bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pushing slope- to plateau-type behavior in hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries via local structure rearrangement
Authors: Wang Feng , Chen Lian , Wei Jiaqi , Diao Caozheng , Li Fan , Du Congcong , Bai Zhengshuai , Zhang Yanyan , Malyi Oleksandr I. , Chen Xiaodong , Tang Yuxin , Bao Xiaojun
Published: February 2025

Elucidating the microstructure of hard carbon is essential for uncovering the sodium storage mechanism and constructing state-of-the-art hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Guided by understanding the crystallization process and...
Cu-catalyzed Photoredox Chlorotrifluoromethylation of Polysubstituted Alkenes and Pharmacological Evaluation
Authors: Barreto Shauna , Binette Renaud , Murza Alexandre , Legault Jean , Pichette André , Boudreault Pierre-Luc , Couve-Bonnaire Samuel , Castanheiro Thomas
Published: February 2025

A visible-light-mediated chlorotrifluoromethylation catalyzed by Copper-based photoredox catalyst of internal alkenes is depicted. The reaction proceeds with total regioselectivity under mild reaction conditions using commercially available F3CSO2Cl as both the...
Silver-Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of Sulfur Ylides with Terminal Alkynes: Direct Synthesis of Vinylcyclopropanes
Authors: Gong Yue , Xu Xue-Cen , Meng Yu-Xuan , Zhao Yu-Long
Published: February 2025

A novel silver-catalyzed tandem cyclization reaction of electron-deficient terminal alkynes with two molecules of sulfur ylides has been developed. The reaction provides a simple and highly efficient strategy for the...
In vitro and in silico studies of the interaction between glucocorticoid drug mometasone furoate and model lung surfactant monolayer
Authors: Islam Md. Zohurul , Krajewska Martyna , Prochaska Krystyna , Saha Suvash C.
Published: February 2025

The precise procedure for examining how the corticosteroid drug mometasone furoate interacts with a model lung surfactant monolayer.
Correction: Facile synthesis of an α-Fe2O3–TiO2-MXene heterojunction for enhanced acetone gas sensors
Authors: Yang Zhenyuan , Chen Ying
Published: February 2025

Correction for ‘Facile synthesis of an α-Fe2O3–TiO2-MXene heterojunction for enhanced acetone gas sensors’ by Zhenyuan Yang et al., RSC Adv., 2025, 15, 3040–3046, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA08407A.
Synthesis of Organic Molecules via Spray-Drying
Authors: Pena Gerard , Albalad Jorge , Maspoch Daniel , Imaz Inhar
Published: February 2025

Confining chemical reactions within microdroplets has attracted significant attention from chemists due to the accelerated reaction rates resulting from the drastically smaller reaction volumes than in standard solutions. Herein we...
Atroposelective [4+1] Annulation for the Synthesis of Isotopic Isoindolinones Bearing both Central and Axial Chirality
Authors: Gu Jun , Zhang Li-Hong , Zhuang Hongfeng , He Ying
Published: February 2025

Isotopically chiral molecules have drawn much attention due to their practical applications in drug discovery. However, existing studies in this area are mainly limited to the centrally chiral molecules and...
Identifying efficient two-dimensional transition metal oxide cathodes for non-aqueous lithium‒oxygen batteries using work function as a simple descriptor
Authors: chen silan , Jin Lujie , Ji Yujin , Li Youyong
Published: February 2025

The energy density of non-aqueous lithium‒oxygen battery (LOB) is far below its theoretical value, which is attributable to the slow kinetics of the redox reaction at the cathode. To address...
Audio-Video-Dokumentation in der Psychotherapie: Sichern, Schützen, Archivieren
Authors: Grühn Manfred
Published: February 2025

In der modernen Psychotherapie gewinnen Audio- und Videoaufzeichnungen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Sie ermöglichen tiefere Einblicke, unterstützen Supervisionen und fördern die Qualitätssicherung. Doch mit diesen Vorteilen geht auch eine große Verantwortung einher: der Schutz sensibler Daten. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Herausforderungen und gibt praxisnahe Beispiele, wie sich Datenschutz und Sicherheit in der Praxis umsetzen lassen.
Die Narrative Expositionstherapie – Praktische Anwendung
Authors: Wilker Sarah , Neuner Frank
Published: February 2025

Die Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET) wurde als ein maximal pragmatischer Ansatz der Traumatherapie entwickelt, um Menschen in ressourcenarmen Konfliktgebieten einen Zugang zu evidenzbasierter Behandlung zu ermöglichen. Das zentrale Merkmal der NET ist das gemeinsame Erzählen der Lebensgeschichte in der Therapie.
Schmerz und Psychotherapie – eine kultursensitive Perspektive
Authors: Tamcan Özgür
Published: February 2025

Somatoforme Störungen sind bei Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund gehäuft vorzufinden. Das ist eine doppelte Herausforderung: Eine chronische Schmerzstörung braucht einerseits ein breites multiprofessionelles Behandlungsprogramm, andererseits könnte die Symptomatik bei Menschen mit einem anderen kulturellen Hintergrund verschiedene persönliche und kulturelle Bedeutung innehaben, was wiederum sowohl die Diagnose als auch die Therapieplanung erschweren kann.
Psycho-emotionale Phasen der Migration
Authors: Kizilhan Jan Ilhan , Klett Claudia
Published: February 2025

