bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic knowledge management in brazilian organizations
Authors: Alvarenga Rivadávia Correa Drummond de
Published: July 2016

Investigates the theme known as “Knowledge Management” (KM) in three large Brazilian organizations trying to discuss its concepts, constituent elements, managerial approaches and tools, while aiming at leaving behind the purely terminological discussion, which is innocuous and naive. The basic presuppositions were two: (i) most of what it´s referred to or named KM is actually “Information Management” (IM) and IM is just one of the components of KM. KM is more than simply IM due to the fact that it includes and incorporates other concerns, such as the creation, use and sharing of information and knowledge in the organizational context; (ii) a conceptual model or map can be formulated based on three basic conceptions: (a) a strategic conception of information and knowledge, (b) the introduction of such strategy in the tactical and operational levels through the several managerial approaches and informaion technology tools and (c) the creation of an organizational space for knowledge. The main objective is to investigate and analyze the conceptions, motivations, practices and results of KM effectively implemented in three large Brazilian organizations. The qualitative research strategy used was the study of multiple cases with incorporated units of analysis and three criteria ere observed for the judgment of the quality of the research project: validity of the construct, external validity and reliability. Multiple sources of evidence were used and data analysis consisted of three flows of activities: data reduction, data displays and conclusion drawing/verification. The results confirmed the presuppositions and the fact that KM means a rethinking of management practices in the information ea. It was also identified that the main challenges facing organizations committed to KM have its focus on change management, cultural and behavioral issues and the creation of an enabling context that favors the creation, use and sharing of information and knowledge.
Truelo de tipologias estratégicas na arena das franquias de fast food no Brasil
Authors: Brandt Eloi Almiro
Published: July 2016

Este estudo tem por objetivo testar as tipologias de estratégias de Porter, Miles & Snow e Mintzberg nas franquias de fast food que operam no Brasil, destacando o impacto da resolução do trade-off clássico poder explanatório versus parcimônia na capacidade descritiva das alternativas. Com base em extensa revisão bibliográfica, compreendendo estratégias, ambiente e desempenho, foram selecionados dez métodos competitivos e três variáveis de desempenho para análise da base de dados produzida a partir da pesquisa de campo realizada por Cohen (1998). Os dados obtidos foram avaliados estatisticamente empregando-se análise multivariável (cluster e manova) e estatística não-paramétrica, de forma a permitir a identificação de grupos estratégicos de acordo com as tipologias em estudo. Por fim, o desempenho médio dos grupos estratégicos formados foi comparado com os resultados preconizados pelos respectivos modelos teóricos. Constatou-se que as três tipologias testadas exibem capacidades descritivas distintas, sendo que a de Porter demonstrou maior aderência às franquias de fast food que operavam no Brasil na época. A parcimônia acabou sendo mais crítica em uma arena turbulenta e recessiva.
Experiências de internacionalização de empresas brasileiras em um contexto globalizado
Authors: Mazzola Homero Jorge
Published: July 2016

Este artigo aborda algumas experiências de internacionalização desenvolvidas por empresas brasileiras de bens e serviços. Objetiva-se apresentar as condições gerais em que se desenvolveram os empreendimentos internacionais, analisando de uma forma mais abrangente as estratégias utilizadas e os resultados obtidos. A literatura tem apresentado estudos de casos, focados principalmente em organizações do primeiro mundo, sendo poucos os estudos de internacionalização de empresas de países ditos emergentes e menos ainda de países latino-americanos. O amplo domínio das gigantes multinacionais da Europa, Japão e Estados Unidos tem de certa forma obscurecido as experiências de internacionalização de empresas de países como o Brasil, porém há exemplos que merecem ser abordados e conhecidos. Apesar do pouco tempo em que vem se desenvolvendo a ação exportadora brasileira com resultados significativos, os resultados alcançados mostram um caminho promissor, se ações focadas forem tomadas pelo país como um todo. Os exemplos abordados representam casos mais conhecidos e outros que permanecem desconhecidos do público em geral, mas que trazem em si grandes lições que devem ser compartilhadas.
Indicadores contábeis mais apropriados para mensurar o desempenho financeiro das empresas listadas na BOVESPA
Authors: Backes Newton Alexandre , Silva Wesley Vieira da , Adão Wevergton Junior , Del Corso Jansen Maia
Published: July 2016

O presente estudo faz uma análise a partir dos indicadores contábeis extraídos dos demonstrativos financeiros, visando verificar quais seriam os mais significativos no desempenho financeiro das empresas. O estudo faz o uso da técnica de análise fatorial exploratório, utilizando-se os dados das empresas do segmento de consumo não cíclico, do ramo de alimentação, disponibilizados na BOVESPA e na Economática Software para Investimentos LTDA, onde foram apurados 15 índices financeiros utilizados na análise de demonstrações financeiras. Após a aplicação da análise fatorial utilizando-se o software S-PLUS, foram apontados 4 fatores para o ano de 2004 e 3 fatores para o ano de 2006, que mais afetaram o desempenho financeiro. Entre os índices apurados na composição dos fatores para ambos os anos estão a rentabilidade sobre vendas, retorno sobre o investimento, patrimônio líquido e sobre o ativo, mais os índices de liquidez e grau de alavancagem financeira.
Designing matrix organizations that work: Lessons from the P&G case
Authors: Degen Ronald Jean
Published: July 2016

