bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Model of Blunt Chest Trauma in Rats
Authors: Novakov Ivan P. , Delev Delyan P. , Bachurska Svitlana Y. , Staikov Dmitrii G.
Published: January 2016

The aim of the study was to present our own experimental model of blunt chest trauma in small laboratory animals. Fifteen Wistar albino rats (body weight 290.0-320.0 g) were used in the experiment. An originally designed platform was used to inflict blunt thoracic trauma in the rats. Gross examination and histological evaluation of the heart and lung were performed. It was established that blunt chest trauma caused three thoracic injuries: bilateral lung contusion, myocardial contusion and hemopericardium. These thoracic injuries occurred as a result from direct compression of the chest wall towards the lung and the heart. The severity of lung parenchymal and myocardial pathological findings depended on the energy of blunt chest trauma. The study presents a reproducible small-animal experimental model of blunt chest trauma. The model gives opportunities for further studying different aspects of lung and myocardial contusion.
Family Factors and Risk Sexual Behaviour in Students Aged 12-18
Authors: Simeonova Joana I. , Tzvetanova Nevena V. , Tzvetanova Yanka I.
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to identify family factors determining risk sexual behavior among students aged 12- 18 in Veliko Turnovo region. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014. Three hundred and ten students were included in a representative sample of students attending seven schools in Veliko Turnovo region. The respondents filled in a self-administered questionnaire, designed to collect data on family interactions, acts of sexual coercion, parental social status and their influence on the sexual behavior of the students. Data were processed using SPSS.v.19. Parametric and non-parametric statistical methods were applied. About one-fifth of the students were nurtured in incomplete families. History of a sexually transmitted diseases correlated with type of family (p<0.05). Poorer family interactions (rare family dinners and no conversations about sex) determined acts of risk sexual behavior - accidental contraceptive use during sex and postponing an obstetric examination (p<0.05). Students reporting sexual coercion had also had frequent casual sexual intercourse (p<0.05). Identifying family factors is of essential importance in planning effective sexual health education at school.
A Prospective Study on 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Serum Levels in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Slavov Georgi S. , Manova Maria G. , Trenova Anastasiya G. , Kostadinova Ivanka I. , Pavlov Pavel I. , Mateva Nonka G. , Zahariev Zahari I.
Published: January 2016

To assess the changes in the serum concentrations of 25(ОH)D in relapse and remission and their relation to the degree of neurological deficit. We analyzed 53 subjects (30 controls and 23 patients) from October 2012 to Маy 2013. Diagnosis was based on McDonald 2010 criteria. The severity of neurological deficit was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Serum concentrations of 25(ОH)D (nmol/l) were measured by ELISA once in controls and twice in patients - in relapse and remission. Mean levels in all groups were in the mild to moderate deficiency range, being lowest in the patients in relapse (controls 31.46±7.3; relapse 26.93±7.44; remission 28.06±7.28). There was a trend for lower levels of 25(ОH)D in healthy females in comparison to their male counterparts, and in female patients in relapse as compared to males (female controls - 26.56±8.4, male controls - 41.35±11.86; females in relapse - 26.33±10.03, males in relapse - 28.06±11.08). Negative statistically significant correlations between the concentrations of 25(ОH)D during relapse and remission and the degree of neurological deficit in the corresponding period were found (cc. -0.593, Sig 0.03, relapse; -0.46, Sig 0.024, remission). Assessment of the risk for development of MS, regarding the 25(ОH)D showed protective effect with respect to the risk of disease occurrence (ОR: 04125 relapse; 0.578 remission).
Glycinergic Neurotransmission: A Potent Regulator of Embryonic Motor Neuron Dendritic Morphology and Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Fogarty Matthew J. , Kanjhan Refik , Bellingham Mark C. , Noakes Peter G.
Published: January 2016

Emerging evidence suggests that central synaptic inputs onto motor neurons (MNs) play an important role in developmental regulation of the final number of MNs and their muscle innervation for a particular motor pool. Here, we describe the effect of genetic deletion of glycinergic neurotransmission on single MN structure and on functional excitatory and inhibitory inputs to MNs. We measured synaptic currents in E18.5 hypoglossal MNs from brain slices using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, followed by dye-filling these same cells with Neurobiotin, to define their morphology by high-resolution confocal imaging and 3D reconstruction. We show that hypoglossal MNs of mice lacking gephyrin display increased dendritic arbor length and branching, increased spiny processes, decreased inhibitory neurotransmission, and increased excitatory neurotransmission. These findings suggest that central glycinergic synaptic activity plays a vital role in regulating MN morphology and glutamatergic central synaptic inputs during late embryonic development.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMNs within the brainstem and spinal cord are responsible for integrating a diverse array of synaptic inputs into discrete contractions of skeletal muscle to achieve coordinated behaviors, such as breathing, vocalization, and locomotion. The last trimesterin uterois critical in neuromotor development, as this is when central and peripheral synaptic connections are made onto and from MNs. At this time-point, using transgenic mice with negligible glycinergic postsynaptic responses, we show that this deficiency leads to abnormally high excitatory neurotransmission and alters the dendritic architecture responsible for coherently integrating these inputs. This study compliments the emerging concept that neurodevelopmental disorders (including autism, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are underpinned by synaptic dysfunction and therefore will be useful to neuroscientists and neurologists alike.
Absence of Neuroplastin-65 Affects Synaptogenesis in Mouse Inner Hair Cells and Causes Profound Hearing Loss
Authors: Carrott Leanne , Bowl Michael R. , Aguilar Carlos , Johnson Stuart L. , Chessum Lauren , West Melissa , Morse Susan , Dorning Joanne , Smart Elizabeth , Hardisty-Hughes Rachel , Ball Greg , Parker Andrew , Barnard Alun R. , MacLaren Robert E. , Wells Sara , Marcotti Walter , Brown Steve D.M.
Published: January 2016

