bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Relationship Between the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Activity and Eye Movement in the Unanesthetized and Reserpinized Cat
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Nakao Takehisa , Kishimoto Akira , Matsushima Yoshihiko , Yamaguchi Eiji
Published: March 2008

1) The time relation between the eye movement (EM) and the wave activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN activity) of the cat was investigated during the alert state, REM period of sleep (REMP) and under reserpinization.

2) In an experiment on the alert light‐adapted cat, the EM preceded the LGN activity by 42.1 ±13.1 msec and, in the darkness, delay between the EM and the LGN activity became longer, i.e., 114.8 ±127.8 msec. In the dark‐adapted cat, the delay became much shorter during the period with gross body movements com pared with that of the resting state.

3) During the REMP, about 50% of the LGN activity preceded the EM, 30% followed the EM and 20% occurred with out delay. In the reserpinized cat, during the resting state, about 50% of the LGN activity preceded the EM, about 40% fol lowed the EM and 10% occurred without delay. During the period with gross body movements in the reserpinized cat, how ever, over 80% of the LGN activity be came preceded by the EM. Thus, the time relation between the LGN activity and the EM in the reserpinized cat was similar in the resting state to that of the REMP, whereas it resembled that of the alert animal during the period with gross body movements.

4) The neural mechanisms underlying the so‐called eye movement potential (EMP) as well as the PGO activities during the REMP and under reserpinization were discussed.
A Long‐Term Clinical Course of Psychomotor Epilepsy (I)
Authors: Kamiya Shigenori , Minami Katsumasa , Eta Shigetomo , Okamoto Shigekazu
Published: March 2008

A comparative study of clinical features and outcome was undertaken in 21 epileptic patients, five suffering from isolated psy‐chomotor seizure without generalized convulsion (Group A), seven suffering from psychomotor seizure combined with generalized convulsion, from which complication they have been freed for over five years (Group B), and nine suffering from psychomotor seizure combined with continued generalized convulsion (Group C). These patients were over 10 years old at onset and have been followed up for 10 to 19 years at the Department of Neuropsychiatry of the Kansai Medical University Hospital. The seizure components in the long‐term courses of these three groups were classified as they are under the heading of “partial seizures with complex symptomatology” in the “Clinical and Electroencephalographid Classification of Epileptic Seizures” proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy.

The nature of the seizures is monotonous and little varied in Group A and quite varied in Groups B and C. It seems to be a significant difference between isolated group and combined one regarding partial seizures with cognitive symptomatology. Partial seizures with dysmnesic disturbances seem to be closely related to the presence of generalized convulsion.

The contents of forced thinking tend to remain the same from one seizure to another in the isolated group, while they differ considerably in the combined one. In the strict sense, forced thinking differs from obsessive idea and is rather similar to autochthonous idea.

Episodic moodiness during seizure intervals is more clearly seen in the isolated group than in the combined one, but this tendency is also obvious in Group B.

Episodic psychotic state appears much more frequently in the combined groups than in the isolated one, and it appears on an average of 14 years of the course.

Deterioration in basic EEG rhythm is seen in a majority of cases, most of which belong to the combined group. Change in basic EEG rhythm is not seen in patients freed from generalized convulsion particularly in whom it has disappeared early.

In long‐term clinical courses lasting more than 10 years, the disappearance of generalized convulsion leads to the disappearance or diminution of automatisms, but it also leads to the appearance or augmentation of autonomic seizure and affective seizure. Forced thinking tends to be perceptive and to develop to hallucinatory delusional experience through its repeated appearance over a long period of time.

As to outcome, all the isolated psychomotor cases improved, while half the combined cases showed no change or became worse. The prognosis for cases with continuous generalized convulsion is bad.

These findings suggest that many of the symptoms in patients with psychomotor seizures are closely connected with the presence of generalized convulsion.
A Retrospective Study on the Prognosis of Aged Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Morikawa Tateki , Ishihara Osamu , Kakegawa Norio , Seino Masakazu , Wada Toyoji
Published: March 2008

A retromective follow‐up study on the prognosis of 90 patients with epilepsy above 40 vears of age has resulted in:

In the aged patients, the duration of epilepsv (mean: 23 years) was longer than the period of treatment they underwent (mean: 14 vears). The delayed commencement and/or interrupted medication alons with the patients' incompliance of taking drugs accounted for the main reasons for at least 70% of the patients.

The :partial epilepsy (80%) especially with complex symptomatology (55%) were predominating in the aged, group. And also, that the tonic‐clonic seizures were liable to convert to the complex partial seizures in their thirties and forties, was found in this study.

