bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognition of Multiple Methyl Groups on Aromatic Rings by a Polyaromatic Cavity
Authors: Yamashina Masahiro , Matsuno Sho , Sei Yoshihisa , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito
Published: July 2016

The methyl group is a small substituent, usually showing relatively weak or no interactions with other functional groups and metal ions. Herein, we present the recognition of the number of methyl groups on synthetic and natural aromatic compounds (i.e., benzene and xanthine derivatives, respectively) by the 1 nm‐sized polyaromatic cavity of a coordination capsule in water. Detailed competitive encapsulation experiments as well as X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed that multiple guest–host CH3–polyaromatic interactions in the confined nanospace are key driving forces for the high selectivity.
Pollution Control Meets Sustainability: Structure–Activity Studies on New Iron Oxide‐Based CO Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Schoch Roland , Bauer Matthias
Published: July 2016

A new class of catalysts for the oxidation of CO based on iron oxide as a biocompatible, earth‐abundant and non‐toxic metal is presented. The catalytic activities achieved with these catalysts provide promising milestones towards the substitution of noble metals in CO oxidation catalysts. The catalysts can be obtained by using iron core–shell nanoparticle precursors. The metal used for the shell material determines whether the iron core is integrated in or isolated from the support. The active iron site is effectively integrated into the γ‐Al2O3 support if an aluminum shell is present in the core–shell precursor. When the metal used for the shell is different from the support, an isolated structure is formed. Using this directed synthesis approach, different iron oxide species can be obtained and their structural differences are linked to distinct catalytic activities, as demonstrated by combined in‐depth analytical studies using XRD, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), UV/Vis, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The key species responsible for high catalytic activity is identified as isolated tetrahedrally coordinated FeIII centers, whereas aggregation leads to a reduction in activity.
Self‐Supported Cu‐Based Nanowire Arrays as Noble‐Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Hou Chun‐Chao , Fu Wen‐Fu , Chen Yong
Published: July 2016

Crystalline Cu‐based nanowire arrays (NWAs) including Cu(OH)2, CuO, Cu2O, and CuOx are facilely grown on Cu foil and are found to act as highly efficient, low‐cost, and robust electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Impressively, this noble‐metal‐free 3 D Cu(OH)2‐NWAs/Cu foil electrode shows the highest catalytic activity with a Tafel slope of 86 mV dec−1, an overpotential (η) of about 530 mV at ∼10 mA cm−2 (controlled‐potential electrolysis method without iR correction) and almost 100 % Faradic efficiency, paralleling the performance of the state‐of‐the‐art RuO2 OER catalyst in 0.1 m NaOH solution (pH 12.8). To the best of our knowledge, this work represents one of the best results ever reported on Cu‐based OER systems.
Peripheral blood microvesicles secretion is influenced by storage time, temperature, and anticoagulants
Authors: Wisgrill Lukas , Lamm Christian , Hartmann Julia , Preißing Falk , Dragosits Klaus , Bee Annica , Hell Lena , Thaler Johannes , Ay Cihan , Pabinger Ingrid , Berger Angelika , Spittler Andreas
Published: July 2016

Microvesicles (MVs) are small membrane bound vesicles released from various cell types after activation or apoptosis. In the last decades, MVs received an increased interest as biomarkers in inflammation, coagulation and cancer. However, standardized pre‐analytical steps are crucial for the minimization of artifacts in the MV analysis. Thus, this study evaluated the MV release in whole blood samples under the influence of different anticoagulants, storage time and various temperature conditions. Samples were collected from healthy probands and processed immediately, after 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours at room temperature (RT) or 4°C. To identify MV subpopulations, platelet free plasma (PFP) was stained with Annexin V, calcein AM, CD15, CD41 and CD235a. Analysis was performend on a CytoFLEX flow cytometer. Procoagulatory function of MVs was measured using a phospholipid dependent activity and a tissue factor MVactivity assay. Without prior storage, sodium citrate showed the lowest MV count compared to heparin and EDTA. Interestingly, EDTA showed a significant release of myeloid‐derived MVs (MMVs) compared to sodium citrate. Sodium citrate showed a stable MV count at RT in the first 8 hours after blood collection. Total MV counts increased after 24 hours in sodium citrated or heparinzed blood which was related to all subpopulations. Interestingly, EDTA showed stable platelet‐derived MV (PMV) and erythrocyte‐derived MV (EryMV) count at RT over a 48 h period. In addition, the procoagulatory potential increased significantly after 8‐hour storage. Based on both, this work and literature data, the used anticoagulant, storage time and storage temperature differently influence the analysis of MVs within 8 hours. To date, sodium citrated tubes are recommended for MV enumeration and functional analysis. EDTA tubes might be an option for the clinical routine due to stable PMV and EryMV counts. These new approaches need to be validated in a clinical laboratory setting before being applied to patient studies. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Provably secure strong designated verifier signature scheme based on coding theory
Authors: Shooshtari Masoumeh Koochak , Ahmadian‐Attari Mahmoud , Aref Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2016

