bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global evidence on early effects of COVID‐19 on stock markets
Authors: Kapar Burcu , Buigut Steven , Rana Faisal
Published: November 2021

We use event study approach to assess the effects of the early stages of COVID‐19 on global markets. A large sample of stock markets (63) covering all key global markets and regions is included. The findings indicate that the Wuhan lockdown induces negative spillover effects on markets in Europe, North America, and other global markets that have yet to introduce domestic restrictions and have minimal infections at the time. Increasing cases outside China particularly in Europe and the introduction of containment measures result in severe market decline. Our findings highlight the need for quick, globally coordinated response to contagious diseases.
Global dynamic output feedback stabilization for a class of high‐order nonlinear systems
Authors: Zhai Junyong , Liu Ce
Published: November 2021

This article discusses the issue of global dynamic output feedback stabilization for a class of high‐order nonlinear systems. At first, an output feedback controller (OFC) is designed for the nominal system by virtue of adding one power integrator technique. Then, two dynamic gains are introduced into the proposed OFC to implement global stabilization of the closed‐loop system. Moreover, the proposed method can be broadened to a family of high‐order upper‐triangular nonlinear systems. To the end, two examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Cover crop grazing impacts on soil properties and crop yields under irrigated no‐till corn–soybean management
Authors: Anderson Lindsey K. , Blanco‐Canqui Humberto , Drewnoski Mary E. , MacDonald James C. , Carlson Zachary , Hansen Ben H. , Brinton McKenna M. , Ulmer Kristen M. , Calus Kallie J.
Published: November 2021

Cover crop (CC) grazing can be a strategy to reintegrate livestock with crops, but how this integration affects soils and crop yields is unclear. We studied the impact of cattle grazing an oat (Avena sativa L.) CC in the fall on soil properties of a silt loam in a field‐scale irrigated no‐till corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] experiment in eastern Nebraska. Each rotation was present each year in two adjacent fields. During the 5‐yr study, Field I was grazed two times, and Field II was grazed three times. Grazing occurred on each field every other year. Treatments were arranged in a split‐plot design with corn harvest (corn silage and high‐moisture corn [HMC]) as main plots with no CC, nongrazed CC, and grazed CC as split plots. Corn silage was harvested 15 d before HMC; HMC was harvested about 25 d before typical corn harvest time. Cover crop grazing reduced aboveground CC biomass without affecting soil penetration resistance, bulk density, aggregate stability, hydraulic properties, organic matter concentration, particulate organic matter concentration, microbial biomass, and corn and soybean yields compared with nongrazed CC. Likewise, compared with no CC, nongrazed CC had no effect except for some improvement in soil microbial properties. However, corn silage harvest negatively affected most near‐surface soil properties but not crop yields compared with HMC. Cover crop did not generally offset the negative impacts of corn silage on soil properties. In conclusion, CC grazing had no impact on soil properties and yields, but corn silage adversely affected soil properties.
Neural‐networktransformation models for counting processes
Authors: Liu Rongzi , Li Chenxi , Lu Qing
Published: November 2021

While many survival models have been invented, the Cox model and the proportional odds model are among the most popular ones. Both models are special cases of the linear transformation model. The linear transformation model typically assumes a linear function on covariates, which may not reflect the complex relationship between covariates and survival outcomes. Nonlinear functional form can also be specified in the linear transformation model. Nonetheless, the underlying functional form is unknown and mis‐specifying it leads to biased estimates and reduced prediction accuracy of the model. To address this issue, we develop a neural‐network transformation model. Similar to neural networks, the neural‐network transformation model uses its hierarchical structure to learn complex features from simpler ones and is capable of approximating the underlying functional form of covariates. It also inherits advantages from the linear transformation model, making it applicable to both time‐to‐event analyses and recurrent event analyses. Simulations demonstrate that the neural‐network transformation model outperforms the linear transformation model in terms of estimation and prediction accuracy when the covariate effects are nonlinear. The advantage of the new model over the linear transformation model is also illustrated via two real applications.
Multiple Stimuli‐Responsive MXene‐Based Hydrogel as Intelligent Drug Delivery Carriers for Deep Chronic Wound Healing
Authors: Yang Xin , Zhang Changqing , Deng Dawei , Gu Yueqing , Wang Huan , Zhong Qifeng
Published: November 2021

Chronic wound healing is an important and basic issue in medical and healthcare fields. Recently, stimuli‐responsive hydrogel systems have emerged as promising drug delivery carriers for wound management. However, given to the limited therapeutic outcomes, new hydrogel systems for efficient wound treatment are urgently needed. Here, the development of a 2D MXene‐based hydrogel system for highly efficient photo‐ and magnetic‐responsive drug delivery oriented to deep chronic wounds repair is presented. The intelligent responsive MXene‐based hydrogel drug delivery system is composed of MXene‐wrapped magnetic colloids and poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)‐alginate dual‐network hydrogels. It is demonstrated that the MXene‐based hydrogel system exhibits multiple response capability and controllable drug delivery ability, which can reduce the toxic side effects of drugs and promote the wound healing process as well. Notably, the practical performance of the MXene‐based hydrogel drug delivery system is demonstrated by applying it to the treatment of the full‐thickness cutaneous wound and subcutaneous infected wound of the rat model, which indicates the great prospect in clinical wound healing and other related biomedical fields.
Cluster Nanozymes with Optimized Reactivity and Utilization of Active Sites for Effective Peroxidase (and Oxidase) Mimicking
Authors: Zhang Jieru , Wu Tai‐Sing , Thang Ho Viet , Tseng Kai‐Yu , Hao Xiaodong , Xu Bingshe , Chen Hsin‐Yi Tiffany , Peng Yung‐Kang
Published: November 2021

