bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spiral and staircase inclusion trail axes within garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts from schists of the Bolton Syncline, Connecticut: timing of porphyroblast growth and the effects of fold development
Authors: BELL T. H. , HICKEY K. A. , WANG J.
Published: October 2004

In the Littleton Formation, garnet porphyroblasts preserve three generations of growth that occurred before formation of the Bolton Syncline. Inclusion trails of foliations overgrown by these porphyroblasts are always truncated by the matrix foliation suggesting that garnet growth predated the matrix foliation. In contrast, many staurolite porphyroblasts grew synchronously with formation of the Bolton Syncline. However, local rim overgrowths of the matrix foliation suggest that some staurolite porphyroblasts continued to grow after development of the fold during younger crenulation producing deformations. The axes of curvature or intersection of foliations defined by inclusion trails inside the garnet porphyroblasts lie oblique to the axial plane of the Bolton Syncline but do not change orientation across it. This suggests the garnets were not rotated during the subsequent deformation associated with fold development or during even younger crenulation events. Three samples also contain a different set of axes defined by curvature of inclusion trails in the cores of garnet porphyroblasts suggesting a protracted history of garnet growth. Foliation intersection axes in staurolite porphyroblasts are consistently orientated close to the trend of the axial plane of the Bolton Syncline on both limbs of the fold. In contrast, axes defined by curvature or intersection of foliations in the rims of staurolite porphyroblasts in two samples exhibit a different trend. This phase of staurolite growth is associated with a crenulation producing deformation that postdated formation of the Bolton Syncline. Measurement of foliation intersection axes defined by inclusion trails in both garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts has enabled the timing of growth relative to one another and to the development of the Bolton Syncline to be distinguished in rocks where other approaches have not been successful. Consistent orientation of foliation intersection axes across a range of younger structures suggests that the porphyroblasts did not rotate relative to geographical coordinates during subsequent ductile deformation. Foliation intersection axes in porphyroblasts are thus useful for correlating phases of porphyroblastic growth in this region.
Petrology of high‐pressure granulites from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis
Authors: LIU Y. , ZHONG D.
Published: October 2004

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis, situated at the eastern terminus of the Himalayas, is the least‐known segment of the Himalayas. Recent research in this area has revealed that the syntaxis consists of the Gangdise, the Yarlung Zangbo, and the Himalayan units, each of which is bounded by faults. The Himalayan unit, the northernmost exposed part of the Indian plate, mainly contains amphibolite facies rocks, marked by the assemblages staurolite+kyanite+plagioclase+biotite+muscovite±sillimanite and garnet+amphibole+plagioclase, in the south; to the north, low‐ to medium‐pressure granulite grade pelitic gneisses and marbles are present and are characterized by the assemblages garnet+sillimanite+K‐feldspar+plagioclase or antiperthite+biotite+quartz±spinel±cordierite±orthopyroxene in gneisses, and anorthite+diopside±wollastonite and plagioclase+diopside+quartz+phlogopite+calcite in marbles. Within this unit, the Namula thrust system is a series of moderately north‐dipping structures that displaced the granulite facies rocks southwards over the amphibolite facies rocks. High‐pressure granulites occur as relics within these granulite facies rocks and contain garnet–kyanite granulite and garnet clinopyroxenite. The peak assemblage of the garnet–kyanite granulite includes garnet (core part)+kyanite+ternary feldspar+quartz+rutile. Sillimanite+garnet (rim part)+K‐feldspar+ oligoclase+ilmenite+biotite and spinel+albite+biotite or spinel+cordierite±orthopyroxene, which are coronas around sillimanite and garnet, are retrograde products of this peak assemblage. Another peak assemblage includes very‐high‐Ca garnet (CaO 32–34 wt%, Alm10±Grs>80) and diopside (CaO 22–24 wt%), scapolite, meionite, quartz, and accessory Al‐bearing titanite (Al2O3 4–4.5 wt%). The diopside has kink bands. Partial or complete breakdown of Ca‐rich garnet during post‐peak metamorphism produced pseudomorphs and coronas consisting of fine‐grained symplectic intergrowths of hedenbergite and anorthite. Thermobarometric estimates in combination with reaction textures, mineral compositions, and recent experimental studies indicate that these peak assemblages were formed at P=c. 1.7–1.8 GPa, T =c. 890 °C, and the retrograde assemblages experienced near‐isothermal decompression to P=0.5±0.1 GPa, T =850±50 °C. The whole‐rock compositions indicate that marble and pelite are plausible candidates for the protoliths. These facts suggest the following (1) sedimentary rocks were transported to upper‐mantle depths and equilibrated at those conditions to form these high‐pressure granulites, which were then emplaced into the crust quickly. During the rapid exhumation of these rocks, the earlier high‐pressure assemblages were overprinted by the later low‐ to medium‐pressure assemblages, that is, the high‐pressure granulite belt formed in the syntaxis. (2) The Namula thrust system is an important tectonic boundary in the syntaxis, or even in the Higher Himalaya more generally.
Two‐dimensional patterns of metamorphic fluid flow and isotopic resetting in layered and fractured rocks‘pa
Authors: CARTWRIGHT I. , WEAVER T. R.
Published: October 2004

