bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do patients with iron deficiency without anemia benefit from an endoscopic examination?
Authors: García García de Paredes Ana , Teruel Sánchez‐Vegazo Carlos , Hernanz Ruiz Nerea , Ferre Aracil Carlos , Rodríguez de Santiago Enrique , Aguilera Castro Lara , Sierra Morales María , Albillos Agustín
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVE

The need for endoscopic investigation in patients with iron deficiency without anemia (ID) is not established.

METHODS

Data from patients with ID (serum ferritin ≤20 ng/mL, normal hemoglobin) studied with upper and lower endoscopies were retrospectively analyzed. Patients evaluated for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) served as controls, matched by sex and age in the proportion of 2:1. The groups were compared for the presence, type, location and age distribution of endoscopic findings.

RESULTS

Altogether 109 patients (55% women; mean age 59.6 ± 13.5 years; aged <50 years [27.5%]; 50–69 years [43.1%]; ≥70 years [29.4%]) were included in the ID group and 218 matched controls in the IDA group. Lesions were found in a similar proportion of patients (53.2% in the ID group vs 49.1% in the IDA group, P = 0.48) irrespective of age (P = 0.92). The colonoscopy diagnostic yield was low in both the ID and IDA subgroups of aged <50 years (6.3% vs 4.2%, P = 0.76). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.06) and male sex (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.18–4.39) with a positive colonoscopy. Malignancy was significantly less frequent in the ID group (1.8% vs 14.2%, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of gastrointestinal lesions in patients with and without anemia was similar but malignancy was eight times less frequent in the ID group. Systematic endoscopic evaluation in patients with ID is therefore questionable.
Origin of Some Neo‐Proterozoic Ophiolites from Eastern Desert of Egypt: Geochemical Constraints
Authors: ABU ANBAR Mohamed Metwaly , YANG Jingsui
Published: June 2017

The Neo‐Proterozoic ophiolites occur in the central and southern Eastern Desert along suture zone as dismembered masses in volcano‐sedimentary assemblages. The ophiolite component includes ultramafic rocks mainly serpentinites, mafic rocks, minor bodies of trondhjemite, sheeted dykes, metabasalts, and pillow lavas.

The Present studies include two ophiolites in Central and southern eastern Desert named Mubarak – ElMayet and Ghadir respectively (Fig. 1). The first one named after wadi Mubarak and wadi ElMayet area (55 km north Marsa Alam city) and the second named after Wadi Ghadir (30 km south Marsa Alam city). The dismembered ophiolite components in Mubarak‐ElMayet mainly composed mainly of serpentinites, ophiolitic metagabbros, sheeted dykes and Pillow lavas. All components occur as thrusted blocks and sheets in metavolcano‐sedimentary assemblages (matrix). Gabbros sometimes occur as coarse grained gabbros (appenites) whereas pillows range in size from 30 cm to 1 m (Fig. 2a). The second ophiolite sequence expose in Wadi Ghadir and its tributary. It consists of serpentinized peridotites, layered gabbro, massive isotropic gabbro, fine grained gabbro, sheeted diabase dykes, pillowed basaltic lavas and minor plagiogranites. The serpentinized peridotites, metapyroxenites and serpentinites occur as allochthonous dismembered blocks, fragments and sheets in highly sheered metasediments and metavolcanics (mélange) (Fig. 2b,c). The massive and layered gabbros occur in the main wadi (Fig.2d, f) and in many places contain some veins and pockets from plagiogranites. The present gabbros intruded by syenogranites from the east. Pillow lavas occur between metasedimentary mélange and ophiolitic gabbros in wadi El Beda as tributary of Wadi Ghadir and sometimes occur as fragments in mélange. The pillows range in size from 40 cm to 1 m (Fig. 2f) and are mainly amygdaloidal and porphyritic basalt and spilite. Sheeted dykes cut the gabbros and pillow lavas in the Wadi El Beda and composed mainly from diabase (Fig. 2 g, h).

In the present study, 47 samples for major, trace and REE elements from different rock types in Mubarak‐ El Mayet (18 samples) and Ghadir ophiolite (29 samples) were analyzed. The field work and the geochemical data will discussed in the present work to evaluate the tectonic setting, origin and mantle source for two ophiolite suites.
Diamonds, Super‐Reduced and Crustal Minerals in Chromitites of the Hegenshan and Sartohay Ophiolites, Central Asian Orogenic Belt, China
Authors: ROBINSON Paul T. , YANG Jingsui , TIAN Yazhou , ZHU Huang
Published: June 2017

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is a huge tectonic mélange that lies between the North China Craton and the Siberian Block. It is composed of multiple orogenic belts, continental fragments, magmatic and metamorphic rocks, suture zones and discontinuous ophiolite belts. Although the Hegenshan and Sartohay ophiolites are separated by nearly 3000 km and lie in completely different parts of the CAOB, they are remarkably similar in many respects. Both are composed mainly of serpentinized peridotite and dunite, with minor gabbro and sparse basalt. They both host significant podiform chromitites that consist of high‐Al, refractory magnesiochromite with Cr#s [100Cr/(Cr+Al)] averaging >60. The Sartohay ophiolite has a zircon U‐Pb age of ca. 300 Ma and has been intruded by granitic plutons of similar age, resulting in intense hydrothermal activity and the formation of gold‐bearing listwanites. The age of the Hegenshan is not firmly established but is thought to have formed in the Carboniferous.

