bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prescribing trend of tapentadol in a Sydney local health district
Authors: Mirabella Jennifer , Ravi Deepa , Chiew Angela L. , Buckley Nicholas A. , Chan Betty S.
Published: June 2022

Aims

Tapentadol, an opioid with mu‐opioid receptor agonism and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition, has been increasingly used in Australia since 2011. However, data on hospital prescribing trends and indications are scarce. This study aimed to investigate hospital prescribing trends of tapentadol, oxycodone and tramadol in a Sydney local health district (LHD) and the indications for tapentadol hospital prescriptions in an Australian tertiary hospital.

Methods

We analysed 5‐year patient dispensing for tapentadol, oxycodone and tramadol from four hospitals in a Sydney LHD with data expressed as oral morphine equivalents (OME). We also conducted a retrospective review of 140 and 54 patients prescribed tapentadol at a tertiary hospital's surgical and spinal units in 2020.

Results

Over 5 years in the Sydney LHD, there was a 19.5% reduction in total dispensing of these opioids from 1 225 210 to 986 477.5 OME milligrams. Decreases were specifically for oxycodone (−37.8% immediate‐release, −65.2% sustained‐release) and tramadol (−74.6% immediate‐release, −70.1% sustained‐release). Contrastingly, hospital prescriptions of tapentadol immediate‐release increased by 223.2% between 2018–19 and 2020–21 while sustained‐release increased by 17.9% from 2016–17 to 2020–21. By 2020–21, tapentadol overtook oxycodone to become the most prescribed opioid in the Sydney LHD (51.4%). At the hospital's surgical units, 137 (97.9%) patients were prescribed tapentadol for acute post‐operative pain with the majority (54.0%) prescribed both immediate‐release and sustained‐release tapentadol, while 71.1% were prescribed for neuropathic pain in the spinal units.

Conclusion

In a Sydney LHD, tapentadol prescriptions increased significantly to become the preferred opioid analgesic. At the hospital's surgical units, off‐label prescriptions of tapentadol sustained‐release for acute post‐operative pain were observed.
Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in intracerebral hemorrhage: Relevance as prognostic markers for quantification of the edema volume
Authors: Rendevski Vladimir , Aleksovski Boris , Mihajlovska Rendevska Ana , Hadzi‐Petrushev Nikola , Manusheva Nensi , Shuntov Blagoj , Gjorgoski Icko
Published: June 2022

We aimed to analyze the inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) markers after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and their temporal changes, interaction effects, and prognostic values as biomarkers for the prediction of the edema volume. Our prospective, longitudinal study included a cohort group of 73 conservatively treated patients with ICH, without hematoma expansion or intraventricular bleeding, which were initialized with the same treatment and provided with the same in‐hospital care during the disease course. Study procedures included multilevel comprehensive analyses of clinical and neuroimaging data, aligned with the exploration of 19 inflammatory and five OS markers. White blood cells (WBC), C‐reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), neutrophilia, and lymphopenia peaked 3 days post‐ICH, and they showed much stronger correlations with clinical and neuroimaging variables, when compared to the admission values. An intricate interplay among inflammatory (WBC, CRP, neutrophils, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio [NLR], interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐10) and OS mechanisms (catalase activity and advanced oxidation protein products [AOPP]) was detected operating 3‐days post‐ICH, being assessed as relevant for prediction of the edema. The overall results suggested complex pathology of formation of post‐ICH edema, via: (A) Not additive, but statistically significant synergistic interactions between CRP‐ESR, neutrophils‐CRP, and neutrophils‐IL‐6 as drivers for the edema formation; (B) Significant antagonistic effect of high protein oxidation on the CRP‐edema dependence, suggesting a mechanism of potential OS‐CRP negative feedback loop and redox inactivation of CRP. The final multiple regression model separated the third‐day variables NLR, CRP × AOPP, and WBC, as significant prognostic biomarkers for the prediction of the edema volume, with NLR being associated with the highest effect size. Our developed mathematical equation with 3D modeling for prediction and quantification of the edema volume might be beneficial for taking timely adequate strategies for prevention of delayed neurological deteriorations.
Evaluation of soft tissue and labial plate of bone stability with immediate implant in direct contact versus gap with socket shield: A randomized clinical trial with 1 year follow‐up
Authors: Abdullah Amr Hany , Abdel Gaber Hala Kamal , Adel‐Khattab Doaa
Published: June 2022

Objective

In the anterior region, the resorption of the buccal plate of bone after tooth extraction leads to contraction of the overlying soft tissues, resulting in an esthetic problem. In the socket shield technique, the buccal root section of the tooth is maintained, to preserve the buccal bone for immediate implant placement. The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to investigate the effect of leaving a gap or not between implant and retained root fragment on bone dimensions and soft tissue esthetics.

Methods

This was a two armed parallel group randomized clinical trial with allocation ratio 1:1. Patients were eligible in case they needed immediate implant replacing teeth in esthetic zone with sufficient buccal bone support. CBCT was performed immediately after the intervention and 12 months later.

