bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The General Headquarters Operational System and Military Intelligence
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the Operational system of the Iraqi armed forces. It describes the Operations Division of the General Staff, its missions and responsibilities and its development, especially during the Iran-Iraq war, and the staff directorates subordinated to it—Operations, Planning, Organization and Armament and Equipment. It describes the field corps that were involved in this field—the Signal corps, the Technical Equipment (Electronic Warfare), the computer system and the Military Survey system that was responsible for mapping and their training systems. It deals also with the Military Intelligence and its important role in the operations system, its responsibilities, organization and functioning, especially during the war against Iran. Its cooperation with foreign intelligence services, and the functioning of the Military Security Directorate.
The Training System Corps
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with Iraqi ground forces fighting corps—the Infantry, Special Forces, Armour, Field Artillery, Military Engineering and the Chemical Warfare (defence), that were subordinated to the Training Division of the General Staff. It describes their background and development, especially during the Iran-Iraq war, their organization and structure, weapon systems used by them and their training systems.
The IDF’s “Day of Infamy”
Authors: Even General Jacob , Maoz Colonel Simcha B.
Published: January 2018

Major General Ariel Sharon, commander of the 143rd Tank Division, arrived at the front on October 7. Although he suggested two coordinated attacks to be carried out that night, he did not envision the attack as a bidirectional operation overseen by one commander and carried out by a single corps composed of multiple divisions. However, the Egyptians divided into two corps in order to fight in two theaters, making the most of their forces. Both Sharon and the IDF chief of General Staff believed the armored division was the ultimate operational force, and that organized military strength in the form of a corps of armored divisions was unimaginable.
The Crossing Battle, Part 1
Authors: Even General Jacob , Maoz Colonel Simcha B.
Published: January 2018

The chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces was prepared to surrender, but Egyptian president Anwar Sadat rejected their surrender, giving Israel no choice but to continue fighting. From then on, the defense minister, the chief of General Staff, and the commanding general of Southern Command resolved to achieve a decisive defeat of Egyptian army and end the conflict. Israeli strategists determined that the best option would be to cross the Suez Canal in an operation called Stouthearted Men. Operation Stouthearted Men, implemented on October 15, lasted until the ceasefire on October 25 that officially ended the war. The first battle of the operation was the crossing battle itself—a uniquely large, protracted, dramatic, and significant battle that is often described as “the crossing battle.”
Commander in Chief, North American Air Defense Command
Authors: Laslie Brian D.
Published: January 2018

As Commander in Chief of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). Not only in charge of air defense of the United States and Canada, Kuter also oversaw the development and building of the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center. Cheyenne Mountain would become synonymous with NORAD, and the United States Air Force. In his capacity as CINC NORAD, Kuter briefed President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson on the importance of continental defense during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He advocated extending the missile warning system to cover approaches by missiles from any direction. In this final position Kuter had not attained the zenith of his air force career, but oversaw a global operation that was unimaginable when he graduated from West Point. As Kuter had matured, so had the United States Air Force.
The Adventures of Soviet Music in the West: Historical Highlights
Authors: Hakobian Levon
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the history of Soviet music’s relations with the outside world from the mid-1920s until the end of the millennium. During all these decades the Soviet musical production of any coloration was perceived by the free Western world as something largely strange or alien, often exotic, almost ‘barbarian’. The inevitable spiritual distance between the Soviet world and the ‘non-Soviet’ one resulted in some significant misunderstandings. Though some important recent publications by Western musicologists display a well qualified view on the music and musical life in the Soviet Union, the traces of past naiveties and/or prejudices are still felt quite often even in the writings of major specialists.
The Stalinist Opera Project
Authors: Vlasova Yekaterina
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the concerted attempts made during the Stalinist era to create a repertory of new Soviet operas on Socialist Realist lines—a project in which the dictator is known to have attached great importance. In spite of the resources lavished on the Bolshoi Theatre to help it realise this aim, the project proved an abysmal failure: scarcely any of the works commissioned made it onto the stage, either because of their artistic mediocrity or because they fell foul of the censor. This episode is a dramatic illustration of the counterproductive effects of state interference in artistic life.
Shostakovich’s ‘Lenin Project’: The ‘Pre-Twelfth’ Symphony
Authors: Digonskaya Olga
Published: January 2018

