bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron holography of Si:C films and Si:C-based devices
Authors: Gribelyuk M. A. , Adam T. N. , Ontalus V. , Ronsheim P. R. , Kimball L. , Schonenberg K. T.
Published: September 2011

Microstructure of Si1-xCx films grown epitaxially onto Si wafers was studied. Clusters formed by Si and interstitial carbon were observed in Si1-xCx films by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the cluster size increases with the total carbon content. Electron holography has determined that clusters are negatively charged. Devices were fabricated with in situ phosphorus doped Si1-xCx films grown in the source-drain regions. It was found that the Si1-xCx regions are negatively charged and the phosphorus dopant is partially activated. The results provide insight into formation of the Si1-xCx epitaxial films and design of devices based on these films.
The magnetic centrifugal mass filter
Authors: Fetterman Abraham J. , Fisch Nathaniel J.
Published: September 2011

Mass filters using rotating plasmas have been considered for separating nuclear waste and spent nuclear fuel. We propose a new mass filter that utilizes centrifugal and magnetic confinement of ions in a way similar to the asymmetric centrifugal trap. This magnetic centrifugal mass filter is shown to be more proliferation resistant than present technology. This filter is collisional and produces well confined output streams, among other advantages.
Proton transfer and the mobilities of the H+ and OH− ions from studies of a dissociating model for water
Authors: Lee Song Hi , Rasaiah Jayendran C.
Published: September 2011

Hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH−) ions in aqueous solution have anomalously large diffusion coefficients, and the mobility of the H+ ion is nearly twice that of the OH− ion. We describe molecular dynamics simulations of a dissociating model for liquid water based on scaling the interatomic potential for water developed by Ojamäe-Shavitt-Singer from ab initio studies at the MP2 level. We use the scaled model to study proton transfer that occurs in the transport of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in acidic and basic solutions containing 215 water molecules. The model supports the Eigen-Zundel-Eigen mechanism of proton transfer in acidic solutions and the transient hyper-coordination of the hydroxide ion in weakly basic solutions at room temperature. The free energy barriers for proton transport are low indicating significant proton delocalization accompanying proton transfer in acidic and basic solutions. The reorientation dynamics of the hydroxide ion suggests changes in the proportions of hyper-coordinated species with temperature. The mobilities of the hydrogen and hydroxide ions and their temperature dependence between 0 and 50 °C are in excellent agreement with experiment and the reasons for the large difference in the mobilities of the two ions are discussed. The model and methods described provide a novel approach to studies of liquid water, proton transfer, and acid-base reactions in aqueous solutions, channels, and interfaces.
The origin of the Schott term in the electromagnetic self force of a classical point charge
Authors: Ferris Michael R. , Gratus Jonathan
Published: September 2011

The Schott term is the third order term in the electromagnetic self force of a charged point particle. The self force may be obtained by integrating the electromagnetic stress-energy-momentum tensor over the side of a narrow hypertube enclosing a section of worldline. This calculation has been repeated many times using two different hypertubes known as the Dirac tube and the Bhabha tube; however, in previous calculations using a Bhabha tube the Schott term does not arise as a result of this integration. In order to regain the Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac equation, many authors have added an ad hoccompensatory term to the non-electromagnetic contribution to the total momentum. In this article the Schott term is obtained by direct integration of the electromagnetic stress-energy-momentum tensor.
Weak coupling limits in a stochastic model of heat conduction
Authors: Redig Frank , Vafayi Kiamars
Published: September 2011

We study the Brownian momentum process, a model of heat conduction, weakly coupled to heat baths. In two different settings of weak coupling to the heat baths, we study the non-equilibrium steady state and its proximity to the local equilibrium measure in terms of the strength of coupling. For three and four site systems, we obtain the two-point correlation function and show it is generically not multilinear.
Radical modification of the wetting behavior of textiles coated with ZnO thin films and nanoparticles when changing the ambient pressure in the pulsed laser deposition process
Authors: Popescu A. C. , Duta L. , Dorcioman G. , Mihailescu I. N. , Stan G. E. , Pasuk I. , Zgura I. , Beica T. , Enculescu I. , Ianculescu A. , Dumitrescu I.
Published: September 2011

Cotton/polyester woven fabrics were functionalized with ZnO thin films or nanoparticles by pulsed laser deposition, using a KrF* excimer laser source. Depending on the number of applied laser pulses, well-separated nanoparticles (for 10 pulses) or compact thin films (for 100 pulses) were deposited. The synthesized nanostructures were evaluated morphologically by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, physico-chemically by x-ray diffraction and functionally by the contact angle method. By modifying the ambient gas nature and pressure in the deposition chamber, hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces were obtained. When using an oxygen flux, both the deposited thin films and nanoparticles were hydrophilic. After deposition in vacuum, the nanoparticles were hydrophobic, but the thin films were super-hydrophobic. This radical modification of wetting behavior was assigned to the differences in microstructure features and surface electrical charging in the two cases.
Single-particle and collective excitations in quantum wires made up of vertically stacked quantum dots: Zero magnetic field
Authors: Kushwaha Manvir S.
Published: September 2011

