of the yolk lipids were determined after the 3 and 6 months' storage periods.
A study on alkylation of phenol with isano oil
Authors: Ravve A. , Fitko C.
Published: January 2007

Phenol was alkylated with isano oil under both acidic and basic conditions. The products were studied with infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Both olefinic and acetylenic bonds apparently participated in the alkylation reactions. The phenol added 1,2 across these bonds mainly at the aromatic nucleus and predominantly in the ortho position. No vinyl ethers could be detected when KOH was used as the catalyst.
An amperometric titration method for bleach evaluation
Authors: Sargent D. J.
Published: January 2007

An analytical method has been devised as a rapid screening procedure which predicts how effective an active chlorine containing compound will be as a bleaching agent. The method is based on an amperometric titration which indicates bleaching performance from both the increase in whiteness and fabric tendering standpoints. Excellent correlation was obtained between amperometrically determined data and practical bleaching data for several extensively used bleaching agents. In connection with this amperometric titration method, a polarographic method is also presented which provides good correlation between the polarographically determined data and practical bleaching data.
Rearrangement of epoxy fatty esters to keto fatty esters
Authors: Walens H. A. , Koob R. P. , Ault W. C. , Maerker G.
Published: January 2007

The rearrangement of fatty epoxyesters to ketoesters was studied. The isomerization is carried out in nonaqueous media and is catalyzed by acids. Esters containing one epoxy group per fatty acid chain are isomerized to the corresponding ketones in 70舑90% yields using boron fluoride etherate catalyst in boiling dioxane. Conversion to ketonic products is measured either by chromatographic separation followed by IR analysis or by oximation. Principal byproducts are hydroxy derivatives. Fatty esters containing more than one epoxy group/fatty acid chain give low ketone yields.
Determination of free and bound gossypol in swine tissues
Authors: Smith F. H.
Published: January 2007

Methods have been developed for the determination of free and bound gossypol in the tissues of swine ingesting diets containing free gossypol. Data presented show satisfactory reproducibility and accuracy of the methods.
Vegetable protein—A delayed birth?
Authors: Coleman Richard J.
Published: January 2007

Manufacturing technology related to vegetable protein is ahead of its marketing counterpart. Communication among technical, marketing, and consumer groups is required if formed vegetable protein is to succeed as a foodstuff. Perhaps, the final status of vegetable protein will be determined by how well these communication lines are established.
Manufacturing and marketing of soy products for human consumption in mexico
Authors: Tello Felipe
Published: January 2007

The following items are discussed: (A) the importance of distributing products that can be consumed directly or formulating fortified products for daily use without producing physical or flavor changes in the product; (B) ways of popularizing the acceptance of soy products through demonstration, promotion, and publicity; (C) commercial presentation of the product, cost, and keeping quality; and (D) distribution.
Use of soy proteins in bakery products
Authors: Hoover William J.
Published: January 2007

A brief description of the products from soy used in the baking industry is given. The functional properties and the nutritional values are discussed. Emphasis is upon the production of high protein soy fortified yeast leavened breads, tortillas, unleavened breads, and chemically leavened products, such as cookies, cakes, and doughnuts. The nutritional significance and economics of such products also are explained.
Rapid quantitative determination of residual hexane in oils by direct gas chromatography
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Fore S. P. , Rayner E. T.
Published: January 2007

A simple, direct, gas chromatographic technique is described for the quantitative determination of residual hexane in extracted vegetable oils. The method if rapid and sensitive to one ppm hexane. The inlet liner of a gas chromatograph was packed with 1 1/2 in. glass wool, and 25 mg oil was added onto it. The sample was capped with a small plug of glass wool, and the liner was inserted in the heated inlet of the gas chromatograph. Residual hexane rapidly eluted onto the Poropak P column by heat, and carrier gas was resolved in 20 min by temperature programing between 70–180 C. The method appears useful for monitoring continuous solvent removal processes.
Modifying proteins for maximum utilization in the ruminant
Authors: Mc Gilliard A. Dare
Published: January 2007

