bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CS‐MINER: A Tool for Association Mining in Binding‐Database
Authors: Mani‐Varnosfaderani Ahmad , Valadkhani Abolfazl , Jalali‐Heravi Mehdi
Published: March 2015

This paper introduces the algorithms, implementation strategies, features, and applications of CS‐MINER, a tool for visualization and analysis of drug‐like chemical space. The CS‐MINER is the abstract abbreviation for Chemical Space Miner and correlates the medicinal target space and chemical space, in a systematic way. The database in this software consists of a large collection of drug‐like molecules. To prepare this database, a large number of molecules for 110 important biological targets were collected from Binding‐DB. A total of 1497 physicochemical properties were calculated for each molecule. The CS‐MINER uses the discriminant analysis techniques for tracing the collected data and finally separates the molecules based on their therapeutic targets and activities. The developed multivariate classifiers can be used for ligand‐based virtual screening of more than 0.5 million random molecules of PubChem and ZINC databases. In order to validate the models, selected subspaces in CS‐MINER were compared with DrugBank molecules. At the end of the analysis, the software provides an interactive environment for visualization of the selected chemical subspaces in the form of 2‐ and 3‐dimensional plots. In general, CS‐MINER is a tool for comparing the relative position of active biosimilar molecules in chemical space and is freely available at www.csminer.com.
The relationship between acculturation and infant feeding styles in a Latino population
Authors: Dancel Liz D. , Perrin Eliana , Yin Shonna H. , Sanders Lee , Delamater Alan , Perreira Krista M. , Bronaugh Andrea B. , Eden Svetlana , Shintani Ayumi , Rothman Russell L.
Published: March 2015

Objective

To assess the relationship between parental acculturation and infant feeding style in a sample of Latino parents.

Methods

A post hoc analysis was performed using data from an ongoing four‐site randomized controlled trial to promote early childhood obesity prevention. Cross‐sectional data of parent–child dyads at the 12‐month well‐child visit who self‐reported their Latino ethnicity were analyzed. The Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH) and a subset of the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire (IFSQ) that assessed four primary feeding styles were administered. SASH level (low vs. high) with each feeding style was compared by analyses.

Results

Complete SASH data were available for 398 of 431 Latino dyads. Median SASH score was 1.8 (IQR 1.4‐2.7); 82% of participants had low acculturation (score < 3). Of the nine outcome variables, four were significantly associated with SASH: “Laissez‐Faire/attention” (AOR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.06‐5.13; P = 0.004), “Laissez‐Faire/diet quality” (AOR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.7‐8.75; P = 0.005), “Pressuring as soothing” (AOR: 3.6; 95% CI:1.63‐8.05; P = 0.007), and “Restrictive/diet quality” (AOR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.19‐0.94; P = 0.031).

Conclusions

Latino parents with lower acculturation were more likely than those with higher acculturation to endorse feeding styles that are associated with child obesity. Further research is needed to determine why acculturation and feeding style relate.
THE POWER OF SOCIAL AND MOTIVATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST‐ANXIOUS ADOLESCENTS’ ACADEMIC SELF‐REGULATION
Authors: Raufelder Diana , Hoferichter Frances , Schneeweiss David , Wood Megan A.
Published: March 2015

Based on cognitive evaluation theory (CET) and organismic integration theory (OIT) – both sub‐theories of self‐determination theory (SDT) – the present study examined whether the academic self‐regulation of youth with test anxiety can be strengthened through social and motivational relationships with peers and teachers. This study employed a large sample (N = 1088; MAge = 13.7) of early adolescents from secondary schools in Brandenburg, Germany. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed associations. The results revealed a negative association between test anxiety and intrinsic motivation as well as test anxiety and identified regulation, which was fully mediated by teachers as positive motivators. Furthermore, both teachers as positive motivators as well as the teacher‐student relationship were found to be strong predictors of the self‐determined aspects of academic self‐regulation. Additionally, both peers as positive motivators and the student‐student relationship are essential for external self‐regulation.
Shotgun proteome analysis of Bordetella pertussis reveals a distinct influence of iron availability on the bacterial metabolism, virulence, and defense response
Authors: Alvarez Hayes Jimena , Lamberti Yanina , Surmann Kristin , Schmidt Frank , Völker Uwe , Rodriguez Maria Eugenia
Published: March 2015

One of the mechanisms involved in host immunity is the limitation of iron accessibility to pathogens, which in turn provokes the corresponding physiological adaptation of pathogens. This study reports a gel‐free nanoLC‐MS/MS‐based comparative proteome analysis of Bordetella pertussis grown under iron‐excess and iron‐depleted conditions. Out of the 926 proteins covered 98 displayed a shift in their abundance in response to low iron availability. Forty‐seven of them were found to be increased in level while 58 were found with decreased protein levels under iron starvation. In addition to proteins previously reported to be influenced by iron in B. pertussis, we observed changes in metabolic proteins involved in fatty acid utilization and poly‐hydroxybutyrate production. Additionally, many bacterial virulence factors regulated by the BvgAS two‐component system were found at decreased levels in response to iron limitation. These results, together with the increased production of proteins potentially involved in oxidative stress resistance, seem to indicate that iron starvation provokes changes in B. pertussis phenotype that might shape host–pathogen interaction.
Label‐free profiling of white adipose tissue of rats exhibiting high or low levels of intrinsic exercise capacity
Authors: Bowden‐Davies Kelly , Connolly Joanne , Burghardt Paul , Koch Lauren G. , Britton Steven L. , Burniston Jatin G.
Published: March 2015

