bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NITROGEN METABOLISM IN LAKES II. ROLE OF NITROGEN FIXATION IN SANCTUARY LAKE, PENNSYLVANIA1
Authors: Dugdale Vera A. , Dugdale Richard C.
Published: March 2010

A study of the rates of nitrogen fixation using N15 as a tracer was made in Sanctuary Lake, Pennsylvania. The rates of fixation in the lake were found to be considerable during the summer and appeared to be correlated with the presence of a dense population of Anabaena. Laboratory experiments supported the idea that photosynthetic organisms were responsible since a strong correlation with light was found.
ACTIVATION ANALYSES OF VANADIUM, ARSENIC, MOLYBDENUM, TUNGSTEN, RHENIUM, AND GOLD IN MARINE ORGANISMS1
Authors: Fukai Rinnosuke , Wayne Meinke W.
Published: March 2010

Activation analyses have been carried out for 6 trace elements—vanadium, arsenic, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, and gold—in the ashes of several different types of marine organisms. Radiochemical procedures coupled with gamma‐ray measurement permitted unambiguous determination of submicrogram amounts of these elements. No reagent blank corrections were needed. Experimental sensitivities for each element are given.
DENSITY GRADIENT SEPARATION OF PLANKTON AND CLAY FROM RIVER WATER1
Authors: Lammerst William T.
Published: March 2010

A method involving centrifugation is described by which lake or river water can be fractioned into noncolloidal organic matter, noncolloidal inorganic matter, colloids, and solutes. These isolated fractions may then be analyzed for radionuclide accumulation both qualitatively and quantitatively.
SOME RESULTS OF DRIFT BOTTLE STUDIES OFF THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA
Authors: Chew Frank , Drennan K. L. , Demoran W. J.
Published: March 2010

On the basis of 1,514 drift bottles recovered from a total of 11,088 released off the Mississippi delta in the fall of 1960 and summer of 1961, the surface circulation in the vicinity is found to include: 1) a current bifurcation immediately east of the delta and 2) a stagnant region south of the delta. In addition, extensive “tide rips” of sargassum weeds and debris across which are found a change in color, salinity, and temperature are often observed. These features are taken as an expression of a mass field in which a ridge intersects a trough in the sea surface. In support of this interpretation, wind effects are illustrated by examples, and a comparison is made of current speed obtained from drift bottles and other means.
ON CIRCULATION, PHOSPHATE‐PHOSPHORUS CONTENT, AND ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES IN THE UPPER PART OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Reid Joseph L.
Published: March 2010

The circulation of the Pacific Ocean may be considered to consist of two high‐latitude cyclonic gyres, two subtropical anticyclonic gyres, and a series of subequatorial zonal flows in alternate directions. The phosphate‐phosphorus at the surface is related to the surface divergence and is high in the cyclones, low in the anticyclones, and high in regions of coastal and equatorial upwelling. The PO4‐P at 100 m is related to the depth of the pycnocline and is also high in the cyclones and low in the anticyclones, and high at the equator and at the poleward edges of the equatorial countercurrents. The zooplankton volume is distributed very much as is the PO4‐P, particularly that at 100 m. It is also low in the anticyclones and high in the cyclones, at the equator and at the poleward edges of the equatorial countercurrents. At the center of the subarctic cyclone, however, zooplankton is only moderate, but PO4‐P concentration is high both at the surface and at 100 m. It is suggested that the surface divergence is too rapid for zooplankton to accumulate in the center of the cyclone, even though reproduction and growth may be prolific.

In the California Current zooplankton volume appears to vary inversely with temperature, and an area of minimum volume and maximum temperature is found near the tip of Baja California. It is speculated that this indicates a change from subarctic to subequatorial species. This, and the close relation of the plankton volume to the system of gyres, suggests that the gyres may represent the principal plankton communities.
DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE IN WATER AFTER STORAGE IN POLYETHYLENE1
Authors: Heron J.
Published: March 2010

The changes in phosphate concentration which take place when lake water is stored in polyethylene bottles have been studied. The reduction in phosphate concentration which occurs is attributed to bacterial action and not to absorption of phosphate by the polyethylene. Appreciable changes in phosphate concentration can be avoided by collecting the sample in a polyethylene bottle which has been treated with a solution of iodine in potassium iodide solution.
DIURNAL CHANGES IN SHALLOW AQUATIC HABITATS
Authors: Bamforth Stuart S.
Published: March 2010

Diurnal changes were studied at different times of the year in a variety of Louisiana ponds, swamps, ditches and streams by the following procedure. Collections were made between 0500 and 0600 and between 1500 and 1600 on one day, and at the same times several days later. Each sample was analyzed chemically and biologically. The times chosen measure the approximate high and low values of dissolved substances in the daily chemical cycle. The extent of change in chemical factors and plankton indicated the degree and role of oxidative processes in a shallow habitat, and provided a measure for comparing different habitats.

