bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin of the Zika virus revealed: a historical journey across the world
Authors: Mlacker Stephanie , Shafa Golsa , Aldahan Adam S. , Shah Vidhi V. , Samarkandy Sahal , Nouri Keyvan
Published: September 2016

Background

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus within the Flaviviridae family, the recent spread of which has promoted public concern.

Methods

This study outlines the clinical features, potential for teratogenicity, diagnosis, and treatment of ZIKV infection.

Results

Zika virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected Stegomyia (= Aedes) mosquito, blood transfusion, sexual intercourse, and perinatal routes. Infection has been characterized as mildly symptomatic. Symptoms include mild fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, non‐purulent conjunctivitis, and a pruritic maculopapular rash. It is rarely life‐threatening, but both Guillain–Barré syndrome and fetal microcephaly have been reported. ZIKV belongs to the same family as bovine viral diarrhea virus, which causes hydrocephalus and microcephaly in newborn calves, and hepatitis C virus, which can be vertically transmitted in human pregnancies, and hence there remains concern for potential similarities. Diagnostic methods include polymerase chain reaction performed in blood samples during infection, and in urine and saliva. Pregnant women undergo antibody testing for immunoglobulin M. Treatment involves supportive care, and acetaminophen and antihistamines to control symptoms.

Conclusions

Although there was no evidence of the circulation of ZIKV in the Western hemisphere prior to 2014, the global spread of Stegomyia aegypti and increases in urban populations and international travel have fostered its evolution. Adherence to current guidelines for the prevention of ZIKV transmission is especially relevant in regions experiencing ongoing outbreaks. Concern for microcephaly in newborns warrants further investigation into the potential long‐term effects of ZIKV infection, especially in relation to reproductive health and mother–fetus transmission.
Comparison of a physical activity recall questionnaire with accelerometry in children and adolescents with obesity: a pilot study
Authors: Lockwood Jonathan , Jeffery Allison , Schwartz Alexander , Manlhiot Cedric , Schneiderman Jane E. , McCrindle Brian W. , Hamilton Jill
Published: September 2016

This study aimed to determine the validity of the Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES) for assessing physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents with severe obesity. Data were obtained from participants (n = 17) in the High Impact Strategies Toward Overweight Reduction in Youth study at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Objective measurement of PA was recorded with accelerometers and interpreted using counts‐per‐minute (CPM) cut­points developed for children and adolescents. Self‐report measurement of PA was collected using the HAES questionnaire. Pearson correlations revealed HAES significantly overestimated average daily duration of vigorous (+48 ± 64 min, p < 0.001) and moderate‐light activity (+114 ± 129 min, p < 0.001) but not inactivity (+38 ± 158 min, p = 0.17). This disagreement may be explained by increased perceived exertion in obese participants when performing PA. Thus, the HAES should not be used to assess PA in obese youth. Further work to validate accelerometer CPM cut‐points for obese children and adolescents calibrated to energy consumption and perceived exertion during PA in this group is warranted
The rights of migrant workers: Economics, politics and ethics
Authors: RUHS Martin
Published: September 2016

The labour immigration policies of high‐income countries are characterized by trade‐offs between openness to admitting migrant workers and some of the rights granted to migrants after admission. This empirical observation lies at the heart of the author's 2013 book, The price of rights: Regulating international labor migration. In this article, he reviews its main findings, arguments and policy implications and responds to a critical review of the book that was published in the International Labour Review in 2015. He concludes with a plea for more open debate on the linkages between migrant rights, labour migration and development among national and international organizations concerned with these issues.
Enhancing self‐care, adjustment and engagement through mobile phones in youth with HIV.
Authors: John M.E. , Samson‐Akpan P.E. , Etowa J.B. , Akpabio I.I. , John E.E.
Published: September 2016

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile phones in enhancing self‐care, adjustment and engagement in non‐disclosed youth living with HIV.

Background

Youth aged 15–24 years represent 42% of new HIV infections globally. Youth who are aware of their HIV status generally do not disclose it or utilize HIV‐related facilities because of fear of stigma. They rely on the Internet for health maintenance information and access formal care only when immune‐compromised and in crisis.

Introduction

This study shows how non‐disclosed youth living with HIV can be reached and engaged for self‐management and adjustment through mobile phone.

Study design

One‐group pre‐test/post‐test experimental design was used.

Methods

Mobile phones were used to give information, motivation and counselling to 19 purposively recruited non‐disclosed youth with HIV in Calabar, South‐South Nigeria. Psychological adjustment scale, modified self‐care capacity scale and patient activation measure were used to collect data. Data were analysed using PASW 18.0.

Results

Scores on self‐care capacity, psychological adjustment and engagement increased significantly at post‐test. HIV‐related visits to health facilities did not improve significantly even at 6 months. Participants still preferred to consult healthcare providers for counselling through mobile phone.

