bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
0198 Remote Saliva Sample Collection for Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO) Measurement in Urban Children with Asthma During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Carskadon Mary , Gredvig-Ardito Caroline , Kopel Sheryl , Mitchell Daphne Koiniss
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged researchers to use remote data collection. Our project includes determining DLMO phase, requiring a family-friendly without face-to-face interaction. We describe here our protocol, experiences, lessons learned, and findings from the first 15 participants.

Methods

Fifteen urban-dwelling children with moderate to severe persistent asthma [7 girls, ages 7 (n=1) to 10 years; and 8 boys, 8 or 9 years] and caregiver (CG) participated. CG tracked bedtimes and risetimes in daily diaries for 10-14 days; average bedtimes from 5 nights preceding saliva collection were used to determine timing for 10 half-hourly samples. CG and child were oriented and then watched a demo video. A “spit-kit” was delivered to the home the afternoon of the study. Kits included a small cooler bag with bottle of water, 10 numbered and 5 spare Salivette tubes (Starstedt, Germany), plastic bag, dark wraparound glasses with securing strap, and log sheet. Data collection began with a zoom call with staff, CG, and child to reiterate the instructions, answer questions, and observe the first sample. Thereafter, a staff member telephoned the caregiver every 30 minutes to prompt the next sample and query whether glasses had been kept on. CG placed kit outside the home for morning pick up. Samples were centrifuged and frozen (-20°) until sending to the assay lab (SolidPhase, Portland, ME) for melatonin radioimmunoassay (Alpco, Windham, NH).

Results

DLMO phase was determined with a 4pg/ml threshold for 11 children. DLMO phases (mtime=21:46±68 min) and average bedtimes (mtime=20:40±88min) were positively correlated (r=.87). Challenges identified for missed DLMOs included: one child supervised by a teenaged sibling (not CG); one child/CG identified as potentially uncooperative. The other two “misses” likely arose from low saliva quantity, inconsistencies with staff training, and inadequate description of requirements for wearing glasses. Procedure modifications included strategies tailored to families’ needs, experiences, and home environment that can challenge adherence to protocol, greater emphasis on wearing glasses, and cartoon reminder card and scales added to kit. Subsequent samples were successful.

Conclusion

Our approach was effective for determining DLMO phase in children using a remote approach with careful application of methods.

Support (If Any)

R01HL142058, P20GM139743
0202 Predicting Sleep Inertia in a Biomathematical Model of Fatigue and Performance: A Novel Approach
Authors: McCauley Mark , McCauley Peter , Kalachev Leonid , van Dongen Hans
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Biomathematical models of fatigue typically include sleep inertia as an additive process during wakefulness. However, there is predictive information to be gained from tracking the propensity for sleep inertia through sleep periods. We propose a novel approach involving a neurobiological sleep inertia process with relatively fast dynamics (in the order of several minutes) interacting with the much slower dynamics of the established processes of sleep/wake regulation. This sleep inertia process is captured by the addition of two ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in the model framework of McCauley and colleagues (2009, 2013, 2021) – one for wakefulness to track impairment from sleep inertia, and one for sleep to track the propensity for sleep inertia upon awakening. A single time constant is introduced to control the dynamic behavior of these ODEs to capture the dynamics of sleep inertia.

Methods

398 healthy young adults (ages 21–49 years) each participated in one of eight multi-day laboratory studies of total sleep deprivation, sustained sleep restriction, or simulated shift work. At 2–4 hour intervals while awake, participants performed a Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), for which number of lapses (RT>500ms) was assessed, and rated their sleepiness on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Sleep periods were recorded polysomnographically. Data were divided into a calibration set (five studies) used to estimate a single new model parameter capturing sleep inertia, and a validation set (three studies) used to independently verify model validity.

Results

Based on the calibration data set, the sleep inertia time constant estimate was 0.71h±0.01. Based on the validation data set, goodness-of-fit root-mean-square-error was 2.28 for PVT and 0.733 for KSS, indicating high predictive accuracy. A dynamic buildup and then decline of predicted propensity for sleep inertia during sleep emerged, peaking 2–3h into the sleep period.

Conclusion

The model expansion with a one-parameter sleep inertia process captured the transient effect of sleep inertia accurately across a range of sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, and simulated shift work scenarios. The emerging dynamic of sleep inertia propensity during sleep is consistent with findings on the magnitude of sleep inertia as a function of sleep duration and stage of awakening.

Support (If Any)

WSU HPC
0205 Sleep Need: More Influential on Health and Daytime Function than Sleep Duration?
Authors: Scott Hannah , Appleton Sarah , Reynolds Amy , Gill Tiffany , Melaku Yohannes , Adams Robert , Catcheside Peter , Perlis Michael
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Most prior research into relationships between sleep and health and daytime functioning have focused on average sleep duration or efficiency and ignored individual differences in sleep need. This study tested if sleep need is more strongly correlated with self-rated health and daytime function than sleep duration.

Methods

Data were drawn from the 2019 Sleep Health Foundation online survey of adult Australians (N=2,044, aged 18-90 years). Hierarchical multiple regressions assessed variance explained (R2 and R2 change) by demographics (Model 1: age, sex, BMI), self-reported sleep duration (Model 2: Model 1 + weighted variable of typical weekday/weekend sleep duration), and individual sleep need (Model 3: Model 2+ rating on a 5-point scale to ‘how often you get enough sleep to feel your best the next day’) on daytime function items for fatigue, concentration, motivation, and overall self-rated health (visual-analog scale from 0-100).