Results

Forty six patients (26 females and 20 males) were enrolled in the study with 23 of them placed in contact with shield and 23 were placed palatal leaving a gap to graft with a xenograft. After 12 months, excellent soft tissue stability was reported (mean pink esthetic score at placement group A: 12.00 ± 1.60 after 12 months 12.90 ± 1.69, group B 12.62 ± 2.07 and after 12 months 12.38 ± 2.20) Using both surgical techniques. Radiographic crestal bone level changes mean for group A was −0.26 ± 0.52 and for group B ‐0.34 ± 0.31. There was a strong positive correlation between clinical and radiographic bone width values which was statistically significant (r = 0.782, p < 0.001). Width and thickness of keratinized gingiva showed no significant difference between values measured in both groups. Nonsignificant difference between studied groups according to the labial plate of bone clinical and radiographic changes after immediate implantation.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, the present data seem to support that the clinical outcome of the socket shield technique with immediate implant placement placed in contact or leaving a gap gave excellent esthetic results.
Influence of width of keratinized tissue on the prevalence of peri‐implant diseases: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ramanauskaite Ausra , Schwarz Frank , Sader Robert
Published: June 2022

Aim

To evaluate the influence of the width of keratinized tissue (KT) on the prevalence of peri‐implant diseases, and soft‐ and hard‐tissue stability.

Materials and methods

Clinical studies reporting on the prevalence of peri‐implant diseases (primary outcome), plaque index (PI), modified plaque index (mPI), bleeding index (mBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depths (PD), mucosal recession (MR), and marginal bone loss (MBL) and/or patient‐reported outcomes (PROMs; secondary outcomes) were searched. The weighted mean differences (WMD) were estimated for the assessed clinical and radiographic parameters by employing a random‐effect model that considered different KT widths (i.e., <2 and ≥2 mm).

Results

Twenty‐two articles describing 21 studies (15 cross‐sectional, five longitudinal comparative studies, and one case series with pre–post design) with an overall high to low risk of bias were included. Peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis affected 20.8% to 42% and at 10.5% to 44% of the implants with reduced or absent KT (i.e., <2 mm or 0 mm). The corresponding values at the implant sites with KT width of ≥2 mm or >0 mm were 20.5% to 53% and 5.1% to 8%, respectively. Significant differences between implants with KT < 2 mm and those with KT ≥ 2 mm were revealed for WMD for BOP, mPI, PI, MBL, and MR all favoring implants with KT ≥ 2 mm.

Conclusion

Reduced KT width is associated with an increased prevalence of peri‐implantitis, plaque accumulation, soft‐tissue inflammation, mucosal recession, marginal bone loss, and greater patient discomfort.
Indigenous knowledge in conservation science and the process of a two‐way research collaboration
Authors: Lilleyman Amanda , Millar Gabrial , Burn Samantha , Fatt Kyle Hunt‐Lew , Talbot Aleana , Que‐Noy Jimmy , Dawson Steven , Williams Ben , Mummery Alan , Rolland Sarah , Wilson Shania , Jacobson Emily , Smith Benjamin C. D.
Published: June 2022

Environmental research often occurs in short bursts with the duration of fieldwork often governed by the time constraints of a funding body. Collaborations between academic researchers and Indigenous People have occurred for many years and the exchange of information can create value and knowledge for both participants in the collaboration. Indigenous People play a vital role as knowledge keepers in environmental science and can, in some instances, provide a more secure repository of local knowledge and conservation practice than digital archives. In this essay, Indigenous Rangers on Larrakia country in Darwin, Australia, and a non‐Indigenous academic researcher describe how value‐creation was increased for both parties involved in a collaborative project on the migratory shorebird far eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis). We share our experiences of expectations, the development of methods, the codeveloped goals and complementary ways of thinking to manage threatened species at a local scale, the scale at which the local Larrakia People operate. Through our collaboration, we show that both parties within the collaboration can benefit and create value for a species of conservation concern that has not typically been considered culturally important.
Heavy drinking and problem drinking among youth in Uganda: A structural equation model of alcohol marketing, advertisement perceptions and social norms
Authors: Swahn Monica H. , Culbreth Rachel , Fodeman Ari , Cottrell‐Daniels Cherell , Tumwesigye Nazarius Mbona , Jernigan David H. , Kasirye Rogers , Obot Isidore
Published: June 2022

Introduction

To determine the role of alcohol marketing, perceptions of marketing and social norms on heavy alcohol use and problem drinking among vulnerable youth in Uganda.

Methods

The Kampala Youth Survey is a cross‐sectional study conducted in 2014 with service‐seeking youth (ages 12–18 years) living in the slums of Kampala (n = 1134) who were participating in Uganda Youth Development Link drop‐in centres. Survey measures assessed perceptions of alcohol advertisements, social norms regarding alcohol use, heavy alcohol use and problem drinking. Factor analyses and structural equation models were computed to determine the predictors (e.g. social norms and alcohol marketing exposure) for drinking amounts, heavy drinking and problem drinking.

