bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residual Control, 1988
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature Bartlett pear trees (25 yr old) were sprayed with a handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate residual life of Abamectin and amitraz for control of PP nymphs. Leaves were collected from trees at intervals after applications. Ten circular 2.2-cm diam disks were punched from leaves and floated on wet paper towelling in 15-crn plastic Petri dishes for each treatment at each postapplication interval. Ten PP nymphs were transferred to each disk. Petri dishes containing infested leaf disks were held in a growth room at 25°C and a photo period of 16:8 (L:D). Treatments were evaluated by counting dead and live nymphs after 24, 48, and 72 h exposure on the disks. Tests were conducted with leaves collected at 1, 7, 14, and 21 DAT. The series was repeated 3 times. For the 2 May run leaves were selected from spurs, for the 13 Jun run duplicate samples were tested from spurs and growing shoots (the distal fully expanded leaf), and for the 1 Aug run leaves were selected at random from all structures of test trees. Data were corrected for check mortality using Abbott’s formula, and mean, and 95% confidence limits were calculated.
Pear Psylla Control, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 3-tree plots (10 yr old). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 by 7.4 m. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi. Dates of application were 4 Apr (BB, bud burst), 20 Apr (WB, white bud), 10 May (PF, petal fall), 27 May, 3 Jun, 10 Jun, 13 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 14 Jul, and 27 Jul. Approximately 2.4 gal of spray was applied to each tree (185 gal/acre). Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1- to 2-wk intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 mid-terminal or spur leaves from the middle tree in each replicate. Beginning on 7 Jun counts were made by sampling 5 spur and 5 distal leaves from each tree. On 29 Jun and thereafter 10 distal leaves from each tree were sampled.
Evaluation for PP, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted in a 3-acre block of primarily ‘Bartlett’ pear trees near Arendtsville, Pa. Plot size was approximately 1 acre except for control trees. Five ‘Bartlett’ trees were randomly selected within each plot for monitoring. Control trees were five 3-tree plots of ‘Bartletts’ located in an adjacent pear block. Chemicals were applied as complete sprays to both sides of trees with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Application dates and rates were as follows 5 Apr (BB, bud burst); 22 Apr (WB, white bud); 10 May (PF, petal fall); and 2 Jun (IC, first cover). Treatments were evaluated for control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1- to 2-wk intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 spur leaves/tree.
Peach Insecticide Broad-Spectrum Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A. J.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to 3-yr-old ‘Red Haven’ peach trees at Fennville, Mich. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design with replications consisting of a single tree. Treatments were applied by a 32TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 2.5 mph and delivering 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 2 May (pink); 10 and 23 May; 4, 17 and 29 Jun; 10 and 22 Jul; and 4 and 16 Aug. Terminal evaluations for early season OFM and GPA involved examining 100 terminals/tree for a total of 400 terminals/treatment. Early season broad-spectrum evaluations involved examining 50 fruit/replicate, or a total of 200 peaches/treatment, and categorizing the damage according to the pest. Late season broad-spectrum evaluations consisted of evaluating 25 peaches/tree or 100/treatment for damage.
Flea Beetle and Sawfly Control, 1988
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied on 23 May to 23- by 23-ft plots in a crop-year lowbush blueberry field at Gray, Maine. A second application of Dylox (8 oz) and M-one (both rates) was made on 2 Jun. There were 3 replications in a randomized complete block design with 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer at 35 psi with 4 flat spray 800067 Teejet nozzles. Plants showed 85-90% bloom and 10% fruit set at treatment on 23 May and 5-10% bloom and 90% fruit set on 2 Jun. On dates indicated in the table, 5 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. About 1.9 inches of rain was recorded between 23 and 26 May.
Field and Bioassay Evaluations, 1988
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against the adult Japanese beetle, tarnished plant bug, meadow spittlebug, and strawberry sap beetle. A 10-yr-old experimental raspberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used for this study. Replicates consisted of 18-ft2 areas, with 4 replicates/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 5 Jul and 26 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. For the field evaluation readings of the number of live Japanese beetles in each plot were taken immediately before insecticides were applied; at 4 h after treatment; and at 2, 3, and 6 DAT. The bioassay evaluation began 26 Jul, after the insecticides had dried on foliage. Five leaves were sampled from each replicate and placed in 1-gal round ice cream containers. In the bioassay, 10 adult tarnished plant bugs, 10 meadow spittlebugs, and 10 strawberrry sap beetles were added to each container. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to the treated foliage. At 3 DAT a Japanese beetle bioassay of treated foliage was begun and the number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Grapefruit, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

A completely randomized block design with single tree plots replicated 4 times was used with buffer trees sprayed to prevent possible mite reinfestation. Treatments of 235 gal/acre were applied on 15 Jun with a high pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi. CRM were counted in 2-1 cm2 using a 10 X hand lens on opposite sites of 25 fruit selected at random from each tree. There were 100 fruit/treatment. Cumulative mite days after treatment and percent fruit russet was determined after 10 wk.
