bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Red yeast rice‐garlic inhibits the markers of differentiation in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes
Authors: Park Hye‐Jin , Abanto Oliver D. , Ghosh Chiranjit , Hwang Seong‐Gu , Park Dong‐Ki , Kim In‐Sook
Published: December 2011

This study investigates the hypothesis that the ethyl acetate extract of rice fermented with red yeast (Monascuspilosus) in medium containing garlic (RYRGE) inhibits the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes by down regulating cellular induction of PPARγ, and C/EBPα. Mouse 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were treated with 0.0, 0.125, and 0.25 mg/mL of RYRGE, and Oil Red O staining, triglyceride accumulation and glyceradehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity were measured as markers of adipocyte differentiation. The protein and mRNA expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα were measured using Western Blot and RT‐PCR, respectively. The mRNA expressions of leptin and aP2 genes were measured using RT‐PCR. RYRGE significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and GPDH activity in dose‐dependent manner (p<0.05). The mRNA and protein expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα were dose‐dependently inhibited by RYRGE. Similarly, RYRGE decreased the gene expression of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and leptin in a dose‐dependent manner (p<0.05), which generally acts as an adipogenic marker proteins and C/EBPα and PPARγ target genes. These results indicate that RYRGE effectively attenuated adipogenesis by down‐regulating the expression of adipocyte transcription factors and related adipogenic gene expressions.
Development of moisture loss models in steam turbines
Authors: Kawagishi Hiroyuki , Onoda Akihiro , Shibukawa Naoki , Niizeki Yoshiki
Published: December 2011

This paper describes physics‐based moisture loss models for designing wet‐steam turbines. Steam turbines operating under wet‐steam conditions experience thermodynamic and mechanical losses caused by the presence of moisture. The developed moisture loss models are composed of six categories: supersaturation loss, condensation loss, acceleration loss, braking loss, capturing loss, and pumping loss. These losses are calculated according to the wetness levels in the stationary blade and moving blade rows, and defined by the functions of steam properties and design factors of turbine stages. The supersaturation loss produced by non‐equilibrium expansion of the wet steam is modeled using the pressure ratio and the isentropic exponent of the supersaturated steam. The loss models are compared to full‐size test turbine data for prediction of the overall moisture losses. As a result, the developed loss models are found to be very effective for estimating the moisture losses of turbine stages. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 42(7): 651–664, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20395
Send More Tourists! Stakeholder Perceptions of a Tourism Industry in Late Stage Decline: the Case of the Isle of Man
Authors: Canavan Brendan
Published: December 2011

Qualitative interviews, conducted in the Isle of Man, investigate local perceptions of a tourism industry in late stage decline. Social impacts of decline, including facilities loss, cultural changes and a heightening of perceived peripherality, which together undermine local identity, are pronounced despite successful economic diversification. Tourists are welcomed as they help to affirm the pride residents have in their island, create a more active atmosphere, provide social interaction opportunities and combat negative stereotyping. Overall, findings emphasise the diverse, unique and persistent benefits of tourism in the Isle of Man, despite decline. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adiabatic pulse preparation for imaging iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Harris Steven S. , Mao Hui , Hu Xiaoping P.
Published: December 2011

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles produce changes in the surrounding microscopic magnetic field. A method for generating contrast based on the application of an adiabatic preparation pulse and the failure of the adiabatic condition surrounding the nanoparticles is introduced in this article. Images were obtained in the presence and absence of an adiabatic preparation pulse and the difference was obtained. With the use of an adiabatic full passage pulse, the contrast in the difference image depends linearly on iron concentration up to 1 mM. The use of an adiabatic zero passage pulse resulted in higher sensitivity to nanoparticles compared to the adiabatic full passage, while maintaining linear concentration dependence to 0.1 mM. This technique was shown to be insensitive to magnetization transfer and B0 inhomogeneity. With its linearity with iron concentration and insensitivity to changes in the main magnetic field, the new method is well suited for quantitative iron oxide nanoparticle imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective multivessel labeling approach for perfusion territory imaging in pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling
Authors: Helle Michael , Rüfer Susanne , van Osch Matthias J. P. , Jansen Olav , Norris David G.
Published: December 2011

Recently, a new method for perfusion territory imaging named superselective pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling was introduced. The method uses additional time‐varying gradients to create a circular labeling spot that can be adjusted in size and thus adapted to individual arteries. In this study, the additional gradients are adjusted in such a way that an elliptical labeling spot is formed, which can be applied to label the blood in multiple vessels simultaneously in conjunction with an increased labeling efficiency compared with the original superselective approach. When compared with other selective multivessel strategies, the proposed technique allows for an improved and flexible adaption of the labeling focus to different anatomical variations of the arteries in the neck so that a total of five perfusion territories from the data acquired in three measurements can be recalculated in a reduced scan time. These include not only the perfusion territories of the cerebrum but also the perfusion territories in the cerebellum fed by individual vertebral arteries. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quasi‐static magnetic resonance elastography at 7 T to measure the effect of pathology before and after fixation on tissue biomechanical properties
Authors: McGrath Deirdre M. , Foltz Warren D. , Al‐Mayah Adil , Niu Carolyn J. , Brock Kristy K.
Published: December 2011

