bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interorganizational networks in dynamics of disaster: Comprehensive approach to network effectiveness
Authors: Chang Saemi
Published: February 2024

Governments grapple with the challenges of uncertainty and complexity in disasters due to interconnected actors. This research explores how government organizations can effectively operate during disasters. Two aspects of network effectiveness—structural and procedural approaches—are considered. The structural approach emphasizes the network stability, while the procedural approach focuses on the process of network evolution. Analysing and comparing response networks from two earthquakes in Korea, a crucial environmental change—government reorganization—between them was identified. This allowed to assess how environmental changes impact network effectiveness. The findings suggest that effective disaster management requires complementing centralized authority with actual power distribution, empowering subnetwork groups as centres of common knowledge base, and emphasizing coordination among organizations with diverse expertise.
The renewable energy challenge in developing economies: An investigation of environmental taxation, financial development, and political stability
Authors: Rehman Abdul , Batool Zakia , Ain Qurat Ul , Ma Hengyun
Published: February 2024

The phenomenon of accelerated economic growth and heightened energy consumption in emerging economies is resulting in a substantial upsurge in CO2 emissions. Due to the inescapable apprehensions around climate change and the diminishing availability of fossil fuel resources, there exists a pervasive need on a worldwide scale to transition towards renewable energy sources. However, emerging economies have unique hurdles in adopting renewable energy technologies, owing to low financial resources, volatile political environments, and insufficient regulatory frameworks. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the effectiveness of financial development, environmental taxation, and political stability in facilitating the adoption of renewable energy in developing countries. The system‐Generalized Method of Moments approach was used to analyze the dataset including 17 emerging economies spanning the period from 1994 to 2021. The study also utilizes the cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag approach, and the results obtained from cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag align closely with those obtained from the system‐Generalized Method of Moments estimates, thereby confirming the reliability and strength of the findings. Results show that environmental taxes encourage the adoption of renewable energy; however, political stability and financial development help to provide a feasible structure for the adoption of renewable energy. The findings will contribute to the development of viable policy recommendations for these economies to facilitate the advancement of sustainable energy transitions.
Electrospun nanofibers based on zein and red onion bulb extract (Allium cepa, L.): Volatile compounds, hydrophilicity, and antioxidant activity
Authors: Cruz Elder Pacheco da , Pires Juliani Buchveitz , Jansen Estefani Tavares , Santos Felipe Nardo dos , Fonseca Laura Martins , Hackbart Helen Cristina dos Santos , Radünz Marjana , Zavareze Elessandra da Rosa , Dias Alvaro Renato Guerra
Published: February 2024

Onion is rich in bioactive and volatile compounds with antioxidant activity. However, the pungent odor of volatile compounds (VOCs) released restricts its use. The encapsulation of red onion extract by electrospinning is an alternative to mask this odor and protect its bioactive compounds. The main objective of this study was to encapsulate red onion bulb extract (ROE) in different concentrations into zein nanofibers by electrospinning and evaluate their thermal, antioxidant, and hydrophilicity properties. The major VOC in ROE was 3(2H)‐furanone, 2‐hexyl‐5‐methyl. Incorporating ROE into the polymeric solutions increased electrical conductivity and decreased apparent viscosity, rendering nanofibers with a lower average diameter. The loading capacity of ROE on fibers was high, reaching 91.5% (10% ROE). The morphology of the nanofibers was random and continuous; however, it showed beads at the highest ROE concentration (40%). The addition of ROE to the nanofibers increased their hydrophilicity. The nanofibers’ antioxidant activity against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals ranged from 32.5% to 57.3%. The electrospun nanofibers have the potential to protect and mask VOCs. In addition, they offer a sustainable alternative to the synthetic antioxidants commonly employed in the food and packaging industry due to their antioxidant activities.
Recent advances in the use of composite titanium dioxide nanomaterials in the food industry
Authors: Mao Xixi , Hao Changlong
Published: February 2024

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials have attracted significant attention due to their good biocompatibility and potential for multifunctional applications. In the last few years, there has been growing interest in the use of TiO2 nanomaterials in the food industry. However, a systematic review of the synthesis methods, properties, and applications of TiO2 nanomaterials in the food industry is lacking. In this review, we provide a summary of the synthesis and properties of TiO2 nanomaterials and their composites, with a focus on their applications in the food industry. We also discuss the potential benefits and risks of using TiO2 nanomaterials in food applications. This review aims to promote food innovation and improve food quality and safety.
The effect of the mind–body intervention on depression in people with cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Song Dongpo , Liu Ying , Zhang Shuang , Fang Shuyan , Sun Juanjuan , Zhu Xiangning , Dong Yueyang , He Meng , Sun Jiao
Published: February 2024

Purpose

To assess the effect of the mind–body intervention on depression in people with cognitive impairment.

Methods

Five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO) were systematically searched, the Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used for quality assessment, and subgroup analyses were performed according to participant types, intervention types, and duration of interventions.

