bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise and its Effects on Cognition and Physiology in Older Adults
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Asu Marjatta E.
Published: September 2011

A total of 114 adults between the ages of 50 and 80 yr. were recruited for a study of fitness. The participants were divided into Structured, Self-imposed, Social, and Nonexercise groups to reflect their levels of physical activity and then were compared on cognitive and physiological variables. Significant differences were noted for fear, assertiveness, depression, and percentage of body fat. Multiple discriminant analyses suggested that group membership could be predicted with 100% success for Structured exercisers compared to Social and Nonexercisers. However, predictability decreased when examining Structured and Self-imposed exercisers. One may infer that people who are more fearful, more assertive, and more depressed participated in exercise. Involvement in a 12-wk. exercise program significantly reduced depression and body-fat concentration.
Children's Human Figure Drawings and Impulsive Style at Two Levels of Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Pedro Solís-Cámara R.  , Mata Laura Gomez
Published: September 2011

The relationship between children's reflection-impulsivity styles and their human figure drawings was examined for a sample of Mexican children of middle ( n = 97) and low ( n = 110) socioeconomic status. Drawings were scored for Developmental, Emotional, and Impulsiviry indicators. As in previous research with American preschoolers, the drawings of 23 Mexican preschoolers did not correlate with the styles; however, significant relationships between the styles and Impulsivity scores of older children of low status ( n = 87) were also found, suggesting that, when a higher-level of impulsivity is present in a population, a relationship between styles and drawings may be observed. The findings for low-status preschoolers, even their higher Impulsivity scores, support the notion that Kagan's measure of impulsivity is not appropriate for use with younger children.
An Academic Locus of Control Scale for College Students
Authors: Trice Ashton D.
Published: September 2011

A 28-item true-false format test of beliefs in personal control over academic outcomes is described. The test has high test-retest reliability and scores significantly correlate with measures of generalized locus of control and achievement motivation. No social desirability response set was observed. The test was predictive of four out of five classroom achievement behaviors observed.
Mapping the Binocular Visual Field for a Target Embedded in a Regular Background
Authors: Courtney Alan J. , Shou Chan Hoi
Published: September 2011

The binocular functional visual-field, which is the area around the fixation point within which a target can be detected, was mapped, for two subjects, using a peripherally presented target in a regular background. The field boundaries were very irregular, there were regions of insensitivity within the field areas, and there were differences between the subjects. It was suggested that the irregular boundary and areas of insensitivity may have important implications for mathematical models of visual search. Individual visual-field characteristics may partly account for the difficulty experienced by some people in locating targets even after repeated scanning.
Dyslexia Subtype with Simultaneous Processing of Intraobject Spatial Relations in an “Ecological Syndrome”
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

Three interrelated phenomena of a global visuospatial representation are discussed within the context of a subtype of “spatial dyslexia” as part of an “ecological syndrome.” (1) Results from a new test, Draw-A-Person-With-Face-In-Front (using simple measurement and requiring no graphic or aesthetic skills) showed in a third of 269 Australian Aboriginal school children a deficient representation of spatial relations within the natural pattern of the upper part of the human face. (2) The test performance apparently is an indicator of a similarly deficient representation of the spatial relations within written signs (single letters, short, isolated functional words, and novel or “nonwords” lacking strong semantic association and imageability). The test discriminates between two modes of visuospatial pictorial (and implied mental) representation, a simultaneous and merely “ inter object”-related global kind vs a successive and “ intraobject”-related one. Further support for such conceptualizing is found in a positive correlation between certain low literacy skills and the specific results (in 6000 examined cases) on the new drawing test. Both inabilities implicate a simultaneous global mode of visuospatial processing, which early in life promptly elicits the infants' in discriminate automatic “smiling response” and appears to be resorted to still later in life by persons with “spatial dyslexia.” (3) Such conceptualizing interrelates with the so far puzzling difference between “literal alexia” vs “verbal alexia” known to neuropathology (not implicated in the present cases but pointing to an underlying structuring process shared by pathological and by “ecological syndromes” alike).
Effects of Cognitive Style, Intelligence, and Sex on Reading Achievement
Authors: Roach Donald A.
Published: September 2011

The Hidden Figures Test, the Conceptual Style Test, the Nelson Reading Test and Reid's Mental Ability Test (intelligence) were administered to 206 boys and 212 girls in Grade 6 of five urban primary schools in Jamaica. Reading achievement had significant positive correlations with field independence, analytic conceptual style, intelligence and sex; girls had higher achievement. When intelligence was partialled out, the relation between reading achievement and cognitive style became nonsignificant. This supports the view of some researchers that cognitive style (particularly field independence) and intelligence are one and the same.
Psycholinguistic Performance of Children Varying in Socioeconomic Status and Home-Language Background
Authors: Pickering D. M. , Bowey Judith A.
Published: September 2011