We report on the theoretical investigation of the elementary electronic excitations in a quantum wire made up of vertically stacked self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots. The length scales (of a few nanometers) involved in the experimental setups prompt us to consider an infinitely periodic system of two-dimensionally confined (InAs) quantum dot layers separated by GaAs spacers. The resultant quantum wire is characterized by a two-dimensional harmonic confining potential in the x-y plane and a periodic (Kronig-Penney) potential along the z (or the growth) direction within the tight-binding approximation. Since the wells and barriers are formed from two different materials, we employ the Bastard's boundary conditions in order to determine the eigenfunctions along the z direction. These wave functions are then used to generate the Wannier functions, which, in turn, constitute the legitimate Bloch functions that govern the electron dynamics along the direction of periodicity. Thus, the Bloch functions and the Hermite functions together characterize the whole system. We then make use of the Bohm-Pines’ (full) random-phase approximation in order to derive a general nonlocal, dynamic dielectric function. Thus, developed theoretical framework is then specified to work within a (lowest miniband and) two-subband model that enables us to scrutinize the single-particle as well as collective responses of the system. We compute and discuss the behavior of the eigenfunctions, band-widths, density of states, Fermi energy, single-particle and collective excitations, and finally size up the importance of studying the inverse dielectric function in relation with the quantum transport phenomena. It is remarkable to notice how the variation in the barrier- and well-widths can allow us to tailor the excitation spectrum in the desired energy range. Given the advantage of the vertically stacked quantum dots over the planar ones and the foreseen applications in the single-electron devices and in the quantum computation, it is quite interesting and important to explore the electronic, optical, and transport phenomena in such systems.
Phosphorus ion implantation and annealing induced n-type conductivity and microstructure evolution in ultrananocrystalline diamond films
Authors: Hu X. J. , Ye J. S. , Hu H. , Chen X. H. , Shen Y. G.
Published: September 2011

We report n-type conductivity in phosphorus ion implanted ultrananocrystalline diamond films annealed at 800 °C and above. The amorphous carbon transits to diamond with an increase of stress after 900 °C annealing, which exhibits lower resistivity with Hall mobility of 143 cm2/Vs. After 1000 °C annealing, the diamond transits to amorphous carbon with the stress release, which has higher carrier concentration and lower Hall mobility. Both P+-implanted nano-sized diamond grains and amorphous carbon give contributions to the n-type conductivity in the films. The microstructure evolution and electrical properties are relative to the hydrogen diffusion and desorption under high temperature annealing.
Fountain effect of laser-driven relativistic electrons inside a solid dielectric
Authors: Sarkisov G. S. , Leblanc P. , Ivanov V. V. , Sentoku Y. , Bychenkov V. Yu. , Yates K. , Wiewior P. , Jobe D. , Spielman R.
Published: September 2011

Ultrafast interferometry with sub-ps resolution has been applied for the direct measurement of an electron density induced by a laser-driven relativistic electron beam inside a solid dielectric. The topology of the interference phase shift shows the signature of the “fountain effect,” a narrow electron beam that fans out from the propagation axis and heads back to the target surface. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) computer simulations demonstrate radial spreading of fast electrons by self-consistent electrostatic fields. The very low ionization, ∼0.1%, observed after the heating pulse suggests a fast recombination at the sub-ps time scale.
A few remarks on the zero modes of the Faddeev-Popov operator in the Landau and maximal Abelian gauges
Authors: Guimaraes M. S. , Sorella S. P.
Published: September 2011

The construction outlined by Henyey [Phys. Rev. D 20, 1460 (1979)10.1103/PhysRevD.20.1460] is employed to provide examples of normalizable zero modes of the Faddeev-Popov operator in the Landau and maximal Abelian gauges in SU(2) Euclidean Yang-Mills theories in d = 3 dimensions. The corresponding gauge configurations have all finite norm ||A||2 < ∞. In particular, in the case of the Landau gauge, the explicit construction of an infinite class of normalizable zero modes with finite norm ||A||2 is provided.
Terahertz heterodyne imaging with InGaAs-based bow-tie diodes
Authors: Minkevičius Linas , Tamošiūnas Vincas , Kašalynas Irmantas , Seliuta Dalius , Valušis Gintaras , Lisauskas Alvydas , Boppel Sebastian , Roskos Hartmut G. , Köhler Klaus
Published: September 2011

Room-temperature detection and imaging in transmission and reflection geometries at 0.591 THz with planar asymmetrically shaped InGaAs diodes (also called bow-tie diodes) are demonstrated in direct and heterodyne mode. The sensitivity of the diodes is found to be 6 V/W in direct mode, and the noise-equivalent power (NEP) in direct and heterodyne mode is estimated to be about 4 nW/Hz and 230 fW/Hz for a local-oscillator power of 11 μW, respectively. The improvement of the dynamic range by heterodyning over direct power detection amounts to about 20 dB using pixel read-out times relevant to real-time imaging conditions.
Size-dependent electroluminescence from Si quantum dots embedded in amorphous SiC matrix
Authors: Rui Yunjun , Li Shuxin , Xu Jun , Song Chao , Jiang Xiaofan , Li Wei , Chen Kunji , Wang Qimin , Zuo Yuhua
Published: September 2011

