bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case in Optimality Theory
Authors: de Hoop Helen
Published: February 2013

In optimality theory, a grammar consists of a set of constraints which are violable and typically conflicting. That these constraints are violable implies that an output of an input-output mapping can never be rejected because it violates certain constraints or too many constraints. When a set of constraints is identified, the possible rankings of these constraints will generate the possible types of languages that the theory predicts. Thus, optimality theory provides a general means for constructing particular grammars from weighting certain constraints, and for generating theoretical typologies of possible languages from the same constraints. The very first application of optimality theory in syntax happened to be on the subject of case. This article explores case in optimality theory and considers the high or low prominence of arguments. It also discusses the concepts of case assignment, uniqueness, faithfulness, and markedness.
Case in Localist Case Grammar
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: February 2013

In the centuries immediately preceding the twentieth two main attitudes to the study of case, simplifying somewhat, can be differentiated. On the one hand, there was reasserted, particularly in the nineteenth century, a view of case as a purely morphological phenomenon (reverting to prevalent conceptions in the ancient world). The subtypes of case inflections came to be characterised by the functions they signalled, with a major division being made between ‘syntactic cases’ and ‘local’. This article deals with case in localist case grammar and discusses syntactic derivationality, which is superfluous in a framework that has available to it the expressibility made accessible by an implementation, along with dependency structures that permit restricted argument-sharing, of the traditional insights concerning ‘case’. Hence, semantic relations are basic to both the lexicon and the syntax, and morphology is only one expression-variant for ‘case’ or semantic relations.
Case Syncretism
Authors: Baerman Matthew
Published: February 2013

Case syncretism refers to the combination of multiple distinct case values in a single form. Distinct case values are determined on a language-specific basis, so that case syncretism by this definition involves an observable asymmetry between paradigms within a language. In the most obvious pattern, multiple case forms in one paradigm correspond to a single case form in another. Identifying a syncretic pattern as systematic still leaves open the question of which component of grammar encodes it, morphosyntax or morphology. The presence of case syncretism in a language implies the presence of syncretism involving the core cases somewhere in the system. The most widespread type of case syncretism, that of the core cases, may in many instances represent the outcome of desyntacticisation, that is, the morphologised relic of what was once an active syntactic rule. This article discusses case syncretism and diachrony.
Differential Case Marking and Actancy Variations
Authors: Malchukov Andrej L. , De Swart Peter
Published: February 2013

In the early 1980s, Hopper and Thompson (1980) and Tsunoda (1981b), independently of each other, argued in favour of a prototype approach to transitivity in which transitivity is treated as a gradable and multi-factorial notion. A high or prototypical transitive clause correlates with the presence of a number of parameters, or in Tsunoda's terms satisfaction of the Effectiveness Condition (EF-CON). Such a prototypical transitive clause is realised with a transitive case frame: nom-acc or erg-abs with one marked (acc/erg) and one unmarked (nom/abs) case (depending on the alignment type). In particular, Hopper and Thompson have identified the parameters contributing to transitivity of a construction. These transitivity parameters include participants, kinesis, aspect, punctuality, volitionality, affirmation, mode, agency, affectedness of O, and O individuation. This article discusses differential case marking and actancy variations, focusing on transitivity and case alternations, transitivity alternations and transitivity splits, split case alternations and verb type hierarchies, constraints on case frames, differential object marking, functions of case marking and economy, differential subject marking, and differential case marking beyond core actants.
Case and the Typology of Transitivity
Authors: Kittilä Seppo
Published: February 2013

Canonical transitive events involve a volitional and controlling agent and a thoroughly affected patient. Any deviation from this prototype may result in a change in the coding of the denoted event. Case plays a central role in this process: accusative marking of patients (nom-acclanguages) and ergative marking of agents (abs-erg-languages) are usually associated with the coding of prototypical transitive events, while other case frames (such as nom-dat/ins or abs-dat/ins) usually code events with a decreased degree of transitivity. The changes in the case marking of (core) arguments may be motivated basically in two ways. First, the changes may follow from verbal morphology as is the case with such derived constructions as passive and antipassive. Second, the changes may follow independently of verb morphology. This article focuses on transitive clauses and the changes in the marking of agent and patient arguments. It first discusses the relation between case marking and transitivity from a formal perspective, and then considers the semantics of case in transitivity alternations.
Case in Language Production
Authors: Melinger Alissa , Pechmann Thomas , Pappert Sandra
Published: February 2013

