bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linguagem e verdade: a relação entre Schopenhauer e Nietzsche em Sobre verdade e mentira no sentido extramoral
Authors: Moreira Fernando de Sá
Published: November 2013

Pretendemos investigar a compreensão dos conceitos de verdade e linguagem no primeiro período de Nietzsche e demonstrar como a crítica à linguagem se relaciona com os conceitos de vontade, intelecto, intuição e razão de Schopenhauer. Segundo nossa interpretação, em oposição a Schopenhauer, o jovem Nietzsche identifica os conceitos de razão e linguagem e interpreta o intelecto como um processo pulsional. Tal alteração resultou na rejeição da proposta de uma metafísica da vontade e provocou mudanças significativas na interpretação dos papéis da arte, da ciência e da filosofia em relação aos propostos por Schopenhauer.
Detection, Occurrence and Fate of Emerging Contaminants in Agricultural Environments
Authors: Snow Daniel D. , Cassada David A. , Papastavros Efthimia , Bartelt–hunt Shannon L. , Li Xu , Zhang Yun , Zhang Yuping , Yuan Qi , Sallach J. Brett
Published: November 2013

A total of 62 papers published in 2012 were reviewed ranging from detailed descriptions of analytical methods, to fate and occurrence studies, to ecological effects and sampling techniques for a wide variety of emerging contaminants. New methods and studies on veterinary pharmaceuticals, steroids, antibiotic resistance genes and prion proteins in agricultural environments continue to expand our knowledge base on the occurrence and potential impacts of these compounds. This review is divided into the following sections: Introduction, Analytical Methods for Emerging Contaminants, Monitoring with Passive Samplers, Occurrence and Fate of Steroid Hormones, Antimicrobials and Antibiotic Resistance Genes, and Prions as Emerging Contaminants.
Wastewater Collection Systems
Authors: Vallabhaneni Srinivas
Published: November 2013

A review of the literature published in 2012 on topics relating to wastewater collection systems is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: sewer system evaluations; asset management; green infrastructure integration; system design; operation/maintenance; and regulatory issues. Advances in research and noteworthy industry experiences selected from major literature sources are presented in this review.
Physico‐Chemical Processes
Authors: Hua Bin , Yang John , Lester John , Deng Baolin
Published: November 2013

This review is on the research literature published in 2012 related to the physico‐chemical processes for water and wastewater treatment. The review is divided into seven sections, including coagulation/flocculation, sorption, filtration, sedimentation, flotation, oxidation, and air stripping.
Membrane Processes
Authors: Pellegrin Marie‐Laure , Aguinaldo Jorge , Arabi Sara , Sadler Mary E. , Min Kyungnan , Liu Minggang , Salamon Christina , Greiner Anthony D. , Diamond Jason , McCandless Robert , Owerdieck Carsten , Wert Jason , Padhye Lokesh P.
Published: November 2013

This review, for literature published in 2012, contains information related to membrane processes for municipal and industrial applications. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following topics: pretreatment, membrane bioreactor (MBR) configuration, design, nutrient removal, operation, industrial treatment, fixed film and anaerobic membrane systems, reuse, microconstituents removal, membrane technology advances, membrane fouling, and modeling. Other sub‐sections of the Treatment Systems section that might relate to this literature review include: Biological Fixed‐Film Systems, Activated Sludge and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes, Anaerobic Processes, Water Reclamation and Reuse. The following sections might also have related information on membrane processes: Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants.
Disinfection and Antimicrobial Processes
Authors: Samra Tanya , Kuo Jeff
Published: November 2013

A review of literature published in 2012 on topics related to disinfection and antimicrobial processes is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: general, disinfection methods, microbiology and disinfection chemistry, analytical methods, disinfection byproducts, distribution systems/regrowth and biofilm, and biosolids.
Biosolids and Sludge Management
Authors: Brisolara Kari Fitzmorris , Qi Yinan
Published: November 2013

This review section covers journal articles and conference papers related to biosolids and sludge management that were published in 2012. The literature review has been divided into the following sections:  • Biosolids regulations and management issues;  • Biosolids characteristics and measurement  including microconstituents, metals and pathogens;  • Sludge treatment technologies including pretreatment and sludge minimization, conditioning and dewatering, digestion, composting;  • Disposal and reuse including combustion/incineration and land application;  • Odor and air emissions; and  • Risk analysis.
Water Reclamation and Reuse
Authors: Pei Wen Wen , Xie Xuesong , Ong Phuong , Trueman Benjamin F. , McVicar Monica A. , Walsh Margaret E. , Gagnon Graham A.
Published: November 2013

A review of the literature published in 2012 on topics related to water reclamation and reuse is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: (1) General: extent of reuse, research needs, guidelines and monitoring, and health effects, (2) Treatment technologies: integrated process design, membrane treatment, membrane bioreactors, electrocoagulation, ion exchange and adsorption, wetlands, managed aquifer recharge, and (3) Planning and management: public acceptance and education, economics/pricing, water quality planning and management and project/case studies. It can be seen from this review that much of the treatment technology research has focused on membrane treatment, integrated designs and other innovative technologies.
Distributed Treatment Systems
Authors: Baideme Matthew , Brady Adam , Robbins Cristian
Published: November 2013

