bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The clustered nucleation and growth processes of garnet in regional metamorphic rocks from north‐west Connecticut, USA
Authors: Daniel C. G , Spear F.S
Published: May 2013

Serial sectioning and imaging with a flatbed scanner yielded the three‐dimensional size and spatial distribution of garnet porphyroblasts in two garnet schists and one staurolite‐bearing schist from the Everett Formation, north‐west Connecticut. The dominant garnet‐producing reaction in all samples was chlorite+quartz=garnet+H2O. The appearance of staurolite, and additional garnet growth in the staurolite‐bearing sample, was due to the reaction chloritoid=garnet+staurolite+chlorite. Statistical measures of garnet spatial distributions, using the pair correlation function (PCF), indicate that garnet crystals are weakly to strongly clustered at length scales between 2 and 10 mm. Such clustered nucleation may reflect minor bulk compositional variations. Covariance measures between garnet size and nearest‐neighbour distance, using the mark covariance function (MCF), suggest a very weak correlation between crystal size and nearest‐neighbour distance for length scales of 2 mm or less. These statistical data suggest that if diffusional gradients were present around growing garnet crystals, they did not influence nucleation and growth patterns at length scales greater than c. 2 mm. Compositional maps, through the garnet centres, show that the smaller crystals have lower Mn core compositions relative to larger crystals, consistent with progressive nucleation during pro‐grade metamorphism. Radius‐rate plots calculated from compositional X‐ray maps show similar growth rates for garnet crystals of different size, consistent with an interface‐controlled growth model for garnet. The presence of minor diffusional gradients around growing garnet cannot be entirely dismissed, but the lack of observable reaction rims, the clustered spatial distribution and the radius‐rate data are most consistent with an interface‐controlled garnet growth model.
Nutritional evaluation of dried larvae and pupae meal of the housefly (Musca domestica) using chemical- and broiler-based biological assays
Authors: Pieterse E. , Pretorius Q.
Published: May 2013

The nutritional composition of common housefly (Musca domestica) larvae and pupae meal is reported in terms of proximate analysis, amino acid profile, fatty acid composition, apparent metabolisable energy and total tract digestibility (TTD) of nutrients. Proximate analysis and TTD of meal showed larvae and pupae meal to contain, on a DM basis, a gross energy value of 20.10 MJ/kg and 20.42 MJ/kg, respectively, and an apparent metabolisable energy value of 14.23 MJ/kg and 15.15 MJ/kg, respectively. Crude protein content was 60.38% and 76.23%, with TTDs of 69% and 79%, respectively, with similarly high values reported for individual amino acids. Amino acid analysis revealed a favourable amino acid composition with high lysine concentrations but marginally low methionine concentrations. Arginine : lysine ratios of larvae and pupae meal were 0.67 and 0.91, respectively, and isoleucine : leucine ratios were 0.68 and 0.64, respectively. Crude fat contents were 14.08% and 14.39%, with TTDs of 94% and 98%, respectively, and crude fibre contents were 8.59% and 15.71%, with TTDs of 62% and 58%. Housefly larvae meal had crude protein TTD of 69%, whereas that of pupae meal was 79%. Both larvae and pupae meal had high amino acid TTDs. The TTD values of the crude fat and crude fibre were determined at 94% and 62%, respectively, for the housefly larvae, and at 98% and 58%, respectively, for the housefly pupae. M. domestica larvae meal can therefore be regarded as a good-quality protein source suitable for animal feeding.
Household number associated with middle ear disease at an urban Indigenous health service: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Spurling Geoffrey K. P. , Askew Deborah A. , Schluter Philip J. , Simpson Fiona , Hayman Noel E.
Published: May 2013

