bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Class Differences in Establishment Pathways to Fatherhood Wage Premiums
Authors: Cooke Lynn Prince , Fuller Sylvia
Published: April 2018

Organizations have been argued to favor fathers over childless men and skilled fathers over less‐skilled fathers, but group wage inequalities vary across as well as within establishments. This article theorizes class differences in the contribution of being employed in a high‐wage firm to the fatherhood wage premium. Analyses of linked employer–employee data from the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey reveal that sorting into high‐wage establishments accounts for 60% of the economy‐wide premium for less‐educated and nonprofessional fathers, whereas high‐skilled fathers tend to work in lower wage establishments but receive the largest net fatherhood premium within firms. Among the subsample of fathers who changed employers in the past 5 years, less‐skilled fathers fared worse, whereas high‐skilled fathers sorted into high‐wage firms. Results thus suggest that employment in a higher wage firm likely enables less‐skilled men to transition to fatherhood, whereas high‐wage employers may discriminate in favor of only high‐skilled fathers in hiring.
Organizational Controls and Performance Outcomes: A Meta‐Analytic Assessment and Extension
Authors: Sihag Vikrant , Rijsdijk Serge A.
Published: April 2018

Managing employees and external partners effectively has been a primary concern for organizations and their managers. Many studies have investigated the effectiveness of organizational controls in a wide variety of contexts. Using organizational controls literature that discriminates among outcome, behaviour, and clan control, this study synthesizes the research on the effectiveness of these controls. In particular, the study examines 23,839 organizational controls–performance relationships from 120 independent samples, and tests several new hypotheses using advanced meta‐analytic methods. The results indicate that outcome, behaviour, and clan controls generally enhance performance, with each control having a distinct performance effect. Our analysis also demonstrates that controls function as complements to one another. This finding indicates that one form of control increases the effectiveness of other forms of control. We also examine the organizational controls–performance relationships across various contexts, and our results show that they vary according to the type of task. The paper concludes with a discussion on the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.
Delayed‐onset muscle soreness in human masticatory muscles increases inhibitory jaw reflex responses
Authors: Koutris M. , Türker K. S. , van Selms M. K. A. , Lobbezoo F.
Published: April 2018

The effects of masticatory muscles’ overloading on jaw‐motor control are not yet fully clarified. Therefore, it was tested whether eccentric and concentric exercises of the human masticatory muscles would influence inhibitory jaw reflex responses. Eleven participants (6 males, 5 females) performed 6, 5‐minutes bouts of eccentric‐concentric contractions. Before, immediately after, 24 hours, 48 hours and 1 week afterwards, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for jaw muscle fatigue and pain, maximum voluntary bite force (MVBF) and inhibitory jaw reflexes were recorded. Reflex data were analysed with the cumulative sum control chart error box method. Immediate and delayed masticatory muscle fatigue and pain were provoked. Further, 24 hours after the exercises, MVBF tended to decrease (P = .056), suggesting that delayed‐onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was provoked in the masticatory muscles. In addition, the inhibitory jaw reflex showed a delayed increase in size 24 hours after the exercise (P < .05). In conclusion, DOMS provoked in the masticatory muscles alters jaw motor control by inducing a delayed increase in the size of the inhibitory jaw reflex.
Internet trolling and everyday sadism: Parallel effects on pain perception and moral judgment
Authors: Buckels Erin E. , Trapnell Paul D. , Andjelovic Tamara , Paulhus Delroy L.
Published: April 2018

Objective

This research seeks to clarify the association between online trolling and sadistic personality, and to provide evidence that the reward and rationalization processes at work in sadism are likewise manifest in online trolling.

Method

Online respondents (community adults and university students; total N = 1,715) completed self‐report measures of personality and trolling behavior. They subsequently engaged in one of two judgment tasks. In Study 1, respondents viewed stimuli depicting scenes of emotional/physical suffering and provided ratings of (a) perceived pain intensity and (b) pleasure experienced while viewing the photos. In Study 2, the iTroll questionnaire was developed and validated. It was then administered alongside a moral judgment task.

Results

Across both studies, online trolling was strongly associated with a sadistic personality profile. Moreover, sadism and trolling predicted identical patterns of pleasure and harm minimization. The incremental contribution of sadism was sustained even when controlling for broader antisocial tendencies (i.e., the Dark Triad, callous‐unemotionality, and trait aggression).

Conclusions

Results confirm that online trolling is motivated (at least in part) by sadistic tendencies. Coupled with effective rationalization mechanisms, sadistic pleasure can be consummated in such everyday behaviors as online trolling.
Can information positively influence familiarity and acceptance of a novel ethnic food? A case study of Korean traditional foods for Malaysian consumers
Authors: Choe Seo‐Youn , Hong Jae‐Hee
Published: April 2018

Owing to consumers' neophobic responses, successfully launching an ethnic food onto a foreign market is challenging. Information may increase the liking of an ethnic food by decreasing uncertainty about it. This study investigated whether information influences Malaysian consumers' acceptance of and familiarity with Korean ethnic food. Two traditional Korean noodle products were evaluated by 212 Malaysian consumers with different levels of prior experience with Korean food. Familiarity and overall liking were assessed in blind and informed settings. The results showed that previous experience, not information, significantly increased consumer acceptance and familiarity. Information moderated the effect of previous experience, increasing the liking of and familiarity with the ethnic food among frequent consumers of Korean food, but decreasing them among infrequent users. It seems that previous experience helps consumers to form favorable expectations and to expect product performance close to the actual performance, resulting in an assimilation effect in the presence of information.

