bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causal association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with 22 extrahepatic cancers: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Xie Jiarong , Gao Hui , Liu Cenqin , Pan Yue , Xu Chengfu , Xu Lei
Published: October 2023

Aim

It is unclear whether nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) acts as a direct contributing factor to multiple extrahepatic cancers. We aimed to systematically investigate the causal relationships of NAFLD with extrahepatic cancers.

Methods

We conducted a two‐sample Mendelian randomization analysis to assess the causal effects of NAFLD on 22 extrahepatic cancers. We examined the association of NAFLD with extrahepatic cancers using multiple methods in the largest genome‐wide association study meta‐analysis to date. We also replicated the analyses and performed two independent sensitivity analysis in the largest genome‐wide association study of UK Biobank.

Results

Using the weighted median method, genetically predicted NAFLD was significantly associated with female breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] 15.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.58–26.69). Genetically predicted NAFLD is associated with cervical and laryngeal cancers using the inverse variance weighting method, and the ORs were 2.44 (95% CI 1.43–4.14) and 1.94 (95% CI 1.35–2.78), respectively. We observed that patatin‐like phospholipase domain‐containing protein 3‐driven and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2‐driven NAFLD were associated with increased risks of leukemia, lung cancer, and prostate cancers (all with p < 0.05). Furthermore, we confirmed the causal association between NAFLD and breast cancer using five known single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of NAFLD and six genome‐wide association study‐identified variants. The ORs of the weighted median estimator was 10.76 (95% CI 8.27–13.98) and 10.76 (95% CI 8.25–14.04), respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Genetically predicted NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of female breast cancer, as well as cervical, laryngeal, leukemia, lung, and prostate cancers.
High prevalence of low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin resistance among children and adolescents living with HIV in Uganda: harbinger for metabolic syndrome?
Authors: Kisitu Grace , Shabanova Veronika , Naiga Fairuzi , Nakagwa Mary , Kekitiinwa Adeodata R. , Elyanu Peter J. , Paintsil Elijah
Published: October 2023

Background

Antiretroviral therapy‐associated adverse effects and comorbidities are still pervasive in people living with HIV, especially metabolic syndrome (MetS). We investigated the age‐dependent prevalence of components of MetS and insulin resistance in children and adolescents living with HIV (CALWH).

Methods

A cross‐sectional pilot study of CALWH treated at the Baylor Uganda Clinical Centre of Excellence in Kampala, Uganda, May to August 2021. The primary outcome of MetS was defined by both the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) criteria. We estimated the prevalence of MetS and its components for all participants and by the stratification factors.

Results

We enrolled 90 children and adolescents, aged 6 to <10 years (n = 30), 10 to <16 years (n = 30), and ≥ 16 to <19 years (n = 30). Fifty‐one percent were females. The estimated prevalence of MetS was 1.11% (1 of 90) using either IDF or ATPIII criteria for all participants, and 3.33% in the oldest age group. Notably, while only one among study participants met the criterion based on having central obesity or blood pressure, over 55% of participants had one or more IDF component, with 47% having low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Two participants (6.67%) in the group aged 10 to <16 years met one of the definitions for insulin resistance (IR) using the Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA‐IR) index. For every 1‐year increase in age, HOMA‐IR index increased by 0.04 (95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.08; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

With increasing survival of CALWH into adulthood, lifetime exposure to ART, the frequency of MetS in this population may rise, increasing the lifetime risk for associated health problems. There is a need to study the natural history of MetS in CALWH to inform preventative and treatment interventions as needed.
A long and winding road: the history of Immunology & Cell Biology from 1936 to 1987
Authors: Greer Judith M
Published: October 2023

This piece for the 100th year of publication of Immunology & Cell Biology focuses on the contributions of two long‐serving Editors‐in‐Chief, Mark Mitchell (1936–1963) and Derrick Rowley (1963–1987). This was a period of growth and consolidation for the journal, through sometimes challenging and changing times. Some of the notable works published in the journal during this time are also highlighted.
Self‐correction of the ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar and its predictive factors: A systematic review
Authors: Bastos Renata Travassos da Rosa Moreira , dos Santos Cibelle Cristina Oliveira , Bellini‐Pereira Silvio Augusto , Normando David
Published: October 2023

Background

Ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar is a local disturbance that affects the development of the occlusion.

Aim

To evaluate the occurrence of self‐correction of maxillary first permanent molar's ectopic eruption and its predictive factors.

Design

Five electronic databases and part of the gray literature were investigated. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale and the certainty of evidence using the GRADE tool.

Results

Four studies were selected: Three had a low risk of bias, and one, moderate. Evidence with a moderate level of certainty was generated, indicating a possibility of 47%–78% of spontaneous correction up to 7 years of age. Supporting the prognosis, whether reversible or irreversible, there was a positive correlation between the severity of the atypical distal resorption of the second primary molar, a higher magnitude of impaction, a larger eruption angle, and a bilateral occurrence with the irreversibility of the cases.

