bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflict in the Churches
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

The “abuse crisis” was not inevitable. The individual cases could have been interpreted in a manner more sympathetic to the institutional churches, and the media need not have accepted the extremely high estimates of clerical misconduct advanced by certain authorities. The atmosphere of belief and acceptance had to some extent been created by the general concern over child abuse during the previous decade, but specific concerns about the churches were enhanced by the vigorous debates then in progress within the religious bodies themselves, and especially the Catholic church. In the furor over abuse by Catholic clergy, several major themes emerged recurrently: the authoritarian nature of the church and its hierarchy; the special privileges accorded to priests; the apparent neglect of the interests of children and women; and an ambiguous and hypocritical attitude toward sexuality. As Jeffrey Anderson argued, “The real scandal is not that there’s exploitation by clergy. It’s the mendacity, the duplicity, the complicity, the ignorance and the indifference of the hierarchy.”‘ All these issues and allegations had been under intense discussion within Catholic circles for two decades before the Gauthe case, from which they now acquired an urgent focus. At precisely the time that the abuse cases came to light, the Catholic church was embroiled in a series of bitter struggles about such matters as the balance of lay and clerical power in the church, the power of the hierarchy and the special role of the clergy, and gender concerns.
Meanings and Directions
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

The construction of the clergy-abuse problem can be approached in a number of ways. The issue’s origins can be traced to the interplay of various interest groups, who made effective use of opportunities arising from developments in the mass media and the legal environment. However, the whole affair also illustrates deeper structural changes in American society that have had a profound impact upon religious thought, and the effects are likely to continue in future years. Perceptions of a crisis over clergy abuse suggest how far the particular charges violated powerful new sensibilities and value systems. Public outcry reflects a fundamental shift away from traditional attitudes toward religious authority, in the direction of secular standards more in keeping with liberal and feminist beliefs. The specific instance of clergy abuse may thus foreshadow other problems and crises that will be experienced by American churches in the next decade or so. In terms of the Catholic church, the practical and ideological effects are likely to be devastating for traditional structures.
From Penitence to Charity
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

Between Penitence and Charity analyzes female penitents and the revival of Catholic institutions and spirituality that produced a stunning burst of religious construction during the French wars of religion. Diefendorf argues that the spiritual imperatives of self-mortification and renunciation of will that lay at the heart of this penitential piety profoundly influenced not just those with religious careers but also the behavior of devout lay women.
Women in the New Jerusalem
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

In later life, Barbe Acarie was wont to reminisce about her experience in Paris during the six-year period when the city, having rebelled against its king, was dominated by the ultra-Catholic coalition of the Holy League. Referring specifically to the spring and summer of 1590, when the royal army of Henri de Navarre held Paris under siege, she called this period “a golden age, when people didn’t think about eating or drinking but only about turning to God.” “She had never been happier,” she recalled, “or felt more contentment.” Most people recalled the siege in very different terms. Memoirist Pierre de L’Estoile described a horrifying descent into famine and fear, a time when bones from the city’s cemeteries were ground into flour to stretch the insufficient grain, when the poor ate the raw flesh of dead dogs they found in the streets or chewed on the hides of mules that had been sold for meat. L’Estoile even claimed that, two or three days before the siege was lifted, soldiers in the city, crazy with hunger, began to chase after little children in the streets and slaughtered and ate three of them.
The Contemplative Revival
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

The founding of the Carmelite, Capucine, and Ursuline convents marked the beginnings of a new enthusiasm for religious life that touched off a blaze of construction in Paris. Between 1604 and 1650, at least forty-eight new religious houses for women—more than one a year—were erected. Some began and remained small and poor, particularly among those founded in the late 1630s by nuns fleeing cities endangered by the Thirty Years War, but others were large and prosperous foundations that cost hundreds of thousands of livres. Along with the approximately two dozen religious houses for men established during the same period, these new congregations transformed the urban environment of Paris and its spiritual geography as well. The circumstances surrounding their creation and the new opportunities they offered pious women form the subject of this chapter and the two that follow.
Blackface and Blackness: The Minstrel Show in American Culture
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

In the theatrical world, as in the aesthetic world more generally, ideology is always in essence the site of a competition and a struggle in which the sound and fury of humanity’s political and social struggles are faintly or sharply echoed.
Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

