bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amino Acid Based Schiff Bases and Their Metal Complexes as Biologically Potent Agents
Authors: Kumari Suman , Seema  , Yadav Poonam , Sharma Shobhana , Ranka Mamta
Published: September 2022

Schiff bases derived from amino acids and their corresponding metal complexes have been widely
studied in different ways and have increased attention of chemists in biological, pharmaceutical and
biochemical fields due to their easy synthesis and broad spectrum of applications. In this review, we
have focused on the synthesis and biological evaluation involving antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer,
antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of some amino acid derived Schiff bases and their respective
metal complexes
Aloe vera Loaded (Polyvinyl Alcohol) Cryogel: Potential Wound Healer
Authors: Chhatri Amita , Lawrance Smarika , Dsouza Anjali
Published: September 2022

The present work describes the preparation methodology of polyvinyl alcohol and Aloe vera hydrogels
and their potential role in wound healing. Aloe vera is frequently used in treating many diseases due to
its spectacular properties (anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor and antibacterial) which assist in
wound healing and help in treating many diseases a range of ailments. The designing of Aloe vera
loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend hydrogels (coined as cryogels) was done following repeated
freeze-thaw cycles method. Characterization of the cryogels was done using some analytical techniques
to study its properties and possible applications. The FTIR spectra shows that Aloe vera loaded PVA
cryogels are interconnected by hydrogen bonding. Scanning electron microscope analysis established
the porous nature of crogels. These hydrogels show water imbibing capacity, which depends on the
experimental conditions and the chemical composition of the gel. The factors affecting the swelling
ratio of crogels are amount of PVA, Aloe vera, number of Freez-Thaw cycles, pH and medium. The
pore size of the cryogels also decreases with increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. The Aloe
vera-PVA cryogel is healing compatible with blood as there is less than 2% hemolysis.
Recent Advances of Edible Packaging as an Alternative in Food Packaging Applications
Authors: Kaushani K.G. , Priyadarshana G. , Katuwavila Nuwanthi P. , Jayasinghe R.A. , Nilmini A.H.L.R.
Published: September 2022

The accumulation of non-biodegradable food packaging waste causes huge pollution to the environment,
has become a major issue. Currently, the use of edible and biodegradable packaging for food applications
to avoid the generation of waste is a fast-emerging eco-friendly technology with increased attention.
The edible packaging; films and coatings synthesized from biodegradable sources like polysaccharides,
lipids, proteins and composites can be consumed without disposing them to the environment. These
can be used on different foods by functioning as barriers to moisture, vapours and other solutes, also
by reducing lipid oxidation and discolouration. They perform multiple functions as carriers for active
compounds and have the ability to release them at a controlled rate to the packed food, which
significantly extends the shelf-life and hence, improves the quality of food. This review focuses on the
recent researches on the innovative biopolymer-based edible packaging, an alternative to synthetic
nonedible packaging.
Development and Validation of Stability Indicating Mass Compatible RP-HPLC
Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Assay and Related Substances in
Methylprednisolone Acetate Injectable Suspension
Authors: Balakrishnan C. , Prasad K.R.S. , Suresh Babu K.
Published: September 2022

A new stability indicating mass compatible RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the
simultaneous estimation of assay and related substances of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) in
methylprednisolone acetate injectable suspension. Chromatography was carried out with C18 column
(100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μ particle size) with an isocratic elution of mobile phase composed of 1 g/L
Ammonium acetate and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 67:33 v/v at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The column
oven temperature was maintained at 50 ºC and the detection was carried out using UV detector at 254
nm. Validation parameters such as system suitability, specificity (matrix interference and forced
degradation), linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ),
solution stability and robustness were performed according to ICH guidelines. The retention time for
MPA was about 7 min. Methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) and its impurities were well separated
from each other. The percentage mean accuracy of MPA was found to be 99.1% for assay and ranged
from 101.4% to 104.8% for known impurities. The % relative standard deviation (RSD) for the six
replicate assay results was found less than 1%. The method is linear in the range from 0.2 μg/mL to
600 μg/mL (i.e. 0.05% to 150% of the test concentration). The correlation coefficient for linearity was
found to be greater than 0.999 for MPA and its impurities. Limit of detection and limit of quantification
was demonstrated to be 0.017%w/w and 0.05%w/w, respectively. The validated method is simple,
mass compatible, fast, specific, stability indicating, accurate, linear, precise, rugged, sensitive and
robust.
DFT, Molecular Docking, Toxicity Investigations and Antifungal
Efficacy of N-Aryl Amides of Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-one
Authors: Anbazhagan Abinaya , Venugopal Sharulatha
Published: September 2022

Potent kinase inhibitors containing N-aryl bonds play a crucial role for enzyme inhibition. Hence, the
present investigation was carried out to evaluate the antifungal activity of N-aryl amides of
pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin 2-ones. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal
activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans by the disc diffusion method. All the compounds
showed significant antifungal activity. Further, the docking studies were carried out against the active
site of 1NMT and 1KS5 fungi protein. The whole compounds showed great binding affinity and
possess bioavailability. DFT/B3LYP technique using the 6-31G basis set at gaseous phase all the
compounds were optimized and the HOMO-LUMO energies also calculated. Furthermore, in silico
prediction of toxicity and bioactive score values indicates that the compounds are highly reactive.
According to Lipinski’s “rule of five,” all the compounds are expected to be biologically active. It is
expected that these findings will provide clarity regarding molecular recognition and will undoubtedly
aid drug scientists in developing novel drugs in the future.
Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Novel Carbohydrazide and
Carboxamide Derivatives of Pyridine Fused Heterocyclic Derivatives
Authors: Swamy M. Kumara , Bhaskar K.
Published: September 2022

