bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Modulation of a DnaJ Homolog, CbpA, by CbpM
Authors: Chenoweth Matthew R. , Trun Nancy , Wickner Sue
Published: March 2007

CbpA, anEscherichia coliDnaJ homolog, can function as a cochaperone for the DnaK/Hsp70 chaperone system, and its in vitro activity can be modulated by CbpM. We discovered that CbpM specifically inhibits the in vivo activity of CbpA, preventing it from functioning in cell growth and division. Furthermore, we have shown that CbpM interacts with CbpA in vivo during stationary phase, suggesting that the inhibition of activity is a result of the interaction. These results reveal that the activity of theE. coliDnaK system can be regulated in vivo by a specific inhibitor.
Elongation Factor Tu3 (EF-Tu3) from the Kirromycin Producer
Streptomyces ramocissimus
Is Resistant to Three Classes of EF-Tu-Specific Inhibitors
Authors: Olsthoorn-Tieleman Lian N. , Palstra Robert-Jan T. S. , van Wezel Gilles P. , Bibb Mervyn J. , Pleij Cornelis W. A.
Published: March 2007

The antibiotic kirromycin inhibits prokaryotic protein synthesis by immobilizing elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) on the elongating ribosome.
Streptomyces ramocissimus
, the producer of kirromycin, contains three
tuf
genes. While
tuf1
and
tuf2
encode kirromycin-sensitive EF-Tu species, the function of
tuf3
is unknown. Here we demonstrate that EF-Tu3, in contrast to EF-Tu1 and EF-Tu2, is resistant to three classes of EF-Tu-targeted antibiotics: kirromycin, pulvomycin, and GE2270A. A mixture of EF-Tu1 and EF-Tu3 was sensitive to kirromycin and resistant to GE2270A, in agreement with the described modes of action of these antibiotics. Transcription of
tuf3
was observed during exponential growth and ceased upon entry into stationary phase and therefore did not correlate with the appearance of kirromycin in stationary phase; thus, it is unlikely that EF-Tu3 functions as a resistant alternative for EF-Tu1. EF-Tu3 from
Streptomyces coelicolor
A3(2) was also resistant to kirromycin and GE2270A, suggesting that multiple antibiotic resistance is an intrinsic feature of EF-Tu3 species. The GE2270A-resistant character of EF-Tu3 demonstrated that this divergent elongation factor is capable of substituting for EF-Tu1 in vivo.
Problems of basing patient recruitment for primary care studies on routine laboratory submissions: Table 1
Authors: McNulty Cliodna , Thomas Michael , John Rhiannon , Lovering Andrew , Lewis Deirdre , MacGowan Alasdair
Published: March 2007

Background:

Use of routine urine submission rates for estimation of patient enrolment in primary care studies of acute urinary symptoms may overestimate patient recruitment rate.

Aims:

To compare the rates of submission of urines and significant bacteriuria from patients presenting with acute urinary symptoms in study general practices to routine microbiology laboratory urines.

Methods:

Routine laboratory urine submissions were determined by counting all mid-stream urine specimens submitted to the laboratory from 12 large general practitioner (GP) practices served by Gloucester and Southmead microbiology departments over two years (2000–02). Urine specimens were requested from all patients with acute urinary symptoms referred at research nurse practice visits over the same time period. The annual study urine submission was calculated using the ratio of the number of nurse practice visits to the annual number of possible consulting sessions. Significant bacteriuria was defined as a urine growing a single organism reported as >105colony forming units/ml. Rates per 1000 patients were calculated using practice population data.

Results:

The urine submission rate from study patients with acute urinary symptoms was one-third the routine urine submission rate from the same practices. The significant bacteriuria rate attained from the study was less than half the routine significant bacteriuria rate.

Conclusion:

Two-thirds of routine urine samples submitted by GPs are probably not for the investigation of acute urinary symptoms. Basing consultation sample size power calculations for primary care studies or sentinel practice-based surveillance in urinary tract infection on routine laboratory submissions is unreliable and will lead to significant overestimation of recruitment rate.
EVENTUALLY NUMBER-CONSERVING CELLULAR AUTOMATA
Authors: BOCCARA NINO
Published: March 2007

Although it is undecidable whether a one-dimensional cellular automaton obeys a given conservation law over its limit set, it is however possible to obtain sufficient conditions to be satisfied by a one-dimensional cellular automaton to be eventually number-conserving. We present a preliminary study of two-input one-dimensional cellular automaton rules called eventually number-conserving cellular automaton rules whose limit sets, reached after a number of time steps of the order of the cellular automaton size, consist of states having a constant number of active sites. In particular, we show how to find rules having given limit sets satisfying a conservation rule. Viewed as models of systems of interacting particles, these rules obey a kind of Darwinian principle by either annihilating unnecessary particles or creating necessary ones.
FABRICATION OF PERIODIC STANDING ROD ARRAYS BY THE SHADOW CONE METHOD
Authors: TANAKA HIROFUMI , WEISS PAUL S. , HORN MARK W.
Published: March 2007

