bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criteria for Collapse and Fragmentation of Rotating Clouds
Authors: Miyama Shoken M.
Published: June 2019

Three dimensional computations for processes of collapse and fragmentation of rotating gases are performed and criteria for fragmentation of rotating clouds in the cases of the various equation of state are obtained.
Neutrinos: Detection and Interpretation
Authors: Alexeyeva L.N.
Published: June 2019

Observations of the neutrino burst from Supernova 1987A by water Cherenkov detectors (KAMIOKANDE II, IMB) and liquid scintillator detectors (Baksan, Mont Blanc) are reviewed. It is shown that neutrino signal from SN 1987A was observed. There are 24 events in three detectors (KAMIOKANDE II, IMB, Baksan) recorded at 7:35 UT. The average properties of the signal (effective neutrino temperature, total energy of neutrino emission, burst duration) are consistent with the general theoretical description of supernova explosions. Special attention is concentrated on individual characteristics of the signals detected and the available discrepancies of the model estimates. Time profile of the neutrino burst, estimates of effective neutrino temperatures and total neutrino energies, angular distributions of the events are discussed. These properties point out, probably, a more compound picture of the phenomenon. The more detail analysis of the experimental data is needed and all possibilities must be at least considered. Based upon the Baksan observations, an upper limit of 0.35 core collapse in the Galaxy per year (90% C.L.) is shown.
Structure of the Solar Corona
Authors: Sakurai Takashi , Hiei Eijiro
Published: June 2019

Our recent understanding of the structure of the solar corona is reviewed, with an emphasis on the ground-based observations.
Accretion Disk Coronae
Authors: Kuperus Max
Published: June 2019

Accretion disk coronae around compact objects are the result of strong magnetic activity in the inner regions of accretion disks. Part of the accreting energy is dissipated in te corona and can be observed as hard X-ray emission with a time variability caused by the coronal structures. The interaction of disk coronae with neutron stars and black holes may cause quaslperiodlc oscillations respectively flare type emission.
Principles of Imaging Using Arrays
Authors: Cornwell T.J.
Published: June 2019

Since diffraction-limited imaging with a single aperture yields angular resolution ~ λ/D, the attainment of high angular resolution with single apertures requires the construction of correspondingly large monolithic apertures, the whole surface of which must be figured to much less than a wavelength. At the longer wavelengths, it is impossible to build a sufficiently large single aperture: for example, at λ21 cm, arcsecond resolution requires an aperture of diameter ~ 50 km. At the shorter wavelengths, the atmosphere imposes a natural limit in resolution of about one arcsecond. However, another route is possible: that of using synthetic apertures to image the sky. The problem of figuring synthetic apertures is considerably simpler, and can be implemented in a computer. Synthetic apertures are now in use in many fields, e.g. radio-interferometry, radar imaging, magnetic resonance imaging. Radio-interferometric techniques developed in radio-astronomy over the past forty years are now being applied to optical and IR astronomical imaging by a number of groups.
Long Baseline Optical Interferometry
Authors: Ridgway S.T.
Published: June 2019

During the last three years significant results have been obtained from several operational, long baseline optical interferometers. Precision stellar angular diameters (accuracy of order 2% and better) have been reported in the infrared (DiBenedetto and Rabbia, 1987) and in the visible (Davis and Tango, 1986). Astrometric precision of order 20 milliarcsec has been demonstrated over large angles (Shao et al, in press). Spectro-spatial resolution of the disk of a Be star in the hydrogen emission line (Thom et al., 1986) suggests spectacular imaging science to come with many-telescope coherent and phased optical arrays.
Speckle Interferometry
Authors: Christou J.C.
Published: June 2019

Speckle interferometry is a technique which utilizes the full diffraction-limited imaging potential of ground-based telescopes. Short exposure images, or specklegrams, with an exposure time less than that of the atmospheric correlation time (~5- 50 ms) preserve the high-spatial frequency information lost in long exposure imaging. In 1970, Labeyrie computed the power spectrum of a set of specklegrams and showed that they contained diffraction-limited information. Since then the field has grown with improvements in both instrumentation and the phase recovery algorithms necessary for imaging. It has been applied at both visible and near-infrared wavelengths although, until recently, the latter has used slit-scanning techniques with single pixel detectors because of the lack of array detectors. The current state of speckle interferometry has been well covered in the proceedings of two recent joint National Optical Astronomy Observatories – European Southern Observatory workshops on Interferometric Imaging in Astronomy (Oracle, 1987 & Garching, 1988).
Warm Gas and Spatial Variations of Molecular Excitation in the Nuclear Region of IC342
Authors: Eckart A. , Downes D. , Genzel R. , Harris A.I. , Jaffe D.T. , Wild W.
Published: June 2019

