bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Structure and Geometry on the Compressive Deformation Behavior of Macadamia Integrifolia and Bertholletia Excelsa Shells: A Validated Finite Element Simulation Study
Authors: Ali Shajia Afrin , Sonego Marilia , Salavati Mohammad , Fleck Claudia
Published: August 2023

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) and Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) have an impressive mechanical resistance. To better understand the key structural features and foam‐like deformation behavior, mechanical compression tests coupled with numerical finite element simulations are performed. Models with different degrees of structural complexity highlight the effects of geometry where even small changes strongly influence the stress distribution and deformation behavior. Circumferential tensile stresses play a vital role in the failure process. Voids or vascular bundles in the shell wall redistribute stresses and bolster the overall strength of structures by preventing early crack propagation. The void arrangement has the potential to inspire the design of lightweight materials with strategically incorporated porosity, leading to improved mechanical performance. Linear elastic models, despite their oversimplification, are valuable for gaining crucial insights about the influence of geometry. The mechanical behavior is further influenced to different extents by isotropy and orthotropy. The distinctive architecture of nutshells offers valuable insights into the design of composite structures with controlled failure, capable of withstanding high compression loads combining foam‐like behavior and fibrous layers.
Taguchi Optimization of Electrolytic Plasma Hardening Process Parameters on Ti‐6Al‐4V Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Ayday Aysun , Özsoy Neslihan , Yener Tuba
Published: August 2023

Herein, the effects of electrolytic plasma treatment (EPT) on the hardness distribution, wear resistance, and surface morphologies of titanium alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4V) at three different thermal cycles (4‐5‐6 times) are investigated. The microstructure is controlled by heat temperature and modification times of thermal cycles depending on EPT processing parameters. A novel technique to modify Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy by the process of EPT successfully occurs. The results show that the phase transformation is shown as follows: fine α and β for the low thermal cycle → irregular martensite α′ for the high thermal cycle → complete zigzag martensite α′ for the max thermal cycle. The hardness is increased from 350 ± 10HV0.05 to 530 ± 10HV0.05 after the modification. Wear tests are conducted according to the Taguchi L9 (3^3) orthogonal array. Three parameters (load, sliding speed, and sample type) with three levels examine wear rate and coefficient of friction. Optimum levels are obtained by Taguchi analysis from the experimental results. In addition, an analysis of variance is performed to find the effectiveness of the parameters. The wear surfaces are analyzed by scanning electron microscope. After the analysis, the best result is obtained in five thermal cycles.
Microstructure, Hardening, and Mechanical Properties of Hypoeutectic Al–Ce–Ni Alloys with Zr and Zr + Sc Additions and the Effect of Ultrasonic Melt Processing
Authors: Chankitmunkong Suwaree , Wang Feng , Limmaneevichitr Chaowalit , Eskin Dmitry G.
Published: August 2023

Ternary Al–Ce–Ni alloys have a potential in the manufacture of automotive and airspace components, as well as in replacing traditional aluminum alloys in high‐temperature applications, which is determined by the formation of fine and thermally stable Al11Ce3 and Al3Ni eutectic. Herein, the microstructure and mechanical properties of a hypoeutectic Al4Ce2Ni alloy using Zr and Zr + Sc additions combined with ultrasonic melt processing and dispersion hardening are improved. As a result, the grain structure of the as‐cast alloys is significantly refined and the annealing at 350 °C leads to a considerable hardening effect, especially in the alloys with Zr + Sc additions (doubling the hardness). Al3Zr and Al3(Zr,Sc) coherent particles are identified as hardening nanoprecipitates. The compressive mechanical testing at room and elevated temperatures shows that the additions of Zr and Zr + Sc improve the strength with the additional increase caused by ultrasonic melt processing.
Universal Strategy of Efficient Intracellular Macromolecule Directional Delivery Using Photothermal Pump Patch
Authors: Tang Heming , Yang He , Zhu Wenjun , Fei Liyan , Huang Jialei , Liu Zhuang , Wang Lei , Chen Hong
Published: August 2023

The development of a highly efficient, nondestructive, and in vitro/vivo‐applicable universal delivery strategy of therapeutic macromolecules into desired cells and tissues is very challenging. Photothermal methods have advantages in intracellular delivery, particularly in in vivo manipulation. However, the inability of directional transmission of exogenous molecules limits their delivery efficiency. Here, a photothermal pump (PTP) patch with numerous “exogenous molecular reservoirs” is reported. Under a laser, the cell membrane ruptures, while “exogenous molecular reservoirs” shrink, resulting in a directional exogenous molecule delivery into cells for a high‐efficient intracellular delivery. The PTP patches are considered a universal structure for a highly efficient, nondestructive, and in‐vitro/vivo‐applicable intracellular macromolecule delivery. Under in vivo transdermal intracellular delivery conditions, the target genes are efficiently and noninvasively delivered into epidermal and dermal cells through the PTP patch and exosomes produced by the epidermal cells, respectively. The PTP patch provides a new strategy for a high‐efficiency, nondestructive, and in‐vitro/vivo‐applicable macromolecule delivery.
Directional Shunting of Photogenerated Carriers in POM@MOF for Promoting Nitrogen Adsorption and Oxidation
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Yang Lan , Liu Qilong , Bai Wei , Li Huiyi , Wang Mengxiang , Qian Qizhu , Yang Qinghua , Xiao Chong , Xie Yi
Published: August 2023

