bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on Current Aspects of Curcumin-Based Effects in Relation to Neurodegenerative, Neuroinflammatory and Cerebrovascular Diseases
Authors: Moldoveanu Claudia-Andreea , Tomoaia-Cotisel Maria , Sevastre-Berghian Alexandra , Tomoaia Gheorghe , Mocanu Aurora , Pal-Racz Csaba , Toma Vlad-Alexandru , Roman Ioana , Ujica Madalina-Anca , Pop Lucian-Cristian
Published: December 2024

Curcumin is among the most well-studied natural substances, known for its biological actions within the central nervous system, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and human health benefits. However, challenges persist in effectively utilising curcumin, addressing its metabolism and passage through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in therapies targeting cerebrovascular diseases. Current challenges in curcumin’s applications revolve around its effects within neoplastic tissues alongside the development of intelligent formulations to enhance its bioavailability. Formulations have been discovered including curcumin’s complexes with brain-derived phospholipids and proteins, or its liposomal encapsulation. These novel strategies aim to improve curcumin’s bioavailability and stability, and its capability to cross the BBB, thereby potentially enhancing its efficacy in treating cerebrovascular diseases. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of molecular pathways involved in interactions of curcumin and its metabolites, and brain vascular homeostasis. This review explores cellular and molecular current aspects, of curcumin-based effects with an emphasis on curcumin’s metabolism and its impact on pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and cerebral angiopathy. It also highlights the limitations posed by curcumin’s poor bioavailability and discusses ongoing efforts to surpass these impediments to harness the full therapeutic potential of curcumin in neurological disorders.
The Search for the Optimal Methodology for Predicting Fluorinated Cathinone Drugs NMR Chemical Shifts
Authors: Makieieva Natalina , Kupka Teobald , Rahmonov Oimahmad
Published: December 2024

Cathinone and its synthetic derivatives belong to organic compounds with narcotic properties. Their structural diversity and massive illegal use create the need to develop new analytical methods for their identification in different matrices. NMR spectroscopy is one of the most versatile methods for identifying the structure of organic substances. However, its use could sometimes be very difficult and time-consuming due to the complexity of NMR spectra, as well as the technical limitations of measurements. In such cases, molecular modeling serves as a good supporting technique for interpreting ambiguous spectral data. Theoretical prediction of NMR spectra includes calculation of nuclear magnetic shieldings and sometimes also indirect spin–spin coupling constants (SSCC). The quality of theoretical prediction is strongly dependent on the choice of the theory level. In the current study, cathinone and its 12 fluorinated derivatives were selected for gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR calculations using Hartree–Fock (HF) and 28 density functionals combined with 6-311++G** basis set to find the optimal level of theory for 1H, 13C, and 19F chemical shifts modeling. All calculations were performed in the gas phase, and solutions were modeled with a polarized-continuum model (PCM) and solvation model based on density (SMD). The results were critically compared with available experimental data.
FXR Activation Accelerates Early Phase of Osteoblast Differentiation Through COX-2-PGE2-EP4 Axis in BMP-2-Induced Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Fujimori Ko , Iguchi Yusuke , Yamashita Yukiko , Gohda Keigo , Teno Naoki
Published: December 2024

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor, is expressed in calvaria and bone marrow stromal cells and plays a role in bone homeostasis. However, the mechanism of FXR-activated osteoblast differentiation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism underlying FXR-activated osteoblast differentiation using bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced mouse ST-2 mesenchymal stem cells. We also synthesized a novel FXR agonist, FLG390, and compared its biological effects in osteoblast differentiation with a known FXR agonist, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). As an FXR agonist, FLG390 accelerated osteoblast differentiation to a comparable extent with CDCA, enhancing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of osteoblast differentiated-related genes such as ALP, collagen type 1 α1 chain (COL1A1), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). FXR activation elevated the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the production of prostaglandin (PG) E2 in the early phase of osteoblast differentiation. A selective COX-2 inhibitor and an antagonist of EP4 receptors, one of PGE2 receptors, partially suppressed FXR-activated osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, treatment with either inhibitor during the first 6 h after initiating osteoblast differentiation repressed FXR-activated osteoblast differentiation to the same extent as did the treatment for 6 d. Therefore, a novel FXR agonist, FLG390, exhibited potency comparable to CDCA. FXR activation promoted the early phase of osteoblast differentiation via the COX-2-PGE2-EP4 axis, representing a potential target for control of bone metabolism.
Green Catalysis in Nanomaterials—Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis
Authors: Wang Longlu , Liu Yongqi , Liu Chengbin
Published: December 2024

At present, the world is facing urgent challenges of energy shortages and environmental pollution, which drives the need for green and sustainable solutions [...]
Formation of Wrinkled Nanostructures via Surface–Bulk Curing Disparity in Ethyl Cyanoacrylate: Toward Superhydrophobic Surface Applications
Authors: Lee Changwoo , Choi Heon-Ju , Jeong Kyungeun , Lee Kyungjun , Cho Handong
Published: December 2024

