bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ciphertext‐policy attribute‐based encryption with partially hidden access structure and its application to privacy‐preserving electronic medical record system in cloud environment
Authors: Liu Lixian , Lai Junzuo , Deng Robert H. , Li Yingjiu
Published: November 2016

With the development of cloud computing, more and more sensitive data are uploaded to cloud by companies or individuals, which brings forth new challenges for outsourced data security and privacy. Ciphertext‐policy attribute‐based encryption (CP‐ABE) provides fine‐grained access control of encrypted data in the cloud; in a CP‐ABE scheme, an access structure, also referred to as ciphertext‐policy, is sent along with a ciphertext explicitly, and anyone who obtains a ciphertext can know the access structure associated with the ciphertext. In certain applications, access structures contain very sensitive information and must be protected from everyone except the users whose private key attributes satisfy the access structures.

In this paper, we propose a new model for CP‐ABE with partially hidden access structure (See Figure 2). In our model, each attribute consists of two parts: an attribute name and its value; if the private key attributes of a user do not satisfy the access structure associated with a ciphertext, the specific attribute values of the access structure are hidden, while other information about the access structure is public. Based on the CP‐ABE scheme proposed by Lewko and Waters recently, we then present a concrete construction of CP‐ABE with partially hidden access structure and prove that it is fully secure in the standard model. In addition, we discuss how our new model can be employed to construct a privacy‐preserving electronic medical record system in the cloud environment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual cooperative RFID‐telecare medicine information system authentication protocol for healthcare environments
Authors: Benssalah Mustapha , Djeddou Mustapha , Drouiche Karim
Published: November 2016

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology is used in a wide variety of applications, more recently as a leading identification technology in healthcare environments. In the most recent years, this technology has been adopted for telecare medicine information system (TMIS) for authentication, safety, security, data confidentiality, and patient's privacy protection over public networks. TMIS is the bridge between patients at home and doctors at healthcare organizations that permits to validate the correctness of exchanged information between different actors of the system. Recently, several RFID and smart cards authentication schemes have been presented and suggested for the TMIS in the literature. These schemes try to resolve the security and privacy problems over insecure healthcare network environments by exploiting different cryptographic primitive's solutions. In this paper, we first highlighted the vulnerabilities of the most recent proposed protocol for TMIS in the literature and proposed attacks based on the weaknesses related to the misuse of the timestamp technique, the calculation of the reader request and tag response messages using the one‐way hash function, which are not attentively scrutinized. Second, we propose an efficient dual RFID‐TMIS mobile authentication protocol with high efficiency and security for healthcare systems. Our proposal is an improvement and extension of the protocol of Li et al., where we propose to associate the RFID technology with TMIS in the same authentication system to take advantages of both these two promising technologies. The performance analysis shows that our improved protocol could solve security weaknesses of the studied protocol and provide mobility, efficiency and is well suited for TMIS adoption in remote areas and low population density. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a VANET privacy and non‐repudiation accident reporting system
Authors: Chen Chin‐Ling , Cheng Kai‐Wen
Published: November 2016

As network technology has rapidly developed over recent years, more research into vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) has come to highlight security and privacy issues within these networks. In discussions on security issues, the attempt by VANETs to ensure driver privacy makes non‐repudiation extremely difficult; many studies on security have failed to discuss this important issue. Vehicle drivers' privacy is weighed against sender non‐repudiation; these two factors are generally regarded as being in opposition. Because accident reporting systems will aim to retain complete privacy, they may be unable to guarantee non‐repudiation. This study therefore uses mutual authentication, digital signatures, and authorization certificates to develop an accident reporting system for VANETs which is not only able to retain driver privacy but also to track dangerous behavior on the part of drivers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scleraxis-Lineage Cells Contribute to Ectopic Bone Formation in Muscle and Tendon
Authors: Agarwal Shailesh , Loder Shawn J. , Cholok David , Peterson Joshua , Li John , Breuler Christopher , Cameron Brownley R. , Hsin Sung Hsiao , Chung Michael T. , Kamiya Nobuhiro , Li Shuli , Zhao Bin , Kaartinen Vesa , Davis Thomas A. , Qureshi Ammar T. , Schipani Ernestina , Mishina Yuji , Levi Benjamin
Published: November 2016