Findings

A total of 16 randomized controlled trials were included, two of which were unable to obtain complete data and one had high heterogeneity. The overall meta‐analysis of 13 articles showed that the mind–body intervention was not effective in promoting depression in individuals with cognitive impairment (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) [−0.27, 0.11]; p = 0.419; I2 = 52.4%, 13 studies, 1406 participants) compared with the control group. Subgroup analysis showed that depression was significantly improved in the dementia subgroup after the mind–body intervention compared to the control group (SMD = −0.31; 95% CI [−0.57, −0.05]; p = 0.021. I2 = 29.2%, six studies, 399 participants), while no significant changes were observed in the mild cognitive impairment subgroup. Among different intervention types and durations, no intervention was found to have a significant positive effect on depression.

Conclusion

The mind–body intervention is an effective intervention for improving depression in people with dementia, but its effect is not significant in individuals with overall cognitive impairment. Follow‐up high‐quality studies are needed to further verify the effects of different mind–body interventions on depression in people with different severities of cognitive impairment.

Implications for Nursing Practice: By proving the effectiveness of the mind–body intervention in improving depression in people with dementia, it will provide evidence for the further development and improvement of the mode and content of the mind–body intervention and increase the attention and support of the healthcare system and society for the mind–body intervention.
Australian medical practitioners' perspectives about current practice relating to fitness to drive assessment for older people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A qualitative study
Authors: Spargo Claire , Laver Kate , Berndt Angela , Adey‐Wakeling Zoe , George Stacey
Published: February 2024

Objectives

To describe the perspectives of Australian medical practitioners about current practice, and the potential benefit of tools and resources to support fitness to drive assessment for older people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews with 22 medical practitioners from cognitive/memory clinics, hospitals, general practice and driving fitness assessment services in Australia. Reflexive thematic analysis was conducted.

Results

Two overarching themes were generated: (1) Uncomfortable decisions, describing feelings of discomfort expressed by practitioners about making fitness to drive recommendations, with two subthemes: (a) ‘Feeling uncertain’ and (b) ‘Sticking your neck on the line’; and (2) Easing the discomfort, describing participants' desire for tools/resources to support practitioners to increase comfort with fitness to drive recommendations, with two subthemes: (a) ‘Seeking certainty’ and (b) ‘Focusing on the process’ conveying two different perspectives about how this may be achieved. There was a desire for a new in‐office assessment tool capable of accurately predicting fitness to drive outcomes and views that an evidence‐based clinical pathway could improve practitioners' confidence in decision‐making.

Conclusions

Perceptions of discomfort relating to fitness to drive assessment of older people with dementia and MCI exist amongst medical practitioners from health‐care settings across Australia. In the absence of a well‐validated in‐office assessment tool, practitioners may benefit from an evidence‐based clinical pathway to guide driving recommendations.
Effect of cognitive training on cognitive function in community‐dwelling older people with mild‐to‐moderate dementia: A single‐blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chantanachai Thanwarat , Sturnieks Daina L. , Lord Stephen R. , Close Jacqueline C. T. , Kurrle Susan E. , Delbaere Kim , Payne Narelle , Savage Roslyn , Taylor Morag E.
Published: February 2024

Objectives

The purpose of this assessor‐blinded, randomised controlled trial was to determine the effect of computerised cognitive training (CT) on executive function, processing speed and working memory in 61 people with mild‐to‐moderate dementia.

Methods

The primary outcomes were forward Digit Span and Trail Making Tests (TMT) at the completion of the 6‐month intervention. Secondary outcomes included cognitive and physical performance, rate of falls, participant and caregiver's quality of life and usability and adherence to the CT program. The study was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000364370).

Results

Intervention group (n = 31) participants averaged 81 min of CT per week, and system usability scores were acceptable (participants: 68.8 ± 22.1; caregivers: 79.4 ± 23.5). There were no statistically significant differences in cognitive or physical performance outcomes between the intervention and control groups at 6‐ or 12‐months (between‐group differences [95% CI] for primary outcomes at 6‐months: Forward Digit Span −0.3 [−0.8, 0.3]; TMT‐A 2.7 s [−14.1, 19.5]; TMT‐B −17.1 s [−79.3, 45.2]). At the 12‐month follow‐up reassessment, the intervention group reported significantly more depressive symptoms and had lower caregiver‐rated participant quality of life and higher caregiver quality of life compared to control.

Conclusions

This study showed no benefit of the CT program on working memory, processing speed and executive function. Future studies are required to better understand how CT can be used to improve cognitive and physical functioning in older people with mild–moderate dementia.
Realized impact of COVID‐19 related disruptions on the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program
Authors: Irwin Matthew P. , Dutta Trisha , Jambor Maxwell A. , Morgan Matthew J. , Turner Catherine E. , Liang Yicong
Published: February 2024

Background

Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer mortality in Australia (1). The National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP) aims to reduce mortality through early detection with a biennial faecal occult blood test for Australians aged 50–74 years (2). Modelling predicted COVID‐19 would reduce participation and delay colonoscopies despite the NBCSP continuing during the pandemic (3). This study analyses the realized impact of COVID‐19 related disruptions on the NBCSP and the effect on mortality.

