bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Distributed Approach to Speaker Count Problem in an Open-Set Scenario by Clustering Pitch Features
Authors: Pandey Sakshi , Banerjee Amit
Published: April 2021

Counting the number of speakers in an audio sample can lead to innovative applications, such as a real-time ranking system. Researchers have studied advanced machine learning approaches for solving the speaker count problem. However, these solutions are not efficient in real-time environments, as it requires pre-processing of a finite set of data samples. Another approach for solving the problem is via unsupervised learning or by using audio processing techniques. The research in this category is limited and does not consider the large-scale open set environment. In this paper, we propose a distributed clustering approach to address the speaker count problem. The separability of the speaker is computed using statistical pitch parameters. The proposed solution uses multiple microphones available in smartphones in a large geographical area to capture and extract statistical pitch features from the audio samples. These features are shared between the nodes to estimate the number of speakers in the neighborhood. One of the major challenges is to reduce the error count that arises due to the proximity of the users and multiple microphones. We evaluate the algorithm’s performance using real smartphones in a multi-group arrangement by capturing parallel conversations between the users in both indoor and outdoor scenarios. The average error count distance is 1.667 in a multi-group scenario. The average error count distances in indoor environments are 16% which is better than in the outdoor environment.
Numerical Validation of the Two-Way Fluid-Structure Interaction Method for Non-Linear Structural Analysis under Fire Conditions
Authors: Woo Donghan , Seo Jung Kwan
Published: April 2021

Fire accidents on ships and offshore structures lead to complex non-linear material and geometric behavior, which can cause structural collapse. This not only results in significant casualties, but also environmental catastrophes such as oil spills. Thus, for the fire safety design of structures, precise prediction of the structural response to fire using numerical and/or experimental methods is essential. This study aimed to validate the two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method for predicting the non-linear structural response of H-beams to a propane burner fire by comparison with experimental results. To determine the interaction between a fire simulation and structural analysis, the Fire-Thermomechanical Interface model was introduced. The Fire Dynamics Simulator and ANSYS Parametric Design Language were used for computational fluid dynamics and the finite element method, respectively. This study validated the two-way FSI method for precisely predicting the non-linear structural response of H-beams to a propane burner fire and proposed the proper time increment for two-way FSI analysis.
Structure-Dependent Doppler Broadening Using a Generalized Thermal Scattering Law
Authors: Fleming Nina C. , Hawari Ayman I.
Published: April 2021

The thermal scattering law (TSL), i.e., S(α,β), represents the momentum and energy exchange phase space for a material. The incoherent and coherent components of the TSL correlate an atom’s trajectory with itself and/or with other atoms in the lattice structure. This structural information is especially important for low energies where the wavelength of neutrons is on the order of the lattice interatomic spacing. Both thermal neutron scattering as well as low energy resonance broadening involve processes where incoming neutron responses are lattice dependent. Traditionally, Doppler broadening for absorption resonances approximates these interactions by assuming a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for the neutron velocity. For high energies and high temperatures, this approximation is reasonable. However, for low temperatures or low energies, the lattice structure binding effects will influence the velocity distribution. Using the TSL to determine the Doppler broadening directly introduces the material structure into the calculation to most accurately capture the momentum and energy space. Typically, the TSL is derived assuming cubic lattice symmetry. This approximation collapses the directional lattice information, including the polarization vectors and associated energies, into an energy-dependent function called the density of states. The cubic approximation, while valid for highly symmetric and uniformly bonded materials, is insufficient to capture the true structure. In this work, generalized formulation for the exact, lattice-dependent TSL is implemented within the Full Law Analysis Scattering System Hub (FLASSH) using polarization vectors and associated energies as fundamental input. These capabilities are utilized to perform the generalized structure Doppler broadening analysis for UO2.
Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Vinyl Polysiloxane Getter for Hydrogen Elimination
Authors: Xing Tao , Xu Yong , Wu Juying , Wang Yu , Yan Lifeng
Published: April 2021

Hydrogen generation and accumulation in confined spaces poses safety concerns due to its reactivity with oxygen to form explosions and the ability to embrittle metals. Various organic getters have been developed to eliminate hydrogen and minimize these undesired effects; however, these getters are usually powders with low molecular weights and are difficult to apply in complex structures. Polymer getters exhibit the promising features required for confined space applications, where could be readily processed into various shapes and forms. Unfortunately, polymer getters are relatively unexplored and their recorded performances are far from satisfactory. In this work, we report the preparation and characterization of novel vinyl polysiloxane getters. Starting from a methyl vinyl silicone oil prepared by ring-opening polymerization, polysiloxane getters in versatile forms that are adaptable to various environments are prepared by adding Pd/C and then curing. Combined with the thermal and radiation stability of polysiloxane, not only will these new getters be applicable in future applications in the electronic and nuclear industries as hydrogen scavengers, they also serve as platform for further development of polymer getters with superior properties.
Synthesis and Properties of Mg-Mn-Zn Alloys for Medical Applications
Authors: Hu Yunpeng , Dong Delong , Wang Xiangyu , Chen Hongtang , Qiao Yang
Published: April 2021

