bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herd health of whitetail deer
Authors: Donley Shane
Published: March 2023

New deer farms are starting up all the time. The owners of these new farms may have little or no animal husbandry experience. A basic overview of the behavior, housing, and vaccine strategies will help you guide your client to a successful endeavor into the rewarding industry of deer propagation.
Feed analyses for small ruminants
Authors: Van Saun Robert J.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this presentation is to provide the veterinary practitioner working with small ruminant species a practical understanding of feed-testing procedures and their interpretation. Forage is the cornerstone of the small ruminant diet, and quality of forage will have tremendous impact on animal health and performance. Many small ruminant owners do not utilize feed-testing services for many reasons, but often due to their inability to interpret and apply the information to their feeding program. Veterinarians are well-suited to provide this service to small ruminant clients as critical assessment of the feeding program provides insight to diagnostics of animal or flock health concerns and productive performance. Although many current feed-testing procedures were developed for cattle, most measures can be directly applied to small ruminant nutrition, while others can be interpreted with some extrapolation. Determinations of dry matter, crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fiber, as well as the minerals, are all beneficial in evaluating forage quality and dietary appropriateness. Veterinarians well-versed in interpreting feed analysis testing reports can provide an essential service to their small ruminant clients.
Genetic approaches to identify genomic regions associated with decreased susceptibility to bovine respiratory disease complex
Authors: Neupane Mahesh , Kiser Jennifer N. , Seabury Christopher M. , Taylor Jeremy F. , Womack James E. , Agricultural Project Research Team The Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Coordinated , Neibergs Holly L.
Published: March 2023

One approach to reducing losses from BRDC is the implementation of selection of cattle that are less likely to be affected by disease by the use of dairy predicted transmitting ability (PTA) or beef expected progeny differences (EPD) for susceptibility to BRDC. The PTAs or EPDs would be based on genotypes associated with animals less susceptible to disease and incorporated into commercial genotyping platforms for industry use. The discovery of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with BRDC susceptibility is the first step in implementing the selection of cattle for enhanced resistance to BRDC. Feedlot crossbred Bos taurus (n=408) heifers from Washington were used to illustrate how genetic approaches identify BRDC susceptibility QTL that will form the basis for selection of cattle with increased resistance to the disease. The crossbred cattle consisted of 234 cases and 174 controls as defined by the McGuirk Health scoring system. Cases and controls remained in the same pens together throughout the study. The incidence of BRDC in the feedlot was 2.5% over a 15-month period. The distinction between cases and controls was based on the McGuirk health scoring system with possible integer scores ranging between 0 and 12; calves with scores <4 were identified as controls and those with a score >5 were identified as a case. Of the 174 controls, 4 (1.7%) subsequently became ill with BRDC and were reclassified as a case. The mean health score was 9.44 ± 1.19 for cases and 2.36 ± 0.61 for controls. Deeppharyngeal and mid-nasal swabs were taken for bacteriology and virology diagnostics. Histophilus somni had the greatest difference in prevalence between cases and controls (odds ratio = 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.05 - 2.58, p < 0.05) among the detected pathogens. A genome-wide association analysis (GWAA) and genomic heritability estimate was computed using Illumina BovineHD BeadChip genotypes. Heritability of susceptibility to BRDC was estimated at 37%. After correction for population stratification using 30 principal components, the genomic inflation factor was 1.02. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were filtered for low call rate (<90%), Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (p < 1x10-50) and low minor allele frequency (<1%) which left 669,933 SNPs for the GWAA. Animals were also filtered for low genotyping call rate (<90%) leaving 220 cases and 164 controls. The GWAA identified 43 QTL (p < 5x10-5) on 15 chromosomes. The identification of QTL associated with BRDC susceptibility is the first step towards implementing selection of cattle that are less likely to be affected by BRDC through the use of genomic PTAs or EPDs.
Producer uptake
Authors: Van Eenennaam Alison L. , Coordinated Agricultural Project Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
Published: March 2023

The Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Coordinated Agricultural Project (BRD CAP) is a 5-year USDA-funded Coordinated Agricultural Project to develop genetic markers associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to identify cattle that are less susceptible to BRD. Ultimately the aim of this project is to integrate predictive markers for BRD susceptibility into genetic tests and national cattle genetic evaluations. Work is ongoing to identify regions of the genome associated with BRD susceptibility in both dairy and beef cattle. Initial results have identified multiple genomic regions that were significantly associated with BRD susceptibility. Genomic information has typically been integrated into genetic evaluations based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and the causative mutations affecting economically relevant traits. This has been successful to develop selection within breeds in the dairy cattle industry, but has been more problematic in the beef cattle industry due to the presence of numerous breeds and the importance of crossbreeding in the commercial cattle population. LD between markers and QTL has not be consistent across breeds, and so markers that were identified in 1 breed were frequently uninformative in other breeds. However, the sequencing of a large number of animals has opened up the possibility of identifying the actual SNP variations that are causing genetic variation and performing sequenced-based genomic selection of cattle. There are several advantages associated with this approach including persistence of the marker affect across generations, and an increased likelihood that causative polymorphisms will be similarly associated with variation across multiple breeds. It is envisioned that by imputing the genotypes of reference animals collected by the BRD CAP up to full sequence and further fine mapping and analyses, that the causative genetic variants associated with BRD susceptibility will be identified, and that inclusion of these markers on genotyping platforms will provide a reliable selection criterion to enable for the selection of both beef and dairy cattle that are less susceptible to BRD.
Association of floor type on health parameters of cattle fed indoors during the finishing phase
Authors: Dewell R. D. , Dewell G. A. , Euken R. M. , Sadler L. J. , Wang C.
Published: March 2023

The use of indoor confinement concrete slatted floor feeding facilities has grown in the US to comply with increasing environmental regulations and decreasing land availability. Rubber mats manufactured to be installed on top of concrete slats are being promoted to increase comfort and improve welfare and performance. There are limited published data on the association of rubber mats with bovine health and performance in a North American production setting. The objective of this project was to evaluate potential health differences associated with various types of slatted flooring in confined beef operations during the finishing phase of production.
Women Who Continue to Pursue Science: Motivated not only Despite but also by Concerns about the Future
Authors: Wai-Ling Packard Becky
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to explore how women pursuing science fields are able to do so despite theirconcerns about the future (e.g., difficulty combining family and career, undesirable work environment). Dothese women change their values, ignore the stereotypes, or manage in some other way? Thirty collegewomen pursuing science and engineering participated in a semester-long program where they discussedtheir concerns with several peers and female professionals. Quantitative data showed students' concerns andvalues remained strong over time. Qualitative data revealed students became aware that peers andprofessionals shared their concerns, and this helped them to feel part of the field. Surprisingly, they werenow motivated not only despite but also by the concerns that once discouraged them. These results suggestthat career programs can help women to recognize shared concerns, become motivated to change the field inthe ways that concern them, and to reimagine their futures.
Where's the Joke? The Meaning Behind Sexual Humor
Authors: Brunner Penelope W. , Costello Melinda L.
Published: March 2023

To laugh or not to laugh? That seems to be the question. With every article on workplace stress comesanother recommendation for including more humor on the job. However, there is corresponding researchshowing that office humor may lead to such negative repercussions as sexual harassment charges. In 1980the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) published the guidelines that define sexualharassment as "Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physicalconduct of a sexual nature" (Rutter, 1997, p. 10). These guidelines also define harassment as the creationof a hostile or intimidating working environment; it is such an environment that serves as the basis fornumerous work-related lawsuits. The EEOC classifies unwelcome behavior into seven forms, andaccording to a U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board study, the most frequent form cited includes "sexualteasing, jokes, remarks, or questions" (Rutter, 1997, p. 11).
Intersections On the Border Crossings of Black Women's Standpoints
Authors: Pilcher Janet
Published: March 2023

In our local communities people are suffering from exploitation, oppression, and social injustice. Placesfor sharing one another's differences are scarce. Therefore, we are facing a crisis where hearts and mindsremain closed to pains and joys of social diversity. All the while, multiple standpoints shape people'sexperiences in daily lives within our local communities. How we choose to value or de-value thesestandpoints determines individual oppression or privilege. Thus, creating spaces for border crossingexperiences on the feminist terrain promote new understandings of our histories and futures as womenliving in interlocking systems of oppression.
Women Transitioning into Leadership: Gender as both Help and Hindrance
Authors: Hudson Martha B. , Williamson Ronald D.
Published: March 2023

Newly hired school leaders are confronted by the weight of tradition and prior practice (Hartzell,Williams, & Nelson, 1995; Marshall, 1992). They are frequently counseled to adopt "old" norms aboutpriorities and decision-making. Some find that to gain acceptance they must adhere to values andleadership behaviors counter to those that attracted them to school leadership or were espoused in theirpreparation (Hartzel et al., 1995; Marshall, 1992).This paper reports on an investigation of the impact of socialization on new assistant principals,particularly women graduates of a redesigned school leadership preparation program in North Carolina.The subjects of this study were women, therefore the investigation also explored the impact that genderassociatedleadership preferences had on their socialization.
Crossing the Great Divide: Changing the Culture of Women Through Gender Equity in Mathematics Teaching and Learning
Authors: Polnick Barbara
Published: March 2023