Speech production involves the transformation of a to-be-expressed idea, or message, into lexical and grammatical content. Given the generally recognised separation of functional and positional processes, it has been argued that case assignment is within the domain of functional processes (or within Dell's syntactic stage). This article focuses on case assignment, which is achieved during the grammatical encoding stage of utterance planning. Early proposals for sentence production models were highly influenced by the distribution and characteristics of naturally occurring speech errors. More recent revisions of these models have been further influenced by experimental investigations into structural and word order alternations using a method called syntactic priming. This article first lays out in gross terms the general views of the stages necessary for sentence production. It then discusses the evidence that has supported the various stages of the production models and how they directly or indirectly inform us about the processes responsible for case assignment in sentence production. This includes evidence for and against (radical or weak) incrementality and evidence for lexical guidance (or verb primacy) in functional assignment.
Marked Nominatives
Authors: König Christa
Published: February 2013

Marked-nominative languages are a mixture of ergative/absolutive and nominative/accusative-systems (accusative in short). The pattern of the transitive subject, A, the intransitive subject, S, and the transitive object, O, is the same as in accusative languages, namely, A and S are treated the same and simultaneously differently than O. They share this feature with accusative languages. This article uses the term ‘nominative’ for cases covering A and S, and ‘accusative’ for cases covering O. But the accusative in marked-nominative languages is the morphologically unmarked form, at least typically; it is used in citation, and it is also functionally the unmarked form. The nominative on the other hand is the morphologically marked form in a marked-nominative system; A, the transitive subject, therefore is encoded by the morphologically marked form. This article discusses marked nominatives and illustrates the way they work by a few case studies (Tennet, Maa, Datooga, Haro).
Varieties of Genitive
Authors: Lander Yury
Published: February 2013

Genitive is basically an adnominal case and in fact, a basic adnominal case. Its core function is to mark a nominal whose referent (possessor) is connected by a possessive relation to the individual expressed by the phrase within which the genitive phrase is embedded (possessum). Hence, genitive constructions are a kind of possessive construction (possessive) and any discussion of genitives requires a discussion of possessives in general. Possessive relations are usually induced from the context or the lexical semantics of the corresponding nominals. Since genitive marking is not uniform, it is convenient to begin its description with an excursion into formal types of possessives in general. Possessives utilise various means of marking, which can be classified according to numerous parameters, including the locus of marking, indexing, and the degree of synthesis. Genitive constructions often contrast with possessives of different kinds, which occasionally restricts the use of a genitive marker to certain classes of nominals. This article examines the functional varieties and polysemy patterns of the genitive case.
Case In Iranian
Authors: Stilo Donald
Published: February 2013

Gathic Avestan, the earliest documented form of Old Iranian, had a rich case system typical of archaic Indo-European languages: three genders, eight cases in the singular, a six-term plural, and a four-term dual. Old Persian, a somewhat later stage of Old Iranian, had already begun some case syncretisation with the old dative merging into the genitive. By the very earliest stages of Middle Persian and Parthian, gender and the dual were already completely lost and further stages of case syncretisation yielded a two-case system: the null-marked Direct case versus the Oblique case derived from the original genitive. Reduction or loss of case throughout Iranian and the emergence of numerous innovations have led to a bewildering array of compensating strategies whose evolution can be characterised by the interplay of three axes/dimensions: the Reduction Axis, the Innovation Axis, and the Nominal-Pronominal Axis. This article discusses the evolution of case in West Iranian languages, focusing on floating clitics and word order.
Case in Yukaghir Languages
Authors: Maslova Elena
Published: February 2013

This article describes case marking of core arguments in two extant Yukaghir languages, the Tundra Yukaghir language spoken in the Lower-Kolyma region of Saha (Russia) and the Kolyma Yukaghir language of the Upper-Kolyma region. The Yukaghir languages have rich, predominantly agglutinating morphology, which serves as the primary means of expressing syntactic information. The canonical word order is head-final, but it is very flexible at the clause level and cannot be used as a guide for discrimination of core participants. With minor exceptions irrelevant in the present context, verbs fall into two grammatical classes, intransitive and transitive, characterised by different inflectional paradigms. Intransitive verbs have a single core argument (S), which controls verb agreement and switch-reference in non-finite clauses. Transitive verbs have two core arguments (A and P), of which only A controls verb agreement and switch-reference. The core arguments formally differ from peripheral nominal constituents in that they can be represented by morphologically unmarked noun phrases (NPs). The case marking system is sensitive to person hierarchy and a cross-linguistically unusual grammatical classification of lexical NPs.
Atlantic World 1760–1820
Authors: Muldrew Craig
Published: February 2013