60 second-grade children varying in socioeconomic status and home-language background (30 Greek, 30 English) were administered Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, and the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability. English verbal deficits were associated with delayed reading achievement only for native English speakers.
Laterality and School Achievement: Interactions between Familial Handedness and Assessed Laterality
Authors: Kraft R. Harter
Published: September 2011

179 8- to 12-yr.-old children received hand-preference, eye-preference, dichotic (digits and nonverbal sounds) tests, and the Wide Range Achievement Test. These data and those from previous studies suggest that brain organization for receptive language laterality can be predicted by familial handedness in conjunction with assessed hand-eye preference. A model of optimum functional ear laterality patterns within a given brain organization is advanced. For example, the “typical” pattern of a right-ear (left-hemisphere) advantage for verbal stimuli was associated with high achievement scores only for right-handed individuals with a family history of dextrality.
An Investigation of Hierarchic Structure of Acquisition for Left-Right Identification Tasks
Authors: Sedlacek Deborah Sherman , Macready George B.
Published: September 2011

This study investigates the developmental progression of the acquisition of skills necessary for correct responses to various types of left-right identification tasks. The types of identification tasks which are considered in this study differ in terms of whether a midline body cross is required in the identification task and whether there is a reversal in the left-right orientation of the object being identified. A pairwise assessment of these various identification tasks is used to explore the nature of both “prerequisite” and “transference” relations that may exist among them.
Perceived Somatotype, Body-Cathexis, and Attitudes toward Clothing among College Females
Authors: Davis Leslie L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived somatotype and body-cathexis for female subjects and to determine the perceived ideal somatotype of college females. The relationship between perceived somatotype and attitudes toward fashion and clothing use was also examined. 91 female undergraduates were administered the Perceived Somatotype Scale, the Body-cathexis Scale, and several measures of fashion and clothing interest and use. Analysis of variance indicated that the ectomorphic build was perceived as the ideal somatotype for college females. As subjects' self-perceived somatotype deviated from the ideal and moved toward the mesomorphic and endomorphic, body-cathexis scores decreased. Contrary to stereotypic assumptions, perceived somatotype was unrelated to the fashion and clothing measures.
Compatibility of Students' Learning and Teaching Styles on Their Ratings of College Teaching
Authors: Pettigrew Frank E. , Zakrajsek Dorothy B. , Bayless Mary A. , Goc-Karp Grace
Published: September 2011

Student's ratings of teaching performance were compared for those whose preferences for learning style were strongly matched ( n = 77) and strongly mismatched ( n = 40) with their instructors' preference of teaching style. Canfield's Learning Styles Inventory and Canfield and Canfield's Instructional Styles Inventory measured learning and teaching style preferences. The rating scale was designed from a catalog of items. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in instructors' ratings between the two groups.
Group Embedded Figures Test: Psychometric Data for a Sample of High School Students
Authors: Leahy Michael D. , Zalatimo Suleiman D.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined psychometric and normative data for a sample of 259 public high school sophomores (122 boys and 137 girls) who had been administered the Group Embedded Figures Test. For the combined group a Spearman-Brown coefficient of internal consistency of .88 was obtained between Sections 2 and 3 of the test. The present sample was significantly more field-dependent than the normative groups reported by other investigators, and no sex differences was observed with respect to field dependence/field independence. It is recommended that test time for administration of this instrument be extended to 6 min. for each section for samples of high school age.
The Paradoxical Relationship between Intelligence and Reading Disability
Authors: Aaron P. G.
Published: September 2011

Specific reading disability or developmental dyslexia is a condition wherein an individual with average or superior intelligence does not acquire normal reading skills. This paper provides a tentative explanation of the paradoxical relationship between the reading disability and intelligence. Study of 15 dyslexic college students showed that they were deficient in grapheme-phoneme conversion and that the decoding skill could be an autonomous, specific ability that is independent of the “g” factor as expressed in terms of IQ. The decoding skill appears to be a subroutine and may, in dyslexia, operate as a limiting factor that affects reading comprehension.
Self-Concept Responses of Children to Participation in an Eight-Week Precision Jump-Rope Program
Authors: Hatfield Brad D. , Vaccaro Paul , Benedict Gary J.
Published: September 2011

Two measures of self-concept were administered to 11 children, aged from 9 to 11 yr., before and after 8 wk. of participation in a guided exercise program of precision rope jumping. Despite the fact that the children evidenced as a group high self-concept at the outset, a significant improvement on this measure appeared after the jump-rope regimen. This psychological change was noted while there was no alteration in the physiological indices of body composition and cardiovascular fitness.
Psychological Scaling of Speech by Students in Training Compared to That by Experienced Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Schliesser Herbert F.
Published: September 2011

