bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyrazolo[4,3‐e]1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidine derivatives: A new pharmacological tool for the characterization of the human A3 adenosine receptor
Authors: Baraldi Pier Giovanni , Cacciari Barbara , Romagnoli Romeo , Spalluto Giampiero , Varani Katia , Gessi Stefania , Merighi Stefania , Borea Pier Andrea
Published: August 2002

Adenosine regulates many physiological functions by interaction with four different G‐protein‐coupled receptors classified as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. While adenosine A1 and A2A receptor subtypes have been pharmacologically characterized through the use of selective ligands, the A2B and A3 adenosine receptor subtypes are presently under study in order to better understand their physio‐pathological functions. In particular, activation of adenosine A3 receptors has been shown to stimulate phospholipase C and D and to inhibit adenylate cyclase. Activation of A3 adenosine receptors also causes the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine from mast cells, which are responsible for processes such as inflammation and hypotension. For these reasons, it has been suggested that A3 adenosine receptor antagonists can be considered potential drugs for the treatment of asthma and inflammation. In the last few years different classes of heterocyclic compounds have been identified as A3 adenosine antagonists, but none of the tested compounds showed significant selectivity for A3 adenosine receptor subtype. Herein, we report our recent results on a class of pyrazolo[4,3‐e]1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidine derivatives as a new class of potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. The full characterization of the first high‐affinity radioligand antagonist for this receptor subtype, designated [3H] MRE3008F20, is briefly summarized. Drug Dev. Res. 52:406–415, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐species investigations of prenatal experience, hatching behavior, and postnatal behavioral laterality
Authors: Casey Michael Bernard , Sleigh Merry J.
Published: August 2002

Turning biases have been reported in some mammalian species, but less is known about such biases in nonmammalians. This study investigated turning biases in domestic chicks, bobwhite and Japanese quail, leopard geckos, and snapping turtles. Domestic chicks (white leghorn and bantam) and bobwhite quail demonstrate strong group laterality. Japanese quail chicks, snapping turtles, and leopard geckos demonstrate no significant group bias. Results are discussed with regard to differences in embryonic experience, hatching behavior, and postnatal environment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 84–91, 2001
Evidence for a glycosaminoglycan on the nudel protein important for dorsoventral patterning of the drosophila embryo
Authors: Turcotte Cynthia L. , Hashimoto Carl
Published: August 2002

Dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo requires Nudel, a large mosaic protein with a protease domain. Previous studies have implicated Nudel's protease domain as the trigger of a proteolytic cascade that activates the Toll signaling pathway to establish dorsoventral polarity in the embryo. However, the function of other regions of Nudel has been unclear. By using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and site‐directed mutagenesis, we have obtained evidence that the N‐terminal region of Nudel contains a site for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachment that is required for dorsoventral patterning. Disruption of this site blocks a disulfide‐based association between N‐ and C‐terminal Nudel polypeptides and proteolytic activation of Nudel's protease domain. We discuss how a GAG chain on Nudel might be required for Nudel protease activation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementation of policy instruments for chlorinated solvents. A comparison of design standards, bans and taxes to phase out trichloroethylene
Authors: Slunge Daniel , Sterner Thomas
Published: August 2002

This paper studies the Swedish prohibition of trichloroethylene (TCE). TCE is a common solvent and in some uses a substitute for solvents such as the CFCs that were phased out internationally due to their ozone depleting effect. TCE is a strong solvent and hazardous to health and, therefore, more strictly controlled in most countries. Sweden is however alone in prohibiting its use completely. The ban has been at best a partial success and this illustrates the dilemmas inherent in the implementation of policy instruments in real world situations. Use has declined but not stopped, largely since the decision to ban TCE was challenged in the courts. The ban was also a point of contention in the membership negotiations that Sweden held when entering into the EU. Recently the EU Court of Justice decided in favour of Sweden's right to have a ban. There are however clear indications that the ban was not the best possible policy. It led to considerable energy being spent on litigation, resulting in a loss of prestige for the chemicals inspectorate. It also appears to have been less effective at reducing the use of TCE than the very strict technical requirements in Germany or the tax used in Norway. The article analyses a data set covering a large number of firms to discuss the marginal costs in different cases. Typically the cost of replacing TCE is low but there appear to be a few firms where it may be quite high. For the former, a tax (or deposit refund scheme) would be a good mechanism to achieve a swift phase‐out. For the latter, it may be more rational to require extremely low emission values (through technical standards). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Mathematical modelling of an infilled RC frame structure based on the results of pseudo‐dynamic tests
Authors: Dolšek Matjaž , Fajfar Peter
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a technique is presented which employs the results of pseudo‐dynamic tests for the development of a mathematical model. This technique, described by means of the mathematical modelling of a three‐storey reinforced concrete frame building with infill in the bottom two storeys, which was tested at ELSA in Ispra, proved to be effective and to lead to a fairly accurate structural model. The results of analyses suggest that the global non‐linear seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill can be adequately simulated by a relatively simple mathematical model, which combines beam elements with concentrated plasticity, simple connection elements, and equivalent strut elements representing the infill walls (provided that the infill does not fail out of plane and that no shear sliding failure occurs). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GENSMAC3D: a numerical method for solving unsteady three‐dimensional free surface flows
Authors: Tomé M.F. , Filho A.C. , Cuminato J.A. , Mangiavacchi N. , Mckee S.
Published: August 2002

