bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny and systematic in the genus Brachycaudus (Homoptera: Aphididae): insights from a combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes
Authors: Coeur d’acier Armelle , Cocuzza Giuseppe , Jousselin Emmanuelle , Cavalieri Vincenzo , Barbagallo Sebastiano
Published: February 2008

Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Aphid genus Brachycaudus (Homoptera: Aphididae) were inferred from partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome B oxidase (CytB), two partial fragments of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and the internal transcribed spacer II (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA. Twenty‐nine species, with several specimens per species, were included, representing all the historically recognized species‐groups and subgenera used in the genus except the monospecific subgenus Mordvilkomemor. Results indicate that the genus Brachycaudus is a well‐supported monophyletic group. While our results validate the monophyly of subgenera Thuleaphis, Appelia and Brachycaudus s. str., they reveal two discrepancies in the classical taxonomy. First, the monotypic subgenus Nevskyaphis does not appear valid. Second, the traditionally defined Acaudus subgenus is not monophyletic. On the other hand, our phylogenetic trees corroborate Andreev's recent definition of Acaudus and Brachycaudina. However, they clearly show that the subgenera Prunaphis, Nevskyaphis and Scrophulaphis as defined by this author do not form monophyletic groups. Our results also highlight a highly supported clade that has not been discussed by previous authors; this clade could form a new subgenus, the subgenus Nevskyaphis. Finally, our study shows that molecular data and morphology meet the same limits in delimiting species groups and species themselves. Species groups in which taxonomic treatment is difficult are polytomous. Furthermore, except for one node clustering Brachycaudus s. str. and Appelia, intersubgeneric relationships remain poorly resolved even when several genes are added to the phylogenetic analysis. These results, together with previous studies in other aphid groups suggest that diversification might have been a rapid process in aphids.
Molecular phylogeny of rootworms and related galerucine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Gillespie Joseph J. , Tallamy Douglas W. , Riley Edward G. , Cognato Anthony I.
Published: February 2008

The Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) sensu stricto (true galerucines) comprise a large assemblage of diverse phytophagous beetles containing over 5000 described species. Together with their sister taxon, the flea beetles, which differ from true galerucines by having the hind femora usually modified for jumping, the Galerucinae sensu lato comprises over 13 000 described species and is the largest natural group within the Chrysomelidae. Unlike the flea beetles, for which robust hierarchical classification schemes have not been erected, an existing taxonomic structure exists for the true galerucines, based mostly on the works of the late John Wilcox. In the most recent taxonomic list of the Galerucinae sensu stricto, five tribes were established comprising 29 sections housing 488 genera. The majority of the diversity within these tribes is found within the tribe Luperini, in which two genera, Monolepta and Diabrotica, are known to contain over 500 described species. Here, we extend the work from previous phylogenetic studies of the Galerucinae by analysing four amplicons from three gene regions (18S and 28S rRNA; COI) representing 249 taxa, providing the largest phylogenetic analysis of this taxon to date. Using two seven‐state RNA models, we combine five maximum likelihood models (RNA + DNA for the rRNAs; three separate DNA models for the COI codon positions) for these partitions and analyse the data under likelihood using Bayesian inference. The results of these two analyses are compared with those from equally weighted parsimony. Instead of choosing the results from one optimality criterion over another, either based on statistical support, tree topology or philosophical predisposition, we elect to draw attention to the similar results produced by all three analyses, illustrating the robustness of the data to these different analytical methods. In general, the results from all three analyses are consistent with each other and previous molecular phylogenetic reconstructions for Galerucinae, except that increased taxon sampling for several groups, namely the tribes Hylaspini and Oidini, has improved the phylogenetic position of these taxa. As with previous analyses, under‐sampled taxa, such as the Old World Metacyclini and all sections of the subtribe Luperina, continue to be unstable, with the few taxa representing these groups fluctuating in their positions based on the implemented optimality criterion. Nonetheless, we report here the most comprehensive phylogenetic estimation for the Galerucinae to date.
The clinical spectrum of phaeochromocytoma: analysis of 115 patients
Authors: Safwat Ahmed S. , Bissada Nabil K. , Seyam Raouf M. , Al Sobhi Saif , Hanash Kamal A.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE

To analyse the presentation, manifestations and outcome in consecutive patients with phaeochromocytoma, as this disease has a wide range of pathological and clinical expressions.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The records of 115 patients with phaeochromocytoma were analysed retrospectively, recording the patients’ age, sex, presenting symptoms and clinical signs, chemical, radiological and pathological findings and associated conditions.

RESULTS

Of the 115 patients, 90 had adrenal tumours, 18 extra‐adrenal and seven combined adrenal and extra‐adrenal tumours. Ten patients had malignant and 105 had benign phaeochromocytoma. Eighty‐six patients had sporadic and 29 had familial phaeochromocytoma, comprising eight with von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) disease, 17 with multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN II) and four with von Recklinghausen disease. Two patients with sporadic phaeochromocytoma had Grave’s disease. Ten patients (8.7%) had malignant phaeochromocytoma, of whom two had MEN II. A pregnant woman required prolonged intensive‐care management before adrenalectomy and lost a fetus.

