bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel microsatellites from the green swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) also display polymorphism in guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: HUA YUE GEN , ORBAN LASZLO
Published: August 2004

The green swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii; Poeciliidae) is a popular ornamental freshwater fish species. Fourteen microsatellites were isolated from a green swordtail genomic library enriched for CA‐repeats. Thirteen microsatellites were polymorphic in green swordtail; interestingly four of them were tetranucleotide‐type. Cross‐species amplification showed that 10 of the 14 microsatellites were polymorphic in guppy (Poecilia reticulata; Poeciliidae) as well. No significant directional difference of allele length was seen between the two species at any of the loci tested.
Microsatellite DNA markers for the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: CAILLAUD M. C. , MONDOR‐GENSON G. , LEVINE‐WILKINSON S. , MIEUZET L. , FRANTZ A. , SIMON J. C. , COEUR D'ACIER A.
Published: August 2004

Microsatellite loci were isolated from enriched partial genomic libraries of Acyrthosiphon loti and Acyrthosiphon pisum. Twenty of those loci were characterized in A. pisum. Fifteen of those loci were polymorphic. Genetic diversity varied across loci, allele repeat number ranging from two to 15, and observed heterozygosity from 0.1 and 0.96. An additional eight microsatellite loci originally isolated from other aphids but cross‐priming with A. pisum showed polymorphism as well. Allele size ranged from three to 9 and observed heterozygosity from 0.43 to 0.84. Overall, we present 23 microsatellite loci that can be used to reveal polymorphism in pea aphids.
Isolation and characterization of highly polymorphic microsatellites in tea (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: FREEMAN SUSAN , WEST JON , JAMES CELIA , LEA VINCE , MAYES SEAN
Published: August 2004

Relatively little is known about the diversity and origins of tea. The highest value tea products are sold on the basis of their region of origin but there are currently no methods available to verify the claims made on packages. We have developed 15 microsatellite loci for tea. These have been evaluated for polymorphism in a set of tea clones to determine their usefulness for authentication purposes. The majority of the microsatellites developed proved to be highly polymorphic both between and within different geographical origins and offer the potential to investigate the population genetics and genetic origins of tea.
Polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus
Authors: DINIZ F. M. , MACLEAN N. , PATERSON I. G. , BENTZEN P.
Published: August 2004

Ten tetranucleotide microsatellite loci are described for the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Loci were polymorphic (4–15 alleles per locus) and exhibited high levels of expected (0.553–0.921) and observed heterozygosity (0.469–0.906) from samples caught off Belize and Puerto Rico coasts. No significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium conditions were observed for any locus. All microsatellite loci should be useful for assessing population discrimination for this valuable marine animal currently subjected to excessive fishing efforts.
micro‐checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data
Authors: VAN OOSTERHOUT COCK , HUTCHINSON WILLIAM F. , WILLS DEREK P. M. , SHIPLEY PETER
Published: August 2004

DNA degradation, low DNA concentrations and primer‐site mutations may result in the incorrect assignment of microsatellite genotypes, potentially biasing population genetic analyses.micro‐checkeriswindows®‐based software that tests the genotyping of microsatellites from diploid populations. The program aids identification of genotyping errors due to nonamplified alleles (null alleles), short allele dominance (large allele dropout) and the scoring of stutter peaks, and also detects typographic errors.micro‐checkerestimates the frequency of null alleles and, importantly, can adjust the allele and genotype frequencies of the amplified alleles, permitting their use in further population genetic analysis.micro‐checkercan be freely downloaded fromhttp://www.microchecker.hull.ac.uk/.
Microsatellite markers for the cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi, a commercially important fish from central Amazonia
Authors: BEHEREGARAY L. B. , MÖLLER L. M. , SCHWARTZ T. S. , CHAO N. L. , CACCONE A.
Published: August 2004

The cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi is a very popular aquarium fish and the most important ornamental fishery resource for riverine communities inhabiting the Rio Negro floodplain in central Amazonia. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite DNA loci for cardinal tetras. Number of alleles and heterozygosity per locus in a sample of 30 fish ranged from 2 to 22 and from 0.49 to 0.92, respectively. These markers provide powerful tools for studies on conservation and management of cardinal tetra resources and for investigating evolutionary processes underlying population diversification in Amazonian flooded forest fishes.
A set of microsatellite DNA markers for the one‐lined pencilfish Nannostomus unifasciatus, an Amazonian flooded forest fish
Authors: BEHEREGARAY L. B. , SCHWARTZ T. S. , MÖLLER L. M. , CALL D. , CHAO N. L. , CACCONE A.
Published: August 2004

The one‐lined pencilfish Nannostomus unifasciatus is a small fish from the flooded forests of the Amazon basin. Pencilfish are popular in aquaria and are used as ornamental fishery resource by riverine communities from central Amazonia. Here we report a set of nine microsatellite loci for N. unifasciatus. Number of alleles and heterozygosity per locus in a sample of 30 pencilfish ranged from 4 to 19 and from 0.39 to 0.86, respectively. These markers will prove useful to investigate population genetic structure, identify conservation units, and to conduct phylogeographical reconstructions in pencilfish from the flooded forests of Amazonia.
Isolation and characterization of ten microsatellite loci for Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup)
Authors: FUNES VICTORIA , ZUASTI EUGENIA , CATANESE GAETANO , INFANTE CARLOS , MANCHADO MANUEL
Published: August 2004

Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) is a high‐value marine flatfish exploited in both fisheries and aquaculture. Here we describe the isolation of seven tetranucleotide and three dinucleotide polymorphic microsatellite loci. Characteristics of a captive broodstock and a wild population are described. Three loci displayed a significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg expectations in both populations, suggesting a substantial frequency of null alleles. The remaining seven loci were found to be in equilibrium in the wild population, whereas only four of them were in the cultured population. Cross‐species amplification was successful for three loci in other five flatfishes.
Characterization of 15 single nucleotide polymorphism markers for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: SMITH STEVE , AITKEN NICOLA , SCHWARZ CARSTEN , MORIN PHILLIP A.
Published: August 2004

We report the characterization of 15 new single nucleotide polymorphism markers for a threatened species, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), developed using a targeted gene approach. These markers are derived from the Y chromosome and autosomal regions of the genome and show frequency differences between chimpanzee subspecies from central and western Africa. These single nucleotide polymorphism markers are the first to be designed for the genotyping of wild chimpanzee populations and will provide a useful addition to the genetic tools employed for the conservation management of this threatened species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies
Authors: SUNIL SUJATHA , RAGHAVENDRA K. , SINGH O. P. , MALHOTRA PAWAN , HUANG YAMING , ZHENG LIANGBIAO , SUBBARAO SARALA K.
Published: August 2004

Anopheles culicifacies, an important vector in the Indian subcontinent is a complex of five sibling species of which four are vectors. We describe the isolation of 31 microsatellite markers from the recently recognized isomorphic species A of which 13 were characterized in sympatric populations of Anopheles culicifacies isomorphic species A and B. The allele frequencies ranges from two to 12 in species A and two to seven in species B. Species A being a vector, and that these markers can be used in closely related species, makes the isolation of these markers important to study population structure of all sibling species in this complex.
Twenty‐three microsatellite primer pairs for Betula pendula (Betulaceae)
Authors: KULJU K. K. M. , PEKKINEN M. , VARVIO S.
Published: August 2004

This paper reports the development of microsatellite primers for a widespread birch species Betula pendula. By screening genomic libraries with (TC)10 and (TG)10 probes, 38 microsatellite sequences were obtained, of which 23 proved to be polymorphic. Thirty genotyped individuals had two to 20 alleles per loci and a heterozygosity range of 0.17–0.92. Cross‐species amplification tests of four primer pairs on diverse birch species showed positive results in all cases. Also, one of two loci tested on related genus Alnus gave positive result.
Characterization of microsatellites for parentage studies of white‐throated magpie‐jays (Calocitta formosa) and brown jays (Cyanocorax morio)
Authors: WILLIAMS D. A. , BERG E. C. , HALE A. M. , HUGHES C. R.
Published: August 2004

White‐throated magpie‐jays (Calocitta formosa) and brown jays (Cyanocorax morio) are cooperative breeders that live in complex groups composed of helpers and multiple male and female breeders. Behavioral observations and multilocus DNA fingerprinting have indicated that the social and genetic mating systems of these two species are diverse. Extra‐group paternity appears to be common in both species, necessitating the use of single locus genetic methods to efficiently search for fathers. We therefore characterized 19 microsatellite loci for these two species (12 for magpie‐jays and seven for brown jays) to aid in parentage studies.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the marine angiosperm Cymodocea nodosa
Authors: RUGGIERO M. V. , REUSCH T. B. H. , PROCACCINI G.
Published: August 2004

The seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (UCRIA) Ascherson represents a good model to assess the relative contribution of clonal and sexual reproduction to genetic structure in marine plant populations. Seven microsatellite loci with repeat units consisting of one trinucleotide, four simple dinucleotides and two complex dinucleotides are described here. The seven loci are characterized by high number of alleles (from three to 13) and high heterozygosity (HO ranging from 0.240 to 0.860) in the tested populations. Conditions for multiplex polymerase chain reactions are also described.
A highly discriminatory multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) system for Penicillium marneffei
Authors: FISHER MATTHEW C. , DE HOOG SYBREN , VANITTANAKOM NONGNUCH
Published: August 2004

For eukaryotic pathogens that are depauperate in genetic variation, multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) offers an accurate and reproducible method of characterizing genetic diversity; herein we describe the development of an MLMT system for the emerging pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei based on 23 microsatellite loci. Screening isolates held within the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures culture collection demonstrate high levels of genetic diversity and 100% reproducibility. This MLMT system provides a powerful epidemiological tool to analyse the underlying parameters that are responsible for the emergence of P. marneffei in human HIV‐positive populations.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci in peafowl (Pavo cristatus)
Authors: HALE M. L. , PETRIE M. , WOLFF K.
Published: August 2004