A numerical method for solving three‐dimensional free surface flows is presented. The technique is an extension of the GENSMAC code for calculating free surface flows in two dimensions. As in GENSMAC, the full Navier–Stokes equations are solved by a finite difference method; the fluid surface is represented by a piecewise linear surface composed of quadrilaterals and triangles containing marker particles on their vertices; the stress conditions on the free surface are accurately imposed; the conjugate gradient method is employed for solving the discrete Poisson equation arising from a velocity update; and an automatic time step routine is used for calculating the time step at every cycle. A program implementing these features has been interfaced with a solid modelling routine defining the flow domain. A user‐friendly input data file is employed to allow almost any arbitrary three‐dimensional shape to be described. The visualization of the results is performed using computer graphic structures such as phong shade, flat and parallel surfaces. Results demonstrating the applicability of this new technique for solving complex free surface flows, such as cavity filling and jet buckling, are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Empirical Analysis of the Efficiency of the Osaka Rice Market During Japan's Tokugawa Era
Authors: Hamori Shigeyuki , Hamori Naoko , Anderson David A.
Published: August 2002

The Dojima Rice Market in Osaka was the first futures market in the world, and an influential role model for
modern futures markets. This study examines the efficiency of the original futures market by applying
time‐series analysis to data on futures prices from Japan's Tokugawa era
(1603–1867). The results of cointegration tests indicate that the futures market functioned
efficiently during the first sample period (1763–1780), but its efficiency declined during the
second sample period (1851–1864). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
21:861–874, 2001
The common fragile site FRA16D and its associated gene WWOX are highly conserved in the mouse at Fra8E1
Authors: Krummel Kurt A. , Denison Stacy R. , Calhoun Eric , Phillips Leslie A. , Smith David I.
Published: August 2002

Recently, several common fragile sites (CFSs) have been cloned and characterized, including the two most frequently observed in the human population, FRA3B and FRA16D. In addition to their high frequency of breakage, FRA3B and FRA16D colocalize with genes crossing large regions of breakage. At FRA3B, the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene spans more than 1 Mb, and at FRA16D, the WWOX gene spans more than 750 kb. It has also been shown that in Mus musculus, a CFS Fra14A2 and the mouse Fhit gene are conserved in the orthologous region of the genome. In this study, we positioned the ortholog to WWOX (Wox1) at chromosome band 8E1 in the mouse genome. To determine whether, like Fra14A2 and Fhit, Fra8E1 and Wox1 colocalized in the mouse, we prepared bacterial and yeast artificial chromosome probes, and we hybridized them to aphidicolin‐treated mouse metaphase chromosomes. Our data demonstrate that Wox1 colocalizes with Fra8E1. Furthermore, the sequence from this region, including introns, is highly conserved over at least a 100‐kb region. This evolutionary conservation suggests that the two most active CFSs share many features, and that CFSs and their associated genes may be necessary for cell survival. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermolysis of 3‐alkyl‐3‐methyl‐1,2‐dioxetanes: activation parameters and chemiexcitation yields
Authors: Baumstark Alfons L. , Anderson Sean L. , Sapp Chariety J. , Vasquez Pedro C.
Published: August 2002

3‐Methyl‐3‐(3‐pentyl)‐1,2‐dioxetane 1 and 3‐methyl‐3‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐1‐propyl)‐1,2‐dioxetane 2 were synthesized in low yield by the α‐bromohydroperoxide method. The activation parameters were determined by the chemiluminescence method (for 1 ΔH‡ = 25.0 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −1.0 entropy unit (e.u.), ΔG‡ = 25.3 kcal/mol, k1 (60°C) = 4.6 × 10−4s−1; for 2 ΔH‡ = 24.2 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS‡ = −2.0 e.u., ΔG‡ = 24.9 kcal/mol, k1 (60°C) = 9.2 × 10−4s−1. Thermolysis of 1–2 produced excited carbonyl fragments (direct production of high yields of triplets relative to excited singlets) (chemiexcitation yields for 1: ϕT = 0.02, ϕS ≤ 0.0005; for 2: ϕT = 0.02, ϕS ≤ 0.0004). The results are discussed in relation to a diradical‐like mechanism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:176–179, 2001
Equity considerations in health care: the relevance of claims
Authors: Cuadras‐Morató Xavier , Pinto‐Prades José‐Luis , Abellán‐Perpiñán José‐María
Published: August 2002

The general issues of equity and efficiency are central to the analysis of resource allocation problems in health care. We examine them using axiomatic bargaining theory. We study different solutions that have been proposed and relate them to previous literature on health care allocation. In particular, we focus on the solutions based on axiomatic bargaining with claims, and show that they are appealing as distributive criteria in health policy. Finally, we present the results of a survey that tries to elicit moral intuitions of people about resource allocation problems and their different solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical treatment of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland: A clinical analysis of 52 patients
Authors: Glas Afina S. , Vermey Albert , Hollema Harry , Robinson Peter H. , Roodenburg Jan L.N. , Nap Raoul E. , Plukker John Th. M.
Published: August 2002

Background

Surgical management of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland has a considerable risk of facial nerve injury and a high re‐recurrence rate. To obtain more insight into this issue we evaluated our experiences.

