bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The non-steady-state oceanic CO2 signal: its importance, magnitude and a novel way to detect it
Authors: McNeil B. I. , Matear R. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The ocean's role has been pivotal in modulating rising atmospheric CO2 levels since the industrial revolution, sequestering over a quarter of all fossil-fuel derived CO2 emissions. Net oceanic uptake of CO2 has roughly doubled between the 1960's (~1 Pg C yr−1) and 2000's (~2 Pg C yr−1), with expectations it will continue to absorb even more CO2 with rising future atmospheric CO2 levels. However, recent CO2 observational analyses along with numerous model predictions suggest the rate of oceanic CO2 uptake is already slowing, largely as a result of a natural decadal-scale outgassing signal. This recent and unexpected CO2 outgassing signal represents a paradigm-shift in our understanding of the oceans role in modulating atmospheric CO2. Current tracer-based estimates for the ocean storage of anthropogenic CO2 assume the ocean circulation and biology is in steady state, thereby missing the new and potentially important "non-steady-state" CO2 outgassing signal. By combining data-based techniques that assume the ocean is in steady-state, with techniques that constrain the net oceanic CO2 uptake signal, we show how to extract the non-steady-state CO2 signal from observations. Over the entire industrial era, the non-steady-state CO2 outgassing signal (~13 ± 10 Pg C) is estimated to represent about 9% of the total net CO2 inventory change (~142 Pg C). However between 1989 and 2007, the non-steady-state CO2 outgassing signal (~6.3 Pg C) has likely increased to be ~18% of net oceanic CO2 storage over that period (~36 Pg C), a level which cannot be ignored. The present uncertainty of our data-based techniques for oceanic CO2 uptake limit our capacity to quantify the non-steady-state CO2 signal, however with more data and better certainty estimates across a~range of diverse methods, this important and growing CO2 signal could be better constrained in the future.
Downscaling the climate change for oceans around Australia
Authors: Chamberlain M. A. , Sun C. , Matear R. J. , Feng M. , Phipps S. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. At present, global climate models used to project changes in climate poorly resolve mesoscale ocean features such as boundary currents and eddies. These missing features may be important to realistically project the marine impacts of climate change. Here we present a framework for dynamically downscaling coarse climate change projections utilising a near-global ocean model that resolves these features in the Australasian region, with coarser resolution elsewhere. A time-slice projection for a 2060s ocean was obtained by adding climate change anomalies to initial conditions and surface fluxes of a near-global eddy-resolving ocean model. Climate change anomalies are derived from the differences between present and projected climates from a coarse global climate model. These anomalies are added to observed fields, thereby reducing the effect of model bias from the climate model. The downscaling model used here is ocean-only and does not include the effects that changes in the ocean state will have on the atmosphere and air–sea fluxes. We use restoring of the sea surface temperature and salinity to approximate real-ocean feedback on heat flux and to keep the salinity stable. Extra experiments with different feedback parameterisations are run to test the sensitivity of the projection. Consistent spatial differences emerge in sea surface temperature, salinity, stratification and transport between the downscaled projections and those of the climate model. Also, the spatial differences become established rapidly (< 3 yr), indicating the importance of mesoscale resolution. However, the differences in the magnitude of the difference between experiments show that feedback of the ocean onto the air–sea fluxes is still important in determining the state of the ocean in these projections. Until such a time when it is feasible to regularly run a global climate model with eddy resolution, our framework for ocean climate change downscaling provides an attractive way to explore the response of mesoscale ocean features with climate change and their effect on the broader ocean.
Endoscopic Combined Intra Renal Surgery (ECIRS) in Prone Position
Authors: Serra Simona , Corona Andrea , De Lisa Antonello
Published: September 2012

Introduction

E.C.I.R.S. is currently used in Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position, since it is thought to be capable of allowing the retrograde approach to the high urinary diseases. Our school developed some good experience in percutaneous procedures in the prone position, with no significant anesthetic complications; we have performed an evaluation of flexible retrograde endoscopy with percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in this position.

Materials and Methods

21 patients (14 M - 7 F), with a mean age 44.5 years (range 27–62), with complex urolithiasis, underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy associated with flexible retrograde endoscopy (E.C.I.R.S.) in the prone position. The technique has followed these steps: patient's positioning in the prone position; flexible cystoscopy and insertion of guide 0.038″ stiff Lubriglide flexible tip; ureteral sheath 11/13 Ch until the lumbar ureter; fixing the end of the sheath to the surgical drape with sutures or surgical instrument; catheter Nelaton transurethral 10 Ch to the side of the sheath; renal puncture and routine procedure for the nephrolithotripsy assisted by the flexible instrumentation by retrograde approach. The procedure ended with the application of a Re-entry Malecot™ nephrostomy tube (Boston Scientific).

Results

The ureteral sheath was easily applicable in the prone position for all patients, with no difference between males and females; its presence made it easier to enter and the progression of the flexible instrument by retrograde approach. Idem come sopra. There was no lengthening of operative time associated with retrograde instrumentation. The “stone free” status was obtained in 100% of cases. There were no complications.