Conclusion

Spontaneous correction of the ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar is feasible and dependent on the severity of predictive factors. Early intervention is mandatory in irreversible cases.
Applications of DNA Flow Cytometry and Fluorescence In situ Hybridization Using a Chromosome‐specific DNA Probe on Paraffin‐embedded Tissue Sections of Primary Malignant Melanomas
Authors: Matsuta Mayumi , Imamura Yuko , Matsuta Morimasa , Kon Saiichi , Sasaki Kohsuke
Published: October 2023

We have applied DNA flow cytometric analysis to paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of primary malignant melanomas. Conventionally, flow cytometric analysis of paraffin‐embedded tissue sections has been done by the method of Hedley et al. We added ultrasound treatment to the method of Hedley et al. and a lower value of coefficient of variation was shown. Furthermore, a new technique, fluorescence in situ hybridization with a chromosome‐specific repetitive DNA probe, was used for the analysis of chromosomal numerical aberrations in the same paraffin‐embedded tissue sections. The DNA flow cytometric analysis showed that in 8 cases six primary malignant melanomas were of the aneuploid pattern and two cases of lentigo maligna (melamona in situ) were of the diploid pattern. By fluorescence in situ hybridization, the two cases with the diploid pattern had spots/nucleus of 1.28 and 1.12, and those with the aneuploid pattern had spots/nucleus from 2.01 to 2.27. Only one nodular melanoma in an aneuploid case showed spots/nucleus of 1.71. These data indicate that fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome‐specific repetitive DNA probes can serve as a cytogenetic tool for the analysis of interphase nuclei of solid human tumors and may be useful for the study of tumor cell heterogeneity.
A Case of Malignant Melanoma: Disease Progression Correlated with Serum Levels of 5‐S‐Cysteinyldopa (5‐S‐CD) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1)
Authors: Ye Zushou , Kageshita Toshiro , Ishihara Tsuyoshi , Ito Shosuke , Ono Tomomichi
Published: October 2023

A 36‐year‐old Japanese female, in whom malignant melanoma was detected from symptoms of brain metastasis, died 7 months later.

The serum levels of 5‐S‐Cysteinyldopa (5‐S‐CD) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) correlated with the disease progression. These values may be useful markers of disease progression for malignant melanoma, because the material is easily, frequently, and non‐invasively obtained at regular intervals.
A Case of Bullous Pemphigoid with Antibodies against Intercellular 130 KD Antigen
Authors: Takahashi Hidetoshi , Wada Takashi , Matsuo Shinobu , Iwatsuki Keishi , Iizuka Hajime
Published: October 2023

Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid are two typical autoimmune bullous diseases that involve circulating autoantibodies directed against the epidermal cell surface and the epidermal basement membrane zone, respectively. The coexistence of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid is rare. We describe a case of a 79‐year‐old man who had tense bullae and erythematous, erosive lesions on his trunk and four extremities. Histopathology revealed subepidermal blister formation without any evidence of intraepidermal acantholytic changes. Direct immunofluorescence study demonstrated deposition of IgG on the epidermal intercellular spaces, as well as along the basement membrane zone; C3 was detected only on the latter. Indirect immunofluorescence study using monkey esophagus as a substrate demonstrated the presence of circulating antibodies against both junctional and intercellular antigens. In order to analyze the precise nature of this patient's antibodies, indirect immunofluorescence study using cultured human keratinocytes and immunoblot analyses were performed. Pemphigus vulgaris sera showed smooth and uniform staining on intercellular spaces. The patient's serum showed a granular and uneven staining pattern. Immunoblot analysis showed that the patient's serum reacted with the typical 230 kd (bullous pemphigoid) antigen and 130 kd antigen, which is close to the pemphigus vulgaris antigen.
Evaluation of Cutinase Activity of Various Industrial Lipases
Authors: Gerard C H. , Fett F W. , Osman F S. , Moreau A R.
Published: October 2023

Eight industrial lipases were tested for cutinase activity on apple (Malus pumila cv. Golden Delicious) cutin and compared with cutinase from the fungus Fusarium solani f. sp pisi. The analysis of released cutin monomers was performed by normal‐phase h.p.l.c with an evaporative light‐scattering detector. Calibration curves of cutin monomers were established for quantification of cutinolytic activity of the industrial lipases. The pH optimum for cutinase activity of the lipase preparations was approx. 8.0. A high concentration of detergent was necessary for expression of cutinase activity. The most active lipase was found to be Amano PS‐800, which was capable of hydrolysing 16% of apple cutin.
Endocytosis during the preparation of mouse and human carrier erythrocytes
Authors: DeLoach JR , Droleskey RE
Published: October 2023