Superhydrophobic surfaces, known for their exceptional water-repellent properties with contact angles exceeding 150°, are highly regarded for their effectiveness in applications including self-cleaning, antifouling, and ice prevention. However, the structural fragility and weak durability of conventional coating limit their long-term use. In this research, a new approach is proposed for the fabrication of long-lasting superhydrophobic surfaces using ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) and a primer. The application of the primer creates a curing rate disparity between the surface and bulk of the ECA layer, resulting in the formation of wrinkled microstructures essential for achieving superhydrophobicity. The fabricated surfaces were further functionalized through plasma treatment and hydrophobic silane (OTS) coating, enhancing their water-repellent properties. This straightforward and scalable method produced surfaces with excellent superhydrophobicity and robust adhesion to substrates. Durability tests, including roller abrasion and microscratch evaluations, indicated that the wrinkled structure and strong substrate adhesion contributed to sustained performance even under mechanical stress. Additionally, mechanical properties were assessed through nanoindentation, demonstrating enhanced resistance to physical damage compared to conventional superhydrophobic coatings. This study highlights the potential of ECA-based superhydrophobic surfaces for applications requiring durability and mechanical stability, such as architectural coatings, automotive exteriors, and medical devices. The approach offers a promising solution to the limitations of existing superhydrophobic technologies and opens new avenues for further research into wear-resistant and environmentally resilient coatings.
Optoelectronic Properties of Shallow Donor Atom in 2D-Curved Nanostructures Under External Electric and Magnetic Fields
Authors: Chouef Soufiane , Hbibi Mohammed , Boussetta Reda , El Moussaouy Abdelaziz , Falyouni Farid , Mommadi Omar , Duque Carlos Alberto
Published: December 2024

Using the effective mass approximation and the finite difference method, we examined the linear, non-linear, and total optical absorption coefficients (OAC), as well as the relative refractive index coefficients (RIC) variations for an off-center shallow donor impurity in a 2D-curved electronic nanostructure subjected to external electric and magnetic fields. Our results reveal that the peak positions of the OAC and RIC are susceptible to the geometrical angles, the impurity position, and the strength of the applied electric and magnetic fields. In particular, the positions of the OAC and RIC peaks can be shifted towards blue or red by adjusting the geometric angle. In addition, the amplitudes of these peaks are influenced by the application of external fields and by the position of the impurity. This knowledge is essential for understanding and optimizing the optical characteristics of 2D-Curved nanostructure for advanced optoelectronic applications.
Spin Glass State and Griffiths Phase in van der Waals Ferromagnetic Material Fe5GeTe2
Authors: He Jiaqi , Cao Yuan , Zou Yu , Liu Mengyuan , Wang Jia , Zhu Wenliang , Pan Minghu
Published: December 2024

The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals ferromagnetic materials opens up new avenues for making devices with high information storage density, ultra-fast response, high integration, and low power consumption. Fe5GeTe2 has attracted much attention because of its ferromagnetic transition temperature near room temperature. However, the investigation of its phase transition is rare until now. Here, we have successfully synthesized a single crystal of the layered ferromagnet Fe5GeTe2 by chemical vapor phase transport, soon after characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), DC magnetization M(T), and isotherm magnetization M(H) measurements. A paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition is observed at ≈302 K (TC) in the temperature dependence of the DC magnetic susceptibility of Fe5GeTe2. We found an unconventional potential spin glass state in the low-temperature regime that differs from the conventional spin glass states and Griffiths phase (GP) in the high-temperature regime. The physical mechanisms behind the potential spin glass state of Fe5GeTe2 at low temperatures and the Griffith phase at high temperatures need to be further investigated.
Enabling Fast AI-Driven Inverse Design of a Multifunctional Nanosurface by Parallel Evolution Strategies
Authors: Chapagain Ashish , Abuoliem Dima , Cho In Ho
Published: December 2024

Multifunctional nanosurfaces receive growing attention due to their versatile properties. Capillary force lithography (CFL) has emerged as a simple and economical method for fabricating these surfaces. In recent works, the authors proposed to leverage the evolution strategies (ES) to modify nanosurface characteristics with CFL to achieve specific functionalities such as frictional, optical, and bactericidal properties. For artificial intelligence (AI)-driven inverse design, earlier research integrates basic multiphysics principles such as dynamic viscosity, air diffusivity, surface tension, and electric potential with backward deep learning (DL) on the framework of ES. As a successful alternative to reinforcement learning, ES performed well for the AI-driven inverse design. However, the computational limitations of ES pose a critical technical challenge to achieving fast and efficient design. This paper addresses the challenges by proposing a parallel-computing-based ES (named parallel ES). The parallel ES demonstrated the desired speed and scalability, accelerating the AI-driven inverse design of multifunctional nanopatterned surfaces. Detailed parallel ES algorithms and cost models are presented, showing its potential as a promising tool for advancing AI-driven nanomanufacturing.
Solar Light-Driven Efficient Degradation of Organic Pollutants Mediated by S-Scheme MoS2@TiO2-Layered Structures
Authors: Shahid Wajeehah , Idrees Faryal , Zou Ji-Jun , Choi Jeong Ryeol , Pan Lun
Published: December 2024

