bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nalunaq Guldminen - på femte år
Authors: Dahl Ole
Published: February 2016

I det sydvestlige Grønland, knap 40 km fra Nanortalik, ligger en fantastisk smuk dal, Kirkespirdalen. Den har sit navn efter den karakteristiske fjeldtop Kirkespiret. Toppen er med sine 1.590 m.o.h. et af de højeste fjelde i Sydgrønland. I denne dal har der siden maj 2004 været drevet minedrift 24 timer i døgnet. Det er Nalunaq Guldminen, Grønlands første guldmine, som langsomt sprænger sig vej gennem bjerget.
Klimamodeller og vanddamp
Authors: Langen Peter L.
Published: February 2016

Ole Humlum kritiserer i GeologiskNyt 2/2008 moderne klimamodeller for deres behandling af vanddamp og hele den hydrologiske cycklus. Kritikken virker noget forfejlet, idet den ser ud til at bygge på en række misforståelser. Jeg giver her en mere præcis beskrivelse af emnet.
Rend mig i traditionerne
Authors: Marcussen Ib , Østergaard Troels V.
Published: February 2016

I GeologiskNyt nr. 2 fra dette år bragte vi to indlæg om jordartskortet – et kortere debatindlæg og et længere svar. Denne artikel er et svar på det lange indlæg fra nr. 2
Hvorfor læse geologi? - rundspørge blandt de nye studerende
Authors: Hjuler Ulla V.
Published: February 2016

Hvad får en nyudklækket student til at vælge geologi på Aarhus universitet? Vi har stillet de nye geologi/geoteknologi-studerende 10 spørgsmål.
Kontinentale spændinger - matematiske modeller leverer ny viden
Authors: Hansen David Lundbeck , Nielsen Søren Bom
Published: February 2016

Indtil nu har geologer antaget, at hævningsfaserne i de sedimentære bassiner var ledsaget af en samtidig øget tektonisk aktivitet ved pladeranden, men nye computersimulationer har nu vist, at bassinerne også hæves, når den tektoniske aktivitet er på retur.
På studierejse i Toscana - tværfaglig beskrivelse af en italiensk region
Authors: Sundberg Per S.
Published: February 2016

Bogen “På studierejse i Toscana” kan anvendes til undervisningsbrug, men kan også benyttes af private rejsende, der gerne vil forberede sig på at møde en af Italiens smukke regioner.
Iltsvind - ny bog fra miljøBibliotek 4
Authors: Sundberg Per S.
Published: February 2016

Sidst i august 2004 er der udkommet en ny bog, Iltsvind, i rækken af bøger fra MiljøBiblioteket. Bogen fortæller om de biologiske mekanismer der fører til iltsvind, og hvad der sker under et iltsvind. Endvidere rummer den en analyse af de forhold, der fører til problemerne. Meget apropos fortæller den seneste iltsvindsrapport fra DMU, at der er usædvanligt kraftigt iltsvind i store dele af Bælthavet
Hvornår er man immobil? - og er geologerne kun til dinoer og vulkaner
Authors: Plesner Susanne
Published: February 2016

Efter at have læst artiklen om immobile og uvillige geologer i GeologiskNyt 3/04 føler jeg mig nødsaget til at tage til genmæle. Det undrer mig, at så veluddannede mennesker på nogle områder tilsyneladende ikke formår at tænke ud over egne rækker. Lad mig uddybe nedenfor.
Norges fjelde - og de geologiske kendsgerninger
Authors: Japsen Peter , Bonow Johan M. , Chalmers James , Rasmussen Erik Skovbjerg
Published: February 2016

Hvorfor der er bjerge i Norge? For at kunne besvare dette tilsyneladende simple spørgsmål, må man først fi nde ud af, hvornår bjergene blev til bjerge. Er de gamle og skabt af kolliderende kontinenter, eller er de unge og dannet af aktive (men måske dårligt forståede) kræfter i Jordens indre?
Vulkanferie i Ungarn
Authors: Laursen Steen
Published: February 2016

En uges familieferie i et tiptop moderne ungarsk sommerhus proppet med legetøj har sin egen charme. Godt vejr, god tid, ungarsk mad på bål, og ungerne elsker det hele. Men en god ferie kræver mere end familien og en nabohøne, som ligner Archaeopteryx.
G. O. Andrup - en visionær vandmand
Authors: Linderberg Johan
Published: February 2016

Social og miljømæssig ansvarlighed, visioner og rationalisering var ting, der kendetegnede G.O. Andrup, tidligere direktør for Odense Vandforsyning. Hans livslange kamp for et bedre grundvandsmiljø fortsætter nu i kraft af en ny grundvandspris.
Nyt boringsudstyr betaler sig - ny boringsservicevogn klarer det meste
Authors: Linderberg Johan
Published: February 2016

Det kan være en kostelig og tidskrævende affære at udføre boringsundersøgelser. Med en ny boringsservicevogn kan Odense Vandselskab nu selv foretage omfattende undersøgelser på bare én arbejdsdag.
Houfeng didong yi - historien om Verdens første seismometer
Authors: Hjuler Morten L.
Published: February 2016

Man tager en halvstor krukke, 8 drager, 8 tudser, 8 kugler og tilsætter en smule ingeniørmæssig snilde – og vupti! Så har man et velfungerende seismometer.
Naturhistorisk Guide - ny spændende hjemmeside
Authors: Hjuler Ulla V.
Published: February 2016