Discussion

The stabilized ureteral sheath allows for the comfortable and secure combined endorenal prone procedure, with flexible instruments both in men and women, through a safe and effective technique.
Urinary Tract Endometriosis
Authors: Antonelli Alessandro
Published: September 2012

Urinary endometriosis is a rare diagnosis which is becoming much more common at referral centres. The bladder and the pelvic ureter are the sites that can be affected, each posing to the urologist and gynecologist some specific diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties.

Bladder endometriosis, indeed, usually causes lower urinary tract symptoms, has a typical appearance at imaging and can be an isolated presentation; ureteral location, at the contrary, often presents with a vague or aspecific symptomatology and is often associated to other pelvic locations, so that a careful evaluation of the urinary tract, preferably with NMR, is mandatory for severe pelvic endometriosis, also in the absence of symptoms.

The treatment of bladder presentation is partial cystectomy, preferably via a laparoscopic approach, while ureteral endometriosis can require different surgical solutions, from ureterolysis to ureteral reimplantation, open, laparoscopic or robot-assisted, basing on its extent and on the need of additional procedures for other locations. r
Characterizing a novel method for blending regenerated cellulose structures with polyester filaments
Authors: Semnani Dariush , Mazrouei‐Sebdani Zahra , Abedinzadeh Bentolhoda
Published: September 2012

The combination method of various manmade fibers with other fibers was developed to create special properties many years ago. Fibers can be mixed in a generation process, such as in solution or melt spinning, or in a fiber spinning process in the form of filaments, staple, sliver, yarn, and so on. Hybrid blended yarns are a common class of yarns in the textile industry, and the most are produced through cotton–polyester or viscose–polyester blending in the spinning process. The cellulose fibers blended in spun yarns should be at least 1 in. in length with appropriate surface properties. This causes limitations in the use of cheap materials. Cheap products owe their manufacturing to waste papers, wood trash, poor linters of cotton, spinning trash, and so on. In this study, a new method for combining regenerated cellulose structures with polyester filaments was examined; it is different from conventional hybrid polyester–viscose fiber production. In the first step, the viscose pulp was prepared and then coated on the polyester filaments in various forms. The properties, including the tensile strength, density, yarn count, moisture regain, static electricity, and dyeing, of the resulted hybrid fibers were evaluated with a variety of methods. The results show that almost all of the properties of the coated samples were improved, especially the moisture absorbance, static electricity, and dyeing properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and characteristics of a dummy molecularly imprinted polymer for phenol
Authors: Huang Yunhong , Xu Yang , He Qinghua , Du Bibai , Cao Yusheng
Published: September 2012

A dummy molecularly imprinted polymers (DMIP) for phenol was synthesized by a thermal polymerization method with acrylamide as the functional monomer, ethylene dimethacrylate as the crosslinker, 2,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the free‐radical initiator, acetonitrile as the porogenic solvent, and sulfadiazine, a phenol analogue, as the template. In comparison to other adsorbents, the synthesized DMIP showed a higher capacity and rate of adsorption. The adsorption amount of the DMIP adsorbents for phenol reached 6.09 ± 0.15 mg/g, and the adsorption rate of the DMIP was about 0.406 ± 0.01 mg g−1·min−1. The results indicate that the Freundlich model fit the adsorption model of DMIP for phenol. The adsorption model of DMIP for phenol was multilayer adsorption. This showed that the DMIP synthesized by bulk polymerization could be used as a novel adsorbent for the removal of phenol from contaminated water. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis of biomimetic hyperbranched zwitterionic polymers as targeting drug delivery carriers
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Sun Xinke , Jiang Guohua , Wang Rijing , Hu Ruanbing , Xi Xiaoguang , Zhou Yang , Wang Sheng , Wang Tao
Published: September 2012

Novel biomimetic hyperbranched copolymers that synthesized by polymerization of zwitterionic monomer (CBB) on the surface of a hyperbranched poly(3‐ethyl‐3‐(hydroxymethyl)oxetane) (HBPO) core and used as a drug delivery carrier have been investigated by analysis of protein‐adsorption‐resistance, cytotoxicity and cell type‐specific targeting properties. The as‐synthesized biomimetic hyperbranched copolymers showed low toxicity, favorable protein resistant properties and were ultrastable in 100% fetal bovine serum. Folic acid and rodiamin‐B were conjugated to the surface of synthesized micelles to endow it with target drug delivery and fluorescence activity, respectively. Intracellular uptake and in vitro cytotoxicity of HBPO‐poly(carboxybetaine) micelles were investigated. Doxorubicin was used as a model drug for Hela cells during the experiment. All results show that the biomimetic hyperbranched copolymer is a candidate carrier for target drug delivery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of polymeric flame retardants based on phosphorus‐containing polyesters on morphology and material characteristics of poly(butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Köppl Thomas , Brehme Sven , Pospiech Doris , Fischer Oliver , Wolff‐Fabris Felipe , Altstädt Volker , Schartel Bernhard , Döring Manfred
Published: September 2012