The magnesium alloys Mg-0.5Mn-2Zn, Mg-1.0Mn-2Zn, and Mg-1.5Mn-2Zn (wt.%) with potential biomedical applications, synthesized by powder metallurgy, were investigated to evaluate the influence of manganese content on their microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. The results show that Mg-Mn-Zn alloys prepared by powder metallurgy reached the maximum compressive stress of 316 MPa and the maximum bending strength of 186 MPa, showing their good resistance to compression and bending, and meeting the mechanical properties required for the human bone plate. With an increase in manganese content, the corrosion resistance improved. In the polarization curve, the maximum positive shift of corrosion potential was 92 mV and the maximum decrease of corrosion current density was 10.2%. It was concluded that, of the alloys tested, Mg-1.0Mn-2.0Zn (wt.%) had the best overall performance, and its maximum compressive stress force and corrosion current density reached 232.42 MPa and 1.32 × 10−5 A·cm−2, respectively, being more suitable for service in human body fluids.
Analytical Approach and Numerical Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Different FRCM Systems
Authors: Mercedes Luis , Escrig Christian , Bernat-Masó Ernest , Gil Lluís
Published: April 2021

Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrices (FRCMs) are a novel composite material for strengthening structures. Fabric contributes to tying cross-sections under tensile stress. The complexity of the interfaces between the fabric and the matrix does not allow having a simple and accurate model that enables practitioners to perform feasible calculations. This work developed an analytical approach and a numerical simulation based on the reduction of FRCMs’ strength capabilities under tensile stress states. The concept of effective strength was estimated for different types of fabrics (basalt, carbon, glass, poly p-phenylene benzobisoxazole (PBO), and steel) from experimental evidence. The proposed models calculate the ultimate bending moment for reinforced concrete (RC) structures strengthened with FRCMs. The numerical models performed simulations that reproduced the moment–deflection curves of the different tested beams. Steel fabric showed the highest contribution to strength (78%), while PBO performed the worst (6%). Basalt and carbon showed irregular contributions.
Stabilized High Clay Content Lateritic Soil Using Cement-FGD Gypsum Mixtures for Road Subbase Applications
Authors: Maichin Phattharachai , Jitsangiam Peerapong , Nongnuang Toon , Boonserm Kornkanok , Nusit Korakod , Pra-ai Suriyavut , Binaree Theechalit , Aryupong Chuchoke
Published: April 2021

With a lack of standard lateritic soil for use in road construction, suitable economical and sustainable soil-stabilization techniques are in demand. This study aimed to examine flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, a by-product of coal power plants, for use in soil–cement stabilization, specifically for ability to strengthen poor high-clay, lateritic soil but with a lower cement content. A series of compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed in conjunction with scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. Therefore, the strength development and the role of FGD gypsum in the soil–cement–FGD gypsum mixtures with varying cement and FGD gypsum contents were characterized in this study. The study results showed that adding FGD gypsum can enhance the strength of the stabilized substandard lateritic soil. Extra FGD gypsum added to the cement hydration system provided more sulfate ions, leading to the formation of ettringite and monosulfate, which are the hardening cementitious products from the cement hydration reaction. Both products contributed to the strength gain of the soil–cement–FGD gypsum material. However, the strength can be reduced when too much FGD gypsum is added because the undissolved gypsum has a weak structure. Examinations of FGD gypsum in the soil–cement–FGD gypsum mixtures by SEM confirmed that adding FGD gypsum can reduce the cement content in a soil–cement mix to achieve a given UCS value.
Induced Biological Response in Contact with Ag-and Cu-Doped Carbon Coatings for Potential Orthopedic Applications
Authors: Jastrzębski Krzysztof , Białecki Jerzy , Jastrzębska Aleksandra , Kaczmarek Anna , Para Marcin , Niedzielski Piotr , Bociaga Dorota
Published: April 2021

Silver and copper as additives of various biomaterials have been reported as the potential solutions for biomedicine applications, mostly because of inducing bactericidal effects. The application of those admixtures in diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings may be desirable for orthopedic implants. In the present manuscript, the biological effect of coatings with up to about 7 at.% and 14 at.% of, respectively, Cu and Ag is compared. The morphology, chemical structure, and composition of films deposited on AISI 316LVM and Ti6Al7Nb is characterized. The live/dead analysis conducted with Escherichia coli shows a higher bactericidal potential of silver than copper. Although the Cu-doped coatings can positively affect the proliferation of Saos-2 and EA.hy926 cell lines, the results of XTT test are on the verge of 70% of viability. Biological effect of silver on EA.hy926 cell lines is negative but that admixture ensures high proliferation of osteoblasts in contact with coatings deposited on titanium alloy (over 20% better than for substrate material). In that case, the viability is reaching about 85% for Ag-doped coatings on AISI 316LVM and 75% on Ti6Al7Nb. The results indicate that for the sake of bactericidal coatings that may promote osteointegration, the candidates are DLC with silver content no higher than 10 at.%.
Design of Experiment on Concrete Mechanical Properties Prediction: A Critical Review
Authors: Chong Beng Wei , Othman Rokiah , Putra Jaya Ramadhansyah , Mohd Hasan Mohd Rosli , Sandu Andrei Victor , Nabiałek Marcin , Jeż Bartłomiej , Pietrusiewicz Paweł , Kwiatkowski Dariusz , Postawa Przemysław , Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri
Published: April 2021