Results

Alcohol marketing allure, perceptions of adults' alcohol attitudes and respondent's male gender were significantly predictive of heavy drinking. Similarly, in addition to drinking amount and heaviness, only alcohol marketing exposure and friends' alcohol attitudes, as well as respondent's own attitudes about alcohol, significantly predicted variation in problem drinking.

Discussion and Conclusions

Alcohol marketing exposure and allure are significant predictors of heavy drinking and problem drinking among youth in Uganda. Prevention programs that reduce exposure to and allure of alcohol marketing may prove promising for reducing alcohol use and related problems among these vulnerable youth in a low‐resource setting.
Patterns of variation in plant diversity vary over different spatial levels in seasonal coastal wetlands
Authors: Dwyer Ciara , Millett Jonathan , Jones Laurence , Bartholomeus Ruud P. , van Willegen Lisanne , Chavasse Anna , Pakeman Robin J.
Published: June 2022

Aim

To quantify the responses of alpha and beta diversity to multivariate gradients, incorporating variation in environmental and management variability in coastal dune slacks.

Location

United Kingdom dune slacks.

Methods

Plant community composition, plant nutrient status and soil characteristics were measured for 164 quadrats in 41 dune slacks across 12 coastal sand dune systems. Data were collated on climate and atmospheric deposition. Hydrological regimes at daily resolution were modelled and calibrated using daily‐to‐monthly site measurements, from which we calculated quadrat‐level hydrological metrics. Alpha diversity (richness, Shannon diversity and Pielou's evenness) metrics and beta diversity (turnover and nestedness) for species and genera were calculated across three spatial levels from sand dune system (highest) to dune slack to quadrat (lowest).

Results

Diversity patterns depended on the spatial and taxonomic level considered. At smaller spatial levels (between dune slacks and between quadrats), alpha and beta diversity varied along gradients driven by soil characteristics, water table depth and atmospheric deposition. At larger spatial levels (between sand dune systems), patterns of beta diversity were a consequence of plant nutrient status. There was little variability in alpha diversity along this same gradient, with only small changes in Pielou's species evenness. Patterns at a coarser taxonomic level (genus) mirrored those at the species level.

Main conclusion

We show that patterns of variation in plant diversity are dependent on the spatial level considered, but taxonomic level made little difference in understanding these patterns. Therefore, if we do not consider patterns across different spatial levels, important environmental and management drivers could be missed. The high biodiversity value and degree of threat to these European protected habitats makes such understanding invaluable for their conservation.
An unethical trial and the politicization of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Brazil: The case of Prevent Senior
Authors: Hellmann Fernando , Homedes Núria
Published: June 2022

The Brazilian Federal Senate created a Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (CPI) to investigate the Bolsonaro government's irregularities in the management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. One of the cases that drew attention was the research conducted by Prevent Senior, a private health insurance company, on the early treatment of COVID‐19. The article analyzes the scientific validity of the research and the ethical problems related to its implementation. It is based on analysis of Prevent Senior's report of the clinical study, the Brazilian and USA clinical trial registries, the Senate's CPI report, and on the information reported by the media. This case of scientific fraud and political‐ideological bias exemplifies how Prevent Senior, using a questionable protocol to enhance its reputation and gain government support, was instrumental in building the “early treatment” narrative for COVID‐19, and shows how it served as a basis for a government public policy that promoted the use of ineffective drugs.
Reevaluating Islamist electoral success and participation in government
Authors: Curtis Justin
Published: June 2022

Under what conditions will Islamist parties perform well in elections and what happens to the political regime should they gain political power? The canonical hypothesis—“one man, one vote, one time”—argues that Islamist parties are likely to perform well whenever elections become free and that their electoral success is likely to lead to a democratic backslide. Others argue that Islamists are not as popular as this hypothesis suggests or that only moderate Islamist parties are likely to perform well and these parties are unlikely to deliberalize a regime. I propose a modification to these hypotheses, and argue that participation in governments, not seat shares, should be conceptualized as electoral success. Furthermore, because they are often the most likely groups to face repression, the presence of Islamists in governments is indicative of a liberalizing process. Using electoral data from across the Muslim‐majority world, I find that Islamists are more likely to hold cabinet‐level positions as regimes become more competitive and that the presence of Islamists in government has a positive effect on future levels of democracy, broadly defined. These findings suggest a need to reevaluate more critical perspectives on the effect of Islamist participation in democratizing countries in the Muslim‐majority world.
Are Iranian graduating dental students prepared to act as future role models of good oral health behaviour? A 10‐year study
Authors: Khami Mohammad Reza , Mohebbi Simin Zahra , Dorostkar Zahra , Keshavarz Hooman , Bonabi Maedeh , Murtomaa Heikki , Virtanen Jorma
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Dentists by their professional knowledge of prevention have a key role in providing a positive role model for oral health‐promoting behaviours. We aimed to investigate the health behaviour of Iranian senior dental students in terms of oral self‐care and tobacco use during a 10‐year period to assess their preparedness to act as role models for health‐promoting behaviours.