The efficient catalysis of nitrogen (N2) into high‐value N‐containing products plays a crucial role in the N economic cycle. However, weak N2 adsorption and invalid N2 activation remain two major bottlenecks in rate‐determining steps, leading to low N2 fixation performance. Herein, an effective dual active sites photocatalyst of polyoxometalates (POMs)‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is highlighted via altering coordination microenvironment and inducing directional shunting of photogenerated carriers to facilitate N2/catalyst interaction and enhance oxidation performance. MOFs create more open unsaturated metal cluster sites with unoccupied d orbital possessing Lewis acidity to accept electrons from the 3σg bonding orbital of N2 for storage by combining with POMs to replace bidentate linkers. POMs act as electron sponges donating electrons to MOFs, while the holes directional flow to POMs. The hole‐rich POMs with strong oxidation capacity are easily involved in oxidizing adsorbed N2. Taking UiO‐66 (C48H28O32Zr6) and Mo72Fe30 ([Mo72Fe30O252(CH3COO)12{Mo2O7(H2O)}2{H2Mo2O8(H2O)}(H2O)91]·150H2O) as an example, Mo72Fe30@UiO‐66 shows twofold enhanced adsorption of N2 (250.5 cm3 g−1) than UiO‐66 (122.9 cm3 g−1) at P/P0 = 1. And, the HNO3 yield of Mo72Fe30@UiO‐66 is 702.4 µg g−1 h−1, ≈7 times and 24 times higher than UiO‐66 and Mo72Fe30. This work provides reliable value for the storage and relaying artificial N2 fixation.
Nanoelectronics Using Metal–Insulator Transition
Authors: Lee Yoon Jung , Kim Youngmin , Gim Hyeongyu , Hong Kootak , Jang Ho Won
Published: August 2023

Metal–insulator transition (MIT) coupled with an ultrafast, significant, and reversible resistive change in Mott insulators has attracted tremendous interest for investigation into next‐generation electronic and optoelectronic devices, as well as a fundamental understanding of condensed matter systems. Although the mechanism of MIT in Mott insulators is still controversial, great efforts have been made to understand and modulate MIT behavior for various electronic and optoelectronic applications. In this review, recent progress in the field of nanoelectronics utilizing MIT is highlighted. A brief introduction to the physics of MIT and its underlying mechanisms is begun. After discussing the MIT behaviors of various Mott insulators, recent advances in the design and fabrication of nanoelectronics devices based on MIT, including memories, gas sensors, photodetectors, logic circuits, and artificial neural networks are described. Finally, an outlook on the development and future applications of nanoelectronics utilizing MIT is provided. This review can serve as an overview and a comprehensive understanding of the design of MIT‐based nanoelectronics for future electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Evidence of Nodal Superconductivity in Monolayer 1H‐TaS2 with Hidden Order Fluctuations
Authors: Vaňo Viliam , Ganguli Somesh Chandra , Amini Mohammad , Yan Linghao , Khosravian Maryam , Chen Guangze , Kezilebieke Shawulienu , Lado Jose L. , Liljeroth Peter
Published: August 2023

Unconventional superconductors represent one of the fundamental directions in modern quantum materials research. In particular, nodal superconductors are known to appear naturally in strongly correlated systems, including cuprate superconductors and heavy‐fermion systems. Van der Waals materials hosting superconducting states are well known, yet nodal monolayer van der Waals superconductors have remained elusive. Here, using low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) experiments, it is shown that pristine monolayer 1H‐TaS2 realizes a nodal superconducting state. Non‐magnetic disorder drives the nodal superconducting state to a conventional gapped s‐wave state. Furthermore, many‐body excitations emerge close to the gap edge, signalling a potential unconventional pairing mechanism. The results demonstrate the emergence of nodal superconductivity in a van der Waals monolayer, providing a building block for van der Waals heterostructures exploiting unconventional superconducting states.
Electrolyte and Interphase Engineering of Aqueous Batteries Beyond “Water‐in‐Salt” Strategy
Authors: Xie Junpeng , Lin Dewu , Lei Hang , Wu Shuilin , Li Jinliang , Mai Wenjie , Wang Pengfei , Hong Guo , Zhang Wenjun
Published: August 2023

Aqueous batteries are promising alternatives to non‐aqueous lithium‐ion batteries due to their safety, environmental impact, and cost‐effectiveness. However, their energy density is limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) of water. The “Water‐in‐salts” (WIS) strategy is an effective method to broaden the ESW by reducing the “free water” in the electrolyte, but the drawbacks (high cost, high viscosity, poor low‐temperature performance, etc.) also compromise these inherent superiorities. In this review, electrolyte and interphase engineering of aqueous batteries to overcome the drawbacks of the WIS strategy are summarized, including the developments of electrolytes, electrode–electrolyte interphases, and electrodes. First, the main challenges of aqueous batteries and the problems of the WIS strategy are comprehensively introduced. Second, the electrochemical functions of various electrolyte components (e.g., additives and solvents) are summarized and compared. Gel electrolytes are also investigated as a special form of electrolyte. Third, the formation and modification of the electrolyte‐induced interphase on the electrode are discussed. Specifically, the modification and contribution of electrode materials toward improving the WIS strategy are also introduced. Finally, the challenges of aqueous batteries and the prospects of electrolyte and interphase engineering beyond the WIS strategy are outlined for the practical applications of aqueous batteries.
Properties of κ‐Ga2O3 Prepared by Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth
Authors: Polyakov Alexander , Lee In‐Hwan , Nikolaev Vladimir , Pechnikov Aleksei , Miakonkikh Andrew , Scheglov Mikhail , Yakimov Eugene , Chikiryaka Andrei , Vasilev Anton , Kochkova Anastasia , Shchemerov Ivan , Chernykh Alexey , Pearton Stephen
Published: August 2023