Flame retarded poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is required for electronic applications and is mostly achieved by low molar mass additives so far. Three phosphorus‐containing polyesters are suggested as halogen‐free and polymeric flame retardants for PBT. Flame retardancy was achieved according to cone calorimeter experiments showing that the peak heat release rate and total heat evolved were reduced because of flame inhibition and condensed‐phase activity. The presented polymers containing derivatives of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide form immiscible blend systems with PBT. Shear‐rheology shows an increase in storage moduli at low frequencies. This is proposed as quantitative measure for the degree of phase interaction. The phase structure of the blends depends on the chemical structure of the phosphorus polyester and was quite different, depending also on the viscosity ratio between matrix and second phase. A lower viscosity ratio leads to two types of phases with spherical and additionally continuous droplets. Addition of the flame retardants showed no influence on the dielectric properties but on the mechanical behavior. The polymeric flame retardants significantly diminish the impact strength because of several reasons: (1) high brittleness of the phosphorus polyesters themselves, (2) thermodynamic immiscibility, and (3) weak phase adhesion. By adding a copolymer consisting of the two base polymers to the blend, an improvement of impact strength was obtained. The copolymer particularly acts as compatibilizer between the phases and therefore leads to a smaller phase size and to a stronger phase adhesion due to the formation of fibrils. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Uptake of hazardous heavy metal ions by aqueous solution of poly(acrylamide) prepared through atom transfer radical polymerization process
Authors: Mishra Vivek , Kumar Rajesh
Published: September 2012

Poly(acrylamide) (PACM) used in this study was prepared through an effective atom transfer radical polymerization process and characterized by NMR, FTIR, and thermo gravimetric analysis. Resulting polymer was used for the uptake of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Partition coefficient, retention capacity, and metal ion uptake behavior in aqueous solution of PACM at different monomer percent conversions and effect of parameters for optimization of polymerization reaction gives thermally stable PACM. Efficiency of metal ion uptake of different molecular weights of PACM were tested in batches for Ni2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Hg2+ ions in single metal solution. Metal ion sorption capacities increase with increase in polymer concentration. Metal ion sorption capacities in single metal system were 6.3 mg g−1 Ni2+, 6.0 mg g−1 Pb2+, 6.9 mg g−1 Cu2+, 6.2 mg g−1 Zn2+, 22.4 mg g−1 Hg2+ for PACM of 88% conversion (Mn = 19,850). Uptake by the PACM indicates that they are effective in removing metal ions from single metal ion solutions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
In situ chemically crosslinked chitosan membrane by adipic acid
Authors: Cai Mengtan , Gong Jiang , Cao Jun , Chen Yuanwei , Luo Xianglin
Published: September 2012

Adipic acid, which is nontoxic, was used to dissolve chitosan. The chitosan/adipic acid solution was used to prepare chitosan membrane. After being heated at 80–100°C, the membrane was in situ chemically crosslinked by adipic acid, as verified by Fourier transform infrared and wide‐angle X‐ray diffractometer analysis. The crosslinked membrane did not collapse even without treatment in alkaline solution. In addition, the in situ crosslinking reaction was studied. The crosslinking degree (CLD) was quantitatively calculated based on the mass of water produced. The results showed that CLD was positively related to both heating temperature and time. Results of kinetic of crosslinking reaction suggested that the amidation was in agreement with the first‐order rate equation and that the temperature effect could be described with the Arrhenius equation. The results of weight loss of chitosan membrane in phosphate‐buffered solution (pH = 7.4) indicated that the best water resistance of chitosan membrane was obtained at 90°C. In brief, a straightforward, nontoxic, environment‐friendly, and economical chemically crosslinking approach has been developed for chitosan materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and characterization of novel ultrathin polyimide fibers via sol–gel process and electrospinning
Authors: Schramm Christian , Rinderer Beate , Tessadri Richard
Published: September 2012

Ultrathin polyimide fibers were prepared using the organoalkoxysilanes (3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)succinic anhydride (TESP‐SA) and (3‐amino)propyl triethoxysilane (APTES). In the first step, a viscous solution of the corresponding poly(amic) acid (PAA) was produced and electrospun at various high voltages. The fiber diameter distributions of the as‐prepared fibers were measured. The thermal imidization at 220°C resulted in the formation of an organic–inorganic hybrid polyimide fiber assembly as shown by FTIR/ATR. Surface morphology was investigated by means of SEM images. TGA measurements made evident that the prepared fibers begin to decompose at 380°C. XRPD pattern of the fibers revealed that a certain ladder‐like order exists in the fibers. The water vapor absorption of the thermally (220°C) treated ultrathin polyimide fibers was evaluated. The fiber assemblies treated at 110°C were water soluble, whereas those treated at 220°C were insoluble in water and organic solvents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Closed‐Loop Identification for Control of Linear Parameter Varying Systems
Authors: Bendtsen Jan , Trangbaek Klaus
Published: September 2012