Divergent selection has created rat phenotypes of high‐ and low‐capacity runners (HCR and LCR, respectively) that have differences in aerobic capacity and correlated traits such as adiposity. We analyzed visceral adipose tissue of HCR and LCR using label‐free high‐definition MS (elevated energy) profiling. The running capacity of HCR was ninefold greater than LCR. Proteome profiling encompassed 448 proteins and detected 30 significant (p <0.05; false discovery rate <10%, calculated using q‐values) differences. Approximately half of the proteins analyzed were of mitochondrial origin, but there were no significant differences in the abundance of proteins involved in aerobic metabolism. Instead, adipose tissue of LCR rats exhibited greater abundances of proteins associated with adipogenesis (e.g. cathepsin D), ER stress (e.g. 78 kDa glucose response protein), and inflammation (e.g. Ig gamma‐2B chain C region). Whereas the abundance antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase [Cu‐Zn] was greater in HCR tissue. Putative adipokines were also detected, in particular protein S100‐B, was 431% more abundant in LCR adipose tissue. These findings reveal low running capacity is associated with a pathological profile in visceral adipose tissue proteome despite no detectable differences in mitochondrial protein abundance.
How do disordered regions achieve comparable functions to structured domains?
Authors: Latysheva Natasha S. , Flock Tilman , Weatheritt Robert J. , Chavali Sreenivas , Babu M. Madan
Published: March 2015

The traditional structure to function paradigm conceives of a protein's function as emerging from its structure. In recent years, it has been established that unstructured, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in proteins are equally crucial elements for protein function, regulation and homeostasis. In this review, we provide a brief overview of how IDRs can perform similar functions to structured proteins, focusing especially on the formation of protein complexes and assemblies and the mediation of regulated conformational changes. In addition to highlighting instances of such functional equivalence, we explain how differences in the biological and physicochemical properties of IDRs allow them to expand the functional and regulatory repertoire of proteins. We also discuss studies that provide insights into how mutations within functional regions of IDRs can lead to human diseases.
Safranal of Crocus sativus L. Inhibits Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Attenuates Asthma in a Mouse Model of Asthma
Authors: Bukhari Syed Imran , Pattnaik Bijay , Rayees Sheikh , Kaul Sanjana , Dhar Manoj K.
Published: March 2015

The present study involves evaluation of antioxidant potential of Crocus sativus and its main constituents, safranal (SFN) and crocin (CRO), in bronchial epithelial cells, followed antiinflammatory potential of the active constituent safranal, in a murine model of asthma. To investigate the antioxidizing potential of Crocus sativus and its main constituents in bronchial epithelial cells, the stress was induced in these cells by a combination of different cytokines that resulted in an increase in nitric oxide production (NO), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, peroxynitrite ion generation, and cytochrome c release. Treatment with saffron and its constituents safranal and crocin resulted in a decrease of NO, iNOS levels, peroxynitrite ion generation, and prevented cytochrome c release. However, safranal significantly reduced oxidative stress in bronchial epithelial cells via iNOS reduction besides preventing apoptosis in these cells. In the murine model of asthma study, antiinflammatory role of safranal was characterized by increased airway hyper‐responsiveness, airway cellular infiltration, and epithelial cell injury. Safranal pretreatment to these allergically inflamed mice lead to a significant decrease in airway hyper‐responsiveness and airway cellular infiltration to the lungs. It also reduced iNOS production, bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis, and Th2 type cytokine production in the lungs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal and diurnal water vapour distribution in the Sahelian area from microwave radiometric profiling observations
Authors: Louf Valentin , Pujol Olivier , Sauvageot Henri , Riédi Jérôme
Published: March 2015

This article deals with the tropospheric water vapour distribution at Niamey (Niger) observed with a high‐temporal‐resolution (14 s) microwave radiometric profiler. Data were collected during the whole year 2006 in the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campain. Two seasonal periods are considered: the dry season, when the northeasterly Harmattan is flowing at low tropospheric level, and the wet season, associated with the southwesterly monsoon circulation. The fine vertical structure of temperature, convective air stability and water vapour for each seasonal period is described in detail and differences are emphasized. Typical temporal series and monthly averaged diurnal cycles are presented. It is shown that a diurnal cycle of water vapour is present throughout the year, including the dry season. The diurnal cycle of water vapour is controlled mainly by the nocturnal low‐level jet (NLLJ). During the dry season, the diurnal cycle of water vapour is organized into two layers: a lower layer (LL) from the surface up to 0.6–1.4 km above ground level (agl) and an upper layer (UL) from 1.4 up to 5–6 km agl. The water vapour distributions in the LL and UL are anticorrelated, with a half‐day temporal shift. As a result, the vertically integrated water vapour (IWV), which displays a quasi‐sinusoidal diurnal cycle when computed separately for the LL and UL, appears almost flat for the total tropospheric height, due to the half‐day period shift. This structure of two layers is not observed during the wet season. Probability density functions (pdfs) of water vapour content are presented. In dry conditions, the pdfs are well fitted by a log‐normal distribution, while the Weibull distribution fits the pdfs for wet conditions better.
Corrosion inhibition by benzotriazole derivatives and sodium dodecyl sulphate as corrosion inhibitors for copper in ground water at different temperatures
Authors: Gopi D. , Sherif El‐Sayed M. , Surendiran M. , Angeline Sakila D. M. , Kavitha L.
Published: March 2015