Nasr examines the life and thought of Mawlana Mawdudi, one of the first and most important Islamic ideological thinkers. Mawdudi was the first to develop a modern political Islamic ideology, and a plan for social action to realize his vision. The prolific writings and indefatigable efforts of Mawdudi's party, the Jamaat-i-Islami, first in India and later in Pakistan, have disseminated his ideas far and wide. His views have informed revivalism from Morocco to Malaysia. Nasr discerns the events that led Mawdudi to a revivalist perspective, and probes the structure of his thought, in order to gain fresh insights into the origins of Islamic revivalism. He argues that Islamic revivalism did not simply develop as a cultural rejection of the West, rather it was closely tied to questions of communal politics and its impact on identity formation, discourse of power in plural societies, and nationalism. Mawdudi's discourse, though aimed at the West, was motivated by Muslim-Hindu competition for power in British India. His aim, according to Nasr, was to put forth a view of Islam whose invigorated, pristine, and uncompromising outlook would galvanize Muslims into an ideologically uniform and hence politically indivisible community. In time, this view developed a life of its own and evolved into an all-encompassing perspective on society and politics, and has been a notable force in South Asia and Muslim life and thought across the Muslim world.
The Islamic State
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

At a glance, Mawdudi’s conception of the Islamic state and his views on the place of Islam in politics appear to be a modernization of the classical doctrine of the caliphate. On closer examination, however, it appears that he was less concerned about the caliphate and more about the problems of enforcing the writ of the din while at the same time running a modem state. His principal intellectual challenge was to devise a state that would encompass his concept of the true Islamic community. For him, enforcement of the din and managing the state were ineluctably tied to one another.
Gestures
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

IN THE SPRING AND summer of 1937 Roosevelt felt under continuing pressure to cure the “disease” of war. British, French, German, Italian, and Belgian leaders separately urged him to take the initiative for peace. Such proposals came to him all the time, he told the press in July. Since there was nobody abroad who could provide effective leadership, people were looking “for somebody outside of Europe to come forward with a hat and a rabbit in it. \,,Yell,” he said, “ ... I haven’t got a hat and I haven’t got a rabbit in it.”Despite his admission, he felt obliged to respond. As during the first months of 1937, he continued to make suggestions, invite conversations, and entertain proposals that might reverse the downward trend. In April he had returned to his idea of eliminating all but defensive weapons, privately asking Berlin if it would have any interest in this plan. In June he had invited Neville Chamberlain, who had become British Prime Minister in May, to come to Washington for conversations which could “pre pare the way for a broader move to establish more healthy conditions in the world.” In Chamberlain, Roosevelt saw someone who would spare no effort for peace. Considered the “ablest and most forceful” of Baldwin’s Ministers, Chamberlain was known for his conviction that he comprehended “the whole field of Europe and indeed the world .... His all pervading hope was to go down to history as the Great Peacemaker; and for this he was prepared to strive continually in the teeth of facts, and face great risks for himself and his country.” Shortly after he wrote Chamberlain, Roosevelt played host to Belgian Prime Minister Paul van Zee land, who had requested the opportunity to talk with him about international problems. Urging van Zeeland “to draw the world’s attention to something quite new,” he expressed an interest in the Prime Minister’s further efforts to promote “those conditions which alone can lead to the establishment of permanent peace.”
Conflict and Compromise
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

FEW ISSUES GAVE ROOSEVELT more concern in the summer of 1940 than the threat to Latin America. As Hitler’s armies swept across Western Europe in May and June, Roosevelt received repeated warnings of Nazi subversion in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama, and Mexico. Edwin C. Wilson, the United States Minister in Montevideo, described alleged Nazi plans for an uprising there which the Uruguayan Parliament made public in June. “It is commonly thought here,” Claude Bowers, now Ambassador to Chile, wrote from Santiago, “that the Germans, who are numerous, are thoroughly organized with the view of a coup d’etat.” By late May, Roosevelt had concluded that continued Nazi victories would lead Berlin to attempt the overthrow of existing Latin American governments and the transfer of Dutch and French possessions in the Western Hemisphere to its control. He also saw Germany’s likely acquisition of France’s Fleet and West African bases as a prelude to an attack on Brazil and the rest of South America. Though Roosevelt had been alive to these dangers for more than two years, he now saw an urgent need for a strong response. On May 23 he had approved a request to all the American Republics for secret military talks between United States and Latin American officers. Shortly there after, in response to State Department recommendations for a show of naval force off Brazil and Uruguay, he sent a heavy cruiser to visit Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo.
Alliance Politics
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