Evaluation of imaging for cancer detection and localization can be achieved by correlation of gold‐standard histopathology with imaging data. Usage of a 3D biomechanical‐based deformable registration for correlation of the histopathology of whole‐tissue specimens with ex vivo imaging necessitates measurement of the distribution of biomechanical properties in the ex vivo tissue specimen and changes that occur during pathology fixation. To measure high‐resolution 3D distributions of Young's modulus (E) prefixation and postfixation, a quasi‐static magnetic resonance elastography method was developed at 7 T. Use of echo‐planar imaging allowed for shorter imaging times, in line with limited time frames allowable for pathology specimens. The finite element modeling algorithm produced voxel‐wise E measures, and mechanical indentation was used for comparison. An initial preclinical evaluation with canine prostate specimens (n = 5) demonstrated a consistent increase in E with fixation (P < 0.002) by a factor of 4 (±1). Increases were a function of distance from the tissue edge and correlated with fixation time (ρ = 1, P < 0.02). The technique will be used to generate population‐averaged data of E from clinical ex vivo specimens prefixation and postfixation to inform registration of whole‐mount histopathology with in vivo imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patient‐individual local SAR determination: In vivo measurements and numerical validation
Authors: Voigt T. , Homann H. , Katscher U. , Doessel O.
Published: December 2011

Tissue heating during magnetic resonance measurements is a potential hazard at high‐field MRI, and particularly, in the framework of parallel radiofrequency transmission. The heating is directly related to the radiofrequency energy absorbed during an magnetic resonance examination, that is, the specific absorption rate (SAR). SAR is a pivotal parameter in MRI safety regulations, requiring reliable estimation methods. Currently used methods are usually based on models which are neither patient‐specific nor taken into account patient position and posture, which typically leads to the need for large safety margins. In this work, a novel approach is presented, which measures local SAR in a patient‐specific manner. Using a specific formulation of Maxwell's equations, the local SAR is estimated via postprocessing of the complex transmit sensitivity of the radiofrequency antenna involved. The approximations involved in the proposed method are investigated. The presented approach yields a sufficiently accurate and patient‐specific local SAR measurement of the brain within a scan time of less than 5 min. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conformational selection through electrostatics: Free energy simulations of gtp and gdp binding to archaeal initiation factor 2
Authors: Satpati Priyadarshi , Simonson Thomas
Published: December 2011

Archaeal Initiation Factor 2 is a GTPase involved in protein biosynthesis. In its GTP‐bound, “ON” conformation, it binds an initiator tRNA and carries it to the ribosome. In its GDP‐bound, “OFF” conformation, it dissociates from tRNA. To understand the specific binding of GTP and GDP and their dependence on the conformational state, molecular dynamics free energy simulations were performed. The ON state specificity was predicted to be weak, with a GTP/GDP binding free energy difference of −1 kcal/mol, favoring GTP. The OFF state specificity is larger, 4 kcal/mol, favoring GDP. The overall effects result from a competition among many interactions in several complexes. To interpret them, we use a simpler, dielectric continuum model. Several effects are robust with respect to the model details. Both nucleotides have a net negative charge, so that removing them from solvent into the binding pocket carries a desolvation penalty, which is large for the ON state, and strongly disfavors GTP binding compared to GDP. Short‐range interactions between the additional GTP phosphate group and ionized sidechains in the binding pocket offset most, but not all of the desolvation penalty; more distant groups also contribute significantly, and the switch 1 loop only slightly. The desolvation penalty is lower for the more open, wetter OFF state, and the GTP/GDP difference much smaller. Short‐range interactions in the binding pocket and with more distant groups again make a significant contribution. Overall, the simulations help explain how conformational selection is achieved with a single phosphate group. Proteins 2012; © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affinity and selectivity of [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO for the D3 and D2 receptors in the rhesus monkey brain in vivo
Authors: Gallezot Jean‐Dominique , Beaver John D. , Gunn Roger N. , Nabulsi Nabeel , Weinzimmer David , Singhal Tarun , Slifstein Mark , Fowles Krista , Ding Yu‐Shin , Huang Yiyun , Laruelle Marc , Carson Richard E. , Rabiner Eugenii A.
Published: December 2011

Although [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO has enabled quantification of the dopamine‐D3 receptor (D3R) in the human brain in vivo, its selectivity for the D3R is not sufficiently high to allow us to disregard its binding to the dopamine‐D2 receptor (D2R). We quantified the affinity of [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO for the D2R and D3R in the living primate brain. Two rhesus monkeys were examined on four occasions each, with [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO administered in a bolus + infusion paradigm. Varying doses of unlabeled (+)‐PHNO were coadministered on each occasion (total doses ranging from 0.09 to 5.61 μg kg−1). The regional binding potential (BPND) and the corresponding doses of injected (+)‐PHNO were used as inputs in a model that quantified the affinity of (+)‐PHNO for the D2R and D3R, as well as the regional fractions of the [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO signal attributable to D3R binding. (+)‐PHNO in vivo affinity for the D3R (Kd/fND ∼ 0.23–0.56 nM) was 25‐ to 48‐fold higher than that for the D2R (Kd/fND ∼ 11–14 nM). The tracer limits for (+)‐PHNO (dose associated with D3R occupancy ∼ 10%) were estimated at ∼0.02–0.04 μg kg−1 injected mass for anesthetized primate and at 0.01–0.02 μg kg−1 for awake human positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Our data enabled a rational design and interpretation of future PET studies with [11C]‐(+)‐PHNO. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow and sediment dynamics in channel confluences
Authors: Leite Ribeiro M. , Blanckaert K. , Roy A. G. , Schleiss A. J.
Published: December 2011