Concrete mix design and the determination of concrete performance are not merely engineering studies, but also mathematical and statistical endeavors. The study of concrete mechanical properties involves a myriad of factors, including, but not limited to, the amount of each constituent material and its proportion, the type and dosage of chemical additives, and the inclusion of different waste materials. The number of factors and combinations make it difficult, or outright impossible, to formulate an expression of concrete performance through sheer experimentation. Hence, design of experiment has become a part of studies, involving concrete with material addition or replacement. This paper reviewed common design of experimental methods, implemented by past studies, which looked into the analysis of concrete performance. Several analysis methods were employed to optimize data collection and data analysis, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression, Taguchi method, Response Surface Methodology, and Artificial Neural Network. It can be concluded that the use of statistical analysis is helpful for concrete material research, and all the reviewed designs of experimental methods are helpful in simplifying the work and saving time, while providing accurate prediction of concrete mechanical performance.
Essential Oils for Bone Repair and Regeneration—Mechanisms and Applications
Authors: Chircov Cristina , Miclea Ion Iulian , Grumezescu Valentina , Grumezescu Alexandru Mihai
Published: April 2021

Although bone possesses a remarkable capacity for self-remodeling and self-healing of small defects, the continuously increasing growth of bone diseases in the elderly population is becoming a significant burden, affecting individual life quality and society. Conventional treatment options involve surgical procedures for repair and reconstruction, local debridement, autografts or allografts, bone transport, Masquelet’s two-stage reconstructions, and vascularized bone transplants. However, as such approaches often lead to disruptions of bone-regeneration processes and microbial contaminations and are often inefficient, researchers focus on developing bone-regenerative strategies and identifying novel therapeutic agents that could aid the bone-healing process. In this regard, plant-derived biocompounds, especially essential oils (EOs), have received great scientific attention in recent years, owing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Current studies focus on either the direct application of EOs on bone tissue or the introduction of EOs as bioactive compounds in bone scaffolds or as coatings for bone implants. Some of the EOs investigated involve St. John’s wort, rosemary, thyme, ylang, white poplar, eucalyptus, lavender, and grape seed. In this context, the present paper aims to provide an overview of the main mechanisms involved in bone repair and regeneration and the potential of EOs to address and enhance these mechanisms.
Polymers Sorption Properties towards Photosynthetic Pigments and Fungicides
Authors: Tatarczak-Michalewska Małgorzata , Flieger Jolanta , Kawka Justyna , Płaziński Wojciech , Klepka Tomasz , Flieger Piotr , Szymańska-Chargot Monika
Published: April 2021

In the present work, extraction with a solvent (cold acetone) was used to extract the assimilation pigments from spinach leaves. Then, the sorption capacity of selected plastics granules (polyvinyl chloride—PVC, polypropylene—PP, polyethylene—PE of different densities) was tested for the selective isolation of chlorophylls. Quantification of chlorophylls by HPLC (Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column, the mobile phase: Acetonitrile/methanol/ethyl acetate 6:2:2, v/v) was based on chlorophyll-a content as the most common chlorophyll. The performed experiments prove that PVC containing electronegative chlorine exhibits favorable interactions toward chlorophyll by creating stable molecular complexes. The Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FT-Raman) and the molecular modeling were used to elucidate the structure of the created complexes. The optimal extraction requirements, the mass of sorbent, water-acetone ratio, time, and the composition of the elution solvent were all established. The optimized extraction conditions ensured a maximum extraction yield of chlorophylls of 98%. The chlorophyll-rich sorbent was re-extracted by acetone, leading to the recovery of 91% of chlorophylls in one step, adding the possibility of its re-use. The proposed effective and ecological method of obtaining the green dye from plants is cheap, simple, and efficient, avoiding organic solvents, utilizing the most widely used synthetic polymers in the world, being products difficult for utilization. The possibility to remove chosen fungicides cyprodinil, chlorothalonil, and thiabendazone from plant extract by PVC was also examined. The described method proposes a new application of synthetic polymers, which meets the criteria of sustainable green chemistry, simultaneously reaching the growing demand for pure natural compounds in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Formation Mechanism and Control Method of Residual Stress Profile by Laser Shock Peening in Thin Titanium Alloy Component
Authors: Nie Xiangfan , Tang Yuyuan , Zhao Feifan , Yan Li , Wu Haonian , Wei Chen , He Weifeng
Published: April 2021

