bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Filling Technique for Packable Composite Resin in Class II Restorations
Authors: FRANCCI CARLOS , LOGUERCIO ALESSANDRO DOURADO , REIS ALESSANDRA , DE OLIVEIRA CARRILHO MARCELA ROCHA
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The use of composite resin restorations in posterior teeth has increased considerably in the past few years. Specific composite resins for posterior teeth, as well as new operative techniques, have been developed to overcome some clinical difficulties. The present article describes a new technique to reconstitute the interproximal contour and contact of Class II restorations using a pack‐able composite resin. Two lower first molars from the same patient are reported in detail, illustrating the technique step by step. The technique indicates the use of a metallic matrix band and wood wedges to provide an interproximal contour and contact with the adjacent tooth as well as to provide an adequate cervical adaptation. The first increment of the packable composite resin is applied on the gingival wall of the proximal box, packed cervically near the axial wall and, automatically, the resin climbs up in contact with the inner surface of the matrix band. This increment is sculpted and light‐cured and the metallic matrix band is removed. Thus, the Class II cavities are transformed into Class I, with free access for light‐curing. Small incremental layers of composite fill the remaining cavities. This technique is faster than conventional techniques and permits appropriate embrasure, better contour, and contact points.
Illuminating the Processes of Knowledge Transfer in Nursing
Authors: Aita Marilyn , Richer Marie‐Claire , Héon Marjolaine
Published: June 2007

Rationale: Over the past 10 years, there has been a propensity to translate research findings and evidence into clinical practice, and concepts such as knowledge transfer, research dissemination, research utilization, and evidence‐based practice have been described in the nursing literature.

Aim: This manuscript shows a selective review of the definitions and utilization of these concepts and offers a perspective on their interrelationships by indicating how knowledge transfer processes are the basis of all the concepts under review.

Findings: Definitions and utilization of knowledge transfer in the literature have been influenced by educational and social perspectives and indicate two important processes that are rooted in the mechanisms of research dissemination, research utilization, and evidence‐based practice. These processes refer to a cognitive and an interpersonal dimension. Knowledge transfer underlies a process involving cognitive resources as well as an interpersonal process where the knowledge is transferred between individuals or groups of individuals.

Conclusion and Implications: This manuscript can contribute to our understanding of the theoretical foundations linking these concepts and these processes by comparing and contrasting them. It also shows the value and empirical importance of the cognitive and interpersonal processes of knowledge transfer by which research findings and evidence can be successfully translated and implemented into the nursing clinical practice.
Protein kinase C ε phosphorylates keratin 8 at Ser8 and Ser23 in GH4C1 cells stimulated by thyrotropin‐releasing hormone
Authors: Akita Yoshiko , Kawasaki Hiroshi , Imajoh‐Ohmi Shinobu , Fukuda Hiroyuki , Ohno Shigeo , Hirano Hisashi , Ono Yoshitaka , Yonekawa Hiromich
Published: June 2007

Protein kinase C ε (PKCε) is activated by thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH), a regulator of pituitary function in rat pituitary GH4C1 cells. We analyzed the downstream mechanism after PKCε activation. Exposure of GH4C1 cells to TRH or a phorbol ester increased the phosphorylation of three p52 proteins (p52a, p52b and p52c) and decreased the phosphorylation of destrin and cofilin. GF109203X, an inhibitor of protein kinases including PKC, inhibited phosphorylation of the p52 proteins by TRH stimulation. Peptide mapping, amino‐acid sequencing, and immunochemical studies indicated that p52a, p52b, and p52c are the differentially phosphorylated isoforms of keratin 8 (K8), an intermediate filament protein. The unphosphorylated K8 (p52n) localized exclusively to the cytoskeleton, whereas the phosphorylated forms (especially p52c), which are increased in TRH‐stimulated cells, localized mainly to the cytosol. K8 phosphorylation was enhanced in PKCε‐overexpressing clones, and purified recombinant PKCε directly phosphorylated K8 with a profile similar to that observed in TRH‐stimulated cells. PKCε and K8 colocalized near the nucleus under basal conditions and were concentrated in the cell periphery and cell–cell contact area after TRH stimulation. MS analyses of phospho‐K8 and K8‐synthesized peptide (amino acids 1–53) showed that PKCε phosphorylates Ser8 and Ser23 of K8. Phosphorylation of these sites is enhanced in TRH‐stimulated cells and PKCε‐overexpressing cells, as assessed by immunoblotting using antibodies to phospho‐K8. These results suggest that K8 is a physiological substrate for PKCε, and the phosphorylation at Ser8 and Ser23 transduces, at least in part, TRH–PKCε signaling in pituitary cells.
Arabidopsis amidase 1, a member of the amidase signature family
Authors: Neu Daniel , Lehmann Thomas , Elleuche Skander , Pollmann Stephan
Published: June 2007