Discussion

Mobile phone‐based interventions are low cost, convenient, ensure privacy and are suitable for youth. Such remote health counselling enhances self‐management and positive living.

Conclusion and implications for health policy

Mobile phones enhance self‐care, psychological adjustment and engagement in non‐disclosed youth living with HIV, and can be used to increase care coverage. Findings underline the importance of policies to increase access by locating, counselling and engaging HIV‐infected youth in care.
Hyalinoecia artifex: Field notes on a charismatic and abundant epifaunal polychaete on the US Atlantic continental margin
Authors: Meyer Kirstin S. , Wagner Jamie K.S. , Ball Bernard , Turner Phillip J. , Young Craig M. , Van Dover Cindy L.
Published: September 2016

Hyalinoecia artifex is an abundant species on the US Atlantic margin, although little is known about its behavior, ecology, or reproduction. We provide field notes and high‐resolution in situ imagery of this species observed and collected in 2013 and 2015. Hyalinoecia artifex occurred primarily on soft sediment at a density of 10.9±0.95 individuals m−2 (mean±standard error). Although they were found adjacent to mussel beds associated with methane seeps, worms were negatively associated with authigenic carbonate and other epibenthic megafauna in the study area. Quill worms moved across the sediment by extending their heads from the tubes and dragging the tubes forward. Stable isotope analysis indicated that H. artifex is a secondary consumer. Most individuals collected in 2015 were ripe, with mature oocytes up to 400 μm. Oocytes were yolky, yellow in color and positively buoyant; no brooding was observed.
Frequent callers in primary health care – a qualitative study with a nursing perspective
Authors: Holmström Inger K. , Krantz Anna , Karacagil Lena , Sundler Annelie J.
Published: September 2016

Aim

To: (a) describe how telephone nurses define a frequent caller; and (b) describe their experiences with calls from frequent callers to primary healthcare centres.

Background

Telephone nursing has been noted to be a cost‐effective method to enhance access to and use of health care. Some patients use these services extensively and are called ‘frequent callers’. Little is known about this group of callers, the reasons behind these calls and telephone nurses’ experiences and strategies to manage the calls.

Design

Descriptive design with a qualitative inductive approach.

Methods

Interviews were conducted with ten telephone nurses in Sweden in 2015. Qualitative content analysis was conducted.

Results

A main theme was established, called ‘Balancing between the experienced and assessed needs’, which described the telephone nurses’ experiences with calls made by frequent callers to primary healthcare centres and was further described in five categories with 15 subcategories. The categories described telephone nurses’ definitions of frequent callers, telephone nurses’ views of the underlying reasons for the calls, challenges related to frequent callers, experiences with an increased work load and strategies used to manage and help frequent callers.

Conclusion

Frequent callers were commonly encountered by telephone nurses’ in this study. Their calls were experienced as complex and demanding to manage. The findings point to needs for guidelines and routines to improve the care of frequent callers. In addition, support and training in communication skills to encounter this group of callers in an optimal and safe way may be required.
Patterns of behaviour in families of critically ill patients in the emergency room: a focused ethnography
Authors: Barreto Mayckel da Silva , Marcon Sonia Silva , Garcia‐Vivar Cristina
Published: September 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to understand the patterns of behaviour from relatives of critically ill patients admitted to the emergency room.

Background

Admission of a critically ill family member to an accident and emergency department is often a sudden and unexpected experience for the family. This stressful event often creates feelings of instability and intense suffering in relatives. Understanding the experiences of these families is essential for the provision of comprehensive health care in the emergency room.

Design

A focused ethnography design was applied to the study.

Methods

Peripheral participant observation and informal conversations were conducted in an emergency room in southern Brazil during January 2015. Analysis of data was based on Leininger.

Findings

Suffering was recurrent among family members of critically ill patients admitted to the emergency room. The environment, which was conditioned by the patient′s life‐threatening situation and professionals′ attitudes, resulted in relatives experiencing a range of feelings from suffering to calm. A distant approach and poor communication of professionals made relatives confused and silent. Factors that seemed to foster feelings of calm in families were the establishment of a continuous and close communication with professionals and the possibility to remain with the patient outside the established visiting hours.

Conclusion

The findings of this study challenge emergency department providers and managers to promote comprehensive care in the emergency room by inviting family members to be with the patient and by engaging in family‐centred care.
Systematic literature review on effectiveness of self‐management support interventions in patients with chronic conditions and low socio‐economic status
Authors: Van Hecke Ann , Heinen Maud , Fernández‐Ortega Paz , Graue Marit , Hendriks Jeroen M.L. , Høy Bente , Köpke Sascha , Lithner Maria , Van Gaal Betsie G.I.
Published: September 2016

Aim

To assess the quality of evidence and determine the effect of patient‐related and economic outcomes of self‐management support interventions in chronically ill patients with a low socio‐economic status.

