bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light‐Assisted Semi‐Hydrogenation of 1,3‐Butadiene with Water
Authors: Wei Qi‐Chen , Chen Ya , Wang Zhao , Yu Da‐Zhuang , Wang Wei‐Hao , Li Jian‐Quan , Chen Li‐Hua , Li Yu , Su Bao‐Lian
Published: August 2022

Sustainable processes for semi‐hydrogenation of alkynes/alkadienes impurities in alkenes feedstocks are in great demand in industry as the utilization of excessive hydrogen, high temperature and unsatisfactory alkenes selectivity of the current thermo‐catalytic route, however, their development is still challenging. Herein, we innovate a light‐assisted semi‐hydrogenation process in gas‐feed fixed bed reactor, with water as hydrogen atom source by in situ photocatalysis. Using Pd/TiO2 as model catalyst, this process shows an excellent catalytic performance for the semi‐hydrogenation of 1,3‐butadiene, with 100 % of butenes selectivity at ≈99 % of conversion over 180 h of reaction at ambient temperature driven by 66 mW cm−2 of irradiation intensity. This light‐driven, H2‐free, ambient temperature semi‐hydrogenation process, with superior performance to that of thermocatalytic route, shows attractive to bring an evolution in industrial hydrogenation technology to an economical and safe way.
An Intelligent Nanomachine Guided by DNAzyme Logic System for Precise Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wang Zhao , Yang Jie , Qin Geng , Zhao Chuanqi , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: August 2022

The intelligent nanomachine usually has a control center to carry out self‐regulation. Unfortunately, most of the nanomaterials for chemodynamic therapy (CDT) do not have such a control center to sense and process the chemical or biological signals, which greatly weakens the selectivity and efficiency of CDT. To address this problem, here an intelligent nanomachine was constructed with a DNAzyme logic gate as the control center, and metal organic framework as the actuator. The well‐designed nanomachine showed an enhanced killing effect on cancer cells but posed no harm to normal cells, acquiring better selectivity than clinical chemotherapy drugs (doxorubicin and cisplatin). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported cell‐specific CDT by the guidance of DNAzyme logic gate. Our work highlights the great potential of DNAzymes in intelligent response networks, and extends the implementation of nanomachines in precision medicine.
Generating High‐valent Iron‐oxo ≡FeIV=O Complexes in Neutral Microenvironments through Peroxymonosulfate Activation by Zn−Fe Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Bao Yan , Lian Cheng , Huang Kai , Yu Haoran , Liu Wenyuan , Zhang Jinlong , Xing Mingyang
Published: August 2022

The universal limit on the pH conditions is disturbing peroxymonosulfate (PMS)‐triggered high‐valent iron‐oxo systems in environmental applications. Here, we propose for the first time the construction of a neutral microenvironment on the surface of Zn−Fe layered double hydroxide (ZnFe‐LDH) by using the amphoteric properties of zinc hydroxide, which continuously generates ≡FeIV=O over a wide pH range of 3.0–11.0 in activating PMS. The ≡Zn(OH)2 moiety offers a neutral microenvironment at the phase interface, which mitigates the self‐decomposition of ≡FeIV=O by protons and the hydrolysis reaction of iron by hydroxyl groups, which is supported by the Mossbauer spectra, density functional theory calculations and designed experiments. Consequently, ZnFe‐LDH/PMS can satisfy the stability in long‐term experiments, selectivity under conditions with high salinity or natural organic matter and efficient treatment of actual wastewater.
Selective CO2Electroreduction to Ethanol over a Carbon‐Coated CuOxCatalyst
Authors: Zang Yipeng , Liu Tianfu , Wei Pengfei , Li Hefei , Wang Qi , Wang Guoxiong , Bao Xinhe
Published: August 2022

The design of efficient copper(Cu)‐based catalysts is critical for CO2electroreduction into multiple carbon products. However, most Cu‐based catalysts are favorable for ethylene production while selective production of ethanol with high Faradaic efficiency and current density still remains a great challenge. Herein, we design a carbon‐coated CuOx(CuOx@C) catalyst through one‐pot pyrolysis of Cu‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF), which exhibits high selectivity for CO2electroreduction to ethanol with Faradaic efficiency of 46 %. Impressively, the partial current density of ethanol reaches 166 mA cm−2, which is higher than that of most reported catalysts. Operando Raman spectra indicate that the carbon coating can efficiently stabilize Cu+species under CO2electroreduction conditions, which promotes the C−C coupling step. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the carbon layer can tune the key intermediate *HOCCH goes the hydrogenation pathway toward ethanol production.
Recent decrease in inner‐core rain rate of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific
Authors: Wei Na , Song Jinjie , Dai Yifei , Jiang Sulin , Duan Yihong
Published: August 2022

