bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manipulating Language Mode*
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

A number of language production and perception studies have been undertaken in which language mode is manipulated experimentally. In the first part of the chapter, the original language mode production study is summarized. It was was done with the help of Lysiane Grosjean in Boston with French-English bilinguals and it has already been referred to briefly in Chapter 4 (Section 4.2.1).
The Léwy and Grosjean BIMOLA Model∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

Bilinguals, that is, those people who use two or more languages (or dialects) in their everyday lives, have been the object of much psycholinguistic research in recent years. Many studies have been concerned with representational issues, such as the internal organization of the bilingual’s lexicon (Schreuder and Weltens 1993), but fewer have examined the processes which underlie the perception and production of language. In addition, it is predominantly written language that has been explored rather than speech (but see Cutler et al. 1992; Hernandez et al. 1994; etc., for studies in this modality). This state of affairs is surprising if one takes into account the fact that bilinguals spend more time speaking than they do writing and that, when speaking, they have to process both monolingual utterances in their two (or more) languages and mixed utterances that contain code-switches and borrowings.
The Struggle for Self-determination
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

The important fact of the growth of Beirut in the nineteenth century was not simply the replacement of one major trading port by another-Beirut was not simply the successor of Sidon and Acre-but the growth of a new kind of relationship with the ... hinterland. In May 1865, a milestone petition reached the Ottoman government from Beirut. Two hundred signatories from among the urban merchants, notables, and clergy demanded nothing less than that the sultan change the empire’s administrative geography and grant Beirut the status of an Ottoman provincial capital. The subsequent struggle over the administrative geography of Bilad al-Sham-or Greater Syria-which was finally decided in Beirut’s favour in March 1888, demonstrates two pivotal and overlooked aspects of the social history of the late Ottoman Empire.
War, Health, and the Making of Municipal Beirut
Authors: Hanssen Jens
Published: November 2023

Municipal governance was established in Beirut in the wake of the civil war in Mount Lebanon of 1860. The urgency of the post-war crisis made it the first municipality in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman empire and possibly the second after the 1854-6 model of Galata/Pera. It was during Fuad Pasha’s extended pacifying mission in Beirut that the idea of a permanent municipality as an Ottoman institution for urban management materialized. And it did so in the specific context of a discourse of urban sanitization that conflated cleanliness, social behaviour, and public hygiene. In Beirut as elsewhere, the municipality was an ‘amphibious’ institution where definitions and regulations of a distinctly urban experience of modernity were played out between imperial and local domains. The 1864 Provincial Law called for the official application of Istanbul’s municipal model to the provincial cities and towns of the empire: ‘each village shall have a municipality’.
Stalnaker on the Interaction of Modality with Quantification and Identity
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: November 2023

Logic is sometimes conceived as metaphysically neutral, so that nothing controversial in metaphysics is logically valid. That conception devastates logic. Just about every putative principle of logic has been contested on metaphysical grounds. According to some, future contingencies violate the law of excluded middle; according to others, the set of all sets that are not members of themselves makes a contradiction true. Even the structural principle that chaining together valid arguments yields a valid argument has been rejected in response to sorites paradoxes. In each case, a deviant metaphysics corresponds to the deviant logic. Of course, if one is trying to persuade deviant metaphysicians of the error of their ways, one is unlikely to get far by relying on logical principles that they reject. But that obvious dialectical exigency stably marks out no realm of logic. Each logical principle has persuasive force in some dialectical contexts and not in others.
Responses
Authors: Stalnaker Robert
Published: November 2023

Steve Yablo said to me, about my task of responding to these eleven papers, ‘‘it can’t have been unalloyed fun,’’ but it almost was. Not exactly unalloyed, because my friends and colleagues have made me work, and sometimes to squirm, with their challenging arguments and constructive proposals. And it was sometimes frustrating that the inevitable finitude of time and publication space made it impossible to respond as fully as the papers deserve. But what could be more fun (it’s philosophical fun we are talking about) than interacting with such a fine set of papers, all on topics of great interest to me.
Transparent Disquotationalism
Authors: Beall JC
Published: November 2023

So goes a common metaphor that guides many deflationary theories of truth. What distinguishes deflationists from non-deflationists is that the former take dtruth to be fundamental: if there are other truth predicates in the language, they are derivative, deriving from ‘dtrue’ and other connectives. In a slogan: all that need be explained about truth is explicable in terms of dtruth (and other logical tools).
Is the Liar Sentence Both True and False?
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: November 2023

