bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pregestational diabetes mediates the association between maternal obesity and the risk of congenital heart defects
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Xia , Ge Ru‐Xiu , Huang Le , Tian Fu‐Ying , Chen Yi‐Xuan , Wu Lin‐Lin , Niu Jian‐Min
Published: September 2021

Aims/Introduction

We aimed to explore whether the association between obesity and congenital heart defects (CHDs) can be mediated by maternal pregestational diabetes (PGDM).

Materials and Methods

We included 53,708 mother‐infant pairs with deliveries between 2017 and 2019 from the Birth Cohort in Shenzhen. Mothers were categorized into four groups: the underweight group (body mass index [BMI] <18.5), normal weight group (18.5 ≤ BMI < 24), overweight group (24 ≤ BMI < 28) and obesity group (BMI ≥28). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between BMI and CHDs. Mediation analysis was used to confirm the effect of PGDM on the association between maternal obesity and CHDs.

Results

The proportion of obese individuals in the Birth Cohort in Shenzhen was 2.11%. Overall, 372 (0.69%) infants were diagnosed with CHDs. Maternal obesity was associated with an increased risk of CHDs (odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.14–3.41). The mediation effect of PGDM on the association between maternal obesity and CHDs was significant (odds ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.32). The estimated mediation proportion was 24.83%.

Conclusions

Maternal obesity was associated with increased risk for CHDs, and PGDM partially mediated the association between maternal obesity and CHDs.
Patterns of bird song evolution on islands support the character release hypothesis in tropical but not in temperate latitudes
Authors: Robert Aloïs , Melo Martim , Lengagne Thierry , Julien Sacha , Gomez Doris , Doutrelant Claire
Published: September 2021

The character release hypothesis—which predicts that a decline in interspecific competition leads to the expansion of trait expression—remains to be tested for communication signals. Taking advantage of the fact that oceanic islands host fewer species than the mainland, we tested whether island birds show an increase in frequency bandwidth of acoustic signals compared with mainland birds. Given the higher animal diversity and more saturated acoustic space in the tropics, we expected acoustic character release, if any, to be stronger in the tropics than in the temperate zone. We field recorded 22 bird species (11 pairs consisting of an endemic island species and its closest mainland relative) breeding at similar latitudes and in similar habitats: six tropical pairs (São Tomé Island/Mount Cameroon) and five temperate pairs (Madeira Island/southern France). For each species, we measured the degree of acoustic interference experienced when vocalizing and the spectral characteristics of its song (minimum and maximum frequencies, bandwidth). As expected, island species spent more time vocalizing alone, and any overlap in vocalizations involved fewer species. The vocalizations of island species spanned broader frequency bandwidths than their mainland counterparts in the tropics (true for all six pairs), but this pattern was less evident in the temperate region (2/5 pairs with no marked differences and 1/5 with opposite pattern). Overall, the character release of communication signals only occurred where the differential in number of species was large (tropics). We discuss latitude differences and the potential factors driving the observed differences.
Physico‐mechanical properties of unripe grape berries relevant in the design of juicing machine
Authors: Mirzabe Amir Hossein , Hajiahmad Ali
Published: September 2021

To optimally design post‐harvest handling and processing equipment for unripe green grape berries, it is necessary to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the product. In the current study, dimensional (by image processing), gravimetrical, frictional, and aerodynamic (by image processing) properties of unripe green grape berries affected by storage time (31 days in refrigerator) were investigated. Besides, rupture force, rupture energy, elasticity modulus, toughness, hardness, maximum compressive contact stress, Poisson's ratio (by image processing), and shear modulus in horizontal and vertical loading under different moisture content and loading rate levels were measured. Moreover, to model loading and stress‐relaxation behavior of bulk berries, berries were poured into cylinder and compressed. Effects of cylinder diameter, loading rate, the height of layers, and number of layers on loading and stress‐relaxation behavior were investigated. During storage, as the moisture content decreased from 94.57 to 83.88% (w.b.), dimensions and mass of the berries decreased while bulk density and true density increased. With decreasing the moisture, friction angles on galvanized, iron, and rubber were ranged from 22.43° to 26.73°, from 25.38° to 28.53°, and from 29.7° to 34.2°, respectively. Filling angle of repose ranged from 13.44° to 17.65° and emptying angle of repose ranged from 13.95° to 18.33°. In the mentioned moisture range, terminal velocity increased from 0.202 to 0.275 m s−1, and drag coefficient increased from 0.180 to 0.272. Reducing moisture content and increasing rupture energy of the fruits during storage indicates that berries' juice should be extracted immediately after harvest.

