bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Bacterial Infection and Liver Cirrhosis: Current Status and Treatment
Authors: Zhao Yingying , Yang Song , Xing Huichun
Published: December 2023

Liver cirrhosis has a higher incidence rate and mortality when complicated with bacterial infections. Concomitant bacterial infections, especially bacterial pneumonia, increase the susceptibility of cirrhotic patients to decompensation, with a higher likelihood of mortality. Bacterial pneumonia is often overlooked in patients with liver cirrhosis although it can impact the clinical progress and outcomes. Untimely diagnosis and inappropriate antibiotic treatments are associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. Current understanding of mechanisms and appropriate antibiotic treatments for cirrhosis-related bacterial pneumonia remain inadequate. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatment of pulmonary bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients to provide suggestions for clinical practice.
Detection of Lung Cancer Cases in Chest CT Scans Utilizing Artificial Intelligence: A Retrospective Analysis of Data During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Zukov R.A , Safontsev I.P. , Klimenok M.P , Zabrodskaya T.E. , Merkulova N.A. , Chernina V.Yu , Belyaev M.G. , Goncharov M.Yu , Omelyanovsky V.V. , Ulyanova K.A. , Soboleva E.A. , Donskova M.A , Blokhina M.E. , Nalivkina E.A , Gombolevskiy V.A
Published: December 2023

Purpose

To evaluate the potential of using artificial intelligence (AI) focused pulmonary nodule search on chest CT data obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify lung cancer (LC) patients.

Methods

A multicenter, retrospective study in the Krasnoyarsk region, Russia analyzed CTs of COVID-19 patients using the automated algorithm, Chest-IRA by IRA Labs. Pulmonary nodules larger than 100 mm³ were identified by the AI and assessed by four radiologists, who categorized them into three groups: “high probability of LC”, “insufficiently convincing evidence of LC”, “without evidence of LC”. Patients with findings were analyzed by radiologists, checked with the state cancer registry and electronic medical records. Patients with confirmed findings that were not available in the cancer registry were invited for chest CT and verification was performed according to the decision of the medical consilium. The study also estimated the economic impact of the AI by considering labor costs and savings on treatment for patients in the early stages compared to late stages, taking into account the saved life years and their potential contribution to the gross regional product.

Results

An AI identified lung nodules in 484 out of 10,500 chest CTs. Of the 484, 355 could be evaluated, the remaining 129 had de-anonymization problems and were excluded. Of the 355, 252 cases having high and intermediate probabilities of LC, 103 were found to be false positives. From 252 was 100 histologically verified LC cases, 35 were in stages I-II and 65 were in stages III-IV. 2 lung cancers were diagnosed for the first time. Using AI instead of CT review by radiologists will save 2.43 million rubles (23,786 EUR/ 26690 USD/ 196,536 CNY) in direct salary, with expected savings to the regional budget of 8.22 million rubles (80,463 EUR/ 90,466 USD/ 666,162 CNY). The financial equivalent of the life years saved was 173.25 million rubles (1,695,892 EUR/ 1905750 USD/ 14,033,250 CNY). The total effect over five years is estimated at 183.9 million rubles (1,800,142 EUR/ 2,022,907 USD/ 14,895,949 CNY).

Conclusion

Using AI to evaluate large volumes of chest CTs done for reasons unrelated to lung cancer screening may facilitate early and cost-effective detection of incidental pulmonary nodules that might otherwise be missed.
Genome-wide analysis of brain age identifies 25 associated loci and unveils relationships with mental and physical health
Authors: Jawinski Philippe , Forstbach Helena , Kirsten Holger , Beyer Frauke , Villringer Arno , Witte A. Veronica , Scholz Markus , Ripke Stephan , Markett Sebastian
Published: December 2023

Neuroimaging and machine learning are opening up new opportunities in studying biological aging mechanisms. In this field, ‘brain age gap’ has emerged as promising MRI-based biomarker quantifying the deviation between an individual’s biological and chronological age of the brain – an indicator of accelerated/decelerated aging. Here, we investigated the genetic architecture of brain age gap and its relationships with over 1,000 health traits. Genome-wide analyses in 32,634 UK Biobank individuals unveiled a 30% SNP-based heritability and highlighted 25 associated loci. Of these, 23 showed sign-consistency and 16 replicated in another 7,259 individuals. The leading locus encompassesMAPT, encoding the tau protein central to Alzheimer’s disease. Genetic correlations revealed relationships with various mental health (depression), physical health (diabetes), and socioeconomic variables (education). Mendelian Randomization indicated a causal role of enhanced blood pressure on accelerated brain aging. This work refines our understanding of genetically modulated brain aging and its implications for human health.
A Scoping Review of Deaf Awareness Programs in Health Professional Education
Authors: Terry Julia , Meara Rhian
Published: December 2023

