bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thailand Smart Cities: What is the Path to Success?
Authors: Taweesaengsakulthai Suradech , Laochankham Sirisak , Kamnuansilpa Peerasit , Wongthanavasu Supawatanakorn
Published: February 2019

Overview

The smart city, seen at the end of the 20th century in the West, has become a national policy strategy for social and economic development in Thailand in the first decade of this century. While the central government is overseeing and financially supporting designated cities in Thailand, key business and community leaders in Khon Kaen City have worked diligently but have not yet received all the necessary approvals from the central government for locally‐based smart city initiatives. We demonstrate that direction without a clear policy statement will not produce the intended results. Moreover, the highly centralized bureaucratic management style may result in lost opportunities for Thailand to improve life for its citizens. Thailand needs to completely and successfully overhaul its political system in order to pave the way for a functional democracy, good governance, and responsive bureaucracy before its implementation of smart city policy will produce maximum benefits.
The spatial configuration of taxonomic biodiversity along a tropical elevational gradient: α‐, β‐, and γ‐partitions
Authors: Willig Michael R. , Presley Steven J.
Published: February 2019

Biodiversity at larger spatial scales (γ) can be driven by within‐site partitions (α), with little variation in composition among locations, or can be driven by among‐site partitions (β) that signal the importance of spatial heterogeneity. For tropical elevational gradients, we determined the (a) extent to which variation in γ is driven by α‐ or β‐partitions; (b) elevational form of the relationship for each partition; and (c) extent to which elevational gradients are molded by zonation in vegetation or by gradual variation in climatic or abiotic characteristics. We sampled terrestrial gastropods along two transects in the Luquillo Mountains. One passed through multiple vegetation zones (tabonuco, palo colorado, and elfin forests), and one passed through only palm forest. We quantified variation in hierarchical partitions (α, β, and γ) of species richness, evenness, diversity, and dominance, as well as in the content and quality of litter. Total gastropod abundance linearly decreased with increasing elevation along both transects, but was consistently higher in palm than in other forest types. The gradual linear decline in γ‐richness was a consequence of opposing patterns with regard to α‐richness (monotonic decrease) and β‐richness (monotonic increase). For evenness, diversity, and dominance, α‐partitions and γ‐partitions evinced mid‐elevational peaks. The spatial organization of gastropod biodiversity did not mirror the zonation of vegetation. Rather, it was molded by: (a) elevational variation in productivity or nutrient characteristics, (b) the interspersion of palm forest within other forest types, and (c) the cloud condensation point acting as a transition between low and high elevation faunas.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Appearance Modelling of Living Human Tissues
Authors: Nunes Augusto L.P. , Maciel Anderson , Meyer Gary W. , John Nigel W. , Baranoski Gladimir V.G. , Walter Marcelo
Published: February 2019

The visual fidelity of realistic renderings in Computer Graphics depends fundamentally upon how we model the appearance of objects resulting from the interaction between light and matter reaching the eye. In this paper, we survey the research addressing appearance modelling of living human tissue. Among the many classes of natural materials already researched in Computer Graphics, living human tissues such as blood and skin have recently seen an increase in attention from graphics research. There is already an incipient but substantial body of literature on this topic, but we also lack a structured review as presented here. We introduce a classification for the approaches using the four types of human tissues as classifiers. We show a growing trend of solutions that use first principles from Physics and Biology as fundamental knowledge upon which the models are built. The organic quality of visual results provided by these Biophysical approaches is mainly determined by the optical properties of biophysical components interacting with light. Beyond just picture making, these models can be used in predictive simulations, with the potential for impact in many other areas.
Biphasic hydroxyapatite and ß‐tricalcium phosphate biomaterial behavior in a case series of maxillary sinus augmentation in humans
Authors: Olaechea Allinson , Mendoza‐Azpur Gerardo , O´Valle Francisco , Padial‐Molina Miguel , Martin‐Morales Natividad , Galindo‐Moreno Pablo
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the morphometric components and the histological properties of pristine bone and bone grafted with a biphasic ß‐tricalcium phosphate in humans using the maxillary sinus model. Reparative mesenchymal stem cells in the pristine bone and graft were also evaluated.

Materials and Methods

For this prospective case series, sinus augmentation was performed using a biphasic ß‐tricalcium phosphate. After 6 months of healing, a core of remnant native alveolar bone and grafted bone was collected with a trephine. Histological, histomorphometrical, and immunohistochemical techniques were performed. Radiological analysis through cone beam computerized tomography was also conducted.

