bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OER as a Tool for Sustainable Development: The Ukrainian - Latvian Experience of Forensic Science Experts
Authors: Palkova Karina , Agapova Olena , Zīle Aelita
Published: October 2021

One of the important factors influencing the quality of modern education is Open Educational Resources. The new form of education was recognised by UNESCO and become an important element in achieving the main goals of Sustainable Development in the field of Education. Open Educational Resources play transformative role in the cases of supporting both regular and specific fields of education. The paper examines the role of Open Educational Resources in the field of such a specific industry/occupation as forensic experts. Forensic experts’ learning process has several levels that start from the access to higher education. The requirements to receive forensic expert’s certificate stems from the national law. And these requirements could vary from country to country. Open Educational Resources represent an opportunity for a great number of learners in various study fields. Nevertheless, those resources are not used in forensic expert education. To clarify the possibility to use Open Educational Resources in specific forensic expert education field, a research on forensic expert education in Latvia and Ukraine has been conducted. Open Educational Resources can improve the quality of education on at least two levels. The first one is the quality of teaching content and the second is the modern learning environment, providing access to all necessary researches that are necessary to pass the forensic expert examination. Authors found out that nowadays Open Educational Resources are not applied in forensic experts’ education. As the research reveals, the main resources are legal documents and practical knowledge provided by academic staff. From the authors perspective it is suggested to create an Open Educational Resource that could provide forensic experts with the information necessary to pass the examination and to improve both practical and theoretical skills. Nevertheless, Open Educational Resources in such a specific field can met several challenges.
The Principle of Equal Rights in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic as a Factor Influencing the Sustainable Development of Ukraine
Authors: Dzhumageldiyeva Gulnara , Serebriakova Yuliia , Derevyanko Bogdan , Zubatenko Olena , Selikhov Dmytro
Published: October 2021

The article discusses the implementation of the principle of equal rights in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine. The peculiarities of applying this principle in relation to human rights and the rights of companies have been investigated. The article analyzes the state of compliance with the principle of equal rights in the diagnostics (testing) and treatment of different categories of patients in territories with different legal regimes. The study revealed de jure violations of equality in the normative definition of categories of citizens entitled to free testing, as well as de facto discrimination of citizens based on their place of residence when they cross the demarcation line between the controlled and uncontrolled territory of Ukraine. The state of ensuring equal economic rights of companies and an acceptable level of competition in the event of quarantine measures have been investigated. The general parameters of the relationship between the state and business and the limits of state intervention in entrepreneurial activity in the context of the pandemic have been determined. Characteristic features of discrimination against certain categories of the population and companies due to the establishment of quarantine have been revealed.
The Role of Climate Ethics in Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Ikeke Mark Omorovie
Published: October 2021

The environmental crisis manifests in various ways such as: desertification, deforestation, marine and atmospheric pollution, environmental racism, destruction of biodiversity and so forth. One of these, the destruction of biodiversity has continued unabated. Many factors have caused biodiversity loss. The most serious of these factors is climate change. This paper argues that to conserve biodiversity there is serious need to combat climate change. Combating climate change requires more than knowledge of scientific facts and public policy, there is need for climate ethics and ethically reconstructive human behaviours that act for climate justice. Through critical analytic and hermeneutic methods the concepts that ground the paper are interpreted and examined. The issues that the paper deals with are critically dissected and appraised. The paper finds that biodiversity loss is one of the most serious problems in the environmental crisis. The paper concludes that climate ethics can help to mitigate biodiversity loss.
Environmental Audit in the Sustainable Development of Green Economy
Authors: Nazarova Karina , Nezhyva Mariia , Kucher Anatolii , Hotsuliak Volodumyr , Melnyk Tetiana , Zaremba Olha
Published: October 2021

The aim of the article is to present the results of a study of the main problems and prospects for sustainable development of a green economy in Ukraine, as well as, using the example of forestry, the key aspects of environmental audit in ensuring sustainable forest management are identified. The results show that environmental audit can make a positive contribution to the sustainable development of a green economy. However, in Ukraine, as in other developing countries where economic goals dominate over environmental ones, the role of environmental audit is still limited. The methodology of conducting an audit has been improved in terms of assessing the possibility of reliable economic assessment of audit subjects to further reflect its results in analytical studies. It is established that the subject of internal economic and environmental audit is a set of economic, environmental, social, informational, organizational and other subsystems in the forestry system. It is determined that to optimize the cost structure, it is advisable to control the compliance of the amounts declared in the primary accounting documents – the amounts involved in the calculation of production costs.
Institutional Principles of Building the Fiscal Mechanism for Regulating the Investment Development of the National Economy
Authors: Rudenko Viktoriia , Voloshchuk Ruslan , Shchur Roman , Matskiv Volodymyr
Published: October 2021

