bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational homogenization of coupled consolidation problems in micro‐heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Su Fang , Larsson Fredrik , Runesson Kenneth
Published: June 2011

Computational homogenization is exploited for the analysis of transient hydro‐mechanically coupled problems subjected to quasistatic loading (consolidation) in micro‐heterogeneous porous solids. The classical approach of first‐order homogenization is adopted in the spatial domain on representative volume elements (RVE), which are introduced in quadrature points in standard fashion. Along with the classical averages, a higher order conservation quantity is obtained. An iterative FE 2‐algorithm is devised for the case of nonlinear permeability and storage coefficients, and it is applied to pore pressure changes in asphalt‐concrete (particle composite). Various parametric studies are carried out, in particular with respect to the influence of the characteristics (size, particle arrangement) of the RVE's. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble interleukin‐2 receptor α activation in a Children's Oncology Group randomized trial of interleukin‐2 Therapy for Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Lange Beverly J. , Yang Richard K. , Gan Jacek , Hank Jaquelyn A. , Sievers Eric L. , Alonzo Todd A. , Gerbing Robert B. , Sondel Paul M.
Published: June 2011

Purpose

To assess associations of soluble IL‐2 receptor alpha (sIL‐2rα) concentration with outcomes in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a phase 3 trial of IL‐2 therapy.

Procedures

We randomized 289 children with AML in first remission after intensive chemotherapy to receive IL‐2 infused on days 0–3 and 8–17 (IL‐2 group) or no further therapy (AML control group). We measured sequential serum sIL‐2rα concentrations in both groups before, during and after therapy in both groups and in reference controls without AML.

Results

Before treatment, mean sIL‐2rα concentrations were similar in the IL‐2 group and AML controls, but significantly higher than in reference controls. Both AML groups experienced reduction in sIL‐2rα concentration after chemotherapy. Thereafter in the IL‐2 group, mean sIL‐2rα concentration increased from 2,669 pg/ml before IL‐2 to 15,534 pg/ml on day 4 (P < 0.001) and 10,585 pg/ml on day 18 (P < 0.001). In the control group sIL‐2rα concentration did not change after 28 days of follow‐up. Five‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) was 51% in the IL‐2 group and 58% in the controls (P = 0.489) and overall survival was 70% and 73%, respectively (P = 0.727).

Conclusion

SIL‐2rα concentration was elevated in AML at diagnosis and tended to normalize after chemotherapy. IL‐2 infusion significantly increased sIL‐2rα concentration, but did not improve DFS or survival in pediatric AML. Furthermore, sIL‐2rα concentration was not predictive of outcome before, during or after treatment for AML. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 398–405. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced‐intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation for children with neuroblastoma who failed tandem autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Sung Ki Woong , Park Jun Eun , Chueh Hee Won , Lee Soo Hyun , Yoo Keon Hee , Koo Hong Hoe , Kim Ju Youn , Cho Eun Joo
Published: June 2011

Background

To date, no effective curative option is available for children with neuroblastoma (NB) who failed tandem high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDCT/autoSCT). The present study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of reduced‐intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation (RI alloSCT) in six children with NB who failed tandem HDCT/autoSCT.

Procedure

A cyclophosphamide/fludarabine regimen was used as a conditioning for HLA‐matched SCT, and ATG was added for haploidentical SCT. Peripheral blood stem cells from four HLA‐matched donors and two haploidentical donors were transplanted. Immune suppression was rapidly tapered if graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) was absent.

Results

Regimen‐related short‐term toxicity was manageable, and complete donor chimerism was achieved in the early period after transplant. Grade I/II acute GVHD developed or was induced in all patients. Tumor response, attributed to a graft‐versus‐tumor (GVT) effect, was observed in two of six patients after induction of acute GVHD. The other four patients with significant tumor burden prior to transplant had tumor progression despite presence of GVHD. However, it was difficult to effectively reduce the tumor burden prior to transplant through the use of conventional treatment modalities.

Conclusion

Although regimen‐related short‐term toxicity was manageable in intensively pretreated patients with NB, GVT effect was not sufficiently strong to control tumor progression in patients who had a significant tumor burden at transplant. Therefore, new treatment modalities to effectively reduce tumor burden prior to transplant in concert with post‐transplant adjuvant treatment to enhance the GVT effect are needed to improve the outcome after RI alloSCT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 660–665. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful pulmonary artery embolectomy in a patient with a saddle Wilms tumor embolus
Authors: Cooper Lindsey , Moore Colin , Branchford Brian , Greffe Brian , Capocelli Kelley , Kuder Austine , Mehta Inder , Mourani Peter M
Published: June 2011

Denys–Drash syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by ambiguous genitalia, cryptorchidism, nephrotic syndrome, and a high predilection for Wilms tumor with intravascular invasion. We report a 5‐year‐old male with Denys–Drash syndrome who rapidly developed Wilms tumor with vascular invasion, subsequent saddle tumor embolus, and required emergent embolectomy. This case illustrates the rapid emergence of Wilms tumor in a patient with Denys–Drash syndrome and the importance of considering embolectomy over thrombolytic therapy for PE in this population, given a high likelihood of tumor embolus. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 806–809. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Constitutional tandem duplication of 9q34 that truncates EHMT1 in a child with ganglioglioma
Authors: Cheung Hannah C. , Yatsenko Svetlana A. , Kadapakkam Meena , Legay Hélène , Su Jack , Lupski James R. , Plon Sharon E.
Published: June 2011