Methods

Medical records and histologic material of all these patients (31 women and 21 men), who had been treated from 1976–1995 were reviewed. Median interval between initial treatment and commencement of recurrences was 3 (0.8–18) years. Last surgery consisted of parotidectomy in 48 patients (92%), including 19 (40%) total procedures and wide local excision with involved skin in four patients.

Results

At a median follow‐up of 9 years, eight patients (8/52; 15%) had re‐recurrences develop, including 4 of 21 patients (19%) after a previous parotidectomy (group I) and 4 of 31 patients (13%) without prior parotidectomy (group II). The chance of re‐recurrence in a group of patients with a minimal follow‐up of 10 years after salvage surgery was 17% (4 of 24). The risk of a new relapse was, respectively, 4% and 8% at 1 and 5 years after treatment of recurrent disease. Acceptable N.VII function was preserved in 45 of the 49 (92%) nerves at risk. The risk of N.VII injuy was higher and more serious in group I (29% vs 10% in group II). The function of four of the five (80%) reconstructed zygomaticotemporal branches of the N.VII was adequate.

Conclusion

Surgical treatment of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland, usually consisting of a parotidectomy with wide extent and eventually facial nerve reconstruction, demonstrates favorable results with acceptable morbidity. The risk of new relapse and N.VII injury was higher after previous parotidectomy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 311–316, 2001.
The interaction between hydrology and geomorphology in a landscape simulator experiment
Authors: Hancock Greg , Willgoose Garry
Published: August 2002

An experimental landscape simulator has been developed which uses a rainfall simulator to create overland flow and erosion. The simulator uses rainfall sprinklers that eliminate rainsplash and an artificial soil which has little cohesion. Experimental landscapes developed in the simulator evolved according to Howard's headward growth model. Elements of Glock's model could be identified during evolution (i.e. initiation and maximum extension), but other stages of this model were not observed (i.e. extension and integration). The Horton concept of cross‐grading and micropiracy and stream piracy was not observed despite the dominance of overland flow, nor the groundwater headward growth mechanism proposed by Dunne, the latter due to experimental design, which eliminated any perched groundwater table. The experimental apparatus produced model landscapes that are scaled‐down analogues of real world processes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adenovirus HSV‐TK construct with thyroid‐specific promoter: Enhancement of activity and specificity with histone deacetylase inhibitors and agents modulating the camp pathway
Authors: Kitazono Masaki , Chuman Yutaka , Aikou Takashi , Fojo Tito
Published: August 2002

The successful use of tissue‐ or tumor‐selective promoters in targeted gene therapy for cancer depends on high and selective activity. Tg is a thyroid‐specific protein that is expressed in the normal thyroid and a majority of thyroid tumors. In the present study, we show, using a luciferase reporter assay, that a construct containing the putative Tg promoter and enhancer is active in 4 thyroid carcinoma cell lines (including 2 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines) and not in 5 cancer cell lines arising from nonthyroid tissues. Furthermore, both the activity and the specificity of this construct were increased by pretreatment with 8‐Br‐cAMP and the histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide (FR901228). Expression of thymidine kinase in thyroid cancer cells infected with a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) carrying a Tg enhancer/promoter‐thymidine kinase expression cassette (AdTg enhancer/promoter‐TK) correlated with the level of Tg enhancer/promoter activity in these cells. Under similar conditions, TK expression was not observed in cancer cell lines arising from nonthyroid tissues. Cells infected with AdTg enhancer/promoter‐TK demonstrated preferential GCV sensitivity, with up to a 100,000‐fold increase in GCV sensitivity in thyroid cancer cell lines compared to cancer cell lines of nonthyroid origin. The construct described herein can be used to selectively target thyroid cancer cells, and its expression can be modulated to further increase its specificity and selectivity, especially in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells, using 8‐Br‐cAMP and depsipeptide. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene‐specific oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter pylori–infected human gastric mucosa
Authors: Choi Jinhee , Yoon Sun‐hee , Kim Ja‐eun , Rhee Kwang‐ho , Youn Hee‐sang , Chung Myung‐hee
Published: August 2002

To study the status of oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter pylori infection in more detail, we examined oxidative DNA damage to individual genes by determining the loss of PCR product of a targeted gene before and after gastric mucosal DNA was treated with 8‐hydroxyguanine glycosylase, which cleaves DNA at the 8‐hydroxyguanine residues. The results showed that, of the 5 genes tested, p53, insulin‐like growth factor II receptor and transforming growth factor‐β receptor type II showed significant oxidative DNA damage in H. pylori‐positive tissues and that the BAX and β‐ACTIN genes were relatively undamaged. These results suggest that in H. pylori infection, oxidative DNA damage does not occur homogeneously throughout the genomic DNA but, rather, in a gene‐specific manner. We conclude that the progressive accumulation of preferential oxidative DNA damage in certain genes, such as p53, likely contributes to gastric carcinogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CHC1‐L, a candidate gene for prostate carcinogenesis at 13q14.2, is frequently affected by loss of heterozygosity and underexpressed in human prostate cancer
Authors: Latil Alain , Morant Patrice , Fournier Georges , Mangin Philippe , Berthon Philippe , Cussenot Olivier
Published: August 2002