A simple method for fabricating periodic arrays of high aspect ratio (1:20) standing nanorods on silicon substrates is described. It is based on shadow deposition onto periodically arranged arrays of mini-rods on a rotating sample stage. Consequently, such nanostructures can be prepared on relatively large areas and at low cost, making the method suitable for industrial applications.
ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF OLED USING NEW EMISSIVE MATERIAL Al2Nq4
Authors: YANG KI-SUNG , LEE HO-SIK , KIM SEUNG-UN , JANG YOON-KI , KIM DOO-SEOK , SHIN HOON-KYU , KWON YOUNG-SOO , KIM CHUNGKYUN
Published: March 2007

Since the first report of the light-emitting diodes based on Alq 3, many organic materials have been synthesized and extended efforts have been made to obtain high performance electroluminescent (EL) device. We synthesized new emissive material, 1, 4-dihydoxy-5, 8-naphtaquinone· Alq 3 complex( Al 2 Nq 4), and extended efforts have been made to obtain high-performance electroluminescent (EL) devices. Current–voltage (I–V) and luminance–voltage (L–V) characteristics were measured by Flat Panel Display Analysis System (Model 200-AT) at room temperature. The Al 2 Nq 4 shows green photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectra at about 510 nm, and ITO/Al 2 Nq 4/Cathode device shows typical rectifying characteristics.
Synthetic Gene Circuits: Design with Directed Evolution
Authors: Haseltine Eric L. , Arnold Frances H.
Published: March 2007

Synthetic circuits offer great promise for generating insights into nature's underlying design principles or forward engineering novel biotechnology applications. However, construction of these circuits is not straightforward. Synthetic circuits generally consist of components optimized to function in their natural context, not in the context of the synthetic circuit. Combining mathematical modeling with directed evolution offers one promising means for addressing this problem. Modeling identifies mutational targets and limits the evolutionary search space for directed evolution, which alters circuit performance without the need for detailed biophysical information. This review examines strategies for integrating modeling and directed evolution and discusses the utility and limitations of available methods.
Single-Molecule Fluorescence Analysis of Cellular Nanomachinery Components
Authors: Peters Reiner
Published: March 2007

Recent progress in proteomics suggests that the cell can be conceived as a large network of highly refined, nanomachine-like protein complexes. This working hypothesis calls for new methods capable of analyzing individual protein complexes in living cells and tissues at high speed. Here, we examine whether single-molecule fluorescence (SMF) analysis can satisfy that demand. First, recent technical progress in the visualization, localization, tracking, conformational analysis, and true resolution of individual protein complexes is highlighted. Second, results obtained by the SMF analysis of protein complexes are reviewed, focusing on the nuclear pore complex as an instructive example. We conclude that SMF methods provide powerful, indispensable tools for the structural and functional characterization of protein complexes. However, the transition from in vitro systems to living cells is in the initial stages. We discuss how current limitations in the nanoscopic analysis of living cells and tissues can be overcome to create a new paradigm, nanoscopic biomedicine.
Structural Mechanisms Underlying Posttranslational Modification by Ubiquitin-Like Proteins
Authors: Dye Billy T. , Schulman Brenda A.
Published: March 2007

Covalent attachment of ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) is a predominant mechanism for regulating protein function in eukaryotes. Several structurally related Ubls, such as ubiquitin, SUMO, NEDD8, and ISG15, modify a vast number of proteins, altering their functions in a variety of ways. Ubl modifications can affect the target's half-life, subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, or ability to interact with protein or DNA partners. Generally, these diverse Ubls are covalently attached via their C termini to their targets by parallel, but specific, cascades involving three classes of enzymes known as E1, E2, and E3. Structures are now available for many protein complexes in E1-E2-E3 cascades, revealing a series of modular building blocks and providing mechanistic insights into their functions.
Human recombinant erythropoietin protects the striated muscle microcirculation of the dorsal skinfold from postischemic injury in mice
Authors: Contaldo Claudio , Meier Christoph , Elsherbiny Ahmed , Harder Yves , Trentz Otmar , Menger Michael D. , Wanner Guido A.
Published: March 2007

