bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extrusion Printed Graphene/Polycaprolactone/Composites for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Sayyar Sepidar , Cornock Rhys , Murray Eoin , Beirne Stephen , Officer David L. , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: November 2013

In this work fibres and complex three-dimensional scaffolds of a covalently linked graphene-polycaprolactone composite were successfully extruded and printed using a melt extrusion printing system. Fibres with varying diameters and morphologies, as well as complex scaffolds were fabricated using an additive fabrication approach and were characterized. It was found that the addition of graphene improves the mechanical properties of the fibres by over 50% and in vitro cytotoxicity tests showed good biocompatibility indicating a promising material for tissue engineering applications.
Development and Application Practice of a 550MPa Grade Steel Plate in Purpose to Reduce Weight for Heavy Machinery Manufacture
Authors: Hu Shu E , Sun Wei Hua , Liu Xiao Dong , Hou Dong Hua , Zhou Rui , Xia Feng Qiang , Liu Yu Zhen , Wang Guo Dong
Published: November 2013

To save energy, the heavy machinery industries are encountering the challenge of reducing the equipment weight. The paper introduced a 550 MPa grade steel plate to replace the traditional 345 MPa grade steel for heavy machinery manufacturing. The niobium and vanadium micro-alloyed steel plate is characterized as bainite microstructure with high toughness, improved welding performance, and good fatigue resistance. A comparison between the present 550 MPa grade steel plate and a Ni, Mo, Cu bainite steel was studied. The developed steel plate shows competitiveness for a high performance and low cost. The 15% of weight reduction is achieved in a 50 ton digger at a typical engineering machinery plant.
Air Jet Erosion Wear Behavior of Al6061-SiC-Carbon Fibre Hybrid Composite
Authors: Ramesh C.S. , Shreeshail M.L. , Gudi Harsha R. , Zulfiqar Khan
Published: November 2013

Currently, the focus in materials development is on processing of hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) in particular aluminum (Al) based owing to their flexibility in achieving tailor made properties. Till date, only processing, characterization of mechanical and adhesive wear behavior of various hybrid MMCs have received much attention. However, solid erosion wear of hybrid MMCs has not yet been reported. This assessment will further enlarge the range of applications of hybrid MMCs in particular for components in operation for military applications especially in desert areas. In the light of the above, the present paper discusses the air jet erosion behavior of developed Al6061-SiC-carbon fibre hybrid composite prepared by combination of powder metallurgy and casting process followed by hot extrusion at temperature of 550°C using extrusion ratio of 1:4. The solid sand erodent particle size used was 312 μm while the operating pressure and velocity was maintained at 1.4 bar and 30 m/sec respectively. The adopted feed rate of the sand particles was 2.0 g/min with standoff distance being 10 mm. The sample size was 25 mm x 25 mm x 10 mm. The effect of silicon carbide (SiC), Carbon fibre (Cf), test duration and angle of impingement of the erodent on the erosion wear loss of the developed hybrid composite will be discussed at length.
Cutting Performances of Coated PVD in High Speed End Milling of Aged Inconel 718
Authors: Kasim Mohd Shahir , Che Haron Che Hassan , Ghani Jaharah Abd , Saedon Juri , Sulaiman Mohd Amri
Published: November 2013

Inconel 718 is a material exhibiting characteristic that are able to maintain strength and integrity at elevated temperatures, but it is well known as a material with poor machinability. This paper presents a study of the performance in high speed machining of TiAlN/AlCrN nanomultilayer PVD coated Inconel 718 with minimum lubrication. Investigations have been made into the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut (DOC) on the tool life. A toolmakers microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to examine the tool wear and chemical attrition, respectively, on the cutting tool during machining. In the machining of aged Inconel 718, the cutting tool experienced attrition, abrasion and notch wear throughout the experiment. Notch wear was found to be the dominant failure mode during milling; this wear appeared severe when localized flank wear reached the critical zone. The influence of radial depth despite the cutting speed, well known as having the most significant effect on tool life, is also discussed.
Elastic-Plastic Deformation of KDP Crystals under Nanoindentation
Authors: Peng Jing , Zhang Liang Chi , Lu Xin Chun
Published: November 2013

This paper investigates the mechanical properties of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals with the aid of nanoindentation using a conical diamond indenter. It was found that when unloading is after the first pop-in, the common method of obtaining elastic modulus from the unloading curve of nanoindentation is no longer applicable, because the unloading is inelastic. The study revealed that the pop-in could be due to dislocation nucleation and propagation, and that the first pop-in occurs under a stress below that of the major dislocation burst. Hence, the macroscopic yielding point, which is usually regarded as the onset of plasticity of a material, is nanoscopically not a critical point of the first dislocation in KDP. The study found that the elastic modulus of KDP indenting on its (001) plane is 52.8±3.8GPa. The hardness of the material is 1.89±0.05GPa.
Mechanical Properties of the Heat Affected Zone of an X100 Grade Pipeline Steel
Authors: Qiao Gui Ying , Zheng Ming , Gu Yu , Han Xiu Lin , Wang Xu , Xiao Fu Ren , Liao Bo
Published: November 2013