Although almost all the patients (97%) had more or less clinical attacks even at the time of survey, 75% or more decrease in seizure frequency have been exerted for one and a half year, regardless of the seizure types in the majority of the patients (81%). This seems to offer an explanation that an appropriate socio medical strategy is necessitated for patients with long‐standing epilepsies.
The Studies of the Attacks of Abnormal Eye Movement in a Case of Infantile Spasms
Authors: Horita Hideki , Hoashi Eiichi , Okuyama Yuko , Kumagai Koumei , Endo Shiro
Published: March 2008

We observed the attacks of nystagmus in a case of infantile spasms and carried out overnight sleep polygraphy. The following findings were obtained:

Awake time was prolonged to 56% of TIB, while sleep time was markedly shortened to 44% of TIB. Also REM sleep time was reduced to 20% of SPT and deep slow sleep (stage N3) was absent.

Attacks of nystagmus were observed only during wakefulness. At first, fast wave bursts appeared in the right occipital area, and were followed by left‐upward deviations of eyeballs, and then the attacks of counterclockwise right‐downward rotatory nystagmus. Also the fast wave bursts were succeeded by spreading of fast waves to adjacent areas. At the same time, EMG exhibited elevated muscle action potentials of mentalis and biceps fernoris. During the attacks of nystagmus, there was alteration of respiratory movements.

In NREM sleep, both fast wave bursts and the attacks of nystagmus were not observed.

In REM sleep, the fast wave bursts and eye movements were observed but the attacks of nystagmus did not appear. During the fast wave bursts, alteration of respiratory movements were observed.