So unterschiedlich die individuellen Migrationserfahrungen und deren Erleben sind, lassen sich dennoch gewisse Regelhaftigkeiten bei den psycho-emotionalen Dynamiken feststellen. Das Wissen um diese – auch lange nach der eigentlichen Migration wirksamen – Prozesse hilft, psychische Störungen und seelisches Erleben, aber auch Ressourcen und Resilienzfaktoren von Menschen mit eigener oder familiärer Migrationsgeschichte im Kontext dieser zu verstehen.
Multikulturelle Orientierung als prozessorientierte therapeutische Haltung
Authors: Otyakmaz Berrin Özlem
Published: February 2025

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit den konzeptionellen Grundlagen der Berücksichtigung kultureller Diversität in der Psychotherapie. Das vorgestellte Konzept der multikulturellen Orientierung mit Fokus auf prozessorientierte psychotherapeutische Haltungen versucht, Schwächen des vorhergehenden Ansatzes der multikulturellen Kompetenzen zu überwinden. Studien zur Psychotherapie-Prozessforschung bieten Hinweise für die empirische Fundierung des Konzeptes der multikulturellen Orientierung.
Mikroaggressionen im therapeutischen Kontext: erkennen, verstehen und bewältigen
Authors: Klein Eva M. , Slotta Timo , Wilker Sarah , Dumke Lars , Nohr Laura
Published: February 2025

Mikroaggressionen sind subtile, oft unbeabsichtigte Formen der Diskriminierung, die auch im therapeutischen Kontext weit verbreitet sind und die Arbeitsbeziehung negativ beeinflussen können. Das Erkennen und proaktive Ansprechen von Mikroaggressionen sind entscheidende Schritte, um einen möglichen Bruch in der therapeutischen Beziehung zu reparieren und Vertrauen herzustellen.
Association of maternal serum retinol-binding protein levels with adverse pregnancy outcomes: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Dong Wenjing , Chu Xuelian , Wang Yanan , Gu Linyuan , Chen Yiming
Published: February 2025

Objectives: To determine the correlation between decreased or increased retinol-binding protein (RBP) levels during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Study Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the data of 16,094 pregnant women who participated in serum RBP level detection during pregnancy. The chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for univariate analysis of qualitative or quantitative data. Multiple logistic regression analysis, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the effect of RBP levels on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results: The groups showed a significant difference in RBP levels (P < 0.001). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that twins (OR=2.631), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI, OR=2.596), premature delivery (OR=1.833), and macrosomia (OR=1.524), were correlated with L-RBP (low retinol-binding protein), while preeclampsia (PE, OR=0.147), intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (OR=1.654), gestational hypertension (GH, OR=1.646), oligohydramnios (OR=1.487), and advanced maternal age (OR=1.470) were correlated with H-RBP (high retinol-binding protein). Decreased or increased RBP levels were correlated with hyperlipidemia (OR=1.738, 2.857), Antenatal anemia (OR=1.378, 0.791), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, OR=1.272, 0.796), and small infant size (OR=0.664, 1.444). L-RBP may indicate an increased risk of antenatal anemia and GDM, whereas H-RBP may indicate a decreased risk of antenatal anemia and GDM. Pregnant women with H-RBP were more likely to give birth to smaller infants, whereas those with L-RBP had a lower risk of this outcome. Additionally, mothers with H-RBP were not likely to give birth to male infants. Conclusion: Hyperlipidemia, URTI, GH, PE, and GDM affect serum RBP levels, and these exposure factors can lead to different degrees of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Alkylation of arylsulfonyl cyanides to form alkyl sulfones
Authors: Sommer Ava , Tung Pinku , Mankad Neal P
Published: February 2025

Arylsulfonyl cyanides such as commercially available TsCN undergo base-mediated C-S coupling with alkyl halides to provide alkyl sulfones. A wide range of alkyl halides with diverse functionalities were found to react with moderate to high efficiency. Based on experimental observations, it is proposed that the arylsulfonyl cyanides react with the base to in-situ generate arylsulfinates, which then act as SN2 nucleophiles towards the alkyl halides. A major advantage of this method is that it circumvents the problem of metal sulfinate nucleophiles having low solubility by using soluble arylsulfonyl cyanides as soluble pro-nucleophiles.
Reliability of Slice-Encoding for Metal Artifact Correction (SEMAC) MRI to Identify Prosthesis Loosening in Patients with Painful Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Single-Center, Surgical Validation Study
Authors: Takahashi Tsuneari , Thaker Siddharth , Lettieri Giovanni , Redmond Anthony , Backhouse Michael R. , Stone Martin , O'Connor Philip J. , Pandit Hemant
Published: February 2025

Objectives To validate reliability of slice-encoding for metal artifact correction (SEMAC) sequences in identifying prosthesis loosening in patients with painful knee arthroplasties (KAs) by comparing SEMAC-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings to surgical outcomes—the gold standard.

