bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UTICAJ DODATKA GLUKOZE NA SPECIFIČNU POVRŠINU I TEKSTURALNE OSOBINE NANO KRISTALNE MEZOPOROZNE ALUMINE
Authors: Obrenović Zoran , Gligorić Miladin , Došić Aleksandar , Damjanović Vladimir
Published: January 2018

Prahovi na bazi oksida i oksihidroksida aluminijuma, u zavisnosti od svojih karakteristika,imaju veoma raznovrsnu primjenu u različitim oblastima hemijske industrije. Poslednjih godina,dobijanjem prahova veličine čestica na nano skali, znatno se proširuju mogućnosti primjene ovevrste materijala, naročito u oblasti takozvanih visokih tehnologija sa posebnim aspektom u oblastiadsorpcionih materijala. Mezoporozna glinica se široko koristi kao nosač katalizatora i adsorbens,a njena fizička svojstva, kao što su specifična površina, distribucija pora po veličini i ukupnazapremina pora, imaju značajan uticaj na njenu efikasnost u primjeni. Termički aktivirani prahovikonvencionalnih prelaznih γ-Al2O3, koji imaju specifičnu površinu (<300 m2/g), imaju i ograničenukatalitičku primjenu. Specifične površine mezoporoznih alumina, dobijenih u neutralizacionimpostupcima bez dodatka aditiva, obično se kreću od 350-400 m2/g i imaju široku raspodjelu pora poveličini. Dodatak glukoze u ovim procesima utiče na dobijanje mezoporozne glinice sa velikomspecifičnom površinom i uskom raspodjelom pora. Za dobijanje mezoporozne alumine velikespecifične površine i uske raspodjele pora u ovom radu korišćen je taložni postupak neutralizacijealuminatnog jona sumpornom kiselinom uz dodatak glukoze.Fazni sastav i tekstura sintetisanih i termički aktiviranih uzoraka karakterisani su pomoćurentgenske difrakcije, FTIR spektroskopije, nisko temperaturne adsorpcije azota.
Referencias al medio ambiente en los mensajes publicitarios. Investigación de la publicidad en España entre 2006 y 2007
Authors: de Andrés del Campo Susana , González Martín Rodrigo
Published: January 2018

The present article sets out the approach and some of the conclusions gathered from the research project “The treatment of the Environment in traditional advertising” carried out within the framework of an agreement between The Ministry of the Environment and the University of Valladolid. The object of the study was to ascertain and analyse how the Environmental Crisis is transformed into signs and identifiable and intentional representations in advertisements. The research was carried out by taking over 1000 advertisements from the Infoadex database, which had been broadcast on television and radio or printed in daily and non-daily newspapers in Spain in the years 2006 and 2007. The advertising produced in this time frame and geographical area was selected by a group of experts and using an identifying features template that collated all adverts that had any reference to the environment. The filtered sample was analyzed using semiotic tools and through a sociological analysis model converted into a SPSS programme matrix of 110 variables on the representation of the environment in each of the 1398 advertisements examined. The data revealed the massive impact that the environment is having on advertising, not only in the traditional energy and automotive sectors, –where the least damage to the environment is regarded as a benefit–, but also in sectors such as food or household goods, where the environment had become an essential reference of creative strategy in more than 10% of cases. The study highlighted the profusion of terminology regarding the impact on the environment included in a somewhat vague manner in many of the adverts. The findings report was considered the driving force behind the decision of the Ministry of the Environment to sign an agreement with the Self-Regulation of Advertising Association.
Unique molecular events during reprogramming of human somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) at naïve state
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Zhao Chengchen , Hou Zhenzhen , Yang Yuanyuan , Bi Yan , Wang Hong , Zhang Yong , Gao Shaorong
Published: January 2018

Derivation of human naïve cells in the ground state of pluripotency provides promising avenues for developmental biology studies and therapeutic manipulations. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of human naïve pluripotency remain poorly understood. Using the human inducible reprogramming system together with the 5iLAF naïve induction strategy, integrative analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic dynamics across the transition from human fibroblasts to naïve iPSCs revealed ordered waves of gene network activation sharing signatures with those found during embryonic development from late embryogenesis to pre-implantation stages. More importantly, Transcriptional analysis showed a significant transient reactivation of transcripts with 8-cell-stage-like characteristics in the late stage of reprogramming, suggesting transient activation of gene network with human zygotic genome activation (ZGA)-like signatures during the establishment of naïve pluripotency. Together, Dissecting the naïve reprogramming dynamics by integrative analysis improves the understanding of the molecular features involved in the generation of naïve pluripotency directly from somatic cells.
NADPH oxidase mediates microtubule alterations and diaphragm dysfunction in dystrophic mice
Authors: Loehr James Anthony , Wang Shang , Cully Tanya R , Pal Rituraj , Larina Irina V , Larin Kirill V , Rodney George G
Published: January 2018