Practical applications

Successful market entry of an ethnic food requires a systematic approach based on understanding of consumers in a target country. This study presents results relevant to understanding of Asian consumers' liking and perception of ethnic foods. It was identified that information influenced liking by creating expectation rather than by familiarizing consumers, and also that the effect of information was moderated by personal experiences with cuisine of the country which the ethnic food product is originated from. Results of this study suggest that different strategies for delivering information, such as label and product description, should be developed according to the target consumers' level of experiences. Findings from the present study have implications for researchers and marketers in the ethnic food market with regard to presentation of information congruent to actual sensory performances to increase acceptance of an unfamiliar ethnic food.
A quantum leap for social theory
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: April 2018

I discuss the revolutionary implications of Alexander Wendt's Quantum Mind and Social Science for social theory. These center on the significance given to society as a possibility space in which observable social reality amounts to quantum decoherent states in the system. I discuss how Wendt radicalises social constructivism and goes considerably beyond Bourdieu's conceptions of society as a field. A signature feature in Wendt's theory, the state as a hologram, comports well with the implied view of the social order in much public opinion and market research. In this respect, Wendt's theory is very attuned to the spirit of our times.
A sociological formalization of Searle's social ontology
Authors: McCaffree Kevin
Published: April 2018

John Searle's theory of social reality is among the most influential accounts in the history of philosophy. His theory also implicates concepts and issues of foundational interest to sociologists, including social structure, institutional differentiation and the relationship between linguistic performativity and institutional reality. Despite this overlap with sociological theory, and despite some sustained attention from sociologists (e.g., Lukes,), no formal theoretical model of Searle's work exists within sociology. This paper reviews the core concepts of Searle's theory before concisely describing and then formally modelling their propositional structure. Though the overlap of Searle's approach with classical and contemporary sociological theory is discussed throughout, the paper concludes with a specific argument about his proper assimilation into sociological theory vis‐à‐vis Durkheim, Bourdieu and Giddens.
Subsurface deformation of experimental hypervelocity impacts in quartzite and marble targets
Authors: Winkler Rebecca , Luther Robert , Poelchau Michael H. , Wünnemann Kai , Kenkmann Thomas
Published: April 2018

Two impact cratering experiments on nonporous rock targets were carried out to determine the influence of target composition on the structural mechanisms of subsurface deformation. Projectiles of 2.5 mm diameter were accelerated to ~5 km s−1 and impacted onto blocks of marble or quartzite. Subsurface deformation was mapped and analyzed on the microscale using thin sections of the bisected craters. Additionally, both experiments were modeled and the calculated strain zones underneath the craters were compared to experimental deformation features. Microanalysis shows that the formation of radial, tensile, and intragranular cracks is a common response of both nonporous materials to impact cratering. In the quartzite target, the subsurface damage is additionally characterized by highly localized deformation along shear bands with intense grain comminution, surrounded by damage zones. In contrast, the marble target shows closely spaced calcite twinning and cleavage activation. Crater diameter and depth as well as the damage lens underneath the crater are unexpectedly smaller in the marble target compared to the quartzite target, which is in contradiction to the marble's much weaker compressive and tensile strengths. However, numerical models result in craters that are similar in size as well as in strain accumulation at the end of transient crater formation, indicating that current models should still be viewed cautiously when compared to experimental details.
Sexual maturity and estimated fecundity in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) from South Australia: Combining field observations and postmortem results
Authors: Kemper Catherine , Talamonti Mauro , Bossley Michael , Steiner Aude
Published: April 2018

Knowledge of life history of bottlenose dolphins in Australia is limited, with no studies comparing field and postmortem data from the same region. Carcasses of 88 opportunistically collected females (1987–2015) were studied, including eight observed for up to 23 yr before death. Ovaries were weighed and number of corpora determined grossly. Nineteen mammary glands were examined histologically. Relative age was determined using developmental features and body length, estimated age by tooth incremental lines, and physical maturity by epiphyseal fusion. Age at sexual maturation was 7.17 yr (6–>14 yr) at body lengths of 191–209 cm. Physical maturation occurred at 12–17 yr, and body lengths of 195–233 cm. An Exponential model provided the best fit for age at body length, with an asymptote at 214 cm. Combined ovary weight increased between birth and sexual maturation, with significantly more corpora in the left ovary. Corpora increased with age and appeared to persist throughout life. For mature females, 95% had ≤ 11 corpora. Number of corpora was consistent with number of calves for females with known life histories. Estimated interbirth period was about 4 yr. Three females with abnormal reproductive features were either chronically diseased and/or had high heavy metal burdens.
Use of deferasirox (Exjade) for iron overload in peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: Yii Erwin , Doery James CG , Kaplan Zane , Kerr Peter G
Published: April 2018

