bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Portrait
Authors: Annovi Gian Maria
Published: January 2019

Pasolini’s less well-studied paintings and drawings, particularly his self-portraits, are the subject of chapter Four. I provide new critical and theoretical perspectives on his visual work and follow its development in parallel with Pasolini’s other creative endeavors, interpreting them as one way of delineating an public authorial performance. I analyze Pasolini’s drawing as wounded self-portrait, that is the graphic manifestation of a torn self-image, produced by the violent clash with society. In Chapter Four, I also look at Pasolini’s relationship to abstract art, focusing on the parallels between his cinema and his experimentation with materials and forms in painting. Challenging the common notion of Pasolini’s hatred for modern art, I argue that in his portraits and self-portraits, he actually used abstraction to deform or disfigure the self, as a result of the pressure of history and society. Finally, in this chapter I consider some of Pasolini’s photographic portraits as a part of his authorial self-fashioning, and as a necessary component of his multimedia practice and his authorial performance during the last phase of his career.
Body
Authors: Annovi Gian Maria
Published: January 2019

The epilogue explores the idea of the author’s corporeal performance in Pasolini’s unfinished novel Petrolio. This book is an example of the metalinguistic interdisciplinary work that Pasolini was experimenting with in the last phase of his career. Through endless reworking and rewriting, Pasolini creates a close-knit web of intertextual and transtextual references. In particular, I examine the construction of what Pasolini describes as an “in the flesh” character-author. I also provide a performative reading of Dino Pedriali’s nude portraits of Pasolini, which were produced for Petrolio, but ultimately not included. In Pedriali’s photographs, Pasolini performs his authorship as a Barthesian erotic encounter with the reader, in which he fictitiously assumes a passive role, a queer position that perverts the conventional notion of the author as the powerful, male principle that controls the making of text. A different exposition of the author’s body to his audience is analyzed through Fabio Mauri performance piece entitled Intellettuale (Intellectual). In 1974, Mauri projected Pasolini’s Il Vangelo secondo Matteo (The Gospel according to Saint Matthew, 1964) directly onto the director’s body, who sat at the end of a dark hallway. By turning himself into a corporeal screen, Pasolini uses Mauri’s work to affirm the centrality of the author in our experience of his own work, revealing at the same time that his authorship is ultimately the result of a poetics of performance.
Global Trends in Income Inequality: Theory Versus Reality
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Venkat
Published: January 2019

We compare the predictions of our theory with empirical income data from a dozen different countries. We define a new measure of inequality, called the non-ideal inequality coefficient. We show that Norway is close to ideal inequality for the bottom 99% of the population while the U.S. is the most non-ideal at the other extreme. The other countries are in between these two. We find it remarkable that the Scandinavian societies have discovered the near-ideal share by themselves in practice without any prior knowledge of even its existence.
Natural Capital—Taken for Granted but Not Counted
Authors: Heal Geoffrey
Published: January 2019

Natural capital – the complex of objects and systems that constitutes the natural environment or the biosphere - plays a fundamental and irreplaceable role in human life, as stories as diverse as the evolution of Earth and its neighboring planets, or of Biosphere 2, clearly illustrate. In addition to being essential to humanity’s existence, it provides on a daily basis services of great but more quotidian importance, such as pollination, insurance against diseases, and drinking water. Yet many of these services go unnoticed and taken for granted, which is one reason why humanity permits the rampant destruction of natural capital, an asset class of great value.
Valuing Natural Capital
Authors: Heal Geoffrey
Published: January 2019

Can we place an economic value on natural capital, and if so, is this a useful exercise? We can value many aspects of natural capital, though this raises complex technical issues and also deep philosophical questions. In some cases natural capital is bought and sold on markets, so we can look to these for prices: in other cases we have to put in some detective work to track down a measure of value. The values that we find are large, consistent with the idea that natural capital is of great importance.
An Exploration of the Meaning of Transnationalization of Democracy, using the Example of the European Union
Authors: Habermas Jürgen
Published: January 2019

Our era is marked by a growing mismatch between a world society that is becoming increasingly interdependent at the systemic level and a world of states that remains fragmented. To meet the resulting need for governance beyond the bounds of the nation-state, a number of international treaty regimes have arisen. But these regimes escape proper democratic control. These developments put the question of transnational democracy on the agenda. In this chapter, Habermas argues that a suitably reformed European Union offers us a model for a federal transnational democracy that, by contrast with the United States, does not acquire the character of a state.
Human Rights, Sovereignty, and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: January 2019

In 2005 the General Assembly unanimously endorsed the Responsibility-to-Protect doctrine. This led to heated debates that suggest that principled commitments to human rights and sovereignty are on a collision course, so that we cannot have international enforcement of demanding human rights standards without simultaneously undermining the sovereign equality of states. To question this assumption, Lafont switches the focus of analysis from the context of military intervention to the global economic order. She shows how demanding international human rights standards can play an essential role in strengthening the sovereign equality of states within global institutions. On this basis, she offers an account of the international community’s responsibility to protect human rights that is more demanding than the currently acknowledged account and which avoids undermining the sovereignty of states.
Neoliberalism and the Economization of Rights
Authors: Brown Wendy
Published: January 2019

