bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Hammon William McD. , Darwish Medhat A. , Rhim Johng S. , Sather Gladys E. , Yohn David S. , Mittelman Arnold , Deverson Edward , Soyka Joseph P.
Published: January 2023

Twenty-four volunteer terminal cancer patients, not recently treated in any manner to increase susceptibility to viral infection or inhibit antibody response were injected with an experimental lot of live attenuated OCT-541 24°C line of Japanese B encephalitis virus prepared as a vaccine for human use. They were observed clinically for signs of possible disease and for oncolysis, and a long series of serum specimens was checked in the laboratory for viremia and a variety of antibody responses. Twenty-three patients survived long enough for the desired observations.

None showed any recognizable sign of disease from the virus. One patient with clinically diagnosed (not biopsy proven) carcinoma of the rectum developed low grade viremia on days 10 and 12, developed excellent antibody response and his tumor disappeared. One other appeared to have a similar but less confirmable viremia, but no significant antibody or oncolytic response occurred. All other patients, including 9 with proven carcinoma of the rectum, failed to respond with oncolysis, viremia or antibodies of any type.

Two patients were given multiple injections with adequate follow-up and one of these responded with antibody, the other (2 injections, the first i.v.) did not.

It is concluded that this “cold” attenuated virus strain is probably too attenuated to infect and produce antibody as a result of replication in normal man, as had been shown to be the case previously in many other mammals with higher body temperatures, including other primates. No further human volunteer testing of this live virus preparation is planned for antibody response or oncolysis.
The Interactions of the Erythrocytes of Various Species with Agglutinins of Abrus Precatorius Linn
Authors: Khan A. Hameed , Gul Bilquis , Rahman M. Ataur
Published: January 2023

The action of agglutinin from Abrus precatorius was tested against the red cells of human A, B, O groups and fifteen other animals. Using the tube method and at low protein concentrations it was possible to distinguish between individual animals having very similar habits, e.g., guinea pig and rabbit; mouse and rat; cow and buffalo, etc. The agglutinin showed very poor activity towards cow, sheep and goat. Attempts have also been made to separate the various protein fractions present in the sodium chloride extract of the seeds of Abrus precatorius on a paper electrophoretogram. It was noted that two different proteins are responsible for toxicity and hemagglutination. The agglutinin forms 30% of the total extractable protein while the toxin is only 10%; the remaining 60% shows no physiologic activity. It has also been pointed out that at lower concentrations Abrus agglutinins can be used in forensic pathology to narrow down the possible sources of a specimen of blood.
A Cold Agglutinin of the IgA Class
Authors: Angevine C. Douglas , Andersen Burton R. , Barnett Eugene V.
Published: January 2023

A patient with a reticulum cell sarcoma and cold agglutinin of the IgA type is reported. The cold agglutinin had a sedimentation rate of 10.5S (9.5–11.5S), indicating that it is probably a dimer of the 7-8S IgA unit. The cold agglutinin was mercaptoethanol sensitive and failed to fix complement.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Darwish Medhat A. , Hammon William McD.
Published: January 2023

The growth curve of the OCT-attenuated 35-24°C line of JBE virus in HKC culture and factors resulting in increase of the virus yield were investigated for the purpose of vaccine production. Comparing 199, Eagle's basal, and Leibovitz media with the addition of 2% H.Al. there was no advantage of one over the other in respect to the titer of the virus yield. In medium 199 containing 2% H.Al. of pH 7.0, the titer of the complete harvest was always more than 1.0 log higher than that of the fluid harvest. When a medium of pH 8.0 was used, the titer of the fluid harvest was comparable to or slightly higher than that of the complete harvest at pH 7.0 and almost equal to that of complete harvest at pH 8.0. In medium 199 containing H.Al., a direct correlation between infectivity and hemagglutinin was noticed. Within the range tested, reduction of the amount of medium employed for the final harvest resulted in a proportional increase in yield of virus. It appears that titers of infectivity between 109 and 1010 per ml and of HA between 1:256 and 1:512 can be readily obtained without any concentration procedures and with no foreign protein present except that of the disintegrated tissue cells used as a substrate.
Immunologic Tolerance Induced by a Combination of Chloramphenicol and 6-Mercaptopurine
Authors: Cruchaud A.
Published: January 2023

In rabbits sensitized with BSA, high doses of chloramphenicol decreased the primary response but the secondary response, initiated 40 days later, was unaffected.

6-MP at the dose of 6 mg/kg/day suppressed completely the primary response; the secondary response was either strongly decreased or suppressed. Doses of 3 and 1 mg/kg/day had similar but weaker effects on primary response, whereas secondary response was almost normal.

Combination of different doses of chloramphenicol and 6-MP resulted in stronger effects on primary response than those obtained with the same doses of each drug used separately. In addition, a fair number of animals acquired immunologic tolerance which was specific to BSA, as proved by further injections of BSA and the use of a second antigen, HGG.

