bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tellurium Polycations Stabilized by Halogenobismutates – Syntheses and Crystal Structure of te4[bi6Cl20] and te4[bi2br8]
Authors: Beck Johannes , Kasper Martin , Stankowski Alexander
Published: July 2007

The reaction of Te, TeX4 and BiX3 [X = Cl, Br] in sealed, evacuated glass ampoules in the temperature range 170° 100°C yields a variety of compounds composed of tellurium polycations and halobismutate anions. Two of these have been identified by crystal structure analyses as Te4[Bi6Cl20] (triclinic, P., a = 738.8(2), b = 875.1(2), c = 1389.1(6) pm, α = 87.89(2), β = 82.87(4), γ = 87.89(2) ·, Z = 1) and Te4[Bi2Nr8 (triclinic, P., a = 726.0(4), b = 773.7(4), c = 901.8(5) pm, α = 92.95(2), β = 102.23(2), γ = 92.87(2)., Z = 1). Both compounds were obtained as black crystals with a violet lustre and contain square‐planar Te42+ cations. Te4[Bi6Cl20] contains a two‐dimensional polymeric anion [Bi6Cl20]2− made up of corner‐ and edge‐sharing BiCl6 octahedra with attached BiCl3 groups. The Bi–Cl distances vary over a very wide range from 245 to 334 pm. Te4[Bi2Br8] consists of a onedimensional chain [BiBr2Br4/2−[n of cis‐edge‐connected BiBr6 octahedra with Bi–Br distances ranging from 264 to 318 pm.
Tris‐Chelating Oxygen Ligands: New Synthetic Routes to Sterically Demanding Ligands
Authors: Kläui Wolfgang , Schramm Georg , Asbahr Hark‐Oluf , Englert Ulli
Published: July 2007

The lithium and sodium compounds A[P(O)R2] (A+ = Li+, Na+; R = OPh, OiPr) have been prepared in situ from Hp(O)R2 and butyllithium or sodium hydride. They react with the cyclopentadienyl complexes [(C5H5)MI2(CO)] (M = Co, Rh), [(C5Me5)CoCl2]2, and [(C5H5)CoI2]n to yield alkali metal salts AL of tridentate oxygen ligands (A+ = Li+, Na+; L− = [(C5R′5]M{P(O)R2}3]−, R′ = H, Me; M = Co, Rh; R = OPh, OiPr) (2). For the ligand LCo, OPh = [(C5H5)‐Co{P(O)(OPh)2}3]−, an alternative synthesis has been developed, starting from [(C5H5)2Co]PF6. The structure of the sodium salt NaLCo, OPh (2d) has been determined by X‐ray diffraction. The ligand LCo, Oph−, with a cone angle TH of about 200°, completely blocks one half of the coordination sphere around the sodium centre. The ligand profile has been calculated to allow appraisal of the angular encumbrance of the ligand.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of the First Enantiomerically Pure (Triazolinylidene)ruthenium(ii) and ‐rhodium(iii) Chelate Complexes
Authors: Enders Diter , Gielen Heike , Raabe Gerhard , Runsink Jan , Henrique Teles H.
Published: July 2007

The chloro bridges of the dinuclear complexes [(.65‐cymene)‐RuCl2]2 and [(.5‐C5Me5)RhCl2]2 can be cleaved by reaction wht an N‐phenyltriazolium perchlorate (1) and a base, resulting in the formation of (carbene)metal complexes. In this manner, abstraction of one ortho‐proton of the phenyl group and elimination of HCl leads to pseudo‐tetrahedral ruthenium (2) and rhodium (3) complexes, thereby creating a stereogenic center at the transition metal. By using enantiomerically pure triazolium perchlorates, the diastereoselective synthesis of these complexes with diastereomeric excesses of up to 95% can be achieved, with the possibility of separating the two diastereomers by column chromatography. The relative, and therefore also the absolute configuration of the ruthenium complex (RRu)‐2b could be determined by X‐ray structure analysis. A stereospecific substitution of chlorine by iodine or acetonitrile to form the diastereomerically pure complexes 4, 5 and 6 (the latter as cationic ruthenium complexes) allows a further variation of the ligands.
A Density Functional Study of the Systems [MH3(PMe3)4]+ (M = FE, RU, OS)
Authors: Jacobsen Heiko , Berke Heinz
Published: July 2007

The structures and relative energies of various isomers of [FeH3(PMe3)4)+ (1), [RuH3(PMe3)4]. (2) and [OsH3(PMe3)4]. (3) have been studies by density functional theory. The stereoisomers considered are derived from a tetrahedral (T), square planar (P), and C2v‐butterfly (C) arrangement of the phosphane ligands. For the latter two, classical trihydride (I) and nonclassical hydride/dihydrogen (II) geometries have been considered 1 and 2 prefer coordination mode II, whereas 3 favours coordination mode I. This trend is explained by relativistic effects. For Fe and Os, the C and T type structures are preferred over a P geometry. for Ru, the C and P structures are close in energy, and the T arrangement represents the highest energy isomer.
New Borylene Complexes of the Type [μ‐BX{.5‐C5H4Me)MN(CO)2}2]: Substitution Reactions at the Metal‐Coordinated Borylene Moiety
Authors: Braunschweig Holget , Müller Matthias
Published: July 2007