Results

A total of 10 patients were enrolled in this study. Radiologically, patients showed an average increase of crestal bone of 8.03 ± 1.72 mm. Morphologically, the grafted area was composed by 34.93 ± 14.68% of new mineralized tissue, 9.82 ± 11.42% of remnant biomaterial particles, and 55.23 ± 11.03% non‐mineralized tissue. Histologically, we found no differences in the number of osteocytes per mm2 (p = 0.674), osteoblasts (p = 0.893), and blood vessels (p = 0.894) in the grafted area compared to the pristine bone. Differences were found on the number of osteoclasts (15.57 ± 27.50 vs. 5.37 ± 16.12, p = 0.027). The number of Musashi‐1 positive mesenchymal cells (239.61 ± 177.4 vs. 42.11 ± 52.82, p = 0.027) was also significantly higher in the grafted area than in the pristine bone.

Conclusion

Biphasic ß‐tricalcium phosphate is a suitable biomaterial to be used in the formation of new bone in sinus floor elevation procedures in humans, not only from the histomorphometrical point of view, but also regarding the cellular and vascular quality of the regenerated bone.
DO TARGETED VOUCHERS INSTILL HABITS? EVIDENCE FROM WOMEN, INFANTS, AND CHILDREN
Authors: Frisvold David , Leslie Emily , Price Joseph P.
Published: February 2019

We examine whether programs that provide vouchers to households continue to influence behavior after the household leaves the program. Using detailed scanner data, we test whether benefit vouchers received through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) change household purchasing decisions and whether these changes persist even after households are no longer eligible to participate in the program. In 2009, the package of goods available through WIC vouchers changed. Examining variation due to this package change, we show that the WIC vouchers change purchasing decisions during eligibility, but that effects fade after eligibility ends. (JEL I38, I18, J13)
Spatiotemporal distribution dynamics of elephants in response to density, rainfall, rivers and fire in Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: MacFadyen Sandra , Hui Cang , Verburg Peter H. , Van Teeffelen Astrid J. A.
Published: February 2019

Aim

African elephants are ecosystem engineers. As such, their long‐term patterns of distribution and abundance (i.e., space‐use intensity) will influence ecosystem structure and function. We elucidate these patterns for bull versus herd groups, by analysing the spatiotemporal dynamics of an increasing elephant population in relation to key ecological drivers: rainfall, distance to major rivers and time since last fire. Significant changes to the long‐term patterns of elephant density and group‐type probabilities are identified and explained.

Location

Kruger National Park, South Africa.

Methods

Using almost three decades of census records (1985–2012), we applied Multiple Point Process Models to assess the influence of rainfall, rivers and fire in shaping elephant space‐use. Significant changes to the long‐term patterns of elephant density and group type were also identified using kernel density estimates and the spatially varying probability of encountering either bull or herd group.

Results

Bull and herd groups are no longer clearly segregated as available empty space becomes more limited. Bull and herd groups have dichotomous resource selection functions, in that bulls concentrate in areas receiving lower rainfall but more frequent fires while herds concentrate in higher rainfall areas experiencing less frequent fires. Both bull and herd groups concentrate closer to major rivers, emphasizing rivers as important spatial drivers. Overall, densities increased most significantly closer to rivers and in areas experiencing fewer fires. Fire was also a strong agent of group‐type change, as the probability of finding bulls, contrary to herds, significantly increased as fire return periods shortened.

Main conclusions

Elephant distribution and abundance patterns have homogenized in response to increased space limitations, with group‐specific, fire‐driven distribution patterns emerging overtime. Results herein should be used to help manage elephant space‐use through the establishment of possible refuge areas and the development of more empirical research into elephant impacts in future.
Development of approximate number sense across the elementary school years: A cross‐cultural longitudinal study
Authors: Tikhomirova Tatiana , Kuzmina Yulia , Lysenkova Irina , Malykh Sergey
Published: February 2019

In recent years, there has been growing interest among researchers in exploring approximate number sense (ANS)—the ability to estimate and discriminate quantities without the use of symbols. Despite the growing number of studies on ANS, there have been no cross‐cultural longitudinal studies to estimate both the development of ANS and the cross‐cultural differences in ANS growth trajectories. In this study, we aimed to estimate the developmental trajectories of ANS from the beginning of formal education to the end of elementary school in two countries, Russia and Kyrgyzstan, which have similar organization of their educational systems but differences in socioeconomic status (SES) and in the results of large‐scale educational assessments. To assess the developmental trajectories of ANS, we used a four‐wave longitudinal study with 416 participants from two countries and applied the mixed effect growth approach and the latent class growth approach. Our analysis revealed that the rate of growth in ANS accuracy was higher for the Russian sample than for the Kyrgyz sample and that this difference remained significant even after controlling for fluid intelligence. We identified two latent classes of growth trajectories: the first class had a significant growth in ANS, whereas the second class had no growth. Comparing the distribution of latent classes within the two countries revealed that there was a significantly larger proportion of schoolchildren from the second class in Kyrgyzstan than in Russia.
WHAT'S BEHIND THE FIGURES? QUANTIFYING THE CROSS‐COUNTRY EXPORTER PRODUCTIVITY GAP
Authors: Kiyota Kozo , Matsuura Toshiyuki , Nesta Lionel
Published: February 2019

