bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arabic Loanwords in Amharic
Authors: Leslau Wolf
Published: January 2010

Needless to say the Amharic speakers also have close contact with the speakers of the other Semitic Ethiopic languages as well as of the Cushitic languages. Nearly all the Semitic Ethiopic and Cushitic languages have many Arabic loanwords for the same reasons mentioned above in connexion with Amharic. It is, therefore, often difficult to know whether an Arabic loanword in Amharic came directly from an Arabic dialect or through the intermediary of another Semitic Ethiopic or Cushitic language. Since we have no adequate
means at our disposal for a historical treatment of the Semitic Ethiopic vocabulary, we shall most probably never be able to determine the precise origin of some of the words considered here as borrowings, that is to say whether they come directly from an Arabic dialect or through another Semitic Ethiopic or Cushitic language.
Ibn Al-Ṭayyib's Commentary on the Isagoge
Authors: Stern S.M.
Published: January 2010

The attribution of the book to al-Farabi rests solely on the note on the flyleaf, which can, however, be shown to be spurious. Examining the manuscript some years ago, I noticed that the fly-leaf was pasted over the recto of the first folio of the manuscript, and that underneath some writing was faintly visible. The fly-leaf was then separated from the folio of the manuscript, and the recto of the folio turned out to be in effect the title-page of the manuscript.
The Monasteries and China's Economy in Medieval Times
Authors: Twitchett D.C.
Published: January 2010

For some time Western sinologists have acknowledged the importance of the Buddhist monasteries as a social and economic force in medieval China. However, the historians have been understandably reluctant to embark on extensive reading in Buddhist sources, with their never-ending problems of technical language, while the Buddhologists have for the most part remained preoccupied with philosophical and doctrinal questions. Thus very little has been done to clarify the situation. In recent years a beginning has been made by a number of scholars, but anyone wishing to pursue the matter in a systematic way was forced to depend in the main upon the researches of the Japanese historians of Buddhism, who have built up an extensive secondary literature on the social and economic aspects of Buddhism in the last three decades. Even in Japanese, however, there exists no general survey of the whole problem of the monasteries in the broad context of their external relationships, and these studies have tended to be piecemeal, and over-concerned with points of detail.
I-ching on the Sanskrit grammarians
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

Since 1896, when I-ching's famous book on Buddhism in India and South East Asia was made available in an English translation by J. Takakusu, Western Sanskritists have looked with special interest at chapter xxxiv, on the Sanskrit grammarians. The general reaction has been one of disappointment; and for many years most Indologists would have agreed with many of A. Barth's criticisms: ‘Il demeure done bien acquis que, parmi des renseignements du plus grand prix, comme les dates de laKāçikā Vṛittiet du grammairien Bhartṛihari, I-tsing nous a servi quelques bourdes énormes; par exemple, quand il fait duMahābhāshyaun commentaire sur laKāçikā Vṛitti; quand il distingue entre leVākyapadīyade Bhartṛihari et son commentaire sur leMahābhāshya’; and more besides. Ironically, it is now known that the date given for Bhartṛhari is wrong, and that the latter did write both theVākyapadīyaand a commentary on theMahābhāṣya. Nevertheless, other errors continue to be quoted.
Some etymological notes on two Japanese words—kugutu and ruri
Authors: Dunn C. J.
Published: January 2010

As a small token of my gratitude to Professor Walter Simon for the help that he has ungrudgingly given me over many years, I present to him, with some trepidation, some etymological notes on words which I have encountered during work on the Japanese puppet drama. Even so restricted an investigation has obliged me to consult many long-suffering colleagues at SOAS, and I take this opportunity of thanking them and apologizing for not mentioning them individually.
The Yün-men chuan: from chantefable to short story
Authors: Hanan Patrick
Published: January 2010

The Yün-men chuanis an obscure work which does not deserve obscurity. It is actually a Ming chantefable, a fact which already gives it great value, since only a handful of works survive from the flourishing oral literature of that dynasty. But it has, in addition, a striking incidental importance: it proves to be the immediate source of a well-known Ming vernacular short story. It thus neatly demonstrates a point on which there has been a good deal of speculation—that Ming writers on occasion created their stories by taking their scissors to existing chantefables—and provides a unique opportunity to study the process.
Some further evidence regarding Old Chinese -s and its time of disappearance
Authors: Pulleyblank E. G.
Published: January 2010

In 1962 I published some evidence based on Han and early post-Han transcriptions to show that Chinese still had a sibilant final in certain departing tone rhymes at that period. I can now add some still later examples which bring the date down to the beginning of the sixth century, at least in the south. As will be shown below, the transcription evidence is also supported by contemporaneous rhyming practice, which still allowed contacts between Middle Chinese -j' < -s and -t.
The Jātaka-stava of Jnānayaśas.
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

In Khotanese Jataka-stava, of which a facsimile has now been published in Monumenta Linguarum Asiae Maioris, vol. ii, Codices Khotanenses (Levin and Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1938), I noted a text of similar title in the Tōhoku Catalogue of the Sde-dge (Derge) Bstan-ḥgyur under number 1178. After some delay through the kindness of Professor Doi I received from the Library of the Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, five photographs, somewhat small, but for the most part clear, of this Jātaka-stava. It comprised 14 lines of printed text in Tibetan script. On examination the photographs proved to contain a Sanskrit text, with interlinear partial Tibetan gloss in smaller print, of a Jataka-stava attributed to Jnanayasas. Since I have twice already alluded to this text, in BSOS., VIII, 936, and Codices Khotanensis, xii, at a time when I had not yet seen it, it seems desirable to publish it now.
Etymologies Avestiques.
Authors: Duchesne-Guillemin J.
Published: January 2010