Amidase 1 (AMI1), a specific indole‐3‐acetamide amidohydrolase, is an Arabidopsis thaliana amidase signature enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of indole‐3‐acetic acid from indole‐3‐acetamide. Amidase signature family members catalyze a diverse range of enzymatic reactions and are found widespread in nature, for instance in bacteria, mammals, and plants. At the protein level, the family members share a conserved stretch of ≈ 50–130 amino acids, the name‐giving amidase signature. Elucidation of the crystal structures of a mammalian fatty acid amide hydrolase and the bacterial malonamidase E2 revealed an unusual Ser‐cisSer‐Lys catalytic triad in proteins of this family. In addition, other members, such as the amidase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain J1 or Sulfolobus solfataricus, seem to use an accessory Cys‐cisSer‐Lys center. AMI1 possesses all conserved amino‐acid residues of the Ser‐cisSer‐Lys triad, but lacks the CX3C motif and therefore the Cys‐cisSer‐Lys catalytic site. Using a set of point‐mutated variants of AMI1 and chemical modifications, we analyzed the relative importance of single amino‐acid residues of AMI1 with respect to substrate conversion. These experiments revealed that a specific serine residue, Ser137, is essential for AMI1 enzymatic activity. We also report structural and functional differences of AMI1 from other amidase signature enzymes.
Use of white clover as an alternative to nitrogen fertiliser for dairy pastures in nitrate vulnerable zones in the UK: productivity, environmental impact and economic considerations
Authors: Andrews M. , Scholefield D. , Abberton M.T. , McKenzie B.A. , Hodge S. , Raven J.A.
Published: June 2007

Perennial ryegrass and perennial ryegrass/white clover permanent dairy pastures are compared with respect to productivity, environmental impact and financial costs in nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZ) in the UK. With appropriate management, and utilisation of recommended perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars, white clover is likely to stabilise at around 20% of total dry matter production in a mixed pasture. Plant dry matter production and milk production from a perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture are likely to be similar to that from a perennial ryegrass pasture receiving 200 kg N ha−1 annum−1 and around 70% of that obtained with perennial ryegrass supplied with 350–400 kg N ha−1 annum−1. Nitrate, phosphorus and methane losses from the system and decreases in biodiversity relative to a grazed indigenous sward are likely to be similar for a perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture and a perennial ryegrass pasture receiving 200 kg N ha−1 annum−1: nitrate leachate from both systems is likely to comply with European legislation. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from nitrogen (N) fertiliser production would be avoided with the perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. Within NVZ stocking rate restrictions, white clover can provide the N required by a pasture at a lower financial cost than that incurred by the application of N fertiliser.
Why are accreting T Tauri stars observed to be less luminous in X-rays than non-accretors?
Authors: Gregory S. G. , Wood K. , Jardine M.
Published: June 2007

Accreting T Tauri stars are observed to be less luminous in X-rays than non-accretors, an effect that has been detected in various star-forming regions. To explain this we have combined, for the first time, a radiative transfer code with an accretion model that considers magnetic fields extrapolated from surface magnetograms obtained from Zeeman–Doppler imaging. Such fields consist of compact magnetic regions close to the stellar surface, with extended field lines interacting with the disc. We study the propagation of coronal X-rays through the magnetosphere and demonstrate that they are strongly absorbed by the dense gas in accretion columns. The reduction in the observed X-ray emission depends on the field geometry, which may explain why accreting T Tauri stars show a larger scatter in their observed X-ray luminosity compared with non-accreting stars.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF CINNAMALDEHYDE, THYMOL, CARVACROL AND THEIR COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE FOODBORNE PATHOGEN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: ZHOU FENG , JI BAOPING , ZHANG HONG , JIANG HUI , YANG ZHIWEI , LI JINGJING , LI JIHAI , YAN WENJIE
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol alone or their combinations against Salmonella Typhimurium. The results showed that the lowest concentrations of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol inhibiting the growth of S. Typhimurium significantly were 200, 400 and 400 mg/L, respectively. In a system combining different antimicrobials, treatments with cinnamaldehyde/thymol, cinnamaldehyde/carvacrol and thymol/carvacrol revealed significantly less population of S. Typhimurium and had synergy effect compared with samples treated with cinnamaldehyde, thymol or carvacrol alone. By means of their paired combinations, the lowest addition of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol could be decreased from 200, 400 and 400 mg/L to 100, 100 and 100 mg/L, respectively.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SALMONELLA ENTERICA SUBSPECIES ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHIMURIUM AND COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA VARIETY SINENSIS) SEEDS, PLANTS AND PERSISTENCE IN HAY
Authors: SINGH BHOJ RAJ , CHANDRA MUDIT , AGARWAL RAVIKANT , BABU NAGRAJAN
Published: June 2007