The microstructure and mechanical properties of an X100 grade pipeline steel were investigated by the thermal simulation tests performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results show that the steel has excellent weldability. Even if the weld heat input gets 40 kJ mm-1, the low impact toughness energy in welding coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) is still higher than 200 J. Yet, an embrittlement zone emerges in inter-critical HAZ (ICHAZ) at the peak temperature of 750 °C, and the lowest strength appears in fine grained HAZ (FGHAZ) at the peak temperature of 950 °C. Moreover, the strength and toughness decrease with the increase of heat input.
A Study on the Thermal Desorption Process of Oil-Contaminated Soil by Microwave
Authors: Ha Sang An , You Mi Young , Wang Jei Pil
Published: November 2013

The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the thermal desorption process to treat soil contaminated with high concentration of oil by applying microwave and high temperature heating element. It was found that TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) was achieved below 2,000 mgkg-1 of Korea criterion at 8kW of microwave powder and 700°C of processing temperature for 20 minutes. In addition, the rate of thermal desorption was also the highest value to be 0.09711 at 8kW of microwave powder and 700°C of processing temperature. Compared to other cases, the thermal desorption process applied by microwave had faster desorption rate of oil than conventional heat treatment process indicating that it would shorten processing time to treat oil-contaminated soil.
Applications of Squeeze Casting for Automobile Parts
Authors: Dulyapraphant Pongsak , Kittikhewtraweeserd Ekkachai , Denmud Nipon , Kritboonyarit Prarop , Suranuntchai Surasak
Published: November 2013

With an increasing pressure on automotive weight reduction, the demand on the lighter weight automotive components continues to increase. In recent years, squeeze casting processes have been used with different aluminium alloys to produce high integrity automotive parts. In this study, the indirect squeeze casting processes is adopted to cast a motorcycles component originally produced by a high pressure die casting process using aluminium alloy ADC12. To minimize amount of gas porosity inside squeeze casts, concepts of (1) minimization of ingate velocity along with (2) bottom filling pattern during the die filling, and (3) maximization of intensifications casting pressure are applied. Then parts are casted with both conventional high pressure die casting and indirect squeeze casting processes. Comparative evaluation of mechanical properties was made between HPDC casts and squeeze casts both in as-cast and heat treated conditions. Results from the experiment have shown that squeeze casts can pass the blister test at 490 °C for 2.5 hours. Then, squeeze casts are heat treated by solution treatment at 484 °C for 20 minutes and artificial age at 190 °C for 2.5 hours, respectively. This improves UTS of the heat treated squeeze cast to 254.14 MPa with 1.84% of elongation, while the UTS of as cast condition from both processes is not significantly different.
Complex Permittivity of Soils of Western Rajasthan at Microwave Frequency
Authors: Vyas A.D. , Vyas Mukesh , Kalla Vijay
Published: November 2013

Complex permittivity (ε', ε'') of soil sample of Western Rajasthan region is measured at 9.385 GHz for various moisture content at a temperature of 200c. The dielectric constant of dry soil is found in good agreement with literature values. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of moist soil increases with increase in moisture content in soil. The dielectric data is used to calculate ac conductivity and emissivity.
Compton Scattering and Electronic Properties of Tungsten Ditelluride
Authors: Arora Gunjan , Ahuja B.L.
Published: November 2013

We report the first ever isotropic experimental Compton profile of tungsten ditelluride using 20 Ci 137Cs Compton spectrometer. To compare our experimental data, we have also computed the Compton profiles, energy bands, density of states and band gap using Hartree-Fock and density functional theory within linear combination of atomic orbitals. The measured data is found to be in better accordance with the generalised gradient approximation of density functional theory than Hartree-Fock and local density approximation. We have discussed the nature of bonding in WTe2 using energy bands and density of states.
Chemical Bath Deposition of Lead Sulphide (PbS) Thin Film and their Characterization
Authors: Bhatt Sandip V. , Deshpande M.P. , Soni Bindiya H. , Garg Nitya , Chaki Sunil H.
Published: November 2013

Thin film deposition of PbS is conveniently carried out by chemical reactions of lead acetate with thiourea at room temperature. Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction patterns (SAED), UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy techniques are used for characterizing thin films. EDAX spectra shows that no impurity is present and XRD pattern indicates face centered cubic structure of PbS thin films. The average crystallite size obtained using XRD is about 15nm calculated using Scherrer’s formula and that determined from Hall-Williamson plot was found to be 18nm. SAED patterns indicate that the deposited PbS thin films are polycrystalline in nature. Blue shift due to quantum confinement was seen from the UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of thin film in comparison with bulk PbS. The Photoluminescence spectra obtained for thin film with different excitation sources shows sharp emission peaks at 395nm and its intensity of photoluminescence increases with increasing the excitation wavelength. Raman spectroscopy of deposited thin film was used to study the optical phonon modes at an excitation wavelength of 488nm using (Ar+) laser beam.
Optical and Electrical Properties of Transparent TiO2 Thin-Film Developed by Electron Beam-Evaporation
Authors: Mangrola M.H. , Parmar B.H. , Pillai A.S. , Joshi Vibhutikumar G.
Published: November 2013

