bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Tsunami of Cases: Challenges and Recommendations to Combat the Second Wave of the Pandemic in India
Authors: Jain Shubhika , Phadke Rachana , Dapke Kartik , Goyal Samarth , Khurana Navpreet , Thakre Akanksha , Yawalikar Aditya , Mukherjee Dattatreya , Essar Mohammad Yasir , Ahmad Shoaib , dos Santos Costa Ana Carla
Published: January 2022

Objective:

India, a developing country, was hit hard by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, having reached the second position in the ranking of countries with the highest number of cases.

Methods:

After reaching the peak of the pandemic in September 2020, the daily number of new cases due to the disease inexplicably began to decrease, despite the relaxation and non-compliance with the restriction measures. However, since March 2021, there has been a steady increase in the number of cases reported, signaling a very devastating second wave.

Results:

The collapse of the Administration, collapsing of the health-care system, and insufficient vaccinations are the major causes of this condition. Understanding the factors involved and the sequence of events that led to the flattening of the contagion curve in India during the ending of 2020 is also essential, since it can helped guide the next steps in the fight against the virus.

Conclusions:

Contributing a greater percentage of gross domestic product toward health care seems to be the way to go as the ultimate strategy for curtailing the second wave. The advantages India has over the first wave, vaccines and a year of experience with the disease, should not be overlooked and used to its maximum in fighting against this pandemic.
Countermeasures for Health Care Disruptions During Lockdowns
Authors: Low Benjamin Chu Yuan , Yap-Tan Patricia
Published: January 2022

Many countries did not have alternative healthcare arrangements during their initial coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdowns. This is surprising as partial and full lockdowns have been previously used to manage terrorism and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2002–2003. This paper examines how lockdowns disrupt normal health care services and discusses countermeasures that can be used during lockdowns regardless of the emergency that engendered them. Solutions for consultations and pharmacy operations are discussed pragmatically with frontline clinicians, health care managers, and policy-makers in mind. Mental health services are used as a case in point with generalizable lessons for other healthcare specialties.
Spectral broadening for multi-Joule pulse compression in the APOLLON Long Focal Area facility
Authors: Bleotu P.-G. , Wheeler J. , Papadopoulos D. , Chabanis M. , Prudent J. , Frotin M. , Martin L. , Lebas N. , Freneaux A. , Beluze A. , Mathieu F. , Audebert P. , Ursescu D. , Fuchs J. , Mourou G.
Published: January 2022

Spectral-broadening of the APOLLON PW-class laser pulses using a thin-film compression technique within the long-focal-area interaction chamber of the APOLLON laser facility is reported, demonstrating the delivery of the full energy pulse to the target interaction area. The laser pulse at 7 J passing through large aperture, thin glass wafers is spectrally broadened to a bandwidth that is compatible with a 15-fs pulse, indicating also the possibility to achieve sub-10-fs pulses using 14 J. Placing the post-compressor near the interaction makes for an economical method to produce the shortest pulses by limiting the need for high damage, broadband optics close to the final target rather than throughout the entire laser transport system.
Using machine learning to examine drivers of inappropriate outpatient antibiotic prescribing in acute respiratory illnesses
Authors: King Laura M. , Kusnetsov Michael , Filippoupolitis Avgoustinos , Arik Deniz , Bartoces Monina , Roberts Rebecca M. , Tsay Sharon V. , Kabbani Sarah , Bizune Destani , Rathore Anirudh Singh , Valkova Silvia , Eleftherohorinou Hariklia , Hicks Lauri A.
Published: January 2022

Using a machine-learning model, we examined drivers of antibiotic prescribing for antibiotic-inappropriate acute respiratory illnesses in a large US claims data set. Antibiotics were prescribed in 11% of the 42 million visits in our sample. The model identified outpatient setting type, patient age mix, and state as top drivers of prescribing.
Millennial-scale migration of the frozen/melted basal boundary, western Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Stansberry Aidan , Harper Joel , Johnson Jesse V. , Meierbachtol Toby
Published: January 2022

The geometry and thermal structure of western Greenland ice sheet are known to have undergone relatively substantial change over the Holocene. Evolution of the frozen and melted fractions of the bed associated with the ice-sheet retreat over this time frame remains unclear. We address this question using a thermo-mechanically coupled flowline model to simulate a 11 ka period of ice-sheet retreat in west central Greenland. Results indicate an episode of ~100 km of terminus retreat corresponded to ~16 km of upstream frozen/melted basal boundary migration. The majority of migration of the frozen area is associated with the enhancement of the frictional and strain heating fields, which are accentuated toward the retreating ice margin. The thermally active bedrock layer acts as a heat sink, tending to slow contraction of frozen-bed conditions. Since the bedrock heat flux in our region is relatively low compared to other regions of the ice sheet, the frozen region is relatively greater and therefore more susceptible to marginward changes in the frictional and strain heating fields. Migration of melted regions thus depends on both geometric changes and the antecedent thermal state of the bedrock and ice, both of which vary considerably around the ice sheet.
MODEL COMPLETIONS FOR UNIVERSAL CLASSES OF ALGEBRAS: NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS
Authors: METCALFE GEORGE , REGGIO LUCA
Published: January 2022

Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the (first-order) theory of a universal class of algebraic structures (algebras) to have a model completion, extending a characterization provided by Wheeler. For varieties of algebras that have equationally definable principal congruences and the compact intersection property, these conditions yield a more elegant characterization obtained (in a slightly more restricted setting) by Ghilardi and Zawadowski. Moreover, it is shown that under certain further assumptions on congruence lattices, the existence of a model completion implies that the variety has equationally definable principal congruences. This result is then used to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a model completion for theories of Hamiltonian varieties of pointed residuated lattices, a broad family of varieties that includes lattice-ordered abelian groups and MV-algebras. Notably, if the theory of a Hamiltonian variety of pointed residuated lattices has a model completion, it must have equationally definable principal congruences. In particular, the theories of lattice-ordered abelian groups and MV-algebras do not have a model completion, as first proved by Glass and Pierce, and Lacava, respectively. Finally, it is shown that certain varieties of pointed residuated lattices generated by their linearly ordered members, including lattice-ordered abelian groups and MV-algebras, can be extended with a binary operation to obtain theories that do have a model completion.
An overview of induced seismicity in the Netherlands
Authors: Muntendam-Bos Annemarie G. , Hoedeman Gerco , Polychronopoulou Katerina , Draganov Deyan , Weemstra Cornelis , van der Zee Wouter , Bakker Richard R. , Roest Hans
Published: January 2022

We present an overview of induced seismicity due to subsurface engineering in the Netherlands. Our overview includes events induced by gas extraction, underground gas storage, geothermal heat extraction, salt solution mining and post-mining water ingress. Compared to natural seismicity, induced events are usually small (magnitudes ≤ 4.0). However, due to the soft topsoils in combination with shallow hypocentres, in the Netherlands events exceeding magnitude 1.5–2.0 may be felt by the public. These events can potentially damage houses and infrastructure, and undermine public acceptance. Felt events were induced by gas production in the north of the Netherlands and by post-mining water ingress in the south-east. Notorious examples are the earthquakes induced by gas production from the large Groningen gas field with magnitudes up to 3.6. Here, extensive non-structural damage incurred and public support was revoked. As a consequence, production will be terminated in 2022 leaving approximately 800 billion cubic metres of gas unexploited. The magnitudes of the events observed at underground gas storage, geothermal heat production and salt solution mining projects have so far been very limited (magnitudes ≤ 1.7). However, in the future larger events cannot be excluded. Project- or industry-specific risk governance protocols, extensive gathering of subsurface data and adequate seismic monitoring are therefore essential to allow sustainable use of the Dutch subsurface now and over the decades to come.
HYPERSURFACE SUPPORT FOR NONCOMMUTATIVE COMPLETE INTERSECTIONS
Authors: NEGRON CRIS , PEVTSOVA JULIA
Published: January 2022

We introduce an infinite variant of hypersurface support for finite-dimensional, noncommutative complete intersections. We show that hypersurface support defines a support theory for the big singularity category
$\operatorname {Sing}(R)$
, and that the support of an object in
$\operatorname {Sing}(R)$
vanishes if and only if the object itself vanishes. Our work is inspired by Avramov and Buchweitz’ support theory for (commutative) local complete intersections. In the companion piece [27], we employ hypersurface support for infinite-dimensional modules, and the results of the present paper, to classify thick ideals in stable categories for a number of families of finite-dimensional Hopf algebras.
Association of dietary patterns with obesity and metabolically healthy obesity phenotype in Chinese population: a cross-sectional analysis of China Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Tang Dan , Xiao Xiong , Chen Liling , Kangzhu Yixi , Deng Wei , Basang  , Yang Shujuan , Long Lu , Xie Xiaofen , Lu Jiaojiao , Meng Qun , Yin Jianzhong , Hong Feng , Zhao Xing
Published: January 2022

Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) might be an alternative valuable target in obesity treatment. We aimed to assess whether alternative Mediterranean (aMED) diet and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet were favourably associated with obesity and MHO phenotype in a Chinese multi-ethnic population. We conducted this cross-sectional analysis using the baseline data of the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort study that enrolled 99 556 participants from seven diverse ethnic groups. Participants with self-reported cardiometabolic diseases were excluded to eliminate possible reverse causality. Marginal structural logistic models were used to estimate the associations, with confounders determined by directed acyclic graph (DAG). Among 65 699 included participants, 11·2 % were with obesity. MHO phenotype was present in 5·7 % of total population and 52·7 % of population with obesity. Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of DASH diet score had 23 % decreased odds of obesity (OR = 0·77, 95 % CI 0·71, 0·83, Ptrend < 0·001) and 27 % increased odds of MHO (OR = 1·27, 95 % CI 1·10, 1·48, Ptrend = 0·001) in population with obesity. However, aMED diet showed no obvious favourable associations. Further adjusting for BMI did not change the associations between diet scores and MHO. Results were robust to various sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, DASH diet rather than aMED diet is associated with reduced risk of obesity and presents BMI-independent metabolic benefits in this large population-based study. Recommendation for adhering to DASH diet may benefit the prevention of obesity and related metabolic disorders in Chinese population.
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery outcome in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with hypoplastic maxillary sinus
Authors: Al-Qudah M , Zubidi A
Published: January 2022

Objective

To review the clinical characteristics, prevalence and outcomes of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with a hypoplastic maxillary sinus who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed for the 814 consecutive, elective functional endoscopic sinus surgery procedures performed at an academic centre from 2010 to 2020, to identify patients with a hypoplastic maxillary sinus.

