bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREVALENCE OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF ON CEREALS IN NEW BRUNSWICK IN 1970, AND EFFECT OF THE VIRUS ON FORAGE YIELD OF OATS
Authors: GILL C. C. , LAWRENCE C. H. , CHIASSON T. C.
Published: March 2010

Barley yellow dwarf virus was prevalent on a large acreage of late-seeded cereals in the Florenceville and Fredericton areas of New Brunswick in 1970. Areas of diseased plants within fields were successfully located by aerial surveying. The virus, isolated from samples, was transmitted most efficiently by Rhopalosiphum padi and less efficiently by Macrosiphum avenae, Schizaphis graminum and Acyrthosiphon dirhodum, but rarely by R. maidis, and on this basis is a nonspecific strain of barley yellow dwarf virus. The weight of dry matter per ha from diseased forage oats (O.A. 123-1) was 63.1% less than that from healthy oats. The percentage of dry matter for diseased plants averaged 6% less than for healthy plants.
SPREADING RATE OF CREEPING-ROOTED ALFALFA
Authors: HEINRICHS D. H.
Published: March 2010

Creeping-rooted alfalfa plants were studied for rate of spreading when planted in a grid spacing of 1.8 m. One year after planting, only three out of 15 lines displayed 100% creep in all five replicates on the basis of shoot formation. In the second year, all clones of all 15 plant lines had developed above-ground shoots. The range of spread varied from an average of 101 cm for the least spreading line to 176 cm for the strongest spreading line. By the third year they had expanded an additional 27% on the average. The stand density decreased as distance from the center of the plant increased. There were definite differences among creeping-rooted plant lines in rate of spreading ability. In three years most plants had spread horizontally to within each other’s peripheries.
EFFECT OF ACIDITY ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF THE HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: TOWNSEND L. R.
Published: March 2010

Two highbush blueberry cultivars (Blueray and seedling selection 50-6-9) were grown at various pH levels in water cultures. Within the pH range 3.5 to 6.0, growth of Blueray did not appear to be limited because of the direct effects of pH. At pH 2.5, however, growth was nonexistent and at pH 3.0 it was restricted. Growth of 50-6-9 was significantly greater at pH 4.0 and 5.0 than at pH 3.0 or 6.0. Plant roots became progressively darker with increasing pH above 4.0 to 4.5. In general, root nutrient levels, Ca excepted, were higher than foliar nutrient levels, although root and foliar Mg levels were not very different except at pH 3.0. Root Mn at pH 5.0 and 6.0 was 10 to 20 times greater than at pH 3.0 or 4.0.
OXLEY CICER MILKVETCH
Authors: Johnston A. , Smoliak S. , Hironaka R. , Hanna M. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
DRYLANDER ALFALFA
Authors: Heinrichs D. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
THEORETICAL VARIANCE OF RESPONSE TO MODIFIED PEDIGREE SELECTION
Authors: BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Modified pedigree selection was proposed as a method for improving self-pollinated species. The theoretical variance of response to this type of selection is developed in this paper. Response is expected to be more variable with higher selection intensity or greater genetic variance, and less variable with larger population size or decreased environmental variance. Ways of using the theory for planning breeding programs and for assessing the results of selection experiments are discussed by considering examples.
CHANGES IN ALPHA- AND BETA-AMYLASE ACTIVITIES DURING THE MATURATION OF DIFFERENT BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: LaBERGE D. E. , MacGREGOR A. W. , MEREDITH W. O. S.
Published: March 2010

The percentage of dry matter, kernel weight, α-amylase activity and β-amylase activity, were determined at several stages of kernel development, from anthesis to harvest, in seven cultivars of Canadian barley. These included 6-row barleys (Conquest, Bonanza, and Keystone), 2-row barleys (Betzes and Centennial), and two 6-rowed selections from crosses between 2-row and 6-row barleys. The patterns for development of β-amylase enzymes were similar in all cultivars, and these activities were low initially, followed by a period of increasing activities commencing about 10 days after anthesis and reaching maximum values 20 days later; they then remained constant until the kernels were harvested. α-Amylase activity increased in all cultivars immediately after anthesis and then decreased to low levels after 10 days of kernel development. The α-amylase activities of Conquest, Bonanza, and Betzes increased again to quite high levels after maturity and just prior to delayed harvesting, owing to unfavorable weather that caused sprouting in these cultivars.
CHLORIDE UPTAKE BY VARIOUS TURFGRASS SPECIES AND CULTIVARS
Authors: CORDUKES W. E. , PARUPS E. V.
Published: March 2010

Twelve cultivars representing eight grass species were each grown in a sand/vermiculite medium in the greenhouse, fed six solutions varying in chloride content for 140 days, and cut at lawn height. Six harvests were obtained and analyzed for chloride uptake. Visual ratings and yields indicated that the grasses tolerate relatively high chloride levels for a considerable time. Chloride uptake increased with time and increasing chloride content of the solutions. Uptake was less from alkaline than from acid solutions. Highland bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were the least tolerant, while Norlea perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were the most tolerant to chlorides. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) were intermediate in this respect.
EFFECT OF HARVESTING PRACTICES ON FOLIAGE AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT, DIGESTIBILITY, COLD HARDINESS AND NODULATION OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: LANGILLE J. E. , CALDER F. W.
Published: March 2010

