bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MOTIVATIONAL EFFECT OF OIL EXPLORATION IN SOMALI AND THE HABITUAL AFRICAN RESOURCE CURSE
Authors: Sheik Mahad Mohamed
Published: December 2020

Purpose: The abundance of natural resources is usually considered the blessing for the countries that own such resources. However, such wealth is often associated with poverty and a slower economic growth. This phenomenon is called the resource curse, and it shows that most countries that are rich in natural resources have markedly reduced economic growth and development, and it shows that the wealth of natural resources adversely affects their economies, although it is intuitively expected to be the opposite i.e. that such wealth would have a positive impact on the country’s economic development. The general objective of the study was to find out the motivational effect of oil exploration in Somali and the habitual African resource curse.

Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.

Findings: The study found out that Oil resource exploration has led to progress in some developed economies such as Canada which was able to avoid the resource curse. This is because oil revenues helped Canada among other countries make investments in capital, build employment and grow. Other countries such as Russia and Japan have not been able to avoid the resource curse. African countries in general where the majority of oil producing nations are, have an inverse correlation between oil production and industrial development. Examples of African countries that have been affected by the resource curse are Nigeria, Angola, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Empirical results indicate that, Somalia motivation for oil exploration is for economic development. However, it has not been spared the resource curse because the presence of oil has led to civil wars and terrorisms as groups seek to control the areas with oil fields. In addition, Somali and Kenya have involved diplomatic warfare over oil reserves that are located in the Indian Ocean near their borders.

Recommendations: The study recommends that the government should enact laws which will govern petroleum operations, as well as empowering the Somali Petroleum Authority,(SPA) which will act as a regulatory body overseeing oil and gas activity.
Claroscuros del archivo colonial
Authors: Teglia Alonso Vanina M.
Published: December 2020

Este artículo da cuenta de las formas en que una historia natural oficial-imperial aborda la descripción de la naturaleza en contextos de conquista y colonización temprana. Para esto, considero las reescrituras, ampliaciones y transformaciones en los escritos de historia natural de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (1478-1557); en particular, del Libro de los depósitos o Libro VI sobre rarezas incomprensibles de las Indias Occidentales. Metodológicamente y desde visiones des-centradas y desjerarquizadas, este trabajo integra herramientas de la paleografía, que examinan el proceso de redacción. Asimismo, se sirve de los estudios literarios, discursivos y coloniales, que formulan hipótesis de lectura sobre los textos. Propongo que el Libro VI exterioriza con claridad las tecnologías del archivo colonial que clasifican, asimilan, homogeneizan o descartan el conocimiento. Aunque también desestabilizan y transforman estructuralmente el archivo junto a tecnologías materiales de la escritura consideradas de segundo orden comola marginalia, los comentarios, las tachaduras, las inserciones y las formas lingüísticas de lo inefable.
PENGARUH RASIO PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR INDUSTRI BARANG KONSUMSI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA TAHUN 2015-2017
Authors: OKTARY DEWI , MULIANI MULIANI
Published: December 2020

This study aims to influence the ratio of profitability to the value of consumer goods sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2017. Sampling in this study uses purposive sampling with the criteria of companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015 -2017, having 28 company. This research method is a quantitative method with data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study are the variable ROA does not have a significant effect on company value, it can be seen the value of t count 0.783 < t table 1.966 and significant 0.436 > 0.05. ROE has a significant positive effect on firm value. It can be seen t count ROE 2.983> t table value 1.9666 and significant 0.005 < 0.05. Whereas the NPM variable does not have a significant effect on the value of the company. Can be seen fro m the variable t value 0.281  0.05. Simultaneously ROA, ROE and NPM have a significant influence on the value of the company. This can be seen from the F test obtained F count of 34.487> F table 2.74 significant level of 0.000 < 0.05 simultaneously significant effect on firm value.
Скульптура Олега Денисенка як тривимірна археологія графічних творів
Authors: Streltsova Svitlana
Published: December 2020

У статті розглянуто творчість відомого сучасного львівського художника Олега Денисенка, яка досі висвітлювалася лише в окремих дослідженнях, але без комплексного ґрунтовного аналізу мистецької мови автора,  експериментальних, новаторських методів у різних видах образотворчого мистецтва. Звернено увагу на стилістику пластичної мови, яка є і відображенням графічних творів, і виражена у скульптурі. Аналізується, з якою метою у своїй творчості митець звертається до скульптури, що є тривимірним відображенням його графічних творів зі своєю особливою сформованою індивідуальною манерою, образною мовою, наповненою знаковою системою та символічним значенням. Розглядається можливість надання семіотичної обізнаності глядачеві з метою фіксації чітких орієнтирів у трактуванні зашифрованого змісту мистецького твору. Проаналізовано теми, до яких звертається митець, інтерпретуючи архетипні сюжети та традиції класичного культурного надбання. З’ясовуються етапи розвитку та формування образної мови сучасного митця-графіка О. Денисенка, які прослідковуються у різних видах його творчості й відображають особисте світосприйняття. Розглянуто творчий доробок митця, який має свою нішу в українському образотворчому мистецтві та потребує репрезентації на теренах не тільки України, а і в європейському просторі.
Improving the Training of Frontline Extension Workers in Tanzania: A Pilot Curriculum Reform Initiative with the Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute at Ilonga
Authors: Rodriguez Mary , Erbaugh Mark , Mattee Amon , Msuya Catherine , Masambuka Fallys , Cochran Graham
Published: December 2020