Results

Sleep need explained an additional 17.5–18.7% of the variance in fatigue, concentration, motivation, and health rating (all p < 0.001 for R2 change) in Model 3. In contrast, Model 2 showed that sleep duration alone only explained an additional 2.0–4.1% variance in these outcomes after accounting for demographic variables. Findings were similar when stratified by sex. Sleep need also explained greater variance for older adults than for younger and middle-aged adults, especially on health rating (Model 3: R2 change = 0.11 for ages 18-24y, 0.14 for 45-54y, 0.27 for 75y+).

Conclusion

Sleep need appears to explain considerably more variance in daytime function and self-rated health than sleep duration. The effect of sleep need on other daytime consequences, and in clinical populations, needs further exploration. Validated assessments of sleep need are also needed to elucidate its importance for understanding the effect of sleep on health and functioning.

Support (If Any)

The 2019 Sleep Health Foundation online survey was supported by the not-for-profit Sleep Health Foundation using an unrestricted grant from Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) which did not inform nor restrict study design, methodology, or presentation.
0210 Social rhythm regularity: Associations with sleep, circadian, mental health, and alcohol use outcomes in adolescents
Authors: Tracy Eunjin , Buysse Daniel , Soehner Adriane , Hasler Brant
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Circadian rhythms and sleep regularity relate to a range of negative health outcomes, such as mental illness and substance abuse including binge drinking. According to the social zeitgeber hypothesis, the timing of key modifiable daily behaviors serves as time cues that entrain circadian rhythms, ostensibly stabilizing them and thereby improving health. The cross-day stability in timing of these behaviors (i.e., social rhythm regularity) is measured by SRM5; however, studies have not tested whether SRM5 correlates with circadian rhythm regularity based on physiological measures, such as dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). The current study examined whether SRM5 was associated with: (1) the regularity of circadian rhythms and/or sleep regularity metrics, and (2) sleep quality, depression, and binge drinking.

Methods

Late adolescents aged 18 to 22 years old who drink alcohol (n = 36; 61.1% female, Mage = 21.26) completed a self-reported sleep diary (including SRM5 items for first contact, start work, and dinner time), wore a wrist actigraph for 14 days, and completed 2 overnight visits to assess DLMO. We used the self-reported data to calculate SRM5 and standard deviation (StDev); actigraphy data to calculate composite phase deviation (CPD), social jet lag (SJL), and interdaily stability (IS); and DLMO data to calculate the stability of the circadian phase (Sunday minus Thursday). Participants also completed surveys that assessed global sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and frequency of binge drinking. Correlational analysis and hierarchical linear regression modeling were used.

Results

Higher SRM5 scores (i.e., higher social rhythm regularity) were associated with higher regularities of mid-sleep timing (r = –.48, p < .001) and total sleep duration (r = –.41, p = .01) based on StDev metrics but were not associated with IS (r = 13, p = .45), CPD (r = –.19, p = .28), SJL (r = –.07, p = .68), and stability of DLMO (r = –.003, p = .99). A post-hoc analysis found that higher stability of the “out of bed” item of SRM5 was related to higher stability of DLMO (b = –.11, se = .05, p = .03, r2 = .33). Higher SRM5 scores were associated with better sleep quality (b = –.73, se = .30, p = .02, r2 = .21), but were not with depressive symptoms or binge drinking

Conclusion

In contrast with the social zeitgeber hypothesis, SRM5 was not associated with circadian rhythm regularity measured by DLMO. However, social rhythm regularity is an important factor in predicting better sleep quality. This study provides a foundation for future research with better power to determine the extent to which social rhythms influence circadian stability and to better understand why social rhythm regularity relates to sleep quality.

Support (If Any)

This research was supported by the NIH NIAAA (R21AA023209-02 ), NHLBI (T32HL082610), and NIMH (T32MH019986)
0216 Environmental bright light exposure is associated with sleep timing: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Clarkson-Townsend Danielle , Rotter Jerome , Rich Stephen , Redline Susan , Sofer Tamar
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Light influences sleep via the circadian system, but few studies have examined objective light exposure and sleep outcomes in the general population. We investigated the relationship between daily average time above 1,000 lux white light (TALT1000), a proxy for outdoor light exposure, and actigraphy measures of sleep timing and regularity in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Methods

Light and actigraphy data collected over 5+ days (wrist-worn Actiwatch Spectrum) were analyzed. Relationships between TALT1000 and dichotomized sleep timing measures (sleep midpoint regularity, defined as <30 minutes variability in sleep timing; late sleep onset, defined as 12AM or later) were evaluated with logistic regression models, adjusted for age, self-reported race/ethnicity, sex, federal poverty level, partner status, employment, smoking, BMI, depression score, sleep duration, day length by month and site, chronotype, number of days measured, ActiWatch off-wrist time, and average physical activity during active period. Stratified analyses for employment status and sleep duration were also conducted. Covariates associated with quartiles of TALT1000 were evaluated with ordinal logistic regression.