Materials and Methods

The study was performed in six dental schools selected through stratified cluster random sampling to have a representative sample of all dental schools in Iran. Data were collected in four occasions in 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2015. Senior dental students (N = 1188) were invited to voluntarily complete a self‐administered anonymous questionnaire about their oral self‐care and tobacco use. Recommended tooth‐brushing habit (RTH) was defined as at least twice a day brushing with fluoridated toothpaste. Three separate questions about cigarette, pipe and waterpipe use were applied to assess the students' reported use of tobacco.

Results

The response rate was 81%. Female students reported more frequently RTH than males (p < .001). The reported RTH was more prevalent among nonsmokers. In 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2015, 22.5%, 26%, 28.5% and 24.6% of the students reported smoking, respectively. The trend of reported smoking had the least variation among female students. This was true also for male students regarding RTH.

Conclusion

The status and trend of oral self‐care and tobacco use among Iranian dental students call for more emphasis on adopting health‐promoting behaviours during dental education.
Near‐peer teaching for learning clinical photography skills: Perceptions of students
Authors: Botelho Michael George , Boubaker Bochra , Wong Irisa Bianca
Published: June 2022

Aim

This paper evaluates the perceptions and experience of students, in the role of both near‐peer teacher and learner who participated in the clinical dental photography course, using a mixed‐method analysis with focus group interviews of student tutors and a questionnaire of learner perceptions.

Methods

A student‐led course on Digital Clinical Photography took place with BDS 5 and 6 students as near‐peer teachers (NPTs) and BDS 2 and 3 students as learners. Interviews were conducted with near‐peer teachers, and a questionnaire was distributed to learners to evaluate students’ perceptions of this novel teaching and learning experience.

Results

Near‐peer teaching has proven to be a beneficial alternative teaching pedagogy which was well‐received by NPTs and student learners. The content creation and teaching experience deepened NPTs' understanding on the subject matter and were motivated given the autonomous nature of the project. NPTs enjoyed and benefited from the collaborative nature of the project and the relevance of the subject matter and improved their clinical skills. The student learners enjoyed the learning experience and benefits of learning from NPTs which is supported by social and cognitive congruence. The positive perception of teaching and learning in pairs were also described.

Conclusion

This project demonstrates the perceived benefits of near‐peer teaching for clinical photography skills for student experiential learning and highlights key elements on how to structure such an activity to engage and support students to participate in such future activities.
Global change re‐structures alpine plant communities through interacting abiotic and biotic effects
Authors: Collins Courtney G. , Elmendorf Sarah C. , Smith Jane G. , Shoemaker Lauren , Szojka Megan , Swift Margaret , Suding Katharine N.
Published: June 2022

Global change is altering patterns of community assembly, with net outcomes dependent on species' responses to the abiotic environment, both directly and mediated through biotic interactions. Here, we assess alpine plant community responses in a 15‐year factorial nitrogen addition, warming and snow manipulation experiment. We used a dynamic competition model to estimate the density‐dependent and ‐independent processes underlying changes in species‐group abundances over time. Density‐dependent shifts in competitive interactions drove long‐term changes in abundance of species‐groups under global change while counteracting environmental drivers limited the growth response of the dominant species through density‐independent mechanisms. Furthermore, competitive interactions shifted with the environment, primarily with nitrogen and drove non‐linear abundance responses across environmental gradients. Our results highlight that global change can either reshuffle species hierarchies or further favour already‐dominant species; predicting which outcome will occur requires incorporating both density‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms and how they interact across multiple global change factors.
Genome‐wide decrease in DNA methylation in adults with epilepsy treated with modified ketogenic diet: A prospective study
Authors: Pedersen Sigrid , Kverneland Magnhild , Nakken Karl Otto , Rudi Knut , Iversen Per Ole , Gervin Kristina , Selmer Kaja Kristine
Published: June 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the modified ketogenic diet on DNA methylation in adults with epilepsy.

Methods

In this prospective study, we investigated the genome‐wide DNA methylation in whole blood in 58 adults with epilepsy treated with the modified ketogenic for 12 weeks. Patients were recruited from the National Center for Epilepsy, Norway, from March 1, 2011 to February 28, 2017. DNA methylation was analyzed using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array. Analysis of variance and paired t‐test were used to identify differentially methylated loci after 4 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. A false discovery rate approach with a significance threshold of <5% was used to adjust for multiple comparisons.

Results

We observed a genome‐wide decrease in DNA methylation, both globally and at specific sites, after 4 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. A substantial share of the differentially methylated positions (CpGs) were annotated to genes associated with epilepsy (n = 7), lipid metabolism (n = 8), and transcriptional regulation (n = 10). Furthermore, five of the identified genes were related to inositol phosphate metabolism, which may represent a possible mechanism by which the ketogenic diet attenuates seizures.