The matrix organization concept emerged from the US aerospace industry in the 1960s and was adopted by many companies in the early 1970s. In the late 1970s and early 1980s many companies were experiencing trouble with its operation and many argued like Peters & Waterman in their bestseller In search of excellence in 1982 (p. 306) that the matrix was too complex to work properly. Galbraith (2009, p. 10-14) explains that the reason for the problems were that the matrix in these organizations was wrongly adopted, hastily installed, and inappropriately implemented. He explains that adopting a matrix structure requires a collaborative organization form, proper power, and accountability distribution, complementing changes to the information systems, planning and budgeting process, the performance evaluation and bonus system, and so on. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate why companies adopted the matrix, what problems they had, the solutions for these problems based on Galbraith (2009) and other authors like Davis & Lawrence (1977), and the state of the art of matrix structure design today like the P&G front-back hybrid matrix organization. To illustrate the historical evolution of organization structure to the simple matrix and then to more complex matrix organizations we used the P&G case (Piskorski & Spadini 2007).
Teoria de agência em uma organização sem fins lucrativos
Authors: Ecco Ivan Luiz , Ribeiro Ronaldo , Kock Klara Friederike , Marcon Rosilene , Alberton Anete
Published: July 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, à luz da teoria da agência, a existência de conflitos de agência, em uma gestão por resultados, de uma organização educacional sem fins lucrativos. Para sua realização utilizou-se o método de estudo de caso em uma organização de educação profissional sem fins lucrativos, situada no Estado de Santa Catarina. O estudo analisou o contrato celebrado entre a Sede da Organização (que representa neste estudo, segundo a teoria da agência, o principal) e suas Unidades Escolares (consideradas os agentes) para o cumprimento de metas. Os resultados demonstram que a assimetria de informação e a cultura organizacional são fatores quecontribuem para que o problema de agência ocorra e a determinação de um contrato ótimo deveria levar em consideração tais situações. A principal conclusão é de que os problemas de agência também estão presentes nas organizações sem fins lucrativos, mesmo quando se implanta um instrumento para realizar a gestão por resultados.
Criação de comunidades de prática como instrumento para o aprendizado organizacional
Authors: Miranda Roberto Campos da Rocha , Tarapanoff Kira , Duarte Gabriela Alves
Published: July 2016

A criação de Comunidades de Prática é uma realidade para as organizações que adotaram a Gestão do Conhecimento e incentivam a permuta de experiências e conhecimentos entre seus colaboradores. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar a experiência de criação de Comunidades de Prática no Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia, IBICT, a partir de sua concepção teórica, metodológica e operacional. A abordagem adotada na fase de implantação foi a aprendizagem situada (situated cognition), tendo como sustentação metodológica, em sua fase de sensibilização, a Investigação Apreciativa ( appreciative inquiry) e a Metodologia de Sistemas Flexíveis (Soft Systems Methodology). A dinâmica da criação das comunidades de prática fundamentou-se no treinamento intensivo em paralelo com a pesquisa--ação para a simultânea implantação das comunidades de prática idealizadas. O software adotado para o gerenciamento e comunicação das comunidades de prática foi o Moodle (Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment). O Moodle foi concebido em código aberto, tem linguagem de fácil desenvolvimento (PHP), que permite a adequação do ambiente às necessidades da organização e apresenta um conjunto de módulos que favorece a avaliação da participação dos integrantes das comunidades de prática. Como resultado, foram formadas comunidades de prática no Instituto, encontrando-se todas em operação e funcionando com grupos de 5 pessoas.
Professores em formação, formadores de professores: que profissão ensinam os cursos de graduação em História?
Authors: Costa Aryana Lima
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo busca refletir sobre osfundamentos que pautam a formação deprofissionais de História no ensino superior.Para tanto, nos baseamos nasconclusões obtidas em dois momentos:no primeiro trabalhamos com os resultadosde trabalhos de alunos de graduaçãosobre como planejariam suas aulas;no segundo, nos utilizamos de depoimentosde professores universitáriossobre como planejam suas aulas paraum curso de História. Assim, dispomosde falas tanto de professores em formaçãoquanto de formadores de professoresde História. Esses casos nos permitiramverificar a permanência de práticasdocentes presenciadas durante a vidaescolar desses sujeitos, e assim refletimossobre a organização dos cursos degraduação em História e a metodologiade ensino nesse nível.
Desenvolvimento de produtos pecuários a partir do reaproveitamento de resíduos industriais e fibras vegetais
Authors: Barbosa Fabio alves , Agnelli José Augusto Marcondes , Scheide Cesar Augusto , Moreno Abdimar , Casarin Suzan Aline , Vergara Walter Roberto Hernández
Published: July 2016