THE ONLY THING WORSE than having allies, Churchill once said, is not having them. When it came to de Gaulle, Roosevelt was not so sure. His continuing drive for political power after Casablanca seemed to jeopardize wartime and postwar goals: it created instability and the danger of civil strife in North Africa; it raised the possibility of a postwar dictatorship in France; and it threatened to bar the United States from a say in Dakar and Indochina, which Roosevelt believed essential to postwar security in the Americas and Asia. During the Trident Conference, Roosevelt and Hull had told Churchill that continued British backing of de Gaulle would cause serious friction with the United States. But Churchill, who appreciated that de Gaulle had wider French support than FDR believed and considered de Gaulle an indispensable symbol of French resistance and a potential ally against postwar Soviet expansion in Europe, asked Roosevelt to suspend judgment until de Gaulle and Giraud completed pending negotiations in North Africa. The de Gaulle-Giraud discussions in Algiers beginning on May 31, 1943, increased Roosevelt’s antagonism to de Gaulle. Though de Gaulle agreed to the establishment of a French Committee of National Liberation under his and Giraud’s shared control, he also demanded power over all French forces and the removal of Pierre Boisson, the Vichyite Governor General of \Vest Africa. Roosevelt at once advised Eisenhower and Churchill that he would not “remain quiescent” in the face of such developments. He might send troops and naval vessels to prevent de Gaulle’s control of Dakar, he declared, and he would not allow him to endanger Anglo-American forces in the Mediterranean by controlling the French Army in North Africa.
Reasons to Care: The Multiple Voices of Modern Society
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

0n February 13, 1429, a seventeen-year-old girl set out on a dangerous journey. Disguised as a man, she traveled for eleven days, crossing enemy territory to reach her destination. Upon arriving, she was immediately seized and subjected to three weeks of questioning by the authorities to ascertain her intentions and the purity of her motives. Eventually she was given leave to return home, her request having been granted. She had asked no less than the right to raise an army and to lead it in battle against the enemy. A month later, her army raised and sword in hand (the sword having appeared miraculously in a nearby church), she arrived at a besieged city just in time’ to join forces with its defenders and turn away the attacking forces. Wounded, she nevertheless seemed always to be at the right place at the right time, anticipating her opponents’ moves, and she inspired courage in her followers by her bravery and determination.
The History of Indian Epigraphic Studies
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

The study of inscriptions was totally absent from the traditional curriculum of Sanskrit learning, so that the field of Indian epigraphy was born only with the beginning of European Indology in the late eighteenth century. While there is definite evidence that old inscriptions, particularly copper plate charters, were in ancient times sometimes studied for practical purposes, it is equally clear that really ancient inscriptions written in archaic characters that were no longer legible through direct comparison with current scripts were as mysterious to traditional scholars as they were to the Europeans who first encountered them in the modem era. This is witnessed by the well-known incident reported by the historian Shams-i Sirāj ‘Afif in which Firuz Shāh Tughluq (1351-88) attempted unsuccessfully to have the inscriptions on the Asokan pillars which he brought to Delhi (see 4.3.1.1.3 nn. 71 and 72) read by Brahmans.
Bandali Jawzi’s Hermeneutics
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

Bandali Jawzi’s Min Ta‘rikh al-Harakat al-Fikriyyah fi‘l-Islam (“The History of Intellectual Movements in Islam; Jerusalem, 1928) is part one (“The Social Movements”) of what was intended to be a two-part work. It consists of five chapters, tracing the nature of Islamic social values and their fate at the hands of various regimes from the Umayyad and ‘Abbasid caliphates (661-750 C.E. and 750-1258 C.E., respectively) to the constitutional movement in Iran in the early twentieth century. Throughout, Jawzi characterizes Islam as a social reform demanding the end of oppression. The exigencies of power politics under the dynastic caliphates, according to his portrayal, vitiated and actually distorted that message, until it was virtually unrecognizable in any practical form. But Islam’s egalitarian spirit was kept alive, Jawzi argues, in various reform movements throughout Islamic history.

Jawzi focuses in particular on the Babakis, the Qaramatis, and the Isma’ilis. These µiovements were motivated, Jawzi argues, by demands for social justice entirely in keeping with Islamic principles. They chal lenged the caliphal authorities because of inequities in the imperial sys tem. Jawzi considers it perfectly natural that the official historians and heresiographers of the eras in question would condemn these movements as rebellious; those whose reports were promulgated and passed down through the ages to become the accepted wisdom of later scholars were actually spokespeople for the caliphal authorities. Just as naturally, reports sympathetic to the rebellious movements, such as their own manifestos, would be marginalized or suppressed.
Babak’s Movement and His Socialist Doctrine
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

The movement of Babak al-Khurrami and his followers differed from previous revolutionary movements in two significant respects: its organization and the goals it sought. The organization of the movement is apparent, first of all, in its success, the speed of its spread, and the perseverance of its adherents in the face of armed enemies for nearly twenty-two years. It is also apparent in the unprecedented responsiveness of the people toward it and the active participation of great numbers of people from nations neighboring Persia-the Kurds, the Armenians, those in the Byzantine territories, and others from beyond the lower Caucasus. All this indicates some prior arrangement and shared feelings of common interest among them.