Background

Integrated evidence on self‐management support interventions in chronically ill people with low socio‐economic status is lacking.

Design

Systematic literature review.

Data sources

Cochrane database of trials, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Joanna Briggs Institute Library were searched (2000–2013). Randomized controlled trials addressing self‐management support interventions for patients with cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and/or chronic respiratory disease were included.

Review methods

Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by independent researchers using a data extraction form.

Results

Studies (n = 27) focused mainly on diabetes. Fourteen studies cited an underlying theoretical basis. Most frequently used self‐management support components were lifestyle advice, information provision and symptom management. Problem‐solving and goal‐setting strategies were frequently integrated. Eleven studies adapted interventions to the needs of patients with a low socio‐economic status. No differences were found for interventions developed based on health behaviour theoretical models.

Conclusion

Limited evidence was found for self‐management support interventions in chronically ill patients with low socio‐economic status. Essential characteristics and component(s) of effective self‐management support interventions for these patients could not be detected. Rigorous reporting on development and underlying theories in the intervention is recommended.
Breeding phenological response to spring weather conditions in common Finnish birds: resident species respond stronger than migratory species
Authors: Kluen Edward , Nousiainen Riikka , Lehikoinen Aleksi
Published: September 2016

National bird‐nest record schemes provide a valuable data source to study large‐scale changes in basic breeding biology and effects of climate change on birds. Using nest‐record scheme data from 26 common Finnish breeding bird species from whole Finland, we estimated the laydate of the first egg for 129 063 nesting attempts. We then investigated the relationship of mean spring temperature and spring precipitation sum to changes in the onset of laying over the period 1961–2012. In addition, we examine differences in response to these climatic variables for species grouped for different life history strategies; migration, diet and habitat. Finally, we test whether body size is related to the strength of phenological response. We show that 26 common Finnish breeding bird species have advanced their laying dates over time and to an increase in the mean spring temperature over the study period. When species are grouped according life history strategies, we find that breeding phenological change is negatively associated with changes in the mean spring temperature where residents respond strongest to changes in mean spring temperature, but also short‐ and long‐distance migrants advance laydates with increasing spring temperatures. Breeding phenological change is also associated with spring precipitation, where resident species delay and short‐distance migrants advance the onset of breeding. In addition we find that omnivorous species respond stronger than insectivorous species to changes in spring temperature. In contrast to results from an earlier study, we do not find evidence that small‐sized species respond stronger to spring temperature than large‐sized species. As climate warming is predicted to continue in the future, long‐term citizen science schemes, such as the Finnish nest‐card scheme, prove to be a valuable cost‐effective way to monitor the environment and allow investigation into how species are responding to changes in their environment.
What matters in “multimorbidity”? Arguably resilience and personal health experience are central to quality of life and optimizing survival
Authors: Martin Carmel Mary
Published: September 2016

Rationale

Much is written about “multimorbidity” as it is a difficult problem for health systems, as it reflects a complex phenomenon unique to each individual health journey and health service context. This paper proposes the adoption of 2 constructs or knowledge streams into mainstream “multimorbidity” care which are arguably most important to person‐centered care—personal health perceptions and resilience.

Analysis

“Multimorbidity” is the manifestation of multiple nonlinear physical, psychosocial, and environmental phenomena in an individual health journey. Multimorbidity encompasses very stable states for the most part together with highly unstable phases that are difficult to manage. Averting or controlling the underlying loss of resilience in instability can be challenging without early warning signals pointing towards tipping points. Monitoring resilience and early warning signals for tipping points is new to health care. Yet what should we monitor in the complexity of multimorbidity? There are multiple and competing health service features and biometrics that can be measured. However, an expanding of literature endorses importance of simply asking a person about their self‐rated health in order to provide predictions of their resilience and survival. Interoception, exemplified as self‐rated health, arises from internal neurocognitive self‐monitoring functions of different internal and external phenomena. Interoception is being to be recognized as predictors and barometers of resilience and survival.

Conclusions

Two phenomena of human systems—interoception and resilience—can guide care in the complex nature of multimorbidity in unstable health journeys and should be incorporated into clinical practice.
A Simple Tool to Predict Development of Delirium After Elective Surgery
Authors: Dworkin Andy , Lee David S.H. , An Amber R. , Goodlin Sarah J.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To identify a quick clinical tool to assess the risk of delirium after elective surgery.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Preoperative assessment clinic at the Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System.

Participants

Community‐living veterans aged 65 and older scheduled for elective surgery requiring general or major anesthesia.

Measurements

Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) or Family Confusion Assessment Method (FAM‐CAM). Data on education, medications, substance use, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9), Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Frailty, Mini‐Cog, and Charlson‐Deyo score were collected preoperatively.

