bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stories from the frontlines: decolonising social contracts for disasters
Authors: Siddiqi Ayesha , Canuday Jose Jowel P.
Published: August 2018

Disasters are framed as political moments when states are unable to provide security to their citizens, causing disruption and a possible ‘break’ in the state—citizen social contract. Evidence from the frontlines of insurgency and secessionist movements in southern Philippines suggests that social contracts do not ‘break’ in this manner, despite widespread suffering during a complex event. This paper presents new perspectives on social contracts after disasters, in conflict‐affected regions. Using ethnographic data from two case studies in the Philippines, it argues that disasters in conflict‐affected areas do not manifest a ‘break’ in social contracts in ways that result in ‘state failure’ and ‘insurgent capture’. Instead, it shows that the state—citizen contract is a dynamic contestation of state responsibilities, while also being malleably resilient. The inequalities and anxieties prevalent in social contracts are reproduced in the highly differentiated experiences of ‘disaster citizenship’ for people living amidst conflict.
Local Environmental Quality and Interjurisdictional Spillovers
Authors: Hatfield John William , Kosec Katrina
Published: August 2018

We investigate how the quality of environmental public goods varies with the number of local governments, and show how this relationship depends on the existence of spillovers across jurisdictions. Exploiting exogenous variation in the natural topography of the USA, we show that metropolitan areas with more local governments have significantly lower air quality and significantly higher concentrations of toxic air pollutants that cause cancer and respiratory disease. By contrast, drinking water quality—a public good with relatively few spillovers—does not vary with the number of governments. Further, we find that areas with more local governments tend to have a higher density of employment in heavily polluting industries like electric power generation and chemical manufacturing, even after controlling for population density. This is consistent with jurisdictional fragmentation leading to the presence of more polluting industries.
Ultrasound tissue characterisation of the superficial digital flexor tendons in juvenile Thoroughbred racehorses during early race training
Authors: Plevin S. , McLellan J. , van Schie H. , Parkin T.
Published: August 2018

Background

Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) are one of the leading causes of Thoroughbred (TB) wastage. Increasingly, the aim is to prevent injury rather than treat it. Conventional ultrasonography is not sufficiently sensitive to accurately monitor tendon and predict injury. Ultrasound tissue characterisation (UTC) is a relatively new technique, which improves tendon characterisation by providing a 3‐dimensional (3D) SDFT reconstruction and objective calculation of fibre alignment by classifying fibres into one of 4 echo‐types.

Objectives

To report a reference range of echo‐types in a population of normal juvenile TB racehorses. It was hypothesised that: UTC would be easy to use on juvenile TB racehorses in a field setting; that results would be repeatable; that the UTC would demonstrate a physiologic response of the tendon and, finally, that the technique would allow monitoring of the SDFT for early detection of degenerative changes.

Study design

Prospective longitudinal cohort pilot study.

Methods

Thirty‐two TB yearling racehorses were recruited. UTC measurements of bilateral forelimb SDFTs were taken every 60–90 days. The proportion of 4 echo‐types were quantified as a relative percentage at specific zones over the length of the SDFT. Relationships were assessed by pairedTtests or Wilcoxon signed rank tests.

Results

Mean percentage for echo‐type I fibres were >85%; echo‐type II fibres were <15%, with negligible echo‐type III and IV. Significant right to left limb, zonal, and temporal differences in echo‐type were identified.

Main limitations

No control group of untrained horses, limiting ability to differentiate whether findings were training‐related as opposed to age‐related changes.

Conclusions

Changes in SDFT characterisation over the first 6 months of training were identified. UTC may provide useful objective information when assessing juvenile SDFTs.

The Summary is available in Spanish – see Supporting Information
Analysis of a token density metric for concern detection in Matlab sources using UbiSOM
Authors: Cavalheiro Marques Nuno , Monteiro Miguel , Silva Bruno
Published: August 2018

Matrix and data manipulation programming languages are an essential tool for data analysts. However, these languages are often unstructured and lack modularity mechanisms. This article presents a knowledge discovery approach for studying manifestations of the lack of modularity support in that sort of languages. The study is focused on Matlab, as a well‐established representative of those languages. We present a technique for the automatic detection and quantification of concerns in Matlab and their exploration in a code base. The Ubiquitous Self Organizing Map (UbiSOM) is used to perform exploratory data analysis over concerns detected in a, possibly changing, repository of Matlab files. The UbiSOM is quite effective in detecting patterns of co‐occurrence of multiple concerns. To illustrate the technique, a repository comprising over 35,000 Matlab files is analysed. The results show that the use of Token Density metrics in conjunction with UbiSOM enables the detection of patterns of co‐occurrence of multiple concerns in m‐files.
An analytically formulated structural strain method for fatigue evaluation of welded components incorporating nonlinear hardening effects
Authors: Pei Xianjun , Dong Pingsha
Published: August 2018

