bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Sustainable γ-Alumina Catalyst/Catalyst Support from Aluminum Can Waste: Study of the Influence of Reaction Temperature
Authors: Mokaizh Aiman A. Bin , Alazaiza Motasem Y. D. , Ramu Madhusudhan Bangalore , Nassani Dia Eddin
Published: February 2025

The indiscriminate disposal of empty aluminum beverage cans poses a major environmental pollution problem. The last decade has witnessed coordinated research targeted at finding cost-effective and practical solutions to minimize and utilize solid waste, which has become a major global environmental concern. This research is focused on the use of readily available waste aluminum (Al) cans for the synthesis of gamma-alumina. This work aims to synthesize γ-alumina from scrap Al cans using the sol-gel method, as well as their characterization. This study further explores the impact of reaction temperature on alumina synthesis at a fixed aging time of a half day. Characterization of γ-alumina was performed via FTIR, XRD, BET, and SEM–EDX analyses. The experimental results revealed the possibility of γ-alumina synthesis from waste Al cans, which can serve as catalysts/supports for various processes. A reaction temperature of 70 °C was found to be optimal for alumina synthesis from Al waste, as evidenced by our FTIR and XRD results, whereas alumina at room temperature recorded the highest surface area, at around 139 m2/g. Also, the results show that all the alumina synthesized at 70 °C recorded the highest weight and atomic percentage, at 9%, 8%, 27%, and 22%.
Echinococcus granulosus-Induced Liver Damage Through Ferroptosis in Rat Model
Authors: Zhai Shaohua , Yang Yueqi , Zhou Yang , Lai Qianqian , Li Kunlei , Liu Songhan , Li Weilu , Gao Feng , Guan Jiyu
Published: February 2025

(1) Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an Echinococcus granulosus-induced worldwide parasitic zoonosis and is a recognized public health and socio-economic concern. The liver is the major target organ for CE’s infective form protoscolex (PSCs), which causes serious liver damage and endangers the host’s life. Reports show that PSC infection causes liver cell Fe2+ metabolism disorder and abnormal deposition of Fe2+ in liver cells and results in liver cell death. However, whether PSC-induced liver cell death is associated with ferroptosis remains to be clarified. (2) Methods: Using both an in vivo rat model and an in vitro co-culture of PSCs and the cell system, we studied the histopathological progress of PSCs infection and the cytopathogenesis of PSC-induced cell death in the liver. Hepatic-injury-related ferroptosis signaling pathways were identified by proteomics analysis at various stages of PSCs infection, and physiological and the biochemical indexes and expression of pathway proteins related to hepatic ferroptosis were studied. Ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, was employed for in vivo interference with early protoscolices infection in rats, and the effects of the inhibition of hepatocyte ferroptosis on hepatocyte injury and the generation of fibrotic cysts were investigated. Additionally, PSCs were exposed to in vitro co-culture with BRL, a rat hepatocyte line, to clarify the direct influences of PSCs on BRL ferroptosis. (3) Results: The results of our in vivo studies revealed that PSCs infection induced Fe2+ enrichment in liver cells surrounding the PSCs cysts, cellular oxidation, and liver tissue damage along with the prolongation of PSCs parasitism. The results of our in vitro studies verified the ability of PSCs to directly induce ferroptosis, the formation of fibrotic cysts, and alteration of the iron metabolism of liver cells. The analysis of KEGG signaling pathways revealed that ferroptosis- and ROS-related pathways were significantly induced with PSCs infection. Using Ferrostatin-1 effectively blocked ferroptosis, reversed Fe2+ content, reduced liver cell oxidation, and reduced PSC-induced fibrosis cysts. (4) Conclusions: Our study reveals the histopathological progress of PSC infection and the cytopathogenesis of PSC-induced ferroptosis. Ferrostatin-1 effectively blocked PSCs infection and PSC-induced cell death in vivo and in vitro. Accordingly, the inhibition of PSC-induced hepatocyte ferroptosis may be an effective method in the control of Echinococcus granulosus infection and should be seriously considered in clinical studies.
Tomatine Improves Glucose Metabolism and Mitochondrial Respiration in Insulin-Resistant Hepatocyte Cell Lines AML12 and HepG2 via an AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Lee Yu Geon , Kim Donghwan
Published: February 2025