Single‐atom catalysts have attracted attention in the past decade since they maximize the utilization of active sites and facilitate the understanding of product distribution in some catalytic reactions. Recently, this idea has been extended to single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) for the mimicking of natural enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) often used in bioanalytical applications. Herein, it is demonstrated that those SAzymes without constructing the reaction pocket of HRP still undergo the OH radical‐mediated pathway like most of the reported nanozymes. Their positively charged single‐atom centers resulting from support electronegative oxygen/nitrogen hinder the reductive conversion of H2O2 to OH radicals and hence display low activity per site. In contrast, it is found that this step can be facilitated over their metallic counterparts on cluster nanozymes with much higher site activity and atom efficiency (cf. SAzymes with 100% atom utilization). Besides the mimicking of HRP in glucose detection, cluster nanozymes are also demonstrated as a better oxidase mimetic for glutathione detection.
Neodymium (3+)‐Coordinated Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots with Retrievable NIR/X‐Ray Optoelectronic Switching Effect for Anti‐Glioblastoma
Authors: Li Zhi , Zhao Caiyan , Fu Qinrui , Ye Jiamin , Su Lichao , Ge Xiaoguang , Chen Lanlan , Song Jibin , Yang Huanghao
Published: November 2021

Heteroatom interaction of atomically thin nanomaterials enables the improvement of electronic transfer, band structure, and optical properties. Black phosphorus quantum dots (BP QDs) are considered to be candidate diagnostic and/or therapeutic agents due to their innate biocompatibility and exceptional photochemical effects. However, BP QDs are not competitive regarding second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window medical diagnosis and X‐ray induced phototherapy. Here, an Nd3+ ion coordinated BP QD (BPNd) is synthesized with the aim to sufficiently improve its performances in NIR‐II fluorescence imaging and X‐ray induced photodynamic therapy, benefitting from the retrievable NIR/X‐ray optoelectronic switching effects between BP QD and Nd3+ ion. Given its ultrasmall size and efficient cargo loading capacity, BPNd can easily cross the blood–brain barrier to precisely monitor the growth of glioblastoma through intracranial NIR‐II fluorescence imaging and impede its progression by specific X‐ray induced, synergistic photodynamic chemotherapy.
MXene‐Sponge Based High‐Performance Piezoresistive Sensor for Wearable Biomonitoring and Real‐Time Tactile Sensing
Authors: Wei Qikun , Chen Guorui , Pan Hong , Ye Zongbiao , Au Christian , Chen Chunxu , Zhao Xun , Zhou Yihao , Xiao Xiao , Tai Huiling , Jiang Yadong , Xie Guangzhong , Su Yuanjie , Chen Jun
Published: November 2021

Electrode microfabrication technologies such as lithography and deposition have been widely applied in wearable electronics to boost interfacial coupling efficiency and device performance. However, a majority of these approaches are restricted by expensive and complicated processing techniques, as well as waste discharge. Here, helium plasma irradiation is employed to yield a molybdenum microstructured electrode, which is constructed into a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor based on a Ti3C2Tx nanosheet‐immersed polyurethane sponge. This electrode engineering strategy enables the smooth transition between sponge deformation and MXene interlamellar displacement, giving rise to high sensitivity (1.52 kPa−1) and good linearity (r2 = 0.9985) in a wide sensing range (0–100 kPa) with a response time of 226 ms for pressure detection. In addition, both the experimental characterization and finite element simulation confirm that the hierarchical structures modulated by pore size, plasma bias, and MXene concentration play a crucial role in improving the sensing performance. Furthermore, the as‐developed flexible pressure sensor is demonstrated to measure human radial pulse, detect finger tapping, foot stomping, and perform object identification, revealing great feasibility in wearable biomonitoring and health assessment.
Octaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0) as an Organic Electrode for Li and Na Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Hwang Jinkwang , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Hagiwara Rika , Liu Si‐Yu , Shin Ji‐Young
Published: November 2021

Organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries have come into the spotlight due to their structural tunability and diversity. In this study, it is found that bisnickel(II) meso‐mesityloctaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0) (Oct) is exhibiting multiple oxidation states with extended π‐conjugation pathways to afford an active electrode material in Li and Na‐organic batteries and secure interactions with Li+ (or Na+) and anions enabling efficient dual ionic charge/discharge behaviors. Cyclic voltammograms of the Oct electrode elucidate constantly reversible redox processes in both Li and Na organic batteries and pseudocapacitive behaviors at high currents. Subsequent absorption transformations in CV‐UV/VIS/NIR spectroscopic analysis and TD‐DFT calculations upon the different redox states of Oct conclusively indicate that six electrons are involved in redox‐interconversions per unit cycle with corresponding absorption transformations, which also assessed with charge‐and‐discharge cell capacities. Significant contributions of the pseudocapacitive processes over the diffusion‐controlled processes proceeding in Li‐ and Na‐Oct cells induced fast charge/discharge performance and long‐term cyclability.
Routine disclosure statements about ultrasound examinations during Covid‐19 pandemic are unhelpful and should be avoided
Authors: Necas Martin
Published: November 2021

