bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Links between Protected Areas, Faiths, and Sacred Natural Sites
Authors: DUDLEY NIGEL , HIGGINS‐ZOGIB LIZA , MANSOURIAN STEPHANIE
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Most people follow and are influenced by some kind of spiritual faith. We examined two ways in which religious faiths can in turn influence biodiversity conservation in protected areas. First, biodiversity conservation is influenced through the direct and often effective protection afforded to wild species in sacred natural sites and in seminatural habitats around religious buildings. Sacred natural sites are almost certainly the world's oldest form of habitat protection. Although some sacred natural sites exist inside official protected areas, many thousands more form a largely unrecognized “shadow” conservation network in many countries throughout the world, which can be more stringently protected than state‐run reserves. Second, faiths have a profound impact on attitudes to protection of the natural world through their philosophy, teachings, investment choices, approaches to land they control, and religious‐based management systems. We considered the interactions between faiths and protected areas with respect to all 11 mainstream faiths and to a number of local belief systems. The close links between faiths and habitat protection offer major conservation opportunities, but also pose challenges. Bringing a sacred natural site into a national protected‐area system can increase protection for the site, but may compromise some of its spiritual values or even its conservation values. Most protected‐area managers are not trained to manage natural sites for religious purposes, but many sacred natural sites are under threat from cultural changes and habitat degradation. Decisions about whether or not to make a sacred natural site an “official” protected area therefore need to be made on a case‐by‐case basis. Such sites can play an important role in conservation inside and outside official protected areas. More information about the conservation value of sacred lands is needed as is more informed experience in integrating these into wider conservation strategies. In addition, many protected‐area staff need training in how to manage sensitive issues relating to faiths where important faith sites occur in protected areas.
Incomplete Posterior Circle of Willis: A Risk Factor for Migraine?
Authors: Bugnicourt Jean‐Marc , Garcia Pierre‐Yves , Peltier Johann , Bonnaire Bruno , Picard Candice , Godefroy Olivier
Published: March 2009

Background.— Migraine is associated with vascular risk factors and white matter abnormalities (WMA). Cerebral hypoperfusion is known to be one mechanism underlying WMA and a few studies have shown that an incomplete circle of Willis (CW) may predispose to cerebral hypoperfusion. This study assessed the relationship between the morphologic characteristics of the CW and migraine.

Methods.— This case–control study was carried out in the Amiens University Hospital. Patients undergoing 3‐dimensional time of flight magnetic resonance angiography of the CW from January 1 to June 30, 2006 were included (n = 124). A definitive diagnosis of migraine was established in 47 patients: 23 (48.9%) experienced migraine without aura and 24 (51.1%) migraine with aura. The remaining 77 patients with other neurologic disorders constituted the control group. The posterior CW was graded as complete when both posterior communicating arteries and the P1 segments of the posterior cerebral artery were present on visual examination and incomplete when one of these vessels was missing (interobserver agreement: Ktotal = 0.746).

Results.— Incomplete posterior CW was significantly more common in migraineurs than in the control group (49% vs 18%; P < .001). On multivariate analysis, incomplete posterior CW was the sole independent factor associated with migraine (OR: 6.5; 95% CI: 2.6‐16.2; P < .001). No difference was found between migraineurs with and without aura.

Conclusions.— Despite some methodological limitations, our results showed that incomplete posterior CW was associated with migraine.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase 2 Genotype and Risk for Migraine
Authors: García‐Martín Elena , Martínez Carmen , Serrador Mercedes , Alonso‐Navarro Hortensia , Navacerrada Francisco , Agúndez José A. G. , Jiménez‐Jiménez Félix J.
Published: March 2009

(Headache 2010;50:85‐91)

Background/Objectives.— Alcohol has been traditionally considered a possible migraine trigger factor. Alcohol‐dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes are thought to play important roles in the metabolism of ethanol. Relevant polymorphism has been found only for 2 of the ADH genes (mapped on chromosome ): ADH 1B, betapolypeptide (ADH2) and ADH3. The polymorphism rs1229984, located in the third exon of the human ADH2 gene, causes the amino acid substitution Arg48His. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between ADH2 polymorphism and the risk for migraine and for triggering migraine attacks.

Methods.— We studied the frequency of the ADH2 genotypes and allelic variants in 197 patients with migraine and 255 healthy controls using allele‐specific PCR amplification and MslI‐RFLP's analyses.

Results.— The frequencies of ADH2 Arg/His genotype and of ADH2 His allele were significantly lower in patients with migraine when compared with those of controls, and were unrelated with the age of onset of migraine attacks, family history of migraine or presence of aura. The frequency of the allelic variant ADH2 His (ADH2*2) was significantly higher in the group of patients who reported triggering of migraine by alcohol when compared with the group who reported no effect.