CONCLUSION

Phaeochromocytoma is an interesting clinical entity with a wide spectrum of pathological and clinical manifestations. The diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma is confirmed by chemical methods, and located using imaging techniques, with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and 131I‐meta‐iodobenzyl guanidine radioisotope scanning being the most common. This series reflects the pathological and clinical spectrum of phaeochromocytoma. The presence of other manifestations of familial phaeochromocytoma influenced the presentation and prognosis of these patients.
Sexual problems and help‐seeking behaviour in adults in the United Kingdom and continental Europe
Authors: Moreira Edson D. , Glasser Dale B. , Nicolosi Alfredo , Duarte Fernanda G. , Gingell Clive ,   for the GSSAB Investigators’ Group
Published: February 2008

Associate Editor

Michael G. Wyllie

Editorial Board

Ian Eardley, UK

Jean Fourcroy, USA

Sidney Glina, Brazil

Julia Heiman, USA

Chris McMahon, Australia

Bob Millar, UK

Alvaro Morales, Canada

Michael Perelman, USA

Marcel Waldinger, Netherlands

OBJECTIVES

To study sexual activity, the prevalence of sexual dysfunction, and related help‐seeking behaviour patterns among middle‐aged and older people in the UK and Europe.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A telephone survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire covering demographics, health, relationships, and sexual behaviour, attitudes and beliefs. In the UK, 1500 individuals completed the survey.

RESULTS

Overall, 69% of men and 56% of women reported having sexual intercourse during the past year. The most common male sexual problems, i.e. early ejaculation (20%) and erectile dysfunction (18%), were more common in the UK than in other European regions. The most common female sexual problems, i.e. a lack of sexual interest (34%) and a lack of pleasure in sex (25%), were also more common in the UK than in other European regions. Only 26% of men and 17% of women had discussed their sexual problem(s) with a doctor.

CONCLUSION

Many people in the UK maintain sexual interest and activity into middle age and beyond. Although they experience sexual problems, few seek medical help. This might be because they do not perceive such problems as serious or sufficiently upsetting, and/or are not aware of available treatments.
Conjoint Measurement of Gloss and Surface Texture
Authors: Ho Yun-Xian , Landy Michael S. , Maloney Laurence T.
Published: February 2008

The image of a material's surface varies not only with viewing and illumination conditions, but also with the material's surface properties, including its 3-D texture and specularity. Previous studies on the visual perception of surface material have typically focused on single material properties, ignoring possible interactions. In this study, we used a conjoint-measurement design to determine how observers represent perceived 3-D texture (“bumpiness”) and specularity (“glossiness”) and modeled how each of these two surface-material properties affects perception of the other. Observers made judgments of bumpiness and glossiness of surfaces that varied in both surface texture and specularity. We quantified how changes in each surface-material property affected judgments of the other and found that a simple additive model captured visual perception of texture and specularity and their interaction. Conjoint measurement is potentially a powerful tool for analyzing perception of surface material in realistic environments.
The measure of a tribe: the cultural politics of constitutional reclassification in North India
Authors: Kapila Kriti
Published: February 2008

This article is an ethnographic examination of the politics of recognition in postcolonial India and its bearing on anthropological debates on multiculturalism. It investigates how and why the Gaddi (a pastoral group in North India) were successful in forcing the Indian state to reclassify them as a ‘Scheduled Tribe’ in 2002, thereby granting them specific entitlements and rights with regard to aid, education, and jobs. Briefly exploring the history of their struggle, it examines how different sections of Gaddi society understand the status of ‘Scheduled Tribe’, with a view to examining the overlaps and disjuncture between anthropological, official, and popular understandings of the category ‘tribe’. The aim of the article is to uncover some of the challenges posed by ‘indigeneity’ to anthropological understandings of multiculturalism.

Le présent article est un examen ethnographique de la politique de reconnaissance dans l’Inde postcoloniale et de ses répercussions sur le débat anthropologique à propos du multiculturalisme. L’auteur étudie comment et pourquoi les Gaddi (un groupe pastoral du Nord de l’Inde) ont réussi à obliger l’État indien à les reclassifier en 2002 comme tribu « répertoriée » (scheduled), bénéficiant ainsi de droits spécifiques en termes d’aides, d’éducation et d’emploi. Après une brève exploration de l’histoire de cette lutte, l’auteur examine la manière dont différents pans de la société gaddi comprennent le statut de « tribu répertoriée », et tente d’examiner les recoupements et les discordances entre les compréhensions anthropologique, officielle et populaire de la catégorie « tribu ». Le but de l’article est de dévoiler certaines des difficultés posées par l’autochtonie pour la compréhension anthropologique du multiculturalisme.
Generalized Linear Models Incorporating Population Level Information: An Empirical-Likelihood-Based Approach
Authors: Chaudhuri Sanjay , Handcock Mark S. , Rendall Michael S.
Published: February 2008