Various routine disclosure statements relating to the performance of ultrasound (US) during the COVID‐19 pandemic are finding their way into radiology reports. These statements usually suggest that US examinations during the pandemic, or on a COVID‐19 positive patient, are somehow limited and urge the clinicians to reflect on these considerations when accepting radiology reports. However, such disclosure statements are generally unhelpful to clinicians and are not consistent with the realities of current clinical US practice. This article provides a critique of these disclosure statements and concludes by discouraging sonographers and radiologists from making such statements as a routine part of their clinical ultrasound reports.
Statistical learning for predicting density–matrix‐based electron dynamics
Authors: Gupta Prachi , Bhat Harish S. , Ranka Karnamohit , Isborn Christine M.
Published: November 2021

We consider the problem of learning density‐dependent molecular Hamiltonian matrices from time series of electron density matrices, all in the context of Hartree–Fock theory. Prior work developed a solution to this problem for small molecular systems with density and Hamiltonian matrices of size at most 6 × 6. Here, using a battery of techniques, we scale prior methods to larger molecular systems with, for example, 29 × 29 matrices. This includes systems that either have more electrons or are expressed in large basis sets such as 6‐311++G**. Scaling the method to larger systems enhances its relevance for realistic applications in chemistry and physics. To achieve this scaling, we apply dimensionality reduction, ridge regression and analytic computation of Hessians. Through the combination of these techniques, we are able to learn Hamiltonians by minimizing an objective function that encodes local propagation error. Importantly, these learned Hamiltonians can then be used to predict electron dynamics for thousands of steps: When we use our learned Hamiltonians to numerically solve the time‐dependent Hartree–Fock equation, we obtain predicted dynamics that are in close quantitative agreement with ground truth dynamics. This includes field‐off trajectories similar to the training data and field‐on trajectories outside of the training data.
Application of fiber optic measurement in textile‐reinforced concrete testing
Authors: Becks Henrik , Bielak Jan , Camps Benjamin , Hegger Josef
Published: November 2021

In research on concrete constructions, fiber optic sensor technology is becoming increasingly important. It enables high‐frequency and quasi‐continuous measurement of temperature and strain distribution. Furthermore, this technology offers the opportunity to determine the crack width within the cross section of specimens and not, as with conventional instrumentation, only from the outside. While experience for application of fiber sensors in steel‐reinforced concrete research already exists for several years, only few findings are available for textile‐reinforced concrete (TRC). This article gives a short overview of the principle of fiber optic sensor technology, presents possible concepts for utilization in TRC testing, and explains the necessary post‐processing steps for the preparation of the measurement results by means of an example from current research. Finally, the results are validated with conventional measuring methods and the applicability and further challenges are discussed.
Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys
Authors: Manzitto‐Tripp Erin A. , Darbyshire Iain , Daniel Thomas F. , Kiel Carrie A. , McDade Lucinda A.
Published: November 2021

Acanthaceae are among the most taxonomically diverse, geographically widespread, and morphologically and ecologically variable lineages of flowering plants. Most modern workers have estimated more than 4000 species and potentially more than 5000 species worldwide, thus placing Acanthaceae among the 12 or so most diverse families of angiosperms. This diversity is marked by exceptional morphological variation, particularly with respect to floral forms, growth forms, and pollen types. The present work represents a synthesis of knowledge generated over the past two decades on the taxonomy and systematics of this complex plant family. We place all 191 accepted genera within a revised classification of the family. Dichotomous keys (nine in total) to recognize the major lineages of Acanthaceae are presented together with geographically partitioned keys to all genera, covering (a) Africa, Madagascar, the Mediterranean region, and Arabia; (b) Asia and Australasia; and (c) the Americas. Finally, we validate several new tribes, subtribes, and genera, and provide new combinations for species where generic delimitation has changed. Our hope is that the present contribution serves to benefit future research on the systematics of Acanthaceae and provides a foundation upon which future classification efforts can be built.
A grounded theory model of the dynamics of undergraduate engineering students' researcher identity and epistemic thinking
Authors: Faber Courtney J. , Kajfez Rachel L. , Lee Dennis M. , Benson Lisa C. , Kennedy Marian S. , Creamer Elizabeth G.
Published: November 2021