Deaf awareness aims to promote understanding about Deaf and hard of hearing people, with the goal of reducing barriers between Deaf and hearing populations; and is particularly pertinent for health professional students as they need to learn to communicate effectively with a range of population groups. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of literature examining Deaf awareness programs provided to health professional students during their initial training. We searched four medical and public health databases and registers using terms related to Deaf awareness. We used the PRISMA-ScR reporting standards checklist for scoping reviews. We identified 10,198 citations, with 15 studies included in the final review. Searches were performed during August to September 2022, and April 2023. Studies were included provided they examined Deaf awareness content or programs within health professional education. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers who screened all abstracts using Rayyan software, followed by discussion to achieve knowledge synthesis and agreement. In all, a total of 15 articles from six countries were identified across health professional student disciplines including pharmacy, nursing, audiology, inter-professional and medical programs. The review found sparse evidence of research into Deaf awareness programs delivered to health professional students, with delivery often solely to small groups of students, indicating why so few students can access information about how to communicate effectively with Deaf and hard of hearing patients during their initial training programs. This scoping reviewed showed evidence of promising benefits for health professional students undertaking Deaf and hard of hearing awareness programs during their undergraduate education. The importance of communicating with Deaf and hard of hearing patients and attaining Deaf cultural competencies for health professional students should be investigated in future research.
Neuroimaging markers of patient-reported outcome measures in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Oliveira Lara C. , Bonkhoff Anna K. , Regenhardt Robert W. , Alhadid Kenda , Tuozzo Carissa , Etherton Mark R. , Rost Natalia S. , Schirmer Markus D.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To determine the relationship between patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and volumetric imaging markers in acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Patients and Methods

Patients presenting at Massachusetts General Hospital between February 14, 2017 and February 5, 2020 with a confirmed AIS by MRI were eligible and underwent a telephone interview including PROM-10 questionnaires 3-15 months after stroke. White matter hyperintensity (VWMH) and brain volumes (VBrain) were automatically determined using admission clinical MRI. Stroke lesions were manually segmented and volumes calculated (VLesion). Multivariable and ordinal regression analyses were performed to identify associations between global and PROM-10 subscores with brain volumetrics and clinical variables.

Results

Utilizing data from 167 patients (mean age: 64.7; 41.9% female), higher VWMHwas associated with worse global physical (β=-0.6), global mental (β=-0.65), physical health (OR=0.68), social satisfaction (OR=0.66), fatigue (OR=0.69) and social activities (OR=0.59) scores. Higher VLesionwas associated with poorer global mental (β=-0.79), mental health (OR=0.68), physical (OR=0.66) and social activities (OR=0.55), and emotional distress (OR=0.68) scores. Higher VBrainwas linked to better global mental (β=0.93), global physical (β=0.79), mental health (OR=1.54) and physical activities (OR=1.72) scores.

Conclusions

Neuroimaging biomarkers were significantly associated with PROMs, where higher VWMHand VLesionled to worse outcome, while higher VBrainwas protective. The inclusion of neuroimaging analyses and PROMs in routine assessment provides enhanced understanding of post-stroke outcomes.
Projected health and economic effects of nonavalent versus bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination in preadolescence in the Netherlands
Authors: Sollie Birgit , Berkhof Johannes , Bogaards Johannes A.
Published: December 2023

Background

Most European countries offer human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination through organized immunisation programmes, but the choice of vaccine varies. We compared the expected health and economic effects of the currently used bivalent vaccine, targeting HPV-16/18, and the nonavalent vaccine, targeting seven additional genotypes, for the Netherlands.

Methods

We estimated the incremental impact of nonavalent versus bivalent vaccination in a cohort of 100,000 girls and 100,000 boys offered vaccination at age 10, by projecting type-specific infection risk reductions onto expected number of cervical screening outcomes, HPV-related cancers, and treatments for anogenital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). In the base-case, we assumed two-dose vaccination with 60% uptake, lifelong partial cross-protection against HPV-31/33/45 for the bivalent vaccine and EUR 25 extra costs per dose for the nonavalent vaccine. Cost-effectiveness was assessed by comparing the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per life-year gained (LYG) with the Dutch threshold of EUR 20,000/LYG.

Findings

Compared with bivalent vaccination, nonavalent vaccination prevents an additional 1320 high-grade cervical lesions, 70 cancers, 34,000 anogenital warts episodes and 30 RRPs; and generates EUR 4·0 million discounted savings from fewer treatments. The ICER is EUR 6192 (95% credible interval: 4166; 7916)/LYG in the base-case, but exceeds the cost-effectiveness threshold when cross-protection for the bivalent vaccine extends to non-31/33/45 genotypes or when vaccine efficacy wanes past age 20 with either vaccine.