Although Dmitri Shostakovich repeatedly spoke at various points during his life of writing a musical work on the life and legacy of Lenin, it never materialised—leading some commentators to suggest that this was merely a ruse adopted by the composer to placate the authorities. The present chapter draws on the author’s extensive archives researches in the Shostakovich Archive to demonstrate that the contrary appears to be the case—and that Shostakovich appears to have made several serious attempts to realise this project, including an abandoned version of the Twelfth Symphony. She also examines the veracity of the colourful memoirs by the Soviet composer Lev Lebedinsky, who claimed that Shostakovich had intended to write a satirical work about the Bolshevik leader.
Abdellah Taïa’s Queer Moroccan Family and Transmission of Baraka
Authors: Provencher Denis M.
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, I conduct an analysis of language, temporalities, transfiliations, and baraka (meaning “luck,” “chance,” “blessings” or what I’ll call “knowledge”) in the life and work of Abdellah Taïa, one of the first Moroccan authors to write publicly about his own homosexuality and to depict homosexual Moroccan protagonists alongside a variety of other queer and non-queer characters in his autofiction.
Nacir, Tahar, and Farid: Identification, Disidentification, and Impossible Citizenship
Authors: Provencher Denis M.
Published: January 2018

I complete this study in this final chapter by turning to conversations with working-class and middle-class men I first met online through social media and chat sites during my six years of fieldwork. Subsequently, I conducted over 50 hour-long, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with these self-identified homosexual men of Maghrebi and Maghrebi French origin. I draw on conversation and critical discourse analysis in this chapter to show how their stories of challenge and resilience often resonate with those analyzed in the previous chapters.
Mapping drink: The spatial logic of social reform
Authors: Beckingham David
Published: January 2018

Having established a political turn in temperance agitation, chapter four examines a prominent group in local Liberal politics: the Popular Control and Licensing Reform Association (PCA). By analysing a series of distinctive maps of public houses produced by the PCA this chapter argues that social reform was rooted in an importantly spatial imagination of problem drinking. The PCA mapped an area of largely Irish north Liverpool, as well as the districts around the Sailors’ Home, St John’s Market and the Town Hall. As such, the group called out a strong connection between the distribution of licensed premises and problems such as prostitution and drunkenness that were associated with alcohol consumption.
‘Liverpool’s temperance lesson to the nation’? The challenge of compensation
Authors: Beckingham David
Published: January 2018

Liverpool’s approach to licensing was presented by the social reformers Joseph Rowntree and Arthur Sherwell as the limit of what could be achieved by acting within the frameworks providing by the existing licensing laws. This chapter situates their assessment against legislative changes and local challenges, looking at the way the Liverpool licensing bench responded to new guidelines in 1902 and 1904. The former empowered their work, progress largely achieved by issuing conditions on publicans at the time of the renewal of a licence. The latter, more controversially, mandated the introduction of compensation in instances where the magistrates cancelled a licence. These challenges were compounded in 1911 by a general transport strike and the return of sectarian tensions.
‘If this is to be a jingo, then I am a jingo’ – Labour Patriotism before 1914
Authors: Swift David
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces some of the principle concepts and personalities that would dominate the Left during the years of the First World War, surveys the debate surrounding the Boer War, examines the history of ‘radical patriotism’ on the British Left, and notes the theoretical and actual commitments of the British Left to internationalism and pacifism. It aims to contribute to our understanding of the extent and nature of labour patriotism during the war by examining the continuity or otherwise between the decades immediately preceding 1914. The argument outlined here is two-fold. Firstly, across the labour movement as a whole there was an ambiguous attitude toward nationalism and patriotism. An uncertainty and contradiction resulted from abstract commitments to peace and camaraderie coupled with the realities of the European situation, popular nationalism and broader British culture, and this could sometimes be a problem for the Left. Nonetheless, for many across labour movement their commitments to internationalism and pacifism were superficial at best. Very often their left-wing views were based around an idea of community and nationhood that belied any internationalism. The fight for national survival against Imperial Germany allowed the façade of internationalism to slip, and confirmed the compatibility of left-wing and nationalist sentiment.
Introduction
Authors: Swift David
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the key themes and individuals of the book. It discusses the relationship between nationalism and socialism, and the historiography of the left and the First World War. It analyses the existing literature on this topic and sets out the focus of the following chapters, and the arguments contained within it.
West Indies to London
Authors: Bidnall Amanda
Published: January 2018

“West Indies to London” tracks the migration process—its triumphs and challenges—for a generation of West Indians at the twilight of the British Empire. Their journey was facilitated by postwar economic growth and the 1948 British Nationality Act, which granted full citizenship to Commonwealth subjects who settled in Britain. Synthesizing both secondary and original research, including records of the London Council of Social Service, this chapter argues that whether they were colonial students, artists, or professionals in other fields, West Indian settlers in London shared powerful connections to British culture and society through bonds of language, education, and class.
What Kind of Socialism?
Authors: Kirk Neville
Published: January 2018

