bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PREPARING CERVICAL ADRENAL TRANSPLANTS IN THE SHEEP
Authors: Goding JR , Wright RD
Published: December 2007

Methods previously described for the transplantation of the intact sheep's adranal gland to a cervical skin tube, with preservation of blood supply, have frequently failed because of oedema formation and subsequent venous thrombosis in the loop. In the method described here, the first stage consists of making a large loop containing the carotid artery and jugular vein. Oedema formation occurs as in the old procedure, but subsides within two weeks. It is suggested that a preformed endothelium‐lined pocket could be made with advantage for transplanting organs with a serosal surface. Transplantation of the adrenal gland is performed some three months later and after this procedure, oedema formation is insignificant. Improvements in methods of loop formation, mobilizing the renal vein and in carrying out the vascular anastomoses are described.
OBSERVATIONS ON NZB/B1 MICE
Authors: Bielschowsky Marianne , Bielschowsky F
Published: December 2007

In reciprocal crosses a deficit in numbers of offspring was noted when the male belonged to the NZB/B1 and the females to the NZO/B1 and NZY/B1 strains. In such matings the number of implantation sites was low.

Only a small reduction in fertility was noted when NZC/B1 females were mated to NZB/B1 males.

In offspring of reciprocal crosses NZB/B1 × NZC/B1 the incidence of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia was virtually 100 per cent in F1 and 74 per cent in F2 mice independent of sex of the NZB/B1 parent.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE ECOLOGY OF A GROUP A ARBOVIRUS IN WESTLAND, NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Ross RW , Miles JAR , Austin FJ , Maguire T
Published: December 2007

Investigations into the ecology of M78 virus (a group A arbovirus) in Westland, New Zealand, are reported.

In all, 24,438 mosquitoes were collected and tested for the presence of arboviruses hut no isolations were made. The hulk ot the mosquitoes captured belonged to the two species Culiseta tonnoiri and Culex pervigilans.

Four hundred and seventy‐six wild native or introduced birds of 21 species were bled during the year. These included 101 birds possessing antibody to M78 virus. Forty‐six domestic fowls from the same area included only one immune bird.

Laboratory investigation involving 21 wild birds of six species and three domestic roosters showed that birds are quite susceptible to infection with M78.

Sixteen of 56 human sera from Greymouth, Westland, contained neutralising but not haemagglutination‐inhibiting antibodies to M78. Neutralising antibody was also detected in approximately 10 per cent of human sera from Fiji, Samoa and Australia.
RECOVERIES OF BACTERIA AFTER DRYING IN GLUTAMATE AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Authors: Annear DI
Published: December 2007

Salmonella ndolo was suspended in a number of fluids, including solutions of sodium glutamate, various carbohydrates and long chain polymers, then dried on cellulose tufts and sealed in vacuo. Recoveries were measured after storage at room temperature, 37° and 45°, and after exposure to 100° for as long as seven hours. Glutamate had a highly protective effect towards the desiccates at the higher temperatures. A mixture of glutamate and peptone gave complete recovery after drying and after storage at room temperature for two years, and relatively high recoveries after high temperature storage and exposure to 100°.

The recoveries of bacteria after drying in glutamate on cellulose or quartz fibres were very similar.
STUDIES ON THE STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS FOLATE ACTIVITY OF HUMAN LIVER TISSUE
Authors: Joske RA , Davis RE , Kelly A
Published: December 2007

The S. lactis folate activity of human liver tissue has been measured in 78 specimens obtained by aspiration biopsy. The results in cirrhosis were significantly lower than in normal specimens, and results in other conditions were variable. It is considered that liver pathology, as well as nutrition, is a factor determining liver folate activity.

Liver folate activity was related, with a high degree of significance, to liver vitamin B12 content, but not to serum vitamin B12 concentration or the results of conventional liver function tests.
VIRUSES OF THE MYXOMA‐FIBROMA SUBGROUP OF THE POXVIRUSES
Authors: Fenner Frank
Published: December 2007

The soluble antigens of several strains of myxoma virus, and of rabbit and hare fibroma viruses, were compared by gel diffusion tests. Potent preparations showed up to six lines when tested against homologous antisera.

There were strong cross‐reactions between strains of myxoma virus derived from widely separated parts of North and South America, but three groups of strains could be distinguished on the basis of the gel‐diffusion tests and the symptomatology of the disease produced in European rabbits. These were Brazilian, which included most of the strains from South America; Californian, a homogeneous group of wide temporal and spatial distribution in that State; and some strains from Colombia and Panama which were antigenically like Californian virus but resembled Brazilian virus in other properties.

Three strains of rabbit fibroma virus derived from Michigan, Maryland and New Jersey were antigenically indistinguishable. Cross‐reactions between the soluble antigens of hare and squirrel fibroma virus and myxoma virus were very weak. Cross‐reactions of the soluble antigens of rabbit fibroma virus and myxoma virus on the one hand, and rabbit and hare fibroma viruses on the other, were more extensive.

Lack of satisfactory preparations of soluble antigens and antisera precluded adequate investigation of the soluble antigens of squirrel fibroma virus. With some preparations of soluble antigens of many poxviruses, of several different subgroups, and with certain antisera, a line was seen which is thought to represent the interaction of the poxvirus group antigen and its antibody.