An analytically formulated structural strain method is presented for performing fatigue evaluation of welded components by incorporating nonlinear material hardening effects by means of a modified Ramberg‐Osgood power law hardening model. The modified Ramberg‐Osgood model enables a consistent partitioning of elastic and plastic strain increments during both loading and unloading. For supporting 2 major forms of welded structures in practice, the new method is applied for computing structural strain defined with respect to a through‐thickness section in plate structures and cross section in piping systems. In both cases, the structural strain is formulated as the linearly deformation gradient on their respective cross sections, consistent with the “plane sections remain plane” assumption in structural mechanics. The structural strain‐based fatigue parameter is proposed and has been shown effective in correlating some well‐known low‐cycle and high‐cycle fatigue test data, ranging from gusset‐to‐plate welded plate connections to pipe girth welds.
Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the muscle mass and physical function of healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mori Hiroyasu , Tokuda Yasunobu
Published: August 2018

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of a 24‐week program of nutritional supplementation using whey protein, ingested after resistance exercise, in increasing muscle mass and physical function among community‐dwelling healthy older Japanese women.

Methods

We carried out a randomized controlled trial, with 81 healthy women, aged 65–80 years, allocated to three groups of 27 participants each: the exercise and protein supplementation group, the exercise only group, and the protein supplementation only group. A 24‐week program of resistance exercise, carried out twice per week, was combined with whey protein supplementation, containing 22.3 g of protein. The total protein intake for participants in all three experimental groups was adjusted to a level of at least 1.2 g/kg bodyweight/day, and more during the intervention period. Between‐group differences in the pre‐ to post‐intervention change in skeletal muscle mass and physical function were evaluated using an analysis of variance.

Results

The pre‐ to post‐intervention increase in the skeletal muscle mass index was significantly higher for the exercise only group than for the protein supplementation only group (P =0.008), and significantly higher for the exercise and protein supplementation group than for either the exercise only (P =0.007) or protein supplementation only (P <0.001) groups. Similarly, the increase in grip strength and gait speed was significantly greater for the exercise and protein supplementation group than for the protein supplementation only group (grip strength P =0.014, gait speed P =0.026).

Conclusions

Whey protein supplementation, ingested after resistance exercise, could be effective for the prevention of sarcopenia among healthy community‐dwelling older Japanese women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1398–1404.
Accurate Measurements of H2O, F and Cl Contents in Biotite Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Siron Guillaume , Baumgartner Lukas P. , Bouvier Anne‐Sophie , Vennemann Torsten
Published: August 2018

Five biotite reference materials (RMs) currently used for oxygen isotope measurements at the SwissSIMS laboratory (University of Lausanne) were investigated for their H2O, F and Cl contents using secondary ion mass spectrometry in negative mode. The homogeneity of these RMs, as well as that of the international reference material NBS30, was tested by exploiting the high sensitivity of the SIMS technique. No crystal orientation dependency was discovered at the level of the homogeneity of the RMs. Normalisation schemes with 28Si−, 30Si− 16O− and 18O− were explored. A matrix effect is documented here for H2O measurements, which depended on SiO2 and XMg compositions of the different biotite RMs. A successful multivariate fit was obtained that reproduces the H2O content of the six biotite RMs, this within error of 0.15% m/m and with a reduced χ2 (or MSWD) of 0.672. Fluorine and Cl contents were calibrated using a linear fit for F content between 0% and 4% m/m and Cl content below 0.3% m/m. Accuracy for H2O measurements is expected to be 3–4% (1SE). Accuracy for F content was about 3% (1s) and typically about 15% (1s) for Cl content.
Efficacy and safety of elbasvir plus grazoprevir combination therapy in Japanese patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1b
Authors: Takeuchi Yasue , Akuta Norio , Sezaki Hitomi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Fujiyama Shunichiro , Kawamura Yusuke , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kobayashi Mariko , Saitoh Satoshi , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: August 2018

Aim

Treatment with all‐oral direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) is associated with high sustained virologic response (SVR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and treatment efficacy of EBR/GZR in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 147 consecutive patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection who were treated with EBR (50 mg) plus GZR (100 mg) once daily for 12 weeks. The rates of SVR at 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12) were evaluated based on patient baseline characteristics. Treatment efficacy was analyzed according to background chronic kidney disease (CKD), and retreatment efficacy in patients who failed to respond to previous DAAs.

Results

The SVR12 was 94% (138 of 147 patients), based on intention‐to‐treat analysis. Rates of SVR12 were 97% (131 of 135) and 58% (7 of 12) in cases naïve to DAA treatment and failure to respond to prior DAAs, respectively. The SVR12 rates in patients with CKD stage 4–5 was 100% (8 of 8). All patients (4 of 4 patients) with stage 4–5 and advanced fibrosis (Fibrosis‐4 index ≥3.25) also achieved SVR12. Multivariate analysis that included the above variables identified pretreatment with other DAAs as an independent factor that was significantly and independently associated with non‐SVR12 (odds ratio, 97.5; P < 0.001). Relapsers of first DAAs, excluding the combination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir, achieved SVR12. Characteristic novel non‐structural protein 5A substitutions were not detected after failure of retreatment with EBR/GZR.

