bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impact of shallow subsurface pipe drainage on soil salinity and crop yield in arid zone
Authors: Yang Haichang , Chen Weiye , Chen Yun , Zhang Fenghua , Yang Xiaohu
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Soil salinization is one of the key problems of sustainable development of arid agricultural land. Exploring the use of shallow subsurface pipe drainage to improve soil salinization.

Methods

This study investigates the desalinization effect of shallow subsurface pipe drainage, in combination with drip irrigation under plastic mulch, in an arid region in China. Field data collection was conducted in 2010. Soil salinity at a range of soil depths, water EC and pH of subsurface pipe drainage and crop yield during crop growth stages in salinized farmlands were measured.

Results and Conclusion

The results show that soil salinity was reduced significantly on mildly (1–3 dS m−1) and moderately (3–6 dS m−1) salinized farmlands. The highest desalinization rate of mildly and moderately salinized soils was 51% and 91% respectively. The desalinization in upper soil layers, to a depth of 60 cm, was more significant than that in lower soil layers. Drainage water salinity was much higher than irrigation water salinity. Crop yield on mildly and moderately salinized land increased about 25% and 50%, respectively. This indicates that the combination of drip irrigation and shallow subsurface pipe drainage on farmlands is potential feasible to desalt farmlands and to improve crop yield. The study has led to a desalinization of 330 ha year−1 in Xinjiang.
Transcriptome analysis identifies candidate genes in the biosynthetic pathway of sex pheromones from a zygaenid moth, Achelura yunnanensis (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)
Authors: Nuo Shu-Mei , Yang An-Jin , Li Gen-Ceng , Xiao Hai-Yan , Liu Nai-Yong
Published: December 2021

In most moth species, sex pheromones responsible for mating and communication of both sexes are primarily produced by the pheromone glands (PGs) of female moths. Although the PG transcriptomes and pheromone production related genes from 24 moth species have been characterized, studies on the related information remain unknown in the Zygaenidae family. Here, we sequenced the PG transcriptome of a zygaenid moth, Achelura yunnanensis. Such the sequencing resulted in the yields of 47,632,610 clean reads that were assembled into 54,297 unigenes, coupled with RNA sequencing data from 12 other tissues. Based on the transcriptome, a total of 191 genes encoding pheromone biosynthesis and degradation enzymes were identified, 161 of which were predicted to have full-length sequences. A comparative analysis among 24 moth species of nine families indicated that the numbers of the genes were variable, ranging from 14 in two Grapholita species to 191 in A. yunnanensis. Phylogenetic analysis in parallel with the expression data highlighted some key genes, including three △9 and four △11 desaturases, four fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs) clustering in the pgFAR clade, and three significantly antennae-enriched aldehyde oxidases. An extensive tissue- and sex- expression profile revealed a broad distribution of the genes, in which 128 relatives were detected in the PGs and 127 in the antennae. This study reports, for the first time, the gene repertoires associated with the pheromone production in Zygaenidae, and provides a valuable resource for exploring putative roles of the PG-enriched genes in A. yunnanensis.
Salivary Metabolic Profiling of Systemic Disorders and Oral Neoplastic and Preneoplastic Conditions- A Narrative Review
Authors: Mahalingam Ramya , Vinoth Vasanthi , Ramadas Ramya , James Amritha , Arunachalam Preethi
Published: December 2021

Salivary metabolic profiling has emerged as an important mode of analysing the metabolic markers that aids in early disease detection in various systemic diseases. The metabolomics study states that, the transitional and the end products of interactions that take place between genes, proteins, and the environment are found to be involved in various disease processes. Salivary metabolomics stands as a highly specific and sensitive method in diagnosis of various conditions making it a better alternative to the conventional serum and tissue-based methods well. These metabolomics studies incorporate various analytical technologies for identifying each component that could be used as a biomarker. Hence, we reviewed the current state of salivary metabolomics, diagnostic efficiency and its associated technologies and its future role in identification and monitoring the disease prognosis. The study selection was done by locating those research papers that provided information on salivary diagnostics using metabolic markers for early diagnosis in systemic disorders, neoplastic and preneoplastic conditions with help of search engines like Pubmed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Cochrane library. The results of each study were critically evaluated to accentuate the principal role played by these biomarkers in the field of salivary diagnostics.
МЕТОДИКА ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ ТРАКТА ГЕТЕРОДИНА СВЧ КВАДРАТУРНЫХ МОДУЛЯТОРОВ И ДЕМОДУЛЯТОРОВ С РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫМ РАЗБАЛАНСОМ, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Лосев В.В. , Недашковский Л.В. , Шабардин Р.С.
Published: December 2021

В работе приведена методика проектирования, обобщающая накопленный опыт проектирования трактов гетеродина для квадратурных модуляторов и демодуляторов. В число основных этапов методики входят: выбор архитектуры расщепителя фазы; проектирование и настройка полифазного фильтра или делителя частоты; проектирование схемы регулирования фазы; проектирование усилителей, настройка АЧХ, выходной амплитуды и уровня сигнала гетеродина; проектирование ЦАП для регулирования разбаланса фаз и амплитуд, проектирование топологии.
КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ГИДРОКСИАПАТИТ КАЛЬЦИЯ – УГЛЕВОЛОКНО, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Захаров Н.А. , Бокарев В.П. , Шелехов Е.В. , Матвеев В.В. , Алиев А.Д. , Киселев М.Р. , Коваль Е.М. , Захарова Т.В. , Нечипоренко А.П.
Published: December 2021