Conclusion.— The results of the present study suggest that ADH2 Arg/His genotype should be associated with a decreased risk for migraine, while the ADH2 His allelic variant should be related with the risk for triggering migraine attacks after alcohol consumption in our population of migraine patients.
Isolated Cortical Venous Thrombosis Associated With Intracranial Hypotension Syndrome
Authors: Albayram Sait , Kara Batuhan , Ipek Hamiyet , Ozbayrak Mustafa , Kantarci Fatih
Published: March 2009

The association of intracranial hypotension syndrome with cerebral venous thrombosis is rare. We report our experience with isolated cortical venous thrombosis, which developed after unsuccessful epidural anesthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed characteristic imaging findings of intracranial hypotension syndrome, such as dural thickening and brain sagging. We also detected right parietal venous hemorrhagic infarction secondary to right‐sided cortical venous thrombosis. After the treatment of intracranial hypotension via epidural blood patch, heparin was used to treat cortical venous thrombosis.
Self‐Reported vs Measured Body Mass Indices in Migraineurs
Authors: Katsnelson Michael J. , Peterlin B. Lee , Rosso Andrea L. , Alexander Guillermo M. , Erwin Kirsten L.
Published: March 2009

Objective.— To compare and contrast body mass indices calculated based on self‐reported height and weight as compared with measured height and weight in migraine patients.

Background.— Obesity is a risk factor for multiple neurological disorders including stroke, dementia, and migraine chronification. In addition, several cytokines and adipocytokines associated with migraine are modulated by body mass. The body mass index (BMI) is a commonly used anthropometric measure to estimate total body fat and is often calculated based on patient's self‐reported height and weight.

Methods.— This was a retrospective study evaluating consecutive migraine patients presenting to a headache clinic. Demographic characteristics and self‐reported height and weight were obtained from a standardized questionnaire that each new patient completes upon presentation to the clinic. In addition, as depression has been shown to be associated with both migraine and obesity, information in regards to major depression utilizing the Patient Healthcare Questionnaire‐9 was extracted as well. Following completion of the questionnaire, body mass indices are routinely measured, with height measured to the nearest 0.5 inch utilizing a mounted stadiometer, and weight measured with a standard scale to the nearest 0.5 lb. After this information was extracted from the charts, BMI was then calculated for both self‐reported and measured body mass indices. Using the measured body mass indices as a standard, this was then compared and contrasted to the patient's self‐reported body mass indices.

Results.— A total of 110 patients were included in the study. Patients were predominantly female (91%) with a mean age of 38.6 ± 11.6 years. Of the total patients included, no significant difference in self‐reported height (mean 64.7 ± 3.1 inches) as compared with measured height (mean 64.5 ± 3.4 inches) was seen, P = .463. However, self‐reported weight (169 ± 41.3) was underestimated as compared with the measured weight (173.5 ± 43.2), P = .001. And, the self‐reported BMI (28.4 ± 6.8) was significantly less than the measured BMI (29.4 ± 7.5), P < .001.

Conclusions.— In our study, the self‐reported mean weight and BMI for migraineurs was significantly less than the measured mean weight and BMI, and was of greater magnitude in the obese migraineurs. This suggests that conclusions drawn from studies evaluating obesity utilizing self‐reported BMI in migraineurs may undercall the effect of total body obesity.
SUNA Syndrome With Seasonal Pattern
Authors: Baldacci Filippo , Nuti Angelo , Lucetti Claudio , Cafforio Gianfranco , Morelli Nicola , Orlandi Giovanni , Bonuccelli Ubaldo
Published: March 2009

SUNA is a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC) characterized by short unilateral attacks centered on the ophthalmic trigeminal distribution, and accompanied by at least one of a number of cranial autonomic symptoms that can include lacrimation, redness of the ipsilateral eye, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and eyelid edema. It exists in episodic and chronic form. We have described an atypical case of episodic SUNA with an exclusive seasonal pattern as previously reported in other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia, commonly known as TACs.
Precautionary Saving and Consumption Smoothing across Time and Possibilities
Authors: KIMBALL MILES , WEIL PHILIPPE
Published: March 2009

This paper examines how aversion to risk and aversion to intertemporal substitution determine the strength of the precautionary saving motive in a two‐period model with Selden/Kreps–Porteus preferences. For small risks, we derive a measure of the strength of the precautionary saving motive that generalizes the concept of “prudence” introduced by Kimball (1990b). For large risks, we show that decreasing absolute risk aversion guarantees that the precautionary saving motive is stronger than risk aversion, regardless of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. Holding risk preferences fixed, the extent to which the precautionary saving motive is stronger than risk aversion increases with the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. We derive sufficient conditions for a change in risk preferences alone to increase the strength of the precautionary saving motive and for the strength of the precautionary saving motive to decline with wealth. Within the class of constant elasticity of intertemporal substitution, constant‐relative risk aversion utility functions, these conditions are also necessary.
Noneconomic Engagement and International Exchange: The Case of Environmental Treaties
Authors: ROSE ANDREW K. , SPIEGEL MARK M.
Published: March 2009

We examine the role of noneconomic partnerships in promoting international economic exchange. Since far‐sighted countries are more willing to join costly international partnerships such as environmental treaties, environmental engagement tends to encourage international lending. Countries with such noneconomic partnerships also find it easier to engage in economic exchanges since they face the possibility that debt default might also spill over to hinder their noneconomic relationships. We present a theoretical model of these ideas and then verify their empirical importance using a bilateral cross‐section of data on international cross‐holdings of assets and environmental treaties. Our results support the notion that international environmental cooperation facilitates economic exchange.
The Feeble Link between Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: Can We Blame the Discount Factor?
Authors: SARNO LUCIO , SOJLI ELVIRA
Published: March 2009

Recent research demonstrates that the well‐documented feeble link between exchange rates and economic fundamentals can be reconciled with conventional exchange rate theories under the assumption that the discount factor is near unity (Engel and West 2005). We provide empirical evidence that this assumption is valid, lending further support to the above explanation of the empirical disconnect between nominal exchange rates and fundamentals.
Does Global Liquidity Help to Forecast U.S. Inflation?
Authors: D'AGOSTINO ANTONELLO , SURICO PAOLO
Published: March 2009