°čcingha~ “ griffe ” (pəšsō. čingha- “ aux griffes écartées ”), auquel répond pers. čäng “ griffe, serre, poing; crochet ”, suppose un radical de type I *qen-g- qui se retrouve au degré o à la base de pers. käng “ aile, bras, branche”

Le type II .qn-eg- (enregistré par Walde-Pokorny, p. 391), apparaît mdans une série de mots germaniques désignant eux aussi soit une partie du corps de forme recourbée, soit un instrument ou objet de même forme; il présente, encore comme le type I, les degrés e et o: par exemple ags. hnecca “ nuque, arrière de la tête ”, en face de v. isl. hnakki “ nuque ”, hnakkr “ ancre ”, etc.
Various Eras and Calendars used in the Countries of Islam.
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

In the following pages an attempt is made to give as comprehensive J- a list as possible, and to discuss some important features of the eras and calendars which have been or are still being used in the Muḥammadan East since the early years of Islam up to the present day, as well as of those occurring in the books of the Muslim authors. This is, however, not claimed to be complete and can by no means be considered as an exhaustive survey of all the different calendars used here and there in the Near East in Islamic times, though sometimes only for a short period or in a limited area. Many a great and famous ruler had the ambition to found an era in his own name or to reform the calendar in general use in his time. I will content myself with a simple mention of the name, or a very brief description of the eras or calendars which are sufficiently well known in all details, as well as of those concerning which we have very little information, but will try to discuss those which, in spite of the existence of ample materials relating to them, are comparatively little known or about which difference of opinions exists.
The Bawdy Bible
Authors: Ullendorff Edward
Published: January 2010

Although the Hebrew Bible is a literary document of relatively limited size, containing only a certain segment of what must have been a considerable body of literature, there is little doubt that even those remnants which have come down to us include some areas of the vocabulary of lewdness which have not always been recognized, either intentionally or unintentionally. While I do not hold the view that the Old Testament is either exclusively or even primarily a ‘religious’ text, it is unquestionably true that the criteria of admission into the canon were governed by considerations not entirely divorced from the element of likely divine approval. Yet even within those books of the Hebrew Bible whose orthodox propriety was never in any doubt there are embedded thoughts as well as expressions that fall within the field and broad range of the present paper. And this is, a fortiori, the case with regard to those compositions which had to struggle hard to gain admission into the canon of the Old Testament.
Mani'sŠābuhragān
Authors: MacKenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

It is remarkable that, of the many more or less fragmentary Manichaean writings in Iranian languages discovered in Central Asia at the beginning of this century,1 one of the few texts directly attributable to Mani himself has still, three-quarters of a century after its first partial publication, not appeared in a full and satisfactory edition, with translation. ‘Mani;apos;sŠābuhragān, in which he summarized his teachings in Persian for the enlightenment of Sabuhr I,;apos; is known from nine more or less fully preserved sheets (i.e. of at least two pages each) of one MS. and some eight or nine smaller pieces. The larger fragments were first published in transcription in 1904, in F. W. K. Müller's pioneering ‘Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkistan’, II, with an incomplete interlinear translation and partly out of order. The text alone was then republished in transliteration (in Hebrew letters) in C. Salemann's ‘Manichaeische Studien’, I. There the matter largely rested until 1930, when A. V. W. Jackson used the text extensively in his article ‘A sketch of the Manichaean doctrine concerning the future life’. In an article published posthumously in 1946, A. Ghilain established, without seeing either photographs or the originals, that the two fragments of M 473 glassed together asaandb, and published by Müller as they so appeared, are to be fitted together in the reverse order, the lower piecebabove the uppera. Most recently Mary Boyce has included the text of the fragments M 473, 475, 477, 482, 472 and 470, so ordered correctly but with the omission of a number of incomplete passages, as text z in herReader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian.
A note on some Karaite copies of Mu'Tazilite writings
Authors: Ben-Shammai H.
Published: January 2010

MS Or. 2529 in the British Museum contains three Karaite Judaeo-Arabic fragments written in Hebrew script. The first two fragments (folios 1–95) are, according to the catalogue, ‘copies of Mahommedan philosophical works in defence of Mu'tazilite doctrines’. No author's name is given. It appears that the only reference to one of these two fragments, in an attempt to identify their author, was made by A. Ya. Borisov in his article on the Mu'tazilite MSS in the State Public Library, Leningrad. In that article Borisov described in detail 13 fragments which constitute part of the Firkovich collection. The contents of all 13 fragments are of a distinct Mu'tazilite character, but in only two of them (nos. 2 and 11 in Borisov's list) are the titles and the authors' names explicitly stated: al-Muḥīṭ, by 'Abd al-Jabbāar, and Dhakhīrat al-'ālim wa-baṣīrat al-muta'allim by al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā. Contrary to Borisov's expectations, his article has apparently not attracted the attention of scholars, except for some short bibliographical references.
North-Western Cambodia in the Seventh Century
Authors: Wolters O. W.
Published: January 2010

In 1883 Hervey de Saint-Denys translated a passage from Ma Tuan-lin'sWên-hsien t'ung-k'ao, which mentions missions to China fromSêng-kaoWu-ling,Chia-chaandChiu-mi. Ma Tuan-lin states that these countries were conquered byChên-la(Cambodia) after theyung-huireign period (650–6).
Erratum
Authors: Pankhurst Rita
Published: January 2010

