bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Turning To The Nationalism” On The Destiny Of Uzbek Intelligents
Authors:   Associate Professor At The Department History Of Uzbekistan Of Andizhan State University, Candidate Of Historical Sciences, Andizhan Region, Republic Of Uzbekistan, Yusupov Ergash , Yusupov Akmal ,   Senior Teacher At The Department Of History Of Uzbekistan, Andizhan State University, Andizhan Region, Republic Of Uzbekistan
Published: June 2021

The article highlights the place and role of the so-called concept of «nationalist bias» in the fate of the Uzbek intelligentsia in the 1920s and 1930s, which was the basis for repressive policies. In the research shown that against the party’s policy against the interests of local peoples, the selfless children of the Uzbek people sought alternative ways of socio-economic development in the interests of the nation.
Classification Of Poems In The Collection “Gulshani Dilafgor”
Authors:   Senior Teacher, Tashkent State University Of Uzbek Language And Literature Named After Alisher Navoi, Uzbekistan, Mansurov Sobir
Published: June 2021

This article classifies some of the poems in the “Gulshani Dilafgor” collection. Most of the poet’s poems are in sync with the lyrical works of poets such as Furqat, Muqimi, Hamza, Khislat, Kami, imbued with the ideas of nationalism and enlightenment. The classification of lyrical poems in the collection of the poet “Gulshani Dilafgor” shows that Dilafgor could not avoid the themes that accompanied the poets in Uzbek classical poetry. He, too, relied on the progressive ideas of his time in continuing the traditions of his predecessors.
Developing Students' Critical Thinking In The Process Of Teaching Mathematics In The Primary Grades
Authors:   Lecturer, Of The Department Of Exact And Natural Sciences In Primary Education, Namangan State University, Uzbekistan, Khusanova Feruza Zoxidonovna
Published: June 2021

This article demonstrates the identification of methodological techniques and conditions that help students develop critical thinking in the teaching of combinatorics in the primary grades.
The effect of source claims on statement believability and speaker accountability
Authors: Mahr Johannes B. , Csibra Gergely
Published: June 2021

What is the effect of source claims (such as “I saw it” or “Somebody told me”) on the believability of statements, and what mechanisms are responsible for this effect? In this study, we tested the idea that source claims impact statement believability by modulating the extent to which a speaker is perceived to be committed to (and thereby accountable for) the truth of her assertion. Across three experiments, we presented participants with statements associated with different source claims, asked them to judge how much they believed the statements, and how much the speaker was responsible if the statement turned out to be false. We found that (1) statement believability predicted speaker accountability independently of a statement’s perceived prior likelihood or associated source claim; (2) being associated with a claim to first-hand (“I saw that . . .”) or second-hand (“Somebody told me that . . .”) evidence strengthened this association; (3) bare assertions about specific circumstances were commonly interpreted as claims to first-hand evidence; and (4) (everything else being equal) claims to first-hand evidence increased while claims to second-hand evidence decreased both statement believability and speaker accountability. These results support the idea that the believability of a statement is closely related to how committed to its truth the speaker is perceived to be and that source claims modulate the extent of this perceived commitment.
About Royal Manors from the Late Iron Age in Middle Sweden
Authors: Damell David
Published: June 2021

How royal power arose in Sweden and how this affected the creation of the State, has always been the focus of discussion among scientists and laymen. This is certainly because royal power can be connected to some of the most important ancient monument areas in the country such as Gamla Uppsala, Adelsö hovgård etc. In these areas there are visible remains of monuments and cemeteries as well as remains of terraces, plateaus etc. How these royal seats were formed is at present unknown. Excavations in many of these ancient momument areas during the last decade have, however, shown that the royal seats were constructed in a certain pattern. In this regard the excavated royal seats at Gamla Uppsala, Fornsigtuna, Adelsö hovgård and Husby-Enhörna are the only seats addressed in the paper. Each of these seats has strong similarities with one another. It seems possible though to start future excavations of other royal seats based upon the results described in the paper.
The Concept of the Village in Swedish Archaeology
Authors: Fallgren Jan-Henrik
Published: June 2021

In this paper the Swedish concept of "by" (village) will be treated. Iron Age settlements will he treated from a historical pcrspcctive, the starting point for the discussion being archaeological and historical sources Irom Öland. The notion that single farms were the sole form of settlement during the said period will be seriously called into question.
The Three Sisyphean Tasks of Archaeology
Authors: Gren Leif
Published: June 2021

This paper deals with research-history of archaeology and how the constant problem has been how to draw lines in a blurred continuum. The only way to deal with the problem is to find a general human point of departure, regardless of time and space.
Source Criticism or Dilettanti? Some thoughts on "Scandinavia's Oldest House" in Tingby near Kalmar, Småland
Authors: Johansson Lars G.
Published: June 2021

ln a number of articles the so-called Tingby House is presented as a feature from the Boreal Period, a sensationally early date for so distinct a house remnant. This article questions the dating and, more particularly, the way in which it was obtained. lnadequate source criticism, improper use of 14C dating and the lack of rigorous presentation of evidence in the argument itself means that both the date and the excavators' method must be regarded with considerable skepticism. The probability that the Tingby settlement is a multi-component site is supported by the 14C date from 9 millennia, among other evidence, but is explained away in a methodologically unacceptable way by the excavators. The following article is thus a purely mcthodological comment, not a contribution to the Mesolithic debate.
A Review of Archaeological Research on Saami Prehistory in Sweden
Authors: Zachrisson Torun
Published: June 2021

