bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Antitrust Failed Workers
Authors: Posner Eric A.
Published: August 2021

Antitrust law has very rarely been used by workers to challenge anticompetitive employment practices. Yet recent empirical research shows that labor markets are highly concentrated, and that employers engage in practices that harm competition and suppress wages. These practices include no-poaching agreements, wage-fixing, mergers, covenants not to compete, and misclassification of gig workers as independent contractors. This failure of antitrust to challenge labor-market misbehavior is due to a range of other failures—intellectual, political, moral, and economic. And the impact of this failure has been profound for wage levels, economic growth, and inequality. In light of the recent empirical work, it is urgent for regulators, courts, lawyers, and Congress to redirect antitrust resources to labor market problems. This book offers a strategy for judicial and legislative reform.
The Failure of Antitrust
Authors: Posner Eric A.
Published: August 2021

Antitrust law has frequently been used by private individuals and the government to challenge anticompetitive behavior by sellers of goods and services. It has rarely been used to penalize firms for engaging in anticompetitive behavior against workers. Yet labor monopsony is common. Recent work by economists and recent events show that employers frequently engage in anticompetitive acts, including no-poaching agreements, wage fixing, misclassification of workers as independent contractors, and the imposition of covenants not to compete on employees. For a variety of historical, intellectual, and practical reasons, courts have been reluctant to find in favor of workers who challenge employers on antitrust grounds. As a result, labor markets are uncompetitive, resulting in low wages and reduced output.
Mergers
Authors: Posner Eric A.
Published: August 2021

Recent research indicates that labor market power has contributed to wage inequality and economic stagnation. Although the antitrust laws prohibit firms from restricting competition in labor markets as in product markets, the government does little to address the labor market problem, and private litigation has been rare and mostly unsuccessful. This is a particular problem for mergers, which the government has never reviewed for labor market effects. One reason is that the analytic methods for evaluating labor market power in antitrust contexts are less sophisticated than the legal rules used to judge product market power. To remedy this asymmetry, the government can draw on insights from labor economics and use tools that have been developed for measuring labor market concentration.
How Social Science Got Better
Authors: Grossmann Matt
Published: August 2021

Social science research is facing mounting criticism, as canonical studies fail to replicate, questionable research practices abound, and researcher social and political biases come under fire. Far from being in crisis, however, social science is undergoing an unparalleled renaissance of ever-broader and deeper understanding and application—made possible by close attention to criticism of our biases and open public engagement. Wars between scientists and their humanist critics, methodological disputes over statistical practice and qualitative research, and disciplinary battles over grand theories of human nature have all quietly died down as new generations of scholars have integrated the insights of multiple sides. Rather than deny that researcher biases affect results, scholars now closely analyze how our racial, gender, geographic, methodological, political, and ideological differences impact our research questions; how the incentives of academia influence our research practices; and how universal human desires to avoid uncomfortable truths and easily solve problems affect our conclusions. To be sure, misaligned incentive structures remain, but a messy, collective deliberation across the research community is boosting self-knowledge and improving practice. Ours is an unprecedented age of theoretical diversity, open and connected data, and public scholarship. How Social Science Got Better documents and explains recent transformations, crediting both internal and public critics for strengthening social science. Applying insights from the philosophy, history, and sociology of science and providing new data on trends in social science research and scholarly views, it demonstrates that social science has never been more relevant, rigorous, or self-reflective.
All History and Policy
Authors: Grossmann Matt
Published: August 2021

Social science originated in the study of history and the desire to inform collective decisions, with often contentious efforts by budding social scientists to separate themselves in organization and status from historians and social reformers. Despite active distancing from this inheritance, social scientists are still limited by both the variation available from human history and the usefulness of our findings in policy. We are all searching for patterns across the times we can observe and subject to the goals of our societies. Since the contemporary context affects our questions and interpretations, we can acknowledge our reformist impulses as well as learn from historians’ approaches to counteracting presentism. We erred in thinking of our enterprise as fundamentally distinct: social scientists should accept our role in systematizing history and informing policy debate, rather than seek to replace either.
Motivations of a Practical Orientation
Authors: Grossmann Matt
Published: August 2021