As I said, Babak and his followers stood firm against the armies of the caliph of Baghdad for more than twenty years, heroically defending themselves and their principles out of love of both country and freedom. Even though they were defeated in the end, they were nevertheless able to strike the enemy a severe blow, which almost destroyed both its material and spiritual power. For it has been said by historians that the downfall [of the ‘Abbasids] began in the final days of the caliphate of al-Mu‘tasim (r. 833-842 A.D.). He was indisputably one of the greatest.
The Isrna’ilis
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

We have said that the Babakis were defeated and died as a socialist party, although they lived on as a group until the days of the Seljuks. Since the legacy they left to the rulers of Khwarazm was a religious sect of only minor importance, the Baghdad government paid no attention to them. They [simply] put in charge of them religious leaders and writers of religious tracts who challenged their school and order, alleged lies against them, and at times incited ignorant and fanatical people against them. In this way they forced the Babakis to go into hiding, to conceal their call, and to spread it secretly, as every religion or social idea which is prohibited is suppressed. Accordingly, they became more of a threat to the government and to Islam than when they had openly called people to their principles. Far from becoming futile, their movement be came a source of great benefit: many people learned from it and from their mistakes. Most important among these were the Isma‘ilis, or Batinis, the people closest to the Babakis in dogma and goals, and most dependent upon socialist principles. This will be clear to all intelligent thinkers from the following discussion regarding the Isma‘ili movement and its doctrine, the works of writers of the East and West on the Batinis and Isma‘ilis, and the ideological relationship between these two groups.
The Qararnatis
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

The Qaramatis were the greatest of the Isma‘ilis. They differed from other divisions of this brotherhood scattered throughout the ‘Abbasid domain only in that they worked among the Arabs and their brothers, the Nabataeans of Iraq, Syria, and the Arabian peninsula; and that they worked in matters of secondary importance, concerning the methods of proselytizing only, and not on fundamental political issues. The reason for those differences was that the Qaramatis operated in a different land that had a different level of civilization. Most of its inhabitants, as we know, were Bedouins. Therefore, it seems to me that the Arab Qara matis were less radical in religious and moral issues than the Persian Isma‘ilis. Thus, some of the Persian customs, such as marrying sisters and other relatives forbidden by the Qur’an, were unknown among them, and there was no “night of the imam” or other such moral depravity rumored untruthfully about them. The same is true of the false statements in the book of the historian Ibn al-Jawzi, who said of them, “It is not permitted for any of them to seclude his wife from his son.” It appears to me that their antagonists interpreted the word “seclude” (hajaba) as “bar” or “prohibit” (mana‘a) or the like. It also appears to me that the Qaramati leaders who established that branch among the Arabs and Syrians did not know the major goals of their secret move ment.Either they had not reached the last stage of consecration or they were not allowed to know them, since only a few did.
The Quantum Hall Effect
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

INTRODUCTION

While the quantum Hall effect (QHE) is almost a macroscopic phenomenon (except that it occurs for 2D electrons), its physics has much in common with many aspects of mesoscopic physics. The quantized Hall current is very similar to a persistent current over large length-scales, and many other considerations are related as well. Thus, we devote this chapter to the QHE. Small-size effects on the QHE will be an interesting research direction.

Let us consider magnetotransport in a 2D electronic system. The elementary Drude result for the resistivity tensor p, giving the fields in terms of the current densities as
Lesslie Newbigin
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

This book offers an intellectual and spiritual biography of Lesslie Newbigin, a figure of patristic proportions in the twentieth-century history of the Church. Drawing on thirty-five years of personal and literary acquaintance with his subject and on a thorough examination of the Newbigin archives, Geoffrey Wainwright crafts a rich and varied portrait of this outstanding witness to the Gospel.
Downsizing and Employment Insecurity
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