The state, influencing the processes of organization of fiscal relations by forming institutions, directs the established fiscal relations, manages the channels and directions of fiscal flows, clarifies the proportions of financial resources distribution and thus regulates the investment development of the economy. Therefore, the aim of the study is to determine the institutional principles for building a fiscal mechanism, from which depends not only its effective functioning, but also the impact on investment processes in the national economy. In order to substantiate the institutional principles of building a fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy, general and special research methods were used (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction, analogy, theoretical generalization, etc.). The historical development of institutional theory is considered in the course of the research. Approaches to the interpretation of the meaning of “institution” concept are defined, their functions and characteristics are outlined. The essence and components of the institutional structure of the fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy are substantiated. As a result of the research it is proved that the institutional structure of the fiscal mechanism is four-level and includes the cognitive level, regulatory level, organizational level, resource-technological level. It is determined that at the present stage of development of Ukraine the institutional structure of the fiscal mechanism is formed, but its characteristics do not sufficiently correspond to the features, resources and tasks of regulating the investment development of the national economy.
Linking Sustainable Urban Development With Town Planning Through Proximity Trade
Authors: Diaz-Sarachaga Jose Manuel
Published: October 2021

Losses from commercial activities reflect the decline and deterioration of the downtown, the urban fabric and the social structure of the cities. The dependence on motorized vehicles has grown significantly among consumers who must move to meet their daily needs. Such a process marginalizes vulnerable populations by promoting urban lifestyles less sustainable. Proximity trade is therefore becoming increasingly important for those groups because it encourages dynamism among distinct urban areas and reduces the use of vehicles. This urban model addresses a relevant issue as universal accessibility that allows residents to enjoy an available city and move freely without encountering obstacles. The major role played by trade in the creation of wealth and urban fabric demands the integration of commercial areas provisions into urban policy guidelines. In this context, the study aims at developing a set of indicators that link proximity trade with the promotion of sustainable urban development and the model of compact city to be included in Spanish urban planning guidelines. Sixteen indicators were thus formulated around five areas of action: urban morphology, urban complexity, sustainable mobility, urban metabolism and social cohesion.
Informatization in Ukraine: Realities, Problems, Prospects
Authors: Danyliuk Mariia , Dmytryshyn Marta , Goran Tetyana
Published: October 2021

Modern sustainable development depends on innovative technologies, complete and adequate information at the right time and place. Ukraine did not stay apart from the world plan to reach sustainable goals until 2030. The global coronavirus pandemic has made adjustments in the development of societies and nations as work, study, and even social contacts have gone online. In this matter, informatization will be on the agenda around the world until it entirely and irreversibly changes it. Due to this, the paper examines the current realities of informatization in Ukraine regarding the pace of information and communication services dissemination, coverage of households with Internet access, and salaries in the industry. Regional measurement of information and communication services is presented. The place of Ukraine in the rating of the Network Readiness Index in 2019-2020 also is analyzed, the strengths and weaknesses of our state in modern informatization are revealed. Based on the conducted research, the distribution of information and communication services in Ukrainian regions and the state as a whole are forecasted; the factors of direct and indirect influence of informatization on the society, economy, and the state are formulated.
The Effect of COVID-19 on Land Transport Within the European Union and Guidelines for its Stable Development
Authors: Tzvetkova Svetla
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic delivered a devastating blow to land transport in Europe. The measures adopted for its containment drastically reduced services provided by railway transport and motor transport. Despite the limited demand during the pandemic, transport carriers did not cease their activities and proved their place in Europe’s logistics chain. In order to overcome the negative effects of the crisis and restore mobility within the EU, transport firms require financial help and support. The present article reveals the negative results of the activity of passenger and cargo carriers within the EU in 2020 and makes inferences and recommendations for overcoming the negative situation faster on the basis of data presented by Eurostat about the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on land transport. The presented data from Eurostat on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has served as a basis to make the respective inferences and indicate the fundamental guidelines for the stable development of land transport within the EU. Since railway transport is the safest, most secure and environmentally friendly type of transport, the focus is on the necessity for priority support of its activities.
Creation of Investment Funds in Ukraine by Individuals as a Criterion for Sustainable Development of the Country's Economy
Authors: Morhachov Illia , Ovcharenko Ievgen , Ivchenko Yevgen , Buchniev Maxym , Tkachenko Nataliia , Derzhak Nataliia
Published: October 2021

