bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma and magnetic field dynamics in the young solar wind
Authors: Kasper Justin ,   On behalf of the SWEAP Investigation science team
Published: March 2020

Parker Solar Probe (PSP) has completed four encounters with the Sun since launch, three with a perihelion of 35.7 solar radii and one at 27.9 solar radii in January of this year.  More than a factor of two closer to the Sun than any previous mission, observations by the spacecraft are already revealing a surprisingly dynamic and non-thermal solar wind plasma near the Sun.  An overview of initial findings related to the solar wind and coronal plasmas will be presented, including the discovery of large-amplitude velocity spikes, highly non-thermal distribution functions, and large non-radial flows of plasma near the Sun observed by the Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) Investigation plasma instruments and the FIELDS Investigation electromagnetic field instruments.  Once PSP dropped below a quarter of the distance from the Sun to the Earth, SWEAP began to detect a persistent and growing rotational circulation of the plasma around the Sun peaking at 40-50 km/s at perihelion as the Alfvén mach number fell to 3.  This finding may support theories for enhanced stellar angular momentum loss due to rigid coronal rotation, but the circulation is large, and angular momentum does not appear to be conserved, suggesting that torques still act on the young wind at these distances.  PSP also measured numerous intense and organized Alfvénic velocity spikes with strong propagating field reversals and large jumps in speed.  These field reversals and jets call for an overhaul in our understanding of the turbulent fluctuations that may, by energizing the solar wind, hold the key to its origin.
Global and regional emission estimates for three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluoro-carbons (HCFCs) with no known end-uses
Authors: Vollmer Martin ,   AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) Team
Published: March 2020

We present first results on atmospheric abundances and inferred emissions of the previously undetected ozone depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-132b (1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane). In addition we report significant updates on observations and inferred emissions for HCFC-133a (2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) and HCFC-31 (chlorofluoromethane). All three compounds are Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) and their productions are regulated under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. However, they are not known as end-user products from which potential emissions to the atmosphere could occur. Rather, we hypothesize that the compounds are emitted as byproducts during the production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). If this holds true, then the phase-out regulations of the Protocol do not apply to them, nevertheless the Protocol's overarching Vienna Convention encourages the parties to minimize such ODS byproduct emissions.

In-situ fully intercalibrated high-precision measurements of the recently discovered HCFC-132b have been made for several years at the stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and are complemented with measurements from archived air samples (1978 – present) of the Cape Grim Air Archive. Based on these measurements we reconstruct global HCFC-132b trends showing its first appearance in the atmosphere in the late 1990s, followed by a general growth in the atmosphere to current globally-averaged mole fractions of approx. 0.13 ppt (picomol mol-1). Global emissions, which are derived from these observations using the AGAGE 12-box model, show a general increase to approx. 1 Gg yr-1 in 2019. Observation-based top-down regional emission estimates for the East-Asian region, as derived from a Bayesian inversion with the FLEXPART Lagrangian model, can explain all of the global emissions within the uncertainties of the method. Half of these emissions are allocated to Eastern China, a region where enhanced emissions for other ODSs were previously found. Emissions from Europe are comparably insignificant, but an analysis of the source locations supports the hypothesis that HCFC-132b emissions are a byproduct from HFC production. In addition to HCFC-132b, we present significant updates on observations of HCFC-133a and HCFC-31. HCFC-133a measurements are now fully integrated into the AGAGE network and provide a wealth of atmospheric observations. Similar to HCFC-132b, we show, for example, that abundances and global emissions of these two compounds have generally increased over the last few years.
PRISMA hyperspectral satellite mission: first data on snow in the Alps
Authors: Di Mauro Biagio , Garzonio Roberto , Bramati Gabriele , Cogliati Sergio , Cremonese Edoardo , Julitta Tommaso , Panigada Cinzia , Rossini Micol , Colombo Roberto
Published: March 2020

On the 22nd of March 2019, PRISMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa) mission has been launched by the Italian Space Agency (ASI). Since then, the spacecraft has been collecting on demand hyperspectral data of the Earth surface. The imaging spectrometer features 239 bands covering the visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared wavelengths (400-2500 nm) with a spectral resolution <12nm. PRISMA acquires hyperspectral images with a spatial resolution of 30m and a swath of 30 km.

The satellite mission is still in the initial commissioning phase. During this period, the acquisition of field spectroscopy data contemporary to satellite observation is fundamental. With the aim of calibrating and validating PRISMA observations on snow fields, we organized field campaigns at a high altitude (2160 m) experimental site (Torgnon, Aosta Valley) in the European Alps. During these campaigns, we measured spectral reflectance of snow with a Spectral Evolution spectrometer (350-2500 nm), snow grain size, and snow density. Among different instruments operating at the site (e.g. net radiometer, webcam, sensors for snow depth, snow water equivalent, snow surface temperature etc.), we recently installed an unattended spectrometer acquiring continuous measurements of snow reflectance. This instrument covers part of the visible and near infrared spectral range (400-900 nm) and it was used to analyze the daily evolution of snow reflectance during the snow season.