The prehistoric remains of the largest part of Sweden as we know it today belonged to the circumpolar culture, out of which the Saami culture grew. Swedish archaeology has, however, concentrated on south Scandinavian culture, later to become what we call Germanic. This article mainly deals with the Saami Iron Age. Recent research on northern Sweden deals with settlement pattern and resource utilization, iron production and forest reindeer hearding. The material from central Sweden, on the other hand is much more difficult to interpret ethnically because of the Saamis' near contact with and partial assimilation into the growing Germanic culture here —mainly a result of internal development, not of "colonization". The dominating view among archaeologists that the late hunter-gatherer culture here was synonymous with the Saami culture is supported by information from contemporary written sources.
The Clay Paw Burial Rite of the Åland Islands and Central Russia: A Symbol in Action
Authors: Callmer Johan
Published: June 2021

The clay paw burial rite is a special feature of the Åland Islands. It is introduced already in the seventh century shortly after a marked settlement expansion and considerable cultural changes. The rite may be connected with groups involved in beaver hunting since the clay paws in many cases can be zoologically classified as paws of beavers. On the Åland Islands only minor parts of the population belong to this group. Other groups specialized in contacts with the Finnish mainland. The clay paw group became involved in hunting expeditions further and further east and in the ninth century some of the members established themselves in three or four settlements on the middle Volga. There is a later expansion into the area between the Volga and the Kljaz'ma. The clay paw burial rite gives us an unique possibility to identify a specific Scandinavian population group in European Russia in the ninth and tenth centuries. With the introduction of Christian and semi-Christian burial customs ca. A.D. 1000 we cannot archaeologically distinguish this group any more but some historical sources could indicate its existence throughout the eleventh cetury in Russia. The clay paw burial rite brings to the fore questions about local variations and special elements in the Pre-Christian Scandinavian religion. Possibly elements of Finno-ugric religious beliefs had a connection with the development of this rite.
Stone Artefacts as Transmitters of Social Information - Towards a Wider Interpretation with a North Swedish Example
Authors: Holm Lena
Published: June 2021

Stone artefacts have been studied from various aspects. During the last decades possible behavioural aspects have been emphasized in discussions of different strategies in prehistoric manufacture and acquisition. In this paper specialization and distribution of stone tools are discussed in connection with manufacture, acquisition and consumption. The interpretation is based on Late Neolithic/Bronze Age assemblages in northern Sweden.
Applications in Household-economic Archaeology
Authors: Ringstedt Nils
Published: June 2021

Household-economic considerations should be used in archaeology in order to elucidate the living conditions within a region. Consumer behaviour, socio-economic status and male/female activities have been surveyed by using relative "grave values" and frequency values based on material from cemeteries on Bornholm and Lovön and from the Genesmon settlement in northern Ångermanland. Future work is suggested regarding the gravegoods in the Birka graves and the artifacts from the recently excavated Valsta, Fresta and Sanda settlements.
The Ethnoarchaeology of a Swedish Village
Authors: Welinder Stig
Published: June 2021

The village of Nyberget, Dalarna, Central Sweden, during the 19th century is studied from an ethnoarchaeological point of view. The dynamic flexibflity and ambiguity of the cultural landscape of the village and its households are stressed. This is understood in relation to economic structure and gender roles. The concepts used in understanding the historical village form a challenging starting-point for understanding a prehistoric cultural landscape.
Early Iron Age
Authors: Bergström Eva
Published: June 2021

In this survey the Early Iron Age includes the Pre-Roman Iron Age, the Roman Iron Age and the Migration Period. Results and experiences from excavations and field inventories are summed up. The ongoing debate concerning general problems is mirrored, such as change in settlement pattern, in social organization, in handicraft and trade as well as in religion. The survey should not be considered as comprehensive, why several interesting works must be left unconsidered.
Viking Age - Comments on the Development of Archaeology in Sweden from 1986 to 1990 based on "Nordic Archaeological Abstracts"
Authors: Kyhlberg Ola
Published: June 2021

The development of Viking Age archaeology in Sweden is briefly discussed on the basis of a bibliographical and statistical study of the period from 1986 to 1990, The study reveals that Swedish archaeology has undergone two separate and now concluded "waves of evolution” during the twentieth century. The current tradition can be traced back to the 1970s. The developement can be described as that of a longue durée including some very swift changes (events), especially around 1987/88. This hermeneutic spiral seems to move from the artefacts to the contexts.
The Earliest Stone Age Occupation of Eastern Middle Sweden
Authors: Gustafsson Per
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a research project on the earliest Mesolithic settlement in eastern middle Sweden. Preliminary results from the excavations of four sites are discussed within the framework of the concepts ”paleoenvironment", "natural landscape" and "cultural landscape". The benefit from considering the natural landscape as a result of cultural classification within unique cultural contexts is discussed, and some strategies for future research are introduced.
Numerical Investigation of Liquid–Liquid Mixing in Modified T Mixer with 3D Obstacles
Authors: Mahmud Md. Readul
Published: June 2021