This study focuses on achieving high photocatalytic activity using MoS2/TiO2 heterostructures (MOT). To this end, MoS2 and TiO2 were synthesized by employing hydrothermal synthesis techniques, and then MoS2/TiO2 heterostructures were synthesized by using 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 ratios of MoS2 and TiO2, respectively. While the structural and electronic changes for the 1:2 and 1:3 ratios were relatively minor, significant modifications in bandgaps and morphology were observed for the 1:1 and 1:4 ratios. Thus, this study presents a comparative analysis of the photocatalytic performance of the 1:1 (MOT11) and 1:4 (MOT14) heterostructures. The formation of these heterostructures was confirmed through Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Notably, the bandgaps of MOT11 and MOT14 were red-shifted to 1.66–1.25 eV and 1.01–1.68 eV, respectively, indicating improved visible-light absorption capabilities. The photocatalytic activity of MOT11 and MOT14 was evaluated through the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated solar irradiation. MOT11 demonstrated a high degradation efficiency of 98.9% within 60 min, while MOT14 achieved 98.21% degradation after 90 min of irradiation. The significance of this study lies in its demonstration that a facile synthesis route and a small proportion of MoS2 in the heterostructure can achieve excellent photocatalytic degradation performance under solar light. After MS-analysis, S-Scheme has been suggested, which has also been complimented by the scavenger tests. Additionally, the improved photocatalytic properties of MOT11 and MOT14 suggest their potential for future applications in hydrogen generation and water splitting, offering a pathway towards sustainable and clean energy production.
Internal Tremor in Long COVID May Be a Symptom of Dysautonomia and Small Fiber Neuropathy
Authors: Blitshteyn Svetlana , Ruhoy Ilene S. , Natbony Lauren R. , Saperstein David S.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Internal tremor (IT) is often reported by patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, also known as Long COVID, as a distressing and disabling symptom. Similarly, physicians are typically perplexed by the nature and etiology of IT and find it extremely challenging to manage. Methods: We describe a patient with Long COVID who experienced IT as part of post-COVID postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and small fiber neuropathy (SFN) and review the limited literature available on this topic. Results: Our patient’s IT improved significantly after intravenous saline infusions, but there was no effect on IT with oral hydration, increased oral sodium chloride intake, neuropathic pain medications, muscle relaxants, or medications used for the treatment of POTS. Conclusions: Based on this case, our clinical experience, and the limited literature available to date, we believe IT is a manifestation of POTS and SFN, which may be driven by hypovolemia, cerebral hypoperfusion, sympathetic overactivity, neuropathic pain, and mast cell hyperactivation. Subjective description, objective findings, and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in patients with IT and Long COVID are discussed.
Subsequent Acute Ischemic Stroke in a Patient with Monocular Vision Loss Associated with Isolated Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: A Case Report
Authors: Seetge Jessica , Cséke Balázs , Karádi Zsófia Nozomi , Szalai Eszter , Gaál Valéria , Szapáry László
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Acute retinal ischemia, including central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), is recognized as a stroke equivalent by the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA), necessitating immediate multidisciplinary evaluation and management. However, referral patterns among ophthalmologists remain inconsistent, and evidence-based therapeutic interventions to improve visual outcomes are currently lacking. CRAO is associated with a significantly elevated risk of subsequent acute ischemic stroke (AIS), particularly within the first week following diagnosis, yet the role of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in this setting remains controversial. This case report presents a unique case of CRAO with concurrent internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, followed by an AIS affecting the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Case presentation: An 83-year-old woman presented with acute, painless monocular vision loss to the emergency department. IVT was administered within 4.5 h of admission for suspected CRAO associated with ICA occlusion (ICAO) identified on CT-angiography (CTA). One hour post-thrombolysis, CT-perfusion (CTP) confirmed MCA occlusion (MCAO), necessitating mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Successful recanalization was achieved without complications, and the patient demonstrated no functional impairments at discharge. Conclusions: This case underscores the importance of maintaining a vigilant approach to stroke management in CRAO patients. It highlights the diagnostic challenges encountered in clinical practice and advocates for further research into the role of IVT in CRAO cases with ICAO, emphasizing the need for consensus in treatment.
Comparative Impact of Alternate-Day Fasting and Time-Restricted Feeding on Placental Function and Fetal Development in Maternal Obesity
Authors: Liu Siyuan , Hua Lun , Mo Xi , Lei Bing , Zhang Ruihao , Zhou Shihao , Jiang Xuemei , Fang Zhengfeng , Feng Bin , Che Lianqiang , Xu Shengyu , Lin Yan , Wu De , Zhuo Yong , Jin Chao
Published: December 2024