O presente trabalho discute o desenvolvimento e projeto de três produtos pecuários e respectivos processos de manufatura - os produtos são fabricados de materiais compostos végeto-poliméricos obtidos de uma combinação de resíduos de filmes plásticos e fibras vegetais. Este artigo se refere a um projeto de inovação tecnológica do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Programa de Formação de Recursos Humanos em Áreas Estratégicas (CNPq-RHAE). As atividades de pesquisa foram realizadas em parceria entre duas universidades federais brasileiras e um fabricante de embalagens plásticas flexíveis e possibilitou a elaboração de um plano para implantar uma nova unidade de negócios. Por fim, a nova unidade fabril está alinhada com a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (Lei Federal nº 12.305/2010), permitindo agregar valor aos resíduos industriais para produzir novos produtos pecuários. This paper discusses the development and design of three cattle raising products and its manufacturing processes - the products are manufactured of vegetal-polymeric composites obtained from a combination of industrial plastic residues and plant fibers.This article refers to a technological innovation project of National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - Training Programme for Human Resources in Strategic Areas. The survey activities were done in partnership between two Brazilian federal universities and a manufacturer of flexible plastic packages and enabled the drawing up a plan to establish a new business unit. Finally, the new plant is in line with the National Policy on Solid Wastes, allowing add value to industrial residues to fabricate new cattle raising products.
Evolution of Well-Being and Happiness After Increases in Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables
Authors: Mujcic Redzo , J.Oswald Andrew
Published: July 2016

Objectives. To explore whether improvements in psychological well-being occur after increases in fruit and vegetable consumption.

Methods. We examined longitudinal food diaries of 12 385 randomly sampled Australian adults over 2007, 2009, and 2013 in the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We adjusted effects on incident changes in happiness and life satisfaction for people’s changing incomes and personal circumstances.

Results. Increased fruit and vegetable consumption was predictive of increased happiness, life satisfaction, and well-being. They were up to 0.24 life-satisfaction points (for an increase of 8 portions a day), which is equal in size to the psychological gain of moving from unemployment to employment. Improvements occurred within 24 months.

Conclusions. People’s motivation to eat healthy food is weakened by the fact that physical health benefits accrue decades later, but well-being improvements from increased consumption of fruit and vegetables are closer to immediate.

Policy implications. Citizens could be shown evidence that “happiness” gains from healthy eating can occur quickly and many years before enhanced physical health.
Effect of the Concentration of Hop Cone Extract on the Antibacterial, Physico-Chemical and Functional Properties of Adhesive Toilet Cleaners
Authors: Wasilewski Thomasz , Czerwonka Dominik , Piotrowska Urszula
Published: July 2016

The study discusses the technology of preparation, and antibacterial, physicochemical and functional properties of advanced eco-friendly products for maintaining hygiene in toilets. The active substance with antibacterial properties which was added to the formulations for the purpose of the study was Humulus lupulus (hop cone) extract obtained under supercritical carbon dioxide conditions. The assumption was that the extract would improve the antibacterial activity of the products without adversely affecting their functional properties. The addition of hop cone extract at the concentration of 0.1% to the tested formulations was found to produce an antibacterial effect against S. aureus bacteria, however, no such activity was demonstrated against E. coli bacteria. Moreover, an increase in the content of the extract was shown to enhance product viscosity, at the same time extending the time of dissolution in water and improving the adhesive power to solid surfaces. The properties are highly desirable for the functionality of products of this type.
Elternschaftsabsichten in Deutschland unter dem Einfluss von Modernisierungs- und Prekarisierungsprozessen
Authors: Baron Daniel , Schulze-Oeing Caroline
Published: July 2016

Although pluralization of life forms and effects of precarious work have recently been matters of debate among scholars in the social sciences, only little is known about the impact of both processes on fertility intentions. Focusing individual attitudes of young German adults towards these issues, this paper investigates whether pluralization of life forms or effects of precarious work lead to lower rates of fertility intentions. Based on social exchange theory, empirical results show a significantly negative impact of modern gender role attitudes on fertility intentions. When conducting separate analyses for each gender group, this effect vanishes. Controlling for males, subjective precariousness exerts a negative effect, whereas a high amount of fixed-term contracts during professional career exerts a positive effect on fertility intentions. However, females’ fertility intentions are positively affected in a significant manner by a high degree of satisfaction with partnership.

Zusammenfassung

Während die Einflüsse der Partnerschaftsqualität von sozioökonomischen Faktoren auf die Elternschaftsabsichten junger Erwachsener in Deutschland inzwischen empirisch gut erforscht sind, ist vergleichsweise wenig bekannt über die konkurrierenden Auswirkungen subjektiv verarbeiteter Modernisierungs- und Prekarisierungsfolgen. Basierend auf austauschtheoretischen Ansätzen, führen egalitäre Geschlechterrollenbilder zu einer signifikanten Abschwächung von Elternschaftsabsichten. Dieser Effekt verschwindet sobald nach Geschlechtergruppen getrennte Modelle berechnet werden. Für Männer zeigt sich zudem, dass schwächere subjektive Prekaritätswahrnehmungen mit erhöhten Elternschaftsabsichten einhergehen, während ein hoher Anteil befristeter Beschäftigung im Lebenslauf ebenfalls zur Verstärkung von Elternschaftsintentionen führt. Bei Frauen spielen hingegen weder Prekarisierungs noch Modernisierungseffekte eine Rolle – hier zeitigt lediglich die Partnerschaftszufriedenheit einen signifikant positiven Effekt auf Elternschaftsabsichten.
THE ADVANTAGES OF A HYBRID PISTON PROP AIRCRAFT
Authors: FUSARO Roberta
Published: July 2016