Promoting the transition of smallholder farmers from subsistence to more commercial and market-oriented production is an important goal of the Tanzanian extension system. The Ministry of Agriculture Training Institutes (MATIs) contribute to this goal by providing training to frontline extension workers (FEWs). However, the capacity of the MATI system to produce agricultural extension practitioners with job-ready competencies has declined, leading stakeholders and employers to raise concerns about the quality and training of FEWs. The main purpose of this study was to develop recommendations for curriculum revisions at MATI Ilonga to improve its program of study. This was done using a competency-based approach that incorporated inputs from stakeholders into the curriculum assessment and revision process. A panel of eight local and external experts derived 23 competencies from a review of the MATI curriculum and extension literature. A survey instrument to assess competencies based on perceptions of importance and graduates’ ability was designed and administered to 189 stakeholders from four stakeholder groups. Stakeholder-respondents considered all but two of the 23 competencies to be very high importance. Weighted discrepancy scores indicated that the highest rated areas for curriculum revision were Value Chains, Business skills, Climate Change, Fisheries, and Land Resource Management. All stakeholder groups except graduates, indicated Value Chains and Business Skills as high priorities requiring enhanced training to improve the ability of FEWs. Follow-up stakeholder consultations indicated support for using the competency-based approach, engaging stakeholders in the curriculum review process, and interest in applying the approach with other MATIs in Tanzania.

Keywords: Tanzania; agricultural extension; training; competencies
Employment Opportunities for Graduates of Agricultural TVET Schools in Haiti
Authors: Calixte Christelle , Roberts Grady , Bunch J.C.
Published: December 2020

The literature suggests that in Haiti, the extension work is primarily conducted by graduates from agricultural TVET schools. However, Haiti is a country with alarming data for food insecurity and severe hunger index. This situation arises questions about the manner in which TVET contributes to the dissemination of best agricultural practices amongst farmers and the role that extension agents play in bringing the scientific discoveries into the rural communities. Moreover, little research has been made about the current situation of Haitian TVET within the agricultural system. This study used basic qualitative methods with a constructivist approach, and backwards design as theoretical framework to explore the employment of TVET graduates within the Haitian agricultural system. Schools’ directors and teachers were individually interviewed, and focus groups conducted with the students, which revealed the employers of TVET graduates, the types of jobs they realize within the system and the external factors that affect employment opportunities. Employers of technicians were most likely public sector, NGOs and IOs as well as entrepreneurship activities. These TVET graduates’ job profiles are in extension performing versatile work, or as entrepreneurs. Their employment opportunities were affected by the overall unemployment, the existing opportunities in agriculture, and lack of government support.