This section presents a review of the literature published in 2012 on topics relating to distributed treatment systems. This review is divided into the following sections: conventional systems; natural systems; onsite treatment applications for greywater reuse; and planning and treatment system management.
Automotive Wastes
Authors: Kindzierski Warren B. , Bari Md. Aynul , Hashisho Zaher , Reid Brenda , Shariaty Pooya
Published: November 2013

A review of the literature published in 2012 on topics relating to automotive wastes is presented. This includes solid wastes from automotive bodies, tires, vehicular emissions and their influence to soil contamination as well as impact of alternative fuels. The potential toxicological and health risks associated with automotive wastes are also reviewed.
Chemicals and Allied Products
Authors: Hung Yung‐Tse , Aziz Hamidi Abdul , Abu Amr Salem S. , Yeh Ruth Yu‐Li , Liu Lian‐Huey , Kamaruddin Mohamad Anuar
Published: November 2013

This review of literature published in 2012 focuses on wastes related to chemicals and allied products. Topics covered include activated carbon adsorption, aerobic and anaerobic treatment, nutrient removal, nitrification and denitrification, membrane biological reactor, chemical waste, physio‐chemical treatment, and soil remediation, and waste management.
Food‐Processing Wastes
Authors: Frenkel Val S. , Cummings Gregg , Maillacheruvu K. Y. , Tang Walter Z.
Published: November 2013

Literature published in 2012 and early 2013 related to food processing wastes treatment for industrial applications is reviewed. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following food processing industries and applications: general, meat and poultry, fruits and vegetables, dairy and beverage, and anaerobic treatment of food wastes.
Petrochemicals
Authors: Choudri B.S. , Baawain Mahad
Published: November 2013

This is a review on literature published in 2012 that covered issues related to the occurrence of petrochemicals in the environment as well as methods and techniques used for the detection and chemical analysis of petroleum mixtures, together with the toxicity and impacts of various forms of petroleum spills. This review also included literature investigating petrochemicals in water and wastewater and their treatment options including biodegradation, advanced oxidation and modeling.
Textiles
Authors: Chiavola Agostina
Published: November 2013

A review of the literature published in 2012 on the various treatments applied to textile wastewater is presented. This review is divided into the following sections based on the class of treatment being considered: physico‐chemical processes, biological processes, combined processes and various.
Pesticides and Herbicides
Authors: Liang H. C. , Razaviarani Vahid , Buchanan Ian
Published: November 2013

This is a review of literature published in 2012 related to the presence of pesticides and herbicides in the environment. The review, divided into four sections, includes ecology, risk assessment, toxicology, and treatment strategies.
Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies
Authors: Li Minghua , Mahmudov Rovshan , Huang C. P.
Published: November 2013

The article reviews the scientific literature published in 2012 on physical, chemical, and biological treatment of hazardous contaminants and environmental bioremediation.
Contaminated Aquatic Sediments
Authors: Jaglal Kendrick
Published: November 2013

A review of the literature published in print and/or online in 2012 on subjects relating to the assessment, evaluation and remediation of contaminated aquatic sediments is presented. The review is divided into the following sections: policy, methodology, fate and transport, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and remediation.
Reconnaissance of Groundwater Quality Impact
Authors: Kurwadkar Sudarshan , Venkataraman Kartik
Published: November 2013

Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water in areas with decentralized water supplies. Lately this resource is being increasingly contaminated due to both natural and anthropogenic activities. A literature review of groundwater quality impact due to natural and anthropogenic activities has been conducted. This review covers a broad spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants that impacted groundwater quality across the world. The literature review includes extensive coverage of peer reviewed journal articles, reports, books and periodicals published in 2012. Particular emphasis is placed on published material that deals with groundwater quality impact but is not readily accessible. This review article provides general findings of groundwater monitoring activities that demonstrated actual as well as potential threat to groundwater quality. For the readers' convenience, this review article is presented in distinct sections highlighting groundwater quality impact from both organic and inorganic pollutants.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Authors: Alam Rifat Quamrul , Dufreche Stephen , Hayatdavoudi Asadollah , Gang Daniel Dianchen
Published: November 2013

This article presents a comprehensive review of research advances in 2012 on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. The agricultural and river watershed NPS, modeling techniques of NPS with various tools, the impact of climate change on NPS, various control and treatment measures, and best management practices (BMP) are summarized.
Fate of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Padhye Lokesh P. , Tezel Ulas
Published: November 2013

A review of the literature published in 2012 on topics relating to the fate of emerging environmental pollutants during wastewater treatment is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: biological agents, estrogens, industrial wastewater, metals, nanomaterials, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and trace organic contaminants.
Substratum‐Associated Microbiota
Authors: Furey Paula C. , Liess Antonia
Published: November 2013

