Duvalo (North Macedonia): A &#8220;volcano&#8221; without volcanic activity
Authors: Li Vigni Lorenza , Ionescu Artur , Molnár Kata , Temovski Marjan , Palcsu László , Cardellini Carlo , Gagliano Antonina Lisa , D'Alessandro Walter 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;The Duvalo locality is located in the SW of the Republic of North Macedonia, in the Ohrid region, near the village of Kosel. It is an area of strong soil degassing, called &amp;#8220;volcano&amp;#8221; by the local people despite volcanic activity has never been documented in the recent geologic history of the area [1]. A large area (thousands of sqm) shows signs of strong alteration and is devoid of vegetation. Until the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;century sulphur was mined from this area [1].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In August 2019, a campaign of soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;flux measurements and soil gas sampling was made. Duvalo is sometimes referred to as an active geothermal feature but no signs of enhanced geothermal gradient were found and the soil temperatures at 50 cm depth in this campaign were always within the range of local mean air temperatures. Soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;flux values ranged from 1.3 to 59,000 g/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/d and can be modelled with the overlapping of 3 or 4 flux populations. A possible biological background is estimated in 6.8&amp;#177;1.8 g/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/d while the other populations are characterized by an anomalous average flux ranging from 180 to 33,000 g/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/d. The CO&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;total emission, estimated both with a statistical and geostatistical approach, provided similar values in the order of 50 t/d. This has to be considered as a minimum value because only areas with evident signs of alteration have been investigated. Nevertheless, the estimated output is quite high for an area unrelated with recent volcanism or geothermal activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The chemical composition of soil gases shows: CO&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;(96.6%), N&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;(1.8%), H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S (0.6%) and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;(0.3%) as the main gases. The present composition is almost indistinguishable from previous analyses made in 1957 and 1977 [1] pointing to a stability of the system in last decades. The isotope compositions indicate for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;(&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C -0.2 &amp;#8240;) a pure carbonate rock origin, for CH&lt;sub&gt;4&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;(&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C -34.4 &amp;#8240; and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H -166 &amp;#8240;) a thermogenic origin and for He (R/R&lt;sub&gt;A&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;0.10) a pure crustal origin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S released at Duvalo may be produced by either microbial or thermochemical sulphate reduction favoured by hydrocarbons whose presence can be inferred by the uprise of thermogenic methane. Partial oxidation of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S during its upflow, producing sulphuric acid, may be responsible of the production of abundant CO&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;through dissolution of carbonate rocks. Similar processes have been evidenced also in other parts of North Macedonia [2]. These gases rise up through the N&amp;#8211;S trending normal faults bordering the seismically active Ohrid basin graben [3] being released to the atmosphere through the soils of Duvalo &amp;#8220;volcano&amp;#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This research was funded by: DCO Grant n. 10881-TDB &amp;#8220;Improving the estimation of tectonic carbon flux&amp;#8221;; GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00009 &amp;#8216;ICER&amp;#8217; project and PO-FSE Sicilia 2014&amp;#8211;2020 (CUP: G77B17000200009).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] Markovski B. et al., 2018. Duvalo a geological phenomenon near Ohrid. DOI:&amp;#160;10.18509/AGB.2020.05&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] Temovski M., 2017. Hypogene Karst in Macedonia. In: Klimchouk et al. (eds.), Hypogene Karst Regions and Caves of the World, Springer&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] Hoffmann N. et al., 2010. Biogeosciences, 7, 3377&amp;#8211;3386&lt;/p&gt;