bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of domainlike rings
Authors: Axtell M. , Forman S. J. , Stickles J.
Published: May 2019

In this paper we will examine properties of and relationships between rings that share some properties with integral domains, but whose definitions are less restrictive. If $R$ is a commutative ring with identity, we call $R$ a \textit{domainlike} ring if all zero-divisors of $R$ are nilpotent, which is equivalent to $(0)$ being primary. We exhibit properties of domainlike rings, and we compare them to presimplifiable rings and (hereditarily) strongly associate rings. Further, we consider idealizations, localizations, zero-divisor graphs, and ultraproducts of domainlike rings.
Generalized Hilbert integral operators on the Herz spaces
Authors: Jichang Kuang
Published: May 2019

This paper gives some necessary and sufficient conditions for the generalized Hilbert integral operators to be bounded on the Herz spaces. The corresponding new operator norm inequalities are obtained.
Some more results on a generalized `useful' R-norm information measure
Authors: Kumar Satish
Published: May 2019

A parametric mean length is defined as the quantity$$ _{R\beta} L_u = \frac{R}{R-1} \Bigg [1 - \sum P_i^\beta \bigg (\frac{u_i}{ \sum u_ip_i^\beta}\bigg )^{\frac{1}{R}} D^{-n_i \Big (\frac{R-1}{R}\Big )}\Bigg ], $$where $R>0$ ($\not=1$), $\sum p_i=1$. This being the useful mean length of code words weighted by utilities, $u_i$. Lower and upper bounds for $_{R\beta} L_u$ are derived in terms of `useful'-R-norm information measure for the incomplete power distribution, $p^\beta$.
Inverse spectral problems for differential operators on a graph with a rooted cycle
Authors: Yurko V.
Published: May 2019

An inverse spectral problem is studied for Sturm-Liouville differential operators on graphs with a cycle and with standard matching conditions in internal vertices. A uniqueness theorem is proved, and a constructive procedure for the solution is provided.
Comments on the KKM theory on hyperconvex metric spaces
Authors: Park Sehie
Published: May 2019

Recent results in the KKM theory on abstract convex spaces and the related multimap classes $\frak{KC}$ and $\frak{KO}$ are applied to deduce generalizations of results on KKM maps in metric spaces in Amini et al. [1] and generalized KKM theorems on hyperconvex metric spaces in Chang et al. [4, 5].
Inverse nodal problems for differential operators on graphs with a cycle
Authors: Freiling G. , Yurko V. A.
Published: May 2019

Inverse nodal problems are studied for second-order differential operators on graphs with a cycle and with standard matching conditions in the internal vertex. Uniqueness theorems are proved, and a constructive procedure for the solution is provided.
History of Endocrine Surgery in Poland
Authors: Pomorski Lech , Mikosiński Paweł
Published: May 2019

The history of endocrine surgery in Poland begun later compared to the rest of the world. The first confirmed endocrine surgeries
in Poland were performed in the XIXth ceuntry. The surgical center in Krakow had a lot of merit in that field, especially surgeons
such as: Mikulicz, Rydygier and their successors. Blooming development began after the II World War – in the 70’s and 80’s of
XX century. Achievements of professors such as Tadeusz Tołłoczko, Witold Rudowski, Kazimierz Rybiński and others and their
successors led to a situation where the state of Polish endocrine surgery is at a world-class level.
Laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy v.s. posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy in the aspect of complete blood count
Authors: Kozłowski Tomasz , Choromańska Barbara , Wojskowicz Piotr , Astapczyk Kamil , Milewski Robert , Dadan Jacek , Myśliwiec Piotr
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Minimally invasive surgery is the gold standard for treatment of benign adrenal tumours up to 7–8 cm in
diameter. Nowadays, two surgical approaches are performed routinely – lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy (LTA) and
posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy (PRA). Both methods are recognized as safe and beneficial for a patient, what can
also prove the statistical analysis in the perioperative period.
Aim: The aim of our work was to compare lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy with posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy
in the aspect of complete blood count.
M aterial and Methods: Patients, who underwent videoscopic adrenalectomy in our Department from 02.2015 to 06.2018,
were prospectively included to the study. The inclusion criteria was the tumour size smaller than 8cm in abdominal CT.
Primary neoplasms were excluded from the study. All surgieres were carried out by one surgeon. Patients were randomized to
PRA or LTA. The blood samples were collected - a day before the surgery, and a day, a week, and a month after the surgery. We
assessed the rate of leucocytes, red blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets in the peripheral blood. Additionally, the volume of
intraoperative blood loss was measured.
Results: 77 videoscopic adrenalectomies were carried out, 33 (42,9%) – LTA, 44 (57,1%) – PRA. The average age of the patients
constituted- LTA – 61.2± 8.3, PRA – 59.3±10.2. Tumour size in LTA – 4 cm, in PRA – 4.1 cm. Adrenal gland adenomas, basing
on postoperative histopathological findings, were most commonly removed tumours in our study: LTA – 82%, PRA – 70%.
Intraoperative blood loss was not significant in both groups. We found differences in red blood cells, leucocytes, hemoglobin and platelets rates in each group, without statistically siginificant difference in both groups.
Conclusion: Basing on our work, both minimally invasive adrenalectomies are not only effective but also safe. There were
not any significant differences in both groups in the aspect of complete blood count. Both approaches – PRA and LTA can be
routinely performed as a treatment of benign adrenal lesions and the choice of the approach depends on surgeon’s experience.
Expansion
Authors: Meconi Honey
Published: May 2019