Using the IRAM 30m millimeter radio telescope we mapped the line emission of the J=1-0 and J=2-1 transitions of 12C0, 13C0, and C180 in the nuclear region of the spiral galaxy IC342. This study demonstrates the value of multi line studies to investigate the neutral interstellar medium in extragalactic sources. Our observations as well as calculations of simple models of CO excitation and radiative transport show that the molecular gas in the nucleus is warm and that physical conditions vary with position in the galaxy. The molecular gas in the central kiloparsec of IC342 has a kinetic temperature of at least 30K and a molecular hydrogen density of about 3xl03 cm”3. At distances more than 500pc north and south of the center the kinetic temperature is significantly less (≥13K). About 500 pc north east of the center we find evidence for optically thin CO emission originating in a component of warm gas with a temperature of at least 40 K. Our model calculations result in conversion factors between the H2 column density and the 12CO (1-0) line intensity close to the value of 3–4×1020 cm-2/K km s-1 derived for molecular clouds in the Galaxy. The molecular mass contained in the central two kpc of IC342 is of the order of 2×108 M⊙.
Molecular Gas in Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Scoville Nick
Published: June 2019

Recent high resolution interferometric observations of the molecular gas in luminous IR galaxies reveal extraordinary concentrations of star forming material in the central few kpc. In several of the nearest IR bright galaxies, the molecular gas in the central regions is concentrated in a bar-like distribution (IC342, NGC 6946, and NGC 253) and in NGC 1068, approximately 40% of the molecular gas is confined to two arms or a ring at approximately 1.6 kpc radius. Interferometry on the most luminous galaxies (LIR ≥ 1011L⊙) reveals that approximately half of the total interstellar matter is contained in the central kpc with mean densities of several hundred H2 cm-3. Such gas concentrations should result in the very rapid formation of stars, i.e. a central star burst yielding a massive central star cluster.
Observations of Magnetic Fields in Galaxies
Authors: Wielebinski R.
Published: June 2019

Magnetic fields are present in every corner of the Universe. The Earth, the Sun and most of the planets are known to possess dipolar magnetic fields. In the Galaxy many individual objects like stars, pulsars, bipolar nebulae and supernova remnants are found to have associated magnetic fields. It seems that the rotation plays a significant role in the ability of a cosmic object to develop a magnetic field. The magnetic field of the Galaxy is observed to be oriented along the galactic plane as evidenced by both optical and radio polarization observations. Radio maps of the Galactic centre reveal poloidal magnetic fields as ‘wisps’ or ‘strings’ around Sagittarius A. Observations of nearby galaxies give us remarkable information about the large-scale magnetic fields in these building blocks of the Universe. Magnetic fields play an important role in the formation of jets of radio galaxies. Further out, in clusters of galaxies, definitive evidence has been given for the existence of intergalactic magnetic fields.
The Galactic Center
Authors: Yusef-Zadeh Farhad
Published: June 2019

The dynamic subject of the Galactic center is driven mostly by high-resolution imaging both in the continuum and in the spectral line modes in a number of wavelength regimes. An attempt has been made to give a short overview of recent observations in this region, as follows: 1) Unusual characteristics of the population of molecular and dust clouds within the inner few hundred pc of the Galactic center. 2) Large-scale magnetic structures within the inner 100 pc of the Galactic center and the possible evidence for their poloidal configurations -unlike that seen in the disk of the Galaxy. 3) Stellar kinematics in the bulge and the possible evidence for a massive central source at the dynamical center and its examination as a gravitational lens. 4) Morphological and kinematic evidence for the Galactic center wind interacting with stellar wind associated IRS7, a mass-losing supergiant lying one light year away in projection from the Galactic center.
Morphology and Physics of Supernova Remnants
Authors: Aschenbach B.
Published: June 2019

Spectrally resolved X-ray images of the Cygnus Loop and the Vela supernova remnant have been obtained during the ROSAT all sky survey. The remnants show highly filamentary brightness distributions. Temperatures between 1·106 K and 10·106 K have been measured. Both remnants show significant deviation from thermal pressure equilibrium. The highest pressure excursions of up to a factor of 50 are associated with the X-ray brightest filaments. Pressure variations are expected for very recently shocked clouds, on a smaller scale though. In a limited search of the all sky survey data 14 extended objects have been found, which have tentatively been identified as previously unknown supernova remnants. A total number of ~ 60 new remnants are expected from the analysis of the full sky.
The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE): Mission and Science Overview
Authors: Boggess Nancy W.
Published: June 2019

Ever since the discovery in 1964 of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), scientists have tried to make accurate measurements of its spectrum and anisotropie3. With the successful COBE mission, major advances in our understanding of the very early universe have been achieved.

