bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA barcoding of marine fishes from Saudi Arabian waters of the Gulf
Authors: Rabaoui Lotfi , Yacoubi Lamia , Sanna Daria , Casu Marco , Scarpa Fabio , Lin Yu‐Jia , Shen Kang‐Ning , Clardy Todd R. , Arculeo Marco , Qurban Mohammad A.
Published: August 2019

We used the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coI) gene DNA to barcode 117 endemic Gulf and cosmopolitan Indo–West Pacific fish species belonging to 54 families and 13 orders. Novel DNA barcodes were provided for 18 fish species (Trachinocephalus sp., Nematalosa sp., Herklotsichthys lossei, Upeneus doriae, Trachurus indicus, Apogonichthyoides taeniatus, Verulux cypselurus, Favonigobius sp., Suezichthus gracilis, Sillago sp., Brachirus orientalis, Pegusa sp., Lepidotrigla bispinosa, Lepidotrigla sp., Grammoplites suppositus, Hippichthys sp., Paramonacanthus sp. and Triacanthus sp.). The species delimitation analysis, conducted with Poisson tree processes– Bayesian PTP (PTP–bPTP) and nucleotide‐divergence‐threshold (NDT) models), found 137 and 119 entities respectively. Overall, NDT method, neighbour‐joining species tree and the prior taxonomic assessment provided similar results. Among the 54 families considered, only 10 (Ariommatidae, Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Nemipteridae, Plotosidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Priacanthidae and Rachycentridae) showed the occurrence of molecular diagnostic pure characters. The DNA barcoding database developed during this study will help ichthyologists to identify and resolve the taxonomic ambiguities they may encounter with the fishes occurring in The Gulf and throughout the region.
Impact of drying processes on properties of polyphenol‐enriched maple sugar powders
Authors: Bhatta Sagar , Ratti Cristina , Stevanovic Tatjana
Published: August 2019

The aim of this research was to develop a natural food ingredient based on maple sugar powders (MSP) enriched in polyphenols. By incorporating 0.01% (wt/vol) of hot water extract (hot water extraction: 90°C and 1 hr; bark/water, 1/10 wt/vol) from sugar and red maple bark into substandard quality maple syrup, the latter was enriched by 13–20% in total phenolic content (TPC). The mixtures (syrup and extracts) were dehydrated using freeze‐drying (FD: at −36°C for 15 hr and subsequently at 30°C for 10 hr) or vacuum double‐drum drying (VDD: at 80°C and 660 Torr) to obtain the powders. Influence of drying processes on TPC, antioxidant capacity, and physical properties of powders was studied. Both drying processes caused a decrease in TPC and antioxidant capacity of MSP. Nevertheless, bark extracts contributed to higher TPC (8–10%) and antioxidant capacity (>40%) compared to control MSP. The moisture content of VDD powders (0.63–0.71%, dry basis) was significantly lower than that of FD powders (4.10–4.40%, dry basis). MSP produced by FD were amorphous and those produced by VDD crystalline. FD powders had instant‐like properties (dissolution time of 12–13 s), whereas those produced by VDD were less cohesive (Hausner ratio, 1.13–1.21), with excellent flowability.

Practical Applications

Consumers are increasingly attracted by natural food products. Canada is the world major producer of maple syrup, a nutritious natural sweetener exclusively obtained from maple trees sap. Unfortunately, a “very dark” color syrup is accumulated as surplus in large quantity in Canada as it is considered of substandard quality. In this research, freeze‐drying (FD) and vacuum double‐drum drying (VDD) techniques were studied to produce maple sugar powders (MSP) from this substandard surplus syrup. This syrup was additionally enriched in polyphenols by adding hot water extracts from maple barks. The obtained polyphenol‐enriched MSP have shown interesting qualities for application as natural sweeteners, such as free flowing or instant‐like powder. Our results indicate that FD and VDD are suitable techniques for substandard syrup conversion into value‐added maple product. MSPs have a huge potential of application as natural food ingredients of instant drinks, cereal mix, cookies, and energy bars.
Optimization of glutinous rice wine brewing conditions by using Taguchi method and semiempirical equation
Authors: Chiu Ying‐Cheng , Chang Cheng‐Yi , Hsueh Kan‐Lin , Liu Feng‐Jiin
Published: August 2019

Glutinous rice wine brewing from uncooked material was studied using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Using uncooked rice skips rice soaking and steaming procedures, required low energy, and provides high ethanol yield. The influences of brewing on the ethanol yield were investigated. The results indicated that the degree of importance of these factors was as follows: fermentation temperature (Tf) > amount of inoculum (Xo) > fermentation duration (tf) > gelatinization temperature (Tg). The optimal conditions were as follows: gelatinization temperature of 85°C, fermentation temperature of 25°C, fermentation duration of 16 days, and amount of inoculum by weight of 0.5%. The ethanol yield was 48% by volume and was in agreement with that predicted by the Taguchi method. Ethanol yield data were fitted with a polynomial equation and semiempirical equation as a function of Tf, Xo, tf, and Tg. The result of these equations confirms the optimal conditions obtained from Taguchi L9 orthogonal array experiment. Results from the semiempirical reaction kinetic model suggested that ethanol yield plateaued after a certain number of fermentation days.

