bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of coherent structures in rotating Rayleigh-Benard convection
Authors: Husain A. , Baig M. F. , Varshney H.
Published: December 2006

The current work involves identification of coherent structures in rotating turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection (RBC) in a moderately large aspect-ratio (8:8:1) rectangular enclosure. The enclosure is rotating about a vertical axis passing through its center of gravity. The incompressible Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved in a rotating frame of reference and the resulting velocity and thermal fields are analyzed to educe coherent structures. The flow structures have been investigated at different nondimensional rotation rates ranging from ω=0 to 104 for a fixed Rayleigh number Ra=107 and Prandtl number Pr=0.01, keeping the Raw∕Ta ratio constant at 10−3 in order to stringently maintain Boussinesq approximation as well as to attain experimentally realizable rotational Rayleigh numbers. Coherent structures in the flow domain have been sought using different identification techniques, namely large eddy simulation (LES) decomposition using top-hat filter, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) considering larger energy modes, second invariant (Q) of the velocity gradient tensor, and regions of negative λ2, the second largest eigenvalue of the tensor SikSkj+ΩikΩkj. It has been found that the coherent structures educed using POD or LES decomposition at low to moderate rotation (ω=10 to 103) show the formation of two to three large-scale rolls aligned along both horizontal directions. At higher-rotation rates corresponding to ω=104, there is a breakup of large-scale structures into multiple small-scale rolls having random spatial orientation. The thermal structures educed using both POD and large-scale LES decomposition at zero rotation show randomly rising and descending plumes that at Ω=10 coalesce to form a large cylindrical thermal plume in the core of the cavity. Further increase of rotation leads again to breakup of the cylindrical plume into multiple random plumes. Isosurfaces of Q and λ2 reveal elongated tubular roll-like structures mainly concentrated near the side-wall regions, though at higher rotation-rate (ω=104) the density of tubular structures increases significantly. There is a strong similarity of results obtained by large-scale LES decomposition and results obtained using mean plus first mode of POD decomposition. The structures educed using Q and λ2 are different in shape compared to LES or POD educed structures.
Sputter deposition onto ionic liquids: Simple and clean synthesis of highly dispersed ultrafine metal nanoparticles
Authors: Torimoto Tsukasa , Okazaki Ken-ichi , Kiyama Tomonori , Hirahara Kaori , Tanaka Nobuo , Kuwabata Susumu
Published: December 2006

Sputter deposition of gold (Au) onto ionic liquids (ILs) resulted in the formation of highly dispersed Au nanoparticles without additional chemical species, such as reducing and∕or stabilizing agents. The Au nanoparticles in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate had an average diameter (dav) of 5.5nm with a standard deviation (σ) of 0.86nm, while sputter deposition onto N,N,N-trimethyl-N-propylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide resulted in the formation of much smaller Au nanoparticles with dav of 1.9nm and σ of 0.46nm. Prolongation of sputtering time results in a higher concentration of Au nanoparticles in ILs, but did not cause a remarkable change in their size.
Drift correction for scattering measurements
Authors: Eyraud C. , Geffrin J.-M. , Litman A. , Sabouroux P. , Giovannini H.
Published: December 2006

The authors propose a method to correct for drift errors which occur when performing three-dimensional scattering field measurements. This method has the advantages of being fast, without loss of information and with no need of a priori information on the scatterer. It is based on the properties of limited spatial bandwidth of the scattered field.
Energy absorption performance of steel tubes enhanced by a nanoporous material functionalized liquid
Authors: Chen Xi , Surani Falgun B. , Kong Xinguo , Punyamurtula Venkata K. , Qiao Yu
Published: December 2006

The compressive behaviors of steel cells enhanced by a nanoporous silica functionalized liquid are investigated. As the empty space in the ductile cell is filled by an aqueous suspension of hydrophobic nanoporous silica gel, the work done by the compressive load along the axial direction can be dissipated not only through the ordinary cell-wall buckling but also via the extended yielding and the pressure-induced infiltration. As a result, the energy absorption efficiency, either on mass or on volumetric basis, is considerably improved.
Phylogenetic implications of the mesosomal skeleton in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera, Apocrita) – tree searches in a jungle of homoplasy
Authors: Krogmann Lars , Vilhelmsen Lars
Published: December 2006

Results from a comparative anatomical study of the mesosomal skeleton of Chalcidoidea are presented. External and internal features are described and illustrated for 39 chalcidoid taxa, representing 16 families and 29 subfamilies. This is the most comprehensive morphological study ever conducted for the superfamily. The mesosoma was dissected, macerated and investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The mesothorax and metathorax contributed most of the phylogenetically relevant information. The metafurca is highly variable within Chalcidoidea but seems to be relatively constant at the subfamily level. One hundred and fifty-four morphological characters were scored and analysed cladistically. Outgroup species were chosen from six apocritan superfamilies: Stephanoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Cynipoidea, Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea and Mymarommatoidea. Some previously suggested chalcidoid relationships were retrieved: (1) Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae + Miscogasterinae + Panstenoninae; (2) Perilampidae + Eucharitidae; (3) Chalcididae + Leucospidae + Eurytomidae; (4) Eulophidae: Eulophinae + Tetrastichinae + Entedoninae; and (5) Eupelmidae + Encyrtidae. Mymarommatoidea renders Chalcidoidea paraphyletic in our analyses; however, the taxon sample is too restricted to provide a robust hypothesis. Three previously unreported putative autapomorphies of Chalcidoidea were revealed: (1) presence of an exposed, triangular or diamond-shaped prosternum; (2) presence of a percurrent mesopleural sulcus anteriorly terminating in the acropleuron; and (3) presence of paired metapectal plates lateral to the metafurca.
Sequence-specific modification of mitochondrial DNA using a chimeric zinc finger methylase
Authors: Minczuk Michal , Papworth Monika A. , Kolasinska Paulina , Murphy Michael P. , Klug Aaron
Published: December 2006