Confluences with relatively low discharge and momentum flux ratios where a small steep tributary with a high supply of poorly sorted sediment joins a large, low‐gradient main channel commonly occur in nature, but they have not yet been investigated. Measurements of the three‐dimensional velocity field, turbulence, sediment transport, bed material grain size and morphology are reported in a laboratory setting that is representative of confluences on the Upper Rhone River, Switzerland. The difference between the low‐flow depth in the steep tributary and the higher flow depth in the main channel creates a marked bed discordance in the tributary zone. Due to this bed discordance, the tributary flow penetrates into the main channel mainly in the upper part of the water column, whereas the main‐channel flow is hardly hindered by the tributary in the lower part of the water column, giving rise to a two‐layer flow structure in the confluence zone. In confluences with high supply of coarse sediment from the tributary, the development of a deposition bar downstream from the confluence reduces the flow area and causes flow acceleration that contributes to an increase in sediment transport capacity. The sediment supplied by the tributary is mainly sorted and transported on the face of the bar by the near‐bed flow originating from the main channel. The sediment transport capacity is further increased by the three‐dimensionality of the flow, which is characterized by maximum velocities occurring near the bed, and by a considerable increase in turbulent kinetic energy generated in the shear layer at the interface of the flows originating from the main channel and the tributary. A conceptual model is proposed for the hydro‐morpho‐sedimentary processes, and compared to existing conceptual models for confluences with different characteristics.
Dependence of carbon nanotube field effect transistors performance on doping level of channel at different diameters: On/off current ratio
Authors: Shirazi Shaahin G. , Mirzakuchaki Sattar
Published: December 2011

Choosing a suitable doping level of channel relevant to channel diameter is considered for determining the carbon nanotube field effect transistors’ performance which seem to be the best substitute of current transistor technology. For low diameter values of channel, the ratio of on/off current declines by increasing the doping level. But for higher diameter values, there is an optimum point of doping level in obtaining the highest on/off current ratio. For further verification, the variations of performance are justified by electron distribution function’s changes on energy band diagram of these devices. The results are compared at two different gate fields.
Extracellular voltage noise probes the interface between retina and silicon chip
Authors: Zeitler Ralf , Fromherz Peter , Zeck Günther
Published: December 2011

Neuroprosthetic devices rely on a tight contact between electrodes and neurons in the interfaced tissue. A simple method to probe the contact properties in a non-invasive way would be highly attractive. Here we show for retinal tissue that crucial electrical properties of the interface can be extracted from the voltage noise that is recorded with an array of capacitive sensors. The monitoring of the interface properties, which are either interpreted as variable local conductivities or as a cleft of varying distance, allows assessment of the long-term efficiency of neuroprosthetic devices.
Rate of meristem maturation determines inflorescence architecture in tomato
Authors: Park Soon Ju , Jiang Ke , Schatz Michael C. , Lippman Zachary B.
Published: December 2011

Flower production and crop yields are highly influenced by the architectures of inflorescences. In the compound inflorescences of tomato and related nightshades (Solanaceae), new lateral inflorescence branches develop on the flanks of older branches that have terminated in flowers through a program of plant growth known as “sympodial.” Variability in the number and organization of sympodial branches produces a remarkable array of inflorescence architectures, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying sympodial growth and branching diversity. One hypothesis is that the rate of termination modulates branching. By performing deep sequencing of transcriptomes, we have captured gene expression dynamics from individual shoot meristems in tomato as they gradually transition from a vegetative state to a terminal flower. Surprisingly, we find thousands of age-dependent expression changes, even when there is little change in meristem morphology. From these data, we reveal that meristem maturation is an extremely gradual process defined molecularly by a “meristem maturation clock.” Using hundreds of stage-enriched marker genes that compose this clock, we show that extreme branching, conditioned by loss of expression of the
COMPOUND INFLORESCENCE
gene, is driven by delaying the maturation of both apical and lateral meristems. In contrast, we find that wild tomato species display a delayed maturation only in apical meristems, which leads to modest branching. Our systems genetics approach reveals that the program for inflorescence branching is initiated surprisingly early during meristem maturation and that evolutionary diversity in inflorescence architecture is modulated by heterochronic shifts in the acquisition of floral fate.
Cheating monkeys undermine group strength in enemy territory
Authors: Crofoot Margaret Chatham , Gilby Ian C.
Published: December 2011