The structural and electrical properties of undoped and Sn doped κ‐Ga2O3 layers grown by epitaxial lateral overgrowth on TiO2/sapphire substrates using stripe and point masks show that the crystalline structure of the films can be greatly improved relative to conventional planar growth. The undoped films are semi‐insulating, with the Fermi level pinned near EC‐0.7 eV, and deep electron traps at EC‐0.5 eV and EC‐0.3 eV are detectable in thermally stimulated current and photoinduced current transient spectra measurements. Low concentration Sn doping results in net donor concentrations of ≈ 1013 cm−3, and deep trap spectra determined by electron traps at EC‐0.5 eV, and deep acceptors with an optical ionization threshold near 2 and 3.1 eV. Treatment of the samples in hydrogen plasma at 330 °C increases the donor density near the surface to ≈ 1019 cm−3. Such samples show strong persistent photocapacitance and photoconductivity, indicating the possible DX‐like character of the centers involved. For thin (5 µm) κ‐Ga2O3 films grown on GaN/sapphire templates, p‐type‐like behavior is unexpectedly observed in electrical properties and  we  discuss the possible formation of a 2D hole gas at the κ‐Ga2O3/GaN interface.
Graphene Functionalization of Polyrotaxane‐Encapsulated PEG‐Based PCMs: Fabrication and Applications
Authors: Yin Guang‐Zhong , Yang Xiao‐Mei , López Alba Marta , Molleja Javier García , Wang Mei‐Ting , Wang De‐Yi
Published: August 2023

Phase change materials (PCMs) have received much attention regarding the thermal regulation of electronic devices. However, the main limitations of using organic PCMs are the low thermal conductivity and leakage during the phase change process. This work aims to improve these limitations to increase the thermal conductivity of the leakage‐proof PCM formed by a polyrotaxane that serves as a support material to encapsulate PEG. For this purpose, different contents of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) are blended. To facilitate its postindustrial production and to meet ecological standards, the synthesis of this PCM is simple and only using water as a solvent. The PCMs can be thermally processed conveniently by a hot press. Furthermore, the PCMs achieve high enthalpy values (132.9–142.9 J g−1) due to the action of GNPs as thermally conductive fillers. The PCMs exhibited an increase of 60–257% in thermal conductivity values with higher GNP content, and show great shape stability and no leakage during phase change. These improvements solve the main problems of organic PCMs, thus making PLR‐PEG‐GNP‐based materials a good candidate for use as thermal energy storage materials in industrial applications as thermoregulators of solid‐state disks or realizing the “shaving peaks and filling valleys” effect for thermoelectric generators.
Sustainable Morphing Matter: Design and Engineering Practices
Authors: Patel Dinesh K. , Zhong Ke , Xu Haiqing , Islam Mohammad F. , Yao Lining
Published: August 2023

Morphing matter that change shapes and properties in response to external stimuli have gained significant interests in material science, robotics, biomedical engineering, wearables, architecture, and design. Along with functional advances, there is growing pressure and interest in considering the environmental impact of morphing matter during its life cycle. The unique manufacturing and usage of morphing matter means that existing sustainable design frameworks and principles for general physical products may not apply directly. For example, manufacturing morphing matter often requires designing and predicting materials' behaviors over time, and using devices fabricated with morphing matter often involves harnessing renewable energy and self‐reconfiguration, which pose unique sustainability opportunities and challenges. This study reflects and summarizes the field's practice in sustainable manufacturing, transport, use, and end‐of‐life handling of morphing matter. The term “sustainable morphing matter” (SMM) is coined, suggesting that sustainability‐conscious factors can become an integral component of morphing matter. In addition, ways to apply sustainability‐conscious factors to augment the existing design pipeline of morphing matter are presented, and more quantitative and algorithmic‐level developments are needed to apply these factors rigorously to the design process.
Self‐Powered Fire Alarm System with Layer‐by‐layer Graphene Oxide/Chitosan Nanocoating of Flame‐Retardant Nanofilms
Authors: Liu Chia Hao , Chen Chih Chia , Guo Zhong Wei , Fuh Yiin Kuen , Li Tomi T.
Published: August 2023

This study develops a self‐powered fire alarm system that utilizes a sandwich‐like self‐powered fire sensor (SSFS) with a simple system to prevent room fires. The SSFS is small, flame‐retardant, and can be easily installed on furniture or doors. The SSFS uses a nanogenerator constructed by poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) (PVDF‐TrFE) nanofibers and a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) to produce electrical power by harvesting motion energy. This nanogenerator can fully charge capacitors in a few minutes and produces a maximum voltage output of 6.47 V. The SSFS also features two flame‐retardant melamine foams (MFs) coated with graphene oxide (GO) and a chitosan multilayer nanocoating that is fabricated by layer‐by‐layer technology (LBL technology). While encountering a high‐temperature situation, the electrical state of MFs changes from insulated to conductive, triggering the fire alarm light in about four seconds. The sandwich‐like design allows the SSFS to respond to a variety of fire alarm situations, especially in the case where both the top and bottom of the fire alarm sensor are exposed to flame (bilateral fire burning). It is such an innovative research to decrease the delay time of fire‐warning by using this sandwich‐like design fire sensor. The nanogenerator can keep the warning working for 22 s after the initial trigger, which produces enough time to ensure people stay clear of the fire source. All in all, this study presents a novel approach to reducing the risk of building fires through a lightweight and self‐powered fire alarm system that harvests motion energy using piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs).
Programmable Control of Nanoliter Droplet Arrays Using Membrane Displacement Traps
Authors: Harriot Jason , Yeh Michael , Pabba Mani , DeVoe Don L.
Published: August 2023