The article substantiates the hypothesis that the creation of investment funds by individuals in the country can be considered as a criterion for the existence of conditions of sustainable development of its economy. By example of Ukraine clarifies the issue of creating investment funds by individuals, in particular in terms of motives, feasibility, economic feasibility, problems and ways to solve the latter. For the conditions of Ukraine as an important factor in the feasibility of creating an investment fund by an individual identified the possibility of ensuring the transfer of inheritance to the heirs under national law. The stages of creation and development of the studied subjects are identified, which can be considered as "pain points" when considering the conditions of sustainable development in the country. The absence of facts of crossing these points in Ukraine by the studied subjects indicates the lack of conditions for sustainable development in the country. The refusal of the share form at the stage of existence of the limited liability company is substantiated, as well as the need to combine investment activities with others that are not capital-intensive given the high level of complexity and capital intensity of the researched business.
Digital Public Administration for Sustainable Development
Authors: Burlacu Sorin , Popescu Maria Loredana , Diaconu Amelia , Sârbu Alexandra
Published: October 2021

The aim of our research is to highlight the main features and mechanisms of the digitalization of a public administration that would allow the promotion of a sustainable development and a more inclusive society. The proliferation of information and communication technologies in all fields along with the reporting of both economic and social benefits give us hope that these technologies will also find a role in the transformation, efficiency, or progress of public administration. The main research method was the bibliographic study, both descriptive and analytical. Through specialized software tools we highlighted the relationships and correlations between various concepts. The results obtained are encouraging and have highlighted the future courses of action, both theoretical approaches and the exchange of good practices.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare: A review
Authors: Shaheen Mohammed Yousef
Published: October 2021

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing — and strengthening — modern healthcare through technologies that can predict, grasp, learn, and act, whether it's employed to identify new relationships between genetic codes or to control surgery-assisting robots. It can detect minor patterns that humans would completely overlook. This study explores and discusses the various modern applications of AI in the health sector. Particularly, the study focuses on three most emerging areas of AI-powered healthcare: AI-led drug discovery, clinical trials, and patient care. The findings suggest that pharmaceutical firms have benefited from AI in healthcare by speeding up their drug discovery process and automating target identification. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help also to eliminate time-consuming data monitoring methods. The findings also indicate that AI-assisted clinical trials are capable of handling massive volumes of data and producing highly accurate results. Medical AI companies develop systems that assist patients at every level. Patients' medical data is also analyzed by clinical intelligence, which provides insights to assist them improve their quality of life.
Editorial
Authors: Carlyle Serian
Published: October 2021

Editorial for the Autumn 2021 issue of Slovo, written by Editor-in-Chief Serian Carlyle.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Classification with Blood Smear Microscopic Images Using Taylor-MBO based SVM
Authors: Hussein Nashwan Jasim
Published: October 2021

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a serious hematological neoplasis that is characterized by the development of immature and abnormal growth of lymphoblasts. However, microscopic examination of bone marrow is the only way to achieve leukemia detection. Hence, an effective leukemia detection approach is designed using the proposed Taylor-Monarch Butterfly Optimization based Support Vector Machine (Taylor-MBO based SVM). However, the proposed Taylor-MBO is designed by the integration of Taylor series and Monarch Butterfly Optimization (MBO), respectively. The sparking process is designed to perform automatic segmentation of blood smear image by estimating optimal threshold values. By extracting the features, such as texture features, statistical and grid-based features from the segmented smear image, the performance of classification is increased with less training time However, the proposed Taylor-MBO based SVM obtained better performance using the metrics, such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity with the values of 94.5751%, 95.526%, and 94.570%, respectively.
Fatal Neutropenic Colitis and Clostridium Septicum Bacteremia in a Breast Cancer Patient
Authors: Holub Michal , Řezáč David , Čurdová Martina
Published: October 2021

A fatal case of 67-year-old female with metastatic breast cancer on chemotherapy complicated with febrile neutropenia, colitis and sepsis due to Clostridium septicum is presented. Important clinical symptoms, laboratory and radiology findings together with therapy and outcome of neuropenic colitis are also discussed.
Splenic Rupture and Massive Hemoperitoneum Due to Coagulopathy after Atheris Viper Snakebite
Authors: Valenta Jiří , Stach Zdeněk , Vagenknechtová Eva , Hoskovec David
Published: October 2021

Coagulopathy with defibrination is one of symptoms accompanying snakebite envenoming, where life-threatening complications such as massive bleeding and organ hematomas formation can occur. Here, we report a case of hemocoagulation failure due to bite by African Great Lakes bush viper Atheris nitschei with impossibility of specific treatment for absence of antivenom and its life-threatening complication: very rare and unexpected atraumatic splenic rupture with massive hemoperitoneum and necessity of urgent splenectomy.
Does the environment matter, a closer look at the environmental approach by small businesses in Africa developing countries.
Authors: Chazireni Bobo
Published: October 2021