A 54 year old male with b‐Thalassemia major developed ESRD and was managed with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Although not able to be transfused due to high titre red cell antibodies he did require management of iron overload. Deferasirox (Exjade) was administered orally. There was concern that excretion of iron via the peritoneal dialysate may raise the risk of iron‐dependent infections (Yersinia and Rhizopus).Whilst receiving Exjade 1000mg /day, a total collection of 12.7L of peritoneal dialysate was collected over a 24 hour period by the patient. The dialysate total iron levels were measured by ICP‐MS at 0.46mmol/L which equates to 0.33mg of Fe in total. Over a 6 month period his serum ferritin fell from 3869μg/l to 1545μg/l. There were no episodes of peritonitis. Since only 7‐8% of the deferasirox and iron complex is excreted through the urine, the amount of Fe seen in the patient's dialysate might be expected to be up to 1.5‐1.6mg. Yet, the results of the Fe levels in the patient’s PD fluid was a meagre 0.33mg, about five times lower than expected.Whilst only moderately effective at a dosage of 1000mg/day, deferasirox may be a safe agent for iron removal in iron overloaded peritoneal dialysis patients, as relatively low dialysate iron levels reduces the risk of Yersinia and Rhizopus infection.
Tolvaptan alleviates excessive fluid retention of nephrotic diabetic renal failure unresponsive to furosemide
Authors: Takada Tesshu , Masaki Tsuguto , Hoshiyama Ayako , Toki Takuya , Kamata Yuji , Shichiri Masayoshi
Published: April 2018

Patients with diabetic nephropathy develop nephrotic syndrome and may show limited response to conventional therapy. They often require earlier initiation of renal replacement therapy because they become refractory to diuretics, and experience excessive fluid retention. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of tolvaptan, an oral arginine vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist, in a case series of 14 severe diabetic renal failure patients who were severely refractory to maximal doses of furosemide and had excessive fluid retention despite preserved cardiac function and residual renal function. All 14 patients experienced immediate and sustained water diuretic effects, resulting in alleviation of congestive heart failure. None required initiation of renal replacement therapy. Tolvaptan promptly increased urine volume and free water clearance, reversed progressive fluid retention, and alleviated congestive heart failure. Thus, tolvaptan could serve as a potential adjunct therapy for severe diabetic renal failure patients with excessive fluid retention and congestive heart failure.
Transcription factor RD26 is a key regulator of metabolic reprogramming during dark‐induced senescence
Authors: Kamranfar Iman , Xue Gang‐Ping , Tohge Takayuki , Sedaghatmehr Mastoureh , Fernie Alisdair R. , Balazadeh Salma , Mueller‐Roeber Bernd
Published: April 2018

Leaf senescence is a key process in plants that culminates in the degradation of cellular constituents and massive reprogramming of metabolism for the recovery of nutrients from aged leaves for their reuse in newly developing sinks.

We used molecular–biological and metabolomics approaches to identify NAC transcription factor (TF) RD26 as an important regulator of metabolic reprogramming in Arabidopsis thaliana.

RD26 directly activates CHLOROPLAST VESICULATION (CV), encoding a protein crucial for chloroplast protein degradation, concomitant with an enhanced protein loss in RD26 overexpressors during senescence, but a reduced decline of protein in rd26 knockout mutants. RD26 also directly activates LKR/SDH involved in lysine catabolism, and PES1 important for phytol degradation. Metabolic profiling revealed reduced γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in RD26 overexpressors, accompanied by the induction of respective catabolic genes. Degradation of lysine, phytol and GABA is instrumental for maintaining mitochondrial respiration in carbon‐limiting conditions during senescence.

RD26 also supports the degradation of starch and the accumulation of mono‐ and disaccharides during senescence by directly enhancing the expression of AMY1, SFP1 and SWEET15 involved in carbohydrate metabolism and transport. Collectively, during senescence RD26 acts by controlling the expression of genes across the entire spectrum of the cellular degradation hierarchy.
Extreme mid‐winter drought weakens tree hydraulic–carbohydrate systems and slows growth
Authors: Earles J. Mason , Stevens Jens T. , Sperling Or , Orozco Jessica , North Malcolm P. , Zwieniecki Maciej A.
Published: April 2018

Rising temperatures and extended periods of drought compromise tree hydraulic and carbohydrate systems, threatening forest health globally. Despite winter's biological significance to many forests, the effects of warmer and dryer winters on tree hydraulic and carbohydrate status have largely been overlooked.

Here we report a sharp and previously unknown decline in stem water content of three conifer species during California's anomalous 2015 mid‐winter drought that was followed by dampened spring starch accumulation. Recent precipitation and seasonal vapor pressure deficit (VPD) anomaly, not absolute VPD, best predicted the hydraulic patterns observed.

By linking relative water content and hydraulic conductivity (Kh), we estimated that stand‐level Kh declined by 52% during California's 2015 mid‐winter drought, followed by a 50% reduction in spring starch accumulation. Further examination of tree increment records indicated a concurrent decline of growth with rising mid‐winter, but not summer, VPD anomaly.