Practical Applications

Unripe grape berries with a sour taste can be processed into several sour sauce and verjuice products. Therefore, determining the physical properties of unripe grape berries is essential for the design of harvesting and post‐harvesting equipment. The current work aims to determine unripe grape berries' physical and mechanical properties to recognize their relevance in physico‐mechanical processing. Some of the necessary information for designing and manufacturing harvesting and post‐harvesting machines is provided in this research. Thus, the results provided in the present study would contribute to improving juice extractors, sorters, separators, cleaners, storage structures, dryers, aeration equipment, conveyors, pneumatic elevators, and so forth, designed for the unripe grape berries.
Lessons from Medicare's Bundled Payments for Care Improvement initiative for postacute care
Authors: Thirukumaran Caroline P.
Published: September 2021

This editorial comments on the article by Joynt Maddox et al.
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women: Physiology, Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Pettigrew Jessica A. , Novick Andrew M.
Published: September 2021

Nearly half of women in the United States report problems with sexual function. Many health care providers do not ask about sexual concerns during routine clinical encounters because of personal discomfort, lack of familiarity with treatment, or the belief that they lack adequate time to address this complex issue. This may be especially true for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), the most commonly identified sexual problem among women. HSDD is characterized by a deficiency of sexual thoughts, feelings, or receptiveness to sexual stimulation that has been present for at least 6 months, causes personal distress, and is not due to another medical condition. This is an up‐to‐date overview of HSDD for clinicians, discussing its physiology, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Although a definitive physiology of HSDD is still unknown, multiple hormones and neurotransmitters likely participate in a dual‐control model to balance excitation and inhibition of sexual desire. For assessment and diagnosis, validated screening tools are discussed, and the importance of a biopsychosocial assessment is emphasized, with guidance on how this can be implemented in clinical encounters. The 2 recently approved medications for HSDD, flibanserin and bremelanotide, are reviewed as well as off‐label treatments. Overall, HSDD represents a common yet likely underrecognized disorder that midwives and other health care providers who care for women across the life span are in a unique position to address.
The revolution of cosmeceuticals delivery by using nanotechnology: A narrative review of advantages and side effects
Authors: Abu Hajleh Maha N. , Abu‐Huwaij Rana , AL‐Samydai Ali , Al‐Halaseh Lidia Kamal , Al‐Dujaili Emad A.
Published: September 2021

Background

The qualified and paradigm jump in the formulation and production of cosmeceuticals refer in some way to the great revolution in nanotechnology. Nowadays, the industry of nano‐formulated cosmeceuticals plays a significant and essential role in the evolution and growth of the pharmaceutical industries. This review manuscript focuses on the use of nanocarriers in delivering the cosmetic agents into the target area such as skin, hair, and nails.

Methods

Many steps were performed in the preparation of this review including identification of different classes of nanocarriers for delivery of nanocosmeceuticals, literature survey of relevantstudies regarding the applications of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals and their toxicological effects.

Results

When nanoparticles introduced in the cosmetic industry, the quality and the elegance of the final products were raised significantly. Sadly, this revolution is accompanied by many health hazards as these tiny molecules can penetrate intact skin barriers and cause undesired effects. Cosmeceuticals with nanotechnology include sunscreens, hair cleansing products, nail products, and agents fighting fine lines.

Conclusions

The expansion and growth of the cosmetic industry and the introduction of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals industry necessitates the urgent need for scientific research investigating their efficacy, safety profile and use.
A minimalistic approach for effective lip augmentation—A case report
Authors: Goel Anupriya , Rai Kritika
Published: September 2021

Background

Lip augmentation using dermal fillers is a widely performed procedure, which gives immediate and gratifying results. However, the cost associated with it is a major concern and reservation for a lot of patients. An innovative minimalistic technique can be used to enhance the lips using minimal amount of filler to provide maximum results, especially in aging lips. Though a simple and effective method, this technique has not yet gained popularity worldwide.

Aim

To present a case demonstrating a new and innovative technique for lip augmentation as a part of lower face rejuvenation.

Method

A 55‐year‐old female patient underwent augmentation of lips using the described technique. Since she had a limited budget, treatment was planned to rejuvenate her face in just 1 ml of filler. Areas on the face which would give maximum impact with minimal amount of filler were treated. Treatment was done using Juvederm Ultra Plus XC (JUVX+; 24 mg/ml) dermal filler.

Results

Using this technique, we were able to demonstrate that a small quantity of filler when used suitably with an understanding of the areas of concern could provide an impact on the overall rejuvenation.

Conclusion

The described technique is an effective method of lip enhancement with minimal cost, especially in aging patients. Skillful application of a suitable injection technique is required to achieve a desired esthetic outcome.
The effects on adventitious root formation caused by chrysanthemum stunt viroid in Chrysanthemum morifolium and C. seticuspe
Authors: Osaka Masaaki , Itabashi Takeru , Chiba Naoki , Sumitomo Katsuhiko , Matsushita Yosuke
Published: September 2021