The reaction of the air‐ and water‐stable borylene complex [μ‐BNMe2{.5‐C5H4Me)Mn(CO)2}2] (1a) with a solution of Hcl in Et2O affords the correspondin chloroborylene complex [μ‐Chloroborylenebis{dicarbonyl(.5‐methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese}(Mn–Mn)] (2). This compound easily undergoes further substitution reactions with protic reagents such as primary amines, alcohols and water at the metal coordinated borylene moiety with elimination of HCl, giving new products of the type [μ‐BX{.4‐C5H4ME)Mn(CO)2}2] (3a, ab: X=NHtBu, NHPh; 4a, b: × = OMe, OEt; 5: X= Oh}. All borylene complexes were isolated as crystalline solids in good yield and characterized by multinuclear NMR methods and IR spectroscopy in solution. In addition, the structure of 4b in the crystalline state was determined by a single‐crystal X‐ray study.
Palladium — Catalyzed Reactions, 1 Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrophenylation and Hydrohetarylation of Bicyclo[2.2.1]Hept‐2‐ene: Influence of the Chiral Ligand, the Leaving Group, and the Solvent
Authors: Namyslo Jan Christoph , Kaufmann Dieter E.
Published: July 2007

The use of optically active biaryl bisphosphanes 10–12, a diphenylphosphanylphenyloxazoline 8, and a (β‐N‐sulfonyl‐aminomethyl)bisdiphenylphosphane 7 as ligands in the Pd‐catalyzed Heck‐type hydroarylation of norbornene (1) with phenyl 2 and various hetaryl derivaties 3–5 leads exclusively to the formation of exo‐2(het)arylnorbornanes 6 with asymmetric inductions of up to 86.4% ee. In addition to an investigation into the effects of different chiral ligands, a systematic study has been made of the influence of various (het)aryl compounds, leaving groups, and solvents on the chemical and optical yields of this reductive arylation.
Nanoscale Metal Coordination Macrocycles Fabricated by Using “Dimeric” Dipyrrins
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu , Hashimoto Takashi
Published: July 2007

Covalently linked dipyrrin (dipyrromethene) dimers have afforded nanoscale [2+2]‐type neutral coordination macrocycles with a diagonal of about 1.6 nm. Two moieties of the achiral dipyrrin–ZnII complex yield the chiral coordination macrocycles as minor species, as well as major meso stereoisomers by the covalent linkages. Tetrahedral ZnII coordination by using acyclic ligands enables the dipyrrin–metal complex units to readily rotate and pass through the cavity of the nanorings in order to reveal the transitions between the chiral and achiral isomers.
ST‐segment elevation in lead aVR greater than that in lead V1, secondary to diffuse myocardial ischemia from prolonged hypotension
Authors: Habibzadeh, Mohammad Reza , Ewy, Gordon A.
Published: July 2007

The prediction of significant left main or diffuse three‐vessel coronary artery disease is crucial in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome. ST‐segment elevation in aVR has been reported to be associated with left main coronary artery obstruction or severe diffuse coronary artery disease in acute coronary syndrome. Herein we report another cause for this ECG finding, that is diffuse ischemia not due to left main coronary artery obstruction or diffuse coronary artery disease but secondary to prolonged hypotension. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Derivation of a mouse model for conditional inactivation of Pax9
Authors: Kist Ralf , Greally Elizabeth , Peters Heiko
Published: July 2007

Pax9 is required for the formation of a variety of organs during mouse development. The function of Pax9 at postnatal stages is unknown since homozygosity of the null allele (Pax9lacZ) causes neonatal lethality. Recently, we have generated a hypomorphic Pax9 allele, Pax9neo, which contains a removable neomycin resistance cassette (neo) and loxP sites flanking the first two exons of Pax9. Here we show that FLP‐mediated in vivo excision of neo generates phenotypically normal Pax9flox mice. Crossing Pax9flox mice to PGK‐Cre mice leads to efficient recombination of loxP sites and neonatal lethality in the resulting Pax9del/del offspring. Inactivation of Pax9 using Wnt1‐Cre mice causes cleft secondary palate and tooth agenesis and reveals that the Pax9 expressing mesenchymal cells of the nose, palate, and teeth are derived from neural crest cells. The conditional Pax9 allele will be a valuable tool to study Pax9 function in specific tissues of adult mice. genesis 45:460–464, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Readiness for change and short‐term outcomes of female adolescents in residential treatment for anorexia nervosa
Authors: McHugh Matthew D.
Published: July 2007

Objective:

To determine if readiness for change (RFC) at admission predicted length of stay (LOS) and short‐term outcomes among female adolescents in residential treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method:

Using a prospective cohort design to collect data from participants (N = 65) at admission and discharge, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression tested whether RFC on admission predicted time in LOS to a favorable short‐term outcome—a composite endpoint based on minimum criteria for weight gain, drive for thinness, depression, anxiety, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).

Results:

Participants with low RFC had a mean survival time to a favorable short‐term outcome of 59.4 days compared to 34.1 days for those with high RFC (log rank = 8.44, df = 1, p = .003). The probability of a favorable short‐term outcome was 5.30 times greater for participants with high RFC.