We present a simple framework that allows us to examine the cross‐country exporter productivity gap without accessing confidential firm‐level data. This gap depends on the three readily available statistics: the productivity gap between two countries; the export participation rates; and export premia. This gap holds irrespective of the distribution underlying firm productivity and irrespective of the presence of fixed costs. Under specific conditions, allocative efficiency may affect the exporter productivity gap. The empirical analysis globally validates this exercise. (JEL F1, D24)
Dung beetle diversity and functions suggest no major impacts of cattle grazing in the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands
Authors: Correa César M. A. , Braga Rodrigo F. , Louzada Julio , Menéndez Rosa
Published: February 2019

1. Dung beetles perform relevant ecological functions in pastures, such as dung removal and parasite control. Livestock farming is the main economic activity in the Brazilian Pantanal. However, the impact of cattle grazing on the Pantanal's native dung beetle community, and functions performed by them, is still unknown.

2. This study evaluated the effects of cattle activity on dung beetle community attributes (richness, abundance, biomass, composition, and functional group) as well as their ecological functions (dung removal and soil bioturbation) in the Pantanal. In January/February 2016, dung beetles were sampled and their ecological functions measured in 16 sites of native grasslands in Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, 10 areas regularly grazed by cattle and six control ungrazed areas (> 20 years of abandonment).

3. In all, 1169 individuals from 30 species of dung beetles were collected. Although abundance, species richness, and biomass did not differ between grasslands with and without cattle activity, species composition and functional groups differed among systems. Large roller beetles were absent from non‐cattle grasslands, and the abundance, richness, and biomass of medium roller beetles was higher in those systems.

4. Despite causing changes in species/functional group composition, the results of this study show that a density compensation of functional groups in cattle‐grazed natural grasslands seems to have conserved the ecological functions (dung removal and soil bioturbation), with no significant differences between systems.

5. Therefore, these results provide evidence that cattle breeding in natural grasslands of the Brazilian Pantanal can integrate livestock production with the conservation of the dung beetle community and its ecological functions.
Physical gills in Elmidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea): Structure and evolutionary pattern of plastron in Stenelmis and related genera
Authors: Hayashi Masakazu , Sota Teiji
Published: February 2019

Many species within Elmidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea) have plastrons composed of flattened setae. However, some genera display fine plastrons on the epicuticle, called plastron hairs. In Japanese elmids, members of the genera Stenelmis, Ordobrevia, Nomuraelmis and Leptelmis bear ventral plastron hairs. Based on a maximum likelihood tree including most Japanese genera within Elmidae, we found that these genera are monophyletic and that plastron hairs are a derived character in Elmidae. We also found that the genus Graphelmis bears jigsaw puzzle‐like plastron scales with plastron hair‐like projections, and is sister to the group with plastron hairs.
Synergistic effects of climate and land‐use change influence broad‐scale avian population declines
Authors: Northrup Joseph M. , Rivers James W. , Yang Zhiqiang , Betts Matthew G.
Published: February 2019

Climate and land‐use changes are expected to be the primary drivers of future global biodiversity loss. Although theory suggests that these factors impact species synergistically, past studies have either focused on only one in isolation or have substituted space for time, which often results in confounding between drivers. Tests of synergistic effects require congruent time series on animal populations, climate change and land‐use change replicated across landscapes that span the gradient of correlations between the drivers of change. Using a unique time series of high‐resolution climate (measured as temperature and precipitation) and land‐use change (measured as forest change) data, we show that these drivers of global change act synergistically to influence forest bird population declines over 29 years in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Nearly half of the species examined had declined over this time. Populations declined most in response to loss of early seral and mature forest, with responses to loss of early seral forest amplified in landscapes that had warmed over time. In addition, birds declined more in response to loss of mature forest in areas that had dried over time. Climate change did not appear to impact populations in landscapes with limited habitat loss, except when those landscapes were initially warmer than the average landscape. Our results provide some of the first empirical evidence of synergistic effects of climate and land‐use change on animal population dynamics, suggesting accelerated loss of biodiversity in areas under pressure from multiple global change drivers. Furthermore, our findings suggest strong spatial variability in the impacts of climate change and highlight the need for future studies to evaluate multiple drivers simultaneously to avoid potential misattribution of effects.
Effect of pelvic floor dysfunction on sexual function and quality of life in Chinese women of different ages: An observational study
Authors: Zhu Qinyi , Shu Huimin , Dai Zhiyuan
Published: February 2019

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of female pelvic floor dysfunction on sexual function and quality of life among different age groups.

Methods

An observational study was carried out on 648 patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) or/and stress urinary incontinence. We assessed female sexual function and quality of life through the Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire Short Form and Incontinence Quality of Life Scale before surgeries, respectively. Patients were assigned into different age groups.