Direct magnitude estimation was the psychological rating technique for obtaining ratings of severity of the speech of 16 cerebral palsied dysarthric speakers. The ratings of students in training (inexperienced) were compared to those of experienced speech-language pathologists. For this method and this communication disorder, students' ratings were comparable to those of the professionals.
Asymmetry of Occipital Alpha-Rhythm under Resting Conditions: A Neurophysiological Measure of “Hemisphericity”
Authors: Ulrich G. , Frick K.
Published: September 2011

Using the resting EEGs of 20 healthy subjects in semi-recumbent position with eyes dosed and left undisturbed, we studied the question whether and, if so, to what extent, lateralization of occipital alpha-rhythm depends on level of vigilance. As a simple indicator of vigilance, the relative alpha-power for each 2-sec. epoch of 02-CZ (occipital right) was calculated. Lateralization was defined as the ratio of absolute alpha-powers in 01-CZ and 02-CZ (occipital left and right). This was also calculated epoch by epoch. The results of individual analysis of data from each subject allowed categorization into 3 types. This typological differentiation obtained quantitatively could be supported by visual pattern analysis. The findings are discussed in relation to the state- vs trait-problem which constantly confronts us when we interpret experimentally obtained functional asymmetries of hemispheres.
Effect of Playing a Video Game on a Measure of Spatial Visualization
Authors: Dorval Michel , Pépin Michel
Published: September 2011

70 undergraduate students, without any prior experience of video games playing, were given a pretest and a posttest on the Space Relations Test of the DAT, Forms A and B being, respectively, administered on the two occasions. The experimental group of 38 had eight sessions of playing the Zaxxon video game, each session including five plays. The control group of 32 received no such treatment. A 2(sex) by 2(group) analysis of covariance, using pretest scores as the covariate, yielded a significant effect for group which supports the hypothesis that spatial visualization test scores can be improved by video game playing. Moreover, the sex-related difference in visual-spatial skills frequently reported does not appear on the pretest. Finally, no effect for sex and no interaction of group × sex were found, indicating that both male and female subjects gained equally from playing Zaxxon.
Developmental Changes in Response Preparation to Visual Stimuli
Authors: Adams Russell J. , Lambos William A.
Published: September 2011

We examined how preparation to respond changes with age. Subjects from four age groups (5- to 7-, 8- to 11-, 12- to 17-, and 18- to 24-yr.-olds) were given a simple visual RT task with foreperiod duration varied between 300 and 2000 msec. Analysis showed that in addition to the expected effects of age and foreperiod, there were qualitative differences between the performance of adults and children: 5- to 7-yr.-olds reacted quickest after a foreperiod shorter than that required by adults to perform best. Conversely, preadolescents' optimal foreperiod was relatively longer than that of either older or younger subjects. In addition, the youngest subjects showed an inability to maintain preparation as efficiently as older subjects. Implications for the development of response preparation are discussed.
Prediction of Differences in Rorschach Protocols from the Personality Assessment System
Authors: Lumpkin Vicki G. , Pasternak Roger J. , Cooper G. David , Pasnak Robert
Published: September 2011

The Personality Assessment System (PAS) is derived from certain subtest scores on any Wechsler test by rather simple calculations. It purports to measure, among other personality attributes, developmental changes in the Internalized-Externalized (I-E) dimension of personality, which is akin to the Introversion-Extroversion construct reflected by some Rorschach measures. PAS scores from a tightly defined sample of normal adults were contrasted with Experience Balance (EB) and Body-image (B) scores derived from Rorschach protocols by “blind” scorers. Significant relations were found between EB ratios produced via the Exner and Klopfer scoring systems and the primitive (early childhood) I-E scores from the PAS. The B scores produced by the Body Image scoring system were related to the basic (adolescent) I-E PAS scores. Although significant, the PAS-Rorschach correlations were relatively poor, in part because it was difficult to define the center of the internalization-externalization continuum in terms of the Rorschach protocols. It is, nevertheless, provocative that traditional scorings of the Rorschach responses of adults assess differences not only in this personality trait, but also in its development, as determined from scaled scores on Wechsler subtests.
Benton Revised Visual Retention Test Performance of Black Adolescents According to Age, Sex, and Ethnic Identity
Authors: Knuckle Essie P. , Asbury Charles A.
Published: September 2011

As part of a battery, the Benton Revised Visual Retention Test was individually administered to 100 black adolescent students in southeastern Virginia, aged 12 or 13 yr. The Benton test, Form C, Administrations A and C were scored for both Total Errors and Total Number Correct. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between ages, but there were differences between boys' and girls' scores. There were two significant interactions for age, sex, and measured ethnic identity on Administration C for Total Number Correct and Total Errors for the group. Administration A, scored for categorical errors, produced significant univariate F ratios for Total Errors, Distortion, and Total Right Errors on the classification of ethnic identity. Alternative interpretations are feasible, and further research into the influences of experimental and cultural variables on visual perception is needed.
Student's Perception of Ability Scale: Comparison of Scores for Gifted, Average, and Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Chapman James W. , Boersma Frederic J.
Published: September 2011

