bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Behavior ofArabidopsiseIF4A-III, Putative Core Protein of Exon Junction Complex: Fast Relocation to Nucleolus and Splicing Speckles under Hypoxia
Authors: Koroleva O.A. , Calder G. , Pendle A.F. , Kim S.H. , Lewandowska D. , Simpson C.G. , Jones I.M. , Brown J.W.S. , Shaw P.J.
Published: May 2009

Here, we identify the Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog of the mammalian DEAD box helicase, eIF4A-III, the putative anchor protein of exon junction complex (EJC) on mRNA. Arabidopsis eIF4A-III interacts with an ortholog of the core EJC component, ALY/Ref, and colocalizes with other EJC components, such as Mago, Y14, and RNPS1, suggesting a similar function in EJC assembly to animal eIF4A-III. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-eIF4A-III fusion protein showed localization to several subnuclear domains: to the nucleoplasm during normal growth and to the nucleolus and splicing speckles in response to hypoxia. Treatment with the respiratory inhibitor sodium azide produced an identical response to the hypoxia stress. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 led to accumulation of GFP-eIF4A-III mainly in the nucleolus, suggesting that transition of eIF4A-III between subnuclear domains and/or accumulation in nuclear speckles is controlled by proteolysis-labile factors. As revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis, the nucleoplasmic fraction was highly mobile, while the speckles were the least mobile fractions, and the nucleolar fraction had an intermediate mobility. Sequestration of eIF4A-III into nuclear pools with different mobility is likely to reflect the transcriptional and mRNA processing state of the cell.
Regulatory Features Underlying Pollination-Dependent and -Independent Tomato Fruit Set Revealed by Transcript and Primary Metabolite Profiling
Authors: Wang Hua , Schauer Nicolas , Usadel Bjoern , Frasse Pierre , Zouine Mohamed , Hernould Michel , Latché Alain , Pech Jean-Claude , Fernie Alisdair R. , Bouzayen Mondher
Published: May 2009

Indole Acetic Acid 9 (IAA9) is a negative auxin response regulator belonging to the Aux/IAA transcription factor gene family whose downregulation triggers fruit set before pollination, thus giving rise to parthenocarpy. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that a tissue-specific gradient of IAA9 expression is established during flower development, the release of which upon pollination triggers the initiation of fruit development. Comparative transcriptome and targeted metabolome analysis uncovered important features of the molecular events underlying pollination-induced and pollination-independent fruit set. Comprehensive transcriptomic profiling identified a high number of genes common to both types of fruit set, among which only a small subset are dependent on IAA9 regulation. The fine-tuning of Aux/IAA and ARF genes and the downregulation of TAG1 and TAGL6 MADS box genes are instrumental in triggering the fruit set program. Auxin and ethylene emerged as the most active signaling hormones involved in the flower-to-fruit transition. However, while these hormones affected only a small number of transcriptional events, dramatic shifts were observed at the metabolic and developmental levels. The activation of photosynthesis and sucrose metabolism-related genes is an integral regulatory component of fruit set process. The combined results allow a far greater comprehension of the regulatory and metabolic events controlling early fruit development both in the presence and absence of pollination/fertilization.
TheNGATHAGenes Direct Style Development in theArabidopsisGynoecium
Authors: Trigueros Marina , Navarrete-Gómez Marisa , Sato Shusei , Christensen Sioux K. , Pelaz Soraya , Weigel Detlef , Yanofsky Martin F. , Ferrándiz Cristina
Published: May 2009

The gynoecium is the most complex floral organ, designed to protect the ovules and ensure their fertilization. Correct patterning and tissue specification in the developing gynoecium involves the concerted action of a host of genetic factors. In addition, apical-basal patterning into different domains, stigma and style, ovary and gynophore, appears to depend on the establishment and maintenance of asymmetric auxin distribution, with an auxin maximum at the apex. Here, we show that a small subfamily of the B3 transcription factor superfamily, the NGATHA (NGA) genes, act redundantly to specify style development in a dosage-dependent manner. Characterization of the NGA gene family is based on an analysis of the activation-tagged mutant named tower-of-pisa1 (top1), which was found to overexpress NGA3. Quadruple nga mutants completely lack style and stigma development. This mutant phenotype is likely caused by a failure to activate two auxin biosynthetic enzymes, YUCCA2 and YUCCA4, in the apical gynoecium domain. The NGA mutant phenotypes are similar to those caused by multiple combinations of mutations in STYLISH1 (STY1) and additional members of its family. NGA3/TOP1 and STY1 share almost identical patterns of expression, but they do not appear to regulate each other at the transcriptional level. Strong synergistic phenotypes are observed when nga3/top1 and sty1 mutants are combined. Furthermore, constitutive expression of both NGA3/TOP1 and STY1 induces the conversion of the ovary into style tissue. Taken together, these data suggest that the NGA and STY factors act cooperatively to promote style specification, in part by directing YUCCA-mediated auxin synthesis in the apical gynoecium domain.
Coordination number in ideal spherical nanocrystals
Authors: Pirkkalainen Kari , Serimaa Ritva
Published: May 2009

The effect of very small crystal sizes on the average coordination number (ACN) was evaluated by computer calculations. For well ordered materials, the experimentally measured ACN is often very near the theoretical maximum,i.e.the infinite lattice limit. However, even in perfectly ordered crystals the coordination number has a significantly lowered value if the crystals are nanosized. For very small nanocrystals, the ACN drops down to 70–80% of the infinite lattice limit and such variation can be detected experimentally. A quick and accurate way of estimating the theoretical ACN from the first four coordination shells of simple cubic, face-centred cubic, body-centred cubic and hexagonal close-packed spherical nanocrystals is introduced.
Determination of surface crystallography of faceted nanoparticles using transmission electron microscopy imaging and diffraction modes
Authors: Li Song , Zhang Yudong , Esling Claude , Muller Jacques , Lecomte Jean-Sébastien , Qin Gaowu W. , Zhao Xiang , Zuo Liang
Published: May 2009

