bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idosos com úlceras venosas atendidos nos níveis primário e terciário em Natal/RN: caracterização sociodemográfica, saúde e assistência
Authors: Torres Gilson De Vasconcelos , Costa Isabelle Katherinne Fernandes , Dantas Daniele Vieira , Dias Thalyne Yuri Araujo Farias , Nunes Jussara De Paiva , Deodato Oniele Oliveira das Neves , Balduíno Lívia Sêmele Câmara , Melo Gabriela De Sousa Martins
Published: January 2012

Objective: to characterize assistance of 88 elderly with venous ulcers attended in the tertiary and primary levels of health service in Natal city. Methods: integrative and descriptive study, from quantitative approach, with retrospective data of patients with venous ulcers who were studied in two dissertations presented at the Post-Graduate Program in Nursing/UFRN and a search report of CNPQ. Data was carried out from 2005 to 2007 through structured interview, physical examination and observation of the exchange of dressing, being organized in Excel and transported to the SPSS 14.0. These studies were approved by the Committees of Ethics in Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (55/05; 54/05; 196/06). Results: we studied 88 elderly, mainly female sex (68,2%), literate (81,8%), outcomes two basic salary (69,3%), (52,3%) with edema (69,3%) and pain (86,4%). The main mismatches in assistance were: dressing kit (71,6%), angiologist consultation (60,2%) and monitoring specialist (56.8%). Conclusion: the assistance was considered inappropriate, mainly in the tertiary level, fragmented, with low resolution level and integration between the levels of complexity of the Public Health System. Descriptors:  venous ulcerations; elderly people; health assistance.
Câncer de colo uterino em profissionais de saúde: práticas preventivas e de autocuidado
Authors: Holanda Eliane De Aguiar , Silva Rosirene Martins , Reis Paula Elaine Diniz , Gomes Isabelle Pimentel
Published: January 2012

Objective: to investigate the habit of self-care for the prevention of cervical cancer in health professionals. Methods: quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. It was used a questionnaire for data collection. Eighty professionals performed: 8 physicians, 16 nurses and 56 nursing technicians. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of the State Department of Health of the Federal District (395/08). Results: the most professionals 49 (61.25%) did not practice physical activity, and although 57 (71,25%) reported to have healthy eating habits, only 23 (28,75%) carried approximately for 4 to 6 meals a day and 30 (37,5%) ate fruit and vegetables daily. Regarding to cyto-pathological abnormalities presented on preventive routine tests, 46 (57.5%) professionals reported inflammation episodes, 3 (3.75%) reported cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I), 2 (2.5%) CIN II and 1 (1.25%) CIN III. When they were asked about the promotion of self-care for the prevention of cervical cancer, 26 (32.5%) reported not being thorough about effective personal care. Conclusion: it was identified the important role of the motivation of health professionals to the preventive practice and self-care, by continued education or by workshops to raise awareness of the issue above, mainly if promoted by institution where they work. Descriptors: self care; neoplasms; uterine neoplasms; uterine cervical neoplasms; women's health.
Acupuncture in rheumatoid arthrit’s patients: advantages, disadvantages and reasons to use this therapy
Authors: Zatta Laidilce Teles , Pacheco Leonora Rezende , Souza Marcus Antônio de , Santos Juliano Ricardo Santana dos , Siqueira Karina Machado , Brasil Virginia Visconde
Published: January 2012

Objectives: to verify the main reasons that justify the acupuncture treatment’s search among Rheumatoid Arthrit’s patients; to identify advantages and disadvantages of this therapy. Methods: this is about a case study, performed in Hospital de Medicina Alternativa and a Private Clinic that use acupuncture as therapy, both in Goiânia. That were cases 18+, rheumatoid arthrit’s patients, acupuncture at least a month, self-evaluation and talking capables. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Goiás (028/2005). Results: four patients participate, and they were interviewed after the acupuncture session. Data were analyzed based on Content Analysis Technique. After interviews’ analysis, we identified two thematic categories: “Acupuncture’s attractives” and “Acupuncture: advantages and disadvantages”. Conclusions: it’s known that Acupuncture is an efficient Rheumatoid Arthrit’s therapy, so is necessary that Health Professionals does more divulgation and dedication. And so is necessary to study more this therapy, in case to describe their benefits, as an alternative therapy for Reumatoid Arthrit’s patients. Descriptors: acupuncture; rheumatoid arthritis; nursing.
Plantas medicinais utilizadas como calmantes por agricultores ecológicos da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Ceolin Teila , Heck Rita Maria , Barbieri Rosa Lía , Souza Andrieli Daiane Zdanski de , Rodrigues Walter Fagundes , Vanini Marisa
Published: January 2012