Understanding how the genetic characteristics of parents influence reproductive output is central to predicting the dynamics of small, endangered populations. We conducted a breeding experiment to look at the paternal genetic effects on offspring sex, fertility and growth in the peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Microsatellite loci were developed to allow maternity assignment and thus to allow us to separate maternal from paternal effects. We found 19 polymorphic loci in our inbred, captive population, six of which were only slightly polymorphic (HE range: 0.04–0.70). The remaining 13 loci were polymorphic enough to determine maternity by exclusion in approximately 85% of offspring.
Isolation and characterization of six novel microsatellite markers for mulberry (Morus indica)
Authors: AGGARWAL RAMESH K. , UDAYKUMAR D. , HENDRE P. S. , SARKAR A. , SINGH LALJ. I.
Published: August 2004

Genetic characterization of germplasm resources is necessary for their effective management and efficient utilization, especially for species like mulberry in which the available germplasm exhibits rich phenotypic diversity with almost no information about its genetic base. Here we present the first report on the isolation of six novel microsatellite markers of mulberry, developed from an enriched genomic library of Morus indica. These markers revealed a high degree of polymorphism (14–26 alleles per locus; polymorphic information content, 0.85–0.90) and a broad cross‐species affinity when tested on a set of 43 elite genotypes including 13 related Morus species. The data thus demonstrate their utility as potentially efficient genetic markers for germplasm characterization, crop improvement and molecular systematics of mulberry.
Five hundred and twenty‐eight microsatellite markers for ecological genomic investigations using Daphnia
Authors: COLBOURNE J. K. , ROBISON B. , BOGART K. , LYNCH M.
Published: August 2004

Until recently, an enormous effort was needed to apply genomic tools to ecological investigations, especially when striving to uncover the functional mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity and the genetic basis of evolutionary adaptation within natural populations. This present study aimed to develop a genomic resource for an organism ideally suited for functional ecology and evolutionary research. Over 760 unique DNA fragments containing microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from Daphnia to provide more than 500 molecular markers for constructing a genetic map and for localizing chromosomal regions containing genes of ecological importance via quantitative trait locus analyses. Although primarily developed to genotype members of the Daphnia pulex species complex, a significant fraction of these markers is potentially valuable for population genetics and recombination mapping of distantly related species. Over 60% of markers tested in cross‐specific amplifications are possibly conserved within the subgenus Daphnia, whereas 48 and 18% of tested primers are found to amplify subgenus Hyalodaphnia and subgenus Ctenodaphnia DNA, which represents ∼140 and 200 million years of evolutionary preservation.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the dwarf eelgrass Zostera noltii (Zosteraceae) and cross‐reactivity with Z. japonica
Authors: COYER J. A. , REUSCH T. B. H. , STAM W. T. , SERRÃO E. A. , PEARSON G. , PROCACCINI G. , OLSEN J. L.
Published: August 2004

Zostera noltii is an important species of eelgrass occurring along European, north African, Mediterranean, Black Sea and Azov Sea coasts. Nine microsatellite loci were developed and no linkage disequilibrium was observed. Cross‐amplification was observed for all loci (polymorphic) in Z. japonica; only four loci amplified (monomorphic) in Z. marina.
Cutting Balloon for In‐Stent Restenosis:
Authors: RAHEL BRAIM M. , SUTTORP MAARTEN JAN , BERG JURRIËN M. TEN , BAL EGBERT T. , ERNST SJEF M.P.G. , RENSING BENNO J. , KELDER JOHANNES C. , PLOKKER H.W. THIJS
Published: August 2004

Introduction: Conventional percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of in‐stent restenosis (ISR) has shown a high rate of ISR (30–55%). Considering the need for both extrusion of hyperplastic intima and additional stent expansion, a cutting balloon might be more effective for the treatment of ISR.

Methods: We prospectively assessed the immediate and 8‐month outcome of balloon angioplasty using the Barath Cutting Balloon in 100 consecutive patients (mean age: 60.5 ± 10.8 years, 71% male).

Results: In 73 lesions (73%), a good result was reached with the cutting balloon only. In 21 lesions (21%) postdilatation and in 6 lesions (6%) predilatation with a conventional balloon was necessary. The mean inflation pressure was 8.7 ± 2.0 (range: 6.0–18.0) atm. Before the procedure the mean minimal luminal diameter (MLD) was 0.95 ± 0.45 mm. Quantitative coronary analysis showed a mean diameter stenosis of 65%± 16%. Immediately after the procedure the mean MLD was 2.42 ± 0.54 mm with a mean diameter stenosis of 19%± 13%. Two patients died during the follow‐up period (1 stroke, 1 nonvascular). At 8‐month follow‐up 26 patients (26%) reported to have anginal complaints CCS class II–IV of whom 16 (16%) needed target lesion revascularization.