A general calculation method is proposed to characterize the crystalline planes and directions of a faceted nanoparticle using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and diffraction modes. With the determination of the edge vectors and then the plane normal vectors in the screen coordinate system of TEM, their Miller indices in the crystal coordinate system can be calculated through coordinate transformation. The method is helpful for related studies of the determination of the surface structure of nanoparticles.
2,2′-{1,1′-[Butane-1,4-diylbis(oxynitrilo)]diethylidyne}di-1-naphthol
Authors: Dong Wen-Kui , Wu Jian-Chao , Sun Yin-Xia , Yao Jian , Tong Jun-Feng
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C28H28N2O4, was synthesized by the reaction of 2-acetyl-1-naphthol with 1,4-bis(aminooxy)butane in ethanol. The molecule, which lies about an inversion centre, adopts a linear structure, in which the oxime groups and naphthalene ring systems assume ananticonformation. The intramolecular interplanar distance between parallel naphthalene rings is 1.054 (3) Å. Intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds are formed between the oxime nitrogen and hydroxy groups.
N-(Benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-chlorobenzamide
Authors: Khawar Rauf M. , Bolte Michael , Badshah Amin
Published: May 2009

The title molecule, C14H9ClN2OS, exists in the solid state in its amide form with a typical C=O bond length, as well as shortened C—N bonds. The plane containing the HNCO atoms subtends dihedral angles of 12.3 (4) and 8.1 (3)° with the planes of the phenyl ring and benzothiazole group, respectively, whereas the dihedral angle between the planes of the phenyl ring and the benzothiazole group is 5.96 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules form intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds, generating independent scissor-likeR22(8) dimers.
Ethyl 2-benzyl-1-propyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylate
Authors: Li Peifan , Wang Wenjie , Li Caiyun , Bian Xiaoxia
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C21H23NO2, the dihedral angle between the indole ring system and the benzyl ring is 75.92 (9)°. The crystal packing is controlled by C—H...O and C—H...π interactions.
4-{[(E)-(4-Chlorophenyl)methylidene]amino}-3-{2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]ethyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Jebas Samuel Robinson , Sujith K. V , Kalluraya Balakrishna
Published: May 2009

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C21H23ClN4S, contains nine crystallographically independent molecules, labelledAtoI. The orientation of the 2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]ethyl unit with respect to the rest of the molecule is significantly different in moleculesE,F,HandIcompared to the other independent molecules. The isobutyl group of moleculeBis disordered over two orientations, with occupancies of 0.764 (7) and 0.236 (7). The benzene rings of the chlorophenyl and methylpropylphenyl units form dihedral angles of 21.90 (11) and 71.47 (11)°, respectively, with the triazole ring in moleculeA[9.15 (11) and 80.37 (11)° inB, 7.14 (11) and 84.06 (11)° inC, 25.76 (11) and 76.59 (11)° inD, 13.68 (11) and 76.82 (10)° inE, 8.38 (11) and 69.77 (10)° inF, 30.34 (11) and 78.12 (11)° inG, 21.20 (11) and 71.58 (10)° inH, and 27.65 (11) and 65.23 (11)° inI]. In each independent molecule, a C—H...S hydrogen bond is observed. The crystal packing is stabilized by N—H...S and C—H...S hydrogen bonds, and by C—H...π interactions involving the methylpropylphenyl ring.
trans-Tetrachloridobis(diphenylacetonitrile)platinum(IV)
Authors: Bokach Nadezhda A. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu. , Haukka Matti
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, [PtCl4(C14H11N)2], the Pt atom lies on an inversion center and has a distorted octahedral environment. The main geometric parameters are Pt—N = 1.960 (5) Å, and Pt—Cl = 2.3177 (12) and 2.3196 (12) Å. The N[triple-bond]C bond is a typical triple bond [1.137 (7) Å]. The Pt—N[triple-bond]C—C unit is almost linear, with Pt—N—C and N—C—C angles of 174.6 (4) and 177.1 (6)°, respectively.
2,8-Dimethyltricyclo[5.3.1.13,9]dodecane-syn-2,syn-8-diol–propanoic acid (1/1)
Authors: Mizobe Yuji , Bishop Roger , Craig Donald C. , Scudder Marcia L.
Published: May 2009

