bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical transport in a molten-solid V2O5–ZrV2O7 composite
Authors: Emhjellen Linn Katinka , Strandbakke Ragnar , Haugsrud Reidar
Published: August 2021

Molten-solid composite oxides are candidates as oxygen transport membranes (OTMs) at intermediate temperatures. We report the electrical conductivity characteristics of a 30 mol% V2O5–ZrV2O7 composite with a eutectic melting point at ∼670 °C.
Janus biocomposite aerogels constituted of cellulose nanofibrils and MXenes for application as single-module solar-driven interfacial evaporators
Authors: Han Xinhong , Ding Shaoqiu , Fan Liwu , Zhou Yonghao , Wang Shurong
Published: August 2021

Single-module solar-driven interfacial evaporators based on Janus cellulose nanofibril/MXene composite aerogels were developed, achieving evaporation rates as high as 2.287 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun.
Computational and experimental search for potential polyanionic K-ion cathode materials
Authors: Wang Jingyang , Ouyang Bin , Kim Hyunchul , Tian Yaosen , Ceder Gerbrand , Kim Haegyeom
Published: August 2021

Combined computational materials screening and experimental investigation discovers four K polyanions as potential high-voltage K cathode materials.
The hidden impact of structural water – how interlayer water largely controls the Raman spectroscopic response of birnessite-type manganese oxide
Authors: Scheitenberger Phillip , Euchner Holger , Lindén Mika
Published: August 2021

Birnessite-type manganese oxides, consisting of stacked MnOx sheets, separated by charge-balancing metal ions and structural water are potential candidates for electrochemical applications.
Efficient and stable wide bandgap perovskite solar cells through surface passivation with long alkyl chain organic cations
Authors: Duong The , Pham Huyen , Yin Yanting , Peng Jun , Mahmud Md Arafat , Wu YiLiang , Shen Heping , Zheng Jianghui , Tran-Phu Thanh , Lu Teng , Li Li , Kumar Anand , Andersson Gunther G. , Ho-Baillie Anita , Liu Yun , White Thomas , Weber Klaus , Catchpole Kylie
Published: August 2021

Bromide-containing long alkylammonium chain organic cations effectly passivate defects on 1.72 eV perovskite film surfaces and greatly enhance both the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.
Controlling the semi-permeability of protein nanocapsules influences the cellular response to macromolecular payloads
Authors: Machtakova Marina , Wirsching Sebastian , Gehring Stephan , Landfester Katharina , Thérien-Aubin Héloïse
Published: August 2021

We designed and prepared degradable protein nanocapsules to address the limitations present during the release of macromolecular payloads. The optimized nanocapsules were used to deliver and release a bioactive macromolecular adjuvant in vitro.
Quasi-2D perovskites for high-power passive Q-switching in a 1.9 μm solid-state laser
Authors: Li Bingxuan , Zhang Ge , Xu Shan
Published: August 2021

For the first time, using the saturable absorption property of a quasi-2D perovskite film, a low-threshold and high-power passive Q-switched operation for a solid-state laser was realized at 1.9 μm. It indicated a promising commercial application.
Phenothiazine and phenoxazine sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells – an investigative review of two complete dye classes
Authors: Buene Audun Formo , Almenningen David Moe
Published: August 2021

A compete statistical review of phenothiazine DSSC dyes, identifying the traits of successful phenothiazine dyes and uncovering inherent molecular limitations.
Correction: Extracting molecular responses from ultrafast charge dynamics at material interfaces
Authors: Wang Chenglai , Li Yingmin , Xiong Wei
Published: August 2021

Correction for ‘Extracting molecular responses from ultrafast charge dynamics at material interfaces’ by Chenglai Wang et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 12062–12067, DOI: 10.1039/D0TC01819H.
Evolutionary rate covariation identifies SLC30A9 (ZnT9) as a mitochondrial zinc transporter
Authors: Kowalczyk Amanda , Gbadamosi Omotola , Kolor Kathryn , Sosa Jahree , Andrzejczuk Livia , Gibson Gregory , St Croix Claudette , Chikina Maria , Aizenman Elias , Clark Nathan , Kiselyov Kirill
Published: August 2021

Recent advances in genome sequencing have led to the identification of new ion and metabolite transporters, many of which have not been characterized. Due to the variety of subcellular localizations, cargo and transport mechanisms, such characterization is a daunting task, and predictive approaches focused on the functional context of transporters are very much needed. Here we present a case for identifying a transporter localization using evolutionary rate covariation (ERC), a computational approach based on pairwise correlations of amino acid sequence evolutionary rates across the mammalian phylogeny. As a case study, we find that poorly characterized transporter SLC30A9 (ZnT9) coevolves with several components of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation chain, suggesting mitochondrial localization. We confirmed this computational finding experimentally using recombinant human SLC30A9. SLC30A9 loss caused zinc mishandling in the mitochondria, suggesting that under normal conditions it acts as a zinc exporter. We therefore propose that ERC can be used to predict the functional context of novel transporters and other poorly characterized proteins.
How neural stem cells contribute to neocortex development
Authors: Xing Lei , Wilsch-Bräuninger Michaela , Huttner Wieland B.
Published: August 2021