Like many other ophiolites that we have investigated in other orogenic belts, the chromitites in these two bodies have abundant diamonds, as well as numerous super‐reduced and crustal minerals. The diamonds are mostly, colorless to pale yellow, 200–300 μm across and have euhedral to anhedral shapes. They all have low carbon isotopes (δ14C = −18 to −29) and some have visible inclusions. These are accompanied by numerous super‐reduced minerals such as moissanite, native elements (Fe, Cr, Si, Al, Mn), and alloys (e.g., Ni‐Mn‐Fe, Ni‐Fe‐Al, Ni‐Mn‐Co, Cr‐Ni‐Fe, Cr‐Fe, Cr‐Fe‐Mn), as well as a wide range of oxides, sulfides and silicates. Grains of zircon are abundant in the chromitites of both ophiolites and range in age from Precambrian to Cretaceous, reflecting both incorporation of old zircons and modification of grains by hydrothermal alteration.

Our investigation confirms that high‐Al, refractory chromitites in these two ophiolites have the same range of exotic minerals as high‐Cr metallurgical chromitites such as those in the Luobusa ophiolite of Tibet. These collections of exotic minerals in ophiolitic chromitites indicate complex, multi‐stage recycling of oceanic and continental crustal material at least to the mantle transition zone, followed by uprise and emplacement of the peridotites into relatively shallow ophiolites.
The Chemistry of Serpentine Soils Developed Over A Podiform Chromite Deposit, Western Sierra Nevada, USA
Authors: STILLINGS Lisa L. , BLECKER Steven W.
Published: June 2017

The Chinese Camp mining district in the western Sierra Nevada of California, USA, contains a serpentinized, ultramafic dunite intrusion with podiform chromite deposits. Serpentine soils have developed over this intrusion, creating a unique ecosystem of endemic vegetation and soils characterized by low Ca/Mg ratios and high Ni and Cr contents. The vegetation and red coloration make it easy to visually distinguish between soils developed over intruded, serpentinized bedrock and unmineralized, adjacent andesite bedrock (Fig. 1).

The purpose of our study was to compare soil chemistry and vegetative parameters among 3 study‐design levels: 1) undisturbed serpentine soil, 2) undisturbed background soil (non‐serpentine, developed over andesite), and 3) serpentine soil disturbed by mining activities. Within each of these levels, 3 random locations were chosen where we established 3, 30‐m transects (spaced 120‐degrees apart). One soil sample was collected at a random location along each transect (0–15 cm depth after removing litter/O horizon). This scheme resulted in the collection of 9 replicate soil samples per study‐design level.

Samples were analyzed for total metal content by ICP‐AES/MS (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy), pH, electrical conductivity, and total C/N/S. The vegetative parameter of % canopy cover was measured with a line‐point intercept survey along each transect, using 0.6m intervals. Above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) was estimated by harvesting all aboveground living plant material within a 0.5 m quadrant at 3 random locations along each transect, drying, and weighting the material.

Significant differences among design levels were observed for ANPP, canopy cover, total P, total N, and Ca/Mg, where the median values for these parameters decreased in the order undisturbed background> undisturbed serpentine > mining‐disturbed serpentine. The highest concentrations of Cr and Ni were found in undisturbed serpentine (medians of 1960 ppm and 2529 ppm, respectively) followed by mining‐disturbed serpentine (medians of 420 and 2120, respectively) then undisturbed non‐serpentine (medians 47.0 and 32.2 ppm, respectively). Soil pH varied significantly among the design levels with a median 5.74 in undisturbed background, median 6.25 in undisturbed serpentine, and median of 7.17 in mining‐disturbed serpentine.

These data document the distinct differences in soil chemistry and vegetation parameters between undisturbed serpentine soil and adjacent, undisturbed background soil. Efforts toward mining reclamation must recognize these differences and include the correct baseline conditions in the reclamation plan.
Geochemical Characteristics of Mafic Rocks from the Xinlin Ophiolite, NE China
Authors: SUN Deyu , GUO Jun , YANG Dongguang , LI Xu
Published: June 2017

Located in the northern part of the Xinlin–Xiguitu suture zone, geochemistry and geochronology of the Xinlin ophiolite provide a unique opportunity to determine the the evolution of the eastern Xing'an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt. The Xinlin ophiolite was initially constrained roughly 21.5 km southeast of the Xinlin town by the First Regional Geological Survey Party of Heilongjiang Province. Subsequent work has shown that the mafic and ultramafic rocks in the adjacent Tayuan town was congenetic with the Xinlin ophiolite (Fig. 1). Over the past three years we have conducted a series of studies to the Xinlin ophiolite with the aim to better understand its characteristic and tectonic implications. The present work is is to provide our preliminary geochemical data of the mafic rocks of the Xinlin ophiolite and possible “congenetic” mafic rocks in the Tayuan town.