The aim of this work is to present the design of a more environmental friendly aircraft that complies with existent and future emission regulations. Recent Market Outlooks were examined and a single engine piston prop was selected as a case study. Matching Charts were used to estimate the hybridization degree, meaning the ratio between the power provided by the electric motors and the total amount of power. This method allowed the over-boost advantage to be highlighted and pointed out secondary benefits of a hybrid Piston Prop. Furthermore, the zero-emission taxi possibility was evaluated. Both fuel savings forecast and safety analysis were performed, showing secondary advantages of a high hybridization degree for a single engine Piston Prop configuration. Furthermore, the additional weight related to electric motors and storage system is taken into account and state-of-the-art and innovative under-development technologies are considered. Thus, the conceptual design phase will produce many possible architectures; therefore, the last part of the work consists of a trade study necessary to select the optimal solution to design an innovative hybrid Piston Prop aircraft.
Las expectativas de los estudiantes y la calidad del servicio ofertado por la universidad de Sevilla
Authors: Ordóñez-Sierra Rosario , Rodríguez-Gallego Margarita R.
Published: July 2016

En este artículo se presenta un análisis diferencial de las expectativas de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Sevilla (España), en función de las ramas del conocimiento, agrupadas en las dimensiones personal, universidad, curricular y docencia. Las aportaciones han sido recogidas en un cuestionario aplicado a 1082 estudiantes de las áreas de humanidades, bio-sanitaria, económica-jurídica y científico-técnica, a través de un análisis de la varianza para la comparación de medias (asumiendo varianzas iguales y pruebas de Scheffé y Tukey). Se han contrastado los valores medios de cada rama, con el fin de determinar si las diferencias observadas resultan estadísticamente significativas. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que la dimensión personal y la de universidad son valoradas de forma similar en las cuatro ramas del conocimiento; en cambio en la dimensión curricular, las expectativas son más favorables para la rama bio-sanitaria y, en la docencia para la rama de humanidades. En definitiva, los resultados presentan las fortalezas y las debilidades en las dimensiones consideradas y permiten extraer conclusiones de las que derivan indicadores de interés para la mejora de la comunidad universitaria.
Fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases bind starch and β‐cyclodextrin similarly to amylolytic hydrolases
Authors: Nekiunaite Laura , Isaksen Trine , Vaaje‐Kolstad Gustav , Abou Hachem Maher
Published: July 2016

Starch‐binding modules of family 20 (CBM20) are present in 60% of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyzing the oxidative breakdown of starch, which highlights functional importance in LPMO activity. The substrate‐binding properties of starch‐active LMPOs, however, are currently unexplored. Affinities and binding‐thermodynamics of two recombinant fungal LPMOs toward starch and β‐cyclodextrin were shown to be similar to fungal CBM20s. Amplex Red assays showed ascorbate and Cu‐dependent activity, which was inhibited in the presence of β‐cylodextrin and amylose. Phylogenetically, the clustering of CBM20s from starch‐targeting LPMOs and hydrolases was in accord with taxonomy and did not correlate to appended catalytic activity. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the CBM20‐binding scaffold is retained in the evolution of hydrolytic and oxidative starch‐degrading activities.
A distinct source and differentiation history for Kolumbo submarine volcano, Santorini volcanic field, Aegean arc
Authors: Klaver Martijn , Carey Steven , Nomikou Paraskevi , Smet Ingrid , Godelitsas Athanasios , Vroon Pieter
Published: July 2016

This study reports the first detailed geochemical characterization of Kolumbo submarine volcano in order to investigate the role of source heterogeneity in controlling geochemical variability within the Santorini volcanic field in the central Aegean arc. Kolumbo, situated 15 km to the northeast of Santorini, last erupted in 1650 AD and is thus closely associated with the Santorini volcanic system in space and time. Samples taken by remotely‐operated vehicle that were analyzed for major element, trace element and Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotope composition include the 1650 AD and underlying K2 rhyolitic, enclave‐bearing pumices that are nearly identical in composition (73 wt.% SiO2, 4.2 wt.% K2O). Lava bodies exposed in the crater and enclaves are basalts to andesites (52–60 wt.% SiO2). Biotite and amphibole are common phenocryst phases, in contrast with the typically anhydrous mineral assemblages of Santorini. The strong geochemical signature of amphibole fractionation and the assimilation of lower crustal basement in the petrogenesis of the Kolumbo magmas indicates that Kolumbo and Santorini underwent different crustal differentiation histories and that their crustal magmatic systems are unrelated. Moreover, the Kolumbo samples are derived from a distinct, more enriched mantle source that is characterized by high Nb/Yb (>3) and low 206Pb/204Pb (<18.82) that has not been recognized in the Santorini volcanic products. The strong dissimilarity in both petrogenesis and inferred mantle sources between Kolumbo and Santorini suggests that pronounced source variations can be manifested in arc magmas that are closely associated in space and time within a single volcanic field.
Assessment of the weather research and forecasting model generalized parameterization schemes for advancement of precipitation forecasting in monsoon‐driven river basins
Authors: Sikder Safat , Hossain Faisal
Published: July 2016

