bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journey of Natural Killer Cells and their Role in Liver Diseases
Authors: Buch Archana , Kulkarni Rohan S , Kulkarni Saagar S , Bhandari Parul
Published: April 2022

Natural Killer (NK) cells are the key lymphocyte subset of the natural immune system that arbitrates antiviral and anticancer responses. In the human body NK cells inhabit in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, skin, liver, gut, and lungs. This bibliographic study covers the origins and evolution of these cells. This review of NK cells includes synopsis of their well-known and evolving themes including their development, functions of cytokine production, anticancer cytotoxicity, clearing of viral infections and exhaustion. Within the liver, NK cells are enhanced in lymphocytes and possess distinctive phenotypic characters and useful properties, which contain tumour cytotoxicity and explicit cytokine profiles. NK cells, while providing innate immunity in the liver, play important roles in providing protection versus pathogens and tumours utilising their cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Accruing substantiation from the last few decades proposes that NK cells perform a vital role in regulating viral hepatitis and liver tumours. In addition, they contribute to the pathogenesis of liver damage including its inflammation. Understanding the description of hepatic NK cell functions has aided us in better understanding the pathogenesis of diseases of the liver and consequently divulging novel therapeutic goals for treating these illnesses.
A Cross-sectional Survey on Dentist’s Knowledge and Attitude towards the Application of Arnica Montana in Dental Practice
Authors: Mawardi Hani , Elbadawi Lena
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Postsurgical oedema (PSE) is a common complication encountered in the dental field following different surgical procedures including wisdom teeth extraction and other periodontal and implant surgeries. Arnica Montana (AM) is a homeopathic agent which may represent as a safe, effective and an alternative agent for Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory (NSAID) medications to prevent or decrease the risk of PSE. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of practicing dentists and their experiences using AM supplements in their daily practice for management of PSE. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, crosssectional self reported electronic based study to survey practicing dentists on the application of AM in daily dental practice conducted from January to September 2021. The electronic survey included 13 questions on: 1) dentist’s demographics and educational backgrounds; 2) knowledge related to AM supplement; and 3) previous experience, if any, with AM use for management of PSE. The survey was distributed to potential subjects and descriptive statistics was used to summarise the data, and presented as percentages and frequencies using Microsoft Excel for mac (Version 16.40). Results: A total of 84 subjects participated in the survey, out of which 23 (27.3%) were familiar with AM use in dentistry. Overall, 15 participants (65.2%) indicated preventions or reduction of PSE risk and pain and seven participants reported prevention and reduction of postsurgical discolouration and bleeding (30.4%) as potential indications for AM use. In total, eight participants (34.7%) have prescribed AM to patients before, mainly for external and internal sinus grafting (4/8; 50% for both) and surgical extraction of impacted teeth (2/8; 25%). Out of all, five participants (5/8; 62.5%) reported significant benefit with using AM following a surgical procedure and four participants (50%) reported numbness of the lips, altered taste sensation and increased bleeding as associated toxicities. Conclusion: From the present study the uses and user based experienced of the material AM in the field of dentistry can be well understood and analysed. This was the first survey to discuss the knowledge and application of AM among dentists from various specialties.
Farmers' Perceptions of Pesticide and Chemical Fertilizer use in Market Gardening in the Comoé River Watershed in Burkina Faso
Authors: Peoule Kouhouyiwo Gomgnimbou Alain , N’Golo Marcel Kara
Published: April 2022

Aims: Analyzing farmers' perceptions of the use of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers in market gardening in the Comoé Province of Burkina Faso.

Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out in the watershed of the Comoé River located in Burkina Faso in the western part of Africa. The study covered the period from March 12th to May 25th, 2019.

Methodology: An individual survey of a sample of 204 market gardeners using synthetic chemicals? was conducted. It was supplemented by field observations. A survey form was designed and the questionnaire was integrated into an application (mWater) for data collection. The data collected was summarized by descriptive statistics.

Results: Study showed that vegetable producers almost unanimously say it is necessary to use fertilizers and pesticides on their production sites. Some of the producers (18.87%) well? appreciate the use of fertilizers and synthetic pesticides on the sites. Nearly 94% also believe that the use of fertilizers improves soil fertility and helps to increase crop yields.

As for the precautions taken by the gardeners while using synthetic pesticides, results of interviews showed that 96.57% of them do not use any protective equipment. In general, after treating their farms with synthetic pesticides, vegetable growers wash themselves at water points and clean their equipment in the field. Of all the producers interviewed, nearly 58% wash themselves at water points while 41% do so in the field. Furthermore, almost all the market gardeners (96%) refer to the nearest medical centre in case of symptoms related to the use of synthetic pesticides.

