bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat capacity of poly(vinyl methyl ether)
Authors: Pyda M. , Van Durme K. , Wunderlich B. , Van Mele B.
Published: June 2005

The heat capacity of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) has been measured using adiabatic calorimetry and temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). The heat capacity of the solid and liquid states of amorphous PVME is reported from 5 to 360 K. The amorphous PVME has a glass transition at 248 K (−25 °C). Below the glass transition, the low‐temperature, experimental heat capacity of solid PVME is linked to the vibrational molecular motion. It can be approximated by a group vibration spectrum and a skeletal vibration spectrum. The skeletal vibrations were described by a general Tarasov equation with three Debye temperatures Θ1 = 647 K, Θ2 = Θ3 = 70 K, and nine skeletal modes. The calculated and experimental heat capacities agree to better than ±1.8% in the temperature range from 5 to 200 K. The experimental heat capacity of the liquid rubbery state of PVME is represented by Cp(liquid) = 72.36 + 0.136 T in J K−1 mol−1 and compared to estimated results from contributions of the same constituent groups of other polymers using the Advanced Thermal AnalysiS (ATHAS) Data Bank. The calculated solid and liquid heat capacities serve as baselines for the quantitative thermal analysis of amorphous PVME with different thermal histories. Also, knowing Cp of the solid and liquid, the integral thermodynamic functions of enthalpy, entropy, and free enthalpy of glassy and amorphous PVME are calculated with help of estimated parameters for the crystal. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2141–2153, 2005
Basic studies on gas solubility in natural rubber–cellulose composites
Authors: Reis Nunes Regina C. , López‐González Mar , Riande Evaristo
Published: June 2005

This work reports sorption processes of oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, ethylene, and propylene in films of both vulcanized natural rubber and vulcanized rubber–regenerated cellulose composites. The curves representing the pressure dependence of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the composites clearly exhibit a slight concavity with respect to the abscissa axis as a result of adsorption processes taking place in Langmuir sites located in the glassy cellulose component. Adsorption processes are also detected in the sorption curves of ethylene at low pressures. The concavity with respect to the ordinate axis of the curve concentration of propylene versus pressure at high pressure is pretty well described by the Flory‐Huggins formalism. The solubilities of the other gases mainly obey Henry's behavior, adsorption processes in the glassy component being in most cases negligible. Values of the interaction χ parameter for gas–natural rubber and gas–natural rubber composites are obtained from the comparison of the experimental solubility coefficients with those predicted by the Flory‐Huggins theory. The theory suggests that Henry's constant is a linear function of the boiling temperature of the gases. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2131–2140, 2005
The current status of LNG facility standards and regulations
Authors: Casada Myron L. , Nordin Donald C.
Published: June 2005

With the large number of proposed liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities in the United States (and worldwide), many new technical personnel are becoming involved in applying and interpreting LNG standards and regulations. Also, opponents of the new LNG developments are questioning whether existing safety and security requirements are adequate. In this paper, we will begin with an overview of existing standards and regulations pertinent to LNG facilities (for both onshore and offshore applications). That discussion will include documents from the National Fire Protection Association, the European Committee for Standardization, the Department of Transportation, and the United States Coast Guard. For offshore facilities, it will discuss the guidelines from some of the international classification societies. This paper will outline what is addressed (and what is not addressed) by these standards and will then focus on and discuss the issues with those requirements and the changes that are currently under consideration by the standards organizations and federal regulators. This paper finishes with some specific recommendations for consideration by LNG facility developers. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Construction and utilisation of planar graphs of two series of IPR fullerenes through the use of threefold rotational symmetry
Authors: Mandal Bholanath , Datta Kakali , Banerjee Manas , Mukherjee Asok K.
Published: June 2005

Threefold rotational symmetry has been used to develop an algorithm for the construction of planar graphs of IPR fullerenes and to factorize their characteristic polynomials. Two series of fullerenes of the formula C60+12n and C60+18n have thus been obtained. The algorithm has been shown to be useful for predicting the nature of variation of the point groups of the fullerenes with increased n, for counting the number of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals (along with their relative intensities), and also for obtaining a large part of their eigenspectra. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Determination of the natural abundance δ15N of nicotine and related alkaloids by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Molinié Roland , Ferchaud‐Roucher Véronique , Lebreton Jacques , Robins Richard J.
Published: June 2005

A method is described by which the natural abundanceδ15N values of nicotine, analogues, and metabolites can be determined. The alkaloids are extracted from their biological matrix by solid‐phase extraction and analysis is conducted using isotope ratio mass spectrometry interfaced to gas chromatography. Repeatability and precision are sufficient to allow differences in theδ15N values of less than 1.0‰ to be satisfactorily measured, with a standard deviation routinely less than 0.5‰. The methodology has been tested by determining the changes in theδ15N values of nicotine,N‐methyl‐2‐phenylpyrrolidine and their respective demethylation products, nornicotine and 2‐phenylpyrrolidine, during biotransformation by cell suspension cultures ofNicotianaspecies. Sufficient precision and reproducibility were obtained to allow the kinetic isotope effects associated with the demethylation reaction to be calculated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the geographical origin of green coffee by principal component analysis of carbon, nitrogen and boron stable isotope ratios
Authors: Serra Francesca , Guillou Claude G. , Reniero Fabiano , Ballarin Luciano , Cantagallo Maria I. , Wieser Michael , Iyer Sundaram S. , Héberger Károly , Vanhaecke Frank
Published: June 2005