Thus, our findings suggest a seasonality to tree hydraulic and carbohydrate declines, with consequences for annual growth rates, raising novel physiological and ecological questions about how rising winter temperatures will affect forest vitality as climate changes.
Global analysis of sumoylation function reveals novel insights into development and appressorium‐mediated infection of the rice blast fungus
Authors: Liu Caiyun , Li Zhigang , Xing Junjie , Yang Jun , Wang Zhao , Zhang Hong , Chen Deng , Peng You‐Liang , Chen Xiao‐Lin
Published: April 2018

Protein post‐translational modifications play critical roles in cellular processes, development and stress response. The small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) to proteins is one of the essential modifications in eukaryotes, but its function remains largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi.

We present a comprehensive analysis combined with proteomic, molecular and cellular approaches to explore the roles of sumoylation in the model plant fungal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae.

We found the SUMO pathway plays key roles in colony growth, conidia formation and virulence to the host, as well as cell‐cycle‐related phenotypes. Sumoylation is also involved in responding to different stresses. Affinity purification identified 940 putative SUMO substrates, many of which were reported to be involved in development, stress response and infection. Interestingly, four septins were also shown to be sumoylated. Mutation of consensus sumoylation sites in each septin all resulted in reduced virulence to the host and dislocation of septins in appressoria. Moreover, sumoylation is also involved in extracellular secretion of different effector proteins.

Our study on the functions of sumoylation provides novel insight into development and infection of the rice blast fungus.
What explains high plant richness in East Asia? Time and diversification in the tribe Lysimachieae (Primulaceae)
Authors: Yan Hai‐Fei , Zhang Cai‐Yun , Anderberg Arne A. , Hao Gang , Ge Xue‐Jun , Wiens John J.
Published: April 2018

What causes the disparity in biodiversity among regions is a fundamental question in biogeography, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Evolutionary and biogeographic processes (speciation, extinction, dispersal) directly determine species richness patterns, and can be studied using integrative phylogenetic approaches. However, the strikingly high richness of East Asia relative to other Northern Hemisphere regions remains poorly understood from this perspective. Here, for the first time, we test two general hypotheses (older colonization time, faster diversification rate) to explain this pattern, using the plant tribe Lysimachieae (Primulaceae) as a model system.

We generated a new time‐calibrated phylogeny for Lysimachieae (13 genes, 126 species), to estimate colonization times and diversification rates for each region and to test the relative importance of these two factors for explaining regional richness patterns.

We find that neither time nor diversification rates alone explain richness patterns among regions in Lysimachieae. Instead, a new index that combines both factors explains global richness patterns in the group and their high East Asian biodiversity.

Based on our results from Lysimachieae, we suggest that the high richness of plants in East Asia may be explained by a combination of older colonization times and faster diversification rates in this region.
Natural selection drives parallel divergence in the mountain plant Heliosperma pusillum s.l
Authors: Bertel Clara , Rešetnik Ivana , Frajman Božo , Erschbamer Brigitta , Hülber Karl , Schönswetter Peter
Published: April 2018

The evolution of species or ecotypes can occur gradually through neutral and adaptive genetic changes. To explore the influence of natural selection during early phases of divergence, morphological and ecological discontinuity and its adaptive significance were investigated in six pairs of alpine and independently evolved montane populations of Heliosperma pusillum s.l.; the latter are usually taxonomically recognised at the species rank in spite of their highly debatable taxonomic value. We tested whether environmental conditions – characterised by Landolt indicator values from vegetation surveys and temperature measurements – and morphology of alpine and montane populations differ discretely and in parallel across six population pairs. By reciprocal transplantation experiments in natural environments in two population pairs and in climate chambers for five population pairs we compared fitness of native versus non‐native individuals. Alpine and montane populations differed in environmental conditions and morphology within each pair. Morphological differentiation occurred in parallel and correlated with environmental, but not with genetic distances. In both environments, native individuals had higher establishment success and plant size. Differentiation of the independently evolved montane populations is driven by natural selection and parallel, independent adaptation in response to drought, lower irradiance and higher, less fluctuating temperatures in montane populations. Our study system exemplifies rapid, parallel evolution leading to morphologically and ecologically strongly divergent, though fully interfertile, ecotypes.
Mild hypothermia (33°C) increases the inducibility of atrial fibrillation: An in vivo large animal model study
Authors: Manninger Martin , Alogna Alessio , Zweiker David , Zirngast Birgit , Reiter Stefan , Herbst Viktoria , Maechler Heinrich , Pieske Burkert M. , Heinzel Frank R. , Brussee Helmut , Post Heiner , Scherr Daniel
Published: April 2018

Objective

Application of therapeutic mild hypothermia in patients after resuscitation, often accompanied by myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, and systemic inflammation may impact on cardiac rhythm. We therefore tested susceptibility to atrial arrhythmias during hyperthermia (HT, 40.5°C), normothermia (NT, 38.0°C), and mild hypothermia (MH, 33.0°C).