Undergraduate research experiences (UREs) in science and engineering offer a number of positive outcomes to the students who are able to participate, including increased retention, clarified career goals, and development of problem‐solving skills. There have been a number of calls for research that investigates the experiences, identity, and cognitive develop of students who participate in UREs. In addition, recent work in other areas suggests that undergraduate students' perceptions often differ from those of faculty, graduate students, and staff, suggesting the need for research that considers the students' perspectives within these experiences. As such, in this constructivist grounded theory study, we sought to develop a contextualized model relating researcher identity and epistemic thinking for undergraduate engineering students engaged in research experiences. Data were collected from interviews with 20 undergraduate engineering students with research experience at six institutions. Coded interview transcripts were used to create structured memos that included a participant description, summary of salient concepts from theoretical frameworks and/or themes, and connections to other participants. These structured memos served as the data set used to develop the grounded theory model. This work establishes that (1) students' initial dispositions and beliefs about research influence their perceptions of researchers and themselves as researchers (researcher identity), (2) researcher identity can dissolve or solidify through UREs, (3) researcher identity affects and is affected by students' reflection on research practices, and (4) social interactions and context shape knowledge of research and researchers, researcher identity, and interest in research. Our work expands existing identity and epistemic thinking theories by investigating how students establish a researcher identity, conducting a context specific study of epistemic thinking, and exploring the relationships between these two constructs.
Coordinated Strategy for Controlling Multiple SVRs in Distribution Systems with Photovoltaics Using Moving Average Filters
Authors: Jie Bo , Wang Yidi , Tsuji Takao , Hayashi Naoki , Takahashi Kazuki , Akagi Satoru , Kuwashita Yukiyasu , Hokazono Hideyasu , Hashikawa Kazuyoshi
Published: November 2021

Although the installation of photovoltaic (PV) in distribution systems can contribute to the decarbonization of electricity generation, the PV output fluctuates depending on weather conditions, which in turn complicates power flow and destabilizes the voltage levels in distribution systems. Conventionally, step voltage regulators (SVRs) have been used to maintain voltage profiles within allowable ranges, however, the conventional control strategy might not be enough to successfully mitigate high speed voltage fluctuation caused by PVs. In this study, we focused on the time‐limit characteristic of tap operation in a system with two SVRs located, respectively, upstream near the distribution substation and downstream from the substation. Three methods for the cooperative control of two SVRs using moving average filters were proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed methods was validated through numerical simulation based on a model of a rural distribution system with a PV plant integrated at the end feeder. The performance of the proposed methods was compared with each other using evaluation indices such as the amount of voltage deviation and number of tap operations, and it was shown that the method with band‐pass filter for differential control had the best objective function. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collaboration and discovery: a history of the RSM
Authors: Goddard Jonathan Charles
Published: November 2021

Meetings to debate and discuss scientific and medical ideas in the parlours and coffee houses of London and Edinburgh in the seventeenth century eventually led to the formation of the Royal Society of Medicine at the beginning of the twentieth century. Here the author traces the Society's history.
Cancer Times
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: November 2021

A book review of ‘Cancer Times’ by Magnus Irvin
A smartDOPO‐containing decoration armed on Salen‐polyphosphazene toward high‐efficient flame retardancy for epoxy thermoset
Authors: Yang Baoping , Zhao Pengju , Guo Yongliang , Mao Xin , Li Ting , Cui Jinfeng , Guo Junhong , Mu Bo , Tian Li
Published: November 2021

Use of Salen‐phosphazene (Salen‐PZN) complex for flame retardant polymeric materials demonstrate good flame retardancy due to their abundant flame retardant elements and aromatic‐rich structure. To further enhance their flame retardancy and interaction with the matrix, phosphorous (DK) was armed on nickel‐based Salen‐polyphosphazene complex (DK@Salen‐PZN‐Ni) as a smart decoration. The composite with DK decoration has higher tensile strength than the DK‐free composite. Moreover, cone calorimeter study showed that with 3 wt% total additive loading, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and peak smoke rate (pSPR) of DK@Salen‐PZN‐Ni/EP composite were reduced by 21.0% and 30.3%, respectively when compared with pure EP. The limited oxygen index of the composite was 30.2%, while the vertical burning test (UL‐94) reached the V‐1 rate. Flame retardance mechanism of DK@Salen‐PZN‐Ni was discussed in detail. The designing of flame retardants alleviated the mechanical property failure and improved the flame retardancy of polymeric composite.
The use of the roter interaction analysis system in assessing veterinary student clinical communication skills during equine wellness examinations in rural Kentucky, USA: A pilot study
Authors: Pereira Mary Mauldin , Artemiou Elpida , De Pedro Pedro , Adams Cindy , Ritter Caroline
Published: November 2021

Background

Effective clinical communication can aid veterinarians in building good client relationships, increase adherence to recommendations and, ultimately, improve patient health and welfare. However, available information on veterinary communication in the equine context is limited. The objective of this study was to describe the communication of veterinary students in the equine environment who had previous communication training. Additionally, we assessed the suitability of the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) for the analysis of audio‐video recordings of equine wellness consultations.

Methods

Twenty‐seven equine wellness consultations performed by second‐year Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine students were recorded in rural Kentucky, United States of America. Recordings were submitted to a professional coder who applied the RIAS to the equine context by expanding or adjusting code definitions.

Results

A substantial amount of utterances (i.e. segments of speech) were allocated to core communication skills including building rapport (30%), facilitation and client activation (24%) and education and counselling (23%). There was a large variation in utterances used among consultations of the same veterinary student and students; they did not appear anxious or nervous.

