bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Investigation of Azocyclonol Hydrochloride: An alleged antihallucinatory, anticonfusional agent
Authors: Sarwer-Foner G. J. , Koryanyi E. K.
Published: May 2017

The effects of azocyclonol hydrochloride were tested on 19 carefully selected patients. Results were completely negative, no evidence being found for this drug's alleged antihallucinatory, anticonfusional, antidelusional role.

The literature on this drug was reviewed, and possible reasons for the discrepancies as to results were suggested.

The allegedly “Model Psychoses” are not the same as schizophrenia, but are rather toxic psychoses. Blocking effects on them, though interesting, are not necessarily an open door to the treatment of schizophrenia.

The importance of attempting to control all the known factors involved in the curative process in psychiatry, in doing drug research, is stressed. This must include the role of psychological factors which is too often ignored.
Human Iris Pigment: I—A Concept of Individual Reactivity with Implications in Health and Disease
Authors: Kent Ian , Galsworthy John
Published: May 2017

1. Assessment of the visible iris pigments for a given individual may serve as a reliable guide to many of his physiological as well as psychological characteristics.

2. The author's iris pigment scale which dynamically presents the iris colors from blue to deeply pigmented black is arranged in a spectrum-like continuum. This scale is presented in relation to human health and disease for the first time.

3. This frame of reference provides for a genetically determined guide to certain aspects of the basic selective reactivity of each individual to his environment in relation to the specific appearance of the iris pigment.

4. It is felt that the principle of individual reactivity may facilitate a more appropriate and efficient application and use of those chemical agents and therapeutic procedures already available.

5. Some aspects of the application of the iris pigment scale, as a new frame of reference, to the normal variants of temperament, the genetically determined mental deficiency and the schizophrenic process, have been delineated.
Considerations Générales sur la Psychiatrie D'Hier Et D'Aujourd'Hui
Authors: La Rue Lucien
Published: May 2017

The author reviews the major changes and advances which have taken place in psychiatry over the last fifty years, particularly the impact of these on and upon his own professional thinking. He points out the neglect of genetic studies but is encouraged by the greater accent upon biological sciences in psychiatric research.

A note of warning is issued that short term inpatient treatment and outpatient care may permit persons to be in society who would be better protected for their own sake and that of others if they remained in the hospital.

The essential medical nature of psychiatric practice and the need for thorough basic training of the psychiatrist in internal medicine and neurology and a comprehensive experience in a mental hospital is stressed.
Psychiatric and Psychological Observations in a Geriatric Clinic
Authors: Kral V.A. , Wigdor B.T.
Published: May 2017

1. A report is given on 47 patients seen during the first 10 months of operation of a multidisciplinary geriatric clinic.

2. Psychological tests were performed on 42 of these patients. They revealed a low average I.Q. and E.Q. of the group as a whole probably due, in part, to the life long low socio-economic status of the patients, and more so to the fact that about two-thirds of those tested showed “organic signs” on psychological tests.

3. In spite of this, only 19% of the group showed clinical signs of organic brain disease. This is taken as an indication of a remarkable capacity to compensate for organic deficits even at advanced age. It is suggested that “personal factors” may be responsible for this capacity.

4. Therapeutic measures to be taken with the different diagnostic groups are suggested.
Article
Authors: Panet-Raymond Jean
Published: May 2017

This study deals with 2,200 electroencephalograms recorded in a mental hospital. We have found that 576 of these EEG's gave an epileptiform activity (26%) whereas 1,624 (74%) did not show any epileptiform activity.

Among the 576 epileptiform activity cases, 296 were of a localized form in one of the cortical areas and 280 were of a non localized form.

Among the localized forms the most important were the temporal localizations which could be equally divided in left or right temporal regions. Among the non localized forms, the outstanding ones were of the centrencephalic origin including the idiopathic type or the non idiopathic type.

The usual technique in the recordings comprises monopolar and bipolar explorations during rest and followed by reactivation by hyperventilation or photic stimulation and in some cases by gradual intravenous injection of metrazol. The explorations by the naso-pharyngeal electrode are routinely made in each case.

It is to be emphasized that on this total of 2,200 cases, 827 had been referred to us as clinical cases of epilepsy. These were confirmed only in 69.5% meaning that the EEG was of no value in 30.5%. These figures would compare rather sharply with those of Gibbs, Gibbs & Lennox in a study made in 1943, where they confirmed a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy in 58%. These authors concluded that the EEG was of no value in 42% of clinical epilepsy whereas we found that 30.5% were not confirmed in our study.

Among these cases that were not confirmed by the EEG, we suspect that we could still break down this figure by the cortical recording as we have seen in some recent publications that many of those silent scalp recordings could give paroxysmal epileptiform activity through a cortical or a depth recording. We have seen many examples of these subcortical paroxysmal discharges during a quiet recording of the surface.

