bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The biological response to three different nanostructures applied on smooth implant surfaces
Authors: Jimbo Ryo , Sotres Javier , Johansson Carina , Breding Karin , Currie Fredrik , Wennerberg Ann
Published: April 2011

Objective: To evaluate the biological effects of three calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings with nanostructures on relatively smooth implant surfaces.

Material and methods: Stable CaP nanoparticle suspensions of different particle sizes and structures were coated onto implants by immersion and subsequent heat treatment. An uncoated implant was used as the control. After topographical and chemical characterizations, implants were randomly inserted into rabbit tibiae for removal torque (RTQ) testing. To confirm the biological reaction, implants were placed in the bilateral femurs of three rabbits.

Results: The topographical characterization showed that each surface had different nanostructural characteristics and X‐ray photon spectroscopy showed various CaP compositions. The control and test groups had different nanotopographies; however, the differences among the test groups were only significant for Surfaces B and C and the rest were insignificant. The RTQ tests showed significantly higher values in two test groups (Surface A and Surface C). Histologically, no adverse effects were seen in any group. Histomorphometrical evaluation showed comparable or better osseointegration along the implant threads in the test groups.

Conclusion: The three different CaP coatings with nanostructures on the implant surfaces had enhancing effects on osseointegration. Along with the surface nanotopography, the CaP chemistry might have influenced the biological outcomes.
Comparison between the use of magnetic resonance imaging and conebeam computed tomography for mandibular nerve identification
Authors: Chau Anson
Published: April 2011

Objective: Conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used to identify the mandibular nerve but a comparison of the reliabilities of the two imaging modalities has not been performed. It was hypothesized that the reliabilities were not different between the two.

Materials and methods: Twelve dental postgraduates in five disciplines were recruited to assess two sets of reformatted oblique images (CBCT and MRI) of 11 patients who were scanned before wisdom teeth extraction. The variance of the identified locations of mandibular nerve, the mental foramen and the mandibular foramen between two sets of images of each patient was compared. Each set of images was rated by assessors to reveal the satisfaction in determining the structures.

Results: It was found that by using MRI images, significantly lesser variances and significantly higher satisfactory scores were given by the assessors than by using CBCT images in the identification of the structures.

Conclusions: We concluded that MRI is a promising imaging modality that can be used to identify the mandibular nerve when it cannot be found in CBCT images.

To cite this article: Chau A, Comparison between the use of MRI and CBCT for mandibular nerve identification. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 253–256.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02188.x
Maxillary sinus augmentation with microstructured tricalcium phosphate ceramic in sheep
Authors: Klijn R. J. , Hoekstra J. W. M. , Van Den Beucken J. J. J. P. , Meijer G. J. , Jansen J. A.
Published: April 2011

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological performance of osteoinductive microstructured tricalcium phosphate (MSTCP) particles in maxillary sinus floor augmentation surgery in sheep.

Material and methods: Sinus floor augmentation was performed in eight Swifter sheep. In each animal, the maxillary sinus floor was unilaterally augmented with MSTCP particles. Computed tomography (CT) imaging and histological analyses were performed after 12 weeks of implantation.

Results: Maxillofacial CT, histology, histomorphometrical analysis and sequential polychrome fluorescent labeling indicated that MSTCP particles provided a scaffold for cell ingrowth and bone formation. After a 12‐week implantation period, the sinuses grafted with MSTCP showed an increased bone height of 6 mm and a mean total bone volume of 43%, with significant degradation of MSTCP particles.

Conclusion: MSTCP particles represent a suitable bone substitute material for maxillary sinus floor augmentation surgery.

To cite this article: Klijn RJ, Hoekstra JWM, Van Den Beucken JJJP, Meijer GJ, Jansen JA. Maxillary sinus augmentation with microstructured tricalcium phosphate ceramic in sheep. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 274–280. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02190.x
Cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular Salmonella enterica
Authors: Jantsch Jonathan , Chikkaballi Deepak , Hensel Michael
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Salmonella enterica is a frequent gastrointestinal pathogen with ability to cause diseases ranging from local gastrointestinal inflammation and diarrhea to life‐threatening typhoid fever. Salmonella is an invasive, facultative intracellular pathogen that infects various cell types of the host and can survive and proliferate in different populations of immune cells. During pathogenesis, Salmonella is confronted with various lines of immune defense. To successfully colonize host organisms, the pathogen deploys a set of sophisticated mechanisms of immune evasion and direct manipulation of immune cell functions. In addition to resistance against innate immune mechanisms, including the ability to avoid killing by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), Salmonella interferes with antigen presentation by DCs and the formation of an efficient adaptive immune response. In this review, we describe the current understanding of Salmonella virulence factors during intracellular life and focus on the recent advances in the understanding of interference of intracellular Salmonella with cellular functions of immune cells.
An evolutionary strategy for a stealthy intracellular Brucella pathogen
Authors: Martirosyan Anna , Moreno Edgardo , Gorvel Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Brucella is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes abortion and infertility in mammals and leads to a debilitating febrile illness that can progress into a long lasting disease with severe complications in humans. Its virulence depends on survival and replication properties in host cells. In this review, we describe the stealthy strategy used by Brucella to escape recognition of the innate immunity and the means by which this bacterium evades intracellular destruction. We also discuss the development of adaptive immunity and its modulation during brucellosis that in course leads to chronic infections. Brucella has developed specific strategies to influence antigen presentation mediated by cells. There is increasing evidence that Brucella also modulates signaling events during host adaptive immune responses.
Cell biology and immunology of Leishmania
Authors: Mougneau Evelyne , Bihl Franck , Glaichenhaus Nicolas
Published: April 2011