Methods

NBCSP participation, time to colonoscopy and annualized mortality were compared before and during COVID‐19. The effect on mortality was determined using a validated microsimulation model (4, 5).

Results

From 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019, 2 497 317 people participated in the NBCSP and 168 390 received a colonoscopy, compared to 2 490 265 and 162 573 from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021. Relative participation decreased 6 % and the proportion of colonoscopies performed within the recommended 120 days increased 14.5%. A disproportionally greater impact was observed outside major cities and in lower socioeconomic areas. An estimated 98–111 additional colorectal cancer deaths resulted from 3 % fewer colonoscopies performed during the pandemic.

Conclusion

This study presents the most comprehensive analysis of the realized impact of COVID‐19 on the NBCSP. Catch‐up screening would be best targeted at Australians from rural and lower socioeconomic areas where participation remains low. Streamlined referral pathways and additional colonoscopy provisioning is required as less than two thirds of screen positive patients receive a colonoscopy within the recommended 120 days.
Accessory cavitated uterine malformation (ACUM): A scoping review
Authors: Timmerman Stefan , Stubbe Lauren , Van den Bosch Thierry , Van Schoubroeck Dominique , Tellum Tina , Froyman Wouter
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Accessory cavitated uterine malformation (ACUM) is a relatively recent term used to describe a noncommunicating, accessory uterine cavity. ACUM have been published under different terms ranging from juvenile cystic adenomyosis to “uterus‐like mass”. The objective of this study was to systematically identify all cases of ACUM and definitions described in the literature, regardless of label, and identify morphological, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics as well as management, while also highlighting knowledge gaps.

Material and methods

A systematic literature search of three databases was performed, reviewing all records of cystic myometrial lesions. Cases that fitted common definitions for ACUM were included and clinical and imaging characteristics were documented in detail. This work was registered to PROSPERO and reporting followed PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews.

Results

A total of 53 articles were included, comprising 115 cases that met the minimal criteria for ACUM. The median age at onset of symptoms was 17 years, presenting with dysmenorrhea soon after menarche. A total of 19 women were parous. On ultrasound, ACUM appears as unilocular myometrial cysts, usually with ground‐glass content. Hemorrhagic content is also observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with high signal intensity on both T2 and T1‐weighted images. Ninety‐five (83%) cases were managed surgically, with a trend towards primary nonsurgical options. Although no adverse outcomes were reported, long‐term follow‐up on subsequent fertility and pregnancy was rare.

Conclusions

Despite its increasing recognition as a clinical entity, ACUM often remains underdiagnosed as it shares similarities with other myometrial masses. We propose a unified terminology and definition for ACUM based on the data in this review. ACUM presents as a cavitated lesion, surrounded by a myometrial mantle, in continuity with the anterolateral uterine wall and located beneath the insertion of the round ligament and the interstitial portion of the fallopian tube. In contrast to other uterine abnormalities, a normal uterine cavity is visualized. Future studies are needed, using a clear definition for ACUM, and prospectively investigating management strategies, including long‐term follow‐up of patient‐reported symptoms, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes.
Formal education in Nauru: A Pacific development assistance story
Authors: Burnett Greg , Suluma Wili
Published: February 2024

Formal education in Nauru can only be fully understood in the light of the external influences, mostly Australian in origin, acting upon it as a small island state in the Central Pacific. Australia's influence began in the early 1900s as a leading stakeholder in Nauru's lucrative phosphate reserves. In the last few decades Nauru's dramatic economic decline has meant it has come into the orbit of Australia's official development assistance (ODA) to the Pacific region. However, Australia has ties to Nauru that go beyond mere economic and development assistance, for example, the country is a crucial site in Australia's own immigration policy and the offshore processing of asylum seekers bound for Australia. Geopolitically, Nauru is also important to Australia as one of a decreasing number of Taiwan‐loyal Pacific nations in the face of China's increasing assertiveness in the region. The nature of the relationship with Nauru has meant that for many decades Australia has provided an almost exclusive conduit of educational ideas, values, beliefs and practices flowing into the country to uniquely shape formal education provision. The purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly, via a synthesis of research literature and debate, it critiques the long‐running, primarily, Australia‐facing relationship Nauru has in terms of the educational assistance it receives, including the Nauru Education Program, a significant Australian development assistance initiative about to commence through to 2030. Secondly, with a basis in the advocacy literature of the Rethinking Pacific Education Initiative, the article highlights the possibility of a much more Pacific regionally facing Nauru over the next few decades as a result of relatively recent regional instrumentalities such as the Pacific Island Forum's 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent.
Fast estimation of generalized linear latent variable models for performance and process data with ordinal, continuous, and count observed variables
Authors: Zhang Maoxin , Andersson Björn , Jin Shaobo
Published: February 2024

