bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of a Cu/Pd Bimetallic System Electrodeposited on Boron-Doped Diamond Films for Application in Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate
Authors: Matsushima Jorge T. , Fernandes Valéria C. , Couto Andrea B. , Baldan Maurício R. , Ferreira Neidenêi G.
Published: September 2011

The Cu/Pd bimetallic system electrodeposited on boron-doped diamond (BDD) films for application, as electrode material in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate was studied. The electrochemical behavior of Cu, Pd, and Cu/Pd bimetallic system was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. From these results, the formation of the Cu/Pd composite was verified. In addition, Cu with different phases and a Cu/Pd phase in the composite were obtained. Morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a homogeneous distribution of Cu/Pd bimetallic particles with intermediary dimensions compared to those observed in Cu or Pd electrodeposits separately. These composites were tested as electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (pH 9). Electrochemical measurements showed that composites with higher Cu content displayed the best electrocatalytic activity for nitrate reduction, and the Cu/Pd phase in the bimetallic system served to improve the Cu adherence on BDD electrode.
Immunity to Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Genetically Defined Live-Attenuated Parasites
Authors: Selvapandiyan Angamuthu , Dey Ranadhir , Gannavaram Sreenivas , Lakhal-Naouar Ines , Duncan Robert , Salotra Poonam , Nakhasi Hira L.
Published: September 2011

Leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasitic disease endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with three major clinical forms, self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Drug treatments are expensive and often result in the development of drug resistance. No vaccine is available against leishmaniasis. SubunitLeishmaniavaccine immunization in animal models has shown some efficacy but little or none in humans. However, individuals who recover from natural infection are protected from reinfection and develop life-long protection, suggesting that infection may be a prerequisite for immunological memory. Thus, genetically altered live-attenuated parasites with controlled infectivity could achieve such memory. In this paper, we discuss development and characteristics of genetically altered, live-attenuatedLeishmania donovaniparasites and their possible use as vaccine candidates against VL. In addition, we discuss the challenges and other considerations in the use of live-attenuated parasites.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide over Nanocomposites under UV Irradiation
Authors: Mohamed R. M. , Aazam Elham S.
Published: September 2011

The NiO/SnO2nanocomposites have been prepared by the simple coprecipitation method and further characterized by the XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis, and BET. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data analyses indicate the exclusive formation of nanosized particles with rutile-type phase (tetragonal SnO2) for Ni contents below 10 mol%. Only above 10 mol% Ni, the formation of a second NiO-related phase has been determined. The particle size is in the range from 12 to 6 nm. It decreases with increasing amounts of doping NiO. The morphology of NiO-doped SnO2nanocrystalline powders is spherical, and the distribution of particle size is uniform, as seen from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic oxidation of CO over NiO/SnO2photocatalyst has been investigated under UV irradiation. Effects of NiO loading on SnO2, photocatalyst loading, and reaction time on photocatalytic oxidation of CO have been systematically studied. Compared with pure SnO2, the 33.3 mol% NiO/SnO2composite exhibited approximately twentyfold enhancement of photocatalytic oxidation of CO. Our results provide a method for pollutants removal. Due to simple preparation, high photocatalytic oxidation of CO, and low cost, the NiO/SnO2photocatalyst will find wide application in the coming future of photocatalytic oxidation of CO.
New Insight into Immunity and Immunopathology of Rickettsial Diseases
Authors: Mansueto Pasquale , Vitale Giustina , Cascio Antonio , Seidita Aurelio , Pepe Ilenia , Carroccio Antonio , di Rosa Salvatore , Rini Giovam Battista , Cillari Enrico , Walker David H.
Published: September 2011

Human rickettsial diseases comprise a variety of clinical entities caused by microorganisms belonging to the generaRickettsia,Orientia,Ehrlichia, andAnaplasma. These microorganisms are characterized by a strictly intracellular location which has, for long, impaired their detailed study. In this paper, the critical steps taken by these microorganisms to play their pathogenic roles are discussed in detail on the basis of recent advances in our understanding of molecularRickettsia-host interactions, preferential target cells, virulence mechanisms, three-dimensional structures of bacteria effector proteins, upstream signalling pathways and signal transduction systems, and modulation of gene expression. The roles of innate and adaptive immune responses are discussed, and potential new targets for therapies to block host-pathogen interactions and pathogen virulence mechanisms are considered.
Voiding Dysfunction after the Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Procedure
Authors: Reich Andreas , Kohorst Frauke , Kreienberg Rolf , Flock Felix
Published: September 2011

Aim: To assess the incidence of voiding dysfunction in women undergoing a tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure and report our experience with nonsurgical and surgical management. Methods: Pre- and postoperative introital ultrasonographic measurement of the residual volume was performed in a prospective observational study. Patients’ perception of micturition and continence status was assessed by questionnaire. Results: Of 478 women, 4 (0.8%) suffered from micturition disturbance within the first 2 weeks. In the mean of 3 months after surgery, 7.1% of the patients had residual volume between 50 and 100 ml, and 2.6% had residual volume >100 ml. 243 women were investigated after 39 months (range 12–74). The rate of residual volume exceeding 50 ml decreased to 6.5% and was approximated to the preoperative period. Conclusion: Incomplete bladder emptying is a possible problem after TVT. In our cohort, 93% of the women had no voiding disturbances or marginally affected voiding after 12–74 months.
Resident Duty-Hour Restrictions and Their Effect on Operative Experience in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Occhino John A. , Hannigan Tiffany L. , Baggish Michael S. , Gebhart John B.
Published: September 2011

