bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of 4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid with 4-hydroxyquinoline: a disordered structure over two states of 4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid–quinolin-4(1H)-one (1/1) and 4-hydroxyquinolinium 4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate
Authors: Gotoh Kazuma , Ishida Hiroyuki
Published: November 2019

The title compound, C9H7.5NO·C7H3.5ClNO4, was analysed as a disordered structure over two states, viz. co-crystal and salt, accompanied by a keto–enol tautomerization in the base molecule. The co-crystal is 4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid–quinolin-4(1H)-one (1/1), C7H4ClNO4·C9H7NO, and the salt is 4-hydroxyquinolinium 4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate, C9H8NO+·C7H3ClNO4
−. In the compound, the acid and base molecules are held together by a short hydrogen bond [O...O = 2.4393 (15) Å], in which the H atom is disordered over two positions with equal occupancies. In the crystal, the hydrogen-bonded acid–base units are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a tape structure along the a-axis direction. The tapes are stacked into a layer parallel to the ab plane via π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.5504 (8)–3.9010 (11) Å]. The layers are further linked by another C—H...O hydrogen bond, forming a three-dimensional network. Hirshfeld surfaces for the title compound mapped over shape-index and d
norm were generated to visualize the intermolecular interactions.
AAAJ, thematic special issues and research innovation: revisiting the next decade
Authors: Carnegie Garry D.
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Expanding upon the special issue entitled “The special issue: AAAJ and research innovation”, published in 2012, this introduction to the second special issue of the genre is concerned with selected thematic special issues of AAAJ appearing during the second decade of publication from 1998 to 2007. The paper explores research innovation by means of the thematic issues addressed from this decade.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper provides a background to this special issue and an outline of the articles included. The issue features seven retrospective/prospective articles written by the guest editors of special thematic issues published during 1998 to 2007, supplemented where appropriate by other co-authors or, in one instance, by a new author team.

Findings

The guest editors and other contributing authors sought to identify and discuss the progression of each field since the AAAJ special issue was published, and to assess the impacts of the special issues to this progression, and to propose future research developments in the designated fields.

Research limitations/implications

This commentary on articles published is no substitute for carefully reading these contributions. The papers provide a comprehensive review of key developments in the literature until most recently and explore the opportunities for further innovative interdisciplinary accounting research.

Originality/value

This AAAJ special issue, and the earlier 2012 prototype, constitute a different approach to producing special issues, where the original special issues are revisited with a view to assessing research trends and impacts and to identifying research developments which are ripe for pursuing in each of these interdisciplinary accounting fields.
Histories of teachers in Australia and New Zealand from the 1970s to the present
Authors: Whitehead Kay
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Commencing with publications in the 1970s, the purpose of this paper is to review the historical writing about Australian and New Zealand teachers over the past 50 years.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper incorporates men and women who led and taught in domestic spaces, per-school, primary, secondary and higher education. It is structured around publications in theANZHES JournalandHistory of Education Review, and includes research published in other forums as appropriate. The literature review is selective rather than comprehensive.

Findings

Since the 1980s, the history of New Zealand and Australian teachers has mostly focussed on women educators in an increasing array of contexts, and incorporated various theoretical perspectives over time.

Originality/value

The paper highlights key themes and identifies potential directions for research into Australian and New Zealand teachers.
Segmenting young adults based on financial management behavior in India
Authors: Bapat Dhananjay Madhukar
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The profiling of young adult financial behavior can help financial service providers and financial advisors to target suitable marketing resources to specific customer segments. The purpose of this paper is to validate the scale for financial management behavior of young adults in an emerging market, segment these individuals and investigate the impact of demographic variables on key dimensions.

Design/methodology/approach

A structured questionnaire is used to validate a financial management behavior scale using data collected from 270 young adults in India. Based on dimensions obtained through factor analysis, cluster analysis is performed to identify young adult segments. Statistical techniques, such as the t-test and one-way analysis of variance, are used to examine the impact of demographic variables on financial management behavioral dimensions.

Findings

The factor analysis confirms three key financial management dimensions: cash management, credit management and savings management. Using cluster analysis, the young adults are segmented into three subgroups: responsible customers, credit-oriented customers and vulnerable customers. Young adults in these groups follow hierarchical patterns in terms of financial management behavior.

Originality/value

Since few studies are available from the standpoint of young adults in emerging markets, this study adds value to the literature by investigating the financial management behavior of young adults in India. Notably, it can serve as a reference for comparing similarities and differences on the basis of financial management behavior with other countries and customer segments.
The Olympic Games and associative sponsorship
Authors: Rutter Richard , Nadeau John , Aagerup Ulf , Lettice Fiona
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the brand relationships between a mega-sports event, the Olympic Games, and its branded main sponsors, using the lens of brand personality.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses the internet-based website communications of the sponsor and event brands to assess congruence in brand personality identity exhibited in the communications of sponsors and how these relate to the event brand itself. A lexical analysis of the website text identifies and graphically represents the dominant brand personality traits of the brands relative to each other.

