bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Field School to Fieldwork: Incorporating Community-based Participatory Research Principles into Dissertation Research
Authors: Casler Jessica-Jean
Published: September 2015

This article speaks to the challenges faced conducting an individual, applied dissertation project just months after participating in team-oriented, community-based participatory research (CBPR). As a researcher, I was deeply affected by CBPR's prioritizations of collaborative research designs, reciprocal learning spaces, and more immediately useful research outcomes for the community. After participating in CBPR, I struggled with returning to a project that was far less community-centered. As a result, I integrated CBPR practices into my dissertation research creating a complicated, but worthwhile, CBPR-like approach to a more traditional applied project. Here I share the successes and failures of this process, as well as recommendations that might continue to move us as anthropologists, departments, and a discipline, closer to research that purposefully prioritizes the knowledges, experiences, and desires of communities. In sharing this experience I hope to offer insights to others working toward more equitable and ethical research.
Diversity-Grown: Participatory Evaluation of a Community Gardening Initiative through Photovoice
Authors: Boston P. Qasimah , Lopez Ivette A. , Harper Krista
Published: September 2015

The evaluation of community initiatives can be as creative as the initiatives themselves. In Tallahassee, Florida, an event for the urban agricultural food movement employed Photovoice as a method for assessment of the event. Photovoice was selected for its ready application in participatory processes, where the data itself is collected and interpreted by community, thereby resulting in empowerment of community residents. In this case, youth were trained to utilize the Photovoice approach to collect and interpret data and to describe in their own words the value of this good food movement event. Cultural influences in the food environment were highlighted, in terms of diversity and inclusion of all populations noting that food environment influences are multiple and equally important. The concept Evaluation for Community Action (EFCA) was developed, and our results link improving the food environment through innovative and novel methods like Photovoice evaluation.
Community-based Participatory Research: Challenging “Lone Ethnographer” Anthropology in the Community and the Classroom
Authors: Jessee Nathan , Collum Kourtney K. , Schulterbrandt Gragg Richard D.
Published: September 2015

Despite a rich history of collaborative and engaged scholarship and the recent “participatory turn” in anthropology few anthropology departments train students in the philosophy or methods of collaboration. Graduate training is typically characterized by conventional classroom-based lectures and individualized projects, while participatory research is thought of as something scholars can do later in their careers. The 2013 Health Equity Alliance of Tallahassee (HEAT) Ethnographic Field School disrupted this paradigm. The Field School used a community-based participatory research (CBPR) framework to train graduate students and community stakeholders in applied research methods through participation in an established community/university research partnership, examining race, racism, and health outcomes. The Field School was comprised of a racially, economically, and educationally diverse, intergenerational, multicultural, and multiethnic group of participants. Reflecting on this experience, we challenge the myth of the “lone ethnographer” and argue for a reorientation in anthropological methods training towards transdisciplinary, participatory, and collaborative ethnographic methods.
AUTOMEDICAÇÃO E O USO IRRACIONAL DE MEDICAMENTOS: O PAPEL DO PROFISSIONAL FARMACÊUTICO NO COMBATE A ESSAS PRÁTICAS
Authors: Fernandes Wendel Simões , Cembranelli Julio César
Published: September 2015

A automedicação e o uso irracional de medicamentos são práticas comuns entre a população brasileira, culminando em problemas secundários ocasionados por essa prática. As classes farmacológicas que estão envolvidas na automedicação são os denominados fármacos de venda livre de prescrição (MIPs), e vários fatores contribuem para a indução da prática de se automedicar, como fatores financeiros, culturais e sociais. Portanto, o profissional farmacêutico assume importante papel como orientador e agente sanitário, contribuindo para o uso racional de medicamentos e amenizando problemas relacionados ao uso inadequado de fármacos, beneficiando toda a população, que, de maneira geral, possui fácil acesso a esses profissionais.
CONDIÇÃO BUCAL E ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DE PACIENTES DE CLÍNICAS ODONTOLÓGICAS DE CIDADES LITORÂNEAS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Cruz Daniele Lima da , Mello Aline Veroneze de , Nogueira Luana Romão , Villarim Walleska Luctke , Apollinario Vanessa , Toimil Rosana Farah Simony Lamigueiro
Published: September 2015