Materials and Methods We prospectively followed 44 painful KA patients with possible aseptic prosthesis loosening at our tertiary care institution from 2011 to 2017. Potential cases of infective loosening were excluded making ours a selective study population. We acquired conventional and SEMAC-MRI images for all patients on 1.5-T MRI scanner. Two consultants scored MRI findings for complications such as osteolysis and bone marrow edema systematically. Scoring variations were settled by consensus. We used the Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for quantitative analysis and Spearman's rank-order correlation for correlation analysis of SEMAC findings and surgical outcomes, and followed the Outcome Measurements in Rheumatology filter methodology to assess the ability of SEMAC-MRI to detect prosthetic loosening.

Results Eleven patients needed revision surgery—seven had prosthesis loosening and four had retained native compartment osteoarthritis. Thirty-three were treated conservatively, of which 17 had spontaneous pain resolution and 8 had extra-articular causes—referred pain from hip (1 patient) and lumbar (7 patients) degeneration. Eight patients had adequate pain control without prosthesis loosening on follow-up. T1W-SEMAC identified surgically proven prosthesis loosening in all cases and short tau inversion recovery (STIR)-SEMAC diagnosed bone marrow edema (BME) in all our true positive cases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of SEMAC-MRI for component loosening compared with gold standard were 100, 97.0, 88.9, and 100% in T1W-SEMAC, 75.0, 45.5, 25.0, and 88.2% in STIR-SEMAC, and 75.0, 93.9, 75.0, and 93.9% in proton density-weighted-SEMAC.

Conclusion SEMAC-MRI can accurately detect surgically verifiable prosthesis loosening and differentiate nonspecific BME from prosthesis loosening.
History of the Treatment of Rectal Prolapse
Authors: Spivak Rebecca , Hu Katherine
Published: February 2025

Rectal prolapse is the intussusception of the rectum, resulting in its full-thickness protrusion out of the anus. Approximately 0.5% of the general population is affected by this condition, with a higher occurrence in women and the elderly. While benign, rectal prolapse can be debilitating, as it can cause pain, bleeding, mucus discharge, and fecal incontinence. The earliest documented records of rectal prolapse date back to Ancient Egypt (1500–1200 BC), describing laxatives and topical therapeutics for the treatment of an anus turned inside out. Many techniques were devised to hold the reduced prolapsed rectum in place, ranging from cords to the use of bandages. Surgical cauterization of the anal sphincter to prevent recurrent prolapse began as early as 6 BC in India, a practice that continued into the 1800s. Advances in fundamental understanding of the anatomy of the colon, rectum, and anus in the 19th and early 20th centuries paved the way for modern surgical approaches. The 20th century saw the development of procedures proposed by surgeons such as Delorme, Moschowitz, Ripstein, and Altemeier. The emergence of the laparoscopic rectopexy in 1992 and subsequent use of robotic-assisted techniques in the early 2000s marked the transition to modern rectal prolapse surgeries, improving both precision and outcomes. The overall management of rectal prolapse has evolved significantly from ancient remedies to the surgeries known today, yet some fundamental similarities remain consistent between today's outlook and what was documented centuries ago. Understanding the historical evolution of the diagnosis and treatment of rectal prolapse provides insight into the contemporary management of the disorder.
Dynamics of viscosity reduction of a high-waxy crude oil under electric field: Effect of temperature and shear rate
Authors: Jain Ankita , Juvekar Vinay A. , Prakash Vivek , Kumar Neeraj , Seth Jyoti R.
Published: February 2025

This study explores the use of electric fields to mitigate challenges in transporting crude oil, specifically addressing the issue of increased viscosity due to wax network formation. Using a parallel plate shear rheometer, a significant reduction in viscosity is observed across various shear rates (5–50 s−1) when applying a constant electric field (2–3 kV/mm) to waxy crude oil. The reduction in viscosity follows an exponential decay over time, attributed to the breakdown of the wax network. The relationship between the time constant of this exponential reduction with the shear rate and the volume fraction of crystallized wax is also explored. The results reveal a power-law dependence on the shear rate, with an exponent ranging between 0.3 and 0.4, and a linear dependence on the volume fraction (achieved by varying the measurement temperature). The breakdown of the wax network is driven by compressive Maxwell stresses, confirmed by the variation in normal force during rheological measurements. Once the wax network is fully broken, the crude oil exhibits Newtonian behavior, and the final viscosity, after the application of the electric field, depends only on the volume fraction of crystallized wax. This final viscosity is fitted using the Krieger–Dougherty equation using an effective volume fraction much greater than the actual volume of wax. This is due to the significant amount of oil occluded within the broken aggregates. The fraction of occluded oil is found to increase with wax content until it saturates.
Effect of electronic state for in-materio physical reservoir computing performance with a porphyrin-polyoxometalate/single-walled carbon nanotube network
Authors: Usami Yuki , Murazoe Shuho , Banerjee Deep , Kotooka Takumi , Tanaka Hirofumi
Published: February 2025

Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/porphyrin-polyoxometalate (por-POM) networks were fabricated using [H4tBuTPP]2[SV2W10O40] (tBu H4TPP-POM) and [H4TPP]2[SV2W10O40] (H4TPP-POM) to compare their reservoir computing (RC) performances. Nonlinear electrical properties, phase shifts, and higher harmonics, which are required for superior RC performances, were generated in SWNT/por-POM networks. Lissajous plots show various phase shifts as the input frequency decreases, reflecting the relaxation time of the dynamics in the por-POMs. The SWNT/H4TPP-POM network exhibits the best performance of the RC benchmark task, indicating that H4TPP-POM generates rich chemical dynamics based on different charge accumulation with different electronic state in por-POM.
Study on the cell-to-module encapsulation losses of back-contact solar cell modules
Authors: Zuo Yan
Published: February 2025

This paper systematically investigates the cell-to-module (CTM) ratio of back-contact crystalline silicon solar cells during module encapsulation, an innovative and increasingly significant focus in the photovoltaic industry. By comparing the factors influencing CTM losses in bifacial and back-contact cell modules, the study reveals variations in compatibility between crystalline silicon solar cells and advanced encapsulation materials, as well as interconnection technologies. The findings highlight the critical role of these factors in enhancing the CTM ratio. Additionally, the paper compares the CTM ratios of back-contact cell modules employing different types of photovoltaic glass, encapsulation films, and backsheet materials. It further analyzes the effects of interconnection parameters, such as cell gap and busbar number, on CTM performance. Results demonstrate that the interplay between encapsulation materials and interconnection technologies significantly impacts the CTM ratio of back-contact cell modules. The study proposes optimized encapsulation strategies tailored to diverse application needs. Moreover, this work assesses the influence of interconnection defects on the CTM ratio, underscoring the importance of interconnection quality in maximizing and maintaining module performance. Despite progress, substantial opportunities remain for improving the CTM ratio of back-contact cell modules. This study offers a robust theoretical foundation and valuable data to inform module design, material selection, and interconnection optimization for back-contact solar cells.
Identification of two roll resonant periods of ship motion coupling with liquid sloshing inside
Authors: Jiang Sheng-Chao , Wang Yun-He , Lu Lin , Zhou Tongming , Cheng Liang
Published: February 2025

Existing studies showed that the roll motion response of ships fitted with sloshing tanks is typically characterized by two peaks and a trough over a range of incident wave frequencies. There has not been a convincing physical interpretation of the observed behavior. The present study, through a conceptual model of the coupled system and a series of physical and numerical tests, reveals that the two-peak responses occur at the first and second resonant frequencies of the system and that the trough response appears at the natural frequency of internal sloshing. The motions of the ship and sloshing liquid at the resonant frequencies constitute two normal modes of the system: in-phase and out-of-phase. While the resonant frequency corresponding to the in-phase mode can readily be determined through a free decay test experimentally, the determination of the resonant frequency associated with the out-of-phase mode is not straightforward. To this end, a numerical approach is proposed to determine the resonant frequency associated with the out-of-phase mode.
Angularly resolved spectral reconstruction of x rays via filter pack attenuation
Authors: Fitzgarrald R. , Cardarelli J. A. , Campbell P. T. , Fourmaux S. , Balcazar M. D. , Antoine A. F. , Beier N. F. , Qian Q. , Hussein A. E. , Kettle B. , Klein S. R. , Krushelnick K. , Li Y. F. , Mangles S. P. D. , Sarri G. , Seipt D. , Senthilkumaran V. , Streeter M. J. V. , Thomas A. G. R. , Ma Y.
Published: February 2025

We have designed a new filter pack array to measure angular variations in x-ray spectra during a single shot. The filter pack was composed of repeating identical columns of aluminum and copper filters of varying thicknesses. These columns were located at different positions to measure the spectrum at each corresponding angle. This array was utilized in an experiment to measure the energy evolution of betatron x rays in a laser wakefield accelerator by curving the wakefield with a transverse density gradient, streaking the x rays across the array in front of an x-ray charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. After subtracting the background and “flattening” the image to remove spatial nonuniformities, a critical energy was calculated for each position that produced the best agreement with the measured signal. There was a clear change in critical energy with angle, shedding light on the dynamics of the electrons that traveled through the accelerator. These angles correspond to distinct emission times, covering a timescale of tens of picoseconds. The filter pack was capable of recovering these angular details without the impact of errors introduced by shot-to-shot variability.
Mechanical behavior of functionally graded cantilever beams under photothermal excitation considering molecular dynamics
Authors: Tang Feixiang , Xue Shun , Li Yuhan , Gu Sen , Chen Qingpeng , He Siyu , Dong Fang , Liu Sheng
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the dynamic response of Functional Graded Material (FGM) beams with surface effect immersed in liquid under high-frequency photothermal excitation. Based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, the dynamic governing equations of FGM beams with surface effects are derived. The forced vibration solution is also derived using the Fourier series variable expansion method, based on the photothermal driving force and fluid dynamic load proposed by Sader. The mechanical properties of FGM with different volume distributions are predicted by molecular dynamics simulation, and the required surface parameters are calculated. The theoretical results show that the surface parameters, volume fraction index, and fluid characteristics have an important influence on the dynamic response. At the nanoscale, the surface elastic modulus and surface residual stress play a major role in the surface effect. For Cu-Ni FGM beams, the surface effect will reduce the stiffness of the beam. As the volume fraction index n increases, the decreasing effect of surface effects on beam stiffness decreases. Compared with the surface effect, the influence of the fluid environment on the frequency response of FGM beams is more stable.
Investigating domain structures and superdomains in ferroelectric PbTiO3 based heterostructures on DyScO3
Authors: Tovaglieri L. , Hadjimichael M. , Torruella P. , Hsu C.-Y. , Korosec L. , Alexander D. T. L. , Paruch P. , Triscone J.-M. , Lichtensteiger C.
Published: February 2025

