bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Click: From interalia to interaction
Authors: Yoav Ido
Published: May 2016

The term social interaction is used so commonly, to the point of obscureness, often without defining or setting limits to it. In-depth micro visual-ethnographic analysis of sleepers’ awakenings in public places offers a list of typical bodily behaviors which may indicate when interactions start/end. This becomes evident by video analysis of NYC subway commuters’ awakenings in natural settings. While awake, individuals’ bodies point-out specific situational directions. However, while snoozing, corporeal directions lay off and sleepers’ body-idioms, self-presentations, and pointing-acts mute. Consequently, dozers become relatively directionless, relaxing bodily boldness. Following this understanding of public physical patterns, I argue that, contrary to conventional microstudies’ understandings, even in public places interactions have clear corporeal-experiential limits that can be operationalized and defined. I suggest naming this other (non-interactional) family of social behaviors interalia (from Latin, ‘among others’, i.e., being relatively indistinct corporeally). This study aims to provide a contemporary applicable toolkit for ethnographers of everyday lives.
Missing the point of the practice-based view
Authors: Bromiley Philip , Rau Devaki
Published: May 2016

In this article, we address Jarzabkowski et al.’s strategy-as-practice criticism of Bromiley and Rau’s practice-based view as ignoring the “who” and “how” of practice implementation. Bromiley and Rau explicitly note that any statistical model under the practice-based view should consider mediating and moderating variables that depend on the specific practice and context but that the article would not attempt to identify such variables. Strategy-as-practice’s focus on the “who” and “how” of a practice are two of many such potential mediating or moderating variables. More fundamentally, strategy-as-practice scholars’ discomfort with the practice-based view may arise both from their different definitions of practice and their different approaches to strategy research. Without diminishing the strategy-as-practice’s contribution to strategy research, we argue for the additional value in the practice-based view’s call for systematic, large-scale, quantitative studies that establish the performance impact of specific practices across populations of organizations.
Evaluating the wider outcomes of schools: Complex systems modelling for leadership decisioning
Authors: Crick Ruth Deakin , Barr Steven , Green Howard , Pedder David
Published: May 2016

A continuing challenge for the education system is how to evaluate the wider outcomes of schools. Wider measures of success – such as citizenship or lifelong learning – influence each other and emerge over time from complex interactions between students, teachers and leaders, and the wider community. Unless methods are found to evaluate these broader outcomes, which are able to do justice to learning and achievement as emergent properties of the learner’s engagement with his or her world the education system will continue to focus on narrow measures of school effectiveness which do not properly account for complexity. In this article we describe the rationale and methodology underpinning a pilot research project that applied hierarchical process modelling to a group of schools as complex living systems, using software developed by engineers at the University of Bristol, called Perimeta. The aim was to generate a stakeholder owned systems design which was better able to account for the full range of outcomes valued by each school, and for the complex processes which facilitate or inhibit them, thus providing a more nuanced leadership decision-making analytic. The project involved three academies in the UK.
Making sense of school leaders’ sense-making
Authors: Ganon-Shilon Sherry , Schechter Chen
Published: May 2016

Effective education reform depends on its successful realization by the school leadership carrying out the reform. School principals and middle leaders in the 21st century re-examine their traditional role so as to understand complexities and ambiguities characterizing their various responsibilities within the context of school reform. As critical change agents and system players, formal leaders interpret reform demands and translate them into school practices through a process of sense-making. Though sense-making is an ongoing process that school leaders undergo personally and collectively during policy reforms, little attention has been paid to the role principals and middle leaders perform as sense-makers. This literature review article explores sense-making in school leadership through a holistic approach. It demonstrates how sense-making is framed in both theoretical and empirical studies as well as suggests implications and avenues for future research.
Type I interferon licenses enhanced innate recognition and transcriptional responses to Franciscella tularensis live vaccine strain
Authors: Richard Katharina , Vogel Stefanie N , Perkins Darren J
Published: May 2016

The innate inflammatory response to Francisella tularensis ( Ft) in macrophages is significantly governed by the expression of type I interferon (IFN). Previously, the proteolytic processing and maturation of pro-IL-1β protein was shown to depend upon type I IFN expression. We show in this report that paracrine type I IFN can profoundly enhance innate recognition and TLR-dependent transcriptional responses to Ft infection upstream of its role in inflammasome regulation in both primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and primary murine peritoneal macrophages but not murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. This type I IFN-enhanced response is synergistic with TLR2 transcriptional responses, partially TLR2-independent, but strictly MyD88-dependent.
Three cases of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Matsusue Eiji , Fujihara Yoshio , Suto Yutaka , Takahashi Shotaro , Tanaka Kenichiro , Nakayasu Hiroyuki , Nakamura Kazuhiko , Ogawa Toshihide
Published: May 2016