The expansion of Hildegard’s world and influence is the subject of this chapter. It describes the numerous preaching tours she undertook and her close relationship with Trier, with special attention given to her so-called hymn Mathias sanctus, written for the monastery of St. Eucharius. Also discussed are Hildegard’s connection to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, her theological treatise Liber vite meritorum, her connection with the community at Eibingen, her Explanation of the Athanasian Creed, and the numerous exorcisms she performed. The vitae she wrote for St. Disibod and St. Rupert, and the music composed in their honor (especially the sequence O ierusalem, the antiphon O beata infantia, and the responsory O felix anima), are treated as well.
Liturgy and Shorter Genres
Authors: Meconi Honey
Published: May 2019

The chapter opens with an overview of monastic liturgy in Hildegard’s time, providing an explanation of the Temporale and Sanctorale, Proper and Ordinary texts, the eight daily Offices, and composed chant versus liturgical recitative. Hildegard’s works are then placed in the context of the liturgical year, with anomalies indicated. A survey of the genres she used is followed by discussion of her shorter works: the Kyrie, her forty-three antiphons (with special attention to O tu illustrata), and the eighteen responsories. The norms for each genre are described, including formal expectations, and the ways in which Hildegard’s compositions meet or differ from these norms is indicated.
Assassins against the Old Order
Authors: Pernicone Nunzio , Ottanelli Fraser M.
Published: May 2019

Italian anarchists compiled a formidable record of political assassinations during the 1890s: President Marie François Sadi Carnot of France was killed by Santo Caserio in 1894; Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo of Spain by Michele Angiolillo in 1897; Empress Elizabeth of Austria by Luigi Luccheni in 1898; and King Umberto I of Italy by Gaetano Bresci in 1900. No less important were the unsuccessful assassination attempts committed during the same decade: Paolo Lega against Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi in 1894; and Pietro Acciarito against King Umberto in 1897. This book, through a specific focus on attentats along with attempted and successful acts of political assassination, provides a full-length study of the historical, economic, social, cultural and political conditions, the social conflicts and left-wing politics along with the transnational experiences in Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland and the United States that led to Italian anarchist violence at the end of the 19th century.
Remembering Lattimer
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

Lattimer, Pennsylvania, is the location for one of labor’s forgotten massacres, a result of the xenophobic fears prevalent during the turn of the twentieth century. On September 10, 1897, about four hundred strikers of eastern and southern European descent marched to close the Lattimer colliery. Without warning, the men were fired upon by the local sheriff and his posse. The shooters stood trial for the killing of the protestors and were acquitted. Though Lattimer is one of the largest tragedies in U.S. labor history, a type of amnesia attached to the event, and the massacre has been largely forgotten in the national public memory. Many attempts to memorialize the Lattimer massacre failed, as labor and capital struggled to control memory of the event. Eventually, in 1972, the town erected a monument at the site.
While Lattimer is a lesson about past labor and immigration practices, it is also about the ways in which contemporary communities perceive and deal with new immigrants. Today, northeastern Pennsylvania has experienced a new influx of immigrants from Latin America. Many belonging to the established local population are treating the new immigrants with the same prejudices and distain their own ancestors received several generations ago. Though local reaction to the immigrants reflects the larger national dialogue on immigration, there are those who struggle to change the anti-immigration rhetoric.
Introduction
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

Toward the middle of 1897, the UMW (United Mine Workers), later known as the UMWA (United Mine Workers of America), began a strategic push to enroll members in the union in the anthracite region of northeastern Pennsylvania. During several weeks of protest and strikes in mid-August and early September 1897, union leaders began organizing many of the foreign-born, unnaturalized workers in and around Hazleton, Pennsylvania, one of the largest coal industry and commercial support centers in the region. Ironically, earlier that year the UMWA was instrumental in convincing state legislators to pass an anti-immigrant bill that would tax employers for each non-U.S. citizen worker on their payroll. In turn, the coal companies deducted this tax from the workers’ salaries....
Turning the Corner
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