Practical applications

Similar strategy can be applied to other wine brewing processes to obtain a rational kinetic model and optimal condition within few tests.
Antibacterial mechanism of Tetrapleura tetraptera extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and its application in pork
Authors: Lin Lin , Agyemang Kwabena , Abdel‐Samie Mohamed Abdel‐Shafi , Cui Haiying
Published: August 2019

The antibacterial activity and the mechanism of Tetrapleura tetraptera root extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The mechanism of action of T. tetraptera on tested bacterial species was predominantly characterized by the study of transmission electron microscopy, which revealed severe damage on the primary target which affected the cell integrity and cell membrane permeability. The loss of soluble proteins studied by bacterial protein sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and the decreased adenosine triphosphate and DNA contents confirmed the leakage of cell wall. In addition, the studies revealed that the root extract of T. tetraptera could also disrupt the respiratory metabolism by inhibiting the bacteria through the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas and the hexose monophosphate pathways. T. tetraptera extract possessed a high level of antimicrobial activity in pork, which significantly reduced total viable bacterial population. This study clearly indicates that the T. tetraptera could be a potential source of new antimicrobial agent which has proven effective activity against antibiotic‐resistant strains of pathogens.

Practical Applications

Tetrapleura tetraptera is a flowering plant native to Africa with a wide range of applicability in local cuisines and traditional medicine. The T. tetraptera root extract possesses high antimicrobial activity against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. This study could contribute to the better understanding of antibacterial mechanism of T. tetraptera. As a natural food preservative, it has broad prospect to be utilized in the meat industry.
Resiliency Groups Following Hip Fracture in Older Adults
Authors: Colón‐Emeric Cathleen , Whitson Heather E. , Pieper Carl F. , Sloane Richard , Orwig Denise , Huffman Kim M. , Bettger Janet Prvu , Parker Daniel , Crabtree Donna M. , Gruber‐Baldini Ann , Magaziner Jay
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVES

Defining common patterns of recovery after an acute health stressor (resiliency groups) has both clinical and research implications. We sought to identify groups of patients with similar recovery patterns across 10 outcomes following hip fracture (stressor) and to determine the most important predictors of resiliency group membership.

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of three prospective cohort studies.

SETTING

Participants were recruited from various hospitals in the Baltimore Hip Studies network and followed for up to 1 year in their residence (home or facility).

PARTICIPANTS

Community‐dwelling adults aged 65 years or older with recent surgical repair of a hip fracture (n = 541).

MEASUREMENTS

Self‐reported physical function and activity measures using validated scales were collected at baseline (within 15‐22 d of fracture), 2, 6, and 12 months. Physical performance tests were administered at all follow‐up visits. Stressor characteristics, comorbidities, and psychosocial and environmental factors were collected at baseline via participant report and chart abstraction. Latent class profile analysis was used to identify resiliency groups based on recovery trajectories across 10 outcome measures and logistic regression models to identify factors associated with those groups.

RESULTS

Latent profile analysis identified three resiliency groups that had similar patterns across the 10 outcome measures and were defined as “high resilience” (n = 163 [30.1%]), “medium resilience” (n = 242 [44.7%]), and “low resilience” (n = 136 [25.2%]). Recovery trajectories for the outcome measures are presented for each resiliency group. Comparing highest with the medium‐ and low‐resilience groups, self‐reported pre‐fracture function was by far the strongest predictor of high‐resilience group membership with area under the curve (AUC) of .84. Demographic factors, comorbidities, stressor characteristics, environmental factors, and psychosocial characteristics were less predictive, but several factors remained significant in a multivariable model (AUC = .88).

CONCLUSION

These three resiliency groups following hip fracture may be useful for understanding mediators of physical resilience. They may provide a more detailed description of recovery patterns in multiple outcomes for use in clinical decision making. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2519–2527, 2019
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Reasons for Breastfeeding Cessation Among Women Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Authors: Gallo Sina , Kogan Kelly , Kitsantas Panagiota
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Breastfeeding rates among women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are lower compared with those of nonparticipants. The objective of this study was to assess racial and ethnic differences in self‐reported reasons for breastfeeding cessation during the first year postpartum.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of data from women participating in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study‐2. Women specified reasons that influenced their decision to stop breastfeeding during telephone interviews between 1 and 13 months postpartum. Logistic regression models for each racial and ethnic group explored the effects of sociodemographic variables on each reason.

Results

The sample for this analysis included 4095 women (34.1% non‐Hispanic white, 25.5% non‐Hispanic black, and 40.4% Hispanic). Across all race and ethnic groups, food security status was a predictor of some but not all reasons for breastfeeding cessation. Compared with their counterparts who were food secure, white women with low food security and black women with very low food security were more likely (odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% CI, 1.04‐3.35 and OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.19‐2.90, respectively) to stop breastfeeding because they wanted or needed someone else to feed their infants. Hispanic women with very low food security were more likely to stop breastfeeding because they felt they did not have enough milk. Compared with their multiparous counterparts, primiparous black and white women were almost twice as likely to stop breastfeeding because of trouble sucking or latching. Hispanic and black women born outside the United States had significantly higher odds of breastfeeding cessation because of the infant losing interest compared with US‐born women. Education and marital status significantly predicted reasons for breastfeeding cessation among Hispanic and white women.