From the results of this study, it was presumed that the brain lesions of this case were extended with severe degree of damage in the great parts of brain containing Cerebral cortex and brain stem.
Middle Latency Components of the Auditory Evoked Response: Lateral Differences and Changes by Mental Tasks
Authors: Kadobayashi Iwao , Toyoshima Akiteru , Kato Nobukatsu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Middle latency components in response to stimulation of both ears with 50 dB SL clicks at a rate of 10/sec were recorded in young healthy subjects from the left mastoid‐nose tip and right mastoid‐nose tip. All were right‐handed. 1) Lateral differences were found in most subjects. As to the largest peak‐to‐peak amplitude, the amplitude on the right side was larger than that on the left in 18 subjects, but the reverse was found in 11. Only two showed little differences. 2) The amplitudes on the right side during addition were larger than those when merely looking at numerals. The amplitudes during multiplication were larger than those during addition.
Psychomotor Status Induced by Temporal Lobe Encephalitis
Authors: Murasaki Mitsukuni , Inami Masaaki , Okamoto Kurefu , Muraoka Hideo , Takahashi Akihiko , Sumiyoshi Akitsugu , Yamazumi Shun
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case report of psychomotor status was presented. A 51‐year‐old male caught a cold and had a high fever at the end of September, 1979. On October 7th, he had a visual hallucination followed by a generalized seizure. After hospitalization he went through several fits of automatism. On October 15th, he was seized with automatism status in which the seizures were repeated every 25 minutes and there was no recovery of consciousness between the seizures. Although an intravenous injection of diazepam interrupted this status, on October 17th he showed subclinical seizure status on the EEG during which automatism traces were rarely found. By the medication of carbamazepine and clonazepam, he improved gradually. CT‐scan revealed the disappearance of the right sylvian fissure and CSF showed findings of viral encephalitis. Consequently, he was considered to have been suffering from temporal lobe encephalitis and shown an episode of psychomotor status with automatisms and automatism traces during which typical automatism status was observed as well.
Alterations of Amygdaloid Kindling Phenomenon Following Repeated Electroconvulsive Shocks in Rats
Authors: Tsuru Noriko , Ninomiya Hideaki , Fukuoka Hiroshi , Nakahara Daiichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In this study we investigated the effect of the electroconvulsive shock (ECS) soon after each amygdaloid stimulation (KS) upon the development of a kindling phenomenon. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were used in this study. Once daily stimulation of 200 μA, 1 msec, 60 Hz, 2 sec train by the right amygdaloid stimulation electrodes and the recording of the EEG were done. Rats of the Kindling + ECS group received the ECS through the clipped ears for five minutes after the KS. Behavioral manifestations, the duration of afterdischarge and the numbers of spikes were counted for five minutes at the time of every stimulation. The numbers of times the KS required to develop each stage were stage 1:4.8, stage 2:8, stage 3:8.6, stage 4:9.6, stage 5:12.6, respectively, on the kindling group. On the ECS‐treated group, those were stage 1:8, stage 2:17, stage 3:18, stage 4: more than 20. The ECS soon after the amygdaloid stimulation retarded the process of kindling significantly. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the electroconvulsive shocks disturb the information of the synaptic pathway before the consolidation of a central neuroplastic change underlying kindling.
Morphological Changes Induced in the Central Nervous System of Rats by Steroid Drug
Authors: Shikai Isao , Miyakawa Taihei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Wistar strain male rats (body weight 180 g) were given 0.5 mg β‐methasone per kilogram of body weight orally each day for 180 days. Histopathologically, remarkable changes occurred only in the hypothalamus and thalamus. The mitochondria showed vacuolar degeneration not only in the nerve cells but also in the nerve fibers and glia cells, and the Golgi apparatus was well developed in the nerve cells. By the freeze fracture method, the intramembranous large globular molecules of mitochondria and nuclei of the nerve cells decreased in number. The steroid affects mainly the hypothalamus and thalamus. This might have a close relation to steroid psychosis.
Phylogenesis and Kindling
Authors: Tsuru Noriko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In regard to the phylogenesis and the kindling phenomenon, we reported on the kindling phenomenon in several species, behaviorally and electroencephalographically. In accomplishing the kindling phenomenon, the time courses of the lower animals seem to be faster than that of the higher animals. Afterdischarges and spontaneous hypersynchronous potentials were described electroencephalographically. For the phylogenetic study, the spontaneous hypersynchronous potential (interictal spike) and its secondary epileptogenesis to the secondary site (mirror focus formation) were useful. Secondary epileptogenesis in the lower animals seem to be established faster than in the higher animals. The order in the time courses of the behavioral kindling phenomenon in several species might be presumably concomitant with the order of the secondary epileptogenesis to the contralateral site. Finally we pointed out several factors to influence secondary epileptogenesis.
Developmental Alteration in RNA Metabolism of El Mouse Brain
Authors: Yamagami Sakae , Ohno Kyosuke , Tsuji Masaki , Mori Koichi , Kawakita Yukio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The contents of brain RNA rose rapidly until 14 days after birth and then dropped. They were lower in the El than in the non‐convulsive mice between 56 and 100 days of life. The contents of acid‐soluble UMP and their specific radioactivities, three hours after an intracranial injection of [3H]‐orotic acid, were not different in the same age of El and non‐convulsive mouse brains. From four to 20 days after birth, the specific and relative specific radioactivities, representing the ratio of brain RNA synthesis, of the El mice were lower than those of the non‐convulsive strains, while the El mice, applying convulsions once a week, exhibited higher values during the periods from 56 to 100 days of age as compared with the non‐stimulated El or non‐convulsive strains.
Investigations on Epileptogenic Lesions in Relation between Ages of the Patients and Seizure Manifestation
Authors: Mihara Tadahiro , Asakura Tetsuhiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The purpose of this report is to extract the age factor from multiple contributing factors to seizure manifestations in 357 cases of the various intracranial lesions, of which the locations and the pathological types had already been proven. The age distribution of the intracranial lesions depended largely upon their biological properties. Nevertheless, it had been proven that the seizure manifestation differed by ages of the patients even in the identical lesions. The younger patients were apt to lapse into seizures which became more frequent than in the older patients. The types of seizures seemed to be converted from the generalized to the partial, as the patients go through a transition from childhood to adulthood. Recognition of such a seizure manifestation is especially important in order to detect as soon as possible epileptogenic lesions as a surgically treatable cause of chronic epilepsy.
Age‐Dependent Epileptic Encephalopathy: a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Yamatogi Yasuko , Ohtahara Shunsuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A longitudinal clinico‐electroencephalographic study was conducted on 484 cases of age‐dependent epileptic encephalopathy; early‐infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression‐burst (Ohtahara) (EIEE), the West and Lennox syndromes. 1) The three types had the same kind of etiologic heterogeneity. 2) An evolutional change with age was noted from EIEE to the West and from the West to the Lennox syndromes, with the change from suppression‐burst to hypsarhythmia, and from hypsarhythmia to the diffuse slow spike‐waves. 3) The core ictal EEG pattern of tonic spasms was the desynchronization in EIEE and the West syndrome, with the rapid synchronization and recruiting rhythm in the Lennox syndrome. In the same cases, the changes from desynchronization to hypersynchronization were observed with age. These facts suggest that the three syndromes are based on the same pathophysiology, strongly related to the subcortical mechanism, and that their clinico‐electrical manifestations are modified by the degree of brain maturation.
A Clinical and Electroencephalographical Follow‐up Study for More than 10 Years in Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Kitagawa Tatsuya
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A clinical and electroencephalographical follow‐up study of 10 to 18 years was conducted on 147 patients with epilepsy. Generalized epilepsy was prognostically favorable, but petit mal absence with grand mal was not always good clinically and electroencephalographically as generally accepted. Paroxysmal discharges found in the initial EEGs tended to become more localized in the final EEGs recorded at least more than 10 years later. The migration of spike foci and bilateral independent spikes were found in many patients. Prognostically the EEG background was more important. Fourteen and six‐per‐second positive spikes and 6 Hz spike and wave phantoms had an age dependence as well as 3 Hz spike and wave complexes and these discharges were regarded as prognostically the favorable patterns.
Incomplete Projection, a New Defense Mechanism –An Experience in Japan–
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Through my clinical experiences, the symptom which is explained as a defense mechanism, projection, seems to be divided into complete (Freud) and incomplete one. One is the patient who accepts the symptom which is quite unfamiliar (Projection) and the other, as I tried to explain in this paper, accepts the symptom as rather familiar. The patient who shows the incomplete projection could not project his own inner anxiety completely into the outside world, which results as a guilty feeling even having projective symptoms.

