bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Représentations et usages sociaux de la musique metal
Authors: Guibert Christophe
Published: June 2015

Le festival Hellfest, organisé près de Nantes et dédié aux musiques metal (dans son acceptation large), est publiquement et politiquement catégorisé et stigmatisé à l’approche de chaque édition au mois de juin. Si les « entrepreneurs de morale » n’arrivent pas à faire aboutir leurs aspirations, c’est que les ressources sur lesquels s’appuient les organisateurs du festival (capital social et « paix sociale ») d’une part et que les usages sociaux des festivaliers d’autre part, contribuent à maintenir ce type de manifestation dans la sphère du socialement acceptable. L’absence de faits juridiquement déviants, les sens conférés au Hellfest – en particulier la caricature et la « désymbolisation » des symboles catholiques – par les festivaliers puis les propriétés sociales de ces derniers constituent des contre-arguments aux groupes opposés au festival.
Sampling as Political Practice
Authors: Garcia-Solek Hélène
Published: June 2015

This article seeks to put in perspective Gilberto Gil’s Brazilian cultural policy from 2003 to 2008 as a pioneer attempt to institutionally legitimate musical cultures involving sampling and remix. Mutations brought about by the digital age call for strong reflections upon the concept of “digital culture” enacted for instance in sampling and remix practices, and incarnated in a complex manner by the cultural “glocal” laboratories of underground musical cultures in Brazil. The study of Gil’s policy involves a multifaceted approach mixing music sociology, ethnology, cultural studies, the study of law, policies and of the music industry, in order to clarify the redefinition of musical authorship and intellectual property brought about by musical digital culture along with identifying some challenges for scholars and actors of the musical world for the years to come.
La Monte Young vs The Velvet, Minimalisme vs Punk, savant vs populaire : constructions et déconstructions postmodernes
Authors: Levaux Christophe
Published: June 2015

La théorie postmoderne a récemment pu pointer l'effondrement de la frontière séparant les cultures savante et populaire. Le Minimalisme et La Monte Young d’une part, le punk et le Velvet Underground d'autre part ont souvent servi d’illustrations de ce nouvel ordre des choses où le dialogue entre des univers autrefois antagonistes s’ouvre enfin. Young, pourtant, n’a pas toujours été un compositeur « savant », et le Velvet Underground n’a été considéré comme un groupe « punk » qu’après sa séparation. C’est en effet au fil de reconstructions opérées par la critique et par la musicologie que ceux-ci ont été cloisonnés au sein d'univers en apparence hermétiques. Et c’est au fil de reconstructions récentes, celles notamment de la « musicologie postmoderne », que ceux-ci ont été réunis sous une même bannière. La confrontation de Young et du Velvet Underground, du minimalisme et du punk dans la littérature critique et musicologique fait ici l'objet d’une investigation portant sur le rôle assumé par celles-ci dans la construction des histoires et des genres respectifs. Cette confrontation plaide en faveur d’une réintroduction des idéologies et des politiques musicologiques dans l’histoire de la musique elle-même.
De l’harmonie éolienne dans les musiques populaires contemporaines
Authors: Björnberg Alf
Published: June 2015

Cet article examine une forme de pratique harmonique qui tend, depuis quelques années, à se généraliser dans la pop music et dans le rock. Reposant sur des enchaînements d’accords de trois sons élaborés à partir de la gamme éolienne (ou gamme « mineure naturelle »), cette pratique est ici désignée sous le nom d’« harmonie éolienne ». En nous interrogeant sur ses origines, nous verrons qu’elle pourrait découler d’enchaînements d’accords dont les notes fondamentales correspondent à des fragments d’échelles pentatoniques dérivées du blues et de genres apparentés (enchaînements qui sont tout à fait répandus dans le rock et dans la pop depuis les années 1960). Une étude sémantique basée sur les paroles d’un échantillon de chansons de rock et de pop portant la marque de l’harmonie éolienne nous permettra en outre de constater que le champ d’association extra-musical de ces chansons présente une certaine cohérence, en particulier pour ce qui concerne leur sens affectif.
Stone Deaf Forever: Discourses of Loudness
Authors: Percival J. Mark
Published: June 2015

High volume in the form of high sound pressure level (SPL) is ingrained in the aesthetics of many forms of popular music, most obviously in rock and its associated sub-genres, but also in many other genres and styles including various forms of dance music, hip hop, reggae and electronic music. The primary site of expression of the notion of loud-as-good is in the performance of music in public spaces or venues (live, recorded or a blend of both). The reproduction of discourses of loud-as-good is woven through popular music culture, from bands in tiny rehearsal studios to the world record for “loudest” band (Deep Purple or The Who, depending on the year of publication of the Guinness Book of Records). Loud-as-good discourse has been satirised in other media: the “mockumentary”, This is Spinal Tap (1984) and Douglas Adams’ The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, both of which are addressed here. This essay identifies five discourses of loudness as they appear in music journalism, and in fiction. These are: loud-as-good, loud-as-bad; loud-as-good for the audience, but bad for the journalist; loud-as-good for the journalist, but bad for the audience; loud-as-irrational.
Discourse in Música Latinoamericana Cultural Projects from Nueva Canción to Colombian Canción Social
Authors: Katz-Rosene Joshua
Published: June 2015

