bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hymenula cerealis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hymenula cerealis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum, Hordeum, Avena
and
Secale
spp. Also recorded from, or successfully inoculated into, a wide range of gramineaceous genera. DISEASE: Causes 'Cephalosporium' leaf stripe disease of cereals and grasses. Long, red-brown to chlorotic stripes are produced on leaf lamina; vascular strands in leaves, sheaths and sometimes culms and nodes are discoloured. Leaves senesce prematurely and plants are stunted. Yield losses occur mainly as reduced number and weight of grain/ear but are not accurately reflected by symptom expression (52, 4023). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South Africa (Transvaal)); Europe (Germany, UK, Netherlands, Italy); Asia (Japan); and N. America (USA (Washington state, Montana)). TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil-borne and can survive long periods in crop debris (45, 2079). Conidia are produced abundantly on this in moist conditions and are dispersed by rain. Survival on crop debris and subsequent sporulation are best in slightly acid soils and under slight moisture stress (47, 2459). Wild grasses act as alternative hosts and a small degree of seed transmission can occur.
Leptosphaeria taiwanensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria taiwanensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Saccharum officinarum
. DISEASE: Leaf blight of sugarcane. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed by wind and rain. The fumgus presumably overwinters in the sexual (pseudothecial) state in leaves and may start new infection by wind-borne ascospores in the next favourable season.
Oidium heveae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Oidium heveae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hevea brasiliensis
DISEASE: Powdery mildew of rubber;
O. heveae
is one of the causes of the diseased condition of this crop in S.E. Asia known as secondary leaf fall (SLF). The others are: a form of
Glomerella cingulata
(CMI Descript. 315), the yellow tea mite (
Hemitarsonemus latus
[Polyphagotarsonemus latus]
) and a thrips (
Scirtothrips dorsalis
). This leaf fall may be caused by these organisms alone or in combination.
Oidium heveae
is the most widespread cause;
G. cingulata
can be locally serious; and the thrips is the least important. Rubber leaflets infected by
O. heveae
at the shining brown to yellowish stages become shrivelled, necrotic and fall. At the light green (cuticle hardening) stage, about 10 days after bud burst, the infected leaflets do not abciss. The mildew colonies are most conspicuous on the lower surface and leaflets which do not fall show characteristic chlorotic, translucent blotches. A severe attack of SLF is shown by a pale green carpet of leaves which is seen on approaching the trees. Repeated defoliation leads to dieback. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil (Sao Paulo), Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, India (S.), Indonesia, Malawi, Malaysia (W., Sarawak), Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam and Zaire (CMI Map 4, ed. 4, 1976) and Congo (not mapped: 52, 845). TRANSMISSION: Air dispersed conidia.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus is plurivorous; hosts include
Brassica oleracea
var.
capitata, B. chinensis, Helianthus annuus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arachis hypogaea, Carthamus tinctorius, Citrus, Coriandrum sativum, Cucumis melo, Curcurbita pepo, Glycine max, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Lactuca saliva, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Cucumis sativus
. DISEASE: The fungus causes dieases with several common names, e.g. cottony soft rot, white mould and watery soft rot. It is generally more important as a pathogen of vegetables in the field, during transit and in store. Woody plants, grasses and cereals are rarely attacked. Crops attacked include: cabbage (
Brassica oleracea
var.