En ny og informativ naturhistorisk hjemmeside samler en masse gode links til hele spektret af naturvidenskab. Her får man lynhurtigt en masse gode informationer.
Fra altings oprindelse - til livets opståen
Authors: Haack Henning , Jørgensen Uffe Gråe , Andersen Anja , Bizarro Martin , Buchwald Vagn Fabritius
Published: February 2016

Hvor kommer vi fra, hvordan er Jorden og resten af Solsystemet blevet til? Hvornår skabtes alting, og hvordan er det gået til, at vi i dag befinder os på en planet kredsende omkring en stjerne, vi har valgt at kalde Solen?
Tropiske orkaner - påvirkning af fremtidens geologi
Authors: Petersen Gunver Krarup
Published: February 2016

Den tropiske orkan Katrina blev mest kendt for sine ødelæggelser af flere byer ikke mindst New Orleans – og naturligvis for de over 1.200 omkomne, den var skyld i. Men hvad sker der rent geologisk – kan en voldsom orkan iagttages i en lagsøjle i eftertiden?
CryoSat - braste forventninger
Authors: Tonboe Rasmus T. , Toudal Leif , Andersen Søren , Gill Rashpal S.
Published: February 2016

I løbet af de seneste 30 år er både tykkelsen af den arktiske havis og udbredelsen, specielt om sommeren, mindsket. Gennemsnittet af den årlige udbredelse er mindsket med 8 % svarende til et areal på størrelse med Skandinavien (Danmark, Norge, Sverige og Finland), mens sommerudbredelsen er reduceret med 15-20 %. I 2005 målte man den mindste sommerudbredelse af den Arktiske havis nogensinde. Tykkelsen er reduceret med mindst 10-15 %.
Magnetiske poler på ilmarch - polvending under opsejling?
Authors: Stauning Peter
Published: February 2016

Er vi på vej mod en polvending? For 780.000 år siden byttede de magnetiske poler plads – er det ved at ske igen? Den nyeste internationale model for Jordens magnetfelt, IGRF2005, som netop nu gøres klar, og som skal anvendes fra 2005 til 2010, viser store forandringer af feltet. Magnetfeltet svækkes, og de magnetiske poler er på ilmarch. Kan vi nu være på vej mod en polvending?
Jorden - Illustreret opslagsværk
Authors: Kristiansen Sonny O. T.
Published: February 2016

Vejret, Skove, Gletsjere, Ørkener, Bjerge, Oceaner, Vulkaner, Søer, Klima, Vådområder, Have, Kyster, Tektonik. Sådan præsenteres den danske oversættelse af James F. Luhrs rigt illustrerede opslagværket om Jorden, og som det fremgår af nøgleordsopremsningen, er dette en bog om jorden set i et geo-perspektiv. Eller mere præcist et tekstet billedleksikon om Jorden med hovedvægten lagt på geologiske fænomener.
GeologiskNyts nye hjemmeside - nu med daglige nyheder
Authors: Laursen Steen
Published: February 2016

GeologiskNyts hjemmeside har i et stykke tid været nedprioriteret, men den er nu genopstået i ny og aktiv form. Bl.a kan man nu læse presseklip, og et forum for åben debat på siden er undervejs.
Vandbehandling - fra regnvand til drikkevand
Authors: Blandfort J. C. , Pedersen Knud
Published: February 2016

Da Harald Blåtand (911-987) arvede tronen efter sin fader Gorm den Gamle og samlede og kristnede danerne, havde man også regnvejr i Danmark. En del af regnen sivede ned i undergrunden og dannede grundvand, som man i nutiden indvinder i 85 meters dybde ved Rugballegård uden for Horsens by og renser ved traditionel dansk vandværksbehandling for at levere det som drikkevand til Horsens bys indbyggere. Der er således tale om forurenet grundvand.
Hullet ved Vorbasse - tektonik i spil som landskabsdannende faktor
Authors: Sørensen Inga
Published: February 2016

I omkring 150 år har vi i Danmark haft kort med højdekurver, der tydeligt viser os detaljerne i landskabets overflade. Igennem stort set lige så mange år har vi diskuteret, hvordan denne overfl ade kan være opstået, dvs. hvilke kræfter der har formet bakker og dale samt alle de øvrige landskabselementer, vi kender i naturen. I artiklen her fokuseres på lavninger i landskabet – specielt en ny lavning, der pludselig kom til syne på en mark ved Vorbasse for snart 15 år siden.
Optimeret 3D-modellering - nye muligheder for databaseintegrering
Authors: Scharling Peter
Published: February 2016

Igennem mange år har GEUS stået for indsamling og vedligeholdelse af den nationale boringsdatabase, Jupiter, der i dag indeholder over 240.000 boringer. Denne er nu suppleret med den nationale geofysiske database, Gerda, der indeholder borehulslogs, overfladegeofysisk samt i nær fremtid også seismik.
Vulkansk aktivitet - sidste halvdel af 2008
Authors: Plesner Susanne
Published: February 2016

Endnu et år er nu gået, og det er tid til at lave en lille status over, hvad der er sket på vulkanfronten. Der er selvfølgelig til stadighed aktivitet rundt omkring, og ser man på året som helhed, har alle verdensdele nævnt nedenfor været repræsenteret i “aktivitetskalenderen”.
Livets udvikling - 4 milliarder års evolutionshistorie A-Å
Authors: Hansen Mogens K.
Published: February 2016

I foråret 2006 udkom bogen “Livets udvikling”, der bl.a. går i dybden med evolutionshistorien. Bogen tager udgangspunkt i en tidligere udgivelse fra 1957, Fortidsdyr i farver. En af bogens forcer er en stor opslagsdel – alt i alt en rigtigt god bog, vurderer anmelderen.
Andre processer på Jorden - hvordan computernørder tror, det sker
Authors: Laursen Steen
Published: February 2016

