bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Variation in Replicability: A “Many Labs” Replication Project
Authors: Klein Richard Anthony , Ratliff Kate A. , Vianello Michelangelo , Adams Reginald B. , Bahník Štěpán , Bernstein Michael , Bocian Konrad , Brandt Mark , Brooks Beach Smith , Brumbaugh Claudia Chloe , Cemalcilar Zeynep , Chandler Jesse J. , Cheong Winnee , Davis William E. , Devos Thierry , Eisner Matthew , Frankowska Natalia , Furrow David , Galliani Elisa Maria , Hasselman Fred , Hicks Joshua A. , Hovermale James F. , Hunt S. Jane , Huntsinger Jeffrey R. , IJzerman Hans , John Melissa-Sue , Joy-Gaba Jennifer Alana , Kappes Heather Barry , Krueger Lacy Elise , Kurtz Jaime , Levitan Carmel , Mallett Robyn , Morris Wendy , Nelson Anthony J. , Nier Jason A. , Packard Grant , Pilati Ronaldo , Rutchick Abraham M. , Schmidt Kathleen , Skorinko Jeanine , Steiner Troy G. , Storbeck Justin , van Swol Lyn , Thompson Donna , van 't Veer Anna Elisabeth , Vaughn Leigh Ann , Vranka Marek Albert , Wichman Aaron Lee , Woodzicka Julie A. , Nosek Brian A.
Published: February 2022

Although replication is a central tenet of science, direct replications are rare in psychology. This research tested variation in the replicability of thirteen classic and contemporary effects across 36 independent samples totaling 6,344 participants. In the aggregate, ten effects replicated consistently. One effect – imagined contact reducing prejudice – showed weak support for replicability. And two effects – flag priming influencing conservatism and currency priming influencing system justification – did not replicate. We compared whether the conditions such as lab versus online or U.S. versus international sample predicted effect magnitudes. By and large they did not. The results of this small sample of effects suggest that replicability is more dependent on the effect itself than on the sample and setting used to investigate the effect.
Rapid screening for neglect following stroke: A systematic search and European Academy of Neurology recommendations
Authors: Moore Margaret , Milosevich Elise , Beisteiner Roland , Bowen Audrey , Checketts Matthew , Demeyere Nele , Fordell Helena , Godefroy Oliver , Laczo Jan , Rich Timothy , Williams Lindy Joanne , Woodward-Nutt Kate , Husain Masud
Published: February 2022

Background and purpose: Unilateral neglect is a common cognitive disorder following stroke. Neglect has a significant impact on functional outcomes, so it is important to detect. However, there is no consensus on which are the best screening tests to administer to detect neglect in time-limited clinical environments.Methods: Members of the European Academy of Neurology Scientific Panel on Higher Cortical Functions, neuropsychologists, occupational therapists, and researchers produced recommendations for primary and secondary tests for bedside neglect testing based on a rigorous literature review, data extraction, online consensus meeting, and subsequent iterations.Results: 512 articles were screened with 42 included. These reported data from 3367 stroke survivors assessed using 62 neglect screens. Tests were grouped into cancellation, line bisection, copy, reading/writing, and behavioural. Cancellation tasks were most frequently used (97.6% of studies) followed by bisection, copy, behavioural, and reading/writing assessments. The panel recommended a cancellation test as the primary screening test if there is time to administer only one test. One of several cancellation tests might be used, depending on availability. If time permits, one or more of line bisection, figure copying and baking tray task were recommended as secondary tests. Finally, if a functional and ecological test is feasible, the Catherine Bergego Scale was recommended. Overall, literature suggests that no single test on its own is sufficient to exclude a diagnosis of neglect. Therefore, the panel recommended that multiple neglect tests should be used whenever possible.Conclusions: This study provides consensus recommendations for rapid bedside detection of neglect in real-world, clinical environments.
The Noetic Signature Inventory: Development, Exploration, and Initial Validation
Authors: Wahbeh Helane , Kizler Nina Fry , Speirn Paolo
Published: February 2022

“Noetic” comes from the Greek word noēsis, meaning inner wisdom or direct knowing. Noetic experiences often transcend the perception of our five senses and are ubiquitous worldwide, although no instrument exists to evaluate their unique trait aspects. We developed the Noetic Signature Inventory (NSI) through an iterative qualitative and statistical process as a tool to subjectively assess people’s noetic experience characteristics. Study 1 developed and evaluated a 175-item NSI, resulting in a 46-item NSI with an 11-factor model solution. Study 2 examined the 11-factor solution, construct validity and test-retest reliability, resulting in a 44-item NSI with a 12-factor model solution. Study 3 confirmed the final 44-item NSI in a diverse population. The 12-factors were: 1. Inner Knowing; 2. Embodied Sensations; 3. Visualizing to Access or Affect; 4. Inner Knowing Through Touch; 5. Healing; 6. Knowing the Future; 7. Physical Sensations from Other People; 8. Knowing Yourself; 9. Knowing Other’s Minds; 10. Apparent Communication with Non-Physical Beings; 11. Knowing Through Dreams; and 12. Inner Voice. The NSI demonstrated internal consistency, convergent and divergent content validity, and test-retest reliability. The NSI can be used for future studies to evaluate intra- and inter-individual variation on these personal qualities.
Smaller volumes of the cornu ammonis (CA1 and CA3) may be a biological endophenotype for suicide risk in mood disorders
Authors: Pantazatos Spiro , Ogden Todd , Melhem Nadine , Allsop David Brent , Lesanpezeshki Mohammad , Burke Ainsley , Miller Jeffrey M. , Mann J. John
Published: February 2022