Results

2,135 MESA participants with valid actigraphy data were included (mean age=68.6 years, 53.8% female, mean TALT1000=61 minutes, mean sleep midpoint variability=70.6 minutes). There was a dose-response relationship between quartiles of TALT1000 and sleep timing regularity, with participants in the highest quartile of TALT1000 exposure (equivalent to 90+ minutes daily bright light exposure) having 87.7% increased odds of sleep timing regularity (adjOR=1.88, CI=1.35-2.62); the highest quartile of TALT1000 was also associated with a 41% decreased odds of sleep onset timing ≥12AM (adjOR=0.59, CI=0.43-0.81). Age, race/ethnicity, partner status (single), and day length were negatively associated, while BMI, sex (male), earlier chronotype, and physical activity were positively associated with quartiles of TALT1000 (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Greater average bright light exposure is associated with greater sleep timing regularity and earlier sleep onset in a large sample of U.S. adults. Future analyses will investigate timing of light exposure and associated multi-omic signatures.

Support (If Any)

NIH-NHLBI T32HL007901, R35HL135818, R01HL098433, R24HL114473, 75N92019R002.
0223 Sleep during layovers of different lengths after long-haul flying across multiple time zones in different geographic directions
Authors: Arsintescu Lucia , Hilditch Cassie , Gregory Kevin , Kato Kenji , Flynn-Evans Erin
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Long-haul pilots experience high levels of fatigue and circadian disruption due to long work hours and trans-meridian travel. The aim of this study was to characterize sleep timing and duration during layovers of different lengths after crossing multiple time zones.

Methods

All pilots flying long-haul operations from a single airline were eligible to participate. While following their normal work schedule within airline operations, pilots collected data for ~2 weeks including at least two long-haul rotations, with rest days and layovers. Participants wore an Actiwach (Phillips Respironics) throughout the entire study period and completed a sleep diary (at bedtime and upon waking up). Based on the data, we categorized layovers as follows: layover type 1: 34 h after crossing five time zones in westward direction; layover type 2: 34 h, no time zone change; layover type 3: 55 h after crossing six time zones in eastward direction. Each flight left the home base at the same time of day (23:00) and the flight duration was between 10.5 and 12 h. We calculated descriptive statistics for each category.

Results

Forty-four long-haul pilots participated in the study (5 female; mean age 44.25 ± 10.06 yrs; mean flight hours 9834.3 ± 5334.1 h). We found that for layover type 1, the mean sleep duration (h) per 24 h was 6.90 (±1.04), mean sleep efficiency (%) was 81.08 (±10.89), and mean Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO, min) was 33.23 (±20.42); for layover type 2, the mean sleep duration (h) per 24 h was 6.91 (±1.06), mean sleep efficiency (%) was 81.71 (±6.80), and mean WASO (min) was 30.10 (±11.00); for layover type 3, the mean sleep duration (h) was 7.07 (±1.32), mean sleep efficiency (%) was 83.93 (±6.04), and mean WASO (min) was 36.94 (±17.95).

Conclusion

Our preliminary analyses showed that sleep duration and sleep efficiency were similar for the layovers of the same length regardless of time zone change. Additional analyses will be conducted to investigate sleep on additional layovers of different lengths and the effects of sleep obtained during layover on the performance and alertness on the return flights.

Support (If Any)

This research was supported by the NASA System-Wide Safety Program.
0227 The effect of light on circadian entrainment for shifting from day to night flight operations
Authors: Shattuck Nita , Matsangas Panagiotis , Reily James , McDonough Meghan , O'Hagan Donnla , Giles Kathleen
Published: May 2022

Introduction

A midair collision during a routine nighttime air refueling training mission in the early morning hours of December 6, 2018, resulted in the tragic deaths of six Marine aircrew members and the loss of two US Marine Corps aircraft. Fatigue and the transition from day to night flights were called out as a problem area that continues to plague aviation commands. The goal of this study was to provide recommendations to the fleet regarding the limitations and best practices for shifting aviators from day to night operations to mitigate aviator fatigue and facilitate circadian re-alignment.

Methods

Longitudinal (10-day) within-subject assessment of aviators (N=9) in hybrid conditions. Aviators completed validated questionnaires for sleepiness and workload. Performance was assessed in simulated flight scenarios (one morning and three night sessions). The efficacy of a single 4-hour exposure of blue-enriched white light (~1000 lux) was assessed with the dim-light melatonin onset procedure. The study protocol attempted to replicate the work and rest patterns of aviators in the field who work during the day but could potentially be required to quickly shift their schedules to support night flight operations.

Results

The circadian phase of all participants was successfully delayed an average of 1.3 hours (range: 0.88-1.93 hours). Despite the lack of control over light exposure or other activities over the study period, participants reported less sleepiness and reduced subjective workload with improved flight performance.

Conclusion

Conclusions from the literature review and our study indicate that circadian entrainment in complex military operational settings should use light management as the dominant method for shifting the circadian clock. Based on these conclusions, we developed general recommendations and two circadian synchronization plans for aircrew switching from day to night operations. One plan shows a schedule that prepares for night operations by steadily shifting the daily schedule over multiple days. The other plan shows a schedule for aircrew who are required to shift from day to night operations abruptly without notice.