In this article, I follow the discourses elaborated around música latinoamericana (“Latin American music”), a broad musical category encompassing a wide range of Latin American—but especially Andean—folk genres within successive, interrelated “cultural projects.” I examine the extra-musical meanings attributed to this stylistic mode in the nueva canción (new song) movements of protest music in the Southern Cone, the transnational nueva canción latinoamericana network to which they gave rise, and ultimately focus on música latinoamericana’s development in Colombia. During the mid-1970s, the initial Colombian practitioners of música latinoamericana adopted several facets of the discourse pertaining to this music—along with the musical models themselves—from nueva canción latinoamericana. However, they later refined claims about the style’s significance, its distinctiveness from other musical genres, and its political symbolism to fit changing cultural contexts in the cities of the Colombian interior. I argue that the discursive “work” undertaken in these cultural projects has ensured that música latinoamericana continues to be equated with anti-establishment politics in Colombia, and hence that it remains closely tied to canción social (social song), the present-day category for socially conscious music.
L’identité anglaise dans Dr Dee : An English Opera de Damon Albarn
Authors: Ramialison Ifaliantsoa
Published: June 2015

Composée par Damon Albarn et présentée dans le cadre des manifestations culturelles organisées autour des Jeux Olympiques de Londres de 2012, Dr Dee : An English Opera est une œuvre qui traite de l’identité anglaise. La place d’Albarn dans le paysage culturel britannique est avant tout liée à ses succès dans la musique populaire, notamment avec le groupe Blur. Fer de lance du mouvement Britpop dans les années 1990, Blur explorait déjà les liens entre musique et identité nationale. L’analyse des référents musicaux et visuels utilisés dans Dr Dee révèle une conception exclusive et conservatrice de l’identité nationale, proche de celle de la Britpop. Ainsi, Dr Dee réfère à une identité historique liée à la période impériale et omet de fait l’apport des migrations postcoloniales. D’un point de vue musical, l’analyse montre que le rock demeure le genre privilégié pour représenter la nation, laissant peu de place à la musique savante ou aux musiques issues des migrations postcoloniales. Paradoxalement, Dr Dee est présenté dans un contexte olympique où l’accent est mis sur une identité nationale multiculturelle. La comparaison avec d’autres projets musicaux d’Albarn révèle des visions contrastées, voire contradictoires de l’anglicité, traduisant le malaise identitaire actuel dans la société britannique.
Inhibition of System Xc− Transporter Attenuates Autoimmune Inflammatory Demyelination
Authors: Evonuk Kirsten S. , Baker Brandi J. , Doyle Ryan E. , Moseley Carson E. , Sestero Christine M. , Johnston Bryce P. , De Sarno Patrizia , Tang Andrew , Gembitsky Igor , Hewett Sandra J. , Weaver Casey T. , Raman Chander , DeSilva Tara M.
Published: June 2015

T cell infiltration into the CNS is a significant underlying pathogenesis in autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Several lines of evidence suggest that glutamate dysregulation in the CNS is an important consequence of immune cell infiltration in neuroinflammatory demyelinating diseases; yet, the causal link between inflammation and glutamate dysregulation is not well understood. A major source of glutamate release during oxidative stress is the system Xc− transporter; however, this mechanism has not been tested in animal models of autoimmune inflammatory demyelination. We find that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of system Xc− attenuates chronic and relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Remarkably, pharmacological blockade of system Xc− 7 d after induction of EAE attenuated T cell infiltration into the CNS, but not T cell activation in the periphery. Mice harboring a Slc7a11 (xCT) mutation that inactivated system Xc− were resistant to EAE, corroborating a central role for system Xc− in mediating immune cell infiltration. We next examined the role of the system Xc− transporter in the CNS after immune cell infiltration. Pharmacological inhibitors of the system Xc− transporter administered during the first relapse in a SJL animal model of relapsing-remitting EAE abrogated clinical disease, inflammation, and myelin loss. Primary coculture studies demonstrate that myelin-specific CD4+ Th1 cells provoke microglia to release glutamate via the system Xc− transporter, causing excitotoxic death to mature myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Taken together, these studies support a novel role for the system Xc− transporter in mediating T cell infiltration into the CNS as well as promoting myelin destruction after immune cell infiltration in EAE.
Prevention of Defective Placentation and Pregnancy Loss by Blocking Innate Immune Pathways in a Syngeneic Model of Placental Insufficiency
Authors: Gelber Shari E. , Brent Elyssa , Redecha Patricia , Perino Giorgio , Tomlinson Stephen , Davisson Robin L. , Salmon Jane E.
Published: June 2015

Defective placentation and subsequent placental insufficiency lead to maternal and fetal adverse pregnancy outcome, but their pathologic mechanisms are unclear, and treatment remains elusive. The mildly hypertensive BPH/5 mouse recapitulates many features of human adverse pregnancy outcome, with pregnancies characterized by fetal loss, growth restriction, abnormal placental development, and defects in maternal decidual arteries. Using this model, we show that recruitment of neutrophils triggered by complement activation at the maternal/fetal interface leads to elevation in local TNF-α levels, reduction of the essential angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor, and, ultimately, abnormal placentation and fetal death. Blockade of complement with inhibitors specifically targeted to sites of complement activation, depletion of neutrophils, or blockade of TNF-α improves spiral artery remodeling and rescues pregnancies. These data underscore the importance of innate immune system activation in the pathogenesis of placental insufficiency and identify novel methods for treatment of pregnancy loss mediated by abnormal placentation.
Langerhans Cells Maintain Local Tissue Tolerance in a Model of Systemic Autoimmune Disease
Authors: King Jennifer K. , Philips Rachael L. , Eriksson Anna U. , Kim Peter J. , Halder Ramesh C. , Lee Delphine J. , Singh Ram Raj
Published: June 2015

Systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus affect multiple organs, usually in a diverse fashion where only certain organs are affected in individual patients. It is unclear whether the “local” immune cells play a role in regulating tissue specificity in relation to disease heterogeneity in systemic autoimmune diseases. In this study, we used skin as a model to determine the role of tissue-resident dendritic cells (DCs) in local and systemic involvement within a systemic lupus disease model. Skin-resident DCs, namely, Langerhans cells (LCs), have been implicated in regulating tolerance or autoimmunity using elegant transgenic models, however, their role in local versus systemic immune regulation is unknown. We demonstrate that although lymphocytes from skin-draining lymph nodes of autoimmune-prone MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/lpr (MRL-lpr) mice react spontaneously to a physiological skin self-Ag desmoglein-3, epicutaneous applications of desmoglein-3 induced tolerance that is dependent on LCs. Inducible ablation of LCs in adult preclinical MRL-lpr and MRL/MpJ-Fas+/+ mice resulted in increased autoantibodies against skin Ags and markedly accelerated lupus dermatitis with increased local macrophage infiltration, but had no effect on systemic autoantibodies such as anti-dsDNA Abs or disease in other organs such as kidneys, lung, and liver. Furthermore, skin-draining lymph nodes of LC-ablated MRL-lpr mice had significantly fewer CD4+ T cells producing anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 than LC-intact controls. These results indicate that a skin-resident DC population regulates local tolerance in systemic lupus and emphasize the importance of the local immune milieu in preventing tissue-specific autoimmunity, yet have no effect on systemic autoimmunity.
Circulating Follicular Regulatory T Cells Are Defective in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Dhaeze Tessa , Peelen Evelyn , Hombrouck Anneleen , Peeters Liesbet , Van Wijmeersch Bart , Lemkens Nele , Lemkens Peter , Somers Veerle , Lucas Sophie , Broux Bieke , Stinissen Piet , Hellings Niels
Published: June 2015

Follicular regulatory T cells (TFR) have been extensively characterized in mice and participate in germinal center responses by regulating the maturation of B cells and production of (auto)antibodies. We report that circulating TFR are phenotypically distinct from tonsil-derived TFR in humans. They have a lower expression of follicular markers, and display a memory phenotype and lack of high expression of B cell lymphoma 6 and ICOS. However, the suppressive function, expression of regulatory markers, and FOXP3 methylation status of blood TFR is comparable with tonsil-derived TFR. Moreover, we show that circulating TFR frequencies increase after influenza vaccination and correlate with anti-flu Ab responses, indicating a fully functional population. Multiple sclerosis (MS) was used as a model for autoimmune disease to investigate alterations in circulating TFR. MS patients had a significantly lower frequency of circulating TFR compared with healthy control subjects. Furthermore, the circulating TFR compartment of MS patients displayed an increased proportion of Th17-like TFR. Finally, TFR of MS patients had a strongly reduced suppressive function compared with healthy control subjects. We conclude that circulating TFR are a circulating memory population derived from lymphoid resident TFR, making them a valid alternative to investigate alterations in germinal center responses in the context of autoimmune diseases, and TFR impairment is prominent in MS.
Appraisal of the Extent Tanzanian EFL Testing Complies to Ideals of Test Construction: A Case of 2012 Certificate of Secondary Education English Language Examination
Authors: Elisifa Zelda
Published: June 2015

This study seeks to show the extent to which EFL testing at Certificate of Secondary Education Examination level is at par with ideals of examination construction, notably in the area of content areas. To achieve this content analysis was employed to 2012 paper as a single case study. The major aspects in are those given by Harris (1969;) namely determining course objectives, dividing the general course objectives into their components, the time factor for the examination and the speediness, and writing examination directions.

The findings revealed that the testing content is more biased towards literate skills of writing and reading at the expense of oral skills, even though the objectives include speaking skills. The Skill that is totally omitted, both in the instructional objectives and examination content areas, is listening. It is recommended that more language experts be involved in all procedures of examination setting.
The Impact of Regulating Bluefin Tuna Exports on the Japanese Tuna Market
Authors: Ishida Takashi
Published: June 2015

In order to understand the impact of regulating bluefin tuna exports on the Japanese tuna market, we have to clarify the inter-species price relationship. This article investigates the market linkages among four tuna species, bluefin tuna, albacore tuna, bigeye tuna and yellowfin tuna, in Japan. Vector autoregressive distributed lag (VARDL) model is used to simulate the impact of a decrease in the bluefin tuna supply on the price of bluefin tuna and other species. The result is that regulating bluefin tuna exports raise only the price of bluefin tuna but have little impact on the prices of other tuna species.
The Antioxidant and DNA Repair Activities of Resveratrol, Piceatannol, and Pterostilbene
Authors: Livingston Justin R. , Peterson Jacob J. , Martinez Gabriel A. , Peck Connor J. , Garrett Andrew R. , Uhl Rachel A. , Thompson Brett H. , Shrestha Gajendra , Robison Richard A. , O'Neill Kim L.
Published: June 2015

