bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae

O1 isolated in Samutsakorn, Thailand before, during and
after the emergence of V. cholerae O139
Authors: DALSGAARD A. , SERICHANTALERGS O. , FORSLUND A. , PITARANGSI C. , ECHEVERRIA P.
Published: July 2002

Seventy clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated

from 1982–96 in Samutsakorn, a port
city 30 km southwest of Bangkok where cholera occurs at low levels with
regular seasonality,
were characterized to investigate if there were any differences among the
O1 strains isolated
before, during and after the O139 epidemic. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
(PFGE) typing,
ribotyping and southern blot hybridization with a cholera toxin probe (CT
genotyping)
demonstrated several genotypes among O1 strains isolated
before the emergence of V. cholerae
O139. However, O1 strains isolated during and after the advent of O139
showed identical
ribotypes which were distinctly different from the types
identified in strains isolated before the
emergence of O139. Ribotypes identified in strains during and after the
advent of O139 were
also demonstrated by O1 strains isolated immediately before the emergence
of O139.
Considering the seasonality of cholera in Samutsakorn, the identical ribotype
and CT genotype
and the closely related PFGE types shown by all O1 strains isolated during
and after the
appearance of O139 is remarkable and suggest that the
V. cholerae O1 strain may reemerge
from an environmental source. A subgroup of V. cholerae O1 strains
isolated before the
emergence of the O139 epidemic had a ribotype identical to a type demonstrated
by O139
strains isolated in Thailand. Our results support similar findings in Bangladesh
and India that
a distinct O1 strain appeared during the O139 epidemic. However, compared
with the apparent
identical strain which replaced O139 in Bangladesh and India, the emerged
O1 strain in
Samutsakorn showed a different ribotype and CT genotype.
The risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome following infection
with
Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: McCARTHY N. , ANDERSSON Y. , JORMANAINEN V. , GUSTAVSSON O. , GIESECKE J.
Published: July 2002

To estimate the incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
following Campylobacter jejuni
infection (CI) we studied three populations where outbreaks of CI had occurred
involving an
estimated 8000 cases. No case of GBS was detected in the 6 months following
the outbreaks in
the local populations. The point estimate for the risk of GBS following
CI estimated in this
study was 0 in 8000 (95% confidence interval 0–3).
Salmonellosis in North Thames (East), UK:
associated risk factors
Authors: BANATVALA N. , CRAMP A. , JONES I. R. , FELDMAN R. A.
Published: July 2002

We assessed the rate of salmonella infections and risk factors associated with infection in
North East Thames in 1993. Cases of culture confirmed infection were identified through
microbiology laboratories and environmental health officers in the North East Thames. A total
of 1730 cases were reported and 209 of these individuals (those who could be contacted within
a 3-week interval after onset of symptoms) and matched controls were interviewed by
telephone. In addition randomly selected controls were interviewed over a 4-month period
about recent gastric acid lowering medication and antimicrobial ingestion. Sixty-six serotypes
were identified: S. enteritidis was isolated from 1179 (69%) cases, S. typhimurium from 221
(13%), S. virchow from 77 (4%) and S. newport 25 (1%). Infections were more frequent in
summer months. Highest rates were documented in children under 2 years of age for S.
enteritidis (108/100000) and under 1 year for S. typhimurium (36/100000). Using the Townsend
score, highest isolation rates of S. enteritidis were in more prosperous areas (36/100000 vs.
27/100000; odds ratio (OR) 1·3, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1·2–1·6, P<0·0001), while for
S. typhimurium, there was no relation between deprivation index and isolation rates areas
(6·4/100000 vs. 6·1/100000; OR 1·1, 95% CIs 0·8–1·5, P=0·77). The case control study
showed a significant association between ingestion of products containing raw eggs and
S. enteritidis infection (8/111 cases vs. 0/110 controls; OR undefined, lower 95% CIs 3·4).
Individuals with salmonella infection were significantly more likely to have travelled abroad in
the week before the onset of illness [42/186 (23%) vs. 1/182 (0·5%) ; OR 40, 95%
CIs=5·5–291, P<0·001] and to report gastroduodenal disease
[11/143 (7 %) vs. 3/143 (2 %); OR
5·0, 95% CIs=1·1–23, P=0·04]. There was an association between illness and gastric acid-lowering medications [unmatched controls OR 22·3 (95% CIs
1·5–3·7, P=0·0002), matched
controls OR 3·7 (95% CIs 1·0–3·8, P=0·07)],
but no association with antimicrobial ingestion.
Serovar specific risk factors and clinical features of
Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Enteritidis: a study
in South-West Germany
Authors: KIST M. J. , FREITAG S.
Published: July 2002