1‐(2‐Pyrrole carbonyl) benzotriazole (PBTA) and 1‐(2‐thienyl carbonyl)‐benzotriazole (TBTA) were synthesized. Different concentrations of PBTA, TBTA, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and molybdate (Mo) were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for copper in ground water medium at different temperatures. The obtained results were compared with the effect of benzotriazole (BTA) on the inhibition of copper corrosion at the same condition. The study was performed using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electron microscopy investigations. A good inhibition is ensured at elevated temperatures. All measurements indicated that PBTA, TBTA, and BTA act as good corrosion inhibitors and their inhibition efficiency (IE%) increased with combining them with optimum concentration of SDS and Mo. Furthermore, the best performance was recorded for the compound PBTA + SDS + Mo, which was found to offer increased IE% in a synergistic manner, thereby acting as a good corrosion inhibitor for copper in ground water medium. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The colonial hydropolitics of infrastructure in the Middle Rio Grande Valley
Authors: Markwell Sam
Published: March 2015

While the 2010 United Nations Resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation is an important development, it is not adequate to protecting the range of claims to a human right to water made by rural agricultural communities and Indigenous peoples. To better grasp what is at stake in establishing universal human rights to water, it is important to understand the different infrastructures and institutions through which Indigenous and rural political and ethical communities distribute water. Colonial hydropolitics play a significant role in displacing and obscuring Indigenous alternatives to dominant colonial state concepts of water rights and urban water distribution infrastructures. The Middle Rio Grande Valley provides a site through which we can understand the processes of colonial hydropolitics and the potential of Indigenous alternatives. Research on different histories, geographies, and anthropologies of infrastructures and institutions of water distribution can allow us to better understand the ways colonial hydropolitics have given rise to contemporary problems of water distribution, which in turn can enable a more robust idea of what shapes a universal right to water can take. WIREs Water 2015, 2:425–431. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1077

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Rights to Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Optimization of resonance‐type fatigue testing for a full‐scale wind turbine blade
Authors: Lee Hak Gu , Park Ji‐sang
Published: March 2015

Fatigue testing of a 48.3 m wind turbine blade needs to utilize the blade's oscillation range of 8.4 m along the flapwise direction for one million cycles. Control of such a remarkable oscillation range makes flapwise fatigue testing difficult and requires a large supply of energy. This study minimized the actuating force required for flapwise fatigue testing using an on‐board‐type resonance exciter with constant amplitude. Constraints related to the exciter's stroke and capacity and the maximum error between target loads and test loads were also considered. Based on a new algorithm suggested in this study, first, we found test setup candidates minimizing the maximum error under a given testing frequency and then found more candidates having slightly larger maximum errors as the exciter's location moved toward the blade's tip. Next, using damping ratio equations for the test blade, a required actuating force of the exciter at each test setup candidate was calculated. Considering the exciter's capacity, we found an optimum test setup that requires a minimum actuating force in the vicinity of the minimum of the maximum error between target loads and test loads. To conclude, the approach suggested in this study was able to conclusively achieve the required fatigue testing of the test blade, avoiding the adverse increase of fatigue testing time possible to happen due to a required actuating force larger than the exciter's capacity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of sustainable energy utility and energy service utility concepts and applications: realizing ecological and social sustainability with a community utility
Authors: Byrne John , Taminiau Job
Published: March 2015

Strategies that guided development throughout the 20th century relied heavily on economic optimality as a chief guiding principle in the design of energy, technology, markets, and policy. A review of the record of performance of this decision‐making process is followed by a review of proposals to redefine energy progress on sustainability principles. An emerging 21st sustainability paradigm is described which relies on commons‐based economics and long‐term ecological viability. An existing operational expression of the new paradigm—the Sustainable Energy Utility (SEU)—is analyzed as a practical means to arrive at the New Economics and New Policy which might guide the sector. It is compared to the Energy Service Utility and its applications in order to gauge the transformative potential of the SEU. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:136–154. doi: 10.1002/wene.171

This article is categorized under:

Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy

Energy and Development > Economics and Policy

Energy and Development > Systems and Infrastructure
Cracking the Dumbbell – from (NO)4[Pt2(SO4)5] to (NO)2[Pt(S2O7)3] by Oxidation with SO3
Authors: Bruns Jörn , Niehaus Oliver , Pöttgen Rainer , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: March 2015