Conclusion:

Readiness for change is a useful predictor of a favorable short‐term outcome and should be considered in the assessment profile of patients with AN. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
I know what you did last summer (and it was not CBT): A factor analytic model of international psychotherapeutic practice in the eating disorders
Authors: Tobin David L. , Banker Judith D. , Weisberg Laura , Bowers Wayne
Published: July 2007

Objective:

Although several studies have shown that eating disorders clinicians do not generally use treatment manuals, findings regarding what they do use have typically been vague, or closely linked to a particular theoretical approach. Our goal was to identify what eating disorder clinicians do with their patients in a more theoretically neutral context. We also sought to describe an empirically defined approach to psychotherapeutic practice as defined by clinicians via factor analysis.

Method:

A survey developed for this study was administered to 265 clinicians recruited online and at regional and international meetings for eating disorders professionals.

Results:

Only 6% of respondents reported they adhered closely to treatment manuals and 98% of the respondents indicated they used both behavioral and dynamically informed interventions. Factor analysis of clinicians' use of 32 therapeutic strategies suggested seven dimensions: Psychodynamic Interventions, Coping Skills Training, Family History, CBT, Contracts, Therapist Disclosure, and Patient Feelings.

Conclusion:

The findings of this study suggest that most clinicians use a wide array of eating disorder treatment interventions drawn from empirically supported treatments, such as CBT‐BN, and from treatments that have no randomized controlled trial support. Factor analysis suggested theoretically linked dimensions of treatment, but also dimensions that are common across models. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Poor social comparison and the tendency to submissive behavior in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Connan Frances , Troop Nick , Landau Sabine , Campbell Iain C. , Treasure Janet
Published: July 2007

Objective:

The aim of this study was to confirm an association between low social rank (SR) and anorexia nervosa (AN), and to test the hypotheses that low SR is (a) present after recovery from the illness, (b) mediates an association between increased childhood interpersonal adversity (CIA) and AN.

Method:

Participants were 18 women with active AN, 13 recovered women, and 16 healthy controls. General and specific psychopathology, childhood adversity, and indices of SR were assessed using self‐report measures.

Results:

Low SR was observed in both the active and the recovered AN groups and was a significant mediator in the relationship between CIA and AN status.

Conclusion:

CIA may contribute to the risk of developing AN via its impact on the development of low SR. The latter may be a shared risk factor for AN and affective disorder, and could be a useful therapeutic target. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Uronic Acids in Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: van den Bos Leendert J. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Litjens Remy E. J. N. , Dinkelaar Jasper , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A.
Published: July 2007

This Microreview covers some general strategies for the preparation of uronic acid residues and their incorporation into anionically charged oligosaccharides. Two distinct strategies can be recognized: (1) glycosylation followed by oxidation, and (2) oxidation of the monosaccharide building blocks followed by glycosylation. Examples of both strategies are discussed, with a focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the respective strategies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A Two‐Step, Three‐Component Queuing Cascade Leading to Dihydrobenzoxepine and Dihydrobenzazepine Derivatives
Authors: Yucel Baris , Valentić Nataša , Noltemeyer Mathias , de Meijere Armin
Published: July 2007

A palladium‐catalyzed reaction of methylenespiropentane (11) with iodobenzene (12) under typical Heck conditions [Pd(OAc)2, PPh3, Et3N, DMF] produced a mixture of the unstable [3]dendralene 13 and allylidenecyclopropane 14 in 38 % yield. When an analogous reaction with iodobenzene was carried out in the presence of morpholine (25) and of tris(2‐furyl)phosphane (TFP) instead of triphenylphosphane, the dienes 26, 28 and 31 were generated by nucleophilic trapping of π‐allylpalladium intermediates 30 and 32. The cross coupling of methylenespiropentane (11) with the functionalized aryl iodides 33a–g in the presence of a palladium precatalyst [Pd(OAc)2, TFP, Et3N, DMF] at 80 °C, 3 h, provided the seven‐membered 3,4‐dimethylene‐substituted heterocycles 34a–g and 35b which, upon addition of dimethyl fumarate (19), underwent Diels–Alder reactions to furnish bicyclic and higher oligocyclic dihydrobenzoxepine and‐benzazepine derivatives 36a–g and 37b, yet in rather moderate yields of 18–29 % only. The overall process constitutes a one‐pot, two‐step, three‐component queuing cascade.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Evaluation of carbon nanostructures as chiral selectors for direct enantiomeric separation of ephedrines by EKC
Authors: Moliner‐Martínez Yolanda , Cárdenas Soledad , Valcárcel Miguel
Published: July 2007

Single‐walled nanotubes and multi‐walled nanotubes (MWNTs) have been evaluated as chiral selectors for the enantiomeric separation of ephedrines by using EKC with surfactant‐coated carbon nanotubes. The analysed compounds were (±)‐ephedrine, (±)‐norephedrine and (±)‐N‐methylephedrine. The potential of those carbon nanostructures as chiral selectors has been evaluated by changing different experimental variables such as pH, addition of organic modifiers, potential and injection time. The capability of MWNTs to resolve enantiomeric mixtures was demonstrated by using partial filling of the capillary with concentrated surfactant‐coated MWNTs. Differences in the enantioselectivity were discussed.
Synthesis and NMR characterization of β‐alanine‐bridged hemispherodextrin, a very efficient chiral selector in EKC
Authors: Cucinotta Vincenzo , Giuffrida Alessandro , Maccarrone Giuseppe , Messina Marianna , Puglisi Antonino , Vecchio Graziella
Published: July 2007

