bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the Getting to Outcomes (GTO) Model in a Statewide Prevention Initiative
Authors: Chinman Matthew , Imm Pamela , Wandersman Abraham , Kaftarian Shakeh , Neal Jim , Pendleton Karen T. , Ringwalt Chris
Published: April 2005

Getting to Outcomes: Methods and Tools for Planning, Evaluation, and Accountability (GTO) was developed as a hands-on guide to help practitioners plan, implement, and evaluate their programs to achieve results. The GTO manual uses worksheets and case examples to guide practitioners in answering 10 accountability questions about needs and resources, goals, evidencebased practices, fit, capacity, plan, implementation, outcome evaluation, continuous quality improvement, and sustainability. Addressing these questions will help programs achieve positive outcomes because the accountability questions include the elements of successful programming. GTO is thought to be most effective when implemented as a system in which all the stakeholders (e.g., funders, program operators, evaluators) follow the GTO model together. This article briefly describes the GTO model and the accountability questions and provides an example of a statewide initiative that is using the GTO model in a comprehensive grant-making system.
Evaluating the Effect of a Preventive Exam Reminder Letter Sent to Employees at an Oil Company
Authors: Kashima Sara
Published: April 2005

The purpose of this article is to describe how a worksite periodic health examination evolved into a program with greater emphasis on employee responsibility and accountability; to determine the effectiveness of a worksite preventive exam reminder letter program; and to gauge whether the letter encouraged employees to make an appointment with their physicians for a preventive exam. Approximately 25% of the employees who received the letter made an appointment with their physicians. Approximately 16% of the employees who had preventive exams learned something about their health of which they were previously unaware. The preventive exam reminder program is an effective method to encourage and remind employees to see their physicians for preventive exams. In future years, the method of delivering the reminder letter may change to one that is less time consuming and labor intensive and uses technology to deliver messages more cost-effectively.
Working with Colleges and Universities to Enhance the Health of Students and Schools
Authors: Geiger Brian F. , Mauser-Galvin Melissa , Cleaver Vicki , Petri Cynthia J. , Winnail Scott D.
Published: April 2005

University health educators have long promoted comprehensive school health programs. Faculty members in other disciplines can also provide support and assistance. Successful collaboration between colleges and universities and public schools requires understanding the expectations and needs of faculty members and administrators in each setting. This article presents important barriers and opportunities related to successful school health partnerships between public schools and higher education. Fourteen Prevention Research Centers participated in a project funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The purpose was to study innovative partnerships to identify practical methods for higher education to work with public schools to improve the health of young people. This article includes selected results of the project and related recommendations for partnership activities. Specific examples illustrate the importance of gaining the trust and support of gatekeepers. The intent of the authors is to provide guidance to others interested in establishing collaborative partnerships.
Utilizing a Youth Development Framework to Establish and Maintain a Youth Advisory Committee
Authors: Hohenemser Lisa K. , Marshall Beth D.
Published: April 2005

There is a growing trend to involve young people in a range of advisory roles. As a research institution focused on healthy adolescent development, the Johns Hopkins Center for Adolescent Health recognizes its need for youth input on applied research activities as well as its ability to contribute to the positive development of the young people who serve in this capacity. Due to the lack of a tested theoretical model for establishing and maintaining a youth advisory committee, the Center’s Youth Advisory Committee is examined through the lens of a youth development framework that includes opportunities and supports for adult-youth relationships, youth participation, youth as resources, and program flexibility. Challenges and facilitating factors in the development and maintenance of a youth advisory committee are also discussed.
The “In-Between People”: Participation of Community Health Representatives in Diabetes Prevention and Care in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities
Authors: Satterfield Dawn , Burd Chris , Valdez Lorraine , Hosey Gwen , Shield John Eagle
Published: April 2005

Respected members of American Indian and Alaska Native communities are a critical resource in helping communities mobilize efforts in diabetes prevention and care. Possessing cultural and historical knowledge and training in health promotion and social support, community health representatives (CHRs) are uniquely equipped to broker the needed relationship between a world shaped by culture and history and the world of conventional scientific knowledge. Grounded in principles of social support and interpersonal communication, as well as an understanding of their community’s strengths and history in health protection, CHRs are bridges distinctively positioned to connect these two worlds. With additional training and mentoring in diabetes care and prevention, CHRs, in their self-described roles as “in-between people,” can serve both as caring and knowledgeable community members and valuable members of the health care team.
Using Community Involvement Strategies in the Fight against Infant Mortality: Lessons from a Multisite Study of the National Healthy Start Experience
Authors: Minkler Meredith , Thompson Mildred , Bell Judith , Rose Kalima , Redman Dina
Published: April 2005

This article presents the findings of a multisite qualitative study of the community involvement experience of nine Healthy Start sites in their efforts to reduce infant mortality. Empowerment theory was used as a broad theoretical framework, and in-depth interviews, focus groups, observation, and documents review were the primary data collection methods utilized. Six key ways in which community involvement was found to enrich the program are described. These ranged from creating the conditions in which individuals could improve their parenting skills to mobilizing communities to help change programs, practices, and policies. Lessons learned for this program and for other initiatives aimed at eliminating health disparities are discussed.
Lessons Learned from Syphilis Elimination in Guilford County
Authors: Moseley Caroline , Valentine Jo , Foust Evelyn
Published: April 2005

