bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpreting to Bridge the Gaps in War Conflicts
Authors: Ruiz Mezcua Aurora , Valverde Ferrera María del Carmen
Published: November 2019

As a communicative link among cultures, interpreters have played a very important role throughout history. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the language interpreter's role within warlike conflicts, paying special attention to their skills to bridge language, cultural, and power gaps. It has been observed that interpreting in conflicts is usually underestimated despite being extremely difficult and risky, and frequently, the support provided is quickly forgotten by all parts after the service is finished. This lack of consideration leaves many interpreters in danger in hostile countries. Due to the increase of displaced people and refugees in recent years, a brief historical review of the 20th and 21st century's wars has been carried out. This will be later referred to by the different interpreters and correspondents who work for diverse media and have been interviewed for the empiric study that we have carried out. Interpreters' work and ethical dilemmas they have to face are highlighted in this research. This study does not pursue, in any case, any political aims.
DESENVOLVIMENTO E ANÁLISE DE COMPÓSITOS CIMENTÍCIOS HÍBRIDOS
Authors: Albertim Michel Fernando , Ferrari Vladimir José
Published: November 2019

O trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento e a análise de compósitos cimentícios híbridos formados através da adição conjunta de fibras de aço e microfibras de vidro a uma matriz cimentícia formada por microconcreto. Com as microfibras pretende-se controlar a microfissuração da matriz, prin]cipalmente aquela que ocorre na fase pré-pico de carregamento como já observado em outras pesquisas: FERREIRA (2002), ARQUEZ (2010) e FERRARI (2014). A ação das fibras de aço é esperada no controle a propagação da fissuração da matriz conferindo ganho de tenacidade ao compósito após a fase de pós-pico do histórico de carregamento. Os compósitos assim formados foram submetidos à ensaios de flexão em três pontos moldando-se para tanto corpos de prova prismáticos com dimensões de 150 x 150 x 500 mm, dotados de entalhe central reto passante conforme recomenda a RILEM (2002). Os ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Concreto da Itaipu Binacional em Foz do Iguaçu/Pr. A resposta de cada compósito foi obtida considerando-se parâmetros de resistência e de tenacidade flexional indicados na RILEM (2002) e parâmetros de resistência ao faturamento (curvas de resistência) calculados tendo base equacionamento utilizando-se conceitos da Mecânica da Fratura Elástica Linear. Ficou evidenciado que a adição híbrida e em baixas quantidades de microfibras de vidro com as fibras de aço resultou em melhora no desempenho do compósito em termos de resistência, tenacidade flexional e resistência ao faturamento.
Using global positioning system methods to explore mobility patterns and exposure to high HIV prevalence neighbourhoods among transgender women in New York
Authors: Goedel William C. , Regan Seann D. , Chaix Basile , Radix Asa , Reisner Sari L. , Janssen Aron C. , Duncan Dustin T.
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study was to assess mobility patterns among a sample of transgender women (n=14) in New York City via survey and Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring. We found varying levels of concordance between the residential neighbourhood and each of the non-residential contexts: 64.3% considered the neighbourhood that they socialised in most often to be different from their residential neighbourhood. While participants’ residences represented 10 zone improvement plan code tabulation areas (ZCTAs), GPS data were recorded in 124 of 263 ZCTAs (47.1%). Overall, 58.2% (n=373,262) were recorded in ZCTAs in the highest quartile of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence. The association between place, community HIV prevalence, mobility, and factors that increase the vulnerability of transgender women to HIV infection are worthy of future investigation in reducing the burden of the HIV epidemic in these communities.
Spatial clustering of people with memories and responses six years after an earthquake in Cauquenes, Chile
Authors: Leiva-Bianchi Marcelo , Mena Carlos , Ormazábal Yony , Serrano Carlos
Published: November 2019

The occurrence of earthquakes can cause psychiatric problems expressed as unpleasant and uncontrollable memories of the event termed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Mapping the location of people and identifying their exposure and reactions to an earthquake can be extremely valuable from a public, mental health point of view. The main objective of this study was to examine people with respect to PTSD and healthy post-traumatic growth (PTG) after an earthquake searching for expression of geographic clustering that could be useful for a better understanding of mental health conditions. Geographic information systems analyses were performed to detect global and local geographic clustering. Investigating 171 randomly selected adults from Cauquenes, Chile, we demonstrated spatially clustered variables related to PTSD and PTG in Cauquenes six years after an earthquake. Urban and peri-urban areas had clear differences (hotspots/coldspots). The spatial identifications found should facilitate exploring the impact of mental health programmes in communities exposed to disasters like earthquakes, thereby improving their quality of life as well as reducing overall costs.
Mapping routine malaria incidence at village level for targeted control in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Rodríguez-Rodríguez Daniela , Maraga Seri , Jamea-Maiasa Sharon , Tandrapah Anthony , Makita Leo , Siba Peter M. , Mueller Ivo , Pulford Justin , Hetzel Manuel
Published: November 2019