capitata
and
B. chinensis
; 4, 713; 37, 611; 39, 515; 51, 2958); sunflower (
Helianthus annuus
; 3, 274; 4, 289; 8, 246; 38, 9; 43, 2012; 50, 3095; 51, 3486; 54, 4600; 55, 2832); common bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris
; 1, 116; 25, 592; 33, 401; 34, 425; 40, 446; 51, 870; 52, 531; 53, 731, 2373, 4183; 54, 4252, 4694; 55, 970); groundnut (
Arachis hypogaea
; 53, 3708); safflower (
Carthamus tinctorius
; 3, 650); citrus (
Citrus
spp. ; 24, 500; 43, 2910); coriander (
Coriandrum sativum
; 43, 2373); melon (
Cucumis melo
; 50, 1543; 53, 1109); squash (
Curcurbitapepo
; 50, 446); soyabean (
Glycine max
; 52, 3485; 53, 335, 336) tomato (
Lycopersicon esculentum
; 33, 56); tobacco (
Nicotiana tabacum
; 12, 729; 14, 126; 38, 279; 39, 46; 55, 2355); lettuce (
Lactuca saliva
; 16, 13); roselle (
Hibiscus sabdariffa
; 14, 106); cucumber (
Cucumis sativus
; 55, 2953). Most plant parts, above and at soil level, of herbaceous crops can be attacked at any age. The first symptoms are frequently the collapse of the plant due to stem infection near the soil. A soft rot develops, followed by the conspicuous, external white mycelium and the sclerotia which are often formed in the pith. Infections which arise at some height above soil level frequently begin from withering or fallen petals, infected by ascospores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread but the disease is one of relatively cool moist conditions. In the Mediterranean area little or no disease occurs in the summer (31, 250; 43, 14). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne ascospores are the most important means of spread (12, 193; 33, 56, 401; 37, 611; 42, 527; 54, 4252, 4694; 55, 442, 970). The sclerotia (from which the apothecia arise) are the primary survival structures, in soil and host debris. Survival time is very variable but can be high after 3 years in soil (42, 244; 43, 2756; 45, 818; 50, 1621; 52, 3956; 54, 3712, 4252; Hoes,
Phytopathology
65: 1431, 1975). Mycelium from sclerotia can also cause infection. Seed may be an infective source, either from contaminating sclerotia or internal mycelium (38, 169; 43, 1376; 47, 1998; 51, 3487; 52, 3485; 53, 335, 336).
Pestalotiopsis funerea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis funerea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Coniferae
, including
Araucaria, Cedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cupressocyparis, Cupressus
,
Dacrydium, Ginkgo, Juniperus, Libocedrus, Pinus, Pseudotsuga
and
Thuja
. DISEASE: Leaf and stem blight, occasionally canker or girdling, dieback and root-rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Italy, Romania, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium); Africa (S. Africa, Kenya, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia); Asia (USSR, Japan); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); America (Canada, Ecuador, USA, Bermuda). TRANSMISSION: Has been found in seed samples (35, 643) and isolated from soil, but no detailed studies have been reported.
Puccinia oahuensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Critchett C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia oahuensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Digitaria
spp., including
D. eriantha, D. pentzii
(woolly finger grass),
D. smutsii
and
D. decumbens
(pangola grass);
D. sanguinalis
(crab grass) is also attacked DISEASE: Rust of
Digitaria
spp., including several pasture or fodder grasses of agricultural or horticultural significance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in warmer regions including USA (south-eastern states and Texas); Central and South America (Honduras, Panama, Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil and French Guiana); West Indies (Cuba, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico and Trinidad); Middle East (Israel); Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rhodesia, S. Africa, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Mauritius); Asia (China, India, Japan, Philippines and Taiwan); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Guinea and Hawaii) (From literature cited and specimens in Herb. IMI).
Rhizopus oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizopus oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In air, soil, compost, and pathogenic for plants, man and other warm blooded animals. DISEASE:
Plants
: Often in association with
R. stolonifer
or other fungi, causes pale brown soft rot of fruit, vegetables and bulbs, especially rot of sweet potatoes (Harter
et al.
, 1921; Lauritzen & Harter, 1925; 52, 4179 (as
R. nodosus
)), root rot of sugar beet (Hildebrand & Koch, 1943; Gaskill & Seliskar, 1952; 52, 1718) and seed-bed losses in groundnuts (Gibson & Clinton, 1953). Also, again in association as above, causes storage rot of many plant products (53, 99) including soyabean seed (54, 1959).
Man and animals
: Cause of rhinocerebral phycomycosis, sometimes with ocular or vascular involvement in man, particularly diabetics (RMVM 6, 504, 3028; 5, 1426; 8, 2113; 9, 2410). Also reported from bovine mycotic abortion (Nicolet
et al.