Interpretation

Sex-neutral vaccination with the nonavalent vaccine is likely to be cost-effective. Long-term monitoring of type-specific vaccine effectiveness is essential because of the impact of cross-protection and waning efficacy on cost-effectiveness.
Geometric Quantification of Cell Phenotype Transition Manifolds with Information Geometry
Authors: Huang Miao , Ying Junda , Wang Yuxuan , Zhou Haijun , Zhang Lei , Wang Weikang
Published: December 2023

Cell phenotype transition (CPT) plays a pivotal role in various biological processes like development. Recent advancements in single-cell sequencing techniques have uncovered that cell transition dynamics during development are confined on low-dimensional manifolds. However, existing methods are inadequate for directly quantifying the manifolds from experimental data. Here we present SCIM (single cell information manifolds), a novel geometry-guided method to quantify the CPT manifolds using information geometry. In particular, we convert single cells’ high-dimensional gene vectors into probability distributions via Gaussian embedding. The Fisher metric is naturally defined in this embedding space. With the transformed Gaussian distributions, we calculate the coarse Ricci curvature of each single cell. Our analyses reveal that the cells with low curvature are associated with critical transitions. To further examine the invariant characteristics of the manifolds of CPT, we compute the information velocity of each single cell based on RNA velocity. Remarkably, the regions with high information velocity correspond with the low curvature regions, indicating that the geometry can guide the dynamics of single cells on the manifolds. The proposed method not only unveils the invariant characteristics of the CPT manifolds, but also establishes a generic approach for quantifying the intricate dynamics on the CPT manifolds.
Molecular identification of wide-field amacrine cells in mouse retina that encode stimulus orientation
Authors: Park Silvia J. , Lei Wanyu , Pisano John , Orpia Andrea , Minehart Jacqueline , Pottackal Joseph , Hanke-Gogokhia Christin , Zapadka Thomas E. , Clarkson-Paredes Cheryl , Popratiloff Anastas , Ross Sarah E. , Singer Joshua H. , Demb Jonathan B.
Published: December 2023

Visual information processing is sculpted by a diverse group of inhibitory interneurons in the retina called amacrine cells. Yet, for most of the >60 amacrine cell types, molecular identities and specialized functional attributes remain elusive. Here, we developed an intersectional genetic strategy to target a group of wide-field amacrine cells (WACs) in mouse retina that co-express the transcription factor Bhlhe22 and the Kappa Opioid Receptor (KOR; B/K WACs). B/K WACs feature straight, unbranched dendrites spanning over 0.5 mm (∼15° visual angle) and produce non-spiking responses to either light increments or decrements. Two-photon dendritic population imaging reveals Ca2+signals tuned to the physical orientations of B/K WAC dendrites, signifying a robust structure-function alignment. B/K WACs establish divergent connections with multiple retinal neurons, including unexpected connections with non-orientation-tuned ganglion cells and bipolar cells. Our work sets the stage for future comprehensive investigations of the most enigmatic group of retinal neurons: WACs.
MetDecode: methylation-based deconvolution of cell-free DNA for non-invasive multi-cancer typing
Authors: Sudhakaran Dhanya , Tuveri Stefania , Passemiers Antoine , Jatsenko Tatjana , Laga Tina , Punie Kevin , Tejpar Sabine , Coosemans An , Nieuwenhuysen Els Van , Timmerman Dirk , Floris Giuseppe , Rompuy Anne-Sophie Van , Sagaert Xavier , Testa Antonia , Ficherova Daniela , Raimondi Daniele , Amant Frederic , Lenaerts Liesbeth , Moreau Yves , Vermeesch Joris R.
Published: December 2023

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) mediated early cancer detection is based on detecting alterations in the cfDNA components. However, the underlying pathology can usually not be readily identified. We built a reference atlas based on the methylome of multiple cancer and blood-cell types and developed MetDecode, an epigenetic signature-based deconvolution algorithm. MetDecode accurately estimates the tumour proportion inin-silicomixtures and identifies the tissue of origin in 81.25% cfDNA samples from cancer patients. This method will complement cancer screening programs and guide clinical follow-up.
Bidirectional Modulation Of Synaptic Transmission By Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
Authors: Noriega-Prieto José Antonio , Maglio Laura Eva , Dávila José Carlos , Gutiérrez Antonia , Alemán Ignacio Torres , de Sevilla David Fernández
Published: December 2023

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plays a key role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity, and is an essential factor in learning and memory processes. Indeed, we have demonstrated that IGF-IR activation induces long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission (LTPIGF-I) both in the barrel cortex, improving object recognition (Noriega-Prieto et al., 2021), and in the prefrontal cortex, facilitating the extinction of conditioned fear (Maglio et al., 2021). However, during aging, IGF-I levels are decreased, and the effect of this decrease in the induction of synaptic plasticity remains unknown. Here we show that the induction of NMDAR-dependent LTP at layer 2/3 PNs of the mouse barrel cortex is favored or prevented by IGF-I (10nM) or IGF-I (7nM), respectively, when IGF-I is applied 1 hour before the induction of Hebbian LTP. Analyzing the cellular basis of this bidirectional control of synaptic plasticity, we observed that while 10nM IGF-I generates LTP (LTPIGF-I) of the post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) by inducing LTD of the inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs), 7nM IGF-I generates LTD of the PSPs (LTDIGF-I) by inducing LTD of the excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs). This bidirectional effect of IGF-I is supported by the observation of IGF-IR immunoreactivity at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Therefore, IGF-I controls the induction of Hebbian NMDAR-dependent plasticity depending on its concentration, revealing novel cellular mechanisms of IGF-I on synaptic plasticity and in the learning and memory machinery of the brain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signalling plays key regulatory roles in multiple processes of brain physiology, such as learning and memory, and brain pathology, such as Alzheimer disease. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Here we demonstrate that IGF-I signalling triggers long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission at cortical synapses in a concentration dependent manner, thus regulating the induction of Hebbian synaptic plasticity. The present work represents an important conceptual advance in our knowledge of the cellular basis of IGF-I signalling in brain function.
The puzzling association between accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility
Authors: Daryaei Abbas Ali , Fattahi Yasin , Aldbs Ali
Published: December 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on exploring the mutual impact of accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility (CSR).