Different data types often occur in psychological and educational measurement such as computer‐based assessments that record performance and process data (e.g., response times and the number of actions). Modelling such data requires specific models for each data type and accommodating complex dependencies between multiple variables. Generalized linear latent variable models are suitable for modelling mixed data simultaneously, but estimation can be computationally demanding. A fast solution is to use Laplace approximations, but existing implementations of joint modelling of mixed data types are limited to ordinal and continuous data. To address this limitation, we derive an efficient estimation method that uses first‐ or second‐order Laplace approximations to simultaneously model ordinal data, continuous data, and count data. We illustrate the approach with an example and conduct simulations to evaluate the performance of the method in terms of estimation efficiency, convergence, and parameter recovery. The results suggest that the second‐order Laplace approximation achieves a higher convergence rate and produces accurate yet fast parameter estimates compared to the first‐order Laplace approximation, while the time cost increases with higher model complexity. Additionally, models that consider the dependence of variables from the same stimulus fit the empirical data substantially better than models that disregarded the dependence.
A hemizygous loss‐of‐function variant in BCORL1 is associated with male infertility and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia
Authors: Luo Chen , Chen Zixu , Meng Lanlan , Tan Chen , He Wenbin , Tu Chaofeng , Du Juan , Lu Guang‐Xiu , Lin Ge , Tan Yue‐Qiu , Hu Tong‐Yao
Published: February 2024

Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) is a common type of male infertility; however, its genetic causes remain largely unknown. Some of the genetic determinants of OAT are gene defects affecting spermatogenesis. BCORL1 (BCL6 corepressor like 1) is a transcriptional corepressor that exhibits the OAT phenotype in a knockout mouse model. A hemizygous missense variant of BCORL1 (c.2615T > G:p.Val872Gly) was reported in an infertile male patient with non‐obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Nevertheless, the correlation between BCORL1 variants and OAT in humans remains unknown. In this study, we used whole‐exome sequencing to identify a novel hemizygous nonsense variant of BCORL1 (c.1564G > T:p.Glu522*) in a male patient with OAT from a Han Chinese family. Functional analysis showed that the variant produced a truncated protein with altered cellular localization and a dysfunctional interaction with SKP1 (S‐phase kinase‐associated protein 1). Further population screening identified four BCORL1 missense variants in subjects with both OAT (1 of 325, 0.31%) and NOA (4 of 355, 1.13%), but no pathogenic BCORL1 variants among 362 fertile subjects. In conclusion, our findings indicate that BCORL1 is a potential candidate gene in the pathogenesis of OAT and NOA, expanded its disease spectrum and suggested that BCORL1 may play a role in spermatogenesis by interacting with SKP1.
Long‐term value versus short‐term profits: When do index funds recall loaned shares for voting?
Authors: Luo Haoyi (Leslie) , Xu Zijin (Vivian)
Published: February 2024

Research Question/Issue

In this paper, we examine the effects of share lending or recall on proxy voting, with a particular focus on the role of index funds.

Research Findings/Insights

Our study reveals that higher index ownership in a firm is associated with an increased likelihood of share recall, particularly in the presence of higher institutional ownership, lower past return performance, smaller firm size, and when more shares are held by younger fund families with higher turnover ratios or higher management fees. Using the Russell 1000/2000 Index reconstitution as an exogenous shock, we establish a causal relationship between index ownership and share recall through instrumental variable (IV) analysis. Furthermore, we find a positive correlation between index ownership and share recall for proxy voting proposals related to compensation, director election, and those sponsored by management. In subsequent proxy votes, shareholder‐sponsored proposals and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) proposals receive more support in firms with higher index ownership, especially when share recall is more prevalent. Our analysis does not provide evidence to support the conjecture that firms with higher index ownership are more vulnerable to empty voting issues.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our study enhances the understanding of how index funds recall shares during proxy voting and the impact of index ownership on voting outcomes. The findings support the practice of index funds recalling shares to actively engage in proxy voting, effectively addressing the conflict between short‐term profit‐seeking through securities lending and long‐term governance responsibilities.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

We contribute to a better understanding of the role of index funds in corporate governance and shed light on the consequences of securities lending in proxy votes. These findings have important implications for investors, policymakers, and market participants in managing the potential conflicts arising from securities lending activities and promoting effective corporate governance practices.
Bobath Klinik Gerekçelendirme Çerçevesi: Serebral palsi dahil nörogelişimsel durumların karmaşıklığında sistemler bilimi yaklaşımı
Authors: Mayston Margaret J. , Saloojee Gillian M. , Foley Sarah E.
Published: February 2024