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is a disease agent caused by a viroid from the genus Pospiviroid. The CSVd pathogen infects chrysanthemum plants and causes severe symptoms of stunting and significant yield loss in cultivation. Although many studies have focussed on this issue, the mechanism of CSVd‐infection remains to be clarified. In particular, the effects of CSVd on the underground parts of infected plants are not yet fully understood in Chrysanthemum. Here, we investigated whether the effects of CSVd on the root formation of infected plants varies among cultivars and wild Chrysanthemum species, C. morifolium and C. seticuspe, using transcribed RNA and in vitro assays. Furthermore, to compare infected plants with uninoculated plants, we assessed the symptoms and measured the CSVd RNA accumulation levels in several tissues using RT‐qPCR. Our findings indicated that CSVd‐infected plants exhibited severe root formation symptoms in both C. morifolium and C. seticuspe. RT‐qPCR revealed CSVd accumulation in the root tips and similar patterns of CSVd accumulation in each organ of C. morifolium and C. seticuspe. We propose that in vitro assays are useful for determining root formation in CSVd‐infected chrysanthemum plants. Such investigations are necessary to better understand CSVd infection in Chrysanthemum species and plant defences against such diseases.
Design thinking implementation for innovation: An organization's journey to ambidexterity
Authors: Randhawa Krithika , Nikolova Natalia , Ahuja Sumati , Schweitzer Jochen
Published: September 2021

Implementing design thinking for innovation (DTI) is seen as a way to balance exploration and exploitation, and thus attain an ambidextrous innovation portfolio. Yet, transitioning to ambidexterity is challenging, and is often met with inertia. So how can managers implement DTI as a path toward ambidextrous innovation? In this article, based on an in‐depth longitudinal case study of a leading Australian property development firm and drawing on rich primary and secondary data collected over four years, we examine how middle managers leveraged DTI to respond to inertia generatively, and how this process helped shift the cognitive frame of the organization toward ambidexterity. In our case, the middle manager implemented three DTI practices—(1) creative problem‐solving, (2) sprint execution, and (3) creative confidence— to transition the organization's cognitive frame from an explorative to exploitative, to ultimately an ambidextrous innovation frame. Our argument is that these DTI practices trigger three generative mechanisms—frame flexibility, co‐optation, and collective sensemaking—to support this transition. Drawing on these insights, we develop a process framework of how different DT practices and related generative mechanisms can be deployed flexibly to adapt to the interim (explorative and exploitative) innovation objectives over time. We argue that freezing the innovation frame in each phase can trigger a generative response to inertia, which enables the organization to transition more radically to an ambidextrous innovation portfolio. We thus contribute to the limited design thinking research on the role of cognition in DTI implementation, and more generally to innovation management and ambidexterity research on how leveraging DTI to achieve an ambidextrous innovation portfolio is an emergent and adaptive process.
Age‐related changes in thyroid hormones, some serum oxidative biomarkers and trace elements and their relationships in healthy Saanen goat kids during the first three month of age
Authors: Valavi Elham , Zaeemi Mahdieh , Mohri Mehrdad
Published: September 2021

Background

Early‐life diseases in dairy animals are main causes of economic loss in livestock production. Oxidative stress (OS) and thyroid hormones are important inter‐related components in the normal physiology of this critical period of life. However, limited information regarding their physiology in goat kids is available. This study was conducted to investigate the age‐related changes of thyroid hormones, some serum oxidative biomarkers and trace elements in healthy Saanen goat kids.

Methods

Nineteen newborn healthy Saanen goat kids (14 females and five males) were studied longitudinally from birth until three months of age. Blood sampling was performed 24–48 h after birth and was repeated on 10 ± 2, 28 ± 2, 56 ± 2 and 84 ± 2 days of age. The serum levels of thyroid hormones, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) were measured.

Results

Age‐related changes were observed for all measured variables except for MDA (p < 0.05). A decreasing trend was detected throughout the study in thyroid hormones, T3: T4 ratio and Mn (p < 0.01). Some factors decreased from birth to day 10 (Se) or day 28 (TAC and GSH) and followed by an increasing trend that extended to day 84 (p < 0.01). There were significant correlations between thyroid hormones and TAC, as well as Mn levels (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

These results imply that specific age‐related reference values are essential for proper interpretation of the serum level of thyroid hormones and Mn in Saanen goat kids during the first three months of life. In addition, given the high level of thyroid hormones particularly during the first days of life, and their relationship with oxidative biomarkers and trace elements, improving the antioxidant system in this critical period is essential.
Regeneration of rat periodontium by cementum protein 1‐derived peptide
Authors: Hoz Lía , López Sonia , Zeichner‐David Margarita , Arzate Higinio
Published: September 2021

Background and Objective

Cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) has the capacity to promote differentiation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells toward a cementoblastic phenotype in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo. In this study, we tested the capabilities of a synthetic cementum protein 1‐derived peptide, MGTSSTDSQQAGHRRCSTSN (CEMP1‐p1), to promote regeneration of periodontal structures in a periodontal fenestration defect in rats.

Material and methods

Fenestration defects were created using an extra‐oral approach in the buccal aspect of the mandibular first molar roots. Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Two controls (defects non‐treated or defects treated with a gelatin matrix scaffold [GMS] only) and the experimental group treated with 5 µg/dose of CEMP1‐p1 embedded in GMS. After 28 days, the animals were sacrificed, and the mandibles processed for histopathological examination. Expression of cementum proteins, cementum attachment protein (CAP), CEMP1, integrin binding sialoprotein (IBSP), and osteocalcin (OCN), was assessed using immunofluorescence. The formation of new cementum, bone, and PDL fibers were compared between control and experimental groups.