Background/Aims: To determine the effect of duty-hour restrictions on the operative experience of obstetrics and gynecology residents. Methods: Operative numbers were obtained from graduates of Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minn., USA) and Good Samaritan Hospital (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA). Mean operative numbers between graduates in 2007 and 2003 were compared. The following procedures were evaluated: spontaneous vaginal delivery, forceps-assisted vaginal delivery, vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery, cesarean delivery, surgery on antenatal patients, amniocentesis, total abdominal hysterectomy, total vaginal hysterectomy, laparotomy, incontinence or pelvic floor surgery, operative laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, cervical conization, and surgical sterilization. The number of procedures performed (total and as the primary surgeon) were evaluated. We analyzed each institution’s residents separately. Results: At Mayo Clinic, the 2007 graduates performed significantly fewer conizations than the 2003 graduates (p = 0.006). At Good Samaritan Hospital, the 2007 graduates performed significantly more vacuum-assisted vaginal deliveries (p = 0.002), cesarean deliveries (p = 0.002), and sterilizations (p < 0.001) than the 2003 graduates. The above findings were unchanged when evaluating procedures for which the resident was the primary surgeon. Conclusion: Duty-hour restrictions have not adversely affected the operative experience of obstetrics and gynecology residents. No significant differences in the number of the spontaneous vaginal deliveries, abdominal hysterectomies, or vaginal hysterectomies performed were observed.
Evaluation of Endometrial and Subendometrial Vascularization and Endometrial Volume by 3-D Power Doppler Ultrasound and Its Relationship with Age and Pregnancy in Intrauterine Insemination Cycles
Authors: Engels V. , Sanfrutos L. , Pérez-Medina T. , Álvarez P. , Zapardiel I. , Bueno B. , Godoy-Tundidor S. , Bajo-Arenas J.M.
Published: September 2011

Aims: To measure endometrial volume and endometrial-subendometrial vascularization by 3-D power Doppler ultrasound in patients undergoing cycles of artificial insemination with ovarian stimulation, to evaluate their relationship with patients’ age and pregnancy development. Methods: We included patients with primary and secondary infertility of one year of evolution. We measured vascular indexes and endometrial volume by 3-D power Doppler ultrasound. Results: Seventy-nine consecutive cycles were studied. Endometrial volume average was 4.7 ± 2.66 ml. We did not find any difference between the endometrial volumes in women who did versus did not become pregnant (9 vs. 70 women, respectively). The endometrial vascular index was significantly higher in patients aged between 31 and 33 years old. In patients between the ages of 31 and 33, both the endometrial flow index (FI; p = 0.017) and the endometrial vascular FI (p = 0.013) were higher. At the subendometrial area, the vascular FI was lower in women older than 33 years old (p = 0.024), while the FI was higher in patients that achieved pregnancy (p = 0.047). Conclusions: Endometrial volumes were independent of pregnancy development. Endometrial and subendometrial vascularization FIs were significantly higher in younger women. The subendometrial FI was significantly higher in patients who achieved pregnancy.
Effects of Aging on the Natural History of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis in Middle-Aged Subjects in South Chiba, Japan
Authors: Yonekura Syuji , Okamoto Yoshitaka , Horiguchi Shigetoshi , Sakurai Daiju , Chazono Hideaki , Hanazawa Toyoyuki , Okawa Toru , Aoki Susumu , Konno Akiyoshi
Published: September 2011

Background: The natural history of allergic rhinitis has been examined in a few longitudinal studies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the course, development and remission of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) over 10 successive years in middle-aged subjects. Methods: An annual questionnaire survey on allergic rhinitis symptoms combined with an examination of specific IgE has been undertaken in a rural town in south Chiba since 1995. The analyzed subjects were 703 residents who underwent every examination in 1995, 2004 and 2005. In the last 15 years, the annual pollen count in Chiba was highest in 2005. Results: The sensitization rates to cedar pollen decreased with age in the same subject groups over 10 years, but the prevalence of SAR was higher in 2005 compared with 1995. Of the 52 subjects with SAR in 1995, the symptoms had disappeared in 10 subjects in 2005. Specific IgE had converted to negative or borderline in 4 of these patients, had decreased but was still positive in 4 and was increased or unchanged in 2. During the 10-year period, 22 subjects developed SAR, of whom 12 had increased specific IgE and 10 had similar or decreased specific IgE in 2005. Conclusion: SAR induced by cedar pollen takes a chronic course in the majority of middle-aged patients in south Chiba, Japan. The prevalence of SAR increased over 10 years due to a high level of pollen exposure. Changes in specific IgE were not directly associated with the development or remission of SAR.
Influence of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on the Allergenicity of Roasted Peanut Protein Extract
Authors: Cabanillas Beatriz , Pedrosa Mercedes M. , Rodríguez Julia , Muzquiz Mercedes , Maleki Soheila J. , Cuadrado Carmen , Burbano Carmen , Crespo Jesús F.
Published: September 2011

