bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro culture and phenotypic and molecular characterization of gastric stem cells from human stomach
Authors: Garcia Magali , Chomel Jean‐Claude , Mustapha Pascale , Tran Cong Tri , Garnier Martine , Paris Isabelle , Quellard Nathalie , Godet Julie , Cremniter Julie , Bennaceur‐Griscelli Annelise , Lecron Jean‐Claude , Turhan Ali G. , Burucoa Christophe , Bodet Charles
Published: September 2016

Background

Human gastric mucosa shows continuous self‐renewal via differentiation from stem cells that remain poorly characterized.

Methods

We describe an original protocol for culture of gastric stem/progenitor cells from adult human stomach. The molecular characteristics of cells were studied using TaqMan low‐density array and qRT‐PCR analyses using the well‐characterized H1 and H9 embryonic stem cells as reference. Epithelial progenitor cells were challenged with H. pylori to characterize their inflammatory response.

Results

Resident gastric stem cells expressed specific molecular markers of embryonic stem cells (SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4), as well as others specific to adult stem cells, particularly LGR5 and CD44. We show that gastric stem cells spontaneously differentiate into epithelial progenitor cells that can be challenged with H. pylori. The epithelial progenitor response to H. pylori showed a cag pathogenicity island‐dependent induction of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3, chemokine (CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL20) and interleukine 33 expression.

Conclusion

This study opens new outlooks for investigation of gastric stem cell biology and pathobiology as well as host–H. pylori interactions.
Late Holocene record of environmental changes, cyclones and tsunamis in a coastal lake, Mangaia, Cook Islands
Authors: Chagué‐Goff Catherine , Chan Jordan Chi Hang , Goff James , Gadd Patricia
Published: September 2016

A 4.3 m‐long peat sequence from the shore of Lake Tiriara, Mangaia, Cook Islands, was analyzed using an ITRAX core scanner equipped with a magnetic susceptibility meter. Variations in the elemental profiles, providing insights into long‐ and short‐term environmental changes over the last 3500 years, are supported by grain size data and diatom assemblages. The scattering ratio (Mo Inc/Mo Coh) was evaluated and found to represent a good proxy for organic matter in peat. X‐Ray Fluorescence (XRF) data were processed by principal component analysis that confirmed the distinction of biogenic and detrital phases, organic matter and elements of marine origin. The record preserved in the peat sequence includes a peatland infilling stage followed by alternating drier and wetter periods. A notable steady increase in clay associated with high counts of detrital elements from 2000–1700 cal yr BP is attributed to increased erosion, which is most probably linked with human colonization and/or more intense chemical weathering linked with a wetter climate. Freshwater gastropods (Melanoides sp.), which were possibly introduced by humans, or are native, occupied the wetland during a period of lower water level about 1000–1100 cal yr BP. Short‐term changes in the elemental profiles are often linked with slight coarsening of the inorganic fraction that is, however, only revealed after grain size analysis. Peaks in marine indicators (Br, Cl, S, and/or Ca) associated with marine‐dominated diatom assemblages most probably represent marine incursions through the underground tunnel in the makatea, a fossilized, uplifted coral limestone rim. While none of the marine event units present characteristics typical of cyclone or tsunami deposits, the concurrent or absent peak of detrital elements (Fe, Si, Rb, Ti, K) attributed to increased erosion of the volcanic cone associated with a cyclone is used to distinguish both types of events, as also suggested by principal component analysis.
The impact of a unique knowledge translation programme implemented in a large multisite paediatric hospital
Authors: Christensen Catie , Wessells David , Byars Michelle , Marrie James , Coffman Shaun , Gates Erin , Selhorst Mitch
Published: September 2016

Background and purpose

Physical therapists (PTs) display positive attitudes toward evidence‐based practice (EBP), and implementing it can improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. However, barriers can lead to inconsistent use of EBP. The objectives of this manuscript are to (i) describe the initiation and revisions to a knowledge translation (KT) programme, (ii) assess staff participation in KT, and (iii) evaluate availability, internal use and external dissemination of evidence‐based recommendations and research.

Target setting

The KT programme was implemented in a large paediatric hospital employing 66 PTs who provide services in the inpatient, outpatient developmental and sports and orthopaedics settings in 15 locations.

Development of KT programme

The KT programme was initiated 9 years ago but underwent improvements over the past 3 years. Five key revisions included the subdivision of the EBP and Research Coordinator positions by area of practice, increasing the structure of the KT programme, implementing strategies to encourage use of local recommendations, obtaining leadership support to emphasize KT and providing staff education.

Outcomes

With the revisions, staff participation in local recommendation development increased from 16.3–68.2%. Research involvement increased from 4.1–50%. The number of local recommendations increased from 1 to 9, and an overall compliance rate of 79% was achieved for the recommendations presented in an algorithm format. External dissemination increased from 1 to 44 for presentations and 0 to 7 for publications.

