bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prolactin receptor antagonism reduces the clonogenic capacity of breast cancer cells and potentiates doxorubicin and paclitaxel cytotoxicity
Authors: Howell Sacha J , Anderson Elizabeth , Hunter Tom , Farnie Gillian , Clarke Robert B
Published: August 2008

Introduction

Exogenous prolactin is mitogenic and antiapoptotic in breast cancer cells, and overexpression of autocrine prolactin cDNA in breast cancer cell lines has been shown to stimulate their growth and to protect against chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. We examined the effects of the 'pure' prolactin receptor antagonist Δ1–9-G129R-hPrl (Δ1–9) on the breast cancer cell number and clonogenicity, alone and in combination with chemotherapy.

Methods

The effects of doxorubicin, paclitaxel and Δ1–9 on the growth of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-468 and SK-BR-3) in monolayer culture were assessed by the sulphorhodamine B assay. Effects on clonogenicity were assessed by soft agar assay for the cell lines and by the mammosphere assay for disaggregated primary ductal carcinoma in situ samples. Dual-fluorescence immunocytochemistry was used to identify subpopulations of cells expressing the prolactin receptor and autocrine prolactin.

Results

Δ1–9 as a single agent had no effect on the cell number in monolayer culture, but potentiated the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Doxorubicin accordingly induced expression of prolactin mRNA and protein in all five breast cancer cell lines tested. Δ1–9 alone inhibited the clonogenicity in soft agar of cell lines by ~90% and the mammosphere forming efficiency of six disaggregated primary ductal carcinoma in situ samples by a median of 56% (range 32% to 88%). Subpopulations of cells could be identified in the cell lines based on the prolactin receptor and prolactin expression.

Conclusion

Autocrine prolactin appears to act as an inducible survival factor in a clonogenic subpopulation of breast cancer cells. The rational combination of cytotoxics and Δ1–9 may therefore improve outcomes in breast cancer therapy by targeting this cell population.
Diarrhea as a cause of mortality in a mouse model of infectious colitis
Authors: Borenshtein Diana , Fry Rebecca C , Groff Elizabeth B , Nambiar Prashant R , Carey Vincent J , Fox James G , Schauer David B
Published: August 2008

Background

Comparative characterization of genome-wide transcriptional changes during infection can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying host susceptibility. In this study, transcriptional profiling of the mouse colon was carried out in two cognate lines of mice that differ in their response to Citrobacter rodentium infection; susceptible inbred FVB/N and resistant outbred Swiss Webster mice. Gene expression in the distal colon was determined prior to infection, and at four and nine days post-inoculation using a whole mouse genome Affymetrix array.

Results

Computational analysis identified 462 probe sets more than 2-fold differentially expressed between uninoculated resistant and susceptible mice. In response to C. rodentium infection, 5,123 probe sets were differentially expressed in one or both lines of mice. Microarray data were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR for 35 selected genes and were found to have a 94% concordance rate. Transcripts represented by 1,547 probe sets were differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant mice regardless of infection status, a host effect. Genes associated with transport were over-represented to a greater extent than even immune response-related genes. Electrolyte analysis revealed reduction in serum levels of chloride and sodium in susceptible animals.

Conclusion

The results support the hypothesis that mortality in C. rodentium-infected susceptible mice is associated with impaired intestinal ion transport and development of fatal fluid loss and dehydration. These studies contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of C. rodentium and suggest novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea associated with intestinal bacterial infections.
Metabolic changes in schizophrenia and human brain evolution
Authors: Khaitovich Philipp , Lockstone Helen E , Wayland Matthew T , Tsang Tsz M , Jayatilaka Samantha D , Guo Arfu J , Zhou Jie , Somel Mehmet , Harris Laura W , Holmes Elaine , Pääbo Svante , Bahn Sabine
Published: August 2008

Background

Despite decades of research, the molecular changes responsible for the evolution of human cognitive abilities remain unknown. Comparative evolutionary studies provide detailed information about DNA sequence and mRNA expression differences between humans and other primates but, in the absence of other information, it has proved very difficult to identify molecular pathways relevant to human cognition.

Results

Here, we compare changes in gene expression and metabolite concentrations in the human brain and compare them to the changes seen in a disorder known to affect human cognitive abilities, schizophrenia. We find that both genes and metabolites relating to energy metabolism and energy-expensive brain functions are altered in schizophrenia and, at the same time, appear to have changed rapidly during recent human evolution, probably as a result of positive selection.