Findings

The results show the Olympic Games is communicating excitement as a leading brand personality dimension. Sponsors of the Olympics largely take on its dominant brand dimension, but do not adapt their whole brand personality to that of the Olympics and benefit by adding excitement without losing their individual character. The transference is more pronounced for long-running sponsors.

Practical implications

Sponsorship of the Olympic Games does give brands the opportunity to capture or borrow the excitement dimension alongside building or reinforcing their own dominant brand personality trait or to begin to subtly alter their brand positioning.

Originality/value

This study is the first to examine how the sponsor’s brand aligns with the event being sponsored as a basis for developing a strong shared image and associative dimensions complimentary to the positioning of the brand itself.
Real-time PID control of a novel RCM mechanism designed and manufactured for use in laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Aksungur Serhat , Aydin Muhammet , Yakut Oğuz
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to design and manufacture a new remote center of motion (RCM) mechanism for use in laparoscopic surgical operations. In addition, obtaining the forward and inverse kinematic equations of the RCM mechanism and performing real-time position control with the Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) control method.

Design/methodology/approach

At the design stage, it is benefited from similar triangle rule. To obtain the kinematic equations in a simple way and facilitate control, two-fold displacement ratio is provided between the limbs where linear motion occurs. The rotation and displacement amounts required to move at the RCM point have been calculated by using the kinematic equations of the mechanism. Limb dimensions and motion limits are determined in the manner to avoid singularities and collisions. The x, y and z coordinates of the end effector have been defined as the reference point. Control of the mechanism was provided by PID control. To generate the user interface and control algorithm, MATLAB/Simulink real-time toolbox has been used. Four reference points were determined, control was performed and position error values were examined. MF634 Humusoft data acquisition card has been preferred to collect data from encoders.

Findings

A novel RCM mechanism has been designed and manufactured. Kinematic equations of this mechanism have been obtained. Position control of the cannula tip has been performed using PID control method for four different reference points. After settlement, maximum position error has been observed as 0.45 mm.

Practical implications

Structure of the designed mechanism is quite simple. Thus, costs are quite low. The operation area of the operator is widened by hanging the mechanism from the ceiling, so operational capability of health personnel is increasing. It helps to decrease the operation time and increase the success of the operation.

Originality/value

With this study, it is aimed to contribute to the literature by designing a new RCM mechanism. The rotation of the mechanism around the RCM point is provided by only one rotary motor, and the displacement of the RCM point in the vertical axis is provided by only one linear motor. The mechanism is also a surgical robot. The designed system is suitable for use in robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in terms of maneuverability.
Household consumption change in the context of labour market changes in Japan during 1984–2014
Authors: Bachmann Janika
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how labour market changes impact the change in the aggregated household consumption, which is a topic that is under-researched in Japan.

Design/methodology/approach

The author uses a three-step approach. The first step is a descriptive overview of the trends for cohort, age and year. The second step is to test the variation attributable to age-period-cohort interactions using APC analysis. The third step is to check if identifiable linear trend exists between the consumption changes and the labour market changes.

Findings

The analysis shows that major labour market changesper sedo not contribute to household consumption adjustment. Meanwhile, the labour market conditions at the time of joining the labour force may be more important in shaping consumption during working life period than labour market changes during employment.

Research limitations/implications

The cohorts are created based on birth years, which is a limitation imposed by the data availability rather than characteristics of the population group. The main reason behind the limited data points is the survey being conducted every five years and 2014 being the most recent year for which the data are available.

Originality/value

Research about cohort consumption in Japan is limited to the consumption composition changes or to the growing population of unmarried singles. This analysis will examine how labour market changes impact the change in the aggregated household consumption, which is a topic that is under-researched in Japan. In the analysis, the author uses the Python APC model and Python statsmodel OLS regression, providing the notebooks with code and full results in Appendices.
Vellozioid roots allow for habitat specialization among rock‐ and soil‐dwelling Velloziaceae in campos rupestres
Authors: Abrahão Anna , de Britto Costa Patricia , Teodoro Grazielle S. , Lambers Hans , Nascimento Diego L. , Adrián López de Andrade Sara , Ryan Megan H. , Silva Oliveira Rafael
Published: November 2019

Plant growth on harsh substrates (habitat specialization) requires specific traits to cope with stressful conditions.

We tested whether traits related to nutrient acquisition (root colonization by fungal symbionts, and plant morphological and physiological specializations), and nutrient use (leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and N‐ and P‐remobilization efficiency), were related to habitat specialization for 27 species of Velloziaceae growing either in soil or on rocks in extremely P‐impoverished campos rupestres habitats. If habitat specialization were to drive trait sorting, then we expect traits to differ between those substrates.