Синтезированы композиционные материалы (КМ) на основе углеволокна (УВ) и биосовместимого гидроксиапатита кальция Ca(PO)(OH) (ГА) в ходе осаждения из водных растворов в системе Ca(OH)–HPO–УВ–HO. Определено влияние состава на морфологию нанокристаллов ГА (НКГА) и их растворимость в составе
ЭФФЕКТИВНЫЕ УПРУГИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ КРЕМНИЕВЫХ ВЛАГОНАСЫЩЕННЫХ МЕЗОПОРИСТЫХ СТРУКТУР ВБЛИЗИ ТОЧКИ ФАЗОВОГО ПЕРЕХОДА ПРИ НАЛИЧИИ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО ОГРАНИЧЕНИЯ, "Электронная техника. Серия 3. Микроэлектроника"
Authors: Бардушкин В.В. , Горнев Е.С. , Лавров И.В. , Шиляева Ю.И. , Яковлев В.Б.
Published: December 2021

Решается задача моделирования эффективных упругих характеристик мезопористых структур на основе кремния с адсорбированной водой, замерзшей в условиях пространственного ограничения. Построена теоретическая модель, учитывающая влияние на значения эффективных модулей упругости водонасыщенных мезопористых материалов наличия на поверхности пор естественного слоя диоксида кремния, структуры среды (отношения толщины оксидного слоя к радиусу нитевидной поры, а также ориентации пор в пространстве кремниевой мембраны) и объемного содержания элементов неоднородности. Проведены численные модельные расчеты компонент тензора эффективных модулей упругости исследуемых водонасыщенных мезопористых структур. Моделирование показало, что увеличение характерного размера включений (отношение толщины оксидного слоя к радиусу поры) приводит к уменьшению значений компонент тензора эффективных модулей упругости по закону, близкому к линейному.
Development of Poly Herbal Cream Formulations Containing Wild Growing Omani Medicinal Plants
Authors: Bhupathyraaj Mullaicharam , Sreenath Lakshmi , Al-Habsi Hanan Obaid , Halligudi Nirmala
Published: December 2021

Acne is derived from the Greek word “acme” which means “prime of life”. It is mostly considered to be benign and self-limiting condition but if it is ignored than it can progress to lifetime presence and scaring of the skin. Almost 85% of adolescence are affected by acne and from here males are at higher ration that female due to testosterone level that causes increase size in sebaceous gland which in turn causes more production of sebum (oil production). Women are affected more during adulthood due to imbalance of premenstrual hormones and over use of oil based cosmetics. There are many different factors that contribute to acne formation and it has many different forms. Herbal medication are considered safer than allopathic medicines because allopathic medicines are associated with various side effects such as like contact allergy, local irritation, scaling, photosensitivity, itching, redness, skin peeling, necrosis of the skin etc. In this study there are 3 herbal plants were used to prepare cream formulation that were used to investigate the anti-acne property. The aim of this research work was to develop formulations and to perform its evaluation as an herbal anti-acne cream. The objective of this study was to focus on the ant-acne or anti-bacterial effect of the formulated polyherbal cream containing three plants, Thyme, Aloe Vera and Basil. The results showed that the formulation 10 showed potential anti-acne property had that twice more concentration of aloe Vera than basil and thyme.
Reaction of Sharia Capital Market toward Political Events in Indonesia
Authors: Widuhung Sisca Debyola
Published: December 2021

This study aims to examine the reaction of the sharia capital market to political events in Indonesia. The political events referred to in this study are the events of the 2014 and 2019 presidential elections. The market reactions used are abnormal returns and stock trading volume. The sample in this study is stocks included in the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) during the study period, which are 22 stocks. This study used an event study with an observation period of 21 trading days, namely 10 trading days before, one day of the day event, and 10 trading days after the 2014 & 2019 presidential and vice presidential elections. From the result, it can be seen that both tests are greater than 5%. Therefore, H0(1 and 2) are accepted.
Determination of Heavy Metals (Lead, Zinc, Nickel and Cadmium) in Medicinal Plants (Scent Leaf and Pawpaw) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Authors: Assayomo Ebimobowei , Bawo Dorcas Dauta , Oyedeji Ayodele , Ezenatein Gloria Ekpatarziba , Ogbo Ahiakwo Bright
Published: December 2021

Aims: This study investigated the level of zinc, nickel, lead and cadmium in selected medicinal plants - Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Pawpaw (Carica papaya) that are traditionally used in alternative medicine in Amassoma community, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Study Design: Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Pawpaw (Carica papaya) from where these plants are grown were randomly collected for heavy metal analysis from within Amassoma community in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State between March 2019 to September 2019

Methodology:  Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Pawpaw (Carica papaya) were digested and analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS, model S471096). The method used was wet-ashing method for the analysis.

Results: The result showed that the concentration of Lead in the pawpaw fruit with 5.99mg/kg and pawpaw seed with 3.72mg/kg, were above the WHO permissible limit. While the concentration of Cadmium in the pawpaw fruit, pawpaw leaf, pawpaw seed and scent leaf with 1.32mg/kg, 0.96mg/kg, 0.21mg/kg, and 0.59mg/kg, were all above the permissible limits. Again, Zinc in the pawpaw fruit, pawpaw leaf, pawpaw seed and scent leaf were 2.52mg/kg, 2.53mg/kg, 5.30mg/kg, and 0.79mg/kg respectively, and these are also above the permissible limit. While that of the concentration of Nickel in the pawpaw fruit, pawpaw leaf, pawpaw seed and scent leaf were observed to be within permissible limit.