We have also found that in some routine examinations among non-epileptic psychotics, we had about 10% of those cases that would show epileptiform activity. This would not necessarily mean that this 10% will absolutely give epileptiform seizures in the future but we might keep in mind that, even in a normal population, these cases might be susceptible of giving such abnormal seizures according to multiple exterior factors.
Periodic Catatonia
Authors: Boyce M.
Published: May 2017

A description of Periodic Catatonia is offered stressing its relatively well-defined nature and the unique opportunity for controlled investigation that it presents. A case is described and discussion is offered of findings, hypotheses and therapy described in the literature. Discussion is particularly devoted to the investigation of the role of the thyroid and treatment with thyroid substances in this disorder. Spontaneous seizures were observed in the case described. Comment is made upon these (ictal) phenomena and E.E.G. changes that may occur in cases of Periodic Catatonia and may bear a fairly constant relationship to other phasic alterations (possibly of nitrogen balance) in this illness.
The “Sleep” Threshold. a Simple Form of the Sedation Threshold for Clinical Use
Authors: Shagass Charles , Kerenyi Albert
Published: May 2017

1. This study was conducted for two purposes: (a) To determine the relationship between the sedation threshold, derived from EEG changes, and the amount of amobarbital required to induce “sleep”, which was defined as unresponsiveness to verbal stimulation, (b) To determine the relationships between the “sleep” threshold and psychiatric diagnosis.

2. In 91 patients, the correlation between the “sleep” and sedation thresholds was +0.66.

3. In the 91 patients with “sleep” thresholds and 110 additional patients, whose “sleep” thresholds were not reached, but were more than 7mgm./Kg., the relationships between the “sleep” threshold and psychiatric diagnosis were generally similar to those obtained with the sedation threshold. The finding that both thresholds provided an equally high degree of differentiation between neurotic and psychotic depression was of particular interest.

4. The “sleep” threshold appears to provide a simple clinical test for psychiatric diagnosis, as no apparatus is required. The discovery of a critical threshold point in relation to diagnosis further simplifies the procedure, insofar as it would not be necessary to reach the “sleep” point in all patients, but only to give more amobarbital than the critical point. However, the “sleep” threshold may possibly be influenced by variations in environment and observer, and it was suggested that investigators, wishing to use the “sleep” threshold test, should determine standards for their own test setting.
Article
Authors: Coulombe M. , Gosselin J.-Y.
Published: May 2017

Forty-three institutionalized female patients were treated with a combination of Largactil and anti-epileptic drugs over periods ranging from three to 39 months (mean: 12.8 months). There have been no accidents. As to incidents, there have been a few cases of mild gastro-intestinal intolerance, a number of cases of galactorrhea, and a few extrapyramidal symptoms. Blood tests, which were made regularly, showed a lowering of the BC (from 7000 to 4000), but without any clinical signs.

Treatment was effective in every patient. In chronic conditions, two or three weeks were sometimes sufficient to produce notable improvement of mood; on the other hand, some of the patients began to show a consistently calm mood only after five to seven months. From a total of 43 patients, 12 were markedly improved; 27 were improved and 4 were slightly improved.

It can be concluded that Largactil is undoubtedly effective in the behavioral disturbances of institutionalized epileptics. Moreover, the combination of Largactil with anti-epileptic drugs produces a notable reduction in the incidence of convulsive seizures.
Amnesia and the Amnestic Syndrome
Authors: Kral V. A.
Published: May 2017

A close relationship seems to exist both clinically and psychopathologically between impairment of consciousness and its consequence in memory function-circumscribed amnesia-and the amnestic or Korsakow syndrome. In many cases an amnestic syndrome develops out of conditions of loss or impairment of consciousness or it initiates a clinical course which leads to impairment or loss of consciousness and eventually even to death. Although in such cases the amnestic syndrome is usually of short duration, numerically they seem to be more frequent than the chronic symptomatologically unchanging cases which one sees in alcoholics and seniles.

Psychopathologically amnesia represents an unselective loss of memory for a limited period of time, due to lack or impairment of perceptual awareness. The amnestic syndrome on the other hand represents a selective type of memory dysfunction whereby recent personal memories cannot be recalled. It seems to be due to impairment of an integrative function other than perceptual awareness namely awareness of the personal meaning of events which is necessary for the registration of events as personal experiences available for future recall. Intact perceptual awareness is an essential pre-requisite for awareness of personal meaning but the latter is also dependent on the emotional charge of the situation. Consequently lesions and processes involving those structures of the brain functionally responsible for perceptual awareness and/or for emotional functions may be expected to lead to an amnestic syndrome. This is born out by neuropathological findings which demonstrate pathological changes in the hypothalamus in cases with impairment of consciousness and in the mammillary bodies with Korsakow's syndrome. The mammillary bodies form part of the activating system responsible for conscious perceptual awareness as well as of Papez' harmonious mechanism of the emotions.
Considerations Sur Le Placement En Emploi Des Deficients Mentaux
Authors: Lambert Jules , Racine Henri
Published: May 2017

Mont St-Aubert is a small medico-pedagogic institute in its first years of organization, which is located near Quebec city and is administered by the Brothers of St-Jean-de-Dieu. Twenty-nine educable mental defectives, from 12 to 18 years of age with an I.Q. of between 50 and 80 are accepted in this institution.