On the Student's Perception of Ability Scale, comparison of scores for gifted, average, and learning disabled students differentiated the groups, thereby providing some construct validity as well as confirming the ceiling is high enough for use.
Implementation of a Token Economy by Peer Tutors to Increase On-Task Physical Activity Time of Autistic Children
Authors: Mangus Brent , Henderson Hester , French Ron
Published: September 2011

The data generated in this study were graphed for visual inspection of the raw data and means. Of the 5 subjects, 4 improved their time on task on the balance beam in at least one of the intervention phases. The other subject did not improve during the intervention phases but, there was a positive slope in the final intervention phase which might have continued had the intervention been longer. Further study is required.
Development of Spatial Recognition in Preschool Children: On Piaget and Inhelder's Hypothesis of Topological Space
Authors: Kato Yoshinobu
Published: September 2011

The developmental sequence of recognition of shapes suggested by Piaget and Inhelder has been examined in cross-modal (touch-vision) and intramodal (vision-vision) conditions by using the method of similarity judgement. In the first condition, after factually exploring a standard shape, children from 4 to 6 yr. of age were asked to indicate which of two comparison shapes looked “most like” a standard shape possessing some features in common with either comparison. In the second condition, the procedure was the same as the first condition except that a standard shape was presented visually. Results showed that the number of topologically based responses decreased significantly with age in the touch-vision condition; however, there was no such tendency in the vision-vision condition. Also, the number of topologically based responses varied with the combination of shapes used.
Predicting the Performance of Daily Activities of Patients with Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Keller Colleen
Published: September 2011

40 men and 60 women between the ages of 40 and 59 yr. of age and having the diagnosis of chronic obstructive lung disease as measured by Fev1 values of < 70% predicted pulmonary function were administered an outcome measure of functional ability, the Sickness Impact Profile. A prediction equation for functional ability placed the variables of sex, socioeconomic status, respiratory impairment, and self-reporting of symptoms for analysis. In the two-variable model socioeconomic status and self-reporting of breathing difficulty contributed to 28% of the total variability in functional ability scores. In the three-variable model, adding the third independent variable of respiratory impairment (Fev1) did not significantly increase the explained variability in the outcome measure.
Regularity, Exposure Time and Perception of Numerosity
Authors: Alam Seemen , Luccio Riccardo , Vardabasso Fulvia
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are described. In Exp. 1, subjects compared the apparent numerosity of two kinds of dot patterns, regular vs irregular, with two different exposures (160 vs 2000 msec). In Exp. 2, the subjects had to estimate the numerosity of the same patterns, presented one at a time. Analysis showed a relative overestimation of the regular patterns in Exp. 1 but not in Exp. 2. In general an overestimation occurred with an increase in exposure. Such results support our hypothesis of two separate processes as the basis of the two kinds of performance (estimating vs comparison).
A Pronounced Cognitive Style Improves Interhemispheric Integration: By Hemispheric Differentiation or by Hemispheric Similarity?
Authors: Berger Jean-Marc , Perret Etienne
Published: September 2011

Under conditions of tachistoscopic stimulation normal subjects were presented visuospatial stimulus pairs which had to be integrated interhemispherically. The presence of a pronounced cognitive style improves the interhemispheric integration of this type of information. Two interpretations are discussed. The first explains the observed improvement with a qualitative division of labour, with one highly specialized and one just transmitting hemisphere, i.e., with hemispheric differentiation. The second emphasizes the relatively high capacity of the “subordinate” hemisphere in information processing, i.e., hemispheric similarity.
Perceptions by the Aged of Crime, Criminals, and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Davis Sharon Kantorowski , Troy Robert
Published: September 2011

A general fear of crime victimization led to modified activities in the community and feelings of relative safety in their own area for 132 elderly respondents on a 24-item questionnaire. They held sympathetic views of crime perpetrators as disadvantaged victims of society themselves, but came to the unlikely conclusions that more police control and harsher prison sentences are needed.
Teachers' Judgments of Preschoolers' Creativity
Authors: Nicholson Martha W. , Moran James D.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship of objective measures of preschoolers' ideational fluency and intelligence to teachers' ratings of creativity and desirability. The sample of 60 4-yr.-olds and 39 teachers were from six classrooms. Teachers' ratings of creativity were related to measures of intelligence ( r = .46, p < .001) but not to ideational fluency ( r = .10). These findings are discussed in relation to possible halo effects and the ability to discriminate adequately cognitive abilities among preschool children.
Iranian Students' Perception of Ideal Teacher
Authors: Dehlavi Nahid S.
Published: September 2011