Skeletal muscle from mdx mice is characterized by increased Nox2 ROS, altered microtubule network, increased muscle stiffness, and decreased muscle/respiratory function. While microtubule de-tyrosination has been suggested to increase stiffness and Nox2 ROS production in isolated single myofibers, its role in altering tissue stiffness and muscle function has not been established. Because Nox2 ROS production is upregulated prior to microtubule network alterations and ROS affect microtubule formation, we investigated the role of Nox2 ROS in diaphragm tissue microtubule organization, stiffness and muscle/respiratory function. Eliminating Nox2 ROS prevents microtubule disorganization and reduces fibrosis and muscle stiffness in mdx diaphragm. Fibrosis accounts for the majority of variance in diaphragm stiffness and decreased function, implicating altered extracellular matrix and not microtubule de-tyrosination as a modulator of diaphragm tissue function. Ultimately, inhibiting Nox2 ROS production increased force and respiratory function in dystrophic diaphragm, establishing Nox2 as a potential therapeutic target in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Positive end expiratory pressure in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to community acquired pneumonia: do we need a personalized approach?
Authors: Paolini Valentina , Faverio Paola , Aliberti Stefano , Messinesi Grazia , Foti Giuseppe , Sibila Oriol , Monzani Anna , De Giacomi Federica , Stainer Anna , Pesci Alberto
Published: January 2018

Background

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a life-threatening complication in patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). The use of non-invasive ventilation is controversial. With this prospective, observational study we aimed to describe a protocol to assess whether a patient with moderate-to-severe hypoxemic ARF secondary to CAP benefits, in clinical and laboratoristic terms, from the application of a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) + oxygen vs oxygen alone.

Methods

Patients who benefit from PEEP application (PEEP-responders) were defined as those with partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) increase >20% and/or reduction of respiratory distress during PEEP + oxygen therapy compared to oxygen therapy alone. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between PEEP-responders and PEEP-non responders.

Results

Out of 41 patients, 27 (66%) benefit from PEEP application (PEEP-responders), the best response was obtained with a PEEP of 10 cmH2O in 13 patients, 7.5 cmH2O in eight and 5 cmH2O in six. PEEP-responders were less likely to present comorbidities compared to PEEP-non responders. No differences between groups were found in regards to endotracheal intubation criteria fullfillment, intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality, while PEEP-responders had a shorter length of hospital stay.

Discussion

The application of a protocol to evaluate PEEP responsiveness might be useful in patients with moderate-to-severe hypoxemic ARF due to CAP in order to personalize and maximize the effectiveness of therapy, and prevent the inappropriate PEEP use. PEEP responsiveness does not seem to be associated with better outcomes, with the exception of a shorter length of hospital stay.
Volcanic Eruption Forecasts From Accelerating Rates of Drumbeat Long‐Period Earthquakes
Authors: Bell Andrew F. , Naylor Mark , Hernandez Stephen , Main Ian G. , Gaunt H. Elizabeth , Mothes Patricia , Ruiz Mario
Published: January 2018

Accelerating rates of quasiperiodic “drumbeat” long‐period earthquakes (LPs) are commonly reported before eruptions at andesite and dacite volcanoes, and promise insights into the nature of fundamental preeruptive processes and improved eruption forecasts. Here we apply a new Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo gamma point process methodology to investigate an exceptionally well‐developed sequence of drumbeat LPs preceding a recent large vulcanian explosion at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador. For more than 24 hr, LP rates increased according to the inverse power law trend predicted by material failure theory, and with a retrospectively forecast failure time that agrees with the eruption onset within error. LPs resulted from repeated activation of a single characteristic source driven by accelerating loading, rather than a distributed failure process, showing that similar precursory trends can emerge from quite different underlying physics. Nevertheless, such sequences have clear potential for improving forecasts of eruptions at Tungurahua and analogous volcanoes.
Limitations on Inferring 3D Architecture and Dynamics From Surface Velocities in the India‐Eurasia Collision Zone
Authors: Flesch L. , Bendick R. , Bischoff S.
Published: January 2018

Surface velocities derived from Global Positioning System observations and Quaternary fault slip rates measured throughout an extended region of high topography in South Asia vary smoothly over thousands of kilometers and are broadly symmetrical, with components of both north‐south shortening and east‐west extension relative to stable Eurasia. The observed velocity field does not contain discontinuities or steep gradients attributable to along‐strike differences in collision architecture, despite the well‐documented presence of a lithospheric slab beneath the Pamir but not the Tibetan Plateau. We use a modified Akaike information criterion (AICc) to show that surface velocities do not efficiently constrain 3D rheology, geometry, or force balance. Therefore, although other geophysical and geological observations may indicate the presence of mechanical or dynamic heterogeneities within the Indian‐Asian collision, the surface Global Positioning System velocities contain little or no usable information about them.
Pyroconvection Risk in Australia: Climatological Changes in Atmospheric Stability and Surface Fire Weather Conditions
Authors: Dowdy Andrew J. , Pepler Acacia
Published: January 2018

Extreme wildfires with strong convective processes in their plumes have recently led to disastrous impacts on various regions of the world. The Continuous Haines index (CH) is used in Australia to represent vertical atmospheric stability and humidity measures relating to pyroconvective processes. CH climatology is examined here using reanalysis data from 1979 to 2016, revealing large spatial and seasonal variations throughout Australia. Various measures of severity are investigated, including regionally specific thresholds. CH is combined with near‐surface fire weather conditions, as a type of compound event, and is examined in relation to environmental conditions associated with pyroconvection. Significant long‐term changes in CH are found for some regions and seasons, with these changes corresponding to changes in near‐surface conditions in some cases. In particular, an increased risk of pyroconvection is identified for southeast Australia during spring and summer, due to decreased vertical atmospheric stability and humidity combined with more severe near‐surface conditions.
Questioning the Influence of Sunspots on Amazon Hydrology: Even a Broken Clock Tells the Right Time Twice a Day
Authors: Baker J. C. A. , Gloor M. , Boom A. , Neill D. A. , Cintra B. B. L. , Clerici S. J. , Brienen R. J. W.
Published: January 2018