We construct a measure of global liquidity using the growth rates of broad money for the G7 economies. Global liquidity produces forecasts of U.S. inflation that are significantly more accurate than the forecasts based on U.S. money growth, Phillips curve, and autoregressive and moving average models. The marginal predictive power of global liquidity is strong at 3‐year horizons. Results are robust to alternative measures of inflation.
The Spirit of Capitalism, Precautionary Savings, and Consumption
Authors: LUO YULEI , SMITH WILLIAM T. , ZOU HENG‐FU
Published: March 2009

Recent research has shown that the “spirit of capitalism”—a preference for wealth itself, in addition to consumption—has important implications for growth and asset pricing. This paper explores how the spirit of capitalism affects saving and consumption behavior. We demonstrate that the spirit of capitalism may reduce the importance of precautionary savings. It can also explain the excess sensitivity puzzle: the spirit of capitalism causes dramatic deviations from a random walk. It may also offer a partial explanation of the excess smoothness puzzle.
Using Focus Groups to Study Consumer Understanding and Experiences with Tamper‐Evident Packaging Devices
Authors: Pascall Melvin A. , Lee Ken , Fraser Angela , Halim Linna
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT:  A focus group with an educational component was used to help initiate a new research hypothesis. Early‐stage development of a new tamper‐evident invention was improved with input from a consumer focus group. The focus group comprised consumers who were shown several tamper‐evident devices, including a new color‐changing cap under active development. We found that consumers understood tamper‐evident food packaging and recognized when devices were triggered. Most said that they always checked tamper‐evident food packaging but further query revealed that they only did this for certain products. Consumers were ambivalent about paying more for foods protected by tamper‐evident devices, including the color‐changing one. None rejected the color‐changing device but some recommended changes that would improve the invention. Some mentioned that new devices are unnecessary because current technology is effective in keeping food safe. An educational session conducted in conjunction with the focus group sessions showed that some peoples' initial negative attitude changed to positive support for new color‐changing devices after learning about food security concerns. We found that a focus group was useful for shaping academic research and identifying the most practical outcomes. A focus group provided a unique interactive assessment of consumers' understanding of the usefulness and critical research needs in developing a tamper‐evident device.
Chromated metal products may be hazardous to patients with chromate allergy
Authors: Geier Johannes , Lessmann Holger , Hellweg Brigitte , Jappe Uta , Spornraft‐Ragaller Petra , Fuchs Thomas , Aberer Werner , Frosch Peter J. , Weisshaar Elke , Mahler Vera , Löffler Harald , Skudlik Christoph , Szliska Christiane , Koch Patrick , Pföhler Claudia , Lilie Martina , Becker Detlef , Trcka Jiri , Meyer Jochen , Hahn Jens‐Uwe , Adam Monika
Published: March 2009

Background:  Hidden allergen exposure may contribute to persistence and relapse of chromate dermatitis. According to case reports, chromated metal products, such as screws, fittings, etc., may be relevant allergen sources for patients sensitized to chromate.

Objectives:  To examine concomitant patch test reactivity to potassium dichromate 0.5% petrolatum (pet.) and three different types of chromated metal rings.

Patients/Methods:  Patients with proven or suspected chromate allergy were patch tested with potassium dichromate 0.5% pet. and three different types of chromated metal rings (yellow, olive, and black). Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) release from the patch tested rings was chemically analysed.

Results:  Ninety‐five patients were tested: 49/95 (52%) reacted to potassium dichromate and 25/95 (26%) reacted to black chromated rings. Reactions to chromated rings exclusively occurred in patients reacting to potassium dichromate. Of 20 patients with a strong reaction to potassium dichromate, 14 reacted to black chromated rings. These were shown to have a high Cr(VI) release. Only two patients reacted to the other chromated rings, which had a very low Cr(VI) release.

Conclusions:  Handling chromated metal products must be regarded a hazard to chromate‐sensitive patients, in particular those with a strong sensitization.
Changes in Axonally Transported Proteins in the Mature and Developing Rat Nervous System During Early Stages of Methyl Mercury Exposure
Authors: Aschner Michael
Published: March 2009