Plankton populations, predominantly protozoa, often changed during the day, and sometimes changed significantly within 2 hr after sunrise. The conditions and organisms found in shallow habitats may thus depend upon the time of sampling.
THREE UNDESCRIBED NEMATODES FROM THE COAST OF OREGON1
Authors: Murphy D. G.
Published: March 2010

A new subspecies and two new species of free‐living marine nematodes, Rhabdodemania minor subsp. oregonensis n. subsp., Synonchiella spiculora n. sp., and Desmodora papillostoma n. sp., are described and illustrated. Type specimens are from a sample taken off the Oregon coast by the Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University.
ROLE OF DETRITUS IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A ROCK‐OUTCROP COMMUNITY IN A PIEDMONT STREAM
Authors: Nelson Daniel J. , Scott Donald C.
Published: March 2010

A rock outcrop community in a typical southern Piedmont stream was studied to determine its trophic structure and productivity. Podostemum ceratophyllum was the primary producer component of the community and also provided a place of attachment and shelter for a rheophilic fauna consisting largely of insects. The primary consumer organisms derived 66% of their energy from allochthonous organic matter consisting largely of leaf material. Productivity by phytoplankton in the river water was insignificant as was respiration in the shifting sand bottom. The river behaved as a heterotrophic stream because of suspended organic detritus in the water. A higher and more variable quantity of particulate detritus was present in the water during summer than winter. This seasonal difference was attributed to stream discharge—stream bed relationships and a more rapid decomposition of organic fragments at higher summer temperatures.

The net annual productivities, determined by the cropping method, in cal/cm2 for trophic groups were: Podostemum 434, filter feeders 16.8, herbivores 6.51, detritus feeders 1.68, herbivore and detritus feeders 2.78 (total primary consumer 27.8), and carnivore 3.66. The turnover of biomass increased with increasing productivity by individual species but this relationship does not hold true for all communities. A comparison of trophic level production efficiencies and productivities in several communities suggests there are self‐regulating mechanisms in natural communities which function between producer and consumer groups. Community stability is an important factor for the realization of maximum productivity in flowing water environments.

A theory of stream succession has been proposed which is based on the graded stream concept.
SO‐CALLED ANECDYSIS IN BALANUS BALANOIDES AND THE EFFECT OF BREEDING UPON THE GROWTH OF THE CALCAREOUS SHELL OF SOME COMMON BARNACLES
Authors: Barnes H.
Published: March 2010

The moulting frequency when Balanus balanoides is brought into the laboratory and fed at a constant temperature is roughly the same throughout the year and there is no evidence of a major endogenous anecdysis comparable with that in many other crustaceans. Variations in the moulting frequency under normal seasonal conditions are largely determined by the metabolic reserves, available food, and temperature, all of which are at a low level in a boreo‐arctic winter. There is, however, a short period immediately following the laying down of the egg‐masses when the moulting frequency is grossly reduced and evidence is presented that this is largely due to a debilitated condition which results from the discharge of reproductive material; this in turn leads to an uptake of water with a subsequent reduction of feeding activity. For this period the term reproductive anecdysis is suggested. The reduced feeding activity during reproductive anecdysis will largely explain the lower growth rate achieved by breeding animals compared with that of non‐breeding animals.
MODEL FOR THE ACCUMULATION OF STRONTIUM AND CALCIUM BY RECENTLY MOLTED CRAYFISH (CAMBARUS LONGULUS LONGEROSTRIS ORT.)
Authors: Schurr J. M. , Stamper M. N.
Published: March 2010

After molting, crayfish absorbed Sr85 rapidly; rates of uptake decreased exponentially as an upper limit was approached (T 1/2 = 1 to 2 days). A simple mathematical model attributes this limit to the number of sites available for deposition in the exoskeleton. Deposited ions are relatively immobile until 2 to 4 days prior to the next molt, when some are redistributed to the calcareous gastroliths prior to reuse.
ACCLIMATION TO TEMPERATURE IN THE MARINE COPEPOD, CALANUS FINMARCHICUS (GUNNER.)
Authors: Hahow K.
Published: March 2010

Acclimation of oxygen consumption to three experimental temperatures (4, 10, and 20°C) was studied in the pelagic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus (Gunner.). Oxygen consumption, when corrected for dry weight differences, reached minimal levels at the three temperatures after the unfed animals had been kept in the laboratory for periods up to three days. Those maintained at 4°C achieved their lowest rate in the shortest time.

Overshoot of oxygen uptake was demonstrated when copepods were exposed to sudden temperature change. Oxygen consumption fell to a steady rate 6–8 hr after an increase of 5°C.

Acclimated curves of respiration with superimposed acutely determined curves were constructed for Calanus collected in the spring and in the summer. From these curves it appears that the copepods do not acclimate to temperatures outside their seasonal temperature range but are able to compensate for temperature changes in the vicinity of the temperature of the water from which they are collected.
DIURNAL VARIATION IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY OF NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS
Authors: Lorenzen Carl J.
Published: March 2010

A study of fluctuations in potential photosynthesis in natural algal populations was undertaken at one geographical location over several months. The effect of seasons, i.e, daylength, proved to be the most significant factor modifying potential photosynthesis. Values of Pmax/Pmin, the daily range of fluctuation, varied from approximately 1 in December 1960 to a maximum of 9 during August 1961. Probable causes of the variation and its effect on productivity measurements are discussed.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MARINE WATERS.1 I. MACROMOLECULAR NATURE OF ANTISTAPI‐IYLOCOCCAL FACTOR
Authors: Saz Arthur K. , Watson Stanley , Brown Sarah R. , Lowery Dolores L.
Published: March 2010

Water from Vineyard Sound, Mass., has a rapid bactericidal activity against both penicillin‐sensitive and ‐resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus but under the conditions of these experiments, exhibits no anticoliform effect. It has been demonstrated that the active factor is a large, non‐dialyzable, autoclave‐labile molecule. The preponderance of gram‐negative bacteria in the sea is discussed in light of the above findings.
LIMNOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. IV. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL LIMNOLOGY OF RIVER AND CHUTE1
Authors: Dorris Troy C. , Copeland B. J. , Lauer Gerald J.
Published: March 2010