Electron micrographs of thin sections of infected cells showed that hare and squirrel fibroma viruses, which had not previously been examined with the electron microscope, were morphologically typical poxviruses.

The myxoma‐fibroma subgroup of the poxviruses and its evolutionary history are briefly discussed.
HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES OF HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES AND RAT MONOCYTES
Authors: Clarke AE
Published: December 2007

A method of obtaining large numbers of phagocytic mononuclear cells by peritoneal lavage of rats having a subclinical intraperitoneal Mycoplasma infection is described.

The levels of a number of hydrolytic enzymes, including the glycoside hydrolases which might be expected to participate in the breakdown of yeast cell walls, have been measured in homogenates of the rat monocytes and human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

Association of a number of hydrolytic enzymes with a granule fraction prepared from polymorphonuclear leucocytes and a similar, but not as complete, association of these enzymes with a particulate fraction from the rat monocytes has been demonstrated.
THE GROWTH AND REPOPULATION OF THYMUS GRAFTS PLACED UNDER THE KIDNEY CAPSULE
Authors: Metcalf D , Wakonig‐Vaartaja Resa , Bradley TR
Published: December 2007

A comparative study has been made of the growth and repopulation of thymus grafts in the subcapsular space of the kidney and in the subcutaneous tissues of mice. In both sites thymus grafts underwent initial necrosis followed by regeneration, and in both sites the lymphoid population was replaced by host cells. In the kidney capsule site, thymus graft growth was six times more rapid and lymphoid differentiation and proliferation occurred earlier than in the subcutaneous sites. Kidney tissue did not potentiate the growth of thymus tissue in mixed grafts of thymus and kidney tissue. The initial delay in lymphoid differentiation of subcutaneous thymus grafts may be significant in determining the susceptibility to neoplastic change in these thymus grafts.
ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF THE EXTRACT OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS SEEDS (PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ) ROUTINELY USED IN LEUCOCYTE CULTURES
Authors: Marshall WH , Norins Leslie C
Published: December 2007

Two rabbits were immunized with an extract of the red kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris. Sera obtained before and after immunization were tested for the presence of antibodies against components and biological activities of the bean extract.

By immuno‐electrophoresis it was shown that‐

(1) before immunization there was some precipitation between the α and β globulins of normal serum and the bean extract;

(2) after immunization there was precipitation also between γ globulin and the extract, the immune serum precipitating with 5‐7 components of the bean extract;

(3) several of these antigenic components ran together electrophoretically and occupied that region of the strip from winch haemagglutinin and lymphocyte growth factor were eluted. Two antigens in this region were absorbed out of the extract by blood cells, as were the haemagglutinin and lymphocyte growth factor.

Immune rabbit sera inhibited both the lymphocyte growth factor and the substance toxic for macrophages. Similar inhibitory activity was detected in serum from a patient with aplastic anaemia who had been treated with injections of bean extract. Immune rabbit sera also reduced the haemagglutinating activity of the extract and inhibited the skin reactions produced in guinea pigs by intradermal injection of the bean extract. The histology of the skin lesion is described.

Immediate haemorrhagic skin reactions and anaphylactic shock were produced in guinea pigs previously immunized with the bean extract and Freund's adjuvant.
THE GROWTH AND ERYTHROPOIETIC ACTIVITY OF SPLEEN GRAFTS PLACED UNDER THE KIDNEY CAPSULE
Authors: Metcalf D , Bradley R
Published: December 2007

Spleen grafts in mice attained a two to three times larger size under the kidney capsule than in the subcutaneous tissue. As with subcutaneous spleen grafts, grafts under the kidney capsule atained a larger size in splenectomised than in sham‐operated hosts. Erythropoiesis was more active in spleen grafts under the kidney capsule than in subcutaneous grafts, but erythropoiesis in spleen grafts in both sites was as responsive as erythropoiesis in the host's spleen to suppression by hypertransfusion.
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE MAMMARY GLAND AND REGIONAL LYMPH NODE FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION
Authors: Outteridge PM , Rock JD , Lascelles AK
Published: December 2007

The changes in the antibody and cellular content of milk and mammary lymph have been studied in ewes given intramammary infusions of various antigens. Killed Brucella abortus, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella pullorum, the antigens used in the experiments, were infused into one udder half while the other served as a control.

Apart from a transient increase in the neutrophil content of the milk immediately following the infusion, there was no difference in the cell content of the milk of the infused or control glands throughout the experiments on lactating sheep. There was a relatively small increase in plasmablasts and plasma cells in the efferent lymph from the mammary gland following intrammary infusion compared with that following subcutaneous injection. There was at the most only a slight increase in antibody litre in the milk following infusion into mammary glands of lactating sheep and in all experiments the litre in plasma was higher than that in milk. On the other hand there was a substantial rise in antibody titre in the secretion from involuting glands. After two infusions at 10‐day intervals the litres in the secretion from the involuting gland and in the lymph draining it were many times higher than that in plasma. These results suggest that much of the antibody in involution milk was locally synthesized. Killed Salmonella typhix “O” organisms were infused into the glands of two pregnant ewes 2‐6 weeks before parturition. This resulted in high litres in the colostrum and in the milk for at least three months of the next lactation. The antibody titre of the milk from the infused side was higher than that of the control side and plasma.
CHANGES IN THE PHOSPHATE CONTENT OF MYCOBACTERIA PRODUCED BY ISONIAZID AND ETHAMBUTOL
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: December 2007