Objective: to identify the medicinal plants used as with sedative effects by families of ecological farmers from Southern Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Methods: this is a qualitative study, exploratory and descriptive approach, and the data were collected from January to May 2009. Eight families of farmers were participants which were residents in Pelotas, Morro Redondo, Canguçu and Arroio do Padre cities. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Medicine Faculty of the Federal University of Pelotas (072/2007). Results: it was found citations of 196 medicinal plants, some native and other exotic, and seven elixirs. From these, twelve plants (Lactuca sativa L., Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc., Chamomilla recutita L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.), Aloysia triphylla Royle, Aristolochia cymbifera Mart. & Zucc., Ageratum conyzoides L., Eucalyptus sp., Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Passiflora caerulea L., Melissa officinalis L., Cunila microcephala Benth.), and one elixir were mentioned as having soothing effect. Conclusion: the nurse can work in guidelines the use of medicinal plants aimed at health promotion, prevention and treatment of diseases. It is essential the enlargement of the pharmacological studies on plants used by popular knowledge in health care. Descriptores: nursing; health policy; health promotion; rural; anxiety.
A atuação de enfermagem no cuidado emocional às mulheres acometidas por câncer de mama e suas famílias
Authors: Pereira Letícia Cardoso de Lacerda , Da Silva Paulo Ricardo Bernardino , Da Silva Jorge Luiz Lima
Published: January 2012

Objective: to describe the contribution of the nursing in the emotional assistance for carrying women with breast cancer. Methods: this is about a literature review in virtual environment based on articles and manuals. Files were selected in agreement with the title, publications in nine years past for being read in full. The articles that didn't present relationship with the theme were excluded and we obtained a total of 18 articles that approached the proposed subject. An interpretative reading was accomplished for the analysis of the pertinent information to the central theme of this study. After each stage selection and analysis, the results have been elaborated by studies related to breast’s cancer characteristics, the patients suffering, the confrontation, and the nursing assistance. Results: the clients are such problem health have to deal with fear, anxiety, uncertainties, anguish, guilty and the feeling loss of womanliness. The nursing fits to participate of all the stages, from prevention to the end of its treatment. Conclusion: nursing care must se humanized to attend the clients needs completely, not only concerned with the procedures, but also, with the clients well-being. Descriptors: breast neoplasms; nursing; assistance; women's health.
Produção cientifica de enfermagem na perspectiva do controle da infecção hospitalar
Authors: Rossini Fernanda De Paula , Silva Jucelia Alves , Santos Maria Amélia Belissario , Andrade Denise
Published: January 2012

Objectives: to analyze the scientific production of nurses on hospital infection, to evaluate the impact of the ordinance MS-196/83 to quantify the production in different decades and list the main measures of prevention and control. Methodology: literature review study was carried out manually from 1980 to 2006, in Brazilian nursing journals of the acquis of the Central Library of the University of São Paulo. Results: 33 publications totaled up nursing on hospital infection, from 2000 to 2006 concentrates the largest number of jobs in this area. Showing participation of 65% of teachers in scientific production. We noticed the high number of publications in order to study law, ethics and CCIH 13 (40%) which emphasize the role of nurses in the context of nosocomial infection and the importance of the role of the Committee for Hospital Infection Control, and the high percentage of studies descriptive / exploratory, seeking to change behavior and control of hospital infection. Conclusion: the fight against hospital infections presents itself today as a complex problem. We recognize that although the theme hospital infection is very common and widely disseminated in the national nursing is still poorly addressed. Descriptors: nosocomial infection; nursing; cientific production.
Acidentes com pérfuro-cortantes na equipe de enfermagem
Authors: Rozario Suelem Do , Lima da Silva Jorge Luiz , Teixeira Enéas Rangel , Da Costa Simoni Furtado , Farani Faria Aline Landim , Macedo Caroline Alves
Published: January 2012

Objective: to discuss the occurrence accidents with cutting and piercing material among nursing workers. Methods: this was a descriptive and exploratory research which was based on literature review. A selection of articles on the internet was through the descriptors related to the subject and interpretative reading of the material. Articles were included dissertations and books relating to issues. The collection of material for the study was conducted from July 2007 to July 2008. Results: the contents were organized in the following subject matters: Conditions of nursing work and the context of accidents with pierce-cutting materials; The health workers knowledge regarding the occupational accidents; Preventive measurements and treatment. Conclusion: it is verified that, most part of accidents happen because of inappropriate work conditions, with the existence of the following components: professional’s ignorance, working days, division and accumulation of unsatisfactory tasks, and others factors that predispose some workers to the risks of accidents with pierce-cutting materials and biological exposure. Descriptors: work accidents; nursing team; work conditions.
Analysis of National Publications About Education On-line in the Nursing: study of literature review
Authors: Camacho Alessandra Conceição Leite Funchal
Published: January 2012

Objective: to examine the publications in education on-line in nursing through references in major databases from 2005 to 2009. Methods: literature review study conducted in the databases from Virtual Health Library from 2009/19/02 to 2009/24/04. For analysis of the information was held to organize the content found on the year, type of publication and methodological approach, the core content/production of knowledge and recommendations of the authors. Results: in 20 selected references were reviewed and 12 in the database Scielo, 06 in the BDENF and 14 in the Lilacs. It is tonic in the discussions of the authors studied: the development of training courses for nurses and midwives as well as courses in graduate programs via education on-line. Furthermore, it is necessary that the educational institutions and implement health education on-line investments in technological capabilities and infrastructure for teachers and learners. Conclusion: we note an evolution of education on-line in nursing in Brazil in which the possibilities of teaching in virtual environment for learning is everlasting and take into account some constraints relevant to interactivity as the availability of training courses and disciplines in undergraduate courses. Descriptors: education; education on-line; nursing.
Os estressores nos clientes crítico: estudo revisão de literatura
Authors: Vasconcelos Renata Silva , Cortez Elaine Antunes
Published: January 2012