Insulin resistance (IR) disrupts hepatic glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function, which contributes to metabolic disorders. The present study examined the effects of tomatine on glucose metabolism in high-glucose-induced IR hepatocytes and explored its underlying mechanisms using AML12 and HepG2 cell models. The results showed that tomatine did not exhibit cytotoxic effects. Under IR conditions, tomatine dose-dependently improved glucose metabolism by enhancing glucose consumption and restoring the mRNA expression of the glucose transporter Glut2 and gluconeogenesis-related genes (Pepck and G6pase). Mechanistically, tomatine activated the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), reversing the IR-induced suppression of the AMPK/PGC1α pathway. In addition, tomatine enhanced mitochondrial oxidative function by restoring the oxygen consumption rate, increasing ATP production, and upregulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex proteins. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of AMPK abolished these beneficial effects, confirming its central role in mediating tomatine’s actions. Overall, our findings suggest that tomatine is a promising therapeutic candidate for enhancing hepatic glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in IR-associated metabolic disorders through AMPK activation.
The Role of RAC2 and PTTG1 in Cancer Biology
Authors: Rakoczy Katarzyna , Szymańska Natalia , Stecko Jakub , Kisiel Michał , Sleziak Jakub , Gajewska-Naryniecka Agnieszka , Kulbacka Julita
Published: February 2025

Several molecular pathways are likely involved in the regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) via Ras-associated C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2, RAC2, and pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 product, PTTG1, given their roles in cellular signaling, survival, proliferation, and metastasis. RAC2 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and plays a crucial role in actin cytoskeleton dynamics, reactive oxygen species production, and cell migration, contributing to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune evasion, and therapy resistance. PTTG1, also known as human securin, regulates key processes such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis suppression, and EMT, promoting metastasis and enhancing cancer cell survival. This article aims to describe the molecular pathways involved in the proliferation, invasiveness, and drug response of cancer cells through RAC2 and PTTG1, aiming to clarify their respective roles in neoplastic process dependencies. Both proteins are involved in critical signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and NF-κB, which facilitate tumor progression by modulating CSC properties, angiogenesis, and immune response. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms by which RAC2 and PTTG1 influence tumorigenesis and describes their potential and efficacy as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in managing various neoplasms.
Development of Antibody–Drug Conjugates for Malignancies of the Uterine Corpus: A Review
Authors: Yamanaka Taro , Nishikawa Tadaaki , Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: February 2025

Despite recent advances in cancer treatment, the prognosis for uterine malignancies (carcinoma and sarcoma) requires further improvement. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a novel class of anti-cancer therapeutic agents, and multiple ADCs have been approved for other types of cancer. In 2024, trastuzumab deruxtecan received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for cancer types and became the first ADC approved for the treatment of uterine malignancies. Many ADCs are currently being investigated in uterine malignancies, and therefore, there is a need to gain a deeper understanding of ADCs. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in ADCs. The contents of this article include the structure and mechanism of action, an analysis of recent clinical trials, and expected future clinical questions. This article also focuses on uterine sarcoma, which is not often highlighted as a target for ADC treatment.
Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Modified Fish Scale Bioadsorbent
Authors: Pérez Yamilet , Castañeda Everth J. Leal , Estrada Jorge Meléndez , Montesinos-Pedro Edith , Markeb Ahmad Abo , Font Xavier
Published: February 2025

The need to conserve water is important, as it is predicted that in approximately 20 years there will be a global water shortage. In Mexico and the rest of the world, scientists are constantly looking for methods to help conserve and improve the processes used to treat the wastewater generated and reuse it safely. In this work, Tilapia fish scales modified with acetic acid were used for the removal of heavy metals from model water. For this experiment, the following adsorbent dose range was applied: 0.4 g to 1 g; the pH ranged from 4 to 7; and the contact time varied between 60 and 120 min. A three-factor experimental design was considered, including variables such as the adsorbent dose, contact time, and pH, each at three levels. The chemical modification produced a more porous surface on the flakes, facilitating metal adsorption, as confirmed by morphological and physicochemical analyses. The results obtained confirmed the removal of 94 and 83% of Cd(II) and Pb(II) metal ions, respectively, with an bioadsorbent dose of 1 g at a pH of 4 and a contact time of 120 min for Cd(II) and an adsorbent dose of 0.4 g, a pH of 4, and a contact time of 90 min for Pb(II), with an initial concentration of 200 mg/L for both metals. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis results provide critical insights into the textural properties of modified fish scales. The modified fish scales have great potential for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater.
Synthesis of Terbenzo- and Tetrabenzoolympicenyl Radicals and Their Cations
Authors: Guo Zewen , Tian Xiaoqi , Sun Zhe
Published: February 2025