Mycobacteria cultures of different ages showed a reduction in the content of an acid‐labile phosphorus‐containing fraction (tentatively identified as inorganic polyphosphate) in the presence of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) and ethambutol. This change occured without an increase in the dry weight of the cultures and it is suggested, therefore, that a degradative process rather than a blocked synthesis is involved. Further experiments suggest that this effect is secondary to the initial action of both isoniazid and ethambutol. Other recent reports of the effects of isoniazid on cell composition are reviewed.
RATE OF HAEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS AFTER BLOOD LOSS IN SHEEP AND THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN
Authors: Shutt DA , McDonald IW
Published: December 2007

In intact sheep a moderate degree of experimental anaemia (6 g. Hb. per cent), maintained by daily bleeding, provoked a marked increase in the rate of haemoglobin synthesis. The maximal rate of haemoglobin synthesis achieved was about 3½ times the nomal rate — equivalent to the production of 0·25 g. Hb. per day per kg. body weight. Haemoglobin concentration in blood was maintained at 6g. Hb. per cent partly at the expense of the reserve haemoglobin in the spleen. Haemodilution was observed during bleeding, followed by haemoconcentration during the recovery period.

Splenectomized sleep responded to single massive bleeding or repeated daily bleeding with an increase in the rate of haemoglobin synthesis and in the retention of dietary nitrogen.

Comparison of the rate of haemoglobin synthesis on two levels of protein intake (65 g. and 145 g. crude protein per sheep per day) Suggested that the rate of haemoglobin synthesis was independent of dietary protein within the limits examined, but the level of the circulating mass ol haemoglobin after recovery from bleeding was probably Influenced by the protein intake.
CYTOTOXICITY OF ENDOTOXIN IN VITRO
Authors: Kessel RWI , Braun W
Published: December 2007

A method to assay the eytotoxic effects of endotoxin on guinea pig macrophages in vitro is described. It employs monolayers in a serum‐free maintenance solution, and the effects of endotoxin are assessed by the proportion of cells taking tip Trypan Blue six to eight hours later. The kinetics indicate that macrophages may be affected relatively rapidly after exposure to endotoxin, but that in any population there is a small proportion of refractory cells. Large increments in the amount of endotoxin are necessary to change the proportion of affected cells. Guinea pig serum interferes with the cyto‐toxicity of endotoxins in vitro. Possible mechanisms of the endotoxin‐elicited cell injury are discussed.
THE INDUCTION OF RESPIRATORY DEFICIENT MUTANTS IN A YEAST BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE MUTATION RATE
Authors: McBrien BP
Published: December 2007

The use of hydrogen peroxide as an inducer of the respiratory deficient (RD) state in cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated. When low concentrations of peroxide are added continuously to continuous cultures of the yeast, there is an increased production of RD mutants which lack cytochrome a and cytochrome b, but do contain cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase. The rate of this mutation was found to increase as the pH of the medium was raised from pH 4·5 to pH 8·5.

It is suggested that the induction of RD mutants may involve a primary reaction of free radical nature.
EFFECT OF HEAT DURING DRYING ON SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA IN DESICCATES
Authors: Annear DI
Published: December 2007

Desiccates of Salmonella ndolo in sodium glutamate were exposed to 100° for various periods before sealing. Recoveries of viable organisms from such desiccates after further exposure to 100° and after storage at 45° were much higher than from unheated controls.

Slow rehydration of the heated desiccates with nutrient broth yielded higher recoveries than did rapid rehydration.
RECOVERIES OF STRIGOMONAS ONCOPELTI, LEPTOSPIRAE AND REITER'S TREPONEME FROM DESICCATES AFTER STORAGE FOR FIVE YEARS
Authors: Annear DI
Published: December 2007

Desiccates of Strigomonas oncopelti, four species of leptospirae and the Reiter trcponeme have yielded viable organisms after storage for five years at 4°. At room temperature only the treponeme was successfully preserved.
THE INDUCED FORMATION OF PENICILLINASE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Coles NW , Gross R
Published: December 2007

Some properties of the induction of penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus, using benzyl penicillin and cloxacillin as inducers, are described. Optimal conditions for induction are indistinguishable from those supporting growth. In a chemically‐defined medium, glucose, amino acids, potassium, magnesium and phosphate were found to be required for induction, and an — SH compound stimulatory. With penicillin as inducer, the formation of penicillinase parallels the loss of viability of the cells. It is concluded that only cells which have commenced to grow have the ability to express their capacity for penicillinase production. Data are presented which support the hypothesis of involvement of an unstable specific messenger RNA in the induced synthesis of penicillinase. Using actinomycin D, a half‐life of 51 seconds has been determined for the turnover rate of penicillinase‐specific messenger RNA compared with 46 seconds for the half‐lift of 14C‐uracil in cold trichloroacetic acid insoluble material in S. aureus under similar conditions.
EFFECTS OF INTRAVITREOUS INJECTION OF DRUGS ON THE CHOLINESTERASE OF THE RETINA
Authors: Rose SAM , Glow Peter H
Published: December 2007

The cholinesterase activity of excised retinas was measured after intravitreous, intramuscular, and intracarotid injection of various combinations of diisopropylfluorophosphate, octamethylpyrophosphoramide, 1,3 bis (4‐hydroxyi‐minoethylpyridinium) propane dibromide (C434) and acetylcholine.