Summary:  More than 20 years ago, immunologists discovered that resistance and susceptibility to experimental infection with the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major was associated with the development of T‐helper 1 (Th1)‐ and Th2‐dominated immune responses, respectively. This infectious disease model was later used to identify and assess the role of key factors, such as interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and IL‐4, in Th1 and Th2 maturation. While infection by Leishmania remains a popular model for immunologists who wish to assess the role of their favorite molecule in T‐cell differentiation, other investigators have tried to better understand how Leishmania interact with its insect and mammalian hosts. In this review, we discuss some of these new data with an emphasis on the early events that shape the immune response to Leishmania and on the immune evasion mechanisms that allow this parasite to avoid the development of sterilizing immunity and to secure its transmission to a new host.
Intracellular immune responses of dipteran insects
Authors: Steinert Stefanie , Levashina Elena A.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Vector‐borne diseases, transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods, pose worldwide socio‐medical and economical problems. Some of the major human infectious diseases, such as malaria, Dengue fever, and yellow fever, are transmitted by mosquitoes. While the majority of pathogens enjoy extracellular life styles in insects, viruses and some endosymbionts are strictly intracellular. Here, we summarize our knowledge on defense reactions against intracellular microorganisms in dipteran insects and discuss the potential of insects as models to study human pathogens.
Innate immunity to intracellular pathogens: macrophage receptors and responses to microbial entry
Authors: Plüddemann Annette , Mukhopadhyay Subhankar , Gordon Siamon
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Innate immunity to intracellular pathogens encompasses a range of interactions of cellular and humoral activities of the host with the invading microorganism, determining the outcome of infection. Here, we review the particular role of macrophage recognition receptors and effector responses in the uptake of microbes and their products. We place this in context and raise issues for discussion and further experimentation.
Invasion and intracellular survival by protozoan parasites
Authors: David Sibley L.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Intracellular parasitism has arisen only a few times during the long ancestry of protozoan parasites including in diverse groups such as microsporidians, kinetoplastids, and apicomplexans. Strategies used to gain entry differ widely from injection (e.g. microsporidians), active penetration of the host cell (e.g. Toxoplasma), recruitment of lysosomes to a plasma membrane wound (e.g. Trypanosoma cruzi), to host cell‐mediated phagocytosis (e.g. Leishmania). The resulting range of intracellular niches is equally diverse ranging from cytosolic (e.g. T. cruzi) to residing within a non‐fusigenic vacuole (e.g. Toxoplasma, Encephalitozoon) or a modified phagolysosome (e.g. Leishmania). These lifestyle choices influence access to nutrients, interaction with host cell signaling pathways, and detection by pathogen recognition systems. As such, intracellular life requires a repertoire of adaptations to assure entry–exit from the cell, as well as to thwart innate immune mechanisms and prevent clearance. Elucidating these pathways at the cellular and molecular level may identify key steps that can be targeted to reduce parasite survival or augment immunologic responses and thereby prevent disease.
Novel regulatory functions for Toll‐like receptor‐activated B cells during intracellular bacterial infection
Authors: Fillatreau Simon
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Infections by intracellular bacterial pathogens remain a major cause of human diseases worldwide. Despite intensive efforts, the development of effective vaccines or immunotherapies against these diseases has largely remained unsuccessful, asking for the exploration of new aspects of the host response to these pathogens. Genetic studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that cell‐mediated mechanisms of host defense involving innate immunity and T cells are of crucial importance for the control of these diseases. By contrast, the role of B cells during intracellular bacterial infection has so far received little attention besides their role as antibody‐producing cells. However, the general knowledge of B‐cell immunology and in particular of their antibody‐independent functions has greatly increased during the last years. Recently, it was found in a model of Salmonella typhimurium infection that Toll‐like receptor triggering on B cells resulted through interleukin‐10 secretion in a marked suppression of innate defense mechanisms ultimately leading to uncontrolled growth of the bacteria and earlier death from the disease during both primary and secondary infections. This article reviews the protective and deleterious roles of B cells during intracellular bacterial infections and discusses how manipulating their antibody‐independent functions may be a powerful means to therapeutically improve host resistance against these diseases.
Immunology of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Munoz Melba , Liesenfeld Oliver , Heimesaat Markus M.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite. Following oral infection the parasite crosses the intestinal epithelial barrier to disseminate throughout the body and establish latent infection in central nervous tissues. The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to severe neurological disorders in immunocompromised individuals. Since the clinical presentation is diverse and depends, among other factors, on the immune status of the host, in the present review, we introduce parasitological, epidemiological, clinical, and molecular biological aspects of infection with T. gondii to set the stage for an in‐depth discussion of host immune responses. Since immune responses in humans have not been investigated in detail the present review is exclusively referring to immune responses in experimental models of infection. Systemic and local immune responses in different models of infection are discussed, and a separate chapter introduces commonly used animal models of infection.
Cell biology and immunology of Listeria monocytogenes infections: novel insights
Authors: Stavru Fabrizia , Archambaud Cristel , Cossart Pascale