COBE’s complement of instruments are the Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS), the Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR), and the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE). FIRAS and DIRBE are located inside a 4He dewar to operate at 1.5 K. DMR receivers are located around the outside of the dewar. The instruments and mission plan have been described by Gulkis et al. (1990). Essential for the cosmological objectives are the all-sky observing strategy, periodic absolute calibrations of the instruments, high sensitivity, and extensive care to minimize potential systematic errors.
The CBR frequency spectrum below 1 GHz recent results and new observations
Authors: Sironi G. , Bonelli G. , Gervasi M.
Published: June 2019

We are carrying on measurements of the absolute temperature of the CBR at various frequencies near and below 1 GHz, looking for so far undetected deviations from a planckian spectrum. The amplitude and frequency of those distortions can give precious information about the history of the Universe.
Comparison of Hipparcos Results on the Same Great Circle Scanned on Different Dates
Authors: Schrijver Hans
Published: June 2019

The star abscissae as obtained from the reduction of Hipparcos observations have been compared with results obtained on the same circle, but on a different date. The comparison shows that the results are reproducible, taking into account the expected random and non-random effects.
WF/PC Extragalactic Images
Authors: Ed Shaya
Published: June 2019

As a followup to Bel Campbell’s presentation of Planetary and Galactic images, I am presenting Extragalactic images recently obtained by the WF/PC Instrument Definition Team (IDT) using the Wide Field/Planetary Camera onboard the HST. I have many exciting results and little time/space here, therefore, the descriptions will be quite brief and will only highlight the most interesting new science or capablities of the instrument. Many of the images have been published elsewhere and I refer to them whenever possible.
STSDAS: The Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System
Authors: Hanisch Robert J.
Published: June 2019

STSDAS is a system of some 750,000 lines of code and documentation designed for the calibration and analysis of data from the Hubble Space Telescope. At its inception in 1981, when it was known simply as ‘SDAS’, the system was dependent on the VAX VMS operating system and architecture and was limited in scope to HST data analysis, excluding calibration. As it was realized that astronomers would want to be able to do their own calibrations of HST data, and that it was not cost-effective, either for end-users or for the software development effort, to have a system dependent on a proprietary operating system, the scope and objectives of the system were modified. The most fundamental change was the decision to fully layer the STSDAS software on the Image Reduction and Analysis Facility -IRAF – from the National Optical Astronomy Observatories. For a review of the historical aspects of the development of STSDAS, please see Hanisch (1989).
Laboratory Needs of Current and Future Space Spectroscopic Astrophysics Missions
Authors: Shore S. N.
Published: June 2019

Astrophysics bears a distinct relation to Robin Hood’s robbing from the data rich and giving to the poor, in this case, observers. The basic data obtained from laboratory investigation is essential to the understanding of the diverse cosmic environments with which observers and modelers have to deal.

The broad areas of investigation pioneered in the ultraviolet by the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite (IUE) and certain to be the focus of the spectrographs on the Hubble Space Telescope and FUSE/Lyman are: 1. planetary atmospheres, magnetospheres and comets; 2. stellar atmospheres; and 3. H II regions and diffuse interstellar gas. The last of these is to be understood in both Galactic and extragalactic contexts. These illustrate the diversity of the required data, and also highlight the existing lacunae in the available data sets. I shall touch briefly in this note on each of them.
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the Outer Solar System
Authors: Yelle Roger V.
Published: June 2019

This talk will focus on the information to be gained through UV reflectance spectroscopy of atmospheres in the outer solar system. Here, we are concerned with the spectral region below 3000 Å, where many interesting molecular species have significant absorption cross sections, and observations must be made from sounding rockets or space-based observatories. With the exception of a few important rocket measurements the bulk of the observations in this region to dat have been made with the Voyager spacecraft and IUE observatories. The Voyager Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) measurements offer the advantage of relatively high spatial resolution while IUE permits repeated measurements over a long time base. HST will combine both features and should led to a significant advancement in our understanding of outer solar system atmospheres.
What do Mira Variables Tell us About the Late Evolution of Low Mass Stars?
Authors: Feast M.W.
Published: June 2019

(1)

Mira variables define the tip of the AGB for low mass stars (cf. Feast and Whitelock 1987 fig. 1).

(2)

The kinematics of Mira variables are a function of period (e.g. Feast 1989 and earlier references) and for Miras in globular clusters the period is a function of metallicity (e.g. Feast 1981). Hence the Mira period sequence is not an evolutionary sequence but represents the sequence of AGB tips for stars of different initial mass and/or chemical composition and/or age.

(3)

Mira are surrounded by circumstellar dust shells. The mass loss rates are a function of period and light amplitude (Whitelock et al. 1987, Whitelock et al. 1991, Whitelock 1990). The results suggest evolution with increasing pulsation amplitude and mass loss but little change in log P ((2) and (3) do not preclude some (small) change in log P during evolution nor possible phases of decreasing light amplitude and mass loss).
Antarctic atmospheric transparency at infrared and millimetre wavelengths
Authors: Bally John
Published: June 2019

The Antarctic Plateau is the best site on Earth for astrophysical research from millimetre to near-infrared wavelengths. The low temperature, high elevation on top of the ice sheet, and the Polar Vortex, which blocks the infusion of moist air, result in extremely low column densities of atmospheric water vapour. These unique conditions may result in the clearest and darkest sky available from the surface of the Earth in this wavelength range.
Japanese activities related to (Radio) astronomy in the Antarctic
Authors: Hasegawa Tetsuo
Published: June 2019

Japanese activities related to radio astronomy in Antarctica are briefly reviewed.