Lifestyle diseases represent a large burden on developed societies and account for much morbidity worldwide. Research has shown that eating a diet rich in fruit and vegetables helps to ameliorate and prevent some of these diseases. Antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables may provide a substantial benefit in reducing disease incidence. This study examines the antioxidant properties of resveratrol, piceatannol, and pterostilbene, and the ability of Burkitt’s Lymphoma (Raji) cells to uptake these three antioxidants. It also studies the effect of the antioxidants in protecting against DNA damage, and their role in DNA repair following oxygen radical exposure in Raji cells. The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay was used to measure overall antioxidant contribution as well as the ability of Raji cells to uptake antioxidant following exposure to 2,2’-Azobis(2-methyl-propionamide) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay was used to assess DNA damage and DNA repair rates of cells. Results showed that Raji cells, following oxygen radical exposure, significantly uptake pterostilbene (p < 0.0001), but not piceatannol or resveratrol. Piceatannol provided protection against hydrogen peroxide induced DNA damage, but pterostilbene and resveratrol increased DNA damage following hydrogen peroxide treatment. None of the compounds showed any effect on DNA repair. Overall, this study indicates there is merit for further research into the bioactive roles, including antioxidant capacity, of all three compounds. Such research may provide evidence for the more widespread use of these and other food based compounds for preventing lifestyle diseases.
Xenophanes of Kolophon
Authors: Lesher J. H.
Published: June 2015

Xenophanes of Kolophon was a poet, performer of epic verse, and philosopher who made significant contributions to early Greek thought. His main interests were the standards for proper conduct at symposia, the measures of personal excellence, erroneous depictions of the gods, the attributes of the one greatest god, the basic substances and forces that order nature, the value of inquiry, and the limits of knowledge. He is best remembered for his criticisms of the stories about the gods told by Homer and Hesiod and his rejection of anthropomorphic conceptions of the divine.
Wine
Authors: Estreicher Stefan K.
Published: June 2015

The wild grape
Vitis vinifera sylvestris
was domesticated and the first wine made in Neolithic times between the Black and Caspian Seas in a region that encompasses Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, eastern Turkey, and northwestern Iran. Wine played an important role for religious, sanitary, medical, and trade reasons. The Phoenicians introduced viticulture around the Mediterranean basin starting around 800 BCE and the ancient Greeks made wine a democratic drink. The Romans perfected the technology for its mass production and expanded viticulture away from the Mediterranean coast.
Müskebi
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M.
Published: June 2015

Müskebi (also spelled Müsgebi) is a site on the west coast of Anatolia, situated on a peninsula north of Kos. The site was first settled by Mycenaeans in the fourteenth century BCE, and was apparently deserted in the twelfth century. The site is renowned because of forty‐eight Mycenaean style chamber tombs.
Corsica
Authors: Peche‐Quilichini Kewin
Published: June 2015

The earliest human settlement in Corsica dates back to the Mesolithic and intensified throughout the Neolithic. During the Bronze Age (2000–850
bce
), the island integrated Nuragic and Italic cultural features from Sardinia and the Italian mainland (material production, architecture, etc.) and progressively incorporated them to forge an original identity. During the Iron Age (850–100
bce
), the island was characterized by extensive cultural fragmentation that separated the north from the south in particular. It is in this period, too, that the Phocaean colony of Alalia was founded on the east coast, and that burial contexts testify to a strong intensification of exchanges with neighboring regions.
Peisandros
Authors: Shear Julia L.
Published: June 2015

Peisandros was one of the main oligarchic leaders of the Four Hundred in ancient Athens and played an instrumental role in their seizure of power in 411 BCE during the later stages of the Peloponnesian War. Since he is known to have been active in the radical democracy of the 420s, his conversion to oligarchy must have taken place not long before the events of 411. When the Four Hundred were overthrown, he fled to the Spartans and is not subsequently known to have been active.
Papinian
Authors: Peachin Michael
Published: June 2015

Papinian was an important administrator during the time of the emperor Septimius Severus, and was also one of Rome's greatest jurists.
AntiochosVIIIGrypos
Authors: Erickson Kyle
Published: June 2015

Antiochos VIII Grypos (“hook‐nosed”) (r. 126–97/6bce) was a Seleucid king, the son of Demetrios II Nikator and Cleopatra Thea. Having defeated the threat posed by the murderer of his father, he was engaged for most of the rest of his reign in a civil war with his half‐brother, Antiochos IX Kyzikenos.
AntiochosIXKyzikenos
Authors: Erickson Kyle
Published: June 2015

Antiochos IX Philopator “Kyzikenos” (r. 114/13–95bce) was the youngest son of Antiochos VII and Cleopatra Thea. Kyzikenos played a major role in the continued breakdown of the Seleucid kingdom, waging an unsuccessful but nearly continuous war against his half‐brother Antiochos VIII Grypos.
Aelius Dios (

FGrH

629)
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: June 2015

Ailios Dios was a historian and author of
On Alexandria
, written in Greek, of which only a single fragment survives. It is likely that he wrote sometime between the late second and late fourth centuries
ce
.
Children, pledging of
Authors: Vuolanto Ville
Published: June 2015

