bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Events Detector for Pregnancy Care (TED-PC): A rule-based algorithm to infer gestational age and delivery date from electronic health records of pregnant women with and without COVID-19
Authors: Lyu Tianchu , Liang Chen , Liu Jihong , Campbell Berry , Hung Peiyin , Shih Yi-Wen , Ghumman Nadia , Li Xiaoming ,   on behalf of the National COVID Cohort Collaborative Consortium
Published: October 2022

Objective

Identifying the time of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection relative to specific gestational weeks is critical for delineating the role of viral infection timing in adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, this task is difficult when it comes to Electronic Health Records (EHR). In combating the COVID-19 pandemic for maternal health, we sought to develop and validate a clinical information extraction algorithm to detect the time of clinical events relative to gestational weeks.

Materials and methods

We used EHR from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C), in which the EHR are normalized by the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) Common Data Model (CDM). We performed EHR phenotyping, resulting in 270,897 pregnant women (June 1st, 2018 to May 31st, 2021). We developed a rule-based algorithm and performed a multi-level evaluation to test content validity and clinical validity, and extreme length of gestation (<150 or >300).

Results

The algorithm identified 296,194 pregnancies (16,659 COVID-19, 174,744 without COVID-19) in 270,897 pregnant women. For inferring gestational age, 95% cases (n = 40) have moderate-high accuracy (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.62); 100% cases (n = 40) have moderate-high granularity of temporal information (Cohen’s Kappa = 1). For inferring delivery dates, the accuracy is 100% (Cohen’s Kappa = 1). The accuracy of gestational age detection for the extreme length of gestation is 93.3% (Cohen’s Kappa = 1). Mothers with COVID-19 showed higher prevalence in obesity or overweight (35.1% vs. 29.5%), diabetes (17.8% vs. 17.0%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.2% vs. 0.1%), respiratory distress syndrome or acute respiratory failure (1.8% vs. 0.2%).

Discussion

We explored the characteristics of pregnant women by different gestational weeks of SARS-CoV-2 infection with our algorithm. TED-PC is the first to infer the exact gestational week linked with every clinical event from EHR and detect the timing of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women.

Conclusion

The algorithm shows excellent clinical validity in inferring gestational age and delivery dates, which supports multiple EHR cohorts on N3C studying the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy.
Justification of research using systematic reviews continues to be inconsistent in clinical health science—A systematic review and meta-analysis of meta-research studies
Authors: Andreasen Jane , Nørgaard Birgitte , Draborg Eva , Juhl Carsten Bogh , Yost Jennifer , Brunnhuber Klara , Robinson Karen A. , Lund Hans
Published: October 2022

Background

Redundancy is an unethical, unscientific, and costly challenge in clinical health research. There is a high risk of redundancy when existing evidence is not used to justify the research question when a new study is initiated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to synthesize meta-research studies evaluating if and how authors of clinical health research studies use systematic reviews when initiating a new study.

Methods

Seven electronic bibliographic databases were searched (final search June 2021). Meta-research studies assessing the use of systematic reviews when justifying new clinical health studies were included. Screening and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. The primary outcome was defined as the percentage of original studies within the included meta-research studies using systematic reviews of previous studies to justify a new study. Results were synthesized narratively and quantitatively using a random-effects meta-analysis. The protocol has been registered in Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/nw7ch/).

Results

Twenty-one meta-research studies were included, representing 3,621 original studies or protocols. Nineteen of the 21 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The included studies represented different disciplines and exhibited wide variability both in how the use of previous systematic reviews was assessed, and in how this was reported. The use of systematic reviews to justify new studies varied from 16% to 87%. The mean percentage of original studies using systematic reviews to justify their study was 42% (95% CI: 36% to 48%).

Conclusion

Justification of new studies in clinical health research using systematic reviews is highly variable, and fewer than half of new clinical studies in health science were justified using a systematic review. Research redundancy is a challenge for clinical health researchers, as well as for funders, ethics committees, and journals.
Wound specific quality of life after blast or gunshot injury: Validation of the wound QoL instrument
Authors: Älgå Andreas , Malmstedt Jonas , Fagerdahl Ann-Mari
Published: October 2022

Background

Acute blast or gunshot wounds have a negative effect on the patients’ health related quality of life (HRQoL). No validated instrument exists to assess the HRQoL of patients with such wounds. Therefore, we aimed to test and validate a subscale of an existing HRQoL instrument among patients with acute blast or gunshot wounds.

Methods

We used data from a randomized controlled trial comparing negative pressure wound therapy with standard treatment of civilian adults with acute extremity blast or gunshot wounds. We evaluated the reliability (internal consistency, stability) and validity of the body subscale of the Wound QoL instrument using the World Health Organisation 20 question self-reporting questionnaire as gold standard.