The mammalian neocortex is the seat of higher cognitive functions, such as thinking and language in human. A hallmark of the neocortex are the cortical neurons, which are generated from divisions of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during development, and which constitute a key feature of the well-organized layered structure of the neocortex. Proper formation of neocortex structure requires an orchestrated cellular behavior of different cortical NPCs during development, especially during the process of cortical neurogenesis. Here, we review the great diversity of NPCs and their contribution to the development of the neocortex. First, we review the categorization of NPCs into different classes and types based on their cell biological features, and discuss recent advances in characterizing marker expression and cell polarity features in the different types of NPCs. Second, we review the different modes of cell divisions that NPCs undergo and discuss the importance of the balance between proliferation and differentiation of NPCs in neocortical development. Third, we review the different proliferative capacities among different NPC types and among the same type of NPC in different mammalian species. Dissecting the differences between NPC types and differences among mammalian species is beneficial to further understand the development and the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex and may open up new therapeutic avenues for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
A bias circuit for the thermal stability of GaAs HBT power amplifier
Authors: Ma Yuanbo , Wu Zhaohui , Li Bin , Chen Zhijian
Published: August 2021

This letter proposes a current bias circuit that improves the thermal stability of the 5G power amplifier (PA) in the GaAs HBT process. A diode and resistor scheme combined with a diode‐connected HBTs scheme are employed to generate temperature‐related voltages of which the temperature coefficients (TC) are inversely proportional to the sizes of devices. Those multi‐TC voltages are able to compensate for the equal‐but‐opposite TC of HBTs in the current mirrors so as to generate different zero‐to‐absolute‐temperature (ZTAT) currents at the same time. The experimental results show that the TC of the proposed bias circuit has 4% error for a 5.5 V supply from –5 to 95°C. Compared with the traditional bias circuit, the variation of output power of the proposed bias circuit is reduced from 11% to 8% and the variation of PAE is reduced from 7% to 5%. The proposed bias circuit, which has no requirement for matching, can perform effective temperature compensation for PAs in the single‐transistor GaAs HBT process.
Grid‐supportive electric vehicle charging methodology with energy management for coordinated frequency control
Authors: Shim Jae Woong , Verbič Gregor , Hur Kyeon
Published: August 2021

This paper proposes a vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) operation methodology of electric vehicles (EVs) for frequency regulation, EV charging, and state‐of‐charge (SOC) management. This V2G operation methodology exhibits multifunctionality in regard to instantaneous power adjustment of EVs for primary frequency control during charging. The proposed method can stabilize grid frequency under the high penetration of renewable energy by simultaneously managing the desired state‐of‐charge (SOC) of the batteries. The results indicate that both charging and charged EVs can assist in frequency regulation so that V2G services can help embracing renewable energy sources and stabilize a power system. The feasibility of this method is verified by a practical power grid model to demonstrate the efficacy of EV charging control for SOC management using DIgSILENT/PowerFactory.
Study on stability and scalability of vehicular platoon with a bidirectional ring interconnection
Authors: Zhang Junying , Ma Xindi , Wang Yong
Published: August 2021

This paper studies the stability and scalability of the platoon where multiple vehicles move in a closed roadway and are coupled in a bidirectional ring. Each vehicle regulates its longitudinal motion based on bidirectional asymmetric control with triple asymmetry factors. By exploiting Hermite stability criterion, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions of stability for the ‐vehicle platoon. Based on parametric robustness analysis, necessary and sufficient conditions of scalably asymptotic stability are further obtained, meaning that the stability is independent of the number of vehicles in the platoon. It is proved that symmetric spacing feedback is necessary for scalably asymptotic stability and the first spatial mode is the least stable among all the non‐zero modes. Numerical computations show that the stability region in the space of feedback gains is favourable when the asymmetry level on speed gain is small and the asymmetry level on acceleration gain is large, whereas it may deteriorate rapidly when these two asymmetry factors have different signs.
Optimal selection and adaptability analysis of matching area for terrain aided navigation
Authors: Chen Rui , Zhang Qieqie , Zhao Long
Published: August 2021

The existing terrain aided navigation (TAN) has the disadvantage that the navigation performance is limited by the size of matching area and terrain features. Therefore, this study proposes a method of optimal selection and adaptability analysis of matching area for TAN. According to the heading angle of the carrier, inertial navigation system positioning error and performance index, the optimal matching area is selected in real time. First, the matching area selection and adaptability analysis are carried out, and the influence of the matching area on the positioning performance is analysed by using the Beijing Internal TAN II algorithm. Then, the model parameters of the optimal matching area are determined through theoretical calculation and simulation. Finally, it is compared with the typical matching area selecting method. The test results show that the optimal selection and adaptability analysis method can improve the computational efficiency of TAN system, and improve the positioning accuracy of TAN system.
Electric drives as fog nodes in a fog computing‐based industrial use case
Authors: Barzegaran Mohammadreza , Desai Nitin , Qian Jia , Pop Paul
Published: August 2021