This review of literature published in 2012 covers topics on substratum‐associated microbiota (algae and bacteria) from a variety of aquatic environments, especially freshwater ecosystems. It is not a comprehensive review, rather aims to highlight aspects of methods, taxonomy and systematics, ecology, and current environmental issues such as nuisance taxa, pollutants and climate change.
Effects of Pollution on Marine Organisms
Authors: Mearns Alan J. , Reish Donald J. , Oshida Philip S. , Ginn Thomas , Rempel‐Hester Mary Ann , Arthur Courtney , Rutherford Nicolle
Published: November 2013

This review covers selected 2012 articles on the biological effects of pollutants and human physical disturbances on marine and estuarine plants, animals, ecosystems and habitats. The review, based largely on journal articles, covers field and laboratory measurement activities (bioaccumulation of contaminants, field assessment surveys, toxicity testing and biomarkers) as well as pollution issues of current interest including endocrine disrupters, emerging contaminants, wastewater discharges, dredging and disposal, etc. Special emphasis is placed on effects of oil spills and marine debris due in part to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil blowout in the Gulf of Mexico and the 2011 Japanese tsunami. Several topical areas reviewed in the past (ballast water and ocean acidification) were dropped this year. The focus of this review is on effects, not pollutant fate and transport. There is considerable overlap across subject areas (e.g. some bioaccumulation papers may be cited in other topical categories). Please use keyword searching of the text to locate related but distributed papers. Use this review only as a guide and please consult the original papers before citing them.
Thermal Effects
Authors: Choudri B. S. , Baawain Mahad
Published: November 2013

A review of the literature published in 2012 on topics relating to thermal effects. This review is divided into the following sections: regulatory aspects, pollution prevention, metal treatment methods, cyanide treatment, sludge treatment, pollution prevention, and waste minimization.
Emerging Pollutants – Part I: Occurrence, Fate and Transport
Authors: da Silva Allegra K. , Amador Janelle , Cherchi Carla , Miller Sarah M. , Morse Audra N. , Pellegrin Marie‐Laure , Wells Martha J. M.
Published: November 2013

Part I: Occurrence, Fate, and Transport (this literature review) summarizes research appearing in 2012 on the occurrence of emerging pollutants in wastewater and environmental waters, sources of emerging pollutants, the fate and transport of emerging pollutants in the environment, monitoring approaches, modeling, and regulatory discussions. Toxicity studies are included where relevant specifically to wastewater. Part II: Treatment (the companion to this review) includes discussion of water and wastewater treatment technologies on emerging pollutants.
Environmental Law
Authors: Sanders Dee Ann
Published: November 2013

The activity level in water‐related environmental law was relatively stable in 2012. Environmental groups were claiming success in some 2012 Congressional elections (Eilperin, 2012e.) The Administration's environmental agenda was, however, heavily weighted towards air pollutants rather than water issues (Eilperin, 2012c). In December, EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson announced that she was stepping down (Eilperin, 2012f).
Analytical Methods for Pesticide Residues
Authors: Liang H. C. , Bilon Navdeep , Hay Michael T.
Published: November 2013

A review of literature published in 2012 on analytical methods for pesticides is presented here that includes papers on extraction methods and analytical methods such as chromatographic and spectrometric techniques, spectrophotometric techniques, fluorescence and chemiluminescence techniques, biochemical assays and immunoassays, electrochemical methods, and review articles on analytical methods. Because many of the research studies in the cited publications utilized more than one analytical method, the different sections should not be considered mutually exclusive.
Exploring the “Social” of Social Work in Palliative Care: Working with Diversity
Authors: Watts Jacqueline H.
Published: November 2013

Social work is one of a number of caring professions that contribute to the practice of palliative care that is now delivered in hospitals, hospices, and in the community. Most palliative care social work is undertaken as part of a medical speciality that draws on the multidisciplinary professional team that has as its aim the meeting of practical, psychological, physical, and spiritual needs of dying people and their families. This article reports case study research that explored the practice of one social worker with experience of working as part of a hospital and hospice palliative care team, both located in a diverse inner city environment. In-depth semi-structured interviewing explored the complexity of palliative care social work in this setting. Findings reveal the importance of building positive relationships with clients and the highly labor-intensive nature of this work, particularly in relation to supporting the culturally diverse needs of some dying and bereaved people. The requirement for person-centered interventions is highlighted, so as to avoid stereotypes and misunderstandings in pursuit of providing appropriate and “respectful care.”
Essential Engagement: Nicu Nurses' Relationships within End-of-Life Care
Authors: Ives-Baine Lori , Lindsay Gail , Wel Elizabeth Vander , Barker Crystal , Saini Jennie , Cross Nadine
Published: November 2013