Transparent thin film of TiO2 is deposited on glass substrate by e-beam evaporation method with the pressure, deposition rate, and substrate temperature of 3.0 x 10-6m.bar, 3 nm/s and 100 0C respectively. The film is annealed at 500 0C for about 1 hour. The structural property of the films has been studied using GIXRD. The optical property of the film has been studied using UV-Visible and Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Photoluminescence spectra shows intense and sharp peak at 440 nm. The dielectric property of the film is studied by measuring capacitance at different frequencies at room temperature. It is observed that the capacitance decreases with increase in frequency but at high frequency, the capacitance becomes constant. GIXRD data indicates the crystalline property of the film.
Kinetics of γ-Mg17Al12 Phase Dissolution and its Effect on Room Temperature Tensile Properties in As-Cast AZ80 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Kulkarni Rahul Ramesh , Prabhu Nityanand , Hodgson Peter D. , Kashyap Bhagwati Prasad
Published: November 2013

As-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy consists of α-Mg, eutectic product of α-Mg and γ-Mg17Al12, with the latter present in the form of partially and fully divorce eutectic. There occurs dissolution of harder γ-Mg17Al12 phase during homogenization treatment at 400 ᵒ and 439 ᵒC. The proportion of the α-Mg and γ-Mg17Al12 phase was varied by solutionizing the alloy for various lengths of time at these temperatures, in order to investigate the kinetics of phase transformation and to evaluate the effect of phase proportion, size and morphology on room temperature tensile properties. It was found that the yield strength decreases with the increase in solutionizing temperature from 400ᵒ to 439 ᵒC and at the same time, ductility in general increases with the increasing solutionizing temperature. The variation in tensile properties and the nature of fractographs were analyzed in terms of the effects of microstructure
The Temperature Dependent Elastic Moduli of Liquid Potassium
Authors: Patel Amit B. , Vahora A.Y. , Bhatt Nisarg K. , Thakore Brijmohan Y. , Vyas P.R. , Jani A.R.
Published: November 2013

Near the melting point liquid alkali metals show positive dispersion, which can be described within generalized hydrodynamics as a visco-elastic reaction of the simple liquid. To understand an upward bending of the dispersion relation at small momentum transfer, treatment of pseudopotential theory on liquid potassium is performed at different temperatures in entire liquid regime. In the present study, we used the modified empty core potential due to Hasegawa et al. along with a local field correction due to Ichimaru-Utsumi (IU) to explain an electron-ion interaction. The potential used is composed of a full electron-ion interaction and a repulsive delta function to incorporate the orthogonalisation effect due to the s-core states. The temperature dependence of pair potential is calculated by using the damping term, exp(-πkBTr/2kF). While the expression for phonon dispersions are derived within the memory function formalism. Results for longitudinal phonon frequencies, and thus derived sound velocities and elastic modulii are compared with recent inelastic X-ray scattering experiment. It is found sufficient to carried temperature effect into the description only via the damping factor, keeping the volume of normal melting.
Refractive Index of BAs1-xPx Semiconductors
Authors: Vyas Paresh S. , Gajjar P.N. , Jani Ashvin R.
Published: November 2013

Ternary alloys of group III-V semiconductors have important applications in fabrication of electro-optical devices. Their refractive index and related optical properties are of attractive interest in theoretical and experimental study. According to the Philips scale of iconicity, BP (fi =0.006) and BAs (fi =0.002) are the most covalent of the III-V semiconductors and there are interesting consequences of this property. We present a theoretical procedure for the study of refractive index of ternary alloy BAs1-xPx. The calculations are based on the pseudopotential formalism in which local potential coupled with the virtual crystal approximation (VCA) is applied to evaluate refractive index for the entire range of the alloy composition x of the ternary alloy BAs1-xPx. To incorporate screening effect, Nagy’s local field correction function has been employed. The screening functions of Hartree, Taylor, Ichimaru et al., Farid et al. and Sarkar et al. are also integrated for comparative study. Our results for parent compounds are compared to experiment and other available such theoretical findings and showed relatively good agreement. During present theoretical study it is concluded that refractive index fairly depends on the selection of the local field correction function.
Nano-MRF: A Material for Damping Application
Authors: Shah Kruti , Upadhyay R.V. , Aswal V.K.
Published: November 2013

A magnetorheological fluid (MR), a suspension of micron-sized magnetic particles in a carrier fluid, has vast applications in the field of vibration dampers, seismic vibration dampers, shock absorbers, clutches, break system, vehicle suspensions, seat suspensions, Robotics, design of buildings and bridges etc. The biggest issue in MR fluid is the settling of particles under gravity. To overcome this, one of the approaches is to mix micron size particles in a magnetic fluid (MF) known as Nano-MRF. In the present paper, we report a technique to synthesis Nano-MRF suspension having high stability under gravitation as well as magnetic field. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering are used to characterize the solid/liquid system. Magnetic and Magnetorheological properties are studied and results indicate that: instead of decreasing stress with increasing temperature we have observed an increase until 40°C and thereafter, it decreases. This is explained based on, inter and intra particles/chain interaction as well as synergetic effect between small and large sized magnetic dispersion.
Temperature Dependent Surface Properties of Liquid Alkali Metals
Authors: Sonvane Yogeshkumar A. , Thakor Pankajsinh B. , Gajjar P.N. , Jani Ashvin R.
Published: November 2013