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is characterized by attacks of optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Cases positive for aquaporin 4 antibodies are classified to NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) which includes cases with optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, or with brain lesions typical of NMO. Our three cases with NMO/NMOSD revealed five imaging features: (i) extensive transverse cord lesions, extending more than three vertebral segments, partially persisting as cavitation; (ii) periependymal lesions; (iii) lesions of the corticospinal tracts; (iv) extensive and confluent hemispheric white matter lesions reflecting vasogenic edema and partially involving the cerebral cortices and basal ganglia; and (v) two patterns of serial hemispheric white matter lesions: one is cavitation and another is partial regression or disappearance. Cavitations, in the upper spinal cord and hemispheric white matter, are considered to be caused by severe vasogenic edema and are likely to be one of the characteristic findings in NMOSD.
Annual risk of tuberculosis infection in rural China: a population-based prospective study
Authors: Gao Lei , Bai Liqiong , Liu Jianmin , Lu Wei , Wang Xinhua , Li Xiangwei , Du Jiang , Chen Xinchun , Zhang Haoran , Xin Henan , Sui Hongtao , Li Hengjing , Su Haoxiang , He Jian , Pan Shouguo , Peng Hong , Xu Zuhui , Catanzaro Antonino , Evans Thomas G. , Zhang Zongde , Ma Yu , Li Mufei , Feng Boxuan , Li Zhen , Guan Ling , Shen Fei , Wang Zhijian , Zhu Tao , Yang Shumin , Si Hongyan , Wang Yi , Tan Yunhong , Chen Tianzhu , Chen Chen , Xia Yinyin , Cheng Shiming , Xu Weiguo , Jin Qi
Published: May 2016

Prospective population data on the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) infection has been sparsely reported in the global literature.

A population-based prospective study was conducted in rural China to investigate the annual risk of TB infection, and its persistence using serial tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) and an interferon-γ release assay. In total, 13 580 eligible participants from four rural sites, identified as TST negative (<10 mm) or QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) (an interferon-γ release assay) negative from a baseline survey, were included in the first year's follow-up examination.

The annual conversion rate of QFT among the study sites ranged between 2.1% and 4.9% (average 3.1%), and the incidence of TST conversion ranged between 6.0% and 31.1% (average 14.5%). During the second year's follow-up, infection persistence was investigated using 390 subjects with QFT conversions. Among them, 49.7% (164 out of 330) were found to be consistently QFT positive. Both the conversion and the persistence of QFT positivity were found to be significantly increased with increasing age.

In conclusion, the annual TB infection rate was suggested to be ∼1.5% based on persistent positive results after QFT conversion in rural China. Therefore, infection control among those high-risk populations, including the elderly, should be prioritised for TB control in China.
Risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and interstitial lung diseases among pigeon breeders
Authors: Cramer Christine , Schlünssen Vivi , Bendstrup Elisabeth , Stokholm Zara Ann , Vestergaard Jesper Medom , Frydenberg Morten , Kolstad Henrik Albert
Published: May 2016

We studied the risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) among pigeon breeders.

This is a retrospective follow-up study from 1980 to 2013 of 6920 pigeon breeders identified in the records of the Danish Racing Pigeon Association. They were compared with 276 800 individually matched referents randomly drawn from the Danish population. Hospital based diagnoses of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ILDs were identified in the National Patient Registry 1977–2013. Stratified Cox regression analyses estimated the hazard ratios (HR) of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ILDs adjusted for occupation, residence and redeemed prescription of medication with ILDs as a possible side-effect. Subjects were censored at death, emigration or a diagnosis of connective tissue disease.

The overall incidence rate of ILD was 77.4 per 100 000 person-years among the pigeon breeders and 50.0 among the referents. This difference corresponded to an adjusted HR of 1.56 (95% CI 1.26–1.94). The adjusted HRs of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ILDs for pigeon breeders were 14.36 (95% CI 8.10–25.44) and 1.33 (95% CI 1.05–1.69), respectively.

This study shows an increased risk of ILD among pigeon breeders compared with the referent population. Protective measures are recommended even though ILD leading to hospital contact remains rare among pigeon breeders.
Lung function decline in asthma patients with elevated bronchial CD8, CD4 and CD3 cells
Authors: den Otter Irene , Willems Luuk N.A. , van Schadewijk Annemarie , van Wijngaarden Simone , Janssen Kirsten , de Jeu Ronald C. , Sont Jacob K. , Sterk Peter J. , Hiemstra Pieter S.
Published: May 2016

Which inflammatory markers in the bronchial mucosa of asthma patients are associated with decline of lung function during 14 years of prospective follow-up?

To address this question, 19 mild-to-moderate, atopic asthmatic patients underwent spirometry and bronchoscopy at baseline and after 14 years of follow-up (t=14). Baseline bronchial biopsies were analysed for reticular layer thickness, eosinophil cationic protein (EG2), mast cell tryptase (AA1), CD3, CD4 and CD8. Follow-up biopsies were stained for EG2, AA1, neutrophil elastase, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, granzyme B, CD68, DC-SIGN, Ki67 and mucins.

Decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % predicted was highest in patients with high CD8 (p=0.01, both pre- and post-bronchodilator) or high CD4 counts at baseline (p=0.04 pre-bronchodilator, p=0.03 post-bronchodilator). Patients with high CD8, CD3 or granzyme B counts at t=14 also exhibited faster decline in FEV1(p=0.00 CD8 pre-bronchodilator, p=0.04 CD8 post-bronchodilator, p=0.01 granzyme B pre-bronchodilator, and p<0.01 CD3 pre-bronchodilator).