We used engineered zinc finger peptides (ZFPs) to bind selectively to predetermined sequences in human mtDNA. Surprisingly, we found that engineered ZFPs cannot be reliably routed to mitochondria by using only conventional mitochondrial targeting sequences. We here show that addition of a nuclear export signal allows zinc finger chimeric enzymes to be imported into human mitochondria. The selective binding of mitochondria-specific ZFPs to mtDNA was exemplified by targeting the T8993G mutation, which causes two mitochondrial diseases, neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) and also maternally inherited Leigh's syndrome. To develop a system that allows the monitoring of site-specific alteration of mtDNA we combined a ZFP with the easily assayed DNA-modifying activity of hDNMT3a methylase. Expression of the mutation-specific chimeric methylase resulted in the selective methylation of cytosines adjacent to the mutation site. This is a proof of principle that it is possible to target and alter mtDNA in a sequence-specific manner by using zinc finger technology.
Four-color DNA sequencing by synthesis using cleavable fluorescent nucleotide reversible terminators
Authors: Ju Jingyue , Kim Dae Hyun , Bi Lanrong , Meng Qinglin , Bai Xiaopeng , Li Zengmin , Li Xiaoxu , Marma Mong Sano , Shi Shundi , Wu Jian , Edwards John R. , Romu Aireen , Turro Nicholas J.
Published: December 2006

DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS) on a solid surface during polymerase reaction offers a paradigm to decipher DNA sequences. We report here the construction of such a DNA sequencing system using molecular engineering approaches. In this approach, four nucleotides (A, C, G, T) are modified as reversible terminators by attaching a cleavable fluorophore to the base and capping the 3′-OH group with a small chemically reversible moiety so that they are still recognized by DNA polymerase as substrates. We found that an allyl moiety can be used successfully as a linker to tether a fluorophore to 3′-
O
-allyl-modified nucleotides, forming chemically cleavable fluorescent nucleotide reversible terminators, 3′-
O
-allyl-dNTPs-allyl-fluorophore, for application in SBS. The fluorophore and the 3′-
O
-allyl group on a DNA extension product, which is generated by incorporating 3′-
O
-allyl-dNTPs-allyl-fluorophore in a polymerase reaction, are removed simultaneously in 30 s by Pd-catalyzed deallylation in aqueous buffer solution. This one-step dual-deallylation reaction thus allows the reinitiation of the polymerase reaction and increases the SBS efficiency. DNA templates consisting of homopolymer regions were accurately sequenced by using this class of fluorescent nucleotide analogues on a DNA chip and a four-color fluorescent scanner.
Hubert Maitland Turnbull, 1875-1955
Authors: Bedson Samuel Phillips
Published: December 2006

Hubert Maitland Turnbull, who died on 29 September 1955 some eight years after retirement from the Chair of Morbid Anatomy at the London Hospital Medical College, occupied a position of eminence in British pathology. Not only was he greatly esteemed by his colleagues at the London but his influence extended widely throughout the medical schools of this and other countries of the Commonwealth. This was due not so much to his ability as an initiator and director of research, even though he was responsible for a considerable amount of valuable original work during his forty years at the London Hospital, but to a particular genius for accuracy of observation and meticulous attention to detail which he possessed in high degree and applied with almost religious fervour to everything that he did. Entering pathology at a time when many in this country held that morbid anatomy was a dead subject, Virchow, in their opinion, having left little new territory to be explored, Turnbull set himself to revolutionize morbid anatomical practice and to raise the subject to the level of a science. And so well did he succeed that he proved a source of inspiration not only to his fellow pathologists and those young graduates who chose to emulate him, but also to the much wider circle of clinicians who sought the privilege of working for a time in his department as a prelude to specialization in some other branch of medicine.
Peter Alfred Gorer, 1907-1961
Authors: Medawar Peter Brian
Published: December 2006