Erythropoietin (EPO) has been proposed as a novel cytoprotectant in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the brain, heart, and kidney. However, whether EPO exerts its protection by prevention of postischemic microcirculatory deterioration is unknown. We have investigated the effect of EPO on I/R-induced microcirculatory dysfunctions. We used the mouse dorsal skinfold chamber preparation to study nutritive microcirculation and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in striated muscle of the dorsal skinfold by in vivo fluorescence microscopy before 3 h of ischemia and during 5 days of reperfusion. Animals were pretreated with EPO (5,000 U/kg body wt) 1 or 24 h before ischemia. Vehicle-treated I/R-injured animals served as controls. Additional animals underwent sham operation only or were pretreated with EPO but not subjected to I/R. I/R significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced functional capillary density, increased microvascular permeability, and enhanced venular leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction during early reperfusion. These findings were associated with pronounced ( P < 0.05) arteriolar constriction and diminution of blood flow during late reperfusion. Pretreatment with EPO induced EPO receptor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression at 6 h of reperfusion ( P < 0.05). In parallel, EPO significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced capillary perfusion failure and microvascular hyperpermeability during early reperfusion and arteriolar constriction and flow during late reperfusion. EPO pretreatment substantially ( P < 0.05) diminished I/R-induced leukocytic inflammation by reducing the number of rolling and firmly adhering leukocytes in postcapillary venules. EPO applied 1 h before ischemia induced angiogenic budding and sprouting at 1 and 3 days of reperfusion and formation of new capillary networks at 5 days of reperfusion. Thus our study demonstrates for the first time that EPO effectively attenuates I/R injury by preserving nutritive perfusion, reducing leukocytic inflammation, and inducing new vessel formation.
Hypoxic preconditioning protects human brain endothelium from ischemic apoptosis by Akt-dependent survivin activation
Authors: Zhang Yunhong , Park Tae S. , Gidday Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2007

Preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance is well documented in the brain, but cell-specific responses and mechanisms require further elucidation. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model of ischemic tolerance in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and to examine the roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt and the inhibitor-of- apoptosis protein, survivin, in the ability of hypoxic preconditioning (HP) to protect endothelium from apoptotic cell death. Cultured HBMECs were subjected to HP, followed 16 h later by complete oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 8 h; cell viability was quantified at 20 h of reoxygenation (RO) by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. HBMECs were examined at various times after HP or OGD/RO using immunoblotting and confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy for appearance of apoptotic markers and expression of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-survivin. Causal evidence for the participation of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway in HP-induced protection and p-survivin upregulation was assessed by the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY-294002. HP significantly reduced OGD/RO-induced injury by 50% and also significantly reduced the OGD-induced translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to nucleus and the concomitant cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). PI3-kinase inhibition blocked HP-induced increases in Akt phosphorylation, reversed the effects of HP on OGD-induced AIF translocation and PARP-1 cleavage, blocked HP-induced survivin phosphorylation, and ultimately attenuated HP-induced protection of HBMECs from OGD. Thus HP promotes an antiapoptotic phenotype in HBMECs, in part by activating survivin via the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. Survivin and other phosphorylation products of p-Akt may be therapeutic targets to protect cerebrovascular endothelium from apoptotic injury following cerebral ischemia.
X-ray powder diffraction analysis of a silver(I) cyclamate complex
Authors: Putvinskis R. , Paiva Santos C. O. , Cavicchioli M. , Massabni A. C.
Published: March 2007

X-ray powder diffraction data collected for the complex silver(I) cyclamate
[Ag(C6H12NO3S)]
are reported. This material was obtained from a stoichiometric mixture of sodium cyclamate and
AgNO3. The analysis of the data using the Le Bail method showed that the complex has monoclinic symmetry (space group C2/c). The unit cell parameters are a=31.85852(16) Å, b=6.25257(6) Å, c=8.46165(7) Å, and β=95.7651(5)°.
Intrinsic strain effect on crystal and molecular structure of (dch32) cotton fiber
Authors: Samir O. M. , Somashekar R.
Published: March 2007

X-ray diffraction pattern from cotton fiber (dch32) grown in the Karnataka state of India has been recorded. Fiber was found to contain 17 Bragg reflections, of which 11 are broadened because of crystal size and intrinsic strain influences. Contributions to integrated intensities from intrinsic strain in the fiber have been estimated using line profile analysis. A molecular model was first constructed with standard bond lengths and angles using helical symmetry and layer-line spacings observed in the X-ray pattern. The model was then refined against observed X-ray data using the linked atom least squares (LALS) method. The refinement has been done with and without the intrinsic strain correction to find the extent of structural changes. These changes have been quantified in terms of bond angles, bond lengths, and torsion angles. Young’s modulus has been estimated for these fibers using the results of line profile analysis, and a broad agreement with the reported physical measurements has been obtained.
Crystal structure of dehydrated chlorartinite by X-ray powder diffraction
Authors: Sugimoto Kunihisa , Dinnebier Robert E. , Schlecht Thomas
Published: March 2007

