bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Warming up a stream reach: design of a hydraulic and heating system
Authors: Canhoto Cristina , de Lima João L.M.P. , de Almeida Anibal T.
Published: August 2013

Changes in land use, thermal pollution, and global warming are affecting the thermal regimes of streams. Laboratory experiments and field correlative studies suggest that important impacts on streams ecological integrity may occur from increases in temperature. However, there is a lack of ecosystem‐level manipulative approaches in small detritus‐based streams, hotspots of diversity on the fluvial net. Here we describe a hydraulic setup associated with a heating system to simulate an increase in whole‐stream water temperature. A secondorder stream reach (~ 22 m long; ~ 1 m width) was divided longitudinally in half. A water temperature increase of 3.24°C (±0.81°C SD) was implemented and operated with a continuous electricity supply. The system was composed of two tanks that received water by gravity, from the stream. One tank was equipped with resistors. One half of the stream reach received the water from the heating tank (mean flow: 2.13 ± 0.50 SD L/s) whereas the other half received water from the unheated tank (mean flow: 2.17 ± 0.54 SD L/s). Flow was controlled with valves and weirs. The system allowed natural daily and seasonal patterns of variation in abiotic factors (with 2 levels of temperature). This system was successfully used to evaluate the effects of warming on stream structure and functioning at several levels of biological resolution. This system allows easy replication, can be used in a variety of streams, and is easily adjusted to various combinations of flow and temperature. Regular cleaning and technical monitoring is nevertheless needed to keep the system operating.
Intercalibration in chemical oceanography—Getting the right number
Authors: Cutter Gregory A.
Published: August 2013