Conclusion: It is therefore recommended that caution should be taken when such plants are to be used as alternative to conventional medicine as excess of it could pose the risk of bioaccumulation and possible health effects in humans.
Effect of Hydrophilic Carriers for Solubility and Dissolution Enhancement of Sulfamerazine by Solid Dispersions Technique
Authors: Gupta Jitendra , Gupta Reena
Published: December 2021

Aims: The present research was carried out to investigate the effect of hydrophilic carriers in enhancing the solubility and dissolution rate of Sulfamerazine (SMZ) employing the fusion technique of solid dispersions (SD).

Methodology: SMZ is an oral antibacterial drug exhibiting a poor dissolution profile and water solubility. SD of SMZ was prepared using poloxamer 407 (PX407) and Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) as a hydrophilic carrier by employing the fusion technique.

Results: The powder SDs were subjected for solubility, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in-vitro dissolution profile, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. The FTIR spectral analysis showed no significant incompatibility between drug and carriers and confirmed the presence of SMZ. From XRD and DSC, SMZ indicated the amorphous form in solid dispersion with larger specific surface area, resulting in a better in-vitro rate of dissolution of the drug from solid dispersions than pure drug. However, SD of PX407 (SDSMFF8) indicated higher aqueous solubility than pure SMZ. Further, SDSMFF7 showed higher in-vitro drug release 96.45±0.3% within 60 minutes, and pure drug (18.54±0.8%).

Conclusion: In conclusion, enhancing thesolubility and dissolution of SMZ using hydrophilic carriers by solid dispersion technique provides new strategies for broadening its potential clinical application.
Harvesting Electricity by Harnessing Nature: Bioelectricity, Triboelectricity, and Method of Storage
Authors: Gopi Chandu V.V.M. , Ng Tien K. , Ooi Boon S.
Published: December 2021

In nature, bioelectricity refers to electrical potentials and currents produced by or used within living cells, tissues, and organisms for electrolocation, predation, or protection. Electric eels can generate huge amounts of power using electric organs that are arranged in stacks of electrocytes. One critical, recent issue for electronic gadgets is that energy storage systems are incapable of offering enough energy for uninterrupted, long‐running processes. This results in frequent recharging or inconvenient energy storage unit replacement. To address this challenge, inspired by bioelectricity phenomena, a unique triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology has been proposed to convert small quantities of mechanical energy into electricity without an external power supply. Several advances have been made regarding TENG‐based self‐charging energy storage devices. To fulfill the sustainable operation requirements of the next‐generation electronic devices, extensive work has been performed to integrate energy‐generating TENGs with energy‐storing supercapacitor devices to form self‐charging power systems (SCPSs). This tutorial article focuses on the recent advances and various SCPS structural designs. In addition, various power management circuits that can be integrated with TENG devices and supercapacitors are reviewed. Finally, challenges and perspectives for future SCPS progress are discussed.
Leosthenes
Authors: Poddighe Elisabetta , Richardson William P.
Published: December 2021

Leosthenes the Athenian led the Greek rebellion against Macedonian control in the Lamian War shortly after the death of Alexander the Great. Having been placed in command of a force comprised of mercenaries brought to Greece from Asia and Athenian reinforcements, he conducted several successful attacks and ultimately besieged Antipater in Lamia. During this siege, Leosthenes was struck by a missile and died. His actions in the rebellion against Macedon led to his depiction as a defender of Greece.
Herakleia by Latmos (Heraclea by Latmus)
Authors: Hülden Oliver
Published: December 2021

Herakleia is a town in western Asia Minor, whose foundation in early Hellenistic times can be connected to a
synoikismos
by the satrap Asandros. In its urban development as well as in the construction of the well‐preserved city walls some other successors of Alexander the Great were also involved. Their respective share in this is controversial, but a strong Antigonid impact seems to be the most likely. The previous settlement called Latmos is situated close by with remains mainly belonging to the fourth century
bce
.
Fazzan
Authors: MacDonald Eve
Published: December 2021

The region of Fazzan in Antiquity.
Pola (Pula)
Authors: Starac Alka
Published: December 2021

The Roman colony of Pola was established during Caesar's dictatorship, in the region of Histria, inheriting the hillfort topography. The forum was located next to the harbor. A part of the city wall with several gates is still preserved. Other well‐preserved monuments are the Arch of the Sergii, the temple of Roma and Augustus, and the amphitheater. Pola also had two theaters, a public bathhouse, a
nymphaeum
, and at least two Late Republican temples.
Prostitution, Roman
Authors: M c Ginn Thomas A. J.
Published: December 2021

Prostitution in ancient Rome was widespread. The sale of sex constituted an important aspect of the economy in terms of upper‐class investment, state revenue, and female employment. The vast bulk of the legal, literary, documentary, and archaeological evidence derives approximately from the period 200
bce
–250
ce
, most of which concerns the prostitution of women, our focus here. A brief summary of developments in Late Antiquity ranges approximately from 250 to 565
ce
.
Methone, Pieria
Authors: Boufalis Angelos
Published: December 2021