Design/methodology/approach

To empirically assess the theoretical arguments the authors estimate a simultaneous equations system for accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility determination by two-stage least squares in a sample of 175 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period 2009–2019.

Findings

The results of the present study showed that accountability in companies listed on the TSE has led to an increase in the use of conservative practices. Therefore arguably, companies that seek CSR activities are more conservative in preparing and presenting financial reports. Also, companies that engage in conservative practices for the benefit of stakeholders are better able to implement CSR activities to meet stakeholder obligations. These results show a two-way relationship between CSR and accounting conservatism.

Practical implications

According to the results obtained from this study and the elimination of conservatism from the qualitative features of financial reporting in International Accounting Standards, it is recommended for the trustees and authorities of national accounting standards to decide whether this qualitative feature is effective or not.

Originality/value

Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of corporate social responsibility theories calls for more inquiry.
Authenticity, health concern and sustainable intelligence in the farm restaurant context: applying extended theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Girish V.G. , Saha Anindita , Immanuel R. Rex , Kim Bona
Published: December 2023

Purpose

The study aims to analyse the structural relationships of authenticity, health concern and sustainable intelligence in the farm restaurant context. Different types of restaurants have been targeted to understand consumer behaviour; however, the behavioural intention of visitors dining at the farm restaurants was rarely explored.

Design/methodology/approach

With the backdrop of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this study highlights the understanding, particularly on personal values associated with the behavioural intention of consumers visiting the farm restaurant. Data were collected, circulating questionnaires onsite and online at a farm restaurant. Structural equation modelling was employed to analyse the data.

Findings

Study findings reveal that personal values such as authenticity, health concern and sustainable intelligence positively influence the mediating constructs of TPB towards behavioural intention to revisit the farm restaurant.

Originality/value

This research might be the first one, exclusively focused on understanding the behavioural intention of the consumers visiting the farm restaurant, based on their personal values. This study specifically enriches the farm restaurant literature from the academic perspective and offers insights to farm restaurant owners and managers about the priorities of the consumers visiting the farm restaurant.
Proactive personality and turnover intentions of nurses: the roles of professional recognition and their supervisor’s proactive personality
Authors: Kim Mijeong , Oh Jinuk
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Given that the relationship between proactive personality and turnover intention is not straightforward in the literature, the authors address two research questions focusing on the nursing profession: does proactive personality negatively influence nurses' turnover intention by alleviating their lack of professional recognition? And does a supervisor’s proactive personality act as a boundary condition for the mediating effects of the lack of professional recognition in the link between proactive personality and turnover intentions?

Design/methodology/approach

A moderated mediation model linking proactive personality and turnover intentions was developed and tested on a sample of 579 nurses in 88 work units in general hospitals in South Korea.

Findings

The results of multilevel path analysis reveal that proactive personality has a negative indirect relationship with turnover intention via lack of professional recognition. Additionally, the indirect relationship is strengthened when the supervisor’s proactive personality is low.

Originality/value

These findings provide valuable empirical evidence on the inconclusive relationship between proactive personality and turnover intention by highlighting the role of proactive personality in attenuating the influence of negative occupational factors. Moreover, proactive personality as a boundary condition for the aforementioned relationship was empirically examined.
Accounting conservatism, timeliness and interactions in the Scandinavian stock markets
Authors: Kyriakou Maria I. , Koulakiotis Athanasios , Babalos Vassilios
Published: December 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine within a unified framework the timeliness and conservatism of accounting disclosure accommodating the transmission of news among the Scandinavian stock markets.

Design/methodology/approach

To this end the authors have used an augmented ordinary least squares (OLS) approach and univariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic and vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling. The sample covers the period from 1987 to 2020, totaling 1452 observations. The sample was collected from the datastream database.

Findings

The empirical results of this study are consistent with previous findings and provide evidence that accounting reporting is timely and conservative while news is transmitted amongst the Scandinavian stock markets.

Practical implications

The findings could be important for investors, firms and regulators since failure of considering information that is derived from more advanced approaches could result in lower quality of annual reports of companies.