Intercalibration has a strict metrological definition, but in brief, it's an open sharing of methods and results between laboratories to achieve the most accurate data with the fewest random and systematic errors. In the field of chemical oceanography where concentrations of many constituents can be in the nano‐ to picomolar range, the salt water matrix can be difficult to analyze, and knowing the exact concentrations, or even chemical forms, of biologically required elements is essential, intercalibration is a very relevant and needed tool. Implementing it is not simple because errors can occur at any step in the process of taking a water or particle sample, handling and processing it, and finally analyzing it and treating the resulting data. The international GEOTRACES program provides a good example of implementing intercalibration for studies of dissolved and particulate trace elements and isotopes, and is described here.
Real refractive indices and volatility of secondary organic aerosol generated from photooxidation and ozonolysis of limonene, α-pinene and toluene
Authors: Kim H. , Paulson S. E.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Thermodenuding particles can provide insights into aerosol composition and may be a way to create particles in laboratory chambers that better mimic the atmosphere. The relative volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was investigated by evaporating organics from the particles using a thermodenuder (TD) at temperatures between ∼60 and 100 °C. Volatility was influenced by the parent hydrocarbon, oxidation chemistry and relative humidity (RH). For SOA generated from ozonolysis, limonene had lower volatility than α-pinene, and OH scavengers had no influence on volatility. For photooxidation, α-pinene SOA was slightly more volatile than limonene SOA. Increasing RH also modestly increased volatility, while toluene SOA was unaffected by heating to 98 °C. For both α-pinene and limonene, the concentration of NOx and the HC / NOx ratio had no discernible effect on SOA volatility. Refractive indices for the original and denuded particles were retrieved from polar nephelometer measurements using parallel and perpendicular polarized 532 nm light. Retrievals were performed with a genetic algorithm method using Mie–Lorenz scattering theory and measured particle size distributions. Retrieved refractive indices for the SOA before thermodenuding varied between 1.35 and 1.61 depending on several factors, including parent hydrocarbon, oxidation chemistry, and SOA generation temperature. For high NOx SOA, as particles shrink, their refractive index returns to the value of the corresponding size particles before heating (limonene) or slightly higher (α-pinene). For low NOx however, the resulting refractive index is 0.05 ± 0.02 lower than the corresponding size undenuded particles. Additionally, for α-pinene SOA from ozonolysis with OH radical scavenger, resulting refractive indices were higher by about 0.03 after heating. Consistent with no change in size, refractive indices of toluene SOA were unaffected by heating. Finally, refractive index data available to date are reviewed, leading to the suggestion that the most representative values for mr at λ =532 nm for biogenic and anthropogenic SOA are 1.44 and 1.55, respectively.
The impact of planetary waves on the latitudinal displacement of sudden stratospheric warmings
Authors: Matthias V. , Hoffmann P. , Manson A. , Meek C. , Stober G. , Brown P. , Rapp M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The Northern Hemispheric winter is disturbed by large scale variability mainly caused by Planetary Waves (PWs), which interact with the mean flow and thus result in Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs). The effects of a SSW on the middle atmosphere are an increase of stratospheric and a simultaneous decrease of mesospheric temperature as well as a wind reversal to westward wind from the mesosphere to the stratosphere. In most cases these disturbances are strongest at polar latitudes, get weaker toward the south and vanish at mid-latitudes around 50° to 60° N as for example during the winter 2005/06. However, other events like in 2009, 2010 and 2012 show a similar or even stronger westward wind at mid- than at polar latitudes either in the mesosphere or in the stratosphere during the SSW. This study uses local meteor and MF-radar measurements, global satellite observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and assimilated model data from MERRA (Modern-ERA Retrospective analysis for research and Applications). We compare differences in the latitudinal structure of the zonal wind, temperature and PW activity between a "normal" event, where the event in 2006 was chosen representatively, and the latitudinal displaced events in 2009, 2010 and 2012. A continuous westward wind band between the pole and 20° N is observed during the displaced events. Furthermore, distinctive temperature differences at mid-latitudes occur before the displaced warmings compared to 2006 as well as a southward extended stratospheric warming afterwards. These differences between the normal SSW in 2006 and the displaced events in 2009, 2010 and 2012 are linked to an increased PW activity between 30° N and 50° N and the changed stationary wave flux in the stratosphere around the displaced events compared to 2006.
Evidence for four- and three-wave interactions in solar type III radio emissions
Authors: Thejappa G. , MacDowall R. J. , Bergamo M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The high time resolution observations obtained by the STEREO/WAVES experiment show that in the source regions of solar type III radio bursts, Langmuir waves often occur as intense localized wave packets with short durations of only few ms. One of these wave packets shows that it is a three-dimensional field structure with WLneTe ~ 10−3, where WL is the peak energy density, and ne and Te are the electron density and temperature, respectively. For this wave packet, the conditions of the oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI) and supersonic collapse are satisfied within the error range of determination of main parameters. The density cavity, observed during this wave packet indicates that its depth, width and temporal coincidence are consistent with those of a caviton, generated by the ponderomotive force of the collapsing wave packet. The spectrum of each of the parallel and perpendicular components of the wave packet contains a primary peak at fpe, two secondary peaks at fpe ± fS and a low-frequency enhancement below fS, which, as indicated by the frequency and wave number resonance conditions, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based tricoherence spectral peak at (fpe, fpe, fpe + fS, fpe − fS), are coupled to each other by the OTSI type of four-wave interaction (fpe is the local electron plasma frequency and fS is the frequency of ion sound waves). In addition to the primary peak at fpe, each of these spectra also contains a peak at 2fpe, which as indicated by the frequency and wave number resonance conditions, and the wavelet-based bicoherence spectral peak at (fpe, fpe), appears to correspond to the second harmonic electromagnetic waves generated as a result of coalescence of oppositely propagating sidebands excited by the OTSI. Thus, these observations for the first time provide combined evidence that (1) the OTSI and related strong turbulence processes play a significant role in the stabilization of the electron beam, (2) the coalescence of the oppositely propagating up- and down-shifted daughter Langmuir waves excited by the OTSI probably is the emission mechanism of the second harmonic radiation, and (3) the Langmuir collapse follows the route of OTSI in some of the type III radio bursts.
Simulating last interglacial climate with NorESM: role of insolation and greenhouse gases in the timing of peak warmth