The mafic rocks of the Xinlin ophiolite including the gabbro, diabase and metabasalt show flat REE pattern [(La/Yb)N = 0.68∼1.58] and no Eu anomalies, which are transitional between normal and enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalts (N‐MORB and E‐MORB). They also exhibit flat patterns from Ba to Yb in the trace elements spider diagram, which lie between those of typical E‐MORB and N‐MORB but closer to the former. The mafic rocks in the Tayuan town consist mainly of hornblende gabbro with alkaline affinity and are characterized by enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements (Fig. 2). The obvious differences in the geochemical characteristics indicate that the mafic rocks in the Tayuan town may not be cogenetic with those of the Xinlin ophiolite. This was further corroborated by their different formation time. Our zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the gabbro in the Tayuan town was emplaced during the late Carboniferous (∼310 Ma; Fig. 3), significantly younger than the recently reported U–Pb ages for the mafic rocks of the Xinlin ophiolite (∼510 Ma; Feng, 2015). Therefore, the two units appear as independent bodies and their origin and tectonic implication need to be further examined.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analyses of Diamond and Moissanite in Ophiolite
Authors: WIEDENBECK Micheal , LIAN Dongyang
Published: June 2017

The Cameca 1280‐HR large geometry SIMS instrument is a highly versatile analytical tool which can support a broad range of geochemical applications. Research using the Potsdam 1280 instrument focuses primarily on isotope ratio determinations in geomaterials. Optimized measurement protocols have already been established for δ18O determinations in zircon, and we are also working towards routine oxygen isotope determinations for quartz, calcite, mica, apatite and titanite. The primary challenge in developing such measurement systems are the identification and characterization of suitable reference materials (RMs), and this is made particularly challenging due to the matrix dependent ion yields of the SIMS ion source.

Here we wish to report our progress towards establishing new analytical protocols for the determination of δ13C in both diamond and moissanite. In the case of diamond, our facility possesses three natural RMs with which we are able to produce data with a typical analytical repeatability of ∼0.15 ‰ (1sd). An inter‐comparison of our three diamond RMs demonstrates an overall data quality of better than 0.5‰ in terms of systematic offset between the various materials characterized using gas source mass spectrometry (Palot et al., 2012). A single such δ13C determination in diamond requires 80 s of data acquisition and involves a test portion mass of ∼400 pg of material. In‐house diamond reference materials for δ15N calibration allow us to measure this isotopic system to a total analytical uncertainty of ± 1.6 ‰ (1sd) at nitrogen concentrations reaching down to 250 μg/g. Due to the relatively low abundance of nitrogen in diamonds, such isotope ratio determinations require around 9 minutes of data collection.

With respect to δ13C determinations in moissanite, we use a kimberlitic SiC as calibrant (Mathez et al., 1995), on which we achieve a repeatability of ∼0.2 ‰ (1sd) on a ∼350 pg test portion mass. Total data acquisition time for such measurements is 80 s. We are currently in the process of developing a second moissanite RM based on a synthetic, coarse‐grained powder. We will also investigate this new material for its δ30Si characteristics.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Magmatic Rocks from Zedong Ophiolite, Eastern Yarlung‐Zangbo Suture Zone, Tibet
Authors: XIONG Fahui , YANG Jingsui , ROBINSON Paul T. , GAO Jian , ZHANG Lan , CHEN Yanhong , LAI Shengming
Published: June 2017

The Yarlung Zangbo suture zone extends more than 2000 km along southern Tibet and marks the boundary between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia. The Zedong terrane has been not suggested to represent the vestige of such an intra‐oceanic arc developed within the Neo‐Tethys Ocean, as a result of the northward subduction of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean during the Late Jurassic. In this study, we present detailed geochemical and geochronological data of various types of magmatic rocks widely exposed in the Zedong terrane to constrain the formation age and tectonic setting of the Zedong terrane. We found that the Zedong volcanic rocks belong to high K2O calc‐alkaline series, whereas the diabase and gabbro plotted in the low‐K calcalkline. The basalt rocks are highly enriched in LREE and LILE, but strongly depleted in HFSE, indicating they were derived from a metasomatized mantle. Both gabbros and diabase have similar N‐MORB geochemistry indicates that the cumulates were produced from MOR setting. Zircons from four samples, including the basalt rocks (158–161 Ma) are older than the gabbro (131 Ma), certificate the gabbro are as the vein intrude into the basalt rocks. This suggests that the volcanic eruption and plutonic emplacement were coevally developed in the Zedong terrane. Zircons from both the basalt and plagiogranite have similar positive εHf(t) values (+2.0 to +15.6) and (+8.6 to +18.4), indicating they were stemmed from similarly depleted mantle sources, same with the gabbro and granitic rocks from the Gangdese arc. Therefore, we proposed that the basalt rocks in the Zedong terrane were formed through partial melting of the mantle wedge metasomatized by slab‐released fluids/melts. A part of hydrous basalts were underplated in the thickened lower crust beneath the Zedong terrane, which gave rise to the cumulate and granitic rocks. This suggests that the Zedong terrane represents a slice of the active continental margin developed on the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane as a result of the northward subduction of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean during the Late Jurassic, although a possible intra‐oceanic arc setting cannot be excluded.
The impacts of minimum alcohol pricing on alcohol attributable morbidity in regions of British Colombia, Canada with low, medium and high mean family income
Authors: Zhao Jinhui , Stockwell Tim
Published: June 2017

Background and Aims

Previous research indicates that minimum alcohol pricing (MAP) is associated negatively with alcohol‐attributable (AA) hospitalizations. Modeling studies predict that this association will be stronger for people on lower incomes. The objective of this study was to test whether the association between MAP and AA hospitalizations is greater in low‐income regions.