Environmental Social Responsibility (ESR) is a notion, where business integrates environmental concerns in their operations and the interaction with stakeholders, without compromising profit. To this day, ESR studies are limited to areas of ethics, society and employees while literature is blunt on its impact on societies, consumer behaviour and governments. SMEs in developing countries are not spared their approach to ESR as a sustainability strategy. SMEs’ approach seems to digress from leverage on loyalty which emanates from their nearness to communities who in turn are potential customers. This paper takes a closer look at SMEs’ approach to ESR driven by SME business owners’ perception towards ESR. The paper will take account of SMEs’ behavioural response towards ESR and establish whether they regard ESR a strategic sustainability approach with long-term positive bottom-line benefits.

Results were attained through assessing perceptions of SMEs towards ESR; assessing impact practice of ESR by SMEs; exploring factors that undermining practise of ESR by SMEs. A mixed approach was adopted where data was obtained using face to face interviews. Results showed that the majority of SME business owners had a negative approach towards the practice of ESR. SMEs believe ESR was mainly for large corporations since their operations were hideously affecting the environment. As new knowledge, recommendations from this paper will be shared with Chambers of Commerce in Africa developing countries. Some of the recommendations were that the chambers of commerce, local authorities must proactively support SMEs to practise ESR through awareness workshops, train and share the ESR strategy alignment with business strategy.
Compelling Stories and Storytelling: An Time-Honored Approach from Civilization's Historical Roots: Practical Frameworks, Tips, and Examples for Entrepreneurs and New Ventures
Authors: York John M.
Published: October 2021

Stories and storytelling date back to humankind's earliest times. Stories have served as a primary avenue for sharing knowledge, history, culture, and information across civilizations. They present an essential mechanism for promoting new ideas and persuading points of view. Successful TED talks highlight how critical stories are in opening a presentation, engaging the audience, and taking participants on the storyteller's journey. Such an approach is essential not only for business executives but also for entrepreneurs and new ventures to engage stakeholders such as customers, partners, and investors.

This discussion delves into understanding the value and structure of compelling stories and storytelling related to the business, institutional, and entrepreneurial settings. It highlights the importance of the story as an opening and using other setup approaches such as SCQR (situation, complication, question, and recommendation). This article provides insights into Freytag's three-act play structure and the role of the hero or heroine (hero(ine)) along with the Minto pyramid structure for making compelling arguments. It offers practical tips for applying storytelling techniques to help stories and storytelling resonate. Throughout this piece offers relevant examples to illustrate the why, how, and what. The discussion closes by connecting storytelling to organizational learning concepts. These include Crossan's 4Is "feed-forward" and Roger's diffusion of innovation theory, both of which embrace the importance of shared language and symbols that stories offer to allow for ideas, knowledge, and innovation to transcend and embed within an institution, ecosystem, or a broader universe of participants and stakeholders.
Negative Effect of Current Account Surplus on Long-term Growth; Focused on the Cases of Japan, S. Korea and China
Authors: Choe Yongshik , You Seong-yop
Published: October 2021

It is a teaching of current economics that the surplus of current account in international payment contributes to the increase of income. But it has got a negative effect on the long-term growth in the reality, which is easily proved by some instances. First, the Japanese growth rate has been very low despite its current account maintaining a huge surplus. Second, it is another instance that South Korea has suffered from its low growth rate even if its government has enforced the policy to defend its exchange rate from declining while its current account surplus has become large since 1998. Next, the growth rate of China has decreased from the time when its foreign reserve has begun to reduce despite its huge surplus of current account. This paper clarifies the reason why their growths are stagnant despite their huge surpluses in current account. If this paper changes the policies of above countries, it would resolve their economic difficulties and settle the imbalance of the world economy. And this paper would contribute to the evolution of economics.
PROFITABILITY, FIRM SIZE, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DISCLOSURE, AND FIRM VALUE
Authors: La Ode Anto La Ode Anto
Published: October 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of profitability and firm size on firm value through the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR Disclosure). The sample in this study was 105 objects of observation obtained using purposive sampling technique from manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and path analysis. The results show that profitability has a negative and significant effect on CSR disclosure but is positive and significant on firm value, while firm size has a positive and significant effect on CSR disclosure but is positive and not significant on firm value, while CSR disclosure has a positive and significant effect on firm value and able to mediate the effect of profitability and firm size on firm value.
Supplication in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study
Authors: Mehdi Manar Kareem
Published: October 2021