The fluids inside passive micromixers are laminar in nature and mixing depends primarily on diffusion. Hence mixing efficiency is generally low, and requires a long channel length and longtime compare to active mixers. Various designs of complex channel structures with/without obstacles and three-dimensional geometries have been investigated in the past to obtain an efficient mixing in passive mixers. This work presents a design of a modified T mixer. To enhance the mixing performance, circular and hexagonal obstacles are introduced inside the modified T mixer. Numerical investigation on mixing and flow characteristics in microchannels is carried out using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS 15. Mixing in the channels has been analyzed by using Navier–Stokes equations with water-water for a wide range of the Reynolds numbers from 1 to 500. The results show that the modified T mixer with circular obstacles has far better mixing performance than the modified T mixer without obstacles. The reason is that fluids' path length becomes longer due to the presence of obstacles which gives fluids more time to diffuse. For all cases, the modified T mixer with circular obstacle yields the best mixing efficiency (more than 60%) at all examined Reynolds numbers. It is also clear that efficiency increase with axial length. Efficiency can be simply improved by adding extra mixing units to provide adequate mixing. The value of the pressure drop is the lowest for the modified T mixer because there is no obstacle inside the channel. Modified T mixer and modified T mixer with circular obstacle have the lowest and highest mixing cost, respectively. Therefore, the current design of modified T with circular obstacles can act as an effective and simple passive mixing device for various micromixing applications.
PEMETAAN KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK GURU DALAM KETERAMPILAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMPUTER
Authors: Rohmani Nani
Published: June 2021

This study aims to mapping teachers’ pedagogical competence in terms of utilizing Information Technology and Computer (ICT) skills in learning. The research method uses qualitative approach based on the data taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The data sources used are based on the highest proportion of ICT skills which is Yogyakarta at 95.19, and the lowest one is Papua at 32.88. The results concluded that the proportion of ICT skills seen from gender is the same. In economy, the highest proportion is shown by the richest compared to the poorest spending group.  Teachers are required to quickly update their knowledge, skills, and competencies in the field of ICT. However, the uneven development of ICT results digital gap, since Indonesia is a large island nation and has tough challenges to hone the skill. Thus, researchers advise that it is necessary to develop internet network infrastructure throughout Indonesia.Keywords:  Proportion; ICT skills; Mapping; Teacher Competence
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). XIII. Large-scale Feedback and Star Formation in a Low-luminosity Quasar at z = 7.07 on the Local Black Hole to Host Mass Relation
Authors: Izumi Takuma , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Fujimoto Seiji , Onoue Masafusa , Strauss Michael A. , Umehata Hideki , Imanishi Masatoshi , Kohno Kotaro , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Kawamuro Taiki , Baba Shunsuke , Nagao Tohru , Toba Yoshiki , Inayoshi Kohei , Silverman John D. , Inoue Akio K. , Ikarashi Soh , Iwasawa Kazushi , Kashikawa Nobunari , Hashimoto Takuya , Nakanishi Kouichiro , Ueda Yoshihiro , Schramm Malte , Lee Chien-Hsiu , Suh Hyewon
Published: June 2021

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array [C ii] 158 μm line and underlying far-infrared (FIR) continuum emission observations (0.″70 × 0.″56 resolution) toward HSC J124353.93+010038.5 (J1243+0100) at z = 7.07, the only low-luminosity (M
1450 > −25 mag) quasar currently known at z > 7. The FIR continuum is bright (1.52 mJy) and resolved with a total luminosity of L
FIR = 3.5 × 1012
L
⊙. The spatially extended component is responsible for ∼40% of the emission. The area-integrated [C ii] spectrum shows a broad wing (FWHM = 997 km s−1, L
[C ii] = 1.2 × 109
L
⊙), as well as a bright core (FWHM = 235 km s−1, L
[C ii] = 1.9 × 109
L
⊙). This wing is the first detection of a galactic-scale quasar-driven outflow (atomic outflow rate >447 M
⊙ yr−1) at z > 7. The estimated large mass-loading factor of the total outflow (e.g., ≳9 relative to the [C ii]-based star formation rate) suggests that this outflow will soon quench the star formation of the host. The core gas dynamics are governed by rotation, with a rotation curve suggestive of a compact bulge (∼3.3 × 1010
M
⊙), although it is not yet spatially resolved. Finally, we found that J1243+0100 has a black hole mass–to–dynamical mass (and –to–bulge mass) ratio of ∼0.4% (∼1%), consistent with the local value within the uncertainties. Our results therefore suggest that the black hole–host coevolution relation is already in place at z ∼ 7 for this object.
Radio Counterpart Candidates to Unassociated 4FGL-DR2 Sources
Authors: Bruzewski S. , Schinzel F. K. , Taylor G. B. , Petrov L.
Published: June 2021

