bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Following the Structural Changes of Iron Oxides during Reduction under Transient Conditions
Authors: Braun Lukas , Spielmann Jonas , Doronkin Dmitry E. , Kuhn Carola , Maliugin Aleksandr , Sharapa Dmitry I. , Huck Isabel , Bao Jianing , Tischer Steffen , Studt Felix , Deutschmann Olaf , Kramm Ulrike I. , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk
Published: July 2024

Iron is considered as attractive energy carrier in a carbon‐free, circular energy economy. The reduction of iron oxide is crucial for its application as a metal fuel as it determines the efficiency of the cycle. Temperature programmed reduction of α‐Fe2O3 was monitored by complementary X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and diffraction (XRD) to obtain the phase composition with high time resolution. Synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy (SMS) was additionally employed due to its high sensitivity to the different iron species. Theoretical calculations of surface and bulk adsorption processes were performed to establish the potential reaction pathways and the corresponding energy barriers. A kinetic particle model was then developed to bridge the experimental data and theoretical calculations, which reproduced the reduction onset and behavior. The reduction process was found to be strongly dependent on the heating rate in terms of the reduction window and the observed intermediate species. We propose that a core‐shell mechanism determines the reaction by forming an iron layer which subsequently hinders diffusion of water out of the porous particles leading to some unreduced FeO at high temperature. This study demonstrates the need for complementary methods for describing complex heterogeneous systems and overcoming the chemical sensitivity limitations of any single method.
Pavlov dog feature memory circuit based on memristor under different emotional conditions
Authors: Wang Zexin , Yang Yan , Xin Yuan , Wang Dongqing
Published: July 2024

The memristor‐based Pavlov circuits have been extensively studied, but most of the circuits only have learning functions plus forgetting function, and lack emotional function and feature memory. This leads to not be realistic enough for simulating Pavlovian circuit experiments. In this paper, we simulate learning and three forgetting processes on the classic Pavlov circuit, which is consistent with the brain's forgetting mechanism. Then, we add feature memory part, which includes an emotion module, synapse modules, and feature switch modules. The emotion module with positive and negative emotion functions has different effects on memory time, so as to improve its imitating ability of human emotional behavior. The synapse modules and feature switching modules realize different feature memory for different things, so as to promote the circuit's associative memory ability to be more realistic. Through these improvements, the function of the Pavlov dog experiment circuit is more similar to biological mechanism. Furthermore, the LTSPICE software is used to verify the correctness of the proposed circuit.
Soft charging and fewer switches based single‐source double‐boost multilevel DC‐AC converter for low/medium voltage applications
Authors: Tiwari Anurag , Agarwal Ruchi
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a novel generalized step‐up switched‐capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) appropriate for low/medium voltage input applications. To reduce the overall number of power switches, the suggested topology makes use of reduction switch count (SC) technology. The complementary working mechanism of each pair of switches simplifies the modulation method. The complete inductive‐load capability is taken into account in the proposed inverter. Furthermore, because capacitor voltages are automatically balanced, complex voltage control circuitry is not necessary. Due to a reduction in current spikes on the devices, the topology also has the ability to soft‐charge the capacitors in a quasi‐resonant manner. Performance is also enhanced by extending the lifetime and dependability of the inverters. The construction, operation, modulation method, values of the capacitors, and circuit losses are explained to demonstrate how the suggested topology should function. One of the inverter's primary differentiators from the others is its double‐boosting capability based on reduced components. Based on loss calculations, a thorough analysis of the suggested topology's efficiency of 98.31% is presented. Next, the benefits of the suggested inverter are compared to those of other inverters that have been recently suggested. The steady‐state and dynamic performance of the suggested topology is then confirmed by modeling the system on the Simulink platform and performing experiments using a DSP‐based prototype experimental setup.
Phylogeography of Morella nana: The Wumeng Mountains as a natural geographical isolation boundary on the Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau
Authors: Wu Min , Cheng Yu , Jiang Chunxue , Zhang Mingsheng , Shi Tian , Zhao Cai
Published: July 2024

The Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau (YGP) is characterized by the distinctive isolated habitat of the limestone Karst Islands and features the Wumeng Mountains, which divide the YGP into the two Plateaus of Yunnan and Guizhou. This study aimed to assess the effects of geographic isolation and past climate fluctuation on the distribution of flora in the YGP. To achieve this, we carried out the phylogeographical pattern and genetic structure based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence in relation to past (Last Glacial Maximum) and present distributions based on ecological niche modeling for Morella nana, an important wild plant resource and endemic to the YGP once considered a vulnerable species. The results suggest that the genetic and chlorotype network structures of M. nana are divided into at least two groups: cpDNA chlorotype H2 (or dominant nrDNA haplotypes h1 and h2), distributed primarily to the east of the Wumeng Mountains, and cpDNA chlorotypes H1 and H3–H10 (or dominant nrDNA haplotype h2 and h3), distributed to the west of the Wumeng Mountains. A deep genetic split was noted within the two groups to reach 25 steps, especially for the cpDNA fragment variation. This east–west divergence reveals the existence of a natural geographical isolation boundary in the form of the Wumeng Mountains, and supports the existence of at least two glacial refuges during the Quaternary glacial period, along with two genetic diversity center, and at least two large geographic protection units for the important species of M. nana. This study indicates that the phylogeographical pattern of M. nana can be attributed to geographic/environmental isolation caused by the Wumeng Mountains and climate fluctuation during the last glacial maximum, and proposes an effective strategy to protecting this important plant resource.
Management and outcomes of heart failure hospitalization among older adults in the United States and Japan
Authors: Bates Benjamin A. , Enzan Nobuyuki , Tohyama Takeshi , Gandhi Poonam , Matsushima Shouji , Tsutsui Hiroyuki , Setoguchi Soko , Ide Tomomi
Published: July 2024