Mouse and human erythrocytes are inherently different with respect to slow dialysis encapsulation used in preparing carrier erythrocytes. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐dextran was added to five different stages of the encapsulation process to discern when endocytic vesiculation occurred. Mouse erythrocytes were much more unstable than human cells, with as many as 50% of mouse cells showing vesicles, as determined by flow cytometry. Mouse erythrocytes showed the ability to form vesicles at each stage beyond the washed‐packed‐cell stage. Up to 20% of the human cells formed vesicles at stages beyond the annealed‐cell stage. Although vesiculation can occur at any stage of the encapsulation process, with the exception of washed‐packed cells, the actual amount of FITC‐dextran incorporated in the cells is extremely low when compared with dialysis encapsulation, namely 50 ng/10(7) cells as against 2,000 ng/10(7) cells. Thus preparation of carrier erythrocytes by slow hypo‐osmotic dialysis induces certain instabilities that lead to a substantial percentage of cells with endocytic vesicles, while the actual amount endocytosed is low. The differences in vesiculation observed between human and mouse erythrocytes is apparently related to the intrinsic properties of the cells and is consistent with the fact that mouse erythrocytes are more fragile when undergoing slow dialysis than are human erythrocytes.
Sequence studies on pyridoxal phosphate‐dependent enzymes
Authors: Bossa F. , Maras B. , De Biase D. , John RA , Barra D.
Published: October 2023

The amino acid sequences of two pyridoxal phosphate‐dependent enzymes, namely glutamate decarboxylase and 4‐aminobutyrate aminotransferase, were solved by a combination of direct protein sequencing and cDNA sequencing. In the case of glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli, correct ordering of three internal peptides was achieved by sequencing a fragment of DNA generated by PCR. In the case of 4‐aminobutyrate aminotransferase from pig liver, chemical studies on the reaction of the enzyme with a suicide inhibitor allowed a detailed description of the mechanism of inactivation and collection of partial sequence information on the protein. The sequence of the protein was completely reconstructed after analysis of further peptide fragments derived by proteolytic and chemical cleavages, with the help of the information from the cDNA‐deduced sequence of pig brain 4‐aminobutyrate aminotransferase performed by another group (Kwon, Park and Churchich [1992] J. Biol. Chem. 267, 7215–7216).
The Relationship of Drug Use to Suicide Ideation and Attempts Among African American, Hispanic, and White Non‐Hispanic Male Adolescents
Authors: Vega William A. , Gil Andres , Warheit George , Apospori Eleni , Zimmerman Rick
Published: October 2023

This study presents self‐report cross‐sectional and longitudinal data on associations between drug use, suicide ideation, and attempts in a multiethnic sample of seventh‐ and eighth‐grade male adolescents attending school in the greater Miami, Florida, area. African Americans had the highest prevalence of 6‐month ideation (20.5%), and Haitians had the highest attempts (11.4%). For the total sample, tranquilizers had the highest odds ratio for ideation (3.4), and PCP for attempts (6.2). Psychoactive drug‐use was consistently related to attempts among Hispanics, white non‐Hispanics, and African Americans. Acculturation strains interacted with cocaine and crack to predict suicide attempts among Hispanic respondents.
Comparative ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of eight lizardfish species (Synodontidae) from the Northwest Pacific, with a focus on Trachinocephalus monophyly
Authors: Choi Si‐Won , Yu Hyo‐Jae , Kim Jin‐Koo
Published: October 2023

Lizardfish (Aulopiforms: Synodontidae), distributed broadly in temperate to tropical waters, are represented globally by 83 species across four genera, with 10 species in Korea. Despite these numbers, few studies have been conducted on the early life history of lizardfishes compared to their adult counterparts. Thus, we conducted molecular identification of 123 Synodontidae larvae collected from the Northwest Pacific (Korea Strait, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and East Sea) between June 2017 and July 2021, using mitochondrial DNA COI and 16S rRNA sequences. Significant morphological differences were observed in the larvae and juvenile, including variation in melanophore, count, morphometric characteristics, and body shape. The morphological traits of eight species (Harpadon nehereus, Saurida macrolepis, Saurida wanieso, Saurida sp., Synodus hoshinonis, Synodus kaianus, Synodus macrops, and Trachinocephalus trachinus) served as vital data for interpreting the phylogenetic relationships within the Northwest Pacific Synodontidae. Ultimately, the identification key revealed by this study will enable accurate identification of Synodontid larvae and juveniles, and further facilitate our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within this family.
Role of TRAF6 from obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus) in immune response against Edwardsiella tarda infection
Authors: Shi Yan , Liang Xiaying , Hu Sufei , Wang MengMeng , Wang Yifan , Zhao Zhe
Published: October 2023

Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a vital molecule of inflammatory signaling pathways in innate immune response against pathogens. To elucidate its role in defense against Edwardsiella tarda infection in teleost fish, TRAF6 homologue was identified from obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus) and functionally analyzed in this study. The obscure puffer TRAF6 (ToTRAF6) is a protein of 565 amino acids containing conserved RING domain, zinc finger‐TRAF and MATH_TRAF6 domain. ToTRAF6 mRNA distributed in various healthy tissues of obscure puffer and was upregulated in the immune related tissues after E. tarda infection. ToTRAF6 protein was localized in the cytoplasm and aggregate as dots around the nuclei in FHM cells. The overexpression of ToTRAF6 in FHM cells decreased the quantity of E. tarda and induced the significant upregulation of downstream MAPK signaling pathway genes. These data suggest that ToTRAF6 is a key molecule of MAPK signaling pathway in defense against E. tarda infection.
Application of dual‐frequency ultrasound for reduction of perilesional edema and ecchymosis after rhinoseptoplasty
Authors: Ahn Tae‐Hwan , Lee Je Seong , Kim Sung‐Yeon , Lee Sang‐Bong , Kim Wanjae , Kruglik Ilja , Yi Kyu‐Ho
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Biological aspect and clinical research demonstrated that dual‐frequency ultrasound (local dynamic micro‐massage, LDM) waves of very high frequency can significantly modify cellular signaling providing anti‐inflammatory and anti‐fibrotic effects. During the recent past, these waves were successfully applied for the treatment of various inflammatory skin conditions, hypertrophic scars, and chronical wounds. Since the main complications after rhinoseptoplasty are caused by excessive inflammatory reactions and development of fibrosis along nasal implants which can lead to a revision rhinoseptoplasty, in this retrospective multicenter blinded study we have evaluated the efficacy of LDM ultrasound for the treatment of the postoperative perilesional ecchymosis and edema in patients after rhinoseptoplasty.