Lindsay, Cross, and Ives-Baine (2012) explored the experiences of neonatal intensive care (NICU) nurses with infants at end-of-life and their families. In keeping with our research agreement, the findings were presented to the rest of the NICU staff at two sets of education days. The nurses affirmed the research pattern of essential engagement through telling stories of grief and professional growth. We conceptualized how nurses construct relationships through conscious engagement, dialogue, and reflection and reframing. Connecting the original findings with the nurses' responses from the education days has led to innovative actions within this NICU. This article also examines the development of an End-of-life Resource Team and Voicing Space as well as addressing ideas for further research.
End-of-Life and Palliative Care Curricula in U.S. Social Work Graduate Programs
Authors: Dickinson George
Published: November 2013

Social workers have a high probability of relating to clients with terminal illnesses and their families. Yet, end-of-life education in U.S. graduate programs of social work has been somewhat limited. A recent guideline by the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) sets standards for social work practice in palliative and end-of-life care. This article presents the results of a 2012 survey of U.S. social work graduate programs to determine curricula offerings in end-of-life and palliative care. Results suggest that the majority of graduate social work programs are addressing the NASW guidelines; however, less than half of students participate in the offering(s).
The Big Society in a Time of Crisis—The Impact on Public Health
Authors: Halsall Jamie P. , Wankhade Paresh , Cook Ian G.
Published: November 2013

At the time of writing, the UK is in a “double-dip” recession with the economy flatlining. The Government is set for a new round of benefit cuts. The cuts introduced to the public sector when the coalition government came to power in May 2010 are already beginning to bite. This “age of austerity” and general gloom was lifted briefly in summer 2012 by the undoubted success of the London Olympics and Paralympics; however, the sense of crisis within the nation runs deep. This article explores the extent to which the concept of the “Big Society” can alleviate the impact of the crisis on public health. The authors explore the thinking behind the concept of “Big Society” tracing related ideas back to Victorian times. We further examine this issue, citing evidence about the impact of cuts on the National Health Service's ambulance service and how social capital offers a way forward. While acknowledging that there is merit in the Big Society's call for voluntary sector support, beyond the support provided by the State, the authors argue that the reality of the Big Society is nonetheless flawed. If anything, the call should be for a “Little Society” of voluntarism at a local level, where meaningful voluntary action can help ameliorate the inevitable forecast decline in state support.
Aldose Reductase Drives Hyperacetylation of Egr-1 in Hyperglycemia and Consequent Upregulation of Proinflammatory and Prothrombotic Signals
Authors: Vedantham Srinivasan , Thiagarajan Devi , Ananthakrishnan Radha , Wang Lingjie , Rosario Rosa , Zou Yu Shan , Goldberg Ira , Yan Shi Fang , Schmidt Ann Marie , Ramasamy Ravichandran
Published: November 2013

Sustained increases in glucose flux via the aldose reductase (AR) pathway have been linked to diabetic vascular complications. Previous studies revealed that glucose flux via AR mediates endothelial dysfunction and leads to lesional hemorrhage in diabetic human AR (hAR) expressing mice in an apoE−/− background. Our studies revealed sustained activation of Egr-1 with subsequent induction of its downstream target genes tissue factor (TF) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in diabetic apoE−/−hAR mice aortas and in high glucose–treated primary murine aortic endothelial cells expressing hAR. Furthermore, we observed that flux via AR impaired NAD+ homeostasis and reduced activity of NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirt-1 leading to acetylation and prolonged expression of Egr-1 in hyperglycemic conditions. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a novel mechanism by which glucose flux via AR triggers activation, acetylation, and prolonged expression of Egr-1 leading to proinflammatory and prothrombotic responses in diabetic atherosclerosis.
GLP-1R Responsiveness Predicts Individual Gastric Bypass Efficacy on Glucose Tolerance in Rats
Authors: Habegger Kirk M. , Heppner Kristy M. , Amburgy Sarah E. , Ottaway Nickki , Holland Jenna , Raver Christine , Bartley Erin , Müller Timo D. , Pfluger Paul T. , Berger Jose , Toure Mouhamadoul , Benoit Stephen C. , DiMarchi Richard D. , Perez-Tilve Diego , D’Alessio David A. , Seeley Randy J. , Tschöp Matthias H.
Published: November 2013

Several bariatric operations are currently used to treat obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. These vary in efficacy, but most are more effective than current pharmaceutical treatments. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) produces substantial body weight (BW) loss and enhanced glucose tolerance, and is associated with increased secretion of the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Given the success of GLP-1–based agents in lowering blood glucose levels and BW, we hypothesized that an individual sensitivity to GLP-1 receptor agonism could predict metabolic benefits of surgeries associated with increased GLP-1 secretion. One hundred ninety-seven high-fat diet–induced obese male Long-Evans rats were monitored for BW loss during exendin-4 (Ex4) administration. Stable populations of responders and nonresponders were identified based on Ex4-induced BW loss and GLP-1–induced improvements in glucose tolerance. Subpopulations of Ex4 extreme responders and nonresponders underwent RYGB surgery. After RYGB, responders and nonresponders showed similar BW loss compared with sham, but nonresponders retained impaired glucose tolerance. These data indicate that the GLP-1 response tests may predict some but not all of the improvements observed after RYGB. These findings present an opportunity to optimize the use of bariatric surgery based on an improved understanding of GLP-1 biology and suggest an opportunity for a more personalized therapeutic approach to the metabolic syndrome.
Developmental Programming by Maternal Insulin Resistance: Hyperinsulinemia, Glucose Intolerance, and Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in Male Offspring of Insulin-Resistant Mice
Authors: Isganaitis Elvira , Woo Melissa , Ma Huijuan , Chen Michael , Kong Wen , Lytras Aristides , Sales Vicencia , DeCoste-Lopez Jennifer , Lee Kyung-Ju , Leatherwood Cianna , Lee Deborah , Fitzpatrick Connor , Gall Walter , Watkins Steven , Patti Mary-Elizabeth
Published: November 2013

Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with obesity and diabetes risk in offspring. We tested whether maternal insulin resistance, which frequently coexists with GDM and obesity, could independently contribute to dysregulation of offspring metabolism. Female mice haploinsufficient for insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1-het) are hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant during pregnancy, despite normal plasma glucose and body weight, and thus serve as a model of isolated maternal insulin resistance. Wild-type (WT) offspring of IRS1-het dams insulin resistance-exposed [IR-exposed] were compared with WT offspring of WT dams. Despite no differences in adiposity, male IR-exposed pups were glucose intolerant (P = 0.04) and hyperinsulinemic (1.3-fold increase, P = 0.02) by 1 month of age and developed progressive fasting hyperglycemia. Moreover, male IR-exposed pups challenged with high-fat diet exhibited insulin resistance. Liver lipidomic analysis of 3-week-old IR-exposed males revealed increases in the 16:1n7 fraction of several lipid classes, suggesting increased Scd1 activity. By 6 months of age, IR-exposed males had increased lipid accumulation in liver as well as increased plasma refed fatty acids, consistent with disrupted lipid metabolism. Our results indicate that isolated maternal insulin resistance, even in the absence of hyperglycemia or obesity, can promote metabolic perturbations in male offspring.
Effects of Sitagliptin and Metformin Treatment on Incretin Hormone and Insulin Secretory Responses to Oral and “Isoglycemic” Intravenous Glucose
Authors: Vardarli Irfan , Arndt Elisabeth , Deacon Carolyn F. , Holst Jens J. , Nauck Michael A.
Published: November 2013

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors prevent degradation of incretin hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1] and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]), whereas metformin may increase GLP-1 levels. We examined, in a four-period crossover trial, the influence of metformin (2,000 mg/day), sitagliptin (100 mg/day), or their combination, on GLP-1 responses and on the incretin effect in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes, comparing an oral glucose challenge (75 g, day 5) and an “isoglycemic” intravenous glucose infusion (day 6). Fasting total GLP-1 was significantly increased by metformin and not changed by sitagliptin. After oral glucose, metformin increased and sitagliptin significantly decreased (by 53%) total GLP-1. Fasting and postload intact GLP-1 increased with sitagliptin but not with metformin. After oral glucose, only sitagliptin, but not metformin, significantly augmented insulin secretion, in monotherapy and as an add-on to metformin. The incretin effect was not changed numerically with any of the treatments. In conclusion, sitagliptin increased intact GLP-1 and GIP through DPP-4 inhibition but reduced total GLP-1 and GIP (feedback inhibition) without affecting the numerical contribution of the incretin effect. Insulin secretion with sitagliptin treatment was similarly stimulated with oral and “isoglycemic” intravenous glucose. This points to an important contribution of small changes in incretin concentrations within the basal range or to additional insulinotropic agents besides GLP mediating the antidiabetic effects of DPP-4 inhibition.
Myeloid-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B Deficiency in Mice Protects Against High-Fat Diet and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation, Hyperinsulinemia, and Endotoxemia Through an IL-10 STAT3-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Grant Louise , Shearer Kirsty D. , Czopek Alicja , Lees Emma K. , Owen Carl , Agouni Abdelali , Workman James , Martin-Granados Cristina , Forrester John V. , Wilson Heather M. , Mody Nimesh , Delibegovic Mirela
Published: November 2013

Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) negatively regulates insulin and leptin signaling, rendering it an attractive drug target for treatment of obesity-induced insulin resistance. However, some studies suggest caution when targeting macrophage PTP1B, due to its potential anti-inflammatory role. We assessed the role of macrophage PTP1B in inflammation and whole-body metabolism using myeloid-cell (LysM) PTP1B knockout mice (LysM PTP1B). LysM PTP1B mice were protected against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia and hepatic damage associated with decreased proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo. In vitro, LPS-treated LysM PTP1B bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) displayed increased interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA expression, with a concomitant decrease in TNF-α mRNA levels. These anti-inflammatory effects were associated with increased LPS- and IL-10–induced STAT3 phosphorylation in LysM PTP1B BMDMs. Chronic inflammation induced by high-fat (HF) feeding led to equally beneficial effects of macrophage PTP1B deficiency; LysM PTP1B mice exhibited improved glucose and insulin tolerance, protection against LPS-induced hyperinsulinemia, decreased macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, and decreased liver damage. HF-fed LysM PTP1B mice had increased basal and LPS-induced IL-10 levels, associated with elevated STAT3 phosphorylation in splenic cells, IL-10 mRNA expression, and expansion of cells expressing myeloid markers. These increased IL-10 levels negatively correlated with circulating insulin and alanine transferase levels. Our studies implicate myeloid PTP1B in negative regulation of STAT3/IL-10–mediated signaling, highlighting its inhibition as a potential anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic target in obesity.
Lipopolysaccharides-Mediated Increase in Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion: Involvement of the GLP-1 Pathway
Authors: Nguyen Anh Thoai , Mandard Stéphane , Dray Cédric , Deckert Valérie , Valet Philippe , Besnard Philippe , Drucker Daniel J. , Lagrost Laurent , Grober Jacques
Published: November 2013