In the course of an investigation of cracks in certain magnesia floors containing the mineral chlorartinite
[Mg2(CO3)(H2O)(OH)]Cl·H2O, the dehydration process of chlorartinite was carried out in high vacuum. The crystal structure of dehydrated chlorartinite
[Mg2(CO3)(H2O)(OH)]Cl
was refined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method [R3c, a=22.6791(5) Å, c=7.22336(14) Å, V=3217.52(11) Å3, Z=18, Rp=4.13%, Rwp=5.82%]. Dehydrated chlorartinite exhibits the same type of 3D honeycomb zeolite-like crystal structure with large channels as the hydrated form. Compared to the hydrated form, the channels of dehydrated chlorartinite are empty because of the removal of all non-coordinating water molecules with the cell volume shrinking by 4.0%, leading to a more distorted environment of the magnesium atoms.
An Exploratory Study of Halfway Houses
Authors: Grygier Tadeusz , Nease Barbara , Anderson Carol Staples
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a survey of halfway houses, their methods of operation and financing, claims regarding their value, actual evidence of their effectiveness, particularly in reducing recidi vism, and the possibilities for further research.
The Effectiveness of Correctional Programs
Authors: Robison James , Smith Gerald
Published: March 2007

Justifications for the development of special correctional pro grams and for the choice of sentencing disposition for an individual offender are frequently based on claims of greater rehabilitative efficacy. While considerable evidence exists that some types of offenders have relatively more or less likelihood of recidivism than others, there is, as yet, almost no evidence that available correctional alternatives have any impact on those likelihoods. The article reviews findings from studies of correc tion in California for five critical choices in offender process ing : (1) imprisonment or probation, (2) length of stay in prison, (3) treatment program in prison, (4) intensity of parole or probation supervision, and (5) outright discharge from prison or release on parole. The authors conclude that variations in recidivism rates among these alternatives are, for the most part, attributable to initial differences among the types of offenders processed and that the remaining differences in violation rate between programs may be accounted for by differences in inter preting an event as a violation or in officially designating it as such. No evidence was found to support claims of superior re habilitative efficacy of one correctional alternative over another .
Crime—Some Popular Belief s
Authors: Doleschal Eugene
Published: March 2007

A careful look at several pervasive notions about crime proves them to be without base. While most Americans believe that crime has increased con siderably during the last few decades, our best evidence suggests that crime rates fluctuate somewhat but remain essentially stable over time. Most Americans believe that the criminal justice system in this country is more lenient with common criminals than are comparable systems in other countries. Yet we find, on the contrary, that the United States is the most punitive of all free nations. Another popular belief is that minority group members and the poor are responsible for most crimes. But this is not the case—crime is evenly distributed among the socioeconomic groups, and the crimes committed by the affluent cause the greatest financial loss. Finally, most Americans believe that crime serves no purpose that is use ful to law-abiding citizens. Yet we find that stable levels of crime and criminal offenders serve to reinforce group values and maintain a social balance.
Trends and Issues in the Deinstitutionalization of Youths in Trouble
Authors: Lerman Paul
Published: March 2007

Instead of focusing exclusively on status offenders, or on youths adjudicated by a juvenile court, this paper summarizes trends and issues related to the differential institutional handling of all youths who are in trouble with the law of their jurisdiction, or who could be if the enforce ment and judicial systems took official note of their behavior. Three cate gories of institutional handling of juveniles, usually treated separately, are discussed: juvenile correction, child welfare, and mental health. There have been significant reductions in long-term correctional handling of youths in trouble, but there have also been offsetting changes in the use of private correctional facilities, residential treatment institutions associated with child welfare, and psychiatric units of general and state hospitals. Seven factors contributing to the emergence of new modes of in stitutional handling are discussed: (1) shift in the balance between the public and private sectors, (2) increase in voluntary commitments, (3) permissive mixing of official and diagnostic labels, (4) transfer of legal responsibility, (5) redefinition of "acting out" behaviors, (6) increased use of mental health terminology and facilities, and (7) use of federal funds as an incentive to subsidize noncorrectional placements. The policy implications of empirical findings, particularly in regard to status offenders, are discussed in the concluding sections.
Unemployment among Black Youths, Demographics, and Crime
Authors: Calvin Allen D.
Published: March 2007

Because of their lack or misuse of information on unemployment rates, demographics, and crime rates of black youths in the United States, a number of prominent urban theorists have drawn erroneous conclusions regarding the interrelationship among these factors. An analysis of the following statements shows them to be based on incorrect data or faulty interpretation. (1) Unemployment rates for black youths dropped in the 1960s. (2) Crime will decrease significantly in the 1980s because there will be fewer youths in the critical crime-prone age range. (3) The simultaneous improvement in the economic condition of blacks in the 1960s and rapid rise in the crime rate indicates that there is no immediate relationship between economic factors and crime, at least among blacks. (4) With re spect to street crime, there is something inherent in the black culture that differentiates it from other cultures in the United States. A reexamination of the data shows that crime by black youths does bear a close relationship with prevailing economic conditions. Employment programs concentrated on this subgroup of the unemployed make more sense as a crime preven tion tactic than do the more punitive measures currently fashionable.
A Former Street Gang Leader Reinterviewed Eight Years Later
Authors: Weisfeld Glenn E. , Feldman Roger
Published: March 2007