For the duration of the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope's mission, approximately one-third of the point sources detected have been noted as “unassociated,” meaning that they seem to have no known counterpart at any other wavelength/frequency. This mysterious part of the gamma-ray sky is perhaps one of the largest unknowns in current astronomical pursuits and as such has been probed extensively by various techniques at various frequencies. Radio frequencies have been perhaps one of the most fruitful, producing a large fraction of the identified and associated active galactic nuclei and pulsars noted in each update of the point-source catalogs. Here we present a catalog of 7432 radio counterpart candidates for unassociated gamma-ray fields in the Second Data Release of the Fourth Fermi Point Source Catalog (4FGL-DR2). A description of the catalog and source types is provided followed by a discussion that demonstrates how the results of this work will aid new associations and identifications. As part of this work, we also present a first catalog derived from “quicklook” images of the Very Large Array Sky Survey.
L’agentivité des systèmes immersifs de réalité virtuelle en situation de codesign : étude comparative entre le Hyve-3D et un environnement traditionnel
Authors: Haj Ayed Nizar , Dorta Tomás
Published: June 2021

Cet article présente une étude comparative entre l’agentivité, c’est-à-dire la puissance d’agir, d’un dispositif immersif de réalité virtuelle sociale (sans lunettes) et celle d’un environnement traditionnel (papier et crayon) en situation de codesign. Il faut dire que les dispositifs immersifs misent sur une perception spatiale inédite en projetant les designers, par simulation, au cœur des problématiques et des solutions conceptuelles. Ils leur octroient ainsi une agentivité qui consiste en une perception critique s’articulant dynamiquement à travers l’assimilation du passé, la réflexion autour du présent et la projection dans le futur.
Le design comme posture méthodologique : de l’ambiguïté de la recherche-projet, l’expérience du projet INSÉPArable
Authors: Gagnon Caroline , Côté Valérie , St-Germain Daphney , Bélanger Lynda
Published: June 2021

Les méthodologies du design sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les secteurs de la santé afin d’apporter des solutions plus adaptées au contexte complexe des populations desservies. Ces méthodes s’appuient beaucoup sur des approches de collecte de données qualitatives et des démarches de codesign afin d’aboutir à des propositions ancrées dans les réalités vécues sur le terrain. Cependant, ces démarches relèvent certaines ambiguïtés, oscillant entre projet de recherche et projet de design, ambiguïtés qui ont trouvé écho lors de l’expérience de la recherche-projet INSÉPArable regroupant des chercheuses en design, en sciences infirmières et en psychologie. Des divergences sur le rôle qu’y tient le design ont mis en évidence sa nature opérationnelle, où l’accent est alors mis sur la pratique du design plutôt que sur sa capacité à produire des connaissances. Ces tensions disciplinaires invitent à mieux situer en amont de la démarche de recherche, le positionnement scientifique du design.
Design social dans la région de Tataouine : une démarche pragmatique et interdisciplinaire de codesign
Authors: Ellouze Nesrine , Ramseyer Randolf , Brisolara Daniela
Published: June 2021

Cet article présente l’expérience interdisciplinaire de design social vécue à Tataouine, en Tunisie. Il adopte une démarche pragmatique dont les principes valorisent l’expérience, les processus participatifs du codesign et la recherche-projet. Pour instancier notre modèle de codesign, l’idée et la motivation initiales sont passées par un intégrateur public (gouvernorat de Tataouine) détenant une ressource inexploitée (les ksour ) et souhaitant développer de nouveaux services pour renforcer l’attractivité régionale et promouvoir les acteurs locaux. La vision du projet est dès lors de mettre à profit les liens établis entre les institutions et d’encourager la coopération et l’échange entre les professeurs et experts de différentes disciplines. L’objectif de l’article est de produire une réflexion sur l’action a posteriori en soulignant les choix méthodologiques et la constitution de l’expérience vécue.
Pensar fuera del marco: María Campo Alange, crítica de arte protofeminista
Authors: Mayayo Patricia
Published: June 2021

Este artículo explora el trabajo de María Campo Alange (1902-1986) como crítica de arte. Sus escritos han sido casi totalmente ignorados en la literatura académica, quizá porque no encajan dentro de los tópicos habituales en la crítica artística española de la época. Según veremos, este “pensar fuera del marco” no solo tiene que ver con la singularidad de la trayectoria de Campo Alange, sino también con la fragilidad de su posición como mujer intelectual en el contexto del régimen franquista, que proscribía la participación de las mujeres en la esfera pública. Mantenerse alejada de los “grandes debates” de su tiempo era una forma de labrarse un espacio de libertad, así como de iluminar un punto ciego que los críticos hegemónicos no fueron capaces de abordar: el lugar de las mujeres dentro del arte moderno.
Nuevas pinturas de Cesare Arbasia en la catedral de Córdoba
Authors: Jordano Barbudo M.ª Ángeles
Published: June 2021

En la capilla de los Simancas, también del Espíritu Santo o de los Obispos, en la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba, se han descubierto unas pinturas murales que representan figuras de profetas atribuidas a Cesare Arbasia (1547-1614).
Automated Cell Nuclei Segmentation on Cervical Smear Images Using Structure Analysis
Authors: Mustafa Wan Azani , Wei Low Zhe , Rahman Khairul Shakir Ab
Published: June 2021