Long-term lung function decline in asthma is associated with elevation of bronchial CD8 and CD4 at baseline, and CD8, CD3 and granzyme B at follow-up. This suggests that high-risk groups can be identified on the basis of inflammatory phenotypes.
e-Monitoring of Asthma Therapy to Improve Compliance in children (e-MATIC): a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Vasbinder Erwin C. , Goossens Lucas M.A. , Rutten-van Mölken Maureen P.M.H. , de Winter Brenda C.M. , van Dijk Liset , Vulto Arnold G. , Blankman Ellen I.M. , Dahhan Nordin , Veenstra-van Schie Monique T.M. , Versteegh Florens G.A. , Wolf Bart H.M. , Janssens Hettie M. , van den Bemt Patricia M.L.A.
Published: May 2016

Real-time medication monitoring (RTMM) is a promising tool for improving adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), but has not been sufficiently tested in children with asthma. We aimed to study the effects of RTMM with short message service (SMS) reminders on adherence to ICS, asthma control, asthma-specific quality of life and asthma exacerbation rate; and to study the associated cost-effectiveness.

In a multicentre, randomised controlled trial, children (aged 4–11 years) using ICS were recruited from five outpatient clinics and were given an RTMM device for 12 months. The intervention group also received tailored SMS reminders, sent only when a dose was at risk of omission. Outcome measures were adherence to ICS (RTMM data), asthma control (childhood asthma control test questionnaire), quality of life (paediatric asthma quality of life questionnaire) and asthma exacerbations. Costs were calculated from a healthcare and societal perspective.

We included 209 children. Mean adherence was higher in the intervention group: 69.3%versus57.3% (difference 12.0%, 95% CI 6.7%–17.7%). No differences were found for asthma control, quality of life or asthma exacerbations. Costs were higher in the intervention group, but this difference was not statistically significant.

RTMM with tailored SMS reminders improved adherence to ICS, but not asthma control, quality of life or exacerbations in children using ICS for asthma.
Using anisotropic effective medium theories to quantify elastic properties of sandstone-shale laminated rocks
Authors: Sayar Paul , Torres-Verdín Carlos
Published: May 2016

We have developed a new rock-physics model based on a combination of effective medium theories to reconstruct rock fabric, and we have estimated the elastic properties of laminated hydrocarbon-bearing shales. This innovative model is based on the separate treatment of isotropic sandstone and vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) shale volumes of each layer; the model reproduces many typical properties of laminated shales, such as alignment of cracks, alignment of clay platelets, distinction between isolated and connected porosity, and presence of fractures. Moreover, the model enables the simulation of Stoneley velocity based on the estimated stiffness of the rock in addition to compressional and shear velocities commonly calculated with rock-physics models. Finally, it is a joint model that also calculates vertical and horizontal electrical resistivity while keeping a consistent microstructure for the elastic and resistivity simulations, thereby decreasing nonuniqueness of the solution. Nonuniqueness is an inherent flaw of effective medium modeling and has rarely been addressed in previous studies. Our simulations assumed VTI elastic behavior and suggested the presence of compliant horizontal pores and natural fractures. Our model was then validated by comparing computed properties against compressional and shear velocity and, when available, Stoneley velocity and resistivity logs. Our simulation method is implemented in two wells in the Haynesville Shale and in one well in the Barnett Shale, giving rise to accurate estimates of wave velocities, with errors lower than 5.9% for wells in the Haynesville Shale and 3.8% difference for the well in the Barnett Shale. Identification of suitable depth zones to drill a horizontal well or to initiate fractures is then based on the inferred elastic properties of the rocks.
Every Nerve Keyed Up
Authors: Grobe Christopher
Published: May 2016

In this article, Christopher Grobe explores the history of the telegraph machine on the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century stage. Structured around a deep analysis of William Gillette's Secret Service, this article also surveys American, British and French telegraph plays and considers such extra-theatrical “performances” as technical demonstrations and early baseball broadcasts. Grobe ultimately argues that telegraphy transformed the dramaturgical habits and acting styles of nineteenth-century theater, turning them realist and proleptically modern. At the same time, these plays reveal new, emerging understandings of the human, the global, and the live.
Unseen
Authors: Bay-Cheng Sarah
Published: May 2016

This essay considers the impact of digital media and video recording on theater and performance criticism. Using the concept of telematic viewing, the essay argues for a new model of performance criticism and analysis based on reality television and a broader application of affect in mediated and recorded performances.
How low can they go when going with the flow? Tolerance of egg and larval fishes to rapid decompression
Authors: Boys Craig A. , Robinson Wayne , Miller Brett , Pflugrath Brett , Baumgartner Lee J. , Navarro Anna , Brown Richard , Deng Zhiqun
Published: May 2016

Egg and larval fish that drift downstream are likely to encounter river infrastructure and consequently rapid decompression, which may result in significant injury. Pressure-related injury (or barotrauma) has been shown in juvenile fishes when pressure falls sufficiently below that at which the fish has acclimated. There is a presumption that eggs and larvae may be at least as, if not more, susceptible to barotrauma injury because they are far less-developed and more fragile than juveniles, but studies to date report inconsistent results and none have considered the relationship between pressure change and barotrauma over a sufficiently broad range of pressure changes to enable tolerances to be properly determined. To address this, we exposed eggs and larvae of three physoclistic species to rapid decompression in a barometric chamber over a broad range of discrete pressure changes. Eggs, but not larvae, were unaffected by all levels of decompression tested. At exposure pressures below ∼40 kPa, or ∼40% of surface pressure, swim bladder deflation occurred in all species and internal haemorrhage was observed in one species. None of these injuries killed the fish within 24 h, but subsequent mortality cannot be excluded. Consequently, if larval drift is expected where river infrastructure is present, adopting design or operational features which maintain exposure pressures at 40% or more of the pressure to which drifting larvae are acclimated may afford greater protection for resident fishes.
Some vexations that challenge viral immunology
Authors: Rouse Barry T. , Mueller Scott N.
Published: May 2016