A saúde bucal é indicativa de diversas enfermidades e pode afetar o estado nutricional. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relacionar a saúde bucal com o estado nutricional de pacientes de clínicas odontológicas do litoral de São Paulo. Estudo transversal com pacientes de clínicas odontológicas, com idade a partir de 20 anos por intermédio de questionário, com perguntas para caracterização da amostra, classificação do estado nutricional, periodicidade de visitas ao dentista, condição bucal e consumo alimentar. Participaram 53 pacientes, sendo 71,7% mulheres e 28,3% homens, com média de idade de 32,6±25,46 anos e 83% possuíam ensino médio completo. A maioria (54,72%) encontra-se na faixa de eutrofia. Sobre a relação do estado nutricional com a saúde bucal, 22,64% dos eutróficos utilizavam aparelho ortodôntico fixo. Edentulismo e prótese total representam 5,66% dos problemas bucais em eutróficos, 58,49% ingerem líquidos durante as refeições. Os pacientes preferem: alimentos consistentes, 32,08%; picados, 22,64%; sopas, 20,75%; amassados, 11,32%; de qualquer consistência, 11,32%; e 1,89%, moídos. Entre os usuários de aparelho ortodôntico, 15% preferem carnes. Indivíduos com cárie não consomem ou evitam: legumes e vegetais crus e doces (87,5%), carnes e queijos (75%). Usuários de prótese total ou parcial optam por frutas picadas e carnes picadas e macias (75%), legumes e vegetais cozidos (62,5%), evitam ou não consomem frutas inteiras e carnes (87,5%); e legumes e vegetais crus (75%). Embora a condição bucal da maioria dos pacientes apresente algum fator a ser considerado, a maioria dos indivíduos encontra-se em eutrofia, indicando que, na população estudada, não há uma relação direta entre o estado nutricional e sua condição bucal.
A URGÊNCIA NO ATENDIMENTO AO IDOSO: ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Zepka Ana Paula dos Santos , Caetano Thiago Leite
Published: September 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico do idoso que busca consulta médica em Unidade de Pronto Atendimento. A amostra foi composta por 2273 pacientes, com idade acima de 60 anos atendidos em São José dos Campos, São Paulo, durante o ano de 2013. Os pacientes foram divididos em dez grupos de acordo com o diagnóstico, baseado na CID-10. As mulheres representaram a maioria dos pacientes (59%). Do total de idosos, cerca de 24% foram diagnosticados como grupo X (doenças variadas e não graves), demonstrando que um quarto da amostra foi de pacientes não urgentes, os quais poderiam ter sido consultados em outros serviços de saúde, ao invés do Pronto Atendimento. O conhecimento sobre o idoso que busca o serviço de urgência é fundamental para a orientação desse usuário ao local mais adequado para o tratamento. Com o aumento da expectativa de vida, é imprescindível a implementação de políticas públicas direcionadas ao idoso. O cuidado com esse paciente é incipiente, pois os serviços de saúde ainda necessitam ser estruturados de acordo com as necessidades específicas desse público.
DESINFESTAÇÃO DE REBENTOS DE SISAL PARA UTILIZAÇÃO IN VITRO
Authors: Sales Nobrega Flavia Monique , Da Cunha Soares Taíza , Soares de Melo Alberto , Frota Chagas Carvalho Julita Maria
Published: September 2015

Em todo o mundo, o sisal (Agave sisalana) é conhecido pelo alto teor de suas fibras, amplamente utilizadas na fabricação de utensílios, na indústria automotiva, na indústria química e na construção cívil. No entanto, alguns fatores podem inviabilizar o desenvolvimento da cultura, a exemplo de doenças, como a podridão do colo, causada por fungos do gênero Pythium sp. Visando à obtenção de mudas sadias e livres de patógenos buscou-se, com este trabalho, definir um protocolo eficiente para a desinfestação de rebentos de sisal, utilizando-se diferentes concentrações e diversas combinações do antibiótico Citrofloxacino e do Fungicida Baytan®. Os explantes foram desinfestados em soluções com detergente neutro, hipoclorito de sódio e formaldeído e, em seguida, submetidos a soluções com diferentes concentrações do antibiótico e do fungicida combinados e só então cultivados em meio MS. Foram realizadas avaliações aos 7, 15 e 21 dias, após o cultivo, para análise da taxa de contaminação bacteriana e fúngica. Observou-se, portanto, que a utilização de 0,5% do fungicida Baytan®, associado a 1% do antibiótico Citrofloxacino, foi mais eficiente na descontaminação de explantes de sisal.
Digital diagnostics apparently healthy periodontitis on three-dimensional reconstraction of cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Ронь Галина , Ron' G. , Еловикова Татьяна , Elovicova T. , Уварова Л. , Uvarova L. , Чибисова М. , Chibisova M.
Published: September 2015

Radiological examination of almost healthy patient on the cone beam computer tomograph  for the purpose of determination density levels of maxillofacial area bone concerning density of the teeth roots is conducted. Three-dimensional reconstruction of teeth roots and surrounding tissues was positioned as a dental volume tomography with possibility of densitometry. The level of bone density relative to the density of the central teeth roots of the lower jaw (the buttress of the lower jaw) is an objective criterion of the condition of periodontal tissues, which also allows to compare the obtained data with the numeric criteria for various forms of chronic generalized periodontitis.
PAGES OF HISTORY OF URAL SCIENTIFIC TEACHING SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY
Authors: Жолудев Сергей , Zholudev S. , Мандра Юлия , Mandra Y.
Published: September 2015

Посвящается 85-летию Уральского государственного медицинского университета и 40-летию стоматологического факультета
Dos vestígios às imagens: consumo cinematográfico na Belle Époque carioca
Authors: Lapera Pedro Vinicius Asterito
Published: September 2015