Background: Peanut allergy is recognized as one of the most severe food allergies. Some studies have investigated the effects of enzymatic treatments on the in vitro immunological reactivity of members of the Leguminosae family, such as the soybean, chickpea and lentil. Nevertheless, there are only a few studies carried out with sera from patients with a well-documented allergy. Methods: Roasted peanut protein extract was hydrolyzed by the sequential and individual action of 2 food-grade enzymes, an endoprotease (Alcalase) and an exoprotease (Flavourzyme). Immunoreactivity to roasted peanut extract and hydrolyzed samples was evaluated by means of IgE immunoblot, ELISA and 2-dimensional electrophoresis using sera from 5 patients with a clinical allergy to peanuts and anti-Ara h 1, anti-Ara h 2 and anti-Ara h 3 immunoblots. Results: Immunoblot and ELISA assays showed an important decrease of IgE reactivity and Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 levels in the first 30 min of hydrolyzation with Alcalase. In contrast, individual treatment with Flavourzyme caused an increase in IgE reactivity detected by ELISA at 30 min and led to a 65% inhibition of IgE reactivity at the end of the assay (300 min). Ara h 1 and the basic subunit of Ara h 3 were still recognized after treatment with Flavourzyme for 300 min. Conclusion: Hydrolysis with the endoprotease Alcalase decreases IgE reactivity in the soluble protein fraction of roasted peanut better than hydrolysis with the exoprotease Flavourzyme.
Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide Affects Lung Allergic Responses by Regulating Jagged1 Expression on Antigen-Pulsed Dendritic Cells
Authors: Okamoto Masakazu , Takeda Katsuyuki , Lucas Joseph J. , Joetham Anthony , Yasutomo Koji , Gelfand Erwin W.
Published: September 2011

Background: Notch signaling pathways govern immune function and the regulation of Th1 and Th2 differentiation. We previously demonstrated essential interactions between Notch on CD4+ T cells and Jagged1 on antigen-presenting cells in Th2 differentiation for the full development of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic airway inflammation. Methods: Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were differentiated and incubated with different preparations of ovalbumin (OVA), including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-depleted and LPS-spiked preparations. In some experiments recipient mice also received soluble Jagged1-Fc in addition to allergen-pulsed BMDCs. Ten days following transfer of BMDCs, mice were exposed to three airway challenges with OVA, and airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine, airway inflammation and cytokine production were monitored 48 h later. Notch ligand expression was assessed by real-time PCR. Results: Induction of Jagged1 expression on antigen-pulsed BMDCs was dependent on low-dose endotoxin. In vivo, transfer of endotoxin-free, antigen-pulsed BMDCs failed to induce AHR or airway eosinophilia on allergen challenge. However, administration of exogenous Jagged1-Fc together with endotoxin-free, allergen-pulsed BMDCs fully restored the responses to allergen challenge. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that LPS regulates the expression of Jagged1 on BMDCs, which is essential for the full development of lung allergic responses.
Lentil (Lens culinaris) Lipid Transfer Protein Len c 3: A Novel Legume Allergen
Authors: Akkerdaas J. , Finkina E.I. , Balandin S.V. , Santos Magadán S. , Knulst A. , Fernandez-Rivas M. , Asero R. , van Ree R. , Ovchinnikova T.V.
Published: September 2011

Background: Lentils are increasingly consumed in many parts of the world.Two allergens, Len c 1 and 2, have been reported previously. Recently, peanut and green bean lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) have been identified as the first two members of an important group of allergens that might be associated with severe food allergies. Objective: To investigate lentil LTP as a potential new allergen. Methods: Efficacy of LTP extraction was monitored at different acidic pH values, using immunoblotting with cross-reactive anti-peach LTP antiserum. Natural LTP was purified from lentil extract and expressed as recombinant allergen in Escherichia coli. Sera from 10 lentil-allergic and/or -sensitized patients (Spain: 6, Italy: 1 and the Netherlands: 3) were used to further characterize lentil LTP. Results: Natural lentil LTP, purified from the homogenized germinated seeds and optimally extracted at pH 3, was identified and designated as allergen Len c 3. By CAP, 9/10 sera showed specific IgE to Len c 3. Recombinant (r) Len c 3 was successfully purified. The natural (n) Len c 3 CAP was completely inhibited by rLen c 3/rPru p 3. IgE binding to lentil pH 3 extract blot was completely inhibited by rLen c 3. Conclusion: The availability of immunochemically active nLen/rLen c 3 as a novel legume allergen facilitates further development and implementation of a third (next to peanut and green bean) legume LTP in component-resolved diagnosis strategies and contributes to evaluate the clinical importance of legume LTPs. Preferential extraction of Len c 3 (pH 3) will affect the production of sensitive extract-based diagnostic tests.
Cellular Exchange in an Endometriosis-Adhesion Model Using GFP Transgenic Mice
Authors: Wilkosz S. , Pullen N. , de-Giorgio-Miller A. , Ireland G. , Herrick S.
Published: September 2011