Cervical cancer is a common cancer that affects women around the world, and it is also the most common cancer in the developing countries. The cancer burden has increased due to several factors, such as population growth and ageing. In the early century, the systematization of cervical cancer cells takes some time to process manually, and the result that comes out is also inaccurate. This article presents a new nucleus segmentation on pap smear cell images based on structured analysis or morphological approach. Morphology is a broad set of image processing operations that process images based on shape, size and structure. This operation applies a structural element of the image to create an output image of the same size. The most basic of these operations are dilation and erosion. The results of the numerical analysis indicate that the proposed method achieved about 94.38% (sensitivity), 82.56% (specificity) and 93% (accuracy). Also, the resulting performance was compared to a few existing techniques such as Bradley Method, Nick Method and Sauvola Method. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the detection method of the pap smear cell image to resolve the time-consuming issue and support better system performance to prevent low precision result of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) stages. The main impact of this paper is will help the doctor to identify the patient disease based on Pap smear analysis such as cervical cancer and increase the percentages of accuracy compared to the conventional method. Successful implementation of the nucleus detection techniques on Pap smear image can become a standard technique for the diagnosis of various microbiological infections such as Malaria and Tuberculosis.
Biomaterial Properties of Femur Implant on Acetabulum Erosion: A Review
Authors: Pimpale Shailesh S. , Deshmukh Manish S. , Shelke Rajesh T. , Deshmukh Dheeraj S.
Published: June 2021

The hip is one in every of the various joint at intervals the body. The correct operating of this joint is essential. For the aim once the hip is injured whole, a substitution procedure of the entire joint ought to be done to reinstate its operating, that is known as absolute hip surgical process. It is finished with the assistance of inserts of various biomaterials, as an example, polymers, metals, and pottery. The primary issues with regard to the utilization of various biomaterials are the reaction of the body's instrument to wear trash. Throughout this audit, biomaterials that are developing is talked regarding aboard the wear and tear and tear conduct and instrument. To boot, the numerous properties of the biomaterials are talked regarding aboard the expected preferences and drawbacks of their utilization. Further, the blends of various biomaterials at intervals the articulating surfaces are cleft and so the problems regarding their utilization are assessed. This paper hopes to passes away an in depth review of the trauma fringe of bearing surfaces of hip prosthetic devices. Additionally, this paper can offer AN ordered blueprint of the materials nearby their favorable circumstances and detriments and besides the conceivable outcomes of use. Keywords: - Hip implant; Biomaterials; Wear mechanism; Bearing surfaces; Polymers
Relevant Biophysical Parameters Discrimination along Corticospinal Tract in Patients with Stroke Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Zeraii Abderrazek , Slama Amine Ben , Rmili Lazhar , Drissi Cyrine , Mars Mokhtar , Kraiem Tarek
Published: June 2021

Stroke remains the leading source of long-term disability. As the only direct descending motor pathway, the corticospinal tract (CST) is the primary pathway to innervate spinal motor neurons and one of the most well studied tracts in human neuroanatomy. Its clinical significance can be demonstrated in many distinguished traumatic situations and diseases such as stroke. Along‐tract statistics analysis enables the extraction of quantitative diffusion metrics along specific white matter fiber tracts. Besides quantitative metrics derived from classical diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), such as fractional anisotropy and diffusivities. In this study, we extracted DTI derived quantitative microstructural diffusion metrics along the CST tract in patients with moderate to severe subacute stroke. Respectively DTI metric of individual patient's fiber tract was then plotted. This approach may be useful for future studies that may compare in two different time (acute and chronic). The contribution of this work presents a totally computerized method of DTI image recognition based on conventional neural network (CNN) in order to supply quantitative appraisal of clinical characteristics. The obtained results have achieved an important classification (Accuracy=94.12%) when applying the CNN. The proposed methodology enables us to assess the classification of the used DTI images database within a reduced processing time. Experimental results prove the success of the proposed rating system for a suitable analysis of microstructural diffusion when compared to previous work.
A Web-GIS and Mobile-Based Application for a Safe Ocean for Fishers
Authors: Kumar Saka Sujith , Mathew Aleena Elsa , Ganesh Vivek , Raja Karthikaa , Gopalakrishnan Gopinath , Iyyappan Muthukumarasamy , Dash Sisir Kumar , Usha Tune , Ramanamurthy Mallavarapu Venkata , Sameeran Geetha Suresh , Xavier Antony Antony , Edwards Julius , Kamal Mithun
Published: June 2021

