bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SISTEMI GAJENJA I PROIZVODNJE U ORGANSKOM OVČARSTVU I KOZARSTVU
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, Petrovic Milun , Bogosavljevic-Boškovic Snezana , Rakonjac Simeon , Đokovic Radojica , Petrovic Miloš Ži , Doskovic Vladimir , Veljkovic Biljana
Published: March 2021

Lamb production dominates in organic sheep production, while milk production is much less present and very rare. There are usually two basic systems of breeding in lamb production: fattening of lambs on pasture and combined fattening of lambs. In organic goat breeding, the most common is the organic production of milk and dairy products, primarily quality goat cheeses. The cultivation system is usually a combination of grazing (summer half of the year) and stable cultivation (winter half of the year). Such agriculture provides amortization of the negative effects of social development on the ecosphere and the human population as a whole.
FENOTIPSKA VARIJABILNOST LINEARNO OCENJENIH OSOBINA TIPA PRVOTELKI HOLŠTAJN-FRIZIJSKE RASE
Authors:   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Gligovic Nikolija , Bogdanovic Vladan , Đedovic Radica , Stanojevic Dragan , Zeljic Kristina
Published: March 2021

The research was performed on 461 first-calf Holstein-Friesian breeds in the area of Vojvodina. The aim of this study was to calculate the basic values and variability of the type using the linear method of cow evaluation. In this research is analyzed 18 linear properties of the type, for which are calculated basic variation-statistical parameters such as: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficients of variation and interval of variation. The average values of linear estimates of the first calf, obtained using statistical parameters, for the characteristics of the carcass ranged from 5.68 to 6.46, for the milk character 6.65, for the foundation from 4.73 to 6.34 and for the udder from 4.07 to 6.17.
Twenty Years of Education Transformation in Gauteng 1994 to 2014
Authors: Maringe Felix , Prew Martin
Published: March 2021

Twenty Years of Education Transformation in Gauteng 1994 to 2014: An Independent Review presents a collection of 15 important essays on different aspects of education in Gauteng since the advent of democracy in 1994. These essays talk to what a provincial education department does and how and why it does these things whether it be about policy, resourcing or implementing projects. Each essay is written by one or more specialist in the relevant focus area. The book is written to be accessible to the general reader as well as being informative and an essential resource for the specialist reader. It sheds light on aspects of how a provincial department operates and why and with what consequences certain decisions have been made in education over the last 20 turbulent years, both nationally and provincially. There has been no attempt to fi t the book's chapters into a particular ideological or educational paradigm, and as a result the reader will find differing views on various aspects of the Gauteng Department of Education's present and past. We leave the reader to decide to what extent the GDE has fulfilled its educational mandate over the last 20 years.
From Information Society to Knowledge Society: The Asian Perspective
Authors: Mehmood Bilal , Rehman Hafeezur , Rizvi Syed Husnain Haider
Published: March 2021

In an era, where ‘traditional society’ is replaced by a ‘knowledge society’, there is a global inclination towards creating knowledge and nurturing its affiliated factors. Accordingly, this paper intends to scrutinize the hypothesized causal relationship between ICT and knowledge creation. Variables for ICT and knowledge creation are taken from World Development Indicators (WDI).To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind that explicitly constructs an empirical framework for ICT and knowledge creation. Depending on the availability of data, 24 countries have been selected from Asia. Time dimension for the data set is from 1990-2013, yielding a panel data set. To conduct statistical analysis of the relevant variables, we use Pooled Mean Group Estimator (PMGE), Mean Group Estimator (MGE) and Dynamic Fixed Effects Estimator (DFEE).Recommendations are made on the basis of findings from empirical analysis. To nurture knowledge creation in the knowledge society, the role of ICT is found to be positive. For a mature knowledge society, ICT, expenditure in R&D and researchers in R&D have a constructive role.
Impact of Firm Performance on Corporate Governance Quality: The Case of Nigerian Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Akinsokeji R. A. , Ogunleye E. O. , Akindele O. O.
Published: March 2021

In this study, the reverse impact of firm corporate performance on board structure is empirically examined using a large cross section of 50 manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study makes a divergence from previous studies by noting that such a reverse effect is possible and examining this effect of performance on board structure in Nigeria. The panel data estimation technique is employed on the pooled data for the firms over a ten-year period (2004-2013) and estimation is performed using four measures of firm performance and two measures of board structure. The results show that there is actually reverse impact of firm performance on board structure although the effect is quite weak. The only performance variable that exerts significant impact on board structure (board size and independence) is earnings per share and, to a lesser degree profit margin. Moreover, firm size is shown to be an essential factor in explaining the general behavior of firm performance and also the pattern of effect of such performance on the board structure. The analyses clearly showed that firm size is itself a strong positive factor in improving firm performance and also tends to improve the effect of high performance on board structure across the firms.
Cognitive assessments in patients with implantable cardiac pacemaker
Authors: Martis Alexandru , Zdrenghea Dumitru , Gusetu Gabriel , Cismaru Gabriel , Dutu Bogdan , Simu Gelu , Pop Dana
Published: March 2021

