bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions by tannins immobilized on collagen
Authors: Liao Xuepin , Lu Zhongbing , Zhang Mina , Liu Xin , Shi Bi
Published: March 2004

Novel adsorbents were prepared by immobilizing tannins on collagen fibre matrices. Their adsorption properties, including adsorption equilibrium, adsorption kinetics, and column adsorption kinetics to Cu(II) were investigated. Immobilized Myrica rubra tannin and black wattle tannin exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacity than larch tannin and the adsorption isotherms of these three immobilized tannins can be described by the Freundlich model. Detailed adsorption studies of immobilized black wattle tannin to Cu(II) indicated that temperature had little effect on the adsorption isotherms whereas the effect of pH was significant. Adsorption rate data fitted well to a pseudo‐second‐order rate model, and the adsorption capacity calculated by this model was consistent with the result of actual measurement at relatively higher adsorption temperatures. Immobilized black wattle tannin also had excellent column adsorption kinetic properties and high binding capacity. The adsorptivity of the column was stable even after repeated adsorption–desorption cycles. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Androgen and estrogen receptors expression in the rat exorbital lacrimal gland in relation to “harderianization”
Authors: Ferrara Diana , Monteforte Rossella , Baccari Gabriella Chieffi , Minucci Sergio , Chieffi Giovanni
Published: March 2004

The rat exorbital lacrimal glands (ELG) are particularly interesting for their biochemical and morphological sexual differences. Our histochemical and ultrastuctural observations confirm a phenomenon termed “harderianization” that occurs in the ELG of males and females at three months of age. The “harderianization” consists of the appearance of lipid foci in the ELG; this effect increases at six months of age only in the male glands, while it is not detectable in those of females. Histochemical tests for mucosubstances and proteins evidenced that while the secretory granules of male ELG are prevalently composed of sulphate substances, those of the female are composed of acid substances, and only a few cells positive to proteins were seen in the acinar epithelium of the glands. Moreover, we demonstrated by RT‐PCR the presence of androgen and estrogen receptors in the rat ELG of both sexes. Androgen receptor transcript is always present in male and female ELG while the expression of estrogen receptor is not more detectable in the ELG of males at six months of life. In conclusion, our results suggest that estradiol may prevent the further lipid degeneration of the female ELG at six months of life. In addition, the disappearance of both the “harderian lipid” foci in the female gland and of estrogen receptor in the male gland indicates a probable involvement of estrogens in the phenomenon of “harderianization.” J. Exp. Zool. 301A: 297–306, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐temperature Raman spectra of monohydrated L‐asparagine crystals
Authors: Moreno A. J. D. , Freire P. T. C. , Melo F. E. A. , Mendes Filho J. , Nogueira M. A. M. , Almeida J. M. A. , Miranda M. A. R. , Remédios C. M. R. , Sasaki J. M.
Published: March 2004

Polarized Raman spectra of monohydrated L‐asparagine (C4N2O3H8·H2O) were studied at temperatures ranging from 300 to 10 K. The wavenumbers of most modes were found to increase linearly upon cooling, although some bands showed an exponential behaviour, which is discussed in terms of anharmonicities of vibrations associated with hydrogen bonds. Evidence was found of a structural phase transition at low temperature by analysis of the external mode region of the spectra. An x‐ray diffraction investigation confirmed the occurrence of a structural change between 140 and 150 K. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microrheology of chemically crosslinked polymer gels by diffusing‐wave spectroscopy
Authors: Narita Tetsuharu , Knaebel Alexandra , Munch Jean‐Pierre , Zrínyi Miklós , Candau Sauveur Jean
Published: March 2004

The Brownian motion of probe particles in aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) and in chemically crosslinked PVA gels has been studied by diffusing‐wave spectroscopy (DWS). At long time scales the measurements allow us to determine the effect of the crosslinking ratio on the macroscopic viscosity of sols and the shear modulus of gels. The local shear modulus of gels as obtained from the characteristic length of the Brownian cage was found to agree with that measured by classical rheometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). These microrheological techniques were applied to two polymer gel systems. Substrate induced gradient structure of hydrogels was studied from a microrheological point of view using DLS. It is clearly seen that hydrophobic substrate induces weakly crosslinked network formation at the interface region up to a few millimeters as expected from other experimental facts. Magnetic particle motion in gels under external magnetic field was investigated by DWS. The translational motion of the magnetic particles in gels due to the alternating magnetic force can be detected and found to be superimposed on the relaxation due to the thermal motion.
A hybrid polymer gel and its static nonergodicity
Authors: Zhao Yue , Wu Chi
Published: March 2004

We used a thermally reversible hybrid gel made of billions of physically jam‐packed, swollen, thermally sensitive poly(N‐isopropyl‐acrylamide) chemical microgels. Laser light scattering study on a series of such hybrid gels formed at different gelling rates and temperatures revealed that the position‐dependence of the scattering speckle pattern (static nonergodicity) came from large voids formed during the sol‐gel transition. With proper preparation, such nonergodicity is completely removed, indicating that the static nonergodicity generally observed in a gel is not intrinsic, but comes from clustering “island” structures formed during the gelation process.
Extracellular localization of proteasomes in human sperm
Authors: Morales Patricio , Pizarro Eduardo , Kong Milene , Jara Marcos
Published: March 2004