Results

The histological analysis revealed that the control group without any treatment new cementum or oriented PDL fibers were not observed. However, the presence of newly bone was detected. In the control group treated with GMS, new cementum formation was not detectable, the PDL fibers were oriented parallel to the longitudinal root axis, and new bone formation was observed. The experimental group showed deposit of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) in a lamellae‐like feature with inserted Sharpey’s fibers, formation of cellular mixed stratified cementum (CMSC) with the presence of cementocytes, and newly formed bone close to the cementum‐enamel junction. Cementoblast cells adjacent to new cementum expressed CAP, CEMP1, IBSP, and OCN.

Conclusion

These studies show that CEMP1‐p1 promotes the formation of AEFC, CMSC, new PDL with Sharpey’s fibers inserted in cementum and bone, thus providing strong evidence that the synthetic peptide CEMP1‐p1 promotes periodontal regeneration in a rat fenestration model.
Impact of chronic gingivitis management on the cytokine and anti‐PPAD expressions in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: A six‐month follow‐up
Authors: Sete Manuela Rubim C. , Carlos Juliana C. , Mello‐Neto Joao M. , Lira‐Junior Ronaldo , Brito Fernanda , Bostrom Elisabeth A. , Sztajnbok Flavio R. , Figueredo Carlos Marcelo
Published: September 2021

Objective

To evaluate how chronic gingivitis treatment impacts the oral and circulating cytokine expressions after six‐month follow‐up in patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) and also to evaluate the circulating expression of anti‐Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase antibodies (anti‐PPAD) before and after treatment.

Background

Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients present a worse periodontal condition associated with higher gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐8, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), interferon‐γ and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐one adolescents with jSLE (mean age: 16.2 ± 1.5 years) were recruited. Participants were rheumatologically and periodontally examined. All individuals were clinically diagnosed with gingival inflammation. Chronic gingivitis treatment consisted of supragingival scaling, prophylaxis and oral hygiene instructions. The cytokine levels were determined by bead‐based multiplex assays and the anti‐PPAD levels by ELISA. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum samples were collected at baseline and 6 months after treatment.

Results

We observed a reduction in attachment loss, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), IL‐1β, IL‐10 and MCP‐1 GCF levels, and the IL‐4 and IL‐5 serum levels 6 months after periodontal treatment. On the contrary, a significant increase in GCF expression of IL‐4, IL‐12, IL‐17, IFN‐γ and serum levels of anti‐PPAD antibody was observed.

Conclusion

Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients seem to positively benefit from periodontal treatment by a significantly reduced CAL, a GCF reduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and an increasing of anti‐inflammatory ones. However, an increase in the GCF expression of IL‐17 and the serum expression of anti‐PPAD antibody 6 months after periodontal treatment might negatively affect the treatment outcome of such patients in the long term.
Colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor blockade attenuates inflammation in inflamed gingival tissue explants
Authors: Clark Reuben , Lira‐Junior Ronaldo , Johannsen Gunnar , Boström Elisabeth A.
Published: September 2021

Background and objective

Colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor (CSF‐1R) regulates myeloid cell function and mediates osteoclastogenesis. CSF‐1R blockade has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target to halt inflammation and bone resorption; however, the expression and function of CSF‐1R in human gingiva is yet unknown.

Methods

Gingival tissue was collected from 22 non‐periodontitis controls and 31 periodontitis (PD) patients. CSF‐1R expression in gingival tissue was assessed with q‐PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cell surface expression of CSF‐1R was analyzed by flow cytometry. The effects of CSF‐1R inhibition on the production of inflammatory mediators by inflamed gingival tissue explants and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assessed with a bead‐based multiplex array and ELISA.

Results

CSF‐1R protein expression was increased in gingival tissue from PD patients compared with controls as assessed with western blot (1.5‐fold increase) and IHC (4.5‐fold increase). Similar proportions of HLA‐DR+CD64+ cells and comparable CSF‐1R expression in this cell population were found in gingival tissue from PD patients and controls. In peripheral blood monocytes, CSF‐1R was predominantly expressed by non‐classical and intermediate monocytes. Targeting CSF‐1R in gingival tissue explants attenuated the production of MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐12, and MMP‐13. The blocking in PBMCs attenuated the production of IL‐8 and MMP‐9.