This work focuses on the complex ferroelastic/ferroelectric domain structure in the prototypical ferroelectric PbTiO3 epitaxially strained on (110)o-oriented DyScO3 substrates, with a 22 nm-thick bottom SrRuO3 electrode. High quality epitaxial growth has been achieved from 7.2 nm (18 unit cells) up to 288 nm (720 unit cells) PbTiO3 film thickness. The evolution of the domain configuration and its scaling with the PbTiO3 film thickness are studied using a combination of atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, piezoresponse force microscopy, and high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. A large asymmetry in the domain configuration is found due to the anisotropic strain imposed by the orthorhombic substrate. For thicker films, a larger scale arrangement of domains into superdomains is observed, with size that scales with the PbTiO3 film thickness, allowing a fine-tuning of their density. These superdomain structures affect the functional properties of the ferroelectric material and may play a role in switching devices such as memories. The presence of superdomains implies the existence of superdomain walls, which potentially exhibit properties intrinsically different from those of conventional ferroelastic or ferroelectric domain walls, opening the possibility of a new kind of superdomain wall-based nanoelectronics.
Dynamics of an enzyme-coated squirmer in gastric mucus with pH-dependent rheology
Authors: Bayat Mohammad Hossein , Raisee Mehrdad , Jafari Azadeh
Published: February 2025

Artificial microswimmers have significantly contributed to engineering and medical sciences, particularly drug delivery, microsurgery, and medical imaging. This study numerically investigates the dynamics of an enzyme-coated spherical microswimmer in gastric mucus with pH-dependent rheology, using the squirmer model. The urease coating on the swimmer increases the pH and liquefies the mucus gel, which exhibits viscoelastic and shear-thinning properties at pH<4. A second substance was also employed to decrease the pH. Due to the structure of the mucus gel and its nonlinear elongational behavior, the Giesekus and Newtonian constitutive equations were used to model the gel and liquefied mucus, respectively. The criterion of pH=4 was applied to define the boundary between the two fluid regions. A two-dimensional axisymmetric model was implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics software, to analyze the effects of single- and double-enzyme coating patterns and swimming gait, on swimmer's speed and power expenditure. Results indicate that the presence of a liquefied Newtonian area in front of the swimmer accelerates its motion. In contrast, a Newtonian region behind the swimmer decelerates it, as the elongation of polymer chains in the viscoelastic medium causes the swimmer to move backward toward the Newtonian region. Consequently at Pe=406.50, the squirmer swam slower than its uncoated counterpart. Notably, in the double-enzyme pattern of (c1,c2,c2,c1), the swimmer was faster than one in pure Newtonian fluid. Additionally, relaxation time and polymeric viscosity were computed for a porcine gastric mucus sample using analytical equations relating the storage G′ and loss G″ moduli to the material constants of the Giesekus model.
Surrounding rock damage characteristics of a deep tunnel crossing a water-rich fault zone
Authors: Guo Deyu , Zhang Lewen , Zhang Xiao , Li Xianghui , Yu Hao , Liu Yanshun , Sun Yuxue
Published: February 2025

When the deep tunnel passes through a water-rich fault zone, it is prone to disasters such as large deformation of soft rock, which brings great challenges to construction safety. In this paper, a multi-field coupling model is established based on the finite element method (FEM), discrete element method (DEM), and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, which can simulate the interaction between structure, fractured rock mass, and flow field. The correctness of the model is verified through on-site monitoring data. On this basis, the stability of the surrounding rock when the Xianglushan tunnel crosses the water-rich fault zone is studied. The results show that: (1) the numerical calculation results based on FEM-DEM-CFD are more accurate and consistent with actual engineering situations compared to FEM-DEM calculation results. (2) The deformation of the surrounding rock is divided into four stages: initial deformation, rapid deformation, slow deformation, and stable deformation. When the excavation distance is less than three times the diameter of the hole, the surrounding rock deformation is severe, and the deformation in this stage reaches 70% of the total deformation. (3) During the excavation process, the “soil arching effect” occurs at the vault position, which gradually enhances with the excavation. (4) The damage of the surrounding rock mainly occurs in the vault position, and the final failure type is mainly shear failure. (5) The numerical model is highly sensitive to mesoscale parameters and lateral stress coefficients. The research results of this paper have certain guiding significance for the safe construction of similar projects.
Arcsine laws for Brownian motion with Poissonian resetting
Authors: Taźbierski K. , Magdziarz M.
Published: February 2025