Both soil and rock‐dwelling species presented a very low proportion of root length colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark‐septate fungi. However, rhizosheaths were only observed in soil‐dwelling species, and vellozioid roots, a specialization that allows for mining P and dissolving quartzite rock, were mostly found in rock‐dwelling species. We did not observe differences in nutrient‐use traits between rock‐ and soil‐dwelling species.

Root specializations are strongly correlated with microhabitats, and the presence of vellozioid roots seems to mediate bare rock specialization. There is an overall P limitation of plant productivity both on rock and in soil of campos rupestres, which does not drive the sorting of traits related to above‐ground nutrient use and symbiotic P acquisition. Therefore, nutrient impoverishment is indeed a very strong environmental filter in campos rupestres as a whole, but habitat specialization plays an important role in the spatial distribution of Velloziaceae between contrasting substrates.
Antioxidant activities of enzymatic‐hydrolysed proteins of dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) colostrum
Authors: Oussaief Olfa , Jrad Zeineb , Adt Isabelle , Dbara Mohamed , Khorchani Touhami , El‐Hatmi Halima
Published: November 2019

This work investigated the antioxidant activities of dromedary colostrum proteins before and after hydrolysis by pepsin, trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, pancreatin and papain. The enzymatic hydrolysis affected the degrees of hydrolysis, electrophoretic profiles, molecular weight distribution and hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the generated peptides. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using four antioxidant assays, including 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical‐scavenging activities, ferric reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity. Interestingly, the antioxidant activities of dromedary colostrum proteins were enhanced after enzymatic hydrolysis. The highest antioxidant potential was obtained by pancreatic hydrolysates (P ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that dromedary colostrum protein hydrolysates are an important source of natural antioxidant peptides.
Ficus carica L. leaf anatomy: Trichomes and solid inclusions
Authors: Giordano Cristiana , Maleci Laura , Agati Giovanni , Petruccelli Raffaella
Published: November 2019

Ficus carica L., a typical plant of the Mediterranean environment, presents leaves covered by an extensive indumentum, and a mesophyll full of solid inclusions. The morphology and ultrastructure of the trichomes, calcium carbonate cystoliths and silicified structures of leaves of F. carica cv Dottato were investigated with light, confocal, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. At the same time, histochemical reactions were also employed to analyse the indumentum composed by glandular and non‐glandular trichomes by applying chemical reagents and fluorescence microscopy. Non‐glandular and glandular trichomes, capitate, are described. Non‐glandular trichomes are unicellular simple, spine‐like and present different morphology and sizes. The capitate glandular trichomes are present on leaf adaxial and abaxial surface and consist of one‐celled stalk and 3/4 cells spherical head. Histochemical characterisation of leaf hairs revealed the presence of flavonoids, while glandular trichome head cells showed a complex mixture of alkaloids, essential oil and flavonoids. Cu and Al were found in the constitutive structures, spike and dome, of the cystoliths. Several epidermal cells and non‐glandular trichomes were silicified. Leaf hairs, trichomes secretions, solid inclusions and silicification of F. carica leaf have significant roles to play in relation to leaf protection from external factors, including high‐intensity radiation, herbivores or pathogens.
Relationship between onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and Stemphylium vesicarium in the development of Stemphylium leaf blight in onion
Authors: Leach Ashley , Hay Frank , Harding Riley , Damann Kellie C. , Nault Brian
Published: November 2019

Stemphylium leaf blight caused by Stemphylium vesicarium and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are two common causes of leaf damage in onion production. Onion thrips is known to interact synergistically with pathogens to exacerbate plant disease. However, the potential relationship between onion thrips and Stemphylium leaf blight is unknown. In a series of controlled laboratory and field trials, the relationship between thrips feeding and movement on the development and severity of Stemphylium leaf blight were examined. In laboratory assays, onions (“Avalon” and “Ailsa Craig”) with varying levels of thrips feeding damage were inoculated with S. vesicarium. Pathogen colonisation and leaf dieback were measured after 2 weeks. In pathogen transfer assays, thrips were exposed to S. vesicarium conidia, transferred to onion and leaf disease development was monitored. In field trials, insecticide use was examined as a potential indirect means to reduce Stemphylium leaf blight disease and pathogen colonisation by reducing thrips damage. Results from laboratory trials revealed that a reduction in thrips feeding decreased S. vesicarium colonisation of onion leaves by 2.3–2.9 times, and decreased leaf dieback by 40–50%. Additionally, onion thrips were capable of transferring S. vesicarium conidia to onion plants (albeit at a low frequency of 2–14% of plants inoculated). In field trials, the symptoms and colonisation of Stemphylium leaf blight were reduced by 27 and 17%, respectively with the use of insecticide to control thrips. These results suggest that onion thrips may play a significant role in the development of Stemphylium leaf blight, and thrips control may reduce disease in commercial onion fields.
A tissue‐specific screen of ceramide expression in aged mice identifies ceramide synthase‐1 and ceramide synthase‐5 as potential regulators of fiber size and strength in skeletal muscle
Authors: Tosetti Bettina , Brodesser Susanne , Brunn Anna , Deckert Martina , Blüher Matthias , Doehner Wolfram , Anker Stefan D. , Wenzel Daniela , Fleischmann Bernd , Pongratz Carola , Peters Franziska , Utermöhlen Olaf , Krönke Martin
Published: November 2019