Background: Endometriosis is a debilitating disease that affects women of reproductive age and may lead to impaired fertility. Cell attachment, invasion of the underlying tissue, and vascular ingrowth are important processes in endometrial lesion development. However, the degree of cellular exchange between host peritoneum and endometrial tissue is unclear. Methods: An experimental endometriosis model was employed whereby uterine horn fragments from wild-type mice were implanted into genetically identical eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) host mice and vice versa. Hormone sensitivity of the ectopic lesions was assessed and cellular exchange determined histologically. Results: White cyst-like lesions developed from implanted fibrin-rich fragments by day 7. Lesions consisted of a well-developed stroma with glandular and luminal epithelium. Both ovariectomy and treatment with a GnRH agonist, leuprorelin, resulted in the suppression of ectopic lesion growth, whereas estradiol treatment increased the size of the ectopic lesion (4 mice per group on day 14). Ingrowth and outgrowth of blood vessels was apparent as well as the exchange of cells between host peritoneum and lesion. Conclusion: These findings support the proposal that there is a close cellular interplay between host peritoneum and ectopic tissue and the suitability of this mouse model to study these interactions.
A Complete Pathological Response to Treatment in a Young Patient with Locally Advanced Minimal DeviationAdenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Undergoing Chemoradiation followed by Radical Surgery
Authors: Ferrandina G. , Carbone A. , Macchia G. , Petrillo M. , Lucidi A. , Morganti A.G.
Published: September 2011

Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA) is a very rare variant of cervical adenocarcinoma, this pathological entity is composed of mucinous very-well-differentiated glands deeply invading cervical stroma, and often surrounded by a desmoplastic reaction. Despite its benign histological appearance, MDA is typically characterized by aggressive clinical behavior and by relevant difficulties in achieving a final diagnosis. Moreover, the intrinsic chemotherapy resistance, as well as the frequent failure of radiotherapy approaches has raised the need to investigate the efficacy of multimodal strategies for the treatment of MDA patients. Here, we report a case of locally advanced MDA of the uterine cervix in a very young woman, who was successfully treated with concomitant chemoradiation followed by radical surgery.
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedures in Israel
Authors: Siegler Efraim , Bornstein Jacob ,   for the Israeli Colposcopy Network, Nahariya, Tel Aviv, and Haifa, Israel
Published: September 2011

Aim: To summarize data for cervical loop electrosurgical excision procedures (LEEP) in Israel from 2001 to 2007 inclusive. Methods: 16 colposcopy specialists in Israel completed yearly questionnaires that assessed their LEEP. Results: Of the 2,681 LEEP reported, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (CIN 2/3) and CIN 1 were the main indications, with 63.2 and 20.5%, respectively. CIN 2/3 was detected in 111 (20.4%) of those for whom CIN 1 was the indication for LEEP. Of those diagnosed with CIN 2/3 following LEEP, 34.8% (426/1,225) were in the 18- to 34-year age range. The agreement between punch and LEEP biopsies was 80.15% and the ĸ value was 0.536 (moderate agreement). Complications included severe bleeding in 3.02% during the procedure(s) and 2.99% in the 3 weeks following LEEP. Conclusions: In one-fifth of the women for whom CIN 1 was the indication for LEEP, CIN 2/3 was the final diagnosis. More than one-third of the cases of CIN 2/3 and carcinoma were diagnosed in women under the age of 35, the age at which Pap screening is offered in Israel. Based on these findings, the Israeli Society of Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy prepared guidelines for the treatment of CIN.
Incidence of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli at a Comprehensive Cancer Center in the United States
Authors: Bhusal Y. , Mihu C.N. , Tarrand J.J. , Rolston K.V.
Published: September 2011

Background: Quinolones are used extensively for prophylaxis in high-risk cancer patients; however, increasing quinolone resistance is being reported. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality particularly in neutropenic cancer patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive E. coli isolates from January 2009 to August 2009 at our institution. Data on antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates to commonly used antimicrobial agents and the frequency of ESBL production and fluoroquinolone resistance were gathered based on CLSI guidelines. Results: There were 443 isolates of E. coli recovered. The majority were from urine cultures (308 isolates, 69.5%). Forty-one (9.2%) isolates were ESBL producing. Nine (18.3%) of the 49 isolates recovered from blood stream infections were ESBL producing. Quinolone resistance was present in 204 isolates (46%). Carbapenems and aminoglycosides retained excellent activity. E. coli resistance to quinolones increasedfrom 13 to 46% in a period of 13 years (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of resistance to quinolones at our center may be increasing as a consequence of widespread use of quinolones as prophylaxis for neutropenic patients. ESBL-producing E. coli are frequent at our center and are associated with blood stream infections.
Photoelectric Stimulation of Defined Ear Points (Smokex-Pro Method) as an Aid for Smoking Cessation: A Prospective Observational 2-Year Study with 156 Smokers in a Primary Care Setting
Authors: Breivogel B. , Vuthaj B. , Krumm B. , Hummel J. , Cornell D. , Diehl A.
Published: September 2011