Keywords: Haiti; employment; technical schools; agriculture
Pollution trace gas distributions and their transport in the Asian monsoon upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere during the StratoClim campaign 2017
Authors: Johansson Sören , Höpfner Michael , Kirner Oliver , Wohltmann Ingo , Bucci Silvia , Legras Bernard , Friedl-Vallon Felix , Glatthor Norbert , Kretschmer Erik , Ungermann Jörn , Wetzel Gerald
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We present the first high-resolution measurements of pollutant trace gases in the Asian summer monsoon upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere (UTLS) from the Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) during the StratoClim (Stratospheric and upper tropospheric processes for better climate predictions) campaign based in Kathmandu, Nepal, 2017. Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), acetylene (C2H2), and formic acid (HCOOH) show strong local enhancements up to altitudes of 16 km. More than 500 pptv of PAN, more than 200 pptv of C2H2, and more than 200 pptv of HCOOH are observed. Air masses with increased volume mixing ratios of PAN and C2H2 at altitudes up to 18 km, reaching to the lowermost stratosphere, were present at these altitudes for more than 10 d, as indicated by trajectory analysis. A local minimum of HCOOH is correlated with a previously reported maximum of ammonia (NH3), which suggests different washout efficiencies of these species in the same air masses.
A backward trajectory analysis based on the models Alfred Wegener InsTitute LAgrangian Chemistry/Transport System (ATLAS) and TRACZILLA, using advanced techniques for detection of convective events, and starting at geolocations of GLORIA measurements with enhanced pollution trace gas concentrations, has been performed. The analysis shows that convective events along trajectories leading to GLORIA measurements with enhanced pollutants are located close to regions where satellite measurements by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) indicate enhanced tropospheric columns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the days prior to the observation.
A comparison to the global atmospheric models Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) has been performed. It is shown that these models are able to reproduce large-scale structures of the pollution trace gas distributions for one part of the flight, while the other part of the flight reveals large discrepancies between models and measurement. These discrepancies possibly result from convective events that are not resolved or parameterized in the models, uncertainties in the emissions of source gases, and uncertainties in the rate constants of chemical reactions.
Impacts of long-range transport of aerosols on marine-boundary-layer clouds in the eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Wang Yuan , Zheng Xiaojian , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Wu Peng , Logan Timothy , Yung Yuk L.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Vertical profiles of aerosols are inadequately observed and poorly
represented in climate models, contributing to the current large uncertainty
associated with aerosol–cloud interactions. The US Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerosol and Cloud
Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) aircraft field campaign
near the Azores islands provided ample observations of vertical
distributions of aerosol and cloud properties. Here we utilize the in situ
aircraft measurements from the ACE-ENA and ground-based remote-sensing data
along with an aerosol-aware Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to
characterize the aerosols due to long-range transport over a remote region
and to assess their possible influence on marine-boundary-layer (MBL)
clouds. The vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud properties measured via
aircraft during the ACE-ENA campaign provide detailed information revealing
the physical contact between transported aerosols and MBL clouds. The
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (ECMWF-CAMS) aerosol reanalysis data can reproduce the key features of aerosol
vertical profiles in the remote region. The cloud-resolving WRF sensitivity
experiments with distinctive aerosol profiles suggest that the transported
aerosols and MBL cloud interactions (ACIs) require not only aerosol plumes to get close to the marine-boundary-layer top but also large cloud top
height variations. Based on those criteria, the observations show that the
occurrence of ACIs involving the transport of aerosol over the eastern North
Atlantic (ENA) is about 62 % in summer. For the case with noticeable long-range-transport aerosol effects on MBL clouds, the susceptibilities of droplet
effective radius and liquid water content are −0.11 and +0.14,
respectively. When varying by a similar magnitude, aerosols originating
from the boundary layer exert larger microphysical influence on MBL clouds
than those entrained from the free troposphere.
Significant wintertime PM2.5 mitigation in the Yangtze River Delta, China, from 2016 to 2019: observational constraints on anthropogenic emission controls
Authors: Wang Liqiang , Yu Shaocai , Li Pengfei , Chen Xue , Li Zhen , Zhang Yibo , Li Mengying , Mehmood Khalid , Liu Weiping , Chai Tianfeng , Zhu Yannian , Rosenfeld Daniel , Seinfeld John H.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mitigation relies strongly on
anthropogenic emission control measures, the actual effectiveness of which
is challenging to pinpoint owing to the complex synergies between
anthropogenic emissions and meteorology. Here, observational constraints on
model simulations allow us to derive not only reliable PM2.5 evolution
but also accurate meteorological fields. On this basis, we isolate
meteorological factors to achieve reliable estimates of surface PM2.5
responses to both long-term and emergency emission control measures from
2016 to 2019 over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China. The results show
that long-term emission control strategies play a crucial role in curbing
PM2.5 levels, especially in the megacities and other areas with
abundant anthropogenic emissions. The G20 summit hosted in Hangzhou in 2016
provides a unique and ideal opportunity involving the most stringent, even
unsustainable, emergency emission control measures. These emergency measures
lead to the largest decrease (∼ 35 µg m−3,
∼ 59 %) in PM2.5 concentrations in Hangzhou. The
hotspots also emerge in megacities, especially in Shanghai (32 µg m−3, 51 %), Nanjing (27 µg m−3, 55 %), and Hefei (24 µg m−3, 44 %) because of the emergency measures. Compared to the
long-term policies from 2016 to 2019, the emergency emission control
measures implemented during the G20 Summit achieve more significant
decreases in PM2.5 concentrations (17 µg m−3 and 41 %) over
most of the whole domain, especially in Hangzhou (24 µg m−3,
48 %) and Shanghai (21 µg m−3, 45 %). By extrapolation, we
derive insight into the magnitude and spatial distribution of PM2.5
mitigation potential across the YRD, revealing significantly additional room
for curbing PM2.5 levels.
Elevated levels of OH observed in haze events during wintertime in central Beijing
Authors: Slater Eloise J. , Whalley Lisa K. , Woodward-Massey Robert , Ye Chunxiang , Lee James D. , Squires Freya , Hopkins James R. , Dunmore Rachel E. , Shaw Marvin , Hamilton Jacqueline F. , Lewis Alastair C. , Crilley Leigh R. , Kramer Louisa , Bloss William , Vu Tuan , Sun Yele , Xu Weiqi , Yue Siyao , Ren Lujie , Acton W. Joe F. , Hewitt C. Nicholas , Wang Xinming , Fu Pingqing , Heard Dwayne E.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Wintertime in situ measurements of OH, HO2 and
RO2 radicals and OH reactivity were made in central Beijing
during November and December 2016. Exceptionally elevated NO was
observed on occasions, up to ∼250 ppbv. The daily
maximum mixing ratios for radical species varied significantly
day-to-day over the ranges 1–8×106 cm−3 (OH),
0.2–1.5×108 cm−3 (HO2) and
0.3–2.5×108 cm−3 (RO2). Averaged over
the full observation period, the mean daytime peak in radicals was
2.7×106, 0.39×108 and 0.88×108 cm−3 for OH, HO2 and total RO2,
respectively. The main daytime source of new radicals via
initiation processes (primary production) was the photolysis of HONO
(∼83 %), and the dominant termination pathways were the
reactions of OH with NO and NO2, particularly under
polluted haze conditions. The Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) v3.3.1
operating within a box model was used to simulate the concentrations