The basic social sciences did not develop independently and later seek application; the practical motivations that animate scholarly chronologies are inescapable. Historical investigations also show plenty of distasteful origins, including the consistent role of American social science in eugenics. That matters not just for how we interpret the past, but also how we address the motivations driving us today. It is easier to see how the racist impulses of the past drove misinterpretations of evidence and poor design—but that epiphany enables a review of how our own motivations (new and perennial) continue to bias research. From finance to information technology, the rising industries of today are built on social science but tempted by triumphalism. Scholars are driven by proving our studies useful—in ways that can both uphold existing institutions and transform them. An acknowledgment of our evolving social, economic, and political goals can help address scholarly biases.
Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: August 2021

How does the more equitable representation of women in positions of power affect male and female citizens? We argue that the election of women to political office—particularly where women’s presence is highly visible to the public—strengthens the connections between women and the democratic process. For women, seeing more “people like me” in politics changes attitudes and orientations toward the democratic process. Substantial variation persists across Latin America in gender gaps in political engagement and political support. To assess the effects that women’s officeholding has on these, we pair comparative survey data from Latin American countries with case study evidence from Uruguay. The Uruguayan case offers a unique laboratory for testing the impact of women’s representation in elected positions of power on political engagement and support. Our panel survey of Uruguayan citizens reveals that the expected gender gaps in political knowledge, political interest, and other forms of political engagement were alive and well six weeks before the elections. Yet, just six weeks following the election—after the use of a gender quota had led to a doubling of women’s representation in the Senate—those gender gaps had largely disappeared or had significantly waned. Our findings indicate that far-reaching gender gaps can be overcome by more equitable representation in our political institutions.
An Abiding Affection
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides a brief outline of Esther Zimmer’s early life. Born in 1922 to immigrant Jewish parents who had moved from Manhattan’s Lower East Side to the South Bronx, she demonstrated a talent for languages at an early age, learning biblical Hebrew from her grandfather and later distinguishing herself in Spanish and French. Despite her professors’ expectations that she become a foreign language teacher, Zimmer chose to become a scientist. Her love affair with microorganisms began in the mycology laboratory of the New York Botanical Gardens, her abiding affection for bacteria, especially E. coli K-12, memorialized in the beach house named Kappa Dodici, Italian for K-12. For Esther, this particular bacterial strain displayed the treasures of bacterial sex uncovered by her research. Esther cherished the joy of discovery far beyond academic tenure or recognition. Like renowned physicist Richard Feynman, her prime motivation for doing laboratory research was “the sheer pleasure of finding things out.”
The Anomaly of Bacterial Genetics
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter reviews the research that set the stage for Joshua Lederberg’s surprising discovery of bacterial conjugation. While the foundational research of Gregor Mendel and his principles of inheritance had been effectively combined with Darwinian evolution, producing the Modern Synthesis in the mid-forties, bacteria did not fit into this grand synthesis. Most biologists believed that bacteria were too primitive to have real genes. But Delbruck, Hershey and Luria organized the Phage School, leading a novel approach to discovering the molecular biology of the gene by studying bacteriophages. Microbiologists like Tracy Sonneborn and Carl Lindegren turned to alternative microorganisms—protists, fungi, and yeast—to develop new model systems that offered advantages over the classical genetics organisms of animals and plants. The research of Edward Tatum and Jacques Monod indicated that mutations seemed to explain variation in bacteria. For many years, however, bacteriologists had known that bacteria reproduced by fission. The lack of any genetic hybridization seemed to argue against using bacteria to study basic genetic processes.
Love in the Laboratory
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter describes the marriage of two prodigies and how it represented a fruitful alliance of complementary research personalities: the brilliant theoretician and the skillful experimenter. Esther Zimmer and Joshua Lederberg were two of the youngest scientists to attend the 1946 summer symposium at Cold Spring Harbor. Edward Tatum arranged for his protégé, young Lederberg, to present his stupendous discovery of bacterial conjugation, showing that bacteria could mate and recombine their genes. Zimmer and Lederberg began a short romance and married five months later. The young couple moved near the campus of Yale University, where Joshua wrote up his thesis and Esther researched Neurospora genetics with Norman Giles. The following summer, Tatum negotiated with Yale to grant an accelerated PhD to Joshua. The University of Wisconsin offered him an assistant professorship, and Joshua and Esther moved to Madison in 1947. There they established the first research program in bacterial genetics.
The Matilda Effect
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter suggests that the most important factors that diminished Esther Lederberg’s scientific career and legacy were her gender and marriage. The fact that her famous collaborator was also her husband doubled the chances that her own scientific achievements were overshadowed. The chapter goes on to explain how the so-called Matthew and Matilda Effects altered the history of science right at birth of genetics as a distinct branch of biology. As an example of the Matilda Effect, the chapter presents Nettie Stevens whose discovery of the XY sex-determining chromosomes in 1905 and establishment of the two patterns of sex chromosomes in various beetles, flies, and bugs was credited to Edmund Wilson, a better-known scientist. In an example of the Matthew Effect, Thomas Hunt Morgan, the most famous geneticist of the early twentieth century, eventually received most of the credit for discovering sex chromosomes. Finally, the careers and legacies of three other Matildas who worked in the early days of microbial genetics—Martha Chase, Laura Garnjobst, and Daisy Dussoix—are presented.
The Lederbergs’ Stanford Years, 1959–1976
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter picks up the story of Esther’s life after she and her husband moved to Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, in 1959, and Joshua became chairman of the newly formed Genetics Department. The Lederbergs separated in September 1966, divorced in 1967, and a year later, Joshua married Marguerite Stein, a thirty-year-old divorcee and pediatrician. Esther Lederberg collaborated with her husband less and less after the move to Stanford. When they separated, Esther was suddenly exiled from the laboratory, cut off from research funding, and facing uncertain employment prospects. After winning the Nobel Prize, Joshua began collaborating with new colleagues in chemistry, engineering, and computer science. He became an international proponent of exobiology. In 1976, Esther Lederberg became director of the Plasmid Reference Center of Stanford University. Although it was not a research position, she applied her extensive knowledge of plasmids and bacteria to curating one of the largest collections in the world. She held this position until her retirement in 1985.
The Central Importance of E. coli and λ Phage in the New Molecular Biology
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter considers two of the most important legacies of the Lederbergs’ pioneering work: the discoveries of the model organisms that would dominate molecular biology, E. coli and λ bacteriophage. The Lederbergs’ introduction of E. coli as a convenient model organism shifted the direction of molecular genetics. Barbara McClintock’s discovery of jumping genes remained unappreciated for decades, until the field of molecular biology caught up to validate her transposable elements in bacteria. The discovery of restriction enzymes—the molecular scissors for precisely cutting DNA at specific sites, a prerequisite for genetic recombination techniques—emphasized the versatility of bacteriophage λ as a powerful experimental tool. The discovery of specialized transduction by Larry Morse and Esther Lederberg hinted at the mechanisms of “host restriction.” Werner Arber and Daisy Dussoix discovered restriction endonucleases by building upon Esther Lederberg’s research with λ phage and the differences between E. coli B and K-12.
Scientific Racism, Social Darwinism, and Global Racial Order
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

