bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social anxiety in three Western societies
Authors: van Dam‐Baggen Rien , Kraaimaat Floris , Elal Güliz
Published: May 2003

The present study investigates whether empirical data support the notion that people in Western societies do not differ with regard to social anxiety. Social anxiety in Dutch students (N = 425) was compared with that experienced by students in the United States (N = 440) and Turkey (N = 349). Social anxiety was operationalized with the Inventory of Interpersonal Situations (IIS; Van Dam‐Baggen & Kraaimaat, 1987, 1999, 2000), which measures two aspects of social anxiety, i.e., discomfort in social situations and frequency of social responses. The original Dutch version of the IIS (IOA) was translated into a U.S. English version (the IIS) and a Turkish version (KADE). First, it was shown that the American, Dutch, and Turkish versions of the IIS measured the same construct in terms of factor structure. Second, American students generally appeared more socially anxious than did the Dutch and Turkish students, whereas the latter's social anxiety slightly surpassed that of Dutch subjects. The American students also showed fewer social skills than both other groups, who did not differ in this respect. The results are somewhat more differentiated with respect to the domains of social anxiety, and they are discussed in terms of cross‐cultural differences and their implications for clinical practice. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Sexual dysfunction in single males: A perspective from India
Authors: Manjula M. , Prasadarao P.S.D.V. , Kumaraiah V. , Mishra H. , Raguram R.
Published: May 2003

Various personal, familial, and socio‐cultural factors play a crucial role in the development of sexuality and sexual practices. They often influence the occurrence and maintenance of sexual dysfunctions. Therapies with individuals with sexual dysfunctions often emphasize the involvement of both the partners. Issues related to single males, especially in the Indian context, have not been explored. The present study is a retrospective analysis of clinical case records of single males who reported sexual dysfunctions between the years 1990 to 2000. Thirty‐eight clinical case records were analyzed for the demographic details, nature of the problems, and interventions provided with the aim of exploring the reported symptomatology, precipitating and maintaining factors, prevalent beliefs about the causation of sexual dysfunction, and the outcome of interventions. The role of cultural and psychosocial issues is discussed and the need for research in this area is emphasized. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Fold‐2‐covering triangular embeddings
Authors: Bénard D. , Bouchet A. , Richter R. B.
Published: May 2003

For a graph G and a positive integer m, G(m) is the graph obtained from G by replacing every vertex by an independent set of size m and every edge by m2 edges joining all possible new pairs of ends. If G triangulates a surface, then it is easy to see from Euler's formula that G(m) can, in principle, triangulate a surface. For m prime and at least 7, it has previously been shown that in fact G(m) does triangulate a surface, and in fact does so as a “covering with folds” of the original triangulation. For m = 5, this would be a consequence of Tutte's 5‐Flow Conjecture. In this work, we investigate the case m = 2 and describe simple classes of triangulations G for which G(2) does have a triangulation that covers G “with folds,” as well as providing a simple infinite class of triangulations G of the sphere for which G(2) does not triangulate any surface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 79–92, 2003
NP completeness of the edge precoloring extension problem on bipartite graphs
Authors: Fiala Jiří
Published: May 2003

We show that the following problem is NP complete: Let G be a cubic bipartite graph and f be a precoloring of a subset of edges of G using at most three colors. Can f be extended to a proper edge 3‐coloring of the entire graph G? This result provides a natural counterpart to classical Holyer's result on edge 3‐colorability of cubic graphs and a strengthening of results on precoloring extension of perfect graphs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 156–160, 2003
A theorem on integer flows on cartesian products of graphs
Authors: Imrich Wilfried , Škrekovski Riste
Published: May 2003

It is shown that the Cartesian product of two nontrivial connected graphs admits a nowhere‐zero 4‐flow. If both factors are bipartite, then the product admits a nowhere‐zero 3‐flow. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 93–98, 2003
Large families of mutually embeddable vertex‐transitive graphs
Authors: Bonato Anthony , Tardif Claude
Published: May 2003

For each infinite cardinal κ, we give examples of 2κ many non‐isomorphic vertex‐transitive graphs of order κ that are pairwise isomorphic to induced subgraphs of each other. We consider examples of graphs with these properties that are also universal, in the sense that they embed all graphs with smaller orders as induced subgraphs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 99–106, 2003
Circular colorings of edge‐weighted graphs
Authors: Mohar Bojan
Published: May 2003

The notion of (circular) colorings of edge‐weighted graphs is introduced. This notion generalizes the notion of (circular) colorings of graphs, the channel assignment problem, and several other optimization problems. For instance, its restriction to colorings of weighted complete graphs corresponds to the traveling salesman problem (metric case). It also gives rise to a new definition of the chromatic number of directed graphs. Several basic results about the circular chromatic number of edge‐weighted graphs are derived. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 107–116, 2003
Line graphs of bipartite graphs with Hamiltonian paths
Authors: Bell Francis K.
Published: May 2003