Since the early 1980s, U.S. employers have been downsizing their organizations in an effort to make them more competitive. Most alarming, particularly for employees’ job security concerns, is the fact that downsizing has occurred even among blue-chip companies such as IBM, Xerox, Procter and Gamble, Kodak, and Citicorp. Everyone, worker and manager alike, appears to be vulnerable to the risk of downsizing, regardless of industrial sector or the size of the company. While companies clearly cannot keep cutting their workforces forever, the restructuring trends noted in chapter 1 and the expansion of contingent work and other trends described in this chapter portend long-term changes in the concept of job security in the United States. This chapter reviews how downsizing has extended its reach beyond the traditional blue-collar and manufacturing workforces. What has not changed are the large income losses that are suffered by many who are downsized, and so we also examine the extent of those losses.
Work Organization
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

Earlier chapters in this book have identified the pressures on U.S. businesses that are leading companies to reconsider their structure. These pressures have not only led to turmoil at the top; they have also led to efforts to reorganize how work is done throughout the organization. Giving impetus to this reconsideration are observations that much of the success of international competitors compared to U.S. businesses seems linked to how those competitors organize and motivate their workforce. The need to respond to these pressures has led to both change and confusion. Many workers have been empowered to play a greater role in designing their jobs and in dealing with customers and suppliers. These employees are often better trained and more highly motivated than their peers in the past, but there is another side to these transformations.
Implications for Policy: A “Skills Gap”?
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters in this volume have considered the forces that have driven the restructuring of employment relations and the characteristics of the new system as it is evolving. One of the more important questions raised so far is whether restructuring has changed what jobs require in ways that the workforce will find hard to meet. Is there a mismatch between what jobs will require and the skills available in the labor market? The notion that such an imbalance may lie ahead for the U.S. economy has been an important part of recent public policy debates. Assessing the likelihood of a skills gap begins with understanding what we know about how jobs are changing and how the skills of the workforce are developing.
The Effect of Restructuring on Employees
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

The focus of this chapter is the important question of how the restructuring of employer-employee relations that has been occurring throughout the U.S. labor market is affecting employees. At least in the short run, it seems that employees are bearing many of the adjustment costs associated with restructuring. The problem facing those who wish to examine the consequences of restructuring for employees is the great difficulty of securing information specifically about employees in organizations that have undergone restructuring or related changes. As a result, we must often rely on data drawn from the labor force as a whole. The difficulty with generic labor force data is that they may understate the consequences of changing employment practices on employees because only a part of the labor force is in companies that have made these changes. The kind of organizational restructuring, downsizings, work reform, and training programs described in the earlier chapters of this book are mainly features of larger organizations. Smith (1988) calculates, for example, that the kind of job evaluation systems that were integral to internal labor markets are not cost effective in organizations with fewer than about 500 employees. Yet the majority of the U.S. labor force works in establishments of fewer than fifty employees, often with very informal structures and arrangements that could not be restructured in the manner described in earlier chapters.
Conclusions
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

The changes in employee relations described throughout this volume were caused in large measure by pressures on employers to restructure themselves, pressures that are massive and appear unlikely to go away. Comparisons with the private sector are pushing restructuring into new areas, such as government and the nonprofit sector, where competitive pressures are clearly different. It is doubtful that any sector of the economy will escape unchanged. A thumbnail sketch of the changes described in the earlier chapters of this book includes sharp moves toward downsizing and growth of a contingent workforce; redesign of tasks and work systems that both make greater demands on employees and allow them opportunities for more meaningful work; and training arrangements that distribute opportunities for learning skills in an unbalanced manner, contributing to unequal outcomes in the labor market. The sharp decline in labor market opportunities for men in recent years, especially for those with little education, is perhaps the most important political development of our era. It lies behind not only the broad-based attacks on redistributive programs such as affirmative action but more general trends, such as efforts to reduce tax burdens and the programs they fund.
Ideological Strategies and the Politics of Nostalgia
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

This chapter and chapter 2 open this discursive and political reading of the function and implications of exclusionary practices within the study of religion by examining the politically charged nature of Eliade’s scholarly writings and theories and their status as representative of much of the modern discourse. This analysis assists in identifying the sometimes intimate, yet often occluded, relations between theoretical assumptions and politics, and how such relations can evade detection. In general, I follow Armin Geertz and Jeppe Sinding Jensen (1991) in terming this ideological position the politics of nostalgia. Chapter 3 departs from an analysis of Eliade’s work and instead surveys the literature on his political past and its possible connections to his later academic work. The purpose of this chapter is to identify and critique the related exclusionary strategies employed by scholars to defend both Eliade himself and, by extension, the wider academic discourse on religion from participation in a complex web of contextual factors. Accordingly, these opening chapters suggest that the work of Eliade as well as his contemporary defenders constitute just two of a number of discursive sites in need of critique.
The Debate on the Autonomy of Eliade
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