Results

The mean age of all patients was 62.04 ± 9.39 years. A total of 436 patients had POP, 120 patients had stress urinary incontinence and the remaining patients had both. Although sexual frequency decreased with increasing age, 517 patients still remained sexually active. A total of 10.83% of the patients aged ≥70 years were still sexually active, and 8.51% of them had sex less than one time per month. The Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire Short Form score and sexual frequency decreased with increasing age. However, the Incontinence Quality of Life Scale score increased with increasing age. Patients with only POP and aged ≥70 years showed a higher Incontinence Quality of Life Scale score (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The present study showed that POP and stress urinary incontinence are common among older Chinese women, and re associated with decreased sexual satisfaction and quality of life in China. It suggests that the existing sexual requirement of these patients should also be reconsidered before surgical assessment. Doctors should take sexual satisfaction into consideration when choosing a personalized type of surgery to improve the patients’ quality of life physiologically and psychologically. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 299–304.
Chemical composition of two warm‐season perennial grasses subjected to proportions of defoliation
Authors: Schmitt Daniel , Padilha Deisy Andrade , Dias Kamila Maciel , Santos Gabriela Trevisan , Rodolfo Giselle Regina , Zanini Guilherme Doneda , Sbrissia André Fischer
Published: February 2019

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of pre‐grazing heights and proportions of defoliation on morphological and chemical composition of the grazing layer of two warm‐season perennial grasses of contrasting structures (tall tufted grass—elephant grass, Exp. I; small size stoloniferous grass—kikuyu grass, Exp. II) under intermittent stocking management. The treatments were as follows: Exp. I—factorial arrangement between two pre‐grazing heights (90 and 120 cm) and two proportions of defoliation (removal of 50% or 70% of the initial pre‐grazing heights); Exp. II—four pre‐grazing heights (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) combined with the same proportion of defoliation (50% of the initial pre‐grazing heights). Forage samples were collected at pre‐grazing heights and clipped into the grazing layer (cutting heights defined by treatments). The following variables were analyzed: (a) forage mass; (b) proportion of leaves, stems, and dead material; (c) crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents. In a general way, there were no significant differences in morphological and chemical composition of the grazing layer of treatments with proportions of defoliation of 50%. Although the treatments of 70% (Exp. I) and 10 cm (Exp. II) showed some differences, both targets impaired the grazing process and were considered as unpractical under field situations. It was concluded that forage chemical composition of warm‐season perennial grasses does not change in the upper half of the sward within a range of pre‐grazing heights, provided moderate proportions of defoliation (around 50%) are used.
Correlation between hepatic oxidative damage and clinical severity and mitochondrial gene sequencing results in biliary atresia
Authors: Wang Junfeng , Xu Jiayin , Xia Mingyang , Yang Yifan , Shen Zhen , Chen Gong , Dong Rui , Zheng Shan
Published: February 2019

Aim

To assess the level of hepatic oxidative damage and its correlation with clinical severity in biliary atresia (BA), and to understand BA mitochondrial gene sequencing.

Methods

Forty‐eight BA patients and 28 control subjects (20 hepatoblastoma and 8 cholestasis patients) were enrolled. Hepatic oxidative damage was assessed by the expression of oxidation and antioxidant genes, and the correlation between oxidative damage and BA incidence, liver inflammation, and fibrosis was evaluated. Moreover, 8‐hydroxyguanine (8‐OHdG), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and mitochondrial gene sequences were determined to evaluate oxidative mtDNA damage in BA.

Results

The expression of oxidation gene cytochrome b‐245 beta chain (CYBB) in BA was significantly increased and patients with a higher CYBB expression had the higher risk of BA incidence, liver inflammation, and cirrhosis. However, the expression of antioxidant genes was significantly decreased, and glutathione S‐transferase alpha 1 (GSTA1) negatively correlated with BA incidence and cirrhosis. When GSTA1 mRNA expression was <0.5487, the sensitivity was 80.85% and the specificity was 80% for BA diagnosis. Moreover, 8‐OHdG was increased, whereas mtDNA copy number was significantly decreased in BA. Using mitochondrial gene sequencing, 10 mutation sites were identified, and one family showed a maternal inheritance in genetic loci 15 326.

Conclusions

In BA, oxidative damage positively correlated with BA incidence, liver inflammation, and cirrhosis. GSTA1 could be a novel diagnostic indicator. Genetic loci 15 326 could be a maternal genetic mutation site. Taken together, antioxidation therapy after Kasai surgery might have great potential in relieving liver inflammation and fibrosis in BA patients.
New roles and challenges for health information specialists: professional changes over the years
Authors: Pizzarelli Scilla , Cammarano Rosaria Rosanna , Sampaolo Letizia , Della Seta Maurella
Published: February 2019

In this article, guest writers from the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Italy, the leading scientific technical body of the Italian National Health Service present a historic case study considering the role and evolution of the information specialists at their institution over a twenty year period. The paper places a particular emphasis on the initiatives undertaken in consumer health information and health literacy promotion, in order to improve public health in Italy. Areas covered include the development of online health information provision, early strategies to support the improvement of health literacy, and national projects and collaborations.