The pathologic development of heterotopic ossification (HO) is well described in patients with extensive trauma or with hyperactivating mutations of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor ACVR1. However, identification of progenitor cells contributing to this process remains elusive. Here we show that connective tissue cells contribute to a substantial amount of HO anlagen caused by trauma using postnatal, tamoxifen-inducible, scleraxis-lineage restricted reporter mice (Scx-creERT2/tdTomatofl/fl). When the scleraxis-lineage is restricted specifically to adults prior to injury marked cells contribute to each stage of the developing HO anlagen and coexpress markers of endochondral ossification (Osterix, SOX9). Furthermore, these adult preinjury restricted cells coexpressed mesenchymal stem cell markers including PDGFRα, Sca1, and S100A4 in HO. When constitutively active ACVR1 (caACVR1) was expressed in scx-cre cells in the absence of injury (Scx-cre/caACVR1fl/fl), tendons and joints formed HO. Postnatal lineage-restricted, tamoxifen-inducible caACVR1 expression (Scx-creERT2/caACVR1fl/fl) was sufficient to form HO after directed cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury. These findings suggest that cells expressing scleraxis within muscle or tendon contribute to HO in the setting of both trauma or hyperactive BMP receptor (e.g., caACVR1) activity.
Histochemical localization of zinc in the retina cells of gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata) fed different presentations of zinc
Authors: Castro Pedro Luis , Dominguez David , José Caballero María , Izquierdo Marisol
Published: November 2016

To describe the distribution of zinc in the retina of a representative marine fish species and to determine whether the intracellular deposition amount correlates with the presentation of the zinc included in the practical diets (organic, inorganic, encapsulated, fish meal, and Control diet), we examined the precise localization of endogenous zinc in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) retina by autometallography. As observed by light microscopy, reaction products were widely distributed throughout the retina, including the outer segments of photoreceptors, except in the nuclear layers. Differing from other species previously studied, zinc depositions were not different between the outer and inner retina, and the retinal ganglion cell layer showed reaction products with a characteristic disposition surrounding the neuronal soma. An additional finding in this species was the rich disposition around photoreceptors, so abundant that it outlines the shape of the rods and cones. With regards to the diet, the zinc organic formulation was able to produce a higher amount of precipitates, followed by fish meal and encapsulated zinc diets. The inorganic and the Control diet produced a basal zinc deposition in the same layers above mentioned although less evident and similar to that determined in other species fed with non‐supplemented diets.
Observing UK Bonfire Night pollution from space: analysis of atmospheric aerosol
Authors: Pope R. J. , Marshall A. M. , O'Kane B. O.
Published: November 2016

UK Bonfire Night (BFN) is an annual event on 5 November which celebrates the failed ‘gunpowder plot’ of Guy Fawkes, who intended to blow up the Houses of Parliament. This event is celebrated with firework and bonfire displays, which reduce visibility and increase air pollutant concentrations. A two‐ to four‐fold increase in particulate matter concentrations was seen at some surface monitoring sites. Satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth found increases of 10–90% between days before and after BFN.
Endobronchial Naso‐bronchial Lavage: An Alternative Interventional Treatment for Post‐lobectomy Bronchopleural Fistula
Authors: Ning Ye , Huang Hai , Xue Lei , Zhao Xuewei
Published: November 2016

Background and study aims

Post‐lobectomy bronchopleural fistula is a rare complication of lung resection surgery, and proper management is crucial for the successful resolution. Most published papers deal with surgical treatment. We report our experience with a new interventional management, endobronchial naso‐bronchial lavage (ENBL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the continuing efficacy and safety of this innovative procedure.

Patients and methods

From 2002 to 2012, 17 patients who suffered from post‐lobectomy bronchopleural fistula were recruited. An ENBL tube was inserted form nostril through the trachea, bronchus and the fistula into the pleural cavity with bronchoscope. Lavage of the pleural cavity was proceeded form the ENBL tube and drained form thoracostomy drainage tube. All patients were followed up for at least 6 months.

Result

All patients received total recovery from the post‐lobectomy bronchopleural fistula. The ENBL procedure could be finished in 10–15 min. No blooding without control, pneumonia or damage of trachea associated with this procedure occurred. With an at least 6 months’ follow‐up of the patients, no further intervention was performed.

Conclusions

It suggested that the ENBL may be an alternative interventional treatment for bronchopleural fistula treating other than surgical procedure.
Engineering deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase as a catalyst for the bioconversion of penicillins
Authors: Fan Keqiang , Lin Baixue , Tao Yong , Yang Keqian
Published: November 2016

7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) is a key intermediate of many clinically useful semisynthetic cephalosporins that were traditionally prepared by processes involving chemical ring expansion of penicillin G. Bioconversion of penicillins to cephalosporins using deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS) is an alternative and environmentally friendly process for 7-ADCA production. Arnold Demain and co-workers pioneered such a process. Later, protein engineering efforts to improve the substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency of DAOCS for penicillins have been made by many groups, and a whole cell process using Escherichia coli for bioconversion of penicillins has been developed.
Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production
Authors: Li Zheng-Jun , Qiao Kangjian , Liu Nian , Stephanopoulos Gregory
Published: November 2016

