bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holism, Communion and Conversion: Integrating Media Consumption and Production Research
Authors: Deacon David
Published: November 2003

There has been a growth of interest in ‘holistic’ approaches to the study of media communication over the recent period, in which analyses of media consumption and production have become more closely integrated. In welcoming this trend, this article identifies the basis for this integration and considers the negative consequences of any continued dissociation of production and consumption debates. It is also noted that tensions still remain between perspectives, and the article concludes by considering one of the main contemporary areas of dispute: how the political realm should be conceptualized and, as a consequence, what should be seen to count as political communication. A model is then outlined that seeks to integrate positions that have hitherto been cast as opposed.
At the Crossroads of Ethnicity, Place and Identity: Representations of Northern People and Regions in Finnish News Discourse
Authors: Pietik®ainen Sari , Hujanen Jaana
Published: November 2003

Public representations are part of the construction of identities. In this article, we focus on how news representations of the Finnish North contribute to the construction of identities of northern people and regions. We pay particular attention to two ethnic groups living there, the Sami and the Finns, as well as to the positioning of the North versus the South. In addition to looking at how the northern people and regions are represented in the Finnish national and regional press, we are also interested in examining how news discourse on ethnic and regional issues succeeds in bringing different voices and opinions into dialogue. By relating the questions of identity construction to the news representations and public discussion our goal is to explore how Finnish newspapers realize their potential as a site for public participation with regard to northern identities.
‘Hardly Likely to Make the Japanese Tremble’
Authors: Rosa Peter
Published: November 2003

Little has been published on the types of businesses started by graduates, and on how far they are meeting the needs of the ‘knowledge driven’ economy. This article re-examines and compares data from surveys conducted in the late 1980s on the entrepreneurial career aspirations and destinations of university and college graduates. Recent graduates, when left to their own devices, tend to develop small and unimaginative businesses. The nature of the business started is significantly determined by the nature of the course taken, and is often professionally and traditionally orientated. Although targeted support improves business professionalism and performance, the improvement is relatively small, and well short of the expectations of Government that the graduates from the university sector should be producing a steady stream of high quality wealth-creating businesses.
Strategic Management in Small Retail Businesses
Authors: Spillan John E. , Ziemnowicz Christopher
Published: November 2003

Strategic management is part of every business and constitutes an important path to successful business operations. Managers perceive, understand, and implement strategic management in different ways. A study of Guatemala’s small retail businesses offers an opportunity to examine the decision-making process within a developing nation. This study investigates how managers in forty Guatemalan businesses practice strategic management. Whether the business managers are proactive or reactive in their decisions, they all recognize strategic management as an integral business activity. Two types of businesses, service retail and product retail businesses, are used as the unit of analysis in this research project.
Adapting the Sample Size in Particle Filters Through KLD-Sampling
Authors: Fox Dieter
Published: November 2003

Over the past few years, particle filters have been applied with great success to a variety of state estimation problems. In this paper we present a statistical approach to increasing the efficiency of particle filters by adapting the size of sample sets during the estimation process. The key idea of the KLD-sampling method is to bound the approximation error introduced by the sample-based representation of the particle filter. The name KLD-sampling is due to the fact that we measure the approximation error using the Kullback-Leibler distance. Our adaptation approach chooses a small number of samples if the density is focused on a small part of the state space, and it chooses a large number of samples if the state uncertainty is high. Both the implementation and computation overhead of this approach are small. Extensive experiments using mobile robot localization as a test application show that our approach yields drastic improvements over particle filters with fixed sample set sizes and over a previously introduced adaptation technique.
Safe Navigation for Indoor Mobile Robots. Part I: A Sensor-Based Navigation Framework
Authors: Victorino Alessandro Corrêa , Rives Patrick , Borrelly Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2003

In this paper we present the first part, part 1 of two, of a complete exploration and navigation methodology that enables a robot to safely navigate in an unknown environment. Reactive sensor-based navigation tasks and control laws are derived from the interaction between the robot and its workspace. The perception is performed by a two-dimensional laser range-finder mounted on the robot. Reactive navigation tasks are defined based on the task function framework in such a way that the robot can explore an unknown indoor environment without any reference trajectory computation. Obstacle avoidance is ensured as a straight property implicit to the definition of the navigation tasks. The stability and robustness of the derived control laws with respect to the model errors are analyzed. The experimental results validate the proposed methodology.
Inverse Kinematics Solution to Mobile Manipulators
Authors: Galicki Miroslaw
Published: November 2003