Human salmonellosis in Germany has been an increasing problem since the 1980s, with a peak
of 195000 reported cases in 1992. During the peak years, isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE)
predominated by far over other salmonella serovars (NSE) (80 vs. 20%). In a comparison of
the clinical characteristics of 790 persons infected with SE to 175 persons infected with NSE,
watery diarrhoea (OR 1·7) and high grade (> 39 °C) fever (OR 1·8) were independently
associated with SE infection. When comparing possible risk factors for acquiring salmonella
infection among patients with SE compared to those with NSE, consumption of raw eggs (OR
4·4; P = 0·0006) was the most significant alimentary risk factor for SE infection, while travel
outside Europe was negatively associated with SE infection (OR 0·08; P = 0·0001). When
comparing all patients with salmonella infection, regardless of serovar, with healthy controls,
consumption of raw eggs (OR 30·3; P = 0·001), of raw or undercooked eggs (OR 1·9;
P = 0·003), or having puppies, kittens or turtles (OR 6·8; P = 0·002),
were risk factors for salmonellosis.
Diet, activity patterns, foraging movement and responses to deforestation of the aquatic tenrec Limnogale mergulus (Lipotyphla: Tenrecidae) in eastern Madagascar
Authors: Benstead Jonathan P. , Barnes Kevin H. , Pringle Catherine M.
Published: July 2002

The aquatic or web‐footed tenrec Limnogale mergulus is a semi‐aquatic lipotyphlan insectivore known only from stream habitats of eastern Madagascar. Limnogale is considered a high conservation priority because of its rarity, suspected vulnerability to habitat degradation, and unique ecological niche on the island. However, its ecology and behaviour remain poorly understood. Quantitative faecal analysis and radio‐tracking were used to study the diet and foraging activity of Limnogale in eastern Madagascar. Faecal pellet counts along forest and zero‐canopy streams were also conducted to examine the response of aquatic tenrec populations to catchment deforestation. Faecal analysis indicated that the diet of Limnogale consists mainly of larval and adult aquatic insects, larval anurans and crayfishes. The most important prey were Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Trichoptera larvae. Diets did not differ substantially between forest and zero‐canopy streams. Radio‐tracking of two individuals indicated that Limnogale is strictly nocturnal and remains in streamside burrows during daylight. Nocturnal movement was restricted solely to stream channels and consisted of active foraging by swimming and diving. Distance travelled per night ranged from 200 to 1550 m along the stream channel (means 1067 and 860 m, respectively). The total lengths of stream channel used by the two aquatic tenrecs during each radio‐tracking study were 1160 and 505 m, respectively. Faecal pellet counts along forest and zero‐canopy streams suggested that Limnogale was at least as abundant in zero‐canopy streams. This finding suggests that Limnogale is not an obligate forest species; however, it preys on benthic communities that are extremely vulnerable to sedimentation. Control of excessive sedimentation and maintenance of healthy benthic communities are essential to Limnogale conservation. We include an updated list of known sites for Limnogale and recommend the use of faecal pellet surveys to assess the current distribution of the species.
FUNCTIONAL PEARL Unfolding pointer algorithms
Authors: BIRD RICHARD S.
Published: July 2002

A fair amount has been written on the subject of reasoning about pointer algorithms.
There was a peak about 1980 when everyone seemed to be tackling the formal
verification of the Schorr–Waite marking algorithm, including Gries (1979, Morris
(1982) and Topor (1979). Bornat (2000) writes: “The Schorr–Waite algorithm is the
first mountain that any formalism for pointer aliasing should climb”. Then it went
more or less quiet for a while, but in the last few years there has been a resurgence of
interest, driven by new ideas in relational algebras (Möeller, 1993), in data refinement
Butler (1999), in type theory (Hofmann, 2000; Walker and Morrisett, 2000), in novel
kinds of assertion (Reynolds, 2000), and by the demands of mechanised reasoning
(Bornat, 2000). Most approaches end up being based in the Floyd–Dijkstra–Hoare
tradition with loops and invariant assertions. To be sure, when dealing with any
recursively-defined linked structure some declarative notation has to be brought in to
specify the problem, but no one to my knowledge has advocated a purely functional
approach throughout. Mason (1988) comes close, but his Lisp expressions can be
very impure. Möller (1999) also exploits an algebraic approach, and the structure of
his paper has much in common with what follows.

This pearl explores the possibility of a simple functional approach to pointer
manipulation algorithms.
Automatic verification of functions with accumulating parameters
Authors: IRELAND ANDREW , BUNDY ALAN
Published: July 2002

Proof by mathematical induction plays a crucial role in reasoning about functional programs.
A generalization step often holds the key to discovering an inductive proof. We present a
generalization technique which is particularly applicable when reasoning about functional
programs involving accumulating parameters. We provide empirical evidence for the success
of our technique and show how it is contributing to the ongoing development of a parallelizing
compiler for Standard ML.
The relative frequency of the synthetic and composite futures in the newspaper Ouest-France and some observations on distribution
Authors: Wales M. L.
Published: July 2002