Bradyarrhythmias cause low cerebral blood flow and imbalance of the cerebral autore-gulation, favoring neuronal ischemia and cognitive dysfunction. The main treatment in bradyarrhythmia is pacemaker (PM) implantation, which keeps the heart rate in normal range and increase cardiac output. The present study proposed the cognitive evaluation of PM group patients and a control group (CG), but with similar cardiovascular risk factors. Cognitive assessment has been achieved by applying the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) and Mini Clock for both groups.
Finding the specific etiology in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries disease (MINOCA) and the best therapeutic approaches – a case report
Authors: Ardeleanu Adriana Ioana , Moisi Madalina Ioana , Belenes Sabina , Rus Marius , Popescu Mircea Ioachim
Published: March 2021

Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries disease (MINOCA) is defi ned as a clinical syndrome with normal or near normal coronary arteries disease (stenosis severity revealed on angiography less than 50%), excluding other overt causes of myocardial ischemia such as cardiac trauma. Trials report an incidence between 5-10% among subjects with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The optimal management and the outcome of this syndrome require the proper identification of the specific pathophysiologic mechanism. We report the case of a 67-year-old male presenting with the clinical and enzymatic picture of a myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation in the anterior territory with no significant coronary arteries stenosis on the angiography. Our case illustrates the importance of revealing the real underlying condition which is involved in producing the MINOCA syndrome, because this is the only strategy suitable for a correct treatment and a favorable outcome.
Mid-septal accessory pathway in a young professional athlete: when and how to ablate?
Authors: Minciuna Ioan-Alexandru , Puiu Mihai , Simu Gelu , Cismaru Gabriel , Rosu Radu , Zdrenghea Dumtru , Pop Dana
Published: March 2021

Wolf-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is responsible for 1% of all deaths in athletes. Considering the increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes compared to general population, a comprehensive risk stratification is crucial. Both American and European guidelines recommend electrophysiology (EP) study for risk assessment and catheter ablation as the fi rst-line treatment in athletes with WPW syndrome. Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is the routine treatment for most accessory pathways (AP). However, cryo-energy ablation is recommended for APs located close to the atrioventricular node, in particular mid-septal and superoparaseptal, because of the increased risk of complete atrioventricular block with RF ablation. Depending on the European or American guidelines, athletes should be granted clearance for competitive sports 1 month after the procedure if free of symptoms and without pre-excitation recurrence on ECG.
El debate reconocimiento-redistribución en dos casos “políticamente incorrectos”: Nueva Soberanía y Con Mis Hijos No Te Metas
Authors: Duimich Laura Fernanda , García Gualda Suyai Malen
Published: March 2021

En el escenario posterior a la segunda guerra mundial, se plantearon –al menos- tres modelos de sociedad: el modelo socialista que a nivel discursivo defendía la URSS, el modelo neoliberal que en ese momento aparece como un emergente teórico y el modelo bienestarista que fue adoptado, con distintas variantes, en buena parte de los países de Occidente. El rasgo que dichos modelos tienen en común es la centralidad de las variables socio-económicas como ejes determinantes en la organización de la vida política y social, y por ello el foco de atención –y de las principales luchas sociales- apuntaban hacia las políticas de redistribución. En la década de 1970, cuando los modelos de bienestar y soviético muestran sus límites y el modelo neoliberal toma fuerza, a la par de la reflexión teórica en torno a la redistribución (encabezada por los teóricos del igualitarismo liberal) surgen las luchas de los “nuevos” movimientos sociales en torno al reconocimiento. En la actual etapa de acumulación signada por la globalización y el giro cultural, ciertos autores/as sostienen que las luchas por el reconocimiento han extinguido las luchas por la redistribución, dando prioridad a cuestiones simbólicas y culturales por sobre las económicas y de clase. Esta tensión entre redistribución y reconocimiento ha generado numerosos debates todavía inconclusos, entre los que se destaca la discusión entre Nancy Fraser y Axel Honneth. En el presente trabajo, recuperamos algunos puntos centrales de dicha controversia con el objetivo de analizar dos casos concretos: el grupo neonazi Nueva Soberanía y el movimiento Con mis hijos no te metas.
Rescate utópico: el tránsito de Sánchez Vázquez desde el marxismo como superación de la utopía al marxismo como vertiente del utopismo
Authors: Blanco Gonzalia Sergio
Published: March 2021

El presente artículo aborda la modificación del posicionamiento del filósofo marxista hispano-mexicano Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez ante el concepto “utopía”, desde una interpretación peyorativa del mismo (en sintonía con el mainstream marxista) hacia una relectura rehabilitadora ensayada a partir de fines de la década de 1980, lo que implica una reevaluación de los vínculos entre utopía y marxismo. Esta evolución de su pensamiento ante el concepto “utopía” evidencia una revisión más general de su interpretación del marxismo, particularmente respecto a la relación entre sus componentes científicos-explicativos y justificativos-valorativos, donde esta última dimensión adquiere un relevancia creciente en desmedro de la primera. La evolución del pensamiento de Sánchez Vázquez resulta así una clara evidencia del “giro normativo” que sufriera el marxismo en las últimas décadas, manifiesto en distintos pensadores de diversas geografías y trayectorias académicas.
Intelectuales en la prensa: polémica, antagonismo, ¿y polifonía? (Argentina, 2019)
Authors: Biota Magdalena
Published: March 2021