The proteasome, a multienzymatic protease complex is present in human sperm. Here we present evidence indicating that the proteasome has an extracellular localization, on the plasma membrane of the sperm head. Motile sperm (>90%) in PBS were incubated with the proteasome inhibitors clasto‐lactacystin β‐lactone or epoxomicin. Then, the substrate Suc‐Leu‐Leu‐Val‐Tyr‐AMC (SLLVY‐AMC) was added and the enzyme activity evaluated in a spectrofluorometer. Other aliquots were resuspended in Tyrode's medium and incubated at different concentrations for various times with or without inhibitors in the presence of 0.4% azocasein. Hydrolysis of azocasein was evaluated at 440 nm. In addition, sperm membrane proteins were obtained incubating the sperm with Triton X‐114 or with 0.5 M KCl plus Triton X‐100 and removing insoluble material by centrifugation at 5,000g for 40 min. Proteasomal activity was evaluated with SLLVY‐AMC and its presence corroborated by Western blotting. Formaldehyde fixed, unpermeabilized sperm were incubated with anti‐proteasome monoclonal antibodies and evaluated using indirect immunofluorescence. The effect of proteasome inhibitors upon the progesterone‐induced acrosome reaction was also evaluated. Results indicated that (a) whole, intact sperm were able to hydrolyze the proteasome substrates SLLVY‐AMC and azocasein; this activity was inhibited by proteasome inhibitors; (b) proteasomal activity was detected in soluble sperm membrane protein preparations and Western blotting revealed the presence of the proteasome in these fractions; (c) indirect immunofluorescence revealed staining of the head region, particularly of the post acrosomal region; and (d) the proteasome plays an important role during the acrosome reaction. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 115–124, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel response of wild‐type duckweed (Lemna paucicostata Hegelm.) to heavy metals
Authors: Li Tianyu , Xiong Zhiting
Published: March 2004

The responses of wild‐type Lemna paucicostata, used as the experimental stock, to seven heavy metals were investigated with a hydroponic culture in a culture facility. The results showed that six of the metals could induce L. paucicostata to release daughter fronds from the mother frond before maturity, resulting in breakup of the colony. This phenomenon is novel and has not been reported before. Six of the heavy metals investigated—copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, mercury, and chromium—could induce this response, but sensitivity and response of the plant varied. When Cu2+ at a concentration of 0.2 μmol/L was added, the response was significantly different from that of the control after a 2‐h exposure. The response to cadmium (0.8 μmol/L) was significantly different after a 6‐h exposure; to zinc (10 μmol/L) and nickel (5 μmol/L), after 5 and 7 h, respectively. But for lead, even at a concentration of 80 μmol/L for 96 h, no colony breakup was induced. The response to heavy metals occurred within 24 h; increasing the exposure by another 24 h had nearly no additional effect on the colony breakup. When the response was over, the number of colonies with fronds varied with the inducement capacity of the metal. Nutrients could affect the sensitivity of L. paucicostata to some heavy metals, such as mercury, chromium, zinc, and nickel, but not to copper and cadmium. Sensitivity was also changed when CuCl2 was used as the copper source instead of CuSO4. These results indicate that some heavy metals could serve as a toxicant for inducing L. paucicostata to release daughter fronds in advance. This change might involve a stress response such as ethylene production. Also discussed is the possibility of this response as a biomarker in a bioassay. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 95–102, 2004
Hyperbolic Coxeter groups of large dimension
Authors: Januszkiewicz Tadeusz , Świątkowski Jacek
Published: March 2004

We construct examples of Gromov hyperbolic Coxeter groups of arbitrarily large dimension. We also extend Vinberg's theorem to show that if a Gromov hyperbolic Coxeter group is a virtual Poincaré duality group of dimension

n

, then

n \leq 61

. Coxeter groups acting on their associated complexes have been extremely useful source of examples and insight into nonpositively curved spaces over last several years. Negatively curved (or Gromov hyperbolic) Coxeter groups were much more elusive. In particular, their existence in high dimensions was in doubt. In 1987 Gabor Moussong [M] conjectured that there is a universal bound on the virtual cohomological dimension of any Gromov hyperbolic Coxeter group. This question was also raised by Misha Gromov [G] (who thought that perhaps any construction of high dimensional negatively curved spaces requires nontrivial number theory in the guise of arithmetic groups in an essential way), and by Mladen Bestvina [B2]. In the present paper we show that high dimensional Gromov hyperbolic Coxeter groups do exist, and we construct them by geometric or group theoretic but not arithmetic means.
The ${\mathcal K}(\pi ,1)$-conjecture for the affine braid groups
Authors: Charney Ruth , Peifer David
Published: March 2004

The complement of the hyperplane arrangement associated to the (complexified) action of a finite, real reflection group on