Results

Of 114 veterans who agreed to participate, 76 completed the final delirium assessment. Ten of the 76 (13%) developed delirium in the 72 hours after surgery as assessed using the CAM or FAM‐CAM. In bivariate analysis, factors that increased the odds of delirium at least three times were low education; poor PHQ‐9, clock draw, word recall, Mini‐Cog, and poor preoperative orientation scores; alcohol use; and higher comorbidities as measured using Charlson‐Deyo index. Scoring the Mini‐Cog from 0 to 5 had a higher predictive power (area under the receiving operating characteristic curve = 0.77) than other approaches to scoring the Mini‐Cog. Other models did not significantly improve prediction of postoperative delirium risk and would be complicated to use in a clinical setting.

Conclusion

In this sample of veterans who had elective surgery with major anesthesia, Mini‐Cog score predicted likelihood of postoperative delirium.
Periodic fevers and autoinflammatory syndromes in childhood
Authors: Ostring Genevieve T , Singh‐Grewal Davinder
Published: September 2016

Recurrent fever is a common presentation in paediatric practice and can be caused by a wide variety of diseases including autoinflammatory conditions. The innate immune system plays an essential role in the ‘first line’ response to infection through mediation of inflammatory responses. Inflammasomes are part of the regulatory process for this system and result in the production of the powerful pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1B. Dysregulation of inflammasomes, and Interleukin 1 production, contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases. This review focuses on described periodic fever syndromes (PFS) which are now collectively referred to as autoinflammatory syndromes. Conditions discussed include periodic fever aphthous stomatitis pharyngitis and cervical adenopathy, familial Mediterranean fever, tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated periodic syndromes, hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and the cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes. Presenting features, complications, diagnostic and treatment approaches for these conditions are discussed. Nonetheless, as most of these conditions are rare and may have significant long‐term complications, it is recommended that they be managed in consultations with a physician experienced in managing PFS.
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of two formulations of hydroxyethyl starch in healthy horses
Authors: Epstein K. L. , Bergren A. , Nie B. , Arnold R. D. , Brainard B. M.
Published: September 2016

A lower molecular weight and molar substitution formulation (130/0.4) of hydroxyethyl starch solution has been shown to have a more sustained effect on COP and similar hemodynamic effects as a higher molecular weight and molar substitution formulation (600/0.75) in healthy horses. In humans, these pharmacodynamic characteristics are coupled with more rapid clearance and decreased adverse coagulation effects and accumulation. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the pharmacokinetics of these two formulations in horses. Eight healthy horses were given a 10 mL/kg bolus of each formulation (600/0.75 and 130/0.4) of hydroxyethyl starch solution in a randomized crossover design. Blood was collected, and plasma was harvested for plasma levels over 24 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters for each horse were estimated from a noncompartmental analysis. Treatment with 600/0.75 resulted in a higher initial plasma concentration (C0), systemic half‐life (t1/2), and overall drug exposure (AUC0–inf) in addition to decreased elimination rate (β), volume of distribution (Vd), and clearance (CL), compared to treatment with 130/0.4 (P < 0.001). The pharmacokinetic findings combined with previous pharmacodynamics findings suggest that 130/0.4 can provide similar benefits to 600/0.75 with a lower risk of accumulation in the circulation.
Does serelaxin treatment alter passive mechanical wall properties in small resistance arteries?
Authors: Jelinic Maria , Kahlberg Nicola , Parry Laura J. , Tare Marianne
Published: September 2016

The peptide hormone relaxin is recognized for its connective tissue remodeling actions in the reproductive tract during pregnancy and parturition, but it also has vascular remodeling actions independent of pregnancy. Recombinant human relaxin (serelaxin) treatment in male and non‐pregnant female rodents enhances passive arterial compliance in the renal vasculature. This review focuses on serelaxin's actions on passive mechanical wall properties in small arteries and highlights the diversity of responses to serelaxin treatment in rodents. Different experimental approaches (duration of serelaxin treatment, rat strain, age) and animal models of disease (obesity, hypertension) will be considered. Most studies in young rodents demonstrate that serelaxin treatment fails to alter passive compliance in resistance‐size arteries (mesenteric and femoral arteries and cerebral parenchymal arterioles), suggesting that serelaxin's beneficial effects are minimal in healthy animals. Short‐term serelaxin treatment (5d) in aged, obese, and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) is largely without effect on passive mechanical wall properties. However, a longer duration of serelaxin treatment in SHRs (14d) enhances passive compliance in large muscular arteries as well as resistance‐size arteries. In conclusion, serelaxin is capable of vascular remodeling. Its actions are vascular bed‐dependent, more prominent in disease, and likely requires a longer duration of treatment to be effective.
Extent and application of patient diaries in Austria: process of continuing adaptation
Authors: Heindl Patrik , Bachlechner Adelbert , Nydahl Peter , Egerod Ingrid
Published: September 2016

Background

Diaries written for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are offered in many European countries. In Austria, ICU diaries have been relatively unknown, but since 2012, they have started to emerge.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore the extent and application of ICU diaries in Austria in 2015.