In this contribution, we present a preliminary comparison between field and satellite hyperspectral reflectance data of snow. This comparison is fundamental for the future development of algorithms for the estimation of snow physical variables (snow grain size, snow albedo, and concentration of impurities) from satellite hyperspectral data.
Radial anisotropy in Europe from surface waves ambient noise tomography and transdimensional hierarchical inversion
Authors: Alder Chloé , Debayle Eric , Bodin Thomas , Paul Anne , Stehly Laurent , Pedersen Helle , Dubuffet Fabien ,   the AlpArray working group
Published: March 2020

We present a 3D probabilistic model of shear wave velocity and radial anisotropy of the European crust and uppermost mantle mainly focusing on the Alps and the Apennines.

The model is built using continuous seismic noise recorded between 2010 and 2018 at 1521 broadband stations, including the AlpArray network (Hetényi et al., 2018).

We use a large dataset of more than 730 000 couples of stations representing as many virtual source-receiver pairs. For each path, we calculate the cross-correlation of continuous vertical- and transverse-components of the noise records in order to get the Green’s function. From the Green’s function, we then obtain the group velocity dispersion curves of Love and Rayleigh waves in the period range 5 to 149 s.

Our 3D model is built in two steps. First, the dispersion data are used in a linearized least square inversion providing 2D maps of group velocity in Europe at each period. These maps are obtained using the same coverage for Love and Rayleigh waves. Dispersion curves for both Love and Rayleigh waves are then extracted from the maps, at each geographical point. In a second step, these curves are jointly inverted to depth for shear velocity and radial anisotropy. The inversion in done within a Bayesian Monte-Carlo framework integrating some a priori information coming either from PREM (Dziewonski and Anderson 1961) or the recent 3D shear wave model of Lu et al. 2018 performed for the same region.

Therefore, this joint inversion of Rayleigh and Love data allows us to derive a new 3D model of shear velocity and radial anisotropy of the European crust and uppermost mantle. The isotropic part of our model is consistent with the shear velocity model of Lu et al. 2018. The 3D radial anisotropy model of the region adds new constraints on the deformation of the lithosphere in Europe. Here we present and discuss this new radial anisotropy model, with particular emphasis on the Apennines.
Seismic investigations of the Martian near-surface at the InSight landing site
Authors: Schmelzbach Cedric , Brinkman Nienke , Sollberger David , Kedar Sharon , Grott Matthias , Andersson Fredrik , Robertsson Johan , van Driel Martin , Stähler Simon , ten Pierick Jan , Hudson Troy , Hurst Kenneth , Drilleau Mellanie , Kenda Balthasar , Garcia Raphael , Murdoch Naomi , Giardini Domenico , Lognonne Philippe , Pike W. Tom , Spohn Tilman ,   InSight SEIS and Near Surface Team
Published: March 2020

The InSight ultra-sensitive broadband seismometer package (SEIS) was installed on the Martian surface with the goal to study the seismicity on Mars and the deep interior of the Planet. A second surface-based instrument, the heat flow and physical properties package HP3, was placed on the Martian ground about 1.1 m away from SEIS. HP3 includes a self-hammering probe called the ‘mole’ to measure the heat coming from Mars' interior at shallow depth to reveal the planet's thermal history. While SEIS was designed to study the deep structure of Mars, seismic signals such as the hammering ‘noise’ as well as ambient and other instrument-generated vibrations allow us to investigate the shallow subsurface. The resultant near-surface elastic property models provide additional information to interpret the SEIS data and allow extracting unique geotechnical information on the Martian regolith.

The seismic signals recorded during HP3 mole operations provide information about the mole attitude and health as well as shed light on the near-surface, despite the fact that the HP3 mole continues to have difficulty penetrating below 40 cm (one mole length). The seismic investigation of the HP3 hammering signals, however, was not originally planned during mission design and hence faced several technical challenges. For example, the anti-aliasing filters of the seismic-data acquisition chain were adapted when recording the mole hammering to allow recovering information above the nominal Nyquist frequency. In addition, the independently operating SEIS, HP3 and lander clocks had to be correlated more frequently than in normal operation to enable high-precision timing.

To date, the analysis of the hammering signals allowed us to constrain the bulk P-wave velocity of the volume between the mole tip and SEIS (top 30 cm) to around 120 m/s. This low velocity value is compatible with laboratory tests performed on Martian regolith analogs with a density of around 1500 kg/m3. Furthermore, the SEIS leveling system resonances, seismic recordings of atmospheric pressure signals, HP3 housekeeping data, and imagery provide additional constraints to establish a first seismic model of the shallow (topmost meters) subsurface at the landing site.
Towards Seamless Planetary-Scale Services
Authors: Baumann Peter ,   Peter Baumann
Published: March 2020

Collaboration requires some minimum of common understanding, in the case of Earth data in particular common principles making data interchangeable, comparable, and combinable. Open standards help here; in case of Big Earth Data specifically the OGC/ISO Coverages standard. This unifying framework establishes  a common framework for regular and irregular grids, point clouds, and meshes., in particular: for spatio-temporal datacubes. Services grounding on such common understanding can be more uniform to access and handle, thereby implementing a principle of "minimal surprise" for users visiting different portals. Further, data combination and fusion benefits from canonical metadata allowing alignmen, e.g, between 2D DEMs, 3D satellite image timeseries, 4D atmospheric data.