Few epidemiological studies of middle ear disease have been conducted in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, yet the disease is common and causes hearing impairment and poorer educational outcomes. The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with abnormal middle ear appearance, a proxy for middle ear disease. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 0–14 years receiving a Child Health Check (CHC) at an urban Indigenous Health Service, Brisbane, Australia were recruited from 2007 to 2010. Mixed-effects models were used to explore associations of 10 recognised risk factors with abnormal middle ear appearance at the time of the CHC. Ethical approval and community support for the project were obtained. Four hundred and fifty-three children were included and 54% were male. Participants were Aboriginal (92%), Torres Strait Islander (2%) or both (6%). Abnormal middle ear appearance was observed in 26 (6%) children and was significantly associated with previous ear infection (odds ratio (OR), 8.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.2–24.0) and households with eight or more people (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.1–14.1) in the imputed multivariable mixed-effects model. No significant associations were found for the other recognised risk factors investigated. Overcrowding should continue to be a core focus for communities and policy makers in reducing middle ear disease and its consequences in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Effect of monosaccharide sugars on LH-induced differentiation and sugar transport facilitator (SLC2A) expression in sheep theca cells in vitro
Authors: Campbell B. K. , Kendall N. R. , Onions V. , Guo L. , Scaramuzzi R. J.
Published: May 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of glucose, galactose and fructose on the LH-induced differentiation and mRNA expression of sugar transport facilitators (SLC2A) by sheep thecal cells derived from small antral follicles cultured under serum-free conditions for 6 days. The dose and type of monosaccharide had a significant effect on LH-induced androstenedione production by theca cells and there was a significant interaction (P < 0.001). Glucose and galactose were used with equal efficiency so that cell numbers and androstenedione production at the end of the culture were comparable. Pharmacological doses of glucose (16.7 mM) inhibited steroidogenesis (P < 0.05). Cell numbers and androstenedione production by cells cultured with fructose were lower than for cells cultured with either glucose or galactose (P < 0.001). None of the monosaccharides resulted in the production of lactate. Expression of SLC2A1, SLC2A4 and SLC2A8, but not SLC2A5, mRNA was detected in fresh and cultured theca cells. Large doses (16.7 mM) of glucose and fructose, but not galactose, suppressed (P < 0.05) SLC2A expression. The results show that glucose and galactose, but not fructose, are readily metabolised via oxidative pathways to support LH-induced differentiation of sheep theca cells. Further work is required to determine the mechanisms resulting in these differences in relation to the established effects of nutrition on reproductive function.
Can livestock and fires convert the sub-tropical mountain rangelands of central Argentina into a rocky desert?
Authors: Cingolani A. M. , Vaieretti M. V. , Giorgis M. A. , La Torre N. , Whitworth-Hulse J. I. , Renison D.
Published: May 2013

Soil erosion, as a result of livestock grazing, has been widely reported for arid and semiarid ecosystems, but information is lacking in more mesic ecosystems where erosion is generally studied in relation to agriculture. To test the hypothesis that, in the high-mountain rangelands of Córdoba (Argentina), grazing by livestock can drive the system into a rocky desert, 200 4 × 4 m plots under different livestock stocking rates and timings of grazing were monitored for 5 years. Four indicators of soil erosion: change rate of rock surface and of total bare surface, advance rate of erosion edges, and their activity persistence were estimated for each plot. Erosion edges are steps with a vertical bare soil surface, whose advance usually leaves behind an exposed rock area. For each plot, the average annual stocking rate for the 5-year period, and an index of seasonality, were calculated. Multiple regressions were used to analyse the data. Under high stocking rates, rock and bare surface increased, edges advanced faster and persisted more actively, while under low or nil stocking rates, rock and bare surface decreased and edges tended to stabilise. From these results, it was estimated that under high stocking rates, 18% of the whole area could be transformed into rocky surface in 400 years. As fire is a usual tool for this rangeland management, surface soil loss during 1 year in 77 burned and unburned plots, with and without post-fire livestock grazing, were compared. Burned plots lost 0.6 cm of surface soil when grazed, and 0.4 cm when ungrazed, while unburned plots lost less than 0.05 cm when grazed, and gained 0.07 cm when ungrazed. It was concluded that the present-day combination of livestock and fire management has the potential to convert this rangeland into a rocky desert. It is suggested that commercial livestock production, as it is carried on at present, is not sustainable, and some suggestions on changes necessary for a future sustainable grazing industry are made.
When and why the lexical Ground is a gestural Figure
Authors: Tutton Mark
Published: May 2013

When speakers encode a locative relationship in speech, they express the location of an object or a group of objects (the ‘Figure’) in relation to one or more reference objects (the ‘Ground’). However, they can also use gesture to express the lexical Ground’s location at the same time: this has been called a ‘gestural Figure’ (Tutton, 2013). Our aim in this paper is to examine why speakers use gestural Figures, and what these gestures reveal about spatial conceptualisation. To do this, we provide an in-depth analysis of a recurrent context in which gestural Figures occur: when speakers encode location with English between and French entre. These gestures reveal the salient horizontal axis underpinning the use of between and entre in context. Our analysis subsequently shows that gestural Figures also occur with a variety of other items that encode locative relationships. We argue that this highlights the pivotal nature of the Ground’s location to the selection and use of lexical items that encode locative relationships, while also revealing the intrinsically Figure-like quality of the lexical Ground. On a cognitive level, this implies that the lexical Ground is actually conceptualised as a Figure, thus highlighting a crucial similarity between the concepts of Figure and Ground as applied to locative expressions.
The production and perception of coronal fricatives in Seoul Korean
Authors: Chang Charles B.
Published: May 2013