In many social animals, group-mates cooperate to defend their range against intrusion by neighboring groups. Because group size tends to be highly variable, such conflicts are often asymmetric. Although numerical superiority is assumed to provide a competitive advantage, small groups can generally defend their ranges, even when greatly outnumbered. The prevailing explanation for this puzzling phenomenon is that individuals in relatively large groups experience a greater temptation to flee from conflicts, in effect leveling the balance of power. Using playback experiments simulating territorial intrusions by wild capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus) groups, we show that such a collective action problem does indeed undermine the competitive ability of large groups. Focal capuchins were more likely to run away from territorial intrusions when their group had a numeric advantage; each one-individual increase in relative group size raised the odds of flight by 25%. However, interaction location had a more important impact on individuals' reactions, creating a strong home-field advantage. After controlling for relative group size, the odds that a focal animal fled were 91% lower in experiments that occurred in the center compared with on the edge of its group's range, whereas the odds that it rushed toward the speaker were more than sixfold higher. These location-dependent patterns of defection and cooperation create a competitive advantage for residents over intruders across a wide range of relative group sizes, which may stabilize range boundaries and provide a general explanation for how groups of widely divergent sizes can coexist, even in the face of intense intergroup competition.
Mechanical compression drives cancer cells toward invasive phenotype
Authors: Tse Janet M. , Cheng Gang , Tyrrell James A. , Wilcox-Adelman Sarah A. , Boucher Yves , Jain Rakesh K. , Munn Lance L.
Published: December 2011

Uncontrolled growth in a confined space generates mechanical compressive stress within tumors, but little is known about how such stress affects tumor cell behavior. Here we show that compressive stress stimulates migration of mammary carcinoma cells. The enhanced migration is accomplished by a subset of “leader cells” that extend filopodia at the leading edge of the cell sheet. Formation of these leader cells is dependent on cell microorganization and is enhanced by compressive stress. Accompanied by fibronectin deposition and stronger cell–matrix adhesion, the transition to leader-cell phenotype results in stabilization of persistent actomyosin-independent cell extensions and coordinated migration. Our results suggest that compressive stress accumulated during tumor growth can enable coordinated migration of cancer cells by stimulating formation of leader cells and enhancing cell–substrate adhesion. This novel mechanism represents a potential target for the prevention of cancer cell migration and invasion.
Ionic strength-dependent persistence lengths of single-stranded RNA and DNA
Authors: Chen Huimin , Meisburger Steve P. , Pabit Suzette A. , Sutton Julie L. , Webb Watt W. , Pollack Lois
Published: December 2011

Dynamic RNA molecules carry out essential processes in the cell including translation and splicing. Base-pair interactions stabilize RNA into relatively rigid structures, while flexible non-base-paired regions allow RNA to undergo conformational changes required for function. To advance our understanding of RNA folding and dynamics it is critical to know the flexibility of these un-base-paired regions and how it depends on counterions. Yet, information about nucleic acid polymer properties is mainly derived from studies of ssDNA. Here we measure the persistence lengths (
l

p

) of ssRNA. We observe valence and ionic strength-dependent differences in
l

p

in a direct comparison between 40-mers of deoxythymidylate (dT
40
) and uridylate (rU
40
) measured using the powerful combination of SAXS and smFRET. We also show that nucleic acid flexibility is influenced by local environment (an adjoining double helix). Our results illustrate the complex interplay between conformation and ion environment that modulates nucleic acid function in vivo.
Multiple independent introductions of
Plasmodium falciparum
in South America
Authors: Yalcindag Erhan , Elguero Eric , Arnathau Céline , Durand Patrick , Akiana Jean , Anderson Timothy J. , Aubouy Agnes , Balloux François , Besnard Patrick , Bogreau Hervé , Carnevale Pierre , D'Alessandro Umberto , Fontenille Didier , Gamboa Dionicia , Jombart Thibaut , Le Mire Jacques , Leroy Eric , Maestre Amanda , Mayxay Mayfong , Ménard Didier , Musset Lise , Newton Paul N. , Nkoghé Dieudonné , Noya Oscar , Ollomo Benjamin , Rogier Christophe , Veron Vincent , Wide Albina , Zakeri Sedigheh , Carme Bernard , Legrand Eric , Chevillon Christine , Ayala Francisco J. , Renaud François , Prugnolle Franck
Published: December 2011

The origin of
Plasmodium falciparum
in South America is controversial. Some studies suggest a recent introduction during the European colonizations and the transatlantic slave trade. Other evidence—archeological and genetic—suggests a much older origin. We collected and analyzed
P. falciparum
isolates from different regions of the world, encompassing the distribution range of the parasite, including populations from sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and South America. Analyses of microsatellite and SNP polymorphisms show that the populations of
P. falciparum
in South America are subdivided in two main genetic clusters (northern and southern). Phylogenetic analyses, as well as Approximate Bayesian Computation methods suggest independent introductions of the two clusters from African sources. Our estimates of divergence time between the South American populations and their likely sources favor a likely introduction from Africa during the transatlantic slave trade.
Activation of the Arabidopsis thaliana Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase MPK11 by the Flagellin-Derived Elicitor Peptide, flg22
Authors: Bethke Gerit , Pecher Pascal , Eschen-Lippold Lennart , Tsuda Kenichi , Katagiri Fumiaki , Glazebrook Jane , Scheel Dierk , Lee Justin
Published: December 2011