Figures on the relative frequency of synthetic and composite future forms in Ouest-France are presented and compared with those of earlier studies on the passé simple and passé composé. The synthetic future is found to be dominant. Possible formal explanations for distribution are found to be inconclusive. Distribution across different text-types is found to be more promising, since contrastive functions of the two forms can be identified in texts where they co-occur. The composite future typically reports new proposals or plans as current news, while the synthetic future outlines details that will be realised at the time of implementation. Both functions are important in dailies, but current news is more often expressed in the present tense at the expense of the composite future.
Relating operational and denotational semantics for

input/output effects
Authors: CROLE ROY L. , GORDON ANDREW D.
Published: July 2002

We study the longstanding problem of semantics for input/output (I/O) expressed using

side-effects. Our vehicle is a small higher-order imperative language, with operations for

interactive character I/O and based on ML syntax. Unlike previous theories, we present

both operational and denotational semantics for I/O effects. We use a novel labelled

transition system that uniformly expresses both applicative and imperative computation. We

make a standard definition of bisimilarity and prove bisimilarity is a congruence using

Howe's method.

Next, we define a metalanguage [Mscr ] in which we may give a denotational semantics to

[Oscr ]. [Mscr ] generalises Crole and Pitts' FIX-logic by adding in a parameterised recursive datatype,

which is used to model I/O. [Mscr ] comes equipped both with an operational semantics and a

domain-theoretic semantics in the category [Cscr ][Pscr ][Pscr ][Oscr ] of cppos (bottom-pointed posets with

joins of ω-chains) and Scott continuous functions. We use the

[Cscr ][Pscr ][Pscr ][Oscr ] semantics to prove that [Mscr ]

is computationally adequate for the operational semantics using formal

approximation relations. The existence of such relations is based on recent work of

Pitts (Pitts 1994b) for untyped languages, and uses the idea of minimal invariant objects due

to Freyd.

A monadic-style textual translation into [Mscr ] induces a denotational semantics on

[Oscr ]. Our final result validates the denotational semantics: if the denotations of two

[Oscr ] programs are equal, then the [Oscr ] programs are in fact operationally equivalent.
Commentary
Authors: Perkins Henry S.
Published: July 2002

As every physician knows, “do no harm”
is a basic tenet of medical ethics. Ironically, however,
the increasingly powerful science used in patient care
may undermine adherence to this tenet. In particular, science
now enables the physician to identify “partial
patients”—as Greaves defines them—by
diagnosing disease or risk factors for disease before
physical symptoms occur. But simply by identifying such
partial patients, the physician may unwittingly inflict
emotional harm on them. “Do no harm” requires
the physician to anticipate and minimize such harms.
Rights and Strikes in Healthcare
Authors: Reitemeier Paul J.
Published: July 2002

The bioethics literature on collective labor protest
actions by health professionals is modest and recent, focusing
almost exclusively on strike actions—although that
is beginning to change. The essays in this special section
of the Cambridge Quarterly seek to further explore
many of the key ethical issues in some detail. The authors
analyze existing ethical tensions and propose responses
(none presume to call them solutions) to the increasingly
hostile conflicts between licensed health professionals
and the new corporate management of healthcare organizations.
Review of periodical articles: Pre-1500
Authors: Rosser Gervase
Published: July 2002

Survey the world . . . from Ireland to Japan: the medieval town is everywhere. Whether in Europe or Africa, India, the Slav lands or the Far East, no self-respecting country now lacks its examples of civic life during the first fifteen centuries of the Christian era. As a broad cultural phenomenon, the rediscovery of urbanism in this historical period is both ensnaring and liberating at the same time. The snare is the difficulty of knowing when a proposed comparison – whether made between continents, or within a much smaller area – is not the mere imposition upon unfamiliar evidence of a model imported from elsewhere. After years of European insistence on the otherness of the east, it would be ironic if all non-European cultures were now to become absorbed in a single historical framework, constructed upon part of the experience of post-Roman western Europe. And Europe itself, as perhaps does not need to be stressed these days, is bound by no ‘natural’ unity of experience. On the other hand, a genuinely comparative urban history is liberating. It opens the possibility of deeper knowledge of a particular local society, through research which registers real comparisons yet which is at the same time open to surprise. As Bloch taught, there is more to be learned from distinguishing differences in past cultures than from accumulating similarities. Yet neither of these projects, and in particular the first, can profitably be pursued for long on a narrowly insular front.
Holoprosencephaly
Authors: Bullen PJ , Robson SC
Published: July 2002

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is an uncommon and clinically severe abnormality of forebrain development, resulting from failure of septation, or cleavage, of the midline forebrain structures. It encompasses a range of brain pathology classified as lobar, semilobar or alobar HPE reflecting increasing degrees of failed septation. The closely related development of the mid-face area is frequently disturbed, with coexisting facial phenotypes ranging from cyclopia to normal.
Sperm decondensation during fertilisation in the mouse: presence of DNase I hypersensitive sites in situ and a putative role for topoisomerase II
Authors: Bizzaro Davide , Manicardi Giancarlo , Bianchi Patrizia Grace , Sakkas Denny
Published: July 2002