Originality/value

The authors examined the relationship between earnings yield and conditional risk using an augmented OLS model and the transmission of news among Scandinavian stock markets using a VAR model.
Key terms and topics of muscle-supportive and posture-corrective wearable robots for older adults using text mining and semantic network analyses
Authors: Tang Wujun , Chung Jiwon , Koo Sumin
Published: December 2023

Purpose

This study aims to conduct text mining and semantic network analysis of muscle-supportive and posture-corrective wearable robots for the elderly to understand key terms related to the topic and to identify considerations for developing these types of clothing.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors searched and identified the key terms wearable robot, muscle-supportive, posture correction and elderly using the text-mining software Textom to extract terms as well as the network analysis software UCINET 6 to process and visualize the relationships among the terms. The authors compared and analyzed the term frequency (TF), the TF-inverse document frequency and the degree centrality of the terms, and the authors visualized and summarized the terms using NetDraw.

Findings

The key terms and their relationships in 3–4 groups were identified: wearable robot, muscle-supportive, posture correction and elderly. The authors identified the aspects of designing muscle-supportive and posture-corrective wearable robots for the elderly.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the field of muscle-supportive clothing and wearable robotics by deriving insights into what people are discussing and interested in, and by offering recommendations when developing these types of clothing for the elderly.
Evolutionary divergence of developmental plasticity and learning of mating tactics in Trinidadian guppies
Authors: Yang Yusan , Axelrod Caleb J. , Grant Elly , Earl Shayna R. , Urquhart Ellen M. , Talbert Katie , Johnson Lauren E. , Walker Zakiya , Hsiao Kyle , Stone Isabel , Carlson Bruce A. , López‐Sepulcre Andrés , Gordon Swanne P.
Published: December 2023

Behavioural plasticity is a major driver in the early stages of adaptation, but its effects in mediating evolution remain elusive because behavioural plasticity itself can evolve.

In this study, we investigated how male Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) adapted to different predation regimes diverged in behavioural plasticity of their mating tactic. We reared F2 juveniles of high‐ or low‐predation population origins with different combinations of social and predator cues and assayed their mating behaviour upon sexual maturity.

High‐predation males learned their mating tactic from conspecific adults as juveniles, while low‐predation males did not. High‐predation males increased courtship when exposed to chemical predator cues during development; low‐predation males decreased courtship in response to immediate chemical predator cues, but only when they were not exposed to such cues during development.

Behavioural changes induced by predator cues were associated with developmental plasticity in brain morphology, but changes acquired through social learning were not.

We thus show that guppy populations diverged in their response to social and ecological cues during development, and correlational evidence suggests that different cues can shape the same behaviour via different neural mechanisms. Our study demonstrates that behavioural plasticity, both environmentally induced and socially learnt, evolves rapidly and shapes adaptation when organisms colonize ecologically divergent habitats.
Simulations in human‐AI crisis management systems
Authors: Karinshak Elise
Published: December 2023

Generative artificial intelligence (AI), applied to power simulation technologies, offers profound opportunities to supplement practitioner workflows in crisis management, conceptualized by Coombs as the prevention, preparation, response, and revision phases. Synthesizing insights from crisis management and computer science, I envision how such tools could aid crisis practitioners in decision‐making and communication, augmenting processes for the identification of organizational risks and the iteration of communication strategies and content. I then discuss opportunities, risks, and critical outstanding questions and ethical considerations given current and foreseeable instantiations of AI in driving simulation tools for crisis management.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor ameliorates senescent changes of renal interstitial pericytes in aging kidney
Authors: Kim Hyung Duk , Kim Eun Nim , Lim Ji Hee , Kim Yaeni , Ban Tae Hyun , Lee Hajeong , Kim Yon Su , Park Cheol Whee , Choi Bum Soon
Published: December 2023

Pericytes are mesenchymal cells that surround endothelial cells, playing a crucial role in angiogenesis and vessel maturation. Additionally, they are associated with interstitial fibrosis as a major contributor to renal myofibroblasts. In this study, we aim to investigate whether the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, pentoxifylline (PTX), can ameliorate aging‐related functional and histological deterioration in the kidney. We subjected aging C57BL/6 mice, dividing into young, aging, and PTX‐treated aging groups. Renal function, albuminuria, and histological changes were assessed. Interstitial pericytes were assessed by immunohistochemistry analysis. We examined changes in pericytes in elderly patients using human kidney tissue obtained from healthy kidney donors for kidney transplantation. In vitro experiments with human pericytes and endothelial cells were performed. Aging mice exhibited declined renal function, increased albuminuria, and aging‐related histological changes including mesangial expansion and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Notably, number of pericytes declined in aging kidneys, and myofibroblasts increased. PTX treatment ameliorated albuminuria, histological alterations, and microvascular rarefaction, as well as modulated angiopoietin expression. In vitro experiments showed PTX reduced cellular senescence and inflammation. Human kidney analysis confirmed similar pericyte changes in aging kidneys. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, PTX preserved microvascular density and improved renal interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in aging mice kidneys. These protective effects were suggested to be associated with the amelioration of pericytes reduction and the transition to myofibroblasts. Additionally, the upregulation of angiopoietin‐1 expression may exert potential impacts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the changes in renal interstitial pericytes in aging human kidneys.
Does Ficus species fruit mastication and ingestion by Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bats enhance seed germination and seedling emergence?
Authors: Raji Islamiat Abidemi , Downs Colleen Thelma
Published: December 2023