Because this project has to do, in part, with applying tools from literary critical studies, ideology critique, and the sociology of knowledge to the modern academic study of religion, it is fitting to shift our attention from Eliade’s work to a wider, related site in the discourse on sui generis religion: scholarship on Eliade. Regardless of what this debate contributes to current and accurate knowledge of Eliade’s actual allegiances and motivations, it is precisely here that one can best witness the contemporary clash between two divergent approaches to the role played by the wider social and political world in the works of scholars of religion.
Institutional Identity and the Significance of Theory
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

So far, I have been largely critical of not only the theoretical foundations and methodologies of the dominant discourse in the study of religion but also its unacknowledged, even disguised, sociopolitical implications. Moving outward from the work of Mircea Eliade, I have critically examined the ideological nature of some common representational strategies that scholars of religion employ in a wide range of discursive sites—strategies that constructed a place for the study of religion by institutionalizing a language of essences that simultaneously disguised its own historical trace. In each case, we found not only the same suspect strategies that serve to isolate and privilege the scholarly as well as the sociopolitical and cultural authority of the scholar of sui generis religion but also a clearly delineated, if marginalized, oppositional discourse.
Introduction
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

A small sign in Spanish—Ermita de la Caridad—announces the location of a shrine in Miami that rests on Biscayne Bay just south of the downtown skyscrapers. The conical shrine dedicated to the patroness of Cuba, Our Lady of Charity, sits several hundred yards from the road that leads to the downtown area (figure 1). Most non-Latino residents do not know it exists, yet it is the sacred center of the Cuban Catholic community in exile. It was dedicated on 2 December 1973, and it has attracted increasing numbers of visitors since then, the majority of them mature, middle-class whites of Cuban descent. By the 1990s, it had become the sixth largest Catholic pilgrimage site in the United States, annually attracting hundreds of thousands of pilgrims. In this book I analyze devotion to Our Lady of Charity at this urban shrine.
Diverse Devotees, Plural Practices, and Multiple Meanings
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

It was a perfect Monday afternoon in February, the sun gleaming off the shrine’s copper roof—one of those days that had lured so many tourists and migrants to this city earlier in the century. But the perfect weather did not draw Manuel and his daughter Yvonne that weekday in 1992. The Virgin did, although it took me some time to discover that since I first encountered the twenty-four-year-old daughter. Dressed in stylish shorts and an elegant blouse, Yvonne was leaning against a white convertible in the parking lot as I approached. We spoke for a little longer than twenty minutes, but still I was puzzled. She confessed to a complete lack of piety, but that made her presence at the shrine inexplicable. Why was she there? It turned out, I soon learned, that she was waiting—not very patiently—for her father, a dark-haired white man of Cuban descent. As he walked down the front steps and toward where I stood at the edge of the parking lot, I noticed his fashionable clothes and expensive shoes. This, I thought to myself, was why some scholars of immigration have celebrated Cubans as the “golden exiles.” As he confirmed when we spoke, Manuel had done well since he arrived as a twenty-one-year-old. He had come from Oriente province with the first (and most elite) wave of Cuban migrants in 1961. But that was not all that was on his mind that day. As he fought back tears, he told me that he had flown from Los Angeles to fulfill a vow he made to Our Lady of Charity. His intense devotion to the Virgin had begun as a child, nurtured in a town just three municipalities north of the main shrine in Cobre, one that adjoined the Bay where the three laborers had found the original statue. It was natural, then, that he turned to Our Lady of Charity when family trouble started. “I had some kind of problem with her;’ Manuel explained as he pointed to his distracted daughter, who by that time had turned on the rental car’s radio to pass the time. Before and after I met Manuel, many other visitors cried as we talked at the shrine, but he was as emotional as any. Finally, he began to weep and asked to stop the interview. I never discovered his daughter’s “problem.” Whatever the problem, the Virgin had resolved it.
Shadows of the Mind
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

