bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Social Cultural Factors on Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Tana River County
Authors: Moroni Joseph D. , Mtilu Betty M.
Published: February 2024

The main purpose of the study was scrutinize the socio- cultural aspects on academic performance in public secondary schools in Tana River County. The study employed the Socio-cultural theory as well as System Theory. The study employed descriptive study design. The study was carried out in public secondary schools in Tana River County with a target population of 253 respondents. A census of sample size of 155 participants. The researcher applied primary data. Questionnaires were applied to gather information from principals whereas interview schedule was applied to gather gen from parents. Expert opinion was used to ensure data validity and reliability. The data was analysed descriptively by means and the standard deviation, while multiple regression analysis was used to establish the influence between the variables. The researcher applied SPSS version 25 to examine facts. Regression, ANOVA, correlation as well as model summary was created in addition, facts were presented in tables. The correlation between the independent variables (home chores activities, community activities, parents’ level of edification besides learners’ engrossment in early marriages) besides the dependent variable (academic performance) outcomes showed that all are positive as well as momentous. Particularly, home chores activities is positively as well as significantly correlated (r=.033, p<.05). Likewise, learner’s involvement in community activities (r=.203, p<.05), parents’ level of education (r=.075, p<.05), and learners involvement in early marriages (r=.230, p<.05) are positively as well as ominously interrelated with academic performance in public secondary schools in Tana River. The constant of fortitude infers that the set of independent variables in this research is in lieu of 51.8% of disparities in the academic recital in public secondary schools. The ANOVA outcomes demonstrate that the F_ ratio is 32.048 with a conforming p-value of .000. The projected model linking the social cultural factors to academic performance in public secondary schools is a decent model. Parents’ participation in edification takes various methods comprising the provision of safe as well as steady environment, scholarly imitations, parent to youngster conversation, good replicas of constructive communal as well as scholastic standards and high ambitions connecting to personal contentment, contact with school to pass gen, contribution in school proceedings as well as school work and governance.
Empirical Study of Agile Software Development Methodologies: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Tetteh Samuel Gbli
Published: February 2024

The comparative analysis of software development models, also called the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), is an everyday discourse among software engineers, reflecting the dynamic nature of the field. Within this realm, various software development methodologies, such as prototyping, spiral development, and Rapid Action Development, have been established and recognised for their unique approaches to software creation. In recent years, Agile methodologies have emerged as prominent contenders in software development, offering flexibility, adaptability, and efficiency in delivering high-quality software within designated timeframes. Among the array of Agile methodologies, including Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM), Scrum, Feature-Driven Development (FDD), Extreme Programming (XP), Kanban, Adaptive Software Development (ASD), Mendix, Lean, and Crystal, several have garnered significant attention in the software development community. Specifically, ASD, DSDM, XP, FDD, Kanban, and Scrum have emerged as prominent choices among Agile methods utilised by software developers. This study conducts a comprehensive examination and comparison of these six Agile software models, aiming to elucidate their functionalities, strengths, and weaknesses. The findings of this comparative analysis seek to provide valuable insights for software industries, enabling informed decision-making when selecting software development models for upcoming projects. By understanding each Agile methodology's nuanced differences and capabilities, software developers and industry stakeholders can align their project requirements with the most suitable software development approach, ultimately optimising project outcomes and software quality.
Management of Fusarium Wilt of Tomato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) and Related Soil-borne Diseases using Eco-friendly Methods: A Review
Authors: Haruna S. G.  , Yahuza L.  , Tijjani I.
Published: February 2024

Tomato is rich in vitamins, minerals and contains anti-oxidant compounds, like vitamin C and lycopene that has significant role in human health as it has anti-cancer properties. Tomato production is significantly affected by several factors amongst which Fusarium Wilt is one of the major and widespread fungal soil borne diseases in Nigeria. Difficulty in controlling this disease is attributable to long survivability of the pathogen and its existence in diverse pathogenic races. Conventional strategies, such as the use of resistant cultivars and synthetic fungicides, are not completely effective in managing tomato wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and because of unintended effects of chemicals on the environments its application is highly cautioned. This paper has examined many non-pesticide approaches such as application of bio-control agents, use of suppressive soils, composts/vermicomposts and their extracts, animal manure and urine, soil solarization, botanical extracts, good agricultural practices and integrated disease management strategy to control Fusarium wilt and other related soil borne diseases. It is worth noting that no single method can effectively control such diseases. In order to achieve a sustainable and eco-friendly disease management strategy the use of integrated approach is highly recommended. This review will provide farmers with diverse methods to be integrated as management package for Fusarium wilt and related diseases.
Availability of Cationic Micronutrients in Soils of Bankura District of West Bengal, India
Authors: Nandi Nimai , Ghosh G. K. , Kundu M. C.
Published: February 2024