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome 13q14 is one of the most recurrent anomalies observed in sporadic prostate tumors. This LOH is believed to unmask recessive mutations that inactivate a tumor‐suppressor gene(s) which otherwise regulates normal cell growth and suppresses abnormal cell proliferation. Identification of potential tumor‐suppressor genes within the deleted region is a way of indicating putative pathways of prostate cancer development and progression. The main target that disappears or is downregulated as a result of 13q14 loss remains to be identified. Therefore, our first concern was to find a gene located in the 13q14 region whose transcription is reduced. CHC1‐L, for chromosome condensation 1‐like, is mapped to the smallest common deleted region. CHC1‐L expression is significantly reduced in prostate tumors compared to normal prostate tissues (p = 0.0002). In 21 of 36 (58%) primary prostate tumors studied, CHC1‐L expression was reduced at least 2‐fold, as measured by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR; 18 of the tumors (50%) showed 13q14 LOH for at least 1 of the 5 polymorphic markers that we studied in the region, and 14 (78%) of these were among the tumors underexpressing CHC1‐L. CHC1‐L is alternatively spliced at its 5′ end to produce 2 isoforms, of 551 and 526 aa. Analyses of CHC1‐L integrity and of the quantitative expression of its variants indicate that the observed underexpression in prostate tumors is related to reduced expression of the 551 aa isoform. Although CHC1‐L is not the obvious candidate given its only known homology, to RCC1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Ras‐related GTPase Ran, the frequent significant decrease observed in its expression in prostate cancer associated with the difference in frequency of CHC1‐L variant isoforms between normal and neoplastic prostate tissues places it in a pivotal role or possibly adjacent to a gene that has that role in prostate cancer evolution. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of methyl salicylate as a simulant to predict the percutaneous absorption of sulfur mustard
Authors: Riviere Jim E. , Smith Charles E. , Budsaba Kamon , Brooks James D. , Olajos Eugene J. , Salem Harry , Monteiro‐Riviere Nancy A.
Published: August 2002

Exposure to chemical vesicants such as sulfur mustard (HD) continues to be a threat to military forces requiring protectant strategies to exposure to be evaluated. Methyl salicylate (MS) has historically been the simulant of choice to assess HD exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare the percutaneous absorption and skin deposition of MS to HD in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF). The HD data were obtained from a previously published study in this model wherein 400 μg cm−2 of ]14C[‐MS or ]14C[‐HD in ethanol were topically applied to 16 IPPSFs and experiments were terminated at 2, 4 or 8 h. Perfusate was collected at increasing time intervals throughout perfusion. Radioactivity was determined in perfusate and skin samples. Perfusate flux profiles were fitted to a bi‐exponential model Y(t) = A(e− − e−) and the area under the curve (AUC), peak flux and time to peak flux were determined. Sulfur mustard had more pronounced and rapid initial flux parameters (P < 0.05). The AUCs determined from observed and model‐predicted parameters were not statistically different, although the mean HD AUC was 40–50% greater than MS. The HD skin and fat levels were up to twice those seen with MS, but had lower stratum corneum and residual skin surface concentrations (P < 0.05). Compared with other chemicals studied in this model, HD and MS cutaneous disposition were very similar, supporting the use of MS as a dermal simulant for HD exposure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of localized cold work on the heating characteristics of thermal therapy implants
Authors: Le Uyen T. , Tucker Robert D. , Park Joon B.
Published: August 2002

The use of cylindrical palladium–cobalt alloy rods has proven effective in the clinical ablation of prostate cancer. In order to thermally destroy tissue, the ferromagnetic implants must heat to temperatures greater than 42 °C and produce a power output of at least 400 mW. However, localized cold work such as bending may effect the heating characteristics of these rods and have detrimental clinical effect. Three different types of test devices were manufactured to introduce cold work at one point in the implant: a sharp bend, a curvature, and an MTS three‐point bend. After bending, each rod was then restraightened. Rod power output before and after bending was measured by calorimetry. Statistical comparison of power output for prebent and restraightened rods versus degrees bent was performed through the use of the SAS® MIXED procedure to fit a mixed‐model repeated‐measures ANOVA with the use of multivariate models. In vitro testing showed that there was only a small change in the power output before and after rods were cold worked regardless of the type of bending. Therefore, localized cold work does not affect the clinical heating characteristics of rods. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 24–30, 2002
Investigation of interfacial strength and its structure on the development of a new design of UHMWPE acetabular component
Authors: Park Kwideok , Park Joon
Published: August 2002