Mood disorders and suicidal behavior have moderate heritability and are associated with smaller hippocampal volumes. However, it is unclear whether these alterations reflect heritable risk or epigenetic effects of childhood, compensatory mechanisms, or illness-related changes. We sought to separate effects on hippocampal substructure volumes due to mood disorder, suicidal behavior, and risk and resilience to both by examining high familial risk individuals (HR) who have passed through the age of greatest risk for psychopathology onset. Structural brain imaging and advanced hippocampal substructure segmentation quantified cornu ammonis (CA1-4), dentate gyrus, and subiculum volumes in healthy volunteers (HV, N=25) and three groups with one or more relatives with early-onset mood disorder and suicide attempt: 1. unaffected HR (N=20); 2. HR with lifetime mood disorder and no suicide attempt (HR-MOOD, N=25); and 3. HR-MOOD+SA with mood disorder and a previous suicide attempt (N=18). Findings were tested in two independent cohorts not selected for family history (HV, MOOD, and MOOD+SA, total N=199). Lower CA1 and CA3 volumes were found in both HR-MOOD+SA and in HR as compared to HV, suggesting a biological endophenotype for suicide risk and mood disorder. No group differences were observed in MOOD+SA or MOOD vs. HV, suggesting the effects are associated with familial risk for, but not previous, suicide attempt and mood disorder. Our findings suggest familial suicide risk may be mediated in part by smaller CA1 and CA3 volumes. The structures may serve as therapeutic targets for suicide prevention strategies in high risk families.
Perception of semantic relations in scenes: a registered report study of attention hold
Authors: Doradzińska Łucja , Furtak Marcin , Bola Michał
Published: February 2022

To what extent the semantic relations present in scenes guide spatial attention automatically remains a matter of debate. Considering that spatial attention can be understood as a sequence of shifts, engagements, and disengagements, semantic relations might affect each stage of this process differently. Therefore, we investigated whether objects that violate semantic rules engage attention for longer than objects that are expected in a given context. The experiment involved a central presentation of a distractor scene that contained a semantically congruent or incongruent object, and a peripheral presentation of a small target letter. We found that incongruent scenes did not delay responses to the peripheral target, which indicates that they did not hold attention for longer than congruent scenes. Therefore, by showing that violations of semantic relations do not engage attention automatically, our study contributes to a better understanding of how attention operates in naturalistic settings.
Study protocol description: Dynamic Modelling of Resilience - Observational Study (DynaM-OBS)
Authors: Wackerhagen Carolin , Veer Ilya , van Leeuwen Judith , Bögemann Sophie , Mor Netali , Puhlmann Lara , Reppmann Zala C. , Riepenhausen Antje , Uściƚko Aleksandra , Zerban Matthias , Yuen Kenneth S.L. , Köber Göran , Pooseh Shakoor , Weermeijer Jeroen Dennis, Merlijn , Marciniak Marta Anna , AriasVasquez Alejandro , Binder Harald , de Raedt Walter , Kleim Birgit , Myin-Germeys Inez , Roelofs Karin , Timmer Jens , Tüscher Oliver , Hendler Talma , Hermans Erno , Kalisch Raffael , Kobylinska Dorota , Walter Henrik
Published: February 2022