The EarthServer federation is an open data center network offering dozens of Petabytes of a critical variety, such as radar and optical Copernicus data, atmospheric data, elevation data, and thematic cubes like global sea ice. Data centers like DIASs and CODE-DE, research organizations, companies, and agencies have teamed up in EarthServer. Strictly based on OGC standards, an ecosystem of data has been established that is available to users as a single pool, in particular for efficient distributed data fusion irrespective of data location.

The underlying datacube engine, rasdaman, enables location-transparent federation: clients can submit queries to any node, regardless of where data sit. Query evaluation is optimized automatically, including multi-data fusion of data residing on different nodes. Hence, users perceive one single, common information space. Thanks to the open standards, a broad spectrum of open-source and proprietary clients can utilize this federation, such ranging from OpenLayers and NASA WorldWind over QGIS and ArcGIS to python and R.

In our talk we present technology, services, and governance of this unique intercontinental line-up of data centers. A demo will show distributed datacube fusion live.
Observations of polar and sedimentary processes on Mars with the CaSSIS imaging system
Authors: Thomas Nicolas , Cremonese Gabriele ,   The CaSSIS Team
Published: March 2020

The Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has been taking images of the surface of Mars at 4.5 metres/pixel in four colours since April 2018 and provides a new tool to study the geormophology of Mars. CaSSIS observations add to the existing data sets by increasing surface coverage, providing single stereo observations, and producing high signal to noise colour products. The data are being used to study seasonal dynamic phenomena up to a latitude of 74 degrees in both hemispheres. The colour products are being used to study the 2020 landing sites (Oxia Planum and Jezero crater) as well as studying the detailed topographic-compositional relationships in many regions of Mars. The presentation will provide a brief overview of the current data set and instrument capabilites, focussing on observations of polar processes and sedimentary deposits at all accessible latitudes.   
Portuguese Higher Education Graduates’ Views on Academic Writing
Authors: Cabral Maria L.
Published: March 2020

This paper examines the language choices and the process of academic writing of a group of 35 Portuguese graduate students in the fields of humanities and social sciences with the aim of illustrating their language preferences, as well as the aspects they take into consideration while writing either in Portuguese or in English.Results of this study indicate that the participants prefer to write their papers in Portuguese, their first language, and that they use similar approaches when writing in both languages. However, findings also reveal they are concerned with slightly different process aspects when composing and revising their texts in Portuguese and in English. These differences seem to be associated with acquired discourse traditions in Portuguese language, as well as with the participants’ lower competence in English language writing.
Can Gold Hedge Stock Market and Inflation Simultaneously?
Authors: Chen Jiaming
Published: March 2020

The hedging property of gold against single asset has been greatly demonstrated in literature. Gold-stock hedge suggests gold as ‘safe haven’ for stock market. Unlike gold-stock hedge which requires zero or negative correlation between their returns, gold-inflation hedge refers to the positive co-movement or ’peg’ between gold return and inflation. Thus, this is the first paper to address whether gold can hedge stock market and inflation simultaneously since stock market boom often comes with moderate inflation which creates puzzle in gold price dynamics and its hedging property. In this paper, we assume that an investor creates optimal portfolios from stock and gold. The weights assigned to gold are interpreted as hedge coefficient towards the stock market. We ask if the hedge coefficient also moves in tandem with inflation or other functions of inflation. When regressing the hedge coefficient on inflation or functions of inflation, the slope will be positive if the gold first used to hedge the stock market can also hedge inflation. We find that is not the case: the coefficient is not positive in statistics. This result implies that gold fails to hedge both stock market and inflation simultaneously over time.
A Changing Weights Spatial Forecast Combination Approach with an Application to Housing Price Prediction
Authors: Wei Chuanhua , Du Chenping , Zheng Nana
Published: March 2020

Forecast combination has been widely applied in various fields since the seminal article of Bates and Granger (1969). However, these research were focused only on time series data. Few study focus on the spatial data, this paper proposes a novel adaptive spatial forecast combination method with varying weights based on the geographically weighted regression technique. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the Boston house prices prediction, and the results indicate that our procedure performs better than the other forecast combination methods.
The Impact of Strategies Human Resource Management on Organizational Commitment. (An Applied Study on Employees in Jordanian Islamic Banks)
Authors: Almutairi Mohammad. A. O. , Alsawalhah Ayyoub. A.
Published: March 2020

The present study aimed to explore the impact of strategies human resource management (SHRM) (recruitment, training, compensation, and performance management) on organizational commitment, An applied study on employees in Jordanian Islamic banks. It was found that the strategies human resources management in Jordanian Islamic banks is high. It was found that the employees’ organizational commitment level in Jordanian Islamic banks is high. There is a statistically significant effect at the level (α≤0.05) of strategies human resource management (employment, training, compensation and performance management) on organizational commitment (respect for values and ethics, willingness to commit to work, creative behavior at work), an applied study on employees in Jordanian Islamic banks. The researchers recommend: developing the strategies of the human resources management in a manner that is consistent with the external environment of the organization.
Growth Sources of Green Economy and Energy Consumption in China: New Evidence Accounting for Heterogeneous Regimes
Authors: Liu Guanchun , Liu Yuanyuan , Lee Chien-Chiang
Published: March 2020