In this study we show that the continental origin of coffee can be inferred on the basis of coupling the isotope ratios of several elements determined in green beans. The combination of the isotopic fingerprints of carbon, nitrogen and boron, used as integrated proxies for environmental conditions and agricultural practices, allows discrimination among the three continental areas producing coffee (Africa, Asia and America). In these continents there are countries producing ‘specialty coffees’, highly rated on the market that are sometimes mislabeled further on along the export‐sale chain or mixed with cheaper coffees produced in other regions. By means of principal component analysis we were successful in identifying the continental origin of 88% of the samples analyzed. An intra‐continent discrimination has not been possible at this stage of the study, but is planned in future work. Nonetheless, the approach using stable isotope ratios seems quite promising, and future development of this research is also discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput biological sample analysis using on‐line turbulent flow extraction combined with monolithic column liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Shaolian , Zhou Huiyu , Larson Mike , Miller Dennis L. , Mao Dunmin , Jiang Xiangyu , Naidong Weng
Published: June 2005

A high‐throughput liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method, which combines on‐line sample extraction through turbulent flow chromatography with a monolithic column separation, has been developed for direct injection analysis of drugs and metabolites in human plasma samples. By coupling a monolithic column into the system as the analytical column, the method enables running ‘dual‐column’ extraction and chromatography at higher flow rates, thus significantly reducing the time required for the transfer and mixing of extracted fraction onto the separation column as well as the time for gradient separation. A strategy of assessing and reducing the matrix suppression effect on the on‐line extraction LC/MS/MS has also been discussed. Experiments for evaluating the resolution, peak shape, sensitivity, speed, and matrix effect were conducted with dextromethorphan and its metabolite dextrorphan as model compounds in human plasma matrix. It was demonstrated that the total run time for this assay with a baseline separation of two analytes is less than 1.5 min. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid comparison of diacetylmorphine on banknotes by tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ebejer Karl A. , Brereton Richard G. , Carter James F. , Ollerton Samantha L. , Sleeman Richard
Published: June 2005

A procedure is described for the determination of the distribution of the contamination of banknotes with controlled drugs using tandem mass spectrometry. The method is illustrated using diacetylmorphine, which is the major active component of heroin. A series of banknotes is introduced into the mass spectrometer and the intensities of two product ions (m/z 328 and 268) derived from the precursor protonated molecule (m/z 370) are recorded. A banknote is considered contaminated if it shows a significant peak for both product ions, and if the ratio of intensities of these two peaks falls within accepted limits. The distribution of diacetylmorphine on sterling banknotes taken from general circulation within the UK can be modelled by an arcsin (square root) transformation of the data or by a log transformation of the data with a higher proportion of contamination. The two models were found to be in close agreement, predicting an upper limit (at 99.9% confidence) of contamination on banknotes from general circulation between 9 and 10%. The percentage contamination in a case study was calculated and compared to the background distribution using the two models proposed. This comparison revealed that the contamination present in the case study was inconsistent with that present on banknotes in general circulation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential membrane protein phosphorylation in bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membranes as a function of disk age
Authors: Boesze-Battaglia Kathleen , Albert Arlene D. , Frye James S. , Yeagle Philip L.
Published: June 2005

The outer segment portion of photoreceptor rod cells is composed of a stacked array of disk membranes. Newly formed disks are found at the base of the rod outer segment (ROS) and are relatively high in membrane cholesterol. Older disks are found at the apical tip of the ROS and are low in membrane cholesterol. Disk membranes were separated based on their membrane cholesterol content and the extent of membrane protein phosphorylation determined. Light induced phosphorylation of ROS disk membrane proteins was investigated using magic angle spinning31P NMR. When intact rod outer segment preparations were stimulated by light, in the presence of endogenously available kinases, membrane proteins located in disks at the base of the ROS were more heavily phosphorylated than those at the tip. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the phosphorylated disk membranes subpopulations identified a phosphoprotein species with a molecular weight of approximately 68–72 kDa that was more heavily phosphorylated in newly formed disks than in old disks. The identity of this phosphoprotein is presently under investigation. When the phosphorylation reaction was carried out in isolated disk membrane preparations with exogenously added co-factors and kinases, there was no preferential protein phosphorylation. Taken collectively, these results suggest that within the ROS there is a protein phosphorylation gradient that maybe indicative of co-factor or kinase heterogeneity.
Poverty, violence and depression during pregnancy: a survey of mothers attending a public hospital in Brazil
Authors: LOVISI GIOVANNI MARCOS , LÓPEZ JOSÉ RAMON R. A. , COUTINHO EVANDRO SILVA FREIRE , PATEL VIKRAM
Published: June 2005

Background. Depression in women is associated with social deprivation and violence. We describe the prevalence and risk factors for depression during pregnancy, in particular the association with poverty and violence, in a Brazilian setting.