Aims

Despite advances in therapies, the disease burden of heart failure (HF) has been rising globally. International comparisons of HF management and outcomes may reveal care patterns that improve outcomes. Accordingly, we examined clinical management and patient outcomes in older adults hospitalized for acute HF in the United States (US) and Japan.

Methods

We identified patients aged >65 who were hospitalized for HF in 2013 using US Medicare data and the Japanese Registry of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (JROADHF). We described patient characteristics, management, and healthcare utilization and compared outcomes using multivariable Cox regression during and after HF hospitalization.

Results

Among 11 193 Japanese and 120 289 US patients, age and sex distributions were similar, but US patients had higher comorbidity rates. The length of stay was longer in Japan (median 18 vs. 5 days). While Medicare patients had higher use of implantable cardioverter defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy during hospitalization (1.32% vs. 0.6%), Japanese patients were more likely to receive cardiovascular medications at discharge and to undergo cardiac rehabilitation within 3 months of HF admission (31% vs. 1.6%). Physician follow‐up within 30 days was higher in Japan (77% vs. 57%). Cardiovascular readmission, cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality were 2.1–3.7 times higher in the US patients. The per‐day cost of hospitalization was lower in Japan ($516 vs. $1323).

Conclusions

We observed notable differences in the management, outcomes and costs of HF hospitalization between the US and Japan. Large differences in length of hospitalization, cardiac rehabilitation rate and outcomes warrant further research to determine the optimal length of stay and assess the benefits of inpatient cardiac rehabilitation to reduce rehospitalization and mortality.
Association between frailty index based on laboratory tests and all‐cause mortality in critically ill patients with heart failure
Authors: Wang Sutong , Wang Lin , Wang Yongcheng , Zong Shuli , Fan Hesong , Jiang Yuehua , Li Xiao
Published: July 2024

Background

The frailty index based on laboratory tests (FI‐lab) can identify individuals at increased risk for adverse health outcomes. The association between the FI‐lab and all‐cause mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains unknown. This study aimed to determine the correlation between FI‐lab and all‐cause mortality to evaluate the impact of FI‐lab on the prognosis of critically ill patients with HF.

Methods

This retrospective observational study utilized data extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database. The FI‐lab, which consists of 33 laboratory tests, was constructed. Patients were then grouped into quartiles (Q1–Q4) based on their FI‐lab scores. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to compare all‐cause mortality among the four groups. A Cox proportional hazard analysis was conducted to examine the association between the FI‐lab score and all‐cause mortality. The incremental predictive value of adding FI‐lab to classical disease severity scores was assessed using Harrell's C statistic, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net reclassification improvement (NRI).

Results

Among 3021 patients, 838 (27.74%) died within 28 days, and 1400 (46.34%) died within a 360 day follow‐up period. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that patients with higher FI‐lab scores had significantly higher risks of all‐cause mortality (log‐rank P < 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression suggested that FI‐lab, evaluated as a continuous variable (for each 0.01 increase), was associated with increased 28 day mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.01–1.03), P < 0.001] and 360 day mortality [HR 1.02, 95% CI (1.01–1.02), P < 0.001]. When assessed in quartiles, the 28 day mortality risk [HR 1.66, 95% CI (1.28–2.15), P < 0.001] and 360 day mortality risk [HR 1.48, 95% CI (1.23–1.8), P < 0.001] were significantly higher for FI‐lab Q4 compared with FI‐lab Q1. FI‐lab significantly improved the predictive capability of classical disease severity scores for 28 and 360 day mortality.

Conclusions

In ICU patients diagnosed with HF, the FI‐lab is a potent predictor of short‐term and long‐term mortality in critically ill patients with HF. The active use of FI‐lab to identify high‐risk groups among critically ill HF patients and initiate timely interventions may have significant value in improving the prognosis of critically ill patients with HF.
Gut bacteria, host immunity, and colorectal cancer: From pathogenesis to therapy
Authors: Li Yuyi , Peng Jinjin , Meng Xiangjun
Published: July 2024