Background: Smokex-Pro is a smoking cessation method using a protocol of a standardized consultation and computer-assisted photoelectric stimulation of defined regions in the ear and face. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 156 consecutive adult smokers (81 males, 75 females; mean age 43.8 years; body mass index 25.5; daily cigarettes 24.7; Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence 5; 30 smoking years). The primary end point was the self-reported continuous abstinence rate. Results: Participants completed on average only 32% of recommended visits. A total of 76.7% stopped smoking for more than 7 days. Moreover, 53.4% remained free of smoking for more than 90 days. Long-term abstinence rates were 49.3% (1 year) and 47.95% (2 years). Treatment-related side effects were observed in 24.5% of participants. Side effects were mild and resolved within hours. Conclusion: The Smokex-Pro method appears to be an effective aid for smoking cessation. The treatment was well tolerated and showed only mild and temporary side effects. The average cost of treatment is typically less than EUR 90; the total treatment time is typically 60–90 min. These factors make it an attractive alternative compared to traditional smoking cessation methods. Controlled clinical trials will be needed to confirm the results of this study and refine the treatment for maximum efficacy.
The Use of Ticagrelor in a Patient at Increased Risk of Stent Thrombosis Resistant to Multiple Thienopyridines
Authors: Morgan Kenneth P. , More Ranjit S. , Chauhan Anoop
Published: September 2011

Ticagrelor has been shown to be superior to clopidogrel in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction who undergo early invasive treatment. We discuss a hitherto unreported use of ticagrelor in the management of a patient resistant to multiple thienopyridines at high risk of stent thrombosis.
Surgical Treatment for Primary Mitral Valve Tumor: A 25-Year Single-Center Experience
Authors: Luo Guo-Hua , Ma Wei-Guo , Sun Han-Song , Pan Shi-Wei , Huang Zhi-Xiong , Wang Hong-Yue , Zhu Xiao-Dong
Published: September 2011

Objective: Primary mitral valve (MV) tumor is a rare lesion, and to date, there have been few larger surgical series of MV tumors. We retrospectively analyzed 11 cases of primary MV tumors regarding clinical and pathological features, surgical procedure and long-term outcomes. Methods: From November 1983 to December 2008, we operated on 11 patients (age 36.3 ± 17.7 years, weight 55.4 ± 11.2 kg) with primary MV tumors. Symptoms were cardiac in 8 cases (72.7%) and neurologic in 3 (26.3%). Surgical procedures included en bloc excision and MV repair in 8 cases and tumor resection and MV replacement in 3. No radiotherapy or chemotherapy was given to patients with malignant tumors. Results: Pathological diagnosis was papillary fibroelastoma in 3 cases, myxoma in 3, lymphangioma in 1, lipoma in 1, hemangioma in 1 and sarcoma in 2. No early deaths or complications occurred. Late death occurred in 2 patients with sarcoma 1 year postoperatively. At the latest follow-up, with a maximum of 25 years (mean 10.6 ± 8.8), the 9 survivors were in New York Heart Association functional class I with normal MV function and no echocardiographic evidence of local recurrence. Conclusions:The majority of primary MV tumors are benign. They can cause cardiac or neurologic symptoms and should be excised as soon as a diagnosis is made. For benign tumors, valve-sparing resection and valve repair are often possible with excellent long-term outcomes. The prognosis of malignant MV tumors is poor.
Sevoflurane Inhibits the µ-Opioid Receptor Function Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes
Authors: Minami Kouichiro , Sudo Yuka , Yokoyama Toru , Ogata Junichi , Takeuchi Mamoru , Uezono Yasuhito
Published: September 2011

Sevoflurane is widely used for anesthesia, and is commonly used together with opioids in clinical practice. However, the effects of sevoflurane on µ-opioid receptor (µOR) functions is still unclear. In this study, the effects of sevoflurane on µOR functions were analyzed by using Xenopus oocytes expressing a µOR fused to chimeric Gα protein Gqi5 (µOR-Gqi5). Sevoflurane by itself did not elicit any currents in oocytes expressing µOR-Gqi5, whereas sevoflurane inhibited the [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO)-induced Cl– currents at clinically used concentrations. Sevoflurane did not affect the Cl– currents induced by AlF4–, which directly led to activation of G proteins. The inhibitory effects of sevoflurane on the DAMGO-induced currents were not observed in oocytes pretreated with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X. These findings suggest that sevoflurane would inhibit µOR function. Further, the mechanism of inhibition by sevoflurane would be mediated by PKC.
Molecular Karyotyping: From Microscope to SNP Arrays
Authors: Gijsbers Antoinet C.J. , Ruivenkamp Claudia A.L.
Published: September 2011