Este artigo pretende empreender uma discussão sobre consumo midiático na virada entre os séculos XIX e XX a partir de algumas fontes presentes em alguns periódicos guardados na Biblioteca Nacional. Por conta da heterogeneidade dessas fontes, optamos por focar a discussão no consumo para traçar alguns caminhos possíveis na sua análise, com ênfase em uma história cultural que englobe os usos e as representações que circularam através da prática cinematográfica. No tratamento dessas fontes, optamos pela metodologia do paradigma indiciário, tal qual pensada por Carlo Ginzburg ao lidar com fontes heterogêneas, aliando a isso a reflexão de Mary Douglas e Baron Isherwood sobre consumo nas sociedades complexas e a de Roger Chartier sobre história cultural. Por fim, situamos nossas questões a partir das análises iniciadas por Vicente de Paula Araújo e Jean Claude Bernardet sobre o cinema brasileiro do período silencioso.
Telejornalismo Mobile: um estudo sobre a recepção das noticias no celular pelo público adultos/idosos
Authors: Costa Cristiane Finger
Published: September 2015

Com a implantação da TV Digital no Brasil, a programação da televisão aberta passa a estar disponível nos dispositivos móveis e portáteis, sem custo adicional. A recepção de conteúdos a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar deve provocar uma mudança na relação entre os jornalistas e os telespectadores. Para este trabalho foi realizada uma sondagem no campo da recepção para identificar de forma qualitativa as expectativas e necessidades do público idoso/adulto ao assistir as notícias nos celulares.
Collaborative Public Health System Interventions for Chronic Disease Prevention Among Urban Aboriginal Peoples
Authors: Wilk Piotr , Cooke Martin
Published: September 2015

Urban Aboriginal peoples are at higher risk to a variety of chronic diseases, compared with other Canadians. Social determinants of health, socio-ecological approaches to health, and life course perspectives can identify some of the various factors that contribute to this excess risk. The complexity of these factors suggests that an effective strategy for reducing this risk might be to focus on improving the capacity of the local public health system that serves Aboriginal people and families, rather than on interventions aimed solely at individual health behaviour change. This article uses the Healthy Weights Connection intervention as an example of one of several systems-focussed and collaborative approaches to improving the health of urban Aboriginal people. Despite their potential utility, we suggest that there are unique considerations for implementing and evaluating such interventions in an urban Aboriginal context.
Ability of Indian street rabies virus isolates to induce apoptosis by in-vitro
Authors: Prabhavathy H. , Palanivel K. M.
Published: September 2015

An attempt had been made in this study to know the ability of Indian street rabies virus isolates to induce apoptosis in murine neuroblastoma cells. Thirty Indian street virus isolates were tested by fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) among which 20 samples was positive. These positive samples were used to infect murine neuroblastoma (MNA) cells. Four street rabies virus isolates and challenge virus strain (CVS) were used in this study to show their ability to induce apoptosis. Total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized by using gene specific primers pertaining to Caspase-1, BAD (Proapoptotic gene) and Glycoprotein gene of rabies virus. Challenge Virus Standard has been used as control in the amplification as well as in the demonstration of apoptosis. The expression of Caspase-1, BAD and glycoprotein genes in the murine neuroblastoma cells in comparision with CVS was measured by using densitometer. Street virus isolates expressed higher levels of Caspase-1 and BAD in comparison with CVS. Further TUNEL staining method showed higher apoptotic index when compared to CVS. This study is an initial attempt to exhibit the ability of Indian rabies street virus isolates to induce apoptosis in murine neuroblastoma cells (in vitro).
Growth performance, haematology and insulin profile of weanling pigs fed graded levels zinc oxide supplemented diet
Authors: Abonyi Festus O. , Ogoenyi Echezona E. , Eze James I. , Machebe Ndubuisi S.
Published: September 2015

Landrace x Duroc crossbred intact male pigs (n=24) weighing between 11.05 to 11.35kg and aged 7.5 to 8.0 weeks were assigned to four treatments groups (A, B, C and D) by a complete randomized design. A common grower diet was supplemented with ZnO at 100 (A,control), 1000 (B), 1500 (C) and 2000mg/kg (D), and fed to the animals ad libitum for 10 weeks.Their feed intake, weight gainand feed: gain, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), total white blood cell (TWBC),differential white blood cell (DWBC) and insulin profile were determined. There were no significant(P > 0.05) differences indailyfeed intake,feed: gain and in most haematological parameters investigated.Lymphocyte count was significantly (P
Isolation and identification of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from animal tissues by conventional and molecular method
Authors: Basit Abdul , Hussain Mubbashir , Ayaz Sultan , Shahid Muhammad , Rahim Kashif , Ahmad Iqbal , Ullah Riaz , Hashem Abeer , Abd-Allah Elsayed , Alqarawi Abdulaziz Abdullah , Gul Naila
Published: September 2015

Tuberculosis is a worldwide contagious and chronic disease of human as well as domestic animals with zoonotic potential. The Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the main cause of tuberculosis. It has worldwide distribution with significant effect on animals and has public health importance. Therefore the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis among the ruminant of district Kohat, Khyber PakhtunKhwa and also to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Microscopy and PCR. A total 200 tissue samples of lungs, lymph nodes and liver from cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats were collected from Abattoir Kohat. All the tissue were first examined by direct smear microscopy by Ziehl Neelsen staining and then subjected to the PCR for the detection of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. The overall prevalence of tuberculosis was 6.5% by PCR.Prevalence of tuberculosis was recorded in7.87% of lungs samples followed by 5.26% lymph node. Moreover the prevalence was found 5.2%, 4%, 10.6% and 6.5% in cattle, buffalos, Goats and sheep respectively. Furthermorethe sensitivity and specificity of PCR and microscopy in term of detection of TB was determined that PCR was found less sensitive then microscopy because of other species which was not amplified due to non availability of specific primer and were found positive in microscopy.In conclusion PCR is more reliable diagnostic tool for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. It is recommended that PCR based diagnostic reference laboratory may be established at district level and Tuberculosis awareness campaign must be arranged.
Detection and virulence gene characterization of Shiga toxigenic E. coli from buffalo meat samples
Authors: Sinha Neha , Kshirsagar D. P. , Brahmbhatt M. N. , Nayak J. B.
Published: September 2015

Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) are causative agents of bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Humans acquire infections primarily through contaminated beef. In India, STEC has not been implicated as a major cause of diarrhoea. The study was carried out to know the prevalence of shiga toxin (ST) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and virulence genes characterization from buffalo meat samples sold at various retail meat shops at Anand, India. In the present investigation 70 isolates of Escherichia coli isolated from 150 retail market buffalo meat samples, were screened for STEC, using conventional culture methods, serotyping and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 70 E. coli isolates 11 different ‘O’ serogroups were recorded in 44 isolates. While 19 isolates were untypable and seven were rough isolates. Out of the 70 E. coli tested 56 isolates (80%) were positive for stx genes: of which 51 (72.85%) harboured stx2 genes and 2 isolates (2.85%) were positive for stx1 gene only. Moreover, 3 E. coli isolates (4.28%) harboured both stx1 and stx2. About 66 (94.28%) isolates were positive for eaeA gene. While out of 70 E. coli isolates tested, 3 (4.28%) were found to be positive for rfb O157 gene. Presence of STEC and other virulence factors in buffalo meat samples appeared to be matter of concern and threat to public health.
Combining Analytical, Semianalytical, and Empirical Methods To History Match and Forecast Tight/Shale Gas/Condensate Wells
Authors: Miller Guindon Leah
Published: September 2015

This study provides methods that can be simply applied to constrain forecasts and improve accuracy for forecasting a large number of liquid-rich shale wells. Using simulation cases, the authors demonstrate that constant condensate/gas ratios (CGRs) can occur for tight/shale gas/condensate wells exhibiting transient linear flow and flowing at near-constant flowing bottomehole pressure and that single-phase forecasting methods can be applied, even if multiphase flow is occuring in the reservoir.
Injuries and illnesses among Federal Emergency Management Agency–certified search-and-recovery and search-and-rescue dogs deployed to Oso, Washington, following the March 22, 2014, State Route 530 landslide
Authors: Gordon Lori E.
Published: September 2015

Objective—To establish types and rates of injuries and illnesses among search-and-recovery and search-and-rescue dogs deployed to Oso, Wash, following the March 22, 2014, State Route 530 landslide.

Design—Medical records review and cross-sectional survey.

Animals—25 Federal Emergency Management Agency–certified search dogs.

Procedures—On-site medical records and postdeployment laboratory test results were reviewed and an electronic survey was distributed to handlers within 8 days after demobilization.

Results—Dogs worked a total of 244 search shifts totaling 2,015 hours. Injuries and illnesses were reported in 21 (84%) dogs. Wounds (abrasions, pad wear, paw pad splits, and lacerations) were the most common injury, with an incidence rate of 28.3 wounds/1,000 hours worked. Dehydration was the most common illness, with an incidence rate of 10.4 cases of dehydration/1,000 hours worked. Total incidence rate for all health events was 66.5 events/1,000 hours worked. Two search dogs were removed from search operations for 2 days because of health issues. All others continued search operations while receiving treatment for their medical issues. All health issues were resolved during the deployment or within 2 weeks after demobilization.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results revealed that search dogs deployed to the Oso, Wash, landslide incurred injuries and illnesses similar to those reported following other disasters (dehydration, wounding, vomiting, and diarrhea) but also incurred medical issues not previously documented (acute caudal myopathy, cutaneous mass ruptures, and fever). The reported medical issues were minor; however, prompt veterinary care helped prevent them from developing into more serious conditions.
Opinions of clinical veterinarians at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections
Authors: Jacob Megan E. , Hoppin Jane A. , Steers Nicola , Davis Jennifer L. , Davidson Gigi , Hansen Bernie , Lunn Katharine F. , Murphy K. Marcia , Papich Mark G.
Published: September 2015

Objective—To determine opinions of faculty members with clinical appointments, clinical veterinarians, residents, and interns at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections.

Design—Cross-sectional survey.

Sample—71 veterinarians.

Procedures—An online questionnaire was sent to all veterinarians with clinical service responsibilities at the North Carolina State University veterinary teaching hospital (n = 167). The survey included 23 questions regarding demographic information, educational experiences, current prescribing practices, and personal opinions related to antimicrobial selection, antimicrobial use, restrictions on antimicrobial use, and antimicrobial resistance.