Methods

Twenty‐four patients received daily LDM treatment (study group) for 5 days starting from the first day postoperative, whereas 24 patients (control group) were treated with conventional ice packs. Dynamic reduction of the postoperative perilesional ecchymosis and edema was followed up, and the total duration of these side effects was determined within specific paranasal anatomical areas.

Results

Post‐rhinoseptoplasty ecchymosis and edema were observed in the areas of anterior cheek, lower eyelids, and upper eyelids. Duration of the postoperative perilesional edema was significantly reduced in the group treated with LDM (1.9 ± 0.9 days) compared with control group (4.5 ± 2.1 days). Duration of the ecchymosis was also significantly reduced in LDM group (2.8 ± 1.4 days) compared with controls (7.4 ± 2.8 days). Postoperative patient satisfaction in LDM‐treated and control groups was 3.1 ± 1.3 and 1.5 ± 0.7, respectively, demonstrating significantly higher satisfaction in LDM‐treated group.

Conclusions

This study proved that the post‐rhinoseptoplasty group treated with LDM ultrasound showed a significantly shorter duration of the postsurgical perilesional ecchymosis and edema, with no substantial adverse effects other than those observed in the control group. It can be suggested that ultrasound treatment can serve as an alternative option for the noninvasive management of postoperative perilesional ecchymosis and edema.
Effectiveness of dyadic interventions among cancer dyads: An overview of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses
Authors: Sun Qian , Wang Kunyuan , Chen Yingliang , Peng Xiuhua , Jiang Xiaohan , Peng Junsheng
Published: October 2023

Aims and Objective

To summarize evidence from systematic reviews (SRs)/meta‐analyses (MAs) regarding the impact of dyadic interventions delivered to both members of a cancer dyad, including a cancer patient and caregiver (e.g. family caregiver, intimate partner).

Design

This overview of SRs was conducted in accordance with the preferred reporting items for overviews of reviews statement.

Methods

A comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wan Fang. The methodological and reporting quality of SRs and MAs was assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2. The quality of the included SRs/MAs was evaluated using the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

Results

Eighteen SRs/MAs undertook quantitative synthesis to assess the impact of dyadic interventions on cancer dyads. Both the credibility of the SRs/MAs and the evidence quality of the outcome measures were below satisfactory standards. Prior SRs/MAs revealed several limitations such as lack of pre‐published protocols or research objectives, failure to report excluded studies and insufficient details on funding sources for individual studies.

Conclusions

Dyadic interventions may prove advantageous for the physical health and dyadic adjustment of cancer dyads. Nevertheless, the reported results of dyadic interventions on the psychological health of patient–caregiver dyads affected by cancer are inconsistent. Thus, rigorous and comprehensive studies are requisite to establish reliable evidence for conclusive determinations.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The findings of this overview can guide healthcare practitioners when considering the use of dyadic interventions for cancer dyads. Moreover, these findings have the potential to enhance the integration of these approaches into clinical practice.

Patient or Public Contribution

Our paper presents an overview of systematic reviews, and therefore, such specific details may not be relevant to our study.
Treatment of recurrent hunting‐associated respiratory distress episodes in 2 dogs
Authors: Dumont Renaud , Touzet Chloé , Gomes Eymeric , Le Boedec Kevin
Published: October 2023

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) in hunting dogs is an uncommon and poorly described condition for which no preventive treatment is available. Two dogs were presented for recurrent respiratory distress strictly associated with hunting activities. Diagnosis was based on bilateral, symmetrical, interstitial‐to‐alveolar pattern in the caudodorsal lung fields on thoracic radiographs, exclusion of other causes, and spontaneous clinical and radiographic improvement. Considering that the pathogenesis of exercise‐induced NCPE likely involves α‐ and β‐adrenergic overstimulation, treatment with sympathetic blockers was used in both dogs. The first dog no longer showed respiratory signs during hunting activities. However, treatment failed to prevent respiratory distress in the other dog. Based on the large number of red blood cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the second dog, exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage was suspected, as described in racing horses. The loop diuretic furosemide successfully prevented further hunting‐associated respiratory distress episodes in this dog.
Revenue sharing, fiscal incentives, and economic growth: Evidence from China
Authors: Chen Yixin , Lyu Bingyang , Ma Guangrong
Published: October 2023