Family strategies and the need for cash in an economy based on self‐sufficiency led to the pledging of freeborn children becoming a common phenomenon in Greco‐Roman world, both for boys and girls. Parents would pledge children, with their labor and services as further security, for the repayment for debts. Often the pledged child worked in the household of the creditor for the capital and/or interest of the debt, and thus the phenomenon was linked to child work and, more particularly, to the selling of children and the leasing of their work.
Idios Logos, Gnomon of the – Greco‐Roman Egypt
Authors: Nowak Maria
Published: June 2015

The Gnomon of Idios Logos is a collection of legal rules preserved on two papyri (
BGU
V 1210: second century
ce
,
P.Oxy
. XLII 3014: first century
ce
). It was written for a procurator of the
idios logos
. The text contains 115 legible paragraphs concerning different legal matters, such as the status of persons, emancipation, mixed unions, succession, burial, Egyptian priests, and temples.
Vrokastro
Authors: Antoniadis Vyron
Published: June 2015

Vrokastro is a defensive settlement located on a hill in eastern Crete, occupied from the end of the Bronze Age to the seventh century BCE. During this period the settlement of Vrokastro also served as citadel for smaller sites scattered in the area.
Sealing, ancient Near East
Authors: Colbow Gudrun
Published: June 2015

Sealings are impressions in wax or clay that verify ownership or authenticate administrative or business contracts. For the earliest sealings in the ancient Near East, stamp seals were used. Cylinder seals were introduced only with the beginning of writing. Sealings provide information about the seal owner or user and help to establish dossiers, while their representations reveal much about intersigillarity.
Monopoly, Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Salmenkivi Erja
Published: June 2015

In Ptolemaic Egypt the state extensively controlled various branches of the economy. The methods of conducting control over the manufacture and sale of many key products, such as vegetable oils and linen, are usually called royal monopolies. The monopolistic control of the state, however, was often intertwined with the Ptolemaic tax farming system.
Eteocypriot
Authors: Georgiou Artemis
Published: June 2015

Eteocypriot refers to an ancient language attested on inscriptions found mostly, though not exclusively, at the city of Amathus, on the south coast of Cyprus. The script in which Eteocypriot was written is the Cypriot Syllabary, and was used between the eighth and fourth centuries
bce
. The language remains unintelligible.
Antigonos of Karystos
Authors: Dorandi Tiziano
Published: June 2015

Antigonos of Karystos in Eubea lived in the third century
bce
and was an author of biographies, art historian, and bronze sculptor. He worked in Pergamum during the reigns of Attalus I and Eumenes II.
Cinna, L. Cornelius
Authors: Lovano Michael
Published: June 2015

L. Cornelius Cinna (d. 84
bce
), Julius Caesar's father‐in‐law, suffered near historical eclipse; his political adversaries, like Sulla, flooded the pages of Roman history with their version of the civil war waged against Cinna's faction for control of the republic. In reducing him to the stock‐figure of a villain, they made the very name “Cinna” equivalent to the label “tyrant” in the politics of their time. Cinna, indeed, had minimal qualms about eliminating die‐hard senatorial enemies or “leading” the government through dubious means or employing an army to achieve his own ends; he did defend his own
dignitas
at all costs. In these ways, as well as in his efforts to fully integrate Rome's Italian allies into the body politic and his conciliatory approach to members of the elite, even those who did not agree with him, Cinna became a model for many important figures in the republic's future.
Archives, Roman provincial
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: June 2015

Official archives – relating to taxation and censuses administered by financial officials, and to the judicial decisions, official correspondence, and other activities of provincial governors – became an important feature of Roman provincial government through the first and second centuries CE, and underpinned the bureaucratic practices of the empire which endured into Late Antiquity.
Corinthian War
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia
Published: June 2015

The Corinthian War (395–387/6
bce
) pitted Sparta against a coalition formed by Athens, Thebes, Argos, and Corinth, and took its name from the main area of military operations. The war originated in the dissatisfaction of Sparta's former allies during the Peloponnesian War with Sparta's taking advantage of the victory to her own exclusive benefit. Such discontent was exploited by the Persian King who funded Sparta's enemies to stop the war Agesilaos was conducting in Asia. The cities that had allied against Sparta established a joint council at Corinth. Sparta's difficulties both on land (following the political union of Corinth and Argos) and at sea led the Spartans to seek an agreement with Persia in 392
bce
. The King's Peace ended the war in 387/6. The first “common peace” to be concluded, it reestablished Persian authority over the Greek cities of Asia and established the principle of autonomy and freedom for all other Greeks, again to the advantage of the Great King and Sparta.
Mule
Authors: Willekes Carolyn
Published: June 2015

Animals and animal husbandry played an important role in the economies of the ancient world, providing food, agricultural power, and serving as beasts of burden and transportation to the army. The mule was a particularly valuable commodity, due to his strength, versatility, and overall hardiness.
Julia, daughter of Augustus
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn
Published: June 2015