A capped derivative of β‐CD (THALAH) was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy at different pH values. A trehalose moiety, bonded through β‐alanine bridges to the CD cavity, is included in the capping unit, giving peculiar properties to this molecule. The hemispherodextrin thus obtained was tested as a chiral selector in EKC. At neutral pH, the monocationic species of THALAH behaves as a very efficient selector separating successfully all the 11 tested enantiomeric pairs of dansyl‐derivatives of amino acids, some of them even at concentrations as low as 0.15 mM. The differences observed in the migration order among the different systems give suggestions about the mechanism of molecular recognition between the selector and the analytes.
Wood storage in three mountain streams of the Southern Andes and its hydro‐morphological effects
Authors: Comiti Francesco , Andreoli Andrea , Mao Luca , Lenzi Mario Aristide
Published: July 2007

This study analyses large wood (LW) storage and the associated effects on channel morphology and flow hydraulics in three third‐order mountain basins (drainage area 9–12 km2) covered in old‐growth Nothofagus forests, ranging from the temperate warm Chilean Andean Cordillera to the sub‐Antarctic Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Amount, characteristics and dimensions of large wood (>10 cm diameter, >1 m long) were recorded, as well as their effects on stream morphology, hydraulics and sediment storage. Results show that major differences in LW abundance exist even between adjacent basins, as a result of different disturbance histories and basin dissection. Massive LW volumes (i.e. >1000 m3 ha−1) can be reached in basins disturbed by fires followed by mass movements and debris flows. Potential energy dissipation resulting from wood dams is about a quarter of the total elevation drop in two streams, with a gross sediment volume stored behind wood dams of around 1000 m3 km−1, which appears to be of the same order as the annual sediment yield. Finally, the presence of wood dams may increase flow resistance by up to one order of magnitude. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forest age, wood and nutrient dynamics in headwater streams of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH
Authors: Warren Dana R. , Bernhardt Emily S. , Hall Robert O. , Likens Gene E.
Published: July 2007

Instream processing may substantially alter nutrient export from forested watersheds. This study tested how instream uptake of N and P were affected by successional differences in the accumulation of large wood and debris dams in a 66‐year chronosequence formed by five watersheds within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH. Nutrient enrichment releases in summer 1998 were used to measure the uptake velocities of phosphate, nitrate and ammonium for five streams within HBEF, and results indicated that uptake of PO43− was closely associated with forest age. In 2004, we quantified volume and abundance of large wood in each stream to test whether large wood abundance could be linked to nitrate uptake as well as phosphate. The volume of instream wood increased with forest age, at an apparent rate of 0·03 m3 (100 m)−1 per year for these early to mid‐successional forests (r2 = 0.95); however, debris dam frequency did not. Instead, debris dam frequency, when controlled for stream size, followed a U‐shaped distribution, with high dam frequency in very young forests, low frequency in forests around 20–30 years of age and increasing dam frequency again as forests matured. Phosphate uptake velocity increased strongly with both forest age and large wood volume (r2 = 0·99; p < 0·001 in both cases); however, nitrate and ammonium uptake were not related to either factor. We attribute the positive relationship between phosphate uptake velocity and forest age/large wood volume to increased abiotic adsorption of phosphate by the inorganic sediments retained by wood. Nitrogen uptake in these streams is primarily biologically driven and did not vary predictably with these structural features of channels. We expect wood abundance to increase in HBEF streams as the forest matures, with a subsequent increase in stream phosphate uptake capacity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geomorphic changes upstream of beaver dams in Bridge Creek, an incised stream channel in the interior Columbia River basin, eastern Oregon
Authors: Pollock Michael M. , Beechie Timothy J. , Jordan Chris E.
Published: July 2007

Channel incision is a widespread phenomenon throughout the dry interior Columbia River basin and other semi‐arid regions of the world, which degrades stream habitat by fundamentally altering natural ecological, geomorphological and hydrological processes. We examined the extent of localized aggradation behind beaver dams on an incised stream in the interior Columbia River basin to assess the potential for using beaver, Castor canadensis, dams to restore such channels, and the effect of the aggradation on riparian habitat. We estimated aggradation rates behind 13 beaver dams between 1 and 6 years old on Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River in eastern Oregon. Vertical aggradation rates are initially rapid, as high as 0·47 m yr−1, as the entrenched channel fills, then level off to 0·075 m yr−1 by year six, as the sediment begins accumulating on adjacent terraces. We found that a 0·5 m elevation contour above the stream channel approximately coincided with the extent of new riparian vegetation establishment. Therefore, we compared the area surrounding reaches upstream of beaver dams that were within 0·5 m elevation of the stream channel with adjacent reaches where no dams existed. We found that there was five times more area within 0·5 m elevation of the channel upstream of beaver dams, presumably because sediment accumulation had aggraded the channel. Our results suggest that restoration strategies that encourage the recolonization of streams by beaver can rapidly expand riparian habitat along incised streams. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive power and unbiasedness of implied forward charter rates
Authors: Alizadeh Amir H. , Ådland Roar Os , Koekebakker Steen
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the efficiency and predictive power of implied forward shipping charter rates. In particular, we examine whether implied forward 6‐month time‐charter rates, which are derived through the difference between time‐charters with different maturities based on the term structure model, are efficient and unbiased predictors of actual future time‐charter rates. Using a dataset for the period January 1989 to June 2003, results of different statistical tests, including the cointegration approach, suggest that implied forward rates are in fact unbiased predictors of future time‐charter rates in the dry bulk freight market. In addition, it is found that implied forward rates yield superior forecasts compared to alternative univariate and multivariate time series models. However, while the unbiasedness hypothesis is found to hold, on average, we find that chartering strategies based on simple trend‐following trading rules in this cyclical market are able to generate economic profits even out‐of‐sample. This highlights how standard tests for unbiasedness do not always capture cyclical predictable components in the market behaviour.  Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectral studies of meso‐dialkyl, alkyl aryl and cycloalkyl calix(4)pyrroles under positive and negative ion electrospray ionization conditions
Authors: Bhaskar G. , Prabhakar S. , Ramanjaneyulu G. S. , Vairamani M. , Srinivasu V.N.V. , Srinivas K.
Published: July 2007