The synthesis of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) monoradicals, terbenzoolympicenyl radical (BOR1) and tetrabenzoolympicenyl radical (BOR2), is reported. One-electron oxidation of both BOR1 and BOR2 yielded stable cationic species BOR1+ and BOR2+, whose structures were unambiguously characterized using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The physical properties of BOR1 and BOR2 were investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV-vis-NIR, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. BOR1+ and BOR2+ exhibited intense near-infrared (NIR) absorption, which may be of potential use in the biological fields.
Association Between Food Habits with Mental Health and Executive Function in Chilean Children and Adolescents
Authors: Caamaño-Navarrete Felipe , del-Cuerpo Indya , Arriagada-Hernández Carlos , Cresp-Barria Mauricio , Hernández-Mosqueira Claudio , Contreras-Díaz Guido , Valdés-Badilla Pablo , Jerez-Mayorga Daniel , Delgado-Floody Pedro
Published: February 2025

Objective: To determine the association between foods habits with mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, and stress) and executive function (i.e., attention, inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 498 children and adolescents (52.6% female) aged 10–17 years participated. The Krece Plus questionnaire (Food habits), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21, metal health), and the CogniFit (executive functions) test were used to assess the study variables. Results: The poor and moderate food habits groups reported higher prevalence of extremely severe anxiety (poor, 40.8%; moderate, 41.4%; good, 21.6%; p = 0.013) and extremely severe depression (poor, 20.4%; moderate, 21.3%; good, 5.7%; p < 0.001). The food habits were linked inversely to anxiety (β −0.07, 95%CI −0.11 to −0.03, p = 0.001), depression (β −0.08, 95%CI −0.12 to −0.04, p < 0.001), stress (β −0.07, 95%CI −0.11 to −0.02, p = 0.004), and total score of negative mental health (β −0.03, 95%CI −0.04 to −0.01, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The food habits were inversely associated with negative metal health in Chilean children and adolescents, where the good food habits group reported better mental health in all dimensions.
Progress in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
Authors: Rad Florina
Published: February 2025

Most mental health conditions emerge in early childhood and their prevalence varies with age [...]
Clean Air Benefits and Climate Penalty: A Health Impact Analysis of Mortality Trends in the Mid-South Region, USA
Authors: Jia Chunrong , Zhang Hongmei , Batbaatar Namuun , Naser Abu Mohd , Li Ying , Kavouras Ilias
Published: February 2025

The lowering air pollution in the US has brought significant health benefits; however, climate change may offset the benefits by increasing the temperature and worsening air quality. This study aimed to estimate the mortality changes due to air pollution reductions and evaluate the potential climate penalty in the Mid-South Region of the US. Daily concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone measured at local monitoring stations in 1999–2019 were extracted from the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality System. Meteorological data for the same period were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Local Climatological Data. Annual average age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates (MRs) were downloaded from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s WONDERS Databases. MRs attributable to exposure to PM2.5, ozone, and high temperatures in warm months were estimated using their corresponding health impact functions. Using Year 1999 as the baseline, contributions of environmental changes to MR reductions were calculated. Results showed that annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone decreased by 46% and 23% in 2019, respectively, compared with the base year; meanwhile, the mean daily temperature in the warm season fluctuated and displayed an insignificant increasing trend (Kendall’s tau = 0.16, p = 0.30). MRs displayed a significant decreasing trend and dropped by 215 deaths/100,000 person-year in 2019. Lower PM2.5 and ozone concentrations were estimated to reduce 59 and 30 deaths/100,000 person-year, respectively, contributing to 23% and 17% of MR reductions, respectively. The fluctuating temperatures had negligible impacts on mortality changes over the two-decade study period. This study suggests that improved air quality may have contributed to mortality reductions, while the climate penalty effects appeared to be insignificant in the Mid-South Region.
The Influence of NaCl Internal and External Erosion on the Properties of Steel Scoria Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Bai Ligai , Liu Haiyuan , Zhang Jian , Zhang Youheng , Zhang Xin , Xia Kangshuo , Shi Feiting
Published: February 2025

This paper the flexural and compressive strengths of the reactive powder concrete (RPC) with steel scoria and quartz sand containing NaCl are investigated. Moreover, the RPC’s mass, the chloride ion permeability and the carbonation depth (Dc) are determined. The mass ratios of steel scoria and the NaCl are 0%~20% and 0%~0.25% by mass of binder materials and the quartz sand respectively. The RPC specimens are exposed to the NaCl erosion environment. The scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum are acquired for analyzing the mechanism of RPC’s performance. Results show that the flexural strength, the compressive strengths, the mass and the dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME) of RPC decrease in the form of cubic function with the mass ratio of NaCl. When the mass ratio of steel scoria is 10%, the mechanical strengths and the RDME are the highest. The RPC’s flexural strength, the compressive strength and the RDME decrease by rates of 4.94%~42.28%, 5.11%~48.65% and 8.72%~226.1% after NaCl erosion. Meanwhile, the corresponding mass loss rate, the chloride ion permeability, the Dc are increased by rates of 1.32%~27.63%. RPC with 10% steel scoria shows the lowest performance degradation. The SEM-EDS results show that the pores and cracks inner RPC and the Cl and Ca elements are increased by the NaCl. The Fe and Ca elements are increased by the added steel scoria. The addition of steel scoria exhibit decreasing effect and the added NaCl shows increasing effect on the Ca (OH)2 crystals respectively.
Investigation on Optimization of Finite Element Model for Stress Analysis of 12Cr1MoV Main Steam Pipeline Elbow
Authors: Wang Shutao , Shi Renqiang , Wu Jian , Yang Chao , Liu Huan
Published: February 2025