Authors: Langebroek P. M. , Nisancioglu K. H.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The last interglacial (LIG) is characterized by high latitude warming and is therefore often considered as a possible analogue for future warming. However, in contrast to predicted future greenhouse warming, the last interglacial climate is largely governed by variations in insolation. Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations were relatively stable and similar to pre-industrial values, with the exception of the early last interglacial where GHGs were slightly lower. We performed six time-slice simulations with the low resolution version of the Norwegian Earth System Model covering the last interglacial. In four simulations only orbital forcing was changed, and in two simulations additionally GHG forcing was reduced to values appropriate for the early last interglacial. Our simulations show that insolation forcing results in seasonal and hemispheric differences in temperature. In contrast, a reduction in greenhouse gas forcing causes a global and seasonal-independent cooling. We also compare our modelled results to proxy data extracted from four marine sediment cores covering the entire last interglacial along a northeast-southwest transect in the North Atlantic. Our modelled North Atlantic summer sea surface temperatures capture the general trend of the proxy summer temperatures, with low values in the early last interglacial, a peak around 125 ka, and a steady decrease towards the end of the last interglacial. Temperatures computed by the simulations with reduced GHG forcing improve the fit as they show lower temperatures in the early last interglacial. Furthermore we show that the timing of maximum surface temperatures follows the local insolation maximum. Two exceptions are the temperatures on Antarctica that show maxima at both ~ 130 ka and ~ 115 ka, and the Southern Ocean austral summer temperatures that peak early at ~ 130 ka. This is probably due to the integrating effect of the ocean, storing summer heat and resulting in relatively warm winter temperatures.
Global gridded precipitation over land: a description of the new GPCC First Guess Daily product
Authors: Schamm K. , Ziese M. , Becker A. , Finger P. , Meyer-Christoffer A. , Schneider U. , Schröder M. , Stender P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This paper describes the new "First Guess Daily" product of the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC). The new product gives an estimate of the global daily precipitation gridded at a spatial resolution of 1° latitude by longitude. It is based on rain gauge data reported in near real-time via the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and available about three to five days after the end of each observation month. In addition to the gridded daily precipitation totals in mm day−1, the standard deviation in mm day−1, the Kriging interpolation error in % and the number of measurements per grid cell are also encoded into the monthly netCDF product file and provided for all months since January 2009. Prior to their interpolation the measured precipitation values undergo a preliminary automatic quality control. For the calculation of the areal mean of the grid, anomalies are interpolated with ordinary block Kriging. This approach allows for a near real-time release. However, the purely GTS-based data processing lacks an intensive quality control as well as a high data density. Therefore the product is denoted as "First Guess", and DOI referenced under doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/FG_D_100. Besides the "First Guess Daily" product, two further products are under developement at GPCC ("Full Data Daily" and a merged satellite-gauge product), which will be based on all available daily data that have undergone a strict quality control. All GPCC products are available free of charge and provided via the GPCC webpage: ftp://ftp-anon.dwd.de/pub/data/gpcc/html/download_gate.html.
A double-station meteor camera setup in the Canary Islands – CILBO
Authors: Koschny D. , Bettonvil F. , Licandro J. , Luijt C. v. d. , Mc Auliffe J. , Smit H. , Svedhem H. , de Wit F. , Witasse O. , Zender J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Meteors are caused by dust particles in the solar system which enter the Earth's atmosphere. Using double-station camera setups, the precise trajectory of these dust particles can be determined. The initial heliocentric orbits of the dust can be derived and valuable information about their distribution, velocities, and composition can be determined. This paper describes a double-station camera setup in the Canary Islands, called CILBO (Canary Island Long-Baseline Observatory). It makes use of automated roll-off roofs to house one camera on Tenerife, one on La Palma, monitoring the same volume of the atmosphere. From the obtained data, the meteoroid trajectory can be computed. A second camera on Tenerife is equipped with an objective grating. For bright meteors, a spectrum is recorded which allows to constrain the chemical composition of the meteor. The system is completely automated and sends the obtained data after every observing night to a central ftp server. It has been in operation for almost two years and the first scientific results are produced.
Coupling a thermodynamically active ice shelf to a regional simulation of the Weddell Sea
Authors: Meccia V. , Wainer I. , Tonelli M. , Curchitser E.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. A thermodynamically interactive ice shelf cavity parameterization is coupled to the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) and is applied to the Southern Ocean domain with enhanced resolution in the Weddell Sea. This implementation is tested in order to assess its degree of improvement to the hydrography (and circulation) of the Weddell Sea. Results show that the inclusion of ice shelf cavities in the model is feasible and somewhat realistic (considering the lack of under-ice observations for validation). Ice shelf–ocean interactions are an important process to be considered in order to obtain realistic hydrographic values under the ice shelf. The model framework presented in this work is a promising tool for analyzing the Southern Ocean's response to future climate change scenarios.
Annual flood sensitivities to El Niño Southern Oscillation at the global scale
Authors: Ward P. J. , Eisner S. , Flörke M. , Dettinger M. D. , Kummu M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Floods are amongst the most dangerous natural hazards in terms of economic damage. Whilst a growing number of studies have examined how river floods are influenced by climate change, the role of natural modes of interannual climate variability remains poorly understood. Here, we present the first global assessment of the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on river floods. The analysis was carried out by simulating daily gridded discharges using the WaterGAP model, and examining statistical relationships between these discharges and ENSO indices. We found that, over the period 1958–1999, ENSO exerted a significant influence on annual floods in river basins covering over a third of the world's land surface, and that its influence on floods has been much greater than its influence on average flows. We show that there are more areas in which annual floods intensify with La Niña and decline with El Niño than vice versa. However, we also found that in many regions the strength of the relationships between ENSO and annual floods have been non-stationary, with either strengthening or weakening trends during the study period. We discuss the implications of these findings for science and management. Given the strong relationships between ENSO and annual floods, we suggest that more research is needed to assess relationships between ENSO and flood impacts (e.g. loss of lives or economic damage). Moreover, we suggest that in those regions where useful relationships exist, this information could be combined with ongoing advances in ENSO prediction research, in order to provide year-to-year probabilistic flood risk forecasts.
Combined AB Externo and AB Interno Revision of Failed Filtering Blebs with Adjunctive Mitomycin C
Authors: Magacho Leopoldo , Shetty Rajesh K.
Published: August 2013