No synergistic effect was however observed on the survival of skin allografts in rabbits.
Atypical Antigenic Properties of a γA Myeloma Protein
Authors: Osterland C. K. , Chaplin H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

An unusual paraprotein of very rapid electrophoretic mobility and γA antigenicity has been found to have its L chain antigenicity obscured or hidden, although associated Bence Jones protein in the urine exhibited easily demonstrable λ specificity. The intact protein was not typable with anti-κ or anti λ sera and when injected into rabbits failed to provoke either anti-κ or anti λ response. Mercaptoethanol reduction of the protein revealed a normal proportion of L chains, which were readily shown to have λ specificity and which had an acid urea starch gel electrophoretic mobility identical to that of the reduced Bence Jones protein. The isolated L chains provoked a λ-specific response when injected into rabbits. The reduced and alkylated paraprotein (its L and H chains not yet separated by acid sephadex filtration) was readily typable as λ-specific when the same typing sera was employed which failed entirely to react with the unreduced whole protein. Five other γA myeloma proteins showed enhanced precipitation with κ and λ typing sera after mercaptoethanol reduction of the paraproteins. It is concluded that the atypical antigenic properties displayed by the paraprotein described in this report probably reflect structural features producing steric hindrance against reaction with homologous antibodies.
The Adjuvant Action of Endotoxin in Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Campbell Priscilla A. , Rowlands David T. , Harrington Michael J. , Kind Phyllis D.
Published: January 2023

The adjuvant action of bacterial endotoxin on antibody production was shown to be unrelated to the effect of endotoxin on the thymus. Rates of antigen elimination and hemagglutination titers were essentially the same in adult mice which were thymectomized or sham-thymectomized and given a single injection of bovine γ-globulin and endotoxin. Reduction in antibody production was observed, however, when mice were thymectomized at 2 weeks of age.

Similarly, the response of adult mice to two injections of bovine γ-globulin and endotoxin was the same in thymectomized and sham-thymectomized mice. The antibody sedimented in a sucrose density gradient in the area of 7 S γ-globulin.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Darwish Medhat A. , Hammon William McD.
Published: January 2023

A 1:4000 formalin inactivated Japanese B encephalitis virus (OCT-attenuated 24°C line) grown in hamster kidney cell culture of pre-inactivation infectivity titer of 10-7.5/0.1 ml or more has been shown to be a vaccine which complies with the potency requirement of the Division of Biologics Standards, having a minimal immunogenic dose (MID) of 0.02 ml or less. The antigenicity was not affected by prolonging the inactivation period to three times that required for apparent destruction of infectivity at either 30° or 37°C. The 37° formalin inactivation was selected, for both the shorter period of inactivation needed and the minor improvement in potency obtained. A direct correlation was shown between the preinactivation infectivity titer and the final vaccine potency, at least within certain ranges. Infectious virus rather than hemagglutinin appeared to be responsible for the antigenicity, though under certain circumstances the hemagglutination and the infectivity were parallel. The use and limitations of the mouse potency test were examined and modifications employed. Both the monkey and guinea pig elicited good antibody formation subsequent to vaccine inoculation and good evidence was found to support the possibility of utilizing the latter for an antigen extinction test that may overcome certain limitations of the mouse MID test.
Sequential Synthesis of Two 7 S Lysins by Rats Challenged with Mouse Sarcoma-180 Tumor Cells
Authors: Coffey J. W. , Hansen Hans J.
Published: January 2023

The administration of S-180 mouse ascites tumor cells to rats has been shown to stimulate the production of two distinct lysins capable of rupturing the tumor cells in vitro. The two antibodies were separated on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose and were shown by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 to be 7 S antibodies. No 19 S antibody was detectable on either day 7 or day 14. The data are consistent with the theory that there is a sequential synthesis of the two antibodies. The lysin which predominates in the serum on day 14 was identified as a γSS-globulin by immunoelectrophoresis. The early lysin may be either a γ1A-globulin or a γSS-globulin.
The Formation in Vitro of Cold Auto-Hemagglutinins with Anti-I Specificity
Authors: van Furth R. , Dulk Martina Diesselhoff-den
Published: January 2023

The formation in vitro of cold auto-hemagglutinins as they occur in the cold hemagglutinin syndrome has been studied. Samples of bonemarrow, obtained from patients who showed a high serum titer of cold auto-hemagglutinins, were incubated with radioactive amino acids. The synthesized immunoglobulins were analyzed by autoradiography of the immunoelectrophoretic pattern of the culture fluid. The autoradiographic patterns were similar to those for the serum of the corresponding patients.

The synthesis of the cold auto-hemagglutinins was studied by incubating I and i2 red cells with the culture fluid at 4°C and subsequently eluting these cells. The concentrated eluates contained only IgM molecules with anti-I specificity and type K antigenic determinants on the L chain. Because these properties are characteristic for cold agglutinins, it may be concluded that the bone-marrow samples from these patients had synthesized cold auto-hemagglutinins in vitro. Plasma cells may be regarded as being involved in this synthesis because of their IgM-positive fluorescence; no positive lymphoid cells were observed.
Desensitization Studies of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Borek Felix
Published: January 2023

Delayed hypersensitive guinea pigs can be partially desensitized in a stepwise manner with increasing doses of antigen administered parenterally prior to skin testing. There is a close correlation between the size of the desensitizing dose of antigen and the increase in the amount of antigen required at the skin test site to elicit a response, suggesting the existence of a heterogeneity of binding energies for antigen in the delayed system.