Sobre la base de una selección de notas de prensa publicadas en las ediciones digitales de Clarín, La Nación, Infobae, La Prensa y Perfil, este artículo se propone analizar algunos rasgos de las intervenciones de los intelectuales en la prensa en el contexto de una polémica ocurrida en Argentina entre septiembre y noviembre de 2019. La polémica, que surge en respuesta a las declaraciones del sociólogo e investigador Horacio González en una entrevista para un medio contra-hegemónico, pone en tensión la representación social de algunos acontecimientos de la historia reciente del país, y en particular, la conceptualización de la guerrilla en los ‘70. Los discursos que circularon con motivo de esa polémica evidencian ciertas estrategias textuales recurrentes que los actores sociales despliegan para (des)legitimar acciones e interpretaciones, y promover, perpetuar, negociar y discutir los sentidos a partir de los cuales se intenta una organización pública de la sociedad. Una de estas estrategias consiste en el recorte, borramiento y descontextualización del punto de vista. Como se intentará demostrar, la eficacia de esta estrategia reside en la capacidad de volver ilegítimos los argumentos, planteos e ideas del adversario, al extremo de anular o inhibir la réplica.
Progress on the Fifteenth General Review of Quotas—Report of the Executive Board to the Board of Governors (October 2017)
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: March 2021

Following the guidance on the Board of Governors Resolution No. 72-1 (December 2016), on October 4, 2017, the Executive Board discussed and adopted its first semi-annual report on progress on the Fifteenth Review. The report covered issues related to the quota formula and realigning quota shares as well as issues related to the adequacy of Fund resources, discussed in informal meetings on September 1 and on September 15, 2017, respectively.
Supplement to the Guidance Note for Surveillance Under Article IV Consultations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: March 2021

This note provides updated guidance to country teams on bilateral surveillance in the context of Article IV consultations in light of the COVID crisis. This guidance impacts the focus, format and presentation of staff reports while keeping intact the substance of all existing Board-endorsed requirements. Similarly, all aspects of the comprehensive 2015 Guidance Note for Surveillance Under Article IV Consultations also remain in effect, except as modified below. This supplement aims to strengthen the focus of Fund surveillance on the fallout from the crisis and related challenges flexibly to adapt to a rapidly evolving context and will remain in effect, in the absence of further communication, until comprehensive new guidance is issued following the completion of the upcoming Comprehensive Surveillance Review.
Adequacy of Fund Resources – Preliminary Considerations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.,   International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &,   Review Department
Published: March 2021

This paper provides background for initial considerations on the appropriate size of the Fund’s overall lending capacity over the medium term. The paper reviews developments in the demand for Fund resources during the global crisis. The paper also argues that the global economy is changing in fundamental ways, with implications for the size of the Fund. Against this background, the analysis suggests that the current overall lending capacity of the Fund should be seen as a minimum. Additional resources would be needed if the Fund were to introduce changes to its lending framework.
While the financing structure of the Fund should be largely quota-based, staff sees a strong case for continuing to backstop quota resources with a standing borrowing facility. Maintaining the Fund’s current overall lending capacity would require swift action by the membership.
Fifteenth General Review of Quotas—Further Considerations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.,   International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &,   Review Department
Published: March 2021

The paper revisits the two-pillar framework for assessing the adequacy of Fund resources. Responding to Directors suggestions, the quantitative pillar is updated to include alternative assumptions and to provide a longer-term perspective on likely resource needs. While quantitative estimates are generally somewhat lower after factoring in the alternative assumptions, these reductions are more than outweighed when the analysis is extended through the middle of the next decade, recognizing that the outcome of the 15th Review will likely determine permanent Fund resources through at least the middle of the next decade. The updated qualitative pillar analysis highlights reforms since the global financial crisis and discusses uncertainties in the global environment. It also provides an assessment of the general impact of the various qualitative considerations. Taken together, the two pillars continue to make a case for at least maintaining existing Fund resources. Against this background, the simulations in the paper cover three illustrative sizes for quota increases (50, 75, and 100 percent), centered on broadly maintaining Fund resources, assuming the New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB) is maintained at its current level and Bilateral Borrowing Agreements (BBAs) expire.
Fifteenth General Review of Quotas— Additional Considerations and Data Update
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.,   International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &,   Review Department,   International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
Published: March 2021

This paper provides background for a further round of discussions on the Fifteenth
General Review of Quotas (hereafter 15th Review). The paper builds on work presented
in previous staff papers and Directors’ views expressed in three meetings of the
Committee of the Whole in September 2017 and February 2018. No proposals are
presented at this stage, pending further Board guidance on possible approaches to
narrowing the current differences of views.
Using 3,4-dichloro benzoic acid as growth substrate by Brevibacterium spp: Effect of some growth conditions
Authors: Allawi Haya , Al Tarawneh Amjad , Qaralleh Haitham , Al-limoun Muhamad , Alsharafa Khalid
Published: March 2021