Background: Maternal obesity detrimentally affects placental function and fetal development. Both alternate-day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) are dietary interventions that can improve metabolic health, yet their comparative effects on placental function and fetal development remain unexplored. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of ADF and TRF on placental function and fetal development during maternal consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: One hundred 8-week-old female mice were assigned to one of four dietary regimens: (1) normal diet with ad libitum feeding (NA); (2) HFD with ad libitum feeding (HA); (3) HFD with ADF (HI); and (4) HFD with TRF (HT), administered both before and during pregnancy. On gestational day 18.5, serum and placental samples were collected from both mothers and fetuses to examine placental function and fetal development. Results: During gestation, both ADF and TRF substantially alleviated the metabolic impairments caused by an HFD in obese maternal mice. TRF mice demonstrated enhanced placental nutrient transport and fetal development, associated with reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammatory responses. In contrast, ADF markedly intensified placental stress and inflammatory responses, diminished placental nutrient transport efficiency, and consequently induced fetal growth restriction. Conclusions: Both ADF and TRF during pregnancy significantly mitigated metabolic impairments in obese dams on an HFD. TRF mice demonstrated enhanced placental nutrient transport and fetal development, associated with reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammatory responses. In contrast, ADF markedly intensified placental stress and inflammatory responses, diminished placental nutrient transport efficiency, and consequently induced fetal growth restriction.
Qualitative Analysis by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography–Bioautography of Ecuadorian Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Leaves: Influence of Variety, Phenological Stage, and Place of Cultivation on Free Radical Scavenging and α-Amylase Activity
Authors: Taco Verónica , Palmieri Claudio , Borja Dayana , Villacrés Elena , Duez Pierre , Nachtergael Amandine
Published: December 2024

The present study aimed to qualitatively assess the influence of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. varieties (INIAP-Tunkahuan, INIAP-Pata de Venado varieties and Chimborazo genotype), phenological stages (40, 60, and 80 days), and places of cultivation (Pichincha and Chimborazo Ecuadorian provinces) on the leaf and seed phenolic composition and biological properties. Their nutraceutical potential was assessed through qualitative analyses of (i) their polyphenols by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC); and (ii) their free radical scavenging (quenching of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical, DPPH•) and α-amylase inhibitory properties (iodine visualization of starch hydrolysis) by HPTLC–bioautography. Compared to seeds, the quinoa leaf methanolic extracts present a high content of polyphenols with free radical scavenging activity, and compounds with an α-amylase inhibitory property; both biological activities indicate a remarkable potential of quinoa leaves, which may be relevant for the treatment of diabetes but also for the chemoprevention and/or treatment of pathologies related to oxidative stress. In quinoa leaves harvested after 80 days of cultivation, regardless of the place of production and the variety, a high content of bioactive compounds was observed. Future research is undoubtedly needed to further promote quinoa leaves as a dietary vegetable or to develop them into a nutritional supplement. This would empower quinoa smallholders in Andean regions to promote the sustainable development of this culture in its places of origin.
Kojic Acid Derivative as an Antimitotic Agent That Selectively Kills Tumour Cells
Authors: Pichiri Giuseppina , Piludu Marco , Congiu Terenzio , Grandi Nicole , Coni Pierpaolo , Piras Monica , Jaremko Mariusz , Lachowicz Joanna Izabela
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The primary method used to pharmacologically arrest cancer development and its metastasis is to disrupt the cell division process. There are a few approaches that may be used to meet this objective, mainly through inhibiting DNA replication or mitosis. Despite intensive studies on new chemotherapeutics, the biggest problem remains the side effects associated with the inhibition of cell division in non-tumoural host cells. Methods: The efficacy and selectivity of the kojic acid derivative (L1) was studied in vitro with the use of tumoural (Caco2, SW480, HT29, T98G) and non- tumoural (HEK293T, RAW) cell lines. Light and electron microscopy observations were supported by the next generation sequencing (NGS), cytoflow, and spectroscopy analysis of mRNA and biomolecules, respectively. Results: The light and electron microscopy observations showed that L1 treatment leads to significant morphological changes in Caco2 cells, which are characteristic of mitosis arrest. Moreover, the fluorescent tubulin staining revealed the formation of tubulin ring structure associated with the apoptotic stage. Mitotic exit into apoptosis was further conformed by the cytoflow of early/late apoptosis stages and caspase-3 analysis. NGS investigation showed differentiated expressions of genes involved in mitosis and apoptosis processes. The observed IC50 in tumoural cell lines were as follows: Caco2 (IC50 = 68.2 mM), SW480 (IC50 = 15.5 mM), and HT29 (IC50 = 4.7 mM). Conclusions: The findings presented here suggest that L1 could be a valid candidate for oral prevention and/or chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Considering high selectivity of L1 versus tumoural cell lines, more in-depth mechanistic studies could reveal unknown stages in carcinogenesis.
Machine Learning-Assisted Drug Repurposing Framework for Discovery of Aurora Kinase B Inhibitors
Authors: Ion George Nicolae Daniel , Nitulescu George Mihai , Mihai Dragos Paul
Published: December 2024

Background: Aurora kinase B (AurB) is a pivotal regulator of mitosis, making it a compelling target for cancer therapy. Despite significant advances in protein kinase inhibitor development, there are currently no AurB inhibitors readily available for therapeutic use. Methods: This study introduces a machine learning-assisted drug repurposing framework integrating quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, molecular fingerprints-based classification, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using this pipeline, we analyzed 4680 investigational and approved drugs from DrugBank database. Results: The machine learning models trained for drug repurposing showed satisfying performance and yielded the identification of saredutant, montelukast, and canertinib as potential AurB inhibitors. The candidates demonstrated strong binding energies, key molecular interactions with critical residues (e.g., Phe88, Glu161), and stable MD trajectories, particularly saredutant, a neurokinin-2 (NK2) antagonist. Conclusions: Beyond identifying potential AurB inhibitors, this study highlights an integrated methodology that can be applied to other challenging drug targets.
Evaluation of Biologics ACE2/Ang(1–7) Encapsulated in Plant Cells for FDA Approval: Safety and Toxicology Studies
Authors: Daniell Henry , Wakade Geetanjali , Nair Smruti K. , Singh Rahul , Emanuel Steven A. , Brock Barry , Margulies Kenneth B.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: For several decades, protein drugs (biologics) made in cell cultures have been delivered as sterile injections, decreasing their affordability and patient preference. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) gum is the first engineered human blood protein expressed in plant cells approved by the FDA without the need for purification and is a cold-chain and noninvasive drug delivery. This biologic is currently being evaluated in human clinical studies to debulk SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity to reduce coronavirus infection/transmission (NCT 0543318). Methods: Chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) studies for the ACE2/Ang(1–7) drug substances (DSs) and ACE2 gum drug product (DP) were conducted following USP guidelines. GLP-compliant toxicology studies were conducted on Sprague Dawley rats (n = 120; 15/sex/group) in four groups—placebo, low (1.6/1.0 mg), medium (3.2/2.0 mg), and high (8.3/5.0 mg) doses IP/kg/day. Oral gavage was performed twice daily for 14 days (the dosing phase) followed by the recovery phase (35 days). Plasma samples (n = 216) were analyzed for the product Ang(1–7) by ELISA. Results: The ACE2 protein was stable in the gum for at least up to 78 weeks. The toxicology study revealed the dose-related drug delivery to the plasma and increases in the AUC (56.6%) and Cmax (52.9%) after 28 high-dose gavages (95% C.I.), although this quantitation excludes exogenously delivered membrane-associated ACE2/Ang(1–7). Vital biomarkers and organs were not adversely affected despite the 10-fold higher absorption in the tissues, demonstrating the safety for the first in-human clinical trials of ACE2/Ang(1–7). The NOAEL observed in the rats was 2.5–7.5-fold higher than that of the anticipated efficacious therapeutic dose in humans for the treatment of cardiopulmonary disorders, and it was 314-fold higher than the NOAEL for topical delivery via chewing gum. Conclusions: This report lays the foundation for the regulatory process approval for noninvasive and affordable human biologic drugs bioencapsulated in plant cells.
Investigation of Novel Aronia Bioactive Fraction-Alginic Acid Nanocomplex on the Enhanced Modulation of Neuroinflammation and Inhibition of Aβ Aggregation
Authors: Jang Bong-Keun , Shin Soo Jung , Park Hyun Ha , Kumar Vijay , Park Yong Ho , Kim Jeom-Yong , Kang Hye-Yeon , Park Sunyoung , Kwon Youngsun , Shin Sang-Eun , Moon Minho , Lee Beom-Jin
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Aronia extract or its active compounds, especially anthocyanin, have shown potential for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related pathologies, including neuroinflammation, fibrillogenesis of amyloid beta (Aβ), and cognitive impairment. However, there was still concern about their structural instability in vivo and in vitro. To solve the instability of anthocyanins, we combined aronia bioactive factions (ABFs) and alginic acid via electrostatic molecular interactions and created an ABF–alginic acid nanocomplex (AANCP). We evaluated whether it is more stable and effective in cognitive disorder mice and neuroinflammation cell models. Methods: The physicochemical properties of the AANCP, such as nanoparticle size, structural stability, and release rate, were characterized. The AANCP was administered to scopolamine-injected Balb/c mice, and to BV2 microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and amyloid beta (Aβ). Inflammation responses were measured via qPCR and ELISA in vitro, and cognitive functions were measured via behavior tests in vivo. Results: The AANCP readily formed nanoparticles, 209.6 nm in size, with a negatively charged zeta potential. The AANCP exhibited better stability in four plasma samples (human, dog, rat, and mouse) and was slowly released in different pH conditions (pH 2.0, 7.4, and 8.0) compared with non-complexedABF. In vitro studies on microglial cells treated with AANCPs revealed a suppression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) induced by LPS. The AANCP increased microglial Aβ phagocytosis through the activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2)-related microglial polarization. The AANCP inhibited aggregation of Aβ in vitro and alleviated cognitive impairment in a scopolamine-induced in vivo dementia mouse model. Conclusions: Our data indicate that AANCPs are more stable than ABFs and effective for cognitive disorders and neuroinflammation via modulation of M2 microglial polarization.
The Application of Resolvin D1-Loaded Gelatin Methacrylate in a Rat Periodontitis Model
Authors: Xing Zhe , Liu Jing , Cai Jiazheng , Jiang Xiaofeng , Liang Jingwen , Fujio Masahito , Hadler-Olsen Elin , Wang Jing , Kantarci Alpdogan , Xue Ying
Published: December 2024

Objective: To evaluate the drug release, cytocompatibility with periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), and therapeutic efficacy of GelMA hydrogel loaded with resolvin D1 (RvD1) in treating rat periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone damage. Methods: An RvD1 complexed with GelMA was prepared, and its release kinetics and compatibility with PDLCs were assessed. Rats with induced periodontitis were treated weekly with topical applications of vehicle, GelMA, RvD1, or RvD1 complexed with GelMA for four weeks. Periodontal inflammation and tissue regeneration were evaluated using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and histochemical staining, while alveolar bone repair and regeneration were analyzed through micro-CT. Results: The RvD1 complexed with GelMA effectively released RvD1 and enhanced the proliferation and viability of PDLCs. Compared to RvD1 alone, treatment with RvD1 complexed with GelMA significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, TNF-α and RANKL expression, and osteoclast formation in periodontal tissues. Additionally, it promoted the expression of specific anti-inflammatory and regenerative markers. Micro-CT analysis confirmed significant new bone formation in the RvD1 complexed with GelMA-treated group. Conclusions: RvD1 complexed with GelMA provides sustained drug release and biocompatibility, effectively resolves periodontal inflammation, and promotes tissue regeneration in periodontitis.
Ultrafast Airy Beam Generation with a Mode-Locked Fiber Laser
Authors: Guo Silin , Lou Yajun , Yue Cai , Zhang Xinhai , Zhang Fan
Published: December 2024

We generate an ultrafast Airy beam with a mode-locked fiber laser. A diffractive optical element is placed inside the laser cavity and applies phase modulation on the pulses propagating in the cavity. The pulsed Airy beam is then obtained by Fourier transform of the first order diffracted beam of the diffractive optical element. The experimental results show that the beam profile and propagation characteristics of the laser pulses are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The pulsed Airy beam fiber laser we constructed has the advantages of compactness, easy integration, low cost, and high stability and robustness, which are of great significance for applications in industrial and other tough environments.
Joint DFT and Spacetime Coding for MU-OFDM in Power-Constrained Optical Wireless Communication Systems
Authors: Lian Dianbin , Gao Yan , Lian Jie , Li Yong
Published: December 2024

The application of DFT precoding in mitigating peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) issues in optical wireless communication systems under power constraints is well established. However, the channel spatial diversity for multiusers needs to be considered. This paper proposes a joint DFT and spacetime precoding technique to support multiple users and mitigate the PAPR for optical wireless communication systems when OFDM modulation is used. In our study, we introduce the weighted Bussgang theorem as an alternative method for evaluating the communication performance of hard-clipped systems due to the transmitted power constraint. Our numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in analyzing SNR and BER performance.
Enhancing Terahertz Absorption Spectrum Based on a Tunable Defect Cavity of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal in the Combined Coaxial Waveguide
Authors: Nie Lu , Li Xiangjun , Chen Dongzhe , Wang Zihao , Yan Dexian
Published: December 2024

Terahertz (THz) molecular fingerprint spectroscopy provides a powerful label-free tool for detecting trace-amount analytes. Introducing extra microstructures such as metasurfaces to confine the field energy is essential to improve the sensitivity. However, the area of analyte film on conventional enhancing metasurfaces must be larger than the beam spot in a free-space measuring setup. Here, we propose a tunable defect cavity of one-dimensional photonic crystal in the combined coaxial waveguide (CCW) and enhance the broadband THz fingerprint of trace analytes on a much smaller area. The peaks of high Q resonances can form a wide absorption spectrum by changing the length of the rubber part of the coaxial waveguide. For the 0.2 µm α-lactose film sample in the frequency range of 0.48–0.58 THz, the absorption enhancement factor of 89.2 times based on the thickness can be achieved and the sample area is about 1/1700 of that in the free-space measurement with the 5 mm beam waist. We first introduce the coaxial waveguide in the terahertz absorption spectra enhancement. With our proposed structure the analyte volume is effectively reduced which is significant in the real application scenario.
Alignment of Fabry–Pérot Cavities for Optomechanical Acceleration Measurements
Authors: Rezinkina Marina , Braxmaier Claus
Published: December 2024

The wave optics processes in a Fabry–Pérot cavity with a length of about tens of millimeters are considered. Such cavities are used, among other applications, in optomechanical accelerometers for precise measurement of displacement of moving elements. A Fabry–Pérot cavity formed by a spherical and flat mirror is considered. The influence of parameters characterizing the alignment of the Fabry–Pérot cavity mirrors and the laser beam on the appearance of the higher order modes is investigated using numerical modeling. It is shown that the angle of inclination of the flat mirror of the cavity greatly affects the occurrence of higher order modes in addition to the fundamental mode. The levels of displacement of the axis of a spherical mirror in the vertical direction which do not cause the emergence of higher order modes is shown. The influence of the degree of displacement of the laser beam axis in the vertical direction relative to the symmetry axis of the Fabry–Pérot cavity is also investigated.
Ocular Aberrations and Retinal Thickness Variations After Moderate-Term Reading on Electronic Devices by Age
Authors: Arcas-Carbonell María , Orduna-Hospital Elvira , Mechó-García María , Munarriz-Escribano María , Sanchez-Cano Ana
Published: December 2024