Guilford County, North Carolina has had a syphilis epidemic since 1994. Cofactors include crack cocaine use and the exchange of sex for drugs or money. The Guilford County Department of Public Health, and community-based organizations The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the North Carolina HIV/STD Prevention and Care Branch formed a partnership in 1997 dedicated to creating long-term solutions to the syphilis epidemic in Guilford County. A Rapid Ethnographic Community Assessment Process was conducted to explore the behavioral reasons behind the epidemic. Recommendations were made and are being implemented. Short interventions in targeted populations do not provide lasting solutions to community STD problems. Guilford County’s epidemic is a complex network of behavioral, environmental, and social factors. However, long-term partnerships between federal, state, and local health departments, in conjunction with community-based organizations, provide an infrastructure in which to implement lasting interventions that lead to community change.
Immunization Rates and Beliefs among Elderly Patients of Inner City Neighborhood Health Centers
Authors: Zimmerman Richard Kent , Mieczkowski Tammy A. , Wilson Stephen A.
Published: April 2005

Although influenza and pneumonia are the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, immunization rates are modest and racial disparity occurs. To address this issue, the authors surveyed 220 of 261 contacted persons aged ≥ 66 years old who were randomly selected from inner city neighborhood health centers in Pittsburgh. The authors conducted computer assisted telephone interviewing using a standard questionnaire based on the theory of reasoned action. Influenza vaccination rates were 60% for Blacks and 79% for Whites, and varied from 59% to 81% by health center. Vaccination rates against pneumococcus were 59% for Blacks and 70% for Whites. No significant racial differences were found in report of experiencing influenza or in beliefs about the diseases and vaccines. Blacks were less likely than Whites to perceive that their doctor thought they should be vaccinated against influenza (83% vs. 93%, p = .02). Blacks were somewhat more likely than Whites to report that pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination was more trouble than it was worth (21% vs. 10%, p = .02). Because factors related to social influences and facilitating conditions are associated with vaccination status and because immunization rates vary by medical center, the authors recommend enhancing immunization efforts within the health centers.
A Community-Based Approach to Eliminating Racial and Health Disparities among Incarcerated Populations: The HIV Example for Inmates Returning to the Community
Authors: Stephens Torrance T. , Braithwaite Ronald , Robillard Alyssa , Finnie Ramona , Colbert Sha Juan
Published: April 2005

To underscore the public health risk involved, as well as the extent to which HIV infection rates disproportionately affect racial/ethnic populations in prison settings, the authors briefly review a current approach that is being implemented in four selected sites located in the southeastern region of the United States. Moreover, the authors present these observations in terms of HIV infection and how health professionals may be able to curb the spread of this and other infectious pathogens among primarily incarcerated African American and Latino male inmates. Based on a peer education model, the authors outline several practice implications for dealing with this population, which include (a) making provisions for case management, (b) building capacity and increasing the participatory role of community agencies, (c) focusing on the significance of ethnicity and cultural competency in prison culture, (d) implementing youth-specific models, and (e) applying a holistic approach.
Assessment and Enhancement of Social and Community Resources Utilization for Disease Self-Management
Authors: Strycker Lisa A. , Glasgow Russell E.
Published: April 2005

This article describes an integrated intervention to encourage the use of community resources for dietary behavior change in older adults. Conducted as part of a randomized trial of Type 2 diabetes patients, the intervention components were designed to be broadly useful across chronic diseases and settings. A community resources guidebook, a survey and feedback procedure to assess and suggest resources for supporting chronic disease management at multiple levels (e.g., family, work, community), a newsletter, and postcards to document resource use were evaluated. All components were developed from a conceptual model of a pyramid of social and environmental support influences based on social-ecological theory. For each intervention component, the authors describe the rationale for development; present process and utilization, reach, and satisfaction data (when available); and discuss lessons learned. The authors conclude that such an intervention is promising, but the specific menu of intervention activities should be tailored to the participant, community, and resources available.
The natural product honokiol induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells
Authors: Battle Traci E. , Arbiser Jack , Frank David A.
Published: April 2005

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) remains an incurable disease that requires innovative new approaches to improve therapeutic outcome. Honokiol is a natural product known to possess potent antineoplastic and antiangiogenic properties. We examined whether honokiol can overcome apoptotic resistance in primary tumor cells derived from B-CLL patients. Honokiol induced caspase-dependent cell death in all of the B-CLL cells examined and was more toxic toward B-CLL cells than to normal mononuclear cells, suggesting greater susceptibility of the malignant cells. Honokiol-induced apoptosis was characterized by the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 and cleavage of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Exposure of B-CLL cells to honokiol resulted in up-regulation of Bcl2-associated protein (Bax) and down-regulation of the expression of the key survival protein myeloid-cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1), which is associated with response to treatment in B-CLL patients. In addition, B-CLL cells pretreated with interleukin-4 (IL-4), a cytokine known to support B-CLL survival, underwent apoptosis when subsequently incubated with honokiol, indicating that honokiol could also overcome the prosurvival effects of IL-4. Furthermore, honokiol enhanced cytotoxicity induced by fludarabine, cladribine, or chlorambucil. These data indicate that honokiol is a potent inducer of apoptosis in B-CLL cells and should be examined for further clinical application either as a single agent or in combination with other anticancer agents. (Blood. 2005;106:690-697)
The FA/BRCA pathway is involved in melphalan-induced DNA interstrand cross-link repair and accounts for melphalan resistance in multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Chen Qing , Van der Sluis Pieter C. , Boulware David , Hazlehurst Lori A. , Dalton William S.
Published: April 2005