This article presents new data on the contrast between the two voiceless coronal fricatives of Korean, variously described as a lenis/fortis or aspirated/fortis contrast. In utterance-initial position, the fricatives were found to differ in centroid frequency; duration of frication, aspiration, and the following vowel; and several aspects of the following vowel onset, including intensity profile, spectral tilt, and F1 onset. The between-fricative differences varied across vowel contexts, however, and spectral differences in the vowel onset especially were more pronounced for /a/ than for /i, ɯ, u/. This disparity led to the hypothesis that cues in the following vowel onset would exert a weaker influence on perception for high vowels than for low vowels. Perception data provided general support for this hypothesis, indicating that while vowel onset cues had the largest impact on perception for both high- and low-vowel stimuli, this influence was weaker for high vowels. Perception was also strongly influenced by aspiration duration, with modest contributions from frication duration and f0 onset. Taken together, these findings suggest that the ‘non-fortis’ fricative is best characterized not in terms of the lenis or aspirated categories for stops, but in terms of a unique representation that is both lenis and aspirated.
Much more than money
Authors: Pagán Cánovas Cristóbal , Teuscher Ursina
Published: May 2013

We analyze conceptual patterns shared by Michael Ende’s novel about time, Momo, and examples of time conceptualization from psychology, sociology, economics, conventional language, and real social practices. We study three major mappings in the materialization of time: time as money in relation with time banking, time units as objects produced by an internal clock, and time as a substance that flows. We show that binary projections between experiential domains are not enough to model the complexity of meaning construction in these widely successful examples. To account for the intricacies of time materialization in context, we use generic integration templates, models for conceptual templates based on Fauconnier and Turner’s Blending Theory. The interplay of such detailed patterns with pragmatic and cultural factors, including diachronic aspects, is crucial to identify the cognitive models at work, and the factors that guide their instantiations as a variety of surface products. The blending model for the spatialized time can be refined and extended to the materialization of time.
Indirect reports as language games
Authors: Capone Alessandro
Published: May 2013

In this chapter I deal with indirect reports in terms of language games. I try to make connections between the theory of language games and the theory of indirect reports, in the light of the issue of clues and cues. Indirect reports are based on an interplay of voices. The voice of the reporter must allow hearers to ‘reconstruct’ the voice of the reported speaker. Ideally, it must be possible to separate the reporter’s voice from that of the reported speaker. When we analyze the language game of indirect reporting, we ideally want to establish which parts belong to the primary voice (the reported speaker’s voice) and which parts belong to the reporter’s voice. In this paper I apply considerations on language games by Dascal et al. (1996) and I explore the dialectics between abstract pragmatics principles and considerations about situated uses that are sensitive to cues and clues.
A contrastive perspective on emotions: surprise
Authors: Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk Barbara , Wilson Paul
Published: May 2013

The objective of the present paper is a comparison of the GRID questionnaire and a cognitive corpus-based analysis, which are used to investigate a selection of emotions, particularly surprise and related concepts, in Polish and British English. The research questions asked concern the cross-linguistic status of emotion concepts and the identification of the universally valid tertium comparationis. Overlaps with other emotions both within Polish and English and between these languages are investigated and general conclusions concerning the nature of meaning that evolves from the study are presented.
The Role of Impoundments, Temperature, and Discharge on Colonization of the Columbia River Basin, USA, by Nonindigenous American Shad
Authors: Hinrichsen Richard A. , Hasselman Daniel J. , Ebbesmeyer Curtis C. , Shields Barbara A.
Published: May 2013

Ecologists have become increasingly aware of the combined effects of habitat disturbance and climate change on the establishment and proliferation of invasive species. Long‐term data on the population of the invasive American ShadAlosa sapidissimain the U.S. portion of the Columbia River basin provide an opportunity to examine how habitat disturbances affect the abundance and spatial distribution of an invasive species in a heavily modified environment. After the establishment of American Shad in the Columbia River in the late 1800s, the drainage was transformed from its natural lotic state to a series of reservoirs, with concomitant changes to discharge and temperature regimes, which are confounded by climate change. As the Columbia River was dammed, American Shad extended its range and increased in abundance. A large and rapid increase in spawning population abundance (recruits per spawner = 63) followed completion of The Dalles Dam in 1957, which inundated Celilo Falls, a natural barrier to upriver American Shad migration. Regressions revealed that the annual percentage of American Shad migrating upstream from McNary Dam varied with water temperature and discharge (R2= 0.72), but not population density. When Atlantic coast rivers were dammed, however, American Shad lost spawning habitat and declined in abundance. Understanding the rapid colonization of the Columbia River by American Shad may reveal ways to help American Shad recolonize rivers where they are native. Understanding the roles of water temperature and discharge may allow us to project effects of climate change on the future distribution and abundance of American Shad in the Columbia River basin. Our results suggest that dam construction and alterations to the temperature and discharge regimes of the Columbia River have contributed to the increase in abundance and spatial distribution of American Shad. These changes might have improved the reproductive success of American Shad by providing access to additional spawning grounds and creating suitable juvenile rearing conditions.
Trophic Niche and Diet Overlap between Invasive White Perch and Resident White Bass in a Southeastern Reservoir
Authors: Feiner Zachary S. , Rice James A. , Bunch Aaron J. , Aday D. Derek
Published: May 2013