A unique droplet microfluidic technology enabling programmable deterministic control over complex droplet operations is presented. The platform provides software control over user‐defined combinations of droplet generation, capture, ejection, sorting, splitting, and merging sequences to enable the design of flexible assays employing nanoliter‐scale fluid volumes. The system integrates a computer vision system with an array of membrane displacement traps capable of performing selected unit operations with automated feedback control. Sequences of individual droplet handling steps are defined through a robust Python‐based scripting language. Bidirectional flow control within the microfluidic chips is provided using an H‐bridge channel topology, allowing droplets to be transported to arbitrary trap locations within the array for increased operational flexibility. By enabling automated software control over all droplet operations, the system significantly expands the potential of droplet microfluidics for diverse biological and biochemical applications by combining the functionality of robotic liquid handling with the advantages of droplet‐based fluid manipulation.
Fully Inkjet‐Printed, 2D Materials‐Based Field‐Effect Transistor for Water Sensing
Authors: Sui Xiaoyu , Rangnekar Sonal V. , Lee Jaesung , Liu Stephanie E. , Downing Julia R. , Chaney Lindsay E. , Yan Xiaodong , Jang Hyun‐June , Pu Haihui , Shi Xiaoao , Zhou Shiyu , Hersam Mark C. , Chen Junhong
Published: August 2023

Despite significant progress in solution‐processing of 2D materials, it remains challenging to reliably print high‐performance semiconducting channels that can be efficiently modulated in a field‐effect transistor (FET). Herein, electrochemically exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets are inkjet‐printed into ultrathin semiconducting channels, resulting in high on/off current ratios up to 103. The reported printing strategy is reliable and general for thin film channel fabrication even in the presence of the ubiquitous coffee‐ring effect. Statistical modeling analysis on the printed pattern profiles suggests that a spaced parallel printing approach can overcome the coffee‐ring effect during inkjet printing, resulting in uniform 2D flake percolation networks. The uniformity of the printed features allows the MoS2 channel to be hundreds of micrometers long, which easily accommodates the typical inkjet printing resolution of tens of micrometers, thereby enabling fully printed FETs. As a proof of concept, FET water sensors are demonstrated using printed MoS2 as the FET channel, and printed graphene as the electrodes and the sensing area. After functionalization of the sensing area, the printed water sensor shows a selective response to Pb2+ in water down to 2 ppb. This work paves the way for additive nanomanufacturing of FET‐based sensors and related devices using 2D nanomaterials.
Iron‐Catalyzed Oxyphosphorylation of Styrenes to Access β‐Ketophosphonates and α, β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Zhao Yukun , Xu Jingwen , Chen Hongbing , Xia Yi , Hu Lin
Published: August 2023

The first iron‐catalyzed oxophosphorylation of styrene derivatives with dialkyl H‐phosphonates under open air conditions is developed, which generates a range of previously underexplored α‐substituted β‐ketophosphonates in 55~70% yields. Furthermore, a convenient one‐pot procedure by direct conversion of styrenes to α, β‐unsaturated ketones is also developed based on the new catalytic reactions, thus offering a protocol to access two classes of valuable products from simple starting materials.
Nanostructured AABB Zn (II) Phthalocyanines as Photodynamic Agents for Bacterial Inactivation
Authors: Paramio Irene , Salazar Ainhoa , Jordà‐Redondo Mireia , Nonell Santi , Torres Tomás , de la Torre Gema
Published: August 2023

In this work, the ability of amphiphilic Phthalocyanine (Pc) photosensitizers (PS) (Zn(II)Pcs PS1, PS2, and PS3) to assemble into cationic nanoparticles in water and to photo‐inactivate bacterial strains is demonstrated. All the synthesized Zn(II)Pcs exhibit an AABB functionalization pattern, having a binaphthyloxy‐linked bisisoindole (AA) functionalized at the chiral binaphthol core with branched (PS1) or linear (PS2 and PS3) poly‐ammonium chains, and two non‐functionalized isoindole rings (BB). The aggregation behavior and the stability of the nanoparticles formed by the three PS in water is studied by UV–vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, and their shape and size is determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The PS nanoparticles prove efficient in the photoinactivation of S. aureus and E. coli. Although PS2 and PS3 present better photophysical features in their monomeric form (i.e., improved singlet oxygen quantum yield), PS1 is more effective in killing both types of strains, especially the gram‐negative E. coli. This observation may derive from the low stability found for PS1 nanoparticles, which easily disassemble after binding to the bacteria surface, recovering the photophysical properties of the non‐aggregated species.
SEMPAI: a Self‐Enhancing Multi‐Photon Artificial Intelligence for Prior‐Informed Assessment of Muscle Function and Pathology
Authors: Mühlberg Alexander , Ritter Paul , Langer Simon , Goossens Chloë , Nübler Stefanie , Schneidereit Dominik , Taubmann Oliver , Denzinger Felix , Nörenberg Dominik , Haug Michael , Schürmann Sebastian , Horstmeyer Roarke , Maier Andreas K. , Goldmann Wolfgang H. , Friedrich Oliver , Kreiss Lucas
Published: August 2023