of OH, HO2 and RO2. The model underpredicted OH,
HO2 and RO2, especially when NO mixing ratios were
high (above 6 ppbv). The observation-to-model ratio of OH,
HO2 and RO2 increased from ∼1 (for all
radicals) at 3 ppbv of NO to a factor of ∼3, ∼20
and ∼91 for OH, HO2 and RO2, respectively,
at ∼200 ppbv of NO. The significant underprediction of
radical concentrations by the MCM suggests a deficiency in the
representation of gas-phase chemistry at high NOx. The OH
concentrations were surprisingly similar (within 20 % during the
day) in and outside of haze events, despite j(O1D)
decreasing by 50 % during haze periods. These observations provide
strong evidence that gas-phase oxidation by OH can continue to
generate secondary pollutants even under high-pollution episodes,
despite the reduction in photolysis rates within haze.
Development and Application of a United States wide correction for PM2.5 data collected with the PurpleAir sensor
Authors: Barkjohn Karoline K. , Gantt Brett , Clements Andrea L.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. PurpleAir sensors which measure particulate matter (PM) are widely used by individuals, community groups, and other organizations including state and local air monitoring agencies. PurpleAir sensors comprise a massive global network of more than 10,000 sensors. Previous performance evaluations have typically studied a limited number of PurpleAir sensors in small geographic areas or laboratory environments. While useful for determining sensor behavior and data normalization for these geographic areas, little work has been done to understand the broad applicability of these results outside these regions and conditions. Here, PurpleAir sensors operated by air quality monitoring agencies are evaluated in comparison to collocated ambient air quality regulatory instruments. In total, almost 12,000 24-hour averaged PM2.5 measurements from collocated PurpleAir sensors and Federal Reference Method (FRM) or Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) PM2.5 measurements were collected across diverse regions of the United States (U.S.), including 16 states. Consistent with previous evaluations, under typical ambient and smoke impacted conditions, the raw data from PurpleAir sensors overestimate PM2.5 concentrations by about 40 % in most parts of the U.S. A simple linear regression reduces much of this bias across most U.S. regions, but adding a relative humidity term further reduces the bias and improves consistency in the biases between different regions. More complex multiplicative models did not substantially improve results when tested on an independent dataset. The final PurpleAir correction reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) of the raw data from 8 µg m−3 to 3 µg m−3 with an average FRM or FEM concentration of 9 µg m−3. This correction equation, along with proposed data cleaning criteria, has been applied to PurpleAir PM2.5 measurements across the U.S. in the AirNow Fire and Smoke Map (fire.airnow.gov) and has the potential to be successfully used in other air quality and public health applications.
A survey of proximal methods for monitoring leaf phenology in
temperate deciduous forests
Authors: Soudani Kamel , Delpierre Nicolas , Berveiller Daniel , Hmimina Gabriel , Pontailler Jean-Yves , Seureau Lou , Vincent Gaëlle , Dufrêne Éric
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Tree phenology is a major driver of forest-atmosphere mass and energy exchanges. Yet tree phenology has historically not been recorded at flux measurement sites. Here, we used seasonal time-series of ground-based NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), RGB camera GCC (Greenness Chromatic Coordinate), broad-band NDVI, LAI (Leaf Area Index), fAPAR (fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetic Active Radiation), CC (Canopy Closure), fRvis (fraction of Reflected Radiation) and GPP (Gross Primary Productivity) to predict six phenological markers detecting the start, middle and end of budburst and of leaf senescence in a temperate deciduous forest. We compared them to observations of budburst and leaf senescence achieved by field phenologists over a 13-year period. GCC, NDVI and CC captured very well the interannual variability of spring phenology (R2 > 0.80) and provided the best estimates of the observed budburst dates, with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) less than 4 days. For the CC and GCC methods, mid-amplitude (50 %) threshold dates during spring phenological transition agreed well with the observed phenological dates. For the NDVI-based method, on average, the mean observed date coincides with the date when NDVI reaches 25 % of its amplitude of annual variation. For the other methods, MAD ranges from 6 to 17 days. GPP provides the most biased estimates. During the leaf senescence stage, NDVI- and CC-derived dates correlated significantly with observed dates (R2 = 0.63 and 0.80 for NDVI and CC, respectively), with MAD less than 7 days. Our results show that proximal sensing methods can be used to derive robust phenological metrics. They can be used to retrieve long-term phenological series at flux measurement sites and help interpret the interannual variability and trends of mass and energy exchanges.
Technical note: A new automated radiolarian image acquisition, stacking, processing, segmentation and identification workflow
Authors: Tetard Martin , Marchant Ross , Cortese Giuseppe , Gally Yves , de Garidel-Thoron Thibault , Beaufort Luc
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Identification of microfossils is usually done by expert taxonomists and requires time and a significant amount of systematic knowledge developed over many years. These studies require manual identification of numerous specimens in many samples under a microscope, which is very tedious and time-consuming. Furthermore, identification may differ between operators, biasing reproducibility. Recent technological advances in image acquisition, processing and recognition now enable automated procedures for this process, from microscope image acquisition to taxonomic identification. A new workflow has been developed for automated radiolarian image acquisition, stacking, processing, segmentation and identification. The protocol includes a newly proposed methodology for preparing radiolarian microscopic slides. We mount eight samples per slide, using a recently developed 3D-printed decanter that enables the random and uniform settling of particles and minimizes the loss of material. Once ready, slides are automatically imaged using a transmitted light microscope. About 4000 specimens per slide (500 per sample) are captured in digital images that include stacking techniques to improve their focus and sharpness. Automated image processing and segmentation is then performed using a custom plug-in developed for the ImageJ software. Each individual radiolarian image is automatically classified by a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on a Neogene to Quaternary radiolarian database (currently 21 746 images, corresponding to 132 classes) using the ParticleTrieur software. The trained CNN has an overall accuracy of about 90 %. The whole procedure, including the image acquisition, stacking, processing, segmentation and recognition, is entirely automated via a LabVIEW interface, and it takes approximately 1 h per sample. Census data count and classified radiolarian images are then automatically exported and saved. This new workflow paves the way for the analysis of long-term, radiolarian-based palaeoclimatic records from siliceous-remnant-bearing samples.
Parallel computing efficiency of SWAN