Much of the early work on nitrogen metabolism in ruminants has clearly established that the rumen microflora have a considerable modifying effect on the utilization of dietary nitrogen. This modifying effect may be advantageous to the animal under certain conditions, i.e., when the diet contains mainly poor quality protein or a nonprotein nitrogenous material such as urea. On the other hand, this modifying effect may not be advantageous when high quality protein is fed. From a practical standpoint it appears that limiting the degradation of dietary protein in the rumen would be advantageous under most conditions. Chemical modification of good quality proteins or coating of proteins and individual amino acids to render them resistant to microbial attack, without greatly reducing their nutritive value in the small intestine, appears to offer the most promising approach.
Direct gas chromatographic analysis of volatiles from raw and roasted peanuts
Authors: Brown David F. , Dollear F. G. , Dupuy H. P.
Published: January 2007

Ground samples of raw and roasted peanuts were packed in glass liners and introduced into the heated injection port of a gas chromatograph where the volatiles were vaporized in situ. Chromatograms from ground peanuts are qualitatively similar to those from expressed oil samples. Fourteen compounds were tentatively identified.
Report of the AOCS Instrumental Techniques Committee, 1972–73
Authors: O'Connor R. T.
Published: January 2007

The Committee met twice during the year at the 46th Fall Meeting of the Society in Ottawa, Canada, and at the 64th Spring Meeting in New Orleans, La. The Spectroscopy Subcommittee had planned to study, in collaborative investigation, 2 published methods, 1 designed to provide a rapid determination of isolatedtrans isomers without recourse to external standards and the other to increase the sensitivity of these determinations. However, these investigations have been delayed because of lack of interest and inability to establish task groups within various laboratories. The Atomic Absorption Subcommittee completed collaborative testing of a method originating at the Southern Regional Research Center for the direct determination of trace metals in fats and oils by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method will be submitted to the Uniform Methods Committee with recommendation for inclusion in theAOCS Book of Official and Tentative Methods. This Subcommittee has found that methods to provide increased sensitivity in determining small traces of metals by preconcentration by means of extraction procedures are not entirely satisfactory. Apparently this is because of inability to quantify the extraction preconcentration procedure. It will attempt to develop a more sensitive method, required for the analysis of refined oils, by the use of graphite furnace and carbon rods or carbon tube atomizers. Resignations of the chairman and 2 task group chairmen of the Gas Chromatography Subcommittee necessitated a reorganization of this Subcommittee, delaying plans to establish collaborative evaluation of methods for the determination of: (a) pesticides; (b) sterols; (c) resin acids in fats, oils, and other lipids; (d) the composition of turpentine by means of gas liquid chromatography; and (e) the composition of fatty acids by means of programed gas liquid chromatography. The NMR Spectroscopy Subcommittee conducted several collaborative tests to show that the instrumental method has advantages over the present dilatometric procedure in precision, scope, and time of analysis. The NMR procedure was found satisfactory with either wideline or pulsed‐source instrumentation but was dependent upon the method of tempering of the sample prior to analysis. A method specifying a precise tempering procedure in detail will be studied in additional collaborative tests. Satisfactory results will permit development of a specific procedure to be recommended as an offical method of the Society.
Studies of ester‐containing surfactants: Effect of position of ester group on surface tension
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: January 2007

The properties in aqueous solution of the series of sodium sulfoalkyl alkanoates of general formula CnH2n+1COO(CH2)mSO3Na (where n=9,10, and 11; m=2,3, and 4) have been investigated by measurements of surface tension. According to the Gibbs absorption isotherm equation, the slope of the curves of the surface tension vs. logarithm concentration gives the amount of surfactant adsorbed. The surface tension of sodium 4‐sulfobutyl ester derivatives was lower than that of sodium 2‐sulfoethyl and 3‐sulfopropyl ester derivatives in the region below the critical micelle concentration. The areas occupied/molecule for sodium 2‐sulfoethyl and 3‐sulfopropyl ester derivatives were in the range 51–56 Å2, which agreed with the value 50 Å2 obtained for the sodium dodecyl sulfate. However, the values of the areas occupied/molecule for sodium 4‐sulfobutyl ester derivatives were 63–65 Å2, which was large compared with that of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The effect of the ester group in the sodium 4‐sulfobutyl ester derivatives on the orientation of the molecule at the air‐water interface is different from the effect of the ester group in the sodium 2‐sulfoethyl and 3‐sulfopropyl ester derivatives on the orientation of the molecule at the air‐water interface.
Laboratory pressure reaction apparatus
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Vasconcellos Andres
Published: January 2007