Videnskaben er under pres. Andre har deres ideer om, hvordan det hele hænger sammen, og hvilke processer der former jorden. Astrologer, krystalhealere og kloge koner kommer med stadigt fl ere bud på teorier, som en forsker så kan bruge sin tid på at bekræfte eller forkaste. Men de sjoveste er alligevel computernørderne.
Horsens Fjord - område med mangfoldige geologiske interesser
Authors: Stockmarr Tove
Published: February 2016

I foregående artikel beskrev vi Århus Amts nye hjemmeside om geologiske og landskabelige interesseområder i amtet. Denne artikel er et eksempel på én af de lokaliteter, man kan finde på hjemmesiden.
Arsen i dansk drikkevand - et undervurderet sporstof
Authors: Kristiansen Søren M. , Nørnberg Per , Ramsay Loren
Published: February 2016

Epidemiologiske undersøgelser har vist, at grundstoffet arsen selv i små mængder kan forårsage alvorlige sygdomme. Grænseværdien i drikkevand er derfor sænket til en femtedel af den tidligere værdi. Det giver en del problemer for grundvandet som drikkevandsressource.
De ferske vandes kulturhistorie i Danmark - brugen af de ferske vådområder gennem tiderne
Authors: Sundberg Per S.
Published: February 2016

Formålet med “De ferske vandes kulturhistorie i Danmark” er at give en samlet beskrivelse af den kulturhistorie, som knytter sig til de danske vådområder. Bogen er opbygget af en række artikler skrevet af forskellige fagfolk og eksperter.
La réhabilitation des rivières urbaines au Québec
Authors: Castonguay Stéphane
Published: February 2016

Depuis les années 1970, des mobilisations citoyennes et des interventions gouvernementales donnent lieu à une série de projets de décontamination et de réhabilitation des rivières urbaines. Prenant place dans un contexte de montée des préoccupations environnementales, ces projets semblent signaler une reconquête des fronts d’eau par une population urbaine qui en aurait été privée par le passé. Dans cet article, nous examinons les relations que les populations urbaines entretiennent envers leurs environnements fluviaux dans le temps long pour deux tributaires situés de part et d’autre du fleuve Saint-Laurent et qui traversent deux villes de taille moyenne du Québec : Shawinigan, pour la rivière Saint-Maurice, sur la rive nord, et Drummondville, pour la rivière Saint-François, sur la rive sud. Par cette démarche, nous souhaitons montrer la façon dont les types de relations que les populations entretiennent avec les rivières, plutôt que de se succéder dans le temps, se juxtaposent. De même, nous souhaitons dégager les facteurs qui modulent l’intensité des mobilisations entourant le processus continuel d’appropriation des berges et des cours d’eau.
Le Up and down de Tracadie-Sheila, Nouveau-Brunswick. Un rituel automobile au coeur de la ville
Authors: Mclaughlin Gilbert , Traisnel Christophe
Published: February 2016

Cette étude est une recherche ethnographique au coeur d’un « rituel automobile » unique en son genre, le up and down. Agençant la promenade et la rencontre, cette activité de rassemblement marginal dans le nord-est du Nouveau-Brunswick est un exemple de la rencontre de l’automobile et du social. Par-delà l’ethnographie de ce phénomène social, l’objectif est de s’interroger sur l’origine, la nature, le contenu et l’enjeu de ces « rituels sociaux » de la modernité individualiste. On cherche alors à illustrer comment peut se structurer dans ses diverses dimensions – communautaires, identitaires ou politiques – un véritable « rituel moderne ». À l’heure où les anciennes formes d’échanges sociaux sont ébranlées, on souhaite rendre intelligible l’évolution des rituels sociaux qui se sont adaptés à la modernité. En étudiant l’activité du up and down, on espère parvenir à une meilleure compréhension de la voiture comme véritable objet social.
A feedback mechanism converts individual cell features into a supracellular ECM structure in Drosophila trachea
Authors: Öztürk-Çolak Arzu , Moussian Bernard , Araújo Sofia J , Casanova Jordi
Published: February 2016

The extracellular matrix (ECM), a structure contributed to and commonly shared by many cells in an organism, plays an active role during morphogenesis. Here, we used the Drosophila tracheal system to study the complex relationship between the ECM and epithelial cells during development. We show that there is an active feedback mechanism between the apical ECM (aECM) and the apical F-actin in tracheal cells. Furthermore, we reveal that cell-cell junctions are key players in this aECM patterning and organisation and that individual cells contribute autonomously to their aECM. Strikingly, changes in the aECM influence the levels of phosphorylated Src42A (pSrc) at cell junctions. Therefore, we propose that Src42A phosphorylation levels provide a link for the ECM environment to ensure proper cytoskeletal organisation.
Establishing a Professionalism Score in an Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Curriculum
Authors: Snider Karen T.
Published: February 2016