Loss of skeletal muscle mass is one of the most widespread and deleterious processes in aging humans. However, the mechanistic metabolic principles remain poorly understood. In the framework of a multi‐organ investigation of age‐associated changes of ceramide species, a unique and distinctive change pattern of C16:0 and C18:0 ceramide species was detected in aged skeletal muscle. Consistently, the expression of CerS1 and CerS5 mRNA, encoding the ceramide synthases (CerS) with substrate preference for C16:0 and C18:0 acyl chains, respectively, was down‐regulated in skeletal muscle of aged mice. Similarly, an age‐dependent decline of both CerS1 and CerS5 mRNA expression was observed in skeletal muscle biopsies of humans. Moreover, CerS1 and CerS5 mRNA expression was also reduced in muscle biopsies from patients in advanced stage of chronic heart failure (CHF) suffering from muscle wasting and frailty. The possible impact of CerS1 and CerS5 on muscle function was addressed by reversed genetic analysis using CerS1Δ/Δ and CerS5Δ/Δ knockout mice. Skeletal muscle from mice deficient of either CerS1 or CerS5 showed reduced caliber sizes of both slow (type 1) and fast (type 2) muscle fibers, fiber grouping, and fiber switch to type 1 fibers. Moreover, CerS1‐ and CerS5‐deficient mice exhibited reduced twitch and tetanus forces of musculus extensor digitorum longus. The findings of this study link CerS1 and CerS5 to histopathological changes and functional impairment of skeletal muscle in mice that might also play a functional role for the aging skeletal muscle and for age‐related muscle wasting disorders in humans.
Maternal and infant characteristics associated with maternal opioid overdose in the year following delivery
Authors: Nielsen Timothy , Bernson Dana , Terplan Mishka , Wakeman Sarah E. , Yule Amy M. , Mehta Pooja K. , Bharel Monica , Diop Hafsatou , Taveras Elsie M. , Wilens Timothy E. , Schiff Davida M.
Published: November 2019

Background and Aims

Opioid‐related overdose is increasingly linked to pregnancy‐associated deaths, but factors associated with postpartum overdose are unknown. We aimed to estimate the strength of the association between maternal and infant characteristics and postpartum opioid‐related overdose.

Design

Retrospective cohort study using a linked, population‐level data set.

Setting

Massachusetts, United States.

Conclusion

Among women who delivered live infants in Massachusetts, USA between 2012 and 2014, maternal diagnosis of OUD, prior non‐fatal overdose, infant diagnosis of NAS and high unscheduled health‐care utilization appeared to be positively associated with postpartum opioid overdose. However, more than half of postpartum overdoses in that period were to women without a diagnosis of OUD. Engagement in methadone or buprenorphine treatment in the month prior to delivery was not sufficient to reduce the odds of postpartum overdose.

Participants

Women who delivered one or more live births from 2012 to 2014 (n = 174 517).

Measurements

The primary outcome was opioid‐related overdose in the postpartum year. We used multivariable logistic regression to explore the independent associations of maternal (demographics, substance use, pregnancy) and infant [gestational age, birthweight, neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)] characteristics with postpartum opioid overdose. Findings were stratified by maternal opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis.

Findings

There were 189 deliveries to women who experienced ≥ 1 opioid overdose in the first year postpartum (11 of 10 000 deliveries). Among women with postpartum opioid overdose, 46.6% had an OUD diagnosis within 12 months before delivery. In our adjusted model, maternal diagnosis of OUD [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.73–7.51] and prior non‐fatal overdose (aOR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.11–5.17) were most strongly associated with postpartum overdose. After stratifying by OUD status, infant diagnosis of NAS (OUD+ aOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.26–3.27; OUD– aOR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.12–6.93) and high unscheduled health‐care utilization (OUD+ aOR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.38–3.73; OUD– aOR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.24–3.58) were positively associated with postpartum overdose in both groups.
Genome‐wide association study shows that microtia in Altay sheep is caused by a 76 bp duplication of HMX1
Authors: He S. , Zhang Z. , Sun Y. , Ren T. , Li W. , Zhou X. , Michal J. J. , Jiang Z. , Liu M.
Published: November 2019