Support (If Any)

Supported by the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps.
0235 A Systematic Review of Sleep Health and Outpatient Opioid Use Disorder Treatment in Adults
Authors: Hernandez Estefania , Griggs Stephanie
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) affects 2 million people in the United States and poor sleep health (satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, and duration) is a primary driver of medication-assisted treatment (MAT) failure and relapse. It is known that people in therapy for OUD have a high prevalence of sleep problems (>75%) and poorer sleep health compared to people without OUD (e.g., lower sleep efficiency, shorter duration, and more awakenings). However, sleep health is not routinely assessed. Thus, in this systematic review, we examined original studies on sleep health within the context of adults receiving outpatient MAT for OUD.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of original research on sleep health in adults receiving outpatient treatment for OUD. Multiple electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) were searched for relevant studies published in English from the establishment of each database to September 14, 2021. Quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (v. 2001).

Results

Sixty two studies were selected including 17,913 adults with OUD and 604 comparison participants without OUD (mean age = 37.4 ± 6.6 years; 54.1% male). Sixty-one studies were quantitative (50 cross sectional, 6 longitunal, 5 interventional) and 1 was mixed methods. Participants with OUD had poorer satisfaction (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index mean 7.4 ± 2.2 v. 4.7 ± 2.3), shorter polysomnography (PSG) measured total sleep time (336.6 ± 41.4 mins (5.6 h) v. 411.8 ± 33.3 mins (6.8 h), spent less time in PSG measured slow wave N3 sleep (7.2 ± 5.8% v. 13.4 ± 6.4%), and had a lower percentage of PSG measured rapid eye movement sleep (14.6 ± 4.6% v. 21.7 ± 4.0%) than comparison participants without OUD.

Conclusion

Studies were predominantly observational ranging from a period of 1-2 nights to 2 years with participants at various points in treatment. More work is needed to understand the multidimensional depth of sleep health in adults with OUD. Optimizing sleep health in adults with OUD may improve their addiction trajectory and should be a priority in practice and research.

Support (If Any)

American Academy of Sleep Medicine (220-BS-19).
0238 Perceived Childhood Neighborhood Safety and Sleep Health during Adulthood
Authors: Gaston Symielle , Alhasan Dana , Harmon Quaker , Baird Donna , Jackson Chandra
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Neighborhood safety has been cross-sectionally associated with sleep health at different life stages. However, few studies have investigated childhood neighborhood safety and adulthood sleep despite the possibility that childhood neighborhood safety may serve as a modifiable target for primordial prevention of poor sleep health.

Methods

Using data from 1,611 Black/African-American women enrolled in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids, we investigated associations between perceived childhood neighborhood safety and adulthood sleep. Participants reported safety of their childhood neighborhoods as unsafe vs. safe at ages 5,10, and 15 years. Participants also self-reported current (ages 23-35 years) sleep duration and quality (i.e., frequently wake feeling unrested [≥4 days/week] and frequent insomnia symptoms [≥15 days/month of difficulty falling or staying asleep]). Adjusting for childhood socioeconomic characteristics, log binomial models estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For perceived safety at ages 10 and 15 years, we applied inverse probability weights to models to adjust for perceived neighborhood safety at prior ages.

Results

Mean age ± standard deviation was 29 ± 3.5 years. Prevalence of residence in a childhood neighborhood perceived as unsafe increased with age (Age 5- 20%, Age 10- 22%, Age 15- 31%), and 17% reported an unsafe neighborhood at every age. Both short sleep duration (<7 hours) and frequently waking feeling unrested during adulthood were reported by approximately 60% of women, and 10% reported frequent insomnia symptoms. Participants in perceived unsafe vs. safe neighborhoods at every age were more likely to frequently wake feeling unrested as adults (PR=1.12 [95% CI: 1.00-1.25]). Perceived unsafe neighborhood at ages 5 and 15 years was associated with frequent insomnia symptoms and frequently waking feeling unrested, respectively. Perceived unsafe neighborhood at age 10 years was marginally associated with a higher prevalence of both frequently waking feeling unrested (PR=1.11 [0.98-1.27]) and frequent insomnia symptoms (PR=1.58 [0.99-2.52]) during adulthood.

Conclusion

Perceived unsafe neighborhood during childhood was associated with poorer sleep during adulthood among a cohort of young Black women.

Support (If Any)

Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z1AES103325[CLJ] and 1ZIAES049013[DB]), and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds designated for NIH research
0240 Investigating the Potential for Actigraphy as a Complementary Clinical Tool for Evaluation of Sleep in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Rader Shelby , Cox Ava , Weeks Anna , Stratton Jeanine , Merchant Gulzar , Cozad Melanie , Fowler Lauren
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Poor sleep is a common complaint among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but few actively recognize the problem or discuss it with their rheumatologist during the clinical visit. Challenges to identification of sleep issues include a lack of standardized sleep measures used within clinical care and lack of confidence on the part of patients’ articulating how sleep is affected by RA. Clinical management is further complicated by insufficient evidence between sleep quality and disease symptomology. The objective of this study was to identify correlations between sleep measures assessed through self-report and actigraphy with disease activity for patients with RA.