This paper deals with system identification for control of linear parameter varying systems. In practical applications, it is often important to be able to identify small plant changes in an incremental manner without shutting down the system and/or disconnecting the controller; unfortunately, closed‐loop system identification is more difficult than open‐loop identification. In this paper we prove that the so‐called Hansen scheme, a technique known from linear time‐invariant systems theory for transforming closed‐loop system identification problems into open‐loop‐like problems, can be extended to accommodate linear parameter varying systems as well. We investigate the identified subsystem's parameter dependency and observe that, under mild assumptions, the identified subsystem is affine in the parameter vector. Various identification methods are compared in direct and Hansen Scheme setups in simulation studies, and the application of the Hansen Scheme is seen to improve the identification performance.
Magnesium methoxide‐induced chemiluminescent decomposition of bicyclic dioxetanes bearing a 2′‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐7‐yl moiety
Authors: Kawashima Hidehisa , Watanabe Nobuko , Ijuin Hisako K. , Matsumoto Masakatsu
Published: September 2012

Bicyclic dioxetanes 2a–c bearing a 2′‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐7‐yl moiety were effectively synthesized and their base‐induced chemiluminescent decomposition was investigated by the use of alkaline metal (Na+ and K+) or Mg2+ alkoxide in MeOH. When 2a–c were treated with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a reference system, they showed chemiluminescence as a flash of orange light (maximum wavelength λmaxCL = 573–577 nm) with efficiency ΦCL = 6–8 × 10–2. On the other hand, for an alkaline metal (Na+ or K+) alkoxide/MeOH system, 2a–c decomposed slowly to emit a glow of chemiluminescence, the spectra of which were shifted slightly toward red from the TBAF/DMSO system, and ΦCL (= 1.4–2.3 × 10–3) was considerably decreased. In addition, Mg(OMe)2 was found to play a characteristic role as a base for the chemiluminescent decomposition of 2a–c through coordination to the intermediary oxidoaryl‐substituted dioxetanes 13. Thus, Mg2+ increased ΦCL to more than twice those with Na+ or K+, while it shifted λmaxCL considerably toward blue (λmaxCL = 550–566 nm). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized clinical trial on the influence of anaesthesia protocol on intestinal motility during laparoscopic surgery requiring small bowel anastomosis
Authors: De Corte W , Delrue H , Vanfleteren L J J , Dutré P E M , Pottel H , Devriendt D K J C , Van Rooy F H E C , D'Hondt M , Carlier S , Desmet M B
Published: September 2012

Background

Hyperperistalsis of the small bowel during laparoscopic surgery may cause mucosal prolapse and reduce exposure, making laparoscopic suturing or stapling more demanding for the surgeon. Although it is commonly accepted that both opioids and volatile anaesthetics induce intestinal paralysis, intestinal hyperactivity during anaesthesia is not uncommon. This randomized trial investigated the effect of different volatile anaesthetics on intestinal motility and the impact on surgeon satisfaction.

Methods

Patients scheduled for laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery were randomized to receive sevoflurane or desflurane in a balanced anaesthetic regimen. After surgical exposure peristaltic waves were counted over 1 min in a segment of the jejunum. Following evaluation of intestinal motility, N-butylhyoscine, an antimuscarinic anticholinergic agent that relaxes bowel smooth muscle cells, could be administered if the surgeon judged the intestinal motility as disturbing. The endpoints were number of peristaltic waves and incidence of N-butylhyoscine administration, a surrogate for surgeon satisfaction.

Results

Twenty-two patients were randomized to each group. The groups were similar in age, sex and body mass index. There was a statistically significant difference in intestinal motility between the desflurane and sevoflurane groups: median (range) 7 (0–12) versus 1 (0–10) waves counted over 1 min respectively (P < 0·001). A higher proportion of patients in the desflurane group received N-butylhyoscine (10 of 22 versus 1 of 22 in the sevoflurane group; P = 0·004).

Conclusion

Desflurane increased intestinal motility and decreased surgeon satisfaction compared with sevoflurane during laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery. A sevoflurane-based anaesthetic protocol can help to avoid disturbing hyperperistalsis. Registration number: B39620097060 (http://www.clinicaltrials.be).
Anatomic study of the superior glenoid labrum
Authors: Bain Gregory I. , Galley Ian J. , Singh Charanjeet , Carter Chris , Eng Kevin
Published: September 2012

The purpose of the study was to describe the normal anatomy of the glenoid labrum to help identification of pathology and guide surgical repair. Twenty dry bone scapulae and 19 cadaveric shoulders were examined. Light microscopy was performed on 12 radial slices through the glenoid. An external capsular circumferential ridge, 7–8 mm medial to the glenoid rim marks the attachment of the capsule. A separate internal labral circumferential ridge 4 mm central to the glenoid rim marks the interface between the labrum and articular cartilage. A superior–posterior facet was found consistently on the glenoid. Two thirds of the long head of biceps arises from the supraglenoid tubercle, 6.6 mm from the glenoid face, the remainder from the labrum. The superior labrum is concave and is loosely attached to the articular cartilage and glenoid rim. Clefts and foramens are common superiorly. In contrast the anterior–inferior labrum is convex, attaches 4 mm central to the glenoid rim and has a strong attachment to articular cartilage and bone. Sublabral clefts, recesses, and holes are common, but only in the superior–anterior labrum. Lesions in other regions of the labrum are potentially pathological. A complex superior labrum tear that extends to involve the biceps anchor, should have the biceps anchor repaired to the supraglenoid tubercle (mean 6.6 mm off the glenoid face) and the labrum be repaired to the glenoid rim. The anteroinferior labrum should be repaired 4 mm onto the glenoid face. This study will aid in identifying pathological labral lesions and guide anatomic repairs. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why the Father Wound Matters: Consequences for Male Mental Health and the Father‐Son Relationship
Authors: Miller Eric D.
Published: September 2012