Cholinesterase activity of the retina could be manipulated independently in each eye, without systemic effects, by intravitreous injection of drugs even if these drugs would not have penetrated from the blood to the retina. The advantages of using retina for biochemical and pharmacological studies on neural tissues are discussed.
GROWTH OF DIPLOID AND HETEROPLOID TISSUE CULTURES IN THE PRESENCE OF SOME ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Tomkins GA , Ferguson Jean
Published: December 2007

Several antibiotics were tested for their toxicity on three cell types—the heteroploid H.Ep.2 cell line, primary cynomolgus monkey kidney cells, and a diploid human embryonic skin line. The elimination of specific contaminants by particular antibiotics is discussed, and suitable concentrations of the antibiotics for use in tissue cultures are recommended. Kanamycin, neomycin, fungizone, chloramphenicol, viomycin and polymyxin B are suitable antibiotics for the elimination of the micro‐organisms most frequently encountered as contaminants of tissue cultures.
THE SUITABILITY OF SILVERED LEAF MONKEY (PRESBYTIS CRISTATUS) KIDNEY CELL CULTURES FOR TESTING POLIOVIRUS VACCINES
Authors: Thayer JR
Published: December 2007

Kidney cell cultures prepared from eight silvered leaf (Presbytis cristatus) monkeys had a sensitivity to the three poliovirus types, either untreated or formaldehyde‐treated, at least equal to that observed for cynomolgus kidney cell cultures under similar conditions. Simian foamy virus or other agents which would produce a cytopathic effect were not detected in the silvered leaf cell cultures.
THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY IN THE PRESENCE OF INTERFERON
Authors: Anderson SG
Published: December 2007

Normal mice were injected with one or other of two antigens, the polysaccharide specific soluble substance of type III pneumococci and the MEL strain of type A influenza virus.

The time of appearance and titre of serum antibody to each antigen were determined.

No evidence was found for an inhibitory effect of interferon on the production of antibody.
CHANGES IN THE VIRULENCE AND ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF STRAINS OF MYXOMA VIRUS RECOVERED FROM AUSTRALIAN WILD RABBITS BETWEEN 1950 AND 1964
Authors: Fenner Frank , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M
Published: December 2007

Virulence tests were carried out on 300 strains of myxoma virus obtained from the rabbit‐infested parts of Australia during the year 1963‐1964. The general distribution of strains among virulence grades did not differ greatly from that found in the previous Australian survey in 1958‐1959. No highly virulent strains were recovered, and judging from the samples tested, the distribution of strains of various degrees of virulence was not influenced by recent inoculation campaigns.

All strains were tested for the soluble antigens they produced in skin lesions in rabbits. One strain from Victoria and one from New South Wales failed to produce a soluble antigen which was a major component of the standard laboratory strain, and of all the other field strains tested.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE LOCATION OF DNA— AND RNA— SYNTHESIZING CELLS IN RAT POPLITEAL LYMPH NODESM
Authors: Miller JJ
Published: December 2007

3H‐thymidine and 3H‐cytidine have been used to study the histological localization of DNA‐ and RNA‐synthesizing cells in popliteal lymph nodes from untreated, immunized and neonatally thymectomized rats. Active cell proliferation, as measured by 3H‐thymidine incorporation, was demonstrated in the medulla of unstimulated nodes from normal and from neonatally thymectomized rats. After an immunological stimulus, an early increase in medullary cell proliferation was associated with a similar but less intense reaction in the cortex. A partial dissociation between the sites of cell proliferation and the sites of most active RNA synthesis was noted. Cells with the highest apparent RNA‐synthetic rates were found predominantly in the cortex. Reticular cells, histiocytes, and plasma cells were found to retain labelled RNA longer than the other cells of the lymph nodes.

The ability to achieve considerably more intense labelling in popliteal lymph node cells than in the rest of the lymphoid system by hind foot‐pad injections of 3H‐nucleosides was confirmed. However, attempts to use this finding for a study of lymph node cell migration were complicated by a failure to obtain adequate numbers of labelled cells after injection of 3H‐thymidine, and by the difficulty of finding a dose of 3H‐cytidine which labelled small lymphocytes in the popliteal nodes but not blast cells in other organs. It was possible, however, to demonstrate lymphocyte migration within 30 minutes of selective labelling of one popliteal node. Small numbers of migrant cells were found in other lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and ileal submucosa.
THE CATECHOLAMINES IN LIZARD HEART
Authors: Cooper CJ , de la Lande IS , Tyler MJ
Published: December 2007

Fluorimetric assay of nine samples of auricles of the Sleepy Lizard Tiliqua rugosa yielded mean noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of 2·54 and 0·34 μg./g. tissue respectively. The ratio of noradrenaline to adrenaline was consistently high despite considerable variation in the total catecholamine content, and was confirmed by parallel bioassay on three samples of pooled auricles. Reserpine in the relatively high dose of 20 mg./Kg. depleted the tissues of total catecholamines. The findings are interpreted as evidence that noradrenaline is the sympathetic transmitter in the lizard, and support the results of an earlier study which emphasised the similar pharmacological properties of sympathetic nerve transmission in the lizard and mammalian hearts.
MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
Authors: Mitchell Judith , Nossal GJV
Published: December 2007

The purpose of the experiments was to study the distribution and fate of a population of antigen molecules responsible for the induction of a state of immunological tolerance in the newborn rat. Salmonella flagellin and other antigens were labelled with carrier‐free I125 to give substitution rate approaching or exceeding 1 radioactive atom per molecule. Tolerance was induced in 2 ways: either by a single injection of a dose of about 100 μg or by a course of injections of 1 μg given twice per week for 8 weeks. Rats were killed at intervals and the antigen distribution pattern was studied by scintillation counting and autoradiography.