The White Bass Morone chrysops is a popular sport fish that appears to be negatively affected by invasions of White Perch M. americana and often declines or disappears from invaded systems. In 2008, the first discovery of White Perch in Lake James, North Carolina, provided a rare opportunity to investigate trophic overlap between White Perch and a robust population of White Bass near the onset of invasion. We investigated the potential for resource competition between White Perch and White Bass by assessing their relative abundance (CPUE), trophic position, niche size, diet breadth, and diet overlap across 2 years. White Perch were more abundant than White Bass and had wider diet breadth and trophic niche size across seasons. White Perch also occupied lower trophic positions than White Bass, indicating that White Bass maintain a more piscivorous diet. However, diet and stable isotope analysis showed a high overlap between juvenile White Bass and all sizes of White Perch. Thus, juvenile White Bass may be susceptible to competition with White Perch where resources are limited. Therefore, biologists should take steps to prevent White Perch introductions into systems with popular White Bass fisheries.
The emotional Stroop task and emotionality rating of negative and neutral words in late Thai–English bilinguals
Authors: Winskel Heather
Published: May 2013

The current study investigated how emotions are represented in the lexicon of late Thai–English bilinguals and a comparison group of native English speakers. Two tasks were used. In the emotional Stroop task, which taps into an automatic early lexical level of processing, the bilingual participants did not display the same automatic level of activation in their second language (L2) as in their first language (L1). In the emotionality‐rating task, which involves a later, more in‐depth conscious level of processing than the preceding task, similar results were found in both languages spoken by the bilinguals. These findings are interpreted as indicating that late bilinguals do not automatically respond to the emotional arousal associated with the meanings of L2 words to the same extent as in the L1, and this is likely to be mediated by language proficiency and the context in which the language is learned.
Estimating and Evaluating Mechanisms Related to Walleye Escapement from Rathbun Lake, Iowa
Authors: Weber Michael J. , Flammang Mark , Schultz Randall
Published: May 2013

Reservoir fisheries present managers a unique set of challenges. One of the most obvious, yet overlooked, challenges to maintaining sustainable reservoir fisheries is escapement. Yet, little is known about the escapement of reservoir fishes or factors influencing escapement. From June 2009 through March 2011, 4,137 Walleyes Sander vitreus >300 mm were collected in the tailrace of Rathbun Lake, Iowa, individually tagged with visual implant tags, and returned to the reservoir to estimate escapement rates and identify influential factors. During this time, escapement was estimated as (1) the percentage of tagged Walleyes at large that were recaptured in the tailrace and (2) the proportion of tagged to untagged Walleyes present in Rathbun Lake. Tailrace recapture rates during individual sampling events ranged between 0.0% and 2.1% and minimum annual tailrace escapement was estimated as 13.6% (SE, 3%). In spring 2010, 8% (SE, 1%) of the Rathbun Lake Walleye population had been tagged and by spring 2011, 26% (SE, 2%) of the Walleyes were tagged, indicating that they had previously escaped. To understand factors related to escapement, individual fish capture–recapture data were analyzed in Program MARK using a multistate model to estimate apparent survival, detection, and escapement probability. Probability of escapement increased with increasing mean daily discharge and decreased with increasing fish length and release distance from the dam. Variable weights indicated that discharge was the primary factor related to escapement. Escapement probability increased exponentially with daily discharge and doubled as discharge increased from 40 to 60 m3/s. Our results suggest a substantial proportion of the Rathbun Lake Walleye population has been lost recently, due in part to record water releases, making management of this reservoir fishery challenging.

Received September 6, 2012; accepted March 12, 2013
Restricting HIV-1 pathways for escape using rationally designed anti–HIV-1 antibodies
Authors: Diskin Ron , Klein Florian , Horwitz Joshua A. , Halper-Stromberg Ariel , Sather D. Noah , Marcovecchio Paola M. , Lee Terri , West Anthony P. , Gao Han , Seaman Michael S. , Stamatatos Leonidas , Nussenzweig Michel C. , Bjorkman Pamela J.
Published: May 2013