Citrus Flat Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Butler M. D. , Draeger E. A.
Published: March 2022

Several miticides were evaluated for their ability to control citrus flat mite on oranges in Yuma, Ariz. The orchard had sandy loam soil; pH 8.1 and 0.15% organic matter. Applications were made 24 Aug. Temperatures at the time of application were 87-101°F, relative humidity peaked at 38% and wind was 3-5 mph. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a John Beam sprayer operating at 300 psi at a rate of 225 gal/acre. The experimental design was completely random with single-tree plots and 4 replications. Mite counts were made on the basis of 40-fruit samples, 10 from each plot.
Pesticide Efficacy Against TCM in Florida, 1988
Authors: Childrers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Smith D. A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were diluted and applied with a handgun at 350 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer on 17 May. About 2.3 gal (334 gal/acre) of finished spray was applied to each treatment tree. Water pH was 7.9. Twenty leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around the perimeter of each sample tree at various intervals before and after spraying. Each 20-leaf sample was placed in a separate labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile mites. The count on each leaf was recorded as one observation.
Summer Control of CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to completely randomized 1-acre plots. Two half-acre plots were left untreated. Treatments were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer on 1 Aug at a rate of 333 gal/acre. Twenty-five fruit were examined from the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 8 trees/treatment. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 counts were combined and recorded as one observation. The spray water pH was 7.7. All treatments included 2 pt Triton 44 M, resulting in pH 6.0 prior to adding any pesticides. All treatments included 4 lb Champion cupric hydroxide/acre.
Effects of Insecticide Sidedress Placement, 1988:
Authors: Teague T. G. , Scott A. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine whether placement of fertilizer shanks for delivery of fertilizer, insecticide, or both affected broccoli yields or efficacy of control of PPGA. Broccoli was direct seeded into double rows spaced 10 inches apart on 40-inch beds on 24 Sep 1987 in a Hidalgo fine sandy loam in Monte Alto, Tex. Plants were thinned to a 4-inch spacing on 12 Oct, and the crop was irrigated (furrow flood) as needed to avoid water stress. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot consisted of 4 beds, 70 ft long; 10-ft alleys separated replications. Treatments consisted of applications of a liquid fertilizer solution (32-0-0) delivered with varying number of fertilizer shanks (knives) per bed. For each bed, there was 1 shank (between rows only), 2 shanks (on 2 outside margins of rows), or 3 shanks (between and on the outside of each row). The outside fertilizer shanks were positioned 3-6 inches from the plants. Fertilizer was applied as a sidedress either alone or in combination with an insecticide. There were 2 control plots; one received no insecticide or fertilizer, the other received only a foliar application of a systemic aphicide. A commercial liquid fertilizer applicator calibrated to discharge 25 gal/acre delivered the sidedress treatments 1-3 inches below the soil surface. The foliar spray was applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a CO2-powered system fitted with a single-cone nozzle/bed and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre on a 20-inch band. Applications were made when plants were at the 6-8-leaf stage on 29 Oct. Soil temperature at application was 27°C. PPGA density was estimated using a simple flotation technique; roots from 5 randomly selected plants were immersed in a calcium chloride solution (1 tablespoon CaCl in 1 gal water), and insects floating to the surface were counted. A pretreatment sample was made on the day of application, and subsequent samples were made at 2-wk intervals until harvest. Yields were determined by hand-harvesting a 20-ft subsample in two beds near the center of each plot. Only broccoli heads of commercially acceptable maturity were harvested during each of 3 harvests. Yield data were combined for each successive harvest to provide cumulative totals. All data were analyzed using ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae, 1987:
Authors: East D. A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Round Dutch’ variety cabbage was direct seeded in single-row beds with 40-inch centers in a Willacy fine sandy loam soil at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Plots measured 55 ft by 2 rows and were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum. Treatments were replicated 5 times in randomized complete block design. Spray applications were applied by tractor-mounted CO2-powered boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 60 psi operated at 3 mph. Following the initial spray treatments on 17 Nov, all treatments had 5 plants/plot sampled weekly for larvae. Treatments that had populations exceeding a mean of 0.3 larvae/plant were sprayed the following day. On 12 Jan 1988 10 cabbage heads were randomly selected from each plot and rated for marketability. A head was considered marketable if no visible evidence of larval feeding damage was observed on the head or wrapper leaves.