Malaria surveillance and response-systems are essential for identifying the areas most affected by malaria and for targeting interventions and optimising resources. This study aimed to assess whether the visualisation of routinely collected health facility data linked to village of residence provides evidence for targeting control interventions in four sentinel health facilities in Papua New Guinea. A video format was used to visualise the dynamics in case incidence over time and space alongside photographs illustrating the context of the data collection in the study sites. Incidence changes overtime were illustrated in animated maps. Despite limitations, this approach appeared useful in sites with very few remaining cases or with increasingly marked heterogeneity. Villages that could benefit from targeted interventions or investigations were identified.
Spatiotemporal analysis of rabies in cattle in central Mexico
Authors: Bárcenas-Reyes Isabel , Nieves-Martínez Diana Paulina , Cuador-Gil José Quintín , Loza-Rubio Elizabeth , González-Ruíz Sara , Cantó-Alarcón Germinal Jorge , Milian-Suazo Feliciano
Published: November 2019

Spatial epidemiology of bat-transmitted rabies in cattle has been limited to spatial distribution of cases, an approach that does not identify hidden patterns and the spread resulting in outbreaks in endemic and susceptible areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the three variables average annual maximum, annual minimum temperature and precipitation in the region on the one hand, and the spatial distribution of cases on the other, using geographic information systems and co-Kriging considering that these environmental variables condition the existence of the rabies vector Desmodus rotundus. A stationary behaviour between the primary and the secondary variables was verified by basic statistics and moving window statistics. The directions of greater and lesser spatial continuity were determined by experimental cross-semivariograms. It was found that the highest risk for bovine paralytic rabies occurs in areas known as La Huasteca Potosina and La Sierra Gorda that are characterized by a maximum temperature of 29.5 °C, a minimum temperature of 16.5 °C and precipitation of 1200 mm. A risk estimation map was obtained for the presence of rabies with a determination coefficient greater than 95%, and a correlation coefficient greater than 0.95. Our conclusion is that ordinary co- Kriging provides a better estimation of risk and spatial distribution of rabies than simple Kriging, making this the method recommended for risk estimation and regional distribution of rabies.
Residential mobility impacts relative risk estimates of space-time clusters of chlamydia in Kalamazoo County, Michigan
Authors: Owusu Claudio , Desjardins Michael R. , Baker Kathleen M. , Delmelle Eric
Published: November 2019

We determine the impact of residential mobility in the prevalence and transmission dynamics of sexually transmitted infections. We illustrate our approach on reported chlamydia infections obtained from the Michigan Disease Surveillance System for Kalamazoo County, USA, from 2006 to 2014. We develop two scenarios, one with fixed residential addresses and one considering residential mobility. We then compare the resulting space-time clusters and relative risk (RR) of infection. The space-time scan statistics showed increased RR in an area with previously low risk of sexually transmitted infections. In addition, even though the spatial extent of the three clusters identified did not change significantly at the scale we conducted our analysis at, the temporal extent (duration) did exhibit significant changes and could be considered for unique interventions. The results indicate that residential mobility has some dependency on the prevalence and transmission dynamics of sexually transmitted infections to new areas. We suggest that strategies adopted to reduce the burden of sexually transmitted infections take into consideration the relatively high residential mobility of at-risk populations to reduce spreading the infections to new areas.
SALUTO DEL PRESIDENTE DELL’ISTITUTO LOMBARDO
Authors: Beretta Silvio
Published: November 2019

Non disponibile.
Nuovi Anillini (Coleoptera Carabidae) di Grecia e Anatolia
Authors: Giachino Pier Mauro , Vailati Dante
Published: November 2019

Gli autori descrivono le seguenti specie nuove: Prioniomus brachati n. sp., dell’isola di Sámos (Grecia), P. aegeicus n. sp. di Dilek Dagi, Aydin (Turchia), P. assingi n. sp. dell’isola di Kárpathos (Grecia), P. meybohmi n. sp. dell’isola di Sámos (Grecia), P. lompei n. sp. di Doluca, Karahmanmaras (Turchia), Caecoparvus vavrai n. sp. dei dintorni di Kalambaka, Thessalia (Grecia), C. assingi n. sp. dell’isola di chios (Grecia), C. brachati n. sp. dell’Isola di Sámos (Grecia), C. meybohmi n. sp. dell’isola di Sámos (Grecia), C. tauricus n. sp. di Göksun, Karahmanmaras (Turchia), C. lydiae n. sp. di nif Dagi, Izmir (Turchia), C. bialookii n. sp. di Bucak, Burdur (Turchia), Iason lompei n. sp. dell’isola di Sámos (Grecia), I. minoicus n. sp. dell’isola di creta (Grecia), Parvocaecus hetzeli n. sp. dell’isola di Lesbos (Grecia), P. assingi n. sp. di Yamanlar Dagi, Izmir (Turchia). Viene fornita la ridescrizione di Caecoparvus anatolicus (Jedlička, 1968) di Yalova (Anatolia occidentale) e proposto lo spostamento di Parvocaecus tokatensis Vigna Taglianti, 1976 di Almus, Tokat (Turchia) al genere Caecoparvus. Vengono infine discusse le implicazioni faunistiche, filogenetiche e zoogeografiche dei nuovi dati forniti.
Access to Athletic Trainer Services in California Secondary Schools
Authors: Post Eric G. , Roos Karen G. , Rivas Stephen , Kasamatsu Tricia M. , Bennett Jason
Published: November 2019