TheNeuroplastingene encodes two synapse-enriched protein isoforms, Np55 and Np65, which are transmembrane glycoproteins that regulate several cellular processes, including the genesis, maintenance, and plasticity of synapses. We found that an absence of Np65 causes early-onset sensorineural hearing loss and prevented the normal synaptogenesis in inner hair cells (IHCs) in the newly identified mouse mutantpitch. In wild-type mice, Np65 is strongly upregulated in the cochlea from around postnatal day 12 (P12), which corresponds to the onset of hearing. Np65 was specifically localized at the presynaptic region of IHCs. We found that the colocalization of presynaptic IHC ribbons and postsynaptic afferent terminals is greatly reduced inpitchmutants. Moreover, IHC exocytosis is also reduced with mutant mice showing lower rates of vesicle release. Np65 appears to have a nonessential role in vision. We propose that Np65, by regulating IHC synaptogenesis, is critical for auditory function in mammals.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn the mammalian cochlea, the sensory inner hair cells (IHCs) encode auditory information. They do this by converting sound wave-induced mechanical motion of their hair bundles into an electrical current. This current generates a receptor potential that controls release of glutamate neurotransmitter from their ribbon synapses onto the auditory afferent fiber. We show that the synapse-enriched protein Np65, encoded by theNeuroplastingene, is localized at the IHC presynaptic region. In mutant mice, absence of Np65 causes early-onset sensorineural hearing loss and prevents normal neurotransmitter release in IHCs and colocalization of presynaptic ribbons with postsynaptic afferents. We identifiedNeuroplastinas a novel deafness gene required for ribbon synapse formation and function, which is critical for sound perception in mammals.
Episodic Memory Retrieval Functionally Relies on Very Rapid Reactivation of Sensory Information
Authors: Waldhauser Gerd T. , Braun Verena , Hanslmayr Simon
Published: January 2016

Episodic memory retrieval is assumed to rely on the rapid reactivation of sensory information that was present during encoding, a process termed “ecphory.” We investigated the functional relevance of this scarcely understood process in two experiments in human participants. We presented stimuli to the left or right of fixation at encoding, followed by an episodic memory test with centrally presented retrieval cues. This allowed us to track the reactivation of lateralized sensory memory traces during retrieval. Successful episodic retrieval led to a very early (∼100–200 ms) reactivation of lateralized alpha/beta (10–25 Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG) power decreases in the visual cortex contralateral to the visual field at encoding. Applying rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation to interfere with early retrieval processing in the visual cortex led to decreased episodic memory performance specifically for items encoded in the visual field contralateral to the site of stimulation. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that episodic memory functionally relies on very rapid reactivation of sensory information.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRemembering personal experiences requires a “mental time travel” to revisit sensory information perceived in the past. This process is typically described as a controlled, relatively slow process. However, by using electroencephalography to measure neural activity with a high time resolution, we show that such episodic retrieval entails a very rapid reactivation of sensory brain areas. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation to alter brain function during retrieval revealed that this early sensory reactivation is causally relevant for conscious remembering. These results give first neural evidence for a functional, preconscious component of episodic remembering. This provides new insight into the nature of human memory and may help in the understanding of psychiatric conditions that involve the automatic intrusion of unwanted memories.
Previous Ketamine Produces an Enduring Blockade of Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of Uncontrollable Stress
Authors: Amat Jose , Dolzani Samuel D. , Tilden Scott , Christianson John P. , Kubala Kenneth H. , Bartholomay Kristi , Sperr Katherine , Ciancio Nicholas , Watkins Linda R. , Maier Steven F.
Published: January 2016

Recent interest in the antidepressant and anti-stress effects of subanesthetic doses of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has identified mechanisms whereby ketamine reverses the effect of stress, but little is known regarding the prophylactic effect ketamine might have on future stressors. Here we investigate the prophylactic effect of ketamine against neurochemical and behavioral changes that follow inescapable, uncontrollable tail shocks (ISs) in Sprague Dawley rats. IS induces increased anxiety, which is dependent on activation of serotonergic (5-HT) dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons that project to the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) administered 2 h, 1 week, or 2 weeks before IS prevented the increased extracellular levels of 5-HT in the BLA typically produced by IS. In addition, ketamine administered at these time points blocked the decreased juvenile social investigation produced by IS. Microinjection of ketamine into the prelimbic (PL) region of the medial prefrontal cortex duplicated the effects of systemic ketamine, and, conversely, systemic ketamine effects were prevented by pharmacological inhibition of the PL. Although IS does not activate DRN-projecting neurons from the PL, IS did so after ketamine, suggesting that the prophylactic effect of ketamine is a result of altered functioning of this projection.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe reported data show that systemic ketamine, given up to 2 weeks before a stressor, blunts behavioral and neurochemical effects of the stressor. The study also advances understanding of the mechanisms involved and suggests that ketamine acts at the prelimbic cortex to sensitize neurons that project to and inhibit the DRN.
Competition with Primary Sensory Afferents Drives Remodeling of Corticospinal Axons in Mature Spinal Motor Circuits
Authors: Jiang Yu-Qiu , Zaaimi Boubker , Martin John H.
Published: January 2016