I am indebted to Professor Dr. Ernst Hammerschmidt of Hamburg University for pointing out that the manuscripts Dillmann No. 19 and No. 42 mentioned on p. 30 and listed on p. 40 of my article on ‘The library of Emperor Tewodros II at Mäqdäla (Magdala)’, BSOAS, xxxvi, 1, 1973, are in the Staatsbibliothek der Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz in West Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, and not, as stated in the article, in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, East Berlin, German Democratic Republic.
Vowel harmony in noun-and-particle words in the Tibetan of Baltistan
Authors: Sprigg R. K.
Published: January 2010

In an earlier study, ‘Assimilation, and the definite nominal particle in Balti Tibetan’ (Sprigg, 1972), I dealt with vowel harmony in words in which the noun is colligated with the definite nominal particle, a particle that has the constant phonetic form po when in junction with the final syllable of a noun ending in a consonant (-Cpo), e.g. smenpo ‘the medicine’ sman, but variable phonetic features where the final syllable of the noun ends in a vowel: a share in the features of the resulting word-final long vowel, either -o: or -u: according to vowel harmony.
Notes on some former Kashihonya books in the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies
Authors: Kornicki P. F.
Published: January 2010

Most collections of Japanese wood-block printed books contain some items that were once in the possession of the circulating libraries known as kashihonya and the library of the School is no exception. Kashihonya were certainly in existence by the Genroku period (1688–1704), for the collection Haikai sugatanazo, which was published in 1703, includes the verse, Karihon no kakidashi ga kuru toshizakai ‘The year's end—when the bills come in for books borrowed’. Thenceforward they thrived on the growing literate population and in the Tokugawa period they reached their peak during the first half of the nineteenth century. It is from this time that almost all the former kashihonya books in the School date. The books contain the usual range of seals and admonitory labels attesting to their use by kashihonya, but I list only those with sufficient information to be of interest.
Reciprocal verbs in Chicheŵa: a case for lexical derivation
Authors: Mchombo Sam A. , Ngalande Rosemary M.
Published: January 2010

I.o. The phenomenon of reciprocity has, within the framework of generative grammar, been dealt with either as an aspect of sentence coordination as in the following:

1(a) the boy saw the girl

(b) the girl saw the boy

(c) the boy and the girl saw each other
Iranian Words in the Kharosthi Documents from Chinese Turkestan
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

A jhate (i.e. azate) may be connected with the Avestan dzdta noble of noble birth Cf. also ztchin the Sogdian letters free-born (Reichelt, Sogd. Handschriftenreste, ii, p. 3)Although the documents do not furnish enough material for defining with certainty the meaning of the word, this explanation suits all the passages where it occurs. It is used mosj; frequently as an introductory term in giving lists of witnesses, e.g. 593 tatra saclii ajhade jamna cojhbo Dhamena Sugi Kuleya There the witnesses are people of high rank (or free-born), the cojhbo Dhamena, Sugi, Kuleya, etc. Similarly in 507, 588. It is worth while noticing that khula putre is used in a similar formula in 415, though not in exactly the same position, tatra sacJii janati sramamna Parvati livira Buddha rachida, vasu Kolfisa, khula putre Lfatga There witnesses know this the monk Parvati, the scribe Buddharachida, the vasu Kolpisa, and Lpatga, son of a good family.
Beiträge zu einer Milindapañha-Bibliographie
Authors: Behesing Von Siegfried
Published: January 2010

38. das Palmblatt-MS. zu nennen, welches de Zoysa in seinemCatalogue of Páli, Sinhalese, and Sanskrit MSS. in the Temple Libraries of Ceylon(Colombo, 1885), p. 9, als „common“ bezeichnet. Es enthält 178 Blätter, 17 Zoll lang, 9 Zeilen auf der Seite.

39. Bentotte, Tempel von (Bentoṇa Vanavāsa Vihāra): 5 MSS. des M. und 1 sannē.
The place of n in forminģ Semitic roots
Authors: Tritton A. S.
Published: January 2010

In Semitic languages a root containing n often agrees in meaning, wholly or partially, with some weak root. Brockelmann (Grundriss, i, 536) suggests that the Syriac nhp “barefooted”, corresponding to the Arabic hfy, shows that Aramaic once possessed a reflexive in n. This explanation will not serve when n comes at the end of the root.
Tolo Ḥanfaḍe's song of accusation: an 'Afar text
Authors: Maknun G. A. , Hayward R. J.
Published: January 2010

The subject of this brief paper is one of the most widely known sung poems of the 'Afar people. Hitherto unwritten it is nevertheless revered, sung and recited throughout the 'Afar-speaking world. The present writers feel that its fame is not undeserved, a conclusion reached from a consideration of both its aesthetic appeal and the historical significance of its message.
New Materials on the Tabaqāt al-shu‘arā’ of al-Jumahi
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

II

In a former article (BSOAS xiii, pp. 7–22) a collation was offered of the Chester Beatty 4/10th century manuscript of al-Jumahl's Tabaqāt al-shu‘arā’ as compared with J. Hell's edition. In the following pages we have indicated or transcribed the passages contained in the Chester Beatty manuscript which are omitted in Hell's text and the derivative Cairo edition.
Yasna 45 and the Iranian Calendar
Authors: Duchesne Guillemin J.
Published: January 2010

The structure of the gâthâs is at first sight far from obvious. It has even been contended that the sequences of stanzas preserved in the Avesta under the titles Yasna 28, 29, etc., were in nearly all cases mere haphazard collections.
The Tumshuq Karmavācanā
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

In the Journal Asiatique for 1941–2 my friend the late Professor Sten Konow published an article entitled Une nouvelle forme aberrante de khotanais. This new type of Iranian is contained in the document P 410 brought back by the late Paul Pelliot from Tumšq, a ruined site near the modern Maralbashi.