Objective: to identify the generating factors of stress in the critical customers of the Unit of Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) that they are not sedated or in coma. Methods: descriptive, exploratory research and qualitative, carried through by means of a survey of the scientific production in periodic in the databases of the Lilacs, Medline and Scielo of last the ten years, where 10 publications had been selected. Results: with the technological development, as for example, mechanical devices of invasive monitorização, and fans, the ITU if had become highly modern, becoming the more frightening intensive cares for the customers. Conclusion: the factors, such as, to have pain, sleeplessness, absence of the familiar ones, to be tubed, the racket of the machineries, the difficulty of a communication and the dehumanization are the generating factors of stress. It is distinguished that it has controlled stress of it will allow to improve the physical and psychic condition, to promote an environment more humanized, and to assist in the planning of the nursing assistance more. Descriptores: stress, units of intensive therapy; nursing.
A silenciosa linguagem do corpo que é cuidado: um estudo em meta-análise para uma semiótica em construção
Authors: Taets Gunnar Glauco De Cunto , Figueiredo Nebia Maria Almeida de
Published: January 2012

Objective: to make a diagnosis of the state of the art on the non-verbal communication in nursing studies. Methods: the methodology chosen was a meta-analysis defined as the analysis that combines and synthesizes the results of several studies. We analyzed the articles found on the Database of Nursing (BDENF) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) with a search term ";non-verbal communication."; The qualitative approach of data contributed to better understanding of the phenomenon investigated - the non-verbal communication in nursing studies. Results: the actions or body movements, the tone, body posture, the voice signals, the space between the communicators, dress and objects used, the type of body of persons involved in the communicative process and the time when the words are said or no. Conclusion: we can improve the quality of care focusing on the non-verbal communication as part of the process of caring, looking for any way decode the significant expressed during the nursing care in discovering the significant number of the patient in a coma like state in the forward. Descriptors: nursing care; non-verbal communication; coma; kinesics.verbal communication; coma; kinesics.
Papel do enfermeiro na perspectiva do programa de humanização do pré-natal, parto natural e nascimento: revisão sistemática de literatura
Authors: Avanci Barbara Soares , Cortez Elaine Antunes , Barbosa Fernanda Salustiano , André Keila Magalhães
Published: January 2012

Objectives: to identify the knowledge and expectations of women in the choice of natural childbirth, discuss the program of humanization of prenatal and birth and the role of the nurse in encouraging the humane and natural childbirth. Methods: it’s a literature search, type descriptive-exploratory, with a qualitative approach. Was carried out a search in the databases using the descriptors nursing, labor and delivery man. Refine the data by reading pre-textual, selective and interpretative. Results: emerged the categories: knowledge and expectations of women in the choice of natural childbirth; program of humanization of labor and birth and the role of nurses in the process of humanization of natural childbirth. Conclusion: within the expectations and knowledge of the women were concerned about having a birth with little pain and suffering, without major complications for mother and for the baby. It is evident that the lack of information on women's rights and your body ends up being a factor in convincing that it does not have the natural childbirth as a first choice. With regard to the Program for Humanization of Delivery and Birth and the role of nurses in the humanization of labor, there is need to improve access to coverage and quality of monitoring of prenatal and birth; encourage the importance of breastfeeding, rooming-in and the presence of companion. Descriptors: nursing; parturition; humanizing delivery.
Sistematização da assistência de enfermagem ao cliente com síndrome do compartimento abdominal: revisão integrativa
Authors: Sampaio Rodrigo Soares , Amantéa Mara Lúcia , Santos Iraci Dos , Nunes Alessandra Sant'Anna
Published: January 2012

Objetives: to raise in the literature the main human responses in the abdominal compartment syndrome and building a plan of nursing care using the NANDA International Diagnosis Classification, and the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcomes Classification. Methods: it’s an integrative review, descriptive, with analysis publications available in the databases LILACS, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, SciELO and BDENF held from April to June 2008. Were included full article, published in Portuguese, English or Spanish, in national journal, regardless of the period of realization, whose description has shown potential for identification of human responses in the syndrome, was selected seven articles from these criteria. Results: were raised 17 human responses, which subsidized the construction of a plan of care with six diagnoses, one result and a nursing intervention with two activities for each. Conclusion: in an environment full of tension and challenges, where the critical patient requires attention and actions of emergency care, the systematized care provide the nurse of effective tools to identify the signs and symptoms arising from the abdominal compartment syndrome, promoting the reduction of mortality rates related to this complication. Descriptors: nursing process; intensive care; syndrome; abdominal cavity.
Reflexões sobre a assistência de enfermagem durante o processo de morte/morrer
Authors: Cortez Elaine Antunes , Costa Fabio Da Silva , Amim Valéria Utrini , Gavina Vânia Fonseca dos Santos , Silva Ilda Cecília Moreira da
Published: January 2012