As osteopathic medical education shifts to competency-based learning, course curriculums must adapt to measure behavioral milestones in addition to traditional knowledge and technical skills. Of the core competencies, medical professionalism or lack thereof has been shown to correlate with future state disciplinary board action; therefore, early identification of poor professionalism and intervention is imperative. However, performance indicators, such as humanistic behavior and primacy of patient need, are difficult to measure in most first- and second-year medical school courses. Therefore, A.T. Still University–Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine developed a rubric to objectively measure professionalism within the first- and second-year osteopathic manipulative medicine curriculum. The rubric assesses such measures as timeliness and professional appearance. In the present article, the author describes the grading rubric and the methods for implementing a professionalism score within an osteopathic manipulative medicine curriculum.
First-principles theory of Si(110)-(16 × 2) surface reconstruction for unveiling origin of pentagonal scanning tunneling microscopy images
Authors: Yamasaki Takahiro , Kato Koichi , Uda Tsuyoshi , Yamamoto Takenori , Ohno Takahisa
Published: February 2016

The origin of the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) zigzag chain structures composed of pairs of pentagons on the Si(110)-(16 × 2) surface is unveiled through the first-principles calculation method. Stable Si(110) surface structures, on both flat and stepped surfaces, have been discovered. The energy gain of the stable step structure is larger than those of previously proposed models by 5.0 eV/(16 × 2) cell or more. The structure consists of buckled tetramers, heptagonal rings, tetragonal rings, and threefold-coordinated Si atoms, but no pentagonal rings. It reproduces the experimental STM images only when frequent flip-floppings of the buckled tetramers at room temperature are considered.
Auditory ERP response to successive stimuli in infancy
Authors: Chen Ao , Peter Varghese , Burnham Denis
Published: February 2016

Background.Auditory Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are useful for understanding early auditory development among infants, as it allows the collection of a relatively large amount of data in a short time. So far, studies that have investigated development in auditory ERPs in infancy have mainly used single sounds as stimuli. Yet in real life, infants must decode successive rather than single acoustic events. In the present study, we tested 4-, 8-, and 12-month-old infants’ auditory ERPs to musical melodies comprising three piano notes, and examined ERPs to each individual note in the melody.Methods.Infants were presented with 360 repetitions of a three-note melody while EEG was recorded from 128 channels on the scalp through a Geodesic Sensor Net. For each infant, both latency and amplitude of auditory components P1 and N2 were measured from averaged ERPs for each individual note.Results.Analysis was restricted to response collected at frontal central site. For all three notes, there was an overall reduction in latency for both P1 and N2 over age. For P1, latency reduction was significant from 4 to 8 months, but not from 8 to 12 months. N2 latency, on the other hand, decreased significantly from 4 to 8 to 12 months. With regard to amplitude, no significant change was found for either P1 or N2. Nevertheless, the waveforms of the three age groups were qualitatively different: for the 4-month-olds, the P1–N2 deflection was attenuated for the second and the third notes; for the 8-month-olds, such attenuation was observed only for the middle note; for the 12-month-olds, the P1 and N2 peaks show relatively equivalent amplitude and peak width across all three notes.Conclusion.Our findings indicate that the infant brain is able to register successive acoustic events in a stream, and ERPs become better time-locked to each composite event over age. Younger infants may have difficulties in responding to late occurring events in a stream, and the onset response to the late events may overlap with the incomplete response to preceding events.
Ship noise extends to frequencies used for echolocation by endangered killer whales
Authors: Veirs Scott , Veirs Val , Wood Jason D.
Published: February 2016

Combining calibrated hydrophone measurements with vessel location data from the Automatic Identification System, we estimate underwater sound pressure levels for 1,582 unique ships that transited the core critical habitat of the endangered Southern Resident killer whales during 28 months between March, 2011, and October, 2013. Median received spectrum levels of noise from 2,809 isolated transits are elevated relative to median background levels not only at low frequencies (20–30 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz from 100 to 1,000 Hz), but also at high frequencies (5–13 dB from 10,000 to 96,000 Hz). Thus, noise received from ships at ranges less than 3 km extends to frequencies used by odontocetes. Broadband received levels (11.5–40,000 Hz) near the shoreline in Haro Strait (WA, USA) for the entire ship population were 110 ± 7 dB re 1 µPa on average. Assuming near-spherical spreading based on a transmission loss experiment we compute mean broadband source levels for the ship population of 173 ± 7 dB re 1 µPa 1 m without accounting for frequency-dependent absorption. Mean ship speed was 7.3 ± 2.0 m/s (14.1 ± 3.9 knots). Most ship classes show a linear relationship between source level and speed with a slope near +2 dB per m/s (+1 dB/knot). Spectrum, 1/12-octave, and 1/3-octave source levels for the whole population have median values that are comparable to previous measurements and models at most frequencies, but for select studies may be relatively low below 200 Hz and high above 20,000 Hz. Median source spectrum levels peak near 50 Hz for all 12 ship classes, have a maximum of 159 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz @ 1 m for container ships, and vary between classes. Below 200 Hz, the class-specific median spectrum levels bifurcate with large commercial ships grouping as higher power noise sources. Within all ship classes spectrum levels vary more at low frequencies than at high frequencies, and the degree of variability is almost halved for classes that have smaller speed standard deviations. This is the first study to present source spectra for populations of different ship classes operating in coastal habitats, including at higher frequencies used by killer whales for both communication and echolocation.
Reactivation of Aggregated Proteins by the ClpB/DnaK Bi‐Chaperone System
Authors: Zolkiewski Michal , Chesnokova Liudmila S. , Witt Stephan N.
Published: February 2016

Protein aggregation is a common problem in protein biochemistry and is linked to many cellular pathologies and human diseases. The molecular chaperone ClpB can resolubilize and reactivate aggregated proteins. This unit describes the procedure for following reactivation of an aggregated enzyme glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase mediated by ClpB from Escherichia coli in cooperation with another molecular chaperone, DnaK. The procedures for purification of these chaperones are also described. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expression, Solubilization, and Purification of Bacterial Membrane Proteins
Authors: Jeffery Constance J.
Published: February 2016