Together, the Marxist and Foucauldian perspectives capture dimensions of law’s role in de-regulating and empowering capital, and defanging or dismantling labor, consumer, welfare and other popular solidarities. Marx reminds us that, even in the heyday of Keynesianism, law never radically challenges or undermines capital—even as it may demand concessions from it—and Foucault reminds us that neoliberalism is not an extension of capitalism, or only a reprogramming of liberalism, but a fundamental remaking of both through law. Both of these perspectives are necessary for understanding neoliberalism today, but neither is sufficient. While they capture the way in which law serves as an instrument in the neoliberal transformation of society, they miss the way in which law itself is transformed by the neoliberal project. In this chapter, Brown seeks to make up this deficit by offering an account of the neoliberalization of legal reasoning, which she illustrates with an analysis of the US Supreme Court decision, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. Her aim is to show how, through a specific economization of the terms of the political in legal reasoning, liberal democratic constitutional law may contribute to the de-democratization of liberal democracies as well as more radical democratic imaginaries.
Adorno, Foucault, and the End of Progress
Authors: Allen Amy
Published: January 2019

Neither of the major contemporary theorists most closely associated with the legacy of the Frankfurt School, Jürgen Habermas or Axel Honneth, has made systematic reflection on the paradoxes and challenges produced by the waves of de-colonization that characterized the latter half of the twentieth century a central focus of his work in critical theory, nor has either theorist engaged seriously with the by now substantial body of literature in post-colonial theory or studies. In this paper, Allen argues that this silence is motivated by the particular role that ideas of historical progress, development, social evolution, and socio-cultural learning play in justifying and grounding the normative perspective of contemporary Frankfurt school critical theory.
Theses on the Concept of the Contemporary
Authors: Martin Theodore
Published: January 2019

This book is a study of contemporary literature and film. It is also a study of what it means to call things like literature and film “contemporary.” Perhaps your first thought is that this will be a book devoted to novels and movies of just the past five, ten, or fifteen years; that certainly sounds contemporary. Or perhaps your expectations are looser, and you assume that I will be talking about art and culture since roughly the 1980s. Or perhaps you take the long view and expect to read a broad study of cultural production after 1945. These all are reasonable assumptions. The more persuasive this book is, however, the less it will satisfy them. That’s because the aim of ...
Intimate Violence
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey S. , Wittenberg Jason
Published: January 2019

Why do pogroms occur in some localities and not in others? This book address that age-old question through an examination of a particularly brutal wave of violence that occurred across hundreds of predominantly Polish and Ukrainian communities in the aftermath of the June, 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union. Exploiting the collapse of state authority, some Poles and Ukrainians viciously attacked their Jewish neighbors. Against explanations that focus on antisemitism or alleged Jewish support for communism, Intimate Violence argues that pogroms were most likely to occur where Jews had sought national equality with Poles and Ukrainians prior to the outbreak of war. In these communities, where Jews challenged Poles’ and Ukrainians’ dreams of national dominance, local non-Jews were more likely to perpetrate violence and less likely to protect their Jewish neighbors. Intimate Violence is a novel social scientific explanation of ethnic violence and the Holocaust that combines statistical analysis of an original data set with archival research and case studies. It cuts through painful debates about relative victimhood that are driven more by metaphysical beliefs in Jewish culpability than empirical evidence of actual perpetrators and victims. In doing so it sheds new light on the roots of mass ethnic violence and the ways in which such gruesome acts might be avoided.
Introduction
Authors: Auslander Leora , Zahra Tara
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of material culture in the history of war. Across the centuries, people in flight from war or persecution have carried personal possessions with them, often with great difficulty. They and their descendants have gone to considerable lengths to preserve these objects, despite their everyday-ness, because of the value they accrued as they accompanied displaced people on their travels. These laboriously constructed objects record the resilience and ingenuity of displaced people deprived of the great majority of their possessions. Not only have individuals whose lives have been interrupted and displaced by war invested heavily in things, but so too have governments and armies. This book studies the displacement of people and things in times of war, in Europe and its former colonies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Effects of different training modalities on phosphate homeostasis and local vitamin D metabolism in rat bone
Authors: Buskermolen Joost , van der Meijden Karen , Furrer Regula , Mons Dirk-Jan , van Essen Huib W. , Heijboer Annemieke C. , Lips Paul , Jaspers Richard T. , Bravenboer Nathalie
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Mechanical loading may be an important factor in the regulation of bone derived hormones involved in phosphate homeostasis. This study investigated the effects of peak power and endurance training on expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27b1) in bone.

Methods

Thirty-eight rats were assigned to six weeks of training in four groups: peak power (PT), endurance (ET), PT followed by ET (PET) or no training (control). In cortical bone, FGF23 was quantified using immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression levels of proteins involved in phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis were quantified in cortical bone and kidney. C-terminal FGF23, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and phosphate concentrations were measured in plasma or serum.