It is shown that, if t is an integer ≥3 and not equal to 7 or 8, then there is a unique maximal graph having the path Pt as a star complement for the eigenvalue −2. The maximal graph is the line graph of Km,m if t = 2m−1, and of Km,m+1 if t = 2m. This result yields a characterization of L(G ) when G is a (t + 1)‐vertex bipartite graph with a Hamiltonian path. The graphs with star complement Pr ∪ Ps or Pr ∪ Cs for −2 are also determined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 137–149, 2003
On vertex critical graphs with prescribed diameter
Authors: Caccetta L. , EL‐Batanouny S. , Huang J.
Published: May 2003

Let G be connected simple graph with diameter d(G). G is said v+‐critical if d(G−v) is greater than d(G) for every vertex v of G. Let D′ = max {d(G−v) : v ∈ V(G)}. Boals et al. [Congressus Numerantium 72 (1990), 193—198] conjectured that if G is a v+‐critical graph of diameter D, then D′ ≤ 2D − 1. They verified their conjecture for D = 2 and 3. In this paper we show that this conjecture is false for all D ≥ 4 and establish a sharp upper bound for D′. More specifically, we prove that D′ ≤ 3D − 3 for D = 4, 6, 8; and $D^\prime \le 2D + 3 \left\lfloor {{1 \over 2}(D + 1)} \right\rfloor\! - 8$; otherwise. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 117–131, 2003
An algorithm for finding factorizations of complete graphs
Authors: Hilton A. J. W. , Johnson Matthew
Published: May 2003

We show how to find a decomposition of the edge set of the complete graph into regular factors where the degree and edge‐connectivity of each factor is prescribed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 132–136, 2003
Minimum cycle bases of Halin graphs
Authors: Stadler Peter F.
Published: May 2003

Halin graphs are planar 3‐connected graphs that consist of a tree and a cycle connecting the end vertices of the tree. It is shown that all Halin graphs that are not “necklaces” have a unique minimum cycle basis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 150–155, 2003
Identification of calcite grains in the Vaca Muerta mesosiderite by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Rull Perez Fernando , Martinez‐Frias Jesus
Published: May 2003

Within the framework of a detailed micro‐Raman study of Vaca Muerta mesosiderite, the Raman spectra of calcite globules inside the meteorite are reported for the first time. These spectra were compared with spectra of terrestrial calcite of sedimentary, hydrothermal and magmatic origin under the same experimental conditions. Some differences are found in the relative intensities and bandwidths between Vaca Muerta and terrestrial calcite spectra, which cannot be assigned to micro‐crystal orientations effects. The origin of these calcite globules is discussed. Although a secondary mineral process due to terrestrial weathering after the fall can not be completely discarded, two hypotheses are proposed. The first addresses the possibility of the formation of calcite with small structural changes due to shocks at various times in the complex history of the meteorite. The second is related to the very recent discovery of carbonates (calcite and dolomite), not formed by aqueous alteration, in the dust shells of evolved stars. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brillouin study of phase transitions in KNbW2O9 bronze
Authors: Ma̧czka M. , Ko J.‐H. , Kojima S. , Majchrowski A. , Hanuza J.
Published: May 2003

High‐resolution Brillouin spectra of KNbW2O9 crystallizing in the hexagonal bronze structure were obtained for the first time in the temperature range 293–723 K. Weak anomalies in sound velocity were observed for the sound waves corresponding to the c11 elastic constant at 535, 597 and 671 K. Additionally, a strong increase in the intensity of Brillouin lines was observed near 530 K. These anomalies are attributed to phase transitions occurring in the KNbW2O9 crystal between two phases of unknown symmetry (at 535 K), two orthorhombic phases (at 597 K) and between orthorhombic and hexagonal phases (at 671 K). The character of the observed anomalies suggests that the coupling is squared in order parameter and linear in strain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of skin samples from the ‘Tomb of the Two Brothers,’ Khnum‐Nakht and Nekht‐Ankh, XIIth dynasty Egyptian mummies (ca 2000 BC)
Authors: Petersen Susanne , Nielsen Ole Faurskov , Christensen Daniel H. , Edwards Howell G. M. , Farwell Dennis W. , David Rosalie , Lambert Patricia , Gniadecka Monika , Wulf Hans C.
Published: May 2003

Microscopic near‐infrared Fourier transform Raman investigations were performed of skin samples from the Nekht‐Ankh mummy found in the ‘Tomb of the Two Brothers’ in Egypt (ca 2000 BC). Spectra were obtained from various sites on the samples. The lipids and proteins seemed well preserved, although different degrees of protein deterioration were observed. In some spots the protein degradation was rather high. Some sites showed very well preserved protein secondary structures with both helical and sheet contents, indicating that the artificial mummification process had a positive effect although no embalming chemicals were left in those spots. Sodium sulphate was the only artificial chemical that could be detected and the degradation of lipid and protein seemed to be rather high in the region containing sodium sulphate. The Raman spectra of the best preserved skin samples from the Nekht‐Ankh mummy are very similar to those obtained from the best preserved child rock‐cleft mummy (I/2) from Qilakitsoq in Greenland. The conclusion is that the artificial embalming process used by the ancient Egyptians was an efficient way to preserve the mummies even under hot conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra of the peroxochromates (NH4)3[Cr(O2)4], K3[Cr(O2)4] and Rb3[Cr(O2)4]
Authors: Haeuseler H. , Haxhillazi G.
Published: May 2003