Objective: to promote discussion on nursing care during death process/dying; to analysis on scientific and technical knowledge applicability during death process/dying. The subject of study in this research is nursing care during death process/dying. We define as research problem: how is it nursing care during death process/dying?. Methodology: descriptive and exploratory research, bibliography with qualitative focus, made in Virtual Health Library in Lilacs, SciELo and Bdenf. We made reading with selection purpose and focused on theme analysis from what categories brought about. Professional practice on death process/dying - understanding and meanings, and professional courses focusing death process/dying. Results: practice has shown nurses frustation while death process/to die is envolved, having said that their care faces healing/recovering; and they realized that Tanatology study is required during University course. Conclusion: we can’t allow that having to face death should be frustating for nursing professionals.  Descriptors: death; nurse care; attitude.
Os sentimentos dos clientes oncológicos: uma compreensão existencial da angústia em Heidegger
Authors: Vieira Gabriela Baptista , Silva Rose Mary Costa Rosa Andrade , Pereira Eliane Ramos , Silva Marcos Andrade
Published: January 2012

Objective: this study aims to correlate the feelings of the client with cancer mainly highlighting the anguish in a perspective Heideggerian existentialist. Methods: a descriptive study, qualitative, the type bibliography. To review, it took a search in books and in the database of the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Literature Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar, using the terms: oncology nursing, cancer, anxiety, Heidegger. Twelve articles were selected considering the cut time of the last twelve years and the inclusion of subjective approaches. The Heideggerian approach subsidized understanding of issues of subjectivity, bringing contributions to a humanized intervention. Results: the cancer is a disease that refers the man to get in touch with their own finitude, so the person with cancer experiences a feeling of anguish, so that client has a need for assistance not just in physical but also emotional. The sense of anguish allows a man to the rescue of daily living, to suit the whole, and that feeling emerges when the man realizes that it is finite. Conclusion: it is crucial to understanding this type of feeling for nursing, to consider the being within their individualities, which will directly reflect the quality of its assistance. Descriptors:   oncologic nursing; emotions; stress psychological; anxiety; existentialism.
Paradigmas que permeiam os modelos de atenção à saúde no Brasil: um ensaio analítico
Authors: Silva Flávio César Bezerra da , Costa Francisca Marta de Lima , Andrade Hamilton Leandro Pinto de , Freire Lúcia De Fátima , Maciel Patrícia Suerda de Oliveira , Enders Bertha Cruz , Menezes Rejane Maria Paiva de
Published: January 2012

Objectives: to discuss the historical trajectory of health policies in Brazil, contrasting the paradigms flexenerian and the social production of health; to deal the range of cultural and ideological factors in historical development in the social field of health, relating them to the role of the University. Methods: we analyzed the subject from different authors who discussed the matter in order to detect the approach of the relationship between the paradigms and models of health care in the economic, political and cultural predominance. Results: the Universities have contributed to the discussions about the paradigms inherent in the social context of public health in Brazil, assuming the role of training, update and improve the content of their curricula, as well as to respond the demands arising from the society. Conclusion: we concluded that this situation was crucial in the development of the emerging paradigm and that the University has an important role in the formation of professional critics, and reflective participants in structuring a new paradigm. Descriptors: healthy city; education; health policy.
POLYISOBUTYLENE-BASED THERMOPLASTIC BIORUBBERS
Authors: Puskas Judit E. , Dos Santos Lucas M. , Orlowski Elizabeth
Published: January 2012

Linear triblock poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (SIBS), the first representative of polyisobutylene (PIB)-based biomaterials, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the Taxus® Drug Eluting stent. SIBS and the new generation of dendritic or arborescent D_SIBS are self-assembling thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), or “biorubbers.” D_SIBS has lower creep and improved fatigue life. We recently produced composites of novel D_PIB-based TPEs with carbon and silica. These composites had 2–10 times higher tensile strength than that of the neat polymer. The composite with 37.5 wt. % carbon black was nonconductive, demonstrating excellent filler dispersion. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis supported the formation of a nanocomposite with nanosized surface topology. The water contact angle of the biorubbers was significantly lower than that of silicone rubber. The carbon nanocomposite showed excellent biocompatibility in vivo, having thinner capsules than silicone after 180 days implantation into rabbits. Bone compatibility was also excellent. The improved biocompatibility was most likely due to a combination of hydrophilicity and surface nanotopology. Fundamental studies of the effect of surface properties of these biorubbers on biocompatibility are ongoing in our laboratory.
A REVIEW OF VOLUME CHANGES IN RUBBERS: THE EFFECT OF STRETCHING
Authors: Le Cam Jean-Benoit
Published: January 2012

Elastomeric materials are subjected to significant change in volume during their deformation. This paper proposes to review the change in volume of stretched rubber and to highlight why volume change can be considered as a relevant mechanical quantity to characterize rubbery materials in terms of microstructure evolution. The first part of the present review examines experimental measurements of volume change reported from the end of the 19th century until now. The second part reports the models proposed to predict the change in volume of stretched rubbers. These are formulated for small deformations. Some of them account for the decrease in volume due to crystallization.
HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR WIRE AND CABLE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Wei Ming , Murphy Daniel , Barry Carol , Mead Joey
Published: January 2012