Injury to the mature motor system drives significant spontaneous axonal sprouting instead of axon regeneration. Knowing the circuit-level determinants of axonal sprouting is important for repairing motor circuits after injury to achieve functional rehabilitation. Competitive interactions are known to shape corticospinal tract axon outgrowth and withdrawal during development. Whether and how competition contributes to reorganization of mature spinal motor circuits is unclear. To study this question, we examined plastic changes in corticospinal axons in response to two complementary proprioceptive afferent manipulations: (1) enhancing proprioceptive afferents activity by electrical stimulation; or (2) diminishing their input by dorsal rootlet rhizotomy. Experiments were conducted in adult rats. Electrical stimulation produced proprioceptive afferent sprouting that was accompanied by significant corticospinal axon withdrawal and a decrease in corticospinal connections on cholinergic interneurons in the medial intermediate zone and C boutons on motoneurons. In contrast, dorsal rootlet rhizotomy led to a significant increase in corticospinal connections, including those on cholinergic interneurons; C bouton density increased correspondingly. Motor cortex-evoked muscle potentials showed parallel changes to those of corticospinal axons, suggesting that reciprocal corticospinal axon changes are functional. Using the two complementary models, we showed that competitive interactions between proprioceptive and corticospinal axons are an important determinant in the organization of mature corticospinal axons and spinal motor circuits. The activity- and synaptic space-dependent properties of the competition enables prediction of the remodeling of spared corticospinal connection and spinal motor circuits after injury and informs the target-specific control of corticospinal connections to promote functional recovery.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuroplasticity is limited in maturity, but it is promoted after injury. Axons of the major descending motor pathway for motor skills, the corticospinal tract (CST), sprout after brain or spinal cord injury. This contributes to spontaneous spinal motor circuit repair and partial motor recovery. Knowing the determinants that enhance this plasticity is critical for functional rehabilitation. Here we examine the remodeling of CST axons directed by sensory fibers. We found that the CST projection is regulated dynamically in maturity by the competitive, activity-dependent actions of sensory fibers. Knowledge of the properties of this competition enables prediction of the remodeling of CST connections and spinal circuits after injury and informs ways to engineer target-specific control of CST connections to promote recovery.
Exploring Models in the Biology Classroom
Authors: Bryce Caleb M. , Baliga Vikram B. , De Nesnera Kristin L. , Fiack Duran , Goetz Kimberly , Tarjan L. Maxine , Wade Catherine E. , Yovovich Veronica , Baumgart Sarah , Bard Donald G. , Ash Doris , Parker Ingrid M. , Gilbert Gregory S.
Published: January 2016

Models are simplified representations of more complex systems that help scientists structure the knowledge they acquire. As such, they are ubiquitous and invaluable in scientific research and communication. Because science education strives to make classroom activities more closely reflect science in practice, models have become integral teaching and learning tools woven throughout the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Although model-based learning and curriculum are not novel in educational theory, only recently has modeling taken center stage in K–12 national standards for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) classes. We present a variety of examples to outline the importance of various types of models and the practice of modeling in biological research, as well as the emphasis of NGSS on their use in both classroom learning and assessment. We then suggest best practices for creating and modifying models in the context of student-driven inquiry and demonstrate that even subtle incorporation of modeling into existing science curricula can help achieve student learning outcomes, particularly for English-language learners. In closing, we express the value of models and modeling in life beyond the classroom and research laboratory, and highlight the critical importance of “model literacy” for the next generation of scientists, engineers, and problem-solvers.
Instructional Strategies to Develop Graphing Skills in the College Science Classroom
Authors: Harsh Joseph A. , Schmitt-Harsh Mikaela
Published: January 2016

Given the importance of succinctly communicating complex information, proficiency in graphing is a central element of scientific literacy. Evidence indicates that learners of all ages and levels of expertise have difficulties in displaying and reading visual data. Numerous studies have investigated the enactment of various activities to improve graphing in the college science classroom, but most of this work has focused on graphing difficulties and the implications of general instructional strategies as part of a semester-long curriculum. Few studies have discussed how specific interventions can be implemented to effectively hone graphing abilities. We evaluated (1) five key instructional features of an inquiry-oriented stream-ecology unit that consisted of data collection and graphing and (2) the unit's impact on non–science majors' analytical skills. Comparing pretest and posttest data, as well as a supplemental questionnaire, student responses demonstrated substantial positive impacts on graphing skills and attitudes toward graphing. The results also highlighted features of the unit that were considered successful. Although we a describe a particular stream-ecology activity, the framework and design features we present can be applied to other case studies and across disciplines.
Presencia de Hemoparásitos en Tortugas Motelo (Chelonoides denticulata) (Linnaeus, 1766) Comercializadas en el Mercado de Belén, Iquitos, Perú
Authors: Batalla L. Luis , Casas A. Eva , Julca Rosa , Sánchez Nofre , Angelats Roxana , Rojas Gianmarco , Cárdenas Jorge
Published: January 2016