The idea of incomplete projection is a useful way to understand clinically the patient and also I found that the patient who shows the symptom of projection sometimes has the incomplete type of projection through the course of psychotherapy.
Does Sex Influence Laterality Differences in Recognition of Visually‐Presented Kana or Kanji Words?
Authors: Shimizu Akinori , Endo Masaomi , Egami Mineko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The speed of recognition of Japanese Kana (phonetic) and Kanji (ideographic) symbols tachistoscopically presented either to the left or the right visual field in 20 normal right‐handed Japanese subjects (10 males and 10 females) was investigated. A significant right visual field superiority for the recognition of both meaningful and nonsense Kana words was obtained, while there was a lack of laterality differences in recognition of meaningful Kanji words. The results indicated that Kanji processing is somewhat different from Kana processing. Sex did not influence visual field preferences regardless of the kind of verbal stimuli.
Flickering Light Spot as a Tracking Target for the Study of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Schizophrenics –A New Method–
Authors: Matsue Yoshihiko , Okuma Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) were studied in 26 schizophrenics and 20 normal controls. A light spot on a screen of cathode ray oscilloscope was used as a tracking target. In order to induce SPEM disorder easily, the subjects were required to track a light spot which flickered in various frequencies. This new method devised by the authors has clearly demonstrated that the SPEM in schizophrenics was more profoundly disturbed by the flickering of the tracking target than that in the normal control subjects. It was supposed that poor tracking of a flickering light spot in schizophrenics may be due to the inadequate concentration of attention to visual stimuli, and/or inability to predict the movements of a tracking target.
Sex Differences in the Human Group Mean SEP*
Authors: Ikuta Takumi , Furuta Noriko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: With 200 SEPs of normal human subjects, the sex differences in the waveform of the Group Mean SEP were established eliminating those attributable to the peripheral factors, the statures and the nutritional conditions represented by Rohrer's index. The differences in baseline amplitude of the Group Mean SEP between sexes, in the sections between 25–110 msec and behind 400 msec in latency, were verified removing those between the tallers and the shorters and those between with high and with low values of Rohrer's index, not attributable to these peripheral factors and might be the central origin. The differences in the Scaled Group Mean SEP were also verified similarly, being more a significant indication of the sex difference itself than those in the Group Mean SEP.
Schizophrenia‐like Psychosis in a 46, XX Male
Authors: Nanko Shinichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: XX male is a rather rare condition among general population. A case of schizophrenia‐like psychosis in a 46, XX male found among 4,129 male inpatients in Japanese mental hospitals was presented. The main clinical feature was a formal thought disorder that included delusions, auditory hallucinations and poor reality testing. This is the first report of the 46, XX male with schizophrenia‐like psychosis.
Aging in the Neuropil of Cerebral Cortex– A Quantitative Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Ikari Koichi , Hayashi Michihiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Six age groups, each composed of four animals from each of the following ages, were used to assess age‐related ultrastructural changes in the neuropil of the III layer of the frontal cortex in rats: 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months old. Random samplings within the neuropil were taken to produce 40 electron micrographs in each rat (totaling 960). The profiles of axon terminals, dendrites and astroglial processes in the neuropil of each micrograph were traced. Then the percentage of their areas for the area of neuropil (relative volume fraction) was examined using the image analyzer system.