H.S.
Valproic acid and Stevens‐Johnson syndrome: a systematic review of descriptive studies
Authors: Rashid Muhammed , Kashyap Ananth , Undela Krishna
Published: February 2019

Valproic acid (VPA) is a commonly used antiepileptic drug (AED). Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis are the rare but fatal cutaneous adverse drug reactions for VPA. We aimed to identify and critically evaluate all the literature of SJS in association with VPA and to describe the clinical features of the condition. A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed from inception to December 2017 and updated in July 2018 without any restrictions, and the references of included studies were also searched. The descriptive studies discussing any patients who experienced SJS followed by the use of VPA alone or along with any other AED for its main indication were included. Two authors were independently involved in the study selection and data extraction. Disagreements were resolved by consensus or by the discussion with a third reviewer. A total of 19 studies including 17 case reports and two case series of 98 were included in the review. In all studies, the dose of VPA ranged from 100 mg/day to a maximum dose of 1,000 mg/day and was administered for indications including epilepsy, seizures, schizophrenic affective disorders, and bipolar disorder. The mortality seen with severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions can be decreased by immediate withdrawal of opposing medications, providing symptomatic relief, and offering supportive care, all of which are the mainstay of controlling the condition. It is essential for healthcare professionals to be aware of the importance of monitoring SJS or any other cutaneous reactions followed by the use of valproic acid even though the incidence is low, but it is injurious to the patient.
Revisiting diagnostic criteria for myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis: Borderline cases without anemia exist
Authors: Li Peng , Shahmarvand Nahid , Lynch David , Gotlib Jason R. , Merker Jason D. , Zehnder James L. , George Tracy I. , Ohgami Robert S.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN‐RS‐T) is a rare disease in the 2016 revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Diagnostic criteria include the following: persistent thrombocytosis (>450 × 109/L) with clustering of atypical megakaryocytes, refractory anemia, dyserythropoiesis with ring sideroblasts, and the presence of the spliceosome factor 3b subunit (SF3B1) mutation. It is unclear if anemia should be a required criterion for this diagnosis as cases which show all other features of MDS/MPN‐RS‐T but without anemia exist.

Methods

We searched for borderline cases of MDS/MPN‐RS‐T in which refractory anemia was absent at diagnosis in two major academic institutes.

Results

Three cases without anemia were identified. These cases all showed other classic morphologic and clinical features of MDS/MPN‐RS‐T, including thrombocytosis, atypical megakaryocytes with clustering, and characteristic SF3B1 and JAK2 V617F mutations.

Conclusion

Given these findings, the requirement of refractory anemia as a diagnostic criterion for MDS/MPN‐RS‐T should be re‐evaluated. Removal of refractory anemia as a diagnostic criterion would incorporate current borderline cases and extend the spectrum of this disorder.
Coordination of legislative speech in times of crisis: Youth unemployment and debates on redistributive policies in the Swedish Riksdag, 1994–2014
Authors: Bäck Hanna , Baumann Markus , Debus Marc
Published: February 2019

Parliamentary debates and the discussion on different law proposals are a key part of the process of policy making. We argue in this article that a high economic problem pressure in the region an MP represents will affect the MP’s legislative speechmaking. We also hypothesise that parties tend to coordinate their speakers in parliament to display a cohesive profile in the domain of labour, employment and immigration issues, i.e., in issue areas which reflect redistributive policies that are highly salient for almost all parties. We evaluate our expectations based on an analysis of Swedish parliamentary debates on labour, employment and immigration policy during the period between 1994 and 2014. The findings show that parliamentary parties coordinate speechmaking: Those MPs who represent economically troubled districts are less likely to appear in plenary debates, as well as MPs who deviate programmatically from the party line.
Longitudinal pathways linking family risk, neural risk processing, delay discounting, and adolescent substance use
Authors: Kim‐Spoon Jungmeen , Lauharatanahirun Nina , Peviani Kristin , Brieant Alexis , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Bickel Warren K. , King‐Casas Brooks
Published: February 2019

Background

Current theories in neuroscience emphasize the crucial role of individual differences in the brain contributing to the development of risk taking during adolescence. Yet, little is known about developmental pathways through which family risk factors are related to neural processing of risk during decision making, ultimately contributing to health risk behaviors. Using a longitudinal design, we tested whether neural risk processing, as affected by family multi‐risk index, predicted delay discounting and substance use.

Method

One hundred and fifty‐seven adolescents (aged 13–14 years at Time 1, 52% male) were assessed annually three times. Family multi‐risk index was measured by socioeconomic adversity, household chaos, and family risk‐taking behaviors. Delay discounting was assessed by a computerized task, substance use by questionnaire data, and risk‐related neural processing by blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) responses in the amygdala during a lottery choice task.