While chapter two presents a general picture of the transnational world in which Mann and Ross operated and their place and influence within it, chapters three to seven identify and explain their contributions to specific aspects of this world. Chapters three and four (Part Two) concentrate upon their most important contribution- to the nature and development of socialism, including socialist syndicalism, in Australia, New Zealand, Britain and, albeit to a lesser extent, the wider world. Chapter three highlights the shared nature of Mann’s and Ross’s socialism in Australia up to 1908 and the eclecticism of the influences upon their thought, combined with the central influence of Marx and their enduring commitment to the peaceful Social Revolution.
Unfolding Differences, Enduring Similarities
Authors: Kirk Neville
Published: January 2018

Notwithstanding continuing similarities, Mann’s and Ross’s socialism was increasing characterised by differences. These similarities and, especially so, differences constitute the subject matter of chapter four. Mann and Ross continued to share commitments to the Social Revolution, labour movement unity and ethical and scientific socialism. Yet against these were Mann’s developing syndicalism, his downgrading of the political, especially parliamentary, means to socialism, and his synthesis of syndicalism and Bolshevism, as manifested in his membership of the Communist Party of Great Britain. He also had a positive impression of the Soviet Union right up to his death. In contrast, Ross increasingly attached equal importance to political and economic means, and in the 1920s worked actively in the Australian Labor Party. He opposed the application of the Soviet Bolshevik revolutionary model to Australia and fought against Australian communists. Ross’s growing attachment to Rationalism also signified that he was becoming more outspoken than Mann in his opposition to most kinds of religion. Yet, remarkably, the two men remained good friends and comrades. In conclusion, their case sheds new light upon the origins and character of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century socialism.
Introduction
Authors: Roberts Keith Daniel
Published: January 2018

The introduction provides a brief background on the Liverpool born author, as well as explaining how he became interested in the topic. It also indicates some similarities, while acknowledging the differences, between similar variants of sectarianism, specifically in Northern Ireland and in the west of Scotland, highlighting the Irish lineage of all three areas. Most importantly, the introduction offers a relatively substantial definition of the term sectarianism, something too often neglected by academics and politicians, alike; before offering a more specific delineation Liverpool’s own brand of sectarian antagonism.
Sectarian Dividing Lines and Post-War Slum Clearance
Authors: Roberts Keith Daniel
Published: January 2018

Building on the previous section, chapter four challenges, on a broader basis, the orthodox explanation for the decline of sectarianism. It has often been repeated that post-war slum clearance, which some perceived to be a deliberate policy to break down sectarianism (a point made by the Orange Institution), was the main causal factor behind the derailment of sectarian tensions, the author cites several examples of this. The sectarian geography of Liverpool is outlined, before validity of the slum clearance hypothesis is assessed. The question begged is whether sectarianism would have continued to flourish in Liverpool had a slum clearance programme not taken place. This chapter takes a sceptical view.
Departures
Authors: Panaïté Oana
Published: January 2018

The first chapter focuses on the works of four writers, Paule Constant, Pierre Michon, Claude Simon and Tierno Monénembo, whose scenes of departure (from the characters’ native village in the Creuse or Limousin or the cities of Lyon or Paris) and arrival (in Africa or the Americas) are saturated with tropes of yearning and despair that simultaneously conjure up exotic fantasies and deep-seated anxieties of displacement and alienation.
Maps of Frenchness
Authors: Panaïté Oana
Published: January 2018

Stemming from different engagements with the colonial past and its postcolonial avatars, and presenting contrasting views of the colonial fortune, the works of Marie NDiaye and Stéphane Audeguy lay bare the imperfections, frictions and jagged edges of contemporary identity construction.
A Place of Dialogue
Authors: Panaïté Oana
Published: January 2018

Contemporary writers create narratives that delve into the residual effects of Western colonization while integrating them into a larger ethical discussion about the complicity and responsibility of the colonizers as well as the formerly colonized. In so doing, late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century authors such as the French–Algerian Leïla Sebbar and the Algerian-born Jewish–French Hélène Cixous, whose works are situated in the larger framework of memorial writing about colonial Algeria, engage with the melancholic behaviors rooted in the traumas of the past, as both individual and collective phenomena.
Investigación-acción sobre un programa de aprendizaje-servicio en la didáctica de la educación física
Authors: Chiva-Bartoll Òscar , Capella Peris Carlos , Pallarès Piquer Marc
Published: January 2018