Methods

Nine healthy, anesthetized closed‐chest landrace pigs were instrumented with a quadripolar stimulation catheter in the high right atrium and a decapolar catheter in the coronary sinus. Twelve‐lead surface electrograms were recorded and core body temperature was altered to HT, NT, and MH using external warming or intravascular cooling. Repetitive measurements of effective atrial refractory period (AERP), atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility, and electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters at different heart rates were performed.

Results

During MH, AERP was significantly longer while the inducibility of AF was significantly higher compared to NT and HT (median [range]: HT 18 (0, 80)%; NT 25 (0, 80)%; MH 68 (0, 100)%; P < 0.05 MH vs NT+HT). Mean AF duration did not differ between groups. Arterial potassium levels decreased with falling temperatures (HT: 4.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L; NT: 4.0 ± 0.2 mmol/L; MH: 3.5 ± 0.1 mmol/L; P < 0.001).

Surface ECGs during MH showed reduced spontaneous heart rate (HT: 99 ± 13 beats/min; NT: 87 ± 15 beats/min; MH: 66 ± 10 beats/min; P < 0.05), increased PQ, stim‐Q, and QT intervals (P < 0.01) but no change in QRS duration or time from peak to end of the T wave interval.

Conclusion

Our data imply that MH represents an arrhythmic substrate rendering the atria more susceptible to AF although conduction times as well as refractory periods are increased. Further investigations on potential electrophysiological limits of therapeutic cooling in patients are required.
Development Power Theory: The South Korean Case
Authors: Heo Uk , Roehrig Terence
Published: April 2018

Despite the ties between politics and economics, little attention has been given to how economic development affects foreign policy. To fill the gap in the literature, Heo and Roehrigdeveloped a theoretical framework, linking economic development and foreign relations. We refine the theory and name itdevelopment power theory, which is based on the logic that economic development influences a country's foreign policy in three broad directions: (i) it encourages a transition to democracy that leads to elite changes and foreign‐policy modification; (ii) it provides more resources and a larger set of tools to be used to pursue a broader set of national interests; and (iii) it enhances pride and ambition among state leaders and the public, resulting in a stronger military and a greater role in international affairs. Then, we apply the theory to the South Korean case.
Genomics, genetics and breeding of common bean in Africa: A review of tropical legume project
Authors: Mukankusi Clare , Raatz Bodo , Nkalubo Stanley , Berhanu Fenta , Binagwa Papias , Kilango Michael , Williams Magdalena , Enid Katungi , Chirwa Rowland , Beebe Steve
Published: April 2018

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume crop worldwide. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and its national partners in Africa aim to overcome production constraints of common bean and address the food, nutrition needs and market demands through development of multitrait bean varieties. Breeding is guided by principles of market‐driven approaches to develop client‐demanded varieties. Germplasm accessions from especially two sister species, P. coccineus and P. acutifolius, have been utilized as sources of resistance to major production constraints and interspecific lines deployed. Elucidation of plant mechanisms governing pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and grain nutritional quality guides the selection methods used by the breeders. Molecular markers are used to select for resistance to key diseases and insect pests. Efforts have been made to utilize modern genomic tools to increase scale, efficiency, accuracy and speed of breeding. Through gender‐responsive participatory variety selection, market‐demanded varieties have been released in several African countries. These new bean varieties are a key component of sustainable food systems in the tropics.
Physiology, gene expression, and metabolome of two wheat cultivars with contrasting submergence tolerance
Authors: Herzog Max , Fukao Takeshi , Winkel Anders , Konnerup Dennis , Lamichhane Suman , Alpuerto Jasper Benedict , Hasler‐Sheetal Harald , Pedersen Ole
Published: April 2018

Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to complete submergence are not well understood as research has focused on waterlogging (soil flooding). The aim of this study was to characterize the responses of 2 wheat cultivars differing vastly in submergence tolerance to test if submergence tolerance was linked to shoot carbohydrate consumption as seen in rice. Eighteen‐day‐old wheat cultivars Frument (intolerant) and Jackson (tolerant) grown in soil were completely submerged for up to 19 days while assessing responses in physiology, gene expression, and shoot metabolome. Results revealed 50% mortality after 9.3 and 15.9 days of submergence in intolerant Frument and tolerant Jackson, respectively, and significantly higher growth in Jackson during recovery. Frument displayed faster leaf degradation as evident from leaf tissue porosity, chlorophylla, and metabolomic fingerprinting. Surprisingly, shoot soluble carbohydrates, starch, and individual sugars declined to similarly low levels in both cultivars by day 5, showing that cultivar Jackson tolerated longer periods of low shoot carbohydrate levels than Frument. Moreover, intolerant Frument showed higher levels of phytol and the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde relative to tolerant Jackson. Consequently, we propose to further investigate the role of ethylene sensitivity and deprivation of reactive O2 species in submerged wheat.
Refinement of the endogenous epitope tagging technology allows the identification of a novel NRAS binding partner in melanoma
Authors: Alon Michal , Emmanuel Rafi , Qutob Nouar , Bakhman Anna , Peshti Victoria , Brodezki Alexandra , Bassan David , Kosloff Mickey , Samuels Yardena
Published: April 2018