Conclusion: Treatment of ISR using the Barath Cutting Balloon can be performed safely with good immediate results and a relatively low need for repeated target lesion revascularization at 8‐month follow‐up.
Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Quality Improvement Initiative in Reducing Door‐to‐Balloon Times in Primary Angioplasty
Authors: ZARICH STUART W. , SACHDEVA RAJESH , FISHMAN ROBERT , WERDMANN MICHAEL J. , PARNIAWSKI MARGARET , BERNSTEIN LAWRENCE , DILELLA MICHELLE
Published: August 2004

Primary angioplasty (PA) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has emerged as the standard of care in hospitals with cardiac interventional facilities. The benefits from the PA are time dependent, but recent data raise concerns regarding the timeliness of delivery of care in AMI and the level of benefit achieved by current standards. We assessed the effectiveness of an extensive multidisciplinary quality improvement initiative in reducing door‐to‐balloon (DTB) times in PA. The PA process was divided into six separate time periods, which were assessed individually. Subsequent quality initiatives resulted in a dramatic reduction in the mean DTB time (141.3 minutes preintervention compared to 95.1 minutes postintervention; P < 0.001).
The Challenges of Chronic Total Coronary Occlusions: An Old Problem in a New Perspective
Authors: KANDZARI DAVID E.
Published: August 2004

In spite of the remarkable technological innovation and improved outcomes with percutaneous coronary revascularization, chronic coronary artery total occlusions remain a familiar source of procedural frustration and clinical uncertainty. However, considering the recent development of catheter‐based technologies specific for chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization and the potential for drug‐eluting stents to reduce restenosis and reocclusion, this challenging lesion subset is now recognized as the last formidable barrier to percutaneous revascularization success. Further, consistent observations from more recent clinical trials support successful CTO revascularization to avoid subsequent adverse cardiac events and improve long‐term overall survival. This review of total coronary occlusions provides an overview of CTO pathophysiology, describes the procedural and clinical outcomes associated with CTO revascularization, and presents future directions for clinical investigation.
Conflict Behavior in Clinical Couples: Interpersonal Perceptions and Stable Outcomes
Authors: EPSTEIN NATHAN B. , SANTA‐BARBARA JACK
Published: August 2004

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between a couple's perceptions of each other while engaged in a conflict situation, and their management of the conflict itself.

One‐hundred‐eighty couples undergoing family therapy interacted in a mixed‐motive game that served as the standard conflict situation. Each couple's interactions were classified into one of four categories, depending upon how they managed this conflict. The interpersonal perceptions of each group were then examined, and several differences were found. Couples who resolved the conflict in a cooperative manner perceived each other as cooperative and themselves expressed more appeasing intentions than any other group. Couples who managed the conflict in a mutually destructive manner perceived each other as competitive and themselves expressed the highest level of exploitative and defensive intentions. Couples who developed either a dominant‐submissive relationship, or those who waivered between cooperating and competing and failed to attain any stable solution to the conflict, also differed from each of the other groups.
Treatment of the Family with a Dying Member
Authors: HOROWITZ LEAH
Published: August 2004

This is a report of the treatment of two families with a dying member. The focus is on the uses of transference and countertransference in the therapeutic process.
An Object‐Relations Approach to Psychotherapy with Marital Couples, Families, and Children
Authors: STEWART RALPH H. , PETERS TOM C. , MARSH STEPHEN , PETERS MELINDA J.
Published: August 2004

AN APPROACH to object relations is presented here that conceptualizes the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. Although it is beyond the scope of this paper to provide a thorough review of the object‐relations school of thought, the concepts introduced here have direct clinical implications for understanding and influencing the dynamics of the patient‐therapist dyad, of the marital pair, and of the family unit. Included are the following concepts: (a) Couples in conflict are viewed as more similar than dissimilar despite apparent differences; (b) The therapist's countertransference reactions are seen as not irrational but a valid reflection of the patient's struggle; (c) The adult or child who is the identified patient is often a carrier or container of the split‐off, unacceptable impulses of the other(s); (d) The individual is perceived as part of a unit in which even the more obvious pathological traits have an inherent healthy reparative function.
Network Intervention with a Family in Crisis
Authors: RUEVENI URI
Published: August 2004

This paper presents the process of network intervention with the Kellys who initially sought help for marital problems, continued in therapy by including their 16‐year‐old son, and ended up with a network assembly of 35 family members, relatives, friends and neighbors meeting at home to help solve the family's on‐going conflicts.
A Mother‐Instruction Program: Analysis of Intervention Procedures
Authors: GORDON BETTY N. , KOGAN KATE L.
Published: August 2004

A variety of techniques have been used to train parents as therapists, and while many research efforts have produced carefully controlled studies documenting behavior change, few have analyzed in detail the procedures used to produce the change. As part of a larger research program aimed at teaching mothers to alter their interaction with their children, detailed analysis of the intervention procedures was carried out. These procedures consisted of instructions given to the mothers via a “bug‐in‐the‐ear” device while they were actively engaged in interaction with their children. Instructions were categorized according to two principles: (a) the type of statements made to mothers; and (b) the kinds of behaviors we were encouraging mothers to exhibit. Results show that the amount of interpersonal behavior change was not related to intervention statements. Intervention statements were related to specific problem behaviors indicated by mothers at inital contact, and to the age of the child. Behavior change tended to be related to the number of problem behaviors indicated by mothers but not to any one specific behavior problem. Several issues raised by this study are discussed.
Dominance in Marital Decision Making in Women's Liberation and Non‐Women's Liberation Families
Authors: HERSHEY SIBILLA , WERNER EMMY
Published: August 2004