Conclusion

Treatment with EBR/GZR was highly efficacious with acceptable safety, even in patients with CKD stage 4–5. Retreatment of relapsers to prior DAAs, excluding ledipasvir and sofosbuvir, achieved SVR12.
Igbo historiography: Parts I, II, and III
Authors: Chuku Gloria
Published: August 2018

Igbo historiography has advanced since the publication of the epic narrative of Olaudah Equiano in 1789 and its different versions, especially that of Paul Edwards, a British literary historian in 1969. The main objective of this essay is to demonstrate the vitality and diversity of Igbo historical studies and provide informative and thoughtful interpretations of its strengths and weaknesses. In three parts, the essay examines the origin, dispersal, and settlement of the people; sociopolitical institutions and organization; economic systems, including slavery and the transatlantic slave trade, and the colonial economy; Igbo religion, Islam, Christianity, and Western education; colonial encounter; the Igbo in precolonial and modern Nigeria with focus on intergroup relations, ethnicity, and the Nigeria–Biafra War; and Igbo intellectual history. The essay makes a spirited critique of areas of overemphasis and the conceptual and methodological issues. It suggests important neglected themes that require further historical investigations. Its primary goal is to nudge Igbo historiography in new and challenging directions and inspire historians interested in Igbo studies to adopt a historiographical approach that emphasizes currency, relevance, and usability.
Digital humanities, digital methods, digital history, and digital outputs: History writing and the digital revolution
Authors: Brennan Claire
Published: August 2018

While the term “digital humanities” appears inclusive, its exact meaning remains unclear and its early association with studies in English Literature means the term has already been partially superceded by “digital methods.” However, that renaming is problematic as it emphasises the research tools used while the field itself is adjusting to include new methods, new topics, and new types of production, not just new ways of working with existing materials. Historians have long been alert to new tools as they become available to researchers. However, even as historians have revelled in the increased access to primary sources provided by digitisation and have analysed the opportunities that access offers, they have been aware of the unevenness of the digitisation process and the gaps it both creates and disguises. Issues of copyright and the ethics of creating public access to private lives have also caused historians concern. More recently, discussion about the evaluation of digital scholarship has begun. Often purely digital outputs are not formally recognised by their authors' institutions, despite having a significant online presence and contributing to scholarship. In parallel with being concerned about fairly assessing the work of peers, historians have also begun to consider how to teach (and assess) the digital skills now expected of history graduates.
The evolution of egg shape in birds: selection during the incubation period
Authors: Birkhead Tim R. , Thompson Jamie E. , Biggins John D. , Montgomerie Robert
Published: August 2018

A recent broad comparative study suggested that factors during egg formation – in particular ‘flight efficiency’, which explained only 4% of the interspecific variation – are the main forces of selection on the evolution of egg shape in birds. As an alternative, we tested whether selection during the incubation period might also influence egg shape in two taxa with a wide range of egg shapes, the alcids (Alcidae) and the penguins (Spheniscidae). To do this, we analysed data from 30 species of these two distantly related but ecologically similar bird families with egg shapes ranging from nearly spherical to the most pyriform eggs found in birds. The shape of pyriform eggs, in particular, has previously proven difficult to quantify. Using three egg‐shape indices – pointedness, polar‐asymmetry and elongation – that accurately describe the shapes of all birds’ eggs, we examined the effects of egg size, chick developmental mode, clutch size and incubation site on egg shape. Linear models that include only these factors explained 70–85% of the variation in these egg‐shape indices, with incubation site consistently explaining > 60% of the variation in shape. The five species of alcids and penguins that produce the most pyriform eggs all incubate in an upright posture on flat or sloping substrates, whereas species that incubate in a cup nest have more spherical eggs. We suggest that breeding sites and incubation posture influence the ability of parents to manipulate egg position, and thus selection acting during incubation may influence egg‐shape variation across birds as a whole.
Explorative study on quality of life in relation to salivary secretion rate in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy up to 2 years post treatment
Authors: Almståhl Annica , Skoogh Andersson Jessica , Alstad Torgny , Fagerberg‐Mohlin Bodil , Finizia Caterina
Published: August 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to analyse quality of life (QoL) pretreatment and up to 24 months post radiation therapy (RT) in patients with head and neck (H&N) cancer.

Methods

Twenty‐nine patients (19 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 59 ± 8 years were included. The stimulated salivary secretion was measured and the patients completed the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life questionnaires (EORTC QLQ‐C30 and H&N35) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) pretreatment and at 6, 12 and 24 months post RT.

Results

At all time‐points after RT (6, 12, and 24 months), patients with hyposalivation (stimulated secretion rate ≤0.7 mL/min) reported clinically significant differences (> 10 points) regarding insomnia, swallowing, social eating, dry mouth, and sticky saliva. Statistically significant differences were found for emotional functioning and insomnia at 12 months (P < 0.05 for both) and for sticky saliva at both 12 and 24 months (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). The number of clinically significant differences increased from 10 at both 6 and 12 months post‐RT to 14 functioning/symptom scales and single items at the 24 months follow‐up. At 24 months post RT, 21% of patients with hyposalivation had HADS scores suggesting anxiety problems compared to 7% for those with stimulated salivary secretion rates >0.7 mL/min.