Empire, Leo, Viking and Wallace cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment for total forage production, aerial and root growth, in vitro digestibility, cold hardiness, etiolated regrowth and modulation. Plants were harvested at the vegetative stage (four harvests); 10% bloom (three harvests); 50% bloom (two harvests); and maximum growth (one harvest), at two stubble heights, 2.5 and 7.5 cm. Harvesting at the maximum growth stage produced the most dry matter but the lowest digestibility, with the greatest etiolated regrowth and best nodulation. Production at the vegetative stage produced the least forage which was the most digestible. Empire was the most productive cultivar, with a hardiness rating equal to Leo. At the 10 and 50% bloom stages, Wallace equalled this cultivar in production and there was no difference between the four cultivars in forage production when harvested at the vegetative stage. Viking appeared to be the least hardy of the cultivars examined, although it produced more etiolated regrowth than Empire and Wallace but not as much as Leo. This experiment shows that criteria other than total production must be examined in evaluating birdsfoot trefoil cultivars.
INTRA-LINE VARIATION IN HEXAPLOID TRITICALE REVEALED BY CLONAL PROPAGATION
Authors: KALTSIKES P. J. , LEE J.
Published: March 2010

Plants of ten hexaploid triticale lines were cloned in two units. Clonal unit survival ranged from 70 to 100%. Within each line, significant plant to plant variation was found for height and seed weight but not for yield, number of seeds or number of heads per plant. The possible uses of these findings in breeding programs are discussed.
TRANSLOCATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM SOILS INTO CARROTS
Authors: OLOFFS P. C. , SZETO S. Y. , WEBSTER J. M.
Published: March 2010

Soils from the Fraser Valley in British Columbia and carrots grown in these soils were analyzed by gas and thin layer chromatography for DDT, DDD, DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and lindane. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in muck soils than in sandy soil. The quantities translocated into carrots varied from non-detectable to less than 0.05 ppm, with lindane > cyclodienes > DDT and metabolites. Carrots grown in sand picked up pesticide residues more readily than did those grown in muck soils.
EFFECTS OF NEMATICIDES ON PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS, SOIL MICROFLORA, AND FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: ELLIOT J. M. , MARKS C. F. , TU C. M.
Published: March 2010

Field studies were conducted on Fox loamy sand to compare fall and spring broadcast and spring row application of DD (mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene, 1,2-dichloropropane, and related C3 hydrocarbons) and Vorlex (methyl isothiocyanate, 20%, + 1,3-dichloropropene, and related C3 hydrocarbons, 80%), and to compare these fumigants with Mocap (O-ethyl S,S-dipropyl phosphorodithioate), fensulfothion (O,O-diethyl O-[p-(methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate), and carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethylbenzofuranyl-7 N-methylcarbamate) for the control of Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stek. 1941 in flue-cured tobacco. All the nematicides except fensulfothion resulted in lower soil nematode population counts in July in a highly infested field where the number of nematodes before treatment was 4700/kg of soil. All treatments, except fall-applied Vorlex, fensulfothion, and carbofuran, increased yield. In the second year, with a lower nematode population (2000 P. penetrans/kg of soil), no increase in yield resulted from any nematicidal treatment. Spring broadcast DD lowered reducing sugars and increased total alkaloids, total N, and Cl for the 2-year averages. Spring application of DD in the row also increased Cl but did not affect the other constituents. Some phytotoxic effects were observed with the nonfumigant nematicides, but chemical composition of the cured leaf was not affected. A greenhouse study with these five nematicides, in the absence of nematodes, showed no increase in growth of tobacco, but the population of NH4+–N oxidizers was lower with DD and Mocap and the number of NO3−–N oxidizers was lower with Vorlex, DD, and carbofuran.
EFFECTS OF THREE TETRACYCLINES AND THEIR METHOD OF APPLICATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLOVER PHYLLODY AND ASTER YELLOWS SYMPTOMS IN ASTER
Authors: CHIYKOWSKI L. N.
Published: March 2010

Single treatments with oxytetracycline, tetracycline, or doxycycline, applied as root dips, foliage dips, or sprays immediately after inoculation, delayed the development of clover phyllody and aster yellows symptoms on aster (Callistephus chinensis Nees). Oxytetracycline and tetracycline were highly effective at 1000 ppm against both diseases, regardless of method of application, but they had phytotoxic effects, ranging from chlorosis and leaf deformation to plant death. Doxycycline at this concentration was highly effective as a leaf dip or spray but caused death of all plants when applied as a root dip. Root dips, foliage dips, and sprays with all three antibiotics at 100 ppm were also effective in delaying development of symptoms of both diseases. At 10 ppm, only doxycycline caused a delay in symptom appearance.
EFFECTS OF THE MUTAGENIC AGENT ETHYL METHANESULFONATE ON THE M1 GENERATION OF RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS)
Authors: FOWLER D. B. , STEFANSSON B. R.
Published: March 2010

Germination of rape (Brassica napus L.) seed exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for 12 hr at 20–25 C was differentially affected by EMS concentration, pH of treatment solution, seed size, and strain treated. All first order interactions among treatments, except EMS concentration × strain, significantly affected germination. Increasing EMS concentration from 0 to 1.0% adversely affected germination, plant vigor, and seed yield and increased the number of abnormal plants and the days to maturity in M1 populations. The types of plant abnormalities observed following EMS treatment are described.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE TRANSMISSION OF CERTAIN ISOLATES OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS BY NYMPHS AND ADULTS OF RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS
Authors: Gill C. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE SPRAYS OF ZINC, IRON, AND MANGANESE AS A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR APPLE TREES
Authors: Mason J. L. , Gardiner R. P. , Sanderson P. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
A SEMIAUTOMATED DIGESTION METHOD FOR TOTAL NITROGEN IN PLANT MATERIALS
Authors: John Matt K. , Klein R.
Published: March 2010

not available
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING BAKING QUALITY OF WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: ORTH R. A. , BAKER R. J. , BUSHUK W.
Published: March 2010