From a religious standpoint, supplication is an act of worship that enables man to enrich his relationship with his Creator, the Almighty Allah. The essence of supplication is to revive Allah’s remembrance inside man’s heart. Moreover, supplication makes clear the fact that man is imperfect, poor and needy to his Lord, the Perfect, the Rich, and the One Who needs nobody at all (Al-Ameedi and Mahdi, 2014: 23). Linguistically, to supplicate, Vanderveken (1990:192) states, is to beg in a very humble manner usually from a superior or someone in power. Accordingly, the present paper aims to find out the syntactic components that constitute the syntactic structure of the act of supplication in English and Arabic highlighting the similarities and differences between the two languages in this regard. Hence, the paper hypothesizes that: (1) the vocative, the imperative, and parallelism constitute the basic syntactic components in English and Arabic supplication; (2) Arabic is more explicit than English in the linguistic realization of the act under scrutiny. Findings of the analysis verify the above mentioned hypotheses.
Peer Variables and Academic Identification of Senior Secondary School Students in Uyo Education Zone of Akwa Ibom State
Authors: Isong Hannah Bassey , Ugochukwu Victor , Okoro Cornelius Christopher , Udofia Nsika-Abasi
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this correlational study was to investigate the relationship between peer variables (peer acceptance, peer support and peer loyalty) on young adolescents’ academic identification. The sub variables; PA, PS and PL were examined using a researcher made instrument titled  School Peer Variable Questionnaire ( α=0.86). Academic Identification was measured using the standardized Osborne (1997) Identification with Academic Scale which has (r 0.92). Sample selected was (N  = 544). Responses were scored and hypotheses tested at .05 level of significance using the PPMC. Findings revealed the importance of peer relationship on both academic and emotional adjustment of adolescent learners. Peer acceptance, support and loyalty were found to improve learners' chances of achieving positive academic outcomes.  The  implication for educators and other stakeholders in adolescent care giving and teaching is for them to understand the importance of maintaining healthy peer relationships for young learners as  teacher and peer  acceptance, peer support and peer loyalty  help them meet psychogenic needs and promote their academic motivation, self-concept, participation, classroom engagement, and feelings of belongingness in the school .Thus, findings have immense significance for educational research and practice, and also bodes well for teachers and counselors in Nigerian secondary schools. urban, ethnically
Issues and Challenges Faced by SME’s in Sultanate of Oman during COVID-19: A Case Study of the Tourism Sector
Authors: Alhanai Yasser , Matriano Dr. Maria Teresa
Published: October 2021

The world economy has been greatly affected by Covid-19 and Oman has been among the countries facing challenges in the operation of SMEs in handling of business needs and meeting regular fixed costs. The SMEs most affected are those in the tourism sector where travel restrictions and lockdowns could not allow the businesses to receive visitors as expected who are the customers to the services and products offered. Using the sample size of 187 participants who own or work at the SMEs in tourism sector, it was established that the applied legislations and restrictions of movement had a positive correlation to SMEs business operations with a positive correlation coefficient of 0.478. However, a recommendation to the issues and challenges were issued stating that SMEs should invest in technology & tools, creation of an oversight of SME financial status, prioritising of value over culture, and trusting & empowering the people that deal with SMEs.
Implications of Freire’s Pedagogy for Almajiri Education System in Nigeria
Authors: Hussain Taofik
Published: October 2021

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Interrogating Factors Affecting the Choice and Utilisation of Online Learning Technologies for A Higher Education Institution
Authors: Maphosa Cosmas , Rugube Talent , Mthethwa-Kunene Khetsiwe Eunice , Dlamini Patience
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT 

This desktop review paper advances the view that the utilisation of technology for online teaching and learning needs to be based on sound considerations. Online learning technologies are defined and the purpose of utilising such technologies is explored. Among the different considerations in online technology utilisation is the need to consider how the technologies assist in solving pedagogical challenges for teaching and learning. The context in which the learners and the course instructors find themselves using the technologies may promote or negate the effective use of the technology. Technology may be costly to procure and maintain, and this factor should be considered before the technology is procured for use in an institution of higher education. In many contexts, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, the digital divide is real in terms of access to technologies and the skills in technology use. The use of technology may perpetuate social differences as learners from disadvantaged backgrounds end up being left out of the learning process. Organisational and infrastructural issues are other important factors to consider in technology utilisation. The paper concludes that technology utilisation for online teaching and learning should be deliberately planned to consider numerous factors and address avoidable challenges in the implementation of online learning.
Critical Analysis on the Women Employees Work-life Balance during Covid-19 Pandemic in the Airline Industry in Sultanate of Oman.
Authors: AlRaiisi Ghalia
Published: October 2021