Context

California is currently the only state that does not regulate who can and cannot call themselves athletic trainers (ATs). Therefore, previous national or state-specific investigations may not have provided an accurate representation of AT availability at the secondary school level in California. Similarly, it is unknown whether the factors that influence AT availability in California, such as socioeconomic status, are similar to or different from those identified in previous studies.

Objective

To describe the availability of ATs certified by the Board of Certification in California secondary schools and to examine potential factors influencing access to AT services in California secondary schools.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Online survey.

Patients or Other Participants

Representatives of 1270 California high schools.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Officials from member schools completed the 2017–2018 California Interscholastic Federation Participation Census. Respondents provided information regarding school type, student and student-athlete enrollment, whether the school had ATs on staff, and whether the ATs were certified by the Board of Certification. The socioeconomic status of public and charter schools was determined using the percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch.

Results

More than half (54.6%) of schools reported that they either did not employ ATs (47.6%) or employed unqualified health personnel (UHP) in the role of AT (7.0%). Nearly 30% of student-athletes in California participated in athletics at a school that did not employ ATs (n = 191 626, 28.9%) and 8% of student-athletes participated at a school that employed UHP in the role of AT (n = 54 361, 8.2%). Schools that reported employing ATs had a lower proportion of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch than schools that did not employ ATs and schools that employed UHP (both P values < .001).

Conclusions

With ongoing legislative efforts to obtain regulation of ATs in California, secondary school administrators are encouraged to hire ATs with the proper certification to enhance the patient care provided to student-athletes and improve health outcomes.
Association of Mycobacterium africanum Infection with Slower Disease Progression Compared with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Malian Patients with Tuberculosis
Authors: Baya Bocar , Diarra Bassirou , Diabate Seydou , Kone Bourahima , Goita Drissa , Sarro Yeya dit Sadio , Cohen Keira , Holl Jane L. , Achenbach Chad J. , Tolofoudie Mohamed , Togo Antieme Combo Georges , Sanogo Moumine , Kone Amadou , Kodio Ousmane , Dabitao Djeneba , Coulibaly Nadie , Siddiqui Sophia , Diop Samba , Bishai William , Dao Sounkalo , Doumbia Seydou , Murphy Robert Leo , Diallo Souleymane , Maiga Mamoudou
Published: November 2019

Mycobacterium africanum (MAF) is known to endemically cause up to 40–50% of all pulmonary TB in West Africa. The aim of this study was to compare MAF with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with regard to time from symptom onset to TB diagnosis, and clinical and radiological characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bamako, Mali, between August 2014 and July 2016. Seventy-seven newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients who were naive to treatment were enrolled at Mali’s University Clinical Research Center. Sputum cultures were performed to confirm the diagnosis and spoligotyping to identify the mycobacterial strain. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with disease progression. Overall, the frequency of female patients was 25% in MAF infection and only 10.0% in MTB infection (OR = 2.9), and MAF was more represented in patients aged ≥ 30 years (57.1% versus 36.7% [OR = 2.3]). More MAF- than MTB-infected patients had a history of a prior TB contact (32.1% versus 14.3% [OR = 2.8]). The mean duration between cough onset and TB diagnosis was 111 days (∼3.7 months) for MAF and 72 days (∼2.4 months) for MTB (P = 0.007). In a multivariate regression, weight loss (body mass index [BMI] < 18.5 kg/m2) and cough duration (> 4 months) were strongly associated with MAF infection (OR = 5.20 [1.49–18.26], P = 0.010, and 4.74 [1.2–18.58], P = 0.02), respectively. Our data show that MAF infection was significantly associated with lower BMI and a longer time between symptom onset and TB diagnosis than MTB. This supports the concept that MAF infection may have slower disease progression and less severe cough symptoms than MTB.
Changes in Morbidity, Physical Fitness, and Perceived Quality of Life among Schoolchildren following Four Years of Different Mass Drug Administration Strategies against Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Mwanza Region, Northwestern Tanzania
Authors: Olsen Annette , Kinung’hi Safari , Kaatano Godfrey , Magnussen Pascal
Published: November 2019