Introducción: El artículo relata una investigación-acción realizada sobre un programa de Aprendizaje-Servicio en el área de Didáctica de la Educación Física. El trabajo se fundamenta sobre los resultados de múltiples investigaciones previas y tiene por objetivo mejorar un programa de Aprendizaje-Servicio para favorecer la adquisición de habilidades y actitudes sociales de los futuros docentes. Para alcanzar un marco de comprensión amplio y exhaustivo sobre los efectos de la intervención planificada se empleó un método de investigación mixto. Método: por una parte, se analizó el contenido de entrevistas y diarios de seguimiento del alumnado y, por otra, se implementó un diseño cuasi-experimental con tres grupos no  equivalentes. El análisis cuantitativo estuvo constituido por pruebas t student para  comparaciones pretest-postest, y un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) para la comparación postest. Resultado: de estas pruebas se desprende que los dos grupos experimentales, al contrario que el grupo control, mejoraron significativamente sus habilidades y actitudes sociales tras sendos programas de Aprendizaje-Servicio. Discusión: el estudio cualitativo contribuyó a complementar y mejorar la comprensión sobre los efectos del programa al matizar las habilidades y actitudes sociales logradas, que tras el análisis multi-fase realizado se agrupaban en torno a tres categorías: conciencia de grupo, implicación y organización grupal, y habilidades de comunicación. Conclusiones: se concluyó que podría ser necesario mejorar el modelo de reflexión y deliberación inherente al programa, estableciéndose así las bases para una nueva planificación.
Estudio sobre la inteligencia emocional y los factores contextuales en estudiantes de cuarto de educación primaria de la provincia de Granada
Authors: Alonso Ferres Marta , Berrocal de Luna Emilio , Jiménez Sánchez Miguel
Published: January 2018

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio sobre la inteligencia emocional y los factores contextuales del alumnado de 4º de Educación Primaria procedentes de diversas zonas de la provincia de Granada, sumando un total de 230 participantes. El propósito fundamental del mismo es comprobar si existe alguna relación entre estas variables de contexto y la inteligencia emocional, entendiendo por factores contextuales la estructura y el clima familiar, el origen social y el medio sociocultural y el lugar de residencia de estos sujetos. Esta investigación se basa en una metodología apoyada por la técnica de encuesta. Asimismo, se ha utilizado una versión validada tanto de la Escala de Clima Familiar (FES) de Moos, Moos y Tricket (1995) como de la Escala de inteligencia emocional validada por Chiriboga y Franco (2001).
Los resultados obtenidos indican que no existe un vínculo significativo entre la inteligencia emocional y los factores contextuales entendidos estos de modo general, y de manera específica, con el lugar de residencia. Sin embargo, se ha hallado una relación entre la situación económica de la familia, los recursos escolares y número de libros disponibles en el hogar con la inteligencia emocional. Esta vinculación indica que a mayor nivel económico y de libros existentes en el hogar, mayor es la inteligencia emocional de los estudiantes tal y como indican Browning y Hohenstein (2015).
Introduction
Authors: Gilligan Chris
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. It notes that, since the 1980s, there has been a crisis of anti-racist theory and practice. It also notes that sectarianism in Northern Ireland has been largely excluded from attempts to rethink anti-racism. The chapter argues that, as part of the attempt to rethink anti-racism, there is a need to clear up confusions. The author suggests that the contradictory uses of ‘race’ and ethnicity is one of the key confusions in the literature on racism and anti-racism.
Anti-racism and disavowed racism
Authors: Gilligan Chris
Published: January 2018

Anti-racism is commonly assumed to be the opposite of racism. This chapter challenges this common-sense idea. The chapter examines the discrediting of scientific racism in the 1930s and locates this in the context of anti-colonial movements for national independence and wider agitations for racial equality. The chapter also explores the ways in which the ‘race problem’ played a role in the transition from the UK, to the USA, as the dominant global power. The chapter outlines a number of different, sometimes mutually antagonistic, forms of anti-racism.
The Omagh Community Trauma and Recovery Team
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

This Chapter builds on the previous one by describing the specific response of the the local public health and social care services provider in Omagh to the bombing, including setting up the Omagh Community Trauma and Recovery Team. The Chapter describes how the Team was established, the principles and philosophy behind its foundation and work, and what it achieved - working in partnership with faith communities and churches, schools and the education system, and civic and political entities in the local community. The development of the early therapeutic services for addressing trauma related disorders is described, along with a description of the trajectory of mental health related needs in the months and years following the bombing. The Chapter also describes the managerial and funding challenges and processes necessary to establish an evidence based service, including occupational health services for emergency and other employees of emergency, health and other services. The importance of a trauma focussed approach to understanding and addressing the needs of conflict affected communities is described, and developed in later chapters.
The mental health impact of the Troubles, 2000–2015
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