The results showed that antigen handling in the newborn rat was substantially different from that previously reported in adult rats. Phagocytosis of antigen was never a prominent feature in newborn rats, even when opsonins in the form of immune serum had been passively injected. The outstanding feature was an extremely diffuse distribution of antigen throughout all lymphoid tissues, including the thymus.

In rats receiving a single, large dose of antigen at birth, the initial concen tration of antigen scattered diffusely throughout the lymphoid, system was high. Autoradiographs suggested the presence of thousands of molecules per cell. This level fell progressively over the next few weeks, reaching a concentration of around 1 molecule per cell by 3 to 4 weeks. Scattered antigen was also seen in the tissues of rats receiving the twice weekly injections, but these tended to develop the adult pattern of antigen localization as they matured.

In both types of experiment, detectable labelled antigen disappeared from the lymphoid system before tolerance was totally lost.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF Fl AND BACKCROSS HYBRIDS BETWEEN “HIGH LEUKAEMIA” (AKR) AND “AUTOIMMUNE” (NZB) MOUSE STRAINS
Authors: Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

When female NZB mice were crossed with male AKR, the F1 hybrids were more long‐lived than either parent.

Conversion from negative to positive Coombs test occurred much later than in NZB mice and 3–4 months earlier in F1 females than in males.

Kidney lesions were much rarer, but when they occurred they were of the same quality as in NZB mice. The incidence in backcrosses would suggest that a single gene pair is concerned.

Thymic lesions in the F1 group showed both the pre‐lymphoma nodules of AKR and the germinal centres and other changes characteristic of NZB. Both were much more extensive in female than in male mice.

Development of primary thymoma was delayed and many of the “prelymphoma” nodules showed no sign of activity, and would presumably not have initiated a frank lymphoma‐leukaemia.

Lymphomatous tumours commencing in the thymus or elsewhere had a lower incidence and appeared later in the F1 than in AKR. In the backeross to AKR a considerable number of early thymomas of AKR type were seen.

Reticulum cell tumours of the spleen (48), plasmacytomas (16), and lymphoepithelial tumours of the thymus (5) were found amongst 161 neoplastic conditions in the 3 groups.
VARIATIONS WITH AGE IN THE PLASMA IRON AND TOTAL IRON‐BINDING CAPACITY IN DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Bremner KC
Published: December 2007

Plasma iron concentrations and total iron‐binding capacity were determined in dairy calves of both sexes at various ages from birth to 15 months. In most of the calves examined, plasma iron concentrations increased considerably at some time between 1 and 3 weeks after birth, declining within the next few days to levels similar to those found in adult cattle. Values for total iron‐binding capacity increased sharply after birth, reaching maximum values between 1 and 5 weeks later. Values then declined up to the age of 3 months. In calves aged from 3 to 15 months, plasma iron levels of female calves decreased with age, and by 15 months were significantly lower than those of male calves of the same age. Total iron‐binding capacity values of male calves increased with age from 3 to 15 months, but no significant difference in this index between sexes was observed at any one age.
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM LYMPHOID ORGANS
Authors: Shortman Ken
Published: December 2007

Lymph node cells are retained by columns of siliconed glass beads (60–90 μ diameter) when cell suspensions are passed through the columns at 4°. Trapping of cells is almost complete when serum is absent from the suspension medium, but decreases with increasing serum concentration. Cells trapped by the columns may be recovered by disrupting the bed of beads. The retention seems to depend on both simple filtration and physical adsorption effects.

Under certain conditions the cells form a series in order of their probability of retention, namely: Damaged cells > blasts > plasma cells > small lymphocytes > erythrocytes. This has been the basis for three separation procedures: (1) Removal of damaged cells from cell suspensions; (2) separation of suspensions into a series of fractions differing in the relative proportions of various cell types; (3) purification of small lymphocytes.

Small lymphocytes, free from damaged cells, were purified by filtration through the column to select the 9% least adherent cells. Contaminants included 5% erythrocytes, but less than 0·1% of other cell types. The level of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesizing cells was reduced 70‐fold compared to the original suspension, and the preparation showed a relatively narrow size range distribution.
MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
Authors: Austin Caroline M , Nossal GJV
Published: December 2007

Rats were rendered tolerant to the Salmonella flagellar antigen fg by multiple injections of monomeric flagellin, starting at birth. When such rats were challenged in adult life, they responded normally to a variety of unrelated antigens such as sheep and chicken red blood cells, C16 phage, and bovine serum albumin.

Two H antigens, i and d, were then chosen on the basis of exhaustive serological study which showed them to be unrelated to fg. It was shown that rats tolerant to fg also exhibited a substantial degree of tolerance to the other Salmonella antigens. However, they were not tolerant when challenged with Proteus vulgaris flagellin or a variety of other antigens.

When normal adult rats were given an injection of fg flagella and, 6 weeks later, an injection of i flagella, the primary response to the antigen i was significantly depressed.