This paper presents the solution at the control feedback level to the inverse kinematics problem for mobile manipulators operating in both obstacle-free task spaces and task spaces including obstacles. Using the Frechet differential of a certain criterion function, the fully specified system of algebraic and differential equations of the minimal amount has been obtained to solve the inverse kinematics problem. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, a full differential form generating the mobile manipulator trajectory, whose attractor attained in a finite time fulfills the above system of algebraic and differential equations, has been derived. The problem of both singularity and collision avoidance is solved here based on a concept of (local) velocity perturbation which results in continuous mobile manipulator velocities near singularities and obstacles. The numerical simulation results carried out for a mobile manipulator consisting of a nonholonomic wheel and a holonomic manipulator of two revolute kinematic pairs, operating in both an obstacle-free task space and task space including obstacles, illustrate the trajectory performance of the proposed solution scheme.
‘Disciplining’ the Neohellenic Character:Records of Anglo-Greek Encounters and the Development of Ethnologicalhistorical Discourse
Authors: Tzanelli Rodanthi
Published: November 2003

The article examines the development of anthropological discourse in British travel accounts of modern Greece, and the Greek response. The study has several aims. First, it argues that in British travel accounts ethnographic remarks are encountered which point to a genealogy of the British discipline of anthropology. These remarks on the modern Greek character formulated problÈmatiquesin which history and ethnography, as well as Romanticism and Enlightenment ideas, merged. Second, the article examines Greek peasantreaction to British observation and ‘intrusion’, as a rational product of the Anglo-Greek exchange. Third, it maintains that such peasant responses, which are in accordance with counter-hegemonic, Neohellenic ‘high-brow’ attitudes, were notthe product of the latter, but their genealogical counterpart. From this it follows that in British encounters with Greek peasants, historians can trace the development of Greek folklore as a nationalist product which defied European hegemonic narratives of modern Greek identity.
In Search of an Object: Organicist Sociology and the Reality of Society in Fin-De-SiËcle France
Authors: Barberis Daniela S.
Published: November 2003

Through an examination of French organicism–one of the models proposed for the nascent science of sociology in the late 19th century–this article argues two main points: that organicism was crucial in the establishment of ‘society’ as a scientific object; and that the specific characteristics of this new object were retained by later sociology long after the organic analogies and evolutionary views that justified them had been explicitly abandoned. Organicism played a significant role in establishing a strong notion of society as a concrete, real entity–a notion that had a lasting impact on sociological theory and became one of the most important ‘categories of thought’ of the 20th century.
Changing the Past?
Authors: Leudar Ivan , Sharrock Wes
Published: November 2003

The value of the notion of ‘indeterminacy in the past’ continues to be contested. Ian Hacking’s claim that the notion is perspicuous in the examination of historical instances is questioned through discussion of the possibility of retrospective application of the relatively recent diagnostic category ‘Post-traumatic stress disorder’. Kevin McMillan maintains that there are deeper philosophical merits to the idea–particularly with respect to questions of truth–but neither Hacking’s treatment of historical cases nor McMillan’s directly philosophical elaboration of Hacking’s position sustain this claim.
The Pragmatics of Peremptory Assertion: An Ideological Analysis of the Use of the Word ‘Just’ in Local Politicians’ Denials of Politics
Authors: Weltman David
Published: November 2003

New Labour’s Third Way philosophy, with its fervent critique of ideological politics, claims to be able to revitalize interest and participation in politics amongst the lay public. This article critically considers such claims by means of a detailed ideological analysis of interviews with English local politicians. Focusing on speakers’ tendency to deny or downgrade the political nature of their involvement in local politics, the recurrent occurrence of an assertion prefaced by the word ‘just’ is examined. On the one hand, this move performs local interpersonal work, implying that the preferred version is a reflection of the facts about self and, as such, has a rational/empirical basis. On the other hand, the operation of broader ideological constraints can at times be visualized, as if there is some underlying basis for the account which is beyond argument and consciousness. It is concluded that anti-ideological advocates of the Third Way are helping to constitute an era in which even official political representatives are unthinkingly negating their role.
Metaphors for the Self in A.S. Byatt’s the Biographer’s Tale
Authors: Wallhead Celia
Published: November 2003