Results

Neither FGF23 mRNA and protein expression levels in cortical bone nor FGF23 plasma concentrations differed between the groups. In cortical bone, mRNA expression levels of sclerostin (SOST), dental matrix protein 1 (DMP1), phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) were lower after PT compared to ET and PET. Expression levels of CYP27b1 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in tibial bone were decreased after PT compared to ET. In kidney, no differences between groups were observed for mRNA expression levels of CYP27b1, 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), VDR, NaPi-IIa cotransporter (NPT2a) and NaPi-IIc cotransporter (NPT2c). Serum PTH concentrations were higher after PT compared to controls.

Conclusion

After six weeks, none of the training modalities induced changes in FGF23 expression levels. However, PT might have caused changes in local phosphate regulation within bone compared to ET and PET. CYP27b1 and VDR expression in bone was reduced after PT compared to ET, suggesting high intensity peak power training in this rat model is associated with decreased vitamin D signalling in bone.
Job characteristics as risk factors for early retirement due to ill health: The Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2014)
Authors: Kang Mo-Yeol , Myong Jun-Pyo , Kim Hyoung-Ryoul
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To investigate work-related factors that contribute to early retirement due to ill health (ERIH) in middle-aged and elderly people in Korea.

Methods

Data were collected from a sample from the first through the fifth phases of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging which was conducted biennially from 2006 to 2014. ERIH was defined as the retirement of workers due to health problems before their scheduled or regular retirement age as reported in one of the follow-up surveys. Three broad subdomains of working conditions were examined: work arrangements, physical working conditions, and job satisfactions. Hazard ratios of ERIH were estimated by Cox regression.

Results

Females, older people, unskilled manual workers, and day laborers were more likely to experience ERIH. In adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, the risk for ERIH in male workers was significantly higher among those with the following conditions: high physical demands, awkward posture, dissatisfaction with the working environment, and no industrial compensation insurance or retirement benefits. However, no significant association was found among female participants.

Conclusions

Occupational class, physical working conditions, job satisfaction, and work arrangement were the potential risk factors for ERIH among male workers in Korea. Moreover, our results revealed gender differences in the risk for ERIH.
Social support at work and mental distress: A three-wave study of normal, reversed, and reciprocal relationships
Authors: Sconfienza Carolina , Lindfors Petra , Lantz Friedrich Annika , Sverke Magnus
Published: January 2019

Objectives

This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the causal relationships between social support at work and mental health in terms of mental distress. Despite assuming social support at work to be associated with less mental distress, reversed and reciprocal relationships were investigated as well.

Methods

Self-reports in questionnaires of social support and mental distress were collected longitudinally, with annual measurements over three consecutive years, among 301 office workers (57% women) in Sweden. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses.

Results

The reciprocal causation model was considered the best-fitting model. The results suggest that social support and mental distress influenced each other negatively, but with a delayed effect. Specifically, this involves Time 1 levels of social support being negatively associated with Time 2 levels of mental distress, while Time 2 levels of mental distress were negatively associated with Time 3 levels of support.

Conclusions

The findings partly align with the hypothesis that social support is related to lower levels of mental distress but also suggest that mental distress can reduce levels of social support. While the findings also suggest a mutual interrelation between social support and mental distress, this is not a consistent reciprocal causation. Rather, and due to the variation in reciprocity between time points, it appears to be a cyclical process, which needs further investigation.
The Ibr‐7 derivative of ibrutinib exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity against non‐small cell lung cancer cells via targeting of mTORC1/S6 signaling
Authors: Zhang Bo , Wang Linling , Zhang Qi , Yan Youyou , Jiang Hong , Hu Runlei , Zhou Xinglu , Liu Xingguo , Feng Jianguo , Lin Nengming
Published: January 2019

Ibrutinib is a small molecule drug that targets Bruton's tyrosine kinase in B‐cell malignancies and is highly efficient at killing mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, the anti‐cancer activity of ibrutinib against solid tumors, such as non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), remains low. To improve the cytotoxicity of ibrutinib towards lung cancer, we synthesized a series of ibrutinib derivatives, of which Ibr‐7 exhibited superior anti‐cancer activity to ibrutinib, especially against epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild‐type NSCLC cell lines. Ibr‐7 was observed to dramatically suppress the mammalian target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/S6 signaling pathway, which is only slightly affected by ibrutinib, thus accounting for the superior anti‐cancer activity of Ibr‐7 towards NSCLC. Ibr‐7 was shown to overcome the elevation of Mcl‐1 caused by ABT‐199 mono‐treatment, and thus exhibited a significant synergistic effect when combined with ABT‐199. In conclusion, we used a molecular substitution method to generate a novel ibrutinib derivative, termed Ibr‐7, which exhibits enhanced anti‐cancer activity against NSCLC cells as compared with the parental compound.
HHS considers weakening HIPAA
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2019