Method. A cross-sectional survey of women in the third trimester of pregnancy attending a public hospital maternity clinic from August 2003 to July 2004 in Rio de Janeiro. Participants were interviewed about their sociodemographic status, obstetric and medical conditions, substance use, stressful life events, and social support. Depression was diagnosed through the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).

Results. A total of 230 of 240 eligible women consented to participate. The 12-month prevalence of depression was 19·1% (95% CI 14·4–24·9). On multivariate analyses, having been educated beyond primary school was protective (OR 0·5, 95% CI 0·2–0·9). Risk factors were: being divorced or widowed (OR 4·9, 95% CI 1·3–18·3); a history of depression before pregnancy (OR 7·9, 95% CI 3·1–20·5); loss of an intimate relationship (OR 8·4, 95% CI 3·3–21·4), experienced financial difficulties (OR 6·6, 95% CI 2·5–17·2) and having been exposed to violence in the previous year (OR 4·2, 95% CI 1·5–11·8).

Conclusions. Depression is common during pregnancy and is associated with indicators of socio-economic deprivation, violence and the loss of an intimate relationship, and with a previous history of depression. Psychosocial interventions and appropriate social policies need to be implemented in this population to reduce the burden of maternal depression.
25th volume celebration paper
Age-identities and the celebration of birthdays
Authors: BYTHEWAY BILL
Published: June 2005

In a paper in the January issue of this volume of Ageing & Society, Eric Midwinter argued that ‘much can be learned from re-drawing the demographic map with social rather than chronological contours’. This opinion reflects a widespread view among social gerontologists that chronological age is an ‘empty’ variable, even though it is central to the construction of social identities, both in bureaucratic contexts and in less formal social interaction. This paper draws on material stored in the Mass-Observation Archive at the University of Sussex, England. A large panel of ‘ordinary people’ was asked to write about ‘growing older’ in 1992 and about ‘birthdays’ in 2002. An analysis of the ways in which they revealed their age demonstrates that the revelation of chronological age is unproblematic in certain contexts that are deemed appropriate. Difficulties arise as a result of the association of age with various more nebulous statuses such as ‘middle-aged’ and ‘old’. The implications for the concept of ‘the third age’ are discussed and it is concluded that social gerontology should pay more attention to the theoretical significance of chronological age and age-identity and less to age statuses.
Late Cenozoic deformation and uplift of the western flank of the Altiplano: Evidence from the depositional, tectonic, and geomorphologic evolution and shallow seismic activity (northern Chile at 19°30′S)
Authors: Farías Marcelo , Charrier Reynaldo , Comte Diana , Martinod Joseph , Hérail Gérard
Published: June 2005

We analyze the west vergent thrust system (WTS) along the western flank of the Altiplano in northern Chile (18°S–21°S). In our study area (19°20′S–19°50′S), the WTS consists of three thrust propagation monocline folds (flexures) developing growth strata. The relative uplift accommodated by the flexures is rapid between 26 and 8 Ma (0.1 mm/yr), diminishing to 0.02 mm/yr after 8 Ma. Approximately 2000 m of relative surface uplift was accommodated by the flexures since the late Oligocene. Sedimentological and geomorphological analysis shows that westward tilting of the forearc occurred after 10 Ma, coeval with the shifting of deformation from the Altiplano to the sub‐Andean zone, where the underthrusting of the Brazilian Craton would have resulted in crustal thickening, surface uplift in the orogen, and westward ductile subcrustal flow. Forearc tilting is accommodated by east vergent thrusts (ETS) issued from the Benioff zone beneath the Central Depression emerging into the Western Cordillera, contributing 500–1400 m of surface uplift. The WTS connects the ETS in the brittle‐ductile crustal transition (∼25 km depth), continuing farther east as the Altiplano low‐velocity zone, configuring the western Altiplano as a crustal‐scale fault bend fold. Forearc tilting would be caused by westward ductile flow in the lower crust pushing the rigid forearc in the ETS. Meanwhile, between 19°S and 21°S, the WTS accommodates dextral strike slip, and ∼3 km of N‐S shortening occurred in the Coastal Cordillera. Transcurrence and strain partitioning are probably the result of slight plate convergence obliquity, strong coupling within the interplate zone, westward continental concavity, and high elevation opposing horizontal contraction.
Hydration structure of Y3+ and La3+ compared: An application of metadynamics
Authors: Ikeda Takashi , Hirata Masaru , Kimura Takaumi
Published: June 2005