In many situations information from a sample of individuals can be supplemented by population level information on the relationship between a dependent variable and explanatory variables. Inclusion of the population level information can reduce bias and increase the efficiency of the parameter estimates. Population level information can be incorporated via constraints on functions of the model parameters. In general the constraints are non-linear, making the task of maximum likelihood estimation more difficult. We develop an alternative approach exploiting the notion of an empirical likelihood. It is shown that, within the framework of generalized linear models, the population level information corresponds to linear constraints, which are comparatively easy to handle. We provide a two-step algorithm that produces parameter estimates by using only unconstrained estimation. We also provide computable expressions for the standard errors. We give an application to demographic hazard modelling by combining panel survey data with birth registration data to estimate annual birth probabilities by parity.
Empirical-Likelihood-Based Difference-in-Differences Estimators
Authors: Qin Jing , Zhang Biao
Published: February 2008

Recently there has been a surge in econometric and epidemiologic works focusing on estimating average treatment effects under various sets of assumptions. Estimation of average treatment effects in observational studies often requires adjustment for differences in pretreatment variables. Rosenbaum and Rubin have proposed the propensity score method for estimating the average treatment effect by adjusting pretreatment variables. In this paper, the empirical likelihood method is used to estimate average treatment effects on the treated under the difference-in-differences framework. The advantage of this approach is that the common marginal covariate information can be incorporated naturally to enhance the estimation of average treatment effects. Compared with other approaches in the literature, the method proposed can provide more efficient estimation. A simulation study and a real economic data analysis are presented.
Why We Shouldn't Swallow Worm Slices: A Case Study in Semantic Accommodation
Authors: Moyer Mark
Published: February 2008

A radical metaphysical theory typically comes packaged with a semantic theory that reconciles those radical claims with common sense. The metaphysical theory says what things exist and what their natures are, while the semantic theory specifies, in terms of these things, how we are to interpret everyday language. Thus may we “think with the learned, and speak with the vulgar.” This semantic accommodation of common sense, however, can end up undermining the very theory it is designed to protect. This paper is a case study, showing in detail how one popular version of temporal parts theory is self‐undermining. This raises the specter that the problem generalizes to other metaphysical theories.

The traditional flavor of temporal parts theory, Worm Theory, claims that everyday objects are four‐dimensional space‐time worms. An alternative flavor, Slice Theory, claims that objects are not space‐time worms but are instead momentary slices of these worms. The differences, we find, are not nearly as great as advertised. In fact, the differences in the two metaphysical theories are entirely masked by compensating differences in the accompanying semantic theories. As a result, the two theories generate exactly the same truth conditions. Common sense says that I was born years ago. Slice Theory adopts a semantic theory that accommodates such claims, but in doing so, it also endorses the claim that I, like other everyday objects, persist and thus do not exist for a mere moment. That is, the metaphysical claims constitutive of Slice Theory are denied by the very semantic theory Slice Theory adopts to accommodate common sense. Slice Theory thus undermines itself.
Genomewide Linkage Scan for Combined Obesity Phenotypes using Principal Component Analysis
Authors: He L.‐N. , Liu Y.‐J. , Xiao P. , Zhang L. , Guo Y. , Yang T.‐L. , Zhao L.‐J. , Drees B. , Hamilton J. , Deng H.‐Y. , Recker R. R. , Deng H.‐W.
Published: February 2008

Traditional whole genome linkage scans for obesity were usually performed for a number of correlated obesity related phenotypes separately without considering their correlations. The purpose of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying variations in multiple correlated obesity phenotypes.

We performed principal component analysis (PCA) for four highly correlated obesity phenotypes (body mass index [BMI], fat mass, percentage of fat mass [PFM], and lean mass) in a sample of 427 pedigrees (comprising 3,273 individuals) and generated two independent principal components (PC1 and PC2). A whole genome linkage scan (WGS) was then conducted for PC1 and PC2.

For PC1, the strongest linkage signal was identified on chromosome 20p12 (LOD = 2.67). For PC2, two suggestive linkages were found on 5q35 (LOD = 2.03) and 7p22 (LOD = 2.18).

This study provided evidence supporting several previously identified linkage regions for obesity (e.g., 1p36, 6p23 and 7q34). In addition, our approach by linear combination of highly correlated obesity phenotypes identified several novel QTLs which were not found in genome linkage scans for individual phenotypes.
POTENTIAL INITIATORS OF HIV‐RELATED STIGMATIZATION: ETHICAL AND PROGRAMMATIC CHALLENGES FOR PMTCT PROGRAMS
Authors: THORSEN VIVA C. , SUNDBY JOHANNE , MARTINSON FRANCIS
Published: February 2008

HIV/AIDS continues to constitute a serious threat to the social and physical wellbeing of African mothers and their babies. In the hardest hit countries of sub‐Saharan Africa, more than 60% of all new HIV infections are occurring in women, infants and young children. Mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) constitutes 90% of new HIV infections among infants and young children. Most of these infections can be prevented. However, the social stigma of HIV/AIDS insidiously continues to undermine the success of prevention programs.

Ironically, some attributes or characteristics of prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) programs may in fact serve as catalysts to the stigmatization process. This paper identifies and discusses six potential initiators: (1) Routine HIV testing, (2) Six months exclusive breastfeeding, (3) Incentives, (4) Home visits, (5) Location of PMTCT program, and (6) PMTCT terminology. In all these areas, there are practical strategies that may be applied to reduce the chances of being stigmatized. These strategies are introduced and discussed.
Multiple Perspectives on the Psychological Functioning of Children With and Without Migraine
Authors: Vannatta Kathryn , Getzoff Elizabeth A. , Powers Scott W. , Noll Robert B. , Gerhardt Cynthia A. , Hershey Andrew D.
Published: February 2008

Objective.— To use a case–control design to evaluate the emotional and behavioral functioning of children with migraine.