Brevibacterium spp.that was already isolated from wastewater treatment plant of Petra City, Jordan. While 1 and 2 mM of 3,4-dichloro benzoic acid (3,4-DCBA) were used, the biodegradation rate was 14.5 and 21.25 µM/h, respectively, and the remaining was 58% for both. The remaining ratio to the quantity of 3,4-DCBA used was taken in consideration, as a result, 1 mM concentration of 3,4-DCBA substrate was applied for the rest of experiments because of the remaining amount is 0.58 mM 3,4-DCBA while 1.15 mM remained from 2mM concentration used. Thereafter, Brevibacterium spp was grown in batch cultures using M9 minimal media plus 1 mM concentrations of 3,4-DCBA as carbon and energy source. 3,4-DCBA degradation was optimally achieved at a 37 oC incubation temperature, a pH of 7.0 and an agitation rate of 150 rpm. During carbon starvation, the increased biodegradation potential of Brevibacterium spp. was accompanied by a lessening in the acclimatization period besides enhancement of the biodegradation completion of 3,4-DCBA. The adaptation to 3,4-DCBA not only increased the degradation rate but also managed to reduce the time required for complete 3,4-DCBA degradation from 80 to nearly 40 hours. In conclusion, the acclimatized period, and carbon starvation and other optimal conditions were key factors for the enhancement of the degradation ability of 3,4-DCBA by Brevibacterium spp.
Assessment of the Protective Effects of Vitamin C and E on Cypermethrin-induced Nephrotoxicity and Electrolyte Imbalance in Wistar Rats
Authors: Oladele Johnson , Adewale Omowumi , Oyewole Olu , Gbolagbade Abiola , Oyeleke Moses
Published: March 2021

Cypermethrin is a potent pyrethroids insecticide causing different pathological features when exposed to mammal. Vitamins are used as nutrient supplements and in clinical studies as medical intervention in some disease conditions. This study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of vitamin C and E on Cypermethrin induced nephrotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Twenty-eight (28) wistar albino rats were sorted into four groups of seven rats per groups were used in this study. Group A serves as the control and received distilled water orally. Group B, C and D were administered 25mg/kg body weight cypermethrin orally. Group C and D were treated daily with 40mg/kg body weight vitamin C and 20mg/kg body weight vitamin E respectively by oral administration while group B was left untreated for 14 days. Cypermethrin significantly (P<0.05) induced nephrotoxicity as characterized with significant increased (P<0.05) in the serum levels of Urea, uric acid and creatinine. It also caused significant decrease (P<0.05) in renal total protein, albumin and globulin. Exposure to Cypermethrin induced electrolyte imbalance in rats with significant increase in serum chloride ion, potassium ion and significant decrease in serum level of sodium ion and bicarbonates. Histological results revealed that cypermethrin caused distortion in histoarchitecture of the kidney characterized by lesion of glomerulus, damaged Bowman’s capsule, degenerated and vacuolated renal tubules. Taken together, vitamin C and E significantly reverse all these alterations and offer protection to the kidney membrane.
Sparse Matrix Approach in Neural Networks for Effective Medical Data Sets Classifications
Authors: Masanawa Sagir , Abubakar Hamza
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a hybrid intelligent system that consists of the sparse matrix approach incorporated in neural network learning model as a decision support tool for medical data classification is presented. The main objective of this research is to develop an effective intelligent system that can be used by medical practitioners to accelerate diagnosis and treatment processes. The sparse matrix approach incorporated in neural network learning algorithm for scalability, minimize higher memory storage capacity usage, enhancing implementation time and speed up the analysis of the medical data classification problem. The hybrid intelligent system aims to exploit the advantages of the constituent models and, at the same time, alleviate their limitations. The proposed intelligent classification system maximizes the intelligently classification of medical data and minimizes the number of trends inaccurately identified. To evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid intelligent system, three benchmark medical data sets, viz., Hepatitis, SPECT Heart and Cleveland Heart from the UCI Repository of Machine Learning, are used for evaluation. A number of useful performance metrics in medical applications which include accuracy, sensitivity, specificity. The results were analyzed and compared with those from other methods published in the literature. The experimental outcomes positively demonstrate that the hybrid intelligent system was effective in undertaking medical data classification tasks.
Association of Vitamin-D levels with Sleep Disturbances
Authors: Fida Samina , Saif Saba , Mansoor Hala , Iqbal Javed
Published: March 2021