Conclusion: with a view to the rational use of phytosanitary products and the safeguarding of the ecosystem, it is important to initiate and implement awareness campaigns among the gardeners.
A Single-machine Scheduling with Generalized Due Dates to Minimize Total Weighted Late Work
Authors: Park Myoung-Ju , Choi Byung-Cheon
Published: April 2022

In the paper, we consider a single-machine scheduling problem with generalized due dates, in which the objective is to minimize total weighted work. This problem was proven to be NP-hard by Mosheiov et al. [1]. However, the exact complexity remains open. We show that the problem is strongly NP-hard, and is weakly NP-hard if the lengths of the intervals between the consecutive due dates are identical.
Effect of Plant Geometry and Sulphur on yield, Oil Content and Economics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Singh Vibhav , Singh Rajesh
Published: April 2022

A field experiment entitled “Effect of Plant geometry and Sulphur on yield and Economics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)” was conducted during Zaid season 2021 at Krishi Vigyan kendra, SHUATS, Allahabad, (U.P.). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 6.7). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments consisted of Spacing (25x15cm2,30x15cm2,35x15cm2) and Sulphur (20 kg,30kg,40kg/ha) which were replicated thrice and effect was observed on Gujarat til-4 sesame variety. The result showed that there were significant increase in growth and yield parameters viz., The results obtained that yield parameters such as capsule (35.87/plant), seeds (38.47 /capsule), test weight (2.90 g), seed yield (867.97 kg/ha), stover yield (1554.20 kg/ha), harvest index (39.36%) and oil content (48.32%) were recorded maximum in the treatment combination of 30 cm x 15 cm + 40 kg sulphur at Harvest. However, in economic point of view, maximum gross returns (INR 82,456.83/ha), net returns (INR 56,779.83/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.2) were obtained highest in the treatment combination of 30 cm x 15 cm + 40 kg Sulphur respectively.
Delayed Mental Health Impacts of COVID-19 and Confinement Strategy: Distillates of a Prospective Study from North Kashmir
Authors: Singh Charanjit , Rashid Suhail , Shah Syed Masood
Published: April 2022

Background: Since December 2019, the Covid-19 pandemic has pushed mankind into a whirlpool of fear, anxiety, and uncertainty. There has been a ‘Covidization’of medical literature. Despite abundant studies on immediate mental health impacts, there is a dearth of literature on work related to delayed impacts of Covid-19 on mental health. This facet of delayed   mental health impacts needs characterization and quantification, for, putting in place a framework of working guidelines to tackle such mental health issues in case of any future  health catastrophes

Aim: To gauge the delayed mental health impacts on the inmates who were discharged from a confinement facility in Kashmir. The interactions were conducted on mobile phones.

Methods: A primary care physician and his associates, who were actively involved in the care of inmates  at  the  confinement  facility,  followed  up  the  consenting  inmates  at 6-8 weeks after discharge by way of mobile call interactions. Questionnaire-based thematic queries were put to the participants and responses were recorded. This confinement facility was an isolation–quarantine ‘Covid Care’ Centre of Associated Hospital, Government Medical College, Baramulla in North Kashmir for most months of the year 2020.

Results:  The data was collected, collated and analyzed. Various qualitative and quantitative inferences were generated. Certain suggestions/ recommendations were also presented.
Role of Medicinal Mushroom Lentinula edodes in Nutrition, Nutraceutics and Ethnopharmacology
Authors: Amin Zeemal Seemab , Abbas Saba , Munir Arooj , Qadri Mian Mubeen Ali , Raza Muhammad , Danish Muhammad , Khan Sabir , Hafey Beshray , Hanif Muhammad Kamran , Kashif Hafiz
Published: April 2022

Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is the medicinal macro-fungus popular in Japan and China. It is the second most well- known edible fungus in the global market after Agaricus  bisporus Because of presence of dietary fibers, vitamins, proteins, minerals and carbohydrates, shiitake mushroom have significant nutritional worth. It is commonly cultivated in winter season and known as “elixir of life”. Bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, amino acid derivatives, sterols, glycoproteins, chitin and sulfurous compounds are all extracted from shiitake mushrooms. Some of these are lentinans, eritadenine and KS-2-α- mannan peptide etc. Shiitake mushroom is used therapeutically to cure cancers, cardiovascular disorders, viral and fungal infections, hepatitis, hypertension and hepatic disorders. Shiitake mushroom have also grown in popularity as a result of their unusual and well-liked flavor.
Design Unique Air‐Stable and Li–Metal Compatible Sulfide Electrolyte via Exploration of Anion Functional Units for All‐Solid‐State Lithium–Metal Batteries
Authors: Ahmad Niaz , Sun Shaorui , Yu Peiwen , Yang Wen
Published: April 2022

The marriage of solid‐state sulfide electrolytes (SSSEs) with Li‐anode and oxide‐based cathodes can multiply the energy density of all‐solid‐state Lithium–metal batteries (ASSLMBs). However, hydrolysis in the air, reduction at the Li/SSSE interface, and growth of Li‐dendrites inside SSSEs collectively block the route of sulfide‐based ASSLMBs. Herein, a novel Li2.96P0.98S3.92O0.06‐Li3N glass–ceramic electrolyte (GCE) is developed, wherein O and N substitution produce POS33– and Li3N unique functional units enable superior σLi+ 1.58 mS cm–1 at RT. Notably, POS33– units in Li2.96P0.98S3.92O0.06‐Li3N excellently prevent the structural degradation against moisture @45–50%. The critical current density of Li2.96P0.98S3.92O0.06–Li3N reaches 1 mA cm–2/1 mAh cm–2 @ RT. Moreover, Li//Li cells realize unprecedented Li‐plating/stripping >1000 h at 0.3 mA cm–2/0.3 mAh cm–2 and 0.5 mA cm–2/0.5 mAh cm–2 at RT. ToF‐SIMS and depth‐X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirm the formation of Pre‐solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) enriched with thermodynamically stable Li2O and Li3N species at Li/Li2.96P0.98S3.92O0.06–Li3N interface, suppressing the interfacial reactions and growth of Li‐dendrites inside Li2.96P0.98S3.92O0.06–Li3N. Furthermore, LiNbO3@NCA/Li2.96P0.98S3.92O0.06–Li3N/Li cells deliver a remarkable initial discharge capacity of 177.3, 177.6, and 177.8 mAh g–1 with 7.50, 16.50, and 21.50 mg cm–2 of NCA loading. Thus, the novel Li2.96P0.98S3.92O0.06–Li3N GCE addresses all key challenging issues and has tremendous potential to be used in sulfide‐based high‐energy ASSLMBs.
Turning on High‐Sensitive Organic Electrochemical Transistor‐Based Photoelectrochemical‐Type Sensor over Modulation of Fe‐MOF by PEDOT
Authors: Ding Lijun , Liu Ying , Lai Jingjie , Zhu Weiran , Fan Cunhao , Hao Nan , Wei Jie , Qian Jing , Wang Kun
Published: April 2022