The tendency in tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall is of great concern due to its remarkable contribution to global precipitation and extreme rainfall events. This study finds a decreasing trend in TC inner‐core rain rate over the western North Pacific (WNP) from 1998 to 2019. This basinwide trend is mainly induced by the decreasing TC inner‐core rain rates over the region west of 150°E, while it is seldom linked to the changes in the distribution of TC occurrence. The maximum decreases in TC inner‐core rain rate are observed over the offshore areas along the coastlines of East Asia. Further analysis reveals that the change in atmospheric stability, referred to as a dominant environmental contributor to basinwide TC inner‐core rain rate decreases shown in previous studies, only has a primary impact over the northern South China Sea. By comparison, there is a positive correlation between the variations of the aerosol optical depth and TC inner‐core rain rate over the mid‐latitude regions extending from the East China Sea to Japan. Our result highlights the linkage of the recent decreasing trends in aerosol optical depth and TC inner‐core rain rate over the WNP.
Examination of pubertal timing and tempo in females and males with autism spectrum disorder compared to typically developing youth
Authors: Corbett Blythe A. , Muscatello Rachael A. , Kim Ahra , Vandekar Simon , Duffus Sara , Sparks Sloane , Tanguturi Yasas
Published: August 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social communication and poor adaptation to change; thus, pubertal development may be precarious. Pubertal timing and tempo were measured in 244 youth (7.9% Black, 83.3% White, and 8.7% multiracial) with ASD (N = 140) and typical development (N = 104). Pubertal development was measured using Tanner staging of Genital (G, males), Breast (B, females), and pubic hair (PH) in both sexes at Year 1 (10–13 years), Year 2 (11–14 years), and Year 3 (12–15 years). Nonlinear mixed effects models analyzed interindividual differences in timing and tempo. For both sexes, ASD and higher body mass index were associated with earlier pubertal timing. Males generally exhibited faster tempo than females. Linear regression models did not show associations between pubertal timing and internalizing symptoms at time three. Findings showing advanced pubertal maturation in ASD youth suggest greater risk of psychological, social, and physiological challenges.

Lay Summary

Youth with ASD have difficulty in social communication and adaption to change, thus puberty may be a challenging transition. The study examined onset (timing) and progression (tempo) of puberty over three years, using physical exam, in 244 adolescents with and without ASD, enrolled at ages 10–13. ASD youth started puberty earlier, while males generally progressed at a faster pace. Further examination of puberty in ASD should identify impact on social, behavioral, and mental health outcomes.
Production of mesoporous carbon nitrides and their photocatalytic properties for degradation of organic pollutants
Authors: Lee Suyeon , Shin Eun Young , Jang Dawoon , Choi Seungjoo , Park Hyeju , Kim Jeongho , Park Sungjin
Published: August 2022

Degradation of organic pollutants is an important research area to solve environmental issues. Metal‐free carbon nitride (C3N4) materials have a great potential as cost‐effective and environment‐friendly photocatalysts for this purpose. Herein, we develop a route to produce mesoporous C3N4 materials and investigate their photocatalytic performance for degrading rhodamine B (RhB). The mesoporous materials are generated through the self‐assembly of melamine and cyanuric acid during high‐temperature pyrolysis. The materials show excellent photocatalytic activities for RhB degradation under the irradiation of visible light. They possess higher surface areas, better adsorption ability of visible light and longer lifetimes of the photoexcited electrons than common C3N4 sample. These aspects are the reasons for the excellent photocatalytic performance.
Supported Iridium‐based Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts ‐ Recent Developments
Authors: Moriau Leonard , Smiljanić Milutin , Lončar Anja , Hodnik Nejc
Published: August 2022

The commercialization of acidic proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE) is heavily hindered by the price and scarcity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst, i. e. iridium and its oxides. One of the solutions to enhance the utilization of this precious metal is to use a support to distribute well dispersed Ir nanoparticles. In addition, adequately chosen support can also impact the activity and stability of the catalyst. However, not many materials can sustain the oxidative and acidic conditions of OER in PEMWE. Hereby, we critically and extensively review the different materials proposed as possible supports for OER in acidic media and the effect they have on iridium performances.
Estimating Time since Deposition of Bloodstains by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Tian Lu , Chen Hongyu , Ma Rongliang , Zhang Meiqin
Published: August 2022

A novel strategy has been developed for determining the time since deposition (TSD) of bloodstains on poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) membrane using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in the surface interrogation mode. In this approach, the estimation of elapsed time was based on the changes of tip current depending on the reaction between the tip‐generated reductant [Ru(NH3)6]2+ and hemichrome (HC) formed during bloodstain aging. Lateral scanning results of bloodstains with two timelines (4.5‐61 h and 2–144 h) were analyzed to establish a current‐TSD aging fitting curve for providing quantitative predictions. The results indicate a high correlation between tip current and TSD of a bloodstain. Finally, this method was effectively expanded to differentiate blood fingermarks (BFMs) between 3.5+1.5 h and 75.5+1.5 h, which was very helpful to establish the relevant association of multiple bloodstains. It shows the great promise for practical use in the dating of BFMs or bloodstains.
The impact of commercially available microbial inoculants on bermudagrass establishment, aesthetics, and function
Authors: Bolton Connor , Cabrera Miguel L. , Habteselassie Mussie , Poston Daniel , Henry Gerald Matthew
Published: August 2022

