bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing the Number of Intrusive Memories of Work-Related Traumatic Events in Frontline Health Care Staff During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Series
Authors: Kubickova Veronika , Steel Craig , Moulds Michelle L , Kanstrup Marie , Beer Sally , Darwent Melanie , Keating Liza , Holmes Emily A , Iyadurai Lalitha
Published: September 2024

Background

Frontline health care staff are frequently exposed to traumatic events as part of their work. Although this study commenced before the emergence of COVID-19, levels of exposure were heightened by the pandemic. Many health care staff members report intrusive memories of such events, which can elicit distress, affect functioning, and be associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the long term. We need evidence-based interventions that are brief, preventative, nonstigmatizing, suitable for the working lives of frontline health care staff, and effective for repeated trauma exposure. A brief, guided imagery-competing task intervention involving a trauma reminder cue and Tetris gameplay may hold promise in this regard, given evidence that it can prevent and reduce the number of intrusive memories following trauma across various settings.

Objective

This case series aims to investigate the impact of a brief imagery-competing task intervention on the number of intrusive memories, general functioning, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression, and examine the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention for UK National Health Service frontline health care staff. The intervention was delivered with guidance from a clinical psychologist.

Methods

We recruited 12 clinical staff from the UK National Health Service, specifically from emergency departments, the intensive care unit, and the ambulance service. We evaluated the intervention using an AB single-case experimental design, where the baseline (A) was the monitoring-only phase and the postintervention (B) period was the time after the intervention was first administered. Methods were adapted once the COVID-19 pandemic began.

Results

There was a decrease (59%) in the mean number of intrusive memories per day from baseline (mean 1.29, SD 0.94) to postintervention (mean 0.54, SD 0.51). There was a statistically significant reduction in the number of intrusive memories from baseline to postintervention, as shown by an aggregated omnibus analysis with a small effect size (τ-U=–0.38; P<.001). Depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms all significantly reduced from preintervention to postintervention. Participants also reported improvements in functioning based on both quantitative and qualitative measures. The intervention was feasible to deliver and rated as acceptable by participants.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings suggest that this brief therapist-guided imagery-competing task intervention offers a potential approach to mitigating the impact of work-related traumatic events in frontline health care staff, both during a pandemic and beyond. Randomized controlled trials will be an important next step.
German Version of the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire and Derived Short Questionnaires for Usability and Perceived Usefulness in Health Care Assessment in Telehealth and Digital Therapeutics: Instrument Validation Study
Authors: Zimmermann Jannik , Morf Harriet , Scharf Florian , Knitza Johannes , Moeller Heidi , Muehlensiepen Felix , Nathrath Michaela , Orlemann Till , Voelker Thomas , Deckers Merlin
Published: September 2024

Background

The exponential growth of telehealth is revolutionizing health care delivery, but its evaluation has not matched the pace of its uptake. Various forms of assessment, from single-item to more extensive questionnaires, have been used to assess telehealth and digital therapeutics and their usability. The most frequently used questionnaire is the “Telehealth Usability Questionnaire” (TUQ). The use of the TUQ is limited by its restricted availability in languages other than English and its feasibility.

Objective

The aims of this study were to create a translated German TUQ version and to derive a short questionnaire for patients—“Telehealth Usability and Perceived Usefulness Short Questionnaire for patients” (TUUSQ).

Methods

As a first step, the original 21-item TUQ was forward and back-translated twice. In the second step, 13 TUQ items were selected for their suitability for the general evaluation of telehealth on the basis of expert opinion. These 13 items were surveyed between July 2022 and September 2023 in 4 studies with patients and family members of palliative care, as well as patients with chronic autoimmune diseases, evaluating 13 health care apps, including digital therapeutics and a telehealth system (n1=128, n2=220, n3=30, and n4=12). Psychometric exploratory factor analysis was conducted.

Results

The analysis revealed that a parsimonious factor structure with 2 factors (“perceived usefulness in health care” and “usability”) is sufficient to describe the patient’s perception. Consequently, the questionnaire could be shortened to 6 items without compromising its informativeness.

Conclusions

We provide a linguistically precise German version of the TUQ for assessing the usability and perceived usefulness of telehealth. Beyond that, we supply a highly feasible shortened version that is versatile for general use in telehealth, mobile health, and digital therapeutics, which distinguishes between the 2 factors “perceived usefulness in health care” and “usability” in patients.

Trial Registration

German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00030546; https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00030546
Blood Bonds: Transforming Blood Donation Through Innovation, Inclusion, and Engagement
Authors: Sagar Ankita
Published: September 2024

The journey of receiving blood as a patient with transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia has profoundly shaped my understanding of the life-saving power of blood donation. This personal experience underscores the critical importance of blood donors, not just for individual recipients but for the broader community, enhancing public health, productivity, and well-being. There are several challenges to securing a blood donor pool in current health care climate. Solutions that focus on the engagement of donors, clinicians, and patients are key to improving the donor pool and utilizing the blood supply in a judicious manner.
Letter to Editor: Promoting Health Literacy in the Workplace Among Civil Servants: Cross-Sectional Study. (Preprint)
Authors: Nair Satish C.
Published: September 2024

UNSTRUCTURED

A recent publication “Promoting Health Literacy in the Workplace Among Civil Servants: Cross-Sectional Study” by Carrouel et. al, is strikingly intriguing. Low oral health literacy among the parents correlated with a higher prevalence of dental caries and; an increased number of tooth fillings and tooth extractions among their children. In the Middle East, especially among the Gulf Cooperation Countries, the burden of overall oral disease is increasing given the inadequate knowledge of oral health literacy among the parents. Adopting the study of French Civil Servants in the UAE is important to manage oral health crises.
A Review on Novel Drug Delivery System: A Recent Trend
Authors: Bandawane Akash , Saudagar Ravindranath
Published: September 2024

Plants are nature’s remedies and have been used by human beings on earth since ancient times for food and medicine. Today there are global movements towards finding of herbal medicaments in plants to bring them in market via a suitable drug delivery system for mankind. The basic thought behind it is treatment of each disease is hidden in nature. However, delivery of herbal drugs also requires modification with the purpose to achieve sustain release, to increase patient compliance etc. previously herbal drugs could not attract scientists towards the modifications of novel drug delivery systems due to processing, standardizing, extracting and identification difficulties. But now days with the advancement in the technology, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) open the door towards the development of herbal novel drug delivery system. With use of advance techniques protection from toxicity, enhancement in stability, improved bioavailability of herbal formulations, protection from physical and chemical degradation can be achieve. Novel drug delivery technologies have gained the importance to achieve modified delivery of herbal drugs their by increasing the therapeutic value as well as reducing toxicity. The main goal for developing such delivery systems is to minimize drug degradation and loss, to prevent harmful side effects and to increase bioavailability. Targeting is the ability to direct the drug loaded system to the site of interest. Among drug carrier one can name soluble polymers, microparticles made of insoluble (or) biodegradable natural and synthetic polymers, microcapsules, cells, cell ghosts, lipoproteins, liposomes and micelles. Two major mechanisms can be distinguished for addressing the desired sites for drug release, (a) Passive and (b) Active targeting. Controlled drug carrier systems such as micellar solutions, vescicles and liquid crystal dispersions, as well as nanoparticle dispersions consisting of small particles of 10 – 400 nm show great promise as drug delivery systems. Hydrogels are three dimensional, hydrophilic, polymer networks capable of imbibing large amounts of water or biological fluids.
Varicose Vein of Bilateral Lower Limb: A Review
Authors: Iqbal Arsheed , Jan Afroza , Quraishi Haider Ali , Shah Arjumand , Huma , , Sheeraz Md.
Published: September 2024

Varicose veins are tortuous, winded veins in the subcutaneous tissues of legs. These veins are visible and can be easily diagnosed clinically. The varicose veins are usually incompetent and may result in the reflux of blood and ultimately venous hypertension. Varicose veins are usually found asymptomatic however it may result in local pain, heaviness in the limb, change in the color, itching, dryness and may develop ankle swelling including cramps. Conditions that increase pressure on leg veins such as obesity, sedentary life style, lack of activity or exercise, hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, menopause, smoking, heavy weight lifting may lead to varicose veins.
Keywords: - Varicose, Reflux, Vein, Incompetent.
Nanosuspension: An emerging trend to improve solubility of poorly water soluble drugs
Authors: Vedaga S. B. , Gondkar S.B. , Saudagar R.B.
Published: September 2024

There are various parameters like solubility, stability, compatibility, excipient, and photostability which affects formulation of drugs, but solubility plays an important role for drug formulation. Most of newly discovered drugs are poorly water soluble. The poor water solubility of drugs always create major problem during drug formulation. There are many conventional techniques available for increasing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs such as micronization, solubilisation using co‐solvents, salt form, precipitation technique etc. Other newer methods are also available such as liposomes, emulsions, microemulsion, solid dispersion but they lack in general applicability to all drugs. These techniques are not applicable for those drugs which are not soluble in aqueous and organic solvents. Poorly water-soluble compounds are difficult to develop as drug products using conventional formulation techniques. Nanotechnology is emerging trend to develop the formulation of those drugs which are poorly water soluble. Nanotechnology involves particle size ranges from 1–1000 nm. The reduction of drug particle size into the submicron range automatically leads to increase in the dissolution rate and therefore enhances bioavailability. Nanosuspension technology is effective new way that can be used for enhancing the dissolution of poorly water soluble drugs. A nanosuspension solves the problems of poor solubility and bioavailability as well as alters the pharmacokinetics of drug and this will improve drug safety and efficacy. Another additional feature of nanosuspensions is that they may induce changes in the crystalline structure, increasing the amorphous fraction in the particle or even sometimes creating completely amorphous particles.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Solubility, Nanosuspension, methods, bioavailability
Assessment of Anthelmintic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Musa sapientum Stem: An In-Vitro Approach
Authors: Manish Adithya G. , Pravalika K. , Bhavani K. , Thanuja K. , Vasudha Bakshi , Narender Boggula , Mohammed Sayeed
Published: September 2024

Many medicinal plants claimed to possess anthelmintic activity. Musa sapientum belonging to the Musaceae family is a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the tropical and sub tropical. Its common names includes banana. Some standard drugs such as piperazine citrate, albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole possess some side effects such as nausea, vomiting, stomach and abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and temporary hair loss etc. But the herbal drug shows fewer side effects. Musa sapientum L. (Musaceae) are mainly grown in the tropical and subtropical countries and are widely used for its nutritional values all over the world. Preliminary phytochemical investigation includes the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to study anthelmintic activity. The activity was checked in ethanolic extract with three different concentrations (100, 200, 300mg/ml) and compared with the standard drug Albendazole (10mg/ml) and control as distilled water. The result was expressed in the terms of paralysis time and death time of worms. Ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum stem shows anthelmintic activity in dose dependent manner and maximum efficacy is seen at 300mg/ml concentration. Hence it was concluded that ethanolic extract of Musa sapientum stem have anthelmintic property.
Keywords: Musa sapientum, earthworms, anthelmintic activity, albendazole, paralysis, Pheretima posthuma.
Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation Ibandronate sodium in Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Chawale Prajakta A. , Chaple Dinesh R. , Asnani Alpana J. , Pratyush Kumar
Published: September 2024

A simple, accurate, precise, rapid spectrophotometric method for estimation of Ibandronate sodium in pharmaceutical formulation. Ibandronate sodium is one off the nitrogen carrying bisphosphonate. It prevents osteoclast-conciliate bone resorption, Paget’s disease, postmenopausal osteoporosis. The maximum wavelength (λmax) of ibandronate sodium is 218nm. Linearity was observed in the concentration range 2-100µg/ml. The coefficient of variation value was found to be 0.3499. Amount of drug estimated from tablet formulation were in precise with label claim. The method was statistically validated as per ICH guidelines and can be successively applied for analysis for tablet formulation. The proposed method is economical and sensitive for estimation of ibandronate sodium in pharmaceutical formulation.
Keywords-Ibandronate sodium, ICH guidelines, Bisphosphonate, pharmaceutical formulation.
Extraction phytochemical screening and development of phytosomes of hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia chebula Retz for hepetoprotection
Authors: Varma Kavita , Vishwakarma Gajendra , Pathak Rekha
Published: September 2024

Evidences from ethnopharmacological practices have shown that Terminalia chebula Retz are traditionally used to treat symptoms of the liver disorder. In the current days, most of the prevailing diseases and nutritional disorders are treated with natural medicines. The effectiveness of any herbal medication is dependent on the delivery of effective level of the therapeutically active compound. But a severe limitation exists in their bioavailability when administered orally or by topical applications. Phytosomes are recently introduced herbal formulations that are better absorbed and as a result produced better bioavailability and actions than the conventional phyto molecules or botanical extracts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, HPLC, optical microscopic study and in vitro antioxidant activities of leaf of Terminalia chebula Retz collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. The Hydroalcoholic extract of phytosome was prepared in phospholipids:cholesterol. Characterization of phytosome was done by FTIR, Entrapment efficiency, Particle size and size distribution, optical microscopic study, HPLC and stability studies, In vitro dissolution studies, and in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH model. Combination of phospholipids and Terminalia chebula Retz can result in synergistic effect, Synergistic effect measure with free radical scavenging activity use DPPH model.
Keywords: Terminalia chebula Retz, Phytosome, Phospholipids, DPPH model, free radical scavenging activity
Evaluation of hair growth promoting activity of petroleum ether extracts of Hemidesmus indicus Linn. (Seed) on Wistar Albino rats
Authors: Omhare Namrata , Sahu Pratibha
Published: September 2024

In present investigation was carried out to screening of hair growth promoting potentiality of petroleum ether extract of Hemidesmus indicus Linn. (Seeds). Preliminary chemical tests and TLC analysis revealed the presence flavonoids and saponins. Hair growth promoting activity of petroleum ether of Hemidesmus indicus was screened by considering different parameters which included time taken for covering bald patch, length of hair produced, percentage of hair follicles in anagen and telogen phases, time of hair growth initiation and completion and level of minerals in blood. The petroleum ether extract of Hemidesmus indicus showed a very good hair growth promoting activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg which was comparable to that of 2% minoxidil. After 30 days of treatment with test and standard drugs it was observed that, time taken for covering the bald patch, hair growth initiation and completion time and quantitative hair growth were found to be comparable to that of the standard drug. An increase in percentage of hair follicles turning from telogen phase to anagen phase was noted. The control treated group of animals showed poor hair growth for all the parameters.
Keywords:  Hemidesmus indicus Linn., Anagen, Catagen, Telogen, Minoxidil.
Ethosomes: Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Authors: Pakhale Nilesh V , Gondkar S.B. , Saudagar R.B.
Published: September 2024

The skin is one of the most extensive and readily accessible organs of the human Body. One of the greatest disadvantages to transdermal drug delivery is the skin's low permeability that limits the number of drugs that can be delivered in this manner. Ethosomes as novel vesicles in transdermal drug delivery show significant effects on drug penetration through the biological membrane. Now-a-days we better know vesicles have importance in cellular communication. Ethosomes, Although ethosomes are conceptually sophisticated, they are simple inpreparation and safe for use. Transdermal route is promising alternative to drug delivery for systemic effect. An attempt was made to formulate the highly efficient ethosomal drug delivery system and enalapril meleate is used as model drug. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin as compared to liposomes hence these can be used widely in place of liposomes. Ethosomes enhanced skin permeation, improved drug delivery, increased drug entrapment efficiency etc Ethosomes have become an area of research interest, because of its enhanced skin permeation, improved drug delivery, increased drug entrapment efficiency etc. The purpose of writing this review on ethosomes drug delivery was to compile the focus on the various aspects of ethosomes including their mechanism of penetration, preparation, advantages, composition, characterization, application and marketed product of ethosomes. Characterizations of ethosomes include Particle size, Zeta potential, Differential Scanning Calorimertry, Entrapment efficiency, Surface tension activity measurement, Vesicle stability and Penetration Studies etc.
Keywords: Transdermal Drug Delivery System, Ethosomes, Drug absorption
Method development and validation of Sofosbuvir and iedipasvirin by HPLC: A Review
Authors: Vidhate Sagar Ramdas , Kunjir Vaibhavi Vasant , Shete Rajkumar V.
Published: September 2024

The aim of this review article is emphasizing on development and validation protocol which will used to develop and validate accurate, simple, selective and specific spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Sofosbuvir (SOF) and Ledipasvir (LDV) in pure and in their dosage forms. Thus it is necessary to develop methods for analysis with the help of number of analytical techniques which are available for the estimation of the drugs in combination. The analyst were determine the Specific, accurate, simple, selective and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method is developed and validated for simultaneous determination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir in tablet dosage form.
Keywords: Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir, RP-HPLC, Method development, Method validation.
Importance of Diet/Nutrition and Regimen in Homoeopathic Treatment
Authors: PAITAL BISWARANJAN , HAti Akhaya Kumar , Prusrty Umakanta , Prusty Uday Shankar , Panda Falguni
Published: September 2024

Homoeopathy is a safe and natural form of medicine, based on the principle of “Similia Similibus Curenter”. It means “like is cured by like” i.e. a disease may be cured by something that can cause similar symptoms. Homoeopathy is concerned with treating the whole person rather than the illness alone. The homeopathic remedy selected will be based on all the symptoms of the patient including physical, mental and emotional states as well as past history, family history, and intrauterine history of the patient.  Homoeopathic remedies stimulate the body's own immune system and offer a long lasting cure rather than giving temporary relief. On the other hand, the action of the homeopathic remedy becomes complete when proper guidance regarding instructions about diet and regimen mentioned by stalwarts of homeopathic physicians are followed. The objective of the present review article is to discuss how diet and regimen also are the key factors for successful treatment of a disease. Therefore, research on the nutritional values of different foods must be evaluated to be used as nutraceutics, besides regimen is also important to treat different disease. Finally, combination of medicine, food (nutrition) and regimen are important for the successful treatment of a disease.
Ethnobotany and Unani Perspective of Tukhme Soya (Anethum sowa Roxb.)
Authors: Khatoon Rizwana , Aslam Mohd , Chaudhary Shahid Shah
Published: September 2024

People are using herbs as a medicine since ancient time. Herbal medicine has a valuable importance in the treatment of many chronic as well as life threatening diseases with minimal or about negligible side effects. In the classical Unani literature drug is classify in to dwae ghizayi and ghizae dwai. Tukhme soya (Anethum sowa) a Unani drug having dietary value as well as medicinal value also. Tukhme soya is a green crock herb which is commonly found in many parts of India and it is cooked with palak, so Tukhme soya is generally comes in the category of ghizae dwai. In classical Unani literature it is used in different diseases like Ehtebas e tams (amenorrhea), Ehtebase baul (retention of urine), Nafakhe Shikam (flatulence), Marod (spasmodic pain), Da’emi Qabz (chronic constipation), Bawasir (hemorrhoids), Hichki (hiccups), Ghisyan (yawning), Baul fil Farash (Bed wetting), Mufatite hisate kulliya wa Masana (Lithotripsic of kidney and bladder), Indemale Qrooh (Wound healing) specially those wound which are present on genitalia etc. so Tukhme soya used as carminative, stomachic, diuretic, aromatic stimulant, galactogogue, emmenagogue, anthelmintic (hookworm infestation) antiflatulence.  The present review is exposed its pharmacology and Phytochemistry in scientifically manner.
Review on Aetiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Yadav Kashikant , Lou Diana Moria Martin , Bhutia Gyamcho Tshering , Owoalade Samiat Abimbola
Published: September 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common cause of dementia in older adults and an important public health problem. The purpose of this review article is to provide a brief introduction to A D and the related concept of mild cognitive impairment (M C I) and may throw light on the prevalence, causes, treatment, diagnosis and prevention. Vast knowledge regarding disease and disorders will help people take precautions for not getting effected by it. This will help reduce the number of Alzheimer’s disease. Since the exact curative treatment has not been established for AD. AD is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. There are two major types of Alzheimer’s disease, early on set and the more common late onset. The genetics of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease are largely understood with variants in three different genes leading to AD disease. In contrast, with several common alleles associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, including APOE, have been identified using association studies, the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease are not fully understood. Continuing efforts are still required. This includes development of medicines that would slow progression, halt, or prevent AD and other dementias from occurring.  Studies are currently underway to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and new therapeutical agents to prevent or slow down disease progression.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, neuro-degeneration, mild cognitive impairment.
A DECISIVE OVERVIEW ON THREE DIMENSIONAL PRINTING IN PHARMACEUTICALS
Authors: Ghadage Snehal , Aloorkar Nagesh , Sudake Suresh
Published: September 2024

With the rapid pace of development in the pharmaceutical industries the researchers are equally contributing in developing the latest technology for their growth. The computer aided design and manufacturing that provides 3 dimensional (3D) printed dosage forms which the new step is being that to be taken into a consideration. With the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval to first 3D printed tablet in August 2015, Spritam®, since the 3D printing has become a novel method for the design of drug delivery system. It has the capability of dispensing the drug more accurately, precisely and layer by layer assembly which helps in forming complex composition and geometries. It enables the preparation of personalised dosage form and tailored release profiles. Therefore, it can be seen as a future of solid dosage forms produced on demand, with customised dose and in lower cost. It can also help in reducing side effects caused by excessive doses. This review highlights the 3D printing technology and its applications in growth of pharmaceutical sector. The novel technology is simple, rapid and design most complex things. Hence this technology can take drug delivery technology to another horizon
Microsponge based drug delivery system of voriconazole for fungal infection: formulation development and In-vitro evaluation
Authors: Mohan Dinesh , Gupta Vangadari Rama Mohan
Published: September 2024

The plan behind the present research work was to develop a microsponge based dosage form for modified delivery of voriconazole prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method using polymer Ethylcellulose with two factors drug-polymer ratios and surfactant concentration, these two factors influences micro particles and physical properties. The characterization techniques followed for the formed microsponges were DSC, FT-IR, SEM and particle size analysis, along with morphology, drug loading, in-vitro drug release data.  DSC and FT-IR data discloses that there were no chemical interactions between drug and polymer used. The drug-polymer ratio and surfactant concentration showed notable impact on drug content, encapsulation efficiency and particle size, SEM micrographs revealed that microsponges formed were spherical in shape with porous surface, and had 119.47 μm mean particle size. The microsponges were then loaded in carbopol gel followed by ex vivo drug deposition, primary skin irritancy study, in vivo antibacterial activity and in-vitro drug release study; which depicted that microsponges with drug-polymer ratio of 1:3 were more capable to give extended drug release of 93.79.±0.06 % at the end of 24 h, better in contrast to conventional formulation. Hence, the developed microsponge based formulation of voriconazole would be a hopeful, promising alternate to conventional therapy for the fungal treatment.
Keywords: Voriconazole, Microsponge, Particle size, Entrapment efficiency,  ex vivo drug deposition primary skin irritancy
Amino Acid Conjugation: An Approach to Enhance Aqueous Solubility and Permeability of Poorly Water Soluble Drug Ritonavir
Authors: Chabukswar Anuruddha R , Jagdale S.C. , Gandhi Preeti M
Published: September 2024

Objective: The objective of present work is to improve physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile of poorly water soluble HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir (RT) by preparing its amino acid conjugates.
Methods: Ester conjugates of ritonavir with various amino acids were synthesized by a simple esterification process using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) as a coupling agent. The synthesized compounds were characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy. All conjugates were evaluated by saturation solubility and hydrolytic stability studies. Cytotoxicity and permeability studies were conducted using Caco-2 cell line.
Results: All amino acid conjugates showed a significantly higher aqueous solubility compared to the pure RT. With respect to hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis of conjugates was rapid relative to acidic hydrolysis. No cytotoxicity was shown by conjugates for concentration as high as 100μM, which indicates promising therapeutic potential. Transport studies across Caco-2 cells showed that prepared amino acid conjugates improved the permeation of RT compared to pure RT.
Conclusion: In vitro studies demonstrated that amino acid conjugation of RT may be an effective strategy to improve its aqueous solubility as well as permeability and can be used to improve oral absorption and thereby oral bioavailability of protease inhibitors.
Keywords: Ritonavir, amino acids, conjugates, solubility, HIV, hydrolysis
FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF FLOATING PULSATILE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF IVABRADINE
Authors: KUMAR YEDHUNOORI GANESH , Pulla Ravi Pratap , Ganesh A. , Naresh G. , Saleem Afreen
Published: September 2024

The aim of present investigation was to develop press coated tablets for Floating pulsatile drug delivery of Ivabradine used for is a medication used for the symptomatic management of stable heart-related chest pain and heart failure not fully managed by beta blockers. The drug delivery system was designed to deliver the drug such a time when it could be needful of patient conditions. The press coated tablets containing Ivabradine in the inner core were formulated by direct compression method with an outer coating of different amount of HPMCK200 M. The release profile of press coated tablet exhibited a lag time. The optimized batch F9 gave good drug release of 99.58 %.
Key words: Ivabradine, Eudragit, EC, HPMCK200M
A comparative study of the treatment outcomes in Alcoholic Liver Disease patients treated with Ursodeoxycholic acid and Methionine along with Abstinence (Placebo)
Authors: Jagarlamudi Anup , M.S.V.V.N Prasanna kamakshi , Tabassum Shayeesta , Reddy Nikitha , Hemanthkumar K
Published: September 2024

Liver is extremely active organ in the body. Ethanol toxicity on liver is a function of duration of alcoholism, amount of daily intake and patient's nutrition. Ethanol is oxidized in the liver to acetaldehyde , a compound considerably more toxic than ethanol itself. ATP synthesis rate is reduced in the liver cells when exposed to ethanol... ethanol is metabolised by two ways.Chronic ethanol consumption  has a profound stimulatory effect on microsomal enzymes, in particular cytochrome CYP2E1. Alcohol increases the flow of blood in the portal and hepatic vascular resistance results increased portal pressure and collateral blood flow which causes the visceral bleeding in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The aim of the study is to evaluate the outcome of ursodeoxycholic acid (300mg),methionine (400mg)and abstinence in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease and the objective is to achieve the following end points(primary end point -change from baseline in particular LFT parameter-albumin and CBP parameters such as PT and INR ratio)(secondary end point- effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and methionine on other LFT parameters such as total bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT along with changes in the  above parameters in patients with abstinence.). In particular Liver function test parameters meant for the study are Bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, Albumin. By assessing the particular parameters of the study, we concluded the following outcomes: At the end of the study, group 1 has shown 60% improvement, Group 2 has shown 50 % improvement from baseline to the end of the study. Group 3 has not shown much improvement when compared to the study medications i.e there is an overall improvement of only 30 % from baseline. By the end of the study scruitinizing all the laboratory parameters it is   observed that of the three groups, group 1 and group 2 has better treatment outcomes than group 3 and hence it is concluded that medical intervention is more effective over complete abstinence and concluded that early medical intervention is a better option for better outcomes.
A REVIEW Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis: A Review
Authors: Sevlani Sonia T , Gondkar Sheetal , Saudagar Ravindranath
Published: September 2024

Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis is a well- recognized clinical entity, known since the time of Sushruta. In the modern literature OSMF was first reported by Schwartz (1952), Joshi (1953) was the first person to describe this entity in India. Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disease that results in progressive juxtaepithelial fibrosis of the oral soft tissues, resulting in increasing loss of tissue mobility, marked rigidity and an eventual inability to open the mouth. The basic change is a fibroelastic transformation of the connective tissue in the lamina propria followed by vesicle formation. It is a well-known chronic insidious disease, precancerous condition, an autoimmune and collagen related disorder whose origin is multifactorial and is associated with chewing of betel quid. It is characterized by progressive hyalinization of the lamina propria. In the later stages the oral mucous membrane becomes very stiff and the patient suffers from trismus and hence difficulty in eating. Earlier OSMF had been confined to countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc., but now it is being reported from western countries as well. Inspite of intensive research over the years, a single etiologic factor for OSMF cannot be pointed out with certainty. Patients suffering with OSMF are initially present with a blanched or marble‑like pale mucosa, vesiculations and also show intolerance to hot and spicy food. The treatment of oral submucous fibrosis includes iron, multivitamins including lycopene, spirulina, pentoxifyline, colchicine local submucosal injections of steroids, hyaluronidase and chylomicrons, and surgical excision of the fibrous bands.
Keywords: Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis, juxtaepithelial fibrosis, oral soft tissues, fibroelastic, lamina propria, collagen.
A REVIEW Sublingual Immunotherapy: An Innovative Alternative for Allergies
Authors: Sevlani Sonia T , Gondkar Sheetal , Saudagar Ravindranath
Published: September 2024

Sublingual Immunotherapy is a form of immunotherapy that involves placing the allergen extract under the tongue. An allergist gives patient small doses of an allergen under the tongue to boost the tolerance to the substance and reduce its symptoms. At present, the only forms of SLIT approved by the FDA are tablets for ragweed, northern pasture grasses like timothy, and dust mites. The safety and efficacy of allergy drops is yet being established by the FDA, and they are only used without label in the United States. The possible advantages of sublingual treatment are those of no use of injections, comparatively few regular doctor visits, possibility of home dosing after the first treatment, also a lower risk of serious reactions. Parents of young children often prefer sublingual immunotherapy as their child does not have to have regular injections. The main disadvantage of this form of treatment is its cost as more allergen needs to be swallowed than injected, this results in the cost per allergen being more expensive than that of injected treatments.
Keywords: Sublingual immunotherapy, allergies, SLIT, SCIT, AIT, allergen.
Pharmacologic Therapy for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Nargarathan P. K. M. , Modebelu Ukamaka , Marleime Kaj. , Ramesh K.
Published: September 2024

A pregnant woman who happens on a continuous exposure to various therapeutic agents during her gestation period may give birth to a neonate suffering from Neonatal Syndrome. The most common cause of NAS are opioids such as heroin, codeine and morphine and is commonly termed as opioid withdrawal syndrome but also other legally or illegally  sold substances over the counter can contribute to this syndrome. Infants also develop some kind of addition in the womb when exposed to some antidepressants such as barbiturates and benzodiazepine. There are two kinds of NAS that exist, prenatal NAS which is as a result of the termination of medication being used with a pregnant mother and postnatal NAS which occurs as a result of the termination of drugs directly to the infant.  The most frequently occurring syndrome consists of tremor, insomnia, perspiration, Common syndrome according to the frequency includes tremor, high-pitched sneezing sound, increased muscle tone, regurgitation and emesis, loose stools, s, excoriation, mottling, nasal congestion low-grade fever, and tachypnea. Opioid withdrawal symptoms can be a reflection of other symptoms of other conditions in a new-born, such as infections, hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypothyroidism, and brain complications (eg., cerebral palsy). The need and time frame of treatment is reduced by breastfeeding. All NAS babies need to be followed up regularly. Not all infants will require treatment with pharmacotherapy, but all should receive non-pharmacologic interventions.
Keywords: Neonatal abstinence syndrome; Nonpharmacological management; Methadone; Morphine;  Opioids; Pharmacological management; Phenobarbital; Protocol.
Isolation and Characterization of Aegle marmelos Gum– A Novel Controlled Release Polymer
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Pratibhanusha Ch.
Published: September 2024

Wide ranges of drugs are formulated now in a variety of different forms for oral extended-release dosage forms. However, only those which result in a significant reduction in dose frequency and/or a reduction in toxicity resulting from high concentration in the blood or gastrointestinal tract are likely to improve therapeutic outcomes. To be a successful extended-release product, the drug must be released from the dosage form at a predetermined rate, dissolve in the gastrointestinal fluids, maintain sufficient gastrointestinal residence time, and may be absorbed at a rate and will replace the amount of drug being metabolized and excreted. In a nut shell, controlled-release formulations are a promising way to improve the patient’s compliance by reducing dosing intervals and minimizing adverse effects. Out of many approaches to controlled drug release, matrix based approach is widely used due to its simplicity, scalability and from stability point of view.  In order to control the release of drug from its dosage form, an effective controlled release polymer is essential. Though, there are several controlled release polymers available in the market, there is continuous need to develop controlled polymers which are safe and inexpensive. The aim of the work was to isolate and characterize the aegle marmelos gum as novel controlled relase polymer.
Keywords: Isolation, Controlled release, Aegle marmelos Gum.
SEGURANÇA DO PACIENTE NO USO DE MEDICAÇÃO EM UTI PEDIÁTRICA: ATUAÇÃO DA EQUIPE DE ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Paz Ana Waleska Gonçalves , Barros Fabiane Frigotto de
Published: September 2024

Exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative approach, which aimed to investigate the role of the nursing team in patient safety, in the use of medication in pediatric intensive care units. The research participants were 17 members of the nursing team from the Pediatric Intensive Care Units of a Large Pediatric Hospital in Curitiba. Data collection was carried out using a closed questionnaire, which was built on the Google Forms tool. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was possible to conclude that the nursing team has solid knowledge regarding international patient safety goals and the conduct to prevent adverse events and to promote patient safety. However, when approached in relation to concepts related and to taxonomy for patient safety, they still present some knowledge gaps.
Manejo de residuos sólidos por parte de comunidades costeras del Golfo de Nicoya
Authors: Leal Díaz Nazareth
Published: September 2024

El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la situación del manejo de residuos sólidos en algunas comunidades costeras del Golfo de Nicoya. Esta área marina es una de las más ricas en diversidad del país, de sus aguas se ha extraído una gran cantidad de recursos pesqueros, lo que contribuye significativamente a la seguridad alimentaria y a la economía nacional. Sin embargo, desde hace muchos años, esta generosa producción pesquera presenta síntomas alarmantes debido a los altos niveles de contaminación en sus aguas, siendo los residuos sólidos los principales protagonistas. Este fenómeno está degradando cada vez más la salud y la economía de las comunidades costeras. A través de entrevistas realizadas en los diferentes pueblos costeros, los habitantes locales señalaron la deficiente gestión por parte de algunas municipalidades en cuanto a desechos sólidos. Como resultado, se llegó a la conclusión de que sería ideal establecer alianzas con universidades, organizaciones y empresas tanto nacionales como internacionales, con el fin de implementar técnicas de educación ambiental en las comunidades y llevar a cabo evaluaciones de la calidad del agua para monitorear la problemática.
Jóvenes, management y precarización. Las experiencias laborales de los agentes de Contact Centers tercerizados en Argentina
Authors: Moench Eric Ignacio
Published: September 2024

¿Cómo los jóvenes experimentan su trabajo en el mundo laboral contemporáneo? Para responderlo estudiamos a los agentes de Contact Center –gestores directos del cliente en distintos servicios–. Mostraremos (a través de entrevistas y documentos) que, si bien los Contact Centers tercerizados en Argentina permiten a determinados jóvenes acceder “fácilmente” a un empleo, la programación managerial fragiliza su permanencia allí, configurando un tipo extendido de “precarización por rendimiento”. Sostendremos que este breve pero intenso paso de los agentes por los Contact Centers (trans)forma sus maneras de ser en función de poder (o no) enfrentar situaciones de trabajo desgastantes, volviéndose una experiencia que deja marcas. Concluiremos indicando que los malestares vividos no se superan con conductas adaptativas, sino instaurando otras prácticas laborales.
El Trolleo se volvió asunto de Estado: El caso de Piero Calandrelli durante el 2022-2023 en Costa Rica
Authors: Chavarría Stuart
Published: September 2024

Mediante una metodología basada en el análisis de coyuntura (ADC), el presente trabajo busca abordar el conflicto entre Piero Callandrelli y la administración Chaves Robles. Estudiar este caso es importante porque evidencia una instrumentalización de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la difusión masiva de información para atacar a periodistas, medios de comunicación y actores políticos opositores, durante un periodo de análisis que se concentra del 17 de diciembre del 2022 al 08 de febrero del 2023, en Costa Rica.
Estrategia de desarrollo ecoturístico sostenible para el municipio de Sutatausa, Cundinamarca - Colombia al 2034
Authors: Santa Rodriguez Hugo Orlando , Sapuyes Chávez Tania Alejandra
Published: September 2024

Este artículo tuvo como objetivo proponer una estrategia de desarrollo ecoturístico sostenible para el municipio de Sutatausa, Cundinamarca, Colombia. El diseño metodológico fue una ruta mixta, desde lo cuantitativo el alcance fue exploratoria, y desde el abordaje cualitativo fue investigación acción participativa, mediante la metodología prospectiva estratégica comunitaria, el cual se realizó talleres,  para recopilar información, se empleó la técnica de lluvia de ideas y la matriz DOFA, para el diagnóstico, luego se procedió con el análisis estructural de las tendencias estratégicas en ecoturismo en bases de datos cerras de Scopus y se diseñó un plan de acción 5w2h; para la sistematización se utilizó micmac.  Como resultado se propone como estrategia la formulación de una política pública de turismo cimentada en un ecoturismo sostenible de bienes y atractivos turísticos y de patrimonio cultural del municipio de Sutatausa. En conclusión, la propuesta refleja un enfoque visionario y responsable hacia el desarrollo turístico. La implementación de prácticas sostenibles en el turismo busca impulsar la economía local. Además, esta iniciativa ofrece la oportunidad de equilibrar el crecimiento económico con la conservación ambiental, promoviendo experiencias turísticas que respeten y valoren la rica biodiversidad y el patrimonio cultural de Sutatausa. Al integrar principios de sostenibilidad en la organización y administración del turismo, se busca minimizar las consecuencias adversas para el medio ambiente.
Comparison of Slovak and Polish foreign agrarian trade
Authors: Hambalkova Maria , Rovny Patrik , Supekova Sona
Published: September 2024

The aim of this paper is look through the agrarian trade between Slovakia and Poland. The Slovak and Polish agriculture is managed by the Common Agricultural Policy. It has main impact on both national agrarian policies. The situation in agriculture in both countries is different. It is because of the historical development of agriculture in Poland and in Slovakia. Slovakia achieved negative trade balance with agrarian trade with Poland in 2010. It means that the Slovak Export of agrarian commodities is smaller than Polish import into Slovakia. It is because the Poland is neighbor country of Slovakia. The second important reason is that the prices of agrarian commodities are lower than in Slovakia. The reason is also because the same features of consumers.
Impact of CAP Subsidies on Profit in Agricultural Enterprises in Slovakia
Authors: Tóth Marián
Published: September 2024

In this article we focus on the evaluation of subsidies and profit. To evaluate the importance of subsidies in relation to income, we selected two indicators. The first is a proportional indicator of profit per hectare of agricultural land and the second is the (profit minus subsidy) per hectare of agricultural land. These indicators enable to assess the status of farms in case that they would not receive subsidies. Chosen time horizon from 1993 to 2008 also allows assessment of the progress of the importance of subsidies in terms of ability to make a profit.