Point mutations of EHMT1 or deletions and duplications of chromosome 9q34.3 are found in patients with variable neurologic and developmental disorders. Here, we present a child with congenital cataract, developmental and speech delay who developed a metastatic ganglioglioma with progression to anaplastic astrocytoma. Molecular analysis identified a novel constitutional tandem duplication in 9q34.3 with breakpoints in intron 1 of TRAF2 and intron 16 of EHMT1 generating a fusion transcript predicted to encode a truncated form of EHMT1. The ganglioglioma showed complex chromosomal aberrations with further duplication of the dup9q34. Thus, this unique tandem 9q34.3 duplication may impact brain tumor formation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 801–805. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Current methodologies for proteomics of bacterial surface‐exposed and cell envelope proteins
Authors: Solis Nestor , Cordwell Stuart J.
Published: June 2011

The study of surface‐exposed proteins has received increasing attention following the advent of genomic sequencing, which in turn has enabled predictive tools and facilitated the technologies for their analysis by proteomics. The exterior topology of a bacterial pathogen is the interface between the cell and environment and thus is the initial mediator for infection, providing an important reservoir for components that may be used for novel vaccine development as well as the characterization of new drug targets. The study of such biological molecules has however, been under‐represented in proteomics studies due to the difficulty involved in their analysis. Cell‐envelope proteins in bacteria are typically difficult to characterize due to their low abundance, poor solubility, and the problematic isolation of pure surface fractions with only minimal contamination. Here, we describe different cell envelope preparations for proteomic characterization, focused principally on gel‐free technologies. Fractionation techniques popularly used in proteomics are also explained with emphasis on surface and membrane‐derived proteins/peptides. Conditional confirmation of localization is also explored with emphasis on different prediction algorithms as well as on analyses of surface peptide fractions by the use of different search programs and their implications for the unambiguous identification of surface‐exposed and membrane‐embedded proteins. Finally, different quantification techniques are discussed that are important for the validation of identifications and for highlighting novel proteins that may warrant further study by independent techniques.
Improving dementia care in hospitals
Authors: Laight Katherine
Published: June 2011

In their article on managing challenging behaviour in older people with dementia (page 20), Dr Krishnamoorthy and Dr Anderson highlight the importance of a person‐centred approach to dementia care. However, several recent reports indicate that elderly patients may not always receive the care they deserve in UK hospitals. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Managing challenging behaviour in older adults with dementia
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Ashok , Anderson Dave
Published: June 2011

Challenging behaviour is a very common problem in older people with dementia. It can increase caregiver stress, reduce quality of life and increase the risk of institutionalisation and admission to hospital. Here, Dr Krishnamoorthy and Dr Anderson discuss the aetiology and treatment of challenging behaviour, emphasising that understanding the reasons behind the behaviour is the key to effective management. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Concordance between tuberculin skin test and interferon‐γ assay and interferon‐γ response to mitogen in pediatric tuberculosis contacts
Authors: Thomas B. , Pugalenthi A. , Patel H. , Woltmann G. , Bankart J. , Hoskyns W.
Published: June 2011

There is paucity of data on the usefulness of Interferon (IFN)‐γ release assays in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON®‐TB Gold in‐tube (QFT‐GIT) test, when used in contact screening to diagnose LTBI in asymptomatic children. We also aimed to determine if there is any correlation between age and the IFN‐γ response to the mitogen. Children assessed at Leicester Royal Infirmary and Glenfield hospital (Leicester, United Kingdom) as part of tuberculosis contact screening were studied. Two hundred and eighty three children (mean [SD] age 5.3 [4.1] years, 148 males) underwent clinical examination, chest radiograph, TST, and QFT‐GIT test. In this group, there was good agreement (κ = 0.70 [95%CI = 0.57–0.83], P < 0.0001) between TST and QFT‐GIT. Of the 18 children in this group with an indeterminate QFT‐GIT test result, all except one were <5‐years‐old. To study the correlation between age and the IFN‐γ response to the mitogen, results of 282 children who had QFT‐GIT test as part of tuberculosis contact screening during the study period were analyzed. A significant correlation was observed between age and the IFN‐γ response to the mitogen (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). Whilst our study re‐emphasizes the good overall concordance between TST and QFT‐GIT, the high rate of indeterminate results and the low IFN‐γ response to the mitogen seen in young children raise some concerns about the performance of IGRAs in this group. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46: 1225–1232. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved signal processing and normalization for biomarker protein detection in broad‐mass‐range TOF mass spectra from clinical samples
Authors: Tracy Maureen B. , Cooke William E. , Gatlin Christine L. , Cazares Lisa H. , Weaver Dennis M. , Semmes O. John , Tracy Eugene R. , Manos Dennis M. , Malyarenko Dariya I.
Published: June 2011

Purpose: To demonstrate robust detection of biomarkers in broad‐mass‐range TOF‐MS data.