Following on from Chapter 4, this Chapter explores the development of the understanding of the impact of the violence in Northern Ireland from the period following the Belfast Agreement in April 1998, until 2015. The ceasefires and demilitarisation of the 1990’s and the development of politics in the late 1990’s and thereafter, coincided with increasing evidence that the violence had had a significant adverse impact on the mental health and related wellbeing, economic and social needs and circumstances of the population. The author explores why this might be so. He discusses how the cessation of violence, the challenge of shifting from conflict to peace time ways of thinking and behaving, the use of more appropriate methods of research and other factors, exposed a high level of mental health need linked to the Troubles - with one study suggesting Northern Ireland had the highest level of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across 30 or so identical international studies. One explanation is that the Troubles endured for over 30 years with high levels of exposure to violence and threat. The trans-generational impact of the Troubles is also discussed. The Chapter concludes with lengthy discussion on these themes and on the challenge of undertaking research in communities where violence is on-going.
The development of a trauma-focused therapy programme
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

This Chapter looks in detail at the establishment of the trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy programme at the Northern Ireland Centre for Trauma and Transformation (NICTT) in Omagh, which received referrals from over 650 people from 2002 until 2011. The development of a therapy programme based on a theory of how traumatic experiences impact on the human mind, was central to the the development of its therapy service. The programme relied on the Ehlers & Clark (2000) approach to treating post traumatic stress disorder and related disorders - building on the work that was developed in the original Omagh Community Trauma and Recovery team - described in Chapter 2. The development of the service is presented as an example of how to adapt and build upon existing resources and capabilities in a community that is subsequently affected by major acts of conflict related violence or disaster related tragedy. The challenges of developing and delivering therapy services where there is on-going violence, death threats, sectarianism and politic discord, are discussed. The author makes a case for bringing a trauma-focussed approach to understanding needs and service development. The therapy programme was the subject of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) which is also discussed in Chapter 9.
Trauma-focused skills training for practitioners
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

This Chapter looks in detail at the development of a training and workforce development programme at the Northern Ireland Centre for Trauma and Transformation (NICTT), in Omagh. With particular reference to one of the courses developed at the Centre, the author concludes that more often than not, the pre-existing services, skills set and capabilities of a community will be insufficient to address the distinctive trauma-related needs that emerge during and following war and conflict. He argues that the trauma skills of pre-existing services should be enhanced by introducing additional and relevant theoretical and evidence-based approaches to understanding and addressing mental health needs. Where trauma exposure is a major concern, the development of trauma informed and trauma focused systems and services will be required. He argues for a unifying therapeutic literacy that connects all endeavours to address the mental health consequences of conflict. The role of service commissioners and funders (for example, the SEUPB) in building capacity in existing services, is discussed.
Governing organ donation: the dead body, the individual and the limits of medicine
Authors: O’Donovan Órla
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on governmental dilemmas and practices around the dead body in recent political debates about organ donation. Drawing on a public consultation process initiated by the Joint Committee on Health and Children in 2013 on a proposal to change the organ donation system in Ireland from one based on ‘opting in’, to one based on ‘presumed consent’, this chapter explores the political rationalities that underpinned the construction of organ donation as a ‘problem’, and the ways in which the Irish state has sought to act through its citizens to transform the prevailing cultural attitude to organ donation. The chapter reveals how governmental shaping of people’s subjectivities and dispositions in relation to organ donation was necessarily complex and messy, reflected in the different rationalities articulated in public hearings which invoked ideas about the dead body, the rights of the individual and the family, and the limits to medicine. The chapter draws attention to the significance of counter conducts or forms of resistance in defining and articulating policy problems: thus, whilst the overriding construction of the organ donation problem by the government was one of a scarcity of organs and a low donation rate, counter-discourses pointed to an ineffective and poorly-resourced health system.
Researching young people’s perceptions and experiences of place
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents an overview and reflection of the range of methods involved in researching teenagers’ spatial practices in a divided city. The research draws on the ‘new sociology of childhood’ as its theoretical framework. This involves seeing young people as competent social actors in their own right. It involves recognising that young people do not simply reflect adult assumptions about the everyday world but develop their own ways of seeing and knowing. It prioritises young people’s points of views and uses methodologies which encourage young people’s voices to be heard. The study utilised a range of methods including questionnaires, focus group discussions, essays and photo prompts and the chapter outlines how each method contributed to the aims and objectives of the research.
City centre: same city but a different place?
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2018