Electric drives, which are a main component in industrial applications, control electric motors and record vital information about their respective industrial processes. The development of electric drives as Fog nodes within a fog computing platform (FCP) leads to new abilities such as programmability, analytics, and connectivity, increasing their value. In this study, the FORA FCP reference architecture is used to implement electric drives as Fog nodes, which is called “fogification”. The fogified drive architecture and its components are designed using Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL). The design process was driven by the high‐level requirements that the authors elicited. Both the fogified drive architecture and the current drive architecture are used to implement a self baggage drop system in which electric drives are the key components. The fog‐based design was then evaluated using several key performance indicators (KPIs), which reveal its advantages over the current drive architecture. The evaluation results show that safety‐related isolation is enabled with only 9% overhead on the total Fog node utilization, control applications are virtualized with zero input–output jitter, the hardware cost is reduced by 44%, and machine learning at the edge is performed without interrupting the main drive functionalities and with an average 85% accuracy. The conclusion is that the fog‐based design can successfully implement the required electric drive functionalities and can also enable innovative uses needed for realizing the vision of Industry 4.0.
The first simultaneous X-ray broadband view of Mrk 110 with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
Authors: Porquet D. , Reeves J. N. , Grosso N. , Braito V. , Lobban A.
Published: August 2021

Context. Soft and hard X-ray excesses, compared to the continuum power-law shape between ∼2−10 keV, are common features observed in the spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and are associated with the accretion disc-corona system around the supermassive black hole. However, the dominant process at work is still highly debated and has been proposed to be either relativistic reflection or Comptonisation. Such an investigation can be problematic for AGN that have significant intrinsic absorption, either cold or warm, which can severely distort the observed continuum. Therefore, AGN with no (or very weak) intrinsic absorption along the line-of-sight, called bare AGN, are the best targets for directly probing disc-corona systems.

Aims. We aim to characterise the main X-ray spectral physical components from the bright bare broad-line Seyfert 1 AGN Mrk 110, as well as the physical process(es) at work in its disc-corona system viewed almost face-on.

Methods. We perform the X-ray broadband spectral analysis thanks to two simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations performed on November 16−17, 2019, and April 5−6, 2020. We also use a deep NuSTAR observation obtained in January 2017 for the spectral analysis above 3 keV.

Results. The broadband X-ray spectra of Mrk 110 are characterised by the presence of a prominent and absorption-free smooth soft X-ray excess, moderately broad O VII and Fe Kα emission lines, and a lack of a strong Compton hump. The continuum above ∼3 keV is very similar at both epochs, while some variability (stronger when brighter) is present for the soft X-ray excess. A combination of soft and hard Comptonisation by a warm and hot corona, respectively, plus mildly relativistic disc reflection reproduce the broadband X-ray continuum very well. The inferred warm corona temperature, kTwarm ∼ 0.3 keV, is similar to the values found in other sub-Eddington AGN, whereas the hot corona temperature, kThot ∼ 21−31 keV (depending mainly on the assumed hot corona geometry), is found to be in the lower range of the values measured in AGN.
Contrôle des voies métaboliques par les enzymes E3 ligases : une opportunité de ciblage thérapeutique
Authors: Taillandier Daniel
Published: August 2021

Depuis sa découverte, le Système Ubiquitine Protéasome (UPS) est reconnu pour son rôle majeur dans le contrôle de la plupart des voies métaboliques de la cellule. Outre son rôle primordial dans la dégradation des protéines, il intervient aussi dans l’adressage, la signalisation ou la réparation de l’ADN, ce qui en fait un acteur incontournable de l’homéostasie cellulaire. Bien que d’autres systèmes de contrôles existent dans la cellule, l’UPS est souvent considéré comme le chef d’orchestre. Au vu de son importance, toute dérégulation de l’UPS entraîne des désordres plus ou moins sévères pour la cellule et donc l’organisme. De fait, l’UPS est impliqué dans de nombreuses pathologies (cancer, maladie d’Alzheimer, de Huntington, etc.). L’UPS est composé de plus de 1000 protéines différentes dont les combinaisons permettent le ciblage fin de virtuellement toutes les protéines de l’organisme. L’UPS fait appel à une cascade enzymatique (E1, 2 isoformes ; E2 > 35 isoformes ; E3 > 800 isoformes) qui permet le transfert de l’ubiquitine, une petite protéine de 8,5 kDa, sur la protéine à cibler soit pour sa dégradation, soit pour modifier son activité. Ce signal d’ubiquitinylation est réversible et de nombreuses déubiquitinylases (DUB, ∼ 80 isoformes) jouent aussi un rôle important. Les enzymes E3 sont les plus nombreuses et leur fonction est de reconnaître la protéine cible, ce qui en fait des acteurs importants dans la spécificité d’action de l’UPS. La nature même des E3 et la complexité de leurs interactions avec différents partenaires offrent un champ d’investigation très large et donc des potentialités importantes pour le développement d’approches thérapeutiques. Sans être exhaustive, cette revue illustre les différentes stratégies ayant déjà été mises en œuvre pour lutter contre différentes pathologies (à l’exclusion des infections bactériennes ou virales).
Leaf metabolomic data of eight sunflower lines and their sixteen hybrids under water deficit
Authors: Berton Thierry , Bernillon Stéphane , Fernandez Olivier , Duruflé Harold , Flandin Amélie , Cassan Cédric , Jacob Daniel , Langlade Nicolas B. , Gibon Yves , Moing Annick
Published: August 2021