In this study our aim was to characterise the presence and the role of DNA alterations during sperm decondensation in the mouse. To visualise the changes during decondensation we investigated for the presence of DNase I hypersensitive sites in situ and for a putative role for topoisomerase II by examining the effect of teniposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, during fertilisation. In situ nick translation without the previous addition of DNase I failed to reveal the presence of endogenous nicks in decondensing sperm and pronuclei whereas preincubation of fixed oocytes with DNase I indicated that decondensing sperm were sensitive to this enzyme. Addition of 100 μM teniposide did not completely inhibit pronuclei formation but its addition to the fertilisation medium did lead to the presence of endogenous DNA nicks in decondensing sperm. These observations suggest that DNase I hypersensitivity during sperm decondensation is related to the dramatic conformational changes that the chromatin undergoes during the decondensation process, in which topoisomerase II may be implicated.
The effects of 17β-estradiol and protein supplement on the
response to purified and recombinant follicle stimulating hormone in bovine oocytes
Authors: Ali Atef , Sirard Marc-André
Published: July 2002

During in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes, effects of gonadotropins (FSH, LH) and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) vary among studies. Now that we can use defined or semi-defined medium, it becomes possible to evaluate recombinant products to assess their roles. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of purified porcine (pFSH) or recombinant human (r-hFSH; 5, 50, or 500 ng/ml) follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone (LH; 50, 500 or 5000 ng/ml) and epidermal growth factor (EGF; 5, 10, 30 or 50 ng/ml) on subsequent embryonic development of in vitro matured bovine oocytes. In addition, the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA; 8 mg/ml) as a protein supplement during in vitro maturation (IVM) was studied. For all treatments, cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured in defined maturation medium consisting of synthetic oviduct fluid. Addition of LH to the maturation medium at all concentrations studied did not increase the proportion of oocytes developing to the morula and blastocyst stages. However, morula and blastocyst yield were improved (p < 0.05) after addition of EGF (30 ng/ml) as compared with maturation medium alone (29.3% vs 18.0%, respectively). Addition of r-hFSH to the maturation medium in the presence of 17β-estradiol (E2) significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the morula and blastocyst rate compared with maturation medium alone (40.3% vs 19.3%, respectively). The presence of BSA alone during IVM significantly reduced the developmental competence of oocytes as reflected by the morula and blastocyst yield. These results demonstrate the essential role of FSH, EGF and E2 on the kinetics of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation that are essential for the formation of an egg capable of fertilisation and development. Also, supplementation of r-hFSH and E2 during IVM under our conditions increases morula and blastocyst yield following in vitro fertilisation and in vitro culture in defined medium. Finally, the presence of BSA as the only protein supplement during IVM may be detrimental to oocyte maturation.
Protein kinase inhibitors induce the interphase transition by inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinase in mouse eggs
Authors: Sun Qing-Yuan , Luria Ayala , Rubinstein Sara , Breitbart Haim
Published: July 2002

The role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in mouse egg activation induced by protein kinase inhibitors and a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor was investigated. Separated egg proteins were first probed with anti-Active MAP kinase antibody and then re-probed with anti-ERK2 antibody. Staurosporine and Ro-31-8220, at concentrations that normally inhibit protein kinase C, did not affect egg activation or MAP kinase activity, while higher dosages caused egg activation. Staurosporine at 2 μM induced the metaphase–interphase transition without emission of the second polar body (PB2), while Ro-31-8220 at 40 μM induced PB2 emission, first cleavage, and then the transition to interphase. Half the eggs were also activated by the PTK inhibitor genistein. In each treatment, the proportion of eggs that entered interphase was well correlated with the degree of MAP kinase inactivation. Artificial activation of this kinase by okadaic acid overcame the interphase transition. These data suggest that protein kinase inhibitors and a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor induce the interphase transition by inactivating MAP kinase in mouse eggs.
VOICING THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE: JUDE’S OBSCURED LABOR
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: July 2002

[Hardy] is too fond — and the practice has been growing on him through all his later books — of writing like a man “who has been at a great feast of languages and stole the scraps,” or, in plain English, of making experiments in a form of language which he does not seem clearly to understand, and in a style for which he was assuredly not born. (Mowbray Morris)

No reader can fail to notice — and few critics have failed to deplore — the ponderous allusions to literature and art which strew with their initial capitals the pages of Hardy’s early novels. . . . The mark of the autodidact is perhaps to be found not so much in what he knows as in how he regards the world of knowledge. . . . Hardy may have known more than many a man with a university education, but he lacked the kind of intellectual as well as social assurance that such an education might have given him. (Thomas Hardy: His Career as a Novelist, Michael Millgate)