Chromosomal rearrangements are an important cause of distinctive and recognizable clinical phenotypes. For many years conventional karyotyping has been a successful tool to detect such chromosomal rearrangements. However, this technique has a limited resolution of 5–10 Mb. In the past decades, the development of new high-resolution techniques has led to the field of molecular cytogenetics. One of the most significant changes has been the use of molecular karyotyping by high-resolution whole-genome array techniques in the diagnostic setting. This technology is able to detect chromosomal aberrations at a resolution beyond the detection level of conventional karyotyping. Many new microdeletion and microduplication syndromes have been identified by this new method. In this review, we will focus on the most commonly used (molecular) cytogenetic techniques.
Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs and Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Functions
Authors: Kielland Live Gran , Vage Richard André , Eide Geir Egil , Sørnes Steinar , Naess Are
Published: September 2011

Background: The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) is considered to be of importance in the early stages of human tuberculosis (TB). We examined the four drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) commonly used in the DOTS (directly observed treatment, short-course) strategy against TB for their effects on the functions of the human PMN, separately and combined. Methods: PMNs were incubated with subtherapeutic, therapeutic and supratherapeutic concentrations of the drugs before being tested for phagocytosis and oxidative burst capacity with Staphylococcus aureus opsonized with pooled human serum as stimuli. Flow cytometric techniques were used to compare PMN phagocytosis and oxidative burst with and without incubation in different concentrations of the drugs. Results: None of the drugs influenced PMN phagocytosis as measured by flow cytometry. Oxidative burst was attenuated only with the highest (and supratherapeutic) concentrations of isoniazid and of the combined drugs as compared to lower concentrations. Conclusions: This suggests that any deterioration in PMN function observed in TB is probably associated with the disease per se and not with the anti-TB treatment.
Is Discrimination an Equal Opportunity Risk?
Authors: Bratter Jenifer L. , Gorman Bridget K.
Published: September 2011

Using the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we explore the relationship between racial awareness, perceived discrimination, and self-rated health among black ( n = 5,902) and white ( n = 28,451) adults. We find that adjusting for group differences in racial awareness and discrimination, in addition to socioeconomic status, explains the black-white gap in self-rated health. However, logistic regression models also find evidence for differential vulnerability among black and whites adults, based on socioeconomic status. While both groups are equally harmed by emotional and/or physical reactions to race-based treatment, the negative consequences of discriminatory experiences for black adults are exacerbated by their poorer socioeconomic standing. In contrast, the association between racial awareness and self-rated health is more sensitive to socioeconomic standing among whites. Poorer health is more likely to occur among whites when they reflect at least daily on their own racial status—but only when it happens in tandem with mid-range educational achievement, or among homemakers.
Maternal Depression and Childhood Health Inequalities
Authors: Turney Kristin
Published: September 2011

An increasing body of literature documents considerable inequalities in the health of young children in the United States, though maternal depression is one important, yet often overlooked, determinant of children’s health. In this article, the author uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study ( N = 4,048) and finds that maternal depression, particularly recurrent or chronic depression, puts children at risk of having unfavorable health when they are five years old. This finding persists despite adjusting for a host of demographic characteristics of the mothers and children (including children’s prior health) and is consistent across multiple health outcomes. Family instability, maternal health, and socioeconomic status account for the association between maternal depression and children’s health. Given that poor childhood health may lead to poor health and low socioeconomic status in adulthood, maternal depression may contribute to the intergenerational transmission of inequality.
Gender and Physical Health
Authors: Erving Christy L.
Published: September 2011

Although gender disparities in health in the United States remain a primary concern among health professionals, less is known about this phenomenon within the black American population. Using the National Survey of American Life, the author examines gender differences in self-rated health, chronic illness, and functional limitations among African Americans ( n = 3,330) and Caribbean blacks ( n = 1,562) and the extent to which the availability of resources explains these differences. The results reveal a consistent disadvantage among African American women across indicators of health. The gender-health relationship among Caribbean blacks is somewhat weaker, but there is a health disadvantage for immigrant women and U.S.-born Caribbean men when certain resources are taken into account. These findings illustrate the importance of the intersections of race, ethnicity, and nativity in our understanding of gender differences in health.
Interjurisdictional Competition and Local Public Finance: Assessing the Modifying Effects of Institutional Incentives and Fiscal Constraints
Authors: Karuppusamy Shanthi , Carr Jered B.
Published: September 2011

Analysts have sought for years to explain the variations in municipal expenditures across communities, with only modest success. However, recent efforts combining core propositions from the ‘Leviathan’ and ‘municipal reform’ frameworks show considerable promise. This paper contributes to this emerging literature by developing and testing a framework using more complex measures of municipal structure. It is proposed that the effect of interjurisdictional competition on city spending is conditioned by the incentives for spending created by the city’s municipal structure and the limitations imposed by the community’s fiscal capacity. The analysis of expenditure patterns in 263 Michigan cities provides clear support for the proposition of contingent effects of fiscal capacity. The evidence for municipal structure is more modest, but supportive of the predicted effects. It is thought that these findings confirm the value of this approach to studying this topic and offer a direction for others to follow.
Centripetal and Centrifugal Movement: Shopping Centres in Denver, USA, and Brisbane, Australia
Authors: Lee Yuk , McCracken Michael
Published: September 2011