The field of viral immunology seeks to understand mechanisms of virus-host interaction with a view of applying this knowledge to the design of effective vaccines and immunomodulators that control viral infections. This brief review discusses several areas of the field that hold substantial promise for translation, but where further work is critically required to find solutions. We emphasize that our fundamental understanding of virus-host relationships is moving in leaps and bounds, but we lag behind in applying this knowledge to the successful control of many viral infections.
Early-childhood housing mobility and subsequent PTSD in adolescence: a Moving to Opportunity reanalysis
Authors: Norris David C. , Wilson Andrew
Published: May 2016

In a 2014 report on adolescent mental health outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration (MTO), Kessler et al. reported that, at 10- to 15-year follow-up, boys from households randomized to an experimental housing voucher intervention experienced 12-month prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at several times the rate of boys from control households. We reanalyze this finding here, bringing to light a PTSD outcome imputation procedure used in the original analysis, but not described in the study report. By bootstrapping with repeated draws from the frequentist sampling distribution of the imputation model used by Kessler et al., and by varying two pseudorandom number generator seeds that fed their analysis, we account for several purely statistical components of the uncertainty inherent in their imputation procedure. We also discuss other sources of uncertainty in this procedure that were not accessible to a formal reanalysis.
From F-16 to F-35: Optimizing the Training of Pilots in the Royal Norwegian Air Force
Authors: Fauske Maria Fleischer , Hoff Erlend Øby
Published: May 2016

The Norwegian Armed Forces will soon make the largest investment in its history. It plans to spend $8 billion to replace the Royal Norwegian Air Force’s existing fleet of F-16 aircraft with 52 new F-35 aircraft. The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) has undertaken multiple analyses to support the Norwegian Defence Logistics Organisation (NDLO) with the transition planning. During the transition period, Norway must maintain adequate fighter capability. The rate at which it can train new pilots and convert F-16 pilots to fly the F-35 will influence the cost and length of the transition period and the Air Force’s operational-readiness status. Although finding the optimal training rate for pilots is a difficult planning problem, we achieved substantial success by using an integer linear program to generate optimal plans. By using this model, we were able to investigate multiple scenarios for pilot training. We determined the earliest year that the Air Force could reach a fully operational F-35 fighter capability, the optimal ratio of new to converted pilots, and the number of pilots that FFI should train each year during the transition phase. Our results enabled FFI to generate a training plan that resulted in large savings and operational advantages compared to the previous solution, which did not employ operations research techniques for planning.
Management of opioid-induced constipation
Authors: Prichard David , Norton Christine , Bharucha Adil E
Published: May 2016

Up to 40% of patients taking opioids develop constipation. Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) may limit the adequate dosing of opioids for pain relief and reduce quality of life. Health professionals must therefore inquire about bowel function in patients receiving opioids. The management of OIC includes carefully re-evaluating the necessity, type and dose of opioids at each visit. Lifestyle modification and alteration of aggravating factors, the use of simple laxatives and, when essential, the addition of newer laxatives or opioid antagonists (naloxone, naloxegol or methylnaltrexone) can be used to treat OIC. This review discusses the recent literature regarding the management of OIC and provides a rational approach to assessing and managing constipation in individuals receiving opioids.
The development and evaluation of a holistic needs assessment within children's palliative care
Authors: Hartley Georgina , Berger Zoe , Maynard Linda
Published: May 2016

Caring for a child with a life-limiting condition brings a number of challenges and many families require additional support. The need for services to move away from a ‘one size fits all’ approach to a personalised care planning approach is well recognised, as is the value of establishing a robust way of assessing family members' differing needs. A number of assessment tools that consider individuals' holistic needs already exist. These are predominantly for the adult cancer population and exclude consideration of the child in its system. There was therefore a need to develop a tool that would appropriately meet the needs of children and parents who access services provided by a children's hospice. The tool was evaluated qualitatively. Feedback was positive; the experience of professionals was one of concordance with their ethical stance, improved communication, improved documentation and the wish to embed the tool into daily practice.
Recruitment and retention advice
Authors: Collinson Alex
Published: May 2016

As new survey findings highlight the challenge of teacher mobility between schools, Alex Collinson offers three steps that school leaders can take to retain their teachers and recruit effectively
Symptomatic treatment or cast immobilisation for avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal
Authors: Akimau P. I. , Cawthron K. L. , Dakin W. M. , Chadwick C. , Blundell C. M. , Davies M. B.
Published: May 2016

Aims

The purpose of this study was to compare symptomatic treatment of a fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal with immobilisation in a cast. Our null hypothesis was that immobilisation gave better patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). The alternative hypothesis was that symptomatic treatment was not inferior.