There are many reasons why one might be tempted to reject certain instances of the law of excluded middle. And it is initially natural to take ‘reject’ to mean ‘accept the negation of ‘. But if we accept the negation of a disjunction, we certainly ought to accept the negation of each disjunct (since the disjunction is weaker1 than the disjuncts).
Minimalism, Deflationism, and Paradoxes
Authors: Glanzberg Michael
Published: November 2023

This paper argues against a broad category of deflationist theories of truth. It does so by asking two seemingly unrelated questions. The first is about the well-known logical and semantic paradoxes: Why is there no strengthened version of Russell’s paradox, as there is a strengthened version of the Liar paradox? Oddly, this question is rarely asked. It does have a fairly standard answer, which I shall not dispute for purposes of this paper. But I shall argue that asking it ultimately leads to a fundamental challenge to some popular versions of deflationism.
Semantics for Deflationists
Authors: Gauker Christopher
Published: November 2023

As I understand it, deflationism about truth is essentially two theses, one positive and one negative. The positive thesis is that sentences (or assertions or propositions) ascribing truth are in some sense equivalent to the sentences (or assertions or propositions) to which truth is ascribed. If we take ‘‘is true’’ as a predicate properly attaching to the names of sentences, then the positive thesis is that a sentence of the form [w] is true is in some sense equivalent to the sentence w (where [w] is the quotation name of the sentence w).
Anaphorically Unrestricted Quantifiers and Paradoxes
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: November 2023

In two earlier papers, Azzouni (2001) and Azzouni (2004c), I over a new deflationist approach to the logic of truth, anaphorically unrestricted quantifiers; but in those papers I deliberately set aside any discussion of the paradoxes. Simmons (1999), however, has argued that deflationist approaches to truth must take account of the paradoxes and, further, that there are great obstacles to their so doing.
Introduction: An Electoral Problem
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1923, Ivor Windsor-Clive, MP, succeeded to the peerage as Earl of Plymouth, and relinquished his parliamentary seat in the Shropshire constituency of Ludlow. A by-election was called for 19 April. Ludlow was solid Tory country. No Labour candidate had ever stood for election there, and even the Liberal Party tended to leave the Conservatives unopposed. There were a few trade unionists in the town of Ludlow itself, but across most of the division Labour had virtually no local organization. There were no funds to run a campaign, and potential Labour candidates declined the invitation to stand. After a survey of conditions in the constituency, the Labour Party’s district organizer for the Midlands, Herbert Drinkwater, advised against contesting the seat—as he had done when a previous by-election had arisen there only a year before.1
Campaigning in the Countryside
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

Since the late nineteenth century, various groups on the political Left had sent propagandists into the countryside to shout their message at an often indifferent audience. The most striking manifestations of this were the propaganda vans touring the villages, coming along the country lanes in a ‘gaily-coloured stream’, the colours of the vehicles denoting the cause which each represented: red for land restoration, yellow for land nationalization (as in Richard Whiteing’s 1903 novel, The Yellow Van).
The Rural Labour Parties
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

Labour’s rural campaigns were intended not only to win votes, but ‘to organise [electors] into Parties to enable them to provide local finance and to prepare themselves for elections of all kinds’. Tremendous significance was attached to the business of organization in the Labour Party before the Second World War. Walter Greenwood’s model party agent boasted of it as the party’s greatest achievement: ‘the biggest testimonial as to whether Labour is fit to govern the country—the fact that it is capable of governing its own affairs so supremely well.’
The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

This book introduces Proto-Indo-European, describes how it was reconstructed from its descendant languages, and shows what it reveals about the people who spoke it between 5,500 and 8,000 years ago. Using related evidence from archaeology and natural history the authors explore the lives, thoughts, passions, culture, society, economy, history, and environment of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. They include chapters on fauna, flora, family and kinship, clothing and textiles, food and drink, space and time, emotions, mythology, and religion, and describe the quest to discover the Proto-Indo-European homeland.
The Elements
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

We have seen how the Indo-European language family is comprised of twelve major groups and a number of languages, attested in antiquity, whose relationship to the major groups is uncertain or whose own evidence is quite meagre. All the groups are listed in Table 2.1 in very approximate geographical order, reading west to east (Map 1.1; Table 2.1).
Reconstructing Proto-Indo-European
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

Anyone with even the sketchiest notion of phonetics who considers the alphabet of the western languages cannot but be struck by its utter randomness. Vowels are scattered here and there in no sensible order, there is little similarity of sound in respect to placement, nor is there any sense that the more useful letters are gathered together in one place. The arrangement of a Qwerty keyboard (the standard typewriter or computer keyboard, named after the order of the first half of the upper row of letters) makes more sense than the order of the alphabet.
The System
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