The Japanese base, Showa, is located on the coast and is based on rocks rather than ice. A 10 metre diameter microwave antenna has been built at the Showa station and a series of VLBI experiments have been made between the Showa base and a station in Japan in 1988–1989. The experiments have been geophysically motivated and an accurate measurement of the location of the Showa base was determined relative to Japan, which has a well determined position relative to other continents.
First Indian astronomical observations in Antarctica
Authors: Babu G S D
Published: June 2019

An Indian expedition to Antarctica (to the coastal base Maitri) in the 1989/90 summer made observations of the Sun to study the evolution and decay of supergranules, an experiment which benefited greatly from uninterrupted sessions of a few days. The instrument comprised a heliostat, a 1.2 Å bandwidth blue filter, and a 10 cm aperture lens of about 3 metre focal length with recording on film. During January and February, one continuous period of more than 100 hours completely clear sky occurred, during which the transparency of the atmosphere was excellent. However, at times the seeing was a little poor. More than 2500 photographs were made at 10 minute intervals, as well as some at shorter intervals for studying the evolution of other solar features such as flares.
Italian plans for astrophysical observations from Antarctica
Authors: Sironi G , Dall’Oglio G
Published: June 2019

The characteristics which make Antarctica interesting for astrophysical research are: i) atmospheric transparency, ii) remoteness iii) geographical and geomagnetic position. Because of previous experience of observation from arctic sites in northern Europe and from isolated mountain sites, groups of Italian astrophysicists were immediately ready to go to Antarctica and bring their equipment to places not easily accessible, in a difficult environment when, about ten years, ago, the antarctic regions became more accessible.
The Costs of Pride: Survey Results from LGBTQI Activists in the United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, and Australia
Authors: Pepin-Neff Christopher , Wynter Thomas
Published: June 2019

A comparative analysis of emotional taxation was conducted to investigate the affective cost of entering the political process among 1,019 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) activists in the United States (n = 355), the United Kingdom (n = 230), South Africa (n = 228), and Australia (n = 206). Four consistent trends were identified across these four contexts, with important implications for the study of social movements, youth activism, gender, sexuality, and race. First, levels of emotional taxation resulting from LGBTQI activist work were consistently very high. Second, emotional burdens were systematically greater for young, nonwhite, and transgender activists. Third, emotional taxation was compounded for activists whose identities crossed multiple marginalized groups. This finding supports the validity and importance of intersectional approaches to LGBTQI issues. Fourth, the sources of emotional taxation varied greatly among activists, and transgender activists were particularly stressed by public engagements such as major events and marches. Transgender nonwhite activists also indicated relatively high levels of emotional stress related to online forms of engagement, such as posting on Twitter and Facebook. These findings could help identify the kinds of activists who participate, the kinds of issues advocated for, and why certain tactics are used.
Islam, Parties, and Women's Political Nomination in Indonesia
Authors: Prihatini Ella S.
Published: June 2019

This article responds to earlier research on the role of Islam as a barrier to women's political nominations by assessing and comparing parties’ efforts to meet institutionally required gender quotas in Indonesia. With the provision of 30% candidate gender quotas implemented since the 2004 elections, how have parties responded? Do Islamist and pluralist parties differ systematically in this regard? More specifically, does religious ideology influence how parties go about meeting quotas, recruiting female candidates, and getting them elected? Or do all parties face the same challenges when it comes to getting women into parliament? Drawing on a unique dataset collected from 2004 to 2019 legislative elections and in-depth interviews with central party officers, faction leaders, and members of parliament, this article investigates these questions. The results indicate that Islamic ideology plays no obvious role in limiting female participation in legislative elections; Islamist and pluralist parties are equally good at achieving the percentage quotas of female nominees. Both groups are also similarly poor at putting female candidates first on the party lists. Indonesia's open-list proportional representation (PR) system is prohibitively expensive, and this hurts women candidates more than it does male candidates because women generally have less access to the capital necessary to purchase the top position on party lists.
Lucius Crassus and Cicero: The Formation of a Statesman
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: June 2019

If we remember anything about Cicero's political ideas, it is that he believed in the right and duty of the senate to exercise supremacy in Rome, but that he also advocated aconcordia ordinmi, an alliance between and recognition of the common interests of senators andequites, to whom property and thestatus quowere sacred. Closely connected with this is the idea of aconsensus omnium bonorum, a wider alliance to include most of theplebs, and Italy. In the service of this ideal of unity he believed that the conservative statesman should beconcordiae causa sapienter popularis, though he should consult the true interests of the people even more than their wishes; and that all government should be mild and conciliatory. These are the views by which we distinguish him from his more obstinate optimate contemporaries, above all Cato, who are less flexible, more rigidly reactionary. Although, since Strasburger's famous study ofConcordia Ordinum, students of Cicero ought to have been prepared to pursue some of these beliefs of his back into the Roman past, too many historians and biographers still give the impression that they were Cicero's own invention (and an unhappy and unrealistic one too, it is often implied). But this is rash. Cicero,pacesome of his detractors, was an intelligent man; but he was not a man of deeply original mind, as would be generally admitted. His greatness lay not in originality, but in the life and form that he could give to the Roman tradition, enriching or illuminating it, sometimes even criticising it, from his knowledge of Greek history and thought.