Strong Designated Verifier Signature (SDVS) provides authentication for the signer and the verifier such that the signer is assured that what s/he has signed, is only verified by the designated verifier. Currently, the security of most of the SDVS schemes is based on hard problems in the number theory. As it is proved that all kinds of cryptosystems which are based on the number theory will not tolerate quantum attacks, here, an SDVS scheme based on hard problems in coding theory is presented. We have proved that the suggested scheme is unforgeable under a chosen message attack in Random Oracle Model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proeating disorder websites and subjective well‐being: A four‐country study on young people
Authors: Turja Tuuli , Oksanen Atte , Kaakinen Markus , Sirola Anu , Kaltiala‐Heino Riittakerttu , Räsänen Pekka
Published: July 2016

Objective

Proeating disorder (pro‐ED) communities online encourage harmful weight‐loss and weight‐control practices. This study examined the association between exposure to pro‐ED content online and subjective well‐being (SWB) among adolescents and young adults in four countries.

Method

Cross‐national data were collected in the US, Germany, the UK and Finland from Internet users aged 15–30 years (N = 3,557; 50.15% male). The questionnaire assessed SWB, exposure to harm‐advocating websites, online activity, prior victimization, and social belonging. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models assessed the relationship between SWB and pro‐ED exposure and adjusted for a number of confounding factors.

Results

Of the participants, 17% had been exposed to pro‐ED content (US 20%, Germany 7%, UK 21%, Finland 22%). Exposure to pro‐ED content online was negatively associated with SWB in the US, Germany, and Finland, also after adjusting for the confounding factors. Offline social belonging moderated the association between pro‐ED and SWB.

Discussion

Participants who visited pro‐ED websites reported lower SWB than others did. The potentially harmful impact of visiting these sites was buffered by the strong offline social belonging. Given the observed similarities across the countries, it is important for families, health professionals, and educators to stay abreast of online communities that have possible contra recovery influences and to be able to discuss such Internet contents in a way that increases treatment motivation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:50–57)
Children's psychosocial stress and emotional eating: A role for leptin?
Authors: Michels Nathalie , Sioen Isabelle , Ruige Johannes , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: July 2016

Objective: Psychosocial stress can be a health threat by stimulating unhealthier eating behaviors. We aim to test the role of the hormone leptin in the association between stress and diet/emotional eating as detected in primary school children.

Method: In a two‐wave longitudinal study with 308 Belgian children (5‐12y) in 2010‐2012, the association of fasting serum leptin with reported stress (negative events and emotional problems), measured stress by salivary cortisol (overall cortisol output and awakening response), emotional eating and food consumption frequency was examined. Analyses were split by sex. Mediation and moderation by leptin change were tested.

Results: One stress marker (overall cortisol output) was significantly correlated with high leptin levels, but only in girls and cross‐sectionally. Only in boys, leptin was associated with low emotional eating. Leptin was not a significant predictor of unhealthy food consumption. Leptin change was not a mediator but an enhancing moderator in the link between stress (high cortisol output and emotional problems) and emotional eating in girls: high reports of emotional eating in 2012 were present in the case of combined high 2‐year leptin increase and high stress at baseline.

Discussion: Stress (represented by emotional problems and high daily cortisol) seems to lead to hyperleptinemia in girls; and the combination of high stress and hyperleptinemia might make girls more vulnerable to stress‐induced eating. No functional data on leptin sensitivity were present, but results might suggest that stress induces lower sensitivity to the anorexigenic leptin activity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:471–480)
Emergence of Copper‐Mediated Formation of C–C Bonds
Authors: Maaliki Carine , Thiery Emilie , Thibonnet Jérôme
Published: July 2016

Copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions have found widespread application in carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation. The relatively low toxicity, ease of handling, and low cost of these versatile complexes make them attractive for the elaboration of new methodologies and for the obtaining of new compounds. We focus on recent methods for the copper‐mediated formation of carbon–carbon bonds illustrated by different coupling reactions: cross‐dehydrogenative coupling, decarboxylative cross‐coupling, Sonogashira‐type reactions, Suzuki‐type reactions, and Neigishi‐type reactions. Domino reactions and, finally, more atypical reactions are also illustrated.
Facile and Selective Cross‐Coupling of Phenols Using Selenium Dioxide
Authors: Quell Thomas , Beiser Nicole , Dyballa Katrin M. , Franke Robert , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: July 2016

Nonsymmetric biphenols are important structural motifs in organic chemistry. Therefore, an easy and versatile protocol for oxidative cross‐coupling is essential to generate these so‐called “privileged ligands”. We developed an efficient and selective oxidative pathway to synthesize 2,2′‐biphenols as well as 2,4′‐ and 4,4′‐biphenols. The use of selenium dioxide, a stable, powerful, and commercially available oxidizer, in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanol allowed the oxidative coupling of alkyl‐, alkoxy‐, and halogen‐substituted phenols.
Electrochemical Signal Tracing by Glucose Oxidase and Ferrocene Dually Functionalized Gold Nanoprobe for Ultrasensitive Immunoassay
Authors: Liu Shun , Zhou Juan , Li Huan , Yin Cuiying , Lai Guosong
Published: July 2016

A glucose oxidase (GOD) and ferrocene (Fc) dually functionalized gold nanoprobe was simply prepared for electrochemical immunoassay. By combination with sandwich immunoreaction at a carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based immunosensor and signal tracing of the nanoprobe through the Fc‐mediated GOD‐catalytic reaction, a new electrochemical immunoassay method was successfully developed. Both the multi‐enzyme signal amplification of the nanoprobe and the electron transfer promotion of the CNTs modified on the immunosensor greatly enhanced the signal response. Thus this method showed excellent analytical performance including ultrahigh sensitivity, wide linear range as well as good specificity, reproducibility, stability and reliability for human IgG measurement.
Euler‐Lagrange computational fluid dynamics for (bio)reactor scale down: An analysis of organism lifelines
Authors: Haringa Cees , Tang Wenjun , Deshmukh Amit T. , Xia Jianye , Reuss Matthias , Heijnen Joseph J. , Mudde Robert F. , Noorman Henk J.
Published: July 2016

The trajectories, referred to as lifelines, of individual microorganisms in an industrial scale fermentor under substrate limiting conditions were studied using an Euler‐Lagrange computational fluid dynamics approach. The metabolic response to substrate concentration variations along these lifelines provides deep insight in the dynamic environment inside a large‐scale fermentor, from the point of view of the microorganisms themselves. We present a novel methodology to evaluate this metabolic response, based on transitions between metabolic “regimes” that can provide a comprehensive statistical insight in the environmental fluctuations experienced by microorganisms inside an industrial bioreactor. These statistics provide the groundwork for the design of representative scale‐down simulators, mimicking substrate variations experimentally. To focus on the methodology we use an industrial fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum in a simplified representation, dealing with only glucose gradients, single‐phase hydrodynamics, and assuming no limitation in oxygen supply, but reasonably capturing the relevant timescales. Nevertheless, the methodology provides useful insight in the relation between flow and component fluctuation timescales that are expected to hold in physically more thorough simulations. Microorganisms experience substrate fluctuations at timescales of seconds, in the order of magnitude of the global circulation time. Such rapid fluctuations should be replicated in truly industrially representative scale‐down simulators.
Create effective digital content with vertical storytelling
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: July 2016

Prospective adult students are quick to leave a website or delete an email if it doesn't meet their expectations. Digital content needs to look right on any device, the print must be large enough to read, and the message should be engaging.
Understand your market to attract adult learners
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: July 2016

When officials at colleges and universities observe declining enrollment in the traditional student population, they often decide to seek out adult students or launch online programs, said Lori Pendleton, director of admissions at Charter Oak State College in Connecticut.
In‐plane and out‐of‐plane behavior of confined masonry walls for various toothing and openings details and prediction of their strength and stiffness
Authors: Singhal Vaibhav , Rai Durgesh C.
Published: July 2016

Eight half‐scale brick masonry walls were tested to study two important aspects of confined masonry (CM) walls related to its seismic behavior under in‐plane and out‐of‐plane loads. Four solid wall specimens tested to investigate the role of type of interface between the masonry and tie‐columns, such as toothing varying from none to every course. The other four specimens with openings were tested to study the effectiveness of various strengthening options around opening to mitigate their negative influence. In the set of four walls, one wall was infilled frame while the other three were CM walls of different configurations. The experimental results were further used to determine the accuracy of various existing models in predicting the in‐plane response quantities of CM walls.

Confined masonry walls maintained structural integrity even when severely damaged and performed much better than infill frames. No significant effect of toothing details was noticed although toothing at every brick course was preferred for better post‐peak response. For perforated walls, provision of vertical elements along with continuous horizontal bands around openings was more effective in improving the overall response. Several empirical and semi‐empirical equations are available to estimate the lateral strength and stiffness of CM walls, but those including the contribution of longitudinal reinforcement in tie‐columns provided better predictions. The available equations along with reduction factors proposed for infills could not provide good estimates of strength and stiffness for perforated CM walls. However, recently proposed relations correlating strength/stiffness with the degree of confinement provided reasonable predictions for all wall specimens. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using bald eagles to track spatial (1999–2008) and temporal (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Wierda Michael R. , Leith Katherine F. , Roe Amy S. , Grubb Teryl G. , Sikarskie James G. , Best David A. , Pittman H. Tyler , Fuentes Latice , Simon Kendall L. , Bowerman William
Published: July 2016

The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is an extensively researched tertiary predator. Studies have delineated information about its life history and the influences of various stressors on its reproduction. Due to the bald eagle's position at the top of the food web, it is susceptible to biomagnification of xenobiotics. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality implemented a program in 1999 to monitor persistent chemicals including polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate spatial and temporal trends of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in nestling bald eagles of Michigan. The authors' study found that concentrations of PCBs and DDE were higher in Great Lakes areas with Lakes Michigan and Lake Huron having the highest concentrations of DDE and Lake Erie having the highest concentrations of PCBs. Temporally (1987–1992, 1999–2003, and 2004–2008) the present study found declines in PCB and DDE concentrations with a few exceptions. Continued monitoring of Michigan bald eagle populations is suggested for a couple of reasons. First, nestling blood contaminant levels are an appropriate method to monitor ecosystem contaminant levels. Second, from 1999 to 2008 PCB and DDE concentrations for 30% and 40%, respectively, of the nestling eagles sampled were above the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for bald eagles. Lastly, with the continued development and deployment of new chemistries a continuous long term monitoring program is an invaluable resource. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1995–2002. © 2016 SETAC
Effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the bioavailability and toxicity of diphenhydramine to Pimephales promelas in sediment exposures
Authors: Myer Mark H. , Henderson W. Matthew , Black Marsha C.
Published: July 2016

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and pharmaceutical compounds are classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as contaminants of emerging concern, with significant research devoted to determining their potential environmental and toxicological effects. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are known to have a high adsorptive capacity for organic contaminants, leading to potential uses in water remediation; however, there is concern that co-exposure with MWCNTs may alter the bioavailability of organic compounds. Existing studies investigating MWCNT/organic contaminant co-exposures have shown conflicting results, and no study to date has examined the combined effects of MWCNTs and a common pharmaceutical. In the present study, juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of the over-the-counter antihistamine diphenhydramine (DPH) in the presence of natural sediment for 10 d, with some treatment groups receiving MWCNTs. Addition of MWCNTs did not have a protective effect on DPH-related growth inhibition, and did not reduce the whole-body burden of DPH in exposed fish. Mass-balance calculations indicated that significant amounts of DPH were adsorbed to MWCNTs, and DPH concentrations in water and sediment were commensurately reduced. Bioconcentration factor and biota-sediment accumulation factor increased in the presence of MWCNTs, indicating that P. promelas accumulates DPH adsorbed to MWCNTs in sediment, likely by co-ingestion of MWCNTs during feeding from the sediment surface. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:320–328. © 2016 SETAC
First identification and quantification of glutathionylated and cysteinylated precursors of 3‐mercaptohexan‐1‐ol and 4‐methyl‐4‐mercaptopentan‐2‐one in hops (Humulus lupulus)
Authors: Roland Aurélie , Viel Clément , Reillon Florence , Delpech Stéphane , Boivin Patrick , Schneider Rémi , Dagan Laurent
Published: July 2016

Since ten years, many studies conducted on beers showed an important impact of polyfunctionnal thiols of the aroma profiles. Among them, three thiols responsible for blackcurrant bud, passion fruit, citrus and rhubarb notes have been intensively studied: the 4‐methyl‐4‐mercaptopentan‐2‐one (4MMP), the 3‐mercaptohexan‐1‐ol (3MH) and its corresponding acetate. Their origin was very complex in beers since they probably came from odourless precursors present either in hops or in malts. Our work focused on the formal identification of thiol precursors in hops and on their quantification. By using pure synthetic standards and mass spectrometry characterization, we formally identified for the first time the occurrence of glutathionylated conjugates of 4MMP and 3MH and the cysteinylated conjugate of 4MMP in hops. First quantification results obtained on 10 hop varieties, showed that 3MH conjugates were more ubiquitous than 4MMP ones. Conjugates of 3MH occurred at very high level until 20 mg kg‐1 in Cascade hop, which was considerably higher than concentrations found in grapes. Then, we compared the proportion of bound and free thiol fractions and we demonstrated that more than 99 % of 3MH occurred as precursors in hops. On the contrary, free 4MMP fraction represented the most important source of 4MMP in hops. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rotating reference frame‐based lattice Boltzmann flux solver for simulation of turbomachinery flows
Authors: Zhou Di , Lu Zhiliang , Guo Tongqing
Published: July 2016

In this paper, the newly developed lattice Boltzmann flux solver (LBFS) is developed into a version in the rotating frame of reference for simulation of turbomachinery flows. LBFS is a finite volume solver for the solution of macroscopic governing differential equations. Unlike conventional upwind or Godunov‐type flux solvers which are constructed by considering the mathematical properties of Euler equations, it evaluates numerical fluxes at the cell interface by reconstructing local solution of lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). In other words, the numerical fluxes are physically determined rather than by some mathematical approximation. The LBE is herein expressed in a relative frame of reference in order to correctly recover the macroscopic equations, which is also the basis of LBFS. To solve the LBE, an appropriate lattice Boltzmann model needs to be established in advance. This includes both the determinations of the discrete velocity model and its associated equilibrium distribution functions. Particularly, a simple and effective D1Q4 model is adopted, and the equilibrium distribution functions could be efficiently obtained by using the direct method. The present LBFS is validated by several inviscid and viscous test cases. The numerical results demonstrate that it could be well applied to typical and complex turbomachinery flows with favorable accuracy. It is also shown that LBFS has a delicate dissipation mechanism and is thus free of some artificial fixes, which are often needed in conventional schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preface: Earth system evolution of the Pacific and Indian oceans and the South China Sea
Authors: Li Sanzhong , Li Guangxue , Liu Xin , Somerville Ian
Published: July 2016

Earth system includes Earth's surface system and deep Earth system. This Special Issue tries to establish a link between these two systems. It contains 46 contributions on Earth system evolution of the Pacific and Indian oceans and the South China Sea. The themes cover the relationship of ocean to continent, tectonic jumping, morphotectonics in the continental margin, back‐arc basin formation, formation of transform faults, subduction retreat, hot and cold subduction, actions of typhoons, plume‐tail‐related hydrothermal activity, sediment transportation and dynamics and others. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Astrocytes are key but indirect contributors to the development of the symptomatology and pathophysiology of Huntington's disease
Authors: Meunier Cécile , Merienne Nicolas , Jollé Charlotte , Déglon Nicole , Pellerin Luc
Published: July 2016

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which an early and selective vulnerability of striatal Spiny Projection Neurons is observed. However, several studies have highlighted the implication of glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, in the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease. A better understanding of the respective contributions of neurons and astrocytes in HD is needed and would be important for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Today, no comparablein vivomodels expressing the mutant HTT selectively in astrocytes or in neurons are available. In this study, we developed comparable cell‐type specific mouse models expressing a fragment ofHuntingtinspecifically in neurons, astrocytes, or in both cell populations of the adult mouse basal ganglia circuit. This approach allowed us to characterize behavioral alterations occurring as soon as 4 weeks postinjection. Interestingly, less severe but significant behavioral alterations were also observed in the two cell‐type specific models. We further showed that astrocytes are less affected by mHTT compared to neurons, in particular concerning mHTT aggregation. Additionally, a more indirect contribution of astrocytes compared to neurons was observed in several pathophysiological mechanisms such as astrogliosis and neuronal dysfunction. Finally, we showed that direct and indirect transcriptional alterations within the glial glutamatergic clearing system are caused by astrocytic and neuronal expression ofmHTT, respectively. We anticipate that our study will help to better understand the contributions of astrocytes to HD and guide future therapeutic efforts. GLIA 2016;64:1841–1856
Characterizing primary human microglia: A comparative study with myeloid subsets and culture models
Authors: Melief J. , Sneeboer M. A. M. , Litjens M. , Ormel P. R. , Palmen S. J. M. C. , Huitinga I. , Kahn R. S. , Hol E. M. , de Witte L. D.
Published: July 2016

The biology of microglia has become subject to intense study, as they are widely recognized as crucial determinants of normal and pathologic brain functioning. While they are well studied in animal models, it is still strongly debated what specifies most accurately the phenotype and functioning of microglia in the human brain. In this study, we therefore isolated microglia from postmortem human brain tissue of corpus callosum (CC) and frontal cortex (CTX). The cells were phenotyped for a panel of typical microglia markers and genes involved in myeloid cell biology. Furthermore, their response to pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory stimuli was assessed. The microglia were compared to key human myeloid cell subsets, including monocytes, monocyte‐derived macrophages and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells, and several commonly used microglial cell models. Protein and mRNA expression profiles partly differed between microglia isolated from CC and frontal cortex and were clearly distinct from other myeloid subsets. Microglia responded to both pro‐ (LPS or poly I:C) and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐4 or dexamethasone) stimuli. Interestingly, pro‐inflammatory responses differed between microglia and monocyte‐derived macrophages, as the former responded more strongly to poly I:C and the latter more strongly to LPS. Furthermore, we defined a large phenotypic discrepancy between primary human microglia and currently used microglial cell models and cell lines. In conclusion, we further delineated the unique and specific features that discriminate human microglia from other myeloid subsets, and we show that currently used cellular models only partly reflect the phenotype of primary human microglia. GLIA 2016;64:1857–1868
Multimorbidity is associated with anxiety in older adults in the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Gould Christine E. , O'Hara Ruth , Goldstein Mary K. , Beaudreau Sherry A.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

The present study determined whether the number of medical conditions was associated with increased occurrence of anxiety and whether triads of medical conditions were associated with anxiety in a nationally representative sample of older Americans. We determined whether multimorbidity findings were unique to anxiety as compared with depressive symptoms.

Methods

A sample of 4219 participants (65 years or older) completed anxiety and depression measures in the Health and Retirement Study 2006 wave. The logistic regression models' outcome was elevated anxiety (≥12 on five‐item Beck Anxiety Inventory) or depressive symptoms (≥12 on eight‐item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale). The predictor variable was a tally of seven self‐report of doctor‐diagnosed conditions: arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart conditions, high blood pressure, lung disease, and stroke. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and depressive or anxiety symptoms. Associations among elevated anxiety or depressive symptoms and 35 triads of medical conditions were examined using Bonferroni corrected chi‐square analyses.

Results

Three or more medical conditions conferred a 2.30‐fold increase in elevated anxiety (95% confidence interval: 1.44–4.01). Twenty triads were associated with elevated anxiety as compared with 13 associated with depressive symptoms. Six of seven medical conditions, with the exception being stroke, were present in the majority of triads.

Conclusion

Number of medical conditions and specific conditions are associated with increased occurrence of elevated anxiety. Compared with elevated depressive symptoms, anxiety is associated with greater multimorbidity. As anxiety and depression cause significant morbidity, it may be beneficial to consider these mental health symptoms when evaluating older adults with multimorbidity. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Weak and Strong Cross‐Sectional Dependence: A Panel Data Analysis of International Technology Diffusion
Authors: Ertur Cem , Musolesi Antonio
Published: July 2016

This paper provides an econometric examination of technological knowledge spillovers among countries by focusing on the issue of error cross‐sectional dependence, particularly on the different ways—weak and strong—that this dependence may affect model specification and estimation. A preliminary analysis based on estimation of the exponent of cross‐sectional dependence provides a clear result in favor of strong cross‐sectional dependence. This result has relevant implications in terms of econometric modeling and suggests that a factor structure is preferable to a spatial error model. The common correlated effects approach is then used because it remains valid in a variety of situations that are likely to occur, such as the presence of both forms of dependence or the existence of nonstationary factors. According to the estimation results, richer countries benefit more from domestic R&D and geographic spillovers than poorer countries, while smaller countries benefit more from spillovers originating from trade. The results also suggest that when the problem of (possibly many) correlated unobserved factors is addressed the quantity of education no longer has a significant effect. Finally, a comparison of the results with those obtained from a spatial model provides interesting insights into the bias that may arise when we allow only for weak dependence, despite the presence of strong dependence in the data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oncolytic vaccinia virus inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma MHCC97‐H cell proliferation via endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and Wnt pathways
Authors: Jia Xiaoyuan , Chen Yongyi , Zhao Xin , Lv Chunwei , Yan Jie
Published: July 2016

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal malignancy. Vaccinia virus (VV) possessed many inherent advantages with respect to being engineered as a vector for cancer gene therapy, although the mechanism of action remains to be explored further.

Methods

We constructed a thymidine kinase gene insertional inactivated VV, named VV‐Onco, and then tested its effects on cell viability, apoptosis and colony formation ability in a highly metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC97‐H, and also investigated the potential cell signal pathways involved in this action.

Results

VV‐Onco induced strong cytotoxicity and apoptosis and also inhibited the colony formation of MHCC97‐H cells. The tumor cell apoptosis induced by VV‐Onco is likely mediated via endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and Wnt signaling pathways. The downregulation of survivin and c‐Myc may also play a role in VV‐Onco induced cell death.

Conclusions

The results of the present study provide new insights into the mechanisms of VV‐induced tumor cell death. The engineered recombinant VV containing optimized therapeutic transgenes may represent a new avenue for cancer gene therapy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and Synthesis of New 9‐Substituted Norharmane Derivatives as Potential Sirt5 Inhibitors
Authors: Yang Ling‐Ling , He Yan‐Ying , Chen Quan‐Long , Qian Shan , Wang Zhou‐Yu
Published: July 2016

Sirt5 is a potential new drug target for the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Given that norharmane is an important chemical synthon for some biologically important compounds and 9‐substituted norharmane derivatives containing a negatively charged carboxyl group may accord with the characteristic of potential Sirt5 inhibitors, a series of novel 9‐substituted norharmane derivatives were synthesized. The chemical structures and purities of all the target compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, and HPLC. By in vitro SIRT5 inhibitory assays, three compounds (1a, 3a, and 3b) show over 30% inhibition ratios at concentration of 100 µM, and the most active compound 3b has 35% and 52% inhibition ratios at 30 µM and 100 µM, respectively. Docking analysis showed that compound 3b is likely to fit very well on the substrate binding site of Sirt5, and hence, we believe that compound 3b can serve as a lead compound for further efforts to develop specific Sirt5 inhibitors.
The pineal complex: a morphological and immunohistochemical comparison between a tropical (Paracheirodon axelrodi) and a subtropical (Aphyocharax anisitsi) characid species
Authors: Rincón Camacho Laura , Morandini Leonel , Birba Agustina , Cavallino Luciano , Alonso Felipe , LoNostro Fabiana L. , Pandolfi Matias
Published: July 2016

Cardinal neon Paracheirodon axelrodi and bloodfin tetra Aphyocharax anisitsi are two species of characids with high trade value as ornamental fish in South America. Although both species inhabit middle water layers, cardinal neon exhibits a tropical distribution and bloodfin tetra a subtropical one. In this work, we carried out an anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical study of the pineal complex of P. axelrodi and A. anisitsi. In both species, the pineal complex consisted of three components, the pineal and parapineal organs and the dorsal sac (DS). The pineal organ was composed of a short, thin pineal stalk (PS), vertically disposed with respect to the upper surface of the telencephalon, and a pineal vesicle (PV), located at the distal end of the PS and attached to the skull by connective tissue. The pineal window (PW), a site in the skull where the luminal information accesses the pineal organ, appeared just above the latter structures. In the epidermis of P. axelrodi's PW, club cells were identified, but were not observed in the epidermis of A. anisitsi's one. With respect to the DS, it appeared to be folded on itself, and was bigger and more folded in A. anisitsi than in P. axelrodi. Immunohistochemical assays revealed the presence of cone opsin‐like and rod opsin‐like photoreceptor cells in the PS and PV. These results provide a first insight into the morphological assembly of the pineal complex of both species, and contribute to a better understanding of the integration and transduction of light stimuli in characids. J. Morphol. 277:1355–1367, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PGPR‐mediated expression of salt tolerance gene in soybean through volatiles under sodium nitroprusside
Authors: Vaishnav Anukool , Kumari Sarita , Jain Shekhar , Varma Ajit , Tuteja Narendra , Choudhary Devendra Kumar
Published: July 2016

Increasing evidence shows that nitric oxide (NO), a typical signaling molecule plays important role in development of plant and in bacteria‐plant interaction. In the present study, we tested the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP)‐a nitric oxide donor, on bacterial metabolism and its role in establishment of PGPR‐plant interaction under salinity condition. In the present study, we adopted methods namely, biofilm formation assay, GC‐MS analysis of bacterial volatiles, chemotaxis assay of root exudates (REs), measurement of electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation, and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) for gene expression. GC‐MS analysis revealed that three new volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were expressed after treatment with SNP. Two VOCs namely, 4‐nitroguaiacol and quinoline were found to promote soybean seed germination under 100 mM NaCl stress. Chemotaxis assay revealed that SNP treatment, altered root exudates profiling (SS‐RE), found more attracted to Pseudomonas simiae bacterial cells as compared to non‐treated root exudates (S‐RE) under salt stress. Expression of Peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), vegetative storage protein (VSP), and nitrite reductase (NR) genes were up‐regulated in T6 treatment seedlings, whereas, high affinity K+ transporter (HKT1), lipoxygenase (LOX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthase (P5CS) genes were down‐regulated under salt stress. The findings suggest that NO improves the efficiency and establishment of PGPR strain in the plant environment during salt condition. This strategy may be applied on soybean plants to increase their growth during salinity stress.
Borderline health: jurisdictional variation in Australian medicines legislation poses potential risks to patients and healthcare practitioners
Authors: Hope Denise L. , Dickfos Steven T. , Ellerby Rachel E. , King Michelle A.
Published: July 2016

Background

Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme may suggest to patients that medicines supply is the same everywhere in Australia. National Registration of Health Practitioners removed barriers to practitioners working interstate.

Aim

To identify variations in state and territory medicines legislation with potential to negatively impact patients or practitioners.

Method

Australian state and territory Acts and Regulations related to medicines prescribing and provision were compared. Legislative variations with potential to either harm patients, or increase health practitioners' legal or ethical risk, were identified.

Results

Potential patient harm may occur due to inconsistent requirements for prescription particulars, retention of prescription repeats by pharmacies in some states, or variation in age restriction on medicines provision.Potential practitioner risk may arise due to inconsistencies in practitioners' prescribing rights or variable requirements to prescribe or dispense medicines.

Conclusion

Ideally, all Australian states and territories should adopt uniform medicines legislation.
Role of Dynamic Capabilities in Innovation Output of High‐Technology Firms
Authors: Aniruddha Krishna , Mital Amita
Published: July 2016

The innovation output of firms in high‐technology intensity is impacted by their innovation capability, absorptive capacity, and ability to sense external stimulus.
Strategic Change in Enterprise Risk Management
Authors: Agarwal Ruchi , Ansell Jake
Published: July 2016

Four emerging strategies of enterprise risk management (ERM) – ‘Rudimentary,’ ‘Anticipatory,’ ‘Resilient,’ and ‘Transformation’ – are identified based on strategic change of ERM.
Long‐term outcomes of the minimally invasive free vascularized omental lymphatic flap for the treatment of lymphedema
Authors: Nguyen Alexander T. , Suami Hiroo , Hanasono Matthew M. , Womack Veda A. , Wong Franklin C. , Chang Edward I.
Published: July 2016

Background

The free vascularized omental lymphatic flap provides an option without the risk for iatrogenic donor site lymphedema that plagues alternative lymph node transfer donor sites. The omental flap has been associated with significant morbidity in the past; however, with modern techniques and advanced in technology, a minimally invasive approach to flap harvest is feasible. We present the long‐term outcomes of the minimally invasive free vascularized omental lymphatic flap for the treatment of lymphedema.

Methods

All consecutive patients with advanced lymphedema undergoing minimally invasive free vascularized omental lymphatic flap transfer were included. Perioperative evaluation included qualitative assessments, lymphoscintigraphy, and volumetric measurements.

Results

Overall, 42 patients underwent a free omental lymphatic flap and had a mean follow‐up of 14 (3–32) months. Subjective improvements were noted in 83% of patients. Mean volumetric improvement was 22%. Complications occurred in 16% (n = 7) of patients; this included one episode of pancreatitis and one flap loss. Postoperative imaging revealed viable lymphatic transfers. Cellulitis history was present in 74% (n = 31) patients with post‐operative cellulitis occurring in 5% (n = 2) patients.

Conclusions

The minimally invasive free vascularized omental lymphatic flap provides a safe donor site, a durable and versatile flap, and an efficacious therapy against lymphedema and lymphedema‐related cellulitis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:84–89. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzymatic Crosslinking of Polymer Conjugates is Superior over Ionic or UV Crosslinking for the On‐Chip Production of Cell‐Laden Microgels
Authors: Henke Sieger , Leijten Jeroen , Kemna Evelien , Neubauer Martin , Fery Andreas , van den Berg Albert , van Apeldoorn Aart , Karperien Marcel
Published: July 2016

Cell‐laden micrometer‐sized hydrogels (microgels) hold great promise for improving high throughput ex‐vivo drug screening and engineering biomimetic tissues. Microfluidics is a powerful tool to produce microgels. However, only a limited amount of biomaterials have been reported to be compatible with on‐chip microgel formation. Moreover, these biomaterials are often associated with mechanical instability, cytotoxicity, and cellular senescence. To resolve this challenge, dextran‐tyramine has been explored as a novel biomaterial for on‐chip microgel formation. In particular, dextran‐tyramine is compared with two commonly used biomaterials, namely, polyethylene‐glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and alginate, which crosslink through enzymatic reaction, UV polymerization, and ionic interaction, respectively. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) encapsulated in dextran‐tyramine microgels demonstrate significantly higher (95%) survival as compared to alginate (81%) and PEGDA (69%). Long‐term cell cultures demonstrate that hMSCs in PEGDA microgels become senescent after 7 d. Alginate microgels dissolve within 7 d due to Ca2+ loss. In contrast, dextran‐tyramine based microgels remain stable, sustain hMSCs metabolic activity, and permit for single‐cell level analysis for at least 28 d of culture. In conclusion, enzymatically crosslinking dextran‐tyramine conjugates represent a novel biomaterial class for the on‐chip production of cell‐laden microgels, which possesses unique advantages as compared to the commonly used UV and ionic crosslinking biomaterials.

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Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Diblock Copolymer Nano‐Objects via Aqueous Photoinitiated Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly (Photo‐PISA) using Thermoresponsive Macro‐RAFT Agents
Authors: Tan Jianbo , Bai Yuhao , Zhang Xuechao , Huang Chundong , Liu Dongdong , Zhang Li
Published: July 2016

Photoinitiated reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of 2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate is conducted in water at low temperature using thermoresponsive copolymers of 2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate and oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (Mn = 475 g mol−1) as the macro‐RAFT agent. Kinetic studies confirm that quantitative monomer conversion is achieved within 15 min of visible‐light irradiation (405 nm, 0.5 mW cm−2), and good control is maintained during the polymerization. The polymerization can be temporally controlled by a simple “ON/OFF” switch of the light source. Finally, thermoresponsive diblock copolymer nano‐objects with a diverse set of complex morphologies (spheres, worms, and vesicles) are prepared using this particular formulation.

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A Pareto Algorithm for Efficient De Novo Design of Multi‐functional Molecules
Authors: Daeyaert Frits , Deem Micheal W.
Published: July 2016

We have introduced a Pareto sorting algorithm into Synopsis, a de novo design program that generates synthesizable molecules with desirable properties. We give a detailed description of the algorithm and illustrate its working in 2 different de novo design settings: the design of putative dual and selective FGFR and VEGFR inhibitors, and the successful design of organic structure determining agents (OSDAs) for the synthesis of zeolites. We show that the introduction of Pareto sorting not only enables the simultaneous optimization of multiple properties but also greatly improves the performance of the algorithm to generate molecules with hard‐to‐meet constraints. This in turn allows us to suggest approaches to address the problem of false positive hits in de novo structure based drug design by introducing structural and physicochemical constraints in the designed molecules, and by forcing essential interactions between these molecules and their target receptor.
Solving 2D time‐fractional diffusion equations by a pseudospectral method and Mittag‐Leffler function evaluation
Authors: Esmaeili Shahrokh
Published: July 2016

Two‐dimensional time‐fractional diffusion equations with given initial condition and homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions in a bounded domain are considered. A semidiscrete approximation scheme based on the pseudospectral method to the time‐fractional diffusion equation leads to a system of ordinary fractional differential equations. To preserve the high accuracy of the spectral approximation, an approach based on the evaluation of the Mittag‐Leffler function on matrix arguments is used for the integration along the time variable. Some examples along with numerical experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.