Experimental Design: Spectra were obtained for two serum protein profiling studies: (i) 2–200 kDa for 132 patients, 67 healthy and 65 diagnosed as having adult T‐cell leukemia and (ii) 2–100 kDa for 140 patients, 70 pairs, each with matched prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels and biopsy‐confirmed diagnoses of one benign and one prostate cancer. Signal processing was performed on raw spectra and peak data were normalized using four methods. Feature selection was performed using Bayesian Network Analysis and a classifier was tested on withheld data. Identification of candidate biomarkers was pursued.

Results: Integrated peak intensities were resolved over full spectra. Normalization using local noise values was superior to global methods in reducing peak correlations, reducing replicate variability and improving feature selection stability. For the leukemia data set, potential disease biomarkers were detected and were found to be predictive for withheld data. Preliminary assignments of protein IDs were consistent with published results and LC‐MS/MS identification. No prostate‐specific‐antigen‐independent biomarkers were detected in the prostate cancer data set.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Signal processing, local signal‐to‐noise (SNR) normalization and Bayesian Network Analysis feature selection facilitate robust detection and identification of biomarker proteins in broad‐mass‐range clinical TOF‐MS data.
Aberrant expression of katanin p60 in prostate cancer bone metastasis
Authors: Ye Xiangcang , Lee Yu‐Chen , Choueiri Michel , Chu Khoi , Huang Chih‐Fen , Tsai Wen‐Wei , Kobayashi Ryuji , Logothetis Christopher J. , Yu‐Lee Li‐Yuan , Lin Sue‐Hwa
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND

Katanin p60 is a microtubule‐severing protein and is involved in microtubule cytoskeleton organization in both mitotic and non‐mitotic processes. Its role in cancer metastasis is unknown.

METHODS

Differential protein profiles of bone marrow aspirates were analyzed by chromatography, electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. Expression of katanin p60 in primary and metastatic prostate cancer was examined by immunohistochemistry. Cellular function of katanin p60 was further examined in prostate cell lines.

RESULTS

In a proteomic profiling of bone marrow aspirates from men with prostate cancer, we found that katanin p60 was one of the proteins differentially expressed in bone metastasis samples. Immunohistochemical staining showed that katanin p60 was expressed in the basal cells in normal human prostate glands. In prostatic adenocarcinomas, in which the basal cells were absent, katanin p60 was expressed in the prostate cancer cells. In the specimens from bone metastasis, katanin p60 was detectable in the metastatic cancer cells. Strikingly, some of the metastatic cancer cells also co‐expressed basal cell biomarkers including the tumor suppressor p53‐homologous protein p63 and the high molecular weight cytokeratins, suggesting that the metastatic prostate cancer cells may have a basal cell‐like phenotype. Moreover, overexpression of katanin p60 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation but enhanced cell migration activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Katanin p60 was aberrantly expressed during prostate cancer progression. Its expression in the metastatic cells in bone was associated with the re‐emergence of a basal cell‐like phenotype. The elevated katanin p60 expression may contribute to cancer cell metastasis via a stimulatory effect on cell motility. Prostate 72:291–300, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface‐based protein binding pocket similarity
Authors: Spitzer Russell , Cleves Ann E. , Jain Ajay N.
Published: June 2011

Protein similarity comparisons may be made on a local or global basis and may consider sequence information or differing levels of structural information. We present a local three‐dimensional method that compares protein binding site surfaces in full atomic detail. The approach is based on the morphological similarity method which has been widely applied for global comparison of small molecules. We apply the method to all‐by‐all comparisons two sets of human protein kinases, a very diverse set of ATP‐bound proteins from multiple species, and three heterogeneous benchmark protein binding site data sets. Cases of disagreement between sequence‐based similarity and binding site similarity yield informative examples. Where sequence similarity is very low, high pocket similarity can reliably identify important binding motifs. Where sequence similarity is very high, significant differences in pocket similarity are related to ligand binding specificity and similarity. Local protein binding pocket similarity provides qualitatively complementary information to other approaches, and it can yield quantitative information in support of functional annotation. Proteins 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Field leaching of pesticides at five test sites in Hawaii: modeling flow and transport
Authors: Dusek Jaromir , Dohnal Michal , Vogel Tomas , Ray Chittaranjan
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND: Physically based tier‐II models may serve as possible alternatives to expensive field and laboratory leaching experiments required for pesticide approval and registration. The objective of this study was to predict pesticide fate and transport at five different sites in Hawaii using data from an earlier field leaching experiment and a one‐dimensional tier‐II model. As the predicted concentration profiles of pesticides did not provide close agreement with data, inverse modeling was used to obtain adequate reactive transport parameters. The estimated transport parameters of pesticides were also utilized in a tier‐I model, which is currently used by the state authorities to evaluate the relative leaching potential.