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) mediate cellular signal transduction during stress responses, as well as diverse growth and developmental processes in eukaryotes. Pathogen infection or treatments with conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as the bacterial flagellin-derived flg22 peptide are known to activate three Arabidopsis thaliana MAPK: MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6. Several stresses, including flg22 treatment, are known to increase MPK11 expression but activation of MPK11 has not been shown. Here, we show that MPK11 activity can, indeed, be increased through flg22 elicitation. A small-scale microarray for profiling defense-related genes revealed that cinnamyl alcohol dehyrogenase 5 requires MPK11 for full flg22-induced expression. An mpk11 mutant showed increased flg22-mediated growth inhibition but no altered susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae, Botrytis cinerea, or Alternaria brassicicola. In mpk3, mpk6, or mpk4 backgrounds, MPK11 is required for embryo or seed development or general viability. Although this developmental deficiency in double mutants and the lack of or only subtle mpk11 phenotypes suggest functional MAPK redundancies, comparison with the paralogous MPK4 reveals distinct functions. Taken together, future investigations of MAPK roles in stress signaling should include MPK11 as a fourth PAMP-activated MAPK.
Behavior of seeds and soil in the mechanism of metastasis: A deeper understanding
Authors: Mathot Lucy , Stenninger Johan
Published: December 2011

The so‐called “seed and soil” hypothesis proposed by Stephen Paget in 1889 to explain the metastatic behavior of cancer cells and the homing of certain cancers to “selected” sites has been a well‐recognized phenomenon for over a century. What advances have been made to increase our understanding of this phenomenon and what does it really implicate in terms of targets for therapy? (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 626–631)
Racial disparities in allergic outcomes in African Americans emerge as early as age 2 years
Authors: Wegienka G. , Havstad S. , Joseph C. L. M. , Zoratti E. , Ownby D. , Woodcroft K. , Johnson C. C.
Published: December 2011

Background

Racial disparities in allergic disease outcomes have been reported with African Americans suffering disproportionately compared to White individuals.

Objective

To examine whether or not racial disparities are present as early as age 2 years in a racially diverse birth cohort in the Detroit metropolitan area.

Methods

All children who were participants in a birth cohort study in the Detroit metropolitan area were invited for a standardized physician exam with skin prick testing and parental interview at age 2 years. Physicians made inquiries regarding wheezing and allergy symptoms and inspected for and graded any atopic dermatitis (AD). Skin testing was performed for Alternaria, cat, cockroach, dog, Dermatophagoides farinae (Der F), Short Ragweed, Timothy grass, egg, milk and peanut. Specific IgE was measured for these same allergens and total IgE was determined.

Results

African American children (n = 466) were more likely than White children (n = 223) to have experienced any of the outcomes examined: at least 1 positive skin prick test from the panel of 10 allergens (21.7% vs. 11.0%, P = 0.001); at least one specific IgE ≥ 0.35 IU/mL (out of a panel of 10 allergens) (54.0% vs. 42.9%, P = 0.02); had AD (27.0% vs. 13.5%, Chi‐square P < 0.001); and to ever have wheezed (44.9% vs. 36.0%, P = 0.03). African American children also tended to have higher total IgE (geometric means 23.4 IU/mL (95%CI 20.8, 27.6) vs. 16.7 IU/mL (95%CI 13.6, 20.6 IU/mL), Wilcoxon Rank Sum P = 0.004). With the exception of wheezing, the associations did not vary after adjusting for common social economic status variables (e.g. household income), environmental variables (endotoxin; dog, cat and cockroach allergen in house dust) or variables that differed between the racial groups (e.g. breastfeeding). After adjustment, the wheeze difference was ameliorated.

Conclusions

With disparities emerging as early as age 2 years, investigations into sources of the disparities should include the prenatal period and early life.
Control ofMycobacterium tuberculosisgrowth by activated natural killer cells
Authors: Guerra C , Johal K , Morris D , Moreno S , Alvarado O , Gray D , Tanzil M , Pearce D , Venketaraman V
Published: December 2011

We characterized the underlying mechanisms by which glutathione (GSH)-enhanced natural killer (NK) cells inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) inside human monocytes. We observed that in healthy individuals, treatment of NK cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a GSH prodrug in conjunction with cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 + IL-12, resulted in enhanced expression of NK cytotoxic ligands (FasL and CD40L) with concomitant stasis in the intracellular growth of M. tb. Neutralization of FasL and CD40L in IL-2 + IL-12 + NAC-treated NK cells resulted in abrogation in the growth inhibition of M. tb inside monocytes. Importantly, we observed that the levels of GSH are decreased significantly in NK cells derived from individuals with HIV infection compared to healthy subjects, and this decrease correlated with a several-fold increase in the growth of M. tb inside monocytes. This study describes a novel innate defence mechanism adopted by NK cells to control M. tb infection.
MIGS: miRNA‐induced gene silencing
Authors: de Felippes Felipe Fenselau , Wang Jia‐wei , Weigel Detlef
Published: December 2011