Conclusions

Students made use of core communication skills, indicating that experiences from pre‐clinical training could be transferred to equine practice. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the RIAS could be considered for consecutive studies aiming to provide observational data on clinical communication in the equine context.
Hypocoercivity and controllability in linear semi‐dissipative Hamiltonian ordinary differential equations and differential‐algebraic equations
Authors: Achleitner Franz , Arnold Anton , Mehrmann Volker
Published: November 2021

For the classes of finite‐dimensional linear time‐invariant semi‐dissipative Hamiltonian ordinary differential equations and differential‐algebraic equations with constant coefficients, stability and hypocoercivity are discussed and related to concepts from control theory. On the basis of staircase forms, the solution behavior is characterized and connected to the hypocoercivity index of these evolution equations. The results are applied to two infinite‐dimensional flow problems.
Electricity Utility Companies Entering Private Sector Markets
Authors: Abegg Andreas , Baumann Phil
Published: November 2021

On the one hand, energy utility companies (EUCs) fulfill public tasks assigned to them by the state. On the other hand, they are also often active as entrepreneurs in the free market. For example, they supply electricity products to major customers, install photovoltaic and e-mobility systems and provide services in the areas of building technology, metering and telecommunications. In such private sector activities, energy utility companies potentially enjoy unjustified advantages due to the fact that they are publicly controlled and perform public tasks: they receive particularly good financing conditions, are taxed on a privileged basis and benefit from economies of scope and information advantages when public and private sector tasks are carried out in parallel. Such privileges may distort competition or prevent companies from entering a market. This chapter examines the legal requirements for dealing with this issue and proposes specific measures with which legislators and authorities can avoid harmful effects of private sector activities by EUCs.
Conclusions and Policy Implications
Authors: Kachi Aya , Hettich Peter
Published: November 2021

The work presented in this volume is a compilation of research highlights that represent numerous studies carried out by researchers within the Energy Governance Work Package (WP4) of the Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research, Society and Transition (SCCER CREST). As our Introduction has illustrated in detail, these researchers worked together under common scientific interests in providing recommendations to overcome governance challenges in the course of the energy transition in Switzerland. Despite the variety of disciplines involved in this group, the conscious decision not to over-precise the shared notion of governance has successfully guided this challenging but fruitful four-year collaboration. These findings should help identify basic designs and structural principles of good energy governance, i.e., governance that is more effective, efficient, and transparent. The conclusion chapter summarizes these guiding principles and further challenges that emerged from our research in the context of Swiss energy governance.
The Design of the Swiss Feed-In Tariff
Authors: Haelg Leonore , Schmidt Tobias S. , Sewerin Sebastian
Published: November 2021

In light of climate change mitigation and the transformation of the energy sector, many jurisdictions have adopted deployment policies for renewable energy (RE) technologies. Several RE deployment policy instruments have diffused from frontrunner countries to other jurisdictions. Switzerland implemented its first comprehensive RE support policy with the adoption of a cost-covering and technology-specific feed-in tariff in 2009, following Germany’s example. Yet, policy designs look very different in the two countries and, importantly, also result in different policy outcomes. In this chapter, we examine the reasons for these policy design differences. We unpack the design of the Swiss feed-in tariff and analyze which of the policy’s elements were directly adopted from Germany and which were accommodated to the Swiss context and why. In particular, we compare the specific instrument designs for two renewable power generation technologies, solar photovoltaics (PV) and biomass, and study the role of technology-related actors in shaping these policy designs. We draw from the policy diffusion and policy transfer literatures and offer important extensions to the literature by showing that, instead of entire policies, it is possible that only certain design elements of a policy diffuse from one jurisdiction to another. Additionally, we find that the composition of the existing technology-related actor bases in the donor and recipient countries is important in determining whether the accommodation of the design elements to the domestic context occurs.
The Knights of Science: Medicine and Mythology
Authors: Taylor-Pirie Emilie
Published: November 2021

In this chapter Taylor-Pirie examines how parasitologists invoked myths of British nationhood in their professional self-fashioning to frame themselves as knights of science fighting on behalf of Imperial Britain. Analysing scientific lectures, political speeches, letter correspondence, obituaries, medical biographies, and journalistic essays, she draws attention to the prominence of Arthurian legend and Greco-Roman mythology in conceptualisations of parasitology, arguing that such literary-linguistic practices sought to reimagine the relationship between medicine and empire by adapting historical and poetic models of chivalry. In this way, individual researchers were lionised as national heroes and their research framed as labour that could command the longevity of legendary stories like those recounted in Homeric poems and medieval romance. In acclimatisation debates, the tropics were frequently conceptualised in relation to the Greek Underworld, a suite of references that together with dragon slaying and the quest narrative helped to position parasitology as a type of ‘crusading fiction’ in the context of the Victorian medieval revival.
Microbial Empires: Active Transmission Strategies and Postcolonial Critique
Authors: Taylor-Pirie Emilie
Published: November 2021