Melphalan, a DNA cross-linker, is one of the most widely used and effective drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). In this report, we demonstrate that enhanced interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair via the Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA pathway contributes to acquired drug resistance in melphalan-resistant myeloma cell lines, and disruption of this pathway reverses drug resistance. Using the alkaline comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis), we observed that melphalan-resistant cells have reduced ICL formation and enhanced ICL repair compared with melphalan-sensitive cells. Cell-cycle studies demonstrated that enhanced ICL repair released cells from melphalan-induced cell-cycle delay. Using siRNA to knock down FANCF in 8226/LR5 and U266/LR6 drug-resistant cells demonstrated a direct relationship between ICL repair capacity and drug sensitivity. Overexpression of FANCF in 8226/S and U266/S drug-sensitive cells partially reproduced the drug-resistant phenotype. These data show that enhanced DNA repair via the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway is involved in acquired melphalan resistance. Our findings provide for a new target to enhance response to DNA cross-linking agents in cancer treatment. (Blood. 2005;106:698-705)
Identification of novel vascular endothelial–specific genes by the microarray analysis of the zebrafish cloche mutants
Authors: Sumanas Saulius , Jorniak Tatyana , Lin Shuo
Published: April 2005

The zebrafish cloche (clo) mutation affects the earliest known step in differentiation of blood and endothelial cells in vertebrates. We established clo/gata1-GFP transgenic line with erythroid-specific green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, which allowed differentiation of clo and wild-type siblings at the midsomitogenesis stages before morphologically visible phenotypes appeared. To discover novel genes potentially involved in hematopoietic and vascular development, we performed microarray analysis of more than 15 000 zebrafish genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in clo mutant embryos. We isolated the full-length sequences and determined the expression patterns for 8 novel cDNAs that were significantly down-regulated in clo–/– embryos. Dual specificity phosphatase 5 (dusp5), cadherin 5 (cdh5; VE-cadherin), aquaporin 8 (aqp8), adrenomedullin receptor (admr), complement receptor C1qR-like (crl), scavenger receptor class F, member 1 (scarf1), and ETS1-like protein (etsrp) were specifically expressed in the vascular endothelial cells, while retinol binding protein 4 (rbp4) was expressed in the yolk syncytial layer and the hypochord. Further functional studies of these novel genes should help to elucidate critical early steps leading to the formation of vertebrate blood vessels.
Buying best value health care: Evolution of purchasing among Australian private health insurers
Authors: Willcox Sharon
Published: April 2005

Since 1995 Australian health insurers have been able to purchase health services pro-actively through negotiating contracts with hospitals, but little is known about their experience of purchasing. This paper examines the current status of purchasing through interviews with senior managers representing all Australian private health insurers. Many of the traditional tools used to generate competition and enhance efficiency (such as selective contracting and co-payments) have had limited use due to public and political opposition. Adoption of bundled case payment models using diagnosis related groups (DRGs) has been slow. Insurers cite multiple reasons including poor understanding of private hospital costs, unfamiliarity with DRGs, resistance from the medical profession and concerns about premature discharge. Innovation in payment models has been limited, although some insurers are considering introduction of volume-outcome purchasing and pay for performance incentives. Private health insurers also face a complex web of regulation, some of which appears to impede moves towards more efficient purchasing.
The determinants of change in tibial plateau bone area in osteoarthritic knees: a cohort study
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Wluka Anita E , Cicuttini Flavia M
Published: April 2005

Bone is integral to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Whether the bone area of the tibial plateau changes over time in subjects with knee OA is unknown. We performed a cohort study to describe this and identify factors that might influence the change. One hundred and twenty-six subjects with knee OA underwent baseline knee radiography and magnetic resonance imaging on their symptomatic knee. They were followed up with a repeatmagnetic resonance image of the same knee approximately 2 years later. The bone area of the tibial plateau was measured at baseline and follow-up. Risk factors assessed at baseline were tested for their association with change in tibial plateau bone area over time. One hundred and seventeen subjects completed the study. The medial and lateral tibial plateau bone areas increased by 2.2 ± 6.9% and 1.5 ± 4.3% per year, respectively. Being male (P = 0.001), having a higher body mass index (P = 0.002), and having a higher baseline grade of medial joint-space narrowing (P = 0.01) were all independently and positively associated with an increased rate of enlargement of bone area of the medial tibial plateau. A larger baseline bone area of the medial tibial plateau was inversely associated with the rate of increase of that area (P < 0.001). No factor examined affected the rate of increase of the bone area of the lateral tibial plateau. In subjects with established knee OA, tibial plateau bone area increases over time. The role of subchondral bone change in the pathogenesis of knee OA will need to be determined but may be one explanation for the mechanism of action of risk factors such as body mass index on knee OA.
A Blueprint for a Sepsis Protocol
Authors: Shapiro Nathan I. , Howell Michael , Talmor Daniel
Published: April 2005