Simple correlations between a number of quality parameters, their heritabilities and an evaluation of the best combination of these parameters to predict loaf volume, were determined from data for 26 cultivars of spring wheat grown at four locations in Western Canada. Highly significant correlations between remix loaf volume and each of Zeleny sedimentation value, farinograph dough development time, farinograph mixing tolerance index, proportion of residue protein, and glutenin protein were obtained. Sedimentation value, 1000 kernel weight, mixing tolerance index, flour yield, farinograph absorption, and remix loaf volume all had high heritabilities over the four locations. Using the simple correlations as a guide, regression formulae yielding the best predictions of remix loaf volume were developed. Residue protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, and farinograph dough development time provided the most useful information for predicting baking quality by a single test.
RESIDUES IN SOILS AND STRAWBERRIES RESULTING FROM SIMAZINE APPLICATIONS
Authors: RAGAB M. T. H. , LEEFE J. S.
Published: March 2010

No simazine residues were found in strawberry fruit from plants to which simazine had been applied for weed control 1 year previously. About 14% of the simazine remained in the soil, to which up to 4.48 kg/ha had been applied 15 months previously.
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SEED PROTEIN AND SEEDLING VIGOR IN WHEAT
Authors: LOWE L. B. , RIES S. K.
Published: March 2010

Wheat seedlings grown from seeds of different protein levels, obtained from an N fertilizer field trial, showed significant differences in dry matter and a high positive correlation (r = 0.920**) between seed protein content and dry matter after 3 weeks’ growth. In further studies using low and high protein seeds (99 and 142 mg/g), dry matter differences were obtained at up to 40 days from sowing and in different temperature and light intensity environments with nutrient concentrations containing up to 24 mM nitrate. Maximum dry matter accumulation occurred at approximately 5 mM nitrate but no limit was reached in protein accumulation with up to 24 mM nitrate. Seedlings grown from high protein seeds were shown to be more advanced in morphological development than those seedlings grown from low protein seeds.
A COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL CHANGES IN PLANTS DURING COLD-HARDENING IN CONTROLLED AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: SVEC L. V. , HODGES H. F.
Published: March 2010

Three cultivars of winter barley seedlings were subjected to six temperature regimes. Seedlings were collected at weekly intervals over the 4-week period and measured for chemical content and degree of hardening. The colder hardening temperatures resulted in lowering the killing point of the seedlings. Cultivar differences in killing temperature was slight. Except for the total soluble carbohydrates, the chemical changes in the three cultivars were not significantly different. The conditions of this study permitted the production of cold-hardened tissue in controlled environments similar to field-hardened tissue. The plants grown in the controlled environment increased in total soluble sugars to nearly the same extent as did plants grown in the field environment. Controlled environment-hardened plants increased in reducing sugars, total soluble nitrogen, and total nonsoluble residual nitrogen but not as much as did field-hardened plants. The controlled environment-hardened plants increased more in total lipids than did the field-hardened plants.
AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF SPRING WHEAT, BARLEY, AND OATS SOWN IN LATE FALL AND EARLY SPRING IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: AUSTENSON H. M.
Published: March 2010

Over a 4-year period, four cultivars of wheat, two of barley, and two of oats were sown shortly before the soil was continuously frozen in the fall (average date October 28) and soon after land could be prepared in the spring (average date May 8). Fall-sown wheat emerged in the spring each year, and in 2 of the 4 years outyielded spring-sown wheat. Mainly because of 1 very poor year fall-sown wheat yields averaged 20% lower than spring-sown. Increased seeding rates were partially effective in improving stands of fall-sown wheat. Common wheat cultivars were better adapted to fall-seeding than the one durum cultivar tested. Heading and maturity dates were 4–7 days earlier in fall-sown than in early spring-sown wheat. Fall-sown barley and oats emerged in the spring in only 2 of the 4 years. In these 2 years grain yields of fall-sown barley were reduced 22% and oats 17% as compared with spring seeding. Heading and maturity dates of barley and oats were from 0 to 4 days earlier in seedings made in the fall.
THE ROLE OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND GIBBERELLIN-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN THE DORMANCY OF THE CRANBERRY
Authors: EADY F. C. , EATON G. W.
Published: March 2010

The role of applied gibberellic acid (GA3) and endogenous gibberellins in the dormancy requirement of the cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cult McFarlin was investigated. Application of GA3 to unchilled dormant plants resulted in only vegetative growth of the terminal buds. Extraction and bioassay of gibberellin-like substances from both terminal buds and leaves during the 1969–70 season indicate a translocation of these substances from leaves to terminal buds between March 9 and April 6. This coincided with the time of elongation of the terminal buds in the field. The timing of this translocation suggests that these gibberellin-like substances do not play an important role in flower-bud development at this stage.
DIFFERENTIAL ACTION OF FUNGICIDES UPON FUNGI OCCURRING ON WHEAT, BARLEY, BUCKWHEAT, AND OIL SEEDS
Authors: MILLS J. T. , WALLACE H. A. H.
Published: March 2010