Peter Alfred Gorer, pathologist, immunologist and geneticist, died at the age of 54 at the height of his scientific powers. His position in science is not difficult to define: he was the world’s foremost authority on the serology and serological genetics of tissue transplantation. His career illustrates ‘the often commanding position in research that is gained by an investigator who has mastered two cognate fields of knowledge and sets himself to find and tie the threads that can unite them’.* Peter Gorer was born in London on 14 April 1907; except for one most rewarding sabbatical year in America, he worked in London all his life, first at University College, then at the Lister Institute, and then finally at Guy’s Hospital. His father, Edgar, a keen sportsman and well-known authority on Chinese ceramics, was drowned in the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915; his mother, born Rachel Alice Cohen, died in 1954, aged 82. On his father’s side, though remotely, Gorer had both Dutch and Russian ancestors; his mother’s family were partly Jewish, though one great-grandparent was the daughter of a Devonshire farmer. The Cohens had mainly to do with shipping, but one uncle, Jack, was an able designer and the founder of the Colchester Lathe Company, and another, Alfred, after whom Peter was named, was rated a promising mathematician when he died of leukaemia at an early age. Gorer had a younger and an elder brother who both survive him—the younger, Richard Benjamin; the elder, Geoffrey Edgar, the anthropologist, who became head of his family at the age of 10 and who acted the part on more than one occasion to Peter’s great advantage. Peter was a slow developer. At the age of five, the eminent physician later to become Lord Horder recommended his entering a school for backward children, and when the two met each other much later on, during medical examinations, Gorer had the pleasure of reminding Lord Horder of the circumstances under which they had met before. Horder’s advice was not taken: Gorer went to day school at St John’s House in Hampstead and then became a boarder at the Golden Parsonage, Gaddesden Row, Hertfordshire.
Walter Russell Brain, First Baron Brain of Eynsham, 1895-1966
Authors: Pickering George White
Published: December 2006

Walter Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain of Eynsham, physician, medical statesman, essayist, public servant, medical scientist, poet, was born at Reading on 23 October 1895. His paternal ancestors, fully recorded in
Burke's Peerage
, had been settled in Ascott-under-Wychwood from 1693. The Brain family had come to Reading about 1800 in the person of his great-great-grandfather, Thomas Brain, who was born at Church Hanborough in Oxfordshire. His son, John Brain, was a boot-maker, but he must have been an unusual one. He was friendly with Thomas Noon Talfourd, the judge and writer who moved in literary circles and to whom Dickens dedicated
Pickwick Papers
. John Brain was also very musical; he played the violin and conducted the choir at Broad Street Congregational Church. His youngest child and only son, Russell’s grandfather, John Alfred Brain, inherited his father’s musical and literary tastes. He had a good baritone voice and it was a family tradition that it was once suggested he should take up operatic singing. He used to take the bass solos in local oratorios. He delivered a lecture on Thomas Noon Talfourd and wrote occasional papers on local worthies, and ballads, and these were collected and printed by his family after his death. He was himself a local worthy, a magistrate, and the kind of person people turned to to draft an address.
Arthur Thomas Doodson, 1890-1968
Authors: Proudman Joseph
Published: December 2006

Arthur Thomas Doodson was born on 31 M arch 1890 at Boothstown near Worsley in Lancashire. His father, Thomas Doodson, was born in 1860 at Radcliffe in Lancashire and married Eleanor Pendlebury who was also born in 1860 at Radcliffe. He became the manager of a cotton mill at Boothstown, but moved to Rochdale in 1904, and then to Shaw, near Oldham, in 1913. He died in 1922. Eleanor Pendlebury’s grandfather, Thomas Pendlebury, was a manufacturer of blacklead pencils at Keswick, and on the decay of that industry he moved to Radcliffe about 1840 or later. While at Keswick he married Eleanor Bland who was a grand-niece of William Barrow, LL.D., of Southwell, Nottingham, and Rector of Orton in Westmorland, where he had an estate. Eleanor Bland’s uncles were the Barrows of Ringwood Hall, near Chesterfield, the owners of the Staveley Coal and Iron Works. One of the sons of Thomas Pendlebury, Peter, was the grandfather of Doodson, and though self-taught he became a schoolmaster. He did much to stimulate self-education in his neighbourhood, and this work was much praised by Sir Edward Holden of the Midland Bank. Another son, John, was also self-taught and became Secretary of Dr Stephenson’s Orphanage, later known as the National Children’s Orphanage.
Harold Munro Fox, 1889-1967
Authors: Smith James Eric
Published: December 2006

Harold Munro Fox, Emeritus Professor in the University of London, died on the morning of 29 January 1967 at the age of seventy-seven of a coronary occlusion while enjoying his customary week-end ride on his horse. He was, at the time of his death and after thirteen years of retirement, daily engaged on his researches on the biology and systematics of ostracod crustacea, busy in the editing of theBiological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and by his own wish active as librarian and unofficial tutor to students in the Department of Zoology of Queen Mary College, London. A great traveller and an accomplished linguist—it is said that he had a good working knowledge of six languages and was fluent in four of them—he achieved through the excellence of his researches and his ease of communication with scientists of many nationalities a truly international reputation as a zoologist which was matched by his own remarkable knowledge of contemporary developments in zoology.
Albert Edward Ingham, 1900-1967
Authors: Burkill John Charles
Published: December 2006