Methone was a city‐state in Pieria and according to the literary tradition the earliest Greek colony in the Northern Aegean. It controlled one of the best ports and evolved into one of the busiest industrial centers in the region. Although territorially surrounded by the Macedonian kingdom, it preserved its independence through most of the Archaic and Classical period until it was destroyed in 354
bce
by Philip II because of its long‐standing alliance with the Athenians.
3D‐Printed Functional Polymers and Nanocomposites: Defects Characterization and Product Quality Improvement
Authors: Alo Oluwaseun A. , Mauchline David , Otunniyi Iyiola O.
Published: December 2021

There have been continuing efforts toward improving printability and minimizing defects in 3D‐printed functional polymers and polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). While printability is essentially material related, and formation of defects is largely influenced by operational parameters, there is an interconnection between the factors influencing both. It is important to have a comprehensive insight on how these aspects interrelate to increase the prospect of improving part performance and widening the current range of applications of 3D‐printed polymer‐based functional materials. Therefore, this work first reviews various polymer 3D printing techniques and recent advances in 3D‐printed functional polymers and PNCs before discussing characterization and control of common defects in printed parts. Techniques for improving printability of polymer‐based functional materials are then discussed. Some opportunities for further developments in this area are highlighted in respect of polymer blending, immiscible blend nanocomposites, and a specific product development prospect.
Non‐Electrode Components for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc Batteries: Electrolytes, Solid‐Electrolyte‐Interphase, Current Collectors, Binders, and Separators
Authors: Ni Qiao , Kim Byunghoon , Wu Chuan , Kang Kisuk
Published: December 2021

Rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are one of the promising options for large‐scale electrical energy storage owing to their safety, affordability and environmental friendliness. During the past decade, there have been remarkable advancements in the AZBs technology, which are achieved through intensive efforts not only in the area of electrode materials but also in the fundamental understandings of non‐electrode components such as electrolytes, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), current collectors, binders, and separators. In particular, the breakthroughs in the non‐electrode components should not be underestimated in having enabled the AZBs to attain a higher energy and power density beyond that of the conventional AZBs, proving their critical role. In this article, the recent research progress is comprehensively reviewed with respect to non‐electrode components in AZBs, covering the new‐type of electrolytes that have been introduced, attempts for the tailoring of SEI, and the design efforts for multi‐functional current collectors, binders and separators, along with the remaining challenges associated with these non‐electrode components. Finally, perspectives are discussed toward future research directions in this field. This extensive overview on the non‐electrode components is expected to guide and spur further development of high‐performance AZBs.
Ultrafast Ion Transport via Dielectric Nanocube Interface
Authors: Teranishi Takashi , Yamanaka Ryoji , Mimura Ken‐ichi , Yoneda Mika , Kondo Shinya , Kato Kazumi , Kishimoto Akira
Published: December 2021

Drastic enhancement in the high‐rate capability of lithium‐ion batteries to the level of supercapacitors while maintaining high energy density is required for next‐generation power sources. Incorporating dielectric BaTiO3 (BTO)‐based nanocubes (NCs) into the active materials–electrolyte interface provides an ultrafast charge transfer pathway via the dielectric layer. The highly dispersed NC‐decorated LiCoO2 (LCO) treated at the optimized temperature of 600 °C displays significantly enhanced high‐rate capability; the cell maintains 56.7 mAh g‐1 at 50C (1C = 160 mA g‐1), which compares with null capacity at the same rate for bare LCO. Comparing the NCs with conventional sol‐gel‐derived nanoparticles, the capacity retention at 10C (vs 0.1C) steadily increases with increasing active materials–dielectric–electrolyte triple‐phase interface (TPI) in the NC‐decorated case, whereas the capacity retention decreases markedly at similar TPI density in the sol‐gel case. In the sol‐gel case, the amount of Li ions accumulating at the TPI greatly exceeds the maximum amount of Li ions involved in electron exchange through the redox reaction within the charge/discharge time. In the NC case, most Li ions at the TPI participate effectively in the redox reaction, which results in fast charge transfer since the TPI sites are abundantly supplied with Li ions.
Influence of nitrogen source and rate on lettuce yield and quality
Authors: Zandvakili Omid R. , Barker Allen V. , Hashemi Masoud , Autio Wesley R. , Etemadi Fatemeh , Sadeghpour Amir
Published: December 2021

Organic fertilizers are significantly lower in N content than chemical fertilizers, yet they can offer opportunities for efficient N utilization in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. A 2‐yr split‐split plot trial was conducted in the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 at South Deerfield, MA, to evaluate the effect of source and rate of N fertilizers on yield, and quality of two lettuce cultivars. Nitrogen sources including blood meal (BLM), dehulled soybean meal (DSM), dehydrated cow manure (DCM), and urea (URE) were the main plots. Nitrogen application rates of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha–1 were subplots and two lettuce cultivars with different morphological phenotypes of iceberg (‘Mighty Joe’) and leaf lettuce (‘Bergam's Green’) were sub‐subplots. Quadratic model explained lettuce yield response to N fertilizer rate, regardless of cultivar and N source. Among all N sources, DCM resulted in the least total N, nitrate‐N, ammonium‐N, and the lowest fresh lettuce yield (24.0 Mg ha–1) compared with URE (30.1 Mg ha–1), DSM (30.7 Mg ha–1) and BLM (28.7 Mg ha–1). Lettuce N requirement at maximum yield was 157.7, 171.4, 112.5, and 191.7 kg ha–1 for BLM, DSM, DCM, and URE, respectively. An increase in N application rate increased total N, nitrate‐N, and ammonium‐N but decreased agronomic efficiency and apparent N recovery. Incidence of lettuce tipburn and head decay was cultivar specific and was not influenced by N source. We concluded that DSM could be used as an organic fertilizer source that provides N similar to that of URE for lettuce production.
Fractal Features of the Catalytic Performances of Bimodal Mesoporous Silica‐Supported Organocatalysts Derived from Bipyridine‐Proline for Asymmetric Aldol Reaction
Authors: Xu Guangpeng , Bing Liujie , Sun Jihong , Jia Bingying , Bai Shiyang
Published: December 2021