The emergence of 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing has gradually revealed the close relationship between dysbiosis and colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies have confirmed that intestinal dysbiosis plays various roles in the occurrence, development, and therapeutic response of CRC. Perturbation of host immunity is one of the key mechanisms involved. The intestinal microbiota, or specific bacteria and their metabolites, can modulate the progression of CRC through pathogen recognition receptor signaling or via the recruitment, polarization, and activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells to reshape the protumor/antitumor microenvironment. Therefore, the administration of gut bacteria to enhance immune homeostasis represents a new strategy for the treatment of CRC. In this review, we cover recent studies that illuminate the role of gut bacteria in the progression and treatment of CRC through orchestrating the immune response, which potentially offers insights for subsequent transformative research.
CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α‐dependent regulation of granule formation in mast cells by intestinal bacteria
Authors: Iketani Ayaka , Takano Mai , Kasakura Kazumi , Iwatsuki Miono , Tsuji Ayu , Matsuda Kou , Minegishi Remina , Hosono Akira , Nakanishi Yusuke , Takahashi Kyoko
Published: July 2024

The antiallergic effects of gut microbiota have been attracting attention in recent years, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate these mechanisms specifically focusing on mast cells. Mast cells retain intracellular granules containing various inflammatory mediators such as histamine, which are released outside the cells upon IgE and allergen stimulation. We previously reported that increased expression of the transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α (C/EBPα), suppresses granule formation in mast cells and that Lacticaseibacillus casei JCM1134T (LC) upregulates C/EBPα levels. Here, granule formation in mouse bone marrow‐derived mast cells was suppressed in a MyD88‐dependent manner after LC treatment due to C/EBPα‐dependent downregulation of the genes encoding serglycin (SRGN) and mast cell protease 4 (Mcpt4). Furthermore, C/EBPα expression was regulated by DNA methylation in the 5′ region far upstream of the transcription start site. LC suppressed DNA methylation of specific CpG motifs in the 5′ region of the C/EBPα gene. These results conclude that specific gut microbial components, such as those from LC, suppress granule formation in mast cells by inhibiting SRGN and Mcpt4 expression via reduced C/EBPα gene methylation.
Interpretation of suspended sediment concentration‐runoff hysteresis loops in two small karst watersheds
Authors: Sun Mingwei , Wang Zhongcheng , Li Jianhong , Li Zhenwei , Xu Xianli , Gu Zaike , Du Jiaojiao
Published: July 2024

Quantifying suspended sediment concentration‐runoff (SSC‐Q) hysteresis can help to understand the source and transport mechanism of sediment. Due to the unique lithology, shallow soil, high infiltration capacity, complex geomorphology and heterogeneous landscape of karst watersheds in southwestern China, SSC‐Q hysteresis patterns remain unclear in this region. In the present study, the hysteresis index (HI) was used to quantify the SSC‐Q hysteresis pattern. The effects of rainfall and runoff on the HI were also evaluated from 2014 to 2019 in the Mahuangtian (2.26 km2) and Muzhaihe (0.09 km2) karst watersheds. The results showed that the clockwise loops accounted for more than 60% of the total hysteresis patterns in the two karst watersheds. In contrast, the counter‐clockwise and figure‐eight loops occupied no more than 30% and 10% of the total hysteresis patterns, respectively. These differences in the hysteresis patterns probably resulted from the spatial distribution of sediment sources and hydrological connectivity. The HI was significantly affected by the maximum discharge in the Mahuangtian watershed (P < 0.05) and by the flashiness index in the Muzhaihe watershed. This may be attributed to their different 3D hydrogeological structure, lithology and watershed size. This study can facilitate a better understanding of suspended sediment dynamics and provide important guidance for accurately implementing soil and water conservation strategies in karst areas.
Bridging the gap between human toxicology and ecotoxicology under one health perspective by a cross-species adverse outcome pathway network for reproductive toxicity
Authors: Dufourcq Sekatcheff Elizabeth , Jeong Jaeseong , Choi Jinhee
Published: July 2024

Although ecotoxicological and toxicological risk assessments are performed separately from each other, recent efforts have been made in both disciplines to reduce animal testing and develop predictive approaches instead, for example, via conserved molecular markers, and in vitro and in silico approaches. Among them, adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) have been proposed to facilitate the prediction of molecular toxic effects at larger biological scales. Thus, more toxicological data are used to inform on ecotoxicological risks and vice versa. An AOP has been previously developed to predict reproductive toxicity of silver nanoparticles via oxidative stress on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (AOPwiki ID 207). Following this previous study, our present study aims to extend the biologically plausible taxonomic domain of applicability (tDOA) of AOP 207. Various types of data, including in vitro human cells, in vivo, and molecular to individual, from previous studies have been collected and structured into a cross-species AOP network that can inform both human toxicology and ecotoxicology risk assessments. The first step was the collection and analysis of literature data to fit the AOP criteria and build a first AOP network. Then, key event relationships were assessed using a Bayesian network modeling approach, which gave more confidence in our overall AOP network. Finally, the biologically plausible tDOA was extended using in silico approaches (Genes-to-Pathways Species Conservation Analysis and Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility), which led to the extrapolation of our AOP network across over 100 taxonomic groups. Our approach shows that various types of data can be integrated into an AOP framework, and thus facilitates access to knowledge and prediction of toxic mechanisms without the need for further animal testing.
Distribution Characteristics of Atmospheric Microplastics in Typical Desert Agricultural Regions
Authors: Du Ao , Zhao Yachuan , Hu Can , Wang Xufeng , Cheng Hui , Xia Wenhao , Wang Long , Xing Jianfei
Published: July 2024