Fourteen couples of whom the wife was associated with the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM) and 14 “traditional” couples were interviewed using a modified version of the Revealed Differences Technique. The WLM‐associated wives differed significantly from the control group in the dominance indices of “Speaks Last” (p < .001) and “Time Spoken” (p < .05) and in the content of responses to two of the ten interview questions. Analysis indicated that the WLM wives were more self‐reliant, while the control‐group wives were more passive and dependent. The two groups did not differ significantly on the “Speaks First” and “Decisions Won” indices of dominance and the conflict measures.
Working with Runaways and Their Families: How the SAJA Community Does it
Authors: GORDON JAMES S.
Published: August 2004

This paper presents an account of the development, philosophy, and delivery of a particular kind of human service: counseling with runaways and their families that is based in a Runaway House. It attempts to show some of the relationships between the work of effective counseling, the set of the counselors (almost all paraprofessionals), and the setting in which counseling takes place (a weekly “Family Seminar” that serves a Runaway House functioning as one collective in a community of social service projects, Special Approaches to Juvenile Assistance [SAJA]).
The Science and Typology of Family Systems II. Further Theoretical and Practical Considerations
Authors: WERTHEIM ELEANOR S.
Published: August 2004

Family systems are conceptualized as stable, but open, control systems characterized by: (a) formal organization, similar in principle to that of other complex, organic systems — physical, cognitive (11), or social; (b) freedom of action, reserved for human, “purposefu” systems (1). These characteristics are linked to auto‐regulatory processes mediated by morphostasis (16), which insures systemic stability, and morphogenesis (16), which enables the system to change in accordance with the demands of intra‐ and extra‐systemic reality. The latter two concepts, earlier used to construct a typology of family systems (19), are here further theoretically elaborated and operationally defined (1). Morphostasis is tied to the system's: (a) behavioral structure, embodied in a network of ground rules and meta‐rules, as defined, and organized according to a principle of hiearchical linkage; (b) behavioral functioning, regulated by rule circuits in accordance with a principle of functional linkage. Morphogenesis is conceptualized as a serial, decision‐making, change‐producing process, dependent on specified, necessary, and sufficient conditions for its occurrence. The role of pragmatic, perceptual meanings (1) and of biological/experiential and conscious/unconscious factors in the system's auto‐regulation are considered, as well as research approaches to some of these problems. The implications of the present theoretical rationale for the systematic testing and clinical use of the published family system typology (19) and for some more general issues concerning psychological theory, as well as the modern Western family and society, are discussed.
Sisterhood‐Brotherhood is Powerful: Sibling Sub‐Systems and Family Therapy
Authors: BANK STEPHEN , KAHN MICHAEL D.
Published: August 2004

Sibling interaction is an often overlooked aspect of family functioning. Individual development and many family behavior patterns may be attributed to autonomous activities within the sibling sub‐system.

A number of phenomena in which siblings have profound influence upon one another are explored. Siblings collude and align with each other, at times help each other resist the powerful vertical influences of parents. Other sibling systems serve to enmesh the youngsters even more with parents. Important sib‐behavior patterns include: the death or departure of siblings; the interplay between the sibling sub‐system and the parenting system; and the roles that “well” siblings play vis‐à‐vis their “sick” siblings during family crises. The sibling relationship is seen as a life‐long process, highly influential throughout the life cycle.

Understanding of sibling sub‐system structure and dynamics can lead to more flexible therapeutic interventions. Direct work with siblings provides the therapist with more options and greater leverage in producing change for all siblings, as well as for other family members.
Marital and Existential Pain: Dialectic in Bergman's “Scenes From a Marriage”
Authors: PLONE ANNE
Published: August 2004

Marital pain and existential pain are discussed in terms of the movie “Scenes From a Marriage” by the Swedish director, Ingmar Bergman.
A Tribute to Two Masters
Authors: LENTHALL GERARD
Published: August 2004

Two of Betty MacDonald's children's stories provide a focus for viewing change. The viewpoint used is that of a clinical hypnotist with a family‐systems orientation. Two treatment situations are considered: one is an outpatient setting; the other involves a residential program.
Family Therapy Training: Academic and Internship Opportunities for Psychologists
Authors: STANTON M. DUNCAN
Published: August 2004

Institutions that train psychologists in psychotherapy skills have generally neglected the family approach. This article provides information on both university departments of psychology and psychology internship facilities that include family therapy training in their programs.
The Concept of Personal Network in Clinical Practice
Authors: ERICKSON GERALD D.
Published: August 2004

The practice of clinicians in all the helping professions has undergone wide‐ranging change in the past two decades. This change has been uneven and halting, but an essential aspect has been a movement toward a wider arena of practice, including a variety of social network practices. The concept of personal network holds high promise for becoming a major unifying framework in clinical practice: as an analytic viewpoint, as a schema for problem location, and as an arena of practice and research. This paper will review the developing strands of network practice, examine some of the forms and characteristics of personal networks, and consider several theoretical and practice issues.
Opiate Addicts and Their Parents
Authors: ALEXANDER BRUCE K. , DIBB GARY S.
Published: August 2004