The reaction of elemental platinum, oleum (65 % SO3), and fuming nitric acid in sealed glass ampoules at 350 °C yielded orange single crystals of (NO)4[Pt2(SO4)5] [triclinic, P$\bar{1}$, Z = 4, a = 977.41(3) pm, b = 1318.37(4) pm, c = 1511.47(5) pm, α = 105.218(1)°, β = 95.042(1)°, γ = 102.293(1)°, V = 1814.80(1)·106 pm3]. The crystal structure contains dumbbell shaped [Pt2] moieties surrounded by four chelating sulfate anions, forming the so‐called paddlewheel motif. The paddlewheels are connected via two terminal monodentate sulfate anions to infinite anionic chains. Charge compensation is achieved by nitrosylium cations. The reaction of (NO)4[Pt2(SO4)5] with neat SO3 in sealed glass ampoules at 120 °C yielded yellow single crystals of the tris‐(disulfato)‐platinate(IV) (NO)2[Pt(S2O7)3] [triclinic, P$\bar{1}$, Z = 2, a = 893.20(4) pm, b = 1093.25(4) pm, c = 1098.63(4) pm, α = 62.329(2)°, β = 69.107(2)°, γ = 69.654(2)°, V = 865.88(6)·106 pm3]. In the structure of (NO)2[Pt(S2O7)3] the platinum atoms are coordinated by three bidentate chelating disulfate anions forming an octahedral coordination sphere of oxygen atoms around the platinum atom. Charge compensation is achieved by nitrosylium cations. The thermal behavior of both compounds was monitored by TG/DSC measurements. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on (NO)2[Pt(S2O7)3] revealed diamagnetism, proving the electronic d6 low‐spin configuration of the Pt4+ ion.
Neighborhood and Housing Disorder, Parenting, and Youth Adjustment in Low‐Income Urban Families
Authors: Jocson Rosanne M. , McLoyd Vonnie C.
Published: March 2015

Using two waves of data, this study examined relations among neighborhood and housing disorder, parents’ psychological distress, parenting behaviors, and subsequent youth adjustment in a low‐income, multiethnic sample of families with children aged 6–16. Results supported the hypothesized indirect relation between disorder and youth outcomes via parenting processes. Higher levels of neighborhood and housing disorder were associated with higher levels of parents’ psychological distress, which was in turn related to more frequent use of harsh and inconsistent discipline strategies and lower parental warmth. More frequent use of harsh and inconsistent discipline was associated with higher levels of youth internalizing and externalizing behaviors 3 years later. Housing disorder contributed more strongly to parents’ psychological distress than neighborhood disorder, whereas neighborhood disorder contributed more strongly to youth externalizing behaviors compared to housing disorder. Multiple‐group analyses showed that the patterns of relations were similar for younger and older children, and for girls and boys.
Mapping QTLs Controlling Beneficial Fatty Acids Based on the Embryo and Maternal Plant Genomes in Brassica napus L.
Authors: Wen Juan , Xu Jianfeng , Long Yan , Xu Haiming , Wu Jianguo , Meng Jinling , Shi Chunhai
Published: March 2015

This study was mainly carried out to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) located simultaneously in embryo and maternal plant nuclear genomes for beneficial fatty acid contents of rapeseed under different environments by using a mapping model and mapping populations from a cross of ‘Tapidor’ × ‘Ningyou7.’ Eight, three, six, seven and three QTLs respectively for palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and eicosenoic acid contents were identified and subsequently mapped on chromosomes A1, A3, A4, A6, A8, A9, C1, C3, C5, C7, C8 and C9. Among them, 12 QTLs were major ones that could respectively explain more than 10 % of phenotypic variation. Two specific genomic regions on A8 and C3 were associated with several QTLs relating to multiple fatty acid contents. Some of the markers such as HBr015 and JICB0633 showed tight linkage with the QTLs, which could be used for improving the fatty acid component(s) of rapeseed.
An evaluation of a group-based motivational intervention for substance misusers in an Irish forensic setting
Authors: Harper S. , O’Rourke A.
Published: March 2015

Objective

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a 12-session group-based motivational intervention for substance misusers in a prison setting. The intervention aimed to increase both participants awareness of problem substance use and motivation to change their substance use behaviour.

Method

Participants were recruited for the intervention through active outreach in the prison. Participants of the intervention group completed a structured interview before the group commencing and standardised pre- and post-outcome measures. The results of the intervention group (n=31) were compared with a waiting list control group (n=11).

Results

Non-parametric analysis showed retention rates on this programme at 2, 4 and 6 weeks were 88%, 79% and 76%, respectively. Outcome data were consistent with the predicted direction for the treatment group compared with the wait-list control with significant between-group differences found on ambivalence and taking steps scores.