Last month, the federal Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a request for information (RFI) seeking changes in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), citing “regulatory burdens.” In the RFI, issued Dec. 12, HHS seeks input on how HIPAA could be changed to further the goal of “coordinated, value‐based healthcare.”
Analysis of Leukocyte Behaviors on Microfluidic Chips
Authors: Liu Yan , Yang Qingzhen , Cao Lei , Xu Feng
Published: January 2019

The orchestration of massive leukocytes in the immune system protects humans from invading pathogens and abnormal cells in the body. So far, researches focusing on leukocyte behaviors are performed based on both in vivo and in vitro models. The in vivo animal models are usually less controllable due to their extreme complexity and nonignorable species issue. Therefore, many researchers turn to in vitro models. With the advances in micro/nanofabrication, the microfluidic chip has emerged as a novel platform for model construction in multiple biomedical research fields. Specifically, the microfluidic chip is used to study leukocyte behaviors, due to its incomparable advantages in high throughput, precise control, and flexible integration. Moreover, the small size of the microstructures on the microfluidic chip can better mimic the native microenvironment of leukocytes, which contributes to a more reliable recapitulation. Herein are reviewed the recent advances in microfluidic chip–based leukocyte behavior analysis to provide an overview of this field. Detailed discussions are specifically focused on host defense against pathogens, immunodiagnosis, and immunotherapy studies on microfluidic chips. Finally, the current technical challenges are discussed, as well as possible innovations in this field to improve the related applications.
Tailoring Magnetoelectric Coupling in BiFeO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Heterostructure through the Interface Engineering
Authors: Yi Di , Yu Pu , Chen Yi‐Chun , Lee Hsin‐Hua , He Qing , Chu Ying‐Hao , Ramesh Ramamoorthy
Published: January 2019

Electric field control of magnetism ultimately opens up the possibility of reducing energy consumption of memory and logic devices. Electric control of magnetization and exchange bias are demonstrated in all‐oxide heterostructures of BiFeO3 (BFO) and La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO). However, the role of the polar heterointerface on magnetoelectric (ME) coupling is not fully explored. Here, the ME coupling in BFO/LSMO heterostructures with two types of interfaces, achieved by exploiting the interface engineering at the atomic scale, is investigated. It is shown that both magnetization and exchange bias are reversibly controlled by switching the ferroelectric polarization of BFO. Intriguingly, distinctly different modulation behaviors that depend on the interfacial atomic sequence are observed. These results provide new insights into the underlying physics of ME coupling in the model system. This study highlights that designing interface at the atomic scale is of general importance for functional spintronic devices.
Metabolizable Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for Second Near‐Infrared Photoacoustic Imaging
Authors: Jiang Yuyan , Upputuri Paul Kumar , Xie Chen , Zeng Ziling , Sharma Arunima , Zhen Xu , Li Jingchao , Huang Jiaguo , Pramanik Manojit , Pu Kanyi
Published: January 2019

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window (1000–1700 nm) holds great promise for deep‐tissue diagnosis due to the reduced light scattering and minimized tissue absorption; however, exploration of such a noninvasive imaging technique is greatly constrained by the lack of biodegradable NIR‐II absorbing agents. Herein, the first series of metabolizable NIR‐II PA agents are reported based on semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs). Such completely organic nanoagents consist of π‐conjugated yet oxidizable optical polymer as PA generator and hydrolyzable amphiphilic polymer as particle matrix to provide water solubility. The obtained SPNs are readily degraded by myeloperoxidase and lipase abundant in phagocytes, transforming from nonfluorescent nanoparticles (30 nm) into NIR fluorescent ultrasmall metabolites (≈1 nm). As such, these nanoagents can be effectively cleared out via both hepatobiliary and renal excretions after systematic administration, leaving no toxicity to living mice. Particularly these nanoagents possess high photothermal conversion efficiencies and emit bright PA signals at 1064 nm, enabling sensitive NIR‐II PA imaging of both subcutaneous tumor and deep brain vasculature through intact skull in living animals at a low systematic dosage. This study thus provides a generalized molecular design toward organic metabolizable semiconducting materials for biophotonic applications in NIR‐II window.
Perfection of Perovskite Grain Boundary Passivation by Eu‐Porphyrin Complex for Overall‐Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Feng Xiaoxia , Chen Ruihao , Nan Zi‐Ang , Lv Xudong , Meng Ruiqian , Cao Jing , Tang Yu
Published: January 2019

The formation of defects at surfaces and grain boundaries (GBs) during the fabrication of solution‐processed perovskite film are thought to be responsible for its instability. Herein, Eu‐porphyrin complex (Eu‐pyP) is directly doped into methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) precursor, perfectly fabricating 2D (Eu‐pyP)0.5MAn‐1PbnI3n+1 platelets inlaying the GBs of 3D polycrystalline interstices in this protocol. The device based on Eu‐pyP doped perovskite film possesses a champion efficiency of 18.2%. More importantly, the doped perovskite solar cells device shows beyond 85% retention of its pristine efficiency value, whereas the pure MAPbI3 device has a rapid drop in efficiency down to 10% within 100 h under 45% humidity at 85 °C in AM 1.5 G. The above acquired perovskite films reveal an unpredictable thermodynamic self‐healing ability. Consequently, the findings provide an avenue for defect passivation to synchronously improve resistibility to moisture, heat, and solar light including UV.
Robust Photodynamic Therapy Using 5‐ALA‐Incorporated Nanocomplexes Cures Metastatic Melanoma through Priming of CD4+CD8+ Double Positive T Cells
Authors: Li Zhi , Wang Cuifeng , Deng Huihui , Wu Jiamin , Huang Huan , Sun Ran , Zhang Hongbo , Xiong Xiaoxing , Feng Min
Published: January 2019