A series of meso‐dialkyl, alkyl aryl and cycloalkyl calix(4)pyrroles (1–15) are studied under positive and negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions. The positive ion spectra show abundant [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ ions and the negative ion spectra show the [M + Cl]− (the Cl− ions from the solvent) and [M − H]− ions. The collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra of [M + H]+, [M + Na]+, [M + Cl]− and [M − H]− ions are studied to understand their dissociation pathway and compared to that reported for M+ under electron ionization (EI) conditions. The β‐cleavage process that was diagnostic to M+ is absent in all the CID spectra of the ions studied under ESI. Dissociation of all the studied ions resulted in the fragment ions formed by sequential elimination of pyrrole (A) and/or dialkyl/alkyl aryl/cycloalkyl (B) groups involving hydrogen migration to pyrrole ring at each cleavage of AB bond, which clearly reveals the arrangement of A and B groups in the calix(4)pyrroles. The source of hydrogen that migrates to pyrrole ring during AB bond cleavage is investigated by the experiments on deuterated compounds and [M + D]+ ions; and confirmed that the hydrogen attached to pyrrole nitrogen, hydrogen on α‐carbon of alkyl group and the H+/Na+ ion that added during ESI process to generate [M + H]+/[M + Na]+ ions involve in the migration. The yields of [M + Na]+ ions are found to be different for the isomeric meso‐cycloalkyl compounds (cycloheptyl, and 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐methyl cyclohexyl) and for normal and N‐confused calix(4)pyrroles. The isomeric methyl and 3‐hydroxy/4‐hydroxy phenyl calix(4)pyrroles show specific fragmentation pattern during the dissociation of their [M − H]− ions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The viral genetic background determines the outcome of coxsackievirus B3 infection in outbred NMRI mice
Authors: Schmidtke M. , Merkle I. , Klingel K. , Hammerschmidt E. , Zautner A.E. , Wutzler P.
Published: July 2007

The reasons for the different outcome of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)‐induced heart disease in humans are not well understood. Since there are no experimental data on the course of disease after infection with genetically different CVB3 in a natural variable population until now, we studied the outcome of virus infection in outbred NMRI mice after inoculation of genetically different CVB3 variants. Adult male mice were inoculated with seven closely related CVB3 variants. The histopathological changes of heart and pancreas tissue, antibody induction, virus titers, and persistence of viral positive‐ as well as negative‐strand RNA in spleen and heart tissue were compared at day 7 or day 28 after infection to detect prerequisites and predictive factors for chronic myocarditis. Six CVB3 variants infected NMRI mice. CVB3 infection (i) did not induce detectable myocardial injury, (ii) caused signs of healing up acute myocarditis or (iii) ongoing chronic myocarditis. Neither IgG antibody responses nor the extent of destruction of exocrine pancreatic tissue or viral RNA load in spleen did correlate with myocardial histopathology. In contrast, a high persistent viral RNA load in heart tissue specimens was characteristic for mice developing chronic myocarditis. The results of the present study corroborate high viral load in the acute stage of myocarditis and high amounts of persisting CVB3 RNA in heart tissue as predictive marker of chronic myocarditis. The outcome of CVB3‐induced heart disease in outbred NMRI mice depends strongly on the viral genetic background. In particular an important role of viral capsid proteins is suggested. J. Med. Virol. 79:1334–1342, 2007. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteasomal degradation of core protein variants from chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Braun Sabine , Zajakina Anna , Aleksejeva Jekaterina , Sharipo Anatoly , Bruvere Ruta , Ose Velta , Pumpens Paul , Garoff Henrik , Meisel Helga , Kozlovska Tatyana
Published: July 2007

The accumulation of complex hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants with internal in‐frame deletions in the C gene in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients is associated with a severe course of the infection leading to end‐stage liver disease (ESLD). A set of six HBV C genes with internal in‐frame deletions corresponding to the pattern of HBV population in immunosuppressed patients has been expressed in two different eukaryotic cell lines. Synthesis and proteasomal degradation of HBV core (HBc) protein variants were compared with those of the wild‐type HBc. In all cases, the steady‐state level of internally deleted HBc proteins, predominantly with longer deletions, were considerably lower and turnover was significantly higher in comparison with those of the wild‐type HBc, since all deletion variants were degraded rapidly via the proteasome pathway. Involvement and consequences of the proteasomal degradation machinery in the HBc protein turnover during HBV infection with complex HBV variants in the immunosuppressed patients are discussed. J. Med. Virol. 79:1312–1321, 2007. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of drug resistance mutations as a predictor of subsequent virological failure in patients with HIV‐1 viral rebounds of less than 1,000 RNA copies/ml
Authors: Verhofstede Chris , Van Wanzeele Filip , Van Der Gucht Bea , Pelgrom Jolanda , Vandekerckhove Linos , Plum Jean , Vogelaers Dirk
Published: July 2007