When novelists create their characters and biographers re-create their subjects, both types of writer are either explicitly or implicitly applying a theory of personality through which they investigate the selfhood of the person. However, while many examples of novels and biographies in recent decades have emphasized the similarities between the two genres, especially in the area of character or person as subject, there appears to be no consensus on such a theory. A.S. Byatt is a novelist and biographer who is particularly concerned with the issue of creation or re-creation of the self. In this article, I have turned to a recent metaphorical model of analysis of the self from cognitive linguistics to see if this sheds more light on how personalities can be examined and discussed both by the subjects themselves and by their biographer or creator. Lakoff and Johnson’s elaboration of a body-based linguistic model of metaphor for the self is discussed here and applied to one of Byatt’s most recent novels, one which consciously discusses biography, language and creativity: The Biographer’s Tale(2000). The results show that Byatt is well aware of the underlying patterns for self analysis in everyday language, and tries to match these inherent metaphors with arresting, self-conscious, artistic metaphors that are, nonetheless, connected logically in different ways with the former. Byatt is thus able to articulate in interesting new ways ideas on abstractions concerning selfhood, language, biography and creativity.
Formal Variation in the Rhymes of Robert Pinsky’s the Inferno of Dante
Authors: Hanson Kristin
Published: November 2003

Rhyme is commonly defined as the repetition of certain final sounds. In English poetic practice, however, even within single poems, the extent of the repetition often varies, sometimes involving more similarity than definitions of the form suggest, and sometimes less, often as a means of creating aesthetic effects. As noted by Zwicky (1976) and more recently developed by Holtman (1996), such variation raises both descriptive and theoretical questions about the form: out of the full range of imaginable variations in rhyme, which are actually used by poets, and why? Here a close study of the variations used by Robert Pinsky in his slant-rhyme translation of Dante’s Infernoidentifies practices which turn out to be shared with other English poets, and to reflect phenomena in English phonology itself. Rhymes may match melodic structure only, reflecting the separation of melodic structure from rhythmic structure which phonological theory has hypothesized. Rhymes may differ in distinctive features – specifically voice in obstruents, place in nasals, and possibly height in vowels – reflecting the way those features are sometimes altered to satisfy constraints of English phonology. Rhymes may differ in one member having an extra final [s/z], reflecting the possibility of such an appendix in English syllable structure (Golston, 1997). These practices support the suggestion by Kiparsky (1973, 1987), building on Jakobson (1960), that the constraints that define poetic forms refer to the same structures that grammars do.
The South China Sea: ASEAN’s Security Concerns about China
Authors: Odgaard Liselotte
Published: November 2003

This article investigates whether the South China Sea is a source of internal disagreement or unity in ASEAN. It argues that when the focus is on the possibilities of cooperation beyond what is necessary for regional peace and stability, five different member-state groupings can beidentified according to their outlook on the desirable level of US and Chinese regional engagement, their support for a dialogue focusing on Sino-Southeast Asian cooperation and their viewson the scope of a code of conduct. By contrast, when addressing the prospects of coexistence, unity prevails within ASEAN. The memberstates are in agreement that Southeast Asia cannot opt out of the structure of deterrence that is consolidated between the USA and China. In addition, they agree that a practice of consultation and a conservative code of conduct between Southeast Asia and China will contribute to peace and stability by offering assurance that pending disputes in the South China Sea will be settled by the indigenous powers through peaceful means and will remain separate from the outer structure of strategic competition.
Unwanted Entanglement: The Philippines’ Spratly Policy as a Case Study in Conflict Enhancement?
Authors: Austin Greg
Published: November 2003

The Philippines used a number of incidents involving China around Mischief Reef between February and May 1995 as a lever to stimulate their political and military relationship with the USA following the closure of the US bases in the Philippines in 1992. However, the success enjoyed by the Philippines was not due to the underlying logic of US–Philippines relations narrowly defined. Rather, the main factor was China’s resort to military pressure against Taiwan in July and August 1995, and again in March 1996. For the first time, the USA used its ally’s presence in the disputed Spratly islands as a lever of its own for winning back Philippine support for renewed US military access as part of the USA’s strategy for regional power projection against China. The Philippines had played for a security guarantee from the USA in respect of the Spratly islands, but found the price of alliance was mutual commitment, especially with regard to a possible Taiwan contingency.
Sino-Vietnamese Rapprochement and the South China Sea Irritant
Authors: Tønnesson Stein
Published: November 2003

On 4 November 2002, China and ASEAN signed a Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (ASEAN, 2002). Incidents related to occupation of islands, ‘illegal’ fishing and oil exploration had been major irritants in the relationship between China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam during the 1990s. The declaration on a code of conduct reflects the complexity of the South China Sea dispute: it is a multilateral agreement between one major power and an association of ten states. However, China remains adamant that it will resolve the South China Sea dispute only through bilateral negotiations. For this policy to produce results, bilateral talks with Vietnam will be essential. On 25 December 2000, China and Vietnam signed bilateral agreements on maritime delimitation and fishery cooperation in the Gulf of Tonkin, and experts from the two countries also discussed the larger disputes in the South China Sea. However, two years later, the bilateral agreements had still not entered into force and negotiations over supplementary protocols had stalled. This article describes the Sino-Vietnamese rapprochement in the 1990s, analyses the South China Sea ‘irritant’, presents the Gulf of Tonkin agreements and discusses the prospects for a Sino-Vietnamese initiative to resolve the South China Sea dispute.
The Reluctant Giant of Arms Control
Authors: Ozga Deborah A.
Published: November 2003