Strains of Yarrowia lipolytica were engineered to express the poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthetic pathway. The genes for β-ketothiolase, NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, and PHB synthase were cloned and inserted into the chromosome of Y. lipolytica. In shake flasks, the engineered strain accumulated PHB to 1.50 and 3.84% of cell dry weight in complex medium supplemented with glucose and acetate as carbon source, respectively. In fed-batch fermentation using acetate as sole carbon source, 7.35 g/l PHB (10.2% of cell dry weight) was produced. Selection of Y. lipolytica as host for PHB synthesis was motivated by the fact that this organism is a good lipids producer, which suggests robust acetyl-CoA supply also the precursor of the PHB pathway. Acetic acid could be supplied by gas fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and other low-cost supply route.
The unstable knee in congenital limb deficiency
Authors: Mindler Gabriel T. , Radler Christof , Ganger Rudolf
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Instability of the knee is a common finding in patients with congenital limb deficiency. The instability can be attributed to soft tissue abnormalities, frontal, sagittal or rotational deformity of the lower limb and bony dysplasia of the patella or of the femoral condyles. In most of the cases, these pathomorphologic changes stay asymptomatic in daily activity. However, instability can appear during deformity correction and bone-lengthening procedures, leading to flexion contracture or subluxation of the knee.

Methods

A review of pediatric orthopaedic literature on different factors of knee instability, state-of-the-art treatment options in congenital limb deficiency and in cases of lengthening-related knee subluxation is presented and the authors’ preferred treatment methods are described.

Results

Leg lengthening and deformity correction in patients with congenital limb deficiencies can be achieved with various techniques, such as guided growth, monolateral or circular external fixation and intramedullary lengthening nails. Radiographic assessment and clinical examination of the knee stability are obligatory to estimate the grade of instability prior to surgical procedures. Preparatory surgery, as well as preventive measures such as bracing, bridging of the knee and intensive physical therapy, can help to avoid subluxation during lengthening in unstable knees.

Conclusions

Adequate surgical techniques, preventive measures and early detection of signs of subluxation can lead to good functional results in patients with congenital limb deficiency.
La sépulture au début du Néolithique (VIemillénaire et première moitié du Vemillénaire cal BC) en France méridionale et en Italie : de l'idée d'une « simple » fosse à une typologie architecturale
Authors: Zemour A. , Binder D. , Coppa A. , Duday H.
Published: November 2016

Les pratiques funéraires au début du Néolithique en Méditerranée nord-occidentale ont longtemps été considérées comme une question réglée. Elles seraient caractérisées par une grande homogénéité et une norme funéraire : le défunt serait systématiquement inhumé en dépôt primaire individuel, dans une « simple » fosse, en position fléchie sur le côté, sans ou avec peu de mobilier d'accompagnement. Une analyse archéothanatologique mise en œuvre sur la quasi-totalité des collections ostéologiques et de la documentation de terrain disponibles en France méridionale et en Italie a révélé au contraire une multiplicité de gestes funéraires. Le choix a été ici de se focaliser sur les sépultures ayant accueilli un dépôt primaire individuel, car elles sont considérées classiquement comme étant la norme, en abordant plus spécifiquement la question de leur aménagement. L'objectif est de présenter les résultats d'une série d'analyses taphonomiques, dont la majorité des sépultures n'avaient jamais bénéficié, qui transforment et complexifient l'image que l'on se faisait de la sépulture, dont l'aménagement ne se réduit finalement pas à une « simple » fosse. La restitution de 48 dispositifs individuels a en effet démontré qu'il existait cinq types de sépulture. Cette typologie architecturale inédite donne accès à un système funéraire définitivement plus riche et plus complexe qu'on ne le pensait et offre potentiellement un moyen supplémentaire pour décrypter le polymorphisme du courant à céramique imprimée.
Local initiatives to access emergency obstetric and neonatal care in Burkina Faso
Authors: Yaméogo Wambi M.E. , Ouédraogo Talatou M. , Kouanda Seni
Published: November 2016

Objective

To describe the various local initiatives to access emergency obstetric and neonatal care in Burkina Faso.

Methods

An existing framework was used to review the three processes for local initiatives: emergence, formulation, and implementation. Multiple case studies were conducted, followed by literature review and semi‐structured interviews with key informants.

Results

Sixteen districts had implemented local initiatives, including cost sharing, free care for women and children, and free care for delivery and cesareans. Most districts (n = 10) had implemented the cost‐sharing intervention. These initiatives were initiated by local actors as well as nongovernmental organizations. The profile of those involved led to different ways of handling the emergence and formulation processes. At implementation, these initiatives faced many issues including late payment of contributions, low involvement of local governments, and equity in participation.