Julia (39 BCE–14 CE), the daughter of Augustus and Scribonia, was married in turn to M. Claudius Marcellus (25 BCE), M. Vipsanius Agrippa (21 BCE), and Ti. Claudius Nero (11 BCE). The marriage to her cousin Marcellus produced no children. The marriage to Agrippa produced three boys and two girls: Gaius Caesar (20 BCE), Julia Minor (19 BCE), Lucius Caesar (17 BCE), Agrippina Maior (14 BCE), and Agrippa Postumus (12 BCE). The marriage to Tiberius produced a son who died in infancy. Disgraced in 2 BCE on the charge of adultery, Julia was divorced from Tiberius and relegated to the island of Pandateria by her father. In 4 CE Augustus permitted her exile to be served on the mainland at Rhegium, but left orders in his will (13 CE) that she be excluded from his mausoleum. Julia died in exile.
Leo
VI
, emperor
Authors: Tougher Shaun
Published: June 2015

Leo VI (866–912 CE) is the second ruler of the Macedonian Dynasty (867–1056), infamous for marrying four times and for the military problems the empire faced during his reign. However, he is significant also for consolidating the dynasty and for his literary activities, reflecting the intellectual interests so characteristic of the period.
Lokroi Epizephyrioi
Authors: Donnellan Lieve
Published: June 2015

Lokroi is a Greek
polis
in Calabria, southern Italy. Its foundation is attributed to colonists from Lokris on mainland Greece, and dated to the early seventh century
bce
. Lokroi was a regional power in the Archaic period but steadily declined afterwards, due to wars with neighbors and internal strife. Lokroi is especially known for its fine bronzes, terracotta plaques, and sculpture.
Nemesis
Authors: Wittenberg Tim
Published: June 2015

The term “nemesis,” today used to describe a punitive or retributive justice, the inevitable agent of a downfall, goes back to the cult of the goddess Nemesis in Greek and Roman times, when she signified the balancing power between order and disorder from Greek moral concepts to the arena of Roman amphitheaters.
Perception
Authors: Lautner Peter
Published: June 2015

In ancient times, perception was viewed as a passive affection, a change in the sense caused by external sense‐objects. In Plato, perception as a passive affection was confined to the reception of primary sense‐qualities such as colors and sounds. Aristotle broadened its range to include apprehension of shape and size, discrimination of data originated in different sense‐modalities (e.g., telling the difference between sweet and white), and perceptual awareness. On denying the role of formal elements in perception the Hellenistic philosophers insisted that it is to be explained as a bodily process, that is, as a reception of bodily impacts by the sense‐organ. The Aristotelian view was also criticized by Galen who emphasized the inferential nature of perception. Plotinus considered perception to be a judgmental activity, a characteristic essential to his thesis of the unity of the senses and perceptual power. The Plotinian notion was developed by Neoplatonists in Late Antiquity into a projectivist theory according to which the soul sends forth notions during the perceptual process, which makes perception conceptual, meaning that sense‐perception is impossible without use of concepts.
Municipia
, Roman Empire
Authors: Cordovana Orietta Dora
Published: June 2015

Municipia
were one of the legal categories of city in the Roman empire. The rights and privileges of provincial cities depended on the category to which it belonged. The grant of municipal status was in effect a general concession of the
ius Latii
to foreign communities; it was also part of a historical process which involved the administrative structure of urban communities. There was no difference between Roman and Latin
municipia
in the imperial provinces. Grants of municipal status, however, differed from case to case and local epigraphy demonstrates that each city had its own pattern of historical development. There was a significant difference between foreign communities (
civitates peregrinae
) which acquired the legal status of a
municipium
and former military settlements which became
municipia
.
Yazılıkaya
Authors: Bilgin Tayfun
Published: June 2015

Yazılıkaya is a Hittite rock sanctuary located near the Hittite capital Hattusa in central Anatolia. It was one of the most important Hittite cultic sites, gaining particular significance in the thirteenth century
bce
, when its two chambers were decorated with reliefs of numerous deities and two oversize depictions of king Tudhaliya IV.
Scanning curves in wedge pore with the wide end closed: Effects of temperature
Authors: Klomkliang Nikom , Do Duong D. , Nicholson David
Published: June 2015

The desorption scanning curves within the hysteresis loop of argon adsorbed in a wedge‐shaped pore with its wide end closed have been studied in the temperature range between 60 and 87 K, using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation. The distinct features are: (1) adsorbate packing follows a sequence of commensurate regions (zones) and incommensurate regions (junctions); (2) the mechanism for evaporation switches from cavitation‐like pore blocking to cavitation when the temperature is increased; as typically observed for ink‐bottle pores. When cavitation is the operating mechanism, the descending scanning curve spans across the loop in two stages: a gradual decrease in density in a zone followed by a sharp evaporation from a junction, and then terminates at the lowest point on the vertical cavitation boundary. The adsorption scanning curve proceeds across the loop in two stages complementary to the desorption scanning‐curve: a gradual change in density at a junction followed by a sharp change through a zone. Conversely, when cavitation‐like pore blocking is operating, the descending curve leaves the adsorption boundary, spans across the hysteresis loop and returns to a different point on the same boundary, rather than to the desorption boundary or to the lower closure point. This feature does not seem to have been recognized in earlier literature and should be considered in the classification of scanning curves. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3936–3943, 2015
Where is the Oxygen? Structural Analysis of α‐Humulene Oxidation Products by the Crystalline Sponge Method
Authors: Zigon Nicolas , Hoshino Manabu , Yoshioka Shota , Inokuma Yasuhide , Fujita Makoto
Published: June 2015