The NRAS oncoprotein is highly mutated in melanoma. However, to date, no comprehensive proteomic study has been reported for NRAS. Here, we utilized the endogenous epitope tagging (EET) approach for the identification of novel NRAS binding partners. Using EET, an epitope tag is added to the endogenously expressed protein, via modification of its genomic coding sequence. Existing EET systems are not robust, suffer from high background, and are labor‐intensive. To this end, we present a polyadenylation signal‐trap construct for N’‐tagging that generates a polycistronic mRNA with the gene of interest. This system requires the integration of the tagging cassette in frame with the target gene to be expressed. Using this design, we demonstrate, for the first time, endogenous tagging of NRAS in melanoma cells allowing the identification of the E3 ubiquitin ligase c‐CBL as a novel NRAS binding partner. Thus, our developed EET technology allows the characterization of new RAS effectors, which could be beneficial for the design of future drugs that inhibit constitutive signaling of RAS oncogenic mutants.
Cutis tricolor parvimaculata in ring chromosome 15 syndrome: A case report
Authors: Ribeiro Dias Barroso Cristina , Silveira Gomes Leonardo , Abrantes Silvestre Vinícius , Yamada Utagawa Claudia
Published: April 2018

Ring chromosome 15 syndrome is a rare condition, with approximately 50 cases reported in the literature. We report a 2‐year‐old girl with ring chromosome 15 syndrome with hyperpigmented and hypopigmented patches and cognitive and physical manifestations.
Comparison of Blue and White Lamp Light with Sunlight for Daylight‐Mediated, 5‐ALA Photodynamic Therapy, in vivo
Authors: Marra Kayla , LaRochelle Ethan P. , Chapman M. Shane , Hoopes P. Jack , Lukovits Karina , Maytin Edward V. , Hasan Tayyaba , Pogue Brian W.
Published: April 2018

Daylight‐mediated photodynamic therapy (d‐PDT) as a treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) is an increasingly common technique due to a significant reduction in pain, leading to better patient tolerability. While past studies have looked at different light sources and delivery methods, this study strives to provide equivalent PpIX‐weighted light doses with the hypothesis that artificial light sources could be equally as effective as natural sunlight if their PpIX‐weighted fluences were equalized. Normal mouse skin was used as the model to compare blue LED light, metal halide white light and natural sunlight, with minimal incubation time between topical ALA application and the onset of light delivery. A total PpIX‐weighted fluence of 20 Jeff cm−2 was delivered over 2 h, and the efficacy of response was quantified using three acute bioassays for PDT damage: PpIX photobleaching, Stat3 crosslinking and quantitative histopathology. These bioassays indicated blue light was slightly inferior to both sunlight and white light, but that the latter two were not significantly different. The results suggest that metal halide white light could be a reasonable alternative to daylight PDT, which should allow a more controlled treatment that is independent of weather and yet should have similar response rates with limited pain during treatment.
High grade infiltrative adenocarcinomas of renal cell origin: New insights into classification, morphology, and molecular pathogenesis
Authors: Singh Jaime A , Ohe Chisato , Smith Steven Christopher
Published: April 2018

Collecting duct carcinoma was described over 30 years ago as a renal tumor, based in the medullary collecting system, with tubulopapillary morphology, prominent infiltrative growth, and stromal desmoplasia. While diagnostic workup has always emphasized exclusion of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma to the kidney, the molecular era of renal cell carcinoma classification has enabled recognition of and provided tools for diagnosis of new entities in this morphologic differential. In this review, we consider these developments, with emphasis on renal medullary carcinoma, closely related renal cell carcinoma, unclassified with medullary phenotype, and fumarate hydratase‐deficient renal cell carcinoma. Integration of ancillary studies with suggestive patterns of morphology is emphasized for practical implementation in contemporary diagnosis, and several emerging tumor types in the morphologic differential are presented.
Motor performance in early life and participation in leisure‐time physical activity up to age 68 years
Authors: Elhakeem Ahmed , Hardy Rebecca , Bann David , Kuh Diana , Cooper Rachel
Published: April 2018

Background

This study examined associations between motor performance in early life and leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) participation across adulthood, and whether these changed with age.

Methods

Data were from 2526 participants from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development. Motor indicators were mother‐reported ages at first standing and walking, teacher‐rated games ability at age 13, and finger‐ and foot‐tapping speed at age 15. LTPA was reported at ages 36, 43, 53, 60‐64, and 68 years and classed at each age as none, moderate (1‐4/mo), or regular (≥5/mo). Associations were examined using mixed‐effects Poisson regression models with robust error variance.

Results

Better ability at games and faster tapping speed were associated with more frequent participation in LTPA across adulthood, for example, fully adjusted relative risk of regular LTPA across adulthood (vs none) for above‐average ability (vs below average or average) = 1.46 (95% CI 1.32, 1.61); and per 10‐unit higher number of finger‐taps/15 seconds = 1.04 (95% CI 1.02, 1.07). These associations did not vary by age (P ≥ .33 for interactions with age at LTPA). Ages at reaching motor milestones were not associated with LTPA (eg, fully adjusted relative risk of regular LTPA across adulthood for walking ≤10 and ≥18 months (vs 11‐17 months) were 1.01 (95% CI 0.86, 1.20) and 0.89 (95% CI 0.75, 1.06) respectively.