Patients and Methods

A total of 60 patients were randomised to receive four weeks of treatment, 36 in a double elasticated bandage (symptomatic treatment group) and 24 in a below-knee walking cast (immobilisation group). The primary outcome measure used was the validated Visual Analogue Scale Foot and Ankle (VAS-FA) Score. Data were analysed by a clinician, blinded to the form of treatment, at presentation and at four weeks, three months and six months after injury. Loss to follow-up was 43% at six months. Multiple imputations missing data analysis was performed.

Results

At four weeks and six months, symptomatic treatment proved non-inferior in terms of primary outcome. Take home message: Immobilisation is no better than symptomatic treatment in the management of a fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal when judged by PROMs. Significant loss to follow-up with this injury could be expected in longer term. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:806–11.
The Cayman Islands
Authors: Mugnier Clifford J.
Published: May 2016

The Grids & Datums column has completed an exploration of
every country on the Earth. For those who did not get to enjoy
this world tour the first time, PE&RS is reprinting prior articles
from the column. This month's article on the Cayman Islands was
originally printed in 1998 but contains updates to their coordinate
system since then.
Educação Ambiental (EA) em espaços não formais de educação: a potencialidade da Escola Bíblica Dominical (EBD) para a formação de valores ambientais
Authors: Da Costa Samantha Evelyn Alves , Vasconcelos Castro Sinaida Maria
Published: May 2016

Este trabalho objetivou compreender como a EBD pode contribuir para a formação de valores ambientais e de uma cidadania ambiental atuante. A metodologia adotada investigou o perfil socioeconômico e a concepção de EA e meio ambiente dos professores de EBD da Assembléia de Deus-Templo Providência localizada no bairro Maracangalha em Belém-PA através de um questionário semi-estruturado e qual relação estabelecem entre bíblia e EA por meio de entrevistas a um grupo amostral, posteriormente foi ofertado um workshop de três encontros, e por fim realizaram-se novas entrevistas com o grupo amostral buscando avaliar os resultados da ação. Constatou-se com a pesquisa que os professores, em maioria, são, mulheres, pardos, estudantes, paraenses nascidos em Belém, solteiros, frequentam a igreja em questão entre 0 e 10 e proferem a fé protestante pelo mesmo tempo, sendo professores voluntários da EBD pelo período de 0 á 5 anos, os sujeitos compreendem meio ambiente como um lugar para se viver e EA como a construção de ações conscientes. O grupo amostral afirmou que a bíblia discursa sobre EA e sentem-se responsáveis por fazê-la, também que o bairro onde residem não é ambientalmente cuidado. Durante o workshop, o uso de pressupostos bíblicos para a construção de uma consciência ambiental, mostrou-se positivo, despertando o interesse do público-alvo para o tema e aproximando-o de sua cultura e realidade. As entrevistas realizadas após a ação demonstraram que os participantes compreendiam melhor o tema e estavam mais dispostos a dialogar com seus alunos sobre EA, demosntrando a potencialidade da EBD.
Compostagem de resíduos sólidos orgânicos como tema incentivador de educação ambiental
Authors: Lima Géssica Adrielle Augusta de , Dias Carlos Alberto Cunha , Lima Anderson Henrique Lima e
Published: May 2016

O presente trabalho diz respeito a uma prática ambiental promovida com a cooperação de alunos do ensino fundamental de uma escola localizada no município de São Miguel do Guamá - PA. Diante das constantes transformações que a sociedade passa ao longo dos anos, a poluição ambiental torna-se por vezes resultado de práticas inconscientes. Para tanto, torna-se necessária a aplicação de atividades sustentáveis também no âmbito escolar, pois nele encontram-se alunos em processo de formação. Neste sentido, o aproveitamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos provenientes de merenda escolar foi utilizado na produção de adubo orgânico a partir de processo de compostagem e mostrou-se uma alternativa viável para o incentivo da Educação Ambiental no espaço escolar, levando os participantes, professores e alunos a serem agentes de boas ações no ambiente em que trabalham e estudam, colaborando durante o processo que culminou no reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos gerados na instituição de ensino, onde o adubo ecologicamente formado pôde ser aplicado na horta feita a partir de materiais reciclados para benefício de todos. É importante ressaltar, que os trabalhos nesta área também auxiliam na construção de conhecimentos importantes no ensino fundamental.
University Competition and Transnational Education: The Choice of Branch Campus
Authors: Poyago-Theotoky Joanna , Tampieri Alessandro
Published: May 2016

We present a theoretical framework in which an elitist and a non-elitist university in a developed country compete by choosing admission standards and deciding whether or not to open a branch campus in a developing country. Students from a developing country attend university if either a branch campus is opened or, they can afford to move to the developed country. We find that the elitist university is more likely to open a branch campus. This result is reversed if the gain, in terms of prestige, to attend the home campus of the elitist university more than offsets a student’s mobility costs. A rise in the graduate wage increases the incentive for opening a branch campus, although this incentive is stronger for the elitist university.
Novel Dual-Band Miniaturized Frequency Selective Surface based on Fractal Structures
Authors: Zhong Tao , Zhang Hou , Wu Rui , Min Xueliang
Published: May 2016