Recently identified broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that potently neutralize most HIV-1 strains are key to potential antibody-based therapeutic approaches to combat HIV/AIDS in the absence of an effective vaccine. Increasing bNAb potencies and resistance to common routes of HIV-1 escape through mutation would facilitate their use as therapeutics. We previously used structure-based design to create the bNAb NIH45-46G54W, which exhibits superior potency and/or breadth compared with other bNAbs. We report new, more effective NIH45-46G54W variants designed using analyses of the NIH45-46–gp120 complex structure and sequences of NIH45-46G54W–resistant HIV-1 strains. One variant, 45-46m2, neutralizes 96% of HIV-1 strains in a cross-clade panel and viruses isolated from an HIV-infected individual that are resistant to all other known bNAbs, making it the single most broad and potent anti–HIV-1 antibody to date. A description of its mechanism is presented based on a 45-46m2–gp120 crystal structure. A second variant, 45-46m7, designed to thwart HIV-1 resistance to NIH45-46G54W arising from mutations in a gp120 consensus sequence, targets a common route of HIV-1 escape. In combination, 45-46m2 and 45-46m7 reduce the possible routes for the evolution of fit viral escape mutants in HIV-1YU-2–infected humanized mice, with viremic control exhibited when a third antibody, 10–1074, was added to the combination.
When a trap is not a trap: converging entry and exit rates and their effect on trap saturation of black sea bass (Centropristis striata)
Authors: Bacheler Nathan M. , Schobernd Zeb H. , Berrane David J. , Schobernd Christina M. , Mitchell Warren A. , Geraldi Nathan R.
Published: May 2013

Bacheler, N. M., Schobernd, Z. H., Berrane, D. J., Schobernd, C. M., Mitchell, W. A., and Geraldi, N. R. 2013. When a trap is not a trap: converging entry and exit rates and their effect on trap saturation of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 873–882. Catch rates are often used to index the abundance of marine organisms, but catch saturation (i.e. declining catch rate as fishing time increases) can decouple catch and abundance. Researchers have struggled to account for saturation when using trap catch to infer population dynamics. We used the underwater video to document entries and exits of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) from chevron traps (n = 26) to quantify catch saturation. Black sea bass catch varied between 3 and 188 individuals for soak times of ∼90 min. Overall, 3564 black sea bass entered the traps and 1826 exited; therefore, over half (51%) of black sea bass entering traps exited before traps were retrieved. Black sea bass catch rates were non-linear and asymptotic for most (81%) trap samples, despite short soak times. Moreover, catch saturation occurred at 50 min, when the entry rate declined and the exit rate increased to a point where their confidence intervals overlapped. Several lines of evidence suggest that the level of black sea bass catch once saturation occurred may be positively related to true abundance, but additional research is needed to more fully test this hypothesis.
Global trends and uncertainties in terrestrial denitrification and N
2
O emissions
Authors: Bouwman A. F. , Beusen A. H. W. , Griffioen J. , Van Groenigen J. W. , Hefting M. M. , Oenema O. , Van Puijenbroek P. J. T. M. , Seitzinger S. , Slomp C. P. , Stehfest E.
Published: May 2013

Soil nitrogen (N) budgets are used in a global, distributed flow-path model with 0.5° × 0.5° resolution, representing denitrification and N
2
O emissions from soils, groundwater and riparian zones for the period 1900–2000 and scenarios for the period 2000–2050 based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Total agricultural and natural N inputs from N fertilizers, animal manure, biological N
2
fixation and atmospheric N deposition increased from 155 to 345 Tg N yr
−1
(Tg = teragram; 1 Tg = 10
12
g) between 1900 and 2000. Depending on the scenario, inputs are estimated to further increase to 408–510 Tg N yr
−1
by 2050. In the period 1900–2000, the soil N budget surplus (inputs minus withdrawal by plants) increased from 118 to 202 Tg yr
−1
, and this may remain stable or further increase to 275 Tg yr
−1
by 2050, depending on the scenario. N
2
production from denitrification increased from 52 to 96 Tg yr
−1
between 1900 and 2000, and N
2
O–N emissions from 10 to 12 Tg N yr
−1
. The scenarios foresee a further increase to 142 Tg N
2
–N and 16 Tg N
2
O–N yr
−1
by 2050. Our results indicate that riparian buffer zones are an important source of N
2
O contributing an estimated 0.9 Tg N
2
O–N yr
−1
in 2000. Soils are key sites for denitrification and are much more important than groundwater and riparian zones in controlling the N flow to rivers and the oceans.
The cycling of organic nitrogen through the atmosphere
Authors: Jickells T. , Baker A. R. , Cape J. N. , Cornell S. E. , Nemitz E.
Published: May 2013

Atmospheric organic nitrogen (ON) appears to be a ubiquitous but poorly understood component of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux. Here, we focus on the ON components that dominate deposition and do not consider reactive atmospheric gases containing ON such as peroxyacyl nitrates that are important in atmospheric nitrogen transport, but are probably not particularly important in deposition. We first review the approaches to the analysis and characterization of atmospheric ON. We then briefly summarize the available data on the concentrations of ON in both aerosols and rainwater from around the world, and the limited information available on its chemical characterization. This evidence clearly shows that atmospheric aerosol and rainwater ON is a complex mixture of material from multiple sources. This synthesis of available information is then used to try and identify some of the important sources of this material, in particular, if it is of predominantly natural or anthropogenic origin. Finally, we suggest that the flux of ON is about 25 per cent of the total nitrogen deposition flux.
Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?
Authors: Butterbach-Bahl Klaus , Baggs Elizabeth M. , Dannenmann Michael , Kiese Ralf , Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie
Published: May 2013