One‐dimensional advection‐dispersion models predict that characteristic δ18O vs. distance and δ18O vs. δ13C profiles should be produced during isothermal metamorphic fluid flow under equilibrium conditions. However, the patterns of isotopic resetting in rocks that have experienced fluid flow are often different from the predictions. Two‐dimensional advection‐dispersion simulations in systems with simple geometries suggest that such differences may be as a result of fluid channelling and need not indicate disequilibrium, high dispersivities, or polythermal flow. The patterns of isotopic resetting are a function of: (1) the permeability contrast between more permeable layers (‘channels’) and less permeable layers (‘matrix’); (2) the width and spacing of the channels; (3) the width and spacing of discrete fractures; and (4) the orientation of the pressure gradient with respect to layering. In fractured systems, the efficiency of isotopic transport depends on the fracture aperture and the permeability of the surrounding rock. Resetting initially occurs along and immediately adjacent to the fractures, but with time isotopic resetting because of flow through the rock as a whole increases in importance. Application of the one‐dimensional advection‐dispersion equations to metamorphic fluid flow systems may yield incorrect estimates of fluid fluxes, intrinsic permeabilities, dispersivities, and permeability contrasts unless fluid flow occurred through zones of high permeability that were separated by relatively impermeable layers.
The biotite isograd, Central Pyrenees: a deformation‐controlled reaction
Authors: DEMPSTER T. J. , TANNER P. W. G.
Published: October 2004

The biotite isograd reaction in Cambro–Ordovician pelites from the Garonne dome in the Central Pyrenees involves the production of biotite at the expense of chlorite, and the gradual reduction in the celadonite (Si) content of individual white micas. The mineral assemblages in the biotite‐bearing rocks in the Melles area retain abundant evidence of chemical disequilibrium, due to the sluggish nature of major element diffusion within the white micas. The progress of the isograd reaction is strongly controlled by the progressive development of regional Variscan fabrics, and chemical exchange in the white micas in these metamorphic conditions is only possible during active deformation. Chemical resetting of the white micas takes place via the development of compositional zoning in the deforming micas; this probably occurs as a consequence of the introduction of defects and dislocations, causing more efficient diffusion within parts of individual grains. In the absence of deformation, this biotite isograd reaction would take place at significantly higher temperature and be controlled by the relatively high closure temperature of major element diffusion in white micas. Thus, assigning thermal significance to such continuous isograd reactions is impossible without independent constraints: kinetic factors such as deformation may be the dominant influence in many cases, not the thermodynamic controls.
Geochemical self‐organization of olivine‐grade contact metamorphosed chert nodules in dolomite marble, Kilchrist, Skye
Authors: HOLNESS M. B.
Published: October 2004

Chert nodules in dolostones in the aureole of the Tertiary Beinn an Dubhaich granite, Skye, have developed mm‐scale concentric monomineralic bands of alternating calcite and olivine during breakdown of a diopside core by the reaction 3 Dol+Di=4 Cal+2Fo+2 CO2. A simple textural progression from thin (<1 cm) homogeneous olivine‐calcite rims close to the olivine‐in isograd, to total replacement of the diopside core by a ≤10 cm thick well‐banded rim close to the carbonate‐granite contact demonstrates the developmental stages of the patterning. Correlation of olivine grain size with band spacing, and a greater olivine grain size in banded compared with homogeneous rims support pattern development by post‐nucleation geochemical self‐organization.
Tectonothermal evolution of the gneiss complex at Salur in the Eastern Ghats Grnaulite Belt of India
Authors: MUKHOPADHYAY A. K. , BHATTACHRYA A.
Published: October 2004

Textural relations, thermobarometry and petrogenetic grid considerations in the syn‐tectonic granitoid massif and the enveloping metasedimentary gneisses at Salur are consistent with a counter‐clockwise P–T –t path for the rocks. The low‐P/high‐T  prograde sector is documented by the pre‐ to syn‐D1 cordierite±orthopyroxene±garnet±spinel–bearing metatexite leucosomes in metapelites. Heating and loading of the rocks (syn‐ to post‐D1) resulted in the formation of garnet+orthopyroxene± cordierite‐bearing diatexites, and decomposition of cordierite in metatexite leucosomes to orthopyroxene+sillimanite+biotite+quartz symplectites. Near‐peak temperature, 850 °C at 8.0 kbar, was reached syn‐ to post‐D2. Post‐peak cooling resulted in the stabilization of coronal grossular and anorthite+calcite symplectites at the expense of scapolite+wollastonite+calcite assemblages in calc‐silicate gneisses, and the resetting of cation exchange temperatures at 700–750 °C. Near‐isothermal decompression at c. 700–750 °C is manifested by the decomposition of garnet porphyroblasts in the granitoid gneisses to plagioclase+orthopyroxene/ilmenite/biotite two‐phase coronas and restabilization of cordierite at garnet margins in metapelites. Subsequent low‐P, near‐isobaric cooling led to the overprinting of granulite facies assemblages by muscovite+calcite assemblages, and further resetting of cation exchange thermometers to lower temperatures c. 600 °C. The tectonothermal evolution of the Salur gneiss complex vis‐a‐vis the Eastern Ghats Belt is therefore consistent with high degrees of lower crustal melting, followed by prograde heating of the cover rocks due to magma invasion synchronous with crustal compression, and finally thermal relaxation over a protracted period punctuated by tectonic/erosional denudation of the thickened crust.
Petrological and geochronological constraints on regional metamorphism along the northern border of the Bitterroot batholith
Authors: HOUSE M. A. , HODGES K. V. , BOWRING S. A.
Published: October 2004