Objective: Vitamin-D insufficiency and sleep disturbance, both are common problems worldwide and much more common in our part of world. Two problems are associated with each other, which make the situation worse especially locally where over the counter use of even sedatives is common. Vitamin D levels and sleep quality index has been measured and association recorded in our study. Methods: This cross-sectional analytic study was conducted in Division of Medicine, CMH Lahore from 5th April 2019 to 5th Sep 2019. A total of 106 patients presenting to medicine OPD with symptoms of Vitamin-D insufficiency& low Vitamin-D levels were included in the study. PSQI score was calculated. Post treatment follow up Vitamin-D levels and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score were recorded. Data was entered and analyzed by using spss software version 20. Results: Following 106 patients presenting to medical OPDs with Vitamin-D insufficiency, Mean Vitamin-D levels at first visit were ±20.30 with standard deviation of ±13.14 (CI 95%) , PSQI score in first visit was 7(SD±2.66, CI 95%) Mean Vitamin-D levels in second visit after treatment was 83.5(SD±20, CI 95%). PSQI score mean 3.1(SD 1.8, CI 95%). Odds ratio of 3.9(95% CI: 1.20, 12.7), Chi-Square 5.62 with p value .018 was found in first visit and 8.3 (95% CI: 3.15, 22.0) ,Chi-Square 20.9 with p value <.001 for second visit indicating significant association of Vitamin-D deficiency with poor sleep score. Conclusion: Sleep disturbance is associated with low Vitamin-D levels depicting as high Pittsburgh score whereas score decreases with increasing Vitamin-D levels. Key Words: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Vitamin D levels (Vitamin-D level), Sleep disturbances How to Cite: Fida S, Saif S, Mansoor H, Iqbal J. Association of Vitamins D level with Sleep disturbances. Esculapio.2021;16(1):105-109.
La representación mediática del período preelectoral
Authors: Guzmán Nataly
Published: March 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 63, No. 717, 2008: 449-453.
El Salvador 2009... en la mira
Authors: Editor El
Published: March 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 63, No. 717, 2008: 457-462.
El Salvador 2009... en la mira
Authors: Editor El
Published: March 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 63, No. 717, 2008: 487-493.
El Salvador 2009... en la mira
Authors: Editor El
Published: March 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 63, No. 717, 2008: 494-501.
The bioenergy development analysis in Russia and Colombia
Authors:   ООО ", Saakian Alexander ,   БАЛАНС ПРОФИ"
Published: March 2021

In this review, an attempt was made to assess the bioenergy potential of renewable energy sources in Russia and Colombia, obtained from plant raw materials (mainly crops). The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the development processes of bioenergy in Russia and Colombia and mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries in this area. To achieve the goal, the tasks were set to assess the bioenergy potential of renewable energy sources, analyze the possibilities and experience of bioenergy production in both countries, analyze energy crops for the production of solid and liquid biofuels, as well as assess the obstacles and prospects for the development of bioenergy in Russia and Colombia. The authors compared the experience of producing such types of biofuels as biodiesel and bioethanol, identified the main laws and regulations of Russia and Colombia on the introduction of biofuel technologies, identified the main types of agricultural crops suitable as raw materials for the production of bioethanol, biodiesel and solid fuels. The authors also identified obstacles, challenges and prospects for the development of the biofuel industry in both countries. Keywords: BIOENERGY, BIOFUEL, BIOFUEL INDUSTRY, PLANT RAW MATERIALS, BIOETHANOL, BIODIESEL, SOLID FUELS, RUSSIA, COLOMBIA
Interhemispheric differences of mesosphere/lower thermosphere
winds and tides investigated from three whole atmosphere models
and meteor radar observations
Authors: Stober Gunter , Kuchar Ales , Pokhotelov Dimitry , Liu Huixin , Liu Han-Li , Schmidt Hauke , Jacobi Christoph , Baumgarten Kathrin , Brown Peter , Janches Diego , Murphy Damian , Kozlovsky Alexander , Lester Mark , Belova Evgenia , Kero Johan
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Long-term and continuous observations of mesospheric/lower thermospheric winds are rare, but they are important to investigate climatological changes at these altitudes on time scales of several years, covering a solar cycle and longer. Such long time series are a natural heritage of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere climate, and they are valuable to compare climate models or long term runs of general circulation models (GCMs). Here we present a climatological comparison of wind observations from six meteor radars at two conjugate latitudes to validate the corresponding mean winds and atmospheric diurnal and semidiurnal tides from three GCMs, namely Ground-to-Topside Model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA), Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Extension (Specified Dynamics) (WACCM-X(SD)) and Upper Atmosphere ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic (UA-ICON) model. Our results indicate that there are interhemispheric differences in the seasonal characteristics of the diurnal and semidiurnal tide. There also are some differences in the mean wind climatologies of the models and the observations. Our results indicate that GAIA shows a reasonable agreement with the meteor radar observations during the winter season, whereas WACCM-X(SD) shows a better agreement with the radars for the hemispheric zonal summer wind reversal, which is more consistent with the meteor radar observations. The free running UA-ICON tends to show similar winds and tides compared to WACCM-X(SD).
Tropospheric ozone in CMIP6 simulations
Authors: Griffiths Paul T. , Murray Lee T. , Zeng Guang , Shin Youngsub Matthew , Abraham N. Luke , Archibald Alexander T. , Deushi Makoto , Emmons Louisa K. , Galbally Ian E. , Hassler Birgit , Horowitz Larry W. , Keeble James , Liu Jane , Moeini Omid , Naik Vaishali , O'Connor Fiona M. , Oshima Naga , Tarasick David , Tilmes Simone , Turnock Steven T. , Wild Oliver , Young Paul J. , Zanis Prodromos
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The evolution of tropospheric ozone from 1850 to 2100 has been studied using data from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We evaluate long-term changes using coupled atmosphere–ocean chemistry–climate models, focusing on the CMIP Historical and ScenarioMIP ssp370 experiments, for which detailed tropospheric-ozone diagnostics were archived. The model ensemble has been evaluated against a suite of surface, sonde and satellite observations of the past several decades and found to reproduce well the salient spatial, seasonal and decadal variability and trends. The multi-model mean tropospheric-ozone burden increases from 247 ± 36 Tg in 1850 to a mean value of 356 ± 31 Tg for the period 2005–2014, an increase of 44 %. Modelled present-day values agree well with previous determinations (ACCENT: 336 ± 27 Tg; Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project, ACCMIP: 337 ± 23 Tg; Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report, TOAR: 340 ± 34 Tg). In the ssp370 experiments, the ozone burden increases to 416 ± 35 Tg by 2100. The ozone budget has been examined over the same period using lumped ozone production (PO3) and loss (LO3) diagnostics. Both ozone production and chemical loss terms increase steadily over the period 1850 to 2100, with net chemical production (PO3-LO3) reaching a maximum around the year 2000. The residual term, which contains contributions from stratosphere–troposphere transport reaches a minimum around the same time before recovering in the 21st century, while dry deposition increases steadily over the period 1850–2100. Differences between the model residual terms are explained in terms of variation in tropopause height and stratospheric ozone burden.
Validation of Aeolus winds using radiosonde observations and numerical weather prediction model equivalents
Authors: Martin Anne , Weissmann Martin , Reitebuch Oliver , Rennie Michael , Geiß Alexander , Cress Alexander
Published: March 2021