Advanced melanoma can rarely be cured. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) readily eradicates the primary melanoma but has limited ability to destroy the spreading tumor cells unless supported by other combinative interventions to augment systemic antitumor immunity. Based on the previously synthesized penetration‐enhancing biomaterials, a topically administered nanoformulation is developed, which profoundly assists 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) in circumventing skin barrier to be selectively delivered to tumor cells. After endocytosis, accumulated 5‐ALA is efficiently metabolized to a photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) which stimulates a large production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under illumination. Accompanied by the robust inflammatory responses followed by primary tumor destruction, CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells are highly boosted to harness host immunity to purge metastases in lymphoid organs. Compared with dacarbazine and programmed death 1 (PD‐1) antibody, this treatment in advanced melanoma murine models, achieves a striking curable rate of 90% without melanoma prognostic markers LDH and S‐100B detection, followed by a relapse‐free survival rate of 83.33% in 300 days. Moreover, the cured mice's immune system function recovers to an extent similar to healthy mice without prolonged or exaggerated inflammation. This study using the synergistic biomaterials approach may thus render 5‐ALA‐mediated PDT a potentially curative therapy for advanced melanoma in clinic.
Ultrahigh‐Capacity and Fire‐Resistant LiFePO4‐Based Composite Cathodes for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Heng , Peng Long , Wu Dabei , Wu Jin , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Hu Xianluo
Published: January 2019

The growing demand for advanced energy storage devices with high energy density and high safety has continuously driven the technical upgrades of cell architectures as well as electroactive materials. Designing thick electrodes with more electroactive materials is a promising strategy to improve the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) without alternating the underlying chemistry. However, the progress toward thick, high areal capacity electrodes is severely limited by the sluggish electronic/ionic transport and easy deformability of conventional electrodes. A self‐supported ultrahigh‐capacity and fire‐resistant LiFePO4 (UCFR‐LFP)‐based nanocomposite cathode is demonstrated here. Benefiting from the structural and chemical uniqueness, the UCFR‐LFP electrodes demonstrate exceptional improvements in electrochemical performance and mass loading of active materials, and thermal stability. Notably, an ultrathick UCFR‐LFP electrode (1.35 mm) with remarkably high mass loading of active materials (108 mg cm−2) and areal capacity (16.4 mAh cm−2) is successfully achieved. Moreover, the 1D inorganic binder‐like ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (HAP NWs) enable the UCFR‐LFP electrode with excellent thermal stability (structural integrity up to 1000 °C and electrochemical activity up to 750 °C), fire‐resistance, and wide‐temperature operability. Such a unique UCFR‐LFP electrode offers a promising solution for next‐generation LIBs with high energy density, high safety, and wide operating‐temperature window.
Highly Efficient Solar‐Driven Carbon Dioxide Reduction on Molybdenum Disulfide Catalyst Using Choline Chloride‐Based Electrolyte
Authors: Asadi Mohammad , Motevaselian Mohammad Hossein , Moradzadeh Alireza , Majidi Leily , Esmaeilirad Mohammadreza , Sun Tao Victor , Liu Cong , Bose Rumki , Abbasi Pedram , Zapol Peter , Khodadoust Amid P. , Curtiss Larry A. , Aluru Narayana R. , Salehi‐Khojin Amin
Published: January 2019

Conversion of CO2 to energy‐rich chemicals using renewable energy is of much interest to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. However, the current photoelectrochemical systems are still far from being practically feasible. Here the successful demonstration of a continuous, energy efficient, and scalable solar‐driven CO2 reduction process based on earth‐abundant molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) catalyst, which works in synergy with an inexpensive hybrid electrolyte of choline chloride (a common food additive for livestock) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) is reported. The CO2 saturated hybrid electrolyte utilized in this study also acts as a buffer solution (pH ≈ 7.6) to adjust pH during the reactions. This study reveals that this system can efficiently convert CO2 to CO with solar‐to‐fuel and catalytic conversion efficiencies of 23% and 83%, respectively. Using density functional theory calculations, a new reaction mechanism in which the water molecules near the MoS2 cathode act as proton donors to facilitate the CO2 reduction process by MoS2 catalyst is proposed. This demonstration of a continuous, cost‐effective, and energy efficient solar driven CO2 conversion process is a key step toward the industrialization of this technology.
Experimental investigation on multiscale hydrodynamics in a novel gas–Liquid–Solid three phase jet‐Loop reactor
Authors: Gao Yongxiang , Gao Xi , Hong Du , Cheng Youwei , Wang Lijun , Li Xi
Published: January 2019