The production and application of fertilizers are not only costly but can be harmful to the environment if misapplied; therefore, sustainability research has aimed to investigate alternatives to traditional nitrogen fertilizer applications. Biostimulants, including microbial inoculants, have been touted to enhance plant nutrition, growth, and stress tolerance, but research on warm‐season turfgrass is limited. Therefore, the objective of our research was to compare the establishment, quality, and function of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) in response to commercially available microbial inoculants (Klebsiella variicola, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, and Azospirillum brasilense) in field and controlled environment experiments. Microbial inoculant applications in the field did not consistently increase the normalized vegetation difference index, turfgrass color, or turfgrass quality of hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy] compared with the nontreated check. However, although the difference was not always significant, inoculated hybrid bermudagrass often exhibited higher carbon efflux measurements than the nontreated check, but the results were inoculant‐specific. No microbial inoculant resulted in greater common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] root or shoot production in the greenhouse. Perennial cropping systems such as turfgrass may create greater challenges for microbial inoculant use and performance because of the presence of endemic microbial populations that are already adapted to survive and proliferate in turfgrass environments. Consequently, future research should examine inoculation frequency, soil and plant persistence, and the use of microbial blends to determine best management practices leading to the greatest opportunity for colonization and subsequent turfgrass benefits.
The Alkynylative Difunctionalization of Alkenes
Authors: Huang Jie , Chen Zhi‐Min
Published: August 2022

Given alkynyl group is an important functional unit, a variety of efficient methods have been developed to construct alkynyl‐containing compounds. Among them, the alkynylative difunctionalization of alkenes is one of the most straightforward and efficient strategies for preparing these compounds and so has made great progress in recent years, including the catalytic asymmetric manner. However, there is no comprehensive review to summarize these studies. This review is aimed at comprehensively summarizing the alkynylative difunctionalization of alkenes, which is presented in terms of alkynylation‐initiated and alkynylation‐terminated difunctionalizations of alkenes. We hope that this review will help to encourage more researchers to further explore in this field.
Macroscopic Polarization Change of Mononuclear Valence Tautomeric Cobalt Complexes Through the Use of Enantiopure Ligand
Authors: Cheng Feng , Wu Shuqi , Zheng Wenwei , Su Shengqun , Nakanishi Takumi , Xu Wenhuang , Sadhukhan Pritam , Sejima Hibiki , Ikenaga Shimon , Yamamoto Kaoru , Gao Kaige , Kanegawa Shinji , Sato Osamu
Published: August 2022

The crystallization of a complex having electron transfer properties in a polar space group can induce the polarization switching of a crystal in a specific direction, which is attractive for the development of sensors, memory devices, and capacitors. Unfortunately, the probability of crystallization in a polar space group is usually low. Noticing that enantiopure compounds crystallize in Sohncke space groups, this paper reports a strategy for the molecular design of non‐ferroelectric polarization switching crystals based on the use of intramolecular electron transfer and chirality. In addition, this paper describes the synthesis of a mononuclear valence tautomeric (VT) cobalt complex bearing an enantiopure ligand. The introduction of enantiomer enables the crystallization of the complex in the polar space group (P21). The polarization of the crystals along theb‐axis direction is not canceled out and the VT transition is accompanied by a change in the macroscopic polarization of the polar crystal. Polarization switching via electron transfer is realized at around room temperature.
Discovery of Novel Long‐Chain Alkenyl Diacid Derivatives as ACLY Inhibitors
Authors: Song Gao‐Lei , Cao Lei , Zhang Mei , Yang Yu‐Rou , Ma Jie , Xie Zhi‐Fu , Li Jing‐Ya , Nan Fa‐Jun
Published: August 2022

Comprehensive Summary

ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) synthesizes cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl‐CoA), an essential biosynthetic precursor for lipid synthesis and the acetyl donor required for protein acetylation. The aberrant expression and activity of ACLY has been documented in multiple human cancers. ETC‐1002 is an indirect ACLY inhibitor, and it has recently been approved by the FDA as an additional therapeutic option in high‐risk hypercholesterolemia patients unable to meet goals with standard therapy. In this work, we identified a series of novel long‐chain alkenyl diacids as potent direct ACLY inhibitors, and comprehensive structure‐activity relationship analysis showed that compound 18f was the most potent ACLY inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.5 μmol/L. Subsequent ester formation of 18f gave a new series of compounds such as 25f that maintained ACLY inhibitory activity and improved antitumor cell proliferation effects.
Multi‐objectivetask scheduling in fog computing using improved gaining sharing knowledge based algorithm
Authors: Navaneetha Krishnan Malathy , Thiyagarajan Revathi
Published: August 2022

In the modern Internet of Things (IoT) era, several applications generate a vast amount of data and that needs to be handled appropriately. The conventional cloud computing system delivers us with enormous resources to manage such voluminous data. Despite that, the growing demands of IoT applications on minimal energy consumption, minimal latency, the privacy of data, data processing based on location, and maximum Quality of Service(QoS) impels the advent of fog computing. As the devices in the fog layer are heterogeneous, distributed, and resource‐constrained, how the fog resources are effectively utilized for executing latency and time‐sensitive applications is a primary challenge. The data generated by the IoT devices are voluminous and produce overhead in network bandwidth during transmission and slow down the response time. This article addresses the task scheduling problem in fog computing to minimize the makespan and energy consumption. The proposed work consists of two phases. In the first phase, the tasks are ordered based on the heuristic method, heterogeneous earliest finish time (HEFT). Then the ordered tasks are scheduled by applying the improved gaining sharing knowledge (IGSK) based algorithm. To reduce the energy consumption dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS) is applied in the proposed scheme. To evaluate the proposed scheduling method the simulations are performed on different workflows with varying sizes. The performance evaluation results exhibit that the proposed work outperforms the task scheduling with similar methods in terms of makespan and energy consumption.
Is a sense of coherence associated with prolonged grief, depression, and satisfaction with life after bereavement? A longitudinal study
Authors: Boelen Paul A. , O'Connor Maja
Published: August 2022

There is growing interest in psychological factors maintaining healthy functioning following adverse events. One such variable is a sense of coherence (SOC), an orientation to life comprising manageability, comprehensibility, and meaningfulness. Little research has examined the role of SOC in adjustment to bereavement. The present longitudinal study examined the role of SOC in recovery from loss, in a Danish sample (N = 221) of elderly spousally bereaved people. The aim was twofold. First, we aimed to establish the optimal measurement model of SOC, evaluating the fit of different factor solutions for the 29‐item SOC‐29 scale and 13‐item SOC‐13 scale, using confirmatory factor analysis. Second, we sought to examine associations of emerging SOC factors with symptoms levels of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and depression, and with satisfaction with life, assessed concurrently (at 6 months post‐loss) and at two consecutive time points, 13 and 18 months post‐loss. Results showed that the three‐factor model of the SOC‐13 (with distinct manageability, comprehensibility, and meaningfulness factors) provided a good fit to our data. With respect to our second aim, analyses showed that the three SOC factors were associated with concurrently assessed PGD, depression, and satisfaction with life. In the analyses predicting outcomes at Wave 2 and Wave 3, meaningfulness (but not manageability and comprehensibility) predicted some of the outcomes, above and beyond baseline scores of the outcomes. Findings suggest that meaningfulness may increase healthy and attenuate unhealthy responses to loss. Helping bereaved people to experience life's demands as worthy of investment and engagement is likely an important target for bereavement care.
Diversity‐Oriented Metal‐Free Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles Using Atropaldehyde Acetals as a Dual C3/C2‐Synthon
Authors: Chen Shaomin , You Bo , Zhang Tianjian , Li Minghao , Gu Yanlong
Published: August 2022

A highly efficient and elegant diversity‐oriented reaction paradigm employing atropaldehyde acetals as new dual C2/C3 synthons was developed under metal‐free conditions using glycine esters as the counterpart reagents, which allowed rapid synthesis of two important nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolines and 3,5‐diarylpyridines. The divergent products are subtly controlled by the manipulation of the substitutional groups of glycine esters. When a N‐arylglycine ester was used, pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolines can be formed through cascade oxidative C−C cleavage/multiple cyclization. Instead, N‐benzylglycine ester as the counter‐reagent led to the synthesis of 3,5‐diarylpyridines via two key C−N cleavages. Mild conditions, broad substrate scope, scalability and environmentally acceptable organic solvents rendered this method practical and attractive.
Resource requirements for ecosystem conservation: A combined industrial and natural ecology approach to quantifying natural capital use in nature
Authors: Mason Adam R. , Gathorne‐Hardy Alfred , White Chris , Plancherel Yves , Woods Jem , Myers Rupert J.
Published: August 2022

Socioeconomic demand for natural capital is causing catastrophic losses of biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, most notably in regions where socioeconomic‐and eco‐systems compete for natural capital, e.g., energy (animal or plant matter). However, a poor quantitative understanding of what natural capital is needed to support biodiversity in ecosystems, while at the same time satisfy human development needs—those associated with human development within socioeconomic systems—undermines our ability to sustainably manage global stocks of natural capital. Here we describe a novel concept and accompanying methodology (relating the adult body mass of terrestrial species to their requirements for land area, water, and energy) to quantify the natural capital needed to support terrestrial species within ecosystems, analogous to how natural capital use by humans is quantified in a socioeconomic context. We apply this methodology to quantify the amount of natural capital needed to support species observed using a specific surveyed site in Scotland. We find that the site can support a larger assemblage of species than those observed using the site; a primary aim of the rewilding project taking place there. This method conceptualises, for the first time, a comprehensive “dual‐system” approach: modelling natural capital use in socioeconomic‐and eco‐systems simultaneously. It can facilitate the management of natural capital at the global scale, and in both the conservation and creation (e.g., rewilding) of biodiversity within managed ecosystems, representing an advancement in determining what socioeconomic trade‐offs are needed to achieve contemporary conservation targets alongside ongoing human development.
Synthesis of Open‐Cage Fullerenes Containing a H‐Bond between the Encapsulated Water Molecule and the Amide Moiety on the Rim of the Orifice
Authors: Liu Zhen , Gao Rui , Liu Zeyu , Fei Han Hong , Su Jie , Jin Peng , Gan Liangbing
Published: August 2022

Further hydrolysis of an open‐cage fullerene derivative with an epoxy moiety on the rim of the orifice led to the formation of a new open‐cage fullerene with a 17‐membered orifice and an amide group directly above the orifice. The water encapsulation ratio in the new open‐cage compound reached 100 % as a result of heating with water at 80 °C. The amide group above the orifice completely blocks the opening and forms H‐bond with the trapped water molecule. Single crystal X‐ray structure shows that the bond length between the trapped water oxygen and the amide oxygen is 2.859 Å. The H‐bond energy is about −3.83 kcal/mol as shown by theoretical calculation.
Is the (traditional) college worth it?
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: August 2022

Before answering this question, we should ask what is education for and what does it mean to be educated? Is it to get a well‐paying job after graduation? Is it to leave college with the skills necessary to live a better life?
Get students off to a good start with concierge services
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2022