A series of novel carbohydrazide and carboxamide derivatives of hetero-fused pyridine derivatives
were synthesized starting from bis-trifluoromethyl containing pyridine 1. Compound 1 on Smiles
rearrangement obtained compound 2, then compound 2 on coupling with diethyl
ethoxymethylenemalonate (EMME), further reaction with POCl3 and hydrazine hydrate to obtain
pyridopyrimidine hydrazide derivatives. This hydrazide derivative reacts with different substituted
aromatic aldehydes to produce title carbohydrazide derivatives 6a-h. Pyridopyrimidine carboxylate
compound on reaction with aliphatic amine to obtain carboxamide derivatives 7a-e. All the final products
evaluated for their anticancer activity, against four human cancer cell lines and promising compounds
have been identified. Compounds 7a and 7b exhibits remarkable activity.
In silico Molecular Docking, ADMET Property, Molecular Dynamic Simulation
Evaluation of N,N′-bis(2-Hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2-diaminobenzene
and its Metal Complexes against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Gandhimathi R. , Anbuselvi S.
Published: September 2022

In search of potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, well familiar N,N′-bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2-
diaminobenzene [HBDB]/salophen ligand and its corresponding metal complexes such as [VO(HBDB)],
[Mo(O)2(HBDB)], [W(O)2(HBDB)], [Fe(H2O)2(HBDB)], [Pb(H2O)2(HBDB)], [Sn(Cl)2(HBDB)] have
been accompanied with standard drug hydroxychloroquine employing CADD tools such as the
molecular docking, ADMET toxicity assessment and molecular dynamics of the coronavirus main
protease (PDB id: 6LZG) enzyme. The synthesized salophen metal complexes exhibited the greater
binding energy than corresponding salophen Schiff base ligand and standard hydroxychloroquine
drug. Consequently, salophen metal complexes could serve as potential lead molecules against
COVID-19 for further optimization and drug development to combat the virulent SARS-CoV-2 syndrome.
The molecular dynamic simulation studies for [Mo(O2)(HBDB)] complex shows an excellent binding
free energy about -170.833 Kcal/mol. Subsequently, it is confirmed that salophen metal complexes
could serve as potential drugs against COVID-19 for further optimization and drug development to
combat the virulent SARS-CoV-2 syndrome.
In silico and in vitro Antibacterial Assessment of Newly Synthesized Ni(II) Complexes of Thiosemicarbazone
Authors: Swain Sudhansu Sekhar , Mahapatra Monalisa , Ali Sazad , Ravi Kumar B.V.V. , Paidesetty Sudhir Kumar
Published: September 2022

Nowadays, most anti-infective agents or antibiotics are becoming resistant to several uropathogenic
microorganisms. Thus, there is an urgent need of new potent candidates for treating infectious diseases
and overcome the antibiotic resistance. Nickel(II) complexes of composition [Ni(Lig2)·2H2O]X2 have
been synthesized with the ligand substituted benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (X = Cl). These obtained
products were structurally interpreted by several spectroscopic studies includes FTIR for functional
group detection, 1H & 13C NMR for the structural number of environment protons and carbons frame.
The proposed Ni2+ complexes are octahedral structure and all ligands are coordinated with thiols or
thiones and behaves as a bidentate manner. All the nickel(II) complexes were further screened in vitro
antibacterial action against E. coli and S. aureus. The antibacterial activity of all the tested compounds,
Ni(II) complex bearing 4-nitrobenzylidene thiosemicarbazone (4e) had shown significant inhibition
against E. coli whereas overall assessment of antibacterial action indicates that all the compounds
have been exhibited moderate to good inhibition growth bacterial with E. coli. Moreover, the binding
affinity of the ligands had also been predicted through the molecular docking and physico-chemical
properties were calculated. The synthesized nickel complexes could be more potent bacterial target
inhibitor.
Kinetics of Pd(II)-Catalyzed Oxidation of Ampicillin by Using Cu(Bipy)2
2+ as Oxidant in Alkaline Medium: A Spectrophotometric Study
Authors: Yadav Rupam , Srivastava Jaya , Prajapati Brijesh Kumar , Patel Rakesh , Rahmani Shahla
Published: September 2022