Bacterial integral membrane proteins play many important roles, including sensing changes in the environment, transporting molecules into and out of the cell, and in the case of commensal or pathogenic bacteria, interacting with the host organism. Working with membrane proteins in the lab can be more challenging than working with soluble proteins because of difficulties in their recombinant expression and purification. This protocol describes a standard method to express, solubilize, and purify bacterial integral membrane proteins. The recombinant protein of interest with a 6His affinity tag is expressed in E. coli. After harvesting the cultures and isolating cellular membranes, mild detergents are used to solubilize the membrane proteins. Protein‐detergent complexes are then purified using IMAC column chromatography. Support protocols are included to help select a detergent for protein solubilization and for use of gel filtration chromatography for further purification. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Human Basophils
Authors: Schroeder John T. , Bieneman Anja P.
Published: February 2016

Isolating human basophils from blood has long been hampered by the fact that these granulocytes represent just 1% or less of the circulating leukocyte population. We describe herein laboratory protocols that have been refined over the past ∼25 years that now enable investigators to prepare basophils for use in a variety of assays to assess the in vitro biology of these immune cells, both in IgE ‐dependent and ‐independent responses. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring Apoptosis by Microscopy and Flow Cytometry
Authors: Hollville Emilie , Martin Seamus J.
Published: February 2016

Apoptosis is a mode of programmed cell death that plays an important role during development and in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Numerous physiological as well as pathological stimuli trigger apoptosis such as engagement of Fas, TRAIL, or TNF receptors, growth factor deprivation, hypoxia, or exposure to cytotoxic drugs. Apoptosis is coordinated from within by members of the caspase family of cysteine proteases that, upon activation, trigger a series of morphological changes including cell shrinkage, extensive plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, DNA hydrolysis, and nuclear fragmentation. These dramatic structural and biochemical alterations result not only in the controlled dismantling of the cell, but also in the efficient recognition and removal of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Necrosis, which is typically nonprogrammed or imposed upon the cell by overwhelming membrane or organelle damage, is characterized by rapid plasma membrane rupture followed by organelle and cell swelling. Necrosis is often provoked by infectious agents or a severe departure from physiological conditions. This unit describes protocols for the measurement of apoptosis and for distinguishing apoptosis from necrosis. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Culture, Expansion, and Differentiation of Murine Megakaryocytes from Fetal Liver, Bone Marrow, and Spleen
Authors: Schulze Harald
Published: February 2016

Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the source of circulating platelets and are readily recognized by their large size and distinctive morphology. Their poor representation in hematopoietic tissues often requires considerable ex vivo expansion to generate cells for biochemical and cell biological studies. These experimental protocols describe the assessment of megakaryocytic potential within hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow by colony‐forming assays and expansion and enrichment of MKs from cultured fetal liver or spleen or bone marrow cells. Although these MKs are not synchronized in their maturation, they can be enriched over an albumin step gradient, and one‐third to one‐half of recovered cells will typically elaborate proplatelets, the immediate precursors of blood platelets. Both protocols require recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO) as a growth factor. Support protocols describe methods for preparing fetal liver cells, identifying mature rodent MKs by staining for acetylcholinesterase activity, and staining (May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa) mixed populations on cytocentrifuged blood cell preparations. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrating plant‐ and animal‐based perspectives for more effective restoration of biodiversity
Authors: McAlpine Clive , Catterall Carla P , Nally Ralph Mac , Lindenmayer David , Reid J Leighton , Holl Karen D , Bennett Andrew F , Runting Rebecca K , Wilson Kerrie , Hobbs Richard J , Seabrook Leonie , Cunningham Shaun , Moilanen Atte , Maron Martine , Shoo Luke , Lunt Ian , Vesk Peter , Rumpff Libby , Martin Tara G , Thomson James , Possingham Hugh
Published: February 2016

Ecological restoration of modified and degraded landscapes is an important challenge for the 21st century, with potential for major gains in the recovery of biodiversity. However, there is a general lack of agreement between plant‐ and animal‐based approaches to restoration, both in theory and practice. Here, we review these approaches, identify limitations from failing to effectively integrate their different perspectives, and suggest ways to improve outcomes for biodiversity recovery in agricultural landscapes. We highlight the need to strengthen collaboration between plant and animal ecologists, to overcome disciplinary and cultural differences, and to achieve a more unified approach to restoration ecology. Explicit consideration of key ecosystem functions, the need to plan at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and the importance of plant–animal interactions can provide a bridge between plant‐ and animal‐based methods. A systematic approach to restoration planning is critical to achieving effective biodiversity outcomes while meeting long‐term social and economic needs.
Why rhetoric matters for ecology
Authors: Druschke Caroline Gottschalk , McGreavy Bridie
Published: February 2016

Increasingly, scientists and funding agencies such as theUSNational Science Foundation are recognizing the need for better science communication and more effective broader impacts activities. Compelled to make research more relevant to public stakeholders and policy makers, researchers look for ways to gain the necessary skillset to move their science from the field and laboratory into public forums. We suggest that the ancient discipline of rhetoric provides a useful – and underutilized – path forward. Building from the fundamental connections between ecology and rhetoric and drawing from practical examples at the intersection of these two fields, we demonstrate how rhetoric can inform training in science communication for better academic writing and broader impacts, and can promote interdisciplinary and cross‐institutional collaborations that support sustainability science. Integrating rhetoric and ecology helps to address complex and pressing sustainability problems through improved understanding, cooperation, and science and policy actions.
Setting constraints on the nature and origin of the two major hydrous sulfates on Mars: Monohydrated and polyhydrated sulfates
Authors: Wang Alian , Jolliff Bradley L. , Liu Yang , Connor Kathryn
Published: February 2016