The premise of this chapter is the elucidation of a different ontology of global politics and order of the nineteenth century. International relations theory takes for granted a largely ahistorical state-centric ontology, which reifies a specific Eurocentric state and state system as the embodiment of global politics. Instead this chapter focuses on an alternative ontology of race, racial hierarchy, and racial difference as significant for defining the content of an imperial global politics and order. The chapter places into context the emergence of scientific racism and social Darwinism as key intellectual elements in defining a political imaginary that influenced the politics of difference and violence. The chapter shows that this intellectual history reveals a global order that was fundamentally racialized and that global violence was understood and practiced as race war.
The “Yellow Peril” and the Asia-Pacific War
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the history of racialized threats and fears of Asia in the Western imagination. It shows that the discourse of the “yellow peril” can be understood as a process of world-making of “Asian” alterity through ideas of threat and insecurity; it is a discourse of anxiety wherein the global racial imaginary is seen as being in crisis and what potentially replaces it is a world of disorder and violence. The second section of the chapter then examines how both the Japanese and the Americans engaged in the racialization of each other: first, in terms of how the Japanese empire itself internalized its own version of racial order in response to the global racial imaginary; second, for the United States, as a way of intensifying the violence against a racial other, which can be traced back to the settler colonial plans of the nineteenth century. I conclude the chapter by showing how the global racial imaginary functioned within the United States during the early Cold War period by representing the Soviet Union as the Asiatic other.
“I’m Nervous about Horror Films and My Physical Health”
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

The effects of horror movies on physical health have received little scientific attention, but there are anecdotal reports of people getting hurt and even dying as a result of horror exposure. Such cases, however, are extremely rare and usually poorly documented. While it is possible to die from fright, the odds of dying from fright induced by a horror movie are not worth worrying about. A little research has investigated potential health benefits of horror exposure. Some research suggests that horror movies may have metabolic benefits, and researchers have found that watching horror movies can increase white blood cell production and blood coagulant, but more research is needed. Indirect evidence does suggest that watching horror movies may increase self-perceived physical health or well-being.
“I’m Nervous about Kids Watching Horror”
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