Method

The study had a prospective multiple methods design of survey and interviews. All ICUs in Austria were surveyed in 2015 to identify which ICUs used diaries. ICUs using diaries were selected for semi‐structured key‐informant telephone interviews on the application of ICU diaries. Interviews were analysed by content analysis.

Results

Of the 178 ICUs contacted, 13 had implemented ICU diaries. In all ICUs, diaries were sporadically introduced by a few dedicated nurses. Experiences of participating nurses can be summarized in two main themes: (a) the process of innovation and (b) the process of practice. Sub‐themes were: (i) inspiration, creativity and innovation and (ii) purpose, indications, responsibility, authorship, experience, negative reception, and post‐ICU practice. Individual nurses at each ICU found ways to organize and format ICU diaries while dealing with ambivalence and legal implications.

Conclusion

The implementation of a new nursing intervention is an ongoing process. Being innovative and responsible can be challenging, especially in hierarchical team structures. We recommend that nurses work towards national standards for the diary concept in order to enable future research into the process and outcome of ICU diaries.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The implementation of ICU diaries in routine care requires an ongoing adaptive, reflective process. Nurses may experience innovation, leading to the development of their own, feasible adaptions and structures.
Assessing changes in a patient's condition – perspectives of intensive care nurses
Authors: Kvande Monica , Delmar Charlotte , Lykkeslet Else , Storli Sissel Lisa
Published: September 2016

Aim

To explore the phenomenon of assessing changes in patients' conditions in intensive care units from the perspectives of experienced intensive care nurses.

Background

Providing safe care for patients in intensive care units requires an awareness and perception of the signs that indicate changes in a patient's condition. Nurses in intensive care units play an essential role in preventing the deterioration of a patient's condition and in improving patient outcomes.

Design and methods

This hermeneutic phenomenological study conducted close observations and in‐depth interviews with 11 intensive care nurses. The nurses' experience ranged from 7 to 28 years in the intensive care unit. Data were collected at two intensive care units in two Norwegian university hospitals. The analysis was performed using the reflective methods of van Manen.

Findings

An overarching theme of ‘sensitive situational attention’ was identified, in which the nurses were sensitive in relation to a patient and understood the significance of a given situation. This theme was further unfolded in four subthemes: (1) being sensitive and emotionally present, (2) being systematic and concentrating, (3) being physically close to the bedside and (4) being trained and familiar with the routines.

Conclusions

Nurses understand each patient's situation and foresee clinical eventualities through a sensitive and attentive way of thinking and working. This requires nurses to be present at the bedside with both their senses (sight, hearing, smell and touch) and emotions and to work in a concentrated and systematic manner. Knowledge about the unique patient exists in interplay with past experiences and medical knowledge, which are essential for nurses to understand the situation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Clinical practice should develop routines that enable nurses to be present at the bedside and to work in a concentrated and systematic manner. Furthermore, providing safe care requires nurses to be sensitive and attentive to each patient's unique situation.
An international survey: the role of specialist nurses in adult respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Daly Kathleen JR , Camporota Luigi , Barrett Nicholas A
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

The last decade has seen an increase in the number of centres able to provide venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV‐ECMO) internationally across different health care systems. To support this growth, a variety of staffing arrangements have been adopted depending on local need and availability of resources, both in terms of manpower and finances to safely meet the complex needs of the patient and circuit management.

AIM

The aim of the survey was to describe current staffing arrangements of care provision for adult patients on VV‐ECMO, with a focus on understanding the professional roles and responsibilities of staff managing the circuit in order to inform further discussion around different approaches to staffing.

METHODS

We conducted a cross‐sectional international survey using an electronic questionnaire emailed to 177 worldwide ECMO centres treating adult patients with acute respiratory failure. The survey questions were generated through an internal and external iterative process and assessed for clarity, content and face validity.

RESULTS

The response rate was 82%. Respondents managed extracorporeal oxygenation for adult respiratory alone (75%) or in combination with adult cardiac (67%), paediatric respiratory (62%) and paediatric cardiac (58%). The specialist nurse to patient ratio was 1:1 in 59% of centres, with 24‐h/day presence in 74%. Overall, the specialist nurse provided the 24‐h/day management of the circuit, including interventions. Perfusionists were responsible for the technical aspects of circuit management.