Adult men often report a sense of feeling a father wound when reflecting on their own father‐son relationship. Perhaps in part due to a rejection of traditional fathering practices that may have contributed to such wounds, fathers today are increasingly adopting a ‘new involved father’ role that is more welcoming of emotional expression and involvement in a child's life. This paper argues that adopting this new role may allow men to not only connect with their sons, but also to come to terms with problematic aspects of their own father‐son relationship. In this way, fathering a son may allow men to alter aspects of their self. Limitations and future directions for the father wound construct are also discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘A ‘new involved father’ role that is more welcoming of emotional expression and involvement in a child's life’

Key Practitioner Message

This papers offers a critical review and analysis of the father wound concept and its larger clinical and social developmental significance for males.

Traditionally, many adult men report a sense of loss or grief when considering their own father‐son relationship.

Becoming a father, particularly to a son, may allow men to come to terms with earlier father‐son wounds to the betterment of these aforesaid fathers and their sons.
Localization of cytokinesis factors to the future cell division site by microtubule‐dependent transport
Authors: Atilgan Erdinc , Burgess David , Chang Fred
Published: September 2012

The mechanism by which spindle microtubules (MTs) determine the site of cell division in animal cells is still highly controversial. Putative cytokinesis “signals” have been proposed to be positioned by spindle MTs at equatorial cortical regions to increase cortical contractility and/or at polar regions to decrease contractility [Rappaport, 1986; von Dassow, 2009]. Given the relative paucity of MTs at the future division site, it has not been clear how MTs localize cytokinesis factors there. Here, we test cytokinesis models using computational and experimental approaches. We present a simple lattice‐based model in which signal‐kinesin complexes move by transient plus‐end directed movements on MTs interspersed with occasions of uniform diffusion in the cytoplasm. In simulations, complexes distribute themselves initially at the spindle midzone and then move on astral MTs to accumulate with time at the equatorial cortex. Simulations accurately predict cleavage patterns of cells with different geometries and MT arrangements and elucidate several experimental observations that have defied easy explanation by previous models. We verify this model with experiments on indented sea urchin zygotes showing that cells often divide perpendicular to the spindle at sites distinct from the indentations. These studies support an equatorial stimulation model and provide a simple mechanism explaining how cytokinesis factors localize to the future division site. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Analytical synthesis of odd/even‐nth‐order elliptic Cauer filter structures using OTRAs
Authors: Chang Chun‐Ming , Swamy M. N. S.
Published: September 2012

The operational transresistance amplifier (OTRA), the dual of the well‐known operational transconductance amplifier, is an attractive element for use in circuit design. One odd‐nth‐order and two even‐nth‐order OTRA‐R‐C or OTRA‐MOS‐C elliptic Cauer filter structures are presented using new analytical synthesis methods (ASMs). Because it is assumed in the synthesis procedure that the transresistance Rm → ∞, but in view of the fact that Rm is finite in practice, the more the number of OTRAs employed, the worse the precision of the output signals. By studying the sensitivity of the output to component variations, more precise output may be obtained by selecting one or two appropriate capacitance(s)/resistance(s) and adjusting their values suitably. H‐spice simulations are given to validate and demonstrate the theoretical predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social instability stress in adolescence increases anxiety and reduces social interactions in adulthood in male long–evans rats
Authors: Green Matthew R. , Barnes Brittany , McCormick Cheryl M.
Published: September 2012

We investigated the effects of social instability stress (daily 1‐hr isolation, change of cage partner, postnatal day 30–45) in adolescence in male rats on open field exploration and social behavior in adulthood. Social stressed rats had longer latencies to enter the center of an open field and then took longer to approach an object placed in the center of the field. When another rat was placed in the open field, stressed rats spent less time in social interaction than control rats, particularly when paired with another stressed, rather than a control, rat. The groups did not differ in social approach tests (when a stimulus rat was separated by wire mesh) nor in novel object exploration (when controlling for open field anxiety). The results suggest social stress in adolescence increases open field anxiety while maintaining exploratory behavior, and alters social interactions in adulthood. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 849–859, 2013.
Ethanol fermentation from food processing waste
Authors: Walker Kara , Vadlani Praveen , Madl Ronald , Ugorowski Philip , Hohn Keith L.
Published: September 2012