Abstract One of the societal outcomes envisaged for the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021‐2030) is a safe ocean where the safety of operations at sea and the coast are ensured. The Indian coast is prone to tropical cyclones, and
the recent Ockhi, Gaja, Nilam, and Nivar cyclones devastated coastal Tamil Nadu in southern India, particularly the fishing community. This brought into focus the need to develop tools for the safety of fishermen at sea. A user-friendly application was developed named “Thoondil”
(meaning fishing rod in the local language) by the National Centre for Coastal Research and made operational by the Department of Fisheries, Government of Tamil Nadu. It comprises a web-GIS-based dashboard for the state administrators and an android application for the fishermen. The salient
features of the mobile application include the compass, weather, rescue plan, offline maps that provide the route to the nearest ports, incidence reporting, weather details, and potential fishing zone. The Thoondil dashboard provides information about the users and travel details, and helps
to get information about the fishermen at sea at any point of time. A two-way communication between the administrators and the fishing community is enabled. The system is available in vernacular language with more than 15,000 downloads in a couple of months. Based on user interactions, it
has evolved as a pan-India application and currently replicated in Kozhikode, Kerala. The use of the app has reduced risk to the fishing community, especially during hazards and has also contributed to the resilience of the coastal fishing communities.
Measuring Global-Mean Sea-Level Rise With Surface Drifting Buoys
Authors: Elipot Shane , Centurioni Luca , Haines Bruce J. , Lumpkin Rick , Willis Josh K.
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe propose to establish a new ocean observing system for monitoring global and regional mean sea-level changes. This system will consist of a global array of thousands of water-following drifting buoys tracked by a global navigation satellite system—such as the Global Positioning System (GPS)—which will continuously provide the geographical positions and the height of the sea surface along the buoys' trajectories. The sea-level height data collected in this way, averaged over regional basins and the global ocean, will provide daily measures of regional and global mean sea levels. An essential climate variable, mean sea level is an intrinsic measure of climate change, integrating the thermal expansion of the ocean's waters and additions to the ocean's mass from melting terrestrial ice. The realization of this new system requires that standardized vertical position measurements with controlled accuracy be acquired and regularly transmitted from relatively small and expendable drifting buoys, which constitutes a technological challenge, yet one with a clear path for being met. The development and implementation of this ocean shot concept will ultimately provide an independent, resilient, sustainable, and economical observational system to quantify natural and anthropogenic sea-level changes, augmenting the existing satellites and tide gauge observing systems.
FathomNet: An Open, Underwater Image Repository for Automated Detection and Classification of Midwater and Benthic Objects
Authors: Katija Kakani , Schlining Brian , Lundsten Lonny , Barnard Kevin , Sainz Giovanna , Boulais Oceáne , Woodward Benjamin , Bell Katy Croff
Published: June 2021

Abstract Ocean-going platforms and instruments are integrating cameras for observation and navigation, producing a deluge of visual data. The volume of this data collection can rapidly outpace researchers' abilities to process and analyze them. Recent advances in artificial
intelligence enable fast, sophisticated analysis of visual data, but have had limited success in the oceanographic world due to lack of dataset standardization, sparse annotation tools, and insufficient formatting and aggregation of existing, expertly curated imagery for use by data scientists.
To address this need, we are building FathomNet, a public platform that makes use of existing (and future), expertly curated data to know what is in the ocean and where it is for effective and responsible marine stewardship. This platform is modeled after popular terrestrial datasets (e.g.,
ImageNet, COCO) that enabled rapid advances in automated visual analysis. FathomNet seeks to engage a wide audience, from the general public to subject-matter experts, to further augment, contribute to, and utilize the training data set. FathomNet will accelerate development of novel algorithms
to automate the analysis of underwater visual data, thereby enabling scientists, explorers, policymakers, storytellers, and the public, to learn, understand, and care more about our ocean and its inhabitants.
Sustained Open Access Global Wave Observations for Science and Society
Authors: Centurioni Luca , Thurston Sidney , Paluszkiewicz Theresa
Published: June 2021

Abstract Studies of the generation and propagation of surface waves in the open ocean have been traditionally supported by sparse observations. Wave climatology is only known through data from expensive and heavy open ocean moorings, often not optimized for observing surface
waves, coastal wave observing networks, or from satellites that can only measure the wave's amplitude. Yet, knowledge of wave physics is of fundamental importance to understand how the ocean and the atmosphere are coupled and to quantify, for example, exchanges of gas and momentum. Of similar
importance is understanding how oceanic mesoscale, such as eddies and boundary currents, affect wave steepness and propagation; ultimately important to quantify, for example, hazards to navigation and to protect coastal communities from floods. Scientific advances in data assimilation and
wave resolving models, which are supported by our visionary approach, are needed to improve coupled models to support extreme events modeling and forecasting and for improving climate assessment. In-situ global wave observations are one of the obviously missing key ingredients that are hampering
progress in oceanography, meteorology, and climate sciences.
Improved Value of the Observing System Through Integrated Satellite and In-Situ Design
Authors: McCurdy Andrea , Vinogradova-Shiffer Nadya
Published: June 2021

Abstract Primary among the goals for this Ocean-Shot will be to support the important role of, and maintenance of the continuity of space-based, broad-scale measurements of the essential ocean surface variables; e.g., OSVW, SSH, SST, SSS, Precipitation, Ocean Color, by building
on associated in-situ measurements. Projects and pilots will seek to enhance the value of satellite observation with measurements made of physics, biogeochemistry, and biology within the water column, and the atmosphere. This endeavor will also contribute to the well-established infrastructure
in place to improve the calibration, evaluation, and validation of satellite measurements, and to intercalibrate different satellite missions and instruments. This project will highlight community awareness of the interfaces and activities that will ensure the sustained observations needed
for EOV satellite and in-situ observational operations, research, and monitoring.Activities will include convening and/or joining an international, multidisciplinary working group or groups consisting of members of requirements setting, implementation teams, and data managers. In time
the project will develop a series of use cases highlighting satellite field campaigns that have resulted in enhanced system design and to an improved understanding of the ocean. Over the decade the project will seek to create mechanisms resulting in ongoing recommendations for additional co-design
requirements among the scientific, remote sensing, and in-situ community.
Future Fisheries in a Changing Ocean
Authors: Mills Katherine E. , Kerr Lisa , Reidmiller David , Tokunaga Kanae
Published: June 2021