We studied the hydration structures of Y3+ and La3+ in aqueous solutions by applying the metadynamics method recently introduced as a tool to explore reaction pathways based on the Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics. By employing the metal–water oxygen coordination number as a collective variable of the metadynamics a couple of aqua and chloroaqua complexes are successfully generated within the time scale of 10 ps. The reconstructed free-energy surface captures the characteristics of the hydration of the light and heavy trivalent rare-earth ions. The present study demonstrates that the metadynamics based on the Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics is a promising tool for exploring the free-energy surface of complicated systems such as solutions.
Dielectric anomalies of the relaxor-based 0.9Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3-0.1PbTiO3 single crystals
Authors: Wang Haixia , Xu Haiqing , Luo Haosu , Yin Zhiwen , Bokov A. A. , Ye Z.-G.
Published: June 2005

The temperature, frequency, and orientation dependence of complex electrical permittivity in 0.9Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3-0.1PbTiO3 (0.9PMN-0.1PT) unpoled single crystals have been investigated in detail. The spontaneous ferroelectric-to-relaxor (FE-R) phase transition was observed in 0.9PMN-0.1PT crystals at about 280K. Interestingly, the Vogel-Fulcher-type anomaly of the dielectric constant has been obtained, with the fitted temperature Tf being very close to this FE-R phase transition temperature. A small frequency dependence of electric permittivity magnitude appears at and below 280K. The changes of the polar nanoregion subsystem and the peculiarities of the domain structure play an important role in the dielectric anomalies and the appearance of the FE-R crossover region.
Genetics of stripe rust resistance in 'Karamu' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Imtiaz M. , Cromey M. G. , Hampton J. G. , Ogbonnaya F. C.
Published: June 2005

The New Zealand wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Karamu (same parentage as the US cv. Anza) was originally believed to carry gene Yr18, which provides adult plant resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), in addition to the seedling resistance gene YrA. Following the detection of virulence to the stripe rust resistance gene YrA in 1995, much of the resistance of Karamu was eroded and the cultivar suffered from occasional severe stripe rust outbreaks. This meant that either one or more new races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici with virulence to Yr18 had developed, or that Yr18 conferred inadequate resistance under high disease pressure. Karamu was crossed with cv. Otane, which carries Yr18, and 140 double haploid (DH) lines obtained from the F1 progeny were evaluated for seedling and adult plant resistance under greenhouse and field conditions. Evaluation of F1 plants against stripe rust pathotype 106E139A+ revealed that the resistance was recessive and that none of the resistance genes present was effective at the seedling stage. Segregation in the DH lines at the adult plant stage indicated that the resistance measured through infection type in both the greenhouse and the field was based on 3 genes, 1 from Karamu and 2 from Otane. However, the resistance gene from Karamu did not contribute towards resistance measured through final disease severity, but acted additively with genes from Otane in providing slow-rusting resistance as expressed by lower values for area under the disease progress curve. It was concluded that Karamu does not have gene Yr18, but rather possesses a recessive minor gene, which explains its adult plant susceptibility under high disease pressure. However, this Karamu gene did interact with Otane resistance genes to provide increased resistance.
Factors affecting the potential for gene flow from transgenic crops of Lupinus angustifolius L. in Western Australia
Authors: Hamblin John , Barton Joanne , Sanders Milton , Higgins T. J. V.
Published: June 2005

Australian sweet lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and their naturalised wild progenitor occur widely throughout the agricultural zone of Western Australia. Before unrestricted release of transgenic lupins is allowed, an assessment is needed of the likely level of gene flow between the wild and cultivated lupins. Three sets of data were collected to evaluate the likelihood of outcrossing and gene flow. These were the level of outcrossing between adjacent lupin crops, the spatial distribution of crops and wild lupins, and the relative flowering times of the crops and wild lupins. The level of outcrossing within the first 1.5 m of adjacent crops, assessed over 1.56 million plants, was 1 cross in 3600 plants. No crossing was detected at distances greater than 2.25 m (outcrossing rate less than 1 in 148 000). The distribution of 216 crops and 237 wild populations in Western Australia rarely overlapped. Only 5 wild populations were detected in the area where crops were found. No crops occurred in the areas where the remaining wild lupins (232 populations) were found. The crops were all early flowering, whereas the 3 selected wild populations, representing 3 different (medium, high, and very high rainfall) climatic zones, all flowered later. We conclude that the likelihood of gene flow from a transgenic lupin crop to wild lupin populations is extremely low. This is consistent with the fact that reverse gene flow from wild lupins carrying dominant genes for blue flowers and bitter seeds has never been found in farmers’ fields, despite 35 years of lupin cropping where areas of over 1 000 000 ha per year have been grown in Western Australia.
Use of simulation in assessing cropping system strategies for minimising salinity risk in brigalow landscapes
Authors: Poulton P. L. , Huth N. I. , Carberry P. S.
Published: June 2005