A former street gang leader restates his earlier endorsement of the economic, or differential opportunity, model of crime causation. He also maintains that most of his former associates continued in crime because of adherence to the lower-class values of toughness, autonomy, and easy money. He himself abandoned crime and has become moderately successful as an independent businessman. He believes that crime is a bad bargain in the long run, and cites the example of many of his friends who have died as a result of illicit activities. However, he maintains that the advantages of legitimate work are not evident to most urban youths, so that many of them perceive—perhaps correctly—that gang and criminal activities are sensible, at least during adolescence. This analysis suggests that improving employment opportunities for young people would draw them into legitimate work. Our informant believes that young people from his background will respond rationally to clearly attractive employment opportunities, and to information from a trusted source about the costs of crime.
Race, Sex, and Rehabilitation: A Study of Differential Treatment in the Juvenile Reformatory, 1825-1900
Authors: Pisciotta Alexander W.
Published: March 2007

Although a significant amount of research has been completed on the history of the American Juvenile Justice system, researchers have presented narrow and misleading accounts by focusing their analyses upon white males and overlooking the care and control of blacks and females. In response to this problem, this paper provides an overview of the treatment of blacks and females from the opening of the nation's first juvenile reformatory-the New York House of Refuge, which opened in 1825—to the close of the nineteenth century. An examination of the annual reports of reformatories, as well as other primary data sources, reveals that nineteenth century child savers never intended the presumed benefits of reform to be applied equally to all children. Reformatory keepers, acting in accordance with racist and sexist sentiments which pervaded the nineteenth century social order, employed three versions of parens patriae: White males received the full benefits of reform and were trained as skilled artisans and farmers; black males were either denied admission or trained as manual laborers; and females were prepared for roles as wives and/or domestics. A brief review of contemporary practices is included to demonstrate that contemporary child savers have continued to distort the doctrine of parens patriae in accordance with racist and sexist sentiments, and provide blacks and females with different and less benevolent care than is provided to white males.
The Effects of Rhetorical Organization in Expository Prose on ESL Readers in Singapore
Authors: Goh Soo Tian
Published: March 2007

This paper reports an experimental study carried out at the In stitute of Education in 1987 to find out the effects of rhetorical organization in expository prose on ESL readers in Singapore. The study was undertaken mainly to test the findings of a study by Carrell (1984) on ESL readers in USA. As an extension of the earlier study, which used foreign students at an American university as subjects, the present study incorporated three levels of language proficiency: school, college* and university graduates. Results of the study con firm two of the findings in the Carrell study: that different rhetorical organizations have differential effects on the recall of Singapore readers, and that readers who recognized and used the rhetorical organization of the original texts recalled more idea units in their recall protocols. The finding that readers with different native languages showed different recall patterns for the various rhetorical organizations is not confirmed in the present study. The paper dis cusses the findings with some possible explanations where the results do not confirm those of the earlier study, and also implications for further research.
Simulation of the false twist textile yarn texturing process
Authors: Featherstone Anthony M. , Hearle John W. S. , Wellstead Peter E.
Published: March 2007

The preliminary modelling of simulation steps required in the development of a generalised CAD (Computer-Aided-Design) package for textile machinery designers is presented.

The false twist texturing process (FTTP) is chosen as the starting point, since it is the most important texturing process and it con tains most of the thermomechanical processes used in other tex turing processes. It also has an inherent problem associated with it; at high speed it is very difficult to analyse using conventional analytical techniques.

The paper is divided into four sections: an introductory section which describes the false twist texturing process and reviews what modelling work has been done to date; this is followed by a sec tion which describes the simulation techniques employed and the mathematical models used; a results section where the simulation techniques are validated; and a conclusions section.
Simulation of an adaptive MTI in a monopulse FMCW radar sensor
Authors: Kenefic Richard J.
Published: March 2007

A range-doppler spread target model is modified to obtain a clut ter model by including the effect of beam and range gate shape. This clutter modeling is then applied in a simulation of an FMCW radar sensor that uses an adaptive moving target indicator (AMTI) and a monopulse antenna to detect slow-moving ground targets. The ability of the AMTI to discriminate a slow-moving point target from ground clutter is shown via simulation.
Computer modeling and simulation: The changing challenge
Authors: McLeod John
Published: March 2007

The use of computers to model things, both real and imaginary, and the use of those models as surrogates for investigative and experimental purposes, constitute the art and science of simulation.

Since its inception in the late nineteen forties simulation has undergone some interesting evolutionary changes. Paced by the development of rapidly improving computing and allied equip ment, the technology and methodology of simulation have faced — and to varying degrees learned to cope with - changing chal lenges as the ever-widening fields of application have multiplied.