The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the state of DTPA-extractable cationic micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu) concerning some properties of soils of Bankura district, West Bengal. Ninety-nine soil samples in all (0-15 cm) were collected from 9 blocks (viz., Bankura II, Onda, Bisnupur, Barjora, Raipur, Sarenga, Bankura I, Gangajalghati, and Chatna) of the Bankura district of West Bengal. Using standard analytical techniques, these soil samples were examined for a variety of soil parameters, including DTPA-extractable Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), oxidizable organic carbon (OC) content, and particle size distribution. The research area's soil is characterized by sandy clay loam to sandy loam in texture, with few samples having loamy sand texture and strongly acidic to neutral in reaction. The EC was found to be very low (<1.0 dSm-1), indicating the safe limit for soils whereas the value of OC was low to medium. The status of DTPA-extractable Zn ranged between 0.45 to 3.47 mg kg-1 which was deficient to sufficient in category. The DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn, and Cu showed variation from 6.52 to 56.27, 4.73 to 26.81, and 0.51 to 5.29 mg kg-1, respectively which were in a higher range. Soil pH showed a substantial positive correlation with available Zn and Mn contents in soil but not with Cu and Fe. Organic carbon correlated significantly and positively with available Fe whereas non-significantly with available Zn and Mn.
Comparative Evaluation Studies of Different Species of Pleurotus for Radial Growth, Biomass and Yield Parameters
Authors: Patel Chestanjali , Shroff Sharad , Soni Chandrakanta , Behar Neha
Published: February 2024

Aim: This study was undertaken with the major objective of determining the best yielding mushroom among the three species of Pleurotus spp. i.e., P. florida, P. djamor and P. sajor caju.

Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments in three replications.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at Plant Pathology laboratory of Dau Kalyan Singh College of Agriculture & Research Station, Bhatapara, Chhattisgarh.

Methodology:  Pure culture was prepared from the spawn and then observations were recorded for radial growth and Biomass by subculturing the isolates in freshly prepared Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Then, after making spawn of all isolates, they were cultivated for determining the yield of particular isolates.

Results: The results indicated that P. sajor caju is significantly superior with Radial growth -78 mm, Biomass - 4.884 gm & Yield- 804 gm followed by P. florida and then P. djamor respectively.

Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study can help the mushroom growers in selecting superior isolate for cultivation, leading to enhanced quality of spawn thereby increasing the yield of this nutritious & medicinal crop
Influence of Urine on Antimicrobial Gradient and Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Co-trimoxazole, Fosfomycin, Norfloxacin and Nitrofurantoin against Urinary Escherichia coli
Authors: Kuriakose Anju , Krishna Arathy , Gopika Raj R G  , Sruthi P  , Das Divya , Gopal Anila , Innu S  , Mathews Roopa , Harish Kumar K S
Published: February 2024

Aim: The aim of present study is to examine the influence of urine on zone of inhibition and Minimum inhibitory concentration by antimicrobial gradient strips of Co-trimoxazole, Fosfomycin, Norfloxacin and Nitrofurantoin against urinary E. coli.

Study Design: Cross- sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medical Education, Kottayam, Kerala, India. Between January 2023 and November 2023.

Methodology: A total of 75 E. coli isolates collected from various diagnostic microbiology laboratories were included in the study. Identification of isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. Direct v/s standard zone of inhibition and MIC was determined. The data was statistically analysed using Cohen’s kappa for interrater reliability and Intraclass correlation coefficient for consistency level.

Results: Current study evaluated the effect of urine on zone of inhibition and MIC by disc diffusion and antibiotic gradient testing respectively. The kappa value, a measure of agreement between direct v/s standard zone of inhibition and MIC for Co-trimoxazole, Fosfomycin, Norfloxacin was a perfect 1 (P=.000), indicating complete agreement. While, The kappa value, a measure of agreement between direct and standard MIC determination for Nitrofurantoin, was .67 (P=.000), indicating substantial agreement.

Conclusion: The present study suggest that direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing can be employed for Co-trimoxazole, Fosfomycin, Norfloxacin and Nitrofurantoin which are important drugs in the management of UTI, after further standardization.
Blood Pressure Control and Its Determinants Among Outpatient Hypertensive Subjects in Port Harcourt: A Survey of Two Teaching Hospitals
Authors: Oyan Boma , Abere Sarah , Nwazor Ernest O , Ajala Aisha O , Briggs Florence K , Iroegbu-Emeruem Linda
Published: February 2024

Background: Elevated blood pressure (BP) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality. Despite availability of medication for treatment of hypertension and prevention of complications, the goal of universal optimal BP control has remained elusive. This dual center study aims to assess the level of blood pressure control in hypertensive patients and its determinants.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the Cardiology outpatient clinics of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital and the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. A total of 426 previously diagnosed hypertensive subjects on follow up for at least 6 months were recruited via convenience sampling. Uncontrolled BP was defined as systolic BP of ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic BP of ≥90mmHg. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of poor blood pressure control and p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results: The mean age of the respondents was 57.89±12.17years and 237(55.6%) were women. The mean systolic BP was 139.9±17.5mmHg, whereas the mean diastolic BP was 88.2±14.4mmHg. Controlled BP was recorded in 184(43.2%) persons, while 242(56.8%) had uncontrolled BP. Factors significantly associated with uncontrolled BP were household monthly income (p=0.024), Body Mass Index (p=0.002), poor adherence to medication (p=0.001) and physical inactivity (p=0.047).