Although it is well established that soils are the dominating source for atmospheric nitrous oxide (N
2
O), we are still struggling to fully understand the complexity of the underlying microbial production and consumption processes and the links to biotic (e.g. inter- and intraspecies competition, food webs, plant–microbe interaction) and abiotic (e.g. soil climate, physics and chemistry) factors. Recent work shows that a better understanding of the composition and diversity of the microbial community across a variety of soils in different climates and under different land use, as well as plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, may provide a key to better understand the variability of N
2
O fluxes at the soil–atmosphere interface. Moreover, recent insights into the regulation of the reduction of N
2
O to dinitrogen (N
2
) have increased our understanding of N
2
O exchange. This improved process understanding, building on the increased use of isotope tracing techniques and metagenomics, needs to go along with improvements in measurement techniques for N
2
O (and N
2
) emission in order to obtain robust field and laboratory datasets for different ecosystem types. Advances in both fields are currently used to improve process descriptions in biogeochemical models, which may eventually be used not only to test our current process understanding from the microsite to the field level, but also used as tools for up-scaling emissions to landscapes and regions and to explore feedbacks of soil N
2
O emissions to changes in environmental conditions, land management and land use.
The nitrogen cascade from agricultural soils to the sea: modelling nitrogen transfers at regional watershed and global scales
Authors: Billen Gilles , Garnier Josette , Lassaletta Luis
Published: May 2013

The nitrogen cycle of pre-industrial ecosystems has long been remarkably closed, in spite of the high mobility of this element in the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Inter-regional and international commercial exchanges of agricultural goods, which considerably increased after the generalization of the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, introduced an additional type of nitrogen mobility, which nowadays rivals the atmospheric and hydrological fluxes in intensity, and causes their enhancement at the local, regional and global scales. Eighty-five per cent of the net anthropogenic input of reactive nitrogen occurs on only 43 per cent of the land area. Modern agriculture based on the use of synthetic fertilizers and the decoupling of crop and animal production is responsible for the largest part of anthropogenic losses of reactive nitrogen to the environment. In terms of levers for better managing the nitrogen cascade, beyond technical improvement of agricultural practices tending to increase nitrogen use efficiency, or environmental engineering management measures to increase nitrogen sinks in the landscape, the need to better localize crop production and livestock breeding, on the one hand, and agriculture and food demand on the other hand, is put forward as a condition to being able to supply food to human populations while preserving environmental resources.
Sensitivity of continental United States atmospheric budgets of oxidized and reduced nitrogen to dry deposition parametrizations
Authors: Dennis Robin L. , Schwede Donna B. , Bash Jesse O. , Pleim Jon E. , Walker John T. , Foley Kristen M.
Published: May 2013

Reactive nitrogen (N
r
) is removed by surface fluxes (air–surface exchange) and wet deposition. The chemistry and physics of the atmosphere result in a complicated system in which competing chemical sources and sinks exist and impact that removal. Therefore, uncertainties are best examined with complete regional chemical transport models that simulate these feedbacks. We analysed several uncertainties in regional air quality model resistance analogue representations of air–surface exchange for unidirectional and bi-directional fluxes and their effect on the continental N
r
budget. Model sensitivity tests of key parameters in dry deposition formulations showed that uncertainty estimates of continental total nitrogen deposition are surprisingly small, 5 per cent or less, owing to feedbacks in the chemistry and rebalancing among removal pathways. The largest uncertainties (5%) occur with the change from a unidirectional to a bi-directional NH
3
formulation followed by uncertainties in bi-directional compensation points (1–4%) and unidirectional aerodynamic resistance (2%). Uncertainties have a greater effect at the local scale. Between unidirectional and bi-directional formulations, single grid cell changes can be up to 50 per cent, whereas 84 per cent of the cells have changes less than 30 per cent. For uncertainties within either formulation, single grid cell change can be up to 20 per cent, but for 90 per cent of the cells changes are less than 10 per cent.
The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century
Authors: Fowler David , Coyle Mhairi , Skiba Ute , Sutton Mark A. , Cape J. Neil , Reis Stefan , Sheppard Lucy J. , Jenkins Alan , Grizzetti Bruna , Galloway James N. , Vitousek Peter , Leach Allison , Bouwman Alexander F. , Butterbach-Bahl Klaus , Dentener Frank , Stevenson David , Amann Marcus , Voss Maren
Published: May 2013

Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nrare on land (240 Tg N yr−1) within soils and vegetation where reduced Nrcontributes most of the input through the use of fertilizer nitrogen in agriculture. Leakages from the use of fertilizer Nrcontribute to nitrate (NO3−) in drainage waters from agricultural land and emissions of trace Nrcompounds to the atmosphere. Emissions, mainly of ammonia (NH3) from land together with combustion related emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), contribute 100 Tg N yr−1to the atmosphere, which are transported between countries and processed within the atmosphere, generating secondary pollutants, including ozone and other photochemical oxidants and aerosols, especially ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4. Leaching and riverine transport of NO3contribute 40–70 Tg N yr−1to coastal waters and the open ocean, which together with the 30 Tg input to oceans from atmospheric deposition combine with marine biological nitrogen fixation (140 Tg N yr−1) to double the ocean processing of Nr. Some of the marine Nris buried in sediments, the remainder being denitrified back to the atmosphere as N2or N2O. The marine processing is of a similar magnitude to that in terrestrial soils and vegetation, but has a larger fraction of natural origin. The lifetime of Nrin the atmosphere, with the exception of N2O, is only a few weeks, while in terrestrial ecosystems, with the exception of peatlands (where it can be 102–103years), the lifetime is a few decades. In the ocean, the lifetime of Nris less well known but seems to be longer than in terrestrial ecosystems and may represent an important long-term source of N2O that will respond very slowly to control measures on the sources of Nrfrom which it is produced.
Translationally related nearly identical molecules: 4-methoxyphenyl 4-O-[6-O-acetyl-2-azido-3-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-6-O-chloroacetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside
Authors: Gainsford Graeme J. , Schwörer Ralf , Tyler Peter C.
Published: May 2013

The title compound, C59H56ClN3O16, is an important dissacharide precursor to novel therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It crystallizes with two independent enantiomerically identical molecules in almost exactly the same orientation in the cell, being one half cell-edge apart. Apart from the conformation of a single benzyl group, the molecules are superimposable. They are bound efficiently using complementary C—H...O(carbonyl) hydrogen bonds, principally along the `duplicating' axis. The absolute configurations were determined.
A combined long period fiber grating multi‐parameter sensor
Authors: Zhan Yage , Gu Kan , Wu Hua , Luo Jun
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The on‐line concentration and temperature measurement of solutions is of great interest as a means of quality production control in many industrial processes, such as in food service industry, pharmaceuticals industry, chemical industry and environmental engineering, especially for harmful solutions or solutions that cannot be reached by the operator. This paper seeks to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A high resolution all‐fiber multi‐parameter sensor system has been studied theoretically and experimentally. The sensor system can be used for on‐line monitoring of concentration and temperature simultaneously and dynamically. A combined long period fiber grating (CLPG) is used as the sensor head based on its resonance wavelength shifts being almost linearly with concentration and temperature, and also based on that the two applied resonance peaks have different concentration‐wavelength coefficients and different temperature‐wavelength coefficients. Two wavelength‐matched fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are used to convert resonance peak wavelengths of the CLPG into corresponding intensities for interrogation.

Findings

When the concentration and the temperature all fluctuate dynamically during experiments, a concentration resolution of 0.03 g/L has been achieved in the range of 0∼200 g/L, and a temperature resolution of 0.02C has been realized in the range of −20∼60C.

Originality/value

On‐line monitoring of concentration and temperature for solutions is a means of quality production control in biological, chemical and other many industrial processes, such as in food service industry, pharmaceuticals industry, chemical industry, and also in environmental engineering, especially for harmful solutions or solutions that cannot be reached by the operator. Optical fiber sensors have numerous advantages over traditional sensors, such as immunity to electromagnetic interference, higher stability and sensitivity, more easiness of multiplex, being competent for application in harsh environments, “smart structures” and on‐site measurements. Long period optical fiber grating sensor is the most appropriate sensor for multi‐parameter monitoring in the fields mentioned above, which has all the advantages of optical fiber sensor. Besides, optical fiber grating sensors can be used for monitoring more accurately because its signal is coded by wavelength. The all‐fiber sensor system is suitable for remote monitoring of many solutions, such as the solutions of NaCl, glucose, alcohol, and hydrocarbon.
Critical success factors for B2B e‐markets: a strategic fit perspective
Authors: Johnson Michael
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The objective of this paper is to explore and determine a set of factors that are critical to the success of business‐to‐business (B2B) e‐markets in the aerospace and defence, healthcare, higher education and local government industry sectors, in order to advance our current understanding of what factors facilitate e‐market adoption and success. The paper examines critical success factors (CSFs) for e‐markets from a strategic fit perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted a semi‐inductive qualitative approach based on a review of the literature, followed by a pilot study and 58 indepth semi‐structured interviews with senior level executives in buyer, supplier, e‐market and third‐party organisations. Qualitative data analysis software, QSR N6, was used to code and analyse the interview data for citations that corresponded with the candidate e‐market CSFs that had been identified either in the literature, pilot study or during the course of the interviews with respondents. The CSFs for e‐markets were ranked by the frequency of respondents citing a particular CSF.