Monohydrated Mg sulfate (MgSO4·H2O) and polyhydrated sulfate are the most common and abundant hydrous sulfates observed thus far on Mars. They are widely distributed and coexist in many locations. On the basis of results from two new sets of experiments, in combination with past experimental studies and the subsurface salt mineralogy observed at a saline playa (Dalangtan, DLT) in a terrestrial analogue hyperarid region on the Tibet Plateau, we can now set new constraints on the nature and origin of these two major Martian sulfates. Starkeyite (MgSO4·4H2O) is the best candidate for polyhydrated sulfate. MgSO4·H2O in the form of “LH‐1w,” generated from dehydration of Mg sulfates with high degrees of hydration, is the most likely mineral form for the majority of Martian monohydrated Mg sulfate. Two critical properties of Mg sulfates are responsible for the coexistence of these two phases that have very different degrees of hydration: (1) the metastability of a substructural unit in starkeyite at relatively low temperatures, and (2) catalytic effects attributed to coprecipitated species (sulfates, chlorides, oxides, and hydroxides) from chemically complex brines that help overcome the metastability of starkeyite. The combination of these two properties controls the coexistence of the LH‐1w layer and starkeyite layers at many locations on Mars, which sometimes occur in an interbedded stratigraphy. The structural H2O held by these two broadly distributed sulfates represents a large H2O reservoir at the surface and in the shallow subsurface on current Mars.
Groundwater transit time distribution and mean from streambed sampling in an agricultural coastal plain watershed, North Carolina, USA
Authors: Gilmore Troy E. , Genereux David P. , Solomon D. Kip , Solder John E.
Published: February 2016

We measured groundwater apparent age (τ) and seepage rate (v) in a sandy streambed using point‐scale sampling and seepage blankets (a novel seepage meter). We found very similar MTT estimates from streambed point sampling in a 58 m reach (29 years) and a 2.5 km reach (31 years). The TTD for groundwater discharging to the stream was best fit by a gamma distribution model and was very similar for streambed point sampling in both reaches. Between adjacent point‐scale and seepage blanket samples, water from the seepage blankets was generally younger, largely because blanket samples contained a fraction of “young” stream water. Correcting blanket data for the stream water fraction brought τ estimates for most blanket samples closer to those for adjacent point samples. The MTT estimates from corrected blanket data were in good agreement with those from sampling streambed points adjacent to the blankets. Collectively, agreement among age‐dating tracers, general accord between tracer data and piston‐flow model curves, and large groundwater age gradients in the streambed, suggested that the piston flow apparent ages were reasonable estimates of the groundwater transit times for most samples. Overall, our results from two field campaigns suggest that groundwater collected in the streambed can provide reasonable estimates of apparent age of groundwater discharge, and that MTT can be determined from different age‐dating tracers and by sampling with different groundwater collection devices. Coupled streambed point measurements of groundwater age and groundwater seepage rate represent a novel, reproducible, and effective approach to estimating aquifer TTD and MTT.
Improving the theoretical underpinnings of process‐based hydrologic models
Authors: Clark Martyn P. , Schaefli Bettina , Schymanski Stanislaus J. , Samaniego Luis , Luce Charles H. , Jackson Bethanna M. , Freer Jim E. , Arnold Jeffrey R. , Moore R. Dan , Istanbulluoglu Erkan , Ceola Serena
Published: February 2016

In this Commentary, we argue that it is possible to improve the physical realism of hydrologic models by making better use of existing hydrologic theory. We address the following questions: (1) what are some key elements of current hydrologic theory; (2) how can those elements best be incorporated where they may be missing in current models; and (3) how can we evaluate competing hydrologic theories across scales and locations? We propose that hydrologic science would benefit from a model‐based community synthesis effort to reframe, integrate, and evaluate different explanations of hydrologic behavior, and provide a controlled avenue to find where understanding falls short.
Influence of soil and climate on root zone storage capacity
Authors: de Boer‐Euser Tanja , McMillan Hilary K. , Hrachowitz Markus , Winsemius Hessel C. , Savenije Hubert H. G.
Published: February 2016

Root zone storage capacity (Sr) is an important variable for hydrology and climate studies, as it strongly influences the hydrological functioning of a catchment and, via evaporation, the local climate. Despite its importance, it remains difficult to obtain a well‐founded catchment representative estimate. This study tests the hypothesis that vegetation adapts its Sr to create a buffer large enough to sustain the plant during drought conditions of a certain critical strength (with a certain probability of exceedance). Following this method, Sr can be estimated from precipitation and evaporative demand data. The results of this “climate‐based method” are compared with traditional estimates from soil data for 32 catchments in New Zealand. The results show that the differences between catchments in climate‐derived catchment representative Sr values are larger than for soil‐derived Sr values. Using a model experiment, we show that the climate‐derived Sr can better reproduce hydrological regime signatures for humid catchments; for more arid catchments, the soil and climate methods perform similarly. This makes the climate‐based Sr a valuable addition for increasing hydrological understanding and reducing hydrological model uncertainty.
Potential for long‐lead prediction of the western North Pacific monsoon circulation beyond seasonal time scales
Authors: Choi Jung , Son Seok‐Woo , Seo Kyong‐Hwan , Lee June‐Yi , Kang Hyun‐Suk
Published: February 2016