There would have been no Atlantic world without trade. Throughout this period, the consumption of American-produced sugar, tobacco, and coffee, as well as the use of American gold and silver for money, was common throughout Europe. At the same time, the settlement of colonial emigrants and transported slave populations continued to grow and to transform the agriculture and environment of the Americas and western Africa. By the mid-eighteenth century the characteristic trading patterns of the Atlantic world were well established. The main exports at the beginning of the period from the New World were gold and silver from the mines of Mexico and Peru, as well as sugar and tobacco grown in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the Chesapeake, together with furs and cod from Canada and forest products from New England. We should not forget that people were also traded; European traders purchased an ever-increasing number of slaves in Africa for export to the Americas. Britain emerged as the dominant trading, military, and investment force by the nineteenth century.
Overview: Anglo‐Saxon Identity
Authors: Hills Catherine
Published: February 2013

The first part of this text reflects on an emphasis on periods of interface — between the Anglo-Saxons and Britons, Scandinavians (Vikings) and Normans — rather than on periods such as the seventh and eighth centuries when identity seems to have related less to an overall Anglo-Saxon ethnicity and more to membership of family or tribe, Christian or pagan, elite or peasant. Archaeological interpretation has undergone as drastic a phase of rethinking as historical. More anthropological awareness amongst archaeologists has cast doubt on the idea of ‘culture’ and has shown that ethnicity is a very complex concept. The identities of the peoples who lived in Britain in the past varied regionally and chronologically. The archaeological evidence does not show a change of identity: most of what has been seen as ‘Medieval England’ was in place long before the Conquest.
Late Saxon Settlements
Authors: Gardiner Mark
Published: February 2013

This article describes the two road groups of rural settlements — those which might be described as ‘high-status’, which in historical terms means those belonging to thegns and their social superiors, and those of the peasants, which would include the geneat and others whose servile work duties. It also addresses the impermanent settlements associated with animal herding. It starts by considering the burh or enclosure which surrounded many high-status settlements. It has proved very difficult to understand the plan and use of space in individual peasant farms and their relationship to the wider landscape. The difference between high-status and peasant settlements is not just one of scale or number of buildings, but runs through almost every aspect of the settlements. The relations of lords to their peasants may have been quite different in Cornwall where the communal control of resources seems to have been much stronger.
Mortuary Practices in Early Anglo‐Saxon England
Authors: Williams Howard
Published: February 2013

This article presents the argument that mortuary practices were mechanisms for the construction of memories and, in turn, the constitution of identities during the turbulent socio-economic, political, and religious transformations of the fifth and sixth centuries ad. Understanding the mortuary process, variability, and change provide the background from which a fuller exploration of later fifth- and sixth-century cremation and inhumation practices can be based. It is possible to glean elements of the complex mortuary processes associated with inhumation. Graves would have provided a rich display, but not a single tableau, since many artefacts and materials would have successively augmented and concealed the body through its composition and consignment. Mortuary performances provided contexts for creating a sense of historical depth and public affirmation for what may have often been short-lived and experimental social identities and religious systems.
Overview: Rural Production
Authors: Hooke Della
Published: February 2013

An increasingly clear picture has begun to emerge of the rural landscape of Anglo-Saxon England and how it was exploited. The new technique of Light Detection and Ranging survey can now penetrate beneath woodland and is likely to produce equally impressive results. This part of the book determines changes in crop cultivation, with less emphasis on pastoralism, as in other parts of the North Sea zone, incidentally affecting farmstead and village layout. One of the most important developments in Anglo-Saxon times was the spread of open-field farming. Agricultural techniques and field systems obviously varied across the country. Any discussion of rural production in Anglo-Saxon England must therefore consider both the chronological and spatial aspects of the evidence. If anything like a true picture of the environment at this time is to be obtained, more environmental studies are urgently required — whether of pollen series, or snails, beetles, and the like.
Woods and the Wild
Authors: Sykes Naomi
Published: February 2013

This article shows that hunting was a favourite pastime of the aristocracy in Anglo-Saxon England. It also describes how and why the relationship between humans and wild animals changed through the course of the Anglo-Saxon period. Poor representation of wild animals in fifth- to seventh-century domestic assemblages promotes an impression of a landscape devoid of wildlife; however, the evidence from non-anthropogenic deposits paints a different picture. The association between haga, hunting, and the elite is demonstrated well by Faccombe Netherton in Hampshire. A facade of egalitarianism was maintained into the mid Saxon period when, it seems, wild mammals were hunted communally and the meat redistributed accordingly. By the late Saxon period, historical, iconographic, and archaeological evidence all indicate a new emphasis on ‘property’: that the ability to consume animals derived from hunting, fowling, and fishing had become something of a metaphor for ownership of land, water, and shore.
Overview: Trade, Exchange, and Urbanization
Authors: Astill Grenville
Published: February 2013