We examined the distribution characteristics of atmospheric microplastics in typical desert agricultural regions, with a focus on the agricultural areas surrounding the Taklamakan Desert, Xinjiang, China. We collected samples of total suspended particulate matter (TSP), atmospheric deposition, and atmospheric dust using both active and passive collection methods. The chemical composition, particle size, shape, and color of atmospheric microplastics were examined using a stereomicroscope and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer to analyze their characteristics. The results showed that the primary chemical compositions of microplastics included polypropylene (PP), polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethylmethacrylate, and cellophane. Particle sizes were mainly within the range of 0 to 1000 μm. Fibrous microplastics constituted the majority of the TSP and atmospheric deposition, whereas film-like microplastics constituted the largest proportion of atmospheric dustfall. The deposition flux of atmospheric microplastics in the first quarter was measured at 103.21 ± 22.12 particles/m2/day, which was lower than that observed in conventional agricultural areas. The abundance of microplastics in atmospheric dustfall was found to be 1.36 particles/g. The proportion of PP microplastics in atmospheric dustfall can be as high as 35%. Through a comparison of microplastic content in TSP during dust storms and under normal weather conditions, it was found that dust storms can lead to an increase in the abundance of microplastics within the atmospheric TSP. The present study provides a scientific basis for understanding the distribution of atmospheric microplastics in typical desert agricultural regions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1982–1995. © 2024 SETAC.
Circulating tumor HPV DNA in the management of HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer and its correlation with MRI
Authors: Campo Flaminia , Paolini Francesca , Manciocco Valentina , Moretto Silvia , Pichi Barbara , Moretti Claudio , Blandino Giovanni , De Pascale Valentina , Benevolo Maria , Pimpinelli Fulvia , Vidiri Antonello , Marzi Simona , Ruggiero Sergio , Terrenato Irene , Iocca Oreste , Venuti Aldo , Pellini Raul
Published: July 2024

Background

First aim was to compare ddPCR assays of ctHPVDNA with p16 IHC and qualitative HPV PCR. Second aim was to carry out longitudinal blood sampling to test for association of ctHPVDNA with histological confirmed recurrence. Third aim was to perform a multidimensional assessment which included: (1) clinical features; (2) ctHPVDNA; (3) MRI‐based tumor size measurements of primary tumor (PT) and cervical lymph node metastases (CLNM).

Methods

Plasma samples were collected before treatment and during follow‐up, and ddPCR assay comprising E6 of HPV16 and HPV 33 and HPV 35 was used.

Results

Present study was conducted at diagnosis in 117 patients and revealed a ctHPVDNA sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 95.5–100) and a specificity of 94.4 (95% CI 81.3–99.3), positive predictive value (PPV) of 94.4 (95% CI 81.3–99.3), and negative predictive value (NPP) of 100% (95% CI 89.7–100). During follow‐up ctHPVDNA had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 72.1–100)% and specificity of 98.4% (95% CI 91.7–100)%, PPV% of 90.9% (95% CI 62.3–98.4) and NPV% of 100% (95% CI 94.3–100) for ability to detect recurrence. Correlation between both the CLNM volume and the sum of PT and CLNM volume was observed.

Conclusions

ctHPVDNA was superior to p16 in identification of HPV‐OPSCC at diagnosis. Introduction of ctHPVDNA, beyond diagnostic setting, represents a great opportunity to improve follow‐up protocol of OPSCC patients.
Exosomal miRNA‐21‐5p and miRNA‐21‐3p as key biomarkers of myocardial infarction
Authors: Sahebi Reza , Gandomi Fatemeh , shojaei Mitra , Farrokhi Effat
Published: July 2024

Objective

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a debilitating condition that can lead to myocardial infarction (MI). Exosomal miRNAs (exo‐miRNA) can be diagnostic biomarkers for detecting MI. Here, we conduct a study to evaluate the efficacy of exo‐miRNA‐21‐5p/3p for early detection of MI.

Methods

A total of 135 CAD patients and 150 healthy subjects participated in this study. Additionally, we randomly divided 26 male Wistar rats (12 weeks old) into two groups: control and induced MI. Angiographic images were used to identify patients and healthy individuals of all genders. In the following, serum exosomes were obtained, and exo‐miRNA‐21‐5p/3p was measured by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Results

We observed an upregulation of exo‐miRNA‐21‐5p/3p in CAD patient and MI‐induced animal groups compared to controls. Analysis of the ROC curves defined 82% and 88% of the participants' exo‐miRNA‐21‐5p and exo‐miRNA‐21‐3p diagnostic power, respectively, which in the animal model was 92 and 82.