Temperature dependent surface properties like surface tension (γ) and surface entropy (SV) of liquid alkali metals are studied in the present paper. Our newly constructed parameter free model potential is used to describe the electron-ion interaction. To see the influence of local field correction function on surface properties of liquid alkali metal, we have used Sarkar et al local field correction function. The present results are found in good agreement with available experimental data as well as other theoretical data. Lastly we conclude that our model potential is capable to explain surface properties of liquid alkali metals.
Electrical Properties of Ag/In2O3/M (M = LaNiO3, Pt) Devices for RRAM Applications
Authors: Mistry Bhaumik V. , Joshi Utpal S. , Trivedi S.J. , Trivedi U.N. , Pinto R.
Published: November 2013

Resistance switching properties of nanostructured In2Subscript textO3 films grown on Pt and LaNiO3 (LNO) bottom electrodes have been investigated. High quality In2O3/LNO/SiO2 and In2O3/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si heterostructures were grown by pulsed laser deposition. High purity Ag was thermally evaporated on In2O3 active layer to form top electrode. The Ag/In2O3/M (M = LNO, Pt) structure was characterized by grazing incidence XRD, AFM and cross sectional SEM. Pollycrystalline growth of oxides LNO and In2O3 was confirmed by GIXRD, where as AFM show nanostructured growth with smooth surface morphology. Two terminal I-V characteristics showed reproducible hysteresis suggesting two distinct resistance states in the film. Typical resistance switching ratio (Ron/Roff) of the order of 113 % and 72% have been estimated for In2O3 device grown on LNO and Pt substrates, respectively. The observed resistance switching characteristics offers lot of promise for new class of binary oxide materials with oxide (LNO) as bottom electrode leading to better suitability for nanoelectronics RRAM devices.
Epies
Authors: Heigers Albie
Published: November 2013

No abstract available.
Emily Hobhouse kaleidoskoop
Authors: Hambidge Joan
Published: November 2013