Özet

Bobath Klinik Gerekçelendirme Çerçevesi (BKGÇ) içerisindeki önerilen güncel gelişimsel Bobath uygulaması sistemler bilimi merceği kullanılarak kavramsallaştırılabilir ve bunu çocukluk çağı engelliliği ile ilişkilendirilen değişkenlerin birbirine bağlılığı ve etkileşimine bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla sağlar. BKGÇ, İşlevsellik, Yetiyitimi ve Sağlığın Uluslararası Sınıflandırması (ICF)’nın alt boyutları arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu alt boyutların birbirini nasıl etkilediğini anlamak için uygulanabilen derinlemesine bir klinik gerekçelendirme çerçevesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. BKGÇ, bir tedavi planı ile sonuçlanan klinik gerekçelendirme ve transdisipliner gözlemsel bir sistemdir. Bu sistem ise, serebral palsi (SP) gibi bozuklukların karmaşıklığını anlamak için bütüncül bir anlayış sunar ve nörolojik bozukluğu olan bireylerin yaşam boyu tedavisi ve rehabilitasyonu için temel oluşturur. BKGÇ tarafından kullanılan klinik gerekçelendirme, başta aile birimi olmak üzere bireyin ve sosyal çevresinin önemli bağlamsal faktörlerine dayanmaktadır. Tipik ve atipik gelişim, patofizyoloji (sensorimotor, bilişsel, davranışsal) ve sinirbilim arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkilerin ve bu vücut yapı ve fonksiyonlarının aktivite ve katılım üzerindeki etkisinin anlaşılmasına dayanır. BKGÇ'nin ayrılmaz bir parçası olan sistemler bilimi modeli, SP'nin karmaşıklığını anlamak ve buna yanıt vermek için yararlı bir yoldur; kapsayıcı hedef, herhangi bir bağlamda herhangi bir bireyin yaşadığı deneyimi optimize etmektir.
Stereo‐EEG–based ictal functional connectivity in patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia–related epilepsy
Authors: Zanello Marc , Garnier Elodie , Carron Romain , Jegou Aude , Lagarde Stanislas , Makhalova Julia , Medina Samuel , Bénar Christian‐G. , Bartolomei Fabrice , Pizzo Francesca
Published: February 2024

Nodular heterotopia (NH)–related drug‐resistant epilepsy is challenging due to the deep location of the NH and the complexity of the underlying epileptogenic network. Using ictal stereo‐electroencephalography (SEEG) and functional connectivity (FC) analyses in 14 patients with NH‐related drug‐resistant epilepsy, we aimed to determine the leading structure during seizures. For this purpose, we compared node IN and OUT strength between bipolar channels inside the heterotopia and inside gray matter, at the group level and at the individual level. At seizure onset, the channels within NH belonging to the epileptogenic and/or propagation network showed higher node OUT‐strength than the channels within the gray matter (p = .03), with higher node OUT‐strength than node IN‐strength (p = .03). These results are in favor of a “leading” role of NH during seizure onset when involved in the epileptogenic‐ or propagation‐zone network (50% of patients). However, when looking at the individual level, no significant difference between NH and gray matter was found, except for one patient (in two of three seizures). This result confirms the heterogeneity and the complexity of the epileptogenic network organization in NH and the need for SEEG exploration to characterize more precisely patient‐specific epileptogenic network organization.
Comparison of agranulocytosis and anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis caused by two antithyroid drugs: A pharmacovigilance study using the WHO international database
Authors: Han Ji Yun , Lee Jun Myong , Jung Se Yong , Kim Min Seo , Lee Seung Won , Kronbichler Andreas , Tizaoui Kalthoum , Koyanagi Ai , Kim Eun Young , Song Kyungchul , Chae Hyun Wook , Yon Dong Keon , Shin Jae Il , Smith Lee
Published: February 2024

Background

Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) are commonly used for patients with thyrotoxicosis. Agranulocytosis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, requiring appropriate interventions. In this study, we compared adverse drug effects associated with MMI and PTU using a real‐world large pharmacovigilance database.

Methods

We searched all Individual Case Safety Reports reported to be associated with MMI and PTU, from VigiBase between 1967 and June 2, 2021. We conducted disproportionality analysis (case/non‐case analysis) to analyze the difference in reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) between antithyroid drugs (case) and the entire database (non‐cases). We further analyzed information for the cases of agranulocytosis and AAV.

Results

Among 11 632 cases of ADRs reported after MMI intake, agranulocytosis occurred in 1633 cases and AAV occurred in 41 cases. For 5055 cases of ADRs reported after PTU intake, agranulocytosis occurred in 459 cases and AAV occurred in 110 cases. Agranulocytosis occurred after a median of 28 days after PTU intake and 33 days after MMI intake. More than 95% of the agranulocytosis cases were classified as serious, but most of them (65.1% for PTU and 70.4% for MMI) were reported to have recovered after dechallenge actions; mostly drug withdrawal. AAV occurred after a median of 668 days after PTU intake, and 1162 days after MMI intake.