Result

A total of 56 hypoplastic maxillary sinus cases were detected. Maxillary sinus hypoplasia presented unilaterally in 20 cases and bilaterally in 18 cases. Of the maxillary sinus hypoplasia cases, 38 were type I, 17 were type II and 1 was type III. The average Lund–McKay score was 8.6. No major post-operative complications were reported. Four patients had minor complications and one had persistent post-nasal drip.

Conclusion

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a safe and effective procedure for improving the clinical condition of patients with a hypoplastic maxillary sinus; however, careful pre-operative radiological evaluation, identification of intra-operative endoscopic landmarks and use of additional techniques may be essential to achieve satisfactory results and avoid possible serious complications.
Cost-comparison study of reusable and disposable rhinolaryngoscopes in a large English teaching hospital
Authors: Morgan O , Elsayed M , Ramakrishnan Y , McGlashan J , Whynes D , McCahon R
Published: January 2022

Objective

This study aimed to compare the cost per use of video-rhinolaryngoscopy using reusable and disposable devices in a tertiary referral centre.

Methods

A cost-comparison study was performed that utilised retrospective cost data and prospective utilisation data to compare the total costs of using reusable video-rhinolaryngoscopes versus a single-use alternative.

Results

It was estimated that 4776 and 1821 procedures were performed annually with reusable and disposable video-rhinolaryngoscopes, respectively. The cost per use was £66.61 for reusable devices versus £150.00 for disposable devices. The break-even point (i.e. when cost per use was equal, occurred at 1374 procedures per year). Thereafter, it was cheaper to use reusable devices.

Conclusion

Disposable rhinolaryngoscopes may present a cheaper solution to services with low rates of rhinolaryngoscope utilisation. However, for larger services considering replacement of their reusable rhinolaryngoscopes with disposable units, it is likely that the recurring costs will be prohibitive in the medium to long term.
Clinical outcomes following pharyngolaryngectomy reconstruction: a 20-year single-centre study
Authors: Layton T , Thomas R , Harris C , Holmes S , Fraser L , Silva P , Winter S C
Published: January 2022

Background

Advanced malignant neoplasms of the larynx and hypopharynx pose many therapeutic challenges. Total pharyngolaryngectomy and total laryngectomy provide an opportunity to cure these tumours but are associated with significant morbidity. Reconstruction of the pharyngeal defect following total pharyngolaryngectomy demands careful consideration and remains an area of debate within surgical discussions.

Methods

This paper describes a systemic analysis of pharyngeal reconstruction following total pharyngolaryngectomy and total laryngectomy, leveraging data collected over a 20-year period at a large tertiary referral centre.

Results

Analysing 155 patients, the results show that circumferential pharyngeal defects and prior radiotherapy have a significant impact on surgical complications. In addition, free tissue transfer in larger pharyngeal defects showed lower rates of post-operative anastomosis leak and stricture.

Conclusion

Pharyngeal resection carries a substantial risk of post-operative complications, and free tissue transfer appears to be an effective means of reconstruction for circumferential defects.
Three-dimensional versus two-dimensional endoscopes in anatomical orientation of the middle ear and in simulated surgical tasks
Authors: Denton O , Brahmabhatt P , Ahmed J , Sanu A
Published: January 2022

Background

Three-dimensional endoscopes provide a stereoscopic view of the operating field, facilitating depth perception compared to two-dimensional systems, but are not yet widely accepted. Existing research addresses performance and preference, but there are no studies that quantify anatomical orientation in endoscopic ear surgery.

Methods

Participants (n = 70) were randomised in starting with either the two-dimensional or three-dimensional endoscope system to perform one of two tasks: anatomical orientation using a labelled three-dimensional printed silicone model of the middle ear, or simulated endoscopic skills. Scores and time to task completion were recorded, as well as self-reported difficulty, confidence and preference.

Results

Novice surgeons scored significantly higher in a test of anatomical orientation using three-dimensional compared to two-dimensional endoscopy (p < 0.001), with no significant difference in the speed of simulated endoscopic skills task completion. For both tasks, there was lower self-reported difficulty and increased confidence when using the three-dimensional endoscope. Participants preferred three-dimensional over two-dimensional endoscopy for both tasks.

Conclusion

The findings demonstrate the superiority of three-dimensional endoscopy in anatomical orientation, specific to endoscopic ear surgery, with statistically indistinguishable performance in a skills task using a simulated trainer.
Sex differences in the severity and natural recovery of child PTSD symptoms: a longitudinal analysis of children exposed to acute trauma
Authors: Hiscox Lucy V. , Bray Sidney , Fraser Abigail , Meiser-Stedman Richard , Seedat Soraya , Halligan Sarah L.
Published: January 2022

Background

Higher levels of PTSD symptoms are present among trauma-exposed females v. males in adulthood; however, much less is known about the emergence of this sex difference during development.