Conclusions

Better ability at games and faster tapping speed in adolescence were associated with greater participation in LTPA throughout adult life; from age 36 up to age 68. Childhood motor skill interventions may therefore have the potential to promote lifelong LTPA.
Determinants and Predictive Value of Clinician Assessment of Short‐Term Suicide Risk
Authors: Barzilay Shira , Yaseen Zimri S. , Hawes Mariah , Kopeykina Irina , Ardalan Firouz , Rosenfield Paul , Murrough James , Galynker Igor
Published: April 2018

We examine the interrelations among clinicians' judgment of patients' suicide risk, clinicians' emotional responses, and standard risk factors in the short‐term prediction of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Psychiatric outpatients (n = 153) with a lifetime history of suicide ideation/attempt and their treating clinicians (n = 67) were evaluated at intake. Clinicians completed a standard suicide risk instrument (modifiedSAD PERSONSscale), a 10‐point Likert scale assessment of judgment of patient suicide risk (Clinician Prediction Scale), and a measure of their emotional responses to the patient (Therapist Response Questionnaire‐Suicide Form). The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation were administered at a one‐month follow‐up assessment (n = 114, 74.5%). Clinician judgment of risk significantly predicted suicidal thoughts and behaviors at follow‐up. Both the standard suicide risk instrument and clinician emotional responses contributed independently to the clinician assessment of risk, which, in turn, mediated their relationships with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Our findings validate the importance of clinical judgment in assessing suicide risk. Clinical judgment appears to be informed both by concrete risk factors and clinicians' emotional responses to suicidal patients, highlighting emotional awareness as a promising area for research and training.
Health and Care Related Risk Factors for Suicide Among Nursing Home Residents: A Data Linkage Study
Authors: Murphy Briony , Kennedy Briohny , Martin Catherine , Bugeja Lyndal , Willoughby Melissa , Ibrahim Joseph E.
Published: April 2018

This study aimed to examine associations between health status and care needs of nursing home residents and risk of death from suicide compared to other causes through a retrospective data linkage cohort study examining nursing home resident deaths in Australia between 2000 and 2013. Data linkage was performed between aged care assessment tools—Resident Classification System and Aged Care Funding Instrument—and the National Coronial Information System. A competing risks survival analysis was performed to determine the association between care assessment variables (activities of daily living (ADL), behavior, and complex health care) and the risk of death from suicide and any other cause. Of the 146 nursing home residents who died from suicide, 130 (89%) were matched to their assessment data, with comparable information available for 95 residents (65%). Residents who required high levels of care with ADL, physical health care, and cognitive and behavioral issues had a higher risk of dying from all other causes, yet lower risk of dying from suicide. The study findings demonstrate the feasibility and value of linking these two data sets; highlight a need for improved data collection processes; and support a person‐centered care approach for prevention of suicide among nursing home residents.
Social development quartet: When is parental supportiveness a good thing? The dynamic value of parents' supportive emotion socialization across childhood
Authors: Castro Vanessa L. , Nelson Jackie A.
Published: April 2018

This introduction to the Social Development Quartet summarizes four articles that examine age‐related and contextual shifts in the utility of parents' emotion socialization responses for children's social‐emotional development. The first two articles present evidence for age‐related changes in the benefits of parents' supportive responses and consequences of parents' nonsupportive responses to children's negative emotions between early and middle childhood. The next two articles consider contextual variations in this developmental shift by examining teacher reports of children's competence and family patterns of response among mothers and fathers. Together, these studies question the unilateral assumption that parental support of children's negative emotions is always a good thing, and provide a more nuanced understanding of when and in what contexts parents' responses are adaptive for children.
Ward rounds: can an aide‐memoire help new doctors?
Authors: Pearce Jessica , Redman Melody , Gajebasia Sareena , Dirksen Ruth
Published: April 2018

Background

Ward rounds are fundamental to the care of medical inpatients, and newly graduated doctors may be expected to conduct them alone. There are no studies exploring the frequency with which this occurs, however, or how prepared they feel for this task.

Methods

Newly graduated (Foundation Year‐1, FY1) doctors in Northern Lincolnshire and Goole (NLaG) National Health Service Foundation Trust were surveyed at the end of their FY1 year. An online survey asked: how often they conducted medical ward rounds alone; how prepared they felt to do so; and how often they considered 13 important aspects of care. An aide‐memoire outlining aspects to consider on ward rounds was introduced during induction for a second cohort of FY1s, and the survey was repeated.

Findings

In the initial survey (2015), 42% (n = 19) of the 45 FY1s in NLaG responded: 84% (n = 16) reported conducting ward rounds alone twice or more each week, with 5% (n = 1) feeling prepared and 89% (n = 17) feeling unprepared to do so. In the second survey (2016), following the introduction of the aide‐memoire, 52% (n = 25) of the 48 FY1s responded: 32% (n = 7) reported feeling prepared with the aide‐memoire (a 27% increase from 2015). There was also a statistically significant increase in the frequency with which they reported considering three of 13 important aspects of care: nutrition, mobility and discharge planning.