Abstract Marine fisheries provide protein, income, and employment for millions of people across the world, but future fisheries face multiple stressors, including climate change. To ensure continued flows of benefits from fisheries, we need modern, forward-looking ways of
setting sustainability objectives that consider ecosystem carrying capacity, health of fish stocks, societal nutritional and economic needs, and equitable distribution of fishery benefits. Transdisciplinary teams of oceanographers, climatologists, ecologists, economists, data scientists, and
decision scientists working together with fishery managers, municipal leaders, fishers, aquaculturists, and seafood supply chain businesses can reimagine sustainable fisheries in a changing world. Through coordinated, distributed research nodes, these types of teams will develop frameworks,
information, infrastructure, and application pathways needed to ensure vibrant, resilient fisheries and fishing communities in healthy marine ecosystems in future decades.
Ocean Arc: An Ocean Shot for the Arctic
Authors: Tabisola Heather M. , Mordy Calvin C. , Skerry Brian , Meinig Christopher
Published: June 2021

Abstract Photography can be a powerful instrument for change. Combining scientific research, new imaging technologies equipped with Artificial Intelligence, and underwater photography, we'll share near- to real-time changes of biodiversity in the Arctic and highlight these
rapidly changing and unique environments. Through this project we will continually develop new ways of creating images and stories that both celebrate the sea yet also highlight environmental stress.Scientists often speak of a “new Arctic” to describe the region's rapidly changing
landscape and marine systems. Temperatures are higher than before, sea ice is dwindling, and many experts believe the far north is quickly transforming into something unrecognizable.A new Arctic will be warmer, rainier, and substantially less frozen. Animals that used to be common may
disappear, while new species may move in to take their place. Opportunities for hunting and fishing by sea ice are declining. And shipping in the region is already significantly increasing as the ice disappears. With this, planning for natural and human-made disasters is an increasingly daunting
task.We want to take an Ocean-Shot and visually capture this change in a way that has never been done before. We want to transform the way in which science can be conducted.
EquiSea: The Ocean Science Fund for All
Authors: Valauri-Orton Alexis , Arbic Brian K. , Monsalve Jorge Rafael Bermudez , Bonne Gina , Ford Marcia Creary , Mahu Edem , Park Courtnie , Hwai Aileen Tan Shau
Published: June 2021

Abstract Ocean science capacity is distributed unequally, but a rapidly changing ocean requires widely and equitably distributed human, technical, and physical ocean science infrastructure. EquiSea: The Ocean Science Fund for All is a platform co-designed through consensus-based
stakeholder discussion with more than 200 scientists from around the world. EquiSea aims to improve equity in ocean science by establishing a philanthropic fund to provide direct financial support to projects, coordinating capacity development activities, fostering collaboration and co-financing
of ocean science between academia, government, NGOs, and private sector actors, and supporting the development of low-cost and easy-to-maintain ocean science technologies.
METEOR: A Mobile (Portable) ocEan roboTic ObsErvatORy
Authors: Rajan Kanna , Aguado Fernando , Lermusiaux Pierre , de Sousa João Borges , Subramaniam Ajit , Tintore Joaquin
Published: June 2021

Abstract The oceans make this planet habitable and provide a variety of essential ecosystem services ranging from climate regulation through control of greenhouse gases to provisioning about 17% of protein consumed by humans. The oceans are changing as a consequence of human
activity but this system is severely under sampled. Traditional methods of studying the oceans, sailing in straight lines, extrapolating a few point measurements have not changed much in 200 years. Despite the tremendous advances in sampling technologies, we often use our autonomous assets
the same way. We propose to use the advances in multiplatform, multidisciplinary, and integrated ocean observation, artificial intelligence, marine robotics, new high-resolution coastal ocean data assimilation techniques and computer models to observe and predict the oceans “intelligently”—by
deploying self-propelled autonomous sensors and Smallsats guided by data assimilating models to provide observations to reduce model uncertainty in the coastal ocean. This system will be portable and capable of being deployed rapidly in any ocean.
Envisioning an Interconnected Ocean: Understanding the Links Between Geological Ocean Structure and Coastal Communities in the Pacific
Authors: Lubetkin Megan , Raineault Nicole , Gaines Sarah
Published: June 2021