Results

A total of 152 participants were included in the study. The participants were predominantly (93.4%) male, and median age was 29.0 years (IQR 21.0–34.0). The internal consistency was acceptable while a test-retest analysis indicated instability in the Wound QoL instrument. The content validity of the instrument was considered satisfactory; however, the criterion validity was found to be insufficient.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that Wound QoL is a promising instrument for the assessment of wound specific HRQoL among patients with acute blast or gunshot wounds. Further testing and validation is needed.
Ekiri Syndrome - A Post-Mortem Study
Authors: Deepthi Pariyeriparambil Narayanan  , Nikhil Lakshmanan Thekkumbadan  , Shafeedha Rashbi Karakulangara  , Pooja Shaji
Published: October 2022

A 16-year-old female was admitted following complaints of vomiting 2 days after intake of non-vegetarian food from a cafe. It was associated with the passage of loose stools with mucus. Following a seizure-like episode, she was referred to a higher centre. She was delirious and during the transit, she collapsed and died the same day. The body was transferred to the Forensic Medicine Department of Government Medical College, Kannur for post-mortem examination as a definite clinical diagnosis of the cause of death could not be made.
Resource Optimisation in Cloud Computing: Comparative Study of Algorithms Applied to Recommendations in a Big Data Analysis Architecture
Authors: Ndayikengurukiye Aristide , Ez-zahout Abderrahmane , Aboubakr Akou , Charkaoui Youssef , Fouzia Omary
Published: October 2022

Recommender systems (RS) have emerged as a means of providing relevant content to users, whether in social networking, health, education, or elections. Furthermore, with the rapid development of cloud computing, Big Data, and the Internet of Things (IoT), the component of all this is that elections are controlled by open and accountable, neutral, and autonomous election management bodies. The use of technology in voting procedures can make them faster, more efficient, and less susceptible to security breaches. Technology can ensure the security of every vote, better and faster automatic counting and tallying, and much greater accuracy. The election data were combined by different websites and applications. In addition, it was interpreted using many recommendation algorithms such as Machine Learning Algorithms, Vector Representation Algorithms, Latent Factor Model Algorithms, and Neighbourhood Methods and shared with the election management bodies to provide appropriate recommendations. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of the algorithms applied in the recommendations of Big data architectures. The results show us that the K-NN model works best with an accuracy of 96%. In addition, we provided the best recommendation system is the hybrid recommendation combined by content-based filtering and collaborative filtering uses similarities between users and items.
How many times should we repeat measurements of the ultrasound-guided attenuation parameter for evaluating hepatic steatosis?
Authors: Seo Duck Min , Lee Sang Min , Park Ji Won , Kim Min-Jeong , Ha Hong Il , Park Sun-Young , Lee Kwanseop
Published: October 2022

Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to determine the number of times the ultrasound-guided attenuation parameter (UGAP) should be measured during the evaluation of hepatic steatosis.Methods: Patients with suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who underwent two UGAP repetition protocols (six-repetition [UGAP_6] and 12-repetition [UGAP_12]) and measurement of the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) using transient elastography between October 2020 and June 2021 were enrolled. The mean attenuation coefficient (AC), interquartile range (IQR)/median, and coefficient of variance (CV) of the two repetition protocols were compared using the paired t test. Moreover, the diagnostic performances of UGAP_6 and UGAP_12 were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve, considering the CAP value as a reference standard.Results: The study included 160 patients (100 men; mean age, 50.9 years). There were no significant differences between UGAP_6 and UGAP_12 (0.731±0.116 dB/cm/MHz vs. 0.734±0.113 dB/cm/MHz, P=0.156) and mean CV (7.6±0.3% vs. 8.0±0.3%, P=0.062). However, the mean IQR/median of UGAP_6 was significantly lower than that of UGAP_12 (8.9%±6.0% vs. 9.8%±5.2%, P=0.012). In diagnosing the hepatic steatosis stage, UGAP_6 and UGAP_12 yielded comparable AUROCs (≥S1, 0.908 vs. 0.897, P=0.466; ≥S2, 0.883 vs. 0.897, P=0.126; S3, 0.832 vs. 0.834, P=0.799).Conclusion: UGAP had high diagnostic performance in diagnosing hepatic steatosis, regardless of the number of repetitions (six repetitions vs. 12 repetitions), with maintained reliability. Therefore, six UGAP measurements seem sufficient for evaluating hepatic steatosis using UGAP.
Drainage and seroma formation according to the size of sterile acellular dermal matrix in direct-to-implant breast reconstruction
Authors: Kong Tae Hyun , Kim Taegon , Lee Jun-Ho
Published: October 2022