RESULTS: Water flow in soil profiles was simulated by the tier‐II model with acceptable accuracy at all experimental sites. The observed concentration profiles and center of mass depths predicted by the tier‐II simulations based on optimized transport parameters provided better agreements than did the non‐optimized parameters. With optimized parameters, the tier‐I model also delivered results consistent with observed pesticide center of mass depths.

CONCLUSION: Tier‐II numerical modeling helped to identify relevant transport processes in field leaching of pesticides. The process‐based modeling of water flow and pesticide transport, coupled with the inverse procedure, can contribute significantly to the evaluation of chemical leaching in Hawaii soils. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Nucleation and transformation of circular magnetic‐domain structure in amorphous microwires
Authors: Chizhik Alexander , Zhukov Arcady , Gonzalez Julian , Blanco Juan Mari
Published: June 2011

We report investigations on surface magnetic‐domain structure in amorphous glass‐covered microwires using polar and longitudinal Kerr microscopy. For the first time the main stages of the surface magnetization reversal has been discovered: domain‐wall motion related to the formation of stable circular monodomain and the following multiplication of the number of domains that finishes in the formation of the reversed circularly magnetized state.
Domain structure, magnetic properties, and giant magnetoimpedance of FeNi/Ti‐based multilayers
Authors: Fernández E. , García‐Arribas A. , Barandiarán J. M. , Svalov A. V. , Kurlyandskaya G. V.
Published: June 2011

Magnetic multilayers consisting of magnetic FeNi and non‐magnetic Ti layers were prepared by rf‐sputtering. Magnetic measurements and magnetic domain structure observations were used for characterization of the samples. The magnetoimpedance performance of FeNi/Ti‐based multilayers is evaluated in terms of the magnitude of the effect and its sensitivity with respect to applied magnetic field. The results show that the trilayer with Ti layer of 6 nm (sample A), deposited to avoid the possibility of appearance of a trascritical state, performs better than the sample with a 10 nm Ti layer (sample B). The best results are obtained with [FeNi/Ti]5/FeNi multilayered structure (sample C) reaching a value of about 60% of variation of the impedance at 180 MHz and a sensitivity of about 22%/Oe at 180 MHz.
Physical properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 obtained from different EDTA‐gel derived powders
Authors: Amaral Filipe , Valente Manuel , Costa Luís Cadillon
Published: June 2011

We report the synthesis and characterization of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) powders prepared by two different wet‐chemical methods: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid‐gel method (EDTA) and modified Pechini (MP) process. In both cases, almost single‐phase CCTO fine powders were obtained from the calcination of the gel precursors at lower temperatures and shorter times than those reported for the conventional solid‐state reaction process. The structure of the calcinated powders and sintered pellets were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed on the sintered pellets obtained from the different powders, in the frequency range from 40 Hz to 110 MHz, at room temperature. The results are discussed and compared. High frequency relaxation data was fitted with Cole–Cole model and the calculated relaxation parameters were correlated with morphological and structural properties.
AlGaN/GaInN/GaN heterostructure field‐effect transistor
Authors: Ikki Hiromichi , Isobe Yasuhiro , Iida Daisuke , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu , Amano Hiroshi , Bandoh Akira , Udagawa Takashi
Published: June 2011

We report on the electrical properties of AlGaN/GaInN heterostructures fabricated with various InN molar fractions from 0 to 0.60 in GaInN on a GaN template. The sheet carrier density of the AlGaN/GaInN heterostructure monotonically increased with increasing InN molar fraction in GaInN, reaching 5.0 × 1013 cm−2 at an InN molar fraction of 0.60. The Al0.30Ga0.70N/Ga0.40In0.60N heterostructure exhibited static field‐effect transistor (FET) characteristics.
Modeling of current–voltage characteristics of CdS/CdTe solar cells
Authors: Anjan M. S. , Kabir M. Z.
Published: June 2011

An analytical model is developed to study the current–voltage characteristics of CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells by incorporating exponential photon absorption, carrier trapping, and carrier drift in the CdTe layer. An analytical expression for the external voltage dependent photocurrent is derived by solving the continuity equation for both electrons and holes. The overall load current is calculated considering the actual solar spectrum. It is found that the solar cell efficiency critically depends on the hole transport in the CdTe layer and the recombination current dominates over the ideal diode current. The theoretical model is fitted with the published experimental data and shows a very good agreement.
Self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of porphyrin deposited inside photonic crystal fibre (PCF)
Authors: Veselov A. A. , Thür C. , Efimov A. , Guina M. , Lemmetyinen H. , Tkachenko N. V.
Published: June 2011

We report on the surface modification of the channels of hollow‐core photonic bandgap fibres after deposition of free‐base porphyrins by self‐assembling monolayer (SAM) technique. Emission spectra studies of the modified fibres showed features typical for free‐base porphyrins deposited on glass plates. Fluorescence lifetime microscope (FLM) images demonstrate that all the holes of studied fibres are covered with porphyrin and show homogeneous distribution of its emission intensity and lifetime along the channels. The modified photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) can be utilized in sensor applications.