Reviving the memory of Lattimer continues to be a local endeavor. In 2011, an archaeological survey at the massacre site found evidence related to the conflict. The following year brought the first of an annual ecumenical service at the site. Hazleton is now portrayed in the media as an economic success story, with recently arrived Latinos opening businesses in the city and contributing to the city’s tax base. NGOs, like Hazleton One, have developed to serve the new immigrant community, because the city of Hazleton is unable to provide for all of its citizens’ needs. In general, the memory of Lattimer and its association with the new immigrants is now being portrayed in a positive light, recognizing the hard-working immigrant of the past and the present.
Centering “Nontraditional” Lives
Authors: Stewart Pamela
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents the nontraditional path taken by its author, the 2001 Catherine Prelinger Award recipient, as she completed her PhD. Summarized in the phrase, “From Mormon Wife to Feminist Life,” the essay integrates self-discovery with dissertation research on working women during the revolutionary 1871 Paris Commune, which introduced her to André Léo’s statement, used in the title. Discovering women’s history and the scholarship of mentors such as the lesbian feminist theorist Monique Wittig and the historian Rachel G. Fuchs encouraged persistence and an avid dedication to teaching. The essay outlines her continuing research on subjects who defied limits traditionally placed on women and girls, including the athlete and educator Ina E. Gittings (1885-1966).
From Women and Work to Climate Change Activism
Authors: Dicaprio Lisa
Published: May 2019

The chapter explains how the author’s political activism in the 1970s and 1980s, including the cofounding of Chicago Women in Trades, which began as a support group for women carpenters, and structural changes in the academy in the 2000s framed the three main phases of a nontraditional path to and within academia. The journey has included focused work on women, work, and social welfare during the French Revolution, human rights and international justice, and sustainability literacy and climate change activism. The 2002 Catherine Prelinger Award allowed travel to the Balkans to carry out research and produce a public history photographic exhibit on the international campaign for justice for the survivors of the genocide in Srebrenica.
Learning to Unlearn from a White Southern Childhood
Authors: Fosl Catherine
Published: May 2019

This autobiographical chapter explores the author’s white southern childhood during the 1960s, particularly her troubling encounters with race and racism, through the lens of school desegregation. Beginning with a sketch of the four grandparents who raised her in rural Georgia, the piece traces an unconventional path into higher education that, although positive, yielded increasing cognitive dissonance about the conflicting messages about race, gender, class, and nation from her upbringing. The process of resolving this dissonance transformed her into a feminist, antiracist historian with radically different values and mentors than her family of origin had provided.
Swimming against the Currents
Authors: Rupert Linda M.
Published: May 2019

This essay reflects on how the author’s wide-ranging experiences in the Peruvian Andes and the Caribbean shaped both her indirect path to the academy and her research interests. Her own and her family’s migrations throughout the twentieth century, coupled with the current world refugee crisis, have especially influenced her historical perspective on her current project. As she traces the routes and experiences of runaway Caribbean slaves who crossed political borders in search of freedom, she has come to see fugitive slaves as belonging to a wider story of refugees and asylum seekers throughout human history—one in which women have played a central and often under-recognized role.
“Her Ladder Has But One Rung”
Authors: Green Midori V.
Published: May 2019

The author, raised by a single mother who worked as a secretary, documents in this chapter her struggles to earn a college degree while also working full-time in an office. Continuing on to pursue a doctoral degree in art history, she finds her passion exploring the visual and cultural history of female clerical workers in the United States, only to be sidelined by illness and a failing economy. Returning once more to office work, but still pursuing her research interests, she shares here her experiences and observations about women’s ongoing challenges in the workplace, offering a unique perspective as both historian and subject.
Relationship with Land in Anishinaabeg Womxn’s Historical Research
Authors: Christine Sy Waaseyaa’sin
Published: May 2019

This essay makes meaning of Indigenous relationship with land and the embodied knowledges this relationship generates. Investigating historical and epistemological aspects of Anishinaabeg womxn’s relationship with the sugar bush, the groundwork for considering “relationship with land” as method and theory is laid out in six sections: research context, meanings of “land,” Anishinaabeg principles of relationship, Anishinaabeg relationship with land as a construct, researcher’s personal story of relationship with land, and use of creative voice to convey the ways embodied land-based knowledges in research shape analysis of archival research. Told in the first person, this essay builds from methodologies in Indigenous Ssudies and Indigenous womxn’s history. It contributes to the generation of new methods and theories that elucidate Indigenous womxn’s lives across historical periods.
Afterword
Authors: Chaudhuri Nupur
Published: May 2019

The epilogue reviews the eighteen essays in the context of the meaning of the Catherine Prelinger Award to nontraditional women historians.
Disruption in Detroit
Authors: Clark Daniel J
Published: May 2019