Purpose:

To report the results of combined ab externo and ab interno revision with mitomycin C (MMC) of failed filtering blebs in glaucoma patients.

Methods:

Glaucoma patients with a failed trabeculectomy who had undergone internal and external revision with MMC in the last 6 years with at least 12 months of follow-up were considered. All study patients followed the same protocol in the operating room: injection of 0.2 mL of MMC (0.4 mg/mL) 2 cm lateral from the bleb followed by internal revision with an iris spatula and external revision with a 26-G × ½” needle. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥6 mm Hg and ≤18 mm Hg with (qualified) or without (absolute) any ocular hypotensive drugs.

Results:

The study included 25 eyes of 22 glaucoma patients. Mean age was 65.2 ± 10.5 years. Mean follow-up was 26.9 ± 10.3 months. The IOP was reduced from 24.5 ± 6.0 mm Hg preoperatively to 10.0 ± 3.3 mm Hg at the last visit (p<0.001). The number of ocular hypotensive medications was reduced from 1.8 ± 1.0 to 0.2 ± 0.6 (p<0.001). There was no change in visual acuity (0.83 ± 0.75 vs 0.83 ± 0.74, p = 0.7). Three patients developed choroidal detachment, another eye had a transient hypotony with maculopathy, and 2 patients developed cataract. Absolute success was achieved in 80% of eyes, and qualified success in 16% of eyes.

Conclusions:

Combined ab externo and ab interno revision with MMC can be an effective technique to revitalize failed filtering blebs in glaucoma patients with minimal complications.
Intraocular Pressure Elevation after Vitrectomy for various Vitreoretinal Disorders
Authors: Hasegawa Yumi , Okamoto Fumiki , Sugiura Yoshimi , Okamoto Yoshifumi , Hiraoka Takahiro , Oshika Tetsuro
Published: August 2013

Purpose:

To determine the incidence of and risk factors for intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in the immediate postoperative period after vitrectomy for various vitreoretinal disorders.

Methods:

A prospective study was performed in 228 consecutive patients with various vitreoretinal disorders. The IOP was measured before surgery, at the end of surgery, and at 5 hours and 1 day after surgery using Tono-Pen XL®. The IOP at the end of surgery was adjusted to 15.0 ± 2.0 mm Hg.

Results:

Intraocular pressure elevation (>25 mm Hg) was found in 55 (24.1%) and 52 (22.8%) patients at 5 hours and 1 day postoperatively, respectively. The IOP at 5 hours was significantly lower in patients with macular hole (MH) than in those with diabetic macular edema, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy, or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). The IOP at 1 day was significantly higher in patients with PDR and RD than in those with MH and epiretinal membrane. Multiple regression analysis revealed that IOP at 5 hours postoperatively had a significant correlation with the number of laser photocoagulation, preoperative IOP, combined cataract surgery, and 20-gauge vitrectomy. The IOP at 1 day postoperatively was significantly associated with these 4 parameters as well as the severity of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage and use of expanding gas tamponade.

Conclusions:

Intraocular pressure elevation was found in approximately one-quarter of cases within 1 day following vitrectomy. The risk factors for IOP elevation included number of laser photocoagulation, combined cataract surgery, severity of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage, and use of expanding gas tamponade.
Reproducibility of Choroidal Thickness Measurements in Healthy Turkish Subjects
Authors: Karaca Emine Esra , Özdek Şengül , Yalçin Nuriye Gökçen , Ekici Feyzahan
Published: August 2013

Purpose:

To assess intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of the measurement of choroidal thickness by using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT).

Methods:

A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed at Gazi University Ophthalmology Department. The macular areas of the right eyes of 110 healthy volunteers with no ophthalmic or systemic disease were recruited. Choroidal thickness was measured at the fovea and at 1000-μm intervals from the foveal center in both temporal and nasal directions. Each examiner measured choroidal thickness 30 days after the first measurement to assess intraobserver variability. Interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility were described by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV).

Results:

The mean age was 44.0 ± 14.7 years (range 18-70 years). The mean choroidal thickness at the fovea was 315.5 ± 78.6. All the parameters evaluated were highly reproducible. Intraobserver CV of choroidal thickness measurements ranged from 24.76% to 35.74%, and the CV of subfoveal choroidal thickness was 24.92. The intraobserver and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was greater than 0.90 for all the parameters. Repeatability was slightly better at locations not exceeding 400 μm.

Conclusions:

Choroidal thickness measurements obtained by EDI-OCT showed good repeatability for healthy Turkish subjects; EDI-OCT examinations of choroid are reliable in healthy eyes.
Creation of Autogenous Radial Cephalic Direct Wrist Access for Hemodialysis in the Elderly Using Microsurgery
Authors: Pirozzi Nicola , Giuliani Anna , Grandi Tommaso , Coclite Daniela , Luciani Remo , Punzo Giorgio , Menè Paolo
Published: August 2013

Purpose

Guidelines recommend autogenous radial-cephalic AV fistula (RCAVF) as the first choice for hemodialysis. Concern has been raised that this is not suitable in the elderly. We assessed the results of microsurgery for RCAVF creation comparatively in patients older and younger than 70 years.

Methods

We prospectively followed 126 patients for three years. After systematic clinical and ultrasound assessment, a RCAVF was created using a surgical microscope. Patency was assessed immediately, at one week, one month and one year. Outcomes were recorded and stratified into two groups: <70y and >70y.