Despite numerous advances in medicine, sepsis remains an unconquered challenge. Although outcomes have improved slightly over decades, the unacceptably high mortality rate of 30%–50% for severe sepsis and septic shock continues. However, after years of unsuccessful clinical trials, several investigations over the last few years have reported survival benefit in the treatment of sepsis. Physicians now have several proven therapies to treat sepsis, but have yet to implement them on a widespread, systematic basis. This led 11 international professional societies spanning multiple specialties and continents to come together to create the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. The product of their work is an international effort organized to improve care of patients with sepsis and includes consensus, evidence‐based guidelines for care that improves survival in septic patients, and an action plan for change. Given the clear role of early identification and treatment in stopping the sepsis cascade, therapy must start early in the emergency department (ED) and continue throughout the hospital course. The first of the recommendations by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign is the aggressive resuscitation strategy of early goal‐directed therapy (EGDT). EGDT is reported to reduce absolute mortality by a staggering 16%. The use of recombinant activated protein C was demonstrated to confer a 6% absolute survival benefit. Steroid supplementation in adrenal insufficiency produced a 10% benefit. Additionally, early and appropriate use of antibiotics remains a cornerstone of therapy. Although no randomized trial will be performed, the effects are undisputed. Finally, although predominantly intensive care unit therapies, tight glucose control and low‐tidal‐volume ventilation strategies have also led to improved survival. Armed with these new therapies, the medical community must rise to this call to action. Clinicians must change the approach to this disease, as well as the way the septic patient is viewed. Although complex and challenging, these therapies must be brought to the patient's bedside. We propose and describe the Multiple Urgent Sepsis Therapies (MUST) protocol as a practical way to implement a comprehensive treatment plan using available evidence‐based therapies.
Bladder Ultrasound Increases Catheterization Success in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Witt Michael , Baumann Brigitte M. , McCans Kathryn
Published: April 2005

Objectives: To determine whether volumetric bladder ultrasound (VBUS) determinations improve the rate of successful pediatric catheterizations and caregiver satisfaction. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at an urban academic emergency department. Patients younger than 36 months requiring diagnostic urine samples were randomized into one of two groups: VBUS or conventional catheterization (CC). Patients were excluded if they were critically ill or had genitourinary abnormalities. VBUS catheterizations were postponed for 30 minutes if the transverse bladder diameter was <2 cm. Data included demographics, number of catheterizations required for success (≥2.5 mL urine) (SucC), and the number of postponed catheterizations. Caregiver satisfaction scores using a ten‐point Likert scale (1 = poor, 10 = excellent) were obtained for time to SucC, physical handling of child (PhysH), and overall satisfaction. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests, t‐tests, and correlation coefficients were used where appropriate. Results: Of 64 patients, 33 underwent VBUS‐guided catheterization. The groups did not differ regarding gender (39% male) and age (mean age: CC, 9.4 months, SD = 7.8; VBUS, 7.7 months, SD = 5.5; p = 0.33). SucC occurred in 94% (VBUS) versus 68% (CC) of patients (p = 0.007). The two groups did not differ on any of the caregiver satisfaction indices (time to SucC: VBUS = 8.9 vs. CC = 8.1; PhysH: VBUS = 9.3 vs. CC = 8.6; overall satisfaction: VBUS = 9.3 vs. CC = 8.5; all p > 0.15). Conclusions: Although there was no significant difference in caregiver satisfaction between the VBUS and CC groups, implementation of VBUS greatly improved the success rates of pediatric emergency department catheterizations. This improvement is achieved with a rapid and easily mastered VBUS technique.
A Multicenter Study of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Usage among ED Patients
Authors: Kim Sunghye , Hohrmann Jessica L. , Clark Sunday , Munoz Karla N. , Braun Josef E. , Doshi Arpi , Radeos Michael S. , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: April 2005

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) usage among emergency department (ED) patients. Methods: This study was a cross‐sectional study in four Boston‐area EDs. For two 24‐hour periods, the authors interviewed consecutive patients age 18 and older about whether they had ever used or had recently (within the past year) used CAM “remedies” (e.g., herbal treatments) or “therapies” (e.g., chiropractic). The authors also asked about the patient's disclosure of CAM usage to allopathic health care providers. Results: Of 978 patients, 752 patients were eligible. Among these, 539 (72%) were interviewed. Of these patients, ever having used CAM was reported by 57% (95% CI = 52% to 61%), and 37% (95% CI = 33% to 41%) reported use in the past year. In a multivariate model of recent CAM usage, independent predictors were younger age, higher education level, and chronic pain. Patients who spoke Spanish as their primary language were less likely to report CAM usage. Disclosure of CAM usage to allopathic providers was low, yet >80% reported that they would be comfortable discussing their CAM usage with allopathic providers. Conclusions: CAM usage was common among ED patients enrolled in our study, despite underreporting to ED staff. Given the growing evidence of benefits and hazards from popular CAM remedies and therapies, ED staff should consider raising this health issue with their patients.
Fetal Programming: Prenatal Testosterone Treatment Causes Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Reduces Ovarian Reserve and Increases Ovarian Follicular Recruitment
Authors: Steckler Teresa , Wang Jinrong , Bartol Frank F. , Roy Shyamal K. , Padmanabhan Vasantha
Published: April 2005