Over two centuries of research into the structure of the Indo-European proto- language have produced an enormous body of scholarship about the structure of Proto-Indo-European, and the purpose of this chapter is merely to introduce an extremely basic outline of the phonology and grammar of Proto-Indo-European.
Relationships
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

The Indo-European languages share both internal and external relationships. The internal relationships are expressed as dialectal relationships among the different Indo-European languages while the external relationships are primarily concerned with the Indo-European language family and how it relates to others of the world’s language families.
Hearth and Home
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

Architectural terms constitute a significant category of the Proto-Indo-European lexicon although, as we will see below, most of the vocabulary is so general that it can hardly be diagnostic in relating the linguistic evidence to the archaeological evidence of Eurasia. The main terms associated with dwelling and settlement are provided in Table 13.1.
Clothing and Textiles
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

Among the obvious domestic pursuits in any society, at least one inhabiting the temperate regions of Eurasia, is the production of textiles and clothing. The reconstructed lexicon has a considerable number of items pertaining to these activities although they fall far short of providing us with an image of Indo- European fashion. We have already seen that the Indo-European vocabulary includes a very well attested word for ‘wool’ (Section 11.2), a word for ‘linen’ (Section 10.3) is found in the West Central region (as far east as Greece but no further), and there are several words for animal skins, all of which were potentially manufactured into clothes and containers. Table 14.1 presents a list of the basic terms pertaining to textiles.
Space and Time
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

The semantic categories of space and time are so fundamental to any language that there is an impressive degree of retention of a range of words, particularly those relating to position. The general terms for space are listed in Table 18.1.
Number and Quantity
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

The numerical system of Indo-European is one of its more stable elements, but even here there has been considerable remodelling of words although the roots have often been retained. Some of the remodelling is due to the fact that numbers are often recited in series which enhances the chances of a preceding number affecting a later number in the sequence or the latter affecting an earlier one by anticipation, e.g. the expected outcome of the numeral ‘nine’ in Latin (under one hypothesis) should have been **noven but the ending was altered to novem on the analogy of the preceding ‘seven’, septem, and the following ‘ten’, decem.
Grammatical Elements
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

Generally, along with numerals and some kinship and body terms, the most persistent elements in any language tend to be basic grammatical forms such as pronouns and conjunctions. Indo-European is no exception here and we can reconstruct on a fairly broad basis the various pronouns of Proto-Indo-European.
Civilian Immunity in the ‘New Wars’
Authors: Gilbert Paul
Published: November 2023

‘New wars’ is the term that has come to be used¹ for the sort of conflict experienced around the world in recent years, where organized low- level violence is typically countered by the regular forces of states with results that expose civilians to death and injury from either side. The wars that followed the break-up of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia exemplify such conflicts, continuing most notably, as I write, in the disputed territory of Chechnya. The Russian government’s response to this insurgency is, so it claims, part of the global ‘war on terror’, and the various conflicts which form a part of these hostilities are, I suggest, also for the most part ‘new wars’. How, though, should we more precisely characterize them?
Naturalizing Content
Authors: Boghossian Paul A
Published: November 2023

The conviction that intentional realism requires intentional reductionism has the philosophy of mind in its grip. Thus, Jerry Fodor:

I suppose that sooner or later the physicists will complete the catalogue they’ve been compiling of the ultimate and irreducible properties of things. When they do, the likes of spin, charm, and charge will perhaps appear on their list. But aboutness surely won’t; intentionality simply doesn’t go that deep. It’s hard to see, in face of this consideration, how one can be a Realist about intentionality without also being, to some extent or other, a Reductionist. If the semantic and the intentional are real properties of things, it must be in virtue of their identity with (or maybe their supervenience on?) properties that are themselves neither intentional nor semantic. If aboutness is real, it must be really something else.
Epistemic Rules
Authors: Boghossian Paul A
Published: November 2023

According to a very natural picture of rational belief, we aim to believe only what is true. However, as Bernard Williams used to say, the world doesn’t just inscribe itself onto our minds. Rather, we have to try to figure out what is true from the evidence available to us. To do this, we rely on a set of epistemic rules that tell us in some general way what it would be most rational to believe under various epistemic circumstances. We reason about what to believe; and we do so by relying on a set of rules.
Colour as a Secondary Quality
Authors: Boghossian Paul A , Velleman J David
Published: November 2023

Does modern science imply, contrary to the testimony of our eyes, that grass is not green? Galileo thought it did:

Hence I think that these tastes, odors, colors, etc., on the side of the object in which they seem to exist, are nothing else than mere names, but hold their residence solely in the sensitive body; so that if the animal were removed, every such quality would be abolished and annihilated. Nevertheless, as soon as we have imposed names on them, particular and different from those of the other primary and real accidents, we induce ourselves to believe that they also exist just as truly and really as the latter.
Prioritarianism
Authors: Holtug Nils
Published: November 2023

Prioritarianism is the view that, roughly, a benefit has greater moral value the worse the situation of the individual to whom it accrues. This view has received a great deal of attention in recent years.¹ In part, this is due to the fact that prioritarianism has only recently been distinguished from egalitarianism, at least by political philosophers. Thus, it has been suggested that perhaps some political theorists who have thought of themselves as egalitarians are in fact better described as prioritarians (Parfit 1991: 19– 22). A second, more important reason is that it has recently been argued that, unlike egalitarianism, prioritarianism is not vulnerable to the so-called Levelling Down Objection. According to this objection, it cannot, in any respect, be better to increase equality when this means lowering the welfare of some and increasing the welfare of none (Parfit 1991: 23). Since egalitarians are committed to the claim that it is in at least one respect better to increase equality, even if by levelling down, they are subject to the Levelling Down Objection. Prioritarians, on the other hand, do not
Who are the Least Advantaged?
Authors: Tungodden Bertil , Vallentyne Peter
Published: November 2023

The difference principle, introduced by Rawls (1971, 1993), states that the basic institutions of society should promote the social and economic interests of the least advantaged members of society. Most writers have contented themselves with the leximin version of the difference principle, saying that we should assign priority to the interests of the worst-off person in society (and the second worst off if the worst off is indifferent, and so on).¹ But this is clearly not what Rawls (1971) has in mind. He argues that the persons in the original position should interpret the difference principle as a ‘limited aggregative principle and assess it as such in comparison with other standards. It is not as if they agreed to think of the least advantaged as literally the worst off individual’ (1971; 98; our emphasis). In other words, the difference principle accepts a certain trade-off between gains and losses of people that belong to the least advantaged group in society, but assigns absolute priority to the least advantaged in any distributive conflict with the better off members of society.
Market Failure, Common Interests, and the Titanic Puzzle
Authors: Wolff Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Incentives, Public Benefits, and the Free Market Defenders of the free market often argue that in a free market it is possible to make a profit in a sustainable way only by giving people what they want. One inspiration for this argument is Adams Smith’s famous observation that ‘It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages’ (Smith 1904, bk. 1, ch. 2).
Oxford Jackson
Authors: Whyte William
Published: November 2023

In the late nineteenth century one man changed Oxford forever. T. G. Jackson built the Examination Schools, the Bridge of Sighs, worked at a dozen colleges, and restored a score of other Oxford icons. He also built for many of the major public schools, for the University of Cambridge, and at the Inns of Court. A friend of William Morris, he was a pioneering member of the arts and crafts moment. A distinguished historian, he also restored dozens of houses and churches - and ensured the survival of Winchester Cathedral. As an architectural theorist he was a leader of the generation that rejected the Gothic Revival and sought to develop a new and modern style of building. Drawing on extensive archival work, and illustrated with a hundred images, this is the first in-depth analysis of Jackson's career ever written. It sheds light on a little-known architect and reveals that his buildings, his books, and his work as an arts and craftsman were not just important in their own right, they were also part of a wider social change. Jackson was the architect of choice for a particular group of people, for the ' intellectual aristocracy' of late Victorian England. His buildings were a means by which they could articulate their identity and demonstrate their distinctiveness. They reformed the universities and the schools whilst he refashioned their image. Essential reading for anyone interested in Victorian architecture and nineteenth-century society, this book will also be of interest to all those who know and love Oxford or Cambridge.
Divine Command Ethics: A Causal Theory
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B
Published: November 2023

What has God to do with human morality? According to divine command theories of ethics, his will determines, at least to some extent, its content. This general conception of the source of morality has distinguished historical antecedents. In the later middle ages both John Duns Scotus and William of Ockham endorsed versions of the divine command conception. Lesser figures of the period who held views of this sort include Gabriel Biel, Pierre d’Ailly, Jean Gerson, and Francisco Saurez. For the early modern period the list of divine command moralists includes George Berkeley, René Descartes, John Gay, John Locke, and William Paley. Among contemporary philosophers, divine command theories of one sort or another have been defended by Robert M. Adams, Baruch A. Brody, Patterson Brown, and Richard Swinburne. Recently I too have tried my hand at constructing and defending several divine command theories.¹
Religious Citizens within the Limits of Public Reason
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B
Published: November 2023