Conclusion

These results indicate that CSF‐1R is elevated in PD, and its inhibition attenuates inflammatory mediators in the inflamed gingival tissue and circulating myeloid cells. Together these findings suggest that CSF‐1R might be involved in regulating inflammatory processes in PD, and a potential therapeutic target to reduce the harmful inflammation.
Phenotyping REM OSA by means of peripheral arterial tone‐based home sleep apnea testing and polysomnography: A critical assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of both methods
Authors: Massie Frederik , Van Pee Bart , Vits Steven , Verbraecken Johan , Bergmann Jeroen
Published: September 2021

The clinical relevance of rapid eye movement sleep‐related obstructive sleep apnea (REM OSA) is supported by its associated adverse health outcomes and impact on optimal treatment strategies. To date, no assessment of REM OSA phenotyping performance has been conducted for any type of sleep testing technology. The objective of this study was to assess this for polysomnography and peripheral arterial tone‐based home sleep apnea testing (PAT HSAT). In a dataset comprising 261 participants, the sensitivity and specificity of the agreement on REM OSA phenotyping was assessed for two independent scorings of polysomnography and a synchronously administered PAT HSAT. The sensitivity and specificity of REM OSA phenotyping were 0.87 and 0.89, respectively, for the polysomnography inter‐scorer comparison, and 0.68 and 0.97 for the PAT HSAT on a single‐night basis, using the conventional minimum required rapid eye movement sleep time of 30 min. Polysomnography‐based REM OSA phenotyping was found to be sensitive and specific even for a single‐night testing protocol. Peripheral arterial tone‐based REM OSA phenotyping showed a lower sensitivity but a slightly higher specificity compared to polysomnography. In order to increase performance and conclusiveness of peripheral arterial tone‐based REM OSA phenotyping, a multi‐night protocol of 2–5 nights could be considered. Finally, the minimum required rapid eye movement sleep time could be lowered from the conventional 30 min to 15 min without significantly lowering REM OSA phenotyping sensitivity and specificity, while increasing the level of phenotyping conclusiveness.
Environment and plant traits explain shrub biomass allocation and species composition across ecoregions in North China
Authors: Chai Yongfu , Zhong Jiayi , Zhao Jiale , Guo Jiangchao , Yue Ming , Guo Yaoxin , Wang Mao , Wan Pengcheng
Published: September 2021

Questions

Interspecific differences in plant biomass allocation reflect plant nutrient use strategy, determining species fitness under different environmental conditions. However, plant biomass allocation may be affected by both habitat and plant traits. We asked how environmental conditions and plant traits jointly affect shrub biomass allocation. Specifically, how they further play roles in understanding community species composition as ecoregion changes.

Location

Shaanxi province, North China.

Methods

Plant biomass, plant traits and community composition were surveyed for 48 shrub sites distributed in five ecoregions. Species‐specific allocation parameters (allometric constants and scaling exponents) and plant traits were weighted with species abundance to calculate the community biomass allocation and community traits. Linear mixed models were used to assess relative contributions of plant traits and environmental factors in explaining biomass allocation pattern. Their roles in explaining species composition were analyzed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).

Results

We reported that shrub biomass allocation parameters of stems vs leaves and roots vs shoots varied significantly among ecoregions. Plant traits explained more variation in stem vs leaf biomass allocation than soil and climate factors, while climate factors played important roles in variation of root vs shoot biomass allocation. Combined with plant traits and environmental conditions, biomass allocation showed a synergistic role in explaining community species composition.

Conclusions

Environment and plant traits explain different aspects of shrub biomass allocation, and species‐specific biomass allocation strategy have the potential to predict community species composition and distribution across ecoregions. Our study sheds light on the biomass allocations significance in understanding species turnover and community distribution.
Waist and hip circumference are independently associated with the risk of liver disease in population‐based studies
Authors: Danielsson Oscar , Nissinen Markku J. , Jula Antti , Salomaa Veikko , Männistö Satu , Lundqvist Annamari , Perola Markus , Åberg Fredrik
Published: September 2021

Background & Aims

While several anthropometric measures predict liver disease, the waist‐hip ratio (WHR) has shown superiority in previous studies. We analysed independent and joint associations of waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) with liver disease and liver‐related risk factors.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study (n = 6619) and longitudinal cohort (n = 40 923) comprised individuals from Health 2000 and FINRISK 1992‐2012 studies. Prevalent and viral liver diseases were excluded. Longitudinal cohort was linked with national healthcare registers for severe incident liver disease. Linear regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyse anthropometric, lifestyle, metabolic and bioimpedance‐related parameters; liver enzymes; and 59 liver‐related genetic risk variants.

Results

WC and HC showed independent and opposite associations with both liver enzymes and incident liver disease among men (HR for liver disease: WC, 1.07, 95% CI 1.03‐1.11; HC, 0.96, 95% CI 0.92‐0.99; P‐range .04 to <.001) and women (HR for liver diseases: WC, 1.06, 95% CI 1.02‐1.10; HC, 0.93, 95% CI 0.89‐0.98; P‐range .005 to .004). HC modified associations between WC and liver enzymes, and between WC and incident liver disease, particularly among men. Liver enzymes and risk of liver disease increased with increasing WC, more so among individuals with high WHR compared to with low WHR. WC and HC jointly reflected both body fat distribution and muscle mass, which was largely mirrored by WHR.