Conclusions

This is a pharmacoepidemiological study investigating agranulocytosis and AAV caused by MMI and PTU. Through this research, we could provide more specific insights into a safe prescription of antithyroid drugs in a real‐world setting.
Trajectories and tipping points of piñon–juniper woodlands after fire and thinning
Authors: Phillips Michala L. , Lauria Cara , Spector Tova , Bradford John B. , Gehring Catherine , Osborne Brooke B. , Howell Armin , Grote Edmund E. , Rondeau Renee J. , Trimber Gillian M. , Robinson Benjamin , Reed Sasha C.
Published: February 2024

Piñon–juniper (PJ) woodlands are a dominant community type across the Intermountain West, comprising over a million acres and experiencing critical effects from increasing wildfire. Large PJ mortality and regeneration failure after catastrophic wildfire have elevated concerns about the long‐term viability of PJ woodlands. Thinning is increasingly used to safeguard forests from fire and in an attempt to increase climate resilience. We have only a limited understanding of how fire and thinning will affect the structure and function of PJ ecosystems. Here, we examined vegetation structure, microclimate conditions, and PJ regeneration dynamics following ~20 years post‐fire and thinning treatments. We found that burned areas had undergone a state shift that did not show signs of returning to their previous state. This shift was characterized by (1) distinct plant community composition dominated by grasses; (2) a lack of PJ recruitment; (3) a decrease in the sizes of interspaces in between plants; (4) lower abundance of late successional biological soil crusts; (5) lower mean and minimum daily soil moisture values; (6) lower minimum daily vapor pressure deficit; and (7) higher photosynthetically active radiation. Thinning created distinct plant communities and served as an intermediate between intact and burned communities. More intensive thinning decreased PJ recruitment and late successional biocrust cover. Our results indicate that fire has the potential to create drier and more stressful microsite conditions, and that, in the absence of active management following fire, there may be shifts to persistent ecological states dominated by grasses. Additionally, more intensive thinning had a larger impact on community structure and recruitment than less intensive thinning, suggesting that careful consideration of goals could help avoid unintended consequences. While our results indicate the vulnerability of PJ ecosystems to fire, they also highlight management actions that could be adapted to create conditions that promote PJ re‐establishment.
Starting from Lagos: International schooling and the diverse transnational status‐making projects of ‘Middling’ and ‘Elite’ Nigerians
Authors: Cheung Judge Ruth
Published: February 2024

This paper examines the diverse Lagos international school sector as an arena in which Nigerian families are attempting to (re)produce status and good lives that work transnationally. ‘Elite’ international schools focus on securing entry into Anglo‐American universities and distinguish themselves via discourses of ‘modern Britishness’, yet also emphasize the special value of schooling in Nigeria and seek to reproduce circulatory lives. There is also a competitive landscape of ‘mid‐range’ international schools that do not simply serve ‘aspirant locals’ but have broad international horizons and are central to transnational family strategies. Lagos schools across the spectrum receive students ‘sent’ from the diaspora, demonstrating they are valued stations in the transnational social field to protect as well as accumulate. The paper contributes to understanding international schools in the ‘global South’ not simply as a backstage to Anglo‐American centres but as offering unique resources for families navigating hierarchies at home and abroad.
Co‐design of the EMBED‐Care Framework as an intervention to enhance shared decision‐making for people affected by dementia and practitioners, comprising holistic assessment, linked with clinical decision support tools: A qualitative study
Authors: Aworinde Jesutofunmi , Evans Catherine J. , Gillam Juliet , Ramsenthaler Christina , Davies Nathan , Ellis‐Smith Clare ,   EMBED‐Care Programme
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Shared decision‐making intends to align care provision with individuals’ preferences. However, the involvement of people living with dementia in decision‐making about their care varies. We aimed to co‐design the EMBED‐Care Framework, to enhance shared decision‐making between people affected by dementia and practitioners.

Methods

A theory and evidence driven co‐design study was conducted, using iterative workshops, informed by a theoretical model of shared decision‐making and the EMBED‐Care Framework (the intervention) for person‐centred holistic palliative dementia care. The intervention incorporates a holistic outcome measure for assessment and review, linked with clinical decision‐support tools to support shared decision‐making. We drew on the Medical Research Council (MRC) guidance for developing and evaluating complex interventions. Participants included people with dementia of any type, current or bereaved family carers and practitioners. We recruited via established dementia groups and research and clinical networks. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to explore how and when the intervention could enhance communication and shared decision‐making, and the requirements for use, presented as a logic model.

Results

Five co‐design workshops were undertaken with participants comprising people affected by dementia (n = 18) and practitioners (n = 36). Three themes were generated, comprising: (1) ‘knowing the person and personalisation of care’, involving the person with dementia and/or family carer identifying the needs of the person using a holistic assessment. (2) ‘engaging and considering the perspectives of all involved in decision‐making’ required listening to the person and the family to understand their priorities, and to manage multiple preferences. (3) ‘Training and support activities’ to use the Framework through use of animated videos to convey information, such as to understand the outcome measure used to assess symptoms.