In order to evaluate the usefulness of resistance testing after a viral rebound with plasma HIV RNA levels of less than 1,000 copies (c)/ml, genotyping was performed on 39 samples from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) showing a viremia of over 50 c/ml up to a maximum of 1,000 c/ml after at least one undetectable viral load result. Protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences were obtained for all 39 samples. In 10 (25.6%) of the samples, mutations not seen before the initiation of the regimen were observed. The M184V/I mutation was the most prevalent but in several patients a combination of multiple mutations was detected. Follow‐up samples were available for 34 patients. In six (85.71%) out of seven patients with new mutations, the viral load on the follow‐up visit remained detectable, indicating true failure, compared to 6 (31.6%) true failures out of 19 patients in whom only wild type virus was detected (P = 0.02) and three (37.5%) out of eight patients in whom only the mutations already present at the initiation of HAART were seen (P = 0.08). The results indicate that reliable resistance testing can be performed on samples with a viral burden of less than 1,000 c/ml and demonstrate that multiple drug resistance mutations can be selected at low viral load rebounds. Most importantly, detection of resistance mutations in viral rebound samples was predictive of subsequent virological failure. J. Med. Virol. 79:1254–1260, 2007. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metallocenic Isotactic Poly(propylene) and its Copolymers with 1‐Hexene and Ethylene
Authors: Arranz‐Andrés Javier , Suárez Inmaculada , Peña Begoña , Benavente Rosario , Pérez Ernesto , Cerrada María L.
Published: July 2007

A comprehensive study of the structure and properties has been performed for copolymers of propylene‐1‐hexene, CiPH, and propylene‐ethylene, CiPE, synthesized by an isotactic metallocene catalyst system. The comonomer content constitutes the most important factor affecting the structure and properties of these CiPH and CiPE copolymers, although the length of the comonomer is also very important. Thus, a considerable decrease in crystallinity is observed in the two kinds of copolymers as the comonomer content increases. The structure in the CiPH copolymers evolves, however, from the typical, monoclinic crystal lattice to mesomorphic‐like, ordered entities for the highest 1‐hexene molar fraction, whereas in the CiPE copolymers the structural evolution with molar fraction goes from a monoclinic lattice to an almost amorphous material. All of these variations in crystal structure significantly influence the viscoelastic and mechanical behavior of these CiPH and CiPE copolymers. Consequently, the location and intensity of the different relaxation mechanisms, as well as the rigidity parameters (storage and Young's moduli and microhardness) and deformation mechanism are strongly dependent upon composition.

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Characterisation of Surface Activity of Carbon Black and its Relation to Polymer‐Filler Interaction
Authors: Schröder Andreas , Klüppel Manfred , Schuster Robert H.
Published: July 2007

The surface activity of commercial and experimental carbon blacks varying in particle size and primary aggregate structure was investigated with regard to surface roughness and energetic surface structure of primary particles. The energetic surface structure was described by the site energy distribution function f(Q), which was determined mainly from the gas adsorption isotherms of ethene. It was found that the surface of carbon black was energetically very heterogeneous. It consisted of at least four different adsorption sites (I: Q ≈ 16 kJ · mol−1; II: Q ≈ 20 kJ · mol−1; III: Q ≈ 25 kJ · mol−1; IV: Q ≈ 30 kJ · mol−1). The fraction of the sites I–IV depended on the production process of the carbon black grades and the particle size. For the furnace blacks, the fraction of high‐energy sites decreased significantly with particle size and disappeared almost completely during graphitisation. This indicates that the reinforcing potential of carbon black is closely related to the amount of highly energetic sites that can be well quantified by the applied gas adsorption technique. The surface roughness was characterised by the surface fractal dimension, Ds, which was determined by two different techniques: the yardstick‐method and the extended Frenkel‐Halsey‐Hill‐theory (fractal FHH‐theory). It is found that the furnace blacks have an almost equal roughness with a surface fractal dimension of Ds ≈ 2.6 beyond a length scale z ≈ 6 nm. This result is shown to be in fair agreement with analytical models and computer simulations of surface growth of carbon black in a furnace reactor.

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Formation of Polymer Networks
Authors: Yang Wen , Wei Dongshan , Jin Xigao , Liao Qi
Published: July 2007

The random end linking of different amounts of trifunctional crosslinkers with 3 000 prepolymer linear chains, with length varying from 10 to 30 monomers, to form networks at different system number densities was dynamically simulated by the molecular dynamics method. Investigation of the crosslinking kinetics shows that, with a stoichiometric number of crosslinkers present, the time evolution of free ends fraction decays as a power law in timet−3/4. This scaling behavior is different from the one in a dense polymer melt. Structural analyses of the resulting networks indicate that the imperfections of the network structure strongly depend on the initial synthesis conditions including the initial system number density and the ratio of crosslinkers to precursor polymer chain ends.