No abstract available.
Kinetic fractionation of gases by deep air convection in polar firn
Authors: Kawamura K. , Severinghaus J. P. , Albert M. R. , Courville Z. R. , Fahnestock M. A. , Scambos T. , Shields E. , Shuman C. A.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. A previously unrecognized type of gas fractionation occurs in firn air columns subjected to intense convection. It is a form of kinetic fractionation that depends on the fact that different gases have different molecular diffusivities. Convective mixing continually disturbs diffusive equilibrium, and gases diffuse back toward diffusive equilibrium under the influence of gravity and thermal gradients. In near-surface firn where convection and diffusion compete as gas transport mechanisms, slow-diffusing gases such as krypton (Kr) and xenon (Xe) are more heavily impacted by convection than fast diffusing gases such as nitrogen (N2) and argon (Ar), and the signals are preserved in deep firn and ice. We show a simple theory that predicts this kinetic effect, and the theory is confirmed by observations using a newly-developed Kr and Xe stable isotope system in air samples from the Megadunes field site on the East Antarctic plateau. Numerical simulations confirm the effect's magnitude at this site. A main purpose of this work is to support the development of a proxy indicator of past convection in firn, for use in ice-core gas records. To this aim, we also show with the simulations that the magnitude of the kinetic effect is fairly insensitive to the exact profile of convective strength, if the overall thickness of the convective zone is kept constant. These results suggest that it may be feasible to test for the existence of an extremely deep (~30–40 m) convective zone, which has been hypothesized for glacial maxima, by future ice-core measurements.
Volcanic ash detection with infrared limb sounding: MIPAS observations and radiative transfer simulations
Authors: Griessbach S. , Hoffmann L. , Spang R. , Riese M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Small volcanic ash particles have long residence times in troposphere and stratosphere so that they have impact on the Earth's radiative budget and consequently affect climate. For global long term observations of volcanic aerosol, infrared limb measurements provide excellent coverage, sensitivity to thin aerosol layers, and altitude information. The optical properties of volcanic ash and ice particles, derived from micro-physical properties, have opposing spectral gradients between 700 to 960 cm−1 for small particle sizes. Radiative transfer simulations that account for single scattering showed that the opposing spectral gradients directly transfer to infrared limb spectra. Indeed, we found the characteristic spectral signature, expected for volcanic ash, in measurements of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) after the eruption of the Chilean volcano Puyehue-Cordón Caulle in June 2011. From these measurements we derived an ash detection threshold function. The empirical ash detection threshold was confirmed by simulations covering a wide range of atmospheric conditions, particle sizes, and particle concentrations for ice, volcanic ash, and sulfate aerosol. From the simulations we derived the detectable effective radius range of 0.2 to 3.5 μm and the detectable extinction coefficient range of 5 × 10−3 to 1 × 10−1 km−1. We also showed that this method is only sensitive to volcanic ash particles, but not to volcanic sulfate aerosol. This volcanic ash detection method for infrared limb measurements is a fast and reliable method and provides complementary information to existing satellite aerosol products.
Quantifying the effect of magnetopause shadowing on electron radiation belt dropouts
Authors: Yu Y. , Koller J. , Morley S. K.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Energetic radiation belt electron fluxes can undergo sudden dropouts in response to different solar wind drivers. Many physical processes contribute to the electron flux dropout, but their respective roles in the net electron depletion remain a fundamental puzzle. Some previous studies have qualitatively examined the importance of magnetopause shadowing in the sudden dropouts either from observations or from simulations. While it is difficult to directly measure the electron flux loss into the solar wind, radial diffusion codes with a fixed boundary location (commonly utilized in the literature) are not able to explicitly account for magnetopause shadowing. The exact percentage of its contribution has therefore not yet been resolved. To overcome these limitations and to determine the exact contribution in percentage, we carry out radial diffusion simulations with the magnetopause shadowing effect explicitly accounted for during a superposed solar wind stream interface passage, and quantify the relative contribution of the magnetopause shadowing coupled with outward radial diffusion by comparing with GPS-observed total flux dropout. Results indicate that during high-speed solar wind stream events, which are typically preceded by enhanced dynamic pressure and hence a compressed magnetosphere, magnetopause shadowing coupled with the outward radial diffusion can explain about 60–99% of the main-phase radiation belt electron depletion near the geosynchronous orbit. While the outer region (L* > 5) can nearly be explained by the above coupled mechanism, additional loss mechanisms are needed to fully explain the energetic electron loss for the inner region (L* ≤ 5). While this conclusion confirms earlier studies, our quantification study demonstrates its relative importance with respect to other mechanisms at different locations.
Asynchronism in leaf and wood production in tropical forests: a study combining satellite and ground-based measurements
Authors: Wagner F. , Rossi V. , Stahl C. , Bonal D. , Hérault B.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The fixation of carbon in tropical forests mainly occurs through the production of wood and leaves, both being the principal components of net primary production. Currently field and satellite observations are independently used to describe the forest carbon cycle, but the link between satellite-derived forest phenology and field-derived forest productivity remains opaque. We used a unique combination of a MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) dataset, a wood production model based on climate data and direct litterfall observations at an intra-annual timescale in order to question the synchronism of leaf and wood production in tropical forests. Even though leaf and wood biomass fluxes had the same range (respectively 2.4 ± 1.4 and 2.2 ± 0.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1), they occurred separately in time. EVI increased with leaf renewal at the beginning of the dry season, when solar irradiance was at its maximum. At this time, wood production stopped. At the onset of the rainy season, when new leaves were fully mature and water available again, wood production quickly increased to reach its maximum in less than a month, reflecting a change in carbon allocation from short-lived pools (leaves) to long-lived pools (wood). The time lag between peaks of EVI and wood production (109 days) revealed a substantial decoupling between the leaf renewal assumed to be driven by irradiance and the water-driven wood production. Our work is a first attempt to link EVI data, wood production and leaf phenology at a seasonal timescale in a tropical evergreen rainforest and pave the way to develop more sophisticated global carbon cycle models in tropical forests.
Diversity and distribution of amoA-type nitrifying and nirS-type denitrifying microbial communities in the Yangtze River Estuary
Authors: Zhang Y. , Xie X. , Jiao N. , Hsiao S. S.-Y. , Kao S.-J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Coupled nitrification-denitrification plays a critical role in the removal of excess nitrogen, which is chiefly caused by humans, to mitigate estuary and coastal eutrophication. Despite its obvious importance, limited information about the relationships between nitrifying and denitrifying microbial communities in estuaries, and their controlling factors have been documented. By analyzing the ammonia monooxygenase gene amoA, including archaeal and bacterial amoA, and the dissimilatory nitrite reductase gene nirS using clone libraries and quantitative PCR (qPCR), we investigated the nitrifying and denitrifying microbial communities in the estuary of turbid subtropical Yangtze River (YRE), the largest river in Asia. The diversity indices and rarefaction analysis revealed a quite low diversity for both β-proteobacterial and archaeal amoA genes, but qPCR data showed significantly higher amoA gene copy numbers for archaea than β-proteobacteria, suggesting that the archaea might play a dominant role in nitrification in the YRE. Compared with the amoA gene, a distinctly higher level of diversity but lower gene copy numbers were found for thenirS gene suggesting lower denitrification than nitrification potential. 15N incubation experiments indicated that nitrification rates were strongly correlated with amoA gene abundances while denitrification rates were below detection limit. In general, the abundances of the amoA and nirS genes were significantly higher in the bottom samples than the surface ones, and in the high-turbidity river mouth, were distinctly higher in the particle-associated (> 3 μm) than the free-living (0.2 ~ 3 μm) communities. Notably, analysis of correlations between the gene abundances suggested potential gene-based coupling between nitrification and denitrification, especially for the particle-associated assemblages. Statistical analysis of correlations between the community structure, gene abundances and environmental variables further revealed that dissolved oxygen and total suspended material might be the key factors controlling community spatial structure and regulating nitrification and denitrification potentials in the YRE ecosystem.
A wavefront orientation method for precise numerical determination of tsunami travel time
Authors: Fine I. V. , Thomson R. E.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We present a highly accurate and computationally efficient method (herein, the "wavefront orientation method") for determining the travel time of oceanic tsunamis. Based on Huygens' Principle, the method uses an eight-point grid-point pattern and the most recent information on the orientation of the advancing wavefront to determine the time for a tsunami to travel to a specific oceanic location. The method is shown to provide improved accuracy and reduced anisotropy compared with the conventional multiple grid-point method presently in widespread use.
Work, Health, Music: The enduring Rusyn model of a good life amid changing socioeconomic contexts of progress
Authors: Cantin K. M.
Published: November 2013