Discussion

Revisions to a KT programme improved PT engagement in KT activities, increased the availability of local recommendations, encouraged use of EBP and increased external dissemination of information.
Outbreak of enteric microsporidiosis of hatchery‐bred juvenile groupers, Epinephelus spp., associated with a new intranuclear microporidian in China
Authors: Xu L‐W , Liu X‐H , Zhang J‐Y , Liu G‐F , Feng J
Published: September 2016

A new enteric microsporidian was found to be associated with the mass mortality of hatchery‐bred juvenile groupers, Epinephelus spp., in China. The outbreak usually occurred during the rainy season between May and November when water temperature ranged from 26 to 30 °C and salinity from 28 to 34 ppt, although this microsporidian can be detected year round. External clinical signs included severe emaciation, white faeces syndrome, anorexia, sinking to the bottom of culture ponds and mass mortality (up to 90%). Upon necropsy, severe intestinal oedema and thin and transparent intestinal wall could be observed. The mature spores are tiny, measuring 1.3–1.5 (1.35 ± 0.13) × 1.6–2.4 (2.16 ± 0.31) μm and can be found in the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of most enteric epithelial cells of host. Epidemiological investigation showed that this species was distributed throughout most of the culture area of grouper fingerlings in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi provinces in China, with maximum prevalence of 95%. Molecular analysis based on the partial small subunit rRNA sequence (1045 bp) placed this species within the Enterocytozoonidae, but sequence identities to other species were below 90%. The exact taxonomic position warrants study of the ultrastructural characteristics of the developmental stages.
PCR survey for Paramoeba perurans in fauna, environmental samples and fish associated with marine farming sites for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Hellebø A , Stene A , Aspehaug V
Published: September 2016

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans is an increasing problem in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. In the present PCR survey, the focus was to identify reservoir species or environmental samples where P. perurans could be present throughout the year, regardless of the infection status in farmed Atlantic salmon. A total of 1200 samples were collected at or in the proximity to farming sites with AGD, or with history of AGD, and analysed for the presence of P. perurans. No results supported biofouling organisms, salmon lice, biofilm or sediment to maintain P. perurans. However, during clinical AGD in Atlantic salmon, the amoeba were detected in several samples, including water, biofilm, plankton, several filter feeders and wild fish. It is likely that some of these samples were positive as a result of the continuous exposure through water. Positive wild fish may contribute to the spread of P. perurans. Cleaner fish tested positive for P. perurans when salmon tested negative, indicating that they may withhold the amoeba longer than salmon. The results demonstrate the high infection pressure produced from an AGD‐afflicted Atlantic salmon population and thus the importance of early intervention to reduce infection pressure and horizontal spread of P. perurans within farms.
Isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare strains infecting fishes inhabiting the Laurentian Great Lakes basin
Authors: Faisal M , Diamanka A , Loch T P , LaFrentz B R , Winters A D , García J C , Toguebaye B S
Published: September 2016

Flavobacterium columnare, the aetiological agent of columnaris disease, causes significant losses in fish worldwide. In this study, the prevalence of F. columnare infection was assessed in representative Great Lakes fish species. Over 2000 wild, feral and hatchery‐propagated salmonids, percids, centrarchids, esocids and cyprinids were examined for systemic F. columnare infections. Logistic regression analyses showed that the prevalence of F. columnare infection varied temporally and by the sex of the fish, whereby females had significantly higher prevalence of infection. A total of 305 isolates of F. columnare were recovered. Amplification of the near complete 16S rRNA gene from 34 representative isolates and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses demonstrated that all belonged to F. columnare genomovar I. Phylogenetic analysis of near complete 16S rRNA gene sequences also placed the isolates in genomovar I, but revealed some intragenomovar heterogeneity. Together, these results suggest that F. columnare genomovar I is widespread in the Great Lakes Basin, where its presence may lead to mortality.
Edwardsiella ictaluriinfection in Pangasius catfish imported from West Bengal into the Southern Caribbean
Authors: Phillips A C N , Reichley S R , Ware C , Griffin M J
Published: September 2016

In response to a mortality event, seven Pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were submitted to the University of the West Indies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Trinidad and Tobago, for diagnostic evaluation. These fish were part of a consignment that arrived from Kolkata two weeks earlier. Fish presented with perianal haemorrhage and blister‐like swellings on the skin which ruptured to leave ulcers.Edwardsiella ictaluriwas consistently recovered from the brain and skin. Repetitive sequence‐mediatedPCRanalysis revealed genetic fingerprints consistent withE. ictaluriisolates from farm‐raised channel catfish in Mississippi,USA. Plasmid analysis of the case isolates identified two unique plasmids that differ slightly in conformation and content from thepEI1 andpEI2 plasmids described forE. ictalurifrom other fish hosts. The case isolates were alsoPCRnegative for severalE. ictalurivirulence factors. The biological implications of these genetic differences are unclear and warrant further study. This is the first report and documentation ofE. ictaluriinfection in Trinidad and Tobago, suggesting the pathogen may have been introduced concurrently with the importation of fish. This report emphasizes the importance of adequate health screenings of imported lots to minimize the threat of introducingE. ictalurito non‐endemic areas.
Improved mechanical and thermal properties of gelatin films using a nano inorganic filler
Authors: Wu Xiaomeng , Liu Yaowei , Wang Wenhang , Han Yue , Liu Anjun
Published: September 2016