The relative volume fractions of both the axon terminals and dendrites for the neuropil were found to have decreased in the aged rats. On the contrary, the relative volume fraction of astroglial processes for the neuropil had progressively increased with aging.
Neurobiological Studies of Experimental Diphenylhydantoin Intoxication
Authors: Takeichi Masashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of chronic administration of diphenylhydantoin on the fine structures of the rat cerebellum was ultrastructurally investigated. Materials from nine control rats and 16 experimental rats to which 200 to 300 mg/kg b.wt. of diphenylhydantoin was administered orally for 12 months were studied with the light and electron microscopes. The most striking changes were observed in the presynaptic boutons located predominantly in the molecular layer and the neuropil of deep cerebellar nuclei and sometimes in the granule cell layer. The changes consisted of the proliferation of either interconnected tubules 150 to 350 Å in diameter associated with membranous scrolls and/or membranous strands separated by a cleft‐like space, or parallel tubules about 600 Å in diameter with a honeycomb‐like architecture in the cross section, and hypertrophy of the boutons. Other alterations were a generalized increase in the density of the axoplasmic matrix, the accumulation of mitochondria, vesicular structures and dense bodies, an increased number of neurofilaments and a decreased number of synaptic vesicles. The axon displayed morphological abnormalities similar to those found in the terminal boutons. Along with the synaptic and axonic changes mentioned above, the perikaryal alterations in the Purkinje cell and in granule cell layers and deep cerebellar nuclei were also found, but they were generally not so prominent so that they were considered to reflect a non‐specific reaction to synapto‐axonic changes rather than a primary degenerative change. However, in contrast to the neuronal changes, no indication of damage of the glial elements was found, nor were there vascular changes.
Cyst of the Conus Medullaris Manifesting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Syndrome
Authors: Korosue Kazuyoshi , Shibasaki Hiroshi , Kuroiwa Yoshigoro , Machi Takao , Sawada Koji , Kitamura Katsutoshi , Ikeda Jun
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An intramedullary cyst of the conus medullaris was found in a 49‐year‐old man, who presented progressive amyotrophy in the lower extremities, without root pain or sensory impairment. The clinical manifestation resembled that of ALS, although there were some atypical features, such as urinary difficulty and atrophy in the lower limbs. Myelography demonstrated an intradural oval mass and a laminectomy revealed a cystic malformation of the conus medullaris. Drainage of the cyst resulted in a marked clinical improvement.
Serial Action Potential Analysis in Guillain‐Barré Syndrome
Authors: Takahashi Kazuro , Nakashima Kenji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Action potential analyses were carried out in 62 skeletal muscles of 16 patients with the Guillain‐Barré syndrome. The muscles of a good prognosis showed only a slight change in duration, amplitude and phase of action potentials on electromyograms. On the other hand, the muscles of a poor prognosis showed a marked increase in duration and amplitude of action potentials, especially in the chronic stage. The incidence of polyphasic potentials was more frequent in the early stage than in the chronic stage in the muscles of a poor prognosis. The changes in duration in the early stage of a poor prognosis muscles were similar to those of acute beriberi neuropathy and the changes in the late stage were similar to those of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, both of which showed axonal degenerations. In the early stage, myopathy‐like changes in electromyography were often noticed, but the muscle biopsy showed only early neurogenic changes. Coupling or satellite discharges were found most frequently six or eight months after the onset, and decreased in number in the chronic stage. Satellites with blockings appeared earlier than those without blockings. A poor prognosis might be induced by an axonal degeneration partly together with segmental demyelinations.
A Case Report of Myasthenia Gravis Associated with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Authors: Hashimoto Atsutaka , Hanada Masanori , Okada Sachio , Aoki Norihiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An unusual case of myasthenia gravis is presented. The disease was clinically established in a 71‐year‐old Japanese woman by an electromyographic, pharmachologic test and anti‐acetylcholine receptor (anti‐AChR) antibodies demonstrated in the circulating blood. The coexistence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis was diagnosed by the presence of a diffuse thyroid enlargement, anti‐thyroglobulin and anti‐microsomal antibodies and a lowered thyroidal 131I uptake. A delusion of persecution developed during the treatment with pyridostigmine and ephedrine chloride, but the symptom disappeared after discontinuing the use of ephedrine chloride.
Positive Occipital Sharp Transients in the Human Sleep EEG
Authors: Egawa Isao , Yoshino Kazumichi , Hishikawa Yasuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The characteristics of positive occipital sharp transients (POSTs) in the human sleep EEG were studied, and their characteristics were compared with those of lambda waves appearing in the occipital EEG during the waking state. The following findings were obtained: 1) POSTs were observed in 57% of 189 subjects examined during sleep. The incidence of the subjects showing POSTs was highest in the group of subjects aged 21–30 years. 2) The incidence of the subjects showing POSTs tended to be high among the subjects with a high alpha wave index. 3) The wave form and topography of POSTs had striking similarities to those of lambda waves. 4) The frequency of POSTs was highest during the initial 30 minutes' period of NREM sleep after the sleep onset in both nocturnal and diurnal sleep. 5) The frequency and amplitude of POSTs were not modified by changing the background illumination in the recording room. 6) No significant relation was found between the frequency of POSTs and dream experience during NREM sleep.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Tobo Mizue , Mitsuyama Yoshio , Kaku Tsunehisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We examined two cases of tuberous sclerosis for the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using the immunoperoxidase technique. The majority of abnormal giant cells in the cerebral cortex showed no reaction to anti‐GFAP. Some abnormal cells in the cortical tuber and white matter showed a weak positive reaction. All of the subependymal tumor cells showed no GFAP in their cytoplasm. The abnormal giant cells in tuberous sclerosis,. morphologically similar to gemistocytic astrocyte, are not accompanied by antigenic properties of GFAP.