Conclusion

Our findings, along with several previous studies, suggest that the evolution of human cognitive abilities was accompanied by adaptive changes in brain metabolism, potentially pushing the human brain to the limit of its metabolic capabilities.
Stray Notes on Foreign Asylums, &c.
Authors: McIntosh W. Carmichael
Published: August 2008

In the following stray notes and remarks, the writer details a trip to various places of medical and psychological interest which he made, in company with Professor Laycock, through some parts of France, Savoy, and Switzerland.
An Interview with George Victor Townley, and Reflections thereon
Authors: Hitchman John
Published: August 2008

The public has, doubtless, long ago become wearied of the tale of George Victor Townley, the murderer of Miss Goodwin, of Wigmore Grange, Derbyshire. As, however, important principles are involved in the curious history of his trial—his condemnation—his temporary release from prison—his transfer to a lunatic asylum—and his subsequent removal into penal servitude, an humble contribution to the facts of the case may not be out of place in the pages of ‘The Journal of Mental Science.’
On Unlearning
Authors: W. M.
Published: August 2008

“O well for him whose will is strong!

He suffers, but he will not suffer long;

He suffers, but he cannot suffer wrong.”

Tennyson.

" Πολλὰ τὰ δεινά, κ' οῦδὲν ὰν—

θρώπου δεινότερον πέλει.

∗∗∗

καὶ φθέγμα, καὶ ὰνεμόεν

φρόνημα, καὶ ὰστυνόμους

όργὰς έδιδάξατο."

Sophocles.

From the earliest period of his history down to the present day man has ever been an object of eager study to himself. Nevertheless it is questionable whether he has yet succeeded in satisfying himself what he really is. “Everything by turns, and nothing long,” seems to be the conclusion to which one may most safely come after consideration of the numerous definitions which man has at different times seriously given of himself. He has likened himself to most things on earth, and to not a few under the earth. He has, as it were, dissolved himself, tested, precipitated, dried, and weighed himself; he has frequently lost himself, gone in search of himself, traced himself back to an homunculus, and forward to his final disappearance in a general dissolution of his constituent particles. But after making all these and many other experiments upon himself, whether he is the godlike son of Heaven, or an idealised monkey, he has not yet decided.
The Moral Treatment of the Insane; a Lecture
Authors: Browne W. A. F.
Published: August 2008

Your teacher has asked me to address you. I have complied with this request, chiefly from my respect to him, partly in order to realise the sort of sensational antithesis of lecturing to one of the largest classes ever assembled, in the same room where the first complete course of lectures on Mental Disease was delivered in this country, now nearly twenty years ago, to perhaps the smallest class ever addressed.
On the Legal Doctrines of the Responsibility of the Insane and its Consequences
Authors: Laycock Thomas
Published: August 2008

I do not know that a more useful question can occupy this our last hour of meeting together than that of the legal responsibility of the insane, and how it affects us in our relations to our patients, more especially in regard to moral treatment. Our visits to Millholm have enabled us to judge of the value of that method, as carried out in the largest private asylum in Scotland. At the Crichton Institution, where we were so kindly entertained by Dr. Gilchrist and the directors, at our late visit, we witnessed its highest present development, and learn, moreover, of what it is further capable. Dr. Browne was the first to introduce the method into Scotland, when appointed to be the medical superintendent of the Crichton Institution, at a time when the lunatic was treated worse than a felon. With the sanction of the Board of Lunacy he most kindly consented to accompany us on our visit, and to give us a discourse on the moral treatment of the insane.
Artificial Insanity, chiefly in relation to Mental Pathology
Authors: Tuke Daniel Hack
Published: August 2008

It will not, I think, be disputed that, in an investigation into the nature or pathology of any disease, some light may be thrown upon it by producing a similar disease artificially. If we ascertain how we can produce it, and what are the fewest conditions required for its presence, we have gained an important step in the inquiry. and if, aving learned how to cause certain symptoms, we can carefully examine the state of the bodily organs when these symptoms have supervened, and compare it with their condition previously, we undoubtedly have an opportunity of acquiring knowledge which no one accustomed to such investigations will despise. If, by adding caustic ammonia to the jugular vein of a living sheep, the lining membrane is afterwards found to be studded with pink fibrin, we see at once that a fact has been ascertained of great interest in the study of the adherent clot of phlebitis. The same may be said of rheumatic endocarditis, if deposits can be produced upon the valves of the heart by injecting a known substance into the blood of an animal. I might refer to other examples, but these will suffice to illustrate my first position.
The Prognosis in Mental Disease
Authors: Griesinger W.
Published: August 2008

The prognosis in mental disease involves two separate questions. In the first place, does the existing disease endanger life? And in the second place, if life be continued, whether, and to what extent, may recovery from the mental derangement be hoped for?
Insane Patients in London Workhouses
Authors: Anstie Francis Edmund
Published: August 2008