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Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in epithelial carcinogenesis
Authors: Kim Dae Joon , Chan Keith S. , Sano Shigetoshi , DiGiovanni John
Published: July 2007

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is one of a family of cytoplasmic proteins that participate in normal cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors as transcription factors. Stat3 modulates various physiological functions including cell survival, cell‐cycle regulation, and angiogenesis through regulation of gene expression, and its constitutive activation is associated with a number of human epithelial cancers. Recent studies with skin‐specific gain and loss of Stat3 function transgenic mice have shown that Stat3 plays critical roles in skin carcinogenesis. Multistage skin carcinogenesis bioassays performed with these transgenic mice clearly demonstrate that Stat3 is required for both tumor initiation and promotion through regulation of genes involved in survival and proliferation, respectively. Stat3 also plays a role in malignant progression of skin tumors by regulating genes that are involved in angiogenesis and invasion. Further studies have revealed that Stat3 plays a critical role in epidermal cell proliferation and survival following exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. In addition, Stat3 is constitutively active in UVB‐induced skin tumors from both mice and humans. Collectively, these studies suggest that Stat3 may be a potential target for both the prevention and treatment of human epithelial cancers including skin cancer. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Translational experimental therapeutics: The translation of laboratory‐based discovery into disease‐related therapy
Authors: Kieburtz Karl , Olanow C. Warren
Published: July 2007

In the past decade, there has been an increasing emphasis on laboratory‐based translational research. This has led to significant scientific advances in our understanding of disease mechanisms and in the development of novel approaches to therapy such as gene therapy, RNA interference, and stem cells. However, the translation of these remarkable scientific achievements into new and effective disease‐modifying therapies has lagged behind these scientific accomplishments. We use the term “translational experimental therapeutics” to describe the pathway between the discovery of a basic disease mechanism or novel therapeutic approach and its translation into an effective treatment for patients with a specific disease. In this article, we review the components of this pathway, and discuss issues that might impede this process. Only by optimizing this pathway can we realize the full therapeutic potential of current scientific discoveries and translate the astounding advances that have been accomplished in the laboratory into effective treatments for our patients. Mt Sinai J Med 74: 7‐14, 2007. Copyright © 2007 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The role of the pathologist in translational and personalized medicine
Authors: Perl Daniel P.
Published: July 2007

Over the years, pathologists have served to make morphologic diagnoses for clinicians when provided with a biopsy or surgically resected tissue specimen. Traditionally, pathologists have used a series of morphologic techniques and relied on the microscopic appearance of resected tissues to determine a pathologic diagnosis and, with respect to neoplastic lesions, provide predictions of the potential growth pattern that might be anticipated. With the introduction of the techniques of molecular biology in medicine, the role of the pathologist has changed as have the tools available for characterizing pathologic specimens. With the pathologist's unique perspective on disease processes and access to tissue specimens from the operating room, he has become a key player in the area of translational and personalized medicine and the development of new approaches to diagnosis and translational research. Mt Sinai J Med 74:22–26, 2007. © 2007 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
I ran a school in democracy
Authors: Colonel Lieutenant , Wilson James E.
Published: July 2007

Advertising man, ordered to run Seoul, let Koreans do their own thinking, develop own style of government.
One war we are losing
Authors: Gallup George H.
Published: July 2007

Winning converts to our way of thinking, regardless of cost, held more vital to safety than victory in combat.
Tax rates of American Cities
Authors:   BUREAU OF GOVERNMENTAL RESEARCH (DETROIT)
Published: July 2007

Assessed valuations and property tax rates for 1950 show no appreciable increase for first time since World War II.
Health consolidation works
Authors: Luber Dorothy
Published: July 2007

With aid of federal‐state cooperation Topeka‐Shawnee County department improves its services and personnel.
City rescues blighted areas
Authors: Dumas John N.
Published: July 2007

Homes rise on tax delinquent lots restored to rolls by simple method proposed by the National Municipal League.
Revision by Commission
Authors: Rich Bennett M.
Published: July 2007

Device not as successful as constitutional convention but educates citizens to need of remodeling basic law.
Educating the local citizen
Authors: Steinbicker Paul G.
Published: July 2007

Using chtaer camnpaigm, St. Louis Adult Education Council teaches fundamentals, helps turn out vote.
Compulsory reapportionment
Authors: McClain Robert H.
Published: July 2007

Texas board, set up by constitutional amendment to act if legislature fails, solves part of a chronic problem.
Threat to responsible rule
Authors: McLean Joseph E.
Published: July 2007

Intergovernmental cooperation by fraternities of experts requires stronger controls by lay ofiials and citizens.
A likely case of scurvy from early Bronze Age Britain
Authors: Mays S.
Published: July 2007

A probable case of scurvy is identified in a child skeleton from England, dating to 2200–1970 BC. Lesions were mainly restricted to the ectocranium, but some endocranial lesions were also seen. This appears to be the earliest reported example of scurvy from Britain, and adds to the very few palaeopathological case descriptions available for the disease in infants and young children from Europe. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and performance of discrete H∞ optimal control
Authors: Foley M. W. , Harris T. J.
Published: July 2007