Areas of brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) dominated landscapes in north-eastern Australia have declined drastically due to major clearing and agricultural expansion during the late 1940s and early 1960s. The inherently high salt content of the soils of this region present a potential downstream salinity hazard from groundwater recharge. Chronosequence analysis using paired chloride profiles from soil cores taken beneath brigalow remnants and adjacent pasture or cropping lands provide a tracer for quantifying historic recharge rates as a consequence of vegetation management and agricultural practice. Present day chloride levels are the direct result of past land management.
In this paper we present the results of simulation studies used to benchmark historic management practice since clearing in terms of chloride leaching and drainage. These simulations estimated that 15.3 t/ha of chloride leached from the top 150 cm in 7 major drainage events (>15mm) over a 34-year period, and that these leaching events corresponded with peaks in rainfall cycles. Use of virtual experiments to investigate alternative cropping systems found significant increases in the frequency and magnitude of drainage events of no-tillage wheat compared with sorghum grown in a summer-rainfall region. Systems simulation can provide guidelines for designing cropping systems which best balance production with drainage objectives in dryland farming systems.
Resilient farming systems in a complex world — new issues for the governance of science and innovation
Authors: Joly P-B.
Published: June 2005

The question of the resilience of farming system approaches and farming systems resulting from current changes in the agricultural sector has lead to the identification of 3 key challenges. These are (i) increasing competition, (ii) privatisation of agricultural research, and (iii) the transition towards a ‘risk society’. The way farming system approaches may turn these challenges into opportunities implies a major change: it is not enough to act locally and think globally. It is necessary to integrate various scales of analysis and various levels of action, and it is no longer enough to only act in the farming systems arena. One must also be heard in the policy making spheres and be active in the policy making processes. Although they require major adaptations, such changes appear to be consistent with the past trajectory of farming system approaches.
Patterns of digenean parasitism of bivalves from the Great Barrier Reef and associated waters
Authors: Bott Nathan J. , Healy John M. , Cribb Thomas H.
Published: June 2005

Digenean parasites of marine bivalves are relatively poorly known, particularly in Australia. We surveyed 2256 bivalve individuals (47 species, 17 families) from Queensland marine waters incorporating south-east Queensland, Heron Island (southern Great Barrier Reef) and Lizard Island (northern Great Barrier Reef). Infections of trematode species from three families, Bucephalidae, Gorgoderidae and Monorchiidae, were found. Overall prevalence of infection was 2.3%. The Bucephalidae was the most commonly found family; 11 species were found in Tellinidae, Ostreidae, Isognomonidae and Spondylidae – the latter two previously unknown as hosts for bucephalids. A single gorgoderid infection was found in a venerid, Lioconcha castrensis. Five species of monorchiids were found from Tellinidae and Lucinidae. All infections are new host/parasite records. No infections were found in 35 of the 47 bivalve species sampled. The generally low prevalence of infection by digeneans of bivalves suggests that it is unlikely that any of the species reported here are seriously damaging to bivalve populations in these waters. We deduce that, at best, we have some life-cycle information but no actual identifications for 10% of the species of trematodes that infect bivalves of Queensland marine waters.
The paramphistomes (Trematoda) of Australian ruminants.
Authors: Durie PH
Published: June 2005

A description of the development at 27�C. of Ceylonocotyle streptocoelium
(Fischoeder 1901) Nasmark 1937, a paramphistome from the rumen and
reticulum of sheep and cattle in Australia, is given in detail.
Eggs hatched after 16 days' incubation and miracidia penetrated the intermediate
host, a planorbid snail, Glyptanisus gilberti Dunker 1848, through the
mantle cavity. The development of the larval stages of the parasite within the
intermediate host was completed 34 days after infection, when cerariae were
secreted by snails.
Cysts of C. streptocoelium fed to sheep and cattle showed that flukes
reached maturity in the rumen in 48 and 56 days respectively. The life cycle
of the fluke, therefore, was completed in a minimum period of approximately
3.5 months under these conditions.
It was found that temperature had a marked effect on the rate of development
of larval stages within the molluscan intermediate host, the developmental
period at 20�C. being twice as long as that at 27�C.
The various stages occurring in the molluscan intermediate host are described
in detail.
The development of Paramphistomum ichikauiai Fukui 1922 is compared
with that of C. streptocoelium. The rate of development was found to be more
rapid than for C. streptocoelium under the same conditions. Eggs hatched
after 12 days incubation and cercariae were secreted from the intermediate
host, Segnitilia alphena Iredale 1943, 25 days after infection.
Flukes were found to reach maturity in sheep 49-51 days after cysts had
been fed. The eggs and intra-molluscan stages are similar in both species,
but the cercariae may be readily distinguished by anatomical differences in their
excretory systems. The life cycle in this species takes approximately 3 months
to complete under these conditions.
The molluscan intermediate hosts of the two species of amphistomes are
described and notes on their bionomics are given.
The Australian species of Heliothis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their pest status.
Authors: Common IFB
Published: June 2005