It was a surprising discovery of modern liberal politics. As John Rawls puts it, ‘‘the success of liberal constitutionalism came as a discovery of new social possibility: the possibility of a reasonably harmonious and stable pluralist society.’’ There was, he thinks, no way of knowing in advance of that possibility. Moreover, this pluralism is itself reasonable. Modern democratic societies are characterized, according to Rawls, ‘‘not simply by a pluralism of comprehensive religious, philosophical and moral doctrines but by a pluralism of incompatible yet reasonable comprehensive doctrines.’’ So liberals should now start from the assumption that such pluralism is the normal result of the exercise of human reason within the context of the free institutions of a democratic society. The assumption is supported by the modern history of secular philosophical ethics. As Robert M. Adams notes, ‘‘nothing in the history of modern secular ethical theory gives reason to expect that general agreement on a single comprehensive ethical theory will ever be achieved— or that, if achieved, it would long endure in a climate of free inquiry.’’³ And, needless to say, the prospects for agreement on a single comprehensive religious doctrine are, at best, equally dim.
Clean
Authors: Smith Virginia
Published: November 2023

Why do we still have nits? What exactly are ‘purity rules’? And why have baths scarcely changed in 200 years? The long history of personal hygiene and purity is a fascinating subject that reveals how closely we are linked to our deeper past. In this pioneering book, Virginia Smith covers the global history of human body-care from the Neolithic to the present, using first-hand accounts and sources. From pre-historic grooming rituals to New Age medicine, from ascetics to cosmetics, Smith looks at how different cultures have interpreted and striven for personal cleanliness and shows how, throughout history, this striving for purity has brought great social benefits as well as great tragedies. It is probably safe to sayh that no-one who reads this book will look at his or her body (or bathroom) in quite the same way again.
Protestant Regimens
Authors: Smith Virginia
Published: November 2023

For it is my hope and my desire that [this work] will contribute to the common good; that through it the higher physicians will somewhat raise their thoughts, and not devote all their time to common cures, nor be honoured for necessity only; but that they will become instruments and dispensers of God ‘s power and mercy in prolonging and renewing the life of man, the rather because it is effected by safe, convenient, and civil, though hitherto unattempted methods. For although we Christians ever arrive and pant after the land of promise, yet meanwhile it will be a mark of God ‘s favour if in our pilgrimage through the wilderness of this world, these our shoes and garments (I mean our frail bodies) are as little worn out as possible.
Civil Cleanliness
Authors: Smith Virginia
Published: November 2023

‘That the inhabitants of this kingdom have of late years changed their way of living in a very remarkable manner, and greatly increased in luxury, is a truth of which every person, who has lived any time in it, must be sensible,’ wrote the economist Adam Dickson in 1773.1 By then the age of ‘heroic’ sectarian Protestantism had long passed; Quaker Friends no longer interrupted sermons or went naked in the street while they were busy making their fortunes. Borrowing a phrase from John Bunyan, the old Dissenters were crossing ‘the plaine of Ease’, at the edge of which lay ‘a little hill called Lucre, and in that hill a silver mine’, beyond which stood ‘Doubting Castle ‘.
Health Crusaders
Authors: Smith Virginia
Published: November 2023

The legislative story of British public health reform has often been told; but the moral mission to cleanse and save the nation emerged from a whole penumbra of health reformers stretching far beyond the public façade of Sanitarianism. They included the many millions of silent consumers whose private health care arrangements were already making their contribution to the new health industries—and to demographic statistics. In nineteenth-century Europe the average population growth rate was roughly 60–70 per cent; but in Britain the growth rate was nearer a staggering 140 per cent (from c.15.5 million in 1801 to 41.4 million by 1901).
Is there more than one type of Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E
Published: November 2023

We have already shown that calculating the prevalence of TS (i.e. the number of subjects having TS at a certain time) is more complex than was once thought. Until fairly recently TS was thought to be a rare and, according to some, a psychogenically mediated bizarre curiosity. Prevalence depends, at least in part, on the definition of TS. The internationally accepted diagnostic criteria demand that a person must have both motor and vocal (phonic) tics for longer than a year to obtain the diagnosis of TS.
The Security Council And Terrorism
Authors: Boulden Jane
Published: November 2023

At the United Nations Security Council it is sometimes difficult to determine whether agreement on action is a product of a truly collective understanding on the need for action or a reflection of the interests of one or more of the Permanent Members. Terrorism, unlike many, even most, international peace and security issues that surface on the Council’s agenda, has the rare quality of generating an apparent universality in perception of the threat, and a consequently consistently united response. What has this meant in terms of the nature of Security Council action on terrorism? The purpose of this chapter is to address that question.
Auditory monitoring of anuran populations
Authors: Dorcas Michael E , Price Steven J , Walls Susan C , Barichivich William J
Published: November 2023