The three bipyridine‐proline chiral ligands (Z) with different structural units as highly active species were successfully introduced on Zn‐modified bimodal mesoporous silicas (BMMs). The representative heterogeneous catalysts (ZZnBMMs‐n) containing different molar ratios of Z/Zn (5, 20, 50, 100, 200%) were prepared, and their catalytic performances were evaluated in the asymmetric aldol reactions between p‐nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclohexanone, showing the satisfactory activities (yields) and good stereoselectivity (dr and ee). Meanwhile, their microstructural features and physicochemical properties were characterized by various methods. Particularly, the fractal evolution, the pair distance distribution function, and the Porod plots of the ZZnBMMs catalysts were demonstrated by SAXS analysis. The results revealed that the interfacial layer thickness and their mass fractal (Dm) value gradually increased with the enhanced molar ratios of Z/Zn, along with the decrease of pore size and densification of volume, suggesting the successful Z‐grafting into the mesoporous channels of Zn‐modified matrixes. The essential relationships between the fractal features and their catalytic performance (yield, dr and ee) were explored, showing the larger the Dm values, the better catalytic performance. Besides, the uniform distributions of Zn and S elements in ZZnBMMs catalysts and the formation of enamine‐imine intermediates during the asymmetric aldol reactions were confirmed.
Possible Polarization Measurements in Elastic Scattering at the Gamma Factory Utilizing a 2D Sensitive Strip Detector as Dedicated Compton Polarimeter
Authors: Middents Wilko , Weber Günter , Spillmann Uwe , Krings Thomas , Vockert Marco , Volotka Andrey , Surzhykov Andrey , Stöhlker Thomas
Published: December 2021

For photon energies from several 10 keV up to a few MeV Compton polarimetry is an indispensable tool to gain insight into subtle details of fundamental atomic radiative processes. Within the SPARC collaboration several segmented semiconductor detectors are developed that are well suited for application as efficient Compton polarimeters. In this report, these recent developments are reviewed and it is discussed how Compton polarimetry can be employed at the upcoming Gamma Factory.
One‐Step Synthesis of Lignin‐Based Triblock Copolymers as High‐Temperature and UV‐Blocking Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Wan Yi , He Jianghua , Zhang Yuetao , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: December 2021

This work utilizes frustrated Lewis pairs consisting of tethered bis‐organophosphorus superbases and a bulky organoaluminum to furnish the highly efficient synthesis of well‐defined triblock copolymers via one‐step block copolymerization of lignin‐based syringyl methacrylate and n‐butyl acrylate, through di‐initiation and compounded sequence control. The resulting thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) exhibit microphase separation and much superior mechanical properties (elongation at break up to 2091 %, tensile strength up to 11.5 MPa, and elastic recovery up to 95 % after 10 cycles) to those of methyl methacrylate‐based TPEs. More impressively, lignin‐based tri‐BCPs can maintain TPEs properties up to 180 °C, exhibit high transparency and nearly 100 % UV shield, suggesting potential applications in temperature‐resistant and optical devices.
Reversible Covalent Headpiece Enables Interconversion between Double‐ and Single‐Stranded DNA‐Encoded Chemical Libraries
Authors: Zhao Guixian , Zhong Shuting , Zhang Gong , Li Yangfeng , Li Yizhou
Published: December 2021

The use of a proper encoding methodology is one of the most important aspects when practicing DEL technology. A “headpiece”‐based double‐stranded DEL encoding method is currently the most widely used for productive DEL. However, the robustness of double‐stranded DEL construction conflicts with the versatility presented by single‐stranded DEL applications. We here report a novel encoding method, which is based on a “reversible covalent headpiece (RCHP)”. The RCHP allows reversible interconversion between double‐ and single‐stranded DNA formats, providing an avenue to robust synthesis and allowing for the applications in distinct setups. We have validated the versatility of this encoding method with encoded self‐assembled chemical library and DNA‐encoded dynamic library technology. Notably, based on the RCHP‐settled library construction, a unique “ternary covalent complex” mediating ligand isolation methodology against non‐immobilized targets was developed.
Fluoro‐nitrogen Cations
Authors: Vij Ashwani , Wilson William W. , Haiges Ralf , Edwards Kyle C. , Dixon David A. , Christe Karl O.
Published: December 2021