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterium responsible for a disease characterized by several clinical features, such as septicemia, brain infection, abortion, and perinatal infection. These clinical features are attributed to its amazing capacity to cross several barriers in susceptible hosts. Intracellular infection is a consequence of the bacterium’s capacity to enter a wide variety of mammalian cells, to not only survive but also replicate therein, and to its faculty to spread from one cell to the next, thereby escaping the humoral immune response. Here, we review both the well‐established and the newly discovered strategies used by this bacterium to achieve this intracellular lifestyle while escaping from the host innate immune response. More than ever, Listeria appears as a model system and a reference in infection biology.
Autophagy in immunity and cell‐autonomous defense against intracellular microbes
Authors: Deretic Vojo
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Autophagy was viewed until very recently primarily as a metabolic and intracellular biomass and organelle quality and quantity control pathway. It has now been recognized that autophagy represents a bona fide immunologic process with a wide array of roles in immunity. The immunologic functions of autophagy, as we understand them now, span both innate and adaptive immunity. They range from unique and sometimes highly specialized immunologic effectors and regulatory functions (referred to here as type I immunophagy) to generic homeostatic influence on immune cells (type II immunophagy), akin to the effects on survival and homeostasis of other cell types in the body. As a concept‐building tool for understanding why and how autophagy is intertwined with immunity, it is useful to consider that the presently complex picture has emerged in increments, starting in part from the realization that autophagy acts as an evolutionarily ancient microbial clearance mechanism defending eukaryotic cells against intracellular pathogens. In this review, we build a stepwise model of how the core axis of autophagy as a cell‐autonomous immune defense against microbes evolved into a complex but orderly web of intersections with innate and adaptive immunity processes. The connections between autophagy and conventional immunity systems include Toll‐like receptors, Nod‐like receptors, RIG‐I‐like receptors, damage‐associated molecular patterns such as HMGB1, other known innate and adaptive immunity receptors and cytokines, sequestasome (p62)‐like receptors that act as autophagy adapters, immunity‐related GTPase IRGM, innate and adaptive functions of macrophages and dendritic cells, and differential effects on development and homeostasis of T‐ and B‐lymphocyte subsets. The disease contexts covered here include tuberculosis, infections with human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses, Salmonella, Listeria, Shigella, Toxoplasma, and inflammatory disorders such as Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis.
T‐cell tolerance and the multi‐functional role of IL‐2R signaling in T‐regulatory cells
Authors: Cheng Guoyan , Yu Aixin , Malek Thomas R.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Signaling through the interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) contributes to T‐cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T‐cell (Treg) biology. IL‐2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL‐2R signaling also plays an important part in Treg cell growth, survival, and effector differentiation. However, Treg cells somewhat distinctively assimilate IL‐2R signaling. In particular, Treg cells require essentially only IL‐2‐dependent receptor proximal signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) activation, as they contain inhibitory pathways to minimize IL‐2R‐dependent activation of the phosphatidyinositol 3‐kinase/Akt pathway. Moreover, many IL‐2R‐dependent activities, including full induction of Foxp3 expression, in Treg cells require minimal and transient Stat5 activation. Thus, Treg cells are equipped to sense and then develop and function within biological niches containing minimal IL‐2. These distinguishing features of IL‐2R signaling provide a mechanistic underpinning for using IL‐2 as an agent to selectively target Treg cells in immunotherapy to induce tolerance in autoimmune diseases and in allogeneic transplant recipients.
Intrinsic and extrinsic control of peripheral T‐cell tolerance by costimulatory molecules of the CD28/ B7 family
Authors: Bour‐Jordan Hélène , Esensten Jonathan H. , Martinez‐Llordella Marc , Penaranda Cristina , Stumpf Melanie , Bluestone Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Positive and negative costimulation by members of the CD28 family is critical for the development of productive immune responses against foreign pathogens and their proper termination to prevent inflammation‐induced tissue damage. In addition, costimulatory signals are critical for the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. This paradigm has been established in many animal models and has led to the development of immunotherapies targeting costimulation pathways for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disease, and allograft rejection. During the last decade, the complexity of the biology of costimulatory pathways has greatly increased due to the realization that costimulation does not affect only effector T cells but also influences regulatory T cells and antigen‐presenting cells. Thus, costimulation controls T‐cell tolerance through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In this review, we discuss the influence of costimulation on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of peripheral tolerance, with emphasis on members of the CD28 family, CD28, cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4), and programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), as well as the downstream cytokine interleukin‐1 (IL‐2).
Immunological perspective of self versus tumor antigens: insights from the RIP‐gp model
Authors: Dissanayake Dilan , Gronski Matthew A. , Lin Albert , Elford Alisha R. , Ohashi Pamela S.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Self‐reactive T cells in the body are controlled by mechanisms of peripheral tolerance that limit their activation and induction of immune pathology. Our understanding of these mechanisms has been advanced by the use of tissue‐specific promoters to express neo‐self‐antigens. Here, we present findings using the RIP‐gp (rat insulin promoter‐glycoprotein) transgenic mouse, which expresses the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (LCMV‐gp) specifically in the pancreatic β islet cells. T cells responsive to this antigen remain ignorant of the LCMV‐gp expressed by the islets, and breaking tolerance is dependent upon the maturation status of antigen‐presenting cells, the avidity of the T‐cell receptor ligation, and the level of major histocompatibility complex expression in the pancreas. Furthermore, decreased activity of Casitas B‐lineage lymphoma b, a negative regulator of T‐cell receptor signaling, can allow recognition and destruction of the pancreatic islets. This review discusses the roles of these factors in the context of anti‐tissue responses, both in the setting of autoimmunity and in anti‐tumor immunity.
Regulatory T cells and Foxp3
Authors: Rudensky Alexander Y.
Published: April 2011