The racemic title compound, C14H24O2·C3H6O2, crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/cas a 1:1 diol/carboxylic acid cocrystal,A–B. The lattice incorporates infinite chains of the alcohol–carboxylic acid–alcohol supramolecular synthon, (...O—H...O=C(R)—O—H...O—H...), in which the hydrogen-bonded molecules (A—B—A)nsurround a pseudo-threefold screw axis. The carboxylic acid group functions like an extended alcohol hydroxy group. Each diol,A, takes part in two such threefold screw arrangements, leading to a hydrogen-bonded layer structure, with adjacent layers containing diol molecules of opposite handedness. The central C atom of the propano bridge is disordered over two sites of occupancies 0.75 (1) and 0.25 (1). The methyl group of the propanoic acid molecule is disordered over two sites of occupancies 0.68 (1) and 0.32 (1).
1,1′-(2-Thienylmethylene)di-2-naphthol ethyl acetate solvate
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Li Yong Hua , Zhao Min Min , Wu De Hong , Yang Rong
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C25H18O2S·C4H8O2, there are intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the main molecule and the solvent molecule. The thiophene ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 70.87 (7) and 75.36 (4)° with respect to the mean planes of the two naphthyl ring systems.
(1-Adamantyl){4-[(2-chloro-9-isopropyl-9H-purin-6-yl)aminomethyl]phenyl}methanone trichloromethane solvate
Authors: Rouchal Michal , Nečas Marek , Vícha Robert
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C26H30ClN5O·CHCl3, the purine molecule consists of essentially planar benzene and purine ring systems [maximum deviation 0.010 (4) Å for both ring systems] forming a dihedral angle of 85.52 (9)°. Intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds link adjacent molecules into centrosymmetric dimers. The structure also contains intermolecular C—H...O and C—H...N interactions. The benzene rings form offset face-to-face π–π stacking interactions with an interplanar distance of 3.541 (4) Å and a centroid-to-centroid distance of 4.022 (4) Å.
Diaquabis[4-(dimethylamino)benzoato]-κ2O,O′;κO-(isonicotinamide-κN1)cobalt(II)
Authors: Hökelek Tuncer , Dal Hakan , Tercan Barış , Aybirdi Özgür , Necefoğlu Hacali
Published: May 2009

The title CoIIcomplex, [Co(C9H10NO2)2(C6H6N2O)(H2O)2], contains two 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (DMAB) anions, one isonicotinamide (INA) ligand and two coordinated water molecules. One of the DMAB anions acts as a bidentate ligand, while the other is monodentate. The four O atoms in the equatorial plane around the Co atom form a highly distorted square-planar arrangement, while the distorted octahedral coordination geometry is completed by the N atom of the INA ligand and the O atom of the second water molecule in the axial positions. An intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond between the monodentate-coordinated carboxyl group and a coordinated water molecule results in a six-membered ring with an envelope conformation. The dihedral angles between the carboxyl groups and the adjacent benzene rings are 4.29 (10)° for the monodentate ligand and 2.31 (13)° for the bidentate ligand, while the two benzene rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 65.02 (5)°. The dihedral angles between the pyridine and benzene rings are 11.21 (5)° for the monodentate ligand and 74.60 (5)° for the bidentate ligand. In the crystal structure, intermolecular O—H...O, O—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a supramolecular structure.
5-(2-Fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-amine
Authors: Wang Yao , Wan Rong , Han Feng , Wang Peng
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C8H5FN4O2S, was synthesized by the reaction of 2-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoic acid and thiosemicarbazide. The dihedral angle between the thiadiazole and benzene rings is 27.1 (2)°. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules.
N′-(Phenylsulfonyl)isonicotinohydrazide monohydrate
Authors: Li Chun-Rong , Zhou Kai-Zhi , Zhang Yun-Qian , Xue Sai-Feng , Cong Hang
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C12H11N3O3S·H2O, the pyridine ring makes a dihedral angle of 24.78 (14)° with the phenyl ring. Intramolecular N—H...O and intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds are observed and stabilize the packing in the crystal structure.
Dipyridinium tribromidochloridobis(4-chlorophenyl)stannate(IV)
Authors: Lo Kong Mun , Ng Seik Weng
Published: May 2009

The tin atom in the substituted ammonium stannate(IV), (C5H6N)2[SnBr3(C6H4Cl)2Cl], lies on a center of symmetry in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. Each independent halogen site is occupied by bromine and chlorine anions in an approximate 3:1 ratio. The pyridinium cation forms a hydrogen bond to only one of the halogen atoms.
Bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-κ2N,N′)(nitrato-κ2O,O′)(trifluoroacetato-κO)cadmium(II)
Authors: Duan Wenzeng , Sun Junshan , Ma Yudao , Wu Rentao
Published: May 2009

In the title complex, [Cd(C2F3O2)(NO3)(C10H8N2)2], the Cd(II) ion is heptacoordinated by two chelating 2,2′-bipyridyl ligands [Cd...N 2.370 (6)–2.416 (6) Å], one carboxylate O atom [Cd...O 2.290 (6) Å] from the trifluoroacetate ligand and two O atoms [Cd...O 2.386 (6), 2.633 (6) Å] from a chelating nitrate anion. The trifluoromethyl fragment is rotationally disordered between two orientations in a 0.640 (7):0.360 (7) ratio. In the crystal, weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds contribute to the crystal packing stability.
Bis[4-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)benzoato-κO]tetrakis(methanol-κO)manganese(II)
Authors: Zhong Min , Lin Jia-Huang , Shang Jing , Huang Ting-Hong , Wang Xiu-Jian
Published: May 2009

In the title mononuclear complex, [Mn(C14H10NO3)2(CH3OH)4], the MnIIatom, lying on an inversion centre, exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry, defined by two O atoms from two monodentate ligands and four O atoms from four methanol molecules. The crystal structure involves intramolecular O—H...N and O—H...O and intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
(η5-Cyclopentadienyl)(η6-mesitylamine)ruthenium(II) hexafluoridophosphate
Authors: Becker Eva , Kirchner Karl , Mereiter Kurt
Published: May 2009

The title compound, [Ru(η5-C5H5){η6-C6H2(CH3)3NH2}]PF6, contains a sandwich complex with a mesitylamine unit which is significantly non-planar at theipso-carbon of the amino group due to repulsive electronic effects with Ru. Theipso-carbon deviates by 0.107 (3) Å from the least-squares plane of the remaining five benzene ring atoms, which show an r.m.s. deviation of 0.005 Å. N—H...F hydrogen-bonding interactions help to consolidate the crystal packing.
2-Benzenesulfonamidobenzoic acid
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed , Akkurt Mehmet , Khan Salman A. , Arshad Muhammad Nadeem , Khan Islam Ullah , Sharif Hafiz Muhammad Adeel
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C13H11NO4S, the dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene ring and the carboxyl group is 13.7 (1)°. The molecular structure contains intramolecular N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions, while the crystal packing is stabilized by C—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions. The O—H...O hydrogen bonds form a cyclic dimer, with graph-set motifR22(8), about a centre of symmetry.
2-Chloro-N′-[(E)-(2-methoxy-1-naphthyl)methylene]benzohydrazide
Authors: Tang Chunbao
Published: May 2009

In the molecule of the title Schiff base compound, C19H15ClN2O2, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and naphthyl ring system is 77.1 (2)°. In the crystal structure, centrosymmetrically related molecules are linked into dimers through pairs of intermolecular N–H...O hydrogen bonds, generating rings of graph setR22(8).
Bis[4-(4-aminophenylsulfanyl)phenyl] ketone
Authors: Zhang Gang , Wang Yan-lun , Long Sheng-ru , Yang Jie
Published: May 2009

The molecule of the title compound, C25H20N2OS2, has imposed twofold rotation symmetry. The dihedral angle formed by the two crystallographically independent phenyl rings is 79.23 (7)°. In the crystal packing, the molecules are linked by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running parallel to [102].
3,5-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole monohydrate
Authors: Wang Hai-Ying , Ma Jian-Ping , Huang Ru-Qi , Dong Yu-Bin
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C16H15N3O2·H2O, the two benzene rings and the triazole ring lie almost in the same plane, the triazole ring forming dihedral angles of 5.07 (9) and 5.80 (8)° with the benzene rings. In the crystal, there are three relatively strong intermolecular O—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, which lead to the formation of a one-dimensional double chain running parallel to theaaxis. Weak π—π interactions between the benzene rings of neighboring chains with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.893 (4) Å result in the formation of layers parallel to theacplane.
Bis(di-2-pyridylmethanediol-κ3N,O,N′)copper(II) bis(tetrafluoridoborate) dihydrate
Authors: Brown Krystal L. , Crundwell Guy , Westcott Barry L.
Published: May 2009

The title complex, [Cu(C11H10N2O2)2](BF4)2·2H2O, was isolated as a dihydrate from a 1:2 molar mixture of copper(II) tetrafluoridoborate hexahydrate with di-2-pyridyl ketone in aqueous solution. The centrosymmetric complex cation is structurally similar to that found in previously reported salts and exhibits Cu—O bonds deviating by 25 degrees from an octahedral geometry by the so-called `off-axis angle' distortion. The BF4−anion exhibits a two site disorder of the fluorine atoms [ratio 0.210 (8):0.790 (8)].
16α,17α-Epoxy-5α-hydroxy-6β-nitrooxy-20-oxopregnan-3β-yl acetate
Authors: Pinto R. M. A. , Matos Beja A. , Salvador J. A. R. , Paixão J. A.
Published: May 2009

The title steroid, C23H33NO8, is a pregnane derivative obtained regio-, stereo- and chemoselectively from the ring opening of the corresponding 5α,6α;16α,17α-diepoxide with bismuth(III) nitrate. There are two symmetry-independent molecules in the asymmetric unit that show no significant differences concerning bond lengths and angles. All rings aretrans-fused. The conformations of the six-membered rings are close to chair forms, while the five-membered ring adopts an envelope conformation. The molecules are held together by an extensive O—H...O hydrogen-bonding network of chains runnning along theaaxis.
3-Chloro-N-cyclohexylbenzamide
Authors: Khawar Rauf M. , Bolte Michael , Badshah Amin
Published: May 2009

In the title molecule, C13H16ClNO, the mean plane of the atoms in the –CONH– group forms a dihedral angle of 42.0 (4)° with the benzene ring plane. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds, generatingC(4) chains along [100].
Darifenacin hydrobromide
Authors: Selvanayagam S. , Sridhar B. , Ravikumar K.
Published: May 2009

In the title compound {systematic name: (S)-3-[(aminocarbonyl)diphenylmethyl]-1-[2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidinium bromide}, C28H31N2O2+·Br−, the pyrrolidine rings adopts an envelope conformation. The two phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 72.5 (1)°. The four coplanar atoms of the pyrrolidine ring makes dihedral angles of 33.1 (2) and 82.8 (2)° with the two phenyl rings. The molecular conformation is influenced by a C—H...O interaction. In the crystal packing, there are two N—H...Br hydrogen bonds running in opposite directions. They appear to formC(10) andC(9) chain motifs in the unit cell. In addition, the molecular packing is further stabilized by C—H...Br and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The C atom bonded to the benzofuran ring system is disordered in a 0.66:0.34 ratio.
N-[4-Acetyl-5-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-5-(2-p-tolylpropyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide
Authors: Mazoir Noureddine , El Ammari Lahcen , Bouhmaida Nouzha , Dahaoui Slimane , Benharref Ahmed , Berraho Moha
Published: May 2009

The title heterocyclic compound, C20H27N3O2S, was synthesized from 2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl)-6-methylhepta-2,5-dien-4-one, which was isolated from the essential oilCedrus atlantica. The thiadiazole ring is essentially planar [maximum deviation 0.006 (2) Å] and it forms a dihedral angle of 18.08 (9)° with the benzene ring. The dihedral angle between the thiadiazole ring and the acetamide plane is 7.62 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked into chains running along thecaxis by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Bis(benzimidazole-κN3)bis(2-benzoylbenzoato-κO)copper(II)
Authors: Yıldırım M. Hakkı , Heren Zerrin , Paşaoğlu Hümeyra , Hıra Derya , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: May 2009

In the title centrosymmetric mononuclear copper(II) compound, [Cu(C14H9O3)2(C7H6N2)2], the central CuIIion is coordinated by two N atoms from two symmetry-related benzimidazole (bim) ligands and two O atoms from two symmetry-related 2-benzoylbenzoate (2-byba) ligands in a square-planar geometry. The molecules are linked into chains running along thebaxis by N—H...O hydrogen bonds and the chains are cross-linked by C—H...π interactions.
3-(9-Anthrylmethyl)-1-benzylperimidinium hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Wang Gui-Yu , Zhang Shi-Lu , Qin Da-Bin
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C33H25N2+·PF6−, the naphthalene ring system is twisted with respect to the anthracene and benzene rings, making dihedral angles of 72.40 (3) and 71.39 (4)°, respectively. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular C—H...F hydrogen bonding. Four F atoms of the hexafluorophosphate anion are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.645 (4):0.355 (4) ratio.
Bis[tris(3-tert-butyl-5-methylpyrazol-1-yl)hydridoborato]ytterbium(II) toluene solvate
Authors: Saliu Kuburat O. , Takats Josef , Ferguson Michael J.
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, [Yb(C24H40BN6)2]·C7H8, the Yb atom is coordinated by two tris(3-tert-butyl-5-methylpyrazol-1-yl)hydridoborate [TptBu,Me] ligands. One ligand binds in the κ3mode, throuh three N atoms of the pyrazolyl rings, the other ligand coordinates through two N atoms of the pyrazolyl rings and the H atom attached to the central Bviaan agostic-type interaction through the B—H group of the second TptBu,Meligand, giving an overall distorted octahedral geometry. One of thetert-butyl groups is disordered over two sites, with occupancies of 0.65 and 0.35.
1-[(3-Methylpiperidin-1-yl)(phenyl)methyl]-2-naphthol
Authors: Wang Wen Xiang , Zhao Hong
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C23H25NO, the dihedral angle between the naphthylene ring system and the benzene ring is 78.17 (10)°. The molecular conformation is stabilized by a strong intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond.
Aqua(propanedioato-κ2O1,O3)[2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)-1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′]nickel(II) trihydrate
Authors: Yan Huai Yi , Hu Tai Qiu , Shi Jing Min
Published: May 2009

In the title mononuclear complex, [Ni(C3H2O4)(C15H10N4)(H2O)]·3H2O, the metal center is coordinated in a distorted NiN3O3geometry. In the crystal structure, intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the components into a two-dimensional network. In addition, there are weak π–π stacking interactions between symmetry-related phenanthroline rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6253 (17) Å.
6-(4-Nitrophenoxy)hexanol
Authors: Saif Ullah Khan Muhammad , Akhter Zareen , Bolte Michael , Cheema Sajjad A. , Siddiqi Humaira M.
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C12H17NO4, features an almost planar molecule (r.m.s. deviation for all non-H atoms = 0.070 Å). All methylene C—C bonds adopt an antiperiplanar conformation. In the crystal structure the molecules lie in planes parallel to (1\overline{1}2) and the packing is stabilized by O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
(2S)-Methyl 2-(p-toluenesulfonamido)propanoate
Authors: Syed Tayyaba , Hameed Shahid , Jones Peter G. , Schmidt-Meier Andrea
Published: May 2009

The enantiomerically pure title compound, C11H15NO4S, contains a pyramidal N atom with an S—N bond length of 1.6262 (8) Å. In the crystal, molecules are linked to form chains parallel to theaaxis by the hydrogen bond from NH to the carbonyl oxygen. C—H...O interactions are also present.
5-[(3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)aminomethylene]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione
Authors: Li Rui , Shi Jian-You , Ding Zhen-Yu , Wei Yu-Quan , Ding Jian
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C15H17NO6, is approximately planar, with dihedral angles of 3.11 (4) and 2.12 (4)° between the connecting aminomethylene unit and the planar part of the dioxane ring, and between the dimethoxybenzyl ring and the aminomethylene group, respectively. The dioxane ring exhibits a half-boat conformation, in which the C atom between the dioxane O atoms is 0.5471 (8) Å out of the plane. The molecule has an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond which may stabilize the planar conformation. In the crystal, weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen-bonding contacts, result in the formation of sheets parallel to theabplane.
3-Ammonio-4-hydroxybenzoate monohydrate
Authors: Ullah Sami , Tahir M. Nawaz , Shahwar Durre , Khan Zaheer-ud-Din , Khan Muhammad Akmal
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C7H7NO3·H2O, which crystallized as a hydrate, was obtained from an extraction of the plant speciesSaussurea atkinsoniiof the asteraceae family collected from the hilly area (Ayubia) of Pakistan during the flowering season. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the carboxylate group is 25.64 (5)°. In the crystal, the packing is consolidated by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as weak aromatic π–π stacking [centroid–centroid separation = 3.9365 (9) Å] and C=O...π interactions.
(E)-2-Cyano-3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-N-phenylprop-2-enamide
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed , Akkurt Mehmet , Khan Salman A. , Khan Islam Ullah , Arshad Muhammad Nadeem
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C18H17N3O, the dihedral angle between the phenyl and benzene rings is 11.22 (14)°. Apart from the methyl H atoms, the molecule is close to planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.145 (3) Å. Intramolecular C—H...O and C—H...N interactions occur. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...N hydrogen bonds occur, resulting in anR22(12) ring motif. Further C—H...N and C—H...O bonds generateR12(7) andR22(22) motifs and a C—H...π interaction also occurs.
Knockdown of focal adhesion kinase reverses colon carcinoma multicellular resistance
Authors: Chen Yu‐Ying , Wang Zhan‐Xiang , Chang Ping‐An , Li Jian‐Jun , Pan Feng , Yang Li , Bian Zhi‐Heng , Zou Lan , He Jian‐Ming , Liang Hou‐Jie
Published: May 2009

Chemotherapy resistance in solid tumors is broad and encompasses diverse unrelated drugs. Three‐dimensional multicellular spheroids (MCSs) are a good model for studying in vitro drug resistance. In the current study, we investigated the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) chemoresistance in colon carcinoma MCS culture cells. The expression of FAK was inhibited significantly by specific small hairpin RNA targeting FAK. The suppression of FAK expression did not affect the growth of spheroid cells. However, silencing of FAK combined with 5‐FU treatment significantly decreased the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5‐FU and markedly increased the population of apoptosis cells, which was associated with the reduction of the levels of Akt and nuclear factor–kappa B (NF‐κB). Moreover, knockdown of FAK could inhibit tumor growth and increase the sensitivity of the tumor to 5‐FU in the nude mouse xenograft. These results indicate that while not affecting cellular proliferation in the absence of 5‐FU, RNA interference targeting FAK potentiated 5‐FU‐induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and partially reversed multicellular resistance, which may contribute to its chemosensitizing effect through efficiently suppressing Akt/NF‐κB activity. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1708–1713)
Invariant natural killer (iNK) T cell deficiency in patients with common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Fulcher D A , Avery D T , Fewings N L , Berglund L J , Wong S , Riminton D S , Adelstein S , Tangye S G
Published: May 2009

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a B cell immunodeficiency disorder characterized frequently by failure of memory B cell development and antibody secretion. A unifying cellular pathogenesis for CVID has not been forthcoming, but given the immunoregulatory role of invariant NK (iNK) T cells and their absence in several other immunodeficiencies, we quantified these cells in the blood of 58 CVID patients. There was a marked decrease in the proportion of iNK T cells in CVID patients compared with controls. This was particularly notable in those with low isotype-switched memory B cells, but subset analysis demonstrated no difference when stratified by specific clinical features. We propose that the decreased proportion of iNK T cells in CVID might be linked to the failure of memory B cell generation, which may contribute to reduced antibody production in these patients.
Combined measurements of egg fatty acids and stable isotopes as indicators of feeding ecology in lake‐dwelling birds
Authors: RAMÍREZ FRANCISCO , JOVER LLUÍS , SANPERA CAROLINA , RUIZ XAVIER , PIQUÉ ESTER , GUITART RAIMON
Published: May 2009

1. We examined whether egg fatty acid (FA) profiles and stable isotopes (SIA) could be used in a comparative way to infer the diet of two aquatic bird species with contrasting feeding habits: a surface forager, the pheasant‐tailed jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus), and a pursuit‐diving forager, the little cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), at Haleji Lake (Pakistan).

2. The species differed markedly in the overall percentage of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, among jacanas, two groups of birds had relatively high or low concentrations of long‐chain essential PUFAs (such as 18:2 n‐6 and 20:4 n‐6), suggesting differing contributions from animal prey and plant material.

3. These trophic differences were corroborated by δ15N values which indicated both a higher trophic position in cormorants relative to jacanas, and differences in trophic position for the two groups of jacanas. In this latter species δ13C values in both groups also pointed to differing diets, involving mainly grazing plants or a contribution from animal resources (aquatic invertebrates or insects).

4. Both lower values of δ13C and higher percentages of 18:1 n‐7 detected in little cormorants may indicate the influence of the anoxic water, typical of a freshwater system densely covered by macrophytes.

5. These results indicate how both biomarkers offer complementary information in studies of feeding ecology, refining interpretations of trophic pathways which are usually based on FA or SIA alone. Comparisons of FA profiles and SIA among species also proved to be a reliable approach for inferring the diet of species for which information is scarce or contradictory, as is the case for the pheasant‐tailed jacana.
The Caledonides of East Greenland—tales of the birth and death of oceans
Authors: Brooks Kent
Published: May 2009

In Geology Today (2008, v.24, no.1,) I traced the history of geological research in northeast Greenland, research that has culminated in the new and impressive map of the region produced by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. But what did all this endeavour, spread over more than 150 years, and involving hundreds of geologists and costing perhaps hundreds of millions of dollars, achieve? Here I summarize the results: the understanding of the evolution of this region over billions of years.
Discovery and recovery of a large theropod dinosaur footprint from the Cleveland Basin, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Hudson J.G.
Published: May 2009

In December of 2004 a dinosaur footprint was discovered near Scarborough on the North Yorkshire coast of northern England. Arguably, it was the largest and best‐preserved theropod print yet discovered on this coast, and indicated for the first time that large carnivores were present in the area around 165 million years ago. Many trace fossils are enigmatic ghosts of the animal that formed them, but footprints are so much more tangible; a footprint preserved from Jurassic time represents an individual animal, walking in this place at this time. In this article I provide the background to the discovery and collection of this trace fossil, which has enabled this footprint in time to be preserved for future study.
Heterozygosity–fitness correlations and associative overdominance: new detection method and proof of principle in the Iberian wild boar
Authors: MALO AURELIO F. , COULSON TIM
Published: May 2009