DESPITE A GAP OF ONE HUNDRED YEARS between these two statements, they exhibit little difference with regard to an issue that has drawn critical comment since first publication of Thomas Hardy’s novels: the language of the texts. Morris and Millgate both disapprove of Hardy’s style because of its overt use of quotation, but behind this lies the view that good style depends upon correct language, and that the ability to use language correctly is the preserve of a select few by virtue of their class or education. In the one hundred years and more since Hardy wrote the novels, there are many instances of critics sharing this opinion. And yet, of course, from the early 1970s onwards, new theoretical approaches to language have increasingly dominated critical practice, changing rapidly the premises of literary interpretation. More specifically, the relationship between literature, language, and education has been theorized as an ideological matrix requiring precise historical and political analysis. The late nineteenth century in England, with its dramatic changes in State Education and the cultural crisis leading to fin-de-siècle decadence has proved fertile ground for investigations of these issues, which have indeed cited Hardy’s texts in the process.1 This article invokes that research in its focus upon Jude the Obscure — the novel by Hardy that most explicitly explores the links between education, literature, and language in the context of class.
Finite state morphology and formal verification
Authors: FERRO MANUEL VILARES , GIL JORGE GRAÑA , ALVARIÑO PILAR ALVARIÑO
Published: July 2002

The full paper describes an environment for the generation of
non-deterministic
taggers, currently used for the development of a Spanish lexicon. In relation
to
previous approaches, our system includes the use of verification tools
in order to
assure the robustness of the generated taggers. A wide variety
of user defined criteria
can be applied for checking the exact properties of the system.
Finite state morphology and information retrieval
Authors: KOSKENNIEMI KIMMO
Published: July 2002

A source of potential systematic errors in information retrieval
is
identified and discussed.
These errors occur when base form reduction is applied with a (necessarily)
finite dictionary.
Formal methods for avoiding this error source are presented, along with
some practical complexities met in its implementation.
Trade integration, environmental degradation, and public health in Chile: assessing the linkages
Authors: Beghin John C. , Bowland Bradley J. , Dessus Sébastien , Roland-Holst David , Mensbrugghe Dominique van der
Published: July 2002

We use an empirical simulation model to examine links between trade integration, pollution, and public health in Chile. We synthesize economic, engineering, and health data to elucidate this complex relationship and support more coherent policy. Trade integration scenarios examined include Chile's accession to the NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and unilateral opening to world markets. The latter scenario induces substantial worsening of pollution, partly because it facilitates access to cheaper and dirty energy, and has a significant negative effect on urban morbidity and mortality. Damages caused by rising morbidity and mortality are of similar magnitude and substantial. Emissions of small particulates, SO2, and NO2, have the strongest impact on local mortality and morbidity. These three pollutants appear to be complementary in economic activity. Unilateral trade integration combined with a tax on small particulates brings welfare gains, which are 16 per cent higher than those obtained under unilateral trade reform alone.
D2 Dopamine Receptor Blockade Immediately Post-training Enhances Retention in Hidden and Visible Platform Versions of the Water Maze
Authors: Setlow Barry , McGaugh James L.
Published: July 2002

Considerable evidence shows that post-training administration of dopamine agonists can enhance memory through actions on consolidation processes, but relatively little is known regarding the effects of dopamine antagonists on consolidation. These experiments investigated the effects of post-training systemic administration of the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride on consolidation of memory for two versions of the Morris water maze task. Rats trained in either the hidden (spatial) or visible (cued) platform version received a subcutaneous injection of sulpiride or vehicle immediately following training. Retention testing 48 hr later revealed that relative to vehicle controls, sulpiride reduced platform latencies in both task versions, suggesting that like dopamine agonists, sulpiride can also have memory-enhancing effects.
Tetrad Analysis in Higher Plants. A Budding Technology
Authors: Copenhaver Gregory P. , Keith Kevin C. , Preuss Daphne
Published: July 2002

Tetrad analysis, the ability to manipulate and individually study the four products of a single meiotic event, has been critical to understanding the mechanisms of heredity. The Arabidopsis quartet (qrt) mutation, which causes the four products of male meiosis to remain attached, enables plant biologists to apply this powerful tool to investigations of gamete development, cell division, chromosome dynamics, and recombination. Here we highlight several examples of how qrt has been used to perform tetrad analysis and suggest additional applications including a genetic screen for gametophytic mutants and methods for investigating gene interactions by synthetic lethal analysis.
Evaluating organisational effectiveness
Authors: Redshaw Bernard
Published: July 2002

Trainers are often pressed to explain to potential clients the anticipated gains the organization can expect from a training event. This task is made all the more difficult as organizations often demand that the explanation be given in financial terms with measurable quantifiers. The article considers measures commonly used for organizational effectiveness and suggests a way of combining them to form the basis of a framework that can be agreed with the client before the event takes place. This framework should also fit into the organization’s existing performance evaluation system.
What Is Mentoring?
Authors: Gay Brian
Published: July 2002