A laboratory reactor which can be readily built at low cost is described. It provides convenient control of pressure, temperature, and agitation and permits removal of samples under pressure. The reactor has been used to study hydrogenation of 0.5–1.0 kg samples of edible oils at pressures up to 53 psi and temperatures up to 121 C. This equipment should be useful in studying a variety of other reactions of interest to oil chemists.
Dimer acid esters by simultaneous dehydration and polymerization of technical methyl ricinoleate
Authors: Silverstone G.
Published: January 2007

Filtrol 13 may be used to dehydrate methyl ricinoleate with simultaneous dimerization and polymerization of the linoleate esters formed. Hydrolysis of the ester group is avoided by the use of xylene as an azeotroping solvent and the preferred method of reaction is the dropwise addition of the ester to a stirred suspension of catalyst in xylene. Products prepared by this technique had a dimer/polymer ratio of about 5 when the yield was 50%. The acid value of the polymer was 7 and of the recovered monomer 3‐4.
Net hydrogenation activity: A rational index
Authors: Dafler J. R.
Published: January 2007

In a fixed regime of temperature, agitation, and hydrogen pressure, regression analysis yields a rational technique for indexing the activity of hydrogenation catalysts. Refractive index measurements as a function of time were analyzed to produce a family of rate constants. These, in turn, were analyzed via polynomial regression to yield a quantitative activity index.
Alkyl chain packing in a β′ triacylglycerol measured by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Birker P. J. M. W. L. , Blonk J. C. G.
Published: January 2007

The lateral packing of alkyl chains in single crystals of β′ C12C14C12 (β′‐LML) was investigated by atomic force microscopy. The geometry of the methyl terrace fully supports the structure model proposed on the basis of X‐ray diffraction data and symmetry considerations.
The isolation and recovery of fatty acids with Δ5 unsaturation from meadowfoam oil by lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis and esterification
Authors: Hayes Douglas G. , Kleiman Robert
Published: January 2007

This report examines the use of lipases for isolating fatty acids with Δ5 unsaturation from the seed oil ofLimnanthes alba, or meadowfoam. Seven lipase types and three enzyme configurations (immobilized, “free” and reversemicellar encapsulated) were examined. All lipases discriminated against Δ5 acids to varying degrees, but the degree of discrimination was independent of enzyme configuration. Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of meadowfoam oil’s free fatty acids was much more successful for isolating Δ5 acyl groups than was lipolysis. For example, esterification directed byChromobacterium viscosum lipase yielded a free fatty acid product containing >95% of the Δ5 acyl groups at >99% purity.
The rearrangement of fatty cyclopropenoids in the presence of boron trifluoride
Authors: Gilkison Ian S. , Shone Geoffrey G.
Published: January 2007

The destruction of the cyclopropenoid ring system of methyl 9,10 methyleneoctadec‐9‐enoate (methyl sterculate) with boron trifluoride etherate has been shown to give a complex mixture of products, including methyl esters of C19 allenes (12%), a C18 alkyne (11%) and a variety of C19 and C20 conjugated dienes containing either a methyl or methylene branch. The methylene group lost from the methyl sterculate reactant in the formation of methyl octadec‐9‐ynoate is incorporated into a second molecule of reactant to yield a mixture of methyl 9‐methylene‐trans‐nonadec‐10‐enoate and the 11‐methylene‐trans‐9‐isomer.
Tocopherols in runner and virginia peanut cultivars at various maturity stages
Authors: Hashim I. B. , Koehler P. E. , Eitenmiller R. R.
Published: January 2007

Alpha‐, beta‐, gamma‐, and delta‐tocopherol (α‐T, β‐T, γ‐T and σ‐T) were determined in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars Florunner, Sunrunner, Southern Runner, AT‐127, GK‐7, NC‐7, NC‐9 and GK‐3. There were significant differences in tocopherol content among runner‐ and virginia‐type peanut cultivars, and these differences were affected by the degree of maturation. α‐T decreased with maturation for all of the cultivars except Florunner. γ‐T increased with maturation for GK‐7, NC‐9 and GK‐3 but decreased for Florunner. For the mature nuts, Florunner and NC‐9 had the highest levels of α‐T while GK‐3 and Southern Runner had the lowest levels. GK‐7 and Sunrunner had the highest levels of γ‐T, while the lowest levels were in Florunner and GK‐3.
Origin of the nonhydratable soybean phosphatides: Whole beans or extraction?
Authors: List G. R. , Mounts T. L.
Published: January 2007