Background Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is widely used for prosthetic breast reconstruction. Although many studies have investigated the efficacy and complications of ADM in prosthetic breast reconstruction, studies on drainage and seroma formation according to the size of ADM manufactured using the same process are lacking. This study analyzed drainage and seroma formation according to the size of sterile ADM.Methods From January 2011 to June 2018, the authors retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of patients who underwent direct-to-implant breast reconstruction using MegaDerm at a single institution. The ADMs used were classified as small or large groups. The two groups were compared in terms of the volume and duration time of two closed-suction drains (supramuscular and submuscular drains). Seroma and infection risk were also analyzed.Results Of 344 patients, 69 were included. Among them, 22 patients were in the small-ADM group and 47 patients were in the large-ADM group. The supramuscular drain volume (P=0.295) and time (P=0.365) were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the submuscular (P=0.001) and total drain volume (P=0.004) were higher in the large-ADM group. In addition, seroma occurred significantly more frequently in the large-ADM group (P=0.048), but there was no significant difference in minor infections (P=0.088).Conclusions The size of sterile ADM affected drainage and seroma formation, with a larger size increasing drain volume and seroma risk. This study could provide a clinical basis for the safe usage of large sterile ADM.
Translanguaging as a decolonising approach: students’ perspectives towards integrating Indigenous epistemology in language teaching
Authors: Wang Danping
Published: October 2022

This study explores how translanguaging has been enacted in a university-wide curriculum transformation project in an additional language programme in Aotearoa New Zealand. Its aim is to reveal students’ perspectives on integrating Indigenous epistemology into the curriculum of a beginner-level Chinese course. The survey data, collected from 155 students, show that most students react positively to the idea of embedding Indigenous epistemology into language teaching through a translanguaging assessment design. Moreover, students’ translingual practices in their digital multimodal compositions demonstrate that they can enact translanguaging to enable the coexistence of different bodies of knowledge while learning an additional language. Based on these findings, I suggest that language teaching should integrate place-based worldviews that are meaningful to all local students. It is also important to adopt translanguaging as a decolonising approach to facilitate a pluriversal epistemological stance that promotes plurilingualism in language education. The nexus between translanguaging and decoloniality needs to be explored further, as does the possibility for cross-civilisational learning through translanguaging.
The effects of supplementation of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae on biochemical, inflammatory and antioxidant responses in diabetic rats
Authors: Fereidouni Ali , Khaleghian Ali , Mousavi-Niri Neda , Moradikor Nasrollah
Published: October 2022

Diabetes is accompanied by inflammation and oxidation. Supplementation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds can prevent the progression of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae (NOM) on the inflammatory and antioxidant responses in diabetic rats. Sixty male rats were divided into six groups as diabetic and non-diabetic rats receiving 0, 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight of NOM daily for 21 days. Body weight, the serum concentrations of insulin and glucose and the tissue concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed. The results showed that induction of diabetes significantly reduced the body weight, the serum concentrations of insulin and the tissue concentrations of SOD, FRAP and GPx while increasing the concentrations of glucose, MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB and TNF-α. Daily oral administration of NOM (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly maintained the body weight, the serum concentrations of insulin and the tissue concentrations of SOD, FRAP and GPx while preventing the increase in the concentrations of glucose, MDA, IL-1β and TNF-α. In conclusion, diabetes caused inflammation and oxidation while NOM worked as a natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound.
Molecular and morphological characterization of Digenea (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) in the Mexican Atlantic
Authors: Vilchis Martha Isabel , Hernández Oscar E. , Sentíes Abel , Dreckmann Kurt M. , Núñez Resendiz María Luisa , Ortegón-Aznar Ileana
Published: October 2022

Digenea is a widely distributed genus in the Mexican Atlantic, and until a few years ago the only morphospecies D. simplex was recorded. Recent molecular research on this species from a locality in the Mexican Caribbean revealed the new species D. mexicana, whose morphological similarity with specimens from Gulf of Mexico suggests that its distribution range could extend to this area. The aim of this work was to characterize the molecular and morphological characters of Digenea specimens from different sites in the Mexican Atlantic, to confirm this hypothesis and even reveal the presence of new species or records for the country. Our phylogenetic analysis of COI-5P and rbcL markers revealed a new record of D. arenahauriens in Mexico and confirm the presence of D. mexicana in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The species delimitation methods showed potential new species for Australia, Japan, and Brazil. The true D. simplex was not recorded molecularly for Mexico. Morphological comparisons indicated an overlap among most of the species of the genus. Future studies about molecular and morphological characterization of Digenea specimens from around the world could help to clarify the problem of specific delimitation, and even reveal new species for the genus.
Painting, Interpretation, Education: Tables of Knowledge in theImaginesof Philostratus the Athenian
Authors: Bakke Jørgen
Published: October 2022