It has always been a difficult challenge to achieve a satisfactory work-life balance for everyone working in different industries. Still, it is a lot difficult to maintain, especially for women. The purpose of this paper is to find out the problems encountered by women employees of the Airline Industry in Sultanate of Oman to keep up the work-life balance during pandemic while upholding their physical and mental health status at best. This study intends to perceive how the women employees of the Airline Industry in the Sultanate of Oman maintained the work from home because it is not easy to do the house chores and office work at the same time (Moosa, 2017). The existing problems because of the pandemic pushed women employees' mental and physical health at the edge. However, pandemics also open a new gate for women employees to go beyond their limitations and to fight and compete in such situations. The paper has also covered some restrictions about the study with a detailed discussion on the background, scope, and significance of deconstruction. The ongoing research is also about seeking out some solutions for women employees to balance work and life. Further, the paper also includes a few bits of advice for the Airline Industry in the Sultanate of Oman that what steps it should take to make life easy for women employees to attain work-life balance.
Legal design jako narzędzie umożliwiające osiągnięcie komunikatywności tekstu prawnego
Authors: Bieniek Aleksandra , Lorent Rafał
Published: October 2021

The article discusses the idea of legal design as an approach to legal communication that takes into account the needs of the readers of a normalised legal text and combines linguistic and non-linguistics techniques. It includes examples of legal regulations that refer to the intelligibility and clarity, also discussing the communication challenges that authors of legal texts are faced with. The aim of the article is to explain the term ‘legal design’ whose role as a tool for ensuring communicativeness is becoming more widely recognised by the specialists in the practice and theory of law and linguistics.
Wpływ dwujęzyczności na kształtowanie się urzędowej odmiany języka – na przykładzie średniowiecznych wielkopolskich rot sądowych
Authors: Słoboda Agnieszka
Published: October 2021

The article discusses Polish-Latin bilingualism of Polish medieval legal texts and its impact on the shaping of the official language variant. The article presents construc­tions that, in their own structure of court oath, include a form of set and often repeated formulas. These are: the formula of initial oath (Tako mi pomoży Bog i święty krzyż [so help me God and the holy cross]) and the comparative construction indicating the mem­bership of a social class of the participants of the events (tako dobry jako sam [as good as himself]) or the material value (tako dobry jako [as good as]). These constructions would appear in the Polish text in Latin, both in full or shortened form, or they would be part in Polish, part in Latin. The stable form of constructions that appeared in Latin as calques due to the influence of Polish indicates that they became, as a result of the domination of the Latin template, vivid markers of the official style in medieval Polish.
Prawnie istotne aspekty interpretacji językoznawczej – przykład 2: zakres znaczeniowy leksemu zboczeniec (i czy jest nim homoseksualista?)
Authors: Szczyszek Michał
Published: October 2021

In the article, I discuss the legal aspects of language: using linguistic analyses for the benefit of the courts. I discuss linguists’ court communication situation and the expectations towards them. The starting point is one exemplary court case in which an expert linguist was appointed to issue an opinion on the evidence. The conclusions fall into two categories: linguistics and forensic science. Linguistic conclusions, developed in accordance with traditional methods of lexicographic analysis and lexicological and semantic analysis, are not necessarily (because they would not have to be) innovative for linguists. It was more important to show the situation of a linguist in court, the structure of judicial opinion and the procedures for building the linguistic response to a process inquiry as seen from the forensic perspective.
Access to Banking and the Role of Inequality and the Financial Crisis
Authors: Caselli Mauro , Somekh Babak
Published: October 2021

We study access to banking and how it is related to banks’ rate of return on investments and the distribution of income. We develop our empirical framework through a theoretical supply-side model of bank deposit services with a consumer population heterogeneous in income. We use this model to show how decreases in the interest rate margin and higher income disparities lead to an increase in the proportion of unbanked. Using localized US household data from 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015 we find strong empirical evidence for the predictions of the model. We then structurally estimate our model to estimate the value of having a checking account relative to alternative financial services and to quantify the effects of actual changes in the interest rate margin and the distribution of income that occurred in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis.
Role of the gut microbiota in airway immunity and host defense against respiratory infections
Authors: Willers Maike , Viemann Dorothee
Published: October 2021