Effects of Subchronic Treatment of Methamphetamine Haloperidol on the Rat Brain Levels of GABA, Glutamate and Aspartate
Authors: Kaiya Hisanobu , Takeuchi Koji , Yoshida Hiromichi , Kondo Toshihide , Sanpei Fumiyoshi , Okada Yasuhiro , Namba Masuyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Centrally active amino acids (GABA, glutamate, asparate) were assayed enzyme‐fluorometrically in five brain regions of the rat after a 16‐day administration of methamphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), or both agents together. Methamphetamine caused no statistically‐significant changes in the GABA contents in any brain areas, a significant decrease in the glutamate content of the striatum, hippocampus and midbrain and an increase in the aspartate content of the hypothalamus. Haloperidol treatment resulted in no changes in the GABA content, a significant decrease in the glutamate content of the striatum and a significant increase in the aspartate content in the frontal cortex. The treatment with both agents caused a significant decrease in the GABA content of the hypothalamus. The combined administration normalized a lowering of the glutamate levels in the striatum caused by methamphetamine and haloperidol, respectively, and increased the level of aspartate in the hypothalamus caused by methamphetamine and in the frontal cortex caused by haloperidol.
Effects of Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone on Catecholamine Concentration in Various Structures of the Rat Brain
Authors: Niimi Michio , Takahara Jiro , Fujino Hisayuki , Aoki Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In an attempt to identify the site of TRH‐action in the central nervous system (CNS), we have measured catecholamine levels in discrete brain regions of rats after an intravenous administration of TRH or a long‐term intraventricular administration of TRH using Alzet's osmotic minipump. An intravenous administration of 50 μg TRH caused a rapid increase in dopamine (DA) concentration in the septal nucleus and then returned to the basal level at 30 min after injection. The concentration of DA in the septal nucleus after the long‐term TRH intraventricular administration was also significantly higher than that in the controls. These results indicate that a long‐term intraventricular administration of TRH as well as a bolus intravenous injection of TRH may affect the release or metabolism of DA in the septal nucleus.
Metabolism of D‐Phenylalanine and Its Effects on Concentrations of Brain Monoamines and Amino Acids in Rats–A Basic Study on Possibility of Clinical Use of D‐Phenylalanine as an Antidepressant–
Authors: Hashimoto Hiromichi , Nakajima Teruo , Nishimura Tsuyoshi , Kudo Yoshio , Takeda Yasushi , Nakao Misuo , Kanaya Hiroko , Horiguchi Yukiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of D‐phenylalanine on the concentrations of brain catecholamines, serotonin, β‐phenylethylamine and amino acids was examined using rats injected intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg of D‐phenylalanine. The contents of these monoamines in the rat brain were not affected by the administration of D‐phenylalanine. No spectacular change was observed in the concentrations of brain amino acids except phenylalanine, which increased about four times during 30–60 minutes after the injection. This increase was attributed to the administered D‐phenylalanine. To confirm the finding that D‐phenylalanine did not affect the content of β‐phenylethylamine, the metabolism of D‐phenylalanine was examined using D‐[14C]‐phenylalanine. It was proven that D‐phenylalanine did not convert to β‐phenylethylamine. On the basis of these findings the antidepressant effect of D‐phenylalanine was critically discussed.
Risks of Occurrence of Psychoses in Relation to the Types of Epilepsies and Epileptic Seizures
Authors: Sengoku Akira , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu , Wada Toyoji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The possible existence of the risks of occurrence of psychoses was examined in relation to the types of epilepsies and epileptic seizures. This study consisted of two investigations: 1) A study of 879 epileptic patients was conducted in which the incidence of psychoses in the different types of epilepsies was surveyed; the result was that the incidence in temporal lobe epilepsy was the highest, being relatively higher than that of other (non‐temporal lobe) partial epilepsies but not significantly different from that of generalized epilepsies. 2) A comparative study was carried out on 96 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy in which 48 were psychotic and another 48 were non‐psychotic which served as a control group. The differences of seizure symptomatology between the two groups were compared. The results were that the psychotic group was found to exhibit at a significantly higher rate generalized tonic‐clonic convulsion and compound seizure manifestations in comparison with the non‐psychotic group. The results appear to support the fact that generalizing mechanisms of temporal lobe epileptic manifestations are closely related to a physiopathogenic factor influencing psychoses.
Absence Status: With Special Reference to the Psychiatric Symptoms Directly Related to the Occurrence of Seizure Activity
Authors: Nakane Yoshibumi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Six cases of absence status (age 4–40) have been reported from our center. The clinical and electroencephalographic features of 49 reported Japanese patients (including the cases from our center) have been analyzed and classified into subgroups. As a result, it was possible to classify absence status into three subgroups: typical absence status, atypical absence status and ictal stupor. In each subgroup, there were significant features in the onset age, history of epilepsy, electroencephalographic features and prognoses, and the cases of ictal stupor were least related to epilepsy. Consequently, it was mentioned that a part of psychiatric symptoms of absence status could be evaluated as transient ictal psychosis.