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the cell wall of gram–negative bacteria trigger inflammation, which is associated with marked changes in glucose metabolism. Hyperglycemia is frequently observed during bacterial infection and it is a marker of a poor clinical outcome in critically ill patients. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of an acute injection or continuous infusion of LPS on experimentally induced hyperglycemia in wild-type and genetically engineered mice. The acute injection of a single dose of LPS produced an increase in glucose disposal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Continuous infusion of LPS through mini-osmotic pumps was also associated with increased GSIS. Finally, manipulation of LPS detoxification by knocking out the plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) led to increased glucose disposal and GSIS. Overall, glucose tolerance and GSIS tests supported the hypothesis that mice treated with LPS develop glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia. The effects of LPS on glucose metabolism were significantly altered as a result of either the accumulation or antagonism of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Complementary studies in wild-type and GLP-1 receptor knockout mice further implicated the GLP-1 receptor–dependent pathway in mediating the LPS-mediated changes in glucose metabolism. Hence, enhanced GLP-1 secretion and action underlies the development of glucose-mediated hyperinsulinemia associated with endotoxemia.
Nrf2 Protects Pancreatic β-Cells From Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Diabetic Model Mice
Authors: Yagishita Yoko , Fukutomi Toshiaki , Sugawara Akira , Kawamura Hiroshi , Takahashi Tetsu , Pi Jingbo , Uruno Akira , Yamamoto Masayuki
Published: November 2013

Transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2–related factor 2) regulates wide-ranging cytoprotective genes in response to environmental stress. Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH–associated protein 1) is an adaptor protein for Cullin3-based ubiquitin E3 ligase and negatively regulates Nrf2. The Keap1-Nrf2 system plays important roles in the oxidative stress response and metabolism. However, the roles Nrf2 plays in prevention of pancreatic β-cell damage remain elusive. To demonstrate the roles of Nrf2 in pancreatic β-cells, we used four genetically engineered mouse models: 1) β-cell–specific Keap1-conditional knockout mice, 2) β-cell–specific Nos2 transgenic mice, 3) conventional Nrf2-heterozygous knockout mice, and 4) β-cell–specific Nrf2-conditional knockout mice. We found that Nrf2 induction suppressed the oxidative DNA-adduct formation in pancreatic islets of iNOS-Tg mice and strongly restored insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in the context of reactive species (RS) damage. Consistently, Nrf2 suppressed accumulation of intracellular RS in isolated islets and pancreatic β-cell lines and also decreased nitrotyrosine levels. Nrf2 induced glutathione-related genes and reduced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis mediated by nitric oxide. In contrast, Nrf2 depletion in Nrf2-heterozygous knockout and β-cell–specific Nrf2-conditional knockout mice strongly aggravated pancreatic β-cell damage. These results demonstrate that Nrf2 induction prevents RS damage in pancreatic β-cells and that the Keap1-Nrf2 system is the crucial defense pathway for the physiological and pathological protection of pancreatic β-cells.
Structural and Functional Properties of Deep Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Explain Its Association With Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk in Men
Authors: Marinou Kyriakoula , Hodson Leanne , Vasan Senthil K. , Fielding Barbara A. , Banerjee Rajarshi , Brismar Kerstin , Koutsilieris Michael , Clark Anne , Neville Matt J. , Karpe Fredrik
Published: November 2013

OBJECTIVE

Fat distribution is an important variable explaining metabolic heterogeneity of obesity. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is divided by the Scarpa’s fascia into a deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT) and a superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (sSAT) layer. This study sought to characterize functional differences between the two SAT layers to explore their relative contribution to metabolic traits and cardiovascular risk (CVR) profile.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We recruited 371 Caucasians consecutively from a local random, population-based screening project in Oxford and 25 Asian Indians from the local community. The depth of the SAT layers was determined by ultrasound (US), and adipose tissue (AT) biopsies were performed under US guidance in a subgroup of 43 Caucasians. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass was quantified by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan.

RESULTS

Male adiposity in both ethnic groups was characterized by a disproportionate expansion of dSAT, which was strongly correlated with VAT mass. dSAT depth was a strong predictor of global insulin resistance (IR; homeostatic model assessment of IR), liver-specific IR (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1), and Framingham risk score independently of other measures of adiposity in men. Moreover, dSAT had higher expression of proinflammatory, lipogenic, and lipolytic genes and contained higher proportions of saturated fatty acids. There was increased proportion of small adipocytes in dSAT.

CONCLUSIONS

SAT is heterogeneous; dSAT expands disproportionally more than sSAT with increasing obesity in Caucasian males (confirmed also in Asian Indians). Its expansion is related to increased CVR independent of other adiposity measures, and it has biological properties suggestive of higher metabolic activity contributing to global IR.
Clinical and Genetic Determinants of Progression of Type 2 Diabetes: A DIRECT Study
Authors: Zhou Kaixin , Donnelly Louise A. , Morris Andrew D. , Franks Paul W. , Jennison Chris , Palmer Colin N.A. , Pearson Ewan R.
Published: November 2013

OBJECTIVE

To identify the clinical and genetic factors that explain why the rate of diabetes progression is highly variable between idividuals following diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied 5,250 patients with type 2 diabetes using comprehensive electronic medical records in Tayside, Scotland, from 1992 onward. We investigated the association of clinical, biochemical, and genetic factors with the risk of progression of type 2 diabetes from diagnosis to the requirement of insulin treatment (defined as insulin treatment or HbA1c ≥8.5% [69 mmol/mol] treated with two or more noninsulin therapies).

RESULTS

Risk of progression was associated with both low and high BMI. In an analysis stratified by BMI and HbA1c at diagnosis, faster progression was independently associated with younger age at diagnosis, higher log triacylglyceride (TG) concentrations (hazard ratio [HR] 1.28 per mmol/L [95% CI 1.15–1.42]) and lower HDL concentrations (HR 0.70 per mmol/L [95% CI 0.55–0.87]). A high Genetic Risk Score derived from 61 diabetes risk variants was associated with a younger age at diagnosis and a younger age when starting insulin but was not associated with the progression rate from diabetes to the requirement of insulin treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased TG and low HDL levels are independently associated with increased rate of progression of diabetes. The genetic factors that predispose to diabetes are different from those that cause rapid progression of diabetes, suggesting a difference in biological process that needs further investigation.
Effectiveness of Bayesian Updating Attributes in Data Transferability Applications
Authors: Rashidi Taha H. , Auld Joshua , Mohammadian Abolfazl (Kouros)
Published: November 2013

This paper presents the findings from an analysis of several Bayesian updating scenarios in the context of data transferability. Bayesian updating has been recognized as having great potential for use in the transportation field, especially in the simulation of travel demand and other transportation-related data. For local areas where comprehensive data collection is too costly and infeasible, Bayesian updating can be used to synthesize travel demand data in a process generally referred to as data transferability. Bayesian updating has been occasionally employed for transferring travel data; however, various aspects and disadvantages of its use have been insufficiently studied. This work addresses issues about Bayesian updating techniques in data transferability, including a comparison of the use of conjugate and nonconjugate formulations in the updating models, their relative effectiveness, and impacts of the quality of the prior information on final results. The study shows that, in general, updating small local samples of travel attribute data with prior information from national data sources provides an improved estimate of local travel attributes compared with using the local sample only. However, this study found that the inclusion of all available historical data in the prior distributions does not necessarily improve the quality of the updating results. Therefore, careful analysis of the applicability of the prior information to the desired context is necessary when a Bayesian updating formulation is used. The 2001 National Household Travel Survey and the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey were used for the demonstration exercises in this study.
Incorporating Mechanisms of Social Adoption in Design and Analysis of Stated-Choice Experiments
Authors: Rasouli Soora , Timmermans Harry
Published: November 2013

The use of stated-choice experiments in travel behavior research has increased dramatically over the past decade. Although considerable progress has been made, overprediction of market shares of new choice alternatives is often reported. This study is based on the contention that such overprediction is partly because experimental designs do not incorporate conditions that reflect how new alternatives are received in the marketplace: social adoption is not experimentally varied. The aim of this paper is to show how social adoption can be incorporated into the design and analysis of stated-choice experiments. The intention to buy an electric car is used for illustration. This paper discusses the design of the choice experiment and summarizes the main findings of the analyses. Results indicate that, although social influence plays a less significant role than attributes of electric cars in the buying process, different elements of social networks exert an influence on people's buying decisions. These effects vary between friends, relatives, colleagues, and the larger peer group. Moreover, the effects are nonlinear as the particular form of the part-worth utility function depends on the element of the social network. The latent decision to buy a car also depends on socio demographic variables. The results of this novel approach have implications for the design of stated-choice experiments.
Estimating Dynamic Workplace Capacities by Means of Public Transport Smart Card Data and Household Travel Survey in Singapore
Authors: Ordóñez Medina Sergio Arturo , Erath Alex
Published: November 2013

The number and the temporal and spatial distribution of work locations are crucial information for any transport demand model. To generate the initial transport demand of MATSim, an activity-based multiagent simulation framework, it is necessary to determine dynamic workplace capacities with high spatial resolution, either on a parcel or even a building level. Commonly applied methods to derive work locations are based on census of enterprises information, unemployment insurance database, or combined information of a building's gross floor area and individual work space requirements. As an alternative, the authors present a methodology that combines public transport smart card transaction data, travel diary surveys, and building information data sources. Work activities are detected from smart card transactions based on observed activity duration and start time and therefore related to public transport stops. To link the observed work activities to individual buildings, a linear programming optimization technique is applied that minimizes the walking time between public transport stops and potential work locations. The method classifies work activities in representative work schedules obtained by clustering methods. Information on maximum allowed building gross floor area derived from land use regulation is combined with estimates on individual work space requirements to ensure that buildings are only assigned with work activities according to their maximal capacity. To account for private transport based work activities, mode shares as observed in a travel diary are taken into account. To demonstrate the applicability, the proposed approach is implemented in Singapore and the results critically reviewed.
Robustness and Computational Efficiency of Kalman Filter Estimator of Time-Dependent Origin–Destination Matrices
Authors: Barceló J. , Montero L. , Bullejos M. , Linares M. P. , Serch O.
Published: November 2013

Origin–destination (O-D) trip matrices that describe the patterns of traffic behavior across a network are the primary data input used in principal traffic models and, therefore, a critical requirement in all advanced systems supported by dynamic traffic assignment models. However, because O-D matrices are not directly observable, the current practice consists of adjusting an initial or seed matrix from link flow counts that are provided by an existing layout of traffic-counting stations. The availability of new traffic measurements provided by information and communication technologies (ICT) allows more efficient algorithms, namely for real-time estimation of O-D matrices that are based on modified Kalman filtering approaches to exploit the new data. The quality of the estimations depends on various factors such as the penetration of the ICT devices, the detection layout, and the quality of the initial information. The feasibility of real-time applications depends on the computational performance of the proposed algorithms for urban networks of sensitive size. This paper presents the results of a set of computational experiments with a microscopic simulation of the network of Barcelona's central business district that explore the sensitivity of the Kalman filter estimates in relation to design factor values.
Impact of Distribution Choice for Representing Input Variation
Authors: Petrik Olga , Silva Joäo de Abreu e , Moura Filipe Manuel Mercier Vilaça e
Published: November 2013

Uncertainty and risk analysis is becoming an ever-increasing part of transport demand forecasting because it can significantly influence the feasibility of a transportation project. Probabilistic assessment using Monte Carlo simulation is one of the most common approaches to uncertainty evaluation. This method implies generating random draws from probability distributions for the input variables. Often the empirical data that allow fitting the distribution are not available or involve additional costs to be obtained. In this case, the modeler makes an assumption of the shape of the probability distribution and its parameters in a context of information shortage, and this assumption introduces additional error to the uncertainty analysis. The main goal of this study is to quantify the impact of the distribution choice on the estimates of the model uncertainty present in its attributes and, more specifically, of its shape, skewness, and correlations among variables by using the case study of a high-speed railway project in Portugal. The results suggest that the mode location of the distribution, its shape, and correlations significantly affect the outcome of the uncertainty analysis.
Comparison of Static and Dynamic Land Use–Transport Interaction Models
Authors: Kryvobokov Marko , Chesneau Jean-Baptiste , Bonnafous Alain , Delons Jean , Piron Vincent
Published: November 2013

The paper addresses comparability of two urban modeling frameworks: the static equilibrium Pirandello and the dynamic disequilibrium UrbanSim. The two frameworks, though conceptually different, contain some common features in their transportation and land use models. An empirical test includes the long-term effect of an urban toll implementation in the Lyon urban area in France. The conclusion is that the static and the dynamic urban modeling frameworks, despite their fundamental differences, can generate, in most cases, comparable empirical results, which are intuitively logical and can be used for policy scenario evaluations.
Does Residential Dissonance Affect Residential Mobility?
Authors: Kamruzzaman M. , Washington Simon , Baker Douglas , Turrell Gavin
Published: November 2013

This research identifies the impacts of residential dissonance on residential mobility behavior in transit-oriented developments (TODs) versus non-TODs in Brisbane, Australia. On the basis of the characteristics of living environments (density, diversity, connectivity, and accessibility) and the travel preferences of 4,545 individuals, respondents in 2009 were classified into one of four categories: TOD consonants, TOD dissonants, non-TOD dissonants, and non-TOD consonants. Binary logistic regression analyses were employed to identify residential mobility behavior of groups between 2009 and 2011 while controlling for time-varying covariates. The findings show that both TOD dissonants and TOD consonants move residences at an equal rate. However, TOD dissonants are more likely to move residences to their preferred non-TOD areas. In contrast, non-TOD dissonants not only move residences at a lower rate, but their rate of mobility to their preferred TOD neighborhood is also significantly lower because of costs and other associated factors. The findings suggest that development of policies for discrete land use is required to integrate non-TOD dissonant and TOD dissonant behaviors to support TOD development in Brisbane.