Methods

In a prospective, cross-sectional study, a sample of 15 participants diagnosed with RA were recruited through convenience sampling. Consenting participants self-reported sleep quality and disease activity using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID-3). Participants’ sleep quality was also measured using actigraphy which monitors wrist movement by wearing a watch. Daily actigraphy measures of sleep efficiency, latency, and fragmentation were averaged over 6 nights. Actigraphy measures were correlated to the PSQI and RAPID-3 through Spearman correlations.

Results

The sample was mostly Caucasian women with an average age of 55 years, generally reflective of the population with RA. The results demonstrated weak, nonsignificant correlations between self-reported measures of sleep and average sleep efficiency (0.12, p=0.66), latency (0.10, p=0.72), and fragmentation (-0.13, p=10). Additionally, weak, nonsignificant correlations existed between disease activity and average sleep efficiency (0.09, p=0.75), latency (0.35, p=0.19), and fragmentation (-0.12, p=65).

Conclusion

This study’s implications suggest actigraphy may provide complementary information to self-reported measures of sleep. Such information may support patients’ articulation of sleep issues to the rheumatologist. Further research is necessary to understand how actigraphy measures can be effectively summarized for use by the patient and rheumatologist to discuss sleep issues during the clinical encounter as well as their ability to support clinical diagnosis of sleep disorders.

Support (If Any)

Support: Prisma Health Upstate Seed Grant 2019-2020. University of South Carolina Magellan Scholar & Apprentice Programs funding Shelby Rader. Furman University Center for Engaged Learning for summer internship funding for Ava Cox.
0243 Relationships Between Pre-Pandemic Trauma and Stress with Sleep During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Young Adults
Authors: Jakubowski Karen , Wallace Meredith , Pedersen Sarah , Hasler Brant
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Young adults, particularly those with histories of interpersonal trauma or stress, are more likely to experience to adverse psychosocial outcomes (e.g., depression) during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to those without these histories. However, few studies have examined sleep and most rely on retrospectively-reported pre-pandemic experiences. We tested whether pre-pandemic trauma and stress were prospectively related to worse ecological momentary assessment (EMA)-reported sleep during the pandemic.

Methods

The sample includes 114 regular drinkers aged 21-30 years from two ongoing studies of alcohol use and sleep who completed a shared assessment battery and a 10-17-day EMA protocol before and during the pandemic (conducted July-November 2020; M=13.9 months after baseline). Participants reported past-month perceived stress (10-item Perceived Stress Scale) and interpersonal traumas (e.g., abuse, conflict), via scores on the “Current Partner” and “Personal” (persons other than spouse/partner) subscales of the Difficult Life Circumstances Scale. The EMA protocol measured daily sleep (total sleep time [TST]; sleep efficiency [SE]), relational stress (1-5 ratings for family, spouse/partner, friends), and alcohol use. Paired t-tests compared pre-pandemic vs. pandemic sleep. Separate linear regressions tested associations between pre-pandemic trauma and stress with average pandemic TST and SE, adjusted for baseline age and sleep, racial identity, assigned sex at birth, time between assessments, and drinking days (averaged across timepoints).

Results

Participants were on average 23.8 years old (61% female; 7% Asian; 39% Black; 1.8% Mixed race; 0.9% Other race; 0.9% Pacific Islander; 55% White). Average TST increased from baseline to pandemic (7.5 vs. 7.8; t(113)=-2.57, p=.01); no change was observed in SE (95% vs. 94%; t(113)=1.01, p=.31). Pre-pandemic perceived stress (B[SE]=-.003[.001], p=.02) and average EMA-reported family stress (B[SE]=-.04[.02], p=.05) predicted worse pandemic SE. No associations emerged with friend or partner stress, trauma, or TST (ps>.11).

Conclusion

Pre-pandemic perceived stress (but not trauma nor relational stress) predicted worse sleep during the pandemic. Perceived stress reflects feeling overwhelmed and difficulty coping, which is relevant given dramatic pandemic-related impacts on daily life. The overall accumulation of stress, versus day-to-day stress in specific relationships, may be most detrimental for sleep during the pandemic. Perceived stress is amenable to evidence-based (and remotely-delivered) interventions, including mindfulness-based stress reduction.

Support (If Any)

R01AA025617 (SLP), R01AA026249 (BPH/SLP), K23HL159293 (KPJ)
0247 Sleep Disturbance is Associated with Dysregulation of Positive and Negative Affect Systems
Authors: Stepan Michelle , Buysse Daniel , Siegle Greg , Hasler Brant , Soehner Adriane , Franzen Peter
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Sleep disturbance is a risk factor for the development of mood disorders and up to 90% of mood disorder patients report sleep problems. However, the neural mechanisms by which poor sleep contributes to mood disorders are not well understood. We investigated whether sleep disturbance was associated with dysregulation of positive and negative affect systems, including passive reactivity and active emotion regulation.

Methods

Participants (n=55, Mage=24.4 years, 53% female) selected for high, medium, and low scores on the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance scale completed a cognitive reappraisal task in an fMRI scanner. Participants were presented with International Affective Picture Stimuli (30 positive, 30 negative, 15 neutral) and were instructed to either passively view or actively up- or down-regulate their emotional experience. We tested five conditions: view-positive, upregulate-positive, view-negative, downregulate-negative, view-neutral. Participants also completed objective (i.e., 7-day actigraphy) and self-report (i.e., Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]) measures of sleep prior to the scan. Analyses in AFNI were constrained within an emotion regulation network, identified using a Neurosynth mask, and treated as a single region of interest. Voxelwise (puncorr<.005) and clusterwise thresholds (p<.05) were used to correct for multiple comparisons.