In this chapter Taylor-Pirie illuminates how the microbiological imagination made its mark on anxious imperial fictions by close reading H. G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds (1898) and John Masefield’s Multitude and Solitude (1909) alongside parasitologists’ characterisations of parasite-vector-host relationships. The anthropocentric semantics of war, violence, and criminality characterised tropical illness as another form of colonial insurrection, bolstering the biopolitical power of medicine as an extension of the disciplinary law-and-order state. She interrogates the collision of the ‘medicine as war’ metaphor with a medicalised concept of ‘the Other’ to think through biomedical and national identity—as well as the discomforting agency of non-human vectors—in Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897), H. P. Lovecraft and Hazel Heald’s ‘Wingéd Death’ (1934), and the poetry and correspondence of parasitologists. Taylor-Pirie examines how vengeful insects, alien invasions, microbial villains, and the supernatural gave shape to the anxiety that Britain’s geopolitical relationships were immersing the imperial capital in a global marketplace of pathogens. By excavating the medical and political contexts of popular cultural forms like the vampire, she historicises lexes of contagion and parasitism that persist in contemporary political discourse surrounding immigration.
Einführung
Authors: Gethmann Carl Friedrich , Buxmann Peter , Distelrath Julia , Humm Bernhard G. , Lingner Stephan , Nitsch Verena , Schmidt Jan C. , Spiecker genannt Döhmann Indra
Published: November 2021

„Künstliche Intelligenz“ (KI) ist ein Begriff, der zur Zeit große öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit erfährt. Die hohe Dynamik in diesem Bereich erfordert es, nicht nur bei der Klärung der Bedingungen, Wirkungen und Folgen hinsichtlich Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft stehenzubleiben: Es scheint vielmehr ein grundlegenderer Zugang zur Rolle von KI notwendig zu sein. Da in modernen Wissensgesellschaften wissenschaftliche Forschung wesentlicher Treiber gesellschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklungen ist, ist zu fragen, ob Forschungshandeln und Wissenserzeugung durch künstliche Intelligenz vor einem epochalen Wandel stehen und vor allem wie sich entsprechende Arbeitswelten verändern werden. Wird zum Beispiel der Mensch durch KI zu einer Randerscheinung in der Forschungspraxis oder wird er hier weiterhin zentraler Akteur bleiben?
The AdS3 × S1 chiral ring
Authors: Ashok Sujay K. , Li Songyuan , Troost Jan
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We study AdS3× S1× Y supersymmetric string theory backgrounds with Neveu-Schwarz-Neveu-Schwarz flux that are dual to $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 superconformal theories on the boundary. We classify all worldsheet vertex operators that correspond to space-time chiral primaries. We compute space-time chiral ring structure constants for operators in the zero spectral flow sector using the operator product expansion in the worldsheet theory. We find that the structure constants take a universal form that depends only on the topological data of the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 superconformal theory on Y.
Umsetzung anästhesiologischer Fast-Track-Maßnahmen bei kolorektalen Resektionen
Authors: Willis M. A. , Thudium M. , van Beekum C. J. , Söhle M. , Coburn M. , Kalff J. C. , Vilz T. O.
Published: November 2021

Einleitung

Beim Fast-Track(FT)-Konzept handelt es sich um multimodale, interdisziplinäre Maßnahmen zur perioperativen Patientenbetreuung zur Reduktion postoperativer Komplikationen. Trotz guter Evidenz erscheint die Umsetzung verbesserungswürdig, wobei sich nahezu alle Untersuchungen ungeachtet des interdisziplinären Aspektes auf die Implementierung der chirurgischen Module fokussieren. Die Adhärenz zu den anästhesiologischen Maßnahmen (präoperative Patientenoptimierung, Prämedikation, Volumen- und Wärmemanagement, Schmerztherapie) ist hingegen nur unzureichend untersucht. Um den Status quo zu erfassen, wurde eine Umfrage zur Umsetzung der anästhesiologischen FT-Bausteine unter den Mitgliedern der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI) durchgeführt und analysiert, wo mögliches Verbesserungspotenzial besteht.

Methoden

Mithilfe des Online-Umfragetools SurveyMonkey® wurden 28 Fragen zur perioperativen anästhesiologischen Versorgung kolorektalchirurgischer Patienten an die Mitglieder der DGAI verschickt und die Adhärenz zu den FT-Maßnahmen analysiert.

Ergebnisse

Während einige der FT-Maßnahmen (Wärmemanagement, PONV-Prophylaxe) bereits routinemäßig umgesetzt sind, gibt es bei anderen Bausteinen eine Divergenz zwischen den aktuellen Empfehlungen und der klinischen Umsetzung. Besonders betroffen sind neben der Prämedikation insbesondere interdisziplinäre Maßnahmen (Prähabilitation) sowie Maßnahmen, die mehrere Schnittstellen (OP, Aufwachraum (AWR), Station) betreffen, wie beispielsweise Volumenmanagement oder perioperative Schmerztherapie