The crystal structures of [NH3F]+[CF3SO3]−, [NH2F2]+[SbF6]−, and [N2F3]+[Sb3F16]− have been determined, representing the first structural characterizations of these simple fluoro‐nitrogen cations. The influences of the hybridization of the central nitrogen atom and of the number of fluorine substituents on the N−F bond lengths are evaluated for the series N2F+, N2F3+, NF2O+, NH3F+, NH2F2+, and NF4+. It is shown that the N−F bond length decreases from 1.40 Å to 1.26 Å with increasing fluorine substitution and increasing s‐character of the nitrogen atom, and that unusual N−F bond lengths reported in the previous literature are caused by disorder problems
Physical and oxidative stability of n‐3 delivery emulsions added seaweed‐based polysaccharide extracts from Nordic brown algae Saccharina latissima
Authors: Hermund Ditte B. , Anagnostara Ioanna , Hou Xiaoru , Mikkelsen Maria Dalgaard , Rhein‐Knudsen Nanna , Bjerre Anne‐Belinda , Meyer Anne S. , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: December 2021

Enriching foods with long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids requires a delivery emulsion system, which is both thermodynamically and oxidatively stable. The antioxidant and stabilizing properties of three types of polysaccharide extracts from brown algae Saccharina latissima with a mixed composition of polysaccharides (SA: 98% sodium alginate, SF: 90% alginate and 9% fucoidan, SL: 14.5% fucoidan, 9.5% laminarin, and co‐extracted nonpolysaccharides) were evaluated. SA, SF, SL, and REF (added commercial sodium alginate) showed in vitro ferrous ion chelating ability in the order: SA (99%) > SL (78%) > REF (31%) > SF (16%). The difference in antioxidant activity between SA, REF, and SF appeared related to structural differences of alginate (M/G ratio). A storage trial was conducted using 70% (w/w) fish oil‐in‐water delivery emulsions added sodium caseinate (NaCas) (0.23 wt%) as emulsifier in combination with SA, SF, SL, or commercial NaAlg (REF) in different concentrations (C1 = 0.1, C2 = 0.2, C3 = 0.3, and C4 = 0.4 wt%). A control with only NaCas was included (CON). The physical (e.g., creaming and droplet‐size distribution) and oxidative (peroxide value and volatiles) stability of the emulsions, were evaluated (12 days, dark at 20˚C). Acceptable physical stability (creaming index) was found for REF (all concentrations), SF = 0.2 wt% (C2), SL and SA = 0.3 wt% (C3) and 0.4 wt% (C4). In general, the oxidative stability decreased by adding REF, SA, and SF (except for REF at C1), as prooxidant activity was observed. However, SA showed antioxidant activity against the formation of 2‐ethylfuran. SL showed antioxidant activity in decreasing the formation of volatile compounds in emulsions when added in concentrations above 0.2 wt%.
Starch/pectin‐biobased films: How initial dispersions could affect their performances
Authors: De Paola Maria Gabriela , Andreoli Tiziana , Lopresto Catia Giovanna , Calabrò Vincenza
Published: December 2021

Bioplastics receive constantly increasing attention as interesting alternatives to fossil‐derived plastics, due to their renewability and degradability. Among them, edible coatings and films have been focused by a growing amount of research. Starch‐based films are promising candidates for future plastics because of starch convenient price and large availability, combined with suitable properties. Chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of such films could be enhanced by mixing starch with other additives and copolymers, which affect the characteristics of the film‐forming dispersions. This work investigates how the behavior of different starch/pectin‐based dispersions—in terms of stability and gelification—influences the quality of the resulting films. Characterization of dispersions by Turbiscan analysis, based on multiple light scattering—detects any destabilization phenomenon and its extent. The produced films are investigated from morphological and mechanical point of view by standard tests. Film quality improves as phase separation decreases and degree of gelification increases in film‐forming dispersions.
Glycerol biosynthesis plays an essential role in mediating cold tolerance the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta
Authors: Vatanparast Mohammad , Sajjadian Seyedeh Minoo , Park Youngjin
Published: December 2021

The red imported fire ant (RIFA),Solenopsis invictaBuren is native to South America and known as a global problematic invasive species. At low temperatures, several investigations have demonstrated an increase in glycerol as a primary rapid cold hardening (RCH) component and an increase in the supercooling point. Two genes, glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol kinase (GK), have been identified as being involved in the glycerol production process. In this study, one GPDH and two GK sequences were extracted from RIFA transcriptome analysis (Si‐GPDH,Si‐GK1, andSi‐GK2). All three genes were expressed in different body parts and different tissues ofS. invictathatSi‐GK2showed a higher expression level than the others. According to gene expression levels by qRT‐PCR analysis, the highest expression levels of three genes were observed in fat body tissues. After 1 h of exposure to low temperatures (5°C or lower), the mRNA levels of these genes significantly increased, according to expression analyses. RNA interference (RNAi) ofSi‐GPDHorSi‐GK1andSi‐GK2exhibited a significant downregulation at the mRNA level. The mortality rate of treated RIFA by double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific toGPDHandGK2significantly increased at low temperatures. This study indicates that GPDH and GK2 as glycerol biosynthesis genes in RIFA have a high expression level to synthesize a high level of glycerol as an RCH factor and they play crucial roles in survival during the cold period.
Identification of Similarities Between Skin Lesions in Patients With Antisynthetase Syndrome and Skin Lesions in Patients With Dermatomyositis by Highly Multiplexed Imaging Mass Cytometry
Authors: Patel Jay , Ravishankar Adarsh , Maddukuri Spandana , Vazquez Thomas , Grinnell Madison , Werth Victoria P.
Published: December 2021

Objective

Antisynthetase syndrome (ASyS) and dermatomyositis (DM) are autoimmune disorders that overlap clinically. Given the presence of DM‐like skin lesions in ASyS patients, there is debate about whether ASyS is a distinct disease or a subclassification of DM. Recent studies identified differences in type I interferon (IFN) expression between ASyS and DM muscle and finger eruptions. This study was undertaken to elucidate similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of cutaneous disease in ASyS and DM at the single‐cell level.