The kinetic and mechanistic study of homogeneously Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidation of ampicillin by
Cu(Bipy)2
2+ in alkaline medium have been conducted at 35 ± 0.1 ºC. Spectrophotometric titrations
show that the stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:4 ([ampicillin]:[Cu(Bipy)2
2+] = 1:4). The first order
kinetics is observed regarding [Cu(Bipy)2
2+] and [Pd(II)] however, less than unity order exhibited by
[OH–]. On varying [ampicillin] and [bipyridyl], velocity of reaction remains unchanged. Reaction rate
unaffected by changing ionic strength of the medium while with dielectric constant, it shows inverse
relation. Various thermodynamic properties of reaction were calculated such as activation energy,
activation entropy, etc. Oxophenyl acetic acid and 2-formyl-5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic
acid were identified as reaction product. With the help of kinetic observation, spectrophotometric data
an appropriate reaction mechanism and rate law derived for aforesaid reaction.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions (Cr3+ and Cu2+) from Aqueous
Solution using HCl Modified Water Hyacinth as Low-Cost Bioadsorbent
Authors: Kamboj Vishal , Tiwari D.P.
Published: September 2022

In present study, the HCl modified water hyacinth (WH) dried powder as bioadsorbent is utilized for
removing heavy metal Cr3+ and Cu2+ ions from the aqueous solutions. Different techniques were applied
for testing the adsorbent properties of the prepared bioadsorbent such as X-ray diffraction (XRD),
Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this study, the prepared bioadsorbent
was evaluated for five different metal inlet concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 mg/L) and 30-120 min
time period. The batch adsorption study findings indicated that the maximum metal removal percentage
(sorption percentage) was observed at 0.5 mg/L concentration and 120 min. In addition, the batch
experiment observations also revealed that the Cr3+ adsorption capacity is higher than Cu2+ (removal%
for Cr3+ is 94.75%, while for Cu2+ is 91.10%) at 120 min and 0.5 mg/L inlet concentration. This
greater adsorption capabilities of heavy metals removal were due to the uniform dispersion of the
various elements (Cl, K, Ca, Na, P, S, Si and Mg) confirmed by SEM-EDS as well as XRF and the
retained basic cellulosic structure of water hyacinth confirmed by XRD studies even after using HCl
acid.
An Efficient Fluoride Ions Removal from Groundwater by
Carbon Alumina Composites Materials
Authors: Premalatha K. , Padma B. , Shashikala V.
Published: September 2022

Due to toxicity, persistent nature, bioaccumulation of fluoride ions and its alarming rise in different
parts of India, it has become of utmost importance for the synthesis of an efficient material to remove
fluoride ions from groundwater. This article reports the synthesis of highly efficient defluoridation
carbon and alumina composite materials (CACM). A series of six samples were synthesized by
deposition precipitation method and characterized using various techniques like XRD, BET surface
area, pore size distribution, FT-IR, CO2 chemisorption and CO2 temperature programmed desorption
(TPD) studies. Their efficiency of defluoridation activity was evaluated and observed that CACM 25
adsorbent exhibited excellent defluoridation activity of 98%.
Schleiermacher and the transmission of sin
Authors: De Cruz Helen , De Smedt Johan
Published: September 2022

Understanding the pervasiveness of sin is central to Christian theology. The question of why humans are so sinful given an omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent God presents a challenge and a puzzle. Here, we investigate Friedrich Schleiermacher’s biocultural evolutionary account of sin. We look at empirical evidence to support it and use the cultural Price equation to provide a naturalistic model of the transmission of sin. This model can help us understand how sin can be ubiquitous and unavoidable, even though it is not biologically transmitted, and even if there is no historical Fall that precipitated the tendency to sin.
Provocations Toward Creative-Critical Editing
Authors: Nabugodi Mathelinda , Ohge Christopher
Published: September 2022

The guest editors of this special issue, Mathelinda Nabugodi and Christopher Ohge, describe the rationale of creative-critical editing.
Innovation in Municipalities: Case of Living Lab
Authors: Arslan Meryem
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this article is to introduce the “Living Lab” ecosystem and to describe innovation in municipalities. Living labs are becoming more common and long-lasting. The concept views cities as innovation laboratories, with the goal of improving citizens’ quality of life through the products and services provided, as well as democratising innovation by emphasising citizen and other stakeholder participation. The EU has described it as an innovation tool. The study, which includes theoretical and visual research, is about the Basaksehir Living Lab. The Living Lab network recognised this lab in a field study aimed at metropolitan municipalities as well as innovation projects, with a comparison to those in Finland, the United Kingdom, and Spain. The field studies were designed to contribute to future innovation studies to be conducted in municipalities. For the qualitative study, the “case study” method was chosen. The study’s findings show that innovation research within urban planning, as well as social innovation projects, have materialised. However, more than half of the projects in the Living Labs are technological in nature. The study’s findings suggest that due to factors such as requirements, needs, and technological developments, innovation, whose importance is emphasised and encouraged in international documentation and policies, is unavoidable in municipalities. Cities must be transformed into innovation laboratories, and the Living Lab ecosystem, in fact, has a catalysing effect on municipal innovation.
English high-stakes testing and constructing the ‘international’ in Kazakhstan and Mongolia
Authors: Fleming Kara , Shinjee Bolormaa
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we consider the role of high-stakes testing in mediating access to English in two Central Asian contexts where English is increasingly important not just in terms of mobility, but in identity construction on an individual and national level. We argue that in these contexts, English is increasingly constructed not only as a global language but the global language, which also has important implications for determining what counts as an ‘internationalized space’ or ‘internationalized person’, and as part of national strategies intended to make Kazakhstan and Mongolia more international. High-stakes tests like IELTS and TOEFL act as a focal point due to the role of these tests in verifying and ‘converting’ English ability into a quantifiable, transportable figure. We draw on a survey about test-takers’ experiences and practices concerning IELTS and TOEFL as well as interview data about the role and significance of English. Since access to knowledge and preparation for these tests is not evenly distributed across the population, our work provides evidence that some people may be in a more advantageous position to succeed on and benefit from high-stakes testing than others. Previous research on IELTS/TOEFL has largely focused on washback effects on school curriculums, test reliability, and strategies for test preparation, while research on globalization needs to continue to engage with specific mechanisms of how scales and hierarchies are created and maintained. We bridge this gap by considering how success or failure on IELTS/TOEFL becomes internalized as a quality of the individual and a reflection of their abilities, dedication and cosmopolitanism, and how testing contributes to carving out particular ‘international’ spaces. This paper will focus on how English comes to be conflated at least in some cases with being international, and how individuals make sense of high-stakes testing as a way of accessing an ‘international’ scale which may or may not involve literal movement abroad.
Realism, the War in the Ukraine, and the Limits of Diplomacy
Authors: Rösch Felix
Published: September 2022