Dynamics of persistence of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), a common food‐ and waterborne zoonotic serovar, on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata variety sinensis), a fodder and green vegetable plant, were studied. The findings revealed that S. Typhimurium not only reduced germination of cowpea seed (P < 0.01), but also caused defects in sprouts (P < 0.02). S. Typhimurium inoculation on seeds before sowing had a more pronounced effect (P < 0.01; i.e., loss in germination and appearance of defective sprouts) than sowing seeds in S. Typhimurium‐inoculated soil. S. Typhimurium persisted in saplings and adult plants up to 45 days of plant age and up to 60 days in hay. The cowpea plants grown in sterile Salmonella‐free soil did not support colonization of S. Typhimurium in different parts. A reduction in the population of Salmonella appeared as early as on the fifth day and decreased with advancing plant age. At 21 days of age, the cowpea plants had no Salmonella in their aerial parts and were free of the pathogen within 3 h of inoculation. Salmonella persisted in stumps of the plants throughout the observation, irrespective of age of the plants at the time of inoculation. The study revealed the persistence and the phytopathogenic potential of Salmonella on cowpea.
OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW MILK DURING THE SUMMER AND WINTER SEASONS IN HAMEDAN, IRAN
Authors: GHIASIAN SEYED AMIR , MAGHSOOD AMIR HOSSEIN , NEYESTANI TIRANG R. , MIRHENDI SEYED HOSSEIN
Published: June 2007

A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was carried out in summer and winter in raw milk samples from 93 traditional and industrial dairy farms of the Hamedan district in order to address representative data on AFM1 in milk collected from these regions. Of the 186 milk samples, AFM1 was detected in 119 samples (63.97%). The mean concentration of AFM1 in contaminated samples was 43.4 ng/L, and the minimum and maximum levels were ≤10 and 410 ng/L, respectively. Fourteen (11.76%) contaminated samples had AFM1 in concentrations in excess of the maximum levels specified in European Union regulations, i.e., 50 ng/L. The contamination ratio of milk in summer and winter months was 56.5 and 71.7%, respectively (P < 0.02). This is the first report on AFM1 determinations in raw milk from western Iran, one of the main milk‐production areas, as well as comparison between milk obtained from different dairy farms in Iran.
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SELECTED STREET FOODS IN PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA
Authors: MEPBA H.D. , ACHINEWHU S.C. , ASO S.N. , WACHUKWU C.K.
Published: June 2007

The microbiological quality of selected ready‐to‐eat foods sold on the streets of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, was evaluated. Twenty to twenty‐eight samples each of 10 different types of foods were analyzed. About 50% of the foods were deep fat fried, 20% were baked, 10% each were either boiled, pasteurized and frozen, or fermented and chilled products. Methods of food preparation and handling practices influenced the shelf lives of the foods, and their implications on microbiological quality and safety are discussed. The heterotrophic counts were highest for yogurt and ice cream and lowest for chin‐chin and buns. Bacterial counts for pancake, moi moi, cake, meat pie and egg roll on McConkey agar gave comparable results with counts obtained on Deoxycholate agar. Eleven bacteria genera were isolated. Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella spp. occurred in most of the foods, followed by Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp., while other species exhibited a random distribution. Generally, the foods were microbiologically safe despite defective handling practices.
CONSUMPTION OF RISKY FOODS AMONG ADULTS AT HIGH RISK FOR SEVERE FOODBORNE DISEASES: ROOM FOR IMPROVED TARGETED PREVENTION MESSAGES
Authors: SAMUEL MICHAEL C. , VUGIA DUC J. , KOEHLER KATHLEEN M. , MARCUS RUTHANNE , DENEEN VALERIE , DAMASKE BARBARA , SHIFERAW BELETSHACHEW , HADLER JAMES , HENAO OLGA L. , ANGULO FREDERICK J.
Published: June 2007

Foodborne disease is of particular concern in populations at risk for severe consequences, including the elderly and persons with immune‐compromising conditions. Using data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) Population Survey, we examined the association of risky food consumption with gender, age, immune status, income and education. Gender, age and immune status were associated with consumption of risky foods. More males than females ate at least one risky food while persons aged ≥65 years were less likely than those 18–44 to eat risky foods. In the 18–44 group, those with immunosuppressive conditions were more likely to eat risky foods (P < 0.001). In the ≥65 group, those taking immunosuppressive drugs were more likely than healthy persons to eat risky foods (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that young adults with immune‐compromising conditions and elderly persons who take immunosuppressive drugs report eating more risky foods than their healthy counterparts.
A LEXICON FOR FLAVOR DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF GREEN TEA
Authors: LEE JEEHYUN , CHAMBERS DELORES H.
Published: June 2007