, 1966) and from mycotic pneumonia in chicks (RMVM 7, 1861). Has been used in experimental infection of mice, thyroidectomized rats (RMVM 6, 2119) and alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Cylindrosporium concentricum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrosporium concentricum
[Pyrenopeziza brassicae]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Brassica
spp. (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts, oil seed rape, swedes). DISEASE: Light leaf spot of
Brassicae
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Latvia); Asia (Japan, Philippines); Australia (South Australia, Tasmania); New Zealand. (CMI Map 193, ed. 2, 1975). TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed air-borne conidia. No seed transmission has been demonstrated.
Greeneria uvicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Greeneria uvicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Muscadine grapes (
Vitis rotundifolia
) are most susceptible; other grapes (
Vitis vinifera, V. bourquina, V. labrusea, V. munsoniana
) appreciably susceptible. Also recorded on apple (37, 241). Shown to be capable of invasion of fruits of apple, cherry, peach, strawberry, blueberry and banana (Ridings & Clayton, 1970). DISEASE: Bitter rot, ripe rot of grape, necrotic fleck of grapevine. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Greece); Asia (India, Hong Kong); North America (USA); Central America (Costa Rica); South America (Brazil); Africa (South Africa); Australia (Queensland). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. No information has been traced on the role of infected debris in spread and perennation of this fungus but the pathogen can carry over on infected first few internodes of the vine (5, 471).
Pithomyces chartarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pithomyces chartarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from a very wide range of plant material, also from air, soil, hay, sawn timber and ceiling plaster. DISEASE: Facial eczema of sheep, glume blotch of rice and sorghum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Italy); Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rhodesia, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia); Asia (Brunei, Burma, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia (W., Sabah), Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, British Solomon Islands); North America (USA, Canada); Central America (Cuba, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Trinidad, Windward Isles); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores.
Gymnosporangium clavipes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium clavipes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
); apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and hawthorn (
Crataegus
), also on
Amelanchier
,
Aronia, Cheanomeles, Cotoneaster, Mespilus, Photinia, Pyrus
and
Sorbus
but not of any importance on pear (
Pyrus communis
). Telia on
Juniperus communis, J. sihirica
and
J. virginiana
. DISEASE: Quince rust. Aecia chiefly on fruit, sometimes on fusiform swellings of stems and leaf veins of quince; not reported on apple foliage and though infections damage the fruit aecial pustules are rarely formed on fruit of apple. Telia on slight fusiform swellings of twigs and larger branches of juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Canada and the USA. Also reported from Mexico (CMI Map 121, ed. 2, 1975).
Gymnosporangium tremelloides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium tremelloides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia chiefly on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and
Sorbus
, also on other
Malus
spp. and quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
). Telia on
Juniperis communis
and other species of the '
oxycedrus
' group. DISEASE: European apple rust. Aecia on leaves. Juniper gall rust, telia on fusiform or gall-like swellings of the smaller branches of juniper (
Juniperus communis
) or on hemispheric swellings along the sides of large branches. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Europe (but not in Britain) and extending into N.W. Africa. Also in China and in western N. America from Alaska to Colorado and Utah.
Erwinia cypripedii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia cypripedii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Aerides japonicum, Cypripedium godefroye, C. haynaldium, C. laevigatum, C. philippinense, Phalaenopsis amabilis, P. aphrodite
and
P. schilleriana
. DISEASE: Bacterial brown rot of orchids. The disease, which usually attacks orchids with thick, fleshy leaves, starts as a small water-soaked lesion which enlarges to become a brown, slightly sunken greasy-looking area. The lesion soon becomes visible on the other side of the leaf, and becomes a dark chestnut brown. If the disease is unchecked it may pass down into the stem and reach the growing point, destroying the plant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Taiwan, USA. TRANSMISSION: No specific studies but observation suggests that the bacteria are splashed on to the leaves in watering or rainfall. When overhead watering is stopped the spread of the disease is often checked.