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y determinar la presencia de hemoparásitos en tortugas motelo comercializadas en el mercado de Belén, Iquitos, Perú, así como su asociación con las variables sexo, peso, hematocrito y parasitemia. Se colectaron muestras de sangre de 47 tortugas en julio de 2010. Se utilizaron las técnicas de frotis sanguíneo delgado con Giemsa, microcapilar de Woo y técnica de capa blanca o ‘Buffy coat’ para la identificación de los hemoparásitos. Se encontró la presencia de Haemogregarina sp, con una frecuencia de 74.5%, siendo de 68.8% en hembras y 86.7% en machos. Se encontraron gamontes maduros (11.09 ± 1.42 µm de longitud x 5.82 ± 0.76 µm de ancho) e inmaduros (14.85 ± 0.69 µm x 3.26 ± 0.41 µm). No se encontró diferencia significativa entre la presencia del parásito con las variables sexo, peso, hematocrito y nivel de parasitemia.
Efusión Pericárdica: Reporte de Caso
Authors: Dávila F. Roberto , Begazo C. Christian , Marroquín A. Miguel
Published: January 2016

La efusión pericárdica se describe como la acumulación anormal de líquido en la cavidad pericárdica, pudiendo llegar a producir un taponamiento cardiaco asociado a neoplasias. Se presenta el caso clínico de un perro Golden Retriever, de 10 años de edad, que fue llevado a consulta por anorexia, distención abdominal y depresión. Al examen clínico se detectaron sonidos cardiacos débilmente audibles, pulso femoral débil y taquipnea. Los exámenes de laboratorio evidenciaron anemia e insuficiencia renal. La ecografía determinó hidropericardio y una masa tumoral en la base del corazón derecho. El estudio radiológico demostró aumento de la silueta cardiaca. Se concluye que la lesión era compatible con un taponamiento cardiaco por efusión pericárdica hemorrágica.
Factores de Riesgo Asociados a la Seroprevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii en Mamíferos del Orden Carnivora y Primates Mantenidos en Cautiverio
Authors: Navarro M. Dennis , Chávez V. Amanda , Pinedo V. Rosa , Muñoz D. Karina
Published: January 2016

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de T. gondii en mamíferos de los órdenes Carnivora y Primates criados en cautiverio e identificar las variables epidemiológicas que intervienen en su presentación. El trabajo se desarrolló en el zoológico del Patronato del Parque de las Leyendas, Lima, Perú. Se colectaron muestras de sangre a 101 animales silvestres (Carnivora, n=49; Primates, n=52) y de 87 roedores y 18 felinos domésticos capturados en el zoológico. Se realizaron encuestas para identificar los potenciales factores de riesgo para cada Orden, así como de cada especie de roedor (parámetros morfométricos, edad estimada, sexo y peso) y felino doméstico (edad, sexo). Se utilizó la técnica de hemaglutinación indirecta para el diagnóstico de T. gondii, preparándose diluciones de 1:16 a 1:2048, considerándose como positivos títulos mayores de 1/16. Se determinó anticuerpos IgM mediante el uso del 2-Mercaptoetanol para determinar una infección aguda. La asociación entre la seroprevalencia a T. gondii y las variables sexo, origen, tiempo en la institución y tipo de alimentación fue analizada mediante la razón de posibilidades (odds ratio - OR) La seroprevalencia de T. gondii en los animales del Orden Carnivora y Primates fue de 87.8 y 80.8%, respectivamente. Solo se encontró asociación significativa (p<0.05) entre la seroprevalencia de T. gondii en primates y el tipo de alimentación, donde el ser omnívoro constituyó un factor de riesgo (OR: 40.9) para la presentación de la infección. La frecuencia de anticuerpos anti-T. gondii en roedores (Rattus sp) y gatos fue de 25.3 y 77.8%, respectivamente.
Insuficiencia Luteal en una Perra: Descripción de un Caso
Authors: Sánchez R. Alfonso
Published: January 2016

Se describe y discute el caso de una perra Bulldog Francés de 2 años y 3 meses de edad, con una gestación de aproximadamente 37 días, con sangrado vaginal por 12 días. Mediante examen serológico se descartó la posibilidad de aborto infeccioso (B. canis) y al evaluar progesterona sérica, mediante kit comercial, se observó un valor disminuido (2.5-5 ng/ml), por lo cual se instauró una terapia de soporte mediante progesterona micronizada (100 mg/día) hasta observar el cese del sangrado y mantención normal de la preñez. La evaluación de progesterona a partir de ese momento presentó valores mayores de 5 ng/ml. Luego del día 42 de gestación, la suplementación hormonal se modificó a 100 mg cada 48 horas y se suspendió el día 58 de preñez. La hembra parió un cachorro vivo y otros tres fueron extraídos mediante operación cesárea (2 vivos y 1 muerto).
Efecto de la Aplicación Intramuscular de Plasma Seminal sobre la Supervivencia Embrionaria en Alpacas Poscópula
Authors: Turín V. Jesús , Huanca L. Wilfredo , Huanca M. Teodosio , Sapana V Rómulo
Published: January 2016