Stress-related mental disorders are highly prevalent and pose a significant burden on individuals and society. Improving strategies of their treatment and prevention requires knowledge about risk and resilience. This multi-center study aims to contribute to this endeavor by investigating psychological resilience in healthy, but vulnerable young adults over nine months. Resilience is operationalized as maintained or quickly recovered mental health despite exposure to stressors and assessed longitudinally in a frequent monitoring approach. We aim to investigate factors predicting, and adaptive processes and mechanisms contributing to mental resilience, and to provide a methodological and evidence-based framework for later intervention studies.In a multi-center setting, across five research sites, a sample with the total target size of N=250 male and female young adults is assessed longitudinally over nine months. Participants are included if they had an elevated level of (internalizing) mental health problems and reported at least three stressful life events while not affected by any mental disorder other than mild depression. At baseline, sociodemographic, psychological, neuropsychological, structural and functional brain imaging data, and salivary cortisol are acquired. In a six-months longitudinal phase I, bi-weekly online monitoring of stressor exposure, mental health problems, and positive appraisal style takes place, as well as monthly one-week ecological momentary assessments (EMA) and ecological physiological assessments (EPA). In a subsequent three-months longitudinal phase II, online monitoring is reduced to once a month and psychological resilience and risk factors are assessed again at the end of the nine-month period. In addition, genetic, epigenetic, and microbiome data are assessed at baseline, month three (microbiome only), and month six.As an approximation of resilience, an individual stressor reactivity (SR) score will be calculated. Using regularized regression methods, network modeling, ordinary differential equations, landmarking methods, and neural net-based methods for imputation and dimension reduction, we will identify predictors and mechanisms of SR and thus be able to identify resilience factors and mechanisms that facilitate adaptation to stressors.The DynaM-OBS study provides a methodological framework and dataset to identify predictors and mechanisms of mental resilience, which are intended to serve as an empirical foundation for future intervention studies.
Post-COVID symptoms in the absence of organic deficit - Lessons from diseases we know
Authors: von Werder Dina , Glasauer Stefan , Schröder Lena , Regnath Franziska , Biersack Katharina , Van den Bergh Omer , Lehnen Nadine
Published: February 2022

Given the increasing number of patients suffering severe physical symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection for which there is no conclusive organic explanation, it is important to remember a phenomenon well known in medicine: the authenticity and significance of symptoms does not necessarily depend on organic impairment. Rather, the same symptoms and their intensity can occur when structure is intact, but body signals are misinterpreted and incorrectly processed in the brain. For breathlessness, fatigue and dizziness there are already established experimental paradigms to measure such dysfunctions in the absence of organic impairment. Here, we describe these paradigms and explain how they could help to better understand persistent and debilitating symptoms after COVID-19.
Influencing laughter with AI-mediated communication
Authors: Mills Gregory , Gregoromichelaki Eleni , Howes Christine , Maraev Vladislav
Published: February 2022

Previous experimental findings support the hypothesis that laughter and positive emotions are contagious in face-to-face and mediated communication. To test this hypothesis, we describe four experiments in which participants communicate via a chat tool that artificially adds or removes laughter (e.g. haha or lol), without participants being aware of the manipulation. We found no evidence to support the contagion hypothesis. However, artificially exposing participants to more lols decreased participants’ use of hahas but led to more involvement and improved task-performance. Similarly, artificially exposing participants to more hahas decreased use of haha but increased lexical alignment. We conclude that, even though the interventions have effects on coordination, they are incompatible with contagion as a primary explanatory mechanism. Instead, these results point to an interpretation that involves a more sophisticated view of dialogue mechanisms along the lines of Conversational Analysis and similar frameworks and we suggest directions for future research.
新型コロナウイルス感染禍は感染忌避傾向に影響したか ――傾向スコアを用いたWeb調査のHouse Effectsの調整――
Authors: Miura Asako , Shimizu Hiroshi , Kitamura Hideya , Yamagata Mei , MATSUO Akiko , Teraguchi Tsukasa
Published: February 2022

This study examines whether the psychological tendency during a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic differed from that in normal times based on web-based survey data from two different samples. The target of the analysis was the tendency of infection avoidance. In doing so, we took into account the house effects of the different survey media and attempted to compensate for them by inverse probability weighted estimation using propensity scores calculated with several covariates. The results showed that even after adjustment, infection avoidance tendency was higher during the pandemic than normal times. We discussed the significance of adjusting for house effects in the Web-based survey and some of the limitations of this study.
Predicting states of elevated negative affect in adolescents from smartphone sensors: A novel personalized machine learning approach
Authors: Ren Boyu , Balkind Emma G. , Pastro Brianna , Israel Elana , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Rahimi-Eichi Habiballah , Baker Justin T. , Webb Christian A.
Published: February 2022

Adolescence is characterized by profound change, including increases in negative emotions. Approximately 84% of American adolescents own a smartphone, which can continuously and unobtrusively track variables potentially predictive of heightened negative emotions (e.g., activity levels, location, pattern of phone usage). The extent to which built-in smartphone sensors can reliably predict states of elevated negative affect in adolescents is an open question. In this study, adolescent participants (n = 22; ages 13-18) with low to high levels of depressive symptoms were followed for 15 weeks using a combination of ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) and continuously collected passive smartphone sensor data. EMAs probed negative emotional states (i.e., anger, sadness and anxiety) 2-3 times per day every other week throughout the study (total: 1,145 EMA measurements). Smartphone accelerometer, location and device state data were collected to derive 14 discrete estimates of behavior, including activity level, percentage of time spent at home, sleep onset and duration, and phone usage. A personalized ensemble machine learning model derived from smartphone sensor data outperformed other statistical approaches (e.g., linear mixed model) and predicted states of elevated anger and anxiety with acceptable discrimination ability (area under the curve (AUC) = 74% and 71%, respectively), but demonstrated more modest discrimination ability for predicting states of high sadness (AUC = 66%). To the extent that smartphone data could provide reasonably accurate real-time predictions of states of high negative affect in teens, brief “just-in-time” interventions could be immediately deployed via smartphone notifications or mental health apps to alleviate these states.
When Body Positivity Falls Flat: Divergent Effects of Body Acceptance Messages that Support vs. Undermine Basic Psychological Needs
Authors: Legault Lisa , Sago Anise
Published: February 2022