\mathbb C^n

is known to be a

{\mathcal K}(\pi ,1)

space for the corresponding Artin group

\mathcal A

. A long-standing conjecture states that an analogous statement should hold for infinite reflection groups. In this paper we consider the case of a Euclidean reflection group of type

\tilde{\mathcal A}_n

and its associated Artin group, the affine braid group

\tilde{\mathcal A}

. Using the fact that

\tilde{\mathcal A}

can be embedded as a subgroup of a finite type Artin group, we prove a number of conjectures about this group. In particular, we construct a finite,

n

-dimensional

{\mathcal K}(\pi ,1)

-space for

\tilde{\mathcal A}

, and use it to prove the

{\mathcal K}(\pi ,1)

-conjecture for the associated hyperlane complement. In addition, we show that the affine braid groups are biautomatic and give an explicit biautomatic structure.
The effective surjectivity of mod l Galois representations of 1- and 2-dimensional abelian varieties with trivial endomorphism ring
Authors: Kawamura Takashi
Published: March 2004

Mod l Galois representations of 1- and 2-dimensional abelian varieties with trivial endomorphism ring are surjective for sufficiently large prime l as Serre proved. But he did not give an effective lower bound of l_0 such that they are surjective for l > l_0. We supply an effective evaluation of l_0 by an elementary proof of the surjectivity. The proof uses the Masser-Wüstholz theorem and Kleidman and Liebecks classification of the maximal subgroups of GL_2 F_l) and GSp_4 (F_l).
Moduli spaces of germs of holomorphic foliations in the plane
Authors: Marín David
Published: March 2004

In this paper we study the topological moduli space of some germs of singular holomorphic foliations in (C^2,0). We obtain a fully characterization for generic foliations whose vanishing order at the origin is two or three. We give a similar description for a certain subspace in the moduli space of generic germs of homogeneous foliations of any vanishing order and also for generic quasi-homogeneous foliations. In all the cases we identify the fundamental group of these spaces using the Gassner representation of the pure braid group and a suitable holonomy representation of the foliation.
Concurrency and Refinement in the Unified Modeling Language
Authors: Davies Jim , Crichton Charles
Published: March 2004

This paper defines a formal semantics for a subset of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It shows how suitable combinations of class, object, state, and sequence diagrams can be associated with patterns of interaction, expressed in the event notation of Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP). The diagram semantics is then extended to give a meaning to complete models – suitable combinations of diagrams – and thus a concurrency semantics for object models written in UML. This model semantics is in turn used to define a theory of refinement, based upon existing notions of data and process refinement.
Treatment of Pancreatic Exocrine Deficiency
Authors: Sarner Martin
Published: March 2004

In treating pancreatic exocrine insufficiency the diagnosis of a cause, wherever possible, is a first step. If there is an obstructing lesion, then its relief may be curative. Adequate management depends on dietary manipulation and enzyme replacement. A reduction in fat intake, with accentuation of protein and carbohydrate consumption, is recommended. For enzyme replacement, enteric‐coated microspheres are required, taken with adequate acid‐suppression with a proton‐pump inhibitor. The enzyme supplements, using standard preparations of pancreatin, usually of porcine source, may be as much as 4 to 8 tablets per meal and should be taken with food. Endocrine insufficiency usually requires insulin.
Expression of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurturin in Mature Kidney, Nephrogenic Rests, and Nephroblastoma: Possible Role as Differentiating Factors
Authors: Camassei Francesca Diomedi , Boldrini Renata , Jenkner Alessandro , Inserra Alessandro , Donfrancesco Alberto , Rava Lucilla , Dominici Carlo
Published: March 2004

Kidney development involves a series of complex interactions between the ureteric bud and undifferentiated mesenchyme, resulting in the production of the nephron unit. Among locally derived soluble factors, a particular relevance has been recognized to glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) for the mesenchyme-to-epithelial conversion of a metanephron. Nephroblastoma is a developmental tumor of the kidney deriving from metanephric blastema that mimics renal development and may offer an adequate model of human nephrogenesis. We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of GDNF, NTN, and their receptors (GFRα1, 2, and 3, and Ret) in normal human kidney and in 42 nephroblastomas, 20 of which were associated with nephrogenic rests (group A) and 22 were not (group B). We compared the immunostaining pattern in group A vs. group B and correlated clinical course with stage, grade, presence of nephrogenic rests, and immunohistochemical findings. GDNF, NTN, and their receptors were expressed in mature kidney and in 67% (GDNF) and 33% (NTN) of tumors, particularly in the epithelial component; precursor lesions were negative. No significant differences of expression were observed between groups A and B tumors. Low stage ( P = 0.012), absence of nephrogenic rests ( P = 0.016), intense expression of GDNF ( P = 0.034), and NTN ( P = 0.05) were associated with a more favorable outcome. Besides inductive activity in nephrogenesis, GDNF and NTN may play a role in maintaining differentiation and survival functions in mature kidney and may contribute to induce differentiation of nephroblastoma cells toward the less aggressive epithelial component. The pathway of activation seems to follow an autocrine/paracrine mechanism, as neurotrophic factors, GFRα1-2-3 receptors and Ret are coexpressed.
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation Type 4 and Aneurysm of the Vein of Galen: A Rare Coincidence or Possibly Related Association
Authors: Ozer Erdener , Sanli Aydin , Erbayraktar Serhat , Ulukus Cagnur , Onen Ahmat
Published: March 2004