A minority of opiate addicts, especially young males, maintain close ties with their parents. These families, referred to here as “addict‐families,” are characterized by: (a) much greater success by the parents in meeting reality demands than by the addicts; (b) apparent congeniality and closeness but an absence of effective communication; (c) unsuccessful attempts by the parents to control the addict's behavior; (d) a tendency for the father to dominate the mother; (e) extreme overindulgence of the addict by one or both parents; (f) absence of parental support for movement toward adult responsibility in the addict; (g) family consensus in perceiving the addict as failing by conventional values. The characteristics seem to perpetuate the addiction, and the addiction appears to maintain the stability of the family.
Communication Efficiency in Couples With and Without a Schizophrenic Offspring
Authors: SØLVBERG HELGE ARNULF , BLAKAR ROLV MIKKEL
Published: August 2004

A new, experimental method was developed to study language and communication in schizophrenia, employing the device of a map task. Two subjects are given what they believe are identical maps. Subject A is called upon to explain a route to Subject B, whose map has, in fact, an additional street marked on it. Comparing five parent dyads of schizophrenic patients (Group S) with a matched group of five parent dyads of normals (Group N), both groups performed equally well on the training route (for which the maps were identical), but on the experimental route, four out of the five Group S couples were unable to solve the problem. (As a side‐light, it was learned subsequently that the fifth Group S couple had previously received some family therapy.) Further qualitative analysis was done on the data. The results have stimulated additional research using this experimental approach.
A Behavioral Interactional Model for Assessing Family Relationships
Authors: LICKORISH JOHN R.
Published: August 2004

A behavioral interactional model (B.I.M.) of the family is described, which is based upon Bertalanffy's definition of a “system.” The model has a logical structure derived from the formal properties of dyads. The features of dyadic interaction, combined with the “constituent analysis” of protocols, provide a method of analyzing and comparing views about family relationships. The method is illustrated by analyzing two parents' views of their family.
A Scheme for Specifying Interaction Units
Authors: SCHULTZ STEPHEN J.
Published: August 2004

The specification of units is an important issue in any family interaction research in which samples of communication are coded. This paper first reviews the methods investigators have used to cope with this problem and then outlines a new Interaction Unitizing Scheme for preparing type‐scripts using the “speech” as the interaction unit. Subsequently, coding can be done directly from these unitized transcripts, or they can be used to define units when coding from audio or videotape. Reliability methods are outlined, and data are presented indicating that the unitizing scheme has high inter‐coder reliability.
Evidence that fast exocytosis can be predominantly mediated by vesicles not docked at active zones in frog saccular hair cells
Authors: Edmonds Brian W. , Gregory Frederick D. , Schweizer Felix E.
Published: August 2004

The prevailing model of neurotransmitter release stipulates that Ca2+ influx triggers the rapid fusion of vesicles that are docked at presynaptic active zones. Under this model, slower tonic release is supported by vesicles clustered nearby that have to translocate to the release sites before fusion. We have examined this hypothesis at the afferent synapse of saccular hair cells of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Detailed morphological measurements at this ribbon synapse show that on average 32 vesicles are docked at each active zone. We show that at this ‘graded’ synapse, depolarization produces an exocytotic ‘burst’ that is largely complete within 20 ms after fusion of 280 vesicles per active zone, almost an order of magnitude more than expected. Recovery from paired pulse depression occurs with a time constant of 29 ms, indicating that replenishment of this fast‐fusing pool of vesicles is also fast. Our results suggest that non‐docked vesicles are capable of fast fusion and that these vesicles constitute the vast majority of the fast‐fusing pool. The view that the population of fast‐fusing presynaptic vesicles is limited to docked vesicles therefore requires re‐evaluation. We propose that compound fusion, i.e. the fusion of vesicles with each other before and/or after they fuse with the membrane can explain multivesicular release at this synapse.
Effect of low cytoplasmic [ATP] on excitation–contraction coupling in fast‐twitch muscle fibres of the rat
Authors: Dutka Travis L. , Lamb Graham D.
Published: August 2004

In this study we investigated the roles of cytoplasmic ATP as both an energy source and a regulatory molecule in various steps of the excitation–contraction (E–C) coupling process in fast‐twitch skeletal muscle fibres of the rat. Using mechanically skinned fibres with functional E–C coupling, it was possible to independently alter cytoplasmic [ATP] and free [Mg2+]. Electrical field stimulation was used to elicit action potentials (APs) within the sealed transverse tubular (T‐) system, producing either twitch or tetanic (50 Hz) force responses. Measurements were also made of the amount of Ca2+ released by an AP in different cytoplasmic conditions. The rate of force development and relaxation of the contractile apparatus was measured using rapid step changes in [Ca2+]. Twitch force decreased substantially (∼30%) at 2 mm ATP compared to the level at 8 mm ATP, whereas peak tetanic force only declined by ∼10% at 0.5 mm ATP. The rate of force development of the twitch and tetanus was slowed only slightly at [ATP]≥ 0.5 mm, but was slowed greatly (> 6‐fold) at 0.1 mm ATP, the latter being due primarily to slowing of force development by the contractile apparatus. AP‐induced Ca2+ release was decreased by ∼10 and 20% at 1 and 0.5 mm ATP, respectively, and by ∼40% by raising the [Mg2+] to 3 mm. Adenosine inhibited Ca2+ release and twitch responses in a manner consistent with its action as a competitive weak agonist for the ATP regulatory site on the ryanodine receptor (RyR). These findings show that (a) ATP is a limiting factor for normal voltage‐sensor activation of the RyRs, and (b) large reductions in cytoplasmic [ATP], and concomitant elevation of [Mg2+], substantially inhibit E–C coupling and possibly contribute to muscle fatigue in fast‐twitch fibres in some circumstances.
Muscle mechano growth factor is preferentially induced by growth hormone in growth hormone‐deficient lit/lit mice
Authors: Iida Keiji , Itoh Emina , Kim Dong‐Sun , Del Rincon Juan P. , Coschigano Karen T. , Kopchick John J. , Thorner Michael O.
Published: August 2004