In the last 10 years or since 1948, more than 100 defective boys have been discharged from Mont St-Aubert, of which 20 were returned to their family, the others being orphans for whom home and employment had to be provided. 50% work in a farm; 19.3% as labourers; and 36% as dish-washers. The others are helpers, messengers, specialized workmen, taxi drivers, soldiers, shoe shiners, etc.

Their adaptation has been judged excellent in 56.7% of cases, fair in 14.4% and bad in 28.9%. In 79.4% of these children, one, two or three changes of jobs were necessary, while for the others we had to do four or more attempts.

Criteria for putting them on a job are, to our mind, a good conduct, a good morality, the capacity to do the job offered, a good health and fairly good looks. Intellectual quotient, regularity to work, behavior in the institution, character and emotional stability must be evaluated.

A fairly good number of mental defectives have some intellectual potential and particularly with character and behavior stability and fairly good physical resistance can be socially adapted in satisfactory condition.

They must be provided with sustained help and in that respect the invaluable assistance given by social agencies, such as in Quebec the “Sauvegarde de l'Enfance” is to be recognized, because of their help and protection to defective children.

The sheltered workshops, which have become quite extensively used in the U.S.A., appear to be a very interesting solution to the problem, by the patient on his own, as well as that who is in an institution.

The future of the mental defective represents a medico-pedagogic problem when medecine must be of assistance to pedagogy.
Therapeutic Aspects of the Mental Hospital Organization
Authors: Clancey I. L. W.
Published: May 2017

Admission to a Mental Hospital implies that the admitted individual is in need of specialized care. Care involves a relationship between the “caretaker” and “cared for”. The type of care received depends on the type of relationship established. According to Paterson (1) “All forms of human relationship involve authority, and this authority is one or more of five forms, depending on the purpose of the group and its structuring of functions to achieve the goal of the group”, Authority being the entitlement to do something by reason of certain attributes or combination of attributes.

In the author's view, there are three main types of institutional care each involving differing types of relationship and therefore different types of authority. For our immediate purpose we can confine ourselves to three types of authority, Structural, Sapiential and Moral.

The three types of Care, Custodial, Moral and Therapeutic are defined in terms of authority, purpose and dangers. The administrative organization fulfilling each is outlined and changes that must be made in moving from Custodial to Therapeutic care are detailed. The reasons for these changes are discussed and their implications for the function of Nurses and Doctors are outlined. The institution of therapeutic care is difficult.

Our quandary is how to produce a social system in which the right and the good are the same and yet one in which we are able to introduce new techniques that are good for the patient without causing a value system conflict, i.e.; a conflict between what is right and what is good. It is relatively easy to introduce new physical treatments but difficult to introduce new inter-personal techniques because in the former the social values of the Nurses are not involved, whereas in the latter they are.

In broader terms in a stable and unchanging society, Tightness and goodness are largely interchangeable; in an unstable society there will be a wide distinction between Tightness and goodness and therefore a greater amount of conflict between the individual and society.

Two administrative techniques have been instituted in order to facilitate the continuation of this type of society: —

1) The Ward Staff Meeting:—The purpose of this meeting is to assist Nursing Staff to express their feelings about patients and inter-staff conflicts for without such expression, rational discussion of methods of handling the patient cannot be accepted and therefore applied.

2) Resolution of conflicts between individuals in order to avoid or correct the covert disagreement situation as defined by Stanton through the simple procedure of interviewing the protagonists separately to get their respective stories and following this with a joint interview at which the interviewer states the grievances of both parties and asks for their comments and discussion. Such interviews follow a consistent predictable pattern.
Evaluation of Reserpine in Three Different Grades of Distress in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Tischler Isaak
Published: May 2017

1. Reserpine seems to be effective in all three grades of distress with slightly better results in the 1st and 2nd grade, and there it will be most useful. Reserpine suppresses the affective component of the various psychopathological symptoms, thus often making it possible for the symptoms to take a favorable course.

2. Methyl-phenidyl acetate was useful in counterbalancing depressive factor induced in some patients by reserpine.

3. 3-phenyl-3 (βdiethylaminoethyl)-2-6-dioxopiperidine hydrochloride is very useful in combatting the complication of the extrapyramidal syndrome induced by high dosage of reserpine.

4. It is the author's experience that a large number of patients can receive proper dosages of reserpine, provided the side effects are counterbalanced symptomatically, and this would be preferable to abandoning therapy or reducing the dosage below the beneficial levels. The toxicity of reserpine is reversible.