Iranian students enrolled in college of Medicine, Education, Science and Literature ( N = 400) judged the importance of teachers' selected characteristics in personal-social and cognitive-intellectual domains. Iranian students regardless of their sex, field of study and academic year preferred personal-social attributes over cognitive-intellectual attributes. Results were compared with findings of a study conducted in Israel in which cognitive characteristics were most highly valued.
Contact Seeking with an Unfamiliar Adult in Day-Care and Home-Reared Children as a Function of Adult's Seating Position and Mother's Presence Or Absence
Authors: Klein Lisa , Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

During the first day, children ( M, 3.8 yr.) participated in two sets of three sessions. Sessions 1, 2, and 3 involved being alone with an adult, with an adult and the child's mother, and alone with an adult. In one set, the adult sat on the floor while in the other set she sat on a chair. Each session lasted 3 min. An observer recorded whether the child touched the adult within each 15-sec. period within the session. The dependent variable was the number of periods within the session for which a touch occurred. The first day's procedure was repeated on two successive days. Children were much more likely to make contact with the adult when she was sitting on the floor than when she was sitting up in a chair. It was speculated that this was either due to the adult being down on the child's level or due to the opportunity to use the adult's lap as a chair when the adult was sitting on the floor. Other findings in the study included greater contact with the adult by children attending day care than children not attending day care.
Hemmed in and Hating It: Effects of Shape of Room on Tolerance for Crowding
Authors: Rotton James
Published: September 2011

Placements by 32 undergraduates of miniature figures in one of three rooms of equivalent area but square or circular or having a concave wall support the idea that individuals are less tolerant of crowding in rooms with curved than straight walls.
Concurrent Validity of the Common Belief Inventory for Students
Authors: Hooper Stephen R. , Richmond Bert O. , Mc Chesney Susan R.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to explore the concurrent validity of the Gammon Belief Inventory for Students. The inventory is a multidimensional measure of rational thinking in children which has its origins in the rational emotive therapy model. Given its theoretical foundation, the scores were expected to correlate positively with those on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, a measure of trait anxiety in children. 287 students in Grades 4, 5, and 6 and ranging in age from 9 to 13 yr. were administered both scales in a counterbalanced format. Results indicated that the CBIS Total Score and each of its 11 belief components correlated significantly in a positive direction with the Total Anxiety score. The relationship between the RCMAS Lie Scale and the Common Belief Scale was less clear. These findings provided preliminary support for the concurrent validity of the Common Belief Inventory with elementary school children.
Effects of Unavoidable Electric Shocks on Voluntary Alcohol Consumption in the Rat
Authors: Champagne Francine , Kirouac Gilles
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of electric shocks on voluntary alcohol intake in rats. Alcohol intake was measured using individually determined alcohol concentrations. Contrary to many previous studies, alcohol intake was reduced during the stressful treatment. It is concluded that accounting for individual differences in alcohol intake is important when studying the effect of stress on alcohol consumption.
Expectancy, Redefinition and Reported Pain
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Cross Wendi P. , Watson Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

Three groups of subjects were administered a redefinition strategy which asked them to focus on sensations during noxious stimulation. Those in one group were informed that the strategy would reduce pain (positive expectancy), those in a second were informed that it would augment pain (negative expectancy), and those in a third were given no information on expectancy. Subjects in a fourth group received neither redefinition nor instructions on expectancy. The four groups did not differ either in expectancy of pain reduction or in reduction of reported pain. Subjects in all groups expected more pain than they reported, and expectations for pain reduction showed only a small correlation with degree of reported pain reduction. In all groups, men reported less pain than women.
Two Discrete Distributions for Teaching
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: September 2011

Two discrete distributions, the first generated by a seven-faced die and the second generated by a pair of five-faced dice, each have the nice properly for teaching of having integer population means M = 5 and integer population standard deviations S = 2. These distributions are presented together with some bivariate extensions of them.
Relationship between Differentiation and Integration of Self and Nonself: An Investigation in Terms of Modes of Perceptual Adaptation
Authors: Hansson S. Birger , Rydén Olof O.
Published: September 2011

Differentiation and integration of self- and nonself-aspects of perception were investigated as features of the process of adapting to a spiral aftereffect (SAE) induced with massed trials. The cessation of the SAE at each trial was assumed to indicate that self-aspects of perception had been differentiated from nonself-aspects, changes in SAE duration over trials being considered to represent the integration of these aspects. Degree and stability of self-nonself-differentiation, reflected in the level and persistence of field-dependence measured on a serial version of the Rod and Frame Test, varied between individuals ( N = 129). The results suggest that persistent field-independence requires both self- and nonself-aspects of perception to be adequately and continuously represented in an integrative process which is oriented towards stimulus-proximity, self-aspects of perception being successively replaced by nonself-aspects.
Type a Personality and Discrepancies between Self-Report and Heart-Rate Responses to Stress
Authors: Essau Cecilia A.
Published: September 2011