The effects of 10 fungicide formulations on the microflora of wheat, barley, buckwheat, flax, rape, sunflower, and crambe seeds were investigated after incubation for 7 days. The decreasing order of effectiveness of fungicides against fungi on the crops was Manzate D, Benlate T, Panogen Px, Vitaflo, Arasan 75, TCMTB, Polyram, Benlate, Vitavax S1, and Afugan. Synergistic effects were noted with Benlate T and Vitaflo. Benlate T was as effective as Manzate D in controlling Alternaria spp., Botrytis sp., Cladosporium spp., Cochliobolus sativus, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus sp., and Streptomyces spp., whereas the individual components, Benlate and Arasan 75, were usually less effective. Many fungicides used at similar dosages gave less control of subhull inoculum in buckwheat and oil seed crops than in cereals, suggesting that this inoculum is difficult to control.
COMPARISON OF INBRED AND HYBRID CORN GRAIN YIELD MEASURED AT EQUAL LEAF AREA INDEX
Authors: MAJOR D. J. , HUNTER R. B. , KANNENBERG L. W. , DAYNARD T. B. , TANNER J. W.
Published: March 2010

Grain yield of 44 single crosses and their component inbreds of corn (Zea mays L.) was determined over a wide range of plant populations. Yield was determined for inbreds and single cross hybrids at unit intervals of leaf area index (LAI) of 1–4. Mean inbred yield was no greater than 60% of the mean hybrid yield, regardless of whether yields were compared at a common plant density or LAI. Optimum LAI (LAI where grain yield was at its maximum) was higher for the hybrids than for the inbreds.
INFLUENCE DE LA NATURE DES GAZONS ET DE LA FUMURE SUR LA PRODUCTIVITE DES PATURAGES POUR BOUVILLONS
Authors: DIONNE J. L. , LALANDE G. , LACHANCE L.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of herbage dry matter (DM) yields and steer body weight gains from ladino clover, timothy, or grass pastures was carried out. Heavy and moderate fertilizer application rates were used. Stocking rates of 1.85 and 3.70 yearling beef steers per hectare were used on the moderately and heavily fertilized plots, respectively. There was less seasonal variation in DM yield on the heavily fertilized than on the moderately fertilized pastures. However, rate of fertilizer application had little effect on total DM production. Steer body weight gains/ha were substantially greater for the heavily fertilized than for the moderately fertilized pastures. These differences were relatively small if allowance is made for the surplus silage and hay produced. Herbage DM yields and steer gains/ha were greater for nitrogen-fertilized grass pastures than were those for ladino-timothy pastures. The nitrate nitrogen content of herbage did not reach a toxic level despite heavy nitrogen application rates.
EFFECTS OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND MULCHING ON TOMATO YIELDS
Authors: HOGUE E. J.
Published: March 2010

The use of clear polyethylene mulch greatly increased the total yield of transplanted New Yorker tomatoes. The growth retardant succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied pretransplant at the three- to four-true leaf stage retarded earliness, concentrated ripening, and increased yields slightly. Another growth retardant, (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), reduced the size of the plants appreciably, increased earliness slightly, but significantly reduced total yields. Concentrated ripening of fruit was obtained 6–9 days after (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) was sprayed on tomato plants. The high concentration of 4000 ppm of this chemical reduced total yields and size of fruit appreciably. At 1000 ppm, ethephon produced an initial peak of fruit ripening but since plants were not destroyed, they produced another peak of ripe fruit later in the season.
ACCUMULATION AND TRANSLOCATION OF SOLUBLE SOLIDS IN CORN STALKS
Authors: HUME D. J. , CAMPBELL D. K.
Published: March 2010

Soluble solids in stalks of two short-season corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids accumulated until 2–3 weeks after anthesis, and then declined rapidly during the grain-filling period. Soluble solids concentration was unaffected by plant population, but greatest total soluble solids accumulated at high plant populations. Most of the soluble solids that accumulated and disappeared were in internodes below the ear. When pollination and grain development were prevented, total soluble solids in stalks increased until the end of the growing season, indicating that the decline in stalk soluble solids during grain filling was caused primarily by translocation of metabolites from the stalk to the grain.
EFFECTS OF TREATING DAMP GRAIN WITH FORMALDEHYDE TO PREVENT STORAGE DETERIORATION
Authors: MUIR W. E. , WALLACE H. A. H.
Published: March 2010

Damp wheat (17.9% moisture) treated with formaldehyde was compared with similar untreated wheat to determine the effects of formaldehyde on seed viability, fungal infection, gluten content, and milling and baking quality during 13 weeks of storage in bins at summer temperatures, in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Formaldehyde treatment reduced both seed viability and growth of Alternaria. Penicillium infection occurred in the treated and untreated grain after storage for 10 and 4 weeks, respectively; Aspergillus infection occurred in both lots after 10 weeks storage. During the storage period, temperature rose more in the untreated grain than in the treated grain. Formaldehyde treatment destroyed the baking quality of the gluten in the flour resulting in an abnormal dough. Untreated grain produced a dough with an unpleasant odor.
CROSS-POLLINATION IN MALE STERILE WHEAT IN ONTARIO
Authors: STOSKOPF N. C. , RAI R. K.
Published: March 2010

Seed set on male sterile lines of soft winter wheat in Ontario seeded in a ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 of female to male rows, respectively, averaged 47.2 and 54.7% over a 2-year period. Increased seed set was obtained by either manipulation of planting date to improve coincidence of flowering of the male and female lines or by using a muitilineal pollinator rather than a single variety pollinator. Seed set on male sterile lines declined sharply with increasing distance from the pollen source. The mean seed set in six male sterile lines with a pollen source on the west side 0.2, 1.5, and 3.0 m away was 28.8, 10.3, and 6.7%, respectively. Severe ergot infection indicated a potential disease problem in Ontario.
WEED CONTROL AND THE WINTERHARDINESS OF PEACH SHOOTS
Authors: MARRIAGE P. B. , SAIDAK W. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF FEEDING BY THE RED-STRIPED FIREWORM ON LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY PRODUCTION
Authors: WOOD G. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
RADIOMETER FOR AQUATIC USE
Authors: ALLAN J. R. , FUHRER R. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN EVALUATION OF VERTICAL PLASTIC BARRIERS TO PREVENT SEEPAGE BETWEEN DYKED BASINS
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF WATER POTENTIAL ON GROWTH, ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION, AND SURVIVAL OF CEPHALOSPORIUM GRAMINEUM
Authors: BRUEHL G. W. , CUNFER B. , TOIVIAINEN M.
Published: March 2010