The taxonomic and pest status of the species of Heliothis occurring in Australia have been examined and it is shown that two pest species have previously been confused under the name of H. armigera (Hiibner). H. amnigera has a limited distribution, mainly in coastal and subcoastal eastern Australia and in the Northern Territory. It also occurs widely in Europe, Africa, India, New Zealand, and the islands of the south-west Pacific. In North America another closely related species, probably H, umb~osus Grote, has previously been synonymized with H. armigera. Widely distributed in Australia, H. pudgera Wallengren has hitherto been referred to in the Australian economic and taxonomic literature as H. armigera. In addition, two other species, H. assulta GuenCe and H, rubrescens (Walker), occur in Australia but have not so far been recognized as pests. Descriptions and illustrations of the four species, including the male and female genitalia, and keys to the males and females, are provided. The genitalia of both sexes of the North American species are also figured.
Ecdysis in the isopod Porcellio Scaber (Latreille).
Authors: George RW , Sheard K
Published: June 2005

The outside layers of specimens of the isopod Porcellio scaber (Latreille) were examined at various times during the moult cycle, using transverse sections of the whole animal. Several structures associated with the cuticular layers were noted to alter over this period. The epidermal cells are active and vacuolated during the ecdysal phase but are inactive and at times non-vacuolated during that of the intermoult. The new epicuticle appears before the endocuticle and is apparent at least 21 hr prior to moulting. About 5 hr after moulting the new chitinous cuticle is differentiated into exocuticle and endocuticle; the deposition of these components of the cuticle being due to the progressive solidification of a secretion of the epidermal cells. By using the criteria set out in this paper, an individual's position in its moult cycle can be estimated.
Taxonomy and biology of the genus Isometroides Keyserling (Scorpionida)
Authors: Main BY
Published: June 2005

From an examination of specimens of the scorpion Isometroides Keyserling
collected in Western Australia, South Australia, and New South Wales
and a study of the literature, it is concluded that two described species must
be regarded as one. I. angusticaudus Keyserling is considered a synonym
of I. vescus (Karsch).
The genus represents a unique adaptive level, especially in its specialized
feeding behaviour. It is distributed throughout the semi-arid inland. These
facts make it difficult to find a geographically imposed isolation whereby the
genus, once established, could have speciated.
Field observations on this rare scorpion are presented. It is widespread,
occurring in woodland and semi-arid country. In habit it is terrestrial,
vagrant, and is specialized for feeding on burrowing spiders.
The structure and function of the epididymis. 2. The histogenesis of the rat epididymis.
Authors: Reid BL
Published: June 2005

Observations were made on the epididymides of young white rats of the
following ages: 3, 21, 28, 32, 37, 39, 56, 72, 96, 110 days.
Both efferent ducts and epididymal duct are undifferentiated at 21 days
with a similar cuboidal epithelium. The connective tissue coat of the efferent ducts
is one cell thick whereas that of the epididymal duct is two or three cells thick.
The possible involvement of the connective tissue in the process of histogenesis is
discussed.
Differentiation within the epididymal duct commences at 28 days when the
epithelium in the cephalic portion is tall and that in the caudal portion of the head
and remainder of the tail is tall with isolated segments of low columnar epithelium.
The latter epithelium is associated with a wider lumen which evidently becomes
continuous down the duct. In the efferent ducts at this stage ciliated cells have
appeared.
Differentiation of the cephalic portion of the head is completed rapidly by
the 37th day but that of the caudal portion of the head and tail of the organ is
completed only at the 96th day. In certain zones, histodifferentiation is accompanied
by obvious nuclear differentiation.
Spermatozoa first appear in the testis at 56 days but do not enter and fill the
epididymal ducts until 72 days. There is evidence of an outflow of fluid from the
testis which carries spermatocytes and spermatids into the duct at 32 days.
The changes in the epithelium of the efferent duct, the epididymis, and the
deferent duct from the 3rd to the 110th day are tabulated.
Studies on the systematics and biology of the erythracoidea (Acarina) with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies
Authors: Southcott RV
Published: June 2005