The present study was done to replicate previous findings on the discrepancy between Type A persons' self-reports of stress and their physiological arousal. An attempt was made to clarify whether this discrepancy was due to Type A persons' denial of their arousal or an inability to discriminate physiological change. The students' version of the Jenkins Activity Survey was administered to 30 female students, aged 19 to 43 yr., who then performed a digit recall. A Multiple Affect Adjective Check List and a self-report questionnaire were used to measure affective reactions. Analysis showed that Type A individuals had higher heart-rate responses to stress but did not report greater subjective arousal. These results replicated the previously reported discrepancy. The current findings are somewhat consistent with an explanation based on discrimination.
Response to Weinberger's Comments on “Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Mommy and I are Not Yet One”
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: September 2011

Inconsistencies and errors in some of Weinberger's comments on my paper are discussed. I question his contention that he successfully answered my criticisms concerning subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments.
Magnitude Estimation and Magnitude Production: Stimulus Frequency Effects on Magnitudes of Lingual Vibrotactile Sensation
Authors: Petrosino Linda , Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel
Published: September 2011

The methods of magnitude estimation and magnitude production were employed to investigate the effects of stimulus frequency on suprathreshold lingual-vibrotactile sensation-magnitude functions. The method of magnitude estimation was used to obtain numerical judgments of sensation magnitudes for nine stimulus intensities presented to the anterior dorsum of the tongue. The vibrotactile stimulus frequencies employed for 10 subjects ( M age = 21.1 yr.) were 100, 250, and 400 Hz. The numerical responses obtained during the magnitude-estimation task were in turn used as stimuli to obtain magnitude-production values for the same three vibrotactile stimulus frequencies. The results appeared to present two suggestions. First, the effects of stimulus frequency on lingual vibrotactile-sensation magnitudes may be dependent on the psychophysical method used in any particular experiment. Second, lingual-vibrotactile magnitude-estimation scales may demonstrate asymptotic growth functions above about 25 dB sensation level. The limitation in the growth of sensation magnitude occurred for all three vibrotactile stimulus frequencies employed.
Departure Latency to Invasion of Personal Space: Effects of Status and Sex
Authors: Young Alethea E. , Guile Michael N.
Published: September 2011

A field experiment examined the effects of status and sex on the invasion of the personal space of 480 adults of various ages sitting in a suburban shopping, mall. Male or female confederates sat next to male or female subjects (at a distance of 45 cm) under one of three status conditions: low (college student), high (business person), or religious (Catholic clergy). Women, but not men, had shorter latencies of departure when their space was invaded by low-status intruders relative to high- and religious-status intruders (there being no difference between the latter two conditions).
Situational and Trait Determinants of Competitive State Anxiety
Authors: Cooley Eric J.
Published: September 2011

53 participants in a weekend tennis tournament completed the Competitive Short Form of the State Anxiety Inventory and questions about the specific situation (e.g., their chance of winning, presence of an audience) immediately before playing a tournament match. Immediately after the match participants completed outcome measures (e.g., win/loss, the impact of tension upon their performance). Two trait anxiety measures were given in a follow-up. Competitive trait anxiety from the Sport Competition Anxiety Test was the best predictor of state anxiety. Perceived chance of winning was the only situational factor which was significantly related to state anxiety. Match outcome was also more closely related to competitive trait anxiety than to state anxiety or generalized trait anxiety. The trait-anxiety measure which focused upon competition was a more useful predictor of state anxiety than the generalized measure, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Factors in Perception of Earthquake Hazard
Authors: De Man Anton , Simpson-Housley Paul
Published: September 2011

130 subjects participated in a study of the relationship between selected predictors and responses to potential earthquake hazard. The results of backstep regression analyses indicated (a) that amount of education was the best predictor from those selected of perceived probability of earthquake occurrence, (b) that estimation of potential damage was related to number of damage reduction measures, perceived reliability of official support systems, and expectation of earthquake, and (c) that trait-anxiety and expectation of earthquake accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in acknowledged anxiety in response to prediction of an earthquake.
Comparison of the Milwaukee Neurotic Trait Screening Scale with the Symptom Check List
Authors: Young L. D. , Cann A. F. Le , Barboriak J. J. , Anderson A. J. , Goldstein M. D.
Published: September 2011