This article shows how the descriptions of paintings (Imagines) by the ancient Greek author Philostratus (third century AD) can be viewed as pedagogical tools in the introduction to higher education. Philostratus presented his descriptions in the context of a tour in a picture gallery for young students. In the study presented here, the pedagogical context is taken seriously. With the means of three examples, the study shows how Philostratus uses his descriptions to guide his students into the interpretation of paintings, agriculture, and astronomy. Rather than simply present exemplary rhetorical descriptions of paintings as one would expect a rhetorical teacher to do, Philostratus uses paintings as pedagogical working tables where students can view simplified versions of complex fields of knowledge, an approach that is not unlike the visual presentation of introductory knowledge on old-fashioned cardboard wallcharts in modern schools.
Development of a new rotating photocatalytic reactor for the degradation of hazardous pollutants
Authors: Zelić Ivana Elizabeta , Tomašić Vesna , Gomzi Zoran
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study was to develop a new rotating photocatalytic reactor operating in recirculation mode with light sources placed outside the photoreactor vessel. The photoreactor with cylindrical geometry was equipped with four artificial lamps used to simulate solar irradiation (2.4% UVB and 12% UVA; 300–700 nm). The photocatalyst was immobilized on abrasive material used as a support and placed on the central (inner) photoreactor tube, which was connected to a power-driven shaft that allowed rotation at a desired speed. A suitable modification of the commercial TiO2 P25 photocatalyst was carried out to reduce its band gap energy and electron-hole recombination and to extend the visible light response range of TiO2. The main task of this research was to apply the basic principles of process intensification methodology, i.e. to explore the influence of rotational hydrodynamics, which allows good access of reactants to the photocatalyst surface, good irradiation of the photocatalytic surface and reduction of mass transfer resistance, leading to increased process efficiency. The homemade photoreactor was used for the photocatalytic degradation of one of the major types of neonicotinoid insecticides, acetamiprid. The influence of various working conditions, such as initial solution pH, rotation speed, recirculation flow rate and initial concentration of acetamiprid on the photocatalytic degradation process was investigated. The optimum degradation conditions were found at a recirculation flow rate of 200 cm3 min−1 and a rotation speed of 200 rpm, indicating that the mass transfer process strongly contributes to the photocatalytic degradation rate at the conditions used in this study. The results obtained during the photocatalytic degradation of acetamiprid in a rotating photoreactor were compared with those obtained under similar operating conditions in a flat-plate photoreactor, and the corresponding conclusions were drawn based on the performed kinetic analysis.
Relating agent prominence to discourse prominence: DO-clefts in German
Authors: Primus Beatrice , Kretzschmar Franziska , von Heusinger Klaus , Himmelmann Nikolaus P.
Published: October 2022

The article investigates the hypothesis that prominence phenomena on different levels of linguistic structure are systematically related to each other. More specifically, it is hypothesized that prominence relations in morphosyntax reflect, and contribute to, prominence management in discourse. This hypothesis is empirically based on the phenomenon of agentivity clines, i.e. the observation that the relevance of agentivity features such as volition or sentience is variable across different constructions. While some constructions, including German DO-clefts, show a strong preference for highly agentive verbs, other constructions, including German basic active constructions, have no particular requirements regarding the agentivity of the verb, except that at least one agentivity feature should be present. Our hypothesis predicts that this variable relevance of agentivity features is related to the discourse constraints on the felicitous use of a given construction, which in turn, of course, requires an explicit statement of such constraints. We propose an original account of the discourse constraints on DO-clefts in German using the ‘Question Under Discussion’ framework. Here, we hypothesize that DO-clefts render prominent one implicit question from a set of alternative questions available at a particular point in the developing discourse. This then yields a prominent question-answer pair that changes the thematic structure of the discourse. We conclude with some observations on the possibility of relating morphosyntactic prominence (high agentivity) to discourse prominence (making a Question Under Discussion prominent by way of clefting).
The expression of ASAP3 and NOTCH3 and the clinicopathological characteristics of adult glioma patients
Authors: Su Li-ping , Ji Min , Liu Li , Sang Wei , Xue Jing , Wang Bo , Pu Hong-Wei , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2022

ASAP3 is involved in a variety of biological activities, including cancer progression in humans. In adult glioma, we explore the effects of ASAP3 and NOTCH3 and their relationships on prognosis. The Oncomine, TIMER, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases were used to investigate ASAP3 expression. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of ASAP3 and NOTCH3 expressions. The effects of ASAP3 and NOTCH3 on prognosis were assessed using survival analysis. The results revealed that the amount of ASAP3 mRNA in gliomas was much higher than in normal tissue (P < 0.01). Glioma patients with high ASAP3 mRNA expression had a worse overall survival and progression-free survival. ASAP3 overexpression is directly associated with the NOTCH signaling system. Immunohistochemistry revealed that ASAP3 and NOTCH3 were overexpressed in glioblastomas (GBMs). ASAP3 expression was associated with age, recurrence, tumor resection, postoperative chemoradiotherapy, World Health Organization (WHO) grade, and Ki-67 expression. ASAP3 expression was related to the isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 mutation in low-grade glioma. Gender, local recurrence, tumor resection, postoperative radio-chemotherapy, WHO grade, recurrence, and ATRX expression were all associated with NOTCH3 expression. ASAP3 was shown to be positively associated with NOTCH3 (r = 0.337, P = 0.000). Therefore, ASAP3 and NOTCH3 as oncogene factors have the potential to be prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in adult glioma.
Phaedrus und Martial: Zur Interaktion von Versfabel und Epigrammatik
Authors: Neger Margot
Published: October 2022