Se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación por vía intramuscular (IM) de plasma seminal sobre la supervivencia embrionaria en alpacas luego de la monta natural. El estudio se llevó a cabo en Puno, Perú. El plasma seminal se obtuvo de muestras de semen de alpaca. El semen fue colectado y diluido en proporción 1:1 en buffer fosfato salino (PBS), y posteriormente centrifugado y conservado en congelación. Se seleccionaron alpacas hembras vacías (n=117) con presencia de un folículo ovárico dominante (e»7 mm) detectado por ecografía transrectal. Los animales fueron servidos por monta natural y distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: T1(n=40), se les administró 1 ml de plasma seminal diluido en PBS, vía IM; T2(n=39), se les administró 1 ml de un análogo de GnRH (0.0042 mg de acetato de buserelina), vía IM; T3(n=38), sin administración alguna (control). Se hizo una evaluación mediante ecografía transrectal el día 25 de la monta para determinar la gestación y el día 62 para determinar la tasa de supervivencia embrionaria. La tasa de concepción al día 25 de la monta fue de 67.5, 51.3 y 55.3% y la tasa de supervivencia embrionaria al día 62 fue de 92.6, 80.0 y 85.7% para los grupos T1, T2 y T3, respectivamente, sin diferencias estadísticas. Los resultados parecieran indicar que la aplicación IM de plasma seminal inmediatamente después de la monta determina una mejora en la supervivencia embrionaria en comparación a la aplicación de GnRH o la monta natural; sin embargo dicha diferencia no es estadísticamente diferente.
Efecto de la Suplementación de Butirato de Sodio en la Dieta de Cuyes (Cavia porcellus) de Engorde sobre el Desarrollo de las Vellosidades Intestinales y Criptas de Lieberkühn
Authors: Vallejos P. Diego , Carcelén C. Fernando , Jiménez A. Ronald , Perales C. Rosa , Santillán A. Gilberto , Ara G. Miguel , Quevedo William , Carzola Fernando
Published: January 2016

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación de butirato de sodio sobre el desarrollo de vellosidades intestinales y criptas de Lieberkühn en cuyes de engorde. Se utilizaron 45 cuyes machos destetados de 14 días de edad distribuidos en cinco tratamientos con nueve repeticiones por tratamiento: T1 fue el control, T2 recibió zinc-bacitracina (200 ppm) y T3, T4 y T5 fueron suplementados con 100, 200 y 300 ppm de butirato de sodio, respectivamente. Se evaluó el largo y ancho de las vellosidades intestinales, la profundidad de criptas de Lieberkühn y la relación entre el largo de vellosidad y profundidad de cripta (L/P) en duodeno, yeyuno e íleon a los 84 días de edad. Para el largo de vellosidades intestinales, T5 (0.812 mm) fue mayor a T1 (0.701 mm) en duodeno; asimismo, T5 y T4 fueron mayores a T3 (p<0.05). Para el ancho de vellosidades en el íleon T3 (0.114), T4 (0.115) y T5 (0.136 mm) fueron superiores a T1 y T2 (p<0.05). La profundidad de la cripta intestinal a nivel del yeyuno e íleon fue menor para T4 y T5 frente a T1 (p<0.05). Para L/P, T4 y T5 fueron mayores a T0 en los tres segmentos intestinales (p<0.05). La dieta suplementada con butirato de sodio afectó positivamente al desarrollo intestinal de cuyes de engorde con mejores resultados que una dieta base.
Evaluación de Tres Programas de Vacunación Contra Laringotraqueitis Infecciosa Aviar Usando Dos Vacunas Vectorizadas Comerciales en Pollos de Engorde
Authors: Charca P. Silvia , Icochea D’A. Eliana , González V. Rosa , Perales C. Rosa , San Martín D. Viviana , Cribillero C. Nelly , Reyna S. Pablo
Published: January 2016

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la protección conferida por tres programas de vacunación contra laringotraqueitis infecciosa (LTI) en pollos de engorde usando dos vacunas comerciales recombinantes (vectorizadas). Se utilizaron 288 pollos machos de la línea Ross 308 de 1 día de edad, distribuidos en cuatro grupos de 72 con tres repeticiones de 24 aves por grupo. El grupo A fue vacunado al 1er día de edad por vía subcutánea con la vacuna recombinante comercial del virus de viruela aviar que expresa el gen de la glicoproteína B del virus de laringotraqueítis infecciosa aviar (VLTI); el grupo B fue vacunado el día 14 con una vacuna inactivada por vía subcutánea y con la vacuna del grupo A aplicada por punción alar; el grupo C fue vacunado el día 1 de edad por vía subcutánea con una vacuna recombinante comercial de herpesvirus de pavo (HVT) asociado a células que expresa los genes de las glicoproteínas I y D del VLTI; y el grupo D no fue vacunado. Todas las aves fueron desafiadas con una cepa del VLTI con un título de 107 DIE50 el día 35 de edad. Las aves control presentaron mayor severidad de signos respiratorios en el día 6 posdesafío que las vacunadas (p<0.05). Las lesiones histopatológicas variaron entre grupos, siendo el grupo C el que tuvo la más rápida recuperación (p<0.05). Los parámetros productivos (peso corporal, índice de conversión alimenticia e índice de eficiencia productivo europeo) no mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos. La mejor protección contra LTI se obtuvo con la vacuna recombinante HVT, no habiendo diferencia estadística en la respuesta productiva entre los cuatro tratamientos.
Detección de Salmonella sp en Carcasas Porcinas en Camales de Lima, Perú
Authors: Salvatierra R. Guillermo , Pinto J. Chris , Inga E. Edwin , Siuce M. Juan , Calle E. Sonia
Published: January 2016