Visually the city centre of Belfast epitomises Belfast’s status as a ‘post conflict’ city. How do young people from divided localities perceive, manage and negotiate their way through city centre space? How do they view and experience the reimaging of Belfast’s city centre? This chapter explores these questions by outlining how young people use and experience city centre space and assesses the extent to which their experiences impact on their varying emerging identities. As teenagers from segregated areas move across different spaces, they interact with a broad range of people adding complexity to their everyday, localised spatial experiences. The chapter outlines additional boundaries and practices of exclusion and inclusion based on generation and teen subcultures but also reveals the ways in which ethno-national identities continue to simmer beneath the surface when teenagers visit city centre spaces.
The quest for meaning
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 follows Active – Back Sooner to one of the private employment agencies, ENGA, where the core delivery of the local version of the trial, the ‘activities’ and the ‘close follow-up’, were meant to take place. This chapter follows the privately employed social workers as they do their utmost to make something sensible take place as they are faced by what they find to be utterly pointless referrals from the municipal caseworkers. The chapter shows what happens when the caseworkers and employees are pushed to the limits of their personal capacities to make sense of what is going on and ultimately stop trying. The chapter concludes that the fundamental urge to make sensible decisions drives the employees to rebel against local directive and agreements. It is the very thing that creates the grounds for institutional absurdity while being in itself the only stable source of meaning.
Children born of war during and after the Second World War
Authors: Lee Sabine
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between soldiers and local women in various theatres of war during World War II, tracing in particular nationalistic and racial undercurrents in the development of national policies vis-à-vis,military-civilian relations. It traces in particular Nazi policies in both East and West with view to eugenics, as well as Allied policies in preparing for and implementing post-war occupations in Germany and Austria, including guidance for soldiers on relations with the (former) enemy. The final part of the chapter gives a voice to children born of war themselves. Using a variety of sources ranging from ego-documents including autobiographies and memoirs as well as interviews and narratives as well as contemporary media reports, it analyses the CBOW reflections on their lifecourses.
Bosnia: a new dimension of genocidal rape and its children
Authors: Lee Sabine
Published: January 2018

The Bosnian case study is the first of the chosen cases where children born of war were almost exclusively conceived in violent relationships in a conflict which forced the world to realign its understanding of rape as a weapon of war. This chapter explores the specific impact of this gender-based violence perpetrated, among others, during systematic rape campaigns as part of the hostilities, on post-war Bosnian society and on the life courses of children born of rape. As the first case of a conflict that occurred after the passing of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the chapter also explores how rights as codified in the CRC are applied in the case of children born of war and how such rights can contrast starkly in comparison to those of their mothers and families.
Structuralism and poststructuralism
Authors: Marinopoulou Anastasia
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses mostly on the epistemological thought of Pierre Bourdieu and Gilles Deleuze in terms of their persistence in constructing an epistemological understanding of social practice that is free from the burdens of dialectics, reason and rationality.The main bone of contention for structuralism, and soon afterwards, if not concurrently, for poststructuralism, remains the understanding of theory as the bearer of practice or the prioritization of practice instead of theory.In this chapter, I argue that no matter how hard the structuralists and poststructuralists try to avoid dealing with scientific dialectics, or as much as they merely reject it, their thinking still remains within the confines of dialectics. This is especially the case with regard to theory and practice, or the potential of the sciences to realize truth and adopt a certain methodology that relates scientific work to truth.Following parallel lines of evolution, structuralism and poststructuralism relate to a phenomenological perspective on the sciences that intends to reveal a more rigorous science, which is achieved either a priori, as in Husserl, or a posteriori, as in ethnomethodology. Furthermore, structuralism emphasizes the relations of structural elements within a systemic formation, be that of a social, political or scientific nature.
Systems theory
Authors: Marinopoulou Anastasia
Published: January 2018