Conclusion

Patients with hyposalivation showed deterioration in health related quality of life (QoL) at 24 months compared with 12 months post RT. Most pronounced were problems with insomnia, swallowing, social eating, dry mouth, and sticky saliva.
Pension Freedom Day in the United Kingdom: Early evaluation of consumer response
Authors: Loibl Cäzilia , Summers Barbara , McNair Simon , Bruine de Bruin Wändi
Published: August 2018

Understanding decumulation decisions in retirement is an important component of public policy that influences pension regulations in aging societies. This research examined a recent, substantial change to pension regulation in the United Kingdom: the newly established flexibility to obtain a lump‐sum payout from personal or occupational pension savings. Conducting an online survey of individual’s eligible to take advantage of the Pension Freedom regulation, we find that almost half of study participants plan to obtain a lump‐sum payout, on average £33,741, intending it for an average of three different investments or purchases. The decision to obtain a lump‐sum withdrawal was related to better knowledge of the new regulation. It was also more likely among older respondents and those not worried about a decline in standard of living during retirement. Dispositional measures did not affect the lump‐sum decision. Close to one‐third of study participants still planned to invest retirement savings into an annuity, especially those who retire at a later age, have concerns about care costs and worry about decline in standard of living in retirement. Comments about the changes to pension regulation were slightly more positive than negative. From our analysis of the effect of the Pension Freedom regulation on savings decumulation decisions, we conclude that the new Pension Freedom regulations do meet consumer demands, and demonstrate that pension knowledge and retirement expectations, in particular, influence consumer evaluations. We further conclude that annuity investments continue to play a role for older adults in the United Kingdom, especially for those concerned about meeting financial needs during retirement.
Spark plasma sintering microscopic mechanisms of metallic systems: Experiments and simulations
Authors: Trzaska Zofia , Collard Christophe , Durand Lise , Couret Alain , Chaix Jean‐Marc , Fantozzi Gilbert , Monchoux Jean‐Philippe
Published: August 2018

The microscopic densification mechanisms of metallic systems (TiAl, Ag‐Zn) by spark plasma sintering (SPS) have been studied by simulations and experiments. Finite element simulations showed that, despite very high current densities at the necks between metallic powder particles (≈5 × 104 A/cm2), only very limited Joule overheating can be expected at these locations (<1°C), because of very fast heat diffusion. The microscopic plasticity mechanisms under these high electric currents have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. For this purpose, thin foils have been extracted by focused ion beam at the necks between TiAl powder particles. This is the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that microscopic plasticity mechanisms at the necks between powder particles are investigated by TEM during densification of a metallic powder. Dislocation glide and climb mechanisms were identified, followed by recovery and recrystallization. The elementary mechanism kinetically controlling these phenomena is proposed to be bulk diffusion of Al, which activation energy (360 kJ/mol) is close to the activation energy measured for densification (308 ± 20 kJ/mol). Comparisons of densification kinetics by SPS (≈60‐110 A/cm2) and by hot pressing (0 A/cm2) showed no influence of current on these mechanisms. Finally, reaction experiments in the Ag‐Zn system did not show any influence of very high currents (>1000 A/cm2) on diffusion kinetics. Consequently, densification by SPS occurs by classical mechanisms not affected by the current.
Single step genomic evaluation for female fertility in Nordic Red dairy cattle
Authors: Matilainen Kaarina , Strandén Ismo , Aamand Gert Pedersen , Mäntysaari Esa A.
Published: August 2018

Joint Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Sweden) genetic evaluation of female fertility is currently based on the multiple trait multilactation animal model (BLUP). Here, single step genomic model (ssGBLUP) was applied for the Nordic Red dairy cattle fertility evaluation. The 11 traits comprised of nonreturn rate and days from first to last insemination in heifers and first three parities, and days from calving to first insemination in the first three parities. Traits had low heritabilities (0.015–0.04), but moderately high genetic correlations between the parities (0.60–0.88). Phenotypic data included 4,226,715 animals with records and pedigree 5,445,392 animals. Unknown parents were assigned into 332 phantom parent groups (PPG). In mixed model equations animals were associated with PPG effects through the pedigree or both the pedigree and genomic information. Genotype information of 46,914 SNPs was available for 33,969 animals in the pedigree. When PPG used pedigree information only, BLUP converged after 2,420 iterations whereas the ssGBLUP evaluation needed over ten thousand iterations. When the PPG effects were solved accounting both the pedigree and the genomic information, the ssGBLUP model converged after 2,406 iterations. Also, with the latter model breeding values by ssGBLUP and BLUP became more consistent and genetic trends followed each other well. Models were validated using forward prediction of the young bulls. Reliabilities and variance inflation of predicted genomic breeding values (values for parent averages in brackets) for the 11 traits ranged 0.22–0.31 (0.10–0.27) and 0.81–0.95 (0.83–1.06), respectively. The ssGBLUP model gave always higher validation reliabilities than BLUP, but largest increases were for the cow fertility traits.
Diatoms do radiate: evidence for a freshwater species flock
Authors: Stelbrink Björn , Jovanovska Elena , Levkov Zlatko , Ognjanova‐Rumenova Nadja , Wilke Thomas , Albrecht Christian
Published: August 2018