Results

Family multi‐risk index at Time 1 was related to adolescent substance use at Time 3 (after controlling for baseline substance use) indirectly through heightened amygdala sensitivity to risks and greater delay discounting.

Conclusions

Our results elucidate the crucial role of neural risk processing in the processes linking family multi‐risk index and the development of substance use. Furthermore, risk‐related amygdala activation and delay discounting are important targets in the prevention and treatment of substance use among adolescents growing up in high‐risk family environments.
Frontal brain delta‐beta correlation, salivary cortisol, and social anxiety in children
Authors: Poole Kristie L. , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: February 2019

Background

Correlated activity of slow‐wave (e.g. delta) and fast‐wave (e.g. beta) frontal brain oscillations is thought to be an electrophysiological correlate of individual differences in neuroendocrine activity and anxiety in adult samples. We know, however, relatively little about the physiological and functional correlates of delta‐beta coupling in children.

Method

We examined whether longitudinal patterns of children's basal salivary cortisol and social anxiety across two visits separated by 1 year were associated with frontal brain delta‐beta correlation in children (Mage = 7.59 years, SD = 1.70). At Time 1 (T1), resting baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were collected from the children and delta and beta power was measured, and at both T1 and Time 2 (T2), basal salivary cortisol was measured, and parents reported on children's symptoms of social anxiety.

Results

Using latent class growth curve analysis, we found that children's salivary cortisol across visits was characterized by a high, stable class (53%), and a low, unstable class (47%), and children's social anxiety was characterized by a high, stable class (50%) and a low, stable class (50%). Using Fisher's r‐to‐z transformation, we found that frontal EEG delta‐beta correlation was significantly stronger among children with high, stable salivary cortisol levels (compared to the low, unstable class; z = 2.11, p = .02), and among children with high, stable social anxiety levels (compared to the low, stable class; z = 1.72, p = .04).

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that longitudinal patterns of neuroendocrine stress activity and social anxiety may be associated with the correlation of EEG power in slow and fast frontal brain oscillations as early as childhood.
Sunbed use legislation in Europe: assessment of current status
Authors: Longo M.I. , Bulliard J.L. , Correia O. , Maier H. , Magnússon S.M. , Konno P. , Goad N. , Duarte A.F. , Oláh J. , Nilsen L.T.N. , Peris K. , Karls R. , Forsea A.M. , del Marmol V.
Published: February 2019

Background

The use of UV‐emitting tanning devices for cosmetic purposes is associated with an increased risk of melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer. Young women are the most frequent users, therefore, there is an increasing concern about the regulation of sunbed use.

Objective

The primary objective is to assess the current legislation on sunbed use among European countries.

Methods

We developed a 30‐item questionnaire to gather the most relevant information about sunbed use legislation. The questionnaire was sent to Euromelanoma coordinators and to designated coordinators out of the Euromelanoma network.

Results

We obtained a response rate of 64%. More than 25% of the countries did not report any specific legislation. Roughly one‐third of the countries does not have a restriction for minors. Even in countries with a specific legislation, a lack or insufficient enforcement of age limit was observed in up to 100% of the inspections based on the PROSAFE report from 2012. Self‐tanning devices were reported in 50%, and almost 40% of countries do not require supervision of use. Although a warning display is required in 77% of cases, a signed informed consent is not required in 80%. In the vast majority of cases, the number of licensed or closed tanning centres is unknown.

Conclusions

Despite the evidence of its harmful effects, and its frequent use by young people, many of whom are at high risk of skin cancer because of fair skin, a significant number of European countries lack a specific legislation on tanning devices. In order to limit the access of young people to sunbeds, a more strictly enforced regulation is needed, as well as regulation regarding advertisement, and location of tanning centres, in addition to health promotion campaigns that target the vulnerable population of young women seeking its use for improved cosmesis.
Cancer league actions against sunbed use for skin cancer prevention
Authors: Yared W. , Boonen B. , McElwee G. , Ferguson M.
Published: February 2019

The incidence of non‐melanoma and melanoma skin cancer has been rising in Europe. Although the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer has since 2009 classified sunbeds as a Group 1 carcinogen, sunbed use, especially by those under the age of 18, continues to be a concern. As the only platform for cancer leagues in Europe, the Association of European Cancer Leagues decided to explore interest and actions by its member leagues at the national level against sunbed use, to share experiences and to provide background information on possible future collective actions at the EU level.
Epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity of sunbed use and of efficacy of preventive measures
Authors: Gandini S. , Doré J.‐F. , Autier P. , Greinert R. , Boniol M.
Published: February 2019