Abstract: It was established by means of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that direct injections of methyl mercury (10 μgHg) into the mature rat vitreous body of the eye decrease protein synthesis in the retina and optic nerve at 4 hours after injection. Although the global spectrum of polypeptides did not change, a specific decrease in the volume of polypeptides of 20‐23 K daltons molecular weight was evident. Conversely, systemic exposure to methyl mercury resulted in increased protein synthesis of polypeptides of 20‐23 K molecular weight both in adult (8 mgHg/kg/day for 8 days) and neonatal rats (2 mgHg/kg/day for 10 days). In addition, specific changes in the volume of polypeptides 75‐90 K molecular weight were noted in sciatic nerves of neonatal rats. These data are consistent with a bimodal response in protein synthesis following MeHg treatment. Local presence of MeHg following direct injection into the eye causes a reduction in protein synthesis, while chronic systemic exposure results in increased synthesis and transport of proteins in both mature and developing optic nerves and neonatal sciatic nerves. Thus, these systems possess the capacity to attempt regenerative processes through induction of a small subset of proteins known as GAPs (Growth‐Associated Proteins) during the early stages of systemic methyl mercury exposure. These wide spread and system‐specific changes are consistent with growth‐specific functions during the early stages of methyl mercury exposure.
Acetylcysteine in Rats: Inhibition of Activation of Prekallikrein and Factor XII ‐ Protection against Dextran‐Induced Blood Pressure Fall
Authors: Hoem Nils‐Ove , Briseid Gudrun
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Acetylcysteine (AC) injected intravenously into rats (200 mg/kg) had no effect on blood pressure, but significantly inhibited dextran‐induced (40 mg/kg) blood pressure fall. Injection of AC also reversibly blocked the activation of prekallikrein (PK) normally obtained in plasma incubated with acetone. Kallikrein was assayed as plasminogen activator, S‐2302 amidase and BAEe esterase. Also the activation of factor XII to factor XIIa, assayed as prekallikrein activator, was strongly inhibited in AC‐treated rats. It is suggested that the partial blockade of dextran‐induced shock is correlated with an inhibition of activation of PK and factor XII. Previous experiments had demonstrated an extensive, but reversible in vitro inhibition of human plasma kallikrein by AC. In view of such data it is concluded that the present results obtained with AC in rats are probably due to an inhibition of plasma kallikrein and its activation of factor XII.
Displacement of Lidocaine from Human Plasma Proteins by Disopyramide
Authors: Bonde Jan , Jensen Niels Melchior , Burgaard Peder , Angelo Helle R. , Graudal Niels , Kampmann Jens P. , Pedersen Lars E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:Displacement from human plasma proteins of lidocaine by disopyramide was investigated in serum from nine patients receiving lidocaine treatment because of severe ventricular arrhythmias. From each patient disopyramide in concentrations of 5.9 and 14.7 μmol/1 was added to three different serum concentrations of lidocaine and the displacement was examined. At a serum concentration of disopyramide of 14.7 μmol/1 the percentage of unbound lidocaine increased from 30.4±0.2 to 36.3±0.2% (X±S.E.M., P<0.001) at an average total serum concentration of lidocaine of 22.7 μmol/1. The study implies a stronger binding affinity of disopyramide than lidocaine to ±‐1‐acid glycoprotein. We recommend caution when using disopyramide immediately after an infusion of lidocaine. With the dosage regimen used serum concentrations considerably above the suggested therapeutic level were achieved in the majority of patients.
Effects of some Antihypertensive Drugs on Cutaneous Blood Flow and Inflammatory Skin Responses Following Allergen Challenge in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Lindgren Björn R. , Anderson Chris D. , Frödin Thomas , Andersson Rolf G. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The effects of the antihypertensive drugs clonidine, prazosin and MK 422 (the active parent diacid of enalapril) were studied on the cutaneous blood flow and allergen evoked inflammatory skin reactions in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. The hypotensive effect of the drugs did not significantly change the basal cutaneous blood flow at the time of allergen challenge. MK 422 (0.02 mg/kg) markedly enhanced the wheal and flare reaction following allergen challenge, whereas clonidine (0.005 and 0.05 mg/kg) inhibited the inflammatory response. Prazosin (0.03 mg/kg) did not significantly influence the wheal and flare reaction. Our results indicate that some antihypertensive drugs (clonidine) could be beneficial to antihypertensive patients with inflammatory diseases, while others (ACE‐inhibitors) may enhance their inflammatory disorders.
Effects of Ampicillin on the Elimination of Enprofylline in Man
Authors: Paulsen Otto , Borgå Olof , Andersson Karl‐Erik
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The effect of intravenously administered ampicillin on plasma levels and renal clearance of enprofylline was investigated in seven young and six elderly volunteers. On one occasion, each subject received 2 g of ampicillin intravenously, and serum concentrations of ampicillin were followed for 4 hours. On a separate occasion, a loading infusion of enprofylline was administered over 60 min., aiming at a plasma level of 2 μg/ml, and followed by a maintenance infusion. During this an infusion of 2 g of ampicillin was given for 10 min., and subsequently, renal clearance and plasma levels of enprofylline were followed for 4 hours. Plasma enprofylline levels increased significantly in the subjects after ampicillin infusion, but the effects on renal clearance of enprofylline were not statistically significant. The magnitude of the effects on enprofylline plasma levels and renal clearance from high doses of ampicillin do not suggest that interaction with β‐lactam antibiotics will be a serious problem for patients on enprofylline treatment.
Postjunctional α‐Adrenoceptors in Human Superficial Epigastric Arteries and Veins
Authors: Sjöberg Trygve , Steen Stig , Skärby Tor , Norgren Lars , Andersson Karl‐Erik
Published: March 2009