Cephalosporium gramineum grew on agar media at osmotic water potentials from − 1.3 bars to between − 98 and − 112 bars. The growth of antibiotic-producing (+) and nonproducing (−) isolates was affected equally by water potential. Antibiotic production was detected by bioassay over the entire range of significant growth (to about − 83 to − 98 bars). Production of antibiotic relative to the growth rate of C. gramineum was least when the fungus grew fastest and most when the fungus was under moderate water stress (between − 27 and − 55 bars). When straws infested with C. gramineum were incubated on soil at 15 C at various water potentials, + isolates had the least advantage over − isolates on water-saturated soil (near 0 bar) and at the driest condition tested (−258 bars). In contrast, antibiotic-producing isolates had the greatest survival advantage between − 10 and − 67 bars, which corresponds to the range of water potentials within which antibiotic production was greatest relative to mycelial growth. The vigor of C. gramineum in straw on water-saturated soil indicates coexistence with bacteria; its performance between about − 10 and − 137 bars indicates that relatively xerophytic soil fungi are its most severe antagonists in nature.
INFESTIBILITY OF OILSEEDS, CLOVER, AND MILLET BY STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS
Authors: SINHA R. N.
Published: March 2010

Infestation potential of 16 cultivars of flax, mustard, rape, sunflower, millet, and clover seeds to five common species of stored-product insects was determined. When multiplication was used as a criterion, whole seeds were resistant to insect attack although minor infestation occurred on certain cultivars. Although some species of insects could complete development on certain cultivars, few could reproduce well on clover and mustard cultivars. Oilseeds were more susceptible to Oryzaephilus mercator than to any other insect species. Cryptolestes ferrugineus, which thrived on the millet cultivars Crown and Siberian, neither reproduced nor completed development on any of the oilseed and forage cultivars. All cultivars of crushed Noralta, Raja, and Redwood flax were susceptible to: O. mercator, O. surinamensis, and Tribolium castaneum; Echo and Target rape only to O. mercator; Armavirec, Krasnodarets, Mennonite, and Peredovic sunflowers to all insects except C. ferrugineus; and Crown and Siberian millet to all insects. Tribolium confusum reproduced only on sunflower and millet cultivars. The potential danger of stored oilseeds in Western Canada from a new pest, O. mercator, was evaluated.
PREVENTATIVE AND CURATIVE CONTROL OF CLADOSPORIUM LEAF MOLD OF GREENHOUSE TOMATOES WITH BENOMYL AND SURFACTANT ADDITIVES
Authors: PITBLADO R. E. , EDGINGTON L. V.
Published: March 2010

Benomyl (methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate), applied either as a foliar spray in suspensions of 100, 500, and 1000 ppm or as a drench at 12.5, 125, and 500 ppm, prevented and cured leaf mold infections of greenhouse tomatoes. Surfactants Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), GAFAC RS-710, and GAFAC RA-600 (General Aniline and Film Co., New York, N.Y.) were used in all combinations of benomyl concentrations. The GAFAC surfactants increased the effectiveness of benomyl applied to the soil without any phytotoxic effects. Tween 20 also increased the preventative effect of benomyl, but was only 70% as effective as the GAFAC surfactants. Low concentrations of benomyl applied as a foliar spray controlled leaf mold for a short period. Control by foliar application was related to fungicidal concentration rather than to surfactant effects.
INFLUENCE OF CROP RESIDUE AND FERTILIZERS ON STAND, YIELD, AND ROOT ROT OF BARLEY IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: PITTMAN U. J. , HORRICKS J. S.
Published: March 2010

The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and winter wheat residue on growth, yield, and common root rot (Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kurib.) Drechs. ex Dastur) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are discussed. The deleterious effect on barley yields of incorporating large amounts of crop residue into the soil just before seeding could be partially overcome by application of nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of residue alone had little effect on root-rot severity in 2 of 3 years but severity of infection increased as the rate of applied nitrogen was increased. Applied phosphorus generally had little effect on yield or root-rot severity, although the average number of pathogens, particularly Fusaria spp., isolated from crown pieces grown under heavy residue and high rates of applied phosphorus alone was lower than that from other treatments.
EFFECTS OF SUCCINIC ACID 2,2-DIMETHYL HYDRAZIDE (ALAR) AND 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID (ETHEPHON) ON ABSCISSION AND STORAGE QUALITY OF McINTOSH APPLES
Authors: TESKEY B. J. E. , PRIEST K. L. , LOUGHEED E. C.
Published: March 2010

McIntosh apples that had been sprayed at the end of July with Alar as recommended commercially for preharvest drop control, were later treated with ethephon at 400 and 800 mg/liter, 6 and 3 days before optimum harvest date. Results were compared with untreated fruit and with fruit from trees sprayed with Alar alone. Measurements were made of abscission and firmness as well as CO2and ethylene (C2H4) evolution. Treated fruit had a respiration rate greater than that of the control at harvest time. Ethephon treatments resulted in fruit that was firmer than Alar-treated or control fruit. No differences were noted among treatments with regard to pH, total acidity, percent soluble solids, or storage disorders of the fruit.
RESPONSE OF ALFALFA CULTIVARS TO SULFUR
Authors: CHAPMAN F. M. , MASON J. L. , MILTIMORE J. E.
Published: March 2010