A novel single-layer dual-band miniaturized frequency selective surface (FSS) based on fractal structures is proposed and analyzed in this paper. A prototype with enough dimensions is fabricated and measured in anechoic chamber, and the measured results provide good agreement with the simulated. The simulations and measurements indicate that the dual-band FSS with bandstop selectivity center at 3.95 GHz and 7.10 GHz, and the whole dimension of the proposed FSS cell is only 7×7 mm2, amount to 0.092λ0×0.092λ0, that λ0 is free space wavelength at first resonant frequency. In addition, the center frequencies have scarcely any changes for different polarizations and incidences. What’s more, dual-band mechanism is analyzed clearly and it provides a new way to design novel miniaturized FSS structures.
Compact, Harmonic Suppressed Gysel Power Divider with Plain Structure
Authors: Roshani Saeed , Siahkamari Payam , Siahkamari Hesam
Published: May 2016

A novel compact Gysel power divider with up to 12th, harmonics suppression was proposed in this study. Incorporation of six similar low-pass filters into the conventional Gysel power divider is applied to this design. The proposed power divider reduces the occupied area to only 9 % of the conventional Gysel power divider at 625 MHz (91 % size reduction). A comprehensive comparison between the proposed design and other published studies substantiates the superiority of the proposed design in terms of circuit size and stop-band bandwidth. Furthermore, this design retains the high-power handling capability over the Wilkinson power divider.
Self-Fulfilling and Fundamentals Based Speculative Attacks: A Theoretical Interpretation of the Euro Area Crisis
Authors: Posta Pompeo Della
Published: May 2016

The recent euro area crisis shows some similarities with the fixed exchange rate crisis that affected the European Monetary System in 1992–93. I argue that the theoretical framework to be used in order to analyze them should also be similar. As a matter of fact, in both cases, the point of view of the government (that compares costs and benefits of its action) should be considered together with the point of view of speculators, who look at the state of the economic fundamentals in order to decide whether to launch an attack or not. This allows to represent and to interpret, among other things, both the initial “honeymoon” years of EMU and the recent euro area crisis.
Regulation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and GPI-phospholipase D in a c-Myc transgenic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma and human HCC
Authors: Ritorto Maria Stella , Rhode Heidrun , Vogel Arndt , Borlak Jürgen
Published: May 2016

Recent research implicated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-AP) and GPI-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given that c-Myc is frequently amplified in HCC, we investigated their regulation in a c-Myc transgenic disease model of liver cancer and HCC patient samples. Whole genome scans defined 54 significantly regulated genes coding for GPI-AP of which 29 and 14 were repressed in expression in transgenic tumors and steatotic human hepatocyte cultures, respectively, to influence lipid-mediated signal transduction, extracellular matrix and immunity pathways. Analysis of gene specific promoter revealed >95% to carry c-Myc binding sites thus establishing a link between c-Myc activity and transcriptional response. Alike, serum GPI-PLD activity was increased 4-fold in transgenic mice; however its tissue activity was reduced by 70%. The associated repression of the serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A), i.e. a key player of c-Myc proteolysis, indicates co-ordinate responses aimed at impairing tissue GPI-PLD anti-proliferative activities. Translational research identified >4-fold increased GPI-PLD serum protein expression though enzyme activities were repressed by 60% in NASH and HCC patients. Taken collectively, c-Myc influences GPI-AP signaling transcriptionally and posttranslational and represses GPI-AP anti-proliferative signaling in tumors. The findings broaden the perspective of molecular targeted therapies and disease monitoring.
Multi-locus Test and Correction for Confounding Effects in Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Chen Donglai , Liu Chuanhai , Xie Jun
Published: May 2016

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) examine a large number of genetic variants, e. g., single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), and associate them with a disease of interest. Traditional statistical methods for GWASs can produce spurious associations, due to limited information from individual SNPs and confounding effects. This paper develops two statistical methods to enhance data analysis of GWASs. The first is a multiple-SNP association test, which is a weighted chi-square test derived for big contingency tables. The test assesses combinatorial effects of multiple SNPs and improves conventional methods of single SNP analysis. The second is a method that corrects for confounding effects, which may come from population stratification as well as other ambiguous (unknown) factors. The proposed method identifies a latent confounding factor, using a profile of whole genome SNPs, and eliminates confounding effects through matching or stratified statistical analysis. Simulations and a GWAS of rheumatoid arthritis demonstrate that the proposed methods dramatically remove the number of significant tests, or false positives, and outperforms other available methods.
Cambridge Theorem, Ricardian Equivalence and Government Activity / Cambridge Theorem, ricardianische Äquivalenz und staatliches Handeln
Authors: Gupta Kanhaya L.
Published: May 2016

The aim of this paper is threefold. First, it develops a generalized savings function which explicitly takes into account the government’s budget constraint properly specified. Second, it reexamines the “Cambridge Theorem” when the savings functions are properly specified. And, finally, it proposes a way to explicitly model the RET and shows how it would affect the steady-state rate of profit and what this would be.
Technologie im neoklassischen Wachstumsmodell: Effekte auf Wachstum und Konvergenz / Technology in the Neoclassical Growth Model: Effects on Growth and Convergence
Authors: Schalk Hans Joachim , Untiedt Gerhard
Published: May 2016