Imported Cabbage Webworm Control, 1988:
Authors: Marutani M. , Muniappan R.
Published: March 2022

‘C-0 Cross’ seeds were planted on 13 May in potting media in a 162-cell styroform tray. Each cell contained 2-4 seeds, and plants were thinned to leave 1 seedling/cell. Five treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design. Insecticides were applied by hand sprayers on 26 and 28 May. The percentage of plants infected by webworms was determined on 26 (prespray), 27, and 30 May.
Second-Generation Walh Insecticide Experiment, 1987
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomzied complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Treatments designated as early timing (E) were applied on 28 Jul; those marked standard (S) were applied on 12 Aug. Early sprays were timed shortly after the second-generation nymphs hatched. The standard timing coincided with the first appearance of fourth-instar WALH. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface. Counts were made at weekly intervals. Cumulative leafhopper-days were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the 8 count dates.
Control of Chinch Bugs in Buffalograss, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. , Kalisch J. A.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 6 Sep to 5 × 5 ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. The predominant grass species was buffalograss (98%) which was maintained at a mowing height of 5.0 inches. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 72°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 4 or 10 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. A total of 4.79 inches of rainfall occurred during the post-treatment period. No irrigated water was applied. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT (11 Sep) by cutting from each plot 4 randomly selected sections of turf to a depth of 2 inches with a 4- inch diameter cup cutter (0.35 ft2 total area per plot). Turf sections were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 hr.
Control of Black Slug and Veronicellid Slug, Hawaii, 1989
Authors: Arita L. H. , Fukada M. T. , Furutani S. C. , Hara Arnold H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy tests were conducted from Mar to Jun at the University of Hawaii at Hilo, College of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawaii. Chrysanthemum seedlings were planted in nursery flats (17 × 19 inches) containing a cinder and peat (1:1) media and grown under greenhouse conditions for two months. Wooden arenas (12 × 12 × 12 inches) were placed approximately 1 inch deep into the media. A 1-inch-wide band of rock salt was glued onto the top inner surface of the wooden arena to prevent slug escape. The following molluscicides were applied onto the plant material or media within the wooden arena (one molluscicide/arena): Slug-Geta (2% 3,5-Dimethyl-4-(methythio) phenyl methylcarbamate), Deadline-40 (4% metaldehyde), Deadline Bullets (4% metaldehyde), Durham Metaldehyde Granules 3.5 (3.5% metaldehyde), Corry's Slug and Snail Death (2% metaldehyde), and Corry's Liquid (4% metaldehyde). After treatment, 10 field collected black slugs were placed into each arena. Mortality counts were taken 1, 3, 5, and 7 DAT. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Identical protocol was used for the veronicellid slug.
Control of the Melon Aphid on Chrysanthemum Under Glasshouse Conditions, Spring 1988
Authors: Vehrs Stacy , Garcia Jacinto , Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were potted (1/pot, 6 inch dia) 3 wk prior to use. Plants were exposed to an infestation of aphids (Aphis gossypii) in the greenhouse. Four weeks post-exposure, pre-treatment counts of aphids were made. Plants were separated into 6 treatments and a control and isolated on a separate raised bench within the greenhouse. Treatments were applied to 4 plants/treatment by a hand sprayer at approximately 45-60 psi. Counts of live aphids were made 5, 10, and 15 DAT on both leaves and terminal (undifferentiated leaves) portions of the mums.
Control of Whiteflies on Poinsettia Under Glasshouse Conditions, Summer 1988
Authors: Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias (Annette Hegg cv. Brilliant Diamond') were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 6 inch pots in a greenhouse and allowed to grow for 4 wk before use. Twenty sweet potato whiteflies or greenhouse whiteflies were confined to 4 expanded leaves/plant for a 24 h period by clip cages, 2 separate times, a wk apart. Each plant contained one whitefly species and one treatment and there were 4 plants/treatment. Half of the plants were exposed at each time period. One day after the second exposure the number of immatures were counted on the oldest exposure and the number of eggs on the more recent exposure. Plants were separated into treatment groups followed by treatment using a 2 gal hand sprayer at 45 psi. Treated and water treated (control) plants were kept in the greenhouse at 80°F and ambient relative humidity for 4-5 d. Post-treatment counts were taken 4 d later on treated immatures and 10 d later on eggs.