This study revisited the impact of fiscal decentralization on China's economic growth, focusing on the role of the revenue‐sharing system in providing local fiscal incentives. Using city‐level data from 2003 to 2016, we construct the revenue retention rate at the sub‐provincial level to test the impacts of fiscal incentives on economic growth. The results show that the sub‐provincial revenue retention rate is significantly and positively associated with the local economic growth rate. Further, we find that a higher revenue retention rate encourages sub‐provincial governments to spend more on infrastructure, borrow more debt, distort land price, and relax environmental regulatory standards. Our findings indicate that the positive economic effect of fiscal decentralization is accompanied by a social cost and increased financial risk.
The Science of Microteaching and Learning: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Howard‐Jones Paul , Scott Annabel , Gordillo Carolina
Published: October 2023

The teaching‐learning relationship in online microteaching was explored using mixed methods. Adults (N = 40) alternated roles of “teacher” and “student” during a 15‐min language learning session. Video analysis using a context‐specific framework based on the science of learning revealed diversity in teaching approaches. Multiple regression revealed teaching behaviors that had been reasoned to build and consolidate knowledge contributed to learning but behaviors that had been reasoned to engage the student appeared to have a negative impact. No relationship was found between learning and participants' teaching experience (which was chiefly teaching second languages to children). Results demonstrate the complexity of teaching and its irreducibility to a set of prescriptive behaviors. They also suggest that a process‐based context‐specific analysis of online microteaching can provide a “bridging” tool for researchers and practitioners to address fundamental questions about teaching and so develop a “science of teaching”.
Pandemic impact and adaptation to telehealth in chronic pain treatment providers across two COVID‐19 pandemic years
Authors: Vowles Kevin E. , Knaggs Roger D. , Palomares Angela C.
Published: October 2023

Objectives

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had substantial impacts for both people using pain services and healthcare professionals delivering them. While the effects on service users have been studied, less is known about the effects for service providers. This study aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on providers and the evolving role of telemedicine in treatment.

Design & Methods

An electronic survey was distributed to the professional membership of the European Pain Federation (EFIC). The survey evaluated impact and adjustment to the COVID‐19 pandemic separately across two pandemic years (March 2020–February 2021 and March 2021 to February 2022) and assessed worry about COVID‐19, disruption and adjustment of pain services, and use of telehealth services. The change between the first and second pandemic years and the degree to which telehealth services were adopted was evaluated.

Results

From 149 respondents, 131 (88%) participants provided sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Both providers worry about the pandemic and service disruption decreased significantly from the first to the second year of the pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, only 30% of providers offered telehealth appointments but this increased to 64% and 83%, respectively, in the first and second years of the pandemic.

Conclusions

Although provider worry and disruption to delivery of pain services decreased during the second year of COVID‐19 pandemic, waiting times for appointments continued to lengthen. The pandemic has hastened the adoption of telemedicine in pain services and plans to continue telehealth services seem common.
Heatwaves do not limit recovery following defoliation but alter leaf drought tolerance traits
Authors: O'Connell Benjamin P. , Wiley Erin
Published: October 2023

As heatwave frequency increases, they are more likely to coincide with other disturbances like insect defoliation. But it is unclear if high temperatures after defoliation impact canopy recovery or leaf traits which may affect response to further stressors like drought. To examine these stressor interactions, we subjected defoliated (DEF) and undefoliated (UNDEF) oak saplings to a simulated spring heatwave of +10°C for 25 days. We measured gas exchange, leaf area recovery, carbohydrate storage, turgor loss point (ΨTLP), and minimum leaf conductance (gmin). During the heatwave, stem respiration exhibited stronger thermal acclimation in DEF than UNDEF saplings, while stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis increased. The heatwave did not affect leaf area recovery or carbohydrate storage of DEF saplings, but reflush leaves had higher gmin than UNDEF leaves, and this was amplified by the heatwave. Across all treatments, higher gmin was associated with higher daytime stomatal conductance and a lower ΨTLP. The results suggest defoliation stress may not be exacerbated by higher temperatures. However, reflush leaves are less conservative in their water use, limiting their ability to minimise water loss. While lower ΨTLP could help DEF trees maintain gas exchange under mild drought, they may be more vulnerable to dehydration under severe drought.
Brain‐derived extracellular vesicles: Potential diagnostic biomarkers for central nervous system diseases
Authors: Xu Xiao , Iqbal Zoya , Xu Limei , Wen Caining , Duan Li , Xia Jiang , Yang Ningning , Zhang Yuanmin , Liang Yujie
Published: October 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane‐enclosed nanovesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space and contain functional biomolecules, e.g. signaling receptors, bioactive lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, which can serve as biomarkers. Neurons and glial cells secrete EVs, contributing to various physiological and pathological aspects of brain diseases. EVs confer their role in the bidirectional crosstalk between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery owing to their distinctive ability to cross the unique blood–brain barrier (BBB). Thus, EVs in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine can be intriguing biomarkers, enabling the minimally invasive diagnosis of CNS diseases. Although there has been an enormous interest in evaluating EVs as promising biomarkers, the lack of ultra‐sensitive approaches for isolating and detecting brain‐derived EVs (BDEVs) has hindered the development of efficient biomarkers. This review presents the recent salient findings of exosomal biomarkers, focusing on brain disorders. We summarize highly sensitive sensors for EV detection and state‐of‐the‐art methods for single EV detection. Finally, the prospect of developing advanced EV analysis approaches for the non‐invasive diagnosis of brain diseases is presented.
There's no going back? The influence of prior entrepreneurial experience timing on voluntary turnover in post‐entrepreneurship wage employment
Authors: Zhan Siran , Zhang Liwen , Li Xueheng , Wu Yu
Published: October 2023