Discussion

Among women participating in WIC, food security, parity, country of birth, education, and marital status were significant predictors of reasons for breastfeeding cessation across racial and /ethnic groups. Incorporating these findings in education, counseling, and interventions may help overcome breastfeeding barriers.
Awareness about proper use of sunscreen in people of color: A Jordanian‐based survey
Authors: Al‐Qarqaz Firas , Marji Maha , Bodoor Khaldon , Al ALshiyab Diala , Muhaidat Jihan , Al Ghamdi Saleh
Published: August 2019

Introduction

The use of sunscreen is an important preventive measure against skin cancer and treatment for other skin conditions. There is evidence pointing to lack awareness and misconceptions regarding use of Sunscreen. This is especially evident in populations with skin of color (POC).

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study of 2000 individuals. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data on general knowledge and use of sunscreen as well as reasons for stopping use of sunscreen.

Results

The results of this study indicate a clear deficiency in the use and knowledge about sunscreen among Jordanians. Females are using sunscreen more than males. However, the use of sunscreen is inadequate in many aspects including timing of application, frequency of use, and amount used among other things. There is an obvious lack of knowledge about sunscreen as shown by lack of awareness about benefits of use in various times of the year, use in children, use for all skin types, and several misconceptions among other knowledge gaps. Main reasons for stopping sunscreen include side effects, cost, and being not suitable for skin. Awareness about sunscreen can be improved by proper counseling by healthcare professionals and utilization of various media platforms.

Conclusions

The use of sunscreen is inadequate in this population of color (POC). Lack of proper counseling, failure to read use instructions can contibute to inadequate use of sunscreen. Risks and benefits of sunscreen should be explained by medical professionals. The media should be more utilized to disseminate such knowledge.
The role of diet in irritable bowel syndrome: implications for dietary advice
Authors: Rej A. , Aziz I. , Tornblom H. , Sanders D. S. , Simrén M.
Published: August 2019

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects approximately 10% of the population. Diet triggers symptoms in the vast majority of individuals with IBS. In view of this, there has been a focus on the role of diet in IBS. The diets currently being headlined for IBS include (i) traditional dietary advice, (ii) the low fermentable oligo‐, di‐, mono‐ saccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) diet and (iii) the gluten‐free diet (GFD). Although traditional dietary advice is considered as the first‐line dietary therapy, its evidence base is variable, with a few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring the efficacy of this approach, other than for fibre. There are now a growing number of RCTs demonstrating the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet in the short‐term, with some emerging data on the long‐term ‘adapted’ low FODMAP diet. There are also several RCTs showing the benefits of a GFD in IBS; however, this concept is hampered with uncertainty as to the mechanism of action. Nevertheless, all of these dietary therapies are viable options for individuals with IBS, with the dietitian and patient engagement at the forefront of achieving success. However, future pragmatic studies are needed to clarify the comparative efficacy and convenience of implementing these various diets into routine life. Moreover, it is imperative to better delineate the concern that restrictive diets – such as the low FODMAP and GFD – may promote nutritional inadequacies, disordered eating behaviours, and lead to detrimental alterations to the gut microbiota.
SFRP2 promotes stem cells from apical papilla‐mediated periodontal tissue regeneration in miniature pig
Authors: Li Guoqing , Han Nannan , Yang Haoqing , Zhang Xiuli , Cao Yangyang , Cao Yu , Shi Ruitang , Wang Songlin , Fan Zhipeng
Published: August 2019

Mesenchymal stem cell‐based therapy is a reliable treatment for periodontal tissue regeneration, while ideal regeneration rate is still a facing problem. In previous study, we found SFRP2 a promising gene in modulating mesenchymal stem cells potential. We further investigated its role on periodontal tissue regeneration. We created periodontitis model in miniature pigs and locally injected with stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP). The periodontitis models were classed into three groups, SFRP2‐SCAP group (injected with SCAP overexpressing with SFRP2), SCAP group (injected with SCAP transduced with vector backbone) and saline group (vehicle group injected with saline). Clinical assignment, CT scanning, histopathological assessment and quantitative analysis were applied to evaluate the regeneration effect. Twelve weeks after the injection, we found healthier gingival status in SFRP2‐SCAP group than the other two groups. Clinical assignment results showed values of probing depth, gingival recession and attachment loss were improved in SFRP2‐SCAP group than that of SCAP group and saline group. The volume of newborn bone was also enhanced in SFRP2‐SCAP group than SCAP group and saline group. The difference of clinical assignments and newborn bone between each group was significant relevant. HE staining demonstrated increased tissue regeneration in SFRP2‐SCAP group than SCAP group and saline group. Our findings revealed that SFRP2 could enhance SCAP‐mediated periodontal tissue regeneration and provide a potential target for improving the regeneration of periodontal tissue.
Fracture Resistance of Various Thickness e.max CAD Lithium Disilicate Crowns Cemented on Different Supporting Substrates: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Chen Sara Elizabeth , Park Albert Christopher , Wang Jingxu , Knoernschild Kent L. , Campbell Stephen , Yang Bin
Published: August 2019

Purpose

To investigate the influence of abutment material properties on the fracture resistance and failure mode of lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) CAD/CAM (computer‐aided design/manufacturing) crowns on traditionally and minimally prepared simulated tooth substrates.