During the period November 1954 to January 1956 weekly determinations were made of various limnological factors in the Mississippi River and Cottonwood Chute near Quincy, Illinois. Information was obtained on temperature, ice cover, stream discharge, precipitation, current velocity, turbidity, color, alkalinity, pH, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total and suspended organic solids, photosynthetic productivity, and respiration. Stream discharge exerted an overriding influence on most factors. Periods of high stream discharge were generally accompanied by increased turbidity, carbon dioxide, and solids, by lowered and more uniform temperatures, and by decreased dissolved oxygen and photosynthetic productivity. Opposite effects were observed at periods of low stream discharge.
EFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITIES ON ZOOPLANKTON RESPIRATION RATES
Authors: Zeiss F. Ralph
Published: March 2010

Measurements of respiratory rates of two species of zooplankton were made under varying degrees of confinement simulating conditions imposed on the organisms by varying population densities and in experimental techniques for respiration measurement. It was found that when Daphnia is confined to a small space its respiratory rate is much increased, but that Calanus does not seem to have the same response to confinement.
TRACE ELEMENTS IN RECENT MOLLUSK SHELLS
Authors: Pikey Orrin H. , Goodell H. G.
Published: March 2010

Analyses were performed for iron, magnesium, manganese, strontium, barium, and mineralogy in the shells of 7 species of marine mollusks collected over much of their present‐day environmental range. Correlations between the shell composition and water temperature and salinity were determined. While a number of significant relationships were observed, these are generally too weak to be used for paleoecological determinations and are not consistent between species. Differences in salinity cause greater changes in shell composition than differences in temperature, but salinities above 25‰ do not greatly affect the shell composition.
IMPREGNATION OF GLASS SURFACE AGAINST SORPTION OF PHOSPIIATE TRACES
Authors: Hassenteufel W. , Jagitsch R. , Koczy F. F.
Published: March 2010

During work on the uptake of phosphate ions by clays and other minerals in sea water, using such low concentrations as between 30 and 2,000 mg P/m3, the phosphate adsorption on a variety of plastics and glass had to be examined. It was found that at the pH‐range between 7.5 and 8 a considerable uptake of phosphate ions takes place.

Phosphate adsorption on polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride was found to be about 3 times as high as the adsorption on glass under comparable experimental conditions. Even Teflon resin adsorbed phosphate ions, but apparently at a slower rate than glass and the plastics examined.

The impregnation of glass with Desicote was inefficient, but treatment of our glass equipment with 0.5 to 1% hydrofluoric acid either in 2 n hydrochloric acid or in distilled water finally prevented the uptake of any considerable amounts of phosphate. Prevention of adsorption of other anions by this treatment is likely.
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF THE SPEED OF PROPAGATION OF WIND WAVES AS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH1
Authors: Kutzbach John E. , Bryson Reid A.
Published: March 2010

By means of an example it is shown that cross‐spectral analysis may be used to obtain a direct empirical measurement of short wave velocity as a function of wavelength. The results indicate that the wave speeds obtained from the classical Stokes formula are too low, and that the theoretical results of Milne‐Thompson are in better accord with observation. It is also indicated that, in this empirical study and many others, the wave steepness is nearly independent of wavelength for the high frequency side of the wave spectrum.
VERTICAL MIGRATION OF THE OPOSSUM SHRIMP, NEOMYSIS AMERICANA SMITH1
Authors: Herman Sidney S.
Published: March 2010

Neomysis americana is rarely taken in a plankton net during the day, its normal habitat being on the bottom or immediately above it. N. americana undergoes a regular diurnal vertical migration which often includes a midnight sinking and a dawn rise. Fluctuations in the diurnal cycle are dependent upon the time of year and the number of hours the animals have spent in the dark. Light was found to be the most important single factor responsible for the migration. During their ascent, the mysids were located in areas of the water column where light intensities varied from 5 × 10‒1 to 1 × 10‒3 ft‐c; by the time morning surface light intensity values had reached 5 × 10‒1 ft‐c, the animals had descended to lower levels. Mature animals migrated only during the spawning season while immature and young forms migrated throughout most of the year. An increase in migrational tendencies was noted from August through January with the peak occurring in January.
LIGHT INJURY AND INHIBITION IN ANTARCTIC FRESHWATER PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Goldman Charles R. , Mason David T. , Wood Brian J. B.
Published: March 2010

Inhibition and injury of the photosynthetic mechanism resulting from high light intensities in the 24‐hr Antarctic summer daylight were studied using C14 in two small lakes on Cape Evans, Ross Island. The diel rates of carbon fixation were completely out of phase with light intensity, the effect being more pronounced at the surface than at depth. This inhibition could be quantitatively reduced by exposing the plankton to incident light passing a graded series of neutral density filters. A maximum rate was found at 20% of incident photosynthetic light at noon (0.10 langley/min), while photosynthetic efficiency in another experiment had decreased down to 0.06 langley/min close to the previous midnight. The effect of temperature increase upon the photosynthetic uptake in highly inhibited plankton was investigated, and a Q10 of about 7 determined. Benthic and noninhibited phytoplankton both had an average Q10 of about 2. A brief sunlight exposure of plankton kept in dim artificial light brought about a reversible depression of photosynthetic rate.