Conclusions

WC and HC exhibit independent and joint associations with liver disease, which are largely reflected by WHR. Both body fat distribution and muscle mass contribute to these anthropometric measures.
Population dynamics of Indian river shad Gudusia chapra (Hamilton, 1822) using length frequency analysis for fisheries management in a floodplain wetland of Ganga River Basin, India
Authors: Sarkar Uttam Kumar , Johnson Canciyal , Kumari Suman , Bakshi Snigdha , Karnatak Gunjan , Das Ghosh Bandana , Lianthuamluaia Mishal P. , Das Basanta Kumar
Published: September 2021

The small‐scale fisheries sector plays very significant role in Indian fisheries. Fish life history parameters such as growth and morality are considered important factors for their conservation and management. Accordingly, the population parameters of a commercially important freshwater clupeid fish, Gudusia chapra (Hamilton, 1822) of Mathura beel, a tropical oxbow lake in West Bengal were investigated on the basis of primary data using a FiSAT‐II software package. A total of 2062 specimens of both sexes combined, exhibiting a length (TL) range 1.7–15.4 cm and a weight range of 1.14–35.69 g, were collected from different sites of the wetland during October 2017–September 2019. The growth parameters L∞, K and t0 of the species were 16.55 cm, 1.10/year and −0.02, respectively. The growth performance (ϕ) was 2.48. The estimated mortality rates Z, M and F were 2.72, 1.25 and 1.47/year, respectively. The current exploitation ratio (E) was estimated to be 0.54 based on the length‐converted catch curve. Analysis of the relative yield per recruit and relative biomass per recruit model indicated that the current E value is approaching an Emax value of 0.56. The maximum sustainable yield of this species was estimated to be 10.7 t, compared to the present annual yield of 11.5 t. For optimal fisheries management and a reduced risk of over exploitation, the current exploitation rate should be reduced by about 40% to achieve E0.5 as a target reference point. The information generated in the present study will facilitate optimal management of the resources for sustainable fisheries management and conservation of G. chapra.
Spatio‐temporal variations in selected water quality parameters and trophic status of Lake Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Walumona Jacques Riziki , Odoli Cyprian Ogombe , Raburu Philip , Amisi Fabrice Muvundja , Murakaru Mugo James , Kondowe Benjamin N. , Kaunda‐Arara Boaz
Published: September 2021

Lacustrine and riverine ecosystems provide important goods and services, including being habitats for aquatic biodiversity, local micro‐climate moderation and a source of economic livelihoods for riparian communities. At the same time, however, they fact continuing anthropogenic and natural threats that can affect their water quality, ecological integrity and biodiversity. The present study focused on assessing spatio‐temporal variations in water quality and trophic status of Lake Baringo, a Ramsar site in Kenya. A number of physicochemical parameters, including nutrient loads, trophic status and organic pollution indices, were evaluated for the lake from water samples collected from March 2008 to December 2020. The results of the present study indicated five parameters (turbidity, fluoride,, total phosphorus and DO) exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water based on WHO standards. The water quality index (WQI) values ranged between 556.04 and 693.54, being well above the WHO recommended limit (WQI = 100), indicating Lake Baringo water to be unsuitable for human consumption. The fluoride (F−) ions and water turbidity contributed the most relative weights to the lake's WQI. The organic pollution index (OPI) for the lake varied from 4.33 to 4.67, significantly above the organic pollution scale of 1.0–3.9 and indicating the lake is not organically polluted. A positive relationship was found between turbidity and rainfall, suggesting the influence of catchment activities on the lake. The nutrient load had less effect on both the WQI and OPI of the lake, indicating low inputs from the catchment. The lake's trophic status shifted between eutrophic and mesotrophic conditions from 2008 to 2020, based on the Carlson's trophic status index (CTSI) values. Application of a holistic and integrated lake basin management (ILBM) approach is recommended for the management of Lake Baringo and its watershed in order to sustain its ecological processes and the associated riparian community economic livelihood support from the lake.
Effects of hydrological regimes and limnological parameters on plankton community properties in tropical irrigation reservoirs: A Sri Lankan case study
Authors: Weerakoon Sampath N. , Chandrasekara W. Upali , Amarasinghe Upali S.
Published: September 2021

Water‐level fluctuations are reported to be key processes influencing ecosystem structure and functions in lentic aquatic ecosystems such as reservoirs. The plankton community structure in reservoirs, being useful monitoring tools as reservoir trophic status indicators, are influenced by water quality parameters and water‐level fluctuations. The present study tested the hypothesis that plankton community properties in irrigation reservoirs are influenced by hydrological regimes and physical and chemical parameters. Accordingly, the effects of physical, chemical and hydrological parameters on plankton density and taxa richness were investigated for 10 selected irrigation reservoirs of Sri Lanka. The relative reservoir level fluctuation (RRLF), an index of the magnitude of water‐level fluctuation in relation to mean depth, had a positive influence on phytoplankton density. Because the RRLF positively influenced phytoplankton density, this index appeared to favour eutrophy in reservoirs. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated both the phytoplankton and zooplankton community structure in the study reservoirs was influenced by physical and chemical characteristics. CCA also indicated the plankton taxa abundance and water quality parameters could be used for the trophic classification of irrigation reservoirs. The results of the present study highlight the need for examining attributes based on hydrological regimes in the context of reservoir water quality management.
Some biological aspects of the Silurid Catfish, Bagrus docmak (Forksskal, 1775) in Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Yongo Edwine , Agembe Simon
Published: September 2021