This study focuses on the use of restaurant waste for production of ethanol. Food wastes (corn, potatoes, and pasta) were converted to ethanol in a two‐step process: a two‐part enzymatic digestion of starch using α‐amylase and glucoamylase and then fermentation of the resulting sugars to ethanol using yeast. Because of the low initial composition of starch in the food waste, low ethanol concentrations were achieved: at best 8 mg/mL ethanol (0.8% by mass). Ethanol concentration increased with increasing enzyme dosage levels. Calculations were conducted to evaluate whether waste heat from restaurant waste could be used to drive flash vaporization to purify ethanol. If the solution produced by fermenting food waste is flashed at a temperature of 99.7°C, 77% of the ethanol is recovered in a vapor stream with 1.14 mol % ethanol (2.87 mass %). Waste heat could provide over a third of the energy for this vaporization process. If 4 mol % ethanol could be produced in the fermentation step by increasing the initial starch content in the waste solution and improving the fermentation process, then a single flash at 98.9°C will recover nearly 99% of the ethanol, giving a mass concentration of ethanol of 10.3%, which is similar to that achieved in industrial grain fermentation. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 1280–1283, 2013
Telomere length and LINE1 methylation is associated with chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood
Authors: Li Huiqi , Hilmarsen Hilde Tveitan , Hossain Mohammad Bakhtiar , Björk Jonas , Hansteen Inger‐Lise , Albin Maria , Furu Skjelbred Camilla , Broberg Karin
Published: September 2012

The frequency of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood predicts a probable cancer risk. The individual telomere length and methylation of repetitive elements may be susceptibility factors for chromosomal aberrations. A cohort of healthy Norwegian men (N = 364) recruited during 1980–1999 were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations in phytohemagglutinin‐stimulated lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Chromosome‐type or chromatid‐type aberrations were scored. DNA was extracted from slides cytogenetically analyzed and relative average telomere length and methylation of LINE1 repeats were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite pyrosequencing, respectively. Information about individuals with malignant tumors (N = 49) diagnosed after chromosomal aberrations testing until end of 2008 was obtained and two matched controls per case were used in a nested case–control analysis. Shorter relative telomere length and higher methylation of LINE1 were associated with higher frequency of total chromosomal aberrations (β = −0.76, P = 0.022; and β = 0.042, P = 0.048, respectively; age‐adjusted ordinal regression). The telomere length was stronger associated with chromosome‐type (β = −1.00, P = 0.006) than with chromatid‐type aberrations (β = −0.49, P = 0.115). The LINE1 methylation was stronger associated with chromatid‐type (β = 0.062, P = 0.003) than with chromosome‐type aberrations (β = 0.018, P = 0.41). Telomere length [individuals with short telomeres odds ratio (OR) = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38–2.0], LINE1 (individuals with high methylation OR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.43–2.5) and chromosomal aberrations (individuals with high frequency OR = 1.6, 95% CI 0.63–3.9) at baseline did not predict cancer risk, but the conclusions were hampered by low statistical precision. The results suggest that shorter telomere length and higher LINE1 methylation in peripheral blood lymphocytes are predisposition factors for increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integration of synchronous synaptic input in CA1 pyramidal neuron depends on spatial and temporal distributions of the input
Authors: Tigerholm Jenny , Migliore Michele , Fransén Erik
Published: September 2012

Highly synchronized neural firing has been discussed in relation to learning and memory, for instance sharp‐wave activity in hippocampus. We were interested to study how a postsynaptic CA1 pyramidal neuron would integrate input of different levels of synchronicity. In previous work using computational modeling we studied how the integration depends on dendritic conductances. We found that the transient A‐type potassium channel KA was able to selectively suppress input of high synchronicity. In recent years, compartmentalization of dendritic integration has been shown. We were therefore interested to study the influence of localization and pattern of synaptic input over the dendritic tree of the CA1 pyramidal neuron. We find that the selective suppression increases when synaptic inputs are placed on oblique dendrites further out from the soma. The suppression also increases along the radial axis from the apical trunk out to the end of oblique dendrites. We also find that the KA channel suppresses the occurrence of dendritic spikes. Moreover, recent studies have shown interaction between synaptic inputs. We therefore studied the influence of apical tuft input on the integration studied above. We find that excitatory input provides a modulatory influence reducing the capacity of KA to suppress synchronized activity, thus facilitating the excitatory drive of oblique dendritic input. Conversely, inhibitory tuft input increases the suppression by KA providing a larger control of oblique depolarizing factors on the CA1 pyramidal neuron in terms of what constitutes the most effective level of synchronicity. Furthermore, we show that the selective suppression studied above depends on the conductance of the KA channel. KA, as several other potassium channels, is modulated by several neuromodulators, for instance acetylcholine and dopamine, both of which have been discussed in relation to learning and memory. We suggest that dendritic conductances and their modulatory systems may be part of the regulation of processing of information, in particular for how network synchronicity affects learning and memory. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endogenous hippocampal LTD that is enabled by spatial object recognition requires activation of NMDA receptors and the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5
Authors: Goh Jinzhong Jeremy , Manahan‐Vaughan Denise
Published: September 2012