It is conventional wisdom that because of lucrative contracts negotiated by the United Auto Workers (UAW) under Walter Reuther's leadership, most autoworkers in the U.S. enjoyed steady work, increasing wages, and improved benefits in the postwar boom following World War II. In short, autoworkers entered the middle class. In contrast, this book argues that for Detroit autoworkers there was no postwar boom. Instead, the years from 1945 to 1960 were dominated by job instability and economic insecurity. This argument is based largely on oral history interviews and research in local newspapers, which covered the auto industry extensively. Conditions were worse for African Americans and white women, but almost all autoworkers experienced precarious, often dire circumstances. Recessions, automation, decentralization, and the collapse of independent automakers in Detroit are part of the story, but materials shortages, steel, coal, and copper strikes, parts supplier strikes, wildcat strikes, overproduction (especially in 1955), hot weather, cold weather, plant explosions, age, race, and gender workplace discrimination, and the inability of autoworkers to afford new cars contributed to instability and insecurity. Hardly anyone in the 1950s—whether ordinary autoworkers, union leaders, auto company executives, business analysts, or local shopkeepers—thought that the decade was marked by steady work, improving wages, or anything resembling predictable income for autoworkers.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

The introduction assesses the historiography of U.S. autoworkers and the United Auto Workers (UAW) in the post-WWII era, explains the methodology, especially the use of oral history and local newspapers as sources, and previews the argument that ordinary autoworkers in Detroit experienced the years from 1945-60 as an era of instability and insecurity, not as a postwar boom. This argument runs counter to most of the historical literature about the period.
The Nadir, 1958
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

In 1958, conditions in Detroit’s auto industry went from bad to worse. Unemployment often exceeded 15 percent, easily double the national rate. Rampant inflation made things worse. Well over 250,000 Detroiters were out of work most of the year, and for several months more than 300,000 were jobless. UAW contracts with automakers expired that summer, but unlike in 1955, during the 1958 recession the union had no leverage to combat layoffs. Nevertheless, many business leaders insisted that autoworkers had it too good. Desperate times also brought a resurgence of scapegoating, particularly targeting married women autoworkers. Skilled workers were especially upset, as two-thirds of them were laid off by late 1958. Industry forecasts predicted a grim future
Conclusion
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

Job instability and economic insecurity dominated the experiences of Detroit autoworkers during the first fifteen years of the postwar boom, its supposed heyday. Moreover, there was no consistent body of people who could be classified as autoworkers during these years. Tens of thousands of people periodically entered and left auto work, with the timing often not of their own choosing. It is not clear to what extent these workers, especially the emerging majority of younger ones, considered themselves to be primarily autoworkers at all. The myth of the postwar boom for autoworkers persists for many reasons, including over-reliance on aggregate economic data and nostalgia for a time when Detroit was more prosperous and the UAW had a degree of power and influence.
“Girls are the most powerful force of change on the planet.”
Authors: Switzer Heather D.
Published: May 2019

The Introduction, “Situating Schoolgirlhood,” introduces readers to the local context of the case-study communities in Kajiado County, Kenya, and elaborates key concepts, including inhabited agency, girl-effects logic, and gendered responsibility and obligation. The chapter argues for the relevance of “postfeminism” and “girlpower”—concepts derived through analysis of girls’ lives in the Global North— for understanding Kenyan Maasai schoolgirls’ compelling insights that trouble the reductive demographic notion of “a girl enrolled in school” that animates development discourse targeting girls’ lives for intervention and investment. By tracing the outlines of “schoolgirlhood” as a specific kind of gendered and generational cultural space for girls who go to school, the introduction foreshadows subsequent chapters that each elaborate aspects of schoolgirlhood as narrated by schoolgirls, mothers, and teachers.
Forró, or Bread and Circuses
Authors: Silvers Michael B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the cost of Carnival celebrations in an era of economic austerity due to drought and economic crisis. In 2014, ’15, and ’16, an ongoing drought of historic magnitude led the Ceará governor to redirect state monies intended for Carnival and other music-related celebrations to more urgent drought-relief efforts. Is music as vital as water? In the context of national economic crisis and massive drought, this chapter suggests that electronic forró’s continued dominance points to the increasing neoliberalization of culture in Brazil in the wake of social successes for the Workers’ Party and a period of optimistic and ambitious cultural policy.
Latter-day Saint Re-Interest in Nauvoo
Authors: Esplin Scott C.
Published: May 2019

While the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints utilized the Smith family properties in Nauvoo, Illinois, their religious siblings in the American West, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism), maintained a fascination of their own with their former home. This chapter examines the Mormons’ slow return to the area in the early twentieth century, first as visitors to familial sites and later through the acquisition of significant properties, including the nearby Carthage Jail and the Nauvoo temple lot. It examines initial forays into commemoration, including cooperation with the Reorganized Church in the building of a memorial, but the conflict that eventually ensued over rival interpretations, especially as rumors circulated regarding the reconstruction of Nauvoo’s temple.
Alice in Pornoland
Authors: Marks Laura Helen
Published: May 2019