Media psychologists have documented negative psychological effects of premature exposure to horror films in children, and many have expressed concerns over children’s viewing of scary films. However, while childhood is a time of fears fantastical and realistic, children are naturally curious about monsters and scary stories, and they are better at distinguishing between fantasy and reality than has been assumed. Moreover, the subgenre of children’s horror films provides appropriate fare for children, and may have positive effects such as teaching children coping strategies and media literacy. In addition, mildly scary media may have an inoculating effect on children, helping them to master their own fear.
Shariah and the Halal Industry
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

This book expounds the rules of shariah relating to lawful and unlawful in food and beverages, and how they are manifested in halal industry practices and markets. In addition to a concise presentation of the scholastic treatment of the rules of halal and its opposite, the haram in shariah, the book also familiarizes the reader with how they were formed and what are the basic tools by which the rules of shariah may be adjusted through fresh interpretation (i.e., ijtihad) so that they may respond to new developments. Part I, “Shariah Perspectives,” occupies about two-thirds of the book, whereas the other two parts cover halal developments in Malaysia and a select number of other countries. There is also a review of the roles of culture and what may be customarily considered as harmful and unclean, as well as a brief history of meat eating.
“Tried and Found Wanting”
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R.
Published: August 2021

Sociologists have identified a variety of factors that lead religious individuals away from the beliefs, practices, and affiliations of their adolescence. A number of scholars suggest that exposure to science is an essential turning point in trajectories toward atheism, in part because in many Western contexts, scientists are less likely to be religious than the general public. Less than half of the atheist scientists in our study were exposed to religion as children. Survey data indicate that among these scientists, exposure to science was not—in their own terms—what led most toward atheism.
Ties That Bind
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R.
Published: August 2021

Many assume that atheists and atheist scientists rarely interact with religious individuals. Yet, a large subset of atheist scientists—29 percent in the U.S. and 21 percent in the U.K.—have sustained patterns of interaction with religious individuals and organizations, making them the most unlike the New Atheists. This group includes scientists raised within religious traditions such as Judaism, Catholicism, and Islam who now belong without believing, an orientation that often involves secular participation in religious services and practices. Others participate in services or send their children to religious schools as a way to cultivate cultural capital and social standing. Another dimension of culturally religious atheism involves partnering with or marrying someone who is religious.
What Atheist Scientists Think about Science
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R.
Published: August 2021

Many scientists have an intuitive understanding of the word science but find defining it a challenge. Definitions of science provide insight into how atheist scientists demarcate science from religion and whether they believe there are limits to what science can explain. Narratives of atheist scientists emphasize science as a methodology, as a changing body of knowledge, and as the opposite of (religious) belief. A majority of atheist scientists reject the idea that science provides the only way to understand the world, but a sizeable minority assert that science can explain everything, including morals, consciousness, and nonscientific disciplines of knowledge.
That’s Enough Now, English
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean
Published: August 2021

This chapter explains that the answer to most “why does English do this?” questions will be a variation on things that were discussed in the previous chapters: old habits getting reinforced while new habits take over, unnoticeable slow drifts in pronunciation, the practice of extending or borrowing or creating in order to get something useful, reusing materials at hand in new ways, the drive to get more emotional impact, the need to look smart, impress, send social signals, express national pride. It will be because of the old Germanic layer, the French upheaval, the consolidating force of the printing press, the purposeful manipulation done by snobs, or the natural tendencies of our human language endowment. When language changes it is never the whole system changing at once. It happens one piece at a time, and the pieces do not coordinate or even communicate with each other while they do this. Contradictions will not be noticed until they are already baked in. English, because of its history, has a lot of them, but that does not stop the system from working. It does not stop people from learning to use it and making sense of what does not seem to make sense.
Introduction
Authors: Ergas Christina
Published: August 2021