Low‐gate voltages can make large modulations in the drain current. Accordingly, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted considerable interest as amplifying transducers. The use of OECTs in combination with electrochemical analysis promises to promote sensing performance. Herein, an OECT‐based photoelectrochemical‐type (OECT‐PEC) sensor is constructed based on the photo‐induced potential generating variation in the drain current. The as‐constructed OECT‐PEC sensor has high sensitivity because the device incorporated a sensor and an amplifier, providing the benefits of a PEC sensor and an OECT. In addition to the advantages of excellent signal amplification and ease of miniaturization, background signals are also effectively reduced, and possible interferences from electroactive substances are avoided due to the separation of light excitation and the electric output. The OECT‐PEC sensor integrates poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)‐modulated Fe‐metal organic framework (Fe‐MOF) nanocomposites as the photo‐active gating material and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the channel material which exhibits a good photocurrent response from the gate electrode and a corresponding 100‐fold expansion channel response. With aptamer as the recognition element, a sensitive OECT‐PEC biosensor is constructed to detect the organophosphorus pesticide malathion. It is found to exhibit a good linear range, a low detection limit, and better sensitivity than the traditional PEC method.
Pushing the Natural Frontier: Progress on the Integration of Biomaterial Cues toward Combinatorial Biofabrication and Tissue Engineering
Authors: Guimarães Carlos F. , Marques Alexandra P. , Reis Rui L.
Published: April 2022

The engineering of fully functional, biological‐like tissues requires biomaterials to direct cellular events to a near‐native, 3D niche extent. Natural biomaterials are generally seen as a safe option for cell support, but their biocompatibility and biodegradability can be just as limited as their bioactive/biomimetic performance. Furthermore, integrating different biomaterial cues and their final impact on cellular behavior is a complex equation where the outcome might be very different from the sum of individual parts. This review critically analyses recent progress on biomaterial‐induced cellular responses, from simple adhesion to more complex stem cell differentiation, looking at the ever‐growing possibilities of natural materials modification. Starting with a discussion on native material formulation and the inclusion of cell‐instructive cues, the roles of shape and mechanical stimuli, the susceptibility to cellular remodeling, and the often‐overlooked impact of cellular density and cell–cell interactions within constructs, are delved into. Along the way, synergistic and antagonistic combinations reported in vitro and in vivo are singled out, identifying needs and current lessons on the development of natural biomaterial libraries to solve the cell–material puzzle efficiently. This review brings together knowledge from different fields envisioning next‐generation, combinatorial biomaterial development toward complex tissue engineering.
Coupling Localized Laser Writing and Nonlocal Recrystallization in Perovskite Crystals for Reversible Multidimensional Optical Encryption
Authors: Li Mingjia , Yang Dandan , Huang Xiongjian , Zhang Hao , Zhao Yifei , Yin Bozhao , Pan Qiwen , Kang Juan , Zheng Nan , Liu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jianrong , Yang Zhongmin , Dong Guoping
Published: April 2022

The ability to generate and manipulate photoluminescence (PL) with high spatial resolution has been of primary importance for applications in micro‐optoelectronics, while the emerging metal halide perovskites offer novel material platforms where diverse photonic functionalities and fine structuring are constantly explored. Herein, micro‐PL patterns consisting of highly luminescent CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) in nonluminescent perovskite crystals are directly fabricated by focused femtosecond laser irradiation. Further modulation with a moisture field leads to the selective dissolution of the laser‐destabilized perovskite structures as revealed by density functional theory simulations, thus allowing for facile control of the reversible PL from the recrystallization of moisture‐induced CsPbBr3 NCs. By leveraging the coupled laser writing and moisture modulation, multimodal information encryption is realized by reversible encryption–reading and repeatable erasing–refreshing. This optical storage mechanism is also extended to 3D and 4D by realizing spatially and temporally resolved optical encryption. The coupled multifield modulation on perovskite crystals can enable potential applications in optical storage and encryption, and offer a novel solution for the creation and manipulation of localized PL structures with high temporal and spatial resolutions.
Fully Textile X‐Ray Detectors Based on Fabric‐Embedded Perovskite Crystals
Authors: Possanzini Luca , Basiricò Laura , Ciavatti Andrea , Tessarolo Marta , Fraboni Beatrice
Published: April 2022