Pyracantha, Evaluating Foliar and Topical Sprays for Control of Japanese Beetle, Wooster, Ohio, 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Pyracantha (0.2 m tall) growing in containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against Japanese beetle adults. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply foliar and topical sprays to run-off. Foliar applications were made at 40 psi on 25 Jul under sunny skies, 29°C, and a 16-24 kph breeze. Treatments received ca. 0.8 cm rainfall 4 h after sprays were applied and 2.0 cm additional rainfall throughout the test period, along with 3.8 cm of weekly overhead irrigation after first samples were removed. Sprayed foliage was fed to field-collected adults at specified intervals after application. Foliar sprays were evaluated by removing two 10-15 cm twigs from each plant at specified intervals and, along with 5 field-collected adults, were placed in a 1-liter Fonda cup with a mesh top. Residual efficacy of insecticides was evaluated 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after foliar sprays were applied by allowing adults to feed on sprayed foliage for 48 h. After 48 h, moribund adults were placed on unsprayed foliage, and final percent mortality was assessed 48 h later. Topical applications were made at 15 psi on 27 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, and a 8-16 kph breeze. Three 10-15 cm twigs were placed upright in culture tubes with the cut end in water to keep sprigs fresh. Five field-collected adults were placed on each twig, and sprays were applied. Adults and twigs were immediately transferred to 1-liter Fonda cups fitted with a mesh top. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 48 h later by assessing percent mortality. All treatments were replicated 3 times.
Control of Hawthorn Lace Hugs on Pyracantha, 1989
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Hawthorn lace bug control was evaluated on 360 ft of hedge on the OSU campus. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug consisting of 20 ft sections of 4 ft high hedge. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were made with a Hardi RY 15 back pack sprayer at 30 psi. Spray was applied to the point of runoff. Temperature and wind velocity was 69°F and 0-4 mph, respectively. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on 8 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations in each replication at 3, 7 and 14 DAT.
Spruce Spider Mite Control with Safer’S Soap, Conventional Pesticides, and Combination Soap and Insecti-Cide Sprays on Fraser Fir in Centre Co., Pa, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Nineteen treatments were evaluated to control spruce spider mite on heavily infested 5-6 ft Fraser fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4 tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a 412 Solo Master mistblower. 303 ml of each treatment was applied to each replicate (100 gal/acre). Treatments were applied 2 Jun under cloudy skies. The air temperature was 82-88°F, 70% RH, and water pH was 5.0. Samples consisted of randomly removing 4 4-inch twigs from each replicate. Then they were placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler back to the laboratory. Samples from each replicate were then passed through a mite brush, and the total number of viable spruce spider mite life stages (eggs, larvae, nymphs, adults) collected on a 5 inch circular sampling disc positioned directly beneath the brushes were counted with a stereo dissecting microscope. Posttreatment samples were collected 10 d (12 Jun) later.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control in North Carolina, 1988
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P.
Published: March 2022

Two Christmas tree plantations of Virginia pines in Lenoir County, NC were selected to test 3 experimental insect growth regulators for efficacy. Three application rates each of RH-5849 and RH-5992, developed by Rohm and Haas Company, and 2 application rates of LAB 166 801 I, developed by BASF Corporation, were tested. RH-5849 and RH-5992 were applied with spreader-sticker triton B-1956 (4 oz/100 gal). Guthion and Dimilin were used as standards. Using a randomized block design, 3 blocks of 35 trees each in plantation I and 3 blocks of 25 trees each in plantation II were selected for treatments and controls. The trees were sprayed on 23 Jun in plantation I and 18 Aug in plantation II, 10 d after peak pheromone trap catch of adults, with a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off. Each site was evaluated 5 wk after treatment. The dead terminals were examined for tip moth and counted on treated and untreated trees, using 3 center trees of each block in the evaluation.
Vigilante®, Terminator®, and Warbex® for Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1987
Authors: Barton W. E. , Noblet R. , Gray E. W. , Hill H. S.
Published: March 2022

The Vigilante bolus (5% diflubenzuron), the Terminator ear tag (20% diazinon), and Warbex (pour-on, 13.2% famphur) were administered in horn fly efficacy trials at the Simpson Agricultural Experiment Station in upstate South Carolina. Vigilante boluses were administered to cattle based on the weight of the animal with a standard balling gun (136 to 250 kg received Yz bolus; otherwise Vt bolus per 102 kg body weight). No animal received more than 2 boluses. The Terminator ear tags were applied 2 per head. Mixed breed beef cows were divided randomly into five herds for application of treatments in this study. Forty-two cows with calves were orally administered Vigilante boluses on 18 Jun. All animals of this herd were also treated with Warbex at the label rate. A second herd of 30 cows with calves was treated with boluses only on 19 Jun. A third her-d of 39 cows with calves was bolused, and adult cows also were tagged with Terminator tags. A fourth herd of 58 cows with calves was left as an untreated control. On 7 Jul, 2 weeks after the boluses were administered, a fifth herd of 41 cows without calves were tagged with 2 Terminator tags/animal. The number of flies on one side of 10 randomly selected cows/herd was counted each wk for 11-wk posttreatment with the aid of binoculars between the hours of 0900 and 1200 EST.
Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos and Permethrin Formulations Against Insecticide-Resistant House Flies, 1988
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

In-secticides were applied to unpainted 75.2 cm2 oak boards. Each formulation was added to water and applied at the rate of 3.8 liters/69.7 m2. A pressurized 3.8 liter stainless steel hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 7 ml/s at 20 psi with a 12 × teejet brass cone nozzle was used to apply the insecticides. Groups of 8 boards were each sprayed with one of the above insecticides. In Test I, 4 boards from each application were placed inside a building while the remaining boards were placed outside for weathering. Four unpainted, untreated oak boards were also placed in each area to serve as controls. Six wk posttreatment, the indoor boards were resprayed and were referred to as Test II. Adult house flies used for all investigations were reared from eggs deposited from wild flies at a University of Kentucky research swine barn. These flies were initially tested for susceptibility to technical permethrin (95.2% AI) and chlorpyrifos (97% AI) via topical application at the start of Test I and II and at the end of Test II. A susceptible house fly laboratory colony was used as a baseline to compare the susceptibility of the wild flies. In Test I and II, 15 3-d old wild house fly adults were confined to treated and untreated oak boards using 7.6 cm diameter mason jar lids fitted with aluminum window screening. Flies were placed on the boards on the day of treatment and biweekly thereafter for 6 wk. Knockdown and mortality were recorded 24 h postexposure. Flies that were unable to remain upright but were still able to move an appendage when probed with a teasing needle were recorded as knocked-down.
Laboratory Evaluation of Two Insecticides for Residual Control of Two Filth Fly Species, 1988
Authors: Meyer Jeffery A. , Cry Tracy
Published: March 2022

Unpainted plywood panels, painted plywood panels (high gloss, white acrylic paint) and styrofoam panels were sprayed with 1.25% AI Alfacron 50 WP and 1.25% AI Ectiban WP. Each insecticide treatment also included sugar in the spray mixture, at a rate equivalent to 120 g/liter finished spray. Each panel was bioassayed at 1 d, 3 and 6 mo after treatment with adults of little house fly and house fly. Twenty-five flies of one species were placed under a screened enclosure. Two enclosures with each fly species were placed on pre-designated spots on each panel during each bioassay (50 flies of each species per panel). Mortality counts were taken at 1 and 24 hr post-exposure. Panels were exposed to field conditions during the interval between bioassays.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Ftre Ant in Walton County, Georgia, 1990
Authors: Diffie Sa. , Bass Ma.
Published: March 2022

Three treatments were applied at 6:00 pm on 24 May as follows: Amdro bait broadcast over a 2.75 acre plot, Logic bait broadcast over a 2.4 acre plot, and a third plot (2.0 acres) was left untreated as a control plot. A Herd Seeder mounted on a Honda ATC was used to apply the baits. At 3:30 pm on 5 Jun Lorsban granules were broadcast over the Amdro and Logic plots. Each plot contained four 0.1 acre circular subplots. Plots were marked with orange surveyor stakes. Pretreatment counts were made on 24 May in each subplot. Posttreatment counts were made on 28 Jun, 17 Jul, 29 Aug, and 7 Feb.
Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland in South Mississippi, 1991
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in three locations in Covington, Jasper, and Newton Counties in south Mississippi. Each location consisted of three replications. Each replication was about 1000 ft1 consisting of 10 active fire ant mounds. Treatments were made on 12, 7, and 6 Jun in Covington, Jasper, and Newton Counties, respectively. A second treatment was made on 12, 8, and 8 Jul in Covington, Jasper, and Newton Counties, respectively. Granular formulations were applied as mound treatments. Imported fire ant hill density was determined by visual observation. Pretreatment counts were made the same day of treatment and four posttreatment counts were made encompassing about 7, 14, 30, and 41 DAT.