Since the outbreak of the war in the Ukraine, realism has made a comeback in public discourses but it is not clear what realism actually means as it seems to stand for everything: from supporting the Ukraine against Russian aggression to the war is the West’s fault. This is the result of decades of not distinguishing between neorealism and classical realism and implicitly acknowledging neorealist storytelling of having systematized classical realist thought. The present paper is a further intervention to carefully distinguish between both theoretical perspectives to uncover what they can add to current world political problems. It finishes by asking if neorealist scholars like John Mearsheimer have a point that it is the West’s fault and a diplomatic solution needs to be found. They often refer to Hans Morgenthau not least because he was one of the most outspoken critics of the Vietnam War.
Knockdown of SHMT2 enhances the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to radiotherapy through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Authors: Mao Yu , Zhang Tiyong
Published: September 2022

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. The mechanism of GC radioresistance and new radiosensitizers must be revealed and developed to treat GC. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) is responsible for encoding the mitochondrial form of the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme. SHMT2 plays a critical role in several types of cancers, while its possible effect on the radiological resistance in GC is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of SHMT2 in the radiological resistance of GC. Our data confirmed that SHMT2 was highly expressed in radiation-resistant GC cells. SHMT2 reduced the radiosensitivity of GC cells. In addition, SHMT2 is involved in radiation-induced GC cell apoptosis. Further, SHMT2 regulated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, therefore reducing the radiosensitivity of GC cells in vivo. In conclusion, we revealed that depletion of SHMT2 enhanced the sensitivity of GC cells to interventional radiotherapy through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Good things come to those who bait: the peroxisomal docking complex
Authors: Rüttermann Maximilian , Gatsogiannis Christos
Published: September 2022

Peroxisomal integrity and function are highly dependent on its membrane and soluble (matrix) components. Matrix enzymes are imported post-translationally in a folded or even oligomeric state, via a still mysterious protein translocation mechanism. They are guided to peroxisomes via the Peroxisomal Targeting Signal (PTS) sequences which are recognized by specific cytosolic receptors, Pex5, Pex7 and Pex9. Subsequently, cargo-loaded receptors bind to the docking complex in an initial step, followed by channel formation, cargo-release, receptor-recycling and -quality control. The docking complexes of different species share Pex14 as their core component but differ in composition and oligomeric state of Pex14. Here we review and highlight the latest insights on the structure and function of the peroxisomal docking complex. We summarize differences between yeast and mammals and then we integrate this knowledge into our current understanding of the import machinery.
Adaptive extragradient methods for solving variational inequalities in real Hilbert spaces
Authors: Thong Duong Viet , Li Xiao-Huan , Dong Qiao-Li , Van Thang Hoang , Van Long Luong
Published: September 2022

The projection technique is a very important method and efficient for solving variational inequality problems. In this study, we developed the subgradient extragradient method for solving pseudomonotone variational inequality in real Hilbert spaces. Our first algorithm requires only computing one projection onto the feasible set per iteration and the strong convergence is proved without the prior knowledge of the Lipschitz constant as well as the sequentially weak continuity of the associated mapping. The second algorithm uses the linesearch procedure such that its convergence does not require the Lipschitz continuous condition of the variational inequality mapping. Finally, some numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the advantages and efficiency of the proposed methods.
Stability Analysis of Double Diffusive Convection in Local Thermal Non-equilibrium Porous Medium with Internal Heat Source and Reaction Effects
Authors: Noon Najat J. , Haddad Shatha A.
Published: September 2022

The internal heat source and reaction effects on the onset of thermosolutal convection in a local thermal non-equilibrium porous medium are examined, where the temperature of the fluid and the solid skeleton may differ. The linear instability and nonlinear stability theories of Darcy–Brinkman type with fixed boundary condition are carried out where the layer is heated and salted from below. The

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Chebyshev tau technique is used to calculate the associated system of equations subject to the boundary conditions for both theories. Three different types of internal heat source function are considered, the first type increases across the layer, while the second decreases, and the third type heats and cools in a nonuniform way. The effect of different parameters on the Rayleigh number is depicted graphically. Moreover, the results detect that utilizing the internal heat source, reaction, and non-equilibrium have pronounced effects in determining the convection stability and instability thresholds.
Conquering diabetes therapeutic inertia: practical tips for primary care
Authors: Moverley Joy A. , Novak Lucia , Shubrook Jay H.
Published: September 2022

Diabetes is a complex condition that is largely self-managed. Decades of scientific evidence has proved that early glycemic control leads to improved microvascular and macrovascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus. Despite well-established management guidelines, only about half of the patients with diabetes achieve glycemic targets, and only one in five patients achieve metabolic control (blood pressure, lipid, and glucose targets), and both patients and physicians find themselves stuck in a rut called therapeutic inertia (TI). The authors present several practical strategies that can be tailored to different practice settings and facilitate reducing TI.
A comparison of the extraction behaviour of tris(2-methylbutyl) phosphate and tri-n-alkyl phosphates for the separation of metal ions for U–Zr and U–Pu–Zr systems by cross-current mode
Authors: Kirubananthan Subashree , Ammath Suresh , Nagarajan Sivaraman
Published: September 2022

Even though, pyroprocessing is considered as a suitable technique for metal fuel processing, attempts are being made in our laboratory to develop a solvent extraction based process as an interim method. Since, the metallic fuels contain considerable amount of Pu(IV) and Zr(IV), the use of conventional extractant tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) for reprocessing may pose problems due to third phase formation. In the exploration for the identification of an alternate extractant in the organophosphate family, tris(2-methylbutyl) phosphate (T2MBP), a branched isomer of tri-n-amyl phosphate (TAP) was found to be a potential extractant for nuclear fuel reprocessing. In this context, batch wise extraction and stripping studies with a feed solution containing U(VI) and 6 wt% Zr(IV) were carried out with unirradiated and irradiated 1.1 M solution of T2MBP in n-dodecane (n-DD) and the results were compared with corresponding solutions of TBP and TAP in n-DD. Among all these systems under identical conditions, third phase formation was observed only in the case of irradiated TBP system which makes U–Zr fuel reprocessing difficult using TBP as the extractant. Furthermore, studies have also been carried out with U–Pu–Zr feed solution to understand the extraction and stripping behaviour of these extractants. The stage wise and cumulative percentage of extraction and stripping for each metal ion of these systems were evaluated. Overall, these batch studies indicated that, T2MBP system has comparable extraction and stripping behaviour with U–Zr and U–Pu–Zr feed solutions and T2MBP exhibits better separation factor than TBP.
Sources of Variation in the Spectral Slope of the Sleep EEG
Authors: Kozhemiako Nataliia , Mylonas Dimitris , Pan Jen Q. , Prerau Michael J. , Redline Susan , Purcell Shaun M.
Published: September 2022

The 1/fspectral slope of the electroencephalogram (EEG) estimated in the γ frequency range has been proposed as an arousal marker that differentiates wake, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Here, we sought to replicate and extend these findings in a large sample, providing a comprehensive characterization of how slope changes with age, sex, and its test-retest reliability as well as potential confounds that could affect the slope estimation. We used 10,255 whole-night polysomnograms (PSGs) from the National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR). All preprocessing steps were performed using an open-source Luna package and the spectral slope was estimated by fitting log-log linear regression models on the absolute power from 30 to 45 Hz separately for wake, NREM, and REM stages. We confirmed that the mean spectral slope grows steeper going from wake to NREM to REM sleep. We found that the choice of mastoid referencing scheme modulated the extent to which electromyogenic, or electrocardiographic artifacts were likely to bias 30- to 45-Hz slope estimates, as well as other sources of technical, device-specific bias. Nonetheless, within individuals, slope estimates were relatively stable over time. Both cross-sectionally and longitudinal, slopes tended to become shallower with increasing age, particularly for REM sleep; males tended to show flatter slopes than females across all states. Our findings support that spectral slope can be a valuable arousal marker for both clinical and research endeavors but also underscore the importance of considering interindividual variation and multiple methodological aspects related to its estimation.
Endogenous Circadian Clock Machinery in Cortical NG2-Glia Regulates Cellular Proliferation
Authors: Dean Terry , Koffi Aissia Victoria , Goldstein Evan , Ghaemmaghami Javid , Gallo Vittorio
Published: September 2022

The molecular circadian clock can be found throughout the body and is essential for the synchronizing cellular physiology with the 24 h day. However, the role of the clock in regulating the regenerative potential of the brain has not been explored. We report here that murine NG2-glia, the largest population of proliferative cells in the mature central nervous system, rhythmically express circadian clock genes in a 24 h period, including the critical clock componentBmal1RNA and BMAL1 protein. Interestingly, daily NG2-glia proliferation preferentially occurs during the time of day in whichBmal1expression is high, while conditional knockout ofBmal1decreases both cortical NG2-glia density and cellular proliferation. Furthermore, in a neurotrauma model, we show that pathology-induced NG2-glia proliferation is also dependent onBmal1expression. Because circadian rhythm disturbances are common in neurologic disorders across the life span, including in traumatic brain injury, these findings bear significant implications for cellular regeneration in brain injuries and disease.
A Midbrain Inspired Recurrent Neural Network Model for Robust Change Detection
Authors: Sawant Yash , Kundu Jogendra Nath , Radhakrishnan Venkatesh Babu , Sridharan Devarajan
Published: September 2022

We present a biologically inspired recurrent neural network (RNN) that efficiently detects changes in natural images. The model features sparse, topographic connectivity (st-RNN), closely modeled on the circuit architecture of a “midbrain attention network.” We deployed the st-RNN in a challenging change blindness task, in which changes must be detected in a discontinuous sequence of images. Compared with a conventional RNN, the st-RNN learned 9x faster and achieved state-of-the-art performance with 15x fewer connections. An analysis of low-dimensional dynamics revealed putative circuit mechanisms, including a critical role for a global inhibitory (GI) motif, for successful change detection. The model reproduced key experimental phenomena, including midbrain neurons' sensitivity to dynamic stimuli, neural signatures of stimulus competition, as well as hallmark behavioral effects of midbrain microstimulation. Finally, the model accurately predicted human gaze fixations in a change blindness experiment, surpassing state-of-the-art saliency-based methods. The st-RNN provides a novel deep learning model for linking neural computations underlying change detection with psychophysical mechanisms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFor adaptive survival, our brains must be able to accurately and rapidly detect changing aspects of our visual world. We present a novel deep learning model, a sparse, topographic recurrent neural network (st-RNN), that mimics the neuroanatomy of an evolutionarily conserved “midbrain attention network.” The st-RNN achieved robust change detection in challenging change blindness tasks, outperforming conventional RNN architectures. The model also reproduced hallmark experimental phenomena, both neural and behavioral, reported in seminal midbrain studies. Lastly, the st-RNN outperformed state-of-the-art models at predicting human gaze fixations in a laboratory change blindness experiment. Our deep learning model may provide important clues about key mechanisms by which the brain efficiently detects changes.
Deiters Cells Act as Mechanical Equalizers for Outer Hair Cells
Authors: Zhou Wenxiao , Jabeen Talat , Sabha Sultan , Becker Jonathan , Nam Jong-Hoon
Published: September 2022

The outer hair cells in the mammalian cochlea are cellular actuators essential for sensitive hearing. The geometry and stiffness of the structural scaffold surrounding the outer hair cells will determine how the active cells shape mammalian hearing by modulating the organ of Corti (OoC) vibrations. Specifically, the tectorial membrane and the Deiters cell are mechanically in series with the hair bundle and soma, respectively, of the outer hair cell. Their mechanical properties and anatomic arrangement must determine the relative motion among different OoC structures. We measured the OoC mechanics in the cochleas acutely excised from young gerbils of both sexes at a resolution fine enough to distinguish the displacement of individual cells. A three-dimensional finite element model of fully deformable OoC was exploited to analyze the measured data in detail. As a means to verify the computer model, the basilar membrane deformations because of static and dynamic stimulations were measured and simulated. Two stiffness ratios have been identified that are critical to understand cochlear physics, which are the stiffness of the tectorial membrane with respect to the hair bundle and the stiffness of the Deiters cell with respect to the outer hair cell body. Our measurements suggest that the Deiters cells act like a mechanical equalizer so that the outer hair cells are constrained neither too rigidly nor too weakly.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMammals can detect faint sounds thanks to the action of mammalian-specific receptor cells called the outer hair cells. It is getting clearer that understanding the interactions between the outer hair cells and their surrounding structures such as the tectorial membrane and the Deiters cell is critical to resolve standing debates. Depending on theories, the stiffness of those two structures ranges from negligible to rigid. Because of their perceived importance, their properties have been measured in previous studies. However, nearly all existing data were obtainedex situ(after they were detached from the outer hair cells), which obscures their interaction with the outer hair cells. We quantified the mechanical properties of the tectorial membrane and the Deiters cellin situ.
Pancasila, Environmental Protection, and Religious Movements: How Can Pancasila Education in Islamic Boarding Schools Promote Environmental Sustainability?
Authors: Fikri Muhammad Ahsanul , Savitri Yulia Ayu
Published: September 2022

The concept of Pancasila education has been widely adopted in various educational units, including in the Islamic boarding school education model, both in Indonesia and in Cambodia. The concept of Pancasila Education in Indonesia and Moral and Character Education in Cambodia have something in common, namely both emphasizing on strengthening student values ​​for the values ​​of the entire nation, including the value of environmental conservation. This paper aims to describe and analyze how Pancasila Education in Indonesia and Moral and Character Education in Cambodia at Islamic Boarding Schools are related to the promotion of environmental sustainability. This research proves that Islamic and national values ​​are able to encourage students' awareness in carrying out a massive movement towards environmental protection. Simple and nature-oriented lifestyles are emphasized in Islamic boarding schools, such as modesty in dress, food consumption, and wise use of natural resources. In addition, Islamic values ​​also encourage the obligation of a Muslim in preserving the environment as one of the entities of life and God's creation.
The Impact of Modernization on Traditional Perahus in Banjarmasin South Kalimantan Indonesia in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Susilowati Endang
Published: September 2022