Seed passage through frugivorous bats' gastrointestinal tracts is important in seed dispersal, germination and seedling emergence. We investigated the ingestion and effects of Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bats, Epomophorus wahlbergi, on the germination and seedling emergence of four Ficus species in separate laboratory feeding trials in KwaZulu‐Natal Province, South Africa. We observed seedling emergence and germination rates for all ingested seeds, whole and de‐pulped fruits. Our results showed that ingestion amounts were high and the germination of Ficus seeds was positively influenced by mastication and/or gut passage of E. wahlbergi, underscoring the potential of fruit bats as effective seed dispersers.
Somatic symptom severity, depression and anxiety associations with pancreatitis and undifferentiated abdominal pain in surgical inpatients
Authors: Stieler Melissa , Carter Gregory , Spittal Matthew J. , Campbell Cassidy , Pockney Peter
Published: December 2023

Background

Somatic Symptom Disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes the experience of physical symptoms and associated distress, that is disproportionate to recognized organic pathology. Somatic symptom severity (SSS) may be associated with some surgical diagnoses; particularly the complex pain associated with pancreatitis, or the diagnostic ambiguity of undifferentiated abdominal pain (UAP). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of SSS in different diagnostic groups in surgical inpatients with abdominal pain; and to estimate the magnitude and direction of any association of SSS, anxiety and depression.

Methods

Cross sectional analysis (n = 465) of adult admissions with non‐traumatic abdominal pain, at a tertiary hospital in Australia. We estimated SSS with the Patient Health Questionnaire‐15 (PHQ‐15), depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) and anxiety with the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD‐7), at standard cut‐points ≥ 10; comparing acute pancreatitis (n = 20), chronic pancreatitis (n = 18) and UAP (n = 64) versus other causes of abdominal pain.

Results

Somatic symptoms were common, 52% having moderate and 19.6% severe SSS. There was an association between moderate SSS and pancreatitis (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.05–4.25) and depressive symptoms and chronic pancreatitis (OR = 3.47, 95% CI 1.31–9.24). There was no significant association between the four mental health categories and UAP.

Conclusions

SSS and psychological comorbidity were common in a surgical inpatients admitted for abdominal pain and equally represented across most diagnostic sub‐groups. However, the pancreatitis sub‐group had greater proportions with clinically significant SSS and depression, suggesting that they have a higher requirement for psychological assessment and intervention.
Circumferential resection margin positivity due to direct or indirect tumour involvement in rectal cancer – a call for better stratification
Authors: Sadien Iannish D. , Ari Kaso , Fernandes Megan , Paddock Sophie , Sington James , Kapur Sandeep , Hernon James , Stearns Adam T. , Shaikh Irshad A.
Published: December 2023

Background

A positive circumferential resection margin (CRM) after rectal cancer surgery, which can be the result of direct or indirect tumour involvement, has consistently been associated with increased local recurrence and poorer survival. However, little is known of the differential impact of the mode of tumour involvement on outcomes.

Methods

1460 consecutive patients undergoing rectal cancer resection between 2003 and 2018 were retrospectively assessed. Histopathology reports for patients with a positive CRM were reviewed to determine cases of direct (R1‐tumour) or indirect tumour involvement (R1‐other). Disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis. The role of the mode of CRM positivity was examined by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Eighty‐five patients had an R1 resection due to CRM involvement (5.8%). Of those, 69 were due to direct tumour involvement, while 16 were from indirect causes. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that R1‐other was associated with increased OS (hazard ratio 0.40, log‐rank P = 0.006) and DFS (P = 0.043). Multivariate regression confirmed that the mode of CRM positivity was an independent predictor of OS. More interestingly, the patterns of recurrence were different between the two groups, with R1‐tumour leading to significantly more local recurrence (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Our data strongly suggests that direct tumour involvement of the CRM confers worse prognosis after rectal cancer surgery. Importantly, differences in the site and frequency of recurrences make a case for better stratification of patients with a positive CRM to guide treatment decisions.
Effects of a self‐affirmation intervention among Chinese adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A large‐scale randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yan Wei , Wang Yuling , Jiang Zhongxin , Peng Kaiping , Cohen Geoffrey
Published: December 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic, characterized by its highly contagious nature and devastating death toll, posed a dual threat to both physical and psychological well‐being. As a potential intervention to alleviate the psychological impact, values‐affirmation involves individuals engaging in the activity of writing about their core values. While its effectiveness in non‐WEIRD (i.e. Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) populations, notably among Chinese adults, has been confirmed, it remains largely unexplored whether the intervention can promote mental health in Chinese adolescents, especially in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The purpose of this study thus is to provide the first empirical evaluation of this intervention in promoting well‐being and alleviating psychological distress among Chinese adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A total of 2,234 students from 112 secondary schools in China were randomly assigned to an affirmation or control condition. The study found that self‐affirmation intervention improved students' life satisfaction, mental health, and self‐esteem, as well as buffered a decline of their purpose in life; however, no effects were found for clinical measures of depression, anxiety, and loneliness. The results suggest that self‐affirmation interventions, while having limited effects on clinically relevant outcomes, can be an effective approach to boost well‐being in adolescents during a major crisis, including in a more historically collectivist culture. Implications for self‐affirmation theory and cultural psychology, as well as avenues for future research, are discussed.
B‐cell responses to ITP treatments
Authors: Crickx Etienne , Mahévas Matthieu
Published: December 2023