Over the past few years, the United States has gone from being a leader in terms of traditional arms control to being a reluctant giant. While its cooling in attitude towards various weapons of mass destruction control regimes can be attributed to a wide range of reasons that vary from case to case, a number of factors are identified in this article that explain the USA’s broader allergy to arms control. Although political leadership and the domestic political environment are the most apparent reasons, systemic factors–including the emergence of a unipolar structure and the USA’s past experience of arms control–are also having a strong influence on US behavior. The implication is that the international community will need to demonstrate greater leadership, make some adjustments to its approach to arms control, and establish a deeper and more unified approach if it is to integrate the United States into the comity.
Social Positioning and the Construction of a Youth Sports Club
Authors: Kirk David , Macphail Ann
Published: November 2003

This article uses the concept of social positioning to explore the construction of a youth sports club by young people, their parents and coaches. The year-long ethnography of Forest Athletics Club (FAC) identified two athlete positions of Samplers and Beginning Specializers. Four parents’ positions were identified, those of Non-Attenders, Spectators, Helpers and Committed Members. One coach position was the Committed Volunteer. Each of these positions was interdependent. Particular expectations, practices and values were attached to these positions. It is argued that the club operates according to multiple agendas and that FAC is a complex and dynamic social phenomenon that is practised differently by the three groups of key players.
Islam’s View on Physical Activity and Sport
Authors: Walseth Kristin , Fasting Kari
Published: November 2003

The questions asked in this study were: what kind of views do Egyptian women have on the relationship between Islam and physical activity/sport, and what consequences do different interpretations of Islam have for Egyptian women’s involvement in physical activity and sport? The data were gathered during a four-month field-study in Egypt, and consist of 27 qualitative interviews in addition to many hours of field-observation. The results show that the women in the study agreed that Islam encourages sport participation for women. The women who most strongly emphasized the fact that they had to participate in some sporting activities were supporters of the fundamentalistic interpretation of Islam. Some Muslim women therefore find a non-secular relationship between sport and religion. The study further revealed that the different interpretations of Islam had consequences for the informants’ participation in sport. These were related to the use of the veil, gender segregation, the concept of ‘excitement’ (non-sexual movements) and the power relationship between women and men. Most of these barriers seem to be products of Muslim society’s view of women and their sexuality. The data further support the opinion that power strategies get internalized into people’s bodily practice.
Inverse Radial Deformations and Cavitation in Finite Compressible Elasticity
Authors: Murphy Jeremiah G.
Published: November 2003

Using Shield's inverse theorem, new families of solutions describing spherical inflation for isotropic, homogeneous, compressible elasticity are found. Cavitation is shown to be possible for each of the solutions and each family shares a common simple mathematical description of cavitation. The set of solutions includes the solution for the Varga material. Cavitation is also shown to be preferred energetically over the corresponding homogeneous deformation. Finally some features of the cavitation solutions are explored.
Dissipative Nature of Plastic Deformations in Finite Anisotropic Elasto-Plasticity
Authors: Cleja-Tigoiu Sanda
Published: November 2003

This paper deals with anisotropic elasto-plastic materials with relaxed configuration and internal variables, which undergo large deformations and obey the Il'yushin-type dissipation postulate. We emphasize new consequences of the dissipation postulate, when the definitions are built in the total strain space, and the irreversible behavior is described by the appropriate differential systems. The normality conditions prove that the appropriate stress release rates are collinear with the interior normal to the current yield surface and lead to the rate-type constitutive equations compatible with the dissipation postulate. The rate-type constitutive equations are derived in the initial and actual, as well as in the relaxed, configurations. For anisotropic Σ models, the rates of irreversible variables are linked through the flow rule in Σ space up to a term, generated by a gk-invariant, skew-symmetric tensor. Here Σ is Mandel's non-symmetric stress measure, and gk characterizes the pre-existing anisotropy. Due to the non-injectivity of Mandel's stress elastic function, we construct the strain elastic range involved in the dissipation postulate, as the pre-image of Σ stress range.
Distributed Query Processing on the Grid
Authors: Smith Jim , Watson Paul , Gounaris Anastasios , Paton Norman W. , Fernandes Alvaro A.A. , Sakellariou Rizos
Published: November 2003