Quantitative thermobarometry in pelites and garnet amphibolites from the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex, combined with U–Pb dating of metamorphic monazite and zircon from footwall rocks, provide new constraints on the P–T –t evolution of footwall rocks. The thermobarometric and geochronological results, when correlated with observations from other regions bordering the Bitterroot batholith, define a regional metamorphic history for the northern margin of the Bitterroot batholith consisting of three distinct events beginning with early prograde metamorphism (M1) coincident with arc‐related magmatism and crustal shortening at c. 100–80 Ma. Magmatism and crustal thickening led to regional upper‐amphibolite facies metamorphism (M2) and anatectic melting between 64 and 56 Ma. Mineral textures related to high‐temperature isothermal decompression (M3), coincident with late stages of magmatism in the Bitterroot complex footwall (56–48 Ma), are only preserved in areas adjacent to extensional structures. The close temporal relationship between peak metamorphism and the onset of footwall decompression indicates that thermal weakening was an important factor in the initiation of Early Eocene regional extension and tectonic denudation of the Bitterroot complex and possibly the Boehls Butte metamorphic terrane. The morphology of the decompressional P–T –t path derived for Bitterroot footwall rocks is similar to other trajectories reported for Cordilleran core complexes and may represent a transition in the deformational style of core‐bunding detachments responsible for exhumation.
Partial melting during tectonic exhumation of a granulite terrane: an example from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica
Authors: CARSON C. J. , POWELL * R. , WILSON C. J. L. , DIRKS P. H. G. M.
Published: October 2004

Anatectic migmatites in medium‐ to low‐pressure granulite facies metasediments exposed in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, contain leucosomes with abundant quartz and plagioclase and minor interstitial K‐feldspar, and assemblages of garnet–cordierite–spinel–ilmenite–sillimanite. Qualitative modelling in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O2, in conjunction with various P–T  calculations indicate that the high‐grade retrograde evolution of the terrane was dominated by decompression from peak conditions of c. 7 kbar at c. 800 °C to 4–5 kbar at c. 750 °C. Extensive partial melting during decompression involved the replacement of biotite by the assemblage cordierite–garnet–spinel within the leucosomes. These leucosomes represent the site of partial melt generation, the cordierite–garnet–spinel–ilmenite assemblage representing the solid products and excess reactants from the melting reaction. The extraction and accumulation of this decompression‐generated melt led to the formation of syntectonic pegmatites and extensive granitic plutons. Leucosome development and terrane decompression proceeded during crustal transpression, synchronous with upper crustal extension, during a progressive Early Palaeozoic collisional event. Subsequent retrograde evolution was characterized by cooling, as indicated by the growth of biotite replacing spinel and garnet, thin mantles of cordierite replacing spinel and quartz within metapelites, and garnet replacing orthopyroxene and hornblende within metabasites. P–T calculations on late mylonites indicate lower grade conditions of formation of c. 3.5 kbar at c. 650 °C, consistent with the development of late cooling textures.
The effect of metamorphic fluid flow on the nucleation and growth of garnets from Troms, North Norway
Authors: SKELTON A. D. L.
Published: October 2004

A spatial association is observed between the size distribution of garnet porphyroblasts and the size distribution of quartz veins in greenschist facies metapelites from Troms, North Norway. The size distribution of quartz veins reflects the flow regime of metamorphic fluids. The hypothesis that the flow regime of metamorphic fluids is also responsible for the size distribution of garnet crystals was tested by ascribing empirical acceleration parameters to the nucleation and growth rates of garnet crystals.

In regions where fluid flow was interpreted as pervasive’, acceleration parameters for nucleation were high, whereas in regions where fluid flow was interpreted as channelled’, acceleration parameters for growth were high. Accelerated crystal growth is further implied from the chemical zoning and crystal morphologies of garnets collected near discrete veins.

This spatial association may imply that fluid flow can be instrumental in controlling garnet crystallization. Fluid flow could affect garnet crystallization kinetics by facilitating thermal advection and/or mass transfer. In the study area, rhodochrosite (MnCO3) veins provide evidence for mass transfer of Mn by fluid flow. An influx of Mn would expand the stability field of garnet to lower temperatures. The resulting thermal overstep could accelerate nucleation and/or growth of garnets.

The corollary of this study is that size distributions and chemical zoning of garnets, or other porphyroblast phases, can be used to study metamorphic fluid flow.
Elevated serum levels of a c‐erbB‐2 oncogene product in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Chen C. H. , Lin Y. S. , Lin C. C. , Yang Y. H. , Ho Y. P. , Tsai C. C.
Published: October 2004

Objectives:  Amplification of the proto‐oncogene c‐erbB‐2 (HER‐2/neu) has been shown to be a prognostic marker in many kinds of cancer including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In order to obtain further information on the c‐erbB‐2 gene product p185, it is necessary to quantify expression levels. In this study we used an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the extracellular domain of p185 to determine whether a soluble oncoprotein fragment can be detected in the serum of OSCC patients.

Method:  Sera from 84 OSCC patients, 51 breast cancer patients (as positive controls), and 15 healthy controls were assayed in an ELISA. To study c‐erbB‐2 overexpression in OSCC, and breast cancer tissue samples we used an immunohistochemical technique.

Results:  The mean serum value (ng/ml, mean/SD) for the normal controls was 8.46/1.29. We chose the 95% level of normal controls as a cut‐off to distinguish individuals with elevated levels. The breast cancer patients’ and OSCC patients’ serum values were 13.83/6.82 and 13.1/4.56, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were observed between normal control and OSCC, normal control and the breast cancer group. Immunohistochemically detectable p185 (intermediate to high) was noted in 30 of 61 OSCC, and 24 of 51 breast cancer patients. There was a trend of association of serum oncoprotein fragment levels with tumor stages, but not with tumor sizes, nodal stages, metastases, and oral habits including betel quid chewing, alcohol drinking and smoking in the OSCC group.

Conclusion:  The results of the present study raise the possibility that soluble c‐erbB‐2 protein levels in serum is a useful parameter for monitoring the disease status as well as the effect of therapy on patients with OSCC.
Aplasia of submandibular salivary glands associated with ectodermal dysplasia
Authors: Singh Parmjit , Warnakulasuriya Saman
Published: October 2004

We describe a 28‐year‐old white Caucasian man displaying many of the physical signs of ectodermal dysplasia (ED). An unusual finding was his presentation with xerostomia. Salivary gland imaging techniques revealed aplasia of both submandibular salivary glands and relatively small parotids. The case highlights that hypoplasia and aplasia of exocrine glands could be rare features of ED. In the management of ED, early detection of xerostomia is important to limit any potential damage to the already hypodontic dentition.
Increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 in DMBA‐induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis and chemopreventive effect of a selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib
Authors: Nishimura Norihiko , Urade Masahiro , Hashitani Susumu , Noguchi Kazuma , Manno Yukiyo , Takaoka Kazuki , Sakurai Kazunari
Published: October 2004

Background:  In recent years, overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 protein and mRNA has been reported in various cancer tissues. Therefore, it has been suggested that COX‐2 is related to carcinogenesis.

Methods:  Hamsters were treated by painting a buccal pouch with a 0.5% DMBA solution dissolved in acetone. Basal diet or diets containing 150, 500 and 1500 ppm of celecoxib, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor, were given ad libitum to hamsters, and tumor development was observed.

Results:  Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that COX‐2 expression was increased toward the carcinogenesis. Although all hamsters developed squamous cell carcinoma, the onset of tumor formation was delayed in a dose‐dependent manner. Also, tumor growth was retarded and survived animals were increased in the group of celecoxib treatment. Histologically, administration of celecoxib increased the apoptotic cells in the tumor parenchyma and significantly inhibited the angiogenesis in the stroma.

Conclusions:  The COX‐2 expression was increased during hamster cheek pouch chemical carcinogenesis. Administration of celecoxib demonstrated the chemopreventive potential against the carcinogenesis.
Interleukin‐1β increases RANTES gene expression and production in synovial fibroblasts from human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Ogura N. , Tobe M. , Sakamaki H. , Nagura H. , Hosaka H. , Akiba M. , Abiko Y. , Kondoh T.
Published: October 2004

Background:  Synovial fibroblasts of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are poorly characterized, although they have important roles in progression of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). In this study, we investigated responses of synovial fibroblasts to interleukin (IL)‐1β.

Methods:  We examined gene expression profiles of synovial fibroblasts in response to IL‐1β, using Affymetrix GeneChip. Regulated upon activation normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) gene expression was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real‐time PCR. RANTES protein levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:  The RANTES was preferentially up‐regulated in synovial fibroblasts by IL‐1β. The increase in RANTES gene expression in response to IL‐1β was confirmed by PCR and real‐time PCR. Protein level of RANTES in synovial fibroblasts was also increased by IL‐1β.

Conclusions:  The RANTES, a cc‐type chemokine, has chemotactic effects on lymphocytes and monocytes. Increased gene expression and protein production of RANTES in synovial fibroblasts, in response to IL‐1β, may play an important role in recruitment of inflammatory cells into synovium and progression of synovitis in TMD.
In vivo determination of skin surface topography using an optical 3D device
Authors: Jacobi Ute , Chen Mai , Frankowski Gottfried , Sinkgraven Ronald , Hund Martina , Rzany Berthold , Sterry Wolfram , Lademann Jürgen
Published: October 2004

Background/purpose: Topography of the skin surface is a mirror of the functional skin status. Therefore, its evaluation is of great interest for dermatological research. In the present study, a new optical measuring system was applied to evaluate human skin surface topography in vivo and non‐invasively, in order to determine elastotic and mimic wrinkles dependent on age, body site and therapy.

Methods: The measurements were performed on the back (n=5), the flexor forearm (n=14) of volunteers in different age groups and on the face of women (n=4) participating in an anti‐wrinkle study. The evaluation of the three‐dimensional‐profiles was performed determining skin surface parameters (mean roughness (Ra), mean depth of roughness (Rz), maximum roughness (Rm) and waviness (Wt)) and applying Fourier analysis.

Results: Significant increases in all surface parameters were obtained on the forearms with increasing age. Differences between the surface topographies of forearm and back were only expressed by the waviness and the Fourier analysis. The treatment with botulinum Toxin A led to a diminution of mimic wrinkles as reflected by the furrow profiles.

Conclusions: The results show a significant dependence of the skin surface topography on the age of the volunteer and the body site measured. Particularly the waviness, the Fourier analysis and the furrow profiles reflect such dependencies. The system used also fulfils the requirements for the testing of therapies, as was demonstrated by the reduction of mimic wrinkles after treatment with botulinum Toxin A.
Influence of hydration and experimental length scale on the mechanical response of human skin in vivo, using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Hendriks F. M. , Brokken D. , Oomens C. W. J. , Baaijens F. P. T.
Published: October 2004

Backgrounds/aims: Human skin is a complex tissue consisting of different layers. To gain better insight into the mechanical behaviour of different skin layers, the mechanical response was studied with experiments of various length scales. Also, the influence of (superficial) hydration on the mechanical response is studied. The work is based on the hypothesis that experiments with different length scales represent the mechanical behaviour of different skin layers. For suction, this means that a large aperture diameter reflects the behaviour of mainly dermis, whereas a very small diameter reflects the behaviour of only the top layer of the skin.

Methods: Suction measurements at varying pressures and aperture sizes were performed on the volar forearm of 13 subjects aged 29–47 years. The deformation of the skin was visualized using ultrasound (US) (dermis) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) (epidermis and dermis). US measurements were performed on hydrated skin, OCT measurements on dry and hydrated skin. The experiment was simulated by a finite element model (FEM) exhibiting extended Mooney material behaviour. An identification method was used to compare the experimental and numerical results to identify the parameters of the material.

Results: The material parameters C10 and C11 were calculated for four subjects: C10=29.6±21.1 kPa and C11=493±613 kPa for 6 mm aperture diameter, C10=11.5±8.7 kPa and C11=18.3±12.6 kPa for 2 mm aperture diameter and C10=10.8±9.5 kPa and C11=9.3±7.7 kPa for 1 mm aperture diameter. Skin hydration caused ambiguous effects on the mechanical response.

Conclusions: US and OCT, combined with suction, using varying apertures sizes, proved to be a valuable tool to study the mechanical behaviour of different skin layers. With increasing experimental length scale, increasing values for the parameters of the material model were found. This indicates the need of a multi‐layered material layer FEM, which can be used to identify mechanical behaviour of epidermis and dermis.
Dental hygiene education in Japan: present status and future directions
Authors: Yoshida N , Endo K , Komaki M
Published: October 2004

The aim of this report is to provide basic information about the historical development, current status and future needs of education and training of dental hygienists in Japan. The first formal training of dental hygienists in Japan started at Tokyo in 1949. Restructure and modification of the dental hygiene education system has been reiterated over the years in order to satisfy the needs of the constantly changing society. Although previously only vocational training was provided for dental hygienists, higher‐level education has been conducted. The present legislation of dental hygiene has gone through a complicated process. The student should take the dental hygienist licensing examination which is held once a year by the National Board organized by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Currently there are 136 dental hygiene schools and the total enrolment is about 7000. The duration of dental hygiene education course has been prolonged from 2 to 3 years since 2001. In 2004, the 4‐year course started. The 2‐year dental hygiene education program is expected to be replaced with the 3‐ and 4‐year courses by 2010. The dental hygiene education system in Japan will be improved in many ways as dental hygienists are expected to participate in health promotion and preventive care, and to gain knowledge of the economics and organization of health care in relation to oral hygiene.
Electromagnetic forming and powder processing: Trends and developments
Authors: Mamalis and AG , Manolakos DE , Kladas AG , Koumoutsos AK
Published: October 2004

A comprehensive review and assessment of the electromagnetic forming process is presented. Even though electromagnetic forming is a technology known for a few decades, renewed interest in it for industrial applications is currently taking place. Emphasis is mainly placed on the physical phenomena that govern the process as well as its main technological aspects, such as magnetic forming and joining, magnetic pulse welding, and dynamic magnetic compaction of powders. Moreover, some other important subjects concerning electromagnetic forming such as process equipment and workpiece formability are briefly presented in this paper. Applications of the process, mainly regarding manufacturing of advanced materials, are presented and discussed. This review article cites 149 references.
Impact on Genetic Networks in Human Macrophages by a CCR5 Strain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Coberley Carter R. , Kohler James J. , Brown Joseph N. , Oshier Joseph T. , Baker Henry V. , Popp Michael P. , Sleasman John W. , Goodenow Maureen M.
Published: October 2004

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) impacts multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, either by direct infection or indirectly by perturbations of cell networks, leading to generalized immune deficiency. We designed a study to discover, in primary human macrophages, sentinel genetic targets that are impacted during replication over the course of 7 days by a CCR5-using virus. Expression of mRNA and proteins in virus- or mock-treated macrophages from multiple donors was evaluated. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis grouped into distinct temporal expression patterns >900 known human genes that were induced or repressed at least fourfold by virus. Expression of more than one-third of the genes was induced rapidly by day 2 of infection, while other genes were induced at intermediate (day 4) or late (day 7) time points. More than 200 genes were expressed exclusively in either virus- or mock-treated macrophage cultures, independent of the donor, providing an unequivocal basis to distinguish an effect by virus. HIV-1 altered levels of mRNA and/or protein for diverse cellular programs in macrophages, including multiple genes that can contribute to a transition in the cell cycle from G1to G2/M, in contrast to expression in mock-treated macrophages of genes that maintain G0/G1. Virus treatment activated mediators of cell cycling, including PP2A, which is impacted by Vpr, as well as GADD45 and BRCA1, potentially novel targets for HIV-1. The results identify interrelated programs conducive to optimal HIV-1 replication and expression of genes that can contribute to macrophage dysfunction.
Direct Inoculation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Sooty Mangabeys in Black Mangabeys (
Lophocebus aterrimus
): First Evidence of AIDS in a Heterologous African Species and Different Pathologic Outcomes of Experimental Infection
Authors: Apetrei Cristian , Gormus Bobby , Pandrea Ivona , Metzger Michael , ten Haaft Peter , Martin Louis N. , Bohm Rudolf , Alvarez Xavier , Koopman Gerrit , Murphey-Corb Michael , Veazey Ronald S. , Lackner Andrew A. , Baskin Gary , Heeney Jonathan , Marx Preston A.
Published: October 2004

A unique opportunity for the study of the role of serial passage and cross-species transmission was offered by a series of experiments carried out at the Tulane National Primate Research Center in 1990. To develop an animal model for leprosy, three black mangabeys (BkMs) (
Lophocebus aterrimus
) were inoculated with lepromatous tissue that had been serially passaged in four sooty mangabeys (SMs) (
Cercocebus atys
). All three BkMs became infected with simian immunodeficiency virus from SMs (SIVsm) by day 30 postinoculation (p.i.) with lepromatous tissue. One (BkMG140) died 2 years p.i. from causes unrelated to SIV, one (BkMG139) survived for 10 years, whereas the third (BkMG138) was euthanized with AIDS after 5 years. Histopathology revealed a high number of giant cells in tissues from BkMG138, but no SIV-related lesions were found in the remaining two BkMs. Four-color immunofluorescence revealed high levels of SIVsm associated with both giant cells and T lymphocytes in BkMG138 and no detectable SIV in the remaining two. Serum viral load (VL) showed a significant increase (>1 log) during the late stage of the disease in BkMG138, as opposed to a continuous decline in VL in the remaining two BkMs. With the progression to AIDS, neopterin levels increased in BkMG138. This study took on new significance when phylogenetic analysis unexpectedly showed that all four serially inoculated SMs were infected with different SIVsm lineages prior to the beginning of the experiment. Furthermore, the strain infecting the BkMs originated from the last SM in the series. Therefore, the virus infecting BkMs has not been serially passaged. In conclusion, we present the first compelling evidence that direct cross-species transmission of SIV may induce AIDS in heterologous African nonhuman primate (NHP) species. The results showed that cross-species-transmitted SIVsm was well controlled in two of three BkMs for 2 and 10 years, respectively. Finally, this case of AIDS in an African monkey suggests that the dogma of SIV nonpathogenicity in African NHP hosts should be reconsidered.
Influence of Acylation Sites of Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin on Fusion Pore Formation and Dilation
Authors: Ujike Makoto , Nakajima Katsuhisa , Nobusawa Eri
Published: October 2004

The cytoplasmic tail (CT) of hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza B virus (BHA) contains at positions 578 and 581 two highly conserved cysteine residues (Cys578 and Cys581) that are modified with palmitic acid (PA) through a thioester linkage. To investigate the role of PA in the fusion activity of BHA, site-specific mutagenesis was performed with influenza B virus B/Kanagawa/73 HA cDNA. All of the HA mutants were expressed on Cos cells by an expression vector. The membrane fusion ability of the HA mutants at a low pH was quantitatively examined with lipid (octadecyl rhodamine B chloride) and aqueous (calcein) dye transfer assays and with the syncytium formation assay. Two deacylation mutants lacking a CT or carrying serine residues substituting for Cys578 and Cys581 promoted full fusion. However, one of the single-acylation-site mutants, C6, in which Cys581 is replaced with serine, promoted hemifusion but not pore formation. In contrast, four other single-acylation-site mutants that have a sole cysteine residue in the CT at position 575, 577, 579, or 581 promoted full fusion. The impaired pore-forming ability of C6 was improved by amino acid substitution between residues 578 and 582 or by deletion of the carboxy-terminal leucine at position 582. Syncytium-forming ability, however, was not adequately restored by these mutations. These facts indicated that the acylation was not significant in membrane fusion by BHA but that pore formation and pore dilation were appreciably affected by the particular amino acid sequence of the CT and the existence of a single acylation site in CT residue 578.
Intracellular Localization and Protein Interactions of the Gene 1 Protein p28 during Mouse Hepatitis Virus Replication
Authors: Brockway Sarah M. , Lu Xiao Tao , Peters Timothy R. , Dermody Terence S. , Denison Mark R.
Published: October 2004

Coronaviruses encode the largest replicase polyprotein of any known positive-strand RNA virus. Replicase protein precursors and mature products are thought to mediate the formation and function of viral replication complexes on the surfaces of intracellular double-membrane vesicles. However, the functions of only a few of these proteins are known. For the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), the first proteolytic processing event of the replicase polyprotein liberates an amino-terminal 28-kDa product (p28). While previous biochemical studies have suggested that p28 is associated with viral replication complexes, the intracellular localization and interactions of p28 with other proteins during the course of MHV replication have not been defined. We used immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to show that p28 localizes to viral replication complexes in the cytoplasm during early times postinfection. However, at late times postinfection, p28 localizes to sites of M accumulation distinct from the replication complex. Furthermore, by yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analyses, we demonstrate that p28 specifically binds to p10 and p15, two coronavirus replicase proteins of unknown function. Deletion mutagenesis experiments determined that the carboxy terminus of p28 is not required for its interactions with p10 and p15. These results suggest that p28 may play a part at the replication complex by interacting with p10 and p15. Moreover, our findings highlight a potential role for p28 at virion assembly sites.
Infection of Vero Cells by BK Virus Is Dependent on Caveolae
Authors: Eash Sylvia , Querbes William , Atwood Walter J.
Published: October 2004

Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy occurs in ∼5% of renal transplant recipients and results in loss of graft function in 50 to 70% of these patients. The disease is caused by reactivation of the common human polyomavirus BK (BKV) in the transplanted kidney. The early events in productive BKV infection are unknown. In this report, we focus on elucidating the mechanisms of BKV internalization in its target cell. Our data reveal that BKV entry into permissive Vero cells is slow, is independent of clathrin-coated-pit assembly, is dependent on an intact caveolin-1 scaffolding domain, is sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibition, and requires cholesterol. BKV colocalizes with the caveola-mediated endocytic marker cholera toxin subunit B but not with the clathrin-dependent endocytic marker transferrin. In addition, BKV infectious entry is sensitive to elevation in intracellular pH. These findings indicate that BKV entry into Vero cells occurs by caveola-mediated endocytosis involving a pH-dependent step.
trans
-Packaged West Nile Virus-Like Particles: Infectious Properties In Vitro and in Infected Mosquito Vectors
Authors: Scholle Frank , Girard Yvette A. , Zhao Qizu , Higgs Stephen , Mason Peter W.
Published: October 2004

A
trans
-packaging system for West Nile virus (WNV) subgenomic replicon RNAs (repRNAs), deleted for the structural coding region, was developed. WNV repRNAs were efficiently encapsidated by the WNV C/prM/E structural proteins expressed in
trans
from replication-competent, noncytopathic Sindbis virus-derived RNAs. Infectious virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in titers of up to 10
9
infectious units/ml. WNV VLPs established a single round of infection in a variety of different cell lines without production of progeny virions. The infectious properties of WNV and VLPs were indistinguishable when efficiencies of infection of a number of different cell lines and inhibition of infection by neutralizing antibodies were determined. To investigate the usefulness of VLPs to address biological questions in vivo,
Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
mosquitoes were orally and parenterally infected with VLPs, and dissected tissues were analyzed for WNV antigen expression. Antigen-positive cells in midguts of orally infected mosquitoes were detected as early as 2 days postinfection and as late as 8 days. Intrathoracic inoculation of VLPs into mosquitoes demonstrated a dose-dependent pattern of infection of secondary tissues and identified fat body, salivary glands, tracheal cells, and midgut muscle as susceptible WNV VLP infection targets. These results demonstrate that VLPs can serve as a valuable tool for the investigation of tissue tropism during the early stages of infection, where virus spread and the need for biosafety level 3 containment complicate the use of wild-type virus.
Measles Virus Phosphoprotein Gene Products: Conformational Flexibility of the P/V Protein Amino-Terminal Domain and C Protein Infectivity Factor Function
Authors: Devaux Patricia , Cattaneo Roberto
Published: October 2004

The measles virus (MV) P gene codes for three proteins: P, an essential polymerase cofactor, and V and C, which have multiple functions but are not strictly required for viral propagation in cultured cells. V shares the amino-terminal domain with P but has a zinc-binding carboxyl-terminal domain, whereas C is translated from an overlapping reading frame. During replication, the P protein binds incoming monomeric nucleocapsid (N) proteins with its amino-terminal domain and positions them for assembly into the nascent ribonucleocapsid. The P protein amino-terminal domain is natively unfolded; to probe its conformational flexibility, we fused it to the green fluorescent protein (GFP), thereby also silencing C protein expression. A recombinant virus (MV-GFP/P) expressing hybrid GFP/P and GFP/V proteins in place of standard P and V proteins and not expressing the C protein was rescued and produced normal ratios of mono-, bi-, and tricistronic RNAs, but its replication was slower than that of the parental virus. Thus, the P protein retained nearly intact polymerase cofactor function, even with a large domain added to its amino terminus. Having noted that titers of cell-associated and especially released MV-GFP/P were reduced and knowing that the C protein of the related Sendai virus has particle assembly and infectivity factor functions, we produced an MV-GFP/P derivative expressing C. Intracellular titers of this virus were almost completely restored, and those of released virus were partially restored. Thus, the MV C protein is an infectivity factor.
Reduction of Retrovirus-Induced Immunosuppression by In Vivo Modulation of T Cells during Acute Infection
Authors: He Hong , Messer Ronald J. , Sakaguchi Shimon , Yang Guojun , Robertson Shelly J. , Hasenkrug Kim J.
Published: October 2004

Chronic infection with Friend retrovirus is associated with suppressed antitumor immune responses. In the present study we investigated whether modulation of T-cell responses during acute infection would restore antitumor immunity in persistently infected mice. T-cell modulation was done by treatments with DTA-1 anti- glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. The DTA-1 monoclonal antibody is nondepleting and delivers costimulatory signals that both enhance the activation of effector T cells and inhibit suppression by regulatory T cells. DTA-1 therapy produced faster Th1 immune responses, significant reductions in both acute virus loads and pathology and, most importantly, long-term improvement of CD8+T-cell-mediated antitumor responses.
Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Replication Requires Transcriptional Activation via an IE2- and UL84-Responsive Bidirectional Promoter Element within
ori
Lyt
Authors: Xu Yiyang , Cei Sylvia A. , Rodriguez Huete Alicia , Colletti Kelly S. , Pari Gregory S.
Published: October 2004

Amplification of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) lytic origin (
ori
Lyt) in human fibroblasts is dependent upon six core replication proteins and UL84, IE2, and UL36-38. Using a telomerase-immortalized human fibroblast cell line (T-HFs),
ori
Lyt-dependent DNA replication no longer required the gene products of UL36-38. To determine the role of IE2 in DNA replication in human fibroblasts, we examined potential IE2-binding sites within HCMV
ori
Lyt. We now show that a strong bidirectional promoter (
ori
Lyt
PM
) (nucleotides 91754 to 92030) is located in the previously identified core region of the origin and is required for efficient amplification of
ori
Lyt. It was determined that a 14-bp novel DNA motif (
ori
Lyt promoter activation element), which was initially identified as a binding element for the immediate-early protein IE2, was essential for
ori
Lyt
PM
activity. In Vero cells the
ori
Lyt
PM
was constitutively active and strongly repressed by IE2, but it was reactivated by UL84. In contrast, transfection of the
ori
Lyt
PM
into human fibroblasts resulted in a very low basal level of promoter activity that was dramatically up-regulated upon infection with HCMV. Cotransfection assays demonstrated that the transfection of UL84 along with IE2 transactivated the
ori
Lyt
PM
in human fibroblasts. Further activation was observed upon cotransfection of the set of plasmids expressing the entire replication complex. Efficient
ori
Lyt amplification in the absence of IE2 in human fibroblasts was observed by replacing the
ori
Lyt
PM
with the simian virus 40 early promoter. Under these conditions, however, UL84 was still required for amplification of
ori
Lyt. These results suggest that the mechanism of initiation of HCMV lytic replication in part involves transcriptional activation.
Evolutionary Transition toward Defective RNAs That Are Infectious by Complementation
Authors: García-Arriaza Juan , Manrubia Susanna C. , Toja Miguel , Domingo Esteban , Escarmís Cristina
Published: October 2004

Passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cell culture resulted in the generation of defective RNAs that were infectious by complementation. Deletions (of nucleotides 417, 999, and 1017) mapped in the L proteinase and capsid protein-coding regions. Cell killing followed two-hit kinetics, defective genomes were encapsidated into separate viral particles, and individual viral plaques contained defective genomes with no detectable standard FMDV RNA. Infection in the absence of standard FMDV RNA was achieved by cotransfection of susceptible cells with transcripts produced in vitro from plasmids encoding the defective genomes. These results document the first step of an evolutionary transition toward genome segmentation of an unsegmented RNA virus and provide an experimental system to compare rates of RNA progeny production and resistance to enhanced mutagenesis of a segmented genome versus its unsegmented counterpart.
Evidence for both Lytic Replication and Tightly Regulated Human Herpesvirus 8 Latency in Circulating Mononuclear Cells, with Virus Loads Frequently below Common Thresholds of Detection
Authors: Martró Elisa , Cannon Michael J. , Dollard Sheila C. , Spira Thomas J. , Laney A. Scott , Ou Chin-Yih , Pellett Philip E.
Published: October 2004

To address whether human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) might be the product of latent or lytic infection and to shed light on sporadic detection of HHV-8 DNA in individuals seropositive for the virus, we studied the frequency of infected cells, total virus load, and virus load per infected cell in PBMCs from men coinfected with HHV-8 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), some of whom had Kaposi's sarcoma. The low frequencies of infected cells detected (fewer than one per million cells in some individuals) suggest that the prevalence of the virus in circulating leukocytes was underestimated in previous studies that employed more conventional sampling methods (single, small-volume specimens). Mean virus loads ranged from 3 to 330 copies per infected PBMC; these numbers can represent much higher loads in individual lytically infected cells (>10
3
genomes/cell) in mixtures that consist predominantly of latently (relatively few genomes) infected cells. The presence in some subjects of high HHV-8 mean genome copy numbers per infected cell, together with viral DNA being found in plasma only from subjects with positive PBMCs, supports earlier suggestions that the virus can actively replicate in PBMCs. In some individuals, mean virus loads were less than 10 genomes per infected cell, suggesting a tightly controlled purely latent state. HHV-8 genome copy numbers are substantially higher in latently infected cells derived from primary effusion lymphomas; thus, it appears that HHV-8 is able to adopt more than one latency program, perhaps analogous to the several types of Epstein-Barr virus latency.