To fabricate gelatin films with excellent mechanical and thermal properties, nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA) was introduced into a gelatin matrix. The effect of added nHA content (0–20 wt %) on the physicochemical properties of the nHA‐gelatine films was investigated. Morphology analyses confirmed that the nHA particles were tightly and uniformly incorporated into the gelatin matrix. The thickness, water vapor permeability, light transmission, and moisture content of the films varied considerably depending on the added nHA amount. The addition of 15 wt % nHA increased the tensile strength of the gelatin films to 58.38 MPa but decreased the elongation to 27.85%. Furthermore, adding nHA improved the thermal properties, with the highest melting temperature of 80.98°C for the 10 wt % nHA‐reinforced film. Few changes in the conformation of the gelatin molecule were observed. Therefore, based on the particle nature and good compatibility with gelatin, nHA reinforcement provides a potential approach to improve gelatin film performance in food packaging field.

Practical Applications

To improve the performance of gelatin films and to fabricate gelatin films with great mechanical and thermal properties, nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA), which was used to fabricate biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties, added into a gelatin matrix to produce nHA‐gelatin films. The aim of this article is to explore the potential application of the nHA‐gelatin composite film in mainly food‐contacted packing material field, focusing on its corresponding properties, such as mechanical characteristics, barrier capacity, thermostablity, and so on. It is different from the previous researches, with an emphasis on bio‐material properties. Therefore, the biocompatible and biodegradable gelatin‐nHA composite films were developed in this study.
Reduction in cardiolipin decreases mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity and increases glucose transport into and across human brain cerebral microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Nguyen Hieu M. , Mejia Edgard M. , Chang Wenguang , Wang Ying , Watson Emily , On Ngoc , Miller Donald W. , Hatch Grant M.
Published: September 2016

Microvessel endothelial cells form part of the blood–brain barrier, a restrictively permeable interface that allows transport of only specific compounds into the brain. Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial phospholipid required for function of the electron transport chain and ATP generation. We examined the role of cardiolipin in maintaining mitochondrial function necessary to support barrier properties of brain microvessel endothelial cells. Knockdown of the terminal enzyme of cardiolipin synthesis, cardiolipin synthase, in hCMEC/D3 cells resulted in decreased cellular cardiolipin levels compared to controls. The reduction in cardiolipin resulted in decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity, increased pyruvate kinase activity, and increased 2‐deoxy‐[3H]glucose uptake and glucose transporter‐1 expression and localization to membranes in hCMEC/D3 cells compared to controls. The mechanism for the increase in glucose uptake was an increase in adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate kinase and protein kinase B activity and decreased glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta activity. Knockdown of cardiolipin synthase did not affect permeability of fluorescent dextran across confluent hCMEC/D3 monolayers grown on Transwell® inserts. In contrast, knockdown of cardiolipin synthase resulted in an increase in 2‐deoxy‐[3H]glucose transport across these monolayers compared to controls. The data indicate that in hCMEC/D3 cells, spare respiratory capacity is dependent on cardiolipin. In addition, reduction in cardiolipin in these cells alters their cellular energy status and this results in increased glucose transport into and across hCMEC/D3 monolayers.

image

Microvessel endothelial cells form part of the blood–brain barrier, a restrictively permeable interface that allows transport of only specific compounds into the brain. In human adult brain endothelial cell hCMEC/D3 monolayers cultured on Transwell® plates, knockdown of cardiolipin synthase results in decrease in mitochondrial cardiolipin and decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. The reduced cardiolipin results in an increased activity of adenosine monophosphate kinase (pAMPK) and protein kinase B (pAKT) and decreased activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (pGSK3β) which results in elevated glucose transporter‐1 (GLUT‐1) expression and association with membranes. This in turn increases 2‐dexoyglucose uptake from the apical medium into the cells with a resultant 2‐deoxyglucose movement into the basolateral medium.
Topographic Assessment of Acute Ischemic Changes for Prognostication of Anterior Circulation Stroke
Authors: Payabvash Seyedmehdi , Noorbaloochi Siamak , Qureshi Adnan I.
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

The location of acute ischemic infarct can affect the clinical outcome of stroke patients. We aimed to develop a prognostic tool based on the topographic distribution of early ischemic changes on admission computed tomography (CT) scans.

METHODS

Using the albumin in acute stroke (ALIAS) trials dataset, patients with anterior circulation stroke were included for analysis. A 3‐month modified Rankin scale (mRs) score > 2 defined disability/death; and ≤2 defined favorable outcome. A penalized logistic regression determined independent predictors of disability/death among components of admission CT scan Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS). Follow‐up 24‐hour CT/MRI scans were reviewed for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).