This paper proposes an extended Solow decomposition framework with a finite mixture model, which is incorporated to account for heterogeneous regimes. The model decomposes green economy into two different components, namely, green total factor productivity and factor endowment. Then, we reestimate the growth sources of green economy and especially the importance of energy consumption in China’s provincial industries over 2000-2015. The empirical results suggest that there are three green growth regimes across Chinese provinces for overall economy and different industries. Specifically, some provinces switch regime over time, while the others maintain the same regime. Furthermore, when controlling for regime heterogeneity, the contribution of factor endowment decreases and that of green total factor productivity increases. With respect to energy consumption, traditional methods overestimate its importance in the primary and tertiary industries and underestimate that in the secondary industry. In addition, the reliance of China’s overall economy and the secondary and tertiary industries on energy consumption decreases as economy develops.
Unveiling the Time-dependent Dynamics between Oil Prices and Exchange Rates: A Wavelet-based Panel Analysis
Authors: Karlsson Hyunjoo Kim , Mnsson Kristofer , Sjlander Pr
Published: March 2020

The objective of this paper is to re-examine the relationship between real oil prices and real effective exchange rates (REER) for major oil-exporting countries with floating exchange rates. We apply the wavelet-based principles of Gallegati et al. (2016) using monthly data for the period 1996 to 2015. In contrast to many previous studies, our results support the theoretically expected positive nexus between the real oil prices and REER for our dataset. This (theoretically-expected) positive relationship is stronger at the larger time scales (that is, at the 4-8 and 8-16 month wavelet scales) compared to the smaller time scales (that is, at the 1-2 and 2-4 month wavelet scales). The findings of this study therefore add to the existing literature, since they disentangle the specific relationship between oil prices and exchange rates at different time scales, which has important policy implications.
Enlightenment Infinitesimals and Tolstoy’s War and Peace
Authors: Winslow Russell ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

During the Enlightenment period the concept of the infinitesimal was developed as a means to solve the mathematical problem of the incommensurability between human reason and the movements of physical beings. In this essay, the author analyzes the metaphysical prejudices subtending Enlightenment Humanism through the lens of the infinitesimal calculus. One of the consequences of this analysis is the perception of a two-fold possibility occasioned by the infinitesimal. On the one hand, it occasions an extreme form of humanism, “transhumanism,” which exhibits limitless confidence in the possibility of human science. On the other hand, the concept of the infinitesimal also contains within itself a source for a critical “posthumanism,” that is to say, a source which initiates the dissolution of the presuppositions of humanism while simultaneously announcing a different ontological organization. In , Tostoy’s novel takes up the problem of the relation between reason and motion and makes the two-fold possibility visible by presenting a contrast between its theoretical presentations and the lived experiences of the characters in the novel. Thus, is the setting in which the author has chosen to conduct this analysis.
The Invention of Singularity in School
Authors: Crépon Marc , Cross D. J. S. , Williams Tyler M. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

This essay situates “singularity” at the heart of the power dynamics operative in contemporary pedagogy and the system supporting it. More than merely academic learning, indeed, “school” here denotes not only the range of disciplinary authorities at work within the classroom and the educational system at large but also discursive obedience to knowledge. Supported by close readings of Arendt and Derrida, this paper thus argues that nothing less than the formation of identity is at stake in “school.” What are the boundaries, limits, and conditions of possibility for a student’s invention of his or her own singularity within an institution and curriculum that, at the same time, demands obedience to authority? This paradoxical formation of identity within the constrictive demands of authority constitutes the primary task of thinking the “invention of singularity” at the heart of schooling in conjunction with democracy, language, vocation, and ideology.
Wie kann ein Bild frei sein? Wirken und Reflektieren in der Konstruktion des moralischen Bildes in der letzten Philosophie Fichtes
Authors: Marcuzzi Max ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

Fichte’s philosophy is known as a science of freedom since his first Wissenschaftslehre. But since the ego is interpreted as a mere picture in his late moral philosophy, we wonder how the passive image of a truly existing original (the Absolute) can be free. The answer suggested here is that the ego can be understood as a free being, if it is understood as being pure of every Non-I, as pure dynamic being, which cannot be bound to any substantial version of itself, and not even the form of the present.Seit seiner ersten Wissenschaftslehre ist Fichtes Philosophie bekanntlich eine Freiheitslehre. Sofern das Ich in seiner späten Moralphilosophie als einfaches Bild gedeutet wird, stellt sich jedoch die Frage, wie das passive Bild eines wirklich existierenden Originals (das Absolute) frei sein kann. Die Antwort, die hier vorgeschlagen wird, ist, dass das Ich als frei verstanden werden kann, wenn es als rein von jedem Nicht-Ich gedacht wird, als dynamisches Wesen, das an keine Bestimmung seiner selbst gebunden sein darf, auch nicht an die Form der Gegenwart.
De l’image-modèle à l’image de Dieu. Le dépassement de l’individu dans la doctrine éthique de Fichte, 1798–1812
Authors: Vincenti Luc ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