Microtia is a congenital malformation of the external ear that can be observed in many species including sheep. However, the genetic basis of microtia still remains unclear. Here, a GWAS was conducted to investigate the genetic basis underlying microtia. A total of 55 samples from 26 microtia and 29 normal animals were genotyped with Illumina OvineHD BeadChip. The strongest significant SNP was identified on OAR6, approximating the evolutionarily conserved region of the HMX1 gene, which is related to congenital malformations of the external ear in other species such as cattle and rats. Sequencing an evolutionarily conserved region surrounding HMX1 revealed a duplication of 76 bp, which is concordant with microtia, suggesting a dominant inheritance mode. Identification of this causal mutation in the HMX1 gene indicates the role of this particular gene in the development of the external ear and provides a genetic marker for selection against microtia.
Partial chest wall radiation therapy for positive or close surgical margins after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer without lymph node metastasis
Authors: Ishibashi Naoya , Nishimaki Haruna , Maebayashi Toshiya , Adachi Keita , Sakurai Kenichi , Masuda Shinobu , Hata Masaharu , Okada Masahiro
Published: November 2019

Aim

Whole‐breast radiation therapy after breast‐conserving surgery can control local recurrence with a long‐term survival rate equivalent to that of radical mastectomy for patients with early breast cancer. However, the significance of radiation therapy for patients with positive/close margins after mastectomy remains controversial. Following radical mastectomy, no residual breast parenchyma remains, and thus radiation therapy of the entire chest wall may represent overtreatment in the patients, especially those without lymph node metastasis (N0). We therefore implemented partial chest wall radiation therapy for patients with N0 breast cancer and positive and/or close margins after mastectomy.

Methods

A total of 22 patients with N0 status but positive/close margins underwent partial chest wall radiation therapy to irradiate the predetermined clinical target volume, which had margins of at least 2 cm medial, lateral, superior, and inferior to the primary tumor bed. With reference to chest wall thickness, 4‐10‐MV photons or 5‐8‐MeV electrons with/without a bolus were delivered. The total dose was 50‐66 Gy. We compared the results with those from 18 nonradiation therapy patients using Pearson's χ2 test.

Results

All patients in the partial chest wall radiation therapy group achieved good local control despite having a significantly higher proportion of positive margins (77.3%) compared with the nonradiation therapy group (27.8%) (P = 0.002). Both groups showed 100% recurrence‐ and disease‐free survival.

Conclusion

Partial chest wall radiation therapy may offer recurrence‐ and disease‐free survival without local recurrence in N0 mastectomy patients with positive/close surgical margins.
Insights from a deradicalization program in Indonesian prisons: The potential benefits of psychological intervention prior to ideological discussion
Authors: Muluk Hamdi , Umam Ahmad Naufalul , Milla Mirra Noor
Published: November 2019

Discussions that are based on religious understanding and aimed at reducing terrorists' hostility have been used as a central part of terrorist deradicalization programs in many countries where acts of Islamic terrorism are prevalent. Currently, various psychological approaches such as presenting social support and providing counseling sessions are being applied alongside religious discussions. Observers of these programs have reported benefits and positive responses to the psychological approaches, but there is still a lack of empirical evidence confirming this. In the current study, we examine the effects of two psychological interventions—emotional expression training and cognitive flexibility training—in predicting detainees’ acceptance of the idea of democratic life. We investigated the observational records taken during the psychological interventions and religious discussions. Results showed no main effect of emotional expression and cognitive flexibility in predicting one’s acceptance of democratic civil life, but there was a significant interaction between the two predictors. Among those who scored high in cognitive flexibility, detainees who scored also high in emotional expression were significantly more agreeable towards the state’s sovereignty over belief in an Islamic caliphate during religious discussions. Our findings suggest that psychological interventions do indeed offer benefits for detainees’ deradicalization programs.
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are associated with different lipid profile disorders: a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Soh Hosim , Im Jong Pil , Han Kyungdo , Park Seona , Hong Seung Wook , Moon Jeong Min , Kang Eun Ae , Chun Jaeyoung , Lee Hyun Jung , Kim Joo Sung
Published: November 2019

Background

The relationships between lipid profiles and IBD remain elusive.

Aim

To determine the association of IBD with serum lipid profiles.

Methods

A nationwide population‐based study was performed using claims data from the Korean National Healthcare Insurance service. A total of 9 706 026 subjects undergoing medical check‐ups in 2009 were enrolled and followed up until 2016. Individuals who developed Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were identified during follow‐up. Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) by age, sex, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, income and underlying comorbidities was calculated to define the impact of serum lipid profiles on developing IBD.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 7.3 years, IBD was detected in 7,058 (0.07%) individuals. Compared with the highest quartile of serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, lower TC levels were associated with higher incidence of CD (aHR: Q1, 2.52; Q2, 1.52; Q3, 1.27), but not UC. Lower serum LDL‐C levels were associated with higher incidence of CD (aHR: Q1, 1.92; Q2, 1.47; Q3, 1.22), but not UC. Moreover, lower serum HDL‐C levels were associated with higher incidence of CD (aHR: Q1, 2.49; Q2, 1.90; Q3, 1.43), but not UC. In contrast, lower serum triglyceride levels were associated with higher incidence of UC (aHR: Q1, 1.22; Q2, 1.19; Q3, 1.19), but not CD.