The compounds (NH4)3[Cr(O2)4], K3[Cr(O2)4] and Rb3[Cr(O2)4] were prepared and investigated by x‐ray powder methods and Raman and IR spectroscopy. From the powder x‐ray diffraction data it is shown that both (NH4)3[Cr(O2)4] and Rb3[Cr(O2)4] are isotypic to the K3[Cr(O2)4] type (space group I42m, No. 121). The infrared and Raman spectra (recorded on powdered samples) are discussed with respect to the internal vibrations of the peroxo group and the dodecahedral [Cr(O2)4]3− ion. The stretching vibrations of the O22− groups are found at 838 (Raman) and 813 cm−1 (IR). The preparation of the corresponding cesium compound did not succeed as the samples exploded. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotope effects on the Raman spectrum of buckminsterfullerene, C60
Authors: Ren Jie , Page John B. , Menéndez José
Published: May 2003

The Raman spectrum of C60 was calculated for molecular samples containing carbon isotopes with natural abundance. The results confirm experimental results indicating that isotopic perturbations are not an important source of silent‐mode Raman activity. Detailed predictions for the Raman spectrum of C60 in gas phases or isolating matrices are presented. The accuracy of the theoretical calculations was maximized by using experimental vibrational wavenumbers and bond polarizability parameters fitted to experimental data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of silver films over silica beads as a surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for detection of benzoic acid
Authors: Bao Li‐Li , Mahurin Shannon M. , Liang Cheng‐Du , Dai Sheng
Published: May 2003

Surfaces prepared by vacuum depositing silver on silica nanospheres were investigated as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates using benzoic acid as an analyte. The SERS sensitivity of the substrates was probed as a function of substrate parameters, such as silver‐film thickness and silica‐bead dimensions. The SERS signals were found to increase with an increase in silver‐film thickness and silica‐bead diameter until a maximum signal was reached. Additional increases in the film thickness or the bead diameter resulted in a decrease in the SERS signal. Maximum SERS response was obtained with a substrate made by vapor depositing a 6 nm thick coating of silver on a thin layer of silica beads with a nominal diameter of 565 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the substrates was performed to consider the effect of surface morphology on the SERS responses. Optimal SERS substrates exhibited a detection limit of 5 × 10−7 M for adsorbed benzoic acid. A linear relationship was demonstrated between the SERS response and the concentration of benzoic acid with two different slopes, one in the 10−5–10−3 M range and the other in the 10−3–10−1 M range. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of a psychiatric diagnosis on nursing care for nonpsychiatric problems
Authors: McDonald Deborah Dillon , Frakes Michael , Apostolidis Beka , Armstrong Brenda , Goldblatt Stephen , Bernardo Dawn
Published: May 2003

This study was designed to test how patients' psychiatric diagnoses would affect nursing care for medical problems. Sixty nurses were randomly assigned to three groups in this posttest‐only experiment. Control group nurses read a vignette describing a man admitted with a possible myocardial infarction (MI). Nonpsychotic group nurses also read that the person was on alprazolam. Psychotic group nurses read that the person was on haloperidol, benztropine, lorazepam, trazadone, fluoxetine, and lithium. Psychotic group nurses estimated a decreased probability that the patient was having an MI and were less likely to respond to additional possible MI symptoms. An increased awareness of the potential to stereotype medical patients with a history of psychosis might assist nurses when providing care. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26: 225–232, 2003
Detecting acute confusion in older adults: Comparing clinical reasoning of nurses working in acute, long‐term, and community health care environments
Authors: McCarthy Marianne C.
Published: May 2003

In an article on a previous study involving hospitalized older adults (McCarthy, 2003), it was argued that the theory of situated clinical reasoning explains why nurses often fail to recognize acute confusion. Further, the theory illuminates how nurses' perspectives toward health in aging affect the ways they regard and ultimately deal with older people in this particular clinical situation. The purpose of the current study was to challenge and refine the theory by exploring the influence of different care environments on clinical reasoning related to acute confusion. Following a period of participant observation, a purposive sample of 30 nurses, 10 each from a teaching hospital, a long‐term facility, and a home care agency, participated in semistructured interviews. Dimensional analysis provided the methodological framework for data collection and interpretation. The results reinforce prior findings that the ability of nurses to recognize acute confusion and to distinguish it from dementia can be attributed to their personal philosophies about aging. Care environment was identified as a factor that influenced clinical reasoning in limited ways under certain conditions and within certain contexts. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26: 203–212, 2003
Cross‐cultural validation of the stages of the tobacco acquisition questionnaire and the decisional balance scale
Authors: Chen Huey‐Shys , Horner Sharon D. , Percy Melanie S.
Published: May 2003