Previous studies associated with the development of a new ultra‐high–molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular component have shown high interfacial tensile strengths through chemical and mechanical bonds between virgin UHMWPE or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and PMMA/methylmethacrylate (MMA) monomer treated UHMWPE. Along with the interfacial strength, the mechanism of interfacial strength development has been investigated, correlating the interfacial strength to its structure, with the different molding temperatures or amount of PMMA in the treated UHMWPE. Of three different fracture patterns—adhesive, mixed, and cohesive—most fractures occurred in the mixed or cohesive mode, indicating either a strong interface or a weak bulk phase. Load‐displacement plots from the interfacial tensile tests represented two distinct fracture patterns, suggesting the nature of interfacial structure. Comparison of theoretical and real interfacial strength showed a close match between the two strengths for the interface between PMMA and treated UHMWPE, but a large difference for the interface between UHMWPE and treated UHMWPE. This result hints that although the PMMA/treated UHMWPE interface develops its interfacial strength in a relatively simple mechanism of direct chemical bonds, the UHMWPE/treated‐UHMWPE interface builds its strength in a complex way. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 363–372, 2002
Absorbable sandwich‐like membrane for retinal‐sheet transplantation
Authors: Hsiue Ging‐Ho , Lai Jui‐Yang , Lin Po‐Kang
Published: August 2002

Neural retinal transplantation has great potential for the alleviation of different degenerative and hereditary retinal disorders. However, because of the fragile and soft nature of retina, retinal‐sheet transplantation is relatively difficult to achieve. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a technique for lamellar tissue transplantation. Biodegradable gelatin membranes were fabricated into a sandwich and encapsulated retinal grafts for transplantation. Before transplantation, we characterized the in vivo and in vitro properties of such membranes to determine the optimal sterilization procedure, that is, a sterile membrane with suitable degradability and good mechanical properties and without cytotoxicity. Three sterilization methods were conducted, with hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (HPGP), ethylene oxide (EO), and γ‐ray irradiation (γ). The results were compared with those of a control (no disinfection). Initial studies revealed that the gelatin membranes sterilized with HPGP or EO exhibited retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cytotoxicity, whereas the membrane sterilized by 16.6‐kGy γ ray irradiation had no RPE cytotoxicity and had enhanced mechanical properties. In the in vivo rabbit study, implanted gelatin membranes demonstrated satisfactory biocompatibility without any inflammation. Transplanted retinal sheets survived well and developed laminar structures. Such a method using gelatin membranes for tissue transportation has great potential for future routine retinal‐sheet transplantation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 19–25, 2002
A polarizable electrostatic model of the N‐methylacetamide dimer
Authors: Mannfors B. , Mirkin N. G. , Palmo K. , Krimm S.
Published: August 2002

Our previously developed polarizable electrostatic model is applied to isolated N‐methylacetamide (NMA) and to three hydrogen‐bonded configurations of the NMA dimer. Two versions of the model are studied. In the first one (POL1), polarizability along the valence bonds is described by induced bond charge increments, and polarizability perpendicular to the bonds is described by cylindrically isotropic induced atomic dipoles. In the other version (POL2), the induced bond charge increments are replaced by induced atomic dipoles along the bonds. The parameterization is done by fitting to ab initio MP2/6‐31++G(d,p) electric potentials. The polarizability parameters are determined by subjecting the NMA molecule to various external electric fields. POL1 turns out to be easier to optimize than POL2. Both models reproduce well the ab initio electric potentials, molecular dipole moments, and molecular polarizability tensors of the monomer and the dimers. Nonpolarizable models are also investigated. The results show that polarization is very important for reproducing the electric potentials of the studied dimers, indicating that this is also the case in hydrogen bonding between peptide groups in proteins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1933–1943, 2001
Multisite evaluation of a new dipstick for albumin, protein, and creatinine
Authors: Wallace Jane F. , Pugia Michael J. , Lott John A. , Luke Karl E. , Shihabi Zak K. , Sheehan Michael , Bucksa Jean M.
Published: August 2002

The goal of our study was to perform a multisite evaluation of a new urine dipstick called Multistix PRO™ (Bayer, Elkhart, IN), which has reagent pads for the simultaneous assay of urinary albumin, protein, and creatinine. Patients’ urine specimens were assayed at four sites with these dipsticks and with the familiar Bayer Multistix® 10SG dipsticks for protein. The new dipstick pads for albumin are impregnated with bis (3′,3″‐diiodo‐4′,4″‐dihydroxy‐5′,5″‐dinitrophenyl)‐3,4,5,6‐tetrabromo‐sulfonephthalein (DIDNTB) dye. These dipsticks also have a novel pad that estimates urinary creatinine using the peroxidase activity of the copper‐creatinine complex. We determined the interlaboratory agreement of these dipsticks by comparing dipstick results to values obtained by quantitative analytical methods. We found that dividing the dipsticks’ albumin or protein results by the creatinine concentration reduced the number of false‐positive albumin or protein values observed in concentrated urines, and reduced the number of false negatives in dilute urines. The ratio of albumin to creatinine, or protein to creatinine gives a better measure of albumin or protein excretion. Compared to reading by eye, the dipstick results agreed better with the quantitative assays when they were read by a reflectometer (Bayer Clinitek). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:231–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family‐ and community‐level predictors of parent support seeking
Authors: Redmond Cleve , Spoth Richard , Trudeau Linda
Published: August 2002