CONCLUSIONS

A specialist nurse with perfusion backup is the staffing arrangement implemented by most centres and likely reflects the most efficient use of the professional competences available.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Staffing for adult respiratory extracorporeal support has important implications for the planning of workforce, training and education, quality of service and the number of ECMO beds available.
Simple tests for the diagnosis of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Simmonds M. , Llewellyn A. , Owen C. G. , Woolacott N.
Published: September 2016

There is a need to accurately quantify levels of adiposity in order to identify overweight and obesity in children. This systematic review aimed to identify all diagnostic accuracy studies evaluating simple tests for obesity and adiposity, including body mass index (BMI), skin‐fold thickness and waist circumference, compared against high‐quality reference tests. Twenty‐four cohort studies including 25,807 children were included. BMI had good performance when diagnosing obesity: a sensitivity of 81.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 73.0 to 93.8) for a specificity of 96.0% (95% CI: 93.8 to 98.1). It was less effective at diagnosing overweight (sensitivity: 76.3%, 95% CI: 70.2 to 82.4; specificity: 92.1% 95% CI: 90.0 to 94.3). When diagnosing obesity, waist circumference had similar performance (sensitivity: 83.8%; specificity: 96.5%). Skin‐fold thickness had slightly poorer performance (sensitivity: 72.5%; specificity: 93.7%). Few studies considered any other tests. There was no conclusive evidence that any test was generally superior to the others. BMI is a good simple diagnostic test for identifying childhood adiposity. It identifies most genuinely obese and adipose children while misclassifying only a small number as obese. There was no conclusive evidence that any test should be preferred to BMI, and the extra complexity of skin‐fold thickness tests does not appear to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Durum wheat seedling responses to simultaneous high light and salinity involve a fine reconfiguration of amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism
Authors: Woodrow Pasqualina , Ciarmiello Loredana F. , Annunziata Maria Grazia , Pacifico Severina , Iannuzzi Federica , Mirto Antonio , D'Amelia Luisa , Dell'Aversana Emilia , Piccolella Simona , Fuggi Amodio , Carillo Petronia
Published: September 2016

Durum wheat plants are extremely sensitive to drought and salinity during seedling and early development stages. Their responses to stresses have been extensively studied to provide new metabolic targets and improving the tolerance to adverse environments. Most of these studies have been performed in growth chambers under low light [300–350 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), LL]. However, in nature plants have to face frequent fluctuations of light intensities that often exceed their photosynthetic capacity (900–2000 µmol m−2 s−1). In this study we investigated the physiological and metabolic changes potentially involved in osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense in durum wheat seedlings under high light (HL) and salinity. The combined application of the two stresses decreased the water potential and stomatal conductance without reducing the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants. Glycine betaine (GB) synthesis was inhibited, proline and glutamate content decreased, while γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), amides and minor amino acids increased. The expression level and enzymatic activities of Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase, asparagine synthetase and glutamate decarboxylase, as well as other enzymatic activities of nitrogen and carbon metabolism, were analyzed. Antioxidant enzymes and metabolites were also considered. The results showed that the complex interplay seen in durum wheat plants under salinity at LL was simplified: GB and antioxidants did not play a main role. On the contrary, the fine tuning of few specific primary metabolites (GABA, amides, minor amino acids and hexoses) remodeled metabolism and defense processes, playing a key role in the response to simultaneous stresses.
Some Agents are Freer than Others: Variation in the Reelection Incentive, Agency Loss, and the Timing of Democratic Interstate Conflict
Authors: Koch Michael T.
Published: September 2016

I ask whether variations in electoral systems affect the conflict behavior of democratic leaders, specifically the timing of that conflict. Building from theories of political accountability and agency loss, I argue that the degree of agency loss coupled with variations in the principals that hold leaders accountable affects the timing of conflict in democratic systems. The results confirm the expectation that leaders in candidate‐centered systems are more likely to “gamble for resurrection” as the next election approaches than are party‐centered executives given the differences in the ability of their principals to select, sanction, and monitor them.
Representative Bureaucracy: A Lever to Enhance Social Equity, Coproduction, and Democracy
Authors: Riccucci Norma M. , Van Ryzin Gregg G.
Published: September 2016

Scholars and practitioners have long questioned whether the race, ethnicity, and gender of public bureaucrats matter to the efficacy and legitimacy of public services. Representative bureaucracy theory and research provide a growing body of empirical evidence that it does. This article examines some of the rich scholarly work that has been generated on representative bureaucracy and its implications for practice. A significant aspect of recent research focuses on the notion of symbolic representation, whereby the mere existence of a passively represented bureaucracy can itself improve outcomes by influencing the attitudes and behaviors of clients, regardless of bureaucratic actions or results. This article is intended to help both students and public managers understand the importance of representativeness in public organizations for a broad spectrum of practices and goals, from the coproduction of services to democratic rule.
Nintedanib for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: An Asian perspective
Authors: Chambers Daniel C.
Published: September 2016

See article, page 1425
Clinical value of pulmonary hyperinflation as a treatment outcome in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Stevens Daniel
Published: September 2016