El objetivo del presente estudio fue detectar la frecuencia de Salmonella sp, mediante técnicas de aislamiento, en carcasas porcinas destinadas al consumo humano. Se muestrearon 300 carcasas beneficiadas en dos camales de Lima Metropolitana, Perú. Las muestras fueron tomadas mediante hisopados sobre la piel de la cabeza, vientre, lomo y pierna, representando en total 1200 submuestras. Estas fueron transportadas al laboratorio en tubos Falcon con agua peptonada tamponada, donde fueron procesadas, siguiendo el protocolo de aislamiento bacteriano basado en la norma ISO 6579:2002. Los aislados fueron identificados mediante pruebas bioquímicas y antisueros específicos. En el 6.3 ± 2.4% (19/300) de las carcasas y en 1.8% (21/1200) de las submuestras se detectó la presencia de Salmonella sp. El mayor porcentaje de aislados se obtuvo de la piel de la cabeza (33.3%, 7/21) y vientre (33.3%, 7/21). Los aislados fueron serotipificados e identificados como Salmonella enterica subesp. enterica serotipo Derby. Los resultados confirman la necesidad de implementar medidas de control y detección de la bacteria que permitan reducir la frecuencia de carne de cerdo contaminada que llega al consumidor.
Inmunidad Celular en Ganado Vacuno Lechero Naturalmente Infectado con Fasciola hepatica en Cajamarca, Perú
Authors: Silva-Díaz Heber , Hobán-Vergara Cristian , Cruz-Cerna Rosmery , Solana Hugo , Ortiz-Oblitas Pedro
Published: January 2016

La fasciolosis producida por Fasciola hepatica es una importante enfermedad parasitaria de la ganadería en muchos países. En Cajamarca, Perú, se reportan prevalencias superiores al 80% en el ganado lechero. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de proliferación y la expresión de citoquinas (IFN-γ e IL-4) en células mononucleares de sangre periférica de terneras y vacas naturalmente infectadas, contra el antígeno no específico fitohemaglutinina y los antígenos específicos de excreción-secreción del estadio inmaduro y maduro de F. hepatica. La capacidad proliferativa fue determinada por linfoproliferación in vitro y la expresión de citoquinas se evaluó en sobrenadantes de cultivo celular por la técnica de ELISA. Las vacas infectadas con F. hepatica mostraron una disminución de la capacidad de respuesta frente a estímulos proliferativos inespecíficos y específicos. En el perfil de citoquinas contra el estímulo específico se encontró una baja expresión de IFN-γ, mientras que la respuesta de IL-4 fue alta, lo que indica que la respuesta permanece polarizada hacia una respuesta de tipo Th2. En el análisis comparativo, las terneras expresaron niveles de IFN-γ más altos que los valores obtenidos en las vacas, pero con una expresión similar de IL-4. No se observaron diferencias en la respuesta inmune a los antígenos del estadio inmaduro y maduro del parásito. Los resultados demuestran que a medida que la enfermedad progresa se expresa una respuesta inmunomoduladora en los animales adultos naturalmente infectados con F. hepatica.
Estilos de Aprendizaje de Estudiantes y Docentes de Primer y Segundo Año de la Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria en Concepción, Chile
Authors: Luzio Q. Alvaro , Araneda S.M. Francisco , Salgado A. Jacqueline , Rain F. Manuel
Published: January 2016

Los enfoques pedagógicos actuales le entregan al estudiante un rol activo en los procesos de aprendizaje. El docente es un facilitador que interviene y colabora en los procesos de aprendizaje. En este sentido, los estilos de aprendizaje surgen como una herramienta pedagógica valiosa tanto para el alumno como para el docente. Estos se encuentran estrechamente relacionados con la forma en que los estudiantes aprenden, los profesores enseñan y cómo ambos interactúan en la relación de enseñanza aprendizaje. Desde el punto de vista de una propuesta pedagógica, el modelo de estilos de aprendizaje de Kolb los clasifica en Activo, Reflexivo, Teórico y Pragmático. El presente trabajo plantea el estudio de los estilos de aprendizaje de estudiantes y docentes de primer y segundo año de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, en Concepción, Chile, mediante la aplicación del ‘Cuestionario Honey y Alonso de estilos de aprendizaje’ (CHAEA). Se aplicó el cuestionario a toda la población de estudiantes (n=39) y docentes (n=17) de los dos primeros años de la carrera. Los resultados indicaron una moderada preferencia hacia el estilo de aprendizaje reflexivo, tanto en estudiantes como en docentes, pero sin diferencias estadísticas entre estilos de aprendizaje.
La ética de la investigación científica (con énfasis en las ciencias del movimiento humano) (versión original en español)
Authors: Aragón-Vargas Luis Fernando
Published: January 2016

En este manuscrito se hace una revisión de cómo fue que llegamos a las prácticas actuales en la ética de la investigación científica, presentando algunos temas que son de interés especial para el científico de la actividad física y la salud. Se hace énfasis en dos áreas principales de la ética en la ciencia: primero se presentan los principios éticos para la investigación biomédica con seres humanos y se discuten utilizando como guía los tres principios básicos del Reporte Belmont (autonomía, beneficencia y justicia). Luego se comentan la presentación y la publicación ética de la información a manera de actualización o comentario extendido de los diez temas cubiertos por Roy Shephard en su manuscrito de 2002 La ética en la investigación en las ciencias del ejercicio. Finalmente se presenta una reflexión sobre la responsabilidad personal y su importancia en todas las dimensiones del quehacer científico: si bien es cierto que poner toda la responsabilidad sobre los hombros de aquellos científicos o médicos que trabajaban en investigación no fue suficiente para evitar todo tipo de abusos en la experimentación con humanos en la primera mitad del siglo veinte, el problema no está resuelto. Los engorrosos e intrincados procesos de revisión y aprobación externa generan la sensación de que el sistema debería ser más que suficiente para asegurar las buenas prácticas, pero esa percepción tiene el peligro de provocar que los científicos abdiquen inconscientemente a su responsabilidad personal.
THE ETHICS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON EXERCISE AND MOVEMENT SCIENCE) (English translated version)
Authors: Aragón-Vargas Luis Fernando
Published: January 2016