A New York Times bestseller when it appeared in 1989, Roger Penrose’s The Emperor’s New Mind was universally hailed as a marvelous survey of modern physics as well as a brilliant reflection on the human mind, offering a new perspective on the scientific landscape and a visionary glimpse of the possible future of science. Now, in Shadows of the Mind, Penrose offers another exhilarating look at modern science as he mounts an even more powerful attack on artificial intelligence. But perhaps more important, in this volume he points the way to a new science, one that may eventually explain the physical basis of the human mind. Penrose contends that some aspects of the human mind lie beyond computation. This is not a religious argument (that the mind is something other than physical) nor is it based on the brain’s vast complexity (the weather is immensely complex, says Penrose, but it is still a computable thing, at least in theory). Instead, he provides powerful arguments to support his conclusion that there is something in the conscious activity of the brain that transcends computation--and will find no explanation in terms of present-day science. To illuminate what he believes this “something” might be, and to suggest where a new physics must proceed so that we may understand it, Penrose cuts a wide swathe through modern science, providing penetrating looks at everything from Turing machines (computers programmed from artificial intelligence) to the implications of Godel’s theorem maintaining that conscious thinking must indeed involve ingredients that cannot adequately be stimulated by mere computation. Of particular interest is Penrose’s extensive examination of quantum mechanics, which introduces some new ideas that differ markedly from those advanced in The Emperor’s New Mind, especially concerning the mysterious interface where classical and quantum physics meet. But perhaps the most interesting wrinkle in Shadows of the Mind is Penrose’s excursion into microbiology, where he examines cytoskeletons and microtubules, minute substructures lying deep within the brain’s neurons. (He argues that microtubules--not neurons--may indeed be the basic units of the brain, which, if nothing else, would dramatically increase the brain’s computational power.) Furthermore, he contends that in consciousness some kind of global quantum state must take place across large areas of the brain, and that it within microtubules that these collective quantum effects are most likely to reside. For physics to accommodate something that is as foreign to our current physical picture as is the phenomenon of consciousness, we must expect a profound change--one that alters the very underpinnings of our philosophical viewpoint as to the nature of reality. Shadows of the Mind provides an illuminating look at where these profound changes may take place and what our future understanding of the world may be.
Prologue
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

Jessica Always felt slightly nervous when she entered this part of the cave. ‘Daddy? Suppose that great boulder fell down from where it’s wedged between those other rocks. Wouldn’t it block our way out, and we’d never, ever, ever get home again?’

‘It would, but it won‘t’, replied her father a little distractedly, and somewhat unnecessarily brusquely, as he seemed more interested in how his various plant samples were accustoming themselves to the dank and dark conditions in this, the most remote corner of the cave.
Does mind have a place in classical physics?
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

We—our bodies and our minds—are part of a universe that obeys, to an extraordinary accuracy, immensely subtle and broad-ranging mathematical laws. That our physical bodies are precisely constrained by these laws has become an accepted part of the modern scientific viewpoint. What about our minds? Many people find the suggestion deeply unsettling that our minds might also be constrained to act according to those same mathematical laws. Yet to have to draw a clean division between body and mind—the one being subject to the mathematical laws of physics and the other being allowed its own kind of freedom—would be unsettling in a different way. For our minds surely affect the ways in which our bodies act, and must also be influenced by the physical state of those same bodies. The very concept of a mind would appear to have little purpose if the mind were able neither to have some influence on the physical body nor to be influenced by it.
Introduction
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Anglican clergyman John Wesley, in the midst of developing his Methodist movement, urged one of his associates to halt women’s preaching in his circuit. “If it were suffered, it would grow, and we know not where it would end.”1 Implicit in Wesley’s words may have been an apprehension over power that women in influential positions might exert. Indeed, if women’s influence were to grow, where might it have ended? Whereas Wesley was quite concerned with women not holding authority over men, citing scriptural rationale (1 Tim. 2:12),2 perhaps Wesley and his men were also concerned with the possibility of losing control of their burgeoning religious movement, or the prospect of its lessened appeal to men should it be significantly associated with female leadership.
Tradition or Transformation
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Alexis de Tocqueville, observing America during the period of the Second Great Awakening, noted an intimate link between religious ideology and the political quest for liberty. Not unique to the United States, the interaction of religious belief and social formation has provided a powerful source of regulation in both economic and political realms, as well as reinforcement of the social arrangements that have given stability to our institutions. Religion also has provided the moral substance for confrontation, with traditionalism cast as antithesis to transformation. Over the past three decades, one need only look at the role of religious ideology in empowering people to seek secular change, nowhere more evident than the role of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the black church during the civil rights movement. Other recent movements have been stirred by Latin American and feminist liberation theologies. Religious ideology also has supported the political efforts of groups seeking a different type of change-one that represents the reinstitution of tighter social regulation and control. Such a resurgent linkage between religious ideology and political activity utilized to define, delimit, and control human social relations is poignantly evident to women who have struggled against the strictures of scripture, doctrine, and tradition of their religious organizations-strictures that too often have circumscribed their participation in religious communities and in wider society.
Clergy in Two Religious Organizations
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