Flame retardants play a very important role in avoiding fire risks in wire and cable applications due to heat generation by current or outside sources. Halogen flame retardants are typically used to ensure good flammability. The halogen flame retardants, however, are under close scrutiny because of their potential to give off corrosive compounds when the materials are burned, as well as other safety, environmental, and health issues. For wire and cable industries, halogen-free flame retardant additives, such as nanoclays, nanotubes, aluminium trihydrate, or magnesium hydroxide are potential alternatives. Types of halogen-free flame retardant additives used in wire and cable constructions are reviewed and discussed.
Correlation of Vulcanization and Viscoelastic Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Natural Rubber and Different Nanofillers, with Molecular and Supramolecular Structure
Authors: Bhattacharya Mithun , Bhowmick Anil K.
Published: January 2012

Elastomer nanocomposites reinforced with low volume fraction of nanofillers, such as nanoclays and carbon nanofibers, have long been known to possess significantly improved mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical, flame retardant, and barrier properties. The present work attempts to evaluate the effect of nanofillers (like modified and unmodified montmorillonite, sepiolite, carbon nanofiber, and carbon black) and their amount on vulcanization, as well as dynamic and rheological properties in the prevulcanization and postvulcanization stages. Upon using organomodified nanoclay, optimum cure time was reduced and cure rate index increased; whereas, in comparison, carbon nanofiber resulted in a slower cure. The influence of loading of some representative nanofillers on natural rubber was studied through qualitative description of critical dynamic viscoelastic parameters, which indicated the formation of supramolecular structure even at low volume fraction. The nanocomposite vulcanizates showed solidlike rheological behavior and upon implementation of dispersion techniques the activation energy of flow was reduced by around 60%. The knowledge of cure and rheological properties of the compounds, which evolves from the structure formation, can be utilized for assessing process optimization, cost reduction, and performance of the nanocomposites.
The impacts of leadership in the quality of municipal public services: case study of a portuguese municipal council
Authors:   Instituto Politécnico do Porto / Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração. Rua Jaime Amorim 4465-004 S. Mamede de Infesta PORTO, PORTUGAL. orua@iscap.ipp.pt, Martins Marques de Lima Rua Orlando Manuel
Published: January 2012

The present research work, based on some of the components of the Common Assessment Framework, sets to analyse the influence held by leadership in specific factors that constitute the organisational climate, and also the impact that these factors have on the quality of municipal public services. For the purposes of this study, we propose Likert's exploitative autocratic and participative leadership styles to explain the genesis, structure and workflow. As far as the organisational climate is concerned, the variables used are motivation, satisfaction, empowerment, conflict and stress. The main conclusions that arose was that a participative leader confers higher relevance to the quality of service, through motivation, satisfaction, empowerment and human resources positive results, than an exploitative autocratic leader. Performed contributions are based on the empiric research hereby presented, and new research guidelines are proposed. The research methodology used was qualitative, based on the case study.
Occurrence of Granulomas in Bovines: An Abattoir-Based Study
Authors: Uma Sambath , Nair Madhavan Gopalakrishnan , Varshney Khub Chandra
Published: January 2012

The present study was carried out to record the occurrence of naturally occurring granulomas in cattle and buffaloes. Tissues grossly suspected for granulomas were collected from 336 out of 1600 (21%) abattoir cases. The gross features ranged from focal necrosis to large caseated masses, hard nodules, growths and abscesses. Histopathologically, 102 tissue samples (6.38%) were ascertained as granulomas. Majority of the granulomas were found in the liver 42 (41.18%), followed by lungs 22 (20.59%), lymph nodes 11 (10.78%), kidneys 6 (5.88%) and 14 (13.73%) as subcutaneous nodules/growths. Solitary cases were found in tongue, muscle, and urinary bladder, whereas 4 granulomas (3.92%) were found in body cavities. Based on the cellular component, the granulomas were categorized as epithelioid (53%), eosinophilic (37%) and suppurative (10%). Employing special staining techniques, the possible etiology of 75 granulomas could be identified. Among these, 70 granulomas (68.63%) were of infectious nature (parasitic 37 (36.28%), bacterial 32 (31.37%), and fungal 1(0.98%)). Non-infectious granulomas 5 cases (4.90%) included two lipid granulomas (1.96%), two granulomas (1.96%) associated with neoplasms and one (0.31%) associated with renal calculi. In 27 (26.47%) cases, the etiology of the granuloma could not be established and were categorized as granulomas of unknown etiology.
Effect of Immunosuppression on Newcastle Disease Virus Persistence in Ducks with Different Immune Status
Authors: Njagi Lucy W. , Nyaga Phillip N. , Bebora Lilly C. , Mbuthia Paul G. , Minga Uswege M.
Published: January 2012