Distributed query processing (DQP) has been widely used in data intensive applications where data of relevance to users are stored at multiple locations. This paper argues: (i) that DQP can be important in the Grid, as a means of providing high-level, declarative languages for integrating data access and analysis; and (ii) that the Grid provides resource management facilities that are useful to developers of DQP systems. As well as discussing and illustrating how DQP technologies can be deployed within the Grid, the paper describes Polar*, a prototype implementation of a DQP system running over Globus. Polar* can handle complex data by adopting the ODMG object model and its query language OQL, which supports the invocation of user-defined operations. The Globus components are accessed through the MPICH-G interface rather than in a lower level way. A case study from bioinformatics is used throughout the paper, to show the benefits of the approach.
Analysis of Large-Scale Grid-Based Monte Carlo Applications
Authors: Li Yaohang , Mascagni Michael
Published: November 2003

Monte Carlo applications are widely perceived as computationally intensive but naturally parallel. Therefore, they can be effectively executed on the Grid using the dynamic bag-of-work model. In this paper we concentrate on analyzing the characteristics of large-scale Monte Carlo computation for Grid computing. Based on these analyses, we improve the efficiency of the subtask-scheduling scheme by implementing and analyzing the “N-out-of-M” strategy, and we develop a Monte-Carlo-specific lightweight checkpoint technique, which leads to a performance improvement for Monte Carlo Grid computing. Also, we enhance the trustworthiness of Monte Carlo Grid-computing applications by utilizing the statistical nature of Monte Carlo and by cryptographically validating intermediate results utilizing the random number generator already in use in the Monte Carlo application. All these techniques lead to a high-performance Grid-computing infrastructure that is capable of providing trustworthy Monte Carlo computation services.
Resource Allocation Strategies for Guided Parameter Space Searches
Authors: Faerman Marcio , Birnbaum Adam , Berman Francine , Casanova Henri
Published: November 2003

Computational Grids lend themselves well to parameter sweep applications, in which independent tasks calculate results for points in a parameter space. However, it is possible for a parameter space to become so large as to pose prohibitive system requirements. In these cases, user-guided searchespromise to reduce overall computation time. In this paper, we address an interesting challenge posed by these user-directed searches: how should computing resources be allocated to application tasks as the overall computation is being guided by the user? We present a model for user-guided searches, and then propose a number of resource allocation strategies and evaluate them in simulation. We find that prioritizing the assignments of tasks to computing resources throughout the search can lead to substantial performance improvements.
A Framework for Building Scientific Knowledge Grids Applied to Thermochemical Tables
Authors: von Laszewski Gregor , Ruscic Branko , Amin Kaizar , Wagstrom Patrick , Krishnan Sriram , Nijsure Sandeep
Published: November 2003

An important part of enabling the future information infrastructure is to provide convenient services for application users that make such an environment highly functional and easy to use for the non-expert. In other words, the scientist should be able to focus on the science but should have sophisticated tools at hand that enable new and enhanced modalities in which science can be performed. We describe a general architecture that provides access to scientific applications. We demonstrate how such services can interact with each other and be reused by the scientific application architect to orchestrate Grid services. Our architecture is implemented by reusing concepts, infrastructures, and middleware from Web and Grid services, as well as from the newest Globus Toolkit and the Java CoG Kit.

We apply our general architecture to a specific application: Active Thermochemical Tables. This application demonstrates a number of interesting and future-oriented uses, such as the need for batch processing, interactive and collaborative steering, use of multiple platforms,visualization through large displays, and access via a portal framework. Besides the innovative use of the Grid and Web services, we also provide a novel algorithmic contribution to scientific disciplines that use thermochemical tables. Specifically, we modified the original approach to constructing thermochemical tables to include an iterative process of refinement leading to increased accuracy. We have designed a variety of access environments including a shell, a Grid desktop, and a portal for accessing the set of services provided, which include the display of network dependencies between the reactions a chemist may be interested in and interactive querying of associated species data.