Multiphase flow hydrodynamics in a novel gas–liquid–solid jet‐loop reactor (JLR) were experimentally investigated at the macroscales and mesoscales. The chord length distribution was measured by an optical fiber probe and transformed for bubble size distribution through the maximum entropy method. The impacts of key operating conditions (superficial gas and liquid velocity, solid loading) on hydrodynamics at different axial and radial locations were comprehensively investigated. JLR was found to have good solid suspension ability owing to the internal circulation of bubbles and liquid flow. The gas holdup, axial liquid velocity, and bubble velocity increase with gas velocity, while liquid velocity has little influence on them. Compared with the gas–liquid JLRs, solids decrease the gas holdup and liquid circulation, reduces the bubble velocity and delays the flow development due to the enhanced interaction between bubbles and particles (Stokes number >1). This work also provides a benchmark data for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model validation. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: e16537, 2019
The functional significance of dental and mandibular reduction inHomo: A catarrhine perspective
Authors: Veneziano Alessio , Irish Joel D. , Meloro Carlo , Stringer Chris , De Groote Isabelle
Published: January 2019

The reduction in dental size and mandibular robusticity is regarded as a major trend in human evolution, traditionally considered the result of the peculiar extra‐oral food processing skills ofHomo. The use of stone tools and fire would have allowed our ancestors to chew softer food in smaller bite size, thus relaxing the selective pressures to keep a large dentition and a robust lower jaw. This perspective assumes that differences in dental size and mandibular robusticity in hominins represent functional dissimilarities. This study uses a catarrhine comparative approach to test this fundamental assumption of the hypotheses on dental and mandibular reduction inHomo. A sample of extant catarrhines and fossil hominins was used to test for correlations between dental size, mandibular robusticity, and dietary proxies, the latter include diet quality, diet heterogeneity, feeding time, and microwear variables. The effects of phylogeny and body size were considered. Findings support the association between technological developments inHomoand reduction in incisor size and mandibular corpus robusticity, though not for premolar, molar size, and symphyseal robusticity. These results challenge the functional interpretation of postcanine reduction and symphyseal changes in the genusHomo.
Highly Active Cobalt‐Based Electrocatalysts with Facile Incorporation of Dopants for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Moon Gun‐hee , Yu Mingquan , Chan Candace K. , Tüysüz Harun
Published: January 2019

In situ formation of electroactive cobalt species for the oxygen evolution reaction is simply achieved by applying an anodic bias to a commercially available cobalt precursor and Nafion binder mixture coated on a glassy carbon electrode. This preparation does not require energy‐intensive materials preparation steps or noble metals, yet a low overpotential of 322 mV at 10.2 mA cm−2 and a high current density of more than 300 mA cm−2 at 1.7 VNHE were obtained in 1 m KOH. An operando electrochemical Raman spectroscopy study confirmed the formation of cobalt oxyhydroxide species and the iron stimulated the equilibrium state between Co3+ and Co4+. The iron present in the alkali electrolyte or ink solution effectively activated the cobalt species, and most of the first row transition metals could also enhance the catalytic performance. The concept presented here is one of the simplest strategies for preparing highly active electrocatalysts and is very flexible for the replacement of cobalt by other transition metals.
Enantioselective N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis that Exploits Imine Umpolung
Authors: Fernando Jared E. M. , Nakano Yuji , Zhang Changhe , Lupton David W.
Published: January 2019

The catalytic umpolung of imines remains an underdeveloped approach to reaction discovery. Herein we report an enantioselective aza‐Stetter reaction that proceeds via imine umpolung using N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis. The reaction proceeds with high levels of enantioselectivity (all ≥96:4 er) and good generality (21 examples). Mechanistic studies are reported and are consistent with turnover‐limiting addition of the NHC to the imine.
Enhancement of Photodynamic Cancer Therapy by Physical and Chemical Factors
Authors: Yang Mingying , Yang Tao , Mao Chuanbin
Published: January 2019

The viable use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer therapy has never been fully realized because of its undesirable effects on healthy tissues. Herein we summarize some physicochemical factors that can make PDT a more viable and effective option to provide future oncological patients with better‐quality treatment options. These physicochemical factors include light sources, photosensitizer (PS) carriers, microwaves, electric fields, magnetic fields, and ultrasound. This Review is meant to provide current information pertaining to PDT use, including a discussion of in vitro and in vivo studies. Emphasis is placed on the physicochemical factors and their potential benefits in overcoming the difficulty in transitioning PDT into the medical field. Many advanced techniques, such as employing X‐rays as a light source, using nanoparticle‐loaded stem cells and bacteriophage bio‐nanowires as a photosensitizer carrier, as well as integration with immunotherapy, are among the future directions.
No Fear of Perfluorinated Peroxides: Syntheses and Solid‐State Structures of Surprisingly Inert Perfluoroalkyl Peroxides
Authors: Nissen Jan H. , Stüker Tony , Drews Thomas , Steinhauer Simon , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian
Published: January 2019