Conclusions

Low serum TC, LDL‐C and HDL‐C levels were associated with CD. Low serum triglyceride levels were related to UC.
Review article: malnutrition/sarcopenia and frailty in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Bunchorntavakul Chalermrat , Reddy K. Rajender
Published: November 2019

Background

Malnutrition/sarcopenia and frailty are common in patients with cirrhosis and are associated with poor outcomes.

Aim

To provide an overview of data on the importance, assessment and management of malnutrition/sarcopenia and frailty in cirrhosis.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in PubMed and other sources, using the search terms “sarcopenia,” “muscle,” “malnutrition,” “cirrhosis,” “liver” and “frailty” from inception to April 2019, to identify the relevant studies and international guidelines.

Results

The prevalence of malnutrition/sarcopenia in cirrhosis is 23%‐60%. Frailty generally overlaps with malnutrition/sarcopenia in cirrhosis, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Rapid nutritional screening assessment should be performed in all patients with cirrhosis, and more specific tests for sarcopenia should be performed in those at high risk. The pathogenesis of malnutrition/sarcopenia in cirrhosis is complex/multifactorial and not just reduction in protein/calorie intake. Hyperammonemia appears to be the main driver of sarcopenia in cirrhosis through several molecular signalling pathways. Nutritional management in malnourished patients with cirrhosis should be undertaken by a multidisciplinary team to achieve adequate protein/calorie intake. While the role of branched‐chained amino acids remains somewhat contentious in achieving a global benefit of decreasing mortality‐ and liver‐related events, they, and vitamin supplements, are recommended for those with advanced liver disease. Novel strategies to reverse sarcopenia such as hormone supplementation, long‐term ammonia‐lowering agents and myostatin antagonists, are currently under investigation.

Conclusions

Malnutrition/sarcopenia and frailty are unique, inter‐related and multi‐dimensional problems in cirrhosis which require special attention, prompt assessment and appropriate management as they significantly impact morbidity and mortality.
The critical need for reciprocity between educational migrants and communities for continuing education and socio‐cultural capital in Laos
Authors: Langill Jennifer C. , Willis Alison S.
Published: November 2019

Reciprocity between student success and community support has emerged as a strong theme in a phenomenological case study that was conducted amongst post‐primary educational migrant students1 in Laos. Students clearly articulated their dependence upon community support and the ways in which they gave back to their communities in exchange for their continuing education. The descriptions of their experiences were indicative of hierarchical interdependence and highlighted the effects of urbanisation on educational migrants and their lifelong learning. This study draws on Bourdieu's capital theory to understand community and reciprocity as indicators of cultural and social capital. Findings revealed that building relationships between students and their communities is essential to advancing post‐primary education in Laos.
Retinal nerve fibre changes in sports‐related repetitive traumatic brain injury
Authors: Kelman Julian C. , Hodge Christopher , Stanwell Peter , Mustafic Nina , Fraser Clare L.
Published: November 2019

Importance

There is limited literature on the use of optical coherence tomography in the assessment of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness in sports‐related repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.

Background

To evaluate RNFL thickness in professional rugby league players. RNFL thinning may serve as a proxy for wider white matter degeneration.

Design

Cross‐sectional observational study.

Participants

Thirteen retired Australian professional rugby league players were recruited.

Methods

Participants underwent binocular optical coherence tomography to measure RNFL thickness. Each participant underwent a complete ophthalmic assessment to exclude concurrent disease.

Main Outcome Measures

RNFL thickness of each eye were compared with a normative database.

Results

Participants had played professional Rugby League for 18 years on average and reported sustaining 15 sports‐related concussions throughout their career. The RNFL in participants was four micrometres thinner than that of matched normative data. Cohort average RNFL thickness was reduced in 12 out of 14 optical coherence testing parameters. These findings were statistically significant in the left inferonasal [P = .013] and left nasal [P = .006] sectors. There was no statistically significant relationship between RNFL thickness and other visual measures.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study is the first to demonstrate RNFL thinning in a cohort of retired Australian professional Rugby League players. RNFL changes have been shown to correlate with cerebral white matter loss and neurodegeneration. Optical coherence tomography may serve as a safe and economical means of screening for repetitive traumatic brain injury related neurodegeneration in contact sport athletes.
The Matchstick Model for Anisotropic Friction Cones
Authors: Erleben K. , Macklin M. , Andrews S. , Kry P. G.
Published: November 2019