Significance

A better understanding of the modified ketogenic diet's influence at the molecular level may be the key to unraveling the mechanisms by which the diet can ameliorate seizures and possibly to identifying novel therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
Characteristics of anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) schools in the optimum zone and the physiological stress zone of its distribution between 2011 and 2021
Authors: Castillo Pedro Ramiro , Peña Cecilia , Grados Daniel , La Cruz Luis , Valdez Carlos , Pozada‐Herrera Marissela , Cornejo Rodolfo
Published: June 2022

This study has considered anchoveta acoustic data from the Pelagic Resources Hydroacoustic Assessment Surveys carried out by the Peruvian Sea Institute (IMARPE) and free access satellite data (HYCOM and MODIS from the USA) of some oceanographic variables between the period 2011 and 2021, to know the oceanographic conditions, characteristics of schools and size structure in the optimum zone (OZ) and in the physiological stress zone (PSZ), of their total distribution. The OZ is determined by the extent of the Cold Coastal Waters (CCW), and the PSZ is determined by the mixing of waters, to the north by the CCW‐ESW (Equatorial Surface Waters) and to the west between the CCW‐SSW (Subtropical Surface Waters). The range of sea surface temperature and salinity in the PSZ (16.1–25.0°C and 34.65–35.29, respectively) was wider than in the OZ (14.5–24.0°C and 34.65–35.20, respectively), where a higher number of schools were recorded. Our analyses showed that the morphometric and energetic acoustic descriptors of anchoveta schools in the summer were higher during summers compared to springs. In terms of positional characteristics, the mean depth of the schools in the PSZ was slightly greater than in the OZ. The total size structure of anchoveta in the OZ consisted mainly of juvenile specimens (less than 12 cm total length) in the summer of 2011 and 2013–2014 and in the spring between 2014–2017 and 2021. In the PSZ, adult specimens (greater than 12 cm total length) predominated in summer between 2011–2013, 2015, 2018, and 2021 and in spring between 2011–2013, 2015, and between 2018–2021. However, specimens greater than 10 cm in total length were found in the PSZ. Knowledge of the location of this zone away from the coast will allow a high probability of anchoveta capture of adult specimens during fishing periods.
Spatial and biomass structure of shallow‐water cape hake (Merluccius capensis) in the light of episodic environmental shifts
Authors: Bahamon Nixon , Kathena Johannes N. , van der Plas Anja K. , Kainge Paulus , Paramo Jorge , Gordoa Ana
Published: June 2022

The spatial distribution patterns of Merluccius capensis in the Namibian waters were investigated and related to average environmental conditions during 1996–2020. Fisheries‐independent data and simultaneously collected water temperature and dissolved oxygen data were used from austral summer surveys. A geostatistical kriging approach was employed to evaluate the spatial structure of hakes. Links to environmental conditions were explored via data‐driven generalized additive models (GAMs). M. capensis generally exhibited average patch sizes between 40 and 50 nm at depths between 180 and 280 m. During the extreme episodic water warming in 2011 related to a Benguela‐Niño, the hake patches shrank up to a historical minimum of about 13 nm and moved offshore showing maximum densities at unusual deeper bottoms between 260 and 320 m. The deepening and size reduction of aggregations did not alter the biomass estimates (570 kt) that remained within historical ranges (249–811 kt). Although other extremely warm and cold summers were reported during the study period, no significant impact on the M. capensis patch size was detected. Maximum M. capensis densities were linked to optimal bottom temperature range between 10.1 and 11.8°C, dissolved oxygen values close to zero nearshore, and between 0.8 and 1.4 ml/L offshore. Potential changes of biomass produced by extreme environmental events remained undetected within the interannual biomass ranges, suggesting a high resilience capacity to episodic extreme environmental events.
Geographies of peri‐urbanization in the global south
Authors: Follmann Alexander
Published: June 2022

The term peri‐urbanization has been widely used to describe a range of different processes that transform rural areas to a mix of rural and urban spaces. Although there is a burgeoning literature on peri‐urbanization, the conceptual debate about peri‐urbanization's distinction from urbanization is rarely considered. It sometimes seems like whatever occurs at the urban periphery across the global south is labeled peri‐urbanization. This universalizing use of the term risks obscuring the existing diversities of rural‐to‐urban transformations. At the same time, it is empirically clear that the urban periphery of the global south hosts the most dynamic processes of urbanization in the contemporary world. It is also conceptually accepted that to better understand these diverse processes of urbanization, scholars must decenter global urban theory and build new vocabularies and theories from the south. Thus, there is doubt as to whether and to what extent a single concept like peri‐urbanization can capture the great diversity of rural‐to‐urban transformations across the global south. This critical review of the southern geographies of peri‐urbanization first identifies three interrelated conceptual vectors (territorial, functional, and transitional) for understanding the peri‐urban concept, and outlines recent developments in the field. Then, peri‐urbanization is reframed as an umbrella concept, which embraces multiple theoretical concepts and avoids the universalization inherent in much current usage. Finally, the paper reviews recent theoretical inquiries and new vocabularies of urbanization processes at the urban periphery, offering scope to theorize the heterogeneity of the geographies of peri‐urbanization in the global south.
ERMÄCHTIGUNG DES PUBLIKUMS UND ENTMÄCHTIGUNG DES KÜNSTLERS: GENIEDISKURSE DER NACHROMANTIK MIT BLICK AUF DEN FRÜHEN MOZARTKULT UND GRILLPARZER
Authors: Michler Werner
Published: June 2022