Conclusion

There are some issues in the implementation and sustainability of the local initiatives. Although many initiatives exist, these are unable to fully address the financial barriers to care. However, these initiatives highlight context‐based financial barriers that must be taken into account to accelerate universal access to health care.
Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Koo Joseph
Published: November 2016

This book is focused primarily on polymer nanocomposites, based on the author's research experience as well as open literature. The environmental health and safety aspects of nanomaterials and polymer nanocomposites, risk assessment and safety standards, and fire toxicity of polymer nanocomposites, are studied. In the final chapter, a brief overview of opportunities, trends, and challenges of polymer nanocomposites are included. Throughout the book, the theme is developed that polymer nanocomposites are a whole family of polymeric materials whose properties are capable of being tailored to meet specific applications. This volume serves as a general introduction to students and researchers just entering the field and to scholars from other subfields seeking information.
Life after Ruin
Authors: Leshem Noam
Published: November 2016

Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the landscape of Israel-Palestine was radically transformed. Breaking from conventional focus on explicit sites of violence and devastation, Noam Leshem turns critical attention to 'ordinary' spaces and places where the intricate and often intimate engagements between Jews and myriad Arab spaces takes place to this day. Leshem builds on interdisciplinary studies of space, memory, architecture and history and exposes a rich archive of ideology, culture, political projects of state-building and identity formation. The result is a fresh look at the conflicted history of Israel-Palestine: a spatial history in which the Arab past isn't in fact separate, but inextricably linked to the Israeli present.
Shift–tail equivalence and an unbounded representative of the Cuntz–Pimsner extension
Authors: GOFFENG MAGNUS , MESLAND BRAM , RENNIE ADAM
Published: November 2016

We show how the fine structure in shift–tail equivalence, appearing in the non-commutative geometry of Cuntz–Krieger algebras developed by the first two listed authors, has an analogue in a wide range of other Cuntz–Pimsner algebras. To illustrate this structure, and where it appears, we produce an unbounded representative of the defining extension of the Cuntz–Pimsner algebra constructed from a finitely generated projective bi-Hilbertian module, extending work by the third listed author with Robertson and Sims. As an application, our construction yields new spectral triples for Cuntz and Cuntz–Krieger algebras and for Cuntz–Pimsner algebras associated to vector bundles twisted by an equicontinuous$\ast$-automorphism.
The intersections of self-similar and self-affine sets with their perturbations under the weak separation condition
Authors: DENG QI-RONG , WANG XIANG-YANG
Published: November 2016

For a self-similar or self-affine iterated function system (IFS), let$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$be the self-similar or self-affine measure and$K$be the self-similar or self-affine set. Assume that the IFS satisfies the weak separation condition and$K$is totally disconnected; then, by using the technique of neighborhood decomposition, we prove that there is a neighborhood$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$of the identity map Id such that$\sup \{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(g(K)\cap K):g\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}\setminus \{\text{Id}\}\}<1$.
On density of ergodic measures and generic points
Authors: GELFERT KATRIN , KWIETNIAK DOMINIK
Published: November 2016

We introduce two properties of dynamical systems on Polish metric spaces: closeability and linkability. We show that they imply density of ergodic measures in the space of invariant probability measures and the existence of a generic point for every invariant measure. In the compact case, it follows from our conditions that the set of invariant measures is either a singleton of a measure concentrated on a periodic orbit or the Poulsen simplex. We provide examples showing that closability and linkability are independent properties. Our theory applies to systems with the periodic specification property, irreducible Markov chains over a countable alphabet, certain coded systems including $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$-shifts and $S$-gap shifts, $C^{1}$-generic diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold $M$ and certain geodesic flows of a complete connected negatively curved manifold.
Continuous orbit equivalence rigidity
Authors: LI XIN
Published: November 2016

We take the first steps towards a better understanding of continuous orbit equivalence, i.e., topological orbit equivalence with continuous cocycles. First, we characterize continuous orbit equivalence in terms of isomorphisms of$C^{\ast }$-crossed products preserving Cartan subalgebras. This is the topological analogue of the classical result by Singer and Feldman-Moore in the measurable setting. Second, we turn to continuous orbit equivalence rigidity, i.e., the question whether for certain classes of topological dynamical systems, continuous orbit equivalence implies conjugacy. We show that this is not always the case by constructing topological dynamical systems (actions of free abelian groups and also non-abelian free groups) that are continuously orbit equivalent but not conjugate. Furthermore, we prove positive rigidity results. For instance, for solvable duality groups, general topological Bernoulli actions and certain subshifts of full shifts over finite alphabets are rigid.
Doing Theology in the Public Sphere
Authors: Ferrone Rita
Published: November 2016

There is nothing more wonderful, or more satisfying, than writing about God and the things of God, and sharing that writing in a public space. Public theological writing—whether it be for a journal of opinion, a catechetical resource, or a blog—responds to the gospel call to “proclaim on the housetops” what you hear whispered (Matt 10:27), and in its own way participates in the Christian calling to “set on a lampstand” that light that gives glory to God (Matt 5:15). There can also be great satisfaction in shaping religious publications and designing and speaking at live events during which people interact around theological subjects. All this is very good.
Food composition tables in resource-poor settings: exploring current limitations and opportunities, with a focus on animal-source foods in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: de Bruyn Julia , Ferguson Elaine , Allman-Farinelli Margaret , Darnton-Hill Ian , Maulaga Wende , Msuya John , Alders Robyn
Published: November 2016