Despite the prevalent stereotype that former entrepreneurs are undesirable employees due to a high likelihood of quitting, little research has empirically verified its accuracy. With a growing population of former entrepreneurs in the workforce, it has become more important than ever to understand whether, when, and which former entrepreneurs may or may not be likely to quit their post‐entrepreneurship employment. We used a sample of nationally representative 20‐year data from Australia to examine how timing of prior entrepreneurial experience relative to a focal wage job relates to voluntary turnover via a serial mediation by entrepreneurial intention and turnover intention. Results showed that employees with entrepreneurial experience in their second most recent job spell were more likely to develop entrepreneurial intention and turnover intention in sequence, which, in turn, increased quitting risk relative to employees without entrepreneurial experience in the same job spell. However, we did not find evidence for such differences between employees with and without entrepreneurial experience in their most recent job spell. Moreover, the serial mediation effect holds among men but not women. These findings highlight the important role of timing in the relationship between of entrepreneurial experience and post‐entrepreneurship employment attitude and behavior. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
Discovery of the novel HLA‐B*39:198 allele, a variant of HLA‐B*39:01:01, in a Russian individual
Authors: Ananeva Anastasiia , Nizamov Shamil , Andryushkina Anna V. , Shagimardanova Elena I.
Published: October 2023

One nucleotide substitution in codon 336 of HLA‐B*39:01:01:01 results in the novel allele, HLA‐ B*39:198.
Pandemics and economic turmoil in the short‐run: The role of fiscal space
Authors: Jalles João Tovar
Published: October 2023

We estimate, by means of the local projection method, the short to medium‐term economic impact of previous pandemics in a sample of 170 countries during the 2000–2018 period. We find that the output effect has been significant (reaching over −2 percent after 5 years) and persistent. The impact has varied across income groups, with pandemics affecting more developed countries through a big negative impact on investment. Moreover, we explored the relevance of fiscal space in affecting the negative economic impact of pandemics. To this end, we constructed new aggregate fiscal space variables based on a principal component analysis that combined several indicators. Results suggest that the initial fiscal landscape of countries was a key ingredient in softening the economic impact of past pandemics. We believe that this paper's findings are useful to inform policymakers about what can be expected in the new normal that is following the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, particularly in a context of increasingly constrained fiscal space.
How Teacher and Student Leader Collaboration Contribute to Learning
Authors: Shonubi Ololade
Published: October 2023

The collaboration between teacher and student leader as a possible factor contributing to learning outcomes remains under-researched. To understand the combined efforts of teachers and student leaders toward attaining teaching outcomes, this paper addresses the following questions: What are the value-added dimensions of the teacher toward achieving learning outcomes? How do student leader activities contribute to the achievement of learning outcomes? Without making any claim to tight causal relationships, this paper argues that the effective involvement of student leaders in the teaching process has considerable effects on learning. These effects do not only revolve around student development (for example leadership skills, and citizenship awareness in terms of rights, duties, and responsibilities), but also on the teaching and learning output (Heck, & Hallinger, 1999). Undeniably a common acceptance is that the teacher is permanently the leader while students are mere followers, who do not share teaching and learning behavior when it comes to the exhibition of power and authority within the classroom social environment. Nevertheless, this research reveals how collaboration between teachers and student leaders may improve students’ academic outcomes.
Naturally menstruating women exhibit lower cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity than oral contraceptive users during the lower hormone phase
Authors: Mascone Sara E. , Jacob Dain W. , Eagan Lauren E. , Harper Jennifer L. , Limberg Jacqueline K. , Ranadive Sushant M.
Published: October 2023

The present study evaluated cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) across the menstrual/pill cycle in naturally menstruating women (NAT women) and women using oral hormonal contraceptives (OCP women). In 21 NAT women (23 ± 4 years old) and 22 OCP women (23 ± 3 years old), cardiovagal BRS and circulating concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were evaluated during the lower hormone (early follicular/placebo pill) and higher hormone (late follicular to early luteal/active pill) phases. During the lower hormone phase, cardiovagal BRS up, down and mean gain were lower in NAT women (15.6 ± 8.3, 15.2 ± 6.1 and 15.1 ± 7.1 ms/mmHg) compared with OCP women (24.7 ± 9.4, 22.9 ± 8.0 and 23.0 ± 8.0 ms/mmHg) (P = 0.003, P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively), and higher oestrogen (R2 = 0.15, P = 0.024), but not progesterone (R2 = 0.06, P = 0.18), concentrations were predictive of lower BRS mean gain. During the higher hormone phase, higher progesterone concentrations were predictive of lower BRS mean gain (R2 = 0.12, P = 0.024). A multivariate regression model revealed group (NAT or OCP) to be a significant predictor of cardiovagal BRS mean gain in the lower hormone phase when hormone concentrations were adjusted for (R2 = 0.36, P = 0.0044). The multivariate regression model was not significant during the higher hormone phase (P > 0.05). In summary, cardiovagal BRS is lower in NAT compared with OCP women during the lower hormone phase of the menstrual/pill cycle and might be associated with higher oestrogen concentrations. In contrast, during the higher hormone phase of the menstrual/OCP cycle, higher progesterone concentrations were predictive of lower cardiovagal BRS.
Sulphonylureas reduce the slowly inactivating D‐type outward current in rat hippocampal neurons.
Authors: Crépel V , Krnjević K , Ben‐Ari Y
Published: October 2023