Conclusion

This study revealed that the mean expression levels of exo‐miRNA‐21‐5p/3p were significantly increased in CAD patients and animal models of induced MI. Also, these results are associated with the atherogenic lipid profile of CAD patients, which may play an important role in the progression of the disease. Therefore, they can be considered as novel biomarkers.
Prevalence of influenza and other acute respiratory illnesses in patients with acute myocardial infarction in Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Aleem Mohammad Abdul , Chughtai Abrar Ahmad , Rahman Bayzid , Akhtar Zubair , Chowdhury Fahmida , Qadri Firdausi , Macintyre C. Raina
Published: July 2024

Background and Aims

Several studies imply that influenza and other respiratory illnesses could lead to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but data from low‐income countries are scarce. We investigated the prevalence of recent respiratory illnesses and confirmed influenza in AMI patients, while also exploring their relationship with infarction severity as defined by ST‐elevation MI (STEMI) or high troponin levels.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study, held at a Dhaka tertiary hospital from May 2017 to October 2018, involved AMI inpatients. The study examined self‐reported clinical respiratory illnesses (CRI) in the week before AMI onset and confirmed influenza using baseline real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR).

Results

Of 744 patients, 11.3% reported a recent CRI, most prominently during the 2017 influenza season (35.7%). qRT‐PCR testing found evidence of influenza in 1.5% of 546 patients, with all positives among STEMI cases. Frequencies of CRI were higher in patients with STEMI and in those with high troponin levels, although these relationships were not statistically significant after adjusting for other variables. The risk of STEMI was significantly greater during influenza seasons in the unadjusted analysis (relative risk: 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.18), however, this relationship was not significant in the adjusted analysis (adjusted relative risk: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.91–1.16).

Conclusion

In Bangladesh, many AMI patients had a recent respiratory illness history, with some showing evidence of influenza. However, these illnesses showed no significant relationship to AMI severity. Further research is needed to understand these relationships better and to investigate the potential benefits of infection control measures and influenza vaccinations in reducing AMI incidence.
Nonlinear analysis of ion‐acoustic solitary waves in an unmagnetized highly relativistic quantum plasma
Authors: Madhukalya B. , Das R. , Hosseini K. , Hincal E. , Osman M. S. , Wazwaz A. M.
Published: July 2024

The present paper explores the dynamics of ion‐acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) within an unmagnetized, highly relativistic quantum plasma containing positive and negative ions alongside electrons, employing the quantum hydrodynamic model. The treatment accounts for the inertial characteristics of negative and positive ions, considering electrons as inertialess. The nonlinear nature of quantum IASWs is investigated through the derivation of the Korteweg–de Vries equation using the reductive perturbation method. The investigation highlights how wave propagation characteristics, whether compressive or rarefactive, are substantially modulated by several parameters, such as the quantum diffraction parameter , relativistic effects , equilibrium density , and ion mass ratio . The analysis identifies the existence of both slow and fast wave modes, heavily influenced by the relativistic parameters involved. Our findings have significant implications for the understanding of both laboratory and space plasmas, especially in contexts where negative ions are present.
Sulfate runoff processes during rainfall events in a small forested catchment on the sea of Japan side recovering from acidification under climate change
Authors: Yotsuyanagi Hiroki , Morohashi Masayuki , Takahashi Masaaki , Ohizumi Tsuyoshi , Inomata Yayoi , Yabusaki Shiho , Tayasu Ichiro , Okochi Hiroshi , Sase Hiroyuki
Published: July 2024

Changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change may accelerate the runoff of sulfate (SO42−), which is anthropogenically emitted and deposited as an air pollutant, cycled in forest ecosystems, and partly accumulated in forest soils. A forested catchment on the Sea of Japan side in central Japan is significantly affected by transboundary air pollution from the Asian continent due to northwesterly seasonal winds in winter. In this study, intensive 24‐h observations were conducted every hour eight times from 2019 to 2020 to clarify changes in stream water quality and runoff processes during rainfall events. The pH, electrical conductivity, and SO42− concentration in stream water decreased with increasing hourly average discharge rate (L sec−1). The SO42− concentration was negatively correlated with discharge rate. Hydrograph separations using the water isotopic parameter (deuterium excess, d‐excess = δ2H – 8 × δ18O) showed that most of the stream flow during the rain events was derived from pre‐storm water. A significant negative correlation between the d‐excess and stream water discharge was found for all six events where the water isotope analysis was applied. However, the S isotope ratio (δ34S) in stream water was not correlated with discharge rate during rainfall events and was obviously different (>1.5‰) from rainwater δ34S in the same month. This suggests that rainwater SO42− during rainfall events did not directly flow to the stream but was retained in the forest ecosystem. The isotopically well homogenized internal SO42− appeared to be mainly released into the stream during rainfall events. Future climate change may further accelerate SO42− runoff from forest catchments and disrupt material cycles in the ecosystem if warming causes more intense rainfall.
Impact assessment of agricultural droughts on water use efficiency in different climatic regions of Punjab Province Pakistan using MODIS time series imagery
Authors: Farhan Muhammad , Yang Jingyu , Wu Taixia , Wang Shudong , Zhao Xiangqian , Tariq Aqil
Published: July 2024