Findings

The study found eight factors that are critical to e‐market success and four factors (critical mass, integration issues, value proposition, and leadership participation) were found to be conducive to e‐market success in all four industry sectors. Likewise, four factors (industry knowledge, revenue model, branding and reputation, and rich content) were found to be only conducive to e‐market success in three of the four industry sectors.

Practical implications

The paper can help academic researchers, managers, consultants, practitioners and other professionals better understand what factors are critical to the success of e‐markets and other online enterprises operating in the B2B marketspace.

Originality/value

There have been numerous calls for more empirical research on the dynamics of e‐market adoption for more than a decade. To date, research on the CSFs for e‐markets has been largely anecdotal and sporadic with a paucity of studies noting factors that are likely to be favourable to e‐market success. This study addresses the call for more research on e‐markets and imparts empirical evidence on factors that are perceived to be conducive to the success of e‐markets. It contributes to the base of knowledge on e‐markets by relating the concept of CSFs with the theory of strategic fit as, to date, no known study has examined CSFs for e‐markets from a strategic fit perspective. The study also presents the benefits capabilities‐industry participants’ needs fit conceptual model as a precursor for theory building in future studies on B2B e‐markets and informs stakeholders involved in developing e‐markets or other online B2B ventures to better comprehend the conditions and determinants of success.
Brand leaders and me‐too alternatives: how do consumers choose?
Authors: Quintal Vanessa , Phau Ian
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine brand familiarity, extrinsic attributes, self‐confidence, perceived quality and six dimensions of perceived risk for their effects on purchase intentions between the prototypical and me‐too brands of MP3 players.

Design/methodology/approach

A self‐administered survey was employed to collect data from 348 lead users of MP3 players. Existing scales were selected for their tested reliability in buying situations and adapted to suit the context of the current study. Hypothesized relationships were examined with structural equation modeling.

Findings

Brand familiarity had positive effects and extrinsic attributes had negative effects on the perceived equivalent quality of the MP3 players for both the prototypical and me‐too brands. Further, brand familiarity and extrinsic attributes produced direct effects on purchase intentions for the me‐too and prototypical brands respectively. While perceived equivalent quality had a positive mediating effect on the brand familiarity‐purchase intentions relationship for the me‐too brands, it had a negative mediating effect on the extrinsic attributes‐purchase intentions relationship for the prototypical brand. Finally, perceived social/physical, financial/performance, time and psychological risks produced negative mediating effects on the perceived equivalent quality‐purchase intentions relationship for the prototypical brand, while social/physical risk produced a positive mediating effect for the me‐too brands.

Originality/value

Previous empirical research has focused primarily on the individual effects of these antecedents. A research model integrates these antecedents with the dimensions of perceived risk and tests their hypothesized effects on purchase intentions. Comparisons between the prototypical and me‐too brands of MP3 players provide insights for practitioners when managing their brands.
Does CSR orientation reflect stakeholder relationship marketing orientation? An empirical examination of Indian banks
Authors: Singh Ramendra , Agarwal Sharad
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address two research questions: First, are business metrics of Indian banks associated with its CSR orientation? Second, is the CSR orientation of banks focused on areas which are driven by nature of its target markets, such that there is an alignment between CSR orientation and benefits accrued to its stakeholder segments, directly or indirectly?

Design/methodology/approach

The authors analyze 49 Indian banks (25 public sector, 15 private sector and nine foreign banks) operating in India based on data available from the banks’ web sites, annual reports and sustainability/CSR reports (if available). From content analysis, the data were into seven categories – Education, Health, Community Welfare, Entrepreneurship Development, Environment, Market Place, and Rural Development.

Findings

The results indicate that CSR orientation of Indian Banks differ only based on ownership, number of employees, and date of its incorporation in the areas of Environment & Rural development (for ownership), Community Welfare, Environment, and Rural development (for number of employees), and Environment, and market place (for date of its incorporation).

Research limitations/implications

The findings of this study should be confirmed in future studies since this study is based on qualitative analysis of information shared by banks on their CSR activities and programs.

Practical implications

Bank managers need to identify and focus on areas in which CSR orientation can give them more strategic advantage in building relationship with its stakeholders. Doing so would help in meeting the expectations of the stakeholder expectations successfully.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to literature in many ways. It adds to the nascent body of knowledge on CSR orientation as an alternate relationship marketing strategy, which merits more attention from researchers.