This article provides some of the general points focusing on three topics: exchange and trade; the pace and character of urbanization; and the inter-relationship between urban centres. Interpreting the early medieval economy as highly monetized presupposes that trading had penetrated most of society, but there is little independent evidence for this. In the eighth and ninth centuries, the urban character of the country was determined by the emporia, which were served by high-status sites, both secular and religious, which acted as collection centres for the onward transport of agricultural surpluses, giving a basic two-part core exchange structure. It is important to investigate discontinuities in the urbanization process, and not always assume that the urban network came into being relatively early and remained fixed for most of the Middle Ages.
Christian Sacred Spaces and Places
Authors: Gittos Helen
Published: February 2013

This article states that minsters were among the prime foci for late Anglo-Saxon urbanization. First it reviews the key themes in the ecclesiastical history of Anglo-Saxon England and then discusses some particular issues. The role of minsters in the development of towns is also addressed. The churches built during the period of rebuilding and endowment which took place during the eleventh century make up a substantial part of Taylor and Taylor's corpus of Anglo-Saxon buildings. Church architecture was influenced by tradition, fashion, and the properties of available materials but also by ideas about what these buildings symbolized. The proximity of many Anglo-Saxon churches to certain naturally occurring features, notably springs, has long been recognized. The study of Christian sacred places in Anglo-Saxon England is a dynamic field in which huge progress has been made during the last forty or so years.
Introduction
Authors: Hicks Dan , Beaudry Mary C.
Published: February 2013

Divided into four parts, the field of material cultural studies focus on cultural studies with special reference to history, archaeology, and anthropology. This book celebrates a diversity of approaches to ‘material culture studies’ in anthropology, archaeology, and the related fields of cultural geography and science and technology studies. This article explores the key arguments put forward in the five sections of the book, disciplinary perspectives; material practices; objects and humans; landscapes and the built environment; and studying particular things. Part I explores a number of different disciplinary perspectives upon the idea of material culture studies. Part II reviews six kinds of ‘material practice’. Part III explores distinctions between material objects and human subjects in a variety of different ways. Part IV of the volume explores how the idea of material culture studies can be used to examine large entities, rather than discrete or portable objects. This article draws together geographical approaches to ‘cultural landscapes’ and ‘ecological landscapes’.
The Materials of STS
Authors: Law John
Published: February 2013

Matter matters — this is the issue which is explored in this article. How science, technology, and society (STS) imagines that matter matters. In STS, materiality is usually understood as relational effect. Something becomes material because it makes a difference, because somehow or other it is detectable. It depends, then, on a relation between that which is detected and that which does the detecting. Matter that does not make a difference does not matter. It is not matter since there is no relation. No relation of difference and detection. No relation at all. This article further explains the functioning of the STS through various case studies. Some of these describe the social shaping of technologies. This article says that materials — technologies — are moulded by the intersection of natural and social factors. A detailed analysis of ontological politics and differences and its influence on materialization winds up this article.
From Identity and Material Culture to Personhood and Materiality
Authors: Fowler Chris
Published: February 2013

The term ‘personhood’ refers to the state or condition of being a person. Studies of personhood investigate how persons emerge from specific ways of being in the world, and consider personhood and concepts of the person to be socially and culturally varied. This article explores the development of studies of personhood mainly in anthropology and archaeology in the context of previous and ongoing studies of identity and material culture. In so doing it seeks to demonstrate the importance of relationships between personhood and materiality — a term referring to the material character of the world at large, regardless of it being ‘cultural’ or ‘natural’. This article begins by outlining the development of studies of social and cultural identity, and explores the role played by material culture in these studies. This article also examines personhood as a specific axis of identity, and explores the integral relation between concepts of personhood and conceptions of materiality.
Households and ‘Home Cultures’
Authors: Buchli Victor
Published: February 2013

The domestic sphere or ‘home cultures’ as the term is used here is the location of many disciplinary investigations into the home. It is in the domestic sphere that one investigates the key elements of the human condition. This article's essence happens to be households and home cultures. It is where family, gender, and the nature of the individual are understood. It is also where the basic elements of cosmology and religious life and the elemental context for the understanding of political and economic life are lived and perceived. Here public and private realms are forged; nature/culture boundaries are created and negotiated. The home is typically how we know the world and know about people who inhabit the world. It is the key point of orientation for members of a given society as it is to its visitors and outsiders. A study of the gradual change in the domestic realm in the twentieth century concludes this article.
Introduction
Authors: Weisman Karen
Published: February 2013