Conclusion: Uncontrolled BP was found in more than half of the patients on follow up in tertiary care. There is need to intensify health education and care of hypertensive patients as a strategy to enhance blood pressure control and mitigate cardiovascular complications.
Assessment of Wound Healing Potentials of Dichloromethane Extract of Heterotis rotundifolia Leaves in Female Wistar Rats
Authors: Agwu Jane A. , Ogunka-Nnoka Charity U. , Okoye Ngozi F. , Ogbonnaya Enyinnaya A. , Ezim Ogechukwu E.
Published: February 2024

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of topical application of dichloromethane extract of Heterotis rotundifolia leaves on the iron,estrogen levels, haematology parameters and rate of wound healing closure. Excision wound (2cm) was induced on the dorsal skin of 75 wistar rats (176-308g) divided into five groups: control, 0.1g Vaseline, 0.1g gentamicin (reference drug), 0.1g extract+0.1g Vaseline (HRE1) and 0.2g extract+0.1g Vaseline (HRE2). At the end of days 1, 7, 14 and 21, rats were sacrificed and blood were collected for wound healing parameters. The iron level of HRE1 significantly decreased from days 1-21 with a significant difference (p<0.05) on day 14 compared to control and day 21 compared to gentamicin. Estrogen level showed a significant decrease with higher levels observed on day 7 for control and vaseline groups and on day 14 for gentamicin, HRE1 and HRE2. The haematological profile revealed an increase in PCV, Hb and RBC levels +and significant decrease in the Neutrophil concentration. Rate of wound healing (%) in HRE1 showed a higher value with complete healing compared to control and gentamicin. Heterotis rotundifolia leaves promotes dermal wound healing with blood boosting properties.
Tea Tourism: Navigating the Future of Assam's Agritourism
Authors: Hazarika Bidisha , Dutta Pompi , Gogoi Manuranjan , Gogoi Aditi Smith , Bora Diganta Kr.
Published: February 2024

Assam, a state brimming with diverse tourism opportunities, boasts rich wildlife, cultural heritage, monuments, and abundant natural flora and fauna. Despite its vast potential, Assam has yet to secure a prominent position on the global tourism map. While recent government initiatives aim to rejuvenate the state's tourism, one overlooked sector is Agritourism, a facet of Community-based Tourism that allows visitors to engage directly with the host community. This study specifically delves into the agricultural realm, focusing on Assam's tea sector, a pivotal contributor to the state's economy and employment with over 800 major tea estates. Positioned as a prime candidate for Tea tourism, these estates offer a wealth of attractions, including century-old bungalows, lush green lawns, and expansive tea plantations. The study aims to explore the untapped potential of tea tourism, proposing approaches for development while addressing current challenges and presenting viable solutions. With its roots in community-based tourism and agritourism, tea tourism not only has the capacity to elevate the state's tourism industry but also positively impact the host communities involved.
Imaging brain damage in first‐degree relatives of sporadic and familial multiple sclerosis
Authors: De Stefano Nicola , Cocco Eleonora , Lai Marina , Battaglini Marco , Spissu Andrea , Marchi Piernicola , Floris Gianluca , Mortilla Marzia , Stromillo Maria L. , Paolillo Andrea , Federico Antonio , Marrosu Maria Giovanna
Published: February 2006

Objective

Our objective was to assess brain damage in first‐degree relatives of patients with sporadic and familial multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

Asymptomatic first‐degree relatives of sporadic (sMS, n = 152) and familial MS (fMS, n = 88) and healthy volunteers (NC, n = 56) underwent brain MRI and magnetization transfer (MT) imaging on a mobile MR scan. On MR examinations, we visually assessed white matter (WM) lesions and quantified WM lesion volumes, brain volumes, and MT ratio (MTr) in lesions and normal‐appearing WM (NAWM).

Results

A lesional MR pattern similar to that of MS patients was found in 4% sMS and 10% fMS. In these WM lesions, MTr was lower (p < 0.0001) than in the WM of NC. In contrast, there was no difference in NAWM‐MTr and brain volume values between the three groups.

Interpretation

Focal brain abnormalities indistinguishable from those of MS occur in asymptomatic first‐degree relatives of MS patients. These are twice more frequent in fMS than in sMS but do not lead to the widespread tissue damage commonly found in MS patients. Although there is a genetic susceptibility to develop brain abnormalities suggestive of focal demyelination in first‐degree relatives of MS patients, other factors are probably critical for the development of a diffuse, clinically relevant, pathology. Ann Neurol 2006
A novel role of phospholipase A2 in mediating spinal cord secondary injury
Authors: Liu Nai‐Kui , Zhang Yi Ping , Titsworth William Lee , Jiang Xiaoyan , Han Shu , Lu Pei‐Hua , Shields Christopher B. , Xu Xiao‐Ming
Published: February 2006

Objective

To investigate whether phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays a role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods

Biochemical, Western blot, histological, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, electrophysiological, and behavior assessments were performed to investigate (1) SCI‐induced PLA2 activity, expression, and cellular localization after a contusive SCI; and (2) the effects of exogenous PLA2 on spinal cord neuronal death in vitro and tissue damage, inflammation, and function in vivo.