Rusyns in Eastern and Central Europe have experience with two predominant models of “progress”: the Soviet-style communist and the neoliberal.  Proponents of each system promised to better the lives of all but did not take into account what “better” meant to local populations, including Rusyns.  Increasingly, European governmental and nongovernmental organizations are redefining notions of progress and development to accord with values of sustainability and a capability approach (CA) to well-being.  Giovanola (2005) and Robeyns (2005) have argued that scholars of the CA need to better develop concepts of “personhood” and “human flourishing”, and to better explain the importance of social group membership and norms to living a valued life.  The emerging anthropological focus on well-being, emphasizing culturally specific definitions of what happiness and a good life mean, can provide these conceptualizations.  As a case in point, I use freelist and interview data obtained from residents in the Prešov Region of Slovakia and the Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine along with Rusyn cultural narratives drawn from poems, folktales, plays, songs, interviews, and speeches to identify prevalent models of “personhood” and “a good life”. I discuss how these narratives intersect and diverge with discourses of happiness and progress along with the implications for Rusyns' ability to flourish.
Contested Histories and Happiness: Leprosy literature in Japan
Authors: Tanaka K. M.
Published: November 2013

At the turn of the twentieth century, the Japanese government passed a series of laws targeting people diagnosed with Hansen’s Disease (leprosy). As a result, many patients were quarantined in public leprosaria, often for life. In order to cope with both the diagnosis of a heavily stigmatized illness and a lifetime in isolation, patients began to write. The works produced by sufferers became so popular that by the mid-1930s their writing was referred to as a distinct literary genre, “leprosy literature.” Studies of leprosy literature have focused on its depiction of human rights violations, struggles with the illness, and the difficulty of life in quarantine. However, patient writing in the 1930s also reveals the multiple ways in which patients found happiness within the institution. In this sense, leprosy literature is also a site of translation, revealing the negotiations of hospital life involving hospital and medical authorities, patients, leprosy relief groups, and government policies. Residents of the leprosaria represent happiness in multiple ways depending on their conception of their illness and life in the leprosaria. For some patients, the institution itself was a source of happiness in that their illness was stigmatized to the degree that life outside the hospital became unbearable. Other writers chafed at life in the hospital; the translation of happiness in their writing is a more complex process. This paper takes these diverse processes of translation as its starting point and examines the multiple ways in which patients conceived of health and happiness within the confines of hospital life.
Happiness: Notes on History, Culture and Governance
Authors: Kingfisher C.
Published: November 2013

In this paper, I explore the emergence of happiness and well-being as keystones of contemporary EuroAmerican culture. Drawing on the relationship between disciplinary enterprises and forms of governance, as well as on cross-cultural comparison with fa’asamoa (the Samoan Way), I work to situate the current EuroAmerican obsession with happiness and well-being as a cultural formation – that is, as an artifact of a historically and culturally unique set of patterns and forces – thus problematizing its taken-for-granted status, in academic and policy-making circles, as a self-evident and universal goal with universal characteristics. I pay particular attention to the forms of governance that the contemporary orientation to happiness inaugurates and instantiates.
Against Flourishing: Wellbeing as biopolitics, and the psychoanalytic alternative
Authors: Wright C.
Published: November 2013

This article critically analyzes what is at stake in the recenttranslation of the term ‘happiness’ into the inter-related terms ‘well-being’and ‘flourishing’ within Happiness Studies. Focussing on the work of MartinSeligman, the article argues that the category of ‘flourishing’ in particularhighlights Happiness Studies and positive psychology as a new, neoliberalinterpretation of utilitarianism. This is supported with reference to MichelFoucault’s late lectures at the Collège de France on the connections betweenneoliberalism and the direct political administration of life that he termed‘biopolitics’, a concept which explains the interweaving of health andhappiness in today’s dominant therapeutic cultures. Finally, the articleattempts to outline a radical alternative to the biopolitical notion of‘flourishing’ by appealing to psychoanalysis, specifically Lacanianpsychoanalysis - its critique of consumer happiness, but also its clinicalcommitment to working transformatively with unhappiness.
Research/Advocacy/Community: Reflections on Asian American trauma, heteropatriarchal betrayal, and trans/gender-variant health disparities research
Authors: Hwahng S. J.
Published: November 2013