Whole soybeans and flakes, tempered to normal (10%) and elevated (14%) moisture levels, were stored and then extracted under a variety of conditions in both the presence or absence of phospholipase activity. Crude oils were degummed, and the resulting nonhydratable phosphatide (NHP) content was determined. Extractions performed on flakes at ambient temperature or at the boiling point of hexane showed that at normal (10%) moisture levels the temperature of extraction had little effect on the magnitude of NHP formation; whereas at 14% moisture, considerably higher levels of NHP were observed at the higher extraction temperature. Studies performed with 10‐ and 14%‐moisture whole beans stored at 40°C for extended periods, with or without inactivation of enzymes, showed that at normal 10% moisture levels little deterioration occurs after one week of storage; however, after four weeks considerable NHP is formed. At 14% moisture, NHP formation was rapid during the first week of storage, and complete destruction of the phospholipid occurred after four weeks’ storage at 40°C. The results of these experiments indicate that the adverse effects of storage conditions, excessive moisture levels and elevated temperatures cannot be overcome by inactivation of phospholipase D prior to solvent extraction of the flakes.
Chemical aspects of chlorophyll breakdown products and their relevance to canola oil stability
Authors: Tautorus C. L. , Low N. H.
Published: January 2007

The production of prooxidant compounds brought about through subjecting chlorophyll a or pheophytin a to laboratory‐scale processing in the presence of canola oil or tricapryloylglycerol was investigated. The addition of chlorophyll a (60 ppm) to canola oil prior to processing resulted in an oil of lowered stability. No large contribution to the produced instability by any one processing step was found when pheophytin a was added (60 ppm) to canola oil prior to processing. To isolate the effect of processing on the pigment, tricapryloylglycerol was used in the place of unsaturated canola oil as a carrier for pheophytin a (60 ppm). A control consisted of processed tricapryloylglycerol that had no added pheophytin prior to processing. The subsequent addition of pigment‐treated processed tricapryloylglycerol to linseed oil (1:1, w/w) caused a decrease in the stability of the latter, when compared with the control. No differences were observed between the prooxidant tricapryloylglycerol and the control tricapryloylglycerol by methods involving ultraviolet spectroscopy and thin‐layer or gas chromatography.
Influence of viscosity on wax settling and refining loss in rice bran oil
Authors: Gopala Krishna A. G.
Published: January 2007

The role of viscosity on was settling and refining loss in rice bran oil (RBO) has been studied with model systems of refined peanut oil and RBO of different free fatty acids contents. Wax was the only constituent of RBO that significantly increased the viscosity (81.5%) of oil. Monoglycerides synergistically raised the viscosity of the oil (by 114.2%) and lowered the rate of wax settling. Although a reduction in the viscosity of the oil significantly decreased the refining loss, the minimum loss attained was still 20% more than the theoretically predicted value. This led us to conclude that some chemical constituents, such as monoglycerides, must be removed before dewaxing; thereafter, oryzanol and phospholipids have to be removed. One can get an oil free of wax, recover other by‐products and reduce processing losses.
Polymerizable monomers from castor oil: II. Syntheses of some divinyl monomers
Authors: Kulkarni N. G. , Krishnamurti N. , Chatterjee P. C. , Aggarwal J. S.
Published: January 2007

Ten divinyl monomers have been synthesized, based on commonly available products derived from castor oil, in 50–100 g lots of high purity. These were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and their purity was checked by chromatographic methods. Boiling points, refractive indices and iodine values of the products are reported. Thin layer chromatography of divinyl monomers based on decanedioic acid has also been studied.
Fatty acid contents of certain processed foods
Authors: Willard Constance , Englert R. D. , Richards L. M.
Published: January 2007