Design

Cross–sectional versus time–series analysis using multivariate multi‐level effect models.

Setting

All 89 Local Health Areas in British Columbia (BC), Canada, 2002–13 (48 quarters).

Participants

BC population.

Measurements

Quarterly rates of AA hospital admissions, mean consumer price index‐adjusted minimum dollars per standard alcoholic drink and socio‐demographic covariates.

Findings

Family income was related inversely to the effect of minimum prices on rates of some types of AA morbidity. A 1% price increase was associated with reductions of 3.547% [95% confidence interval (CI) = –5.719, −1.377;P < 0.01] in low family‐income regions and 1.64% (95% CI = –2.765, −0.519;P < 0.01) across all income regions for 100% acute AA hospital admissions. Delayed (lagged) effects on chronic AA morbidity were found 2–3 years after minimum price increases for low income regions and all regions combined; a 1% increase in minimum price was associated with reductions of 2.242% (95% CI = –4.097, −0.388;P < 0.05) for 100% chronic AA and 2.474% (95% CI = −3.937, −1.011;P < 0.01) for partially chronic AA admissions for low‐income regions.

Conclusion

In Canada, minimum price increases for alcohol are associated with reductions in alcohol attributable hospitalizations, especially for populations with lower income, both for immediate effects on acute hospitalizations and delayed effects on chronic hospitalizations.
Delocalization, Humanitarianism, and Human Rights: The Mediterranean Border Between Exclusion and Inclusion
Authors: Cuttitta Paolo
Published: June 2017

By reflecting on both the exclusionary and the inclusionary role of humanitarian migration and border management in the Central Mediterranean, this paper explores the relationship of humanitarianism with the delocalization of the EU border and with human rights. First, the paper analyses the role of human rights in the institutional humanitarian discourse about migration and border management at the Mediterranean EU border. The paper then analyses the Italian operation Mare Nostrum and, more generally, Italian humanitarianized border management in the Central Mediterranean. In doing this, it shows that humanitarianism contributes to the discursive legitimation and spatial delocalization of exclusionary policies and practices. Moreover, humanitarianism contributes to a symbolically and legally subordinate inclusion of migrants in the European space. While such humanitarian inclusion can be more inclusive than what human rights would require, it is posited as an act of grace rather than an enhancement of human rights. In both its exclusionary and inclusionary dimension, humanitarianism transcends and expands territorial boundaries by outsourcing responsibilities and enhancing delocalized border management.
World Making, Critical Pedagogies, and the Geographical Imagination: Where Youth Work Meets Participatory Research
Authors: Dickens Luke
Published: June 2017

Renewed interest in the critical geographies of education has raised productive yet under‐examined synergies with reflections taking place among radical youth work and participatory research practitioners. In particular, such intersections point to important ways that the geographical imagination might advance a critical yet creative means of learning through the living material forces of everyday worlds. This paper examines this common ground through a collaborative, London‐based case study exploring young people's sense of home and belonging in the inner‐city. It argues that cross‐overs between the praxis of participatory research and youth work offer generative potential to act alongside young people in the production of autonomous geographical knowledges. Specifically, the case is made for prioritising an imaginative, experiential and intersubjective pedagogical process of “world making”, as an alternative to practices that intervene in, act upon and ultimately “other” the everyday lives of young people.
Potemkin Revolution: Utopian Jungle Cities of 21st Century Socialism
Authors: Wilson Japhy , Bayón Manuel
Published: June 2017

This paper explores the entanglement of ideology and materiality in the production of the spaces of 21st century socialism. “Millennium Cities” are currently being constructed for indigenous communities throughout the Ecuadorian Amazon, with revenues derived from petroleum extracted within their territories. As iconic spatial symbols of the “Citizens’ Revolution”, the Millennium Cities would appear to embody “the original accumulation of 21st century socialism”—a utopian state ideology promising the collective appropriation of natural resources without the dispossession of the peasantry. Drawing on extensive field research, we argue that they are better understood as a simulation of urban modernity that is symptomatic of the predominance of ground rent in South American capitalism, and which conceals the violent repression of an autonomous indigenous project of petroleum‐based modernization. The original accumulation of 21st century socialism can therefore be interpreted as a “fantasy of origins”, which functions to reproduce the primitive accumulation of capital.
External adjustment of unmeasured confounders in a case–control study of benzodiazepine use and cancer risk
Authors: Thygesen Lau Caspar , Pottegård Anton , Ersbøll Annette Kjær , Friis Søren , Stürmer Til , Hallas Jesper
Published: June 2017

Aims

Previous studies have reported diverging results on the association between benzodiazepine use and cancer risk.

Methods

We investigated this association in a matched case–control study including incident cancer cases during 2002–2009 in the Danish Cancer Registry (n = 94 923) and age‐ and sex‐matched (1:8) population controls (n = 759 334). Long‐term benzodiazepine use was defined as ≥500 defined daily doses 1–5 years prior to the index date. We implemented propensity score (PS) calibration using external information on confounders available from a survey of the Danish population. Two PSs were used: The error‐prone PS using register‐based confounders and the calibrated PS based on both register‐ and survey‐based confounders, retrieved from the Health Interview Survey.