Colonization of the intestine with commensal bacteria is known to play a major role in the maintenance of human health. An altered gut microbiome is associated with various ensuing diseases including respiratory diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of the gut microbiota on airway immunity with a focus on consequences for the host defense against respiratory infections. Specific gut commensal microbiota compositions and functions are depicted that mediate protection against respiratory infections with bacterial and viral pathogens. Lastly, we highlight factors that have imprinting effects on the establishment of the gut microbiota early in life and are potentially relevant in the context of respiratory infections. Deepening our understanding of these relationships will allow to exploit the knowledge on how gut microbiome maturation needs to be modulated to ensure lifelong enhanced resistance towards respiratory infections.
The simulation experiment description markup language (SED-ML): language specification for level 1 version 4
Authors: Smith Lucian P. , Bergmann Frank T. , Garny Alan , Helikar Tomáš , Karr Jonathan , Nickerson David , Sauro Herbert , Waltemath Dagmar , König Matthias
Published: October 2021

Computational simulation experiments increasingly inform modern biological research, and bring with them the need to provide ways to annotate, archive, share and reproduce the experiments performed. These simulations increasingly require extensive collaboration among modelers, experimentalists, and engineers. The Minimum Information About a Simulation Experiment (MIASE) guidelines outline the information needed to share simulation experiments. SED-ML is a computer-readable format for the information outlined by MIASE, created as a community project and supported by many investigators and software tools. The first versions of SED-ML focused on deterministic and stochastic simulations of models. Level 1 Version 4 of SED-ML substantially expands these capabilities to cover additional types of models, model languages, parameter estimations, simulations and analyses of models, and analyses and visualizations of simulation results. To facilitate consistent practices across the community, Level 1 Version 4 also more clearly describes the use of SED-ML constructs, and includes numerous concrete validation rules. SED-ML is supported by a growing ecosystem of investigators, model languages, and software tools, including eight languages for constraint-based, kinetic, qualitative, rule-based, and spatial models, over 20 simulation tools, visual editors, model repositories, and validators. Additional information about SED-ML is available at https://sed-ml.org/.
Subjective time, place, and language in Lisa Gorton’sThe Life of Houses
Authors: Wentworth Isabelle
Published: October 2021

Fiction has often shown that our sense of time can be affected by the spaces and things around us. In particular, the houses in which characters live can make the passing of time dilate, accelerate, even to seem to skip or stop. These interactions between place and time may represent more than metaphor or literary artifice, but rather genuine cognitive processes of embodied subjective time. This is demonstrated in an analysis of Lisa Gorton’sThe Life of Houses, supplementing traditional stylistic analysis with cognitive poetics to explore an influence of the central house, the Sea House, on the young protagonist’s experience of time. Exploring the text through the fictional mental functioning of a main character offers a new way to understandThe Life of Houses, and, more broadly, the cognitive approach set out in this article—one which takes into account various active and interactive influences on subjective time—may have implications for the interpretation of other works which analyse the connections between time, place, and self.
Tailoring the optical properties of tin oxide thin films via gamma irradiation
Authors: Al-Baradi Ateyyah M. , Atta Ahmed A. , Badawi Ali , Algarni Saud A. , Almalki Abdulraheem S. A. , Ahmed Sameh I. , Ashour Ahmed , Alsubaie Abdullah SA. , Hassanien Ali M. , El-Nahass Mahmoud M.
Published: October 2021

In the current work, the optical properties of tin oxide thin films have been tailored via gamma irradiation for energy applications. The effect of Gamma radiation (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kGy) on the microstructural, absorption and oscillator parameters of SnO2 thin films has been investigated. XRD results reveal that the SnO2 films have the symmetry of the space group P42/mnm belonging to the tetragonal system. The crystallite size of γ-irradiated SnO2 thin film slightly increases as the irradiation dose increases. The allowed optical band gaps are estimated by applying various methods such as Tauc’s method, derivation of absorption spectrum fitting and absorption spectrum fitting approaches. The dispersion parameters are extracted from the dispersion curve of the real part of the refractive index. The single-effective-oscillator and Drude models for free charge carrier absorption are applied to obtain the dispersion parameters before and after γ-irradiation.
Triangulated Racialization Index (TRI): Incremental and Predictive Validity of a Multidimensional Stereotype Measure
Authors: Tawa John
Published: October 2021

A new stereotype metric is proposed, computed as the geometric area of a triangle determined by stereotype endorsement in reference to three racialized groups (i.e., Asian, Black, and White) mapped onto a three-dimensional (i.e., body, mind, and self-interest) field. Conceptually, this measure determines the extent to which these racial groups are triangulated in relation to one another; operationally, this is represented by greater distances between vertices in the three-dimensional field. Among a sample of Asian (n = 64), Black (n = 73), and White (n = 165) adults, regression analyses partially supported predictions that the triangulation-based metric would be a stronger predictor of prejudice than single-group referenced stereotypes. Mediation analyses supported the theoretical perspective that triangulation relates to prejudice because people who simultaneously endorse stereotypes of Black and Asian people at extreme ends of bipolar continuums have relatively fixed views about the nature of race (i.e., racial essentialism).
The Trump Era: The Talk-Show that Shook the World
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Shumilin Aleksandr
Published: October 2021