Although the western North Pacific (WNP) monsoon circulation significantly impacts the socioeconomic communities around Asia, its prediction is only limited to a few months. By examining the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 decadal hindcast experiments, we explore a possibility of the extended prediction skill for the WNP monsoon circulation beyond seasonal time scales. It is found that the multimodel ensemble (MME) predictions, initialized in January, successfully predict the WNP circulation in spring and early summer. Somewhat surprisingly, a reliable prediction of the WNP circulation appears even in the following spring with a maximum lead time of 14 months. This unexpected prediction skill is likely caused by the improved El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction and the exaggerated dynamical link between the ENSO and premonsoon circulation in the MME prediction. Although further studies are needed, this result may open up new opportunities for the multiseasonal prediction of the WNP monsoon circulation.
Ambroxol chaperone therapy for neuronopathic Gaucher disease: A pilot study
Authors: Narita Aya , Shirai Kentarou , Itamura Shinji , Matsuda Atsue , Ishihara Akiko , Matsushita Kumi , Fukuda Chisako , Kubota Norika , Takayama Rumiko , Shigematsu Hideo , Hayashi Anri , Kumada Tomohiro , Yuge Kotaro , Watanabe Yoriko , Kosugi Saori , Nishida Hiroshi , Kimura Yukiko , Endo Yusuke , Higaki Katsumi , Nanba Eiji , Nishimura Yoko , Tamasaki Akiko , Togawa Masami , Saito Yoshiaki , Maegaki Yoshihiro , Ohno Kousaku , Suzuki Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2016

Objective

Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase. Although enzyme‐replacement and substrate‐reduction therapies are available, their efficacies in treating the neurological manifestations of GD are negligible. Pharmacological chaperone therapy is hypothesized to offer a new strategy for treating the neurological manifestations of this disease. Specifically, ambroxol, a commonly used expectorant, has been proposed as a candidate pharmacological chaperone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and neurological efficacy of ambroxol in patients with neuronopathic GD.

Methods

This open‐label pilot study included five patients who received high‐dose oral ambroxol in combination with enzyme replacement therapy. Safety was assessed by adverse event query, physical examination, electrocardiography, laboratory studies, and drug concentration. Biochemical efficacy was assessed through evidence of glucocerebrosidase activity in the lymphocytes and glucosylsphingosine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurological efficacy was evaluated using the Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale, Gross Motor Function Measure, Functional Independence Measure, seizure frequency, pupillary light reflex, horizontal saccadic latency, and electrophysiologic studies.

Results

High‐dose oral ambroxol had good safety and tolerability, significantly increased lymphocyte glucocerebrosidase activity, permeated the blood–brain barrier, and decreased glucosylsphingosine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Myoclonus, seizures, and pupillary light reflex dysfunction markedly improved in all patients. Relief from myoclonus led to impressive recovery of gross motor function in two patients, allowing them to walk again.

Interpretation

Pharmacological chaperone therapy with high‐dose oral ambroxol shows promise in treating neuronopathic GD, necessitating further clinical trials.
Energy Quantization in Solution‐Processed Layers of Indium Oxide and Their Application in Resonant Tunneling Diodes
Authors: Labram John G. , Treat Neil D. , Lin Yen‐Hung , Burgess Claire H. , McLachlan Martyn A. , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: February 2016

The formation of quantized energy states in ultrathin layers of indium oxide (In2O3) grown via spin coating and thermally annealed at 200 °C in air is studied. Optical absorption measurements reveal a characteristic widening of the optical band gap with reducing In2O3 layer thickness from ≈43 to ≈3 nm in agreement with theoretical predictions for an infinite quantum well. Through sequential deposition of In2O3 and gallium oxide (Ga­2O3) layers, superlattice‐like structures with controlled dimensionality and spatially varying conduction band characteristics are demonstrated. This simple method is then explored for the fabrication of functional double‐barrier resonant tunneling diodes. Nanoscale current mapping analysis using conductive atomic force microscopy reveals that resonant tunneling is not uniform but localized in specific regions of the apparent device area. The latter observation is attributed to variation in the layer(s) thickness of the In2O3 quantum well and/or the Ga2O3 barrier layers. Despite the nonidealities, the tremendous potential of solution‐processable oxide semiconductors for the development of quantum effect devices that have so far been demonstrated only via sophisticated growth techniques is demonstrated.
Mesoporous Silica as Nanoreactors to Prepare Gd‐Encapsulated Carbon Dots of Controllable Sizes and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Chen Hongmin , Wang Geoffrey D. , Sun Xilin , Todd Trever , Zhang Fan , Xie Jin , Shen Baozhong
Published: February 2016

Gd‐encapsulated carbonaceous dots (Gd@C‐dots) hold great potential in clinical applications as a novel type of T1 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, current synthetic methods require multiple purification steps due to poor size control, making them unsuitable for high throughput. Herein, a novel, mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)‐templated method for the size‐controlled synthesis of Gd@C‐dots is reported. Briefly, MSNs nanoreactors of different pore sizes are loaded with Gd precursors. Upon calcination, carbon layers are grown around the Gd cations. The spatial restraint of the silica cavity facilitates size control of the produced Gd@C‐dots. Specifically, using 3, 7, and 11 nm MSNs as templates allows the synthesis of 3.0, 7.4, and 9.6 nm Gd@C‐dots, respectively. A significant size impact on the magnetic and optical properties of the nanoparticles is shown, with the smallest Gd@C‐dots showing the highest r1 relaxivity (10 mM−1 s−1) and fluorescence quantum yield (30.2%). The 3.0‐nm Gd@C‐dots were then conjugated with a tumor‐targeting ligand, c(RGDyK), and injected into U87MG xenograft tumor models. Good tumor targeting was observed in T1‐weighted MRI images; whereby the unbound nanoparticles were efficiently excreted through renal clearance, avoiding long‐term toxicity to the host.
Double Gate PbS Quantum Dot Field‐Effect Transistors for Tuneable Electrical Characteristics
Authors: Shulga Artem G. , Piveteau Laura , Bisri Satria Z. , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Loi Maria A.
Published: February 2016