This book argues that pornographic film relies on a particular "Victorianness" in generating eroticism—a Gothic Victorianness that is monstrous and restrained, repressed but also perverse, static but also transformative, and preoccupied with gender, sexuality, race, and time. Pornographic films enthusiastically expose the perceived hypocrisy of this Victorianness, rhetorically equating it with mainstream, legitimate culture, as a way of staging pornography’s alleged sexual authenticity and transgressive nature. Through an analysis of porn set during the nineteenth century and porn adaptations of Lewis Carroll’s Alice books, Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, and Bram Stoker’s Dracula, this book shows how these adaptations expose the implicit pornographic aspects of “legitimate” culture while also revealing the extent to which “high” and “low” genres rely on each other for self-definition. In the process, neo-Victorian pornographies draw on Gothic spaces and icons in order to situate itself as this Gothic other, utilizing the Gothic and the monstrous to craft a transformative, pornographic space. These neo-Victorian Gothic pornographies expose the way the genre as a whole emphasizes, navigates, transgresses, and renegotiates gender, sexuality, and race through the lens of history and legacy.
Strange Legacies of Thought and Passion
Authors: Marks Laura Helen
Published: May 2019

Meanwhile, adaptations of Oscar Wilde’s queer classic The Picture of Dorian Gray extend and elaborate on explorations of the double by explicitly invoking histories of sexual representation in connection to the sensual qualities of technology and nostalgia. In chapter 5, “`Strange Legacies of Thought and Passion’: Technologies of the Flesh and the Queering Effect of Dorian Gray,” I continue my analysis of the relationship between pornography, legacy, doubles, and technology through a close examination of two films based on Wilde’s novel: Take Off (1976) and Gluttony (2001). More than any other text, Dorian Gray engenders pornographic engagement with erotic legacy and the role of technology in the erotics of representation. Like Wilde’s novel, these films interrogate beauty and mortality, haunted at the margins by Wilde’s tragic fate and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Drawing on Wilde’s magic portrait as a predecessor, Take Off and Gluttony ruminate on mortality and relate it to the sensual, tactile qualities of evolving, mobile visual technologies and the role these technologies play in sexual subjectivity. Pornographic film, Weston and West suggest, is the inheritor to Wilde’s portrait. Both films draw on Wilde’s tale in order to address the media on which the self is captured, the shifting technologies used to exhibit this self, and the relationship of technology and media to the corporeal body. Through their reimagining of histories of Hollywood and pornographic film, respectively, Take Off and Gluttony signal the affective relationship between technology, pornography, decay, and popular culture, tracing a hardcore sexual history of the self that constitutes a sexual lineage.
True People, Foreigners, and the Framing of Maya Morality
Authors: Scherer Andrew K. , Golden Charles , houston Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores ancient Maya understandings of identity, belonging, how they defined themselves, and how they contrasted that against people who they perceived as foreign or “other.” The essay begins with a brief overview of concepts of otherness evident in the ethnographic literature. It then juxtaposes modern concepts of the foreign with those at the time of the conquest in order to consider what understandings of otherness have deep roots in Maya worldview. This essay then turns to discourses on otherness and foreigners as apparent in the iconography of the Classic period (AD 250–900). This discussion is further complemented by consideration of evidence for shared group practices as materialized in ceramic styles, mortuary patterns, cranial modification, and art and architectural styles. The chapter concludes with a discussion of depiction of foreigners in Classic period art.
Human Migration and Ethnic Expression in the Southeastern Borderland of Mesoamerica
Authors: Suzuki Shintaro , Tiesler Vera , Price T. Douglas
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses human migration and multiethnicity in Copan, a Maya archaeological site in modern Honduras. A broad skeletal sample from the site has been studied through basic osteology, mortuary archaeology, and archaeochemistry (stable isotope analysis). The combined results show that the ancient city had a significant number of immigrants from all over the Maya Area. There was no sex or age related distinction, nor socioeconomic exclusivity, among these immigrants. In such a multiethnic city, biocultural body modifications, like dental decorations and intentional head shaping, were indicative of their social identities, especially “Mayahood.” The dynamic changes of these biocultural attributes at spatial and chronological scales are evidence of shifting social identities at the southeastern borderland of the Maya Area.
Black Self-Emancipation, Gradual Emancipation, and the Underground Railroad in the Northern Colonies and States, 1763–1804
Authors: Hodges Graham Russell Gao
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the extent, meaning, and impact of enslaved African-American flight during the era of the American Revolution. Its temporal boundaries range roughly from 1763, the onset of Revolutionary activities and discourses, to state-level “First Emancipation,” to the last act of Gradual Emancipation in New Jersey in 1804. Geographically, the article covers the Atlantic seaboard colonies and later states. The chapter argues that black self-emancipation via flight—including individual actions but also the mass movements of the Revolutionary Black Loyalists—was the single greatest method for enslaved people to gain freedom in this rapidly changing political landscape. Slave flight indeed had a profound impact on that landscape and affected American construction of slave laws during the Revolutionary Era.
The Underground Railroad in “Indian Country”
Authors: Finkenbine Roy E.
Published: May 2019