Learning‐facilitated synaptic plasticity describes the ability of hippocampal synapses to respond with persistent plasticity to afferent stimulation when coupled with a spatial learning event, whereby the afferent stimulation normally produces short‐term plasticity or no change in synaptic strength if given in the absence of novel learning. Recently, it was reported that in the mouse hippocampus intrinsic long‐term depression (LTD > 24 h) occurs when test‐pulse afferent stimulation is coupled with a novel spatial learning. It is not known to what extent this phenomenon shares molecular properties with synaptic plasticity that is typically induced by means of patterned electrical afferent stimulation. In previous work, we showed that a novel spatial object recognition task facilitates LTD at the Schaffer collateral—CA1 synapse of freely behaving adult mice, whereas reexposure to the familiar spatial configuration ∼24 h later elicited no such facilitation. Here we report that treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist, (±)‐3‐(2‐Carboxypiperazin‐4‐yl)‐propanephosphonic acid (CPP), or antagonism of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor, mGlu5, using 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl) pyridine (MPEP), completely prevented LTD under the novel learning conditions. Behavioral assessment during re‐exposure after application of the antagonists revealed that the animals did not remember the object during novel exposure and treated them as if they were novel. Under these circumstances, where the acquisition of novel spatial information was involved, LTD was facilitated. Our data support that the endogenous LTD that is enabled through novel spatial learning in adult mice is critically dependent on the activation of both the NMDA receptors and mGlu5. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ZnO, SiO2, and SrO doping in resorbable tricalcium phosphates: Influence on strength degradation, mechanical properties, and in vitro bone–cell material interactions
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Amit , Petersen Johanna , Fielding Gary , Banerjee Shashwat , Bose Susmita
Published: September 2012

To understand the combined effects of ZnO, SiO2, and SrO doping on mechanical and biological properties of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics, dense β‐TCP compacts of different compositions (pure β‐TCP; 1.0 wt % SrO; 0.25 wt % ZnO; 1.0 wt % SrO + 0.5 wt % SiO2; and 1.0 wt % SrO + 0.25 wt % ZnO) were prepared via dry pressing followed by sintering at 1250°C. X‐ray diffraction of sintered compacts revealed that dopants retarded β‐ to α‐TCP phase transformation during sintering. Doping with SrO, SrO/SiO2, and SrO/ZnO reduced compressive strength of the samples to 56% (173 ± 25 MPa), 57% (170 ± 15 MPa), and 47% (208 ± 72 MPa) of pure β‐TCP (396 ± 58 MPa), respectively. However, addition of ZnO resulted in only 7% (365 ± 69 MPa) strength degradation. The impact of dopants on long‐term in vitro strength degradation was evaluated by soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) for a period of 8 weeks. In all cases, excellent apatite growth was observed on doped β‐TCP samples. However, strength degradation rates were different depending on dopant chemistry and composition. Maximum degradation was observed in undoped and ZnO‐doped β‐TCP samples, which degraded to 41% and 68% of the original strength before soaking in SBF. Finally, in vitro cell–materials interaction study using human fetal osteoblast cells demonstrated that addition of dopants improved cell attachment and proliferation. These results indicate that tailorable strength and strength degradation behavior can be achieved in β‐TCP via compositional modifications using small amount of dopants. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Wear of a dental composite in an artificial oral environment: A clinical correlation
Authors: DeLong Ralph , Pintado Maria R. , Douglas William H. , Fok Alex S. , Wilder Aldridge D. , Swift Edward J. , Bayne Stephen C.
Published: September 2012

The study objective was to correlate wear between an in vitro method for simulating wear and in vivo wear of a posterior dental composite. Ten subjects (12 restorations) were selected from a five‐year clinical study (University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry) that assessed wear of SureFil composite (Caulk, Dentsply). Subject casts were digitized and changes in volume and mean depth with time were calculated from the 3D digital models for contact and contact‐free wear. SureFil composite disks were mounted in the University of Minnesota's Artificial Oral Environment, opposed by natural enamel, subjected to mandibular‐like movements for 150 K, 300 K, 600 K, 1.2 M, and 1.5 M cycles, and loaded with peak forces of 13 N (n = 7) or 30 N (n = 3). Wear rates were calculated as the slope of the linear regressions fitting the wear data. Data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVAs and post hoc t‐tests where appropriate (p = 0.05). Clinical restorations included contact wear on seven restorations and contact‐free wear on all restorations. Contact‐free wear was less than contact wear (p < 0.01). SureFil clinical wear rates were 0.012 mm/year (mean depth) and 0.023 mm3/year (volume). Clinical restorations expanded slightly during the first year. Using a conversion rate of one year equals 3 × 105 cycles, there were no significant differences between the clinical and simulated data except depths at Year 5 and 13 N volume at Year 4. The 30 N simulation reproduced the clinical data if contact‐free wear was taken into account. Good agreement between simulated and clinical wear implies that in vitro simulation can screen new composite formulations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
In vivo oxidation in retrieved highly crosslinked tibial inserts
Authors: Currier B. H. , Van Citters D. W. , Currier J. H. , Carlson E. M. , Tibbo M. E. , Collier J. P.
Published: September 2012