There are no studies exploring the frequency with which newly graduated doctors conduct ward rounds alone

Discussion

The FY1s were regularly conducting ward rounds alone, and felt unprepared for this. An aide‐memoire is a low‐cost intervention with some value in improving preparedness, and could be further developed and used elsewhere.
Human immunodeficiency virus in patients with tuberculous meningitis: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pormohammad Ali , Nasiri Mohammad Javad , Riahi Seyed Mohammad , Fallah Fatemeh
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals are at increased risk for all forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), including tuberculous meningitis (TBM). This study aimed to investigate the frequency of HIV in patients with TBM.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for articles including relevant data. Stata version 14.0 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA) was used to analyse the data.

Results

Twenty studies were identified. The pooled frequency of HIV among adult patients with TBM was 38.0% (95% CI: 21.0–57.0; I2 = 97%). In children (under the age of 15 years), 6.0% (95% CI: 1.0–13.0; I2 = 0.0%) had HIV infection. In patients with bacterial meningitis other than TBM, 36.0% (95% CI: 19.0–53.0; I2 = 100%) were HIV‐infected.

Conclusions

A relatively high frequency of HIV in patients with TBM was indicated by our study. Establishment of diagnostic criteria and effective treatment strategies for TBM/HIV co‐infection are recommended for better management of patients with TBM+HIV.
Hemoglobin A clearance in children with sickle cell anemia on chronic transfusion therapy
Authors: Yee Marianne E. M. , Josephson Cassandra D. , Winkler Anne M. , Webb Jennifer , Luban Naomi L.C. , Leong Traci , Stowell Sean R. , Roback John D. , Fasano Ross M.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Chronic transfusion therapy for sickle cell anemia reduces disease complications by diluting sickle‐erythrocytes with hemoglobin A (HbA)‐containing erythrocytes and suppressing erythropoiesis. Minor antigen mismatches may result in alloimmunization, but it is unknown if antigen mismatches or recipient characteristics influence HbA clearance posttransfusion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Children with sickle cell anemia on chronic transfusion therapy were followed prospectively for 12 months. All patients received units serologically matched for C/c, E/e, and K; patients with prior red blood cell (RBC) antibodies had additional matching for Fya, Jkb, and any previous alloantibodies. Patients' RBC antigen genotypes, determined by multiplexed molecular assays (PreciseType Human Erythrocyte Antigen, and RHCE and RHD BeadChip, Immucor) were compared to genotypes of transfused RBC units to assess for antigen mismatches. Decline in hbA (ΔHbA) from posttransfusion to the next transfusion was calculated for each transfusion episode.

RESULTS

Sixty patients received 789 transfusions, 740 with ΔHbA estimations, and 630 with donor Human Erythrocyte Antigen genotyping. In univariate mixed‐model analysis, ΔHbA was higher in patients with past RBC antibodies or splenomegaly and lower in patients with splenectomy. RBC antigen mismatches were not associated with ΔHbA. In multivariate linear mixed‐effects modeling, ΔHbA was associated with RBC antibodies (2.70 vs. 2.45 g/dL/28 d, p = 0.0028), splenomegaly (2.87 vs. 2.28 g/dL/28 d, p = 0.019), and negatively associated with splenectomy (2.46 vs. 2.70 g/dL/28 d, p = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

HbA decline was increased among patients with sickle cell anemia with prior immunologic response to RBC antigens and decreased among those with prior splenectomy, demonstrating that recipient immunologic characteristics influenced the clearance of transfused RBCs.
Bacterial screening of apheresis platelets with a rapid test: a 113‐month single center experience
Authors: Ruby Kristen N. , Thomasson Reggie R. , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Dunbar Nancy M.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

The 2016 Food and Drug Administration draft guidance describes the use of a rapid test (RT) to enhance platelet transfusion safety and availability. This study reports a 113‐month experience of screening of apheresis platelets (APs) by RT.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

From July 2008 to October 2015, all APs underwent an RT on Day 4. Day 6 and 7 units were transfused with transfusion medicine physician approval. Any units remaining on Day 8 had a second RT performed. From November 2015 to November 2017, APs underwent an RT on Day 5 with a repeat RT on Days 6 and 7. During both periods, positive RTs underwent confirmatory testing with culture when repeat testing was positive.

RESULTS

A total of 9009 APs underwent an RT on Day 4 or 5. Of these, 45 (0.5%) were RT positive, with no true positives. A total of 754 underwent a second RT on Day 8, with no positives. Since November 2015, 1152 platelets have undergone a second RT on Day 6; 391 have undergone a third RT on Day 7. Of these, five (0.4%) were RT positive on Day 6, with no true positives. There were no septic transfusion reactions identified by passive surveillance at our institution during either study period.

CONCLUSION

To date, we have not detected any true positives after performing 11,306 tests on 9009 APs. A total of 1906 underwent testing twice, and 391 underwent testing three times. We did not identify any conversions from negative to positive on repeat testing.