Stress analysis is of great significance for components in thermal power plants, and an inaccurate model could cause inaccuracy in the life assessment of the plant. During the manufacturing process of elbows, issues such as cross-sectional elliptical deformation and uneven wall thickness frequently occur. However, existing studies have not thoroughly investigated these phenomena. In this study, a modified finite element model based on the dimension of an actual elbow was established for stress analysis and compared with that of the ideal uniform model. Subsequently, microstructure characterization and mechanical property tests were conducted on the elbow to validate both models. The stress concentration area in the corrected model has shifted from the inner arc region of the ideal model to the inner wall of the neutral plane region. Both optical microscopy and SEM results indicate that microstructural degradation in the neutral plane region is more pronounced, characterized by non-uniform grains, coarse carbides, and creep cavities. The hardness values of the inner wall in the neutral plane area are significantly lower than that in the inner arc area, and the tensile sample in the neutral plane area fractures rapidly after yielding, exhibiting poorer toughness compared to the samples in the inner arc area. Moreover, the creep resistance in the neutral plane area is much lower than that in the inner arc area. By integrating finite element simulation with experimental validation, the accuracy of the corrected finite element model presented in this paper has been confirmed, providing valuable theoretical and experimental guidance for the life assessment of elbows in thermal power plants.
Paleohistological Analysis of “Terror Birds” (Phorusrhacidae, Brontornithidae): Paleobiological Inferences
Authors: Marsà Jordi Alexis Garcia , Agnolín Federico L. , Angst Delphine , Buffetaut Eric
Published: February 2025

Extinct flightless birds of the clades Phorusrhacidae and Brontornithidae are among the most characteristic elements of the South American Cenozoic faunas. Although the anatomy, systematics, paleoecology, and distribution of these birds have been analyzed in some detail, there is not a single work dealing with the osteohistology of these taxa. Herein, we present for the first time paleohistological data for phorusrhacids (Patagornis marshi) and brontornithids (Brontornis burmeisteri). A dense vascularized fibrolamellar matrix and an uninterrupted cortex lacking growth lines indicate similar metabolism and physiological attributes occurring in most extant birds, and they differ from the condition of insular taxa or species living in very stable habitats. This is congruent with recent analyses indicating that phorusrhacids were very active birds lacking insularity-related attributes. It also supports recent growing evidence indicating that these birds’ extinction may be related to climatic and environmental changes rather than being the result of competitive displacement by immigrant placental mammals.
Dynamic Evolution of EEG Complexity in Schizophrenia Across Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Molina Rosa , Crespo-Cobo Yasmina , Esteban Francisco J. , Arias Ana Victoria , Rodríguez-Árbol Javier , Soriano Maria Felipa , Ibáñez-Molina Antonio J. , Iglesias-Parro Sergio
Published: February 2025

Schizophrenia is characterized by widespread disruptions in neural connectivity and dynamic modulation. Traditional EEG analyses often rely on static or averaged measures, which may overlook the temporal evolution of neural complexity across cognitive demands. This study employed Higuchi Fractal Dimension, a non-linear measure of signal complexity, to examine the temporal dynamics of EEG activity across five cortical regions (central, frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes) during an attentional and a memory-based task in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and healthy controls. A permutation-based topographic analysis of variance revealed significant differences in neural complexity between tasks and groups. In the control group, results showed a consistent pattern of higher neural complexity during the attentional task across the different brain regions (except during a few moments in the temporal and occipital regions). This pattern of differentiation in complexity between the attentional and memory tasks reflects healthy individuals’ ability to dynamically modulate neural activity based on task-specific requirements. In contrast, the group of patients with schizophrenia exhibited inconsistent patterns of differences in complexity between tasks over time across all neural regions. That is, differences in complexity between tasks varies across time intervals, being sometimes higher in the attentional task and other times higher in the memory task (especially in the central, frontal, and temporal regions). This inconsistent pattern in patients can explain reduced task-specific modulation of EEG complexity in schizophrenia, and suggests a disruption in the modulation of neural activity on function of task demands. These findings underscore the importance of analyzing the temporal dynamics of EEG complexity to capture task-specific neural modulation.
The Identification of Patterns in the Relation Between Biodiversity and Mutualistic Ecosystem Function Based on Network Resilience
Authors: Lv Changchun , Zhang Ye , Lei Yulin , Yuan Ziwei , Duan Dongli
Published: February 2025