Abstract:A pharmacological characterization of the postjunctional α‐adrenoceptors in human superficial epigastric artery and vein was performed, using several α‐adrenoceptor subtype selective agonists, and the antagonists prazosin (α1) and rauwolscine (α22). In the arteries prazosin fulfilled the criteria for a competitive antagonism in concentrations 10‐9‐10‐7M, giving a pA2‐value of 9.17 in the Schild plot. Rauwolscine in concentrations 10‐8‐10‐6M caused less pronounced but significant dextral shifts of the noradrenaline (NA) concentration‐response curves. In the veins rauwolscine behaved like a competitive antagonist (10‐‐10‐6M). The pA2‐value was 9.16. Prazosin 10‐9M displaced the NA concentration‐response curve, but higher concentrations (10‐8and 10‐7M) caused no further displacement. Prazosin reduced the Emax‐values in the veins. In the arteries the rank order of potency for the agonists was: cirazoline (α1)>NA>naphazoline (α2) > guanfacine (α2) > phenylephrine (α1). The intrinsic activities of clonidine (α2), ST 587 (α1), B‐HT 920 (α2) and B‐HT 933 (α2) were too low to allow meaningful comparisons to be made. The rank order of potency in the veins was: NA > clonidine (α2) > naphazoline (α2) > guanfacine (α2) > phenylephrine (α1) > B‐HT 920 (α2) > cirazoline (α1) > B‐HT 933 (α2). The intrinsic activity of ST 587 was low. Only two pEC50‐values could be determined for clonidine in the arteries and these were higher than the pEC50‐values for clonidine in the veins. Phenylephrine, naphazoline and guanfacine were equipotent in both types of vessel. Cirazoline was 135 times more potent and NA was 3 times less potent in the arteries than in the veins. The data suggest that the rank order of potency of subtype selective agonists cannot be used for characterization of the α‐adrenoceptors in human superficial epigastric arteries and veins. Antagonists on the other hand, give distinct satisfactory information. In the arteries α1‐adrenoceptors predominate, but a population of α2‐adrenoceptors cannot be excluded in some patients. In the veins α2‐adrenoceptors predominate, but a small population of α1‐adrenoceptors can be demonstrated.
Bioelectric Activity as a Quantifiable Index of Acute Spermicide (Nonoxynol‐9) Actions on Rat Vaginal Epithelial Function during the Oestrous Cycle
Authors: Levin R. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The acute effect of instillation of the spermicide 2% nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (nonoxynol‐9) on the bioelectric activity of the vaginal epithelium was assessed using as an index the time taken in seconds to reduce the transvaginal potential difference (p.d.), measured in anaesthetised rats, to half its initial value (t½). The surfactant caused rapid falls in the p.d. at dioestrus (t½ = 35 ± 25 sec., n= 16, mean ± S.D.) and metoestrus (t½ = 32 ± 27 sec., n= 11) with a slower fall at oestrus (t½ = 130 ± 104 sec., n= 14). At pro‐oestrus however, nonoxynol‐9 had no effect (n= 18). The dye Nigrosin (0.5%), when instilled alone, did not stain untreated vaginas of anaesthetized rats at any stage of the oestrous cycle, but in the presence of 2% nonoxynol‐9 heavily stained those in metoestrus and dioestrus. Vaginas in pro‐oestrus were unstained while those in oestrus were stained lightly. While nonoxynol‐9 has a dramatic effect on the bioelectric activity of the vaginal epithelium, both the electrical and dye data show that the pro‐oestrus vaginal epithelium presents a significant diffusion barrier to the passage of nonoxynol‐9 and nigrosin. Thus, in assessing the actions of vaginally instilled nonoxynol‐9 in rats the variation in the permeability of the vaginal epithelium during the oestrous cycle must be taken into account.
Influence of Nimodipine, Verapamil and Lanthanum on Histamine Release from Human Basophils: Effect of Pretreatment with Sialidase
Authors: Jensen C. B. , Thastrup O. , Norn S. , Skov P. Stahl
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Our previous studies suggest that the membrane content of sialic acid influences histamine release from human basophils by interfering with the transmembraneous calcium fluxes preceding histamine release. In this study we investigated a possible interaction between membrane sialic acid and the calcium channels, using the calcium antagonists nimodipine, verapamil and lanthanum. Anti‐IgE‐induced histamine release was inhibited by verapamil, nimodipine and lanthanum. When cells were pretreated with sialidase in order to remove sialic acid from the cell membrane, the inhibitory action of nimodipine was abolished, whereas the inhibition by verapamil or lanthanum was unaffected. This difference may be explained by the different mode of action of the calcium channel antagonists, and the results suggest an association between membrane sialic acid and the calcium channel.
Mode of Action of Lithium on the Catalytic Unit of Adenylate Cyclase from Rat Brain
Authors: Mørk Arne , Geisler Arne
Published: March 2009

Abstract:The action of lithium on calcium‐calmodulin‐activated and forskolin‐activated catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase has been studied. The catalytic unit was solubilized from rat brain and separated from the guanine nucleotide binding protein by gel filtration. Calcium‐calmodulin‐stimulated and forskolin‐stimulated catalytic unit activities were inhibited in the presence of 2 mM and 1 mM of lithium, respectively. No inhibitory effect was observed on the basal activity. The inhibitory effect of lithium on the stimulated activities was antagonized by magnesium. Lithium did not influence the interaction of the enzyme substrate (ATP) with the catalytic unit. The present results indicate that lithium interacts directly with the catalytic unit of the adenylate cyclase system. In the neuron, lithium might interfere with a divalent cation site on the catalytic unit.
Target Size of Dopamine D‐1 Receptors in Rat Corpus Striatum Estimated by Binding of the Benzazepine3H‐SCH 23390
Authors: Gredal Ole , Nielsen Mogens , Hyttel John
Published: March 2009