Results

Actigraphy-assessed sleep duration was associated with supplementary motor area (SMA) activity when upregulating positive affect relative to passively viewing positive images (k=44 voxels, clusterwise p=.04); participants who slept less showed greater SMA activity. ISI score was marginally associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity when downregulating negative affect relative to an implicit baseline (k=30 voxels, clusterwise p=.10); individuals with greater insomnia severity showed more dlPFC activity. PROMIS Sleep Disturbance showed no significant associations.

Conclusion

Markers of poor sleep (i.e., lower sleep duration, greater insomnia severity) were associated with heightened SMA and dlPFC activity during cognitive reappraisal. This may suggest inefficiency in modulating positive affect via verbal and motor processes (i.e., SMA) and negative affect via cognitive control (i.e., dlPFC). Alternatively, individuals with poor sleep may have greater emotional reactivity to modulate. Mood disorders are commonly associated with increased negative affect and blunted positive affect. Our findings suggest a plausible neural substrate for how sleep disturbance contributes to dysregulation of these systems.

Support (If Any)

NIMH R21 MH102412.
0248 The Influence of Circadian Shifts on Post Mission Event Subjective Fatigue during a 72H Live-Fire Mission Simulation
Authors: Eldringhoff Hannah , Mantua Janna , Mickelson Carolyn , Carlsson Kajsa , Chaudhury Sidhartha , Bode Victoria , Bovard Pooja , Brown Stephanie , Burke Tina
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Circadian misalignment from sustained 24/7 operations and sleep loss are common occurrences in military operations, and operational demands can often lead to high levels of fatigue. Although the relationship between the circadian system and fatigue is well characterized, the relationship between magnitude of the circadian shift and fatigue during operational mission events has not been widely explored.

Methods

Twenty-one male participants aged 23.3±3.9 years (mean±SD) were recruited from a sample of active-duty Soldiers. The study consisted of a single day baseline data collection and then a month later the Soldiers participated in a sustained live-fire mission simulation consisting of a pre-mission day, the 72-hour live-fire exercise, and post-mission day. During the simulation, Soldiers completed the following mission events: Tactical Stress Marksmanship Assessment (TSMA), Individual Shooter Scenario (ISS), Small Unit Performance Analytics (SUPRA), Reconnaissance (RECON), infiltration and extraction ruck-march (INFIL/EXFIL RUCK), and RAID, to model actual combat or operational activities. Subjective fatigue was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after each mission event. Circadian phase was measured by salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) at baseline and then again following the post-mission day. Half-hourly saliva samples were collected under dim light (<10lux) sedentary conditions. The circadian phase shift was calculated as the difference between the two DLMO collections.

Results

Twenty of the twenty-one participants advanced their circadian rhythm with a total mean shift of 0.91±0.88 SD hours. Of the six mission events, significant correlations were found between the magnitude of the phase shift and subjective fatigue for three of the events. The magnitude of the circadian phase shift was negatively correlated with fatigue for RECON r=-0.59 (p=0.008), RAID r=-0.55 (p=0.01), and EXFIL RUCK r=-0.44 (p=0.046). The amount of sleep in the 24 hours prior to each of these events had no significant correlation.

Conclusion

For the RECON, RAID, and RUCK, we found that the greater the magnitude of the phase shift, the less fatigue individuals endorsed. Yet, there was no significant relationship with sleep prior to the events. This suggests a potential greater need to consider the impact of the circadian system on military operations, especially with regard to circadian effects on fatigue.

Support (If Any)

Department of Defense Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP); DEVCOM SC
0250 Greater Slow Wave Activity in Pre-pubertal Children Is Associated With Less Negative Emotional Responses the Following Day
Authors: Rech Megan , Baran Bengi , Myers Annika , Palmer Cara , Alfano Candice
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Inadequate sleep quantity and/or quality in children is known to forecast development of emotional problems, but how sleep microstructure relates to children’s day-to-day emotional functioning remains unclear. Slow wave activity (SWA), or slow fluctuations of cortical activity during slow wave sleep (SWS) in the frequency range 0.75–4.5 Hz, is a marker of homeostatic sleep regulation and reflects synaptic reorganization of cortical areas early in life (Campbell & Feinberg, 2009). Findings regarding SWA among clinically depressed adolescents are mixed, with evidence of SWA reductions (Lopez et al., 2012) and increases (Tesler et al., 2016) compared to controls. Tesler et al. (2016) also showed SWA in frontal areas correlates positively with depressive thoughts. However, we are unaware of studies examining SWA in relation to depressive symptoms and next-day emotional responses among pre-pubertal children, before developmental declines in SWA (Jenni & Carskadon, 2004).

Methods

We examined relationships between N3 SWA, depressive symptoms, and next-day emotional responses among N=17 un-medicated, healthy children ages 7-11 years (Tanner 1/2). Children completed a baseline assessment and one night of at-home PSG monitoring (10-hour sleep opportunity) then an in-lab emotional assessment the next day where they provided arousal and valence ratings for negative affective images from the International Affective Picture System. Analyses controlled for PSG night total sleep time, and SWA did not differ by gender.