Conclusion

This group-based intervention demonstrated positive levels of client engagement and retention. The intervention was also successful in reducing participant ambivalence about their drug use. Implications for service provision are discussed and design limitations of the present study are considered. Overall, findings indicate the potential utility of a group-based motivational intervention for substance misusers in forensic settings.
The time evolution of the maximal horizontal surface fluid velocity for an irrotational wave approaching breaking
Authors: Constantin A.
Published: March 2015

We derive an equation that relates the evolution in time of the maximum of the horizontal fluid velocity at the surface of an irrotational deep-water plunging or spilling breaker to the first component of the pressure gradient at the surface. The approach applies to overhanging wave profiles, up to breaking time.
Dynamics of sessile drops. Part 2. Experiment
Authors: Chang Chun-Ti , Bostwick J. B. , Daniel Susan , Steen P. H.
Published: March 2015

High-speed images of driven sessile water drops recorded under frequency scans are analysed for resonance peaks, resonance bands and hysteresis of characteristic modes. Visual mode recognition using back-lit surface distortion enables modes to be associated with frequencies, aided by the identifications in Part 1 (Bostwick & Steen, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 760, 2014, pp. 5–38). Part 1 is a linear stability analysis that predicts how inviscid drop spectra depend on base state geometry. Theoretically, the base states are spherical caps characterized by their ‘flatness’ or fraction of the full sphere. Experimentally, quiescent shapes are controlled by pinning the drop at a circular contact line on the flat substrate and varying the drop volume. The response frequencies of the resonating drop are compared with Part 1 predictions. Agreement with theory is generally good but does deteriorate for flatter drops and higher modes. The measured frequency bands agree better with an extended model, introduced here, that accounts for forcing and weak viscous effects using viscous potential flow. As the flatness varies, regions are predicted where modal frequencies cross and where the spectra crowd. Frequency crossings and spectral crowding favour interaction of modes. Modal interactions of two kinds are documented, called ‘mixing’ and ‘competing’. Mixed modes are two pure modes superposed with little evidence of hysteresis. In contrast, modal competition involves hysteresis whereby one or the other mode disappears depending on the scan direction. Perhaps surprisingly, a linear inviscid irrotational theory provides a useful framework for understanding observations of forced sessile drop oscillations.
Gladius-bearing coleoids from the Upper Cretaceous Lebanese Lagerstätten: diversity, morphology, and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Jattiot Romain , Brayard Arnaud , Fara Emmanuel , Charbonnier Sylvain
Published: March 2015

Gladius-bearing coleoids are rare in the fossil record. For the Cretaceous period, these cephalopods are mainly recorded in a few Lagerstätten in Lebanon (Haqel, Hajoula, En Nammoura, and Sahel Aalma). Here, we study 16 specimens of gladius-bearing coleoids from these Upper Cretaceous Lebanese Lagerstätten to investigate their taxonomic diversity. Besides two species that were already reported (Dorateuthis syriacaandGlyphiteuthis libanotica), one new species is identified in the Cenomanian site of Hajoula:Rachiteuthis acutalin. sp., as well as another form ofGlyphiteuthisfrom En Nammoura. Several studied specimens exhibit well-preserved soft-part characters. Among them, we document for the first time two transverse rows of sessile suckers inD.syriacaand we confirm the absence of tentacles, as well as the presence of a crop in this species. This strongly supports the phylogenetic proximity ofD.syriacawith modern vampyropods rather than with modern decabrachians. In turn, the similarity in gladius morphology between this taxon and modern squids is regarded as convergent.
Soft-bodied biota from the middle Cambrian (Drumian) Rockslide Formation, Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada
Authors: Kimmig Julien , Pratt Brian R.
Published: March 2015

A new Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätte is described from the middle Cambrian (Series 3, Drumian) Rockslide Formation of the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. The Rockslide Formation is a unit of deeper water ramp to slope, mixed carbonate, and siliciclastic facies deposited on the northwestern margin of Laurentia. At the fossil-bearing locality, the unit onlaps a fault scarp cutting lower Cambrian sandstones. There it consists of a succession of shale and thick-laminated to thin-bedded lime mudstone, calcareous sandstone, and greenish-colored calcareous mudstone, overlain by shallower water dolostones of the Avalanche Formation, which is indicative of an overall progradational sequence. The Rockslide Formation is of similar age to the Wheeler and Marjum formations of Utah, belonging to theBolaspidellaBiozone. Only two 1 m thick units of greenish mudstone exhibit soft-bodied preservation, with most specimens coming from the lower interval. However, the biota is common but not as diverse as that of other Lagerstätten such as the Burgess Shale in its type area. The shelly fauna is dominated by the hyolithHaplophrentis carinatusMatthew, 1899 along with sparse linguliformean brachiopods, agnostoid arthropods, and ptychoparioid trilobites. The nonmineralized biota includes the macrophytic algaMargaretia dorusWalcott, 1911, priapulid worms, and the carapaces of a number of arthropods. The arthropods belong toIsoxys mackenziensisn. sp.,Tuzoiacf.T. guntheriRobison and Richards, 1981;Branchiocaris? sp.,Perspicaris?dilatusRobison and Richards, 1981; and bradoriids, along with fragments of arthropods of indeterminate affinities. The style of preservation indicates that most soft parts underwent complete biodegradation, leaving just the more resistant materials such as chitinous arthropod cuticles. The range of preservation and similarity to the coeval biotas preserved in Utah suggests that the composition of this Lagerstätte is probably representative of the community living on the relatively deep-water ramp or slope during middle Cambrian time in Laurentia. This would argue that the extraordinary diversity of the Burgess Shale at Mount Field is anomalous.
Shell ornamentation as a likely exaptation: evidence from predatory drilling on Cenozoic bivalves
Authors: Klompmaker Adiël A. , Kelley Patricia H.
Published: March 2015