Summary:  Regulatory T (Treg) cells play central role in regulation of immune responses to self‐antigens, allergens, and commensal microbiota as well as immune responses to infectious agents and tumors. Transcriptional factor Foxp3 serves as a lineage specification factor of Treg cells. Paucity of Treg cells due to loss‐of‐function mutations of the Foxp3 gene is responsible for highly aggressive, fatal, systemic immune‐mediated inflammatory lesions in mice and humans. Recent studies of Foxp3 expression and function provided critical novel insights into biology of Treg cells and into cellular mechanisms of the immune homeostasis.
Lichtenstein hernia repair under different anaesthetic techniques with special emphasis on outcomes in older people
Authors: Sanjay Pandanaboyana , Leaver Heather , Shaikh Irshad , Woodward Alan
Published: April 2011

Background:  This study compared local (LA) and general anaesthesia (GA) for elective inguinal hernia repair with specific reference to older people (≥70 years).

Methods:  A total of 470 inguinal hernia repairs were compared for demographics, operating time, day case rates and complications. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate outcomes in <70 and >70 years.

Results:  A total of 288 LA and 182 GA repairs were performed. One hundred and forty‐four (30.6%) patients were older than 70 years of which 80 (55%) were ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists) grades 3 and 4. Older (≥70 years) ASA grade 3 and 4 patients are more likely to undergo surgery under LA than GA (63% LA, 35% GA, P = 0.005) with higher day case rates of 81% LA, 33% GA, P = 0.0001). No significant difference in early complications, satisfaction rate and long‐term recurrence rates were noted between the two groups.

Conclusions:  LA inguinal hernia repair has significant short‐term advantages and facilitates day surgery in older patients. LA should be the preferred option in the older patients.
COMPARISON OF NEW AND EXISTING THRESHOLD METHODS FOR EVALUATING SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN DIFFERENT BASE WINES
Authors: CLIFF MARGARET , BANSAL MOHIT , STANICH KAREEN , USHER KEVIN
Published: April 2011