The influence of Phaedrus the fabulist on Martial the epigrammatist has long been neglected by scholarship. Quite recently scholars have started to pay more attention to Phaedrus’ literary techniques and allusive art, thus also paving the way for a reassessment of the role which Phaedrus played as a model for Martial. This paper examines the question to what extent the Flavian epigrammatist was inspired by Phaedrus’ literary techniques and argues that Phaedrus served as an important link in the process of the reception of Neoteric and Augustan poetry. Although there are not many thematic parallels between Phaedrus and Martial, the later poet seems to have been inspired considerably by Phaedrus’ metapoetic techniques. Furthermore, the paper also investigates the epigrammatic potential of Phaedrus’ own poems, a potential which seems to have made the fabulist especially attractive as a model for Martial.
Directional dependence of the plasmonic gain and nonreciprocity in drift-current biased graphene
Authors: Morgado Tiago A. , Silveirinha Mário G.
Published: October 2022

Here, we investigate the nonreciprocal propagation and amplification of surface plasmons in drift-current biased graphene, using both Galilean and relativistic-type Doppler shift transformations of the graphene’s conductivity. Consistent with previous studies, both conductivity models predict strongly nonreciprocal propagation of surface plasmons due to the drag effect caused by the drifting electrons. In particular, the Galilean Doppler shift model leads to stronger spectral asymmetries in the plasmon dispersion with regimes of unidirectional propagation. Remarkably, it is shown that both conductivity models predict regimes of nonreciprocal plasmon amplification in a wide angular sector of in-plane directions when the drift-current biased graphene sheet is coupled to a plasmonic substrate (namely, SiC), with the plasmon amplification rate being substantially higher for the relativistic Doppler shift model.
Fish Processing in the Iron Gates Region During the Transitional and Early Neolithic Period: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Petrović Anđa , Lemorini Cristina , Cesaro Stella Nunziante , Živaljević Ivana
Published: October 2022

It is well known that many Mesolithic and Early Neolithic sites were uncovered during the past century in the Iron Gates region of the North-Central Balkans. The application of diverse analyses on the bioarchaeological remains and artefacts raised many questions, but also offered new ideas about the Mesolithic–Neolithic transitional period in the Middle and Lower course of the Danube. Communities in the Iron Gates consumed fish and exploited the riverbank in prehistory. The stable isotope analyses are implying that these human groups fed on aquatic resources in some periods more than others. Fish remains were also found in settlements, and based on fish-related imagery on sculpted boulders and other artefacts, the bond between the people, river, and the ecosystem was compelling. The idea of this article is to present the possible ways of fish processing at Lepenski Vir using chipped stone tools. Three integrated methodologies, with high levels of interpretation, were applied: use-wear, residue, and archaeozoological analyses. Use-wear and residue analyses were performed on both archaeological and experimental chipped stone tools. The results are considered together with the traces of butchery observed on archaeological samples of fish bones, creating a more coherent picture of the everyday habits of the Iron Gates populations.
Columnar Lesions in Barrel Cortex Persistently Degrade Object Location Discrimination Performance
Authors: Ryan Lauren , Laughton Maya , Sun-Yan Andrew , Costello Samantha , Pancholi Ravi , Peron Simon
Published: October 2022

Primary sensory cortices display functional topography, suggesting that even small cortical volumes may underpin perception of specific stimuli. Traditional loss-of-function approaches have a relatively large radius of effect (>1 mm), and few studies track recovery following loss-of-function perturbations. Consequently, the behavioral necessity of smaller cortical volumes remains unclear. In the mouse primary vibrissal somatosensory cortex (vS1), “barrels” with a radius of ∼150 μm receive input predominantly from a single whisker, partitioning vS1 into a topographic map of well defined columns. Here, we train animals implanted with a cranial window over vS1 to perform single-whisker perceptual tasks. We then use high-power laser exposure centered on the barrel representing the spared whisker to produce lesions with a typical volume of one to two barrels. These columnar-scale lesions impair performance in an object location discrimination task for multiple days without disrupting vibrissal kinematics. Animals with degraded location discrimination performance can immediately perform a whisker touch detection task with high accuracy. Animals trainedde novoon both simple and complex whisker touch detection tasks showed no permanent behavioral deficits following columnar-scale lesions. Thus, columnar-scale lesions permanently degrade performance in object location discrimination tasks.
A Role for Thalamic Projection GABAergic Neurons in Circadian Responses to Light
Authors: Brock Olivier , Gelegen Cigdem , Sully Peter , Salgarella Irene , Jager Polona , Menage Lucy , Mehta Ishita , Jęczmień-Łazur Jagoda , Djama Deyl , Strother Lauren , Coculla Angelica , Vernon Anthony C. , Brickley Stephen , Holland Philip , Cooke Samuel F. , Delogu Alessio
Published: October 2022