Drought is the most destructive phenomenon that distresses the terrestrial carbon cycle balance and crop production. The variation in evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP) is a significant cause of agricultural drought effects on water use efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the impact of agricultural drought on WUE and it's anomalies in different climate regions. The standard vegetation index was used to measure the extent of agricultural drought. WUE was calculated using the ratio of ET, GPP, and climate classification using the De Martonne method. This study was conducted over the last 22 years, from 2001 to 2022. Meanwhile, 2001, 2002, 2014, and 2018 were considered high drought years based on a 22‐year analysis. According to remote sensing analysis of ET and GPP, the WUE increased throughout drought in all climate regions and more strongly in the arid zone than in humid regions. Humid areas were more vital due to drought than arid ones. WUE anomalies badge with increased drought severity across all climates except the very humid zone. Humid climates saw faster recovery times than arid ones, and areas experienced severe droughts. The findings of this research are essential for understanding the carbon and water cycles for agriculture management. The analysis of drought severity and WUE across arid climate regions helped analyse the varying impact of drought on WUE due to climate change. The significance of this study includes informing agricultural, water resource, and drought management planning in the Punjab Province, an agricultural region vulnerable to climate change. This study holds important learnings for agricultural regions worldwide. It has practical and scientific importance regarding agricultural systems' specific stresses and responses to droughts.
How do different runoff generation mechanisms drive stream network dynamics? Insights from physics‐based modelling
Authors: Zanetti Francesca , Camporese Matteo , Botter Gianluca
Published: July 2024

Non‐perennial river catchments are characterized by an ever‐changing spatial configuration of their flowing streams. A combination of empirical data and simplified analytical frameworks has been frequently used in the literature to analyse the co‐evolution of the total active stream length () and the catchment discharge at the outlet (). However, despite the increasing availability of field data, understanding how runoff generation processes drive the spatio‐temporal dynamics of non‐perennial river reaches remains challenging. In this paper we use CATHY, an integrated surface–subsurface hydrological model (ISSHM), to investigate the impact of saturation‐excess (Dunnian) and infiltration‐excess (Hortonian) runoff generation on the stream network dynamics of two virtual catchments with spatially homogeneous subsurface properties but different morphology. The numerical simulations show that when surface runoff is triggered by saturation‐excess mechanisms, the subsurface domain is slowly saturated, and the stream network gradually expands upstream from the outlet towards the catchment divides. In these conditions, the specific inflow per unit contributing area is relatively uniform along the network, thereby implying that and display a monotonically increasing one‐to‐one relationship. On the other hand, infiltration‐excess mechanisms lead to more heterogeneous saturation patterns in the subsurface domain. In particular, during the wetting phase, Hortonian processes originate highly transient conditions and a non‐uniform spatial distribution of the specific inflow along the stream network. This is reflected by a hysteretic relation and a marked asymmetry between the wetting and drying phases of the event. The application of an ISSHM proved to be a useful tool to elucidate the processes that drive stream network expansion and retraction in non‐perennial rivers.
Field measurement of entrapped pore‐air pressure and the effect of rising groundwater level in the soil layer
Authors: Iwagami Sho , Noguchi Shoji , Shimizu Takanori , Kubota Tayoko , Iida Shin'ichi
Published: July 2024

Unsaturated soil contains pore air, some of which becomes entrapped in the soil layer during the infiltration process. Such entrapped pore air in the soil layer inhibits infiltration, decreases hydraulic conductivity, and causes erroneous estimates of groundwater response. Experimental studies suggest an effect of compressed entrapped pore air on stream discharge. However, few studies have investigated the behaviour of pore air in the field, and no method for measurement of pore‐air behaviour has been established. We measured pore‐air pressure (Pair) with a simple handmade probe, combined with atmospheric pressure (Patm) and groundwater level. The entrapment and compression of pore air were detected based on the pressure difference (ΔP = Pair – Patm). Observations were conducted for approximately 1 year in two small headwater catchments (TC and HA, which have differences in soil depth and groundwater level dynamics) in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Positive responses of ΔP during some rainfall events were confirmed at both TC and HA. Pore‐air entrapment occurred even during weak rainfall events with rainfall intensity of <10 mm/h. During a typhoon event in October 2019, a maximum ΔP of 3.9 kPa was observed at HA. The pore pressure increase recorded by the tensiometer was mostly explained by the increase in ΔP, which was supported by the soil moisture data. Therefore, we concluded that our handmade measurement system could successfully measure Pair and detect pore‐air entrapment in the field. This showed that Pair is not negligible. Total event rainfall was related to the maximum ΔP. It also showed that the rise in the groundwater level plays a significant role in pressurization of the entrapped pore air. We present the first field data demonstrating the effect of groundwater level rise on the pressurization of entrapped Pair.
A framework of workplace yoga for expectant mothers: A comprehensive review of benefits, safety considerations, and future perspectives
Authors: Nadholta Pooja , Saha Pradip Kumar , Anand Akshay
Published: July 2024