The present seems to be a favorable moment for directing the attention of the profession to the condition of those insane paupers who are confined in workhouses. A general disposition to criticise the management of these establishments exists in the public mind, and the profession has given unequivocal evidence that it shares in this feeling and is determined to carry out the inquiry thoroughly. If may be safely affirmed that, if this is to be done, there is no part of the subject which demands earlier attention than the condition of those workhouse-inmates who are insane; for the circumstances which call so loudly for reform in the management of “indoor” paupers, especially those who are sick, exist in an extreme degree in the instance of the insane. The upshot of all careful inquiries into these matters, and notably of that inquiry now proceeding in the columns of ‘The Lancet’, is to make prominent the fact that those workhouses which are situated in populous cities are rapidly becoming great hospitals, instead of refuges for tired or lazy vagrants: while, as yet, the guardians who manage them cannot (or will not) understand that this is the case, but persist in treating the inmates as much as possible on the old system, by which the workhouse was a penal residence intended to disgust and repress the applicants for public relief. Under such a régime it has been shown that numbers of acutely sick persons suffer great hardship and have their chances of recovering health and strength materially interfered with; while as for the patients suffering from chronic disease and debility, it can hardly be said that they receive any proper care at all; and it is my purpose in the present paper to show particularly that the insane are the most deeply injured of all classes of indoor paupers by the system usually followed.
On Some of the Varieties of Morbid Impulse and Perverted Instinct
Authors: McIntosh W. C.
Published: August 2008

The various forms under which morbid impulses and perverted instincts present themselves have generally been classed by authors under “Moral Insanity” † and “Emotional Insanity,” † or each has been titled a mania or monomania. Their occurrence is found to be regulated by the degree of civilisation, mode of life–whether in town or country–and the prevailing tendencies of the age, which indelibly stamps them with its characteristic features. The classification adopted in the following pages is that of Professor Laycock, § which leads us first to examine those connected with the nourishment of the being.
Recent Metaphysics
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

As it appears that man is created in the image of the ape, it can not but be counted creditable to him that he strives so perseveringly to transcend his apehood.† Certainly, Transcendentalists, who, like Mr. Disraeli, are “on the side of the angels,” are not willing to acknowledge their humble parentage; but Transcendentalists like Mr. Disraeli are men of mystery, and not indisposed, consciously or unconsciously, to ingenious tricks of conjuring: one cannot always be sure whether they are acting or are in earnest. To those who do know themselves to be idealised monkeys it must be a matter
The Insane Colony of Gheel Revisited
Authors: Webster John
Published: August 2008

Nearly ten years ago I visited the very ancient establishment above named, whereof notes appeared in Dr. Winslow's ‘Journal of Psychological Medicine’ for 1857, and which, I was led to believe, by the discussion that ensued, rendered this interesting institution better known in Great Britain than heretofore. Since that period, various professional and other travellers, as well English as foreign, have paid visits to Gheel, and also subsequently published valuable reports, with remarks on improvements recently accomplished. Being anxious to inspect a second time this colony, and observe the ameliorations which Dr. Bulkens, its able medical superintendent, had effected, I again visited Gheel during May last; and thinking some account thereof may interest members of the distinguished Society I have the honour to address, my present communication has been drawn up, trusting, at least, it may excite some attention from philanthropists and psychological physicians.
The Criminal Lunatics of Scotland
Authors: Thomson J. Bruce
Published: August 2008

For twenty-one years the criminal lunatics of Scotland have been, with only one or two exceptions, confined in a branch or separate building of the General Prison, called the Department for Criminal Lunatics. This department was opened in October, 1846, under a public grant; and due inquiry having been made throughout the kingdom, all prisoners of the criminal lunatic class confined for life or during Her Majesty's pleasure were transferred thither in terms of Act 2 and 3 Viet., c. 42, and 7 and 8 Viet., c. 31.
On Progressive Locomotor Ataxia
Authors: Gasquet J. R.
Published: August 2008

The three works whose titles we have placed at the foot of this article∗ represent almost entirely our current English literature on the disease, ‘progressive locomotor ataxia,’ of which they all treat, and it is therefore the more unfortunate, and almost provoking, to find that all three of them, although most excellent so far as they go, are professedly incomplete in their purpose and scope. Thus Dr. Althaus has given us a lecture, which is admirably calculated to give a general notion of the disease to a beginner, but does not answer many questions which the more advanced practitioner would ask.
On the Insane Poor in Middlesex, and the Asylum at Hanwell and Colney Hatch
Authors: Davey James G.
Published: August 2008