Fatty acid constituents of two cheeses, four cured meats, and two hydrogenated oils were determined; two sets of data were obtained for each sample. Unsaturated acids were determined spectrophotometrically in the total fatty acids prepared from each fat, and saturated and unsaturated components were determined chemically and spectrophotometrically on each fraction obtained from distilling the methyl esters prepared from the fats. Close agreement was obtained between the percentages of unsaturated components found in distilled and non‐distilled samples. Methyl esters of cheese fats were prepared without prior distillation of steam‐volatile acids; no separation of saturated and unsaturated components was made on any sample. Fatty acid components were also converted to percent of each fatty acid in each food.
Mycoflora, aflatoxins and free fatty acids in California cottonseed during 1967–1968
Authors: Ashworth L. J. , McMeans J. L. , Houston B. R. , Whitten M. E. , Brown C. M.
Published: January 2007

In central California, neither fungal infections nor aflatoxins are significant problems in cottonseed during the receiving and storage seasons. However, in southern California, the 1967 harvest contained a relatively high percentage of seed which were invaded before harvest by fungi, includingAspergillus flavus. Seed infection and concentrations of aflatoxins in seed increased significantly during the time between harvest and storage in southern California. For a short time during storage, seed infection byA. flavus increased because of the moisture the seed received late in the season; however, aflatoxin concentrations in seed did not increase in storage. The aflatoxin content of the seed removed from storage was a reflection of the relative amount of aflatoxins the seed contained when they were received for storage. In 1967, the conditions that existed in the large, densely packed seed pile did not favor accummulation of aflatoxins in seed, even thoughA. flavus was active.
Triglyceride composition of coconut oil
Authors: Bezard J. , Bugaut M. , Clement G.
Published: January 2007

Triglycerides of coconut oil were fractionated by GLC into 13 groups based on their carbon numbers of 28 to 52. These groups represent 99.8% of the total glycerides of coconut oil. With the fatty acid composition of each group, it was possible to calculate the composition of 79 types of triglycerides. These types are defined by the nature of their constitutive fatty acids but the position of the acids on glycerol is unknown. Each group usually has only one major type of triglyceride. For example, group 36 has 52% of trilaurin. Also four types of triglycerides comprise 42.4% of the total glycerides and 24 types comprise 85%. The experimentally found distributions in each group are compared to the random distributions calculated from the fatty acid composition. For groups with carbon numbers 38 and 40, the experimental and random distributions were very similar but for most other groups, the distributions found were much different from the calculated random distributions.
Determination of residual solvent in oilseed meals and flours: III. Isopropanol
Authors: Fore S. P. , Rayner E. T. , Dupuy H. P.
Published: January 2007

A relatively simple volatilization procedure is described for the determination of residual isopropanol in oilseed meals and flours. A 1 g sample is placed in a 100 ml serum bottle, 200 µl of distilled water containing 0.075 mg of ethanol is added and the bottle is sealed with a rubber stopper and heated at 110 C for 1 hr. A 2 ml aliquot of the headspace gas is analyzed by gas chromatography using the added ethanol as an internal standard. Values determined by this procedure for three cottonseed, two peanut and two fish meals or flours which had been processed with isopropanol, ranged from 10 to 12,000 ppm and were of the same order of magnitude as values determined by a modification of the Todd azeotropic distillation procedure. Advantages of the volatilization over the azeotropic distillation procedure are that less operator and gas chromatograph time are required per analysis.
Current aspects of soy protein fractionation and nomenclature
Authors: Brooks J. R. , Morr C. V.
Published: January 2007

Significant advances have been made recently in studying the basic physico‐chemical properties of the major soy storage proteins and their subunits using such techniques as differential solubility, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, immunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and dissociating gel electrophoresis. This paper reviews and discusses the principal findings from this work and summarizes the current status of the nomenclature of the major soy storage proteins, e.g., 11S glycinin, 7S β‐conglycinin and γ‐conglycinin and their subunits.
Increasing the stability of vegetable oil solutions with the aid of monoglycerides and a cosurfactant
Authors: Vesala Aino‐Maija , Rosenholm Jarl B. , Laiho Stiven
Published: January 2007

The conditions for an enhanced mutual miscibility of water and Canola oil, with the aid of one or two surface active components, were investigated at 25 C. First, the ability of short chain alcohols to increase the mutual solubility was charted. Such systems frequently are denoted detergentless microemulsions. Second, normal microemulsion systems were formed by using surface active monoglycerides of foodstuff grade. Third, the synergism was monitored when both the surfactant and the cosurfactant (the alcohols) were mixed either with water or oil. Finally, the combined effect was determined when all four components were mixed together into a microemulsion system.