Authors: Rautenbach Christo , Mullarney Julia C. , Bryan Karin R.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Effective and accurate ocean and coastal wave predictions are necessary for engineering, safety and recreational purposes. Refining predictive capabilities is increasingly critical to reduce the uncertainties faced with a changing global wave climatology. Simulating WAves in the Nearshore (SWAN) is a widely used spectral wave modelling tool employed by coastal engineers and scientists, including for operational wave forecasting purposes. Fore- and hindcasts can span hours to decades and a detailed understanding of the computational efficiencies is required to design optimized operational protocols and hindcast scenarios. To date, there exists limited knowledge on the relationship between the size of a SWAN computational domain and the optimal amount of parallel computational threads required to execute a simulation effectively. To test this, a hindcast cluster of 28 computational threads (1 node) was used to determine the computation efficiencies of a SWAN model configuration for southern Africa. The model extent and resolution emulate the current operational wave forecasting configuration developed by the South African Weather Service (SAWS). We implemented and compared both OpenMP and the Message Passing Interface (MPI) distributing memory architectures. Three sequential simulations (corresponding to typical grid cell numbers) were compared to various permutations of parallel computations via the speed-up ratio, time saving ratio and efficiency tests. Generally, a computational node configuration of 6 threads produced the most effective computational set-up based on wave hindcasts of one-week duration. The use of more than 20 threads resulted in a decrease in speed-up ratio for the smallest computation domain, owing to the increased sub-domain communication times for limited domain sizes.
Identification of Droughts and Heat Waves in Germany with
Regional Climate Networks
Authors: Schädler Gerd , Breil Marcus
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Regional Climate Networks (RCNs) are used to identify heat waves and droughts in Germany and two subregions for the summer half years resp. summer seasons of the period 1951 to 2019. RCNs provide information for whole areas (in contrast to the point-wise information from standard indices), the underlying nodes can be distributed arbitrarily, they are easy to 5 construct and provide details otherwise difficult to avail of like extent, intensity and collective behaviour of extreme events. The RCNs were constructed on the regular 0.25 degree grid of the E-Obs data set. The season-wise correlation of time series of daily maximum temperature Tmax and precipitation were used to construct the adjacency matrix of the networks. Metrics to identify extremes were the edge density, the 90th percentile of the correlations and the average clustering coefficient, which turned out to be highly correlated; they increased considerably during extreme events. The standard indices for comparison 10 were the effective drought and heat index (EDI and EHI) respectively, based on the same time series, and complemented by other published data. Our results show that the RCNs are able to identify severe extremes in all cases and moderate extremes in most cases. An interesting finding is that during average years, the distribution of the node degrees is close to the Poisson distribution, characteristic of random networks, while for extreme years the distribution is more uniform and heavy tailed.
Present-day geodynamics of the Western Alps: new insights from
earthquake mechanisms
Authors: Mathey Marguerite , Sue Christian , Pagani Colin , Baize Stéphane , Walpersdorf Andrea , Bodin Thomas , Husson Laurent , Hannouz Estelle , Potin Bertrand
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Due to the low to moderate seismicity of the European Western Alps, few focal mechanisms are available to this day in this region, and the corresponding current seismic stress and strain fields remain partly elusive. The development of dense seismic networks in the past decades now provides a substantial amount of seismic records down to low magnitudes. The corresponding data, while challenging to handle due to their amount and relative noise, represent a new opportunity to increase the spatial resolution of seismic deformation fields. The aim of this paper is to quantitatively assess the current seismic stress and strain fields within the Western Alps, from a probabilistic standpoint, using new seismotectonic data. The dataset comprises more than 30,000 earthquakes recorded by dense seismic networks since 1989 and more than 2200 focal mechanisms newly computed in a consistent manner. The global distribution of P and T axes plunges confirms a majority of transcurrent focal mechanisms in the overall alpine realm, combined with pure extension localized in the core of the belt. We inverted this new set of focal mechanisms through several strategies, including a seismotectonic zoning scheme and grid procedure, revealing extensional axes oriented obliquely to the strike of the belt. The Bayesian inversion of this new dataset of focal mechanisms provides a probabilistic continuous map of the style of seismic deformation in the Western Alps. Extension is found clustered, instead of continuous along the backbone of the belt. Compression is robustly retrieved only in the Po plain, which lays at the limit between the Adriatic and Eurasian plates. High frequency spatial variations of the seismic deformation are consistent with surface horizontal GNSS measurements as well as with deep lithospheric structures, thereby providing new elements to understand the current 3D dynamics of the belt. We interpret the ongoing seismotectonic and kinematic regimes as being controlled by the joint effects of far-field forces –imposed by the counterclockwise rotation of Adria with respect to Europe- and of buoyancy forces in the core of the belt, which together explain the high frequency patches of extension and of marginal compression overprinted on an overall transcurrent tectonic regime.
InSAR-based characterization of rock glacier movement in the Uinta
Mountains, Utah, USA
Authors: Brencher George , Handwerger Alexander L. , Munroe Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Rock glaciers are a prominent component of many alpine landscapes and constitute a significant water resource in some arid mountain environments. Here, we employ satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to identify and monitor active rock glaciers in the Uinta Mountains (Utah, USA), an area of ~10,000 km2. We used mean velocity maps to generate an inventory for the Uinta Mountains containing 255 active rock glaciers. Active rock glaciers are 10.8 ha in area on average, and located at a mean elevation of 3290 m, where mean annual air temperature is 0.12 °C. The mean line-of-sight (LOS) velocity for the inventory is 2.52 cm/yr, but individual rock glaciers have LOS velocities ranging from 0.88 to 5.26 cm/yr. To search for relationships with climatic drivers, we investigate the time-dependent motion of three rock glaciers over the summers of 2016–2019. Time series analysis suggests that rock glacier motion has a significant seasonal component, with motion that is more than 5 times faster during the late summer compared to rest of the year. Rock glacier velocities also appear to be correlated with the snow-water equivalent of the previous winter's snowpack. These results demonstrate the ability to use satellite InSAR to monitor rock glaciers over large areas and provide insight into the environmental factors that control their kinematics.
Investigation of Relationship Between Computer Game Addiction And Violence Trends of Primary Students
Authors: Çevik Cahide , Örsal Özlem , Ciğerci Yeliz , Özyürek Pakize
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: With the development of technology in recent years, computer games have become indispensable for children. However, the excessive play of these games causes some problems. One of these problems is computer game addiction. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between computer game addiction and tendency to violence. 572 students were included in the study. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected by using computer game addiction and tendency to violence scale. A positive relationship was found between computer game addiction and tendency to violence. In the analysis of data, Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis and Sperman's corelation tests, descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage and frequency, were used. RESULTS: Children playing violent content were found to be high all computer game addiction sub-scale scores and total computer game addiction scores according to children who do not play violent games. Computer game addiction subscale scores and total computer game addiction scores and tendency to violence scores of students who play 9-10 hours per day on computer are higher than students who play shorter time. The tendency to violence scale mean score of the children who play computer games is higher than the children who do not play games on the computer. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As a result with long-term playing violent games on the computer and computer game addiction can be said to increase the tendency to violence.
Epilepsy and Stigma
Authors: Demirel Ufuk , Okçin Figen
Published: December 2020