"Crossing the great divide" (of mathematics) involves a journey not unlike many arduous journeys. Inorder to reach your destination, the traveler must prepare for difficult road conditions and allow foralternate routes. In this presentation, consider gender equity as the destination and imagine there are anumber of routes that we could take while making our journey. Recognizing that there may be differentdefinitions for gender equity and the route you take depends on your definition. In their definition ofgender equity, Grossman and Grossman (1994) state that "gender equity can be viewed in terms oftreatment of students, gender differences in roles for which schools prepare students and genderdisparities in educational outcomes" (p. 119). Koch and Irby (2002) describe gender equity as "to be fairand just toward both men and women, to show preference to neither, and concern for both" (p. 4). Walkerand Foote (2001) define gender equity within a culture to mean "all individuals having freedom fromlimits imposed by self or society that would prohibit both males and females from pursuing the fields ofknowledge and skills suited for them" (p. 101). Others describe gender equity in terms of the educationalenvironment, one in which individuals have not only opportunities, but real efforts are made to equalize,reform, and improve (Nash & Dougherty, 1991). Using these definitions, gender equity can be viewed asa subset of a larger set identified as educational equity.
Women Faculty in Higher Education: Impeded by Academe
Authors: Christman Dana
Published: March 2023

This paper attempts to synthesize literature available regardingthe status of women faculty in the academy and barriers thathinder their success. First, a short treatise of the historical andsociological perspectives of women in higher education isprovided. The institutional structure, culture and climate inpostsecondary institutions will be examined. Particularattention will be paid to such structural issues as hiringpractices, salary, tenure, research, service, and teaching andadvising loads, while intradepartmental relations, socializationand mentoring patterns, isolation, research support, andfinancial resources and child care will be covered under climateand cultural issues. Both the experiences of the collectivity ofwomen as well as individual women will also be portrayed.Findings from the literature suggest that gender inequity is stilla practice of the present, rather than a part of the academy'spast. Finally, suggestions for improving the chances forwomen's success in the academy will be provided.
Female Perspectives on Career Advancement
Authors: Byrd-Blake Marie
Published: March 2023

There are current inequalities in the representation of females in higheradministrative positions in public schools that are a product of historical andsocietal patterns. These patterns have determined the constraints women havefaced and continue to face when they attempt to enter public school administration.Women represent the majority in the teaching profession and in schooladministration graduate programs, but are persistently absent from the highest andmost powerful administrative positions in public education (Shakeshaft, 1999). Thetop three administrative posts in public school education (superintendent, assistantsuperintendent, and high school principal) remain overwhelmingly filled by males(Keller, 1999). According to Mary Hatwood Futurell, former President of the NationalEducation Association, in 2002 only 12 percent of the superintendents are womenand just five percent are minorities (AAUW, 2002). This astounding figure isapproximately the same as was reported at the turn of the last century.
Rebalancing the Scale between the Personal and the Professional
Authors: Culcross Rita
Published: March 2023

Work-life conflicts are hardly new, even in academia. Amelia Earhart, in a letter toher future husband, George Putnam, wrote of "her reluctance to marry, my feelingthat I shatter thereby chances in work which means most to me" (Earhart, n.d.).Earhart went on to become not only the most famous woman pilot, but also to holdan appointment during the 1930's at Purdue University as a consultant in thedepartment for the study of the careers of women. Memories of her attempt to flyaround the world are documented in her letters to Putnam, whose carefulpreservation of those communications provides a lasting record to herachievements and the conflicts felt by talented women. (Earhart, n.d.)
Female Leaders in Educational Administration: Sabotage within our Own Ranks
Authors: Funk Carole
Published: March 2023

Professional women in Australia have an interesting term for what happens totalented and outspoken females who rise quickly in their fields. They call it the "tallpoppy syndrome" because a poppy that grows higher than the rest often gets itshead lopped off (Polley, 1996). Such a phenomenon also occurs with women whoachieve success in the field of educational administration, "the blue flamers" (Funk,2000), who rise quickly through the ranks but are often not supported and evensabotaged by other women who work with them. Many females in educationalleadership positions in the United States experience a spectrum of types of negativetreatment from female teachers to female superintendents that can be defined ashorizontal violence--a term used here to describe the harm that some women do toother women in the educational workplace. An illustration of a non-supportivefemale, a Texas superintendent, was described by Skrla and Benestante (1998)who were spurned and summarily ignored by the female superintendent when theytried to give her brochures regarding the Texas Council of Women SchoolExecutives (TCWSE) at the annual superintendents' conference
Hearing the Opus: The Paradox for Women Leaders in the Postmodern University
Authors: Ritt Elizabeth
Published: March 2023