This book is divided into loose categories of ‘history’ and ‘knowledge, theme, and practice’, categories which certainly overlap and underline one another. The parts of the book classed under ‘History’ make contact with specialized thematic concerns raised elsewhere in the volume, and this is as it should be. Still, historical contextualization is itself a slippery eel in literary studies, and though these earlier parts of the book take up the range of thorny issues elaborated in the second section, they also address urgent problems in the very conceptualization of tradition within elegy. The areas of the book grouped under the category of ‘Knowledge, Theme and Practice’ are as alive to the complexities of history, tradition, and their manipulations as any of the articles in the ‘History’ section. It is hoped that this book will provide clarification of generative processes of elegy for both student and scholar.
Classical Love Elegy in the Renaissance (and after)
Authors: Braden Gordon
Published: February 2013

This article presents an explanation on classical love elegy in the Renaissance. It also mentions that the linkage ‘suggested by the label is something of a category mistake’, and assures that ‘it plays out in literary history, though, as something other than just a mistake’. The Roman love elegies are not notably ‘elegiac’ in the dominant modern sense of the term. The Renaissance enthusiasm is discussed. After the Renaissance, the only major revival of the classical genre in clearly recognizable form comes toward the end of the eighteenth century. ‘Euphrosyne’ is perhaps the kind of poem that ‘love elegy’ in modern usage might most naturally designate: an encounter with a loved one in which intimacy and distance both figure in something like equal measure.
Elegies in Country Churchyards
Authors: Deutsch Helen
Published: February 2013

This article describes the prospect poem of the eighteenth century; consolation inevitably emerges as a central theme. The poets it explores, Goldsmith and Thomas Gray among them, are sharply aware of the limits of nostalgia and the imprecisions of memory in the evocation of place. It also considers sympathy aroused for the lost ideals of a vanished past mediated via material objects. The power of Gray's poetry infuses the ancient trope of prosopopeia. Gray devalues the Elegy's initial debt to the Christian memento mori to which Mason attributed its popularity. Goldsmith reverses the resignation of the Elegy's melancholy invocation of the landowner's aestheticized prospect, summoning up the ghosts of the pastoral villagers to protest against the continued and very real effects of the enclosure of common lands.
New World Frontiers
Authors: Hammond Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

This article reports that for some American Puritans, the plain-style sermon became a model for elegy, and theological didacticism became its central focus. Still, it is the funeral elegy that is most closely associated with the American Puritans who, like their British predecessors, also appropriated its emotional valence for political positioning; the legitimacy of Cromwell's rule, for example, was a common theme. The writing of elegies flourished during the English Renaissance with the rise of literacy, printing, and humanistic individualism. The wages of sin encompassed not just death, but the ordinary human response to death. The presumed salvation of the deceased had a decisive effect on elegiac portraiture. In the Puritan view, by diminishing the distance between private contemplation and public reaffirmation, elegy absorbed individual mourners into a community capable not only of producing souls worthy of heaven, but of properly marking their translation there.
American Constitutional Elegy
Authors: Cavitch Max
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the American constitutional elegy. It argues that American national difference in literature can be tracked in the terms of its engagement with specifically American constitutional principles, concentrating on the national period, beginning in the late eighteenth century with the Revolutionary War and sketching the story up to the present day. It then returns to the great theme of elegy as a flexible form and its practices under persistent self-scrutiny. All choral poetry carries with it an association with the choruses of ancient, especially Athenian, tragedy and thus with the common understanding that the chorus speaks as or on behalf of a democratic citizenry. Marilyn Hacker has written a ‘constitutional elegy’ in the great American tradition, a tradition that continues to challenge our principled commitment to the legal and symbolic bonds of ‘adjacent difference’ in a rights-based national polity.
The Dark Ecology of Elegy
Authors: Morton Timothy
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the dark ecology of elegy. It also explains the materiality of elegy as essentially environmental, but with a difference. It then goes even further by positing a resistance to the collapse of subject-object dualism so dear to deep ecology, and once so dear to the historical definitions of Romanticism. This dark ecology surprisingly provides Cartesian dualism as a corrective to the naivety of deep ecology's efforts to vivify matter. Ecological elegy asks to mourn for something that has not completely passed, that perhaps has not even passed yet. The elegiac occasion of Alastor could not be more strange and powerful. Alastor offers the possibility of a noir ecology. Dark ecology refuses to digest plants and animals and humans into ideal forms.
Elegies upon the Dying
Authors: Gilbert Sandra M.
Published: February 2013