Control of Armored Scales on Bird of Paradise, Hawaii, 1990
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted from 18 Oct to 29 Nov in a 13 acre bird of paradise field located in Hakalau, HI. Plots measured 8 ft by 5 ft with ca 150 plants per plot arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. A 12 ft spacing was provided between plots and a 20 ft buffer zone between the plots and the grower’s planting. Insecticide sprays were applied to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. The spreader sticker, Triton B-1956, was added to all treatments and the control at a rate of 3.0 fl oz/100 gal. Insecticides were applied at 2 wk intervals for a total of 3 applications. Two weeks after the last treatment 10 leaves were randomly sampled from each replicate, 40 per treatment, and observed under a dissecting microscope. The number of live and dead scales was recorded.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin Co., Pennsylvania, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COz sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with blank granules to facilitate product distribution At treatment time (30 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 40%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.8% sand, 44.0% silt, 19.2% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 26 d later (25 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Curative Treatment with Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Billbug at the Valentine Research Center, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The field plot consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 2.0 gal water with a hand-held 2.5 gal sprinkling can. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (26 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 58%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 23.3% sand, 58.1% silt, 18.6% clay; organic matter, 2.9%; soil moisture (oven baked), 8.1%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 6.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 14 d later (10 Jul). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate. The total number of bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Preventive Treatment with Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Billbug at the Valentine Research Center, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The field plot consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a complete randomized block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (10 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 77°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 20.3% sand, 60.1% silt, 19.6% clay; organic matter, 2.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 22.6%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.6. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 47 d later (26 Jun). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Influence of Kinetic Wetting Agent on Chlorpyrifos for Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs, Indiana, 1991
Authors: Edward King J. , shaw Michael C.
Published: March 2022

An efficacy trial was conducted on the Indiana University baseball field (Bloomington, IN) to determine if Kinetic nonionic wetting agent could improve thatch penetration and efficacy of two chlorpyrifos formulations (Dursban 4 E and FN-5354 2 E) for control of Japanese beetle grubs. Four replications of each treatment were applied to 5 X 10 ft plots on 4 Sep with a C02 sprayer (80014 nozzle) at a volume of 2.3 gal/1000 ft2. Weather conditions at time of application were sunny with 5-10 mph winds and a temperature of 83°F. Thatch layer ranged from ⅛ to ¼ inch in density above the sandy loam soil. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water 2 h after the final spray application. Posttreatment counts were made 2 wks later (18 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of live Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded.
Residual Efficacy of Triumph Vs. Oftanol for Control of White Grubs, 1990
Authors: Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G. , Spicer P.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH = 6.2. Thatch accumulation was <0.25 inch. On 26 Jun we sunk 60, 8 inch diam cylinders made from PVC sewer pipe into the turf to a depth of about 3 inches. Implantation of cylinders was facilitated by cutting circular slits (8 inch diam) in the turf with a serrated-edge, cylindrical steel bit attached to a gasoline-powered soil auger. Cylinders were arranged in four groups of 15, representing the four treatment timings, and the three treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block within each timing group. Cylinders were treated with either isazophos (Triumph 4 E) or isofenphos (Oftanol 2 F) at 2 lbs AI/A, or were left untreated. Treatments were prepared by mixing 1.52 ml of isazophos or 3.04 ml of isofenphos in 1000 ml of water, and applying 10 ml of the respective solution to each cylinder using a trigger-type hand sprayer. The spray nozzle was adjusted to a coarse setting, and the amount of pesticide delivered per cylinder was carefully controlled by placing the sprayer siphon into a 100 ml graduated cylinder containing the diluted insecticide. Groups of 15 cylinders were treated on either 5, 31 Jul, or 16 Aug, corresponding to 56, 30, or 14 d before grubs were implanted. Third instar SMC grubs were collected from untreated roughs of a local golf course on 30 Aug, and 10 active grubs were placed into each cylinder. Any grub that had not burrowed into the soil within 10 min was replaced. The final set of cylinders was treated on 31 Aug, 24 h after the grubs were implanted. The cylinders were harvested on 14 Sep. The soil was carefully examined in large plastic pans, and the number of surviving grubs was counted. Because the site had a low population of masked chafer grubs, counts of SMC grubs represent mainly those that were experimentally implanted. The turf was also naturally infested with JB grubs, and surviving grubs of this species were also counted.