This article describes how metabolomic data were produced on sunflower plants subjected to water deficit. Twenty-four sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes were selected to represent genetic diversity within cultivated sunflower and included both inbred lines and their hybrids. Drought stress was applied at the vegetative stage to plants cultivated in pots using the high-throughput phenotyping facility Heliaphen. Here, we provide untargeted and targeted metabolomic data of sunflower leaves. These compositional data differentiate both plant water status and different genotype groups. They constitute a valuable resource for the community to study the adaptation of crops to drought and the metabolic bases of heterosis.
Data-driven Modelling of Thermal Solid Sorption Storage Systems
Authors: Kirchsteiger Harald , Daborer-Prado Nayrana
Published: August 2021

An approach fofsr data-driven modelling of open sorption storage systems using zeolite as storage material is presented. The overall dynamic simulation model has the inflow air stream mass flow and absolute humidity as inputs and computes the outflow air temperature. The model is sub-divided into several components, where dynamic state space and process model identification techniques are applied. A comparison of the proposed modelling technique with simulated data from a validated model based on first principles shows that a reasonable accuracy − for a model application in temperature control systems design − can be obtained. It was found that using the proposed strategy, only a limited number of experiments are required, thus saving experimental time. Moreover, the computational requirements for a simulation using the proposed model are greatly reduced compared to a simulation model where differential equations discretised in time and space must be solved.
Comparison of three suture-bridge techniques for large or massive rotator cuff tear with delamination
Authors: Okubo Atsushi , Yotsumoto Tadahiko , Watanabe Nobuyoshi , Kajikawa Teruyoshi , Nakajima Shun , Oshima Yasushi , Iizawa Norishige , Majima Tokifumi
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Rotator cuff tear with delamination is considered a risk factor for postoperative retear. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between three repair procedures for large or massive rotator cuff tears with delamination: conventional en masse suture bridge (EMSB), double-layer suture bridge (DLSB), and the combination of DLSB with modified Debyere-Patte (DLSB + DP). Methods: 53 shoulders of 52 patients who had massive rotator cuff tears with delamination were categorized into three groups: EMSB (18 shoulders), DLSB (24 shoulders), and DLSB + DP (11 shoulders). The mean postoperative follow-up period was 34.6 months. Pre- and postoperative evaluations included a range of motion (ROM), Constant scores, global fatty degeneration (GFDI), and tendon integrity according to Sugaya’s classification by magnetic resonance images (MRI). Results: In all groups, ROM significantly improved after the procedures. Mean constant scores significantly improved: from 45.5 to 77.4 after EMSB, from 45.5 to 87.6 after DLSB, and from 46.3 to 88.0 after DLSB + DP. Significant differences were noted in postoperative Constant scores (p = 0.018: DLSB vs. EMSB, and p = 0.045: DLSB + DP vs. EMSB). The Constant pain scores were better for DLSB + DP than for EMSB (p = 0.012). Global fatty degeneration index (GFDI) with DLSB + DP was significantly higher than that for either EMSB or DLSB, indicating significant preoperative fatty degeneration for DLSB + DP. Retear occurred in 27.8% of the EMSB group, 12.5% of the DLSB group, and 9.1% of the DLSB + DP group. Discussion: Comparisons of the three groups demonstrated that DLSB and DLSB + DP achieved better clinical outcomes than EMSB for the repair of large or massive rotator cuff tears. DLSB + DP is useful for massive rotator cuff tears with severe fatty degeneration or for cases where the presence of excessive tension is anticipated when repairing the torn cuff.
Writing for SICOT-J
Authors: Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Auffret Babak Isabelle , Caton Jacques H.
Published: August 2021

Every time a paper is submitted to the journal, we realize the effort and amount of work it takes for performing the study, writing, formatting, and submitting the paper for peer review. However, how many of these papers are suitable for publication? Medical writing considerations, including an understandable text that does not confuse reading, formality, and ethics in writing, should be kept in mind when preparing and writing a paper to be submitted for publication to a journal. This editorial note offers useful advice for the authors submitting their papers to a journal on what to keep in mind before submission, how to prepare a quality submission, how to win the editor for their paper to avoid rejection, and how to make it to the review process and maybe to get published. It is our belief that these tips and advice on medical writing apply to any author and any journal.
Blutiges Schröpfen beim Karpaltunnelsyndrom
Authors: Dietzel Joanna , Spank Heiko , Usichenko Taras
Published: August 2021

Dieser Fallbericht zeigt die Behandlung einer Patientin, die im 3.
Schwangerschaftstrimenon eine Karpaltunnelsymptomatik entwickelt hat und mit
blutigem Schröpfen erfolgreich behandelt werden konnte.
Funktionelle Anatomie des kraniozervikalen
Übergangs
Authors: Filler Timm J.
Published: August 2021

Die kraniozervikale Transitionszone beinhaltet über den kraniovertebralen
Übergang hinaus eine Reihe von Komponenten, die eine hohe Spezialisierung
beim Menschen entwickelt haben. Wegen der daraus resultierenden Vielzahl von
möglichen Pathologien ist es wichtig, sich dieser besonderen Zusammensetzung
bewusst zu sein. So vereinen Atlas, Axis und C3 in sich die meisten
Differenzierungen von Grundelementen der Wirbelsäule und wirken dabei mit
ebenso ungewöhnlichen Komponenten der Binde- und Stützgewebe
zusammen. Die Muskulatur hat über die Bewegung und Sensorik hinaus
Leistungen für die Passage zu Pharynx und Larynx zu erbringen. Neben dem
Bewegungsapparat erwachsen Krankheitsbilder auch aus Störungen der
Leitungsbahnen, also Gefäßen und Nerven.
Der Hals – erste Kontaktaufnahme zu einer
Durchgangsstation
Authors: Kamp Rainer
Published: August 2021