Xanthomonas axonopodis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas axonopodis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Axonopus scoparius, A. micay, A. compressus
and
A. affinis
. Also able to infect by inoculation
Digitaria decumbens, Hypharrhenia rufa, Panicum
sp. (Guinea grass) and
Saccharum officinarum
(54, 5464). DISEASE: Gummosis of Imperial and Micay grasses, important pasture grasses in tropical America. Diseased stems usually stand out from healthy ones in the same tuft by their elongated, partly bare appearance with a few pale, yellowish leaves at their ends, giving a characteristic flag-like appearance. Closer examination shows many diseased leaves with pale stripes running parallel to the main veins. After cutting diseased Imperial grass the new shoots are feeble and twisted, and often wither in a short time. Subsequent shoots behave in the same way. In severe attacks of whole tuft may shrivel and die. Such tufts are very easily pulled from the soil. When diseased stems are cut across, especially in the rainy season, minute droplets of yellowish bacterial ooze appear in a short time. In longitudinal cuts the vascular bundles are seen to be stained reddish or brownish, especially near the nodes. Masses of bacteria and mucilage are found in vessels when examined under the microscope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Mainly by machete and other agricultural implements. Cattle can infect young shoots when grazing, evidently transmitting the bacteria in their saliva. Trampling by cattle and man and the passage of wheeled vehicles can also transmit the disease, and rain splash can carry infection from the exudate of recently cut stems. Insect transmission is not thought to be important and the bacteria do not survive free in the soil (46, 666). Seed transmission is also thought to occur (43, 2799c).
Xanthomonas pelargonii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , McPherson G. M. , Bradbury J. F. , Preece T. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas pelargonii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pelargonium
spp., also a number of
Geranium
spp. DISEASE: Bacterial stem rot and leaf spot. The leaf spot phase is characterized by irregular, small, brown, withered, initially water-soaked spots, bordered by a narrow greenish yellow zone, and exuding a small amount of bacterial slime. The stem rot phase gives a brownish black discoloration of the stem tissue and often wilting followed by angular necrosis of the leaves delimited by the main veins. These leaves die back to the stem, but remain attached until finally only the terminal leaves appear healthy.
Pythium debaryanum
causes very similar symptoms on
Pelargonium
stems. The fungus, however, produces a blackish-green to almost coal black rot, whereas the bacterium gives a brown to brownish-black rot. The fungal disease progresses much faster. Microscopical examinations reveal fungal mycelium. A
Pseudomonas
sp. has also been recorded as giving similar symptoms on
Pelargonium
(Baker,
Ministry of Agriculture Technical Bulletin
25: 292, 1972). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and N. America, also reported from the Middle East and Australia (CMI Map 414, ed. 1, 1966). Additional occurrences include France (44, 3071), Netherlands (11, 767), Romania (46, 1409), Scotland (53, ld), Switzerland (55, 5239), Yugoslavia (54, 4405), Morocco (51, 3809), Iran (49, 910d) and Japan (46, 1947). TRANSMISSION: Under horticultural conditions the disease is spread mainly by operations concerned with vegetative propagation and, in particular, by diseased stock plants, which may appear healthy and by contaminated knives. Water splash dispersal also occurs (34, 369). Transmission by greenhouse whitefly,
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
, has also been demonstrated (41, 523; 42, 553).
Lophodermium canberrianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium canberrianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Diploxylon (two-three needled) pines of the
ponderosa
group, including
Pinus ponderosa
and
P. engelmannii
. DISEASE: Needle-cast of pines. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: So far reported only from Australia (Australian Capital Territory and Victoria). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions, or even exceptionally in dry conditions (Stahl, 1966).
Lophodermium pinastri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium pinastri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus
spp. ; a very wide range of Diploxylon (two-three needle) pines; has been recorded occasionally on Haploxylon (five needle) pines. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines.
Lophodermium pinastri
inhabits green needles on the tree producing no symptoms. When the needles senesce and fall to the litter, the fungus fruits. It causes no significant damage to the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, western USA including Washington, Australia, New Zealand, Japan. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Meloderma desmazieresii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Meloderma desmazieresii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. cembra, P. excelsa, P. flexilis, P. monticola, P. nigra, P. parviflora, P. peuce, P. radiata, P
.
resinosa, P. rigida, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. wallichiana
. DISEASE: Needle blight of pines GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Ireland, France, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Romania, USSR, Yugoslavia); North America (USA, Canada); South America (Uruguay); Asia (India, Pakistan); Australia. Very probably a recent introduction to South America and Australia (46, 1351; 51, 1991). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores discharged from infected needles during damp weather.