Abstract:The binding characteristics of3H‐SCH 23390 in rat striatum prepared in potassium phosphate buffer are described. The amount of binding sites labeled by3H‐SCH 23390 decreased monoexponentially when exposed to increasing radiation dose. The molecular weight was determined to 78,000 daltons similar to the molecular mass of3H‐piflutixol binding to D‐1 receptor previously reported, however lower than the molecular mass of dopamine D‐1 agonist binding sites (Gredal & Nielsen 1987).
1‐Naphthol Metabolism and Metabolite Transport in the Small and Large Intestine. II: Effect of Sulphate and Phosphate Ion Omission, and of 2,6‐Dichloro‐4‐nitrophenol in the Isolated Guinea Pig Mucosa
Authors: Sund Reidar Bredo , Lauterbach Fritz
Published: March 2009

Abstract: A previous study (Sund & Lauterbach 1986) in the isolated guinea pig mucosa showed a complex pattern of 1‐naphthol (I) metabolism and metabolite (glucuronide = II and sulphate = III) transport in relation to tissue studied (jejunum and colon) and administration side (lumen versus blood side). In the present paper aspects of I metabolism and II and III transport have been further studied. The experiments involved: I. Omission of inorganic sulphate in the incubation solution at one particular side or at both sides, to see if and how intestinal sulphoconjugation depended on side of sulphate ion entry, and if II and III efflux might be linked to sulphate ion influx. 2. Similar omission experiments with inorganic phosphate, and 3. Incubation in presence of 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitrophenol (IV), a drug claimed to be a selective inhibitor of sulphoconjugation. The experiments showed: I. In the jejunum, sulphate ion caused a much stronger stimulation of III formation from the lumen than from the blood side, when I was added at the luminal side. In the colon, however, the sulphate ion was more effective on the blood side than on the lumen side, regardless of side at which I was added. More experiments are needed to clarify if conjugate efflux is affected by sulphate ion omission as well. 2. Omission of inorganic phosphate did neither affect I metabolism nor II and III efflux. 3. IV (present at both sides at once) had complex effects, involving inhibition of II and III synthesis as well as their efflux, and, in part, a change in their normal lumen: blood distribution pattern. Efflux inhibition was the more prominent effect in the jejunum, whereas depression of sulphoconjugation was so in the colon.
Glucocorticoid Levels and Lymphocyte Functions in Kidney Transplanted Patients
Authors: Langhoff E. , Hvidberg E. F. , Flachs H. , Ladefoged J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The in vitro lymphocyte response to mitogen stimulation and the in vitro lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoid were examined in 72 kidney transplanted patients before and after administration of high or low doses of glucocorticoid. Administration of 10 mg of prednisone orally to 10 patients did not significantly change the mitogen responses or the lymphocyte sensitivity to methylprednisolone. Likewise, administration of 100‐120 mg of methylprednisolone, intravenously to 62 patients did not significantly affect the mitogen responses, but, in contrast, the lymphocyte sensitivity to the immunosuppressive effect of methylprednisolone was clearly increased. This effect was highly significant in both cyclosporine A and azathioprine treated patients. These findings suggest that a change of the lymphocyte sensitivity to the immunosuppressive effect of methylprednisolone may occur after a high dose of glucocorticoid, anaesthesia and surgery, although no changes of the immunefunctions in vitro can be demonstrated by examining the mitogen response of the lymphocyte cultures. No relationship was found in the present study between the individual lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoid and metabolic clearance rate.
Non‐Adrenergic, Non‐Cholinergic Parasympathetic Secretion in the Rat Submaxillary and Sublingual Glands
Authors: Ekström J. , Månsson B. , Tobin G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Atropine resistant secretion from the submaxillary and sublingual glands was demonstrated upon electrical stimulation of the chorda‐lingual nerve at high frequencies. The flow rate of the protein‐rich saliva was low, and it declined rapidly and markedly upon prolonged stimulation. The results show that one or more substances other than acetylcholine are released by parasympathetic stimulation and that they may be of importance for the regulation of the exocrine functions of the glands. When the continuous mode of electrical stimulation at a low frequency of the nerve was changed to an intermittent mode of stimulation at a high frequency (in the absence of atropine), the secretion of fluid and protein decreased.
The Natriuretic Effect of an Acute Peroral Load of Potassium Chloride after Inhibition of Potassium Secretion with Amiloride or Lithium
Authors: Olesen O. Vendelin , Thomsen Klaus
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The ability of the kidneys to excrete potassium after an acute peroral potassium load was studied in rats in which the kidney function was influenced by administration of amiloride or lithium for one month. Water, potassium chloride, or sodium chloride solutions were given by gastric tube immediately before a 2‐hour clearance period. The results showed that a load of potassium given by gastric tube leads to an increase of potassium excretion in rats given either no treatment, amiloride, or lithium but the increase was about 50% lower in the lithium group. KCl administration provoked a considerable increase of sodium clearance (CNa) compared with the increase of CNa in the control group. The exaggerated natriuresis was apparently specific for potassium, since a peroral load of sodium chloride led to a more modest increase of CNa, an increase which was significant in control rats only. The increase of CNa in rats given a peroral load of potassium could not be explained by an increase of the proximal tubular fluid output, since the latter as measured by lithium clearance (CLi) remained unaltered. Since CNa/CLi rose considerably, the effect could be ascribed to an inhibition of the fractional distal sodium reabsorption.
Human Pain Thresholds after the Application of Lypressin, a Vasopressin Analogue
Authors: Kemppainen P. , Pertovaara A. , Huopaniemi T. , Hämäläinen O. , Grönblad M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:Recent animal studies indicate that vasopressin has analgetic properties. The aim of this study was to find out if lypressin, a vasopressin analogue, produces analgesia in man. The effect ofi.n.lypressin (5 and 10 I.U.) on experimental pain was tested in healthy humans. The lower dose proved high enough to produce a significant antidiuretic effect. Lypressin did not have any marked analgetic effect at these doses either on ischaemic, cutaneous thermal, or dental pain. The results indicate that lypressin cannot be used for pain relief in man at doses low enough not to produce a hazardous water retention.
The Effects of Haem Arginate and Haematin upon the Allylisopropylacetamide Induced Experimental Porphyria in Rats
Authors: Tokola Olavi , Lindén Inge‐Britt , Tenhunen Raimo
Published: March 2009

Abstract:Biochemical disorders caused by allylisopropylacetamide in various animal species resemble human acute intermittent porphyria. The antiporphyrogenic efficacy and potency of haem arginate, a new haem compound, were compared with those of haematin in experimental porphyria of rats. Both haem arginate and haematin dose‐dependently decreased the urinary excretions of porphyrin precursors. They inhibited significantly the induction of hepatic δ‐aminola‐evulinic acid synthase. Haem arginate and haematin could restore the activity of haem oxygenase and after higher doses they increased the activity. The dose‐effect relationships of the two haem compounds were demonstrated.
Age Related Decrease in the Density of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors in Corpus Striatum of Rats
Authors: Hyttel John
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The densities (Bmax) and apparent dissociation constants (Kd) of D1 and D2 receptors in striatum and of 5‐HT2 receptors in cortex of rats aged 1, 3, 7 and 12 months have been determined using 3H‐SCH 23390, 3H‐spiperone and 3H‐ketanserin, respectively, as ligands. No changes in Kd's were seen. The density of D1 receptors decreases continuously from 1 month, attaining approximately 65% at 12 months of age. The density of D2 receptors increases slightly from 1 to 3 months, followed by a decrease until 12 months of age, where the level is approximately 80% of the 1 month value. The rise D2 receptor density is less apparent when calculated on a protein basis due to a concomitant increase in protein content of corpus striatum. The ratio between D1 and D2 receptors remains constant, approximately 4.2, from 1 to 12 months of age. The density of 5‐HT2 receptors decreased from 1 to 7 months and remained at this level also after 12 months.
Evaluation of the Oesophago‐Irritant Potential of Terodiline Hydrochloride Tablets in Three Animal Models
Authors: Johansson Hans‐Erik , Jönsson Monica , Olovson Stig‐Göran
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The oesophago‐irritant potential of terodiline hydrochloride 25 mg tablets was evaluated by use of one acute and two recovery animals models, each documented to be sensitive for predicting local irritant and/or ulcerogenic effects of drugs on the human oesophageal mucosa. Both uncoated and coated terodiline hydrochloride tablets produced slight to moderate oesophageal lesions in cats sacrificed after 4 to 8 hours of tablet exposure, whereas emepronium bromide, a drug associated with oesophageal injury in man, showed moderate to severe oesophago‐irritant properties when tested in the same model. No significant oesophageal changes were, however, observed with coated terodiline hydrochloride tablets in cats or pigs subjected to five days of recovery after an initial tablet exposure period of eight and five hours, respectively. The results indicate that the oesophago‐irritant effect of terodiline hydrochloride 25 mg tablets is very mild and also transient. Thus no or only a minimal risk of oesophageal irritation after accidental lodging of the tablet in the oesophagus is to be anticipated in patients.
Alaproclate Affects Membrane Ion Channels in GH3/B6Pituitary Cells
Authors: Hedlund Britta
Published: March 2009

Abstract:Effects of alaproclate, an inhibitor of serotonin uptake, on the membrane of GH3/B6clonal pituitary cells were studied using whole cell patch clamp recording techniques. Application of alaproclate (5 μM) depolarized the cell and increased the rheobase. Such treatment also increased the frequency of spontaneous firing. It is suggested that alaproclate decreases the potassium conductance in a manner similar to 4‐aminopyridine and affects membrane calcium channels.
Prolonged Diuretic Administration and Myocardial Tolerance to Ischaemia
Authors: Borchgrevink P. C. , Jynge P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:Hearts from rats, which received high doses of furosemide alone or the same doses of furosemide plus amiloride in a diet with low magnesium content for 4 weeks, were isolated and perfused in the Langendorff mode. After 15 min. of normoxic control perfusion no differences were found between the two groups of hearts with respect to cardiac physiology. After 20 min. of subtotal, global ischaemia and 15 min. of reperfusion the furosemide plus amiloride hearts showed a significantly higher recovery of function (judged by pressure rate product and coronary flow rate) than furosemide hearts. However, the myocardial content of adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, and electrolytes at the end of the experiment exhibited no difference between the two groups. In separate experiments it was found that the addition of amiloride to the furosemide regimen significantly raised and almost normalized the values of plasma magnesium and potassium. Myocardial calcium was lower, whereas the magnesium and potassium content in the hearts was not different from the furosemide group. It is concluded that the administration of amiloride to rats provided high doses of furosemide and marginal magnesium supplies afforded some protection upon the ischaemic heart.
Modes of Determining β‐Adrenoceptor Number in Human Mononuclear Leucocytes
Authors: Sandnes Dagny , Jacobsen Frede Wælgaard , Jacobsen Sten
Published: March 2009