The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified, in July 2009, exposure to artificial tanning devices (sunbeds) as carcinogenic to humans. This classification was based on evidence from epidemiological and experimental animal studies. The present chapter will review these epidemiological evidences. The summary risk estimates from 27 epidemiological studies obtained through a meta‐analysis showed an increased risk of melanoma: summary relative risk (SRR) = 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.34]. The risk was higher when exposure took place at younger age (SRR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.36–1.85). The risk was independent of skin sensitivity or population and a dose response was evident. A meta‐analysis of 12 studies was conducted for non‐melanoma skin cancers and showed a significantly increased risk for basal cell carcinoma (SRR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.08–1.53) and for squamous cell carcinoma (SRR = 1.67; 95% CI 1.29–2.17). As for melanoma, the risk for other skin cancers increased for first exposures at young age. Epidemiological studies have gradually strengthened the evidence for a causal relationship between indoor tanning and skin cancer and they fit with prior knowledge on relationship between UV exposure and skin cancer. Additionally, several case–control studies provided consistent evidence of a positive association between use of sunbed and ocular melanoma, also with greater risk for first exposures at younger age. Preventive measures based on information on risk or by requiring parental authorization for young users proved to be inefficient in several studies. The significant impact of strong actions or total ban, such as performed in Iceland, or a total ban of sunbed use, as in Brazil or Australian states, needs to be further assessed.
Genotypic diversity among Shewanella spp. collected from freshwater fish
Authors: Paździor Ewa , Pękala‐Safińska Agnieszka , Wasyl Dariusz
Published: February 2019

Different Shewanella species are isolated both from healthy and from diseased fish. To date, contemporary methods do not provide sufficient insight to determine species and detail differentiation between tested strains. Bacteria isolated from cultured (n = 33), wild (n = 12) and ornamental (n = 6) fish, as well as several reference strains, were tested by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, ERIC‐PCR and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assays. Our study indicates that isolates collected from freshwater fish were genetically diverse. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, bacteria were clustered into groups S. putrefaciens, S. xiamenensis and S. oneidensis. Some isolates were classified only to genus Shewanella; thus, 16S rRNA gene analyses were not enough to determine the species. ERIC‐PCR revealed 49 different genotype profiles indicating that the method might be useful for differentiation of Shewanella isolates irrespectively to species identification, contrary to PFGE which is not suitable for Shewanella typing.
Neuroprotective effect of pharmacological postconditioning on cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion-induced injury in mice
Authors: Grewal Amarjot Kaur , Singh Nirmal , Singh Thakur Gurjeet
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To investigate the mechanism of neuroprotection rendered via pharmacological postconditioning in cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion-induced injury in mice.

Methods

Pharmacological postconditioning is strategy which either involves hindering deleterious pathway or inducing modest stress level which triggers intracellular defence pathway to sustain more vigorous insult leading to conditioning. Hence, in current research we explored the potentiality of CGS21680 (0.5 mg/kg; i.p), an adenosine A2A receptor agonist and PTEN inhibitor, SF1670 (3 mg/kg; i.p.) to trigger postconditioning after inducing cerebral global ischaemia (17 min) and reperfusion (24 h)-induced injury via occlusion of both carotid arteries. Mice were also given treatment with LY294002 (1.5 mg/kg; i.p.), a PI3K inhibitor and adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, Istradefylline (2 mg/kg; i.p.), to establish the precise mechanism of postconditioning. Various biochemical and behavioural parameters were assessed to examine the effect of pharmacological postconditioning.

Key Findings

Pharmacological postconditioning induced with CGS21680 and SF1670 attenuated the infarction along with improved behavioural and biochemical parameters in comparison with ischaemia–reperfusion control group. The outcome of postconditioning with CGS21680 and SF1670 was significantly reversed by LY294002 and Istradefylline, respectively.

Conclusions

The neuroprotective effects of CGS21680 and SF1670 postconditioning on cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury may be due to PI3K/Akt pathway activation.
Endothelin-1 increases CHSY-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells via transactivation of transforming growth factor β type I receptor induced by type B receptor endothelin-1
Authors: Seif Faezeh , Little Peter J , Niayesh-Mehr Reyhaneh , Zamanpour Masoumeh , Babaahmadi-Rezaei Hossein
Published: February 2019

Objectives

TGF-β through hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains leads to binding of low-density lipoproteins to the proteoglycans. The vasoactive peptide, endothelin-1 (ET-1), plays a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. This study addressed the question whether ET-1 by activating the Rho kinase and cytoskeletal rearrangement can transactivate the TGF-β receptor leading to phosphorylation of the transcription factor Smad2 and increased expression of the GAG chain synthesizing enzyme such as chondroitin synthase-1 (CHSY-1) in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs).

Methods

In this study, intermediates in ET-1-induced Smad2C phosphorylation and the protein level of CHSY-1 were identified and quantified by Western blotting.

Key findings

Endothelin-1 caused time-dependent phosphorylation of Smad2C which was inhibited in the presence of the endothelin B receptor antagonist, BQ788. The response to ET-1 was inhibited by the Rho/ROCK kinase antagonist, Y27632 and by cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization but the ET-1-mediated pSmad2C was not inhibited by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, GM6001. ET-1 increased CHSY-1 protein level, which was inhibited in the presence of BQ788, cytochalasin D and Y27632.