We report on the solid‐state structures of bis(nonafluoro‐tert‐butyl) peroxide [(F3C)3CO]2and bis(undecafluoro‐2‐methyl‐2‐butyl) peroxide [(C2F5)(F3C)2CO]2. These peroxides were prepared from the corresponding hypofluorites and fluorinated silver wool. The solid‐state structures obtained after in situ crystallisation show unusual COOC dihedral angles of 180°, as well as elongated O−O bonds because of the bulky perfluorinated alkyl groups. The perfluorinated alkyl peroxides are insensitive to both impact (>40 J) and friction (>360 N), and resistant towards mineral acids (HX; X=F, Cl, Br) and elemental halogens (X2). Ferrocene is oxidized by [(F3C)3CO]2to [FeIIICp2][OC(CF3)3].
Synthesis and characterization of palladium amido complexes containing pincer CNO ligands through nitrene insertion
Authors: Wu Feifei , Wang Huanhong , Chen Wanzhi
Published: January 2019

Catellani reactions of aryl iodides allow the double functionalization at the ortho and ipso positions in one pot. Catellani reactions involving a nitrene intermediate are not yet known. In this paper, a few palladium amino complexes were prepared from PdCl2, anthranil and iodoarenes, and their structures were determined by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. These complexes are supported by a pincer C,N,O tridentate ligand forming fused six‐membered palladacycles. The high stability of the palladium complexes inhibits their reductive elimination.
Dynamic viscoelasticity and molecular orientation in uniaxially drawn PC/PET blends
Authors: Luo Fei , Liu Xianhu , Liu Chuntai , Ma Jianhui , Wang Xinli , Shen Changyu
Published: January 2019

The dependence of dynamic viscoelasticity on molecular orientation of the hot‐drawn polycarbonate (PC)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends was studied experimentally. The oriented states of samples were investigated by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and quantified by Hermans' factor. The viscoelasticity was probed by dynamic mechanical analysis. For the fitting curves of dynamic modulus versus orientation, the PC‐rich blends with different compositions had an opposite concavity and convexity compared with the neat PC. The difference revealed the influence of molecular mobility on orientation and viscoelasticity. The assumption on the phase morphological change from sea‐island to local sandwich‐like structure in blends was proposed and used to interpret the variation of slope of fitting curves. The relationship between orientation and viscoelasticity was observed in PC‐rich blends, which can help understand the mechanism of molecular orientation and develop the constitutive relations for simulation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47514.
Nanoparticles of 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethylacrylate‐based copolymers and their potential cytotoxic activity on human breast carcinoma cells
Authors: Valle Hernán , Palao‐Suay Raquel , Aguilar María Rosa , Román Julio San , Becerra José , Rivas Bernabé , Mangalaraja Ramalinga Viswanathan
Published: January 2019

In this article, an improved synthesis strategy of the potent anticancer compound 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethanol (QM) and its acrylate ester 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethylacrylate (AQM) are described. AQM is copolymerized using free‐radical polymerization with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP) and the copolymers obtained from different molar ratios of monomers are subjected to nanoprecipitation to produce suspensions of nanoparticles (NPs) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The smallest and stable NPs are prepared with the AQM‐VP copolymers 45:55 and 40:60 (118.9 and 128.7 nm in diameter, respectively) at 1 mg mL−1, and along with AQM and QM, are evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on MDA‐MB‐453 breast carcinoma cells using MTT bioassay. AQM and QM are highly cytotoxic (IC50: 19 and 41 μM, respectively); however, the NPs are not cytotoxic in the range of the assayed concentrations. These results contribute to the search for new polymeric NPs with potential application as QM delivery systems for the treatment of cancer or other diseases treatable with QM. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47545.
Genesis through Lacan: A shift in God's discourse toward therapeutic management
Authors: Schreiber Ephraim , Schreiber Gabriel , Avissar Sofia , Halperin Demian
Published: January 2019

We propose a reading of Genesis through Jacques Lacan: Acquiring language skills is seen as the passage from preverbal Real Order to Symbolic Order, interpreted in Genesis as the passage from Heaven to Knowledge of Death. Lacan's schemata of the four discourses enables the understanding of four key social phenomena: educating (University Discourse), governing (Master Discourse), protesting (Hysteric Discourse), and revolutionizing (Treatment Discourse). God monolog‐type discourse in Chapter 1 is similar to the University Discourse, representing a Mechanistic–Instrumental management mode, governed by the principle man = machine, a working tool, taken as an input for output production. God changes his mode of administrating in Chapters 2 and 3 to dialog‐type Treatment Discourse (Human Relations mode), enabling man to become a master of its own. We propose this reading of Genesis as an encouragement to use the Treatment Discourse as main management mode. We shall call it “therapeutic management.”
Cognitive and behavioral differences in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder from multiplex and simplex families
Authors: Dissanayake Cheryl , Searles James , Barbaro Josephine , Sadka Nancy , Lawson Lauren P.
Published: January 2019