Although women now have access to messaging about body acceptance, the risks and benefits of such messaging are not well-researched. Using a self-determination theory framework, we contrasted need-supportive versus need-undermining messages about body acceptance. One message supported the basic psychological need for autonomy (i.e., personal agency to accept one’s body); one targeted the basic need for body acceptance from others; and one used pressure to elicit body positivity – a need-undermining strategy. We contrasted these messages with one another and with a typical message of thinness idealization. In Experiments 1-4, we found that pressuring pro-body messages were more harmful to body image than messages that used autonomy support and acceptance from others. That is, they produced more pressure, less agency, and lower acceptance. Moreover, Experiments 2-4 showed that need-supportive messages increased state self-esteem from baseline, whereas pressuring body positivity did not. In Experiment 3 message-related self-perceptions mediated the effect of need-supportive messages on state self-esteem. In Experiment 4, need-supportive body acceptance messages reduced body shame and body surveillance, whereas pressure to be body positive did not – and this effect was mediated by body satisfaction induced by the message. We highlight the important difference between need-supportive and need-undermining body positivity.
Blinded by and stuck in negative emotions: Is psychological inflexibility across different domains related?
Authors: Moeck Ella , Koval Peter , Onie Sandersan , Most Steven , Mortlock Jessica
Published: February 2022

Psychological inflexibility is theorized to underlie difficulties adjusting mental processes in response to changing circumstances. People show inflexibility across a range of domains, including attention, cognition, and affect. But it remains unclear whether common mechanisms underlie inflexibility in different domains. We investigated this possibility in a pre-registered study examining associations among attentional, cognitive, and affective inflexibility measures. Participants (N = 196) completed lab tasks assessing (a) emotion-induced blindness, the tendency for task-irrelevant emotional stimuli to impair attention allocation to non-emotional stimuli; (b) emotional inertia, the tendency for feelings to persist across time and contexts; and global self-report measures of (c) repetitive negative thinking, the tendency to repeatedly engage in negative self-focused thoughts (i.e., rumination, worry). Based on prior research linking repetitive negative thinking with negative affect inertia, on one hand, and emotion induced blindness, on the other hand, we predicted positive correlations among all three measures of inflexibility. However, none of the three measures were related and Bayes factors indicated strong evidence for independence. Our findings suggest attentional, cognitive, and affective inflexibility may be driven by domain-specific mechanisms.
Do Introductory Courses Disproportionately Drive Minoritized Students Out of STEM Pathways?
Authors: Hatfield Neil , Brown Nathanial P. , Topaz Chad M.
Published: February 2022

Diversifying science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) requires a critical examination of institutional structures at every educational level. In higher education, performance in core introductory courses required for STEM degrees is strongly associated with degree completion. Leveraging a multi-institutional database, we examine nearly 110,000 student records from six large, public, research-intensive universities in order to assess whether these introductory courses disproportionately weed out underrepresented minority (URM) students. We find that the association between low performance in an introductory STEM class and failure to obtain a STEM degree is stronger for URM students than for other students, even after controlling for academic preparation in high school and intent to obtain a STEM degree. To facilitate interpretation of our multivariate logistic regression model, and to highlight the dire situation in higher education, we also calculate predicted probabilities of STEM degree attainment for students of various demographics. The probability of obtaining a STEM degree for a STEM-intending white male student with average academic preparation who receives grades of C or better in all introductory courses is 48%. In contrast, for an otherwise similar URM female student, the probability is merely 35%. If these students receive less than a C in even one introductory STEM course, the probabilities drop to 33% and 21%, respectively.
Forecasting small area populations with Long Short-Term Memory Networks
Authors: Grossman Irina , Wilson Thomas , Temple Jeromey
Published: February 2022