Conclusions

Endothelin-1 signalling via the ETB receptor utilizes cytoskeletal rearrangement and Rho kinase but not MMPs leading to TβRI transactivation signalling and phosphorylation of Smad2C and through this pathway increased the level of CHSY-1.
Individuals with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities at Work?! Activities in Special Day Service Centers in Germany
Authors: Munde Vera S. , Vlaskamp Carla
Published: February 2019

All individuals have the right to participate in activities. Therefore, productive work or other meaningful activities can promote the individuals' quality of life. While realizing work related activities for individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) is an issue in clinical practice in general, special day service centers in Germany intend to provide work related activities for all individuals of the target group. The aim of the present study was to analyze the activities of all special day service centers in a northern urban region of Germany, in order to describe to what extent such activities could promote the work related quality of life of the individuals with PIMD. Four special day service centers participated in the present study. Data were collected in a diary for one individual with PIMD per group (n = 30). Goals and content were analyzed focusing on the relation with a work related quality of the life model (operationalized as interaction, experience of competences, and self‐determination). The results show that communication and self‐efficacy (as parts of interaction and experience of competences) are often goal and/or content of the presented activities. Stimulation of self‐determination was rarely ticked as a goal. The most important conclusion of the present study is that participation in work related activities of individuals with PIMD is possible. Including elements such as communication, motor activation, and experience of self‐efficacy, the activities can be described as activities promoting the quality of life in individuals with PIMD. Still, different types of special day service centers are needed. Focusing on either work related activities, education, and/or leisure activities accounts for the different needs of individuals with PIMD according to their different characteristics and different phases of life.
Phylogeography of the Hypnea musciformis species complex (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) with the recognition of cryptic species in the western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Nauer Fabio , Deluqui Gurgel Carlos Frederico , Ayres‐Ostrock Lígia Maria , Plastino Estela Maria , Oliveira Mariana Cabral
Published: February 2019

Populations of the marine benthic red macroalgae Hypnea musciformis and Hypnea pseudomusciformis along the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were tested for phylogeographic structure using the DNA barcode COI‐5P combined with rbcL for the construction of the phylogenetic tree. Strong patterns of genetic structure were detected across 210 COI‐5P DNA sequences, and 37 COI‐5P haplotypes were found, using multiple statistical approaches. Hypnea musciformis was found in the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic, the Mediterrean Sea, Namibia, and along the Pacific coast of Mexico. Two new putative species were detected, Hypnea sp. 1 in the Caribbean Sea and Hypnea sp. 2 in the Dominican Republic. Three distinct marine phylogeographic provinces were recognized in the Southern Hemisphere for H. pseudomusciformis: Uruguay, South‐Southeast Brazil, and Northeast Brazil. The degree of genetic isolation and distinctness among these provinces varied considerably. The Uruguay province was the most genetically distinct, as characterized by four unique haplotypes not shared with any of the Brazilian populations. Statistically significant results support both, isolation by distance and isolation by environment hypotheses, explaining the formation and mantainance of phylogeographic structuring along the Uruguay‐Brazil coast. Geographic, taxonomic and molecular marker concordances were found between our H. pseudomusciformis results and published studies. Furthermore, our data indicate that the Hawaiian introduced populations of H. musciformis contain Hypnea sp. 1 haplotypes, the current known distribution of which is restricted to the Caribbean.
Sea surface microlayer and elemental composition in phaeo‐, chloro‐, and rhodophytes in winter and spring
Authors: Kleiven Wanda , Johnsen Geir , Van Ardelan Murat
Published: February 2019

Trace metal or rare earth element (REE) content of marine macroalgae are underexamined and there is a great need for further understanding since macroalgae are used for food and may also be bioindicators of environmental changes. This study, by using high resolution inductive coupled plasma spectrometer in a clean laboratory (class 1000), investigates the trace metal and REE concentrations and composition in the youngest tissue of various species within three algal classes in the Trondheimsfjord, Norway, comprising phaeo‐, chloro‐, and rhodophytes in winter (February) and Spring (May) 2013, with the main focus on phaeophytes. The macroalgae were found in a clear zonation pattern as a function of depth. A significant difference in element concentration and composition was found between the six phaeophyte species along with a significant difference between winter and spring tissue. A zonation depth trend in algal tissue element concentration was also found for the phaeophytes, where the algal species located in both extreme ends (upper vs. lower littoral zone) obtained a lower element concentration than the algae located in the middle part of the littoral zone. This trend seems to result from different algal contact with the metal‐rich sea surface microlayer. The chlorophytes had 5–27 times higher concentration of REE and lead (Pb) than the two other algal classes. Results indicate that the rhodo‐ and chlorophytes are better accumulators than the phaeophytes for several trace metals and REE.