For the study of the history of this region all the materials, unfortunately often fragmentary, which the various expeditions have recovered for us have proved and are still proving of great importance. The present Tumšuq fragment is a notable addition to this material.

Sten Konow gave with his study a facsimile of the MS. fragment, a transliteration (in which he had enjoyed the assistance of J. Filliozat) and a tentative translation, together with a glossary of the words according to his readings. Six years later he turned again to the document and in the Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 14 (1947), pp. 156 ff., he published a second study of the document. It is a pleasure to recognize the merit of these pioneer studies, but neither could be considered as providing a clear interpretation. In one point, the reading of ai, the incorrect at is kept in the second study, although in the glossary to the first study J. Filliozat had pointed out that the sign was properly au.

The document is vitally important for Iranian dialectical studies. Hence a new treatment is well justified. The recognition that the document contains a type of Buddhist ordination service changed the whole problem of its interpretation.
Improved Techniques in Palatography and Kymography
Authors: Firth J. R. , Adam H. J. F.
Published: January 2010

Since the early ‘thirties we have found it necessary constantly and independently to review the sort of abstractions usually made in descriptive linguistics, and in making new ones to refer them to a schematic framework of levels, at each one of which some component of meaning could be handled by a system of constructs and stated.

Professor Panconcelli-Calzia seems only recently to have awakened to the idea that four-fifths of linguistics, including even experimental phonetics, is invention rather than discovery. The work of the English school of phonetics since the time of the Bells has been rich in invention, and earned the inadequate description of being “practical”. In the best sense of the word, descriptive linguistics must be practical, since its abstractions, fictions, inventions, call them what you will, are designed to handle instances of speech, spoken or written, and make statements of the meaning of what may be called typical speech events. All these fictions, whether made by machines or by direct verbal statement may perhaps be figuratively described as “asymptotic”.

If we are constantly mindful of the different levels of abstraction and the nature of the fictions set up, the inventions of kymography and palatography and the inventions of phonology or other branches of linguistics may be brought into relation and used to justify one another mutually.

The purpose of the present article is to give an illustration of the pressure of “invention” at the levels of phonology and even of general linguistic theory, which has led to ancillary “inventions” in the laboratory.
The principal offices of the Ṣafawid state during the reign of Ṭahmāsp I (930–84/1524–76)
Authors: Savory R. M.
Published: January 2010

IN a previous article, we noted that by the time of the death of Shāh Isma'īl I (19 Rajab 930/23 May 1524) it is possible to observe certain trends in the development of the principal offices of the Ṣafawid state. During the last decade of the reign of Isma'īl I, there had been a movement away from the theocratic form of government which obtained at the time of the establishment of the Ṣafawid state, and this was reflected in changes both in the scope and function and in the relative importance of the principal offices of state: there was a tendency to lay less emphasis on the paramount position of the wakīl as the vicegerent of the Shāh (wakīl-i nafs-i nafīs-i humāyūn), and to regard him rather as the head of the bureaucracy; there was a decline in the power of the ṣadr; and Isma'īl himself took steps to curb the power of the amīr al-umarā.
Two Samoan ceremonial speeches
Authors: Buse J. E.
Published: January 2010

THE two ceremonial speeches which are given below were recorded for me in 1956 by an old Samoan talking-chief (tūlāfale) in the village of Amanave on the island of Tutuila. The text is an edited transcription made from those tapes.

Both speeches form part of a house-building ceremony known in Tutuila as le usuga i le fale (the visitation of the house), which commemorates the building by a matai (head of a family group) of a round-house (fale tele). The fale tele is used mainly as a meeting place for the village council and for the entertainment of travelling parties (malaga) from other villages. It is an expensive undertaking to build such a house as it involves the employment of a master-carpenter (matai tufuga, or, ceremonially, agai-o-tupu) and members of his guild (?āiga), who must be entertained lavishly during the work and paid with cash and fine-mats at a later ceremony (le umusāga). A Samoan who builds his village a fale tele is making a major contribution to their prestige, and the usuga ceremony is held as a mark of gratitude and respect.
Yazdi
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

WHILE I was in Isfahān at the end of June, 1932, a young of Yazd, came to see me before going on to his school in Shīrāz. We met four times, and before leaving he requested an acquaintance of his, a young man, Qobād, who was visiting Isfahān, to come to see me. Qobād's home was with his parents in Teheran, so that he had little opportunity to use this dialect. In August of the same year I was able to visit Yazd for one week, and there found a young school-teacher, Mehrabān born in the neighbouring village of Maryābād (or Mōriābād).
Sur quelques dvandvas avestiques
Authors: Benveniste E.
Published: January 2010

Tant que le dvandva n'est pas devenu, comme c'est le cas dans l'histoire de l'indien, un precédé de style, un mode d'abréviation qui finit par ne plus se distinguer d'un composé, il reflète certaines notions prégnantes d'une culture et d'un culte hérités. On n'a pas assez tenu compte des enseignements que donnent à ce point de vue les dvandvas avestiques, dont une liste (sujette à révision) a été dressée par Bartholomae, BB. x, pp. 267 sq. Et cependant il s'y conserve autant et même plus d'antiquités que dans ceux du védique.
La Charrue védique
Authors: Bloch Jules
Published: January 2010

Ilya eu un verbe indo-iranien pour désigner le labour: RV. imp. ; il s'y rattache des substantifs désignant le sillon: av. karša-, karši- f.; RV. sans doute ŚBr.