Results—Of the 167 veterinarians eligible to participate, 71 (43%) responded. When respondents were asked to rate their level of concern (very concerned = 1; not concerned = 5) about antimicrobial-resistant infections, most (41/70 [59%]) assigned a score of 1, with mean score for all respondents being 1.5. Most survey participants rated their immediate colleagues (mean score, 1.9) as more concerned than other veterinary medical professionals (mean score, 2.3) and their clients (mean score, 3.4). Fifty-nine of 67 (88%) respondents felt that antimicrobials were overprescribed at the hospital, and 32 of 69 (46%) respondents felt uncomfortable prescribing at least one class of antimicrobials (eg, carbapenems or glycopeptides) because of public health concerns.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings indicated that veterinarians at this teaching hospital were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, thought antimicrobials were overprescribed, and supported restricting use of certain antimicrobial classes in companion animals. Findings may be useful in educating future veterinarians and altering prescribing habits and antimicrobial distribution systems in veterinary hospitals.
The Role of Schooling in Perpetuating Educational Inequality
Authors: Schmidt William H. , Burroughs Nathan A. , Zoido Pablo , Houang Richard T.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, student-level indicators of opportunity to learn (OTL) included in the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment are used to explore the joint relationship of OTL and socioeconomic status (SES) to student mathematics literacy. Using multiple methods, we find consistent evidence that (a) OTL has a significant relationship to student outcomes, (b) a positive relationship exists between SES and OTL, and (c) roughly a third of the SES relationship to literacy is due to its association with OTL. These relationships hold across most countries and both within and between schools within countries. Our findings suggest that in most countries, the organization and policies defining content exposure may exacerbate educational inequalities.
Dexmedetomidine as an anaesthetic adjunct for management of difficult airway in a patient with facial injury following bear maul
Authors: Parajuli Bashu Dev , Udaya Rejin Kumar , Sharma Anubhav , Shrestha Gentle Sunder
Published: September 2015

The management of difficult airway is one of the most challenging tasks for the anaesthesiologist. Life threatening cannot intubate and cannot ventilate situation can be avoided by performing awake-fibreoptic intubation. Although there are many techniques described for fibreoptic intubation but relative merits and demerits of each technique should be considered. The key to successful awakefibreoptic intubation depends upon the meticulous preparation of the patient and the equipments. Many methods of sedation have been described but theirs side effects are the limitations. Dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha2 adrenergic agonist, has unique property of conscious sedation. Besides, dexmedetomidine has additional property of analgesia, reflex blunting and anti-sialogogue, which can further improve the success rate of awake-fibreoptic intubation in cases with difficult airway. We described a case of bear maul of face with anticipated difficult airway successfully conducted awake-fibreoptic intubation with the use of dexmedetomidine.Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2015; 2(2): 77-79
CCL22 Prevents Rejection of Mouse Islet Allografts and Induces Donor-Specific Tolerance
Authors: Montane Joel , Obach Merce , Alvarez Sigrid , Bischoff Loraine , Dai Derek L. , Soukhatcheva Galina , Priatel John J. , Hardenberg Gijs , Levings Megan K. , Tan Rusung , Orban Paul C. , Verchere C. Bruce
Published: September 2015

Manipulation of regulatory T cell (Treg) migration by islet expression of the chemokine CCL22 prevents diabetes in NOD mice and delays recurrent autoimmunity in syngeneic islet transplants. We sought to determine whether attracting Tregs with CCL22 also prevents islet allograft rejection. Isolated Bl/6 mouse islets were transduced overnight with adenovirus expressing CCL22 (Ad-CCL22) downstream of the CMV promoter. Islets were transplanted under the renal capsule of Balb/c recipients made diabetic by streptozotocin. To assess immunologic tolerance, graft-bearing kidneys from recipients of CCL22-expressing islet grafts were removed, and mice received a second transplant of naive islets from the same donor strain or third-party islets into the contralateral kidney. Adenoviral expression of CCL22 conferred prolonged protection of islet allografts in MHC-mismatched, diabetic recipients, maintaining normoglycemia in 75% of recipients for at least 80 days. Increased frequency of Treg cells was observed in islet grafts transduced with Ad-CCL22 compared with untreated grafts. Normoglycemic recipients of CCL22-expressing islet grafts showed complete absence of antidonor antibodies and no lymphocyte proliferation after exposure to donor splenocytes. After removal of the primary graft at day 80, mice that received a second transplant with untreated islets from the same donor strain did not reject the grafts, suggesting the development of tolerance. Expression of CCL22 recruits Treg cells to transplanted islets, prevents activation of alloreactive T-cells and islet allograft failure and induces alloantigen-specific tolerance. Manipulation of Treg cells by CCL22 in transplanted islets may be a novel therapeutic strategy for diabetes.
IL-1β-Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration Involves MLCK Activation via PKC Signaling
Authors: Lin Cheng-Yu , Zu Chia-Hua , Yang Chih-Chang , Tsai Pei-Jiun , Shyu Jia-Fwu , Chen Chie-Pein , Weng Zen-Chung , Chen Tien-Hua , Wang Hwai-Shi
Published: September 2015