An attempt is made to revise comprehensively the systematics of the
families, subfamilies, and genera of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina). Its principal
aim is to clarify and stabilize the nomenclature of the previously described
members of the two families Erythraeidae and Smarididae, both for the adults or
nymphs and the larvae. Definitions are given for the superfamily Erythraeoidea
(and its relationship to other Trombidiformes discussed), the families, subfamilies,
and genera. In a few instances it has been necessary to describe species in order
to clarify higher taxa.
The early history of the nomenclature of the erythraeoid mites is discussed.
The geological history of these mites is considered, as far as scanty knowledge
allows.
The chaetotaxic nomenclature for the Erythraeoidea and other Trombidiformes
is reviewed and revised. An attempt is made to establish a uniform system
of setal nomenclature, using mainly descriptive terms of general applicability
for these and other mites.
The systematic revisions proposed in the past for the Smarididae are
critically reviewed. Re-examination of the characters of larval Smarididae, known
to be such by experimental rearing, has shown that Grandjean's criterion for the
separation of larval Smarididae from Erythraeidae, i.e. the presence of pedal
trichobothria in the Smarididae against the absence of these in the Erythraeidae,
appears to be the only valid criterion (with a possible reservation in the case of
Phanolophus).
The genus Erythraeus Latreille, 1806, is restricted to extra-Australian forms,
and new genera and subgenera are erected for various Australian Erythraeinae,
one of these being Rainbowia, gen. nov., with type species Rainbowia imperator
(Hirst, 1928). Rearing experiments correlating Rainbowia imperator with its
larva, known previously as Erythraeus oudemansi (Womersley, 1936), are
described. Other observations on the biology of this species are recorded. The
larva has been found in the Adelaide region to be an ectoparasite on psyllids
feeding upon eucalypts, particularly Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
The subfamily Callidosomatinae is expanded from its former definition,
while the subfamily Balaustiinae is restricted. In the Callidosomatinae the genus
Charletonia Oudemans, 1910, is revived, and the genus Caeculisoma Berlese, 1888,
is defined for its larval characters.
Observations by some earlier students on the biology of the Erythraeoidea
are reviewed. Some general biological concepts are considered in relation to the
Erythraeoidea. Among the Erythraeoidea the larvae are generally heteromorphous
in relation to the postlarval forms. In the Balaustiinae, however, the relationship
between the larvae and the eight-legged forms is one nearer homomorphy. The
concept of ontogenic precocity or "acceleration" among the Balaustiinae is
examined.
A glossary is given of the terms used or discussed in the present work.
A new Australian genus and family of Diptera (Nematocera: Perissommatidae).
Authors: Colless DH
Published: June 2005

A new dipterous family (Perissommatidae) is erected to accommodate the genus Perissomma, gen. nov., with its two species, P. fusca, sp. nov., and P. mcalpinei, sp. nov. The genus possesses a considerable number of unusual morphological and biological features including, in the adult, a complete, V-shaped, mesonotal suture; an unusual wing venation, with median cell and costal "ambient vein"; and lateral division of the eyes into completely separate, dorsal and ventral components. P. fusca breeds during the winter months in autodigesting fungi (Boletus granulatus) which occur in large numbers in pine forests near Canberra. The larva is eucephalic and peripneustic, and pupation occurs within a puparium formed from the unmodified larval skin. The species apparently survives through dry weather by means of the prepupa and puparium which show structural adaptations to resist desiccation.
Comparison with other Nematocera suggests that Perissomma belongs in the section Bibionomorpha and its immature stages show some resemblance to those of the Scatopsidae. However, no grounds can be found for including it in any known family, and it appears to be a specialized relict of a primitive bibionomorph stock.
Factors affecting the attractiveness of foliage for oviposition by Cardiaspina albitextura.
Authors: Clark LR
Published: June 2005

Field observations and experiments show that, when Eucalyptus blakelyi is
heavily infested by Cardiaspina albitextura, the attractiveness of leaves for oviposition
is affected greatly by the psyllid itself.
It appears that the attractiveness of leaves depends not only on such factors as
leaf age and position on the growing shoot but also on the quantity of favourable food
available in them. Heavy feeding either by nymphal or adult psyllids greatly reduces
the attractiveness of leaves as oviposition sites. On the other hand, the presence of eggs
increases the attractiveness of leaves in proportion to the number laid on them.
At times of very high psyllid abundance, the majority of eggs are laid on part only
of the small quantity of foliage which escapes severe damage by the nymphal stage. The
contagious distribution of eggs laid on such foliage is probably due largely to the
increased attractiveness of some leaves as oviposition sites, owing to the presence of
eggs, and to the reduced attractiveness of others resulting from heavy feeding by adult
psyllids.
The breeding biology of Miniopterus schreibersi blepotis (Termminck) (Chiroptera) in north-eastern NSW.
Authors: Dwyer PD
Published: June 2005

The essential features of reproduction in the bent-winged bat (M. s. blepotis) in
eastern Australia between latitudes 28 and 32�S. are as follows: Spermatogenesis is
initiated in late November and December and the testes reach maximum development
during April, those of yearling males not attaining the size reached in older individuals.
Spermatozoa are abundant in the epididymides from May to mid-July with some males
retaining a limited store through the winter. Most copulations occur during the period
May-June and pregnancy ensues at once with retarded embryonic development through
the early months till about mid-September. Females do not become pregnant in their
first year. Litter size is one. Parturition occurs during December and early January
at maternity colonies which are formed through October and November by females
from a number of surrounding cave and mine colonies. Such colonies reform at the same
locality each year and may comprise more than 10,000 adult females. The young are
born naked with forearms of about 15.75 mm and, although flying at 7 weeks, do not
reach adult proportions till nearly 10 weeks old. Adult females are nursing young
throughout this period. Once the juveniles become independent the adult females leave
the maternity colonies and through late March a mass exodus of juveniles occurs so that
the colony is deserted early in April. Many juveniles return to the maternity colony
temporarily when it is re-established in the spring following the season of their birth.
Morphological differences between Chironomus interinctus Skuse and C.paratinctus, sp.nov., with descriptions and a key to the subgenus Kiefferulus (Diptera: Nematocera).
Authors: Martin J
Published: June 2005