Leading in an organization is much like conducting an orchestra. The conductormust stay one full beat ahead of the orchestra, envisioning the whole opus as it isto be played while keeping a keen ear to the ongoing performance. Filled withunpredictability and contradiction, the musical interpretation of the opus flowsthrough our bodies with great intensity. Sometimes the inclination is to reduce thecomposition and the performance into distinct parts to better understand the intentof composer, conductor and musicians. Often, this deludes us into the romanticnotion that we can reduce the opus into discrete components that explain theunexplainable
Making the Familiar Strange: Inclusion, Exclusion, and Erasure Luncheon Address Given at the 29th Annual Fall Conference of the AERA SIG: Research on Women in Education
Authors: Welch Olga M.
Published: March 2023

She was preparing an assignment for her graduate research course and experiencing extreme writer'sblock. It just seemed as if nothing of substance was occurring, and finally in frustration she decided toleave her cubicle and wander through the library stacks. Her steps took her to the section marked "AfricanAmerican Studies" where she began to scan the shelves. Not long after, she found herself drawn to a bookwith the title, The Contributions of Blacks to the American Military: A Retrospective.Intrigued by both the text and the promise of narratives and faded photographs, she removed the book andbegan to turn the pages. Casually moving through pages that documented black men's combatcontributions from the Revolutionary War to World War II, she found herself drawn to the accounts andfaces of "free men," stoic foot soldiers, aviators, marines, and army battalions""and, quite unexpectedlyto a picture of what appeared to be a ship's hold with thirteen black officers seated on graduated steps.Since there had been few photographs of blacks in the Navy, she stopped to look more closely at thepicture and to read the names. Suddenly, her eyes widened with astonishment as she recognized the faceof her own father. For the first time, at age 23, she was learning that he had been one of the first blackscommissioned as officers in the United States Navy. In that moment, his/story had become her/story too.
Inscription on the Past from Present Inquiries Historiography of Nineteenth Century Chinese Immigrant Public Women
Authors: Huang Carol
Published: March 2023

Chinese immigrant women arrived in America's West in the mid nineteenth century. Their arrival markedthe beginning of Chinese American women in the United States of America [1]. They left very fewdocuments of their own. They were assumed to have followed the Chinese men to the West after the goldrush to serve the men. A majoritity of them were called "One Hundred Men's Wives" or prostitutes [2]. Inthe Western construction and conceptualization of Chinese women of this particular time, they have beenportrayed as victims of patriarchy and the capitalist system.
Standing on the Promises: The Experiences of Black Women Administrators in Historically Black Institutions
Authors: Jean-Marie Gaetane
Published: March 2023

Earning a college degree was not easily attainable for Black women during the civil rights movement. Asthe civil rights movement became a full-scale struggle, like many other Blacks, the Black womenadministrators in this study confronted and disrupted institutions thought to be responsible for theiroppression. This study examines southern leadership discourses of Black women administrators who camefrom a tradition of protest transmitted across generations by older relatives, black educational institutions,churches, and protest organizations (Morris, 1984). What can an examination of university-level Blackwomen administrators inform with respect to the struggles, challenges, and successes they experience?
"THEY HIRED A WOMAN AND A CATHOLIC!" Dismissal and the Superintendency, Lessons Learned
Authors: Bourisaw Diana M.
Published: March 2023

The weather on the West Coast was wonderful. Days were sunny, scenery was beautiful, and the schooldistrict was challenging. Her responsibilities as area superintendent in this sprawling urban setting farexceeded those of a CEO in smaller school districts. But this west coast wonderland was not where shewanted to rear her children. Although Dr. Rita Clark had been recruited for this challenging position, shesoon yearned to return home to the Midwest. So the job search began.
Nora Barlow - A Modern Cambridge Victorian And 'The Many Lives of Modern Woman'
Authors: Smith Louis M.
Published: March 2023

The audience and thesis of a book carry multiple implications for what will follow in the discussion. Inreading The many lives of modern woman (Gruenberg and Krech, 1952), I found the authors speaking to anumber of issues about which I was concerned. In particular they seemed to offer a kind of subtext to thelast chapter of the biography I am writing, Nora Barlow and the Darwin legacy (Smith, In process). If thatworks out, it is a major discovery or accomplishment. Further, when colleagues Sharon Lee and KellyMcKerrow sent a call for papers on women, leadership, and social justice, I thought the Gruenberg andKrech book spoke not only to the Barlow life but also to the Lee and McKerrow request. My intension andtask is the integration of a review of a classic book, and a view and commentary of the life of Nora Barlow,a privileged 19th Century woman. She was well to do and part of the intellectual aristocracy of England. Apart of her life concerned the issues of community leadership and for her, at a very personal level, attemptsat the resolution of the problems of equality and social justice. Finally in this essay review I present, and tryto integrate, a series of more autobiographical comments of the interrelationships between the book and my,and my wife's, personal lives. My hope would be that in accomplishing this complex task I would have abetter grasp of several important issues in social science and more personally, how I want to end thebiography of Nora Barlow.
Current Status of Women in the Information Technology Field
Authors: Eggersman Denise D.
Published: March 2023