Exposure to testosterone (T) during d 30–90 of fetal life results in low-birth-weight offspring, hypergonadotropism, multifollicular ovaries, and early cessation of cyclicity. The multifollicular phenotype may result from failure of follicles to regress and consequent follicular persistence or, alternatively, increased follicular recruitment. We tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to excess T causes intrauterine growth retardation and increases ovarian follicular recruitment. Time-mated pregnant ewes were treated with 100 mg T propionate in cottonseed oil or vehicle twice weekly from d 30–90 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized near term, from d 139–141 of gestation (term is 147 d). After determining fetal measures and organ weights, ovaries were removed from fetuses of control and T-treated dams, and follicular distribution in each ovary was determined by morphometric quantification. Total number and percentage distribution of the various classes of follicles (primordial, primary, preantral, and antral follicles) were compared between treatment groups. Prenatally T-treated female fetuses were smaller in size, had an increased head circumference to fetal weight ratio (P < 0.01), increased adrenal to fetal weight ratio (P < 0.05), decreased number of follicles (P < 0.05), a decrease in percentage of primordial follicles (P < 0.001), and a corresponding increase in the remaining classes of follicles (P < 0.05). Ovarian findings support decreased ovarian reserve and enhanced follicular recruitment, potential contributors of early reproductive failure. The extent to which metabolic changes associated with intrauterine growth retardation contribute toward altered trajectory of ovarian folliculogenesis remains to be determined.
Palmitate-Induced Interleukin 6 Production Is Mediated by Protein Kinase C and Nuclear-Factor κB Activation and Leads to Glucose Transporter 4 Down-Regulation in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Jové Mireia , Planavila Anna , Laguna Juan Carlos , Vázquez-Carrera Manuel
Published: April 2005

The mechanisms by which elevated levels of free fatty acids cause insulin resistance are not well understood. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests a link between inflammation and type 2 diabetes. Here, we report that exposure of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells to 0.5 mm palmitate results in increased mRNA levels (3.5-fold induction; P < 0.05) and secretion (control 375 ± 57 vs. palmitate 1129 ± 177 pg/ml; P < 0.001) of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Palmitate increased nuclear factor-κB activation and coincubation of the cells with palmitate and the nuclear factor-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevented both IL-6 expression and secretion. Furthermore, incubation of palmitate-treated cells with calphostin C, a strong and specific inhibitor of protein kinase C, and phorbol myristate acetate, that down-regulates protein kinase C in long-term incubations, abolished induction of IL-6 production. Finally, exposure of skeletal muscle cells to palmitate caused a fall in the mRNA levels of glucose transporter 4 and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas in the presence of anti-IL-6 antibody, which neutralizes the biological activity of mouse IL-6 in cell culture, these reductions were prevented. These findings suggest that IL-6 may mediate several of the prodiabetic effects of palmitate.
Evidence for Ototopical Glucocorticoid-Induced Decrease in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response and Liver Function
Authors: Abraham Getu , Gottschalk Jutta , Ungemach Fritz Rupert
Published: April 2005

To clarify whether ototopical glucocorticoid treatment is associated with impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity and altered hepatic metabolism, one commercially available dexamethasone-containing ointment was tested. At present, very little is known about the effects of ototopical glucocorticoid treatment on HPA and liver function. Ten beagle dogs received two daily therapeutic doses of dexamethasone (0.6 mg/ear) in the outer auditory canal for 21 d in a single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Resting cortisol concentrations were assessed before, during, and after treatment using an RIA system. Adrenal function and HPA feedback sensitivity were measured by a standard dose (250 μg) ACTH stimulation test. Serum biochemical and hematological parameters were measured, whether ototopical glucocorticoids affect hepatic function was studied, and blood cell counts were made. Ototopical dexamethasone treatment induced a marked suppression (to about 100%) of resting plasma cortisol concentrations below the placebo effect (P < 0.0001) within the first 11 d, and these remained reduced during the entire treatment period up to d 19. As well, an ACTH stimulation test found a markedly reduced rise in plasma cortisol concentrations (P = 0.0004). Concomitantly, significant increases in serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were detected. Moreover, we found a significant reduction in differential leukocyte counts of eosinophils and lymphocytes, whereas neutrophils increased. Although cortisol levels and hematological parameters returned to baseline 7 d after treatment cessation, liver enzyme activities remained elevated. In conclusion, these findings suggest that after ototopical application, dexamethasone is sufficiently absorbed from the auditory canal to suppress HPA function as well as to alter metabolic and hemopoietic profiles. Thus, in long-term treatment of otitis externa or media, the systemic adverse suppression of HPA has to be considered in relation to stress exposure, whereas changes in serum enzyme activities may not be interpreted as hepathopathy.
An Environmentally Friendly Water-Developable Positive Photoresist Using LB Films Fabricated from Methacrylamide Copolymers
Authors: Guo Yinzhong , Feng Fei , Miyashita Tokuji
Published: April 2005