Fichte’s ethics changed in many ways between 1794 and 1812: in the first place spiritual life replaced the transformation of nature; individual supersession was radicalized; and ethics was linked with first philosophy. In 1812 it was no longer a matter of inflecting natural necessity by means of the model image of an ideal world (Vorbild). The theme of image reappears as an externalizing of absolute life. Ethical action becomes a moment of this manifestation: a return to unity, following the process of fragmentation of the originary phenomenon (the I or the I-one), into an infinity of individual I’s. This fragmentation is fondamental: life is self-consciousness only in this individual form. The ethical act manifests the concept or image of God with the self-annihilation of individuality. Fichte had already written, in part XI of the Second Introduction, that the I, “only reasonnable”, “is no longer an individual”, and in the first Sittenlehre, § 18 : “We are all supposed to act identically”. Fichte’s final Ethics thus does not radicalize the supersession of the individual. It defines the rational individual by this supersession of himself [or herself], making ethics into a moment [stage] of the absolute life. The matter is not to merge the individual into the whole, but to partake in a living order, in the activity of the whole, which reaches out to each of its members, only to return to the first unity, by forming the whole as such.De 1794 à 1812, l’éthique de Fichte connaît plusieurs évolutions : abandon de la transformation de la nature au profit de la vie spirituelle, radicalisation du dépassement de l’individu, et rapprochement entre éthique et philosophie première. En 1812 il n’est plus question d’infléchir la nécessité naturelle par l’image modeèe (Vorbild) d’un monde idéal. La thématique de l’image apparaît comme extériorisation de la vie absolue. L’action éthique devient un moment de cette manifestation : le retour vers l’un, au terme d’un morcellement du phénomène originaire (le »Moi« ou »Moi un«) en une infinité de Moi(s) individuels. Cette diffraction est essentielle : la vie ne peut être consciente d’elle-même que dans cette forme individuelle. L’agir éthique manifeste le concept ou l’image de Dieu en anéantissant l’individualité. Mais la XIe section de la Seconde Introduction précisait déjà, que dans le monde moral, le Moi »uniquement raisonnable«, »a cessé d’être un individu« et dans la première Sittenlehre, § 18, Fichte écrivait : »Nous devons tous agir de la même manière«. L’éthique tardive ne radicalise donc pas le dépassement de l’individu. Elle définit l’individu rationnel par le dépassement de soi, en faisant de l’éthique un moment de la vie absolue. La question est donc moins de fondre l’individu dans un tout que de participer à un ordre vivant, à l’activité du tout qui va jusqu’à chacun des membres pour revenir vers l’unité première en constituant la totalité comme telle.
Der Stachel der Selbsttätigkeit und das Ausschöpfen der Freiheit. Zur Vollständigkeit der fünf Weltansichten beim späten Fichte
Authors: Lewin Michael ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

In the later Fichte the reflection splits the world into a fivefoldness of its possible view. To get through all the a priori arranged levels from sensuality to the Doctrine of Science means to use up all the possibilities of the views of the world. I will examine whether Fichte can offer us a direct proof of completeness of the standpoints or at least show indirectly that there must be exactly five of them. Which answer would he give us if we argued that history, skepticism and nonentity could complement the array?Die Reflexion spaltet nach Fichte die Welt in eine Funffachheit ihrer möglichen Ansicht. Das Durchlaufen der a priori geordneten Stufen von der Sinnlichkeit bis zur Wissenschaftslehre stellt zugleich ein Ausschopfen der Möglichkeiten dar, sich zur Welt zu verhalten. Ich werde prüfen, ob Fichte uns einen direkten Beweis der Vollständigkeit der Standpunkte geben oder zumindest indirekt dafür argumentieren kann, dass es genau fünf sein müssen. Was würde er uns antworten, wenn wir behaupteten, die Geschichte, der Skeptizismus und die Nullität könnten die Reihe ergänzen?
Zur Kontinuität der Trieblehre in der Spätphilosophie J.G. Fichtes. Bemerkungen über die »unendliche Modifikabilität der Freiheit«
Authors: Dumont Augustin ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