Materials and Methods

Thirty lithium disilicate (IPS e.max) CAD/CAM crowns were divided into three groups (n = 10): TD: traditional thickness crowns cemented on Paradigm MZ100 abutments; MD: minimal thickness crowns cemented on Paradigm MZ100 abutments; ME: minimal thickness crowns cemented on e.max abutments. The 3Shape system was used to scan, design and mill all abutments and crowns with a die space set to 40 µm. Traditional thickness crowns were designed based on manufacturer guidelines with 1.5 mm occlusal thickness and 1.0 mm margins. Minimal thickness crowns were designed with 0.7 mm occlusal thickness and 0.5 mm margins. MZ100 composite and e.max abutments were selected to simulate dentin and enamel substrates, respectively, based on their elastic‐modulus. Variolink Esthetic was used to cement all samples following manufacturer's instructions. A universal testing machine was used to load all specimens to fracture with a 3 mm radius stainless steel hemispherical tip at a crosshead speed 0.5 mm/minute along the longitudinal axis of the abutment with a 1 mm thermoplastic film placed between the loading tip and crown surface. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc assessment. Fractographic analysis was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results

The mean fracture load (standard deviation) was 1499 (241) N for TD; 1228 (287) N for MD; and 1377 (96) N for ME. Statistically significant difference between groups did not exist (p = 0.157, F = 1.995). In groups TD and MD with low e‐modulus abutments, the dispersion of a probability distribution (coefficient of variation: CV) was statistically higher than that of group ME with high e‐modulus abutments. SEM illustrated larger micro‐fracture dimensions in Group MD than Group ME.

Conclusion

Minimal thickness e.max crowns did not demonstrate statistical difference in fracture resistance from traditional thickness crowns. Fracture mechanisms of minimal thickness e.max crowns may be affected by the e‐modulus of the substrate. Minimal thickness e.max crowns may be a viable restorative option when supported by high e‐modulus materials.
Adolescents Exhibit Late Maturation of Long‐Range Beta Coherences in Affective Processing
Authors: Zhang Wenhai , Tang Fanggui , Liu Xia , Liao Caizhi , Sun Binghai , Li Hong
Published: August 2019

We investigated whether intra‐/interhemispheric long‐range beta coherences mirror developmental changes in affective functional integration during adolescence. Electroencephalogram data were gathered from 15 young adolescents, 16 old adolescents, and 16 young adults during viewing affective pictures. The results indicated that both positive and negative pictures induced greater intra‐ and interhemispheric long‐distance beta coherences than neutral pictures. However, opposite results were observed between young and old adolescents in terms of negative phase differences. Old adolescents exhibited greater beta coherences for positive and negative pictures than both young adolescents and young adults, but there was no difference between the groups for neutral pictures. These observations suggest that long‐range beta coherence might reflect the late maturation of affective functional integration in adolescents.
Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study
Authors: Guglielmini Carlo , Berlanda Michele , Fracassi Federico , Poser Helen , Koren Shani , Baron Toaldo Marco
Published: August 2019

Background

Improvement in cardiac function has been demonstrated after thyroxine treatment in humans with hypothyroidism using the myocardial performance index (MPI). Cardiac changes after thyroxine supplementation are poorly documented in dogs with spontaneous hypothyroidism and comparison with clinically healthy dogs is lacking.

Objectives

To evaluate the electrical activity and mechanical function of the heart in dogs with primary hypothyroidism at baseline (T0) and after thyroxine supplementation (T60).

Animals

Forty client‐owned dogs with hypothyroidism and 20 clinically healthy dogs.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Selected electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables, including the MPI, were measured in all dogs at T0 and in 30 hypothyroid dogs at T60.

Results

Hypothyroid dogs had significantly decreased median or mean heart rate (HR), P wave amplitude, and R wave amplitude (P= .04,P= .002, andP= .003, respectively) and E‐point‐to‐septal separation normalized to body weight (EPSSn) and trans‐mitral E wave velocity (E max;P < .001 andP= .025, respectively) at T0 compared to control dogs. At T60, significantly increased median or mean HR, P wave amplitude, fractional shortening, and E max (P < .001,P= .004,P= .002, andP= .009, respectively) and significantly decreased left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index, and normalized systolic diameter and EPSSn (P= .03,P= .03, andP= .001, respectively) were found.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Hypothyroidism in dogs induces mild and reversible changes of electromechanical cardiac function. The MPI does not have clinical importance in identifying cardiac dysfunction in affected dogs.
Heritage language acquisition: What it reveals and why it is important for formal linguistic theories
Authors: Lohndal Terje , Rothman Jason , Kupisch Tanja , Westergaard Marit
Published: August 2019