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrate via the bloodstream to sites of injury, possibly attracted by inflammatory cytokines. Although many cytokines can induce stem cell migration, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We found that tail vein-injected MSCs migrate to the pancreas in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. An ELISA assay revealed that hyperglycemic NOD mice have higher pancreatic levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) than normal NOD mice and that IL-1β stimulates MSC migration in a Transwell assay and electric cell–substrate impedance sensing system. Microarray analysis showed that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is involved in IL-1β-induced MSC migration, while Western blots showed that IL-1β stimulates MLCK expression and activation and that MLCK-siRNA transfection reduces MSC migration. Kinase inhibitors, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and a knockdown study revealed that IL-1β-induced MLCK expression is regulated by the PKCd/NF-κB signaling pathway, and a kinase inhibitor study revealed that IL-1β-induced MLCK activation occurs via the PKCa/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. These results show that IL-1β released from the pancreas of hyperglycemic NOD mice induces MSC migration and that this is dependent on MLCK expression via the PKCd/NF-κB pathway and on MLCK activation via the PKCa/MEK/ERK signaling cascade. This study increases our understanding of the mechanisms by which MSCs home to injury sites.
Bone-Forming Capacity and Biodistribution of Bone Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells Directly Loaded into Scaffolds: A Novel and Easy Approach for Clinical Application of Bone Regeneration
Authors: Léotot Julie , Lebouvier Angélique , Hernigou Philippe , Bierling Philippe , Rouard Hélène , Chevallier Nathalie
Published: September 2015

In the context of clinical applications of bone regeneration, cell seeding into scaffolds needs to be safe and easy. Moreover, cell density also plays a crucial role in the development of efficient bone tissue engineering constructs. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a simple and rapid cell seeding procedure on hydroxyapatite/ β-tricalcium phosphate (HA/βTCP), as well as define optimal cell density and control the biodistribution of grafted cells. To this end, human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (hBMSCs) were seeded on HA/βTCP scaffolds, and we have compared bone formation using an ectopic model. Our results demonstrated a significantly higher bone-forming capacity of hBMSCs directly loaded on HA/βTCP during surgery compared to hBMSCs preseeded for 7 days in vitro on HA/βTCP before ectopic implantation. The extent of new bone formation increases with increasing hBMSC densities quantitatively, qualitatively, and in frequency. Also, this study showed that grafted hBMSCs remained confined to the implantation site and did not spread toward other tissues, such as liver, spleen, lungs, heart, and kidneys. In conclusion, direct cell loading into a scaffold during surgery is more efficient for bone regeneration, as well as quick and safe. Therefore direct cell loading is suitable for clinical requirements and cell production control, making it a promising approach for orthopedic applications. Moreover, our results have provided evidence that the formation of a mature bone organ containing hematopoietic islets needs a sufficiently high local density of grafted hBMSCs, which should guide the optimal dose of cells for clinical use.
Canine Mesenchymal Stem Cell Potential and the Importance of Dog Breed: Implication for Cell-Based Therapies
Authors: Bertolo Alessandro , Steffen Frank , Malonzo-Marty Cherry , Stoyanov Jivko
Published: September 2015

The study of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has a prominent position in veterinary cell-based applications. Yet the plethora of breeds, their different life spans, and interbreed variations provide unclearness on what can be achieved specifically by such therapies. In this study, we compared a set of morphological, physiological, and genetic markers of MSCs derived from large dog breeds, namely, Border collie, German shepherd, Labrador, Malinois, Golden retriever, and Hovawart. We compared colony-forming units (CFUs) assay, population doubling time (PDT), senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, telomere length, and gene expression of MSCs, as well as the ability of cells to differentiate to osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic phenotypes. The influence of the culture media α-MEM, low-glucose DMEM, and high-glucose DMEM, used in cell isolation and expansion, was investigated in the presence and absence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Initial cell yield was not affected by culturing medium, but MSCs expanded best in α-MEM supplemented with bFGF. After isolation, the number of MSCs was similar among breeds—as shown by equivalent CFUs—except in the Hovawart samples, which had fivefold less CFU. Telomere lengths were similar among breeds. MSCs divided actively only for 4 weeks in culture (PDT = ~50 h/ division), except Border collie cells divided for a longer time than cells from other groups. The percentage of senescent cells increased linearly in all breeds with time, with a faster rate in German shepherd, Labrador, and Golden retriever. Border collie cells underwent efficient osteogenic differentiation, Hovawart cells performed the best in chondrogenic differentiation, and Labrador cells in both, while German shepherd cells had the lower differentiation potential. MSCs from all breeds preserved the same adipogenic differentiation potential. In conclusion, despite variations, isolated MSCs can be expanded and differentiated in vitro, and all breeds are eligible for MSC-based therapies.
The Dose–Effect Relationship between the Seeding Quantity of Human Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and in Vivo Tissue-Engineered Bone Yield
Authors: Wu Huanhuan , Kang Ning , Wang Qian , Dong Ping , Lv Xiaoyan , Cao Yilin , Xiao Ran
Published: September 2015