Abstract. In August 2018, the first Doppler wind lidar, developed by the European Space
Agency (ESA), was launched on board the Aeolus satellite into space. Providing
atmospheric wind profiles on a global basis, the Earth Explorer mission is
expected to demonstrate improvements in the quality of numerical weather
prediction (NWP). For the use of Aeolus observations in NWP data assimilation,
a detailed characterization of the quality and the minimization of systematic
errors is crucial. This study performs a statistical validation of Aeolus
observations, using collocated radiosonde measurements and NWP forecast
equivalents from two different global models, the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic
model (ICON) of Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) and the European Centre for
Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) model,
as reference data. For the time period from the satellite's launch to the end
of December 2019, comparisons for the Northern Hemisphere
(23.5–65∘ N) show strong variations of the Aeolus wind bias and
differences between the ascending and descending orbit phase. The mean
absolute bias for the selected validation area is found to be in the range of
1.8–2.3 m s−1 (Rayleigh) and 1.3–1.9 m s−1 (Mie),
showing good agreement between the three independent reference data sets. Due
to the greater representativeness errors associated with the comparisons using
radiosonde observations, the random differences are larger for the validation
with radiosondes compared to the model equivalent statistics. To achieve an
estimate for the Aeolus instrumental error, the representativeness errors for
the comparisons are determined, as well as the estimation of the model and
radiosonde observational error. The resulting Aeolus error estimates are in
the range of 4.1–4.4 m s−1 (Rayleigh) and
1.9–3.0 m s−1 (Mie). Investigations of the Rayleigh wind bias on
a global scale show that in addition to the satellite flight direction and
seasonal differences, the systematic differences vary with latitude. A
latitude-based bias correction approach is able to reduce the bias, but a
residual bias of 0.4–0.6 m s−1 with a temporal trend
remains. Taking additional longitudinal differences into account, the bias can
be reduced further by almost 50 %. Longitudinal variations are
suggested to be linked to land–sea distribution and tropical convection that
influences the thermal emission of the earth. Since 20 April 2020 a telescope
temperature-based bias correction scheme has been applied operationally in the
L2B processor, developed by the Aeolus Data Innovation and Science Cluster
(DISC).
Atmospheric Optical Turbulence Profile Measurement and Model
Improvement over Arid and Semi-arid regions
Authors: Yang Hao , Fang Zhiyuan , Li Cheng , Deng Xu , Xing Kunming , Xie Chenbo
Published: March 2021