Results

After SCI, both PLA2 activity and cytosolic PLA2 expression increased significantly, with cytosolic PLA2 expression being localized mainly in neurons and oligodendrocytes. Both PLA2 and melittin, an activator of endogenous PLA2, induced spinal neuronal death in vitro, which was substantially reversed by mepacrine, a PLA2 inhibitor. When PLA2 or melittin was microinjected into the normal spinal cord, the former induced confined demyelination and latter diffuse tissue necrosis. Both injections induced inflammation, oxidation, and tissue damage, resulting in corresponding electrophysiological and behavioral impairments. Importantly, the PLA2‐induced demyelination was significantly reversed by mepacrine.

Interpretation

PLA2, increased significantly after SCI, may play a key role in mediating neuronal death and oligodendrocyte demyelination following SCI. Blocking PLA2 action may represent a novel repair strategy to reduce tissue damage and increase function after SCI. Ann Neurol 2006
Descriptive epidemiology of anophthalmia and microphthalmia, Hawaii, 1986–2001
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. , Merz Ruth D.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Population‐based epidemiologic data on anophthalmia and microphthalmia in the United States are limited and have come mainly from only a few states. The intent of this study was to report on the epidemiology of these eye defects.

METHODS

Cases were derived from a population‐based birth defects registry in Hawaii and comprised all infants and fetuses with anophthalmia and microphthalmia who were delivered during 1986−2001. Anophthalmia and microphthalmia rates per 10,000 births were determined for selected factors, and comparisons were made by calculating the rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

Ninety‐six cases of anophthalmia and microphthalmia were identified, with a rate of 3.21 per 10,000 live births. The eye defects were isolated in 5 cases (5.2%), and 24 cases (25.0%) had confirmed chromosomal abnormalities. The risk of anophthalmia and microphthalmia varied over time and was significantly higher for live‐born infants with low birth weights and gestational ages. The anophthalmia and microphthalmia rates also varied by maternal race/ethnicity, sex, and plurality, although these differences were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Anophthalmia and microphthalmia frequently occurred with other birth defects, and the rate was consistent with that found in the literature. The risk of defects differed significantly with time period, birth weight, and gestational age. The impact of many factors on anophthalmia and microphthalmia in Hawaii was frequently consistent with that reported elsewhere. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction between maternal smoking and malnutrition in infant risk of gastroschisis
Authors: Lam Phung K. , Torfs Claudine P.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Gastroschisis is a severe birth defect characterized by a tear in the infant's abdominal wall. Young mothers have the highest risk of having an infant with gastroschisis. In an animal model, the defect resulted from exposure of pregnant mice to carbon monoxide (CO) in combination with a low protein and low zinc diet.

METHODS

We evaluated this model in a study of 55 infants with gastroschisis and 94 age‐matched controls that included maternal interview with a food frequency questionnaire. Smoking cigarettes (≥1 pack/day) or marijuana (more than once) 3 months prior to pregnancy indicated CO exposure. Low protein or zinc intake and a low body mass index (BMI) indicated maternal malnutrition.

RESULTS

When assessed separately, high CO, low protein, low zinc, and low BMI were each significantly associated with an increased risk of gastroschisis. Although we observed significant CO‐BMI and CO‐zinc interactions after adjusting for income, only a combination of high CO exposure and low BMI yielded a synergistic adverse effect. Compared to the low risk of having an infant with gastroschisis for mothers who did not have low BMI and did not smoke, the risk of having an infant with gastroschisis was 16.3 times (95% CI, 2.49–113.4) higher for mothers who did not have low BMI but smoked, and 19.7 times (95% CI, 4.33–89.6) higher for mothers who did not smoke but had low BMI. However, the risk was 26.5 times (95% CI, 7.85–89.4) higher for mothers who had low BMI and smoked.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that young mothers are at increased risk of having an infant with gastroschisis if they smoke and are also malnourished. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of nucleic acids based on the quenching effect on resonance light scattering of the Y(III)–1,6‐bi(1′‐phenyl‐3′‐methyl‐5′‐pyrazolone‐4′‐)hexane‐dione system
Authors: Wu Xia , Yang Jing He , Sun Shuna , Guo Changying , Ran Dehuan , Zheng Jinhua
Published: February 2006