In his systems’ theory, Luhmann attempts to redefine communication, and associates it with information. For Luhmann, communication is distinct from action (Handeln), and the rationality of the scientific system resides in the notion of Zweck, or in the ends of the sciences towards action. For the first time in the epistemological history of modernity, rationality is understood as a certain scientific purpose of action and not as the critique of scientific truth and validity of reason. The schism that Luhmann brought about between ‘traditional’ epistemology (reconsidered now as novel) and the ‘critical’ theory of science (seen by Luhmann as ‘traditional’) was irredeemable. In the following pages, I maintain that all evidence to the contrary such a divergence was inherent to modernity.Drawing on the Schützean model of multiple realities, Luhmann manages to blur the distinction between instrumentality and rationality by relativizing both within systemic complexity. According to Luhmann, complexity characterizes a multifaceted social system, such as science itself. However, I argue that where complexity, in Luhmann, interprets the systemic, it also employs presentism and partial situationalism to explain the essence and methodology of science as a system.
Confronting colonial otherness: the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the limits of imperial legal universalism
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines British imperial rule of law and its relationship to colonial difference. The ideal of impartial legality within the British Empire was embodied in a supreme right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a right continues in force even in a few locations today. During its more active periods, the Privy Council saw itself as the instantiation of the idea of rule of law across the empire, and therefore as a profound force toward world-spanning legality and social order. Yet this universal aspiration toward the rule of law did not lead toward simple assertions that all peoples throughout the empire should immediately adopt British social forms. Instead, the judges sought to assimilate existing patterns of social life to a shared juridical order. Theirs was a universalism that did not insist upon the same rights for everyone, regardless of who and where they might be, but rather emphasized the submersion of all local legal orders to the rule of the empire’s central court. As Ibhawoh notes, many of the questions that occupied the Privy Council continue to matter today as developing systems of international law replay many similar, difficult debates.
America and Russia pivot towards Asia: political differences yield to economic rivalry
Authors: Peterson James W.
Published: January 2018

Both America and Russia, for different reasons, decided to undertake a policy pivot towards Asia. For President Obama, such a pivot may have represented a needed change from preoccupation with tough issues in the Middle East, Iraq, and Afghanistan. President Putin may have looked East in an effort to get away from constant preoccupation with issues related to Crimea and the eastern edge of Europe. The Asian-Pacific Economic Community (APEC) offered a common forum of communication for both wth other Asian states. However, both powers had different historical reasons for pursuing the overture to Asian states. For the United States, a major defense agreement with South Korea was a result of the Korean War of the 1950s, while its long engagement in the Vietnam War of the 1960s and 70s provided it with additional historical experiences in the region. Russia concerned itself with intensified trade relations and also defined the region to include Central Asian states that had formerly been republics in the Soviet Union. U.S. troops had been a presence in the region for decades, and the multi-state controversy over Chinese actions in the South China Sea also bore in part a defensive component.
Postscript: two eagles
Authors: Peterson James W.
Published: January 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Cosmopolite
Authors: Chaplin Felicity
Published: January 2018

Since the nineteenth century the Parisienne has been the figure of universal femininity: her national particularity was always already international or global at its conception. As part of the Parisienne mythology, cosmopolitanism has the sense of anyone and anywhere. The potential for any woman anywhere to become la Parisienne is not, however, absolute: a stay in Paris is generally considered necessary to complete the transformation, but even this is not sufficient guarantee. This chapter examines the treatment of the cosmopolitan Parisienne in films set outside Paris: Julien Duvivier’sPépé le Moko (1937), Jacques Demy’s Model Shop (1969) and Billy Wilder’s Sabrina (1954). As cosmopolitan Parisiennes, the female protagonists of these films share mobility (both geographically and socially) and a metonymic function – that is, they each in some way stand in for Paris.
Icon of fashion
Authors: Chaplin Felicity
Published: January 2018