Animal-source foods (ASF) have the potential to enhance the nutritional adequacy of cereal-based diets in low- and middle-income countries, through the provision of high-quality protein and bioavailable micronutrients. The development of guidelines for including ASF in local diets requires an understanding of the nutrient content of available resources. This article reviews food composition tables (FCT) used in sub-Saharan Africa, examining the spectrum of ASF reported and exploring data sources for each reference. Compositional data are shown to be derived from a small number of existing data sets from analyses conducted largely in high-income nations, often many decades previously. There are limitations in using such values, which represent the products of intensively raised animals of commercial breeds, as a reference in resource-poor settings where indigenous breed livestock are commonly reared in low-input production systems, on mineral-deficient soils and not receiving nutritionally balanced feed. The FCT examined also revealed a lack of data on the full spectrum of ASF, including offal and wild foods, which correspond to local food preferences and represent valuable dietary resources in food-deficient settings. Using poultry products as an example, comparisons are made between compositional data from three high-income nations, and potential implications of differences in the published values for micronutrients of public health significance, including Fe, folate and vitamin A, are discussed. It is important that those working on nutritional interventions and on developing dietary recommendations for resource-poor settings understand the limitations of current food composition data and that opportunities to improve existing resources are more actively explored and supported.
Exploring the effect of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation on voice
Authors: Gorham-Rowan M , Morris R
Published: November 2016

Objective:

This study was conducted to explore the potential use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation as an adjunctive treatment for muscle tension dysphonia.

Methods:

Voice data and ratings of fatigue and soreness were obtained for two experiments. Experiment one examined the vocal effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation applied to the neck for 15 minutes. Experiment two examined the recovery effect of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation following a vocal loading task among normophonic women.

Results:

No significant differences in vocal function following 15 minutes of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation were found. Six of 11 participants receiving laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation exhibited improved recovery following the vocal loading task.

Conclusion:

A short session of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation may be beneficial in reducing muscle fatigue for some individuals. Further investigation is warranted to determine the applicability of laryngeal neuromuscular electrical stimulation in voice therapy.
Strengths and vulnerabilities of Australian networks for conservation of threatened birds
Authors: Holmes Tim Q. , Head Brian W. , Possingham Hugh P. , Garnett Stephen T.
Published: November 2016

We analysed the supportive social networks associated with the conservation of six threatened Australian bird taxa, in one of the first network analyses of threatened species conservation programmes. Each example showed contrasting vulnerabilities. The Alligator Rivers yellow chatEpthianura crocea tunneyihad the smallest social network and no real action was supported. For the Capricorn yellow chatEpthianura crocea macgregorithe network was centred on one knowledgeable and committed actor. The orange-bellied parrotNeophema chrysogasterhad a strongly connected recovery team but gaps in the overall network could limit communication. The recovery teams for the swift parrotLathamus discolorand Baudin's black-cockatooCalyptorhynchus baudiniihad strong links among most stakeholders but had weak ties to the timber industry and orchardists, respectively, limiting their capacity to manage threatening processes. Carnaby's black cockatooCalyptorhynchus latirostrisseemed to have the most effective social network of any of the taxa studied but may be vulnerable to skill shortages. In each case the network analysis pointed to gaps that could be filled to enhance the conservation effort, and highlighted the importance of recovery teams. The research suggests that formal network analysis could assist in the design of more effective support mechanisms for the conservation of threatened species.
Ectoparasites of small-mammals: determinants of community structure in South American savannah
Authors: SPONCHIADO J. , MELO G. L. , MARTINS T. F. , KRAWCZAK F. S. , JACINAVICIUS F. C. , LABRUNA M. B. , BARROS-BATTESTI D. M. , CÁCERES N. C.
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to assess the contribution of hosts characteristics (rodents and marsupials) in the organization of ectoparasite communities present in woodland patches in western central Brazil. We verified the effect of host species, sex, body mass and vertical strata in addition to the role of seasonality on the ectoparasite composition, richness and abundance. The total sampling effort was 22 032 trap-nights equally distributed in 54 woodland patches. Variance partition and principal coordinate analysis were used to verify the existence of significant relationships between response variables and predictors. As expected, host species was the most important variable in ectoparasite community assembly. The composition, richness and abundance of mites and lice were highly influenced by host species, although higher for mites than for lice. Host body mass had a determining role on the richness and abundance of tick species. Vertical stratification and seasonality had weak influence, while the sex of the host had no influence on the organization of these communities. The results are closely related to the evolutionary characteristics of the species involved, as well as with local environmental characteristics of the study area.
Smelling the future: subtle life-history adjustments in response to environmental conditions and perceived transmission opportunities in a trematode
Authors: LAGRUE C. , RINNEVALLI R. , POULIN R.
Published: November 2016