Predation is an important process in modern oceans and in the evolutionary history of marine ecosystems. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that shelled prey modified their ornamentation in response to predation. However, bivalve ornamentation has also been argued to be important in maintaining a stable life position in the sediment and in burrowing. To test whether concentric ribs were effective against drilling by carnivorous gastropods, we examined drill hole position and completeness for four Cenozoic bivalve species that differ in rib strength (Astarte radiata,A. goldfussi,Lirophora glyptocyma, andL. latilirata). The percentage of drill holes located between the ribs increases with increasing rib strength, whereas the percentage of drill holes on top of ribs decreases. This result suggests that gastropods select the drill hole site more effectively as rib strength increases, thereby saving time and energy, and that natural selection favors gastropods that select drill hole sites between ribs. Because of this greater stereotypy, the percentage of drill holes that are incomplete is generally lower in strongly ribbed species. The proportion of drill holes located on top of ribs is greater for incomplete than complete holes, implying that ribs can be effective against predators, but only when selected as the drilling location. We show that ribs are most effective against drilling predation for bivalves with moderately sized ribs, between which gastropods have difficulty siting drill holes. Concentric ribs are unlikely to have evolved as an adaptation against drilling predation because concentric ribs evolved in the Paleozoic and were already common in the Mesozoic, whereas drilling frequency increased later, in the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene. Moreover, rib strength of North AmericanAstartedid not change through this time interval. Thus, the ribs considered here are a likely exaptation to drilling given their effectiveness at deterring drilling predation on bivalves with moderate ribs.
Cenozoic latitudinal response curves: individualistic changes in the latitudinal distributions of marine bivalves and gastropods
Authors: Zaffos Andrew A. , Miller Arnold I.
Published: March 2015

We use a Gaussian logistic regression model to characterize epoch-to-epoch and stage-tostage changes in the latitudinal response curves of Cenozoic marine bivalve and gastropod genera along the global latitudinal gradient, and analyze these changes to understand the mode and tempo of changes in latitudinal distribution. A ubiquitous ‘‘hollow curve’’ pattern is apparent, wherein smaller changes in response-curve parameters are much more common than larger changes. Curves are strikingly consistent in terms of the average level of change exhibited, despite the many unique environmental and biological changes documented between each of these intervals. This implies that the pace and magnitude of changes in the latitudinal distribution of marine mollusks are not controlled, in aggregate, by time-period-specific conditions. Additionally, we find no evidence for long-term migration from tropical to extratropical latitudes. Our results instead favor a model of either equatorward migration or no general trend. This likely reflects the tendency of genera to maintain their highest concentrations in the tropics even if their ranges become extended out of the tropics over time.
‘Putting names with faces’: a description ofEpiactis handisp. nov helps to resolve taxonomic confusion in species of the sea anemoneEpiactis(Actiniaria, Actiniidae)
Authors: Larson Paul G. , Daly Marymegan
Published: March 2015

We resolve taxonomic confusion regarding brooding sea anemones in the genusEpiactisVerrill 1869a in the North Pacific Ocean based on newly collected material from Hokkaido (Japan), Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada), and Kodiak and Adak Islands (Alaska, USA), and museum specimens collected from the Kurile Islands (Russia), Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon (USA), and California (USA). We find that the internally brooding individuals identified by Hand & Dunn (1974) asCnidopus ritteri(Torrey, 1902) and placed in the genusEpiactisby Fautin & Chia (1986) belong to a new species which we describe and nameEpiactis handisp. nov.Epiactis handiandE. ritterican be differentiated by morphological and behavioural features including ornamentation and structure of the column and mode of brooding offspring. To highlight and clarify these differences, we redescribeE. ritteribased on specimens from Alaska. We provide the first account of external brooding inE. ritteri, which necessitates a clarification of the differences betweenE. ritteriand another externally brooding species from the North Pacific,E. japonicaVerrill, 1869b.Epiactis ritteriandE. japonicadiffer in sex allocation, ornamentation of the column and details of external brooding: members ofE. ritteriare gonochoric with a smooth column and brood groove which tightly closes, whereas those ofE. japonicaare hermaphroditic and have mid-column spherules.
Prefrontal hypoactivation during working memory in bipolar II depression
Authors: Brooks J. O. , Vizueta N. , Penfold C. , Townsend J. D. , Bookheimer S. Y. , Altshuler L. L.
Published: March 2015

Background.

Patterns of abnormal neural activation have been observed during working memory tasks in bipolar I depression, yet the neural changes associated with bipolar II depression have yet to be explored.

Method.

An n-back working memory task was administered during a 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging scan in age- and gender-matched groups of 19 unmedicated, bipolar II depressed subjects and 19 healthy comparison subjects. Whole-brain and region-of-interest analyses were performed to determine regions of differential activation across memory-load conditions (0-, 1- and 2-back).

Results.

Accuracy for all subjects decreased with higher memory load, but there was no significant group × memory load interaction. Random-effects analyses of memory load indicated that subjects with bipolar II depression exhibited significantly less activation than healthy subjects in left hemispheric regions of the middle frontal gyrus [Brodmann area (BA) 11], superior frontal gyrus (BA 10), inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), middle temporal gyrus (BA 39) and bilateral occipital regions. There was no evidence of differential activation related to increasing memory load in the dorsolateral prefrontal or anterior cingulate cortex.