The introduction makes the case for why it is important to envision alternatives to current socioecological practices, for both psychological as well as social movement reasons. Mounting evidence suggests that many converging environmental crises are caused by unequal social structures, thus social scientists have insights into how inequalities shape environmental problems and what can be done to solve them. This book explores two holistic examples of socioecological sustainability: an urban ecovillage in the United States and an urban farm in Cuba. It argues that alternative visions and solutions must be holistic, attending to the social and ecological aspects of sustainability. With these insights, communities can develop a vision that will help them move beyond debilitating fear and denial toward a just transition to a new economy.
Locating Experts in the Basic Framework
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Chapter 6 examines how various categories of experts fit in the quadrants of the basic framework, and why. It uses three sources of evidence: a coded database of almost 2,000 genomics-related articles by legal scholars and social scientists in thirteen disciplines; two online, open-ended surveys of several hundred social science experts who responded to questions organized around the basic framework; and almost sixty in-person, open-ended interviews with genomics experts, many in positions of public authority. The chapter shows that the most methodologically individualist and most scientific social science disciplines are especially likely to fall into the “Enthusiastic” quadrant, whereas the most humanistic are least likely to do so. Individual experts range across the cells of the basic typology, with views ultimately resting on judgments about humans’ capacity to learn and to act for the good of others.
Who Should Govern?
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Chapter 8 uses the GKAP surveys, expert surveys, and interviews to examine views about governance of genomics technologies. Experts collectively offer long lists of appropriate and inappropriate governing bodies; they show little convergence. Interview subjects also offer diverse views on genomics governance, but mostly agree that government actors and medical professionals are not suited to it. The public generally endorses forensic DNA databases and their governance, has mixed views on medical research involving genetics, and is cautious about gene editing, especially germline. Americans express little confidence in any potential governing actor, but they trust families and doctors somewhat more than community forums, clergy, or public officials. There is little partisan division, some racial division, and mostly division by quadrants of the basic framework.
Useful Objects
Authors: Gochberg Reed
Published: August 2021

Useful Objects: Museums, Science, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century America explores the debates that surrounded the development of American museums during the nineteenth century. Throughout this period, museums included a wide range of objects, from botanical and zoological specimens to antiquarian artifacts and technological models. Intended to promote “useful knowledge,” these collections generated broader discussions about how objects were selected, preserved, and classified. In guidebooks and periodicals, visitors described their experiences within museum galleries and marveled at the objects they encountered. And in fiction, essays, and poems, writers embraced the imaginative possibilities represented by collections and proposed alternative systems of arrangement. These conversations spanned spheres of American culture, raising deeper questions about how objects are valued—and who gets to decide. Combining literary criticism, the history of science, and museum studies, Useful Objects examines the dynamic and often fraught debates that emerged during a crucial period in the history of museums. As museums gradually transformed from encyclopedic cabinets to more specialized public institutions, many writers questioned who would have access to collections and the authority to interpret them. Throughout this period, they reflected on loss and preservation, raised concerns about the place of new ideas, and resisted increasingly fixed categories. These conversations extended beyond individual institutions, shaping broader debates about the scope and purpose of museums in American culture that continue to resonate today.
Shadowed Silhouettes
Authors: Gochberg Reed
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores questions of loss, theft, and erasure by considering the collections of Indigenous artifacts in early American museums through the eyes of Native visitors and writers. Many museums, including Peale’s Philadelphia Museum, the Salem East India Marine Society, and the Columbian Institute in Washington, D.C., framed the theft and appropriation of Indigenous artifacts as a form of preservation linked to antiquarianism and myths of the “vanishing Indian.” Descriptions of visiting delegations to Philadelphia, however, challenge such attempts at erasure, revealing how Native visitors subtly performed their resistance to such practices within museum galleries. The literary collaborations between ethnologist Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and his wife, the métis Ojibwe poet Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, similarly demonstrate the conflicts between White and Indigenous collecting practices and interpretive frameworks. These accounts show how Native writers and visitors contested the broader claims to ownership and authority being invoked by museums during this period.
Collaborative Advantage
Authors: Nahm Jonas
Published: August 2021