Bagrus docmak is indigenous to Lake Victoria, being an important source of economic livelihoods to communities around the lake. Although its stocks in the lake are facing intense fishing, predation and ecological changes, data on its biological aspects are scanty, being the basis for the current study. Fish samples for the present study were collected using gillnets of 10‐ and 50‐mm mesh sizes. The length and weight of individual fish caught were measured in the field, while stomachs were preserved in 5% formalin and taken to the laboratory for gut content analysis. The overall sex ratio (male: female) was 1.0:1.26, and did not deviate significantly from 1:1. The lengths of the fish ranged from 12.0 to 55.0 cm TL and the weights ranged between 20.0 and 1650.0 g, with a mean length and weight of 32.7 cm TL and 351.2 g, respectively. The fish were in a good condition with mean condition factors (K) of 1.0, 1.01 and 0.97 for all fish, females and males, respectively. The fish exhibited a negative allometric growth pattern, with a length–weight relationship slope (b) of 2.90, 2.94 and 2.94 for all fish, females, and males, respectively. Stomach analyses revealed an ontogenetic diet shift, where juveniles of less than 30 cm TL feeding exclusively on Caridina nilotica. With increasing size, the fish ingested insects and other fish species, including barbus, bivalves, haplochromines, crabs and detritus in variable quantities. The results of the present study provide useful information on the biological aspects of B. docmak useful for its management and comprehensive stock assessment when required. It also provides insights into the feeding ecology of this fish in view of the changing Lake Victoria ecosystem. Accurate Knowledge regarding its food requirements can inform feed formulation for its successful culture.
Effects of COVID‐19 pandemic on Baor (Oxbow lake) fisheries: Decreased economic livelihoods and food security
Authors: Rahman Md. Ashekur , Hossain Md. Yeamin , Tanjin Sumaya , Mawa Zannatul , Hasan Md. Rabiul , Jasmine Saleha
Published: September 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the global economy, with Bangladesh as a developing country exhibiting greater vulnerability. This pandemic has negatively affected the livelihoods and food security of the nation. Baor (oxbow lake) fisheries communities also were significantly affected during the pandemic, in terms of incomes, food security, health conditions, etc. Fishers have had to stop harvesting, or lower the quantity, of fishes, the sale of which was the main income source of the baor fishers’ community because of reduced consumer demands during the lockdown conditions. The supply chains of fishes and fish culture inputs were also disrupted because of a lack of needed transportation, thereby hindering the availability of this convenient protein source from the fish. All these factors negatively impacted the incomes of the people dependent on this important fishery. If appropriate measures are applied to overcome these various difficulties, the baor fisheries may again contribute significantly to the livelihoods and food security of the population in the southwestern part of Bangladesh.
A new lake algae detection method supported by a drone‐based multispectral camera
Authors: Tóth Veronika Zsófia , Grósz János , Ladányi Márta , Jung András
Published: September 2021

Algal detection and quantification are essential steps needed to maintain the appropriate ecological status of freshwater bodies. Although there are still some technical issues to be addressed, remote sensing technologies possess benefits over traditional testing methods. To overcome these difficulties, algal concentrations at selected locations in Lake Balaton, Hungary, were determined with the use of a multispectral camera, mounted by a 3D printed tool on a drone. The algae concentration was defined from three different camera output variables, including light level, irradiance and reflectance. The determination was based on blue/green and also NIR/red indices. To validate the method, results from drone measurements were compared to laboratory measurements of collected water samples from the same 29 sites at which the drone camera took images. Pearson's correlation was applied to test the agreement of the measured and method‐derived values. The blue/green ratio proved to be a more adequate input than NIR/RED, with the highest correlation being produced by the light level, blue/green ratio‐based data that exhibited a highly significant Pearson correlation coefficient (r = .96). This newly developed drone‐based method was shown to provide notably better spatial resolution than the satellites. Accordingly, the newly developed, quick‐process measurements obtained in the present study can be done as frequently as required with a markedly lower budget.
Tissue‐specific gene expression shows a cynipid wasp repurposes oak host gene networks to create a complex and novel parasite‐specific organ
Authors: Martinson Ellen O. , Werren John H. , Egan Scott P.
Published: September 2021