Inspired by frictional behaviour that is observed when sliding matchsticks against one another at different angles, we propose a phenomenological anisotropic friction model for structured surfaces. Our model interpolates isotropic and anisotropic elliptical Coulomb friction parameters for a pair of surfaces with perpendicular and parallel structure directions (e.g. the wood grain direction). We view our model as a special case of an abstract friction model that produces a cone based on state information, specifically the relationship between structure directions. We show how our model can be integrated into LCP and NCP‐based simulators using different solvers with both explicit and fully implicit time‐integration. The focus of our work is on symmetric friction cones, and we therefore demonstrate a variety of simulation scenarios where the friction structure directions play an important part in the resulting motions. Consequently, authoring of friction using our model is intuitive and we demonstrate that our model is compatible with standard authoring practices, such as texture mapping.
Heterogeneity–diversity relationships in sessile organisms: a unified framework
Authors: Ben‐Hur Eyal , Kadmon Ronen
Published: November 2019

The hypothesis that environmental heterogeneity promotes species richness by increasing opportunities for niche partitioning is a fundamental paradigm in ecology. However, recent studies suggest that heterogeneity–diversity relationships (HDR) are more complex than expected from this niche‐based perspective, and often show a decrease in richness at high levels of heterogeneity. These findings have motivated ecologists to propose new mechanisms that may explain such deviations. Here we provide an overview of currently recognised mechanisms affecting the shape of HDRs and present a conceptual model that integrates all previously proposed mechanisms within a unified framework. We also translate the proposed framework into an explicit community dynamic model and use the model as a tool for generating testable predictions concerning how landscape properties interact with species traits in determining the shape of HDRs. Our main finding is that, despite the enormous complexity of such interactions, the predicted HDRs are rather simple, ranging from positive to unimodal patterns in a highly consistent and predictable manner.
Constitutional risk factors for focal neuropathies in patients referred for electromyography
Authors: Martínez‐Aparicio C. , Jääskeläinen S. K. , Puksa L. , Reche‐Lorite F. , Torné‐Poyatos P. , Paniagua Soto J. , Falck B.
Published: November 2019

Background and purpose

It is well established that patient‐related constitutional features predispose to focal peripheral neuropathies. Some of these risk factors were investigated in common focal neuropathies encountered in patients referred for electromyography.

Methods

Gender, age, height and body mass index (BMI) were analysed retrospectively as risk factors for 11 focal neuropathies. In all, 9686 patients (age range 18–96 years; 58% women) were included from three different centres, with identical methods and equipment.

Results

High BMI was related to carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE), combined CTS and UNE, meralgia paraesthetica and lumbar radiculopathy. In women, CTS and Morton's metatarsalgia were more common, whilst long thoracic neuropathies, suprascapular neuropathies and UNE were more common in men. Older age increased the risk for CTS, UNE, Morton's metatarsalgia and radiculopathies.

Conclusions

Age, gender and BMI are important risk factors for many common focal neuropathies.
Legacy of the Last Glacial on the present‐day distribution of deciduous versus evergreen boreal forests
Authors: Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: November 2019

Issue

Despite their rather similar climatic conditions, eastern Eurasia and northern North America are largely covered by different plant functional types (deciduous or evergreen boreal forest) composed of larch or pine, spruce and fir, respectively. I propose that these deciduous and evergreen boreal forests represent alternative quasi‐stable states, triggered by their different northern tree refugia that reflect the different environmental conditions experienced during the Last Glacial.

Evidence

This view is supported by palaeoecological and environmental evidence. Once established, Asian larch forests are likely to have stabilized through a complex vegetation–fire–permafrost soil–climate feedback system.

Conclusion

With respect to future forest developments, this implies that Asian larch forests are likely to be governed by long‐term trajectories and are therefore largely resistant to natural climate variability on time‐scales shorter than millennia. The effects of regional human impact and anthropogenic global warming might, however, cause certain stability thresholds to be crossed, meaning that irreversible transitions occur and resulting in marked consequences for ecosystem services on these human‐relevant time‐scales.
Explaining urban economic growth through cluster complementarity
Authors: Brave Scott A. , Mattoon Richard H.
Published: November 2019

Economic development strategies centered on the presence of industry clusters have become quite popular with local policy makers. With this in mind, we test whether or not the degree of cluster complementarity in a given urban area does in fact lead to it having a persistent economic advantage over its peers. Using a spatial factor model built on growth accounting principles, we show that this is indeed the case by identifying key agglomeration factors influencing urban growth. However, our results suggest substantial heterogeneity exists in the types of policies that are likely to best support local economies based on their cluster complementarity.
Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity among Spanish students attending special education schools
Authors: Amo‐Setién Francisco , Abajas‐Bustillo Rebeca , Sarabia‐Cobo Carmen , Parás‐Bravo Paula , Leal‐Costa César , Redondo‐Figuero Carlos , Bandini Linda
Published: November 2019

Background

Some studies suggest that children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) are at elevated risk of obesity. The objective was to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with overweight and obesity among students attending special education schools in Cantabria, Spain.