The ecological importance of these results to phytoplankton production under the severe Antarctic conditions is discussed.
THE CIRCULATION OF SURFACE WATERS IN RALEIGH BAY, NORTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Gray I. E. , Cerame‐Vivas M. J.
Published: March 2010

Returns from helicopter‐released drift bottles over Diamond Shoals, in April and August 1962, revealed a definite southwesterly coastal flow from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

Influenced by northeast winds the flow was more pronounced in late summer than in late spring, some of the bottles rounding Cape Lookout. Recovery of drift bottles from Onslow Bay and Bogue Sound strongly supports the theory that the temporary winter populations of distinctly northern species in the Beaufort, North Carolina, area become established from planktonic larvae that originated north of Cape Hatteras and were transported around the capes. A postulated circulation, involving the influences of Diamond and Lookout shoals, runoff, northeasterly and southwesterly winds, and back eddies from the Florida Current and from wind‐induced currents, is presented for Raleigh Bay.
THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED DARKNESS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, AND CHLOROPHYLL IN THE MARINE FLAGELLATE, DUNALIELLA EUCHLORA1
Authors: Yentsch Charles S. , Reichert Carol A.
Published: March 2010

After darkening Dunaliella cultures previously grown in continuous light, the capacity for oxygen evolution for one hr at light saturation increases as a function of time in darkness, reaching a maximum after 24 hr, and declining after 50 hr. Compensation occurs after 100 hrs. This pattern was observed whether nitrate‐ or ammonia—nitrogen was used in the culture medium.

Oxygen evolution per unit chlorophyll reaches a maximum after 24 hr of darkness. Approximately 3.5 times more oxygen per unit chlorophyll is produced by cultures supplied with nitrate than by those supplied with ammonia.

After 40 hr of darkness cultures show no signs of adaptation of photosynthesis to lower intensities. Attempts to reestablish growth after 100 hr failed.

The importance of those results in connection with changes in the daily photosynthetic capacity of natural populations is discussed.
DETAILED TEMPERATURE STRUCTURES OF THE SEA OFF BAJA CALIFORNIA
Authors: LaFond E. C.
Published: March 2010

Examples of the detailed temperature structure of the upper 245 m of the sea off Baja California provide clues to the dynamic processes occurring in the sea. The examples accurately portray the roughness of the thermocline, which always contains small high‐frequency internal waves. Some sections show a probable tidal effect on the thermocline. These examples also provide clues to the nature of thermal fronts and to relative flow between water of different levels.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANT PIGMENTS AND GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN SKELETONEMA COSTATUM
Authors: Cassie R. Morrison
Published: March 2010

In bacteria‐free cultures of Skeletonema costatum, in various physiological conditions, primary production was measured using the polarographic oxygen electrode. Gross production is related to plant‐pigment content by multiple regression analysis. A better estimate of production can be obtained by incorporating in the equation, in addition to chlorophyll a, one other pigment, either chlorophyll c or carotenoids, which may have either a positive or a negative partial regression coefficient. This relationship can be used to reduce the number of direct measurements of production required for a given level of accuracy, but, as it is not possible to obtain a universal equation for all circumstances, a new equation must be computed for each application.
HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN LAKE TANGANYIKA
Authors: Coulter G, W.
Published: March 2010

A review of the hydrology and an account of hydrological changes in the southeastern arm of Lake Tanganyika between July 1960 and January 1962 are given. Thermal stratification broke down here in July 1960 and 1961, and instability and vertical mixing persisted throughout each cool season until restratification in September. The distribution of dissolved oxygen in this period in 1961 indicated upwelling which, it is suggested, was caused by internal seiche movements. The effects of these movements may have been brought closer to the southern shore by a downward, northward tilt of the isotherms under strong southerly winds. A possible form of the seiche is discussed.

Phytoplankton is more abundant in the large bays than in the open lake. In 1960 and 1961, phytoplankton maxima caused by local overturn occurred from July to September, and secondary maxima occurred in November–December, caused either by a lifting of the thermocline or the effects of the first rains. Nitzschia spp. dominated the phytoplankton except in November–December, when Anabaena increased considerably. Some effects of hyrological changes and plankton periodicity on the biology of the important sardines and Lates spp. are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON BRYOZOAN ECOLOGY IN FARM PONDS
Authors: Dendy J. S.
Published: March 2010

Bryozoan colonies were common in farm ponds. Plumatella repens Linnaeus and P. casmiana Oka were dominant. Pectinatella magnifica Leidy occasionally became abundant. Plumatella developed branched colonies when protected from fish; unbranched colonies developed where they were exposed to bluegills. Numerous kinds of animals were associated with bryozoan colonies. Chironomid larvae were dominant cohabitants.
DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL ISOTOPES OF CARBON IN LINSLEY POND AND OTHER NEW ENGLAND LAKES1
Authors: Deevey Edward S. , Stuiver Minze
Published: March 2010

One product of lake metabolism, the CO2 that is produced anaerobically, is naturally labeled by its high C13 content, but in the presence of carbonates, even the modest amounts found in medium‐hard Linsley Pond, such enrichment is not distinctive. Groundwater near the lake is highly charged (175 ml/liter) with CO2; because its source includes ancient carbonate, it is naturally labeled as C14‐poor (Δ=‒87.5‰). Combining these data with estimates of surface inflow, outflow, and other gains and losses of water and carbon, we can account for the C14 deficiency observed in hypolimnetic water (Δ = ca. ‒100‰) by a groundwater contribution of the order of 1 liter/(m2 × day), perhaps less than 1% of the flow expected if the lake were not well insulated by a clay basin seal. Under ice, during the winter of 1961–62, C14 depletion of the deep water developed so rapidly as to suggest direct injection of groundwater and its accumulation by gravitational flow; however, groundwater carbon is ordinarily cycled metabolically, as shown by the fact that organic surface mud has an apparent age of ca. 1,000 years (δC14 = ‒133‰). Inadequate knowledge of the hydrology of Linsley Pond interferes with rigorous description of the carbon balance, as does recent strong but irregular contamination of air by artificial (hydrogen‐bomb) C14. By 1960, submerged pondweeds and surface waters of several lakes were enriched in artificial C14 by less than 5%, while water‐lily leaves, which use atmospheric rather than aquatic sources of carbon, were enriched by ca. 22%. Using the enrichment of Linsley Pond, 1.9% per year, as a tracer, we find the invasion of atmospheric CO2 to be slow, ca. 1.2 moles/(m2 × yr) [1.4 mg/(cm2 × yr)]. Contributions from groundwater and from air being small, and metabolism being an internal cycle that is nearly closed, the carbon balance of a small lake is seen as part of the hydrologic cycle and as dominated by bicarbonate in surface runoff.
INFLUENCE OF THE CAPE COD CANAL ON THE HYDROGRAPHY AND ON THE COPEPODS IN BUZZARDS BAY AND CAPE COD BAY, MASSACHUSETTS. I. HYDROGRAPHY AND DISTRIBUTION OF COPEPODS1
Authors: Anraku Masateru
Published: March 2010

Seventeen hydrographic (temperature and salinity) surveys and plankton collections were made from June 1959 to May 1961. In the summer, there is a thermocline in both Buzzards Bay and Cape Cod Bay, with complete mixing of the water in the canal itself. With a westerly tidal flow, the colder water of Cape Cod Bay enters the canal but scarcely penetrates as far as the northern end of Buzzards Bay. When the tide runs to the east, the warmer water from Buzzards Bay moves toward Cape Cod Bay but does not extend far out into it. In winter, horizontal and vertical temperature differences almost entirely disappear throughout the area. In general, a relatively high salinity is found in Cape Cod Bay and at the southern stations in Buzzards Bay, with less saline “canal” water separating them.

Calanus finmarchicus, an inhabitant of Cape Cod Bay, does not propagate in Buzzards Bay. Since this species is abundant between 4 and 9C and is scarce above 18 or below 3C, the high temperature in Buzzards Bay is presumably one of the important factors limiting its distribution. Temperatures above 20C appear to be harmful to Pseudocalanus minutus, since it disappears from the warm water of Buzzards Bay in summer. Likewise, Acartia clausi disappears completely from Buzzards Bay in summer and is scarce there in early fall, since temperatures above 18C are probably unfavorable. On the contrary, Labidocera aestiva is found abundantly only in Buzzards Bay at temperatures above 20C, but it is scarce at lower temperatures. Acartia tonsa occurs throughout the year in Buzzards Bay, but it is absent from Cape Cod Bay in winter. The temperature‐salinity characteristics indicate that temperatures of around 20C are more favorable to A. tonsa than are lower ones. Pseudodiaptomus coronatus is limited to the less saline “canal” water throughout the year. Hence, salinity may chiefly restrict its distribution. The length‐distribution analyses of A. tonsa and A. clausi suggest that both temperature and food supply are important in determining their size variations. Thus, temperature, salinity, and the amount of food available seem to be environmental factors important to the species selected for study. Laboratory experiments should clarify these relationships.
USE OF A HIGH‐FREQUENCY ECHO SOUNDER TO RECORD DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION OF CHAOBORUS LARVAE
Authors: Northcote T. G.
Published: March 2010

A 200‐kilocycle per second echo sounder is used to record presence of a marked scattering layer in a small eutrophic British Columbia lake. Evidence is presented that strongly suggests that Chaoborus larvae are largely responsible for this layer. Distribution and diel vertical migration of the layer in the lake is noted.
PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN LABORATORY STREAMS 1,2
Authors: Mclntire C. David , Garrison Robert L. , Phinney Harry K. , Warren Charles E.
Published: March 2010

Six laboratory streams are being used to study primary production and community respiration in simple communities under different environmental conditions. A photosynthesis‐respiration chamber has been developed to perform experiments relating primary production to different environmental conditions and to verify primary production measurements made directly in the laboratory streams or in natural streams.

Gross primary production in the six streams under 6,000 lux of illumination ranged from 2.4 to 4.7 g of oxygen per m2 per day. Community respiration ranged from 1.6 to 4.2 g of oxygen per m2 per day. The P/R ratios usually varied between 1.0 and 2.0. The relationship between illumination intensity and primary production was approximately linear between zero and 4,000 lux, and maximum photosynthetic rates were obtained at about 21,000 lux.
PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE INORGANIC NITROGEN CYCLE OF THE SEA 1
Authors: Hamilton R. D.
Published: March 2010

There appears to be some confusion in the literature as to the role photochemical processes play in the nitrogen cycle. An attempt has been made to reevaluate the problem with regard to the sea.

Test solutions of seawaters and distilled water enriched with nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia were exposed to sunlight while in open an while immersed the sea. In addition, experiments were carried out using a fixed‐wavelength ultraviolet source.

It is concluded that the photooxidation of ammonia is of no significance while the photoreduction of nitrate is of possible but doubtful significance. In general, it may be concluded that photochemical processes exert an extremely limited effect upon the nitrogen cycle of the sea.
FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS, LAGUNA BEACH OUTFALL AREA, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Bandy Orville L. , Ingle James C. , Resig Johanna M.
Published: March 2010

Foraminiferal trends in the area of the Laguna Beach sewer outfall include the following: total populations are five times as abundant at the outfall as elsewhere on the mainland shelf; total live populations are about twice as abundant at the outfall as elsewhere; planktonic specimens are about 50 times as abundant in sediments near the outfall as at similar depths along the mainland shelf; and a Buliminella elegantissima—Bolivina vaughani population describes an abundance aureole within 500 m of the outfall. Negative effects include a marked decline in species diversity at the outfall and a depression aureole formed by a decline of the Buccella frigida group in the living assemblage.
INFLUENCE OF THE CAPE COD CANAL ON THE HYDROGRAPHY AND ON THE COPEPODS IN BUZZARDS BAY AND CAPE COD BAY, MASSACHUSETTS. II. RESPIRATION AND FEEDING1
Authors: Anraku Masateru
Published: March 2010

Respiration and feeding experiments were carried out on Calanus finmarchicus, Pseudocalanus minutus, Labidocera aestiva, Acartia tonsa, and A. clausi. The relationship between metabolism‐temperature and the feeding‐temperature curves appears to be correlated with the distribution of these species in nature. There was apparently some seasonal adaptation, but the high metabolic rate of some species in spring could not be attributed to temperature alone.

Tests on Calanus finmarchicus and Centropages hamatus indicated that salinity may also become a limiting factor in the distribution of copepods.

The amount of organic matter consumed is much larger than that calculated from respiratory rates. The assimilation of the food consumed thus seems to be quite low, perhaps as low as 10% or even less.
DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE BY ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA OBTAINED FROM ALLOMYCES MACROGYNUS1,2
Authors: Hill Eddie P. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: March 2010

Isolated mitochondria were tested for their capacity to dehydrogenate various intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in an optical pressure cell. It was found that during the time of pressurization at room temperature (ca. 26.5C) each of the intermediates (alpha‐ketoglutarate, succinate, oxalosuccinate, and isocitrate) was affected differently by the application of pressure. No activity could be demonstrated at 1,000 atm when alphaketoglutarate or isocitrate was employed. In all cases, increased hydrostatic pressure brought about a decrease in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. From the data presented, it is postulated that one of the mechanisms that brings about the expiration of Allomyces macrogynus at pressures of 600 atm or more is the interruption of its energy‐yielding mechanism in terms of the operation of the TCA cycle.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EUTROPHICATION OF LAKE ERIE FROM PHYTOPLANKTON RECORDS
Authors: Davis Charles C.
Published: March 2010

The Division Avenue Filtration Plant of the Cleveland Division of Water and Heat has undertaken almost daily phytoplankton counts of water samples from Lake Erie since 1919. Data exist for 25 full years and for 7 additional partial years between 1919 and 1963. There has been a consistent increase in the average quantity of phytoplankton. The vernal and autumnal phytoplankton maxima have consistently become more intense and have lasted longer. The periods of minimun phytoplankton development in winter and summer have become shorter and less well marked, until the winter minimum failed to develop at all in some of the latest years. Certain marked qualitative changes also have occurred. These effects are thought to have been caused by an increasingly rapid eutrophication of the water in Lake Erie.
THE ACCUMULATION OF RADIONUCLIDES BY THE THORNBACK RAY, RAIA CLAVATA L., IN THE IRISH SEA
Authors: Mauchline John , Taylor Angela M
Published: March 2010

A study of the levels of radionuclides accumulated by the thornback ray, Raia clavata, a nonmigratory species, has been made in the Irish Sea, where these fish have been living most of their lives in an environment contaminated with the fission products Ru106, Ce144, Cs137, and Sr90. The relative importance of the different radionuclides as contaminants of fish tissues and the importance of determining whether a steady‐state system exists in a marine area receiving radioactive wastes arc discussed.
WATER POLLUTION BY INSECTICIDES IN AN AGRICULTURAL RIVER .BASIN. I. OCCURRENCE OF INSECTICIDES IN RIVER AND TREATED MUNICIPAL WATER
Authors: Nicholson H. Page , Grzenda Alfred R. , Lauer Gerald J. , Cox William S. , Teasley John I.
Published: March 2010

Insecticide contamination was studied in a stream from the summer of 1959 through the winter of 1962–63. The stream drains a 400‐square‐mile (1,036‐km2) watershed in northern Alabama, in which approximately 15,000 acres (6,070 ha) of cotton are cultivated annually. Estimates of insecticide usage on cotton varied from 58,000 lb technical (26.3 metric tons) in 1960 to 139,000 lb (63.0 metric tons) in 1962. Toxaphene, DDT, and BHC (benzene hexachloride) comprised over 90% of the insecticides used.

Water was sampled by the carbon adsorption method at a municipal water treatment plant. The data are reported as concentrations of insecticide recovered.

DDT was never detected, but toxaphene and BHC were detected in all samples. Toxaphene ranged from 7 to 410 parts per trillion (ppt), and BHC from 7 ppt to 1.0 part per billion (ppb). Samples of treated and untreated water showed that the purification process failed to remove toxaphene and BIIC. Samples taken in the summer of 1960 from the stream system indicated the same order of contamination observed at the water treatment plant. The data suggest that soil‐persistent insecticides in the stream are related to levels of usage and to the solubility of the compounds.
A DESCRIPTION OF A DISCRETE DEPTH PLANKTON SAMPLER WITH SOME NOTES ON THE TOWING BEHAVIOR OF A B‐FOOT ISAACS‐KIDD MID‐WATER TRAWL AND A ONE‐METER RING NET
Authors: Aron William , Raxter Newell , Noel Roy , Andrews William
Published: March 2010

This paper describes an electrically operated sampling system developed for capturing pelagic animals at a known depth while also providing a continuous shipboard record of the depth of the net and the temperature of the water being sampled. It includes data on the towing behavior of a 6‐ft Isaacs‐Kidd mid‐water trawl and a 1‐m ring net that were obtained with the new sampler.
STUDIES ON THE MASS CULTURE OF PHAEODACTYLUM. IV. PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN OUTDOOR MASS CULTURE
Authors: Ansell Alan D. , Coughlan J. , Lander K. F. , Loosmore F. A.
Published: March 2010

Estimates of the organic production by mass cultures of Phaeodactylum grown in outdoor tanks have been made from changes in the packed volume of the cells in culture, from oxygen bottle experiments, from change in the inorganic phosphate content of the medium, and by harvesting the cells. The results confirm the validity of comparisons upon which production estimates in earlier series of experiments were based. Harvested cells have been analyzed and the bulk constituents found not to vary greatly in spite of variation in the growth rate and in size of cell. Phosphorus balances made at the beginning and end of each period of culture show that the efficiency of incorporation of added nutrients into the cell is high.
A MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR VITAMIN B12 IN SEAWATER USING RADIOCARBON1
Authors: Gold Kenneth
Published: March 2010

A new method for assaying vitamin B12 in seawater using the marine diatom Cyclotella nana Hustedt is described. The criterion of response to variations in B12 concentration was C14 assimilation (added as Na2C14O3) after 24‐hr exposure to the vitamin. C14 assimilation was proportional to the B12 content of the medium in an ecologically useful range (0.1–6 µµg B12/ml) .
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ESTUARINE ZOOPLANKTON1
Authors: Jeffries Harry P.
Published: March 2010

The seasonal cycle of zooplankton in Raritan Bay, New Jersey, was compared with Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and the York River, Virginia, to determine the effects of local conditions on latitudinal gradients in species distributions. The dominant copepods in each estuary, Acartia clausi and A. tonsa, alternated cycles of abundance in a similar and predictable manner, and the distribution of Eurytemora spp. reflected the salinity distribution in several embayments. Relative proportions of the major groups comprising the temporary plankton differed significantly between estuaries. Paucity of lamellibranch larvae in the Raritan system probably resulted from organic debris in the water column, whereas the importance of Balanus nauplii in the York River appeared to be the expression of a natural zoogeographie pattern.

Local irregularities were noticed in Raritan Bay when A. tonsa disappeared during summer. This highly abnormal situation paralleled drastic fluctuations in the phytoplankton. Lamellibranch veligers and Balanus nauplii increased in numbers where pollution had been reduced. Plant nutrients arising from discharged wastes and land runoff produced fertile conditions for an extremely dense and persistent spring bloom of phytoplankton. The overabundance of food or associated factors may have been responsible for delayed reproduction by Balanus and polychaetes.
THE LIMNOLOGY, PRIMARY PRODUCTION, AND FISH PRODUCTION IN A TROPICAL POND
Authors: Sreenivasan A.
Published: March 2010

The productivity of a small tropical temple pond was studied by the light‐and‐dark bottle method and by following the natural changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen. Production varied from 6.0 g C/m2 per day in December 1962 to 11.0 g C/m2 per day in June 1962. The apparent photosynthetic yields were usually greater when the carbon dioxide and oxygen changes in natural waters were used to calculate production. A daytime reduction in methyl orange alkalinity in upper strata and an increase in phenolphthalein alkalinity, attributed to precipitation of carbonate, were significant features of this shallow eutrophic biotope. The dominant plankton community in this pond was of bluegreen algae. Growth of fish was found to be good. There was a conversion of 1.65% of the primary production to fish.
THE HYDROGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTS OF THE GULF OF VENEZUELA1
Authors: Zeigler John M.
Published: March 2010

It is the object of this paper to examine the sediments of the Gulf of Venezuela and to relate them to the hydrography. The hydrography is, therefore, described in some detail. New data support the general conclusions of Redfield (1955) that the Gulf of Venezuela and Calabozo Bay operate as two estuarine cells driven by the trade winds and by outflow from Lake Maracaibo. New data also show that water enters the Outer Gulf from thc northwest and flows at mid‐depths towards the southeast in response to upwell

ing taking place off the coast of Paraguaná. Sediment parameters that reflect circulation best are shells of pelagic foraminifera, sand distribution, and silt clay distribution. Of unknown importance is the distribution of resistant fecal pellets and the distribution of carbonate (shell material). The distribution of foraminifera indicated that water does not enter Calabozo Bay over the central part of the sill but rather along both coasts. The silt clay distribution reflects an outflow of water from Calabozo Bay into the Outer Gulf over the sill, a flow that had been first seen in the hydrographic stations.