Primary Generalized Epilepsy and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Psychological Study Using Rorschach Tests
Authors: Kawai Itsuo , Aoki Kenji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Rorschach tests were performed on patients with primary generalized epilepsy (PGE) and on patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) combined with generalized tonic‐clonic convulsions. Each group consisted of 20 cases and the two groups were matched as closely as possible. Patients with PGE were found to be characterized by variable responses, sensitivity, extroversion and undifferentiated tendencies. Patients with TLE are practical but inefficient and constricted in character. Cases not on medication displayed the same character types. On the basis of the above findings, speculation is made concerning the features of neurotic or psychotic PGE patients.
Limbic Lobe Epilepsy with Paranoid Symptoms: Analysis of Clinical Features and Psychological Tests
Authors: Onuma Teiichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Ten cases of limbic epilepsy with paranoid symptoms were compared with 10 cases of limbic epilepsy without paranoid symptoms and 10 case3 of primary generalized epilepsy (GTC). The clinical features (onset of seizures, their duration, combination with GTC, seizure control, social adaptability and laterality of foci) and psychological tests (WAIS, Bender‐Gestalt, MPI, Y‐G, Rorschach) were analyzed. Paranoid epileptics showed poor social adaptation in spite of the seizures being better controlled. They had a low performance IQ, a low object assembly test and a low picture completion te3t in WAIS. They were less extroversive in MPI, less aggressive and more introversive in the Yatabe‐Gilford test. In the Rorschach test, they had a high color response and a form response but the form level was low.
A Study of Superimposition of Hysteria upon Epilepsy
Authors: Komai Sumiya
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The superimposition of hysteria upon epilepsy was seen in 23 patients out of a group of 758 epileptic outpatients (3.03%). Secondary generalized epilepsy showed the highest prevalence (10.14%). Hysterical fits were seen in 15 patients. Seven patients showed hysterical twilight states. As for the other long‐persisting features, the disturbances of motility, ataxias and paralyses without any organic basis were seen in seven patients and hysterical pseudodementia was found in one patient. As provocative factors, a variety of psychological problems was seen in 14 patients and hysterical personalities preexisted in eight patients. In a longitudinal study, the hysterical symptoms were transient in nine patients but they persisted for a long time or superimposed upon epilepsy repetitively in 14 patients.
Potentiation of GABA by Midazolam and Its Therapeutic Effect against Status Epilepticus
Authors: Kaneko Sunao , Kurahashi Kozo , Fujita Seiichi , Fukushima Yutaka , Sato Tokijiro , Hill Raymond G.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The anticonvulsive effect of midazolam was studied in rats and mice brains. Microiontophoretically applied midazolam (0.2M, pH 3.5) potentiated the GABA effect at the single neurone level, and inhibited neuronal firing in the rat cuneate neurones. Midazolam administered intraperitoneally (15 mg/kg) increased the primary afferent depolarization for at least two hours. Three mg/kg of midazolam slightly increased the glutamate decarboxylase activities in the mice cerebrum and the increase was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The authors reported a case of clinical application of midazolam: a status epilepticus was successfully treated with it, while intravenous diazepam of 30 mg failed to control the status.
Psychomotor Status–A Female Case in the 34th Week of Pregnancy
Authors: Murasaki Mitsukuni , Okamoto Kurefu , Takahashi Akihiko , Nagai Takashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case report is presented here. A 33‐year‐old female who had been medicated with Chinese medicine showed a typical psychomotor status which conformed to all items of Heinteľs and Treiman and Delgado‐Escueta's diagnostic criteria of psychomotor status. When she was 33 years old in the 34th week of pregnancy on April 11, 1981, she was found to be in an epileptic twilight state during which a delirious state and some automatisms were observed. As the incidence of automatisms gradually increased, she was finally seized with a typical psychomotor status in which automatisms were quite periodically and frequently repeated without complete recovery of consciousness between seizures. This status still continued despite an intravenous injection of diazepam and phenytoin and barely ceased with the medication of clonazepam and carbamazepine four days after the beginning of the status
Sleep Pattern in Children with Intractable Epilepsy and Mental Retardation
Authors: Horita Hideki , Kumagai Komei , Endo Shiro , Niwa Nobuyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Four cases with intractable epilepsy and mental retardation (Epi + MR), four cases of mental retardation (MR), one case of mental retardation without epileptic seizures for the last several years (MR + (Epi)) and two normal children were studied on their sleep pattern. Besides these, two cases of epilepsy (Epi) were examined. Awake time increased in the Epi + MR group. Slow wave sleep decreased markedly in the Epi + MR group. REM sleep decreased in the MR + (Epi) and Epi + MR groups. REM density was lowered in the following order: normal → Epi → MR →Epi + MR groups. The difference of sleep pattern among the normal, Epi and MR groups was not exhibited clearly, but severe sleep disturbances were shown in the Epi + MR group, implicating the severe brain dysfunction in the cortex and the brain stem.
Neurobiologieal Studies of Experimental Diphenylhydantoin Intoxication–III. Electron Microscopic Studies on Development and Disintegration Mechanism of Altered Axon Terminals and Synaptic Endings in Rat Cerebellum with Chronic Diphenylhydantoin Intoxication
