bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thioalkalimicrobium
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.al.kal.i.mi.cro' bi.um
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; N.L. n.
alkali
Arabic
al
the;
qaliy
soda ash; Gr. adj.
micros
small; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; M.L. n.
Thioalkalimicrobium
sulfur alkaline microbe.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Piscirickettsiaceae / Thioalkalimicrobium

Motile Gram‐negative rods, curved rods, or spirilla
(0.4–0.5 × 0.8–1.5 µm). 1–3 monopolar flagella. Possess
carboxysomes. Chemolithoautotrophs; obligate aerobes. Oxidize sulfide and thiosulfate to sulfate
; do not oxidize sulfite. Carbon assimilation via Calvin cycle. Halotolerant up to 1.2–1.5 M Na
+
; require at least 0.2–0.3 M NaCl.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48–51.2.

Type species
:
Thioalkalimicrobium aerophilum
Sorokin, Lysenko, Mityushina, Tourova, Jones, Rainey, Robertson and Kuenen 2001a, 578 (
Thioalkalimicrobium aerophilum
(sic) Sorokin, Lysenko, Mityushina, Tourova, Jones, Rainey, Robertson and Kuenen 2001a, 578.)
Leucothrix
Authors: Bland Judith A. , Brock Thomas D.
Published: August 2015

Leu' co.thrix
. Gr. adj.
leucus
clear, light; Gr. n.
thrix, trichis
hair; M.L. fem. n.
Leucothrix
colorless hair.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Thiotrichaceae / Leucothrix

Long filaments
composed of short, cylindrical or ovoid cells
(gonidia)
, cross‐walls clearly visible,
colorless, unbranched
; typically uniform filaments may taper from base to apex, showing under some conditions an apical beady chain of gonidia connected from end to end. Filaments may attain a length of over 100 µm, and lengths of several hundred micrometers are not unusual (Harold and Stanier, 1955; Pringsheim, 1957). The filaments, particularly when attached to a substrate, may be somewhat tapered, with the apex being 2–3 µm and the base 5–6 µm in diameter (Harold and Stanier, 1955; Pringsheim, 1957; Brock, 1969). In nature,
filaments are usually attached to solid substrates by means of inconspicuous holdfasts; stalks
and
sheaths absent. Filaments do not glide
, but may wave sporadically from side to side.
Dispersal by means of gonidia
(single cells arising from cells of the filaments by rounding up, often released primarily from apices, but they may also be formed in an intercalary fashion);
gonidia often
, but not
always, show jerky gliding motion
on solid substrates.
Rosette formation
is a key diagnostic characteristic of the genus that is seen frequently in laboratory culture but less commonly in nature. The rosettes may be formed of gonidia or, after gonidial growth, of several or more filaments attached at their bases. Filaments in a laboratory culture often form true knots. These structures also occur in nature, but rarely. The organism morphologically resembles some filamentous cyanobacteria but does not form photosynthetic pigments.
Gram negative. Strictly aerobic, heterotrophic. Aquatic; typically marine
, although one freshwater strain has been reported. Strains require NaCl for growth; optimum concentration: about 1.5% NaCl; grows at concentrations of 0.3–6.0% NaCl. Most strains do not require growth factors. Optimum temperature: 25°C; maximum: 30–35°C; minimum: 0°C, forming visible colonies within 1–2 weeks. Strains from tropical waters are more stenothermal, not growing below 15°C. Catalase positive. Oxidase positive.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 46.9–51 (Brock and Mandel, 1966; Kelly and Brock, 1969a, b).

Type species
:
Leucothrix mucor
Oersted 1844, 44.
Thiomargarita
Authors: Schulz Heide N. , Jørgensen Bo Barker
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.mar.ga.ri' ta
. Gr. n.
thion (theion)
sulfur; L. n.
margarita
pearl; M.L. fem. n.
Thiomargarita
sulfur pearl.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Thiotrichaceae / Thiomargarita

Very large
spherical cells held together
like a string of pearls
by a common gelatinous mucus
. The cells are not joined to each other, which is the main difference to the closely related filamentous genera,
Thioploca
and
Beggiatoa
.
Numerous sulfur inclusions
occur in a thin outer layer of cytoplasm. The cells appear hollow due to a
large central vacuole in which nitrate is stored
. Most strings of cells are linear and typically contain 20–60 cells, but some are branched or coiled. Both single cells and strings of more than 100 cells occur.
Nonmotile
. Gram negative.
Oxygen tolerant
.
Thiomargarita
appear to have an autotrophic or mixotrophic, sulfide‐oxidizing, nitrate‐reducing metabolism, comparable to the large marine forms of
Thioploca
and
Beggiatoa
, which are its closest relatives according to partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis.

Type species
:
Thiomargarita namibiensis
Schulz, Brinkhoff, Ferdelman, Hernández Mariné, Teske and Jørgensen 1999b, 1325 (Effective publication: Schulz, Brinkhoff, Ferdelman, Hernández Mariné, Teske and Jørgensen 1999a, 493.)
Thioploca
Authors: Jørgensen Bo Barker , Teske Andreas , Ahmad Azeem
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.plo' ca. Gr. neut. n.thion, theionsulfur; Gr. fem. n.plokea braid, a twist; M.L. fem. n.Thioplocasulfur braid.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Thiotrichaceae / Thioploca

Flexible, uniseriate, colorless filamentsmade up of numerous cells and enclosed by acommon gelatinous sheath. Gram negative. Cells are disk‐shaped or cylindrical, generally harborsulfur inclusionsin their cytoplasm, and are separated by distinct cross‐walls. Cells of large marineThioplocaspeciesappear hollow due to central vacuoles in which nitrate is stored. Individual filaments are of uniform diameter, often withtapered terminal cells. Filaments fall into distinct classes ofdifferent diameters, which represent different species. Filaments showindependent gliding movementwithin a sheath. They can emerge from the end or from breaks in the sheath and may be found outside sheaths.Chemotactic. May be attracted by nitrate but avoid high oxygen and sulfide concentrations.Thioplocasheaths are mostly vertically orientated to allow the filaments to move between spatially separated pools of electron donor (sulfide) and acceptor (nitrate, possibly oxygen). The sheath surrounding several filaments is the main feature distinguishing the genusThioplocafrom the similar, closely related genusBeggiatoa. Not in pure culture. Large, marineThioplocaspecies have an autotrophic or mixotrophic, sulfide‐oxidizing, nitrate‐reducing metabolism. By 16S rRNA,Thioplocais a member of theGammaproteobacteriaand is the closest relative of the generaBeggiatoaandThiomargarita.

Type species:Thioploca schmidleiLauterborn 1907, 242.
Nevskia
Authors: Babenzien Hans‐Dietrich , Cypionka Heribert
Published: August 2015

Nev' ski.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Nevskia
from the Neva, a river in St. Petersburg.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Nevskia

Cells elongated, rod shaped
, usually slightly bent with
acellular hyaline stalks
(Figure 1). The
stalks branch dichotomously
because of binary fission of mature cells and the preference for laterally excreted slime material (Figure 2). Undisturbed and slowly growing cells form
flat, rosette‐like to bush‐like microcolonies
(Figure 3), up to 80 µm in diameter,
on the surface of freshwater
. Faster growth results in the formation of a thin surface pellicle without distinct stalks (Figure 4) and with slime all around the cells. Cells filled with numerous refractile globules (Figure 4) which consist mainly of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Resting stages are not known.
Gram negative
. In young cultures, some cells are
motile
by means of a polar flagellum: they are set free from the microcolonies and can start the development of new colonies (Figure 5).
Strictly aerobic
. Optimum growth temperature: 20–25°C.
Chemoorganotrophic
, with a broad range of organic compounds, having an oxidative type of metabolism.
Colorless colonies
on nutrient agar. Weak catalase activity, no cytochrome oxidase activity. Cytochromes of the
b
and
c
types are present. Originally found in the surface pellicle of an aquarium. Occur mainly on the surface of freshwater environments (neuston community).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67.8–69.0 (HPLC), neotype strain Soe 1 (DSM 11499); 69.0, strain OL 1 (DSM 11500).

Type species
:
Nevskia ramosa
Famintzin 1892, 484.
Pseudoxanthomonas
Authors: Lipski André , Stackebrandt Erko S.
Published: August 2015

Pseu.do.xan.tho.mo' nas
. Gr.
pseudes
false; M.L. n.
Xanthomonas
a bacterial generic name; M.L. fem. n.
Pseudoxanthomonas
false
Xanthomonas
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Pseudoxanthomonas

Rod‐shaped cells
. Gram negative.
Aerobic. Heterotrophic
. Colonies are yellow. Possess a ubiquinone with eight isoprene units.
The predominant fatty acids in the iso
‐/
anteiso‐type fatty acid profile are C

15
:
0 iso

and C

15:
0 anteiso

.

Type species
:
Pseudoxanthomonas broegbernensis
Finkmann, Altendorf, Stackebrandt and Lipski 2000, 280.
Xylella
Authors: Saddler Gerard S. , Bradbury John F.
Published: August 2015

Xy.lel' la
. Gr. n.
xylon
wood; M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella;
M.L. fem. n.
Xylella
a small wood.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Xanthomonadales / Xanthomonadaceae / Xylella

Single, straight rods, 0.25–0.35 × 0.9–3.5 μm
, that can form long filamentous strands under some cultural conditions. Gram negative.
Nonmotile
, lacking flagella. Endospores not produced.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Colonies are cream to white
. Two colonial variants are frequently encountered: convex to pulvinate, smooth, opalescent with entire margins; and umbonate, rough with finely undulated margins.
Oxidase negative and catalase positive
. Optimum temperature for growth, 26–28°C; optimum pH for growth, 6.5–6.9. Nutritionally fastidious. Found mainly in the xylem of plant tissue.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 51.0–52.4 (

T
m

); 52–53.1 (Bd).

Type species
:
Xylella fastidiosa
Wells, Raju, Hung, Weisburg, Mandelco‐Paul and Brenner 1987, 141.
Leptonema
Authors: Zuerner Richard L.
Published: August 2015

Lep.to.ne'ma. Gr. adj.
leptos
thin, narrow, fine; Gr. neut. n.
nema
a filament or thread; N.L. neut. n.
Leptonema
a thin filament or thread, describing a bacterium that resembles a thin filament or thread.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Leptospiraceae / Leptonema

Long, thin, flexible rods, 0
.
1–0
.
2
μ
m in diameter and 13–21
μ
m in length
, with a regular helical coiling pattern having a wavelength of 0.6–0.7 µm. Unicellular but may be observed as dividing pairs or short chains in actively growing cultures. Resting stages are not known. Gram‐stain‐negative. Due to small diameter, unstained cells are
not visible by bright‐field microscopy
. Dark‐field or phase‐contrast microscopy is required for visualization of unstained cells. Highly motile.
Obligate aerobes
. Growth temperatures range between 13 and 30°C, with optimal growth at 28–30°C.
Chemoorganotrophic; consume long‐chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols as primary carbon and energy sources
. Can grow on trypticase media. Uses respiration with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Optimal growth occurs in semi‐solid (0.2%) agar media. Growth on 1–2% solid agar results in the formation of clear to turbid subsurface colonies. Oxidase‐positive. Lipase‐positive. Nonpathogenic for cattle, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, and mice.
Free‐living in aquatic environments and soil
. Some strains found in association with animals. Does not share significant levels of sequence similarity with other
Leptospiraceae
as determined by DNA hybridization analysis. The 16S rRNA sequence is distinct from other
Leptospiraceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 51–54%

Type species
:
Leptonema illini
(Hanson, Tripathy, Evans and Alexander 1974) Hovind‐Hougen 1983, 439 (Effective publication: Hovind‐Hougen 1979, 251.) (
Leptospira illini
Hanson, Tripathy, Evans and Alexander 1974, 355).
Borrelia
Authors: Wang Guiqing , Schwartz Ira
Published: August 2015

Bor.re'li.a. N.L. fem. n.Borrelianamed after Amedée Borrel (1867–1936).

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / Borrelia

Helical cells are 0.2–0.5 mm by 3–30 mm, composed of 3–10 loose coils. The cells are surrounded by a surface layer, an outer membrane, periplasmic flagella, and a protoplasmic cylinder (Figure 1). Typically, 15–20 periplasmic flagella (which also have been termedendoflagella, axial fibrils, or periplasmic fibrils) originate at each end of the cell and wind about the protoplasmic cylinder to overlap in the middle of the cell. The protoplasmic cylinder consists of a peptidoglycan layer and an inner membrane which encloses the internal components of the cells.The cells are actively motilewith frequent reversal of the direction of translational movement. Gram‐stain‐negative. Stain well with Giemsa stain. Species which have been grownin vitroaremicroaerophilic. Nutritional requirements forin vitrogrowth are complex.Arthropod‐borne pathogensof man, other mammals, and birds. Thecausative agents of tick‐borne Lyme disease and relapsing fever and louse‐borne relapsing fever in man.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 27–32.

Type species:Borrelia anserina(Sakharoff 1891) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1925, 435AL.
Spirochaeta
Authors: Leschine Susan , Paster Bruce J.
Published: August 2015

Spi.ro.chae'ta. Gr. n.
speira
(L. transliteration
spira
) a coil; Gr. fem. n.
chaitê
(L. transliteration
chaete
) hair; N.L. fem. n.
Spirochaeta
coiled hair.

Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / Spirochaeta

Flexible helical cells 0.2–0.75 μm in diameter and 5–250 μm in length
. All species have two periplasmic flagella per cell except
Spirochaeta plicatilis
, which has many periplasmic flagella. Under unfavorable conditions, spherical cells or structures 0.5–2.0 µm (occasionally up to 10 µm) in diameter are formed. Cells translocate when suspended in liquids and crawl or creep when in contact with solid surfaces.
Obligately anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic
. Under aerobic growth conditions the
facultatively anaerobic species usually produce carotenoid pigments
that give a yellow, yellow‐orange, or red coloration to colonies or cells in liquid media. Thermophilic species are known. Optimum temperature range, 25–68°C.
Chemo‐organotrophic, using a variety of carbohydrates as carbon and energy sources
. The main products of anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism are ethanol, acetate, CO
2
, and H
2
. Under aerobic conditions, facultatively anaerobic species oxidize carbohydrates yielding primarily CO
2
and acetate. Indigenous to aquatic freshwater and marine environments such as the sediments, mud and water of ponds, marshes, swamps, lakes, rivers, and hot springs. Occur commonly in H
2
S‐containing environments.
Free‐living
. None reported to be pathogenic.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50–65 (Bd), 45–66 (
T
m
), 50–58.5 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Spirochaeta plicatilis
Ehrenberg 1835, 313
AL
.
Thermanaerovibrio
Authors: Zavarzina Daria G.
Published: August 2015

Therm.an.ae.ro.vib'ri.o. Gr. adj.thermoshot; Gr. pref.annot; Gr. n.aerair; N.L. masc. n.vibriothat vibrates; N.L. masc. n.Thermanaerovibrioa thermophilic vibrating anaerobe.

Synergistetes / Synergistia / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Thermanaerovibrio

Cells are curved rods. Cell wallhasGram‐negativestructure.Motileby means oflateral flagella located on the concave sideof the cells. Nonsporeforming. Obligate anaerobe. Neutrophilic.Thermophilic. Chemo‐organotrophic; grows fermentatively with some amino acids, organic acids, and carbohydrates as substrates, orlithoheterotrophicallywith molecularhydrogenandelemental sulfur.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 54.5–56.5 (Tm).

Type species:Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans(Guangsheng, Plugge, Roelofsen, Houwen and Stams 1992) Baena, Fardeau, Woo, Ollivier, Labat and Patel 1999b, 973VP(Selenomonas acidaminovoransGuangsheng, Plugge, Roelofsen, Houwen and Stams 1992, 174).
Anaerobaculum
Authors: Patel Bharat K. C. , Hugenholtz Philip
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro.ba'cu.lum. Gr. pref.annot; Gr. n.aerair; L. neut. n.baculumsmall stick; N.L. neut. n.Anaerobaculumrod which grows in the absence of air.

Synergistetes / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Incertae Sedis / Anaerobaculum

Straight to slightly curved rods. Occur singly or in pairs. Moderately thermophilic, chemorganotrophic anaerobes. May be motile by a single polar flagellum. In complex media, cells may or may not grow with sheathlike material that extends past the cell poles. Endospores have not been observed. Cells stain Gram‐negative. Ferment organic acids, protein extracts, and a limited range of carbohydrates. Sulfur, thiosulfate, and cystine are reduced to hydrogen sulfide. Sulfate, sulfite, and nitrate are not reduced. Isolated from production waters of a petroleum reservoir and an anaerobic lagoon treating wool‐scouring wastewater.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 44–51.5.

Type species:Anaerobaculum thermoterrenumRees, Patel, Grassia and Sheehy 1997, 153VP.
Anaeroplasma
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Bradbury Janet M. , Johansson Karl‐Erik
Published: August 2015

A.na.e.ro.plas'ma. Gr. prefix
an
without; Gr. masc. n.
aer
air; Gr. neut. n.
plasma
a form; N.L. neut. n.
Anaeroplasma
intended to denote “anaerobic mycoplasma”.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Anaeroplasmatales / Anaeroplasmataceae / Anaeroplasma

Cells are predominantly
coccoid
, about 500 nm in diameter; clusters of up to ten coccoid cells may be joined by short filaments. Older cells have a variety of pleomorphic forms.
Cells lack a cell wall
and are bound by a single plasma membrane. Gram‐stain‐negative due to absence of cell wall.
Obligately anaerobic
; the inhibitory effect of oxygen on growth is not alleviated during repeated subcultures.
Require sterol
supplements for growth.
Nonmotile
. Optimal temperature, 37°C; no growth at 26 or 47°C. Optimal pH, 6.5–7.0. Surface colonies have a dense center with a translucent periphery, or “fried‐egg” appearance. Subsurface colonies are golden, irregular, and often multilobed. Strains
vary in their ability to ferment various carbohydrates
. The products of carbohydrate fermentation include acids (generally acetic, formic, propionic, lactic, and succinic), ethanol, and gases (primarily CO
2
, but some strains also produce H
2
). Bacteriolytic and nonbacteriolytic strains have been described.
Commensals
in the bovine and ovine rumen.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 29–34 (
T
m
, Bd).

Type species
:
Anaeroplasma abactoclasticum
Robinson, Allison and Hartman 1975, 179
AL
.
Asteroleplasma
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Bradbury Janet M. , Johansson Karl‐Erik
Published: August 2015

A.ste.rol.e.plas'ma. Gr. pref.
a
not; N.L. neut. n.
sterolum
sterol;
e
combining vowel; Gr. neut. n.
plasma
something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.
Asteroleplasma
name intended to indicate that sterol is not required for growth.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Anaeroplasmatales / Anaeroplasmataceae / Asteroleplasma

Cellular and colonial morphology
similar to species of the genus
Anaeroplasma
. Nonmotile. The three strains that form the new genus and species are
obligately anaerobic
and
capable of growth in the absence of cholesterol or serum supplements
. Temperature optimum for growth is 37°C. No evidence of bacteriolytic activity. The organisms are serologically distinct from other members in the family
Anaeroplasmataceae
. Occur in the ovine rumen.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): about 40 (
T
m
, Bd).

Type species
:
Asteroleplasma anaerobium
Robinson and Freundt 1987, 79
VP
.
Entomoplasma
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Bradbury Janet M. , Whitcomb Robert F.
Published: August 2015

En.to.mo.plas'ma. Gr. n.
entomon
insect; Gr. neut. n.
plasma
something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.
Entomoplasma
name intended to show association with insects.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Entomoplasmatales / Entomoplasmataceae / Entomoplasma

Cells are
nonhelical
and
nonmotile
, frequently pleomorphic and range in size from 200 to 1200 nm in diameter. Some cells exhibit short filamentous forms. Most species ferment glucose. Species possess the phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent sugar‐phosphotransferase system. Organisms
require serum or cholesterol
for growth. The temperature range for growth ranges from 10 to 32°C, with the optimum usually at 30–32°C. The genome sizes range from 870 to 900 kbp (PFGE). All currently assigned species were isolated from insects or from plant surfaces where they were presumably deposited by insects.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 27–34.

Type species
:
Entomoplasma ellychniae
Tully, Rose, Hackett, Whitcomb, Carle, Bové, Colflesh and Williamson (Tully et al., 1989) Tully, Bové, Laigret and Whitcomb 1993, 380
VP
(
Mycoplasma ellychniae
Tully, Rose, Hackett, Whitcomb, Carle, Bové, Colflesh and Williamson 1989, 288).
Mesoplasma
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Bradbury Janet M. , Whitcomb Robert F.
Published: August 2015

Me.so.plas'ma. Gr. adj.
mesos
middle; Gr. neut. n.
plasma
something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.
Mesoplasma
middle form, name intended to denote a middle position with respect to sterol or cholesterol requirement.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Entomoplasmatales / Entomoplasmataceae / Mesoplasma

Cells are
nonhelical
and
nonmotile
, generally
coccoid or short filamentous forms
. Coccoid cells are usually 220–300 nm in diameter, but some cells in some species can be as large as 400–500 nm. Most strains ferment glucose and most, but not all, lack the ability to hydrolyze arginine. Species possess the phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent sugar‐phosphotransferase system. Neither serum nor cholesterol is required for growth, but strains show
sustained growth in a serum‐free or cholesterol‐free medium when the medium is supplemented with 0
.
04
%
PES
. The optimum temperature for growth is usually near 28–32°C, with some strains able to grow well at temperatures as low as 23°C or as high as 37°C. Genome sizes range from 825 to 930 kbp (PFGE).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 26–32.

Type species
:
Mesoplasma florum
(McCoy, Basham, Tully, Rose, Carle and Bové 1984) Tully, Bové, Laigret and Whitcomb 1993, 380
VP
(
Acholeplasma florum
McCoy, Basham, Tully, Rose, Carle and Bové 1984, 14).
Mycoplasma
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , May Meghan , Bradbury Janet M. , Balish Mitchell F. , Calcutt Michael J. , Glass John I. , Tasker Séverine , Messick Joanne B. , Johansson Karl‐Erik , Neimark Harold
Published: August 2015

My.co.plas'ma. Gr. masc. n.mycesa fungus; Gr. neut. n.plasmasomething formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n.Mycoplasmafungus form.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / Mycoplasmataceae / Mycoplasma

Pleomorphiccells, 300–800 nm in diameter, varying in shape from spherical, ovoid or flask‐shaped, or twisted rods, to slender branched filaments ranging in length from 50 to 500 nm.Cells lack a cell walland are bounded by a single plasma membrane. Gram‐stain‐negative due to the absence of a cell wall. Some have a complex internal cytoskeleton. Some have a specifictip structurethat mediates attachment to host cells or other surfaces.Usually nonmotile, but gliding motility has been demonstrated in some species.Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Optimum growth at 37°C is common, but permissive growth temperatures range from 20 to 45°C.Chemo‐organotrophic, usually using either sugars or arginine as the major energy source.Require cholesterolor related sterols for growth. Colonies are usually less than 1 mm in diameter. The typical colony has afried‐egg appearance. Thegenome sizeof species examined ranges from580 kbp to about 1350 kbp. The codon UGA encodes tryptophan in all species examined.Commensals or pathogensin a wide range of vertebrate hosts.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 23–40.

Type species:Mycoplasma mycoides(Borrel, Dujardin‐Beaumetz, Jeantet and Jouan 1910) Freundt 1955, 73 (Asterococcus mycoidesBorrel, Dujardin‐Beaumetz, Jeantet and Jouan 1910, 179).
Haemobartonella
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Tasker Séverine , Messick Joanne B. , Neimark Harold
Published: August 2015

Ha.e.mo.bar.to.nel'la. Gr. n.
haima
(L. transliteration
haema
) blood; N.L. fem. n.
Bartonella
a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Haemobartonella
the blood (‐inhabiting)
Bartonella
.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / Haemobartonella

Cells adherent to host erythrocyte surfaces are coccoid and about 350 nm in diameter, but may occur as chains or deform to appear rod‐ or ring‐shaped in stained blood smears.

Type species
:
Haemobartonella muris
(Mayer 1921) Tyzzer and Weinman 1939
AL
(
Bartonella muris
Mayer 1921, 151;
Bartonella muris ratti
Regendanz and Kikuth 1928, 1578;
Haemobartonella muris
Tyzzer and Weinman 1939, 143).
Thermodesulfobacterium
Authors: Hatchikian E. Claude , Ollivier Bernard
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.de.sul.fo.bac.te' ri.um
. Gr. masc. n.
thermos
heat; L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Thermodesulfobacterium
a thermophilic rod reducing sulfate.

Thermodesulfobacteria / Thermodesulfobacteria / Thermodesulfobacteriales / Thermodesulfobacteriaceae / Thermodesulfobacterium

Straight rod‐shaped cells
, 0.3–0.6 × 0.9–2.0 µm; occur singly, in pairs, or in chains. Possess an outer wall membrane layer. Gram‐negative. Cellular extrusions or blebs form next to the outer membranous layer. Contain non‐phytanyl ether‐linked lipids, cytochrome
c
3
, desulfofuscidin, but no desulfoviridin.
Thermophilic
. Chemoorganotrophic, strict anaerobe, and dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing metabolism. Lactate and pyruvate are used as electron donors, and sulfate or thiosulfate are used as electron acceptors for growth. In the presence of sulfate, lactate and pyruvate are incompletely oxidized to acetate. Occur in thermal environments including hot springs and hot oil reservoirs.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 31–38.

Type species
:
Thermodesulfobacterium commune
Zeikus, Dawson, Thompson, Ingvorsen and Hatchikian 1995, 197 (Effective publication: Zeikus, Dawson, Thompson, Ingvorsen and Hatchikian 1983, 1168.)
Fervidobacterium
Authors: Huber Robert , Stetter Karl O.
Published: August 2015

Fer.vi.do.bac.te' ri.um
. L. adj.
fervidus
hot; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Fervidobacterium
rods which grow at higher temperatures.

Thermotogae / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Thermotogaceae / Fervidobacterium

Rod‐shaped
cells, generally occurring singly or in pairs, about 0.5–0.6 × 1–40 µm.
Gram‐negative
. The majority of the rods produce terminal
protuberances on one end of the cell
(“spheroids”). No resting stages known. Obligately anaerobic. Extremely thermophilic, optimum growth temperature: 65–70°C. Optimal pH: 6.5–7.2.

Heterotrophic growth. Products from glucose fermentation are acetate, CO
2
, and H
2

. Sulfur is reduced to H
2
S. Molecular hydrogen inhibits growth. Sensitive to inhibitors of cell‐wall, protein, and nucleic acid biosynthesis.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 33.7–41.

Type species
:
Fervidobacterium nodosum
Patel, Morgan and Daniel 1985b, 535 (Effective publication: Patel, Morgan and Daniel 1985a, 68.)
Thermosipho
Authors: Huber Robert , Stetter Karl O.
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.si' pho
. Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; L. masc. n.
sipho
tube; M.L. masc. n.
Thermosipho
the hot tube, due to the sheath surrounding the bacteria.

Thermotogae / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Thermotogaceae / Thermosipho

Rod‐shaped
cells, 1–4 × 0.4–0.6 µm, occurring singly, in pairs and in short chains. The rods form an
outer sheath
, visible in all phases of growth, ballooning over the ends. No resting stages known.
Gram‐negative. Obligately anaerobic. Hyperthermophilic
, optimum growth temperature: 70–75°C. Optimal pH: 6.5–7.5.

Heterotrophic growth. Products from glucose fermentation are acetate, CO
2
, and H
2

. Sulfur is reduced to H
2
S. Inhibition of growth by molecular hydrogen. Sensitive to inhibitors of cell‐wall, protein, and nucleic acid biosynthesis.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 30–30.5.

Type species
:
Thermosipho africanus
Huber, Woese, Langworthy, Fricke and Stetter 1989e, 496 (Effective publication: Huber, Woese, Langworthy, Fricke and Stetter 1989d, 36), emend. Ravot, Ollivier, Patel, Magot and Garcia 1996b, 322.
Thermotoga
Authors: Huber Robert , Stetter Karl O.
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.to' ga. Gr. fem. n.thermeheat; L. fem. n.togaRoman outer garment; M.L. fem. n.Thermotogathe hot outer garment.

Thermotogae / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Thermotogaceae / Thermotoga

Rod‐shapedcells, occurring singly and in pairs, about 1.5–11 × 0.5–1 µm. The rods are surrounded by a typical,sheath‐like outer structure(“toga”), ballooning over the ends (0.6 × 3.5–14 µm). Resting stages are not known.Gram negative. Motile by flagellation.Obligately anaerobic. Thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, optimum growth temperature: 66–80°C. Optimal pH: 6.5–7.5.Heterotrophic growth. Acetate, CO2, and H2are metabolites from glucose fermentation. Thiosulfate is reduced to H2S. Molecular hydrogen inhibits growth. Sensitive to inhibitors of cell‐wall, protein, and nucleic acid biosynthesis.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 39.6–50.

Type species:Thermotoga maritimaStetter and Huber 1986, 575 (Effective publication: Stetter and HuberinHuber, Lang‐worthy, König, Thomm, Woese, Sleytr and Stetter 1986, 332.)
Alterococcus
Authors: Hedlund Brian P. , Shieh Wung Yang
Published: August 2015

Al.te.ro.coc'cus. L. adj.
alter, ‐tera, ‐terum
another, different; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
) a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Alterococcus
another coccus.

Verrucomicrobia / Opitutae / Opitutales / Opitutaceae / Alterococcus

Spherical
cells with
Gram‐negative cell structure
. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Motile
by means of a single flagellum.
Facultative anaerobes
capable of aerobic growth on peptone and yeast extract.
Ferment monosaccharides or disaccharides for carbon and energy
. Ferment glucose primarily to butyrate, together with propionate or formate. Lactate and acetate also produced. No gas produced. Do not ferment peptides.
Agarolytic
. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive.
Moderately thermophilic
, growing at 40–56°C but not 30 or 60°C.
Slightly halophilic
, growing in media containing 1–3% NaCl but not in those containing 0 or 5% NaCl.
Require sodium
. C
15:0
anteiso is the most abundant cellular fatty acid. Phylogenetically, the genus belongs to the order
Opitutales
in the phylum
Verrucomicrobia
. Isolated from two hot springs in the intertidal zone of Lutao, Taiwan, based on their ability to hydrolyze agar in an agar‐solidified marine medium.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 65.5–67.0.

Type species
:
Alterococcus agarolyticus
Shieh and Jean 1998, 644
VP
.
Cerasicoccus
Authors: Yoon Jaewoo , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: August 2015

Ce.ra.si.coc'cus. L. neut. n.
cerasum
a cherry; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry; N.L. masc. n.
Cerasicoccus
pale‐pink‐colored coccus, referring to the pale‐pink colour of the bacterium.

Verrucomicrobia / Opitutae / Puniceicoccales / Puniceicoccaceae / Cerasicoccus

Cocci
, about 0.8 µm × 1.0 µm in diameter.
Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile. Obligately aerobic
; nitrate not reduced. Growth is
chemoorganotrophic
and restricted to a small number of sugars and organic acids. Colonies are pale pink due to carotenoids.
Neither muramic acid nor diaminopimelic acid identified in cell‐wall extracts. Resistant to
β‐
lactam antibiotics
. Predominant cellular fatty acids are C
14:0
and C
18:1
ω9
c
. The major respiratory quinone is
MK‐7
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 54.0.

Type species
:
Cerasicoccus arenae
Yoon, Matsuo, Matsuda, Adachi, Kasai and Yokota 2007a, 2070
VP
.
“
Candidatus Xiphinematobacter
”
Authors: Vandekerckhove Tom T. M. , Navarro Jason B. , Coomans August , Hedlund Brian P.
Published: August 2015

Xi.phi.ne.ma.to.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.
Xiphinema, ‐atos
the genus name of the host organism; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
the equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Xiphinematobacter
the rod‐shaped microbe associated with
Xiphinema
.

Verrucomicrobia / Spartobacteria / Chthoniobacterales / Chthoniobacteraceae / “Candidatus Xiphinematobacter”

Full‐grown cells are
rod‐shaped with rounded ends, 0.7–1.0 × 2.1–3.2 μm
; however, cells in the J
1
(first juvenile) stage of nematode development have a wrinkled, pleomorphic shape. The longer entities usually consist of a mother cell from which a daughter cell is budding, giving rise to serial pairs typical of this bacterial genus. In thin sections
cells have two or three membranes
consisting of, from inside to outside, a cytoplasmic membrane, an electron‐dense outer membrane, and, in many individuals, a vacuolar membrane which is probably derived from the host cell membrane and which often shows discontinuities.
No peptidoglycan layer is evident
; however, a periplasmic hexagonally arrayed monolayer of 10 nm protein units is sometimes present.
Gram‐stain‐negative, nonmotile, and nonsporulating. DNA is often condensed at cell poles
. Bacteria live as

obligate cytoplasmic symbionts with maternal transmission in nematodes of the
Xiphinema americanum
group

(
Nematoda, Longidoridae
),
in which they are presumed to induce thelytokous
(
mother‐to‐daughter
)
parthenogenesis
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): not determined.

Type species
: “

Candidatus
Xiphinematobacter brevicolli

” Vandekerckhove, Willems, Gillis and Coomans 2000, 2203.
Chthoniobacter
Authors: Janssen Peter H.
Published: August 2015

Chtho.ni.o.bac'ter. Gr. adj.
chthonios
born from the soil, also the name of one of the Spartoi of the Gr. Cadmus myth; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
the equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
rod or staff; N.L. masc. n.
Chthoniobacter
rod from the soil.

Verrucomicrobia / Spartobacteria / Chthoniobacterales / Chthoniobacteraceae / Chthoniobacter

Rods. Gram‐stain‐negative
, with Gram‐negative cell‐wall structure. Nonmotile. No endospores.
Aerobe
. Chemo‐organotrophic metabolism.
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides support growth. Cells contain menaquinones
and yellow pigment.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 61.

Type species
:
Chthoniobacter flavus
Sangwan, Chen, Hugenholtz and Janssen 2010
VP
(Effective publication: Sangwan, Chen, Hugenholtz and Janssen 2004, 5880).
Akkermansia
Authors: Derrien Muriel , Plugge Caroline M. , de Vos Willem M. , Zoetandal Erwin G.
Published: August 2015

Ak.ker.man'si.a. N.L. fem. n.
Akkermansia
named after Antoon Akkermans, Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology.

Verrucomicrobia / Verrucomicrobiae / Verrucomicrobiales / Akkermansiaceae / Akkermansia

Oval‐shaped
cells, occurring singly, in pairs, and rarely in chains, about 0.6 µm × 0.7 µm.
Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic
. Colonies are distinct, whitish in color, and reach maximum size on 0.75% agar plates after 6 d of incubation. Cells grow optimally at 37°C and pH 6.5. Growth is
chemoorganotrophic
and restricted to a small number of sugars.
Acetate, propionate, and ethanol
are the major fermentation products from mucin. Mucolytic in pure culture.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 47.6.

Type species
:
Akkermansia muciniphila
Derrien, Vaughan, Plugge and de Vos 2004, 1474
VP
.
Rubritalea
Authors: Hedlund Brian P. , Yoon Jaewoo , Kasai Hiroaki
Published: August 2015

Ru.bri.ta'le.a. L. adj.
ruber ‐bra ‐brum
red; L. fem. n.
talea
a rod, staff; N.L. fem. n.
Rubritalea
a red‐colored rod.

Verrucomicrobia / Verrucomicrobiae / Verrucomicrobiales / Rubritaleaceae / Rubritalea

Coccoid or rod‐shaped
bacteria from
marine habitats. Gram‐stain‐negative
; have a
Gram‐negative cell structure. Nonmotile
. Obligately aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, reducing nitrate to nitrite. Colonies are
red or pink
in color due to carotenoids. Some produce squalene. Cell walls contain

meso‐diaminopimelic acid

.
Chemoorganotrophic
. Oxidize a wide variety of organic molecules for growth. Most abundant cellular fatty acids are
C

14
:
0

iso,
C

16
:
0

iso,
and C

16
:
1

ω

7
c

(Table 1).
Menaquinones
are the only respiratory quinones detected, primarily MK‐8 and MK‐9. Phylogenetically, the genus belongs to the order
Verrucomicrobiales
in the phylum “
Verrucomicrobia
”.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 47.7–52.4.

Type species
:
Rubritalea marina
Scheuermayer, Gulder, Bringmann and Hentschel 2006, 2123
VP
.
Prosthecobacter
Authors: Hedlund Brian P.
Published: August 2015

Pros.the.co.bac'ter. Gr. fem. n.
prosthece
appendage; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
masc. form of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Prosthecobacter
appendage (‐producing) rod.

Verrucomicrobia / Verrucomicrobiae / Verrucomicrobiales / Verrucomicrobiaceae / Prosthecobacter

Unicellular, Gram‐stain‐negative, fusiform rod shaped to vibrioid bacteria with a single polar prostheca. Nonmotile
. Prosthecae do not branch and do not bear buds. Cells attach to various substrata by a holdfast structure located at the distal tip of the prostheca.
Reproduction by binary fission results in the formation of a partially to fully differentiated prosthecate daughter cell which is a mirror image of the mother cell
. Rosettes are rare in pure culture, and, when formed, are comprised of few cells.
Chemoorganotrophic
. Growth occurs in defined media using ammonium salts as nitrogen source and glucose as carbon source. Obligately
aerobic. Catalase‐positive
. Cell wall contains
m
‐diaminopimelic acid. Menaquinones are dominant respiratory quinones.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 54–60.

Type species
:
Prosthecobacter fusiformis
Staley, de Bont and de Jonge 1980, 595
VP
(Effective publication: Staley, de Bont and de Jonge 1976, 341.).
Verrucomicrobium
Authors: Schlesner Heinz
Published: August 2015

Ver.ru.co.mi.cro'bi.um. L. fem. n.
verruca
wart; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
(from Gr. adj.
mikros
small and Gr. n.
bios
life), a microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Verrucomicrobium
warty microbe.

Verrucomicrobia / Verrucomicrobiae / Verrucomicrobiales / Verrucomicrobiaceae / Verrucomicrobium

Unicellular bacterium, rod shaped with numerous prosthecae extending from all locations on the cell surface.
Fimbriae varying in length and number extrude from the tips of the prosthecae
. Gram‐stain‐negative; nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. PHB is not stored. No gas vesicles. Mesophilic. Chemoorganotrophic; facultatively anaerobic. Glucose is fermented; nitrate is not reduced under anaerobic conditions. Oxidase and catalase positive. The cell wall contains
m
‐diaminopimelic acid. The main respiratory quinone is MK10. MK9, MK10(H
2
), and MK11 are minor quinones. Major fatty acids are C
14:0
, C
14:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:0
, C
16:1
ω5, C
16:0
, C
17:1
ω12. The major phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 58–59.

Type species
:
Verrucomicrobium spinosum
Schlesner 1988, 221
VP
(Effective publication: Schlesner 1987, 55.).
Encounters with Angels: A Struggle to Return Home from Study Abroad
Authors: Rodriguez Eva , Longerbeam Susan
Published: August 2015

Eva Rodriguez and Susan Longerbeam describe their challenging story of how ­navigating US Immigration illuminated the necessity of active support amidst ­randomness in their work with students.
High Anxiety in Higher Education
Authors: Bonfiglio Robert A.
Published: August 2015

Robert A. Bonfiglio continues his musings on anxiety in higher education and concludes that we need to disrupt the “us vs. them” mentality that has led us here.
Autobiographical Elaboration and the DRM Illusion: Investigating the Content and Process of Lure Activations
Authors: Bays Rebecca Brooke , Foley Mary Ann
Published: August 2015

We proposed an autobiographical elaboration to Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) materials to explore the content (Experiments 1 and 2) and processes giving form (Experiment 3) to lure activations. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants generated plausible hypothetical events or memories of past events cued by DRM items. Results suggested increased lure recognition following memory generation. Lures experienced implicitly within memories were more susceptible to false recognition, and content analysis further suggested increased temporal details and self‐referential remarks within memory descriptions. In Experiment 3, we manipulated encoding processes giving rise to lures in memory descriptions by manipulating imagery instructions. Results suggested increased lure recognition following guided imagery, particularly for lures experienced explicitly. Our results suggest that lure activations are affected by the nature of the associated content as well as processes mediating their explicit experience during encoding and test. Our findings have implications for debates about best practices of guided imagery techniques. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereotype Threat Impairs Older Adult Driving
Authors: Lambert Ann E. , Watson Jason M. , Stefanucci Jeanine K. , Ward Nathan , Bakdash Jonathan Z. , Strayer David L.
Published: August 2015

Stereotypes can harm human performance, especially when activated in individuals with diminished working memory capacity (WMC). Performance implications for the stereotype of poor driving in older adults were investigated. Using a sample of older adults, WMC (the ability to maintain task goals and ignore distractions) and driving performance [brake reaction time (RT), following distance, and crashes] were assessed, the latter using a high‐fidelity simulator. Elderly participants under stereotype threat with reduced WMC exhibited slower brake RTs and longer following distances compared with a control condition that was not threatened. This driving profile was characteristic of cognitive distraction. Stereotype threat has clear consequences for human performance in a common real‐world task—driving—that is critical to public safety. Furthermore, these findings suggest caution in how the media and public policy communicate information about older adult driving.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphene‐Based Materials for Lithium‐Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Ma Yanfeng , Chang Huicong , Zhang Miao , Chen Yongsheng
Published: August 2015

Lithium‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (LIHSs), also called Li‐ion capacitors, have attracted much attention due to the combination of the rapid charge–discharge and long cycle life of supercapacitors and the high energy‐storage capacity of lithium‐ion batteries. Thus, LIHSs are expected to become the ultimate power source for hybrid and all‐electric vehicles in the near future. As an electrode material, graphene has many advantages, including high surface area and porous structure, high electric conductivity, and high chemical and thermal stability, etc. Compared with other electrode materials, such as activated carbon, graphite, and metal oxides, graphene‐based materials with 3D open frameworks show higher effective specific surface area, better control of channels, and higher conductivity, which make them better candidates for LIHS applications. Here, the latest advances in electrode materials for LIHSs are briefly summarized, with an emphasis on graphene‐based electrode materials (including 3D graphene networks) for LIHS applications. An outlook is also presented to highlight some future directions.
Hyaluronic Acid‐Functionalized Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyethyleneimine Nanofibers for Cancer Cell Capture Applications
Authors: Zhao Yili , Fan Zhangyu , Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang
Published: August 2015

Capturing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with sufficient sensitivity and specificity in vitro is of paramount importance for early cancer diagnosis. Here a facile approach to immobilizing hyaluronic acid (HA) onto electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/polyethyleneimine (PVA/PEI) nanofibers for capturing cancer cells overexpressing CD44 receptors is reported. In this study, electrospun PVA/PEI nanofibers were crosslinked using glutaraldehyde vapor, covalently conjugated with HA via N‐(3‐dimethy‐laminopropyl)‐N′‐ethylcarbodiimide/N‐hydroxysuccinimide coupling reaction, followed by neutralization of the remaining fiber surface PEI amines via acetylation. The formed nanofibers were characterized using different techniques. It is shown that the HA‐modified PVA/PEI nanofibers with a mean diameter of 459.7 nm possess a smooth and uniform fibrous morphology, similar to the PVA/PEI nanofibers without HA modification. The HA‐modified PVA/PEI nanofibers display good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility as confirmed by cell viability, hemolysis, and anticoagulant assays. Importantly, with the modified HA, the nanofibers exhibit superior capability to capture CD44 receptor‐overexpressing cancer cells. The developed HA‐modified PVA/PEI nanofibers may hold a great promise to be applied for capturing CTCs for cancer diagnosis applications.
Linking Atomic Structure and Local Chemistry at Manganese‐Segregated Antiphase Boundaries in ZrO2–La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 Thin Films
Authors: Zhou Dan , Sigle Wilfried , Kelsch Marion , Habermeier Hanns‐Ulrich , van Aken Peter A.
Published: August 2015

This paper presents direct experimental evidence of Mn segregation at three types of antiphase boundaries in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 thin films doped with ZrO2. The local atomic structure of these antiphase boundaries is investigated by high‐angle annular dark‐field and annular bright‐field imaging in a scanning transmission electron microscope. Chemical composition and cation valence are determined by electron energy‐loss spectroscopy. The evidence that strain relaxation and ZrMn substitution are driving forces for the formation of the antiphase boundaries is found in this study. Analysis of atomic structure, image contrast, Mn valence state, and Mn occupancy shows that the antiphase boundaries are charge‐neutral with minimized internal electric fields.
Novel Cross‐linked Superfine Alginate‐Based Nanofibers: Fabrication, Characterization, and Their Use in the Adsorption of Cationic and Anionic Dyes
Authors: GHANI MOZHDEH , REZAEI BABAK , GHARE AGHAJI ALIAKBAR , ARAMI MOKHTAR
Published: August 2015

In this study, fabrication, characterization, and adsorption properties of alginate (Alg)‐based nanofibrous membrane were investigated for two categories of anionic (AR14) and cationic (BB41) dyes. Three optimization steps were performed to achieve the membrane enjoying desirable morphology, highest Alg content, and lowest possible nanofiber diameter. Consequently, Alg/poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers with the 80:20 ratio and mean diameter of 93 nm were produced. A novel method was applied as spraying the cross‐linking solution to diminish the solubility of the nanofibers in aqueous environments. The effect of solution pH, contact time, membrane dosage, and dye concentration on the adsorption performance was evaluated. The results showed that the produced membrane has an obvious pH dependency in which the maximum adsorption capacity at the solution pH of 1 and 9 were 93% and 71% for AR14 and BB41, respectively. The present work revealed that the Alg‐based nanofibrous membranes have a great potential to remove both anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.
Genetic structure of theKuwaiti population revealed by paternal lineages
Authors: Triki‐Fendri Soumaya , Sánchez‐Diz Paula , Rey‐González Danel , Alfadhli Suad , Ayadi Imen , Ben Marzoug Riadh , Carracedo Ángel , Rebai Ahmed
Published: August 2015

Objective

We analyzed the Y‐chromosome haplogroup diversity in the Kuwaiti population to gain a more complete overview of its genetic landscape.

Method

A sample of 117 males from the Kuwaiti population was studied through the analysis of 22 Y‐SNPs. The results were then interpreted in conjunction with those of other populations from the Middle East, South Asia, North and East Africa, and East Europe.

Results

The analyzed markers allowed the discrimination of 19 different haplogroups with a diversity of 0.7713. J‐M304 was the most frequent haplogroup in the Kuwaiti population (55.5%) followed by E‐M96 (18%). They revealed a genetic homogeneity between the Kuwaiti population and those of the Middle East (FST = 6.1%,P‐value < 0.0001), although a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found (r = 0.41,P‐value = 0.009). Moreover, the nonsignificant pairwiseFSTgenetic distances between the Kuwait population on the one hand and the Arabs of Iran and those of Sudan on the other, corroborate the hypothesis of bidirectional gene flow between Arabia and both Iran and Sudan.

Conclusion

Overall, we have revealed that the Kuwaiti population has experienced significant gene flow from neighboring populations like Saudi Arabia, Iran, and East Africa. Therefore, we have confirmed that the population of Kuwait is genetically coextensive with those of the Middle East. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:203–212, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.