In recent years a good deal of attention has been focused on the development of model‐based controllers optimizing infinity‐norm performance objectives. The motivation behind this is a perceived need for controllers which are more robust to modelling errors than those which result from conventional LQ designs. At the present time, however, numerical solution of the H∞ problems remains very much an open issue. This paper examines Grimble's approach to the design of discrete‐time H∞ control laws for univariate plants subject to stationary stochastic disturbances. The structure of the controller is analysed using the internal model control concept of Garcia and Morari and is compared with that obtained for a polynomial LQ scheme. Simulation results are presented for both minimum phase and non‐minimum phase systems in which the H∞ technique is seen to be inferior to LQ in terms of performance, robustness to parametric mismatch and computational complexity.
A method for assessing the choice of polymeric materials for specific applications
Authors: Pitol‐Filho Luizildo , Garcia‐Valls Ricard
Published: July 2007

Polymeric membranes have several applications of high technological impact: reverse osmosis, controlled drug delivery and fuel cell stacks, among many others. However, the choice of the most appropriate polymer for a specific application entails exhaustive experimental work, which may be reduced significantly if the chemical structures of polymer and transported molecules are taken into account. From physico‐chemical data such as viscosity (for penetrants) and relaxation times (for polymers), free‐volume parameters might be estimated, as well as Flory‐Huggins interaction coefficients. By combining both theories, diffusivity of molecules through dense polymers may be evaluated, what allows us to predict membrane properties as water uptake, or operation data as equilibrium concentrations for pervaporation and methanol crossover in the case of fuel cell applications. Simulation results are compared with those in the literature and agreement between the sets of data recommends the proposed method as a helpful tool to decide which polymer is more adequate for a specific purpose. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1220–1227, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
A combination of neutral loss and targeted product ion scanning with two enzymatic digestions facilitates the comprehensive mapping of phosphorylation sites
Authors: Casado‐Vela Juan , Ruiz Edgar J. , Nebreda Angel R. , Casal J. Ignacio
Published: July 2007

We propose here a new strategy for the exhaustive mapping of phosphorylation sites in the Xenopus laevis Cdc25 phosphatase, which regulates cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells. Two different MS analyses in a linear IT were used to identify the phosphorylated residues. First, a data‐dependent neutral loss (DDNL) analysis triggered the fragmentation of peptides that show enhanced neutral loss of phosphoric acid. Second, a targeted product ion scanning (TPIS) mass analysis was carried out in which MS2 events are triggered for specific m/z values. Full coverage of the protein sequence was obtained by combining the two analyses with two enzymatic digestions, trypsin and chymotrypsin, yielding a comprehensive map of the phosphorylation sites. Previous reports have shown Cdc25C to be phosphorylated by Cdc2–cyclin B at four residues (Thr48, Thr67, Thr138 and Ser205). By using this combination of scan modes, we have identified four additional phosphorylation sites (Thr86, Ser99, Thr112 and Ser163) in a recombinant Cdc25C protein containing 198 residues of the NH2‐terminal noncatalytic domain. The sensitivity of this combined approach makes it extremely useful for the comprehensive characterization of phosphorylation sites, virtually permitting complete coverage of the protein sequence with peptides within the mass detection range of the linear IT.
Proteome‐wide changes induced by the Hsp90 inhibitor, geldanamycin in anaplastic large cell lymphoma cells
Authors: Schumacher Jonathan A. , Crockett David K. , Elenitoba‐Johnson Kojo S. J. , Lim Megan S.
Published: July 2007

The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) affects the function of many oncogenic signaling proteins including nucleophosmin‐anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM‐ALK) expressed in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). While ALK‐positive ALCL cells are sensitive to the Hsp90 inhibitor and the geldanamycin (GA) analog, 17‐allylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐AAG), the proteomic effects of these drugs on ALK‐positive ALCL cells are unpublished. In this study, we investigated the cellular, biologic, and proteomic changes occurring in ALK‐positive ALCL cells in response to GA treatment. GA induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and caspase‐3‐mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, quantitative proteomic changes analyzed by cleavable isotope‐coded affinity tag™‐LC‐MS/MS (cICAT™‐LC‐MS/MS) identified 176 differentially expressed proteins. Out of these, 49 were upregulated 1.5‐fold or greater and 70 were downregulated 1.5‐fold or greater in GA‐treated cells. Analysis of biological functions of differentially expressed proteins revealed diverse changes, including induction of proteins involved in the 26S proteasome as well as downregulation of proteins involved in signal transduction and protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Pathway analysis revealed changes in MAPK, WNT, NF‐κB, TGFβ, PPAR, and integrin signaling components. Our studies reveal some of the molecular and proteomic consequences of Hsp90 inhibition in ALK‐positive ALCL cells and provide novel insights into the mechanisms of its diverse cellular effects.
Attapulgite and ultrasonic oscillation induced crystallization behavior of polypropylene
Authors: Zhao Lijuan , Du Qin , Jiang Genjie , Guo Shaoyun
Published: July 2007

In this article, the effect of ultrasonic oscillation on the dispersed morphology of attapulgite in polypropylene (PP) and crystallizing kinetics of PP/attapulgite composites prepared through extrusion in the presence and the absence of ultrasonic oscillation were studied. X‐ray diffraction analysis results showed that ultrasonic oscillation did not change attapulgite crystal structure during extrusion in PP/attapulgite composites. On the other hand, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope photographs indicated that ultrasonic oscillation promoted the dispersion of attapulgite particles in PP matrix. The dispersed morphology of attapulgite and ultrasound oscillation affected the crystalline form, nucleation rate, crystallization temperature, crystallinity, and spherulite size of PP crystals. PP transcrystals were formed on the attapulgite particle surface. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2300–2308, 2007