In an era of rapid international economic integration, how do countries interact, innovate, and compete in industries, like energy, that are fundamental to national interests? Collaborative Advantage: Forging Green Industries in the New Global Economy examines the development of wind and solar industries, two sectors of historic importance that have long been the target of ambitious public policy. As wind and solar grew from cottage industries into $300 billion global sectors, China, Germany, and the United States each developed distinct constellations of firms with starkly different technical capabilities. The book shows that globalization itself has reinforced such distinct national patterns of industrial specialization. Economically, globalization has created opportunities for firms to specialize through collaboration with others. Politically, new possibilities for specialization have allowed firms to repurpose existing domestic institutions for application in new industries. Against the backdrop of policy efforts that have generally failed to grasp the cross-national nature of innovation, the book offers a novel explanation for both the causes of changes in the global organization of innovation and their impact on domestic politics. As interdependence in global supply chains has again come under fire in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, Collaborative Advantage challenges the notion that globalization is primarily about competition, highlighting instead the central role of collaboration in the global economy, particularly in clean energy industries critical to solving the climate crisis.
Varieties of Innovation in Wind and Solar Industries
Authors: Nahm Jonas
Published: August 2021

This chapter lays out the central empirical puzzle that motivates the book. It makes two central claims. First, it shows that a common political logic led governments in China, Germany, and the United States to converge on similar policy goals and industrial policy tools in support of wind and solar industries. The need to politically justify public investments in renewable energy sectors ultimately yielded similar growth and employment-focused industrial policies irrespective of the underlying political system. The second half of the chapter chronicles the persistent and consequential divergence of national industrial specializations despite these policy similarities. In the early 2000s, just after China’s WTO accession accelerated changes in the organization of many global industries, firms chose different technological specializations and competitive strategies for participation in emerging wind and solar industries: innovative manufacturing in China, customization in Germany, and invention in the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Nahm Jonas
Published: August 2021

Chapter 7 concludes by returning to a comparative analysis, reflecting on what can be generalized from the cases of emerging industries presented in this book to broader questions of the role of government in industrial policy in fragmented, global sectors. It presents comparative data from the automobile and electronics industries to show that, even in legacy sectors, distinct national patterns of industrial specialization have shifted the nexus of innovation to global collaboration. The chapter concludes with an epilogue on developments in wind and solar sectors in the very recent past, when unsettled trade relationships with China have begun to undermine the collaborative nature of innovation in renewable energy industries and examines their impact on global attempts to solve the climate crisis.
Arrival in Paris
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

This chapter describes the city of Paris encountered by Adrien-Joseph Colson when he first arrived there in the middle of the eighteenth century, underlining the great size of the city and the extraordinary diversity in wealth and living conditions among the various elements of the population that he encountered. It also describes his family background and education before his arrival in Paris to take up a career as lawyer and accountant to a noble family. It takes note of the strong contrast between his relatively humble background in an artisan family and his relatively prestigious career as a Parisian lawyer.
Making a Living
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

The chapter explores Colson’s sources of income under the Old Regime and how this was related to his position in society. Although he drew revenues from familial property he owned in Varennes and a variety of other investments, his main sources of income came from his position as legal advisor and financial administrator to the Ravary wine-making family and, above all, to the Longaunay family of nobles. The chapter focuses, in particular, on the complex relations linking him to the Marquise, Marquis, and Comte of Longaunay in his role of overseeing the exploitation of the family’s lands and seigniorial dues in Normandy and Berry and serving as point man in the many lawsuits in which the family found itself entangled. It also examines the wide variety of his other responsibilities for this family beyond finances, and his close relations with Roch Lemaigre, the local intendant living near the family’s possessions in Berry in the small town of Levroux.
Understanding the World
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the evidence in Colson’s correspondence that throws light on his “culture,” the manner in which he understood and interpreted his world. Although the emphasis is on the end of the Old Regime, the examination also helps illuminate his views during the Revolution. Among the topics dealt with are his writing facility and style, the books in his personal library, the newspapers he read, his reporting on local gossip, his attitude toward the king, his account of the War of American Independence, his relationship to the Enlightenment, his reports on the earliest hot-air balloons, his experience with sickness and medicine, his attitudes toward the popular classes, and his relations with women. In general, the chapter concludes that there is virtually no evidence of an influence of the canonical Enlightenment on Colson’s beliefs, nor is there evidence of a “desacralization of the monarchy” before 1789. Nevertheless, later Revolutionary attitudes are possibly prefigured in his clear sympathy for the lower classes and in his penchant for practical reforms in some aspects of daily life.
Parley, Truce, and Ceasefire
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines orthodox, top-down interruptions to violent conflict—mainly in the form of ceasefires—and so sets up a contrast with the following chapter, which looks at bottom-up initiatives to disrupt conflict. The chapter draws on personal diaries and memoirs, mainly from World Wars I and II, and spends time justifying these as source material. It also notes that they are used infrequently in contemporary peace and conflict studies. The chapter takes issue with a very common trait in explanations of violent conflict: that conflict is totalising and often involves the full mobilisation of a population and all actions and stances. In fact, conflict is often less than totalising, and this allows space for dissent and actions that might be pro-peace and pro-social. The chapter illustrates how tactical agency can be used to carve out space for pacific acts and thinking in the midst of war.
The Fellowship Church
Authors: Brown Amanda
Published: August 2021