Sulfur increased the yield of eight cultivars in 4 out of 5 crop years, the largest increase occurring in the 5th year. DuPuits was the highest yielding cultivar under deficient conditions and the most sulfur responsive, with a yield increase more than twice that of Rhizoma and Narragansett. Sulfur also improved plant vigor and stand density.
RESPONSE OF SOYBEANS TO TEMPERATURE UNDER HIGH LIGHT INTENSITIES
Authors: HOFSTRA G.
Published: March 2010

Differential growth responses were observed for soybeans subjected to day temperatures from 18 to 36 C under controlled greenhouse conditions at high light intensities. Leaf area production reached a maximum at 27–30 C, whereas maximum dry matter accumulation was obtained at 36 C. Specific leaf weight varied with temperature and was greatest at the high and low temperature regimes. Stem elongation was greatest at 36 C, and axillary growth was most evident at low temperatures. Except at the very early stages, about 50% of the dry matter accumulation occurred in the leaf blades, irrespective of the temperature.
DIALLEL ANALYSIS OF ASH CONTENT IN TWELVE INBRED LINES OF MAIZE
Authors: LOESCH Jr. P. J. , ZUBER M. S.
Published: March 2010

We evaluated 66 inter se crosses among 12 inbred lines of maize in 2 years at two locations. The inheritance of ash content of the stalk was determined by means of diallel analysis. Significant differences in ash content among the 66 F1 hybrids were obtained. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were also statistically significant. The additive genetic variation was much larger than the nonadditive variation. Interactions of GCA and SCA with locations and with years × locations were significant. The broad sense heritability estimate for ash content of stalk was.62. The primary objective, to determine whether ash content of the stalk is positively associated with susceptibility to stalk lodging, was only partially supported. The genotypic correlation between ash content of stalk lodging was relatively low (+.280) and of little predictive value.
METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH OZONE INJURY OF BEAN LEAVES
Authors: CRAKER L. E. , STARBUCK J. S.
Published: March 2010

Metabolic processes in primary leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were altered by ozone stress. Decreases in levels of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein, and increases in ribonuclease (RNase) and free amine groups were associated with visible oxidant injury to the leaves. It appears that some air pollution injury to plants may result from changes in metabolic processes.
SEED YIELD RESPONSE OF THREE FORAGE GRASSES TO THINNING
Authors: FULKERSON R. S.
Published: March 2010

Orchard grass, timothy, and bromegrass were grown for seed production in 35.5- and 71.0-cm row widths, containing plants in a solid or in a 35.5-cm thinned row arrangement. Seed yield, head numbers, head length, seed per head, and seed weight data were collected for 3–5 crop years. Orchard grass produced its highest yield of seed from the 71.0-cm thinned rows. Yield differences were present for the first 3 years only. Yield components were affected to a larger extent by row width than by thinning. However, with timothy, row widths did not influence yield and components some years. The production methods affected the bromegrass seed crop in the 1st crop year but had no influence by the 3rd year. Although some relations were established between seed yield and the components with the species studied, none appeared to clarify the physiological relations involved.
INFLUENCE OF AGE AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE NEUTRAL CARBOHYDRATE COMPONENTS IN ROOT EXUDATES FROM ALFALFA PLANTS GROWN IN A GNOTOBIOTIC ENVIRONMENT
Authors: HAMLEN R. A. , LUKEZIC F. L. , BLOOM J. R.
Published: March 2010

Investigations were carried out by gas–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry on the neutral carbohydrate fraction of root exudates from DuPuits alfalfa plants grown gnotobiotically for 16 weeks. Carbohydrates detected were arabinose, ribose, xylose, fructose, mannose, glucose, inositol, sucrose, and maltose. Three components were not identified. A general trend was observed of decreasing concentration of total neutral carbohydrates released with increasing plant age; however, two components increased with time. Based on milligrams of carbohydrate released per gram of dry weight of root tissue, all carbohydrates decreased with increased plant age. Flowering plants produced a significant increase in amounts of material released over samples from clipped plants. The results support the view that age and stage of development are significant influences on the qualitative and quantitative nature of plant root exudates.
INFLUENCE OF CLIPPING HEIGHT ON THE NEUTRAL CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS OF ROOT EXUDATES OF ALFALFA PLANTS GROWN UNDER GNOTOBIOTIC CONDITIONS
Authors: HAMLEN R. A. , LUKEZIC F. L. , BLOOM J. R.
Published: March 2010