This paper discusses the interplay between acquisition and theory construction. It endeavors to show how a more direct and crucially bi‐directional relationship between formal linguistic theory and the study of heritage language bilingualism can provide mutual benefit. It will be argued that data from acquisition—not exclusively but indeed especially from heritage language bilingualism—provide windows into the tenability of formal linguistic proposals. As a result, acquisition evidence—both developmental and in ultimate attainment—should be welcomed by all formal theorists, as they can confirm or disconfirm otherwise seemingly unverifiable theoretical arguments. Our claims will be illustrated by three research areas: language change, differences between functional and lexical features, and the interplay between core syntax and other components of the grammar.
Critical thinking, biases and dual processing: The enduring myth of generalisable skills
Authors: Monteiro Sandra , Sherbino Jonathan , Sibbald Matthew , Norman Geoff
Published: August 2019

Context

The myth of generalisable thinking skills in medical education is gaining popularity once again. The implications are significant as medical educators decide on how best to use limited resources to prepare trainees for safe medical practice. This myth‐busting critical review cautions against the proliferation of curricular interventions based on the acquisition of generalisable skills.

Structure

This paper begins by examining the recent history of general thinking skills, as defined by research in cognitive psychology and medical education. We describe three distinct epochs: (a) the Renaissance, which marked the beginning of cognitive psychology as a discipline in the 1960s and 1970s and was paralleled by educational reforms in medical education focused on problem solving and problem‐based learning; (b) the Enlightenment, when an accumulation of evidence in psychology and in medical education cast doubt on the assumption of general reasoning or problem‐solving skill and shifted the focus to consideration of the role of knowledge in expert clinical performance; and (c) the Counter‐Enlightenment, in the current time, when the notion of general thinking skills has reappeared under different guises, but the fundamental problems related to lack of generality of skills and centrality of knowledge remain.

Conclusions

The myth of general thinking skills persists, despite the lack of evidence. Progress in medical education is more likely to arise from devising strategies to improve the breadth and depth of experiential knowledge.
Association between dietary patterns and sociodemographics: A cross‐sectional study of Australian nursing students
Authors: Williams Susan L , Vandelanotte Corneel , Irwin Christopher , Bellissimo Nick , Heidke Penny , Saluja Sonia , Saito Amornrat , Khalesi Saman
Published: August 2019

Lack of time, financial issues, and stressful clinical and educational environments in nursing studies promote higher intakes of convenience and fast foods loaded with fat and sugar, which are linked to reduced mental and physical health. In this study, we examined the dietary patterns of nursing students and their associated sociodemographic factors to inform the development of future health‐promotion interventions. A total of 548 Bachelor of Nursing students were invited to complete a survey. Associations were explored using χ2 and logistic regression. Three dietary patterns were identified: healthy (fruit, vegetables, and legumes), Western (loaded with fat, sugar, and salt), and unbalanced. Only 21% of participants were classified as following a healthy dietary pattern, and more likely to be older (>35 years old) and have a personal annual income between $AUD20 000–$59 999 and $60 000–$99 999. Students with one to two and three or more children were more likely to follow a Western dietary pattern. There is a need to develop interventions to improve the dietary behaviors of nursing students by health‐promoting activities and the provision of online health resources.
The authority of pleasure
Authors: Gorodeisky Keren
Published: August 2019

The aim of the paper is to reassess the prospects of a widely neglected affective conception of the aesthetic evaluation and appreciation of art. On the proposed picture, the aesthetic evaluation and appreciation of art are non‐contingently constituted by a particular kind of pleasure. Artworks that are valuable qua artworks merit, deserve, and call for a certain pleasure, the same pleasure that reveals (or at least purports to reveal) them to be valuable in the way that they are, and constitutes their aesthetic evaluation and appreciation. This is why and how art is non‐contingently related to pleasure. Call this, the Affective View. While I don't advance conclusive arguments for the affective view in this paper, I aim to reassess its prospects by (1) undermining central objections against it, (2) dissociating it from hedonism about the value of artworks (the view that this value is grounded in, and explained by, its possessors’ power to please), and (3) introducing some observations on the practice of art in support of it. Given that the objections I discuss miss their target, and given the observations in support of it, I conclude that the affective view is worth serious reconsideration.
Unconventional delivery of inhaled nitric oxide during endoscopic laryngeal tracheal reconstruction in a child with pulmonary arterial hypertension: A case report
Authors: Lee Jennifer J. , Kazim Robert , Jang Minyoung , Grunstein Eli
Published: August 2019

Endoscopic laryngeal tracheal reconstruction was performed on a child with glottic stenosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The surgical repair was performed while delivering inhaled nitric oxide via the ventilating port of a suspension laryngoscope with the patient maintaining spontaneous respirations. The surgery was accomplished without complications.
Diagnosis and treatment of oral lichen sclerosus in a pediatric patient
Authors: Simonato Luciana Estevam , Tomo Saygo , Pereira Débora Lima , de Almeida Oslei Paes , Vargas Pablo Agustin , Miyahara Glauco Issamu
Published: August 2019

Lichen sclerosus is an uncommon chronic inflammatory disease, which rarely affects the oral mucosa. Here, we describe the occurrence of oral lichen sclerosus with gingival destruction in a 12‐year‐old female patient. After diagnostic confirmation by histopathology, intralesional injection of corticosteroid was performed, producing satisfactory remission of the lesion.
Management of congenital melanocytic nevi in the plastic surgery clinic: Families′ expectations and their persistent concern about malignancy
Authors: Mosa Adam , Ho Emily S. , Heinelt Martina , Wong Karen , Neuhaus Kathrin
Published: August 2019

Background

Children with congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) were historically managed with surgical removal to lower the risk of malignant transformation. The evolving literature over the last decade has indicated a significantly lower risk than previously estimated. Indications for excision currently revolve around aesthetic and psychosocial concerns. This study describes and evaluates the perspectives and expectations of patients and families referred to a pediatric plastic surgery clinic on CMN management.