In the laser shock peening process of titanium alloy thin blades, a shock wave will be repeatedly reflected and coupled in the blades, resulting in the failure of the formation of a gradient residual compressive stress layer, which is the key to improve fatigue performance and resist foreign object impact. This paper takes TC17 titanium alloy sheet as the research object to reveal the influence mechanism on residual stress-strain profile of shock wave reflection-coupling by shock wave propagation and key position dynamic response. Based on the result of influence mechanism, two wave transmission methods are proposed to regulate shock wave in order to reduce the intensity of shock wave reflection. The analysis shows that the high strength stress be formed when the shock wave is reflected and coupled in the sheet, which causes the re-plastic deformation and the decrease of transverse plastic strain. This eventually leads to residual tensile stress up to 410 MPa being formed within a 0.5 mm radial direction and 0.3 mm deep of the spot range. The use of “soft” and “hard” wave-transmitting layers greatly reduces the shock wave reflection intensity, and under the condition of the “hard” wave-transmitting layer, a better impedance matching is achieved, resulting in a residual compressive stress of about 400 MPa.
A Viral Disease That Damages the Immunity Conferred by Different Viral Diseases or Vaccination
Authors: Braselton James P. , Abell Martha L.
Published: April 2021

In this paper we modify a standard SIR model used to study the spread of some diseases by incorporating a disease that destroys the immunity that is conferred by having one of the other diseases or being vaccinated against the disease. A specific biological example of this occurs with measles. Studies of recent measles’ patients has shown that many patients have lost some (or all) of their immunity to other diseases from which they were previously protected. In the future, models like those developed here might be helpful in understanding how viruses that affect multiple organ systems can impact the effect the disease has on at risk populations.
Analyzing Developing Brain-On-Chip Cultures with the CALIMA Calcium Imaging Tool
Authors: Raaijmakers Elles A. L. , Wanders Nikki , Mestrom Rob M. C. , Luttge Regina
Published: April 2021

Brain-on-chip (BoC) models are tools for reproducing the native microenvironment of neurons, in order to study the (patho)physiology and drug-response of the brain. Recent developments in BoC techniques focus on steering neurons in their activity via microfabrication and via computer-steered feedback mechanisms. These cultures are often studied through calcium imaging (CI), a method for visualizing the cellular activity through infusing cells with a fluorescent dye. CAlciumImagingAnalyser 2.0 (CALIMA 2.0) is an updated version of a software tool that detects and analyzes fluorescent signals and correlates cellular activity to identify possible network formation in BoC cultures. Using three previous published data sets, it was demonstrated that CALIMA 2.0 can analyze large data sets of CI-data and interpret cell activity to help study the activity and maturity of BoC cultures. Last, an analysis of the processing speed shows that CALIMA 2.0 is sufficiently fast to process data sets with an acquisition rate up to 5 Hz in real-time on a medium-performance computer.
Study on Material Removal Model by Reciprocating Magnetorheological Polishing
Authors: Wang Rensheng , Xiu Shichao , Sun Cong , Li Shanshan , Kong Xiangna
Published: April 2021

In this study, a new reciprocating magnetorheological polishing (RMRP) method for a flat workpiece was proposed. Based on the RMRP principle and Preston equation, the material removal rate (MRR) model of the RMRP as well as its normal polishing pressure model was established. On this basis, the effects of different technological parameters including workpiece rotation speed, eccentric wheel rotation speed and eccentricity on the MRR of the workpiece were investigated. The K9 optical flat glass was polished with the RMRP setup to verify the MRR model. The experimental results showed that the effect of workpiece rotation speed on the MRR was much greater than that of eccentric wheel rotation speed and eccentricity, and the MRR increased from 0.0115 ± 0.0012 to 0.0443 ± 0.0015 μm/min as workpiece rotation speed rose. The optimum surface roughness reduced to Ra 50.8 ± 1.2 from initial Ra 330.3 ± 1.6 nm when the technical parameters of the workpiece rotation speed of 300 rpm, the eccentric wheel rotation speed of 20 rpm and the eccentricity of 0.02 m were applied. The average relative errors between the theoretical and experimental values were 16.77%, 10.59% and 7.38%, respectively, according to the effects of workpiece rotation speed, eccentric wheel rotation speed and eccentricity on MRR.
Decreased Efficiency of Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Lipolysis Is Linked to Both Hypertriglyceridemia and Hypercholesterolemia, but It Can Be Counteracted by High-Density Lipoprotein
Authors: Wieczorek Ewa , Ćwiklińska Agnieszka , Kuchta Agnieszka , Kortas-Stempak Barbara , Gliwińska Anna , Jankowski Maciej
Published: April 2021