Heterozygosity‐fitness correlations (HFC) may result from a genome‐wide process — inbreeding — or local effects within the genome. The majority of empirical studies reporting HFCs have attributed correlations to inbreeding depression. However, HFCs are unlikely to be caused by inbreeding depression because heterozygosity measured at a small number of neutral markers is unlikely to accurately capture a genome‐wide pattern. Testing the strengths of localized effects caused by associative overdominance has proven challenging. In their current paper, Amos and Acevedo‐Whitehouse present a novel test for local HFCs. Using stochastic simulations, they determine the conditions under which single‐locus HFCs arise, before testing the strength of the correlation between the neutral marker and a linked gene under selection in their simulations. They used insights gained from simulation to statistically investigate the likely cause of correlations between heterozygosity and disease status using data on bovine tuberculosis infections in a wild boar population. They discover that a single microsatellite marker is an excellent predictor of tuberculosis progression in infected individuals. The results are relevant for wild boar management but, more generally, they demonstrate how single‐locus HFCs could be used to identify coding loci under selection in free‐living populations.
A quantitative study of worker reproduction in queenright colonies of the Cape honey bee, Apis mellifera capensis
Authors: BEEKMAN MADELEINE , ALLSOPP MICHAEL H. , JORDAN LYNDON A. , LIM JULIANNE , OLDROYD BENJAMIN P.
Published: May 2009

Reproduction by workers is rare in honey bee colonies that have an active queen. By not producing their own offspring and preventing other workers from producing theirs, workers are thought to increase their inclusive fitness due to their higher average relatedness towards queen‐produced male offspring compared with worker‐produced male offspring. But there is one exception. Workers of the Cape honey bee, Apis mellifera capensis, are able to produce diploid female offspring via thelytokous parthenogenesis and thus produce clones of themselves. As a result, worker reproduction and tolerance towards worker‐produced offspring is expected to be more permissive than in arrhenotokous (sub)species where worker offspring are male. Here we quantify the extent to which A. m. capensis workers contribute to reproduction in queenright colonies using microsatellite analyses of pre‐emergent brood. We show that workers produced 10.5% of workers and 0.48% of drones. Most of the workers’ contribution towards the production of new workers coincided with the colonies producing new queens during reproductive swarming.
Divergence, hybridization, and recombination in the mitochondrial genome of the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus gattii
Authors: XU JIANPING , YAN ZHUN , GUO HONG
Published: May 2009

The inheritance of mitochondrial genes and genomes are uniparental in most sexual eukaryotes. This pattern of inheritance makes mitochondrial genomes in natural populations effectively clonal. Here, we examined the mitochondrial population genetics of the emerging human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii. The DNA sequences for five mitochondrial DNA fragments were obtained from each of 50 isolates belonging to two evolutionary divergent lineages, VGI and VGII. Our analyses revealed a greater sequence diversity within VGI than that within VGII, consistent with observations of the nuclear genes. The combined analyses of all five gene fragments indicated significant divergence between VGI and VGII. However, the five individual genealogies showed different relationships among the isolates, consistent with recent hybridization and mitochondrial gene transfer between the two lineages. Population genetic analyses of the multilocus data identified evidence for predominantly clonal mitochondrial population structures within both lineages. Interestingly, there were clear signatures of recombination among mitochondrial genes within the VGII lineage. Our analyses suggest historical mitochondrial genome divergence within C. gattii, but there is evidence for recent hybridization and recombination in the mitochondrial genome of this important human yeast pathogen.
Cystic fibrosis: defining a disease under‐diagnosed in Pakistan
Authors: Shah Uzma , Frossard Phillipe , Moatter Tariq
Published: May 2009

Objective  Cystic fibrosis is frequently missed in the Pakistani population due to lack of appropriate diagnostic tools. Thus our aim was to define unknown disease‐causing mutations to help create suitable diagnostic tests and improve understanding of what appears to be an aggressive and under‐diagnosed disease in this population.

Methods  Patients with elevated sweat chloride values and clinically suspected CF were recruited from Aga Khan University, Pakistan. Mutations DF508, S549R, S549N, Y569D, 296 + 12(T>C), G553X, G551D and G551X were screened for by allele specific polymerase chain reactions. CFTR exons 10, 11 and 12 were sequenced by direct DNA sequencing.

Results  Of 150 patients tested by PCR, 26 (17.3%) were positive for ΔF508. One patient was a F508/S549N compound heterozygote. Eighty‐three of 87 patients sequenced for mutations in exon 10 were normal; 42/43 for exon 11 and 29 for exon 12 were normal.

Conclusion  This first step in defining mutations involved in Pakistani CF suggests that ΔF508 is uncommon and S549 was the only additional mutation identified in CFTR exons 10, 11 and 12. Identification of the remaining mutations and their frequency is required to design appropriate tests and improve understanding and management of the disease.
Relationship of intentional self‐harm using sharp objects with depressive and dissociative tendencies in pre‐adolescence–adolescence
Authors: Sho Noriko , Oiji Arata , Konno Chizue , Toyohara Koji , Minami Tatsuya , Arai Takashi , Seike Yoji
Published: May 2009

Aims:  The objectives of the present study were to (i) evaluate the prevalence of children and adolescents who have engaged in intentional self‐harm using a sharp object; and (ii) investigate the relationship between self‐harm with sharp objects and depressive tendencies or dissociative tendencies.

Methods:  A total of 1938 students in grades 5–12 in Yokohama, Japan, were enrolled, and they completed anonymous self‐report questionnaires including a question about intentional self‐harm with a sharp object, the Depression Self‐Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC) and the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A‐DES).

Results:  The prevalence of self‐harm using sharp object was 5.4% among male 5th–6th graders, 4.0% among female 5th–6th graders, 5.3% among male 7th–9th graders, 15.1% among female 7th–9th graders, 6.6% among male 10th–12th graders, and 9.6% among female 10th–12th graders. Categorical regression analysis showed that a small amount of variance in self‐harm by sharp object was explained by DSRSC and A‐DES scores.

Conclusions:  Self‐harm with a sharp object was prevalent among pre‐adolescents and adolescents and was associated with depressive and dissociative tendencies.
Smaller amygdala is associated with anxiety in patients with panic disorder
Authors: Hayano Fumi , Nakamura Motoaki , Asami Takeshi , Uehara Kumi , Yoshida Takeshi , Roppongi Tomohide , Otsuka Tatsui , Inoue Tomio , Hirayasu Yoshio
Published: May 2009

Aims:  Anxiety a core feature of panic disorder, is linked to function of the amygdala. Volume alterations in the brain of patients with panic disorder have previously been reported, but there has been no report of amygdala volume association with anxiety.

Methods:  Volumes of hippocampus and amygdala were manually measured using magnetic resonance imaging obtained from 27 patients with panic disorder and 30 healthy comparison subjects. In addition the amygdala was focused on, applying small volume correction to optimized voxel‐based morphometry (VBM). State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and the NEO Personality Inventory Revised were also used to evaluate anxiety.

Results:  Amygdala volumes in both hemispheres were significantly smaller in patients with panic disorder compared with control subjects (left: t = −2.248, d.f. = 55, P = 0.029; right: t = −2.892, d.f. = 55, P = 0.005). VBM showed that structural alteration in the panic disorder group occurred on the corticomedial nuclear group within the right amygdala (coordinates [x,y,z (mm)]: [26,−6,−16], Z score = 3.92, family‐wise error‐corrected P = 0.002). The state anxiety was negatively correlated with the left amygdala volume in patients with panic disorder (r = −0.545, P = 0.016).

Conclusions:  These findings suggested that the smaller volume of the amygdala may be associated with anxiety in panic disorder. Of note, the smaller subregion in the amygdala estimated on VBM could correspond to the corticomedial nuclear group including the central nucleus, which may play a crucial role in panic attack.
Impact of psychiatric and medical comorbidity on cognitive function in depression
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. , McAfoose Jordan , Leach Geraldine , Quirk Frances , Mitchell David
Published: May 2009

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between cognitive performance and psychiatric and medical comorbidity in major depression.

Methods:  The present study evaluated the cognitive performance of patients (n = 96) diagnosed with a major depressive episode in relation to the presence of medical and/or psychiatric comorbidity. Participants were assessed clinically and cognitively using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Four groups of comorbidity were categorized: (i) no comorbidity, (ii) medical comorbidity; (iii) psychiatric comorbidity; and (iv) both medical and psychiatric comorbidity, and subsequently analyzed for differences across six cognitive domains: immediate memory, visuospatial, language, attention, delayed memory, and total score.

Results:  Only 20.8% of the participants did not have a comorbidity of any kind, while psychiatric comorbidities (67.7%) were more frequent than medical comorbidities (39.6%). Education and severity of depressive symptoms negatively influenced cognitive performance. Psychiatric comorbidity alone significantly decreased cognitive performance in the visuospatial/constructional and the language domains and the total score. In addition, increasing numbers of psychiatric comorbidities were related to worse cognitive performance. In contrast, medical illnesses alone had no negative impact on any of the domains of cognitive performance. Evidence was found for additive effects of medical and psychiatric comorbidities in depression on visuospatial/constructional cognitive abilities.

Conclusion:  The strongest predictor of poor cognitive performance in depression was psychiatric comorbidity. The assessment and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in depression should consider the relative impact of psychiatric comorbidity.
Medical and psychiatric comorbidity in psychiatric beds in general hospitals: A cross‐sectional study in Tokyo
Authors: Hatta Kotaro , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Usui Chie , Kobayashi Takafumi , Kamijo Yoshito , Hirata Toyoaki , Awata Shuichi , Kishi Yasuhiro , Arai Heii , Kurosawa Hisashi
Published: May 2009

Aims:  Although somatic diseases in psychiatric patients are increasing with the increase of the aged population, psychiatric wards in general hospitals in Japan have progressively been decreasing. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to clarify whether psychiatric beds in general hospitals play sufficient roles in medical comorbidities of psychiatric patients or not.

Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study performed all over Tokyo during the 2‐month period from April to May 2007. The total number of patients who require admission due to both somatic and psychiatric diseases was investigated with their demographic and clinical characteristics.

Results:  The total number of patients admitted to psychiatric beds in general hospitals for the above‐mentioned reason was 326, while the number of patients who could not be admitted to them despite the same reason was 88. The rate of surgical diseases in the latter group was higher than that in the former group. In the latter group, diseases requiring orthopedic surgery (22%) and abdominal surgery (22%) were the most frequent, followed by gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases (8%), and gynecological diseases (7%). Patients who had attempted suicide were included more in the latter group than in the former group. Even in the former group, general hospitals could not respond to 34% of requests for emergency admission.

Conclusion:  Psychiatric beds in general hospitals do not necessarily function for medical comorbidities in psychiatric patients, especially in severe and emergency cases. Not only the quantity but also the quality of psychiatric wards in general hospitals should be reconsidered.