Methods

In a multi-study sample of 7–18-year-olds (n = 3397), we examined the effect of sex and age on the severity of PTSD symptoms after a single incident trauma at 1 month (T1), and on symptom change after a natural recovery period of 3 (T2) and 6 months (T3). PTSD scores were harmonised across measurement types, and linear regressions were used to determine sex and age effects, adjusting for study level variance and trauma type.

Results

A sex × age interaction was observed at T1 (p < 0.001) demonstrating that older age was associated with greater PTSD symptom severity in females (β = 0.008, p = 0.047), but less severe symptoms in males (β = −0.011, p = 0.014). The same pattern was observed at T2 and T3, with sex differences beginning to emerge by age 12 years. PTSD symptoms decreased naturally by ~25% at T2 with little further improvement by T3. Further, females showed a greater reduction in symptoms at T3 than males, although the same effect was not observed at T2.

Conclusions

Sex differences in PTSD symptoms become apparent during adolescence, due to opposing changes in susceptibility occurring in females and males with age. Understanding the factors contributing to these findings is likely to provide wider insight into sex-specific psychological vulnerability to trauma-related psychopathology.
Efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressive and anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ito Masaya , Horikoshi Masaru , Kato Noriko , Oe Yuki , Fujisato Hiroko , Yamaguchi Keiko , Nakajima Shun , Miyamae Mitsuhiro , Toyota Ayaka , Okumura Yasuyuki , Takebayashi Yoshitake
Published: January 2022

Background

The efficacy of the unified protocol of the transdiagnostic treatment for emotional disorders (UP) has been poorly studied in patients with depressive disorders. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of UP for improving depressive symptoms in patients with depressive and/or anxiety-related disorders.

Methods

This assessor-blinded, randomized, 20-week, parallel-group, superiority study compared the efficacy of the UP with treatment-as-usual (UP-TAU) v. wait-list with treatment-as-usual (WL-TAU). Patients diagnosed with depressive and/or anxiety disorders and with depressive symptoms participated. The primary outcome was depressive symptoms assessed by GRID-Hamilton depression rating scale (GRID-HAMD) at 21 weeks. The secondary outcomes included assessor-rated anxiety symptoms, severity and improvement of clinical global impression, responder and remission status, and loss of principal diagnosis.

Results

In total, 104 patients participated and were subjected to intention-to-treat analysis [mean age = 37.4, s.d. = 11.5, 63 female (61%), 54 (51.9%) with a principal diagnosis of depressive disorders]. The mean GRID-HAMD scores in the UP-TAU and WL-TAU groups were 16.15 (s.d. = 4.90) and 17.06 (s.d. = 6.46) at baseline and 12.14 (s.d. = 5.47) and 17.34 (s.d. = 5.78) at 21 weeks, with a significant adjusted mean change difference of −3.99 (95% CI −6.10 to −1.87). Patients in the UP-TAU group showed significant superiority in anxiety and clinical global impressions. The improvement in the UP-TAU group was maintained in all outcomes at 43 weeks. No serious adverse events were observed in the UP-TAU group.

Conclusions

The UP is an effective approach for patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders.
Community policing on American Indian reservations: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Crepelle Adam , Fegley Tate , Murtazashvili Ilia , Murtazashvili Jennifer Brick
Published: January 2022

In the 1970s, Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues found that neighborhood policing works better than metropolitan policing. Though Ostrom articulated design principles for self-governance, the early studies of neighborhood policing did not. In this paper, we articulate the design principles for self-governing policing, which we term Ostrom-Compliant Policing. We then apply this framework to an understudied case: policing on American Indian reservations. Policing in Indian country generally falls into one of three categories – federal policing (by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Federal Bureau of Investigation), state policing (by municipal and state police departments), and tribal policing (by tribal police departments) – that vary in the degree of centralization. Our main contribution is to show that tribal policing as it is practiced in the United States, which claims to be self-governing, is not Ostrom-Compliant. Thus, our approach offers insight into why high crime remains an ongoing challenge in much of Indian country even when tribes have primary control over policing outcomes. This does not mean centralization is better, or that self-governance of policing does not work. Rather, our research suggests that a greater tribal autonomy over-policing and meta-political changes to federal rules governing criminal jurisdictions is necessary to implement Ostromian policing.
Comprehending Comprehensible Input (CI): Some Observations
Authors: Moran Jerome
Published: January 2022

Most people who use the word ‘Latin’ as the name of a language in antiquity (not Medieval or Neo-Latin therefore) seem unaware that Latin was a continuum made up of many different varieties, Classical Latin (which they identify with Latin) being only one of them. So when they talk of spoken Latin they mean spoken Classical Latin, no other variety from antiquity being available that is suitable to be spoken. This is ironic on two counts. First, the overwhelming majority of native Latin speakers did not speak Classical Latin at all. Secondly, the small minority of people who did speak it did not do so routinely as a language of everyday conversation, but only on certain formal occasions and in certain public situations. They spoke routinely the appropriate form of their first language, the form that was used by a social, cultural and educational elite. This was not Classical Latin, which was not an acquired form of Latin but one that was learned as if it were a second language. What the language they did speak routinely was like we do not know, and no doubt it comprised several different registers, as languages do. Whether they realise it or not, people who engage in informal conversations in formal Classical Latin today are not re-enacting any authentic experience that was to be had in the ancient world.
Operationalising positive tipping points towards global sustainability
Authors: Lenton Timothy M. , Benson Scarlett , Smith Talia , Ewer Theodora , Lanel Victor , Petykowski Elizabeth , Powell Thomas W. R. , Abrams Jesse F. , Blomsma Fenna , Sharpe Simon
Published: January 2022