Deep learning (DL) shows notable success in biomedical studies. However, most DL algorithms work as black boxes, exclude biomedical experts, and need extensive data. This is especially problematic for fundamental research in the laboratory, where often only small and sparse data are available and the objective is knowledge discovery rather than automation. Furthermore, basic research is usually hypothesis‐driven and extensive prior knowledge (priors) exists. To address this, the Self‐Enhancing Multi‐Photon Artificial Intelligence (SEMPAI) that is designed for multiphoton microscopy (MPM)‐based laboratory research is presented. It utilizes meta‐learning to optimize prior (and hypothesis) integration, data representation, and neural network architecture simultaneously. By this, the method allows hypothesis testing with DL and provides interpretable feedback about the origin of biological information in 3D images. SEMPAI performs multi‐task learning of several related tasks to enable prediction for small datasets. SEMPAI is applied on an extensive MPM database of single muscle fibers from a decade of experiments, resulting in the largest joint analysis of pathologies and function for single muscle fibers to date. It outperforms state‐of‐the‐art biomarkers in six of seven prediction tasks, including those with scarce data. SEMPAI's DL models with integrated priors are superior to those without priors and to prior‐only approaches.
Pre‐rRNA Facilitates TopBP1‐Mediated DNA Double‐Strand Break Response
Authors: Xin Di , Gai Xiaochen , Ma Yidi , Li Zexing , Li Qilin , Yu Xiaochun
Published: August 2023

In response to genotoxic stress‐induced DNA damage, TopBP1 mediates ATR activation for signaling transduction and DNA damage repair. However, the detailed molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, using unbiased protein affinity purification and RNA sequencing, it is found that TopBP1 is associated with pre‐ribosomal RNA (pre‐rRNA). Pre‐rRNA co‐localized with TopBP1 at DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs). Similar to pre‐rRNA, ribosomal proteins also colocalize with TopBP1 at DSBs. The recruitment of TopBP1 to DSBs is suppressed when cells are transiently treated with RNA polymerase I inhibitor (Pol I‐i) to suppress pre‐rRNA biogenesis but not protein translation. Moreover, the BRCT4‐5 of TopBP1 recognizes pre‐rRNA and forms liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) with pre‐rRNA, which may be the molecular basis of DSB‐induced foci of TopBP1. Finally, Pol I‐i treatment impairs TopBP1‐associated cell cycle checkpoint activation and homologous recombination repair. Collectively, this study reveals that pre‐rRNA plays a key role in the TopBP1‐dependent DNA damage response.
Retraction: Photoactivatable Hsp47: A Tool to Regulate Collagen Secretion and Assembly
Authors: Khan Essak S. , Sankaran Shrikrishnan , Paez Julieta I. , Muth Christina , Han Mitchell K. L. , del Campo Aránzazu
Published: August 2023

Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1801982

DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801982

The above article, published online on May 3, 2019, in Wiley Online Library (https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201801982), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief Kirsten Severing, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed on following concerns raised by a third party and a subsequent investigation by the corresponding authors. Data depicted in Figure 4 and Figure 5 could not be reproduced in follow‐up experiments. Therefore, the conclusions associated with those figures in the article are considered invalid.

E.S.K. participated in the study design, performed measurements, analyzed the data, compiled the figures and participated in manuscript writing. A.d.C. and S.S. participated in the study design, research supervision, and manuscript writing. J.I.P. participated in the study design. M.K.L.H. participated in research supervision and manuscript revision. C.M. assisted with the experimental procedures and data collection.
Integrating Conjugated Polymers with Bacteriorhodopsin to Realize Quasi Dual‐Gate Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Chen Pei‐Yu , Ko Ling‐Ning , Chen Yen‐Yu , Yang Chii‐Shen , Lai Yu‐Ying
Published: August 2023

Four conjugated polymers are integrated with a bacteriorhodopsin D94N‐HmBRI in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) with the device architecture of doped Si bottom gate/SiO2 bottom electric/semiconducting polymer/Au electrodes/D94N‐HmBRI top dielectric. Photosensitivity of D94N‐HmBRI in the devices is validated. It is proposed that light activates the conformational change of all‐trans retinal to 13‐cis retinal in D94N‐HmBRI. The D94N‐HmBRI layer then applies momentary dipoles to the semiconductors, affecting threshold voltage, resulting in photosensitivity. Film‐thickness variation, capacitance determination, and grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering are performed to support the proposed working principle. Quasi dual‐gate OFETs with a highly doped silicon wafer as the bottom gate and light as the top gate are thus realized by combining conjugated polymers with D94N‐HmBRI.
Tantalum Nitride‐Enabled Solar Water Splitting with Efficiency Above 10%
Authors: Pihosh Yuriy , Nandal Vikas , Higashi Tomohiro , Shoji Ryota , Bekarevich Raman , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Yamada Taro , Nicolosi Valeria , Hisatomi Takashi , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki , Seki Kazuhiko , Domen Kazunari
Published: August 2023