Those of us who have kept our attentions directed to the insane poor of Middlesex—to say nothing of outside counties—must have been struck with their largely increased and increasing numbers year by year. Whilst it is a high source of satisfaction to us to know that there are diseases, neither few nor far between, which it is in our power to very materially modify and diminish, if not entirely to eradicate—whilst, in other words, typhus and cholera and other bodily ailments succumb, in so material degree, to light, air, and water—it must be and is with deep regret we are compelled to confess our inability to contend, with anything like a parallel success, against the dominant and proximate causes so painfully rife among us throughout the length and breadth of this land, and within the small area of the county of Middlesex more especially, of the mind's disorders and irregularities of action. The art and science of hygiene embraces, it may be said (to speak critically), but the outside conditions, the accessory or predisposing phenomena, which lead to insanity; it takes cognisance of the distal links in the chain rather than of those proximal—of the remote and not the near or immediate cause of madness, ln what, then, it may be asked, does this proximate or immediate source or starting-point of this dire malady, as it exists among the unfortunate classes alluded to, consist? The reply is a brief one; a single word can embrace it in all its entirety, and that word is—” POVERTY.” Poverty, of which it has been truly said “it eclipses the brightest virtues, and is the very sepulchre of brave designs” It is, indeed, the boast of modern medicine to prevent disease—to strangle it at the birth. It is our pride to develop that condition of things in the physical world with which preventible disease is incompatible; but how and where shall we find the clue to the removal of poverty ? Is there no hope ? Can it be said that poverty is a normal state of things ? Is it not true, rather, that it is the mere product of a civilisation only spurious and unreal—of a Christianity only theoretical ? I am disposed to believe this, and hence it is I am sanguine that the beneficent results of a reformed and progressive legislation, dictated by the really good and truly wise among men, will, ere very long, so greatly diminish poverty that insanity will decline to no small extent among us. But pending such a state of things, and accepting the fact as it stands, let us see if we cannot lessen somewhat the evil complained of, i. e. attack the effects of poverty, or, what is the same thing, reduce more or less the great numbers of insane poor in Middlesex, for whom to this time there has never been, and is not now, the necessary asylum accommodation.
On Aphasia or Loss of Speech in Cerebral Disease
Authors: Bateman Frederic
Published: August 2008

From the brief summary I have given of the labours of the pathologists of the French school, it will be observed that the evidence deducible therefrom is of such a conflicting character as to leave quite unsettled the complex question of the localisation of the faculty of speech. The history of the continental contributions to the literature of aphasia would, however, be very incomplete, without a brief glance at the researches of the German and Dutch physiologists.
Hospitals for the Insane in British North America
Authors: De Wolf James R.
Published: August 2008

In the dominion of Canada and the adjacent provinces, embracing a population of three and a half millions, there are eleven asylums and hospitals for the insane. The smallest of these accommodates forty patients—the largest, six hundred. Their character, as curative institutions, varies equally with their capacity. The annual reports of the greater number present very satisfactory returns as to the proportion of recoveries, the rate of mortality, and their economical administration. No one institution will be found to excel on all these points, but the statistics of those best managed will compare favourably with those of the leading asylums of Britain or America.
A Case of Cerebral Meningitis
Authors: Bacon G. Mackenzie
Published: August 2008

The subjoined case owes its chief interest to the question of diagnosis involved in its consideration. The outline of the case is as follows:—

William G., set. 57, single, labourer, admitted into the Cambs. Asylum, Aug. 10, 1868. He was said to have had a previous attack of insanity at the age of 22, but to have kept well till within a few days of his admission, when he became noisy and excited. It was also stated that he had had four epileptic fits, but at long intervals.
Cases of Mental Imbecility, Associated with “Duchenne's Paralysis,” or Pseudo-Hypertrophic Muscular Paralysis
Authors: Kesteven W. B. , Kesteven W. B.
Published: August 2008

The cases that I propose to relate belong to a group either entirely overlooked or rarely met with until lately, and, doubtless, confounded with other forms of infantile paralysis. Having through the kindness of Mr. William Adams had the opportunity of seeing an example of the affection in the Royal Orthopædic Hospital, I was enabled to recognise the nature of the two first of these cases when called to see them in October last. I may observe that in a practice of upwards of thirty years, including during several years the charge of a large parochial infirmary for children, I had never recognised the disease. The association of mental imbecility with muscular paralysis, which is peculiar in these cases, has induced me to bring them under the notice of the members of this Association. In order to complete their history and to endeavour to render them the more worthy of your attention, I have embodied in my remarks the principal points that I have been able to gather from the study of M. Duchenne's pamphlet.∗
George William Lawrence, M.D.
Authors: Lawrence George William , Lawrence George William
Published: August 2008

At the early age of thirty-seven, an accomplished physician has been lost to the profession in Dr. George William Lawrence, who died on the 22nd ult., at Layer Breton Hall. Educated at King's College, of which he was an Associate, he graduated M.B. Lond. in 1857 and in 1859. He held the posts of housephysician to King's College Hospital and of lecturer on botany at Middlesex Hospital; and afterwards devoted himself to the specialty of lunacy. He was successively resident physician at the Camberwell House Lunatic Asylum and medical superintendent of the Cambridge County Asylum—a situation from which increasing ill-health compelled him, in 1867, to seek the retirement of the superannuation list.—“Lancet,”
The Family System as applied to the Treatment of the Chronic Insane
Authors: Lindsay W. Lauder
Published: August 2008