Par contre les noms Sanskrits de la charrue n'ont pas de correspondants connus dans l'lran.

L'un de ces noms, qui vit encore aujourd'hui, skr. hala-, n'est pas attesté avant Pānini. Est-il cependant plus ancien que le Sanskrit? On en a proposé plusieurs étymologies indo-européennes, dont malheureusement aucune ne s'impose (v. Walde-Pokorny, Vergl. Wb. der. Indog. Spr., i, p. 629; Scheftelowitz, ZII., ii, p. 278). Le Rgveda offre deux autres noms encore:
Some new Awromānī Material prepared from the collections of Åge Meyer Benedictsen
Authors: Christensen Arthur
Published: January 2010

In the late Åge Meyer Benedictsen's note-books from his visit to Persia and Kurdistan in the year 1901, which are now in my possession, due to the kindness of Mrs. Meyer Benedictsen, I find some unpublished Awromānī texts dictated to Meyer Benedictsen by [Abdu'l-Ghafúr, native of Awromān,1 viz. an unfinished tale, not accompanied by a translation, and the so-called “ BacmeisterscheSprachproben ”.
Les nasales en fin de mot en Sanskrit (et latin)
Authors: Cuny A.
Published: January 2010

M.A. Meillet (MSL. Paris, t. ix, pp. 365–372) enseignait,—depuisil est revenu souvent sur la question et s'est toujours prononcé dans le même sens — que, È l'accusatif singulier des thÈmes en -o- du genre animé (masculin, féminin) et au nominatif-accusatif singulierdes thÈmes en -o- du genre inanimé (neutre), la nasale finale était enindo-européen, non pas -m comme on l'écrit généralement, mais bien -n(de même pour les thÈmes consonantiques masc.–fém.: arm. otn “pied”, comme tasn “dix” et les thÈmes en -i- et en -u-).
Singhalesische Etymologien
Authors: Geiger Wilhelm
Published: January 2010

Dass das Singhalesische unter die “Modern Indo-Aryan Vernaculars” einzureihen ist, wird heute wohl von niemand mehr ernstlich bestritten. Irn Linguistic Survey of India, i, 1, p. 145, ist diese Tatsache auch von dem Grossmeister der indischen Sprachenkunde, Sir George A. Grierson, anerkannt worden, obwohl in dem Werke selbst das Singhalesische keine Berücksichtigung finden konnte. Möge es mir gestattet sein, einige ganz bescheidene Nachträge zu meiner vor nunmehr 38 Jahren erschienenen Etymologie des Singhalesischen, die den Ausgangspunkt und die Grundlage für meine Studien über diese Sprache bildete, dem allverehrten Jubilar zur Feier seines 85. Geburtstages in aufrichtiger Dankbarkeit zuzueignen.
Der Tod des Kambyses: hvāmršyuš amryatä
Authors: Herzfeld Von Ernst
Published: January 2010

Dieder kurze, in drei sprachen erhaltene satz der Behistūn-inschrift des Dareios ist viel umstritten, von historischer und philologischer seite. Heute kann man das ergebnis von W. Schulzes bewundernswürdiger abhandlung ” Der Tod des Kambyses“ allgemein angenommen nennen. H. H. Schaeder schreibt dazu ” Die frage, so sollte man denken, ist damit erledigt — aber in AMI. 5 liest manldquo; und es folgt das citat eines satzes, in dem ich meine hier begründete, abweichende anschauung vorweggenommen hatte. Jedes ergebnis hängt von seiner zeit ab, die zeit fliesst, und keine frage ist für immer beantwortet.
Bird-names in the Indian dialects
Authors: Johnston E. H.
Published: January 2010

The dictionaries of the modern Indian languages, whether scientific or otherwise, are alike in omitting certain material which would be of considerable value both to linguists and to those whose fortunes take them to reside in the Indian countryside. I refer to the names of birds. There is, of course, good reason for the deficiency; not merely is interest in ornithology not as widespread among the educated classes in India as it is in England, but only a few of the commonest birds have names recognized over large areas; while relatively few Englishmen resident in India are capable of recording the names with the accuracy required by scholarship. The suggestion I should like to put forward is that concerted steps should be taken by the learned societies in the different parts of India to catalogue the varying names of the different kinds of birds, the materials to be compiled perhaps on the admirable lines of Sir George Grierson's Bihar Peasant Life. Such a survey could not avoid meeting with serious difficulties; names vary from area to area, and in some cases the same name is applied to different birds in different districts.
The History of p in Kanarese
Authors: Narasimhia A. N.
Published: January 2010

The change of p, initial and intervocalic, to h in Kanarese was noticed by Western scholars early. Caldwell says “the initial p of nearly all the words-whether they are pure Dravidian or Sanskrit derivatives-changes to h”. A more careful study of this change of p to h was made by Kittel in his Grammar. He points out that initial p was changed to h in Kēśirāja's time (1260) optionally. But he has not given evidence from the inscriptions to show when p changed to h.
The Expressions for “The year consists of twelve months” and the like in Vedic Prose
Authors: Oertel Hanns
Published: January 2010

§ 1. The sentence “The year consists of twenty-four halfmonths” may be rendered in Vedic prose in three different ways : —

A. The nominatival type : ardhamāsāḥ saṁvatsaraḥ or, with resumptive pronoun (cf. my Syntax of Cases in the Narrative and Descriptive Prose of the Brāhmaṇas, i, § 3, p. 2, and §§ 8 f., pp. 10 ff.), ardhamāsāḥ sa saṁvatsaraḥ.