This paper aims at questioning the „continuity“ of the so-called Trieblehre through Fichte’s philosophy. First of all, the paper inquires into the function and status of the concept of drive (Trieb) during the Jena period. The paper shows how the concept of drive should be connected to the concept of feeling (Gefuhl). Results of that inquiry are then confronted to some selected extracts of Fichte’s latest philosophy (particularly in the late theory of image). The paper finally demonstrates how the theory of drive in all of Fichte’s philosophy plays a decisive part in his theory of freedom.Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die „Kontinuität“ der sogenannten Trieblehre in der Philosophie J.G. Fichtes zu untersuchen. Zuerst werden die Funktion und die Stellung des Triebes in der Philosophie der Jenaer-Zeit aufgezeigt. Dadurch legt der Aufsatz dar, wie der Trieb im Zusammenhang mit dem Begriff von Gefühl gedacht werden muss. Danach werden die Resultate dieser Untersuchung mit einigen Abschnitten der Spätphilosophie (mit Schwerpunkt auf der späten Bildlehre) konfrontiert. Es wird schließlich bewiesen, dass die Trieblehre die gesamten Fichte’schen Philosophie durchzieht und auch ein entscheidendes Element seiner Theorie der Freiheit darstellt.
Über den Gelehrten als Erzieher der Menschheit. Fichte im Kontext der Bildungsdiskurse bei Kant und Schiller
Authors: Schwenzfeuer Sebastian ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

The paper deals with Fichte’s concept of education in his popular Jena Lectures Concerning the Scholar’s Vocation. There, Fichte thinks the scholar as the educator of mankind. The aim is to show that the concept of being human, as interpreted by practical philosophy, can, in Fichte’s viewpoint, only find its realization in a society based on division of labour, as a place of reciprocal perfection. His social theory is markedly contrary to Schiller’s critical evaluation of this division of labour as fragmentation and one-sidedness of humanity in his Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Mankind published in 1795. Starting from the Kantian premise of human being as a project, that is as an object of practical philosophy and education, Fichte and Schiller both articulate its consequences in opposite directions: Fichte in the form of the scholar as the expression of a specialized education, Schiller in the form of the artist as the expression of an all-round and harmonic education.Der Beitrag behandelt Fichtes Begriff der Erziehung in seinen bekannten Jenenser Vorlesungen über die Bestimmung des Gelehrten. Dort bestimmt Fichte den Gelehrten als Erzieher der Menschheit. Ziel ist es, zu zeigen, dass der praktizistisch gedeutete Begriff des Menschseins seine Realisation nach Fichtes Auffassung nur in einer arbeitsteiligen Gesellschaft als Ort wechselseitiger Vervollkommnung finden kann. Seine Gesellschaftstheorie steht damit in deutlichem Kontrast zu Schillers kritischer Bewertung dieser Arbeitsteiligkeit als Fragmentierung und Vereinseitigung des Menschseins in den 1795 erschienenen Briefen über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen. Ausgehend von der kantischen Pramisse des Menscheins als Projekt, d.h. als Gegenstand von praktischer Philosophie und Erziehung, artikulieren Fichte und Schiller deren Konsequenzen gegensätzlich: Fichte in der Gestalt des Gelehrten als Ausdruck einer spezialisierten Bildung, Schiller in der Gestalt des Kunstlers als dem Ausdruck einer allseitigen und harmonischen Bildung.
Fichtes Begriff der Aufklärung als der wachsenden Klarheit der Bilder
Authors: Kloc-Konkołowicz Jakub ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

In his late writings Fichte resorts to a formal notion of image that appears very modern. Probably for the first time in modern philosophy the world is being so consequently reinterpreted as a continuity of projected images, which are themselves „images of images”. Other than in the post-metaphysical philosophy the object of critique is here not the truth-relation of images, but rather their empirical interpretation. Knowledge is not understood as a copy of external objects, but, to the contrary, the external objects are held for representations. This ‚discovery‘ of the image-character of the world is for Fichte the first step towards the disavowal of images as only images. Enlightenment is hence being understood as the increasing transparency of images. The article depicts the following steps of the process of making-transparent of the world. Afterwards the role of the subject in this process is presented. The I, as the scheme of scheme of scheme, is the very image which makes it possible for the images to become conscious of their image-nature. Out of it there result certain principles of ethical action, as well for the individual, as for the state. At the same time the coercion of state proves to be justifiable only as an education towards the correct insight of citizens, so that under the aspired final conditions the action out of insight (and not on the basis of coercion) becomes possible. In this way the proper functioning state strives for its own abolishment.In seinen späten Schriften verwendet Johann Gottlieb Fichte einen formalen Begriff des Bildes, der sehr modern anmutet. Vielleicht zum ersten Mal in der modernen Philosophie wird hier die Welt so konsequent zu einem Zusammenhang der projizierten Bilder umgedeutet, die „Bilder von Bildern” sind. Anders als in der nachmetaphysischen Philosophie bildet hier jedoch nicht die Wahrheitsreferenz der Bilder den Gegenstand der Polemik, sondern ihre empirische Deutung. Wissen ist kein Abbild der äußeren Gegenstände, sondern, im Gegenteil, die äußeren Gegenstände sind ein Abgebildetes. Für Fichte ist die ‚Entdeckung‘ des Bildwesens der Welt der erste Schritt zur Desavouierung der Bilder nur als Bilder. Aufklärung bedeutet für ihn folglich die wachsende Transparenz der Bilder. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden einzelne Schritte dieses Prozesses des Transparent-Machens der Welt skizziert, dann wird die Rolle des Subjekts in diesem Prozess dargestellt. Das Ich ist Schema vom Schema des Schemas – dasjenige Bild, in dem sich die Bilder ihres Bildcharakters bewusst werden. Daraus resultieren sowohl fur den Einzelnen, wie auch für den Staat die Prinzipien des sittlichen Handelns. Dabei zeigt sich, dass der staatliche Zwang lediglich als Erziehung zur richtigen Einsicht der Burger gerechtfertigt wird, so dass im erstrebten Endzustand das Handeln aus der Einsicht (und nicht aufgrund des Zwangs) möglich wird. So strebt der richtig funktionierende Staat seine Selbstaufhebung an.
Breathing Life into Primal Beauty
Authors: Hoffmann Susan-Judith ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