Rainfall data showed the great dependence of water character in the Gulf of Venezuela on rainfall and outflow from Lake Maracaibo. Hydrographic stations made in 1958 following a protracted dry period showed differences in salinity of 1–3‰ between stations occupied in 1954 that were taken following 2 months of heavy rainfall.
COMMUNITY METABOLISM IN ECOSYSTEMS RECEIVING OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS1
Authors: Copeland B. J. , Dorris Troy C.
Published: March 2010

The diurnal curve method was used to investigate community metabolism in two oil refinery effluent holding pond systems. Photosynthetic productivity and community respiration, addition of oxygen from the atmosphere, and the effects of light and temperature were studied. Average community respiration was highest in late fall and lowest in early spring. Photosynthetic productivity was higher in spring and fall than in summer and lowest in winter. There was no photosynthetic productivity at Refinery A during winter. Community metabolism in the holding ponds was higher than in most natural communities and lower than in sewage oxidation ponds. Diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere was a major contributor of oxygen to the system during winter and in the first few ponds of the series. Efficiency of the algae in converting solar energy to chemical energy was greatest during fall and spring, when sunlight was more nearly optimal, and lowest in winter, when sunlight was below optimal. Algae in oil refinery effluent are less efficient than algae in sewage communities or natural climax communities. The direct effect of temperature on the bioactivity of the oil refinery effluent community was small. The community was moving toward a production/respiration (P/R) ratio of about unity at the end of holding time.
PONTELLID COPEPOD OCCURRENCE IN THE CENTRAL SOUTH PACIFIC
Authors: Sherman Kenneth
Published: March 2010

The distribution of pontellid copepods collected in the central South Pacific from January to April 1962 was examined for associations with hydrographic features, particularly water temperature and salinity. Of the 15 species of adult forms collected, 5 were found in all but one case within 40 km of islands and are considered to be associated with neritic waters. These were Labidocera acuta, L. bataviae, L. pavo, Pontella denticauda, and Pontellopsis macronyx. Five other species, Pontella princeps, P. tenuiremis, P. securifer, Pontellopsis armata, and P. regalis, revealed no association with temperature or salinity within the range of values encountered for those properties, but occurred throughout the area surveyed. Pontellina plumata appeared to be affected by temperature changes, favoring waters warmer than 26.0C. Of the remaining four species, the numbers of Labidocera acutitrons, L. detruncata, and Pontellopsis villosa, were reduced where the salinity was less than 34.5‰, while Pontella fera was found to he numerous in waters with salinity lower than 34.5‰.
SOME QUANTITATIVE COMPARISONS OF OFFSHORE MEIOBENTHOS AND MACROBENTHOS SOUTH OF MARTHA'S VINEYARD
Authors: Wigley Roland L. , McIntyre A.D.
Published: March 2010

Quantitative samples were taken from the offshore area south of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, in June 1962, to compare the macrobenthos with the meiobenthos. Macrobenthos infauna ranged from 700 to 5,500 individuals per m2 and (excluding individuals larger than 5 g) from 21 to 82 g/m2. The principal taxonomic groups were Crustacca, Mollusca, echinodermata, and polychaeta. meiobenthos ranged from 117,000 to 988,000/m3 in number of individuals and from 0.6 to 4.6 g/m2 in weight. Major taxonomic groups were Nematoda, by far the most numerous component, Polychaeta, kinorhyncha, and foraminifera. Meiobenthos populations in offshore areas are shown to be at least as rich as those previously known from shallow coastal waters. Numbers and weight of both macrobenthos and meiobenthos were lowest in deep water and highest at shallow or mid‐depths. Meiobenthos was most plentiful on sandy sediments, and, although this applied to numbers of macrobenthos, the weight of the latter was generally highest on fine or moderately fine sediments. The ratio of macro‐ to meiobenthos over all samples was numerically 1 : 70 and by weight 24 : 1. These ratios were remarkably consistent from station to station in spite of variations in faunal components and the environment.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BIOLUMINESCENCE IN THE EUPHOTIC ZONE1
Authors: Yentsch C. S. , Backus R. H. , Wing Asa
Published: March 2010

Throughout the diurnal cycle, no obvious relationship exists between the vertical distribution of bioluminescence and phytoplankton parameters in the euphotic zone. Instead, bioluminescence is closely related to ambient light. The principal external “light factors” that influence the amount of bioluminescence from dinoflagellates are photoinhibition and photoenhancement. Consideration of only these two factors accurately predicts the vertical distribution of bioluminescence during daylight and in darkness.
NITROGEN FIXATION IN TWO WISCONSIN LAKES1
Authors: Goming John J. , Neess John C.
Published: March 2010

Rates of biological nitrogen fixation in two Wisconsin lakes arc given. In Lake Wingra, fixation continues at moderate rates throughout much of the ice‐free season. In Lake Mendota, the rate is normally zero throughout the ice‐free season, but occasional, sometimes high, rates are observed. Auxiliary experiments on the effects of incubation time, added glucose, added combined nitrogen, light intensity, and temperature on nitrogen fixation in lake water are discussed. The effect of incubation time on the rate of fixation varies from time to time. Glucose had no consistent effect on nitrogen fixation in the dark, although stimulation was observed in some experiments. In the light, glucose appeared to inhibit fixation. The effects of added ammonia and nitrate were inconsistent. At times, various added concentrations, particularly of ammonia, increased rates of nitrogen fixation. Rates of nitrogen fixation varied with light intensity. The rate increased to a maximum at 3,750 lux, then declined as the intensity increased further. Rates of nitrogen fixation increased at a constant rate with temperature in the range 16–30C.