It is shown that the extension of the ternary solution phase is dependent primarily on the surfactant used. Some improvement of the mutual solubility of water and oil, however, also was produced by the alcohols. The solubilization capacity of water in the quaternary systems is easily understood when the solution phase is compared with the microemulsion phases of the ternary systems included. Although no dramatic composition dependency was found, an enhanced solubility of water was observed for the oil rich microemulsions of roughly equal weight fractions of the surfactant components.
Nutrient composition of deoiled sandal seed meal: Minerals and amino acids
Authors: Shankara Narayana K. H. , Parthasarathi K.
Published: January 2007

Deoiled seed meal prepared from the decoated seeds of sandal (Santalum album Linn) contains 52.5% of protein and about 5% mineral constituents. The proteins are rich in essential amino acids. The deoiled sandal seed meal could be of utility as a feedstuff for farm animals.
Protein and oil content of soybeans from different geographic locations
Authors: Breene W. M. , Lin S. , Hardman L. , Orf J.
Published: January 2007

Data on soybean yield, protein content and oil content were provided by three crushing companies. There was a definite trend toward lower protein content in soybeans processed and most likely grown in northern versus southern locations (about 34 to 44 N latitude) in 1986–87 (r=0.77). In 1983–86, protein content was generally lower in soybeans processed in Minnesota than in those processed in Indiana and Illinois. Effects of location on oil content and of year on protein and oil content were less clear. Uniform Soybean Tests data over 11 years and four locations (3 in Minnesota, 1 in Illinois) showed significant effects of year on oil content and of location on yield and oil content, but little effect of either on protein content.
Determination of free tocopherols in deodorizer distillate by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Marks Charles
Published: January 2007

The determination of free tocopherols in deodorizer distillate by capillary gas chromatography is described. Samples are silylated and chromatographed on a 30 M, DB‐5 capillary column using temperature programming. No interferences were found with any of the tocopherols or the internal standard. A complete analysis requires less than one hr. No saponification is necessary. This method is offered as a replacement for AOCS Method Ce 3–74.
Tetramethylguanidine catalyzed transesterification of fats and oils: A new method for rapid determination of their composition
Authors: Schuchardt Ulf , Lopes Osvaldo C.
Published: January 2007

A new method for the rapid preparation of methyl esters from vegetable oils and fats, using tetramethylguanidine as catalyst, has been developed. This method is compared with the traditional method (Ce 2–66, using 20% BF3 in methanol) and that proposed by Hartman and Lago (using NH4Cl/H2SO4 in methanol). It is shown that the new method produces the methyl esters in quantitative yields and has certain advantages, as it is simpler, cheaper and does not result in isomerization of the fatty acids.
Control of crude oil dilution in palm oil mills
Authors: Lim Nicholas B. H. , Tiong K. H.
Published: January 2007

This paper discusses the results of development work on the control of crude oil dilution in palm oil mills. The importance of crude oil dilution in palm oil mills is clearly shown by a simple cost‐benefit analysis. Preliminary results from a three‐phase decanter trial have shown that, besides a clarification system using horizontal or vertical clarifiers, dilution control is also important to a decanter system.

A practical approach to the automatic control of crude oil dilution using a flow ratio control system is discussed in depth in this paper. Results obtained from the evaluation of Doppler and magnetic flowmeters have shown that the major obstacle in automatic control of crude oil dilution, i.e., the selection of a suitable flowmeter to measure crude oil flow, has been overcome.
The application of linear programming and regression analysis to light duty liquid detergent formulation
Authors: Chan K. Y. , Kavanagh P. E.
Published: January 2007

A strategy to help the formulator obtain a good, low cost, light duty liquid detergent formulation which matches or exceeds the properties of a commercially available product in a small number of steps is presented in this paper. The strategy is a sequential procedure, making use of a formulator's prior knowledge of the system, results obtained in previous steps, regression analysis and linear programming. The linear model is improved at each step. In comparison with previously published methods of detergent formulation, a considerably smaller number of steps is required to arrive at a minimum cost formulation which meets the property specifications. The strategy is illustrated by matching the properties of a commercial detergent in less than nine steps using ten components, of which eight can vary.
A cooker‐extruder for deallergenation of castor bean meal
Authors: Horton Jerry , Williams Maurice A.
Published: January 2007