A lexicon for describing green tea was developed using descriptive analysis methods. A highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined and referenced 31 flavor attributes for green tea. One‐hundred and thirty‐eight green tea samples from nine countries – China, India, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania and Vietnam – were selected to represent a wide range of green teas. Attributes could be categorized as “Green” (asparagus, beany, Brussels sprout, celery, parsley, spinach, green beans, green herb‐like); “Brown” (ashy/sooty, brown spice, burnt/scorched, nutty, tobacco); “Fruity/Floral” (fruity, floral/perfumy, citrus, fermented); “Mouthfeel” (astringent, tooth‐etching); “Basic Tastes” (overall sweet, bitter); and other attributes (almond, animalic, grain, musty/new leather, mint, seaweed, straw‐like). Some attributes, such as green, brown, bitter, astringent and tooth‐etching, were found in most samples, but many attributes were found in only a few samples. Green tea processors, food industry, researchers and consumers will benefit from this lexicon with precise definitions and references that reliably differentiate and characterize the sensory attributes of green teas.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Green tea (and white tea) processors, food industrialists, researchers and consumers will benefit from this lexicon with precise definitions and references that reliably differentiate and characterize the sensory attributes of green tea.
A COMPARISON OF THE DISCRIMINATING POWER OF ANOVA AND R‐INDEX ANALYSES OF HEDONIC DATA FOR VARIOUS PRODUCTS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS
Authors: PARK HAENA , O'MAHONY MICHAEL , KIM KWANG‐OK
Published: June 2007

Consumers rated a set of toothpastes and a set of orange‐flavored beverages on a 9‐point hedonic scale, using two experimental protocols: Rank‐Rating where stimuli could continually be reassessed and a more traditional approach where they could not. A 21‐point hedonic scale was also used in the Rank‐Rating condition. The hedonic data were analyzed in the usual way using ANOVA with multiple comparisons and also by ranking the data and using an R‐index analysis. Regarding the numbers of significant differences recorded, the two analyses were comparable, with a very slight and nonsignificant advantage for the ANOVA analysis. Unlike with intensity scaling, the difference between Rank‐Rating and “traditional” scaling was slight but not for all products. The same was true for scale length effects. Differences among the products suggested effects due to the number of attributes that varied.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The key finding in this study is the use of Rank‐Rating where stimuli could continually be re‐assessed for the assessment of hedonic response of consumers in the various products. Rank‐Rating may possibly give a better discrimination than more traditional scaling, depending on the number of attributes which varied. The results of the study also recommend the use of R‐index analyses of ranked hedonic data in the analyses rather than ANOVA with multiple comparisons.
EFFICACY OF PALATE CLEANSERS FOR REDUCTION OF ASTRINGENCY CARRYOVER DURING REPEATED INGESTIONS OF RED WINE
Authors: ROSS CAROLYN F. , HINKEN CATHERINE , WELLER KAREN
Published: June 2007

The perception of astringency is an important temporal sensory attribute of red wine. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective palate cleanser to reduce the perception of astringency following six successive ingestions of red wine using computerized time–intensity (TI) methodology. Different methods of TI data analysis were also considered. Four palate cleansers were studied: deionized water, pectin (1 g/L), carboxymethylcellulose (CBMC; 1 g/L) and unsalted crackers. Eighteen panelists applied each palate cleanser and scored the astringency intensity of red wine over three successive ingestions and applied the palate cleanser for a second time. The panelists continued to rate astringency for another three successive ingestions (total of six ingestions). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, a TI‐averaging method and principal components analysis. Upon repeated ingestion, maximum intensity (Imax) and time at maximum intensity (Tmax) were found to increase (P < 0.05) with successive ingestions. Cracker was found to be more effective at decreasing perceived astringency than pectin and CBMC, with water being the least effective (P < 0.05). The identification of appropriate palate cleansers over repeated ingestion is important as it is often under these circumstances that sensory panels or wine tasting situations are conducted.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Astringency carry‐over is a challenge in repeated wine tasting situations, specifically sensory panels, due to the buildup of astringency over successive ingestions. In this study, a comparison was made between the effectiveness of four palate cleansers, water, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose and cracker, in the reduction of perceived astringency over six ingestions of red wine. The cracker palate cleanser was found to be the most effective at reducing perceived astringency while water was found to be the least effective. The identification of appropriate palate cleansers over repeated ingestion is important as it is often under these circumstances that sensory panels or wine tasting situations are conducted. The use of cracker as an effective palate cleanser is of practical significance for both academic researchers and wine tasters alike.
Migration Control and Migrant Fatalities at the Spanish-African Borders
Authors: Carling Jørgen
Published: June 2007

This article addresses the dynamics of migration control along the Spanish-African borders and the associated problem of migrant deaths. The past decade and a half has seen rising numbers of migration attempts, large investments in control measures, and resulting geographical and organizational responses on the part of smugglers. Advanced surveillance and interception infrastructure on the border is a necessary but far from sufficient element in controlling unauthorized migration. The growth in the number of migrant deaths seems to result from an increased number of migration attempts. The risk of dying in the attempt appears to be constant or slightly falling.
Romantic Relationships among Immigrant Adolescents
Authors: King Rosalind Berkowitz , Harris Kathleen Mullan
Published: June 2007

