bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivities of Laboratory and Field Strains of the Parasitoid Anisopteromalus calartdrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and its Host, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to Deltamethrin and Cyfluthrin
Authors: Baker J. E.
Published: September 2017

Glass vial laboratory bioassays were used to evaluate sensitivities of a laboratory strain and a malathion-resistant field strain of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to two pyrethroids, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin. Knockdown (24 h) and mortality (48 h) dose response data for the parasitoids were compared with those of laboratory and field strains of the parasitoid's host, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). For both species, higher doses were required for mortality than for knockdown. LD50 s for 48 h mortality for the field strain of A. calandrae were 0.36 (μg/vial for deltamethrin and 1.52 μg/vial for cyfluthrin. The malathion-resistant field strain of A. calandrae was about 2-fold more resistant to the pyrethroids compared with the laboratory strain. LD50s for the field strain of S. oryzae were 0.51 μg/vial for deltamethrin and 1.51 (μg/vial for cyfluthrin. There were no significant differences in response of the laboratory and field strains of S. oryzae to the pyrethroids. Although they are not currently labelled for use as grain protectants, these pyrethroids offer several advantages over organophosphorothioates in controlling stored grain insects. However, resistance ratios in A. calandrae will have to be increased, probably through laboratory selection procedures, to allow this parasitoid to be used in a pest management program in combination with these compounds.
Developmental, Morphogenetic and Reproductive Effects of Four Poly cyclic Non-isoprenoid Juvenoids in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)
Authors: Reid B. L. , Brock V. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: September 2017

Developmental, morphogenetic, and reproductive effects of four polycyclic non-isoprenoid juvenoids (fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, CGA45128, and PH030) were compared in nymphal German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). A pronounced dose-dependent response was exhibited with all juvenoids. Ecdysial failure was induced at 100 and 10 μg by fenoxycarb, CGA45128 and PH030, while pyriproxyfen did not cause this effect at any dose tested. All juvenoids induced significant developmental delays (at doses of 100, 10 and 1 μg/insect) and caused high levels of morphogenetic wing twisting, with PH030 being significantly more active than the other compounds. Twisted-wing adultoids were capable of reproducing unless they had been treated at 100 or 10 μg; PH030 was the only compound causing reproductive inhibition at the lower 1 μg dose. Wing twisting was not an absolute indicator of reproductive inhibition, as most slightly affected adultoids were capable of producing progeny when mated with normal adults. The implications of this latter finding to German cockroach population management with juvenoids is discussed.
Survivorship and Tunneling Activity of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Response to Termiticide Soil Barriers With and Without Gaps of Untreated Soil
Authors: Forschler Brian T.
Published: September 2017

In laboratory tests, survivorship and tunneling response of Eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), to termiticide soil barriers were dependent on active ingredient in the formulation and termiticide concentration. At 0.5 ppm, Pryfon® (isofenphos), Durs®ban TC® (chlorpyrifos), Tribute® (fenvalerate), Chlordane 8 EC® (chlordane), Dragnet® (permethrin), Torpedo® (permethrin), Prevail® (cypermethrin), and Demon® (cypermethrin) were ineffective in preventing termites from breaching a 5-cm wide soil barrier. Performance of these termiticides at 5 ppm was inconsistent. In contrast, all were effective at 50 ppm in preventing termite access to a protected food and aggregation substrate. The termiticides tested were placed into three categories based on termite survivorship and tunneling response after 7 d. Cypermethrin did not affect termite survivorship but did reduce termite tunneling activity after contact with treated soil. Permethrin and fenvalerate did not affect survivorship or tunneling activity in untreated soil. Chlordane, chlorpyrifos, and isofenphos affected survivorship and reduced tunneling activity. Termite location and exploitation of untreated gaps within a termiticide soil barrier appeared to be the result of random termite foraging behavior.
Temperature and Diel Catches of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Adults on Sticky Traps in the Greenhouse
Authors: Liu Tong-Xian , Oetting Ronald D. , Buntin G. David
Published: September 2017

Patterns of diel flight activity of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), were investigated on poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd., and gerbera daisy, Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus, under greenhouse and environmentally controlled conditions. Adult flight activity was monitored at 2-h intervals (from 0700 to 2100 h EST) at various heights using yellow sticky traps. Traps placed 5 cm above the top of the plant canopy caught more adults of both species than traps placed higher. The daily patterns of catches of T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci adults in the greenhouse were similar and were unimodal with peak catches occurring between 0900–1300 h. Numbers of adults caught on the sticky traps in the greenhouse were correlated with temperature and relative humidity for T. vaporariorum, but not for B. tabaci. Few adults were caught during the dark hours (from 2100 to 0700 h). Under constant temperatures of 20°, 25°, and 30°C, the flight activity patterns of both whitefly species were unimodal, with peak catches of T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci occurring in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Differences in temperature did not significantly alter the pattern of catches of adults on sticky traps. The lowest temperature for initiation of whitefly flight was 16–17°C for T. vaporariorum, and 17–18°C for B. tabaci.
Suppression of Sitotroga cerealella in Shelled Corn by the Parasitoid Pteromalus cerealellae
Authors: Wen Biran , Brower John H.
Published: September 2017

The parasitoid Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) was introduced at densities of one, five, or 10 pairs into 0.47-liter jars containing 500 g of corn that had been infested with one, five or 10 pairs of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), adults. The abundance of S. cerealella progeny was significantly reduced by all release rates of parasitoids and at all densities of S. cerealella. As release rates increased from one to 10 pairs of P. cerealellae, the average percentage suppression increased from 85.5 to 99.2 at one pair of S. cerealella, from 77.2 to 98.0 at five pairs of S. cerealella, and from 66.9 to 95.8 at 10 pairs of S. cerealella. However, the degree of suppression was significantly influenced by both the numbers of P. cerealella released and the initial density of S. cerealella. With greater host density, more progeny of P. cerealellae were produced, but releasing more parasitoids did not significantly increase the number of P. cerealellae progeny.
Residual Efficacy of Cyfluthrin Applied Alone or in Combination with Piperonyl Butoxide or Piperonyl Butoxide + Chlorpyrifos-methyl as Protectants of Stored Corn2
Authors: Arthur Frank H.
Published: September 2017

Pioneer variety ‘3320’ seed corn, treated with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 ppm cyfluthrin, each rate of cyfluthrin + 8.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide, or each rate of cyfluthrin + 8.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide + 6.0 ppm chlorpyrifosmethyl, was stored for 10 months at ambient conditions in south Georgia. Every 2 months the corn was sampled and bioassayed with maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Maize weevil survival on corn treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm cyfluthrin ranged from 39.5 to 76.0%, 4.0 to 29.5%, and 1.0 to 11.5%, respectively. Weevils did not survive exposure on corn treated with 2.0 ppm cyfluthrin, each rate of cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide, or each rate of cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide + chlorpyrifos-methyl. F1 progeny and dockage (ground corn flour and insect frass) in incubated bioassays were correlated with initial survival. Red flour beetle survival on corn treated with cyfluthrin alone or cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide was variable throughout the test, although survival at any bioassay usually decreased as the rate of cyfluthrin increased. However, no F1 adults or dockage was detected in any incubated bioassay from the 12 chemical treatments.
Differential Probing Response of Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), on Cos Lettuce
Authors: Nuessly Gregg S. , Nagata Russell T.
Published: September 2017

Leaf mining damage by serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a major problem of many leafy vegetables especially lettuce. A hierarchy of leaf probing preference by L. trifolii on romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars ‘Floricos 83’ (FC), ‘Parris Island Cos’ (PI), ‘Tall Guzmaine’ (TG), and ‘Valmaine’ (VL) was determined. Based on stipple counts (puncture wounds in the leaf surface), L. trifolii preferred TG by an experiment-wide average of 3:1 over the other cultivars. In choice tests where L. trifolii were able to select their preferred cultivar, TG was preferred 2.2:1 to 5.5:1 over the over varieties. On 12-leaf stage TG plants, eight female flies produced means ± SEM of 664.2 ± 165.8, 1,581.8 ± 333.8, and 2,084.5 ± 242.6 stipples per plant after 24, 48, and 72 h exposures, respectively. Preference for TG was maintained in no-choice tests where TG was preferred 1.8:1 to 2.6:1 over the other cultivars. Stipple counts on FC, PI, and VL did not vary significantly between choice and no-choice tests, but nearly twice as many stipples per plant were found on TG in choice than in no-choice tests. More probing occurred on all cultivars on the youngest fully expanded leaves in the middle of the plants than on leaves toward the bottom or top of the plants. Preference for these middle leaves was more pronounced on TG than on the other cultivars. The differences in stipple rates followed the pedigrees of the cultivars tested. The character(s) preferred by L. trifolii were apparently introduced into the lineage with a cross to ‘Paris White.’
Persistence and Efficacy of Four Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses for Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Heading Grain Sorghum
Authors: Young S. Y. , McNew R. W.
Published: September 2017

The persistence and efficacy of Helicoverpa zea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HzNPV) on heading grain sorghum was compared with three multiply-enveloped NPV's from other hosts to which the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is susceptible. Bioassay of NPV by feeding florets from sprayed heads to second instar corn earworm showed only low levels of virus remaining on heads in all of the treatments four days after application. The initial activity and persistence of a commercial preparation of H. zea NPV were greater than four unformulated virus preparations including unformulated HzNPV at rates of 3, 6, and 15 × 1011 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per ml (P < 0.05). Initial activity and persistence were similar for unformulated preparations of HzNPV, Heliothis armigera (HaNPV), and Autographa californica (AcNPV). Activity and persistence of Anticarsia gemmatalis (AgNPV) were significantly less than for the other viruses (P < 0.05). In a small plot test on heading grain sorghum in which viruses were applied at 1.5, 3, and 6 × 1011 PIB/ha, mortality of collected corn earworm larvae and larval population reduction were greater in the HzNPV treatments than in the three multiply-enveloped virus treatments. HaNPV and AcNPV preparations were more effective than AgNPV. All virus preparations required one wk or longer to significantly reduce larval populations at all rates (P < 0.05).
Effects of Sublethal Doses of Two Insect Growth Regulators on Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Reproduction2
Authors: Carpenter J. E. , Chandler L. D.
Published: September 2017

The effects of sublethal doses of two insect growth regulators on Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) reproduction were investigated. Adults which developed from larvae that fed on a pinto bean diet containing diflubenzuron (Dimilin) or an ecdysone agonist (RH 5992) were inbred and outcrossed with adults which developed from larvae that were fed on a normal pinto bean diet. Data were collected on fecundity, fertility, and sperm transfer. Sublethal doses of both compounds administered to H. zea larvae caused reduced fertility in surviving male imagos but had no effect on fecundity or fertility of the female imagos. Reduced fertility in treated males was largely caused by a lower incidence of sperm transfer. Implications of our results for H. zea population management are discussed.
Winter Oviposition of the Azalea Lace Bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in North Carolina
Authors: Nalepa C. A. , Baker J. R.
Published: September 2017

Adult azalea lace bugs survived the winters of 1990–91, 1991–92, and 1992–93 in central North Carolina. Females were capable of winter oviposition under both laboratory and field conditions. Two life-stages, egg and adult, commonly overwinter in North Carolina.
Gypsy Moth Management in Suburban Parks: Program Evaluation2
Authors: Ridgway R. L. , Thorpe K. W. , Webb R. E. , Venables L.
Published: September 2017

A specialized gypsy moth management program for urban parks was implemented in six state and county parks and the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) in Maryland in 1990 and 1991. Decisions to treat with aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (one or two applications) or diflubenzuron or to not treat were based on gypsy moth egg mass density, egg mass size, percentage of susceptible host trees, amount of previous defoliation, and the potential non-target effects of diflubenzuron. A total of 1025 and 1926 ha in the management program was treated with one and two applications of B. thuringiensis, respectively, and 1204 ha were left untreated. One block of 47 ha was treated with diflubenzuron. Larval mortality as a result of the treatments averaged 76 and 83% in areas treated with one and two applications of B. thuringiensis, respectively, and 87% in the area treated with diflubenzuron. Some noticeable defoliation occurred under all treatments. The greatest amount of defoliation (29% of total area) occurred in a management unit with an average initial egg mass density of 49,250/ha that was treated twice with B. thuringiensis. Comparisons with adjacent areas not included in the management program indicated that even when defoliation did occur, it was reduced both in severity and extent by the treatments. This evaluation of the gypsy moth management program that was developed to provide a high level of foliage protection in suburban parks indicated that a number of improvements can be made in the program. However, without more efficacious intervention tactics, the goal of preventing noticeable defoliation in any part of a management unit may not be achievable solely with biological agents where extremely high gypsy moth population densities are present.
Use of Cucurbitacin Vial Traps to Predict Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larval Injury in a Subsequent Crop of Corn
Authors: Levine Eli , Gray Michael E.
Published: September 2017

Root injury by western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, larvae was evaluated in ten cornfields where adult densities had been monitored the previous August with cucurbitacin vial traps. Traps consisted of 60-ml perforated plastic vials containing an acetate strip coated with carbaryl and powdered squash with high levels of cucurbitacin, a feeding arrestant. Traps were attached to corn plants at ear height, and the beetles were collected and sexed at various intervals throughout the month of August. For all sampling intervals except the last week of August, female trap capture data explained a significant (P < 0.05) amount of variability in root injury the following summer. In contrast, the only case in which combined male and female trap capture explained a significant amount of variability was for the third week of August. However, even for this time interval, female trap data explained nearly twice as much variability as did total beetle capture. The best regression equations for predicting larval injury were based on mean female capture for the entire month of August (R2 = 0.77, n = 9, P < 0.01), mean female capture for the last 3 wk of August (R2 = 0.73, n = 10, P < 0.01), and mean female capture for the third week of August (R2 = 0.82, n = 10, P < 0.001). This study underscores the need to develop a trap that captures only female corn rootworms.
Survivorship and Cannibalism in Lyctocoris campestris (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae): Effects of Density, Prey Availability, and Temperature1
Authors: Parajulee Megha N. , Phillips Thomas W.
Published: September 2017

Availability of prey was an important factor for cannibalism in Lyctocoris campestris (F.). Cannibalistic predation in L. campestris nymphs was density dependent irrespective of prey level or space provided. Mean adult longevity varied under different prey, water, and temperature regimes. Adults survived for more than 2 wks when no prey or free water was provided, and survivorship increased slightly when bugs had access to free water. Females survived longer than males (P = 0.03) when only water was provided. Under a no-prey regime, lower rearing temperatures yielded significantly higher adult survivorship. Lyctocoris campestris adults survived for 23.5 d without prey or water at 17°C. The cannibalistic predation among nymphs and the ability of adults to survive for an extended period of time without prey or water may enable bug populations to persist until prey populations rebound in a stored-product ecosystem.
Selection Within Wild Turkish Alfalfa Germplasm for Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Resistance
Authors: Ratcliffe Roger H. , Campbell T. Austin
Published: September 2017

In 1981, alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., germplasm was collected in Central and Eastern Turkey to provide a new source to screen for alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), resistance. This collection was evaluated at Beltsville in two stages, starting with primitive Turkish cultivars and concluding with wild alfalfas. Approximately 80,000 plants of the germplasm line B36 were screened as seedlings for resistance to neonate larvae, and 107 plants that were least defoliated by larval feeding were vegetatively increased and evaluated further for larval and adult feeding antixenosis. Five of the 107 selections demonstrated feeding antixenosis to larvae and/or adults and were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less defoliated by feeding than ‘Ranger’ alfalfa. Larval and adult survival on the 107 clones did not differ significantly from that on ‘Ranger’. The five selections demonstrating feeding antixenosis were tested further for oviposition antixenosis. Oviposition was significantly less (P ≤ 0.05) on three of the five selections than on ‘Ranger’ when adults were confined on plants for 5 d. There was no significant correlation between stem diameter and oviposition rate, indicating that factors influencing oviposition antixenosis may be related to biochemical rather than morphological differences among alfalfa selections in this germplasm.
Enhancement of Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Against Four Lepidopterous Insect Pests by Nutrient-Based Phagostimulants1
Authors: Farrar Robert R. , Ridgway Richard L.
Published: September 2017

To help improve control of insect pests with microbial insecticides, we investigated the interactions of four commercial, nutrient-based phagostimulants (Pheast [AgriSense], Coax [CCT Corp.], Gusto [Atochem North America, Inc.], and Entice [Custom Chemicides] with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and four lepidopterous insect pests (gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar [L.] [Lymantriidae]; corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea [Boddie] [Noctuidae]; European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis [Hübner] [Pyralidae]; and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella [L.] [Plutellidae]). Comparisons were made of treated foliage in Petri dishes in the laboratory and of sprayed whole plants in a greenhouse. In general, phagostimulants increased mortality of all species tested, but no consistent differences among phagostimulants were found for any species. Food consumption was generally lower on the treatments that contained phagostimulants causing the highest rates of mortality, possibly as a result of more rapid ingestion of a lethal dose on these treatments. Reduced rates of feeding by insects on treatments with B. thuringiensis alone were seen, probably due in part to intoxication and, possibly, to behavioral effects as well. Indications of potentially significant interactions between host plants and both B. thuringiensis and phagostimulants also were seen.
Physical Barriers as a Means to Reduce Grape Root Borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), Infestations in Vineyards and in Greenhouse Muscadine Plants2
Authors: Yonce Carroll E.
Published: September 2017

Grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), larval populations were apparently reduced in an old abandoned muscadine vineyard when physical barriers (ground cloth) and other methods were used in a 3-yr test. Statistical differences among treatments for any one year did not exist, but overall larval counts were statistically lower at the end (1991) than at the beginning (1989) of the test. Weed Barrier, a ground cloth, was consistently effective in reducing neonate larval penetration by 42 – 45% in potted muscadine (‘Fry’) plants in the greenhouse during studies in 1990 and 1992. Also, significantly fewer larvae became established in roots of plants in the weed barrier treatment than in the no-barrier treatment. An experimental woven polypropylene was less effective.
Larvicidal Effects of Benzoylphenylureas Against the Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships2
Authors: DeMilo Albert B. , Miller Richard W. , Bordás Barna , Redfern Robert E. , Mills Giles
Published: September 2017

Larvicidal activity of a congeneric set of N-2-halo- (and 2,6-dihalo) benzoyl-N-phenylureas were determined in in vivo tests against the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Substituent modifications were made in both the benzoyl and anilide portions of the molecule. Linear regression analysis was used to derive quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) from LC50 and LC99 values and a series of physicochemical substituent parameters. The analysis resulted in two significant single parameter regression equations selecting Hammett σp constant as the only relevant chemical descriptor and rejecting the other descriptors as insignificant. Penfluron and 2,6-difluoro-N-[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]amino]carbonyl]benzamide were potent larvicides in these tests and exceeded the effectiveness of diflubenzuron and triflumuron.
Yellow Traps and Insecticides for Control of a Strain of Sweet Potato Whitefly and Associated Virus Incidence on Pepper
Authors: Valdez Joel Avila , Wolfenbarger Dan A.
Published: September 2017

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is the most important vector of viruses which cause diseases of “serrano” pepper in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico. This insect is highly attracted to yellow surfaces. When 1,240 yellow traps/ha were uniformly placed in plots, plants with virus symptoms were reduced 61%, 59%, and 15% in 1987/1988, 1988/1989, and 1990/1991, respectively, on the last sampling date yet there was no significant difference in treated and untreated plots. In plots without treatment 78, 91, and 100% of plants exhibit virus symptoms on the last sampling date in the same years, respectively. Plots with traps increased yields of peppers 539%, 202%, and 341% in 1987/1988, 1988/1989, and 1990/1991, respectively, compared to the check. Traps + permethrin at 110 g (AI)/ha reduced populations of B. tabaci adults 78% in the 1987/1988. Permethrin-treated plots without traps increased yields 312% and 366% compared to the control in 1988/1989 and 1990/1991 seasons, respectively. During these same years yield increases were greater than the untreated check when Lambda cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, phosphamidon, dimethoate, naled, Safer™ soap, amitraz, and endosulfan were applied in the same tests.
Susceptibility of Microplitis croceipes and Cardiochiles nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Field Rates of Selected Cotton Insecticides1
Authors: Tillman P. Glynn
Published: September 2017

Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) and Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick, parasitoids of Heliothis virescens (F.), were treated topically with field rates of 14 formulated insecticides commonly used in cotton insect control. The 14 insecticides were oxamyl, thiodicarb, endosulfan, acephate, azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, methyl parathion, profenofos, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin. With the exception of thiodicarb, all insecticides were extremely toxic to M. croceipes, causing 100% mortality of adult wasps. Treatment with thiodicarb resulted in high survival of adults for each parasitoid species. Acephate was extremely toxic to M. croceipes, but relatively non-toxic to C. nigriceps. Mortality also was lower for C. nigriceps females than for C. nigriceps males and M. croceipes for both sexes when wasps were treated with oxamyl. Nine of the 14 insecticides tested were extremely toxic to C. nigriceps, causing 100% mortality of adult wasps. Treatment with 5 insecticides - thiodicarb, acephate, oxamyl, azinphosmethyl, and cypermethrin - resulted in higher survival for C. nigriceps adults than was obtained for the other nine insecticide treatments. For both male and female C. nigriceps, thiodicarb and acephate were less toxic than the other three insecticides. Generally, these five insecticides were less toxic to females than males. An exception was the lower mortality of male C. nigriceps versus females of this species for treatment with acephate. Of the three insecticides commonly used for boll weevil control (oxamyl, azinphosmethyl, and methyl parathion), oxamyl was the least toxic to C. nigriceps females. Cypermethrin was less toxic to C. nigriceps females than the other three pyrethroids tested. Selective use of insecticides which permit higher parasitoid survival could facilitate conservation of these native biological control agents.
Field Evaluations of Parasitoids of Larval Stalkborers Against Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Rice
Authors: Pfannenstiel R. S. , Browning H. W.
Published: September 2017

Five species of parasitoids of larval stalkborer were evaluated in Texas in 1987 against the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), in field enclosures in rice, Oryza sativa L. The braconids, Alabagrus stigma (Brullé) and Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh, and the bethylid, Goniozus natalensis Gordh, each parasitized >5% of the available E. loftini. The braconids, Apanteles minator Muesebeck and Macrocentrus prolificus Wharton, parasitized <1% of the available hosts. Allorhogas pyralophagus parasitized the highest percentage of borers, including 65.6% of the fifth- and sixth-instar E. loftini. Alabagrus stigma and G. natalensis parasitized fewer borers overall, although parasitism by A. stigma averaged 21.2% of small E. loftini in the rice leafsheaths. Alabagrus stigma, A. pyralophagus, and G. natalensis are candidates for further evaluation in the event that E. loftini becomes a pest of rice in Texas.
Discovery of the Genus Protisobrachium Benoit 1957 from the Oriental Region (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
Authors: Terayama Mamoru
Published: September 2017

The genus Protisobrachium is newly recorded from the Oriental Region on the basis of P. asianum n. sp. This new species is separated from the other congeners from Africa by the single toothed mandible, obscure notauli, elongate propodeum, and large basal triangular area on propodeum.
Evaluation of Selected Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Two Whitefly Species (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Greenhouse
Authors: Lambert A. L. , McPherson R. M. , Sparks B.
Published: September 2017

Fourteen soybean cultivars and breeding lines in Maturity Groups VII and VIII were monitored for silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), infestation levels in the greenhouse. Unifoliate leaves became infested with whitefly immatures and eggs 4 wks after planting. LA88-32 and F90-700 had significantly higher total whitefly populations than 11 and eight of the other entries, respectively, at growth stage V7. Whitefly populations were higher 6 wks after planting (growth stage V8–V9) when a unifoliate leaf and trifoliate leaves 1, 2, and 3 were sampled. G89-5180, Perrin, F90-988, G89-5066, N89-1, and N88-91 had significantly lower total numbers of whiteflies than F90-724, F90-700, and LA88-32. At 10 wks after planting (growth stage R2), G89-5180 and N88-91 had the lowest numbers of whiteflies, and total counts were significantly higher for F90-724 on trifoliolates 2, 4, and 6. Leaf damage ratings (% leaf burn) ranged from 1.3% (F90-724) to 74.0% (F90-1054). Sampling ceased after 10 wks because of excessive whitefly-induced plant injury to most soybean entries. This study reflected significant differences in soybean varietal response to whitefly population densities and demonstrated that the greenhouse can be used effectively to screen soybeans for resistance to whiteflies.
Abundance of Two Whitefly Species (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Georgia Soybean
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Lambert A. L.
Published: September 2017

‘Braxton’ and ‘Cobb’ soybeans were surveyed every 7 to 10 days from mid-July through September, 1993 and 1994, to determine the seasonal abundance of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, and the bandedwinged whitefly, Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman). Population densities peaked in early September 1993, at over 31 eggs and nymphs per 2.54 cm2 of leaf area on Cobb soybeans (a Maturity Group VIII variety), and 15 eggs and nymphs on Braxton soybeans (a Maturity Group VII variety). Silverleaf whitefly was the predominant species on all sampling dates throughout the season. At the population peak, there were 14.4 silverleaf whitefly and 3.3 bandedwinged whitefly nymphs per 2.54 cm2 on Cobb and 8.8 silverleaf whitefly and 2.0 bandedwinged whitefly nymphs on Braxton. Whitefly population densities peaked in late September 1994, at over 6 eggs and 59 nymphs on Cobb and 1 egg and 18 nymphs on Braxton. The whitefly population in 1994 was comprised almost exclusively of silverleaf whitefly, with 58 and 17 nymphs per 2.54 cm2 on Cobb and Braxton, respectively, on 23 September compared to less than 1.0 bandedwinged whitefly on each of these varieties. At the population peak each year, there were significantly more eggs and silverleaf whitefly nymphs on the upper trifoliolate leaves than on the lower trifoliolate leaves.
Rearing the Cannibalistic Larvae of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Groups
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: September 2017

Cannibalistic immatures of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L. [Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae]) predator Calosoma sycophanta L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) must usually be reared individually. This paper describes a method of rearing C. sycophanta larvae in groups by placing them in plastic containers having 3 cm of moist peat moss in the bottom. Larvae are fed gypsy moth pupae placed on top of the peat moss. Under these conditions, larval mortality is about 50%. By varying the number of prey, it was found that larval mortality increased if less than 0.5 pupae/day/larvae were provided. However, when not starved, at least 40 C. sycophanta larvae can be reared per container with no increase in mortality. Larvae were seen to burrow through the peat moss extensively, which may reduce cannibalism. Higher larval mortality occurred when using paper towelling (wet or dry) as the substrate. Group rearing will make it easier to supply beetles for augmentative releases against the gyspy moth.
Relationship Between Soybean Maturity Group and the Phenology and Abundance of Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): Impact on Yield and Quality
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: September 2017

Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, varieties in maturity groups IV–VIII were sampled weekly for stink bugs from mid-June to mid-October in 1993 and 1994. Plots were either treated with tralomethrin to control stink bugs or left untreated to measure yield and seed quality losses to the pests. In 1993, stink bug populations peaked at 8.3 per 25 sweeps in the Group IV NK S4884 in late-August, 6 wks after the R4 growth stage (full pod without seeds). As they were declining in the Group IV soybean, populations were rapidly increasing in the later-maturing varieties, reaching population peaks 5 to 6 wks after R4 in all maturity groups. Population peaks in the later-maturing varieties were higher than in the maturity groups IV and V. Similar seasonal population distributions were observed in 1994, although populations peaked 4 to 6× higher than in 1993. Both Nezara viridula (L.) and Acrosternum hilare (Say) were common in 1993 when populations were relatively low. In 1994, N. viridula was the most abundant species. Euschistus seruus (Say) was present at low population densities both years. Tralomethrin treatments significantly decreased the stink bug damage to seeds. Seed weights and yield also were higher in the treated plots of most varieties. Significant correlations occurred for stink bug population peaks with percentage kernel damage, yield reductions and 100-seed weight reductions.
A Review of the Scientific Literature on Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) in the Genus Bradysia2
Authors: Harris Mary A. , Gardner Wayne A. , Oetting Ronald D.
Published: September 2017

The majority of the literature concerning fungus gnats in the genus Bradysia (Family Sciaridae) can be divided into two groups, addressing their cytogenetics or their role as economically important pests. Cytological anomalies in sciarids are recognized in (1) chromosome complement, (2) differential chromosome contributions of the sperm and egg, (3) alteration of chromosome complement during embryogenesis, (4) and alteration during gametogenesis. The literature concerning these cytological events is reviewed within the context of the development of the science of cytogenetics and as they relate to the taxonomy and systematics of this group. Although species of Bradysia were recognized as pests of various seedling plants over a century ago, their economic importance in plant and mushroom production was largely overlooked until recently. A review of the scientific literature on the biology and management of the sciarids indicates that members of the genus Bradysia may be especially pestiferous in greenhouse plant production. Although, a fungal food source appears to be critical to successful development and reproduction of fungus gnats, larvae also will feed on healthy plant tissue. Feeding activities of larvae directly damage seedlings, whereas both larvae and adults indirectly contribute to plant damage through the spread of fungal phytopathogens. The relatively recent confirmation of fungus gnats as potential disseminators of plant pathogens has placed these insects in the category of a more serious pest. As expected with any recently recognized pest, critical information regarding monitoring and economic thresholds is lacking. However, because these flies have been considered a nuisance, chemical control methods are available, as are alternatives which have been integrated most successfully into management programs in European glasshouses.
Effects of Color and Trunk-wrap on Pecan Weevil Catch In Pyramidal Traps
Authors: Tedders W. L. , Mizell R. F. , Wood B. W.
Published: September 2017

Pyramidal traps of various colors and trunk-wraps of white plastic and whitewash were evaluated to optimize pyramidal traps for collection of pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn). Black traps were superior to all other colors tested and are recommended for use by growers. White plastic wrap was as effective and easier to use than whitewash and both increased trap capture (white plastic 2.8, whitewash 1.8 fold) of pecan weevils.
Impact of Selected Insecticides Used in Eggplant Production on Edovum puttleri Grissell (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Hamilton George C. , Lashomb James H. , Patt Joseph M.
Published: September 2017

The impact of insecticides currently used in commercial eggplant fields to control the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), on the egg parasitoid Edovum puttleri Grissell was evaluated. Mortality from contact exposure to leaf residues and ingestion of contaminated honey, and parasitoid emergence from treated egg masses were compared for the following insecticides: esfenvalerate alone and in combination with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), oxamyl, PBO, and rotenone alone and in combination with PBO. Studies were conducted using concentrations of 1.0X, 0.75X, 0.5X, and 0.25X of the maximum labeled rate. Mortality was high and significantly different from controls for all chemicals and rates in both the leaf residue tests and feeding studies. Emergence of E. puttleri from treated egg masses also was significantly impacted by all materials and rates with the exception of PBO. The data suggest that the use of these materials in a pest management program that utilizes E. puttleri may reduce the survival of adults and emergence from eggs, thereby slowing parasitoid establishment.
Evaluation of Vegetable Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Kraemer Mark E. , Rangappa Muddappa , Mohamed Ali I.
Published: September 2017

Petri dish bioassays were used to evaluate terminal foliage from 47 field-grown genotypes of vegetable-type soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, from maturity groups III through VIII, for resistance to corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in 1993 and 1994. Larvae reared on “Sato”, IAC 100, V89-1301, V89-1563, and V88-100 had low mean weights, not significantly different from resistant controls. However, larval weights ranged from moderate to high on most vegetable-type soybeans. The most susceptible genotypes were “Geulph”, PI 561291, and “Rokusun”, followed by “Kanrich”, “Kura”, “Camp”, “Wolverine”, G2246, G4032, “Kim”, “Hahto”, PI 561294, N2962, and D71-V89. Mortality averaged 2.9% in 1993 and 13.5% in 1994, but was not generally useful in evaluating resistance within maturity groups. High percent mortality and low weights of larvae reared on both resistant and susceptible genotypes in maturity group VII/VIII in 1994 may have been related to the use of insect-damaged foliage. Soluble leaf sugar was determined in 1994 samples and ranged from 0.50% (PI 416868-B) to 1.04% (PI 561291) of dry weight. A small but significant positive correlation (r = 0.20, P = 0.009) was found between sugar content and larval weight in maturity groups III through VI. Exceptional low larval weights in maturity groups VII and VIII were not related to leaf sugar content.
Influence of Mulches on the Colonization by Adults and Survival of Larvae of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Eggplant
Authors: Stoner Kimberly A.
Published: September 2017

Six treatments (no mulch, black plastic mulch, black plastic painted with reflective aluminum paint, straw mulch, black plastic plus straw, and a living mulch of rye growing between the rows) were used to grow eggplant and to observe the effects on movement of adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say); oviposition; and density and survival of larvae. Straw mulch and rye treatments reduced movement of overwintered beetles into the plots and also reduced the growth of the plants compared to black plastic mulch. Survival from the egg to small larva (first and second instar) was lower in the plots with straw mulch and black plastic plus straw than in plots with rye, bare ground or aluminum-painted mulch. None of the treatments had an effect on movement of the first generation adults, which was primarily determined by the proximity of the plots to the source field of potatoes. It may be possible to combine the positive effects of black plastic on early season growth and straw mulch on reducing the survival of potato beetle larvae by transplanting the eggplants into black plastic mulch, then adding straw as the egg masses of the potato beetle begin to hatch.
Helenococcus, A New Genus of Diaspididae with Description of a New Species, Helenococcus hokeae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Australia
Authors: Liu Tong-Xian , Howell James O.
Published: September 2017

Helenococcus, a new genus of Diaspididae, is described and designated, including detailed illustrations and descriptions of the adult female, second instar, and first instar of the type species, Helenococcus hokeae. The new species was collected on Hokea pampliniana from New South Wales, Australia.
Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales) Effects on Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Steinkraus D. C. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: September 2017

The fungal entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, was isolated from a naturally-infected tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), in Arkansas. This is the first report of a tarnished plant bug naturally infected with B. bassiana. In laboratory tests this isolate (ARSEF 3769) was highly infective to L. lineolaris nymphs and adults. The LC50 for nymphs and adults was 9 × 104 and 8.4 × lfj4 conidia per ml deionized water containing 0.01% Tween 80, respectively, when mortality was recorded 7 days after treatment. In a 1993 field test, cotton plants treated with ARSEF 3769 conidia at a rate of 5.8 × 107 conidia per ml deionized water containing 0.01% Tween 80 resulted in 88.8% and 100% mortality (n = 143) in exposed L. lineolaris adults at 5 and 7 days after treatment, respectively, compared with 7.4% and 11.4% mortality in the controls (n = 150). Persistence tests on field cotton showed that B. bassiana conidia could infect adult L. lineolaris for up to 4 days under ambient environmental conditions. A 1995 field test with the commercial B. bassiana product, Mycotrol WP, and the insecticide imidacloprid (Provado formulation) on L. lineolaris adults caged on canola resulted in 97.9% mortality at 5 days after treatment in L. lineolaris adults when Mycotrol (280 g per ha) and imidacloprid (50 g ai. per ha) were applied together, compared with 67.3% in the imidacloprid alone (50 g a.i. per ha), 52% in the Mycotrol alone (280 g per ha), and 7.6% and 13.6% mortality in the controls. The combination of Mycotrol and imidacloprid was significantly more effective than either material alone. These studies show that the fungus B. bassiana may be useful for control of L. lineolaris in cotton and other crops.
Influence of Soybean Lines Isogenic for Pubescence Type on Twospotted Spider Mite (Acarina: Tetranychidae) Development and Feeding Damage
Authors: Elden T. C.
Published: September 2017

Soybean lines isogenic for glabrous, normal, and dense pubescence developed from the genotypes ‘Davis’, ‘Tracy-M’, and D75-10169 were used in studies of the impact of pubescence on twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, development and feeding damage under controlled environmental conditions and a known infestation rate. Significant differences in progeny and feeding damage of the twospotted spider mite between genotypes were observed. There were no significant differences between isolines within genotypes for number of progeny. Glabrous isolines had significantly more adult mites leave the excised plant leaf and significantly less feeding damage than the normal or dense isolines. Results suggest that leaf pubescence, or in this case lack of, could be a potential factor in the control of the twospotted spider mite on soybean. This study also demonstrates a reliable and uniform laboratory procedure, under controlled conditions, for rearing the twospotted spider mite, screening soybean germplasm, and determining resistance mechanisms.
Survey of Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Sweet Corn Using Yellow Sticky Cards
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Orfanedes Michael S. , Pedersen Laura H. , Kirkwyland Jonathan J. , Hoebeke E. Richard , Ayyappath Ramesh
Published: September 2017

Yellow cards coated with adhesive were used to survey for the presence, relative abundance and seasonal patterns of lady beetles in research and commercial fields of processing sweet corn in central and western New York in 1992 and 1993. The lady beetles species recorded, in order of abundance were: Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake, Coccinella septempunctata L., Psyllobora vigintimaculata (Say), Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.), Cycloneda munda (Say), Hippodamia glacialis glacialis (F.), Adalia bipunctata (L.), Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Mulsant, and Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown. Coleomegilla maculata lengi was in sufficient number to reflect seasonal patterns. Coleomegilla maculata lengi populations rapidly increased in early July, peaked in late July or early August and then rapidly declined. The timing of C. maculata lengi peak abundance was more closely related to day-of-year than to stage of crop development based on accumulated degree days from planting. The pattern of capture of C. maculata lengi at incremental distances into the field did not indicate colonization from the field edge.
The Larva, Pupa and Female of Agapetus jocassee Morse (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)
Authors: Craft Jason S. , Morse John C.
Published: September 2017

Agapetus jocassee is a “Species of Concern” on the lists of the U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service because it is known from only three streams of the Lake Jocassee catchment in Oconee and Transylvania counties, South and North Carolina. To assist in solving identification problems and to contribute to knowledge of the distribution of this species, larvae and pupae of A. jocassee were collected from mountain streams in North and South Carolina, reared to adulthood and identified. The larva, pupa, and female of the species are described for the first time. Characters were found in those ontogenetic stages that distinguish this species from other Agapetus species whose immature stages and females are known. The species was collected from two streams other than the type localities, suggesting that it may be more widely distributed in streams of the Blue Ridge Escarpment than previously thought.
Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Tolerance in Cotton: Sources and Heritability
Authors: Bowman Daryl T. , McCarty Jack C.
Published: September 2017

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) resistance or tolerance in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., is often associated with extreme pubescence. This is undesirable because hairy (pubescent) plants tend to have more trash in harvested lint which reduces the price received by growers. Two other possible sources of resistance include gossypol and thick lower epidermal cells, the latter has been found in G. barbadense L. Five G. barbadense genotypes were mated in a North Carolina Design II to 4 upland cultivars to evaluate combining ability. In addition, 90 converted racestocks were screened for tolerance to thrips. Experiments were designed to evaluate tolerance or resistance by comparing plots with and without thrips. Two G. barbadense parents had tolerance to thrips while two upland cultivars also exhibited tolerance. In the F1 generation, general combining ability was significant for thrips damage ratings among the G. barbadense parents. In the F2 generation, all characters exhibited specific combining ability. Thus, non-additive genetic variance predominates measures of thrips tolerance.