A water-developable photoresist system based on deep UV irradiation was prepared from the copolymer LB films of N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)methacrylamide (DMA) and N-phenylmethacrylamide (PhMA). The copolymers with different compositions form stable monolayers on the water surface. These monolayers can be transferred successively onto solid supports by both downward and upward strokes, yielding Y-type uniform polymer LB films. On deep UV irradiation, the LB films decompose effectively and become water-soluble. After development with pure water, the fine positive resist patterns based on the unexposed parts can be drawn. A water-developable positive resist with polymer LB film was prepared for the first time.
Theoretical Study on Molecular First-Order Hyperpolarizability for Push–Pull Quinones: The Effects of Donor–Acceptor Pairs and Solvents
Authors: Sheng Yinghong , Jiang Yuansheng
Published: April 2005

The first-order hyperpolarizabilities (βvec) of a set of quinonoid derivatives with different donor and acceptor groups in gas-phase and in solution were calculated by the INDO/s method. The variations of βvec with respect to the donor–acceptor strength gave an insight into the effects of donor–acceptor pairs and solvation. The mechanism of the solvent and the dependence of the strength of donor–acceptor pairs on βvec values are interpreted by a two-level model. The results may provide guides on selecting donor and acceptor groups for synthesizing molecules with desired nonlinear optical (NLO) properties.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of Methoxy and Methylthio Compounds
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshihiro , Ohashi Yuji
Published: April 2005

The six crystal structures of XCH2OCH3 (X = CN, Cl, OCH3) and XCH2SCH3 (X = CN, CH3, SCH3), which are liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, have been determined by X-rays. The crystals belong to the monoclinic system and the space groups are P21/c or P21/n. The molecules in all the crystals have the gauche conformations, which is consistent with the most populated conformation in the liquid and gaseous state estimated by IR spectra and the most stable conformations obtained by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Such a gauche conformation is probably caused by the anomeric effect in the X–C–O–C or X–C–S–C chains. In all the crystals two molecules are coupled by two antiparallel C–H···O or C–H···S hydrogen bonds to form a four-membered ring. Such a dimer-like pair may be strengthened by the intermolecular interaction between the C–O or C–S bond moments in the four-membered ring.
Photophysical Properties of 2,2′- and 4,4′-Biphenyldiols
Authors: Mohanty Jyotirmayee , Pal Haridas , Sapre Avinash V
Published: April 2005

The photophysical properties of 2,2′- and 4,4′-biphenyldiols were investigated in aqueous and various organic solvents using optical absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The investigated properties were correlated with the prototropic equilibria between the neutral, monoanionic and dianionic forms of the biphenyldiols. The monoanionic form of 2,2′-biphenyldiol is found to be exceptionally stable and shows interesting solvatochromism in polar protic and aprotic solvents. In solvents having appreciable proton-accepting power, 2,2′-biphenyldiol undergoes deprotonation, causing the coexistence of both the neutral and monoanionic forms in solutions. In presence of a strong proton acceptor, e.g. triethylamine, 2,2′-biphenyldiol undergoes complete deprotonation in a polar solvent like acetonitrile. In a nonpolar solvent, like cyclohexane, however, 2,2′-biphenyldiol forms ground-state intermolecularly hydrogen bonded complex with triethylamine. The photophysical properties of 2,2′-biphenyldiol have been found to be drastically different from those of 4,4′-biphenyldiol. The differences are explained on the basis of the presence and absence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the two compounds.
Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Study on the Dissociative Electron Attachment Process of Chlorofluorocarbons and Bromofluorocarbons
Authors: Nakagawa Seiko , Shimokawa Toshinari
Published: April 2005

The formation of a negative ion from chlorofluorocarbons(CCl4, Cl2FC–CClF2, Cl3C–CF3, Cl2FC–CCl2F, Cl3C–CClF2, C2Cl5F, C2Cl6, C2HCl3, C2Cl4) or bromofluorocarbons(Br2FC–CF3, BrF2C–CBrF2, Br2FC–CBrF2, CBr3F) was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The halide ion was mainly observed for all molecules. Among cholorofluoroethanes or bromofluoroethanes, a molecule with more chlorine or bromine atoms shows a higher intensity of Cl− or Br−. For C2Cl5F, C2Cl6, BrF2C–CBrF2, Br2FC–CBrF2, and CBr3F, the negative ions of the halogen molecule were also observed. Except for CBr3F, the ion would be produced by dissociative electron attachment.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Methyl 2-Pyridylmethylidenehydrazinecarbodithioate and of Its Copper(II) Complex: Supramolecular Arrays Exhibiting pseudo-Helical Arrangement Controlled by Hydrogen Bonding or S···S Contact
Authors: Su Cheng-Yong , Yang Xiao-Ping , Kang Bei-Sheng , Yu Kai-Bei , Tong Ye-Xiang , Mak Thomas Cong-Wai
Published: April 2005