It was suggested in a recent article that sunspots drive decadal variation in Amazon River flow. This conclusion was based on a novel time series decomposition method used to extract a decadal signal from the Amazon River record. We have extended this analysis back in time, using a new hydrological proxy record of tree ring oxygen isotopes (δ18OTR). Consistent with the findings of Antico and Torres, we find a positive correlation between sunspots and the decadal δ18OTR cycle from 1903 to 2012 (r = 0.60, p < 0.001). However, the relationship does not persist into the preceding century and even becomes weakly negative (r = −0.30, p = 0.11, 1799–1902). This result casts considerable doubt over the mechanism by which sunspots are purported to influence Amazon hydrology.
The Sidebands of the Equatorial Electrojet: General Characteristic of the Westward Currents, as Deduced From CHAMP
Authors: Zhou Yun‐Liang , Lühr Hermann , Alken Patrick
Published: January 2018

Based on 5 years (2001–2005) of magnetic field measurements made by the CHAMP satellite, latitudinal profiles of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) have been derived. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the reverse current EEJ sidebands. These westward currents peak at ±5° quasi‐dipole latitude with typical amplitudes of 35% of the main EEJ. The diurnal amplitude variation is quite comparable with that of the EEJ. Similarly to the EEJ, the intensity is increasing with solar EUV flux, but with a steeper slope, indicating that not only the conductivity plays a role. For the longitude distribution we find, in general, larger amplitudes in the Western than in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is presently a common understanding that the reverse current EEJ sidebands are generated by eastward zonal winds at altitudes above about 120 km. In particular, a positive vertical gradient of wind speed generates westward currents at magnetic latitudes outside of 2° dip latitude. Interesting information about these features can be deduced from the sidebands' tidal characteristics. The longitudinal variation of the amplitude is dominated by a wave‐1 pattern, which can primarily be attributed to the tidal components SPW1 and SW3. In case of the hemispheric amplitude differences these same two wave‐1 components dominate. The ratio between sideband amplitude and main EEJ is largely controlled by the tidal features of the EEJ. The longitudinal patterns of the latitude, where the sidebands peak, resemble to some extent those of the amplitude. Current densities become larger when the peaks move closer to the magnetic equator.
Lunar Tidal Modulation of Periodic Meridional Movement of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest During Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: Mo X. H. , Zhang D. H.
Published: January 2018

Using the location of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest derived from GPS observations in China and Brazilian sector, we investigated the longitudinal dependence of periodic meridional movement of EIA crest during sudden stratospheric warming events in 2003, 2006, and 2009. The solar activity was from high to low for the three events. Results show that the locations of EIA crests in both China and Brazilian sectors exhibit obvious and constant 14‐ to 15‐day periodic oscillation being in‐phase in two sectors, which coincide with the half of the lunar revolution period (29.53 days) and the lunar phase. The temporal extent of wave power at 14–15 days is consistent with the temporal extent of stratospheric zonal wind, indicating that 14‐ to 15‐day periodic meridional movement of EIA crest is due to enhanced lunar tide modulated by zonal wind. In addition, it is also found that the amplitude of 14‐ to 15‐day periodic oscillation of EIA crest in China sector is larger than that in Brazilian sector, which may be caused by the longitudinal variation of tides and neutral wind pattern.
A Full‐Stokes 3‐D Calving Model Applied to a Large Greenlandic Glacier
Authors: Todd Joe , Christoffersen Poul , Zwinger Thomas , Råback Peter , Chauché Nolwenn , Benn Doug , Luckman Adrian , Ryan Johnny , Toberg Nick , Slater Donald , Hubbard Alun
Published: January 2018

Iceberg calving accounts for around half of all mass loss from both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. The diverse nature of calving and its complex links to both internal dynamics and climate make it challenging to incorporate into models of glaciers and ice sheets. Here we present results from a new open‐source 3‐D full‐Stokes calving model developed in Elmer/Ice. The calving model implements the crevasse depth criterion, which states that calving occurs when surface and basal crevasses penetrate the full thickness of the glacier. The model also implements a new 3‐D rediscretization approach and a time‐evolution scheme which allow the calving front to evolve realistically through time. We test the model in an application to Store Glacier, one of the largest outlet glaciers in West Greenland, and find that it realistically simulates the seasonal advance and retreat when two principal environmental forcings are applied. These forcings are (1) submarine melting in distributed and concentrated forms and (2) ice mélange buttressing. We find that ice mélange buttressing is primarily responsible for Store Glacier's seasonal advance and retreat. Distributed submarine melting prevents the glacier from forming a permanent floating tongue, while concentrated plume melting has a disproportionately large and potentially destabilizing effect on the calving front position. Our results also highlight the importance of basal topography, which exerts a strong control on calving, explaining why Store Glacier has remained stable during a period when neighboring glaciers have undergone prolonged interannual retreat.
Transpiration Dominates Ecosystem Water‐Use Efficiency in Response to Warming in an Alpine Meadow
Authors: Quan Quan , Zhang Fangyue , Tian Dashuan , Zhou Qingping , Wang Lixin , Niu Shuli
Published: January 2018