We analyze the equivalents of the celebrated arcsine laws for Brownian motion undergoing Poissonian resetting. We obtain closed-form formulas for the probability density functions of the corresponding random variables in the cases of the first and second arcsine law. Furthermore, we obtain numerical results for the third law.
Direct numerical simulations of subcooled pool boiling: Studies of heat transfer and bubble dynamics
Authors: Youssoufi Sara , Riaz Amir , Balaras Elias
Published: February 2025

Pool boiling occurs in numerous applications, including the space industry, nuclear reactors, and thermal packaging. Liquid subcooling is defined as the difference between the saturation temperature and the bulk liquid temperature, which is known to affect heat transfer in certain thermal regimes because of its impact on the formation, growth, and dynamics of vapor bubbles. However, the precise nature and magnitude of its effects on the primary characteristics of nucleate boiling are currently not fully understood. Moreover, the available data in the literature currently indicate divergent trends. This work utilizes phase-resolving direct numerical simulations to elucidate the effects of subcooling in pool boiling in an attempt to shed light on the current uncertainty in the literature. We conducted a series of simulations where the bulk liquid temperature was varied, while the wall temperature and saturation temperature were kept constant. Bubble formation and departure, as well as their properties, such as equivalent bubble diameter, centroid coordinates, surface area, and bubble volume, were estimated for all computations. Our results demonstrate that the bulk liquid temperature affects the heat flux curve as well as bubble dynamics, while the latter exhibits a non-monotonic behavior.
The effect of ribs on wind load characteristics of cylindrical structures in streamwise sinusoidal flow: A numerical investigation
Authors: Chen Fubin , Zhu Yuzhe , Li Yi , Shu Zhenru
Published: February 2025

This study examines the aerodynamic effects of streamwise sinusoidal flow on circular and ribbed circular cylinders using large-eddy simulation. Six cases with varying oscillation frequencies are analyzed to assess their impact on aerodynamic forces and wake dynamics. The results reveal that increasing the oscillation frequency leads to a rise in both drag and lift coefficients at low frequencies, followed by a sharp decline at higher frequencies. Notably, ribbed cylinders (RC) exhibit higher mean drag and lower root mean square lift fluctuations compared to circular cylinders (CC) at high frequencies. The Strouhal number for RC is also narrower, indicating less efficient aerodynamic characteristics under the same flow conditions. Streamwise sinusoidal flow significantly alters the wake structure, particularly for frequencies fu/fst exceeding 1, with peak wind pressure fluctuations occurring at fu/fst = 2. RC shows complex pressure fluctuations, especially on the windward side, though the trend mirrors CC. For both CC and RC, vortex shedding is suppressed at higher frequencies, with complete cessation observed at fu/fst = 2, corresponding to peak aerodynamic coefficients. Dynamic mode decomposition analysis highlights that low-frequency flow results in more coherent vortex shedding, whereas higher frequencies cause the vortex street to become less organized. RC shows weaker pulsations, contributing to its reduced lift fluctuations and greater aerodynamic stability. Overall, the study demonstrates that streamwise sinusoidal flow and ribbed configurations significantly influence wind load behavior. RC offers superior aerodynamic stability in high-turbulence flows, suggesting its potential for optimizing wind-resistant structural designs.
Restoration of Brownian dynamics upon shear cessation in colloidal suspensions investigated by x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Chèvremont William , Narayanan Theyencheri
Published: February 2025

This article presents an investigation of the re-establishment of Brownian dynamics upon cessation of flow in sheared relatively dilute colloidal suspensions. The multispeckle x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy can be used to dissect the advective and diffusive components of the observed dynamics in a suspension subjected to a shear flow. Even at relatively low shear rates, the relaxation rate of intensity autocorrelation function is dominated by the Doppler shifts caused by the flow. The results show that the return to Brownian dynamics is rapid in a uniformly sheared suspension. However, in an inhomogeneous flow, the transition from advection-dominated to diffusive Brownian dynamics is relatively slow with an intermediate region characterized by nonequilibrium velocity fluctuations. The temporal decay of these velocity fluctuations appears to follow an exponential function in time. Furthermore, these nonequilibrium fluctuations are not observable in very dilute suspensions where the mean interparticle distance is larger compared to typical viscous dissipation length.
New insights into the back-attack phenomenon in submerged massive gas injection: Complementary experimental and numerical investigations
Authors: Saeedipour Mahdi , Puttinger Stefan
Published: February 2025