5. The percentage of patients who showed a meaningful improvement in psychological testing (Wechsler Bellevue and Bender Gestalt) are interesting. 22% of those on reserpine showed consistent meaningful improvement in combined scores and 22% of those on placebo showed meaningful improvement in combined scores. Among individuals, however there was generally a greater degree of improvement in the reserpine patients than in the placebo patients.

6. The post E.E.G. records do not show significant improvement except in a few records on the reserpine group.

7. Our study also confirms the findings in other papers that in some patients the good results last only as long as the drug is administered. The period of observation covered by this report is a brief one. Therefore there are still a number of questions incompletely answered.
Some Social and Cultural Aspects of Alcoholism
Authors: Popham Robert E.
Published: May 2017

The emphasis of the social scientist on group differences and mass trends in drinking behaviour in contrast to the “individual” or “case-history” orientation of the psychologist and psychiatrist was noted. The relevance of the former approach is chiefly evident when concern is with the nature of alcoholism in general rather than with particular alcoholics, and when the focus of attention is on the long term goal of prevention rather than on the immediate goal of giving service. It was suggested that what tends to be labelled “alcoholism”, what are regarded as symptoms of the condition, what type of problem it is considered to be (e.g., medical versus psychiatric), and even approach to treatment are at least in part determined by the socio-cultural situation in which the drinking takes place. It was further suggested that socio-cultural factors might have a major role in the determination of the prevalence of alcoholism in a given population or cultural grouping. This was illustrated with reference to the role of attitudes in rural-urban, sex and Jewish-Irish differences in prevalence. Finally, the “Vulnerability-Acceptance Hypothesis” of Jellinek was discussed as a potential means of bringing together the two complementary approaches to the problem of alcoholism represented by the social scientist, on the one hand, and the psychiatrist and psychologist, on the other.
Evaluation Clinique De La Trifluopérazine
Authors: Léger Yvan , Berthiaume M. , Ferron L. P. , Paul-Hus G. , Legault R. , Bisson F.
Published: May 2017

In this clinical study trifluoperazine was given to a group of 30 apathetic or hallucinated patients. Most of these chronic schizophrenic patients had taken other tranquillizers without noticeable results. For a period of two months they received between five and thirty mg. of trifluoperazine “per os”. Their mental condition was evaluated by two independent observers at the beginning and at the end of the experiment.

In the group of the 17 hallucinated patients results were as follows:

No improvement 30%, slight improvement 47%, moderate improvement 23%, marked improvement 0%.

In the other group of 13 apathetic patients the results were about identical; no improvement 30%, slight improvement 40%, moderate improvement 23%, marked improvement 7%.

The medication was stopped in one case because there was no improvement and the patient needed another form of therapy. Side effects were minimal except for akathisia and signs of parkinsonism which occurred in about 30% of the group.

These effects disappeared with artane or with a decrease in the dosage.

There was no marked change in the blood pressure, pulse or temperature.

Those who were improved gained about 4% in weight while the ones who did not show any improvement lost a few pounds averaging about 6%.

There was no somnolence. The routine blood and urine tests did not reveal any signs of toxicity. In concluding the authors say trifluoperazine has shown itself to be of value in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.
Electroencephalographic and Behavioral Effects of Tofrānil
Authors: Fink Max
Published: May 2017

Intravenous administration of Tofrānil in 28 voluntary, open-ward psychiatric patients elicited electrographic patterns of desynchronization and an increase of theta rhythms, associated with behavioral alerting, relaxation and lassitude.

Chronic administration of oral Tofrānil in 16 depressed and retarded psychiatric subjects elicited behavioral adaptations of euphoric denial in eight, restlessness and somatization in three and no change in five. During the fifth week of administration, electrographic desynchronization was manifest.

It is concluded that Tofrānil is an active central nervous system agent, with a spectrum of activity most like experimental anticholinergic hallucinogens. The theoretic significance for neurophysiologic-behavioral constructs is briefly discussed.
Mental Health and the Akerfeldt Test: The Relationship of Mental Health to the Oxidation of N, N-Dimethyl-p-Phenylenediamine Dihydrochloride
Authors: Stennett R. G. , Callowhill C. R.
Published: May 2017

Comparison of DPP oxidation curves of carefully-matched groups of schizophrenics and controls failed to reveal statistically significant differences. DPP oxidation is unrelated to mental illness per se, sex, length of hospitalization or differential diagnosis; it is related significantly to age and serum density.

These results suggest, in agreement with Horwitt, that the Akerfeldt reaction in its present form is so easily contaminated by nutritional and other artefacts as to render it useless as a practical aid in psychiatric diagnosis.
Considerations sur la Schizophrenie Des Ruraux
Authors: Paul-Hus Gilles
Published: May 2017

This is a preliminary study about the schizophrenic reaction as produced and developed among French Canadian farmers.