The influences of community‐ and family‐level socio‐demographic factors on parent formal and informal support‐seeking activities were examined. Data analyzed were collected from 1,260 parents of sixth graders from 26 rural Iowa communities. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicated that both family‐ and community‐level factors were significant predictors of parent support seeking. Findings at the family level indicated that household income, parent gender, and number of children were significantly predictive of informal support seeking; parent education and parent gender were significantly predictive of formal support seeking. In addition, significant community population size effects on informal parent support seeking were found. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Convent girls, feminism, and community psychology
Authors: Mulvey Anne , Gridley Heather , Gawith Libby
Published: August 2002

This “trinity” of articles in one incorporates reflections by three feminist community psychologists from the Irish Catholic diaspora. Using a narrative approach, we explore the roots of our common commitment to social justice, and the emergence of our feminism from diverse life experiences across four countries, within a shared spiritual tradition. We argue that building inclusive and just communities is impossible without addressing the complexities of our own communities, cultural identities, and spiritual heritages, the latter often underacknowledged within feminism and community psychology. Catholic Ireland in the 19th century was a colonized1 country that became a colonial power by the export of its people and their religion out of oppression, famine, and poverty to the “new worlds” of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA. Our mixed experiences of internalized dominance as White, English‐speaking members of the “one true Church” and of internalized oppression as Irish Catholic minority women in predominantly Protestant Anglo‐Saxon patriarchal societies resonate in our accounts of the pressures to “do good and be good.” Our stories illustrate commonalities and contradictions between feminism, community psychology, and shifting meanings of spirituality. We offer strategies for harnessing energies and fostering commitment for social change, and examine how understandings of feminism, spirituality, culture, and community might be acknowledged and incorporated into community psychology theory and practice. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TNFα induces NFκB/p50 in association with the growth and morphogenesis of normal and transformed rat mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Varela Linda M. , Stangle‐Castor Nannette C. , Shoemaker Suzanne F. , Shea‐Eaton Wendy K. , Ip Margot M.
Published: August 2002

In contrast to the cytotoxic or cytostatic effect of TNFα on many breast cancer cell lines, TNFα stimulates growth and morphogenesis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells (MEC). The present studies were carried out to determine whether there are intrinsic differences between normal and malignant MEC which may explain the differing responsiveness to TNFα. Freshly isolated rat MEC organoids from normal mammary gland or 1‐methyl‐1‐nitrosourea‐induced mammary tumors were treated with TNFα for 21 days. Unexpectedly, TNFα stimulated growth and morphogenesis of both normal and transformed MEC in primary culture, although in transformed cells its effects were delayed and the majority of the colonies were histologically abnormal, with multiple cell layers and no lumen. Since NFκB is a key mediator of TNFα action and has been implicated in carcinogenesis, the expression of the p50, p52, p65, and c‐rel NFκB proteins in normal and transformed MEC was determined. Expression of p52 was significantly reduced in tumor cells, and p50 was absent, although its putative precursor, p105 was abundant. There were no changes in the levels of p65 or c‐rel. TNFα induced a pronounced and sustained increase of a p50 homodimeric NFκB/DNA complex in both normal and transformed MEC. However, in transformed MEC, NFκB binding was initially undetectable but then increased in response to TNFα. Thus, NFκB expression and DNA binding activity are altered during mammary carcinogenesis. In addition, the significant increase in NFκB/p50 DNA‐binding was temporally coincident with TNFα‐induced growth and morphogenesis, suggesting that it may play a significant role in both normal development and carcinogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective oxidation of ethane and propane over sulfated zirconia‐supported nickel oxide catalysts
Authors: Wang Shaobin , Murata K , Hayakawa T , Hamakawa S , Suzuki K
Published: August 2002

The oxidative dehydrogenations of ethane and propane were investigated over a series of zirconia and nickel‐oxide supported on zirconia catalysts. It was found that zirconia, sulfated zirconia as well as NiO‐based zirconia catalysts showed high catalytic activities for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and propane. However, conversion and selectivity differed depending on the nature of the catalysts. Zirconia, sulfated zirconia (SZ) and their supported NiO catalysts showed high ethane conversions but lesser selectivities to olefins while NiO/Li2ZrO3 exhibited high selectivities to ethylene and propylene. Addition of an LiCl promoter in the NiO/SZ catalyst increased the catalytic activity and olefin selectivity, thus resulting in a higher olefin yield. In the oxidative dehydrogenations of ethane and propane NiO–LiCl/SZ exhibited 79% ethylene selectivity at 93% ethane conversion at 650 °C and 52% selectivity to propylene at 20% propane conversion at 600 °C, respectively. Characterization showed that the physico‐chemical properties of the catalysts determine the catalytic activity and selectivity.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of membrane areas for ultrafiltration processes
Authors: Liu Changsheng , Wu Xingyan
Published: August 2002