Soil Ph and Irrigation Effects on Residual Control of White Grubs with Triumph 4 E, 1991
Authors: Spicer P. , Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G. , Powell A. J.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot at the Univeristy of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm, Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf), with pH = 5.8. Thatch accumulation was <0.25 inch. Experimental plots for separate tests of residual effectiveness of isazophos (Triumph 4 E) as affected by irrigation and soil pH were established in late Jun. A split-plot design with 5 replications was used for each test. For the irrigation test, there were two levels of watering (3" total per wk in two watering periods, or natural rainfall). Main plots (6 × 5 ft) were divided into two subplots (3 × 5 ft) maintained under the different irrigation regimes. For the pH test, each main plot (9 × 5 ft) was divided into three subplots (3 X 5 ft). Subplots were treated either with ammonium sulfate to lower soil pH, calcium hydroxide to elevate soil pH, or were left untreated. Two applications of ammonium sulfate (0.9 lbs/15 ft2) were applied to acidic subplots on 3 Jul and 8 Jul. Calcium hydroxide (1.8 lbs/15 ft2) was applied to basic subplots on 3 Jul. Soil samples were taken from each-plot at the beginning (11 Jul) and end of the test (15 Sep) and analyzed for pH. On 19 Jul, we sunk five, 8 inch diam cylinders made from PVC sewer pipe into each subplot to 7.5 inch depth in both tests. Cylinders represented microplots which were either left untreated or treated with isazophos (Triumph 4 E) at 2 lbs AI/A. Non-watered microplots in the irrigation test were covered with aluminum foil before the rest of the site was irrigated. Treatments were applied 19 Jul, 2, 16 Aug, or 3 Sep, representing 6 wk, 4 wk, or 2 wk before grubs were present, or 3 Sep, after grubs were added (remedial treatment). Third instar JB were collected from an untreated golf course rough on 1 Sept, and 10 active grubs were placed in each cylinder. Grubs that had not burrowed into the turf within 10 min were replaced. Treatments were prepared by mixing 1.52 ml of isazophos in 1 liter of water, and applying 10 ml to each microplot using a trigger-type hand sprayer. Posttreatment irrigation (0.75 inch) was applied to all microplots immediately following isazophos treatments. The cylinders were harvested on 15 Sep. The soil was carefully examined in large plastic pans and the no. of surviving grubs was counted.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1991
Authors: Spicer P. , Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm, Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf), with pH = 6.2. Thatch accumulation was <0.25 inch. On 15 Aug we sunk 75, 8 inch diam cylinders made from PVC sewer pipe into the turf to a depth of about 7 inches. The turf was first irrigated with about 2 inches of water to soften the soil, after which a heavy (100 lb) tractor weight was used to drive the cylinders into the turf nearly flush with surface. Cylinders were about 12 inches apart, and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications and 15 treatments. Third instar SMC grubs were dug from an untreated rough on a local golf course on 19 Aug. Grubs were immediately taken to the experimental site and 15 active grubs were placed in each cylinder. Grubs that had not burrowed into the soil within 10 min were replaced. All cylinders except those receiving RH 3045 were treated between 9-11 am on 22 Aug, 72 h after grubs were introduced. Air temperature at the time of treatment was 75-80°F, with clear skies, 72% relative humidity, and 5 mph wind. Liquid formulations were diluted with water and applied as a coarse spray to the turf using a hand-held, triggertype sprayer. A total of 15 ml of diluted formulation was applied per cylinder. Growth regulator formulations (RH 5849, RH 0345) were mixed with Triton AG 98 surfactant (0.313 ml/liter). Nematode formulations were mixed with water and applied at a rate equivalent to 2 billion nematodes/acre. Granular formulations were weighed on a microbalance and sprinkled evenly into the cylinders. The turf within each cylinder was sprinkled with 50 ml of water immediately after treatment to wash the liquid formulations from the foliage and to provide a favorable microenvironment for the nematodes. Immediately after the final treatment was applied, the site was irrigated with about 2 cm of water. Because of a leaking package that was not noticed until the scheduled treatment date, the RH 0345 treatments were delayed for 5 d until a fresh sample had been received. These 15 cylinders were treated on 27 Aug in the manner described earlier. An additional 2 cm of water was applied to all cylinders following application of these treatments. Effectiveness of treatments was evaluated 21 DAT by removing each cylinder with a spade and examining the enclosed soil and turf for surviving grubs. Grubs, which consisted mostly of SMC with smaller no. of endemic Japanese beetle and May beetle grubs, were sorted by species. A small no. of cocoons of Tiphia sp., a parasitoid of SMC, were also recovered and counted. Data for live SMC, SMC & parasitoids, and total grubs were tested separately by ANOVA, and treatment means were separated by LSD test at the 5% significance level following square root transformation of the counts. Data are presented as original means (° SE).