After a brief summary of human functioning in this subculture, we have examined at St-Jean de Dieu Mental Hospital the social history of young schizophrenic farmers, paying special attention to the following areas: mental development, physical illnesses, schooling, work, delusional material and ideas of reference, parental acceptance or rejection.

After a psychosexual and physical development considered as normal by the family, the young schizophrenic quits school after the 5th grade. Described as shy but hard working, he is known to drink heavily during the week end: usually he does not mingle with girls.

The importance of religion in his “milieu” is evident if you consider the unusual amount of religious material in the delusions and the ideas of reference and grandeur of the patient. Identification to God whether in His sufferings or His triumph is quite frequent. When recovered from the acute phase of psychosis, the young schizophrenic is well received by his family.

In brief some preliminary conclusions are drawn.

1) Psychoanalytic treatment and deep psychotherapy are not usually indicated or successful in dealing with his disintegrating ego.

2) So far as the acute phase is cleared by biological treatment, the patient should be returned home rapidly.

3) His religious ideas should be more carefully scrutinized to get a better understanding of his emotional problems.

4) A hebephrenic reaction does not necessarily indicate a poorer prognosis than a paranoid one.

5) Heredity seems better known among them, not especially more productive of schizophrenia.
Observation D'un an Avec Imipramine en Clinique Psychiatrique a L'Hopital General
Authors: Côté F. , Guillem J. S.
Published: May 2017

Among 583 patients hospitalized in the psychiatric clinic of our General Hospital over a period of one year, 88 cases received Tofranil—EST mixed therapy.

Before reporting any results, the clinicians wanted to clarify the General term “Depression”.

According to the usual symptomatology, they classify depressive reactions in two groups: the primary endogenous depression, named “melancholia” since Hippocrates, and the depressive reaction resulting from one or many internal or external stresses, taking account of an already neurotic or psychoneurotic personality.

Results were excellent in the first category of depression: 80% of cure among 21 cases of melancholia—Tofranil alone was given in 4×0% of the cases—the other 40% received from 6 to 8 EST.

With respect to the second category Tofranil helped the efficiency and acceptance of psychotherapy. Withdrawal of the reactional depressive state was noted in 24 among 67 cases; in 20 other patients, there was marked improvement.

In almost every case, minor secondary effects were noted: perspiration, dryness of the mouth, oliguria, itching, disagreeable effects due to the atropinic effects of the drug; these effects are rather well tolerated if the patient is told about it and they do not interfere with continuing the treatment. On the other hand major complications might oblige to discontinue completely the treatment, namely the suicidal attempt more because of the disparition of inhibition which looks like an after-effect of Tofranil; other major complications are the maniac reaction and the epileptic fit.

Those major complications are rare, we can state that Tofranil is a precious thymoleptic of great interest in hospitalized cases.

With the necessary care it may often eliminate the EST or almost always reduce their number. We repeat that a very serious observation is necessary at the start of the cure to be prepared to deal with the consequences of the always possible secondary effects.
Observations on Illegitimacy
Authors: Hirsch Solomon
Published: May 2017

Many different personality types were represented in this study as has been described by various observers.

The major factor motivating the sexual behaviour of these women was the overwhelming importance to them of maintaining the dependent relationship upon a male with a total and blind acquiescence to his wishes. Of lesser importance were acting out against parents, a strong sexual drive, the need to prove oneself a woman and a desire, conscious or unconscious, to have a baby. Much guilt was aroused by the use of or insistence on birth control measures; these implied responsibility for sexual activity, the use of such measures was precluded. Contrary to other reports, nausea, vomiting and obstetrical complications occurred with the same frequency as in married women. The course of the pregnancy did not appear to be affected in any way.

It was concluded that a weak ego structure was more basic to their behaviour than the unconscious drive to have a baby, or the acting out of unconscious fantasies which often have been assumed in the previous literature. The results suggest that the mild nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is of physiological rather than psychological origin, and that the course of pregnancy is not as readily affected by unhealthy motivation for having the baby as has often been assumed.
The Treatment of Depressive States with Imipramine Hydrochloride
Authors: Kenning I. S. , Richardson N. L. , Tucker F. G.
Published: May 2017

(1) 62 Depressed patients were observed in a double blind study.

(2) There was a 60% general improvement in the drug treated group.

Comparison of the drug and control group by clinical evaluation was significant at the 1% level of confidence.

(3) The differences between a small number (35) of drug and control patients were not significant in the psychological tests employed.

(4) The drug may have some E.C.T. sparing effect.

(5) No serious complications or side effects were encountered
Proposition D'Un Mecanisme De Tolerance Aux Drogues
Authors: Nadeau Guy , Sobolewski Georges
Published: May 2017

The tolerance phenomenon to drugs has always been an intriguing problem. From a review of the literature, two hypotheses have been retained and discussed; none seems to bring a satisfactory explanation.