Background.— Research has indicated that children with migraine are at increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems such as depression and anxiety; however, methodological limitations in sample definitions, measurement strategies, and comparison groups remain problematic.

Method.— Forty‐seven participants diagnosed with migraine at a pediatric headache center participated in a home‐based study of child functioning using standardized measures. Mothers and fathers of these children participated, as did control families recruited from among classmates.

Results.— Indications of increased emotional and behavioral difficulties for children with migraine were found, primarily from the perspective of mothers. Exploratory analyses found several associations between mother and child perceptions of difficulties and persistence of headache symptoms following initiation of multidisciplinary headache treatment.

Conclusions.— Continued concern regarding emotional well‐being of children with migraine is warranted, but more work is needed to understand the differing perspectives of family members. Particular attention to emotional well‐being is needed for children whose headache symptoms persist despite multidisciplinary treatment.
PHYLOGENOMICS AND SECONDARY PLASTIDS: A LOOK BACK AND A LOOK AHEAD1
Authors: Braun Edward L. , Phillips Naomi
Published: February 2008

Despite their importance to evolution, ecology, and cell biology, eukaryotes that acquired plastids through secondary endosymbiosis remain poorly studied from a genomic standpoint. Chromalveolata, a eukaryotic supergroup proposed to have descended from a heterotrophic eukaryote that acquired a red algal plastid by secondary endosymbiosis, includes four major lineages (alveolates, cryptophytes, haptophytes, and heterokonts). The chromalveolates exhibit remarkable diversity of cellular organization, and the available data suggest that they exhibit equal diversity in their genome organization. One of the most obvious differences in cellular organization is the retention of a highly reduced red algal nucleus in cryptophytes (also known as cryptomonads), but there are other major differences among chromalveolate lineages, including the loss of photosynthesis in multiple lineages. Although the hypothesis of chromalveolate monophyly is appealing, there is limited support for the hypothesis from nuclear genes, and questions have even been raised about the monophyly of chromalveolate plastids. Evidence for the chromalveolate hypothesis from large‐scale nuclear data sets is reviewed, and alternative hypotheses are described. The potential for integrating information from chromalveolate genomics into functional genomics is described, emphasizing both the methodological challenges and the opportunities for future phylogenomic analyses of these groups.
Treatment of 94 Outpatients With Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain with the DRX9000: A Retrospective Chart Review
Authors: Macario Alex , Richmond Charlotte , Auster Martin , Pergolizzi Joseph V.
Published: February 2008

▪ Abstract

Background:  This study's goal was a retrospective chart audit of 100 outpatients with discogenic low back pain (LBP) lasting more than 12 weeks treated with a 2‐month course of motorized spinal decompression via the DRX9000 (Axiom Worldwide, Tampa, FL, U.S.A.).

Methods:  Patients at a convenience sample of four clinics received 30‐minute DRX9000 sessions daily for the first 2 weeks tapering to 1 session/week. Treatment protocol included lumbar stretching, myofascial release, or heat prior to treatment, with ice and/or muscle stimulation afterwards. Primary outcome was verbal numerical pain intensity rating (NRS) 0 to 10 before and after the 8‐week treatment.

Results:  Of the 100 initial subjects, three withdrew their protected health information, and three were excluded because their LBP duration was less than 12 weeks. The remaining 94 subjects (63% female, 95% white, age = 55 (SD 16) year, 52% employed, 41% retired, LBP median duration of 260 weeks) had diagnoses of herniated disc (73% of patients), degenerative disc disease (68%), or both (27%). Mean NRS equaled 6.05 (SD 2.3) at presentation and decreased significantly to 0.89 (SD 1.15) at end of 8‐week treatment (P < 0.0001). Analgesic use also appeared to decrease (charts with data = 20) and Activities of Daily Living improved (charts with data = 38). Follow‐up (mean 31 weeks) on 29/94 patients reported mean 83% LBP improvement, NRS of 1.7 (SD 1.15), and satisfaction of 8.55/10 (median 9).

Conclusions:  This retrospective chart audit provides preliminary data that chronic LBP may improve with DRX9000 spinal decompression. Randomized double‐blind trials are needed to measure the efficacy of such systems. ▪
Late Whiplash Syndrome: A Clinical Science Approach to Evidence‐Based Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Poorbaugh Keith , Brismée Jean‐Michel , Phelps Valerie , Sizer Phillip S.
Published: February 2008