Data are presented showing that delayed hypersensitivity responses can be elicited in partially desensitized guinea pigs with residual circulating antigen concentrations as high as 8 × 10-8 M, while undesensitized animals will respond to as little as about 10-14 moles of antigen. These data are interpreted to argue against the participation of low concentrations of highaffinity humoral antibodies in the development of delayed hypersensitivity lesions.
The Proliferative Capacity of Antigen-Sensitive Precursors of Hemolytic Plaque-Forming Cells
Authors: Kennedy J. C. , Till J. E. , Siminovitch L. , McCulloch E. A.
Published: January 2023

The antigen-sensitive precursors of hemolytic plaque-forming cells (7, 8) can be transplanted into heavily-irradiated mice. In the presence of antigen, these cells proliferate and differentiate, giving rise to progeny which form clusters detectable by their capacity to produce foci of hemolysis in a layer of agar containing sheep erythrocytes. The enumeration of such foci provides an assay techniques for antigen-sensitive cells (9). When the same spleen cell suspensions were assayed for these cells both by this technique and by the method of limiting dilution, both techniques yielded similar values. This similarity indicates that the hemolytic focus assay does indeed detect antigen-sensitive cells. By combining assays for antigen-sensitive cells and for their hemolysinproducing progeny, we have obtained an estimate of 4 to 7 for the number of divisions which result from the stimulation of antigen-sensitive cells by sheep erythrocytes. By a technique of serial transplantation, the fraction, f, of the total number of injected antigen-sensitive cells which are detectable in the spleens of heavily-irradiated mice following the intravenous injection of spleen cells was determined to be 0.15. Using this value, f, along with the number of antigen-sensitive cells detected in a given number of spleen cells and the number of cells in normal mouse spleens, one may calculate that there are approximately 103 antigen-sensitive cells in intact spleens. This estimate agrees with a previous value obtained using a radiobiologic technique (4).
The Nature of an Antigenic Determinant
Authors: Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Immunochemistry has sought for many years to understand the exact chemical nature of an antigenic determinant and to know how it reacts with the extraordinarily complex and heterogeneous population of immunoglobulin molecules that possess regions complementary to it, e.g., antibody combining sites.
Agglutinating Activity of the Complement Component C′1q in the F-II Latex Fixation Test
Authors: Ewald Rolf W. , Schubart Adalbert F.
Published: January 2023

Native human serum treated with Na3H-ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) exerts strong agglutinating activity in a modified F-II LP test. A study for the identification of the agglutinating principle revealed: Agglutinating activity found in 14.5% of 110 native sera was enhanced significantly following treatment with Na3H-EDTA. In 94 (85.5%) sera originally negative in this test high agglutinating titers emerged following Ca++ depletion.The agglutinating factor is thermolabile.Ultracentrifugation of native sera resulted in concentration of the factor in the pellet, suggesting its migration with heavy molecules. Na3H-EDTA treatment prior to centrifugation prevented concentration while agglutinating activity remained in the supernatant, indicating that Ca++ depletion may have resulted in the dissociation of the molecule naturally associated with the factor.Selective absorption of the C′1q (11S) component of serum complement resulted in disappearance of agglutinating activity.A semi-purified preparation of C′1q caused agglutination in this system. Agglutination titers depended on the concentration of C′1q.

Conclusion. The characteristics of the agglutinating factor described in this article resemble those of the C′1q (11S) component of human complement.
A Rapid Agglutination Test for the Detection of Antibodies to Viruses of Influenza
Authors: Klein Morton , Chaefsky Sandra , Muller Margaret
Published: January 2023

The adsorption of influenza and mumps viruses into particles of lecithin-cholesterol provides antigens that are rapidly agglutinated by antisera in a slide agglutination test. The antigen is stable for one year. The test is simple, rapid and type specific. The results correlate well with those obtained by the complement fixation test.
Passive Immune Elimination and in Vitro Phagocytosis of Antigen-Antibody Complexes in Relation to Species Origin of Antibody
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M.
Published: January 2023

The initial rate of passive immune elimination of a soluble antigen by antiserum was dependent on the species source of the antiserum. Rabbit antiserum resulted in rapid passive immune elimination in rodents and birds. Avian antiserum produced passive elimination in birds but not guinea pigs and rabbits. The results, confirmed by in vitro studies, appeared independent of complement. They suggest a specific recognition system of immunoglobulin structure by phagocytic cells.
A Mathematical Model Relating Circulating Antibody and Antibody Forming Cells
Authors: Hege John S. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: January 2023

A mathematical model is developed which equates numbers of antibody-forming cells to the corresponding circulating antibody. Using data for numbers of Jerne antibody plaque-forming cells in the mouse spleen following sheep erythrocyte sensitization, the model is applied to predict the time course of the circulating immune hemolysin. The calculated antibody concentrations are compared with experimentally determined values. Since no information is available describing average cellular rate of antibody synthesis during the course of an immune response, mathematical expressions for this quantity are selected arbitrarily for use in the model. Closest agreement between model and experiment obtains when cellular synthesis rate increases rapidly during the early phase of the response, but is constant later. Some of the assumptions underlying the model are probably valid only for 19S antibody synthesized in the spleen.
Neutralizing, Hemagglutination-Inhibiting and Group Complement-Fixing Antibody Responses in Human Adenovirus Infections
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , King Carole J.
Published: January 2023

Neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were compared for sensitivity and specificity, and complement fixation (CF) tests to adenovirus group antigen for sensitivity, in the detection of antibody in individuals with adenovirus isolations. Neutralization tests revealed the highest proportion of significant homotypic antibody increases (52%) followed by HI tests on Pseudomonas-filtrate-treated sera (48%), HI tests on untreated sera (34%) and HI tests on kaolintreated sera (30%). CF tests with adenovirus group antigen revealed significant antibody increases in only 38% of the patients, and most of these increases occurred in patients infected with adenovirus type 4, the viral type used for preparation of the antigen. In a number of patients homotypic neutralizing and HI antibody occurred independently of one another. An association was noted between age and production of homotypic neutralizing and HI antibody: antibody was absent in a higher proportion of sera from infants and young children than sera from young adults. Differences were noted in the frequency of occurrence in human sera of nonspecific HA inhibitor for the different adenovirus types, the highest proportion of sera showing inhibitors for adenovirus types 1, 2, 4 and 5, with few showing inhibitor for adenovirus types 3, 7, 10 and 11. Treatment of human sera with filtrates from a psychrophylic Pseudomonas sp. was found to be as effective as kaolin treatment for removal of nonspecific inhibitors of adenovirus hemagglutination, and it showed less tendency to remove specific antibody.
Electron Microscopic Observations on the Nature of Vaccinia Virus Particle Aggregation
Authors: Kim K. S. , Sharp D. G.
Published: January 2023

Aggregation among the particles of crude (unpurified) preparations of vaccinia virus is common. Observations with the electron microscope show, in all cases so far examined, that the frequency of groups is greatest for singles and progressively less for each larger size. When the logarithms of group frequency are plotted against the logarithms of group size, the result is a straight line whose slope is a measure of the degree of aggregation. This linear log-log (LLL) distribution is apparent in virus released from cells by freeze-thaw procedure or by ultrasonic waves. It holds for dispersed virus that has been reaggregated by sedimentation into a pellet and resuspended as well as for virus that reaggregates spontaneously. Plaque titrations reveal its influence on the infectivity of aggregated preparations. Its application to interpretation of radiation survival of aggregated virus is discussed.

Ultrasonic waves of 20 kc frequency are shown to produce no damage to fresh individual vaccinia virus particles, in intensities necessary for particle dispersion. Freezing at -60°C, heating at 56°C or ultraviolet irradiation (2537 Å) do not predispose the virus to destruction by 20 kc waves.
Cellular and Humoral Immune Response of Germfree Mice Stimulated with 7S HGG or Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Olson George B. , Wostmann Bernard S.
Published: January 2023

Germfree mice stimulated with either 7S HGG or Salmonella typhimurium vaccine react in a manner comparable to that of their conv counterparts. In each case the proliferation time of lymphoid cells was reduced from 21 to 22 hr in nonstimulated mice to 17 to 20 hr or 8 to 13 hr in mice stimulated with 7S HGG or S. typhimurium, respectively. Plasmacytopoiesis and hyperplasia was more pronounced in both groups when they were stimulated with the bacterial antigen.

Plasmacytic cells, blast cells and large lymphocytes showed a proportionately greater increase in germfree mice than in conv mice following stimulation with either antigen, suggesting that, even if the germfree animal has fewer competent cells, these cells are less committed due to lack of previous antigenic stimulations.

In vivo antibody production in the germfree-conv model shows a direct relationship to the amount of antibody-producing cells found in these animals, suggesting that this model may be a tool for studies on the kinetics of antibody formation in in vivo nonirradiated conditions.
Inactivation of Poly-DL-Alanyl Bacteriophage T4 with Antisera Specific toward Poly-DL-Dalanine
Authors: Haimovich Joseph , Sela Michael
Published: January 2023

Bacteriophage T4B was reacted with N-carbody DL-alanine anhydride, leading to the covalent attachment of alanine residues to the phage, concomitant with extensive loss of viability. The alanylated survivors could be inactivated with anti-phage serum, but were also inactivated specifically with an antiserum possessing antipolyalanine specificity. By using the alanylated phage and the “decision” technique of Jerne and Avegno (14), concentrations of 10-8 to 10-9 g/ml of anti-polyalanine antibody could be detected.
Correlation of Immunologic and Structural Heterogeneity of Bence Jones Proteins
Authors: Nachman Ralph L. , Engle Ralph L. , Copeland Lois
Published: January 2023

Immunologic differences among Bence Jones proteins within each major type have been correlated with the peptide maps of individual proteins. The findings suggest that single peptide differences among different proteins of the same immunologic type may determine some of the subtype heterogeneity. The theoretical relationship of this heterogeneity to the mutable amino terminal end of the molecules is discussed.
Virulence and Immunogenicity in Mice of Airborne Encephalomyocarditis Viruses and Their Infectious Nucleic Acids
Authors: Akers T. G. , Bond S. B. , Papke C. , Leif W. R.
Published: January 2023