Local and state governments depend on small area population forecasts to make important decisions concerning the development of local infrastructure and services, including schooling, transportation, healthcare, energy, telecommunications, and water supply. Despite their importance, current methods often produce highly inaccurate forecasts, especially at the small area scale. Recent years have witnessed promising developments in time series forecasting using Machine Learning across a wide range of social and economic variables. However, almost no work has been undertaken to investigate their potential application in demography, particularly for small area population forecasting. In this paper we describe the development of two Long-Short Term Memory network architectures for work with small area populations. We employ the Keras Tuner to select layer unit numbers, vary the window width of input data, and apply a double training and validation regime which supports work with short time series and prioritises later sequence values for forecasts. These methods are transferable and can be applied to other data sets. Retrospective small area population forecasts for Australia were created for the periods 2006-16 and 2011-16. Model performance was evaluated against actual data and two benchmark methods. The deep learning methods produced forecast errors comparable to the benchmark methods, markedly improving the 2006-based forecasts, but not 2011-based forecasts produced by one of the benchmark methods.
Corrupción como estrategia de la anti-política
Authors: Nuñez Manuel
Published: February 2022

Interest in politics and acceptance of the pluralist basis of politics are essential to the maintenance of liberal democracy. Regardless of the actual existence of corruption, the perception of its prevalence is a negative incentive both for interest in politics and for acceptance of pluralism, as it’s embodied in political parties. With public data from a research conducted by the Spanish Center for Sociological Research, we empirically demonstrate these connections. From these results it can be concluded that both the real and phantasmagorical existence (created by the discourse of the media and the police and/or judicial networks) of corruption, provided that its existence is perceived as generalized, can be used as anti-political tools to destroy democracy
Future Scenarios of Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture in Vietnam
Authors: Tran Nhuong , Chan Chin Yee , Aung Yee Mon , Bailey Conner , Akester Michael , Le Quyen Cao , Tu Trinh Quang , Van Cuong Hoang , Sulser Timothy B , Wiebe Keith
Published: February 2022

The Vietnamese fisheries sector, including both marine fisheries and aquaculture, has made spectacular progress in recent years, becoming one of the top seafood producing and exporting countries in the world. Looking forward, development goals of this sector must address challenges associated with climate change, including changing distribution of commercially important marine species such as tuna and disruptions to land-based aquaculture production systems. This study investigates the likely impacts of climate change on Vietnam’s fisheries sector by exploring plausible future scenarios for four key commodities representing capture fisheries (tuna), freshwater aquaculture (pangasius catfish and tilapia), and brackish water aquaculture (shrimp). The extent of impact varies, but climate change represents a potentially significant threat to sustainable production in each production system. Producers, policy makers, and other stakeholders need to plan for and adapt to climate change to ensure the sustainable development of Vietnam’s fisheries sector. This study uses a foresight scenario analysis using a qualitative scenario approach as the starting point for additional modeling of climate change impacts.
Exploring the Use of WhatsApp for Teaching Speaking to English Language Learners: A Case Study
Authors: Albogami Aishah , Algethami Ghazi
Published: February 2022

Being able to speak or communicate orally is an ultimate goal for most English language learners. Thus, teaching speaking is a main component of the curriculum in most communicative-based English language classrooms. However, teachers struggle to teach speaking in English language classrooms. Two main reasons contribute to this struggle: insufficient time for speaking practice in language classrooms and students’ unwillingness to communicate due to anxiety. Asynchronous Computer-Mediated Communication (ACMC) may have the potential to provide a solution to this difficulty. A widely accessible mobile application that can provide an easily implemented ACMC tool is WhatsApp. The current case study explored the potential use of WhatsApp for teaching English speaking in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. 15 Saudi EFL learners of English were recruited to participate in the present study. A mixed-method approach comprising pre and post-tests, closed-ended questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data for the current study. The findings showed that using WhatsApp can have the potential for improving EFL learners’ speaking performance, increasing their motivation and attitude towards speaking, and decreasing their anxiety and fear of making mistakes when speaking. WhatsApp can provide an effective platform for teaching speaking in an EFL setting where there is a scarcity of time available for oral communication.
DROGAS: NO CONTEXTO DA LEI 11.343/2006
Authors: Xavier Alice Police
Published: February 2022

In this paper, it was discussed about illicit drugs, legal controlled drugs, and illicit drugs that are not present in the current society, analyzing its properties, pharmacological and sociocultural characteristics. Besides that, it talked about the way the drug user walks, and the difficulty he pass through to fit into society. In addition, Law 11.343 / 2006, which deals with drugs, and special criminal procedure, with subsidiary application of The Code of Criminal Procedure. Within this same aspect, there is a brief historical passage about how we arrived in the current legal system, for the fight against drugs and trafficking.
Effects of Hypermasculine and Heteronormative Elements in Video Games on Gender Role Beliefs Among Young Adult Males and Comparisons to Sex-Positive Media
Authors: Liu Oliver
Published: February 2022

