bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the effects of feed restriction and amino acid supplementation on glucose tolerance in llamas
Authors: Cebra, Christopher K. , Tornquist Susan J. , Jester Rebecca M , Stelletta Calogero
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess the effects of prolonged feed deprivation on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and lipid homeostasis in llamas.

Animals—9 adult female llamas.

Procedure—On each of 2 consecutive days, food was withheld from the llamas for 8 hours. Blood samples were collected before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after IV injection of dextrose (0.5 g/kg) for determination of plasma insulin and serum glucose, triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Between experimental periods, the llamas received supplemental amino acids IV (185 mg/kg in solution). The llamas were then fed a limited diet (grass hay, 0.25% of body weight daily) for 23 days, after which the experimental procedures were repeated.

Results—Feed restriction decreased glucose tolerance and had slight effects on insulin secretion in llamas. Basal lipid fractions were higher after feed restriction, but dextrose administration resulted in similar reductions in serum lipid concentrations with and without feed restriction. Insulin secretion was decreased on the second day of each study period, which lessened reduction of serum lipid concentrations but did not affect glucose tolerance.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Despite having a comparatively competent pancreatic response, feed-restricted llamas assimilated dextrose via an IV bolus more slowly than did llamas on full rations. However, repeated administration of dextrose reduced insulin secretion and could promote hyperglycemia and fat mobilization. These findings suggested that veterinarians should use alternative methods of supplying energy to camelids with long-term reduced feed intake or consider administering agents to improve the assimilation of glucose. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:996–1001)
Effects of exercise-induced stress and dexamethasone on plasma hormone and glucose concentrations and sedation in dogs treated with dexmedetomidine
Authors: Raekallio Marja R. , Kuusela Erja K. , Lehtinen Milla E. , Tykkylöinen Marja K. , Huttunen Pirkko , Westerholm Fia C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the effects of pretreatment with dexamethasone, physical stress (exercise), or both on sedation and plasma hormone and glucose concentrations in dogs treated with dexmedetomidine (DEX).

Animals—6 healthy purpose-bred Beagles.

Procedure—Dogs received 4 treatments each in a randomized order prior to IV administration of DEX (5 µg/kg). Pretreatments were as follows: (1) IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and no exercise (control group); (2) IV administration of dexamethasone (0.05 mg/kg) and no exercise (DM group); (3) IV administration of saline solution and exercise (EX group; 15 minutes of trotting on a treadmill at a speed of 2 m/s); and 4) IV administration of dexamethasone and exercise (DM+EX group).

Results—Following DEX administration, all dogs had similar times to recumbency and sedation index values, irrespective of pretreatment with dexamethasone or exercise. Plasma catecholamine concentrations decreased after DEX administration. Compared with control group dogs, plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in EX-group dogs prior to DEX administration and lower in DM- and DM+EX-group dogs following DEX administration. Administration of DEX decreased plasma cortisol concentration in EX-group dogs only. Plasma glucose concentration was not influenced by exercise or dexamethasone administration but was lower than baseline concentrations at 30 minutes after DEX administration and returned to baseline values by 90 minutes. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperature increased during exercise. After DEX administration, these values decreased below baseline values. The decrease in heart rate was of shorter duration in dogs that underwent pretreatment with dexamethasone, exercise, or both than in control group dogs

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pretreatment with dexamethasone, moderate physical stress (exercise), or both did not influence sedation or cause adverse effects in healthy dogs treated with DEX. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:260–265)
Cloning and expression of type III collagen in normal and injured tendons of horses
Authors: Dahlgren Linda A. , Brower-Toland Brent D. , Nixon Alan J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To clone the 5' end of type III collagen
and describe its pattern of mRNA and protein expression
in normal and healing tendons in horses.

Animals—14 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—The tensile region of collagenase-injured
superficial digital flexor tendons was harvested at
intervals from 1 to 24 weeks after injury. Total RNA
was reverse-transcribed into cDNA for cloning and
sequencing of type III collagen. Equine-specific nucleic
acid probes were developed and used for northern
blot analysis and in situ hybridization. Type III collagen
protein and cyanogen bromide-cleaved collagen peptides
were assessedby gel electrophresis.

Results—Type III collagen mRNA expression and protein
content increased immediately after injury and
remained increased. Type III collagen was localized to
the endotenon in normal tendon and in injured tendon
at 1 week. At 8 and 24 weeks, expression became
more widely distributed throughout the tendon
parenchyma. Injured tendon contained 6 times more
type I than type III collagen mRNA. Quantities of type
III collagen protein were maximal in the first 4 weeks
after injury (approx 33%) and then began to decrease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Type III collagen
expression is increased initially in endotenon and
subsequently in parenchyma of healing tendon; however,
type III remains the minor collagen throughout
the healing process. The role of type III collagen in
tendon healing is not fully elucidated. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:266–270)
Evaluation of architectural changes along the proximal to distal regions of the dorsal laminar interface in the equine hoof
Authors: Sarratt Suzanne M. , Hood David M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe architectural changes along
the dorsal laminar interface of the equine foot.