The interest and thrust for wearable ionizing radiation dosimeters are rapidly growing, stimulated by a large number of different applications impacting on humankind, spanning from medicine to civil security and space missions. Lead halide perovskites are considered one of the most promising classes of novel materials for X‐ray detectors due to their superior electronic and detection performance coupled with compatibility with solution‐based printing processes, allowing fabrication onto flexible substrates. It is reported on fully textile perovskite‐based direct X‐ray detectors, where the photoactive layer is constituted by a silk‐satin fabric functionalized with methylammonium lead bromide perovskite crystals embedded in the textile. The reliability of the proposed fabrication process, based on simple and low‐tech deposition techniques adaptable to industrial printing technologies for textiles, is assessed by realizing different detector's architectures that exhibit comparable detection performances. Sensitivity values up to (12.2 ± 0.6) µC Gy−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection down to 3 μGy s−1 are achieved, and low bias operation (down to 1 V) is demonstrated, validating wearable applications. Further, fully textile pixelated matrix X‐ray sensors are implemented and tested, providing the proof of principle for large‐area scalability.
Interface Engineering of Bi‐Fluorescence Molecules for High‐Performance Data Encryption and Ultralow UV‐Light Detection
Authors: Wang Jian‐Xin , Gutiérrez‐Arzaluz Luis , Yin Jun , Maity Partha , Zhou Yang , Chen Cailing , Han Yu , Bakr Osman M. , Eddaoudi Mohamed , Mohammed Omar F.
Published: April 2022

It is extremely difficult if not impossible to effectively and precisely regulate the luminescence of organic chromophores from different electronic excited states through external stimuli for use in light‐conversion devices. This is mainly due to the difficulty in breaking Kasha's rule by large energy separation and stabilization of different emissive electronic excited states. Here, the authors address this great challenge in a single experiment by expanding the utility of a monounsaturated omega‐9 fatty acid (oleic acid) capped with organic chromophores as a new and efficient luminescent regulator. More specifically, the authors have successfully promoted the use of oleic acid as an efficient and reversible switch that can precisely regulate chromophore luminescence. These time‐resolved absorption and luminescence experiments, along with density functional theory calculations have clearly demonstrated that ultrafast electron transfer from oleic acid to the difluoroboron β‐diketonate (DFBK) chromophores efficiently blocks the intramolecular charge transfer process of DFBK chromophores, and activates the locally excited state luminescence, leading to different emission colors from different electronic excited states for ultralow UV‐light detection and high‐performance data encryption.
Regulation of Irradiation‐Dependent Long‐Lived Room Temperature Phosphorescence by Controlling Molecular Structures of Chromophores and Matrix
Authors: Wang Zhonghao , Qu Lunjun , Gao Liang , Zheng Xian , Zheng Yan , Zhu Yinyin , Xia Jie , Zhang Yongfeng , Wang Chang , Li Youbing , Yang Chaolong
Published: April 2022

Long‐lived room temperature phosphorescent (LRTP) materials have attracted widespread attention due to their unique luminescence phenomenon and application prospects in the fields of information encryption and bioimaging. However, achieving intelligent response LRTP from amorphous polymers under atmospheric conditions is fascinating but challenging. Here, a series of irradiation‐dependent LRTP systems with ultralong phosphorescent lifetime and high quantum yields are fabricated by a consuming triplet oxygen strategy, and the LRTP performance exhibits obvious chromophore structure and polymeric molecular weight dependence. By extending the UV irradiation time, the phosphorescence lifetime can be increased by hundreds of times, which can exceed 2 s. Experimental results prove that the molecular weight of the polymer matrix, the doping concentration, and the structure of the chromophore have a crucial influence on the stimulus‐response speed and phosphorescence properties of the materials. This kind of intelligent and irradiation‐dependent LRTP material has excellent application prospects in the field of multi‐level information encryption. This work will effectively promote the development of stimulus‐responsive LRTP materials under atmospheric conditions.
Glacial vicariance and oceanic circulation shape population structure of the coastal legume Derris trifoliata in the Indo‐West Pacific
Authors: Banerjee Achyut Kumar , Feng Hui , Guo Wuxia , Harms Nathan E. , Xie Hongxian , Liang Xinru , Xing Fen , Lin Yuting , Shao Huiyu , Guo Zixiao , Ng Wei Lun , Huang Yelin
Published: April 2022

Premise

The phylogeography of coastal plant species is shaped by contemporary and historical biogeographic processes. In this study, we aim to decipher the phylogeography of Derris trifoliata, a woody legume of relatively recent origin and wide distribution, in coastal areas in the Indo‐West Pacific (IWP) region.

Methods

Genetic diversity and population structure were assessed by analyzing six nuclear and three chloroplast DNA sequences from 30 populations across the species’ range. Phylogeography was inferred by estimating gene flow, divergence time, historical population size changes, and historical habitat suitability using paleoclimatic niche modeling.

Results

High genetic diversity was observed at the species level. The populations of three oceanic regions included in this study (i.e., Indian Ocean, South China Sea, and Pacific Ocean) formed distinct clades and likely diverged during the late Pleistocene. Potential barriers to gene flow were identified, including the Sunda and Sahul shelves, geographic distance, and current patterns of oceanic circulation. Analysis of changes in population size supported the bottleneck model, which was strengthened by estimates of habitat suitability across paleoclimatic conditions.

Conclusions

The once widespread distribution of D. trifoliata was fragmented by changes in climatic suitability and biogeographic barriers that arose following sea‐level changes during the Pleistocene. In addition, contemporary patterns of oceanic circulation and geographic distance between populations appear to maintain genetic differentiation across its distribution in the IWP.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Allenyl Alcohols by Cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed Sequential C−H Bond Addition to 1,3‐Enynes and Aldehydes
Authors: Xu Chaofan , Tassone Joseph P. , Mercado Brandon Q. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: April 2022

An efficient and stereoselective CoIII‐catalyzed sequential C−H bond addition to 1,3‐enynes and aldehydes is disclosed. This transformation represents the first example of sequential C−H bond additions to 1,3‐enynes and a second coupling partner and provides the first example of preparing allenes by C−H bond addition to 1,3‐enynes. A wide range of aldehydes, C−H bond substrates and 1,3‐enynes with large substituents on the alkynes are effective substrates. The allenyl alcohol products can be further converted to dihydrofurans with high stereoselectivity either in situ or under Ag‐mediated cyclization conditions. The allenyl silyl group can also be transferred to the adjacent alcohol by a Brook rearrangement. Moreover, a mechanism for the transformation is proposed supported by X‐ray structural characterization of a cobaltacycle intermediate.
A Single‐Molecule Insight into the Ionic Strength‐dependent, Cationic Peptide Nucleic Acids‐Oligonucleotides Interactions
Authors: Asandei Alina , Mereuta Loredana , Bucataru Ioana C. , Park Yoonkyung , Luchian Tudor
Published: April 2022

To alleviate solubility‐related shortcomings associated with the use of neutral peptide nucleic acids (PNA), a powerful strategy is incorporate various charged sidechains onto the PNA structure. Here we employ a single‐molecule technique and prove that the ionic current blockade signature of free poly(Arg)‐PNAs and their corresponding duplexes with target ssDNAs interacting with a single α‐hemolysin (α‐HL) nanopore is highly ionic strength dependent, with high salt‐containing electrolytes facilitating both capture and isolation of such complexes. Our data illustrate the effect of low ionic strength in reducing the effective volume of free poly(Arg)‐PNAs and augmentation of their electrophoretic mobility while traversing the nanopore. We found that unlike in high salt electrolytes, the specific hybridization of cationic moiety‐containing PNAs with complementary negatively charged ssDNAs in a salt concentration as low as 0.5 M is dramatically impeded. We suggest a scenario in which reduced charge screening by counterions in low salt electrolytes enables non‐specific, electrostatic interactions with the anionic backbone of polynucleotides, thus reducing the ability of PNA‐DNA complementary association via hydrogen bonding patterns. We applied an experimental strategy with spatially‐separated poly(Arg)‐PNAs and ssDNAs, and present evidence at the single‐molecule level suggestive of the real‐time, long‐range interactions‐driven formation of poly(Arg)‐PNA‐DNA complexes, as individual strands entering the nanopore from opposite directions collide inside a nanocavity.
Rising Interest in the Development of Metal Complexes in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Zhi‐Yuan , Shen Qing‐Hua , Mao Zong‐Wan , Tan Cai‐Ping
Published: April 2022

Metal complexes have shown great potential in cancer immunotherapy. This review briefly introduces the basic concepts and strategies of cancer immunotherapy and summarizes the recent discoveries on the immune effects of traditional platinum‐based anticancer compounds. In addition, we also outline the latest research progresses on metal complexes for cancer immunotherapy focusing on platinum, ruthenium, iridium, rhenium and copper complexes. Finally, the research perspectives and unsolved problems on the applications of metallo‐anticancer agents in cancer immunotherapy are purposed.
Advances in Optical Imaging of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Shen Yang , Zhou Qianhui , Li Wei , Yuan Lin
Published: April 2022

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), emerging as one of the most common chronic liver diseases including simple steatosis and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is likely to progress to liver fibrosis and hepatic carcinoma if not treated in time. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD are necessary. Currently, liver biopsy, as the gold standard for clinical diagnosis of NAFLD, is not widely accepted by patients due to its invasiveness. However, other non‐invasive methods that had been reported for NAFLD (such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and ultrasound) still suffer from low resolution and sensitivity, which are available as a guide for liver biopsy sometimes. As a non‐invasive modality with high spatiotemporal resolution and superior sensitivity, optical imaging methods have been widely favored in recent years, mainly including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and bioluminescence imaging. With these optical imaging approaches, a series of optical probes based on optical and molecular‐specific design have been developed for the biomarker diagnosis and research of diseases. In this review, we summarize the existing non‐invasive optical imaging probes for the detection of biomarkers in NAFLD, including microenvironment (viscosity, polarity), ROS, RSS, ions, proteins, and nucleic acids. Design strategies for optical imaging probes and their applications in NAFLD bioimaging are discussed and focused on. We also highlight the potential challenges and prospects of designing new generations of optical imaging probes in NAFLD studies, which will further enhance the diversity, practicality, and clinical feasibility of NAFLD research.
Optimal burn‐in policy for mixed population of products under two‐dimensional combination warranty
Authors: Wei Yinzhao , Liu Sanyang , Ling Xiaoliang , Shen Lijuan
Published: April 2022

In actual production, the heterogeneity of products is ubiquitous. This article considers a new burn‐in model for repairable products sold with a two‐dimensional combination warranty . It is assumed that the products are heterogeneous and that all failures during the warranty period are repaired by the minimal repair at subpopulations level. Performance‐based and cost‐based models are developed to obtain optimal burn‐in policies under the non‐renewing two‐dimensional combination warranty policy, respectively. First, under mild conditions, we show that the optimal burn‐in time and the optimal usage rate should be as high as possible, provided that the burn‐in time and the burn‐in usage rate have the upper bounds. Second, we analyze the influence of incorrect use of the failure rate function instead of the intensity function on performance‐based and cost‐based models. Finally, we compare the optimal burn‐in policies of the two models. One illustrative example and relevant sensitivity analysis are also presented.
Genetic engineering of the branched‐chain fatty acid biosynthesis pathway to enhance surfactin production from Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Jing Ya‐Fei , Wei Hao‐Xun , Liu Fang‐Fang , Liu Yi‐Fan , Zhou Lei , Liu Jin‐Feng , Yang Shi‐Zhong , Zhang Hui‐Zhan , Mu Bo‐Zhong
Published: April 2022

Surfactin, which is composed of a β‐hydroxy fatty acid chain and a peptide ring, has drawn considerable attention due to its potential applications in the biomedicine, bioremediation, and petroleum industries. However, the low yield of surfactin from wild strains still restricts its industrial applications. In this study, eight genes relevant to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway were targeted to enhance surfactin production, and high surfactin‐yielding strains with potential industrial applications were obtained. When ldeHA and acc were co‐overexpressed, the surfactin yield of recombinant strains TDS8 and TPS8 increased to 1.55‐ and 1.19‐fold of their parental strains, respectively, again proving that the conversion of acetyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) to malonyl‐CoA is the rate‐limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, changes in surfactin isoforms of recombinant strain TPS8 suggest that the fatty acid precursor synthesis pathway can be modified to improve the proportion of different isoforms. In addition, the deletion of lpdV, which is responsible for the conversion of α‐ketoacyl‐CoA precursors, resulted in a sharp decrease in surfactin production, further demonstrating the importance of branched‐chain fatty acid biosynthesis in surfactin production. This work will facilitate the design and construction of more efficiently engineered strains for surfactin production and further extend industrial applications.
An overview of synthetic methods and applications of photoluminescence properties of carbon quantum dots
Authors: Rawat Pooja , Nain Parul , Sharma Shaveta , Sharma Parshant Kumar , Malik Vidhu , Majumder Sudip , Verma Ved Prakash , Rawat Varun , Rhyee Jong Soo
Published: April 2022

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are promising carbonaceous nanomaterials fortuitously discovered in 2004. CQDs are the rising stars in the nanotechnology ensemble because of their unique properties and widespread applications in sensing, imaging, medicine, catalysis, and optoelectronics. CQDs are notable for their excellent solubility and effective luminescence and, as a result, they are also known as carbon nanolights. Many strategies are used for the efficient and economical preparation of CQDs; however, CQDs prepared from waste or green sustainable methods have greater requirements due to their safety and ease of synthesis. Sustainable chemical strategies for CQDs have been developed, emphasizing green synthetic methodologies based on ‘top‐down’ and ‘bottom‐up’ approaches. This review summarizes many such studies relevant to the development of sustainable methods for photoluminescent CQDs. Furthermore, we have emphasized recent advances in CQDs' photoluminescence applications in chemical and biological fields. Finally, a brief overview of synthetic processes using the green source and their associated applications are tabulated, providing a clear understanding of the new optoelectronic materials.
Pareto optimal metabolic engineering for the growth‐coupled overproduction of sustainable chemicals
Authors: Amaradio Matteo N. , Ojha Varun , Jansen Giorgio , Gulisano Massimo , Costanza Jole , Nicosia Giuseppe
Published: April 2022

Our research aims to help industrial biotechnology develop a sustainable economy using green technology based on microorganisms and synthetic biology through two case studies that improve metabolic capacity in yeast models Yarrowia lipolytica (Y. lipolytica) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). We aim to increase the production capacity of beta‐carotene (β‐carotene) and succinic acid, which are among the highest market demands due to their versatile use in numerous consumer products. We performed simulations to identify in silico ranking of strains based on multiple objectives: the growth rate of yeast microorganisms, the number of used chromosomes, and the production capability of β‐carotene (for Y. lipolytica) and succinate (for S. cerevisiae). Our multiobjective optimization methodology identified notable gene deletions by searching a vast solution space to highlight near‐optimal strains on Pareto Fronts, balancing the above‐cited three objectives. Moreover, preserving the metabolic constraints and the essential genes, this study produced robust results: seven significant strains of Y. lipolytica and seven strains of S. cerevisiae. We examined gene knockout to study the function of genes and pathways. In fact, by studying the frequently silenced genes, we found that when the GPH1 gene is knocked out in S. cerevisiae, the isocitrate lyase enzyme is activated, which converts the isocitrate into succinate. Our goals are to simplify and facilitate the in vitro processes. Hence, we present strains with the least possible number of knockout genes and solutions in which the genes are turned off on the same chromosome. Therefore, we present results where the constraints mentioned above are met, like the strains where only two genes are switched off and other strains where half of the knockout genes are on the same chromosome. This study offers solutions for developing an efficient in vitro mutagenesis for microorganisms and demonstrates the efficiency of multiobjective optimization in automatizing metabolic engineering processes.
Spatio‐Temporal Photoactivation of Cytotoxic Proteins
Authors: Cruz‐Samperio Raquel , Mart Robert J. , Luk Louis Y. P. , Tsai Yu‐Hsuan , Jones Arwyn T. , Allemann Rudolf K.
Published: April 2022

Protein therapeutics offer exquisite selectivity in targeting cellular processes and behaviors, but are rarely used against non‐cell surface targets due to their poor cellular uptake. While cell‐penetrating peptides can be used to deliver recombinant proteins to the cytosol, it is generally difficult to selectively deliver active proteins to target cells. Here, we report a recombinantly produced, intracellular protein delivery and targeting platform that uses a photocaged intein to regulate the spatio‐temporal activation of protein activity in selected cells upon irradiation with light. The platform was successfully demonstrated for two cytotoxic proteins to selectively kill cancer cells after photoactivation of intein splicing. This platform can generically be applied to any protein whose activity can be disrupted by a fused intein, allowing it to underpin a wide variety of future protein therapeutics.
Lentivirus‐mediated subcutaneous JAM‐A modification promotes skin wound healing in a mouse model by strengthening the secretory function and proliferation of fibroblasts
Authors: Gong Teng , Wu Minjuan , Fan Xiaoming , Chen Zhaohong , Xia Zhaofan
Published: April 2022

A better understanding of the molecular regulation of wound healing may provide novel therapeutic targets. A previous study revealed that junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM‐A)‐modified mesenchymal stem cells promoted wound healing. However, whether direct JAM‐A modification in the skin wound edge area accelerates the wound repair process is not clear. We determined whether JAM‐A modification at the skin wound edge accelerated the wound healing process. We established JAM‐A modification mouse wound models and mouse primary fibroblast cell models. Wound pictures were taken to compare the wound size. H&E staining was performed to monitor the morphology of the wound and quality of the newborn skin. CCK‐8 assays and immunofluorescence (IF) for Ki67 were used to measure the cell proliferation of mouse primary fibroblasts. Quantitative real‐time PCR, immunohistochemistry, IF, and Western blot analysis were used to detect bFGF and EGF expression in vivo and in vitro. The JAM‐A‐overexpressing group exhibited a smaller residual wound size than the control group at Day 7. Thicker epidermal layers and more hair follicle‐like structures were found in the JAM‐A‐overexpressing group at Day 21. Cell proliferation capacity was higher in JAM‐A‐modified mouse fibroblasts. Elevated levels of bFGF and EGF were found in the JAM‐A‐modified group in vivo and in vitro. JAM‐A modification significantly promoted fibroblast proliferation and wound healing. Increased levels of bFGF and EGF growth factors may be part of the mechanism.
Mental health, welfare or justice: An introductory global overview of differences between countries in the scale and approach to secure placements of children and young people
Authors: Souverein Fleur , Hales Heidi , Anderson Philip , Argent Sarah Elizabeth , Bartlett Annie , Blower Aileen , Delmage Enys , Enell Sofia , Eske Henriksen Ann‐Karina , Koomen Kate , Oostermeijer Sanne
Published: April 2022

Background

Estimates suggest that over a million children per year are deprived of their liberty across the world. Little is known about the types, ethos or distribution of secure beds in which they are detained.

Aim

This study aims to provide quantitative data with background information, to explore similarities and differences across jurisdictions, and to inform critical inquiry into key concepts and practices.

Methods

Data was obtained using an opportunistic sample of affluent countries, derived from an emerging academic/practice network of senior professionals. Depending on jurisdiction, data was already in the public domain or specifically requested. Data requests were related to the nature and size of health, welfare and criminal justice elements of secure beds and recent occupancy. Key professionals working in child secure settings, within jurisdictions, provided commentary on local approaches.

Results

Data was incomplete but allowed for comparisons between 10 jurisdictions. The proportions of the populations of children and young people detained varied by jurisdiction as did their distribution across variations of secure settings. Not all jurisdictions had all three kinds of secure settings. Definitions of secure beds varied depending on the use of relational, procedural or physical security.

Conclusion

Findings are tentative but suggestion solely considering numerical descriptions of children's detention is misleading; our study highlights ways in which comparative studies may be improved. Within reported jurisdictions, the framework of health, welfare and justice was meaningful but this may not hold true with a wider international application of this method. Open interrogation of this data would be enhanced by the inclusion of children's perspectives.
Transcatheter closure of fenestrated atrial septal aneurysm in children: Feasibility and long‐term results
Authors: Mahmoud Heba Talat , Gaio Gianpiero , Giordano Mario , Pizzuto Alessandra , Cuman Madgalena , Abdel Wahab Mohammed Abdel Kader , Palladino Maria Teresa , Russo Maria Giovanna , Santoro Giuseppe
Published: April 2022

Background

To date, extensive experience in transcatheter closure of fenestrated atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) in the pediatric population is limited.

Methods

To report on procedural feasibility, efficacy, and long‐term outcome, we enrolled all children submitted to an attempt of transcatheter closure of fenestrated ASA at two, large volume, pediatric cardiology units (Naples and Massa, Italy) between April 2000 to May 2020.

Results

This retrospective study included 139 patients (median age 9 years [range 2–18] and weight 36 kg [range 10–102]); 19 (13.7%) children were ≤20 kg (range 10–20) and 14 (10.1%) were ≤5 years old. Single perforation was observed in 28 patients (20.1%), while 111 patients (79.9%) had multifenestrated ASA. The median size of the main defect was 15 mm (range 6–34) and 25 patients (18%) had a defect ≥20 mm. The procedural success rate was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.9–99.8) using a single device in 75 (69%), two devices in 31 (28%), and three devices in 3 (3%) cases. Early minor adverse events (AEs) occurred in four patients (2.8%). Late minor AEs were recorded in one patient (0.7%) over a median follow‐up of 5 years ([range 0–18 years; total 890.2 person‐years, and with 30 patients (22%) followed ≥10 years). Neither mortality nor major AEs were recorded. Freedom from AEs was 99.1% at 10–15 years (95% CI: 93.5–99.8%), without any difference according to atrial septum anatomy or patient age and weight.

Conclusion

Transcatheter closure of fenestrated ASA is technically feasible and effective in children with excellent long‐term outcomes.
Pulsed Laser Excited Photoacoustic Effect for Disease Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Wang Zhixiong , Zhan Meixiao , Hu Xianglong
Published: April 2022

Pulsed laser can excite light absorber to generate photoacoustic (PA) effect, that is, when the absorber is irradiated with pulsed laser, the absorbed light energy is converted into local heat to cause rapid thermoelastic expansion and generate acoustic wave. The generated PA signal has been widely employed for the diagnosis of many diseases with superb contrast, high penetrability and sensitivity. In addition, with the increase of pulsed laser energy, the resulting PA shockwave and cavitation can promote efficient drug release at lesion sites to potentiate the resulting therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, the PA shockwave/cavitation can mechanically inhibit disease and produce reactive species. In this Concept article, the principle and research status of pulsed laser excited disease theranostics are briefly summarized, extra suggestions are proposed to inspire extensive PA probes and photodynamic materials as well as novel methodologies.
Site Occupancies, Electron–Vibration Interaction and Energy Transfer of CaMgSi2O6: Eu2+, Mn2+ Phosphors for Potential Temperature‐Sensing and Anti‐counterfeiting Applications
Authors: Su Fang , Yang Yunlin , Ou Yiyi , Zhou Weijie , Ma Fengkai , Zhang Jianhui , Brik Mikhail G. , Liang Hongbin
Published: April 2022

Eu2+‐, Mn2+‐ and Eu2+−Mn2+‐doped CaMgSi2O6 phosphors have been prepared by a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. Systematic investigation of the concentration‐ and temperature‐dependent luminescence of Mn2+ showed that Mn2+ ions occupy two distinct sites in CaMgSi2O6. Electron–vibration interaction (EVI) analyses of Mn2+ ions revealed Huang–Rhys factors of 4.73 and 2.82 as well as effective phonon energies of 313 and 383 cm−1 for the two sites. Eu2+−Mn2+ energy transfer is also discussed, and its efficiency is estimated by lifetime and luminescence spectra. The different thermal quenching behaviours of Eu2+ and Mn2+, the distinct emission colours of Eu2+ (blue, band peak at ∼451 nm) and Mn2+ (yellow–red range, band peaks at ∼583 and 693 nm) endow the co‐doped samples with potential applications in luminescence thermometry and temperature‐/excitation wavelength‐responsive dual anti‐counterfeiting.
Broad‐Spectrum Antidote Discovery by Untangling the Reactivation Mechanism of Nerve‐Agent‐Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Lindgren Cecilia , Forsgren Nina , Hoster Norman , Akfur Christine , Artursson Elisabet , Edvinsson Lotta , Svensson Richard , Worek Franz , Ekström Fredrik , Linusson Anna
Published: April 2022

Reactivators are vital for the treatment of organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) intoxication but new alternatives are needed due to their limited clinical applicability. The toxicity of OPNAs stems from covalent inhibition of the essential enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which reactivators relieve via a chemical reaction with the inactivated enzyme. Here, we present new strategies and tools for developing reactivators. We discover suitable inhibitor scaffolds by using an activity‐independent competition assay to study non‐covalent interactions with OPNA‐AChEs and transform these inhibitors into broad‐spectrum reactivators. Moreover, we identify determinants of reactivation efficiency by analysing reactivation and pre‐reactivation kinetics together with structural data. Our results show that new OPNA reactivators can be discovered rationally by exploiting detailed knowledge of the reactivation mechanism of OPNA‐inhibited AChE.
Synthesis of Spirocyclic Cyclobutenes through Desulfinative Spirocyclisation of gem‐Bis(triflyl)cyclobutenes
Authors: Hoshikawa Shoki , Yanai Hikaru , Matsumoto Takashi
Published: April 2022

A two‐step synthesis of less accessible spiro[cyclobutene‐1,9′‐fluorene] compounds from biaryl‐alkynes and 2‐(2‐fluoropyridin‐1‐ium‐1‐yl)‐1,1‐bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)ethan‐1‐ide, which serves as a potent precursor for outstandingly electrophilic Tf2C=CH2, has been developed. This synthetic methodology includes selective formation of gem‐bis(triflyl)cyclobutenes from biaryl‐alkynes and Tf2C=CH2 followed by desulfinative spirocyclisation mediated by 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol (HFIP). Besides, on the basis of the chameleonic reactivity of sulfone functionality, several derivatisations of triflylated spiro[cyclobutene‐1,9′‐fluorene] products have been successfully achieved.