Although the feasibility of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hBMMSC)-based tissue-engineered bone (TEB) has been proven in a number of studies, reaching a high positive fraction and bone yield of TEB still remains a challenge. Here we report a dose–effect relationship of the quantity of seeded cells with in vivo bone yield and the required quantity of hBMMSCs for the effective, stable bone formation of TEB. In our study, TEB was constructed using the static seeding technique with the gradient of seeding densities and volumes of passage 3 hBMMSCs. The in vitro characteristics of seeding efficiency, proliferation, viability, distribution, and osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs seeded on two commercial scaffolds of β-TCP and CHA were investigated using alamarBlue assay, live/dead staining, confocal laser scanning microscope, scanning electronic microscopy examination, and mRNA expression analysis of osteogenic differentiation markers. After 3 months of ectopic implantation, in vivo bone regeneration was examined by quantitative analysis of histology and micro-CT. The results showed that 10 × 106cells/ml was the minimum cell seeding density for CHA and β-TCP to generate new bone in vivo. In addition, 20 × 106cells/ml and 30 × 106cells/ml were the saturating seeding densities for CHA and β-TCP to produce new bone effectively and stably, respectively. Thus, for different scaffolds, the saturating seeding density should be investigated first to ensure the effectiveness and stability of TEB construction with minimum donor injury, which is essential for the clinical application of TEB.
Biodistribution of Infused Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells in Alzheimer's Disease-Like Murine Model
Authors: Ehrhart Jared , Darlington Donna , Kuzmin-Nichols Nicole , Sanberg Cyndy D. , Sawmiller Darrell R. , Sanberg Paul R. , Tan Jun
Published: September 2015

Human umbilical cord blood cells (HUCBCs), a prolific source of non-embryonic or adult stem cells, have emerged as effective and relatively safe immunomodulators and neuroprotectors, reducing behavioral impairment in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke. In this report, we followed the bioavailability of HUCBCs in AD-like transgenic PSAPP mice and nontransgenic Sprague-Dawley rats. HUCBCs were injected into tail veins of mice or rats at a single dose of 1 × 106 or 2.2 × 106 cells, respectively, prior to harvesting of tissues at 24 h, 7 days, and 30 days after injection. For determination of HUCBC distribution, tissues from both species were subjected to total DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the gene for human glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Our results show a relatively similar biodistribution and retention of HUCBCs in both mouse and rat organs. HUCBCs were broadly detected both in the brain and several peripheral organs, including the liver, kidney, and bone marrow, of both species, starting within 7 days and continuing up to 30 days posttransplantation. No HUCBCs were recovered in the peripheral circulation, even at 24 h posttransplantation. Therefore, HUCBCs reach several tissues including the brain following a single intravenous treatment, suggesting that this route can be a viable method of administration of these cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
L’impôt du sang des volontaires étrangers de la légion étrangère dans la Grande Guerre
Authors: Comor André-Paul
Published: September 2015

Pour la première fois depuis la Révolution française des étrangers établis en France se portent spontanément et massivement volontaires pour la défense du droit et de la liberté. Ce, avant même la déclaration de la guerre. Hérauts de cette croisade, les représentants de l’élite intellectuelle et artistique européenne et américaine établie dans la capitale sont suivis par la foule des étrangers de condition modeste qui veulent montrer leur reconnaissance au pays qui les a accueillis. Incorporés dans des régiments de marche de la Légion étrangère créés pour la circonstance, par leur conduite au feu, ces engagés volontaires pour la durée de la guerre de 1914 contribuent ainsi à légitimer et à pérenniser cette composante de l’armée d’Afrique.
Retrouver son rang et gagner sa place. Le rôle de la victoire du Belvédère dans l’armée française renaissante
Authors: Cadeau Ivan
Published: September 2015

À partir de 1943, l’armée française réorganisée sur le modèle américain doit prouver aux alliés qu’elle constitue toujours une puissance militaire. Les combats victorieux de la 3e DIA sur le Colle Belvédère permettent d’en faire la démonstration en même temps qu’ils donnent du crédit au général de Gaulle dans ses discussions avec les Anglo-saxons. Victoire militaire, victoire politique, le succès du Belvédère puis, plus tard, ceux remportés en Italie, doivent également contribuer à resserrer les liens entre la France et les populations d’Afrique du Nord. Dans ce dernier domaine, l’égalité et l’unité promises aux tirailleurs cèdent la place, à après la guerre à la frustration et aux désillusions.
La construction de la ligne Maginot alpine et son emploi en 1940 : un système défensif novateur et efficace
Authors: Garraud Philippe
Published: September 2015

La politique de fortification des frontières s’inscrit dans le contexte stratégique transitoire des années 1925-1930 qui conduit à l’adoption d’une posture défensive. L’organisation discontinue précise des fortifications est ensuite strictement conditionnée par la géographie et la topographie alpine, et les ou­vrages souterrains ont un caractère novateur. Enfin, la brève épreuve des combats permet de mettre en évidence l’efficacité du système défensif constitué autour des fortifications qui, dans les Alpes, a pleinement rempli son rôle.
Combler l’écart de responsabilité dans les organisations hybrides. Le cas du port de Malmö-Copenhague
Authors: Grossi Giuseppe , Thomasson Anna
Published: September 2015