This article reports that the ways of dying in the contemporary age trains a sharp eye on the technologies of life support, the minute details of hospital experience in all of its alienating details, and on the stark physicality of the dying body. The contemporary medicalized elegy, a kind that would have been unthinkable in any previous age, is specifically addressed. The article also describes Mabel Beardsley and Jane Kenyon. It is believed that the rise of the increasingly popular, and often medicalized, grief memoir has significantly shaped the transformation in the elegy. If a hypothetical Bereavement Book Club could offer subscribers a list of prose memoirs recording the clinical details of the deathbed, it could also include a library of volumes in verse that include comparable scenes. The traditional death watch becomes a reciprocal process.
Attending to AIDS
Authors: Chambers Ross
Published: February 2013

This article mentions the complicated relationship between elegy and the longing for aesthetic redemption; however, such longing is rarely distant from anger and rage, and therefore never far from the effort to make of the AIDS elegy a social genre that could offer the prospect of interaction ‘with the oblivious or indifferent’. The elegy adopts the testimonial precisely because it refuses to turn its back on the ‘urgent concern with the responsibilities of the living’. It then notes the poems by a few of the very well-known gay male poets as evidence of the way in which elegy was being adapted in this writing to the purpose of AIDS witness, somewhat in the manner of a coming out. The intertextual relation of the poems by Ingrid de Kok and Thomas Gunn signifies that here/there and now/then differences are not as self-evident as they may seem.
Women's Elegy
Authors: Shohet Lauren
Published: February 2013

This article presents a description on women's elegy in early modern England. The first female-authored poetry ever printed in England was elegiac, in the elevated mode: Jane, Margaret, and Anne Seymours' 1550 collection of one hundred Latin distichs praising the recently deceased French poet Marguerite de Navarre, sister of the French king. The elegies of Lucy Apsley Hutchinson interweave the personal loss of her husband with the historical loss of the English Commonwealth for which he laboured, making poetry that marks his death res publica. Katherine Philips wrote many elegies, both on private losses and on the deaths of public figures. Anne Bradstreet both wrote conventional funeral elegies for family members and used elegy to think about the English past. The elegies of Aphra Behn dramatically position the death of public figures as the occasion for public poetry.
Women's Elegies, 1834–Present
Authors: Helle Anita
Published: February 2013

This article deals with women's elegies from the Victorian era to the present. The economies of mourning associated with love and loss, sorrow, introjection, and transcendence have tended to equate ‘elegiac discourse’ with the singularity of the mourner and the compensatory work, however questionable, of aesthetic replacement. The women's elegies in the nineteenth-century and the gendered politics of mourning are evaluated. In the ‘new world’ of pain marked by transnational violence and trauma, it finds renewed debates about pathos and the public, echoes of an unfinished modern sentimental which has not yet resolved its relationship to an affective poetics and politics of grief. Poets and critics arguing for reclaiming women's laments do not necessarily accept the narrative of rupture that has separated the nineteenth-century sentimental tradition, with its emphasis on transcendent suffering.
‘Lett me not Pyne for Poverty’
Authors: Schnell Lisa J.
Published: February 2013

This article looks at mourning children in early modern England. It also builds on Patricia Phillipy's argument in particular as it directs attention to the ways in which the very real grief of two early modern women in particular — Mary Carey and Anne de Vere — performs a sad but determined kind of cultural labour in the context of shared Protestant and patriarchal ideas about maternity and the gendered issues of property that underwrite many of those same ideas. Protestant theology plays a large part in the institutionalization and justification of coverture by both giving and taking away with the same hand. The article closely investigates the elegiac verse of two representational women poets of the period — Dorothy Leigh and Elizabeth Jocelin. The maternal elegies examined reveal that not all grieving mothers were willing to submit to the prescriptive work of mourning that Protestantism and patriarchy demanded.
Elegy in English Drama, 1590–1640
Authors: Crewe Jonathan
Published: February 2013

This article explores the link between early English drama and elegy. To show the process of dismantling and recontextualization, it starts with pastoral elegy. Both the propriety and efficacy of different mourning forms are always at issue in elegiac tradition. The exposure of female vanity belongs to satire rather than elegy, and the generic shift occurs during Hamlet's address to Yorick. The anti-elegies, which share a good deal with the elegies from which they also depart, remain within the purview of ‘elegy in drama’. Whether that applies to more marginal cases is debatable.
Post Coitum Triste
Authors: Burroughs Catherine
Published: February 2013