Albert Edward Ingham was born at Northampton on 3 April 1900 and educated at Northampton and King Edward Vi’s Grammar School, Stafford. His father, also Albert Edward, was a boot-machine operator and designed the ‘veldtschoen’, for which his firm awarded him a very modest honorarium. (The son wore boots until he was sixty.) There was an elder brother, Christopher, in the family and three younger sisters. It is recorded that, aged three, the boy showed his aptitude for numbers and angles by learning to tell the time. He had an ear for music but had no training. Christopher had piano lessons, but when his mother, hearing the piano played in the next room, assumed that he was doing his musical homework, she found that it was A.E. who was teaching himself. He won every prize that a brilliant schoolboy could win and an open scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in December 1917, going into residence in January 1919 after a few months in the army. As an undergraduate he was handsome, with black hair and deep blue eyes, slow-moving, seldom speaking unless spoken to, friendly if sparing of smiles. He gave an impression of rock-like strength and integrity. He gained the highest honours in the Mathematical Tripos, a Smith’s Prize and an 1851 Senior Exhibition. In 1922, at his first attempt, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity for a dissertation in which, according to him, he proved two lemmas. A friend who brought him news of his election recalls that Ingham said ‘Oh’ and went on working, perhaps at a third lemma.
Carl Frederick Abel Pantin, 1899-1967
Authors: Russell Frederick Stratten
Published: December 2006

Carl Frederick Abel Pantin was born at Blackheath on 30 March 1899, being the second of the three children of Herbert and Emilie Pantin. The eldest child was a daughter Elfriede May and the youngest, born in 1902, was William Abel, mediaeval and ecclesiastical historian and Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, to whom I am indebted for the following information on family background. Herbert Pantin was the director of a family firm founded by his great- grandfather at the end of the eighteenth century which specialized at first in timber importing and box making and later in machinery. Carl himself became a director of the firm and ultimately its Chairman. His father, a charming and cultivated person, had a strong sense of history and loyalty to his family firm, and this Carl inherited. His mother, whose maiden name was Emilie Juanita Abel, was of German extraction. Her ancestors for several generations going back to the seventeenth century were typical examples of the talented middle-class families who flourished in the small German grand-ducal courts of the eighteenth century. They were mostly musicians with an occasional court miniature painter or court gardener. The best known was Karl Friedrich Abel (1725-1787), a pupil of John Sebastian Bach, who came to England and joined forces with Bach’s son, J. C. Bach. He was a friend of Gainsborough who twice painted him.
Richard Julius Pumphrey, 1906-1967
Authors: Pringle John William Sutton
Published: December 2006

Richard Julius Pumphrey (Jerry’ to all his friends) was born in London on 3 September 1906. His father, Julius Pumphrey, came from a Quaker family of great respectability that had lived in Worcestershire and traced their descent from one James Pomphrey of Newnham-on-Severn, born about 1490. His mother, Alice Lilian (
née
Towgood), was the daughter of Edward Towgood of Hawkes Bay, New Zealand, but had come to Kent as a child. The Towgood family originated from the West Country and included Richard Towgood of Bruton, Dean of Bristol (b. 1595) and other Church of England clergymen. In London, Julius Pumphrey was a manufacturer of umbrellas.
Eustace Ebenezer Turner, 1893-1966
Authors: Ingold Christopher Kelk
Published: December 2006

Eustace Ebenezer Turner was born in London on 22 May 1893. His father, John Turner, had as a young man left the village of Finchingfield, Essex, which had been the home of the Turners for many generations, for a business career in London, eventually as a piano merchant. Eustace Turner’s mother, Annie Elizabeth,
née
Coates, came from Windermere: she was of Lakeland stock. Eustace was the youngest of a family of three children: his brother was nine years older and his sister three years older than himself. It seems to have been a plain-living, serious-minded household. Both parents were active in church work. Of the life of the children, Eustace wrote: ‘We children had no money to spend on amusements, and as a result learned to take pleasure in such things as woodworking. My brother and I made electrical apparatus, and we had a chemical bench, first in a bedroom and later in a garden shed. In the latter we had no running water, and used a spirit lamp for heating. Every summer we all went to Finchingfield for our holiday, and lived as members of the village community. Long walks and amateur fishing were our main occupations. Until I was twenty, I had never seen the inside of a theatre or even of a picture palace. I had only twice seen the sea, and the North Sea at that.’
Heinz London, 1907-1970
Authors: Shoenberg David
Published: December 2006

Heinz London was born in Bonn on 7 November 1907 into a well-to-do liberal German-Jewish family. His father, Franz London, was a professor of mathematics at the University of Bonn and his mother Luise,
née
Hamburger, was the daughter of a prosperous linen manufacturer The home was happy and peaceful but his father had a congenital heart ailment and died when Heinz was only 9 years old; during Heinzs childhood, his father had to rest a great deal when he was not working so for Heinz he was rather a remote though beloved and respected figure. The great influence in Heinz’s subsequent development was his brother Fritz who was seven years his senior, and the only other child. After their father's death Fritz took over to a large extent the guidance of his younger brother; this relationship started with advice and help with his studies and gradually developed into a close scientific collaboration, culminating in the famous London theory of superconductivity. Even after the brothers separated, with Fritz in the United States and Heinz in England, they continued to exchange ideas and remained very close to each other, though they met only occasionally.
Cecil Frank Powell, 1903-1969
Authors: Frank Frederick Charles , Perkins Donald Hill
Published: December 2006