Conclusions

The intervention developed sought to enhance shared decision‐making with individuals affected by dementia and practitioners, through increased shared knowledge of individual priorities and choices for care and treatment. The workshops generated understanding to manage disagreements in determining priorities. Practitioners require face‐to‐face training on the intervention, and on communication to manage sensitive conversations about symptoms, care and treatment with individuals and their family. The findings informed the construction of a logic model to illustrate how the intervention is intended to work.
Topical statins as antifungals: a review
Authors: Khoury Dana M. , Ghaoui Nohra , El Tayar Elias , Dagher Ruby , El Hawa Mariana , Rubeiz Nelly , Abbas Ossama , Kurban Mazen
Published: February 2024

Cutaneous fungal infections affect millions around the world. However, severe, multi‐resistant fungal infections are increasingly being reported over the past years. As a result of the high rate of resistance which urged for drug repurposing, statins were studied and found to have multiple pleiotropic effects, especially when combined with other already‐existing drugs. An example of this is the synergism found between several typical antifungals and statins, such as antifungals Imidazole and Triazole with a wide range of statins shown in this review. The main mechanisms in which they exert an antifungal effect are ergosterol inhibition, protein prenylation, mitochondrial disruption, and morphogenesis/mating inhibition. This article discusses multiple in vitro studies that have proven the antifungal effect of systemic statins against many fungal species, whether used alone or in combination with other typical antifungals. However, as a result of the high rate of drug–drug interactions and the well‐known side effects of systemic statins, topical statins have become of increasing interest. Furthermore, patients with dyslipidemia treated with systemic statins who have a new topical fungal infection could benefit from the antifungal effect of their statin. However, it is still not indicated to initiate systemic statins in patients with topical mycotic infections if they do not have another indication for statin use, which raises the interest in using topical statins for fungal infections. This article also tackles the different formulations that have been studied to enhance topical statins' efficacy, as well as the effect of different topical statins on distinct dermatologic fungal diseases.
Performance enhancement in two‐stage innovation contests: Feedback and elimination schemes
Authors: Li Yifu , Luo Peng , Zhang Wei , Fan Xiaowei , Jie Shuijing
Published: February 2024

Innovation is one of the driving forces of economic development and social progress, and the crowdsourcing contest is a well‐established mechanism for encouraging innovation. This paper examines two incentive schemes in two‐stage innovation contests: feedback and elimination. Feedback enhances the efforts by revealing the competitive status, and elimination intensifies the competition by removing less‐qualified participants. We build a game theoretical model to investigate how the organizer should design the feedback and elimination schemes and then analyze the equilibrium efforts and optimal contest design in four‐solver contests. The results suggest that the optimal design depends on the combined effects of the reward, effort sensitivity, and cost coefficiency. Elimination and nonelimination contests can be optimal under different conditions. Furthermore, we extend the equilibrium analysis to competitions with contestants and investigate the optimal design with numerical studies. The most interesting result is that the elimination contest with feedback from the organizer is an ideal option for a budget‐constrained enterprise that seeks an innovative solution from the public for a complex innovation project. Also, the optimal number of contestants in the second stage is not always two when feedback is combined with elimination.
Risk and protective factors associated with wound infection after neurosurgical procedures: A meta‐analysis
Authors: He Kang , Li Yan‐Yang , Liu Hong‐Lin
Published: February 2024

To systematically evaluate the risk factors for wound infection at the surgical site after neurosurgical craniotomy by meta‐analysis, and to provide an evidence‐based basis for preventing the occurrence of wound infection. A computerised search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang database was conducted for relevant studies on risk factors for surgical site wound infection after neurosurgical craniotomy published from the database inception to November 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data and performed quality assessment in strict accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. STATA 17.0 software was applied for data analysis. Overall, 18 papers with 17 608 craniotomy patients were included, of which 905 patients developed wound infections. The analysis showed that underlying diseases [OR = 2.50, 95% CI (1.68, 3.72), p < 0.001] and emergency surgery [OR = 2.47, 95% CI (1.80, 3.38), p < 0.001] were the risk factors for developing wound infections after craniotomy, age < 60 years [OR = 0.72, 95% CI (0.52, 0.98), p = 0.039] was a protective factor for wound infections; whereas sex [OR = 1.11, 95% CI (0.98, 1.27), p = 0.112] and the antimicrobial use [OR = 1.30, 95% CI (0.81 2.09), p = 0.276] were not associated with the presence or absence of wound infection after craniotomy. Underlying disease and emergency surgery are risk factors for developing wound infections after craniotomy, whereas age < 60 years is a protective factor. Clinicians can reduce the occurrence of postoperative wound infections by communicating with patients in advance about the possibility of postoperative wound infections based on these factors, and by doing a good job of preventing postoperative wound infections.
Insights on spirituality and bereavement: A systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Martins Helga , Romeiro Joana , Casaleiro Tiago , Vieira Margarida , Caldeira Sílvia
Published: February 2024

Aim

To describe a synthesis of the experience related to the spirituality of those living a bereavement journey in primary qualitative studies.