RESULTS

A simplified ASPECTS (sASPECTS) was developed including the caudate, lentiform nucleus, insula, and M5 components of ASPECTS—which were independent predictors of disability/death on multivariate analysis. There was no significant difference between ASPECTS and sASPECTS in prediction of disability/death (P = .738). Among patients with sASPECTS ≥ 1, the rate of favorable outcome was higher in those with intravenous (IV) thrombolytic therapy (501/837, 59.9%) versus those without treatment (91/183, 49.7%, P = .013); whereas among patients with sASPECTS of 0, IV thrombolysis was not associated with improved outcome. Also, patients with sASPECTS of 0 were more likely to develop symptomatic ICH (odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.49‐4.62), compared to those with sASPECTS ≥ 1 (P = .004).

CONCLUSIONS

Topographic assessment of acute ischemic changes using the sASPECTS (including caudate, lentiform nucleus, insula, and M5) can predict disability/death in anterior circulation stroke as accurately as the ASPECTS; and may help predict response to treatment and risk of developing symptomatic ICH.
Period 3 gene polymorphism and sleep adaptation to stressful urban environments
Authors: Anderson Maxwell R. , Akeeb Ameenat , Lavela Joseph , Chen Yuanxiu , Mellman Thomas A.
Published: September 2016

This study's objective was to investigate the relationship between a variable‐number tandem‐repeat (VNTR) Period 3 gene (PER3) polymorphism and sleep adaptation to stressful urban environments. Seventy‐five (49 female) African American participants (ages 18–35 years) living in neighbourhoods with high rates of violent crime were selected for the study based on converging criteria for good or poor sleep. Categorization of sleep quality was based on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), estimates of typical sleep duration and sleep efficiency. Other assessments included the Fear of Sleep Index (FOSI) and City Stress Inventory (CSI). Whole blood DNA was analysed for the 4 and 5 VNTR alleles using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restrictive enzyme digestion. Fifty‐seven per cent of those who were homo‐ or heterozygous for the 4‐repeat allele were poor sleepers versus 25% of those homozygous for the 5‐repeat allele; χ2 = 4.17, P = 0.041. In a logistic regression model with all the variables with significant bivariate relationships to sleep quality group, FOSI was the only significant predictor (χ2 = 5.68, P = 0.017). FOSI scores were higher among those with the 4‐repeat allele (t = 2.66, P = 0.013). The PER3 4 and 5 VNTR polymorphisms appear to influence sensitivity to the effects of stressful urban environments on sleep. While FOSI was the only variable associated independently with sleep quality category, the candidate vulnerability allele was also associated with greater ‘fear of sleep’.
Age‐related change of hepatic uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase activities in male chickens and pigs
Authors: Hu S. X.
Published: September 2016

The hepatic activities of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) of male Ross 708 broiler chickens at the age of 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days and male Camborough‐29 pigs at the age of 1 day and 2, 5, 10, and 20 weeks were investigated. Glucuronidation and sulfation of 4‐nitrophenol were used to evaluate the activities. Porcine hepaticUGTandSULTactivities were low at birth, peaked at around 5–10 weeks, and then declined. Both hepaticUGTandSULTactivities of chickens were high at hatch and declined. Chicken hepaticUGTactivity had a peak at the age of 28 days. Affinity of hepaticSULTto 4‐nitrophenol is similar in chickens and pigs, but the affinity of hepaticUGTin pigs was about 10 times higher than that in chickens. 4‐nitrophenol was predominantly conjugated bySULTinstead ofUGTin chicken livers from hatch to day 56. Conversely, hepaticUGTcontributed predominantly in 4‐nitrophenol conjugation than theSULTin pigs from birth to 20 weeks. Therefore, age has significant impact on hepatic activities ofUGTandSULT, and the importance ofUGTandSULTon conjugation is different in chickens and pigs.
Solving the Puzzle about Early Belief‐Ascription
Authors: Helming Katharina A. , Strickland Brent , Jacob Pierre
Published: September 2016

Developmental psychology currently faces a deep puzzle: most children before 4 years of age fail elicited‐response false‐belief tasks, but preverbal infants demonstrate spontaneous false‐belief understanding. Two main strategies are available: cultural constructivism and early‐belief understanding. The latter view (unlike the former) assumes that failure at elicited‐response false‐belief tasks need not reflect the inability to understand false beliefs. The burden of early‐belief understanding is to explain why elicited‐response false‐belief tasks are so challenging for most children under 4 years of age. The goal of this article is to offer a pragmatic framework whose purpose is to discharge this burden.
The Lying Test
Authors: Michaelson Eliot
Published: September 2016

As an empirical inquiry into the nature of meaning, semantics must rely on data. Unfortunately, the primary data to which philosophers and linguists have traditionally appealed—judgments on the truth and falsity of sentences—have long been known to vary widely between competent speakers in a number of interesting cases. The present article constitutes an experiment in how to obtain some more consistent data for the enterprise of semantics. Specifically, it argues from some widely accepted Gricean premises to the conclusion that judgments on lying are semantically relevant. It then endeavors to show how, assuming the relevance of such judgments, we can use them to generate a useful, widely acceptable test for semantic content.
IMPLICATIONS OF POLICY ADJUSTMENT COSTS FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
Authors: RYAN DANIEL , TOEWS CARL , SANCHIRICO JAMES N. , ARMSWORTH PAUL R.
Published: September 2016