Influence of clipping height on neutral carbohydrate levels in root exudates of alfalfa grown gnotobiotically was investigated by gas-chromatographic and mass-spectral techniques. Exudates were obtained from plants that were lightly clipped (removal of flower buds), intermediately clipped (15 cm), and severely clipped (removal of all but four mature leaves). Glucose, inositol, sucrose, and four unidentified (U) components were detected. Fluctuations in the level of sugars were observed in exudates from two sampling periods. Glucose and U1 were most concentrated under light clipping. Levels of inositol and sucrose were maximum under intermediate clipping. Amounts of U3 were greatest from severely clipped plants, whereas levels of U5 remained constant at all cuttings. Concentration of U4 was lowest under severe clipping. U2, present in exudates from seedling plants, was not detected. Quantities of sugars released per gram of dry weight of root tissue were greater under severe clipping. U1 was the major component, with glucose, inositol, and sucrose minor components of the total sugars.
A NEW SERIES — THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS
Authors: CAVERS PAUL B. , MULLIGAN GERALD A.
Published: March 2010

not available
HORSEBEANS — A PROTEIN CROP FOR WESTERN CANADA?
Authors: EVANS L. E. , SEITZER J. F. , BUSHUK W.
Published: March 2010

not available
A NEW CARBOXANILIDO SYSTEMIC CHEMICAL FOR THE CONTROL OF LEAF AND STEM RUSTS OF WHEAT
Authors: HAGBORG W. A. F.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF ADSORPTION ON THE UPTAKE OF DIURON BY BARLEY PLANTS
Authors: MOVER J. R. , McKERCHER R. B. , HANCE R. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
WATER BATH FOR GERMINATION AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT STUDIES UNDER VARIOUS TEMPERATURE COMBINATIONS OF SOIL AND AMBIENT AIR
Authors: KEMP G. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
WASCANA, A NEW DURUM WHEAT
Authors: HURD E. A. , PATTERSON L. A. , TOWNLEY-SMITH T. F. , MALLOUGH D. , OWEN C. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
ISOZYME STUDIES IN HYBRID BARLEY
Authors: FEDAK GEORGE , RAJHATHY TIBOR
Published: March 2010

Six isozyme systems were studied in hybrid barley to investigate the types of gene action that might be responsible for heterosis in grain yield. Zymotypes of hybrid plants contained the sum of parental bands for peroxidase, α-amylase, and esterase, the three systems that varied in the material. Genetic studies of esterase and α-amylase isozymes indicated that band differences between parents were completely additive in the hybrid. The gene action observed in the hybrids was attributed to a combination of epistasis and overdominance. The maternal esterase pattern in 20% of the plants in one of the hybrids suggested that the balanced tertiary trisomic method is not fully efficient for inducing complete male sterility.
EMASCULATION OF SELF-COMPATIBLE RED CLOVER CLONES WITH ETHANOL
Authors: BASSIRI A. , SMITH R. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CONCORD GRAPES GROWN IN ONTARIO DURING RIPENING IN THE 1970 SEASON
Authors: FULEKI TIBOR
Published: March 2010

Methyl anthranilate, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and total anthocyanin content of Concord grapes was followed during ripening in the 1970 season. Methyl anthranilate content increased from 0.04 ppm on 27 August to 6.44 ppm on 26 October and declined thereafter. The maximum values for the other components examined were: total anthocyanins, 114 mg/100 g (30 Oct.); soluble solids, 16.4% (13 Oct.); titratable acidity (minimum), 9.45‰ (16 Oct.); and sugar/acid, 16.93 (16 Oct.).
GENETICS OF RESISTANCE IN RUTABAGA TO TWO RACES OF PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE
Authors: AYERS G. W. , LELACHEUR K. E.
Published: March 2010

The York and Wilhelmsburger rutabaga cultivars, both resistant to races 2 and 3 of the clubroot pathogen, were crossed with the race 2- and 3-susceptible Laurentian cultivar. Race 2-resistant Ditmars S2 rutabaga selection was also crossed with susceptible Laurentian. Race exposure of F1 seedlings of resistant × susceptible crosses showed that resistance to races 2 and 3 was dominant. Susceptibility studies of F2 and backcross progenies showed that resistance to race 2 in York was controlled by a single major gene, whereas resistance to this race in Wilhemsburger was controlled by two major genes. Single major gene resistance to race 2 was indicated for the Ditmars S2 selection. This crucifer line is susceptible to race 3. F2 progeny exposures to race 3 showed that resistance was controlled by one major gene in both the York and Wilhelmsburger rutabaga cultivars.
AN INDEX OF COMPETITION FOR ESTIMATING CROP LOSS DUE TO WEEDS
Authors: DEW D. A.
Published: March 2010

An "index of competition" is derived that can be used to estimate crop loss due to weeds when weed and crop species, density of weed stand, and expected weed-free yield are known. Experimental data are used to derive this index for wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in barley, wheat, and flax, respectively. Loss in grams per square meter equals ab1x, where a equals expected weed-free yield (g/m2), x equals number of weeds per square meter, and b1 equals "index of competition." This index is 0.0230, 0.0339, and 0.0601 for wild oats in barley, wheat, and flax, respectively.
EFFECTS OF REMOVAL OF GROUPS OF LEAVES ON STALK ROT AND YIELD IN CORN
Authors: GATES L. F. , MORTIMORE C. G.
Published: March 2010

Corn (Zea mays L.) plants were studied at normal field spacing, and at wide spacing, to determine the effects of removal of leaves from various positions on the plant on stalk rot and yield. Four groups of leaves, two above and two below the ear, were removed or left on the plants in 10 combinations. Defoliations were carried out 2 or 3 weeks after midsilk on a stalk-rot-resistant and a susceptible hybrid. Defoliation increased stalk rot and decreased yield. In normal populations of both resistant and susceptible hybrids, removing or retaining leaves above the ear contributed 70–90% of the differences in stalk rot and in yield found between normal and completely defoliated plants. When shaded by the upper leaves, the two leaves below the ear accounted for about 14% of these differences. In susceptible plants, the lowermost group of leaves contributed 20% and 8% of these differences in disease and yield, respectively. In resistant plants this group of leaves appeared to increase disease and reduce yield slightly. Under wide spacing where shading was minimized, leaves below the ear had similar effects on stalk rot and yield. Resistant plants yielded more and developed less stalk rot than susceptible ones when either of the top two groups of leaves was removed. They also had greater leaf areas initially and after some of the defoliations. In plants normally spaced, the upper leaves of the two genotypes contributed similarly per unit leaf area to yield, but in resistant plants they contributed more in relation to their area to stalk rot reduction than those of susceptible plants. Lower leaves of resistant plants, when shaded by the upper leaves, contributed less to yield and stalk rot resistance than those of susceptible plants.
COMPARATIVE DATA ON THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, AND TRANSPIRATION OF DIFFERENT ORGANS IN AWNED AND AWNLESS ISOGENIC LINES OF WHEAT
Authors: TEARE I. D. , SIJ J. W. , WALDREN R. P. , GOLTZ S. M.
Published: March 2010