In support of the call for international comparative analysis of commercial structure due to globalisation of commercial services, this study investigates the locational dynamics of shopping centres in Denver, USA, and Brisbane, Australia. The analysis is led by two dimensions: the centripetal and centrifugal forces for commercial activity movement and the newer-bigger-farther away hypothesis for shopping centre development. The analysis reveals several interesting similarities and dissimilarities in the shopping centre locational dynamics in Denver and Brisbane. Among the major dissimilarities is Brisbane’s ability to keep many of its central-city shopping centres from suburbanising and Denver’s inability to do so. Reasons for this dissimilarity include different shopping centre development policy and property ownership patterns in the two cities.
The Frontlines of Contested Urbanism Mega-projects and Mega-resistances in Dharavil
Authors: Boano Camillo , Lamarca Melissa Garcia , Hunter William
Published: September 2011

Currently, there appears to be an unhealthy disjunction between grand expectations and acknowledged reality in the face of urban transformations underway throughout the world. Drawing on the “right to the city” discourses, adopting a Lefebvrian approach to the production of space, and a critical regionalist approach to housing and the built environment, the article explores the conceptual analytical neologism of contested urbanism, where the struggle for bottom-up, inclusive development processes push against political hand market pressures towards becoming a world-class city. Dharavi, at the heart of Mumbai, India, is at the frontline of oppositional practices confronting neoliberal, futuristic Dubai-style mega-projects focused on capital accumulation, elite consumption, slum clearance, and deregulated real-estate speculation. Building upon a three-week academic studio exercise in situ, the confrontational power dynamics that shape people's access to housing and redevelopment are depicted here as exemplar of a wider struggle over social justice, where Dharavi emerges as an eminent yet paradoxical example of a universal expression of contested spatial form in the Global South.
For Our Rights/We Will Rise Cultural Activism and Contesting the Collapsing City
Authors: Pietrzyk Susan
Published: September 2011

State-sanctioned corruption, repression, and violence shape Zimbabwe's past as well as present-day political-economic predicaments. Because of this situation, it is not uncommon for analysts to predict collapse for Zimbabwe. Such predictions have limited utility, and therefore, this article examines the micro-level activities of artistically inclined citizens that resist collapse and recast the terrain by maximizing the productivity of the city. The focus is on cultural activism – that is, arts-oriented engagements occurring beyond the boundaries of both state sponsorship and formally structured organizations. In Harare, the strength and influence surrounding artistic expressions rest in their abilities to inform and spark activism by focusing on lived realities as well as on the operations of the state conditioning those realities.
Assembly and disassembly of magnetic mobile micro-robots towards deterministic 2-D reconfigurable micro-systems
Authors: Diller Eric , Pawashe Chytra , Floyd Steven , Sitti Metin
Published: September 2011

A primary challenge in the field of reconfigurable robotics is scaling down the size of individual robotic modules. We present a novel set of permanent magnet modules that are under 1 mm in all dimensions, called Mag-µMods, for use in a reconfigurable micro-system. The modules are actuated by oscillating external magnetic fields of several mT in strength, and are capable of locomoting on a 2-D surface. Multiple modules are controlled by using an electrostatic anchoring surface, which can selectively prevent specific modules from being driven by the external field while allowing others to move freely. We address the challenges of both assembling and disassembling two modules. Assembly is performed by bringing two modules sufficiently close that their magnetic attraction causes them to combine. Disassembly is performed by electrostatically anchoring one module to the surface, and applying magnetic torques from external sources to separate the unanchored module.
Topiramate in the treatment of migraine: A kainate (glutamate) receptor antagonist within the trigeminothalamic pathway
Authors: Andreou Anna P , Goadsby Peter J
Published: September 2011

Background: The development of new agents for the preventive treatment of migraine is the greatest unmet need in the therapeutics of primary headaches. Topiramate, an anticonvulsant drug, is an effective anti-migraine preventive whose mechanism of action is not fully elucidated. Since glutamate plays a major role in migraine pathophysiology, the potential action of topiramate through glutamatergic mechanisms is of considerable interest.

Methods: Recordings of neurons in the trigeminocervical complex (TCC) and the ventroposteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) of anesthetized rats were made using electrophysiological techniques. The effects of intravenous or microiontophorezed topiramate on trigeminovascular activation of second- and third-order neurons in the trigeminothalamic pathway were characterized. The potential interactions of topiramate with the ionotropic glutamate receptors were studied using microiontophoresis.

Results: Both intravenous and microiontophorized topiramate significantly inhibited trigeminovascular activity in the TCC and VPM. In both nuclei microiontophoretic application of topiramate significantly attenuated kainate receptor-evoked firing but had no effect on N-methyl-d-aspartic acid or α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptor activation.