B. The genitival type: saṁvatsarasyārdhamāsāḥ.
Neue Singhalesische Lautregel
Authors: Printz Von Wilhelm
Published: January 2010

WILHELM GEIGER stellt in Litteratur und Sprache der Singhalesen (1900) § 23, 3 fest: ” In einer Anzahl von Fällen ist der Palatal c nicht zu s, sondern (durch j) zu d geworden.“ In der von Geiger und Sir D. B. Jayatilaka unterzeichneten Einleitung zu A Dictionary of the Sinhalese language (1935) wird das noch genauer bestimmt: dies d entsteht nur aus intervokalischem *c, nie im Anlaut. Zur Erklärung heisst es ebenda : ” …we may assume that a later wave of immigration brought to Ceylon a dialect in which c between vowels was softened to j … The exact date of that immigration is unknown.… idquo; Aber es ist doch sehr bedenklich, einen einzelnen Lautwandel durch Sprachmischung zu erklären. Es lässt sich vielmehr eine einfachere Deutung finden, die den allermeisten Fällen gerecht wird.
História de Gramática Concani
Authors: Saldanha Mariano
Published: January 2010

“… desde tempo remoto passa por verdade demonstrada ogrande absurdo de que a lingua desta terra (Goa), a lingua de meio milhão de homens, nem tem gramática nem é susceptível de ser escrita; julgamos que ao menos faremos algum serviço se dissiparmos tão perniciosa ilusão, mostrando que a lingua concani não só tem a sua gramática, como qualquer outra, mas que a mesma gramatica foiem tempo formulada em regras e até impressa.” J. H. da Cunha Rivara, Ensaio Histórico da Lingua Concani, 1857, pg. 1.
Zoroastrian bāj and drōn—l
Authors: Boyce Mary , Kotwal Firoze
Published: January 2010

The word bāj (older wāj) has been an important part of Zoroastrian religious vocabulary from at least Sasanian times; and the act of ‘taking the bāj ‘is so general and significant that in a Jewish-Persian text the Zoroastrians are distinguished thereby from those of other faiths: gabragān abā bāj-stānš ān ‘the Zoroastrians with their taking the bāj ‘.1 Down the centuries the word has acquired additional meanings; but the range of its usages in older times was already so wide that E. W. West, working on the Pahlavi texts, applied for an interpretation of them to Tehmuras D. Anklesaria. This Anklesaria admirably provided, in a letter which he himself subsequently published among the appendixes to the Gujarati translation of the first part of the Dādestdn ī dīnīg, made by him in collaboration with S. D. Bharucha.2 This was the pioneer treatment of the term.
The Khwarezmian Glossary—II
Authors: MacKenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

As a preliminary, merely, to the long task of compiling a dictionary of ‘Islamic’ Khwarezmian, it is my purpose here to scotch as many as possible of the ghost-words and misunderstandings which mar the otherwise useful publication Das chwaresmischeSprachmaterial einer Handschrift der ‘Muqaddimat al-adab’ von Zamaxšarī, by J. Benzing. A beginning has been made, dealing with more than 150 such errors in the first 70 pp. of the chapter ‘Verbs’ (Benzing, 60–129 = his ‘Zm’, better Muq., 73–199). I continue here in the same vein, i.e. by dealing only with debatable entries in the ensuing pages (130–218 = Muq., 199–344).
Some Chinese terms for musical repeats, sections, and forms, common to T'ang, Yüan, andTōgakuscores
Authors: Picken L. E. R.
Published: January 2010

Hayashi Kenzōhas presented evidence of close links between the notation-signs of the Tun-huang musical MS, Pelliot No. 3808 (henceforth P), and those forbiwaandshōin currentTōgakupart-books. In addition to this relationship, however, there are also extensive parallels in technical terms, not hitherto examined. In many instances, these same terms appear in the brief musical text preserved in early Yüan printings of theShih-lin kuang-chi(henceforthSLKC), reproduced in facsimile in Pian. TheTōgakupart-books evidently reflect Chinese and indeed T'ang idiom.
A new version of the Chinese-Vietnamese vocabulary of the ming dynasty—I
Authors: Davidson Jeremy H. C. S.
Published: January 2010

The existence of a Chinese-Vietnamese vocabulary (i-yü) of the sixteenth century was first brought to the attention of Western scholars by E. Denison Ross in 1908, p. 692, in his discussion of the R. G. Morrison Collection manuscript entitled Ko-huo i-yü, then in the library of University College, London, and now held in the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies.
A Contribution to Hebrew Lexicography
Authors: Guillaume A.
Published: January 2010

My attention was first focused on the relation of the labial F (P) to the aspirated dental mute when I was translating Ibn Ishaq's Biography of the Prophet Muhammad.There I came across the following statement made by his editor, Ibn Hisham, who died in the year of the Hijra 218, i.e. A.D. 834: ‘ The Arabs say taḥannuth and taḥannuf, meaning the Ḥanafī religion. They change the TH into F as, for example, when they say jadath and jadaf when they mean a grave.’ Though the word that gave rise to the editor's comment does not belong to the TH-F class the principle that TH and F interchange is sound and unassailable. The indefatigable Brockelmann noted this important observation and gave a list of early Arabian authorities for the usage, together with a number of references to dialects in which it existed, or still exists to-day, from which it is clear that the phenomenon is to be met with all over Arabia and in North Africa. Landberg had drawn attention to its prevalence in Hadramaut and ‘Umān, and had often met with it in al-Shahr and Dathīna.
Some Syriac Inscriptions of the 2 nd–3 rd Century A .D .
Authors: Segal J. B.
Published: January 2010