Cecil Frank Powell died suddenly on 9 August 1969, on holiday with his wife in Italy, immediately after his retirement as Head of the Department of Physics at Bristol University. He had been elected to the Royal Society in 1949, receiving the Hughes Medal in the same year. He gave the Bakerian lecture in 1957, a Tercentenary lecture in 1960, and received the Royal Medal in 1961. He had received the Charles Vernon Boys Prize of the Physical Society of London in 1947. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1950; and in 1967 the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. gave him its highest award, the Lomonosov Gold Medal, he being the first foreigner ever to receive it. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. in 1958, and of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1966. He was an Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy, and of the Leopoldina Academy, Halle; an Honorary Doctor of Science of the Universities of Dublin, Bordeaux, Warsaw, Berlin, Padua and Moscow; and an Honorary Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society. He had been Chairman of the Science Policy Committee for CERN 1961-1963; Chairman of the Nuclear Physics Board of the Science Research Council 1965-1968. He was also Chairman of the Cosmic Rays Commission of IUPAP. He was President of the Association of Scientific Workers from 1952 to 1954, President of the World Federation of Scientific Workers from 1956 till his death, and was a founder member of the Pugwash Movement from its inceptions between 1954 and 1957, presiding at the plenary meetings of the First Pugwash Conference and becoming Chairman of its executive, the Pugwash Continuing Committee, in 1967.
Ernest Frederick Relf, 1888-1970
Authors: Collar Arthur Roderick
Published: December 2006

Ernest Frederick Relf died peacefully in his sleep at his home in Addlestone, on 25 February 1970, in his 82nd year. His unexpected death was a shock to his many friends, for (apart from a tendency to lumbago and in his latter years failing eyesight due to glaucoma) he was always remarkably fit physically; but more remarkable was that to the last his intellectual sprightliness remained unimpaired. He never seemed to grow old. When at the age of 79, his deteriorating eyesight caused him to resign from his committee work, the young scientist who was Secretary of one committee remarked ‘That’s a pity: we will have lost our best ginger group’. But his intellectual ability and wide interests (especially in music) were matched by the depth of a warm personality which engendered a real affection for him, not only in his contemporaries, but also in those fifty years his junior. He was, indeed, a scientist and engineer of great ability and versatility, a very talented musician, and withal the friendliest of men.
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, Earl Russell, 1872-1970
Authors: Kreisel Georg
Published: December 2006

Russell left an autobiography in three volumes and two earlier autobiographical essays. These works were widely read. The style is fresh and lucid, perhaps unequalled since Bishop Berkeley or Hume; and as memorable. So the reader may be assumed to know the general outline of Russell’s life and thought. Since the complete bibliography of his writings is said to run to 500 pages there can be no question of attempting a full account here. The selection below, from his life and works, is made on the following principles. The well-known aspects of his life, including his activities as a publicist and reformer, are described only briefly. For balance part I presents in more detail those aspects which, though perhaps equally important and sometimes quite explicit in his writings, have not become widely known. (Since Russell was a controversial figure, the selection made here may also be controversial.) Part II goes into ‘his researches concerning the Principles of Mathematics and the Mathematical Treatment of the Logic of Relations’—to use the wording of the proposal for his election to the Royal Society. Some of Russell’s views on points of general philosophic interest related to his scientific work are sketched in part III. Many of his later general writings do not always respect Hooke’s warning (to the Royal Society) against ‘meddling with Divinity, Metaphysics, Moralls, Politicks, Grammar, Rhetorick, or Logick’, in the sense in which Hooke understood those words. To compromise with Hooke’s law, the memoir confines itself to describing Russell’s view of the world, how questions in the forbidden subjects presented themselves to him, without going too closely into the sense of the questions or the validity of the answers. This is done at the end of part III.
Francis Gerald William Knowles, 9 March 1915 - 13 July 1974
Authors: Barrington Ernest James William
Published: December 2006

Sir Francis G. W. Knowles, sixth Baronet, was born in Canada on 9 March 1915, the son of Sir Francis Howe Seymour Knowles, prehistorian and pioneer of physical anthropology, and Kathleen Constance Avering, daughter of William Lennon. He was educated at Radley and at Oriel College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1936 in the Honours School of Zoology, M.A. and D.Phil. in 1939, and D.Sc. in 1963. His adoption of a scientific career conformed to a pattern that had been maintained in the main line of his family for some 200 years, those with Francis as their first name having become scientists and those with Charles admirals. There was a family link with Sir Francis Knollys, who was related by marriage to Queen Elizabeth I, but Knowles himself was directly descended from Charles, fourth Earl of Banbury. The first Baronet, Admiral Sir Charles Knowles, was Governor of Jamaica. The second, Admiral Sir Henry Knowles, fought under Nelson at the battle of Cape St Vincent. An early connection with the Royal Society was provided by John Knowles (1781-1841), biographer of Henry Fuseli, and one of the original members of the Athenaeum, who was elected into the Fellowship in 1821 for his scientific work, which included researches into the cause of dry-rot in sailing ships. The third Baronet, Sir Francis Charles Knowles (1802-92), was elected F.R.S. in 1830. He was a mathematician who later gained the Telford prize ‘for an intricate mathematical problem’.
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, 7 March 1886 - 27 June 1975
Authors: Batchelor George Keith
Published: December 2006