Abstract Covering nearly one third of the Earth's surface, the Pacific Ocean contains many significant interconnected geologic features extending into the coastal zone and the islands themselves. Trenches, ridges, seamount chains, faults, and fracture zones are not only fundamental
expressions of Earth processes but also fundamental to life. Without awareness of these features and their natural and cultural importance, marine management and global understanding will remain disjointed. The Ocean Exploration Trust (OET) will spend the next several years in the Pacific
conducting scientific expeditions to better understand the ocean through seafloor mapping and ocean exploration. Western ocean science is one of many ways to perceive and value the structural features of the Pacific. Communities across Pacific islands—often volcanic peaks emerging from
deep below—are interconnected by water and by the underlying seafloor. We acknowledge the knowledge from local communities and recognize the multitude of ways to conceptualize and relate to the Pacific. With the University of Rhode Island's Coastal Resources Center (CRC), OET seeks to
collaborate with local communities to reveal the structural significance and interconnected nature of oceanic features, making a link to the livelihoods of Pacific islanders. Further objectives would be co-designed with partners from local communities.
Twilight Zone Observation Network: A Distributed Observation Network for Sustained, Real-Time Interrogation of the Ocean's Twilight Zone
Authors: Thorrold Simon R. , Adams Allan , Bucklin Ann , Buesseler Ken , Fischer Godi , Govindarajan Annette , Hoagland Porter , Jin Di , Lavery Andone , Llopez Joel , Madin Larry , Omand Melissa , Renaud Philip G. , Sosik Heidi M. , Wiebe Peter , Yoerger Dana R. , Zhang Weifeng (Gordon)
Published: June 2021

Abstract The ocean's twilight zone (TZ) is a vast, globe-spanning region of the ocean. Home to myriad fishes and invertebrates, mid-water fishes alone may constitute 10 times more biomass than all current ocean wild-caught fisheries combined. Life in the TZ supports ocean
food webs and plays a critical role in carbon capture and sequestration. Yet the ecological roles that mesopelagic animals play in the ocean remain enigmatic. This knowledge gap has stymied efforts to determine the effects that extraction of mesopelagic biomass by industrial fisheries, or
alterations due to climate shifts, may have on ecosystem services provided by the open ocean. We propose to develop a scalable, distributed observation network to provide sustained interrogation of the TZ in the northwest Atlantic. The network will leverage a “tool-chest” of emerging
and enabling technologies including autonomous, unmanned surface and underwater vehicles and swarms of low-cost “smart” floats. Connectivity among in-water assets will allow rapid assimilation of data streams to inform adaptive sampling efforts. The TZ observation network will
demonstrate a bold new step towards the goal of continuously observing vast regions of the deep ocean, significantly improving TZ biomass estimates and understanding of the TZ's role in supporting ocean food webs and sequestering carbon.
The Coral Reef Sentinels Program: A Mars Shot for Blue Planetary Health
Authors: Kline David I. , Dehgan Alex , Bunje Paul , Selbe Shah , Chirayath Ved , Pizarro Oscar , Leray Matthieu , Connolly Sean , Bongaerts Pim , Treibitz Tali , Levy Oren , Kriegman David , Andersson Andreas , McField Melanie , Duffy J. Emmett
Published: June 2021

Abstract Up to 90% of global coral reefs are predicted to be severely degraded by 2050 under “business-as-usual” scenarios. To meet the scale and scope of this challenge, we propose designing and demonstrating a multi-modal system that can incorporate data from
remote sensing (satellites, aircraft, and aerial drones), acoustics, genetics, sensor arrays, and low-cost imaging systems. The latter will be collected by low-cost smart sensing and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) guided by adaptive sampling modeling software and rapidly analyzed using
automated machine learning systems. Development and deployment will be linked to extensive and diversity-enhancing training programs. The Coral Sentinel System will be globally deployed to enable rapid-response adaptive management and to build public engagement in conservation interventions
to save coral reefs.Phase 1 (Year 1) will involve testing assumptions, coalition building, fundraising, and initial system development. Phase 2 (Years 2‐4) will focus on engineering and development with a pilot deployment in the Caribbean. Phase 3 (Years 5‐6) will involve
system expansion and iteration along the Tropical Eastern Pacific corridor. Phase 4 (Years 7‐10) will involve global deployment to over 50 reef sites. This will lead during the following decade (Phase 5) to provisioning of low-cost Sentinel systems to coastal communities globally.
Accelerating Global Ocean Observing: Monitoring the Coastal Ocean Through Broadly Accessible, Low-Cost Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Zhaohui Aleck
Published: June 2021

Abstract The global coastal ocean provides food and other critical resources to human societies. Yet this habitat, for which many depend, has experienced severe degradation from human activities. The rates of human-induced changes along the coast demand significantly improved
coverage of ocean observations in order to support science-based decision making and policy formation tailored to specific regions. Our proposal envisions developing a global network of low-cost, easily produced and readily deployed oceanographic sensors for use on a wide variety of platforms
in the coastal ocean. A substantially large number of these sensors can thus be installed on existing infrastructure, ships of opportunity, and fishing fleets, or even individually along the coast, particularly in vulnerable and disadvantaged regions. This would vastly increase the spatiotemporal
resolution of the current data coverage along the coast, allowing greater equitable access. It would also offer significant opportunities for partnership with communities, NGOs, governments, and other stakeholders, as well as a wide range of commercial and industrial sectors to develop and
deploy sensors in scalable networks transmitting data in near-real time. Finally, it presents a vastly lowered bar for participation by citizen scientists and other engaged members of the public to address location-specific coastal problems anywhere in the world.