Nucleic acids can quench resonance light scattering (RLS) intensity of the Y(III)–1,6‐bi(1′‐phenyl‐3′‐methyl‐5′‐pyrazolone‐4′‐)hexane‐dione(BPMPHD) complex in the pH range 5.0–5.8. Under optimal conditions, there are linear relationships between the quenching of RLS and the concentration of nucleic acids in the range 6.3 × 10−8–2.1 × 10−5 g/mL for fish sperm DNA (fsDNA), 1.2 × 10−8–5.0 × 10−5 g/mL for calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) and 6.0 × 10−8–2.0 × 10−5 g/mL for yeast RNA (yRNA). The detection limits (3 s) of fsDNA, ctDNA and yRNA are 0.7 ng/mL, 3.8 ng/mL and 4.2 ng/mL, respectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli strains with overexpressed water‐forming NADH oxidase and a deleted ArcA regulatory protein
Authors: Vemuri G.N. , Eiteman M.A. , Altman E.
Published: February 2006

Glycolytic flux is increased and acetate production is reduced in Escherichia coli by the expression of heterologous NADH oxidase (NOX) from Streptococcus pneumoniae coupled with the deletion of the arcA gene, which encodes the ArcA regulatory protein. In this study, we examined the overproduction of a model recombinant protein in strains of E. coli expressing NOX with or without an arcA mutation. The presence of NOX or the absence of ArcA reduced acetate by about 50% and increased β‐galactosidase production by 10–20%. The presence of NOX in the arcA strain eliminated acetate production entirely in batch fermentations and resulted in a 120% increase in β‐galactosidase production. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic variation during cloning procedures: Analysis of the growth behavior of clonal cell lines
Authors: Barnes Louise M. , Moy Nicola , Dickson Alan J.
Published: February 2006

The production of recombinant protein from mammalian cells is a key feature of the biotechnology industry. However, the generation of recombinant mammalian cell lines is still largely performed on an empirical basis and there are many potential areas for enhancement. We have shown previously that despite two rounds of limiting dilution cloning (LDC) of recombinant cell lines, there remained a high degree of heterogeneity in the resulting cell lines. We suggested that a rapid phenotypic drift occurred with these cells. It was unclear if this was a consequence of the added burden of production of a recombinant protein, the selection procedures, or merely an inherent feature of cell growth in culture. To address this, we have subjected untransfected (parental) cells to three successive rounds of LDC and monitored the growth properties of the resultant cells. The results show that despite repeated rounds of cloning, it was not possible to obtain phenotypically similar cell lines. We also demonstated that this phenotypic drift is not due to gross changes in the protein p27, a key regulators of the cell cycle. Although cells with a range of growth properties were observed even after three rounds of cloning, the variation in growth patterns between cell lines decreased after cloning. Hence, we suggest that by cloning it may be possible to generate untransfected cells, which have particular growth properties. Starting with a well‐defined population of parental cells may aid in the subsequent generation of tranfectants with desired growth properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the relationship between the activity and structure of PEG‐α‐chymotrypsin conjugates in organic solvents
Authors: Castillo Betzaida , Méndez Jessica , Al‐Azzam Wasfi , Barletta Gabriel , Griebenow Kai
Published: February 2006

Enzymes are attractive catalysts for the production of optically active compounds in organic solvents. However, their often low catalytic activity in such applications hampers their practical use. To overcome this, we investigated the effectiveness of the covalent modification of α‐chymotrypsin with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a Mw of 5,000 to enhance its activity. The model transesterification reaction between sec‐phenethyl alcohol and vinyl butyrate in various neat dry organic solvents and at a controlled water activity of 0.008 in two solvents was employed to measure the effect of PEGylation on activity and enantioselectivity. Synthesis conditions were varied to obtain various conjugates with average molar ratios of PEG‐to‐chymotrypsin ranging from ca. 1 to 7. While the enantioselectivity increased only modestly from ca. 4.4 to 6.1 when averaging results in all solvents, PEG was very efficient in increasing the activity of α‐chymotrypsin up to more than 400‐fold compared to that of the powder lyophilized from buffer alone. The activity increase was more pronounced in apolar than in polar organic solvents and also depended on the amount of PEG bound to the enzyme. For example, the activity of the modified enzyme towards the most reactive “S” enantiomer in octane increased 440‐fold but increasing the molar ratio of PEG‐to‐enzyme from 1.1 to 7.1 resulted in a more than twofold decrease in enzyme activity. Controlling the water activity did not prevent the drop in activity. To investigate the possible origin of the activity changes, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy experiments were conducted. It was found that PEGylation reduced lyophilization‐induced structural perturbations, but exposure to the organic solvents caused structural perturbations. These perturbations were more pronounced in polar than in apolar solvents. The pronounced activity drop in polar solvents at increasing PEG‐modification levels correlated with an increasing level of solvent‐induced structural perturbations. This correlation was less pronounced in apolar solvents where both, activity drop and structural perturbations, were less pronounced at increasing PEGylation levels. In summary, PEG‐modified α‐chymotrypsin might be an interesting system to catalyze reactions, particularly in apolar organic solvents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Therapeutic angiogenesis
Authors: Choksy S A , Chan P
Published: February 2006

Still a long way off
Tissue engineering of blood vessels
Authors: Baguneid M S , Seifalian A M , Salacinski H J , Murray D , Hamilton G , Walker M G
Published: February 2006

Background

Tissue engineering techniques have been employed successfully in the management of wounds, burns and cartilage repair. Current prosthetic alternatives to autologous vascular bypass grafts remain poor in terms of patency and infection risk. Growing biological blood vessels has been proposed as an alternative.