▪ Abstract:  The purpose of this article is to narrow the gap that exists in the clinical application of scientific research and empiric evidence for the evaluation and management of late whiplash. Considering that 14% to 42% of patients are left with chronic symptoms following whiplash injury, it is unlikely that only minor self‐limiting injuries result from the typical rear‐end impact. As psychosocial issues play a role in the development of persistent whiplash symptoms, discerning the organic conditions from the biopsychosocial factors remains a challenge to clinicians. The term “whiplash” represents the multiple factors associated with the event, injury, and clinical syndrome that are the end‐result of a sudden acceleration‐deceleration trauma to the head and neck. However, contentions surround the nature of soft‐tissue injuries that occur with most motor vehicle accidents and whether these injuries are significant enough to result in chronic pain and limitations. The stark contrast in litigation for whiplash that exists among industrialized nations and less developed countries suggests another factor that could influence one's interpretation of symptoms' chronicity associated with Late Whiplash Syndrome. There are no gold standard tests or imaging techniques that can objectify whiplash‐associated disorders. A lack of supporting evidence and disparity in medico‐legal issues have created distinct camps in the scientific interpretations and clinical management of late whiplash. It is likely that efforts in research and/or clinical practice will begin to explain the disparity between acute and chronic whiplash syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that Late Whiplash Syndrome should be considered from a different context. The purpose of this article is to expound on several of the significant findings in the literature and offer clinical applications for evaluation and management of Late Whiplash Syndrome. ▪
Fibromyalgia: Its prevalence and impact on the quality of life on a hemodialyzed population
Authors: COUTO Cláudio I. , NATOUR Jamil , CARVALHO Aluízio B.
Published: February 2008

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain. It has negative effects on quality of life and has been poorly investigated in specific populations. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of FMS in Brazilian hemodialysis (HD) patients and to investigate its effects on the quality of life. We investigated 311 patients on HD who were submitted to physical examination towards the classification of FMS. All subjects from FMS and control groups were submitted to laboratorial investigation and completed questionnaires of quality of life. The prevalence of FMS was 3.9%, which was close to that of the general population. Most patients were females and from non‐Caucasian races. No difference between FMS and control groups was observed regarding race, dialysis adequacy, nutritional status and level of schooling. Ionized calcium was higher in the FMS group than in the control group. There was no association between FMS and secondary hyperparathyroidism. On the other hand, FMS was associated with worse quality of life, depression and anxiety. In conclusion, the prevalence of FMS in HD patients was similar to that of the general population. It was associated with decreasing quality of life in HD patients, in addition to higher degrees of depression and anxiety. No laboratory tests could identify FMS patients on HD. Fibromyalgia syndrome subsequently follows without a well‐established mechanism of pathogenesis, and seems to be due to multifactorial causes. Its true impact on the quality of life of HD patients deserves more attention by nephrologists.
Marked improvement in bone metabolism parameters after increasing the dialysate calcium concentration from 2.5 to 3 mEq/L in nonhypercalcemic hemodialysis patients
Authors: MOLINA VILA Pablo , SÁNCHEZ PÉREZ Pilar , GARRIGÓS ALMERICH Enrique , PERIS DOMINGO Ana
Published: February 2008

The optimal dialysate calcium (Ca) concentration for hemodialysis (HD) patients is set at 2.5 mEq/L according to Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K‐DOQI) guidelines. This recommendation is opinion‐based and could negatively affect secondary hyperparathyroidism. Studies have suggested that a dialysate Ca of 3.0 mEq/L is a compromise between bone protection and cardiovascular risk. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect on bone metabolism parameters after increasing the dialysate Ca concentration from 2.5 to 3.0 mEq/L. The dialysate Ca concentration in our patients was increased from 2.5 to 3.0 mEq/L. Patients with hypercalcemia, normal‐high Ca levels with a high Ca‐Phosphorus product (Ca × P), excessively suppressed parathyroid hormone (PTH), or a past medical history of calciphylaxis were excluded. Twenty‐two patients were studied over 20 weeks. Parathyroid hormone levels decreased significantly (442 ± 254 vs. 255 ± 226 pg/mL; p=0.000), without significant changes in serum Ca, P, and Ca × P levels at any sampling point. Better control of secondary hyperparathyroidism allowed us to decrease the paracalcitol dosage in 6 of the 12 patients who had been treated with this drug at the beginning of the study. Other potential factors involved in PTH secretion were not modified. A significant improvement in the rate of patients with 3 or more K‐DOQI parameters within the target ranges (8 [36%] vs. 12 [55%]; p=0.026) was observed. In the absence of hypercalcemia or excessively suppressed PTH, an increase from 2.5 mEq to 3.0 mEq/L in dialysate Ca concentration resulted in better control of secondary hyperparathyroidism without affecting Ca, P, and Ca × P levels, thus enabling us to reduce the dosage of vitamin D metabolites.
Enhancement of Tc(0) by Substitution of Gallium in the Bismuth‐Based High‐Tc Superconducting Material
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Javed , Mehmood Rashid
Published: February 2008

We report the enhancement of the zero resistivity Tc(0) by 5.5 K i.e. from 104 to 109.5 K by substitution of gallium 1.34% of copper in the bismuth 2223 compound. A series of Ga‐containing compounds Bi2Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3−xGaxOy (x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) are synthesized by the solid‐state reaction method. The samples are characterized by measurements of their dc electrical resistivity and ac magnetic susceptibility and by the powder X‐ray diffraction analysis. It is noted that the high‐Tc (2223) phase increases from 57.55% in an undoped sample to 92.99% in samples containing a low concentration of gallium i.e. x≤0.04.
The genomic response of the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex to stroke in aged rats
Authors: Buga A.‐M. , Sascau M. , Pisoschi C. , Herndon J. G. , Kessler C. , Popa‐Wagner A.
Published: February 2008