This study was carried out to verify the possibility that ducks are sources of Newcastle disease (ND) virus infection for chickens in mixed flocks. Immunosuppressed (IS) and non immunosuppressed (NIS) birds, at three different antibody levels (medium, low and absent) were used; the titres having been induced through vaccination, and Immunosuppression done using dexamethazone. Each of the 3 respective groups was further divided into 2 groups of about 12 ducks each: one challenged with velogenic ND virus; the other not challenged. Selected ducks from all groups had their antibody titres monitored serially using hemagglutination inhibition test, while two birds from each of the challenged groups were killed and respective tissues processed for ND viral recovery, using chicken embryo fibroblasts. In general, antibody titres of IS and NIS challenged ducks were significantly higher than their unchallenged counterparts (P<0.05). Non-challenged pre-immunised ducks had a progressive decrease in antibody levels; non-immunised ducks did not seroconvert. Newcastle disease virus was isolated from livers and kidneys of the challenged ducks throughout the experimental period; indicating a possibility of viral excretion, especially when the birds are stressed. It, therefore, provides another possible model of viral circulation within mixed flocks.
Residues and Dissipation of Fenitrothion in Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Soil
Authors: Malhat Farag Mahmoud
Published: January 2012

The objective of this study were to determine the residue levels of fenitrothion in/on green bean pods, leaves, and soil under the treated plant and to identify the degradative metabolites of fenitrothion in soil under the treated plant. The results showed half-life (t1/2) values of 1.79, 2.00, and 6.08 days for fenitrothion in green bean pods, leaves, and soil, respectively. The results of GC-MS analysis of soil extracts under the treated plant showed that, at zero time, unchanged fenitrothion was found. The proportion of fenitrothion in soil extracts detected decreased with the time. GC-MS analysis of soil extracts shows the presence of compound having the formula of C7H7NO3 which is suggested to be 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol which is the major degrades of fenitrothion in soil. The other transportation products were not founded. According to the maximum residue limits (MRLs), the preharvest intervals (PHIs) of fenitrothion on green bean pods were 13 days after the treatment.
The Diagnostic Properties of Medical History in the Diagnosis of
Tubal Pathology among Subfertile Patients
Authors: Tvarijonaviciene Egle , Nadisauskiene Ruta Jolanta , Jariene Kristina , Kruminis Valdemaras
Published: January 2012

Objectives. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of medical history in the diagnosis of tubal pathology among subfertile patients. Patients and Methods. Prospective cross-sectional study was performed. Prior to tubal evaluation, medical history data were collected. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LRs) for predicting tubal pathology as determined by laparoscopy and dye test were calculated for each issue of medical history. Results. 39.6 % (59/149) were diagnosed with tubal pathology. The sensitivity for the different issues ranged between 1.7 and 54.2% and the specificity between 75.6 and 97.8%. The estimated highest value of positive LR is attributed to the history of ectopic pregnancy and lowest of negative LR to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and abdominal surgery. Conclusion. The positive history of PID, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), abdominal and laparoscopic surgery, and ectopic pregnancy are satisfactory screening tests for ruling the tubal pathology in. The negative history of evaluated issues is inappropriate for ruling the tubal damage out.
Interplaying Factors That Effect Multiple Sclerosis Causation and Sustenance
Authors: Calenoff Emanuel
Published: January 2012

The author hypothesized that multiple sclerosis (MS) is a humoral autoimmune disease, caused by faulty interplay between myelin-specific, dimeric IgE, specifically competing non-IgE antibodies and IgE-triggered degranulating mast cells. The principal fault was believed to be insufficient quantity of protective, specific non-IgE antibodies. Also conjectured was the possibility of an unexpected and adverse immune suppression caused by none-MS pharmaceuticals being consumed by patients for their MS or for other conditions. To test both hypotheses, a mimotopic, peptide antigen-based, serum immunoassay was developed to measure dimer-bound IgE excess among MS patients, wherein the IgE specifically complexes with two or more myelin surface epitopes at an interval of 40–100 Angstroms, a separation critical for mast cell degranulation and cell damaging effect. MS test sensitivity and specificity, when analyzing five previously untreated patients for dimeric IgE presence, was 100%. In direct comparison, twenty age- and gender-matched female and male control subjects were test negative. Analysis of 35 multiple sclerosis patients, who were concomitantly being treated with potentially immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals, appeared to show the substances’ negative effect upon MS causation, progression, or specific immunoassay performance. Therefore, MS is likely an autoimmune disease caused by IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation possibly in conjunction with immunosuppressive agents.
Abortion
Authors: Schmidt Alvin J.
Published: January 2012

The widespread practice of abortion (along with other practices such as infanticide, suicide, and the “sport” of killing gladiators) was not regarded as a moral problem in pagan Greco‐Roman society. Concerning abortion, Plato, the Greek philosopher, said it was the prerogative of the city‐state to let women have abortions (
Republic
5.461). Similarly, Aristotle argued that there was a “limit fixed to the procreation of offspring,” and when that limit was reached, “abortion must be practiced” (
Politics
7.14). While there was the occasional opposition to abortion, the prevailing cultural view saw nothing immoral regarding it.
A
dams,
J
ay
E
dward (
b
. 1929)
Authors: Bigalke Ron J.
Published: January 2012