As far as the prognosis is concerned, it is important to diagnose the exact type of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) in order to exclude associated anomalies, as well as the risk of development of malignancies in later life. The frequency of associated malformations of CCAM type 4 is unknown. We report a 4-month-old boy with CCAM type 4 and aneurysmal malformation of the vein of Galen (AVG). Although AVG is the most frequent arteriovenous malformation during childhood, this is the first case report, to our knowledge, of CCAM type 4 in association with an anomaly. In addition, we speculate that the relation between CCAM type 4 and AVG appears to be more likely a possibly related association rather than a rare coincidence, as both malformations develop at the same stages of embryonic life, and pathogenetically, apoptosis play a significant role in both entities. However, further studies are needed to validate this speculation placing emphasis on the association of the two anomalies, otherwise a rare coincidence cannot be excluded.
Regional Ependymal Upregulation of Vimentin in Chiari II Malformation, Aqueductal Stenosis, and Hydromyelia
Authors: Sarnat Harvey B.
Published: March 2004

Vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100β protein were studied by immunocytochemistry in the ependyma of patients with Chiari II malformations, congenital aqueductal stenosis, and hydromyelia. Paraffin sections of brains and spinal cords of 16 patients were examined, 14 with Chiari II malformations, most with aqueductal stenosis and/or hydromyelia as associated features, and 2 patients with congenital aqueductal stenosis without Chiari malformation. Patients ranged in age from 20-wk gestation to 48 years. The results demonstrated: 1) in the fetus and young infant with Chiari II malformations, congenital aqueductal stenosis, and hydromyelia, vimentin is focally upregulated in the ependyma only in areas of dysgenesis and not in the ependyma throughout the ventricular system; 2) GFAP and S-100β protein are not coexpressed, indicating that the selective upregulation of vimentin is not simple maturational delay; 3) vimentin upregulation also is seen in the ependymal remnants of the congenital atretic cerebral aqueduct, not associated with Chiari malformation; 4) in the older child and adult with Chiari II malformation, vimentin overexpression in the ependyma becomes more generalized in the lateral ventricles as well, hence evolves into a nonspecific upregulation. The interpretation from these findings leads to speculation that it is unlikely that ependymal vimentin is directly involved in the pathogenesis of Chiari II malformation, but may reflect a secondary upregulation due to defective expression of another gene. This gene may be one of rhombomeric segmentation that also plays a role in defective programming of the paraxial mesoderm for the basioccipital and supraoccipital bones resulting in a small posterior fossa. This interpretation supports the hypothesis of a molecular genetic defect, rather than a mechanical cause, as the etiology of the Chiari II malformation.
Case of Large Placental Chorioangioma Associated with Diffuse Neonatal Hemangiomatosis
Authors: Bakaris Sevgi , Karabiber Hamza , Yuksel Murvet , Parmaksiz Gonul , Kiran Hakan
Published: March 2004

Chorioangioma is the most frequent nontrophoblastic tumor of the placenta with a incidence ranging from 0.01 to 1.3%. Vascular anomalies of the placenta coincidental with infantile hemangioendothelioma (IH) of the liver are rarely described. Here we report a case of a large chorioangioma of the placenta associated with cutaneous hemangiomatosis and IH of the liver. The relationship between hemangiomas and placental chorioangioma is discussed.
Cytogenetic Distinction among Benign Fibro-osseous Lesions of Bone in Children and Adolescents: Value of Karyotypic Findings in Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Parham David M. , Bridge Julia A. , Lukacs Janet L. , Ding Yiling , Tryka A. Francine , Sawyer Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2004

Benign fibro-osseous lesions of bone (BFOL) comprise a group of clinically distinct entities with significant histologic overlap and often occur in children and adolescents. Because of prior studies indicating that these lesions possess distinct karyotypic abnormalities, we conducted a retrospective review of cytogenetic analyses performed in a series of 16 BFOL in children and adolescents diagnosed at two institutions. These comprised five cases with the diagnosis of ossifying fibroma, four with osteofibrous dysplasia, and seven with fibrous dysplasia arising in the skeleton of 16 children and adolescents. All cases were analyzed using standard G-banding techniques on fresh tumors explanted in tissue culture media. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to analyze selected metaphases of a talar lesion with the histologic features of ossifying fibroma. All four confirmed ossifying fibromas, including the talar lesion, contained clonal aberrations fusing breakpoints on Xq26 and 2q33, and one case with dissimilar histology did not. Three of four osteofibrous dysplasias contained multiple copies of chromosomes 8, 12, and/or 21. All but two fibrous dysplasia cases exhibited either a completely normal karyotype or single cell aberrations. One fibrous dysplasia had subtle chromosomal abnormalities not seen in other cases in the series, and another had complex abnormalities involving multiple chromosomes. Our current and published results indicate that cytogenetics might be of ancillary use in the diagnosis of BFOL and that a characteristic chromosomal arrangement is associated with ossifying fibroma.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Arising from an Adrenal Ganglioneuroma in a 6-Year-old Boy
Authors: De Chadarévian Jean-Pierre , MaePascasio Judy , Halligan Gregory E. , Katz Douglas A. , Iocono Joseph A. , Kimmel Stephen , Katsetos Christos D.
Published: March 2004