Si quantum dots (QDs) were formed by thermal annealing the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide films (a-SiCx:H) with different C/Si ratio x, which were controlled by using a different gas ratio R of methane to silane during the deposition process. By adjusting x and post annealing temperature, the QD size can be changed from 1.4 to 4.2 nm accordingly, which was verified by the Raman spectra and transmission electron microscopy images. Size-dependent electroluminescence (EL) was observed, and the EL intensity was higher for the sample containing small-sized Si QDs due to the quantum confinement effect (QCE). The EL peak energy as a function of the Si QDs size was in good agreement with a modified effective mass approximation (EMA) model. The calculated finite barrier potential of the Si QDs embedded in SiC matrix is 0.4 and 0.8 eV for conduction and valence band, respectively. Moreover, the current-voltage properties and the linear relationship between the integrated EL intensity and injection current indicate that the carrier transport is dominated by Fowler–Nordheim tunneling and the EL mechanism is originated from the bipolar recombination of electron-hole pairs at Si QDs. Our results demonstrate Si QDs embedded in amorphous SiC matrix has the potential application in Si-based light emitting devices and the third-generation solar cells.
Doping-based control of the energetic structure of photovoltaic co-deposited films
Authors: Ishiyama Norihiro , Kubo Masayuki , Kaji Toshihiko , Hiramoto Masahiro
Published: September 2011

Control of the energetic structure of photovoltaic co-deposited films consisting of fullerene and α-sexithiophene was demonstrated by ppm-level doping with molybdenum oxide (MoO3). The transition from an n-type Schottky junction via a metal/insulator/metal junction to a p-type Schottky junction by increasing the MoO3 doping concentration was verified by observing the photovoltaic properties. Direct ppm-level doping into photoactive co-deposited films could become a powerful tool for designing the appropriate built-in potential for efficient organic photovoltaic cells.
Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects in R3Ni2 (R = Ho and Er) compounds
Authors: Dong Q. Y. , Chen J. , Shen J. , Sun J. R. , Shen B. G.
Published: September 2011

Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of R3Ni2 (R = Ho and Er) compounds have been investigated. Both Ho3Ni2 and Er3Ni2 compounds undergo two successive phase transitions: spin reorientation transition and second-order ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition. The maximal values of magnetic entropy change are achieved to be 21.7 J kg−1 K−1 for Ho3Ni2 and 19.5 J kg−1 K−1 for Er3Ni2 for a field change of 0-5 T. A large refrigerant capacity (RC) of 496 J kg−1 in the composite material is also obtained. Large reversible magnetocaloric effect and RC indicate the potentiality of R3Ni2 (R = Ho and Er) compounds as candidates for low-temperature magnetic refrigerant.
Effective cancellation of residual magnetic interference induced from a shielded environment for precision magnetic measurements
Authors: Hwang Seong-Min , Kim Kiwoong , Seok Kang Chan , Lee Seong-Joo , Lee Yong-Ho
Published: September 2011

Using the method of inverse problem, we designed a cancellation coil that prevents a strong pulsed magnetic field inside a magnetically shielded room (MSR) from magnetizing and inducing large-scale eddy currents around the shielding materials. We implemented this coil with discrete current loops and evaluated it numerically and experimentally. Without the cancellation coil, the transient residual magnetic field in the middle of the MSR was greater than 0.1 μT for 63.5 ms, while the cancellation coil reduced it to less than 0.1 μT after 10.8 ms, shortening the decay time by 83.0%.
Heat recovery mechanism in the excitation of radiative polaritons by broadband infrared radiation in thin oxide films
Authors: Vincent-Johnson Anita J. , Vasquez Kyle A. , Bridstrup John E. , Masters Andrew E. , Hu Xiaofeng , Scarel Giovanna
Published: September 2011

This work probes radiative polaritons in thin oxide layers as a mean to capture and absorb broadband infrared radiation and transform it into heat. A heat recovery mechanism, based on the Seebeck effect, is used as the tool of the investigation. Heat production challenges the current understanding which views the excitation of radiative polaritons as only accompanied by the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The heat recovery mechanism presented here can inspire the design of infrared energy harvesting devices, similar to photovoltaic cells, and other devices to convert energy from a wide range of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum using thermoelectric power generators.
Partial transfection of cells using laminar flows in microchannels
Authors: Li Lei , Nie Yong , Shi Xuetao , Wu Hongkai , Ye Datian , Chen Hongda
Published: September 2011

This manuscript describes a convenient method for partial transfection using a Y-shaped microchannel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-glass chip and on-chip cationic lipid-mediated transfection. Enhanced green fluorescent protein genes (pEGFP-N2) were introduced into the COS-7 cells cultured in half of the channel, while red fluorescent protein genes (pDsRed-N1) were introduced into the cells cultured in another half of the channel. This on-chip partial transfection technique provides an avenue for the spatial control of transfection. It is possible to use this technique to perform parallel transfection on chips in order to study cell behaviors under two or more gene transfections in the same culture.
Investigation on p-type lithium niobate crystals
Authors: Pei Zidong , Hu Qian , Kong Yongfa , Liu Shiguo , Chen Shaolin , Xu Jingjun
Published: September 2011

Till now it is difficult to obtain a p-type lithium niobate crystal. Here the carrier types in various doped and oxidized LiNbO3 crystals have been investigated by holographic technique. The experimental results show tetravalent ions (Zr4+ and Hf4+) with doping concentrations just above optical damage resistant thresholds is helpful to increase the concentration of holes. And 3.0 mol% ZrO2 doped LiNbO3 can be used as a p-type crystal. The dominant carrier of iron doped LiNbO3 crystal can be changed to holes when treated by thermo-electric oxidization. Then the possible mechanism on how to obtain a p-type LiNbO3 was discussed.
Subfertile effects of quinestrol and levonorgestrel in male rats
Authors: Liu Ming , Wan Xinrong , Yin Yimeng , Li Yu-xia , Sun Fei , Zhang Zhibin , Wang Yan-ling
Published: September 2011

The contraceptive regimen consisting of levonorgestrel and quinestrol (EP-1) has been shown to be effective in several types of wild rodents. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EP-1 and its two components on fertility and spermatogenesis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its contraceptive effect. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0.33 mg kg–1 quinestrol (E group), 0.67 mg kg–1 levonorgestrel (P group) or their combination (EP group) for 7 days and then killed on Days 21 or 42 after treatment for tissue analysis. On Day 21, the weight of the cauda epididymis decreased significantly, while the weight of the adrenal gland increased significantly in the E and EP groups compared with the weights in the control group. In addition, there was a significant decrease in sperm number in the E and EP groups compared with the control group and there was less staining for the androgen receptor and Wilms’ tumour nuclear protein 1 in the E and EP groups. The primary defects in E- or EP-treated rats were abnormal spermiogenesis, lack of elongating spermatids, and pachytene spermatocyte arrest. Analysis of MutL homologue 1 revealed that EP treatment inhibited chromosome recombination during meiosis, but did not cause obvious genetic abnormalities. These data demonstrate that quinestrol, alone or in combination with levonorgestrel, induces subfertility in male rats mainly by interfering with germ cell differentiation. Thus, EP-1 or E alone may be effective contraceptive regimens for fertility control in rodents.
Accounting for discovery
Authors: Sampson Cathy , Atkinson Paul
Published: September 2011

The paper presents an analysis of genetic scientists’ accounts of a 1992 scientific breakthrough. Members of the research team were interviewed in the course of a wider study of the history of the discovery and its implications for clinical practice. The isolation of the genetic basis for myotonic dystrophy was an important milestone in the development of contemporary genetic medicine and a significant event in the lives and careers of the scientists involved. Despite the significance of some key publications on scientists’ discovery accounts, the paper argues that there has been a neglect of scientists’ narratives and accounting practices, despite the increased visibility of narrative analysis in the social sciences, the increasing sophistication of qualitative research methods, and the expansion of qualitative research on scientific work and practice. The paper outlines a number of themes in the scientists’ autobiographical work and their methods in recounting the discovery.
The syntax–semantics interface of multi-morpheme motion constructions in Chinese
Authors: Lin Jingxia , Peck Jeeyoung
Published: September 2011

This study analyzes semantic constraints affecting the order of motion morphemes in Mandarin Chinese multi-morpheme motion constructions (MMMCs, e.g. zǒu-jìn fángjiān ‘walk into the room’ (lit.) ‘walk-enter room’ vs. *jìn-zǒu (lit.) ‘enter-walk’). We classify Chinese motion morphemes into four types based on recent study on “scale structure”. Then, we propose an implicational scalar hierarchy formed by the four types of morphemes that can be used to predict the order of motion morphemes in Chinese MMMCs. Our corpus studies demonstrate that the hierarchy can explain the morpheme order of MMMCs for a comprehensive range of existing natural Chinese data. We anticipate that our scalar hierarchy may be extensible to serial-verb motion constructions in other languages as well.
Ergative/Absolutive and Active/Stative alignment in West Africa
Authors: Vydrin Valentin
Published: September 2011

It is usually believed that non-accusative alignment systems are very rare in Africa. A thorough study of the verbal systems of the Southwestern Mande languages (Looma, Mende, Kpelle) has shown that this group is an exception. The Ergative/Absolutive types of argument coding and semantic alignment are observed in these languages mainly in the personal marking on the verbs. In the Liberian dialects of Looma, only stative verbs (belonging to a closed class) show non-accusative encoding, which can be interpreted as an S-split. In Mende, an Active/Stative type of argument indexing is attested on the verbs of an open class. All the verbs in the stative/resultative/perfect construction in Northern Looma and in the stative/resultative/intensive construction in Kpelle display Ergative/Absolutive alignment.
Universal 20 and Taiwan Sign Language
Authors: Zhang Niina Ning
Published: September 2011

Word order flexibility in sign languages has led some scholars to conclude that sign languages do not have any hierarchical structure. This paper shows that the word order patterns within Taiwan Sign Language nominals precisely follow Greenberg’s (1963:87) Universal 20. The manifestation of the universal in this sign language indicates that like oral languages, sign languages have hierarchical structures. Moreover, this paper also discusses the relation between syntactic hierarchy and linearization from the perspective of Taiwan Sign Language. The fact that the word order possibilities stated in Universal 20 are attested in a single language challenges the very notion of language parameter.
SOCIALIZATION IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY: A CHALLENGE TO PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Kâğitçibaşi Çiğdem
Published: September 2011

This paper discusses problems of Third‐World psychology and its potential relevance for development. Child socialization in the traditional society is discussed as an example of a problem area where psychology could have an impact in the Third World. Specifically, the concept of autonomy is analyzed within the context of socialization as an illustration of the difficulty faced in the unquestioned application of Western psychology in non‐Western society. Some of the findings of the cross‐cultural Value of Children Study are examined as a case in point. On the basis of the above discussions, a challenge to psychology is put forward both for its own sake as a science of human behavior and also for the sake of humanity.
The Predominance and Dilemmas of Theocratic Populism in Contemporary Iran
Authors: Afrachteh Kambiz
Published: September 2011

In July 1980, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi died in Egypt, approximately a year and a half after the overthrow of the Iranian monarchy and the subsequent establishment of the Islamic Republic. Once asked whether Madame de Pompadour's celebrated phrase, “Après nous le déluge” echoed his own sentiments, the shah had willingly agreed, and indeed, Iran has in the period since his ouster experienced the turbulent existence of a society in the throes of revolution. The prevailing climate of instability, interspersed by alleged conspiracies and widespread purges and executions, has given every indication of developing into a chronic condition, if it has not already done so. The economy has faltered under the burden of inflation, unemployment, and the inadequacy of managerial skills, and in the process, become wholly reliant on the revenues that accrue from the export of petroleum.
The Complexity of the Lower Stratum: Sharecroppers and Wage-Laborers in an Iranian Village
Authors: Antoun Richard T.
Published: September 2011

The subject of this descriptive essay is social stratification and social control among sharecroppers and wage laborers in Haftabad, a peasant village in northeastern Iran. The aim of the essay is threefold: (1) to describe the complexity of the economic, social, and cultural differences among its residents; (2) to call attention to a critical sociocultural variable hitherto overlooked and/or underplayed in the literature on the rural people of Iran and the Middle East--the hometowner-stranger difference; and (3) to pose the question, whether a large, heterogeneous (with respect to origins) village with both dispersed and nucleated settlement patterns and a wideranging pattern of social status differences can be regarded as a community and, if so, in what sense.

A number of researchers have already called attention to the necessity of examining the complexity of rural social structure in Iran. Ajami (1969), Hooglund (1973 and 1975) and Safinejad (1969), for instance, have argued that at the very least a three-way breakdown of the population is necessary.
Silk Production and Trade in Iran in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Seyf Ahmad
Published: September 2011

It is difficult to give more than a rough sketch of Iranian agriculture in the nineteenth century or to indicate any but the most general developments that took place in it. On the one hand, the government made very few studies of rural conditions and kept practically no statistics on land acreage or output; on the other, most foreign observers had little interest in the condition of the peasantry or agriculture as a whole. Nonetheless, because of the importance of silk in Iranian foreign trade foreign observers, especially British consuls in Rasht, took a special interest in various aspects of its culture and trade.

This paper sets itself the objective of studying production and trade in raw silk in Iran during the nineteenth century.
Tribe and Uymaq in Iran: A Reply
Authors: Helfgott Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

James Reid's objections to my analysis of tribalism rests on his identification of tribalism with the “uymaq system” of early Safavid Iran. Thus, he includes under the rubric “tribalism” the entire ensemble of social, economic, and political relations dominated by a tribal khan and his family. He argues that during the sixteenth century “pastoral, agricultural, and even urban forms of production were subjected increasingly to the command of various families of chieftains, who controlled them for their own benefit.” Indeed, he is correct, for tribal leaders dominated villages and towns in one form or another throughout Iran until the twentieth century. However, because farmers, tradesmen and, artisans fell under the domination of the tribal khans, they did not necessarily become tribal.

Reid's uses of the terms “tribalism” and “uymaq” are idiosyncratic and inconsistent.
A Qajar Household and Its Estates
Authors: Gurney J. D.
Published: September 2011

Much of nineteenth-century Iranian history is still written from European materials--travellers’ accounts, private papers, diplomatic or commercial archives--and nowhere is that disadvantage seen more keenly than in social and economic studies. The most recent, exceedingly useful compilation of economic selections for Qajar Iran, The Economic History of Iran 1800-1914, edited by Charles Issawi, has only two extracts from first-hand nineteenth century Persian sources. Inevitably that gives a false perspective to any discussion of the internal economic structure of the country, and likewise social attitudes are glimpsed through the palimpsest of western interpretations. A basic prerequisite is the more systematic collection and classification of Persian material, from government archives, vaqf or private possession; it is only their intensive study that will provide the information about and insight into the social and economic problems that are beginning to be sketched on a more theoretical or discursive level; detailed monographic studies, on regions, towns, communities, classes, individual trades or industries, have to clothe the skeletal hypotheses which otherwise might run the risk of empty theorizing.
The Post-Revolutionary Purge of Iran's Armed Forces: A Revisionist Assessment
Authors: Rose Gregory F.
Published: September 2011

The popular press and the Iranian exile community have suggested that the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces ceased for the most part to exist as a result of the Islamic Revolution. This view has also been held by some scholars. However, the continued success of the Iranian military on the battlefield against Iraq is strong circumstantial evidence for questioning such a view. While it is true that Iran's professional military fell into considerable desuetude during and after the revolution, this results from other factors, not the postrevolutionary purge of the armed forces. This study will demonstrate the relatively limited scope and impact of the postrevolutionary purge.