The first phase in a study of smoking behaviors of 11‐ to 14‐year‐old Taiwanese children was designed to ensure the reliability and validity of newly translated instruments. The stages of the tobacco acquisition questionnaire (STAQ) and the decisional balance scale (DBS) were translated into Chinese, then back‐translated into English. The DBS was adapted based on input from a focus group with young adolescents, reviewed by a panel of experts and laypersons, and pilot‐tested. The next step consisted of administering the instruments to 401 children (ages 11–14 years) for psychometric testing. Factor analysis yielded three components for the STAQ accounting for 57.8% of the total variance, with alphas of the subscales ranging from .85 to .92. The DBS had two components accounting for 59.3% of the total variance, with alphas of .87 and .90 for the subscales. Accuracy of the translated instruments was supported by the psychometric test results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26: 233–243, 2003
Determinants of physical activity and adherence to a 24‐week home‐based walking program in African American and Caucasian women
Authors: Wilbur JoEllen , Michaels Miller Arlene , Chandler Peggy , McDevitt Judith
Published: May 2003

The purposes of this study were to: (a) identify which determinants of physical activity among African American and Caucasian women predict adherence to a 24‐week home‐based walking program; and (b) explore differences between African American and Caucasian women. Participants were 153 working women who were sedentary at leisure. The program included an exercise prescription, instructions, and support. Background determinants included demographics, previous exercise experience, and social role influences. Intrapersonal determinants (self‐efficacy, self‐determinism) were measured at baseline and 24 weeks. Adherence was measured with heart rate monitors and logs. Adherence was significantly higher in Caucasians, those with less previous exercise experience, and those with higher self‐efficacy. Findings suggest that adherence to a walking program is influenced by multiple factors including background and intrapersonal determinants of physical activity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26: 213–224, 2003
Evolution of the caregiving experience in the initial 2 years following stroke
Authors: White Carole L. , Mayo Nancy , Hanley James A. , Wood‐Dauphinee Sharon
Published: May 2003

Relationships between stroke survivor and family caregiver factors and the caregiver's health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and overall quality of life (QoL) were examined in 97 dyads during the first and second years after stroke. Compared to age‐ and sex‐matched population norms, caregivers scored significantly lower on the mental subscales of HRQL, and differences were greater for women than for men. Caregiver characteristics (older age, less burden, and fewer physical symptoms) were associated with better HRQL (mental summary scale) in the first year, with similar findings in the second year. Moderate stroke survivor physical impairment and caregiver characteristics (younger age and better HRQL) were associated with better QoL in the first year. During the second year poorer caregiver physical and mental health and caring for a stroke survivor with communication difficulties were associated with diminished QoL. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26: 177–189, 2003
An alternative paradigm for clinical nursing research: An exemplar
Authors: Sidani Souraya , Epstein Dana R. , Moritz Patricia
Published: May 2003

Effectiveness research is undertaken to evaluate the effects of interventions in achieving desired outcomes when tested in the real‐world conditions of everyday practice. Although the randomized clinical trial (RCT) is considered the gold standard for effectiveness research, its feasibility, generalizability, and the clinical utility of its results are being questioned. This state of the science prompted the call for a paradigm shift, characterized by alternative methods for clinical research. The alternative methods attempt to account for clinical realities when conducting research, with the goal of minimizing discrepancies in the perspective and assumptions underlying practice and research. In this article a theory‐driven approach to intervention evaluation is presented as a viable alternative paradigm for clinical research. The application of this approach demands changes in four aspects of research: participant selection criteria, assignment to treatment options, delivery of the intervention, and selection of outcome measures. The changes are discussed at the conceptual level and illustrated with examples from an ongoing multisite study aimed at determining the usefulness of this theory‐driven approach to intervention evaluation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26: 244–255, 2003
Relationship of social role quality to psychological well‐being in women with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Plach Sandra K. , Heidrich Susan M. , Waite Ruth M.
Published: May 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating and moderating effects of women's social role quality on the psychological well‐being of women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One hundred and fifty‐six women with a diagnosis of RA (M age = 59, SD = 11) completed self‐report measures of arthritis history, physical health, psychological well‐being, and role quality. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that role quality mediated the effects of physical health on depression and purpose in life, moderated the effects of health on depression, and moderated the effects of pain on purpose in life. Women in poor health with high role quality were significantly less depressed than women in poor health with poor role quality. Women with high levels of pain and high role quality had more purpose in life than women with high levels of pain and low role quality. Despite difficulties with their physical health, women who had high role quality had higher levels of psychological well‐being. Findings from this study may aid in the development of meaningful interventions to help women with RA manage their daily lives to optimize well‐being. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26: 190–202, 2003
Antitumour activity and specificity as a function of substitutions in the lipophilic sector of helical lactoferrin‐derived peptide
Authors: Yang Nannan , Lejon Tore , Rekdal Øystein
Published: May 2003