Sample Population—6 macroscopically normal
forefeet obtained from 6 equine cadavers.

Procedure—Histologic sections of 8 evenly spaced,
proximal to distal, samples of the dorsal laminar interface
were photographed, digitized, and examined for
differences in architecture. Laminar depth; secondary
laminar density; number and consistency of bifurcations
occurring within the secondary laminae, and
areas composed of primary dermal lamina, primary
epidermal lamina, and secondary laminar interface
were recorded. Data were examined to test for differences
in architecture associated with the proximal to
distal positioning of the sample.

Results—With exception of the areas of the primary
epidermal and primary dermal lamina, all measured
variables were significantly different between the
proximal and distal regions of the dorsal laminar interface.
Changes included increases in laminar depth
and the secondary laminar density. Bifurcation of secondary
laminae principally occurred proximally and
had an increased depth of bifurcation distally. The secondary
laminar dermal-epidermal interface had a
109% increase in area between the most proximal
and distal sections.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of
this study indicate that the interface normally contributes
a substantial volume of dermal components
to the internal surface of the wall. These data also
indicate that 2 distinct mechanisms (ie, bifurcation of
secondary laminae and an increase in the length of
secondary laminae) contribute to changes in the architecture
of the laminar interface, which allows for the
hypothesis that the normal laminar interface is capable
of responding to mechanical load. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:277–283)
Laboratory measures of hemostasis and fibrinolysis after intravenous administration of ϵ-aminocaproic acid in clinically normal horses and ponies
Authors: Heidmann Peter , Tornquist Susan J. , Qu Annie , Cebra Christopher K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether ϵ-aminocaproic acid (EACA) administered IV affects hemostasis and fibrinolysis in clinically normal horses and ponies.

Animals—20 clinically normal adult horses and ponies.

Procedures—Blood samples were collected 24 hours before (baseline) and 1 and 5 hours after IV administration of a low dose (30 mg/kg) or high dose (100 mg/kg) of EACA. Platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time (PTT), D-dimer concentration, α2-antiplasmin activity, and thrombin-antithrombin complex concentration were measured. Values at 1 and 5 hours were compared with baseline values.

Results—1 hour after administration of a low dose of EACA, mean fibrinogen concentration was significantly lower than baseline concentration. Mean PTT was significantly shorter than the baseline value 5 hours after administration of a low dose of EACA. One hour after administration of 100 mg of EACA/kg, mean α2-antiplasmin activity was significantly higher than baseline activity. Mean fibrinogen concentration was significantly lower than baseline concentration 1 and 5 hours after administration of a high dose of EACA. Mean PTT was significantly shorter than the baseline value 5 hours after administration of a high dose of EACA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IV administration of 30 and 100mg of EACA/kg to clinically normal horses significantly modified some laboratory measures of hemostasis, consistent with its known antifibrinolytic effects. Although enhanced clot maintenance and diminished bleeding were not directly assessed, the clinical use of EACA may benefit some patients. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:313–318)
Effects of dietary supplementation with sodium chloride on urinary relative supersaturation with calcium oxalate in healthy dogs
Authors: Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Sanderson Sherry L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation
with sodium chloride (NaCl) on urinary calcium
excretion, urine calcium concentration, and urinary
relative supersaturation (RSS) with calcium
oxalate (CaOx).

Animals—6 adult female healthy Beagles.

Procedure—By use of a crossover study design, a
canned diet designed to decrease CaOx urolith recurrence
with and without supplemental NaCl (ie, 1.2%
and 0.24% sodium on a dry-matter basis, respectively)
was fed to dogs for 6 weeks. Every 14 days, 24-
hour urine samples were collected. Concentrations of
lithogenic substances and urine pH were used to calculate
values of urinary RSS with CaOx.

Results—When dogs consumed a diet supplemented
with NaCl, 24-hour urine volume and 24-hour urine
calcium excretion increased. Dietary supplementation
with NaCl was not associated with a change in urine
calcium concentration. However, urine oxalate acid
concentrations and values of urinary RSS with CaOx
were significantly lower after feeding the NaCl-supplemented
diet for 28 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary supplementation
with NaCl in a urolith-prevention diet
decreased the propensity for CaOx crystallization in
the urine of healthy adult Beagles. However, until
long-term studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of
dietary supplementation with NaCl in dogs with CaOx
urolithiasis are preformed, we suggest that dietary
supplementation with NaCl be used cautiously. (Am J
Vet Res 2005;66:319–324)
Evaluation of the influence of S-adenosylmethionine on systemic and hepatic effects of prednisolone in dogs
Authors: Center Sharon A. , Warner Karen L. , McCabe Jennifer , Foureman Polly , Hoffmann Walter E. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the influence of a 1,4- butanedisulfonate stable salt of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) administered orally on clinicopathologic and hepatic effects induced by long-term administration of prednisolone in dogs.