Thus, there seems to be an immunological relationship of a unique kind between Salmonella flagellar antigens, particularly exemplified by i and fg. While there is no trace of antigenic overlap in their in vitro behaviour, prior injection of one alters the immunogenicity of the other. The significance of these findings for theories of antibody production and tolerance is discussed.
THE SEPARATION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM‐ACTIVATED ADENOSINE‐TRIPHOSPHATASE FROM A SODIUM OR POTASSIUM INHIBITED ADENOSINE‐TRIPHOSPHATASE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: Potter Helen A , Charnock JS , Opit LJ
Published: December 2007

Salt extraction of sheep or guinea‐pig cardiac muscle was employed to obtain two adenosine‐triphosphatase preparations. After extraction of cardiac muscle homogenate with 1 M lithium bromide, an insoluble adenosine‐triphosphatase preparation was obtained which was activated by sodium and potassium ions and which could then be inhibited by the cardiac glycoside ouabain. By using 1 M potassium chloride in place of lithium bromide a soluble adenosine‐triphosphatase system was extracted which required calcium ions for activation, but which was not activated by sodium and potassium, nor was the activity inhibited by ouabain. Inhibition of the sodium and potassium activated adenosine‐triphosphatase of cardiac muscle by low concentrations of ouabain (half maximal 4 × 10−6 M) suggest that this cardiac adenosine‐triphosphatase displays similar sensitivity to cardiac glycosidcs as “transport” adenosine‐triphosphatase preparations obtained from brain and kidney tissue. It is concluded that the insoluble sodium and potassium activated adenosine‐triphosphatase of cardiac muscle may be a major site for the pharmacological effects of cardiac glycosides.
IMMUNOASSAY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE IN BOVINE PLASMA
Authors: Melick RA
Published: December 2007

Using an antiserum to bovine parathyroid hormone, the levels of parathyroid hormone in bovine plasma have been measured by radioimmunoassay. These ranged from 320 to 1840 μμg per ml. with a mean value of 937 μμg per ml. The results are very similar to those reported for cattle. Much less activity was found in plasma from other species. suggesting limited cross reactivity of the antiserum.
THE EFFECT OF DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE ON HEPATIC CELLS OF RATS
Authors: Shilkin KB , Papadimitriou JM , Walters MN‐I
Published: December 2007

The dipolar aprotic solvent dimethyl sulphoxide, although generally used in biology to preserve cells, is shown to be capable of producing morphological changes in hepatocytcs of the rat. These changes have features similar to those caused by other hepatotoxins. The damage due to dimethyl sulphoxide is not prevented by compounds stabilizing the cell membrane. The substance probably exerts its effect by alteration of the selective permeability of the cell membrane.
THE EFFECT OF TRAUMATIC SHOCK ON METABOLISM OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN MICE
Authors: Lykke AWJ , Kosche ER
Published: December 2007

In three controlled experiments using 32 quartets of litter‐mate male white mice the rates of whole‐body metabolism of ethyl alcohol after intraperitoneal injection of ethyl alcohol were found to be significantly slower in animals in which a fracture of the femur was produced at the time of the injection of alcohol. Pretreatment with nicotinamide at a dosage of 500 mg./kg. body‐weight caused a significant retardation of the rate of metabolism of alcohol, whereas pretreatment of fasting mice with nicotinamide at a dosage of 50 mg./kg. body‐weight significantly accelerated the rate of metabolism of alcohol. There was no significant interaction between pretreatment with either nicotinamide or diphosphopyridinenucleotide and treatment by fracturing the femur on the rate of whole‐body metabolism of alcohol.

It is concluded that the retardation of the rate of whole‐body metabolism of ethyl alcohol in mice in states of traumatic shock is not caused by diminished availability of diphosphopyridinenucleotide.
THE CELLULAR BASIS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE IN NEWBORN ANIMALS
Authors: Martin WJ
Published: December 2007

Newborn rabbits responded with immunity when given bovine serum albumin plus macrophages obtained from adult rabbits. A deficiency in the macrophage activity of newborn animals is postulated to explain why these animals normally do not respond with immunity, but instead are rendered tolerant.
EFFECTS OF X‐IRRADIATION ON ANTIGEN LOCALIZATION IN LYMPHOID FOLLICLES
Authors: Jaroslow BN , Nossal GJV
Published: December 2007

The effects of whole body X‐irradiation before or after the injection of 125I‐labelled Salmonella flagellar antigens on (a) antibody production and (b) antigen distribytion through the lymphoid system were investigated.

Whole body X‐irradiation (450 R) caused marked depression of both γM and γG responses if given one day before antigen. With a high dose of the strongest antigen, but not with a low dose or with the weaker antigen, two further observations were made: (a) colchicine could restore antibody‐forming capacity, and (b) X‐ray given after antigen actually caused an enhanced immune response.

X‐irradiation caused subtle but important changes in antigen localization. The anatomical structure, presumably cytoplasmic fibrils, in the lymphoid follicles responsible for antigen trapping was remarkably radioresistant. Little damage could be observed with doses less than 1250 R, and it took 8000 R to destroy the structure completely. However, the follicular mechanism was not functionally intact. Spleen antoradiographs and whole organ counts showed a lowered capacity of the web to retain antigen. Lymph node autoradiographs showed abnormal persistence of labelling in a subsinus rim of cortical phagocytes. This was interpreted to indicate an X‐ray induced Interference with antigen migration.