This report describes the youngest patient to develop a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor arising from a ganglioneuroma (MPNST ex Ganglioneuroma). The patient, a 6-year-old boy, was never irradiated and had no history or stigmata of neurofibromatosis. The report also includes a review of the previously published related cases, and an analysis of the immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy data available to date on the subject.
Attenuation of apoptosis and enhancement of proteoglycan synthesis in rabbit cartilage defects by hyperbaric oxygen treatment are related to the suppression of nitric oxide production
Authors: Yuan Li‐Jen , Ueng Steve W. N. , Lin Song‐Shu , Yeh Wen‐Ling , Yang Chuen‐Yung , Lin Paul Y.
Published: March 2004

Proinflammatory cytokine, nitric oxide (NO) and localized hypoxia‐induced apoptosis and proteoglycan (PG) degradation are thought to be correlated to the degree of cartilage injury. This study evaluated hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)‐induced changes in joint cavity oxygen tension, antigenickeratan sulfate (KS) content, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, PG synthesis, and cell apoptosis in full‐thickness defects of rabbit cartilage. The HBO group was exposed to 100% oxygen at 2.5 atm for 2 h daily, 5 days per week. Meanwhile, the control group was kept in housing cages with normal air. The joint cavity oxygen tension was determined with an oxygen sensor. Blood serum KS was quantified by competitive indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After sacrifice, specimen sections were sent for histological and histochemical examination with a standardized scoring system. In situ analysis of iNOs expression and apoptosis detection were performed using immunostaining and TUNEL staining, respectively and quantified by a computerized imagine analysis system. This study demonstrated that HBO treatment increased joint cavity oxygen tension but decreased blood KS content. Histological and histochemical score results showed that HBO treatment significantly increased the cartilage repair. Moreover, immunostaining and TUNEL staining showed that HBO treatment suppressed the iNOs expression and apoptosis of chondrocytes, respectively. Accordingly, HBO offers a potential treatment method for cartilage injury. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
MDMA (Ecstasy) controls in concert a group of genes involved in GABA neurotransmission
Authors: Simantov Rabi , Peng Weiping
Published: March 2004

In several countries, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently the most abundant psychoactive recreational drug. MDMA induces numerous neuropsychiatric behaviors, serotonergic neuron degeneration, programmed death of cultured cells, hyperthermia and occasional fatality. Using gene expression analysis in MDMA‐treated mice, we identified changes in γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA) transporters and synaptotagmins I and IV. Additional experiments showed decreases in mRNAs encoding septin and dystrophin. Although belonging to different gene families, it is striking that these four protein groups are implicated in neurotransmission of GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in thermoregulation. MDMA may control these genes in a combined fashion, assigning GABA a pivotal role in MDMA activities.
Liberalism and the democratic peace
Authors: MacMillan John
Published: March 2004

Recent trends in Democratic Peace theory have called into question the orthodox ‘separate democratic peace’ position that liberal states are peace-prone only in relations with other liberal states. This article seeks to recast the bases and scope (or parameters) of the relationship between liberalism – primarily left-liberalism – in domestic politics and peace-proneness in foreign affairs, to the effect that whilst this is manifest more broadly than conventionally understood, it is far from universal or undifferentiated. Whilst liberal ‘norms’ – as indicators of the legitimacy of force – are an important factor in determining when liberals will and will not support the use of force, liberals are also shown to have a higher threshold for the use of force than other groups on the mainstream domestic political spectrum (usually to the Right), indicating greater unwillingness to use force. The cases examined are reasonably neutral, not cherry-picked, in that they are drawn from the three major conflicts of the twentieth century and, as a starting point for the examination of liberal imperialism, Gladstone's Second Ministry (1880–1885).

Whilst the above findings are presented as highly significant for understanding the character
of liberal peace-proneness and an advance on the separate democratic peace position, the
argument is necessarily qualified in an effort to reflect the political complexities of the
phenomenon and the limitations of liberal norms as an explanatory factor. It is, however,
these very qualifications that put the politics back into the research agenda and connect the
knowledge claims to a wider body of academic scrutiny which, ultimately, should lead to a
fuller understanding of the relationship between liberalism, democracy and peace.
Disruptive writing and a critique of territoriality
Authors: Rajaram Prem Kumar
Published: March 2004

Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari wrote of the territorialising of the world, describing the commodification of space; its parcelling out and regimentation ensuring stable, unvarying coherence. Territorialised space, when well regulated, becomes a settled base for the political and for notions of political identity, heritage and kinship. Kenan Ferguson describes this as ‘the location and creation of civilization in a specific consumption of the land, as well as the subsequent delegitimation of those with different conceptions of it.’ The contemporary state is the receptacle of human ambition and desires, with history, allegiance and kinship understood in terms of its borders; there is a retrospective history premised on strategic forgetting and the cultivation of a collective memory coherent before the contemporary state.
Discipline and power: interpreting global Islam: a review essay
Authors: Kazmi Zaheer A.
Published: March 2004