From the establishment of the Greenville Treaty Line in 1795 to Wyandot removal in 1843, northwest Ohio constituted a “land apart” from the waves of white settlement that overwhelmed the eastern part of the Old Northwest. Native Americans—primarily Shawnee, Ottawa, and Wyandot—constituted the dominant population there, in what was often referred to as “Indian Country.” This region lay astride the primary northbound routes traversed by fugitive slaves from Kentucky, western Virginia, and beyond, heading to Canada via the Detroit River borderland or the western half of Lake Erie, and freedom seekers were frequently assisted by Native Americans. This chapter explores two regions in particular. One is the stretch of Ottawa villages along the Maumee River, where runaways were welcomed and protected, then taken to Fort Malden, Upper Canada, each year when Ottawa warriors went to receive their annual payment of goods for fighting on the British side during the War of 1812. The other is the Wyandot Grand Reserve at Upper Sandusky, which sponsored a maroon village of fugitive slaves called Negro Town for four decades. These two case studies serve as a point of departure for arguing that “Indian Country” was a unique space of freedom.
Wavering in Delight
Authors: Drizou Myrto
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, Drizou argues that Theodore Dreiser’s novel Sister Carrie (1900) questions the rationalization of modern progress by depicting the turn of the century as a moment that wavers between the urgent incalculability of the future and the conventional knowledge of the past, embodied in the two main plotlines of the novel: Carrie’s hasty anticipation of the future and Hurstwood’s steady retreat to the past. For many scholars, the intersecting plotlines of Sister Carrie suggest the contrasting narratives of progress and decline that confirm the irreversibility of fate in turn-of-the-century naturalist texts. Dreiser complicates the teleology of this model, however, by dramatizing the temporal unpredictability of evolutionary tropes (change, adaptability, and chance) to illustrate wavering as a mode that allows his characters to measure their options and remain open to the future. This wavering mode furnishes a new paradigm of thinking about the fin de siècle as an incalculably open jangle that welcomes (and embodies) the resistance to rationalized discourses of modernity. In this sense, Dreiser’s novel prompts us to question and rethink our contemporary processes of rationalization, such as the standardization of knowledge through period-based models of teaching and temporally restrictive paradigms of scholarship.
Boarding School Poetry, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, and the Demands of Americanization Poetics and Politics at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Stanciu Cristina
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the under-examined corpus of Carlisle poetry, viewing it as a vital archive for theorizing the role of the American Indian intellectual tradition in negotiating Americanization discourses at the turn of the twentieth century. Materials published in newspapers and magazines at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania (1879–1918) include “Carlisle poetry,” which encompasses original poetry by Native American students, reprints of poems by Indian authors, poems by school personnel, and poems by well-known American authors. This poetry, along with the letters and articles published in Carlisle newspapers and magazines, is complicit with the ideological underpinnings of the institution’s ambitious goals of “making” Indian students into Americans, even as elements of this literature critique the Americanization that Carlisle boarding school demanded of its students.
Exploring the Technology and Meaning behind Early Ceramic Figurines from the Casma Valley, Peru
Authors: Pozorski Shelia , Pozorski Thomas
Published: May 2019

The Sechín Alto Polity, centered in the Casma Valley on the north coast of Peru, constructed the largest mound structures in the New World during the Initial Period (2100–1000 B.C.). The polity united at least six inland sites and three coastal satellites into a political and economically cooperative unit within which different sites and different monumental structures had distinct, but complementary, functions. Prominent among the artifacts that define the Sechín Alto Polity are ceramic figurines. Examples are consistently from domestic or residential contexts; most (more than 350 fragments) were recovered from Sechín Alto site, the polity capital, where they were likely manufactured. Iconography within Andean archaeology of the figurines connects them with warrior figures and victims depicted in the Cerro Sechín stone carvings and by extension with anthropomorphic friezes that adorn the temple mound of Moxeke within the Sechín Alto Polity. These data suggest that the Casma figurines may represent distinct groups of people who in turn reflected sacred vs. secular aspects of Casma Valley society.
Inner Speech as a Gramophone Record
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: May 2019

In Jean Rhys’s fiction, advertisements, songs, books, and voices of others impinge upon the interior monologues of her characters. In particular, the popular songs that are integrated into Rhys’s first-person novels enhance the auditory nature of her interior monologues. Yet, while the songs referenced in Voyage in the Dark (1934) and Good Morning, Midnight (1939) sometimes foster automatic responses and clichéd understandings for her narrators, they can also instill a sense of defiance and comfort, making music one of the few channels for a momentary sense of fulfillment and expression. By surveying Rhys’s depiction of popular gramophone recordings and their Bohemian associations in her short stories, this chapter reveals how Rhys crafts and commodifies a bohemian voice in her novels, which sounds out the dialectical relationship between a middle-class public with an appetite for lurid tales of the underbelly of society and so-called bohemians, who pushed the boundaries of individuality and freedom.
History of the Anthracite Region, 1830 to 1897
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 provides a historical context of the Anthracite region against the background of industrialization, modernity, and mass immigration. In this chapter the development of the anthracite industry is inextricably linked to broader historical contingencies. Global depressions, political developments, and mass migrations shaped the social and economic patterns in the region.
Labor Politics in Latin America
Authors: Posner Paul W. , Patroni Viviana , Mayer Jean François
Published: May 2019