Methods

Five ASyS patients and 7 DM patients were recruited from a prospectively collected database of well‐characterized DM patients. ASyS patients were clinically confirmed as having ASyS according to the Connors et al criteria and the Solomon et al criteria and the presence of aminoacyl–transfer RNA synthetase antibodies. Immunophenotyping was conducted using immunofluorescence (IF) and imaging mass cytometry (IMC).

Results

IF staining for MxA and IFNβ expression revealed up‐regulation of type I IFN in ASyS and DM samples compared to healthy control samples (P < 0.05). IMC showed similar numbers of macrophages, T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells in ASyS and DM samples, with no differences in counts (P > 0.05), but an increase in myeloid dendritic cell percentage in DM samples (P < 0.05). Key type I IFN, cytokine, and JAK/STAT pathways were similarly expressed in both ASyS and DM (P > 0.05). At the single‐cell level, macrophages positive for phosphorylated stimulator of IFN genes in ASyS samples expressed increased levels of tumor necrosis factor, interluekin‐17 (IL‐17), and IFNβ (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

IMC is a powerful tool that identifies a role for the type I IFN system in DM‐like skin lesions in ASyS and DM with some differences at the cellular level, but overall significant overlap, supporting similar therapeutic decision making.
Awareness and attitude of first‐year medical students toward epilepsy in University of Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Ibrahim Mohammed Elsir , Hasabo Elfatih A. , Hsabo Elmuiz A. , Alhadi Alhadi S.
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Very little is known about the knowledge and attitude of students about epilepsy at Sudanese universities. Therefore, we aimed to assess knowledge and attitude of undergraduate medical students toward epilepsy.

Methods

A 35‐items standardized questionnaire was self‐administered to 320 students between December 2020 and February 2021 with a recorded response rate of 61.8%. Google form was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed using R software.

Results

Overall, our findings showed a negative trend in the awareness and attitude towards epilepsy. While the majority of students (84.8%) had read or heard about epilepsy, only 43.9% of them had seen someone with epilepsy. Epilepsy was considered contagious and psychological by 1.7% and 56%, respectively. About 62.2% of students believed head / birth trauma is a cause of epilepsy. On the other hand, 15.7 % and 5.1 % of students thought evil eye and divine retribution are also causes of epilepsy, respectively. The latter beliefs were more uniform among participants from rural background (p < .05). Regarding attitude, 19.7% of students considered it inappropriate for a patient with epilepsy to have a child. This attitude correlates with the mother's education as the percentage was higher for students whose mothers had a lower education (pre‐college education) (p < .05). The majority of students were aware that certain people with epilepsy need long‐term drug treatment; this belief was more uniform among females than in males (p < .05). The vast majority of students (93.9%) thought that a child with epilepsy could succeed in a normal class. Compared to the corresponding group, this belief was found more common in students whose mothers had a higher education (university level and above) (p < .05).

Conclusion

This study concludes that Sudanese undergraduate students' understanding of epilepsy was minimal, necessitating a well‐directed educational campaign to develop a well‐informed and tolerant society.
Understanding the needs of justice‐involved adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in an Indigenous community
Authors: Flannigan Katherine , Tremblay Melissa , Potts Sandra , Nelson Monty , Brintnell Sharon , O’Riordan Teresa , Rasmussen Carmen , Pei Jacqueline
Published: December 2021

Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) experience a range of neurodevelopmental challenges, often compounded by social and environmental adversity. One of the most concerning outcomes that can be associated with FASD is involvement in the justice system, where individuals with FASD are vastly over‐represented. Individuals with FASD who are both justice‐involved and Indigenous experience added layers of marginalization. In this community‐based study, we explored the needs of 16 adults who participated in an FASD‐informed restorative justice program in an Indigenous community in Alberta, Canada. Clinical record reviews and client interviews were used to gather information. Diverse needs were identified, including pervasive neurodevelopmental difficulties, notable physical and mental health challenges, complex experiences of psychosocial trauma, and varied criminogenic needs. This study increases our understanding of the unique and complex biopsychosocial and criminogenic needs of Indigenous justice‐involved adults with FASD. Such an understanding is a first step in developing tailored interventions for individuals with FASD and has important practice and policy implications for supporting positive outcomes. For Indigenous individuals with FASD, intervention efforts should be integrated within the community context to promote collective healing.
Catalytic and Spectroscopic Properties of the Halotolerant Soluble Methane Monooxygenase Reductase from Methylomonas methanica MC09
Authors: Lettau Elisabeth , Zill Domenic , Späth Marta , Lorent Christian , Singh Praveen K. , Lauterbach Lars
Published: December 2021