Information technology (IT) has become a popular stage in the working environment due to its overallimportance in keeping companies competitive and successful. This is due to information technology beingmoved from a strictly supporting role in the back office to a position of major strategic importance. Thetechnology field has attracted many qualified candidates including women, who have found themselvesamong many male contenders. Even though these women were at first attracted to the IT field because ofsuch factors as the number of positions available and high salaries, they were later deterred because of thepredominant male culture. This research will study further into the issue of women in the IT working worldtoday and determine if factors such as the glass ceiling, equal pay, family obligations, and education haverecently changed.
Leadership Styles and Philosophies of Women University Presidents
Authors: Madsen Susan R.
Published: March 2023

Although progress has been made, it remains clear that women are still underrepresented in administrativepositions in all types of higher educational institutions throughout the world. While the issue is often nowaddressed in the literature, there are still few articles reporting research findings on the experiences andperceptions of university presidents, particularly women. Ten women university presidents were interviewedusing the phenomenological research methodology. This paper reports the results of this research related tothe presidents' perceptions of their own leadership styles and philosophie
Diversity Leadership in Higher Education
Authors: Portugal Lisa Marie
Published: March 2023

This paper discusses the issues and challenges associated with diversity leadership initiatives currently inplace within institutions of higher learning. The writer will address qualities associated with effectivetransformational leadership in higher education and how those abilities can positively affect an institution'sdesire to build a diverse faculty. Topics discussed include the debate over the lack of qualified doctoralcandidates of color for higher education employment and developing institutional strategic plans andinitiatives for diversity faculty leadership agendas. In addition, the writer will discuss faculty diversificationefforts that have been successful with Asian- Americans and Anglo- American women, yet, these sameinitiatives continue to underrepresent Hispanic, African- American, and Native American groups. Finally,the writer will analyze the lack of diversity representation in higher education and how institutions canfoster, develop, search, and hire accomplished women and individuals of color.
High Status Turkish Women Administrators in Higher Education
Authors: Senemoglu Nuray
Published: March 2023

Currently, there are inequalities in the representation of females in higher administrative positions in highereducation, a result of historical and male dominant societal patterns (Byrd-Blake, 2004). While manycultures in the world support and encourage men in their achievement, women are generally discouraged(Brown & Irby, 2001). For many centuries, the opinions of some philosophers and scientists about womenand women's education have caused differentiation between women's and men's specializations and theirplace in society.
Black Women Teacher Educators: Creating Enduring Afriographies as Leaders and Change Makers
Authors: Hill-Brisbane Djanna A. , Dingus Jeannine E.
Published: March 2023

ithin the womanist tradition, Black women have fought against multiple oppressions through theconstruction of enduring afriographies , as leaders and change-makers, and as scholars committed toresearch and service in and for communities of color (Henry, 1998; Hill, 2002; Ladson-Billings, 1996). Thisstudy investigated the perspectives, experiences, and practices of three Black women teacher educatorsusing womanist theory and portraiture methodology. In interviewing and shadowing participants, andreviewing documents related to their teaching practices, two questions were posed: a) In what ways are theirteaching practices informed by their experiences?; and, How does the theme of "race uplift" help to shapetheir work within the academy? This paper explores findings from the latter question and considersparticipants' power to lead and effect change in their academic roles and in their creation of enduringafriographies.
Women in Leadership: Rocky Road to the Superintendency
Authors: Hickey-Gramke Michelle
Published: March 2023