As a key linkage of C and water cycles, water‐use efficiency (WUE) quantifies how much water an ecosystem uses for carbon gain. Although ecosystem C and water fluxes have been intensively studied, yet it remains unclear how ecosystem WUE responds to climate warming and which processes dominate the response of WUE. To answer these questions, we examined canopy WUE (WUEc), ecosystem WUE (WUEe) and their components including gross ecosystem productivity, ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET), soil evaporation (E), and plant canopy transpiration (T), in response to warming in an alpine meadow by using a manipulative warming experiment in 2015 and 2016. As expected, low‐ and high‐level warming treatments increased soil temperature (Tsoil) at 10 cm on average by 1.65 and 2.77°C, but decreased soil moisture (Msoil) by 2.52 and 7.6 vol %, respectively, across the two years. Low‐ and high‐level warming increased WUEe by 7.7 and 9.3% over the two years, but rarely changed WUEc in either year. T/ET ratio determined the differential responses of WUEc and WUEe. Larger T/ET led to less difference between WUEc and WUEe. By partitioning WUEc and WUEe into different carbon and water fluxes, we found that T rather than gross ecosystem productivity or E dominated the responses of WUEc and WUEe to warming. This study provides empirical insights into how ecosystem WUE responds to warming and illustrates the importance of plant transpiration in regulating ecosystem WUE under future climate change.
Modeling Subsurface Hydrology in Floodplains
Authors: Evans Cristina M. , Dritschel David G. , Singer Michael B.
Published: January 2018

Soil‐moisture patterns in floodplains are highly dynamic, owing to the complex relationships between soil properties, climatic conditions at the surface, and the position of the water table. Given this complexity, along with climate change scenarios in many regions, there is a need for a model to investigate the implications of different conditions on water availability to riparian vegetation. We present a model, HaughFlow, which is able to predict coupled water movement in the vadose and phreatic zones of hydraulically connected floodplains. Model output was calibrated and evaluated at six sites in Australia to identify key patterns in subsurface hydrology. This study identifies the importance of the capillary fringe in vadose zone hydrology due to its water storage capacity and creation of conductive pathways. Following peaks in water table elevation, water can be stored in the capillary fringe for up to months (depending on the soil properties). This water can provide a critical resource for vegetation that is unable to access the water table. When water table peaks coincide with heavy rainfall events, the capillary fringe can support saturation of the entire soil profile. HaughFlow is used to investigate the water availability to riparian vegetation, producing daily output of water content in the soil over decadal time periods within different depth ranges. These outputs can be summarized to support scientific investigations of plant‐water relations, as well as in management applications.
Prerequisites for Accurate Monitoring of River Discharge Based on Fixed‐Location Velocity Measurements
Authors: Kästner K. , Hoitink A. J. F. , Torfs P. J. J. F. , Vermeulen B. , Ningsih N. S. , Pramulya M.
Published: January 2018

River discharge has to be monitored reliably for effective water management. As river discharge cannot be measured directly, it is usually inferred from the water level. This practice is unreliable at places where the relation between water level and flow velocity is ambiguous. In such a case, the continuous measurement of the flow velocity can improve the discharge prediction. The emergence of horizontal acoustic Doppler current profilers (HADCPs) has made it possible to continuously measure the flow velocity. However, the profiling range of HADCPs is limited, so that a single instrument can only partially cover a wide cross section. The total discharge still has to be determined with a model. While the limitations of rating curves are well understood, there is not yet a comprehensive theory to assess the accuracy of discharge predicted from velocity measurements. Such a theory is necessary to discriminate which factors influence the measurements, and to improve instrument deployment as well as discharge prediction. This paper presents a generic method to assess the uncertainty of discharge predicted from range‐limited velocity profiles. The theory shows that a major source of error is the variation of the ratio between the local and cross‐section‐averaged velocity. This variation is large near the banks, where HADCPs are usually deployed and can limit the advantage gained from the velocity measurement. We apply our theory at two gauging stations situated in the Kapuas River, Indonesia. We find that at one of the two stations the index velocity does not outperform a simple rating curve.
Limitless Analytic Elements
Authors: Strack O. D. L.
Published: January 2018

We present equations for new limitless analytic line elements. These elements possess a virtually unlimited number of degrees of freedom. We apply these new limitless analytic elements to head‐specified boundaries and to problems with inhomogeneities in hydraulic conductivity. Applications of these new analytic elements to practical problems involving head‐specified boundaries require the solution of a very large number of equations. To make the new elements useful in practice, an efficient iterative scheme is required. We present an improved version of the scheme presented by Bandilla et al. (2007), based on the application of Cauchy integrals. The limitless analytic elements are useful when modeling strings of elements, rivers for example, where local conditions are difficult to model, e.g., when a well is close to a river. The solution of such problems is facilitated by increasing the order of the elements to obtain a good solution. This makes it unnecessary to resort to dividing the element in question into many smaller elements to obtain a satisfactory solution.
Reflection impulsivity perceptual decision‐making in patients with restless legs syndrome
Authors: Heim Beatrice , Pertl Marie‐Theres , Stefani Ambra , Heidbreder Anna , Zamarian Laura , Brandauer Elisabeth , Averbeck Bruno , Delazer Margarete , Seppi Klaus , Högl Birgit , Poewe Werner , Djamshidian Atbin
Published: January 2018

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate perceptual decision‐making and reflection impulsivity in drug naïve patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and patients with dopaminergic therapy.