Modalities that need to be supported are the protection of intellectual property, the creation of metadata and information shared with and gathered by the community, and easy access to the service by the application scientists.
Enabling Applications on the Grid: A Gridlab Overview
Authors: Allen Gabrielle , Goodale Tom , Radke Thomas , Russell Michael , Seidel Ed , Davis Kelly , Dolkas Konstantinos N. , Doulamis Nikolaos D. , Kielmann Thilo , Merzky André , Nabrzyski Jarek , Pukacki Juliusz , Shalf John , Taylor Ian
Published: November 2003

Grid technology is widely emerging. Still, there is an eminent shortage of real Grid users, mostly due to the lack of a “critical mass” of widely deployed and reliable higher-level Grid services, tailored to application needs. The GridLab project aims to provide fundamentally new capabilities for applications to exploit the power of Grid computing, thus bridging the gap between application needs and existing Grid middleware. We present an overview of GridLab, a large-scale, EU-funded Grid project spanning over a dozen groups in Europe and the US. We first outline our vision of Grid-empowered applications and then discuss GridLab’s general architecture and its Grid Application Toolkit (GAT). We illustrate how applications can be Grid-enabled with the GAT and discuss GridLab’s scheduler as an example of GAT services.
Representations of the Intellectual
Authors: Elliott Carole
Published: November 2003

This article explores the contemporary relationship between management educators and practitioners, as expressed in the Critical Management Studies (CMS) literature, in the light of Gramsci’s writings on the formation and roles of intellectuals within society. His conception of intellectuals as being of two types—organic and traditional—is used as a heuristic to explore the claims made by critical management studies for an emancipatory agenda. Using Gramsci’s writings as a point of departure I stake out a position that starts to reconsider how management educators have come to acquire their perceived position of governance over what passes as management knowledge. I suggest that to do this we need to consider management education’s socio-cultural position. I adopt Gramsci’s notion of the ‘system of relations’ as a way to focus on the relationships between management education, management educators, and management practitioners. The article suggests that CMS needs to pay attention to the pedagogical processes of management education as much as to its content. I conclude that research that observes what are currently perceived as ‘critical’ and ‘non-critical’ management education classrooms must take place. Until this occurs, CMS’s claims for an emancipatory agenda must remain muted.
Entrepreneurial Learning and Critical Reflection
Authors: Cope Jason
Published: November 2003

The importance of ‘learning events’ has become an emergent theme within theorizing on how entrepreneurs learn. This article builds a deeper understanding of the learning outcomes triggered by significant, discontinuous events during the entrepreneurial process. It suggests that the domain of entrepreneurship represents a special and unique context in which to study management learning. It is argued that there is more to learning from discontinuous events than the incremental accumulation of more routinized, habitual, ‘lower-level’ learning. This article illustrates that these events have the capacity to stimulate distinctive forms of ‘higher-level’ learning—learning that is fundamental to the entrepreneur in both personal and business terms. It goes on to explore the concept of critical reflection and suggests that these learning outcomes are the result of what can be described most precisely as ‘inward’ critical self-reflection.
From Measuring Clouds to Active Listening
Authors: Rutter K. Alan
Published: November 2003

This article describes an action research case study based on a UK boat-building company that was in serious difficulty, with the managers ‘stuck’ as to what was their best course of action. The application of traditional strategic management approaches to this case was inappropriate, so another method was developed in order to liberate the managers from their inaction. The outcome was the formulation of a successful strategy that was effectively implemented. The managers agreed that the method was useful for resolving their predicament and it may be relevant in other cases where traditional strategic management is either not suitable or is rejected by practitioners.
Species of Political Parties
Authors: Gunther Richard , Diamond Larry
Published: November 2003

While the literature already includes a large number of party typologies, they are increasingly incapable of capturing the great diversity of party types that have emerged worldwide in recent decades, largely because most typologies were based upon West European parties as they existed in the late nineteenth through mid-twentieth centuries. Some new party types have been advanced, but in an ad hoc manner and on the basis of widely varying and often inconsistent criteria. This article is an effort to set many of the commonly used conceptions of parties into a coherent framework, and to delineate new party types whenever the existing models are incapable of capturing important aspects of contemporary parties. We classify each of 15 ‘species’ of party into its proper ‘genus’ on the basis of three criteria: (1) the nature of the party’s organization (thick/thin, elite-based or mass-based, etc.); (2) the programmatic orientation of the party (ideological, particularistic-clientele-oriented, etc.); and (3) tolerant and pluralistic (or democratic) versus proto-hegemonic (or anti-system). While this typology lacks parsimony, we believe that it captures more accurately the diversity of the parties as they exist in the contemporary democratic world, and is more conducive to hypothesistesting and theory-building than others.
The Rise of a Global Party?
Authors: Dark Taylor
Published: November 2003

In discussions of party organization, scholars have generally assumed that such organizations operate exclusively on the domestic level, alter electoral results by raising votes and money from onstituencies at home. This research note shows that this assumption is outdated, because the US Democratic and Republican parties now maintain overseas branches in dozens of different countries. These branches seek through a variety of means to mobilize the votes and financial resources of Americans abroad in an attempt to change domestic political outcomes. An analysis of the rise of these groups demonstrates the value of the concept of globalization in an area where it is usually not considered relevant, and raises new normative and practical questions about how to regulate overseas political activity by US citizens and parties.
Situated Learning as a Theoretical Framework for Sport Education
Authors: Kirk David , Kinchin Gary
Published: November 2003