Prospective, longitudinal designs utilizing “high‐risk” infant siblings of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD‐sibs) have provided unique and valuable insights regarding the early ASD phenotype. However, it remains unclear whether these cases are representative of all children with ASD. The objective in the present study was to investigate whether the early development of toddlers with ASD from multiplex (MPX) families, who have an affected older sibling, is similar or different to toddlers with ASD from simplex (SPX) families, where there is no affected sibling. A further aim was to examine patterns of association between autism symptom severity and cognitive functioning within each group to inform possible mechanisms for group similarities/differences. Behavioral and cognitive assessment data from a sample of toddlers with ASD was utilized, comprising 45 MPX, 127 first‐born SPX, and 72 later‐born SPX toddlers. Participants in the MPX group had significantly higher developmental quotients on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning compared to those in the SPX groups, who did not differ from each other. However, all three groups were similar on their autism severity scores (measured using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Autism Diagnostic Interview), and the pattern of relationships between cognitive ability and autism symptom severity. The results suggest that caution be exercised in generalizing findings from ASD‐sib samples to other samples of children with ASD. The higher cognitive abilities in the MPX group, in addition to biological differences, may also be an outcome of family environmental factors, which deserves further investigation. Autism Research 2019, 12: 682–693. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

We sought to establish whether toddlers with autism from families where there is more than one affected child, called multiplex families, are different to children from simplex families, where there is only one affected child, and no other members within the immediate family with an autism diagnosis. We found that while toddlers from multiplex families were similar to those from simplex families in their autism symptoms, they were more developmentally advanced than children in the latter group.
Incorporating aluminum species in MnOx(s) coatings on water filtration media
Authors: Jones Andrew , Murayama Mitsu , Knocke William R.
Published: January 2019

The manganese oxide (MnOx(s)) coatings often found on water treatment filtration media are known to effectively remove dissolved manganese from water, but little is known about the chemistry and the formation of these MnOx(s) coatings. This study evaluated the role of particulate aluminum (Al) species (specifically Al(OH)3(am)) as a source for aluminum found in these media coatings. Bench‐scale experiments and surface analysis techniques evaluated the aluminum and manganese content of the media coatings formed under varying conditions. Particulate aluminum species were shown to be a significant source of aluminum in the MnOx(s)‐based coatings on filter media. Likewise, aluminum incorporation into the media coating did not take place without soluble manganese and free chlorine concurrently being applied to the filter media. Analysis of the MnOx(s) coating by electron microscopy showed a heterogeneous surface composed of a mix of weakly crystalline manganese oxides existing alongside amorphous Al(OH)3(am) species.
Chlorine addition prior to granular activated carbon contactors improves trihalomethane control
Authors: Fischer Natalia , Ghosh Amlan , Talabi Binga , Seidel Chad , Westerhoff Paul
Published: January 2019

Optimizing granular activated carbon (GAC) operation can reduce costs for removing disinfection byproducts or their precursors. This article investigates prechlorination to enhance the removal of total trihalomethane (TTHM) precursors and reduce TTHM concentrations in finished water. Rapid small‐scale column tests (RSSCTs) and pilot tests using virgin and reactivated GAC were conducted on water with and without prechlorination. Prechlorination (1 or 2 mg Cl2/L) increased (by 15 and 30%, respectively) the number of bed volumes treated by GAC. On the basis of size exclusion chromatography, prechlorination followed by GAC preferentially removed low‐molecular‐weight dissolved organic carbon by GAC. Simulated distribution system (SDS) chlorination tests on GAC effluent showed lower TTHM concentrations with prechlorination. Prechlorination lowered the bromine incorporation factor values in GAC effluents after SDS tests, which suggests a reduction in toxicity potential from trihalomethanes. RSSCT results were validated by pilot testing, showing that RSSCTs can be used to optimize the prechlorination process.
A simple FRET system using two‐color CdTe quantum dots assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and its application to Hg(II) detection
Authors: Wang Jing , Song Fengjuan , Ai Yongling , Hu Shanwen , Huang Zhizhou , Zhong Wenying
Published: January 2019

In this study, we developed a novel simple fluorescence resonance‐energy transfer (FRET) system between two‐color CdTe quantum dots (QDs) assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Mercaptopropionic (MPA)‐capped CdTe QDs serving as both donors and acceptors were successfully synthesized by changing the refluxing time in aqueous solution. CTAB micelles formed in water and minimized the distance between the donors and acceptors significantly by electrostatic interactions, improving FRET efficiency. Several factors that affected the fluorescence spectra of the FRET system were investigated. The prepared FRET system was feasible as an effective fluorescent probe to detect Hg(II) in aqueous solution. At pH 7.0, a linear relationship between the quenched fluorescence intensity of orange‐emitting acceptors (QDs(A)) and Hg(II) concentration was acquired in the range 5–250 nmol/L with a detection limit of 1.95 nmol/L. The developed method showed excellent analytical performance for Hg(II) with high sensitivity and acceptable selectivity, reproducibility and stability. This finding indicated that the method has a promising potential application for environmental monitoring. This study demonstrated the great promise of QDs for expedient, low‐cost and high‐sensitivity detection of Hg(II).