Two muscle insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) mRNA splice variants (IGF‐IEa and IGF‐IEb) have been identified in rodents. IGF‐IEb, also called mechano growth factor (MGF) has been found to be upregulated by exercise or muscle damage. Growth hormone (GH) is the principal regulator of  IGF‐I expression in several tissues including skeletal muscle. Therefore, we investigated the effect of chronic GH excess or disruption of GH receptor (GHR) signalling, and the acute effect of GH administration on expression of muscle IGF‐I isoforms using transgenic mice that express bovine GH (bGH), GHR gene‐disrupted (GHR–/–) mice and GH‐deficient lit/lit mice before and after exogenous GH administration. MGF mRNA in skeletal muscle was increased in bGH mice whereas it was decreased in GHR–/– mice compared with control animals. Exogenous GH administration to dwarf lit/lit mice significantly increased muscle MGF but not IGF‐IEa mRNA 4 h after treatment. Twelve hours after GH treatment, both MGF and IGF‐IEa mRNAs in muscle were increased compared with vehicle‐treated lit/lit mice. In contrast in GH‐sufficient lit/+ mice, both MGF and IGF‐IEa mRNAs were increased 4 h after and returned to the basal level 12 h after GH treatment. Hepatic IGF‐I isoforms were regulated in parallel by GH. Thus, our results demonstrated that: (1) MGF mRNA in skeletal muscle is expressed in parallel with GH action; (2) MGF mRNA in muscle is produced preferentially in the situation of GH deficiency in contrast to the pattern in the GH‐sufficient state; and (3) the induction of IGF‐I isoforms by GH is tissue‐specific.
Ageing‐related changes of connexins and conduction within the sinoatrial node
Authors: Jones Sandra A. , Lancaster Matthew K. , Boyett Mark R.
Published: August 2004

Clinical studies have shown that sinoatrial node dysfunction occurs at the highest incidence in the elderly population. Guinea‐pigs were studied throughout their lifespan (i.e. birth to 38 months) to investigate the possible mechanism leading to nodal dysfunction. Using immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy, Cx43 protein expression was shown at birth to be present throughout the sinoatrial node and atrial muscle, however, at one month Cx43 protein was not expressed in the centre of the sinoatrial node. Throughout the remainder of the animal's lifespan the area of tissue lacking Cx43 protein progressively increased. Western blot provided verification by quantitative analysis that Cx43 protein expression within the sinoatrial node decreased with age; however, the expression of other cardiac connexins, Cx40 and Cx45, did not differ with age. Analysis of conduction maps showing propagation of the action potential across the sinoatrial node, from the initiation point to the crista terminalis, found that the action potential conduction time taken and conduction distance increased proportionally with age; conversely the conduction velocity decreased with age. We have shown ageing induces degenerative changes in action potential conduction, contributed to by the observed loss of Cx43 protein. Our data identify Cx43 as a potential therapeutic target for quashing the age‐related deterioration of the cardiac pacemaker.
Quantum harmonic oscillator revisited: A Fourier transform approach
Authors: Ponomarenko Sergey A.
Published: August 2004

I present a Fourier transform approach to the problem of finding the stationary states of a quantum harmonic oscillator. The simplicity of the method may make it a desirable substitute for the rather cumbersome polynomial approach to the problem which is commonly used in the standard graduate quantum mechanics textbooks.
An elementary derivation of the harmonic oscillator propagator
Authors: Moriconi L.
Published: August 2004

The harmonic oscillator propagator is found straightforwardly from the free particle propagator within the imaginary-time Feynman path integral formalism. The derivation is simple, and requires only elementary mathematical manipulations and no clever use of Hermite polynomials, annihilation and creation operators, cumbersome determinant evaluations, or involved algebra.
Understanding Bohmian mechanics: A dialogue
Authors: Tumulka Roderich
Published: August 2004

This paper is an introduction to the ideas of Bohmian mechanics, an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which the observer plays no fundamental role. Bohmian mechanics describes, instead of probabilities of measurement results, objective microscopic events. In recent years, Bohmian mechanics has attracted increasing attention by researchers. The form of a dialogue allows me to address questions about the Bohmian view that often arise.
A model system for examining the radial distribution function
Authors: Younge K. , Christenson C. , Bohara A. , Crnkovic J. , Saulnier P.
Published: August 2004