We examine the importance of the family and friendship group as two crucial developmental contexts for adolescent relationship experiences. We focus particularly on immigrant adolescents who make up an increasing proportion of the youth population and who come from cultural contexts with stronger family traditions than native-born adolescents. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we model the characteristics associated with having romantic relationships and participating in sex-related activities within relationships for immigrant adolescents, children of immigrants and adolescents in native-born families. First generation adolescents are less likely to enter romantic relationships than adolescents in native-born families, but those who do participate engage in similar sex-related activities as native-born youth. This evidence suggests that immigrant youth who enter romantic relationships are selective of the more assimilated to native adolescent norms of heterosexual behavior. The peer group is especially important for immigrant adolescents because it provides opportunities for romantic relationship involvement.
Immigrant and Native-Born Differences in School Stability and Special Education: Evidence from New York City
Authors: Conger Dylan , Schwartz Amy Ellen , Stiefel Leanna
Published: June 2007

Using the literature on achievement differences as a framework and motivation, along with data on New York City students, we examine nativity differences in students' rates of attendance, school mobility, school system exit, and special education participation. The results indicate that, holding demographic and school characteristics constant, foreign-born have higher attendance rates and lower rates of participation in special education than native-born. Among first graders, immigrants are also more likely to transfer schools and exit the school system between years than native-born, yet the patterns are different among older students. We also identify large variation according to birth region.
The Homeownership Hierarchies of Canada and the United States: The Housing Patterns of White and Non-White Immigrants of the past Thirty Years
Authors: Haan Michael
Published: June 2007

In this paper two gaps in North American immigrant homeownership research are addressed. The first concerns the lack of studies (especially in Canada) that identify changes in homeownership rates by skin color over time, and the second relates to the shortage of comparative research between Canada and the United States on this topic. In this paper the homeownership levels and attainment rates of Black, Chinese, Filipino, White, and South Asian immigrants are compared in Canada and the United States for 1970/1971–2000/2001. For the most part, greater similarities than differences are found between the two countries. Both Canadian and U.S. Chinese and White immigrants have the highest adjusted homeownership rates of all groups, at times even exceeding comparably positioned native-born households. Black immigrants, on the other hand, tend to have the lowest ownership rates of all groups, particularly in the United States, with Filipinos and South Asians situated between these extremes. Most of these differences stem from disparities that exist at arrival, however, and not from differential advancement into homeownership.
Mobility of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States, 1995–2000: The Role of Gateway States
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2007

This study uses the 2000 PUMS to examine mobility among the foreign-born population and the role of the gateway states. Between 1995 and 2000, net domestic migration of the foreign-born population to gateway states was negative. Yet the rate of out-migration from gateway states was lower than that from non-gateway states. Overall, the findings do not support the idea that gateway states are “losing their hold” on their foreign-born population. Yet trends in international and domestic migration are increasing the foreign-born population of non-gateway states relative to gateway states, and reducing differences in their characteristics.
A Global Labor Market: Factors Motivating the Sponsorship and Temporary Migration of Skilled Workers to Australia
Authors: Khoo Siew-Ean , McDonald Peter , Voigt-Graf Carmen , Hugo Graeme
Published: June 2007

The recruitment of skilled foreign workers is becoming increasingly important to many industrialized countries. This paper examines the factors motivating the sponsorship and temporary migration of skilled workers to Australia under the temporary business entry program, a new development in Australia's migration policy. The importance of labor demand in the destination country in stimulating skilled temporary migration is clearly demonstrated by the reasons given by employers in the study while the reasons indicated by skilled temporary migrants for coming to work in Australia show the importance of both economic and non-economic factors in motivating skilled labor migration.
Self‐perceived health among older women living in their own residence
Authors: Johansson Yvonne , Ek Anna‐Christina , Bachrach‐Lindström Margareta
Published: June 2007

Aim.  The aim was to characterize women who perceived themselves as healthy and to compare them with women who perceived themselves as less healthy with regard to demographical, social, medical and functional factors. Another aim was to describe changes within the healthy group after one year.

Background.  Self‐perceived health is influenced by several factors, of which diseases and illness are only a part.

Method and participants.  Two hundred and seventy‐eight women, 75 and 80 years old, of which 50% (n = 139) perceived themselves as healthy and less healthy, respectively. Data were collected by using the Nottingham Health Profile, Geriatric Depression Scale, Mini Nutritional Assessment, Mini Mental State Examination and Philadelphia Geriatric Center Multilevel Assessment Instrument, in two examinations at intervals of one year.

Results.  The women in the healthy group were characterized as having no or low depression symptoms (P = 0.016), better physical mobility (P = 0.029) and better physical health (P < 0.001). Furthermore no or less pain, fewer doctor visits, more energy and fewer negative emotional reactions were predictors for self‐perceived health in the healthy group at the one‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion.  The most important predictors associated with perceiving oneself as healthy were no or few depression symptoms, physical mobility and good physical health.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Attention has to be paid to women's mood, physical health, mobility, pain and energy to help them stay healthy.
Developing a questionnaire to measure nurses’ attitudes towards hospitalized older people
Authors: McLafferty Ella
Published: June 2007