Optimal policy recommendations from natural resource management models can involve fast‐changing management interventions. Actual policies often change more gradually, potentially reflecting costs associated with policy adjustment. We examine how including policy adjustment costs changes policy recommendations in models of fishery management. Specifically, we examine cases where policy adjustment costs increase at an increasing rate with the rate of change of fishing effort levels. We examine how accounting for these costs changes optimal management strategies in static and time‐varying environments. Increasing policy adjustment costs results in optimal approach paths to stationary optimal solutions that are more gradual but that rely on oscillatory convergence. In time‐varying environments, including policy adjustment costs smoothes optimal management recommendations, resulting in decreased variation in effort levels on the stationary part of the optimal solution, but increased variation in optimal stock sizes. We conclude that accounting for policy adjustment costs in this way leads to management recommendations that in some ways would be simpler for managers to implement (more gradual approach paths), but in other ways more challenging (oscillatory convergence) and that can affect where environmental variability is expressed in model predictions (stock sizes versus effort levels) while not suppressing this variability altogether.
NGS‐based 100‐gene panel of hypopigmentation identifies mutations in Chinese Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome patients
Authors: Wei Aihua , Yuan Yefeng , Bai Dayong , Ma Jing , Hao Zhenhua , Zhang Yingzi , Yu Jiaying , Zhou Zhiyong , Yang Lin , Yang Xiumin , Li Li , Li Wei
Published: September 2016

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare recessive disorder characterized by hypopigmentation, bleeding diathesis, and other symptoms due to multiple defects in lysosome‐related organelles. Ten HPS subtypes have been identified with mutations in HPS1 to HPS10. Only four patients with HPS‐1 have been reported in Chinese population. Using next‐generation sequencing (NGS), we have screened 100 hypopigmentation genes and identified four HPS‐1, two HPS‐3, one HPS‐5, and three HPS‐6 in Chinese HPS patients with typical ocular or oculocutaneous albinism and the absence of platelet dense granules together with other variable phenotypes. All these patients except one homozygote were compound heterozygotes. Among these mutations, 14 were previously unreported alleles (four in HPS1, three in HPS3, two in HPS5, five in HPS6). Our results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of NGS‐based panel diagnostics for HPS. Genotyping of HPS subtypes is a prerequisite for intervention of subtype‐specific symptoms.
Pulmonary anthracosis mimicking lung metastases in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Karpinsky Gabrielle , Krawczyk Malgorzata Anna , Fatyga Aleksandra , Izycka‐Swieszewska Ewa , Dubaniewicz‐Wybieralska Miroslawa , Szmyd Dagmara , Luboch‐Furmanczyk Monika , Bien Ewa
Published: September 2016

Although childhood rhabdomyosarcoma typically metastasizes to lungs, various processes may mimic metastatic etiology. Described herein is the case of an 8½‐year‐old boy with orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RME) in whom three small foci were detected within both lungs on computed tomography. The lesion number and size, however, did not fulfil the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Study Group 2006 protocol criteria for lung metastasis. Chemotherapy for localized RME produced primary tumor regression and vanishing of the left lung lesion. Two lesions in the right lung remained unchanged. On thoracoscopy multiple minute nodules disseminated in both lungs were detected. Histopathology excluded RME spread but indicated anthracosis in the lung parenchyma and intrapulmonary lymph nodes. Heavy smoking by parents and previous home furnace combustion appeared to be predisposing factors. Uncommon non‐malignant intrapulmonary diseases, including anthracosis, should be considered when staging pediatric cancer.
Replacing the Moral Foundations: An Evolutionary‐Coalitional Theory of Liberal‐Conservative Differences
Authors: Sinn Jeffrey S. , Hayes Matthew W.
Published: September 2016

Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) explains liberal‐conservative differences as arising from different moral intuitions, with liberals endorsing “individualizing” foundations (Harm and Fairness) and conservatives also endorsing “binding” foundations (Authority, Respect, and Purity). We argue these labels misconstrue ideological differences and propose Evolutionary‐Coalitional Theory (ECT) as an alternative, explaining how competitive dynamics in the ancestral social environment could produce the observed ideological differences. We test ECT against MFT across three studies. Study 1 shows the so‐called “binding” orientation entails the threat‐sensitivity and outgroup antagonism predicted by ECT; that is, an authoritarian motive. Similarly, Study 2 shows the so‐called “individualizing” orientation is better described as a universalizing motive, one reflecting a broader set of moral commitments (e.g., to nature) and a broader sociality than the egocentrism implied by MFT. Study 3 provides a factor analysis reducing “binding” to authoritarianism and “individualizing” to universalism, with the latter loading against social dominance orientation (SDO). A hierarchical regression then provides additional evidence for ECT, showing this dominating motive (SDO) accounts for variance in conservatism that MFT leaves unexplained. Collectively, these three studies suggest that ECT offers a more accurate and precise explanation of the key psychological differences between liberals and conservatives.
Computational screening of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors from micoroalgal metabolites by pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking
Authors: Selvaraj Gurudeeban , Kaliamurthi Satyavani , Cakmak Zeynep E. , Cakmak Turgay
Published: September 2016