This article first examines the author’s positionality with reference to the historical and inter-generational transmission of Asian trauma, the contemporary plight of North Koreans, and the betrayal of anatomically-female individuals (including those who are sexual minority/gender-variant) within Asian heteropatriarchal systems. An analysis of the relevance of empirical research on low-income trans/gender-variant people of color is then discussed, along with an examination of HIV and health disparities in relation to the socio-economic positioning of low-income trans/gender-variant people of color and sexual minority women, and how social contexts often gives rise to gender identity, including transmasculine identities. What next follows is an appeal to feminist and queer/trans studies to truly integrate those located on the lowest socio-economic echelons. The final section interrogates concepts of health, well-being, and happiness and how an incorporation of the most highly disenfranchised/marginalized communities and populations challenges us to consider more expansive visions of social transformation.
Research note: Measuring the globalization of knowledge: The case of community informatics
Authors: Williams Kate , Lenstra Noah , Ahmed Shameem , Liu Qiyuan
Published: November 2013

Freely accessible online, with a wide set of authors and a wider readership, First Monday can be seen as striving for global knowledge on the social aspects of the Internet. In a meta-analysis now underway, we found First Monday to be the third most prolific journal on a particular subject: local communities’ uses of information technology. Our study also sheds some light on what constitutes global knowledge. The data suggests that a synthesis of English-language published knowledge is a first step. It points to a bigger agenda: reaching into the world’s local settings in a proportionate and representative way. That would mean publishers outside the U.S. and U.K.; scholars in other countries; and studies in other languages. This is what it would take to learn from all our cultures and countries.
Application of Part-Whole Training Methods to Evaluate When to Introduce NextGen Air Traffic Management Tools to Students
Authors: Vu Kim-Phuong L. , Kiken Ariana , Chiappe Dan , Strybel Thomas Z. , Battiste Vernol
Published: November 2013

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) will use advanced technologies and new concepts of operation to accommodate projected increases in air travel over the next few decades. Use of NextGen tools requires air traffic controllers (ATCos) to use different procedures than those required to manage NextGen-unequipped aircraft, and ATCos will need to integrate the 2 skill sets when managing a sector consisting of NextGen-equipped and unequipped aircraft. The goal of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of 2 procedures in the training of student controllers to manage both equipage types. We applied a variant of the part- whole training paradigm in the present study. Using a quasi-experimental design, we trained students from 2 different labs of an internship course to manage air traffic with potential Next- Gen tools concurrent with their traditional training (whole-task group) or after they had time to learn traditional air traffic management skills (part-whole group). Participants were then tested in their ability to manage a simulated sector consisting of different percentages of NextGenequipped and unequipped aircraft at the midterm and after the final week of their internship. Results showed that it is better to train students in manual ATCo skills before introducing Next- Gen tools, unless the students are of higher aptitude. For more skilled students, simultaneously introducing NextGen and manual tools into their curriculum had little negative impact.
A Child’s Garden of Curses: A Gender, Historical, and Age-Related Evaluation of the Taboo Lexicon
Authors: Jay Kristin L. , Jay Timothy B.
Published: November 2013

Child swearing is a largely unexplored topic among language researchers, although assumptions about what children know about taboo language form the basis for language standards in many settings. The purpose of the studies presented here is to provide descriptive data about the emergence of adultlike swearing in children; specifically, we aim to document what words children of different ages know and use. Study 1 presents observational data from adults and children (ages 1-12). Study 2 compares perceptions of the inappropriateness of taboo words between adults and older (ages 9-12) and younger (ages 6-8) children. Collectively these data indicate that by the time children enter school they have the rudiments of adult swearing, although children and adults differ in their assessments of the inappropriateness of mild taboo words. Comparisons of these data with estimates obtained in the 1980s allow us to comment on whether swearing habits are changing over the years. Child swearing data can be applied to contemporary social problems and academic issues.
A model for cost calculation and management in a multiproduct agricultural framework. The case for ornamental plants
Authors: González-Gómez J.I. , González-Gómez J.I. , Morini-Marrero S.
Published: November 2013

The business dynamics of the agricultural sector generally call for a system of calculation and cost management that goes beyond output assessment and profit determination, and coordinates a tool that supports the decision-making process, thus facilitating the evaluation of different cultivation techniques, varieties and so on. Accordingly, this paper proposes using a cost model based on activities for calculating and managing production costs in multiproduct firms in the agricultural sector, using ornamental plant cultivation as a case in point. This particular case may be considered extremely difficult in terms of crop variety and likely destinations for the products (commercialization, self-supply, etc.). Consequently, the proposed model is transparent, flexible, simple to apply and understand, and easily adaptable to the peculiarities of firms in the agricultural sector in general.
Mercury content in topsoils, and geostatistical methods to identify anthropogenic input in the Ebro basin (Spain)
Authors: Rodríguez Martín J.A. , Carbonell Martín G. , López Arias M. , Grau Corbí J.M.
Published: November 2013