X‐irradiation had no observable effect on the sinus macrophages of the lymph node medulla. This once again suggests that their function is less specialized than that of the follicular antigen‐retaining cells.
THE MEASUREMENT OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN ADRENAL VEIN BLOOD OF SHEEP
Authors: Coghlan JP , Wintour Marelyn , Scoggins BA
Published: December 2007

A double isotope dilution derivative method for determination of aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone in adrenal vein blood of sheep is described.

14C‐labelled steroids are used as the indicator and 3H‐acetic‐ anhydride as the reagent for the formation of the labelled derivative.

Experimental data accumulated from six years' use of the method are discussed with special emphasis on specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision.

Mean secretion rates of aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone from sodium replete and sodium deficient sheep with autotransplanted adrenals are presented.
REGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN THE ROTTNEST QUOKKA
Authors: Kakulas BA
Published: December 2007

The reversal of the nutritional myopathy of the captive Rottnest quokka (Setonix brachyurus) with vitamin E provided a model for the study of regenerative processes in skeletal muscle. Seventeen quokkas recovering from myopathy following treatment with α‐to opherol were studied by means of 2 to 7 serial biopsies from each animal. As the debris within necrotic muscle fibres was removed by macrophages, proliferation of sarcolemmal nuclei occurred. Cells with basophilic cytoplasm, due to a high content of ribonucleic acid (RNA), appeared and showed mitotic activity. Myofibrillar markings identified these cells as myoblasts. Later in the sequence multi‐nucleated masses and young muscle fibres developed, probably by fusion of myoblasts. Cross striations became obvious and the sarcoplasm eosinophilic, due to increased content of protein. Lastly, sarcolemmal nuclei centrally or randomly distributed underwent marginal migration and the muscle fibre became fully reconstituted. With acrolein‐Schiff staining necrotic fibres were rarefied, due to loss of protein, but during maturation staining became deeper as the protein content increased. The early phases occupied several days, while complete restoration required 5 to 8 weeks. There were many features of similarity between the morphology of regeneration in vivo and the growth and differentiation of skeletal muscle in vitro. Regenerative activity is prominent in the histopathological lesion of human polymyositis, and increased attention has been recently given to regenerative phenomena in case of human progressive muscular dystrophy, so that clarification of this property of muscle may improve understanding of these diseases.
DETECTION AND TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATING MYCOPLASMAS IN CELL CULTURE
Authors: Cross GF , Goodman Margaret R , Shaw Elizabeth J
Published: December 2007

Aspects of the problem of mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures have been examined. Particular attention has been paid to the effective eradication of mycoplasma contaminants. The effects of tylosin, a new antibiotic, are examined in detail.

The work also describes attempts to eradicate a particularly resistant strain of M. orale type I, which has been isolated from contaminated cell lines in this laboratory.
HYDATID LATEX AGGLUTINATION WITH SCOLEX AND CRUDE POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGENS
Authors: Fischman A , Allen JL
Published: December 2007

Latex suspensions coated with scolex extracts give sensitive and specific serum reactions in hydatid disease. Fractions from hydatid fluid, containing crude polysaccharide, react with antibody in the sera from proven cases as demonstrated by latex agglutination and complement fixation techniques, but not by the indirect haemagglutination test.
PLASMA ANGIOTENSINASE ACTIVITY ON ANGIOTENSIN II AND ANALOGUES
Authors: Doyle AE , Loius WJ , Osborn EC
Published: December 2007

The effects of plasma angiotensinase activity on α‐aspartyl‐angio‐ tensin II and three analogues have been studied. All the compounds exhibited biological activity with parallel dose response curves. The pressor responses to each were of similar form and duration. Cross tachyphylaxis exists between all four compounds.

In spite of the similarities in biological effects, α‐aspartyl‐angiotension was inactivated much more rapidly in vitro by plasma angiotensinase than the other three componnds, suggesting that the major enzyme present in plasma is an aminopeptidase.

Studies utilising a radioactive analogue of angiotensin ([35S] PTC‐angiotensin) suggest that an endopeptidase of low activity may also be present in plasma.
DETECTION AND TITRATION OF ANTIBODY TO INTRINSIC FACTOR BY A MODIFIED CHARCOAL METHOD
Authors: Ungar Berta
Published: December 2007

With conventional charcoal methods false positive results for intrinsic factor antibody were obtained in 4 out of 94 patients with pernicious anaemia These false positive results were due to high serum levels of free vitamin B12.

A simple modification of the charcoal assay for the detection and titration of antibody to intrinsic factor is described. This consists of the preliminary adsorption of the serum with albumin‐coated charcoal to remove free vitamin B12.

The simple modification presented increases the reliability and versatility of tests for antibody to intrinsic factor.
CHANGES IN ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EMBRYONIC CHICK LIVER DURING MORPHOGENESIS
Authors: Pollak JK , Shorey CD
Published: December 2007

Changes in the ultrastructure of embryonic chick liver were examined between the 5th and 16th day of incubation.