Results

Results indicated non-significant associations between SWA and child- and parent-reported depressive symptoms. Greater SWA density across frontal (r=-.66; p< .01), central (r=-.70; p< .001) and occipital regions (r=-.61; p< .01), along with frontal SWA amplitude (r=-.61; p< .01), significantly negatively related to valence ratings for negative images (images were rated as less negative).

Conclusion

While preliminary, findings suggest potential relationships between SWA and emotional functioning in pre-pubertal children. We have previously shown greater SWS corresponds with less same-week negative affect among pre-pubertal anxious children (Palmer & Alfano, 2017); additionally, in a longitudinal study of pre-pubertal children at risk for depression, greater SWS in childhood protected against later development of depression (Silk et al., 2007). Collectively, findings suggest greater SWA prior to pubertal transition may buffer against negative daytime emotional experiences and later depression.

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0251 The role of parental absence and parental conflict on child and adolescent sleep
Authors: Garcia Odalis , Duggan Katherine
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Parents are one of the most salient contexts for child development, and parental divorce and death are substantial stressors for children. Previous research suggests parental conflict is related to difficulties in attachment, emotion regulation, self-esteem, and academic performance in children. A growing body of research suggests parental conflict can negatively affect sleep duration, latency, sleepiness, and wake after sleep onset. There is limited evidence that some children who experience parental death report worse sleep. Our goal was to begin to investigate the impact of parental divorce and death on multiple sleep measures in a lifespan archival sample.

Methods

Data was refined from the Terman Life Cycle Study, which has followed 1,528 gifted Californian children since 1921. For this analysis, we utilized cross-sectional data from the 1921 assessment (max. N=1202; 44% female, M age=12y, range=6-21y). Participants or their parents reported whether parental death (N=123) or divorce (N=62) had occurred, as well as the child’s usual hour of sleeping or waking, how long it took them to fall asleep, the quality of their sleep, and whether they had night terrors. In this preliminary analysis, we evaluate exposure to parental divorce and death on children’s sleep descriptively.

Results

Parental divorce was associated with sleep quality (p=.01), but we mostly found no significant impact relations of parental divorce or death on children’s sleep (ps=.21-.90). In this sample, 97% of children from intact families (N=1112) had good sleep quality compared to the 92% of children from families with divorced parents (N=62).

Conclusion

In this well-characterized archival longitudinal study of children followed since 1921, we found little evidence that parental divorce or death were related to sleep cross-sectionally. Multiple waves of sleep data are available, and we will evaluate associations longitudinally in follow-up analyses, as well as possible associations between time-limited effects (length of time since the event) or sensitive periods in terms of age. Our null results may be the result of cohort differences (the sample was born, on average, in 1910) or limited reporting on sleep by participants and their parents.

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AG027001
0253 The Association Between Sleep Health and Mood in Sedentary Desk Workers
Authors: Vogan Olivia , Cheruka Caitlin , Egeler Mara , Kubala Andrew , Sanders Rachel , Paley Joshua , Patel Sanjay , Hall Martica , Perera Subashan , Jakicic John , Gibbs Bethany , Kline Christopher
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Poor sleep, most commonly insufficient sleep duration or low sleep quality, has been linked with disruptions of mood. However, it is unclear how sleep health—more broadly, other multiple dimensions of sleep—is associated with mood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between sleep health and mood in a sample of desk-working sedentary adults.

Methods

This cross-sectional study used baseline data from inactive adults with desk-based jobs (N=125, 49.6% female, 43.9±10.6 years) who enrolled in an ongoing clinical trial. Sleep was assessed using validated questionnaires and 7 nights of actigraphy. Collectively, these measures were utilized to assess six different sleep dimensions: regularity, satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, duration. Each dimension was categorized as “good” or “poor”. A sleep health score was calculated by summing the number of good dimensions (range: 0-6; higher is better). Mood was assessed using Profile of Mood States (POMS); its 7 subscales (tension, anger, fatigue, depression, esteem-affect, vigor, confusion) were summed (with a constant of 100) to create a Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score. Multiple linear regression models examined associations between sleep health and mood adjusting for age, gender, and whether pre- or post-COVID-19.

Results

The mean sleep health score was 4.7±1.1; the mean TMD score was 96.6±18.5. Better sleep health was associated with lesser TMD (β=-0.32, p<0.001) and better mood on each of the POMS subscales (β≥0.18, p<0.05), aside from esteem-related affect (p=0.31). Of the individual sleep dimensions, only satisfaction, alertness, and efficiency were associated with TMD (β≥0.18, p<0.05). Satisfaction was the only individual sleep dimension that was consistently associated with better mood on each subscale (β≥0.17). Alertness, efficiency, and duration were inconsistently associated with individual mood subscales. Regularity and timing were not associated with any mood subscales (p≥0.267 and p≥0.073, respectively).

Conclusion

Better sleep health was associated with less TMD. Satisfaction was the sleep dimension that consistently associated with each subscale of mood. The cross-sectional, observational design limits casual inference between sleep health and mood disturbance due to a lack of temporality and the potential for residual confounding.