The work of Beutner and of Van Leuween around 1925 has inspired the authors who devised an experiment with two groups of dogs, one receiving progressively greater quantities of morphine, the other one receiving no medication. They succeeded in measuring the amount of morphine linked to an hypothetic plasma protein and tried to establish how this correlates with the tolerance phenomenon. They feel this protein fixation of morphine in plasma plays an important role in the tolerance acquisition to drugs. The amount of medication reaching the blood-brain barrier is affected by this process as well as the following excretion time of the drug.

The results have confirmed the authors' hypotheses; in a next step they will attempt to isolate and identify the specific plasma protein involved. Research on cerebro-spinal fluid has not yielded any information on the diffusion time of the drug in the two groups of dogs: morphine could not be detected probably because of its great affinity for the surrounding structures.
Experimentation with an Objective Test Battery
Authors: O'reilly P. O. , Harrison K.
Published: May 2017

An Objective Test Battery composed of five objective tests was administered to seventy-nine testees. These seventy-nine testees consisted of twelve normal subjects and sixty-seven consecutive admissions to the Saskatchewan Hospital, North Battleford. On the results of the various tests a number of diagnostic criteria were selected and their predictive value examined. Differences between the mean criteria scores of the three groups, Normal, Neurotic and Schizophrenic were statistically significant at the .01 level. Differences between the mean criteria scores of the Other Psychotic group were not significantly differentiated from both Schizophrenics and Neurotics.
Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride and Chlorpromazine a Clinical Trial with a Group of “Tense” Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Burrell R. , Clancey I. , Rejskind M. , Weckowicz T. E.
Published: May 2017

1. Atarax and Largactil were evaluated as “tension” reducing drugs.

2. “Tension” rating scale was developed to measure tension.

3. The results were negative.

4. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Imipramine a Clinical Evaluation in a Variety of Settings
Authors: Miller A. , Baker E.F.W. , Lewis D. , Jones A.
Published: May 2017

Imipramine, a new mood-elevating drug, has been used in a variety of psychiatric settings. It has been found that a considerable proportion (30%) of chronically depressed patients and about 50% of acutely depressed patients are improved by the drug and that these improvements are as good as those obtained by electroconvulsive therapy. Few of the side-effects are severe. However, vascular deaths or complications in the older age group are being reported; there are two in this project. Material, to date, indicates that certain cases become grossly disturbed on the drug in a psychiatric sense, either aggressively, in a schizophrenic manner or by manic over-reaction. The indications for the administration of the drug are less cut and dried than previous authors have indicated. Patients of all ages, types of depression, degrees of severity and duration of illness have improved. It is a useful drug, and one which increases the spectrum of psychiatric treatment of depression, although not providing the final answer.

We wish to express our appreciation to Geigy Pharmaceuticals; Doctor J. N. Hagan, Medical Superintendent; the Medical and Nursing Staff of the Ontario Hospital, Toronto, and particularly to Mrs. King and Mrs. Fuhr, Research Nurses, whose help and support made this study possible; Dr. A. M. Doyle and the Nursing Staff of the St. Michael's Hospital Psychiatric Unit; and the Nursing Staff of the Day Hospital.
3. The Use of Dream Interpretation in Short-Term Psychotherapy
Authors: Stern Karl
Published: May 2017

In all short-term forms of psychotherapy it is found advisable to remain with the patient on the level of the conflicts of his present actuality. Nevertheless, use can be made of dreams provided that certain basic principles are adhered to. We find it useful to let a time interval intervene between dream and interpretation. This helps prevent intellectualization and “intellectualizing” forms of resistance, and enhances true insight and better transference. Since all dreams are over-determined one should, in this particular therapeutic situation, interpret on a level which is close to the conflict of actuality, and not touch on archaic levels or elements pertaining to the primary process. This includes also dreams which have, as their central theme, a situation of transference. These rules pertain also to the multiple elements of the “plot” of a dream. Only those elements should be interpreted which pertain to the actuality conflict and which are close to the patient's awareness. With all this partial handling of dream material it is observed that the “non-verbal” still enters into the dynamics of the therapy.
High Dosage Chlorpromazine Treatment in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Solyom L.
Published: May 2017

1. Chlorpromazine treatment was carried out with 53 female patients, 43 of whom were chronic schizophrenics. The dosage was high, up to 3,000 mgs. daily and the treatment lengthy, from six to eight months.

2. Among the chronic schizophrenic, remission occurred in 20% and Social Remission in 37% of the cases. Length of illness and grades of deterioration bear an inverse relationship to improvement.