A copper(II) complex of the Schiff base methyl 2-pyridylmethylidenehydrazinecarbodithioate (HNNS), derived from 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde and methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-vis spectra and cyclic voltammetric measurements, X-Ray diffraction studies showed that the ligand HNNS (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21, with a = 17.611(2), b = 9.285(1), c = 6.208(1) Å; V = 1015.1(2) Å3, Z = 4, final R = 0.03 for 1169 independent reflections. Complex [Cu(NNS)2] (2) crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 11.898(2), b = 9.798(2), c = 18.091(4)Å; β = 103.18(3)°, V = 2053.4(7) Å3, Z = 4, final R = 0.0505 for 3460 observed reflections. Intermolecular interactions play important roles in the overall packing of the molecules in the crystal lattice. In 1, an extended one-dimensional helical chain is formed via hydrogen bondings (N···N 2.971 Å), while S···S contacts (3.485 Å) assemble the helical chains in 2. The assembly process of 2 is enantioselective, since the complex assumes either the Δ or Λ enantiomorph due to the mer-configuration of the unsymmetrical tridentate Schiff base, and the Δ isomer aggregates only with the Δ isomer and the Λ only with Λ to give helical structures described as Δ Δ Δ Δ··· and Λ Λ Λ Λ···, respectively.
Inflection Points in the Coordination Number around Ce3+ and CeF2+ in a Mixed System of Methanol and Water
Authors: Arisaka Makoto , Takuwa Naoko , Suganuma Hideo
Published: April 2005

The stability constants (β1(F)) of the monofluoro complex of Ce(III) and those (β1(Cl)) of the monochloride solvent-shared ion-pair of Ce(III) have been determined in mixed solvents of methanol and water at 0.10 and 1.00 mol dm−3 ionic strengths, respectively. The variation in the Ce3+–Cl− distance, which was calculated using the Born-type equation and the Gibbs’ free energy derived from β1(Cl), indicated a change in the coordination number (CN) of Ce3+ from CN = 9 to a mixture of CN = 9 and 8 in the vicinity of the mole fraction of methanol (Xs) = 0.23. The variation in ln β1(F) with an increase in Xs in the mixed-solvent system showed an acute-angled convex inflection point at Xs = about 0.22 and an acute-angled concave inflection point in the vicinity of Xs = 0.28. It was concluded that the convex inflection point denoted the same change in the CN of Ce3+ from CN = 9 to a mixture of CN = 9 and 8, and that the concave point was a change in the CN of Ce(III) in CeF2+ from CN = 9 to a mixture of CN = 9 and 8.
X-Ray Diffraction and Mössbauer Spectroscopic Studies of FePS3–Alkylamines Intercalation Compounds
Authors: Sakai Hiroshi , Ukita Ryoko , Machida Nobuya , Shigematsu Toshihiko
Published: April 2005

We succeeded in preparing FePS3 intercalated with n-alkylamines, such as propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, and hexylamine. The XRD patterns of the intercalation compounds indicate that the molecular axes of propylamine and butylamine are orientated parallel to the van der Waals layers, whereas those of pentylamine and hexylamine are perpendicular to the layers. The Mössbauer spectra of the intercalates, distinct from that of pure FePS3, suggest a charge transfer from alkylamines to the Fe–S antibonding orbitals of the FePS3 host lattice
A Practical Method for Alcohol Oxidation with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide under Organic Solvent- and Halide-Free Conditions
Authors: Sato Kazuhiko , Aoki Masao , Takagi Junko , Zimmermann Klaus , Noyori Ryoji
Published: April 2005

A catalytic system consisting of sodium tungstate and methyltrioctylammonium hydrogensulfate effects oxidation of simple secondary alcohols to ketones using 3—30% H2O2 without any organic solvents. The oxidation can be conducted under entirely halide-free, mildly acidic conditions. A combination of tungstic acid and an appropriate quaternary ammonium salt also effects the alcohol dehydrogenation. The organic/aqueous biphasic reaction allows easy product/catalyst separation. The turnover number, defined as mols of product per mol of catalyst, approaches 77700 (2-octanol) or 179000 (1-phenylethanol), two orders of magnitude higher than any previously reported. Ester, alkyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl ether, epoxy, carbonyl, N-alkyl carboxamide, and nitrile groups are tolerated under the reaction conditions. Secondary alcohols are preferentially oxidized over terminal olefins. Primary alkanols are oxidized directly to carboxylic acids in a moderate to high yield. Benzylic alcohols are selectively oxidized to benzaldehydes or benzoic acids under suitable conditions. This method is high-yielding, clean, safe, operationally simple, and cost-effective, and therefore suitable for practical organic synthesis. The mechanistic origin of the catalytic efficiency is discussed.
Structures and Stereodynamics of N-9-Triptycylacetamide and Its N-Alkyl Derivatives
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Nakajo Fusako , Tsubai Natsuko , Murakami Hiroaki , Mazaki Yasuhiro
Published: April 2005

X-Ray crystallographic and dynamic NMR spectroscopic studies were performed on N-9-triptycylacetamide (1), N-methyl-N-9-triptycylacetamide (2), N-ethyl-N-9-triptycylacetamide (3), and N-benzyl-N-9-triptycylacetamide (4). In the crystalline state, compounds 1, 2, and 4 exist solely as the Z-isomer for the amide bond, while equal amounts of the Z- and E-isomers exist in a single crystal of compound 3. The amide nitrogen atom in 2, 3, or 4 is significantly pyramidalized. In solution, 1 exists solely as the Z-isomer, while 2, 3, and 4 exist as an equilibrium mixture of the Z- and E-isomers. The isomer ratio is not correlated with the bulkiness of the N-alkyl group; the N-ethyl compound 3 seems to behave anomalously. The isomer ratio is significantly dependent on the solvent; the population of the Z-isomer in 2 or 3 or 4 increases with the solvent polarity. The Z    E interconversion takes place on the NMR time scale around ambient temperature, and the barrier is dependent on the solvent; hydroxylic solvents, methanol and ethanol, increase the barrier. The methylene protons in the ethyl or benzyl group in any isomer of 3 or 4 become diastereotopic at low temperatures suggesting that the nitrogen atom in either compound is pyramidal in solution. Stereomutation around the Tp–N bond is discussed in some detail.
Synthetic Use of Poly[4-(diacetoxyiodo)styrene] for Organic Reactions
Authors: Togo Hideo , Abe Seiichiro , Nogami Genki , Yokoyama Masataka
Published: April 2005

Poly[4-(diacetoxyiodo)styrene] is sufficiently reactive for the iodination of aromatics, the oxidative 1,2-aryl migration of alkyl aryl ketones, the α-hydroxylation of ketones, and the oxidation of hydroquinones and sulfides similarly to (diacetoxyiodo)benzene. Here, those reactions with poly[4-(diacetoxyiodo)styrene] are very useful because of the simple operation; thus, filtration gives the crude products and recovered poly(4-iodostyrene), and then poly[4-(diacetoxyiodo)styrene] can be regenerated by oxidation of the recovered poly(4-iodostyrene), which are reused for the same reactions.
Visualization of the Nuclear Lamina in Mouse Anterior Pituitary Cells and Immunocytochemical Detection of Lamin A/C by Quick-freeze Freeze-substitution Electron Microscopy
Authors: Senda Takao , Iizuka-Kogo Akiko , Shimomura Atsushi
Published: April 2005

We examined the nuclear lamina in the quickly frozen anterior pituitary cells by electron microscopic techniques combined with freeze substitution, deep etching, and immunocytochemistry and compared it with that in the chemically fixed cells. By quick-freeze freeze-substitution electron microscopy, an electron-lucent layer, as thick as 20 nm, was revealed just inside the inner nuclear membrane, whereas in the conventionally glutaraldehyde-fixed cells the layer was not seen. By quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy, we could not distinguish definitively the layer corresponding to the nuclear lamina in either fresh unfixed or glutaraldehyde-fixed cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that lamin A/C in the nucleus was detected in the acetone-fixed cells and briefly in paraformaldehyde-fixed cells but not in the cells with prolonged paraformaldehyde fixation. Nuclear localization of lamin A/C was revealed by immunogold electron microscopy also in the quickly frozen and freeze-substituted cells, but not in the paraformaldehyde-fixed cells. Lamin A/C was localized mainly in the peripheral nucleoplasm within 60 nm from the inner nuclear membrane, which corresponded to the nuclear lamina. These results suggest that the nuclear lamina can be preserved both ultrastructurally and immunocytochemically by quick-freezing fixation, rather than by conventional chemical fixation.
Mitochondrial Expression of Arginase II in Male and Female Rat Inner Medullary Collecting Ducts
Authors: Levillain Olivier , Balvay Sandra , Peyrol Simone
Published: April 2005

Microdissected rat proximal straight tubules (PST) and inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCD) highly produce urea from L-arginine, supporting the expression of the mitochondrial arginase II. However, IMCD contain a very low density of mitochondria compared with PST. Recently, arginase II has been localized by immunohistochemistry in rat PST but not IMCD. This study was designed to verify whether rat IMCD express arginase II and to identify its subcellular localization. We developed an antibody raised against arginase II that allowed the detection of a band of 38 kDa corresponding to arginase II on immunoblots. In male and female rat kidneys, Western blot analyses revealed that arginase II was highly expressed in the inner medulla (IM), the outer stripe of the outer medulla (osOM), and the deep cortex. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that arginase II was homogeneously expressed in IMCD. Proteins of the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions extracted from osOM and IM and analyzed by Western blot showed that 86% of arginase II was associated with mitochondria. The molecular weight of arginase II was similar in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of arginase II in the mitochondria of IMCD. In conclusion, arginase II is expressed in mitochondria of male and female rat IMCD.