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) catalyzes conversion of GLP‐1 (glucagon like peptide 1) to inert structure, which results in insufficient secretion of insulin and increase in postprandial blood glucose level. The present study attempts to identify novel inhibitors from bioactive metabolites present in microalgae against DPP‐IV through virtual screening, molecular docking, and pharmacophore modeling for the active target. Possible binding modes of all 60 ligands against DPP‐IV receptor were constructed using MTiOpenScreen virtual screening server. Pharmacophore model was built based on identified 38 DPP‐IV test ligands by using the web‐based PharmaGist program which encompasses hydrogen‐bond acceptors, hydrophobic groups, spatial features, and aromatic rings. The pharmacophore model having highest scores was selected to screen active DPP‐IV ligands. Highest scoring model was used as a query in ZincPharmer screening. All identified ligands were filtered, based on the Lipinski's rule‐of‐five and were subjected to docking studies. In the process of docking analyses, we considered different bonding modes of one ligand with multiple active cavities of DPP‐IV with the help of AutoDock 4.0. The docking analyses indicate that the bioactive constituents, namely, β‐stigmasterol, barbamide, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, and harman showed the best binding energies on DPP‐IV receptor and hydrogen bonding with ASP545, GLY741, TYR754, TYR666, ARG125, TYR547, SER630, and LYS554 residues. This study concludes that docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, β‐stigmasterol, barbamide, harman, ZINC58564986, ZINC56907325, ZINC69432950, ZINC69431828, ZINC73533041, ZINC84287073, ZINC69849395, and ZINC10508406 act as possible DPP‐IV inhibitors.
Initial soil amendments still affect plant community composition after nine years in succession on a heavy metal contaminated mountainside
Authors: Dietterich Lee H. , Casper Brenda B.
Published: September 2016

Many efforts to restore disturbed landscapes seek to meet ecological goals over timescales from decades to centuries. It is thus crucial to know how different actions available to restoration practitioners may affect ecosystems in the long term, yet few such data exist. Here, we test the effects of seed and compost applications on plant community composition 9 years after their application, by taking advantage of a well‐controlled restoration experiment on a mountainside severely degraded by over 80 years of zinc smelting emissions. We asked whether plots have converged on similar plant communities regardless of initial seed and compost treatments, or if these initial treatments have given rise to lasting differences in whole plant communities or in the richness and abundance of native, exotic, and planted species. We found that compost types significantly affected plant communities 9 years later, but seed mix species composition did not. Observed differences in species richness and vegetative cover were negatively correlated, and both were related to the differences in plant communities associated with different compost types. These observed differences are due primarily to the number and abundance of species not in original seed mixes, of which notably many are native. Our results underscore the importance of soils in shaping the aboveground composition of ecosystems. Differences in soil characteristics can affect plant diversity and cover, which are both common restoration targets. Even in highly polluted and devegetated sites, compost and seed application can reinstate high vegetative cover and allow continued colonization of native species.
Variant restoration trajectories for wetland plant communities on a channelized floodplain
Authors: Toth Louis A.
Published: September 2016

Restoration efforts are typically based on an assumption that reestablishment of altered determinants of ecological structure and function will lead to a predictable reestablishment of populations and reassembly of communities. Dechannelization and reestablishment of natural hydrologic regimes provide the basis for the ongoing restoration of the Kissimmee River in Central Florida, United States. The expected reestablishment of historically dominant broadleaf marsh (BLM) and buttonbush shrub (BB) communities was evaluated over a 10‐year period following implementation of the first phase of the restoration project. Plant species composition and cover were assessed during dry (spring) and wet (summer) season sampling periods at five sites on the restored floodplain, and four “control” sites on the channelized floodplain. Mean daily stage data from nearby gauges indicated hydroperiods and depths on the reflooded floodplain were within the range of historic hydrologic conditions that selected for BLM and BB communities on the pre‐channelization floodplain. After reflooding, pasture grass and upland shrub communities rapidly transitioned to a fluid mix of obligate and facultative wetland species. Although signature BLM and BB species, Sagittaria lancifolia (bulltongue arrowhead), Pontederia cordata (pickerel weed), and Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush), recolonized all study sites, the expected reestablishment of dominant cover of these species did not occur. Results indicate that restoration of BLM and BB communities has been impeded by deep flood pulse disturbances, establishment of invasive wetland grasses, and mineralized soil characteristics of the drained floodplain.
Multidimensional Approach for Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment: Framing the Territorial Impacts in Two Municipalities in Portugal
Authors: Tavares Alexandre Oliveira , Barros José Leandro , Santos Angela
Published: September 2016