This study employs experimental and numerical techniques to investigate compressible two-phase flow behavior during submerged massive gas injection into a liquid. It focuses on the back-attack phenomenon, which is the energetic backward motion of gas toward the injection region and causes refractory wear in industrial processes. To evaluate how the nozzle diameter and injection conditions influence the back-attack frequency, a series of in-house water-based experiments were carried out. Based on these findings, a hypothesis was formulated that connects the occurrence of back-attack and its frequency reduction to the downstream flow structure of the compressible gas jet, including shock-cell formation, pressure wave propagation, and their interactions with the gas–liquid interface. Due to the limitations in optical access to the downstream flow during the experiment, complementary numerical simulations were performed for a shorter period near the nozzle using a compressible large eddy simulation-volume of fluid approach. These simulations shed light on important aspects of high-speed submerged gas jets, including the growth of the interfacial area and compressibility effects. Furthermore, the hypothesized mechanism was evaluated using Fourier analysis of high-resolution pressure fluctuation data downstream of the nozzle for different injection conditions. The analysis shows that higher injection flow rates stabilize the shock-cell structure, reduce the probability of backward motions near the nozzle, and shift the energy peak downstream, all of which result in the back-attack frequency reduction. The results have significant implications for industrial processes that involve submerged gas injection and provide a theoretical and experimental basis for further validation of numerical simulations.
Corrigendum: A metriplectic formulation of polarized radiative transfer (2023 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 56 345206)
Authors: Bosboom V , Kraus M , Schlottbom M
Published: February 2025

In the article (Bosboom et al 2023 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
56 345206) we presented a metriplectic formulation for the radiative transfer equation with polarization. An important ingredient in this process was the construction of a suitable Lie bracket for matrix-valued functions. The bracket presented in equation (20) in Bosboom et al (2023 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
56 345206) is however not a Lie bracket since it does not satisfy the Jacobi identity. Here, we replace this bracket with a correct Lie bracket for matrix-valued functions and adjust the resulting proofs of the Jacobi identity of this bracket and the Casimir property of the entropy functional. All other results in the paper remain unaffected.
Enhancing Weather Index Insurance through Surrogate Models: Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques and Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Wijesena Sachini Rukshima , Pradhan Biswajeet
Published: February 2025

The agricultural industry’s crop yield production is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events, heightened by the impacts of climate change. Weather Index Insurance (WII) presents an innovative solution for insurers to protect farmers from significant yield losses. The objective of this study is to develop an index that is highly correlated with crop yield while ensuring transparency for policyholders. WII products often rely on a single weather index, which fails to encompass the complex nature of weather events. While machine learning models offer the potential to model the multifaceted nature of factors influencing crop growth, their adoption in WII products has been limited due to their lack of transparency, often perceived as "black box models". This research examines soybean yield in the Corn Belt region of the USA. This study proposes a novel framework to develop a highly predictive multi-weather index based on a neural network model, and then applying a surrogate model to ensure transparency whilst maintaining predictive power. A generalised linear model (GLM) is implemented as the surrogate model in this study. The GLM achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 8.2%, which is comparable to the neural network model’s MAE of 7.6%. The weather index derived from the simplified approximation of the surrogate model incorporates multiple remote sensing indexes and weather variables: Potential Evapotranspiration (PET), Evapotranspiration (ET), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and minimum temperature. The proposed methodology achieved a substantial hedging efficiency of 21% downside risk reduction, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed WII product. The development of an index that closely aligns with crop yield losses is crucial for the financial viability of WII.
Rethinking Metaphysics
Authors: Thomasson Amie L
Published: February 2025

This book aims to change how we think about what metaphysics can do, and why it matters. Traditionally, metaphysics has been presented as aiming to discover deep truths about the world. But this leads to a rivalry with science, mysteries about how we could gain this knowledge, and a despairing skepticism about our ability to gain knowledge in metaphysics. Rethinking Metaphysics diagnoses the problems with traditional and many recent approaches to metaphysics as arising from a problematic assumption that all discourse functions in the same way. By drawing on work in linguistics, it shows how to develop a richer view of linguistic functions that enables us to see why this assumption leads us astray. A better understanding of the plurality of linguistic functions also enables us to disentangle ourselves from many old metaphysical problems. In place of the traditional model, we should think of metaphysics as work in conceptual engineering—including both reverse-engineering projects aimed at understanding how various parts of our language and conceptual scheme work and what functions they serve, and constructive-engineering projects that investigate what concepts and language we should use. Rethinking metaphysics as conceptual engineering in this way enables us to avoid the problems of traditional views of metaphysics, while also demonstrating the perennial importance of metaphysics to human life. For how we think and talk is centrally important to how we live and to how we organize our societies and our investigations. And our ways of thinking and speaking must constantly be rethought in situations of new knowledge, new technology, and evolving needs.
The Explanatory Conception of Metaphysics
Authors: Thomasson Amie L
Published: February 2025

After Quine, it has been common to see metaphysics as continuous with the natural sciences, in aiming to develop a best total explanatory theory, and as confirmable with our best total theory. This chapter argues, however, that we have reason to doubt that the ontological content of a theory shares in its confirmation. As a result, the explanatory conception of metaphysics falls prey to the familiar problems of a rivalry with science and epistemological mystery. This chapter also aims to diagnose the underlying mistake as relying on the functional monist assumption that all the relevant terms serve an explanatory function. Once we recognize the many functions our terms serve both within and outside of our scientific theories, we can see why it is wrong to accept an across-the-board explanatory power criterion for accepting entities. We can also see why we should reject the explanatory conception of metaphysics.
Reverse Engineering
Authors: Thomasson Amie L
Published: February 2025