Schistosoma mansoni infection negatively impacts children’s physical health and may influence general well-being. Schistosomiasis control programs aim at reducing morbidity through mass drug administration (MDA). This study aimed to compare morbidity markers between two cohorts of Tanzanian schoolchildren with initial high prevalence of S. mansoni infection. One cohort (N = 254 at baseline) received annual MDA for 4 years using community-wide treatment (CWT). The second cohort (N = 318 at baseline) received school-based treatment (SBT) every other year for 4 years. At year 5, the CWT cohort and the SBT cohort were reduced to 153 and 221 children, respectively. The characteristics of the 198 children lost to follow-up did not differ at baseline from those who were examined in year 5. Schistosoma mansoni infection, hemoglobin (Hb) and anemia, physical fitness, and perceived quality of life were investigated at baseline, year 3, and year 5, whereas liver and spleen pathology (ultrasound) were investigated only at baseline and year 5. Cohorts were compared using two-way mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA). Both treatment regimens significantly decreased individual-level mean intensity of S. mansoni infection, anemia, and hepatomegaly, and increased Hb levels after 5 years. Hepatomegaly was the only parameter affected by the treatment regimen as the CWT approach reduced the percentage of individuals with hepatomegaly significantly more than the SBT approach. Both treatment regimens led to reduced physical fitness at year 5 compared with baseline. The modest impact of the two control strategies are probably due to initial low intensity of infection, ensuring low level of schistosomiasis-related morbidity.
Inverse modeling of SO2 and NOx emissions over China using multi-sensor satellite data: 1. formulation and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Wang Yi , Wang Jun , Xu Xiaoguang , Henze Daven K. , Qu Zhen
Published: November 2019

Abstract. SO2 and NO2 observations from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) sensor are used for the first time in conjunction with GEOS-Chem adjoint model to optimize both SO2 and NOx emission estimates over China for October 2013. OMPS SO2 and NO2 observations are first assimilated separately to optimize emissions of SO2 and NOx, respectively. Posterior emissions, compared to the prior, yield improvements in simulating columnar SO2 and NO2, in comparison to measurements from OMI and OMPS. The posterior SO2 and NOx emissions from separate inversions are 748 Gg S and 672 Gg N, which are 36 % and 6 % smaller than prior MIX emissions, respectively. In spite of the large reduction of SO2 emissions over the North China Plain, the simulated sulfate-nitrate-ammonium Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) only decrease slightly, which can be attributed to (a) nitrate rather than sulfate as the dominant contributor to AOD and (b) replacement of ammonium sulfate with ammonium nitrate as SO2 emissions are reduced. Both data quality control and the weight given to SO2 relative to NO2 observations can affect the spatial distributions of the joint inversion results. When the latter is properly balanced, the posterior emissions from assimilating OMPS SO2 and NO2 jointly yield a difference of −3 % to 15 % with respect to the separate assimilations for total anthropogenic SO2 emissions and ± 2 % for total anthropogenic NOx emissions; but the differences can be up to 100 % for SO2 and 40 % for NO2 in some grid cells. Improvements on SO2 and NO2 simulations evaluated with OMPS and OMI measurements from the joint inversions are overall consistent with those from separate inversions. Moreover, the joint assimilations save ~ 50 % of the computational time than assimilating SO2 and NO2 separately when computational resources are limited to run one inversion at a time sequentially. The sensitivity analysis shows that a perturbation of NH3 to 50 % (20 %) of the prior emission inventory: (a) has negligible impact on the separate SO2 inversion, but can lead to decrease of posterior SO2 emissions over China by −2.4 % (−7.0 %) in total and up to −9.0 % (−27.7 %) in some grid cells in the joint inversion with NO2; (b) yield posterior NOx emissions over China decrease by −0.7 % (−2.8 %) for the separate NO2 inversion and by −2.7 % (−5.3 %) in total and up to −15.2 % (−29.4 %) in some grid cells for the joint inversion. The large reduction of SO2 between 2010 and 2013, however, only leads to ~ 10 % decrease of aerosol optical depth regionally; reducing surface aerosol concentration requires the reduction of emissions of NH3 as well.
Should altitudinal gradients of temperature and precipitation inputs be inferred from key parameters in snow-hydrological models?
Authors: Ruelland Denis
Published: November 2019

Abstract. This paper evaluates whether snow-covered area and streamflow measurements can help assess altitudinal gradients of temperature and precipitation in data-scarce mountainous areas more realistically than using the usual interpolation procedures. An extensive dataset covering 20 Alpine catchments is used to investigate this issue. Elevation dependency in the meteorological fields is accounted for using two approaches: (i) by estimating the local and time-varying altitudinal gradients from the available gauge network based on deterministic and geostatistical interpolation methods with an external drift; and (ii) by calibrating the local gradients using an inverse snow-hydrological modelling framework. For the second approach, a simple 2-parameter model is proposed to target the temperature/precipitation-elevation relationship and to regionalise air temperature and precipitation from the sparse meteorological network. The coherence of the two approaches is evaluated by benchmarking several hydrological variables (snow-covered area, streamflow and water balance) computed with snow-hydrological models fed with the interpolated datasets and checked against available measurements. Results show that accounting for elevation dependency from scattered observations when interpolating air temperature and precipitation cannot provide sufficiently accurate inputs for models. The lack of high-elevation stations seriously limits correct estimation of lapse rates of temperature and precipitation, which, in turn, affects the performance of the snow-hydrological simulations due to imprecise estimates of temperature and precipitation volumes. Instead, retrieving the local altitudinal gradients using an inverse approach enables increased accuracy in the simulation of snow cover and discharge dynamics, while limiting problems of over-calibration and equifinality.
A new approach to mapping landslide hazards: a probabilistic integration of empirical and physically based models in the North Cascades of Washington, USA
Authors: Strauch Ronda , Istanbulluoglu Erkan , Riedel Jon
Published: November 2019