This article aims to review a fundamental study by Russian authors of the causes, course and consequences of the 45th US President's stay in the White House. His cadence turned out to be unique in modern American history: two impeachment procedures, several massive explosions of interethnic riots, and finally the storming of the Capitol. This is him – a businessman with dubious success, a showman, and ultimately – the first person of America. The president is called "on intuition", "non-systemic" – without experience in government structures. However, he was quite successful in deepening the political and ideological divide in his country. And today, almost a year later, those Americans who voted for D. Trump on November 3, 2020 continue to speak of him in positive tones, and the rest – a little more than half of the total number of those who cast their votes – do it in sharply negative manner. The period of the 45th president's stay in the White House requires comprehensive understanding.
The Visegrad Four in Times of Crisis
Authors:   Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chetverikova Anna
Published: October 2021

The article contains an analysis of the Visegrad Group’s approaches to the world financial and economic crisis of 2008 and the pandemic in 2020. The reasons which determined the increase of the Four’s importance in the EU during periods of global distress for a number of economic indicators are outlined. Special attention is paid to the economic dynamics of Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic in 2020 in comparison to the time of crisis of 2008-2009 and to the factors influencing the response of countries to the complementary economic issues. The transformation of trade and investment relations within the Visergad Group during the crisis periods is considered. The reasons for changes inside the group are identified. The conclusion is drawn that external challenges cause the weakening of relations within the Four in several areas; the Visegrad market can not fully play the compensatory role for its members in emergency conditions. However, the opportunity for expanding relations within the Group in the future is not excluded. The results of the experts’ survey on the attitudes of the Four during periods of external challenges, relations within the Visegrad Group and directions for future development are presented.
Maternal Immune Activation during Pregnancy Alters Postnatal Brain Growth and Cognitive Development in Nonhuman Primate Offspring
Authors: Vlasova Roza M. , Iosif Ana-Maria , Ryan Amy M. , Funk Lucy H. , Murai Takeshi , Chen Shuai , Lesh Tyler A. , Rowland Douglas J. , Bennett Jeffrey , Hogrefe Casey E. , Maddock Richard J. , Gandal Michael J. , Geschwind Daniel H. , Schumann Cynthia M. , Van de Water Judy , McAllister A. Kimberley , Carter Cameron S. , Styner Martin A. , Amaral David G. , Bauman Melissa D.
Published: October 2021

Human epidemiological studies implicate exposure to infection during gestation in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have identified the maternal immune response as the critical link between maternal infection and aberrant offspring brain and behavior development. Here we evaluate neurodevelopment of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) born to MIA-treated dams (n= 14) injected with a modified form of the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid at the end of the first trimester. Control dams received saline injections at the same gestational time points (n= 10) or were untreated (n= 4). MIA-treated dams exhibited a strong immune response as indexed by transient increases in sickness behavior, temperature, and inflammatory cytokines. Although offspring born to control or MIA-treated dams did not differ on measures of physical growth and early developmental milestones, the MIA-treated animals exhibited subtle changes in cognitive development and deviated from species-typical brain growth trajectories. Longitudinal MRI revealed significant gray matter volume reductions in the prefrontal and frontal cortices of MIA-treated offspring at 6 months that persisted through the final time point at 45 months along with smaller frontal white matter volumes in MIA-treated animals at 36 and 45 months. These findings provide the first evidence of early postnatal changes in brain development in MIA-exposed nonhuman primates and establish a translationally relevant model system to explore the neurodevelopmental trajectory of risk associated with prenatal immune challenge from birth through late adolescence.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWomen exposed to infection during pregnancy have an increased risk of giving birth to a child who will later be diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Preclinical maternal immune activation (MIA) models have demonstrated that the effects of maternal infection on fetal brain development are mediated by maternal immune response. Since the majority of MIA models are conducted in rodents, the nonhuman primate provides a unique system to evaluate the MIA hypothesis in a species closely related to humans. Here we report the first longitudinal study conducted in a nonhuman primate MIA model. MIA-exposed offspring demonstrate subtle changes in cognitive development paired with marked reductions in frontal gray and white matter, further supporting the association between prenatal immune challenge and alterations in offspring neurodevelopment.