This research determined the aroma threshold of three sulfur compounds by novel (R‐index) and standard ASTM International methodologies. Thresholds for dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and ethyl thioacetate (EtSOAc) were determined in a “model” wine, a “neutral” white wine (Sauvignon blanc) and a “fruity” white wine (Gewurztraminer) by 24 untrained panelists. Panelists were presented with two replicates for the ASTM methods and four replicates for the R‐index method. The group threshold, for each compound, was calculated by ASTM E679, ASTM E1432 and R‐index methods. The range of aroma thresholds obtained for DMDS, DMS and EtSOAc in different bases were 7.5–151.0, 9.4–651.0 and 8.5–95.9 µg/L, respectively. The thresholds were influenced significantly by wine type and the method of evaluation. In general, the thresholds obtained using the R‐index method were higher yet significantly corrrelated with the thresholds obtained by ASTM methods (r = 0.9899, R‐index and ASTM E1432; r = 0.9848, R‐index and ASTM E679). The thresholds in the neutral wines were observed to be lower as compared with those in the aromatic wines. This research was successful in determining sulfur thresholds for possible use in quality control and research by the wine industry and in understanding the relationship among thresholds reported by different methods.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research evaluated the aroma thresholds for sulfur compounds in wines by different methods. The new method, R‐index, was significantly correlated with the standard methodologies (ASTM International) and could be used to save time and money.
Determining Consumer Purchase Intentions: The Importance of Dry Matter, Size, and Price of Kiwifruit
Authors: Jaeger Sara R. , Harker Roger , Triggs Chris M. , Gunson Anne , Campbell Rachel L. , Jackman Richard , Requejo‐Jackman Cecilia
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Knowledge of the relative importance of food quality attributes in determining consumer purchase intention is critical for robust assessment of economic opportunities for industry growth. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how conjoint analysis methodology that incorporates tasting of fruit can be used to collect such information. Three hundred Japanese consumers took part in research designed to measure the importance of dry matter (DM), size, and price of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa “Hayward” and Actinidia chinensis “Hort16A”) for purchase intention. Measurement of consumer liking for kiwifruit of different DM content was a key first step. Liking increased as DM increased and was accompanied by increased purchase likelihood/choice probability for kiwifruit. The size of kiwifruit presented to consumers varied from “small” to “extra large.” Consumers liked “mid‐sized” kiwifruit over “small” or “extra‐large” kiwifruit. Despite these differences in liking, size was of little importance in determining purchase likelihood/choice probability for kiwifruit. Price was a very important factor in determining purchase likelihood/choice probability but was less important than DM content. As price increased, purchase likelihood/choice probability decreased. Beneath these general findings, heterogeneity existed. Some consumers placed more/less importance on the focal purchase drivers than suggested by the aggregate model. Overall, the results suggest that incentive schemes already implemented by industry should consider rewarding high‐DM fruit more than fruit size.

Practical Application:  This research has contributed to the New Zealand kiwifruit industry gaining a better understanding of the relative importance consumers place on DM, size, and price of kiwifruit and has resulted in changes to grower incentive schemes. The research approach presented forces consumer to tradeoff attributes of kiwifruit against each other and decide on how important two key quality attributes—DM and size—are relative to each other and relative to price. The application of conjoint analysis in this article can be transferred to other fruits, food, and beverages and help guide consumer‐led innovation.
Effects of Various Plasticizers and Nanoclays on the Mechanical Properties of Red Algae Film
Authors: Jang S.A. , Shin Y.J. , Seo Y.B. , Song K.B.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  To manufacture red algae (RA) film, we used various plasticizers such as glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, and polypropylene glycol (PPG), and then determined the mechanical properties of the RA films. The tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (E), and water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films containing various plasticizers ranged between 0.43 to 9.10 MPa, 10.93% to 47.17%, and 1.28 to 1.42 ng m/m2sPa, respectively. RA films containing fructose as a plasticizer had the best mechanical properties of all the films evaluated. Incorporation of nanoclay (Cloisite Na+ and 30B) improved the mechanical properties of the films. RA film with 3% Cloisite Na+ had a TS of 10.89, while RA film with 30B had a TS of 10.85 MPa; these films also had better E and WVP values than the other RA films evaluated. These results suggest that RA/nanoclay composite films are suitable for use as food packaging materials.

Practical Application:  Edible RE/nanoclay composite films prepared in the present investigation can be applied in food packaging.
Factors of Influence in the Distribution of Mold in the Air in a Wine Cellar
Authors: Ocón E. , Gutiérrez A.R. , Garijo P. , Santamaría P. , López R. , Olarte C. , Sanz S.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  This paper studies the presence of mold in the air of a vinification and ageing wine cellar. The influence of other factors such as the time of year, the sampling point, and the activity being carried out in the cellar has been analyzed. Neither the type of activity being carried out in the cellar nor the temperature or relative humidity fluctuations throughout the year are determining factors in the presence of mold in the air. For this group of microorganisms, the design of the cellar studied is the fundamental factor. Areas with little ventilation favor high levels of relative humidity and, hence, a higher presence of mold in the air. The mold population in these areas is not very diverse, which indicates that colonization by certain types of mold that have adapted to the conditions established therein is permanent. Areas with greater air flow, constant activity, and frequent cleaning show lower mold populations in the air and of a more varied composition.

Practical Application:  This work shows that given the growing importance of the presence of mold in wine cellars, the design thereof should take into account suitable ventilation of all the areas and control of the relative humidity. Hence, the presence of traditional underground areas for ageing wine, which is justifiable in seasons where temperature and humidity control lead to major technical problems, should be reconsidered in the design of new wine cellars.
Antiproliferative Activity of Fucoidan Was Associated with the Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy in AGS Human Gastric Cancer Cells
Authors: Park Hyun Soo , Kim Gi‐Young , Nam Taek‐Jeong , Deuk Kim Nam , Hyun Choi Yung
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide purified from brown algae, possesses a variety of pharmacologic effects, including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties; however, the underlying action mechanisms are not completely understood. This study investigated the possible mechanisms through which fucoidan exerts its antiproliferative action in cultured AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. We found that fucoidan effectively inhibits the growth of AGS cells by inducing autophagy, as well as apoptosis. Apoptosis by fucoidan treatment was associated with the downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL expression, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases, and concomitant degradation of poly‐(ADP‐ribose) polymerase protein. In addition, the morphological study indicated a characteristic finding of autophagy, such as the formation of autophagosomes in fucoidan‐treated AGS cells. Furthermore, markers of autophagy, namely, the conversion of microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)‐I to LC3‐II and increased beclin‐1 accumulation, were observed. Overall, the present data suggest that fucoidan induces apoptotic and autophagic cell death, and both apoptotic and autophagic mechanisms contribute to the fucoidan‐induced AGS cell death.
Flavonoids: Precipitation Kinetics and Interaction with Surfactant Micelles
Authors: Löf David , Schillén Karin , Nilsson Lars
Published: April 2011