Results

RCAVF was created in 75.4% and 70.8% of the <70y and >70y groups, respectively. Incidence of early failure was 11% (<70y) and 13% (>70y). Primary and secondary patency at one year was 67% and 84% (<70y) versus 63% and 80% (>70y).

Conclusions

Microsurgery enabled the creation of RCAVF in >70y with acceptable risk of failure and slight differences by comparison with <70y. Older age should not preclude RCAVF creation.
Mobile Ground-Based Radar Sensor for Localization and Mapping: An Evaluation of two Approaches
Authors: Vivet Damien , Gérossier Franck , Checchin Paul , Trassoudaine Laurent , Chapuis Roland
Published: August 2013

This paper is concerned with robotic applications using a ground-based radar sensor for simultaneous localization and mapping problems. In mobile robotics, radar technology is interesting because of its long range and the robustness of radar waves to atmospheric conditions, making these sensors well-suited for extended outdoor robotic applications. Two localization and mapping approaches using data obtained from a 360° field of view microwave radar sensor are presented and compared. The first method is a trajectory-oriented simultaneous localization and mapping technique, which makes no landmark assumptions and avoids the data association problem. The estimation of the ego-motion makes use of the Fourier-Mellin transform for registering radar images in a sequence, from which the rotation and translation of the sensor motion can be estimated. The second approach uses the consequence of using a rotating range sensor in high speed robotics. In such a situation, movement combinations create distortions in the collected data. Velocimetry is achieved here by explicitly analysing these measurement distortions. As a result, the trajectory of the vehicle and then the radar map of outdoor environments can be obtained. The evaluation of experimental results obtained by the two methods is presented on real-world data from a vehicle moving at 30 km/ h over a 2.5 km course.
Lossless Geometry Compression Through Changing 3D Coordinates into 1D
Authors: Liu Yongkui , He Lijun , Wang Pengjie , Li Linghua , Žalik Borut
Published: August 2013

A method of lossless geometry compression on the coordinates of the vertexes for grid model is presented. First, the 3D coordinates are pre-processed to be transformed into a specific form. Then these 3D coordinates are changed into 1D data by making the three coordinates of a vertex represented by only a position number, which is made of a large integer. To minimize the integers, they are sorted and the differences between two adjacent vertexes are stored in a vertex table. In addition to the technique of geometry compression on coordinates, an improved method for storing the compressed topological data in a facet table is proposed to make the method more complete and efficient. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a better compression rate than the latest method of lossless geometry compression, the Isenburg-Lindstrom-Snoeyink method. The theoretical analysis and the experiment results also show that the important decompression time of the new method is short. Though the new method is explained in the case of a triangular grid, it can also be used in other forms of grid model.
James Bryce and the Future1
Authors: Brock William Ranulf
Published: August 2013

James Bryce (Viscount Bryce), who was elected President of the British Academy in 1913 and delivered his last presidential address in July 1917, had a distinguished career in letters and public life. His essay, ‘Holy Roman Empire’, established his reputation as a historian, and he also qualified as a barrister. In his address to the British Academy, ‘The Next Thirty Years’ (1917), Bryce outlined a strategy for higher education. Article by William Brock FBA.
Robert Henry Robins 1921–2000
Authors: Palmer F R. , Law Vivien
Published: August 2013

Robert (Bobbie) Robins was a pioneer in the establishment of linguistics as an academic subject in Britain and the leading scholar throughout the world in the history of linguistics whose undergraduate career was interrupted by service in the RAF, in which he was required to learn Japanese and then teach it to service personnel. He joined the new Department of Phonetics and Linguistics at SOAS, University of London, in 1948 and became a professor in 1966. Robins published General Linguistics: an introductory survey in 1964 (4th edition 1989). His textbook, A Short History of Linguistics (1967), was the most comprehensive published, and he was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1986. After his death, the Philological Society established an annual Robins Prize and the University of Luton has the R. H. Robins Memorial Prize for linguistics. Obituary by F. R. Palmer FBA and Vivien Law FBA.
The Origins of Chinese Mountain Painting: Evidence from Archaeology
Authors: RAWSON JESSICA
Published: August 2013

Mountainous landscapes, with massive crags and narrow fissures between rocks, through which water spouts, are among the principal subjects of paintings in China. This chapter addresses the question, why, in the first place, were these subjects chosen? It focuses on developments made during the Qin (221–207 bc) and Han (206 bc–ad 220) dynasties, from the third century bc onwards. It explores the ways in which the conditions prevailing in the Qin and Han periods moulded some aspects of the later Chinese practice. It is argued that the ways in which the Chinese from the Han period onwards viewed the cosmos determined their choice of mountains as a major subject for painted images. The chapter discusses attitudes to the cosmos and the aesthetic consequences of these views. It considers the whole range of ideas about the universe and not simply with depictions or models of mountains as representing one part of the cosmos.
How Northern was the Northern Master at Assisi?
Authors: BINSKI PAUL
Published: August 2013