A peptide L5 (PAWRKAFRWAWRMLKKAA), derived from the N‐terminal α‐helical region of bovine lactoferrin (LFB 14–31), that is highly active against several tumour cell lines was reported earlier. In this study, a number of L5 analogues were designed in order to investigate how subsequent replacements of the aromatic amino acids in L5 with three amino acids representing different structural parameters influenced antitumour activity and tumour cell specificity relative to normal human cells. The Trp residues were substituted by Lys, Ile or Ala, while the Phe residue was substituted with Ala. The resulting peptides were investigated for their activity against prokaryotic cells, four tumour cell lines, human lung fibroblasts and human erythrocytes. Most of the peptides were highly active against both E. coli and S. aureus. The peptides were more active against the tumour cell lines than against normal eukaryotic cells but the activity against normal fibroblasts varied more among the peptides than did their antitumour activities. The results revealed that aromatic residues located opposite the cationic sector in L5 were more critical for antitumour activity than were aromatic residues located adjacent to the cationic sector. The biological responses for the peptides against tumour cell lines, fibroblasts, S. aureus (but not E. coli), were highly correlated with the amino acid descriptors used in our QSAR model. The result obtained from the QSAR study identified specific structural features that were important for lytic activity and membrane specificity. Certain structural properties in positions 3, 9 and 11 were shown to be important for antitumour activity, while additional structural properties in position 7 were found to be important with respect to tumour cell specificity. This information may offer a possibility for de novo design of an antitumour peptide with an improved therapeutic index. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some ideas for QFT research
Authors: Horowitz Isaac
Published: May 2003

Feedback theory is much less popular now than 5 years ago. However, there is little question that the problem of achieving desired system tolerances from uncertain plants, at minimum cost of feedback, will remain an important, enduring one for many future generations. Although much progress has been made, it is minuscule in comparison with the extent of the problem. The purpose here is to suggest some significant QFT research problems, some tantalizingly on the boundary of the unknown. There have been in the past many suggestions for improvements in feedback synthesis. Most e.g. the Smith Regulator (Int. J. Control 1983;38:977) have been illusory, because they were formulated in a qualitative context, without the disciplines of quantitative uncertainty and performance specifications, degrees of freedom, sensor noise, plant modification, etc. Without such disciplines, it is impossible to properly evaluate competing techniques. The reader is referred to the 1991 Survey paper for some background, Horowitz (Int. J. Control 1991;53(2):255). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some peculiarities of load sharing control
Authors: Eitelberg Eduard
Published: May 2003

In the recently published book, ‘Load Sharing Control’ (Eitelberg, 1999), a frequency domain, loop‐by‐loop load sharing control system design methodology was developed and demonstrated with engineering examples. A number of new concepts were introduced in order to characterize some peculiarities that are not relevant in single‐loop control systems, or have been overlooked in the general multivariable control system theory. Some of these concepts and peculiarities are introduced and explained in this paper with a minimum of technical detail. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of the Aero‐Electric Power Station—an exciting QFT application for the 21st century
Authors: Gutman Per‐Olof , Horesh Eran , Guetta Rami , Borshchevsky Michael
Published: May 2003

The Aero‐Electric Power Station is the ultimate solar power station, utilizing the dry, hot air of Earth's desert zones. By spraying water at the top of e.g. a 1200 m tall chimney with a diameter of 400 m, the air is cooled by evaporation and flows downwards through turbines at the bottom, generating 380 MW of net electric power. The Aero‐Electric Power Station is still in the planning stage, and this paper belongs to a long series of feasibility studies.

The current ‘truth’ model of the Aero‐Electric Power Station is a one‐dimensional partial differential equation model. The external slowly changing weather, defined as the mean air pressures, temperatures and humidity at the top and bottom of the tower, determines the optimal operating point, i.e. the optimal water spray flow and turbine velocity that give the largest net power. The gross power produced by the turbine is partly delivered to the grid and partly to pump sea water to spray water reservoirs. The reservoirs make it possible to use the pumping power and the spray flow rate as control.

Wind changes cause significant deviations from the mean external air pressures, requiring closed loop regulation to keep the rotor velocity constant. The Aero‐Electric Power Station may be modelled as an uncertain, unstable irrational transfer function, with two disturbances (external air pressure deviations at top and bottom), two control variables (turbine power and spray flow), and one output (rotor velocity), without a cascaded structure, giving rise to a robust load sharing control problem.