This article concentrates on elegiac sexuality in the drama of the eighteenth century. While this article is less concerned with ‘sympathy’, ‘sensibility’, and the kind of ‘sentimentality’ that drama trended towards in the latter quarter of the eighteenth century, it argues that the elegiac sexuality dramatized by post-Restoration and eighteenth-century playwrights can be read as both a class leveler and an attempt to recoup some of what might be regarded as the moral components of libertinism, with its emphasis on frank, unabashed, uninstitutionally-mediated desire. As this brief discussion of a number of well-known eighteenth-century dramas has argued, attempts to discipline the sexual behavior of central characters create a pattern of surprisingly strong attachment to the loss of a vigorous embrace of libidinous heroines and heroes — an embrace brought into clearer view by a focus on elegy and the drama between 1700 and 1800.
Moving Pictures at the Edge of Stasis
Authors: Coates Paul
Published: February 2013

This article addresses elegy in film. Although Totem and Taboo does not mention elegy explicitly, Sigmund Freud's remarks on the remorse and tenderness a band of brothers feel for the patriarch of the primal horde after murdering him allow one to surmise that he would have considered the first elegy to be motivated. Although cinema is shot through with elegiac moments, it contains very few films classifiable generically as elegies. Voiceover and the drama of the future are impregnated with elegy. Music is one of the key distancing devices film employs to elegiac ends. Claude Lanzmann's Shoah meditates upon the near-annihilation of the Jews in the concentration camps of the National Socialists as the final stage in a gradual process of anti-Semitic exclusion originating deep in the darkest recesses of European history. Maciej Drygas' film stands in a tradition for which elegy can represent indictment.
Books and Manuscripts
Authors: Edwards A. S. G.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the modes of vernacular literary production during the Middle Ages in Britain, focusing on the production and circulation of books and manuscripts. It suggests that the evidence of oral transmission is linked to the creation of manuscripts because at some stage or stages in their textual history works were actually written down and thus become linked to the manuscript culture that forms the central focus of this article. It argues that the history of the development of the industry for manuscript production in England can be sketched as it relates to specifically literary works. It also discusses later medieval manuscript culture, the commercialization of book production, and the variation in manuscript production.
The Impact of Print
Authors: Evenden Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

This article examines the impact of printing on the perceived worth of printed book in England during the period from 1476 to 1575. It aims to show that during this period, the invention of printing had an impact in many areas of book production and dissemination, and upon the trade in new and old texts as a whole. It evaluates the power of the press to circulate the content of earlier manuscripts in order to exemplify the impact of dissemination by print and explores the ways in which those in the book trade and the English reading public perceived the value of both the texts themselves and the artefacts that divulged these many and varied texts.
Visions and Visionaries
Authors: Galloway Andrew
Published: February 2013

This article examines literary work of visions and visionaries in England during the medieval period. It explains that for every literary work of visions in English, hundreds more visionary narratives or accounts of visions survive in English that are less clearly established as serving our notion of literary ends, and many thousands of others both literary and less so in all languages of the medieval period. It argues that medieval vision-literature generated wide communities of readers because they provided guidance for political and even military decisions, encouragement for personal paths to salvation, and they bridged the gap between the living and the dead.
The Chosen People
Authors: Zacher Samantha
Published: February 2013

This article examines writing about spiritual identities in England during the medieval period. It is striking that the majority of literature produced on the subject of Jews in medieval England survives from those periods where there were no Jews living in the British Isles. The authors culled their ideas from a host of sources including the writings of the Church Fathers, from contemporary continental materials, from widespread cultural stereotypes. It explains the theme of special election in the Old and New Testaments and analyses Bede's Historia ecclesiastica that uses a densely layered comparison to highlight both the positive and negative options for the representation of the chosen Israelites.
Reading Communities
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: February 2013

This article examines reading communities in England during the medieval period. It suggests that medieval reading always a community activity and proves this claim by drawing on some of the vast range of evidence of reading cultures in medieval England. It discusses the relation between literacy and the provision of reading material and describes some current development in research on medieval reading.
Pilgrimages, Travel Writing, and the Medieval Exotic
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey Jerome
Published: February 2013

This article examines pilgrimage and travel writing in England during the medieval period. It explains that during this period, The Book of John Mandeville was the best-seller and possibly the most popular travel narrative ever composed. However, the book is not the record of a historical traveller's sojourn, but a compendium of cultural details, pious histories, marvels, and exotica culled from an array of sources. This article describes how the work transformed itself from a typical account of Holy Land pilgrimage based upon William of Boldensele's Liber de quisbusdam ultramarines partibus and how populate its worlds with bodies in motion.
Admission and Establishment
Authors: Gómez-palacio Ignacio , Muchlinski Peter
Published: February 2013

This chapter outlines the major legal and policy issues that the development of rights to admission and establishment raise under international law. It begins with an assessment of the meaning of the terms ‘admission’ and ‘establishment’ as well as the related term ‘market access’. It then considers various interests of the host country and the investor that inform the development of legal responses in this field. It continues with a review of the major trends in admission and establishment provisions in national laws and in international investment agreements (IIAs). Finally, the chapter seeks to relate the foregoing discussion to the wider policy issues raised in the introductory chapter.
Emergency Exceptions: State of Necessity and Force Majeure
Authors: Bjorklund Andrea K.
Published: February 2013

This chapter begins by exploring the historical development of the necessity and force majeure doctrines. It focuses in some detail on the development of the International Law Commission's project on State Responsibility, which culminated in the ILC's adoption of draft articles, including articles on the state of necessity and force majeure. Section 2 explores the elements of a necessity defence. Section 3 examines the possibility of States' raising treaty-based defences on the grounds of ‘essential security interests’ or maintaining ‘public order’. Section 4 details the elements of a force majeure defence, a largely historical enquiry as force majeure has not played a leading role in recent investor-State jurisprudence. Section 5 addresses whether exculpatory provisions should be viewed as self-judging. Section 6 explores the effects of a successful invocation of a necessity or force majeure defence, including whether compensation is due in the event of a successful plea. A concluding section assesses the state of the jurisprudence and outlines some of the open questions future tribunals will confront in necessity and force majeure cases.
Investment Insurance
Authors: Ziegler Andreas R. , Gratton Louis-Philippe
Published: February 2013

This chapter revisits the principal developments of investment insurance at both the national and international level, and describes the evolution of the concept over the last fifty years or so. It considers the development of guarantees for investment from an historical perspective and how insurance mechanisms have evolved from purely national protection to an international protection system. It illustrates the concrete application of such mechanisms through a recent case involving foreign investors and different national guarantee systems. The chapter focuses on two national mechanisms: the US Overseas Private Investment Corporation and the Swiss Investment Risk Guarantee Agency. A regional instrument—the Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation—is discussed, that is considered to be the first international guarantee organization and that is one of the two existing regional schemes with the African Trade Insurance Agency (ATI). Finally, the chapter focuses on the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), one of the most important initiatives in the domain of international investment along with the creation of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Muchlinski Peter
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines the legal implications arising from calls for ‘international corporate social responsibility’. It begins with a brief overview of the reasons why investor responsibilities have become a major strand in the debates on the future development of international investment law. It then considers what is meant by the term ‘international corporate social responsibility’ (ICSR). Thirdly, the major legal developments to date in the field of standard setting for corporate responsibilities are considered, followed by a brief overview of monitoring and enforcement issues. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of these developments for the evolution of international investment agreements (IIAs).
Compensation, Damages, and Valuation
Authors: Wälde Thomas W. , Sabahi Borzu
Published: February 2013

This chapter begins by explaining the terminology, different functions, effect of damages awards on the acceptability of investment arbitration jurisprudence, and the main principles (mainly the Chorzow Factory dictum) governing awarding damages. Section 2 explains some of the elements that may have an impact on awarding damages, such as litigation dynamics, overcompensation, and moral hazard, and finally damnum emergens and lucrum cessans. Section 3 examines compensation for expropriation, including standard of compensation, valuation methods, compensation for creeping and regulatory expropriation, date and time of expropriation. Section 4 discusses compensation for breach of nonexpropriatory investment treaty disciplines such as national treatment, denial of justice, legitimate expectations. Section 5 examines the damages for contractual breaches as well as the breach of an umbrella clause. Section 6 touches upon the concepts of causation, as well as compensation-reducing and compensation-enhancing elements. Section 7 examines the role of equitable considerations in awarding damages. Section 8 examines different aspects of awarding interest. Section 9 discusses burden of proof and evidentiary issues. Section 10 provides an overview of other issues not discussed in this chapter.
A Doctrine of Precedent?
Authors: Schreuer Christoph , Weiniger Matthew
Published: February 2013

This chapter begins with a discussion of precedent in international law. It then discusses the practice of investment treaty tribunals, inconsistent decisions, interpretative statements by states, and institutionalized mechanisms.
Tribunal's Powers versus Party Autonomy
Authors: Moss Giuditta Cordero
Published: February 2013

This chapter analyses the relationship between the tribunal's initiative and the arguments made by the parties. It considers the extent to which a tribunal may or shall integrate or develop arguments that should have been made by the parties, both in respect of questions of fact and in respect of questions of law. It argues that the tribunal is bound in respect of its jurisdiction and of the factual scope of the dispute, but enjoys considerable freedom in respect of the inferences that it draws from the evidence and in respect of the legal consequences of the proven facts. Under certain circumstances, the tribunal's own inferences and arguments should be communicated to the parties, so as to give them the possibility to comment there on.