Abstract. From August 4th to 30th, 2020 and from November 27th to December 25th, 2020, a self-developed radiosonde balloon system was used to observe high-altitude atmospheric optical turbulence at three sites in northwestern China, and an improved model based on the observational data was established. Through comparative analysis of the observational data and the improved model, the distribution characteristics of atmospheric optical turbulence under the combined action of different meteorological parameters and different landform features in different seasons were obtained. The improved model can show the variation of the detailed characteristics of turbulence with the height distribution, and the degree of correlation with the measured values is above 0.82. The improved model can provide a theoretical basis and supporting data for turbulence estimation and forecasting in northwestern China.
Iodide-CIMS and m/z 62: The detection of HNO3 as NO3− in the presence of PAN, peracetic acid and O3
Authors: Dörich Raphael , Eger Philipp , Lelieveld Jos , Crowley John N.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (CIMS) using I− (the iodide anion) as primary chemi-ion has previously been used to measure NO3 and N2O5 both in laboratory and field experiments. We show that reports of the large daytime mixing ratios of NO3 and N2O5 (usually only present in detectable amounts at night-time) are likely to be heavily biased by the ubiquitous presence of HNO3 in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. We demonstrate in a series of laboratory experiments that the CIMS detection of HNO3 at m/z 62 using I− ions is efficient in the presence of PAN or peracetic acid (PAA) and especially O3. We have characterised the dependence of the sensitivity to HNO3 detection on the presence of acetate anions (CH3CO2−, m/z 59, from either PAN or PAA). The loss of CH3CO2− via conversion to NO3− in the presence of HNO3 may represent a significant bias in I-CIMS measurements of PAN and CH3C(O)OOH. The largest sensitivity to HNO3 at m/z 62 is achieved in the presence of ambient levels of O3 whereby the thermodynamically disfavoured, direct reaction of I− with HNO3 to form NO3− is bypassed by the formation of IOX− which react with HNO3 to form e.g. iodic acid and NO3−. The ozone and humidity dependence of the detection of HNO3 at m/z 62 was characterised in laboratory experiments and applied to daytime, airborne measurements in which very good agreement with measurements of the I−(HNO3) cluster-ion (specific for HNO3 detection) was obtained.
Milankovitch, the father of paleoclimate modelling
Authors: Berger Andre
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The origin of the long-term variations of the astronomical elements used by Milankovitch are first described, followed by the value of the astronomical periods. The detailed calculations by Milankovitch of the incoming solar radiation during the astronomical and caloric half-years are summarized, stressing the originality of the caloric ones. The second original contribution of Milankovitch to paleoclimate research was without any doubt his mathematical climate. How this model allowed him to give the caloric summer and winter insolation a climatological meaning is illustrated.
New high-resolution estimates of the permafrost thermal state and
hydrothermal conditions over the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Ran Youhua , Li Xin , Cheng Guodong , Che Jingxin , Aalto Juha , Karjalainen Olli , Hjort Jan , Luoto Miska , Jin Huijun , Obu Jaroslav , Hori Masahiro , Yu Qihao , Chang Xiaoli
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Monitoring of the thermal state of permafrost is important in environmental science and engineering applications. However, such data are generally unavailable mainly due to the lack of ground observations and the uncertainty of traditional physical models. This study produces novel permafrost datasets for the Northern Hemisphere (NH), including predictions of the mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) at the zero annual amplitude depth and active layer thickness (ALT) with a 1-km resolution for the period of 2000–2016, as well as estimates of the probability of permafrost occurrence and permafrost zonation based on hydrothermal conditions. These datasets integrate unprecedentedly large amounts of field data (1,002 boreholes for MAGT and 452 sites for ALT) and multisource geospatial data, especially remote sensing data, using statistical learning modelling with an ensemble strategy. Thus, these data are more accurate than those of previous circumpolar maps (bias = 0.02 ± 0.16 °C, RMSE = 1.32 ± 0.13 °C for MAGT; bias = 2.71 ± 16.46 cm, RMSE = 86.93 ± 19.61 cm for ALT). The datasets suggest that the areal extent of permafrost (MAGT ≤ 0 °C) in the NH, excluding glaciers and lakes, is approximately 15.03 (13.84–19.29) × 106 km2, and the areal extent of permafrost regions (permafrost probability > 0) is approximately 20.14 × 106 km2. The areal fractions of humid, semiarid/subhumid, and arid permafrost regions are 51.84 %, 44.83 %, and 3.33 %, respectively. The areal fractions of cold (≤ −3.0 °C), cool (−3.0 °C to −1.5 °C), and warm (> −1.5 °C) permafrost regions are 37.93 %, 14.35 %, and 47.72 %, respectively. These new datasets based on the most comprehensive field data to date contribute to an updated understanding of the thermal state and zonation of permafrost in the NH. They are potentially useful for various fields, such as in climatology, hydrology, ecology, agriculture, public health, and engineering planning. As a baseline, these datasets are also of great importance for evaluating future changes in MAGT, ALT, permafrost extent, and other spatial features of permafrost in the NH. All of the datasets are published through the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (TPDC), and the link is https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en/data/5093d9ff-a5fc-4f10-a53f-c01e7b781368 or https://doi.org/10.11888/Geocry.tpdc.271190 (Ran et al., 2021b).
Method for airborne measurement of the spatial wind speed distribution above complex terrain
Authors: Ingenhorst Christian , Jacobs Georg , Stößel Laura , Schelenz Ralf , Juretzki Björn
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Wind farm sites in complex terrain are subject to local wind phenomena, which have a relevant impact on a wind turbine's annual energy
production. To reduce investment risk, an extensive site evaluation is therefore mandatory. Stationary long-term measurements are supplemented by
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, which are a commonly used tool to analyse and understand the three-dimensional wind flow above complex terrain. Though under
intensive research, such simulations still show a high sensitivity to various input parameters like terrain, atmosphere and numerical setup. In
this paper, a different approach aims to measure instead of simulate wind speed deviations above complex terrain by using a flexible,
airborne measurement system. An unmanned aerial vehicle is equipped with a standard ultrasonic anemometer. The uncertainty in the system is
evaluated against stationary anemometer data at different heights and shows very good agreement, especially in mean wind speed
(< 0.12 m s−1) and mean direction (< 2.4∘) estimation. A test measurement was conducted above a forested and hilly site to
analyse the spatial and temporal variability in the wind situation. A position-dependent difference in wind speed increase of up to 30 % compared
to a stationary anemometer is detected.
Staatliche Bezirksbehörden nach 1848. Knotenpunkte der "unmittelbarsten Beziehungen" von Staat und Bevölkerung
Authors: Stockinger Thomas
Published: March 2021