Conclusions.

Bipolar II depression is associated with hypoactivation of the left medio-frontal and parietal cortex during working memory performance. Our findings suggest that bipolar II depression is associated with disruption of the fronto-parietal circuit that is engaged in working memory tasks, which is a finding reported across bipolar subtypes and mood states.
Resident-to-Resident Abuse: A Scoping Review
Authors: McDonald Lynn , Sheppard Christine , Hitzig Sander L. , Spalter Tal , Mathur Avantika , Mukhi Jason Singh
Published: March 2015

L'abus de résidents par d'autres résidents parmi de foyers de soins de longue durée (SLD) implique l'agressivité et la violence et peut avoir des conséquences graves pour tous les deux, agresseurs et victimes. Jusqu'à présent, il n'y a eu aucune tentative d'évaluer systématiquement la portée de ce problème au Canada. Pour combler cette lacune, nous avons entrepris une étude de délimitation de l'étendue pour améliorer la compréhension de l'abus chez les résidents des foyers de SLD. Nous présentons aussi un ensemble redigé de données canadiennes sur l'abus chez les résidents. On a cherché neuf bases de données bibliographiques électroniques; un total de 784 résumés a été trouvés, mais seulement 32 ont satisfait les critères d'inclusion. La majorité des documents (75 pour cent) étaient des études de cas rétro-perspectives, des études qualitatives et critiques/commentaires. Parmi eux, seuls 14 se consacrent exclusivement à l'abus parmi les résidents. L'ensemble redigé de données canadiennes suggère que l'abus des résidents par d'autres résidents représente environ un tiers des cas d'abus signalés. Afin de faire connaître cette phénomène et d'aider à diminuer son incidence, des recommandations pour la recherche future, la pratique clinique et la politique sont fournis.
Bilingual advantage in executive control when task demands are considered
Authors: QU LI , LOW JOEL JIA WEI , ZHANG TING , LI HONG , ZELAZO PHILIP DAVID
Published: March 2015

To examine how task demands influence bilingual advantage in executive control over monolinguals, we tested 32 Chinese monolinguals and 32 Chinese–English bilinguals with four versions of a color-shape switching task. During switching trials, the task required participants to suppress one set of conflicting (or non-conflicting) responses and simultaneously to activate another set of conflicting (or non-conflicting) responses. The results showed that compared to monolinguals, (i) when suppressing conflicting responses or (ii) activating non-conflicting responses, bilinguals had significantly smaller switching costs though similar mixing costs; (iii) when suppressing one set of conflicting responses and simultaneously activating another set of conflicting responses, bilinguals had significantly smaller switching costs though larger mixing costs; and (iv) when suppressing one set of non-conflicting responses and simultaneously activating another set of non-conflicting responses, bilinguals had similar switching costs and mixing costs. These findings indicate that task demands affect bilingual advantage in executive control.
Do you hear itnow? A native advantage for sarcasm processing
Authors: PETERS SARA , WILSON KATHRYN , BOITEAU TIMOTHY W. , GELORMINI-LEZAMA CARLOS , ALMOR AMIT
Published: March 2015

Context and prosody are the main cues native-English speakers rely on to detect and interpret sarcastic irony within spoken discourse. The importance of each type of cue for detecting sarcasm has not been fully investigated in native speakers and has not been examined at all in adult English learners. Here, we compare the extent to which native-English speakers and Arabic-speaking English learners rely on contextual and prosodic cues to identify sarcasm in spoken English, situating these findings within current cross-linguistic effects literature. We show Arabic speakers utilize the cues to a different extent than native speakers: they tend not to utilize prosodic information, focusing on contextual semantic information. These results help clarify the relative weight of contextual and prosodic cues in native-English speakers and support theories that suggest that prosody and emotion could transfer separately in second language learning such that one could transfer while the other does not.
Team-based clinical simulation in radiation medicine: value to attitudes and perceptions of interprofessional collaboration
Authors: Gillan Caitlin , Giuliani Meredith , Wong Olive , Harnett Nicole , Milne Emily , Moseley Douglas , Thompson Robert , Catton Pamela , Bissonnette Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Simulation has been effective for changing attitudes towards team-based competencies in many areas, but its role in teaching interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in radiation medicine (RM) is unknown. This study reports on feasibility and IPC outcomes of a team-based simulation event; ‘Radiation Medicine Simulation in Learning Interprofessional Collaborative Experience’ (RM SLICE).

Methods

Radiation therapy (RTT), medical physics (MP) and radiation oncology (RO) trainees in a single academic department were eligible. Scheduled closure of a modern RM clinic allowed rotation of five high-fidelity cases in three 105-minute timeslots. A pre/post-survey design evaluated learner satisfaction and interprofessional perceptions. Scales included the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS), UWE Entry Level Interprofessional Questionnaire (UWEIQ), Trainee Test of Team Dynamics and Collaborative Behaviours Scale (CBS).