For batch mode ultrafiltration processes a numerical method for calculating membrane area has been devised with flux predicted from Flemmer's model. Erythromycin broth filtrate was used as a model fluid. Experiments at a 20 dm3 scale were used to estimate the parameters involved in Flemmer's equation, from which membrane areas appropriate for operations of 80 metric tons were calculated. Factors such as rejection, concentration ratio, etc, which affect the membrane size for batch operation, are discussed. The calculated results were consistent with experimental data at the 100 dm3 scale. For continuous operation equations for calculating membrane areas have also been established. The minimum membrane area was calculated at the optimum concentration ratios of each stage, usually their values were different at each stages. Comparison between batch and continuous mode in the context of the membrane area required is also discussed. The method could be applicable to other ultrafiltration operations.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A bioprocessing mode for simultaneous fungal biomass protein production and wastewater treatment using an external air‐lift bioreactor
Authors: Jin Bo , Yu Q , Leeuwen J (Hans) van
Published: August 2002

A pilot plant investigation for bioprocessing has been undertaken to develop a simple, non‐aseptic, low‐cost single process for production of fungal biomass protein (FBP) and wastewater treatment using starch processing wastewater. It has been confirmed that the newly developed external air‐lift bioreactor was very suitable for bioconversion of starch materials and FBP production by the microfungi Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus. Bioproduct yields of 8.5 g dm−3 of FBP that contained 46–50% protein were obtained within a comparatively short retention time. A fungal biomass productivity in a range of 0.85–0.92 g dm−3 h−1 and removals of total suspended solids and 95% COD were achieved in batch, semi‐continuous and continuous processes. The operation modes of the semi‐continuous and continuous processes demonstrated a high biological dynamics in fungal biomass productivity and COD reduction. The semi‐continuous process appeared to be the most practical mode.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A molecular model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod‐bird lineage
Authors: Schweitzer Mary Higby , Marshall Cynthia Lee
Published: August 2002

Ectothermy is a primitive state; therefore, a shared common ancestor of crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds was at some point ectothermic. Birds, the extant descendants of the dinosaurs, are endothermic. Neither the metabolic transition within this lineage nor the place the dinosaurs held along the ectothermic‐endothermic continuum is defined. This paper presents a conceptual model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod‐bird lineage. It is recognized that other animals (some fish, insects, etc.) are functionally endothermic. However, endothermy in other clades is beyond the scope of this paper, and we address the onset of endothermy in only the theropod/bird clade. The model begins with simple changes in a single gene of a common ancestor, and it includes a series of concomitant physiological and morphological changes, beginning perhaps as early as the first archosaurian common ancestor of dinosaurs and crocodiles. These changes continued to accumulate within the theropod‐avian lineage, were maintained and refined through selective forces, and culminated in extant birds. Metabolic convergence or homoplasy is evident in the inherent differences between the endothermy of mammals and the endothermy of extant birds. The strength and usefulness of this model lie in the phylogenetic, genetic, evolutionary, and adaptive plausibility of each of the suggested developmental steps toward endothermy. The model, although conceptual in nature, relies on an extensive knowledge base developed by numerous workers in each of these areas. In addition, the model integrates known genetic, metabolic, and developmental aspects of extant taxa that phylogenetically bracket theropod dinosaurs for comparison with information derived from the fossil record of related extinct taxa. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:317–338, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of sperm storage tubules in the quail during sexual maturation
Authors: Holm Lena , Ridderstråle Yvonne
Published: August 2002

The development of the utero‐vaginal sperm storage tubules (SST) in the quail during sexual maturation was studied using light microscopy and image analysis. SST development starts at around 28 days with low columnar cells, 10.9 ± 0.7 μm high, found at the base of mucosal folds in the distal uterus. Seven days later, small bud‐like invaginations consisting of columnar, 16.4 ± 1.1 μm high cells with basal nuclei were found in this region. An extremely rapid growth of the oviduct occurred at approximately 40–42 days of age with considerable variation in oviductal length between birds, coefficient of variation (CV) 64.8% and 66.2%, respectively. Two of these birds had SST containing spermatozoa but were not laying. At 49 days, oviductal length was 24 ± 0.5 cm (CV 2.0%), and all birds had functional SST with spermatozoa and had started to lay. Mature SST consist of columnar, nonciliated cells, 19.8 ± 0.7 μm high. Although development of SST in the quail, to a large extent, coincides with the development of the rest of the oviduct, the present findings suggest that utero‐vaginal sperm storage is possible before the complete maturation of the oviduct and subsequent onset of lay. J. Exp. Zool. 292:200–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The labour market and household income inequality in South Africa: existing evidence and new panel data
Authors: Leibbrandt Murray , Woolard Ingrid
Published: August 2002