Gene silencing is an important tool in the study of gene function. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) and hairpin RNA interference (hpRNAi), both of which rely on small interfering RNAs, together with artificial microRNAs (amiRNA), are amongst the most popular methods for reduction of gene activity in plants. However, all three approaches have limitations. Here, we introduce miRNA‐induced gene silencing (MIGS). This method exploits a special 22‐nucleotide miRNA of Arabidopsis thaliana, miR173, which can trigger production of another class of small RNAs called trans‐acting small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs). We show that fusion of gene fragments to an upstream miR173 target site is sufficient for effective silencing of the corresponding endogenous gene. MIGS can be reliably used for the knockdown of a single gene or of multiple unrelated genes. In addition, we show that MIGS can be applied to other species by co‐expression of miR173.
Blood donors on teratogenic drugs and donor deferral periods in a clinical situation
Authors: Shin S. Y. , Shin Y. H. , Lee S. W. , Shin J. Y. , Kim C. H.
Published: December 2011

Deferral of blood donors taking teratogenic drugs is critical. From March 2008 to January 2009, we analysed stored blood specimens from donors who had taken teratogenic drugs and whose blood was transfused to women of childbearing age to determine the plasma concentration at the time of donation using high‐performance liquid chromatography. In total, 167 specimens were examined. The numbers of specimens exceeding the quantification limit were 7, 39, 4, 2 and 1 for finasteride, isotretinoin, acitretin, etretinate and dutasteride, respectively. Finasteride was beyond the recommended drug deferral period in one specimen. These results may help create practical deferral policies.
C‐reactive protein concentration predicts mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Heart Study
Authors: Cox A. J. , Agarwal S. , M Herrington D. , Carr J. J. , Freedman B. I. , Bowden D. W.
Published: December 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 767–770 (2012)

Aims  Although current American Heart Association guidelines address C‐reactive protein concentration and cardiovascular disease risk, it remains unclear whether this paradigm is consistent across populations with differing disease burdens. Individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus represent one group at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and subsequent mortality. This study aimed to examine the relationship between C‐reactive protein concentrations and risk for all‐cause mortality in European Americans with Type 2 diabetes from the Diabetes Heart Study.

Methods  A total of 846 European Americans with Type 2 diabetes and baseline measures of C‐reactive protein were evaluated. Vital status was determined after a follow‐up period of 7.3 ± 2.1 years (mean ± SD). C‐reactive protein concentrations were compared between living and deceased subgroups along with other known risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including blood lipids. Logistic regression was performed to determine risk for mortality associated with increasing C‐reactive protein concentrations.

Results  At follow‐up 160 individuals (18.7%) were deceased. No significant differences in baseline serum glucose or lipid measures were observed between living and deceased subgroups. Baseline C‐reactive protein concentrations were significantly higher in the deceased subgroup (9.37 ± 15.94) compared with the living subgroup (5.36 ± 7.91 mg/l; P < 0.0001). Participants with C‐reactive protein concentrations of 3–10 mg/l were approximately two times more likely to be deceased at follow‐up (OR 2.06; 95% CI 1.17–3.62); those with C‐reactive protein >10 mg/l were more than five times more likely to be deceased (OR 5.24; CI 2.80–9.38).

Conclusions  This study documents the utility of C‐reactive protein in predicting risk for all‐cause mortality in European Americans with Type 2 diabetes and supports its use as a screening tool in risk prediction models.
Absorptive and desorptive capacity‐related practices at the network level – the case ofSEMATECH
Authors: Müller‐Seitz Gordon
Published: December 2011

Previous research has predominantly conceptualized absorptive capacity as an intraorganizational phenomenon, primarily by means of quantitative methods. In contrast, this research develops a practice‐based understanding of how an interorganizational network can engage in network absorptive and desorptive capacity‐related (NACandNDCrespectively) activities. SEMiconductor MAnufacturing TECHnologies(SEMATECH) is an interorganizational network to develop innovative semiconductor manufacturing solutions globally. Based upon an in‐depth case study of SEMATECH we add to the literature as follows: first, we introduce NAC and NDC, venturing beyond the organization or dyad as the unit of analysis. Second, we adopt a practice perspective in order to illustrate howSEMATECHis able to engage inNAC‐ andNDC‐related activities, primarily by means of three practices, that is, congregating, roadmapping and offering access. These practices re‐inform each other, allowingSEMATECH, in effect, to coordinate the network's knowledge‐related activities with regard to knowledge outside of the network.
Rescue Therapy for Acute Migraine, Part 1: Triptans, Dihydroergotamine, and Magnesium
Authors: Kelley Nancy E. , Tepper Deborah E.
Published: December 2011

Objective.— To review and analyze published reports on the acute treatment of migraine headache with triptans, dihydroergotamine (DHE), and magnesium in emergency department, urgent care, and headache clinic settings.

Methods.— MEDLINE was searched using the terms “migraine” and “emergency,” and “therapy” or “treatment.” Reports from emergency department and urgent care settings that involved all routes of medication delivery were included. Reports from headache clinic settings were included only if medications were delivered by a parenteral route.