Fusarium heterosporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium heterosporum
[Gibberella gordonii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Various cereals including
Hordeum, Zea mays, Triticum
and
Secale
. Other strains isolated from cucurbits,
Beta
,
Dianthus, Musa, Trifolium
and
Solanum
. DISEASE: Head blight of cereals, infected heads often showing complete loss of grain. It is particularly widespread in Africa on the small grains cultivated for food. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Africa south of the Sahara, Australia, Germany, Hungary, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Romania, Sarawak, Sweden, UK, USSR. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but whether or not the head blight is a result of systemic infection or aerial infection by spores does not appear to have been investigated. It has been isolated from root rots of spring wheat (53, 2945) and it was found to be seed-borne on
Sorghum
(50, 2915).
Cronartium coleosporioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cronartium coleosporioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus attenuata, P. banksiana, P. contorta, P. coulteri, P. echinata, P. halepensis, P. jeffreyi, P. mugo, P
.
ponderosa, Castilleja angustifolia, C. coccinea, C. miniata, C. occidentalis, C. raupii, C. rhexifolia, C
.
septentrionalis, Melampyrum lineare, Orthocarpus lineare, Pedicularis bracteosa, Rhinanthus crista-galli
(Hiratsuka & Powell, 1976; 40, 568). DISEASE: Stalactiform blister rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: Pycniospores by insects attracted by sugary exudate; other spore forms wind dispersed.
Alternaria burnsii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria burnsii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cuminum cyminum
. DISEASE: Blight of cumin. White necrotic spots on leaves, branches and fruits turn purple brown and finally black. Death of plants or affected part is common. Seeds are shrivelled, discoloured and show poor germination (17, 486; 30, 627). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India. TRANSMISSION: The fungus survives in affected plant debris for more than 10 months and the conidia produced in damp weather on these parts are disseminated by wind and rain and thus act as primary sources of infection (17, 486; 30, 627; 51, 2742). Also it is seed transmissible; tests showed 10-32% seeds carried the pathogen (30, 627; 51, 2742).
Leptomitus lacteus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Willoughby L. G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptomitus lacteus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On perch, a coarse fish, often in association with other aquatic fungi such as
Achlya ambisexualis
Raper. Also attacks various salmonid and coarse fish following wounding by the lamprey. Reported to occur on fish eggs, especially of pike and rainbow trout. DISEASE: Animals: external parasite of freshwater fish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Alaska, France, Germany, ' UK, USA. TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sesamum indicum
(
Pedaliaceae
). DISEASE: Bacterial blight of sesame or simsim; known as 'Marad ed Dum' in the Sudan. Mainly a leaf spot disease, this starts as tiny dark olive green spots, which increase in size, becoming dark red-brown to black, and about 2-3 mm. They may be rounded or angular, and may coalesce to involve larger areas of leaf. Stems and capsules may also be infected, having oval, slightly raised, dark red-brown lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sudan and India (CMI Map 494, ed 2, 1973) to which must be added Venezuela, now confirmed (54, 524; 56, 2615). TRANSMISSION: Within a crop by water splash, wind-driven rain etc. ; from one area to another by seed transmission (47, 593). Survival in seed is up to 16 months (51, 400), in soil up to 6 months.
Cochliobolus spicifer
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus spicifer
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, mostly in the tropics and sub-tropics. DISEASE: Leaf spot, root rot, on seed, and associated with spring dead spot of Bermuda grass (
Cynodon daction
; 48, 1775). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: Probably most frequently spread through seed.
Mycovellosiella vaginae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycovellosiella vaginae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Saccharum officinale
. DISEASE: Associated with reddish-brown leaf sheath lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ghana, Malawi, South Africa, Togo, Uganda), Asia (Japan, Malaya, Taiwan), West Indies (Cuba), South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne conidia.