Les recherches existantes sur les organisations hybrides attirent l’attention sur l’écart de responsabilité dont on pense qu’il apparaît lorsque la prestation des services publics est transférée à une organisation hybride. Dans le présent article, nous nous basons sur ces recherches et procédons par étude de cas pour examiner s’il est possible de combler cet écart au moyen des systèmes de gouvernance d’entreprise existants, ou si des systèmes de gouvernance spécialement adaptés aux formes hybrides doivent être mis au point. Les observations de notre étude indiquent que le processus est tout aussi important que le système en place. En d’autres termes, c’est non seulement le système proprement dit, mais aussi la manière dont il est mis en œuvre et utilisé, qui détermine la capacité à combler l’écart de responsabilité. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Dans le présent article, nous tentons de comprendre comment le concept d’organisation hybride influence la relation entre les citoyens, les politiciens élus et les organisations responsables de la prestation de services publics et, dès lors, la manière dont évolue la capacité à assurer l’imputabilité dans les services publics. Les conclusions présentées dans notre article permettront aux politiciens et aux gestionnaires du secteur public de mieux comprendre comment, en s’intéressant aux processus organisationnels, aux relations entre les parties prenantes et à l’évaluation de la performance, ils peuvent s’efforcer d’améliorer l’imputabilité dans les organisations hybrides. Notre article indique par ailleurs que l’évaluation de la performance doit englober non seulement les aspects financiers, mais aussi les valeurs sociétales des services publics offerts par les organisations hybrides.
Bifidobacterium breve prevents necrotising enterocolitis by suppressing inflammatory responses in a preterm rat model
Authors: Satoh T. , Izumi H. , Iwabuchi N. , Odamaki T. , Namba K. , Abe F. , Xiao J.Z.
Published: September 2015

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with inflammatory responses and barrier dysfunction in the gut. In this study, we investigated the effect of Bifidobacterium breve M-16V on factors related to NEC development using an experimental rat model. Caesarean-sectioned rats were given formula milk with or without B. breve M-16V by oral gavage thrice daily, and experimental NEC was induced by exposing the rats to hypoxic conditions. Naturally delivered rats that were reared by their mother were used as healthy controls. The pathological score of NEC and the expression of molecules related to inflammatory responses and the barrier function were assessed in the ileum. B. breve M-16V reduced the pathological scores of NEC and resulted in some improvement in survivability. B. breve M-16V suppressed the increased expression of molecules related to inflammation and barrier function that resulted from NEC induction. B. breve M-16V normalised Toll-like receptor (TRL)4 expression and enhanced TLR2 expression. Our data suggest that B. breve M-16V prevents NEC development by modulating TLR expressions and suppressing inflammatory responses in a rat model.
Survey evidence of members’ willingness to invest in agricultural hybrid cooperatives
Authors: Alho E.
Published: September 2015

Agricultural producer organisations face tight competition in global food and agricultural markets. The opportunities for cooperatives to acquire growth capital are restricted to member contributions, which poses a financial handicap in competition against investor-owned firms. Innovative cooperative structures have emerged as a response to the competitive pressures. For many, gaining access to growth capital from investors has been the reason for departing from the traditional cooperative organisational structure. This study examined whether farmers, as members and owners of agricultural producer cooperatives, are willing to invest in cooperative growth. By using the members of two large Finnish meat producer cooperatives as a sample we were able to utilise the variability in investor-owned firm structures, in which the members have both direct and indirect ownership in two layers of the agricultural producer organisation. A questionnaire study was conducted, including a contingent rating task in which farmers stated the point in the hybrid organisation chain at which they preferred to invest. The results indicated that the majority of farmers were willing to invest and the tendency increased with farm size. The average investment sum is considerable relative to the current capital contribution of an average member. The most preferred form was traditional cooperative capital, while a comparison of investment alternatives suggested that farmers are not yet receptive to new transferable cooperative shares. Retaining control appears important to producers. Farmer commitment erodes when the firm is in financial difficulties. Less member capital is available to save the firm from a cash crisis compared to a scenario of investments improving competitiveness.
Effect ofFusarium head blight on deoxynivalenol levels in whole grain and patent flours from different wheat genotypes
Authors: De Almeida J.L. , Tessmann D.J. , Do Couto H.T.Z. , Fostim M.L.
Published: September 2015

Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab, caused byFusarium graminearum, is a highly destructive disease of wheat that can affect wheat grain yield and quality and contaminate grains and grain products with trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). The purpose this study was to evaluate FHB resistance and DON accumulation in whole grain flour (WGF) and patent flour (PF) from different wheat genotypes developed for the humid subtropical conditions in southern Brazil. Three types of physiological resistance were evaluated: resistance against initial infection, resistance to kernel infection, and resistance to DON accumulation, known as the type I, III and V resistance reactions to FHB, respectively. The experimental design was factorial, and the factors studied were genotypes (n=23), type of flour (WGF and PF), inoculation (uninoculated or inoculated), and growing season (2011 and 2012). The genotypes were screened with natural infection and were artificially inoculated by spraying a conidial suspension at mid-anthesis. DON content in WGF and PF was significantly affected by all the tested sources of variation and their interactions. Averaged among genotypes, the increase in DON content in WGF compared with PF was 29.3%, ranging from 1.7 to 66.4%. Significant differences in FHB incidence and severity,Fusarium-damaged kernels, yield and test weight (Tw) were observed among wheat genotypes. Artificial inoculation significantly affected the DON content of WGF and PF but not the other variables, indicating its utility in southern Brazil. Linear correlations between DON accumulation in WGF or PF and resistance to FHB variables, yield and Tw were also determined.