The article seeks to establish the usefulness of situated learning theory as a means of thinking differently about the alleged abstraction of school learning in a range of subjects including physical education, and the issue of transfer of learning. Following a discussion of Lave and Wenger’s notion of situated learning as legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice, the article explores the potential of Siedentop’s sport education model as a means of providing young people with educative and authentic experiences of sport as legitimate peripheral participants. It is concluded that sport education may have the potential to provide educative and authentic experiences of sport, but that further detailed empirical investigation is required to establish the conditions in which this potential might be realized.
A Changing Culture? Interrogating the Dynamics of Peer Affiliations Over the Course of a Sport Education Season
Authors: O’Donovan Toni M.
Published: November 2003

This article focuses on the effects of pupils’ social involvement goals and the peer culture on behaviour and participation in physical education (PE). The extent to which sport education (SE) disrupted peer power relations and reconfigured dominant social groupings is examined and the potential of SE to establish a culture in PE where pupils of both genders value participation in PE and sport is discussed. The article draws on data gathered during a seven-month case study with Year 7 pupils (age 11–13 years) in mixed and single-sex PE classes in one secondary school in the East Midlands as pupils followed their traditional PE curriculum for a term and followed an SE season for an additional term. It explores how peer interaction, acceptance, and rejection contribute to the development of team affiliation. Analysis of the data suggests that the social goals pupils bring to the PE class are important determinants of participation in PE, and that over the course of an SE season the salience of particular goals were gradually modified.
Researching Sport Education in Action: A Case Study
Authors: Clarke Gill , Quill Mandy
Published: November 2003

This article reports on research into the implementation of sport education in a mixed secondary school in southern England. Attention is focused on the ways in which sport education might enhance pupil learning and raise standards of learning in contexts of the implementation of the revised National Curriculum for Physical Education in England.
Changing Hierarchies of Power in Physical Education Using Sport Education
Authors: Brunton Julie Anne
Published: November 2003

PE in its traditional form involves teaching sport in a way that is mismatched with community sport. Children moving into community sport are not necessarily well placed to fit into this environment following PE experiences. Sport education (SE), developed by Siedentop, illustrates sport as seen and played in organized community sport. The purpose of this article is to see whether SE can successfully change the hierarchy of power in PE to provide a more authentic experience. SE was introduced to two badminton groups ( n=24 per group), aged 14–15, over 10 weeks with two one-hour sessions per week. Observations of lessons were made alongside individual and group interviews. Benefits and difficulties experienced from changes in power hierarchies are discussed. Recommendations are given to improve changes of power in PE, particularly for those new to teaching this model.
Studentsí Conceptions of Sport and Sport Education
Authors: MacPhail Ann , Kinchin Gary , Kirk David
Published: November 2003

This article explores a class of Grade 5 (age 9 and 10) children’s conceptions of sport during a season of sport education at Forest Gate Primary School. The purpose, following Kirk and Kinchin (this issue), is to examine the extent to which the potential transfer of learning between school and sport as a community of practice may be possible through sport education in school physical education. With reference to student interviews and drawings we report and discuss children’s conceptions of sport, their experiences of sport outside of the school, and their emerging conceptions of sport education in light of these prior understanding and experiences. We conclude that there was an evident level of compatibility between students’ experiences of sport education and their conceptions of sport more broadly.
Sport Education and Situated Learning: Problematizing the Potential
Authors: Penney Dawn
Published: November 2003

This article pursues a number of issues raised by preceding contributions to this special issue. It outlines and critically explores tensions inherent in commentaries on sport education and relating to the adoption of the situated learning perspective in investigations of its potential contribution as a pedagogical model within physical education. It is argued that there is a need for continued and extended debate in relation to the advancements in policy and practice that may be achieved through the development of sport education and that important challenges remain to be taken up by sport education researchers and practitioners within the UK and international physical education and sport communities.
Social Fluids: Metaphors and Meanings of Society
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: November 2003