Abstract: This article studies the impact of modernization on traditional means of transportation in Banjarmasin port, South Kalimantan. Model of Ã  Campo which is generally chosen when traditional sector is set against the modern, i.e. adoption, adaptation, relocation, and withdrawal (exit) is used to analyze the issues in this article. The results of this study show only two options that match with the model, i.e. adaptation and relocation when traditional perahu (Indonesian) faced modern shipping and trade in Banjarmasin port. Adaptation is the right choice, as the perahus will continue to exist. Often perahus do not have any other choice but to relocate their shipping and trading activities to a smaller pier in the hinterland of South Kalimantan.Â Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji dampak modernisasi pada alat transportasi tradisional di pelabuhan Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan. Model Ã  Campo yang umumnya dipilih ketika sektor tradisional berlawanan dengan yang modern, yaitu adopsi, adaptasi, relokasi, dan penarikan (keluar) digunakan untuk menganalisis isu-isu dalam artikel ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hanya dua pilihan yang sesuai dengan model, yaitu adaptasi dan relokasi ketika perahu tradisional (Indonesia) menghadapi pelayaran dan perdagangan modern di pelabuhan Banjarmasin. Adaptasi adalah pilihan yang tepat, karena perahu-perahu akan terus ada. Seringkali perahu-perahu tidak punya pilihan lain selain merelokasi aktivitas pelayaran dan perdagangannya ke dermaga yang lebih kecil di pedalaman Kalimantan Selatan.
Architectural Glory and Cultural fusion of Indo-Islamic and Bundeli Architecture during the Later Medieval Period
Authors: Shrivastava Vinay
Published: September 2022

This article analyzes the glory and article fusion of Indo Islamic in South Asia during the Period of Pran Nath Temple Prana.  In this research paper, after studying the primary source material available in Prannath temple, Panna, new facts have been compiled and analyzed from them, and new facts have been exposed. An intensive field survey has also been used in this research paper to shed light on the untouched points.  Research result shows that: (1) In this region of Bundelkhand, the temple of Mahamati Prannath has become the center of religious tourism. Thousands of pilgrims have come over here in the Winter Festival in November every year after Dushahara for Sharad Purnima International Festival, (2) The temple of Prannath has become the architectural hub in Bundelkhand and provides so many primary sources to the researcher. Kuljam Swaroop, the pious Grantha of Pranami Sect, have preserved here in original form. This holy and religious grantha gives us valuable information for the regional history of Bundelkhand. (3) The temple of Prannath is a vast center of Communal harmony and Hindu-Muslim unity in this region (4) The Temple of Prannath provides a primary historical source regarding local history, history of Rulers of Bundelkhand, especially Maharaja Chatrasal, who was the disciple of Mahamati Prannath. The heritage of Bundeli and Islamic Architecture is very important for tourism objects.Artikel ini menganalisis kejayaan dan peleburan artikel Indo Islam di Asia Selatan pada Masa Prana Kuil Pran Nath. Dalam makalah penelitian ini, setelah mempelajari bahan sumber utama yang tersedia di Candi Prannath, Panna, fakta-fakta baru telah dikumpulkan dan dianalisis darinya, dan fakta-fakta baru telah terungkap. Sebuah survei lapangan intensif juga telah digunakan dalam makalah penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan poin-poin yang belum tersentuh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Di kawasan Bundelkhand ini, Candi Mahamati Prannath menjadi pusat wisata religi. Ribuan peziarah telah datang ke sini dalam Festival Musim Dingin pada bulan November setiap tahun setelah Dushahara untuk Festival Internasional Sharad Purnima, (2) Kuil Prannath telah menjadi pusat arsitektur di Bundelkhand dan menyediakan begitu banyak sumber utama bagi peneliti. Kuljam Swaroop, Grantha yang saleh dari Sekte Pranami, telah diawetkan di sini dalam bentuk aslinya. Grantha suci dan religius ini memberi kita informasi berharga untuk sejarah regional Bundelkhand. (3) Kuil Prannath adalah pusat luas kerukunan Komunal dan persatuan Hindu-Muslim di wilayah ini (4) Kuil Prannath menyediakan sumber sejarah utama mengenai sejarah lokal, sejarah Penguasa Bundelkhand, terutama Maharaja Chatrasal, yang murid Mahamati Pranath. Peninggalan Bundeli dan Arsitektur Islam sangat penting untuk objek wisata.
Educational Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda and the Bengali Bhadralok’s search for cultural identity during the second half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Bose Saumya
Published: September 2022

The British government introduced Western education first in Bengal during the nineteenth century to produce clerks to run the administration cheaply and create a group of loyal servants. However, the educated Bengali bhadralok or the elites of Bengali society, who emerged as a renter class during the British period, soon became the object of racist ridicule by the British. As a result, a critique against blind imitation of western civilization was developed among a section of the Hindu Bengali bhadralok. In the light of these developments, this article tries to evaluate the educational ideas of Swami Vivekananda (original name Narendranath Datta, 1863-1902), a great Hindu monk of India, and attempts to find out how his educational philosophy contributed to the socio-cultural rejuvenation of the Bengalis. This article found that his critique of the colonial educational policy and his ideas on Man-making education enlightened the Bengalis and contributed significantly to the national awakening of the Indians. Moreover, his educational philosophy does not lose its validity even today.Pemerintah Inggris memperkenalkan pendidikan Barat pertama kali di Bengal selama abad kesembilan belas untuk menghasilkan juru tulis untuk menjalankan administrasi dengan murah dan menciptakan sekelompok pelayan yang setia. Namun, bhadralok Bengali terpelajar atau elit masyarakat Bengali, yang muncul sebagai kelas penyewa selama periode Inggris, segera menjadi objek ejekan rasis oleh Inggris. Akibatnya, kritik terhadap tiruan buta peradaban barat dikembangkan di antara bagian bhadralok Hindu Bengali. Berdasarkan perkembangan tersebut, artikel ini mencoba mengevaluasi gagasan pendidikan Swami Vivekananda (nama asli Narendranath Datta, 1863-1902), seorang biksu Hindu besar India, dan mencoba untuk mengetahui bagaimana filsafat pendidikannya berkontribusi pada sosial- peremajaan budaya Bengali. Artikel ini menemukan bahwa kritiknya terhadap kebijakan pendidikan kolonial dan ide-idenya tentang pendidikan penciptaan manusia mencerahkan orang Bengali dan berkontribusi secara signifikan pada kebangkitan nasional orang India. Selain itu, filosofi pendidikannya tidak kehilangan validitasnya bahkan hingga hari ini.
Rubber, Oil Palm and Accumulation in Rural West Kalimantan, 1910s - 2010s
Authors: Semedi Pujo
Published: September 2022

The article argues that social tensions in Indonesian oil palm cultivation have social origins internal to the communities that have adopted oil palm, and it traces some of these origins back across several processes of land conversion. In the early 20th century, the adoption of rubber among West Kalimantan farmers led to the privatization of land tenure and wealth accumulation in the hand of village traders, tokeh, that eventually caused social tension within the community. More money has come to the farmers following the conversion of land from rubber to oil palm since the 1990s, and the money is accompanied by a quicker pace of land accumulation in the hands of the village rich and plantation companies. This process opens a path for the grow of local, village-based capitalism.Artikel ini menyampaikan bahwa ketegangan sosial berkaitan dengan budidaya sawit di Indonesia bersumber dari dari dinamika sosial  di dalam masyarakat petani saat mereka mengadopsi tanaman pasar ini. Pada awal abad ke-20, adopsi karet di kalangan petani Kalimantan Barat menyebabkan privatisasi penguasaan tanah dan penumpukan kekayaan di tangan pedagang desa, tokeh, yang akhirnya menimbulkan ketegangan sosial di dalam masyarakat. Uang  dalam jumlah yang lebih besar diterima para petani setelah mereka mengganti karet dengan sawit sejak tahun 1990-an. Kedatangan uang tersebut dibarengi dengan laju akumulasi tanah yang lebih cepat di tangan orang-orang kaya desa dan perusahaan perkebunan. Proses ini membuka jalan bagi tumbuhnya kapitalisme lokal berbasis pedesaan.Cite this article: Semedi, P. (2022). Rubber, Oil Palm and Accumulation in Rural West Kalimantan, 1910s - 2010s. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 33-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.29470
Weber’s Ideal Type and the Indonesian Historical Writing
Authors: Akhyat Arif
Published: September 2022

This paper explains subject–object relations in Max Weber's idealist-structural concept.  A sociologist and philosopher of history, Weber argued that social change cannot be separated from structural and dialectic thought as well as the ideal type behind its structural creations. Examining various historical cases offers a perspective on objectivity and subjectivity. Subject– object relations create dialectical relationships that reconstruct knowledge and awareness of historical reality. Historical reality, thus, is the final step in the creation of  knowledge that comes from the subject. The paper seeks to understand how Weber's concept of ideal type has influenced historical philosophy in general and Indonesian historiography in particular. This article concludes that historians no longer simply describe and explain facts, but also provide alternative "new constructions": ethical, moral, and superstructural values that determine historical patterns and trends.Tulisan ini menjelaskan relasi subjek-objek dalam konsep structural-idealisme Weber. Sebagai sosiolog dan filsuf sejarah, Weber berargumentasi bahwa perubahan social terjadi sebagai akibat hubungan struktur dan proses-proses dialektik sebagai bentuk idealisme dibalik semua proses social yang terjadi. Relasi subjektivitas dan objektivitas membentuk struktur dialektik yang kemudian memunculkan pengetahuan tentang apa yang disebut realitas sejarah. Realitas sejarah dengan demikian merupakan proses pengetahuan yang dibentuk dari relasi subjektivitas-objektivitas. Tulisan ini menjelaskan bagaimana konsep Ideal Weber itu dipahami dan pengaruhnya terhadap penulisan sejarah Indonesia? Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa sejarawan Indonesia, langsung atau tidak langsung, menggunakan konsep ideal Weber  dalam karyanya yang tidak hanya berbicara deskripsi dan narasi dalam menjelaskan sejarah, namun ada konstruksi baru pengaruh nilai-nilai, etika dan suprastruktur yang kuat dan menjadi cara menentukan pola dan kecendrungan sejarah.Cite this article: Akyat, A. (2022). Weber’s Ideal Type and the Indonesian Historical Writing. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 86-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.32171