Clifford Geertz has noted recently that ‘more than any other single thing, it has been the rising tendency to ideologize faith in so much of the Muslim world that has made it increasingly hard to arrive at summary accounts of what is happening there’. This recognition has not deterred the emergence of a veritable flood of literature, scholarly or otherwise, much of which provides sweeping holistic accounts of ‘Islam’ and the West's current engagement with it. The difficulty Geertz highlights is, ironically, also the impetus that drives the current hunger for such knowledge at the popular, academic and policy levels: the recognition of Islam, in its multifarious manifestations, not as a stagnant and ritualistic historical artefact, but as the major component of cultural renaissance and prime vehicle of dissident political mobilisation in the contemporary Muslim world.
Beware of organicism: the narrative self of the state
Authors: Neumann Iver B.
Published: March 2004

Alexander Wendt holds that states are ‘purposive actors with a sense of Self’. He draws on hermeneutic scholarship from Paul Ricoeur (1991) to Erik Ringmar to argue that this self is a narrative structure.
State agency: social action without human activity?
Authors: Wight Colin
Published: March 2004

What are we to make of the state? According to Hegel, it was the ‘Divine Idea on Earth’. For Hobbes it was an ‘Artificiall Man’. Nietzsche declared it the ‘coldest of all cold monsters’. And for Alexander Wendt it is a ‘person’. Wendt is absolutely serious about this; it is not that the state ‘is like’ a person; it literally is a person; ‘states are people too’. Wendt's literalist take on the state marks a watershed within that broad category of scholars committed to a scientific International Relations. Previous generations of scientifically orientated IR scholars, many of a positivist persuasion, have been happy to personify the state only insofar as this is understood as an instrumental device aimed at facilitating explanation. Talk of a state acting was admissible only as long as it was understood that this implied no ontological commitment to the state possessing any of the properties assigned to it. It may seem ‘as if’ the state acted; it may even seem ‘as if’ states existed. But as David Easton knew only too well, the state was only a ‘ghost in the machine’. A necessary ghost, of course, but a spectral apparition nonetheless. Wendt, whatever one thinks of his treatment of the state, has at least reopened the question of state ontology and state agency.
Hegel's House, or ‘People are states too’
Authors: Jackson Patrick Thaddeus
Published: March 2004

Are states people too? Yes, they are. In this I agree with Alexander Wendt's contention that the state is an ‘emergent phenomenon which cannot be reduced to individuals’, although I disagree with the methodology (scientific realist abduction) that he uses to make his argument and the consequent implication that the state is a ‘real’ (as opposed, presumably, to a ‘fictitious’) thing. Indeed, I would rather invert the claim that states are people too, and claim that people are states too, inasmuch as both are social actors – entities in the name of which actions are performed – exercising agency in delimited contexts. Instead of trying to ascertain what makes something a ‘person’, we should focus on processes of ‘personation’ in world politics, in order to enhance our understanding of how social actors in general are produced and sustained in the first place. Doing so allows for a much broader catalogue of actors in world politics, and affords the possibility of studying social action in a more consistently constructionist manner.
The state as person in international theory
Authors: Wendt Alexander
Published: March 2004

To say that states are ‘actors’ or ‘persons’ is to attribute to them properties we associate first with human beings – rationality, identities, interests, beliefs, and so on. Such attributions pervade social science and International Relations (IR) scholarship in particular. They are found in the work of realists, liberals, institutionalists, Marxists, constructivists, behaviouralists, feminists, postmodernists, international lawyers, and almost everyone in between. To be sure, scholars disagree about which properties of persons should be ascribed to states, how important state persons are relative to other corporate persons like MNCs or NGOs, whether state persons are a good thing, and whether ‘failed’ states can or should be persons at all. But all this discussion assumes that the idea of state personhood is meaningful and at some fundamental level makes sense. In a field in which almost everything is contested, this seems to be one thing on which almost all of us agree.
Defence Perspectives on Sentencing Practice in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: SAYERS STEPHEN M.
Published: March 2004

This article presents some defence perspectives on the sentencing practices of the ICTY and the ICTR. Recent developments, such as the new regime of plea bargaining recognized by recently adopted Rule 62 ter, are examined, along with the concepts of deterrence and retribution frequently recognized as the most important sentencing factors. In addition, the concept of ‘substantial co-operation’ with the prosecution is reviewed, an increasingly common phenomenon in sentencing decisions, and one which appears to entitle persons who demonstrate ‘substantial co-operation’ to significant discounts in their sentences. The article reviews aggravating and mitigating factors and their treatment and consideration by ICTY and ICTR trial chambers, as well as the treatment of discretionary sentencing decisions by trial chambers on appeal. Generally speaking, the author concludes that the increasingly common practice of plea bargaining, and the existence of ‘substantial co-operation’ with the prosecution, must be very seriously considered by any defence counsel at the outset of a case, while significant sentencing discounts may still be available.
Introduction
Authors: KENNEDY DAVID
Published: March 2004