The thalamus is an important hub for sensory information and participates in sensory perception, regulation of attention, arousal and sleep. These functions are executed primarily by glutamatergic thalamocortical neurons that extend axons to the cortex and initiate cortico-thalamocortical connectional loops. However, the thalamus also contains projection GABAergic neurons that do not extend axons toward the cortex. Here, we have harnessed recent insight into the development of the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv) to specifically target and manipulate thalamic projection GABAergic neurons in female and male mice. Our results show that thalamic GABAergic neurons of the IGL and LGv receive retinal input from diverse classes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) but not from the M1 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) type. We describe the synergistic role of the photoreceptor melanopsin and the thalamic neurons of the IGL/LGv in circadian entrainment to dim light. We identify a requirement for the thalamic IGL/LGv neurons in the rapid changes in vigilance states associated with circadian light transitions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv) are part of the extended circadian system and mediate some nonimage-forming visual functions. Here, we show that each of these structures has a thalamic (dorsal) as well as prethalamic (ventral) developmental origin. We map the retinal input to thalamus-derived cells in the IGL/LGv complex and discover that while RGC input is dominant, this is not likely to originate from M1ipRGCs. We implicate thalamic cells in the IGL/LGv in vigilance state transitions at circadian light changes and in overt behavioral entrainment to dim light, the latter exacerbated by concomitant loss of melanopsin expression.
A Common Neural Account for Social and Nonsocial Decisions
Authors: Arabadzhiyska Desislava H. , Garrod Oliver G.B. , Fouragnan Elsa , De Luca Emanuele , Schyns Philippe G. , Philiastides Marios G.
Published: October 2022

To date, social and nonsocial decisions have been studied largely in isolation. Consequently, the extent to which social and nonsocial forms of decision uncertainty are integrated using shared neurocomputational resources remains elusive. Here, we address this question using simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG)-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy human participants (young adults of both sexes) and a task in which decision evidence in social and nonsocial contexts varies along comparable scales. First, we identify time-resolved build-up of activity in the EEG, akin to a process of evidence accumulation (EA), across both contexts. We then use the endogenous trial-by-trial variability in the slopes of these accumulating signals to construct parametric fMRI predictors. We show that a region of the posterior-medial frontal cortex (pMFC) uniquely explains trial-wise variability in the process of evidence accumulation in both social and nonsocial contexts. We further demonstrate a task-dependent coupling between the pMFC and regions of the human valuation system in dorso-medial and ventro-medial prefrontal cortex across both contexts. Finally, we report domain-specific representations in regions known to encode the early decision evidence for each context. These results are suggestive of a domain-general decision-making architecture, whereupon domain-specific information is likely converted into a “common currency” in medial prefrontal cortex and accumulated for the decision in the pMFC.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLittle work has directly compared social-versus-nonsocial decisions to investigate whether they share common neurocomputational origins. Here, using combined electroencephalography (EEG)-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and computational modeling, we offer a detailed spatiotemporal account of the neural underpinnings of social and nonsocial decisions. Specifically, we identify a comparable mechanism of temporal evidence integration driving both decisions and localize this integration process in posterior-medial frontal cortex (pMFC). We further demonstrate task-dependent coupling between the pMFC and regions of the human valuation system across both contexts. Finally, we report domain-specific representations in regions encoding the early, domain-specific, decision evidence. These results suggest a domain-general decision-making architecture, whereupon domain-specific information is converted into a common representation in the valuation system and integrated for the decision in the pMFC.
Seeing Social: A Neural Signature for Conscious Perception of Social Interactions
Authors: Varrier Rekha S. , Finn Emily S.
Published: October 2022