A robust linear feedback regulator is designed by QFT, in such a way that the load of regulation is shared between the two control inputs. A closed loop step response simulation for one operating condition, using the ‘truth’ model, demonstrates the design. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐filter design for tracking error specifications in QFT
Authors: Boje Edward
Published: May 2003

This note shows how the pre‐filter may be designed in quantitative feedback design of single‐input, single‐output systems with tracking error specifications (Eitelberg, Automatica, 2000; 36(2):319). The method uses gain and phase information for the pre‐filter design. The design is conveniently performed on the log polar complex plane using standard CAD tools. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous meeting of robust control specifications in QFT
Authors: Gil‐Martínez M. , García‐Sanz M.
Published: May 2003

Simultaneous meeting of different‐nature feedback control specifications requires special attention, particularly in the presence of uncertainties. This paper introduces some ideas to obtain a feasible set of QFT bounds, analysing the compatibility of the desired control specifications and the model uncertainty. It studies general robust feedback requirements and their mapping on QFT bounds through quadratic inequalities. Analysing them, it is possible to infer the bound typology with dependence on the model of each particular specification and the uncertainty size. Two bound typologies (amongst three categories: upper, outer and lower bounds) are possible for each type of control objective. On this basis, some general hints are established to guarantee compatible bounds at each frequency, before designing the controller. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of linear time‐invariant equivalent plants for nonlinear continuous‐time and sampled‐data systems
Authors: Nataraj P. S. V. , Kotecha K.
Published: May 2003

In this paper, a technique is presented for constructing the so‐called linear time‐invariant equivalent (LTIE) plants used in the nonlinear quantitative feed back theory (QFT) approach. The proposed technique is applicable equally well to both continuous‐time and sampled‐data nonlinear plants described by nonlinear integro‐differential equation and nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (NARMAX) models, respectively. The technique uses inclusion function and interval integration tools of interval analysis. A nonlinear chemical reactor example is used to illustrate the procedure for both nonlinear continuous‐time and sampled‐data systems, and found to yield satisfactory results in both cases. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QFT control design for an approximately linearized pneumatic positioning system
Authors: Xiang Fulin , Wikander Jan
Published: May 2003

A block‐oriented approximate feedback linearization for control of a pneumatic cylinder positioning system is introduced and a rather detailed discussion is presented on the uncertain linearization residual characterization. It is shown that making use of the characterized gain–phase information of the linearized system leads to a more reasonable trade‐off between performance and stability in the QFT control design and thus results in high control performance. Simulation and experimental results are shown. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture‐induced reconstruction of a chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) surface
Authors: Klauber Craig
Published: May 2003

Two factors contributing to the high binding energy asymmetry of the S 2p XPS peak for virginal chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) surfaces have been identified. The Cu, Fe and S 2p spectra of freshly fractured surfaces of chalcopyrite have been found to display a loss feature at ∼2.6 eV that is attributed to an interband transition S 3p → Fe 3d, from occupied S levels to unoccupied Fe levels. For leached chalcopyrite systems, intensity on that side of the S 2p peak sometimes has been interpreted erroneously in terms of oxidized species such as polysulphides. A second prominent S 2p component has been determined at a binding energy of 161.9 eV and identified as the sulphide dimer S22−. With supporting evidence, a simultaneous surface reconstruction and redox reaction model has been developed for the fracturing of chalcopyrite, leading to an exposed surface phase of about two layers thick with a 50% pyritic content. The pyritic nature of the fractured chalcopyrite surface has implications for understanding the leaching chemistry of chalcopyrite. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dielectric and mechanical properties of anodic films in the Ta–Ti system
Authors: Mato S. , Alcalá G. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. , Mann A. B. , Masheder D. , Habazaki H. , Shimizu K.
Published: May 2003

Anodic oxidation at high efficiency of sputtering‐deposited Ta–Ti alloys containing 0.6–40 at.% Ti is shown to result in amorphous films comprising a relatively thin outer layer of TiO2‐based material and an inner layer consisting of units of TiO2 and Ta2O5. The two layers develop due to the faster migration of Ti4+ ions in the inner layer relative to that of Ta5+ ions. The formation ratios for the various films are in the approximate range 1.6–1.9 nm V−1. The dielectric constants of the films are ∼28, which is a similar value to that of anodic tantala. Nanoindentation revealed that the elastic modulus and hardness of the films are essentially independent of film composition, with average values of 134 and 5.3 GPa, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grain boundary diffusion coefficients in gold–nickel thin films
Authors: Abdul‐Lettif Ahmed M.
Published: May 2003

Polycrystalline gold–nickel thin films are deposited on silicon (111) wafers by evaporation in a vacuum of 2 × 10−6 mbar. Concentration profiles of heat‐treated specimens are obtained by Auger electron depth profiling. The heat treatments are carried out in a vacuum furnace of 4 × 10−6 mbar in the temperature interval 473–773 K. The grain boundary diffusion coefficient is determined, using a modified Wipple model, to be (3 × 10−4 cm2 s−1) exp (−0.94 eV kT−1). It is concluded that interdiffusion in the investigated system is characterized by type B kinetics, and that grain boundary diffusion plays a dominant role in the mass transport process of such films. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evidence of the reversibility of the first stage of protein adsorption at a hydrophobic quartz surface near the isoelectric point
Authors: Santos Jose H. , Matsuda Naoki , Qi Zhi‐mei , Yoshida Takamitsu , Takatsu Akiko , Kato Kenji
Published: May 2003