The lack of information on epilepsy in those with epilepsy and those around them and the misconceptions about the disease result in the stigmatization of people with epilepsy. Consequently, the marriage and the employment rates of people with epilepsy have decreased, while the probability of depression has increased. The biopsychosocial health of the individuals with epilepsy must improve in order to combat stigma of epilepsy.
Field Theory in Contemporary Gestalt Therapy, Part 1: Modulating the Therapist's Presence in Clinical Practice
Authors: Francesetti Gianni , Roubal Jan
Published: December 2020

This article is the first of two aimed at exploring the implications of field theory in contemporary Gestalt therapy. We present here the definition of field theory that we rely upon; in particular, we define the phenomenal field, the phenomenological field, and the psychopathological field. Then we explore the implications of these distinctions in psychopathology and clinical practice. We describe the guidelines to apply field theory in practice for therapists to modulate the way they are present in the session in order to support the process of change. We conclude with an illustrative clinical example. The theory that we present in this article is a way to address, from a Gestalt therapy perspective, the relational phenomena that psychoanalysis has called “transference and countertransference.” Our understanding, however, builds on a different epistemology, one that is radically relational and based on field theory, which considers the self and the other as incessant and unending emerging processes.
USOS, SIGNIFICADOS E CONSERVAÇÃO DA PLANTA ESPADA DE SÃO JORGE, SANSEVIERIA ZEYLANICA, NA COMUNIDADE QUILOMBOLA BENEVIDES/PA.
Authors: Borges Adão Souza
Published: December 2020