We should be chary therefore of supposing that Cicero's political programme was wholly his own; and, where a programme on a practical level is concerned, we should probably look more closely for Roman than for Greek sources. The first place to search is of course in a man's immediate family background, its position, traditions and contacts. This is true of all ages and places; but it is especially true of Rome. In the recent and justified reaction against the idea of fixed family parties, allied to or warring with certain other families from generation to generation, we are in danger of forgetting that family tradition in a broad sense was often very important. Cicero explains in thede officiishow one should imitate not only themaioresin general, but one's ownmaioresin particular – thus successive Scaevolae have become legal experts, and Scipio Aemilianus emulated the military glory of the first Africanus.
Ibycus; Stesichorus; Alcman (P. Oxy. 2735, 2618, 2737)
Authors: Page Denys
Published: June 2019

In PCPS N.S. XV (1969), 69 ff. I defined the triadic structure of P. Oxy. 2735 fr. I and suggested that the contents of this and other fragments would seem more at home in Ibycus than in Stesichorus. It was already clear that not all the fragments of this papyrus come from the same poem, but I had not yet noticed that the number of poems represented is probably at least three, and that there are now further reasons for preferring Ibycus as author.

The following two fragments belong to poems different from each other and from fr. 1:

(a) P. Oxy. 2735 fr. II

(i) The tradic structure (top of column)

(a), (b), (c) with paragraphos mark stanza-ends according to the three schemes described immediately below.

Though the left-hand margin is nowhere preserved, I take it as self-evident that these are the beginnings of lines. It is likely, in Ibycus or Stesichorus, that eighteen lines will cover at least about two-thirds, perhaps the whole, of a triad; and in fact it seems obvious that strophe, antistrophe, and epode are represented here, although it is not quite certain where the stanzas end.

There are three choices:

(a) 1–6 = ant., 7–11 = ep., 12–17 = str., 18 ff. = ant.

(b) 1–5 = ant., 6–10 = ep., 11–16 = str., 17 ff. = ant.

(c) 1–5 = str., 6–16 = ant., 17 ff. = ep.
Performance of pigs post-weaning fed cereal-based diets with an enzyme complex added either before or after pelleting
Authors: Wiseman J. , Simmins P.H.
Published: June 2019

The responses of pigs to diets supplemented with enzymes have been variable (review by Partridge, 2000). The situation has not been eased due to an uncertainty over the usefulness of laboratory analyses of enzyme activity as a measure of performance. One issue has been the temperature of feed pelleting in which laboratory assays for apparent enzyme activity have shown very low levels compared with the known level included in the feed, whereas experimental data have indicated typical poultry responses from the enzyme-supplemented feed (Bedford and Pack, 1998). The experiment reported here studied the performance of pigs fed diets to which enzymes were added either pre-or post- pelleting (which was conducted at 850 C).
Do rabbits pose a risk of Johne’s disease to grazing cattle?
Authors: Daniels M. J. , Hutchings M. R. , Henderson D. , Greig A. , Stevenson K. , Sharp J.M.
Published: June 2019

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) is a chronic invariably fatal enteritis of cattle caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and has recently been isolated from wild rabbits. One potential route of transmission of M.a.paratuberculosis from rabbits to cattle is the ingestion of rabbit excreta contaminating pasture. Here we (1) determine the prevalence and level of infection in rabbits and their excreta (2) quantify the level of rabbit faeces contaminating cattle pastures and (3) determine the impact of rabbit faeces on cattle grazing behaviour.
Confirmation of the presence of a major gene for fecundity in Thoka Cheviot sheep by segregation analyses
Authors: Walling G.A. , Bishop S.C. , Pong-Wong R. , Gittus G. , Russel A.J.F. , Rhind S.M.
Published: June 2019

The putative Thoka gene, with large effects on fecundity, originated in Icelandic sheep. The gene was introduced to the UK in 1985 through a programme of crossbreeding and established in Cheviot sheep (Russel et al., 1997). Ewes have been retained in the flock as putative Thoka gene carriers if they have lambed in each of the first three years and had at least two sets of twins. Progeny tests on a separate population of ewes have been used on two occasions to identify rams believed to carry the gene. Despite this complex breeding programme, the actual segregation of a gene for fecundity has yet to be unambiguously demonstrated in this flock. The purpose of this study is to use complex segregation analysis to demonstrate the existence of this gene, estimate the size of its effect and frequency of the favourable allele within the population.
The inheritance of traits describing early lamb performance in Scottish Blackface sheep
Authors: Bishop S. C. , Mackenzie K.
Published: June 2019