Many years ago—between 1854, when I was appointed to the medical charge of the Murray Royal Institution, and 1859, when the first Report of the new Lunacy Board for Scotland was issued—I took much interest in the subject of provision on the large scale for the chronic insane; advocating strongly for the harmless, incurable, industrious classes thereof, some modification of what is now variously known as the “Gheel system,” “Boarding-out system,” or “Family system,” of treatment. I was then of opinion that, hesides utilising or applying this system on the small scale in connexion with existing or prospective public hospitals for the insane—it was not only desirable, but feasible, to construct de novo one or more National Colonies on the Gheel plan—adopting of course only those features in the original Gheel that were worthy of imitation, or that it might be found practicable to imitate, in this country—and omitting or modifying those that appeared objectionable. I had no doubt as to the practicability of the scheme; though I was quite alive to the objections that would be offered—the difficulties that would attend its inauguration. Most unfortunately, as it seems to me, such a plan did not at that time, in any form, find favour with the authorities charged with the control of the state arrangements for the treatment of the insane poor in Scotland, and a golden opportunity was thus lost of establishing on Scottish soil an improved Gheel free ab initio from the defects of its grand prototype.
General Paralysis of the Insane—its Nosological Position
Authors: Bacon G. Mackenzie
Published: August 2008

The term “general paralysis” is not, it must be admitted, a satisfactory one, but, though many attempts have been made to improve upon it, nothing better has yet been agreed on. However faulty the term may be, it is best to have a clear understanding as to what the words may be supposed to imply.
On the Relative Efficacy of Tincture of Hyoscyamus, Bromide of Potassium, and Chloral, in Single Doses, on Maniacal Excitement
Authors: Campbell John A.
Published: August 2008

Most asylum physicians admit that in acutely excited cases in whom the ordinary means of inducing sleep, viz., out-door exercise and liberal diet, fail, sleep should be induced by some medical agent, in case the continued excitement may prove too much for the patient, and that in cases of mild melancholia and nervous irritability, where insomnia has been and is the most prominent symptom, that some sleep-causing medicine should be given. As to the medicine, the preparations of opium and the tincture of hyoscyamus long reigned supreme, for some time bromide of potassium was much extolled for its sedative and soporific properties, and latterly chloral has totally eclipsed every other sedative or hypnotic.
1. Italian Retrospect
Authors: Gasquet J. R.
Published: August 2008

Those who read the Italian Retrospect in the last number of this Journal, may, perhaps, remember that Professor Lombroso's book was reserved for a separate examination. Mere excellence of treatment would hardly have led us to ask for further room in reviewing a work which deals with a disease happily unknown in England, and therefore of no practical importance.
The Abolition of Seclusion
Authors: Wood T. O.
Published: August 2008

I have ventured to undertake the responsibility of bringing this important subject forward, in the hope that any little I can dp may go some way towards abolishing a line of treat ment which I consider to be unsatisfactory in its results and demoralising in its tendencies. Unsatisfactory in its results by its failing to raise the percentage of the recoveries of our patients, and in its being of no real benefit to those so treated; and demoralising in its tendencies by ever being before the attendants as a tempting means by which they may easily get rid of a troublesome patient to gratify their own idle propensities.
Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease, with especial Reference to the Imagination
Authors: Tuke Daniel H.
Published: August 2008

We have in the consideration of the influence of the emo tions upon the blood-vessels anticipated, to some extent, the fundamental principle of this section. The important part played by the vaso-motor nerves was there dwelt upon, chiefly in connection with the vascularity of the skin, which so manifestly results from emotional excitement. The circulation of the blood through the various organs of the body being affected by the same cause, the action of the emotions in inducing well-marked changes in nutrition and secretion is not extraordinary. But the question which at once arises, whether these variations in the circulation of the blood in the organs and tissues, adequately account for the alterations in nutrition and secretion, now referred to, deserves some consideration here.
Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease, with especial reference to the Imagination
Authors: Tuke Daniel H.
Published: August 2008

The terse, but comprehensive expression of John Hunter contains in a nutshell the principle which underlies the greater part of the phenomena referred to in this section: “I am confident,” he says, “that I can fix my attention to any part until I have a sensation in that part.” Müller expresses the fact of the operation of the ideational upon the sensational centres in equally clear terms.
The Religious Sentiment in Epileptics
Authors: Howden James C.
Published: August 2008