1. Using intracellular recording in hippocampal slices, we have examined, in CA3 pyramidal neurons, the effects of sulphonylureas (blockers of ATP‐sensitive K+ channels) on the slowly inactivating D‐type K+ current (ID). 2. In the presence of TTX (1 microM) to block Na+ currents, ID had the following characteristics: activation by large depolarizing pulses from membrane potentials negative to ‐75 mV, slow inactivation kinetics, high sensitivity to 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP, 3‐40 microM), insensitivity to tetraethylammonium (TEA, 10 mM), Cs+ (3 mM) and carbachol (50 microM). 3. Applications of glibenclamide (10 microM) did not modify the input conductance of the cell, but reduced the amplitude of ID by 31.2 +/‐ 5.6% (n = 16), without altering its voltage dependence and inactivation kinetics. The effects were usually reversible. 4. Glibenclamide also reduced ID in the presence of TEA (10 mM), Cs+ (3 mM) and carbachol (50 microM), to block several K+ currents (IK, IC, IQ, IM), as well as kynurenate (1 mM) and bicuculline (10 microM) to block on‐going synaptic currents mediated by activation of non‐NMDA (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate) and GABA (gamma‐aminobutyrate)‐A receptors, respectively. 5. Comparable depressions of ID were produced by two other sulphonylureas: gliquidone (10 microM), 42.6 +/‐ 7.9% (n = 13) and tolbutamide (500 microM), 39.1 +/‐ 12.8 (n = 8). 6. It is concluded that, in the central nervous system, sulphonylureas can modulate K+ currents which are not generated by ATP‐sensitive K+ channels.
Polarity reversal of the optical rotation signals with change in direction of impulse conduction along the lobster nerve.
Authors: Watanabe A
Published: October 2023

1. The optical rotation signal of nerve associated with excitation was recorded from peripheral nerve taken from a walking leg of a spiny lobster and its properties were analysed. 2. The polarity of the optical rotation signal was reversed when the site of stimulation was changed with reference to the site of optical recording, so that the direction of impulse conduction was reversed, in most of the preparations. 3. Apart from the main response, which is associated with the conducted impulse, a pre‐response was found to exist, which manifested itself on anodic stimulation, in a tetrodotoxin‐treated nerve, or during the refractory period of the nerve, when the site of stimulation was close to the site of optical recording. The polarity of the pre‐response was also reversed when the site of stimulation was changed with reference to the site of optical recording. 4. When the nerve was inclined from the horizontal level, so that the angle of incidence of light to the nerve was changed, the main response changed its amplitude and sometimes its polarity, whereas the pre‐response remained practically unchanged. Thus the dependence on the angle of incidence was different between the pre‐response and the main response. 5. It is suggested that the dependence of amplitude and polarity of the main response on the angle of incidence of light cannot be explained by the change in molecular axes of the membrane macromolecules, but can only be explained by their conformational change; and therefore the main response can be used as a monitor for the molecular conformation.
The effect of non‐quantal acetylcholine release on quantal miniature currents at mouse diaphragm.
Authors: Giniatullin R A , Khazipov R N , Oranska T I , Nikolsky E E , Voronin V A , Vyskocil F
Published: October 2023

1. The amplitude and exponential decay time constant of miniature endplate currents (MEPCs) were measured in mouse diaphragms treated with anti‐cholinesterase under conditions known to modulate non‐quantal acetylcholine (ACh) release. 2. Anti‐cholinesterase prolonged MEPC decay and the extent of this initial prolongation was not influenced by non‐quantal release. When non‐quantal release was present, the decays of MEPCs became increasingly faster over several hours. This increased decay did not occur in the absence of non‐quantal release. 3. Potentiation of the non‐quantal release by zero Mg2+ and 1 x 10(‐5) M choline, on the other hand, led to acceleration of MEPC shortening. 4. Increase of temperature from 15 to 26 degrees C and the presence of the desensitization‐promoting drug proadifen (5 x 10(‐6) M) accelerated the rate of MEPC shortening. 5. These observations are consistent with increased receptor desensitization due to non‐quantal release. Repetitive binding of ACh to postsynaptic receptors which prolongs the time course of MEPC in anti‐cholinesterase‐treated endplates leads to progressive desensitization in the presence of non‐quantal release and to the subsequent shortening of the quantal responses.
The effect of reversible cooling of cat's primary visual cortex on the responses of area 21a neurons.
Authors: Michalski A , Wimborne B M , Henry G H
Published: October 2023