Geoffrey Ingram Taylor was born on 7 March 1886 in St John's Wood, London, and died at the age of 89 in Cambridge after having lived there for most of his life.
Alan Nigel Drury, 3 November 1889 - 2 August 1980
Authors: Kekwick Ralph Ambrose
Published: December 2006

Alan Nigel Drury was born on 3 November 1889 in Hackney, London, the youngest of five children of whom the eldest was a girl; he was eight years younger than his next elder brother. His father Henry George Drury was born in Kingsland, London, in 1839 and died in his 102nd year in 1941. His mother Elizabeth Rose Seear was born in 1847 also in Kingsland and was married in 1871; she died in 1937. H. G. Drury had entered the service of the Great Eastern Railway at an early age; he finally became superintendent of the line and in this capacity was much concerned with Royal journeys to Sandringham. He was made M. V. O. by King Edward VII.
Charles Frederick Goodeve, 21 February 1904 - 7 April 1980
Authors: Richardson Frederick Denys
Published: December 2006

Charles Frederick Goodeve was born on 21 February 1904 in the small town of Neepawa . This stood on the eastern edge of the prairies one hundred miles west of Winnipeg . When he was three the family moved to Stonewall some twenty miles north of Winnipeg . In those days such distances were substantial journeys especially in winter and spring , even if one were the lucky owner of a Ford . But Chalres ’s father, F.W .Goodeve, M.A.,was an Anglican clergyman with means that did not run to a family car. So Charle s ’s early ears were small town years but there were compensations: he was one of a family o f five, with two older sisters and two younger brothers . His mother, Emma (née Hand ), was a woman of skill and energy , who determined to do the very best for her children despite her husband ’s slender income.
Earl Mountbatten of Burma, K.G., O.M., 25 June 1900 - 27 August 1979
Authors: Zuckerman Solly
Published: December 2006

Lord Mountbatten was the youngest of four children born to Princess Victoria of Hesse, one of Queen Victoria’s many granddaughters, and her husband and first cousin once removed, Prince Louis of Battenberg. The small principality to which Prince Louis’s family belonged came under Prussian hegemony following Austria’s defeat by Prussia in 1866, and was absorbed into the new German Empire created by Bismarck in 1871. Neither Prussia nor the new Germany was a sea power; and so, wanting to make the sea his profession, Prince Louis decided to join the Royal Navy. His father, a brother of the Grand Duke of Hesse, reluctantly agreed; and in 1868, Louis, then fourteen, surrendered his citizenship in Germany and form ally became a British subject. He was immediately posted to Nelson ’s old flagship, H .M .S . Victory. A distinguished career culminated in his appointmen t in 1912 as First Sea Lord, an office which he was to hold for only two years. A tide of an ti-German feeling began to flow in the first months of World War I and, once public confidence had been shaken by a series of losses at sea, it was clear that a man of German birth could not continue as First Sea Lord. Prince Louis felt it his patriotic duty to resign. Three years later the family name was changed to Mountbatten , and Prince Louis was created Marquis of Milford Haven.
John Smith Knox Boyd, 18 September 1891 - 10 June 1981
Authors: Goodwin Leonard George
Published: December 2006

John Smith Knox Boyd was born at Largs, Ayrshire, on 18 September 1891. He was very proud of his Scottish ancestry. The Boyds are a low land clan and have lived in North Ayrshire for many centuries. The last titled head of the clan, the last Earl of Kilmarnock, ‘had the privilege of being executed on "Bower Hill in 1746, following his indiscreet support for the Pretender’. John’s father, John Knox Boyd, a bank agent who worked at the Royal Bank of Scotland in Largs, was the son of a gardener. His father’s mother, whose maiden name was Knox, also belonged to an old Ayrshire family. His maternal grand father, John Smith, died young and left his wife destitute with three children, the eldest, John’s mother, only four years old. This grandmother (maiden name Elizabeth Houston), was an outstanding character, who scraped together enough money to buy the stock for a small shop.
John Charnley, 29 August 1911 - 5 August 1982
Authors: Nisbet N. W. , Woodruff Michael Francis Addison
Published: December 2006

John Charnley was an orthopaedic surgeon of great skill and originality. He earned the admiration of surgeons through out the world and the gratitude of thousands of patients with painful, crippling arthritis of the hip, whose lives were dramatically changed when, as the result of the operation of low-friction arthroplasty that he devised, they lost their pain and regained their mobility. No one could be entirely unmoved by such tributes but they did not mean a great deal to Charnley. Although he would go to great lengths to help someone in real trouble he took a detached, even cynical, view of people
en masse
, whether patients or colleagues, and was driven not so much by compassion or ambition as by his single-minded determination to solve a problem. The problem he set out to solve, and which was to dominate his life, can be stated quite simply: how best to treat the common and disabling condition of osteoarthritis* of the hip joint? As with many problems in applied science, the search for a solution uncovered other problems of a more fundamental kind, which had to be solved on the way. Charnley attacked these with determination. Where necessary he enlisted the help of colleagues in other disciplines, but his own distinctive blend of biological and mechanical understanding is everywhere apparent.
Charles Skinner Hallpike, 19 July 1900 - 26 September 1979
Authors: Whitteridge David , Merton Patrick Anthony
Published: December 2006