In the following observations I propose to describe a feature in the mental condition of Epileptics, which, to the best of my knowledge, has not attracted that attention to which its frequency entitles it. I refer to the exaltation of the religious sentiment. Irritability, suspicion, impulsive violence, egotism, strong homicidal propensities are among the most commonly observed characteristics in the insane epileptic; but in strange contradiction with these we very frequently find combined a strong devotional feeling, manifesting itself, it may be, in simple piety or in decided religious delusions. I do not pretend that the forms of religious insanity to be afterwards noticed are peculiar to epilepsy, but they are very frequently found in connection with it, and, I believe, I have only to describe a few illustrative cases to bring to your recollection numerous others which have occurred in your own experience. The causes which combine to develope a devotional frame of mind in Epileptics are probably numerous. In congenital cases or those arising from diseases of childhood education no doubt exercises a powerful influence. The epileptic child is necessarily less able to join in the amusements and occupations of healthy children, and a large share of his time and attention may be devoted at home to religious instruction. The mysterious nature of the disease, the consciousness of infirmity and helplessness developes a craving for sympathy in the epileptic which we rarely see in other lunatics. In the wards and airing-courts of our asylums, epileptics may be distinguished from their fellow-patients by the fact that they are generally found associating in little groups of twos or threes. They sympathize with each other, lean on each other for help in the time of trouble, and however much they exhibit violence and viciousness to others, they rarely attack each other. Along with this desire for sympathy, the epileptic is mercifully endowed with strong hope. He is always getting over his trouble, he thinks the turns are less severe, and will tell you perhaps the day before a fatal seizure that he thinks he will have no more fits. We all know how much hope has helped the physician in his efforts to combat this disease with a whole battery of drugs, each of which in its turn seems for a time to promise success, only too surely to fail in the end. This craving for sympathy finds a deep response in the highest development of hope—religion; and the sufferings of this life are assuaged by the assurance of sympathy and aid from heaven, and of a blessed future where suffering and sorrow are no more.
The use of Digitalis in Maniacal Excitement
Authors: Mickle W. Julius
Published: August 2008

Though many writers have advocated the use of digitalis in various forms of insanity—such as acute, paralytic, or epileptic mania—yet there appears to be great diversity of opinion as to its efficacy, great variety in the methods of administering it, and a wide range in the quantities prescribed. While one has been content to order five to ten minims of the tincture three or four times a day, another has given, in similar cases, single doses of half-an-ounce of the same preparation.
The Madmen of the Greek Theatre
Authors: Gasquet J. R.
Published: August 2008

The Mad Hercules is not one of the best of Euripides' tragedies; but it has a particular interest for us, because it is the only one extant in which madness is personified, and introduced on the stage. This had been already done by æschylus, in his version of the story of the Bacchæ, and was adopted by Euripides amongst the terrifying effects borrowed from the elder dramatist for this play.
The Morisonian Lectures on Insanity for 1873
Authors: Skae David , Clouston T. S.
Published: August 2008

I take this my first public opportunity of thanking the Patron of the Morisonian Lectureship on Insanity, for the honour of nominating me to the appointment of lecturer. Permit me also to say that I feel very highly gratified and honoured in addressing the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians in their own hall. This gratification is, however, alloyed with a very strong conviction of my inability to do justice to my subject or myself in this course of lectures. It would be absurd in me to give to you a systematic course of lectures upon insanity, the subject being one with which you are all, as physicians, more or less familiar. The duty devolving upon me is, I presume, that of giving you any special opinions I may have formed from my point of view, and from my long-continued and very large opportunities of observation.
The Functions of Brain and Muscle, considered in relation to Epilepsy
Authors: Dickson J. Thompson
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to discuss some of the opinions which have recently been expressed as to the nature of Epilepsy; and in particular, the views of Dr. Hughlings Jackson, who regards the epileptic phenomenon as the result of a “discharge” from a damaged portion of the brain, which he speaks of as a “discharging lesion.”∗
German Psychological Retrospect
Authors: Ireland
Published: August 2008

In the “Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie,” xxix. Band, 1 Heft, Dr. Meschede gives a long, careful, and somewhat diffuse article on the Pathology and Pathological Anatomy of Pyromania, the tendency or impulse to set fire to objects. Dr. Meschede is not aware of any cases of pyromania where the morbid appearances found after death have been described.
The Morisonian Lectures on Insanity for 1873
Authors: Skae David , Clouston T. S.
Published: August 2008

I propose in this lecture to pass in review the various forms of insanity which you find in the Table, and by a brief reference to their history and symptoms to show you how they really are distinct forms of disease, and that in each or nearly so there will be found some peculiarities in the symptoms or progress of the case which render it somewhat different from other forms of insanity; such in fact as in many instances would lead you to detect the cause, and such certainly as to justify us in classifying it as a distinct form of insanity.
Auditory Hallucinations
Authors: Blandford George Fielding
Published: August 2008

I trust to be excused if in these days of pathological and anatomical research, I ask you to examine with me to-night a group of symptoms. I need hardly say that the study of symptoms must ever be of importance in the treatment of disease, and especially of that disease with which we are all concerned, and although to the general medical public the subject of hallucinations of hearing may have no special interest, yet the members of this association know that they characterize a very peculiar and well-defined class of patients, and that, common as they are, their nature and pathology are uncertain and mysterious. I have, therefore, chosen them, as the subject of a paper, chiefly for the purpose of promoting discussion concerning them, and eliciting the opinions of those here present.
On the Advantages likely to result from Cerebro-Mental Investigations, especially by the Agency of Societies
Authors: Tuke Daniel H.
Published: August 2008