Results

Twenty-one trainees participated; six ROs (28·57%), six MPs (28·57%) and nine RTTs (42·86%). All cases were conducted, resolved and debriefed within the allotted time. Twenty-one complete sets (100%) of evaluations were returned. Participants reported limited interaction with other professional groups before RM SLICE. Perceptions of team functioning and value of team interaction in ‘establishing or improving the care plan’ were high for all cases, averaging 8·1/10 and 8·9/10. Average CBS scores were 70·4, 71·9 and 69·5, for the three cases, scores increasing between the first and second case for 13/21 (61·9%) participants. RIPLS and UWEIQ scores reflected positive perceptions both pre- and post-event, averaging 83·5 and 85·2 (RIPLS) and 60·6 and 55·7 (UWEIQ), respectively. For all professions for both scales, the average change in score reflected improved IP perceptions, with agreement between scales for 15/20 (75·0%) participants. Overall, perception of IPC averaged 9·14/10, as did the importance of holding such an event annually.

Conclusions

Team-based simulation is feasible in RM and appears to facilitate interprofessional competency-building in high-acuity clinical situations, reflecting positive perceptions of IPC.
A discrete population of IFN λ‐expressing BDCA3hi dendritic cells is present in human thymus
Authors: Martínez Víctor G , Canseco Noelia M , Hidalgo Laura , Valencia Jaris , Entrena Ana , Fernández‐Sevilla Lidia M , Hernández‐López Carmen , Sacedón Rosa , Vicente Angeles , Varas Alberto
Published: March 2015

Human thymus contains two major subpopulations of dendritic cells (DCs), conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which are mainly involved in central tolerance and also in protecting the thymus against infections. In blood and peripheral organs cDCs include the subpopulation of BDCA3hi DCs, considered as equivalents to mouse CD8α+ DCs. In this study we describe in human thymus the presence of a discrete population of BDCA3hi DCs that, like their peripheral counterparts, express CD13, low‐intermediate levels of CD11c, CLEC9A, high levels of XCR1, IRF8 and TLR3, and mostly lack the expression of CD11b, CD14 and TLR7. Thymic BDCA3hi DCs display immature features with a low expression of costimulatory molecules and HLA‐DR, and a low allostimulatory capacity. Also, BDCA3hi DCs exhibit a strong response to TLR3 stimulation, producing high levels of interferon (IFN)‐λ1 and CXCL10, which indicates that, similarly to thymic pDCs, BDCA3hi DCs can have an important role in thymus protection against viral infections.
The activin A antagonist follistatin inhibits cystic fibrosis‐like lung inflammation and pathology
Authors: Hardy Charles L , King Susannah J , Mifsud Nicole A , Hedger Mark P , Phillips David J , Mackay Fabienne , de Kretser David M , Wilson John W , Rolland Jennifer M , O'Hehir Robyn E
Published: March 2015

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life‐limiting genetically acquired respiratory disorder. Patients with CF have thick mucus obstructing the airways leading to recurrent infections, bronchiectasis and neutrophilic airway inflammation culminating in deteriorating lung function. Current management targets airway infection and mucus clearance, but despite recent advances in care, life expectancy is still only 40 years. We investigated whether activin A is elevated in CF lung disease and whether inhibiting activin A with its natural antagonist follistatin retards lung disease progression. We measured serum activin A levels, lung function and nutritional status in CF patients. We studied the effect of activin A on CF lung pathogenesis by treating newborn CF transgenic mice (β‐ENaC) intranasally with the natural activin A antagonist follistatin. Activin A levels were elevated in the serum of adult CF patients, and correlated inversely with lung function and body mass index. Follistatin treatment of newborn β‐ENaC mice, noted for respiratory pathology mimicking human CF, decreased the airway activin A levels and key features of CF lung disease including mucus hypersecretion, airway neutrophilia and levels of mediators that regulate inflammation and chemotaxis. Follistatin treatment also increased body weight and survival of β‐ENaC mice, with no evidence of local or systemic toxicity. Our findings demonstrate that activin A levels are elevated in CF and provide proof‐of‐concept for the use of the activin A antagonist, follistatin, as a therapeutic in the long‐term management of lung disease in CF patients.
Higher diversity and abundance of denitrifying microorganisms in environments than considered previously
Authors: Wei Wei , Isobe Kazuo , Nishizawa Tomoyasu , Zhu Lin , Shiratori Yutaka , Ohte Nobuhito , Koba Keisuke , Otsuka Shigeto , Senoo Keishi
Published: March 2015

Denitrification is an important process in the global nitrogen cycle. The genes encoding NirK and NirS (nirK and nirS), which catalyze the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide, have been used as marker genes to study the ecological behavior of denitrifiers in environments. However, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers can only detect a limited range of the phylogenetically diverse nirK and nirS. Thus, we developed new PCR primers covering the diverse nirK and nirS. Clone library and qPCR analysis using the primers showed that nirK and nirS in terrestrial environments are more phylogenetically diverse and 2–6 times more abundant than those revealed with the conventional primers. RNA- and culture-based analyses using a cropland soil also suggested that microorganisms with previously unconsidered nirK or nirS are responsible for denitrification in the soil. PCR techniques still have a greater capacity for the deep analysis of target genes than PCR-independent methods including metagenome analysis, although efforts are needed to minimize the PCR biases. The methodology and the insights obtained here should allow us to achieve a more precise understanding of the ecological behavior of denitrifiers and facilitate more precise estimate of denitrification in environments.