Some of the world's largest and flood‐prone river basins experience a seasonal flood regime driven by the monsoon weather system. Highly populated river basins with extensive rain‐fed agricultural productivity such as the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, and Mekong are examples of monsoon‐driven river basins. It is therefore appropriate to investigate how precipitation forecasts from numerical models can advance flood forecasting in these basins. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model was used to evaluate downscaling of coarse‐resolution global precipitation forecasts from a numerical weather prediction model. Sensitivity studies were conducted using the TOPSIS analysis to identify the likely best set of microphysics and cumulus parameterization schemes, and spatial resolution from a total set of 15 combinations. This identified best set can pinpoint specific parameterizations needing further development to advance flood forecasting in monsoon‐dominated regimes. It was found that the Betts‐Miller‐Janjic cumulus parameterization scheme with WRF Single‐Moment 5‐class, WRF Single‐Moment 6‐class, and Thompson microphysics schemes exhibited the most skill in the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna basins. Finer spatial resolution (3 km) without cumulus parameterization schemes did not yield significant improvements. The short‐listed set of the likely best microphysics‐cumulus parameterization configurations was found to also hold true for the Indus basin. The lesson learned from this study is that a common set of model parameterization and spatial resolution exists for monsoon‐driven seasonal flood regimes at least in South Asian river basins.
Spatial Coupling of Ferroelectric Domain Walls and Crystallographic Defects in the PbTiO3 Films
Authors: Liu Ying , Tang Yun‐Long , Zhu Yin‐Lian , Wang Wen‐Yuan , Ma Xiu‐Liang
Published: July 2016

Revealing interactions between defects and domain walls is important for understanding the ferroelectric and piezoelectric behaviors of a ferroelectric film, especially when considering the trend of device downscaling. By means of aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy, domain patterns resulting from the interactions between 90°/180° ferroelectric domain walls and dislocations in the PbTiO3 thin films grown on SrTiO3 are systematically studied. It is found that the coupling of 90° and 180° domain walls with dislocations may induce the formation of 90° charged domain walls and some other novel metastable domain configurations. Such domain patterns are observed to relax with 180° domain walls annihilation and the reversal of polarization directions of a‐ and c‐domain. The configurations of both dislocations and stacking faults may lead to a dramatic change of the domain patterns. Unusual dislocation strain field is identified for a dislocation with the burgers vector 45° apart from a 90° domain wall. These results provide new insights into the defect and domain wall interactions which are of critical importance for the development of nanoscale devices.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Chiral Tetrahydroquinolines via Sequential Dearomatization/Enantioselective Borylation Reactions
Authors: Kubota Koji , Watanabe Yuta , Ito Hajime
Published: July 2016

A novel approach has been developed for the synthesis of chiral 3‐boryl‐tetrahydroquinolines via the copper(I)‐catalyzed regio‐ and enantioselective protoborylation of 1,2‐dihydroquinolines, which were prepared by the partial reduction of the corresponding quinoline derivatives. This dearomatization/enantioselective borylation sequence has been used to provide a facile access to a wide variety of functionalized tetrahydroquinolines under mild conditions from readily available quinoline starting materials in combination with the stereospecific transformation of a stereogenic C−B bond. A theoretical study of the mechanism for the enantioselectivity of the reaction is also described.

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Operational strategy and planning for raw natural gas refining complexes: Process modeling and global optimization
Authors: Zhang Bing J. , Chen Qing L. , Li Jie , Floudas Christodoulos A.
Published: July 2016

Optimal operational strategy and planning of a raw natural gas refining complex (RNGRC) is very challenging since it involves highly nonlinear processes, complex thermodynamics, blending, and utility systems. In this article, we first propose a superstructure integrating a utility system for the RNGRC, involving multiple gas feedstocks, and different product specifications. Then, we develop a large‐scale nonconvex mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) optimization model. The model incorporates rigorous process models for input and output relations based on fundamentals of thermodynamics and unit operations and accurate models for utility systems. To reduce the noncovex items in the proposed MINLP model, equivalent reformulation techniques are introduced. Finally, the reformulated nonconvex MINLP model is solved to global optimality using state of the art deterministic global optimization approaches. The computational results demonstrate that a significant profit increase is achieved using the proposed approach compared to that from the real operation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 652–668, 2017
Resolved‐particle fixed bed CFD with microkinetics for ethylene oxidation
Authors: Partopour Behnam , Dixon Anthony G.
Published: July 2016