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Re‐examination of the anion derivatives of isoflavones by radical fragmentation in negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: experimental and computational studies
Authors: Vessecchi Ricardo , Julião Zocolo Guilherme , Rubio Gouvea Dayana , Hübner Florian , Cramer Benedikt , Rodrigues de Marchi Mary Rosa , Humpf Hans‐Ulrich , Lopes Norberto P.
Published: June 2011

This paper reports theoretical and experimental studies of gas‐phase fragmentation reactions of four naturally occurring isoflavones. The samples were analyzed in negative ion mode by direct infusion in ESI‐QqQ, ESI‐QqTOF and ESI‐Orbitrap systems. The MS/MS and MSn spectra are in agreement with the fragmentation proposals and high‐resolution analyses have confirmed the formulae for each ion observed. As expected, compounds with methoxyl aromatic substitution have showed a radical elimination of •CH3 as the main fragmentation pathway. A second radical loss (•H) occurs as previously observed for compounds which exhibit a previous homolytic •CH3 cleavage (radical anion) and involves radical resonance to stabilize the anion formed. However, in this study we suggest another mechanism for the formation of the main ions, on the basis of the enthalpies for each species. Compounds without methoxy substituent dissociate at the highest energies and exhibit the deprotonated molecule as the most intense ion. Finally, energy‐resolved experiments were carried out to give more details about the gas‐phase dissociation reaction of the isoflavones and the results are in agreement with the theoretical approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steganographic access control in data hiding using run‐length encoding and modulo‐operations
Authors: Lee Chin‐Feng , Weng Chi‐Yao , Sharma Aneesh
Published: June 2011

The vast potential of information and communication technologies such as computer‐based communication networks and telecommunication systems is indeed blooming innovations. This paper is a novel attempt in the field of authorization and access control, which uses steganography that coverts the data into a form that cannot be interpreted by unauthorized persons. The proposed algorithm transfers compressed data and hides it into a cover medium by improvising existing run‐length technique in steganography. It deals with a compression technique that uses the redundancy feature of a bitstream and then uses this compressed stream to embed data in an image. The run‐length encoding technique is exploited to compress a bitstream being embedded in a cover image. However, run‐length encoding method has inefficient compression like the sharp bitstreams, such as the pattern “101010101”. This study developed a novel high‐capacity steganographic access control in data hiding to transform sharp bitstreams into smooth bitstreams before it is hidden into a cover image. Our scheme performs the logical Exclusive‐OR (XOR) operation to smoothen the secret bitstream and to embed the result into a cover medium. Additionally, the proposed scheme employs generalized difference expansion transform for image recovery after data extraction; consequently, the image fidelity can be preserved. The experimental results show that our scheme owns a higher embedding capacity than previous approaches while maintaining high image quality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of anomaly‐based IDS for mobile devices using machine learning classifiers
Authors: Damopoulos Dimitrios , Menesidou Sofia A. , Kambourakis Georgios , Papadaki Maria , Clarke Nathan , Gritzalis Stefanos
Published: June 2011

Mobile devices have evolved and experienced an immense popularity over the last few years. This growth however has exposed mobile devices to an increasing number of security threats. Despite the variety of peripheral protection mechanisms described in the literature, authentication and access control cannot provide integral protection against intrusions. Thus, a need for more intelligent and sophisticated security controls such as intrusion detection systems (IDSs) is necessary. Whilst much work has been devoted to mobile device IDSs, research on anomaly‐based or behaviour‐based IDS for such devices has been limited leaving several problems unsolved. Motivated by this fact, in this paper, we focus on anomaly‐based IDS for modern mobile devices. A dataset consisting of iPhone users data logs has been created, and various classification and validation methods have been evaluated to assess their effectiveness in detecting misuses. Specifically, the experimental procedure includes and cross‐evaluates four machine learning algorithms (i.e. Bayesian networks, radial basis function, K‐nearest neighbours and random Forest), which classify the behaviour of the end‐user in terms of telephone calls, SMS and Web browsing history. In order to detect illegitimate use of service by a potential malware or a thief, the experimental procedure examines the aforementioned services independently as well as in combination in a multimodal fashion. The results are very promising showing the ability of at least one classifier to detect intrusions with a high true positive rate of 99.8%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accountability using flow‐net: design, implementation, and performance evaluation
Authors: Xiao Yang , Meng Ke , Takahashi Daisuke
Published: June 2011

Accountability is a very important topic for computer and networking systems. It helps to answer questions such as, “What happened?” and, “Who did it?” These two questions are also related to forensics; however, forensics normally tries to answer these questions by adding some human factors (such as a guess or an instinct due to missing evidence, as well as human involvements) under the available system. Accountability, on the other hand, can only be achieved by significantly improving the current system with the result that forensics becomes trivial in an accountable system. Furthermore, each entity in the system must be held responsible for its activities. In order to provide accountability, a better logging system is necessary so that not only their activities but also their relationships may be captured. To this end, our previous work proposed a novel logging mechanism, flow‐net methodology, for accountability. In this paper, we extend the flow‐net methodology and present its design and implementation in wireless networks. We also evaluate the performance of flow‐net and compare it with that of audit log files. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topography effects and monatomic ion sputtering of undulating surfaces, particles and large nanoparticles: Sputtering yields, effective sputter rates and topography evolution
Authors: Seah M. P.
Published: June 2011