Design

A systematic review of qualitative studies.

Data Source

A systematic review was carried out in March 2019 and was updated in January 2023. Searching was accomplished by an online database, such as CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, MedicLatina, LILACS, SciELO and Academic Search Complete. The search strategy did not consider a timeline as an eligibility criterion. The quality of the studies was assessed, and a thematic synthesis was performed in this review.

Methods

A systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted according to Saini and Shlonsky's methodology.

Reporting Method

PRISMA checklist.

Results

The review included 33 articles. Most of the studies were phenomenological and focused on parents' and family experiences of bereavement. Seven significant categories emerged, which match unmet spiritual needs during the grieving process. Two major categories were identified regarding the role of spirituality in bereavement: Spirituality as a process and spirituality as an outcome.

Conclusion

In clinical practice, attention to spirituality and providing spiritual care is critical to guarantee a holistic approach for those experiencing bereavement.

Implications

The findings of our study could foster awareness that healthcare professionals should include the spiritual dimension in their clinical practice to provide holistic care to individuals, enhancing the healing process in bereavement.

No Patient or Public Contribution

This is a systematic review.
Nutrient enrichment and probiotics for sea urchin Anthocidaris crassipina larvae in captivity to promote large‐scale aquaculture
Authors: Chu Tah‐Wei , Chu Yiru , Sun Wei‐Ting , Pan Chieh‐Yu , Pan Chih‐Hung , Ding De‐Sing
Published: February 2024

Sea urchin contains physiologically active substances, such as amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, and an important aquatic organism. Purple sea urchin, one of the common edible sea urchins, is an important aquatic product. In order to supply the vast seafood market, large‐scale aquaculture of sea urchins is very important. The aim of this study was to optimize the rearing of the Anthocidaris crassipina larvae enhancing the nutrition by mixing feed to improve their growth and survival. The survival rate of Chaetoceros muelleri feeding alone is only 40%. If the survival rate is improved through nutrient enrichment, the large‐scale aquaculture of larvae can be promoted. The experiment was divided into two parts. Experiment 1: Two types of commonly used microalgae, Isochrysis galbana tml (I), C. muelleri (C) and two types of probiotics, Rhodopseudomonas palustris (R), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S) were used in the. Feeding amounts are 5000, 10,000, and 20,000 cell mL−1, and the control group (N) did not eat. Experiment 2: C. muelleri 20,000 cell mL−1 was mixed with I. galbana tml, R. palustris (R) and S. cerevisiae (S) at 5000 and 10,000 cell mL−1. After the experiment, body length, body width, stomach length, rudiment length, rudiment length, body composition, digestive enzymes and survival rate were measured to evaluate the best feed. The results showed that the mixed feeding of C. muelleri 20,000 cell mL−1 and R. palustris 5000 cell mL−1 can achieve the best development and survival of larval embryos and can promote metamorphosis into juveniles in the shortest time. The research results will be applied to the large‐scale aquaculture of A. crassipina larvae to promote the diversity of aquaculture.
Association of sex hormones with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: An observational and Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Weng Chenghao , Shao Zilun , Xiao Meng , Song Mingyu , Zhao Yuxuan , Li Aolin , Pang Yuanjie , Huang Tao , Yu Canqing , Lv Jun , Li Liming , Sun Dianjianyi
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Sex‐specific associations of sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and bioavailable testosterone (BAT) with NAFLD remain indeterminate. We aimed to explore observational and genetically determined relationships between each hormone and NAFLD.

Methods

We included 187 395 men and 170 193 women from the UK Biobank. Linear and nonlinear Cox regression models and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis were used to test the associations.

Results

During 12.49 years of follow‐up, 2209 male and 1886 female NAFLD cases were documented. Elevated SHBG levels were linearly associated with a lower risk of NAFLD in women (HR (95% CI), .71 (.63, .79)), but not in men (a “U” shape, pnon‐linear < .001). Higher BAT levels were associated with a lower NAFLD risk in men (HR (95% CI), .81 (.71, .93)) but a higher risk in women (HR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.15, 1.36)). Genetically determined SHBG and BAT levels were linearly associated with NAFLD risk in women (OR (95% CI): .57 (.38, .87) and 2.21 (1.41, 3.26) respectively); in men, an “L‐shaped” MR association between SHBG levels and NAFLD risk was found (pnon‐linear = .016). The bidirectional MR analysis further revealed the effect of NAFLD on SHBG and BAT levels in both sexes.

Conclusions

Consistently, linear associations of lower SHBG and higher BAT levels with increased NAFLD risk were both conventionally and genetically found in women, while in men, SHBG acts in a nonlinear manner. In addition, NAFLD may affect SHBG and BAT levels.