The incorporation of an ethylene oxidation microkinetic model into fixed‐bed CFD is studied using two different approaches. The first is based on mapping pre‐calculated reaction rates into quadratic splines under steady‐state conditions without any further assumptions or simplification of the elementary steps. The second approach uses conventional reaction engineering assumptions such as quasi‐equilibrium (QE) and hybrid steady state (HSS) to reduce the kinetic model and generate lumped rate expressions. Both kinetic models are implemented for illustrative resolved‐particle CFD simulations in a randomly packed bed of 120 spheres. It is shown that the QE and HSS assumptions are not valid throughout the range of reacting conditions. Comparison of the temperature and species profiles for these two approaches shows that the strong gradients inside the bed cause significant deviations in the reduced model compared to using the splines method with full microkinetics, which produces accurate results without increasing the computational time. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 87–94, 2017
β‐Alkyloxazolochlorins: Revisiting the Ozonation of Octaalkylporphyrins, and Beyond
Authors: Sharma Meenakshi , Meehan Eileen , Mercado Brandon Q. , Brückner Christian
Published: July 2016

The reaction of β‐octaalkylporphyrins (octaethylporphyrin and etioporphyrin I) with ozone generated the corresponding heptaalkyloxazolochlorinhemiacetals in which a pyrrolic subunit of the porphyrins was replaced by an oxazoline moiety. Thus, a pyrrolic β‐carbon with its alkyl substituent was excised and replaced by an oxygen atom, and the neighboring β‐carbon was hydroxylated. This work clarifies the nature of the products first described by Fischer and Deželić, in 1933, and verifies the work by Shulg′a and coworkers, from 1977. Furthermore, the chemistry of the oxazolochlorin hemiacetals was studied: They could be dehydroxylated or converted to alkyl acetals and gem‐dialkyl derivatives, all possessing chlorin‐type optical spectra. Their oxidative conversions generated a unique tetrahydrofuran‐linked oxazolochlorin dimer and a hexaethylporpholactone. The work expands on the knowledge of converting porphyrins to porphyrinoids of potential utility containing nonpyrrolic building heterocycles.
Unexpected Behavior of the Heaviest Halogen Astatine in the Nucleophilic Substitution of Aryliodonium Salts
Authors: Guérard François , Lee Yong‐Sok , Baidoo Kwamena , Gestin Jean‐François , Brechbiel Martin W.
Published: July 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of François Guérard at the University of Nantes, in collaboration with scientists at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda. The image depicts the finish of a race between all the halogens, with astatine far ahead of the others. The diaryliodonium at the finish line highlights the unexpectedly high reactivity of astatide towards this class of compounds. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201600922.
The temporal relationship between diabetes and cancer: A population‐based study
Authors: Lega Iliana C. , Wilton Andrew S. , Austin Peter C. , Fischer Hadas D. , Johnson Jeffrey A. , Lipscombe Lorraine L.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of several cancers; however, greater detection of cancer around the time of diabetes diagnosis may partly contribute to this relationship. The goal of the current study was to explore the temporal relationship between diabetes and cancer incidence.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective, population‐based cohort study of >1 million adults living in Ontario, Canada to evaluate the association between diabetes diagnosis and the incidence of cancer in 3 time periods: within the 10 years before a diabetes diagnosis, within the first 3 months after a diabetes diagnosis, and from 3 months to 10 years after a diabetes diagnosis.

RESULTS

Individuals with diabetes were significantly more likely to have been diagnosed with cancer within the 10 years before a diabetes diagnosis compared with individuals without diabetes (odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.19‐1.27). Cancer incidence also was found to be significantly higher in individuals with diabetes within the 3‐month period after a diabetes diagnosis (hazard ratio, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.52‐1.74), whereas the risk was not found to be elevated in the later period (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95‐0.98). Similar trends were noted for individual cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

The results demonstrated that individuals with diabetes had a significantly higher risk of most cancers, which was limited to the time periods before and immediately after a diabetes diagnosis. The highest risk period was observed within the first 3 months after a diabetes diagnosis, suggesting a partial role of detection bias in the apparent relationship between diabetes and cancer. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2731–2738. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Excited‐State Decay in the Photoisomerisation of Azobenzene: A New Balance between Mechanisms
Authors: Casellas Josep , Bearpark Michael J. , Reguero Mar
Published: July 2016

The mechanism of the photoisomerisation of azobenzene has been studied by means of multiconfigurational ab initio calculations. Our results show that it is necessary to account for the dynamic electron correlation in the location of the critical points (CASPT2 optimizations) to obtain a correct description of the topography of the potential energy surfaces of the low energy singlet excited states. By using this methodology, we have found that the state populated by the initial excitation is the S2 (ππ*) state, which decays very efficiently to the S1 (nπ*) state at a pedal‐like non‐rotated geometry. In the S1 state, relaxation leads to a rotated geometry where the system decays to the ground state, in which further relaxation can lead to either the trans or cis geometries. However, the S1/S0 conical intersection seam also extends to planar geometries, so this reaction path is also accessible for rotation‐constrained systems. Our results explain the experimental observations satisfactorily.
Nematode endoparasites do not codiversify with their stick insect hosts
Authors: Larose Chloé , Schwander Tanja
Published: July 2016