Methods

This review is based on a literature search using Medline, PubMed, ISIS and CAS of original articles and reviews, and unpublished material and abstracts.

Results and conclusions

Complete incorporation into host tissues and the maintenance of a viable and self-renewing endothelial layer are the fundamental goals to be achieved when developing a tissue-engineered blood vessel. Sourcing of cells and modulating their interaction with extracellular matrix and supporting scaffold have been the focus of intense research. Although the use of tissue-engineered blood vessels in humans is so far limited, advances in our knowledge of stem cell precursors and the development of new biomaterials should enable this technology to reach routine clinical practice within a decade.
Perioperative real-time monitoring of indocyanine green clearance by pulse spectrophotometry predicts remnant liver functional reserve in resection of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ohwada S , Kawate S , Hamada K , Yamada T , Sunose Y , Tsutsumi H , Tago K , Okabe T
Published: February 2006

Background

There is no standard method for predicting remnant liver functional reserve after hepatectomy or for monitoring it in real time.

Methods

Indocyanine green (ICG) clearance (K) was measured non-invasively and instantaneously using pulse spectrophotometry before surgery, during inflow occlusion and after hepatectomy in 75 patients who underwent anatomical liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Results

Eight patients (11 per cent) suffered liver failure and one (1 per cent) died in hospital. An estimated remnant K value of 0·090 per min was the cut-off value for liver failure. In a logistic regression model, the estimated remnant K (0·090 per min; P = 0·022) and age (65 years; P = 0·025) were significant predictors of postoperative liver failure. There was a correlation between the estimated and measured post-hepatectomy K, and between the inflow occlusion K and measured post-hepatectomy K (P < 0·001). The cut-off value of less than 0·090 per min for the estimated remnant K resulted in 88 per cent sensitivity and 82 per cent specificity for predicting liver failure.

Conclusion

Perioperative real-time monitoring of ICG-K is useful for evaluating the remnant liver functional reserve before, during and after liver resection for HCC. The estimated remnant K is a significant predictor of liver failure.
Lipoprotein(a), lipids and proinflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery
Authors: Chimienti G , Aquilino F , Rotelli M T , Russo F , Lupo L , Pepe G
Published: February 2006

Background

The aims were to investigate whether surgical stress can induce a positive or negative lipoprotein(a) acute response, to determine any association with apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes, and to establish whether any such response is dependent on changes in lipids and proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, the impact of interleukin (IL) 6 genetic variability on the cytokine response to surgery was examined.

Methods

This prospective, observational study included 41 patients with cancer referred for abdominal surgery. Preoperative (T0) plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor α, and serum concentrations of transforming growth factor β1 and lipids, were compared with values obtained 5 h (T1), 24 h (T2) and 5 days (T3) after surgery. Apolipoprotein(a) Kringle IV (KIV)-VNTR (variable-number tandem repeat) and IL-6 − 174 G/C polymorphisms were analysed.

Results

Lipoprotein(a) was found to act as a negative acute-phase reactant (30·0 per cent reduction at T2) (P = 0·009). Surgery had a more profound impact on subjects with low KIV-VNTR. After surgery, lipoprotein(a) correlated significantly with corrected low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (r = 0·408 at T2). IL-6 inversely correlated with lipoprotein(a) (r = −0·321 at T1) and LDL-cholesterol (r = −0·418 at T1). The IL-6 response could be predicted from a combination of the surgical severity and −174 G/C genotype.

Conclusion

Although temporal associations did not indicate causality, these data provide a hypothesis to explain the inverse relationship between lipoprotein(a) and IL-6.
The interactive nature of hypnosis: research evidence for a social‐psychobiological model
Authors: Bányai Éva I.
Published: February 2006

On the basis of 14 years of empirical research conducted in a mulidimensional interactional framework, the main characteristics of different hypnosis styles are described. It is suggested that typical hypnosis styles resemble the patterns of basic intimate relationships that have mutual regulatory function. This interpretation may help to understand the healing effects of hypnosis, well known for ages, since more and more data indicate that the quality of intimate relationships plays an important role in the development and maintenance of mental and physical health. The research summarized here support the social psychobiological model of hypnosis, conceptualizing hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness that may have a socially and biologically adaptive value. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
When hypnosis looks like magic, remember electricity!
Authors: Alden Phyllis
Published: February 2006