The inequities associated with gender imbalance in leadership require national attention. Wilson (2004)found that of 435 seats in the House of Representatives, only 59 are women; of the 100 senators, only 14 arewomen. Only 24 women have ever been governors in the United States . Women are nearly half theworkforce, yet we make up only 12% of top executives and hold 12.4% of board seats in 500 of thecountry's largest companies. Although these statistics are significant, they are not nearly as staggering as thestatistics about the positions held by women in the superintendency. Of our nation's 13,728 superintendents,1,984 today are women. Although 72% of K-12 educators are women in the United States , 87% of the topleaders in the school districts, the superintendents, are males according to the U.S. Department of Education.Many questions have been posed and researched about why there are so few women in the superintendentposition. Also, search committees have been formed and new programs have been put into place to recruitwomen into administration. Yet, there has been an inconsequential increase nationally in identifying andhiring women to the superintendency (Nogay, 1996). In reviewing research on women in thesuperintendency, several common strands have been identified that speculate reasons why there are so fewwomen in the superintendency and possible solutions to this significant issue.Besides the commonly held belief that women are discouraged from the superintendency, there are sixdocumented reasons that are substantiated across literature related to why women are not at the top ofschool districts. The six categories encompass a wide range of issues including credentials, school boards,positions held, job structure, age, and mentoring.
Entrepreneurial Skills in Academia: A Curriculum for Teaching Proposal Writing to Female Graduate Students
Authors: Selber Katherine , Selber William B. , Freeman Dexter
Published: March 2023

This article addresses the development of entrepreneurial skills in academic and human service settings byreporting on a curriculum for teaching proposal writing for funded research and program developmentgrants. The article includes a review of current challenges in preparing primarily female graduate studentswith skills needed for grant seeking in their careers in human services. A description of the proposal writingcurriculum, teaching methodologies used, and outcomes obtained during the past six offerings of the courseare described. In addition, preliminary evaluation data from a survey of a nonrandom sample of participantsin the course (N=30) about their perceptions of the course and its utility are included. Lessons learned andimplications for using the curriculum with other populations, such as female faculty and agency-basedhuman service professionals, are also explored.
A Book Review
Authors: Lee Amy Freeman
Published: March 2023

May Sarton's final journal, At Eighty-Two, calls to mind Eleanor Roosevelt's My Day, though their dayswere quite different.In essence, Sarton's journal is about approaching death. Specifically, it is focused on the impending finaldays of this prolific poet, novelist and journalist. Even though one brings to the reading experienceenormous empathy and sympathy, the overall result is exceedingly depressing. Sarton writes in suchdetail about the multiple facets of her illness and especially about her overpowering depression that thedark aura of the book is inescapable. Not even her rich vocabulary and fresh turn of phrase relieved theoverall gloom. However, one would have to be totally without feeling to criticize the books content in acensorial way because of this sober tone.
BLACK ACADEMIC WOMEN: PROGRESS BUT NO PARITY
Authors: Gregory Shela T.
Published: March 2023

Although many Black faculty women in this study found teaching personally rewarding as opposed to thepolitics of administration, other concerns such as unclear expectations of scholarly research andambiguous requirements of promotion and tenure continued to be tremendous barriers towardsadvancement
The Effect of Sex and Gender on Perceptions of Leaders: Does Situation Make a Difference?
Authors: Violanti Michelle T. , Jurczak Linda Pysher
Published: March 2023

Relatively little research has been done focusing on feminine and masculine communication styles in leadership. This study seeks to fill in some of the gaps. The quantitative design of this study is based on Goldberg's (1968) experimental paradigm and used an Internet-linked survey consisting of Renzetti's (1987) Sex Role Attitudinal Inventory, a brief description of a leader (one of four different sex and gender combinations), and a Likert-type scale with 20 items that rated leaders on several dimensions. A factor analysis resulted in combining these into three factors: task/dynamism, relationship/organizational ID/qualifications, and an overall item. Participants were selected using a snowball approach. Expectation states theory was the foundation for this study. The results suggest that the expectation of leaders is changing with a feminine communication style preferred across the board, regardless of situation or sex of the leader
The Effect of Stereotype Threat on the Interview Performance of Women
Authors: Shantz Amanda
Published: March 2023

When women are in a situation whereby they are at risk of being judged by a negative stereotype, they underperform relative to men. This quandary is called stereotype threat. The present study examined whether stereotype threat affects the performance of men versus women in a simulated job interview. The stereotype that women are not suitable for managerial jobs was unobtrusively embedded in a job description presented to interviewees (n = 50) prior to the interview. The interviews were evaluated by four HR managers, two male and two female. The results showed that stereotype threat disadvantages females vis- -vis those in the control group, and it disadvantaged them relative to men in the stereotype threat condition. This occurred regardless of whether the HR manager was male or female
Two Women for President: The Importance of the Announcement Speech on the Campaign
Authors: Friedman Rachel B. , Gutgold Nichola D.
Published: March 2023

Women keep gaining ground in the world of American politics. There are more women senators, representatives, Supreme Court justices, secretaries of state and governors than ever. Still, America has never had a female president or even vice president. By examining the communication skills of women who have run for president we can begin to assess how a woman creates ethos for the presidency. This study focuses on an understudied genre of campaign speaking; a comparison of two high profile female candidates' announcement speeches from both respective political parties. How a woman reveals that she is a candidate for president is key to her success. The presidential announcements of Elizabeth Dole and Hillary Clinton are examined to consider what introductory communication traits may best serve the next woman who attempts to break the largest and seemingly toughest glass ceiling: the United States presidency
Saudi Arabia Female Students' Perception of Effective Female Leaders
Authors: Alexander Neva Helena
Published: March 2023