Jay Edward Adams was born in Baltimore, January 30, 1929. At the age of 16, he began his formal theological training at Reformed Episcopal Seminary in Philadelphia where he received his Bachelor of Divinity. Adams also earned a Bachelor of Arts in Greek at Johns Hopkins University, and pursued graduate work at Pittsburgh‐Xenia Seminary. Due to the liberalism at the seminary, he withdrew and completed his Master of Sacred Theology at Temple University School of Theology. He received his Ph.D. in speech at the University of Missouri, and taught speech for three years as a faculty member of the University. Ordained at the age of 23 in the old United Presbyterian Church, Adams has pastored old United Presbyterian, Orthodox Presbyterian, and Reformed Presbyterian churches in Pennsylvania and New Jersey (currently he is ordained in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church). Adams published an “Open Letter to Former United Presbyterians” in 1959, which admonished Presbyterian denominations to depart from the liberal denomination. His first book was a selfpublished defense of amillennialism in 1959 as
Realized Millennialism: A Study in Biblical Eschatology
. He taught counseling, homiletics, and pastoral ministry at Westminster Theological Seminary from 1963–1983. It was during his pastorates and teaching a course in poimenics (pastoral theology) at Westminster Seminary that he struggled with failure as a counselor and the classification of sin as “sickness” in Freudianism.
Adventist Church
Authors: Braun Mark
Published: January 2012

The Adventist church is an unaffiliated group of Protestant Christian churches, with origins in the mid 19th to early 20th centuries in the United States. Their distinctive emphasis is on the imminent Advent or Second Coming of Christ.
African‐American Megachurches
Authors: Gramby‐Sobukwe Sharon
Published: January 2012

African‐American megachurches in the United States expanded in number and influence beginning in the late 20th century. Sociopolitical movements and public policies created new class dynamics in African‐American communities that spurred growth among old and new churches. Thus, contemporary African‐American mega‐churches, typically wealthy in human and financial resources, are transforming the traditional community roles and focus of African‐American churches.
A
frican Independent Churches
Authors: Anderson Allan
Published: January 2012

African independent churches (AICs) are a significant section of the Christian population of the sub‐Sahara. Most AIC members are found in southern Africa, the Congo (Kinshasa), Kenya, and along the West African coast, where the proportion of AICs to the total Christian population is higher than in other areas. The AICs are undoubtedly a major force in African Christianity today, one manifestation of the shifting of the centre of gravity of Christianity in the 20th century from the North to the South. There are many different kinds, from the earliest “Ethiopian” and “African” churches that emerged at the end of the 19th century to the later, more prolific “prophet‐healing” or “Spirit” churches, and the “new Pentecostal” or “Charismatic” churches that emerged after 1970.
AIDS
, Christian Responses to
Authors: Campbell Evvy Hay
Published: January 2012

In the past quarter‐century the disease of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes it have occasioned a global pandemic. There are 40 million people living with HIV, over 4 million new cases annually, and nearly 3 million deaths each year. The enormity and complexity of the pandemic have presented Christians globally with both a crucial challenge and a unique opportunity. Sub‐Saharan Africa bears the greatest burden, as two‐thirds of all those with HIV/AIDS live there. In southeast Asia the sex tourism industry has driven the expansion of HIV/AIDS. Brazil has one‐third of those in Latin America living with HIV. The epidemics in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, while relatively young, continue to grow.
Aladura
Authors: Ayegboyin Deji Isaac
Published: January 2012

One of the most remarkable examples of African indigenous religious creativity is the Aladura, a group of churches basically of Yoruba origin. The churches emerged in Western Nigeria from the 1920s, as charismatic, revitalization, prophetic, and healing movements. They arose, in some respects, as a cultural response to a crisis situation, calling attention to their severing links with mission churches and western culture. Since their emergence, they have been in the vanguard of indigenizing Christianity in an African context.
Albert the Great,Saint (c.1200–1280)
Authors: Thomas D. Watts
Published: January 2012

Dominican bishop, Doctor of the Church, and patron saint of scientists, Albert the Great was an outstanding figure of the Middle Ages and in the history of the church. He has been referred to as Albert the Great, and Albertus Magnus, and also as Albert of Lavingen, Albert of Cologne, and Albert the German. He has been honored under the scholastic titles ofDoctor universalisandDoctor expertus, in partial recognition of his genius, immense learning and wisdom. He was proficient in every branch of learning of his era. Ulrich Engelbert, a contemporary, once referred to him as the wonder and miracle of his day. He combined knowledge of the natural sciences with his knowledge of theology and philosophy in unique ways. He is perhaps best known for being the teacher of the “Angelic Doctor”, St. Thomas Aquinas. Both St. Albert the Great (he was the only man of the High Middle Ages to be called “the Great”) and St. Thomas Aquinas were outstanding luminaries among others in the long history of the great Dominican Order, which has always been known for its strong intellectual orientation and traditions over the centuries.
A
lberti,
L
eon
B
attista (1404–1472)
Authors: Kurian George Thomas
Published: January 2012