Ewe prolificacy, lamb survival and early lamb growth are economically important traits, playing a major role in determining the profitability of hill sheep farms (Coningtonet al., 2000). In currently advocated selection strategies these traits are usually expressed as traits of the dam, however, relatively low heritabilities limit the genetic progress achievable (Coningtonet al., 2001). An alternative approach is to treat these traits, where appropriate, as traits of both the ewe and lamb. This study investigates reparameterisation of these traits as joint expressions of both lamb and ewe genotype, and considers the impact of the results on currently-advocated selection strategies.
Effects of breed, sex, degree of maturity and nutritional management on eating quality of lamb meat
Authors: Zygoyiannis D. , Fortomaris P. , Katsaounis N. , Stamataris C. , Arsenos G. , Tsaras L.
Published: June 2019

Quality of lamb meat is a topic of great importance to both retailers and consumers and has received considerable attention over the past few years (Wood et al. 1999). First of all, the theme is important for the future of sheep production. Sheep producers operate in competitive market and their survival is threatened because sheep meat is continually facing challenges to maintain/increase its market share. Second, it relates to the emergence of specific market desires. In this respect, it has been suggested that lamb meat, which meets the demands of individual markets, should be the objective if sheep production is to remain competitive (Sanudo et al. 2000). The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of post-weaning nutrition and degree of maturity (or live weight at slaughter) on the eating quality of lamb meat produced by three dairy Greek breeds of sheep.
The interactive effects of novel food flavours and food composition on the diet selection of sheep
Authors: Arsenos G. , Kyriazakis I.
Published: June 2019

Animals have predispositions towards the organoleptic properties, such as flavours, of the foods available to them. These predispositions can influence the feeding behaviour and diet selection of animals and prevent from, or enable them to select a diet that meets their nutrient requirements, in both short - and longer - run (Forbes and Kyriazakis, 1995). In this experiment, we investigated whether predispositions of sheep for novel food flavours could affect their diet selection when offered a choice between two foods with different nutrient content. The specific hypotheses tested were that such predispositions are: (i ) influenced by the nutritional quality of the food that are associated with, and (ii) affected by the current nutritional state of the animal.
Productive and carcass classification traits on chemical and instrumental meat quality characteristics of ten local cattle breeds of the Southwest of Europe
Authors: Sañudo C. , Olleta J.L. , Renand G. , Campo M.M. , Panea B. , Oliván M. , García D. , Oliver M.A. , Espejo M. , Piedrafita J.
Published: June 2019

The EU is the second largest world producer of beef meat, but production is fragmented, consisting of highly variable local systems, compared with homogenous, highly intensive feedlot systems. The current EU agricultural policy requires a reorientation of beef market to take advantage of this diversity by creating meat quality labels relating to geographical areas and with specific genotype and production systems, symbols of guaranteed quality. The aim of this experiment was to analyse the relationships between productive and carcass parameters with some meat quality traits, within breed-production systems in different European countries.
Variations among six genetic groups in relationship between sample test-day daily milk and somatic cell scores of Hungarian Holstein-Friesian
Authors: Amin A.A.
Published: June 2019

The genetic and phenotypic relationship between somatic cell score (SCS) and milk production has been reported as both negative, positive, whereas phenotypic correlations have been mainly negative (Mrode and Swanson 1996). The aim of the present study is to investigate the variation in associations of test-day SCS with daily milk yield (DY) in six genetic groups of Holstein- Friesian (HF) and Native Hungarian Breed (NHB).
The effect of different levels of inorganic sulphur on the rumen parameters of Raini goat
Authors: Rouzbehan Y. , Shahbazi H. , Yazdi K. Reza
Published: June 2019

Added sulphur (S) in the diet of ruminants has an equivocal effect on the ruminal fermentation. For example, Hegarty et al. (1994) reported an increased total VFA concentration in the rumen of sheep fed a high S diet versus those offered a low S diet (<0.25%, DM basis). Moderated high percentages of S (0.4-0.6%) in the diet of sheep have generally had no effects on ruminal VFA and ammonia-nitrogen concentrations (deOliveira et al., 1996). Working with Angora goats, Qi et al. (1992) noted that total ruminal fluid VFA concentration ranged from 76.7 to 79.1 mM and was not affected by added S (0.16-0.4%). There is limited information related to the influence of supplemental S on the metabolic responses in the rumen of Cashmere goat. Therefore, an experiment was conducted with an Iranian native breed of Cashmere producing goat, Raini, to evaluate the metabolic responses in rumen parameters to S supplementation.
Variation between feedstuff degradabilities assessed using short-term in vitro incubations and a comparison with in sacco derived values
Authors: Butler C. A. , Mould F.L. , Owen E.
Published: June 2019

While end-point in vitro techniques provide no information regarding the kinetics of feedstuff degradation they are generally simpler to conduct and require fewer inputs especially with respect to labour. In contrast systems, which permit degradation dynamics to be assessed, require that multiple measurements are made and be continued for a sufficient period to ensure that asymptotic values are reached. This study was therefore conducted to examine the variability that could be expected between short-term end-point in vitro degradability techniques and to compare some of the values with in sacco derived estimates.
Herbage intake of growing pigs in an outdoor organic production system
Authors: Mowat D , Watson C A , Mayes R W , Kelly H , Browning H , Edwards S A
Published: June 2019