Deficiency in regulatory B cells has been suggested in immune thrombocytopenia. In this study, Stimpson et al. emphasize the importance of considering the treatments received for immunological analyses.

Commentary on: Stimpson et al. Systemic immunosuppression depletes peripheral blood regulatory B cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2024;204:644‐648.
Strategies to increase fathers' engagement in child protection investigations due to domestic partner abuse in Sweden
Authors: Grönte Maria , Mattsson Tina , Plantin Lars
Published: December 2023

Social workers often fail to engage fathers in child protection investigations (CPIs), especially when they involve domestic abuse (DA) by fathers. The aim of this study is to examine the strategies used by social workers to achieve cooperation with fathers in CPIs that involve the father being suspected of DA against the child's mother. With the use of qualitative methods, we conducted 31 semi‐structured interviews with 15 social workers during their work on 12 CPI cases. Through thematic analysis, two main strategies for achieving cooperation were created: (1) Securing an Initial Bond, which involved reducing the tension in CPI proceedings and affirming the father; (2) Maintaining the Bond while addressing the father's abusive behaviour, which involved negotiating with fathers about the DA and helping them shift their perspective on how their behaviour has impacted the victims. This analysis is rooted in the framework of shame, guilt and social bonds. However, there is a risk that these strategies may lead to the DA being minimized or overlooked. Striking a balance between building a bond and addressing abuse is crucial, and the timing of addressing DA plays a central role.
Recovery of cirl bunting, Emberiza cirlus, song diversity after translocation
Authors: Collins Sarah A. , Croft Stuart , Jeffs Cath , Brown Sophie , de Kort Selvino R.
Published: December 2023

In order to improve conservation outcomes translocation or reintroduction of individuals may be necessary. When song learning birds are translocated, changes in the cultural diversity of song repertoires, or abnormal vocalizations, in the new population can be a problem. We monitored song production over 8 years in a reintroduced population of the cirl bunting (Emberiza cirlus). Chicks were removed from nests in Devon, UK, between 2006 and 2011, translocated at 6 days old to be hand‐reared and released in Cornwall, UK. Recordings at the release site in 2011 showed a significantly reduced population repertoire and individuals sang abnormal song types compared to the source populations in Devon. However, recordings in 2019, showed population song repertoire had reached the level of source populations of similar size, and song types were species typical. Our study shows that species can recover from a cultural bottleneck and suggests that, for some song learning birds, if translocation of nestlings is necessary it may not lead to long‐term problems for communication and thus population persistence. For future translocations of nestlings, we recommend that efforts are made to provide tutoring to enable song learning. This may be achieved by providing recordings, but may also include providing adult song tutors. In addition, playback of “normal” songs to translocated populations may aid in development of species typical song repertoires, although care must be taken that this is not disturbing the reintroduced birds.
The role of scoliosis on the comorbidity and demographics of neurofibromatosis type 1 patients: A retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample database
Authors: Kodali Nilesh , Kumar Keshav D. , Schwartz Robert A.
Published: December 2023

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common neurocutaneous syndrome in the United States, affecting every 1 in 3000 individuals. NF1 occurs due to non‐functional mutations in the NF1 gene, which expresses neurofibromin, a protein involved in tumour suppression. As a result, NF1 typically presents with non‐cancerous neoplasm masses called neurofibromas across the body. Out of all NF1 abnormalities, the most common skeletal abnormality seen in around 10%–30% of NF1 patients is scoliosis, an improver curvature of the spine. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of scoliosis on demographics and morbidities of NF1 patients. We performed a national analysis to investigate the complex relationship between NF1 and scoliosis on patients' demographics and comorbidities. We conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of the 2017 US National Inpatient Sample database using univariable Chi‐square analysis and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis to determine the interplay of NF1 and scoliosis on patients' demographics and comorbidities. Our query resulted in 4635 total NF1 patients, of which 475 (10.25%) had scoliosis and 4160 (89.75%) did not. Demographic analysis showed that NF1 patients with scoliosis were typically younger, female and white compared to NF1 patients without scoliosis. Comorbidity analysis showed that NF1 patients with scoliosis were more likely to develop malignant brain neoplasms, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, pigmentation disorders, hypothyroidism, diabetes with chronic complications and coagulopathy disorders. NF1 patients with scoliosis were less likely to develop congestive heart failure, pulmonary circulation disease, peripheral vascular disease, paralysis, chronic pulmonary disease, lymphoma and psychosis. NF1 patients with scoliosis were predominantly younger, female, white patients. The presence of scoliosis in NF1 patients increases the risks for certain brain neoplasms and disorders but serves a protective effect against some pulmonary and cardiac complications.
Preference, avoidance, motivation and their importance to fish welfare
Authors: Maia Caroline Marques , Saraiva João Luis , Gonçalves‐de‐Freitas Eliane
Published: December 2023