Identifying the relation between biodiversity and mutualistic ecosystem function has been a longstanding concern. In this study, we present an interpretive model to evaluate the impact of each species on mutualistic ecosystem functions. By analyzing network resilience, we derive the average abundance and tipping point of the ecosystem to represent ecosystem functions. Based on the order of species collapse, each species is classified according to the F-core. The model quantitatively evaluates the influence of species on mutualistic ecosystem functions in scenarios where species are removed from ecosystems. We propose a criterion for identifying redundant species: a species is considered redundant if its removal negatively impacts average abundance without affecting the tipping point. To validate the model, we introduce twenty-four mutualistic ecosystems. Our numerical simulations and analytical analyses reveal two distinct patterns: one indicating the presence of redundancy and the other suggesting that each species is essential. Additionally, in mutualistic ecosystems characterized by redundancy, specialist species are more likely to be identified as redundant.
Responding to the De-Professionalisation of Teaching: Empowering Teachers to Enhance Their Pedagogy Through Action Research
Authors: Crawford Renée
Published: February 2025

Education is embedded within a complex societal ecosystem that attempts to imbue students with the cultural norms and values of the society in which it operates. Neoliberalism ideology has been shaping education systems, policies and reforms in Australia and many other countries, since the early 1980s. Arguably, there are both benefits and challenges related to neoliberal education. For example, neoliberals advocate for education systems to be run according to free market principles, that elements of education should be privatised endogenously and exogenously, that parents/guardians and students should have more agency and that top-down management should be increased through surveillance and mandated performance. This paper addresses the last point that increased teacher accountability measures and the standardisation of student learning outcomes have resulted in the de-professionalisation of teaching. Using case study research, five expert teachers’ experiences of using action research to explore and challenge their pedagogy is investigated. Perceptions about teacher autonomy and the de-professionalism of teaching emerged as the overarching research aim inquired whether action research can be used as a response to the declining status of the teaching profession. Findings suggest that through action research, teachers can be empowered to enhance their pedagogy, while developing meaningful and contextually relevant evidence-based practice.
A Day-Ahead Optimal Battery Scheduling Considering the Grid Stability of Distribution Feeders
Authors: Mumtahina Umme , Alahakoon Sanath , Wolfs Peter
Published: February 2025

This study presents a comprehensive framework for optimizing energy management systems by integrating advanced methodologies for weather forecasting, energy cost analysis, and grid stability using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) algorithm. A novel approach is proposed for day-ahead weather forecasting, leveraging real-time data extraction from reliable weather websites and applying clear sky modeling to estimate photovoltaic (PV) generation with high accuracy. By automating weather data acquisition, the methodology bridges the gap between weather predictions and practical energy management, providing utilities with a reliable tool for operating and integrating renewable energy. The optimization framework focuses on minimizing the utility bill by analyzing a distribution feeder representative of Australia’s energy infrastructure, incorporating time-of-use (TOU) and flat tariff systems across eight Australian states to simulate realistic energy costs. Furthermore, voltage constraints are applied within the optimization framework to maintain system stability and improve voltage profiles, ensuring both technical reliability and economic efficiency. The proposed framework delivers actionable insights for utility industries, enhancing the scheduling of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and facilitating the integration of renewable energy into the grid.
A Review on Biohydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation, Process Parameters and Simulation
Authors: Mokhtarani Babak , Zanganeh Jafar , Moghtaderi Behdad
Published: February 2025

This study explores biohydrogen production through dark fermentation, an alternative supporting sustainable hydrogen generation. Dark fermentation uses organic waste under anaerobic conditions to produce hydrogen in the absence of light. Key process parameters affecting hydrogen yield, including substrate type, microorganism selection, and fermentation conditions, were examined. Various substrates, such as organic wastes and carbohydrates, were tested, and the role of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in optimizing the process was analyzed. The research also focused on factors such as pH, temperature, and hydraulic retention time to enhance yields and scalability. Additionally, the study modelled the process using ASPEN Plus software 14. This simulation identifies the bottle necks of this process. Due to the lack of available data, modelling and simulation of the described processes in ASPEN Plus required certain approximations. The simulation provides insight into the key challenges that need to be addressed for hydrogen production. Future research should indeed explore current limitations, such as substrate efficiency, process scalability, and cost-effectiveness, as well as potential advancements like the genetic engineering of microbial strains and improved bioreactor designs.
Heat Shock Proteins of Pistacia chinensis Could Promote Floral Development Under Drought Stress
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Hao , Cao Guanghui , Dong Jingjing , Lv Man , Su Shuchai , Bai Qian
Published: February 2025

Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying sex differentiation in dioecious plants is fundamental to elucidating plant reproductive strategies and their adaptive responses to environmental stresses. Pistacia chinensis, previously considered a strictly dioecious species, has been found to exhibit monoecy, with sex differentiation closely linked to environmental stress during floral development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study explores the influence of environmental stress on sex differentiation with a focus on heat shock proteins (Hsps). Biochemical analyses revealed higher proline content and SOD activity in dioecious and monoecious females compared to males during the sex differentiation phase. Two key genes, PcHsp70-1 and PcHsp90, were identified as differentially expressed between sexes. Subcellular localization analysis showed that these proteins are present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Overexpression of PcHsp70-1 in Arabidopsis promoted bolting and flowering by upregulating flowering-related genes and also enhanced drought resistance. Similarly, PcHsp90 contributed to drought tolerance through multiple mechanisms. These findings suggest that Hsps play a key role in linking environmental stress responses to sex differentiation, thus laying the foundation for further research on plant–environment interactions and stress-adaptive mechanisms in P. chinensis.
A Study on the Water Consumption Characteristics of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall During the Growing and Non-Growing Seasons and Their Response to Microclimate Variables
Authors: Han Yuehao , Su Yu , Liu Fude , Zhang Yan , Wu Hailong
Published: February 2025

Plant water use can have a profound impact on the regional water cycle and water balance. A great deal of research has been conducted in this area in recent years. However, plant nighttime sap flow and non-growing season water use have rarely been addressed. These two components should not be neglected in accurately predicting the water use of urban landscape trees and large-scale plantation forests. In this study, the thermal diffusion probe (TDP) method was used to observe the water use of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, a common tree species in northern China. Continuous observations of sap flow were made from November 2020 to September 2021, while meteorological conditions in the region were recorded. We analyzed the sap flow changes in different months and their responses to environmental factors at the daily scale. The results showed a clear circadian rhythm phenomenon of sap flow during the growing season, with strong correlations between nighttime sap flow and daytime sap flow, as well as environmental factors. Transpiration and refilling stem water storage were also observed at night. In the non-growing season, the average whole day sap flow rate is less than 0.5 cm/h. The difference in average sap flow rate between daytime and nighttime is less than 0.3 cm/h. At the daily scale, temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were the main influences on nighttime sap flow. Solar radiation had a significant effect on the overall water use strategy of the trees.
Evaluation of the Effects of Different Cultivars of Falcataria falcata on Soil Quality
Authors: Ran Qiang , Yang Han-Yan , Luo Yan-Yu , Lu Guo-Hui , Lin Qian-Xi , Yan Shu , Wang Ying-Qiang
Published: February 2025

The soil microbial community influences and maintains soil quality and health. Leguminous plants are widely used in forestry due to their nitrogen-fixing ability, significantly improving soil quality. However, there are few studies on the effects of woody legumes on soil microbial communities and soil quality. Here, the composition and structure of bulk soil microbial communities associated with six cultivars of Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin were analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, the minimum dataset approach was employed to integrate indexes of soil microbial communities and physicochemical properties, allowing the calculation of a soil quality index to evaluate the cultivars’ soil quality. Although the growth characteristics of the six cultivars were identical, there were significant differences in physiological functions. Notably, cultivar 6 demonstrated a significant advantage over the other cultivars in its overall physiological characteristics. Compared to the control sample, all cultivars clearly improved soil quality, with cultivars 8 and 16 significantly outperforming the others. The findings indicate that the different cultivars improve soil fertility by recruiting microorganisms with specific functions. The stability of soil microbial communities is a crucial biological and ecological factor that influences and sustains soil quality and health and is a key index for the evaluation of these properties.
Early Warning Signs in Tree Crowns as a Response to the Impact of Drought
Authors: Češljar Goran , Đorđević Ilija , Eremija Saša , Marković Miroslava , Gagić Serdar Renata , Lučić Aleksandar , Čule Nevena
Published: February 2025