This review explores the benefits of yoga during pregnancy and considers its implications for working pregnant women, focusing on safety, future directions, and limitations. The physical and psychological changes experienced during pregnancy can lead to increased stress and discomfort, impacting both maternal and fetal health, which may be further augmented by work stress during pregnancy. To address these challenges, various interventions such as yoga, relaxation techniques, and meditation have been proposed. Although there is evidence to support the benefits of yoga at both physical and psychological levels, there is a lack of proper strategies and guidelines for the implications of these interventions among working pregnant women. Incorporating yoga as a safe and cost‐effective intervention for managing work‐related distress during pregnancy can have significant benefits for both maternal and fetal health. However, careful consideration of safety guidelines, further research on working pregnant women, and exploring optimal implementation strategies are essential to fully harness the potential of yoga in this context. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence for the benefits and safety of yoga during pregnancy, with a specific focus on working pregnant women. To ensure the scientific rigor of this review, we conducted a systematic search of the PubMed database for high‐quality research studies published in peer‐reviewed journals.
Positive affect and self‐care mediate the relationship between trait emotional intelligence and academic engagement in Lebanese undergraduates: Lessons learned from an online setting
Authors: Sanchez‐Ruiz Maria‐Jose , Khalaf Tatiana , Tadros Natalie , Nauffal Diane , Nader Joelle , Diab Rula , Akle Barbar , Nassar Elma
Published: July 2024

This study examined the impact of positive psychology variables, namely trait emotional intelligence (EI), positive affect and self‐care, on academic engagement (AE) in an online learning environment during COVID‐19. The study involved 717 undergraduates in Lebanon and utilised structural equation modelling for data analysis. The results demonstrated that positive affect and self‐care mediated the relationship between trait EI and AE. In women, both self‐care and positive affect were mediators, whereas in men, positive affect was the only mediator. For students who received a mix of synchronous and asynchronous lessons, both self‐care and positive affect mediated the relationship between trait EI and AE. However, for those who received only synchronous lessons, positive affect was the sole mediator. Furthermore, AE significantly predicted academic performance (AP) in both models. These findings suggest the importance of interventions that enhance trait EI, positive emotions and self‐care to improve AE and ultimately AP in online learning.
Extracellular vesicle isolation methods identify distinct HIV‐1 particles released from chronically infected T‐cells
Authors: Molnar Sebastian M. , Kim Yuriy , Wieczorek Lindsay , Williams Anastasia , Patil Kajal Ashok , Khatkar Pooja , Santos Mark F. , Mensah Gifty , Lorico Aurelio , Polonis Victoria R. , Kashanchi Fatah
Published: July 2024

The current study analyzed the intersecting biophysical, biochemical, and functional properties of extracellular particles (EPs) with the human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) beyond the currently accepted size range for HIV‐1. We isolated five fractions (Frac‐A through Frac‐E) from HIV‐infected cells by sequential differential ultracentrifugation (DUC). All fractions showed a heterogeneous size distribution with median particle sizes greater than 100 nm for Frac‐A through Frac‐D but not for Frac‐E, which contained small EPs with an average size well below 50 nm. Synchronized and released cultures contained large infectious EPs in Frac‐A, with markers of amphisomes and viral components. Additionally, Frac‐E uniquely contained EPs positive for CD63, HSP70, and HIV‐1 proteins. Despite its small average size, Frac‐E contained membrane‐protected viral integrase, detectable only after SDS treatment, indicating that it is enclosed in vesicles. Single particle analysis with dSTORM further supported these findings as CD63, HIV‐1 integrase, and the viral surface envelope (Env) glycoprotein (gp) colocalized on the same Frac‐E particles. Surprisingly, Frac‐E EPs were infectious, and infectivity was significantly reduced by immunodepleting Frac‐E with anti‐CD63, indicating the presence of this protein on the surface of infectious small EPs in Frac‐E. To our knowledge, this is the first time that extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation methods have identified infectious small HIV‐1 particles (smHIV‐1) that are under 50 nm. Collectively, our data indicate that the crossroads between EPs and HIV‐1 potentially extend beyond the currently accepted biophysical properties of HIV‐1, which may have further implications for viral pathogenesis.
Extracellular vesicle isolation and counting system (EVics) based on simultaneous tandem tangential flow filtration and large field‐of‐view light scattering
Authors: Bae Ju‐Hyun , Lee Chan‐Hyeong , Jung Dokyung , Yea Kyungmoo , Song Byoung‐Joon , Lee Hakho , Baek Moon‐Chang
Published: July 2024

Although the isolation and counting of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are essential steps in sEV research, an integrated method with scalability and efficiency has not been developed. Here, we present a scalable and ready‐to‐use extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation and counting system (EVics) that simultaneously allows isolation and counting in one system. This novel system consists of (i) EVi, a simultaneous tandem tangential flow filtration (TFF)‐based EV isolation component by applying two different pore‐size TFF filters, and (ii) EVc, an EV counting component using light scattering that captures a large field‐of‐view (FOV). EVi efficiently isolated 50–200 nm‐size sEVs from 15 µL to 2 L samples, outperforming the current state‐of‐the‐art devices in purity and speed. EVc with a large FOV efficiently counted isolated sEVs. EVics enabled early observations of sEV secretion in various cell lines and reduced the cost of evaluating the inhibitory effect of sEV inhibitors by 20‐fold. Using EVics, sEVs concentrations and sEV PD‐L1 were monitored in a 23‐day cancer mouse model, and 160 clinical samples were prepared and successfully applied to diagnosis. These results demonstrate that EVics could become an innovative system for novel findings in basic and applied studies in sEV research.
The PompeQoL questionnaire: Development and validation of a new measure for children and adolescents with Pompe disease
Authors: Truninger Moritz Ilan , Werner Helene , Landolt Markus Andreas , Hahn Andreas , Hennermann Julia B. , Lagler Florian B. , Möslinger Dorothea , Pfrimmer Charlotte , Rohrbach Marianne , Huemer Martina
Published: July 2024

Genetic disorders pose great challenges for affected individuals and their families, as they must cope with the irreversible nature of the disease and a life‐long dependence on medical assistance and treatment. Children and adolescents dealing with Pompe disease (PD) often struggle to keep up with their peers in physical activities. To gain valuable insights into their subjective experiences and better understand their perception and coping related to daily challenges linked to their condition and treatment, the use of standardized questionnaires is crucial. This study introduces the novel PompeQoL 1.0 questionnaire for children and adolescents with PD, designed for comprehensive assessment of both disease‐specific FDH and HRQoL through self‐ and proxy reports. Content validity was ensured through patients' and parents' involvement at the initial stages of development and in subsequent cognitive debriefing process. Participants found the questionnaire easy to understand, answerable, relevant, and comprehensive. Adjustments based on feedback from patients and their parents improved its utility as a patient‐ and observer‐reported outcome measure. After careful item examination, 52 items were selected, demonstrating moderate to excellent test–retest reliability for most scales and initial evidence for satisfactory construct validity. The PompeQoL questionnaire stands as a valuable screening instrument for both clinical and research purposes. Future research should prioritize additional revisions and larger validation studies, focusing on testing the questionnaire in clinical practice and trials. Nevertheless, the PompeQoL 1.0 stands out as the first standardized measure providing insights into disease‐specific FDH and HRQoL among children and adolescents with various forms of PD.
Synthesis of High Mechanical Strength and Thermally Recyclable and Reversible Polyurethane Adhesive by Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Xi Jian , Wang Niangui
Published: July 2024

Recyclability of polyurethane materials is significant to relieve environmental problems caused by damaged polymers. Inspired by plenty of self‐healing properties based on dynamic covalent bonds. A high mechanical strength and thermally reversible polyurethane adhesive are acquired through co‐polymerization of poly‐1,4‐butylene adipate glycol (PBA), soybean oil‐based polyol (MESO), and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) whose linear polymer chains are constructed by Diels–Alder reaction between furfuryl alcohol (FA) and bismaleimide (BMI), named DAPU. Further, the obtained polyurethane adhesives show great recyclability, mechanical performance (Whose tensile strength can reach 91.7 MPa), and appropriate self‐healing ability through the thermally reversible Diels–Alder covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds between urethane groups, which may pave a way for further development of recyclable materials.
A novel variant c.902C>A (p. A301D) in KCNQ4 associated with non‐syndromic deafness 2A in a Chinese family
Authors: Ren Lingyan , Wu Jiangfen , Kuang Ying , Chen Kun , Jiang Minmin , Zhuo Zhaozhen , Cao Zuwei , Huang Shengwen
Published: July 2024

Background

Deafness autosomal dominant 2A (DFNA2A) is related to non‐syndromic genetic hearing impairment. The KCNQ4 (Potassium Voltage‐Gated Channel Subfamily Q Member 4) can lead to DFNA2A. In this study, we report a case of autosomal dominant non‐syndromic hearing loss with six family members as caused by a novel variant in the KCNQ4 gene.

Methods

The whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and pure tone audiometry were performed on the proband of the family. Sanger sequencing was conducted on family members to determine if the novel variant in the KCNQ4 gene was present. Evolutionary conservation analysis and computational tertiary structure protein prediction of the wild‐type KCNQ4 protein and its variant were then performed. In addition, voltage‐gated channel activity of the wild‐type KCNQ4 protein and its variant were tested using whole‐cell patch clamp.

Results

It was observed that the proband had inherited autosomal dominant, non‐syndromic sensorineural hearing loss as a trait. A novel co‐segregating heterozygous missense variant (c.902C>A, p.Ala301Asp) of the KCNQ4 gene was identified in the proband and other five affected family members. This variant was predicted to cause an alanine‐to‐aspartic acid substitution at position 301 in the KCNQ4 protein. The alanine at position 301 is well conserved across different species. Whole‐cell patch clamp showed that there was a significant difference between the WT protein currents and the mutant protein currents in the voltage‐gated channel activity.

Conclusion

In the present study, performing WES in conjunction with Sanger sequencing enhanced the detection of a novel, potentially causative variant (c301 A>G; p.Ala301Asp) in exon 6 of the KCNQ4 gene. Therefore, our findings contributed to the mutation spectrum of the KCNQ4 gene and may be useful in the diagnosis and gene therapy of deafness autosomal dominant 2A.