The purge of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces took place in two phases: the first from February 1979 to September 30, 1979, the second from October 1979 to mid- September 1980. Each phase differed in intent, scope, intensity, and method.
Arabistan or Khuzistan
Authors: Soucek Svat
Published: September 2011

The region between the lower course of the Tigris and its joint estuary with the Euphrates on the west, the head of the Persian Gulf on the south, and the Zagros Mountains on the east and north was known in classical Islamic sources as Khuzistan. The tenth-century geographer Ibn Ḥawqal described the province in a separate chapter of his Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ and included a map--“Ṣūrat Khūzistān.” In the thirteenth century, Yaqut reserved a detailed entry for “Khuzistan” in his compendium Muᶜjam al-buldān.

In Safavid times, however, the province began to be called Arabistan, and the older name became obsolete. The term Khuzistan reappeared in the 1920s, but Arabistan has continued to be used by some scholars and politicians. Both names were a matter of controversy in the early stage of the present war between Iraq and Iran. The purpose of this article is to examine the history of these two names and the reasons for their existence or disappearance.
Evolution of Rituals and Theater in Iran
Authors: Gaffary Farrokh
Published: September 2011

Although theater forms as we know them in ancient Greece (circa 490 B.C.) and India (from the first to the fifth centuries A.D.) did not exist in Iran, some fascinating rituals and entertainment evolved into various dramas and performances.

Archeologists believe that certain figurines, seals, and stamps from western Iran dating to 4000 B.C. (depicting men with ibex-horned heads, hairy bodies, wearing shoes with turned-up toes and carrying wide collars receding down the back into bird tails) could represent ibex gods or “masters and protectors of game” or “mythical sorcerers playing the part of animals or humanized animals.” It is possible, however, that they were masked men, half sacred, half profane, who served as we shall see later on, as entertainers.

In October 522 B.C., a magi who had usurped the Iranian throne was killed by Darius of the Achaemenian dynasty, thus beginning a general massacre of the magis.
Men, Women, and Boys: Love and Sex in the Works of SA ‘DI
Authors: Southgate Minoo S.
Published: September 2011

Comprising some 900 pages in the Furughi edition, the works of Sa'di include a variety of genres. TheKulliyyat(Complete Works) opens with six “Risalahs” (Homilies), containing orthodox religious and moral teachings. The homilies precede the worldly and anecdotal “Gulistan” (Rose Garden) and the more profound and spiritual “Bustan” (Orchard)--Sa'di's best known works. Next are the “Qasa'id” (Elegies, or Odes) in Persian and Arabic, the “Marasi” (Thronodies), and the “Mulamma'at” (Bilingual poems in Persian and Arabic). The “Tarji'at” (Strophe Poems), the “Tayyibat” (Sweet Poems), the “Badayi’” (Cunning Odes), the “Khavatim” (Gems), and “Ghazaliyyat-i qadim” (Old Sonnets)--altogether 300 pages in theKulliyyat--consist mostly of love poems, covering the whole gamut of this emotion from the secular love of women and boys to the mystical love whose object is union with the divine. Miscellaneous shorter pieces appear at the end of theKulliyyatunder the headings “Sahibiyyah,” “Masnaviyyat” (Couplets), “Qata'at” (Short Poems), “Ruba'iyyat” (Quatrains), and “Mufradat” (One-liners).
Discussion of the Papers of Tönu Parming, Konstantyn Sawczuk, and Laszlo M. Tikos
Authors: Kamenetsky Ihor
Published: September 2011

Mr. Parming has sketched systematically the difficulties in applying the existing sociological methods for studying the nationalities in the U.S.S.R. He criticizes rightly the fragmentary nature of the current research results in this field and the absence of a common conceptual framework applied to the Soviet nationalities as a whole in the available publications. His recommendations, however, concerning some current American sociological methods and concepts and their applicability to the Soviet Union in this particular field, must be taken with caution and various reservations.
Discussion of the Papers of Tonu Parming, Konstantyn Sawczuk, and Laszlo M. Tikos
Authors: Skreija Andris
Published: September 2011