This paper reviews how we arrived at the current state of affairs in the ethical practice of scientific research, discussing some issues that are particularly pertinent to the exercise scientist. The paper focuses on two major areas of ethics in science. The ethical principles for biomedical research involving human subjects are presented and discussed using the three basic principles from the Belmont Report (autonomy, beneficence, and justice) as a guide. The ethical presentation and publication of data are discussed as an update or expanded comment on the ten topics covered by Roy Shephard in his Ethics in Exercise Science Research paper from 2002. The manuscript closes with a reflection on personal responsibility and its importance in every scientific endeavor: placing all responsibility for action on those scientists or physicians doing the experiments was not sufficient to prevent all types of human research abuses in the first half of the twentieth century. However, intricate and cumbersome external review and approval procedures generate the perception that the system should be more than enough to ensure good practices, a perception that may dangerously prevent the scientists from assuming their individual responsibility.
Checklist of benthic macroinvertebrates of the Lago Pratignano (northern Apennines, Italy): an extremely rich ecosystem
Authors: Ansaloni Ivano , Prevedelli Daniela , Ruocco Matteo , Simonini Roberto
Published: January 2016

A checklist of the macroinvertebrates fauna of the Lago Pratignano is presented here. The Lago Pratignano is a small, natural water body of the high (1,307 m above sea level) Northern Apennines, Italy. It represents an important site for the conservation of endangered flora and amphibians, and  its importance for the conservation of the macroinvertebrate fauna is highlighted. The 82 taxa recorded make it an extremely rich habitat. The most represented group was Diptera, with 31 taxa, followed by Coleoptera, with nine, and Oligochaeta and Arachnida, each with eight taxa. Other groups are present in lower numbers. Despite the scant attention to theP study of the macroinvertebrates of small lentic habitats in the Northern Apennines, their importance for the conservation of the invertebrate fauna and the high contribution they give to the biodiversity is highlighted here.
Flora of Niti Valley: a cold arid region of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya, India
Authors: Kumar Amit , Mitra Monideepa , Adhikari Bhupendra S. , Rawat Gopal S.
Published: January 2016

Located in the extended buffer zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in Western Himalaya, Niti valley represents a cold arid region. The reserve has been extensively surveyed in terms of floral diversity by various workers, albeit highly confined to the core zones. The current survey recorded 495 species belonging to 267 genera and 73 families of vascular plants through systematic collection in the years 2011, 2012 and 2014. Of the recorded species, 383 were dicots, 93 monocots, 9 pteridophytes and 10 gymnosperms. Asteraceae was most diverse family (32 genera with 58 species), followed by Poaceae (22 genera with 41 species), Lamiaceae (15 genera with 19 species) Fabaceae (14 genera with 22 species), Brassicaceae (12 genera with 12 species) and Rosaceae (11 genera with 36 species). The present survey also updates the existing flora of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (801 species) with addition of 167 species. This study reveals that the Niti valley forms a transition zone, as the floral elements have affinity with Trans as well as Greater Himalaya.
"Logic will never be the same again" - Kurt Gödel Centenary
Authors: Ciobanu Gabriel
Published: January 2016

Kurt Gödel was born on 28th of April 1906 in Brno, which was at that time a city of the Austrian-Hungarian
Monarchy. This year we celebrate the 100th birthday of Kurt Gödel, perhaps the greatest logician of the twentieth
century. We mark this event by a short article on his life and scientific results.
Grigore C. Moisil: A Life Becoming a Myth
Authors: Marcus Solomon
Published: January 2016

Grigore C. Mosil, Romanian mathematician, Professor at the University of Bucharest - Faculty of Mathematics
and Computer Science, member of the Romanian Academy, member of the Academy of Sciences
in Bologna and of the International Institute of Philosophy, Computer Pioneer Award of IEEE Computer
Society (IEEE - 1996).
Grigore C. Moisil (1906 - 1973) and his School in Algebraic Logic
Authors: Georgescu George , Iorgulescu Afrodita , Rudeanu Sergiu
Published: January 2016

We present in the paper a very concise but updated survey emphasizing the research done by Gr. C. Moisil and his school in algebraic logic.
An Automatic Grading System for Panels Surfaces Using Artificial Vision
Authors: Aguilera Cristhian , Ramos Mario , Roa Gabriel
Published: January 2016

This work describes an automatic grading system using artificial vision to improve the quality of wood panels surfaces. The objective is to control stains on the surface. Artificial Vision techniques like Thresholding and Transformed Watershed methods are applied. Defects quantitative measures found on the surface are also presented, in particular quantity, area, intensity and distribution.
Inteligent Line Follower Mini-Robot System
Authors: Osorio C. Román , Romero José A. , Peña C. Mario , López-Juárez Ismael
Published: January 2016

This paper shows a prototype development of an intelligent line follower mini-robot system, the objective is to recognize, understand and modify the actual performance of the movements of the robot during its pathway by way of getting information in real time from different magnetic sensors implemented in the system and based in a V2X digital compass, microcontroller and odometric measurements. The paper shows as well, the system characterization of the V2X sensor (digital compas) and the cost-benefit of the prototype implementation and performance. The programming techniques and easy operation is detailed too.
Improvement and extension of Virtual Reality for flexible systems of manufacture
Authors: Vasconcelo Flavio Véliz , Lefranc Hernández Gastón
Published: January 2016