Abstract. We developed a new approach for mapping landslide hazards by combining
probabilities of landslide impacts derived from a data-driven statistical
approach and a physically based model of shallow landsliding. Our
statistical approach integrates the influence of seven site attributes (SAs) on
observed landslides using a frequency ratio (FR) method. Influential attributes
and resulting susceptibility maps depend on the observations of landslides
considered: all types of landslides, debris avalanches only, or source areas
of debris avalanches. These observational datasets reflect the detection of
different landslide processes or components, which relate to different
landslide-inducing factors. For each landslide dataset, a stability index (SI) is calculated as a multiplicative result of the frequency ratios for all attributes and is mapped across our study domain in the North Cascades National Park Complex (NOCA), Washington, USA. A continuous function is developed to relate local SI values to landslide probability based on a ratio of landslide and non-landslide grid cells. The empirical model probability derived from the debris avalanche source area dataset is combined probabilistically with a previously developed physically based probabilistic model. A two-dimensional binning method employs empirical and
physically based probabilities as indices and calculates a joint probability
of landsliding at the intersections of probability bins. A ratio of the
joint probability and the physically based model bin probability is used as
a weight to adjust the original physically based probability at each grid
cell given empirical evidence. The resulting integrated probability of
landslide initiation hazard includes mechanisms not captured by the infinite-slope stability model alone. Improvements in distinguishing potentially
unstable areas with the proposed integrated model are statistically
quantified. We provide multiple landslide hazard maps that land managers can
use for planning and decision-making, as well as for educating the public
about hazards from landslides in this remote high-relief terrain.
Adjoint-based calibration of inlet boundary condition for atmospheric computational fluid dynamics solvers
Authors: Akbarzadeh Siamak , Kassem Hassan , Buhr Renko , Steinfeld Gerald , Stoevesandt Bernhard
Published: November 2019

Abstract. A continuous adjoint solver is developed for calibration of the inlet velocity profile boundary condition (BC) for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The adjoint solver uses interior domain wind speed observations to compute the gradient of a calibration function with respect to inlet velocity speed and wind direction. The solver has been implemented in the open-source CFD package OpenFOAM coupled with the local gradient-based “CONMIN-frcg” solver of the DAKOTA optimization package. The feasibility of the optimizer output is continuously monitored during the calibration process. The inlet flow profile is considered acceptable only if it can be fitted to a logarithmic or power law function with a tolerance of 3 %. Otherwise, the optimization takes the last fitted profile and asks for a new gradient evaluation. The newly developed framework has been applied in two cases, namely the Ishihara case and Kassel domain. By using the measurements over the hill in the Ishihara case, the method was able to predict the velocity profiles upstream and downstream of the hill accurately. For the Kassel domain, despite the complexity of the site, the method managed to achieve the targeted profile within a reasonable number of the solver calls.
In the PaLRaP Spotlight: Greta Braungard
Authors: Campbell Stephanie
Published: November 2019

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Impact of Corporate Governance on Firms’ Financial Flexibility in the Emerging Economy: Evidence From Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md Rashidul , Wang Man , Zulfiqar Muhammad
Published: November 2019

Corporate governance has a positive impact on firm performance. Financial flexible firms are a better performer when there are financial constraints as well as financial crises. However, what motivates financial flexibility is a dearth research area in the existing finance literature. The objectives of this research are to investigate the relationship between corporate governance and financial flexibility; how corporate governance influence financial flexibility; and, what factors of corporate governance are dominant to influence financial flexibility. To pursue the research objectives we chose Cement Industry of Bangladesh as a case. We consider liquidity, Internal Funds and Unused debt capacity as the proxy of financial flexibility and Ownership Concentration, Board Size, Board Independence as Corporate Governance variables and Firm Size, Market to Book Ratio, Debt Capacity, Financial Constraints and Firm Age as control variable to estimate the relationship between corporate governance and financial flexibility. This study evidences that Board Structure has no significant influence on firms’ cash holding(Liquidity).However, Firms Age and Market to Book Value have a significant influence on firms' cash position. This study also finds that Ownership Structure has no positive impact on Firms' Unused Debt Capacity but Financial Constraints and Market to Book Value have a positive significant impact on firms' unused debt capacity. However, Firm Size has a positive relationship with Internal Funds.
The Paradox of Theory and Practice: The Case of Auxiliaries in Arabic
Authors: Saleh Alzabidi Aziza
Published: November 2019