Conclusion: The data demonstrate for the first time that topiramate modulates trigeminovascular transmission within the trigeminothalamic pathway with the kainate receptor being a potential target. Understanding the mechanism of action of topiramate may help in the design of new medications for migraine prevention, with the data pointing to glutamate-kainate receptors as a fruitful target to pursue.
Experimental robust optimal machining of hardened AISI 420 stainless steel with Al2O3 + TiCN mixed ceramic tool
Authors: Acar E , Camuşcu N , Er A O , Aslan E
Published: September 2011

The high hardness and wear resistance levels of Alumina (Al2O3)-based ceramics make them excellent choices for incorporation into cutting tools that can be used to machine hardened steels. However, their poor fracture behaviour usually leads to catastrophic failures when they are used in these machining tasks. Thus, there is a need for an investigation that probes the effect of cutting parameters on the machining of hardened steels with Al2O3-based ceramic cutting tools and isolates a set of optimal values of cutting parameters. This paper is such a study. An experimental study that is guided by Taguchi’s techniques is performed to analyse the effects of three cutting parameters: cutting speed; feed rate; and depth of cut on two performance measures, flank wear and surface roughness. The robust optimal cutting parameters for each performance measure are reported.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of the supersonic steam ejector. Part 1: Comparative study of different equations of state
Authors: Zheng H T , Cai L , Li Y J , Li Z M
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study is to investigate the use of computational fluid dynamics in predicting the performance and geometry of the optimal design of a steam ejector used in a steam turbine. Many scholars have analysed the steam ejector using the ideal gas model, which lacks accuracy in terms of calculating the flow field of the ejector. This study is reported in a series of two papers. The first part covers the validation of CFX 11.0 results using different equations of state (EOS) on the converging–diverging nozzle flow field carried out with the experimental value. The IAPWS IF97 real gas model works well with the experimental value. The flow field of the ejector was analysed using different EOS after grid-dependent learning. The results show that the performance of the ejector was underestimated under the ideal gas model; the entrainment ratio was 20–40 per cent lower than when using the real gas model. The effect of the optimal geometrical design and operating conditions will be discussed in Part 2.
Fourier series method for path generation of RCCC mechanism
Authors: Sun J W , Mu D Q , Chu J K
Published: September 2011

The mathematical representation of the coupler curves of RCCC mechanism is established. The coupler curve of RCCC mechanism is analysed using the Fourier series theory. The internal relation between the coupler curve and the dimensional type of the RCCC mechanism in the frequency domain is discovered. Subsequently, a database comprising millions of basic dimensional types, taking the crank–rocker linkages as an example, is established. Based on the information of prescribed coupler and the database, the best suitable basic dimensional type can be determined by identification. The mathematical equations for calculating actual dimensions of mechanism and positional dimensions of installation are deduced. Thus, the path synthesis problem of RCCC mechanism can be solved by the mathematic equations and the basic dimensional type. The calculation illustration is given later in this article.
Tailoring Leadership Theory to Indonesian Culture
Authors: Irawanto Dodi Wirawan , Ramsey Phillip L. , Ryan James C.
Published: September 2011

Leadership in Indonesia is facing a dilemma. Taking into consideration the pressure exerted due to the country’s instability over the past 10 years, there is an appearance that there is a lack of leadership capabilities in this multicultural country. In order to tailor effective leadership theory into the Indonesian environment, this article discusses the importance of valuing leadership from cross-cultural perspectives by beginning with the transformational leadership. The similarities in the values in Asian countries can help in the generalization of the implementation of leadership theory. Such as that in Taiwan which provided strong evidence for the practice of paternalistic leadership. However, there is no empirical evidence on the leadership style preferred by Indonesians. To address these theoretical weaknesses, this study presents a comparison of several characteristics of paternalistic leadership in Taiwan and Indonesia as a prerequisite for facilitating paternalistic leadership effectiveness.
Management Control in Internationalized Brazilian Companies
Authors: Gomes Josir Simeone
Published: September 2011

The objective of this study is to determine whether the internationalization of a company’s operations has an impact on its management control systems. Using the case study methodology, the article analyzes four cases of Brazilian companies with international activities. The research was guided by the premise that, as the geographical scope of a company’s operations enlarges, its administrative complexity also grows—demanding the adoption of new and more sophisticated controls systems. The literature on management control (see Anthony and Govindarajan, 1998; Dyment, 1987; Gomes and Amat, 1999; Maciariello and Kirby, 1994; Merchant, 1998, among others) provides a relatively similar treatment to the subject of management control of internationalized companies. Evidences collected in cases indicate that in certain situations or instances, the expected goal of management control systems in the new context, as well as its sophistication, may not be achieved.
Impact of Global Crisis on Small and Medium Enterprises
Authors: Chowdhury Sahana Roy
Published: September 2011

The impact of financial crisis has not been uniform across the globe. Apart from the epicentre of the crisis, those with higher dependency on external markets both for trade and finance had more immediate and larger impact of the global contagion. In contrast, the small businesses with lower diversification of product base and little option for downsizing had a relatively homogeneous impact across the world economies irrespective of trade dependency of the economy. This is because of strong backward linkages or an extensive participation of small and medium industries in the upstream supply chain, producing intermediates for both the exporting as well as non-exporting large industries. On the other hand, credit crunch faced by the small and medium enterprises (SMEs), deemed less credible but relatively more credit dependent than large industries, invigorated the impact of the crisis. Besides, some factors very specific to SMEs made them more vulnerable to the crisis.