Because anurans rely on vocalization for most communication, detection of species-specific calls provides relatively efficient mechanisms for studying and evaluating the status of anuran populations. Consequently, most amphibian monitoring programs focus on anurans and use call detection as their sole or primary monitoring technique. The overall goal of these programs is to determine and monitor the status of populations over time. Some monitoring programs may actually attempt some form of quantification of anuran population size or density, but this is often difficult when using only calling data. In this chapter we describe approaches for monitoring anuran populations based solely on auditory techniques. These approaches include manual calling surveys (MCS), automated recording systems (ARS), or some combination of the two. MCS can be used by researchers to monitor multiple amphibian populations, often over large spatial scales. ARS can be used by researchers interested in intensively monitoring populations of anurans at a single or a few locations. In this chapter, we describe both approaches and the potential costs and benefits of each. We also explain how data resulting from ARS can be used to optimize manual survey protocol and to interpret data resulting from MCS. Our goal is to provide an overview of these techniques and questions that can be addressed using them.
Quantifying abundance: counts, detection probabilities, and estimates
Authors: Schmidt Benedikt R , Pellet Jérôme
Published: November 2023

Understanding temporal and spatial variation in distribution and abundance has been, and will remain, a central goal in amphibian ecology and conservation. Even though these two quantities, distribution and abundance, are so fundamental, we usually cannot observe them directly in the field. We rarely observe all individuals, all populations, or all species in an area of interest. Imperfect detection is the rule rather than the exception and is a characteristic that all field studies share. Imperfect detection is a trivial fact and herpetologists are often aware of it. For example, Hairston and Wiley (1993) attributed all fluctuations in salamander counts to variation in weather conditions (salamanders tend to remain underground during cold weather) and motivation of students (a class of highly motivated students found an exceptionally high number of salamanders). This implies that salamander detection was imperfect and, equally important, variable among years (Hyde and Simons 2001).
Violent Behaviour Among People With Schizophrenia: A Framework For Investigations Of Causes, Effective Treatment, And Prevention
Authors: Hodgins Sheilagh
Published: November 2023

There is now robust evidence demonstrating that both men and women with schizophrenia1 are at elevated risk compared to the general population to be convicted of non-violent criminal offences, at higher risk to be convicted of violent criminal offences, and at even higher risk to be convicted of homicide (Wallace et al., 2004). For example, we examined a birth cohort composed of all the 358 180 persons born in Denmark from 1944 through 1947 who were followed until their mid-forties. We excluded those who had died or emigrated before the end of the follow-up period. The official criminal records of cohort members who had been admitted to a psychiatric ward at least once with a discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia were compared with those who had not had psychiatric admissions: the risk of a violent crime was elevated 4.6 (3.8–5.6) times among the men and 23.2 (14.4–37.4) times among the women with schizophrenia versus those with no admissions to a psychiatric ward (Brennan et al., 2000). Similar elevations in risk have been documented among persons with schizophrenia identified in other birth and populations cohorts (Hodgins, 1992; Tiihonen et al., 1997; Arseneault et al., 2000; Wallace et al., 2004). Although fewer women than men, both with and without schizophrenia, are convicted of crimes, schizophrenia confers a greater risk of offending among women than among men.
The Dynamics Of Threat, Fear, And Intentionality In The Conduct Disorders: Longitudinal Findings In The Children Of Women With Post-Natal Depression
Authors: Hill Jonathan , Murray Lynne , Leidecker, Vicki , Sharp Helen
Published: November 2023

Conduct disorders among young children are common in the general population (prevalence 5-10% depending on the threshold). They are disabling, often leading to antisocial behaviours and multiple mental health and personality problems in later life (Moffitt et al., 2002). The causes involve an interplay between inherited characteristics such as emotional expression and regulation, and family and wider social influences (Hill, 2002). Commonly, conduct disorder symptoms develop in association with high levels of environmental threat in the form of parental hostility, physical abuse, and marital discord and violence. This is probably accounted for in part by correlated parental and child risks, but is also likely to reflect a direct causal relationship (Jaffee, Moffitt, Caspi, Taylor, & Arseneault, 2002; Jaffee et al., 2005). The implications of high levels of chronic threat for social information processing and emotion regulation were addressed by Dodge and colleagues in their hypotheses linking physical abuse to hostile attributional biases, anger, and reactive aggression (Orobio et al., 2002). However, studies of other social information processes, and the role of fear, in the conduct disorders have been conducted largely independently of consideration of the role of environmental threat. Deficits in emotion recognition (Denham et al., 2002), pragmatic language use (Gilmour et al., 2004), and social fear processing (Blair et al., 2006) have been conceptualized as risk factors for the conduct disorders without substantial environmental contributions. Two pathways to conduct disorders have thus been hypothesized: one involving anger and reactive aggression with a substantial threat contribution and the other characterized by limitations in social and emotional processing, arising without substantial environmental influences leading to callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression. Studies of the neurobiology of aggression and conduct disorders have focused mainly on the second pathway implicating impaired social emotion processing arising without substantial environmental contributions.
Persistent Violent Offending Among Adult Men: A Critical Review Of Neuroimaging Studies
Authors: Plodowski Anna , Gregory Sarah L , Blackwood Nigel J
Published: November 2023