In diesem Beitrag wird anhand des neoklassischen Wachstumsmodells die Bedeutung von regional unterschiedlichen Technologien für den Konvergenzprozeß diskutiert und die in vielen Studien erhaltene „Zwei-Prozent-Regel“ mit Daten der Verarbeitenden Industrie und Arbeitsmarktregionen Westdeutschlands überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß unterschiedliche Technologien für das Wachstum von erheblicher Bedeutung sind, ihre Vernachlässigung scheinbar die „Zwei-Prozent- Regel“ bestätigt, während ihre Berücksichtigung die Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit auf bis zu 12 % ansteigen läßt. Dieses Ergebnis ist kompatibel mit einer Produktionselastizität des Kapitals von rd. 1/3, welche mit den Verteilungsquoten des Volkseinkommens besser übereinstimmt als die von rd. 8/10, die aus der „Zwei-Prozent-Regel“ folgt. Regionen werden aber nur dann zu identischen Produktivitätsniveaus konvergieren, wenn auch identische Technologien erreicht werden. Unter dieser Voraussetzung (identischer Technologien) prognostiziert unsere Studie für den Konvergenzprozeß zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland eine erheblich optimistischere Entwicklung als die meisten bisherigen Untersuchungen.
Von Insidern, „marginal traders“ und Glücksrittern: Zur Relevanz von Entscheidungsanomalien in politischen Börsen / About Insiders, Marginal Traders and Lucky Beggars in Political Stock Markets
Authors: Brüggelambert Gregor
Published: May 2016

In diesem Aufsatz werden drei Wahlbörsen untersucht, die in den Jahren 1990, 1991 und 1994 in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland installiert waren. Wahlbörsen dieses Typs wurden erstmalig von Forsythe et al. (1992, 1993) zu den amerikanischen Präsidentschaftswahlen eingesetzt. Sie hatten dort den Ausgang der Wahlen weit besser prognostiziert, als das Meinungsumfragen vermochten. Die deutschen Börsen lieferten zwar zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse, waren jedoch nicht besser als die Umfragen. Forsythe et al. (1992) führen den Erfolg der Wahlbörse auf die Existenz sogenannter marginal traders zurück, die von ihnen lokalisierte Entscheidungsanomalien neutralisiert haben sollen. Diese Entscheidungsanomalien sind zwar auch in den bundesdeutschen Börsen existent, marginal traders scheiden jedoch als Korrekturfaktor aus, da sie nicht erfolgreicher waren als der Rest der Population. Das Konzept der marginal traders eignet sich nicht, das Verhalten der deutschen Wahlbörsen zu erklären. Aus diesem Grund wird ein Erklärungsansatz entworfen, der stärker die jeweiligen institutionellen Begebenheiten einbezieht. Zudem werden Argumente hinsichtlich der Relevanz der von Forsythe et al. (1992) durchgeführten Untersuchungen zur Überprüfung der sogenannten Hayek-Hypothese diskutiert, die erstmalig von Smith (1982) experimentell untersucht wurde.
Strukturelle Benachteiligung von Familien als Herausforderung im Umbau des Sozialstaats / Structural Handicaps of Families as a Challenge to the Formation of the Welfare-state
Authors: Wingen Max
Published: May 2016

Für die Position der Familie in der weiteren Gestaltung des Sozialstaats besteht ein Dilemma darin, daß im Feld der sozial-ökonomischen Absicherung der (langfristigen) Übernahme von Elternverantwortung entscheidende Schritte noch zu tun sind zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem die Grenzen der Belastung des sozialen Sicherungssystems immer deutlicher in Erscheinung treten. Umschichtungen des bestehenden Volumens sozialer Leistungen setzen hier eine politische Durchsetzungsmacht von Familienbelangen voraus, die unter den Bedingungen der real existierenden parlamentarisch-repräsentativen Demokratie kaum auszumachen sind. Dennoch gilt es, den durch die Strukturen von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft bedingten Benachteiligungen von Familien (teils als „Wettbewerbsnachteile“ zu fassen) gezielt zu begegnen: so in der Verteilungsordnung durch eine voll wirksame familiengemäße Einkommensgestaltung und speziell für junge Eltern eine Weiterentwicklung der „Trias“ von Erziehungsgeld, Erziehungsurlaub und rentenversicherungsrechtlicher Anrechnung von Erziehungszeiten; in der Gestaltung der Erwerbsarbeitswelt durch eine stärkere Durchsetzung des Prinzips einer familienorientierten Personalpolitik als Teil moderner Unternehmenspolitik und ein Einfordern der Wahrnehmung der familienpolitischen Verantwortung der Tarifpartner; im Bildungs- und Beratungswesen durch den Ausbau familienbezogener Infrastruktureinrichtungen und deren besserer Vernetzung. Nur wenn die in der Gesellschaft sich abzeichnenden Spaltungstendenzen zwischen einem „Nicht-Familiensektor“ und einem „Familiensektor“ überwunden werden, kann von einem familienpolitisch gelungenen Umbau des Sozialstaats gesprochen werden.
Die Rolle der Vermögenspolitik im Rahmen einer Sozialstaatsreform / The Distribution of Wealth and Welfare State Reform
Authors: Althammer Jörg
Published: May 2016