See article, page 141
Part II: Quantitative Evaluation of Choices Used in Setting Noncancer Chronic Human Health Reference Values Across Organizations
Authors: Holman Elizabeth , Francis Royce , Gray George
Published: September 2016

Environmental and public health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), develop human health reference values (HHRV) that set “safe” levels of exposure to noncarcinogens. Here, we systematically analyze chronic HHRVs from four organizations: USEPA, Health Canada, RIVM (the Netherlands), and the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. This study is an extension of our earlier work and both closely examines the choices made in setting HHRVs and presents a quantitative method for identifying the primary factors influencing HHRV agreement or disagreement.(1) We evaluated 171 organizational comparisons, developing a quantitative method for identifying the factors to which HHRV agreement (that is, when both organizations considering the same data set the identical HHRV values) is most sensitive. To conduct this analysis, a Bayesian belief network was built using expert judgment, including the specific science policy choices analysis made in the context of setting an HHRV. Based on a sensitivity of findings analysis, HHRV agreement is most sensitive to the point of departure value, followed by the total uncertainty factor (UF), critical study, critical effect, animal model, and point of departure approach. This analysis also considered the specific impacts of individual UFs, with the database UF and the subchronic‐to‐chronic UF being identified as primary factors impacting the total UF differences observed across organizations. The sensitivity of findings analysis results were strengthened and confirmed by frequency analyses evaluating which choices most often disagreed when the HHRV and the total UF disagreed.
Different ways of knowing a child and their relations to mother‐reported autonomy support
Authors: Mageau Geneviève A. , Sherman Amanda , Grusec Joan E. , Koestner Richard , Bureau Julien S.
Published: September 2016

We considered how different forms of child knowledge (i.e., mothers’ reports of taking their child's perspective, their accurate knowledge in the form of precise predictions of their child's ratings regarding distress/comforting and compliance/discipline situations, and their perceived knowledge) are differentially associated with mother‐reported autonomy support (i.e., providing meaningful rationales, providing choice, and acknowledging feelings; Koestner, Ryan, Bernieri, & Holt, ). Mothers and their children (141 dyads, M = 11 years old at Time 1) participated in a two‐wave longitudinal study with assessments made two years apart. The only form of knowledge that predicted changes in autonomy support was perspective‐taking. Autonomy support, in turn, indirectly predicted changes in distress/comforting accuracy through child‐reported self‐disclosure and directly predicted changes in perceived knowledge. These findings underline the importance of differentiating among forms of child knowledge in the study of socialization processes.
Whose Reality Counts? Critical Junctures in Livelihood Trajectories Under Deforestation
Authors: Biddulph Robin , Amberntsson Pelle
Published: September 2016

Livelihoods approaches focus on the poor and their knowledge and agency, but risk underplaying broader contextual forces which constrain and shape that agency. Livelihood trajectories approaches attend more fully to these structural, contextual dynamics. A three‐year study using quantitative and qualitative methods investigated livelihood trajectories over two decades in a village affected by deforestation in Northeast Cambodia, and sought to identify critical junctures structuring those trajectories. A timber rush, a land rush, a turn to agriculture and ongoing competition to shape post‐forest reterritorialisation were identified as the critical junctures. These transformed the physical environment, and initiated waves of migration which in turn transformed the social and economic structure and everyday life of the village. This valuably disrupts narrative simplifications associated with community forestry. The junctures furthermore suggest an analytical framework for understanding deforestation‐livelihoods dynamics in other contexts, thus demonstrating how livelihood trajectories research might contribute to middle‐level theory building.
Algebraic Form and New Approximation of Butler–Volmer Equation to Calculate the Activation Overpotential
Authors: Kazemi Esfeh H. , Hamid M. K. A.
Published: September 2016

The Butler–Volmer equation has been widely used to analyze the electron transfer for electrochemical simulation. Although it has been broadly employed with numerous successful applications, the Butler–Volmer equation needs to be solved numerically to find the activation overpotential, which results in the increase of the calculation difficulties. There are also some parameters in Butler–Volmer equation such as exchange current density and symmetry factor that are not always known parameters. In order to avoid the latest mentioned limitation and the numerical calculation which is time consuming and for simplification, there are some approximation equations such as Tafel, linear low polarization, and hyperbolic sine approximation. However, all these equations are only applicable in a specific range of current density or definite condition. The aim of this paper is to present a new form of Butler–Volmer equation using algebraic operation to calculate activation overpotential. The devised equation should be accurate, have a wide application range, able to remove any numerical calculation, and be useful to find exchange current density. In this research, a new form of Butler–Volmer equation and a new approximation equation (called K–J equation) have been successfully derived. The comparison result shows that the new derived form is exactly equal to the Butler–Volmer equation to calculate the activation overpotential, and it removed the necessity of numerical calculation to find the activation overpotential. In addition, the K–J approximation has a good agreement with Butler–Volmer equation over a wide range of current density and is applicable to predict the activation loss.
New Methodology for the Determination of the Vertical Center of Gravity of In-service Semisubmersibles: Experimental Assessment
Authors: Porciuncula Ivan N. , Rodríguez Claudio A. , Esperança Paulo T. T.
Published: September 2016