A number of parasites with complex life cycles can abbreviate their life cycles to increase the likelihood of reproducing. For example, some trematodes can facultatively skip the definitive host and produce viable eggs while still inside their intermediate host. The resulting shorter life cycle is clearly advantageous when transmission probabilities to the definitive hosts are low. Coitocaecum parvum can mature precociously (progenesis), and produce eggs by selfing inside its amphipod second intermediate host. Environmental factors such as definitive host density and water temperature influence the life-history strategy adopted by C. parvum in their crustacean host. However, it is also possible that information about transmission opportunities gathered earlier in the life cycle (i.e. by cercariae-producing sporocysts in the first intermediate host) could have priming effects on the adoption of one or the other life strategy. Here we document the effects of environmental parameters (host chemical cues and temperature) on cercarial production within snail hosts and parasite life-history strategy in the amphipod host. We found that environmental cues perceived early in life have limited priming effects on life-history strategies later in life and probably account for only a small part of the variation among conspecific parasites. External cues gathered at the metacercarial stage seem to largely override potential effects of the environmental conditions experienced by early stages of the parasite.
Diversity and distribution of avian haemosporidians in sub-Saharan Africa: an inter-regional biogeographic overview
Authors: OUTLAW DIANA C. , HARVEY JOHANNA A. , DROVETSKI SERGEI V. , VOELKER GARY
Published: November 2016

The diversity of avian malaria parasites is much greater than 20th century morphologists realized and virtually every study in this field in the last 15 years has uncovered previously undocumented diversity at multiple levels within the taxonomic hierarchy. Despite this explosion of knowledge, there remain vast sampling gaps, both geographically and host-taxonomically, which makes characterizing patterns of diversity extremely challenging. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of sub-Saharan African avian malaria parasite diversity, focusing on avian hosts endemic to Africa. The relative proportions of the parasite genera included here,Plasmodium, Haemoproteus(includingParahaemoproteus) andLeucocytozoon, varied between regions, in part due to habitat preferences of the insect vectors of these genera, and in part we believe due to sampling bias. Biogeographic regions of sub-Saharan Africa harbour about the same proportion of endemic to shared parasite lineages, but there appears to be no phylogenetic structuring across regions. Our results highlight the sampling problem that must be addressed if we are to have a detailed understanding of parasite diversity in Africa. Without broad sampling within and across regions and hosts, using both molecular tools and microscopy, conclusions about parasite diversity, host–parasite interactions or even transmission dynamics remain extremely limited.
A novel resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signature of resilience to recurrent depression
Authors: Workman C. I. , Lythe K. E. , McKie S. , Moll J. , Gethin J. A. , Deakin J. F. W. , Elliott R. , Zahn R.
Published: November 2016

Background

A high proportion of patients with remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) will experience recurring episodes, whilst some develop resilience and remain in recovery. The neural basis of resilience to recurrence is elusive. Abnormal resting-state connectivity of the subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC) was previously found in cross-sectional studies of MDD, suggesting its potential pathophysiological importance. The current study aimed to investigate whether resting-state connectivity to a left sgACC seed region distinguishes resilient patients from those developing recurring episodes.

Method

A total of 47 medication-free remitted MDD patients and 38 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline. Over 14 months, 30 patients remained resilient whilst 17 experienced a recurring episode.

Results

Attenuated interhemispheric left-to-right sgACC connectivity distinguished the resilient from the recurring-episode and control groups and was not correlated with residual depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

The current study revealed a neural signature of resilience to recurrence in MDD and thereby elucidates the role of compensatory adaptation in sgACC networks.
Precedents and prospects for incorporating natural law in Protestant ethics
Authors: Arner Neil
Published: November 2016

I offer three reasons for revising what was, until recently, a fairly widespread assumption about a limitation on Protestant ethical theory. First, I identify a broad and diverse array of contemporary Protestants who are rehabilitating natural law theories or facets thereof. Second, I consider and attempt to rebut two principal objections to the theological coherence of a distinctively Protestant theory of the natural law. With special reference to the theology of John Calvin, I argue that a Protestant account of the natural law need not deny that either (1) sin has dramatically hindered the cognitive faculties of humans or (2) God is somehow subjected to the natural law. Third, I illustrate the ecumenical implications that may result from Protestants’ explicit affirmation of the natural law. I conclude that the Protestant tradition affords both historical examples and conceptual space to accommodate some form of natural law theory.
Panoramic Lutheranism and apocalyptic ambivalence: an appreciative critique of N. T. Wright'sPaul and the Faithfulness of God
Authors: Campbell Douglas A.
Published: November 2016

The basic agenda and resulting architecture of N. T. Wright's reconstruction of Paul's theology inPaul and the Faithfulness of Godare a dramatic and brilliant break with most previous analyses and an important step forward. But closer analysis suggests that his project also contains some serious problems. First, it is not well executed: there are basic problems of method and exegesis with Wright's manner of reading Paul's texts. Second, Lutheranism and various modern dichotomies have not been purged sufficiently thoroughly from Wright's reconstruction of Paul's thought, resulting in tensions of truly tectonic proportions. One is left with the impression of a magnificent venture foundering in its haste – haste perhaps extending back to the venture's original design, when certain contradictory tendencies needed to be confronted and solved, but were not.
Social identification is generally a prerequisite for group success and does not preclude intragroup differentiation
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Ellemers Naomi
Published: November 2016