3. Both paranoid and simplex schizophrenic patients benefitted from the treatment.

4. No permanent liver damage occurred. A large percentage of the previously positive CCF tests improved during the treatment and this was paralleled by psychological improvement.
Types of Displacement Reactions among the Post Revolution Hungarian Immigrants
Authors: Meszaros A. F.
Published: May 2017

A group of post-revolution Hungarian immigrants has been investigated in regard to their psychological reactions to displacement and in regard to their social adaptation in the new environment. From the clusters of emotional reactions and attitude patterns, reaction types have been isolated; over-acceptance, critical attitudes, general inhibition, hypo-reactive and hyper-reactive patterns. The relationship between the host and immigrant population has been discussed, and a hypothesis regarding the origin of displacement reactions was presented.
Adrenal Cortical Stress Effects in Senility. II. The Response to Heat Stimulation Produced by the Hardy-Wolff-Goodell Dolorimeter
Authors: Grad B. , Kral V. A.
Published: May 2017

Five groups of subjects (normal young persons, normal old persons, young persons with functional psychosis, persons with senile dementia and old schizophrenics), each comprising 5 men and 5 women were exposed to 12 stimuli, ranging from 230 to 425 mc./sec./cm.2 from a Hardy-Wolff-Goodell dolorimeter. Samples of blood and saliva were taken immediately before, immediately after and 3½ hours after the stimuli were applied. The sodium-potassium ratio was determined in the saliva and the number of eosinophils was counted in the blood.

Prior to stimulation, elderly schizophrenic patients had significantly higher eosinophil counts than all the other subjects, while young persons with functional psychoses had significantly higher counts than that of all subjects except the elderly schizophrenic patients. In response to stimulation with the dolorimeter, there was a significant decline immediately after the stimuli were applied, the decline persisting 3 to 4 hours later. However, the pattern of response did not appear to vary significantly from one group to the other.

In the case of the salivary Na/K, the elderly schizophrenic and the senile dementia patients had significantly higher values than the other groups prior to stimulation. This rise in the elderly mental patients was due mainly to increases in the salivary Na concentration, the salivary K concentration showing less marked increases. The salivary Na concentration of normal old subjects also increased when compared with that of the young subjects but there was a corresponding rise in the salivary K concentration leaving the Na/K ratio unchanged. Immediately following stimulation with the dolorimeter, the salivary Na/K declined significantly, and this decline was also observed 3 to 4 hours later. This pattern was observed when all groups were taken together, but was chiefly due to the responses of the 2 groups of old mental subjects, the remaining 3 groups showing no significant changes in this respect. In view of the inverse relationship between the change in the level of the salivary Na/K on the one hand and the change in the level of the salt-active hormones of the adrenal on the other, it is suggested that the elderly schizophrenic and senile dementia patient react to the stress of a pricking pain produced by the Hardy-Wolff-Goodell dolorimeter with an increased output of salt-active corticoids.
Observations on the Action of Sernyl — A New Psychotropic Drug
Authors: Ban T. A. , Lohrenz J. J. , Lehmann H. E.
Published: May 2017

Sernyl was administered to 55 patients, chosen at random from the population of a mental hospital.

Its disinhibiting potential appears to be related to the dose. Sernyl in doses of 0.07 mgms/kg administered in 7 minutes by the intravenous route activated the patients specific psychopathology to a greater degree than known psychotomimetics (LSD 25 and Mescaline Sulfate). Physiological and neurological observations, psychological tests and behavioural observations were made and correlated with the collection of subjective data. The unpleasant and extremely frightening nature of the experience, the preoccupation with death and body image disturbances were the most characteristic features observed. The history of the feeling of impending death as a symptom (“meditatio mortis”) has been reviewed and it is suggested that the lower brain stem may be considered as a possible site of action.

Judging from our findings, Sernyl would not appear to be a psychotomimetic or schizophrenomimetic drug in the true sense, although certain aspects of the response picture obtained in psychiatric patients resemble the primary symptoms of schizophrenia. The drug seems to possess no particular therapeutic value, at least not at the present state of our knowledge.

We are indebted to Drs. H. Ast, L. Douyon, F. Kristof, for their valuable assistance in these observations.

We are indebted to Dr. C. Sterlin for assistance in these observations and particularly for preparing a resumé in the French language.

We wish to acknowledge our appreciation to Parke, Davis and Company for supplying Sernyl and to Sandoz and Company for supplying LSD 25, for the purpose of this experiment.
Re-Evaluation of an Activity Treatment Programme with Regressed Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Schnore Morris M.
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study was a further evaluation of an activity treatment program with 14 severely regressed male schizophrenic patients. The results showed that a two-year participation in the program produced improved intellectual functioning, a decrease in schizophrenic symptoms, and a consequent improvement in hospital adjustment. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.
Lilliputian Hallucinations in the Functional Psychoses
Authors: Lewis David J.
Published: May 2017

A psychopathological investigation has been made of a group of patients seeing or hearing minuscule personalized hallucinations, usually referred to as Lilliputian. These have been assigned to three general groups.

