KAJIAN KELAYAKAN USAHATANI POLA TANAM SAMBILOTO DENGAN JAGUNG
Authors: PRIBADI EKWASITA RINI 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRAK<br />Sambiloto (Andrografis paniculata Nees) secara alami hidup subur<br />di antara tegakan hutan. Hal ini megindikasikan bahwa tanaman ini toleran<br />terhadap naungan. Kajian pola tanam jagung dan sambiloto diharapkan<br />mendorong efisiensi produksi dan meningkatkan daya saing. Percobaan<br />dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cimanggu Bogor pada tanah Latosol,<br />ketinggian 240 m dpl, tipe iklim A. Penanaman pada bulan Nopember<br />2003 dan panen mulai bulan Maret 2004 selama 5 kali panen dengan<br />selang setiap 2 bulan. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok<br />(RAK) 6 kali ulangan dengan 4 perlakuan, yaitu : (1) monokultur<br />sambiloto, (2) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, (3)<br />sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 120 cm x 20 cm, (4) sambiloto + jagung<br />jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm. Bibit sambiloto disemaikan selama 2 bulan<br />dan ditanam dengan jarak tanam 30 cm x 40 cm, dipupuk dengan 10 ton<br />pupuk kandang, 150 kg urea, 150 kg SP-36, dan 150 kg KCl per ha.<br />Pupuk kandang, SP-36, dan KCl seluruhnya diberikan pada saat tanam.<br />Urea diberikan masing-masing 1/3 bagian pada umur 0, 1, dan 2 BST<br />(Bulan Sesudah Tanam). Untuk setiap ha tanaman jagung dipupuk dengan<br />5 ton pupuk kandang, 300 kg SP-36, dan 200 kg KCl yang diberikan pada<br />saat tanam, dan 300 kg urea diberikan masing-masing 1/2 bagian pada<br />umur 0, dan 1 BST. Benih jagung (Hibrida lokal R-01) ditanam 2 butir per<br />lubang tanam, ditanam 2 kali selama musim tanam yaitu pertama 2 minggu<br />sebelum penanaman sambiloto, dan penanaman kedua 75 hari setelah<br />penanam jagung yang pertama. Data input-output usahatani dianalis secara<br />deskriptif dilanjutkan dengan analisis B/C rasio dan sensitivitas. Hasil<br />penelitian menunjukkan mutu simplisia semua pola tanam memenuhi<br />standard Materia Medika Indonesia. Produktivitas sambiloto per m 2 makin<br />menurun dengan kerapatan pola tanam; pada pola monokultur diperoleh<br />hasil 1,1 kg/m 2 sedangkan pada pola tanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90<br />cm x 20 cm menghasilkan 0,5 kg/m 2 terna basah. Produktivitas jagung per<br />m 2  meningkat dengan makin rapatnya pola tanam yaitu mencapai 13,3<br />tongkol pada jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, dan 22,2 tongkol pada<br />jarak tanam jagung 90 cm x 20 cm. Biaya produksi sambiloto sebagian<br />besar untuk bibit (Rp. 300/tanaman); biaya bibit tertinggi pada pola tanam<br />monokultur yaitu 66,5% dari total biaya usahatani dan terendah pada pola<br />tanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm yaitu 36%. Untuk<br />menekan biaya usahatani disarankan petani melakukan penyemaian benih<br />sendiri. Pola tanam sambiloto dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm,<br />paling layak secara finansial dengan pendapatan bersih mencapai<br />Rp1.188.360 dan B/C rasio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 lahan dan memberikan<br />sumbangan lebih dari 20% terhadap pendapatan petani sebagai manager<br />usahatani, mempunyai daya adaptasi yang cukup fleksibel terhadap<br />perubahan biaya produksi dan harga produk, serta memberikan tambahan<br />pendapatan bersih (keuntungan sebesar) Rp.51.675/1.000 m 2 lahan<br />dibandingkan pola monokultur.<br />Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, jagung, polatanam,<br />usahatani, produksi, Jawa Barat<br />ABSTRACT<br />Feasibility study of king bitter and corn cropping pattern<br />King bitter (Andrografis paniculata Nees) is naturally grown wildly<br />under forest trees. This indicates that the plant is shade tolerant. The<br />cropping pattern of the plant with corn was expected to improve its<br />production efficiency and compatibility. The experiment was conducted in<br />the Cimanggu Experimental Garden Bogor, Latosol soil type, elevation<br />240 m above sea level, climate type A of Schmidt and Fergusson. Planting<br />was done November 2003. The experiment was designed in a randomized<br />block with 6 replications. Treatments were (1) monoculture of king bitter<br />cropping pattern, (2) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20<br />cm) cropping pattern, (3) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 120 cm x<br />20 cm) cropping pattern, (4) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm<br />x 20 cm) cropping pattern. King bitter was planted at 30 cm x 40 cm<br />spacing, fertilized with 10 tons manure + 150 kg SP-36 + 150 kg KCl and<br />150 kg urea fertilizer was applied one of third dosage in 0, 1, and 2 months<br />after planting. Corn was grown twice during the experiment; first was<br />planted 2 weeks prior to planting of the king bitter, and second was 75<br />days after the first planting. Corn was fertilized with 5 tons manure + 300<br />kg SP36 + 200 kg KCl per ha, and 300 kg urea fertilizer was applied half<br />dosage in 0, and 1 months after planting. First harvest of the king bitter<br />was done in March 2004, followed with 5 harvests every 2 months.<br />Farming efficiency was analyzed using descriptive analysis, B/C ratio and<br />sensitivity analysis. The results showed that quality of dry raw material of<br />king bitter matched with MMI standard. Productivity of king bitter<br />decreased by the increasing population of corn in cropping pattern, in<br />monoculture bitter king productivity was 1.1 kg/m 2 decreased to 0.5 kg/m 2<br />in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm).<br />In opposite, the productivity of corn increased by the increasing<br />population of corn in cropping pattern, that were 13.3 cobs/m 2 in cropping<br />pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20 cm) increased<br />to 22.2 cobs /m 2  in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing<br />90 cm x 20 cm). Most of king bitter production cost (Rp. 300/polybag),is<br />for seedlings. In monoculture of king bitter, seedling cost of king bitter<br />was 66,5% of production cost, and in cropping pattern king bitter and corn<br />(in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm) the seedling cost was 36% of<br />production cost. To reduce production cost, farmers suggested to produce<br />the seedlings by themselves. The study suggested that the best cropping<br />pattern was king bitter planted with corn at 90 cm x 20 cm planting space.<br />This cropping pattern financially acceptable as it raised income as much as<br />Rp.1,188,360, B/C ratio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 and gave more then 20% of<br />management income which was more adaptable to fluctuation production<br />cost and price of product, and gave Rp. 51,675/1.000 m 2  net benefit<br />compared to monoculture of king bitter<br />Key words: Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, corn, cropping<br />pattern, farming, production, West Java