Method

A two‐part questionnaire was administered before and after an initial clinic appointment to evaluate patient and family concerns of lesion growth, risk of malignancy, treatment expectations, and stigmatization.

Results

Thirty questionnaires were completed for 11 male and 19 female patients, mean age 9.2 years (1‐25). Referring doctors (majority dermatologists) were rarely concerned about malignancy (8%), but parents listed it as a top reason for wanting the CMN removed (37%) and the most common expectation for the visit followed by information about surgical options and outcome. Before the clinic, 93% were at least “slightly” worried about CMN growth and 96% about malignancy, whereas 63% and 72%, respectively, after the clinic.

Conclusions

Families want information about surgical excision and are concerned about malignancy, indicating lingering misinformation or misconception about melanoma risk. For the majority, CMN removal remains at least slightly important, presumably for aesthetic reasons and remaining concern about malignancy. Involved health care professionals should assure reliable and coherent patient information about MM risk, indications for surgery and expected outcome to best support families’ decision‐making.
Biological and molecular characterization of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance‐breaking isolates from Argentina
Authors: Ferrand L. , Almeida M. M. S. , Orílio A. F. , Dal Bó E. , Resende R. O. , García M. L.
Published: August 2019

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been present in Argentina since 1938 and had limited sweet pepper and tomato production until the introduction of resistant cultivars bearing Tsw and Sw‐5b genes. However, the wide use of TSWV‐resistant pepper plants in La Plata Horticultural Belt (LPHB) triggered the emergence of resistance‐breaking isolates (RB), increasing the economic impact of TSWV in pepper. This work characterized 11 natural RB pepper isolates from LPHB that have overcome the Tsw resistance gene in Capsicum sp. but are unable to break the Sw‐5b‐mediated resistance in tomato. Phylogenetic analysis of the N gene showed that the LPHB isolates are most closely related to isolates from Asia, indicating that Argentine TSWV isolates might have emerged from the Asian continent. The NSs sequence analysis reinforces the hypothesis that the appearance of an RB phenotype is a consequence of a number of different single amino acid substitutions spread along the NSs gene that lead to multiple independent evolutionary events. These results provide information on the current situation of the tospovirus–pepper/tomato pathosystems in LPHB, which represents a fundamental prerequisite to include these RB isolates in future screening programmes in order to select new and durable sources of resistance to TSWV in pepper.
Failed Policy? The Effects of Kenya's Education Reform: Use of Natural Experiment and Regression Discontinuity Design
Authors: Kim Hye‐Sung
Published: August 2019

Objective

Kenya's 1985 education reform implemented curriculum changes to prepare children for the job market and changed the instructional language from English to local ethnic languages during the first three years of primary education. This article examines the reform's impact on (i) level of education completed, (ii) income level, and (iii) preference for national versus ethnic interests.

Methods

Using survey data collected from randomly selected Kenyan citizens in Nairobi, this article uses a regression discontinuity (RD) design comparing the first cohort exposed to the reform to those who were not.

Results

The education and income levels of those beginning their education under the reform were higher. The reform did not influence preference for national or ethnic interests.

Conclusions

The reform partially increased children's job market preparation but was unsuccessful in addressing unemployment. Teaching children in local languages exhibited no negative effects on ethnic as opposed to national interests.
HLA‐C*03:467, a novel HLA‐C*03 variant, detected in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: August 2019

One nucleotide substitution in codon 279 of HLA‐C*03:04:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐C*03:467.
Disentangling loosening from softening: insights into primary cell wall structure
Authors: Zhang Tian , Tang Haosu , Vavylonis Dimitrios , Cosgrove Daniel J.
Published: August 2019

How cell wall elasticity, plasticity, and time‐dependent extension (creep) relate to one another, to plant cell wall structure and to cell growth remain unsettled topics. To examine these issues without the complexities of living tissues, we treated cell‐free strips of onion epidermal walls with various enzymes and other agents to assess which polysaccharides bear mechanical forces in‐plane and out‐of‐plane of the cell wall. This information is critical for integrating concepts of wall structure, wall material properties, tissue mechanics and mechanisms of cell growth. With atomic force microscopy we also monitored real‐time changes in the wall surface during treatments. Driselase, a potent cocktail of wall‐degrading enzymes, removed cellulose microfibrils in superficial lamellae sequentially, layer‐by‐layer, and softened the wall (reduced its mechanical stiffness), yet did not induce wall loosening (creep). In contrast Cel12A, a bifunctional xyloglucanase/cellulase, induced creep with only subtle changes in wall appearance. Both Driselase and Cel12A increased the tensile compliance, but differently for elastic and plastic components. Homogalacturonan solubilization by pectate lyase and calcium chelation greatly increased the indentation compliance without changing tensile compliances. Acidic buffer induced rapid cell wall creep via endogenous α‐expansins, with negligible effects on wall compliances. We conclude that these various wall properties are not tightly coupled and therefore reflect distinctive aspects of wall structure. Cross‐lamellate networks of cellulose microfibrils influenced creep and tensile stiffness whereas homogalacturonan influenced indentation mechanics. This information is crucial for constructing realistic molecular models that define how wall mechanics and growth depend on primary cell wall structure.
The influence of tenoscopic approaches on radiocarpal joint perforation during carpal sheath tenoscopy in horses
Authors: Skov Hansen Sabrina , Tóth Tamás
Published: August 2019