All major religious traditions that ordain clergy have specified at some point in their development that ordination is a rite belonging exclusively to males. Ordained leadership historically has served as an occupational anchor to tradition, responsible for writing, interpretation, and maintenance of scripture, doctrine, sacred ritual, or custom; for inspiring members to apply religious tenets to daily life; for encouraging members to commit themselves and their resources; for exhorting them to conform with the religious community; and for conserving and perpetuating religious heritage. Such responsibilities have helped men to organize and shape emergent religious movements into religious institutions.
Feminization and Backlash
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Of the challenges facing women clergy, one of the most frustrating has been the growing backlash against their presence in many religious organizations, as much through passive occupational restructuring as through overt resistance. Not uncommonly, occupational authority and socioeconomic rewards are restructured, either externally to other occupations or influential status groups or internally through occupational reconfiguration, job partitioning, or de-skilling of various jobs. Consequently, feminization has come to imply a set of symptomatic changes, mostly of an adverse socioeconomic or political nature, not only for men but particularly for women who either remain in the occupation or subsequently enter it.
Structural Change in the Ministry
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

At the turn of the century, Universalist women were discouraged from enrolling in Bachelor of Divinity programs less for religious reasons than for paternal concern over whether women clergy would have viable careers. As the president of Tufts responded to an applicant
And by his Word, I’ve put them to flight: Conclusion
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

Baptists and Quakers have been set against a background of Puritan and Nonconformist tradition that showed interest in millenarianism, encouraged the re-creation of biblical experiences through dramatic imagination in the present, and, most important, stressed primitive Christianity as the model for faith and practice—”Quod premium id optimum,” Baxter declared. It is hoped that the paradigm of primitivism employed here will prove useful in the analysis of the life of other religious groups and perhaps of movements in secular spheres of human activity as well.
God Inside Out
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David
Published: November 2023

This book offers a new exploration of the mythology of the Hindu god Siva, who spends his time playing dice with his wife, to whom he habitually loses. The result of the game is our world, which turns the god inside-out and changes his internal composition. Hindus maintain that Siva is perpetually absorbed in this game, which is recreated in innumerable stories, poems, paintings, and sculptural carvings. This notion of the god at play, arguee Handelman and Shulman, is one of the most central and expressive veins in the metaphysics elaborated through the centuries, in many idioms and modes, around the god. The book comprises three interlocking essays; the first presents the dice-game proper, in the light of the texts and visual depictions the authors have collected. The second and third chapters take up two mythic “sequels” to the game. Based on their analysis of these sequels, the authors argue that notions of “asceticism” so frequently associated with Siva, with Yoga, and with Hindu religion are, in fact, foreign to Hinduism’s inherent logic as reflected in Siva’s game of dice. They suggest an alternative reading of this set of practices and ideas, providing startling new insights into Hindu mythology and the major poetic texts from the classical Sanskrit tradition.
Never Too Young to Know
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

In spite of society’s wish to protect and insulate children from death, the experience of loss is unavoidable and there is surprisingly little guidance on how to help children cope with grief and bereavement. Never Too Young to Know: Death in Children’s Lives is the first book to bring together diverse fields of study, offering a practical as well as multifaceted theoretical approach to how children cope with death. Using stories of children’s own experiences supported by data from a large research study, Silverman explains the wide range of effects of loss upon children and the challenges they face as they grieve. Silverman presents grief as a normal part of the life cycle which results not only in pain and sadness but also in change and growth. She further explains that children can and do cope effectively with loss and the changes it brings as long as they are taught to understand that death is a part of life and that they will be included appropriately in the family drama. Never Too Young To Know: Death in Children’s Lives is divided into three parts. The first section includes an overview and theoretical framework that examines the social, historical, developmental, and familial forces that frame and focus childrens lives as they experience loss. The second section offers a detailed analysis of how children experience mourning different types of death including the death of siblings, parents, and friends, and death due to illness, suicide, accidents, and violence. The final section includes an accessible guide to helping children cope with grief, emphasizing the importance and the necessity of social support as children learn to adapt to their new lives. Never Too Young To Know: Death in Children’s Lives is not only ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students learning about children but it is also useful for courses on death and dying and the family. It is also an invaluable book for mental health practitioners, clergy, school teachers, nurses, pediatricians, as well as the general reader interested in learning how to deal with death in children’s lives.