When hypnosis is featured in the media, it is often to report some ‘miraculous’ cure. This paper reviews four apparently miraculous cases from the author's own experience and identifies what they have in common in an attempt to provide a rational explanation for them. Relevant factors identified include expectancy, distraction, motivation, compliance, imagination, relaxation, attribution and cognitive change. Of particular importance are circumstances that prevent the individual from escaping or avoiding the feared situation and the role of suggestion, including the powerful implicit suggestions conveyed by the belief that ‘hypnosis’ is being used. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotizability and body image malleability in restrained and non‐restrained eaters
Authors: Frasquilho Francisco , Oakley David , Ross‐Anderson Davina
Published: February 2006

Hypnotizability may play a moderating role in the internalization of body image ideals and may also mediate suggested distortion of body image self‐representations, especially in restrained eaters. A modified version of the Creative Imagination Scale (CIS) incorporating a body expansion and a body reduction item, was used to examine the relationship between hypnotizability, dietary restraint and body image manipulation in restrained and non‐restrained eaters. Dietary restraint was measured in 40 female undergraduate participants using the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Revised Restraint Scale. The results suggest that hypnotizability, as measured by the CIS, correlates significantly with both measures of dietary restraint. In addition, restrained eaters demonstrated generally elevated susceptibility to body image modification compared with unrestrained eaters, though both restrained and non‐restrained eaters appeared to be more susceptible to imagining body size expansion than reduction. These results are discussed in relation to social influences on eating and dietary disorders. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Emptying the habit: a case of trichotillomania
Authors: Oakley David A.
Published: February 2006

Some habit disorders involve ‘empty’ behaviours, and symptom‐oriented approaches are appropriate. Others appear to be maintained by underlying anxieties and unresolved issues. The case of trichotillomania described here fell into the second of these categories and so a two‐stage approach was adopted. Uncovering and ego‐state therapy techniques were used first to explore and resolve issues related to the hair‐pulling, followed by a more direct behavioural approach to removing the problem behaviour itself. Though this was a habit of some 25 years duration a successful outcome was achieved. The appropriateness of a two‐stage approach to these types of problem and the role of hypnosis as an adjunctive procedure in their treatment are discussed. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The semantics and physiology of hypnosis as an altered state: towards a definition of hypnosis
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: February 2006

In this paper it is argued that much of the failure to come up with a meaningful definition of ‘hypnosis’ has stemmed from disagreements, many of them semantic, about the status of hypnosis as an ‘altered state of consciousness’. However, it suggested that the assumption that there exists a special hypnotic process that is somehow conceptually and empirically distinct from other ‘non‐hypnotic’ processes may stem from a category error in the use of the term ‘hypnotic state’. Moreover, contrary to how they are often presented, results from a number of physiological studies are consistent with modern ‘non‐state’ sociocognitive theorizing. One way round the problem of defining hypnosis, therefore, might be to abandon the idea of a ‘altered state’ as a defining feature of hypnosis, and resurrect the historical links between hypnosis and suggestion. A definition of hypnosis is proposed in these terms, and implications are discussed. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis in the alleviation of procedure related pain and distress in paediatric oncology patients
Authors: Hawkins Peter J. , Liossi Christina , Ewart B.W. , Hatira P. , Kosmidis V.H.
Published: February 2006

The aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate two different therapeutic approaches, namely direct versus indirect suggestions, in reducing pain during lumbar punctures; and (2) to explore the relationship between hypnotizability and outcome. Thirty children with leukaemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma who were undergoing regular lumbar punctures were randomly allocated to two groups. In one group, children were hypnotized and given direct suggestions associated with pain relief whilst undergoing lumbar puncture. In the second group children were given indirect hypnotic suggestions associated with pain relief. After hypnotic intervention, there was a statistically significant reduction over baseline for pain and anxiety during lumbar punctures in both groups. Direct and indirect methods were found to be equally effective. The level of hypnotizability was significantly associated with the magnitude of treatment outcome. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis as an adjuvant treatment in chronic paranoid schizophrenia
Authors: Gafner George , Young Chris
Published: February 2006

Hypnosis may be a useful tool for clinicians in addressing anxiety and self‐efficacy in selected chronic paranoid schizophrenics. The authors illustrate the application of indirect, permissive hypnosis in two case examples. Hypnosis is offered as a safe, nonpharmacological and relatively time‐effective modality for an often under‐served psychiatric population. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Absorption, hypnotizability and context: non‐hypnotic contexts are not all the same
Authors: Barnier Amanda J. , McConkey Kevin M.
Published: February 2006

We examined the relationship between absorption and hypnotizability when absorption was assessed in two non‐hypnotic conditions: In an ‘imagination’ condition in which we administered the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS) with a number of other questionnaires that assessed imagery and imagination, and in a ‘classroom’ condition in which we administered the TAS alone at the beginning of a normal tutorial class. We found a significant correlation between absorption and hypnotizability in the imagination condition (r = 0.24), but not in the classroom condition (r = 0.09). In other words, the assessment of absorption in a condition that elicited imaginative responses led to a higher correlation than the assessment of absorption in a condition that did not encourage imagination. This finding is discussed in terms of how different settings influence the expression of the personality characteristic of absorption. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Syntax‐derived confusion in hypnosis
Authors: Mendlovic Shlomo , Doron Adiel , Hrshfeld Avraham
Published: February 2006