Fazit

Die anästhesiologischen Empfehlungen des FT-Konzepts werden in Deutschland nur teilweise umgesetzt. Hiervon sind insbesondere die interdisziplinären Bausteine sowie Maßnahmen an den Schnittstellen OP-AWR-Station betroffen. Die Bildung eines interdisziplinären FT-Teams und die interdisziplinäre Ausarbeitung von SOP können die Adhärenz optimieren, was wiederum das kurz- und langfristige Outcome der Patienten verbessert.
A note on cut-elimination for classical propositional logic
Authors: Pulcini Gabriele
Published: November 2021

In Schwichtenberg (Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics, vol 90, Elsevier, pp 867–895, 1977), Schwichtenberg fine-tuned Tait’s technique (Tait in The syntax and semantics of infinitary languages, Springer, pp 204–236, 1968) so as to provide a simplified version of Gentzen’s original cut-elimination procedure for first-order classical logic (Gallier in Logic for computer science: foundations of automatic theorem proving, Courier Dover Publications, London, 2015). In this note we show that, limited to the case of classical propositional logic, the Tait–Schwichtenberg algorithm allows for a further simplification. The procedure offered here is implemented on Kleene’s sequent system G4 (Kleene in Mathematical logic, Wiley, New York, 1967; Smullyan in First-order logic, Courier corporation, London, 1995). The specific formulation of the logical rules for G4 allows us to provide bounds on the height of cut-free proofs just in terms of the logical complexity of their end-sequent.
Remarks on weak amalgamation and large conjugacy classes in non-archimedean groups
Authors: Malicki Maciej
Published: November 2021

We study the notion of weak amalgamation in the context of diagonal conjugacy classes. Generalizing results of Kechris and Rosendal, we prove that for every countable structure M, Polish group G of permutations of M, and $$n \ge 1$$

n
≥
1

, G has a comeager n-diagonal conjugacy class iff the family of all n-tuples of G-extendable bijections between finitely generated substructures of M, has the joint embedding property and the weak amalgamation property. We characterize limits of weak Fraïssé classes that are not homogenizable. Finally, we investigate 1- and 2-diagonal conjugacy classes in groups of ball-preserving bijections of certain ordered ultrametric spaces.
Temporal variations of net Kuroshio transport based on a repeated hydrographic section along 137°E
Authors: Kawakami Yuma , Kojima Atsushi , Murakami Kiyoshi , Nakano Toshiya , Sugimoto Shusaku
Published: November 2021

Temporal variations of net Kuroshio transport are examined for 1972–2018 based on a repeated hydrographic section along 137°E, which is maintained by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The net Kuroshio transport obtained by integration of geostrophic current velocity relative to 1000 dbar depth fluctuates on inter-annual and decadal timescales. The predominant timescale of the net Kuroshio transport changes with time; the inter-annual variation is pronounced in 1972–1990 and 2000–2018, and the decadal variation is detected only before 2000. We find that a winter wind stress curl variation in the central North Pacific which reflects meridional movements of the Aleutian Low and intensity fluctuations of the North Pacific subtropical high on an inter-annual timescale and intensity fluctuations of the Aleutian Low on a decadal timescale, causes the net Kuroshio transport variation. In addition to the inter-annual and decadal variations, we further pointed out a bi-decadal-scale variation of the net Kuroshio transport and its possible link to the Aleutian Low intensity fluctuation. Moreover, our results indicate that during large net Kuroshio transport, sea surface temperature around the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension region tends to increase, resulting in vigorous upward sensible and latent heat release.
Crystal plasticity model of residual stress in additive manufacturing using the element elimination and reactivation method
Authors: Grilli Nicolò , Hu Daijun , Yushu Dewen , Chen Fan , Yan Wentao
Published: November 2021

Selective laser melting is receiving increasing interest as an additive manufacturing technique. Residual stresses induced by the large temperature gradients and inhomogeneous cooling process can favour the generation of cracks. In this work, a crystal plasticity finite element model is developed to simulate the formation of residual stresses and to understand the correlation between plastic deformation, grain orientation and residual stresses in the additive manufacturing process. The temperature profile and grain structure from thermal-fluid flow and grain growth simulations are implemented into the crystal plasticity model. An element elimination and reactivation method is proposed to model the melting and solidification and to reinitialize state variables, such as the plastic deformation, in the reactivated elements. The accuracy of this method is judged against previous method based on the stiffness degradation of liquid regions by comparing the plastic deformation as a function of time induced by thermal stresses. The method is used to investigate residual stresses parallel and perpendicular to the laser scan direction, and the correlation with the maximum Schmid factor of the grains along those directions. The magnitude of the residual stress can be predicted as a function of the depth, grain orientation and position with respect to the molten pool. The simulation results are directly comparable to X-ray diffraction experiments and stress–strain curves.
Efficacy and safety comparison between 1927 nm thulium laser and 2940 nm Er:YAG laser in the treatment of facial atrophic acne scarring: a prospective, simultaneous spilt-face clinical trial
Authors: Lu Kune , Cai Suiqing
Published: November 2021