Methods

A total of 35 RLS patients (20 who were drug naïve regarding dopaminergic medication and 15 patients treated with dopaminergic therapy without augmentation or impulse control disorders) were included in this study. We used the Beads task and the Pixel task which assess reflection impulsivity and perceptual decision‐making, respectively. Results were compared to 20 healthy controls.

Results

Both RLS patient groups gathered less evidence than healthy controls in the Beads task before making a decision (P < 0.001), but patients with dopaminergic treatment gathered less information than drug naïve patients (P = 0.026). Moreover, both patient groups made more choices against the evidence than healthy controls (both P < 0.01), but there was no difference between the two patient groups. In the Pixel task, we found an effect of task difficulty on reaction times with patients and controls responding faster with reduced task difficulty. There was neither an effect of group on reaction times nor an effect of group on error rates.

Conclusions

Reflection impulsivity is common in RLS patients, regardless whether they are drug naïve or treated with dopaminergic therapy. Thus, RLS patients tend to gather less information compared to healthy controls which could have a negative effect on decision‐making in daily life and should be investigated further.
Ethnographic Observational Study of the Biologic Initiation Conversation Between Rheumatologists and Biologic‐Naive Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: Kottak Nicholas , Tesser John , Leibowitz Evan , Rosenberg Melissa , Parenti Dennis , DeHoratius Raphael
Published: January 2018

Objective

This ethnographic market research study investigated the biologic initiation conversation between rheumatologists and biologic‐naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis to assess how therapy options, particularly mode of administration, were discussed.

Methods

Consenting rheumatologists (n = 16) and patients (n = 48) were videotaped during medical visits and interviewed by a trained ethnographer. The content, structure, and timing of conversations regarding biologic initiation were analyzed.

Results

The mean duration of physician‐patient visits was approximately 15 minutes; biologic therapies were discussed for a mean of 5.6 minutes. Subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) therapy options were mentioned in 45 and 35 visits, respectively, out of a total of 48 visits. All patients had some familiarity with SC administration, but nearly half of patients (22 of 48) were unfamiliar with IV therapy going into the visit. IV administration was not defined or described by rheumatologists in 77% of visits (27 of 35) mentioning IV therapy. Thus, 19 of 22 patients who were initially unfamiliar with IV therapy remained unfamiliar after the visit. Disparities in physician‐patient perceptions were revealed, as all rheumatologists (16 of 16) believed IV therapy would be less convenient than SC therapy for patients, while 46% of patients (22 of 48) felt this way. In post‐visit interviews, some patients seemed confused and overwhelmed, particularly when presented with many treatment choices in a visit. Some patients stated they would benefit from visual aids or summary sheets of key points.

Conclusion

This study revealed significant educational opportunities to improve the biologic initiation conversation and indicated a disparity between patients’ and rheumatologists’ perception of IV therapy.
Extrusion‐Based 3D Printing of Hierarchically Porous Advanced Battery Electrodes
Authors: Lacey Steven D. , Kirsch Dylan J. , Li Yiju , Morgenstern Joseph T. , Zarket Brady C. , Yao Yonggang , Dai Jiaqi , Garcia Laurence Q. , Liu Boyang , Gao Tingting , Xu Shaomao , Raghavan Srinivasa R. , Connell John W. , Lin Yi , Hu Liangbing
Published: January 2018

A highly porous 2D nanomaterial, holey graphene oxide (hGO), is synthesized directly from holey graphene powder and employed to create an aqueous 3D printable ink without the use of additives or binders. Stable dispersions of hydrophilic hGO sheets in water (≈100 mg mL−1) can be readily achieved. The shear‐thinning behavior of the aqueous hGO ink enables extrusion‐based printing of fine filaments into complex 3D architectures, such as stacked mesh structures, on arbitrary substrates. The freestanding 3D printed hGO meshes exhibit trimodal porosity: nanoscale (4–25 nm through‐holes on hGO sheets), microscale (tens of micrometer‐sized pores introduced by lyophilization), and macroscale (<500 µm square pores of the mesh design), which are advantageous for high‐performance energy storage devices that rely on interfacial reactions to promote full active‐site utilization. To elucidate the benefit of (nano)porosity and structurally conscious designs, the additive‐free architectures are demonstrated as the first 3D printed lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) cathodes and characterized alongside 3D printed GO‐based materials without nanoporosity as well as nanoporous 2D vacuum filtrated films. The results indicate the synergistic effect between 2D nanomaterials, hierarchical porosity, and overall structural design, as well as the promise of a freeform generation of high‐energy‐density battery systems.
Precise Molecular Sieving Architectures with Janus Pathways for Both Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Authors: Liu Jiangtao , Hua Dan , Zhang Yu , Japip Susilo , Chung Tai‐Shung
Published: January 2018