Hard limits are not in sight. However, vestiges of some original problems remain while others have been solved as simulation progresses from an art toward becoming a science.
The three-phase approach: A comment on "strategy-related characteristics of discrete-event languages and models"
Authors: O'Keefe Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Hooper,9 in his review of world views in discrete-event simula tion, makes the common mistake of presenting activity scanning as it was first conceived in the 1950s and ignoring its subsequent development. For over 20 years, activity scanning has been sup planted by the three-phase approach, which combines elements of both event scheduling and activity scanning. The three-phase approach is presented and discussed against the world view char acteristics developed by Hooper.
Variations in Roving Weight Introduced by the Slubber
Authors: Enrick N.L. , Hicks W.D.
Published: March 2007

Conventional sizing tests of slubber roving involve the cutting and weighing of 12-yd. lengths from the outside layers of bobbins. In the present study, mill produced rovings were subjected to special sizing tests, whereby each bobbin was sized to the barrel. The results showed many unusual patterns of variation, which are described here. One fre quent finding was that roving was excessively light or stretched at frame start-up.

A comparison of processing methods, test results, and correlation diagrams of the data is presented, from which general conclusions may be drawn concerning the processing of roving. Since the weight variation in the sliver fed was determined, the weight varia tion introduced by the slubber could be evaluated.
Migration and Diffusion of Finishing Agents in Drying
Authors: Aboul-Fetouh M.S. , Miles L.W.C.
Published: March 2007

Large increases in crease-recovery angles may be obtained if the drying of methylol- melamine-impregnated cotton and rayon fabrics is interrupted at 34% and 40% regain, respectively, and the drying is completed slowly or after a delay of some hours. Resistance to abrasion is not correspondingly reduced, but the tensile strength of cotton was somewhat lower. This effect was not observed when migration during the first (constant-rate) drying period was substantially reduced, but the highest recovery angles were obtained when maximum migration to the fabric surfaces occurred. The probable explanation is that time is required for diffusion into the fibers by the methylol- melamine concentrated in the fabric surfaces. Estimates of surface resin, and of the rates of diffusion support this hypothesis.
Dimensional Changes of Acrylonitrile Copolymer During Coagulation
Authors: Hayahara T. , Takao S. , Kishimoto S.
Published: March 2007

Anisotropic dimensional changes in uniaxially oriented acrylonitrile copolymer film during coagulation were investigated isothermally by varying the NaSCN concentration. Anisotropic dimensional change occurs when the swollen acrylonitrile films are im mersed in a strong nonsolvent (e.g., 35% NaSCN) or the degree of orientation prior to cross-linking at an adequate level, and swelling is high enough. The former phe nomenon is due to skin (semipermeable membrane) formation and nonuniform coagula tion; the latter phenomenon is due to spontaneous elongation, and the wide-angle x-ray diffraction measurements show that it occurs with crystal-liquid transformation in accordance with the previously reported theory that reversible contractile processes are related to these transformations.
A Note on Filament Compressive Modulus
Authors: Freeston W. Denney , Schoppee Meredith M.
Published: March 2007

The bending modulus of various polymeric monofilaments is determined with an instrument designed to measure bend ing moment as a function of imposed', curvature. The tensile modulus of the monofilaments is also measured and the compressive modulus calculated from the bending and tensile moduli. The displacement of the neutral axis of bending from the axis of symmetry is taken into consideration in the calculation of the compressive modulus. The results in dicate that the bending moduli and, therefore, the compressive moduli of Teflon, Saran, polyethylene, and polyester monofilaments are essentially the same as the tensile moduli. However, the compressive modulus of nylon appears to be somewhat less than the tensile modulus. ,
Managing Product Development Projects: On the Significance of Fountains and Deadlines
Authors: Lindkvist Lars , Soderlund Jonas , Tell Fredrik
Published: March 2007

Product development in high-technology industries is often carried out in projects. Managing such projects is a matter of both promoting creative knowledge generation processes and controlling progress towards global goals and time limits. From such a dual perspective, we discuss the meaning and suitability of organizing product development projects in a concurrent rather than a sequential fashion and the use of deadlines as control mechanisms. The empirical case is about the breakthrough in Japan for the Swedish company Ericsson. The system was to be fully operative in 1994. This project forced management to reconsider their traditional way of working with projects and to try a new one instead — labelled the 'fountain model' — which relied more on concurrent work and inter-functional cooperation. As a result, they managed to shorten development time quite considerably and deliver the system on time. The fountain model of project organization is interpreted as expressing a 'coupling logic' suitable for error detection in a systemic complexity context. We also suggest a model, identifying four different project organization logics, that may be used contingent upon the type of error problematic and complexity involved. Using the garbage-can metaphor, we also discuss how deadlines and other time-based controls may support the fountain model by promoting inter-functional responsiveness and 'global' reflection.
Measuring Heart Patients' Willingness to Pay for Changes in Angina Symptoms
Authors: Chestnut Lauraine G. , Keller L. Robin , Lambert William E. , Rowe Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Willingness-to-pay (WTP) measures of the effects of changes in health on a person's welfare are more comprehensive than traditional cost-of-illness (COI) measures, but they are some times difficult to obtain. The authors investigated two approaches for measuring heart pa tients' WTP for changes in their angina symptoms. First, actual expenditures and perceived angina episodes avoided were used to infer an averting-behavior measurement of WTP. Second, a contingent-valuation approach was used to ask direct WTP questions regarding a hypothetical medical treatment that could be purchased to avoid additional angina episodes. The results indicated that although negligible COI changes were expected with small changes in angina frequency, the subjects had significant WTP to avoid increases in angina. The average WTP to avoid additional angina episodes revealed by the averting-behavior ques tions was comparable to the directly-elicited WTP, providing a test of the validity of the contingent-valuation approach. Key words: willingness to pay; contingent valuation; cost of illness; cost-benefit analysis; averting behavior; angina symptoms, welfare effects. (Med Decis Making 1996;16:65-77)
A Stewart Platform- Based Manipulator: General Theory and Practical Construction
Authors: Fichter E.F.
Published: March 2007