Non-technical summary

Transforming towards global sustainability requires a dramatic acceleration of social change. Hence, there is growing interest in finding ‘positive tipping points’ at which small interventions can trigger self-reinforcing feedbacks that accelerate systemic change. Examples have recently been seen in power generation and personal transport, but how can we identify positive tipping points that have yet to occur? We synthesise theory and examples to provide initial guidelines for creating enabling conditions, sensing when a system can be positively tipped, who can trigger it, and how they can trigger it. All of us can play a part in triggering positive tipping points.

Technical summary

Recent work on positive tipping points towards sustainability has focused on social-technological systems and the agency of policymakers to tip change, whilst earlier work identified social-ecological positive feedbacks triggered by diverse actors. We bring these together to consider positive tipping points across social-technological-ecological systems and the potential for multiple actors and interventions to trigger them. Established theory and examples provide several generic mechanisms for triggering tipping points. From these we identify specific enabling conditions, reinforcing feedbacks, actors and interventions that can contribute to triggering positive tipping points in the adoption of sustainable behaviours and technologies. Actions that can create enabling conditions for positive tipping include targeting smaller populations, altering social network structure, providing relevant information, reducing price, improving performance, desirability and accessibility, and coordinating complementary technologies. Actions that can trigger positive tipping include social, technological and ecological innovations, policy interventions, public investment, private investment, broadcasting public information, and behavioural nudges. Positive tipping points can help counter widespread feelings of disempowerment in the face of global challenges and help unlock ‘paralysis by complexity’. A key research agenda is to consider how different agents and interventions can most effectively work together to create system-wide positive tipping points whilst ensuring a just transformation.

Social media summary

We identify key actors and actions that can enable and trigger positive tipping points towards global sustainability.
Functionally diverse flax-based rotations improve wild oat (Avena fatua) and cleavers (Galium spurium) management
Authors: Benaragama Dilshan I. , May William E. , Gulden Robert H. , Willenborg Christian J.
Published: January 2022

Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and false cleavers (Galium spurium L.) are currently a challenge to manage in less competitive crops such as flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Increasing the functional diversity in crop rotations can be an option to improve weed management. Nonetheless, this strategy had not been tested in flax in western Canada. A 5-yr (2015 to 2019) crop rotation study was carried at three locations in western Canada to determine the effect of diverse flax-based crop rotations with differences in crop species, crop life cycles, harvesting time, and reduced herbicides on managing A. fatua and G. spurium. The perennial rotation (flax–alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.]–alfalfa–alfalfa–flax) under reduced herbicide use was found to be the most consistent cropping system, providing A. fatua and G. spurium control similar to the conventional annual flax crop rotation (flax–barley [Hordeum vulgare L.]–flax–oat [Avena sativa L.]–flax) with standard herbicides. At Carman, this alfalfa rotation provided even better weed control (80% A. fatua, 75% G. spurium) than the conventional rotation. Furthermore, greater A. fatua control was identified compared with a conventional rotation in which two consecutive winter cereal crops were grown successfully in rotation (flax–barley–winter triticale [×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus (Secale × Triticum)]–winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]–flax). Incorporation of silage oat crops did not show consistent management benefits compared with the perennial alfalfa rotation but was generally similar to the conventional rotation with standard herbicides. The results showed that perennial alfalfa in the rotation minimized G. spurium and A. fatua in flax-cropping systems, followed by rotations with two consecutive winter cereal crops.
Flooding depths and burial effects on seedling emergence of five California weedy rice (Oryza sativa spontanea) accessions
Authors: Galvin Liberty B. , Inci Deniz , Mesgaran Mohsen , Brim-DeForest Whitney , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: January 2022