The interaction between trees’ water needs during drought and the signals that appear in their canopies is not fully understood. The first visually detectable signs, which we describe as early warning signals in tree canopies, are often not noticeable at first glance. When these signs become widely apparent, tree decline is already underway. In this study, we focus on identifying early visible signs of drought stress in the tree crowns, such as very small leaves, premature needle/leaf discolouration and abscission, and defoliation. We provide guidance on recognising initial signs, offer specific examples, and comprehensively analyse each signal. Our focus is on signs in the tree crowns that appear during intense and prolonged droughts, which we confirmed by calculating the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Our findings are based on 20 years (2004–2024) of continuous fieldwork and data collection from permanent sample plots in Serbia, which was conducted as part of the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). We also conducted a comprehensive review of the literature and key findings related to the early signs we address. This research was further motivated by the signs observed in the tree crowns during the summer of 2024 due to extreme climatic events, which classify this year as one of the hottest recorded in Serbia. However, we still cannot conclusively determine which specific trees will die back based solely on these early warning signals, as some trees manage to withstand severe drought conditions. Nonetheless, the widespread appearance of these indicators is a clear warning of significant ecosystem instability, potentially leading to the decline of individual trees or larger groups.
Explorations into Accessible Wood Identification in Paraguay: Wood Anatomy of Plinia rivularis and Plinia peruviana
Authors: Cervantes Andrew G. , Robinson Seri C.
Published: February 2025

South American wood and wood-based products play major roles in the global forest sector. Most research related to Paraguayan wood is focused on forest restoration, urban arborization, silviculture, and botanical taxonomy. Often overlooked but of major importance is the cellular structure of the trees that comprise remaining forests in Paraguay. Wood greatly contributes to forest value, yet wood anatomy studies remain novel in the country. To further document Paraguayan wood anatomy, two downed species of multipurpose Myrtaceae trees were sampled from a subtropical semi-deciduous forest in Areguá, Central Paraguay. In this article, heartwood xylem anatomy was observed and documented using low-cost methodology to support the regional realities of the emerging field in rural communities, especially local Paraguayan peoples. This included specific gravity, density, and basic light microscopic features. Sample material was processed near the pith at breast height to display cellular features in the transverse, radial, and tangential planes. Four features were measured with light microscopy and ImageJ: tangential vessel element diameter, vessel element length, ray seriation, and ray height. Results showed structural similarity between species, with diffuse porosity, solitary pores, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and apotracheal diffuse parenchyma in aggregates. These results represent the first sampling of Myrtaceae from Paraguay in a methodology that can be easily replicated by the native population, thereby enabling further wood anatomy studies in the region.
Research on Impact Mechanisms of Digital Economy on High-Quality Development of Forestry
Authors: Meng Qi , Meng Jixian , Cheng Baodong
Published: February 2025

Forests, as a critical component of terrestrial ecosystems, have long been recognized for their vital roles as water, money, grain, and carbon repositories, collectively known as the “Four Repositories” concept. The significance of forests in the context of economic and ecological development has become increasingly prominent. As a novel economic paradigm and a new driver of growth, the digital economy (DIG) can significantly improve the management, operation, and preservation of forests, thus offering new prospects for advancing the high-quality development of forestry (HQDF) in China. This study constructs indicator systems for the levels of HQDF and DIG using panel data from 30 provinces in China over the period from 2012 to 2021. The empirical analysis utilizes a fixed effect model to assess the influence of DIG in promoting HQDF in China. Moreover, the mediation analysis model is employed to examine the underlying mechanisms. There are four main results as follows. First, the baseline regression results show that DIG can directly drive HQDF in China. Second, the mechanism analysis reveals that DIG positively influences HQDF through three mediating channels: strengthening environmental regulation, enhancing public environmental awareness, and increasing innovation in forestry. Third, the heterogeneity analysis indicates that the positive impact of DIG on HQDF is more pronounced in northern provinces, economically advanced regions, and provinces with stronger fiscal support for forestry. Fourth, further analysis reveals significant spatial spillover effects of DIG on HQDF in China. The study findings not only clarify the driving mechanisms of DIG in HQDF, but also provide valuable policy insights for exploring practical pathways for HQDF in China in the modern context.
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Gel-Based Plugging System for Complex Fractured Formations Using Acrylic Resin Particles
Authors: Yao Lei , Quan Xiaohu , Ma Jihe , Wang Ge , Feng Qi , Jin Hui , Yang Jun
Published: February 2025