Crystal structures of α‐humulene, a cyclic sesquiterpene, and its oxidized subproducts, were analyzed by the crystalline sponge method. Regio‐ and stereochemistry, including absolute configuration when a chiral oxidant was applied, and the stable conformations of all the scaffold‐related compounds were successfully determined for samples on a 5–50 μg scale.
Ligand‐Assisted Co‐Assembly Approach toward Mesoporous Hybrid Catalysts of Transition‐Metal Oxides and Noble Metals: Photochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Ben , Kuo Chung‐Hao , Chen Jiejie , Luo Zhu , Thanneeru Srinivas , Li Weikun , Song Wenqiao , Biswas Sourav , Suib Steven L. , He Jie
Published: June 2015

A bottom‐up synthetic approach was developed for the preparation of mesoporous transition‐metal‐oxide/noble‐metal hybrid catalysts through ligand‐assisted co‐assembly of amphiphilic block‐copolymer micelles and polymer‐tethered noble‐metal nanoparticles (NPs). The synthetic approach offers a general and straightforward method to precisely tune the sizes and loadings of noble‐metal NPs in metal oxides. This system thus provides a solid platform to clearly understand the role of noble‐metal NPs in photochemical water splitting. The presence of trace amounts of metal NPs (≈0.1 wt %) can enhance the photocatalytic activity for water splitting up to a factor of four. The findings can conceivably be applied to other semiconductors/noble‐metal catalysts, which may stand out as a new methodology to build highly efficient solar energy conversion systems.
Mechanochemical Tuning of the Binaphthyl Conformation at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Ishikawa Daisuke , Mori Taizo , Yonamine Yusuke , Nakanishi Waka , Cheung David L. , Hill Jonathan P. , Ariga Katsuhiko
Published: June 2015

Gradual and reversible tuning of the torsion angle of an amphiphilic chiral binaphthyl, from −90° to −80°, was achieved by application of a mechanical force to its molecular monolayer at the air–water interface. This 2D interface was an ideal location for mechanochemistry for molecular tuning and its experimental and theoretical analysis, since this lowered dimension enables high orientation of molecules and large variation in the area. A small mechanical energy (<1 kcal mol−1) was applied to the monolayer, causing a large variation (>50 %) in the area of the monolayer and modification of binaphthyl conformation. Single‐molecule simulations revealed that mechanical energy was converted proportionally to torsional energy. Molecular dynamics simulations of the monolayer indicated that the global average torsion angle of a monolayer was gradually shifted.
Creating Space for Large Acceptors: Rational Biocatalyst Design for Resveratrol Glycosylation in an Aqueous System
Authors: Dirks‐Hofmeister Mareike E. , Verhaeghe Tom , De Winter Karel , Desmet Tom
Published: June 2015

Polyphenols display a number of interesting properties but their low solubility limits practical applications. In that respect, glycosylation offers a solution for which sucrose phosphorylase has been proposed as a cost‐effective biocatalyst. However, its activity on alternative acceptor substrates is too low for synthetic purposes and typically requires the addition of organic (co‐)solvents. Here, we describe the engineering of the enzyme from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum to enable glycosylation of resveratrol as test case. Based on docking and modeling studies, an active‐site loop was predicted to hinder binding. Indeed, the unbolted loop variant R134A showed useful affinity for resveratrol (Km=185 mM) and could be used for the quantitative production of resveratrol 3‐α‐glucoside in an aqueous system. Improved activity was also shown for other acceptors, introducing variant R134A as promising new biocatalyst for glycosylation reactions on bulky phenolic acceptors.
Strand‐Biased Formation of G‐Quadruplexes in DNA Duplexes Transcribed with T7 RNA Polymerase
Authors: Liu Jia‐quan , Xiao Shan , Hao Yu‐hua , Tan Zheng
Published: June 2015

G‐quadruplex‐forming sequences are enriched near transcription start sites (TSSs) in animal genes. They readily form G‐quadruplexes in transcription, which in turn regulate transcription. Therefore, the control of G‐quadruplex formation is important for their functionality. It is now shown that G‐quadruplexes form efficiently on the non‐template, but hardly on the template DNA strand in the downstream vicinity of TSSs in DNA duplexes when they are transcribed by the T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP). Structural analysis reveals that the T7 RNAP causes distortion in a DNA duplex both inside and in front of the enzyme. This structural distortion leads to strand‐biased G‐quadruplex formation when a G‐quadruplex‐forming sequence is partially fed into the T7 RNAP to a position about seven nucleotides away from the front of RNA synthesis. Based on these facts, we propose a model for the strand‐biased formation of G‐quadruplexes in transcribed DNA duplexes.
Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclization Leads to a Bridged Tetracyclic Indolenine that Represses β‐Lactam Resistance
Authors: Xu Wenqing , Wang Wei , Wang Xiang
Published: June 2015

A gold‐catalyzed desilylative cyclization was developed for facile synthesis of bridged tetracyclic indolenines, a common motif in many natural indole alkaloids. An antimicrobial screen of the cyclization products identified one compound which selectively potentiates β‐lactam antibiotics in methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and re‐sensitizes a variety of MRSA strains to β‐lactams.
Access to Stable Metalloradical Cations with Unsupported and Isomeric Metal–Metal Hemi‐Bonds
Authors: Zheng Xin , Wang Xingyong , Zhang Zaichao , Sui Yunxia , Wang Xinping , Power Philip P.
Published: June 2015