Foliar Insect Control in Lupine, 1990
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Sheets Becky
Published: March 2022

The trial was located on an irrigated sandy loam soil at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. Plots were 4 rows X 9.15 m in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. A sticker was applied to the seed to help retain bacterial inoculum. Seed was planted 30 May using an Almaco planter. Granular insecticides were applied by hand in a 15.2 cm band following planting, and lightly incorporated. The field was irrigated to provide uniform germination. Foliars were applied in 30.4 liter/ha of water on 7 Jul and 2 Aug using a handheld CO2 sprayer at 3.15 kg/cm2. Stand counts, plant height, and yield were taken on 6.1 m of row. Moisture readings were taken on harvested seed and yields of clean seed adjusted accordingly.
Allegheny Mound Ant Control, Hardy Co., West Virginia, 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Ant mound sizes ranged from 0.9 to 1.8 m in diam (67% were in the range of 1.3 to 1.7 m) and 0.2 to 0.7 m in height (67% were in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 m). Mounds used in the experiment were located on a highway right of way adjacent to a pasture/woodland area that contained numerous mounds similar to those used in the study. The first treatments were applied 7 Jul using a 2 gal compression sprayer to apply 2 liters of spray to the surface of the mound and to an area of about 1 ft around the periphery of each mound. Treatments were replicated 3 times (one mound being a replicate). Air temperature was 30°C; RH, 54%; sunny; avg soil temperature at 1.5 inches into mounds, 31°C. Treatment efficacy was evaluated at 1 and 7 DAT by excavating a small opening into the mounds with a hand trowel and observing the responding activity of ants to this disturbed area. Total percipitation during the first treatment period (7 d) was 0.17 inches. A second type of treatment was applied on 24 Jul to the same previously treated mounds. The top 20 to 30 cm of each mound was scraped off with a hand trowel to expose the large passage tunnels of each mound. The mound was then treated with 2.5 liters of the treatment solution applied to the exposed area with a sprinkler can. Ants were very active inside all mounds when the tops were scraped off for treatment. Air temperature was 32.5°C, RH 40%, and sunny. Treatment efficacy at 10 and 25 DAT was evaluated similarly as the method used in the first treatment. Evaluation of efficacy at 86 DAT consisted of digging away at least Vt of each mound down to ground level to check for ant activity. Accumulative precipitation for the period was: 0.25, 1.77, and 3.62 inches at 10, 25, and 86 DAT, respectively.
Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus plants, growing in 1 pt (0.47 liter) containers obtained from a nursery in NE OH, were used to evaluate conventional insecticides and entomogenous nematodes against black vine weevil larave. Plants were repotted 12 Jul in 1-gal (3.8 liter) containers using two different media mixes. Medium # 1 contained three parts pine bark and one part peat moss (3:1). Dolomitic lime was added to the mix at 6 lb/cuyd. Medium #2 contained three parts pine bark, one part hardwood bark, and one part peat moss (3:1:1). The Dolomitic lime was added to the hardwood bark by the supplier prior to the mixing of the three components. Plants were fertigated with 100 ppm N, P, K (Peter’s 20-20-20) every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Beginning 1 Aug, water alone was applied via over-head irrigation. Black vine weevil eggs were collected from adults held at 22°C and 80%+ RH and a 16:8 LD. On 3 Aug, all containers received 60 brown eggs, placed 2.54 cm beneath the surface of the potting medium. An additional 69 brown eggs were added to each container 10 Aug, as before. Hatchability was 73 and 81 percent, respectively. Nematode treatments were applied 29 Oct when larval head-capsule width avg 1.7 mm and 20 Nov when head-capsule width avg 1.8 mm. A nematode stock suspension was made by placing 1 unit of BIOSYS (10,000,000 nemas) in 10 gal of water. Nemas were applied volumetrically in 473 ml of water to deliver pre-determined no. of nemas per pot. Nema stock suspensions were thoroughly stirred, and 1 liter of the solution was placed in a capped bottle. The bottle was shaken, a pre-determined vol containing a target no. of nematodes was poured into a graduated cylinder. These measured amt of suspension were placed in pt jars, and water was added to bring the vol to 473 ml. This finished suspension was added to each 1 gal pot. All finished suspensions were poured over the potting medium to achieve even distribution. Other insecticide treatments were applied 10 Sep or 29 Oct by mixing the pre-determined pot rate in 473 ml of water which was poured over the pot medium, as before. All plants were watered prior to and after application. Plants received 2.0 cm of over-head irrigation every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Effects of the first nematode treatment were evaluated 11 Dec. The second nematode treatments, along with the insecticide treatments, were evaluated 17 Dec, by removing the plant and medium from each container, counting the no. of larvae, and recording their condition. Some pupation was occurring when evaluations were made.