1. Responses of sixty‐four neurons in cortical area 21a were studied with areas 17 and 18 reversibly deactivated by cooling. From anatomical studies, most of area 21a input in the cat originates from these primary areas with no input from the A laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus. 2. Both responses and spontaneous activity of all sixty‐four area 21a neurons were markedly reduced when primary areas were cooled. In sixteen cells the responses were totally blocked. Temperatures of primary cortex required to produce total blockade varied between 25 and 4.5 degrees C. 3. The effect of cooling the primary visual cortex on the shape of orientation tuning curves was analysed in thirteen neurons from area 17 and in fifty‐eight neurons from area 21a. In both areas, the width of the curve, when measured at its half‐height, was preserved even when spike activity was reduced to below 10% of the original level. All neurons also retained their original directional preferences during cooling of the primary visual cortex. 4. The responsiveness of forty‐seven neurons from area 21a was tested after rewarming of primary cortex. All but one neuron recovered their initial responsiveness within half an hour of restoring physiological temperature of primary visual cortex. 5. The results of the present study give an indication of the extent to which area 21a is sequentially related to the primary visual cortex in the processing of information.
Kinetics of ATP‐induced Ca2+ transients in cultured pig aortic smooth muscle cells depend on ATP concentration and stored Ca2+.
Authors: Kalthof B , Bechem M , Flocke K , Pott L , Schramm M
Published: October 2023

1. Single cultured pig aortic smooth muscle cells were studied using fura‐2 and dual excitation wavelength microfluometry. 2. Extracellular ATP in micromolar concentrations induced a transient increase of [Ca2+]i due to Ca2+ release from internal stores. In the same concentration range application of ATP resulted in an increase of intracellular inositol phosphate level. 3. In a medium range of ATP concentrations (2‐10 microM) the Ca2+ signal was oscillating, whereas at higher and lower concentrations only a Ca2+ transient with a single peak was elicited. 4. The rank order of potency for the tested purine and pyrimidine nucleotides was: UTP > ATP > ADP >> AMP = adenosine = alpha,beta‐methylene ATP = 0. The response to the nucleotides could be abolished by the P2‐purinoceptor antagonist suramin. 5. The latency between agonist application and onset of the Ca2+ transients as well as their amplitude and rate of rise are dependent on ATP concentration. 6. Removal of Ca2+ from the extracellular solution led to a progressive decrease of amplitude and prolonged latency of the Ca2+ transients. This shows that depletion of the Ca2+ stores affects kinetics of the ATP‐induced Ca2+ release. 7. The inorganic Ca(2+)‐influx blockers Ni2+ and Co2+ affected amplitude and latency in a manner similar to Ca2+ removal, while the Ca2+ antagonist nifedipine was ineffective up to a concentration of 10(‐6) M. 8. These results reveal a dual dependency of the InsP3‐induced Ca2+ release on agonist concentration and filling state of the Ca2+ stores, which supports the hypothesis of a feedback amplification between InsP3 and released Ca2+.
Depression of tetanic force induced by loaded shortening of frog muscle fibres.
Authors: Edman K A , Caputo C , Lou F
Published: October 2023

1. Single fibres isolated from the anterior tibialis muscle of Rana temporaria were allowed to shorten against a high load during a 2.5‐4.0 s fused tetanus (1‐3 degrees C) and the maximum force produced at the short length was compared with that recorded during a fixed‐end tetanus at the same overall fibre length. Changes in length of marked, consecutive segments (ca 0.5 mm in length) along the fibre were measured throughout the tetanus using a photoelectric recording system. 2. Loaded shortening (load ca 3/4 of maximum tetanic force) starting from approximately 2.55 microns sarcomere length and ending near slack fibre length depressed the tetanic force by 13 +/‐ 2% (mean +/‐ S.E.M., n = 10) and caused a marked redistribution of sarcomere length along the fibre. Unloaded shortening over the same range caused no force deficit and did not lead to increased dispersion of sarcomere length. 3. Loaded shortening below slack length produced less force depression and less non‐uniformity of sarcomere length than did a corresponding intervention above slack length. 4. The force deficit after loaded shortening, both above and below slack fibre length, was positively correlated (P < 0.005) to the coefficient of variation of the sarcomere length along the fibre. 5. The decrease in active force after loaded shortening, and its relation to increased dispersion of sarcomere length along the fibre, could be simulated closely by a computer model in which the muscle fibre was assumed to consist of eleven discrete segments acting in series with a passive elastic element. 6. Experiments were performed in which the length of an individual segment of the intact muscle fibre was strictly controlled throughout a tetanus. Loaded shortening of such a ‘length‐clamped’ segment caused no force depression during the subsequent isometric phase either above or below slack fibre length. 7. The results suggest strongly that force depression after loaded shortening of a single muscle fibre is attributable to non‐uniform sarcomere behaviour along the fibre. The experimental evidence supports the view that: (i) the myosin cross‐bridges act as independent force generators; and (ii) their steady‐state performance during a tetanus is unaffected by the preceding contractile activity.