In the past few decades, there has been increasing research done on how media can affect hypermasculine and heteronormative culture among young adults, which was followed by a shift in mainstream media (television, books, etc.) representations of such elements. Yet, antiquated and androcentric artifacts remain ubiquitous in video games and have been proven to generate beliefs associated with traditional gender roles among young adults, a demographic that constitutes over a third of the gaming community. In particular, men may internalize inflexible mindsets on masculinity and sexuality as a result of video game play. Despite this and the prominence of gaming as a pastime among young adult men, video games are still not as widely studied as television or other forms of media. I researched media portrayal of gender roles and of LGBTQ populations within video games and their impact on young adult male gamers’ perceptions of gender roles and LGBTQ populations. I then examined ways that television, a more well-researched form of media, has evolved in the past few decades to become more representative and accepting of different expressions of masculinity, especially as it pertains to sexuality. I found unhealthy social modeling to cultivate heteronormative and hypermasculine culture among male gamers. I also found that in television—a much more widely studied form of media than video games—elements of sex-positivism, entertainment-education, the separation of sexuality and masculinity, and depictions of tolerance and inclusivity of queer communities not only run counter to the traditional masculine ideology that characterizes current video games, but also do so without compromising on their popularity as programs. Future research should examine why the gaming industry has not modernized similarly, as well as how sex-positivism can be implemented into unique parts of gaming culture, such as online chatrooms and multiplayer interactions within virtual environments.
Whether you know it or not; applied Research is the Boss
Authors: sarbunan thobias
Published: February 2022

Science was required to develop mankind more compassionate. The research method is a sortof practical philosophy that seeks to establish a flexible path between the cosmos and itssurrounds, as well as the living phase. The purpose of applied research is to solve difficultiesin order to establish and offer more quantifiable outcomes. The goal of this article is to raiseknowledge of practical research methodologies related to COVID-19 and its unforeseenscenarios, as well as the virus's spread and influence on human life and the environment. As aresult of extensive exposure to applied research methodologies, the author is concerned aboutthe future comprehensive development of all areas of science.
The effect of tourism on gender equality in the labour market: Helpmate or hindrance?
Authors: Jackman Mahalia
Published: February 2022

This paper analyses the relationship between tourism and gender equality. Specifically, this study estimates the effects of tourism on gender equality in the labour market using a panel dataset consisting of 143 countries from 2006 to 2017. I find evidence of a positive relationship between tourism and gender equality in the labour market. However, the impact of tourism is not uniform across the sample. For instance, the results imply that tourism is positively correlated with gender equality in developed countries, has an inverse relationship with gender equality in Sub-Saharan Africa, and has no impact on gender equality in the Middle East and North Africa. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Politics as a Vacation: Tourist Practices and the Building of the Nation-State
Authors: Fayard Gregory
Published: February 2022

Recent shifts in political sociology have moved away from reification of the state to focus more on symbolic and everyday sociocultural perceptions of political units. Yet the launching points for most research has been state-led programs. To remedy this gap, this paper takes a relatively non-political activity, domestic tourism, and builds a theoretical model of how the circulation of tourist bodies provides legitimation for the material, symbolic, and territorial projects of the nation-state. Using qualitative content analysis of online travel diaries for domestic vacations taken in China from 2006-2019, I find that travel practices are integral to perceptions of and bodily engagement with the geography, history, ethno-culture, and modernization projects of the nation-state. I argue that tourist practices serve to naturalize and confirm existing knowledge and classifications about the nation-state, making abstract political conceptions into experiential realities.
Effects of gender inequality and income inequality on within-sex mating competition under hypergyny
Authors: Brooks Robert , Blake Khandis , Fromhage Lutz
Published: February 2022

Resources are often central to the formation and persistence of human consortships, and to the evolutionary fitness consequences of those consortships. As a result, the distribution of resources within a society should influence the number and quality of mating opportunities an individual of given status/wealth experiences. In particular, in a wide variety of societies, both contemporary and historic, women have been shown to prefer mates of higher rather than lower status and wealth, a pattern known as ‘hypergyny’. Such status-dependent within-sex competition is likely to be influenced not only by the preferences individuals express but also by the distribution of resources within and between sexes. Empirical studies show that economic inequality within a sex can amplify mating competition, and that inequalities between women and men also influence behaviours related to mating competition, but the links between resource distribution and mating competition have attracted limited systematic attention. We present simulation models of hypergynous preferences and the effects on mating competition among men and among women within a heterosexual mating market. Our modelling shows that the lower mating success of poorer men and richer women (when compared with richer men and poorer women) is worsened when resource gender gaps are relatively small or when women out-earn men on average. Likewise, high economic inequality, especially among men, amplifies the competition experienced by these groups. We consider the political implications in terms of sex- and status-dependent attitudes to gender equity, income inequality, and hypergynous mating norms.
Out of the Ivory Tower: the patenting activity of Canadian University Professors before the 1980s
Authors: Colleret Maxime , GINGRAS YVES
Published: February 2022