That the international system has changed dramatically in the years since the end of the Cold War has become a commonplace. But which changes are most profound, and what is their significance for international legal order? The last decade of the twentieth century generated dozens of books and articles hailing a transformed world order and interpreting its political, economic, and social consequences. We have more distance now. The first years of this century have underscored the significance of changes in the structure of international affairs – but they also demonstrate how difficult it is to interpret them with confidence.
Theme III: Global Governance: Institutions
Authors: Chimni B. S. , Birnbaum Norman , Loibl Gerhard , Marks Susan , Nahtigal Matjaz
Published: March 2004

The network of international economic, political, and social organizations established at the initiative of the first world constitute a nascent global state whose function is to realize the interests of the powerful states to the disadvantage of third world states and peoples. The evolving global state formation may therefore be described as having a neo-imperial character.
Perpetual Peace or Perpetual Process: Global Civil Society and Cosmopolitan Legality at the World Trade Organization
Authors: BUCHANAN RUTH
Published: March 2004

This article argues that a contemporary form of ‘cosmopolitan legality’ serves as an animating force behind contemporary practices of global civil society and global governance. The first part provides an account of the recent history of civil society engagement with the World Trade Organization. It observes that civil society groups have focused their collective efforts on issues relating to procedural legitimacy, including accountability, openness, and transparency, potentially to the detriment of efforts to bring about more fundamental change. In the second part of the article, various theoretical approaches to cosmopolitan legality are discussed, including their claimed Kantian origins, and are mapped on to the preceding discussion of the place of a global public sphere in global governance. Programmatic approaches that purport to mobilize cosmopolitanism in the service of either a political or legal project are ultimately rejected, and a provisional alternative reading is suggested.
Coping with Risk: Subsistence Crises in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, 1600–1800
Authors: DODGSHON ROBERT A.
Published: March 2004

With their climatic variability and low crop yields, the Highlands and Islands formed a risk-laden environment for traditional farming communities. Yet whilst the major or exceptional famines between 1600 and 1800 are well-recorded, there has been less comment about the more frequent low-order crises that afflicted communities on a regular, even routine basis, leaving them without sufficient meal for a month or so before the new harvest was ready. Evidence for the nature and frequency of these low-order crises is discussed. Continually threatened with the problems posed by them, it is argued that the typical farming community would have been skilled in their response. Two forms of response are explored. First, the paper reviews some of the different ways in which Highland and Hebridean husbandry would have been organised so as to minimise risks. Second, it is argued that when these risk aversion strategies failed, communities buffered themselves against shortage by resorting to a range of alternative famine foods, from seaweeds and shell foods to the edible weeds of arable and grassland. We need to see major famines as occurring not just when exceptional or bad conditions prevailed, but also, when both these risk aversion and risk buffering strategies failed.
Tradition and Exclusion: Parochial Officeholding in Early Modern England, A Case Study from North Norfolk, 1580–1640
Authors: PITMAN JAN
Published: March 2004

This article suggests that there has been a tendency to understate the degree to which officeholding during the early modern period was embedded within the community, moulded by local influences and fulfilling a range of different functions in the parish. An over-emphasis upon national processes of social and cultural change has resulted in a failure to appreciate the complexity of the politics of officeholding. There has been only limited recognition of both the presence of constraints upon the actions of parochial elites and the mechanisms through which particular groups established and maintained control over parochial institutions. A detailed analysis of officeholding within seven parishes lying on the north Norfolk coast stresses the extent to which ‘parochial traditions’ determined the way in which things were done. It is argued that the effective linkage of officeholding to these shared understandings and to ideals of participation and inclusion created a powerful rhetoric through which the exclusion of a large minority of the populace and uneven distributions of officeholding were justified.
The Contested Commonlands of the Pays de Bray
Authors: CLOUT HUGH
Published: March 2004

The woodlands, meadows and orchards of the Pays de Bray play an important part in the local survival strategy for this section of northern France where ‘green tourism’ occupies a major role. For centuries, the area contained extensive stretches of common heath and moorland, whose reclamation and replacement by enclosed pastures proved a long and contested process. The present essay exemplifies the ambiguity of the notion of usages (use-rights), with commoners claiming that they had legal rights and landowners arguing that these were simply privileges. Attention is directed to long-running conflicts between peasants and seigneurs, to the initiatives of entrepreneurs in the eighteenth century, and to the final resolution of disputes after the Revolution of 1789. Long recognised as an area ready for ‘improvement’, the Pays de Bray is now perceived as a cherished environment to be commodified and conserved.
Death in Llantrisant: Henry Williams and the New Poor Law in Wales
Authors: STEWART JOHN , KING STEVE
Published: March 2004