An analysis is provided of the change in topography and consequent apparent change in sputtering yields of surfaces as a result of ion sputtering using Yamamura et al.'s model for the angular dependence of the sputtering yield for monatomic primary ions. This is extended to provide a general scheme for any monatomic primary ion and any amorphous elemental solid target. Details are provided of the topographic changes for surfaces with an undulating cosine profile sputtered with primary ions normal to, and at 45° to, the average surface and also for spherical particles. Smoothing occurs at normal incidence and both smoothing and roughening can occur at 45°. Predictions show how the sputtering rate of the material varies with the depth sputtered as a result of the topographical changes, the rate either increasing or decreasing. The effect of roughening usually increases the sputtering rate with values increasing up to four times. The effect of sample rotation is a fast smoothing. Conditions are described for the optimal profiling of particles with a layered structure and calculated profiles are evaluated. The effect of rotation on particles is discussed in relation to different instrumental geometries. In this work, recoil mixing, redeposition, diffusion and the topographic effects at the size of the individual ion cascade are ignored. © Crown copyright 2011. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's printer for Scotland.
Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Do Stress and Coping Matter?
Authors: Shah Bijal M. , Gupchup Gireesh V. , Borrego Matthew E. , Raisch Dennis W. , Knapp Katherine K.
Published: June 2011

This article examines the relationship among diabetes‐related stress, appraisal, coping and depressive symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the transactional model of stress and coping (TMSC) as the theoretical framework. In this cross‐sectional study, a convenience sample of 201 patients with T2DM was recruited from three outpatient clinics. Patients with depressive symptoms reported significantly more diabetes‐related stress than patients without depressive symptoms. The results of path analysis suggest that patients who experience greater diabetes‐related stress or greater depressive symptoms have a negative appraisal of their diabetes. Negative appraisal is, in turn, associated with greater use of avoidance, passive resignation and diabetes integration coping and lesser use of problem‐focused coping. Avoidance, passive resignation and diabetes integration coping are, in turn, related to greater depressive symptoms or greater diabetes‐related stress. Overall, the results of this study support the TMSC as a framework to elucidate the relationships among diabetes‐related stress, appraisal, coping and depressive symptoms in patients with T2DM. However, given the cross‐sectional nature of the study, we are unable to elucidate the directionality of the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings and the need for longitudinal studies to evaluate these relationships are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemically Functionalized Surface Patterning
Authors: Zhou Xiaozhu , Boey Freddy , Huo Fengwei , Huang Ling , Zhang Hua
Published: June 2011

Patterning substrates with versatile chemical functionalities from micro‐ to nanometer scale is a long‐standing and interesting topic. This review provides an overview of a range of techniques commonly used for surface patterning. The first section briefly introduces conventional micropatterning tools, such as photolithography and microcontact printing. The second section focuses on the currently used nanolithographic techniques, for example, scanning probe lithography (SPL), and their applications in surface patterning. Their advantages and disadvantages are also demonstrated. In the last section, dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN) is emphatically illustrated, with a particular stress on the patterning and applications of biomolecules.
Consideration of seismic demand in the design of braced frames
Authors: Málaga‐Chuquitaype Christian , Elghazouli Ahmed Y.
Published: June 2011

This paper addresses several salient issues associated with the design of typical configurations of concentrically braced (CB) frames, with particular emphasis on European seismic provisions. A brief assessment of the underlying design philosophy and strength demand considerations for capacity design checks incorporated within Eurocode 8 is presented first. It is shown that brace overstrength in conventional CB frames is largely dependent on the idealizations related to the treatment of brace buckling in compression, and that the level of such overstrength decreases as brace slenderness increases when tension‐only design approaches are adopted, as is the case with Eurocode 8. Results from extensive non‐linear response‐history analyses on a set of CB frames are presented, and are used to illustrate the main behavioural aspects related to ductility demands on CB buildings for moderately stiff, stiff and soft soil conditions. These results are also used to examine the applicability of the ‘equal displacement’ rule typically adopted in Eurocode 8 for steel structures. The findings indicate that this rule offers reasonable upper‐bound estimates of deformations in CB structures, but only for those with initial periods > 0.5 s built on moderately stiff to stiff soils and for moderate to relatively low slenderness values. The influence of column stiffness continuity and brace capacity‐to‐demand ratio on the distribution of plasticity in CB buildings is also demonstrated, and its implications on the interpretation of code provisions are highlighted. Finally, based on a parametric investigation of simplified frame models, the study shows that properly designed secondary systems such as gravity frames can play a significant role in mitigating the probabilities of dynamic instability in CB buildings.
Geminin Regulates Cortical Progenitor Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Spella Magda , Kyrousi Christina , Kritikou Eva , Stathopoulou Athanasia , Guillemot François , Kioussis Dimitris , Pachnis Vassilis , Lygerou Zoi , Taraviras Stavros
Published: June 2011

During cortical development, coordination of proliferation and differentiation ensures the timely generation of different neural progenitor lineages that will give rise to mature neurons and glia. Geminin is an inhibitor of DNA replication and it has been proposed to regulate cell proliferation and fate determination during neurogenesis via interactions with transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. To investigate the in vivo role of Geminin in the maintenance and differentiation of cortical neural progenitors, we have generated mice that lack Geminin expression in the developing cortex. Our results show that loss of Geminin leads to the expansion of neural progenitor cells located at the ventricular and subventricular zones of the developing cortex. Early cortical progenitors lacking Geminin exhibit a longer S-phase and a reduced ability to generate early born neurons, consistent with a preference on self-renewing divisions. Overexpression of Geminin in progenitor cells of the cortex reduces the number of neural progenitor cells, promotes cell cycle exit and subsequent neuronal differentiation. Our study suggests that Geminin has an important role during cortical development in regulating progenitor number and ultimately neuron generation.
Genetically Encoding Unnatural Amino Acids in Neural Stem Cells and Optically Reporting Voltage-Sensitive Domain Changes in Differentiated Neurons
Authors: Shen Bin , Xiang Zheng , Miller Barbara , Louie Gordon , Wang Wenyuan , Noel Joseph P. , Gage Fred H. , Wang Lei
Published: June 2011

Although unnatural amino acids (Uaas) have been genetically encoded in bacterial, fungal, and mammalian cells using orthogonal transfer RNA (tRNA)/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs, applications of this method to a wider range of specialized cell types, such as stem cells, still face challenges. While relatively straightforward in stem cells, transient expression lacks sufficient temporal resolution to afford reasonable levels of Uaa incorporation and to allow for the study of the longer term differentiation process of stem cells. Moreover, Uaa incorporation may perturb differentiation. Here, we describe a lentiviral-based gene delivery method to stably incorporate Uaas into proteins expressed in neural stem cells, specifically HCN-A94 cells. The transduced cells differentiated into neural progenies in the same manner as the wild-type cells. By genetically incorporating a fluorescent Uaa into a voltage-dependent membrane lipid phosphatase, we show that this Uaa optically reports the conformational change of the voltage-sensitive domain in response to membrane depolarization. The method described here should be generally applicable to other stem cells and membrane proteins.
Diagnostic ability of MDCT to assess right hepatic artery invasion by perihilar cholangiocarcinoma with left‐sided predominance
Authors: Fukami Yasuyuki , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Takahashi Yu , Suzuki Kojiro , Nagino Masato
Published: June 2011

Background/purpose

There have been few reports on the diagnostic ability of multidetector‐row computed tomography (MDCT) to assess invasion of the hepatic artery. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic ability of MDCT for right hepatic artery (RHA) invasion.

Methods

From August 2006 to October 2010, 103 consecutive patients with left‐sided predominance perihilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent left‐sided hepatectomy; all patients received MDCT as a preoperative workup. Three‐dimensional volume‐rendered and multiplanar reformation (MPR) images were retrospectively examined for evidence of RHA invasion, and the agreement between intraoperative macroscopic and histologic findings was assessed.

Results

No macroscopic evidence of RHA invasion was found in any of the 50 patients presenting visible low‐density planes on MPR images between the RHA and adjacent tumor. Of the remaining 53 patients without visible low‐density planes, 38 patients presented macroscopic evidence of RHA invasion and underwent combined RHA resection; the other 15 patients did not exhibit RHA invasion. The RHA contact length, as measured on MDCT images by curved planar reformations, was significantly longer in the former 38 patients than in the latter 15 patients (24.3 ± 16.9 vs. 8.6 ± 3.0 mm, respectively,p = 0.001). Histologic cancer infiltration of the resected RHA was found in 18 (47.4%) of the 38 patients who underwent RHA resection. Diagnosis of macroscopic RHA invasion based on the presence or absence of a low‐density plane had an accuracy of 85.4%.

Conclusions

We conclude that MDCT is useful for assessing RHA invasion by perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction secondary to an incarcerated jejunal loop in Morison’s pouch
Authors: Derr Charlotte , Fucarino Matthew
Published: June 2011

A few authors have published articles on unusual cases of internal hernias; however, there are no reports in the literature of a hernia arising from a right-sided retroperitoneal defect resulting in the incarceration of small bowel in Morison’s pouch. This case illustrates how point-of-care ultrasound was used to diagnose a small bowel obstruction in an atypical location.
Flow Mixing of Double Two-Inlet Y-Type Micro Channel with Optimal Layout of Obstacles
Authors: Wang C.-T. , Chen Y.-M.
Published: June 2011

In this study a double two-inlet Y-type microchannel with two up-down symmetrical obstacles was applied. This was done because the positions of the obstacles in the flow channel, arranged in an up- down symmetrical fashion, could provide a higher mixing efficiency. As for the optimal layout of obstacles inthe microchannel, the positions of the two up-down symmetrical obstacles were set as the location of obstacle A/D = 0.198, the length of obstacle K/D = 0.453, the horizontal spacing between the two obstacles T/D = 0, and the flow channel width between the two obstacles Y/D = 0.080, This was because it could generate theflow mixing efficiency with 0.984 and at a lower Reynolds number, Re 4.7. These observations willcontribute to the improvement of a Y-type micromixer design.
Compound Path Integral Solution of Response Exceedance Probabilities of an Offshore Structure
Authors: Wang Y. G.
Published: June 2011

