bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled release from polyurethane films: Drug release mechanisms
Authors: Abbasnezhad Navideh , Zirak Nader , Shirinbayan Mohammadali , Kouidri Smaine , Salahinejad Erfan , Tcharkhtchi Abbas , Bakir Farid
Published: October 2020

In this study, polyurethane‐films loaded with diclofenac were used to analyze the drug release kinetics and mechanisms. For this purpose, the experimental procedures were developed under static and dynamic conditions with different initial drug loads of 10, 20, and 30%. In the dynamic condition, to better simulate the biological flow, drug release measurements were investigated at flow rates of 7.5 and 23.5 ml/s. These values indicate the flow rate of the internal carotid artery (ICA) for a normal state of a body and for a person during the exercise, respectively. The experimental data were analyzed and adjusted by Higuchi, Korsmeyer–Peppas, First‐order, zero‐order, and Peppas–Sahlin models in order to understand the mechanisms contributed. Finally, drug release mechanisms were specified by investigating the model correlation coefficients. Experimental results showed that increasing the flow rate and initial drug loads enhance drug liberation. In addition, the rate of release is more influenced by the drug dosage in the static state. The analysis revealed that diffusion, burst, and osmotic pressure are the principal mechanisms contributed. Moreover, Fickian type was the dominant mechanism at all duration of release. However, it was discovered using Peppas–Sahlin model that the contribution of the diffusion mechanism decreases with increasing flow rate and initial dosage. Furthermore, the tests at different drug dosages showed that the number of stages in medication release profile is independent of the flow rate and the medicine percentage. One can conclude that the drug release kinetic in static state is more influenced by drug dosage compared with dynamic state.
Assessment of various nano‐clays in bromobutyl rubber hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber blend for improved gas barrier applications
Authors: Aswathy T. R. , Bhattacharya Asit Baran , Dash Biswaranjan , Dey Pranab , Nair Sujith , Naskar Kinsuk
Published: October 2020

For the past few decades, butyl rubber (IIR) and its derivatives have been used primarily in air barrier applications. Recently other synthetic rubbers like hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) has attracted attention for its air barrier properties. A blend of brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) and HNBR can be a potential and novel material with improved technical features as well as excellent processing behavior. In this article, laponite (RD) and bentonite (MT) nano‐clays have been used to prepare BIIR‐HNBR blend based nanocomposites. A detailed investigation of nanocomposite morphology has been done using the transmission electron microscope results. The improvement in terms of mechanical and gas barrier properties of BIIR‐HNBR nano‐clay composites over BIIR‐carbon black composites have been explored in detail. The air impermeability of BIIR‐HNBR blends shows a 20% improvement compared to the reference composite. The results clearly demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the material in gas barrier applications.
Incorporation of methacryloisobutyl POSS in bio‐based copolymers by nitroxide mediated polymerization in organic solution and miniemulsion
Authors: Tajbakhsh Saeid , Hajiali Faezeh , Marić Milan
Published: October 2020

In this study, nitroxide mediated polymerization of methacryloisobutyl POSS (POSSMA) and bio‐sourced monomers: isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA) and C13 methacrylate (C13MA, an alkyl methacrylate with an average chain length of 13 units) was conducted in solution (toluene) and miniemulsion. BlocBuilder‐MA (with 10 mol% acrylonitrile [AN] controlling co‐monomer, for the solvent‐based system) and Dispolreg 007 (for the miniemulsion) were used as the alkoxyamine for initiation and controlling the polymerization. POSSMA/IBOMA/C13MA effective terpolymerization (having 10 mol% AN controlling co‐monomer) with monomer conversion (X) <72% in toluene resulted in resins with Mn up to 21.3 kg mol−1 and Ð < 1.67. Next, terpolymerizations were conducted in dispersed aqueous media to completely remove the organic solvent, resulting in polymers with Mn up to 46.7 kg mol−1 and Ð < 1.65. The successful chain extension of poly(IBOMA/AN) with a mixture of POSSMA/C13MA/AN (Mn = 74.1 kg mol−1 and Ð = 1.55) showed high chain‐end fidelity, exemplified by a clear, monomodal shift in the GPC chromatogram from the macroinitiator. Finally, it was shown that the addition of 20 mol% POSSMA improved the decomposition temperature of bio‐based polymers of IBOMA/C13MA by 15%.
Synthesis of a novel organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant based on Ca(H2PO4)2 and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and its performance in polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Zhang Dan , Meng Dehai , Ma Zhongying , Zhang Zhihao , Ning Haozhe , Wang Yuhua
Published: October 2020

To optimize the poor thermal stability and flammable of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a novel environmental‐friendly organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant Ca(H2PO4)2@HCCP was successfully designed and synthesized via surface treatment technology and used to advance the flame retardancy of PVA. The thermogravimetric analysis implied that Ca(H2PO4)2@HCCP can enhance significantly the thermal stability and char forming ability of PVA. Combustion results demonstrate that Ca(H2PO4)2@HCCP could effectively suppress the melt dripping of PVA in the process of combustion. The presence of Ca(H2PO4)2@HCCP can sharply reduce peak heat release rate and the total heat release up to 75% and 22.9%, respectively, in the microscale combustion calorimeter measurement. The results manifested that Ca(H2PO4)2@HCCP could endow PVA with superior flame retardancy. Moreover, char residues analysis explained the flame retardant mechanism in condensed and gas phase, which is mainly attributed to the strong catalytic char formation, free radical trapping, and gas barrier effect. Therefore, the green flame retardant has great applications prospect in fire safety.
BALB/c mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis: A new model for demyelination in the brain
Authors: Xiong Huihui , Zhou Zongpu , Wu Zhongdao , Feng Ying , Xie Fukang
Published: October 2020

In this study, we present a new model for demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). BALB/c mice were infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis and analyzed 7, 14, and 21 days postinfection. Neurological scale evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting were all performed on days 7, 14, and 21. The results showed that the neurological functions and weight of A. cantonensis‐infected mice decreased markedly after 21 days of infection. MRI showed subdural effusion and white high signals in the corpus callosum in both T1WI and T2WI, while hematoxylin and eosin and luxol fast blue staining showed hemorrhage and demyelination in the corpus callosum. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructure of the myelin sheath in the corpus callosum was dispersed or disintegrated. The percentage of myelinated axons was significantly decreased, and the g‐ratio was lower than that in the normal group. Both protein and mRNA levels of myelin basic protein decreased markedly at 21 days postinfection. Immunofluorescence revealed that the number of CC1 positive cells in the corpus callosum also decreased, which confirmed the damage of A. cantonensis to oligodendrocytes. Our experiments confirmed that A. cantonensis infection caused demyelination in the CNS of BALB/c mice after 21 days, and its clinical manifestations and pathological changes were similar to those of multiple sclerosis and other CNS demyelination models. Thus, mice infected with A. cantonensis could be used as a new model to study acute demyelination of the CNS.
A multi‐country study of prevalence and early childhood mortality among children with omphalocele
Authors: Nembhard Wendy N. , Bergman Jorieke E. H. , Politis Maria D. , Arteaga‐Vázquez Jazmín , Bermejo‐Sánchez Eva , Canfield Mark A. , Cragan Janet D. , Dastgiri Saeed , de Walle Hermien E. K. , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Nance Amy , Gatt Miriam , Groisman Boris , Hurtado‐Villa Paula , Kallén Kärin , Landau Danielle , Lelong Nathalie , Lopez‐Camelo Jorge , Martinez Laura , Morgan Margery , Pierini Anna , Rissmann Anke , Šípek Antonin , Szabova Elena , Tagliabue Giovanna , Wertelecki Wladimir , Zarante Ignacio , Bakker Marian K. , Kancherla Vijaya , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo
Published: October 2020

Background

Omphalocele is the second most common abdominal birth defect and often occurs with other structural and genetic defects. The objective of this study was to determine omphalocele prevalence, time trends, and mortality during early childhood, by geographical region, and the presence of associated anomalies.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study with 23 birth defect surveillance systems in 18 countries who are members of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research that submitted data on cases ascertained from 2000 through 2012, approximately 16 million pregnancies were surveyed that resulted in live births, stillbirths, or elective terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomalies (ETOPFA) and cases with omphalocele were included. Overall prevalence and mortality rates for specific ages were calculated (day of birth, neonatal, infant, and early childhood). We used Kaplan–Meier estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to calculate cumulative mortality and joinpoint regression for time trend analyses.

Results

The prevalence of omphalocele was 2.6 per 10,000 births (95% CI: 2.5, 2.7) and showed no temporal change from 2000–2012 (average annual percent change = −0.19%, p = .52). The overall mortality rate was 32.1% (95% CI: 30.2, 34.0). Most deaths occurred during the neonatal period and among children with multiple anomalies or syndromic omphalocele. Prevalence and mortality varied by registry type (e.g., hospital‐ vs. population‐based) and inclusion or exclusion of ETOPFA.

Conclusions

The prevalence of omphalocele showed no temporal change from 2000–2012. Approximately one‐third of children with omphalocele did not survive early childhood with most deaths occurring in the neonatal period.
Association of paternal smoking with the risk of neural tube defects in offspring: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Luo Liu , Diao Jingyi , Li Jinqi , Li Yihuan , Wang Tingting , Chen Letao , Zhang Senmao , Qin Jiabi
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The present study aimed at providing some epidemiological evidences to assess the association of paternal smoking with the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) and its specific subtypes in offspring, and explore the possible dose–response relationship between paternal smoking and risk of NTDs.

Methods

English and Chinese databases were systematically searched from 1984 to May 2020. Either a fixed‐ or a random‐effects model was used to calculate the overall combined risk estimates. We also examined the dose–response relationship between parental smoking and risk of NTDs in offspring. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore possible sources of heterogeneity.

Results

A total of 10 case–control studies involving 2,593 cases of NTDs and 45,100 controls were included for analysis. Findings from our study showed that paternal smoking was significantly associated with risk of total NTDs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.48–1.92) and two subtypes including anencephaly (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.06–1.86) and encephaloceles (OR = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.00–8.41). Additionally, a linear dose–response relationship between paternal smoking and risk of NTDs was observed, which indicated that the risk of NTDs in offspring was significantly increased by 45% (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.14–1.84) for each increment of half a pack of cigarettes per day. Sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results. No evidence of publication bias was found.

Conclusions

Paternal smoking is significantly associated with the risk of NTDs in offspring. Therefore, it should be recommended that fathers quit smoking before pregnancy to prevent NTDs in offspring.
Investigation of thermoluminescence response and trapping parameters of natural barite samples from Dongargaon mine, India
Authors: Randive Kirtikumar , Pantawane Harshawardhini , Dora M.L. , Kadam Abhijeet R. , Jog Milind , Dhoble S.J.
Published: October 2020

Dosimetry is a technique that quantitatively measures the ionizing radiation absorbed by matter. The present study was conducted on the barites from a mine at Dongargaon in Central India. Morphological and structural analysis of proposed sample was carried out using X‐ray diffraction and standard error of the mean. Thermal analysis and chemical composition of the proposed sample were carried out using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis, and electron probe microanalysis. Thermoluminescence (TL) studies on a natural barite sample were performed using a Nucleonix TL1009I TL reader following sample irradiation with γ‐rays generated from a 60Co irradiation source. A broad TL glow curve was observed after TL study that was then deconvoluted using TLanal deconvolution software. Trapping parameters from the sample such as activation energy (E), order of kinetics (b), and frequency factor (s) were calculated using Chen’s peak shape method, the initial rise method, and Ilich’s method. The results indicated that the natural barite sample could be used in high‐dose TL dosimetric applications in various fields.
Quantification of spinosyn A and spinosyn D in animal‐derived products using multiwalled carbon nanotubes coupled with LC–MS/MS for analysis
Authors: Rahman Md.Musfiqur , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Ara Jo , Park Jong‐Hyouk , Kim Mi‐Ra , Eun Jong‐Bang , Shin Ho‐Chul , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: October 2020

An analytical method was developed for the quantification of spinosad (sum of spinosyns A and D) in five animal‐derived products (chicken breast, pork, beef, egg, and milk) using LC–MS/MS. The sample was extracted using acetonitrile/1% acetic acid and a combination of magnesium sulfate and sodium acetate salts. The sample was purified using multiwalled carbon nanotubes as sorbent via a dispersive‐solid‐phase extraction procedure. Matrix‐matched calibration (seven‐point) provided good linearity with coefficient of determination (R2) ≥0.99 for each product. The limits of detection and quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.0003–0.03 and 0.001–0.1 mg/kg, respectively. Method validation was carried out after spiking the target standard to blank matrices at the concentration levels of LOQ, 2 × LOQ, and 10 × LOQ with three replicates for each. The average recoveries were between 74 and 104%, with relative standard deviations ≤9.68, which were within the acceptable range designated by the international organizations. The developed method was successfully applied for monitoring market samples collected throughout the Korean Peninsula, and none of the samples tested positive for the target analytes. It has therefore been shown that dehydration and acidification were effective to extract spinosad from animal‐derived products.
Distribution and susceptibility of ERCC1/XPF gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur women with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Li Hongtao , Zhou Linghui , Ma Jing , Zhu Yuyao , Fan Jingjing , Li Na , Zheng Yi , Sha Tong , Zhai Zhen , Ma Binlin , Dai Zhijun
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to explore the roles of ERCC1/XPF gene polymorphisms in the occurrence of breast cancer in the Uygur and Han ethnic groups in Xinjiang, China. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by TaqMan real‐time PCR. The rs11615 G>A and rs2276466 C>G variant frequencies were higher in Uygur patients with breast cancer than in Han patients, while the frequency of rs2298881 C>A was higher in Han patients. We found that rs2298881 C>A (CA vs. CC: OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.20‐0.60; AA vs. CC: OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.04‐0.34; CA + AA vs. CC: OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.18‐0.51; AA vs. CA + CC: OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.08‐0.62; CA vs. AA + CC: OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29‐0.82) was associated with a reduced breast cancer risk and rs3212986 C>A (AA vs. CC: OR = 4.80, 95% CI = 1.79‐15.29,; CA+AA vs. CC: OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.06‐2.77; AA vs. CA+CC: OR = 4.12, 95% CI =1.58‐12.89) and rs11615 G > A (AA vs. GG: OR = 3.49, 95% CI =1.54‐8.55; GA + AA vs. GG: OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.21‐3.27; AA vs. GA+GG: OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.30‐6.85) were associated with an elevated breast cancer risk among Uygur individuals. In addition, Uygur patients with breast cancer with 2‐3 combined risk genotypes of ERCC1 had a higher risk than patients with 0‐1 risk genotypes (OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.54‐5.71, p = 0.001). However, we failed to detect a statistically significant association between ERCC1/XPF polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in five genetic models among Han individuals. Our results showed that ERCC1/XPF gene polymorphisms predispose Uygur individuals to breast cancer; this finding should be verified by further large‐scale analyses.
Mandibular Anterior Lingual Recession: Keratinized Tissue Grafting and Minimally Invasive Harvesting
Authors: Merijohn George K. , Chambrone Leandro , Brodsky Andrew I. , Xenoudi Pinelopi
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The mandibular anterior lingual (MAL) keratinized tissue (KT) band is often insufficient in dimension: <2 mm height of which <1 mm is attached gingiva (AG). Its gingival phenotype is commonly characterized as thin (<1 mm) gingival thickness (GT) and having inadequate (<1 mm) AG width.

When surgical treatment is indicated, prevention of significant apical displacement of the gingival margin and improvement of long‐term gingival stability are enhanced by KT increase and phenotype modification in order to establish thick GT and adequate AG.

The aim of this case report is to describe a bilaminar surgical approach, the modified coronally advanced flap (mCAF) and connective tissue graft with retained KT band (mCAF + CTGkt). It is an outcomes‐driven surgical approach for KT increase and phenotype modification in order to predictably establish thick GT and adequate AG. The mCAF + CTGkt procedure is minimally invasive, predictable, well‐tolerated and addresses both the unique features of MAL anatomy and normal oral functioning movement during the postoperative healing phase.

Case Presentation

A 48‐year‐old female presented with chief complaint of MAL progressive gingival recession (GR). Attachment loss of 3–4 mm and lack of both KT and AG were documented. Primary treatment outcomes objectives were GR cessation, establish KT, increase GT and AG. A secondary outcome was decreasing GR.

Conclusion

The mCAF + CTGkt procedure resulted in KT increase, phenotype modification to establish thick GT and adequate AG, and decreased GR. It addressed unique features of MAL anatomy. Postoperative healing outcomes were not negatively impacted by normal oral functioning.
Toward the Intrinsic Superiority of Aligned One‐Dimensional TiO2 Nanostructures: the Role of Defect States in Electron Transport Process
Authors: He Zhijuan , Han Yanyang , Liu Shanshan , Cui Wei , Qiao Yunping , He Tao , Wang Qianxi
Published: October 2020

Electrodes made up of aligned 1D semiconductor nanostructures have drawn much attention in photoelectrochemical applications, as they are expected to be ideal configuration for channeling electrons towards the substrate without lateral electron scattering. However, efforts were hardly made to optimize the defect states in such systems. Herein, we observed significant enhancement (∼20 fold) in photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) after a simple calcination procedure. Through a series of structural and electrochemical characterizations, we revealed an underlying role of defects states in electron transport: even in electrodes composed of 1D TiO2 nanorods, lateral electron scattering would be avoided, which was confirmed by measuring the trap‐free electron diffusion coefficient (D0), the electron transport process can be severely affected by defect states distributed in the band gap. The calcination procedure can bring structural optimization for TiO2 NRAs, therefore facilitates electron transport process. Intrinsically, this work provides a structural view for realizing the superior performance of aligned 1D semiconductor nanostructures.
Freeze symptoms and associated yield loss in soft red winter wheat
Authors: Lindsey Laura E. , Alt Douglas S. , Lindsey Alexander J.
Published: October 2020

In the soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing regions of the eastern United States, midwinter warm temperatures have accelerated wheat development, exposing wheat that has transitioned to reproductive stages to cold temperatures during late spring. The objectives of this diagnostic guide were to: (a) provide images depicting freeze injury and (b) provide estimates of grain yield and straw biomass reduction in response to low temperature at the Feekes 6, 8, and 10.5.1 growth stages of soft red winter wheat. Wheat plants were transplanted from the field into pots at each the Feekes growth stage and placed into freeze chambers with temperature treatments ranging from 3 to 39 °F. Plants were then placed in an open‐air greenhouse and grown to the completion of grain filling. Grain and biomass yield were evaluated and modeled across temperature treatments within each growth stage. Small temperature differences resulted in large differences in yield. At the Feekes 6 growth stage, grain yield was reduced by 10% at 17.9 °F and 25% at 14.8 °F. At the Feekes 8 growth stage, grain yield was reduced by 10% at 27.6 °F and by 25% at 24.6 °F. At the Feekes 10.5.1 growth stage, grain yield was reduced by 10% at 27.8 °F and by 25% at 26.3 °F. Our guidelines provide estimates for potential reductions in grain yield associated with low temperatures. However, scouting fields approximately 2 wk after the freeze event (and after active growth has resumed) is important, as there are microclimates within fields.
Research Progress of Micro/Nanomotors for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Li Ting , Wan Mimi , Mao Chun
Published: October 2020

Nanomaterials have been widely used in cancer treatment and have achieved remarkable results. However, the specificity of the tumor microenvironment and a series of biological barriers (such as blood flow, cell membrane, dense tissue, etc.) have caused many obstacles faced by nanomaterials after entering the human body, which makes traditional drug delivery vehicles have insurmountable difficulties, such as low delivery efficiency, poor permeability, etc. The micro/nanomotors with autonomous movement capabilities provide the possibility to solve the above problems. Therefore, this review summarizes the current researches of micro/nanomotors strategies to overcome the different biological barriers of nanomaterials in cancer treatment. The advantages and disadvantages of three typical micro/nanomotors (biological, physical and chemical micro/nanomotors) in cancer treatment are summarized separately, and the future design of micro/nanomotors more suitable for tumor environment was discussed.
A meta‐analysis on the effectiveness of intervention in children with primary speech and language delays/disorders: Focusing on China and the United States
Authors: Zhang Zhigang , Xu Qinfang , Joshi R. Malatesha
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to investigate the immediate and long‐term effects of intervention for children with primary speech and language delays/disorders and to explore whether some characteristics of interventions, specifics of the study and research participants moderate the magnitude of the effectiveness of interventions. Using the random effect model, we pooled the effect size and conducted a publication bias evaluation, a moderating effect analysis in CMA 2.0. Results of a random effects model analysis demonstrated a moderate immediate effect (g = 0.70), whereas the long‐term efficacy was small (g = 0.23). Additionally, type of measure, language of intervention, parental involvement, intervention content and study quality, as well as the duration of intervention, significantly moderated the effect size of intervention effectiveness.
Continuous Learning in Model‐Informed Precision Dosing: A Case Study in Pediatric Dosing of Vancomycin
Authors: Hughes Jasmine H. , Tong Dominic M. H. , Lucas Sarah Scarpace , Faldasz Jonathan D. , Goswami Srijib , Keizer Ron J.
Published: October 2020

Model‐informed precision dosing (MIPD) leverages pharmacokinetic (PK) models to tailor dosing to an individual patient’s needs, improving attainment of therapeutic drug exposure targets and thus potentially improving drug efficacy or reducing adverse events. However, selection of an appropriate model for supporting clinical decision making is not trivial. Error or bias in dose selection may arise if the selected model was developed in a population not fully representative of the intended MIPD population. One previously proposed approach is continuous learning, in which an initial model is used in MIPD and then updated as additional data becomes available. In this case study of pediatric vancomycin MIPD, the potential benefits of the continuous learning approach are investigated. Five previously published models were evaluated and found to perform adequately in a data set of 273 pediatric patients in the intensive care unit. Additionally, two predefined simple PK models were fitted on separate populations of 50–350 patients in an approach mimicking clinical implementation of automated continuous learning. With these continuous learning models, prediction error using population PK parameters could be reduced by 2–13% compared with previously published models. Sample sizes of at least 200 patients were found suitable for capturing the interindividual variability in vancomycin at this institution, with limited benefits of larger data sets. Although comprised mostly of trough samples, these sparsely sampled routine clinical data allowed for reasonable estimation of simulated area under the curve (AUC). Together, these findings lay the foundations for a continuous learning MIPD approach.
Crosstalk noise analysis in ternary logic multilayer graphene nanoribbon interconnects using shielding techniques
Authors: Kolanti Tulasi Naga Jyothi , Kerehalli Shankar Rao Vasundhara Patel
Published: October 2020

This paper presents an accurate structure for multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) bundled interconnects to reduce the effects of crosstalk in ternary logic circuits. In the proposed structures, the signal line is surrounded by the shielding lines to reduce the crosstalk effects. The crosstalk effects such as noise peak, noise area, delay, and power consumptions are compared to effects produced by conventional methods. The impacts of process variation in the proposed structures are also presented. Additionally, the proposed MLGNR interconnect results are compared with the carbon nanotube interconnections. All the proposed circuits are implemented and simulated using HSPICE tool. The simulation results indicated that the passively shielded MLGNR interconnects provide lower crosstalk effects up to 47.7% and 69.4%, respectively, over the active and without shielded interconnects.
The tubulin code specializes neuronal cilia for extracellular vesicle release
Authors: Akella Jyothi S. , Barr Maureen M.
Published: October 2020

Cilia are microtubule‐based organelles that display diversity in morphology, ultrastructure, protein composition, and function. The ciliary microtubules of C. elegans sensory neurons exemplify this diversity and provide a paradigm to understand mechanisms driving ciliary specialization. Only a subset of ciliated neurons in C. elegans are specialized to make and release bioactive extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. The cilia of extracellular vesicle releasing neurons have distinct axonemal features and specialized intraflagellar transport that are important for releasing EVs. In this review, we discuss the role of the tubulin code in the specialization of microtubules in cilia of EV releasing neurons.
Eating disorders during the Edo period between 1603 and 1867 in Japan
Authors: Nakai Yoshikatsu , Nin Kazuko
Published: October 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study is to examine whether Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro are eating disorders or not.

Method

We completed a retrospective review of Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro during the Edo period (1603–1867) using the original books of these disorders written by Kampo doctors and compared these disorders with eating disorders in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5).

Results

There were more than 50 patients with Fushoku‐byo and Shinsen‐ro during the Edo period, when Japan was closed to the rest of the world. More than 90% of them were young women. All patients demonstrated food restriction or avoidance that significantly impaired their physical health or psychosocial functioning. Kampo doctors did not mention any fat phobia and disturbed body image. They considered these disorders to be caused by psychological distress and recommended psychological treatment.

Discussion

The finding in this study challenges some of the presumptions that the development of eating disorders in non‐Western countries is attributed to modern Western influence. It is plausible that these patients could have been categorized as having unspecified feeding or eating disorder in the DSM‐5, when the presence or absence of fat phobia and disturbed body image is unclear.
Freshwater zooplankton metapopulations and metacommunities respond differently to environmental and spatial variation
Authors: Martin Gillian K. , Beisner Beatrix E. , Chain Frédéric J. J. , Cristescu Melania E. , del Giorgio Paul A. , Derry Alison M.
Published: October 2020

Theory predicts that population genetic structure and metacommunity structure are linked by the common processes of drift and migration, but how population genetic structure and metacommunity structure are related in nature is still unknown. Deeper understanding of the processes influencing both genetic and community diversity is vital for better predicting how environmental change will impact biodiversity patterns. We examined how crustacean zooplankton and rotifer species' metapopulation genetic structure and metacommunities respond to environmental and spatial variation both within and across four regions of boreal Canada. Metapopulation and metacommunity variation partitioning results were compared within and across the four regions. Metapopulations and metacommunities responded differently to environmental variation and spatial structure both within and across regions, as metapopulations were influenced by different environmental variables compared to metacommunities. At larger spatial scales both metapopulations and metacommunities exhibited greater spatial and environmental structuring, again responding to a different subset of environmental variables. Our findings suggest that even though both genetic and species diversity are linked by the same processes, regional variation in environmental characteristics and spatial structure influence resulting biodiversity patterns differently. To date, no other empirical research has explored relationships between entire metapopulation and metacommunity assemblages at large regional spatial scales.
High summer temperatures amplify functional differences between coral‐ and algae‐dominated reef communities
Authors: Roth Florian , RAdecker Nils , Carvalho Susana , Duarte Carlos M. , Saderne Vincent , Anton Andrea , Silva Luis , Calleja Maria Ll. , MorÁn XosÉ Anxelu G. , Voolstra Christian R. , Kürten Benjamin , Jones Burton H. , Wild Christian
Published: October 2020

Shifts from coral to algal dominance are expected to increase in tropical coral reefs as a result of anthropogenic disturbances. The consequences for key ecosystem functions such as primary productivity, calcification, and nutrient recycling are poorly understood, particularly under changing environmental conditions. We used a novel in situ incubation approach to compare functions of coral‐ and algae‐dominated communities in the central Red Sea bimonthly over an entire year. In situ gross and net community primary productivity, calcification, dissolved organic carbon fluxes, dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes, and their respective activation energies were quantified to describe the effects of seasonal changes. Overall, coral‐dominated communities exhibited 30% lower net productivity and 10 times higher calcification than algae‐dominated communities. Estimated activation energies indicated a higher thermal sensitivity of coral‐dominated communities. In these communities, net productivity and calcification were negatively correlated with temperature (>40% and >65% reduction, respectively, with +5°C increase from winter to summer), whereas carbon losses via respiration and dissolved organic carbon release more than doubled at higher temperatures. In contrast, algae‐dominated communities doubled net productivity in summer, while calcification and dissolved organic carbon fluxes were unaffected. These results suggest pronounced changes in community functioning associated with coral‐algal phase shifts. Algae‐dominated communities may outcompete coral‐dominated communities because of their higher productivity and carbon retention to support fast biomass accumulation while compromising the formation of important reef framework structures. Higher temperatures likely amplify these functional differences, indicating a high vulnerability of ecosystem functions of coral‐dominated communities to temperatures even below coral bleaching thresholds. Our results suggest that ocean warming may not only cause but also amplify coral–algal phase shifts in coral reefs.
Gut microbiota and metabolic marker alteration following dietary isoflavone‐photoperiod interaction
Authors: Oyola Mario G. , Johnson Ryan C. , Bauman Bradly M. , Frey Kenneth G. , Russell Ashley L. , Cho‐Clark Madelaine , Buban Katelyn N. , Bishop‐Lilly Kimberly A. , Merrell D. Scott , Handa Robert J. , Wu T. John
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The interaction between isoflavones and the gut microbiota has been highlighted as a potential regulator of obesity and diabetes. In this study, we examined the interaction between isoflavones and a shortened activity photoperiod on the gut microbiome.

Methods

Male mice were exposed to a diet containing no isoflavones (NIF) or a regular diet (RD) containing the usual isoflavones level found in a standard vivarium chow. These groups were further divided into regular (12L:12D) or short active (16L:8D) photoperiod, which mimics seasonal changes observed at high latitudes. White adipose tissue and genes involved in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis processes were analysed. Bacterial genomic DNA was isolated from fecal boli, and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was performed.

Results

NIF diet increased body weight and adipocyte size when compared to mice on RD. The lack of isoflavones and photoperiod alteration also caused dysregulation of lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), glucose transporter type 4 (Glut‐4) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (Pparg) genes. Using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, we found that mice fed the NIF diet had a greater proportion of Firmicutes than Bacteroidetes when compared to animals on the RD. These alterations were accompanied by changes in the endocrine profile, with lower thyroid‐stimulating hormone levels in the NIF group compared to the RD. Interestingly, the NIF group displayed increased locomotion as compared to the RD group.

Conclusion

Together, these data show an interaction between the gut bacterial communities, photoperiod length and isoflavone compounds, which may be essential for understanding and improving metabolic health.
Helminth‐induced regulation of T‐cell transfer colitis requires intact and regulated T cell Stat6 signaling in mice
Authors: Metwali Ahmed , Winckler Sarah , Urban Joseph F. , Kaplan Mark H. , Ince M. Nedim , Elliott David E.
Published: October 2020

Infection with parasitic worms (helminths) alters host immune responses and can inhibit pathogenic inflammation. Helminth infection promotes a strong Th2 and T regulatory response while suppressing Th1 and Th17 function. Th2 responses are largely dependent on transcriptional programs directed by Stat6‐signaling. We examined the importance of intact T cell Stat6 signaling on helminth‐induced suppression of murine colitis that results from T cell transfer into immune‐deficient mice. Colonization with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri resolves WT T cell transfer colitis. However, if the transferred T cells lack intact Stat6 then helminth exposure failed to attenuate colitis or suppress MLN T cell IFN‐γ or IL17 production. Loss of Stat6 signaling resulted in decreased IL10 and increased IFN‐γ co‐expression by IL‐17+ T cells. We also transferred T cells from mice with constitutive T cell expression of activated Stat6 (Stat6VT). These mice developed a severe eosinophilic colitis that also was not attenuated by helminth infection. These results show that T cell expression of intact but regulated Stat6 signaling is required for helminth infection‐associated regulation of pathogenic intestinal inflammation.
Close‐knit ties through thick and thin: Sharing social exclusion and acceptance enhances social bond
Authors: Gao Cong , Wang Deming , Miao Xiao‐Yan , Wang Zuo‐Jun , Qin Chan Kai
Published: October 2020

Three experiments investigated whether and why sharing experiences of social exclusion or social acceptance with others strengthens social bonds. Participants experienced either social exclusion or social acceptance alongside another co‐participant who either also experienced the same outcome, or experienced a different outcome, as them. Multilevel modeling results showed that participant dyads who shared the experience of social exclusion or social acceptance felt closer to each other than those who experienced different outcomes, and that perceived similarity mediated the effect of shared experiences on social bonds. Interestingly, participants felt closer to one another after having shared social acceptance, more so than when they have shared social exclusion. Implications of the present findings are interpreted in light of theories of social exclusion, shared experiences, and social bonding.
Preparation of a novel synergistic flame retardant and its application in silicone rubber composites
Authors: Ye Pan , Cheng Liu , Jincheng Wang , Shiqiang Song
Published: October 2020

Dehydration condensation product (DHCP) was prepared by addition and dehydration condensation reactions of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO), vinyl trimethoxysilane, and (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane. DHCP‐PA with high phosphorus content was prepared by reaction between DHCP and phytic acid (PA). It was then compounded with oxidized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (OMWCNTs) to prepare silicone rubber (SR) flame retardant composites. The results showed that the SR with a small amount of DHCP‐PA owned good flame retardant effect. The heat release rate (HRR) was decreased from 436 kW/m2 for pure SR to 288 kW/m2 for the SR with 5 phr DHCP‐PA, and the decreasing degree was 33.9%. After mixing 5 phr DHCP‐PA with 1 phr OMWCNTs, the HRR of SR composite was decreased from 436 to 251 kW/m2, the smoke production rate was decreased from 0.161 to 0.087 m2/s, the limited oxygen index value was increased from 20.4% to 28.4%, and the flame retardant grade can reach UL94 V‐0. In addition, the synergistic flame retardant mechanism was researched and analyzed.
Protein kinase C eta is activated in reactive astrocytes of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model: Evidence for its immunoregulatory function in primary astrocytes
Authors: Muraleedharan Amitha , Rotem‐Dai Noa , Strominger Itai , Anto Nikhil Ponnoor , Isakov Noah , Monsonego Alon , Livneh Etta
Published: October 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of age‐related dementia. Pathologically, AD is characterized by synaptic loss, the accumulation of β‐amyloid peptides and neurofibrillary tangles, glial activation, and neuroinflammation. Whereas extensive studies focused on neurons and activation of microglia in AD, the role of astrocytes has not been well‐characterized. Protein kinase C (PKC) was also implicated in AD; however, its role in astrocyte activation was not elucidated. Using the 5XFAD mouse model of AD, we show that PKC‐eta (PKCη), an astrocyte‐specific stress‐activated and anti‐apoptotic kinase, plays a role in reactive astrocytes. We demonstrate that PKCη staining is highly enriched in cortical astrocytes in a disease‐dependent manner and in the vicinity of amyloid‐β peptides plaques. Moreover, activation of PKCη, as indicated by its increased phosphorylation levels, is exhibited mainly in cortical astrocytes derived from adult 5XFAD mice. PKCη activation was associated with elevated levels of reactive astrocytic markers and upregulation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL‐6) compared to littermate controls. Notably, inhibiting the kinase activity of PKCη in 5XFAD astrocyte cultures markedly increased the levels of secreted IL‐6—a phenomenon that was also observed in wild‐type astrocytes stimulated by inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα, IL‐1). Similar increase in the release of IL‐6 was also observed upon inhibition of either the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Our findings suggest that the mTOR‐PKCη‐PP2A signaling cascade functions as a negative feedback loop of NF‐κB‐induced IL‐6 release in astrocytes. Thus, we identify PKCη as a regulator of neuroinflammation in AD.
Intrinsic DNA damage repair deficiency results in progressive microglia loss and replacement
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Heng Yang , Kooistra Susanne M. , van Weering Hilmar R. J. , Brummer Maaike L. , Gerrits Emma , Wesseling Evelyn M. , Brouwer Nieske , Nijboer Tjalling W. , Dubbelaar Marissa L. , Boddeke Erik W. G. M. , Eggen Bart J. L.
Published: October 2020

The DNA excision repair protein Ercc1 is important for nucleotide excision, double strand DNA break, and interstrand DNA crosslink repair. In constitutive Ercc1‐knockout mice, microglia display increased phagocytosis, proliferation and an enhanced responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced peripheral inflammation. However, the intrinsic effects of Ercc1‐deficiency on microglia are unclear. In this study, Ercc1 was specifically deleted from Cx3cr1‐expressing cells and changes in microglia morphology and immune responses at different times after deletion were determined. Microglia numbers were reduced with approximately 50% at 2–12 months after Ercc1 deletion. Larger and more ramified microglia were observed following Ercc1 deletion both in vivo and in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Ercc1‐deficient microglia were progressively lost, and during this period, microglia proliferation was transiently increased. Ercc1‐deficient microglia were gradually replaced by nondeficient microglia carrying a functional Ercc1 allele. In contrast to constitutive Ercc1‐deficient mice, microglia‐specific deletion of Ercc1 did not induce microglia activation or increase their responsiveness to a systemic LPS challenge. Gene expression analysis suggested that Ercc1 deletion in microglia induced a transient aging signature, which was different from a priming or disease‐associated microglia gene expression profile.
Sex‐differences in network level brain dynamics associated with pain sensitivity and pain interference
Authors: Kim Junseok A. , Bosma Rachael L. , Hemington Kasey S. , Rogachov Anton , Osborne Natalie R. , Cheng Joshua C. , Dunkley Benjamin T. , Davis Karen D.
Published: October 2020

Neural dynamics can shape human experience, including pain. Pain has been linked to dynamic functional connectivity within and across brain regions of the dynamic pain connectome (consisting of the ascending nociceptive pathway (Asc), descending antinociceptive pathway (Desc), salience network (SN), and the default mode network (DMN)), and also shows sex differences. These linkages are based on fMRI‐derived slow hemodynamics. Here, we utilized the fine temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure resting state functional coupling (FCp) related to individual pain perception and pain interference in 50 healthy individuals (26 women, 24 men). We found that pain sensitivity and pain interference were linked to within‐ and cross‐network broadband FCp across the Asc and SN. We also identified sex differences in these relationships: (a) women exhibited greater within‐network static FCp, whereas men had greater dynamic FCp within the dynamic pain connectome; (b) relationship between pain sensitivity and pain interference with FCp in women was commonly found in theta, whereas in men, these relationships were predominantly in the beta and low gamma bands. These findings indicate that dynamic interactions of brain networks underlying pain involve fast brain communication in men but slower communication in women.
Ipsilateral radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil: American Radium Society appropriate use criteria executive summary
Authors: Tsai C. Jillian , Galloway Thomas J. , Margalit Danielle N. , Bakst Richard L. , Beadle Beth M. , Beitler Jonathan J. , Chang Steven , Chen Allen , Cooper Jay , Koyfman Shlomo A. , Ridge John A. , Robbins Jared , Truong Minh Tam , Yom Sue S. , Siddiqui Farzan
Published: October 2020

Background

We conducted the current systemic review to provide up‐to‐date literature summary and optimal evidence‐based recommendations for ipsilateral radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil.

Methods

We performed literature search of peer‐reviewed journals through PubMed. The search strategy and subject‐specific keywords were developed based on the expert panel's consensus. Articles published from January 2000 to May 2020 with full text available on PubMed and restricted to the English language and human subjects were included. Several prespecified search terms were used to identify relevant publications and additional evidence published since the initial American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria Ipsilateral Tonsil Radiation recommendation was finalized in 2012. The full bibliographies of identified articles were reviewed and irrelevant studies were removed.

Results

The initial search and review returned 46 citations. The authors added three citations from bibliographies, websites, or books not found in the literature search. Of the 49 citations, 30 citations were retained for further detailed review, and 14 of them were added to the evidence table. Articles were removed from the bibliography if they were not relevant or generalizable to the topic, or focused on unknown primary disease. Several commonly encountered clinical case variants were created and panelists anonymously rated each treatment recommendation. The results were reviewed and disagreements discussed.

Conclusions

The panel provided updated evidence and recommendations for ipsilateral radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil in the setting of primary radiation‐based therapy and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. This committee did not reach agreements for some case variants due to a lack of strong evidence supporting specific treatment decisions, indicating a further need for research in these topics.