Animals—12 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Following a pilot study (4 dogs), 2 groups of 4 dogs received prednisolone (2.2 mg/kg) orally once daily (84-day trial). One group received SAMe (20 mg/kg/d divided in 2 doses) for 42 days and then a placebo for 42 days; the other group received treatments in the reverse order. Before and during the trial, numerous variables were monitored, including serum total alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucocorticoid- induced ALP (G-ALP) activities, serum haptoglobin concentration, and total and oxidized glutathione (TGSH and GSSG) and thiobarbiturate-reacting substances (TBARS) concentrations in erythrocytes and liver tissue (days 0, 42, and 84). Hepatic specimens also were examined microscopically.

Results—The stable salt of SAMe was biologically available; plasma concentrations of SAMe or prednisolone were not affected by coadministration. Compared with baseline values, serum ALP and GALP activities and haptoglobin concentrations increased and erythrocyte GSSG and TBARS concentrations decreased with both treatments. Erythrocyte TGSH concentration decreased with the prednisolone- placebo treatment. Administration of SAMe appeared to conserve erythrocyte TGSH values and did not inhibit hepatocyte glycogen vacuolation but increased hepatic TGSH concentration and improved the hepatic tissue GSSG:TGSH ratio.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, administration of 20 mg of SAMe/kg/d may mitigate the apparent pro-oxidant influences of prednisolone but did not block development of classic clinicopathologic or histologic features of vacuolar hepatopathy. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:330–341)
Comparison of hematologic and biochemical values for blood samples obtained via jugular venipuncture and via vascular access ports in cats
Authors: Henry Carolyn J. , Russell Lynn E. , Tyler Jeff W. , Buss Michael S. , Seguin Bernard , Cambridge Anthony J. , Moore Martine E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether hematologic and serum biochemical values for blood samples obtained from cats via vascular access ports (VAP) are comparable to those for samples obtained by direct venipuncture.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—14 healthy cats.

Procedure—A VAP was surgically implanted in a jugular vein in each cat. Blood samples were obtained from the VAP and by direct venipuncture of the contralateral jugular vein 10 weeks after VAP placement. Results of hematologic and serum biochemical analyses were compared by use of a pairedt-test. ThePvalue to reject the null hypothesis was adjusted to account for multiple comparisons by using the Bonferroni procedure in which the nominalP-to-reject value is divided by the number of comparisons (0.05/24 = 0.002).

Results—Paired samples (VAP and venipuncture) obtained 10 weeks after VAP placement were evaluated for each cat. Of the 24 measured analytes, only potassium, total protein, and albumin concentrations differed significantly (P< 0.001 for all 3) between VAP and venipuncture samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that samples obtained from VAP are suitable for routine hematologic monitoring of feline cancer patients. Sample hemolysis may account for a slight increase in potassium, total protein, and albumin concentrations obtained from VAP samples. However, the values of variables most critical for monitoring of patients receiving chemotherapy (ie, mature neutrophil and platelet counts) are comparable. If proper techniques are used, VAP may be used for administration of chemotherapy as well as for blood collection in cats undergoing cancer treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:482–485)
Effect of feed withdrawal prior to slaughter on prevalence of gastric ulcers in pigs
Authors: Eisemann Joan H. , Morrow W. E. Morgan , See M. Todd , Davies Peter R. , Zering Kelly
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether withdrawing feed
from pigs prior to slaughter had any effects on prevalence
or severity of gastric ulcers.

Design—Split-plot design.

Animals—873 pigs.

Procedures—At the finishing barn, pigs were assigned
to 30 pens. Feed withdrawal times (0, 12, or 24 hours)
were assigned to pens at random, and pigs in each pen
were marketed in 3 groups over a period of 4 weeks.
The first marketing group consisted of the 10 heaviest
pigs in each pen, the second consisted of the next 10
heaviest, and the third consisted of all remaining pigs.
Feed was withheld from all pigs in each pen prior to
removal of each marketing group. Thus, feed was withheld
once, twice, or 3 times for pigs in the first, second,
and third marketing groups, respectively.

Results—Feed withdrawal time was not significantly
associated with ulcer score at the time of slaughter.
Ulcer scores and prevalence of chronic damage were
higher in the third marketing group, regardless of
feed withdrawal time. Prevalence of severe damage,
prevalence of chronic damage, and prevalence of
esophageal constriction increased as carcass weight
decreased. No pigs died of gastric ulceration.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that withdrawal of feed from pigs prior to slaughter
does not increase damage to the stomach and that
repeated feed withdrawal does not result in fatal gastric
ulceration. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:503–506)
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic findings in dogs with coccidioidomycosis: 24 cases (1995–2000)
Authors: Johnson Lynelle R. , Herrgesell Eric J. , Davidson Autumn P. , Pappagianis Demosthenes
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—24 dogs.

Procedure—Clinical information and results of clinicopathologic testing were obtained from medical records. Thoracic radiographs were reviewed to characterize abnormalities.

Results—Dogs ranged from 1 to 10 years old at the time of diagnosis, with 12 dogs being between 1 and 3 years old. Historical complaints included cough, lameness, signs of head or neck pain, and difficulty breathing. Mild anemia, neutrophilia, and monocytosis were common. All dogs had hypoalbuminemia, and 8 of 15 had hyperglobulinemia. Thoracic radiographs of 19 dogs were reviewed. Pulmonary infiltrates were seen in 13 dogs, with an interstitial pattern of infiltration being most common. Hilar lymphadenopathy was seen radiographically in 10 dogs. Serum from 20 dogs was tested for antibodies againstCoccidioides immitis. One dog was positive for IgM antibodies, 5 were positive for IgM and IgG antibodies, and 14 were positive for IgG antibodies. Quantitative IgG titers measured in 14 dogs ranged from 1:2 to 1:128 (median and mode, 1:32). In 6 dogs, histologic examination of biopsy samples revealed fungal spherules ranging from 8 to 70 μm in diameter.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that in dogs, coccidioidomycosis may be associated with a wide spectrum of nonspecific respiratory and musculoskeletal abnormalities. The chronic nature of the disease makes diagnosis difficult, even in regions in which the organism is endemic. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:461–466)
Stress fractures of the tibia and humerus in Thoroughbred racehorses: 99 cases (1992–2000)
Authors: O'Sullivan Christopher B. , Lumsden Jonathan M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical characteristics of and outcome in Thoroughbred racehorses with tibial or humeral stress fractures.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—99 Thoroughbreds with tibial or humeral stress fractures.

Procedure—Information obtained from the medical records included history, signalment, and clinical, radiographic, and scintigraphic findings. Outcome was determined by interviewing trainers, performing follow- up examinations, and analyzing race records.

Results—Seventy-four tibial stress fractures were identified in 61 Thoroughbreds, and 48 humeral stress fractures were identified in 39 Thoroughbreds (1 horse was included in both groups). Tibial stress fractures occurred most commonly in 2-year-old or unraced horses. Fractures were located in 1 of 3 sites in the tibia (most commonly, the caudolateral cortex of the mid-diaphysis) and 1 of 4 sites in the humerus (most commonly, the caudodistal cortex). Forty-four of 58 (76%) tibial stress fractures and 18 of 32 (56%) humeral stress fractures were identified radiographically. Humeral stress fractures involving the caudodistal cortex were not detected radiographically. Treatment consisted of rest and exercise restriction, and 49 of 61 (80%) horses with tibial stress fractures and 30 of 39 (77%) horses with humeral stress fractures returned to racing. Humeral stress fractures recurred in 6 horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in Thoroughbred racehorses, tibial stress fractures occurred most commonly in unraced 2 year olds, whereas humeral fractures occurred most commonly in older horses that had raced previously. The prognosis for racing following treatment was good. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:491–498)
Use of fetal skeletal mineralization for prediction of parturition date in cats
Authors: Haney Davida R. , Levy Julie K. , Newell Susan M. , Graham John P. , Gorman Shawn P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the relationship between
parturition date and fetal skeletal mineralization
detected radiographically in cats.

Design—Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—31 queens and their 49 pregnancies.

Procedure—Seventeen pregnant queens were
radiographed with a computed radiography system
every 2 to 3 days from 1 week after pregnancy was
identified by abdominal palpation until parturition.
Radiographs were evaluated to determine the first
identifiable mineralization of 16 bony structures
and teeth during each pregnancy. This information
was used to establish a table of expected parturition
dates on the basis of fetal mineralization.
Single radiographs from an additional 32 pregnant
cats were evaluated, and predictions of parturition
dates were made on the basis of the mineralization
table.

Results—Mineralization was first detected 25 to 29
days prior to parturition (dpp). Mineralization was
determined for the spinal column (22 to 27 dpp), skull
(21 to 27 dpp), ribs (20 to 25 dpp), scapula (17 to 24
dpp), humerus (20 to 24 dpp), femur (19 to 23 dpp),
radius (15 to 22 dpp), tibia (15 to 21 dpp), ulna (5 to 21
dpp), pelvis (8 to 20 dpp), fibula (0 to 17 dpp), tail (8 to
16 dpp), metacarpals and metatarsals (3 to 14 dpp),
phalanges (0 to 11 dpp), calcaneus (0 to 10 dpp), and
teeth (1 to 6 dpp). Date of parturition was predictable
within 3 days in 75% of cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Identification
of bony structures in the fetus is useful in estimating
the time to parturition in queens. (J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2003;223:1614–1616)
Detection of Salmonella organisms and assessment of a protocol for removal of contamination in horse stalls at a veterinary teaching hospital
Authors: Alinovi Catherine A. , Ward Michael P. , Couëtil Laurent L. , Wu Ching Ching
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To assess methods of detecting environmental contamination withSalmonellaorganisms and evaluate a cleaning and disinfection protocol for horse stalls in a veterinary teaching hospital.

Design—Original study.

Sample Population—37 horses with diarrhea likely to be caused bySalmonellainfection and their stall environments.

Procedures—Fecal samples were collected from horses daily during hospitalization; samples were obtained from stall sites after cleaning and application of disinfectants. Fecal and environmental samples were cultured forSalmonellaspp and tested via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detectSalmonellaDNA.

Results—1 horse died and 2 were discharged prior to sample collection. Fecal samples from 9 of 34 horses yielded growth ofSalmonellaorganisms on bacteriologic culture, and 23 yielded positive results via PCR assay on ≥ 1 occasion. Among environmental samples from 21 stalls, salmonellae were detected at ≥ 1 stall site on 6 of 78 occasions, and ≥ 1 stall site yielded positive results via PCR assay on 69 of 77 occasions.SalmonellaDNA was detected more frequently in samples of stall drains, cracks, and corners.Salmonellaspp were cultured from samples of 3 stalls after both initial and second cleaning and disinfection cycles, but no organisms were detected in samples obtained after use of a peroxygen disinfectant.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that stalls in which horses with salmonellosis were housed should only be used to accommodate newly hospitalized horses after samples (collected after 2 cycles of cleaning and disinfection) from drains, cracks, and corners yield negative results on bacteriologic culture. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:1640–1644)
Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in such settings
Authors: Bender Jeff B. , Shulman Stephanie A. , _ _
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess the number of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and identify published recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in exhibit settings.

Design—Literature review and survey of state public health veterinarians and state epidemiologists.

Procedure—MEDLINE and agriculture databases were searched from 1966 through 2000. Retrieved references and additional resources provided by the authors were reviewed. A survey was sent to state public health veterinarians and state epidemiologists to determine whether their states had written recommendations or guidelines for controlling zoonotic diseases in animal exhibition venues, whether their states maintained a listing of animal exhibitors in the state, and whether they had any information on recent outbreaks involving animals in exhibitions.

Results—11 published outbreaks were identified. These outbreaks occurred in a variety of settings including petting zoos, farms, and a zoological park. An additional episode involving exposure to a potentially rabid bear required extensive public health resources. A survey of state public health veterinarians identified 16 additional unpublished outbreaks or incidents. Most states did not have written recommendations or guidelines for controlling zoonotic diseases or any means to disseminate educational materials to animal exhibitors.

Conclusions—Recent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases associated with contact with animals in exhibition venues highlight concerns for disease transmission to public visitors. Only a handful of states have written guidelines for preventing zoonotic disease transmission in animal exhibition venues, and published recommendations currently available focus on preventing enteric diseases and largely do not address other zoonotic diseases or prevention of bite wounds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1105–1109)
Gallbladder mucocele in dogs: 30 cases (2000–2002)
Authors: Pike Fred S. , Berg John , King Norval W. , Penninck Dominique G. , Webster Cynthia R. L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine long-term outcome of dogs
with gallbladder mucocele.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—30 dogs with gallbladder mucocele, including
23 that underwent cholecystectomy.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for signalment,
history, and clinical, ultrasonographic, and
surgical findings. Follow-up information was obtained
for all dogs that survived the perioperative hospitalization
period.

Results—23 dogs had signs of systemic illness; 7 had
no clinical signs. Median values for serum activities of
alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase,
serum total bilirubin concentration, and total WBC
count were significantly higher among dogs with gallbladder
rupture than among dogs without rupture.
Sensitivity of sonography for detection of rupture was
85.7%. Overall perioperative mortality rate for dogs
that underwent cholecystectomy was 21.7%; mortality
rate was not significantly greater for dogs with rupture.
Aerobic bacteria were isolated from the bile or gallbladder
wall in 8.7% of dogs. All 18 dogs discharged
from the hospital had complete resolution of clinical
signs. In dogs that underwent in-hospital reexamination,
serum liver enzyme activities were significantly
decreased, compared with preoperative activities.
Persistent increases in serum activities of 1 or more
liver enzymes were detected in 9 of 12 dogs; 6 of 12
dogs had persistent abnormalities in hepatic
echogenicity. Mean follow-up period was 13.9 months.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that cholecystectomy is an effective treatment
for gallbladder mucocele. Although perioperative mortality
rate is high, prognosis after discharge from the
hospital is excellent. Rupture of the gallbladder warrants
emergency surgical intervention but does not
preclude a positive outcome. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2004;224:1615–1622)
Long-term outcome of cats treated conservatively or surgically for peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia: 66 cases (1987–2002)
Authors: Reimer S. Brent , Kyles Andrew E. , Filipowicz Dean E. , Gregory Clare R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine long-term outcome of cats
treated conservatively or surgically for peritoneopericardial
diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH).

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—67 cats with PPDH.

Procedure—Medical records of cats with a diagnosis
of PPDH made from 1987 through 2002 were
reviewed. Information regarding long-term outcome
was obtained from owners.

Results—Prevalences of PPDH in domestic longhair
and Himalayan cats were significantly greater and
prevalence of PPDH in domestic shorthair cats was significantly
lower than prevalence of PPDH in the hospital
cat population over the 15-year study period.
Historical problems most commonly related to the respiratory
and gastrointestinal tracts. Peritoneopericardial
diaphragmatic hernia was the primary diagnosis in 40
cats and an incidental finding in 27 cats. One cat died
prior to arrival at the Veterinary Medical Teaching
Hospital. Thirty-seven of 66 cats were treated surgically,
and 29 were treated conservatively. The postoperative
mortality rate was 14%. Postoperative complications
developed in 29 of 37 cats, the most common of
which was hyperthermia. Two of 22 conservatively
treated cats had progression of clinical signs necessitating
surgical intervention or resulting in death. Owner
satisfaction with treatment choice and long-term outcome
was rated as very satisfied by 88% of owners of
surgically treated cats and 68% of owners of conservatively
treated cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats with overt
clinical signs attributable to PPDH are good candidates
for surgical herniorrhaphy. Postoperative complications
may develop but are generally minor and self-limiting.
Long-term outcome of cats treated conservatively or
surgically was rated as very good by most owners.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:728–732)
Evaluation of two rapid assays for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum in calf feces
Authors: Muccio Janna L. , Grooms Daniel L. , Mansfield Linda S. , Wise Annabel G. , Maes Roger K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate 2 rapid, patient-side assays
for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in feces
from neonatal calves with diarrhea.

Design—Diagnostic test evaluation.

Sample Population—Fecal samples from 96 neonatal
(1 to 30 days old) calves with diarrhea.

Procedure—Results of the rapid assays were compared
with results of microscopic examination of fecal smears
that had been stained with diamant fuchsin stain.

Results—One of the rapid assays correctly identified
56 of 62 (90%) fecal samples positive for C parvum
oocysts and 33 of 34 (97%) fecal samples negative
for oocysts. The other assay correctly identified 53 of
62 (85%) fecal samples positive for oocysts and 33 of
34 (97%) fecal samples negative for oocysts.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that these 2 rapid assays are accurate when
used to detect C parvum in fecal samples from
neonatal calves with diarrhea. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:1090–1092)
Evaluation of a focused assessment with sonography for trauma protocol to detect free abdominal fluid in dogs involved in motor vehicle accidents
Authors: Boysen Søren R. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Tidwell Amy S. , Holm Jen L. , Shaw Scott P. , Rush John E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To establish a focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) protocol in dogs, determine whether FAST can be performed by veterinary clinicians without extensive ultrasonographic experience, and assess the frequency of free fluid (as determined via FAST) in the abdominal cavity of dogs following motor vehicle accidents (MVAs).

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—100 client-owned dogs evaluated within 24 hours of an MVA.

Procedure—Dogs were placed in lateral recumbency for the FAST examination. To detect fluid in the abdomen, 2 ultrasonographic views (transverse and longitudinal) were obtained at each of 4 sites (just caudal to the xiphoid process, on the midline over the urinary bladder, and at the left and right flank regions).

Results—In the 100 dogs evaluated via FAST, free abdominal fluid was detected in 45 dogs. In 40 of those 45 dogs, abdominocentesis was performed; hemoperitoneum and uroperitoneum were diagnosed in 38 and 2 dogs, respectively. Compared with dogs that had no free abdominal fluid detected via FAST, dogs that had free abdominal fluid detected via FAST had significantly higher heart rates and serum lactate concentrations and significantly lower PCVs and total solid concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that FAST is a simple and rapid technique that can be performed on dogs in an emergency setting to detect intra-abdominal free fluid and can be performed by veterinary clinicians with minimal previous ultrasonographic experience. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1198–1204)
Radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic, and rhinoscopic features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs
Authors: Saunders Jimmy H. , Clercx Cécile , Snaps Frédéric R. , Sullivan Martin , Duchateau Luc , van Bree Henri J. , Dondelinger Robert F.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and rhinoscopic features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—15 client-owned dogs.

Procedure—All dogs had clinical signs of chronic nasal disease; the diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis was made on the basis of positive results for at least 2 diagnostic tests (serology, cytology, histology, or fungal culture) and detection of typical intrasinusal and intranasal fungal colonies and turbinate destruction via rhinoscopy. Radiography, MRI, and CT were performed under general anesthesia. Rhinoscopy was repeated to evaluate lesions and initiate treatment. Findings of radiography, MRI, CT, and rhinoscopy were compared.