Mice were exposed to aerosols of different strains of the encephalomyocarditis virus group. Responses in mice were different according to strains, virulence being correlated with plaque size. Small plaque-forming strains, ME and Mengo-37A (a heat-resistant mutant of Mengo), were essentially avirulent. The avirulent strains were immunogenic when in sufficient concentration. Aerosol studies with infectious RNA extracted from Mengovirus, ME, and Mengo-37A indicated that the responses in mice were similar to those observed with intact virus. Mengovirus RNA aerosols were lethal for mice, whereas Mengo-37A and ME RNA were avirulent and were not immunogenic in the limited aerosol concentration tested. Mice immunized with intact Mengo-37A virus were refractory to Mengo RNA aerosol challenge.
Loss of Cytotoxicity of Rabbit Anti-Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cell Antibody Following Pepsin Digestion
Authors: Whitehouse Frank , Kilduff James T.
Published: January 2023

Pepsin digestion of cytotoxic 6.6S rabbit Ehrlich ascites tumor cell antibody produces 4.8S antibody which has lost its ability to bind hemolytic guinea pig complement and is not cytotoxic.
Studies on the Transfer of Human Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
Authors: Baram Peter , Yuan Leo , Mosko M. M.
Published: January 2023

Two fractions from tuberculin hypersensitive human white blood cells have been found capable of transferring tuberculin delayed hypersensitivity. One of these (C′-5) is a polynucleotide containing adenine, guanine and cytosine, but no uracil. The second transfer factor is contained in a larger molecular weight (A′) fraction found to have γG-globulin and other globulin and probably α1 lipoprotein as well as ribose indicating RNA.

A fraction containing macroglobulin was unable to transfer delayed hypersensitivity.
A Factor in the Serum of Patients with Persisting Infection That Inhibits the Bactericidal Activity of Normal Serum against the Organism That is Causing the Infection
Authors: Waisbren Burton A. , Brown Imogene
Published: January 2023

In some patients with chronic bacterial infections due to gram-negative bacilli the serum is found to contain a factor that inhibits the killing power of normal serum for the particular bacterial strain. The factor is heat stable and strain specific. It has not been found in the absence of chronic infection. It is found commonly, but not regularly, among patients exhibiting chronic pyelonephritis. Whether the factor causes, results from, or only accompanies chronic bacterial infections remains unknown.
Further Studies on the Anti-Globulin Factors in Human Serum to the Pepsin Digested Fragment of the RI Anti-RH Antibody
Authors: Waller M. , Blaylock K.
Published: January 2023

Serum reactivity to erythrocytes sensitized with pepsin digested anti-Rh antibody Ripley was found to be almost universal in 795 undiluted sera. The donor Ripley himself showed a titer of 1:40 with sensitized cells. Pepsin digested globulins of negatively reacting sera showed the same degree of inhibition as pepsin digested globulins of positively reacting sera. Specific immunizations with Brucella and Vi antigens had no influence on the titer of this anti-globulin factor. Only a minimal degree of digestion of the globulin molecule is necessary to reveal the hidden determinant.
Density Separable Fractions during Growth of Measles Virus
Authors: Numazaki Yoshio , Karzon David T.
Published: January 2023

The appearance of viral activities during the growth of measles virus in AV3 cells was analyzed employing density-gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride. Two density forms of infectious virus were demonstrated, with densities of 1.23 to 1.24 g/ml (M form) and 1.20 to 1.21 g/ml (L form). Sonication shifted the L form to a lower density, 1.16 g/ml (Ls form) with an increase in titer. The L form appeared early in the growth cycle, disappeared and was replaced by the M form which appeared later in the cycle. The M form was released and appeared to be the complete mature virion. The L form was poorly released and may represent either an aberrant end product or a precursor to the M form.

Hemagglutinin, complement-fixing and hemolytic activities accompanied the infectious peaks. Hemolytic activity corresponded closely to the infectivity peaks, but hemagglutinin and complement-fixing activity demonstrated a broad heterodensity. A high density (1.30 g/ml) noninfectious complement-fixing peak was shown.
Soluble Antigen of Measles Virus
Authors: Numazaki Yoshio , Karzon David T.
Published: January 2023

Three complement-fixing (CF) antigens of measles virus, separated on the basis of buoyant density, were further analyzed with respect to sedimentation characteristics and antibody response. The heavy (H) noninfectious CF fraction (density 1.30 g/ml) could be distinguished from the less dense infectious CF antigens (M peak to meniscus, 1.24 to Ü1.18 g/ml). The H-CF fraction was shown to remain in the supernatant fluid after centrifugation at 20,000 to 30,000 rpm. This fraction is therefore of small particle size and has a density compatible with the nucleoprotein internal component. Antibody response to H-CF fraction occurred following measles viral replication and not after immunization with inactivated vaccine. The H-CF fraction has characteristics resembling those of the soluble antigens of other myxoviruses.
Inactivation and Density Studies with Para-Adenovirus 7 (SV40-Adenovirus “Hybrid” Population)
Authors: Butel Janet S. , Rapp Fred
Published: January 2023