Lord Bacon, after pointing out the obvious correspondence which exists between the feelings, and particular expressions and gestures, goes on to say, “But unto all this knowledge de communi vinculo, of the concordance between the mind and the body, that part of the enquiry is most necessary, which considereth of the seats and domiciles, which the several faculties of the mind do take and occupate in the organs of the body; which knowledge hath been attempted, and is controverted, and deserveth to be much better inquired into.”
The Diagnosis of Insanity
Authors: Bucknill John Charles
Published: August 2008

The extreme distortion of face produced by acute mania, or melancholia in its higher degree, is easily recognised. It may, however, be needful to distinguish it from the expression of cerebral inflammation, or of fever. The distinguishing characteristics of cerebral inflammation attended by maniacal symptoms are, a greater suffusion of countenance, a firm knitting of the brows expressive of intense pain, and a fierce, prominent, and blood-shot eye. It is in meningitis rather than in mania that it may be truly said—“And each strained ball of sight seemed bursting from his head.” The patient suffering from cerebral inflammation has a motiveless ferocity of aspect, rarely met with in pure mania. The stage of effusion in meningitis, and all the stages of some forms of deep-seated cerebral inflammation, in which the meninges are not affected, require to be distinguished from dementia, rather than from mania. The history of the case, however, and the affection of the muscular system, will generally render the diagnosis easy.
On the various Forms of Mental Disorder, (Being the substance of Lectures delivered at the Yoke School of Medicine)
Authors: Tuke Daniel H.
Published: August 2008

As it is my intention to present a faithful description of the various forms of mental disorder, it is necessary in the first place, to draw attention very briefly, to the classification of diseases of the mind. Very different arrangements have been made by different writers on the symptoms manifested by the insane, and they have grouped them under somewhat opposite heads, guided in some instances by the most prominent symptoms, and in others, by the supposed seat of the malady. Before that attention had been paid to psychological affections, which they now happily have obtained, Cullen's nosology was regarded as clear and natural; and doubtless, it promised advantages over the systems of Sauvages, Vogel, and Linnæus. Cullen placed mental disorders in the class, Neuroses, and under the order, Vesaniæ, which included those disorders in which the judgment is impaired, without coma or pyrexia. These he referred to four great divisions, viz., amentia, melancholia, mania, and oneirodynia. Amentia, might be either congenital, senile, or acquired; melancholia exhibited itself in eight principal varieties, some involving hallucinations of a painful, others of a pleasurable nature; mania, he defined as a false judgment arising from perversions of the imagination, or from false recollection, and commonly producing disproportionate emotions (assuming the person to be awake and free from pyrexia and coma); oneirodynia, the last of Cullen's divisions, included, somnambulism and night-mare.
An Inquiry into some Accounts of Children being fostered by Wild Beasts
Authors: Ireland William W.
Published: August 2008

It has been a question for curious speculation since man began to reflect on the origin of knowledge and the nature of his own faculties, what would be the character of a human being growing up without any intercourse with his kind, and having no ideas and no knowledge save those derived by his own unassisted intellect from his observations of the external world. Man's acquired knowledge being evidently the combined product of his own innate capacities, tastes, and sympathies, and the suggestions and customs resulting from his contact with other beings, it is only by a very difficult and somewhat doubtful process of analysis that philosophers have been able to distinguish what is innate and what is acquired; and, as every one knows, great discussions have taken place as to the line of demarcation between those ideas which are the result of education, and those supposed to be of spontaneous growth. The experiment said by Herodotus∗ to have been performed by King Psammitichus is one likely enough to have been made by an eastern prince addicted to those speculations on the origin of ideas which so naturally present themselves to human curiosity. In order, as the priests of Memphis told the great father of history, to decide the important question:—Which was the most ancient of nations?—the king gave two newborn children to a shepherd to educate. They were nursed by goats and separated from all human beings.
The Morisonian Lectures on Insanity for 1873
Authors: Skae David
Published: August 2008

All the forms of insanity we have hitherto been considering have been more or less connected with the sexual organs or sexual functions and conditions, with the exception of the first and last—the epileptic and phthisical insanity. The forms which follow are mostly connected with disease of the body, affecting the brain sympathetically, or disease of the brain acting on its functions directly.
The Morisonian Lectures on Insanity for 1873
Authors: Skae David
Published: August 2008