Responses from 45 volunteers to the Milwaukee Neurotic Trait Scale (NT) and to the Hopkins Symptom Check List (SCL-90R) were compared. The NT scale was significantly correlated with the subscales of the SCL-90R. Second, agreement for high, middle, and low scores was found between the NT Scale and the SCL-90R Global Severity Index and Positive Symptom Total. These limited findings, based on a small sample of students, are promising and warrant replication with different and larger groups of adults.
Individual Differences in Ability to Use EMG-Derived Feedback
Authors: Gianutsos John G. , Notterman Joseph M.
Published: September 2011

Evidence shows statistically reliable individual differences among unimpaired subjects in ability to use visual representation of electromyographic voltages. The visual information was displayed as a cursor in a tracking situation. The cursor was then blanked, with subjects being required to place the now invisible cursor over a target. Test-retest correlational significance is demonstrated. The rationale for using visual guidance in rehabilitating stroke victims suffering from loss in motor feedback receives support.
Temporal Reference of the Mnemonic Sources of Dreams
Authors: Battaglia Daniela , Cavallero Corrado , Cicogna Piercarla
Published: September 2011

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the temporal reference of elements which served as the mnemonic basis for dreams. Free associations with REM and Sleep Onset dreams were collected to determine the quality of the memories presumably activated during the production of the two types of dream. Associations referring to particular episodes of the dreamer's life were classified, according to their temporal dating, into Day residues, Recent residues, Remote residues. The hypothesis that there are differences in the temporal reference of the mnemonic sources of REM and sleep onset dreams has been confirmed. Day residues are significantly more associated with sleep onset than REM dreams. Moreover, in sleep onset, Day residues are significantly more frequent than Remote residues, while this is not true for REM dreams. Day residues are more easily available to sleep onset than REM dreaming because of the recent encoding which characterizes this kind of memory traces. In both sleep phases recent residues are more frequently used in constructing the dream.
Stability of Individual Differences in Infants' Manipulation and Exploration of Objects
Authors: Ruff Holly A. , Dubiner Karen
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess stability of manipulative behavior across time. 29 infants were seen at both 9 and 9.5 mo.; 20 of these infants were seen again at 12 mo. At each visit the infants were presented several objects for familiarization and tested for response to discrepant objects. Each trial was scored for the duration of looking, rotating the object, fingering, mouthing, and banging, the frequency of transferring the object from hand to hand, and the frequency of dropping, throwing and pushing the object away. Analysis of the data yielded moderate to high correlations between 9 and 9.5 mo. for all but one behavior. Correlations between 9 and 12 mo. were in the same range for most of the behaviors. On the test trials, there were fewer significant correlations. When the behaviors were separated into exploratory and nonexploratory categories, there was more stability for the nonexploratory behaviors; summary scores for both were concurrently related to Bayley Mental Development Index at 12 mo., but in opposite directions. The results suggest that there is stability in some manipulative behaviors, and further, that it is useful to conceptualize two types of manipulative behavior.
College Baseball Pitchers' Throwing Velocities as a Function of Awareness of Being Clocked
Authors: Weinstein L. , Prather G. A. , De Man A. F.
Published: September 2011

The differences in velocity of fastballs thrown by 14 college pitchers with and without known presence of a “scout” (the experimenter) with speedgun was investigated. Each pitcher threw 40 fastballs in a game situation. The first 20 were measured with the pitchers seeing the experimenter measuring their velocity with a speed gun. The next 20 were measured without the pitchers seeing the speedgun or the experimenter. Analysis shows that with known presence of scout and speedgun, the average fastball among the 14 pitchers was clocked at 75.6 mph. Without known presence, the speed for the same 14 pitchers was measured at 79 mph. This finding questions the validity of a scout's or coach's measurements of a pitcher's true throwing velocity.
On Rearranging Picture Arrangement: Data from a Clinical Sample
Authors: Broder Steven N. , Oresick Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Comparisons of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) indicate that the two tests are highly similar but not identical. The present study examined the p-values of the WAIS—R Picture Arrangement items for a sample of 123 adults referred for psychological assessment. The current order of the Picture Arrangement items (especially the FLIRT item) does not conform to the expectation of increasing difficulty of subtest items. Implications for diagnosis are discussed.
Analyzing Aversiveness of Denatonium Saccharide and Quinine in Rats
Authors: Davis Stephen F. , Grover Cathy A. , Erickson Cynthia A. , Miller Lynn A. , Bowman Julie A.
Published: September 2011

Denatonium saccharide is reported to be the most bitter substance currently known. Two experiments comparing the suppressive capabilities of this compound and the more common bitter, quinine, are presented. Analysis indicated that rats preferred to consume denatonium rather than quinine when afforded a choice between the two. Exp. 2 also indicated that the pairing of quinine with vanilla and almond flavors resulted in subsequent refusal of these flavors. Pairing flavors with denatonium did not produce comparable refusals. Caution is expressed with regard to the use of denatonium saccharide as a rodent repellent.
Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Note on Illumination and the Bleaching Hypothesis
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: September 2011