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev.) has recently become a significant botanical pest in California rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems. The conspecificity of this pest with cultivated rice negates the use of selective herbicides, rendering the development of nonchemical methods a necessary component of creating management strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted to determine the emergence and early growth responses of O. sativa spontanea to flooding soil and burial conditions. Treatment combinations of four flooding depths (0, 5, 10, and 15 cm) and four burial depths (1.3, 2.5, 5, and 10 cm) were applied to test the emergence of five O. sativa spontanea accessions as well as ‘M-206’, a commonly used rice cultivar in California, for comparison. Results revealed that burial depth had a significant effect on seedling emergence. A 43% to 91% decrease in emergence between seedlings buried at 1.3 and 2.5 cm depending on the flooding depth and accession and an absence of emergence from seedlings buried at or below 5 cm were observed. Flooding depth did not affect emergence, but there was a significant interaction between burial and flooding treatments. There was no significant difference between total O. sativa spontanea emergence from the soil and water surfaces regardless of burial or flooding depths, implying that once the various accessions have emerged from the soil they will also emerge from the floodwater. Most accessions had similar total emergence compared with M-206 cultivated rice but produced more dry weight than M-206 when planted at 1.3 cm in the soil. The results of this experiment can be used to inform stakeholders of the flooding conditions necessary as well as soil burial depths that will promote or inhibit the emergence of California O. sativa spontanea accessions from the weed seedbank.
Ambivalence and Self-Reported Adherence to Recommendations to Reduce	the Spread of COVID-19
Authors: Schneider Iris K. , Dorrough Angela R. , Frank Celine
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Governments worldwide still, to some extent, rely on behavioral recommendations to reduce the spread of COVID-19. We examine the role of ambivalence toward both the specific recommendations (micro-ambivalence) and the pandemic as a whole (macro-ambivalence) about compliance. We predict that micro ambivalence relates negatively, whereas macro ambivalence relates positively to self-reported adherence to recommendations. We present two studies ( N = 691) supporting our hypotheses: the more ambivalent people are toward the behavioral recommendations (micro-level), the less they report following them. Conversely, the more ambivalent people are about the pandemic as a whole (macro-level), the more they report following recommendations. Our findings were replicated in a US sample and a representative German sample.
Mere Ownership Effect Is Equally Pronounced in Material and Immaterial Objects
Authors: Stefanczyk Michal M. , Rokosz Marta , Białek Michał
Published: January 2022

Abstract. The mere ownership effect is an increase in the subjective value of owned objects compared to identical but non-owned objects. We tested whether the effect differs in magnitude between material and immaterial objects (e.g., information). Three hundred participants played an incentivized detective game in which they had to connect clues to identify a murderer. Their task was to evaluate the usefulness of the clues they or their partners were endowed with. Despite the fact that the immaterial clues were rated as more useful than the material ones, we found the mere ownership effect to be similarly strong for the material and the immaterial clues.
Propagation Direction Analyses of Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed Over North America With GPS‐TEC Perturbation Maps by Three‐Dimensional Spectral Analysis Method
Authors: Perwitasari Septi , Nakamura Takuji , Tsugawa Takuya , Nishioka Michi , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Ejiri Mitsumu K. , Kogure Masaru , Otsuka Yuichi , Shinbori Atsuki , Jin Hidekatsu , Tao Chihiro
Published: January 2022

We applied a novel three‐dimensional spectral analysis method to GPS‐TEC perturbation (GPS‐TECP) maps to study the propagation direction of daytime and nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over North America. By this method, we can automatically calculate the phase velocity spectrum and directionality of MSTIDs. We focused on the periods of high MSTIDs occurrence, namely, June–July 2006 and November–December 2006, to study nighttime and daytime MSTIDs. We divided North America into the west (100°–130°W, 25°–55°N) and east (70°–100°W, 25°–55°N) parts. Our results show that both daytime and nighttime MSTID propagations exhibit strong longitudinal variations as a function of local time and day‐to‐day variations. The power peaks of daytime MSTIDs are from 10:00–16:00 LT in the west part and 10:00–14:00 LT in the east part. The predominant propagation directions of daytime MSTIDs are southward (southeastward) in the west (east). The daytime local time variations demonstrate that the MSTIDs display directional change in the west part; however, a similar directional change is not very pronounced in the east part. The local time variations of nighttime MSTIDs shows the power peaks from 22:00–02:00 LT in the west and 20:00–00:00 LT in the east. We found that the predominant propagation direction in the west part is westward with a wider azimuthal band (∼210°–300°) than the east part (∼210°–240°). By comparing nighttime propagation directions between the western and eastern parts, we reached the conclusion that the magnetic declination angle affects the propagation direction.
Deep to Shallow Sulfide Saturation at Nisyros Active Volcano
Authors: Georgatou A. , Chiaradia M. , Klaver M.
Published: January 2022

We report new petrographic and geochemical observations on magmatic sulfides occurring in different enclave types, including hornblende and/or clinopyroxene‐rich cumulates, and in the host lavas, in Nisyros (South Aegean volcanic arc). We discuss our findings in the context of pre‐existing petrological and thermobarometry studies. Our results indicate that sulfides become less abundant and Cu‐richer (Cu median values) with magma differentiation at progressively lower pressure/P‐temperature/T‐depth conditions. Starting with high T‐P sulfide‐free pillow lavas and wehrilitic cumulates still representing a sulfide undersaturated system, passing to high T and lower P, deep‐forming sulfide‐rich and hornblende‐rich gabbroic enclaves (SiO2 = 53–55 wt.%, 4–5 × 10−5 area %, Cu = 260 μg/g) at the base of the crust (∼25–30 km), then to clinopyroxene‐rich gabbroic micro‐cumulates (2–3 × 10−5 area %, Cu = 570 μg/g) forming in shallower crustal levels (∼10 km), then to more evolved sulfide‐poor hybrid enclaves (SiO2 = 56–70 wt.%, 1 × 10−5 area %, Cu = 602 μg/g), and finally to even more sulfide‐poor rhyodacitic host lavas (SiO2 = 66–76 wt.%, <0.5 × 10−5 area %, Cu = 6.4 wt.%) differentiating at even shallower crustal levels (∼7 km). Sulfide‐free quenched basaltic andesitic enclaves differentiating near surface levels, carry no textural evidence of pre‐existing magmatic sulfides suggesting that the system returned to a sulfide‐undersaturated state. Finally, we point out two important processes for sulfide evolution, a reaction replacement of clinopyroxene by amphibole observed in the deep‐forming hornblende‐rich gabbroic enclaves triggering the onset of sulfide saturation, and an increased mafic input followed by magma mingling and enclave disaggregation leading to sulfide dissolution and Cu‐enrichment of the magmas.
Decreasing Wintertime Mixed‐Layer Depth in the Northwestern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Sugimoto S.
Published: January 2022