Methods

Cross‐sectional design. A sample of n = 220 students with intellectual disability attending seven special education schools was selected using convenience sampling. Body mass index was classified into four categories according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria: underweight; normal weight; overweight; obesity.

Results

The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 40.9% (95% CI: 34.6–47.5). Obesity was more frequent among females (26.0%) than males (9.8%), with an OR = 3.23 (95% CI: 1.53–6.85). Participants with Down syndrome showed an increased risk of obesity compared to other conditions (p = .005).

Conclusions

The prevalence of overweight/obesity among children, adolescents and young adults with intellectual disability was remarkably high, with females in general and students of both sexes with Down syndrome at particularly high risk.
Self‐regulated studying behavior, and the social norms that influence it
Authors: Eyink Julie R. , Motz Benjamin A. , Heltzel Gordon , Liddell Torrin M.
Published: November 2019

Teachers commonly use injunctive norms when telling students what they should be doing. But researchers find that sometimes descriptive norms, information about what others are actually doing, are more powerful influencers of behavior. In the present work, we examine which norm is more effective at increasing self‐regulated studying and performance in an online college course across two semesters. To do this, we randomly assigned 751 undergraduate Introductory Psychology students to receive email messages at the start of every content unit that either contained descriptive norms, injunctive norms, information about the course, or a no message control. We found that injunctive norms increased study behaviors aimed at fulfilling course requirements (completion of assigned activities), but did not improve learning outcomes. Descriptive norms increased behaviors aimed at improving knowledge (ungraded practice with activities after they were due), and improved performance. These results suggest that norms more effectively influence behavior when there is a match, or a sense of fit, between the goal of the behavior (fulfilling course requirements vs. learning) and the pull of a stated norm (social approval vs. efficacy). We discuss these implications with respect to students' motivations for self‐regulated studying behavior in contemporary learning environments, and the overall goals of education.
Blastocystis sp. Subtype Diversity in Wild Carnivore Species from Spain
Authors: Calero‐Bernal Rafael , Santín Mónica , Maloney Jenny G. , Martín‐Pérez Manuel , Habela Miguel A. , Fernández‐García José L. , Figueiredo Ana , Nájera Fernando , Palacios María J. , Mateo Marta , Balseiro Ana , Barral Marta , Lima‐Barberoi José F. , Köster Pamela C. , Carmena David
Published: November 2019

The occurrence and molecular diversity of the stramenopile eukaryote Blastocystis sp. was investigated by PCR and sequencing (Sanger and NGS) methods in 380 faecal specimens of free‐living carnivores in Spain. Blastocystis sp. was confirmed in 1.6% (6/380) of the specimens analysed. Two samples from a common genet and a fox were successfully subtyped as ST7 by Sanger. Using NGS, ST14 was found in a fox and a European polecat, ST7 in a fox, and two additional foxes presented mixed infections of ST1/ST2/ST4 and ST1/ST2/ST7, respectively. Wild carnivore species could act as carriers of zoonotic Blastocystis subtypes.
Availability of culture filtrate protein‐10 (CFP‐10) secreted from Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii for mycobacteriosis diagnosis in ginbuna crucian carp Carrasius auratus langsdorfii
Authors: Matsumoto Megumi , Hayashi Kazuma , Araki Kyosuke , Nakanishi Teruyuki , Yamamoto Atsushi
Published: November 2019

Mycobacteriosis in cultured fish is a challenge for the aquaculture industry worldwide. Treatment by chemical administration is difficult and no effective vaccine has been developed. Therefore, detection and isolation by early diagnosis are important for prevention of the spread of the disease. In mammals, interferon gamma release assays have been established for detection of tuberculosis; these tests are based on the delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) response against culture filtrate protein‐10 (CFP‐10) and the 6‐kDa early secreted antigen target (ESAT‐6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. On the other hand, little is known about the fish immune response against the ESAT‐6 and CFP‐10 proteins of mycobacteria, although these responses should find application in the diagnosis of mycobacteriosis in fish. In the present study, we identified ESAT‐6 and CFP‐10 from Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii and cloned the corresponding genes. Intraperitoneal injection of the corresponding DNA plasmid constructs in ginbuna crucian carp yielded increased expression of the fish interferon‐γ1‐1‐encoding gene (IFN‐γ1‐1). In contrast, IFN‐γ1‐1 expression accompanied by DTH response was observed only in the CFP‐10‐DNA plasmid‐injected fish. Furthermore, fish that had been prophylactically injected with CFP‐10‐DNA plasmid exhibited increased survival of M. pseudoshottsii infection. Taken together, these results suggested that CFP‐10 may facilitate diagnosis of mycobacteriosis.