Social information is some of the most ambiguous content we encounter in our daily lives, yet in experimental contexts, percepts of social interactions—that is, whether an interaction is present and if so, the nature of that interaction—are often dichotomized as correct or incorrect based on experimenter-assigned labels. Here, we investigated the behavioral and neural correlates of subjective (or conscious) social perception using data from the Human Connectome Project in which participants (n= 1049; 486 men, 562 women) viewed animations of geometric shapes during fMRI and indicated whether they perceived a social interaction or random motion. Critically, rather than experimenter-assigned labels, we used observers' own reports of “Social” or “Non-social” to classify percepts and characterize brain activity, including leveraging a particularly ambiguous animation perceived as “Social” by some but “Non-social” by others to control for visual input. Behaviorally, observers were biased toward perceiving information as social (vs non-social); and neurally, observer reports (compared with experimenter labels) explained more variance in activity across much of the brain. Using “Unsure” reports, we identified several regions that responded parametrically to perceived socialness. Neural responses to social versus non-social content diverged early in time and in the cortical hierarchy. Finally, individuals with higher internalizing trait scores showed both a higher response bias toward “Social” and an inverse relationship with activity in default mode and visual association areas while scanning for social information. Findings underscore the subjective nature of social perception and the importance of using observer reports to study percepts of social interactions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSimple animations involving two or more geometric shapes have been used as a gold standard to understand social cognition and impairments therein. Yet, experimenter-assigned labels of what is social versus non-social are frequently used as a ground truth, despite the fact that percepts of such ambiguous social stimuli are highly subjective. Here, we used behavioral and fMRI data from a large sample of neurotypical individuals to show that participants' responses reveal subtle behavioral biases, help us study neural responses to social content more precisely, and covary with internalizing trait scores. Our findings underscore the subjective nature of social perception and the importance of considering observer reports in studying behavioral and neural dynamics of social perception.
Russia–Pakistan Relations and the Constraints of Geoeconomics
Authors: Clary Christopher
Published: October 2022

Russia–Pakistan relations have improved since the end of the Cold War. While that trend is likely to continue, Russia is unlikely to transform Pakistan’s difficult strategic circumstances. Russia is insufficiently wealthy to provide enough aid and investment to revitalize Pakistan’s economy. Russia is also too concerned with maintaining access to the Indian defense market to increase defense sales to Pakistan more than modestly. This article reviews what I call the constraints of geoeconomics, where the relatively small size of the Russian and Pakistani economies combines with the considerable distance between them to limit Russian–Pakistani ties despite periodic official interest in deepening them. It situates these current obstacles in the context of the historic Soviet–Pakistani relationship, which was similarly constrained by distance, great power politics, and Indian concerns.
When Do You Stop Arriving? The Project “We Are Not Strangers Here: African American Histories in Rural California”
Authors: Collins Caroline
Published: October 2022

This article highlights a new public history project, “We Are Not Strangers Here: African American Rural Histories in California,” which examines hidden histories of African Americans who have shaped California’s food and farming culture from early statehood to the present. I detail the project’s archival content, including an overview of its methodological framework and the stories featured in its public components. I also pay special attention to the design of the project’s public engagement, including its recently launched traveling banner exhibit, accompanying podcast, and in-development digital exhibit. This essay thus illustrates the dynamic opportunities that public humanities projects like this one present in amplifying important, under-told state histories.
The Uncertain Future of New Mexico Chile
Authors: Brause Holly
Published: October 2022

Chile is an essential component of New Mexico’s cuisine and is an economically important heritage crop. Despite its popularity, commercial New Mexico chile producers struggle to remain competitive in globalized markets. Geographical indication labels and branding, both based on claims of New Mexico’s unique terroir, are used to distinguish the product in the global marketplace and add value. Chile production, however, is increasingly also threatened by issues of water scarcity exacerbated by climate change. This article uses ethnographic data collected between 2014 and 2022 to examine strategies for securing a viable chile industry in a changing landscape of production. I discuss the benefits and drawbacks of fallowing, efficient irrigation systems, and the creation of new chile varieties to confront water scarcity and their potential effects on the quantity and quality of chile grown in the region. I show that both water scarcity and our adaptations to water scarcity, though necessary to confront water-scarce futures, could undermine claims of terroir that distinguish the product in the global marketplace.
The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 regulates BIK1 and is targeted by a bacterial type‐III effector
Authors: Yu Gang , Derkacheva Maria , Rufian Jose S , Brillada Carla , Kowarschik Kathrin , Jiang Shushu , Derbyshire Paul , Ma Miaomiao , DeFalco Thomas A , Morcillo Rafael J L , Stransfeld Lena , Wei Yali , Zhou Jian‐Min , Menke Frank L H , Trujillo Marco , Zipfel Cyril , Macho Alberto P
Published: October 2022