The article discusses aspects of the dialectics of genius cults in the nineteenth century, using examples of Mozart's reception: the unveiling of the Salzburg memorial statue in 1842, Franz Grillparzer's texts on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his son Franz Xaver, as well as the artist's novella Der arme Spielmann. The consolidation and popularisation of genius discourse in the genius cults of post‐Romanticism exerted unprecedented if latent pressure on producers of art in the period: the cults around prominent figures make great art into an unattainable exception. The article investigates how Franz Xaver Mozart and Grillparzer reacted to this dilemma.
Pulmonary hypertension in remote and disadvantaged population: overcoming unique challenges for improved outcomes
Authors: Naing Pyi , Kangaharan Nadarajah , Scalia Gregory M. , Strange Geoff , Playford David
Published: June 2022

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common and debilitating medical condition with high mortality. PH research has traditionally focused on pulmonary arterial hypertension and its management in expert PH centres. Other forms of PH such as PH associated with cardiac or respiratory disease are more common, less well‐understood and associated with higher mortality. Epidemiology of PH in disadvantaged, remote and rural regions, remains largely undocumented. In this review, we discuss the unique challenges in identifying PH in rural and disadvantaged populations using the Top End region of the Northern Territory of Australia as an example. We propose a simple diagnostic approach, ideally suited to regions where resource allocation is scarce, using clinical skills, echocardiography, and an escalation algorithm. The brief history, epidemiology and current literature on PH are summarised to inform the busy clinicians. We highlight two case examples from the Top End to illustrate the challenges and potential solutions.
Evidence to guide ethical decision‐making in the management of older people living in squalor: a narrative review
Authors: Lee Sook Meng , Martino Erika , Bismark Marie , Bentley Rebecca
Published: June 2022

Older people living in squalor present healthcare providers with a set of complex issues because squalor occurs alongside a variety of medical and psychiatric conditions, and older people living in squalor frequently decline intervention. To synthesise empirical evidence on squalor to inform ethical decision‐making in the management of squalor using the bioethical framework of principlism. A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases for empirical research on squalor in older people. Given the limited evidence base to date, an interpretive approach to synthesis was used. Sixty‐seven articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. Our synthesis of the research evidence indicates that: (i) older people living in squalor have a high prevalence of frontal executive dysfunction, medical comorbidities and premature deaths; (ii) interventions are complex and require interagency involvement, with further evaluations needed to determine the effectiveness and potential harm of interventions; and (iii) older people living in squalor utilise more medical and social resources, and may negatively impact others around them. These results suggest that autonomous decision‐making capacity should be determined rather than assumed. The harm associated with squalid living for the older person, and for others around them, means a non‐interventional approach is likely to contravene the principles of non‐maleficence, beneficence and justice. Adequate assessment of decision‐making capacity is of particular importance. To be ethical, any intervention undertaken must balance benefits, harms, resource utilisation and impact on others.
Lamivudine, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, rescues cognitive deficits in a mouse model of down syndrome
Authors: Martinez de Lagran Maria , Elizalde‐Torrent Aleix , Paredes Roger , Clotet Bonaventura , Dierssen Mara
Published: June 2022

An elevated activity of retrotransposons is increasingly recognized to be implicated in a wide range of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability and a genetic form of Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, we hypothesized that treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors could ameliorate DS phenotypes. In this proof of concept study, we treated trisomic (Ts65Dn) mice, a model of DS, with lamivudine, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. We detected a significant improvement of neurobehavioural phenotypes, and a complete rescue of the hippocampal‐dependent recognition memory upon treatment with lamivudine. Despite clinical studies in patients with DS are warranted, this study lays the groundwork for a novel and actionable therapeutic approach.
Treatment of gingivitis is associated with reduction of systemic inflammation and improvement of oral health‐related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Perić Marina , Marhl Urska , Gennai Stefano , Marruganti Crystal , Graziani Filippo
Published: June 2022

Aim

To compare the level of inflammatory markers, oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), and gingival parameters 1 month after introduction of electric toothbrush and intensive oral hygiene manoeuvre adaptation (OHI) versus routine habits (no‐OHI) in patients affected by generalized gingivitis.

Materials and Methods

One hundred forty subjects with generalized gingivitis were randomized to receive either OHI or no‐OHI. Full‐mouth plaque/bleeding scores (FMPS/FMBS), serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and an oral health impact profile‐14 questionnaire were collected at baseline and at 1‐month follow‐up visit.

Results

In the OHI, a significant FMPS and FMBS reduction (p < .01), a significant intra‐group decrease in hs‐CRP and IL‐6 (p < .01), and a significant improvement of OHRQoL (p < .01) were noted at 1‐month follow‐up visit. In the no‐OHI, lower‐magnitude differences were noted only for oral parameters. Resolution of gingivitis varied between OHI and no‐OHI (89% vs. 7%, respectively, p < .01). A logistic multivariate regression suggested that FMBS ≤8% was associated with the odds ratio of 13, having both CRP and IL‐6 below the selected threshold for healthy young adults (p = .04).