Standards for organic pig production recommend that growing pigs are maintained on pasture. There is currently no information on the nutritional implications of such a system, since grazing intakes have not been recorded in pigs of this production stage. This study used n-alkane methodology previously validated in sows (Wilsonet al., 1999) to measure the herbage intakes of individual pigs under such conditions.
The determination of meal criteria for cows: the use of mixed distribution models
Authors: Yeates M. P. , Tolkamp B. J. , Allcroft D. J. , Kyriazakis I.
Published: June 2019

Analysis of short-term feeding behaviour may improve our understanding of food intake regulation and diet choice. Feeding behaviour of animals consists of feeding events separated by non-feeding intervals. Feeding events are often observed to be clustered into bouts that may be called meals. Determining a meal criterion (the longest non-feeding interval which is accepted as part of a meal) allows feeding events to be grouped into meals. Tolkamp & Kyriazakis (1999) presented a model that described three populations of loge-transformed intervals in the form of three normal distributions (Gaussians). These populations represent intervals within meals, with or without drinking, and intervals between meals. This model predicted that the probability of a meal starting, first increased, then decreased, with time since the last meal. This is in contrast to the satiety concept, which predicts that the probability of an animal starting a meal will increase with time since the last meal. This study aims at developing a model that best describes, biologically and statistically, the distribution of non-feeding intervals, thus leading to a more accurate meal criteria.
Empirical studies of the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on male reproductive physiology
Authors: Sweeney T. , Fox J. , Morrison A.G. , Wright C. , Cheallaigh S. Ni , Evans N.
Published: June 2019

Concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects on reproductive health in farm animals, humans, and wildlife species from a range of environmental chemicals that disrupt normal hormonal actions. The alkylphenol polyethoxylates are non-ionic surfactants used in the manufacture of detergents, paints and herbicides. During sewage treatment, these compounds are broken down to short chain alkylphenol polyethoxylates, alkylphenol carboxylic acids and alkylphenols which bioaccumulate in the lipid of living organisms. The estrogenic nature of one of these compounds - octylphenol has been clearly demonstrated in cell culture, in a recombinant yeast screen with human estrogen receptor?and in animal studies. It is proposed that these endocrine disrupting compounds influence male adult reproductive potential by disrupting the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis during fetal life. We have recently identified that exposure to octylphenol for the second half of gestation decreases circulating concentrations of FSH during fetal life and the number of Sertoli cells of the testis and testis size at birth in comparison to control animals (Sweeney et al., 2000). However, the testes size, % interstitial space, semen volume, semen concentration and % live semen was similar in both treatment groups in the adult. In contrast animals exposed to octylphenol from birth to weaning (16 weeks of age) had a significantly greater number of primary and secondary abnormalities in comparison to controls and animals exposed to octylphenol for the second half of gestation. A number of the animals exposed to octylphenol from birth to weaning exhibited augmented sexual behaviour, while those exposed to octylphenol for the second half of pregnancy showed a suppression of sexual behaviour. The current data suggests the physiological effect of exposure to octylphenol is dependant on the time and duration of exposure. This has major implications for the determination of universal end-point measurements to assess exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds.
Induction of ovulation with GnRH or oestradiol benzoate lowers plasma progesterone concentration within the first week of ovulation in non-lactating Holstein cows
Authors: Segwagwe B.V.E. , Macmillan K.L. , Mansell P.D.
Published: June 2019

Oestrous synchronisation involves synchronisation of ovarian follicular turnover, new wave emergence, and finally induction of ovulation which can be achieved with an injection of either GnRH (Pursley et al. 1997)or oestradiol benzoate (ODB) (Day et al. 2000). A comparative study investigating corpus luteum (CL) and follicular emergence after the administration of either GnRH or ODB at pro-oestrus has not been reported. It was hypothesised that the injection of ODB at pro-oestrus would delay emergence of the first post-ovulatory follicular wave, but that CL development and plasma progesterone concentrations would be similar in cows induced to ovulate with either GnRH or ODB.
A comparison of once- versus twice-daily milking on performance of late lactation dairy cows
Authors: Ferris C. P. , Mayne C. S. , Frost J. P. , Binnie R. C. , McCoy M. A.
Published: June 2019

Labour constitutes a major and increasing cost on dairy farms, while at the same time, the availability of skilled labour is decreasing. In addition, younger farmers are placing an increasing emphasis on lifestyle. Consequently, there is an increased interest in milk production systems involving reduced labour inputs. In view of the fact that approximately 33% (O’Brien et al., 2002) of the daily labour input on dairy farms is associated with the milking routine (herding, milking and washing), the adoption of once daily milking would appear to offer considerable potential to reduce labour inputs. This study examined the effect of once-daily milking, in late lactation, on animal performance.
Fermented liquid feed can reduce E. coli bloom at farrowing and prevent constipation problems during lactation
Authors: Demečková V. , Tsourgiannis C.A. , Brooks P.H. , Campbell A.
Published: June 2019