A number of studies have used generic measures to evaluate nurses’ attitudes toward hospitalized older people. Those measures do not consider the context in which nurses meet older people and the influence that this may have on nurses’ attitudes. The aims and objectives of the study were to develop a questionnaire from focus group data to evaluate nurses’ attitudes towards hospitalized older people. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire the design included a qualitative and quantitative phase. The method used for the qualitative phase was focus group interviews with the intention of identifying the phenomena that may indicate nurses’ attitudes towards older people. The quantitative phase included the development and psychometric testing of an attitudinal questionnaire. Samples for the qualitative phase included Registered Nurses from the care of older people setting; Registered Nurses from the acute setting; nursing students and nurse teachers. The sample for the quantitative phase included nursing students (numbering 355). Ten themes were identified through thematic analysis. Eighty items were extrapolated from the qualitative analysis and used to formulate a questionnaire which was then distributed to the nursing students. On analysis, the reliability was 0.78. Further analysis using Principal Components Analysis (P.C.A.) with orthogonal rotation indicated that 45 items loaded on to eight factors. Results of the quantitative analysis indicated that there was a strong correlation between the thematic analysis and the P.C.A. The results would suggest that there may be important and relevant domains that are worthy of further study into nurses’ attitudes towards older people. If the domains identified are useful for identifying negative attitudes towards older people, then strategies can be implemented to try and reduce negative attitudes in clinical practice.
What India Can Learn from China and Vice Versa
Authors: Bottelier Pieter
Published: June 2007

A partial convergence of the Indian and Chinese growth models is likely. Judging from China's experience, sustaining India's impressive economic performance of recent years will require a significant further opening of its economy (externally and internally), higher savings and investments, especially in physical infrastructure and social services, and stronger labor absorption in the modern sectors. The base of India's current economic boom — software, IT‐related services and high‐end manufacturing — is narrow compared to China's. Poor performance in agriculture is responsible for still significant poverty in many parts of rural India. Bilateral India—China ties, including trade and investment, are increasing rapidly and could help to bring about the structural economic changes India needs. Through its exports to China, India is becoming linked to global supply chains centered on China. The notion that India—China relations are, or are bound to become, fundamentally antagonistic, held by many in the USA, is mistaken and potentially dangerous.
Rapid Method for Total Carotenoid Detection in Canary Yellow‐Fleshed Watermelon
Authors: Davis A.R. , Collins J. , Fish W.W. , Tadmor Y. , Webber C.L. , Perkins‐Veazie P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:  Yellow‐fleshed watermelons (Citrullus lanatus[Thunb.] Matsum. and Nakai) contain many different carotenoids, all in low to trace amounts. Since there is not 1 predominant carotenoid in yellow‐fleshed watermelon, testing the total carotenoid content among watermelon lines is important in determining the antioxidant potential and thus potential health benefits of different varieties. Unfortunately, current methods to assay total carotenoid content are time consuming and require organic solvents. This report describes a rapid and reliable light absorption method to assay total carotenoid content for yellow‐fleshed watermelon that does not require organic solvents. Light absorption of 78 watermelon flesh purees was measured with a diode array xenon flash spectrophotometer that can measure actual light absorption from opaque samples; results were compared with a hexane extraction method. The puree absorbance method gave a linear relationship (R2= 0.88) to total carotenoid content and was independent of watermelon variety within the total carotenoid concentration range measured (0 to 7 μg/g fresh weight).
Response of Thin Films and Substrate to Micro-Scale Laser Shock Peening
Authors: Wang Youneng , Chen Hongqiang , Kysar Jeffrey W. , Lawrence Yao Y.
Published: June 2007

Micro-scale laser shock peening (μLSP) can potentially be applied to metallic structures in microdevices to improve fatigue and reliability performance. Copper thin films on a single-crystal silicon substrate are treated by using μLSP and characterized using techniques of X-ray microdiffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Strain field, dislocation density, and microstructure changes including crystallographic texture, grain size and subgrain structure are determined and analyzed. Further, shock peened single crystal silicon was experimentally characterized to better understand its effects on thin films response to μLSP. The experimental result is favorably compared with finite element method simulation based on single-crystal plasticity.
Using Error Equivalence Concept to Automatically Adjust Discrete Manufacturing Processes for Dimensional Variation Control
Authors: Wang Hui , Huang Qiang
Published: June 2007

Traditional statistical process control (SPC) has been widely employed for the process monitoring in discrete part manufacturing. However, SPC does not consider any adjustment preventing the process drift. Furthermore, many in-line adjustment approaches, such as thermal error compensation and avoidance, are designed only for machine tool error reduction. This paper intends to fully utilize the engineering process information and to propose an alternative compensation strategy based on equivalent fixture error (EFE) concept that could reduce overall effect of the process errors. Considering three types of error sources in a machining process, we propose to adjust fixture locators to compensate errors using the EFE model. The dynamic property of EFE is investigated for the feedback adjustment of both static and quasi-static errors in machining processes. A minimum-mean-square-error controller is designed based on the dynamic EFE model. We then evaluate the performance of the controller such as stability and sensitivity. A self-updating algorithm for the controller will track the latest process information to stabilize the controller output. Finally, we simulate this process adjustment using the data collected from a real machining process. The results show that this algorithm can improve the machining quality.
Predictive Modeling of Flank Wear in Turning Under Flood Cooling
Authors: Li Kuan-Ming , Liang Steven Y.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this paper is to present physical and quantitative models for the rate of tool flank wear in turning under flood cooling conditions. The resulting models can serve as a basis to predict tool life and to plan for optimal machining process parameters. Analytical models including cutting force analysis, cutting temperature prediction, and tool wear mechanics are presented in order to achieve a thermo-mechanical understanding of the tool wear process. The cutting force analysis leverages upon Oxley’s model with modifications for lubricating and cooling effect of overhead fluid application. The cutting temperature was obtained by considering workpiece shear deformation, friction, and heat loss along with a moving or stationary heat source in the tool. The tool wear mechanics incorporate the considerations of abrasive, adhesion, and diffusion mechanisms as governed by contact stresses and temperatures. A model of built-up edge formation due to dynamic strain aging has been included to quantify its effects on the wear mechanisms. A set of cutting experiments using carbide tools on AISI 1045 steels were performed to calibrate the material-dependent coefficients in the models. Experimental cutting data were also used to validate the predictive models by comparing cutting forces, cutting temperatures, and tool lives under various process conditions. The results showed that the predicted tool lives were close to the experimental data when the built-up edge formation model appropriately captured this phenomenon in metal cutting.
Modeling and Prediction of Cutting Noise in the Face-Milling Process
Authors: Sampath Karthikeyan , Kapoor Shiv G. , DeVor Richard E.
Published: June 2007

A cutting noise prediction model is developed to relate the cutter-workpiece vibrations to the sound pressure field around the cutter in the high-speed face-milling process. The cutter-workpiece vibration data are obtained from a dynamic mechanistic face-milling force simulation model. The total noise predicted, based on both cutting noise and aerodynamic noise prediction, compares well to the noise observed experimentally in the face-milling process. Using the model, the effects of various machining and cutter geometry parameters are studied. It is shown that cutter geometry, machine dynamics, and cutting speed all play important roles in determining overall noise in face milling.
Laser Direct-Part Marking of Data Matrix Symbols on Carbon Steel Substrates
Authors: Jangsombatsiri Witaya , Porter J. David
Published: June 2007

Certain applications have recently appeared in industry where a traditional bar code printed on a label will not survive because the item to be tracked has to be exposed to harsh environments. Laser direct-part marking is a manufacturing process used to create permanent marks on a substrate that could help to alleviate this problem. In this research, a 532 nm Nd:YAG laser was utilized to produce Data Matrix symbols onto carbon steel substrates. The quality of the laser marked Data Matrix symbol was then evaluated according to the ISO/IEC 16022 bar code technology specification for Data Matrix. Several experiments were conducted to explore the effects that different parameters have on the quality of the laser direct-part marked symbols. Parameters such as type of carbon steel, percent of laser tool path overlap, profile speed, average power, and frequency were found to have significant effects on the quality of the Data Matrix symbols produced with the laser. The analysis of the results indicated that contrast and print growth were the critical ISO/IEC 16022 standard performance measures that limited the laser marked Data Matrix symbols from achieving a higher final grade.
Model-Based Analysis of the Surface Generation in Microendmilling—Part II: Experimental Validation and Analysis
Authors: Liu Xinyu , DeVor Richard E. , Kapoor Shiv G.
Published: June 2007

The surface-generation models for the microendmilling process developed in Part I (Liu, DeVor, and Kapoor, 2007, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 129(3), pp. 453–460) are experimentally calibrated and validated. Partial immersion peripheral downmilling and full-immersion slotting tests are performed over a wide range of feed rates (0.25–12μm∕flute) using two tools with different edge radii (3μm and 2μm) and runout levels (2μm and 3μm) for the investigation of sidewall and floor surface generation, respectively. The deterministic models are validated using large feed-rate tests with errors within 18% for both sidewall and floor surfaces. For low feed-rate tests, the stochastic portion of the surface roughness data are determined from the observed roughness data and the validated deterministic model. The stochastic models are then calibrated and validated using independent data sets. The combination of the deterministic and stochastic models predicts the total surface roughness within 15% for both the sidewall and floor surface over a range of feed rates. The models are then used to simulate micromachined surfaces under a variety of conditions to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of tool geometry (edge radius and edge serration), process conditions, tool tip runout, process kinematics and dynamics on the machined surface roughness.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Laser Sintering of a Two-Component Metal Powder Layer on Top of Sintered Layers
Authors: Chen Tiebing , Zhang Yuwen
Published: June 2007

A three-dimensional model of selective laser sintering of a two-component loose metal powder layer on top of previously sintered layers by a single-line laser scanning is presented. A temperature-transforming model is employed to model melting and resolidification accompanied by partial shrinkage during laser sintering. The heat losses at the top surface due to natural convection and radiation are taken into account. The liquid flow of the molten low-melting-point metal powders, which is driven by capillary and gravity forces, is also considered and formulated by using Darcy’s law. The effects of the dominant processing parameters, such as laser-beam intensity, scanning velocity, and number of the existing sintered layers underneath, are investigated.
A Technique for Enhancing Machine Tool Accuracy by Transferring the Metrology Reference From the Machine Tool to the Workpiece
Authors: Woody Bethany A. , Scott Smith K. , Hocken Robert J. , Miller Jimmie A.
Published: June 2007