The first are those of very small people or objects, clearly defined in space and engaged in group activity, sometimes related to the patient and sometimes, quite unrelated. These appear to be identified with the classical Lilliputian hallucination described by R. Leroy (1), usually found in toxic or organic states but existing here as a functional feature.

The second group has been described by Angyal (5). They are much more poorly formed, flatly coloured or greyish and usually internalized, though they may come outside and engage in activities outside the patient. They are often identified with body function, either of digestion, as in one of our cases, or the passively appreciated movement of limbs. They are found in quite severely regressed schizophrenic patients who are, however, capable of surprising remissions.

The third group may share some of the passivity phenomena mentioned in the second group but are much more clearly defined, capable of considerable transformations outside and inside the body and sometimes identified with definite people in the environment. They appear to approximate many folklore phenomena, e.g. goblins, incubi, elves, etc., but have not been widely described in psychiatric literature. They were hinted at by Harriman (10), in 1937, who found a number of childhood companions persisting in his psychology students at Bucknell University. Reports of psychoanalytic authors have depicted the development of phantasy figures in the course of treatment.

Psychoanalytic theories of the significance and genesis of minuscule hallucinations are presented. The functions of the phenomena appear to be displacement, multiplication and personalization of the desired phallus or the forces threatening it. In some of our patients, it appears often to be the obtaining of attention and satisfaction, otherwise forbidden to the patient. In others, the persons appeared to be a half conscious dramatization of their own psychic structure, as if the patient, in his efforts towards self-mastery, constructed a model of his own psychic function and difficulties by a process of concretization. The little men are treated as real figures through the mechanism of endo- and ectosomatic hallucinations in the absence of effective insight.
The Application of Electronic Automatic Computers to Psychiatric Research
Authors: Richman A. , Law A. G.
Published: May 2017

(i) Data processing by computers is rapid, accurate, flexible, reliable, and economically advantageous.

(ii) Computations which were previously impractical because of time/personnel requirements are now feasible.

(iii) Computer programs for various types of integrated data processing in psychiatric research have been satisfactorily designed and operated.

(iv) Once a computer program is available, delays or errors in data processing due to human limitations are minimum. There is less time required for training and supervision of personnel processing data.

(v) In psychiatric research, the interval between data collection and hypothesis testing is markedly reduced by the use of appropriate computer programs. As a result, the researcher has more time available for hypothesis construction and the interpretation of relationships.
A Further Report on the Effects of Repetition of Verbal Signals upon Human Behaviour
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen , Levy Leonard , Ban Thomas , Rubenstein Leonard
Published: May 2017

We are presenting a report of further advances in the use of repetition of verbal signals as a means of producing change in human behavior. In this presentation we have reported on the following:

1) We have already in earlier publications shown that where the patient is prepared by sleep and electroshock therapy, changes of a predetermined nature can be produced in the behavior of the individual.

In this study we have shown that precisely the same changes can be produced: a) Where the patient is placed under conditions of sensory deprivation and then exposed to repetition of verbal signals; b) By the reduction of severe inhibitory anxiety by preliminary prolonged sleep followed by sensory deprivation and exposure to repetition.

2) We have demonstrated the value of reinforcement of the predetermined personality changes produced by exposure to verbal repetition.

3) We have developed new methods of assessment and validation by means of sound movie analysis.

The work on this project was supported by a grant from the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, Incorporated.
La Famille Et La Jeunesse Dans La Chine Nouvelle
Authors: Lazure Denis
Published: May 2017

The author reports on observations made on a recent five-week visit to new China. The general establishment of rural and urban communes since 1958, while affecting the structure of the home, does not appear to threaten the sense of family belonging. The commune has brought radical changes in social living; for instance, 80 p.c. of women who are physically fit work outside their homes. “Reformed through work”, adult criminals or juvenile delinquents are extremely rare.

As early as three months, the child is placed in the communal “creche”. The pre-schooler is indulged by adults while the school-age child must work very hard on the academic level in addition to giving to the State several hours of manual work. The child and the teenager appear to be more concerned with socio-political themes than with conflicts which would exist in their relationships with their parents. Dating among adolescents is non-existent.

According to the author, there would be few variations in psychotic conditions, but probably a marked decrease of psychoneuroses, character troubles and anti-social behaviour. Mental debility is denied by the official authorities.

In conclusion, the author notes a fairly remarkable civic pride but at the same time a stereotyped attitude in thought and behaviour. The State does not place itself between the child and his parents, but rather above the latter. Understandably, such a society has assigned to each individual a definite role and this structure, at least at this phase, appears to be a favourable factor in the mental health of the Chinese.
The Use of L.S.D. 25 (D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) in the Treatment of the Sexual Perversions
Authors: Ball J. R. , Armstrong Jean J.
Published: May 2017

1. A method of using L.S.D. 25 in the treatment of sexual perversions is given, using a large dose and single administration, requiring admission for three days.

2. Two illustrative case histories are given.