Precise molecular sieving architectures with Janus superhighways are constructed via a molecularly engineered interfacial reaction between cyclodextrin (CD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). Interestingly, the CD/TMC nanofilms constructed with both hydrophobic inner cavities and hydrophilic channels exhibit exceptionally high permeances for both polar and nonpolar solvents. The precise molecular sieving functions are determined by the type of CD building blocks and the inner cavities of intrinsic 3D hollow bowls. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) confirms that a larger inner CD cavity tends to generate a larger free volume and higher microporosity. Based on the rejection ratio of various dyes, the estimated molecular weight cutoff of CD/TMC nanofilms follows the trend of α‐CD/TMC (320 Da) <β‐CD/TMC (400 Da) <γ‐CD/TMC (550 Da), which is in strict accordance with the orders of their free volumes measured by PAS and inner cavity sizes of α‐CD <β‐CD <γ‐CD. This kind of novel CD/TMC molecular sieving membrane with intrinsic microporosity containing tunable pore size and sharp pore‐size distribution can effectively discriminate molecules with different 3D sizes.
High Detectivity and Transparent Few‐Layer MoS2/Glassy‐Graphene Heterostructure Photodetectors
Authors: Xu Hao , Han Xiaoyu , Dai Xiao , Liu Wei , Wu Jiang , Zhu Juntong , Kim Dongyoung , Zou Guifu , Sablon Kimberley A. , Sergeev Andrei , Guo Zhengxiao , Liu Huiyun
Published: January 2018

Layered van der Waals heterostructures have attracted considerable attention recently, due to their unique properties both inherited from individual two‐dimensional (2D) components and imparted from their interactions. Here, a novel few‐layer MoS2/glassy‐graphene heterostructure, synthesized by a layer‐by‐layer transfer technique, and its application as transparent photodetectors are reported for the first time. Instead of a traditional Schottky junction, coherent ohmic contact is formed at the interface between the MoS2 and the glassy‐graphene nanosheets. The device exhibits pronounced wavelength selectivity as illuminated by monochromatic lights. A responsivity of 12.3 mA W−1 and detectivity of 1.8 × 1010 Jones are obtained from the photodetector under 532 nm light illumination. Density functional theory calculations reveal the impact of specific carbon atomic arrangement in the glassy‐graphene on the electronic band structure. It is demonstrated that the band alignment of the layered heterostructures can be manipulated by lattice engineering of 2D nanosheets to enhance optoelectronic performance.
Material Design of p‐Type Transparent Amorphous Semiconductor, Cu–Sn–I
Authors: Jun Taehwan , Kim Junghwan , Sasase Masato , Hosono Hideo
Published: January 2018

Transparent amorphous semiconductors (TAS) that can be fabricated at low temperature are key materials in the practical application of transparent flexible electronics. Although various n‐type TAS materials with excellent performance, such as amorphous In‐Ga‐Zn‐O (a‐IGZO), are already known, no complementary p‐type TAS has been realized to date. Here, a material design concept for p‐type TAS materials is proposed utilizing the pseudo s‐orbital nature of spatially spreading iodine 5p orbitals and amorphous Sn‐containing CuI (a‐CuSnI) thin film is reported as an example. The resulting a‐CuSnI thin films fabricated by spin coating at low temperature (140 °C) have a smooth surface. The Hall mobility increases with the hole concentration and the largest mobility of ≈9 cm2 V−1 s−1 is obtained, which is comparable with that of conventional n‐type TAS.
Auxetic Mechanical Metamaterials to Enhance Sensitivity of Stretchable Strain Sensors
Authors: Jiang Ying , Liu Zhiyuan , Matsuhisa Naoji , Qi Dianpeng , Leow Wan Ru , Yang Hui , Yu Jiancan , Chen Geng , Liu Yaqing , Wan Changjin , Liu Zhuangjian , Chen Xiaodong
Published: January 2018

Stretchable strain sensors play a pivotal role in wearable devices, soft robotics, and Internet‐of‐Things, yet these viable applications, which require subtle strain detection under various strain, are often limited by low sensitivity. This inadequate sensitivity stems from the Poisson effect in conventional strain sensors, where stretched elastomer substrates expand in the longitudinal direction but compress transversely. In stretchable strain sensors, expansion separates the active materials and contributes to the sensitivity, while Poisson compression squeezes active materials together, and thus intrinsically limits the sensitivity. Alternatively, auxetic mechanical metamaterials undergo 2D expansion in both directions, due to their negative structural Poisson's ratio. Herein, it is demonstrated that such auxetic metamaterials can be incorporated into stretchable strain sensors to significantly enhance the sensitivity. Compared to conventional sensors, the sensitivity is greatly elevated with a 24‐fold improvement. This sensitivity enhancement is due to the synergistic effect of reduced structural Poisson's ratio and strain concentration. Furthermore, microcracks are elongated as an underlying mechanism, verified by both experiments and numerical simulations. This strategy of employing auxetic metamaterials can be further applied to other stretchable strain sensors with different constituent materials. Moreover, it paves the way for utilizing mechanical metamaterials into a broader library of stretchable electronics.
A Simple Procedure for the Synthesis of β‐Hydroxyallenamides via Homoallenylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Kim Byeong‐Seon , Gutierrez Osvaldo , Kozlowski Marisa C. , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: January 2018