District Administration by the State after 1848. The Nexus of the “Most Immediate Relations” between the State and the Population. With the abolition of the manorial system in 1848, the Habsburg state was forced to create its own network of local administrative institutions. This project mobilised huge quantities of both personnel and material resources, and eventually affected the everyday lives of the entire population. In Michael Mann’s terms, it intensified the previously thin, extensive power of the state. On the surface, it sought to strengthen the despotic power of the state, but at the same time, it had to rely on manifold contributions by local actors, who were compensated not only with increasing benefits, but also with opportunities to participate in governance. While the neo-absolutist attempt to replace constitutional rule with paternalist bureaucracy failed, it created structures that would remain fundamental to state-building until the end of the Monarchy and beyond.
Krieg und Frieden. Land und Militär in direkter Konfrontation 1797–1918
Authors: Rosner Willibald
Published: March 2021

War and Peace. Land and Military in Direct Confrontation 1797–1918. This chapter focuses on the extremes in relations between the land and the military. The first part deals with the period until 1866, when wars actually took place on Lower Austrian soil and foreign forces were stationed in the land. Here the analysis centres on strategies developed by the population to cope with extraordinary situations. The second section deals with the emergence of the military as a state regulatory power in the sphere of internal and public security in war and peace. The social conflicts following the Vormärz and the political movements in the second half of the 19th century played a role here, as did the First World War, when, although Lower Austria was not a frontline area, the military were the dominant factor in terms of internal security, public control, working life and food security.
Jüdisches Leben zwischen Toleranz, Integration und Antisemitismus
Authors: Lind Christoph
Published: March 2021

Jewish Life between Tolerance, Integration, and Anti-Semitism. In the 18th century, Jews were strictly forbidden to settle in Lower Austria, with the exception of Vienna. Only the Toleranzpatent of 1782 made this possible, again under certain conditions. Free movement in the wake of the revolution of 1848 led to the immigration of Jews, mainly from Bohemia, Moravia and Hungary. By 1908, they had founded 15 Kultusgemeinden (Jewish communities), with the associated religious infrastructure, throughout the country. The constitution of 1867 finally made them citizens with the same rights as the majority society. However, anti-Semitism fundamentally questioned their successful integration and physical existence in Lower Austria. Jews, however, did not accept these attacks without resistance, but defended themselves with the means available under the rule of law. During the First World War, they contributed to the ultimately futile war efforts of the Monarchy. They welcomed peace in 1918, but had to look to the future with concern, faced with an anti-Semitism that was more aggressive than ever.
Niederösterreich als Zentrum und Peripherie
Authors: Komlosy Andrea
Published: March 2021

Lower Austria as Centre and Periphery. As the embodiment of dynastic Austria, Lower Austria represents a core region in political, economic and cultural terms. Its role in the interregional division of labour was that of a highly developed industrial location. The interplay between politics and economics saw the formation of a regional stage of global capitalism, contributing to the international competitiveness of Habsburg Cisleithania in European comparison. While ethnic and religious difference played a very minor role, the regional diversity was dependent on strong disparities that gave rise to pronounced anti-centralist regional identities, especially in peripheralized areas of the land.
Armut und institutionelle Armenfürsorge. Vom Elend der Zuständigkeit
Authors: Scheutz Martin
Published: March 2021

Poverty and Institutional Poor Relief. The Misery of Responsibility. Poor relief in Lower Austria in the 19th century took place in an area of conflict between municipalities, the political districts and the state, the law on the right of domicile, amended in 1863, placing provision services primarily on the shoulders of the municipalities. The communes had to care for the local poor, the “push system” (Schubsystem) returned them to their home communes – but such care mostly proved inadequate. After the unbundling of institutional care for the poor via the foundation of general hospitals, ever more poorhouses dedicated to old-age care were built, but also hostels (Naturalverpflegestationen), which were principally aimed at jobseekers.