The human body has been a potent and persistent metaphor for social and political relations throughout human history. For example, different parts of the body have traditionally represented different social functions. We refer to the ‘head of state’ without really recognizing the metaphor, and the heart has been a rich source of ideas about life, imagination and emotions. The heart is the house of the soul and the book of life, and the ‘tables of the heart’ provided an insight into the whole of Nature. The hand also plays an important role in conventional imagination regarding things that are beautiful (handsome) or damaged and incomplete (handicap). We can generalize from these diverse examples to argue that the fluids flowing from the inside of the body to the outside are regarded as socially dangerous and contaminating, because these fluids on the outside of the body directly challenge our sense of order and orderliness. This inside/outside division of the body combines with a wet/dry dichotomy to delineate these risky borders. Although leaking bodies have been a source of ancient metaphors of disorder, the modern world, that sociologists increasingly characterize by its liquidity, is peculiarly fascinated by flow as an image of global flexibility. The more our world is economically and militarily interconnected, the more we fear social fluidity. In political terms, asylum seekers and terrorists are thought not to respect our bodies or our borders; we are especially sensitive to their capacity to disrupt the solidity of sovereignty. In short, metaphors of the human body, even in an age of high technology, continue to shape the social and political imagination, but they are challenged by emerging metaphors of liquidity, that is by liquid modernity.
Identity as an Embodied Event
Authors: Budgeon Shelley
Published: November 2003

This article engages critically with issues surrounding the theorization of the self and body relation, where the body is interpreted as material increasingly open to human intervention and choice. It is argued that this theorization rests upon a mind/body split that limits an understanding of embodied identity. The significance for feminism of undermining representational practices that rely upon this dualism are outlined and criticized for reproducing the logic of representation they set out to destabilize. An alternative strategy is examined and the argument is made that to understand embodied identity the question must not be what do bodies mean but what can they do. Here feminist approaches that rely upon a radically different ontological position in order to move beyond the mind/body split are utilized. These theoretical debates are made meaningful through the lens of self narratives produced by young women–a context which demands the development of strategies for theorizing lived bodies.
Introduction
Authors: Colloredo-Mansfeld Rudi
Published: November 2003

Orchestrated moments of destruction, cycles of appearance and vanishing, and other material losses recur across time and societies and scales of human action in ways that are pervasive, deeply social, and not anti-materialistic. Our goal with this special issue is to draw attention to the tools, narratives, and settings that people need to exploit ephemerality not just as a social practice but as a material one. We argue that rather than always seeking to objectify things, people undo form to achieve their social effect through working amid an unbounded flow of materiality. Consuming, vanishing, sacrificing, and fashioning all work as techniques of interacting, processes that enhance communities not by committing them to fixed cultural property but by linking people as agents or channels of shared substances. Ephemeral practice, however, is not the negative of objectification, but rather a related set of actions that have special significance for intersubjective experience, negotiating relationships, and the pacing of human interaction.
Vanishing
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins
Published: November 2003

To take seeds in South Asia as vanishing objects unites concerns with embodied but equally ineffable religious meanings; with globalized debates over agricultural technology; and with grass roots movements to regenerate sustainable traditions. Using a devotional text recorded at a funeral wake in Rajasthan in 1980, I evoke a world in which reproductive cyclicality is the signal attribute of vanishing. At stake in the briefly incandescent but already obsolete furor over so-called ‘terminator’ or ‘suicide’ seeds is cyclicality’s replacement by permanent loss. With excerpts from both mass-media articles and activists’ reporting, I explore the ways corporate greed is perceived and portrayed as a kind of hypervandalism practiced on tradition. Finally, I consider an image – sprouting seeds – that suggests the opposite of vanishing. Aware of the pitfalls of nostalgia and romanticization, I nevertheless conclude with this germinal wish to highlight seed-saving and propagation practices that – even in the era of modern hyperecologies – allow cyclicality to prevail over termination.
Fashioning
Authors: Hansen Karen Tranberg
Published: November 2003

Focusing on dress practices that involve both new and secondhand clothing in Zambia, this article discusses the ‘social death’ of things. The ephemeral and fleeting qualities are revealed in the social relations and interactions in which dress is embedded. Different contextual evaluations of the involvement of dress with their wearers’ changing lives illustrate how demonstrative display of the dressed body produces experiences of dress that vanish almost as soon as they have been created.
Social Play and Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Jordan Rita
Published: November 2003

The article considers the nature of the presumed social play deficit in autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). The nature of play and its typical development is outlined and discussed in relation to play development in ASDs. It is suggested that social play is a confluence of two strands of development that are affected in autism: social and emotional development, and the cognitive development of play. It is shown that social play develops in a transactional way and in ASDs initial social difficulties prevent the development of social interaction, with its role in eliciting and enriching spontaneous play. At the same time, cognitive and affective difficulties prevent the play of children with autism developing to the extent of attracting other children and being of a complexity from which social play might develop. This cycle of impoverished play opportunities for children with ASDs may be broken through direct teaching and there are encouraging models of teaching social play with some success.