The Fellowship Church explores the evolution of the American religious Left through a case study of the African American intellectual and theologian Howard Thurman, and the physical embodiment of his thought, the Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples. The Fellowship Church, which Thurman cofounded in San Francisco in 1944, was the nation’s first interracial, intercultural, and interfaith church. Amid the growing nationalism of the World War II era and the heightened suspicion of racial and cultural “others,” the Fellowship Church successfully established a pluralistic community based on the idea “that if people can come together in worship, over time would emerge a unity that would be stronger than socially imposed barriers.” Rooted in the belief that social change was inextricably connected to internal, psychological transformation and the personal realization of the human community, it was an early expression of Christian nonviolent activism within the long civil rights movement. The Fellowship Church was a product of evolving twentieth-century ideas and a reflection of the shifting midcentury American public consciousness. This book explores a broad scope of modern historical themes, including the philosophy of pragmatism; mysticism and Christian liberalism; racism and imperialism; cosmopolitanism and pluralism; war and pacifism; and nonviolence. It not only expands our understanding of twentieth-century American intellectual history and the origins of the civil rights movement, it offers and exciting look into underexplored methods of democracy-building that can inform contemporary social movements.
Dignity and Dependency
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: August 2021

No concept is more associated with human rights than dignity. Historically, and in the twentieth-century debates surrounding stem cell research, dignity has been strongly linked to independence and autonomy, neither of which is associated with children. Different contemporary theories of dignity are examined that ignore children’s dignity and are mostly inheritors of the historical liberal approach. A different approach is recommended, one that builds on the absence of humiliation and is based on the African concept of “Ubuntu,” or honoring the community. For children, dignity is based on what they represent for the community in terms of potential contribution and is linked to the more socially defined, socially relative idea of honor.
Automation Anxiety
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: August 2021

This book confronts the hotly debated prospect of mounting job losses from automation, and the divergent hopes and fears that prospect evokes, and proposes a strategy for mitigating the losses and spreading the gains from shrinking demand for human labor. Leading economists have concluded that automation is already exacerbating inequality by destroying more decent middle-skill jobs than it is creating. As ongoing innovations in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics continue to chip away at the comparative advantages of human labor in a range of work tasks, those innovations are likely to yield growing job losses in the foreseeable future—or likely enough that we should reckon with this prospect. The book argues that we should set our collective sights on ensuring broad access to adequate incomes, more free time, and decent remunerative work even in a world with less of it. That will require not a single “magic bullet” solution like universal basic income or a federal job guarantee, but rather a multifaceted strategy centered on conserving, creating, and spreading work. The book elaborates that strategy in the US context, but much of it is broadly relevant to other advanced economies. And while the proposed strategy is designed to address a foreseeable future of job scarcity, it will also help to rebalance lives already plagued by either too much work or not enough and to counter both economic inequality and racial stratification. The proposed strategy makes sense here and now, and especially as we face up to a future of less work.
Three Big Ideas (and Some Big Concerns)
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: August 2021

Chapter 5 turns from goals to means. It takes up Three Big Ideas that some tout as all-purpose solutions for a future of less work: UBI, a federal job guarantee (JG), or a shorter work week. Each has major virtues, but each faces daunting practical and political hurdles. More importantly, each of the Three Big Ideas fails on one of the three dimensions of a good livelihood that we should be aiming for: UBI falls short on ensuring a wide distribution of decent work; existing JG proposals fail to spread the benefits of more free time; and a shorter work week, standing alone, would fail to ensure adequate incomes. What we need is a multifaceted strategy that creates, conserves, and spreads work while supporting incomes of those who are otherwise unlikely to capture the dividends of a more automated economy.
Creating and Conserving Work
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: August 2021

Chapters 6 begins to lay out the components of a three-dimensional strategy that aims for a more balanced distribution of work and free time, as well as adequate incomes, across the society. This chapter focuses on creating and conserving decent jobs. It argues for creating public jobs largely as a byproduct of creating public goods and serving public needs. And it argues for conserving decent private sector jobs by “unburdening employment,” or shifting the cost of some worker entitlements off the platform of employment and onto a broader foundation. Both would secure a range of benefits beyond their tendency to create and conserve jobs.
Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: August 2021