Due to the ubiquity and high dispersal capacity of unicellular eukaryotes, their often extraordinary diversity found in isolated and long‐lived ecosystems such as ancient lakes is typically attributed to multiple colonization events rather than to in situ speciation. However, respective evolutionary studies are very scarce and the often high number of species flocks in ancient lakes across multicellular taxa raises the question whether unicellular species, such as diatoms, may radiate as well. Here, we use an integrative approach that includes molecular data from benthic diatom species of the genus Aneumastus endemic to ancient Lake Ohrid, fossil data obtained from the sediment record of a recent deep‐drilling project and biogeographical information to test if this group, indeed, constitutes a species flock. Molecular‐clock and phylogenetic analyses indicate a young monophyletic group of several endemic species. Molecular, fossil and biogeographical data strongly suggest a rapid intralacustrine diversification, which was possibly triggered by the emergence of novel habitats. This finding is the first evidence for a species flock in diatoms and suggests that in situ speciation is also a relevant evolutionary process for unicellular eukaryotes in isolated ecosystems.
Risk factors for challenging behaviour and psychopathology in adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Nevill R. E. , Benson B. A.
Published: August 2018

Background

This study explored the role of demographic, psychosocial, stress and life event‐related risk factors for psychopathology and challenging behaviour in a clinical sample of adults with Down syndrome.

Method

A convenience sample of adults with Down syndrome seen through a specialised clinic was assessed through interviews and questionnaires specifically designed for use in people with intellectual disabilities.

Results

Recent negative life events and stressors were significantly correlated with mental and behavioural health, and significantly predicted irritability, lethargy and depressed mood. Social avoidance was predicted by stress related to anticipation and social–environmental stressors, and negatively predicted by verbal ability. Ritual‐related stress predicted obsessive–compulsive behaviour. Participants who did not have a job or vocational placement were significantly more depressed than participants who did.

Conclusions

Adults with Down syndrome should be provided increased supports for coping with negative life events and stressors. Interventions should also emphasise community engagement, such as employment, and access to psychosocial supports that teach coping and self‐regulation skills when faced with stressors and negative life events.
Adult Attachment Security and Different Types of Relational Violence Victimization Among College‐Age Couples
Authors: Karakurt Gunnur , Whiting Kathleen , Banford Witting Alyssa
Published: August 2018

This study aims to understand the associations between adult attachment security and different types of intimate partner violence victimization including that of emotional abuse, physical violence, and sexual coercion among heterosexual couples. Participants included 87 couples with the mean age 22.3 years. An actor–partner interdependence model was fit to the data. Findings indicated that adult attachment security accounted for 15% of the variance in the emotional abuse victimization of females, 9% of the variance in the sexual coercion victimization of females, and 7% of the variance in minor physical victimization of males. This may significantly impact risk factor assessment, and contribute to improved therapeutic intervention and increased understanding of the development and progression of relationship violence.
Partial melting due to breakdown of an epidote‐group mineral during exhumation of ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite: An example from the North‐East Greenland Caledonides
Authors: Cao Wentao , Gilotti Jane A. , Massonne Hans‐Joachim , Ferrando Simona , Foster Charles T.
Published: August 2018

In the North‐East Greenland Caledonides,P–Tconditions and textures are consistent with partial melting of ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) eclogite during exhumation. The eclogite contains a peak assemblage of garnet, omphacite, kyanite, coesite, rutile, and clinozoisite; in addition, phengite is inferred to have been present at peak conditions. An isochemical phase equilibrium diagram, along with garnet isopleths, constrains peakP–Tconditions to be subsolidus at 3.4 GPa and 940°C. Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry on inclusions in garnet yields values of ~820°C at 3.4 GPa. In the eclogite, plagioclase may exhibit cuspate textures against surrounding omphacite and has low dihedral angles in plagioclase–clinopyroxene–garnet aggregates, features that are consistent with former melt–solid–solid boundaries and crystallized melt pockets. Graphic intergrowths of plagioclase and amphibole are present in the matrix. Small euhedral neoblasts of garnet against plagioclase are interpreted as formed from a peritectic reaction during partial melting. Polymineralic inclusions of albite+K‐feldspar and clinopyroxene+quartz±kyanite±plagioclase in large anhedral garnet display plagioclase cusps pointing into the host, which are interpreted as crystallized melt pockets. These textures, along with the mineral composition, suggest partial melting of the eclogite by reactions involving phengite and, to a large extent, an epidote‐group mineral. Calculated and experimentally determined phase relations from the literature reveal that partial melting occurred on the exhumation path, at pressures below the coesite to quartz transition. A calculatedP–Tphase diagram for a former melt‐bearing domain shows that the formation of the peritectic garnet rim occurred at 1.4 GPa and 900°C, with an assemblage of clinopyroxene, amphibole, and plagioclase equilibrated at 1.3 GPa and 720°C. Isochemical phase equilibrium modelling of a symplectite of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and amphibole after omphacite, combined with the mineral composition, yields aP–Trange at 1.0–1. 6 GPa, 680–1,000°C. The assemblage of amphibole and plagioclase is estimated to reach equilibrium at 717–732°C, calculated by amphibole–plagioclase thermometry for the former melt‐bearing domain and symplectite respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that partial melt formed in theUHPeclogite through breakdown of an epidote‐group mineral with minor involvement of phengite during exhumation from peak pressure; melt was subsequently crystallized on the cooling path.
Prevalence, Patterns, and Clinical Relevance of Hypoxic‐Ischemic Injuries in Children Exposed to Abusive Head Trauma
Authors: Orru’ Emanuele , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. , Izbudak Izlem
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Hypoxic‐ischemic injuries (HIIs) are a scarcely investigated but important cause of morbidity and mortality in children who suffered abusive head trauma (AHT). The purpose of this study is to determine: (a) prevalence, types, and clinical relevance of cytotoxic edema compatible with HII in nonpenetrating AHT, (b) their relationship to other classic neuroimaging findings of AHT, and (c) their correlation with clinical outcomes.