The reversibility of the first stage of adsorption of zwitterionic cytochrome c on a hydrophobic quartz surface was investigated using time‐resolved slab optical waveguide (SOWG) absorption spectroscopy. Using a novel prism‐free broadband coupling approach, absorbance data were collected successfully at a 50 ms time interval during the first few seconds after solution–surface contact. Near the isoelectric point where the cytochrome c molecules possess a net charge of zero and hence cannot be influenced by an electric field, the speed at which adsorption proceeded was found to be dependent on cytochrome c concentration as well as on surface hydrophobicity. It was also observed that the degree of protein adsorption increased as the surface hydrophobicity was increased. Within 6 s the adsorption process appeared to be reversible, as revealed by extremely low chi‐squared values when the absorbance data were fitted into the reversible Langmuir‐type kinetic model. The standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption was also calculated from the absorbance data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of non‐woven fabric fibre using an ion and electron multibeam microanalyser
Authors: Takanashi K. , Shibata K. , Sakamoto T. , Owari M. , Nihei Y.
Published: May 2003

Non‐woven fabric can have various functions by adding different additives to the fibre. The size of this fibre ranges from a few to a few tens of microns in diameter. In order to develop a more efficient and a longer‐life non‐woven fabric, three‐dimensional distribution of additives in the non‐woven fabric fibres is required. Owing to the spindly shape of this fibre, however, it is difficult to obtain the precise elemental distribution inside the fibre with a conventional method. Thus, a new three‐dimensional microanalysis method has been developed. One of the features of this new method is its applicability to the arbitrary‐shaped samples. According to the concept of this method, an ion and electron multibeam microanalyser has been manufactured. In this paper, the results of the application of this apparatus to the non‐woven fabric fibres are described. Focused ion beam‐induced secondary electron images and time‐of‐flight SIMS spectra and maps indicate that calcium, which is believed to have a similar distribution to Chimassorb 944 as an additive, is concentrated near the voids. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titanium‐implanted CaTiO3 films and their changes in Hanks' solution
Authors: Asami K. , Saito K. , Ohtsu N. , Nagata S. , Hanawa T.
Published: May 2003

Titanium‐implanted CaTiO3 film was prepared and then characterized by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) before and after immersion in Hanks' solution for 7 days. An as‐prepared specimen contained a small amount of Ar implanted during sputtering, although the pressure was as low as 10−4 Torr. Even though Ar convolution increased with an increase in the relative Ti ion dose, most of the convoluted Ar was not from the Ar gas used for Ti ion production but rather was from the Ar gas used for sputtering the CaTiO3. During Ti implantation, the CaTiO3 films were ion‐etched by Ti ions. The composition of the CaTiO3 film was not changed to any great degree by the Ti implantation, however its properties changed considerably. After immersion in Hanks' solution, the thickness of the specimen not implanted with Ti decreased the most whereas the [Ca]/[P] ratio, which was nearly unity before exposure, decreased significantly, becoming 0.23 on the Ti‐implanted specimen prepared at 200 W and 0.13 on the Ti‐implanted specimen prepared at 50 W. It was also observed by XPS that the ratio [Ca]/[P] was ∼1.9 for all Ti‐implanted specimens after immersion in Hanks' solution for 7 days. Judging from the binding energies of Ca 2p3/2 and P 2p electrons and the [Ca]/[P] ratio, it was suggested that a hydroxyapatite‐like substance had formed on the surfaces of the Ti‐implanted specimens after immersion in Hanks' solution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of photosensitive alignment layer based on ladder‐like polysilsequioxane liquid‐crystal devices using atomic force microscopy/force curve
Authors: Zhu C. F. , Shang G. Y. , Li B. S. , Wang C. , Cui L. , Xie P. , Zhang R. B.
Published: May 2003

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)/force curve measurements were used to study the photochemical process of UV‐treated (0, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min) organic thin films that were prepared from azobenzene and cinnamate side‐chain co‐grafted ladder‐like polysilsequioxanes (LPS). The morphological data of the thin films describe the changing process on the surface of the thin film. The statistical results of the adhesion force of the thin films further demonstrate the intermolecular characteristics of the thin films. A photosensitive thin film after UV exposure for 20 min would be a better material with a preferred orientation that can be used to make liquid‐crystal devices. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Static SIMS studies of carboxylic acids on gold and aluminium–magnesium alloy surfaces
Authors: Miller D. J. , Sun L. , Walzak M. J. , Mclntyre N. S. , Chvedov D. , Rosenfeld A.
Published: May 2003

Static secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to study the surface reactions and lateral distributions of fatty carboxylic acid molecules on sputter‐deposited gold and aluminium surfaces, as well as commercial aluminium–magnesium alloy surfaces, cleaned using UV/ozone. Films were prepared by spin coating dilute solutions of stearic acid and lauric acid onto the above surfaces. These carboxylic acids were shown to react with the oxide formed on the aluminium and aluminum–magnesium alloy substrates to produce a deprotonated acid anion, stabilized by the formation of a magnesium soap on the aluminium–magnesium alloy surface. Secondary ion imaging of stearic acid films revealed the formation of C‐type crystals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential segregation of Sn and Sb in a Cu(111) single crystal
Authors: Asante J. K. O. , Roos W. D. , Terblans J. J.
Published: May 2003

The sequential segregation of Sn and Sb to the surface of a Cu(111) single crystal was measured in the temperature range 400–1100 K by Auger electron spectroscopy. It was found that Sn with the higher diffusion coefficient first segregates to the surface and then is replaced by the slower‐segregating Sb. The results were fitted by a ternary segregation model yielding segregation energies (ΔGSn= 76.3 kJ mol−1, ΔGSb= 95.9 kJ mol−1), interaction parameters (ΩSnCu= 3.8 kJ mol−1, ΩSbCu= 16.2 kJ mol−1, ΩSnSb= −5.3 kJ mol−1) and diffusion coefficients (D0(Sn)= 1.8 × 10−5m2s−1,ESn= 173 kJ mol−1,D0(Sb)= 6.0 × 10−5m2s−1,ESb= 205 kJ mol−1) for both species. The validity of the interaction coefficients and segregation energies was verified using the Guttman equations for equilibrium segregation in ternary systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface analysis of plasma‐treated polydimethylsiloxane by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface voltage decay
Authors: Youn Bok‐Hee , Huh Chang‐Su
Published: May 2003

Surface states of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) treated by plasma were investigated by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface voltage decay. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a silica‐like (SiOx, x = 3–4) oxidative surface layer. This layer increased in thickness with increasing exposure duration of plasma. Plasma exposure lowers the surface resistivity from 1.78 × 1014 to 1.09 × 1013 Ω □−1 with increasing plasma treatment time. By measuring the decay time constant of surface voltage, the calculated surface resistivity was compared with the value measured directly by a voltage–current method; good agreement between the two methods was obtained. It was observed that plasma treatment led to a decrease in the thermal activation energy of the surface conduction from 31.0 kJ mol−1 for an untreated specimen to 21.8 kJ mol−1 for a plasma‐treated specimen for 1 h. Our results allow the examination of effects of plasma on the electrical properties of PDMS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicochemical characterization of biological glass coatings
Authors: Barbotteau Y. , Irigaray J. L. , Jallot E.
Published: May 2003

Metallic implants are widely used in orthopaedic surgery but metal release has been reported by several authors. High metallic ion concentration in surrounding tissues may play a major role in therapeutic failure. We have investigated in vivo and in vitro two biological glasses (BVA and BVH) used as coatings of metal implants. Physicochemical characterization was made by several complementary methods, particularly particle induced x‐ray emission (PIXE) and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS) associated with electronic microscopy. Analyses clearly show the differences of behaviour between both glasses. The BVA glass is bioactive, i.e. it develops a direct chemical bond between prosthesis and bone by the formation of a calcium phosphate layer at its surface. These structural and compositional modifications are caused by hydrolysis of the glass. After its dissolution BVA glass is replaced by bone, which ensures better integration of the implant in the bone site. The BVH glass is not bioactive and is used as a cement to isolate the metal implant from the biological environment, but the coating disaggregates with implantation time and glass grains migrate through the bony lacuna network. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical linear models for the development of growth curves: an example with body mass index in overweight/obese adults
Authors: Heo Moonseong , Faith Myles S. , Mott John W. , Gorman Bernard S. , Redden David T. , Allison David B.
Published: May 2003

When data are available on multiple individuals measured at multiple time points that may vary in number or inter‐measurement interval, hierarchical linear models (HLM) may be an ideal option. The present paper offers an applied tutorial on the use of HLM for developing growth curves depicting natural changes over time. We illustrate these methods with an example of body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) among overweight and obese adults. We modelled among‐person variation in BMI growth curves as a function of subjects' baseline characteristics. Specifically, growth curves were modelled with two‐level observations, where the first level was each time point of measurement within each individual and the second level was each individual. Four longitudinal databases with measured weight and height met the inclusion criteria and were pooled for analysis: the Framingham Heart Study (FHS); the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT); the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey I (NHANES‐I) and its follow‐up study; and the Tecumseh Mortality Follow‐up Study (TMFS). Results indicated that significant quadratic patterns of the BMI growth trajectory depend primarily upon a combination of age and baseline BMI. Specifically, BMI tends to increase with time for younger people with relatively moderate obesity (25 BMI <30) but decrease for older people regardless of degree of obesity. The gradients of these changes are inversely related to baseline BMI and do not substantially depend on gender. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.