Results

Register‐based data showed that cancer cases had more diagnoses, higher comorbidity score and more co‐medication then population controls. Survey‐based data showed lower self‐rated health, more self‐reported diseases, and more smokers as well as subjects with sedentary lifestyle among benzodiazepine users. By PS calibration, the odds ratio for cancer overall associated with benzodiazepine use decreased from 1.16 to 1.09 (95% confidence interval 1.00–1.19) and for smoking‐related cancers from 1.20 to 1.10 (95% confidence interval 1.00–1.21).

Conclusion

We conclude that the increased risk observed in the solely register‐based study could partly be attributed to unmeasured confounding.
Extension of ustekinumab maintenance dosing interval in moderate-to-severe psoriasis: results of a phase IIIb, randomized, double-blinded, active-controlled, multicentre study (PSTELLAR)
Authors: Blauvelt A. , Ferris L.K. , Yamauchi P.S. , Qureshi A. , Leonardi C.L. , Farahi K. , Fakharzadeh S. , Hsu M.-C. , Li S. , Chevrier M. , Smith K. , Goyal K. , Chen Y. , Muñoz-Elías E.J. , Callis Duffin K.
Published: June 2017

Background

Phase III studies showed that some patients maintained response for ≥ 6 months following ustekinumab discontinuation.

Objectives

To assess clinical responses with extended ustekinumab maintenance dosing intervals.

Methods

Adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis received ustekinumab at weeks 0, 4 and 16 during open-label treatment. Patients achieving a week-28 Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) score of cleared/minimal (PGA = 0/1) were randomized 1 : 4 to group 1 [approved every 12 weeks (q12 wk) maintenance] or group 2 (q12–24 wk; response-based dosing determined by time to loss of PGA = 0/1). Key end points included the number of visits with PGA = 0/1 (primary end point) and ≥ 75% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75) between weeks 88 and 112, and PGA/PASI responses between weeks 28 and 112.

Results

Overall, 378 patients achieved PGA = 0/1 at week 28 and were randomized to group 1 (n = 76) or group 2 (n = 302). Patients in group 1 had numerically greater mean numbers of visits with PGA = 0/1 than group 2 and also with PASI 75 from week 88 to 112. A higher proportion of patients in group 1 (55%) than group 2 (39%) had PGA = 0/1 at all seven visits from week 88 to 112. Maintenance of response was observed with dose-interval extension beyond q12 wk in a subset of patients. Extending the dosing interval did not affect antibody development or safety.

Conclusions

Efficacy was better maintained among week-28 PGA responders randomized to continue q12 wk ustekinumab vs. extending maintenance dosing based on clinical response, although some patients maintained high levels of efficacy with up to q24 wk dosing.
Haematological cancers in African children: progress and challenges
Authors: Molyneux Elizabeth , Scanlan Trish , Chagaluka George , Renner Lorna
Published: June 2017

Cancer is increasingly important in low and middle‐income settings where infectious diseases are declining. Childhood cancers treated in well‐resourced centres have excellent outcomes with more than 80% survival. This success is not reflected in low‐income settings where challenges involve every step on the care pathway. Access to diagnosis, delayed presentation, advanced disease, co‐morbidities and underlying malnutrition make treatment difficult. Treatments are costly for impoverished families. Yet, the common haematological malignancies (Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non Hodgkin lymphoma) are relatively easy to diagnose and, when managed with simple chemotherapy protocols, give limited but good results. As funding becomes available for cancer research we must ensure that the care and cure of these children is top of the agenda. There is already evidence of improved outcomes in middle‐income countries. For others there is a long journey ahead.
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of novel 3‐aryl‐5‐(alkyl‐thio)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazoles derivatives targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Rode Navnath D. , Sonawane Amol D. , Nawale Laxman , Khedkar Vijay M. , Joshi Ramesh A. , Likhite Anjali P. , Sarkar Dhiman , Joshi Rohini R.
Published: June 2017

A small library of new 3‐aryl‐5‐(alkyl‐thio)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazoles was synthesized and screened for the antimycobacterial potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra strain and Mycobacterium bovis BCG both in active and dormant stage. Among the synthesized library, 25 compounds exhibited promising anti‐TB activity in the range of IC500.03–5.88 μg/ml for dormant stage and 20 compounds in the range of 0.03–6.96 μg/ml for active stage. Their lower toxicity (>100 μg/ml) and higher selectivity (SI = >10) against all cancer cell lines screened make them interesting compounds with potential antimycobacterial effects. Furthermore, to rationalize the observed biological activity data and to establish a structural basis for inhibition of M. tuberculosis, the molecular docking study was carried out against a potential target MTB CYP121 which revealed a significant correlation between the binding score and biological activity for these compounds. Cytotoxicity and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies suggested that 1,2,4‐triazole analogues have an acceptable safety index, in vivo stability and bio‐availability.
Enhancing Paternal Engagement in a Coparenting Paradigm
Authors: Pruett Marsha Kline , Pruett Kyle D. , Cowan Carolyn P. , Cowan Philip A.
Published: June 2017