On the basis of research in the social identity tradition, we contend (a) that identification and differentiation are not mutually exclusive, (b) that a sequence in which identification gives way to differentiation is not necessarily associated with superior organizational outcomes, and (c) that social identification, and leadership that builds this, is generally a prerequisite for group success.
Group behavior in the military may provide a unique case
Authors: McDermott Rose
Published: November 2016

The optimal functioning of male coalitionary behavior in a military context may run contrary to some of the arguments about the importance of individual differentiation in Baumeister et al. Incentives become institutionally inverted within military contexts. Because the history of combat exerted powerful and sustained selection pressures on male groups, individual identification can work against the successful completion of collective action problems surrounding in-group defense in military contexts.
‘I just want to get on with my life’: a mixed-methods study of active management of quality of life in living with dementia
Authors: CLARKE CHARLOTTE L. , KEYES SARAH E. , WILKINSON HEATHER , ALEXJUK E. JOANNA , WILCOCKSON JANE , ROBINSON LOUISE , REYNOLDS JOANNA , MCCLELLAND SIOBHAN , HODGSON PHILLIP , CORNER LYNN , CATTAN MIMA
Published: November 2016

The active management of the experience of living with dementia appears to improve quality of life despite the lack of disease modification. However, research to date has been largely of modest scale and explanatory factors for improvements have been under-conceptualised. Thus, although promulgated through national strategies, the evidence base is relatively weak. This paper reports on a nation-wide study of the influence of the National Dementia Strategy for England in relation to Dementia Adviser and Peer Support Network services in 40 demonstration sites. The research aimed to identify ways in which the services contribute to the wellbeing and resilience of people with dementia and care partners. A mixed-methods research design collected data through: activity and outcome monitoring; organisational surveys; in-depth case studies, including qualitative interviews with people with dementia (N = 47) and care partners (N = 54), wellbeing and quality of life measures, and interviews with staff and other stakeholders (N = 82). Three themes are explored: addressing individual and community needs; promoting independence, control and choice; and getting a life back. Services promoted independence, control and choice, and consequently enabled people to re-narrate their lives as purposeful within their communities. Ways in which these are achieved resemble the public health model of lay health advisor and this research adds to the imperative to approach dementia as a key public health concern.
Connecting orbits for a class of singular time-periodic second-order Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Tehrani Hossein
Published: November 2016

We show the existence of connecting orbits for a class of singular second-order Hamiltonian systems

where, as opposed to most of the existing literature, we assume that the potential V has not one but any finite number of maxima of equal value. We use variational methods under the assumption that V (t, u) satisfies the so-called ‘strong-force’ condition at the singularity.
Homogenization and norm-resolvent convergence for elliptic operators in a strip perforated along a curve
Authors: Borisov Denis , Cardone Giuseppe , Durante Tiziana
Published: November 2016

We consider an infinite planar straight strip perforated by small holes along a curve. In such a domain, we consider a general second-order elliptic operator subject to classical boundary conditions on the holes. Assuming that the perforation is non-periodic and satisfies rather weak assumptions, we describe all possible homogenized problems. Our main result is the norm-resolvent convergence of the perturbed operator to a homogenized one in various operator norms and the estimates for the rate of convergence. On the basis of the norm-resolvent convergence, we prove the convergence of the spectrum.
The impact of femoral arterial thrombosis in paediatric cardiac catheterisation: a national study
Authors: Kim Jina , Sun Zhifei , Benrashid Ehsan , Southerland Kevin W. , Lawson Jeffrey H. , Fleming Gregory A. , Hill Kevin D. , Tracy Elisabeth T.
Published: November 2016

Background

Previous studies have identified risk factors for femoral arterial thrombosis after paediatric cardiac catheterisation, but none of them have evaluated the clinical and economic significance of this complication at the population level. Therefore, we examined the national prevalence and economic impact of femoral arterial thrombosis after cardiac catheterisation in children.

Methods

Patients⩽18 years of age who underwent cardiac catheterisation were identified in the 2003–2009 Kids’ Inpatient Database. Patients were stratified by age as follows: <1 year of age or 1–18 years of age. The primary outcome was arterial thrombosis of the lower extremity during the same hospitalisation as cardiac catheterisation. Propensity score matching was used to determine the impact of femoral arterial thrombosis on hospital length of stay, cost, and mortality.