Inactivation and density studies were performed with PARA-adenovirus 7, a “hybrid” population of defective SV40 and adenovirus. The ability of PARA and of “pure” SV40 to induce SV40 tumor antigen in simian cells were inactivated at similar slow rates upon exposure to ultraviolet light, while the infectivities of SV40 and PARA were rapidly destroyed. The infectivity of PARA was found to be more susceptible to inactivation by ultraviolet light than was the infectivity of either adenovirus 7 or SV40. The average 37% dose was 12 sec for PARA, 22 sec for adenovirus 7, and 28 sec for complete SV40. Both PARA and adenovirus 7 in the “hybrid” population were equally sensitive to photodynamic inactivation after incorporation of either neutral red or proflavine. Neither component was affected by treatment with ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease. Both members showed similar rates of heat inactivation at 50°C. The PARA and adenovirus 7 in the “hybrid” stock both banded at a buoyant density of 1.34 in cesium chloride. Except for sensitivity to inactivation by ultraviolet light, PARA could not be differentiated from adenovirus.
Immunocompetence of Transferred Thymus-Marrow Cell Combinations
Authors: Claman Henry N. , Chaperon Edward A. , Triplett R. Faser
Published: January 2023

Suspensions containing adult marrow and thymus cells were far more active in producing anti-sheep red cell hemolysins when transferred to irradiated syngeneic recipient mice than can be accounted for by summating the activities of each cell population alone. Such synergistic activity was not present in 1-day-old thymus cells, but was present in 6-day-old thymus cells. Spleen cells 6 days old, however, were inactive. Adult thymus, but not adult marrow, acted in synergism with a small number of adult spleen cells. The efficacy of adult thymus cells was abolished by 500 r (in air) given to donors. Subcutaneous thymus grafts were not active. The order of injection of thymus or marrow cells was not critical.

The data confirm the hypothesis of interaction between thymus and marrow cells, although the nature of this interaction is obscure.
Effects of Mild Periodate Oxidation on Antibodies
Authors: Andersen Burton R. , Abele Donald C. , Vannier Wilton E.
Published: January 2023

The effect of mild periodate oxidation of rabbit antibody to BSA and HGG and human skin sensitizing antibodies to ragweed were studied. Oxidation of carbohydrate was demonstrated by the marked reduction in fucose and neuraminic acid and moderate reduction in the hexose and hexosamine of the rabbit antibody. Amino acid analysis and optic rotation studies indicated that there was little if any protein oxidation.

The marked decrease in direct PCA activity and the slight decrease in reverse PCA and precipitating antibody levels suggest that the antibody combining site was largely unaltered by oxidation and that the major effect was probably on the site responsible for tissue fixation or a structure necessary for the mediation of hypersensitivity reactions. Skin sensitizing antibodies were also inactivated by mild periodate oxidation but the site affected has not been determined.

Other effects of oxidation on rabbit antibody included an increase in electrophoretic mobility and a tendency to form aggregates. No change in the antigenic determinants of periodate oxidized RGG was detected.
The Sedimentation and Antigenic Properties of Proteins in Nasal and Other External Secretions
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Butler William T. , Vannier Wilton E. , Douglas R. Gordon , Steinberg Arthur G.
Published: January 2023

The antigenic characteristics of γA-globulin, γG-globulin, albumin and siderophilin from nasal secretions and sera have been compared and their sedimentation behavior studied by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by specific quantitative assay of the concentration of these proteins in the gradient fractions.

γG-globulin in whole nasal secretions had a mean sedimentation coefficient of 6.5 S ± 0.7 S (1 S.D.), closely similar to the sedimentation behavior of γG-globulin isolated from whole serum by DEAE-cellulose chromatography or by starch block electrophoresis. In contrast, γG-globulin in samples of whole serum showed a mean sedimentation coefficient of 7.3 S ± 0.6 S (1 S.D.). The population of γG-globulins present in nasal washings included the γGa (γ2a), γGb (γ2b) and γGc (γ2c) subclasses but was antigenically deficient with respect to γGd (γ2d) or possibly unidentified subclasses of γG-globulin present in serum.

γA-globulin in both nasal secretion and serum showed considerable size heterogeneity. The major part of the nasal secretion γA-globulins sedimented between 9–14 S, while most of the serum γA-globulin was found in the 7–9 S region. γA-globulin, isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography from nasal washings, exhibited sedimentation behavior closely similar to that of the γA-globulin in whole nasal secretion. Nasal secretion γA-globulin, heavier than 9 S, possessed antigenic determinants not found in γA-globulin from serum, while 5–7 S γA-globulin from nasal secretion and γA-globulin from serum were antigenically similar. Samples of isolated nasal secretion γA-globulin from four out of five volunteers, however, lacked Inv allotypes, although all samples possessed antigens associated with both K and λ type light chains.

Albumin and siderophilin in nasal secretions and serum had similar sedimentation properties, and the albumin in nasal secretions was antigenically identical with its serum counterpart.