Angesichts der gegenwärtigen Krise des umlagefinanzierten Systems sozialer Sicherung wird im politischen wie wissenschaftlichen Bereich verstärkt gefordert, die staatliche Sozialversicherung durch Maßnahmen der privaten Vermögensbildung zu ergänzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag die Notwendigkeit der Förderung der privaten Vermögensbildung und analysiert das vermögenspolitische Instrumentarium auf seine wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Effizienz. Die Analyse der Verteilung der materiellen Vermögenswerte zeigt, dass die nach wie vor hohe Disparität der personellen und sozioökonomischen Vermögensverteilung eine Förderung der Vermögensbildung unterer Einkommensbezieher und Familien erforderlich macht. Eine zielkonforme Reform des vermögenspolitischen Instrumentariums müsste jedoch die Förderung verstärkt als Einstiegsförderung ausgestalten und weitgehende Wahlfreiheit zwischen verschiedenen Anlagealternativen gewährleisten. Eine staatliche Förderung von Arbeitnehmerkapitalbeteiligungen oder investiven Entlohnungsformen erweist sich demgegenüber als wirtschafte- und sozialpolitisch verfehlt.
Einige Bemerkungen zur Berechnung des Autokorrelationskoeffizienten in der Zeitreihenanalyse / Some Remarks on the Calculation of the Serial Correlation Coefficient in the Analysis of Time Series
Authors: Ferschl Franz
Published: May 2016

In der Zeitreihenanalyse wird der Autokorrelationskoeffizient anders berechnet als der gewöhnliche Korrelationskoeffizient. Es wird der Unterschied zwischen den beiden Versionen untersucht, und zwar hauptsächlich im Sinn der deskriptiven Statistik. Es stellt sich heraus, daß die Version der Zeitreihenanalyse tendenziell dem Absolutbetrag nach kleiner ausfällt als der gewöhnliche Korrelationskoeffizient. Dieses Resultat wird durch asymptotische Überlegungen und einige einfache Modell-Zeitreihen gestützt. Als Stichprobenfunktionen betrachtet werden einige Tatsachen betreffend die Autokovarianz abgeleitet, die jedoch ein komplizierteres Verhalten zeigen.
Identifikation asymmetrischer Preisanpassungsprozesse für integrierte Zeitreihen / The Identification of Asymmetrie Price Transmission Processes with Integrated Time Series
Authors: Cramon-Taubadel Stephan von , Loy Jens-Peter
Published: May 2016

In vielen Studien werden die Erkenntnisse der Cointegrationstheorie bei der Bestimmung symmetrischer Preisanpassungen auf räumlich oder vertikal getrennten Märkten umgesetzt. Bei der Identifikation asymmetrischer Preisanpassungsprozesse hingegen wird immer noch der Ansatz von Wolffram aus dem Jahre 1971 benutzt. Im folgenden Beitrag werden die Unzulänglichkeiten dieses Ansatzes aufgezeigt. Darauf aufbauend werden unter Berücksichtigung der Eigenschaften integrierter Prozesse adäquate Modelle zur Messung asymmetrischer Preisanpassungsprozesse entwickelt. Diese Modelle werden auf Preisdaten für den Weltweizenmarkt angewendet, für den erst kürzlich - unter Verwendung des klassischen Ansatzes - asymmetrische Preisanpassungsreaktionen nachgewiesen wurden (Mohanty, Peterson & Kruse 1995).
The Phillips Curve and NAIRU Revisited: New Estimates for Germany
Authors: Fitzenberger Bernd , Franz Wolfgang , Bode Oliver
Published: May 2016

This paper provides new estimates of a time-varying NAIRU for Germany taking account of the structural break caused by German unification using two alternative estimators, the Kalman- Filter and the partially linear model. Estimating a standard Phillips curve, the sum of coefficients associated with expected inflation is far below unity, whatever measure of expected inflation rates is employed. Therefore, either the NAIRU concept is not applicable to Germany or, as it is our suggestion, one estimates the unemployment rate that is compatible with a tolerable inflation rate of say 2 percent following roughly the inflation target put forward by the European Central Bank. The estimates presented in this paper suggest that the NAIRU compatible with 2 percent inflation in Germany is currently around 7 percent if the definition of unemployment follows the concept of the ILO. In contrast to the consensus in the literature, our estimates suggest furthermore that the NAIRU in Germany has not increased since the early 1990's.
Trinitarian Theology between Religious Walls
in the Writings of Raimon Panikkar
Authors: Denny Christopher
Published: May 2016

The Theology Without Walls (TWW) project attempts to interpret spiritual experiences without
subjecting them to a priori criteria from religious traditions, but TWW does not substitute universalized
secular criteria for religious criteria. Some have promoted “multiple religious belonging” as a prism
through which to interpret the experiences of people participating in more than one spiritual path. Yet
the concept of multiple religious belonging still presumes a framework in which communal traditions
coordinate one’s spiritual experiences. For TWW, however, belonging does not have to be religious or
interreligious or multireligious. The manner in which practitioners thematize, or refuse to thematize, their
journeys is not a prerequisite for participation in TWW. Is TWW then a sect of the disaffiliated that rejects
communal encounters and traditions? How does TWW operate in practice? Raimon Panikkar’s writings on
the Trinity demonstrate how a theologian/practitioner well versed in two traditions responds to what he
calls “the cosmotheandric experience” by articulating how trinitarian presence is not primarily a doctrine
but contrasting facets of reality to which Christianity and Hinduism bear witness. Panikkar’s work is a
model of how scholars working with TWW can engage with traditions and simultaneously remain attentive
to the particularities of everyday reality.