Results

Among the 11,497 paediatric cardiac catheterisations identified, 4558 catheterisations (39.6%) were performed in children <1 year of age. This age group experienced a higher prevalence of reported femoral arterial thrombosis, compared with children aged 1–18 years (1.3 versus 0.3%, p<0.001). After matching, femoral arterial thrombosis in children <1 year of age was associated with similar mortality (5.4 versus 1.8%, p=0.28), length of stay (8 versus 5 days, p=0.11), and total hospital cost ($27,135 versus $28,311, p=0.61), compared with absence of thrombosis.

Conclusions

Femoral arterial thrombosis is especially prevalent in children <1 year of age undergoing cardiac catheterisation. Clinicians should be vigilant in monitoring femoral arterial patency in neonates and infants after cardiac catheterisation.
The neurodevelopmental implications of hypoplastic left heart syndrome in the fetus
Authors: Lloyd David F. A. , Rutherford Mary A. , Simpson John M. , Razavi Reza
Published: November 2016

As survival after cardiac surgery continues to improve, an increasing number of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are reaching school age and beyond, with growing recognition of the wide range of neurodevelopmental challenges many survivors face. Improvements in fetal detection rates, coupled with advances in fetal ultrasound and MRI imaging, are contributing to a growing body of evidence that abnormal brain architecture is in fact present before birth in hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients, rather than being solely attributable to postnatal factors. We present an overview of the contemporary data on neurodevelopmental outcomes in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, focussing on imaging techniques that are providing greater insight into the nature of disruptions to the fetal circulation, alterations in cerebral blood flow and substrate delivery, disordered brain development, and an increased potential for neurological injury. These susceptibilities are present before any intervention, and are almost certainly substantial contributors to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in later childhood. The task now is to determine which subgroups of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are at particular risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes and how that risk might be modified. This will allow for more comprehensive counselling for carers, better-informed decision making before birth, and earlier, more tailored provision of neuroprotective strategies and developmental support in the postnatal period.
More Accurate Formulas for Determination of Absolute Atom Concentration Using Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Hadji Noureddine
Published: November 2016

When the value of the dispersion coefficient is “greatly different from 0.5,” as is the case for “free-electron” materials such as sodium (Na), the approximate expression for the volume plasmon critical wave vector (PCV) used by Hadji stops being valid and a different, more precise, expression must be used. Here a more accurate PCV formula is used to get a more accurate expression for plasmon scattering cross-section per atom (PSCA) species. This PSCA is then employed to calculate some physical quantities for several “free-electron” materials and together with the techniques from the quoted paper to determine values for physical quantities from amorphous silicon (a-Si) experimental data. The program source used to obtain these values is supplied. Any valid formula for the PSCA species is, in fact, relevant for use together with the two quoted techniques. The PCV and the dispersion coefficient have upper limits. Negative dispersion coefficient values are allowed. A PCV-related dimensionless universal function that can represent all ideal “free-electron” materials is given. “Not greatly different from 0.5” is mathematically expressed.
ON A NEW CIRCLE PROBLEM
Authors: FURUYA JUN , MINAMIDE MAKOTO , TANIGAWA YOSHIO
Published: November 2016

We attempt to discuss a new circle problem. Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}(s)$ denote the Riemann zeta-function $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }n^{-s}$ ($\text{Re}\,s>1$) and $L(s,\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{4})$ the Dirichlet $L$-function $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{4}(n)n^{-s}$ ($\text{Re}\,s>1$) with the primitive Dirichlet character mod 4. We shall define an arithmetical function $R_{(1,1)}(n)$ by the coefficient of the Dirichlet series $\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}^{\prime }(s)L^{\prime }(s,\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{4})=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }R_{(1,1)}(n)n^{-s}$$(\text{Re}\,s>1)$. This is an analogue of $r(n)/4=\sum _{d|n}\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{4}(d)$. In the circle problem, there are many researches of estimations and related topics on the error term in the asymptotic formula for $\sum _{n\leq x}r(n)$. As a new problem, we deduce a ‘truncated Voronoï formula’ for the error term in the asymptotic formula for $\sum _{n\leq x}R_{(1,1)}(n)$. As a direct application, we show the mean square for the error term in our new problem.
Political Socialization and Change in Political Trust among Mainland Chinese Students Studying in Taiwan
Authors: WANG CHIA-CHOU
Published: November 2016

The changing trust that Chinese students who study in Taiwan exhibit toward the Chinese government is a critical, but rarely explored topic, which is crucial for maintaining the sovereignty of Taiwan. I conducted a panel study and adopted a political socialization approach, proposing and verifying five hypotheses based on the theories of cognitive dissonance, assimilation, social contact, and social identity. The results indicate that compared with the average score for political trust that Chinese students exhibit at the time of arrival in Taiwan, the scores obtained four months later significantly declined by 0.09. Specifically, 50% of students exhibited a decreased level of political trust, whereas 33% exhibited an increased level of trust. The regression model developed in this study explains 23.6% of the variance in the changes in the political trust of Chinese students studying in Taiwan. In addition, five hypotheses were empirically supported.