The origins of the painters of the upper walls of the right (north) transept of the Upper Church of S. Francesco has mystified historians of the greatest early showcase of Italian narrative art. These origins have been explored in a literature dominated by specialists in Italian and Byzantine art, and the conclusions have generally been the same, namely that the right transept was worked on by artists who were not only Italian but also French or English, and who remained content to work in distinctively native styles. This chapter argues that the case for specifically English influence at Assisi is actually vastly weaker than that proposed for Sigena, and that to understand the right transept we may have to look away from thirteenth-century London or Paris. This is not to rule out categorically the possibility of any English influence at Assisi; caution may simply help us to expose and understand the kinds of assumption about artistic identity and experience, which can be seen in practice to have influenced our understanding of what are exceedingly complex monuments that defy categorical definitions of personal, group, or national style.
‘I see men as trees suffering’: The Vision of Keith Douglas
Authors: KENDALL TIM
Published: August 2013

This chapter examines the work of Keith Douglas. To appreciate his motivation, it is necessary to understand that what he saw, what he spoke and wrote about, and the extrospective style he developed, were inalienably connected. The prominence of the visual is singular and fundamental to Douglas's work: it constitutes nothing less than — in Charles Tomlinson's suggestive phrase — an ‘ethic of sight’. The dead body is, overwhelmingly, the central image in Douglas's work, and each corpse poses new ethical challenges. But the imperatives appear to carry no moral charge, and do not resolve concerns over what may seem like indifference to the bloodshed or even voyeuristic gloating. Douglas's poetry not only foresees and understands such criticisms, it dramatises them.
Reason or Mumbo Jumbo: The Common Law’s Approach to Property
Authors: HARRIS J. W.
Published: August 2013

The reasoning in common law cases and in the commentaries built upon them appears nowhere more arcane than when it is dealing with property. It is supposed to be concerned with who owns what, or has rights and responsibilities in respect of which, resources; but it is sprinkled with technicalities and in-bred conceptualisations. This chapter is organized as follows. The second section considers some reactions, in the history of political philosophy and social theory, to these peculiarities of the common law. The third section addresses claims that, within the law of modern property systems and especially those derived from the common law, the concept of property has disintegrated, so that it no longer means anything to say that a person ‘owns’ a resource. The fourth section shows how, despite its technical overlays, the common law does deploy conceptions of ownership. That is the key to the ethical underpinning of common law reasoning in relation to property. The fifth section considers instances of purely doctrinal reasoning. It suggests that what looks like dogma for dogma's sake may, after all, have ethical foundations. The chapter concludes that, at its best, the reasoning of the common law, like other juristic doctrine, represents a specialist variety of social convention whereby the mix of sound property-specific justice reasons is made concrete. Surface reasoning is peculiar to lawyers. Underlying justifications are not.
From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian
Authors: Parpola Asko
Published: August 2013

The Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages are divided into two basic groups, Indo-Aryan (i.e. languages nowadays mainly spoken in India in its pre-1947 sense of South Asia) and Iranian (i.e. languages nowadays mainly spoken in Iran, also rather in the historical sense of the Persian Empire, which extended to Central Asia and the Indus Valley). This chapter discusses how this dialectal split goes back to the very emergence of Proto-Aryan from Late Proto-Indo-European, far from India and Iran.
Scythian elements in Old Iranian
Authors: Lubotsky Alexander
Published: August 2013

This chapter examines whether there are Scythian loanwords in the Old Iranian languages, namely Avestan and Old Persian. Since all three languages are closely related, it is not simple to prove borrowing. Old Persian vocabulary contains many words which must be of Iranian but non-Persian origin. These words are usually attributed to Median, but it is in principle equally possible that they are borrowed from any other Iranian language, including Scythian. Only when we find phonological features which are characteristic of Scythian can we be confident that we are indeed dealing with a Scythian loanword.
Regional interaction in Central Asia and Northwest India in the Kidarite and Hephthalite periods
Authors: Grenet Frantz
Published: August 2013

In a previous paper the author attempted to show that there was a deep crisis in Sogdiana and Bactria, but that this crisis mostly affected the second half of the fourth century and, at least in Sogdiana, was quickly followed by a new phase of intense urbanisation, which provided the base for the economic and cultural flowering of the seventh century. This chapter stresses the contributions of the Kidarite and Hephthalite states, which can be credited for an opening up of Sogdiana and for the dissemination of elements of Indian culture in regions which they had not reached even in Kushan times. Besides evidence provided by texts and coins, the chapter makes use of recent archaeological discoveries and other material which is still too little known. The chapter also draws on conversations with Boris Marshak, the excavator of Panjikent, and with Etienne de la Vaissiere, whose wrote a thesis on the subject entitled Histoire des marchands sogdiens.
Name-Changes and ‘Posthumous’ Ethnics
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: August 2013