Despite the benefits for children and families of fathers who are involved positively with their children, most parenting programs in the United States and globally focus on and collect evaluation data from mothers almost exclusively. Engaging fathers is still viewed as a complex endeavor that is only somewhat successful. In this article, we summarize what is known about engaging fathers in parenting programs, then argue that programs are most effective when coparenting is the focus early in family formation. We rely on two decades of the Supporting Father Involvement program as an example of an initiative that has been effective at recruiting and retaining fathers and mothers in various cultural and national contexts. When programs are inclusive in content and focus on process, are sensitive to differences within and across families, and recognize parents as experts on their children, they are more successful in recruiting and retaining diverse groups of fathers and families.
Usefulness of three‐dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of valvular involvement in Loeffler endocarditis
Authors: Hernandez Carlos M. , Arisha Mohammed J. , Ahmad Amier , Oates Ethan , Nanda Navin C. , Nanda Anil , Wasan Anita , Caleti Beda E. , Bernal Cinthia L. P. , Gallardo Sergio M.
Published: June 2017

Loeffler endocarditis is a complication of hypereosinophilic syndrome resulting from eosinophilic infiltration of heart tissue. We report a case of Loeffler endocarditis in which three‐dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography provided additional information to what was found by two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography alone. Our case illustrates the usefulness of combined two‐ and three‐dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of Loeffler endocarditis. In addition, a summary of the features of hypereosinophilic syndrome and Loeffler endocarditis is provided in tabular form.
Credit Market Structure and Collateral in Rural Thailand
Authors: Kislat Carmen , Menkhoff Lukas , Neuberger Doris
Published: June 2017

This paper empirically examines reliance on collateral in different credit market segments—formal, semiformal and informal lending—of a developing rural financial market. Determinants of collateralization indicate that all three types of lenders price risk conventionally. Controlled for standard risk factors, however, formal lenders rely on collateral about 40 per cent more often than informal lenders. The difference is explained by informal lenders’ better information on borrowers. This is shown by informal lenders’ behaviour: a longer lending relationship does not improve information about the borrower but shorter distance to the borrower does—the opposite applies to formal lenders, as predicted by theory.
Numerical and experimental study of ratcheting in cold expanded plate ofAl‐alloy 2024‐T3 in double shear lap joints
Authors: Abdollahi E. , Chakherlou T. N.
Published: June 2017

In this paper strain ratcheting in cold expanded flat plate of Al‐alloy 2024‐T3 in double shear lap joints was studied both experimentally and numerically. In the experimental part, two types of symmetric strain‐controlled and asymmetric stress‐controlled cyclic tests were performed. Also, the cold expanded double shear lap joints subjected to cyclic stress‐controlled tests. The required parameters for simulating the cyclic plastic behaviour of Al‐alloy 2024‐T3 were obtained on the basis of the experimental responses. In the numerical part, a combination of nonlinear isotropic and nonlinear kinematic hardening model (Chaboche) was implemented in the commercial finite element code of ABAQUS, using the subroutine UMAT written in FORTRAN. The results of simulations give an accurate prediction of ratcheting for all types of loading. The obtained results show that increasing the mean stress increases the strain ratcheting. It is clearly shown that the cold expansion process decreases the magnitude of strain ratcheting remarkably compared with “as drilled” specimens and the decrease is bigger for larger cold expansion sizes. Also, it is shown that the middle plane has the highest amount of ratcheting compared to the pin entrance plane and exit plane of the plate hole.
Extension of the modified Bai‐Wierzbicki model for predicting ductile fracture under complex loading conditions
Authors: Wu B. , Li X. , Di Y. , Brinnel V. , Lian J. , Münstermann S.
Published: June 2017

The ductile fracture behaviour of metallic materials is strongly dependent on the material's stress state and loading history. This paper presents a concept of damage initiation and failure indicators and corresponding evolution laws to enhance the modified Bai‐Wierzbicki model for predicting ductile damage under complex loading conditions. The proposed model considers the influence of stress triaxiality and the Lode angle parameter on both damage initiation and the subsequent damage propagation. The model parameters are calibrated for C45E + N steel using a series of mechanical tests and numerical simulations. The enhanced approach is applied to the modelling of various mechanical tests under proportional and non‐proportional loading conditions and successfully predicts the ductile damage behaviour in these tests.
BERNARD GROETHUYSEN's WAY OF COPING WITH THE “PROBLEM OF HISTORICISM”
Authors: GINEV DMITRI
Published: June 2017

This article argues that Groethuysen's creation of a new historiographical genre—the anonymous history of the formation of worldviews—was a response to the “problem of historicism” conceived of as a task of working out a concept of historicity beyond the relativism–objectivism dilemma. In scrutinizing Groethuysen's implementation of phenomenology to study how basic historical phenomena have been experienced, the article draws a parallel with Heidegger's response to historical relativism. In the main argument, Groethuysen's combination of a new approach to the history of ideas and a historicized philosophical anthropology reveals the possibility of avoiding the depressing dilemma between metahistorical objectivism and historicist relativism by means of a double hermeneutics. In this regard, special attention is paid to Groethuysen's phenomenological conception of narrative time.
ANIMAL HISTORY
Authors: Domańska Ewa
Published: June 2017