METHODS

Diffusion‐weighted imaging sequences of magnetic resonance imagings performed on children under 5 years diagnosed with AHT were reviewed to detect the most common patterns of acute parenchymal damage. Patterns of cytotoxic edema were described, and HII‐compatible ones divided in subtypes. Correlation between HII, fractures, and subdural hemorrhages (SDHs) and with clinical outcomes was determined using imaging and available follow‐up data.

RESULTS

Out of 57 patients, 36.8% showed lesions compatible with HII. A predominantly asymmetric cortical distribution was observed in 66.7% of cases, while 33.3% had diffused both cortical and deep gray/white matter distribution injury. Traumatic axonal injuries and focal contusions were less common. There was no significant correlation between the presence of SDH (P = .6) or skull fractures (P = .53) and HII. HII was the most severe form of parenchymal damage in terms of in‐hospital mortality and morbidity at follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

HII is the most common type of parenchymal damage in children victim of AHT, being present in 1/3 of patients with this condition, and correlates with more severe outcomes. Its presence is independent from other classic traumatic findings such as SDH and fractures.
Total observed caries experience: assessing the effectiveness of community‐based caries prevention
Authors: Ruff Ryan Richard
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To compare common measures for dental caries in longitudinal caries research in support of a new measure, the Total Observed Caries Experience (TOCE).

Methods

TOCE was calculated as the total number of decayed or filled teeth ever observed. TOCE was compared to dmft, DMFT, and the prevalence of untreated decay using data from a 4‐year, cluster randomized community‐based caries prevention program. Outcomes were analyzed using generalized estimating equations and assessed change over time and effects across treatment groups.

Results

For TOCE and DMFT, the risk of caries over time increased. In contrast, risks decreased for dmft and the prevalence of untreated decay, driven largely by decayed primary teeth being exfoliated. Effects across treatment groups showed increased risk for some outcomes and attenuated risks in others; however, treatment effects for TOCE were more in line with expected results when compared with controls.

Conclusions

TOCE accounts for caries on primary and permanent dentition and is not subject to bias due to exfoliation. It can be used as a robust measure to evaluate community‐based caries prevention programs.
Estimating Spatial Changes Over Time of Arctic Sea Ice using Hidden 2×2 Tables
Authors: Zhang Bohai , Cressie Noel
Published: August 2018

Arctic sea ice extent has been of considerable interest to scientists in recent years, mainly due to its decreasing temporal trend over the past 20 years. In this article, we propose a hierarchical spatio‐temporal generalized linear model for binary Arctic sea‐ice‐extent data, where statistical dependencies in the data are modeled through a latent spatio‐temporal linear mixed effects model. By using a fixed number of spatial basis functions, the resulting model achieves both dimension reduction and non‐stationarity for spatial fields at different time points. An EM algorithm is proposed to estimate model parameters, and an empirical–hierarchical‐modeling approach is applied to obtain the predictive distribution of the latent spatio‐temporal process. We illustrate the accuracy of the parameter estimation through a simulation study. The hierarchical model is applied to spatial Arctic sea‐ice‐extent data in the month of September for 20 years in the recent past, where several posterior summaries are obtained to detect the changes of Arctic sea ice cover. In particular, we consider a time series of latent 2 × 2 tables to infer the spatial changes of Arctic sea ice over time.
Lack of reduction in serum alpha‐fetoprotein during treatment with direct antiviral agents predicts hepatocellular carcinoma development in a large cohort of patients with hepatitis C virus‐related cirrhosis
Authors: Masetti Chiara , Lionetti Raffaella , Lupo Marinella , Siciliano Massimo , Giannelli Valerio , Ponziani Francesca Romana , Teti Elisabetta , Dell'Unto Chiara , Francioso Simona , Brega Arianna , Montalbano Marzia , Visco‐Comandini Ubaldo , Taibi Chiara , Galati Giovanni , Vespasiani Gentilucci Umberto , Picardi Antonio , Andreoni Massimo , Pompili Maurizio , Pellicelli Adriano M. , D'Offizi Gianpiero , Gasbarrini Antonio , De Santis Adriano , Angelico Mario
Published: August 2018

Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis C virus cirrhotic patients treated with direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAA) is still debating. We investigated it in a large cohort. The cohort comprised 1045 cirrhotic patients who completed treatment with DAA, with a median follow‐up of 17.3 months after end of treatment (EOT), including 943 patients without history of HCC and 102 previously treated for HCC. The majority were men (59.9%), with compensated cirrhosis (88.8%), genotype 1b (44.7%). Univariate, multivariate analysis and Kaplan‐Meier curves were performed to detect predictors of HCC in patients with and without reduction in alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) during treatment. SVR12 was 95.6%. HCC developed in 95 (9.9%), including 54 of 943 (5.7%) occurrent and 41 of 102 (39%) recurrent tumours. De novo were more often unifocal (P = 0.01) and curable (P = 0.03). AFP decreased from 16.1 ± 36.2 mg/dL (baseline) to 11.4 ± 55 mg/dL (EOT). At univariate analysis, predictors were a previous HCC, older age, higher model for end‐stage liver disease, prolonged INR, lower platelets, baseline and EOT AFP, virological failure and no reduction in AFP during treatment. Kaplan‐Meier curves showed lower incidence of HCC in patients showing any reduction in AFP (P = 0.001). Those with AFP <6 ng/mL had the lowest risk (P = 0.0002). At logistic regression, platelets (P = 0.009, OR 0.99 CI: 0.99‐1.00), previous HCC (P < 0.000 01, OR: 10.76, 95% CI: 5.89‐19.34) and no reduction in AFP during treatment (P = 0.0005, OR: 2.98, CI: 1.60‐5.54) were independent predictors of HCC. In conclusion, risk of HCC after DAA treatment remains substantial. It is higher among patients with previous HCC, low platelets and without reduction in AFP during treatment.
When I say … computerised adaptive testing
Authors: Collares Carlos Fernando , Cecilio‐Fernandes Dario
Published: August 2018

In this “When I say…” article, the authors define ‘computerized adaptive testing’ by explaining how its application aligns with modern learning theories and could be utilized to better support trainees’ learning
Handling the inpatient's hospital ‘Career’ – Are nurses laying the groundwork for healthy meal and nutritional care transitions?
Authors: Krogh Line H. , Beck Anne Marie , Kristensen Niels H. , Hansen Mette W.
Published: August 2018

This qualitative study examined hospital nurses’ methods in handling meal and nutrition care during inpatient time, with an underlying focus on undernourished older adult. Observations and interviews were used to document nurses’ methods through the span of a transition (defined by an entry, passage, and exit). The study finds inconsistencies in care methods due to institutional processes restricting both mealtime care and nutritional logging of information throughout hospitalization. It is concluded that the consequences of these inconsistencies must be recognized and that new approaches to meals and nutritional care should be introduced in order to provide greater flexibility. Based on the assumption that mobilizing patient resources is pivotal for meal and nutritional care, it is argued that it may be important to mobilize patient resources during mealtime and in nutritional logging of information in order to increase the visibility of meal and nutritional care in patient transitions within the institution and across settings. Both nurses’ methods and institutions developmental initiatives regarding meal and nutritional care need to accommodate the differences between what in this paper is defined as social‐bodily care and text‐based care. This could be met through care methods that take place with, more than for the patient.
Nonpharmacological conservative treatments for chronic functional constipation: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Zheng Hui , Chen Qin , Chen Min , Wu Xi , She Tian‐Wei , Li Juan , Huang De‐Quan , Yue Ling , Fang Jian‐Qiao
Published: August 2018

Background

Patients with functional chronic constipation (CFC) often select nonpharmacological treatments. We aimed to examine the comparative effectiveness of nonpharmacological conservative treatments in treating CFC.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, CINAHL, AMED, ISI web of knowledge, and conference proceedings from January 2000 to June 2016. Randomized controlled trials comparing nonpharmacological conservative treatments with placebo, sham interventions, or conventional treatments were included. Nonpharmacological conservative treatments were defined as interventions without involvement of medication or surgery. We extracted trial data in duplicate and assessed the risk of bias. We pooled continuous data using standard mean differences (SMDs) and binary data using risk ratios (RRs), and we provided their 95% confidence intervals.

Key Results

We included 33 trials (4324 participants and 8 nonpharmacological treatments). Compared with placebo interventions, TENS (SMD 1.60, 95% CI 0.28‐2.92), probiotic (SMD 1.40, 95% CI 0.94‐1.86), and acupuncture (SMD 1.00, 95% CI 0.39‐1.60) had significantly larger effect on stool frequency; acupuncture (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.14‐2.14) had significantly higher responder rate; and moxibustion (SMD 2.50, 95% CI 0.05‐4.95) had significant larger effect on Bristol score. Compared with laxative, acupuncture had significantly larger effect on stool frequency (RR 2.01, 95% CI 1.16‐3.49) and had lower rate of adverse events (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18‐0.80).