Metalloradical species [Co2Fv(CO)4].+ (1.+, Fv=fulvalenediyl) and [Co2Cp2(CO)4].+ (2.+, Cp=η5‐C5H5), formed by one‐electron oxidations of piano‐stool cobalt carbonyl complexes, can be stabilized with weakly coordinating polyfluoroaluminate anions in the solid state. They feature a supported and an unsupported (i.e. unbridged) cobalt–cobalt three‐electron σ bond, respectively, each with a formal bond order of 0.5 (hemi‐bond). When Cp is replaced by bulkier Cp* (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5), an interchange between an unsupported radical [Co2Cp*2(CO)4].+ (anti‐3.+) and a supported radical [Co2Cp*2(μ‐CO)2(CO)2].+ (trans‐3.+) is observed in solution, which cocrystallize and exist in the crystal phase. 2.+ and anti‐3.+ are the first stable thus isolable examples that feature an unsupported metal–metal hemi‐bond, and the coexistence of anti‐3.+ and trans‐3.+ in one crystal is unprecedented in the field of dinuclear metalloradical chemistry. The work suggests that more stable metalloradicals of metal–metal hemi‐bonds may be accessible by using metal carbonyls together with large and weakly coordinating polyfluoroaluminate anions.
Therapeutic application of C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate for clinical amniotic fluid embolism: a case report
Authors: Todo Yusuke , Tamura Naoaki , Itoh Hiroaki , Ikeda Tomoaki , Kanayama Naohiro
Published: June 2015

Key Clinical Message

We present the successful application of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) concentrate to a patient with clinical amniotic fluid embolism (AFE).
Computational (DFT) and Experimental (EXAFS) Study of the Interaction of [Ir(IMes)(H)2(L)3] with Substrates and Co‐substrates Relevant for SABRE in Dilute Systems
Authors: van Weerdenburg Bram J. A. , Engwerda Anthonius H. J. , Eshuis Nan , Longo Alessandro , Banerjee Dipanjan , Tessari Marco , Guerra Célia Fonseca , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Feiters Martin C.
Published: June 2015

Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is an emerging hyperpolarization method in NMR spectroscopy, in which hyperpolarization is transferred through the scalar coupling network of para‐hydrogen derived hydrides in a metal complex to a reversibly bound substrate. Substrates can even be hyperpolarized at concentrations below that of the metal complex by addition of a suitable co‐substrate. Here we investigate the catalytic system used for trace detection in NMR spectroscopy with [Ir(IMes)(H)2(L)3]+ (IMes=1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) as catalyst, pyridine as a substrate and 1‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazole as co‐substrate in great detail. With density functional theory (DFT), validated by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments, we provide explanations for the relative abundance of the observed metal complexes, as well as their contribution to SABRE. We have established that the interaction between iridium and ligands cis to IMes is weaker than that with the trans ligand, and that in mixed complexes with pyridine and triazole, the latter preferentially takes up the trans position.
The Key Role of the Nonchelating Conformation of the Benzylidene Ligand on the Formation and Initiation of Hoveyda–Grubbs Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Bieszczad Bartosz , Barbasiewicz Michał
Published: June 2015

Experimental studies of Hoveyda–Grubbs metathesis catalysts reveal important consequences of substitution at the 6‐position of the chelating benzylidene ligand. The structural modification varies conformational preferences of the ligand that affects its exchange due to the interaction of the coordinating site with the ruthenium center. As a consequence, when typical S‐chelated systems are formed as kinetic trans‐Cl2 products, for 6‐substituted benzylidenes the preference is altered toward direct formation of thermodynamic cis‐Cl2 isomers. Activity data and reactions with tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3) support also a similar scenario for O‐chelated complexes, which display fast trans‐Cl2⇄cis‐Cl2 equilibrium observed by NMR EXSY studies. The presented conformational model reveals that catalysts, which cannot adopt the optimal nonchelating conformation of benzylidene ligand, initiate through a high‐energy associative mechanism.
Assessing the Quality of Care for Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction in China
Authors: Wang Yupeng , Fu Rong , Wang Zhiqiang , Bao Han , Chen Yongjie , Yang Fengjuan , Luo Xiao , Liu Meina
Published: June 2015

There is a wide practice gap between optimal care and actual care for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in China. Indicators of quality of care for AMI patients have already been developed by a modified Delphi process. Our aim was to assess the association between those indicators and in‐hospital mortality in AMI patients. We hypothesized that an association exists between quality‐of‐care indicators and in‐hospital mortality in AMI patients. Based on the data of 2128 AMI patients at 20 tertiary hospitals in Heilongjiang Province from January 1, 2009 to October 31, 2010, we estimated the compliance rates of indicators. Association between indicators and in‐hospital mortality was assessed using hierarchical generalized linear models. Among 2128 patients, 163 (7.66%) died during their hospital stay. The compliance rates were 71.6%, 41.3%, 82.5%, 63.5%, 80.4%, 5.1%, 28.9%, and 41.2% for the use of aspirin, β‐blocker, clopidogrel, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, statin, thrombolytic, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary angiography, respectively. Aspirin, clopidogrel, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, statin, and percutaneous coronary intervention were significantly associated with in‐hospital mortality after adjustment for potential confounding factors. We found some disparities between guidelines and clinical practice for AMI patients in China and a significant association between indicators and in‐hospital mortality. Our findings are potentially helpful for assessing and improving the quality of care for AMI patients in China.