Reviewing most traditional linguistics and grammar books about Arabic shows clear controversy over auxiliaries. There are indications of the use of verbs and particles which fulfill the function of auxiliaries, but they are not recognized as being such. They are classified under different word classes other than auxiliaries. Hence, there have been many recent attempts to validate the argument of the availability of auxiliaries in Arabic by researchers who signify their uses in rich corpora. Yet, many curriculum development committees prescribe textbooks which show no interest in investing the rational results of these attempts. These textbooks do not give word function the required consideration when discussing rules and generalizations. Modern linguists and textbooks designers should find a new perspective of word classification to facilitate the study and the practice in certain fields like translation, contrastive linguistics and error analysis. The nonalignment of linguistic theory and what is actually done in practice is one of the major causes of the errors in composition and translation between Arabic and English. The problem becomes more complicated when instructors have incomplete information or false beliefs via which they deepen the gap between theory and practice rather than bridging it. There is a need to assist learners and translation trainees with reliable training to master linguistic analysis and to select the best equivalents accurately and promptly which they need for successful career.
Maternal and Fetal Toxicity of Carisoprodol Drug (Somadril Compound) on Pulmonary Tissues of Albino Rats
Authors: Emam Nahed Mohamed Mansour
Published: November 2019

Carisoprodol is a common muscle relaxant indicated as adjunctive therapy in acute, painful musculoskeletal cases. This current study aimed to investigate the histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical effects in the lung tissue of the pregnant rats and their fetuses after carisoprodol treatment. The present study was applied on twenty seven pregnant female rats and they were randomly divided into three groups (nine pregnant female rats in each group). Rats of the first (control) group were administered oral doses of distilled water. Rats of the second (S1) and third groups (S2) were administered oral doses of carisoprodol in the distilled water equivalent to 10.8 mg and 21.6 mg/100g body weight/day respectively for fifteen days from the six to the twenty day of gestation. Several histopathological, histochemical and some immunohistochemical changes were studied to detect the pathological changes. Maternal and fetal pulmonary tissues of both treated groups showed numerous degenerative changes post-treatment with carisoprodol, the severity of these changes was more obvious in the fetal lung tissue of both groups. Also, carisoprodol treated rats showed a marked increase in caspase-3 content in the maternal and fetal pulmonary tissues. Treatment of pregnant rats with carisoprodol drug led to numerous dystrophic changes in both maternal and fetal lung tissues.
Principals’ Perceptions of Education Equity: A Mindset for Practice
Authors: Nadelson Louis S. , Albritton Shelly , Couture Valerie G. , Green Charlotte , Loyless Stacey D. , Shaw Erin O.
Published: November 2019

In an effort to define a principal education equity mindset, we initially identified six essential attributes of the construct and attempted empirically to confirm our definition by gathering a combination of quantitative and qualitative data from 128 principals. We found variations in the expression of the mindset attributes and commitment by principals to create conditions that support success for all students. In addition, we exposed two unanticipated attributes and variations on attribute commitment. The principals’ personal, professional, and school variables were associated with significant differences in the mindset attributes. We provide a discussion of our findings, implications for practice, and directions for future research.
The Great War, Independence, and Latvian Literature
Authors: Kalnačs Benedikts
Published: November 2019

The article focuses on the representation of the year 1918 in Latvian literature. On November 18, the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed, and in the years to come international recognition of the state’s sovereignty followed. In retrospect, this event stimulated a number of salutary descriptions and interpretations and certainly provides a milestone in the history of the Latvian nation. It is, however, also important to discuss the proclamation of independence in the context of the Great War that brought a lot of suffering to the inhabitants of Latvia. Therefore, a critical evaluation of the events preceding the year 1918 is certainly worthy of discussion. The article first sketches the historical and geopolitical contexts of the period immediately before and during the Great War as well as the changed situation in its aftermath. This introduction is followed by a discussion of the novel 18 (2014) by the contemporary Latvian author Pauls Bankovskis (b. 1973) that provides a critical retrospective of the events leading to the proclamation of the nation state from a twenty-first century perspective. Bankovskis employs an intertextual approach, engaging with a number of earlier publications dealing with the same topic. Among the authors included are Anna Brigadere, Aleksandrs Grīns, Sergejs Staprāns, Mariss Vētra, and others. The paper contextualizes the contribution of these writers within the larger historical picture of the Great War and the formation of the nation states and speculates on the contemporary relevance of the representation of direct experience, and the use of written sources related to these events.
The Jews and the Messianic Ethos of the Second Polish Republic. Stanisław Rembek’s Interwar Literary Writings
Authors: Brenner Rachel Feldhay
Published: November 2019