Objective

To report the frequency of radiocarpal joint (RCJ) perforation during two proximolateral carpal sheath (CS) approaches and to investigate whether the presence or absence of a natural communication between the RCJ and CS.

Study design

Experimental, randomized, controlled study.

Sample population

Twelve adult horses and 12 cadaver front limbs.

Methods

Proximolateral CS tenoscopy was performed on both carpi of 12 horses under general anaesthesia. Limbs were randomly assigned into two groups. In group 1, the instrument portal was centered at the level of the distal radial physeal remnant (PR). In group 2, the instrument portal was centered 2 cm proximal to the PR. Immediately after tenoscopy, dye‐coloured fluid was instilled arthroscopically into the dorsolateral RCJ, and the open tenoscopic portals were evaluated for leakage. Twelve cadaver front limbs were examined for naturally occuring RCJ and CS communication by using positive‐contrast computed tomography (CT). Frequency of perforations were compared with McNemar's test for two matched proportions.

Results

In group 1, 10 of 12 RCJ were perforated during tenoscopy, and, in group 2, four of 12 RCJ were perforated(P =0.03). No diffusion of contrast from the RCJ to the CS was detected by CT.

Conclusion

Perforation of the RCJ was common when CS instrument portals were placed at the level of the PR. No natural communication was detected between the RCJ and CS.

Clinical significance

Carpal sheath tenoscopic instrument portals may need to be placed >2 cm proximal to the PR to prevent inadvertent RCJ perforation, especially in horses undergoing tenoscopic treatment of a septic CS.
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy improves short‐term limb use after canine tibial plateau leveling osteotomy
Authors: Barnes Kate , Faludi Alex , Takawira Catherine , Aulakh Karanvir , Rademacher Nathalie , Liu Chin‐Chi , Lopez Mandi J.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To determine the influence of postoperative extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on hind limb use after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

Study design

Randomized, prospective clinical trial.

Animals

Sixteen client‐owned dogs, 2 to 10 years old weighing 18 to 75 kg.

Methods

Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment cohorts, TPLO with ESWT (ESWT, n = 9) or TPLO without ESWT (control, n = 7). Treatment consisted of 1000 pulses at 0.15 mJ/mm2 immediately and 2 weeks after surgery. Subjective pain, stifle goniometry, stifle circumference, peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) were measured before surgery, prior to ESWT, and 2 and 8 weeks after surgery. Measures were compared between treatments at each time point and among time points for each treatment (P < .05).

Results

The PVF (5.5 ± 1.0 N/kg, mean ± SD) and VI (0.67 ± 0.14 N‐s/kg) of surgically treated limbs in the ESWT cohort were higher 8 weeks after surgery compared with preoperative (3.8 ± 1.1 N/kg, P < .0001 and 0.47 ± 0.21 N‐s/kg, P = .0012, respectively) values. In the control cohort, PVF (2.9 ± 1.3 N/kg, P = .0001) and VI (0.33 ± 0.20 N‐s/kg, P = .0003) 2 weeks after surgery and VI (0.42 ± 0.2 N‐s/kg, P = .0012) 8 weeks after surgery were lower (4.59 ± 2.33 N/kg and 0.592 ± 0.35 N‐s/kg, respectively) than before surgery. Other parameters did not differ between groups.

Conclusion

Weight bearing increased faster after TPLO in dogs treated with postoperative ESWT.

Clinical significance

This study provides evidence to consider adjunct ESWT after TPLO.
Tacrolimus restores the high‐ and low‐pressure baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity in cisplatin‐induced renal injury rats
Authors: Abdulla Mohammed H. , Brennan Nicola , Ryan Eimear , Sweeney Linda , Manning Jennifer , Johns Edward J.
Published: August 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Does immunosuppression restore the baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in an animal model of kidney injury?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, restored the high‐ and low‐pressure baroreflex control of RSNA following cisplatin‐induced renal injury.