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia witnessed significant development over the past few years. One of these developments involves the increase of female leaders in the society. The aim of this study was for the female students at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University taking a Leadership and Teamwork course to write an essay on a Saudi female leader and their views about effective leadership. Additionally they completed a survey to analysis female leaders and their qualities. With the realization that perceptions of effective female leaders may be different from those of men, the current research examined how Saudi female students view effective leadership of prominent Saudi women currently operating in leadership roles.
Who Framed the Women? Measuring the Public Relations Impact on the Media's Framing of the U.S Supreme Court Nominees
Authors: Fleck Katherine
Published: March 2023

This study seeks to determine if Presidents frame female nominees to the highest court differently than their male counterparts in ways consistent with other female leaders. Entmen (1993) defines framing as process whereby certain aspects of a perceived reality are selected and made more salient in communication. This work further examines how U.S. Presidents select and highlight certain aspects of their U.S. Supreme Court nominees' background, experience and personal attributes in public relations materials. By analyzing frames in public relations materials and comparing them to those found in testimony by third parties and in newspaper coverage, the study will determine the effectiveness of the Presidents to influence others to utilize his frames.
Career Paths of Women Working in Leadership Positions within Intercollegiate Athletic Administration
Authors: Bower Glenna G. , Hums Mary A.
Published: March 2023

Scholars have focused their attention on the careers of women working in management positions in several sport industry segments, however, limited research has focused on careers of women working in intercollegiate athletic administration. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine career information of women working in the administration of intercollegiate athletics. The study addressed the following amongst women working in intercollegiate athletic administration: (a) demographics, (b) career paths, (c) most/least enjoyable aspects of their jobs, (d) greatest challenges, (e) career advice, and (f) short-term and long-term career aspirations. This descriptive study provided insight for women wanting to explore a career within intercollegiate athletic administration. The information is useful for both women and men working in intercollegiate athletic administration and to the NCAA organization in support of its ongoing work to promote diversity in leadership positions. In addition, women wishing to pursue a career in intercollegiate athletics face a number of challenges, but acknowledging the voices of the women within this study can begin to explain some of the steps needed to maximize women's contributions to this field. Finally, this study contributes to the body of knowledge in the sport management literature in intercollegiate athletics.
Increasing the Proportion of Female Superintendents in the 21st Century
Authors: Wallace Teresa
Published: March 2023

With the proportion of females in the superintendency being 23% in 2012, and increasing by only 0.7% annually, it will take nearly 80 years for females to be proportionately represented in public schools. This study sample consisted of 63 female superintendents, representing 51% of the overall population of female superintendents in the 6 southeastern states where the study took place. The 6 states were chosen because each has approximately the national average of female superintendents. Female superintendents in the six southeastern states were asked what advice they would give to aspiring female superintendents and to recommend strategies for increasing the proportion of females in the superintendency. Participants offered valuable advice to aspiring female superintendents on how to navigate the system and be successful. They recommended practical strategies for attracting female candidates and increasing the proportion of females in the superintendency.
Starting the Bandwagon: A Historiography of African American Mothers' Leadership during Voluntary School Desegregation, 1954-1971
Authors: Wilson Camille M.
Published: March 2023

In this article, the author presents a historiography that considers the leadership that African American women, particularlymothers, played in U.S. school desegregation. Discussion moves beyond offering a political analysis of school integration politicsthat is male centered, bounded by a legalistic frame, or steeped within general discussions of the political clashes betweenintegrationists and segregationists to recast significant historical events through a more nuanced womanist lens. Literature isreviewed and archival data from 1954 to 1971 are marshaled to shed light on why and how African American motherscontributed to the school desegregation movement, particularly in Greensboro, NC. The author suggests what lessons can begleaned from the mothers' legacy to extend conceptualizations of transformative educational leadership.
Stories of Generational Leadership: Women Higher Education Administrators Voices
Authors: Taylor Colette M. , Stein Lindy
Published: March 2023