Rembek’s conviction of Polish “chosenness” is expressed in the characterizations of the Jewish protagonists in his fiction. While Rembek’s diaristic writing reveals his antiSemitic prejudices, in his novella Dojrzałe kłosy [Ripe spikes], and novel Nagan [Revolver] he portrays the Jews as patriotic officers fighting for Poland. These characterizations of the Jews highlighted Poland’s democratic open-mindedness toward its Jewish citizens. Nonetheless, as Jews they were excluded from the nation’s Christian destiny. Time and again, the Jewish officers in Rembek’s fiction articulate their despondency over their failure to accept Christ despite their irresistible attraction to the Christian faith. The failure points to their inability to achieve grace. Their sense of religious inadequacy elucidates a theological perspective which posits that a Jewish presence was indispensable to Poland’s redemptive destiny; the Jew as an affirming witness sanctioned the Polish claim to a messianic calling. To achieve legitimacy, the Polish national messianic mission needed to be acknowledged by Jews. The perspective in Rembek’s fiction illuminates an important facet in the complexity of the Polish-Jewish relationships in reborn Poland.
Wybrane aspekty czasu w dwóch koncepcjach edukacji włączającej uczniów z niepełnosprawnością
Authors: Gajdzica Zenon
Published: November 2019

The article concerns the distribution of time as an important dimension of inclusive education. The major thesis of this study is comprised in the statement that two concepts of inclusive education most often distinguished in expert literature create the basis for different interpretations of the distribution of classroom time. In the first part of the text, the author presents characteristic features of two concepts of educational inclusion as well as some selected ways of approaching the significance of time in the form of education discussed. These issues have been viewed in the context of John Rawls’s two principles of justice. The essence of the study is the presentation of the results of some studies on the time devoted to individual work with a disabled learner in the mainstream class. These results have been briefly discussed and interpreted in the context of the assumptions of the different concepts of educational inclusion examined in the text.
Refleksja nauczyciela podstawą działań włączających w edukacji
Authors: Skrzetuska Ewa
Published: November 2019

The article presents the role of teachers’ professional reflection in inclusive education. A teacher in a classroom with pupils with diverse educational needs (including persons with disabilities, behavioural disorders or coming from different cultures) faces many non-standard educational situations. He/She must modify his/her educational activities based on observation of phenomena, deepening his/her knowledge and reflection on his/her observations. In these activities he/she should get the help of specialists, school administration and social environment. The author draws a model of changing the personal professional knowledge of teachers of self-reflection.
Designing a pre-service CLIL teacher education program
Authors: Brzosko-Barratt Katarzyna
Published: November 2019

This paper is a part of a larger instrumental case study exploring the process of creating a CLIL teacher education program for early primary level at the University of Warsaw. The paper identifies some challenges related to program design and describes areas of growth of student teachers specifically related to CLIL planning instruction. The data were collected over a period of five years and included interviews and focused groups with student teachers, teacher educators and mentor teachers as well as the analysis of CLIL units created by the student teachers.
Nowe technologie a funkcjonowanie osób z niepełnosprawnością w społeczeństwie
Authors: Młynarczyk-Karabin Ewelina
Published: November 2019

Dexterity and abilities are a sign of human growth. Lack or deficiency thereof, which is typical for people with disabilities – may lead to significant deficiency of activities of such persons in society. In the article the author describes the new technologies which are useful for people with disabilities. Attention is drawn to the availability of various technologies and devices on the market and for people with disabilities. The article describes, among others, speech generating devices or eye-trackers, which can help persons with various types of disability e.g. deaf or immobile persons.
Evolution of metabolic syndrome components in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: a six-year follow-up study
Authors: Pietrzak-Nowacka Maria , Safranow Krzysztof , Marchelek-Myśliwiec Małgorzata , Bodnar Mariusz , Przysiecka Sylwia , Nowosiad-Magda Monika , Ciechanowski Kazimierz
Published: November 2019

Aim: Long-term studies show that some metabolic syndrome (MS) components deteriorate renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients. The aim of this 6-year follow-up was to analyze early changes of all MS components and their associations with kidney function in the nondiabetic ADPKD patients with normal renal function, compared to controls. Material/Methods: The follow-up physical and laboratory examinations were performed for 39 ADPKD patients (age 43.7 ± 11.4 years) and 44 controls (43.5 ± 9.1 years). Results: We noticed a significant increase in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist, total and LDL cholesterol, C-peptide, uric acid, creatinine and significant decline of HbA1c and e-GFR in the ADPKD group. Increases in waist, uric acid and creatinine concentrations were significantly higher in the ADPKD patients than controls. Both groups showed similar rates of prediabetes, while diabetes developed in 5 controls (with 4 cases of type 2 diabetes and one case of type 1), but not in the ADPKD group (11% vs 0%, P = 0.06 for diabetes, 9% vs 0%, P = 0.12 for type 2 diabetes). The ADPKD group showed a significantly higher percentage of obesity, waist circumferences, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, concentrations of creatinine, urea and uric acid and lower e-GFR. The MS prevalence was comparable; however, the number of MS components was significantly higher in the ADPKD patients (median 2 vs. 1, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The presence of MS does not influence the rate of renal failure progression in nondiabetic ADPKD patients with normal renal function at a 6-year follow-up.
Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in cereal grains and co-products in growing pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Ahn Jong Young , Son Ah Reum , Kim Beob Gyun
Published: November 2019