In this work it presents the improvement and extension of the virtual reality software created by the Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Automatization Outpost Laboratory in the school of electrical engineering of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.
Pathogen Variability. A Genomic Signal Approach
Authors: Cristea Paul Dan
Published: January 2016

The conversion of genomic symbolic sequences into digital signals has been applied for the analysis pathogen variability. Results are given on the variability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, type 1, subtype F, isolated in Romania, and of the type A avian influenza virus H5N1, for which sequences have been downloaded from GenBank [1]. Nucleotide sequence analysis is corroborated with techniques based on the genomic signal approach to detect pathogen resistance to antiretroviral treatment. In the case of protease (PR) inhibitors, it is found that the treatment induces single nucleotide polimorphisms (SNPs) in specific sites. For moderate resistance, the changes affect the PR enzyme only at the level of the protein, whereas for multiple drug resistance, the RNA gene secondary structure also changes.
Bringing IPTV to the Market through Differentiated Service Provisioning
Authors: Peoples Cathryn , Dini Petre , McClean Sally , Parr Gerard , Black Michaela
Published: January 2016

The world of telecommunications continues to provide radical technologies. Offering the benefits of a superior television experience at reduced long-term costs, IPTV is the newest offering. Deployments, however, are slow to be rolled out; the hardware and software support necessary is not uniformly available.
 This paper examines the challenges in providing IPTV services and the limitations in developments to overcome these challenges. Subsequently, a proposal is made which attempts to help solve the challenge of fulfilling real-time multimedia transmissions through provisioning for differentiated services. Initial implementations in Opnet are documented, and the paper concludes with an outline of future work.
65 Years from Birth of Prof. Gheorghe S. Nadiu (1941-1998)
Authors: Dzițac Ioan , Andrei Loriana
Published: January 2016

In 1967, Gheorghe S. Nadiu publishes in “Mathematical studies and researches”, the article “On a method for the construction of Three - valued Łukasiewicz algebras” (Romania), cited in the book “Cylindric Algebras” by P. Monk, L. Henkin, A. Tarski. This article attracted the attention of Grigore C. Moisil, who offers him a scholarship, taking him out of production to make his doctorate at the Mathematic Institute of the Romanian Academy. He publishes more than 50 scientific papers in Theory of Algorithms, Logics of mathematics and Theory of Categories fields.

“Gheorghe S. Nadiu, by introducing the notion of quantified filter in a boolean monadic algebra, showed how one can obtain a trivalent Łukasiewicz algebra; also, he obtained an algebraic characterization of a completitude theorem from the intuitionist logic of Kripke.” (G. St. Andonie, Science History in Romania, Academic Publishing House, SRR, 1981).
Effect of permeability on the cyclic generation and dissipation of pore pressures in saturated gravel layers
Authors: Pender M. J. , Orense R. P. , Wotherspoon L. M. , Storie L. B.
Published: January 2016

A dramatic consequence of the Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 was the widespread liquefaction in the city. Part of the central business district (CBD) was badly affected by liquefaction but elsewhere large volumes of ejecta were not evident for those parts of the CBD where the upper layers in the soil profile are sandy gravel and gravelly sand. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the effect of the gravel permeability on the rise and dissipation of excess pore water pressure during cyclic loading of a soil profile idealised from Christchurch data. The Cyclic1D software, which performs one-dimensional non-linear effective stress site response analysis, was used. Permeability values associated with gravel were found to suppress the cyclic accumulation of excess pore water pressure in gravel layers. Given that there has not been any systematic measurement of the in situ permeability of the gravels in Christchurch, the modelling in the paper suggests that likely values for the bulk permeability of the gravel layers are within the range suggested in the geotechnical literature. However, the work reported is of wider application than Christchurch and emphasises the controlling influence of permeability on the accumulation and dissipation of cyclic pore pressures.
Can We Offer More to Patients with Multiple Sclerosis?
Authors: Wijmeersch Bart Van , Oreja-Guevara Celia , Milo Ron ,   Professor, Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt, BIOMED, University Hasselt, Belgium,   Head of Clinical Research, Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain,   Head, Department of Neurology, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Published: January 2016

The recent approvals of both teriflunomide (Aubagio®) and alemtuzumab (Lemtrada®) have meant that substantially more can now be offered to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In clinical trials, teriflunomide has shown consistent efficacy across patients with early disease (TOPIC study, n=618) and in patients with relapsing forms of MS (TEMSO, n=1,088 and TOWER studies n=1,169). Teriflunomide 14 mg/day showed consistent efficacy in patients with varying levels of disease activity and is the only approved oral MS therapy that significantly delayed disability progression in two phase III clinical trials. The safety profile of teriflunomide now extends to 12 years and the data support its use as a platform agent in patients with relapsing MS (RMS). In other phase II and III clinical trials (CAMMS223, n=334, CARE-MS 1, n=581 and CARE-MS 2, n=840), alemtuzumab has demonstrated superior efficacy (clinical and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) than high-dose subcutaneous (s.c.) interferon beta (IFNβ-1a). It has also shown improvement in pre-existing disability compared with IFNβ-1a s.c. and sustained efficacy over 3–4 years despite no further therapy after the second administration in the majority of the patients. Alemtuzumab has a consistent, well-characterised safety profile, so adverse events can be identified and managed using a comprehensive safety monitoring and education programme. Both teriflunomide and alemtuzumab therefore have favourable benefit– risk profiles in patients with early and/or active RMS. Their efficacies constitute real advances in MS treatment and in regular clinical use are likely to effectively control disease and improve outcomes for many MS patients.