Abstract: Polyphenolic substances, such as flavonoids, attract considerable interest due to their ability to act as antioxidants. The vast majority of studies published deal with the nutritional, biochemical, or chemical structure aspects of these substances while few reports exist on the physico‐chemical properties as well as solution behavior of the substances. In this article we report on the precipitation kinetics of naringenin, quercetin, and rutin in pure water as well as in micellar solutions of Tween 80. The methods used are dynamic and static light scattering in conjunction with cryo transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the substances precipitate rapidly in pure water. In the presence of Tween 80 micelles, however, the flavonoids can become solubilized in the micelles, which can result in solutions which are stable for days. The results suggest that the extent of solubilization is related to the chemical structure of the flavonoids. This study illustrates that precipitation kinetics and the distribution of polyphenolic substances in solutions and dispersions are factors of importance, which should be taken into account when designing investigations and interpreting results.
Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds in Organic Red Wine Using Different Winemaking Techniques
Authors: Mulero Juana , Zafrilla Pilar , Cayuela Jose M. , Martínez‐Cachá Adela , Pardo Francisco
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Wine phenolic composition depends on the grapes used to make wine and on vinification conditions. The occurrence of these biological compounds has stimulated numerous studies focused on understanding the mechanisms that influence their concentrations in wine. This article studied the effect of different vinification techniques on the antioxidant activity and on the phenolic compounds of red wine made from the variety of Monastrell grapes obtained by organic culture. To this purpose, 3 different vinification procedures were carried out: vinification after prolonged maceration, vinification with the addition of enological enzymes, and traditional vinification procedures (used as control).The results showed similar values of antioxidant activity in all 3 types of wine elaborated and found no differences in the concentrations of the different types of phenolic compounds in wine made with the 3 different methods. The evolution of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds tested in wines during 3 mo of storage showed a similar pattern. Organic wine has acquired an important role in the economic world and its important, working in oenology to research in this field.
Preparation of Reactive Oxygen Scavenging Peptides from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Skin Gelatin: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Zhuang Yongliang , Sun Liping
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Gelatin extracted from tilapia skin was hydrolyzed with Properase E. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the hydrolysis condition (temperature [T], enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio [E/S], pH and reaction time [t]), to obtain the hydrolysate with the highest hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging activity. The optimum conditions obtained were T of 44.2 °C, E/S of 2.2%, pH of 9.2, and t of 3.4 h. The predicted •OH scavenging activity of the hydrolysate under the optimum conditions was 60.7%, and the actually experimental scavenging activity was 60.8%. The hydrolysate was fractionated by ultrafiltration, and 4 fractions were collected. The fraction TSGH4 (MW < 2000 Da) showed the strongest •OH scavenging activity with the highest yield. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities of TSGH4 with different concentrations were investigated in 5 model systems, including superoxide anion radical (•O2), •OH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxynitrite (ONOO−), and nitric oxide (NO•), compared with reduced glutathione (GSH). The results showed that TSGH4 significantly scavenged these ROS, and could be used as a functional ingredient in medicine and food industries.
ATTENDING BIRTH AT THE MARGINS: THE “MIDWIFE PROBLEM”
Authors: Peterson Karen J.
Published: April 2011

Traditional Birth Attendants: An Annotated Bibliography on Their Training, Utilization, and Evaluation. L. Oddi and B. Pizurki, compilers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1979. Pp. 68. n.p. (paper‐back).

Supplement 1. H. Morrow and K. Gilroy, compilers. 1981. Pp. 37. n.p. (paperback).
Effect of Long‐Term Fluticasone Treatment on Immune Function in Horses with Heaves
Authors: Dauvillier J. , Felippe M.J.B. , Lunn D.P. , Lavoie‐Lamoureux A. , Leclère M. , Beauchamp G. , Lavoie J.‐P.
Published: April 2011

Background:Corticosteroids currently are the most effective pharmacological treatment available to control heaves in horses. Systemically administered corticosteroids have been shown to alter immune response in horses, humans, and other species. Aerosolized administration theoretically minimizes systemic adverse effects, but the effect of inhaled corticosteroids on immune function has not been evaluated in horses.

Objectives:To evaluate the effects of prolonged administration of inhaled fluticasone on the immune system of heaves‐affected horses.