This chapter begins with a discussion of metonomasies (name-changes) of cities and islands. The materials concerning the metonomasies of cities are based on Stephanus, many of whose entries record double, or even triple, metonomasies of cities and islands. He rarely quotes a source for his statements, and the earlier nomenclature (be it of one earlier name, or of several) is frequently mythological, and/or derived from some local tradition, and lacks historical authenticity or support. It then turns to places for which ‘posthumous’ ethnics are attested. These include Kardia, Mende, Torone, Haliartos, Thisoa, Corinth, and Olenos.
Associative Adjectives and Verbs
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: August 2013

This chapter focuses on the second aspect of associative nomenclature, that of adjectives terminating in -ειος. This termination, though rarely used as a simple ethnic form when no ambiguity existed between homonymous cities, has a perfectly valid role as an ethnic when need arose for a differentiation in such cases. The chapter examines its usage in general before turning to consideration of it as a termination of the names used for coins issued by independent rulers and states.
Eponymous Coin-Names
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: August 2013

The ktetics of certain Greek cities were in wide circulation from an early date, with reference either to the coins of the cities or to the standard weights and values of their coinage, as used by other cities. The most familiar of these are the Aeginetan and Athenian, and later the Rhodian, all of which appear in a wide variety of sources, and in particular in the weights and measures assigned to votive offerings of precious metals, including coinage, in temple-inventories, notably those of Athens and Delos, and in the long temple-accounts for the work carried out at Delphi in the middle of the fourth century. The ktetic in -ικός/η/όν was regularly used in this context, both in documentary and literary usage.
After Stephanus
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: August 2013

The epitomised Stephanus is the only text of an Ethnika surviving from antiquity. Consequently we cannot speak of his successors in the same way that he himself may be regarded as successor of Oros, or at a further remove, of Alexander Polyhistor or Herennius Philon. There survive a number of unnamed quotations regarding ethnic forms in various Etymologica and elsewhere, which sometimes provide more information than the corresponding entries in Stephanus, but it is a manifest oversimplification to suppose that all these entries derive from the full text of Stephanus. Stephanus and the Epitome were subsequently used by a few Byzantine writers, notably by Constantine Porphyrogennetus and the Continuators of Theophanes, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, and above all, though last in time, by Eustathius in the twelfth.
Conclusion
Authors: Fraser P. M.
Published: August 2013

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. The analysis of the use of ethnics across a wide range of literary and documentary sources, alongside the investigation of the text of the Epitome of Stephanus shows that, as full an understanding as is possible of the use of ethnics over more than a millennium must be based on the use of material from both sources. Stephanus illuminates constantly the varying history of the ethnic through the ages, even though his evidence is linguistic and literary. It is also evident that although Stephanus quotes the varying views of grammarians, notably Herodian, for the true accentuation of ethnics, on the whole he does not commit himself on this topic, and in a great many cases makes no comment of his own.
Naming the Dead, Writing the Individual: Classical Traditions and Commemorative Practices in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: OLIVER GRAHAM
Published: August 2013

The chapter focuses on the commemoration of the individual in ancient and modern cultures. It argues that the attitude to individual commemoration adopted by the War Graves Commission in the First World War in Britain can be linked to the commemorative practices of ancient Greece, emphasising the importance of the part played by Sir Frederic Kenyon. The chapter draws on examples of commemoration from classical Athens, twentieth-century Britain and the Soviet Union in order to explore the different roles that the commemoration of the individual has played in ancient and modern forms of war commemoration.
Cultural Memory and the Great War: Medievalism and Classicism in British and German War Memorials
Authors: GOEBEL STEFAN
Published: August 2013

This chapter investigates the overlaps between the ‘cultural memory’ of the distant past and the memory of the Great War in Britain and Germany between 1914 and 1939, looking in particular at the use of medieval(ist) images in war memorials. There was a certain tension between advocates of medievalism and supporters of classicist images, but often, they reached a compromise. The chapter combines a discussion of the concept of ‘cultural memory’ with case studies on the reception of antiquity and the Middle Ages in the era of the Great War.
Introduction
Authors: Empson Rebecca M.
Published: August 2013

This introductory chapter begins with a description of a small district called Ashinga, in Hentii Province along the Mongolian-Russian border, where the author conducted her PhD fieldwork between 1999 and 2000. It describes the area, its people, and how they go about their daily lives. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to address a set of seemingly paradoxical questions that emerged out of the author's placement in a family and extends to wider spheres of social life for the Buriad: How do people who traverse the border zone between two countries and have no private land or state of their own accumulate possessions and grow things? How can people who have lived under intense persecution during the socialist period, when most of their male relatives were either killed or taken away, harness such loss and absence to generate a proliferation of relations? Why is it that when these people display wealth in a stationary form, they destroy these exhibits through acts of arson that separate them from such accumulation? An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
The Generative Potential of Movement
Authors: Empson Rebecca M.
Published: August 2013

This chapter reflects on the distinction between naturalist ontologies of growth and those found in the Mongolian concept of fortune. A review of these ideas in relation to the ethnography suggests that previous distinctions, which have usually been considered as distinct modes or ways of being — such as ‘vertical’ and ‘horizontal’, or ‘agnatic’ and ‘consanguineal’ — should instead be viewed as instantiations of a wider archetype for perspectival traffic. By focusing on the transformations afforded when parts are extracted from people, animals, and things and then contained, or housed, to allow for growth and generation, we see that these distinctions are always internal. In shifting between them, fortune is harnessed and growth is made visible.
A Lost Landscape: Ancient Settlement of Samaca and Ullujaya
Authors: Beresford-Jones David
Published: August 2013

This chapter explores the archaeology of the lower Ica Valley. This is based upon many seasons of archaeological fieldwork with the purpose of gathering different datasets with which to reconstruct geomorphological, ecological, and land-use changes in the Samaca and Ullujaya basins. The chapter looks at the rich archaeological record in these basins from the Early Horizon (c.750 bc) through to the Inca Late Horizon that ended abruptly with Spanish conquest in ad 1532, as revealed through detailed archaeological survey and excavation.
The Huarango in the Desert Riparian and Agricultural Ecosystem
Authors: Beresford-Jones David
Published: August 2013

This chapter considers the subtler role of Prosopis in underpinning a fragile desert ecology. It is perhaps difficult to exaggerate the dominance of this genus within its desert environments, especially on the coast of Peru, where rather few tree species occur naturally. It is shown that no other desert tree has as pervasive an influence upon the soil's physical, chemical, biological, and moisture properties; the sub-canopy microclimate; the neighbouring vegetation; and the wildlife and insect populations. The huarango integrates diverse parts of the desert ecosystem. In modifying the environmental extremes characteristic of deserts, especially one as arid as the Peruvian south coast, Prosopis makes what would otherwise be inhospitable lands habitable for other species, including humankind. In other words, if we are to lay bare the ecological consequences of deforestation on the south coast, we need to understand why, here, the huarango is what ecologists term a ‘keystone species’.
Slavery and Slaving in the Medieval and Post-Medieval Kingdoms of the Middle Nile
Authors: Edwards David N.
Published: August 2013

While it is commonly assumed that slavery, and especially an external slave trade, were significant features of the history of the earlier kingdoms in the Middle Nile, the evidence for this is less certain than the confident assertions of earlier scholars might suggest. Drawing on a range of archaeological and historical evidence, this chapter reassesses our current understanding of the development of slavery in this region in the medieval and post-medieval periods. Forms of slavery were clearly ever-present within the Middle Nile region during both periods, with slave taking likely a common practice on the margins of its early kingdoms. A significant external trade in slaves, however, is hard to demonstrate before the sixteenth century. Our perceptions of such a trade as a timeless and eternal feature of the history of the Nile Valley deserve closer scrutiny.
Slavery and Slave Trading in Eastern Africa: Exploring the Intersections of Historical Sources and Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Lane Paul J.
Published: August 2013

This chapter reviews the historical evidence concerning the development of slavery in eastern Africa, the various forms found in societies on the coast and in the interior, the social and cultural consequences of enslavement, and its ultimate abolition. It then looks at the known and potential archaeological traces of the trajectories of these different systems of slavery, with particular reference to the area along the middle and lower Pangani River, Tanzania. The chapter concludes with a consideration of whether or not it would be possible to discern slavery from the surviving archaeological remains alone, and the implications of this answer for future archaeological investigations of slavery elsewhere in the region.
The ages of voluntarism
Authors: Hilton Matthew , Mckay James
Published: August 2013

This introductory chapter provides the historical background to the rise of the Big Society, surveying the history of voluntarism over the last century. Politicians and commentators have long bemoaned the supposed decline of civic life, fretting about its health and its future. In fact, the real story of voluntarism over the last hundred years has not been decline, but constant evolution and change. Whether the terms charity, philanthropy, civil society, non-governmental organisations, the third sector or the Big Society are used, voluntary endeavour is one of the most vibrant and dynamic areas of British public life. Voluntarism not only continues to thrive, but is also far larger than any political agenda that may be imposed upon it.
Voluntarism and the impact of the First World War
Authors: Grant Peter
Published: August 2013

This chapter considers the experience of the First World War to demonstrate that state mobilisation does not necessarily crowd out voluntary endeavour. While the scale of volunteering to fight in that conflict has long been appreciated, the equivalent voluntary effort on the home front has been neglected by historians. This chapter charts the scale, coordination and regulation of this voluntary activity, from the establishment of the National Relief Fund, to the appointment of a Director General of Voluntary Organisations in 1915 and the 1916 War Charities Act. It is argued that the War encouraged professionalisation and innovation within the charity sector, while also embedding a notion of voluntarism working hand in hand with the state.