Florentine architect, sculptor, painter, and writer, considered the most important art theorist of the Renaissance. He was the first to adopt Roman models to Christian church design.
Alcohol
Authors: Bigalke Ron J.
Published: January 2012

There are three classic positions regarding the consumption of alcohol: abstention, moderation, and prohibition. There is, however, no prohibition regarding the consumption of alcohol in Scripture. Indeed, wine and strong drink could be offered to God as a sacrifice (Exod. 29:38, 40; Lev. 23:13; Num. 15:5, 7, 10; 28:7), and wine is even described as a gift of God (Gen. 14:18–20; 27:28; Deut. 7:12–13; 11:13–14; 14:22–26; Judg. 9:13; Ps. 104:14–15; Prov. 3:9–10; Amos 9:13–14). There was drinking of wine at David's coronation feast (1 Chron. 12:38–40) and wine certainly typifies the millennial feast (Isa. 25:6). Solomon frequently compared the splendor of marital love to wine (Song 1:4; 4:10; 7:6–9; 8:2). Wine is even a symbol of the Gospel (Isa. 55:1). God promised an abundance of wine as a covenant blessing for obedience (Deut. 11:13–14; 14:22–26), and its absence was a covenant curse for disobedience (Deut. 28:15, 39; Isa. 62:8). Jesus himself not only made wine and drank wine (Luke 7:33–34; John 2:1–11), but also instituted the ordinance of the Lord's Supper with bread and wine (Matt. 26:27–29; Mark 14:23–25; Luke 22:15–20; 1 Cor. 11:23–26).
Armenian Alphabet
Authors: Hovhanessian Vahan
Published: January 2012

Christianity was adopted as the state religion in Armenia, following the conversion of King Trdat (Tiridates) and his army, in 301. At the time, Armenian was only a spoken language. Official documents were written in the Greek, Persian and Syriac scripts. Worshipers used liturgical books written in these scripts and relied on translators during church services to interpret the Bible. Sporadic oral translations of biblical passages, however, were not sufficient to satisfy the needs of the growing Armenian Christian communities and the liturgical books written in non‐Armenian scripts were not practical for public use.
A
ltizer,
T
homas
J
.
J
. (
b
. 1927)
Authors: Rodkey Christopher D.
Published: January 2012

North American, born September 28, 1927. Altizer is arguably the most important figure to emerge from the “Death of God theology” movement of the 1960s, and also one of the most prolific Christian theologians of the latter half of the 20th century. Altizer's theological project centers itself around Friedrich Nietzsche's trope of the “death of God” as a metaphor for the primordial Godhead's debasing creative act, culminating in incarnation of Christ, and later, an actual “death of God” on the cross. The divine movement in history is to be understood as perpetually “forward and downward,” descending and incarnating, rather than “backward and upward”; Altizer understands the ascension as a regressive movement of God, whereas God must be forward‐moving. History, for Altizer, is apocalypse: the death of God on the cross enacts a final pouring out (
kenosis
) of Spirit into flesh; therefore, ultimate importance is in the present moment, in the Kingdom of God as an Eternal Now. His primary contributions to modern theology include reclaiming the biblical notion of kenosis (Phil. 2:7) as a primary method for Christology and being the first — and perhaps final — academic theologian to effectively utilize modern technology as a means for Christian theology to find new audiences and popular exigency.
A
ngelico,
F
ra (
c
.1395–1455)
Authors: Thomas Kurian George
Published: January 2012

Real name, Guido di Piero de Mugello. Mon‐astic name, Fra Giovanni da Fiesole. Italian religious painter, one of the few artists who have been beatified. He entered the Dominican Order in 1423. He began his career as a manuscript illuminator. For most of his career he was based in Fiesole where he had become a prior in 1450, but most of his paintings were painted in S. Marco in Florence (now an Angelico museum), a Sylvestrine monastery taken over by his order in 1436. Here he and his assistants painted about 50 frescoes (1438–1445) in the corridors and cells as aids to meditation. They are characterized as serene in their economy of composition and drawing and in their simplicity of details. For example,
The Mocking of Christ
shows only the head of the man spitting and his hand grasping a stick,
Christ in the Sepulcher
is surrounded only by the instruments of his Passion, and the
Transfiguration
shows only Christ flanked by Moses and Elijah. In the last decade of his life, Angelico also worked in Orvieto (where he began the
Last Judgment
) and Perugia and finally in Rome where he frescoed the private chapel of Pope Nicholas V with scenes from the lives of
SS Stephen and Lawrence
(1447–1450). He also painted numerous altarpieces, including
Madonna and Saints
(1438–1440) commissioned for the high altar of S. Marco in Florence. This altarpiece was important in the development of what later came to be known as Sacra Conversazione featuring Madonna and groups of saints.
The Coronation of the Virgin
(1435, Paris, Louvre) shows a mastery of perspective and spatial rhythms as does the
Crucifixion
in Fiesole.
The Deposition
(1443) is serene in its spatial and tonal harmonies. Vasari referred to him as a simple and holy man and popularized the use of the name, Angelico.