Results.— Acute rescue treatment studies involving the triptans were available for injectable and nasal sumatriptan, as well as rizatriptan. Effectiveness varied widely, even when the pain‐free and pain‐relief statistics were evaluated separately. As these medications are known to work best early in the migraine, part of this variability may be attributed to the timing of triptan administration.

Multiple studies compared triptans with anti‐emetics, dopamine antagonists, and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The overall percentage of patients with pain relief after taking sumatriptan was roughly equivalent to that recorded with droperidol and prochlorperazine. Sumatriptan was equivalent to DHE when only paired comparisons were performed.

While the data extracted suggest that magnesium may be effective in treating all symptoms in patients experiencing migraine with aura across all migraine patients, its effectiveness seems to be limited to treating only photophobia and phonophobia.

Conclusions.— Although there are relatively few studies involving health‐care provider‐administered triptans or DHE for acute rescue, they appear to be equivalent to the dopamine antagonists for migraine pain relief. The relatively rare inclusion of a placebo arm and the frequent use of combination medications in active treatment arms complicate the comparison of single agents with each other.
The Nephroprotective Effect of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid on Ischaemia/Reperfusion‐Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Gao Xiang , Fu Lili , Xiao Min , Xu Chenggang , Sun Lijun , Zhang Tong , Zheng Feng , Mei Changlin
Published: December 2011

The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) is very high, and multiple physiopathological processes are involved, including endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an endogenous bile acid derivative that has been reported to inhibit ERS. To determine whether TUDCA had a nephroprotective effect on AKI and to explore the exact mechanism, an ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)‐induced AKI mouse model and a tunicamycin‐pre‐treated TCMK‐1 cell model were established. It was found that the renal tubular necrosis score and cell apoptosis index reached their peak 24 hr after I/R. GRP78 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression and Caspase 12 activation were enhanced, reaching their peaks at 4 and 12 hr, respectively. TUDCA intervention not only decreased the renal tubular necrosis score and the cell apoptosis index but also down‐regulated GRP78 and CHOP expression and Caspase 12 activation. The survival rate of TCMK‐1 cells pre‐treated with TUDCA was significantly higher than that of TCMK‐1 cells without TUDCA pre‐treatment. In conclusion, TUDCA had a nephroprotective effect on IR‐induced AKI by inhibiting ERS and by blocking GRP78 and CHOP expression, reducing Caspase 12 activation and inhibiting cell apoptosis.
Synthesis of Novel Nalidixic Acid‐Based 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives as Potent Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Aggarwal Nisha , Kumar Rajesh , Dureja Prem , Khurana Jitender Mohan
Published: December 2011

Novel nalidixic acid‐based 1,3,4‐thia(oxa)diazoles, their thio ethers, sulfones, bis mercapto, and Mannich bases were synthesized and characterized by Infrared spectra, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. These compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against two Gram‐positive and three Gram‐negative bacteria. The preliminary bioassay showed that most of the compounds had better antibacterial activity than the parent compounds, 1,3,4‐thia(oxa)diazoles, at the dosage 50 μg/mL toward five test bacteria. Four Mannich bases of nalidixic acid‐based 1,3,4‐thiadiazole exhibited maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with minimum inhibitory concentration in the range of 6.25–125 μg/mL.
The use of haemostatic gelatin sponges in veterinary surgery
Authors: Charlesworth T. M. , Agthe P. , Moores A. , Anderson D. M
Published: December 2011

Objectives: To describe the use of absorbable gelatin sponges as haemostatic implants in clinical veterinary surgical cases and to document any related postoperative complications.

Methods: Practice databases were searched for the product names “Gelfoam” and “Spongostan”. Patient records were retrieved and data regarding patient signalment, surgical procedure, National Resource Council (NRC) wound classification, source of haemorrhage, pre‐ and postoperative body temperature, postoperative complications, time to discharge and details of any postoperative imaging were recorded and reviewed. Follow‐up information was obtained by repeat clinical examination or telephone interview with either the owner or referring veterinary surgeon. Cases with incomplete surgical records or those which were not recovered from anaesthesia were excluded from the analysis.

Results: Fifty cases (44 dogs and 6 cats) satisfied the inclusion criteria. Satisfactory haemostasis was achieved in 49 cases with one case requiring reoperation during which a second gelatin sponge was used. There were no detected hypersensitivity responses or confirmed postoperative complications relating to the use of gelatin sponges during the follow‐up period (median 13 months).

Clinical Significance: This is the first review of the use of gelatin sponges in clinical veterinary surgery and suggests that gelatin sponges are safe to use in cats and dogs.
Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Duobuza Gold‐Rich Porphyry Copper District in the Bangongco Metallogenetic Belt, Northwestern Tibet
Authors: LI Guangming , LI Jinxiang , QIN Kezhang , DUO Ji , ZHANG Tianping , XIAO Bo , ZHAO Junxing
Published: December 2011