Syphilitic Insanity.—This is the first of the varieties of insanity in Dr. Skae's classification that is due to the action of a poison introduced from without. As might be expected, its symptoms are much more definite than those of the more constitutional and hereditary varieties of mental alienation. Something, too, is known of its pathology, and yet it is only about twenty years since the fact was recognised that the syphilitic poison could produce mental derangement at all. It has been described by English, French, and German authors on insanity and syphilis, but Dr. Wille, the latest German writer on the subject, has given us by far the most complete account of the disease in all its forms so far as it is at present known. An excellent abstract of his paper appeared in the “Journal of Mental Science” for January last, by Dr. Addison.† It is one of the forms of insanity that must be studied in connection with the other syphilitic affections of the nervous system, if we wish to understand it. To describe its symptoms without reference to the syphilitic form of epilepsy, of paralysis, and neuralgia, would be a mistake in every respect. Dr. Reade, of Belfast, and Dr. Todd, of London, were the first in this country to direct special attention to the occurrence of mania as a direct result of syphilis. They both showed that it was one of a train of symptoms that had the specific infection for its starting point; that those symptoms proved clearly that the nervous system, both spinal cord and brain, as well as their membranes, were involved in such cases, and that whatever cured the syphilis cured the neuroses. Dr. Duncan published three very interesting cases of syphilitic insanity in 1863.∗ Dr. Hugh Grainger Stewart published three cases in 1870.† Dr. Wille has collated the symptoms of 77 cases of syphilis, in which there were mental symptoms of one kind or other. Many of Lancereaux's cases, given in his work on syphilis, have mental impairment or disturbance as a part of their history.
A Chapter on some Organic Laws of Personal and Ancestral Memory
Authors: Laycock T.
Published: August 2008

I propose to show that organic memory consists in cerebral processes, regulated by the laws of evolution and reversion, and common as vital processes to both plants and animals.
Moral Responsibility
Authors: Bradley S. Messenger
Published: August 2008

Moral Responsibility, although often treated from a metaphysical point of view, has seldom been regarded from a physical or physiological side, and yet it is from this source alone that we are at present able to gain any accurate information respecting the working of the mind, and it is chiefly from this basis that I purpose here regarding it. The means of observation which metaphysicians employ have been known to, and employed by, philosophers for the last two thousand years, and yet it must be admitted with but a poor result. Until physiology came to their aid, they had not arrived at a knowledge of the fact that the grey cortical matter of the brain is the seat of the mind, and that intellectual action involves definite physico-chemical changes which we are to some extent capable of estimating. The psychologists, indeed, fixing their attention solely upon subjective phenomena, resemble those fatuous fakirs, who, intent upon a particular point in their own bodies, come to believe that the umbilicus is the seat of wisdom; or, rather, they resemble the horse in a threshing floor, which, however rapidly it may seem to advance, only retraces its steps in one small unending circle. It is a simple fact that, whatever positive knowledge we possess of the mental process has been obtained by the aid of physiology, and it is equally certain that all the knowledge we are likely to attain for a long time, if not always, must be derived from the same source.
A Visit to a Turkish Lunatic Asylum
Authors: Davidson John H.
Published: August 2008

In the course of a tour, last autumn, through Greece, Turkey, and Asia Minor, I had the pleasure of making the acquaintance of the Physician-in-chief of the Asylum of Constantinople and neighbouring provinces, and through his courtesy and kind attention I was not only enabled to visit the Timar-khané, or Dari-chifa, as it is sometimes called, but also to obtain some interesting information respecting the care and treatment of the insane by the Turks more than three centuries ago. Up to a recent date, the insane were taken care of in the Asylum of Suleimanié, situated near the mosque of that name, but in consequence of the building being unable to meet the demands made upon it, the patients were removed to the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus, and lodged in the Asylum of Toptaschi in Scutari. The asylum, which is situated in the most Oriental and most beautiful suburb of Constantinople, on being approached, presents a rather dilapidated and neglected-looking appearance, and this aspect has been all the more heightened by the recent ravages of fire in the immediate vicinity; but the situation is most salubrious, as it catches the pleasant breezes from the Bosphorus and the sea of Marmora. The building is quadrangular, consisting of two storeys and surrounding a court, in the centre of which there is placed a fountain at which the patients perform their frequent daily ablutions before prostrating themselves in prayer at the calls of the muezzims from the minarets of the neighbouring mosques. The day and single rooms on the ground floor open into an arcade or colonnade which surrounds the entire building. The upper floor is used for dormitories which open into a corridor. In these the better class of patients sleep, and the more turbulent and excited sleep in the single rooms on the ground floor. The windows are protected by strong wire lattice instead of wooden lattice, as is the custom in all Turkish dwellings, and the flooring of both upper and under storeys is of tesselated pavement, which reminded me very much of that seen in the strada dell’ abondanza in Pompeii.
Reflex, Automatic, and Unconscious Cerebration: A History and a Criticism
Authors: Laycock Thomas
Published: August 2008

An Essay in the Journal of Mental Science for October, 1875, entitled, “Can Unconscious Cerebration be Proved ?” by Dr. Ireland, Superintendent of the Institution for the Education of Imbeciles at Larbert, ends thus:—“In any case the theory of ‘unconscious cerebration’ derives no support from physiology. It is a child of the old metaphysics, to be brought forward and repelled by the study and analysis of mental operations, cognisable by internal examination.”