Recently, the authors have proposed a new methodology for the vertical position of the center of gravity (KG) estimation of semisubmersibles at its production location. The procedure, called the Zero GM method, is based on the identification of a characteristic behavior of the floater around an induced neutral equilibrium condition. The proposed methodology has been already numerically explored in terms of stability and practical feasibility based on real data of an offshore production semisubmersible. As the procedure implies in temporarily taking the vessel to neutral–unstable upright equilibria (both considered unsafe conditions), experimental tests appear as a physical mean of demonstrating the procedure's practical application and safety. The objective of this paper is to present the results of a model test campaign where the Zero GM method has been experimentally investigated on an offshore semisubmersible. The model and its ballast weight distribution were especially designed to simulate the path of the KG in the process of finding the neutral equilibrium, both in calm-water and in waves. The effect of mooring lines was also assessed. The experimental results showed that around the neutral equilibrium a jump in the loll angle and a peak in the roll oscillation period appear, so that KG can be accurately estimated, even in the presence of (mild) waves and mooring. Capsize or risk of capsize has not been observed during the tests, even when relatively large unstable conditions were tested in waves.
Effect of Kinematic Operating Conditions on Ridge Deformation—Numerical Study With Experimental Comparison
Authors: Ficza Ildikó , Šperka Petr , Křupka Ivan , Hartl Martin
Published: September 2016

The behavior of roughness features under rolling–sliding inside highly loaded elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts is studied in detail for many years now. In particular, the roughness deformation was subject to different theoretical analyses as well as experiments. A recent experimental work developed by Šperka et al. (2016, “Experimental Study of Roughness Effects in a Rolling–Sliding EHL Contact—Part I: Roughness Deformation,” Tribol. Trans., 59(2), pp. 267–276) studied the effect of kinematic operating conditions (mean velocity and slide to roll ratio) on the deformed profile of a ridge. The current paper presents results of full numerical simulations and their direct comparison to experiments in order to study the dependency of roughness deformation on the operating conditions. The assumption of non-Newtonian lubricant behavior seems to have a significant influence on the results as well. Results indicate that, in agreement with experiments, the variation of mean velocity causes changes in the deformed profiles of roughness while, on the other hand, the magnitude of slide to roll ratio (for sliding larger than ±50%) does not have influence on the size of the deformation.
Nonlinear Effects of Surface Texturing on the Performance of Journal Bearings in Flexible Rotordynamic Systems
Authors: Rebufa Jocelyn , Thouverez Fabrice , Le Guyadec Erick , Mazuyer Denis
Published: September 2016

A dynamic model of a rotating shaft on two textured hydrodynamic journal bearings is presented. The hydrodynamic mean pressure is computed using multiscale periodic homogenization and is projected on a flexible shaft with internal damping. Harmonic balance method (HBM) is used to study the limit cycles of unbalance response of the coupled system discretized by finite element method (FEM). Stability is analyzed with Floquet multipliers computation. An example of an isotropic texturing pattern representing laser dimples on a lightweight rotor is analyzed. Vibration amplitude and stability zone are compared with plain bearing lubrication. It is shown in an example that full surface texturing leads to relatively higher vibration amplitude compared to plain bearings.
Optimal Design of Double-Mass Dynamic Vibration Absorbers Arranged in Series or in Parallel
Authors: Asami Toshihiko
Published: September 2016

This paper considers the optimal design of double-mass dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) attached to an undamped single degree-of-freedom system. Three different optimization criteria, the H∞ optimization, H2 optimization, and stability maximization criteria, were considered for the design of the DVAs, and a performance index was defined for each of these criteria. First, the analytical models of vibratory systems with double-mass DVAs were considered, and seven dimensionless parameters were defined. Five of these parameters must be optimized to minimize or maximize the performance indices. Assuming that all dimensionless parameters are non-negative, the optimal value of one parameter for a double-mass DVA arranged in series (series-type DVA) was proven to be zero. The optimal adjustment conditions of the other four parameters were derived as simple algebraic formulae for the H2 and stability criteria and numerically determined for the H∞ criterion. For a double-mass DVA arranged in parallel (parallel-type DVA), all five parameters were found to have nonzero optimal values, and these values were obtained numerically by solving simultaneous algebraic equations. Second, the performance of these DVAs was compared with a single-mass DVA. The result revealed that for all optimization criteria, the performance of the series-type DVA is the best among the three DVAs and that of the single-mass DVA is the worst. Finally, a procedure for deriving the algebraic or numerical solutions for H2 optimization is described. The derivation procedure of other optimal solutions will be introduced in the future paper.