In Über den Unterschied des Geistes u. des Buchstabens in der Philosophie, Fichte writes that man’s most fundamental tendency to philosophize is simply the drive to represent for the sake of representing—the same drive which is the ultimate basis of the fine arts. The process of representing for the sake of representing is grounded in “spirit”, which is nothing other than the power of the imagination to raise to consciousness images of das Urschöne. In this paper, I suggest that the affinity between artistic activity and Fichte’s transcendental philosophy is closer than previously thought. I further suggest that for Fichte, transcendental philosophy is a performance and that such an interpretation of Fichte’s thought points to a way out of the circularity in his transcendental project.
Fichte im Wilhelminischen Reich: Idealisiertes Bild, patriotische Vorbildhaftigkeit und nationale Bildung
Authors: Alessiato Elena ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

In Germany at the turn of the 20th century the interest in Fichte’s philosophy was growing remarkably.This phenomenon has to be considered as a part of a broader “German movement”, i. e. a collective cultural trend aiming at pinpointing what had been properly “German” in the last two centuries. This need became even more acute by the outbreak of the Great War.In that context Fichte’s work was used as a benchmark for creating and elaborating on the myth of “the German character.” Many intellectuals of that time interpreted Fichte’s personality and thought as representing ideas, ethical values, spiritual positions, cultural attitudes and political stances which accounted for the specificity of “Germanness”. Since these ideas and values were believed to be particular to the German culture, Fichte was celebrated all across the nation as an exemplary German.Harkening back to contemporary sources the following paper aims to illustrate how Fichte’s image was moulded in order to meet needs and issues emerging from the War and its philosophical-ideological interpretations. At the same time it suggests that the “Fichte case” from the beginning of the 20th century can be interpreted as a paradigmatic example of how philosophical and cultural issues can be ideologically (mis-) interpreted and used to give support to a particular political view.Die Jahrzehnte um die Jahrhundertwende erlebten im wilhelminischen Deutschland eine starke Zunahme des Interesses an der Philosophie Fichtes.Die kollektive Begeisterung für Fichte lässt sich auf der Folie einer ‚deutschen Bewegung‘ betrachten, deren Ziel die Suche nach dem eigentumlichen ‚Deutschen‘ in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten war. Diese Suche intensivierte sich noch mit dem Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges.In diesem Zusammenhang wurde Fichtes Denken zu einem Bezugspunkt fur die Ausarbeitung des Mythos von der Besonderheit des deutschen Wesens. Viele Intellektuelle zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts und während der Kriegszeit wollten Fichte als Vorbild einer Persönlichkeit sehen, die edle Ideale, anspruchsvolle Vorstellungen, deutschen Geist und starken Willen vertrat gegenüber einer geistlosen, ethisch verdorbenen Welt, gegen ein intellektualisiertes Leben und die ‘zivilisierte Un-Kultur’ der modernen Menschheit.Im Bezug auf die Verflechtung von philosophischen Begriffen, idealisierter Kriegsvergeistigung, patriotischem Glauben und Willen nach nationaler Bildung setzt sich das Paper zum Ziel die Vorbildhaftigkeit, die Fichte damals zugeschrieben wurde, zur Darstellung zu bringen und quellenmäßig zu analysieren. Der ‚Fall Fichte‘ wird aber zugleich als historisch kontextualisiertes Erlebnisbeispiel des Ineinanderfließens von kulturellen Überhöhungen und politischen Anforderungen betrachtet: ein exemplarischer Fall vom ideologischen (Miss-) Verständnis des Geistigen.
The Problem of the Unconscious in Fichte’s Later Jena Wissenschaftslehre
Authors: Dozzi Marco ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

This essay argues for the applicability and importance of the notion of the unconscious (in the limited sense of any form of mental activity of which one is not or cannot be aware) in Fichte’s Jena period, with a focus on the ,second’ Wissenschaftslehre (1796–99). The essay begins by arguing for the existence of a fundamental tension in Fichte’s philosophy: namely, between a ,transcendence’ principle – that the conditions for consciousness cannot themselves be present within experience, since they ground that experience – and an ,immanence’ principle that there is no genuine reality outside of consciousness. It is shown that this tension is particularly evident if one observes some of the conflicting ways in which Fichte employs the notions of ,intellektuelle Anschauung’ and ,unmittelbares Bewusstsein.’ Fichte seems to violate the immanence principle especially insofar as he characterizes the conditions of the possibility of consciousness as a series of ,actions,’ which, qua actions, must be ,real’ in some sense: insofar as they are both real and not present to consciousness, it is argued, they must be unconscious. Although Fichte does not wholly embrace the notion of unconscious mental activity due to his adherence to the immanence principle, his conception of the ,two series’ of the Wissenschaftslehre as well as some of his uses of the notion of ,unmittelbares Bewusstsein’ in particular allow the recognition that Fichte has a rich but inchoate conception of the unconscious.
Realität durch Einbildungskraft. Fichtes Antwort auf Maimons Skeptizismus in der Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre
Authors: Imhof Silvan ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