Several studies have reported the neurophysiological and behavioural mechanisms that enable fish to experience several types of affective states, such as fear, pain and joy. This is crucial for the welfare feelings‐based approach, as conditions that bring positive or negative valence to fish influence their affective state. A method to understand to what extent fish ‘like’ or ‘dislike’ their surrounding features is by evaluating their consistent choices (preferences) and propensity to reach environmental resources or traits (motivation). In this review, we propose how to assess preference and motivation tests in fish and discuss the limitations and potential biases that may affect such tests. Furthermore, we emphasize that understanding the avoidance responses of fish under a welfare context is a complementary method to improve the quality of life of fish in any type of rearing environment. Although there are other reviews about animal preference and motivation, this is the first one exclusively dedicated to the application of fish welfare.
Predictors for different types of surgical site infection in patients with gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: He Lingjuan , Jiang Zihui , Wang Weiping , Zhang Wei
Published: December 2023

Various factors contribute to different types of surgical site infections (SSI) in gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery, and the risk factors remain uncertain. This meta‐analysis aims to clarify the relationship between various factors and SSI, resolving existing controversies. Thirty‐four eligible articles with 66 066 patients were included in the meta‐analysis. Significant risk factors for SSI included age ≥65 years, male gender, BMI ≥25 kg/m2, diabetes, hypertension, advanced TNM stage ≥III, pathologic T stage ≥T3, pathologic N stage ≥N1, ASA ≥3, open surgery, blood transfusion, extensive resection, combined resection, splenectomy, D2 or more lymph node dissection, and operative time ≥240 min. Operative time showed a nonlinear relationship with SSI risk. Subgroup analysis revealed significant differences in the effects of risk factors among different infection types. These findings inform the development of targeted preventive measures to reduce SSI rates.
Localisation of the centre of the highest region of muscle spindle abundance of anterior forearm muscles
Authors: Zhou Jiayu , Jia Fangfang , Chen Peng , Zhou Guoyan , Wang Meng , Wu Junxi , Yang Shengbo
Published: December 2023

The centre of the highest region of muscle spindle abundance (CHRMSA) in the intramuscular nerve‐dense region has been suggested as the optimal target location for injecting botulinum toxin A to block muscle spasms. The anterior forearm muscles have a high incidence of spasticity. However, the CHRMSA in the intramuscular nerve‐dense region of the forearm anterior muscle group has not been defined. This study aimed to accurately define the body surface position and the depth of CHRMSA in an intramuscular nerve‐dense region of the anterior forearm muscles. Twenty‐four adult cadavers (57.7 ± 11.5 years) were included in this study. The curved line close to the skin connecting the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus was designated as the horizontal reference line (H line), and the line connecting the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the ulnar styloid was defined as the longitudinal reference line (L line). Modified Sihler's staining, haematoxylin–eosin staining and computed tomography scanning were employed to determine the projection points (P and P′) of the CHRMSAs on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the forearm. The positions (PH and PL) of point P projected onto the H and L lines, and the depth of each CHRMSA, were determined using the Syngo system. The PH of the CHRMSA of the ulnar head of pronator teres, humeral head of pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar part of flexor digitorum superficialis, radial part of flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus, ulnar part of flexor digitorum profundus, radial portion of flexor digitorum profundus and pronator quadratus muscles were located at 42.48%, 45.52%, 41.20%, 19.70%, 7.77%, 25.65%, 47.42%, 53.47%, 12.28%, 38.41% and 51.68% of the H line, respectively; the PL were located at 18.38%, 12.54%, 28.83%, 13.43%, 17.65%, 32.76%, 57.32%, 64.12%, 20.05%, 45.94% and 88.71% of the L line, respectively; the puncture depths were located at 21.92%, 27.25%, 23.76%, 18.04%, 15.49%, 31.36%, 26.59%, 41.28%, 38.72%, 45.14% and 53.58% of the PP' line, respectively. The percentage values are the means of individual values. We recommend that the body surface puncture position and depth of the CHRMSA are the preferred locations for the intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A to block anterior forearm muscle spasms.