When prospective students consider going to college, they are excited about their futures. But what if they get confused or discouraged by the enrollment process and never even make it to a class?
Convert paper forms to electronic format for time savings, student convenience
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2022

Through 2019, all the forms in the Registrar's Office at the University of Northwestern, St. Paul were paper based, or in some cases, fillable PDFs. Students could either print them out and bring them to the office once they were completed or come by the office to pick one up, said Registrar Andy Simpson.
Outage probability and throughput of cooperative non‐orthogonal multiple access with moving relay in heterogeneous network
Authors: Khan Mohd Javed , Chauhan Ram Chandra Singh , Singh Indrasen
Published: August 2022

The demand of high data rate, high quality of service (QoS), and seamless connectivity are growing continuously for vehicular communication over the last few years. Moving relay (MR) is one of the promising techniques to achieve these demands. In the past, heterogeneous network (HetNet) models with one MR on the top of the train have been proposed for high‐speed railway (HSR) using the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) technique. Cooperative non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising multiple access technique for next‐generation wireless networks. This paper proposes one MR‐based HetNet model using the NOMA over Rayleigh fading channels for downlink communication. Here, half‐duplex (HD) type amplify and forward (AF) relay is used as MR for investigation. We derive the outage probability of a train‐user using the successive interference cancellation (SIC) technique and the outage probability of a cell‐edge‐user by using both direct and indirect signals via MR. The system throughput of the proposed NOMA system is also simulated by considering the effects of perfect and imperfect SIC. The simulation results show that cooperative NOMA provides lower outage performance in comparison with cooperative OMA and outage of vehicular user decreases with lower value of residual interference (RI). Also, the system throughput of the NOMA system decreases with higher values of residual interference. We use Monte Carlo simulation to verify the derived analytical results.
The survival of esophageal cancer by subtype in China with comparison to the United States
Authors: An Lan , Zheng Rongshou , Zeng Hongmei , Zhang Siwei , Chen Ru , Wang Shaoming , Sun Kexin , Li Li , Wei Wenqiang , He Jie
Published: August 2022

Adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the main subtypes of esophageal cancer (EC), but nationwide survival of both EC subtypes has never been reported in China. Our study aimed to estimate the survival trends of EC by subtype in China and compare them with those in the United States for the same period. We used data from 64 Chinese cancer registries, which included EC patients diagnosed during 2008 and 2015 and followed up until 31st December 2017. The 5‐year age‐standardized relative survival by subtype, sex, age group and urban or rural area between 2008 and 2017 were analyzed. We stratified survival estimates by calendar period (2008‐2009, 2010‐2011, 2012‐2014 and 2015‐2017). Data from the SEER 18 program were calculated to estimate the survival of EC in the United States. A further comparison between the survivals in areas covered and not covered by population‐based endoscopic screening programs in China was conducted. A total of 129 962 records were included in the survival analyses. Results revealed that age‐standardized 5‐year relative survivals for AC and SCC increased in both China and the United States from 2008 to 2017. In 2015 to 2017, 5‐year survival from both subtypes in China was better than the United States (SCC: 36.9% vs 18.5%, AC: 34.8% vs 22.3%). The survival for both subtypes was significantly higher in screening areas than in nonscreening areas in China (SCC: 40.6% vs 32.8%; AC: 43.0% vs 31.3%). A survival gap in EC by subtype exists between China and the United States. Our results may support the beneficial effect of population‐based endoscopic screening for survival, and may be poised to inform national policy‐making in both countries.
Effect of a physical activity intervention on lower body bone health in childhood cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial (SURfit)
Authors: Jung Ruedi , Zürcher Simeon J. , Schindera Christina , Eser Prisca , Meier Christian , Schai Anna , Braun Julia , Deng Wei Hai , Hebestreit Helge , Neuhaus Cornelia , Schaeff Jonathan , Rueegg Corina S. , von der Weid Nicolas X. , Kriemler Susi
Published: August 2022

It remains controversial whether physical activity promotes bone health in childhood cancer survivors (CCS). We aimed to assess the effect of a one‐year general exercise intervention on lower body bone parameters of CCS. CCS ≥16 years at enrollment, <16 years at diagnosis and ≥5 years in remission were identified from the national Childhood Cancer Registry. Participants randomized to the intervention group were asked to perform an additional ≥2.5 hours of intense physical activity/week, controls continued exercise as usual. Bone health was assessed as a secondary trial endpoint at baseline and after 12‐months. We measured tibia bone mineral density (BMD) and morphology by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and lumbar spine, hip and femoral neck BMD by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. We performed intention‐to‐treat, per protocol, and an explorative subgroup analyses looking at low BMD using multiple linear regressions. One hundred fifty‐one survivors (44% females, 7.5 ± 4.9 years at diagnosis, 30.4 ± 8.6 years at baseline) were included. Intention‐to‐treat analysis revealed no differences in changes between the intervention and control group. Per protocol analyses showed evidence for an improvement in femoral neck and trabecular BMD between 1.5% and 1.8% more in participants being compliant with the exercise program. Trabecular BMD increased 2.8% more in survivors of the intervention group with BMD z‐score ≤−1 compared to those starting at z‐score >−1. A nonstandardized personalized exercise programs might not be specific enough to promote bone health in CCS, although those compliant and those most in need may benefit. Future trials should include bone stimulating exercise programs targeting risk groups with reduced bone health and motivational features to maximize compliance.
Associations between mothers’ emotion regulation and real‐time experiences of negative emotion: The moderating role of caregiving context
Authors: Park Ye Rang , Kerr Margaret L. , Smiley Patricia A. , Borelli Jessica L.
Published: August 2022

Parents’ emotion regulation and emotional experiences have important consequences for family well‐being and child outcomes. Little is known about whether traitlike emotion regulation abilities predict statelike experiences of real‐time negative emotion. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), this study examines associations between mothers’ self‐reported emotion regulation abilities and their real‐time experiences of negative emotion, as well as the moderating role of caregiving context among 145 mothers (41% Hispanic; 31% earned below $40,000) of young children (mean age = 20.9 months) across a 10‐day period. Results indicated that on average, mothers who report high levels of traitlike rumination and difficulties in emotion regulation also report more statelike negative emotion. Further, the presence of children weakened the associations between mothers’ traitlike reports of emotion dysregulation and statelike EMA negative emotion reports. The findings demonstrate the importance of parents’ emotion regulation for supporting family well‐being, especially when parents are separated from their children; the findings may have implications for developing family interventions.
Self‐supported bimetallic based materials deeply self‐reconstructing electrocatalysts for advances in hydrogen production
Authors: Pirzada Luqman Ahmed , Mugheri Abdul Qayoom , Ghanghro Sahib , Pirzada Ashaque Hussain , Ibupoto Mazhar Hussain , Ahmed Kashif
Published: August 2022

To overcome the energy demand, environmental pollution, and global warming, replacing fossil fuels using clean and renewable hydrogen energy is a promising strategy. Water catalysis is the key step toward industrial hydrogen generation. Herein, we obtained remarkable performance of CuCo for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide. The CuCo nanocomposite functional material on nickel foam is rich in copper nanoparticles. The CoCu oxide on nickel foam showed catalytic performance superfast in the HER in a 1 M KOH environment at 1.62 V to carry a 10 mA/cm2 current density and no decrease in current afterward a non‐stop run for 25 hr. CoCu (S2) has a Tafel slope of (a) 69 mV/dec in a 0.5 M H2SO4 and (b) 119 mV/dec in a 1 M KOH. It has been found to be cost‐effective, highly active, and healthy for energy conversion by electrochemical. Moreover, the capabilities of charge storage were also inspected. It strongly provides a capacitance of 681 and 607 F/g at a 1 A/g admirable rate of capacitance retention. The attractive features of CoCu oxide are present in more abundance and superior for the HER kinetics activity. The electrocatalyst provides better stability and durability and provides long‐term applications for the advance of a functional catalyst for charge storage, and water splitting applications is strongly demonstrated.
Assessment of recombinant antigens Tp0100 and Tp1016 of Treponema pallidum for serological diagnosis of syphilis
Authors: Chen Dejun , Wang Siqian , He Yuxing , Fu Yue , Zhao Feijun , Zhou Xiuping , Yin Haoquan , Wan Jia , Huang Yunting , Wu Yimou , Cao Longgu , Zeng Tiebing
Published: August 2022

Objective

To discover novel serodiagnostic candidates for the serological diagnosis of syphilis.

Methods

Two recombinant Treponema pallidum proteins Tp0100 and Tp1016 were expressed, purified, and identified by Western Blotting. A total of 600 clinical serum samples were tested with the Tp0100‐based ELISA, the Tp1016‐based ELISA, and the commercial LICA Syphilis TP kit (ChIVD, Beijing, China). The sensitivities were determined by testing 340 samples from individuals with clinically diagnosed primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary syphilis. The specificities were determined by screening 260 samples from healthy controls and individuals with potentially cross‐reactive infections, including leptospirosis, Lyme disease, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus. Kappa (κ) values were applied to compare the agreement between clinical syphilis diagnosis and the Tp0100‐based ELISA, the Tp1016‐based ELISA, or the LICA Syphilis TP test.

Results

Using clinical syphilis diagnosis as the gold standard, Tp0100 exhibited an overall sensitivity of 95.6% and specificity of 98.1% for testing IgG antibody while Tp1016 demonstrated only an overall sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 79.6%. In contrast, the LICA Syphilis TP test revealed an overall sensitivity of 97.6% and specificity of 96.2%. In addition, the overall percent agreement and corresponding κ values were 96.7% (95% CI 95.6%–97.8%) and 0.93 for the Tp0100‐based ELISA, 77.0% (95% CI 74.3%–79.7%) and 0.54 for the Tp1016‐based ELISA, and 97.0% (95% CI 96.0%–98.0%) and 0.94 for the LICA Syphilis TP test, respectively.

Conclusion

The recombinant T. pallidum protein Tp0100 shows promise as a novel diagnostic antigen in the serological tests for syphilis.
Forgotten in the crowd: A qualitative study of medical interpreters' role in medical teams
Authors: Latif Zara , Makuvire Tracy , Feder Shelli L. , Crocker Jonathan , Quintero Pinzon Pablo , Warraich Haider J.
Published: August 2022

Background

Patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) experience worse outcomes compared with native English speakers. Communication errors are partly responsible for the disparities among this population. Medical interpreters improve communication and often assume multiple roles during clinical encounters. We sought to explore the perspectives of medical interpreters regarding their role within medical teams and ways to improve communication.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative study using semistructured interviews with inpatient and outpatient medical interpreters at an academic medical center between March and August 2021. Interview questions explored interpreters' perceptions of their roles within the medical team and best practices to improve communication during encounters. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Our sample consisted of 20 interpreters with a mean age of 48 years (SD: 14.3) and a mean experience of 16.3 years (SD: 10.6). Two main themes emerged from interviews: (1) the full spectrum of medical interpreters' role and (2) factors acting as barriers and facilitators of interpretation. Interpreters described their role as language interpreters, cultural mediators, and patient advocates. They also identified several factors that may enhance encounters, such as utilizing the teach‐back method with patients and debriefing with interpreters.

Conclusions

Interpreters view their role as extending beyond interpretation to include cultural mediation and patient advocacy. Addressing commonly encountered challenges and adopting some of the proposed solutions highlighted in this study may facilitate improved communication with LEP patients receiving care in healthcare systems.
委員会報告：脳死下臓器提供におけるアンケート調査(Surveillance of organ transplantation in Japan with consideration of transfer for the diagnosis of brain death)
Authors: (Committee on brain death and organ transplantation, Japanes 一般社団法人 日本救急医学会　脳死・臓器組織移植に関する委員会
Published: August 2022

新型コロナウイルス感染症蔓延下において脳死下臓器提供数が減少しているなかで，脳死判定を目的とした転院搬送の是非に関する議論が始まっている。これをふまえ，全国救命センターにおけるコロナ禍での脳死判定や脳死下臓器移植に関わる現状と問題点を調査した。全国救命センター295施設に質問紙URLを送付し電子的に回収した。調査項目は施設背景，臓器提供の意思決定に関する質問，臓器提供も見据えた患者管理，脳死判定，臓器提供手術の問題点に関する質問，臓器提供を目的とした転院に関する質問とした。220施設より回答を得た（回答率74.6%）。コロナ禍において臓器提供を施行した施設は45施設（20.5%）存在した。臓器提供を行った施設とそうでなかった施設において，休日夜間帯に勤務をしている専門医数に差が見られた（平均3.04人 対 2.44人）。また，コロナ禍によって臓器提供に関する事項が影響を受けたと回答した施設は全国救命センターの43施設（19.6%）に及び，患者個室管理，家族の面会制限，チームの参集困難など，感染対策による影響と回答した施設がうち39施設（90.7%）に見られた。「脳死下臓器提供」を目的とした転院に関し，他施設に転送したいと回答した施設群（60施設：27%）は，院内連携が手薄く，マンパワーが少なく，また，脳死判定医が少ないこと，脳死判定の費用に関わる経済的問題に要因があると思われた。本研究によりコロナ禍における脳死下臓器提供に関わるハード，ソフト両面の課題が明確になった。とくに施設におけるマンパワー拡充のための施設間連携と経済的支援の拡充が今後の課題であると思われた。
救急搬送された尿路感染症患者における菌血症および敗血症性ショックを予測する因子の検討(Analysis of predictors for bacteremia and septic shock in patients with urinary tract infection transported to hospital by ambulance)
Authors: (Sachiko Ando) 安藤 佐知子 , (Hiroyuki Ishida) 石田 浩之 , (Kouzou Hayashi) 林 浩三 , (Kaori Endo) 遠藤 香織 , (Yusuke Suzuki) 鈴木 悠介 , (Dai Taguchi) 田口 大 , (Hiroshi Makise) 牧瀬 博
Published: August 2022

【目的】尿路感染症と診断された救急搬送患者の重症化の予測のため，菌血症および敗血症性ショックを早期に予測するツールを明らかにする。【方法】2019年4月1日から2021年4月29日までに勤医協中央病院に救急搬送後，尿路感染症の診断で尿，血液培養後に抗菌薬の投与を受けた348例を菌血症/非菌血症群，敗血症性ショック/非ショック群に分け，患者背景，搬送までの日数，血中乳酸値，SIRSクライテリアおよびqSOFAを比較し，有意差を認めたツールの精度を検討した。【結果】菌血症および敗血症性ショックごとに合併の有無で分けた2群間の比較で有意差を認めたSIRS，qSOFAおよび血中乳酸値の早期予測能を検討した。菌血症の感度はSIRSが最も高く（97.8%），area under the curve（AUC）77%，至適cut–off値の感度84%と識別能も最も高かった。敗血症性ショックではSIRSの感度が100%と最も高かったが，AUCは最も低く，識別能では乳酸がAUC 86%，至適cut–off値での感度82%と最も高かった。qSOFAは感度が低く，敗血症性ショックの識別能ではSIRSとほぼ同等であった。【結論】救急搬送された尿路感染症におけるSIRSは感度，識別能の高さからqSOFA，乳酸値より優れた早期予測因子であった。敗血症性ショックの識別能は乳酸が最も高かった。
Spreading behavior of firefighting foam solutions on typical liquid fuel surfaces
Authors: Sheng Youjie , Li Yang , Ma Wenzhi , Zhang Hanling
Published: August 2022

A series of experiments was performed to investigate the spreading behavior of firefighting foam solutions on liquid fuel surfaces. The spreading coefficients of six kinds of aqueous film‐forming foam solutions and one fluorine‐free foam solution on the surface of four liquid fuels, namely, cyclohexane, diesel, n‐heptane, and ethanol, were calculated on the basis of surface and interfacial tension. Spreading behavior was studied systematically using a high‐speed camera, and then the relationship between spreading behavior and spreading coefficient was analyzed. Furthermore, the spreading area and spreading rate of different foam solution droplets on liquid fuel surfaces were studied in depth. The spreading amount of the foam solution droplets on the liquid fuel surfaces was measured. Four typical spreading phenomena, namely, spreading, suspension, dissolution, and sinking, of AFFF solutions on liquid fuel surfaces were identified. Moreover, a positive spreading coefficient did not necessarily lead to the formation of an aqueous film. The spreading area, spreading rate, and spreading amount were not proportional to the spreading coefficient. During the evaluation of the spreading property of firefighting foam, the spreading coefficient, spreading rate, and spreading amount must be focused on instead of only the spreading coefficient.
Ear Reconstruction: Empirical Data of 406 Cases of Carving the Convex Structures of the Framework
Authors: Li Datao , Zhang Ruhong , Xu Zhicheng , Zhang Qun , Xu Feng , Li Yiyuan , Chen Xia , Hou Rui
Published: August 2022

Objective

In auricular reconstruction, the convex structures of the framework determine the esthetics, and young doctors often need sufficient training to determine the best carving techniques. This study aimed to recommend optimal carving methods and provide measured data of convex structures of the carved costal cartilage framework to prevent complications, improve esthetics, and reduce the learning curve.

Methods

From 2018 to 2021, 406 patients with microtia who underwent costal cartilage carving were enrolled. The helix is formed by the eighth costal cartilage. The complex of the antihelix was fabricated from part of the eighth costal cartilage or the ninth costal cartilage. The tragus was constructed using residual cartilage pieces from the base frame. These components were measured, and those from the new ear graded “excellent” were used for data analysis. The statistical analysis was principally processed using Excel software.

Results

A total of 112 ears were graded “excellent”. The following are the mean and standard deviation of each group of data: antihelix thickness, 0.31 ± 0.06 cm; antihelix width, 0.40 ± 0.06 cm; superior crus thickness, 0.18 ± 0.04 cm; superior crus width, 0.38 ± 0.09 cm; inferior crus width, 0.22 ± 0.04 cm; inferior crus thickness, 0.28 ± 0.05 cm; helix thickness, 0.31 ± 0.04 cm; the four‐point height of the helix, 0.52 ± 0.08 cm/0.51 ± 0.07 cm/0.46 ± 0.06 cm/0.41 ± 0.06 cm; and tragus height, 0.98 ± 0.15 cm.

Conclusion

These data may help beginners in reducing the learning curve of ear reconstruction. Framework fabrication based on these data allows attaining a harmonious ear framework and satisfactory three‐dimensional auricle outline, yielding acceptable results and few complications.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 133:569–575, 2023
A novel CLCNKB variant in a Chinese family with classic Bartter syndrome and prenatal genetic diagnosis
Authors: Zhao Qianying , Xiang Qinqin , Tan Yu , Xiao Xiao , Xie Hanbing , Wang He , Yang Mei , Liu Shanling
Published: August 2022

Background

Type III Bartter syndrome (BS), often known as classic Bartter syndrome is caused by variants in CLCNKB gene, which encoding the basolateral chloride channel protein ClC‐Kb, and is characterized by renal salt wasting, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, increased renin, and aldosterone levels.

Methods

A 2‐year‐old boy presented severe malnutrition, severe metabolic alkalosis and severe hypokalemia and was clinically diagnosed with BS. The trio exome sequencing (ES) was performed to discover the genetic cause of this patient, followed by validation using Sanger sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction subsequently.

Results

The genetic analysis indicated that this patient with a compound heterozygous variants of CLCNKB gene including a novel nonsense variant c.876 T > A and a whole‐gene deletion. The two variants were inherited from his parents, respectively. Subsequently, target sequencing of CLCNKB gene was performed for next pregnancy, and prenatal genetic diagnosis was provided for the family.

Conclusions

The results of current study identified the compound heterozygous variants in a patient with classic BS. The novel variant expands the spectrum of CLCNKB variants in BS. Our study also indicates that ES is an alternative tool to simultaneously detect single‐nucleotide variants and copy‐number variants.
Identification of microstructural information from macroscopic boundary measurements in steady‐state linear elasticity
Authors: Lochner Tanja , Peter Malte A.
Published: August 2022

We consider the upscaled linear elasticity problem in the context of periodic homogenization. Based on measurements of the deformation of the (macroscopic) boundary of a body for a given forcing, it is the aim to deduce information on the geometry of the microstructure. For a parametrized microstructure, we are able to prove that there exists at least one solution of the associated minimization problem based on the ‐difference of the measured deformation and the resulting deformation for a given parameter. To facilitate the use of gradient‐based algorithms, we derive the Gâteaux derivatives using the Lagrangian method of Céa, and we present numerical experiments showcasing the functioning of the method.
Spline quasi‐interpolation in the Bernstein basis and its application to digital elevation models
Authors: Ariza‐López Francisco J. , Barrera Domingo , Eddargani Salah , Ibáñez María José , Reinoso Juan F.
Published: August 2022

A nonstandard low‐cost spline approximation method for approximating bivariate functions is constructed. It is applied for Digital Elevation approximation and then its accuracy in the downscaling process is studied.