Support (If Any)

This study was funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01HL134809 and R01HL147610.
0256 Child Maltreatment and Multidimensional Sleep Health among Incoming First-Year College Students
Authors: Rojo-Wissar Darlynn , Parade Stephanie , Barker David , Roane Brandy , Van Reen Eliza , Sharkey Katherine , Carskadon Mary
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Despite the growing body of evidence linking child maltreatment to compromised sleep health in adulthood, links in emerging adults are understudied. We examined associations between child maltreatment (CM) and multidimensional sleep health among emerging adults undergoing the major life transition of starting college.

Methods

First-year college students (N=682, 41% male, 48% Non-Hispanic White, 22% Non-Hispanic Asian, 15% Hispanic all races, 6% Non-Hispanic Black, and 9% Non-Hispanic other races) completed daily sleep diaries (DSDs) for 9 weeks, and completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) following DSD completion. We used linear regression models to examine associations between CTQ-derived CM (0=none, 1=any [moderate to severe emotional abuse/neglect, physical abuse/neglect, or sexual abuse]) and sleep health (Buysse, 2014) using a multidimensional score encompassing components from the RUSATED model (regularity [DSD sleep midpoint SD: 0= >1 hour, 1= ≤1 hour], satisfaction [PSQI sleep quality item: 0=fairly or very bad, 1=very or fairly good], alertness [ESS score: 0= >10, 1= ≤10], timing [DSD sleep midpoint: 0= <3:30 or >5:30, 1= ≥3:30 and ≤5:30], efficiency [DSD sleep efficiency: 0= <93%, 1= ≥93%], and duration [DSD sleep duration: 0= <7 hours or >10 hours, 1= ≥7 hours and ≤10 hours].

Results

In the full sample 20.5% reported CM (within-group prevalences: females 21%, males 20%, Non-Hispanic Whites 12%, Non-Hispanic Asians 28%, Hispanics of all races 26%, Non-Hispanic Blacks 34%, and Non-Hispanics of other races 30%). Those with CM had significantly worse sleep health (B=-0.25, 95% CI=-0.46, -0.04) compared to those without CM, but not after adjustment for sex and race/ethnicity. In logistic regression models, the only individual sleep health component significantly associated with CM was sleep satisfaction. After adjustment for sex, race/ethnicity, and depressive symptoms, those who experienced CM had a 52% lower odds of reporting good sleep quality (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.30, 0.76).

Conclusion

CM is associated with worse sleep satisfaction among first-year college students, which aligns with previous research in older adults. Additional research should examine neurophysiological correlates of sleep satisfaction in the context of child maltreatment and effects on subsequent health.

Support (If Any)

P206M139743, MH079179, T32HD101392.
0259 Chronotype and affective response to sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, and circadian misalignment
Authors: Cox Rebecca , Ritchie Hannah , Sprecher Kate , Burke Tina , Smits Alexandra , Knauer Oliver , Guerin Molly , Stothard Ellen , Depner Christopher , Wright Kenneth
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Late chronotypes have been shown to have decreased positive affect during the day and during sleep loss. Findings for negative affect are inconsistent. The present analysis examined the effect of chronotype on positive and negative affect during two sleep and circadian challenges.

Methods

In both studies, chronotype was determined by habitual mid-sleep time. In Study 1, 10 healthy adults (5 early, 5 late chronotypes) completed a 10-day protocol of sleep restriction followed by total sleep deprivation. Participants maintained habitual 8h sleep schedules at home for 1 week, then completed a 2-day in-laboratory protocol: 4h of sleep restriction, followed by a 4h sleep opportunity, followed by 28h of sleep deprivation. Affect was assessed with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) every hour during scheduled wakefulness. In Study 2, 14 healthy adults (7 early, 7 late chronotypes) completed a 39-day protocol of combined sleep restriction and circadian misalignment. Participants maintained habitual 8h sleep schedules at home for 2 weeks, then completed a 4-day in-laboratory protocol with the following sleep opportunities: 8h on night 1, 3h on night 2, and 3h on mornings 3 and 4. After 3 days of at-home unscheduled recovery sleep opportunities, the protocol was repeated. Affect was assessed with the PANAS every 3h during scheduled wakefulness. Data from each study were analyzed separately with mixed-model ANOVA.

Results

Positive affect decreased during sleep restriction+sleep deprivation and sleep restriction+circadian misalignment (p<.05), regardless of chronotype. However, late chronotypes reported lower positive affect than early chronotypes across both sleep/circadian challenges (p<.05), and this effect was accounted for by baseline positive affect. Negative affect was not consistently impacted by sleep/circadian challenges or chronotype, with or without considering baseline negative affect. In both studies, chronotype did not interact with sleep/circadian challenges.

Conclusion

These findings are consistent with prior work showing later chronotypes have lower positive affect. Chronotype and sleep loss/circadian misalignment may impact affect through independent mechanisms. Future work is needed to replicate these findings in larger samples with more extreme chronotypes.

Support (If Any)

Office of Naval Research MURI N00014-15-1-2809; CurAegis Technologies Inc. (formerly Torvec, Inc), NIH HL109706, NIH TR001082; Undergraduate Research Opportunities Grant University of Colorado Boulder.