The Duobuza gold‐rich porphyry copper district is located in the Bangongco metallogenetic belt in the Bangongco‐Nujiang suture zone south of the Qiangtang terrane. Two main gold‐rich porphyry copper deposits (Duobuza and Bolong) and an occurrence (135 Line) were discovered in the district. The porphyry‐type mineralization is associated with three Early Cretaceous ore‐bearing granodiorite porphyries at Duobuza, 135 Line and Bolong, and is hosted by volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Middle Jurassic Yanshiping Formation and intermediate‐acidic volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous Meiriqie Group. Simultaneous emplacement and isometric distribution of three ore‐forming porphyries is explained as multi‐centered mineralization generated from the same magma chamber. Intense hydrothermal alteration occurs in the porphyries and at the contact zone with wall rocks. Four main hypogene alteration zones are distinguished at Duobuza. Early‐stage alteration is dominated by potassic alteration with extensive secondary biotite, K‐feldspar and magnetite. The alteration zone includes dense magnetite and quartz‐magnetite veinlets, in which Cu‐Fe‐bearing sulfides are present. Propylitic alteration occurs in the host basic volcanic rocks. Extensive chloritization‐silicification with quartz‐chalcopyrite or quartz‐molybdenite veinlets superimposes on the potassic alteration. Final‐stage argillic alteration overlaps on all the earlier alteration. This alteration stage is characterized by destruction of feldspar to form illite, dickite and kaolinite, with accompanying veinlets of quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite and quartz + pyrite assemblages. Cu coexists with Au, which indicates their simultaneous precipitation. Mass balance calculations show that ore‐forming elements are strongly enriched during the above‐mentioned three alteration stages.
Maximizing the Use of Platinum Catalyst by Ultrasonic Spray Application
Authors: Engle Robb
Published: December 2011

The following discusses the method and advantages of ultrasonic deposition of carbon-based platinum ink solution onto catalytic membranes in the manufacture of platinum-based fuel cells, doubling industry standard performances. Using patented ultrasonic atomization technology (Ultrasonic atomization technology provided by Sono-Tek) conductive properties are compared to those of films created with hydraulic deposition and paste printing methods, using comprehensive analysis of morphology characteristics, deposition density, and distribution of platinum particles throughout the thickness and surface area of the coating. Results indicate significant increase in uniform distribution of platinum particles using the ultrasonic deposition method. Measured electrochemically active Pt surface area using ultrasonic atomization was recorded as high as 71% of the total Pt particle surface area.
Fluidic Composite Tunable Vibration Isolators
Authors: Scarborough Lloyd H. , Rahn Christopher D. , Smith Edward C.
Published: December 2011

Coupling a fluidic flexible matrix composite (F2MC) to an air-pressurized fluid port produces a fundamentally new class of tunable vibration isolators. This Fluidlastic device provides significant vibration reduction at an isolation frequency that can be tuned over a broad frequency range. The material properties and geometry of the F2MC element, as well as the port inertance, determine the isolation frequency. A unique feature of this device is that the port inertance depends on pressure so the isolation frequency can be adjusted by changing the air pressure. For constant port inertance, the isolation frequency is largely independent of the isolated mass so the device is robust to changes in load. A nonlinear model is developed to predict isolator length and port inertance. The model is linearized and the frequency response calculated. Experiments agree with theory, demonstrating a tunable isolation range from 9 Hz to 36 Hz and transmitted force reductions of up to 60 dB at the isolation frequency.
Transparent polycrystalline monoclinic HfO2 dielectrics prepared by plasma assisted pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Ying Zhifeng , Sun Jian , Hu Zhigao , Yu Wenlei , Xu Ning , Wu Jiada
Published: December 2011

The electrical properties of transparent polycrystalline monoclinic HfO2 dielectrics prepared by plasma assisted pulsed laser deposition were studied. The capacitance-voltage and leakage current-voltage characteristics of the capacitors incorporating HfO2 dielectrics were examined in terms of the structural, optical properties of the HfO2 layers. The interfacial properties between the HfO2 layer and the Si substrate were also examined. The HfO2 layers showed excellent thermal stability both in the HfO2 structure and in the HfO2/Si interface. The capacitance-voltage characteristics showed improvements through thermal annealing with a slight increase of leakage current. With an equivalent oxide thickness of 4.7 nm, the 700 °C annealed HfO2 dielectrics had a dielectric constant of 16.5 and leakage current densities of 9.8 × 10−8 and 9.2 × 10−7 A/cm2 at dielectric fields of +0.75 and −0.75 MV/cm, respectively.
Efficacy of Sitafloxacin-Based Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter pylori after Failures of First- and Second-Line Therapies
Authors: Matsuzaki Juntaro , Suzuki Hidekazu , Nishizawa Toshihiro , Hirata Kenro , Tsugawa Hitoshi , Saito Yoshimasa , Okada Sawako , Fukuhara Seiichiro , Hibi Toshifumi
Published: December 2011

Sitafloxacin-based triple therapy achieved 83.6% (per-protocol) and 78.2% (intention-to-treat) success in eradicatingHelicobacter pyloriamong 78 Japanese patients after clarithromycin-based first-line and metronidazole-based second-line triple therapies failed. Eradication succeeded in 32 out of 43 patients, even withgyrAmutation-positiveHelicobacter pylori(per protocol). The position of thegyrAmutation (N87 or D91) was determined to be a better marker than MIC levels for predicting outcomes of sitafloxacin-based treatment.