Research focused on women in higher education is often conducted from a monolithic perspective of women. Few studies haveinvestigated differences among and between women and the influences impacting such differences. Generational differences ofindividuals can influence values and preferences (Arsenault, 2004) as well as impact the organizational functioning of collegesand universities in the United States. Therefore, this mixed-method study explored these differences among femaleadministrators in higher education. Quantitative analysis indicated generational differences in managerial practices amongfemale leaders. However, more similarities than differences among the generational cohorts were discovered in the qualitativeanalysis. Implications for practice midlevel women administrators in student affairs are discussed.
Occupational and Mental Health Consequences of Women's Experiences of Gender Discrimination and Negative Workplace Acts in the Legal Profession
Authors: Eansora Donna M. , Lafreniereb Kathryn D.
Published: March 2023

Women have been entering the legal profession increasingly over the last three decades, yet continue to leave the profession at significantly greater rates than men. Previous research has documented the influence of workplace discrimination in influencing women's entry and retention in the legal profession, but less research attention has been directed toward the occupational and mental health consequences for these women. The present study examined whether negative acts in the workplace, gender discrimination, and work-life conflict were associated with negative occupational and mental health consequences for women lawyers. Questionnaires containing measures of negative acts in the workplace, gendered elements of the work environment, work-family conflict, job satisfaction, burnout, and mental health symptoms were mailed to a stratified random sample of Canadian women lawyers, resulting in a sample of 277 women lawyers from Alberta, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Findings supported our hypothesis that negative workplace experiences, including gender discrimination, would predict lower levels of job satisfaction and greater levels of burnout in women lawyers. In terms of mental health outcomes, work-life conflict emerged as the strongest predictor of perceived stress and anxiety, while negative workplace acts significantly predicted depression. The findings of this study highlight the importance of addressing negative acts and gender discrimination in the legal profession in order to increase women's job satisfaction and to safeguard their health and well-being.
Building Leadership from Within the Ranks: Leadership Fellow Initiative
Authors: Umpstead Regina , Hoffman Holly , Pehrsson Dale-Elizabeth
Published: March 2023

Creative approaches in the field of leadership often yield positive results. This article highlights an example of how out of the box thinking with regard to building a strong leadership foundation in the area of higher education benefits a community of learners. Within the field of education and human services, a new administrator facilitates innovative approaches to provide opportunities of empowerment for team members. The sustainable and abundant positive results are outlined in detail.
Experiences of Hijabi Women: Finding a Way Through the Looking Glass for Muslim Americans
Authors: Hyder Narjis , Parrington C. A. , Hussain Mariam
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of Muslim women who wear the hijab, their perceptions of the how wearing the hijab impacted their relationships, identity formation and cultural adaptation in the American workplace. Through the analysis of qualitative data, this exploratory phenomenological study investigated the lived experiences of Muslim women to gain an understanding of how the wearing of the hijab impacted cross-cultural interactions, how they maintained their personal and social identities, coped with stress, and perceived discrimination and feelings of isolation. Qualitative interviews with seven participants were conducted in the U.S. and the results varied.
Mentoring Experiences, Perceived Benefits, and Impact on Current Job Positions of African American Accountants
Authors: Lim Lucy , Clarke Allyson , Ross Frank , Wells Jean
Published: March 2023

This paper examines the role of mentoring among African American accountants to contribute to our knowledge in using mentoring as a potential tool to increase diversity in the accounting profession. First, we test whether African American women have lower number of beneficial mentors than African American men to see whether they both have enough access to beneficial mentors. We then compare the supports received and the perceived benefits from mentoring between African American women and men. We test the impact of type of mentoring (formal, informal, or both) on current job positions to see which type of mentoring is more beneficial. We also test the impact of the quantity of beneficial mentors on current job positions to see whether quantity matters. In general, we find that African American women are less likely to have beneficial mentors than African American men. However, our results suggest that African American women perceived similar or better supports and perceived similar benefits from their mentors. Lastly, we find that having informal mentors and having a greater number of beneficial mentors have positive impact in the current job positions.
Climbing the Ladder, Holding the Ladder: The Mentoring Experiences of Higher Education Female Leaders
Authors: Searby Linda , Ballenger Julia , Tripses Jenny
Published: March 2023

Female administrators in comprehensive research universities were surveyed to gain their perceptions on their mentoring experiences. The females affirmed they had informal mentors in roles of sponsor, counselor, coach, and teacher, and they are also mentoring others. The findings both confirmed and contradicted former studies on females in higher education.
Beyond Mentoring: Toward an Invitational Academe
Authors: Hackney Catherine Eggleston , Bock Marianne
Published: March 2023

When Title VII of the civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, it was applauded as a definitive step incontrolling sexual discrimination. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 provided furtherprotection for employees and students in educational institutions. These forms of legislation weremilestones in the growing movement for women's rights in education and the workplace (Random,Strasburg, & Lipman-Blumen, 1982). Progress was being made. Women were entering fields thathistorically had been closed to them. Women also were enjoying greater choice in determining thedirections their professional lives would take.