Objective: The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and various co-products fed to growing pigs.Methods: Ten feed ingredients tested were barley (9.3% CP), lupin kernels (31.1% CP), and wheat (11.3% CP) as cereal grains, and 2 sources of corn gluten feed produced in China (21.6% CP) and Korea (24.6% CP), corn gluten meal (65.3% CP), lupin hulls (11.6% CP), rice bran (14.5% CP), soybean meal (44.8% CP), and wheat bran (15.4% CP) as co-products. Ten experimental diets were formulated to contain each ingredient as a sole source of N and an N-free diet was used to correct basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets also contained 0.5% Cr2O3 as an indigestible index. A replicated 11×6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 dietary treatments, 6 periods, and 22 animals was employed. Twenty-two barrows with an initial body weight of 64.6±4.9 kg were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. An experimental period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 2-d collection period.Results: The SID of CP in the barley, lupin kernels, wheat, 2 sources of corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, lupin hulls, rice bran, soybean meal, and wheat bran were 84.7%, 90.5%, 90.4%, 77.4%, 74.6%, 89.5%, 90.4%, 74.4%, 86.9%, and 63.4% (standard error of the mean [SEM] = 5.3, p = 0.006), respectively. The respective SID values of Lys were 75.5%, 88.4%, 83.9%, 74.7%, 62.4%, 80.3%, 83.9%, 78.5%, 88.0%, and 71.2% (SEM = 3.3, p<0.001), and the SID values of Met were 83.6%, 88.7%, 89.4%, 85.7%, 78.3%, 88.9%, 89.4%, 85.3%, 91.1%, and 77.0% (SEM = 2.4, p<0.001), respectively.Conclusion: The ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids varies among the feed ingredients fed to pigs.
Effects of N-acetylcysteine on the energy status and antioxidant capacity in heart and liver of cold-stressed broilers
Authors: Li Chengcheng , Peng Meng , Liao Man , Guo Shuangshuang , Hou Yongqing , Ding Binying , Wu Tao , Yi Dan
Published: November 2019

Objective: Cold stress induces oxidative damage and impairs energy status of broilers. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exhibits antioxidant properties and modulates energy metabolism of animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NAC on energy status and antioxidant capacity of heart and liver in the cold-stressed broilers.Methods: The experiment consisted of 4 treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two diets (basal diet or plus 0.1% NAC) and two ambient temperatures (thermoneutral [conventional ambient temperature] or cold stress [10°C±1°C during days 15 to 42]).Results: No ascites were seen in cold-stressed broilers. NAC did not attenuate the impaired growth performance of stressed birds. However, NAC decreased plasma asparagine but increased aspartate levels in cold-stressed birds (p<0.05). NAC reduced hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but elevated adenosine diphosphate contents in unstressed birds (p< 0.05). The hepatic ratio of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to ATP was increased in birds fed NAC (p<0.05). NAC decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level and cardiac total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in unstressed birds, but increased hepatic activities of T-SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in stressed birds (p<0.05). NAC down-regulated hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase but up-regulated cardiac heme-oxigenase mRNA expression in stressed birds, and decreased expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor coactivator-1α as well as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in liver and heart of birds.Conclusion: Dietary NAC did not affect energy status but enhanced the hepatic antioxidant capacity by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in cold-stressed broilers.
Modeling net energy requirements of 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks
Authors: Yang Ting , Yu Lexiao , Wen Min , Zhao Hua , Chen Xiaoling , Liu Guangmang , Tian Gang , Cai Jingyi , Jia Gang
Published: November 2019

Objective: A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NEm) and weight gain (NEg) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method.Methods: To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-dayold. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content.Results: The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NEm value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW0.75/d, and the NEg value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (Kf) and crude protein (Kp) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (Kg) and maintenance efficiency (Km) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively.Conclusion: The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).
Diplomacia preventiva (¿y ciudadana?) y cooperación para la paz en América Latina: Los grupos nacionales de amigos de Colombia
Authors: Guerrero Soto Nestor
Published: November 2019

Como país acompañante del proceso de negociaciones entre el gobierno colombiano y las FARC-EP (2012-2016), Chile propuso la formación de “grupos nacionales de amigos por la paz en Colombia”. Este artículo realiza una primera aproximación a dicho proceso, analizando la conformación de los grupos, sus objetivos y los aportes que podrían realizar en la etapa de post-conflicto e implementación de los acuerdos de paz. Estos grupos, presentes en ochos países de la región, expresarían una forma renovada de diplomacia preventiva y cooperación para la paz en América Latina, erigiéndose como uno de los pilares de la infraestructura regional para la paz. Mediante el análisis de fuentes públicas de información y sobre la base de literatura especializada, se concluye que los grupos nacionales de amigos por la paz en Colombia constituyen una red regional de cooperación que será clave en la fase del post-conflicto, pero que debe ampliarse hacia otros sectores de las sociedades latinoamericanas, especialmente hacia las bases alejadas de la política central.