The effect of illumination on the outcome of subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments is discussed and the bleaching hypothesis Silverman, Ross, Adler, and Lustig in 1978 used to explain negative results under certain illumination conditions is critically evaluated. Illumination levels suggested by Silverman for this research do not completely agree with values used in most successful experiments prior to 1980. The sequence of tachistoscopic events usually presented in a typical experiment and information-processing considerations suggest that, contrary to Silverman's earlier suggestions, stimulus-field illumination should be higher than blank-field illumination. Aspects of the bleaching hypothesis are questionable, and it seems to be of minimal value because the specifics of how bleaching is thought to interfere with the effects were not documented by reference to the literature in photochemistry. Further empirical investigation of the effect of illumination could be combined with attempts to understand how this variable affects stimulus processing during subliminal psychodynamic activation.
Improving Reliability of Peer-Nomination with Young Children
Authors: Alain Michel , Begin Guy
Published: September 2011

It is now well recognized that poorly accepted children run a greater risk of serious adjustment problems later in life. The poor-to-fair temporal reliability of the peer-nominations found among young children was an obstacle to early assessment. Although two reliable alternative techniques have been proposed, these have important drawbacks. The present study assessed the reliability of a third alternative, namely, asking children to make more nominations. Three to six positive and negative nominations were obtained from 97 kindergarten and 100 prekindergarten children. Although data proved unreliable at the prekindergarten level, data from kindergarten children were quite reliable and indicated that four choices yielded higher reliabilities than three-choice nominations. More nominations did not further improve reliability. Percentages of subjects classified in the various sociometric status following Coie and Dodge's 1983 criteria also suggested that four choices reproduced optimally the classification generated by the traditional nomination technique. Implications of these results are discussed.
Decision Making as a Function of Self and others
Authors: Borresen C. R.
Published: September 2011

Subjects read short scenarios involving a conflict of whether to sell or lease a business that they inherited. They were asked to rank points of arguments, for and against to selling or leasing as if (1) they were personally involved in the conflict or (2) they were to support one or the other position taken by a protagonist(s). Some points of argument were responded to differently as a function of one or the other orientations.
Effects of Physical Conditioning on Information-Processing Efficiency
Authors: Blomquist Kathleen Beckman , Danner Fred
Published: September 2011

This study investigated changes in information-processing efficiency that occur when physical fitness improves. Information-processing variables were Sternberg's memory-scan rate, Posner's name-access time, the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test, and numbers of words remembered from word lists. At pretest and posttest 10 to 12 wk. later, 66 adults between the ages of 18 and 48 yr. took all cognitive tests and rode a bicycle ergometer to estimate physical fitness. A 2 × 2 (improved/stable fitness groups by preest/posttest trials) analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that the group who improved 15% or more in physical fitness improved significantly more on the name-access time than the group whose fitness remained stable. There was a trend toward improvement in memory-scan rate and number of words remembered on the first word trial by people who became more fit. The results may have implications for assessment and training of personnel in occupations where speeded perception and responses are required.
The Differential Diagnostic Technique, a Visual Motor Projective Test
Authors: Weininger O.
Published: September 2011

The Differential Diagnostic Technique is a projective drawing test in which the individual is asked to copy 14 figures, presented one at a time. Research indicates the usefulness of the test as an objective measure of personality and points to its diagnostic use for certain neuropsychological problems and in research.
Effects of the 45-Second “Shot Clock” on Selected Men's Basketball Statistics in the Mid-American Conference
Authors: Lilly Roy S.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effect of instituting a 45-sec. “shot clock” on men's basketball games in the Mid-American Conference in the 1985 season. Basketball statistics for the 1985 season were compared with those for 1984 season for home and visiting teams, 90 games in total. Introducing the 45-sec. “shot clock” increased scoring for the home and visiting team, although the increase was somewhat larger for the home team. Factors contributing to the increased scoring were discussed.
Computer Presentation of Pattern-of-Success: A Primacy Effect Verified
Authors: Pratz Owen
Published: September 2011

Several studies have examined the effect of pattern of success on perceived level of success using a serial-trial task. In the original study of this issue, subjects were influenced more by their level of success at the end of a series of trials, a recency effect. Subsequent studies have found, instead, a primacy effect. This study replicates the original study in which a recency effect was found and assesses the generalizability of the results with other tasks. Three forms of task were used: (a) analogies items, (b) tachistoscopic pattern perception, and (c) a visual-motor coordination task. The experimental procedures were programmed in BASIC for the Commodore 64 to facilitate further extension and replication. Computer presentation was both efficient and effective. A primacy effect was found for all three tasks.