The sources of mercury (Hg) variability in agricultural soils have been evaluated using 624 soil samples that were taken in the northeast of Spain. The Hg concentration ranges were 1-717 microg/kg. This was a wide range, although 90% of the values for Hg contents were estimated between 2.5 and 70 microg/kg. Other soil parameters (the pH, organic matter, carbonates and particle size) showed little correlation with the Hg content. The anthropogenic influence was linked to specific practises, in particular the application of slurries. Maps of the spatial distribution indicated various areas with high concentration levels that are attributed to anthropogenic influences. Evidence of human activity can be seen in the Ebro delta, which reflects the accumulation of metals in the basin over many years, and on the Ebro headwaters, characterized by intense mining and smelting activities in the past. A significant portion of the increased Hg content in the Ebro valley probably comes from the deposition of anthropogenic atmospheric Hg due to emissions from industrial activities.
In vitro pathogenicity of Northern Peru native bacteria on Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Gracillariidae: Phyllocnistinae), on predator insects (Hippodamia convergens and Chrysoperla externa), on Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle and white rats
Authors: Meca A. , Sepúlveda B. , Ogoña J.C. , Grados N. , Moret A. , Moret A. , Morgan M. , Tume P.
Published: November 2013

citrella after 48 h (74.1% average mortality). Serratia sp. caused the highest mortality after 24 h in H. convergens (40%) and C. externa (30%), whereas the Lowest mortality rates were induced at 72 h by E. aerogenes on C. externa (3%) and by Pseudomonas sp. on H. convergens (10%). The bacteria did not affect neither C. aurantiifolia or the rats, which gained the same weight as control animals.
The role of energy audits in irrigated areas. The case of ‘Fuente Palmera’ irrigation district (Spain)
Authors: Rodriguez-Diaz J. A. , Camacho-Poyato E. , Carrillo-Cobo M. T.
Published: November 2013

In recent years, energy consumption for irrigation has grown rapidly. Actually, nowadays energy represents a significant percentage on the total water costs in irrigation districts using energy to pressurize water. With the aim of improving energy efficiency in the Fuente Palmera irrigation district, was applied the protocol for conducting energy audits in irrigation districts developed by Spanish Institute for Diversification and Energy Savings (IDAE). The irrigated area organized in two independent sectors according to a homogeneous elevation criterion is analyzed and simulated. The potential energy savings derived from this measure was evaluated. For this purpose, a model based on the hydraulic simulator EPANET has been carried out. Its energy demand was estimated in 1,360 kWh ha–1 and its overall energy efficiency in 56%. The district was globally classified in group C (normal). Results show potential energy savings of up to 12% were obtained when the network was divided in sectors and farmers organized in two irrigation shifts. Further energy savings could be achieved by improving the hydraulic structures, such as the pumping station or the network layout and dimensions.
Review. The evolution of research regarding the economics of irrigation water
Authors: Arcas N. , Alcon F. , Gomez-Limon J. A. , De Miguel M. D.
Published: November 2013

This work analyses the main research trends (subjects, methodology used, countries of the authors and data) in the economics of irrigation water during the last 10 years (2000-2009). For this purpose, a quantitative methodology has been used which is new to this sphere, based on the review of a representative sample of 332 papers published in the 15 most important journals focused on this field of science indexed in the databases of theInstitute for Scientific Information (ISI), the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the Social Science Citation Index (SCCI). The results obtained confirm: a) the notable growth in the number of papers published, especially in the last three years, b) the high degree of collaboration between authors, including those of different origin, for their performance c) the prominence of the USA, Australia, India and Spain as the countries of the first authors and origin of the data, d) the greater attention given to subjects related with «investment project analysis», «production planning» and, especially, «production function and productivity of water», and e) the predominance of empirical studies that use basic analysis approaches (cost analysis, investment evaluation, etc.).
Estimating marginal value of water for irrigated olive grove with the production function method
Authors: Mesa-Jurado M. A. , Berbel J. , Orgaz F.
Published: November 2013

Economic valuation of irrigation water is done through the use of production functions for the case of the olive grove. In order to do so the integration of an agronomic model (based on the production function) and an economic model linked to the profitability of the crop (the ratio of revenue and operating costs) in the area under study is proposed. The study case encompasses the Guadalbullon River Sub-basin area, belonging to the Guadalquivir River Hydrologic Demarcation (Southern Spain). Within the overall deficit of the Guadalquivir River basin, the Guadalbullon River poses a special problem as it is unregulated and there are important irrigated fields on its banks, most of them olive groves. Net marginal value of water obtained (having deducted the variable costs of production including harvesting and irrigation) is€ 0.60 m–3 for the allocation of 1,000 m3 ha–1 and € 0.53 m–3 for the water right allowance of 1,500 m3 ha–1 (average for period 2005/2008). The results obtained support the recommendation by other authors suggesting the use of deficit irrigation in olive, additionally the high value of water estimated contributes to explain the substantial increase in irrigated olive area in Andalucia.