This study analyses the patenting activities of university science and engineering professors in Canada between 1920 and 1975. Unlike most studies on commercial activities in academia, which typically focus on the post-1980 period and on university practices, we focus on the pre-1980 period and on the individual decisions of professors to patent their inventions. Based on quantitative patent data, we show that patenting, and thus professors’ interest in the possible commercial value of their scientific discoveries made in university laboratories, was relatively common on an individual and informal basis well before the 1980s and the advent of what is now called “academic capitalism”. This contradicts the belief that before that period, universities were a kind of ivory towers in which professors isolated themselves from external influences and engaged only in pure and disinterested research.
Teacher Training for Online Education in Oman: A Case Study at Two English Language Teaching Institutions
Authors: Yapar Osman Erdem , Dayananda Chinthana Sandaruwan
Published: February 2022

This study is a joint research project carried out in two different academic institutions in Oman during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research aims to identify the perceptions of teaching faculty and administrators on the advantages and disadvantages of online education. It also explores how the training process for online teaching occurs and what support is provided afterwards. Qualitative methodology was adopted and data were collected through semi-structured interviews from a representative sample of teaching faculty and administrators from both institutions. Interview data were thematically analyzed using NVivo qualitative analysis software. Findings suggest that participants perceive more disadvantages of online education than the advantages demonstrating a rather negative perception. The training was decided mainly by administrators and focused on essential technical skills. Participants expressed a need for effective online pedagogical training. Short, practical sessions suitable for teachers at different skill and experience levels were suggested by the participants as well as informal peer support groups for continuous professional development after the training. There was some indication of administrative support in mainly infrastructure areas, which can be improved by employing specialist online education support staff. Further, peer support through formal committees or informally through colleagues was found to be accessible and practical. Findings from this study and the literature review can be used in other international contexts for effective provision of online education.
The social space of Muslim spokespersons in India: A typology
Authors: Levesque Julien , Gautier Laurence , Belorgey Nicolas
Published: February 2022

Who speaks for Muslims in India? Who are the leaders of the so-called “Muslim organizations”? What family and educational background do they come from? What is their relation to state authorities? This article addresses these questions by presenting a unique biographical database and the results of statistical treatments (multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering on principal components) of this data. This database includes the office-bearers of a selected set of organizations that make representative claims in the name of Muslims in India. Our analysis thus delineates the contours of the social space of Muslim spokespersons in India and describes how it is structured. We will highlight the important distinctions that exist among these Muslim spokespersons, such as the opposition between secular figures and religious scholars, the political sphere and the educational sphere, and between central power and regional dynamics. This analysis allows us, more broadly, to examine the role of state authorities in the definition of the Muslim spokespersons, thus highlighting some of the characteristic features of state secularism in India.
Economic geography of contagion: A study on Covid-19 outbreak in India
Authors: Chakraborty Tanika , Mukherjee Anirban
Published: February 2022

We propose a mechanism based on regional inequality in economic activity to explain the heterogeneity in the spread of Covid-19 and test it using data from India. The contagion is expected to spread at a higher rate in regions characterized by greater movements of goods and service. We argue that mobility will be higher in regions with greater degree of intra-regional inequality in economic activity. Such regions are usually characterized by core-periphery economic structure in which the periphery remains dependent on the core for the supply of jobs, goods, and services. Such dependence leads to greater degree of mobility between the core and periphery which in turn leads to higher rate of contagion. Using nightlights data to measure regional inequality, we find evidence in support of our hypothesis. Using mobility data, we provide direct evidence in support of our proposed channel; the positive relationship between regional inequality and Covid-19 infection is driven by mobility. Our findings suggest that policy responses to contain Covid-19 contagion needs to be heterogeneous across India where the priority areas can be chosen ex ante based on a regional inequality-based criterion.
Gender Gaps in Time Use by Age Groups in Ten Industrialized Countries, 2005-2015
Authors: Garcia-Roman Joan , Gracia Pablo
Published: February 2022

This study uses large-scale cross-national time-diary data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) (N = 201,972) covering the period from 2005 to 2015 to examine gender differences in time use by age groups. The study compares ten industrialized countries across Asia, Europe, and North America. In all ten countries, gender differences in time use are smaller in personal care, sleeping and meals, followed by leisure time (including screen-based leisure and active leisure), and largest in housework, care work and paid work activities. Gender disparities in time use are higher in South Korea, Hungary, and Italy, followed closely by Spain, with moderate gender gaps in Western European countries like France and Netherlands, and lowest differences in Finland and Anglo-Saxon countries, including Canada, US, and the UK. Gender differences in housework and caring time increase from adolescence (10-17 years) to early adulthood (18-29 years), showing strong gender gaps in early/middle adulthood (30-44 years), but narrow again during late adulthood (65 years or older). However, the age gradient in care work and housework is most pronounced in Italy and South Korea, being less prominent in Canada and Finland. Gender gaps in paid work are larger in early/middle adulthood (30-44) and middle/late adulthood (45-64), with strongest age gradients observed in the Netherlands and weaker gradients for the US. Gender differences in active leisure increase by age, especially in Southern European countries, while screen-based leisure shows more stable gender gaps by age groups across different countries. Overall, this study shows that age and gender intersect strongly in affecting time-use patterns, but also that the national context plays an important role in shaping gender-age interactions in time use allocation.
Resource Orchestration in Strategic Alliances
Authors: Min Won Kyung
Published: February 2022