Most criminally violent acts are committed by a small group of men who have displayed persistent aggressive behaviour from childhood (Kratzer & Hodgins, 1997). Most of these violent acts are emotionally charged and ‘reactive’ to a frustrating or threatening event, and are typically perpetrated by aroused, angry, and impulsive men who meet the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder in childhood and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in adulthood. A minority of these violent acts are predatory, purposeful, and goal-directed: such ‘instrumental’ acts are typically perpetrated by men who appear fearless and low in anxiety and who meet the diagnostic criteria for psychopathy (Crick & Dodge, 1996; Cornell et al., 1996; Barratt et al., 1999). The distinction between the groups is clearly one of degree: thus, instrumental acts of aggression will be perpetrated by antisocial men who do not meet the criteria for psychopathy; equally, reactive acts of aggression will be perpetrated by psychopathic men (Cornell et al., 1996). Nevertheless, the distinction between these types of aggression in the two clinical groups serves as a useful heuristic for neurobiological explanatory model development (see Chapter 7).
Brain Imaging Of Children With Conduct Disorder
Authors: Sterzer Philipp , Stadler Christina
Published: November 2023

The problem of aggression and violence in modern societies has stimulated the search for factors that may predispose to aggressive behaviour. Despite the undisputable importance of socio-economic and political factors, the understanding of pathological aggression should benefit from identifying its biological basis (Davidson et al., 2000). The advent and ongoing refinement of modern neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and especially structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI and fMRI, respectively) over the past twenty years has considerably increased our knowledge about possible neural underpinnings of aggressive and violent behaviour. A number of neuroimaging studies have sought to identify structural and functional brain abnormalities in adult psychopaths and criminal offenders (for review, see McCloskey et al., 2005). To further the understanding of the neurobiological factors that predispose towards aggressive and violent behaviour, it seems particularly useful to investigate individuals in whom pathological aggression manifests as early as in childhood or adolescence. The purpose of this chapter is to selectively review brain imaging studies that investigated structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents.
Quantitative Genetic Studies Of Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Viding Essi , Larsson, Henrik , Jones Alice P
Published: November 2023

Each year over 1.6 million people are killed through violence, and violence prevention is one of the most important global concerns (Krug et al., 2002). Governmental bodies everywhere in the Western world, including the United Kingdom, prioritize for prevention of antisocial behaviour (Bailey, 2002; Department for Employment and Skills, 2003). The political, social, or economic risk factors for antisocial behaviour (AB) are well studied; but more recently, the awareness has grown that biological risk factors, which may explain individual differences in predisposition to violence, also need to be explored. Furthermore, many environmental risk factors that are traditionally thought to be social may actually reflect genetic vulnerability (Moffitt, 2005). Finally, the vulnerability factors and their ‘modus operandi’ may differ for different subtypes of antisocial behaviour. Thus, the question is not really, ‘Is it in their genes?’ or ‘What environmental factors are to blame?’ It is, How do genetic and environmental factors interact to produce specific types of antisocial behaviour.
Reducing Personal Violence: Risk Factors And Effective Interventions
Authors: Mcguire James
Published: November 2023

The principal objectives of this chapter are to survey research on the outcomes of interventions designed to reduce personal violence, and to summarize what has emerged from that work with a view to identifying the most effective approaches to the problem that have been discovered to date. The emphasis will be primarily on aggression and violent behaviour among adolescents and adults, and although work with younger children will also be discussed, it is not the central focus of the chapter.
Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre
Authors: Watts Ian
Published: November 2023

Whereas language leaves no material trace, collective ritual—with its formal characteristics of amplified, stereotypical, redundant display— might be expected to leave a loud archeological signature. Does the archeological record of ochre use provide such a signature, and can it indirectly contribute to our understanding of the evolution of language? I begin by highlighting the formal differences between language and ritual as modes of communication.
Theoretical underpinnings of inferences about language evolution: the syntax used at Blombos Cave
Authors: Botha Rudolf
Published: November 2023