In this technical note, a compound path integral solution (CPIS) method is utilized to calculate the response exceedance probabilities of a nonlinear compliant offshore structure subjected to slow drift wave force excitations. The structure's slow drift response exceedance probabilities have also been calculated by using the original PIS method for comparison purpose. It is found that the efficiency of the CPIS method for predicting the structure's slow drift response exceedance probabilities is higher than that of the original PIS method.
III Architectural Sculpture
Authors: Sparkes Brian A.
Published: June 2011

The erection of a building – whether temple, treasury, colonnade, or theatre – argues purpose, means, advance planning, and commitment over many years. The number of people involved in any communal project, from sponsors (whether states, individuals, or sanctuary officials) to designers, architects, masons, and sculptors, was enormous. In studying architectural sculpture, we are face to face with originals, usually found in context, with some closely dated on the basis of inscriptions and references in written texts; although the later writers who held free-standing sculpture in such high regard had little to say about architectural compositions. The embellishment was usually added to religious buildings: the temples and treasuries that were erected in local and Panhellenic sanctuaries. The subjects chosen were mainly myths, with themes repeated down the centuries (Battles of the Gods versus the Giants, and Greeks versus Amazons, Centaurs, or Trojans) – they became the default choice, the stock-in-trade, and raise the question of the extent to which there was indeed any specific programmatic intent or local significance behind these mythical encounters. Who chose the subjects? With what purpose? To instruct, to underline social cohesion, to express political identity, to demonstrate superiority? Who were the viewers the designers had in mind? As the brightly coloured sculptures were integral to the building and came to be placed high above the heads of viewers, visitors, and pilgrims, they were obviously intended to take notice of them. Can we know what their reactions were and how deep their understanding was? Euripides in his tragedy Ion (412 BC) presents a chorus of Athenian women on their first visit to Delphi (vv. 184–218). They look up at the sculptures on the outside of the Apollo temple and express wonder and excitement at the figures they can recognize: Herakles, Pegasos, the battle of the Gods and the Giants, and particularly their own patron goddess, Athena. Euripides fits their reactions to their status – they are just glad to identify their favourites, and delight, as it were, at meeting old friends.
Tethered fleximags as artificial cilia
Authors: BABATAHERI AVIN , ROPER MARCUS , FERMIGIER MARC , DU ROURE OLIVIA
Published: June 2011

Flexible superparamagnetic filaments (‘fleximags’) are very slender elastic filaments, which can be driven by distributed magnetic torques to mimic closely the behaviour of biological flagella. Previously, fleximags have been used as a basis for artificial micro-swimmers capable of transporting small cargos Dreyfus et al. (Nature, vol. 437, 2005, p. 862). Here, we demonstrate how these filaments can be anchored to a wall to make carpets of artificial micro-magnetic cilia with tunable densities. We analyse the dynamics of an artificial cilium under both planar and three-dimensional beating patterns. We show that the dynamics are controlled by a single characteristic length scale varying with the inverse square root of the driving frequency, providing a mechanism to break the fore and aft symmetry and to generate net fluxes and forces. However, we show that an effective geometrical reciprocity in the filament dynamics creates intrinsic limitations upon the ability of the artificial flagellum to pump fluid when driven in two dimensions.
Hypocalcaemia following thyroidectomy for treatment of Graves’ disease: implications for patient management and cost-effectiveness
Authors: Hughes O R , Scott-Coombes D M
Published: June 2011

Background:

No consensus exists on optimal treatment for Graves’ disease once anti-thyroid medication fails to induce remission. Total thyroidectomy is a more cost-effective treatment than radioactive iodine or life-long anti-thyroid medication, but hypocalcaemia is an important complication, leading to longer hospital admissions and increased prescription costs. This study aimed to compare the relative risk of hypocalcaemia requiring medical treatment for patients with Graves’ disease.

Methods:

Prospective cohort study of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease and for multinodular goitre, calculating serum calcium levels 24-hours post-operatively and prescription rates.

Results:

Mean corrected calcium concentrations 24 hours post-operatively were 2.05 mmol/l for Graves’ disease patients and 2.14 mmol/l for multinodular goitre patients (p = 0.003). Biochemical hypocalcaemia developed in 92 per cent (n = 34) of Graves’ disease patients and 71 per cent (n = 43) of multinodular goitre patients (p = 0.012). Graves’ disease patients were more likely to be prescribed calcium supplementation pre-discharge (p = 0.037).

Conclusion:

Total thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease carries an increased risk of hypocalcaemia at 24 hours, and of calcium supplementation pre-discharge. Graves’ disease patients should be informed of the increased risk of hypocalcaemia associated with total thyroidectomy, and this risk must be factored into future cost-effectiveness analysis.