The analyses of linguistic functions that have emerged from systemic functional linguistics are used here to show why past approaches to metaphysics went astray, and to show how we can unravel old metaphysical problems, such as problems about abstract objects and modality. Understanding the introduction rules and functions of grammatical metaphors gives us reason to accept “easy” arguments for the existence of properties and numbers, and shows that many of the problems supposed to arise for accepting abstracta arise from metalinguistic category mistakes. Attention to the functions and entry rules of modal discourse of various forms likewise enables us to re-evaluate many traditional problems about the existence of modal facts, properties, and possible worlds, and our knowledge of them. These provide examples of the ways that “reverse engineering” to understand linguistic functions can enable us to make better decisions about what to do with discourse long seen as metaphysically “problematic.”
Comment on “Efficacy and Safety of Switching from Baricitinib to Ritlecitinib in Severe Alopecia Areata”
Authors: Valtellini Luca , Sechi Andrea , Marzano Angelo V , Ferrucci Silvia M
Published: February 2025

We read with interest the letter from Chen et al. “Efficacy and Safety of Switching from Baricitinib to Ritlecitinib in Severe Alopecia Areata”. We address the main points raised by Chen et al and provide a series of evaluations supporting the view that the findings presented in the original article should be interpreted with caution given the potential confounding factors and limitations in patient selection.
General Dermatology
Authors: Orr Emily , Stefanovic Nicholas , Watchorn Richard
Published: February 2025

HLA testing can be carried out to identify patients who are at risk of severe cutaneous reactions to Carbamazepine. If positive, which of the following HLA alleles would suggest a risk of DRESS with carbamazepine use.
Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in a middle-aged woman with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: case report
Authors: Kong Bo , Ma Huan , Fei Hongwen , Wang Haochen , Geng Qingshan
Published: February 2025

Background

Psychosocial stress could contribute to cardiovascular disease including mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI), especially in young and midlife women. Diagnosis of MSIMI remains still enigma for physicians, and is rarely reported in patients with symptoms but nonobstructive coronary arteries.

Case summary

A 40-year-old female bus driver suffered from refractory angina despite medical treatment over the past six months. Invasive angiography showed merely 40% stenosis in the middle segment of the left anterior descending artery while coronary spasm was also suspected. Mental stress assessment was conducted given her psychosocial adversities in the past few years and high scores during the psychological scale evaluation. The patient reported aggravated chest pain during mental stress testing. Apical perfusion delay (about 4 seconds) in replenishment following high-mechanical index flash impulses were simultaneously observed on myocardial contrast echocardiography, along with hypokinetic apical wall motion. A reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (42%) compared to admission (62%) was also noted, and left ventricular global longitudinal strain was - 17.1% (normal value <-20%). Reactive hyperemia index reflecting peripheral microvascular function showed mild decline. The patient was diagnosed with MSIMI on positron emission tomography (PET) and effectively treated with Escitalopram.

Discussion

MSIMI could coexist with nonobstructive coronary artery disease due to their similar pathological basis of coronary microcirculation. The crucial role of echocardiography with contrast agent in MSIMI diagnosis was emphasized in the present case and confirmed on PET. Comprehensive management including pharmacotherapy specific for psychosocial disorders was proved effective that significantly improved the patient prognosis.
Siamese neural network-enhanced electrocardiography can re-identify anonymised healthcare data
Authors: Macierzanka Krzysztof , Sau Arunashis , Patlatzoglou Konstantinos , Pastika Libor , Sieliwonczyk Ewa , Gurnani Mehak , Peters Nicholas S , Waks Jonathan W , Kramer Daniel B , Ng Fu Siong
Published: February 2025

Aims

Many research databases with anonymised patient data contain electrocardiograms (ECGs) from which traditional identifiers have been removed. We evaluated the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to determine the similarity between ECGs and assessed whether they have the potential to be misused to re-identify individuals from anonymised datasets.

Methods and results

We utilised a convolutional Siamese neural network (SNN) architecture, which derives a Euclidean distance similarity metric between two input ECGs. A secondary care dataset of 864,283 ECGs (72,455 subjects) was used. SNN-ECG achieves an accuracy of 91.68% when classifying between 2,689,124 same-subject pairs and 2,689,124 different-subject pairs. This performance increases to 93.61% and 95.97% in outpatient and normal ECG subsets. In a simulated ‘motivated intruder’ test, SNN-ECG can identify individuals from large datasets. In datasets of 100, 1,000, 10,000 and 20,000 ECGs, where only one ECG is also from the reference individual, it achieves success rates of 79.2%, 62.6%, 45.0% and 40.0%, respectively. If this was random, the success would be 1%, 0.1%, 0.01% and 0.005%, respectively. Additional basic information, like subject sex or age-range, enhances performance further. We also found that, on the subject level, ECG pair similarity is clinically relevant; greater ECG dissimilarity associates with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.22 (1.21-1.23), p < 0.0001) and is additive to an AI-ECG model trained for mortality prediction.

Conclusion

Anonymised ECGs retain information that may facilitate subject re-identification, raising privacy and data protection concerns. However, SNN-ECG models also have positive uses and can enhance risk prediction of cardiovascular disease.