Aged rats recover poorly after unilateral stroke, whereas young rats recover readily possibly with the help from the contralateral, healthy hemisphere. In this study we asked whether anomalous, age‐related changes in the transcriptional activity in the brains of aged rats could be one underlying factor contributing to reduced functional recovery. We analysed gene expression in the periinfarct and contralateral areas of 3‐month‐ and 18‐month‐old Sprague Dawley rats. Our experimental end‐points were cDNA arrays containing genes related to hypoxia signalling, DNA damage and apoptosis, cellular response to injury, axonal damage and re‐growth, cell lineage differentiation, dendritogenesis and neurogenesis. The major transcriptional events observed were: (i) Early up‐regulation of DNA damage and down‐regulation of anti‐apoptosis‐related genes in the periinfarct region of aged rats after stroke; (ii) Impaired neurogenesis in the periinfarct area, especially in aged rats; (iii) Impaired neurogenesis in the contralateral (unlesioned) hemisphere of both young and aged rats at all times after stroke and (iv) Marked up‐regulation, in aged rats, of genes associated with inflammation and scar formation. These results were confirmed with quantitative real‐time PCR. We conclude that reduced transcriptional activity in the healthy, contralateral hemisphere of aged rats in conjunction with an early up‐regulation of DNA damage‐related genes and pro‐apoptotic genes and down‐regulation of axono‐ and neurogenesis in the periinfarct area are likely to account for poor neurorehabilitation after stroke in old rats.
Expression of survivin protein in pterygium and relationship with oxidative DNA damage
Authors: Maxia C. , Perra M. T. , Demurtas P. , Minerba L. , Murtas D. , Piras F. , Corbu A. , Gotuzzo D. C. , Cabrera R. G. , Ribatti D. , Sirigu P.
Published: February 2008

Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause oxidative DNA damage and is thought to be a major factor implicated in the pathogenesis of pterygium. Among all the photo‐oxidative DNA products, the 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) is regarded a sensitive and stable biomarker for evaluating the degree of DNA damage. The protein p53 is a major cell stress regulator that acts to integrate signals from a wide range of cellular stresses. UV radiation has a carcinogenic effect resulting in DNA damaged cells with loss of normal growth control. This assumption is supported by the association between UV‐B exposure and activation of survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family (IAP), highly up‐regulated in almost all types of human malignancy. In this study we demonstrate, for the first time in pterygium, the immunohistochemical presence of survivin, and investigate the correlation between survivin, p53 and 8‐OHdG. Our results demonstrate that oxidative stress could lead to a significant activation of survivin expression, suggesting that this might be an important event in the development of pterygium, inducing and supporting a hyperproliferative condition. Survivin expression in pterygium would counteract UV‐B‐induced apoptosis and would cooperate with loss of p53. The co‐operation between survivin and functional loss of p53 might provide a general mechanism for aberrant inhibition of apoptosis that could be responsible for the development of pterygium and its possible progression to neoplasia.
Disruption of the Smad7 gene enhances CCI4‐dependent liver damage and fibrogenesis in mice
Authors: Hamzavi Jafar , Ehnert Sabrina , Godoy Patricio , Ciuclan Loredana , Weng Honglei , Mertens Peter R. , Heuchel Rainer , Dooley Steven
Published: February 2008

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signalling is induced in liver as a consequence of damage and contributes to wound healing with transient activation, whereas it mediates fibrogenesis with long‐term up‐regulation in chronic disease. Smad‐dependent TGF‐β effects are blunted by antagonistic Smad7, which is transcriptionally activated as an immediate early response upon initiation of TGF‐β signalling in most cell types, thereby providing negative feedback regulation. Smad7 can be induced by other cytokines, e.g. IFN‐γ, leading to a crosstalk of these signalling pathways. Here we report on a novel mouse strain, denoted S7ΔE1, with a deletion of exon I from the endogenous smad7 gene. The mice were viable and exhibited normal adult liver architecture. To obtain insight into Smad7‐depend‐ent protective effects, chronic liver damage was induced in mice by carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) administration. Subsequent treatment, elevated serum liver enzymes indicated enhanced liver damage in mice lacking functional Smad7. CCI4‐dependent Smad2 phosphoryla‐tion was pronounced in S7ΔE1 mice and accompanied by increased numbers of α‐smooth muscle actin positive ‘activated’ HSCs. There was evidence for matrix accumulation, with elevated collagen deposition as assessed morphometrically in Sirius red stained tissue and confirmed with higher levels of hydroxyproline in S7ΔE1 mice. In addition, the number of CD43 positive infiltrating lymphocytes as well as of apoptotic hepatocytes was increased. Studies with primary hepatocytes from S7ΔE1 and wild‐type mice indicate that in the absence of functional Smad7 protein, hepatocytes are more sensitive for TGF‐β effects resulting in enhanced cell death. Furthermore, S7ΔE1 hepatocytes display increased oxidative stress and cell damage in response to CCI4, as measured by reactive oxygen species production, glutathione depletion, lactate dehydrogenase release and lipid peroxidation. Using an ALK‐5 inhibitor all investigated CCI4 effects on hepatocytes were blunted, confirming participation of TGF‐β signalling. We conclude that Smad7 mediates a protective effect from adverse TGF‐β signalling in damaged liver, re‐iterating its negative regulatory loop on signalling.
Taxonomic and structural similarities in soil oribatid communities
Authors: Osier Graham H. R. , Beattie Andrew J.
Published: February 2008

We examined the taxonomic and structural concordance between oribatid mite communities at different sites from around the world using meta‐analysis. The study explored similarities in the taxonomie composition and species abundance distributions among oribatid mite communities using 25 published species lists from Africa, Australia, Europe. Japan. Malaysia, New Zealand and the United States, The final data set contained 253 genera from 97 families in 43 superfamilies, A second data set, which included only studies where trees were present at the sites, contained 234 genera, 93 families and 41 superfamilies. Composition was analysed at taxonomic levels higher than species. Only two families and four superfamilies were present in > 90% of all studies. Two genera, six families and seven superfamilies were found in all sites with trees. Common families were different among habitats suggesting that habitat preferences may be expressed at the family level. There were very strong relationships between oribatid mite species richness and richness at higher taxonomic levels with r2values for regression relationships > 0.8. Few species at a site were from the same genus, family or superfamily. Species abundance distributions were remarkably consistent between studies with the three most dominant species each constituting > 10% of the oribatid individuals. Overall, similar factors may determine the relative proportions of soil‐dwelling oribatid species at a site.
Tracing and Identifying the Impact of Evidence—Use of a Modified Pipeline Model
Authors: Wimpenny Peter , Johnson Neil , Walter Isabel , Wilkinson Joyce E.
Published: February 2008

Aim: This paper opens up a discussion about effective ways of tracing and identifying impact of evidence implementation in the field of nursing, through the use of Nutley et al.'s concept of an impact continuum, and Glasziou's Pipeline Model.

Approach: Work to date on improving and evaluating the use of evidence in health care settings has tended to focus on evidence implementation as an endpoint or entity, often seen and measured in terms of change in practice. However, the direct application of evidence to practice is not straightforward. Glasziou's Pipeline Model of the different stages through which evidence flows, in the process of implementation, is critically reviewed in relation to five key issues: the type of evidence entering the pipeline; the linearity of the model; leakages and blockages in the pipeline; levels of impact; and impact measurement. The Pipeline Model is then combined with Nutley et al.'s continuum of impacts in order to present a Modified Pipeline Model.

Discussion and Conclusions: The Modified Pipeline Model enables evidence implementation to be viewed as a process rather than an entity in itself, which in turn enables longitudinal assessment of barriers and facilitators to evidence “flow.” By flow we mean the way in which evidence is transferred from reporting or publication stages to patient outcomes. It also allows identification of the multiple impacts that can occur through the process of evidence implementation, which may be impact on the way the nurse thinks about practice to the healing rate of a leg ulcer. Finally, the Modified Model raises the issue of impacts beyond the pipeline, that is, those outcomes for patients that result from adherence to evidence‐based care. This Modified Pipeline Model thus has the potential to support individuals and organizations in enhanced implementation planning, evaluation and management.
Exploring CP12 binding proteins revealed aldolase as a new partner for the phosphoribulokinase/glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase/CP12 complex – purification and kinetic characterization of this enzyme from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Erales Jenny , Avilan Luisana , Lebreton Sandrine , Gontero Brigitte
Published: February 2008

Possible binding proteins of CP12 in a green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, were investigated. We covalently immobilized CP12 on a resin and then used it to trap CP12 partners. Thus, we found an association between CP12 and phosphoribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.19), glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.13) and aldolase. Immunoprecipitation with purified CP12 antibodies supported these data. The dissociation constant between CP12 and fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate (EC 4.1.2.13) aldolase was measured by surface plasmon resonance and is equal to 0.48 ± 0.05 μm and thus corroborated an interaction between CP12 and aldolase. However, the association is even stronger between aldolase and the phosphoribulokinase/glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase/CP12 complex and the dissociation constant between them is equal to 55±5 nm. Moreover, owing to the fact that aldolase has been poorly studied in C. reinhardtii, we purified it and analyzed its kinetic properties. The enzyme displayed Michaelis–Menten kinetics with fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate and sedoheptulose 1,7‐bisphosphate, with a catalytic constant equal to 35 ± 1 s−1 and 4 ± 0.1 s−1, respectively. The Km value for fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate was equal to 0.16 ± 0.02 mm and 0.046 ± 0.005 mm for sedoheptulose 1,7‐bisphosphate. The catalytic efficiency of aldolase was thus 219 ± 31 s−1·mm−1 with fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate and 87 ± 9 s−1·mm−1 with sedoheptulose 1,7‐bisphosphate. In the presence of the complex, this parameter for fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate increased to 310 ± 23 s−1·mm−1, whereas no change was observed with sedoheptulose 1,7‐bisphosphate. The condensation reaction of aldolase to form fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate was also investigated but no effect of CP12 or the complex on this reaction was observed.
THE DIVERSITY–VALIDITY DILEMMA: STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING RACIOETHNIC AND SEX SUBGROUP DIFFERENCES AND ADVERSE IMPACT IN SELECTION
Authors: PLOYHART ROBERT E. , HOLTZ BRIAN C.
Published: February 2008

Pyburn, Ployhart, and Kravitz(this issue, 2008) introduced the diversity–validity dilemma: that some of the most valid predictors of job performance are also associated with large racioethnic and sex subgroup predictor score differences. This article examines 16 selection strategies hypothesized to minimize racioethnic and sex subgroup differences and adverse impact and, hence, balance diversity and validity. Rather than presenting a highly technical review, our purpose is to provide practitioners with a concise summary, paying particular attention to comparing and contrasting the effectiveness of the strategies and reporting new developments. The paper is organized around 4 key questions: (a) Which strategies are most effective for reducing subgroup differences? (b) Which strategies do not involve a validity tradeoff? (c) What are the major new developments in strategies for reducing adverse impact? (d) What are the major new developments in alternative predictor measurement methods (e.g., interviews, situational judgment tests, assessment centers) for reducing adverse impact? We then conclude with recommendations and caveats for how to best balance diversity and validity. These ideas are developed further inKravitz (this issue, 2008), who considers even broader approaches for solving the diversity–validity dilemma.
DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATIVE NORMS IN THE BUYER‐SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIP: THE CHINESE EXPERIENCE
Authors: CAI SHAOHAN , YANG ZHILIN
Published: February 2008

Cooperative norms are a critical governance mechanism of the buyer‐supplier relationship. Prior studies generally assume that cooperative norms are pre‐existing and utilize norms as an antecedent to other constructs. Little attention has been paid to the antecedents of the decision to develop cooperative norms. In this paper, we draw upon transaction cost economics and resource dependence theory to develop a model that depicts the key factors that determine cooperative norms. Based on the results derived from an empirical study of 278 Chinese companies, we find that these factors significantly impact cooperative norms. The study also reveals that cooperative norms positively influence suppliers' performance, which subsequently affects buyers' satisfaction.
Chemical and Physical Stability of Protein and Gum Arabic‐Stabilized Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Containing Limonene
Authors: Djordjevic D. , Cercaci L. , Alamed J. , McClements D.J. , Decker E.A.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  An important flavor component of citrus oils is limonene. Since limonene is lipid soluble, it is often added to foods as an oil‐in‐water emulsion. However, limonene‐containing oil‐in‐water emulsions are susceptible to both physical instability and oxidative degradation, leading to loss of aroma and formation of off‐flavors. Proteins have been found to produce both oxidatively and physically stable emulsions containing triacylglycerols. The objective of this research was to determine if whey protein isolate (WPI) could protect limonene in oil‐in‐water emulsion droplets more effectively than gum arabic (GA). Limonene degradation and formation of the limonene oxidation products, limonene oxide and carvone, were less in the WPI‐ than GA‐stabilized emulsions at both pHs 3.0 and 7.0. These data suggest that WPI was able to inhibit the oxidative deterioration of limonene in oil‐in‐water emulsions. The ability of WPI to decrease oxidative reactions could be due to the formation of a cationic emulsion droplet interface at pH 3.0, which can repel prooxidative metals, and/or the ability of amino acids in WPI to scavenge free radical and chelate prooxidative metals.
Permethrin toxicosis in cats
Authors: Linnett P‐J
Published: February 2008

A retrospective analysis of all adverse experience reports received by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority's Adverse Experience Reporting Program for veterinary medicines since 1995, showed that permethrin toxicity in cats usually occurred after the owner applied a canine permethrin‐containing product, typically a spot‐on. Cats are also at risk from grooming or being in direct contact with recently treated dogs. This paper reviews permethrin toxicosis and its treatment in cats, incorporating information from the Australian and selected overseas veterinary pharmacovigilance programs.
Effects of a dietary complex of humic and fulvic acids (FeedMAX 15™) on the health and production of feedlot cattle destined for the Australian domestic market
Authors: Cusack PMV
Published: February 2008

Objective  To examine the effects of a dietary humic and fulvic acid complex, FeedMAX 15™, on the health, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and carcase characteristics of feedlot cattle.

Design  Cattle, in eight pens of 125 animals each, were fed either a diet containing a humic and fulvic acid complex (FeedMAX 15™, FeedMAX Industries, Toowoomba, Queensland) or the same diet without the additive. Control or FeedMAX 15™ diets were allocated to each pen at random. Individual cattle were allocated alternately to control or treatment pens based on order of presentation. Comparisons of disease incidence, mortality, feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, fat depth, dressing percentage, meat colour, fat colour and marbling were made at the conclusion of the feeding period.

Results  No differences were found between cattle fed FeedMAX 15™ and cattle not fed the additive in entry body weight (P = 0.99), exit body weight (P = 0.91), dressing percentage (P = 0.66), P8 fat depth (P = 0.57), meat colour (P = 0.67), marbling (P = 0.70), all diseases (P = 0.64), bovine respiratory disease (P = 0.91), or mortalities (P = 1.0). Cattle fed FeedMAX 15™ reached the market specifications for body weight and fat depth in fewer mean days (P = 0.0001), had a greater average daily gain (P = 0.05), a lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.05) and whiter fat (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions  Feeding the humic and fulvic acid complex, FeedMAX 15™, at 0.055 g per kg body weight per day, can increase growth rate and feed conversion efficiency in feedlot cattle.