The Stewart Platform is one example of a parallel connection robot manipulator. This paper summarizes work that has been done at Oregon State University over the past several years on this topic. The work has fallen into two general areas: theoretical consideration of the generalized Stewart Platform and practical considerations for building a working machine. Both of these areas are covered in this paper.

The theoretical part of the paper discusses the following four problems:

1. Given the position and orientation of the end effector, what are the actuator coordinates?

2. Given the velocity, position, and orientation of the end effector, what are the actuator velocities?

3. Given the forces exerted on the end effector by the external world and the accelerations of the end effèc tor, what are the forces at the actuators?

4. What are the singular configurations of the manipu lator? For the Stewart Platform, the singular configu rations are positions where the end effector gains one or more degrees of freedom.

After the theoretical problems have been solved, there are still a group of practical problems to be tackled when a real machine is built. How can the general configuration be sim plified to make the solution of the equations practical? Once a configuration is decided upon, what are the construction considerations for building a real machine? What is the range of motion of the end effector? What are the necessary ranges of motion of the joints? What are the implications of the singularities of the Stewart Platform and what are some practical ways of solving the problems they cause?

In the process of doing this research, three machines were built and a computer simulation was written and used. The most recent machine and the computer simulation will be described in this paper.
A Fast Algorithm for Inverse Kinematic Analysis of Robot Manipulators
Authors: Manseur Rachid , Doty Keith L.
Published: March 2007

To solve the inverse kinematics problem, we obtain with little effort a reduced and complete set of equations by a conve nient choice of end-effector frame and application of rotation orthogonality. This approach does not require computation of the forward kinematics and can be used with manipulators of any geometry, although it is most efficient when applied to orthogonal manipulators, a class of robot arms defined in this paper. For manipulators requiring numerical techniques, but for which knowledge of one joint variable allows closed- form solutions of the remaining joint variables, an iterative inverse kinematic method, simple and fast enough to be suitable for real-time manipulator control, has been devel oped. The concepts and techniques presented in this paper are illustrated with two examples. The iterative method devel oped here performs a kinematic inversion of a 6-degree-of- freedom manipulator with no closed-form solutions in less than 30 ms using a desktop computer, an order of magnitude faster than times found in the literature.
Sensor-Based Control of a Nine-Link Biped
Authors: Furusho J. , Sano A.
Published: March 2007

We aimed to realize smooth 3D biped walking in a robot through control based on information obtained from various sensors. We employed a method to control walking by divid ing it into motions in the sagittal plane and in the lateral plane. We treated motion in the lateral plane as a regulator prob lem with two equilibrium states. We also used relatively low gain feedback coefficients obtained from the optimal regula tor theory. For motion in the sagittal plane, we put the body speed close to the smooth speed function given in advance by controlling the ankle torque.

The effectiveness of the proposed control method was ex amined by computer simulation and proved by experiments with our BLR-G2 walking robot. The BLR-G2 is equipped with foot pressure and ankle torque sensors to provide infor mation about the condition of contact with the floor. The sole and ankle driving actuators undergo force/torgue feedback control based on the sensor information. These contributed toward realizing smooth walking with the sole firmly gripping the floor.
On a Representation of Friction in Configuration Space
Authors: Erdmann Michael
Published: March 2007

This article provides a geometric representation of friction for a rigid planar part with two translational and one rotational degrees of freedom. The article constructs a generalized friction cone by imbedding into the part's configuration space the force constraints that define the classic Coulomb friction cone in real space. The resulting representation provides a simple geometric method for determining the possible motions of a part subjected to an applied force and torque. The representation has been used both for simulating part motions and for planning assem bly operations. The approach generalizes to the six-dimensional configuration space of a three-dimensional part.
Speech, Writing and Power: Deconstructing the Biblical Canon
Authors: Parker Kim I.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses how the formation of the biblical canon touches upon a particularly vexing post-structuralist problem, that is, the ambiguous relationship between speech and writing articulated so forcefully by Jacques Derrida in a number of his writings. The paper argues how the speech-centred charismatic, subversive forces of prophecy lose out to the institutionalized, textualized forces of the priest hood. Furthermore, the interplay between speech and writing in the early chapters of Genesis can be seen to reveal similar ideological power structures at work.
Retirement, Inheritance, and Intergenerational Conflict in Preindustrial Japan
Authors: Cornell L.L.
Published: March 2007