The radial distribution function provides a means of characterizing an amorphous material and is a measure of the spatial distribution of a system of particles. We introduce an experiment suitable for the undergraduate laboratory that illustrates the meaning and application of the radial distribution function to a two-dimensional system of hard spheres comprised of varying area fractions. Larger area fractions lead to an increase in the correlation length and the magnitude of the underlying particle–particle correlations.
An experimental investigation into the dynamics of a string
Authors: Molteno Timothy C. , Tufillaro Nicholas B.
Published: August 2004

We describe a detailed experimental investigation into the dynamics of a sinusoidally forced string. We find qualitative agreement with the predictions of the averaged equations of motion for a string in the high damping regime. At low damping we observe more complex phenomena not present in the averaged equations.
Specific heat of an ideal Bose gas above the Bose condensation temperature
Authors: Wang Frank Y.-H.
Published: August 2004

An approximation for the specific heat of an ideal Bose as an explicit function of temperature above the condensation temperature Tc is derived. The formula yields the exact values of the specific heat and its first derivative at Tc and has an accuracy of at least 0.3% over the full range of temperatures.
Probing the Accumulation History of the Voluminous Toba Magma
Authors: Vazquez Jorge A. , Reid Mary R.
Published: August 2004

The age and compositional zonation in crystals from the Youngest Toba Tuff record the prelude to Earth's largest Quaternary eruption. We used allanite crystals to date and decipher this zoning and found that the crystals retain a record of at least 150,000 years of magma storage and evolution. The dominant subvolcanic magma was relatively homogeneous and thermally stagnant for ∼110,000 years. In the 35,000 years before eruption, the diversity of melts increased substantially as the system grew in size before erupting 75,000 years ago.
More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Tebaldi Claudia
Published: August 2004

A global coupled climate model shows that there is a distinct geographic pattern to future changes in heat waves. Model results for areas of Europe and North America, associated with the severe heat waves in Chicago in 1995 and Paris in 2003, show that future heat waves in these areas will become more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting in the second half of the 21st century. Observations and the model show that present-day heat waves over Europe and North America coincide with a specific atmospheric circulation pattern that is intensified by ongoing increases in greenhouse gases, indicating that it will produce more severe heat waves in those regions in the future.
Evidence for Addiction-like Behavior in the Rat
Authors: Deroche-Gamonet Véronique , Belin David , Piazza Pier Vincenzo
Published: August 2004

Although the voluntary intake of drugs of abuse is a behavior largely preserved throughout phylogeny, it is currently unclear whether pathological drug use (“addiction”) can be observed in species other than humans. Here, we report that behaviors that resemble three of the essential diagnostic criteria for addiction appear over time in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. As in humans, this addiction-like behavior is present only in a small proportion of subjects using cocaine and is highly predictive of relapse after withdrawal. These findings provide a new basis for developing a true understanding and treatment of addiction.
Discovery of Mass Anomalies on Ganymede
Authors: Anderson John D. , Schubert Gerald , Jacobson Robert A. , Lau Eunice L. , Moore William B. , Palguta Jennifer L.
Published: August 2004

We present the discovery of mass anomalies on Ganymede, Jupiter's third and largest Galilean satellite. This discovery is surprising for such a large icy satellite. We used the radio Doppler data generated with the Galileo spacecraft during its second encounter with Ganymede on 6 September 1996 to model the mass anomalies. Two surface mass anomalies, one a positive mass at high latitude and the other a negative mass at low latitude, can explain the data. There are no obvious geological features that can be identified with the anomalies.
Natural Antibiotic Function of a Human Gastric Mucin Against
Helicobacter pylori
Infection
Authors: Kawakubo Masatomo , Ito Yuki , Okimura Yukie , Kobayashi Motohiro , Sakura Kyoko , Kasama Susumu , Fukuda Michiko N. , Fukuda Minoru , Katsuyama Tsutomu , Nakayama Jun
Published: August 2004

Helicobacter pylori
infects the stomachs of nearly a half the human population, yet most infected individuals remain asymptomatic, which suggests that there is a host defense against this bacterium. Because
H. pylori
is rarely found in deeper portions of the gastric mucosa, where
O
-glycans are expressed that have terminal α1,4-linked
N
-acetylglucosamine, we tested whether these
O
-glycans might affect
H. pylori
growth. Here, we report that these
O
-glycans have antimicrobial activity against
H. pylori
, inhibiting its biosynthesis of cholesteryl-α-D-glucopyranoside, a major cell wall component. Thus, the unique
O
-glycans in gastric mucin appeared to function as a natural antibiotic, protecting the host from
H. pylori
infection.
Localization of Fractionally Charged Quasi-Particles
Authors: Martin Jens , Ilani Shahal , Verdene Basile , Smet Jurgen , Umansky Vladimir , Mahalu Diana , Schuh Dieter , Abstreiter Gerhard , Yacoby Amir
Published: August 2004

An outstanding question pertaining to the microscopic properties of the fractional quantum Hall effect is understanding the nature of the particles that participate in the localization but that do not contribute to electronic transport. By using a scanning single electron transistor, we imaged the individual localized states in the fractional quantum Hall regime and determined the charge of the localizing particles. Highlighting the symmetry between filling factors 1/3 and 2/3, our measurements show that quasi-particles with fractional charge
e*
=
e
/3 localize in space to submicrometer dimensions, where
e
is the electron charge.