Plant immunity is tightly controlled by a complex and dynamic regulatory network, which ensures optimal activation upon detection of potential pathogens. Accordingly, each component of this network is a potential target for manipulation by pathogens. Here, we report that RipAC, a type III‐secreted effector from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, targets the plant E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 to inhibit pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI). PUB4 plays a positive role in PTI by regulating the homeostasis of the central immune kinase BIK1. Before PAMP perception, PUB4 promotes the degradation of non‐activated BIK1, while after PAMP perception, PUB4 contributes to the accumulation of activated BIK1. RipAC leads to BIK1 degradation, which correlates with its PTI‐inhibitory activity. RipAC causes a reduction in pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP)‐induced PUB4 accumulation and phosphorylation. Our results shed light on the role played by PUB4 in immune regulation, and illustrate an indirect targeting of the immune signalling hub BIK1 by a bacterial effector.
Non‐canonical phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity promotes liver cancer growth via mitochondrial translation and respiratory metabolism
Authors: Shu Ying , Hao Yijie , Feng Junru , Liu Haiying , Li Shi‐ting , Feng Jiaqian , Jiang Zetan , Ye Ling , Zhou Yingli , Sun Yuchen , Zhou Zilong , Wei Haoran , Gao Ping , Zhang Huafeng , Sun Linchong
Published: October 2022

Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is a key serine biosynthesis enzyme whose aberrant expression promotes various types of tumors. Recently, PHGDH has been found to have some non‐canonical functions beyond serine biosynthesis, but its specific mechanisms in tumorigenesis remain unclear. Here, we show that PHGDH localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and promotes the translation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)‐encoded proteins in liver cancer cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that mitochondrial PHGDH directly interacts with adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) and then recruits mitochondrial elongation factor G2 (mtEFG2) to promote mitochondrial ribosome recycling efficiency, thereby promoting mtDNA‐encoded protein expression and subsequent mitochondrial respiration. Moreover, we show that treatment with a mitochondrial translation inhibitor or depletion of mtEFG2 diminishes PHGDH‐mediated tumor growth. Collectively, our findings uncover a previously unappreciated function of PHGDH in tumorigenesis acting via promotion of mitochondrial translation and bioenergetics.
Hold the fold: how delayed folding aids protein secretion
Authors: McCaul Nicholas , Braakman Ineke
Published: October 2022

In bacteria, N‐terminal signal peptides mark proteins for transport across the plasma membrane. A recent study by Smets et al (2022) followed the folding of a pair of structural twins to shed light on how evolution has optimised the secretory process.
Diagnostic biomarkers for active tuberculosis: progress and challenges
Authors: Nogueira Betânia M F , Krishnan Sonya , Barreto‐Duarte Beatriz , Araújo‐Pereira Mariana , Queiroz Artur T L , Ellner Jerrold J , Salgame Padmini , Scriba Thomas J , Sterling Timothy R , Gupta Amita , Andrade Bruno B
Published: October 2022

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality from a single infectious agent, despite being preventable and curable. Early and accurate diagnosis of active TB is critical to both enhance patient care, improve patient outcomes, and break Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission cycles. In 2020 an estimated 9.9 million people fell ill from Mtb, but only a little over half (5.8 million) received an active TB diagnosis and treatment. The World Health Organization has proposed target product profiles for biomarker‐ or biosignature‐based diagnostics using point‐of‐care tests from easily accessible specimens such as urine or blood. Here we review and summarize progress made in the development of pathogen‐ and host‐based biomarkers for active TB diagnosis. We describe several unique patient populations that have posed challenges to development of a universal diagnostic TB biomarker, such as people living with HIV, extrapulmonary TB, and children. We also review additional limitations to widespread validation and utilization of published biomarkers. We conclude with proposed solutions to enhance TB diagnostic biomarker validation and uptake.
Discussions on historicism in education and transformation of educational models
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University, Vlasova Olga Alexandrovna
Published: October 2022

Introduction. The paper examines modern historicist discussions in education. The purpose of the research is to determine the specifics of discussions on historicism in Education and show their influence on the transformation of educational models in higher education. Materials and Methods. The work implements integrated and interdisciplinary approaches, comparative methods, perspectivist approach, and dialectical method. The article reviews and analysis monographs and research papers published between 1990 and 2021 which address the issues of classical historicism, anti-historicism and new historicism in education. Results. The authors summarize the main directions of discussions in education devoted to the problems of historicism. It is pointed out that within the framework of these problematic discussions, the new historicism and intellectual history allowed the sciences to move away from linear models of history to contextual ones. The productive features of ‘new stories’ in education are highlighted: the possibility of discussing conflict interpretations in a dialogue, taking into account the multicultural mechanisms of the historical process, development of critical thinking and practical approaches. The main result of the rethinking of historicism in education is transition from the theoretical orientation to practice in the context of the current situation based on the analysis of the past. It allows to combine several sciences and disciplines in the educational process. Conclusions. The article concludes that problematic discussions on historicism in higher education are extremely important for updating educational strategies and for structural renovation of curricula. They lead to the contextual teaching, requiring its practical adjustment, as well as the development of interdisciplinary educational trajectories.