The confusion technique is based upon statements that are meaningful in themselves but nonsensical in the context in which they are spoken. We describe a modification of this technique. Through unanticipated alterations in syntax, rhythm or content the patient's attention is diverted and then refocused on specific themes that are beneficial for induction or hypnotherapy. Due to its subtlety, this modification may be effective also in low‐susceptible subjects. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Use of hypnosis with witnesses of vehicular homicide
Authors: Schreiber Elliott H. , Schreiber David E.
Published: February 2006

This is a case study of hypnosis with witnesses of vehicular homicide victims. An investigation was made of three separate vehicular homicide cases which were all hit‐and‐run fatalities. The medical examiners referred the three witnesses for hypnosis as they had difficulty in recalling the description of either the drivers or the vehicles who had committed the offence. Hypnosis was used both for memory refreshment and to relax the witnesses. The technique of hypnotic time regression revealed the description of each of the hit‐and‐run drivers and their respective vehicles. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
A single‐case study of generalized dystonia and hypnosis, with unexpected immobility and an untoward effect
Authors: Medd David Y.
Published: February 2006

A middle‐aged male patient with generalized dystonia of childhood onset sought counselling for anxiety and depression. He also sought hypnotherapy to ease muscle pains and control the ceaseless spasmodic movements affecting most of his body. Relaxation under hypnosis produced near immobility. Anxiety and pain became negligible, but only during hypnosis. There was no permanent reduction in pain and only slight reduction in tension. His attempt to move both arms during hypnosis precipitated unpleasant internal sensations, and sensory‐motor effects of dystonia ascending through the whole body. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Experiencing and testing hypnotic anaesthesia
Authors: McConkey Kevin M. , Gladstone Gemma L. , Barnier Amanda J.
Published: February 2006

High‐ and low‐hypnotizable subjects (‘Highs’ and ‘Lows’) were given a suggestion for hypnotic anaesthesia in the palm of their left hand. Their responses to the suggestion were investigated through verbal ratings of the impact of stimuli of different strengths (aesthesiometer), through a dial method of obtaining continuous, concurrent ratings of the degree of anaesthesia, and through retrospective verbal ratings of subjects' success of and belief in anaesthesia. The stimulus ratings of subjects indicated that they acknowledged a change in the strength of the aesthesiometer across two tests. However, the dial ratings showed that there was no corresponding shift in their experience of anaesthesia. The retrospective ratings of success and belief showed a complex pattern of association with the stimulus ratings and the dial ratings. The findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical and methodological issues involved in drawing inferences about experiencing and testing hypnotic anaesthesia, in particular, and about external and internal influences on hypnotic phenomena more generally. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Treating anxiety with self‐hypnosis and relaxation
Authors: O'Neill Lucy M. , Barnier Amanda J. , McConkey Kevin
Published: February 2006

The outcome and process of treating subclinical anxiety with self‐hypnosis and relaxation were compared. Twenty individuals who presented for treatment for ‘stress, anxiety, and worry’ were assessed (for anxiety and self‐hypnotizability), exposed to a 28‐day treatment programme (which involved daily measures of outcome and process variables), and re‐assessed (for anxiety). It was found that both self‐hypnosis and relaxation alleviated anxiety pre‐ to post‐treatment. Although there was no difference in the outcome data, throughout treatment self‐hypnosis rather than relaxation was associated with a greater sense of treatment efficacy and expectation and with a greater sense of cognitive and physical change. The findings are discussed in terms of the expectational and experiential aspects of self‐hypnosis, and their potential role in the perception, progress and impact of using self‐hypnosis in therapy. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis and consciousness: a structural model
Authors: Oakley David A.
Published: February 2006

A model of consciousness and hypnosis is presented which has its origins in a series of neuropsychological studies on the role of neocortex in associative learning and memory in animals. It is essentially an evolutionary and hierarchical description of increasingly more sophisticated levels of information processing in vertebrate brains which places the more recently evolved systems that are associated with subjective experience into a more meaningful perspective. With the evolution of representational systems (consciousness systems) with the capacity for parallel processing a need was created for an executive control system to prioritize some currently active representations as the basis for action, particularly in novel situations. Consequently, a major function of the executive control system is in the re‐representation of a selected subset of these representations for further processing in a subsystem (self‐awareness system) with priority access to action. Representations that enter the latter subsystem constitute the contents of our subjective experience. In hypnosis, it is argued, influence is exerted through the executive control system to orchestrate the re‐representation of information into the self‐awareness system and hence to influence the nature of subjective experience. Important among the pressures acting on the executive control system are those identified by sociocognitive theories as capable of influencing hypnotic enactment and experience. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis