bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient chemical fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates using poly(4‐vinylpyridine) supported iodine as an eco‐friendly and reusable heterogeneous catalyst
Authors: Khaligh Nader Ghaffari , Mihankhah Taraneh , Johan Mohd Rafie
Published: October 2018

Green and sustainable synthesis is considered as a safer alternative to the conventional synthetic processes owing to its environmental friendly nature, atom economy, cost‐effectiveness, and easy handling. Herein, the catalytic efficiency of poly(4‐vinylpyridine) supported iodine (P4VP/I2) as a metal‐free and organocatalyst system was studied and approved for an efficient chemical fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates which is performed via the coupling of CO2 with epoxides. The high conversion and excellent selectivity were obtained for a broad range of epoxides in the presence of catalytic amount of P4VP/I2 under solvent‐free conditions. The heterogeneous catalyst could be recovered and regenerated over several times with no significant loss of catalytic activity. The possible mechanism was described for the catalytic performance of P4VP/I2 based on the synergetic effect of the Lewis acid and base sites and nucleophilic anion.
Decadal variability of tidal dynamics in the Pearl River Delta: Spatial patterns, causes, and implications for estuarine water management
Authors: Cai Huayang , Huang Jingzheng , Niu Lixia , Ren Lei , Liu Feng , Ou Suying , Yang Qingshu
Published: October 2018

In this study, we examine the decadal variability of tidal dynamics in terms of the tidal range in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) from the 1950s to 2016. The Mann–Kendall trend test and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method are employed to identify the long‐term trends and spatial patterns of the annual tidal range series observed at 26 stations over the whole PRD, respectively. The results show that most stations display an increasing tidal range trend, except for some stations near estuarine outlets, which corresponds to the 1st EOF mode characterized by a rapid increase of the tidal range since the 1990s. This means that the cumulative impacts of human interventions reached their peak in the 1990s, exceeding the threshold of tidal dynamics in the PRD. To quantify human‐induced alternations of the tidal range, the tidal regime shift was subsequently explored by comparing the tidal ranges of the pre‐ and post‐1992 periods reconstructed from the EOF decomposition. The mechanism causing the tidal regime shift in the PRD can be attributed to the substantially reduced residual water level slope (hence, the effective bottom friction) that greatly enhances the tidal dynamics. Our study describes the shift of spatial–temporal tidal dynamics patterns in detail, which is particularly useful to guide effective and sustainable water management in the PRD and other river deltas that are subjected to intensive human interventions.
Medical marijuana in the United States: Historical perspectives, legal considerations, and professional obligations of the pharmacist
Authors: Wheeler James S. , Hagemann Tracy M.
Published: October 2018

Twenty‐nine states have passed legislation regarding the use of medicinal cannabis, commonly referred to as medical marijuana. Despite the ever‐increasing number of statutes approved by state legislatures, marijuana, whether used for medicinal or recreational purposes, remains illegal under federal law via the Controlled Substances Act. As the majority of states now permit medical marijuana use, pharmacists must be prepared to provide pharmaceutical care for patients who use these therapies, while practicing within the limits of the law. Medical marijuana's historical events, legislative timeline, legal considerations, professional dilemmas, and future implications are reviewed.
Independent prospective validation of a medication‐based 15‐day readmission risk stratification algorithm in a tertiary acute care hospital
Authors: Yeo Denise , Chew T. W. , Lai Y. F.
Published: October 2018

Background

To decrease health care costs and burden, reducing preventable readmissions is essential. A 2017 Singapore‐developed prediction model for readmission 15 days postdischarge was developed and validated. However, it has yet to be validated independently, and its predictability of 30‐day readmission is unknown. The model utilizes variables including age, anemia, malignancy, peptic ulcer disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, number of discharge medications, discharge destination, and premature discharge against medical advice to calculate readmission risk. This study aimed to evaluate the model's performance in predicting readmissions 15 and 30 days postdischarge.

Methods

This single‐center, independent, prospective cohort study involved Singapore's Alexandra Hospital inpatients from September to November 2017. Readmission risk was calculated utilizing the developed model and information from electronic medical records. Primary and secondary outcomes were the model's performance for 15‐ and 30‐day readmission rates, respectively.

Results

One hundred thirteen and 112 patients were analyzed for primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. The model performed reproducibly against the original study derivation and validation cohorts. C‐statistics were 0.64 and 0.65, and Hosmer‐Lemeshow χ2’s were 7.28 and 6.85, respectively, for 15‐ and 30‐day readmissions. The Brier score was 0.26 for both end points. The low positive predictive value of 14% to 18% and correctly classified prediction rate of 53% to 54% could possibly be overcome by making the model more stringent in predicting readmissions. This may enhance efficiency in allocation of resources to assist patients with a higher likelihood of readmission.

Conclusion

This model's performance was reproducible in comparison to the original study's derivation and validation cohorts. Given the multifaceted nature of readmissions, it is challenging to accurately predict readmission. Along with clinical judgment, this model can potentially be a useful tool to health care providers for discharge planning purposes. Further research into optimizing the cut‐off probability may be useful to determine model utility in actual clinical practice.
Pharmacists as health care providers: Lessons from California and Washington
Authors: Guglielmo B. Joseph , Sullivan Sean D.
Published: October 2018

Federal legislation has yet to be implemented designating pharmacists as health care providers. Progress has taken place at the state level, with California and Washington among the first states to successfully pass such legislation. Although the designation of pharmacists as providers has now been realized in these states, it should be recognized that the road to provider status has required decades of legislative efforts and advocacy. Similarities, as well as differences, are evidenced with the two states' efforts to expand pharmacy scope of practice. Although the goal of provider status has been accomplished in California and Washington, the lack of shared patient health care records among pharmacies and other segments of the health care delivery system, and a robust business model, are barriers to full implementation of pharmacist provider services.
Invasion and migration of MDA‐MB‐231 cells are inhibited by block of AhR and NFAT: role of AhR/NFAT1/β4 integrin signaling
Authors: Shadboorestan Amir , Tarfiei Ghorban Ali , Montazeri Hamed , Sepand Mohammad Reza , Zangooei Mohammad , Khedri Azam , Ostad Seyed Nasser , Ghahremani Mohammad Hossein
Published: October 2018

Benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) can have significant role in the development of breast cancer via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation. AhR activation has been studied in several functions such as survival, migration and invasion of cancer cells. In cancer, integrins contribute to the migration/invasion process and are regulated by nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta pathways. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of BaP, an activator of AhR and cyclosporine A (CsA), as inhibitor of NFAT on migration and invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Furthermore, the effects of BaP and CsA were evaluated regarding the crosstalk of AhR, NFAT1 and TGF‐β receptor 1 signaling. Treatment of MDA‐MB‐231 with BaP resulted in significantly more live cells in low doses; however, blocking NFAT with CsA decreased the viability of the cells. Activation of AhR by BaP induced invasion as well as migration in MDA‐MB‐231 cells, which was blocked by AhR antagonist. Unlike BaP, block of NFAT with CsA inhibited cell migration and cell invasion. In these cells, BaP significantly reduced AhR expression while this reduction was reversed by CH‐223191; however, CsA treatment lowered the AhR expression only at low dose. The level of β4 integrin was significantly reduced by CsA at 1 and 2.5 μm. Protein levels of Snail and TGF‐β receptor 1 were not significantly altered by BaP and CsA treatments. Considering these findings, the low AhR expression and high β4 integrin level following BaP and/or CsA treatments may contribute to the higher invasion/migration in MDA‐MB‐231 cells.
High NEK2 confers to poor prognosis and contributes to cisplatin‐based chemotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Xu He , Zeng Liang , Guan Yongjun , Feng Xiangling , Zhu Yinghong , Lu Yichen , Shi Chen , Chen Shilian , Xia Jiliang , Guo Jiaojiao , Kuang Chunmei , Li Wei , Jin Fengyan , Zhou Wen
Published: October 2018

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor in southern China and Southeast Asia, but the molecular mechanism of its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Our previous work demonstrated that NEK2 is overexpressed in multiple cancers. However, how NEK2 involves in NPC development remains to be elucidated. In this study, we firstly identified NEK2, located at +1q32‐q33, a late event in NPC pathogenesis, overexpressed in the stage III‐IV and paired sequential recurrent patients with NPC by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, Kaplan‐Meier analysis indicated high NEK2 conferred an inferior overall survival in NPC. In addition, cisplatin experiments with cell counting kit‐8, colony formation, and a xenograft mice model of NPC demonstrated that NEK2 contributed to proliferation and cisplatin resistance in vitro and in vivo. On the contrary, downregulation of NEK2 by short hairpin RNA inhibited NPC cell growth and increased the sensitivity of cisplatin treatment in vitro. Thus, increased expression of NEK2 protein could not be predicted for poor survival but used as a novel biomarker for recurrence of NPC. Targeting NEK2 has the potential to eradicate the cisplatin‐based chemotherapy resistant NPC cells.
Mindfulness and progressive muscle relaxation as standardized session‐introduction in individual therapy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mander Johannes , Blanck Paul , Neubauer Andreas B. , Kröger Paula , Flückiger Christoph , Lutz Wolfgang , Barnow Sven , Bents Hinrich , Heidenreich Thomas
Published: October 2018

Objective

There is scarce research on the effects of mindfulness in individual therapy. As many practitioners integrate mindfulness exercises into individual therapy, empirical evidence is of high clinical relevance.

Method

We investigated the effects of a session‐introducing intervention with mindfulness elements (SIIME) in a randomized, controlled design. The effects of SIIME on therapeutic alliance and symptomatic outcome were compared with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and treatment‐as‐usual (TAU) control conditions. The sample comprised 162 patients with anxiety and depression.

Results

Multilevel modeling revealed a significant symptom reduction and significant increase of alliance over the course of therapy. There were no significant time–condition interactions on outcome and alliance, indicating the comparable efficiency of all three treatment conditions.

Conclusions

We found no advantage of SIIME versus PMR and TAU. Add‐on mindfulness might not improve individual therapy related to alliance and outcome.
Measuring national resilience: A new short version of the scale (NR‐13)
Authors: Kimhi Shaul , Eshel Yohanan
Published: October 2018

This article is aimed at describing and validating a new short version of the National Resilience Scale (NR‐13). The available 25‐item National Resilience Scale has been employed and validated by several studies. However, the present data show that it can be substantially shortened without losing either its reliability or its validity. The new short version of the scale has been examined by the responses of an Israeli sample of adults (N = 1022). Results indicate, as expected, that national resilience promoting factors (community resilience and sense of coherence) significantly and positively predict NR‐13. A resilience‐suppressing factor (sense of danger) negatively and significantly predicts NR‐13. These predictions have been replicated in an additional sample of Israeli higher education students (N = 423). These results support the reliability and the validity of the short National Resilience Scale (NR‐13).
Long noncoding RNA Gm6135 functions as a competitive endogenous RNA to regulate toll‐like receptor 4 expression by sponging miR‐203‐3p in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Ji Ting‐Ting , Wang Ya‐Kun , Zhu Ying‐Chun , Gao Cong‐Pu , Li Xiao‐Ying , Li Ji , Bai Feng , Bai Shou‐Jun
Published: October 2018

We aim to explore the relationship between Gm6135 and diabetic nephropathy. We detected the relative expression levels of Gm6135 and toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) in diabetic nephropathy mice and high‐glucose‐cultured mouse mesangial cells SV40‐MES‐13 by the quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blot detection. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected after small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference or plasmid overexpression of Gm6135/TLR4, and bioinformatics method was used to predict and screen miR‐203 as an intermediate factor. Through dual‐luciferase reporter gene, RNA pull‐down, qRT‐PCR, and western blot, the binding relationship between Gm6135, miR‐203‐3p, and TLR4 was confirmed. The possibility of the competing endogenous RNA mechanism was demonstrated by cell localization assays and rip assays. Finally, the proliferation of mouse mesangial cells SV40‐MES‐13 was detected after mimics and inhibitor of microRNA, which were reversed with TLR4 overexpression and siRNA. The results showed that the relative expression levels of Gm6135 and TLR4 in the kidney and high‐glucose‐cultured mouse mesangial cells of diabetic nephropathy mice increased significantly. Overexpression or downregulation of Gm6135/TLR4 significantly affected the proliferation and apoptosis of mouse mesangial cells. Gm6135 upregulates TLR4 by competitively binding to miR‐203‐3p.
Towards an in situ product recovery of bio‐based 3‐hydroxypropionic acid: influence of bioconversion broth components on membrane‐assisted reactive extraction
Authors: Chemarin Florian , Athès Violaine , Bedu Magali , Loty Thomas , Allais Florent , Trelea Ioan Cristian , Moussa Marwen
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Bioconversion broths are complex media with microorganisms that convert substrates into products in the presence of salts and nitrogen sources and that may release biomolecules. This paper deals with the impact of bioconversion broth components on the membrane‐based reactive extraction of 3‐hydroxypropionic acid (3‐HP) by tri‐n‐octylamine (TOA) in n‐decanol in preparation for an in situ product recovery. The focus here is on the influence of 3‐HP concentration (0.5–10 g L−1), initial pH of the solution (3–5) and presence of proteins and salts on the extraction yield and kinetics.

RESULTS

It was found that reducing the initial acid concentration caused an acceleration of the extraction kinetics because of a higher extent of complexation with TOA. pH effects were dramatic, as enhancing the pH from 3 to 5 decreased the extraction yield from 74% to only 5% due to acid dissociation. Proteins were shown to have negligible impact on the extraction yield and kinetics, probably because of their negligible mass transfer resistance at the liquid–liquid interface compared with the membrane. Conversely, the presence of salts (potassium chloride and potassium biphosphate) was highly detrimental. The decrease in extraction yield was shown to be due to an anion exchange between the carboxylate anion of 3‐HP in the organic phase and the anion of the salt in the aqueous phase. Chloride ions had more impact than biphosphate ions.

CONCLUSION

These results give valuable information for the implementation of a membrane‐based reactive extraction as an in situ product recovery process, suggesting recommendations for bioconversion tuning. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The Evaluation of Color and Surface Roughness Changes in Resin based Restorative Materials with Different Contents After Waiting in Various Liquids: An SEM and AFM study
Authors: Guler Seniha , Unal Murat
Published: October 2018

The aim of the study was to evaluate of surface roughness and color changes of the resin‐based five restorative dental materials after aging in liquids at different pH values. Totally 250 specimens were prepared, including 50 specimens for the each material group from five different restorative materials (G1[Filtek Z550], G2[Beautifil II], G3[Vertise Flow], G4[Dyract XP], G5[GCFujiIILC]), using the 10‐mm diameter and 2‐mm thickness molds. A total of 50 specimens in the each group, were divided into five subgroups (n = 10) to be immerse into five liquids at different pH. After initial color and roughness measurements, samples were stored in the same liquids for 7 and 14 days and all of the measurements were repeated on the 7th and 14th days. scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses were performed in the all groups. When the color change(ΔE) results are examined statistically; most of the ΔE is in Fuji II LC; and at least in Filtek Z550, it was determined that cola and gastric acid had the greatest effect on ΔE averages and showed significant differences (p < .05). When the average roughness values(Ra) are analyzed statistically, the highest values were found in Fuji II LC and the lowest values were found in Filtek Z550 (p < .05). The liquids which had the highest roughness average (ΔRa) were statistically significant and gastric acid and orange juice were the most effective ones (p < .05). Asidic beverages significantly increased the surface roughness and discoloration of dental restorative materials.

Research Highlights

The results of this research showed that dental restorative materials, which are resin‐based, affected both the color and surface roughness after waiting in the low pH value beverages. These results are supported with the scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images in our research. Clinically, this situation will create esthetic and functional problems in the dental filling restorations. For this reason, the results of this study seem to be important and we think that this article could be contribute to the literature.
A novel dynamic opto‐thermo‐mechanical stress testing device 2: In situ stretching process of polymeric fibers
Authors: Sokkar T. Z. N. , El‐Farahaty K. A. , El‐Bakary M. A. , Raslan M. I. , Hanash F. E.
Published: October 2018

In this article, we used the opto‐mechanical stress testing‐device to stretch a monofilament of isotactic Polypropylene, iPP, fibers. This device was used to obtain the mechanical behavior of these fibers by measuring the complete stress–strain curves at different stretching conditions. Using this device, the different regions of iPP fiber where the mechanical deformation takes place was characterized, including the necking region and fracture initiation process. The obtained mechanical behavior of iPP fibers was correlated to the variations of different optical parameters by attaching the device with the Pluta polarizing interference microscope. This microscope and the stress device allowed us to simultaneously measure the optical parameters and stress–strain data during stretching process at different stretching speeds. These data provide us with comprehensive information on the opto‐mechanical behavior of polymeric fibers. Interferograms are included for illustration.

The opto‐mechanical stress testing‐device was used to stretch a monofilament of, iPP, fibers. The mechanical deformation takes place was characterized, including the necking region and fracture initiation process at different stretching speeds.
Morphological evaluation of the liver in Wistar rats inoculated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) salivary gland extracts
Authors: de Abreu Rusleyd Maria Magalhães , de Abreu Marina Rodrigues , Santos Juan Parente , Hebling Letícia Maria Graballhos Ferraz , Anholeto Luís Adriano , de Souza José Ribamar Lima , Camargo‐Mathias Maria Izabel
Published: October 2018

The Rhipicephalus sanguineus is considered a species of medical and veterinary importance. The feeding process of these animals occurs due to the combined action of their mouthparts and the saliva produced by the salivary glands, vital organs for the biological success of the ticks. In addition, these glands act as storage sites for the pathogens transmitted to the host through the inoculation of the saliva. In this sense, the present study had the objective to analyze the behavior of male Wistar rat hepatic cells submitted to in vivo application of the salivary gland extract (SGE) obtained from R. sanguineus female ticks. The study involved five groups (four male adults each): CG (non‐inoculated individuals); PBS1 (one phosphate buffer saline injection); PBS2 (two PBS injections); SGE1 (one injection of SGE at 0.04 μg/μL) and SGE2 (two injections of SGE at 0.04 μg/μL). After the exposures, the livers were removed and submitted to the following histological and histochemical stains: HE, toluidine blue, Xylidine Ponceau, alcian blue/PAS, and osmium‐imidazole. The results showed that both the PBS and the SGE caused hepatic moderate alterations, such as: (a) emergence of lipid plaques among the hepatic cords; (b) cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatic cells; (c) hepatocytes showing pyknotic nuclei; (d) presence of homogeneous or granular secretion in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Despite the slight morphological alterations observed in the hepatic cells and tissue, the latter did not show signs of disorganization after the exposure to the extracts.
Irritating effects of sodium lauryl sulfate on human primary keratinocytes at subtoxic levels of exposure
Authors: Choi Hyeongwon , Shin Min Kyung , Ahn Hey Jin , Lee Tae Ryong , Son Youngsook , Kim Kyung Sook
Published: October 2018

Chemical agents that can potentially cause skin irritation are typically tested in animal models or in vitro assays of cell viability or cytokine expression. However, these methods do not always provide translatable results and are not sufficiently sensitive for subtoxicity detection. Here, we introduce the mechanical properties of keratinocytes as novel endpoints for the safety assessment of chemical agents at the subtoxicity level. Human primary keratinocytes were treated with various concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and their biological properties (proliferation, membrane integrity, inflammatory response, and morphology) were observed. Their biomechanical and geometrical parameters (stiffness and surface roughness) were also investigated by atomic force microscopy. Keratinocyte morphophysiological changes and inflammatory responses were significant at ≥25 μM SLS. The keratinocytes became less stiff due to changes in the distribution of F‐actin filaments and α‐tubulin; these changes were significant even at lower doses of SLS (≤10 μM). The morphophysiological changes of keratinocytes were clearly seen at a relatively high dose of SLS, while the mechanical properties of keratinocytes responded linearly to SLS at lower doses. Therefore, changes in mechanical properties can be used as new endpoints for in vitro toxicity testing with keratinocytes.
Surface characteristics of a modified acidulated phosphate fluoride gel with nano‐hydroxyapatite coating applied on bovine enamel subjected to an erosive environment
Authors: Soares Luís Eduardo Silva , da Silva Magalhães Juarez , Marciano Fernanda Roberta , Lobo Anderson Oliveira
Published: October 2018

This study evaluated the antierosive effect applying a modified acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel containing nano‐hydroxyapatite (nHAp) on the enamel surface before erosion. After polishing, the exposed flat enamel surfaces (n = 7/group) from bovine incisors were treated with artificial saliva (S ‐ negative control), orange juice (ERO), APF gel (positive control) and APF_nHAp gel. All samples were subjected to six cycles of demineralization (orange juice, pH ~ 3.5, 10 min) followed by remineralization (saliva, 37°C, 1 hr). The enamel surface morphology, topography, and inorganic composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, roughness testing, and micro energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) roughness values (Ra, μm) were S, 0.13 (0.05); ERO, 0.25 (0.07); APF, 0.22 (0.08); and APF_nHAp, 0.17 (0.04). Ra values were significantly higher after ERO (p < .01) and APF (p < .05) treatments than after S. The enamel surface morphology was altered by the treatments, except for the S specimens. The mineral content of the enamel showed a clear trend with Ca and P reduction in the order of APF < S < APF_nHAp < ERO and APF < S < ERO < APF_nHAp, respectively. We can conclude that APF gel increased mineral concentration on the enamel. Moreover, the APF_nHAp material modified the composition and morphology of the enamel surface.
The impact of global warming on sea surface temperature based El Niño–Southern Oscillation monitoring indices
Authors: Turkington Thea , Timbal Bertrand , Rahmat Raizan
Published: October 2018

Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific are commonly used indicators for diagnosing the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) state. Global warming has the potential to affect these indicators so that the indicators provide a less representative picture of El Niño/La Niña developments. The SST trend has not been uniform across the Tropics; hence, accounting for local trends may not account for widespread warming. A method is proposed to remove tropical SST trend from the Niño3.4 index, one of the most common indices for monitoring ENSO. The trend and climatology analysis periods are selected based on the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. The climatology period contains an equal number of years with positive and negative phases (1976–2014), while the trend is estimated over a longer period with no significant trend in the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (1962–2011). Furthermore, the trend is estimated using three SST datasets and sampling of the time period to account for uncertainty in measurements. Once the tropical trend is removed, new Niño3.4 values are calculated and a new ENSO classification proposed to re‐classify ENSO events since 1976. The recent 3 years with the largest deviation due to global warming (2014–2016), once corrected contain the full ENSO cycle with neutral, strong El Niño, and La Niña years. These events based on the new classification align well with other ENSO predictors, such as outgoing longwave radiation and zonal wind at 850 hPa, particularly for marginal cases such as the 2016 La Niña event. These results have implications for how ENSO is monitored and predicted in relation to climate change.
Possible impact of the diabatic heating over the Indian subcontinent on heat waves in South Korea
Authors: Kim Maeng‐Ki , Oh Ji‐Seon , Park Cheol‐Kyu , Min Seung‐Ki , Boo Kyung‐On , Kim Jeong‐Hun
Published: October 2018

We investigate the impact of the diabatic heating (Q1) over the Indian subcontinent and Tibetan Plateau (TP) sensible heat on the heat waves in South Korea in July and August over a recent 42‐year period. In particular, we emphasize the role of the convective activity across the region from northeastern Pakistan to northwestern India (PWI) induced by the heat from the TP, especially over the western and eastern TP. A composite analysis indicates that the composite differences between the heat‐wave summers (HWS) and non‐heat‐wave summers (NHWS) resemble the circum‐global teleconnection (CGT) pattern, which generates a high‐pressure anomaly over the Korean Peninsula, producing favourable conditions for heat waves in South Korea. The first coupled mode of the geopotential height at 250 hPa with the daily maximum temperature (TM) for July and August in South Korea is consistent with the composite pattern, suggesting that the diabatic heating over the Indian subcontinent induces a high‐pressure anomaly over the Korean Peninsula through a CGT‐like mechanism. The regression analysis of the wind vectors in the upper troposphere also indicates that the diabatic heating over the PWI region and associated TP sensible heating generates the strong convection over the PWI region, which corresponds to the anomalous anticyclonic circulation at 250 hPa over the western TP and the cyclonic circulation at 850 hPa over the PWI region. Moreover, the correlation patterns of the 250‐hPa geopotential height with the normalized rainfall amount index (IMRI) over the PWI region and the wave activity flux pattern confirm that the strong convective activity over the PWI region contributes to the anomalous high pressure and heat waves over the Korean Peninsula.
High‐resolution regional climate model projections of future tropical cyclone activity in the Philippines
Authors: Gallo Florian , Daron Joseph , Macadam Ian , Cinco Thelma , Villafuerte Marcelino , Buonomo Erasmo , Tucker Simon , Hein‐Griggs David , Jones Richard G.
Published: October 2018

The Philippines is one of the most exposed countries in the world to tropical cyclones. In order to provide information to help the country build resilience and plan for a future under a warmer climate, we build on previous research to investigate implications of future climate change on tropical cyclone activity in the Philippines. Experiments were conducted using three regional climate models with horizontal resolutions of approximately 12 km (HadGEM3‐RA) and 25 km (HadRM3P and RegCM4). The simulations are driven by boundary data from a subset of global climate model simulations from the CMIP5 ensemble. Here we present the experimental design, the methodology for selecting CMIP5 models, the results of the model validation, and future projections of changes to tropical cyclone frequency and intensity by the mid‐21st century. The models used are shown to represent the key climatological features of tropical cyclones across the domain, including the seasonality and general distribution of intensities, but issues remain in resolving very intense tropical cyclones and simulating realistic trajectories across their life‐cycles. Acknowledging model inadequacies and uncertainties associated with future climate model projections, the results show a range of plausible changes with a tendency for fewer but slightly more intense tropical cyclones. These results are consistent with the basin‐wide results reported in the IPCC AR5 and provide clear evidence that the findings from these previous studies are applicable in the Philippines region.
Effects of snow cover on urban surface energy exchange: Observations in Harbin, China during the winter season
Authors: Shui Taotao , Liu Jing , Xiao Ye , Shi Luyang
Published: October 2018

The surface energy balance over Harbin, one of the major cities in severe cold regions of China, is examined during the snow‐covered and snow‐melt periods (January 11 to April 20, 2017) using radiation and eddy covariance measurements. Comparisons of radiation and energy fluxes from fresh snow, cold snow, melting snow, and snow‐free periods revealed that the presence of snow cover has a considerable impact on the radiation and energy balances. The daytime net radiation was mostly dissipated as sensible heat flux with a fraction of 43% during the fresh snow periods. During the cold snow periods, the daytime fraction of sensible heat flux decreased to 31% and most available energy was stored in the urban surfaces. During the melting snow periods, since the snowmelt process consumed a considerable portion of available energy, the daytime fraction of sensible heat flux decreased about 20% when compared to the cold snow periods, while the daytime fraction of latent heat flux increased about 50% due to the evaporation of melt water. After the snow melted, the ratio of daytime latent heat flux decreased because vegetation was not yet active during the snow‐free periods and the Bowen ratio increased from 2.3 (melting snow periods) to 5.9 (snow‐free periods).
Clinicians’ Experiences of Transition to Electronic Health Records
Authors: Magruder Joshua A. , Adams Brian S. , Pohto Paul , Smith Taylor Lynn
Published: October 2018

Electronic health records (EHR) are becoming a part of college counseling centers. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of clinicians (N = 5) who recently underwent the transition from paper files to an EHR system. A grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the interview data, and a member check was conducted to verify the accuracy of the results. Finally, the authors discuss implications for clinicians and offer suggestions to assist with the transition to an EHR system based on the data collected.
Gender, Parent and Peer Relationships, and Identification With Emerging Adulthood Among College Students
Authors: Schnyders Christina M. , Lane Joel A.
Published: October 2018

Relationships are important for college students in terms of their transition to adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine how parent and peer relationship closeness predicted identification with emerging adulthood among 774 undergraduates between the ages of 18 and 20 years. Parent and peer closeness predicted identification with various emerging adult dimensions, but results differed based on gender. Implications are provided for college counselors working with emerging adult college students.
Synthesis of Sulfobetaine‐Type Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants (EAPMAC) and Their Oilfield Application Properties
Authors: Zhou Ming , Zhou Lei , Guo Xiao
Published: October 2018

Four sulfobetaine‐type zwitterionic gemini surfactants bis{[(N‐ethyl‐N alkylamide‐ethyl‐N‐(2‐hydr oxyl‐3‐sodium sulfonic acid) propyl] methylene} ammonium chlorides (EAPMAC‐11, EAPMAC‐13 EAPMAC‐15, and EAPMAC‐17) were synthesized by three steps using triethylene tetramine, fatty‐acid methyl esters, ethyl chloride, N,N′‐dimethyl ethylenediamine, and 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropane sulfonic acid sodium as main raw materials. Their chemical structure was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), and elemental analysis. The surface activity, critical micelle concentration, and interfacial activity were correlated with the length of the carbon chain. The results show low emulsifying tendency toward crude oil, low interfical tension, high salt tolerance, and excellent long‐term thermal stability. Moreover, high biocidal activities and good protection of metal surfaces against acidic environments are also reflected. These properties suggest that these new gemini surfactants have enormous application potential in oilfield application areas.
A Potential Pitfall of Using Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma in Pediatric Trauma
Authors: Baer Ellington Aimee , Kuhn Walter , Lyon Matthew
Published: October 2018

Prospective studies have shown sensitivities of 73% to 88% and specificities of 98% to 100% for using the focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination to identify free fluid in adult trauma patients. However, the efficacy of FAST examinations for pediatric trauma patients has not been well defined, and studies looking at diagnostic performance have had varied results. We describe 3 cases of the potential pitfalls of the pediatric FAST examination in pediatric trauma patients using an advanced‐processing ultrasound machine. We hypothesize several etiologies for these false‐positive findings in the setting of advanced image‐processing capabilities of point‐of‐care ultrasound. We also discuss the reevaluation of clinical algorithms and interpretation practices when using the FAST examination in pediatric trauma.
Latitudinal variations in Salpa thompsoni reproductive fitness
Authors: Henschke Natasha , Pakhomov Evgeny A.
Published: October 2018

Salpa thompsoni is a major grazer that plays a significant and disproportionate role in the Southern Ocean biogeochemical cycle. It occurs in higher numbers in the warmer mid‐latitude waters of the Southern Ocean. In recent decades, salp populations shifted significantly southward intruding into areas generally dominated by Antarctic krill. It is unclear whether salps can survive in high latitude waters because of their hypothesized negative reproductive response to low temperatures and scarcity of food. To explore how environmental conditions impact S. thompsoni reproductive fitness, we examined a long‐term (1993–2013), cross‐latitudinal dataset of S. thompsoni population demographics in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Observations cover over 25° of latitude, from just south of the Subtropical Convergence to the Antarctic continent. S. thompsoni populations were strongly driven by temperature with higher abundances observed at temperatures between 3°C and 5°C. Occasionally, dense and mature populations of S. thompsoni occurred at high latitudes during summer, declining in density by autumn, which was accompanied by significant increases in the appearance of failed embryos. The proportion of failed embryos was significantly correlated with decreasing temperature and Chl a, indicating the importance of these parameters in autumn and high latitude population collapses. The successful development and release of an embryo is a critical factor determining the persistence of S. thompsoni populations. Blastozooid bud release occurred continuously from spring to autumn, and may be a way S. thompsoni populations mitigate against the sensitivity of the blastozooid's reproductive fitness to high‐Antarctic conditions.
Chinese Oak Tasar Silkworm Antheraea pernyi Silk Proteins: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Silva Simone S. , Kundu Banani , Lu Shenzhou , Reis Rui L. , Kundu Subhas C.
Published: October 2018

Chinese nonmulberry temperate oak tasar/tussah, Antheraea pernyi (Ap) silk is a natural biopolymer that has attracted considerable attention as a biomaterial. The proteinaceous components of Ap silk proteins, namely fibroin and sericin may represent an alternative over mulberry Bombyx mori silk proteins. In fact, the silk fibroin (SF) of Ap is rich in Arginyl‐Glycyl‐Aspartic acid (RGD) peptides, which facilitate the adhesion and proliferation of various cell types. The possibility of processing Ap silk proteins into different distinct 2D‐ and 3D‐based matrices is described in earlier studies, such as membranes, nanofibers, scaffolds, and micro/nanoparticles, contributing to a different rate of degradation, mechanical properties, and biological performance useful for various biomedical applications. This review summarizes the current advances and developments on nonmulberry Chinese oak tasar silk protein (fibroin and sericin)‐based biomaterials and their potential uses in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and therapeutic delivery strategies.
An Evaluation of Vertically Suspended Environmental Enrichment Structures during Rainbow Trout Rearing
Authors: Crank Kathleen M , Kientz Jeremy L , Barnes Michael E
Published: October 2018

Environmental enrichment is the addition of substrate or structural complexity to typically sterile culture environments, but the effects of enrichment on fish rearing performance are relatively unknown. This 127-d study examined the growth and condition of juvenile Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in near-fully covered circular tanks (1.8 m diameter) with three novel environmental treatments: (1) eight vertically suspended nylon strings with seven colored (6.4 cm diameter) plastic spheres (high density), (2) five vertically suspended strings with seven colored plastic spheres (low density), and (3) a mixture of five vertically suspended colored plastic spheres and nine vertically suspended aluminum rods. Near-fully covered tanks without enrichment were used as a control. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, individual fish length, and fish weight were significantly improved in environmentally enriched tanks compared with those features in the unenriched control. Among all of the treatments, the tanks of fish with high-density spheres had significantly higher ending tank weights (i.e., total weight of fish in tank) and weight gain, both of which were nearly 65% and 75% greater, respectively, than in the control tanks. However, high density spheres also interfered with the self-cleaning nature of the circular tanks. No significant differences in splenosomatic indices, viscerosomatic indices, hepatosomatic indices, and relative fin lengths were observed among the three enrichment treatments. Based on the results of this study, the use of either low-density spheres or a mix of rods and spheres is recommended during the rearing of juvenile Rainbow Trout in circular tanks.
Malnutrition Risk in Hospitalized Children: A Descriptive Study of Malnutrition‐Related Characteristics and Development of a Pilot Pediatric Risk‐Assessment Tool
Authors: Wong Vega Molly , Beer Stacey , Juarez Marisa , Srivaths Poyyapakkam R.
Published: October 2018

Background

Underrecognition of pediatric malnutrition may affect nutrition interventions and outcomes. Pediatric malnutrition uses more specific etiology‐based criteria but lacks clarity in implementation guidelines. Study goals were to identify malnutrition and risk among hospitalized patients, characterize malnutrition risk factors, and assess reliability of criteria against outcome measures.

Materials and Methods

All children 44 weeks postmenstrual age–18 years, admitted for 48 hours during a 16‐day period, were included (n = 528). Trained dietitians assessed patients in physical assessments (PA), growth, energy intake, increased nutrient losses (IL), altered absorption of nutrients (AA), hypermetabolism and inflammation, laboratory information, micronutrient deficiency, and functional status. Outcome data assessed were length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, ventilation days, nutrition support, and dietitian intervention.

Results

Malnutrition prevalence upon admission was 19.7%. Weight/length or BMI/age z‐score (ZS) had no effect on LOS. AA and IL upon admission were independently associated with malnutrition (both, P<.01). Wasting and hypermetabolism were independently associated with longer LOS (P<.01). Other factors associated with longer LOS included IL and inflammation (P < .05). Those with hypermetabolism had significant ZS improvements if followed by a dietitian (P < .05). Wasting via PA was the only factor associated with longer ICU LOS (P < .05).

Conclusions

Identification of risk factors (wasting, hypermetabolism, AA, IL) beyond anthropometrics to define malnutrition and risk is important in prioritizing care in a tertiary pediatric facility. Of great significance is the ability of dietitian‐based PA to predict LOS and need for intervention.
Stewardship of quality of care in health systems: Core functions, common pitfalls, and potential solutions
Authors: Chan Benjamin T.B. , Veillard Jeremy H.M. , Cowling Krycia , Klazinga Niek S. , Brown Adalsteinn D. , Leatherman Sheila
Published: October 2018

National Ministries of Health in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) have a key role to play as stewards of the quality agenda in their health systems. This paper uses a previously developed six‐point framework for stewardship (strategy formulation, intersectoral collaboration, governance and accountability, health system design, policy and regulation, and intelligence generation) and identifies specific examples of activities in LMICs in each of these domains, pitfalls to avoid, and possible solutions to these pitfalls. Many LMICs now have quality strategies with clear vision statements. There are good examples of quality agencies and donor collaboration councils to coordinate activities across different sectors. There are multiple options for accountability, including public reporting, community accountability structures, results‐based payment, accreditation, and inspection. To improve health system design, available tools include decision support tools, task‐shifting models, supply chain management, and programs to train quality improvement staff. Policy options include legislation on disclosure of adverse events, and regulations to ensure skills of health care providers. Lastly, health information tools include patient registries, facility surveys, hospital discharge abstracts, standardized population and patient surveys, and dedicated agencies for reporting on quality. Policy‐makers can use this article to identify options for driving the quality agenda and address anticipated implementation barriers.
Improving mechanical and electrical properties of fluoroelastomer nanocomposites by incorporation of low content of reduced graphene oxide via fast evaporation mixing
Authors: Xiong Junbin , Guo Jianhua , Chen Xuming , Gao Wei
Published: October 2018

Fluoroelastomer (FKM)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were prepared by fast evaporation mixing and traditional mechanical mixing, respectively. RGO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The transparency of FKM/RGO compounds was characterized by UV‐Vis spectra. The effect of different processing methods on the mechanical, dynamic and electrical properties of FKM/RGO composites was investigated. The reinforcement efficiency of RGO to FKM matrix was calculated. Pristine RGO and FKM/RGO composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the tensile strength of FKM/RGO nanocomposites prepared by fast evaporation mixing is 3.8 MPa higher than that by traditional mechanical mixing. The electrical resistivity decreases by about an order of magnitude and the thermal stability is improved with the addition of 0.05 phr RGO. Ultra‐high reinforcement efficiency is achieved with the value of 380 and the electrical conductivity is improved because of good dispersion of RGO in FKM matrix via fast evaporation mixing. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1495–E1503, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Back Cover: Cover Image, Volume 67, Issue 11
Authors: Alfei Silvana , Catena Silvia
Published: October 2018

The back cover image is based on the Research Article Synthesis and characterization of versatile amphiphilic dendrimers peripherally decorated with positively charged amino acids by Silvana Alfei and Silvia Catena, DOI: 10.1002/pi.5680.

image
Transition services for students with intellectual disabilities: School psychologists’ perceptions
Authors: Talapatra Devadrita , Roach Andrew T. , Varjas Kris , Houchins David E. , Crimmins Daniel B.
Published: October 2018

For individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), transition services increase access to postschool opportunities. School psychologists should contribute to transition services but have reportedly limited involvement in this area. This study distributed a national survey (N = 176) assessing school psychologists’ current knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding transition services for students with ID. Results indicated that attitudes toward and knowledge of the ID population were significant predictors of transition task performance, and knowledge was a significant predictor of transition‐related attitudes and behaviors. The results provided preliminary evidence that increasing school psychologists’ specific knowledge of transition services and encouraging positive attitudes toward the transition needs of students with ID may increase school psychologists’ performance in transition practice. Specific recommendations are provided.