Host–parasite coevolution stems from reciprocal selection on host resistance and parasite infectivity, and can generate some of the strongest selective pressures known in nature. It is widely seen as a major driver of diversification, the most extreme case being parallel speciation in hosts and their associated parasites. Here, we report on endoparasitic nematodes, most likely members of the mermithid family, infecting differentTimemastick insect species throughout California. The nematodes develop in the hemolymph of their insect host and kill it upon emergence, completely impeding host reproduction. Given the direct exposure of the endoparasites to the host's immune system in the hemolymph, and the consequences of infection on host fitness, we predicted that divergence among hosts may drive parallel divergence in the endoparasites. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested the presence of two differentiated endoparasite lineages. However, independently of whether the two lineages were considered separately or jointly, we found a complete lack of codivergence between the endoparasitic nematodes and their hosts in spite of extensive genetic variation among hosts and among parasites. Instead, there was strong isolation by distance among the endoparasitic nematodes, indicating that geography plays a more important role than host‐related adaptations in driving parasite diversification in this system. The accumulating evidence for lack of codiversification between parasites and their hosts at macroevolutionary scales contrasts with the overwhelming evidence for coevolution within populations, and calls for studies linking micro‐ versus macroevolutionary dynamics in host–parasite interactions.
Janus‐faced nature of colorblindness: Social dominance orientation moderates the relationship between colorblindness and outgroup attitudes
Authors: Yogeeswaran Kumar , Davies Thomas , Sibley Chris G.
Published: July 2016

Colorblindness is a popular diversity ideology promoted as a means to intergroup harmony in ethnically diverse nations. While some research suggests that colorblindness reduces intergroup bias, other work suggests that colorblindness may increase it. The present research utilizes a national sample of European New Zealanders to examine whether the relationship between colorblind endorsement and outgroup attitudes is moderated by perceivers' individual differences in social dominance orientation (SDO). Data revealed that for participants low in SDO, colorblind beliefs predicted more negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities. However, for those high in SDO, colorblind beliefs predicted more positive attitudes toward ethnic minorities. Taken together, these findings suggest that colorblindness is not all good or bad for intergroup relations—instead, its effects may depend on perceivers' own egalitarian sentiments.
Imaging of Concentration Distributions and Hydrogen Evolution on Corroding Magnesium Exposed to Aqueous Environments Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Izquierdo Javier , Fernández‐Pérez Bibiana M. , Filotás Dániel , Őri Zsuzsanna , Kiss András , Martín‐Gómez Romen T. , Nagy Lívia , Nagy Géza , Souto Ricardo M.
Published: July 2016

Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is presented as an essential tool for the local characterization of the still uncertain mechanism for magnesium corrosion. The reaction leading to magnesium release and hydrogen evolution from separated magnesium cathodes and anodes has been imaged using an adequate combination of the operation modes available in SECM. Magnesium ion selective microelectrodes (Mg‐ISME's) were used for the visualization of the heterogeneously distributed release of magnesium (II) species. Antimony microelectrodes detected the pH gradients in the adjacent electrolyte resulting from either water or magnesium electrolysis, whereas platinum microdiscs were used to monitor the concomitant local evolution of hydrogen. Alkalization and H2 generation were observed over the magnesium strip polarized as cathode, whereas a small local acidification was observed above the strip polarized anodically, at which extensive heterogeneous magnesium release was also imaged.
Blurring Boundaries: Drama as a Critical Multimodal Literacy for Examining 17th‐Century Witch Hunts
Authors: Schroeter Sara , Wager Amanda C.
Published: July 2016

This article illustrates how critical multimodal literacy practices engage secondary students to further explore differences and similarities between past and present instances of discrimination within a process drama, where students and teachers explore a topic through unscripted role‐play. Data from a classroom‐based ethnography are drawn on to show how students in two grade 9 social studies classes made meaning from their engagements with a process drama about 17th‐century witch hunts. The authors use field notes, interviews, and photographs to reveal some of the complexities of using drama in the classroom, while highlighting the relevance of critical multimodal literacy practices for creating meaningful engagements with curriculum.
Partite Saturation Problems
Authors: Roberts Barnaby
Published: July 2016

We look at several saturation problems in complete balanced blow‐ups of graphs. We let denote the blow‐up of H onto parts of size n and refer to a copy of H in as partite if it has one vertex in each part of . We then ask how few edges a subgraph G of can have such that G has no partite copy of H but such that the addition of any new edge from creates a partite H. When H is a triangle this value was determined by Ferrara, Jacobson, Pfender, and Wenger in . Our main result is to calculate this value for when n is large. We also give exact results for paths and stars and show that for 2‐connected graphs the answer is linear in n whilst for graphs that are not 2‐connected the answer is quadratic in n. We also investigate a similar problem where G is permitted to contain partite copies of H but we require that the addition of any new edge from creates an extra partite copy of H. This problem turns out to be much simpler and we attain exact answers for all cliques and trees.
Scorecard implementation improves identification of postpartum patients at risk for venous thromboembolism
Authors: Berkin Jill A. , Lee Colleen , Landsberger Ellen , Chazotte Cynthia , Bernstein Peter S. , Goffman Dena
Published: July 2016

Objective

To evaluate if an intensive educational intervention in the use of a standardized venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment tool (scorecard) improves physicians’ identification and chemoprophylaxis of postpartum patients at risk for VTE.