Der Hals ist eine Durchgangsstation zwischen Kopf, Rumpf und
Extremitäten. Beschwerden in der Halsregion können komplex sein
und Fachgebietsgrenzen überschreiten. In diesem Artikel wird eine
Übersicht über in der Praxis häufig auftretende
Vorstellungsanlässe gegeben und eine Einordnung der Beschwerden und
Befunde zu den anatomischen Regionen vorderer, seitlicher und hinterer Hals
(Nacken) vorgenommen. Zur praktischen Orientierung wird die Palpation einiger
Strukturen am Hals dargestellt. Der Leser kann diese fakultativ begleitend zum
Lesevorgang mitmachen, einüben und ggf. in der Praxis ausprobieren.
Schilddrüsenerkrankungen und Entzündungen in Mund und Rachen
sind häufig und werden in der einschlägigen Literatur umfassend
abgehandelt; ihre Darstellung überschreitet den zur Verfügung
stehenden Rahmen.
Accuracy of Components of the SCAT5 and ChildSCAT5 to Identify Children with Concussion
Authors: Babl Franz E. , Anderson Vicki , Rausa Vanessa C. , Anderson Nicholas , Pugh Remy , Chau Tracey , Clarke Cathriona , Fabiano Fabian , Fan Feiven , Hearps Stephen , Parkin Georgia , Takagi Michael , Davis Gavin
Published: August 2021

The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (SCAT5) is a standardized measure of concussion. In this prospective observational study, the ability of the SCAT5 and ChildSCAT5 to differentiate between children with and without a concussion was examined. Concussed children (n=91) and controls (n=106) were recruited from an emergency department in three equal-sized age bands (5–8/9–12/13–16 years). Analysis of covariance models (adjusting for participant age) were used to analyze group differences on components of the SCAT5. On the SCAT5 and ChildSCAT5, respectively, youth with concussion reported a greater number (d=1.47; d=0.52) and severity (d=1.27; d=0.72) of symptoms than controls (all p<0.001). ChildSCAT5 parent-rated number (d=0.98) and severity (d=1.04) of symptoms were greater for the concussion group (all p<0.001). Acceptable levels of between-group discrimination were identified for SCAT5 symptom number (AUC=0.86) and severity (AUC=0.84) and ChildSCAT5 parent-rated symptom number (AUC=0.76) and severity (AUC=0.78). Our findings support the utility of the SCAT5 and ChildSCAT5 to accurately distinguish between children with and without a concussion.
Ruthenium(II)/Chiral Carboxylic Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective C–H Functionalization of Sulfoximines
Authors: Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki , Huang Long-Tao , Hirata Yuki , Kato Yoshimi , Lin Luqing , Kojima Masahiro
Published: August 2021

Ruthenium(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C–H functionalization reactions of sulfoximines with sulfoxonium ylides are described. The combination of [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 and a pseudo-C
2-symmetric binaphthyl monocarboxylic acid furnished the S-chiral products in 76:24 to 92:8 er.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Alkylation of Cyclopropanols with Sulfoxonium Ylides via C–C Bond Cleavage: Formation of Diverse 1,5-Diketones
Authors: Guan Mei , Wu Yong , Huang Xin , Li Jianglian , He Hua , Yan Kaichuan , Lai Ruizhi , Luo Yi
Published: August 2021

A novel ruthenium-catalyzed alkylation of cyclopropanols with sulfoxonium ylides has been developed that affords diverse 1,5-diketones with good efficiency and broad substrate scope. To illustrate the synthetic applications of the obtained 1,5-diketones, aldol and cyclization reactions have been investigated. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that this process involves a sequential C–C activation and carbene migratory insertion.
Optional Management of Achalasia in 2021: Dilatation or Myotomy
Authors: Nabi Zaheer , Ramchandani Mohan , Reddy D. Nageshwar
Published: August 2021

Achalasia cardia is a primary motility disorder of the esophagus, defined by lack of normal esophageal peristalsis along with inadequate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter . The mainstay of management in achalasia includes pneumatic dilatation, Heller’s myotomy and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Pneumatic dilatation and Heller’s myotomy have gained maturity over several decades. The current best practice with regard to pneumatic dilatation is graded and on-demand dilatation in appropriately selected cases with type I and II achalasia. Laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy plus partial fundoplication is minimally invasive with reduced postoperative reflux and has virtually replaced open Heller’s myotomy with or without fundoplication. The subtyping of achalasia using high-resolution manometry bears prognostic significance and may help in choosing appropriate therapeutic modality in these patients. Since all the three modalities are effective for type I and II achalasia, the choice among these depends on the availability, expertise, and patient’s preferences. On the other hand, POEM is more effective than pneumatic dilatation and Heller’s myotomy and, therefore, preferred in type III achalasia. Although POEM is effective across the spectrum of esophageal motility disorders, the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux is high and needs to be considered while choosing among various options in these patients. In cases with failed POEM, redo POEM appears to be effective in alleviating symptoms.
Severity of COVID-19 Respiratory Complications during Pregnancy are Associated with Degree of Lymphopenia and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio on Presentation: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Lasser Daniel M. , Chervenak Judith , Moore Robert M. , Li Tianying , Knight Clementine , Teo Hugo O. , Malhotra Yogangi ,   on behalf of the New York City Health + Hospitals Perinatal COVID-19 Research Subcommittee
Published: August 2021

Objective This study aimed to determine if laboratory inflammatory markers can predict critical disease in symptomatic COVID-19 pregnant women.

Study Design Multicenter, retrospective cohort study of all pregnant women presenting to New York City Health + Hospitals emergency departments from March 1 to May 30, 2020. We assessed all symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive pregnant women with room air oxygen saturation <95% on presentation. Logistic regression modeled the relationship of inflammatory markers to outcomes. Area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and maximum Youden index determined prognostic ability and optimal predictive cut-off values.

Results A total of 498 of 5,002 pregnant women were SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive of which 77 presented with hypoxemia. The absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were highly sensitive for progression to severe illness. ROC curve analysis identified predictive cutoffs: ALC < 1.49 × 109/L (96% sensitivity, 52% specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70–0.90) and NLR >8.1 (100% sensitivity, 70% specificity, AUC = 0.86 (95% CI: [0.76–0.96]).

Conclusion ALC and NLR on presentation are sensitive markers of progression to critical COVID-19 disease in symptomatic pregnant women. This finding provides a practical, rapid method for assessment and can assist clinicians with decision-making regarding triage, level of care, and patient management.

Key Points
Severe Maternal Morbidity Associated with Hospital NICU Level in Washington State
Authors: Sienas Laura , Albright Catherine M. , Walker Suzan , Hitti Jane
Published: August 2021

Objective Rising maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) rates have drawn increasing public health attention. We evaluated patterns of SMM across the Washington State Perinatal Regional Network, in which neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) levels correlate with maternal level of care.

Study Design Retrospective cohort study using de-identified patient and hospital-level rates of SMM diagnoses and procedures for all women who delivered at 58 hospitals from October 2015 to September 2016. Data were obtained from the Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System, which includes inpatient diagnosis with associated Present on Admission flags, procedure, and discharge information derived from hospital billing systems. Deliveries were stratified by having or not having SMM. For each SMM diagnosis, POA rates were tabulated. Hospital SMM rates (all SMM, transfusion only, and SMM excluding transfusion) were grouped according to their NICU level of care (critical access [CA] and 1–4). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results Of 76,961 deliveries, 908 women (1.2%) had any SMM including 533 with transfusion only and 375 with all other SMM diagnoses/procedures. Rates of SMM were highest at level 1 and level 4 hospitals at 1.3 and 1.5%, respectively. Level 1 and CA hospitals had the highest transfusion rate (1.0%), while level 2, 3, and 4 hospitals had progressively lower rates (0.8, 0.7, and 0.5%, respectively; p < 0.01). Level 4 hospitals had the highest rate of SMM diagnoses/procedures (1.0%). Among SMM diagnoses, the percentage with POA was lowest in level 1/CA hospitals (23%) and similar across level 2, 3, and 4 hospitals (39%).

Conclusion SMM diagnoses occur most frequently at the centers providing the highest level of care, likely attributable to the regional referral system. However, transfusion rates are increased in level 1/CA hospitals. Efforts to decrease SMM should focus on equipping level 1/CA hospitals with tools to decrease maternal morbidity and improve referral systems.

Key Points
Pulse Oximeter Perfusion Index as a Predictor of Successful Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block
Authors: L. Karthik S. , Ankad Vishwanath ,   Veena
Published: August 2021

Objective Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block is a popular anesthetic technique for upper limb surgeries. Assessing the success sensory and motor block using conventional methods is time consuming and also it needs patient co-operation. In the present study, objective method like increase in perfusion index is used to predict the success of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block.

Materials and Methods This prospective trial consists of total 95 patients undergoing elective upper limb procedures. All patients received ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block using 0.5% bupivacaine 20 mL. Sensory and motor blocks were evaluated every 5 minutes followed by pinprick testing and ability to flex the elbow and the hand against gravity, respectively. The perfusion index was measured using pulse oximetry applied on the index finger and recorded at baseline and 10, 20, and 30 minutes interval after local anesthetic injection in both the blocked limb and the contralateral unblocked limb using two separate pulse oximeters.

Results Perfusion index increased in blocked arm after 5 minutes compared with unblocked arm and also to its baseline value. Both perfusion index and perfusion index ratio in blocked arm were found statistically significant.

Conclusion To evaluate the success of supraclavicular block, perfusion index can be considered as a useful tool.
Deviance from the ethical standard of reporting child sexual abuse in daily newspapers of Bangladesh
Authors: Anik Asibul Islam , Towhid Muhammad Ibrahim Ibne , Islam Syed Shariful , Mallik Md. Takit , Azim Shabnam , Rahman Md. Golam , Haque M Atiqul
Published: August 2021

Since child sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the most serious public health issues, how CSA cases and victims are portrayed in the daily newspapers is a major concern to the public health and communication specialists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of the ethical standard of reporting CSA in Bangladeshi newspapers, as well as to identify the potential risk factors associated with unethical reporting. From January to December 2017, a total of 1093 news stories on CSA were collected from four top circulated Bengali newspapers and two English newspapers of Bangladesh. Berelson’s quantitative content analysis approach (only manifest content) was used to analyze these stories. For the coding and analysis purpose, news items (texts and news with photos) of spot news, editorials, and commentaries were included. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the bivariate association of different case characteristics with unethical reporting, and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to assess the potential risk factors of disclosing the victim’s identity and needless detail in the news description. This study revealed that more than 40% of news stories on CSA cases did not follow the ethical standard of reporting. Episodic CSA cases were more unethically reported in newspapers, compared to the thematic stories (42.8% vs. 11.6%). Approximately 37% of news stories disclosed at least one identifying information of victims (i.e., name, parents’ name, family member’s name, or school name), and 23% of stories included sensual and/or excessive description of the event. Our adjusted model showed that victim identifiers were most likely to be reported in news stories when the victim was 13–17 years old (AOR 1.86; P = 0.027), the alleged perpetrator held influential social status (AOR 2.44, P = 0.005), the victim was familiar to the perpetrator (AOR 6.85, P < 0.001), and when public reaction against the CSA incident was reported (AOR 2.75, P < 0.001). In addition, if there was a public reaction to any CSA occurrence, the chances of unnecessary extensive coverage increased by 1.82 times. In conclusion, Bangladeshi newspapers often publish CSA stories without maintaining the ethical standard of reporting and thus ignore child rights.
Influence of flow parameters on single shock-wave-focusing detonation and initial verification
Authors: Zhang Hesong , Chen Xin , Xu Shida , Bian Dongliang
Published: August 2021

As an advanced method for initiating detonation, shock-wave focusing (SWF) can do so directly without a separate igniter, and the distance of focusing initiation is much smaller than that of the deflagration-to-detonation transition, thereby greatly improving the performance of detonation engines. In this paper, the process of SWF detonation initiation with decane as the fuel is simulated, and it is found that the energy in the focusing region is high enough to initiate detonation directly. The total temperature and pressure of the incident flow are changed to study how the inlet parameters influence SWF. It is found that the total pressure of the incoming flow affects the SWF considerably whereas the influence of the total temperature can be ignored. The experimental results show that a kerosene–air detonation can be initiated successfully by SWF, thereby verifying the feasibility of SWF detonation with no pre-combustion chamber or igniter. The simulation and experimental results show that SWF detonation initiation has considerable advantages and potential.
Role of elasto-inertial turbulence in viscoelastic drag-reducing turbulence
Authors: Zhang Wen-Hua , Zhang Hong-Na , Li Yu-Ke , Yu Bo , Li Feng-Chen
Published: August 2021

Two kinds of nonlinearities coexist in viscoelastic fluid flows, i.e., inertia and elasticity, which can engender different types of chaotic states including inertial turbulence (IT), drag-reducing turbulence (DRT), elastic turbulence, and elasto-inertial turbulence (EIT). The state of maximum drag reduction (MDR), the ultimate state of DRT of viscoelastic fluids, is recently regarded as EIT. This Letter quantitatively demonstrates the role of IT and EIT in drag-reducing turbulent flows passing through the parallel plane channels via the contributions of Reynolds shear stress and the nonlinear part of elastic shear stress to flow drag. The nature of DRT is reexamined under a wide range of flow conditions covering a series of flow regimes from the onset of DR to MDR with the Oldroyd-B model. We argue that EIT-related dynamics appears in DRT long before settling to MDR state and competitively coexists with IT in both spatial and temporal domains at moderate and high Reynolds number (Re). More specifically, under a low DR condition, EIT first emerges close to the channel walls. With the increase in elasticity, low-drag EIT gradually replaces a high-drag IT from channel walls to center, resulting in a drastic decrease in flow drag comparing with IT. When EIT dynamics dominates the whole channel, MDR phenomenon occurs. Our findings provide evidence that DRT phenomenon is the result of IT and EIT interaction.
The steady vortex and enhanced drag effects of dandelion seeds immersed in low-Reynolds-number flow
Authors: Dong Yangyang , Hu Kexin , Wang Yongbin , Zhang Zijian
Published: August 2021

Dandelion seeds can stably diffuse owing to the dominant drag rather than the lift-based mechanism of the streamlined leaves of the plant, where this is known to favor their long-distance dispersal with the steady vortex attached. However, the generation mechanism of the vortex and the aerodynamic force exerted on the seeds through multiple filaments remain unknown. Clarifying these subjects may help realize the optimal performance of porous structures under different flight conditions. This study conducts numerical simulations to illuminate the influence of gaps and the Reynolds number (Re) on the wake structures and consequent drag force of dandelion seeds. We fabricate the seeds into circular disks composed of evenly distributed square cylinders placed in a vertical flow field with Re of 100 and 400, with the porosity of the pappus (ε) ranging from 0.887 to 0.964. We explain the geometric properties of the attached, steady vortex rings and clarify their generation mechanism, i.e., the base bleed and convection effects competed with vorticity generation, based on which the gaps are confirmed to delay chaotic vortices from occurring compared with the solid case. The weakened leeward pressure is critical for the increase in the drag coefficient to reach the peak level. The enhanced drag coefficient is several times higher than that in the solid case, endowing the seeds with a high loading capacity, and the porosity corresponding to its peak is beneficial for the structural design. These conclusions provide positive insights into the design of ventilated aircrafts with optimal long-distance dispersal performance.
Metasurfaces 2.0: Laser-integrated and with vector field control
Authors: Wen Dandan , Crozier Kenneth B.
Published: August 2021

The past decade has witnessed the rapid development of metasurfaces. In this paper, we outline our thinking on what we regard as two important trends in metasurface research, namely, the continual improvement in the light field modulation capacity of metasurfaces and the integration of metasurfaces with other devices to achieve fully contained optical systems. We first describe one of the fastest growing branches of the former, which is known as metasurface-based vectorial holography. This aims to control the wavefront and the polarization state of a light beam simultaneously. In comparison with single function devices, i.e., those that modulate the wavefront or polarization but not both, metasurface vectorial holography represents a significant improvement in our ability to modulate light fields. We then discuss the integration of metasurfaces with lasers for the goal of direct modulation of the polarization of the output beam or for the generation of beams with tailored orbital angular momenta. Two methods for doing so are discussed, namely, on-facet integration and in-cavity integration. We hope this Perspective will provide readers with new insights and thus help extend applications of metasurface-based optical devices.
Linear and nonlinear modeling of self-excited acoustic oscillations in a T-shaped thermoacoustic engine
Authors: Chen Geng , Hao Haitian , Deng Aidong
Published: August 2021

Branch tubes are often used in thermoacoustic engines (TAEs) for acoustic power extraction or acoustic field adjustment. Their roles, although critical for the performance of the thermoacoustic system, are not fully understood yet. To address this issue, this study investigates the self-excited acoustic oscillations inside a T-shaped TAE where a branch tube is connected to a classical standing-wave TAE. First, system-level theoretical models based on the linear acoustic and thermoacoustic theories in the frequency domain were established to study the acoustic modes and their stability. System-wide computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to simulate the evolution of the unstable acoustic modes from the initial start-up to the steady state in the time domain. Second, parametric studies on the coupling position of the branch tube and its length were conducted. The effects of the coupling position and branch length on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the T-shaped TAE were determined by theoretical derivations and substantiated by CFD simulations. The growth/attenuation rate of each acoustic mode was also examined. The CFD results show that bifurcation in steady-state dynamics occurs when the coupling position is altered or the branch length is increased. The steady-state behavior of the T-shaped TAE can transit from limit-cycle oscillations to quasi-periodic oscillations, or vice versa. The theoretical and CFD methodologies in this work are valuable in comprehending the acoustic/dynamic characteristics of the T-shaped standing-wave TAE, providing useful guidelines for studying the coupling of external loads in traveling-wave thermoacoustic systems that usually have more complex structures but are inherently more efficient.
Crystal-orientation-dependent flatband voltage of non-polar GaN MOS interfaces investigated using trench sidewall capacitors
Authors: Hirai Hirohisa , Miura Yoshinao , Nakajima Akira , Harada Shinsuke , Yamaguchi Hiroshi
Published: August 2021

We systematically characterized gallium nitride (GaN) metal-oxide semiconductor interfaces formed on trench sidewalls, paying particular attention to eliminating the parasitic capacitance caused by the trench bottom. The flatband voltage (Vfb) was found to be clearly higher on the m-face trench than on the a-face trench, and an interface state density of ∼1 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 near the conduction band edge was achieved, irrespective of the trench direction. For trench sidewalls treated with a tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution, variation in Vfb among the trench direction was suppressed, reflecting that microscopic m-faces were generated after the TMAH treatment, irrespective of the direction of the trench. Therefore, the origin of the Vfb variation was attributed to the GaN crystal face dependence of fixed charge density at SiO2/GaN interfaces.
Synonymisation of the male-based ant genus
Authors: Griebenow Zachary H.
Published: August 2021

Although molecular data have proven indispensable in confidently resolving the phylogeny of many clades across the tree of life, these data may be inaccessible for certain taxa. The resolution of taxonomy in the ant subfamily Leptanillinae is made problematic by the absence of DNA sequence data for leptanilline taxa that are known only from male specimens, including the monotypic genus Phaulomyrma Wheeler & Wheeler. Focusing upon the considerable diversity of undescribed male leptanilline morphospecies, the phylogeny of 35 putative morphospecies sampled from across the Leptanillinae, plus an outgroup, is inferred from 11 nuclear loci and 41 discrete male morphological characters using a Bayesian total-evidence framework, with Phaulomyrma represented by morphological data only. Based upon the results of this analysis Phaulomyrma is synonymised with Leptanilla Emery, and male-based diagnoses for Leptanilla that are grounded in phylogeny are provided, under both broad and narrow circumscriptions of that genus. This demonstrates the potential utility of a total-evidence approach in inferring the phylogeny of rare extant taxa for which molecular data are unavailable and begins a long-overdue systematic revision of the Leptanillinae that is focused on male material.