Conclusions

Gingivitis resolution determined important reductions of gingival inflammation and plaque levels, as well as systemic inflammatory markers and an improvement of quality of life (NCT03848351).
Juvenile‐to‐adult transition invariances in fishes: Perspectives on proximate and ultimate causation
Authors: Morbey Yolanda E. , Pauly Daniel
Published: June 2022

To bridge physiological and evolutionary perspectives on size at maturity in fishes, the authors focus on the approximately invariant ratio between the estimated oxygen supply at size at maturity (Qm) relative to that at asymptotic size (Q∞) among species within a taxonomic group, and show how two important theories related to this phenomenon complement each other. Gill‐oxygen limitation theory proposes a mechanistic basis for a universal oxygen supply‐based threshold for maturation, which applies among and within species. On the contrary, the authors show that a generalisation of life‐history theory for the invariance of size at maturity (Lm) relative to asymptotic size (L∞) can provide an evolutionary rationale for an oxygen‐limited maturation threshold (Qm/Q∞). Extending previous inter‐ and intraspecific analyses, the authors show that maturation invariances also occur in lake whitefishCoregonus clupeaformis(Mitchill 1818), but at both scales, theory seems to underestimate the value of the maturation threshold. They highlight some key uncertainties in the model that should be addressed to help resolve the mismatch.
Life‐history variation as a source of diversity for endemic white charr (Salmonidae) of the lower Kamchatka River
Authors: Esin Evgeny V. , Melnik Nikolay O. , Markevich Grigorii N.
Published: June 2022

Sympatric fish morphs diversifying in their feeding pattern in fresh waters typically implement alternative migratory tactics so that omnivores become migrants and specialists‐residents. Charrs of the genusSalvelinuspopulating the lower Kamchatka River (Northeast Asia) are a rare example wherein two related sympatric morphs both implement a variety of life‐history tactics in parallel. Here the authors analyse the ecological diversity in the endemic piscivorous “white” morph that exploits resources of the Kamchatka River in sympatry with the partially anadromous invertivorous “Dolly Varden” (DV) morph. Eco‐morphological criteria allowed the authors to validate the morph identification. The white charr (WC) was found to subdivide into the small‐sized (up to 1.6 kg) fish inhabiting the lacustrine part of the ecosystem and the large‐sized (up to 3.4 kg) fish inhabiting the main river channel. The persistent spatial segregation of the sub‐groups was confirmed by significant differences in the life span, muscleδ13С signature and parasite load. According to contrasting patterns of strontium accumulation in otoliths, the riverine WC is represented by resident and semi‐anadromous individuals. At the same time, the lack of microsatellite DNA differentiation and allometric nature of the morphometric discrepancy point to the intra‐population source of the WC polymorphism. The authors suggest that WC diverged from DV as a result of feeding specialization on the threespine stickleback numerous in the ecosystem since the temporary flooding by marine waters in the middle Holocene. The modern stickleback division into local stocks following the ecosystem differentiation into a river, side lake and estuary resulted in the WC life‐history split and ecological radiation.
Dental anatomy and replacement patterns in the early Permian stem amniote, Seymouria
Authors: Maho Tea , Reisz Robert R.
Published: June 2022

The exquisite preservation of maxillary and mandibular fragments of Seymouria has allowed us to examine for the first time in detail the dental anatomy and patterns of development in this stem amniote. The results obtained through histological examination show that Seymouria has pleurodont implantation with ankylosis of the tooth to the labial side of the jawbone. The dentary and maxillary teeth exhibit similar dental characteristics, such as the attachment bone (alveolar bone) and cementum rising above the jawbone on the base of the tooth, and smooth carinae extending lingually toward the tooth apex. Additionally, the clear presence of plicidentine, infolding of dentine into the pulp cavity, was found within the tooth root extending into the tooth crown. Lastly, the tooth replacement pattern is alternating, illustrating that Seymouria retains the classic primitive condition for tetrapods, a pattern that is continued in amniotes. Our results provide an important basis for comparison with other stem amniotes and with amniotes.
Non‐drinking 101: How non‐drinkers navigate the drinking culture on a college campus
Authors: Wolburg Joyce M.
Published: June 2022

This study gives voice to non‐drinkers and moderate drinkers who go against the drinking norm on college campuses. It aims for greater insights so that colleges and universities can change the prevailing drinking culture and empower non‐drinkers. Qualitative interviews with 34 US college students explored their experiences as non‐drinkers to answer research questions that centered upon the decision to be a non‐drinker, the emotional toll of being an outlier, the impact on relationships, and strategies for navigating the drinking culture. Universities have made good faith efforts to reduce the incidence of drinking on campus through social marketing campaigns. However, most were aimed at drinkers—not non‐drinkers—and achieved limited results. Given the pressure on non‐drinkers, public policy questions arise concerning ways to provide stronger support for students, who manage to stay sober against the odds. This study argues for new approaches to help non‐drinkers navigate the drinking culture.
Comparing the impact of two contact isolation modes for hospitalised patients with Clostridioides difficile infection on the quality of care
Authors: Gehasi Inbar , Livshiz‐Riven Ilana , Michael Tal , Borer Abraham , Saidel‐Odes Lisa
Published: June 2022

Background

Clostridioides difficile causes healthcare‐associated infections. Environmental spore acquisition is a major mode of transmission. Patient cohorting to prevent cross‐transmission in healthcare‐institutions is a reasonable component of an enhanced infection control strategy.