This study presents a new multidimensional methodology for tsunami vulnerability assessment that combines the morphological, structural, social, and tax component of vulnerability. This new approach can be distinguished from previous methodologies that focused primarily on the evaluation of potentially affected buildings and did not use tsunami numerical modeling. The methodology was applied to the Figueira da Foz and Vila do Bispo municipalities in Portugal. For each area, the potential tsunami‐inundated areas were calculated considering the 1755 Lisbon tsunami, which is the greatest disaster caused by natural hazards that ever occurred in Portugal. Furthermore, the four components of the vulnerability were calculated to obtain a composite vulnerability index. This methodology enables us to differentiate the two areas in their vulnerability, highlighting the characteristics of the territory components. This methodology can be a starting point for the creation of a local assessment framework at the municipal scale related to tsunami risk. In addition, the methodology is an important support for the different local stakeholders.
The Russian Language in Contemporary Conservative Dystopias
Authors: BODIN PER‐ARNE
Published: September 2016

The topic of this paper concerns a subgenre of modern prose, namely the linguistic dystopia, by which I mean a depiction of a future (“pessimistically extrapolating contemporary social trends into oppressive and terrifying societies”), in which the dysfunctionality or power potential of language is thematicized and operationalized by either the narrator, various characters in the novel, or the reader. The focus in the article will be on the mirroring of the development in Russian politics and society of today in the dystopias (or utopias) of Russian conservative authors through language.
Blindspots and Blurred Lines: Dallas Smythe, the Audience Commodity, and the Transformation of Labor in the Digital Age
Authors: Dolber Brian
Published: September 2016

Dallas Smythe's notion of the audience commodity provides a starting point for much work within the political economy of communication. First advanced when commercial television was the dominant medium, the controversial idea has proven to be an increasingly useful way of conceptualizing media economics in the digital age. Originally posited as a critique of Western Marxism's concern with ideology over materiality, two generations of media scholars have elaborated upon the idea. First, scholars offered it greater specificity and utility by connecting the political economy of media to more general concerns regarding labor, gender, and race. More recently, the audience commodity has become an increasingly useful theoretical tool, demonstrating how digital technologies enable new forms of economic exploitation. Rather than binding media studies to a rigid structuralism, the audience commodity helps illuminate the fluidity of media economies and culture under neoliberalism. I conclude that scholars may productively utilize and expand upon the audience commodity to answer contemporary questions about media and alienation, the state, and social movements.
Social Media and Social Movements
Authors: Kidd Dustin , McIntosh Keith
Published: September 2016

What role does social media play in social movements and political unrest? Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Google have all been cited as important components in social revolutions, including those in Tunisia, Egypt, Iceland, Spain, and the global Occupy movement. This essay explores social science claims about the relationship between social networking and social movements. It examines research done on the relationship between social networking, the promotion of activism, and the offline participation in the streets. Can the technology of social networking help activists to achieve their goals? If so, is it just one of many tools they may use, or is the technology so powerful that the right use will actually tip the scales in favor of the social movement? This scholarship divides into optimistic, pessimistic, and ambivalent approaches, turning on an oft‐repeated question: will the revolution be tweeted?
The Science of Practice and the Practice of Science: Pierre Bourdieu and the History of Science
Authors: Tampakis Kostas
Published: September 2016

Pierre Bourdieu is one of the most celebrated and widely known French sociologists of his time. During his long and very productive career, Bourdieu worked not only on very diverse areas of sociology, such as art, religion, the legal system, and education, but also on the culture of the Kabyle, on the marriage strategies of bachelors in Southern France, and on the sociology of the French intellectuals of his era. However, despite his international influence, his work has remained virtually unutilized within most contemporary historiography of science. This article aims to fill this lacuna. After a short presentation of his main theoretical concepts, I discuss Bourdieu's work on scientific practice. I then present his more historically oriented work and finish by suggesting some ways Bourdieu's insights can be useful for history of science.
Are There Still Alternatives? Relationships Between Alternative Media and Mainstream Media in a Converged Environment
Authors: Rauch Jennifer
Published: September 2016

Media scholars and non‐scholars alike have long sought to discern and describe the differences between alternative media and mainstream media — a task that became harder in the digital age, as online communications blurred boundaries. This essay examines how theorists and researchers have attempted to clarify the term ‘alternative media’ and to explain why this category remains relevant in a networked society. Academics largely reject the alternative–mainstream dichotomy and view these media on a continuum, featuring many hybrids and few pure instances. While differences between the two forms are less apparent in liberal democracies than in authoritarian regimes, alternative media persist in being less commercial, producing more critical content and being more committed to social change than their mainstream counterparts. In a converged context, the idea of ‘alternative media’ with a dialectical, interdependent relationship to the mainstream remains important to many producers, users and scholars.
A further HLA‐DRB1*15 family allele – DRB1*15:112
Authors: Street J. , Harvey C. , Johnson J. , Darke C.
Published: September 2016