Comparison of the properties of tears and parotid saliva to nasal secretions from the same individuals revealed that γA-globulin in the three secretions had the same sedimentation behavior and antigenic characteristics.
Some Observations on the Abo Antigen Sites of the Erythrocyte Membranes of Adults and Newborn Infants
Authors: Haberman Sol , Blanton Pat , Martin James
Published: January 2023

Horse spleen ferritin may be conjugated to human immune anti-A globulins to give a reagent that is useful in locating the sites of A antigens on the human erythrocyte.

Ferritin-tagged antibodies were found to coat the outer cell wall only of adult red cells. However, in the case of erythrocytes obtained from umbilical cord blood some ferritin was seen coating the cell wall, but many of the cells showed vacuoles that were filled with these ferritin granules.

Pinocytosis was seen more frequently in the antibody-treated infant cells, and accumulations of ferritin-tagged antibodies were observed within the forming vesicles. This phenomenon was not seen when ferritin was added to the cell suspensions in the absence of antibody.

Some possible implications of these findings as related to ABO hemolytic disease of newborns and to the direct antiglobulin test on blood samples obtained from these cases are discussed.
The Morphologic Characteristics of 19S Antibody
Authors: Almeida June D. , Brown F. , Waterson A. P.
Published: January 2023

Using foot-and-mouth-disease virus as an antigen, the negative staining technique has been employed to study the morphologic differences between 7S and 19S antibody. 7S antibody was purified by the use of diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography and 19S antibody by means of sucrose gradient centrifugation. Complexes were made with the virus and each of the two antibody species and examined in the electron microscope. 7S antibody appeared as a filament measuring roughly 27 × 250 Å. 19S antibody also appeared as a filament but had dimensions approximately 50 × 370 Å.

Attachment to the virus particle seemed to be mainly by sites at either end of the 19S molecule but other binding sites may be present. Looping was found to be a frequent occurrence in preparations of virus and 19S antibody.
Demonstration of Tissue-Specific Soluble Antigens in Human Skin by Immunodiffusion
Authors: Aoki Toshiyuki , Fujinami Tokuji
Published: January 2023

Antisera to soluble preparation of human skin were prepared in rabbits and used to determine antigenic components of human skin and to compare these with antigens of other human organs and tissues by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. There were several antigens which were common to the skin, liver, kidney, lung, gastric mucosa, spleen, heart, brain, cornea, lens and uvea which were different from serum antigens.

After absorption of the antisera with human serum and several organ antigens, three precipitation lines were recognized which were specific to skin and which were not observed in tests with skin preparations of dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, rat and mouse. The major human skin-specific antigen was stable to heat of 70°C for 3 min and to dialysis to 0.01 M phosphate buffer solution. These skin-specific antigens are considered to be present in the epidermis.
The Pathogenesis of Theiler's GD VII Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection in Mice as Studied by Immunofluorescent Technique and Infectivity Titrations
Authors: Liu Chien , Collins Julius , Sharp Eleanor
Published: January 2023

By means of infectivity titrations and immunofluorescent staining, the pathogenesis of Theiler's GD VII virus infection in mice was studied. After intracerebral inoculation of virus, infection appeared to start at the site of inoculation and then spread along the ventral part of the brain and the hippocampus. Following intranasal inoculation, virus gained entrance to the central nervous system (CNS) through the olfactory bulbs and olfactory tracts to initiate infection in the brain. By feeding mice with GD VII virus, small amounts of the virus could be demonstrated in visceral organs by infectivity titrations while much larger amounts of virus were found in the CNS when encephalitis became apparent. Use of the immunofluorescence technique did not enable us to localize the primary sites of viral multiplication prior to invasion of the central nervous system in mice infected by gavage.
Studies on the Specificity of the Cellular Infiltrate of Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Cohen Stanley , McCluskey Robert T. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: January 2023

An autoradiographic study has been performed in an attempt to demonstrate specifically sensitized cells in delayed hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs. In one experiment, guinea pigs were given H3-thymidine at various times after immunization with a single antigen and all were skin tested 22 days after immunization. It was found that there was a continuous increase in the percentage of labeled mononuclear cells in skin reactions as a function of time of administration of H3-thymidine. In another experiment, guinea pigs were immunized with two unrelated antigens and given H3-thymidine in such a manner as to label cells proliferating in response to the first, but not the second antigen. No difference was detected in the percentage of labeled infiltrating mononuclear cells at skin reactions elicited simultaneously with each antigen at separate sites. These observations demonstrate that the specifically sensitized cells which are believed to initiate the inflammation of delayed hypersensitivity reactions are too few to be detected by the methods available.
Application of the Paired Label Radioantibody Technique to Tissue Sections and Cell Smears
Authors: Tanigaki Nobuyuki , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

A micro-scale modification of the paired label radioantibody technique has been developed to determine the reactivity of antiserum globulin with tissue sections or cell smears. A mixture of 125I-labeled IgG from antiserum and 131I-labeled IgG from normal serum is applied on test specimens fixed on microscope coverslips. After incubation for 60 min at room temperature, the specimens are washed and assayed for the radioactivity due to 125I and 131I. The degree of the reactivity of antiserum IgG was expressed by the uptake quotient, the quotient of the specific uptake over the nonspecific uptake.

The method is sensitive and reproducible under the conditions given. It is suitable for comparing a large number of specimens and particularly useful where the test materials, tissues or cells, are available only in limited quantities.