Methods

After implementation of a VTE scorecard and prior to an intensive educational intervention, postpartum patients (n = 140) were evaluated to assess scorecard completion, risk factors, and chemoprophylaxis. A performance improvement campaign focusing on patient safety, VTE prevention, and scorecard utilization was then conducted. Evaluation of the same parameters was subsequently performed for a similar group of patients (n = 133). Differences in scorecard utilization and risk assessment were tested for statistical significance.

Results

Population‐at‐risk rates were similar in both assessment periods (31.4% vs 28.6%; p = NS). The greatest risk factors included cesarean delivery, body mass index (BMI) >30 and age >35. Scorecard completion rates for all patients increased in the postintervention period (15.7% vs 67.7%; p < .001). Postintervention scorecard completion rates for the at‐risk population also improved (20% vs 79%; p < .001). In the postintervention group, those at risk with completed scorecards had higher prophylaxis rates than those at risk without scorecards (73% vs 25%; p = .03). At‐risk patients with completed scorecards had 2.6 times more orders for chemoprophylaxis than at‐risk patients without scorecards in both time periods (odds ratio [OR] = 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1–22.8).

Conclusion

Utilization of a VTE scorecard coupled with an educational intervention for health care providers increases detection and chemoprophylaxis orders for at‐risk patients. Encouraging universal scorecard assessment standardizes identification and chemoprophylaxis of at‐risk patients who were otherwise not perceived to be at risk.
Crabs grab strongly depending on mechanical advantages of pinching and disarticulation of chela
Authors: Fujiwara Shin‐ichi , Kawai Hiroki
Published: July 2016

A small morphological variation of an organ may cause a major change of its function in animal evolution. The function of decapod chela varies considerably among taxa, between sex, and even within an individual, but also retains a simple mechanism of motion. Therefore, the decapod chela is a suitable structure to study the evolutionary process of functional diversifications, although the relationship of form and function is inadequately understood, yet. We estimated the mechanical advantages of pinching and passive disarticulation resistance, and chela size relative to the carapace in 317 chelae of 168 decapod specimens, and compared these indices with the functions of each chela. Our study revealed that mechanical advantages of pinching efficiency and passive disarticulation resistance were greatest in shell‐crushing chelae, followed by gripping and pinching chelae, whereas the chela size relative to the carapace was not related to differences among these functions. We also found that the chelae are designed to retain the ratio between depth and width of the proximal dactylus. In the evolutionary process of decapods, the diversifications of chela functions were accompanied by the diversifications of the mechanical advantages, and played an essential role in their ecological diversification. J. Morphol. 277:1259–1272, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Terminal Sterilization on PEG‐Based Bioresorbable Polymers Used in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Bhatnagar Divya , Dube Koustubh , Damodaran Vinod B. , Subramanian Ganesan , Aston Kenneth , Halperin Frederick , Mao Meiyu , Pricer Kurt , Murthy N. Sanjeeva , Kohn Joachim
Published: July 2016

The effects of ethylene oxide (EO), vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP), gamma (γ) radiation, and electron‐beam (E‐beam) on the physiochemical and morphological properties of medical device polymers are investigated. Polymers with ether, carbonate, carboxylic acid, amide and ester functionalities are selected from a family of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing tyrosine‐derived polycarbonates (TyrPCs) to include slow, medium, fast, and ultra‐fast degrading polymers. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is used for comparison. Molecular weight (Mw) of all tested polymers decreases upon gamma and E‐beam, and this effect becomes more pronounced at higher PEG content. Gamma sterilization increases the glass transition temperature of polymers with high PEG content. EO esterifies the carboxylic acid groups in desaminotyrosol‐tyrosine (DT) and causes significant degradation. VHP causes hydroxylation of the phenyl ring, and hydrolytic degradation. This study signifies the importance of the chemical composition when selecting a sterilization method, and provides suggested conditions for each of the sterilization methods.

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Study of attenuation of microwaves by PPy‐Doped PVC films
Authors: Bhavsar Vaishali , Tripathi Deepti
Published: July 2016

In present communication an attempt is made to study the attenuation of microwaves by PPy doped PVC films using complex permittivity measurements in the frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz) at room temperature. The parameters such as attenuation distance (also known as skin depth or penetration depth (δ)), power penetration depth (Dp) and absorption index (k) which are important in determining the microwave absorbing properties of the material have also been evaluated using dielectric parameters. Results show that PVC‐PPy films with high dielectric loss exhibited strong attenuation of microwaves in the experimental frequency range of 8.2–12.4 GHz. It is also seen that films with low percentage concentration of PPy have large values of skin depth. However, a rapid downfall in values of skin depth for these films is observed with increasing frequency. PVC films loaded with higher concentration of PPy exhibit elevated values of absorption index. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:89–94, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers