bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Stratification of Internally and Externally Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps and Their Effects on Pollinator and Seed Abundance in Ficus burkei
Authors: Al-Beidh Sarah , Dunn Derek W. , Cook James M.
Published: March 2012

Fig trees (Ficus spp.) are pollinated by tiny wasps that enter their enclosed inflorescences (syconia). The wasp larvae also consume some fig ovules, which negatively affects seed production. Within syconia, pollinator larvae mature mostly in the inner ovules whereas seeds develop mostly in outer ovules—a stratification pattern that enables mutualism persistence. Pollinators may prefer inner ovules because they provide enemy-free space from externally ovipositing parasitic wasps. In some Australasian Ficus, this results in spatial segregation of pollinator and parasite offspring within syconia, with parasites occurring in shorter ovules than pollinators. Australian figs lack non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW) that enter syconia to oviposit, but these occur in Africa and Asia, and may affect mutualist reproduction via parasitism or seed predation. We studied the African fig, F. burkei, and found a similar general spatial pattern of pollinators and NPFWs within syconia as in Australasian figs. However, larvae of the NPFW Philocaenus barbarus, which enters syconia, occurred in inner ovules. Philocaenus barbarus reduced pollinator abundance but not seed production, because its larvae replaced pollinators in their favoured inner ovules. Our data support a widespread role for NPFWs in contributing to factors preventing host overexploitation in fig-pollinator mutualisms.
Da arte de pintar a justiça: um diálogo entre Mantegna e Momo por Battista Fiera de Mântua
Authors: Franca Filho Marcílio , Lacerda Bruno Amaro , Murachco France
Published: March 2012

Diálogo de autoria do humanista italiano Battista Fiera, publicado pela primeira vez em 1515, sobre como deve ser pintada a Justiça, uma das quatro virtudes cardeais. É a primeira tradução portuguesa do texto, com Introdução e notas explicativas.
Informing regulatory decisions using national occurrence data
Authors: Roberson J. Alan
Published: March 2012

As part of its regulatory development process, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is charged with selecting the appropriate contaminants to regulate. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) lists three specific criteria for health effects, occurrence, and risk reduction that the USEPA must follow when identifying new contaminants for regulation. This article analyzes USEPA's past regulatory decisions and summarizes the underlying occurrence data used to support those decisions. This article also summarizes the occurrence data that will be used by USEPA in its third round of regulatory determinations scheduled to be proposed sometime in 2012.
Bethe Ansatz approach to the pairing fluctuations in the mesoscopic regime
Authors: Amico L. , Osterloh A.
Published: March 2012

We review the exact treatment of the pairing correlation functions in the canonical ensemble. The key for the calculations has been provided by relating the discrete BCS model to known integrable theories corresponding to the so called Gaudin magnets with suitable boundary terms. In the present case the correlation functions can be accessed beyond the formal level, allowing the description of the cross‐over from few electrons to the thermodynamic limit. In particular, we summarize the results on the finite size scaling behavior of the canonical pairing clarifying some puzzles emerged in the past. Some recent developments and applications are outlined.
The first invasive bivalve in African fresh waters: invasion portrait and management options
Authors: Clavero Miguel , Araujo Rafael , Calzada Javier , Delibes Miguel , Fernández Néstor , Gutiérrez‐Expósito Carlos , Revilla Eloy , Román Jacinto
Published: March 2012

The first clear evidence of the establishment of an invasive freshwater bivalve in Africa is provided, through the description of the distribution of Corbicula fluminea in Morocco.

C. fluminea was detected in 2008 and 2011 in two independent river basins, although still absent in other river systems throughout the country.

This information is used to propose management actions, which should be focused on avoiding interbasin expansion as well as new introduction events from European fresh waters. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid methods of detecting the target molecule in immunohistology using a bioluminescence probe
Authors: Wu Chun , Wang Ke‐Yong , Guo Xin , Sato Masanori , Ozaki Michitaka , Shimajiri Shyohei , Ohmiya Yoshihiro , Sasaguri Yasuyuki
Published: March 2012

We demonstrate a novel rapid direct detection method for immunohistochemistry, using a bioluminescent probe. An anti‐CEA antibody‐fused far‐red bioluminescent protein can monitor the accumulation of this type of probe in tumour tissues. The bimodal spectrum (λmax = 460 and 675 nm) of this bioluminescent probe is extremely stable under different conditions of pH and ion concentration. The sensitivity of our bioluminescent labelling was at the same level of enzymatic labelling, e.g. peroxidase, as an indirect system. Our novel technique is simple and can shorten the pretreatment time of paraffin sections to around 30 min. The utility of our bioluminescent labelling covers all imaging in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo, suggesting that our antibody‐fused bioluminescent probe has the potential to detect tumour antigens with a high sensitivity in routine immune histological examinations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism studies of casticin in rats using HPLC‐ESI‐MSn
Authors: Ling Yun , Zhu Jianyong , Fan Mingsong , Wu Bin , Qin Luping , Huang Chenggang
Published: March 2012

Casticin (3′,5‐dihydroxy‐3, 4′,6,7‐tetramethoxyflavone) has been revealed to possess various kinds of pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti‐hyperprolactinemia, anti‐tumor and neuroprotetective activities. In order to gain an understanding of the biotransformation of casticinin vivo, a systematic method based on liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MSn) was developed to identify the metabolites of casticin in rats after oral administration of single dose of casticin at 200 mg/kg. By comparing their changes in molecular masses (ΔM), retention times and spectral patterns with those of the parent drug, the parent compound and 25 metabolites were identified in rat plasma, urine and six selected tissues. This is the first systematic metabolism study of casticinin vivo. The results indicated that methylation, demethylation, glucuronidation and sulfation were the main biotransformation pathways of casticinin vivo. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A One‐Step Process for the Antimicrobial Finishing of Textiles with Crystalline TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Perelshtein Ilana , Applerot Guy , Perkas Nina , Grinblat Judith , Gedanken Aharon
Published: March 2012

Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in their two forms, anatase and rutile, were synthesized and deposited onto the surface of cotton fabrics by using ultrasonic irradiation. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed by using characterization methods such as XRD, TEM, STEM, and EDS. The antimicrobial activities of the TiO2–cotton composites were tested against Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive) strains, as well as against Candida albicans. Significant antimicrobial effect was observed, mainly against Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the combination of visible light and TiO2 NPs showed enhanced antimicrobial activity.
Graphene–CdS Nanocomposites: Facile One‐Step Synthesis and Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Cytosensing
Authors: Zhao Xiaomei , Zhou Shiwei , Jiang Li‐Ping , Hou Wenhua , Shen Qingming , Zhu Jun‐Jie
Published: March 2012

Graphene–CdS (GR–CdS) nanocomposites were prepared in a one‐step synthesis in aqueous solution. The synthetic approach was simple and fast, and it may be extended for the synthesis of other GR–metal‐sulfide nanocomposites. The as‐prepared GR–CdS nanocomposite films inherited the excellent electron‐transport properties of GR. In addition, the heteronanostructure of the GR–CdS nanocomposites facilitated the spatial separation of the charge carriers, thus resulting in enhanced photocurrent intensity, which makes it a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical applications. This strategy was used for the fabrication of an advanced photoelectrochemical cytosensor, based on these GR–CdS nanocomposites, by using a layer‐by‐layer assembly process. This photoelectrochemical cytosensor showed a good photoelectronic effect and cell‐capture ability, and had a wide linear range and low detection limit for Hela cells. The as‐synthesized GR–CdS nanocomposites exhibited obviously enhanced photovoltaic properties, which could be an efficient platform for many other high‐performance photovoltaic devices.
A DFT and TD‐DFT Approach to the Understanding of Statistical Kinetics in Substitution Reactions of M3Q4 (M=Mo, W; Q=S, Se) Cuboidal Clusters
Authors: Algarra Andrés G. , Fernández‐Trujillo M. Jesús , Basallote Manuel G.
Published: March 2012

For many years it has been known that the nine water molecules in [M3Q4(H2O)9]4+ cuboidal clusters (M=Mo, W; Q=S, Se) can be replaced by entering ligands, such as chloride or thiocyanate, and kinetic studies carried out mainly on the substitution of the first water molecule at each metal centre reveal that the reaction at the three metal centres occurs with statistical kinetics; that is, a single exponential with a rate constant corresponding to the reaction at the third centre is observed instead of the expected three‐exponential kinetic trace. Such simplification of the kinetic equations requires the simultaneous fulfilment of two conditions: first that the three consecutive rate constants are in statistical ratio, and second that the metal centres behave as independent chromophores. The validity of those simplifications has been checked for the case of the reaction of [Mo3S4(H2O)9]4+ with Cl− by using DFT and TD‐DFT theoretical calculations. The results of those calculations are in agreement with the available experimental information, which indicates that the H2O ligands trans to the μ‐S undergo substitution much faster than those trans to the μ3‐S. Moreover, the energy barriers for the substitution of the first water molecule at the three metal centres are close to each other, the differences being compatible with the small changes in the numerical values of the rate constants required for observation of statistical kinetics. TD‐DFT calculations lead to calculated electronic spectra, which are in reasonable agreement with those experimentally measured, but the calculations do not indicate that the three metal centres behave as independent chromophores, although the mathematical conditions required for simplification of the kinetic traces to a single exponential are reasonably well fulfilled at certain wavelengths. A re‐examination of the kinetics of the reaction by using global fitting procedures yields results, which are compatible with statistical kinetics, although an alternative interpretation in which substitution only occurs at a single metal centre under reversible conditions is also possible.
Observations and Descriptions versus Explanations—An Example: Does Nature, Does Theory Know About Steric Hindrance?
Authors: Schwarz W. H. Eugen , Schmidbaur Hubert
Published: March 2012

Quantum chemical investigations in the literature sometimes underpin traditional chemical concepts (such as those of different primary and secondary types of chemical bonding or of steric repulsions) but sometimes also seem to undermine them. Conceptual pitfalls in recent discussions in this and other leading journals, when combining empirically and quantum chemically based reasoning, can be avoided when taking four points into account: 1) The construction of theoretical concepts should be guided by both, physical rigorandthe aim of recovering the notions that have been found chemically fruitful. 2) Partitioning of a chemical phenomenon into elementary physical steps should not only consider the stationary initial and final states butalsoinclude non‐stationary intermediate states that exhibit the physically characteristic internal relaxation mechanism. 3) Even if sufficiently accurate, the partitioning into large contributions of opposite sign is less valuable for a qualitative chemical understanding, as long as thetrendof one big decisive term or sum of terms cannot be made obvious (for instance on the basis of the variation principle—or by chemical intuition). 4) Causalexplanatorynotions, even if more vague or fuzzy than some more rigorous and unique descriptive concepts, have to be advanced towards a more fruitful chemical theory.
Sacrificial Templating Synthesis of Hematite Nanochains from [Fe18S25](TETAH)14 Nanoribbons: Their Magnetic, Electrochemical, and Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Zhou Yu‐Xue , Yao Hong‐Bin , Yao Wei‐Tang , Zhu Zhu , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: March 2012

Unique hematite nanochains self‐assembled from α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles can be synthesized by thermal decomposition of [Fe18S25](TETAH)14 as an appropriate nanoribbon precursor (TETAH=protonated triethylenetetramine). Magnetic studies have revealed greatly enhanced coercivity of the 1D hematite nanochains compared with that of dispersed α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles at low temperature, which may be attributed to their increased shape anisotropy and magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The photocatalytic properties of the hematite nanochains have been studied, as well as their electrochemical properties as cathode materials of lithium‐ion batteries. The results have shown that both properties are dependent on the BET specific surface areas of the 1D hematite nanochains.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Photophysics, and Broadband Nonlinear Absorption of a Platinum(II) Complex with the 6‐(7‐Benzothiazol‐2′‐yl‐9,9‐diethyl‐9 H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridinyl Ligand
Authors: Zhang Bingguang , Li Yunjing , Liu Rui , Pritchett Timothy M. , Azenkeng Alexander , Ugrinov Angel , Haley Joy E. , Li Zhongjing , Hoffmann Mark R. , Sun Wenfang
Published: March 2012

A platinum complex with the 6‐(7‐benzothiazol‐2′‐yl‐9,9‐diethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridinyl ligand (1) was synthesized and the crystal structure was determined. UV/Vis absorption, emission, and transient difference absorption of 1 were systematically investigated. DFT calculations were carried out on 1 to characterize the electronic ground state and aid in the understanding of the nature of low‐lying excited electronic states. Complex 1 exhibits intense structured 1π–π* absorption at λabs<440 nm, and a broad, moderate 1MLCT/1LLCT transition at 440–520 nm in CH2Cl2 solution. A structured 3π–π*/3MLCT emission at about 590 nm was observed at room temperature and at 77 K. Complex 1 exhibits both singlet and triplet excited‐state absorption from 450 nm to 750 nm, which are tentatively attributed to the 1π–π* and 3π–π* excited states of the 6‐(7‐benzothiazol‐2′‐yl‐9,9‐diethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine ligand, respectively. Z‐scan experiments were conducted by using ns and ps pulses at 532 nm, and ps pulses at a variety of visible and near‐IR wavelengths. The experimental data were fitted by a five‐level model by using the excited‐state parameters obtained from the photophysical study to deduce the effective singlet and triplet excited‐state absorption cross sections in the visible spectral region and the effective two‐photon absorption cross sections in the near‐IR region. Our results demonstrate that 1 possesses large ratios of excited‐state absorption cross sections relative to that of the ground‐state in the visible spectral region; this results in a remarkable degree of reverse saturable absorption from 1 in CH2Cl2 solution illuminated by ns laser pulses at 532 nm. The two‐photon absorption cross sections in the near‐IR region for 1 are among the largest values reported for platinum complexes. Therefore, 1 is an excellent, broadband, nonlinear absorbing material that exhibits strong reverse saturable absorption in the visible spectral region and large two‐photon‐assisted excited‐state absorption in the near‐IR region.
Investigation on Crystallization Fouling in Micro Heat Exchanger
Authors: Bucko Jürgen , Mayer Moriz , Benzinger Walther , Augustin Wolfgang , Scholl Stephan , Dittmeyer Roland
Published: March 2012

Hinsichtlich der Stoff‐ und Wärmetransporteigenschaften bieten mikrostrukturierte Apparate aufgrund ihrer kleinen inneren Abmessungen große Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Systemen. Trotzdem werden sie in der chemischen Industrie vergleichsweise selten eingesetzt. Eine grundlegende Einschränkung sind die kleinen Strömungsquerschnitte. Ablagerungen aufgrund chemischer Reaktionen in den Mikrostrukturen bewirken eine Verringerung der Wärmeübertragungsleistung und eine Erhöhung des Druckverlustes. Weiterhin muss mit einer ungleichmäßigen Verteilung des Fluides auf die Mikrostrukturen und damit einer veränderten Verweilzeitverteilung gerechnet werden, wodurch die Effizienz der Apparate sinkt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden erste grundlegende systematische Untersuchungen zum Kristallisationsfouling in Mikrowärmeübertragern vorgestellt.
Druids' Knowledge in Chemical Engineering: Analysis of the Illustrated Literature by Goscinny and Uderzo
Authors: Leuchs Susanne , Greiner Lasse , Dechambre Dominique , Greiner Lasse , Bardow André
Published: March 2012

The illustrated literature series Asterix (and Obelix) is commonly known as entertainment and distraction, but behind that mask, case studies for chemical production in small medium enterprises and the crucial role of research and development can be discovered. The series rightly puts chemistry and chemical engineering at the heart of success and prosperity. Overall, the motives exemplified are of high relevance today for chemical industry.
Lifestyle Change and High‐Density Lipoprotein Change: The US Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study
Authors: Rahilly‐Tierney Catherine , Vokonas Pantel , Gaziano J. Michael , Spiro Avron
Published: March 2012

Background:

We sought to determine whether lifestyle modifications are associated with high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) change in a cohort with long‐term follow‐up.

Hypothesis:

Changes in alcohol consumption, smoking, or body mass index (BMI) are associated with within‐individual changes in HDL‐C.

Methods:

We selected 1420 men with ≥2 HDL‐C measurements from the US Department of Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study (NAS). Changes in HDL‐C (in milligrams/deciliter) over a 3‐year period were calculated for each pair of exams. For each interval of HDL‐C change, lifestyle exposures were categorized: participants maintained a stable BMI >25 kg/m2 (reference) or ≤25 kg/m2 since the previous exam, or increased or decreased BMI; participants were actively smoking at both exams (reference), nonsmokers at both exams, quit, or initiated smoking between exams; and participants maintained alcohol intake of <2 (reference) or ≥2 drinks daily since the previous exam, or increased or decreased alcohol intake. Longitudinal analysis was used to examine the relationship between the lifestyle change categories and 3‐year change in HDL‐C for each interval, adjusting for comorbidities, lipids, and cholesterol medication.

Results:

Participants were followed for approximately 14.3 years. Increases in HDL‐C were associated with maintaining alcohol intake of ≥2 drinks daily (mean HDL‐C increase, 0.86; P = 0.02), increasing alcohol intake from <2 to ≥2 drinks daily (mean, 2.53; P = 0.0003), and with maintaining a BMI of ≤25 kg/m2 (mean, 0.71; P = 0.04).

Conclusions:

Increases in alcohol consumption, maintaining moderate alcohol intake, and maintaining BMI ≤25 kg/m2 were associated with significant 3‐year increases in HDL‐C. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21978

The VA NAS is sponsored by the Cooperative Studies Program/ERIC, US Department of Veterans Affairs. This research was also supported by a VA Merit Review and a VA Research Career Scientist award to Avron Spiro. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Disease‐specific phenotypes in dopamine neurons from human iPS‐based models of genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Sánchez‐Danés Adriana , Richaud‐Patin Yvonne , Carballo‐Carbajal Iria , Jiménez‐Delgado Senda , Caig Carles , Mora Sergio , Di Guglielmo Claudia , Ezquerra Mario , Patel Bindiben , Giralt Albert , Canals Josep M. , Memo Maurizio , Alberch Jordi , López‐Barneo José , Vila Miquel , Cuervo Ana Maria , Tolosa Eduard , Consiglio Antonella , Raya Angel
Published: March 2012

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) offer an unprecedented opportunity to model human disease in relevant cell types, but it is unclear whether they could successfully model age‐related diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we generated iPSC lines from seven patients with idiopathic PD (ID‐PD), four patients with familial PD associated to the G2019S mutation in the Leucine‐Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene (LRRK2‐PD) and four age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals (Ctrl). Over long‐time culture, dopaminergic neurons (DAn) differentiated from either ID‐PD‐ or LRRK2‐PD‐iPSC showed morphological alterations, including reduced numbers of neurites and neurite arborization, as well as accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, which were not evident in DAn differentiated from Ctrl‐iPSC. Further induction of autophagy and/or inhibition of lysosomal proteolysis greatly exacerbated the DAn morphological alterations, indicating autophagic compromise in DAn from ID‐PD‐ and LRRK2‐PD‐iPSC, which we demonstrate occurs at the level of autophagosome clearance. Our study provides an iPSC‐based in vitro model that captures the patients' genetic complexity and allows investigation of the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial PD cases in a disease‐relevant cell type.
Robust permutation tests for homogeneity of fingerprint patterns of dioxin congener profiles
Authors: Chen Chu‐Chih , Sen Pranab K. , Wu Kuen‐Yuh
Published: March 2012

Fingerprint analysis comparing the polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) congener profile patterns of collected samples with those of potential dioxin emission source(s) is an important tool for identifying environmental dioxin pollution. The constraint that the proportions of the 17 PCDD/F congeners comprising a fingerprint sum up to one motivates a multivariate gamma distribution, which leads to a Dirichlet distribution. Because of the complexity in restricted likelihood ratio tests and typical sample size limitations resulting from laboratory analysis costs, permutation test procedures are employed for hypothesis testing of the homogeneity of congener profiles. Pearson‐type chi‐squared tests based on the Dirichlet distribution (DM) assumption, the generalized form of DM using the arithmetic mean and geometric mean of the proportions, and the robust aligned rank test, are proposed and compared through simulations. PCDD/F samples collected from the stack of a local municipal solid waste incinerator and from ambient air near the municipal solid waste incinerator in Taiwan were illustrated as an example. The simulation results showed that the aligned rank test, followed by the DM‐based test, was generally robust to distributional assumptions and had high statistical power. The arithmetic‐mean‐based and geometric‐mean‐based tests outperformed one another in different conditions, dependent on the underlying distribution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threshold models for river flow extremes
Authors: Grigg Olivia , Tawn Jonathan
Published: March 2012

We model extreme river flow data from five UK rivers with distinct hydrological properties. The data exhibit significant and complex nonstationarity, which we model using a nonlinear function of hydrological covariates corresponding to soil saturation, latent flow of the river and rainfall. We additionally consider season as a covariate, although the hydrological covariates explain most of the seasonal effect directly. The standard approach to modelling data of this kind is to fix a threshold and to model exceedances of this threshold using the generalised Pareto distribution. We identify a number of problems with this approach in nonstationary cases. To overcome these issues, we propose the use of a censored generalised extreme value distribution for threshold exceedances. The data analysis illustrates a number of features of model fit and in particular the stability of the model parameters and return levels to threshold choice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10Be‐derived assessment of accelerated erosion in a glacially conditioned inner gorge, Entlebuch, Central Alps of Switzerland
Authors: Van den Berg Fabien , Schlunegger Fritz , Akçar Naki , Kubik Peter
Published: March 2012

Inner gorges often result from the propagation of erosional waves related to glacial/interglacial climate shifts. However, only few studies have quantified the modern erosional response to this glacial conditioning. Here, we report in situ 10Be data from the 64 km2 Entlen catchment (Swiss Alps). This basin hosts a 7 km long central inner gorge with two tributaries that are >100 m‐deeply incised into thick glacial till and bedrock. The 10Be concentrations measured at the downstream end of the gorge yield a catchment‐wide erosion rate of 0.42 ± 0.04 mm yr‐1, while erosion rates are consistently lower upstream of the inner gorge, ranging from 0.14 ± 0.01 mm yr‐1 to 0.23 ± 0.02 mm yr‐1. However, 10Be‐based sediment budget calculations yield rates of ~1.3 mm yr‐1 for the inner gorge of the trunk stream. Likewise, in the two incised tributary reaches, erosion rates are ~2.0 mm yr‐1 and ~1.9 mm yr‐1. Moreover, at the erosional front of the gorge, we measured bedrock incision rates ranging from ~2.5 mm yr‐1 to ~3.8 mm yr‐1. These rates, however, are too low to infer a post‐glacial age (15–20 ka) for the gorge initiation. This would require erosion rates that are between 2 and 6 times higher than present‐day estimates. However, the downcutting into unconsolidated glacial till favored high erosion rates through knickzone propagation immediately after the retreat of the LGM glaciers, and subsequent hillslope relaxation led to a progressive decrease in erosion rates. This hypothesis of a two‐ to sixfold decrease in erosion rates does not conflict with the 10Be‐based erosion rate budgets, because the modern erosional time scale recorded by 10Be cover the past 2–3 ka only. These results point to the acceleration of Holocene erosion in response to the glacial overprint of the landscape. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grief reactions in dementia carers: a systematic review
Authors: Chan Diana , Livingston Gill , Jones Louise , Sampson Elizabeth L
Published: March 2012

Objective

Supporting dementia carers is an identified target of the UK government, yet we know little about such family carers' grief before and after the death of the person with dementia for whom they care. We systematically review the existing literature on characteristics, prevalence, predictors and associations of grief in dementia carers before and after death.

Methods

We searched electronic databases and found 31 publications meeting predetermined criteria.

Results

Grief in dementia carers, which may be normal or complicated, is a complex reaction to losses occurring before and after death. Carers experience anticipatory grief as multiple losses for themselves (companionship, personal freedom and control) and the person with dementia. Anticipation and ambiguity about the future, anger, frustration and guilt are core features. Anticipatory grief is greatest in moderate to severe stage dementia and spouse carers, especially when the person with dementia is institutionalised. There was poor quality evidence about the prevalence of grief; studies reported anticipatory grief between 47% and 71%, and complicated grief after death is estimated around 20%. Carer depression increases with anticipatory grief. Being a spouse carer and being depressed are the strongest predictors of complicated and normal grief after death.

Conclusion

Grief in dementia carers can be expected; however, those at risk of distressing anticipatory and complicated grief may be identified and targeted for intervention when necessary. Higher quality research from a wider range of samples and countries is needed to explore this complex and emergent topic. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal and monthly hydrological budgets of a fen‐dominated forested watershed, James Bay region, Quebec
Authors: Proulx‐McInnis Sandra , St‐Hilaire André , Rousseau Alain N. , Jutras Sylvain , Carrer Gwenael , Levrel Grégor
Published: March 2012

The hydrology of Quebec, Canada, boreal fens is poorly documented. Many peatlands are located in watersheds with impounded rivers. In such cases, their presence influences reservoir inflows. In recent years, some fens have been subjected to an increase of their wet area, a sign that they may be evolving towards an aquatic ecosystem. This dynamic process is calledaqualysis. This article presents the seasonal and monthly hydrological budgets of a small watershed including a highly aqualysed fen (James Bay region). The monitoring of precipitation (P), runoff (Q) and groundwater levels (WL) was conducted during the ice‐free season. Three semiempirical equations (Thornthwaite, Priestley–Taylor and Penman–Monteith) were used and compared to calculate potential evapotranspiration. The first two equations, having fewer parameters, estimate higher potential evapotranspiration values than the third equation. The use of pressure‐level gauges installed in wells, for the calculation of peatland water storage, is inconclusive. Swelling of peat, peat decomposition and plant composition could be responsible for nonnegligible amounts of absorbed water, which are not entirely accounted for by well levels. The estimation of peat matrix water storage is potentially the largest source of error and the limiting factor to calculate water balances in this environment. The results show that the groundwater level and the water storage vary depending on the season and especially after a heavy rainfall. Finally, the results illustrate the complexity of water routing through the site and thus raise several questions to be resolved in the future. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscaled analysis of hydrothermal dynamics in Japanese megalopolis by using integrated approach
Authors: Nakayama Tadanobu , Hashimoto Shizuka , Hamano Hiroyuki
Published: March 2012

We coupled the process‐based National Integrated Catchment‐based Eco‐hydrology (NICE) model to an urban canopy model and the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System to simulate the effect of urban geometry and anthropogenic exhaustion on the hydrothermal changes in the atmosphere/land and the interfacial areas of the Japanese megalopolis. The simulation was conducted with multiscale in horizontally regional‐urban‐point levels and in vertically atmosphere–surface–unsaturated–saturated layers. The model reasonably reproduced the observed hydrothermal values by using ground‐truth data in various types of natural/artificial land covers. The simulated results also suggested that the latent heat flux in the new water‐holding pavement (consisting of porous asphalt and water‐holding filler made of steel by‐products based on silica compound) has a strong effect on hydrologic cycle and cooling temperature in comparison with the observed heat budget by newly incorporating the effect of water amount on the heat conductivity in the pavement. Furthermore, the model predicted the hydrothermal changes under two types of land cover scenarios to promote evaporation and to reduce air temperature against heat island phenomenon. Finally, we evaluated the relationship between the effect of groundwater use to ameliorate the heat island and the effect of infiltration on the water cycle in the catchment. These procedures to integrate the multiscaled model simulation with political scenario based on the effective management of water resources as heat sink/source would be very powerful approaches for recovering a sound hydrologic cycle and for creating thermally pleasing environments in the megalopolis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends and shifts in streamflow in Hawai‘i, 1913–2008
Authors: Bassiouni Maoya , Oki Delwyn S.
Published: March 2012

This study addresses a need to document changes in streamflow and base flow (groundwater discharge to streams) in Hawai‘i during the past century. Statistically significant long‐term (1913–2008) downward trends were detected (using the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test) in low‐streamflow and base‐flow records. These long‐term downward trends are likely related to a statistically significant downward shift around 1943 detected (using the nonparametric Pettitt test) in index records of streamflow and base flow. The downward shift corresponds to a decrease of 22% in median streamflow and a decrease of 23% in median base flow between the periods 1913–1943 and 1943–2008. The shift coincides with other local and regional factors, including a change from a positive to a negative phase in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, shifts in the direction of the trade winds over Hawai‘i, and a reforestation programme. The detected shift and long‐term trends reflect region‐wide changes in climatic and land‐cover factors. A weak pattern of downward trends in base flows during the period 1943–2008 may indicate a continued decrease in base flows after the 1943 shift.

Downward trends were detected more commonly in base‐flow records than in high‐streamflow, peak‐flow, and rainfall records. The decrease in base flow is likely related to a decrease in groundwater storage and recharge and therefore is a valuable indicator of decreasing water availability and watershed vulnerability to hydrologic changes. Whether the downward trends will continue is largely uncertain given the uncertainty in climate‐change projections and watershed responses to changes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil profile evolution following land‐use change: implications for groundwater quantity and quality
Authors: Huang Tianming , Pang Zhonghe , Edmunds W. Mike
Published: March 2012

Soil and vadose zone profiles are used as an archive of changes in groundwater recharge and water quality following changes in land use in an area of the Loess Plateau of China. A typical rain‐fed loess‐terrace agriculture region in Hequan, Guyuan, is taken as an example, and multiple tracers (chloride mass balance, stable isotopes, tritium and water chemistry) are used to examine groundwater recharge mechanisms and to evaluate soil water chloride as an archive for recharge rate and water quality. Results show that groundwater recharge beneath natural uncultivated grassland, used as a baseline, is about 94–100 mm year−1 and that the time it takes for annual precipitation to reach water table through the thick unsaturated zone is from decades to hundreds of years (tritium free). This recharge rate is 2–3 orders of magnitude more than in the other semiarid areas with similar annual rainfall but with deep‐rooted vegetation and relatively high temperature. Most of the water that eventually becomes recharge originally infiltrated in the summer months. The conversion from native grassland to winter wheat has reduced groundwater recharge by 42–50% (50–55 mm year−1 for recharge), and the conversion from winter wheat to alfalfa resulted in a significant chloride accumulation in the upper soil zone, which terminated deep drainage. The paper also evaluates the time lag between potential recharge and actual recharge to aquifer and between increase in solute concentration in soil moisture and that in the aquifer following land‐use change due to the deep unsaturated zone. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CO‐DESIGN OF CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS TO MITIGATE PESTICIDE POLLUTION IN A DRAINED CATCH‐BASIN: A SOLUTION TO IMPROVE GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Authors: Tournebize Julien , Gramaglia Christelle , Birmant Francois , Bouarfa Sami , Chaumont Cedric , Vincent Bernard
Published: March 2012

The European Water Framework Directive enjoins its members to retrieve the good ecological status of their water resources. In France, it has resulted in the regulation of entrants' reduction plans which aim at halving the quantities of pesticides. This plan matches standard situations of non‐point pollution sources, where the water infiltrates towards the underlying aquifer. However, numerous situations exist in France in which groundwater is imperfectly protected by a shallow impervious layer in the topsoil, meaning that sinkholes may connect the surface water and relay pollution directly to the aquifer. These impervious layers induce subsurface drainage demand and construction so that the effluent can be collected at outfalls of drainage systems, and be processed in constructed wetlands before falling down the sinkholes, thus decreasing net pollution. The Champigny aquifer corresponds to this description, and has been shown to be highly vulnerable. The mission of AQUI'Brie, a non‐profit organisation, is to protect this groundwater, which is one of the water resources of Paris. Although well aware of the benefits of buffer zones, but at this time without incentives to implement them, AQUI'Brie started a co‐construction process of constructed wetlands, involving all the stakeholders of a small catchment located upstream from a sinkhole. This paper describes the co‐construction from the first meeting to the final structures in a context of high land use pressure. It shows that the number and area of constructed wetlands has diminished beyond the threshold for which the performance of depollution process may fail. In 2011, a performance assessment programme was set up to determine if the co‐constructed wetlands comply with the new current regulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WHY ARE THERE SO FEW COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN FARMERS AND WATER SERVICES IN FRANCE? WATER POLICIES AND THE PROBLEM OF LAND USE RIGHTS
Authors: Garin Patrice , Barraqué Bernard
Published: March 2012

One of the recurrent shortcomings of water policy in France is the control of diffuse agricultural pollution. Numerous lacunae and incoherencies in the French Rural, Public Health, and Environmental Codes have hindered the effective implementation of efficient protection measures. In this paper, we underline the extent to which these incoherencies have hampered the emergence of cooperative agreements (CAs) between farmers and drinking water service providers. The theoretical framework of institutional resource regimes (IRRs) provides a key to understanding the failure of public policy to impose restrictions on agricultural land use rights and to encourage voluntary arrangements concerning agricultural practices. The IRR framework was applied before 2005 to 12 cases of public attempts to negotiate a reduction in polluting practices. Our study enabled us to characterise the lack of extent and coherence of the water sector's IRR in France. Since 2005, regulatory changes have extended the scope of this IRR with a view to making water, agriculture and health policies more coherent. We discuss the complexity of the new approach, and question its capacity to mobilise the actors concerned around the territorial reorganisation of agriculture aimed at reducing diffuse pollution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HOW DOES UNEQUAL ACCESS TO GROUNDWATER CONTRIBUTE TO MARGINALIZATION OF SMALL FARMERS? THE CASE OF PUBLIC LANDS IN ALGERIA
Authors: Amichi Hichem , Bouarfa Sami , Kuper Marcel , Ducourtieux Olivier , Imache Amar , Fusillier Jean‐Louis , Bazin Gilles , Hartani Tarik , Chehat Foued
Published: March 2012

The use of groundwater in irrigated agriculture is often regarded as an effective way of increasing farm productivity. However, the effects of differential access to groundwater by farmers have rarely been studied at the microeconomic scale, particularly the possibly negative effects of marginalization of small farmers. During the hydraulic crisis that has affected Algerian irrigation schemes since the 1980s, groundwater has become a major source of irrigation for farmers. A process of farm differentiation occurred linked to farmers' access to groundwater, causing social inequity. To understand the differentiation of farms in the Ouarizane irrigation scheme, we first undertook a historical inquiry. Second, we used a participatory prospective approach to analyse possible changes in farming systems after the adoption of a new land reform. Our results confirmed that access to groundwater has become a structural factor in the differentiation of farms and in land concentration in Algerian irrigation schemes. Land concentration and the marginalization of small farmers are likely to worsen when the new land law is applied. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WHICH WATER QUALITY FOR WHICH USES? OVERCOMING OVER‐ZEALOUS USE OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE TO RECLAIM WASTEWATER FOR APPROPRIATE IRRIGATION USES
Authors: Molle B. , Brelle F. , Bessy J. , Gatel D.
Published: March 2012

The growing conflicts over water resources look set to worsen in the context of climate change. High quality groundwater resources ideally reserved for domestic use are diminishing especially where urban centres are growing, as treatment facilities cannot always keep up. The farming sector could manage water quality and quantity better to produce food sustainably, keeping economic activity in rural areas. Purification techniques are progressing in efficiency at growing cost, removing the polluting load from effluent which is potentially useful for agriculture. Competing domestic and agricultural water uses can in fact be complementary, as can be seen in green belt of megacities.

Policy making based on the precautionary principle is developed from existing regulations and guidelines. Because of the lack of scientific results, policies most often confuse prevention and precaution. A balanced application of the precautionary principle would enable a rational development of reuse schemes, preserving good quality resources and taking benefit from disposed of minerals for crops. An economic approach along with risk assessment would avoid disproportionate costs to gain security. Consistent information and training should be organised to enhance public and worker awareness of risk management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LONG‐RUN RISKS IN THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES: ESTIMATION
Authors: Doh Taeyoung
Published: March 2012

This paper estimates a model in which persistent fluctuations in expected consumption growth, expected inflation, and their time‐varying volatility determine asset price variation. The model features Epstein–Zin recursive preferences, which determine the market price of macro risk factors. Analysis of the US nominal term structure data from 1953 to 2006 shows that agents dislike high uncertainty and demand compensation for volatility risks. Also, the time variation of the term premium is driven by the compensation for inflation volatility risk, which is distinct from consumption volatility risk. The central role of inflation volatility risk in explaining the time‐varying term premium is consistent with other empirical evidence including survey data. In contrast, the existing long‐run risks literature emphasizes consumption volatility risk and ignores inflation‐specific time‐varying volatility. The estimation results of this paper suggest that inflation‐specific volatility risk is essential for fitting the time series of the US nominal term structure data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EVALUATING REAL‐TIME VAR FORECASTS WITH AN INFORMATIVE DEMOCRATIC PRIOR
Authors: Wright Jonathan H.
Published: March 2012

This paper proposes Bayesian forecasting in a vector autoregression using a democratic prior. This prior is chosen to match the predictions of survey respondents. In particular, the unconditional mean for each series in the vector autoregression is centered around long‐horizon survey forecasts. Heavy shrinkage toward the democratic prior is found to give good real‐time predictions of a range of macroeconomic variables, as these survey projections are good at quickly capturing endpoint shifts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proximity energies: a framework for understanding concentrated solutions
Authors: Laue Tom
Published: March 2012

A high‐concentration fluid may be defined as one in which the distance between the van der Waals surfaces of the molecules is on the same order of magnitude as the size of the molecules. Many biological fluids meet this definition of being concentrated. High concentration protein solutions are of commercial interest, too. In the biopharmaceutical industry, there is a desire to produce high concentration (>100 mg/ml) protein formulations. The goal of this paper is to provide an energetic framework for understanding the functional properties (e.g., solubility, stability and viscosity) of high concentration solutions. Using this framework not only provides a simple, clear view of protein behavior at high concentrations, it also provides insights into how modifications to the protein or the solvent affect solution behavior. Thus, the paper provides a starting point for the rational manipulation of protein solubility, viscosity and stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of corrosion protective polymeric coatings from a non‐edible seed oil
Authors: Alam M. , Shaik M. R. , Alandis N. M.
Published: March 2012

In this study, we have developed corrosion protective coatings material from Pongamia glabra seed oil. First, oil was converted to pongamia oil epoxy (POE). The resin was synthesized by the reaction of POE with phthalic acid to develop polyester (PE) and further treated with diethylene triamine (DTA) in different (20–35%wt) amount. The structural elucidation of POE and PE were carried out by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. Thermal behavior of PE‐30 was studied by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The coatings of PE‐DTA resins were prepared on mild steel strips to investigate their physico‐mechanical and corrosion performance. Corrosion protection of coated panels were examined in different corrosive media (3.5 wt% HCl, 3.5 wt% NaOH, 5.0 wt% NaCl) using potentiodynamic polarization and AC impedance. Thermal analyses revealed that PE‐30 may find application as eco‐friendly corrosion protective coating safely used up to 175°C.
Weld zone representation methods during the stretching of friction stir welded blanks with dissimilar sheet thickness: A study using numerical simulations
Authors: Ramulu P. J. , Narayanan R. G.
Published: March 2012

In this work, the validity of weld zone representation as single zone or double zone under varied weld conditions of friction stir welded (FSW) blanks with dissimilar thicknesses sheets is explored. During LDH test simulations, representative base material of 1.5 mm and 1.1 mm thickness is considered. It is observed that modeling FSW blanks with double zone assumption plays a vital role for accurate formability prediction. There are possibilities of obtaining multiple domains of weld conditions for the single zone and double zone assumption validity. The failure locations also affect the weld zone representation along with the critical error percentage difference between reference model (single zone) and double zone model FSW blanks. The number of single zone models has increased in transverse weld orientation and number of double zone models has increased in longitudinal weld orientation in the case of FSW blanks with dissimilar thickness as compared to similar thickness FSW blanks. A comparison is done between the limit strain values for single zone and double zone assumptions with reference model. The pattern that is observed in the load‐punch stroke behavior is also seen in limit strain comparison for weld zone representation.