Neste artigo fazemos considerações sobre a relação da biodiversidade com os sujeitos amazônicos que protagonizam e resistem em prol do uso coletivo dos recursos naturais, quando a linguagem  e os significados se enquadram em elementos de resistência, porque  transitam no campo do sagrado.  Desta forma, buscamos compreender os usos, os significados e as formas de conservação da planta espada de São Jorge, Sansevieria zeylanca, pelos quilombolas da comunidade Benevides, em Aurora do Pará. O trabalho debruçou-se acerca de narrativas de quilombolas que utilizam a planta e sabem narrar sobre ela. Essas narrativas seguiram o exercício hermenêutico do filósofo francês Paul Ricouer, o qual discutiu em  sua obra A simbólica do Mal,  as  dimensões  que   o símbolo nos  remete: a linguagem, a imaginação poética e a compreensão de existência hermenêutica, o cogito,  que neste  texto  nos faz pensar numa cosmologia  quilombola.
Effect of replacing conventional Italian ryegrass by organic nitrogen source systems on chemical soil properties
Authors: Baizán Silvia , Vicente Fernando , Oliveira José A. , Afif-Khouri Elías , Martínez-Fernández Adela
Published: December 2020

Aim of study: To evaluate agronomic performance and changes on soil chemical properties in two types of managements: conventional or sustainable.Area of study: Principality of Asturias, Spain.Material and methods: On a sandy-clay-loam texture soil, three winter forage legumes (faba bean, red clover and white lupin), in monoculture or mixed with Italian ryegrass and with organic fertilization (sustainable management) versus Italian ryegrass in monoculture and inorganic fertilization (conventional management) were evaluated during three consecutive years. After the harvest in spring, the rotations were completed with maize crop with the purpose to evaluate the effect of the sustainable management on forage yield and soil chemical parameters.Main results: The results showed that faba bean and red clover in monoculture and mixed with Italian ryegrass had better edaphic quality than Italian ryegrass in monoculture, and white lupin in monoculture or mixed with Italian ryegrass. Faba bean in monoculture and mixed with Italian ryegrass, both with organic fertilization, could be competitive crops since both had yields comparable to Italian ryegrass in monoculture with inorganic fertilization.Research highlights: Current agricultural practice could be changed for a more sustainable management system, including organic fertilization and legume crops.
Role of Organic Farming in Agriculture
Authors: Yuvaraj Muthuraman , Paraman Mahendran Peyandi , Tawfik Hussien Eman
Published: December 2020

Organic farming could be an all-encompassing generation administration framework that empowers and improves agroecosystem wellbeing, counting biodiversity, natural cycles, and soil biological activity. It stresses the role of management activities in preference to the use of off-farm data, considering that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. This can be achieved using agronomic, biological, and mechanical methods, in equal share to synthetic materials, to carry out any specific role inside the organization. Organic farming is still only a small industry, which represents only 2% of global food sales. However, it is growing in importance in the world. It is hard to get information due to lack of official statistics and the level of confidentiality of systems of organic produce. Soil practices such as crop rotations, organic fertilizers, symbiotic associations, cover crops, inter-cropping, and minimum tillage are central to organic practices. The static arrangements of soil are achieved by soil fauna and vegetation. Besides, cycling of nutrients and energy is enhanced by increasing the retentive abilities of the soil for nutrients and water.
Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Antibacterial Properties ofPolygonatum orientaleDesf andTiliadasystyla
Authors: Hanachi Parichehr , Zarringhalami Roshanak , Kaya Ertugrul
Published: December 2020