The deep winter mixed layer (ML), ∼240 m, in the northwestern North Pacific subtropical gyre exchanges heat and absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and receives nutrients through the Kuroshio. The ML water spreads broadly in the subsurface ocean over the subtropical gyre. Compiling historical temperature measurements, we show that the winter ML depth (MLD) has decreased by ∼6% over the last six decades. Observations, atmospheric reanalyzes, simulation outputs from a one‐dimensional turbulent closure model, and climate projections reveal that the strengthening of the upper‐ocean stratification due to surface warming under global warming is responsible for the MLD decrease. Climate models project further decrease of winter MLD attributable to the marked strengthening of ocean stratification with climate warming, of up to 27%–40% by 2100 under the highest emission scenario. A monitoring system for winter ML should be established so that important changes for marine ecosystems can be foreseen.
Energy Transfer From PSI‐Generated M1 Subharmonic Waves to High‐Frequency Internal Waves
Authors: Yang Wei , Wei Hao , Zhao Liang
Published: January 2022

Internal tides (ITs) represent one of the major energy sources available for small‐scale mixing in the ocean. Here, the energy pathway associated with ITs is examined based on measurements obtained at the East China Sea shelf slope. We reveal that after the occurrence of parametric subharmonic instability (PSI), energy can be further transferred from the PSI‐generated subharmonic waves to high‐frequency internal waves (HFIWs) through nonlinear interactions between them. This interprets the observed similar varying trends of magnitude between internal waves at near‐inertial and high‐frequency bands. Bispectrum and bicoherence estimates confirm that the M1 subharmonic wave interacts with a pair of HFIW which have larger vertical scales and a broad range of frequencies. The averaged net value of the energy transfer rate reaches 2 10−7 W kg−1, which has implications for a further significant role of this energy pathway on the spatial distribution of ocean mixing.
Prospects for Detecting Accelerated Global Warming
Authors: Richardson Mark T.
Published: January 2022

With global temperatures approaching Paris climate agreement targets and a wide spread in modeled future warming, it is critical to rapidly identify any changes in warming rate. Here, I address the question of when we would be able to detect acceleration of warming in global‐mean temperature. Some standard techniques report significantly (p < 0.05) accelerated warming over 1980–2020 in the latest versions of the three main data sets used in the The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5th Assessment Report, with a mean acceleration of 49 m°C/decade2, which would add about 0.5°C additional warming over 50 years compared with linear warming. Accounting for El Nino, volcanism, and solar activity using a published method, the acceleration is 36 ± 30m°C/decade2. Using large ensemble output, I show that statistical uncertainties are underestimated by several common approaches. I recommend a better‐performing method and show that with these techniques 49m°C/decade2 acceleration would likely not be detectable with robust confidence until at least 2026.
A Multivariate Flash Drought Indicator for Identifying Global Hotspots and Associated Climate Controls
Authors: Mukherjee Sourav , Mishra Ashok Kumar
Published: January 2022

The significant impact of flash droughts (FDs) on society can vary based on a combination of FD characteristics (event counts, mean severity, and rate of intensification), which is largely unexplored. We employed root‐zone soil‐moisture for 1980–2018 to calculate the FD characteristics and integrated them to formulate a novel multivariate FD indicator for mapping the global FD hotspot regions. The potential influence of climate characteristics (i.e., anomalies, aridity, and evaporative fractions) and land‐climate feedbacks on the evolution of multivariate FD indicator is investigated. Our results indicate that precipitation is the primary driver of FD evolution, while the effect of temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and land‐climate interaction varies across the climate divisions after the onset of the events. The magnitude of multivariate FD indicator decreases with increased climate aridity, and it is significant in the global humid regimes, underscoring the importance of water and energy supply as limiting factors regulating FD‐risk.
Impacts of Sudden Stratospheric Warming on Extreme Cold Events in Early 2021: An Ensemble‐Based Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Zhang Murong , Yang Xiao‐Yi , Huang Yipeng
Published: January 2022