Addresses the process of mentoring, the utility of planned or
facilitated mentoring programmes and the infrastructure necessary for
the delivery of such programmes. Argues that mentoring, which is
characterized by a one‐to‐one developmental relationship based on
temporary inequality, is a powerful process. Also indicates that
mentoring is not a cheap and easy remedy for shortfalls in social
planning. It is, however, a process worthy of investment, which can
provide new horizons and opportunities for the development of capability
in young people.
Working cooperatively in an age of deregulation
Authors: More Elizabeth , McGrath Michael
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines the first part of a longitudinal study exploring strategic alliances as central mechanisms of inter‐firm cooperation in the Australian telecommunications sector. It reports on the collaboration practices of the three carriers – Telecom, Optus and Vodafone – and their first‐tier “partners”. The Australian telecommunications industry is a useful site for theory testing and development because of its degree of business concentration, the strategic relationships and networks involved and the role of government in encouraging alliances and networks, especially since the move away from a single government‐owned monopoly‐carrier environment. The recent proliferation of interorganisational alliances means we need new approaches to understanding and a move away from simple assumptions about complex organizational structures and processes. Neither is the current superficial rhetoric promoting such arrangements as the answer to industry ills adequate. Conseqently, the present study aims to enhance more complex understanding of how such structural arrangements actually work – how they are formed, organized and managed over time. The study methodology centres on analysis of research and in‐depth interviews with key industry and government executives. Proposed extensions of the present work involve a detailed communications industry survey and network analysis of relationships, with a special focus on relationships growing in the convergence of the telecommunications, entertainment, computing and media industries. When quotations from study participants are used, sources are generally not acknowledged in an endeavour to keep as much anonymity as possible.
FE modelling of a boundary layer corrector for composites using the homogenization theory
Authors: Lefik M. , Schrefler B.
Published: July 2002

Using finite element (FE) method corrects the microstress field resulting from the theory of homogenization in the region of composite in vicinity of the boundary. Obtains the corrected microstress field via an unsmearing procedure based on the known global solution and local peturbation. Analyses two examples: near a free boundary and next to a constrained border. FE models are constructed using both commercial FE code and the authors’ program for homogenization with some interfacing procedures. Shows qualitative results of computations and estimates influence on the microstress description of the local perturbation near the boundary.
Multi‐rater feedback methods: personal and organizational implications
Authors: Jansen Paul , Vloeberghs Daniël
Published: July 2002

The conditions and implications for the use of multi‐rater feedback or “360‐degree” methods are studied from both a psychological and an organizational perspective. Psychological research indicates that multi‐ratings cannot be put on the same footing as ratings obtained from more “objective” sources as for instance the assessment center. Multi‐rater feedback can be interpreted either as standing in the tradition of assessment centers, or originating from “total quality management”, but it seems more congenial to the TQM method of organizing “customer feedback”. Since multi‐rater feedback presupposes social interaction and consequently a work organization, the communicative conditions for such a feedback system are subsequently investigated from the perspective of organization science. It is investigated how various structural and cultural changes offer a fertile soil for the introduction of such kinds of feedback. However, the authors warn of the terror of “total feedback”.
The role of the potentials in electromagnetism
Authors: Hammond Percy
Published: July 2002

There are two conflicting views about electromagnetic phenomena. The first is based on the action between stationary and moving particles of electric charge and the second on energy distributions in electric and magnetic fields. The difference between these approaches is seen most clearly in the roles assigned to the potentials. According to the particle view the potentials convey the force from one particle to another, whereas in the field approach the potentials are system parameters related to the field energy. The article compares the two views and concludes that the particle view faces impossible difficulties because it ascribes local significance to quantities which are unobservable and conflicts with the quantum‐mechanical understanding of charge as a statistical distribution.
Numerical computations of flow in rotating ducts with strong curvature
Authors: Papa F. , Vaidyanathan K. , Keith T.G. , DeWitt K.J.
Published: July 2002

The artificial compressibility method is used to analyze internal flows in rotating ducts having strong curvature. This study was concerned with the laminar flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid having constant viscosity in circular and square ducts with a 908 bend. The emphasis of the present simulation is to determine the effect of rotation and through‐flow rate on the fluid physics and friction characteristics in the straight channel and in the curved geometric regions. The Reynolds numbers ranged from 100 to 790 and the Rossby numbers from 0 to 0.4. Coriolis forces arising from rotation produce a non‐symmetric secondary flow in the bend that increases the loss coefficient as compared with the values for non‐rotation. In addition, the wall friction losses in the straight outlet section are increased, and both effects are directly proportional to the Rossby number.
Information Technology and Innovation
Authors: Johannessen Jon‐Arild
Published: July 2002

Identifies critical innovation factors (CIF) linked to information technology (IT). First, identifies the various trends in research and how they relate to each other in terms of IT and organizational change processes. Then identifies and discusses five elements regarded as crucial for the relation between IT and innovation. These are: the change agent′s role, organizational culture, management style, the market, co‐ordination and service. For each of these elements CIF is identified in relation to IT. Concludes by systematizing the various CIF in relation to the five elements in a coherent framework.
Predicting real estate rents: walking backwards into the future
Authors: Chaplin Russell
Published: July 2002