Animals:Heaves‐affected horses were treated with inhaled fluticasone (n = 5) for 11 months or received environmental modifications only (n = 5).

Methods:Prospective analysis. Clinical parameters and CBC, lymphocyte subpopulations and function, and circulating neutrophil gene expression were sequentially measured. Primary and anamnestic immune responses also were evaluated by measuring antigen‐specific antibodies in response to vaccination with bovine viral antigen and tetanus toxoid, respectively.

Results:No clinical adverse effects were observed and no differences in immune function were detected between treated and untreated horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The treatment of heaves‐affected horses with inhaled fluticasone at therapeutic dosages for 11 months has no significant detectable effect on innate and adaptive (both humoral and cell‐mediated) immune parameters studied. These results suggest that prolonged administration of fluticasone would not compromise the systemic immune response to pathogens nor vaccination in adult horses.
Effects of salicylate on RNA polymerase activity and on the incorporation of orotic acid and thymidine into the nucleic acids of rat foetuses in vitro
Authors: Janakidevi K , Smith M J H
Published: April 2011

Salicylate (10 mM) significantly inhibited the activity of RNA polymerase and the incorporation of radioactivity from orotic acid-5-3H and thymidine-6-3H into whole 13 day and 16 day rat foetuses. The polymerase activity and the incorporation of the labelled orotate were significantly inhibited by 2 mM salicylate in the 16 day foetus only. The inhibitory action of salicylate on RNA biosynthesis may be related to its effects in causing an increased incidence of foetal death and congenital malformation in pregnant rodents.
Simultaneous determination of the effect of a non-ionic surfactant on the dissolution rate and biological activity of tablets of chlorpromazine hydrochloride
Authors: Florence A T
Published: April 2011

The effect of a non-ionic surfactant, polysorbate 80, on the biological activity of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in solution was investigated using the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Below a certain critical concentration the activity was enhanced in unbuffered drug solutions, but above this concentration the activity was diminished, possibly due to some association between surfactant micelles and drug molecules. The rate of solution of chlorpromazine hydrochloride from coated tablets was increased by 2% polysorbate 80, but the activity was decreased when compared with that in a simple aqueous dissolution medium. This is direct evidence of the erroneous conclusions that can be obtained if dissolution measurements alone are used in assessing the effect of additives on drug performance.
Action of rare earth metal complexes on neurogenic as well as on bradykinin-induced inflammation
Authors: Jancsó-Gábor Aurelia , Szolcsányi J
Published: April 2011

Both neurogenically evoked inflammation and that induced by bradykinin are not satisfactorily inhibited by the usual anti-inflammatory agents. It has been found that anticoagulant rare earth metal compounds inhibit these types of inflammation. In rats, neurogenic inflammation induced either by antidromic electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve, or by orthodromic stimulation of sensory nerve endings with capsaicin could almost totally be prevented by a neodymium complex of pyrocatechol sodium disulphonate. In rats and rabbits a dose-dependent inhibition of the permeability increase was observed at the site of the injection of bradykinin, kallikrein or bothrops venom. Similarly, there was marked inhibition of “thermic oedema.” The results are in accord with the hypothesis that the blood clotting system plays an important role in the mechanism of inflammation.
The inhibitory effect of sulphonylurea derivatives on liver glycogenosis increased by catecholamines
Authors: Pogátsa G , Kaldor A , Vizi E S
Published: April 2011

Hypoglycaemic sulphonylureas inhibit the increased glycogenosis and glucose release of the rat perfused liver produced by β-adrenergic agonists. The β-receptor antagonist propranolol exerted a similar effect. Dichloroisoprenaline increases the hypoglycaemic effect of chlorpropamide given in doses ineffective in the intact rat. Hypoglycaemic sulphonylureas have no effect on the catecholamine sensitivity of the nictitating membrane and heart auricle of the cat, indicating that their ability to inhibit glycogenosis induced by β-receptor agonists is not due to a β-receptor antagonist activity as is the action of propranolol.
Preparation and characterization of the tropic acid esters of tropan-3β-ol, granatan-3α-ol and granatan-3β-ol
Authors: Hunt R J , Robinson J B
Published: April 2011

The preparation and characterization of the tropic acid esters of tropan-3β-ol and granatan-3α and 3β-ol are reported. A rapid synthesis of pseudopelletierine is described.
The effect of antioxidants on the hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of sulphacetamide in aqueous solutions
Authors: Davies D J G , Meakin B J , Moss S H
Published: April 2011

The effect of heat and light stresses on the degradation of sulphacetamide solutions at pH 7, in the presence and absence of the antioxidants sodium metabisulphite and sodium edetate, have been investigated. Sodium metabisulphite accelerates the hydrolytic degradation of sulphacetamide to sulphanilamide, whereas sodium edetate does not change the rate. The absorption peak causing colour development due to heat stress is shown to differ from that due to light stress. The development due to both stimuli has been measured quantitatively with time. Sulphanilamide present in heat-degraded solutions is shown to be insignificant in the development of colour due to heat stress, but to have a major role in colour formation under light stress.
Some observations of the penetration and disruption of tablets by water
Authors: Ganderton D , Fraser D R
Published: April 2011