Background: This study aims to evaluate subjective visual fatigue and objective optical and morphological changes in ocular structures after intermediate-duration reading on an iPad and an Ebook across different age groups. Methods: The sample included 108 right eyes from healthy subjects aged 18 to 66 years. The participants read for 20 min on an Ebook and another 20 min on an iPad under controlled illumination conditions. Aberrometry and retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements were taken before and after each reading session. Parameters such as total aberration, high-order aberration (HOA), low-order aberration (LOA), and retinal thickness in the nine Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) areas were measured. The sample was analyzed as a whole and divided into five age groups by decade. Results: This study included 66 women (61.11%) and 42 men (38.89%), with an average age of 36.58 years (±14.83). The aberrometry results revealed significant differences in the total root mean square (RMSTOTAL) after reading on both devices (p = 0.001). Low-order aberrations (RMSLOA) also changed significantly (p = 0.001 for Ebook, p = 0.002 for the iPad), but high-order aberrations (RMSHOA) did not. Central retinal thickness increased significantly after reading on the Ebook (p < 0.001) but not on the iPad. The peripheral retinal thickness did not change significantly. Conclusion: Moderate-duration reading increases LOA and central retinal thickness, with variations by age group and more pronounced effects from the Ebook, whereas HOA remains unaffected.
Large-Scale Mapping of Maize Plant Density Using Multi-Temporal Optical and Radar Data: Models, Potential and Application Strategy
Authors: Xiao Jing , Zhang Yuan , Du Xin , Li Qiangzi , Wang Hongyan , Wang Yueting , Xu Jingyuan , Dong Yong , Shen Yunqi , Yan Sifeng , Gong Shuguang , Hu Haoxuan
Published: December 2024

Accurate crop density estimation is critical for effective agricultural resource management, yet existing methods face challenges due to data acquisition difficulties and low model usability caused by inconsistencies between optical and radar imagery. This study presents a novel approach to maize density estimation by integrating optical and radar data, addressing these challenges with a unique mapping strategy. The strategy combines available data selection, key feature extraction, and optimization to improve accuracy across diverse growth stages. By identifying critical features for maize density and incorporating machine learning to explore optimal feature combinations, we developed a multi-temporal model that enhances estimation accuracy, particularly during leaf development, stem elongation, and tasseling stages (R2 = 0.602, RMSE = 0.094). Our approach improves performance over single-temporal models, and successful maize density maps were generated for the three typical demonstration counties. This work represents an advancement in large-scale crop density estimation, with the potential to expand to other regions and support precision agriculture efforts, offering a foundation for future research on optimizing agricultural resource management.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Wheat Under Multi LED Light Conditions
Authors: Sun Lei , Li Ding , Ma Chunhong , Jiao Bo , Wang Jiao , Zhao Pu , Dong Fushuang , Zhou Shuo
Published: December 2024

Light is a vital environmental cue that profoundly influences the development of plants. LED lighting offers significant advantages in controlled growth environments over fluorescent lighting. Under monochromatic blue LED light, wheat plants exhibited reduced stature, accelerated spike development, and a shortened flowering period with increased blue light intensity promoting an earlier heading date. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptome analysis to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat plants’ response to varying light conditions. We identified 34 types of transcription factors (TFs) and highlighted the dynamic changes of key families such as WRKY, AP2/ERF, MYB, bHLH, and NAC, which play crucial roles in light-induced gene regulation. Additionally, this study revealed differential effects of blue and red light on the expression levels of genes related to hormones such as cytokinin (CK) and salicylic acid (SA) synthesis as well as significant changes in pathways such as flavonoid biosynthesis, circadian rhythms, chlorophyll synthesis, and flowering. Particularly, blue light upregulated genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis, contrasting with the downregulation observed under red light. Furthermore, blue light enhanced the expression of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes, such as CHS, underscoring its role in promoting anthocyanin accumulation. These findings provide valuable insights into how light quality impacts crop growth and development.
OsBBX2 Delays Flowering by Repressing Hd3a Expression Under Long-Day Conditions in Rice
Authors: Yang Yusi , Wei Jiaming , Tian Xiaojie , Liu Changhua , Li Xiufeng , Bu Qingyun
Published: December 2024

Members of the B-Box (BBX) family of proteins play crucial roles in the growth and development of rice. Here, we identified a rice BBX protein, Oryza sativa BBX2 (OsBBX2), which exhibits the highest expression in the root. The transcription of OsBBX2 follows a diurnal rhythm under photoperiodic conditions, peaking at dawn. Functional analysis revealed that OsBBX2 possesses transcriptional repression activity. The BBX2 was overexpressed in the rice japonica cultivar Longjing 11 (LJ11), in which Ghd7 and PRR37 were non-functional or exhibited weak functionality. The overexpression of OsBBX2 (OsBBX2 OE) resulted in a delayed heading date under a long-day (LD) condition, whereas the bbx2 mutant exhibited flowering patterns similar to the wild type (WT). Additionally, transcripts of Ehd1, Hd3a, and RFT1 were downregulated in the OsBBX2 OE lines under the LD condition. OsBBX2 interacted with Hd1 (BBX18), and the bbx2 hd1 double mutant displayed a late flowering phenotype comparable to that of hd1. Furthermore, OsBBX2 enhanced the transcriptional repression of Hd3a through its interaction with Hd1, as demonstrated in the protoplast-based assay. Taken together, these findings suggest that the OsBBX2 delays flowering by interacting with Hd1 and co-repressing Hd3a transcription.
Highly Active Carbonic Anhydrase of the Thylakoid Lumen of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Terentyev Vasily V. , Trubitsina Liubov I. , Shukshina Anna K. , Trubitsin Ivan V. , Rudenko Natalia N.
Published: December 2024

The green unicellular algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains 12–13 carbonic anhydrases (CAs). For a long time, the two closely related α-CAs of the periplasmic membrane CAH1 and CAH2 were considered to be the CAs with the highest CO2 hydration activity. The recombinant protein α-CA CAH3 (rCAH3) from the thylakoid lumen obtained in the present study showed more than three times higher activity compared to CAH1 and more than 11 times higher compared to previous studies with rCAH3. Long-term sustainability of the enzyme was observed at alkaline pH (>8), with maintenance of half of its activity at 4 °C for up to 50 days. Thermostability of rCAH3 indicated the retention of the activity at 20 °C for one hour at pH 9–10 with its ~50% decrease at pH 6–7. However, the residual activity of rCAH3 after incubation at an extremely high temperature (75 °C) for 15 min led to the formation of the double-hump graph with maxima at pH 6 and 9. The enzyme demonstrated high sensitivity to ethoxyzolamide and acetazolamide at nM concentrations, to Zn2+ and Cu2+ cations at 1 mM concentrations, and L-cysteine was able to completely inhibit CA activity of rCAH3 through reduction of sulfhydryl groups. Esterase activity of rCAH3 was well detected with values comparable to those of bovine CAII, but with a maximum at pH 8 instead of pH 9, which is usual for bovine CAII. The results indicated that CAH3 may be the most active CA of C. reinhardtii and that its role in the photosynthetic apparatus function could have been underestimated in previous works.
Performance Restoration of Chemically Recycled Carbon Fibres Through Surface Modification with Sizing
Authors: Semitekolos Dionisis , Terzopoulou Sofia , Zecchi Silvia , Marinis Dimitrios , Farsari Ergina , Amanatides Eleftherios , Sajdak Marcin , Sobek Szymon , Smok Weronika , Tański Tomasz , Werle Sebastian , Tagliaferro Alberto , Charitidis Costas
Published: December 2024

The recycling of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) is becoming increasingly crucial due to the growing demand for sustainability in high-performance industries such as automotive and aerospace. This study investigates the impact of two chemical recycling techniques, chemically assisted solvolysis and plasma-enhanced solvolysis, on the morphology and properties of carbon fibres (CFs) recovered from end-of-life automotive parts. In addition, the effects of fibre sizing are explored to enhance the performance of the recycled carbon fibres (rCFs). The surface morphology of the fibres was characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and their structural integrity was assessed through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy. An automatic analysis method based on optical microscopy images was also developed to quantify filament loss during the recycling process. Mechanical testing of single fibres and yarns showed that although rCFs from both recycling methods exhibited a ~20% reduction in tensile strength compared to reference fibres, the application of sizing significantly mitigated these effects (~10% reduction). X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed the introduction of functional oxygen-containing groups on the fibre surface, which improved fibre-matrix adhesion. Overall, the results demonstrate that plasma-enhanced solvolysis was more effective at fully decomposing the resin, while the subsequent application of sizing enhanced the mechanical performance of rCFs, restoring their properties closer to those of virgin fibres.
Special Issue on “Advances in Chemical Characterization, Pharmacological Applications and Synthetic Biology of Natural Products”
Authors: Anwar Muhammad , Hu Zhangli
Published: December 2024

Natural medicines refer to products derived from nature that exhibit pharmacological properties [...]
A New Methodology for Synthetic Peptides Purification and Counterion Exchange in One Step Using Solid-Phase Extraction Chromatography
Authors: López-Sánchez Amalia Giselle , Rodríguez-Mejía Karla Geraldine , Cuero-Amu Kelin Johana , Ardila-Chantré Natalia , Reyes-Calderón Juan Esteban , González-López Nicolás Mateo , Huertas-Ortiz Kevin Andrey , Fierro-Medina Ricardo , Rivera-Monroy Zuly Jenny , García-Castañeda Javier Eduardo
Published: December 2024

Synthetic peptides are commonly obtained by means of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), in which separation of the peptide from the solid support requires treatment with 92.5% v/v trifluoroacetic acid (TFA); therefore, peptides are obtained as trifluoroacetate salts. For promising anticancer/antibacterial peptides it is essential to exchange the counterion from trifluoroacetate to hydrochloride or acetate, since the former are more widely studied in biological activity assays. In this research, RP-SPE-based methodologies were designed, developed, and implemented for simultaneous counterion exchange and peptide purification. Critical process steps were identified and parameters such as mobile phase composition, elution, and program were optimized. Analysis of the counterion exchange reaction and characterization of the final products was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, attenuated total reflectance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. Peptides with purities between 82–97% and a trifluoroacetate ion content less than 0.36% were obtained. This novel counterion exchange proved efficient for peptides with different characteristics such as length, polarity, polyvalency, and presence of non-natural amino acids or non-protein molecules, therefore showing a wide range of applications in the field of therapeutic peptides. The methods developed are fast, efficient, low-cost, and do not require robust instrumentation and can be routinely implemented in SPPS.