Charles Skinner Hallpike was born in Murree, a hill station and health resort now in Pakistan. His father, Frank Hallpike, and the family came back to London when Charles Hallpike was three years old. During his child hood Hallpike developed Perthes disease of the hip, and spent long periods on his back during his school life. He had continuing and severe pain from this condition through out his life until finally he had his hip arthrodesed. At St Paul’s School he became a classical scholar and entered Guy’s Hospital with a scholarship in Arts in 1919. He studied physiology under Pembrey, who stressed the contribution that physiology could make in the study of disease. He obtained the Beaney Prize in Pathology and qualified as M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. in 1924, and took the M.B., B.S. of London in 1926 and F.R.C.S. England in 1931.
Sydney Cross Harland, 19 July 1891 - 8 November 1982
Authors: Hutchinson Joseph Burtt
Published: December 2006

Sydney Cross Harland was born in Snainton, near Scarborough, Yorkshire, on 19 July 1891. He went to school, first in the village school and then at Scarborough High School. From there he was awarded a scholarship, and went to King’s College, London, and read geology. He graduated with honours in 1912. He grew up a short, stocky man. He was brisk and active in his movements, in spite of a limp which he had through out his life. He went overseas and worked in the West Indies, Brazil and Peru. Here turned to England to become Reader in Genetics and then Professor of Botany in the University of Manchester. In 1919, while working in the West Indies, he was awarded a D.Sc. in botany by King’s College, London. He was elected F. R. S. in 1943 and F.R.S.E. in 1951, and he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Textile Institute for his work on the technological characters of raw cotton. When he retired he lived for some time in Blackheath and then on a property he had acquired in Peru. In old age he returned to a house he had owned since 1932 in Snainton, and there he died on 8 November 1982, at the age of 91.
John Bertram Adams, 24 May 1920 - 3 March 1984
Authors: Stafford Godfrey Harry
Published: December 2006

The death of John Adams shortly before his 64th birthday shocked and saddened the world community of scientists. Adams spent much of his career working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva. His reputation rests first and foremost on the great particle accelerators that he built at CERN. He also played a key role in the development of fusion research in the United Kingdom. He was a man of many talents whose great achievements were held in the highest esteem in all parts of the world.
Sir Granville Beynon, C. B. E.. 24 May 1914–11 March 1996
Authors: Thomas L.
Published: December 2006

From his appointment as a Scientific Officer at the Radio Division of the National Physical Laboratory in 1938, which marked the start of his active collaboration with Sir Edward Appleton, to his death in 1996, Granville Beynon's chosen field of scientific endeavour was the study of the ionosphere, the atmosphere at heights where the concentration of free electrons is sufficient to influence the propagation of radio waves. Through his establishment of research groups at Swansea and Aberystwyth Colleges of the University of Wales, and his tenure of senior offices in appropriate national and international committees, he had a major influence in this area of science. His involvement in university education included a period as Vice–Principal at Aberystwyth, but his interest in education extended beyond the university sector and this was marked by his service as Chairman of the Schools Council Committee for Wales. For his services to science and education he received several honours at both national and international levels. In spite of the many demands on his time, he enjoyed a very happy family life in which music played a central part.
Sir George Malcolm Brown. 5 October 1925–27 March 1997
Authors: Vincent E. A.
Published: December 2006

With the death of Sir Malcolm Brown, successively University Lecturer in Petrology at Oxford, Professor of Geology at Durham, and Director of the British Geological Survey, British science lost one of the most distinguished representatives of the immediate post–war generation and the international geological community lost one of its best–loved and respected members. He died at Oxford, of pancreatic cancer, on 27 March 1997 at the age of 71.
Sir Barry Albert Cross, C. B. E. 17 March 1925–27 April 1994
Authors: Heap R. B. , Dyer R. G.
Published: December 2006

Barry Cross was born at Coulsden, Surrey, the second son of Hubert and Elsie Cross (nee Richards). Hubert Cross was a life assurance cashier with Scottish Provident in the City of London. In the First World War he served with the Honorable Artillery Company in Palestine as ‘a private and proud of it’. Untroubled by career ambitions he was content with a routine job, family life, and playing rugby at county level. His sons remembered him as kind, firm and a little distant, while their mother was more indulgent and the provider of puddings. With the possible exception of Penuel Cross, a paternal great–grandfather, who was a bass chorister and lay vicar at Winchester Cathedral for 43 years, there was little trace of a creative or scholarly impulse on either Barry's father's or mother's side. Yet Barry and his younger brother John (who became Professor of Politics at University College Cardiff) had academic ambitions and well thought–out career goals from an early age. As Barry was later to write:
Peter Howard Fowler. 27 February 1923–8 November 1996
Authors: Wolfendale Arnold
Published: December 2006

Peter Fowler was a distinguished physicist to whom physics was sheer enjoyment and this enjoyment brought delight to those around him. His students, associates and friends were inspired by his infectious enthusiasm, his agility at mental arithmetical calculation and his distinctive laugh. The fun of discovery, of seeking understanding of what was hidden, characterized all his work and indeed his approach to life generally.
John William Fozard, O. B. E.. 16 January 1928–17 July 1996
Authors: Farara C. J.
Published: December 2006