Designing photoanode semiconducting materials with visible‐light absorption and minimal charge‐carrier recombination for achieving efficient solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) conversion is challenging. Here, hybrid Ta3N5 nanorods and thin films are developed on transparent GaN/Al2O3 substrates. A Ta3N5 photoanode with a loaded cocatalyst achieves the best current density, i.e. 10.8 mA cm−2, at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode under simulated AM 1.5G solar illumination. In a tandem configuration with dual‐CuInSe2 photovoltaic cells, this semi‐transparent photoanode achieves a reproducible STH energy conversion efficiency of ≈12% (the highest among photocatalytic materials), and remains at more than 10% for 6.7 h of tandem device operation. Detailed transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical analysis indicates that this high performance originates from efficient light absorption and hole utilization inside the Ta3N5 material. The results show the feasibility of suppressing dominant optical and charge‐carrier‐ recombination losses by using nanostructured visible‐light‐absorbing materials for practical STH conversion.
Effect of irrigation termination times on cotton cultivars with contrasting maturities
Authors: Lawson Bailey , Snider John L. , Hand Lavesta C. , Porter Wesley , Vellidis George , Lee Joshua M. , Chalise Devendra Prasad , Parkash Ved , Pokhrel Amrit , Kaur Navneet
Published: August 2023

Optimizing irrigation termination time can save water and preserve lint yield and fiber quality in cotton. Although there is currently an irrigation termination recommendation in Georgia, the ideal time for termination could be influenced by cultivar differences in maturity. The hypotheses of this study were that differential irrigation termination times will affect lint yield, fiber quality, and incidence of hardlock and boll rot, and responses will be dependent on cultivar differences in maturity. In 2021 and 2022, a study was conducted in Camilla, GA, using two cotton cultivars with contrasting maturities under four irrigation termination treatments. Irrigation was terminated at cutout, first open boll, 2 weeks after first open boll, and 4 weeks after first open boll. Measurements included plant growth, cutout date, lint yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fiber quality, and incidence of boll diseases. Gas exchange measurements and percent open boll estimates at each irrigation termination time were also conducted. Terminating irrigation at cutout did not significantly affect yield in either year; however, IWUE increased 12.6% relative to current recommendations and 13.2% relative to the latest termination time in the 2022 season. Cultivars differed significantly in cutout date, agronomic maturity, gas exchange rates, yield, hardlock/boll rot incidence, and fiber quality. However, there was no interaction between cultivar and irrigation termination time for any parameter. We conclude that irrigation can be terminated at cutout to maximize IWUE, for early and late‐maturing cultivars, without limiting yield or fiber quality, assuming a water‐replete soil profile at termination.
Machine learning‐based model predictive control of hybrid dynamical systems
Authors: Hu Cheng , Wu Zhe
Published: August 2023

This article presents a machine learning‐based model predictive control (MPC) scheme for stabilization of hybrid dynamical systems, for which the evolution of states exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamics described by differential and difference equations, respectively. We first present the development of two recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for approximating continuous‐ and discrete‐time dynamics of hybrid dynamical systems, respectively, and then construct a unified hybrid RNN by integrating the two RNN models to capture both continuous and discrete dynamics. The hybrid RNN is used as the prediction model in Lyapunov‐based MPC (RNN‐LMPC), under which closed‐loop stability of hybrid dynamical systems is established. Finally, two case studies including a bouncing ball example and a chemical process are utilized to illustrate the open‐ and closed‐loop performance of the proposed RNN‐LMPC scheme.
Pore‐to‐mesoscale network modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in packed beds with application to process design
Authors: Qu Ming‐Liang , Blunt Martin J. , Fan Xiaolei , Foroughi Sajjad , Yu Zi‐Tao , Lin Qingyang
Published: August 2023

A dual‐network model (DNM) representing the topological characteristics of both the pore space and solid fraction of a packed bed was developed to study coupled incompressible water flow and heat transport from the pore‐scale to mesoscale (μm‐cm) with the consideration of temperature‐dependent fluid viscosity. The DNM was validated and used to study the temperature and velocity at the pore scale and their effects on fluid flow and heat transfer. Then the pore volume of the DNM was varied to illustrate the effect of bed porosity on transport processes, quantifying the trade‐off between flow conditions and heat transfer. This work demonstrates the ability of the DNM to simulate pore‐scale fluid flow and heat transfer simultaneously, which can then be averaged over the entire simulation domain to approximate meso/macroscopic parameters efficiently in relation to the pore geometry.
Deep Reinforcement Learning‐Based Air Defense Decision‐Making Using Potential Games
Authors: Zhao Minrui , Wang Gang , Fu Qiang , Guo Xiangke , Li Tengda
Published: August 2023