This review reflects on animal history as a subfield of the discipline of history and presents its main arguments and future tasks. Its main goal is to identify the new research prospects and potentials proposed by the book edited by Susan Nance, The Historical Animal. These include such topics as the problem of “the animal's point of view,” animal agency (animals understood as “historical” agents and actors), the problem of identifying traces of animal actions in “anthropocentric” archives and searching for new historical sources (including animals’ testimonies). It also explores methodological difficulties, especially with the idea of the historicization of animals and the possible merger of the humanities and social sciences with the natural and life sciences. The review considers how studying animals forces scholars to rethink to its foundations history as a discipline. It claims that the most progressive proposals are coming from scholars (many of whom are historians) who advocate radical interdisciplinarity. The authors are not only interested in merging history with specific sciences (such as animal psychology, ecology, ethology, evolutionary biology, and zoology), but also question basic assumptions of the discipline: the epistemic authority claimed by historians for building knowledge of the past as well as the human epistemic authority for creating such knowledge. In this context several questions emerge: can we achieve “interspecies competence” (Erica Fudge's term) for creating a multispecies knowledge of the past? Can research on animals’ perception of change help us to develop nonhistorical approaches to the past? Can we imagine accounts of the past based on multispecies co‐authorship?
MISREPRESENTING MARX: A LESSON IN HISTORICAL METHOD
Authors: Megill Allan , Park Jaeyoon
Published: June 2017

In this book Jonathan Sperber deploys his extensive knowledge of nineteenth‐century European social and political history, and his diligent research into sources that have become readily available only recently, to produce a substantial biography of Karl Marx. We find, however, that Sperber is mistaken in his treatment of Marx's ideas and of the intellectual contexts within which Marx worked. In fact, we suggest that he is systematically mistaken in this regard. We locate a root source of the error in his reductive approach to theoretical ideas.

In section I we focus on the claim, taken for granted in the book, that Marx's ideas are instantiations of “materialism.” By detailed reference to the record of Marx's writings, we show that there is no justification for describing Marx as a “materialist” in the usually accepted senses of that term. In section II we review how Soviet and other interpreters of Marx, taking their lead from the later Engels, insisted that “materialism” was fundamental to Marxism. We suggest that Sperber's presentation of Marx's thinking as “materialist and atheist” aligns far better with such interpretations than it does with what Marx actually wrote. In sections III and IV we criticize Sperber's “contextualist” approach to dealing with ideas in history. His approach may seem reminiscent of Quentin Skinner’ s, but where Skinner deploys the discursive conventions prevailing in a past time to illuminate theoretical ideas, Sperber reduces theoretical ideas to context. We name Sperber's approach “theoretical nominalism,” a term that we use to denote the view that theoretical ideas are nothing but interventions into particular situations. We end by suggesting that greater attentiveness to philosophy and theory would have enriched Sperber's efforts in this book.
Lord Woolton: The Man who used Statistics (and more) to Feed a Nation at war
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: June 2017

As Minister of Food during the Second World War, Lord Woolton kept Britain from starving – but in the archives of the Royal Statistical Society, he is remembered best for making statisticians part of the solution to the problems he faced. By Brian Tarran
“The Social Sciences need to Build new Foundations”
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: June 2017

Julia Lane, professor of NYU's Wagner School and Center for Urban Science and Progress, on the challenges facing the social sciences in an era of big data. Interview by Brian Tarran
Book Reviews
Authors: Dobler D. W.
Published: June 2017

MAKE OR BUY By HARRY GROSS (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1966. 231 pages. $17.50)
Book Reviews
Authors: Fearon Harold E.
Published: June 2017

THE ART OF NEGOTIATING By GERARD I. NIERENBERG (New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1968. 195 pages. $7.95)
Book Reviews
Authors: Cox Kenneth
Published: June 2017

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT By NORBERT LLOYD ENRICK (San Francisco, California: Chandler Publishing Company, 1968. Distributed by Science Research Associates, Inc. 121 pages (paperback). $2.95)
Book Reviews
Authors: Baily Peter
Published: June 2017

MATERIALS ADMINISTRATION, By DAG ERICSSON, (Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw‐Hill Book Company [UK] Limited, 1974. 208 pages. $12.00)
Taming the File Maintenance Monster: A Case Study
Authors: Holstein Jim
Published: June 2017

Although computer systems provide real benefits for a purchasing department, they also have a major limitation. Maintaining the accuracy and the timeliness of updates to the various data files can be a time‐consuming task for the buyer. This article discusses one solution to the problem, in which the computer file “almost” maintains itself–with very little effort by the buyer or by systems personnel.
A Classification and Analysis of JPMM Articles
Authors: Williams Alvin J. , Oumlil A. Ben
Published: June 2017

This article summarizes and classifies the research that has been reported in the Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management over the past 22 years. The findings should serve as a foundational springboard for expanding the horizons of the discipline. At the same time, the article provides guidance for individual researchers in the field. The analysis also provides a basis on which the Journal can assess its past and develop plans for the future.
Book Review
Authors: Page Harry Robert
Published: June 2017