Honesty is clearly an important virtue. Parents want to develop it in their children. Close relationships typically depend upon it. Employers value it in their employees. Yet philosophers have said almost nothing about the virtue of honesty in the past fifty years. This book aims to draw attention to this surprisingly neglected virtue. Part I looks at the concept of honesty. It takes up questions such as what honesty involves, the motives of an honest person, how practical wisdom relates to honesty, and whether there is anything that connects all the different sides of honesty, including not lying, not stealing, not breaking promises, not misleading others, and not cheating. A central idea is that the honest person reliably does not intentionally distort the facts as she takes them to be. Part II looks at the empirical psychology of honesty. It takes up the question of whether most people are honest, dishonest, or somewhere in between. Drawing extensively on recent studies of cheating and lying in particular, the emerging model ends up implying that most of us have a long way to go to reach an honest character. Honesty: The Philosophy and Psychology of a Neglected Virtue thus provides a richer understanding of what our character actually looks like as well as what the goal of being an honest person really involves. It will then be up to us to decide if we want to take steps to shrink the character gap between the two.
Toleration as Engagement
Authors: Rafanelli Lucia M.
Published: August 2021

This chapter addresses the toleration objection to reform intervention (that it is impermissible because it treats recipients with intolerance) and develops a novel account of international toleration. The chapter argues that not all reform interventions are vulnerable to the toleration objection and develops principles to identify which kinds are and are not. In so doing, it defends a novel understanding of international toleration—toleration as engagement—according to which a commitment to toleration does not preclude trying to promote (one’s own conception of) justice in foreign societies via reform intervention. Sometimes, a commitment to toleration even generates reason in favor of reform intervention. The chapter also argues there are some (exceptional) cases in which reform intervention is, all things considered, permissible even if it treats recipients with intolerance.
Chaos and Consequences
Authors: Rafanelli Lucia M.
Published: August 2021

This chapter investigates how the ethical principles developed in the previous chapters may be implemented in the real world. Implementing these principles would be made especially difficult by the lack of powerful and reliable global governance institutions and by the possibility that even interventions that live up to the principles may produce negative consequences. Given these difficulties, the chapter makes several core recommendations. First, some reform interventions should be subject to approval or oversight by diverse actors within global civil society. Second, interveners should adopt a presumption in favor of interventions where they exert less rather than more control over recipients. Third, global political actors should give political priority to supporting and engaging in interventions that challenge current and historical power hierarchies.
Communicating and Collaborating
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson
Published: August 2021

This chapter joins Lury et al. in treating interdisciplinarity as a verb rather than a noun, as well as Davidson and Goldberg’s recasting of institutions as mobilizing networks rather than static structures. The chapter begins by defining the nature of talk across boundaries, including pidgin and creole forms of language, linguistic and social dynamics of communication, a culture that fosters them, epistemic dimensions of dialogue, and relational thinking. It then focuses on collective identity in teams and stages of collaboration, followed by a section on integration and differing assessments of its centrality to crossdisciplinary work. The chapter turns next to public engagement and community-based research, moving beyond narrow characterization of translation as application and transfer to highlight intersubjectivity, communicative action, and participatory research. It concludes by illustrating translation boundary work in two cross-sector case studies, an urban planning project and a waste management project involving both academics and community stakeholders.
From Failing to Succeeding
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson
Published: August 2021

Decades of reports have delineated factors for success. Yet, projects, programs, and fields continue to falter. This final chapter begins by condensing barriers and impediments into a digest of challenges for both crossdisciplinary and cross-sector work. It then elaborates reasons for shortfalls: highlighting impediments to radical forms of interdisciplinarity, questioning the litmus test of integration, and marking persistent limits to developing and sustaining fields and programs. The chapter turns next to six overarching principles for success: transparency; best practices, models, guidelines, and authoritative reports; consistency and alignment of activities in a systematic approach; balance of disciplinary, professional, crossdisciplinary, and cross-sector work; credit for boundary crossing; and appropriate criteria in a multi-methodological approach to evaluation. This section also considers the role of technology, academic reward systems, and responsibility for change. The chapter and the book conclude by returning to the opening question of what constitutes interdisciplinarity, followed by five gateways into the burgeoning body of resources.