High-speed machining (HSM) has had a large impact on the design and fabrication of aerospace parts and HSM techniques have been used to improve the quality of conventionally machined parts as well. Initially, the trend toward HSM of monolithic parts was focused on small parts, where existing machine tools have sufficient precision to machine the required features. But, as the technology continues to progress, the scale of monolithic parts has continued to grow. However, the growth of such parts has become limited by the inability of existing machines to achieve the tolerances required for assembly due to the long-range accuracy and the thermal environment of most machine tools. Increasing part size without decreasing the tolerances using existing technology requires very large and very accurate machines in a tightly controlled thermal environment. As a result, new techniques are needed to precisely and accurately manufacture large scale monolithic components. Previous work has established the fiducial calibration system (FCS), a technique, which, for the first time provides a method that allows for the accuracy of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to be transferred to the shop floor. This paper addresses the range of applicability of the FCS, and provides a method to answer two fundamental questions. First, given a set of machines and fiducials, how much improvement in precision of the finished part can be expected? And second, given a desired precision of the finished part, what machines and fiducials are required? The achievable improvement in precision using the FCS depends on a number of factors including, but not limited to: the type of fiducial, the probing system on the machine and CMM, the time required to make a measurement, and the frequency of measurement. In this paper, the sensitivity of the method to such items is evaluated through an uncertainty analysis, and examples are given indicating how this analysis can be used in a variety of cases.
Investigation to Study the Applicability of Solid Lubricant in Turning AISI 1040 steel
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Deep , Banerjee Sankha , Reddy N. Suresh Kumar
Published: June 2007

Machining of materials has received substantial attention due to the increasing use of machining processes in various industrial applications. The research in this area is intended mainly to improve the machining of process so as to achieve the required surface quality. Machining processes, though employed widely as in metal removal process, have their own share of problems, such as high machining zone temperature, which may lead to poor surface quality. Machining fluids are applied in different forms to control such a high temperature, but they are partially effective within a narrow working range; recent studies also indicate their polluting nature. Solid lubricant assisted machining is a novel concept to control the machining zone temperature without polluting the environment. Solid lubricant, if employed properly, could control the machining zone temperature effectively by intensive removal of heat from the machining zone. A new experimental setup has been envisaged and built. Experiments have been carried out to study the effect of solid lubricant on surface finish and chip thickness. Results indicate that the effectiveness of solid lubricant is substantial through the experimental domains.
Enhancing Thermoelectric Energy Recovery via Modulations of Source Temperature for Cyclical Heat Loadings
Authors: McCarty R. , Hallinan K. P. , Sanders B. , Somphone T.
Published: June 2007

Recent improvements in thermoelectric (TE) materials have expanded the potential to use this technology to generate electricity from waste heat in a variety of applications. The performance of a TE generator improves when the temperature difference across the generator is as large as possible given the constraints associated with its application. This paper considers the use of a “thermal switch,” located physically between the heat source and the TE device, to modulate the heat flow through the TE device. A control schema is envisioned which permits heat to flow from the source to the TE device only when the source temperature is near maximum, yielding a higher time-averaged temperature drop across the TE and therefore a higher efficiency. A numerical model is used to evaluate the benefits of an active thermal switch in series with a TE generator relative to a baseline case defined by the absence of a thermal switch for both time-varying and constant heat inputs. The results demonstrate that modulating the heat flow through the TE device and maintaining the source temperature at a near constant maximal value is capable of improving the time-averaged TE device energy recovery efficiency. For some conditions, improved efficiencies of more than five times are realized. The requisite physical conditions necessary for achieving these improvements are also identified.
Treatment of Wall Emission in the Narrow-Band Based Multiscale Full-Spectrum k-Distribution Method
Authors: Wang Liangyu , Modest Michael F.
Published: June 2007

The multiscale full-spectrum k-distribution (MSFSK) method has become a promising method for radiative heat transfer in inhomogeneous media. In this paper a new scheme is proposed to extend the MSFSK’s ability in dealing with boundary wall emission by distributing this emission across the different gas scales. This scheme pursues the overlap concept of the MSFSK method and requires no changes in the original MSFSK formulation. A boundary emission distribution function is introduced and two approaches of evaluating the function are outlined. The first approach involves line-by-line integration of the spectral absorption coefficients and is, therefore, impractical. The second approach employs a narrow-band k-distribution database to calculate all parameters as in the original narrow-banded based MSFSK formulation and is, therefore, efficient. This distribution scheme of wall emission is evaluated and the two approaches are compared by conducting sample calculations for radiative heat transfer in strongly inhomogeneous media using both the MSFSK method and the line-by-line method.