The current study determined (I) the environment where oxidation in a series of retrieved, HXL UHMWPE tibial inserts occurred (in vivo or postexplant); and (II) the effect of fabrication variables (irradiation source, irradiation dose) and thermal processing after irradiation (annealing or remelting) on oxidation resistance. Hypotheses examined are (1) HXL UHMWPE tibial inserts have potential to oxidize in vivo, and (2) annealed HXL UHMWPE oxidizes at a higher rate in vivo than remelted HXL UHMWPE. Highly crosslinked UHMWPE tibial inserts (87), received by an IRB‐approved retrieval laboratory from 20 surgeons at 10 institutions across the U.S., were analyzed from 2005 to 2011. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine oxidation and trans‐vinylene index for each retrieved insert. Measured oxidation that was maximum subsurface was found in 56% of all HXL tibial inserts. This maximum oxidation correlated significantly with in vivo time, trans‐vinylene index, and thermal processing after irradiation. Articular oxidation rate correlated with crosslinking irradiation dose and thermal processing after irradiation. Retrieved below‐melt annealed tibial inserts had significantly higher articular oxidation rates than remelted tibial inserts (p < 0.001). Articular oxidation rates correlated positively with cross‐linking irradiation dose and postirradiation thermal processing. Edge oxidation correlated with postirradiation thermal processing. Oxidation of HXL UHMWPE may have clinical implications for tibial inserts, since loss of UHMWPE toughness resulting from oxidation has led to fatigue damage in gamma‐sterilized tibial inserts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 441–448, 2013.
Quantitative in vitro assessment of Mg65Zn30Ca5 degradation and its effect on cell viability
Authors: Cao Jake D. , Martens Penny , Laws Kevin J. , Boughton Philip , Ferry Michael
Published: September 2012

A bulk metallic glass (BMG) of composition Mg65Zn30Ca5 was cast directly from the melt and explored as a potential bioresorbable metallic material. The in vitro degradation behavior of the amorphous alloy and its associated effects on cellular activities were assessed against pure crystalline magnesium. Biocorrosion tests using potentiodynamic polarization showed that the amorphous alloy corroded at a much slower rate than the crystalline Mg. Analysis of the exchanged media using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry revealed that the dissolution rate of Mg ions in the BMG was 446 μg/cm2/day, approximately half the rate of crystalline Mg (859 μg/cm2/day). A cytotoxicity study, using L929 murine fibroblasts, revealed that both the BMG and pure Mg are capable of supporting cellular activities. However, direct contact with the samples created regions of minimal cell growth around both amorphous and crystalline samples, and no cell attachment was observed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 43–49, 2013.
Potentiodynamic polarization study on electropolished nitinol vascular implants
Authors: Wohlschlögel Markus , Steegmüller Rainer , Schüβler Andreas
Published: September 2012

The electrochemical properties of electropolished Nitinol vascular implants manufactured in a serial‐production manner starting with laser cutting of tubing and ending with electropolishing and final inspection were analyzed and evaluated over a time period of 1 year. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in phosphate‐buffered saline were conducted on over 1250 Nitinol implants covering the entire serial production range at ADMEDES Schuessler GmbH – from tiny stents for neurovascular applications up to large heart valve frames. Breakdown potentials were evaluated and correlated to product group, properties of the semifinished material and raw material supplier. Results of this study give clear indications for the interrelation between material quality and the event of electrochemical breakdown in a potentiodynamic polarization test. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Plasma and red cell exchange transfusions for erythropoietic protoporphyria: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Pagano Monica B. , Hobbs William , Linenberger Michael , Delaney Meghan
Published: September 2012

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare and usually autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ferrochelatase deficiency and accumulation of protoporphyrin in red blood cells (RBCs), skin, and liver. A small minority of patients develop severe liver dysfunction for which optimum treatment is lacking. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and RBC exchange (RCE) have been anecdotally reported to benefit patients with EPP and liver failure. A 50‐year‐old female with EPP developed severe liver dysfunction after knee replacement surgery and high‐dose acetaminophen use. Liver biopsy showed cholestatic liver injury without fibrosis. A total of 20 TPE procedures, six RCE procedures, and then 14 more TPE procedures were performed as adjunctive therapy with the purpose of preventing progression to end‐stage liver failure. After initial TPE, the plasma and RBC protoporphyrin levels decreased from 834.9 to 180.4 μg/dL (normal, ≤1 μg/dL), and from 3,905 to 2,879 μg/dL (normal, ≤80 μg/dL), respectively, without liver function improvement. RCE decreased RBC protoporphyrin levels from 2,879 to 1,225 μg/dL but plasma protoporphyrin increased from 180.4 to 1,044.1 μg/dL, and liver function failed to improve. Additional TPE again stabilized plasma protoporphyrin and improved RBC protoporphyrin levels but the patient ultimately died owing to end‐stage liver disease complications. This case illustrates that TPE and RCE may improve the plasma and RBC biochemical markers of EPP activity but liver function abnormalities may persist and patients may still progress to liver failure either because of irreversible liver injury or independent pathobiological factors unrelated to EPP‐induced hepatotoxicity. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.