Labor Politics in Latin America assesses the capacity of working-class organizations to represent and advance working people’s demands in the era of globalization and neoliberalism, in which capital has reasserted its power on a global scale. The book’s premise is that the longer-term sustainability of development strategies for the region is largely connected to the capacity of working-class organizations to secure a fairer distribution of the gains from growth through labor legislation reform. Its analysis suggests the need to take into consideration the wider structural changes that reconfigured the political maps of the countries examined (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela), for example, globalization and its impact on democratic transformation in the region, operating within longer time frames. It is precisely this wider structural analysis and historical narrative that allows the book’s case studies to show that, even in the uncovering of substantial variation, what becomes evident in the study of Latin America over the last three decades is the overwhelming reality that for most workers in the region, labor reform—or the lack thereof —in essence increased precarity and informality and weakened labor movements.
Labor Market Flexibility, Employment, and Inequality
Authors: Posner Paul W.
Published: May 2019

Flexibility proponents assert that rigid Latin American labor markets impede economic expansion and job growth; they advocate reforming labor codes through increased flexibility. Critics argue that heightened labor flexibility exacerbates inequality without expanding employment. From this perspective, precarious employment and inequality are remedied by strengthening labor’s bargaining power. Chile’s maintenance of flexible labor reforms since the Pinochet dictatorship make it appropriate for evaluating these competing perspectives. Based on flexibility proponents’ predictions, we should expect increased formal sector employment over time, particularly among the least skilled Chilean workers, as well as reduced wage inequality. Yet the rate of unemployment among least-skilled workers in Chile remains essentially unchanged since the democratic transition, as does income inequality. These conditions persist despite a highly flexible labor market. Thus, Chile’s continued adherence to a flexibilized labor market should be understood not in terms of its capacity to reduce inequality or generate employment. Rather, it should be understood as the product of several interrelated factors: (1) the business sector’s ability to protect its interests; (2) the Concertación’s conscious limitation of threats to the business sector’s interests; and (3) the weakness of organized labor, resulting from the perpetuation of the Pinochet-era labor regime.
The Impact of Regime Change and Economic Restructuring on Mexico’s Labor Relations, 1988–2012
Authors: Mayer Jean François
Published: May 2019

Despite Mexico’s economic restructuring to a market-based model and its transition to democracy, two processes that should have yielded changes in labor legislation and the practice of labor relations, neither significant flexibilization of the labor code nor democratization of labor relations occurred between 1988 and 2012. Analysis of Mexico during this period indicates that this high degree of continuity is mainly attributable to the specific configuration taken by the country’s neoliberal economic model. This configuration generated a structure of incentives for political and labor elites to favor the persistence of non-democratic patterns of labor relations and to leave the country’s labor legislation essentially untouched.
Conclusion
Authors: Posner Paul W. , Patroni Viviana , Mayer Jean François
Published: May 2019

The conclusion summarizes the case study findings from the book’s individual chapters while drawing more general lessons from comparative analysis of these case studies. In addition, the chapter proposes an agenda for future research. With regard to general trends observed on the basis of comparative analysis, the chapter identifies the pervasiveness of four negative, interrelated trends that cut across the book’s five case studies: (1) the adoption of labor flexibility practices, which increased the precariousness of labor; (2) the continued vulnerability of national economies to global competition and boom/bust cycles; (3) with the exception of Brazil, the significant weakening of party/union ties, leaving organized labor without strong, reliable political allies to help advance its interests; and (4) the internal fragmentation and attendant lack of efficacy of labor organizations in promoting positive reforms such as reducing flexibilization and increasing collective bargaining. Topics for future study include research to better understand intraregional migration, the relationship between economic growth and employment in Latin America, investigation into the conditions necessary to establish democratic unionism, and the role of politically targeted social welfare assistance in cultivating support among informal workers and thereby mitigating the need to build support from organized labor.
Initial Northern Iroquoian Coalescence
Authors: Birch Jennifer , Williamson Ronald F.
Published: May 2019