This article first examines the recent historiography of the Poor Law, notes the dearth of historical writing on this topic with respect to Wales and then uses an incident which took place in the rural Welsh town of Llantrisant in the early 1840s which clearly exemplifies both particularly Welsh characteristics and those of the medical services of the New Poor Law. It is contended that further study of the welfare regime in nineteenth-century Wales is important for both Welsh history and for the broader historical understanding of the Poor Laws in rural areas.
Two Labour Markets in Nineteenth-Century English Agriculture: The Trentham Home Farm, Staffordshire
Authors: YAMAMOTO CHIAKI
Published: March 2004

Traditionally, historians have tended to accept the view that agricultural labourers in nineteenth-century England were subject to seasonal unemployment. In this article, however, it is argued that this is an over-simplification, and that there were in fact two coexisting labour markets. Using two sets of micro data, a wage book and the Census Enumerators' Books, it will be revealed (1) that there were two groups of agricultural labourers: those who were employed throughout the year (core workers) and those employed only in the busiest season (casual workers); (2) that the core workers and casual workers performed different tasks; (3) that they had different places of residence; and (4) that the casual workers' wages were more market-dependent. The movement of wages at the time of the arrival of Irish migrant labourers sheds further light on the different natures of the two markets. While core workers' wages appear to have been unaffected by this change in labour demand, English casual workers' and women's wages increased sensitively.
The compensation irradiance for phytoplankton in nature
Authors: Marra John
Published: March 2004

The compensation irradiance for phytoplankton is calculated from the time course of fluorescence‐derived chlorophyll‐a measured on moored sensors in the North Atlantic in spring. Following the initiation of the spring bloom, the time at which chlorophyll‐a begins to decrease at a particular depth in a stratified water column is used to compute the compensation irradiance from the critical depth criterion. Over the depth range of 50–110 m, the compensation irradiance is estimated to be in the range from 0.1–0.3 mol photons m−2 d−1.
Role of E region conductivity in the development of equatorial ionospheric plasma bubbles
Authors: Bhattacharyya Archana
Published: March 2004

A transmission line analogy, which has been used earlier in a linear theory for the development of equatorial plasma bubbles, is extended to study the effect of E region conductivity on non‐linear evolution of the plasma bubbles. For this, a set of mode coupling equations are used to describe non‐linear development of equatorial plasma bubbles in the presence of field‐aligned currents which couple the equatorial F region with conjugate E regions. For a three mode system, these non‐linear equations yield a condition for unstable fixed states. This condition shows that E region resistivity together with F region polariz‐ability introduces another time scale in the non‐linear evolution of equatorial bubbles, and this is the time scale for discharging the bubbles.
Can aerosols spin down the water cycle in a warmer and moister world?
Authors: Liepert Beate G. , Feichter Johann , Lohmann Ulrike , Roeckner Erich
Published: March 2004

Surface observations show puzzling evidence of reduced solar warming and concurrent increasing temperature during the last four decades. Based on climate simulations with the general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute in Hamburg we suggest that the interactions of greenhouse gas forcing plus direct, semi‐direct and indirect aerosol effects on clouds explain this paradox. We argue that reductions in surface solar radiation due to clouds and aerosols are only partly offset by enhanced down‐welling longwave radiation from the warmer and moister atmosphere. We conclude that the radiative imbalance at the surface leads to weaker latent and sensible heat fluxes and hence to reductions in evaporation and precipitation despite global warming.
More on the low‐temperature magnetism of stable single domain magnetite: Reversibility and non‐stoichiometry
Authors: Carter‐Stiglitz Brian , Moskowitz Bruce , Jackson Michael
Published: March 2004

The loss in remanence at the Verwey transition (TV) was modeled for elongate stable single domain magnetite for two experiments: 1) thermal cycling of room temperature saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (RTSIRM), 300 → 10 → 300 K, and 2) warming of zero‐field cooled and field‐cooled remanences from 10 K to 300 K. The RTSIRM simulations used magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants for stoichiometric magnetite and aspect ratios (AR) from 1 to ∞, for assemblages of inorganic particles and 10‐magnetosome chains. The results match the experimentally observed behavior of reversibility. The second set of simulations was conducted with low‐temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants for varying degrees of non‐stoichiometry, and AR = 5. Minor non‐stoichiometry lowers the drop in remanence at TV and increases the “delta ratio” (δfc/δzfc) to values as high as ∼6. New experiments demonstrate that maghematization (non‐stoichiometry) can partly explain the low‐temperature magnetic behavior observed in magnetotactic magnetite to date.
Relationship between surface atmospheric convergence over Indian Ocean and Indian rainfall
Authors: Luis Alvarinho J. , Pandey Prem Chand
Published: March 2004

Atmospheric convergence regions over the tropical Indian Ocean have been mapped for the first time using 31 years of vector wind data. The convergence fields reveal that the energetic summer monsoon winds enhance convergence in the central Arabian Sea and in the eastern Bay of Bengal when compared with weak winter monsoon winds. The summer monsoon is also effective in spatial migration of convergence regions in both basins. Area‐integrated convergence time series reveals an annual cycle with high amplitude during summer monsoon, which occurs in phase with Indian rainfall. The study explores the prospects of using the convergence as one of the predictors of Indian rainfall.