Background: Secondary metabolites of plants such as phenol and flavonoids have an extreme potential for neutralizing free radicals. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of plants are related to phenolic or flavonoids compounds. The occurrence of drug resistance to antimicrobial drugs has led to use of medicinal herbs in treatment of infections. Antibiotic resistant of Staphylococcus aureus has become a major problem in the treatment of diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) of Polygonatum orientale Desf and Tilia dasystyla and evaluation of their anti-bacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. Investigation of TPC of P. orientale Desf and T. dasystyla has not been reported before. Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoid content of P. orientale Desf and T. dasystyla extracts were determined using colorimetric methods of Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated by microdilution broth and disc diffusion methods to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Results: The results showed that TFC of P. orientale Desf with the value of 7.9 ± 0.040 mg/g DW extracted with diluted water solvent and boiling method and TPCs of T. dasystyla with the value of 62.13 ± 0.073 mg/g DW extracted with methanol solvent and boiling method were the highest amount. Methanol extract of P. orientale Desf had more antibacterial activities with the MBC and MIC values of 0.140 mg/mL and 8±0.4 mm zone of inhibition. Conclusion: Tilia dasystyla and P. orientale Desf contain bioactive compounds such as phenolic and flavonoids that can be used as promising option in pharmacognostical studies for treatment of S. aureus infections.
Kant’s Categories and Jung’s Types as Perspectival Maps To Stimulate Insight in a Counseling Session
Authors: Palmquist Stephen R. ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

After coining the term “philopsychy” to describe a “soul-loving” approach to philosophical practice, especially when it welcomes a creative synthesis of philosophy and psychology, this article identifies a system of geometrical figures (or “maps”) that can be used to stimulate reflection on various types of perspectival differences. The maps are part of the author’s previously established mapping methodology, known as the Geometry of Logic. As an illustration of how philosophy can influence the development of psychology, Immanuel Kant’s table of twelve categories and Carl Jung’s theory of psychological types are shown to share a common logical structure. Just as Kant proposes four basic categories, each expressed in termsof three subordinate categories, Jung proposes four basic person­ality functions, each having three possible manifestations. The concluding section presents four scenarios illustrating how such maps can be used in philosophical counseling sessions to stimulate philopsychic insight.
Elliot D. Cohen on the Metaphysics of Logic-Based Therapy
Authors: Zinaich Samuel ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

In this essay I consider the question of whether Elliot D. Cohen has justified sufficiently the metaphysical basis for his Logic-Based Therapy as presented in his paper on “The Metaphysics of Logic-Based Therapy (IJPP, this issue). Although Cohen discusses four different foundations of his cognitive theory, I focus only on one. It is the most important basis of his theory, viz., that human beings logically deduce the cognitive-behavior com­ponents of their emotions from premises. First, I question Cohen’s analysis of the emotion rules we use to deduce evaluations of actions from. Second, I challenge Cohen’s view that we deduce our evaluations from emotion rules. Although I do not think my challenges completely undermine Cohen’s theory, they do raise serious concerns for a theory faced with a preponderance of causal therapies.
Modes of Re-Enchantment
Authors: Lemmons Rose Mary Hayden ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: December 2020

This essay uses the philosophy and theology of John Paul II to argue that re-enchanting the world requires various modes depending on whether religious beliefs are deemed false or irrelevant. The former requires re-enchantment through theistic philosophy. The latter requires re-enchantment through other-centered love as exemplified by relationships in God-centered families. Familial love–whether natural, Christian or ecclesial–plays a crucial role in facilitating a familial relationship with God best exemplified in Christianity. Although having a relationship with God does not necessitate Christianity, re-enchantment does, since statistics and dialectics show that only Christianity enables most of its believers to hold that such a relationship is possible. This relationship with God is what ultimately re-enchants the world.
Transpressional Deformation Of Bukit C, Guar Sanai: Lithostratigraphic Implication
Authors:   Program Geologi, Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Azmi Azrin , Sulaiman Norasiah ,   Program Geologi, Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Dzulkafli Muhammad Ashahadi ,   Program Geologi, Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Harun Zaiton ,   Program Geologi, Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM-Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Published: December 2020

The upper part of the Setul Formation and the lower part of the Kubang Pasu Formation are well exposed in Guar Sanai, Perlis due to the earth quarry activities. However, compared to the Hill A and Hill B, the outcrops in Hill C clearly illustrates the influence of structure on the lithostratigraphy of the area. The boundary between the Setul Formation and the Kubang Pasu Formation is marked by the thrust fault generally trending north-south to northeast-southwest and mylonite. The thrust belt associated with folding and uplift clearly developed in the zone between parallel lateral faults (trending north-south and southeast-northwest) and is interpreted to accommodate slip along the transpression zone. The sinistral faults are then deformed by transpression movement of dextral faults (trending east-southwest and east-west) which amplified the earlier structures. The combination of lateral and thrust movements formed flower structure that associated with folding and uplift, commonly found in transpressional zone of the strike-slip region. Deformation has caused the older Setul Formation being uplifted to almost equivalent position to the younger Kubang Pasu Formation and led to the displacement of original bed position and repetition of similar sequences. The formation of folding and reverse faulting associated with left lateral strike-slip fault are interpreted to cause by movement of major fault in the northwest Peninsular Malaysia, known as the Bok Bak Fault.