Acne scarring is a common disfiguring complication of acne, and fractional lasers are widely applied in improving it. This study is to compare the efficacy and safety of fractional non-ablative 1927 nm thulium laser (FTL) and fractional ablative 2940 nm Er:YAG laser (FEL) in the treatment of acne scarring. Subjects with moderate or severe atrophic facial acne scarring received 3 sessions of FTL on the left side of face and FEL on the right side of face at an average interval of 4–6 weeks. Major assessments included Goodman&Baron quantitative global scarring grading system (GBS), self-rated improvement and satisfaction score. Twenty-seven subjects completed the study; for FTL side, average GBS decreased from 11.15 ± 5.04 at baseline to 7.07 ± 4.87 with an improvement percent of 36.54%; for FEL side, average GBS decreased from 10.81 ± 4.46 to 7.00 ± 4.07 with an improvement percent of 35.27%. Adverse effects include transient pain, erythema, edema, and increase of acne. No significant difference was found between two lasers. Both FTL and FEL improved atrophic acne scarring and were well-tolerated. Increase of acne during laser treatment may have a negative impact on efficacy. Trial registration number was NCT04813419 and date of registration was 19th, March, 2021, retrospectively registered.
Performance assessment of a low-complexity autoregressive Kalman filter for GNSS carrier tracking using real scintillation time series
Authors: Locubiche-Serra Sergi , Seco-Granados Gonzalo , López-Salcedo José A.
Published: November 2021

Ionospheric scintillation is one of the most challenging sources of errors in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). It is an effect of space weather that introduces rapid amplitude and phase fluctuations to transionospheric signals and, as a result, it severely degrades the tracking performance of receivers, particularly carrier tracking. It can occur anywhere on the earth during intense solar activity, but the problem aggravates in equatorial and high-latitude regions, thus posing serious concerns to the widespread deployment of GNSS in those areas. One of the most promising approaches to address this problem is the use of Kalman filter-based techniques at the carrier tracking level, incorporating some a priori knowledge about the statistics of the scintillation to be dealt with. These techniques aim at dissociating the carrier phase dynamics of interest from phase scintillation by modeling the latter through some correlated Gaussian function, such as the case of autoregressive processes. However, besides the fact that the optimality of these techniques is still to be reached, their applicability for dealing with scintillation in real-world environments also remains to be confirmed. We carry out an extensive analysis and experimentation campaign on the suitability of these techniques by processing real data captures of scintillation at low and high latitudes. We first evaluate how well phase scintillation can be modeled through an autoregressive process. Then, we propose a novel adaptive, low-complexity autoregressive Kalman filter intended to facilitate the implementation of the approach in practice. Last, we provide an analysis of the operational region of the proposed technique and the limits at which a performance gain over conventional tracking architectures is obtained. The results validate the excellence of the proposed approach for GNSS carrier tracking under scintillation conditions.
Local-scale dispersal patterns and susceptibility to Dryocosmus kuriphilus in different Castanea species and hybrid clones: insights from a field trial
Authors: Castedo-Dorado Fernando , Álvarez-Álvarez Pedro , Cuenca Valera Beatriz , Lombardero María Josefa
Published: November 2021

The chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a major insect pest affecting chestnut trees worldwide. Medium and long-term control of this pest can be improved by using resistant or less susceptible cultivars and hybrid clones. In addition, little is known about the local patterns of dispersal of the pest. We obtained data from trees of 3 chestnut species and 27 hybrid clones in a field trial in NW Spain with the aim of evaluating the susceptibility of the material to the gall wasp and identifying possible drivers of local spatial dispersal. In the first 3 years of the invasion by D. kuriphilus, the number of trees attacked and the number of galls on each tree were spatially clustered. Tree height significantly predicted both variables, suggesting that gall wasps may use visual cues to locate suitable host trees, at least in the early stage of invasion. Assessment of the susceptibility of hybrid clones/pure species must take concurrent indicators of infestation levels into account. We suggest the use of indices involving galls on shoots because these enable good assessment of the damage to chestnut trees. The study findings add to existing knowledge on the susceptibility of hybrid chestnut clones. We report, for the first time, two hybrid clones resistant to the pest and one hybrid clone which exhibited consistently low values for all of the indicators of infestation level. The results have important implications regarding selection of plant material for use in afforestation in Spain, where the current high rate of chestnut planting is expected to continue.
Dialectical logic or logical dialectics? The Polish discussion on the principle of non-contradiction (1946–1957)
Authors: Woźniak Monika
Published: November 2021

The discussion on the principle of non-contradiction (1946–1957) between Marxist and non-Marxist philosophers was one of the major philosophical discussions in Polish philosophy of this period. In my text, I carefully reconstruct this discussion and outline its relation to Soviet debates on the subject. I show that the change in Schaff’s position happened in the early 1950s under the combined influence of the Lvov–Warsaw School and the changes in the official Soviet position regarding formal logic. I discuss the aftermath following Schaff’s change in attitude towards the analytic tradition for the development of Polish philosophy, as well as the critique of this change by Jarosław Ładosz. In my reconstruction of the latter, I focus on the problem of the historical development of science. I refer to Ilyenkov’s critique of Schaff, opposing synchronic (“positivist”) and diachronic (“dialectical”) concepts of knowledge. As I argue, these opposing concepts of science can be seen as a genuine issue at stake in the Polish discussion as well, especially in the polemic between Schaff and Ładosz.