Modelling, predicting and forecasting commercial rents are now seen as necessary and explicit processes in real estate investment. Decisions on the prospects for specific investments, the real estate portfolio and multi‐asset portfolio are made as a result of these processes and thus it is the accuracy of these models, predictions and forecasts in capturing future movements in rents that are implicitly tested in the marketplace. Despite the amount of theoretical and empirical research that has been conducted into modelling and predicting rents, it is unusual to find research which explicitly considers the predictive accuracy of models on an ex ante basis. This paper seeks to demonstrate the importance and possible value of such a procedure by examining the predictability of commercial rents in the office, industrial and retail markets of Great Britain over a real estate “cycle”. The paper concludes that theory appears to be a better indicator of the “correct” model structure than maximising historic fit. Often naïve competitors are better predictors than the model selection strategy employed.
Visualization of Solidification in a Simulated Czochralski System
Authors: Ferland, Michele , Mishra, and Debasish , Prasad Vishwanath
Published: July 2002

[S0022-1481(00)04003-2]
Measurements and Predictions of a Highly Turbulent Flowfield in a Turbine Vane Passage
Authors: Radomsky R. W. , Thole K. A.
Published: July 2002

As highly turbulent flow passes through downstream airfoil passages in a gas turbine engine, it is subjected to a complex geometry designed to accelerate and turn the flow. This acceleration and streamline curvature subject the turbulent flow to high mean flow strains. This paper presents both experimental measurements and computational predictions for highly turbulent flow as it progresses through a passage of a gas turbine stator vane. Three-component velocity fields at the vane midspan were measured for inlet turbulence levels of 0.6%, 10%, and 19.5%. The turbulent kinetic energy increased through the passage by 130% for the 10% inlet turbulence and, because the dissipation rate was higher for the 19.5% inlet turbulence, the turbulent kinetic energy increased by only 31%. With a mean flow acceleration of five through the passage, the exiting local turbulence levels were 3% and 6% for the respective 10% and 19.5% inlet turbulence levels. Computational RANS predictions were compared with the measurements using four different turbulence models including the k-ε, Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ε, realizable k-ε, and Reynolds stress model. The results indicate that the predictions using the Reynolds stress model most closely agreed with the measurements as compared with the other turbulence models with better agreement for the 10% case than the 19.5% case. [S0098-2202(00)00804-X]
Mechanical Contact Frequency Response Measurements
Authors: Kupchenko S. S. , Hess D. P.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents friction frequency response measurements taken from a planar steel contact subjected to controlled random broadband normal vibration. Data are included from both dry and various lubricated contact conditions under different vibration input levels and different sliding velocities. Frequency response data for dry contacts are found to have nearly steady magnitude and negligible phase lag over a relatively wide range of frequencies. This suggests a coefficient of friction, independent of frequency but dependent on levels of normal acceleration and sliding velocity, may adequately define the dry contact frequency response. The frequency response data for lubricated contacts are mixed. For example, with MoS2 grease the frequency response may adequately be defined by a constant, as with dry conditions. However, frequency response data for contacts with pure mineral oils, mineral oils with additives, and lithium grease are found to be dependent on frequency. [S0742-4787(11)00101-9]
The Effect of Fuel/Air Mixing on Actuation Authority in an Active Combustion Instability Control System
Authors: Cohen J. M. , Stufflebeam J. H. , Proscia W.
Published: July 2002

The authority of an active combustion instability control system was improved by increasing the degree of mixing between a modulated gaseous fuel source and the remainder of the premixed reactants in a low-emissions combustor. Nonreacting acetone PLIF measurements were used to assess the mixedness of various fuel injection configurations, in both time-averaged and phase-locked modes. These configurations were also evaluated in combustion tests in which the authority of the actuator and the ability of the control system to attenuate the instability were measured. The results indicated that both control authority and emissions performance are tied directly to the ability to achieve temporal control over the spatially averaged fuel/air ratio leaving the premixer at any point in time while simultaneously maintaining the high spatial uniformity of this mixture. The cold-flow diagnostic techniques were proven to be an effective and low-cost method for screening fuel injection concepts.
Point-to-Point Motion Planning for Servosystems With Elastic Transmission Via Optimal Dynamic Inversion1
Authors: Piazzi Aurelio , Visioli Antonio
Published: July 2002

A new technique, based on dynamic inversion, for the residual vibration reduction in the point-to-point motion of servosystems with elastic transmission is presented. The methodology consists of defining a suitable motion law for the load, and subsequently determining, via dynamic inversion, the corresponding command function for the system. The method inherently assures the robustness of the control scheme despite inaccuracies in the estimation of the stiffness constant and of the damping of the transmission. The main contribution of the paper lies in the definition of a simple optimization procedure which allows the system inversion point that minimizes the residual vibration to be found. Experimental results show that in this way the identification phase is less critical and performances can be significantly improved.
Intelligent Feedback Linearization for Active Vehicle Suspension Control
Authors: Buckner Gregory D. , Schuetze Karl T. , Beno Joe H.
Published: July 2002

Effective control of ride quality and handling performance are challenges for active vehicle suspension systems, particularly for off-road applications. Off-road vehicles experience large suspension displacements, where the nonlinear kinematics and damping characteristics of suspension elements are significant. These nonlinearities tend to degrade the performance of active suspension systems, introducing harshness to the ride quality and reducing off-road mobility. Typical control strategies rely on linear, time-invariant models of the suspension dynamics. While these models are convenient, nominally accurate, and tractable due to the abundance of linear control techniques, they neglect the nonlinearities and time-varying dynamics present in real suspension systems. One approach to improving the effectiveness of active vehicle suspension systems, while preserving the benefits of linear control techniques, is to identify and cancel these nonlinearities using Feedback Linearization. In this paper the authors demonstrate an intelligent parameter estimation approach using structured artificial neural networks that continually “learns” the nonlinear parameter variations of a quarter-car suspension model. This estimation algorithm becomes the foundation for an Intelligent Feedback Linearization (IFL) controller for active vehicle suspensions. Results are presented for computer simulations, real-time experimental tests, and field evaluations using an off-road vehicle (a military HMMWV). Experimental results for a quarter-car test rig demonstrate 60% improvements in ride quality relative to baseline (non-adapting) control algorithms. Field trial results reveal 95% reductions in absorbed power and 65% reductions in peak sprung mass acceleration using this IFL approach versus conventional passive suspensions.
Low Reynolds Number Slip Flow in a Curved Rectangular Duct
Authors: Wang C. Y.
Published: July 2002

The radially symmetric, steady, slow viscous slip flow through a curved duct of rectangular cross section is studied. The Stokes equation is solved using eigenfunction expansions and Navier’s slip condition. As slip is increased, the location of the maximum velocity moves from near center to the outer wall. The minimum velocity occurs at the inside corners. It is found that both slip and curvature promote the flow rate but not necessarily the mean velocity.
A Linear Material Model for Fiber-Induced Anisotropy of the Anulus Fibrosus
Authors: Elliott Dawn M. , Setton Lori A.
Published: July 2002

The anulus fibrosus (AF) is a lamellar, fibrocartilaginous component of the intervertebral disc, which exhibits highly anisotropic behaviors in tension. These behaviors arise from the material’s unique collagen structure. We have investigated the use of a linear, fiber-induced anisotropic model for the AF using a quadratic strain energy density formulation with an explicit representation of the collagen fiber populations. We have proposed a representative set of intrinsic material properties using independent datasets of the AF from the literature and appropriate thermodynamic constraints. The model was validated by comparing predictions with previous experimental data for AF behavior and its dependence on fiber angle. The model predicts that compressible effects may exist for the AF, and suggests that physical effects of the equivalent “matrix,” “fiber,” “fiber–matrix,” and “fiber–fiber,” interactions may be important contributors to the mechanical behavior of the AF. [S0148-0731(00)00802-5]
A Method for Validating Two-Dimensional Flow Configurations in Particle Streak Velocimetry
Authors: Gbamele´ Y. M. , Desevaux P. , Prenel J.-P.
Published: July 2002

A polychromatic flow visualization technique for Particle Streak Velocimetry (PSV) is described. The method uses several adjoining laser light sheets of different wavelengths with a homogeneous power density distribution. This method allows us to make sure of the 2-D and 3-D nature of flows and to improve the frames quality processed in PSV. The feasibility study of this qualitative technique is established on a hydrodynamic flow. [S0098-2202(00)02402-0]
Design of an Aircraft Brake Component Using an Interactive Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Framework
Authors: Stelmack Marc A. , Batill Stephen M. , Beck Bryan C.
Published: July 2002

A multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) framework has been used to design an aircraft brake assembly. This was done using a user-interactive implementation of the framework in which design information was obtained from analysis software used in industry but not developed for an MDO application. The design included a number of performance requirements associated with a brake that has been produced for a commercial aircraft. Design improvement was achieved using a practical number of system realizations and the interaction between the optimization algorithm and the design engineers was maintained throughout the process. [S1050-0472(00)00201-4]
Rayleigh-Ritz Based Substructure Synthesis for Multiply Supported Structures
Authors: Morales C.
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the convergence characteristics and application of the Rayleigh-Ritz based substructure synthesis method to structures for which the use of a kinematical procedure taking into account all the compatibility conditions, is not possible. It is demonstrated that the synthesis in this case is characterized by the fact that the mass and stiffness matrices have the embedding property. Consequently, the estimated eigenvalues comply with the inclusion principle, which in turn can be utilized to prove convergence of the approximate solution. The method is applied to a frame and is compared with the finite element method. [S0739-3717(00)00201-4]
Interactions between plasmas in ionized physical vapor deposition discharges
Authors: Andrew Y. , Lu Z. , Snodgrass T. , Teitzel G. , Wendt A. E.
Published: July 2002

Ionized physical vapor deposition is of current interest for the thin film deposition of diffusion barriers and copper seed layers for interconnect metallization. Experimental evidence of the interaction between the magnetron discharge and the inductively coupled plasma leading to lower plasma potentials and direct current bias voltages than expected is presented. Such effects have major implications for radio frequency coil lifetimes, discharge uniformity, and simulations of such discharges.