In this work colloidal quantum dots double gate transistors are introduced. A high‐k (k = 43) relaxor ferroelectric polymer is used as a dielectric material for the top gate in a device where the other gate is fabricated from SiO2. The device in double gate configuration is characterized by reduced hysteresis in the transfer curves measured by separately sweeping the voltage of the SiO2 and of the polymer gate. Gating with the relaxor polymer leads to mobility values of μe = 1.1 cm2 V−1s−1 and μh = 6 × 10−3 cm2 V−1s−1 that exceed those extracted from the SiO2 gating: μe = 0.5 cm2 V−1s−1 and μh = 2 × 10−3 cm2 V−1s−1. Measurements under double gating conditions prove that the device works in a single channel mode that is delocalized over the whole film thickness. Double gating allows for shifting the threshold voltage into a desired position and also allows increasing the on‐current of the devices.
Al Doping for Mitigating the Capacity Fading and Voltage Decay of Layered Li and Mn‐Rich Cathodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Nayak Prasant Kumar , Grinblat Judith , Levi Mikhael , Levi Elena , Kim Sangryun , Choi Jang Wook , Aurbach Doron
Published: February 2016

Li and Mn‐rich layered cathodes, despite their high specific capacity, suffer from capacity fading and discharge voltage decay upon cycling. Both specific capacity and discharge voltage of Li and Mn‐rich cathodes are stabilized upon cycling by optimized Al doping. Doping Li and Mn‐rich cathode materials Li1.2Ni0.16Mn0.56Co0.08O2 by Al on the account of manganese (as reflected by their stoichiometry) results in a decrease in their specific capacity but increases pronouncedly their stability upon cycling. Li1.2Ni0.16Mn0.51Al0.05Co0.08O2 exhibits 96% capacity retention as compared to 68% capacity retention for Li1.2Ni0.16Mn0.56Co0.08O2 after 100 cycles. This doping also reduces the decrease in the average discharge voltage upon cycling, which is the longstanding fatal drawback of these Li and Mn‐rich cathode materials. The electrochemical impedance study indicates that doping by Al has a surface stabilization effect on these cathode materials. The structural analysis of cycled electrodes by Raman spectroscopy suggests that Al doping also has a bulk stabilizing effect on the layered LiMO2 phase resulting in the better electrochemical performance of Al doped cathode materials as compared to the undoped counterpart. Results from a prolonged systematic work on these cathode materials are presented and the best results that have ever been obtained are reported.
Identification of a syndrome comprising microcephaly and intellectual disability but not white matter disease associated with a homozygous c.676C>T p.R226W DEAF1 mutation
Authors: Gund Christian , Powis Zöe , Alcaraz Wendy , Desai Sonal , Baranano Kristin
Published: February 2016

We evaluated a 13‐year‐old East Pakistani male affected with microcephaly, apparent intellectual disability, hypotonia, and brisk reflexes without spasticity. His parents were first cousins. The patient also had a brother who was similarly affected and died at 10 years due to an accident. Previous SNP array testing showed a 1.63 Mb duplication at 16p13.11 of uncertain significance along with regions of homozygosity. Exome sequencing identified a known pathogenic homozygous alteration in DEAF1, c.676C>T (p.R226W), in this patient. The alteration had been reported in two individuals from a consanguineous Saudi Arabian family. Both individuals had microcephaly, intellectual disability, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, and poor growth. The patient reported here did not have evidence of white matter disease, as had been reported with prior patients. We conclude that this DEAF1 gene alteration caused this patient's symptoms and that white matter disease should not be considered a obligate feature of this syndrome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contorted Arene‐fused Metallophthalocyanines
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Nagao , Kimura Mutsumi
Published: February 2016

Three phthalonitriles 9–11 fused with planar and nonplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were synthesized through a combination of palladium‐catalyzed coupling, electrophilic cyclization, and Scholl oxidation reactions. The equilibrium geometries and electronic structures of the frontier orbitals of 9–11 were simulated by computation calculations. The optimized structure of 11 is found to have a larger torsional angle than that of 10 because of the non‐planarity arising from some cove and fjord regions. Zinc complexes 1–3 fused with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were synthesized by the cyclotetramerization of 9–11. The attachment of nonplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with phthalocyanine rings prevented the formation of aggregates in the solid state.
Metal‐Free Direct Nucleophilic Perfluoroalkylthiolation with Perfluoroalkanesulfenamides
Authors: Glenadel Quentin , Bordy Mathieu , Alazet Sébastien , Tlili Anis , Billard Thierry
Published: February 2016

We report herein a practical method to generate CF3S− and RFS− anions in situ from shelf‐stable reagents, which were initially designed for electrophilic reactions. With an “iodide activation” step, these in situ released anions can directly participate in metal‐free nucleophilic substitution reactions with the loss of various leaving groups. Our method is compatible with various functional groups and provides good yields. With this strategy, the first direct nucleophilic perfluoroalkylthiolation reactions have been described.