Impaired triglyceride-rich lipoprotein plasma catabolism is considered the most important factor for hypertriglyceridemia development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia on the efficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-mediated very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride lipolysis and the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in this process. Subjects with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and untreated with lipid-lowering agents were recruited into the study and divided into normolipidemic, hypercholesterolemic, and hyperlipidemic groups. VLDL was isolated from serum and incubated with LPL in the absence or presence of HDL. For the hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic groups, a significantly lower percentage of hydrolyzed VLDL-triglyceride was achieved compared to the normolipidemic group (p < 0.01). HDL enhanced the lipolysis efficiency in the hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic groups on average by ~7% (p < 0.001). The lowest electrophoretic mobility of the VLDL remnants indicating the most effective lipolysis was obtained in the normolipidemic group (p < 0.05). HDL presence significantly reduced the electrophoretic mobility of the VLDL remnants for the hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic groups (p < 0.05). The results of our study indicate that VLDL obtained from hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic subjects are more resistant to lipolysis and are additional evidence of the need for early implementation of hypocholesterolemic treatment, already in asymptomatic CVD subjects.
Paraprobiotics: A New Perspective for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
Authors: Siciliano Rosa Anna , Reale Anna , Mazzeo Maria Fiorella , Morandi Stefano , Silvetti Tiziana , Brasca Milena
Published: April 2021

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host. However, in recent years, several concerns on their use have been raised. In particular, industrial processing and storage of probiotic products are still technological challenges as these could severely impair cell viability. On the other hand, safety of live microorganisms should be taken into account, especially when administered to vulnerable people, such as the elderly and immunodeficient individuals. These drawbacks have enhanced the interest toward new products based on non-viable probiotics such as paraprobiotics and postbiotics. In particular, paraprobiotics, defined as “inactivated microbial cells (non-viable) that confer a health benefit to the consumer,” hold the ability to regulate the adaptive and innate immune systems, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antioxidant properties and exert antagonistic effect against pathogens. Moreover, paraprobiotics can exhibit enhanced safety, assure technological and practical benefits and can also be used in products suitable for people with weak immunity and the elderly. These features offer an important opportunity to prompt the market with novel functional foods or nutraceuticals that are safer and more stable. This review provides an overview of central issues on paraprobiotics and highlights the urgent need for further studies aimed at assessing safety and efficacy of these products and their mechanisms of action in order to support decisions of regulatory authorities. Finally, a definition is proposed that unambiguously distinguishes paraprobiotics from postbiotics.
Rational Use of Protein Supplements in the Elderly—Relevance of Gastrointestinal Mechanisms
Authors: Chapman Ian , Oberoi Avneet , Giezenaar Caroline , Soenen Stijn
Published: April 2021

Protein supplements are increasingly used by older people to maintain nutrition and prevent or treat loss of muscle function. Daily protein requirements in older people are in the range of 1.2 gm/kg/day or higher. Many older adults do not consume this much protein and are likely to benefit from higher consumption. Protein supplements are probably best taken twice daily, if possible soon after exercise, in doses that achieve protein intakes of 30 gm or more per episode. It is probably not important to give these supplements between meals, as we have shown no suppressive effects of 30 gm whey drinks, and little if any suppression of 70 gm given to older subjects at varying time intervals from meals. Many gastrointestinal mechanisms controlling food intake change with age, but their contributions to changes in responses to protein are not yet well understood. There may be benefits in giving the supplement with rather than between meals, to achieve protein intakes above the effective anabolic threshold with lower supplement doses, and have favourable effects on food-induced blood glucose increases in older people with, or at risk of developing, type 2 diabetes mellitus; combined protein and glucose drinks lower blood glucose compared with glucose alone in older people.
Functional Frailty, Dietary Intake, and Risk of Malnutrition. Are Nutrients Involved in Muscle Synthesis the Key for Frailty Prevention?
Authors: Moradell Ana , Fernández-García Ángel Iván , Navarrete-Villanueva David , Sagarra-Romero Lucía , Gesteiro Eva , Pérez-Gómez Jorge , Rodríguez-Gómez Irene , Ara Ignacio , Casajús Jose A. , Vicente-Rodríguez Germán , Gómez-Cabello Alba
Published: April 2021

Frailty is a reversible condition, which is strongly related to physical function and nutritional status. Different scales are used to screened older adults and their risk of being frail, however, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) may be more adequate than others to measure physical function in exercise interventions and has been less studied. Thus, the main aims of our study were: (1) to describe differences in nutritional intakes by SPPB groups (robust, pre-frail and frail); (2) to study the relationship between being at risk of malnourishment and frailty; and (3) to describe differences in nutrient intake between those at risk of malnourishment and those without risk in the no-frail individuals. One hundred one participants (80.4 ± 6.0 year old) were included in this cross-sectional study. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to determine food intake and Mini Nutritional Assessment to determine malnutrition. Results revealed differences for the intake of carbohydrates, n-3 fatty acids (n3), and saturated fatty acids for frail, pre-frail, and robust individuals and differences in vitamin D intake between frail and robust (all p < 0.05). Those at risk of malnutrition were approximately 8 times more likely to be frail than those with no risk. Significant differences in nutrient intake were found between those at risk of malnourishment and those without risk, specifically in: protein, PUFA n-3, retinol, ascorbic acid, niacin equivalents, folic acid, magnesium, and potassium, respectively. Moreover, differences in alcohol were also observed showing higher intake for those at risk of malnourishment (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, nutrients related to muscle metabolism showed to have different intakes across SPPB physical function groups. The intake of these specific nutrients related with risk of malnourishment need to be promoted in order to prevent frailty.
High Frequency Protein-Rich Meal Service to Promote Protein Distribution to Stimulate Muscle Function in Preoperative Patients
Authors: IJmker-Hemink Vera , Moolhuijzen Nicky , Wanten Geert , van den Berg Manon
Published: April 2021

Apart from meeting daily protein requirements, an even distribution of protein consumption is proposed instrumental to optimizing protein muscle synthesis and preserving muscle mass. We assessed whether a high frequency protein-rich meal service for three weeks contributes to an even daily protein distribution and a higher muscle function in pre-operative patients. This study was a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 102 patients. The intervention comprised six protein-rich dishes per day. Daily protein distribution was evaluated by a three-day food diary and muscle function by handgrip strength before and after the intervention. Protein intake was significantly higher in the intervention group at the in-between meals in the morning (7 ± 2 grams (g) vs. 2 ± 3 g, p < 0.05) and afternoon (8 ± 3 g vs. 2 ± 3 g, p < 0.05). Participants who consumed 20 g protein for at least two meals had a significantly higher handgrip strength compared to participants who did not. A high frequency protein-rich meal service is an effective strategy to optimize an even protein distribution across meals throughout the day. Home-delivered meal services can be optimized by offering more protein-rich options such as dairy or protein supplementation at breakfast, lunch and prior to sleep for a better protein distribution.
Examining Heterogeneity of Food Fortification and Biofortification Business Models: Emerging Evidence for a Typology
Authors: Lalani Baqir , Hassan Rania , Bennett Ben
Published: April 2021

Efforts to address Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) in lower-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have been gaining pace in recent years. Commodities such as staple foods (e.g., cereals, roots, and tubers) and condiments (e.g., salt) have been targeted as ‘vehicles’ for fortification and biofortification through numerous projects and initiatives. To date, there have been mixed experiences with delivery and coverage with very little documented on the range of business models applied in different geographies, business conditions and polities and this makes classification and measurement of success and failure difficult. This research aims to address this gap in knowledge through proposing a typology that clarifies similarities (internal heterogeneity) and differences (external heterogeneity) between models and that can allow all types to be defined by the combination of attributes. Building on a comprehensive literature review; NVivo was used to code initiatives from 34 key references (955 cases in total) which have been grouped into 17 categories. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) we find evidence of four business model groupings that typify fortification initiatives: (1) Large-scale private, unregulated, (2) Mixed-Scale, private, unregulated (3) Large-scale, public-private, regulated; and (4) Large-scale, private, regulated. We characterise these four groups with country examples and suggest that this typology can help the discourse around viability of food fortification initiatives.
N-3 PUFA Prevent Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Beta-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity
Authors: Morgese Maria Grazia , Schiavone Stefania , Bove Maria , Colia Anna Laura , Dimonte Stefania , Tucci Paolo , Trabace Luigia
Published: April 2021

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are involved in brain disorders associated to amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity for which oxidative stress, neurochemical dysfunctions, and neuroinflammation are underlying mechanisms. Here, mechanisms through which lifelong exposure to n-3 PUFA-enriched or n-6/n-3 balanced diets could elicit a protective role in a rat model of Aβ-induced toxicity were investigated. To this aim, we quantified hippocampal reactive oxygen species (ROS) amount, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and interleukin-10 levels, NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1, NOX2, superoxide dismutase 1, and glutathione contents, as well as plasmatic malondialdehyde. Moreover, in the same experimental groups, we assessed tryptophan, serotonin, and its turnover, kynurenine, and noradrenaline amounts. Results showed increased hippocampal ROS and NOX2 levels, serotonin turnover, kynurenine, and noradrenaline contents in Aβ-treated rats. Both n-6/n-3 balanced and n-3 PUFA enriched diets reduced ROS production, NOX1 and malondialdehyde levels, serotonin turnover, and kynurenine amount in Aβ-injected rats, while increasing NOX2, superoxide dismutase 1, and serotonin contents. No differences in plasmatic coenzyme Q10, reduced glutathione (GSH) and tryptophan levels were detected among different experimental groups, whereas GSH + oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were increased in sham animals fed with n-3 PUFA enriched diet and in Aβ-treated rats exposed to both n-6/n-3 balanced and n-3 enriched diets. In addition, Aβ-induced decrease of interleukin-10 levels was prevented by n-6/n-3 PUFA balanced diet. N-3 PUFA enriched diet further increased interleukin-10 and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels. In conclusion, our data highlight the possible neuroprotective role of n-3 PUFA in perturbation of oxidative equilibrium induced by Aβ-administration.
Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Molecules Induced by Respiratory Virus Infections to Neurological Disorders
Authors: Bohmwald Karen , Andrade Catalina A. , Kalergis Alexis M.
Published: April 2021

Neurobehavioral alterations and cognitive impairment are common phenomena that represent neuropsychiatric disorders and can be triggered by an exacerbated immune response against pathogens, brain injury, or autoimmune diseases. Pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, are produced in the brain by resident cells, mainly by microglia and astrocytes. Brain infiltrating immune cells constitutes another source of these molecules, contributing to an impaired neurological synapse function, affecting typical neurobehavioral and cognitive performance. Currently, there is increasing evidence supporting the notion that behavioral alterations and cognitive impairment can be associated with respiratory viral infections, such as human respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and SARS-COV-2, which are responsible for endemic, epidemic, or pandemic outbreak mainly in the winter season. This article will review the brain′s pro-inflammatory response due to infection by three highly contagious respiratory viruses that are the leading cause of acute respiratory illness, morbidity, and mobility in infants, immunocompromised and elderly population. How these respiratory viral pathogens induce increased secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and their relationship with the alterations at a behavioral and cognitive level will be discussed.
Toward Homogenous Antibody Drug Conjugates Using Enzyme-Based Conjugation Approaches
Authors: Hussain Ahmad , Grimm Armin , Sheng Wenjie , Zhang Chaoyu , Al-Rawe Marwah , Bräutigam Karen , Abu Mraheil Mobarak , Zeppernick Felix , Meinhold-Heerlein Ivo
Published: April 2021

In the last few decades, antibody-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications have been well established in medicine and have revolutionized cancer managements by improving tumor detection and treatment. Antibodies are unique medical elements due to their powerful properties of being able to recognize specific antigens and their therapeutic mechanisms such as blocking specific pathways, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, modification techniques have paved the way for improving antibody properties and to develop new classes of antibody-conjugate-based diagnostic and therapeutic agents. These techniques allow arming antibodies with various effector molecules. However, these techniques are utilizing the most frequently used amino acid residues for bioconjugation, such as cysteine and lysine. These bioconjugation approaches generate heterogeneous products with different functional and safety profiles. This is mainly due to the abundance of lysine and cysteine side chains. To overcome these limitations, different site-direct conjugation methods have been applied to arm the antibodies with therapeutic or diagnostics molecules to generate unified antibody conjugates with tailored properties. This review summarizes some of the enzyme-based site-specific conjugation approaches.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Papain Inhibitor from Moringa oleifera with Antimicrobial and Anticoagulant Properties
Authors: Cotabarren Juliana , Claver Santiago , Payrol Juan Abreu , Garcia-Pardo Javier , Obregón Walter David
Published: April 2021

Plant cystatins (or phytocystatins) comprise a large superfamily of natural bioactive small proteins that typically act as protein inhibitors of papain-like cysteine proteases. In this report, we present the purification and characterization of the first phytocystatin isolated from Moringa oleifera (MoPI). MoPI has a molecular mass of 19 kDa and showed an extraordinary physicochemical stability against acidic pHs and high temperatures. Our findings also revealed that MoPI is one of the most potent cysteine protease inhibitors reported to date, with Ki and IC50 values of 2.1 nM and 5.7 nM, respectively. More interestingly, MoPI presents a strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, MoPI also showed important anticoagulant activity, which is an unprecedented property for this family of protease inhibitors. These results highlight the pharmaceutical potential of this plant and its derived bioactive molecules.
Degradability of Polyurethanes and Their Blends with Polylactide, Chitosan and Starch
Authors: Brzeska Joanna , Tercjak Agnieszka , Sikorska Wanda , Mendrek Barbara , Kowalczuk Marek , Rutkowska Maria
Published: April 2021

One of the methods of making traditional polymers more environmentally friendly is to modify them with natural materials or their biodegradable, synthetic equivalents. It was assumed that blends with polylactide (PLA), polysaccharides: chitosan (Ch) and starch (St) of branched polyurethane (PUR) based on synthetic poly([R,S]-3-hydroxybutyrate) (R,S-PHB) would degrade faster in the processes of hydrolysis and oxidation than pure PUR. For the sake of simplicity in the publication, all three modifiers: commercial PLA, Ch created by chemical modification of chitin and St are called bioadditives. The samples were incubated in a hydrolytic and oxidizing environment for 36 weeks and 11 weeks, respectively. The degradation process was assessed by observation of the chemical structure as well as the change in the mass of the samples, their molecular weight, surface morphology and thermal properties. It was found that the PUR samples with the highest amount of R,S-PHB and the lowest amount of polycaprolactone triol (PCLtriol) were degraded the most. Moreover, blending with St had the greatest impact on the susceptibility to degradation of PUR. However, the rate of weight loss of the samples was low, and after 36 weeks of incubation in the hydrolytic solution, it did not exceed 7% by weight. The weight loss of Ch and PLA blends was even smaller. However, a significant reduction in molecular weight, changes in morphology and changes in thermal properties indicated that the degradation of the samples should occur quickly after this time. Therefore, when using these polyurethanes and their blends, it should be taken into account that they should decompose slowly in their initial life. In summary, this process can be modified by changing the amount of R,S-PHB, the degree of cross-linking, and the type and amount of second blend component added (bioadditives).
Kaolin-Enhanced Superabsorbent Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Swelling Behaviors
Authors: Chen Mengna , Chen Xuelong , Zhang Caiyan , Cui Baozheng , Li Zewen , Zhao Dongyu , Wang Zhe
Published: April 2021