We extend the growing stream of research in resource orchestration to the context of inter-organizational resources. Drawing on one set of processes of resource orchestration, namely leveraging, we argue that firms that effectively leverage resources acquired from strategic alliances can deliver competitive outcomes. We examine three sub-processes of leveraging, mobilizing, coordinating and deploying, in turn and argue that a firm’s orchestration of resources through these three mechanisms relates to the capability to learn from prior alliance experience, to collaborate across business units and to incorporate alliances into a firm’s overall strategy. Finally, we show that the interaction between alliance portfolio diversity and leveraging process captures the essence of resource orchestration in alliance and finds its significant effect on alliance performance.
Global competition and convergence of AI Law
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille
Published: February 2022

This paper is a draft entry for an encyclopedia. It aims to provide an overview rather than an in-depth discussion. To begin with, we need to come to terms with the question of what is meant with AI, avoiding both over- and underinclusive definitions. In section II, I first explore the definitional conundrum within the research domain of AI, followed by an account of how various public bodies that prepare AI legislation aim to define the scope of their object. In section III, I provide a brief overview of the different approaches to dedicated AI legislation by the OECD, the US, China and the EU. Finally, in section IV, I discuss the Brussels effect of the EU’s AI Act that may diffuse the EU approach across a variety of jurisdictions whose corporations wish to compete on the internal market of the EU.
Key challenges for providing services and support for the increasing number of older people in Australia
Authors: Sakib S M Nazmuz
Published: February 2022

The rapid increase in Australia’s aged population produces serious challenges in service provision for this demographic. Human service providers have to adjust the way in which they provide services for older people in Australia as the government moves to encourage home residence as opposed to communal retirement homes. This government directive is informed by the fact that the Australian population is ageing at proportionate levels, and the trend is expected to surge in the near future. Human service providers must therefore grapple with the cultural and linguistic diversity required to provide personalized care for the ageing, infrastructural shortcomings, constraints in health service accessibility, and funding challenges. New forms of professional learning are therefore needed to help human service providers overcome these challenges and improve their service delivery to this important demographic.
Decomposing Trends in Educational Homogamy and Heterogamy – The Case of Ireland
Authors: Leesch Julia , Skopek Jan
Published: February 2022

Although extensive research has examined how partner search behavior and the educational composition of partner markets have changed over time, we lack insight into the extent to which these changes have contributed to trends in educational homogamy. This study analyzed trends in educational homogamy and heterogamy in Ireland over the past three decades. We examined how changes in three components – (a) educational attainment of men and women, (b) the educational gradient in marriage, and (c) educational matching – have contributed to these trends. Based on Irish Census microdata, covering the period from 1991 to 2016, we propose a novel counterfactual decomposition method to estimate the contribution of each component. Findings indicate rising educational homogamy and an increase in non-traditional unions in which women partner ‘down’ in education, both at the expense of unions in which men are higher educated. Trends in educational homogamy and heterogamy are predominantly attributable to changes in educational attainment of women and men. Trends in the educational marriage gradient also contributed to the rise in homogamy and the decline in traditional unions. Changes in educational matching did not drive trends in homogamy and upward marriage and explained only a small fraction of trends in downward marriage.
Politics of Artificial Intelligence Adoption: Unpacking the Regime Type Debate
Authors: Unver Hamid Akin , Ertan Arhan S.
Published: February 2022

What determines whether a country imports high-technology artificial intelligence (A.I.) products from the United States and China? Over the last decade, a growing body of literature began focusing on regime types and argue that authoritarian countries tend to import A.I. from China, whereas democratic countries from the United States. In this study, we test this regime-type hypothesis and find that both the US and China export to authoritarian and democratic countries alike, with China exporting to a larger number of countries. By employing multinomial logit with three leading A.I. trade datasets from Stanford University, Carnegie Endowment and World Bank, we find that Chinese A.I. exports are not driven by regime type, whereas American exports are. US A.I. exports are geared towards a smaller market of wealthy nations, whereas China supplies to a broader market that is made up of a variety of regime types and GDP levels. Furthermore, we find that more countries import surveillance and policing-related A.I. products from the United States, compared to China, debunking a common mainstream view. We conclude by arguing military spending and GDP per capita are two of the strongest determinants of US A.I. exports, while a robust export pattern doesn’t emerge with Chinese A.I.