CONTRACT MANAGEMENT: POST AWARD, by Stanley N. Sherman, Wordcrafters Publications, Gaithersburg, MD, 1987.
N.A.P.M. Business Survey Data: Their Value as Leading Indicators
Authors: Klein Philip A. , Moore Geoffrey H.
Published: June 2017

Professional forecasters engage on a continuing basis in efforts to identify and refine leading indicators that can be used to enhance the accuracy of economic forecasts. Since the 1940s, the National Association of Purchasing Management (N.A.P.M.) has collected monthly business survey data which, until recent years, has been underutilized by professional economists. In this article the authors, both internationally recognized business cycle researchers, discuss the results of their study designed to evaluate the usefulness of this N.A.P.M. data series for purposes of economic forecasting. The authors conclude that the N.A.P.M. data dealing with prices, new orders, inventory changes, and vendor performance is indeed useful for forecasting purposes. A new N.A.P.M. leading index constructed by the authors appears to be a promising tool for monitoring the ebb and flow of the business cycles.

The results of this research project were originally presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Forecasting in Paris, France in 1986. The work has been refined and updated for publication in this issue of the Journal.
Seller Pricing Strategies: A Buyer's Perspective
Authors: Lamm David V. , Vose Lawrence C.
Published: June 2017

Understanding pricing strategies used by sellers is extremely important to a successful buyer. Several key variables can be identified and evaluated in determining the seller's pricing strategy and the conditions under which it was developed. Knowing how to recognize these variables and integrate them into the buying process is a challenging and demanding effort. The motivated buyer constantly hones his or her skills in this area, attempting to obtain the most advantageous business arrangement for the organization.

This article identifies various seller pricing strategies and the principal variables involved in their analysis. The strategies and variables examined should significantly assist buyers in preparing for the buying task.
Insuring Quality: Purchasing's Role
Authors: Newman Richard G.
Published: June 2017

The increased emphasis on quality, coupled with Purchasing's role as a communication channel, has placed new requirements on the buyer. A knowledge of statistics, once considered to be the domain of Quality Assurance, is becoming a necessary tool for many buyers. Understanding the philosophy of statistical process control is a prerequisite to understanding a supplier's quality capability. This article looks at the basics of SPC and examines the indicators a buyer should look for in supplier quality evaluation.
Controlling Purchasing Price Performance
Authors: Felch R. Bruce , Felch Robert I.
Published: June 2017

In manufacturing, effective purchasing is crucial. The operations of the firm require an uninterrupted flow of parts and materials. Moreover, since purchasing on the average redirects well over half of each dollar of sales revenue for these required materials, cost‐effectiveness is important.

The advent of real‐time computer‐based management information systems has stimulated the introduction of improved techniques for controlling the operations of manufacturing and institutional enterprises alike. This article provides a case illustration of a useful computerized reporting system that facilitates measurement and control of purchasing performance. It focuses on comparisons of current material prices with historical prices and standard costs, allowing management to set cost targets and then track progress toward their achievement. Additionally, the system provides both an incentive and a basis for evaluating the performance of individual buyers.
Cooperative Buyer/Seller Relationships and a Firm's Competitive Posture
Authors: Landeros Robert , Monczka Robert M.
Published: June 2017

The purchasing function of U.S. manufacturing firms has long relied on price‐driven tactics to acquire an uninterrupted flow of intermediate‐products from suppliers. These tactics help reduce direct material costs for the buying firm, and allow the purchasing function to support the firm's strategic posture of overall cost leadership. Some purchasing managers, however, have begun to use “cooperative buyer/seller relationships” with a few preferred‐suppliers; this approach enhances the purchasing function's ability to support several strategic postures available to a manufacturing firm. Cooperative buyer/seller relationships allow purchasing managers to better manage the interdependent tasks of the buying and selling firms, and to become conduits of information between the manufacturing firm and its preferred‐suppliers. This article presents a general description of cooperative buyer/seller relationships, contrasts the attributes of such a relationship with traditional acquisition options (i.e., open market bargaining and vertical integration), and suggests the contributions to a firm's strategic posture available from cooperative buyer/seller relationships. While the findings presented in this article have not been tested empirically for their descriptive or predictive ability, they are based on data gathered from field interviews completed with 50 purchasing managers representing a cross‐section of organizational responsibilities and standard industrial codes.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenfeldt Martin E.
Published: June 2017

PURCHASING AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT, 9th ed., by Michiel R. Leenders, Harold E. Fearon and Wilbur B. England, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, Ill., 1989, 672 pages.
Determinants of Source Loyalty in Buyer‐Seller Relationships
Authors: Sriram Ven , Mummalaneni Venkatapparao
Published: June 2017

A significant change is occurring in the way a growing number of organizations manage their input acquisition strategy. Some purchasing managers are being asked by their organizations to shift from the more traditional “arms‐length” relationships with their suppliers to a newer, closer, “relationship‐building” approach. While both practitioners and academicians are interested in this new focus on buyer‐seller relationships, as evidenced from their writings in the trade and professional journals, much of the early work has been descriptive and conceptual. Empirical evidence appears to be limited concerning some of the characteristics of this new type of relationship—for instance, the factors that contribute to source loyalty or the association between relationship length and loyalty.

This article develops hypotheses about these and other issues relating to these close relationships and tests them in two different settings. The results provide useful insights into the changing nature of buyer‐seller relationships.