Acremonium kiliense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Acremonium kiliense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man, cattle, possibly maize;
A. kiliense
is a common, ubiquitous, soil fungus (Domsch
et al
, 1980). DISEASE: There are numerous reports of
A. kiliense
, often quoted as one of its synonyms, causing lesions of the leg and foot of man (mycetoma, madura foot) with formation of soft white grains (RMVM 6, 418; 7, 3418; 14, 2137). It has also been reported affecting the toenail plates (9, 77), and causing skin infection (14, 202). There is one record of isolation from the placenta and abomasal contents of an aborted bovine fetus (15, 1021). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: As a disease organism,
A. kiliense
is more frequent in the tropics, but has been recorded from Algeria, Brazil, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, India, USA and USSR; it is frequently isolated from the soil, air and other substrates. TRANSMISSION: From the soil, often mediated by wounding by metal nails, parts of plants, etc.
Exophiala salmonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Exophiala salmonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA:
Salmo clarkii, S. salar, Salvelinus namaycush; Acacia karroo
(leaf litter),
Araucaria
sp. (wood). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. DISEASE: The three epidemics in fish hatcheries described by Carmichael in
S. clarkii
and
Salvelinus
'
namaycush
' involved infection of the head only, apparently commencing in the brain and spreading to neighbouring tissue. The lesions were of the chronic granulomatous type. Severe losses were caused. The outbreak described by Richards
et al.
(1978) was in Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
, second year smolts introduced from a hatchery into sea-cages. Fish exhibited abdominal swelling due to kidney enlargement; the posterior kidney was infected in all fish and lesions were sometimes also present in the heart, liver, spleen, pancreas and muscle. Granuloma formation occurred in all affected organs, the amount of fungus present bore little relation to the extent of granuloma formation. Giant cells were present throughout the lesions. In contrast to Carmichael's description, no lesions were found in the brain, nor in the swim bladder or intestines. PATHOGENICITY AND TRANSMISSION: Carmichael (1966) was unable to obtain infection by injection or by allowing fish to swim in water heavily contaminated by the fungus. Richards
et al.
(1978) noted that in adjacent cages of fish in seawater only one cage was affected by the disease and suspected that infection was via the commercial food supplied.
Tilletia indica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia indica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum
sp.,
Triticale
(
Triticum
×
Secale
) (57, 4891). DISEASE: Causes karnal (or partial) bunt of wheat. Individual flowers are attacked randomly and are often only partially converted to smut sort, with usually only a few seeds/ear being attacked. Disease seeds are much less conspicuous than other bunts (where whole ears are usually diseased). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Pakistan, Iraq (CMI Map 173, ed. 3, 1974) and parts of Mexico. TRANSMISSION: Teliospores are released when grain is harvested to contaminate seed and soil. Seed borne spores seem to be the primary source of inoculum. The teliospores germinate in the spring to produce promycelia on the soil surface which in turn produce sporidia. These are wind borne to infect florets of young wheat ears. The pathogen is not systemic and each diseased grain represents a separate infection.
Ustilago violacea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago violacea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Arenaria, Cerastium, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Malachium, Melandrium, Myosoton, Saponaria, Silene
,
Stellaria, Viscaria
. DISEASE: Causes anther smut of carnation and other
Caryophyllaceae
. Infected plants may be weaker and are often slightly stunted and buds are shorter and thicker. The anthers of infected plants are converted to a mass of teliospores. Rudimentary anthers in pistillate flowers are stimulated to develop and produce teliospores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is not seed-borne but is a shoot infecting smut and will infect buds, young shoots, rhizomes etc. Bees may distribute spores between flowers (52, 12) which can infect plants through the flower organs. Teliospores can be dispersed by wind and in crop debris.
Physoderma leproides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Physoderma leproides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Beta vulgaris
and
B. vulgaris
var.
rapacea
. DISEASE: Parasitic in sugarbeet causing small galls on leaves, leaf stalks and stems and enormous galls on roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America (CMI Map 491, ed. 1, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by dissemination of resting sporangia which may germinate to rekase motile spores under natural conditions.
Synchytrium endobioticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Synchytrium endobioticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanaceae
(potato,
Solanum tuberosum
). Other plants infected experimentally include several species of
Solanum
(Karling, 1964),
Petunia
and
Nicotiana
spp. (53, 4566),
Lycopersicon esculentum, Physalis
and
Capsicastrum
spp. (59, 416). DISEASE: Potato wart disease, causing dark brown warty cauliflower-like excrescences of infected tubers, which decay to release golden-brown resting spores. On aerial shoots green galls may develop, composed of convoluted masses of tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America (CMI Map 1, ed. 5, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By the movement of infected soil or plant tissues. Local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films may also occur.
Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Byford W. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Beta
spp., including the cultivated varieties of
B. vulgaris
subsp.
vulgaris
, e.g. chard, fodder beet, mangold, red beet, spinach beet and sugar beet. DISEASE: Downy mildew of beet. Typical infection is systemic and the young leaves at the centre of the rosette are attacked. Infected leaves are at first pale green; they fail to expand fully, their colour changes to yellowish green, and they become swollen, brittle and are usually incurred. Conidia are formed in great profusion, first on the under surface of infected leaves but spreading to the upper surface in wet weather. After sporulation the leaves die prematurely. Some leaves are only partly infected; the tip remains healthy and the division between diseased and healthy tissue is sharply defined. Under humid conditions, early in the season, the fungus may cause a non-systemic leaf-spot on young plants. All aerial parts of the seed plant in its second year may become infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Morocco); Asia (Israel, USSR); Australasia (Australia, N.S.W., Victoria. New Zealand); Europe (widespread); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). Note that CMI Map No. 28, ed. 3, 1969, shows records of
P. farinosa on Beta, Spinacia
and
Chenopodium
spp. TRANSMISSION: The disease can be transmitted by oospores, perennial mycelium or by continual reinfection from living plants. Oospores, on debris in the ground, are a potential source of inoculum but have only been reported of economic importance on seed crops in France. Seed crops and groundkeepers can provide a source of living inoculum overwinter and this is the most common and economically important source of the fungus (Byford & Hull, 1967). Seed may be contaminated by oospores and mycelium and there is evidence that oospores on imported seed were responsible for the introduction of the disease into Australia (15, 193).
Peronospora grisea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Berrie A. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora grisea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hebe cookiana, H. elliptica
×
pimeleiodes, H. hulkeana, H. loganeoides, H. obtusata, H. salicifolia, H. speciosa, H. stricta, H. stricta
var.
macroura
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Hebe
(shrubby veronicas) causing large and conspicuous brown lesions on the leaves. The undersurface of these areas becomes covered in a fairly dense pale grey to brownish down. Young shoots may also become dry, withered and die thus checking the growth of the plant. Young plants in nurseries can be severely affected and while older plants are not killed the large brown lesions on the leaves are very disfiguring. The oospores have been found in the leaf tissue of herbarium material from New Zealand, but not yet in British material. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (Britain, France, Germany). TRANSMISSION: No reports. Oospores have been found in leaf material from New Zealand but not in British specimens. No great quantity of the latter however has been available for examination. Infection from other species of
Veronica
is a possibility and a list of the species of
Veronica
on which a downy mildew has been recorded are given below. Note, however, that Jafar (1962) found in his inoculation experiments that the pathogen was host specific to each single species of
Hebe
and to the two species of
Veronica, V. arvensis
and
V. tournifolia
that were included in the tests.
Peronospora trifoliorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora trifoliorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Medicago sativa
subsp.
saliva, M. sativa subsp. falcata
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of lucerne (alfalfa). Infected leaflets, which tend to be near the top of the stem, are light green or yellow. The affected areas can vary from small localized spots to larger areas of infected leaf or a systemic infection where the entire shoot may become yellow, stunted and swollen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, wherever lucerne is grown. CMI Map No. 343 includes records on clover and other hosts. TRANSMISSION: Mycelium is reported to overwinter in the crown bud (42, 617). Conidia are produced the following spring and in damp and humid conditions soon spread the disease. Oospores occur but reports on their frequency under field conditions are so few that it is difficult to assess their importance in overwintering the disease. Seed transmission, though suspected by Eriksson (1930) and also reported from Italy in a sample of seed from Argentina (Campbell, 1922), is thought to be unimportant (Richardson, 1979).
Lirula nervisequia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lirula nervisequia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies alba, A. cephalonica, A. pectinata
. DISEASE: Needle cast of fir.