One type of low-cost and eco-friendly organic‒inorganic superabsorbent composite (SAPC) was synthesized by free radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA), starch (ST), sodium alginate (SA) and kaolin (KL) in aqueous solution. The structure and morphology of the SAPC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The influence of different reaction conditions on water absorption of SAPC, i.e., SA and KL contents, AA neutralization degree (ND), potassium persulfate (KPS) and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) loading were systematically studied. Under the optimal synthesis conditions, very high water absorption of 1200 g/g was achieved. The swelling kinetic mechanism of SAPC was studied by pseudo-second order swelling kinetics model and Ritger‒Peppas model. The performances of SAPC under different environments were tested and results revealed that this new SAPC had excellent swelling capacity, high water retention, good salt tolerance in monovalent salt solution (NaCl solution) and good pH tolerance between 4 and 10.
Experimental Validation of Falling Liquid Film Models: Velocity Assumption and Velocity Field Comparison
Authors: Wang Ruiqi , Duan Riqiang , Jia Haijun
Published: April 2021

This publication focuses on the experimental validation of film models by comparing constructed and experimental velocity fields based on model and elementary experimental data. The film experiment covers Kapitza numbers Ka = 278.8 and Ka = 4538.6, a Reynolds number range of 1.6–52, and disturbance frequencies of 0, 2, 5, and 7 Hz. Compared to previous publications, the applied methodology has boundary identification procedures that are more refined and provide additional adaptive particle image velocimetry (PIV) method access to synthetic particle images. The experimental method was validated with a comparison with experimental particle image velocimetry and planar laser induced fluorescence (PIV/PLIF) results, Nusselt’s theoretical prediction, and experimental particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) results of flat steady cases, and a good continuity equation reproduction of transient cases proves the method’s fidelity. The velocity fields are reconstructed based on different film flow model velocity profile assumptions such as experimental film thickness, flow rates, and their derivatives, providing a validation method of film model by comparison between reconstructed velocity experimental data and experimental velocity data. The comparison results show that the first-order weighted residual model (WRM) and regularized model (RM) are very similar, although they may fail to predict the velocity field in rapidly changing zones such as the front of the main hump and the first capillary wave troughs.
Online Live-Stream Broadcasting of the Holy Mass during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland as an Example of the Mediatisation of Religion: Empirical Studies in the Field of Mass Media Studies and Pastoral Theology
Authors: Przywara Barbara , Adamski Andrzej , Kiciński Andrzej , Szewczyk Marcin , Jupowicz-Ginalska Anna
Published: April 2021

The main aim of the paper is to discuss the scale and nature of the practice of transmitting Holy Mass by parishes of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland through online live-streaming in spring 2020. The authors analyse these issues in a multifaceted and interdisciplinary way, mainly within the framework of communication and media studies and theology. The methodology of the paper combines practical theology (its four stages: “see-judge-act-review”), scientific methods applicable to social studies (especially social communication and media studies and sociological studies), and the technical aspect of communication activities (in the form of live video streaming) performed by parishes on the Internet. As it turns out, 40.8% of Polish parishes carried out online Mass broadcasts. In most cases, the main sources of broadcast signal were YouTube (18.9%) and Facebook (18.7%), while less than 5% of the parishes conducted technically independent broadcasts. The research showed a statistically significant correlation between online Mass broadcasting and the region of Poland. There was a statistically significant difference between the parish size and Mass broadcasting—the larger the parish, the more often such activities were performed; a similar correlation was observed between urban and rural parishes. Research has shown that in the dioceses where bishops directly encouraged parish priests to broadcast from their parishes, the average percentage of broadcasts was higher (46%) than in those in which there were no such incentives (38%). There was a statistically significant relationship between having a website and conducting online Mass broadcasting. Similarly, there was a statistically significant relationship between the type of parish (conventual–diocesan) and online Mass broadcasting. Conventual parishes did this much more often than diocesan ones (68.6% and 38.9% respectively).
Sequential 90° Rotation of Dual-Polarized Antenna Elements in Linear Phased Arrays with Improved Cross-Polarization Level for Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications
Authors: Lorente Diego , Limbach Markus , Gabler Bernd , Esteban Héctor , Boria Vicente E.
Published: April 2021

In this work, a novel rotation approach for the antenna elements of a linear phased array is presented. The proposed method improves by up to 14 dB the cross-polarization level within the main beam by performing a sequential 90° rotation of the identical array elements, and achieving measured cross-polarization suppressions of 40 dB. This configuration is validated by means of simulation and measurements of a manufactured linear array of five dual-polarized cavity-box aperture coupled stacked patch antennas operating in L-Band, and considering both uniform amplitude and phase distribution and beamforming with amplitude tapering. The analysis is further extended by applying and comparing the proposed design with the 180° rotation and non-rotation topologies. This technique is expected to be used for the next generation L-Band Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Sensor of the German Aerospace Center (DLR).