HLA‐DRB1*15:112 differs from DRB1*15:01:01:01 by one base (282G > T) in exon 2 resulting in K65N.
An intersection‐based trajectory‐region movement study
Authors: Xiang Longgang , Wu Tao , Ettema Dick
Published: September 2016

In order to better understand the movement of an object with respect to a region, we propose a formal model of the evolving spatial relationships that transition between local topologies with respect to a trajectory and a region as well as develop a querying mechanism to analyze movement patterns. We summarize 12 types of local topologies built on trajectory‐region intersections, and derive their transition graph; then we capture and model evolving local topologies with two types of trajectory‐region strings, a movement string and a stop‐move string. The stop‐move string encodes the stop information further during a trajectory than the movement string. Such a string‐format expression of trajectory‐region movement, although conceptually simple, carries unprecedented information for effectively interpreting how trajectories move with respect to regions. We also design the corresponding Finite State Automations for a movement string as well as a stop‐move string, which are used not only to recognize the language of trajectory‐region strings, but also to deal effectively with trajectory‐region pattern queries. When annotated with the time information of stops and intersections, a trajectory‐region movement snapshot and its evolution during a time interval can be inferred, and even the relationships among trajectories with respect to the same region can be explored.
THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ANTI-DUMPING AND ANTI-SUBSIDY POLICIES AMONG CHINA, THE U.S. AND THE EU: THE PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY
Authors: WANG HUA , WANG JUE , FENG ZHONGXIAN
Published: September 2016

Since the end of 2011, the U.S., the European Union (EU) and China have been searching for a trade remedy regarding each other’s photovoltaic (PV) industry. Based on the perspective of the value chain of Global Solar Energy PV industry, this paper examines related factors including the tax rate imposed on the PV industry, and uses the global simulation model (GSIM) to predict the trade impact and welfare effects generated from the “double-anti” policy (anti-dumping laws with countervailing duties). The results of the research showed that China has not yet formed a complete value chain of the PV industry that is internationally competitive. The economic effect of the “double-anti” policy on China as a result of the EU is more pronounced than that with the U.S. The “double-anti” policy will have a negative impact on China’s low carbon economy development. The authors conclude that the development of polycrystalline silicon in China needs to be supported by forcible policy measures and targeted measures are proposed.
Lepton flavor violating decay of 125 GeV Higgs boson to μτ channel and excess in tt̄H
Authors: Bhattacherjee Biplob , Chakraborty Sabyasachi , Mukherjee Swagata
Published: September 2016

A recent search for the lepton flavor violating (LFV) decays of the Higgs boson, performed by CMS collaboration, reports an interesting deviation from the Standard Model (SM). The search conducted in the channel [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] shows an excess of 2.4[Formula: see text] signal events with 19.6 fb[Formula: see text] data at a center-of-mass energy [Formula: see text] = 8 TeV. On the other hand, a search performed by CMS collaboration for the SM Higgs boson produced in association with a top quark pair [Formula: see text] also showed an excess in the same-sign dimuon final state. In this work, we try to find out if these two seemingly uncorrelated excesses are related or not. Our analysis reveals that a LFV Higgs decay [Formula: see text] can partially explain the excess in the same-sign dimuon final state in the [Formula: see text] search, infact brings down the excess well within 2[Formula: see text] error of the SM expectation. Probing such non-standard Higgs boson decay is of interest and might contain hints of new physics at the electroweak scale.
Scaling behavior of non-equilibrium phase transitions in spontaneously ordered motion of self-propelled particles
Authors: Bakir R. , Tarras I. , Hader A. , Sbiaai H. , Mazroui M. , Boughaleb Y.
Published: September 2016

Many animal groups, such as bird flocks, clearly present structural order and appear to move as a single coherent entity. In interest to understand the complex behavior of these systems, many models have been proposed and tested so far. The aim of this work is to study and discuss numerically the scaling behavior in the 2D non-equilibrium phase transitions in spontaneously ordered motion of self-propelled particles in the framework of Vicsek model. This model is an important tool to study the behavior of collective motion of live biological and physical organisms. The calculation of the scaling exponents is effected by using the scaling dynamic method. However, the time evolution of the particles velocity present two different regimes separated by a cross-over time which increases linearly with both applied noise and radius of repulsive zone, but it decreases exponentially with the radius of orientation zone. The results show that the obtained exponents are similar to the growth and roughness ones used in the interfaces growth and to the submonolayer deposition process. The obtained values of these exponents are not dependent on the noises value, which proves their universality characters. Hence the kinetic evolution of the spontaneously ordered motion of self-propelled particles is self-similar. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Bäcklund transformation and soliton solutions for two (3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations
Authors: Wang Lin , Qu Qixing , Qin Liangjuan
Published: September 2016

In this paper, two (3[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) are under investigation by employing the Hirota’s method and symbolic computation. We derive the bilinear form and bilinear Bäcklund transformation (BT) for the two NLEEs. Based on the bilinear form, we obtain the multi-soliton solutions for them. Furthermore, multi-soliton solutions in terms of Wronskian determinant for the first NLEE are constructed, whose validity is verified through direct substitution into the bilinear equations.