Lirula nervisequia
is locally serious in Europe (but not in Great Britain) as a cause of defoliation of
A. alba
. Discoloration does not appear until the leaves are two years old, i.e. at the beginning of their third year. On
A. cephalonica
the fungus seems to be purely saprophytic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Ploioderma hedgcockii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ploioderma hedgcockii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from
Pinus caribaea, P. clausa, P. echinata, P. palustris, P. rigida, P. tueda
and
P. virginiana
. DISEASE: Causes needle blight of pines. The anamorph develops on green needles, and may be responsible for premature shedding (30, 131). This is substantiated in a later report (38, 629), which states that ascomata occur on green needles which turn yellowish throughout their length and are shed prematurely.
Ploioderma hedgecockii
was implicated in a severe outbreak of needle blight of
Pinus caribaea
(syn.
P. elliottii
) and
P. tueda
in the southern USA in 1970-1 (51, 1989), but was thought to be secondary in importance, the damage principally being caused by
Ploioderma lethale
(Dearness) Darker and
Lophodermella cerina
(Darker) Darker. The symptoms described in this report were different, distal portions of the leaves dying, and later becoming brown over their whole length and falling from the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA: reported from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Needles are probably directly infected by the air-dispersed ascospores.
Soleella striiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Soleella striiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus pinaster, P. sabiniana, P. torreyana
. DISEASE: Needle cast of
Pinus torreyana
(Darker, 1932). No further information is available: the lack of subsequent reports of the disease suggests that it is not economically significant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA: California. Only reported from the San Francisco and Monterey areas. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Related fungi almost exclusively have air-dispersed spores, which directly infect the host needles.
Aschersonia aleyrodis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aschersonia aleyrodis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Scale insects (Coccidae) and whitefly (Aleyrodidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica, Cuba, India, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Solomon Islands, USA. According to Mains (1959)
A. aleyrodis
is very common in the Western hemisphere whereas
A. placenta
is common in the Eastern hemisphere. DISEASE: When the genus
Aschersonia
Montagne was described in 1848 the species were regarded as parasites of the leaves of the plants on which the insect hosts were located and it was only in 1894 that Webber recognized
A. aleyrodis
as entomogenous. Early work and the relationship with the ascomycete genus
Hypocrella
is extensively treated and illustrated in colour by Petch (1921). Sutton (1980) states that approximately 50 taxa have been described in the genus which is wholly entomogenous. Infection is mainly of young larvae, but mature larvae and pupae are also attacked. Larvae in the early stages of infection become swollen and by the time that hyphae emerge around the edge of the infected host the latter is already dead.
Cordyceps gracilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cordyceps gracilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Larvae of
Lepidoptera
and rarely of
Coleoptera
; frequently confused with
C. entomorrhiza
which occurs on beetle larvae (Mains, 1958). Kobayasi (1980) reports that the type specimen in Herb. Jard. Plant, Paris, is on a coleopterous larva. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, China, Japan, N. America, S. America, N. Africa. One of the few species of
Cordyceps
which occurs in temperate regions, most having a tropical distribution. In the UK the fertile stromata are not uncommon in April to June in open grassy areas.
Zoophthora phalloides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Zoophthora phalloides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae), many species, but in France, where most records have been made, particularly
Myzus ascalonicus
and
Tubaphis ranunculinus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably worldwide. Recorded from Europe (including U.K.), Asia, N. America, Australasia. DISEASE: This fungus, like all the Entomophthorales, invades its host by the penetration of the cuticle by the germ tube from an adherent conidium. In France this species appears to be inhibited by temperatures above 20°C and occurs most frequently in early spring.
Phytophthora megakarya
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora megakarya
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cacao. DISEASE: Black pod of cacao. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: West Africa including Nigeria. TRANSMISSION: By rain splash from soil (an important source of infection) and diseased pods. By ants (60, 5356).
Phytophthora arecae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora arecae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: arecanut (
Areca catechu
), coconut (
Cocos nucifera
). DISEASE: Mahli or koleroga disease of
Areca catechu
; nut fall of coconut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Sri Lanka). TRANSMISSION: From green areca nuts to the inflorescence stalk and leaf bases. Infection perpetuated by common weed hosts (5, 361).