Previous cytological studies of material identified as C. intertinctus (Skuse) had shown that two species were present. Subsequently it has been found that the larvae of the two species may be recognized by the shape of the anal gills and the adults by the anterior leg ratios of femur to tibia and basitarsus to tibia. The females may also be 'recognized by the colouring of the thoracic stripes.
C. intertinctus is redescribed and the second species is described as C. paratinctus, sp. nov. The key to the Australian species of the subgenus Kiefferulus is also corrected and the new species included.
On the sexual maturation, breeding, and ovipsition behaviour of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walk.).
Authors: Clark DP
Published: June 2005

From samples taken at regular intervals from populations of Chortoicetes
terminfera (Walk.), it was found that the time of onset of sexual maturation in the
female was consistently associated with a sharp drop in daily air temperature and not
invariably with rainfall. As such temperature changes are indicative of air mass changes
and the occurrence of cold fronts, the locusts began to mature with, or just prior to, rain.
The period required for maturation was approximately 12 days and the frequencies
of occurrence of gravid females in populations underwent cyclic fluctuations.
It is, therefore, possible to predict the time of laying from a knowledge of the time of
onset of maturation. Moreover, the sequence of successive layings in populations
could be determined from cosine curves with periods of 12 days.
Females of the second generation of the locust "season" (January-March) laid
more egg pods than those of the first generation (September-December of the previous
year). This may partly explain the frequent occurrence of temporary declines in swarm
numbers and the collapse of outbreaks during the January-February period.
In both swarming and non-swarming populations synchronization in the time
of completion of a cycle of maturation by females was poor. However, the social
behaviour of gregarious populations ensures that the egg pods laid by females of
different physiological ages, i.e. those that reached maturity on different days, are
concentrated in the one oviposition site. This maintains continuity in the swarming
cycle because concentration of the egg pods results in the subsequent crowding of the
nymphs during the hatching period.
Studies on the ecology of Oncopera intricata Walker (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). 3. Survival of the eggs under field conditions.
Authors: Martyn EJ
Published: June 2005

The survival of the eggs of Oncopeva intricata Walker was investigated under
field conditions in 1961 and 1963. Egg batches were placed under pasture cover and
sampled at intervals during the incubation period. Predators destroyed over 90% of
the eggs after 46 days in 1961 and about 85% of the eggs after 43 days in 1963. Some
of the predation was by a seed-harvesting ant, Pheidole sp., which removed complete
egg batches within 2-3 weeks. The remainder was due to a slower predation of the eggs
in situ by general predators in the pasture sward.
The egg batches were subject to desiccation in both years due to the low rainfall
and of those eggs that survived predation for 46 days in 1961 the mean percentage
hatching was 13% while in 1963 after 43 days it was 26%.
In 1961 the viability of the eggs surviving predation was at a minimum after
30 days of exposure after which there was an increase. This suggests that in that
experiment, after the eggs had been exposed for 30 days, predators were destroying
proportionately more of the eggs that would not have hatched due to the effects of
weather.
Larval development and segment formation in the branchipod crustaceans Limnadia stanleyana King (Conchostraca) and Artemia salina (L.) (Anostraca)
Authors: Anderson DT
Published: June 2005

Limnadia stanleyana hatches as a lecithotrophic nauplius with a well-developed
naupliar region and a globular post-naupliar region, the latter comprising the rudiments
of 10 post-mandibular segments, a growth zone, and a telson. Development
proceeds through five naupliar stages. Feeding begins late in stage III. Action of a
naupliar feeding apparatus sustains the larva through stages IV and V. During these
stages, the maxillulary and maxillary segments, the carapace, and the first six trunk
segments become well developed. At the fifth moult, metamorphosis occurs to a
juvenile conchostracan. The naupliar feeding apparatus is lost, the first six pairs of
trunk limbs become functional, and feeding in the adult manner begins. The seventh
and succeeding trunk segments are delayed in development. In the development of postmandibular
segments, mesodermal somite segregation precedes ectodermal segment
delineation. Post-mandibular segments behind the tenth are proliferated by a growth
zone comprising an external ring of ectoderm and paired lateral rows of mesoteloblasts.
Artemia salina hatches as a nauplius similar to that of L. stanleyana, and
develops in an identical manner through the first four naupliar stages.
The larval development of L. stanleyana is typical of Conchostraca. The larval
development of A. salina is typical of Anostraca and differs from that of L. stanleyana
only in passing through nine naupliar stages before metamorphosis. The larval development
of the Notostraca differs from that of Conchostraca and Anostraca only in ways
related to increased lecithotrophy, metamorphosis being attained more directly. A
primitive mode of development can be identified for the Branchiopoda and interpreted
as a derived form of the developmental pattern of the Cephalocarida. Sanders' hypothesis
of a cephalocaridan-like ancestry of the Branchiopoda is upheld by the evidence
of development. Post-mandibular segment formation in branchiopods remains
primitive, and lacks the specializations found in Cirripedia and Malacostraca. Segment
formation cannot be employed as a criterion of phylogenetic affinity in Crustacea.