The name of John Fozard will, in aeronautical circles, for ever be linked with the Harrier and vectored thrust jet V/STOL—that species of aeroplane endowed with the ability to take off and land either vertically or in a short distance by jet engine propulsive nozzles which may be rotated from pointing conventionally rearwards through any angle downwards to forwards of the vertical. He did not conceive the idea of the vectored thrust engine or of vertical take-off aircraft or even the basic layout of the uniquely successful Harrier jump jet. However, when put in charge of its development he not only led the team that turned a ‘demonstrator’ into an operational fighter to a demanding specification that could be built economically in large numbers to a fixed–price contract, but also embraced the concept of vectored thrust jet V/STOL with a religious zeal and set about preaching its gospel far and wide.
Roderic Alfred Gregory, C. B. E.. 29 December 1913-5 September 1990
Authors: Dockray G. J.
Published: December 2006

Roderic Gregory (usually known as ‘Rod’) was born on 29 December 1913, at 63 Braemar Road, Plaistow, London. He was the only child of Alice Jane Gregory (nee Greaves, 1889–1978) and Alfred Gregory (1884–1938). His father was a fitter and turner who, in 1913, was employed by Brunner and Monde (later Imperial Chemical Industries). His mother had worked from the age of 14 making cardboard boxes for chocolates. The factory at which his father worked became involved in the manufacture of munitions early in the First World War. However, safety standards were low and, realizing this, his father soon moved to another local factory making flashlight batteries. His forebodings proved correct as shortly afterwards the entire plant exploded killing many.
Walter Charles Marshall, C. B. E., Lord Marshall of Goring. 5 March 1932–20 February 1996
Authors: Fishlock D. , Roberts L. E. J.
Published: December 2006

Walter Marshall was recognized by the scientific community at an early age as one of the outstanding theoretical physicists of his generation. But he is more likely to be remembered for his distinguished career in public service, which led to a knighthood in 1981 and a life peerage in 1985, and for his forthright public advocacy of nuclear power.
Alfred Edward Ringwood. 19 April 1930–12 November 1993
Authors: Green D. H.
Published: December 2006

Ted Ringwood was born in Kew, an inner Melbourne suburb, on 19 April 1930, an only child in a family that identified strongly with Australia and with Melbourne in particular. Both his parents were Australian, but his mother's parents had come to Australia as Presbyterian emigrants from Ulster. His paternal grandfather was born in New Zealand, his paternal greatgrandfather in Australia and his grandmother in India. His father, also Alfred Edward Ringwood, enlisted as an 18–year–old in the First World War and fought in France, suffering gas attack, trench feet and other distressing experiences which impacted heavily on his later life. During the 1920s he held a variety of unskilled jobs and was essentially unemployed from the beginning of the Depression onwards. Ted's mother and extended family on both sides provided stability when his father joined Australia's large, itinerant ‘odd–jobbing’ labour force during the 1930s. (Later, his father received a war service pension.) Ted's mother, with clerical skills, supported the family through much of the Depression. However, the family's precarious financial position meant that Ted was boarded out with grandparents and relatives for extended periods. His maternal grandfather owned a small foundry in Fitzroy and successfully managed a small business through the Depression and the Second World War years.
George Stanley Rushbrooke. 19 January 1915-14 December 1995
Authors: Domb Cyril
Published: December 2006

For over half a century Stanley Rushbrooke played a leading role in teaching and research in statistical mechanics. He started his academic career at the University of Cambridge as a research student of R.H. (later Sir Ralph) Fowler a few years before the start of the Second World War. After a brief spell as a research assistant at the University of Bristol, he moved to University College Dundee in 1939, where he enjoyed a fruitful collaboration with C.A. Coulson. The two became lifelong friends, sharing a deep Christian faith and a common interest in scientific problems.
Stephen Esslemont Woods. 12 January 1912–18 June 1994
Authors: Barbour A. K.
Published: December 2006

Stephen Esslemont Woods was born in Cardiff on 12 January 1912, the fifth of eight children, to Scottish parents, William Woods and Annie Whyte. His father was a fifth–generation merchant seaman who was an apprentice in sail and eventually became captain of a steam ship.
Henry Charnock, C.B.E. 25 December 1920 — 27 November 1997
Authors: Cartwright D.E.
Published: December 2006

From humble beginnings unconnected with the sea, Henry Charnock rose to take his place in a succession of leaders of the science of physical oceanography in Great Britain. His predecessors in this role were, from 1949 to 1971, G.E.R. (later Sir George) Deacon, F.R.S., the first director of a national institute of oceanography, and, between the World Wars, J. Proudman, F.R.S., for whom the first Chair of Physical Oceanography in this country was created at Liverpool.

Leaving aside the related disciplines of marine biology and geology, physical oceanography, more conveniently termed marine physics, embraces several sub-disciplines. Deacon applied marine chemistry to deduce the three-dimensional dynamic structure of the Southern Ocean; Proudman applied advanced mathematical analysis to the tides and normal modes of oscillation of seas and oceans. Charnock was a meteorologist, whose long-term research interest was drag-stress and momentum exchange in the turbulent flow of wind over the sea. However, like his predecessors he also had wider interests, and he helped to promote the careers of many deserving students and researchers in other branches of oceanography.