Abstract:Inhibition of total125I‐ICYP binding to intact human mononuclear leucocytes at 32° by propranolol and ($pL)CGP‐12177 was biphasic. The high affinity component of125I‐ICYP binding, representing approximately 30% of total, was stereospecific, while the low affinity binding site was inhibited without sterospecificity. (‐)Isoproterenol inhibited the high affinity component of125I‐ICYP binding only, with low affinity. By performing binding studies in intact cells at 4° or in broken cell preparations at 37°, the fraction of total125I‐ICYP binding representing specific binding was increased, and agonist affinity was high. Inhibition of3H‐CGP‐12177 binding to intact cells at 32° demonstrated a high fraction of specific binding and high agonist affinity. Computer‐assisted analysis of total radioligand binding determined over a broad concentration range revealed two populations of saturable125I‐ICYP binding sites in intact cells as well as in broken cell preparations, while3H‐CGP‐12177 binding demonstrated only one saturable binding site. The number of high affinity125I‐ICYP binding sites was comparable to the number of saturable3H‐CGP‐12177 binding sites. Receptor numbers determined by analysis of total radioligand binding were comparable to receptor numbers determined by subtraction of non‐specific binding, determined in the presence of a high concentration of competing ligand. Analysis of total radioligand binding was found to be a better procedure because it eliminates the use of an arbitrary concentration of unlabelled ligand and improves the accuracy of the assay.
The Partial Protective Effect of Branched Chain Amino Acids against Streptozotocin‐Induced Cytotoxicity to Mouse Pancreatic Islets in Vitro
Authors: Eizirik Décio L. , Sandler Stellan
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Recent experiments suggested that injections of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) immediately followed by streptozotocin (SZ), induced a partial protection against the diabetogenic action of SZ in vivo. In the present investigation, isolated mouse pancreatic islets were exposed in vitro to SZ (2.2–4.4 mM), with or without preincubation in a mixture of BCAA (15 mM leucine, 15 mM isoleucine and 15 mM valine). In order to evaluate the toxic action of SZ on the β‐cell, the islets were studies after culture for 3 days following SZ exposure. In control islets which had not been pretreated with BCAA, 4.4 mM SZ induced a 47% diminution in the islet number, while only 20% were lost after pretreatment with BCAA. There was also a greater total islet DNA content recovered in the islets pretreated with BCAA before SZ exposure. The BCAA islets furthermore maintained a slightly higher insulin release to the culture medium, insulin content and insulin response to an acute glucose stimulus. Preincubation with each of the amino acids alone did not protect against the SZ action. The present data are consistent with previous in vivo findings and suggest that a direct BCAA‐induced decrease in the β‐cell sensitivity to SZ can explain the partial protective effect of these amino acids against the diabetogenic action of SZ.
Effect of Potassium Ethylxanthate and Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate on the Accumulation and Disposition of Nickel in the Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta)
Authors: Gottofrey James , Borg Kathleen , Jasim Suhair , Tjälve Hans
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Brown trouts, Salmo trutta, were exposed to water containing 0.1 or 10 μg/1 of 63Ni2+, alone or with potassium ethylxanthate or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. After one and three weeks the accumulation and disposition of the 63Ni2+ in the fish were examined by liquid scintillation spectrometry and whole‐body autoradiography. The sodium diethyldithiocarbamate was found to greatly enhance the uptake of 63Ni2+ in several tissues of the trouts. Potassium ethylxanthate was without effect. Diethyldithiocarbamate is known to form lipophilic complexes with metals, including nickel, and a facilitated penetration of the complexed nickel over the cellular membranes of the gills and other tissues is a likely mechanism underlying our results. The ethylxanthate is also able to form a lipophilic nickel‐chelate, although of a lower lipophilicity than the nickel‐diethyldithiocarbamate‐complex. This variance in lipophilicity may explain why the disposition of the 63Ni2+ was affected by the diethyldithiocarbamate, but not by the ethylxanthate.
Further Studies of Serotonergic Activity in the Regulation of the Cold Stimulated Thyrotropin Secretion in Male Rats
Authors: Männistö P. T. , Tuominen R. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:Serotonergic agonists and antagonists were used to study the role of 5‐HT in the regulation of thyrotropin (TSH) secretion in male rats. When given peripherally, the agonists like 5‐HT, quipazine and m‐chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) decreased dose‐dependently the cold‐stimulated TSH‐secretion. The action of 5‐HT was antagonized by metergoline but not by ketanserin. The effect of quipazine was counteracted by both antagonists. Small intraperitoneal doses of ketanserin seemed to be stimulatory on the TSH secretion while high doses of both ketanserin and metergoline clearly decreased the cold‐stimulated TSH levels. Infusion of quipazine into the 3rd ventricle inhibited significantly the TSH cold‐response whereas 5‐HT and mCPP did not. The action of quipazine was only partially antagonized by ketanserin pretreatment. 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine (5,7‐DHT) was used to make serotonergic lesions into different regions of the brain. The TSH lowering effects of intraperitoneal quipazine and mCPP were potentiated in the rats lesioned in the 3rd ventricle or bilaterally into the posterior hypothalamus but not in the rats lesioned bilaterally into the anterior hypothalamus. Hence serotonergic activity in the vicinity of the posterior part of the 3rd ventricle seems to decrease the cold‐stimulated TSH secretion. Both 5‐HT1and 5‐HT2receptors appear to participate in this regulation.