Fashion is ubiquitous in the depiction of la Parisienne and demonstrates perhaps better than any other motif the variations within the type. These variations are reflected in the eclectic array of film genres in which a fashionable Parisienne appears. The association of la Parisienne with fashion can be traced back to the nineteenth century, when the image of the chic Parisienne was first exported, both throughout France and abroad, as an ambassador for French luxury goods and style. The relationship between la Parisienne and fashion is perpetuated in cinema primarily through the way the type is costumed, but also includes extra-cinematic considerations such as the actress/couturier relationship and the way a certain look, designed or self-styled, was achieved and marketed. Costume forms an integral part of the mise en scène in Parisienne films and has three primary functions: it denotes the elegance of the Parisienne, aids in periodising a film, and provides meaning beyond denotation by referencing a pre-existing iconography.
The films examined in this chapter are: Jules Dassin’s Reunion in France, Stanley Donen’s Funny Face(1956), Vincente Minnelli’s Gigi, (1958), Roman Polanski’s Frantic (1988), François Ozon’s 8 femmes (2001) and Jean-Luc Godard’s A bout de souffle(1960).
Introduction
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter presents the aims and focus of this book: to explore current encounters between citizens and welfare staff and to investigate the effects of principles from the bureaucracy, values from the market and norms from the field of psychology on these welfare encounters. Such norms and principles are understood as immensely powerful, as they urge the use of specific resources/capitals, are agenda setting, and may even be attractive for both the welfare professionals and the citizens. The chapter briefly introduces its key theoretical concepts (‘welfare state’, ‘power’, and ‘professions’) before discussing relevant developments in current welfare states such as The Third Way, the move from government to governance, etc. and how these impact the welfare encounter.
Professions, de-professionalisation and welfare work
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This chapter engages with the primary scholarly work on the concepts of profession, professionals and professionalisation and positions the book within this research as well. The chapter thus presents an overview on the sociology of professions, discusses relevant research related to the concept of professionalism—in which Evetts’ distinction between organisational professionalism (governed by organisational norms) and occupational professionalism (governed by professional norms) is particularly important. Furthermore, the chapter presents the key academic contributions to the sociology of expertise as well as recent discussions of new professionalism, re-professionalisation and de-professionalisation and how these characteristics may be regarded as inextricable consequences of the strong current influence of marketization and managerialism on welfare work.
The bureaucratic context: administrator–client
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the first of the three contexts (bureaucracy, market and psychology) which the book explores with regards to its influence on present day welfare encounters. The chapter thus presents the bureaucratic contexts and the primary literature hereon; especially centering Weber’s definition of the ideal type bureaucracy as well as the work of Lipsky on street level bureaucratic welfare work. In doing so, the chapter pays particular attention to the discretionary practices of welfare staff in bureaucratic organisations when discussing how values, norm and principles from this context affects the encounter between welfare workers (administrators) and citizens (clients).
Lastly the chapter expands upon the discussion on discretionary practices by exploring the role of agency, the concepts of ‘state agents’ and ‘citizen agents’ as well as the notion of welfare staff as holding two bodies.
The market context: service–consumer
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the market context and examines the recent efforts of integrating norms and values from the market—such as ideals of service, freedom of choice and co-production— into present day welfare work. The chapter begins by introducing the market context and its inherent principles. This is done by drawing especially on the work of Clarke and colleagues on the expert citizen of how the marketisation of public administration lays ground for a number of challenges and dilemmas for both welfare workers (in the roles of service providers) and citizens (in the roles of costumers and consumers). The role of soft power in these idealised service encounters within welfare work is also discussed and the chapter concludes with a discussion on the role and expressions of agency within this marketised context.
Conclusion
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents the primary findings and contributions of the book; finding amongst other things that in efforts to analyse the (new) positioning of citizens and welfare workers it is most fruitful to apply a power perspective that combines 2-D, 3-D and 4-D power approaches. The analyses of the book thus found three levels of power at play in current welfare encounters: at a 2-D level, a bureaucratic context which merits certain rules and procedures; at 3-D level, the interpretive horizon of the social actors who perceive a taken-for-granted reality or natural order of things; and lastly at 4-D level, social subjects whose actions reflect the rules of the bureaucracy as well as the values of the market and norms from the field of psychology. The book furthermore argues, that welfare encounters ought to be viewed as the outcomes of specific dominant ideas about what it takes to be regarded as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ citizens today; that the agency of citizens and welfare workers thus has to do with interconnectedness, interaction and intersubjectivity.
A policy of ‘Great Confinement’, 1815–1863
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: January 2018

The exclusion of leprosy sufferers in Suriname began to resemble a ‘Great Confinement’ in the period from 1830 and 1860. Close to one of every one hundred inhabitants of the colony was condemned or suspected of having leprosy or elephantiasis, confined to the Batavia leprosy asylum, or segregated at home or elsewhere. The leprosy asylum did not function in the first place as a medical establishment, but rather as an instance of colonial order. Confinement policies were intense, especially in the period from 1830 to 1855, but the degree of effectiveness or the thoroughness of the segregation of all leprosy and elephantiasis sufferers remained unclear. The chapter argues that it was not the difficulty of enforcing the policy of segregation or doubts about its effectiveness, but the approaching abolition of slavery that put an end to the ‘Great Confinement’.
Transformations and discussion: Suriname and the Netherlands, 1863–1890
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Dutch debates about leprosy between 1863 and 1890. The debates took place when the threat of a ‘return’ of leprosy to the Netherlands appeared to materialise. While Dutch policy makers and doctors had to call upon medical expertise from Suriname, at the same time European medicine questioned the validity of a contagionist theory for leprosy. In the Dutch East Indies, with much less direct Dutch control over the population, the hereditarian view of leprosy was embraced. However, in the Dutch West Indies, the international shift in medical thought towards a hereditarian rather than a contagionist view of leprosy did not affect the principle of segregation, that remained in place after the abolition of slavery in 1863, and during the transformation of society because of the immigration of indentured labourers from British India and Java. The chapter argues that developments around leprosy in Suriname remained autonomous and were not directed from the Netherlands.