Northern Iroquoian societies experienced two phases of community coalescence, one in the thirteenth century, which brought semi-sedentary populations together into the first true villages, and a second phase two centuries later that created large palisaded settlements. This chapter is primarily concerned with the first wave of village formation and the changes in social organization and gender and power relations that accompanied the transition to sedentism. This included more formalized decision-making at the village level as well as the development of recursive entanglements between regional networks defined by kin- and clan-based relations and materialized through ritual and mortuary programs. We argue that transformations in the social and physical labor performed by males and females at the village and regional levels is key to understanding this transition.
Forensic Perspectives on Massacres in Prehistoric and Historic Central California
Authors: Pilloud Marin A. , Schwitalla Al W.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 examines mass graves from multiple archaeological sites in central California in order to study larger patterns of massacres. These prehistoric cases of violence are then compared with modern examples in order to look for patterns of behavior. The results demonstrate that, although most mass graves contain only adult males, when adult females are present children are also included. They also show the variability in terms of numbers of victims in mass graves, with a range of one victim to hundreds of victims. For the prehistoric central California mass graves, the number of victims tends to be small, indicating that these represent victims of intergroup violence that are not related to religious or ethnic differences.
Migrant Death and Identification
Authors: Latham Krista E. , O’Daniel Alyson , Maiers Justin
Published: May 2019

Chapter 11 explores undocumented migrant deaths on the U.S.-Mexico border. Recent changes to border policies have led to an increase in migrant deaths. In order to make sense of this humanitarian crisis, political economic theory that considers power and structural inequalities is applied. A careful review demonstrates how, coupled with historical trajectories in Latin America, the rise of neoliberalism has led to increases in social inequality and violence, resulting in increased migration as the oppressed flee in the hopes of finding a different life. Due to the dangerous conditions encountered along the journey, many migrants die every year attempting to find this new life.
Conclusion
Authors: Harrod Ryan P.
Published: May 2019

The final chapter explores the theme of the volume and the contributions of the individual chapters to bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology. First, a review of the history of the meaning of the word massacre is presented. This is followed by a thoughtful discussion of the contributions of the chapters in this volume towards forming a better understanding of violence and massacres.
Global and Local Phallic Creativity
Authors: Hunt Pamela
Published: May 2019

Feng Tang 馮唐‎ (born 1971) is a self-proclaimed ‘audacious’ author whose work has been described as highly ‘masculine’. This chapter considers Feng’s construction of masculinity in his writing and in his own behaviour as a public figure, focusing in particular on Feng’s repeated reference to other writers and texts, both Chinese and Western. It suggests that the significance of this transnational intertextuality lies in Feng’s attempt to construct and perform a cosmopolitan form of manhood that draws on local and non-local models, and which is literary, subversive, and virile. Despite his reputation for renegade innovation, however, Feng ultimately returns masculinity to the centre of a global literary space, placing women in a marginalized position.
Evolving Institutions and Declining Chinese Influence in Myanmar
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the effects of the evolution of political institutions in Myanmar on Sino-Burmese relations. The chapter argues that this case stands as particularly powerful evidence for the book’s thesis; as the Burmese regime liberalized, opposition to Chinese influence, previously boiling under a lid of authoritarianism, bubbled to the surface. This has resulted in a weakening of the bonds between governments that had long been “blood brothers.” The chapter shows that under the ruling SPDC, the Chinese could rely on close government-to-government ties to gain support on important issues, such as China’s South China Sea claims, and Chinese firms could rely on politically-connected Burmese “cronies” to secure approval for and protection of their investments. Political reforms beginning in 2011 that witnessed the end to decades-long military rule saw a concomitant plunge in Chinese investment in Myanmar and delays and even cancellations of major projects by Chinese SOEs in Myanmar, such as the Letpadaung Copper Mine and the Myitsone Hydropower Project. The chapter concludes that the Myanmar case illustrates that the evolution of the political “rules of the game” in China’s bilateral partner are a form of political risk for China and its firms.
Introduction
Authors: Schak David C.
Published: May 2019

A 1963 op-ed piece in the ruling party newspaper by an American graduate student listing incivilities and breaches of public morality became a call to develop civility in Taiwan that almost immediately spurred the formation by two university students of the China Youth Self-Awareness Movement. It was active for several years, recruiting youths to encourage civil behavior in society, but it was disbanded in 1969 when one of its leaders was arrested for rebellion. This chapter defines and operationalizes civility as it is perceived in Taiwan and China and how it will be applied in this book and enumerates the behaviors regarded as uncivil, noting also that, after Taiwan began its democratization process, its level of civility manifestly increased. It also explains the methodology and sources of information used in the study and outlines the chapters.
Contemplating the Role of the Ethnic Chinese
Authors: Chong Wu-Ling
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains the objectives, theoretical framework, literature review, scope of research, methods of research, and chapterisation of this study. This study adopts a combination of Anthony Giddens’s structure-agency theory as well as Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of habitus and field as a framework for examining the strategies and tactics that Chinese Indonesians adopt to safeguard their business and personal interests as well as their ethnic and cultural identities in the post-Suharto era. Medan and Surabaya were selected as field sites for this study because both cities are economically and politically significant. Moreover, there are certain interesting contrasts in regard to their Chinese populations. The methods used in this research are library research, individual interviews, and participant observation.