We present a brief overview on the work Rhee and his colleagues at Texas A&M University have done on the deallergenation of castor bean meal and how a cookerextruder can be used to accomplish it in a commercial plant setting. The extruder used is a high temperature, short residence time cooking extruder that generates frictional heat as it compresses and propels material within the barrel and out through the extrusion dies. Adjustment of water and steam input flow rates allow for selection of moisture levels of cook, and the selection of die size and number of openings allow for adjustment of temperature of cook. An important part of the process is the mixing, blending and absorption of chemical additives into intimate contact with the castor bean meal prior to entry into the extruder. Various methods for doing this are discussed, and a brief overview of what kind of equipment might be incorporated into a deallergenation process line is presented.
Location of triple bonds in the fatty acids from the kernel oil ofPyrularia edulis by GC‐MS of their 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives
Authors: Zhang J. Y. , Yu X. J. , Wang H. Y. , Liu B. N. , Yu Q. T. , Huang Z. H.
Published: January 2007

Location of triple bond in long‐chain fatty acids has been effected by mass spectrometry or gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of their 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives. The position of acetylenic linkage, either isolated or conjugated with olefinic bond(s) is indicated by a clear separation of 10 atomic mass units between the highest peaks of two neighboring fragment clusters. The acetylenic acid components of the kernel oil ofPyrularia edulis were found to be 17:1(8a), 18:1(9a), 18:2(9a,11), 18:2(9a,17) and 18:3(9a,11,17).
Oxidative stability of jojoba wax
Authors: Kampf Arieh , Grinberg Sarina , Galun Arjeh
Published: January 2007

The rates of autoxidation of crude, bleached and stripped jojoba wax were determined under conditions of accelerated oxidation (98 C). Oxidation of the raw yellow wax had a long induction period (50 hr) compared with the bleached wax (10–12 hr) or stripped wax (2 hr). These differences indicate the presence of a natural antioxidant in the crude wax. Addition of 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxyanisole to the bleached wax restored and even improved its stability. Autoxidation of jojoba wax was also studied at room temperature. In the presence of light and air, the activity of the natural inhibitor was rapidly lost.
Synthesis of propylene glycol monoesters of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by lipase‐catalyzed esterification in organic solvents
Authors: Liu Kuan‐Ju , Shaw Jei‐Fu
Published: January 2007

Propylene glycol monoesters (PGM) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are potentially health‐beneficial water‐in‐oil emulsifiers useful in the food industry. These esters were synthesized enzymatically to overcome the problems associated with chemical processes. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The immobilizedMucor miehei lipase was found to be the best enzyme for the synthesis of both propylene glycol monoesters of EPA and DHA among nine lipases tested. The anhydrous enzyme and hydrophobic organic solvents were favored for the production of both monoesters. The yields of monoesters were also affected by temperature, pH memory, fatty acid/propylene glycol ratio, and reaction time. The yields of PGMDHA and PGMEPA with 50 mM fatty acid and 225 mM propylene glycol as substrates in 1 mL solvent mixture (hexane/t‐butyl alcohol=9:1), catalyzed by Lipozyme IM‐20 (50 mg) at 40°C for 24 h, were 47 and 49 mM, respectively. The enzyme still retained over 60% of its original activity after 10 d of batch‐type operation (1 d per cycle) at 40°C for the synthesis of both PGMDHA and PGMEPA.
Enzymatic synthesis of oleyl oleate in dense fluids
Authors: Knez Ž. , Rižner V. , Habulin M. , Bauman D.
Published: January 2007

Esterification between oleic acid and oleyl alcohol, catalyzed by theMucor miehei immobilized lipase in a batch‐stirred tank reactor with supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent produced higher reaction rates at supercritical conditions than in the solvent‐free system. A continuous fixed‐bed reactor was designed based on the results obtained from batch experiments. At 150 bar, 40°C, and with water activity 0.46% w/w, the activity of the enzyme preparation is practically unchanged when CO2 was used as solvent. The addition of small amounts of water increases the conversion rate. The higher conversion also was observed at longer residence time. Whenn‐butane was used as reaction medium, a decrease in conversion was observed.