Cisplatin administration causes depression of renal haemodynamic and excretory function and is associated with renal sympatho‐excitation and loss of baroreflex regulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). This study investigated whether administration of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in this cisplatin‐mediated renal injury model could restore, or the acute intra‐renal infusion of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) could blunt, the high‐ or low‐pressure baroreflex control of RSNA. Groups of control and cisplatin‐treated (5 mg kg−1, i.p. on day 0) rats received either saline or tacrolimus (0.25 mg kg−1 day−1, i.p.) for 7 days prior to study. Rats were anaesthetised and prepared for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and RSNA. Baroreflex gain curves were generated and the degree of renal sympatho‐inhibition determined (area under the curve (AUC) reported as %RSNA min) during acute volume expansion. Intrarenal TNF‐α infusion (0.3 µg kg−1 h−1) in control rats decreased baroreflex gain by 32% (P < 0.05) compared to intra‐renal saline infusion. In the cisplatin group (MAP: 98 ± 14 mmHg; HR: 391 ± 24beats min−1), the baroreflex gain for RSNA was 39% (P < 0.05) lower than that for the control group (MAP: 91 ± 7 mmHg; HR: 382 ± 29 beats min−1). In cisplatin‐treated rats given daily tacrolimus (MAP: 84 ± 12 mmHg; HR: 357 ± 30 beats min−1), the baroreflex gain and renal sympatho‐inhibition (AUC, 2440 ± 1071 vs. 635 ± 498% min) were restored to normal values. These findings provide evidence for the view that cisplatin administration initiates an injury involving inflammation which may contribute to the deranged baroreflex regulation of RSNA. This phenomenon appears mediated in part via the renal innervation.
Insulin potentiates the response to mechanical stimuli in small dorsal root ganglion neurons and thin fibre muscle afferents in vitro
Authors: Hotta Norio , Katanosaka Kimiaki , Mizumura Kazue , Iwamoto Gary A. , Ishizawa Rie , Kim Han‐Kyul , Vongpatanasin Wanpen , Mitchell Jere H. , Smith Scott A. , Mizuno Masaki
Published: August 2019

Key points

Insulin is known to activate the sympathetic nervous system centrally. A mechanical stimulus to tissues activates the sympathetic nervous system via thin fibre afferents. Evidence suggests that insulin modulates putative mechanosensitive channels in the dorsal root ganglion neurons of these afferents. In the present study, we report the novel finding that insulin augments the mechanical responsiveness of thin fibre afferents not only at dorsal root ganglion, but also at muscle tissue levels. Our data suggest that sympathoexcitation is mediated via the insulin‐induced mechanical sensitization peripherally. The present study proposes a novel physiological role of insulin in the regulation of mechanical sensitivity in somatosensory thin fibre afferents.

Insulin activates the sympathetic nervous system, although the mechanism underlying insulin‐induced sympathoexcitation remains to be determined. A mechanical stimulus to tissues such as skin and/or skeletal muscle, no matter whether the stimulation is noxious or not, activates the sympathetic nervous system via thin fibre afferents. Evidence suggests that insulin modulates putative mechanosensitive channels in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of these afferents. Accordingly, we investigated whether insulin augments whole‐cell current responses to mechanical stimuli in small DRG neurons of normal healthy mice. We performed whole‐cell patch clamp recordings using cultured DRG neurons and observed mechanically‐activated (MA) currents induced by mechanical stimuli applied to the cell surface. Local application of vehicle solution did not change MA currents or mechanical threshold in cultured DRG neurons. Insulin (500 mU mL−1) significantly augmented the amplitude of MA currents (P < 0.05) and decreased the mechanical threshold (P < 0.05). Importantly, pretreatment with the insulin receptor antagonist, GSK1838705, significantly suppressed the insulin‐induced potentiation of the mechanical response. We further examined the impact of insulin on thin fibre muscle afferent activity in response to mechanical stimuli in normal healthy rats in vitro. Using a muscle–nerve preparation, we recorded single group IV fibre activity to a ramp‐shaped mechanical stimulation. Insulin significantly decreased mechanical threshold (P < 0.05), although it did not significantly increase the response magnitude to the mechanical stimulus. In conclusion, these data suggest that insulin augments the mechanical responsiveness of small DRG neurons and potentially sensitizes group IV afferents to mechanical stimuli at the muscle tissue level, possibly contributing to insulin‐induced sympathoexcitation.
The quantitative impact of placements on allied health time use and productivity in healthcare facilities: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Bourne Elizabeth , Short Kate , McAllister Lindy , Nagarajan Srivalli
Published: August 2019

Introduction: The current and future health needs of the population pose challenges for healthcare services, which face increased pressure for service provision, and for universities educating graduates to meet this clinical demand. One aspect influencing allied health (AH) clinician willingness to offer student placements is the perceptions of impact on patient activity levels and clinician time. This systematic review synthesises the evidence quantifying student impact on AH patient activity, clinician time and productivity. Methods: Searches of peer-reviewed literature published since 1990 were conducted in Medline, CINAHL, Scopus and EMBASE and supplemented by other sources. Selected studies reported clinician-recorded patient activity and/or time participating in services provided by nutrition and dietetics, occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology, with and without students present. Studies meeting eligibility criteria (n = 23) were rated using the McMaster Guidelines for Critical Review Form: Quantitative Studies. Effect size calculations and meta-analysis were planned if sufficient studies reported similar outcome measures. Results: Seventeen studies contributed to four meta-analyses: patient activity levels, direct clinical time, clinical billed units and direct time per patient. Pooled results were neutral or favoured increases in activity or time during student placements. Methodological variation and research quality inhibited more comprehensive analysis.Conclusions: Data showed students may have a neutral or positive effect on AH patient activity levels and clinical time. Potential factors influencing data are discussed, and the areas of focus for further research are suggested.