Objective

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of two different contact isolation modes on the quality of care of hospitalised patients with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).

Methods

A retrospective cohort‐study of patients with CDI hospitalised under one of two contact isolation modes: contact isolation in a multi‐patient room without a dedicated nursing team vs. contact isolation in a permanent cohort isolation unit with a dedicated nursing team. Patients' files were reviewed for demographics, clinical characteristics, risk‐assessment scores, clinical quality measures including the number of blood tests collected per day, the number of radiological tests applied per day and the time at which a radiological test was conducted, as process measurements, along with the length of stay and mortality, as outcome measures. The STROBE checklist for reporting observational studies was followed.

Results

One hundred and seventy‐eight patients with CDI were included; 100 in a permanent cohort isolation unit and 78 under contact isolation in a multi‐patient room. No difference was found in all clinical quality process measures and in all outcome measures. Multivariable logistic regression showed that nursing home residence was associated with in‐hospital mortality (OR, 2.51; CI, 1.29–4.97; p = .007), whereas the mode of hospitalisation was not.

Conclusions

The different contact isolation modes of hospitalisation did not compromise the quality of care of patients with CDI.

Relevance to clinical practice

Cohorting of patients with CDI is used to prevent cross‐transmission, though it raises a major concern regarding quality of care. In this study we show there was no compromise in patient care, therefore it is a reasonable component of an enhanced infection control strategy in a hospital setting.
Nurse performance: A path model of clinical leadership, creative team climate and structural empowerment
Authors: Kuşcu Karatepe Hilal , Türkmen Emine
Published: June 2022

Aims and Objectives

This study aimed to: (a) identify and examine the influence of clinical leadership, creative team climate (CTC) and structural empowerment (SE) on the nurse performance (NP) of clinical nurses in hospitals in Turkey, and (b) establish a model designed to verify the fit and effect of these factors.

Background

Nurse performance is a significant indicator of work efficiency, patient care quality and patient safety. Existing studies explaining the mechanisms that lead to higher nurse performance have been limited.

Design

This descriptive, cross‐sectional study used relation prediction modelling and adhered to STROBE guidelines.

Methods

This study used an online survey to collect data from volunteered 664 clinical nurses working in hospitals in Turkey. The data were analysed using SPSS version 26.0 and the AMOS 24.0 program. Path analysis was used to verify/test the hypothetical model, and the fit was evaluated by χ2/df, GFI, AGFI, NFI, CFI, IFI, RFI, TLI, RMR and RMSEA.

Results

The fit index of the modified path model was χ2/df = 3.730, GFI = 0.904, AGFI = 0.892, NFI = 0.907, CFI = 0.923, IFI = 0.923, RFI = 0.906, TLI = 0.912, RMR = 0.078 and RMSEA = 0.064. Through creative team climate and structural empowerment, clinical leadership had the greatest standardised direct (β = .35) and indirect (β = .17) effects on clinical nurse performance, the final outcome variable. Creative team climate (β = .23) and structural empowerment (β = .19) also had a significant standardised direct effect on nurse performance. Clinical leadership, creative team climate and structural empowerment explained 39% of the total variance of nurse performance.

Conclusions

This study shows that clinical nurse performance in hospitals was significantly influenced by clinical leadership, creative team climate and structural empowerment. The results suggest that intervention programmes considering these factors could be implemented to enhance nurse performance.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Improved nurse performance requires strong clinical leadership, creative team climate and structural empowerment. Therefore, healthcare organisations may implement initiatives to enhance nurse performance by taking these factors into account.
Parental mental health and child anxiety during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Latin America
Authors: Ben Brik Anis , Williams Natalie , Esteinou Rosario , Acero Iván Darío Moreno , Mesurado Belén , Debeliuh Patricia , Storopoli Jose Eduardo , Orellana Olivia Nuñez , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2022

This study examined parents’ (N = 10,141, 64% women) reports of their and their childrens’ depression, anxiety, and stress in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and Argentina. The data come from the COVID‐19 Family Life Study (Ben Brik, 2020) and cohort recruited between April and December 2020. Participants completed online surveys that included the DASS‐21 and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Our findings indicate that socio‐economically disadvantaged families fared worse in mental health during the early phases of the COVID‐19 pandemic compared with families with more social and economic resources. Mothers reported higher anxiety, depression, and stress compared with fathers. Parents of adolescents and adolescents fared worse than did families with younger children. Parental physical activity was associated with better parent and child mental health of anxiety symptoms. We discuss the need to address the adverse impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on mental health in families in Latin America via coordinated mental health and psychosocial support services that are integrated into the pandemic response currently and after the pandemic subsides.