Impacts of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) on three severe cold events (C1–C3) over Northern Hemisphere in early 2021 were investigated using subseasonal‐to‐seasonal ensemble forecasts. The SSW was characterized by successive displacement and split of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV). Ensemble‐based sensitivity analyses showed that C1 over Siberia and C2 over western Canada were more related to SPV variations at a lead time of 1–2 weeks than C3 over central U.S. Within ensemble forecasts, a more elongated SPV with higher geopotential height over northern Eurasia were conducive to C1, whereas a SPV with the more poleward retreat from displacement contributed to C2. The forecast accuracy of stratospheric heights over the sensitive region at 2 weeks lead was significantly correlated with the forecast skill of the tropospheric circulation pattern preceding C1, implying that prediction of specific cold weather events may be improved by a better forecast of key features in SPV variations.
Ekman Transport as the Driver of Extreme Interannual Formation Rates of Eighteen Degree Water
Authors: Li Ke , Maze Guillaume , Mercier Herlé
Published: January 2022

In the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, the Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) is a voluminous heat reservoir, submerged under a seasonal pycnocline that can be progressively removed through the winter, allowing EDW ventilation in the early spring. We target the EDW formation extremes, namely 2004–2005, 2009–2010, and 2012–2013 for the strong years, and 2007–2008, 2008–2009, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014 for the weak years. We employ gridded hydrographic datasets mainly measured by Argo floats over the last 20 years, and provide a synthetic study on the extreme events of strong and weak EDW formation of this time period. We found that the Ekman transport is the indicator and driving mechanism explaining these extremes. Strong (Weak) EDW formation years correspond with atmospheric patterns resembling NAO− (NAO+), attributed to a strong (weak) winter air‐sea surface heat loss, and a strong (weak) winter heat loss due to Ekman transport. Further, we show that such extreme Ekman advection patterns can be linked to mid‐latitude storms, of which both intensity and duration have an impact on the extreme of EDW ventilation in the western subtropical North Atlantic. To yield a strong EDW formation, it requires a large winter heat deficit due to Ekman divergence, which can be sufficiently represented by numbers of strong winter storms, most notably, remnants of hurricanes and US east coast snowstorms. Meanwhile, to yield a weak EDW formation, apart from weak atmospheric forcings, a remnant positive heat content anomaly carried through from previous years would serve as an unfavorable preconditioning, hindering the EDW formation.
Three‐Dimensional Physical Modeling of Tsunamis Generated by Partially Submerged Landslides
Authors: Takabatake Tomoyuki , Han Dawn Chenxi , Valdez Justin Joseph , Inagaki Naoto , Mäll Martin , Esteban Miguel , Shibayama Tomoya
Published: January 2022

Massive landslides can generate large tsunamis and endanger human lives and properties. While a number of laboratory experiments on either subaerial or submarine landslide‐tsunamis have been conducted, few studies have focused on partially submerged events. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of partially submerged landslide‐tsunamis and to develop a predictive equation that can estimate their heights through three‐dimensional laboratory experiments that used 114 different conditions. The experimental results showed that, while waves generated in the landslide sliding direction had around 1.7 times higher amplitude than those propagating laterally in the near‐field region, the wave period, celerity, and wavelength did not alter significantly according to the propagation angles. The effects of wave dispersion were also shown to be significant during the propagation process. Such wave characteristics were consistent with those reported in existing subaerial landslide tsunami experiments conducted by other researchers. Based on the data set obtained, the authors also derived a predictive equation which was confirmed to be able to estimate the results of other experimental studies on partially submerged landslide‐tsunamis with an error of around ±30%, and thus can be helpful for a rapid tsunami hazard assessment. The developed equation indicated that the volume of a landslide could have more than twice the impact on the height of a partially submerged landslide‐tsunami than other parameters. The effects of the landslide size were also shown to be more significant than in the case of a subaerial landslide‐tsunami, though the wave attenuation process was similar in both types.
Exploring Seasonal and Annual Nitrogen Transfer and Ecological Response in River‐Coast Continuums Based on Spatially Explicit Models
Authors: Chen Nengwang , Wang Jia , Liu Xiaochen , Zhang Caiyun , Huang Bangqin , Beusen Arthur H. W. , Middelburg Jack J. , Bouwman Alexander F.
Published: January 2022

Perturbed nutrient balances in watersheds may eventually impact the marine ecosystem, but this river‐coast coupling is poorly understood. Monthly dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes from seven major rivers in China were calculated by a global river nutrient model (IMAGE‐GNM), and then used in a regional ocean model system (ROMS) to explore changes in surface chlorophyll a (Chla) in the plume area (salinity <33) of the Taiwan Strait (TWS) in 2001–2010. Model results showed that river N input increased surface Chla by a factor of 2.1–2.7, revealing a clear eutrophic response. Without river N input, there was only one Chla peak in fall driven by current upwelling N. In contrast, sufficient river N supply and optimum temperature (above 20°C) likely caused another Chla peak (spring bloom) in the northern TWS (NTWS). The difference in the timing of spring blooms (Chla maxima) between the southern TWS (STWS) and the NTWS (April and May, respectively) may be explained by faster growth of phytoplankton at higher temperatures. Diagnostic analysis suggested that DIN was the main factor controlling interannual variation of Chla in the STWS, but only in the wet season in the NTWS. In the NTWS, reduced Chla in winter was mainly due to mixing by the strong northeast monsoon and lower temperatures. This study implies that the STWS is more sensitive to further increases in riverine N export and highlights the importance of fluvial N inputs in phytoplankton dynamics and the unique phenological features in the TWS.