Concluding the deduction of imagination in § 4 of the Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre, Fichte remarks that one lesson of the Wissenschaftslehre is that all reality is a product of imagination. One of the greatest thinkers of the age, Fichte writes, is teaching the same, but calls it a deception of imagination. Fichte’s remark is aimed at Salomon Maimon, and it shows that his deduction shouldn’t be read only as part of the systematic development of the theoretical Wissenschaftslehre, but should also be considered as an argument against a specific kind of scepticism. In order to examine this overlooked anti-sceptical aim in the first Wissenschaftslehre, an overview of the deduction of § 4 with a focus on the systematic role of imagination will first be given. Second, Maimon’s sceptical argument against transcendental philosophy will be explained. In the centre again will stand Maimon’s Humean concept of imagination. Finally, it will be shown in which sense Fichte’s deduction of imagination has to be taken in order to be an adequate response to Maimonian scepticism.An die Deduktion der Einbildungskraft in § 4 der Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre schließt Fichte die Bemerkung an, es werde hier gelehrt, dass alle Realität durch die Einbildungskraft hervorgebracht wird. Einer der größten Denker des Zeitalters – gemeint ist Salomon Maimon – lehre das Gleiche, nur nenne er es eine Täuschung durch die Einbildungskraft. Diese Bemerkung lässt erkennen, dass die Deduktion der Einbildungskraft nicht nur im Dienst der Entwicklung des theoretischen Teils der Wissenschaftslehre steht, sondern dass sie auch im Sinne eines antiskeptischen Arguments verstanden werden muss. Um diesen Aspekt von Fichtes Konzeption der Einbildungskraft genauer zu beleuchten, wird erstens die Deduktion in § 4 mit Blick auf die systematische Rolle der Einbildungskraft dargestellt. Zweitens wird Maimons skeptisches Argument gegen die Transzendentalphilosophie präzisiert, auf das sich Fichte mit seiner Äußerung bezieht, wobei Maimons sich an Hume orientierendes Verständnis der Einbildungskraft im Zentrum steht. Zuletzt wird geprüft, in welchem Sinn Fichtes Deduktion der Einbildungskraft als Antwort auf Maimons Skeptizismus verstanden werden muss.
Wahrheit und Einbildungskraft
Authors: Gaspar Francisco Prata ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: March 2020

At the end of the “Foundations of theoretical Knowledge”, in the second part of the first exposition of the Doctrine of Science (1794/5), Fichte says: imagination “does not delude, but gives truth and the only possible truth”. Although the expression – “only possible truth” – appears in the text only once, it seems to play a key role in structuring the doctrine of science, insofar it defines Fichte’s own point of view, whether in relation to pre-Kantian metaphysics, or in relation to Kantianism. The aim of this paper is to understand the notion of the “only possible truth” and its internal relation to imagination. In order to do that we need to revisit the background discussion that leads Fichte to establish imagination as the fundamental activity of human spirit and the ground of the only possible truth. Such discussion takes place as a confrontation with the skepticism of Salomon Maimon, precisely the philosopher who (as a result of his critique of Kant’s philosophy) says, as Fichte said, that reality is produced by the imagination, but who regards such reality to be an illusion.Am Ende der «Grundlage des theoretischen Wissens», des zweiten Teils der Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre 1794/5, behauptet Fichte: die Einbildungskraft „täuscht ... nicht, sondern sie giebt Wahrheit, und die einzige mögliche Wahrheit”. Obwohl die Bezeichnung “die einzige mögliche Wahrheit” in dieser Darstellung sonst nicht mehr vorkommt, scheint sie eine zentrale Rolle zu spielen, insofern sie Fichtes Standpunkt sowohl gegenüber der vorkantischen, als auch der Kantischen Philosophie bestimmt. In diesem Beitrag geht es darum, den Begriff von “einzig-möglicher Wahrheit” und seine innere Verbindung zur Einbildungskraft zu verstehen. Dazu ist es erforderlich, die im Hintergrund stehende philosophische Auseinandersetzung darzulegen, die Fichte zu der Auffassung führt, dass die Einbildungskraft die grundlegende Tätigkeit des menschlichen Geistes und Grund dieser einzig-möglichen Wahrheit ist. Es geht hierbei um eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem Skeptiker Salomon Maimon, der ausgehend von einer Kritik an Kants Philosophie wie Fichte sagt, dass „die Realität durch die Einbildungskraft hervorgebracht wird”, der aber im Gegensatz zur Wissenschaftslehre diese Realität als eine Tauschung betrachtet.