It was demonstrated that in 5‐ day embryonic live practically no endoplasmic reticulum was present. As development progressed, first smooth and later rough endoplasmic reticulum was formed. On the other hand, the free osmiophilic granules which were abundant at early developmental stages decreased with increasing developmental age, Furthermore, in spite of the appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the total osmiophilic granule content of the cell appeared to decrease

The significance of these findings was discussed, with particular reference to the biosythesis of the endoplasmic reticulum and its dynamic state

Other change in the ultrastructure of developing chick liver were also described, such as the decreasing variability of the distances between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and the two laminae of the nuclear envelope.
HAEMOLYSIN PRODUCTION FROM BOVINE STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Frost AJ
Published: December 2007

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk were examined for production of alpha, beta and delta haemolysins. Of 1,066 strains tested 81·3% produced all three lysins and all other patterns were noted. There was no difference in the occurrence of the lysins in strains from acute mastitis, sub‐clinical mastitis and normal quarters.
THE INITIATION OF SKIN TUMOURS IN MICE BY HOMOLOGUES AND N‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF ETHYL CARBAMATE
Authors: Pound AW
Published: December 2007

Several homologues and N‐substituted derivatives of ethyl carbamate have been examined for tumour‐initiating properties by injection into mice followed by promoting treatment with croton oil. The LD50 of the compounds was also determined. The tumour‐initiating potencies were ranked in descending order ethyl carbamate, ethyl N‐methylcarbamate, ethyl N‐ethylcarbamate butyl carbamate; n‐propyl and isopropyl carbamates with doubtful effect; and ethyl N‐n‐propylcarbamate, ethyl N,N‐dimethylcarbamate, ethyl N,N‐diethyl‐ carbamate and methyl carbamate without significant effect. The LD50 of homologous series decreased exponentially with increasing molecular weight. It was deduced that the tumour‐initiating properties do not vary with the toxic properties of the carbamates nor with their molecular weight but appear to depend on structural features of the molecule, namely the nature of the ester group, the presence of a free hydrogen in the amide position and the nature of a single substituent in the amide position.
A REOVIRUS‐SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IN MURINE LYMPHOMA 2731/L AND IN CULTURED BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA CELLS
Authors: Stanley NF , Keast D
Published: December 2007

Complement‐fixation tests have shown that the reovirus‐induced murine lymphoma 2731/L shares an antigen with a cultured line of Burkitt's lymphoma and reovirus 3. This antigen is not present in a continuous cell culture from the leucocytes of a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia, nor in a murine lymphoma developed following a graft‐versus‐host reaction. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the aetiology of Burkitt's lymphoma and it is suggested that this communication presents further evidence supporting the reovirus 3 aetiology of Burkitt's lymphoma and the murine lymphoma 2731/L.
HYDROLYSIS OF PEPTIDES BY SNAKE VENOMS OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA
Authors: Tu AT , Toom PM
Published: December 2007

Peptidase substrate specificities of 9 venoms of poisonous snakes of Australia and New Guinea were investigated. Thirty‐four peptides (29 dipeptides and 5 tripeptides) were used as substrates. The peptides Gly‐L‐Asp, Gly‐L‐Glu, Gly‐L‐Pro, L‐Leu‐L‐Phe, DL‐Leu‐DL‐Val, L‐Lys‐Gly, and L‐Pro‐Gly were not hydrolyzed by any of the venoms. All other dipeptides with the exception of L‐Phe‐L‐Phe were hydrolyzed by all of the venoms investigated. Although the glycylphenylalanine linkage of the tripeptide Gly‐L‐Phe‐L‐Phe Was hydrolyzed by each of the venoms investigated, the phenylalanyl‐phenylalanie bond was only split by the venoms of N. scutatus scutatus, O. scutellatus scutellatus, and O. scutellatus canni. In like manner, L‐Phe‐L‐Phe was also hydrolyzed only by the venoms of N. scutatus scutatus, O. scutellatus canni, and O. scutellatus scutellatus.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY XIII. THE ANTIGEN CONTENT OF SINGLE ANTIBODY‐FORMING CELLS EARLY IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSES
Authors: Nossal GJV , Williams GM , Austin Caroline M
Published: December 2007

A study was performed on the question of whether antibody‐forming cells taken at the earliest stages of primary and secondary immune responses contain significant antigen within them. Rats were immunized via the hind foot pads with 125I‐labelled Salmonell adelaide flagella, antibody‐forming cells were identified and isolated by micromanipulation techniques and their content of 125I was determined by quantitative autoradiography.

In contrast to previous findings on the late IgG phase of the primary response, a significant minority of the young cells studied here contained detectable antigen‐derived material. In the popliteal node, 18/165 cells in the primary response and 57/114 cells in the secondary response were labelled. In lymphoid organs more remote from the antigen depot site smaller proportions of cells were labelled, and again labelling was more extensive in the secondary response. However, when free‐floating cells from thoracic duct lymph were examined, none of 186 antibody‐forming cells were labelled.

The biggest single factor influencing the proportion of labelled antibody‐formers was the antigen dose. With doses smaller than 1 μg., only 1 in 53 popliteal node cells was labelled, even though the population studied contained mainly primitive cells.

Preferred sites for the occurrence of label were the very surface of the cell and the nucleus. However, about half the cells showed diffusely scattered label. Cells judged to be immature by cytological criteria were more frequently labelled than mature plasma cells.

The results did not allow us to decide whether the antigen in and on certain antibody‐forming cells was playing an inductive role or whether it represented simply an epiphenomenon reflecting the close contact between lymphoid cells and antigen depot sites in lymphoid tissue.