The effect of compressibility, particle size, granulation and the addition of starch on the pore structure on tablets of aspirin, calcium carbonate, lactose, magnesium carbonate, phenindione and sucrose has been measured using air permeability and liquid penetration techniques. The addition of starch to the various materials produced no significant effect on the pore structure of the dry tablet but caused disruption and alteration of this structure when the tablet was penetrated by water. This disruptive effect produced by starch depends on the compressibility of the constituent material and the pressure used to form the tablet.
Rheology of systems containing cetrimide-cetostearyl alcohol: variation with temperature
Authors: Barry B W , Saunders G M
Published: April 2011

The viscoelastic gel in the continuous phase of a liquid paraffin in water emulsion (stabilized by the mixed emulsifier cetrimide-cetostearyl alcohol) is similar to that formed by dispersing cetrimide and cetostearyl alcohol in water. The effect of temperature changes on the rheological properties of the emulsion and ternary system have been examined in continuous shear and in creep, and variations in the viscosities and compliances have been correlated with thermal phase transitions determined microscopically. The emulsion and ternary system were of maximum consistency at approximately 38° and 43° respectively; these temperatures respresent the transition from frozen smectic to liquid crystalline phase. At higher temperatures, the compliances rose and the viscosities fell as the network weakened and finally dissolved to form an isotropic solution.
The absorption, blood concentrations and excretion of pentazocine after oral, intramuscular or rectal administration to man
Authors: Beckett A H , Kourounakis P , Vaughan D P , Mitchard M
Published: April 2011

Blood concentrations, urinary excretion rates and faecal excretion of unchanged drug were measured after oral, intramuscular or rectal administration of pentazocine; Significant inter-subject variation was observed. Blood concentration-time curves are related to urinary excretion rates. Relative physiological availabilities by each route were determined.
The influence of protein binding on the excretion of some sulphanilamidopyrimidines in man
Authors: Walker Stuart R
Published: April 2011

The metabolism and excretion of sulphadimethoxine, sulphorthodimethoxine, sulphamethomidine, sulphasomidine and sulphadimethoxypyrimidine have been investigated in man. The plasma protein binding data including the percentage bound at various concentrations of the drugs, the number of binding sites (n), the binding capacity of plasma albumin (rmax) and the dissociation constant of the sulphonamide-albumin complex (K) for these compounds have been measured by ultrafiltration. The short-acting sulphasomidine is bound to a much lesser extent at the concentrations obtained clinically in the plasma than the long-acting drugs. Sulphasomidine occupies only one binding site on plasma albumin compared with the other sulphonamides investigated which occupy two sites. This may partly account for the rapid excretion of this compound in man. Sulphadimethoxine has two major metabolites, the N4-acetyl derivative and sulphadimethoxine-N1-glucuronide. N4-Acetyl sulphadimethoxine has similar binding constants to the parent compound. However the N1-glucuronide forms a weak complex with plasma albumin which has a lower binding capacity for this metabolite (rmax = 0.58) compared with sulphadimethoxine itself (rmax = 1.77). The results are discussed in relation to the excretion of these compounds.
A borax-chloramphenicol complex in aqueous solution
Authors: James K C , Leach R H
Published: April 2011

A 1,2-complex between borax and chloramphenicol occurs in aqueous solution. The relative stabilities of simple aqueous solutions of chloramphenicol and the B.P.C. eye-drops are explained by the existence of this complex.
The recovery of noradrenaline in adrenergic nerve terminals of the rat after reserpine treatment
Authors: HÄGGENDAL JAN , DAHLSTRÖM ANNICA
Published: April 2011

Tissue concentrations of endogenous noradrenaline in heart, submaxillary gland, and gastrocnemic muscle have been examined after one large dose of reserpine (10 mg/kg) to rats. After the initial depletion of the amine, the concentration started to rise between 24 and 36 h. For about one week thereafter the amine recovery proceeded comparatively fast, then the rate of the recovery slowed. Between the 4th and the 6th weeks there was a pronounced drop in the noradrenaline concentration in all three tissues, apparently beginning in the 4th week with a maximal decrease of about 20% in the 5th week after reserpine. Thereafter the concentrations increased to approach normal about 6 weeks after reserpine. These results are discussed in relation to the axonal down-transport of newly formed amine storage granules and to the life-span of these granules in the nerve terminals. The different parts of the noradrenaline recovery curve appeared to reflect the axonal down-flow of granules. A theoretical recovery curve was calculated, based on granular transport. This curve was similar to the observed recovery curve. The claim is made that the recovery of adrenergic function and noradrenaline levels after reserpine is due to a down-transport of newly formed, amine storage granules to the nerve terminals. There seems little need for the theory that the storage function reappears in old, reserpine-blocked granules, as a mechanism for noradrenaline recovery after a large dose of reserpine.