South Africa's very high Gini coefficient has always served as the starkest indicator of the country's extreme inequality. The racial legacy has always been highlighted in explaining this inequality. This paper presents evidence that between race contributions to inequality have declined from the early 1970s to the mid 1990s. However, they are still considerably higher than comparative international figures. The racially rigged labour market has always been assumed to operate as the key force underlying these changing inequality patterns and the paper presents findings for more formal decompositions of the linkage between the labour market and household inequality. This work confirms the dominance of the labour market in driving total South African, African and even KwaZulu‐Natal inequality. However, the contribution of wage income is uneven across these different levels of aggregation and across time; suggesting complex patterns of inequality generation. The following lengthy section of the paper uses a panel data set to measure and explain the mobility patterns of a sample of African households in Kwazulu‐Natal. It is found that there was less income mobility at the top and the bottom of the distribution than in the middle and overall there was an increase in income differentiation. Simple mobility profiling and more complex modelling confirm the importance of labour market changes in influencing movement of real adult equivalent income of households as well as mobility across deciles, across poverty lines. Demographic changes are also seen to be very important. The paper concludes with a summary and some suggestions for further work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 13C and 15N multilabeled 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Iida Katsumi , Kajiwara Masahiro
Published: August 2002

5‐[4‐13C,15N]‐ and 5‐[5‐13C,15N]Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were simply synthesized in four steps by the condensation of [1‐13C,15N]‐ or [2‐13C,15N]glycine, respectively, with phthalic anhydride, followed by conversion to the chloride, coupling reaction with a three‐carbon unit and hydrolysis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation and photodissociation of M+–C6H6 (M+ = V+ and Ta+) and Ta+–C6H4 complexes in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Lee Hsiu‐Fang , Lin Fang‐Wei , Yeh Chen‐Sheng
Published: August 2002

A series of cyclic hydrocarbons were introduced to react with V+ and Ta+ using a pulsed beam expansion source in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The third‐row metal Ta+ displayed high reactivity in dehydrogenation to form benzyne complexes, whereas benzene complexes were the terminal products for V+. M+–C6H6 (M+ = V+ and Ta+) and Ta+–C6H4 were selected to perform the photodissociation experiments. In contrast to the V+ fragment formation via simple cleavage of the V+–C6H6 bond, a photoinduced loss of C2H2 occurred in both the Ta+–C6H6 and Ta+–C6H4 complexes. Plausible explanations involved in the formation of Ta+–C6H6 and Ta+–C6H4 complexes are given for observing such photo‐induced dissociation. The observed photodissociation in Ta+–C6H6 is analogous to the dissociative process previously investigated in metal ion–molecule reactions. The photodissociation spectrum of Ta+–C6H4 was obtained by recording the appearance of Ta+–C4H2 as a function of wavelength and yielded a dissociation energy of 91 ± 1 kcal mol−1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric studies of trimethylsilylpantothenic acid and related substances
Authors: Rychlik Michael
Published: August 2002

The characteristic fragment of trimethylsilylated pantothenic acid (TMS‐PA) at m/z 291 upon electron ionization was shown to originate from the molecular ion by a McLafferty rearrangement instead of by ejection of 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐disilacyclobutane. The verification consisted of labelling experiments and high‐resolution mass spectrometry of the fragment and studies on its isotopic distribution. The remaining fragmentation pathways of TMS‐PA were clarified by B/E‐linked scans and collision‐induced dissociation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of multicomponent mass spectra applying Bayesian probability theory
Authors: Schwarz‐Selinger T. , Preuss R. , Dose V. , von der Linden W.
Published: August 2002

In this paper we develop a method for the decomposition of mass spectra of gas mixtures, together with the relevant calibration measurements. The method is based on Bayesian probability theory. Given a set of spectra, the algorithm returns the relative concentrations and the associated margin of confidence for each component of the mixture. In addition to the concentrations, such a data set enables the derivation of improved values of the cracking coefficients of all contributing species, even for those components for which the set does not contain a calibration measurement. This latter feature also allows one to analyze mixtures that contain radicals in addition to stable molecules. As an example, we analyze and discuss the mass spectra obtained from the pyrolysis of azomethane, which contain the radical CH3 apart from nitrogen and C1‐ and C2‐hydrocarbons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of azole antifungal activity as determined by liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric monitoring of ergosterol biosynthesis
Authors: Heimark Larry , Shipkova Petia , Greene Jonathan , Munayyer Hanan , Yarosh‐Tomaine Taisa , DiDomenico Beth , Hare Roberta , Pramanik Birendra N.
Published: August 2002

A liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method for separation and characterization of ergosterol biosynthetic precursors was developed to study the effect of Posaconazole on sterol biosynthesis in fungi. Ergosterol biosynthetic precursors were characterized from their electron ionization mass spectra acquired by a normal‐phase chromatography, particle beam LC/MS method. Fragment ions resulting from cleavage across the D‐ring and an abundant M − 15 fragment ion were diagnostic for methyl substitution at C‐4 and C‐14. Comparison of the sterol profile in control and treated Candida albicans incubations showed depletion of ergosterol and accumulation of C‐4 and C‐14 methyl‐substituted sterols following treatment with Posaconazole. These C‐4 and C‐14 methyl sterols are known to be incapable of sustaining cell growth. The results demonstrate that Posaconazole exerts its antifungal activity by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, Posaconazole appears to disrupt ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibition of lanosterol 14α‐demethylase. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.