Every organism on Earth depends on interactions with other organisms to survive. In each of these interactions, an organism must utilize the limited toolbox of genes and proteins it possesses to successfully manipulate or cooperate with another species, but it can also co‐opt the genome machinery of its partner to expand its available tools. Insect‐induced plant galls are an extreme example of this, wherein an insect hijacks the plant's genome to direct the initiation and development of galls consisting of plant tissue. However, previous transcriptomic studies have not evaluated individual tissues within a gall to determine the full extent to which a galling insect manipulates its host plant. Here we demonstrate that the cynipid wasp Dryocosmus quercuspalustris creates a complex parasite‐specific organ from red oak tissue via massive changes in host gene expression. Our results show that the gall wasp is not merely modifying oak leaf tissue but creating extensive changes in gene expression between galled and ungalled tissue (differential expression in 28% of genes) and distinct gall tissue types (20% of genes). The outer gall tissue shows increases in various plant defence systems, which is consistent with its predicted functional role of protecting the wasp larva. The inner larval capsule shows suppression of large parts of the plant innate immune system and evidence for the wasp utilizing the plant's RNA interference mechanisms, which may be a potential mechanism for the wasp's control on gall growth.
Phenotypic and genomic adaptations to the extremely high elevation in plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi)
Authors: Zhang Tao , Chen Jie , Zhang Jia , Guo Yuan‐Ting , Zhou Xin , Li Meng‐Wen , Zheng Zhi‐Zhong , Zhang Tong‐Zuo , Murphy Robert W. , Nevo Eviatar , Shi Peng
Published: September 2021

The evolutionary outcomes of high elevation adaptation have been extensively described. However, whether widely distributed high elevation endemic animals adopt uniform mechanisms during adaptation to different elevational environments remains unknown, especially with respect to extreme high elevation environments. To explore this, we analysed the phenotypic and genomic data of seven populations of plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) along elevations ranging from 2,700 to 4,300 m. Based on whole‐genome sequencing data and demographic reconstruction of the evolutionary history, we show that two populations of plateau zokor living at elevations exceeding 3,700 m diverged from other populations nearly 10,000 years ago. Further, phenotypic comparisons reveal stress‐dependent adaptation, as two populations living at elevations exceeding 3,700 m have elevated ratios of heart mass to body mass relative to other populations, and the highest population (4,300 m) displays alterations in erythrocytes. Correspondingly, genomic analysis of selective sweeps indicates that positive selection might contribute to the observed phenotypic alterations in these two extremely high elevation populations, with the adaptive cardiovascular phenotypes of both populations possibly evolving under the functional constrains of their common ancestral population. Taken together, phenotypic and genomic evidence demonstrates that heterogeneous stressors impact adaptations to extreme elevations and reveals stress‐dependent and genetically constrained adaptation to hypoxia, collectively providing new insights into the high elevation adaptation.
Demographic history and patterns of molecular evolution from whole genome sequencing in the radiation of Galapagos giant tortoises
Authors: Jensen Evelyn L. , Gaughran Stephen J. , Garrick Ryan C. , Russello Michael A. , Caccone Adalgisa
Published: September 2021

Whole genome sequencing provides deep insights into the evolutionary history of a species, including patterns of diversity, signals of selection, and historical demography. When applied to closely related taxa with a wealth of background knowledge, population genomics provides a comparative context for interpreting population genetic summary statistics and comparing empirical results with the expectations of population genetic theory. The Galapagos giant tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.), an iconic rapid and recent radiation, offer such an opportunity. Here, we sequenced whole genomes from three individuals of the 12 extant lineages of Galapagos giant tortoise and estimate diversity measures and reconstruct changes in coalescent rate over time. We also compare the number of derived alleles in each lineage to infer how synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation accumulation rates correlate with population size and life history traits. Remarkably, we find that patterns of molecular evolution are similar within individuals of the same lineage, but can differ significantly among lineages, reinforcing the evolutionary distinctiveness of the Galapagos giant tortoise species. Notably, differences in mutation accumulation among lineages do not align with simple population genetic predictions, suggesting that the drivers of purifying selection are more complex than is currently appreciated. By integrating results from earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies with new findings from the analysis of whole genomes, we provide the most in‐depth insights to date on the evolution of Galapagos giant tortoises, and identify discrepancies between expectation from population genetic theory and empirical data that warrant further scrutiny.
Anti‐myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease presenting tumefactive demyelinating lesions and bilateral optic neuritis with chiasmatic lesion
Authors: Nukui Takamasa , Matsuda Noriyuki , Konishi Hirofumi , Hayashi Tomohiro , Yamamoto Mamoru , Shibuya Ryoko , Hirosawa Hiroaki , Tanaka Ryo , Dougu Nobuhiro , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Nakatsuji Yuji
Published: September 2021

A 15‐year‐old girl presented with a headache accompanied by bilateral visual impairment. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed tumefactive lesions in the white matter of the right occipital lobe on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery images accompanied by open‐ring gadolinium enhancement and high‐intensity lesions in the bilateral optic nerve, including chiasma. Since anti‐myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody was detected by blood examination, the patient was diagnosed with anti‐MOG antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) exhibiting overlapping characteristics with tumefactive multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). Steroid pulse therapy and plasma exchange therapy completely improved her symptoms, and oral prednisolone therapy prevented relapse of the disease for at least 2 years. Since MOGAD exhibits overlapping characteristics with MS and NMOSD, it is important to screen anti‐MOG antibodies in patients with atypical MS and seronegative NMOSD.