The inscriptions described in this article were discovered in the course of a short journey which I made in the vilayet of Urfa, Turkey, in May–June, 1952. It is my pleasant duty to thank those who made this journey possible— the School of Oriental and African Studies, who granted me leave to travel to Turkey, and the officials of the Turkish Department of Antiquities, who accorded me facilities to operate in that remote area of the country. I am especially grateful to Mr. Seton Lloyd, Director of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, for his generous encouragement and help; Mr. Lloyd had visited Sumatar Harabesi during the previous year, and it was he who drew my attention to the monuments there.
Verbal Phrases in Lhasa Tibetan—I
Authors: Sprigg R. K.
Published: January 2010

This article is based on a study of selected utterances in ‘ Lhasa Tibetan’ (LT) as spoken by Mr. Rigẖdzin dBaṅpo (R.) in a particular style (‘ speaking style ’). The term LT is used for the class-dialect spoken by members of the sku-drag class in Lhasa and elsewhere, and also by other Tibetans who associate with members of this class. R.'s utterances may be considered in terms of three styles, ‘ spelling style ’, ‘ reading style ’, and ‘ speaking style ’, each requiring a separate statement at phonetic, grammatical, and lexical levels alike. The material presented below is drawn from utterances in the ‘ speaking style ’; all utterances appropriate to the reading and quoting of written texts, ‘ reading-style ’ utterances, have been excluded from it.
Khotanese bihīya again
Authors: Emmerick R. E.
Published: January 2010

In JRAS, 1967, 22–5, I was able to prove that Khotanese bihīysde means ‘it increases’ and not ‘it decreases’ as had been thought earlier. In BSOAS, XXIX, 3, 1966, 616–17, I showed how bihīysde could be connected with bihīyu ‘very’ and bihīta- ‘intense’. The forms discussed there were analysed under the lemmata *bihis-, bihījs-, *bihīys-, and bihīs- in SGS 100.
A pottery group from Ayun, Chitrāl
Authors: Allchin F. R.
Published: January 2010

The pots which form the subject of this note are among the Indian collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum. They were presented to the museum in 1921 by Lt.-Col. F. C. S. Lamborne-Palmer, C.B.E., and a note in the accessions register recalls that they were discovered during the digging of the foundations of a house in the early years of the century, at Owin (Ayun) in the Chitrāl valley, now in West Pakistan. What was striking from the outset about at least one of the three vessels was its resemblance to a form of jug occurring in early contexts in Iran. But when my attention was first directed to the collection, in the early 1950's, enough was not known of the prehistory of the North-West Frontier to allow any further evaluation. During the past decade several new and interesting discoveries have been made, and one may now draw more confident inferences regarding the collection. There are three pots only.
Acoustic features of certain consonants and consonant clusters in Kabardian
Authors: Henderson Eugénie J. A.
Published: January 2010

Just as there are said to be ‘painters' painters’ and ‘poets' poets’, so too there may be said to be ‘linguists' languages’, and amongst these must without any question be included the languages of the Caucasus. These languages, with their elaborate and unusual phonetic, phonological, and morphological structures, possess a special fascination for professional linguists, from both the practical and the theoretical point of view.
Le Buddha insulta-t-il Devadatta?
Authors: Lamotte Par E.
Published: January 2010

La tradition bouddhique s'est montrée justement sévère à l'endroit de Devadatta, le cousin du buddha Śākyamuni qui, entré dans l'ordre des bhikṣu, essaya de supplanter le Maître à la tête de la Communauté où il se rendit coupable de trois fautes graves: il provoqua un schisme, précipita un rocher du haut d'une montagne pour écraser le Buddha et infligea une blessure mortelle à une religieuse. Finalement, la terre s'entr'ouvrit sous ses pas et il fut précipité vivant dans le grand enfer.
Christian Sogdian notes
Authors: MacKenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

VJ 741 ff. rty ZK pr”mn w'n'kw r'y'y' PZY šy ZK ššky ZKw šyšky rt β'y'p'y ‘and the Brahman wept so much that his tears *rolled quickly one upon the other’. So runs Benveniste's translation, while his note suggests more closely the meaning ‘succeed, follow’ or ‘be added’for the verb *'βy' p- (or *βry'p-) ‘not otherwise known’, with a tentative reference to pty'p- ‘reach’. A very similar verb was to be found in ST, n, c 3, 12, however: cywyd pyd'r m't 'zw by'pd'rm 't γrbm. qt bγy xcy wyspw sfrynny ‘for the reason that I have *learnt (erfahren) and know, that God is the creator of all (things)’. by'pd'rm is plainly a preterite formed from the present stem by'p- (v. GMS, § 877, n. 1), since the corresponding past stem would have to be in X -ft, M, B -βt; cf. X ftyp-d'r-.
Early shortening of geminates with compensatory lengthening in Indo-Aryan
Authors: Turner R. L.
Published: January 2010

Throughout the history of Indo-Aryan the tendency towards a particular sound-change might continue to be active over a long period of time, being manifested first in words of frequent use or lesser import or where other surrounding phonetic conditions favoured the change and subsequently appearing in particular areas throughout the general vocabulary.
The ergative construction in Kurdish
Authors: Bynon Theodora
Published: January 2010