Authors: Takeichi Masashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The processes of development and disintegration of axonal spheroids were electron microscopically studied in the rat cerebellum with chronic diphenylhydantoin intoxication. According to the severity and character of membrane accumulation, the whole course ranging from development to disintegration of altered axon terminals and synaptic endings in the DPH‐in‐toxicated rat cerebellum was classified into the following four stages–initial, moderate, advanced and terminal. The initial stage was characterized by the appearance of a small number of interconnected tubules 150 to 350 A in diameter in non‐enlarged axon terminals and synaptic endings. Usually these tubular structures tended to congregate in a certain part of axoplasm so that there were no intimate relationships between them and ordinary cell organelles. The moderate stage was characterized by an increased number of interconnected tubules in slightly or moderately swollen axon terminals and synaptic endings. The advanced stage was characterized by an extraordinary number of interconnected tubules in extremely highly swollen axon terminals and synaptic endings. Membranous scrolls and/or membranous strands separated by a cleft‐like space were also found in an association with interconnected tubules so that the morphological organization of spheroids in the rat cerebellum with chronic DPH intoxication was very analogous to those of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. The terminal stage was characterized by the following three axonal events, i.e., rarefaction and coagulation necroses, and phagocytosis of spheroids by glial elements, presumably astrocytic in origin. The formation and fate of such axonal spheroids have not as yet been shown and discussed by electron microscopists. Thus the present paper was the first to reveal the electron microscopic observations suggestive of the details of development and disintegration mechanisms of spheroids by means of animal experimentations.
Effects of Imipramine on Behavior and Brain Norepinephrine Metabolism in Tetrabenazine Treated Rats: Comparative Study of a Single Administration with Repeated Administrations of Imipramine
Authors: Hori Akira , Nakagawara Michio , Kariya Tetsuhiko , Watanabe And Akiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of a single and repeated administrations of imipramine on the tetrabenazine‐induced sedation in rats were studied. The 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol‐sulfate (MHPG‐SO4) level in the brain was measured. 1) A single administration of imipramine of 20 mg/kg had no significant effect on the rats' locomotor activity and the brain MHPG‐SO4. The administration of 30 mg/kg of tetrabenazine produced marked sedation and significantly increased the brain MHPG‐SO4. 2) The imipramine pretreatment reversed the tetrabenazine‐induced sedation. The brain MHPG‐SO4 in the rats treated with a single administration of imipramine along with tetrabenazine decreased significantly, compared with that in the rats treated with tetrabenazine only. The administration of α‐methyl‐para‐tyrosine (α‐MT) of 250 mg/kg suppressed the reversal of the tetrabenazine‐induced sedation. The administration of Ro4‐4602 of 50 mg/kg and L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) of 100 mg/kg had no significant effect on the reversal. 3) The repeated daily administrations of imipramine of 20 mg/kg reversed the tetrabenazine‐induced sedation and produced the locomotor hyperactivity. When the rats were treated with the repeated administrations of imipramine for five days and had tetrabenazine administered on the last day, the brain MHPG‐SO.J increased significantly as compared with that in the rats treated with a single administration of imipramine and tetrabenazine. There was no difference in the amount of locomotor activity between the rats administered imipramine of 20 mg/kg and tetrabenazine and those administered imipramine of 40 mg/kg and tetrabenazine. 4) Several considerations were given to the above‐mentioned results.
An Ultrastructural Change in Developing Rat Cerebral Cortex: A Morphometrical Study
Authors: Tamai Koh , Ikari Koichi , Hayashi Michihiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Five age groups, each composed of four animals from each of the following ages, were used to assess age‐related ultrastructural changes with development in the neuropil of the III layer of the frontal cortex (area 6) in rats; 1, 2, 3, 5 and 12 weeks old. Random samplings within the neuropil were taken to produce 25 electron micrographs in each rat (totaling 500). The profiles of axon terminals, dendrites and mitochondria in each element in the neuropil of each micrograph were traced. The percentage of their areas for the area of neuropil (relative volume fraction) was examined using the image analyzer system. The size and number of synaptic terminals were counted. The relative volume fractions of both the axon terminals and mitochondria in the terminals for the neuropil were found to have increased in the mature rats. On the other hand, the relative volume fraction of dendrites for the neuropil had been unchanged and the size of the terminals had gradually decreased. The number of terminals had progressively increased with development.
Psychiatric Disorders of Pre‐adolescence in Japan
Authors: Kaku Reigetsu , Kawata Motoko , Wakimoto Kyoko , Hanada Masanori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have classified 200 pre‐adolescent patients, with whom we have met during the last three years, into the following four types: 1) school refusal and obsessive behavior, 2) psychosomatic disorders, 3) depressive reactions, and 4) schizophrenic disorders. During our therapeutic process, we realized that even though their symptoms seemed varied and severe, they disappeared after comparatively short periods. The pre‐adolescent period is a turning point at which the children depart from their earlier relationships with parents and start to form new ones with friends. We facilitated the patients' developmental process in this period so that they would recover naturally by themselves. However, when we looked at the social phenomena which influence the family and children, we noticed that some factors interfered with the pre‐adolescents trying to get over the above‐mentioned turning point.