First, a comment on all three papers. The authors seem to confuse the terms dissent and dissenter with nationalism and nationalist. To me the two types of concepts are quite different. Nationalists are concerned with the establishment, exaltation, liberation or preservation of their own ethnic group–nation. Their intellectual position is basically amoral. I do not mean to imply that they have no morals, but that moral issues have little emphasis in their arguments and polemics. In contrast, the dissenters argue that some government action, law or policy is morally wrong and ought to be stopped or repealed. There may be similarities in the tactics adopted and issues espoused by these two groups. Still, scholars and especially behavioral scientists ought to keep the two types separate for analytical purposes. Of the three papers under discussion the one that “sins” the most in this respect is the one by Mr. Parming. And yet there the differentiation should have been the most explicit since the paper is trying to come to grips with the question from a theoretical point of view.
The Relations Between Ukrainian Central Rada and the Russian Provisional Government ∗
Authors: Stojko Wolodymyr
Published: September 2011

In the new situation created by the collapse of the Tsarist regime in March 1917, the non-Russian peoples directed their efforts towards the realization of their national goals. Ukrainians, who took an active part in the overthrow of the Tsarist rule in Petrograd, were among the most active in asserting their national aspirations and laying foundations for a new relationship with Russia. Leadership of the Ukrainian national movement was in the hands of the Ukrainian Central Rada. The Rada was formed on March 17, 1917, with the participation of representatives of principal Ukrainian organizations. It established a broader base when the All-Ukrainian National Congress convened in Kiev on April 19–21, 1917. The Congress was attended by 900 delegates and some 600 other participants, representing peasant, professional, military, and cultural-educational organizations, in addition to political parties, municipalities, and zemstvos, within as well as beyond the Ukraine.
Slovakia and its Minorities 1939–1945: People With and Without National Protection
Authors: Jelinek Yeshayahu
Published: September 2011

In October 1966, a conference of Czech, Slovak, and Magyar historians discussed in Bratislava (Czechoslovakia) the characteristics of Fascism in their respective countries. The nature of Slovak nationalism caught the attention of the participants. While mainly analysing Slovak-Magyar relations, the scholars touched only slightly on some of the other ethnic groups living in Slovakia, Germans, Ukrainians, Poles, Gypsies, and Jews. In order to study and understand Slovak nationalism during the Second World War, problems and conditions of each of the above-metnioned groups should be studied. A mutual comparison might assist in the creation of a substantive summary. Yet even a most thoroughgoing analysis of the relations between a dominant nation and the subjected minorities would not provide us with a comprehensive definition of Slovak nationalism.
Social Change in the Polish National Movement in Prussia Before World War I
Authors: Kulczycki John J.
Published: September 2011

In the eighteenth century, prior to the partitioning of the Polish Commonwealth by its neighbors, the Polish szlachta or gentry constituted the Polish “nation.” Then, of course, the term did not have an ethnic connotation but rather a political one: the gentry alone had all the rights that came with full citizenship in the Polish state. The existence of such a privileged ruling class or estate was not uncommon in Europe. The szlachta, however, differed in two important respects from the gentry of most other European states. First of all, the Polish gentry included an unusually large portion of the total population: 9–10 per cent (25 per cent of the Polish-speaking population). Secondly, in theory all members of the szlachta had equal political rights whether they were magnates or completely landless. Consequently, when in the nineteenth century economic forces gradually transformed Polish society from a feudal social structure into a more modern one, individuals of gentry origin acted as a leaven bringing their consciousness of membership in the nation to the new classes of society that they joined. Some of the szlachta, influenced by the Enlightenment and the “Democratic Revolution” as well as by the obvious need for internal reform, sought to broaden the concept of the nation to include the other social classes even before Poland lost its independence. They, however, still conceived of the nation in terms of citizenship in the state. It is therefore ironic that this social broadening of the concept of the Polish nation actually occurred in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when the Polish state did not exist.
Ukranians in American East European Studies
Authors: Sydorenko Alexander
Published: September 2011

Ukranian scholars in the United States pursue a broad range of disciplines, making significant contributions to such fields of inquiry as literature, linguistics, political studies, and economics. This paper will review the contributions to the study of Ukrainian history. It will examine some of the practical problems affecting the development of the Ukrainian historical studies in the United States and then review the work of a few selected scholars, whose research and publications typify the tenor and the direction of the Ukrainian historiography outside the Soviet Union.
George Y. Shevelov: His Contribution to the Prehistory of Slavic
Authors: Zyla Wolodymyr T.
Published: September 2011

George Y. Shevelov, known as a capable Slavist, is also praised as a very influential critic of modern Ukrainian literature. In this paper, however, we shall concern ourselves with Shevelov's linguistic interest only, and in particular with his contributions to the prehistory of Slavic: the historical phonology of Common Slavic.
Workers’ Self-Management and the Politics of Ethnic Nationalism in Yugoslavia
Authors: Klein George
Published: September 2011

Yugoslav nationalism like other European nationalist movements is largely the product of the nineteenth century. The peoples of Yugoslavia were separated by cultural differences which seemed minor when compared with those of their occupiers, the Germanic Hapsburgs and the Ottoman Turks. The dream uniting the South Slavic peoples was the achievement of liberation from both foreign overlords. The conditions of the Balkans in the nineteenth century constituted the fertile ground in which the Yugoslav ideal flourished. The Yugoslav ideal became a uniting ideology which enabled all the Slavic peoples to play their role in the quest for liberation.
The Treatment of Minority Nationalities in Romania: The Case of Ceausescu's Hungarians
Authors: Volgyes Ivan
Published: September 2011