The timing of inheritance is important in preindustrial peasant societies both because it is part of a mechanism which links fertility to mortality levels and because it provokes intergenerational conflict. Population registers covering a Japanese village from 1671 to 1871 show that the heir's inheritance and his mar riage are not precipitated by the death of the household head, but by his retirement. Retirement occurs not at the behest of the junior generation in response to the heir's maturity or his attainment of the age of marriage, but at the behest of the senior generation, when the household head reaches the age of 60. This age is culturally marked and widely observed. Since both father and son can anticipate this event, conflicts over its timing are minimized. Deviations from the standard tempo result from the early death of the household head, the lack of an heir, or from the heir's immaturity. However, authority rests in the hands of the elder generation, and in a few cases a recalcitrant household head delays both his own retirement and his son's marriage.
Afro-American Adaptive Strategies: the Visiting Habits of Kith and Kin Among Black Norfolkians During the First Great Migration
Authors: Lewis Earl
Published: March 2007

This article contends that contrary to what was thought at the time, the migration of large numbers of Afro-Americans to urban areas during the First Great Migration (1900- 192 0) failed in many instances to cause the severing of affective bonds of kinship and friendship. Instead, blacks devised a number of adaptive strategies that enabled them to maintain contact with those deemed important. The present findings also reveal the complex nature of the migratory process and the central role played by women in maintaining family and friendship ties despite geographic separation.
Nursing Science: The Challenge to Develop Knowledge
Authors: Hinshaw Ada Sue
Published: March 2007

The development of knowledge for nursing poses an exciting, scholarly adventure for the profession's scientists. A series of challenges are involved: the challenge to develop the substantive content needed for practice within nursing's disciplinary perspective, the challenge to sus tain excellence in the developing science base and in the preparation of nurse researchers, and the challenge of disseminating stable, appropri ate research results to the profession's clinicians and to the public. Nursing is entering into a new era, moving from the stage of establishing structures to support nursing research and building the cadre of scien tists needed to conduct investigations, to the stage of focusing on the identification and study of the phenomena which comprise the body of knowledge needed for practice. A number of directions or priorities for nursing research are evident for the future. The questions of concern are how to centralize nursing's scientific endeavors and resources as well as prepare researchers who are on the cutting edge or frontiers of science, and what strategies can be used to facilitate excellence in these efforts. The dilemma of transferring research findings into practice in a timely but scientifically appropriate manner requires a partnership be tween practitioners and researchers. Both are committed to making clinical decisions based on accurate, relevant information. Such re search based practice requires a merger of the talents and expertise of those providing practice and those developing the knowledge base for the profession.
Central Government, Local Government, Voluntary Associations and the Welfare State: Some Reflections on Opposition to Recent Public Spending Cuts in Britain
Authors: Pickvance Christopher G.
Published: March 2007

The relation between the state and voluntary associations is explored by a study of voluntary organization responses to deep funding cuts of local governmental expen ditures in Britain. Why have voluntary associations not been at the forefront in opposing these cuts, which impact so deeply on their viability? The main opposition to these funding cuts by central government has come from the local councils themselves. The basis for the restoration of cuts has been cast in terms of preserving local government's autonomy, rather than in terms of preserving an endangered welfare state. The relative weakness of the voluntary association response is ac counted for in large part by the perceived (rather than the actual) degree of cen tralization of government in contemporary Britain.
Franchising, Merging, and Profit-Making Ventures: Implications for Health and Human Services
Authors: Netting F. Ellen , Kettner Peter M.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines joint venturing, franchising, merging and profit-making ven tures as alternative strategies for restructuring nonprofit health and human service organizations in a time of rapid change. Current trends are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are examined, along with accompanying issues and implications.
Obsolescence and stress
Authors: De Jager Karin
Published: March 2007

Reports the results of a study at the main library of Cape Town University, to investigate complaints about ageing book stock and declin ing resources and observations that many books were hardly circulating. The study aimed to establish the pro portion of the books in the library which were actively circulating and whether the accepted phenomenon of decline in use with age, or obso lescence, would be supported in an environment where a reduction in the purchase of new books was evi dent. Two separate investigations were conducted: a diachronous study of accession dates, classification num bers and date labels of the open shelf collection; and a synchronous study of books on loan during the period of investigation. The resulting databas es consisted of 2654 and 1023 records respectively. Evidence suggests that older books, do not exhibit the expected characteristics of obsoles cence and, while a certain measure of decline of use with age was demonstrated, such decline may be reversed in times of decreasing resources or increasing demands from existing resources. Suggests that the Library could develop an informed weeding policy that will enable it to remove from the shelves those mat erials that have remained unused or little used for 25 years or more.