Conclusions

TENS and acupuncture relatively ranked the best in managing CFC, but the results should be interpreted with caution due to small study effects. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42014006686.
What Do Wages Add to the Health‐Employment Nexus? Evidence from Older European Workers
Authors: Flores Manuel , Kalwij Adriaan
Published: August 2018

The role of wages in the health‐employment nexus can be important for designing employment policies aimed at older workers with health limitations. We, therefore, estimate the direct effect of health on employment and hours worked and its indirect effect that is mediated through wages using individual‐level panel data from SHARE. The endogeneity of self‐reported health is controlled for by instrumenting it with severe health conditions in a correlated random effects model. For men, we find that the direct effects of health deterioration, as measured by a reduction in health from the 75th to the 50th percentile of the health distribution, are about a 20% point lower employment probability and about 171 fewer hours worked per year. The indirect health effects through wages work in the opposite directions as health positively affects wages and wages negatively affect employment and hours worked. The total effects of this health deterioration amount to a 12% point lower employment probability and 95 fewer hours worked per year. In particular our finding of a large direct health effect on employment suggests an instrumental role for policy aimed at accommodating workers with health limitations to keep them employed at older ages.
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumours: Collaborative study of 32 cases and review of literature
Authors: de Arruda José Alcides A. , Abreu Lucas G. , Silva Leni Verônica de O. , Schuch Lauren F. , Monteiro João Luiz G. C. , Arantes Diego Antônio C. , da Costa Adriana Aparecida S. , Nóbrega Kaio Heide S. , Vasconcelos Ana Carolina U. , de Andrade Bruno Augusto B. , Romañach Mario José , Sobral Ana Paula V. , Rivero Elena R. C. , da Silva Tarcília Aparecida , Batista Aline C. , Mesquita Ricardo A.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To analyse the occurrence of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumours (CEOT) based on biopsy records from different Brazilian geographic regions and to contrast the data with a review of the literature.

Materials and methods

A 2‐step study was conducted. Step 1 consisted of a collaborative study of biopsies obtained from 1953 to 2017 at six Brazilian oral and maxillofacial pathology centres. Evaluation of 86,268 biopsy records was performed. Demographic and histopathological diagnosis data were assessed. In Step 2, a review of the literature of case reports and cases series of CEOT identified across five electronic databases was conducted.

Results

In the collaborative study, 32 cases of CEOT were evaluated. This figure represented 0.03% of the oral and maxillofacial lesions and 1.7% of all odontogenic tumours across the centres. Women in the fourth decade of life were more affected. CEOT occurred more in the mandible than in the maxilla (ratio 1.9:1). The review of the literature showed that Asian individuals were more affected by this neoplasm.

Conclusions

Useful knowledge on the epidemiology, treatment and follow‐up of CEOT has been provided. Demographic data and clinical features of the cases presented in this collaborative study were quite similar to those of studies reported worldwide.
Parents‐in‐law's topic avoidance: Understanding the role of interaction goals and relational characteristics
Authors: Mikucki‐Enyart Sylvia L.
Published: August 2018

Utilizing dual logic from a multiple goals and relational turbulence theory, this study examined parents‐in‐law's interaction goals for topic avoidance with their children‐in‐law. Data from 159 parents‐in‐law revealed that multiple and conflicting goals were associated with parents‐in‐law's topic avoidance. Furthermore, relational parameters (i.e., relational uncertainty and partner influence) were associated with the goals in‐laws pursued. Results augment theorizing on a multiple goals perspective, relational turbulence, and topic avoidance, as well as theoretically ground the study of in‐law communication.
Trichothecene production is detrimental to early root colonization by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum in fusarium crown and root rot of wheat
Authors: Winter M. , Samuels P. L. , Dong Y. , Dill‐Macky R.
Published: August 2018

Fusarium culmorum (Fc) and F. graminearum (Fg) belong to the predominant causal agents of fusarium crown and root rot (FCR) in wheat. While many studies have been done to investigate crown rot, including stem base infection, root colonization and mycotoxin production associated with root rot is not well understood. In this study the impact of mycotoxins on the colonization of wheat roots and stem bases was analysed by using Fc and Fg isolates that varied in both quantity and types of trichothecenes they produce. Seedling inoculations in growth chambers with a high deoxynivalenol (DON)‐ and 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON)‐producing isolate led to more severe symptoms and 20‐times greater colonization of the stem base, as measured by Fc DNA accumulation, than isolates that produced less DON/3ADON. In contrast to stem base colonization, in vitro inoculations of roots with a Tri5 deletion mutant deficient in Fg trichothecene production led to three‐times higher colonization than the wildtype. Furthermore, an Fc isolate that produced low levels of zearalenone resulted in twice the level of colonization of a high DON/3ADON‐producing isolate included in the study. When root inoculation with a low DON/3ADON‐producing Fc isolate was supplemented with exogenous DON, DON production decreased by more than half per unit weight of Fc DNA, and root colonization doubled compared to the untreated control. Therefore, in contrast to its potential role as an aggressiveness factor in stem base infection, trichothecene production by Fc and Fg is detrimental to the early stages of wheat root colonization in FCR.