Results—MRI and CT revealed lesions suggestive of nasal aspergillosis more frequently than did radiography. Computed tomography was the best technique for detection of cortical bone lesions; the nature of abnormal soft tissue, however, could not be identified. Magnetic resonance imaging allowed evaluation of lesions of the frontal bone and was especially useful for differentiating between a thickened mucosa and secretions or fungal colonies; however, fungal colonies could not be differentiated from secretions. Rhinoscopy allowed identification of the nature of intranasal and intrasinusal soft tissue but was not as useful as CT and MRI for defining the extent of lesions and provided no information regarding bone lesions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The value of CT and MRI for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis was similar and greater than that of radiography. Rhinoscopy is necessary because it is the only technique that allows direct visualization of fungal colonies. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1703–1712)
Clinical signs, underlying cause, and outcome in cats with seizures: 17 cases (1997–2002)
Authors: Barnes Heidi L. , Chrisman Cheryl L. , Mariani Christopher L. , Sims Marclyn , Alleman Arthur R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical signs, results of diagnostic testing, underlying cause, and outcome in cats with seizures.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—17 cats with seizures.

Procedure—Only those cats in which an underlying metabolic abnormality causing the seizures had been identified, diagnostic imaging of the brain and CSF analysis had been done, or a necropsy had been performed were included. Seizures were classified as being a result of metabolic disease, symptomatic epilepsy (ie, epilepsy resulting from a structural lesion of the brain), or probably symptomatic epilepsy (ie, epilepsy without any extracranial or identifiable intracranial disease that is not suspected to be genetic in origin).

Results—3 cats had seizures associated with an underlying metabolic disease (hepatic encephalopathy), 7 had symptomatic epilepsy (3 with neoplasia and 4 with meningoencephalitis), and 7 had probably symptomatic epilepsy. Six of the 7 cats with symptomatic epilepsy died or were euthanatized within 3 months after the diagnosis was made, whereas 6 of the 7 cats with probably symptomatic epilepsy survived for at least 12 months after the diagnosis was made.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cats with probably symptomatic epilepsy may have a good long-term prognosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1723–1726)
Relationship between Intelligence and Vocabulary
Authors: Smith Billy L. , Smith Teresa D. , Taylor Loria , Hobby Melissa
Published: December 2005

This study explored the correlations of scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–III in screening language problems and scores on the three Comprehensive Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test subscales. Participants were 243 students ages 6 to 17 years in Grades K–11 who were identified as learning disabled, learning disabled with speech impairment, mentally retarded, and speech impaired. Analysis indicated strong correlations between the two measures, particularly between the CREVT General Vocabulary and WISC–III Verbal IQ ( r = .80), WISC–III Verbal Comprehension Index ( r = .83), and the Vocabulary subtest ( r = .16). These results held across the grades. Supporting earlier studies of relationships of Verbal IQ and Receptive Vocabulary, correlations were lower between participants in Grades K through 2 than those in higher grades on the WISC–III Verbal IQ and the Receptive Vocabulary subtest. An analysis of the accuracy of the WISC–III for classifying students with language problems indicated improvement in classification over chance. These findings suggest that the WISC–III may be an effective screen for language problems.
The Development of a Physical Education State Anxiety Scale: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Barkoukis Vassilis , Tsorbatzoudis Haralambos , Grouios George , Rodafinos Aggelos
Published: December 2005

The aim of the present study was to develop a measure of state anxiety for school physical education. The Physical Education State Anxiety Scale was designed to assess the basic anxiety dimensions plus the related cognitive processes. High school students ( n = 631) completed the scale just prior to a test on two track and field tasks, in order to create a stressful condition. Data from the sample were randoml y split in two and subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which supported the proposed three-factor structure of Worry, Cognitive Processes, and Somatic Anxiety. Internal consistency coefficients were acceptable. Moderate correlations among the subscale scores supported its construct validity. Results provide preliminary evidence for validity and reliability.
Influence of Duration and Location of Pauses on Comprehension of a Temporarily Ambiguous Utterance in Adults
Authors: Barrow Irene M. , Givens Gregg , Stuart Andrew , Kalinowski Joseph , Rastatter Michael P.
Published: December 2005

Despite the important influence of prosody on comprehension, it remains unclear how the individual parameters of prosody contribute to the process. Therefore, this study examined the magnitude of one prosodic cue, duration of the pause, that precipitates comprehension when the pause is located either early or late in an ambiguous phrase. Adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years (men: M = 27.9, SD = 4.1, women: M = 26.2, SD = 3.7) listened to a series of phrases and made a decision regarding the meaning of each phrase. Analysis of variance for repeated measures yielded main effects of location and duration of pause with an interaction of location by duration. When the pause was located early in the phrase, a longer pause was needed before adults selected the correct meaning. However, when the pause was located later in the phrase, a pause of much shorter duration was sufficient for accurate selection of the intended meaning. A difference in pause duration of 175 msec. was found between the two locations studied.
Altered States of Consciousness, Dissociation, and Dream Recall
Authors: Suszek Hubert , University Warsaw , Kopera Maciej
Published: December 2005

In a sample of 71 medical students, dream recall frequency was positively correlated with proneness to altered states of consciousness ( r = .26) measured by the State of Mind and Consciousness Questionnaire and dissociation ( r = .29) measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale II. A regression analysis, however, yielded neither altered states of consciousness nor dissociation, sex, or age to be significant predictors of dream recall frequency. Among women dream recall frequency was associated with proneness to dissociation; among men it was correlated with proneness to altered states of consciousness.
Relationship between Mental Toughness and Physical Endurance
Authors: Crust Lee , Clough Peter J.
Published: December 2005

This study tested the criterion validity of the inventory, Mental Toughness 48, by assessing the correlation between mental toughness and physical endurance for 41 male undergraduate sports students. A significant correlation of .34 was found between scores for overall mental toughness and the time a relative weight could be held suspended. Results support the criterion-related validity of the Mental Toughness 48.
Plaudits and Pitfalls in Studying Elite Athletes
Authors: Sands William A. , McNeal Jeni R. , Stone Michael H.
Published: December 2005

The study of elite athletes, because of their rarity, renders statistical power difficult to achieve, control groups difficult or impossible to find, and generalizability difficult to demonstrate. Alternative methods of analysis may be better suited to such study.
A Statewide Survey of Audiologists regarding Auditory Processing Disorders
Authors: Dobbs Tracy , Davis Priscilla , Dancer Jess
Published: December 2005

This study surveyed all licensed Arkansas audiologists ( N=127) regarding auditory processing disorders in children and adults, with 16 items covering demographic information, knowledge, identification and diagnosis, service provision, and referral. Analysis indicated 40% and 35% of the 62 respondents were “very” or “somewhat comfortable” with diagnosing auditory processing disorders in adults and children, respectively. In the current work setting, 58% did not provide auditory processing testing, 44% had never performed such testing, and 40% did not answer a question related to referral sources. The lack of consistent testing or referral probably leaves community persons with auditory processing disorders at risk for being overlooked or misdiagnosed.
Psychophysical Judgment of Curvatures
Authors: Salvadori Emilia , Luccio Riccardo
Published: December 2005

In this study we explored psychophysical judgments (magnitude estimation) of the curvature of visual lines. Prior research has lacked a rigorous definition of curvature, but here it was defined as the reverse of the ray of the osculating circle tangent to the curve in the given point. Four different functions were evaluated: hyperbole, sinusoid, parabola, and a cubic function. Using the method of magnitude estimation to judge 20 exemplar curves from each of the families, three respondents made a total of 1440 estimations each. Responses to all four families of curves were fit well by Stevens' power function with an exponent less than 1. One application of this research is the use of such curves as variables in assessing illusions of curvature.
Effect of Perceiving Computing to Be an Acquirable Skill upon a Computer-Mediated Serial Recall Task
Authors: Brosnan M. J.
Published: December 2005

Serial recall tasks assess the capacity of verbal short-term memory. The perception of computing as an acquirable skill rather than a fixed ability affected performance upon computer-based serial recall tasks but did not affect performance on comparable pencil-and-paper tasks. Computerized versions of traditional assessments should control for this.
A Pilot Study Comparing Physiological Responses of Phase III Cardiac Patients to Recumbent and Upright Exercise Using the RPE Scale
Authors: Magal Meir , Zoeller Robert F.
Published: December 2005

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are used for exercise programming of cardiac rehabilitation patients, whenever it is difficult to use heart rate to set intensity due to medication or other factors. This investigation examined the physiological responses to two stepping exercise modes (upright and recumbent) at the same RPE. Analysis indicated significant physiological differences between the modes of exercise which may be mediated by postural differences. Specifically, the physiological responses to the recumbent exercise, but not the upright exercise, had the expected relationship with RPE, with recumbent stepping requiring less physiological effort than the upright stepping at the same RPE. As such, we cannot recommend with confidence that the prescription for upright exercise be made based on data from recumbent exercise or vice-versa.
Changes in Pulmonary Function Response to a 10-Week Controlled Exercise Program in Sedentary Elderly Adults
Authors: Huang Guoyuan , Osness Wayne H.
Published: December 2005

This randomized clinical trial was aimed to assess whether pulmonary function would change in sedentary elderly people after a controlled exercise program. 45 participants over 75 yr. of age ( M age 83.7 ± 3.0) were assigned randomly to a control and two aerobic exercise groups of moderate and high intensity. In 10 wk. the program sessions were 40 min. in duration 3 days per week. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. (FEV1.0) were measured pre- and post-intervention. After the training, the Moderate intensity group experienced significant mean change in FVC. In the High intensity group, significant changes were observed in both FVC and FEV1.0, but no change was noted for the Control group. The 10-wk. aerobic training of moderate or high intensity showed positive effects on pulmonary function in these elderly individuals. These exercise-induced changes may be dose-related.