In empirical work, any inference about what the evolution of language involved needs to be underpinned by a range of theories. This idea is subscribed to at a general level in a substantive body of modern work on language evolution. But, the present chapter argues, the idea is not executed sufficiently fully. Hence, potentially interesting inferences about language evolution are less well-founded than they appear to be at first glance. To illustrate its argument, the chapter analyzes in some detail inferences drawn about language evolution on the basis of archeological findings made at Blombos Cave. The chapter will show, in addition, that the argument holds likewise for inferences drawn about language evolution in areas other than archeology. These include linguistics, musicology, and genetics.
Aporia 8
Authors: Broadie Sarah
Published: November 2023

Aporiai 5 and 8, the two problematics most directly concerned with the question whether there exist supra-sensible substances, show a striking difference of approach. Five, which focuses largely on the intermediates, does hint at reasons for postulating them. But far more marked is Five’s rough impatience over the system that results, with the two levels of supra-sensibles replicating sensibles. The criticism seems designed to guy this ontology as so intrinsically absurd that no solutions promised by it could be worth the price. On the other hand, Eight, which ignores the intermediates, says plenty that is specific about the grave difficulties facing any thinker who believes both that reality is knowable and explainable, and that it involves only sensible, perishable, particulars.
Aporia 11
Authors: Cavini Walter
Published: November 2023

Most difficult of all even to study, and most necessary for knowledge of the truth, is whether (b) being and one are really the substances of beings (and (c) it is not by being something different that they are one and being respectively),1 or whether (d) it is necessary to inquire what being and one really are, on the supposition that another nature underlies them as subject.
Aporiai 13–14
Authors: Menn Stephen
Published: November 2023

The last two aporiai of Metaphysics Bare stated very briefly, #13 at 1002b32-1003a5 and #14 at 1003a5–17. They appear almost as a perfunctory appendix, after the elaborate development of the aporiai about unity and being (#11, 1001a4–b25) and about mathematical objects (#12, 1001b26–1002b32).
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 9 (1151b23) – 10: (In)Continence in Context
Authors: Tieleman Teun
Published: November 2023

Pages 1151b23– 1152a36, marked off— not unreasonably— by the editors (or at least Bekker and those who follow him in this regard) as chapter 11, show Aristotle wrapping up his discussion of continence, incontinence, resistance, and softness that takes up the first half of NE VII. This chapter takes the form of a collection of loosely related observations designed to fit some of the main results of his preceding inquiry into the wider context of the moral theory expounded in books I– VI. These few pages have remained somewhat marginal to most modern interpretations of Aristotle ‘s account of incontinence. But since one of the exegetical issues is precisely that of the definitive position taken by Aristotle, it seems ill-advised to leave aside this concluding chapter. It is well worth trying to establish which information of wider relevance may be elicited from this stretch of text, if pressed anew.
What if I forget a Pill?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

Don’t panic if you forget to take a pill. This is one of the most common worries that any pill user ever has. It is unlikely that you will become pregnant. However, it is certainly not something to make a habit of it as it is the reason for most pill failures. To be as safe as can be you need to follow some simple recommendations. Firstly, you need to understand that the riskiest time to miss pills is either side of the pill-free interval.
Consent in the Communist GDR or How to Interpret Lion Feuchtwanger’s Blindness inMoscow 1937
Authors: Sabrow Martin
Published: November 2023

By the time he returned from the Soviet Union in February 1937 to his exile in France in Sanary sur Mer, the writer and poet Lion Feuchtwanger had had ample opportunity to feel the pulse of the Stalinist regime. For two months he had travelled through a country dominated by terror, in which anyone could be denounced from one day to the next, and in which the wave of persecutions had already taken the lives of millions of people— in the torture chambers of the cellars of the NKVD, in the gulag, or by way of the firing squad. Feuchtwanger had not left for Moscow unprepared. He had read André Gide’sRetour de l’URSS, published only a little before, which was an account of his impressions of Moscow life under Stalinism. And, while in Moscow, the German poet had looked into the eyes of power itself, having had a private conversation with Stalin lasting several hours. He had taken part in the second propaganda trial in Moscow and had been present at the ghastly hearings of the alleged Trotskyite plot against the elite of the Communist Party. And yet, on his return, he wrote an account of his journey—Moscow 1937— in which he praised the Soviet Union as an achievement ‘to which a man can say, ‘‘Yes,’’ ‘‘Yes,’’ ‘‘Yes,’’ with all his heart’.