Gastrointestinal infections associated with E. coli represent a serious problem for neonatal pigs. These bacteria are present in the sow’s intestine in large numbers but increase dramatically just prior to farrowing due to stress occasioned by movement and parturition (Maclean and Thomas, 1974). Consequently, just 24 hours after farrowing, E.coli are found in high numbers (over 108/g) in the faeces of piglets. However, at this stage of its life the piglet is not equipped to deal with such a large microbial load and unless immunological assistance is provided, they have very little chance of survival. In pigs, all immunological assistance at birth is concentrated in the mother’s colostrum. Thus elimination, or at least minimizing, all the factors which negatively affect the sow’s ability to produce sufficient amount of milk becomes essential challenge of each efficient swine production. The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential of fermented liquid feed (FLF) to control the pathogen load within the piglet’s environment by reducing the rapid E. coli multiplication in sows associated with farrowing. The possible laxative effect of FLF, in order to prevent constipation and the problems it causes during farrowing, was also examined.
Effect of dietary protein and energy concentration on the fattening performance of buffalo male calves in southern Iran
Authors: Mahmoudzadeh H. , Fazaeli H. , Kord-Nejad I.
Published: June 2019

During the last decade, development of the buffalo industry has been undertaken in Iran. The prospects for beef production from buffalo management have shown to be successful under local environments. Buffaloes reared under feedlot conditions with suitable diets have the potential to produce high quality carcass (Udeybir and Mandal, 2001). In terms of nutrition, studies are needed for the validation of nutrient requirements (especially protein and energy) for different physiological stages. A system to monitor the nutritional status of buffaloes would be beneficial to reduce losses and maximize efficiency of nutrient utilization. To optimise protein efficiency and reduce nitrogen wastage, diets need to be formulated to provide optimum nitrogen concentration for maximum rumen microbial yield and growth. However, limited work has been reported on nutrient requirements of growing and fattening buffalo calves. The objective of this work was to study the response of Iranian buffalo male calves to the different levels of energy and protein in the diet from 12 to 18 months of age.
Winter feeding regimes for 16-22 month old red deer stags and hinds
Authors: Chapple D. G. , Deakin D. W. , Davies M. H.
Published: June 2019

Farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) are highly seasonal animals and thus the majority of venison is available during the autumn and winter months. To compete with other red meats, alternative marketing systems for venison need to be developed. Previous ADAS trials have shown that red deer can be finished intensively at 10-12 months of age by extending day length (Davies et al, 1995) but it incurs increased feed costs. An alternative strategy to lower production costs is to reduce growth rates and finish deer at 24-26 months of age. Preliminary trials have shown (Davies and Deakin 1998) that silage only diets, during the second winter, are not sufficient to maintain body weight and a small supplement is required. However the type of supplement needs further investigation. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of feeding high energy and protein diets to yearling deer during their second winter, on winter growth and subsequent performance at grass.
The Mitscherlich equation: an alternative to linear models of methane emissions from cattle
Authors: Mills J. A. N. , Kebreab E. , Crompton L. A. , France J.
Published: June 2019

Previous attempts to apply statistical models, which correlate nutrient intake with methane production, have been of limited value where predictions are obtained for nutrient intakes and diet types outside those used in model construction. Dynamic mechanistic models have proved more suitable for extrapolation, but they remain computationally expensive and are not applied easily in practical situations. The first objective of this research focussed on employing conventional techniques to generate statistical models of methane production appropriate to UK dairy systems. The second objective was to evaluate these models and a model published previously using both UK and North American datasets. Thirdly, non-linear models were considered as alternatives to the conventional linear regressions. The UK calorimetry data used to construct the linear models were also used to develop the three non-linear alternatives that were all of modified Mitscherlich (monomolecular) form.
Evaluation genetic parameters for weight at different ages in Baluchi breed of sheep
Authors: Mashhadi M. Hosseinpour , Shahroudi F. Eftekhari , Valizadeh R.
Published: June 2019

Improving breeding values and breeding programs should be done based on genetic potential. The range of additive direct heritability and maternal environment heritability for birth weight is about 0.07 to 0.22 and 0.1 to 0.33 respectively the range of these values for the following weights are 0.09- 0.58 and 0.01- 0.17. the objective of this study was to predict the direct additive genetic effect, maternal genetic effect and heritabilities of lamb weight traits in baluchi breed of sheep.
Chemical composition of some feedstuffs in East Azerbaijan
Authors: Janmohammady H. , Yasan P. , Taghizadeh A. , Shoja D J. , Nikkhah A.
Published: June 2019

In Iran, East Azerbaijan province is the most important farm animal production area and alfalfa hay, barley grain, wheat straw are the most common ingredients of animal rations. Organic matter and minerals content of forages and grains can be influenced markedly by climate, soil and fertilizer treatment, growth stage and agronomic factors in a given area. Therefore, it is necessary that the chemical composition of forages and grains, which are produced under climate and agronomic condition of Azerbaijan, for using in formulating balance rations, were determined. The objectives of present study were to determine chemical composition and some macro elements of alfalfa hay, barley grain and wheat straw in Azerbijan.