Net photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration were determined on heads and flag leaves of two isogenic lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) by measuring the difference in CO2 and water-vapor concentrations between the incoming and outgoing air streams of an open cuvette system. Net photosynthetic rates (mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1) of the awnless, awned, and awned-clipped heads were not significantly different, but the amount of photosynthesis (mg CO2 hr−1) per head was greater for the awned than for the awnless isogenic line. Net photosynthetic rates of the heads were 20–26% of the net photosynthetic rates of the flag leaves. Respiration rates were nearly two times greater for the awnless and awn-clipped heads than for the awned head. Respiration rates of the heads were 1.7 and 3.0 times greater than the respiration rates of the flag leaves of the awned and awnless isogenics, respectively. Transpiration per head was 34 and 43% of the transpiration per flag leaf for awnless and awned isogenics, respectively. Comparing P/T ratios showed that the awnless isogenic head had a 20% greater water-use efficiency than the awned. This study not only confirmed the work of others, by associating awnedness with increased wheat yield, but also showed how the chlorophyll-containing area of the head is related to photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration.
FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH RAPE ROOT ROT IN ALBERTA
Authors: BERKENKAMP B. , VAARTNOU H.
Published: March 2010

Fungi were isolated and identified from diseased roots of rape (Brassica campestris L.), from several areas in Alberta. Rhizoctonia solani was the most prevalent fungus, followed by several cultivars of Fusarium roseum. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a common pathogen of rapeseed, was infrequently found. Some of the isolates were tested for pathogenicity on seedlings. Rhizoctonia was the most pathogenic followed by Alternaria alternata and isolates of Fusarium. A single causal agent could not be specified.
ANTHOCYANINS IN THE PERICARP AND COLEOPTILES OF PURPLE-SEEDED RYE
Authors: DEDIO W. , HILL R. D. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

The major anthocyanins in the pericarp of purple-seeded rye (Secale cereale) cultivars were found to be cyanidin 3-glucosides, peonidin 3-glucosides, and acylated forms of these glycosides. Trace amounts of cyanidin 3-rutinoside, peonidin 3-rutinoside, and the corresponding acylated derivatives were detected. The ratio of the aglycones varied between cultivars. Similar differences were found in the proportion of the acylated forms. Only cyanidin 3-rutinoside was present in the coleoptiles, whereas the first leaves contained only cyanidin 3-glucoside.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SOURCES AND ORGANIC MATTER ON NITROGEN FIXATION AND YIELD OF SOYBEANS
Authors: JOHNSON H. S. , HUME D. J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of two sources of nitrogen and ground corn cobs, applied either alone or in combination, on nitrogen fixation and seed yield of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cult Altona were investigated in an area where control plants fixed only 7.5 kg N2/ha. Treatments were: N, 280 kg N/ha as NH4NO3; organic matter (O.M.), 14 T (dry wt)/ha of ground corn cobs as an organic matter source; N + O.M.; M1; 88 T/ha of liquid cattle manure; M1 + O.M.; M2, 176 T/ha of liquid cattle manure; M2 + O.M.; and C, control. Treatment effects on nitrogen fixation, measured as acetylene reduction rates, and seed yield were related to the levels of available N supplied to the plants. Nitrogen fixation was progressively increased by treatments M1, M2 + O.M., M1 + O.M., and O.M., with the latter two fixing seven times as much nitrogen as the control. Final seed yield, however, was increased by treatments supplying the highest levels of inorganic nitrogen to plants, with N and N + O.M. producing higher yields than the control plots.
EVALUATING THE SELECTION POTENTIAL OF CROSSES OF BARLEY
Authors: ST.-PIERRE CLAUDE A. , JENSEN NEAL F.
Published: March 2010

Selection indications given by five statistics were tested by comparing F3 progenies of the 15 one-way crosses of a six-parent diallel in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Cross mean in F2 and a regression coefficient were considered indicators of cross selection potential. Heritability estimates, additive and nonadditive gene effects were considered indicators of plant selection potential. Different selection advances in F3 suggest that these statistics could improve early generation cross and plant selection decisions.
WATER UPTAKE OF ROSE ACHENES
Authors: SVEJDA FELICITAS
Published: March 2010

Rose (Rosa rugosa Thunberg) achenes are water permeable. This was shown by the weight increases after immersion into a phosphate buffer. The imbibition curves were typical but, contrary to most imbibing seeds that swell, rose achenes do not increase in size. The water uptake of seeds of intact achenes is impeded. A comparison of intact achenes with achenes that were cut in half showed that the weight increase of cut achenes after immersion in the buffer was significantly higher (P < 0.01) and also that the penetration of stain into the embryos of cut achenes was significantly increased (P < 0.01) after immersion into a 1% eosin solution. The restricted water penetration into seeds of intact achenes is believed to be due to a reduction of the imbibition pressure, caused by an increased wall pressure.