The issue of fluid loss in fractured formations presents a significant challenge in petroleum engineering, often leading to increased operational costs and construction risks. To address the limitations of traditional lost circulation materials (LCMs) in oil reservoirs with different fracture sizes, this study developed an acrylic resin gel particle with excellent thermal stability (thermal decomposition temperature up to 314 °C) and compatibility. By employing Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology, the synergistic interaction of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), asbestos fibers, and cement was optimized to create a novel gel solidification plugging system that meets the requirements of fluid loss control and compressive strength improvement. Experimental results revealed that the gel-based system demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving rapid fluid loss (total fluid loss time of 18~47 s) and forming a high-strength gelled filter cake (24 h compressive strength up to 17.5 MPa). Under simulated conditions (150 °C), the gel-based system provided efficient fracture sealing, showcasing remarkable adaptability and potential for engineering applications. This study underscores the promise of acrylic resin gel particles in overcoming fluid loss challenges in complex fractured formations.
The Heterogeneity of 13q Deletions in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Diagnostic Challenges and Clinical Implications
Authors: Xia Changqing , Liu Guang , Liu Jinglan , Ronaghy Arash , Tadros Saber , Wang Wei , Fang Hong , Zhang Shanxiang , Khoury Joseph D. , Tang Zhenya
Published: February 2025

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of adult leukemia, particularly in Western countries. CLL can present indolently or aggressively, influenced by various factors, including chromosomal alterations. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), targeting specific genes/loci frequently affected in CLL patients, has established a standard for stratifying five CLL prognostic groups: del(11q)/ATM, trisomy 12, del(13q) as a sole aberration, del(17p)/TP53, and normal CLL FISH panel results. Among these, del(13q) as a sole aberration is associated with a favorable prognosis, while the others are considered intermediate (normal CLL FISH panel result and trisomy 12) or unfavorable (del(11q)/ATM and del(17p)/TP53) prognostic markers. However, significant heterogeneity in del(13q) aberrations has been observed among CLL patients with isolated del(13q), which should be considered when predicting prognosis and planning clinical management for individual CLL patients with this aberration. This review discusses the variations in del(13q) aberrations in CLL, including a minimally deleted region (MDR), the anatomic sizes of deleted 13q regions, affected alleles, the clone sizes of del(13q), and their dynamic changes during disease progression. The impact of del(13q) heterogeneity on various diagnostic tests such as karyotyping, the FISH panel, chromosomal microarray (CMA), and optical genome mapping (OGM), prognostic prediction, and clinical management is illustrated through authentic clinical scenarios.
Identification and Expression Analyses of IL-17/IL-17R Gene Family in Snakehead (Channa argus) Following Nocardia seriolae Infection
Authors: Han Xiufeng , Su Xue , Che Mingyue , Liu Lanhao , Nie Pin , Wang Su
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, known for its proinflammatory properties, is important in immune responses against bacterial and fungal infections. To exert its immune function, the IL-17 family typically binds to IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) to facilitate signal transduction. Methods: This study identified, cloned and analyzed seven IL-17 and nine IL-17R family members in snakeheads. Results: A duplication event occurred in snakehead IL-17s and IL-17Rs, but bioinformatics analyses indicated that these genes were conserved in both protein domains and evolutionary processes. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that IL-17s/IL-17Rs were widely distributed in the detected tissues, with relatively high expression levels in immune tissues. Upon Nocardia seriolae stimulation, most members were expressed, particularly IL-17C2, IL-17D, IL-17N, IL-17RA1, IL-17RA2, IL-17RC1, and IL-17RE1, which were significantly upregulated in gill and intestine. Conclusions: These results suggested that IL-17s and IL-17Rs played a crucial role in mucosal immunity against bacterial infection, providing insights into immunoprophylactic strategies for bacterial diseases in aquaculture.
Genetics of Gallstones
Authors: Pęczuła Agnieszka , Czaplicki Adam , Przybyłkowski Adam
Published: February 2025

Gallstone disease (GSD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder affecting approximately 10–20% of the global adult population, characterized by the presence of gallstones, predominantly cholesterol-based, in the gallbladder and/or biliary ducts. While many patients remain asymptomatic, more than 20% develop clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and anorexia, potentially leading to severe complications like acute cholecystitis and biliary pancreatitis. GSD has a significant genetic predisposition, with the variable prevalence of the disease according to ethnicity being highest in American and European countries and lowest in Asian and African populations. Numerous genes encoding membrane transporters involved in bile metabolism are associated with GSD, including in particular members of ATP-binding cassette transporters and others, which affect bile lithogenicity and contribute to the development of gallstones. Specific mutations in these genes are linked to an increased risk of gallstone formation, especially in individuals with certain hereditary conditions such as hemolytic diseases, thyroid disorders, and hyperparathyroidism. Advances in genetic studies have identified new variants that influence the risk of cholelithiasis, although the exact mechanisms remain partially understood in many cases. This review briefly summarizes the genetic causes of cholelithiasis, highlighting various pathogenetic mechanisms. It presents the currently used treatments and the potential implications of widely applied genetic diagnostics.