Various factors involved in the reaction—reaction time, concentration of antibody globulin, area and thickness of sections, antigen content and absorption with tissue sediments—were evaluated in detail.
Thermostable Brain-Specific Autoantigen
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Tuggac Z. Maide , Campbell Walter , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

Evidence was presented for autoantibody formation against a thermostable ethanol-insoluble antigen (BE antigen) characteristic for brain. Rabbit antisera to brain BE of human and porcine origin combined with rabbit brain BE. Antisera of rabbits immunized with rabbit brain BE and of pigs immunized with porcine brain BE contained brain-specific antibodies acting upon brain BE originating from the antibody-forming animal. In addition to these antibodies, some anti-brain BE sera contained autoantibodies that combined with a non-organ-specific antigen.
The Alteration of Endotoxin by Postheparin Plasma and its Purified Fractions
Authors: Schultz Duane R. , Becker Elmer L.
Published: January 2023

Fractionation of the delipidized euglobulin from guinea pig postheparin plasma on DEAE-cellulose resulted in one protein peak in the effluent and two to three protein peaks following an NaCl-gradient. Both endotoxin detoxifying action and lipoprotein lipase activity were found in the fractions prior to the application of the NaCl-gradient, if the fractions were collected in heparin. Without added heparin, neither of the two activities was obtained. Associated with both detoxifying and lipase activities was the release of unesterified fatty acids and the endotoxin-clearing reaction.

Heating the postheparin plasma euglobulin fraction either had no effect or partially inactivated the endotoxin-detoxifying factor, but destroyed lipoprotein lipase activity. Both unesterified fatty acid release from the endotoxinalbumin-euglobulin mixtures and the endotoxin-clearing reaction were destroyed by heat.
Antibody Responses in Experimental Infections with Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Armstrong A. S. , Sword C. P.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits infected with one or several intraperitoneal injections of Listeria monocytogenes produced antibodies which were characterized by elution from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and resistance to mercaptoethanol. Rabbits which received one, two, or multiple injections of viable Listeria cells produced both 19S and 7S agglutinins, although 19S antibody predominated in most rabbits. 19S agglutinins usually appeared within 2 weeks, followed by the presence of 7S antibody.

All rabbits produced precipitins capable of reacting with soluble Listeria antigens. Precipitin activity was associated only with 7S antibody but not with 19S antibody fractions. Radioimmunoelectrophoretic data showed that early rabbit sera bound I131-labeled Listeria antigens in the 19S γM- and 7S γG-globulins. In later sera and hyperimmune sera, only 7S γG-globulins were able to bind the I131-labeled antigens.

The results are discussed in light of heterogeneity and functional difference of antibodies. The relative efficiency of serologic tests to detect 19S and 7S antibodies is considered important in interpreting the results of this study and may be of significance in naturally occurring infections.
Heterogeneity and Sequence of Appearance of Rabbit Antibodies to Hog Intrinsic Factor
Authors: Samloff I. Michael , Barnett Eugene V.
Published: January 2023

The primary and secondary immune responses of rabbits to HIFC were investigated with the radioimmunoelectrophoretic method. Three anti-HIFC-Co60B12-binding antibodies were detected. When a goat anti-rabbit serum was used as a developer, γM and γG antibodies were found to appear simultaneously, 7 to 8 days following primary immunization. When the developing serum was not used, an illusion suggesting the later appearance of γG antibody was seen. These results provide further evidence for the concurrent synthesis of γM and γG antibodies following primary immunization. In addition, the data suggest that early γG anti-HIF antibody forms a soluble or easily dissociable complex with HIFC-Co60B12 while later γG antibody forms an insoluble or less readily dissociable complex with the radioactively labeled antigen.

In two of three rabbits, a third HIFC-Co60B12-binding antibody appeared from 3 to 4 weeks after primary immunization. This antibody migrated slightly faster than γG on electrophoresis in agar gel, was eluted with γG-globulins from Sephadex G-200, and was resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol.

Following secondary immunization an anamnestic response was observed for the synthesis of all three antibodies.
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart
Published: January 2023

The peripheral lymphocytes of rabbits may be stimulated in vitro to undergo blast transformation by the F(ab′)2 and F ab fragments of sheep globulin containing antibody activity to rabbit IgG. This indicates that the secondary biologic properties of immunoglobulin molecules and the capacity to precipitate with antigen are not necessary for blastogenic activity. The initial event in the induction of blast transformation by specific antiserum and by specific antigen may be the same mechanism, the primary union of antigen and antibody.
Respiratory Virus Vaccines
Authors: Brandon F. B. , Cox F. , Lease G. O. , Timm E. A. , Quinn E. , McLean I. W.
Published: January 2023

The antibody responses of hospital staff volunteers to polyvalent influenza vaccines containing either intact virus or SPEE virus antigens were compared.

Significant increases in HI antibody against each virus strain in both vaccines were observed. Furthermore, postvaccination antibody titers against three of the four strains were significantly greater in the group receiving the SPEE antigens than were those in the group given intact virus.

Evidence that the SPEE antigens may be more efficient antibody stimulators than their intact counterparts is presented and discussed.