The soluble methane monooxygenase receives electrons from NADH via its reductase MmoC for oxidation of methane, which is itself an attractive C1 building block for a future bioeconomy. Herein, we present biochemical and spectroscopic insights into the reductase from the marine methanotroph Methylomonas methanica MC09. The presence of a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and [2Fe2S] cluster as its prosthetic group were revealed by reconstitution experiments, iron determination and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. As a true halotolerant enzyme, MmoC still showed 50 % of its specific activity at 2 M NaCl. We show that MmoC produces only trace amounts of superoxide, but mainly hydrogen peroxide during uncoupled turnover reactions. The characterization of a highly active reductase is an important step for future biotechnological applications of a halotolerant sMMO.
Indoloquinoline Ligands Favor Intercalation at Quadruplex‐Duplex Interfaces
Authors: Vianney Yoanes Maria , Weisz Klaus
Published: December 2021

Quadruplex‐duplex (Q‐D) junctions are increasingly considered promising targets for medicinal and technological applications. Here, a Q‐D hybrid with a hairpin‐type snapback loop coaxially stacked onto the quadruplex 3’‐outer tetrad was designed and employed as a target structure for the indoloquinoline ligand SYUIQ‐5. NMR spectral analysis demonstrated high‐affinity binding of the ligand at the quadruplex‐duplex interface with association constants determined by isothermal titration calorimetry of about 107 M−1 and large exothermicities ΔH° of −14 kcal/mol in a 120 mM K+ buffer at 40 °C. Determination of the ligand‐bound hybrid structure revealed intercalation of SYUIQ‐5 between 3’‐outer tetrad and the neighboring CG base pair, maximizing π–π stacking as well as electrostatic interactions with guanine carbonyl groups in close vicinity to the positively charged protonated quinoline nitrogen of the tetracyclic indoloquinoline. Exhibiting considerable flexibility, the SYUIQ‐5 sidechain resides in the duplex minor groove. Based on comparative binding studies with the non‐substituted N5‐methylated indoloquinoline cryptolepine, the sidechain is suggested to confer additional affinity and to fix the alignment of the intercalated indoloquinoline aromatic core. However, selectivity for the Q‐D junction mostly relies on the geometry and charge distribution of the indoloquinoline ring system. The presented results are expected to provide valuable guidelines for the design of ligands specifically targeting Q‐D interfaces.
Resolution of (R,S)‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethanol by lipase‐catalyzed stereoselective transesterification and the process optimization
Authors: He Bingbing , Tang Fengci , Sun Chenrui , Su Jiahao , Wu Bingcheng , Chen Yan , Xiao Yuquan , Zhang Panliang , Tang Kewen
Published: December 2021

An efficient lipase‐catalyzed stereoselective transesterification reaction system was established for resolution of 1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethanol (MOPE) enantiomers. A series of lipases were tested and compared. The immobilized lipase Novozym 40086 is selected as the best choice. The effects of organic solvent, acyl donor, time and temperature on substrate conversion (c), and optical purity of the remaining substrate (eeS) were investigated. Response surface methodology and central composite design were employed to evaluate the effect of some important factors and to optimize the process. Under the optimized conditions including solvent of n‐hexane, acyl donor of vinyl acetate, temperature of 35°C, substrate molar ratio of 1:6, enzyme dosage of 20 mg, and reaction time of 2.5 h, eeS of 99.87% with c of 56.71% is achieved. The use of alkane solvent and immobilized enzyme, the mild reaction conditions, and the reduced reaction time make the system promising in industrial application.
A Naked‐eye Colorimetric pH and Temperature Sensor Based on Gold Nanoparticle‐Loaded Stimuli‐Sensitive Dendrimers
Authors: Kojima Chie , Xia Hai , Yamamoto Yojiro , Shiigi Hiroshi
Published: December 2021

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) show unique size‐ and shape‐dependent photosensitive properties resulting from localized surface plasmon resonance, which can be exploited in colorimetric sensors. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are suitable nanotemplates of AuNPs and nanoplatforms of some stimuli‐responsive materials. In this study, AuNP was loaded in phenylalanine (Phe)‐modified PAMAM dendrimers with dual pH‐ and temperature‐sensitive properties to produce a naked‐eye colorimetric sensor with responsivity to both pH and temperature. The ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectra of AuNP‐loaded PAMAM‐Phe‐Suc were changed by heating at pH 4 and 5, but unchanged at pH above 5.5. The UV‐Vis spectra of AuNP‐loaded PAMAM‐Phe and PAMAM‐Suc were only slightly changed by heating at pH above 5.5 and at pH 4 and 5, respectively. In solution, AuNP‐loaded PAMAM‐Phe‐Suc changed color (from brown to gray) under high temperature (≥50 °C) and acidic (pH≤5) conditions, suggesting its functionality as a naked‐eye colorimetric dual pH and temperature sensor.
Assessing the impact of minor modifications on the interior structure of GRU: GRU1 and GRU2
Authors: Yigit Gulsum , Amasyali Mehmet Fatih
Published: December 2021

In this study, two GRU variants named GRU1 and GRU2 are proposed by employing simple changes to the internal structure of the standard GRU, which is one of the popular RNN variants. Comparative experiments are conducted on four problems: language modeling, question answering, addition task, and sentiment analysis. Moreover, in the addition task, curriculum learning and anti‐curriculum learning strategies, which extend the training data having examples from easy to hard or from hard to easy, are comparatively evaluated. Accordingly, the GRU1 and GRU2 variants outperformed the standard GRU. In addition, the curriculum learning approach, in which the training data is expanded from easy to difficult, improves the performance considerably.