It is well known that during the course of their histories a number of Indo-European languages, all of them members of the Indo-Iranian branch of the family, developed an ergative construction. Thus, in certain tenses of the verb, their grammars came to treat in forlly identical manner the subject of an intransitive verb and the logical object of a transitive verb, the agent (or logical subject) of this latter being given a different morphological marker. Now although ergativity has been studied in a wide variety of languages as a synchronic phenomenon, the opportunities for examining it from a diachronic point of view are in the great majority of cases severely limited by lack of historical documentation. The Indo-Iranian languages, however, form a notable exception. These, thanks to the availability of texts from closely related languages covering a time-span of some three millennia, provide us with a chance to observe both the development of the construction and its subsequent decline. The present paper will do no more than attempt to trace a part of this process, namely the way in which the ergative construction has disappeared from a certain area of western Iranian. It bases its arguments upon the assumption that the geographical continuum of the Kurdish dialects, whose grammars exhibit the whole range of possibilities from fully ergative systems in the north to fully accusative systems in the south, reflects the successive stages of a diachronic process. This being granted, it should be possible by ordering the synchronic patterns of representative dialects from the northern, the central and the southern regions, to arrive at a picture of the historical sequence of events which has led to the loss of ergativity in the southern dialects and to isolate the mechanisms involved in their resultant restructuring. The wider problems of precisely how the construction arose historically and of why within the Indo-European family it appears to be confined to Indo-Iranian will not be dealt with here.
ThePěriya purāṇamfrieze at Tārācuram: episodes in the lives of the Tamil śaiva saints
Authors: Marr J. R.
Published: January 2010

The sculptured frieze that forms the subject of this paper is carved on the main shrine of the Śiva temple at Tārācuram, 5 km. south of Kumpakonam, a provincial town in Thanjavur District, Tamilnadu. Narrative friezes of the great Indian epics are a quite usual feature of Hindu architectural ornament both in India and beyond. It is also the case that individual Tamil Śaiva saints, to whom the collective name in Tamil,Nāyaṉmār, sing.nāyaṉār, is applied, appear commonly in iconography in temples of the Tamil-speaking area. But the frieze at Tārācuram is exceptional in being a portrayal of the complete set of the 63 Nāyaṉmār as they figure in that closely-related group of Tamil medieval texts of which the most important is Cekkiḻār'sPěriya purāṇam. Indeed, as will be shown, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the Tārācuram frieze is virtually a set of illustrations to that work, and that the one would tend to confirm the date assumed for the other. Moreover, the various anomalies inPěriya purānam, such as the total omission of Māṇikkavācakar and the reversing of the logical order of events in the case of Nāyaṉār 51 (N51), Kaḻaṟciṅka nāyaṉār and N54, Pukaḻttuṇai nāyaṉār, are precisely mirrored in the Tārācuram frieze.
Überlegungen zur Entstehung der altpersischen Keilschrift
Authors: Mayrhofer Von Manfred
Published: January 2010

Die besondere Keilschrift, die in achämenidischer Zeit zur Wiedergabe altpersischer Texte verwendet wurde, ist seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert immer wieder der Gegenstand von Untersuchungen gewesen. Es ist unmöglich, in dem eingeschränkten Rahmen dieses Festschriftbeitrages die einzelnen Auffassungen vorzuführen und kritisch gegeneinander abzuwägen; als Lecoq 1974 das Gesamtproblem darzustellen unternahm, entstand ein Aufsatz von der Stärke eines Buches. Ich sehe keinen anderen Weg, als aus der Fülle der Literatur über dieses Thema in scheinbar apodiktischer Weise jene Argumente für eine Schrift-Konstruktion in achämenidischer Zeit vorzuführen, die mich überzeugt haben und auf denen ich weiterbauen möchte (u. 2.1–2.3), sowie das einzige mir wesentliche Argument gegen eine Erfindung dieser Keilschrift (u. 3) zu erläutern, um dessen Entkräftung ich mich in diesem Aufsatz bemühen werde.
Tibetanstes, stes-te, etc. and some of their Sanskrit correspondences
Authors: Simon Walter
Published: January 2010

As is generally known, the correspondence Tibetanstes-dbaṅ-gis—Sanskritdaivātordaivenawas proposed by Johannes Nobel and translated by him as ‘durch Schicksalsfügung’ (by dispensation of fate). He did so in his edition of the Tibetan version Udrāyana, offering the correspondence as a conjecture fornaivam. The equation has been taken over by Professor Lokesh Chandra into hisTibetan-Sanskrit dictionary, though failing to refer to it there as a conjecture. While I do not wish to contest in any way Nobel's conjecture, I thought it useful to adduce certain other correspondences, most of which were found when trying—unsuccessfully so far—to corroborate the conjectuŕe by quotations from actual texts.
Al-taḥannuth: an inquiry into the meaning of a term
Authors: Kister M. J.
Published: January 2010

The expressiontaḥannuthmentioned in some traditions in connexion with the first revelation of the Prophet was variously interpreted by Muslim philologists and commentators of ḥadīth. Several meanings have been attached to it by modern scholars. A re-examination of the material seems to give us a clue for elucidation of the meaning oftaḥannuthand the ideas connected with it. This may also be helpful towards understanding the circumstances of the ‘Call to Prophecy’ of Muḥammad.
Studies in Semitic Kinship (continued)
Authors: Seligman Brenda Z.
Published: January 2010

As cousin marriage has been dealt with so exhaustively by Sir James Frazer and also by Professor Westermarck, I feel I owe some apology for bringing forward the subject again. In the first place I must say that I put together the notes for this paper before the publication of either Folk-lore in the Old Testament or the new edition of The History of Human Marriage, and that I am concerned not with the problem as to how this form of marriage has arisen, but why it has spread as it has, and indeed is still spreading.