The final declaration of the Conference of Security and Cooperation in Europe has affirmed the duty of the various signatory states to observe the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief for all without distinction to race, language or religion.
Tsars, Commissars, and the Jewish Question in Russia: Two Case Studies
Authors: Wynot Edward D.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the Jewish nation and the governing systems of Central and Eastern Europe has long fascinated, and bedeviled, contemporary observers and modern scholars alike. Numerous problems continually seem to defy convincing resolution. Among them are such key questions as these: Which factors can be used to define the Jews — i.e., linguistic, religious, ethnic lineage, custom and tradition — or a combination of these? Can the Jews become trusted loyal citizens of a secular state wherein they form a distinct ethno-religious minority? How can the government and/or its supporting majority determine at what point the Jews cease to be productive, contributing members of society, and become instead a harmful burden to the state and its people? Nowhere, it seems, has this collection of thorny issues, conveniently known as the “Jewish Question,” enjoyed such widespread attention and concerted concern from both official and general sources as in the lands ruled by the Russian tsars and, after 1917, by the Soviet commissars.
Soviet Uses of Jewish Nationalism During World War II: The Membership and Dynamics of the Jewish Antifascist Committee in the USSR
Authors: Redlich Shimon
Published: September 2011

A number of general summaries have been written on the history of the Jewish Antifascist Committee in the Soviet Union, the single major Jewish structure in the Ussr during the following the Second World War. The Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC) constituted a special phenomenon when compared with similar Soviet organizations. It started as an ordinary instrument of Soviet wartime propaganda, but prevailing circumstances transformed it into a meaningful Jewish structure. Following a few introductory remarks, I would like to discuss one specific aspect of this Committee, namely the nature of its membership. Most of the existing studies treat the JAC in a chronological manner. The purpose of this article is to examine the inner dynamics of the Committee and evaluate it as an elite leadership group of Soviet Jewry.
Nationalism and Jewish Emancipation in Russia: The 1880s
Authors: Aronson I. Michael
Published: September 2011

By the end of the nineteenth century Russian legislation regarding Jews was a congeries of self-contractions and inconsistencies. On the one hand, Jews were hemmed in by numerous restrictions and repressive measures in regard to their residence rights, economic activities, communal organization, educational opportunities, and even religious practices. On the other hand, the limits of discrimination were often ill-defined, being expanded by some laws and contracted by others; in some cases important privileges were granted to various categories of Jews (for example, the right to live outside the Pale of Jewish Settlement) or to the Jewish community as a whole (for example, the right to collect certain taxes). In addition, the enforcement of this hodge-podge of rules and regulations varied from place to place and from time to time.
Ukrainian Studies in Canada
Authors: Krawchenko Bohdan
Published: September 2011

The development of university courses and programs in Ukrainian studies is a recent phenomenon in the ninety-year-old history of Ukrainians in Canada. It begins only with the end of World War II and coincides with the influx of the postwar immigration. Not only did this newest Ukrainian-Canadian population provide the bulk of the teaching staff for Ukrainian programs, but also the development of courses and programs was greatly stimulated by the educational needs of the various generations in this sector of the Ukrainian population. Prior to 1945, university courses in Ukrainian studies did not exist at Canadian universities. In evaluating the late arrival of Ukrainian studies on Canadian campuses, one should not lose sight of the fact that Slavic studies in this country are a relatively new development, stimulated by the last war and in particular by the need to deal with the Soviet allies. The first courses in the Russian language were introduced only in 1943, at Carleton College and Dalhousie University. The development of Ukrainian programs quickly followed the instroduction of Russian studies in Canada.
Jewish Intellectuals in Odessa in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Nationalist Theories of Ahad Ha'am and Simon Dubnov1
Authors: Orbach Alexander
Published: September 2011

From the end of the eighteenth century until the Revolution of 1917, the Jewish communities of Vilna (Vilnius), Odessa, and Warsaw stood out as the prominent intellectual and cultural centers of Russian and Polish Jewry. In the period immediately following the Partitions of Poland, the preeminence of the northern region and Vilna, its major city, was acknowledged by all. Characterized by the rich Talmudical tradition associated with Elijah ben Solomon (1720-1797), the famous Gaon [Sage] of Vilna, and his disciples, Vilna signified then, and to a great extent continues today to signify, the values of intensive traditional learning combined with deep religious piety. In fact, in the literature on Russian Jewry, Vilna is often referred to as the Jerusalem of the North, indicating its special character and place in the history of East European Jewry. However, while Vilna symbolized the traditional world, over the course of the nineteenth century, the Jewish community of Russia was moving in a different direction. The political, economic, social and especially demographic forces of the modern period significantly altered the basic character of the Jewish community of the Russian Empire.
China's View of the Baltic States
Authors: Šveics Vilnis V.
Published: September 2011

One of the most spectacular developments concerning the Baltic States in the last ten years is the interest of the People's Republic of China in the fate of the Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians.