bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The First Hull Mercy Nuns: A Nineteenth Century Case Study
Authors: McClelland Maria G.
Published: July 2016

Preaching in Edinburgh on 8 October 1885 at the clothing ceremony of two Mercy nuns, Fr. William Humphrey SJ, the convert-chaplain of the episcopalian bishop of Brechin, used the following extract from Psalm XLIV as his theme:

Hearken, O daughter and see

And incline thine ear,

And forget thy people and thy father’s house

And the King shall desire thy beauty.

(v. 11–12)
The PolemicalGravitasof Robert Persons
Authors: Houuston Victor
Published: July 2016

The reputation of Robert Persons as a prose stylist has suffered from the repellant myth his opponents constructed around him. What if his works created a phenomenal stir at the time? A. L. Rowse, the most eloquent spokesman for the ‘common-sense’ English view of the matter, puts this down to the deceptively natural, easy prose of Persons, the smiling face of the villain. Haunted—if Rowse is to be believed—by the sound of the bells of St. Mary Magdalen, pealing backwards as if for a fire when he was expelled from Balliol in 1573, he nursed a lifelong grudge against his own nation for so dismissing his great intellectual gifts. No wonder Swift, himself a bitter, ‘conjured’ spirit, thought Persons the pick of Elizabethan prose writers. Everything he wrote, so smoothly and plausibly, was devoted to the overthrow of the State in England and the establishment of a Catholic monarchy under which Jesuits would exercise a monopoly of power. Rowse acknowledges Persons’ spirituality, notably evident inThe Christian Directory,but treats it as being of his active career a thing apart.
English Catholic Bishops in the Early Elizabethan Era
Authors: Carleton Kenneth W. T.
Published: July 2016

Queen Mary Tudor died on the night of 17 November 1558. A few hours later, across the river at Lambeth, her cousin, Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury, followed her, victim of the ague which he had contracted in the summer. England again had a change of monarch, the third in less than twelve years. What was not clear at the time was whether there would be another change in religion. With hindsight, it is clear that the programme of reform which sought to reunite the English Church with the see of Rome and to revivify it with the Tridentine reforms with which Pole had been so closely involved, had died also on that November night. Parliament was in session when Mary died, and immediately Elizabeth was proclaimed queen by Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York, in his capacity as Lord Chancellor; there was no dissent such as had accompanied the accession of the new Queen's half-sister. It soon became clear, however, that the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was unlikely to retain the settlement of religion in the precise form in which it had been left by the daughter of Katharine of Aragon. On Christmas Day, the Queen ordered that the elevation of the Blessed Sacrament was not to take place during the Mass to be celebrated in her chapel by the Bishop of Carlisle, Owen Oglethorpe. His refusal to obey this command led the Queen to leave the chapel after the gospel had been read. Two days later, a royal proclamation restored the first liturgical changes of Henry VIII, ordering that the epistle and gospel of the Mass were thenceforward to be read in English, along with the litany which usually preceded the service. The coronation of Elizabeth should have been conducted by the senior surviving churchman, Heath of York; he had resigned the Chancellorship before the end of 1558, and declined to conduct the service. It was Oglethorpe, as bishop of a suffragan see of the Northern Province, who crowned the new Queen, with no other diocesan bishops present. The coronation Mass was sung by one of the Reformers, Dr. George Carewe, who omitted the elevation, and another Reformer preached the sermon.
Peter Philips, Composer and Organist 1561 – 1628
Authors: Petti A.G.
Published: July 2016

Among the many English musicians exiled for the Catholic Faith was Peter Philips the composer and organist. As is often the case with these musicians, little is generally known about him, and so I am taking the opportunity of using material which has come to light in recent months, in conjunction with the little information which was previously established, to attempt a biography of him, however incomplete. This new material comes from various sources, including the State Papers Holland for 1593, which are in the Public Record Office; a letter to Fr. Persons from Richard Verstegan in the Stonyhurst Archives; the Pilgrims’ Book at the English College Rome; and court accounts and a certificate of residence in the Archives Générales du Royaume, Brussels.
The Catholic Recusancy of the Yorkshire Fairfaxes. Part II.
Authors: Aveling Hugh
Published: July 2016

As we have seen (Biographical Studies, Vol. 3, no.2), Thomas went to Brussels in about 1621 and returned home to Walton in 1624 with his Flemish Catholic servant. There his father was alarmed by his open Catholicism and ordered him to leave home. He went to live in the extremely Catholic household of his mother's sister, Mrs Dorothy Lawson, at St Anthony's, Newcastle-on-Tyne. From St Anthony's-where he does not seem to have been noticed by juries— he passed to Naworth Castle, the Catholic stronghold of the convert Lord William Howard. On July 20th 1629 he marriedthere Alethea,younger daughter of Sir Philip Howard and granddaughter of Lord William. The young couple lived at Naworth until 1631 and their first two children were born there. The birth of their first son was duly recorded in the Walton church register. It is not clear what relations between Thomas and his father were like. No marriage settlement seems to survive amongst the extant Fairfax and Naworth papers. Later settlements of Thomas' property give no indication that he received any land as his wife's dowry. Alethea continued to receive a small allowance from her grandfather after her marriage. Her husband was given a rent-charge of £20 a year by his cousin, Lord Dunbar. On January 20th 1631, six months after the birth of Thomas’ son, Lord Fairfax set up a trust, consisting of his Protestant sons-in-law, Robert Stapleton of Wighill and Sir Thomas Layton of Sexhow to hold the Fairfax estates between his own death and the coming-of-age of his grandson. That is to say the 2nd Lord Fairfax was to be a mere life-tenant.
Materials for Recusant History in “ The Rambler”
Authors: Altholz Josef L.
Published: July 2016

The Rambler, one of the leading English Catholic magazines of the nineteenth century, is best known as the literary organ of the Liberal Catholic movement. Founded in 1848 by a group of lay converts, it became the stormy petrel of Catholic periodical literature, coming into frequent conflict with the hierarchy, until its career was terminated by its last editor, Sir John (later Lord) Acton, in 1862. Despite the troubles with which it was beset, the Rambler contained many notable contributions to Catholic literature. Among these are a number of articles dealing with the history of English Catholicism since the Reformation, which may still be of interest to students of recusant history.
The Beacon Controversy, 1652–1657
Authors: Clancy Thomas H.
Published: July 2016

The most famous apology for freedom of the press, Milton’s Areopagitica, published in 1644, left no echo among its contemporaries and passed without notice in its own day. But a serious and detailed discussion of this question arose a few years later following on the publication in 1652 of an anonymous pamphlet entitled A Beacon set on fire. Of particular interest to the readers of this review is the evidence this controversy gives us about Catholic publishing during the 1650s. In the narrative of the controversy which follows we shall stress how the existence of clandestine Catholic publishing in England influenced the history of freedom of the press.
A Register of the Students of St. Gregory’s College at Seville, 1591–1605
Authors: Henson Canon Edwin , Loomie Albert J.
Published: July 2016

Information about the early years of St. Gregory's College in Seville has never been abundant. The archives of the College which passed into the custody of the Rector of St. Albans in Valladolid were only fragments of a much larger series of records. There is no “Liber Ruber” or anything comparable to the diaries of Douai, instead only scattered documents survive: account books of monthly expenses for food and necessities, minute books of faculty consultations on college discipline and student behaviour, records of land transferrals and rentals, copies of depositions connected with legal disputes, and various miscellaneous letters. It was from this variety of sources that in 1932 Canon Henson first compiled a “Tentative List of the Students of the English College, Seville”. He drew upon the college archives, Foley's Records of the English Province, Knox's Douai Diaries and other printed memoirs, particularly the volumes of the Catholic Record Society. On completion there were entries for four hundred and twenty-seven students, who covered the entire history of the college from 1591 to the suppression of the Jesuit order in the eighteenth century. Subsequently Canon Henson prepared a larger revised list which he hoped would form the basis for a volume comparable to his studies of St. Alban's in Valladolid and St. George's in Madrid. In 1955, when I visited Valladolid, Canon Henson very graciously lent the portion dealing with the first fifteen years of the college to me to assist my research into the Elizabethan Catholics in Spain, with the suggestion that I add to it any further names and information that might be found. Canon Henson died on February 1, 1961, after a lengthy illness. In 1955 this list contained ninety-six entries; at present it is increased to one hundred and forty-two. I have found reasons, however, to change some of his original identifications. It is to be hoped that by this publication other researchers will be prompted to offer further additions. I would like to acknowledge the generous hospitality of the present Rector of St. Albans, Msgr. David Greenstock, who permitted me to review the entire list in the college library's manuscripts.
Lord Deputy Chichester and the English Government’s ‘Mandates Policy’ in Ireland, 1605–1607
Authors: McCavitt John
Published: July 2016

One of the liveliest debates in recent early modern Irish historiography has concerned the ‘failure’ of the Reformation in Ireland and when this occurred. Originally Professor Canny took issue with Dr. Brendan Bradshaw on this topic. Canny rejected Bradshaw’s thesis that the Reformation had failed in Ireland by 1558 and argued that counter-reformation catholicism only triumphed in the nineteenth century. Other contributions were then made to the debate by Dr. Alan Ford and later Karl Bottigheimer. Ford considered the 1590–1641 period as crucial, while Bottigheimer favoured the early seventeenth century as the key era. In the light of the work of Ford and Bottigheimer, Canny reconsidered the issue in an article published in 1986. He rejected what he believed to be Ford’s overly-pessimistic assessment that the Church of Ireland clergy soon despaired of the Reformation’s success in the seventeenth century. Instead, it is contended, Protestant clergy and laymen alike were optimistic that penal prosecution might still pave the way for considerable advances at this time. Moreover, Canny further argued that Ford was ‘mistaken in treating the clergy as an autonomous group and mistaken also in allowing excessive influence to ideology as the determinant of policy’.
The Origins of the English College, Lisbon
Authors: Williams Michael E.
Published: July 2016

With the publication of the Register, the name of the English College of SS Peter and Paul, Lisbon, can now be added to the list of those English establishments at Douai, Rome and Valladolid whose registers of students are available to the public in print. It is twenty years since the College ceased to take students and the property has been disposed of, but a full history remains to be written. As a prelude to this it is worth considering how there came to be a college there in the first place. The story is not at all simple since the foundation of the English seminary in Lisbon contrasts markedly with the setting up of similar colleges in neighbouring Spain. Within the five years, 1589 to 1594, Robert Persons S.J. had created colleges at Valladolid and Seville and a residence at Sanlucar, and in 1611 a legacy provided for the beginning of a further college in Madrid. But although there was a residence for English priests in Lisbon before 1594, it was only in 1622 that the Papal Brief for the foundation of an English seminary was issued. The first students did not arrive from Douai until 1628. Although he sent priests to Lisbon in 1596, Fr. Persons did not consider that the time was yet ripe for opening a college. When an English college was eventually founded nearly thirty years later, it was a further six years before any students arrived. Was there something special about conditions of life in Lisbon or was it simply that during the union of the two crowns of Portugal and Castile, Portuguese affairs did not command the immediate attention that was given to English Catholic establishments in Spain?
S. F. Wood and an Early Theory of Development in the Oxford Movement
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: July 2016

Around the main actors in the drama of the Oxford Movement there was a supporting cast of secondary figures which have remained in relative darkness; the increasing glow of attention focused on the central characters, Newman in particular, appears to have relegated them even further into obscurity. Samuel Francis Wood belonged to this group of people, and he is perhaps the most attractive of the personalities among them: loyal, generous, warm, affectionate towards his friends and passionate in the promotion of the causes he espoused. He was destined to be on most intimate terms of friendship with both Newman and Manning, acting as a bridge—together with the Wilberforces—between these two extraordinary personalities.
John Henry Newman and Orestes A. Brownson as Educational Philosophers
Authors: Blehl Vincent Ferrer
Published: July 2016

Orestes Brownson (1803–1876), preacher, journalist, editor, philosopher and controversialist, was born in Stockbridge, Vt., 16 September 1803. At the age of nineteen he became a Presbyterian, but two years later a Universalist. He married in 1827. From 1826 to 1831 Brownson preached in New Hampshire, Vermont and New York. He became a Unitarian, and was ordained a Unitarian minister in 1834. In 1836 he organized ‘The society for Christian Union and Progress’ and began to preach the ‘Church of the Future’. In the same year he became acquainted with Emerson, Alcott, Ripley and others who were labelled Transcendentalists. The latter were the dominant intellectual figures in American life until the middle of the century.
The Blue Nuns in Norwich: 1800–1805
Authors: Mason Margaret J.
Published: July 2016

The last years of the English Conceptionist nuns, the Blue Nuns, were spent in a large corner house in Magdalen Street, Norwich, from which the cheerful abbess, Mother Bernard Green, wrote notes to their benefactress, Lady Jerningham, at Cossey. This community had for 140 years lived near the Bastille in Paris. It had seen the Duchess of Cleveland quête in its church, Mary of Modena at a profession; it had taught girls who grew up to be notable English Catholic ladies, including Lady Jerningham herself. It had suffered the deaths of too many of its small community during and after the Revolution. Like the Benedictines of Montargis and the Austins of Bruges, the refugee Blue nun community knew the charity of the Jerningham family, but unlike those two flourishing houses it died out before its benefactors did. For a brief period, 1800–1805, the Blue Nuns kept choir, taught catechism, made purses, and received visitors in Norwich.
Tudor Indictments, illustrated by the Indictment of St. Thomas More
Authors: Parmiter Geoffrey De C.
Published: July 2016

Indictments are of frequent occurrence in post-Reformation Catholic history, and it is important that their precise effect should be known. The length and prolixity of Tudor indictments, however, cause difficulty to many readers of these documents, and that difficulty is often increased by a lack of acquaintance with the technicalities involved. Indictments are technical documents and they can only be properly understood in the light of the technical rules which regulated them. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to deal generally with some of the more important rules governing indictments, and then to illustrate their application by means of the indictment of St. Thomas More. More's indictment is a convenient one for this purpose because it neatly illustrates a common pitfall, and the general circumstances of More's condemnation are so well known that it is unnecessary to set them out.
Newman, Faber and the Oratorian Separation: A Reappraisal
Authors: Quinn John F.
Published: July 2016

John Henry Newman’s establishment of Oratorian houses in London and Birmingham in 1849 seemed like an auspicious event for English Catholics. The houses were filled with Oxford converts who were eager to minister to the laity and furnish intellectual support for the Faith. Unfortunately, only six years after the houses were founded the Oratorians became enmeshed in bitter feud. The Oratories had been developing along different lines. Father Frederick Faber was a zealous ultramontane; he and his London associates embraced all things Roman. Newman and his Birmingham confreres experimented with Roman devotions but were never comfortable with them. Newman sympathized with the ‘old Catholics’ and retained cordial relations with many Anglicans. As the Oratories were drifting apart so too were Newman and Faber. While they had been close friends when the Oratories were established, Newman became increasingly critical and suspicious of Faber.
William Carter (c. 1549–84): Recusant Printer, Publisher, Binder, Stationer, Scribe—and Martyr
Authors: Birrell T. A.
Published: July 2016

In 1999 the Bodleian Library acquired a tract volume containing an hitherto unrecorded and unknown publication of William Carter. The item itself has been fully described by Geoffrey Groom in the Bodleian Library Record (Oct. 1999) and to celebrate the acquisition I gave a short talk to the Friends of the Bodleian Library on the subject of Carter's career: the present article is a considerably expanded version of that talk.
‘G.C.’, Recusant Prison Translator of the Japonian Epistells
Authors: Arblaster Paul
Published: July 2016

In the Royal Library of Belgium in Brussels is a manuscript which consists of over two hundred closely-written folios of English translations of Jesuit letters from Japan, or Japonia as it was then called, introduced with a prologue by the compiler ‘G.C.’, hinting fairly heavily that the translations were made in prison. Until recently rebound, the manuscript bore a Latin inscription on the pastedown, stating: ‘This book belongs to the English Benedictine Monastery of the Assumption of Our Lady in Brussels’. Although the contents of the volume are of interest in their own right, the concern of this article is with two men, Gabriel Colford and George Cotton, who have little in common except the initials ‘G.C.’ and the experience of imprisonment for religion.
Rev. Alessandro Gavazzi (1808–1889) and Scottish Identity: A Chapter in Nineteenth Century Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Aspinwall Bernard
Published: July 2016

The Italian Alessandro Gavazzi was a remarkable character. Priest, patriotic propagandist and preacher, he exercised considerable influence in mid-nineteenth century Scotland. Born to a diplomatic and legal family, he was the son of a professor of law in the University of Bologna. After entering the Barnabite order at fifteen, he subsequently proved a remarkably popular preacher in Naples, Leghorn and Northern Italy before serving four years in Parma, 1841–44. He claimed to have preached 4,000 sermons in fifteen years. Later when a prison chaplain-general supervising some 5,000 inmates, his reading of Beccaria turned him to penal reform and the abolition of capital punishment. In Perugia, he was alienated by the reactionary clerical domination of the university. After further service in Spoleto, Assisi, Ancona and Pieve he was silenced for his fiery liberal views until after the election of Pius IX in June 1846.
Oportet Meliora Tempora Non Expectare Sed Facere. The Arduous Life of Francis Tregian, the Younger
Authors: Willetts Pamela
Published: July 2016

‘One must not wait for better times but create them’. Such was the message that the young Francis Tregian (1574–1617) received from the teaching of Dr William Allen, president of Douai. In such a way he lived his life, preserving his faith and later struggling, in adverse political conditions, to improve the fortunes of his family. Was he also able to copy several important music manuscripts, including the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book? This article is yet another examination of a problem much discussed for over a hundred years.
A Jesuit Allusion to King Lear
Authors: Brownlow Frank W.
Published: July 2016

In 1614 Charles Boscard published at St Omer The Life and Death of Mr. Edmund Geninges Priest, Crowned with Martyrdome at London, the 10. day of November, in the yeare M.D.XCI, a book which John Hungerford Pollen called ‘the most sumptuous, artistic, and, typographically speaking, the most interesting literary monument to our martyrs which our poor persecuted church was ever able to set forth’. This beautiful little book's most striking feature is a set of twelve handsome engravings by Martin Bas of Douay, one before each chapter illustrating an episode in the martyr's life. It also harbours an important allusion to King Lear, and hence to William Shakespeare.
The Polemics of John Heigham and Richard Montagu and the Rise of English Arminianism
Authors: Scheck Thomas
Published: July 2016

The English Catholic apologist John Heigham (1568–1632) deserves to be better known in light of the significant historical consequences of his efforts in the field of Catholic apologetics. Heigham’s tract, The Gagge of the Reformed Gospel (1623) accused the Reformed Church in England of heresy and innovation and summoned the readers back to the Roman Catholic Church. This work was answered by Richard Montagu (1577–1641), the future bishop of Chichester and Norwich in his book, A New Gagg for an Old Goose (1624). Montagu’s book provoked a storm of controversy within the Church of England because the author simultaneously replied to Heigham’s Catholic arguments and attacked Calvinism within the Church of England, which he labelled ‘Puritanism’. A series of books attacking Montagu were then published by English Calvinists who accused Montagu of popery and of betrayal of the Reformed cause. These disputes contributed to the Calvinist/Arminian division within the Anglican Church, a religious controversy that was one of the contributing causes of the English Civil War. Thus the seed planted by Heigham’s tract grew into a forest of religious controversies and ended in a war. This article summarizes the content of Heigham’s tract and the principal ideas of his Catholic apologetics, after recounting the main events of Heigham’s little known life. Then Montagu’s response will be surveyed and the reactions it spawned.
Habemus Ducem: Archbishop Hinsley’s Appointment to Westminster, 1935
Authors: Hagerty James M.
Published: July 2016

Arthur Hinsley was born in 1865 at Carlton, near Selby, in Yorkshire. Educated and trained for the priesthood at St. Cuthbert’s College, Ushaw, and the Venerable English College, Rome, he was ordained for the Diocese of Leeds in 1893 and immediately returned to Ushaw as a professor. In 1898 he became a curate at St. Anne’s Church, Keighley and from 1900 to 1904 was the founding headmaster of St. Bede’s Grammar School, Bradford. Following a disagreement with Bishop William Gordon of Leeds he was incardinated into the Diocese of Southwark in late 1904 and served as rector at Sutton Park near Guildford and at Sydenham. In 1917 Hinsley was appointed Rector of the Venerabile and in 1928 was sent to Africa as Apostolic Visitor charged with assessing and reporting on the state of Catholic missionary education in the British colonies. While in Africa he remained Rector of the English College but resigned from this post in 1930 when he was appointed as the first Apostolic Delegate to the British colonies in Africa. He remained in Africa until an attack of paratyphoid forced him to retire and return to Rome in 1934. On his retirement he was given a sinecure as a Canon of St. Peter’s Basilica. Hinsley had been created a Domestic Prelate to Pope Benedict XV in 1917 when he was appointed to the Venerabile. In 1926 he was consecrated titular Bishop of Sebastopolis and when he returned to Africa in 1930 he became titular Archbishop of Sardis.
Fr. Ignatius Spencer C.P.: On ‘The Christian Perfection of the Laity’
Authors: Vanden Bussche Jozef
Published: July 2016

In the course of efforts to gather together all the documentation relating to Fr. Ignatius Spencer C.P. (1799–1864) in connection with the process of beatification, references were encountered to a document entitled: Reflectiones Propositionesque Pro Fidelium Sanctificatione. To this date the paper has not been found. Ignatius had entered the Passionist Congregation on 21 December 1846, his birthday, and since he was already a priest, he was rapidly entrusted with positions of responsibility in the Congregation. The paper in question was one of his concerns in the years 1854–1857. In his writings, mention can be found of its composition, and of the reception it received from various people. It may be possible to reconstruct to some extent the content of the missing document, although the reason for its disappearance must remain an open question.
‘An Establishment at Salisbury’: Some Letters Concerning Catholicism in the City, 1795–1834
Authors: Holt T.G.
Published: July 2016

THE HISTORY of Catholicism in Salisbury from Reformation times until the earlier years of the nineteenth century has been told in so far as it is known in the Victoria County History of Wiltshire, in the volume of the Catholic Record Society devoted to recusancy in that county and in an article in The Month: ‘John Peniston's Reminiscences’.’ As an introduction to what follows the information contained in these may be briefly summarized.
William Alabaster: Rhetor, Meditator, Devotional Poet—II
Authors: Caro Robert V.
Published: July 2016

As we approach Alabaster's sonnets’ our expectation is enhanced not by the promise of poetic greatness but by the prospect of exploring pure instances of the kind of poetry born in the convergence of rhetoric and meditation. We will focus first on a sequence of sonnets remarkable for their rhetorical techniques; then we will consider a group of sonnets each of which has meditation as its subject. In all the poems, however, it will be apparent that Alabaster as poet is simultaneously rhetor and meditator.
Testimony in High Places: The Conversion of Bertram Wodehouse Currie
Authors: Powell John
Published: July 2016

The role of religion in history is an inherently difficult topic. Historians have rightly approached it with caution. Nevertheless, excessive caution has sometimes impaired our understanding of both individuals and broad historical developments. Ignoring personal religious experiences, especially when they have followed deliberate conversions, may be more dangerous to the truth than imperfectly assessing those experiences. I am not proposing an interdisciplinary approach, although that too is needed. Rather, I am suggesting that the religious experience of individuals be more fully incorporated, where possible, into traditional historical writings. It is in this spirit that I here examine the 1896 conversion, from agnosticism to Catholicism, of the influential London banker, Bertram Wodehouse Currie.
Spiritual Publications of English Jesuits, 1615–1640
Authors: Clancy Thomas H.
Published: July 2016

In assemblies of scholars the remark is often heard, ‘what we need is an English Bremond.’ The reference is to Henri Bremond's Histoire de Sentiment Religieux en France which issued forth in eleven stout volumes from 1916 to 1933 and has since achieved a well-deserved reputation as a classic. There is no question here even of a beginning of an English Bremond. He limited himself to Catholic writers, but even so he was able to touch most of the high points of the French spiritual tradition. Our goal is to trace but one stream in the Recusant/ Catholic tradition, namely, the literature of the English Jesuits. By this we mean spiritual books in English written or translated by members of the English province of the Society of Jesus and published under Catholic auspices in the twenty-six years from 1615 to 1640.
The Presence of The Mary Ward Institute in Yorkshire 1642–1648
Authors: Kirkus M. Gregory
Published: July 2016

Although the Institute of Mary Ward made no stable foundation in the north of England until the founding of the Bar Convent in 1686, recusant history testifies to a fairly constant presence of its members in Yorkshire in the period 1642 to 1686. It is the purpose of this paper to identity these members, to describe where possible their place of residence and to explain why they were there.
Catholic Charitable Endeavour in London, 1810–1840. Part I
Authors: Carter Brian
Published: July 2016

The primary focus of this article centres on the two decades that form the prelude to Catholic Emancipation although reference is made to activity outside this time frame and to cities other than London. Charitable endeavour is taken to include all individual voluntary effort to sustain and support Catholic churches, schools and other Catholic organisations in need of assistance. It also relates to assistance given to individuals in need of help. Such ‘endeavour’ also encompasses group and community-based voluntary activity. While it may seem unnecessary to define charitable endeavour, Mary J. Oates in a recent study on the Catholic philanthropic tradition in America heavily circumscribes what she means by the term, and excludes a number of subjects from her examination, thus:

Not all contributions to the Church are philanthropic. For example, contributions to support the local pastor, Church, and parish programs which chiefly benefit the congregation itself, do not qualify as charitable giving. Nor do gifts by individual Catholics to extra-ecclesial philanthropic causes.
The Composition of Thomas Habington’s ‘Survey of Worcestershire’
Authors: Gilbert C. Don
Published: July 2016

Thomas Habington of Hindlip (1560–1647), a Catholic gentleman, was the first historian of Worcestershire. Had it not been for the English Civil War, his Survey of Worcestershire would probably have been published in the 1640s. In fact it was not published until the 1890s, and then in a form and order which was very different from what he had intended. Others who worked on the history of the county (William Thomas, Bishop Charles Lyttelton, Peter Prattinton and, most importantly, T. R. Nash, whose ‘Collections’ for a history of the county appeared in 1781–2) did so on the basis of Habington’s unpublished manuscripts. In this article the genesis of the ‘Survey’ will be examined, the way in which his conception of its scope altered, his method of gathering materials, the additions he made to the work up to the time of his death in October 1647, and the relevance of his Catholicism to the Survey.
Anti-Catholic Polemical Writing on the ‘Rising in the North’ (1569) and the Catholic Reaction
Authors: Busse Daniela
Published: July 2016

This article seeks to investigate the public images of the 1569 Rising in the North, as conceived by government policy, propaganda and loyalist writers on the one hand and by Catholic theologians and sympathisers on the other. It focuses especially on texts such as proclamations, homilies, street and folk ballads, pamphlets and tracts. To date there is only one study which deals extensively with the polemical literature on the Rising. This is that by J. K. Lowers published in 1953. He concentrates on Tudor ideas of civil obedience and its representation in loyalist writing wanting to help literature students to understand contemporary texts. As a literary study his book is valuable and he makes some highly relevant points.

To date there is only one study which deals extensively with the polemical literature on the Rising. This is that by J. K. Lowers published in 1953. He concentrates on Tudor ideas of civil obedience and its representation in loyalist writing wanting to help literature students to understand contemporary texts. As a literary study his book is valuable and he makes some highly relevant points.
Liverpool's Catholic Mercantile and Maritime Business Community in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century Part 1
Authors: Pope David J
Published: July 2016

During the second half of the eighteenth century the high levels of growth of Liverpool’s trade and shipping, which had commenced in the 1660s, continued to the extent that Liverpool became Britain’s second largest port after London, certainly by the end of the 1780s, by which date local merchants were trading to a lesser or greater extent with all parts of the known world with which they could legitimately trade. It was during the half century after 1750 that Liverpool came to dominate the British slave trade. Catholics participated in the mercantile and maritime activities of the port of Liverpool in the second half of the eighteenth century in a variety of capacities, for example as merchants engaged in overseas trade, brokers, shipbuilders, shipowners, seamen, including ships’ captains, owners of businesses concerned with the ancillary shipping trades such as coopering and ropemaking and practitioners of the processing of imported goods such as tobacco.
Catholic Use of Anglo-Saxon Precedents, 1565–1625
Authors: Hamilton Donna B.
Published: July 2016

The study of antiquarianism and particularly of the use of Anglo-Saxon precedents in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has belonged primarily to historians of Protestantism and parliament, to their studies of English Protestant antiquarians and English Protestant theories of common law, royal absolutism, constitutionalism, Laudian Anglicanism, and non-conforming Protestant resistance. Although it has been clear to everyone that Protestant interest in Saxonism was part and parcel of an anti-Catholic agenda, the Catholic side of this discourse has been virtually unexamined. The focus almost exclusively on Protestant Saxonism has isolated even Protestant thought from some of the contexts within which it developed and, more obviously, has all but occluded the importance of Saxonism to a range of Catholic arguments.
‘The Popish Army of the North’: Anti-Catholicism and Parliamentarian Allegiance in Civil War Yorkshire, 1642–46
Authors: Hopper Andrew
Published: July 2016

By the time of the outbreak of the Civil Wars, may educated British Protestants considered Roman Catholicism to be an anti-religion; indeed, the Cambridge divine William Fulke went so far as to equate it with devil worship. Wealthy and powerful English Catholics attracted extreme hostility in moments of political crisis throughout the early modern period, but in 1642, fear of Roman Catholicism was even used to legitimate the terrible act of rebellion. Keith Lindley has emphasized the civil war neutrality of English Catholics, while many current historians, nervous of displays of religious prejudice, have portrayed the anti-Catholic fears of parliamentarians as cynical propaganda. Michael Finlayson has condemned anti-Catholicism as ‘irrational paranoia’, to be compared with anti-Semitism, which might, had it not been for the growth of liberal traditions in nineteenth-century England, have led to some sort of ‘Final Solution’.
‘Incompatible with the very name of Christian’: English Catholics and Unitarians in the Age of Milner
Authors: Ditchfield G.M.
Published: July 2016

The confessional state in England during the eighteenth century defined itself in terms of Trinitarian Protestantism. The exemption from the penal laws conferred by the Toleration Act of 1689 specifically excluded the Catholic religion and the public profession of Unitarianism. Each could lay claim to an history of martyrdom; just as Charles Butler enumerated 319 Catholic martyrs in England since the Reformation, Arians had been burned during the reign of James I and the denial of the Trinity featured prominently among the charges of blasphemy for which Thomas Aikenhead was executed at Edinburgh in 1697. While the proscriptions and penalties enacted against and sometimes inflicted upon Catholics far exceeded those for non-trinitarianism, the public excoriation of the latter was further enshrined in the Blasphemy Act of 1698. Legal toleration for Catholic worship in England was enacted in 1791, in Scotland in 1793; Unitarian worship was not legally tolerated until 1813 in Britain, until 1817 in Ireland.
Ruskin’s Influence on English Catholicism
Authors: Hilton J. Anthony
Published: July 2016

In 1849 John Ruskin publishedThe Seven Lamps of Architectureand in the following year the English Catholic hierarchy was restored, involving the creation of a diocesan administration, made possible by toleration and made necessary by increasing numbers and influence. As Ruskin’s work broadened out from art and architecture to encompass the economy and society, his teaching was to have a profound and lasting effect on the thinking of leading English Catholics.
Towards an English Catholic Social Conscience, 1829–1920
Authors: Aspinwall Bernard
Published: July 2016

‘All this talk of socialism is just a ruse. The people are starving and we must not play the policeman for England.’ wrote Archbishop Thomas W. Croke of Cashel in 1880. His attitude was far more intelligent and realistic thanThe Tabletand its reactionary supporters. Irish bishops were desperately concerned about massive Irish emigration in the late nineteenth century: the threat to the faith at home, the possible loss of souls overseas and the Church’s inability to serve her people was worrying. However zealous in its defence, the Irish bishops remained powerless to halt English popular and government support for the destruction of the Temporal Power. They saw other priorities emerging: by 1880 the recovery of the Temporal Power was a forlorn hope. They must take the high moral ground of humanity rather than property.
Bishop Ambrose Moriarty, Shrewsbury and World War Two
Authors: Davies John
Published: July 2016

Kenneth O. Morgan has argued that in 1945 it was ‘generally acknowledged that British society had undergone a massive transformation during the war years …’ The impact of World War Two on British society has been explored perceptively by Marwick and others. However, there has been little attempt to examine the impact of the war on the churches in Britain. This is especially the case with the Roman Catholic Church. The more general works have little to say of the Catholic church during this period. There have been some limited regional studies of Catholicism in the pre-war period but it is only for the post-war period, prior to and since the Second Vatican Council, that there has been any systematic attempt to examine structural changes in Catholicism. Hornsby-Smith in a series of enquiries has examined the social changes in the Catholic community in England since the Second Vatican Council. In a brief overview he described the Catholic church in England prior to the Council as having the characteristics of a ‘mechanistic’ organisation, namely a distinct hierarchical control structure, vertical relations between superiors and subordinates and an insistence on loyalty to the institution.
Classical theism and modal realism are incompatible
Authors: VANCE CHAD
Published: July 2016

The classical conception of God is that of a necessary being. On a possible worlds semantics, this entails that God exists at every possible world. According to the modal realist account of David Lewis, possible worlds are understood to be real, concrete worlds – no different in kind from the actual world. But, modal realism is equipped to accommodate the existence of a necessary being in only one of three ways: (1) By way of counterpart theory, or (2) by way of a special case of trans-world identity for causally inert necessary beings (e.g. pure sets), or else (3) causally potent ones which lack accidental intrinsic properties. I argue that each of these three options entails unacceptable consequences – (1) and (2) are incompatible with theism, and (3) is incompatible with modal realism. I conclude that (at least) one of these views is false.
XIII.—Some Disputed Questions in the Philosophy of the Physical Sciences
Authors: Whittaker E. T.
Published: July 2016

More than two thousand years ago the Greek philosophers raised certain questions, which are still undecided, about the origin and character of knowledge regarding the external world. After a period of comparative quiet, the discussion has become very active recently, under the stimulus of the new discoveries in mathematical physics; and, in particular, a lively debate is in progress at the present moment between Sir Arthur Eddington and Dr Harold Jeffreys of Cambridge, Professor Milne of Oxford, Sir James Jeans, and Professor Dingle of the Imperial College, the subject being the respective shares of reason and observation in the discovery of the laws of nature. I propose this afternoon to offer some remarks on the history and present state of this controversy.
XIV.—Further Investigations in Factor Estimation
Authors: Lawley D. N.
Published: July 2016

7. A method of factor estimation is given in which assumptions are made only about the form of the error distributions of the tests administered. This is compared with a method previously suggested in which, on the contrary, the test scores and the individual factor measurements were assumed to be normally distributed over the population of individuals tested. A comparison is also made with other processes at present in use.
XXI.—Sylvester's Unravelment of a Ternary Quartic
Authors: Edge W. L.
Published: July 2016

The paper makes use, for the study of a ternary quartic, of a five-dimensional configuration consisting of a Veronese surface and a quadric outpolar to it, and uses the notation and results of a preceding paper to which reference is made at the outset. In § 1 certain identities are given which are consequences of the form of the matrix of a quadric outpolar to a Veronese surface, and the geometrical theorems equivalent to these identities are stated. In § 2 it is explained how covariants and contravariants of a ternary quartic are represented by curves in the fivedimensional configuration. It is, indeed, not until this technique is used that some of the work of Clebsch, Ciani, Coble, and others is properly appreciated; §§ 3—6 are concerned to emphasise this. But, as is pointed out in § 7–9, it is to Sylvester that these matters must properly be referred; for he has, by his process of unravelment, anticipated practically everything of moment in the ideas of his successors. The word unravelment is used by him on p. 322 of Vol. I of his Mathematical Papers, the process having appeared on p. 294.

In opening the second part of the paper with § 10 it is pointed out that the configuration should be used not merely to illuminate the work of previous writers, but also to discover new results. It is not the purpose here to exploit this at length, but it is seen how a covariant conic inevitably appears; its equation is obtained and, in §11, its covariance directly established. Other covariant conies are alluded to in § 12. And it is found, in § 13, that here too reference must be made to Sylvester.
I.—The Future of Synthetic Plastics
Authors: Melville H. W.
Published: July 2016

The term synthetic plastic covers such a wide variety of substances that it is an extremely difficult matter to attempt a definition—nor is it necessary for the purpose of this review. To the chemist plastics are solids of high molecular weight exhibiting properties which lie between those of liquids and solids: at sufficiently high temperatures they behave like liquids and at low temperatures like solids. These substances do not obey many of the laws which form the corner-stones of chemical theory, for their chemical constitution can be varied by indefinitely small degrees and it is possible mechanically to divide the molecule into parts. To the layman, on the other hand, plastics have come to mean substances used to fabricate, by mass-production methods, relatively trivial articles like ashtrays, ornamental door-knobs, etc. They tend to be regarded as substitutes which must necessarily be inferior to the materials, once used to make these domestic articles. Much, too, has been written to give the impression that we are on the verge of the plastics era. This is an optimistic exaggeration. Plastics are designed to play an important part as unique materials which can be built by the chemist to the specification of the engineer and the physicist. It is wrong to regard them as substitutes. They are new materials and must be used as such. The purpose of this survey is to indicate how synthetic plastics fit into a future economy in which their special chemical and mechanical properties find their proper application.
XI—The Identification of Klein's Quartic
Authors: Edge W. L.
Published: July 2016

There is a mode of specialising a quartic polynomial which causes a binary quartic to become equianharmonic and a ternary quartic to become a Klein quartic, admitting a group of 168 linear self-transformations. The six relations which must be satisfied by the coefficients of the ternary quartic were given by Coble forty years ago, but their true significance was never suspected and they have remained until now an isolated curiosity. In § 2 we give, in terms of a quadric and a Veronese surface, the geometrical interpretation of the six relations; we also give, in terms of the adjugate of a certain matrix, their algebraical interpretation. Both these interpretations make it abundantly clear that this set of relations specialising a ternary quartic has analogues for quartic polynomials in any number of variables, and point unmistakably to what these analogues are.

That a ternary quartic is, when so specialised, a Klein quartic is proved in §§ 4–6. The proof bifurcates after (5.3); one branch leads instantly to the standard form of the Klein quartic while the other leads to another form which, on applying a known test, is found also to represent a Klein quartic. One or two properties of the curve follow from this new form of its equation. In §§ 8–10 some properties of a Veronese surface are established which are related to known properties of plane quartic curves; and these considerations lead to a discussion, in § 11, of certain hexads of points associated with a Klein curve.
XVIII.—The Riemann Tensor in a Completely Harmonic V4
Authors: Ruse H. S.
Published: July 2016

If is a fixed point of a Riemannian Vn of fundamental tensor gij, and if s is the geodesic distance between it and a variable point (xi), then the Vn has been called centrally harmonic with respect to the base-point if

is a function of s only, and completely harmonic if this holds for every choice of base-point . A flat Vn (gij=δij) is obviously completely harmonic, since for such a space and