This study addresses the challenge of intelligent decision‐making for command‐and‐control systems in air defense combat operations. Current autonomous decision‐making systems suffer from limited rationality and insufficient intelligence during operation processes. Recent studies have proposed methods based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to address these issues. However, DRL methods typically face challenges related to weak interpretability, lack of convergence guarantees, and high‐computing power requirements. To address these issues, a novel technique for large‐scale air defense decision‐making by combining a DRL technique with game theory is discussed. The proposed method transforms the target assignment problem into a potential game that provides theoretical guarantees for Nash equilibrium (NE) from a distributed perspective. The air‐defense decision problem is decomposed into separate target selection and target assignment problems. A DRL method is used to solve the target selection problem, while the target assignment problem is translated into a target assignment optimization game. This game is proven to be an exact potential game with theoretical convergence guarantees for an NE. Having simulated the proposed decision‐making method using a digital battlefield environment, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated.
Empowering Electrochemical Biosensors with AI: Overcoming Interference for Precise Dopamine Detection in Complex Samples
Authors: de Oliveira Filho José Ilton , Faleiros Murilo Calil , Ferreira Daisy Camargo , Mani Veerappan , Salama Khaled Nabil
Published: August 2023

Two significant issues in biosensors that can't be solved by conventional analytical methods are selectivity among likely biological interfering molecules and background noise in clinical samples. The application of embedded machine learning in the removal of background interference, which is extremely common in complex matrix solutions such as cerebrospinal fluid, is still unexplored. The implementation of machine learning into devices and sensors can enhance their reliability to discriminate responses. In addition, implementing these models into portable devices can further improve the usage of point‐of‐care devices, continuous monitoring, and viral mutation assessments. Herein, the requirements to implement an embedded AI model (TinyML) into low‐power portable systems and its use in the electrochemical field are presented. The application of TinyML to discriminate between interference of uric acid and ascorbic acid, both well‐known abundant electrochemically active species, in neurotransmitter detection, is explored, reaching overall accuracy of 98.1% for 32‐bit float point unit and 96.01% after 8‐bit quantization, with the usage of 4.55% of the custom‐made potentiostat memory. The model can be improved simply by having the trade‐off between memory and accuracy. The research suggests that TinyML can be a key component in future medical devices, allowing data processing in real time and with increasing reliability.
F‐erythrocytes promote Plasmodium falciparum proliferation in sickle cell disease
Authors: Archer Natasha M. , Gnangnon Bénédicte , Mikdar Mahmoud , Ciuculescu Marioara F. , Petersen Nicole , Staffa Steven J. , Duraisingh Manoj T.
Published: August 2023

Background

Sickle cell disease (SCD) remains prevalent because heterozygous carriers (HbAS) are partially resistant to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) polymerization in low and intermediate oxygen (O2) conditions is the main driver of HbAS‐driven resistance to P. falciparum malaria. However, epidemiological studies have reported mixed malaria morbidity and mortality outcomes in individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). While maximum‐tolerated dose hydroxyurea has been shown to lower malaria incidence, fetal hemoglobin (HbF), an inhibitor of HbS polymerization that is variably packaged in F‐erythrocytes, might provide hemoglobin that is accessible to the parasite for feeding.

Methods

To explore that risk, we examined the effect of variable mean corpuscular fetal hemoglobin (MCHF) on P. falciparum proliferation, invasion, and development in HbSS RBCs.

Results

We found that greater MCHF in HbSS red blood cells (RBCs) is associated with increased P. falciparum proliferation in O2 environments comparable with the microcirculation. Moreover, both parasite invasion and intracellular growth, the major components of proliferation, occur predominantly in F‐erythrocytes and are augmented with increasing MCHF.

Conclusions

HbF modifies P. falciparum infection in HbSS RBCs, further highlighting the complexity of the molecular interactions between these two diseases. Other inhibitors of HbS polymerization that do not increase HbF or F‐erythrocytes should be independently assessed for their effects on P. falciparum malaria proliferation in HbSS RBCs.
Psychiatric and neurological manifestations in adults with Smith–Magenis syndrome: A scoping review
Authors: Korteling Dorinde , Musch Jiska L. I. , Zinkstok Janneke R. , Boot Erik
Published: August 2023

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a 17p11.2 deletion or a pathogenic variant of the RAI1 gene, which lies within the 17p11.2 region. Various psychiatric and neurological disorders have been reported in SMS, with most literature focusing on children and adolescents. To provide an overview of the current knowledge on this topic in adults with SMS, we performed a comprehensive scoping review of the relevant literature. Our findings suggest that many manifestations that are common in childhood persist into adulthood. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in adults with SMS include intellectual disability, autism spectrum‐ and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder‐related features, self‐injurious and physical aggressive behaviors, sleep–wake disorders, and seizures. Findings of this review may facilitate optimization of management strategies in adults with SMS, and may guide future studies exploring late‐onset psychiatric and neurological comorbidities in SMS.
Computational facial analysis for rare Mendelian disorders
Authors: Hsieh Tzung‐Chien , Krawitz Peter M.
Published: August 2023

With the advances in computer vision, computational facial analysis has become a powerful and effective tool for diagnosing rare disorders. This technology, also called next‐generation phenotyping (NGP), has progressed significantly over the last decade. This review paper will introduce three key NGP approaches. In 2014, Ferry et al. first presented Clinical Face Phenotype Space (CFPS) trained on eight syndromes. After 5 years, Gurovich et al. proposed DeepGestalt, a deep convolutional neural network trained on more than 21,000 patient images with 216 disorders. It was considered a state‐of‐the‐art disorder classification framework. In 2022, Hsieh et al. developed GestaltMatcher to support the ultra‐rare and novel disorders not supported in DeepGestalt. It further enabled the analysis of facial similarity presented in a given cohort or multiple disorders. Moreover, this article will present the usage of NGP for variant prioritization and facial gestalt delineation. Although NGP approaches have proven their capability in assisting the diagnosis of many disorders, many limitations remain. This article will introduce two future directions to address two main limitations: enabling the global collaboration for a medical imaging database that fulfills the FAIR principles and synthesizing patient images to protect patient privacy. In the end, with more and more NGP approaches emerging, we envision that the NGP technology can assist clinicians and researchers in diagnosing patients and analyzing disorders in multiple directions in the near future.
Synthesis of Isochromeno[3,4‐d]imidazoles via Rh(II)‐catalyzed [3+2] Annulation between 4‐Diazoisochroman‐3‐imines and Oximes
Authors: Qi Minghui , Suleman Muhammad , Wang Yingxiao , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: August 2023