A simple one‐pot synthesis of β‐hydroxyallenamides is reported. This procedure entails chemo‐ and regioselective hydroboration of 3‐en‐1‐ynyl‐sulfonylamides with Cy2BH followed by homoallenylation of aldehydes to yield β‐hydroxyallenamides (up to 94% yield and >20:1 dr). Controlled synthesis of up to three continuous stereochemical elements was realized. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest a concerted Zimmerman‐Traxler chair‐like transition state. Initial results suggest that enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of β‐hydroxyallenamides with optically active hydroboration reagents is viable.

magnified image
Exosome–Liposome Hybrid Nanoparticles Deliver CRISPR/Cas9 System in MSCs
Authors: Lin Yao , Wu Jiahua , Gu Weihuai , Huang Yulei , Tong Zhongchun , Huang Lijia , Tan Jiali
Published: January 2018

Targeted delivery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) system to the receptor cells is essential for in vivo gene editing. Exosomes are intensively studied as a promising targeted drug delivery carrier recently, while limited by their low efficiency in encapsulating of large nucleic acids. Here, a kind of hybrid exosomes with liposomes is developed via simple incubation. Different from the original exosomes, the resultant hybrid nanoparticles efficiently encapsulate large plasmids, including the CRISPR–Cas9 expression vectors, similarly as the liposomes. Moreover, the resultant hybrid nanoparticles can be endocytosed by and express the encapsulated genes in the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which cannot be transfected by the liposome alone. Taken together, the exosome–liposome hybrid nanoparticles can deliver CRISPR–Cas9 system in MSCs and thus be promising in in vivo gene manipulation.
Liquid Exfoliated Co(OH)2 Nanosheets as Low‐Cost, Yet High‐Performance, Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: McAteer David , Godwin Ian J. , Ling Zheng , Harvey Andrew , He Lily , Boland Conor S. , Vega‐Mayoral Victor , Szydłowska Beata , Rovetta Aurélie A. , Backes Claudia , Boland John B. , Chen Xin , Lyons Michael E. G. , Coleman Jonathan N.
Published: January 2018

Identifying cheap, yet effective, oxygen evolution catalysts is critical to the advancement of water splitting. Using liquid exfoliated Co(OH)2 nanosheets as a model system, a simple procedure is developed to maximize the activity of any oxygen evolution reaction nanocatalyst. First the nanosheet edges are confirmed as the active areas by analyzing the catalytic activity as a function of nanosheet size. This allows the authors to select the smallest nanosheets (length ≈50 nm) as the best performing catalysts. While the number of active sites per unit electrode area can be increased via the electrode thickness, this is found to be impossible beyond ≈10 µm due to mechanical instabilities. However, adding carbon nanotubes increases both toughness and conductivity significantly. These enhancements mean that composite electrodes consisting of small Co(OH)2 nanosheets and 10 wt% nanotubes can be made into freestanding films with thickness of up to 120 µm with no apparent electrical limitations. The presence of diffusion limitations results in an optimum electrode thickness of 70 µm, yielding a current density of 50 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 235 mV, close to the state of the art in the field. Applying this procedure to a high‐performance catalyst such as NiFeOx should significantly surpass the state of the art.
Single (sub)species then and now: An examination of the nonracial perspective of C. Loring Brace
Authors: Smith Shelley L.
Published: January 2018

C. Loring Brace's writings on the concept of race have been among the most influential within anthropology. A review of the development of Brace's perspective on race shows that his philosophical approaches to fossil and modern human variation are consistent and integrated. Brace's views on race are compared with those of Ashley Montagu and Frank Livingstone, who also proposed eliminating “race” from anthropology, and with those of Stanley Garn and Alice Brues, who accepted “racial” subdivisions of humans. Carleton Coon's writings are more divergent; the aftermath of the publication of his Origin of Races highlights significant political tensions of the 1960s that intersected with scientific changes in anthropology emanating from the Evolutionary Synthesis. Recent forensic and “no race” positions are compared to explore their differences and the possibility of reconciliation, and the role of Brace and others in combating proposals of intellectual differences among human groups is discussed. While a spectrum of anthropological opinion regarding race exists, the commonalities are sufficient to allow valuable, united commentary emphasizing the complexity of modern human cultural and biological variation.
Participation, representation, and shared experiences of women scholars in biological anthropology
Authors: Turner Trudy R. , Bernstein Robin M. , Taylor Andrea B. , Asangba Abigail , Bekelman Traci , Cramer Jennifer Danzy , Elton Sarah , Harvati Katerina , Williams‐Hatala Erin Marie , Kauffman Laurie , Middleton Emily , Richtsmeier Joan , Szathmáry Emőke , Torres‐Rouff Christina , Thayer Zaneta , Villaseñor Amelia , Vogel Erin
Published: January 2018

American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) membership surveys from 1996 and 1998 revealed significant gender disparities in academic status. A 2014 follow‐up survey showed that gender equality had improved, particularly with respect to the number of women in tenure‐stream positions. However, although women comprised 70% of AAPA membership at that time, the percentage of women full professors remained low. Here, we continue to consider the status of women in biological anthropology by examining the representation of women through a quantitative analysis of their participation in annual meetings of the AAPA during the past 20 years. We also review the programmatic goals of the AAPA Committee on Diversity Women's Initiative (COD‐WIN) and provide survey results of women who participated in COD‐WIN professional development workshops. Finally, we examine the diversity of women's career paths through the personal narratives of 14 women biological anthropologists spanning all ranks from graduate student to Professor Emeritus. We find that over the past 20 years, the percentage of women first authors of invited symposia talks has increased, particularly in the sub‐disciplines of bioarchaeology, genetics, and paleoanthropology. The percentage of women first authors on contributed talks and posters has also increased. However, these observed increases are still lower than expected given the percentage of graduate student women and women at the rank of assistant and associate professor. The personal narratives highlight first‐hand the impact of mentoring on career trajectory, the challenges of achieving work‐life satisfaction, and resilience in the face of the unexpected. We end with some suggestions for how to continue to improve equality and equity for women in biological anthropology.
Nasal valve evaluation in the Mexican‐Hispanic (mestizo) nose
Authors: Jasso‐Ramírez Elizabeth , Sánchez y Béjar Fernando , Arcaute Aizpuru Fernando , Maulen Radován Irene E. , de la Garza Hesles Héctor
Published: January 2018

Background

Our aim in this study was to determine the angle of the internal nasal valve in Mexican patients with the “mestizo nose” feature and without nasal obstructive symptoms. The work was prospective, comparative, and observational in nature and included patients >14 years of age who were seen in the Otolaryngology Department at the Los Angeles Lomas Hospital between April and May 2016.

Methods

The angle of the internal nasal valve was measured in 30 patients without obstructive symptoms. Endoscopic examination was performed with a 0° endoscope framed with tape at a 13‐mm distance from the endoscope's tip, and digital photographs of the internal nasal valve were taken. The measurement of the angle of the internal nasal valve was made in sexagesimal degrees using Golden Ratio v3.1 (2012) software. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel v15.13.3.

Results

The angles of the internal nasal valve of the patients were (mean ± standard deviation) 24.07 ± 4.8° for the right nasal cavity and 25.07 ± 5.0° for the left nasal cavity, wider than the angle reported in the normal Caucasian nose established in the literature.

Conclusions

According to our results, the Mexican‐Hispanic mestizo nose has a wider angle in the internal nasal valve than that considered normal in the literature (10°‐15°). We believe it is necessary to undertake a second study and add an airflow resistance measurement with a rhinomanometry procedure so we can compare the results with those in the Caucasian population.
Reversible Redox Chemistry of Azo Compounds for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Chao , Xu Gui‐Liang , Ji Xiao , Hou Singyuk , Chen Long , Wang Fei , Jiang Jianjun , Chen Zonghai , Ren Yang , Amine Khalil , Wang Chunsheng
Published: January 2018

Sustainable sodium‐ion batteries (SSIBs) using renewable organic electrodes are promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries for the large‐scale renewable energy storage. However, the lack of high‐performance anode material impedes the development of SSIBs. Herein, we report a new type of organic anode material based on azo group for SSIBs. Azobenzene‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid sodium salt is used as a model to investigate the electrochemical behaviors and reaction mechanism of azo compound. It exhibits a reversible capacity of 170 mAh g−1 at 0.2C. When current density is increased to 20C, the reversible capacities of 98 mAh g−1 can be retained for 2000 cycles, demonstrating excellent cycling stability and high rate capability. The detailed characterizations reveal that azo group acts as an electrochemical active site to reversibly bond with Na+. The reversible redox chemistry between azo compound and Na ions offer opportunities for developing long‐cycle‐life and high‐rate SSIBs.
An organic‐inorganic heterogeneous catalyst based on Keplerate polyoxometalates for oxidation of dibenzothiophene derivatives with Hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Fareghi‐Alamdari Reza , Zekri Negar , Moghadam Ahmad Jamali , Hafshajani Khadijeh Tavakoli , Farsani Mostafa Riahi
Published: January 2018

An organic‐inorganic material (NH4)2(MimAM)40[Mo132O372(CH3COO)30(H2O)72] have been synthesized by reacting [(NH4)42[MoVI72 MoV60O372(CH3COO)30(H2O)72] with the ionic liquid 3‐Aminoethyl‐1‐methylimidazolium bromide. The catalyst showed remarkably a high catalytic performance in the oxidation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) derivatives with H2O2 35% as a safe and green oxidant. The main parameters affecting the process including catalyst, acid additive, hydrogen peroxide amounts and temperature have been investigated in detail. Sulfur removal of DBT in n‐heptane reached to 98.3% yield at 40 °C using 2.5 mmol H2O2 and 100 mg of (NH4)2(MimAM)40[Mo132O372(CH3COO)30(H2O)72] after 90 min. Under the optimal conditions, BT (benzothiophene), DBT (dibenzothiophene) and 4,6‐DMDBT (4,6‐dimethyl‐dibenzothiophene) achieved high desulfurization efficiency. Our results showed that the reactivity order of different model sulfur compounds are thiophene <4,6‐dimethyl dibenzothiophene< dibenzothiophene. The catalysts could be easily separated from the reaction solution by simple filtration and recycled for several times without loss of activity.