A series of isochromeno[3,4‐d]imidazoles were synthesized in good yields via Rh(II)‐catalyzed [3+2] annulation between 4‐diazoisochroman‐3‐imines and oximes. This method involves the formation of rhodium carbene intermediates and elucidates the unique reactivity of oximes under Rh(II) catalysis. Operationally simple and mild reaction conditions with broad substrate diversity, and readily accessible starting materials and rhodium catalyst are the merits of our reaction.
Elucidating the Underlying Reactivities of Alternating Current Electrosynthesis by Time‐Resolved Mapping of Short‐Lived Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Wan Qiongqiong , Chen Kaixiang , Dong Xin , Ruan Xianqin , Yi Hong , Chen Suming
Published: August 2023

Alternating current (AC) electrolysis is an emerging field in synthetic chemistry, however its mechanistic studies are challenged by the effective characterization of the elusive intermediate processes. Herein, we develop an operando electrochemical mass spectrometry platform that allows time‐resolved mapping of stepwise electrosynthetic reactive intermediates in both direct current and alternating current modes. By dissecting the key intermediate processes of electrochemical functionalization of arylamines, the unique reactivities of AC electrosynthesis, including minimizing the over‐oxidation/reduction through the inverse process, and enabling effective reaction of short‐lived intermediates generated by oxidation and reduction in paired electrolysis, were evidenced and verified. Notably, the controlled kinetics of reactive N‐centered radical intermediates in multistep sequential AC electrosynthesis to minimize the competing reactions was discovered. Overall, this work provides direct evidence for the mechanism of AC electrolysis, and clarifies the underlying reasons for its high efficiency, which will benefit the rational design of AC electrosynthetic reactions.
Base‐Promoted Glycosylation Allows Protecting Group‐Free and Stereoselective O‐Glycosylation of Carboxylic Acids**
Authors: Zuo Hao , Zhang Chen , Zhang Yang , Niu Dawen
Published: August 2023

Here we report a simple and general method to achieve fully unprotected, stereoselective glycosylation of carboxylic acids, employing bench‐stable allyl glycosyl sulfones as donors. Running the glycosylation reaction under basic conditions was crucial for the efficiencies and selectivities. Both the donor activation stage and the glycosidic bond forming stage of the process are compatible with free hydroxyl groups, thereby allowing for the use of fully unprotected glycosyl donors. This transformation is stereoconvergent, occurs under mild and metal‐free conditions at ambient temperature with visible light (455 nm) irradiation, and displays remarkable scope with respect to both reaction partners. Many natural products and commercial drugs, including an acid derived from the complex anticancer agent taxol, were efficiently glycosylated. Experimental studies provide insights into the origin of the stereochemical outcome.
An Interlocked Figure‐of‐Eight Molecular Shuttle
Authors: Gauthier Maxime , Fournel‐Marotte Karine , Clavel Caroline , Waelès Philip , Laurent Philippe , Coutrot Frédéric
Published: August 2023

Here is reported the synthesis and characterization of an interlocked figure‐of‐eight rotaxane molecular shuttle from a dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 (DB24C8) derivative. This latter bears two molecular chains, whose extremities are able to react together by click chemistry. One of the two substituting chain holds an ammonium function aimed at driving the self‐entanglement through the complexation of the DB24C8 moiety. In the targeted figure‐of‐eight rotaxane, shuttling of the DB24C8 along the threaded axle from the best ammonium station to the weaker binding site triazolium was performed through deprotonation or deprotonation‐then‐carbamoylation of the ammonium. This way, two discrete co‐conformational states were obtained, in which the folding and size of the two loops could be changed.
Copper nanoparticles supported on magnetic functionalized chicken feather‐derived activated carbon/metal–organic frameworks nanocomposite: As an efficient adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and a unique heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives
Authors: Kiani Ameneh , Alinezhad Heshmatollah , Sadatmadani Razieh
Published: August 2023

A Fe3O4@activated carbon‐COOH (Fe3O4@CFC‐COOH) was prepared via carboxyl‐functionalization of the activated carbon derived from feather waste, followed by co‐precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ under alkaline conditions. This hybrid organic–inorganic porous compound was applied for in‐situ synthesis of TMU‐16 metal–organic framework and, subsequently, further engaged as support for immobilizing of Cu nanoparticles. The multi‐application of the as‐synthesized nanocomposite was investigated in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans derivatives and the removal of methylene blue from aqueous media. The maximum absorption percentage (Re) for the removal of methylene blue was 96%. The adsorption process fitted well with the Freundlich model and has followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Also, the Fe3O4@CFC‐COOH@TMU‐16@Cu exhibited high catalytic activity in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives with a wide range of aldehydes bearing electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups.