bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allopathic and traditional health practitioners’ collaboration
Authors: Van Rooyen Dalena , Pretorius Blanche , Tembani Nomazwi M. , Ten Ham Wilma
Published: July 2015

Background: Professional collaboration between traditional and allopathic health practitioners in South Africa is proposed in the Traditional Health Practitioners Act and could benefit and complement healthcare delivery.Objectives: To explore and describe the collaborative relationship between allopathic and traditional health practitioners regarding the legalisation of traditional healing, and these health practitioners’ views of their collaborative and professional relationship, as role-players in the healthcare delivery landscape in South Africa.Methods: A qualitative design was followed. The research population comprised 28 participants representing three groups: allopathic health practitioners (n = 10), traditionalhealers (n = 14), and traditional healers who are also allopathic health practitioners (n = 4). Purposive and snowball sampling was used. Data collection involved unstructured interviews, a focus group interview and modified participant observation.Results: Results indicate both allopathic and traditional health practitioners experienced negative attitudes towards each other. Mutual understanding (in the form of changing attitudes and communication) was considered crucial to effective collaboration between these two health systems. Participants made suggestions regarding capacity building.Conclusions: Considering realities of staff shortages and the disease burden in South Africa, facilitating collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners is recommended. Recommendations could be used to develop strategies for facilitating professional collaboration between traditional and allopathic health practitioners in order to complement healthcare delivery.
Jesus and Afro-Pentecostal Prophets: Dynamics within the liminal space in Galilee and in Zimbabwe
Authors: Dube Zorodzai
Published: July 2015

What happens when religious and spiritual interventions are used to explain concrete social economic reality? This study suggests that Afro-Pentecostal prophets in Zimbabwe exist within the liminal context; the prophets therefore function to redefine and contest identities in view of present social realities. This realisation allows for a comparison between the Zimbabwean prophets and Jesus of Nazareth, with a view to draw general conclusions regarding the function of prophets. As contribution, the study fills the void within the studies concerning the religious explanations of socioeconomic issues in view of structures of power. Borrowing from Herbert Marcuse, this study advances the thesis that the prophets attract people by miracles and promises of bliss and, in the process, divert people’s attention from directly confronting structures of power and hegemony.
South African Old Testament criticism: Squeezed between an ancient text and contemporary contexts
Authors: Meyer Esias
Published: July 2015

The article focuses on a debate initiated by Masenya and Ramantswana in 2012 about the lack of engagement with contemporary issues by South African Old Testament scholars. The article shows with reference to the book of Leviticus that ancient texts grew over time in order to become relevant for later generations. It then asks, if it is possible for Old Testament scholars to construct ancient examples of writers engaging with contemporary issues, why these same scholars are reluctant to make these texts relevant for today? The article then engages with the work of Farisani and describes strong points and weaknesses in the way in which he uses biblical texts to engage with contemporary debates before returning to the central question.
A shortcut to develop bivariate noncentral distributions via compounding
Authors: Ferreira Johan
Published: July 2015

No abstract available
Isolated unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy due to head trauma
Authors: Erenler Ali , Yalçın Anıl , Baydin Ahmet
Published: July 2015

Unilateral oculomotor nerve palsy is a rare and challenging condition for both emergency department (ED) physicians and neurosurgeons. In this report, we present you a case of head trauma with oculomotor nerve palsy whose initial neuroimaging findings were normal. A 50-year-old female presented to our ED due to head trauma secondary to fall from height. On her physical examination, ptosis, minimal lateral deviation, and dilated pupilla unresponsive to the light were determined in the left eye. A computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed and both were found to be normal. Patient was consulted with an ophthalmologist and any sign of direct trauma to the eye was not determined. Then, the patient was consulted with a neurosurgeon and hospitalized. In some rare instances, minor traumas to the head may result in isolated oculomotor nerve palsy without accompanying findings. Neurosurgeons and ED physicians must be careful about this rare condition.
Cerebral gliosarcoma: Analysis of 16 patients and review of literature
Authors: Singh Gajendra , Das Kuntal , Sharma Pradeep , Guruprasad B. , Jaiswal Sushila , Mehrotra Anant , Srivastava Arun , Sahu Rabi , Jaiswal Awadhesh , Behari Sanjay
Published: July 2015

Background: Gliosarcoma (GS), a subtype of glioblastoma (GBM), is a rare primary neoplasm of the central nervous system. Certain features like temporal lobe affinity, tendency for extraneural metastasis and poorer outcome compared to GBM indicate that GS may indeed be a separate clinicopathologic entity. This led us to revisit this entity in our settings. Materials and Methods: Between 2009 and 2014, 16 cases of histologically proven GSs (14 primary, two secondary) were treated. Patient data were retrieved retrospectively. Statistical analysis was performed with? Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 17.0. (Chicago, Illinois, USA). Survival was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier method. Results: GS predominantly affected males in their fifth decade of life. Raised intracranial pressure was the most common mode of clinical presentation. Temporal lobe was the most commonly affected part of the brain and majority of primary and all of secondary GBM were located peripherally. In 7 (43.8%) patients, tumor was radiologically well-demarcated and enhanced strongly and homogenously on contrast as compared to 9 (56.2%) patients where the tumor was ill-defined and showed heterogenous patchy or ring enhancement. Extent of excision was total in seven patients (43.8%), near total in 4 (25%) and subtotal in five patients (31.2%). Median survival was 6 months. Patients with well-demarcated, enhancing mass on imaging intraoperatively had firm tumors with a good plane of cleavage and had a better survival (8 months) compared to those in whom the tumor radiologically and intraoperatively mimicked GBM (2 months). Conclusion: GS is associated with poor survival (median survival 6 months). Radiological and intraoperative findings help categorize these tumors into GBM like GS and meningioma like GS. While the former histologically mimics GBM and has very poor survival (2 months), GS with meningioma like feature tends to have better survival (8 months).
Distribution of ABO blood groups in the patients with intracranial aneurysm and association of different risk factors with particular blood type
Authors: Bir Shyamal , Bollam Papireddy , Nanda Anil
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The association between ABO blood groups and intracranial aneurysms is not well-known. Many co-morbid factors are associated with intracranial aneurysms. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of different blood group in patients with intracranial aneurysm and to look for associations between risk factors and these groups. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study includes 1,491 cases who underwent surgical operations for intracranial aneurysms from 1993-2014. We have evaluated the information related to clinical history, ABO blood groups and associated risk factors in the patients both ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms by chart review of the cases. Results: In our study, out of 1,491 cases, the most common ABO blood groups were group O (668 cases, 44.80%) and Group A (603 cases, 40.44%), and Rh(+) in 1,319 (88.4%) and Rh(-) in 147 (11.6%). Blood Group A (43% vs. 36%) and Group B (16.2% vs. 8.6%) were significantly higher in Caucasian and African Americans respectively. However, in general population, there was no significant difference in blood groups between Caucasians and African Americans. Rh(-) factor was significantly higher in Caucasians compared to African Americans. Incidence of smoking was significantly higher in aneurysm patients with O group compared to others. In addition, incidence of hypercholesterolemia was significantly higher in aneurysm patients with A group compared to others. Conclusion: The racial disparity in the distribution of blood groups, and risk factor association with blood groups in the development of intracranial aneurysm needs to be considered. The findings from our study may be useful in identifying patients at increased risk. Further study may be required to establish the risks from multiple centers studies around the world.
The role of awake craniotomy in reducing intraoperative visual field deficits during tumor surgery
Authors: Wolfson Racheal , Soni Neil , Shah Ashish , Hosein Khadil , Sastry Ananth , Bregy Amade , Komotar Ricardo
Published: July 2015

Objective: Homonymous hemianopia due to damage to the optic radiations or visual cortex is a possible consequence of tumor resection involving the temporal or occipital lobes. The purpose of this review is to present and analyze a series of studies regarding the use of awake craniotomy (AC) to decrease visual field deficits following neurosurgery.
Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed using the Medline and PubMed databases from 1970 and 2014 that compared various uses of AC other than intraoperative motor/somatosensory/language mapping with a focus on visual field mapping. Results: For the 17 patients analyzed in this study, 14 surgeries resulted in quadrantanopia, 1 in hemianopia, and 2 without visual deficits. Overall, patient satisfaction with AC was high, and AC was a means to reduce surgery-related complications and cost related with the procedure. Conclusion: AC is a safe and tolerable procedure that can be used effectively to map optic radiations and the visual cortices in order to preserve visual function during resection of tumors infiltrating the temporal and occipital lobes. In the majority of cases, a homonymous hemianopia was prevented and patients were left with a quadrantanopia that did not interfere with daily function.
A rare case of type 1 C split cord malformation with single dural sheath
Authors: Garg Kanwaljeet , Mahapatra Ashok , Tandon Vivek
Published: July 2015

Split cord malformation (SCM) is a rare congenital anomaly in which the cord is split over a portion of its length to form double dural tubes (SCM type I) or two hemicords in a single dural sheath (SCM type II). Dachling Pang classified SCM into 2 types with type I SCM consisting of two hemicords, each contained within its own dural sheath and separated by rigid osseocartilaginous median septum. We report a rare case of SCM type 1 c in which there was a single dural sheath.
Shunt tube calcification as a late complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunting
Authors: Salim Abubakr , Elzain Mohammed , Mohamed Haddab , Ibrahim Zayan Baha
Published: July 2015

Shunt calcification is a rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunting that occurs years later after the initial operation this condition is rarely reported in literature. Two patients with shunt calcifications were described. The first patient was 17-year-old lady who had congenital hydrocephalus and shunted in the early infancy, she was presented recently complaining of itching of the skin along the shunt track and limitation of neck movement. The patient was then operated with removal of the old peritoneal catheter and replacing it with a new one. The second patient was 17-year-old boy originally was a case of posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma associated with obstructive hydrocephalus, he was operated with both shunting for the hydrocephalus and tumor removal, 6 years later he presented with shunt exposure. Calcification of the shunt tube was discovered intraoperatively upon shunt removal. Shunt calcification has been observed mainly in barium-impregnated catheters. Introducing plain silicone-coated shunt tubing may reduce the rate of this condition. The usual complaints of the patients suffering from this condition are pain in the neck and chest wall along the shunt pathway and limitation of the neck movement due to shunt tube tethering, but features of shunt dysfunction and skin irritation above the shunt may be present. In this review, plain X-ray and operative findings showed that the most extensive calcification is present in the neck, where the catheters were subject to heavy mechanical stress. Disturbed calcium and phosphate metabolisms may be involved in this condition. Shunt calcification is a rare condition that occurs due to material aging presenting with features of shunt tethering, dysfunction or overlying skin irritation. Plain X-ray is needed to detect calcification while shunt removal, replacement or endoscopic third ventriculostomy may carry solution for this condition.
Recent Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease with Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Kawasumi Hidenaga , Gono Takahisa , Kawaguchi Yasushi , Yamanaka Hisashi
Published: July 2015

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a prognostic factor for poor outcome in polymyositis (PM)/dermatomyositis (DM). The appropriate management of ILD is very important to improve the prognosis of patients with PM/DM. ILD activity and severity depend on the disease subtype. Therefore, clinicians should determine therapeutic strategies according to the disease subtype in each patient with PM/DM. Anti–melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody and hyperferritinemia predict the development and severity of rapidly progressive (RP) ILD, particularly in East Asian patients. Combination therapy with corticosteroids, intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse, and calcineurin inhibitors should be administered in RP-ILD. In contrast, patients with anti–aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) show better responses to corticosteroids alone. However, ILDs with anti-ARS often display disease recurrence or become refractory to corticosteroid monotherapy. Recent studies have demonstrated that the administration of tacrolimus or rituximab in addition to corticosteroids may be considered in ILD patients with anti-ARS. Large-scale, multicenter randomized clinical trials should be conducted in the future to confirm that the aforementioned agents exhibit efficacy in ILD patients with PM/DM. The pathophysiology of ILD with PM/DM should also be elucidated in greater detail to develop effective therapeutic strategies for patients with ILD in PM/DM.
Medical Image Retrieval: A Multimodal Approach
Authors: Cao Yu , Steffey Shawn , He Jianbiao , Xiao Degui , Tao Cui , Chen Ping , Müller Henning
Published: July 2015

Medical imaging is becoming a vital component of war on cancer. Tremendous amounts of medical image data are captured and recorded in a digital format during cancer care and cancer research. Facing such an unprecedented volume of image data with heterogeneous image modalities, it is necessary to develop effective and efficient content-based medical image retrieval systems for cancer clinical practice and research. While substantial progress has been made in different areas of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) research, direct applications of existing CBIR techniques to the medical images produced unsatisfactory results, because of the unique characteristics of medical images. In this paper, we develop a new multimodal medical image retrieval approach based on the recent advances in the statistical graphic model and deep learning. Specifically, we first investigate a new extended probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis model to integrate the visual and textual information from medical images to bridge the semantic gap. We then develop a new deep Boltzmann machine-based multimodal learning model to learn the joint density model from multimodal information in order to derive the missing modality. Experimental results with large volume of real-world medical images have shown that our new approach is a promising solution for the next-generation medical imaging indexing and retrieval system.
Dasatinib Induced Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head in Adult Patient with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Yassin Mohamed A. , Moustafa Abbas H. , Nashwan Abdulqadir J. , Soliman Ashraf T. , Derhoubi Hatim El , Mohamed Shehab F. , Mudawi Deena S. , ELkourashy Sarah , Asaari Deena-Raiza , Gutierrez Hope-Love G. , Hussein Radwa M. , Musharraf Mohamed Al , Kohla Samah , Elsayed Ahmed , Al-Dewik Nader
Published: July 2015

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome resulting from the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11). The molecular consequence of this translocation is the generation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene, which encodes a constitutively active protein tyrosine kinase. The oncogenic protein tyrosine kinase, which is located in the cytoplasm, is responsible for the leukemia phenotype through the constitutive activation of multiple signaling pathways involved in the cell cycle and in adhesion and apoptosis. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) is not a specific disease. It occurs as a complication or secondary to various causes. These conditions probably lead to impaired blood supply to the femoral head. The diagnosis of AVNFH is based on clinical findings and is supported by specific radiological manifestations. We reported a case of a 34-year-old Sudanese female with CML who developed AVNFH after receiving dasatinib as a second-line therapy. Though the mechanism by which dasatinib can cause avascular necrosis (AVN) is not clear, it can be postulated because of microcirculatory obstruction of the femoral head. To the best of our knowledge and after extensive literature search, this is the first reported case of AVNFH induced by dasatinib in a patient with CML.
A note on the stochastic weakly* almost periodic homogenization of fully nonlinear elliptic equations
Authors: Frid Hermano
Published: July 2015

A function

f\in \mathrm {BUC}(\mathbb R^d)

is said to be weakly* almost periodic, denoted

f\in \mathcal W^* \mathrm {AP}(\mathbb R^d)

, if there is

g \in \mathrm {AP}(\mathbb R^d)

, such that,

\mathrm {M}(|f-g|)=0

, where

\mathrm {BUC}(\mathbb R^d)

and

\mathrm {AP}(\mathbb R^d)

are, respectively, the space of bounded uniformly continuous functions and the space of almost periodic functions, in

\mathbb R^d

, and

\mathrm M(h)

denotes the mean value of

h

, if it exists. We give a very simple direct proof of the stochastic homogenization property of the Dirichlet problem for fully nonlinear uniformly elliptic equations of the form

F(\omega,\frac{x}{\varepsilon},D^2u)=0

,

x \in U

, in a bounded domain

U\subset \mathbb R^d

, in the case where for almost all

\omega \in \Omega

, the realization

F(\omega,\cdot, M)

is a weakly* almost periodic function, for all

M \in \mathcal S^d

, where

\mathcal S^d

is the space of

d \times d

symmetric matrices. Here

(\Omega,\mu,\mathcal F)

is a probability space with probability measure

\mu

and

\sigma

-algebra

\mathcal F

of

\mu

-measurable subsets of

\Omega

. For each fixed

M \in \mathcal S^d

,

F(\omega, y, M)

is a stationary process, that is,

F (\omega, y, M)=\tilde F(T (y) \omega, M):= F (T (y) \omega, 0, M)

, where

T(y):\Omega \to \Omega

is an ergodic group of measure preserving mappings such that the mapping

(\omega, y) \to T(y) \omega

is measurable. Also,

F(\omega, y, M)

,

M \in \mathcal S^d

, is uniformly elliptic, with ellipticity constants

0< \lambda <\Lambda

independent of

(\omega, y) \in \Omega \times \mathbb R^d

. The result presented here is a particular instance of the general theorem of Caffarelli, Souganidis and Wang, in CPAM 2005. Our point here is just to show a straightforward proof for this special case, which serves as a motivation for that general theorem, whose proof involves much more intricate arguments. We remark that any continuous stationary process verifies the property that almost all realizations belong to an ergodic algebra on

\mathbb R^d

, and that

\mathcal W ^* \mathrm {AP} (\mathbb R^d)

contains all the ergodic algebras on

\mathbb R^d

so far known.
Spectral analysis in thin tubes with axial heterogeneities
Authors: Ferreira Rita , Mascarenhas M. Luísa , Piatnitski Andrey
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we present the 3D-1D asymptotic analysis of the Dirichlet spectral problem associated with an elliptic operator with axial periodic heterogeneities. We extend to the 3D-1D case previous 3D-2D results (see [10]) and we analyze the special case where the scale of thickness is much smaller than the scale of the heterogeneities and the planar coefficient has a unique global minimum in the periodic cell. These results are of great relevance in the comprehension of the wave propagation in nanowires showing axial heterogeneities (see [17]).
Existence of optimal boundary control for the Navier–Stokes equations with mixed boundary conditions
Authors: Guerra Telma , Sequeira Adélia , Tiago Jorge
Published: July 2015

Variational approaches have been used successfully as a strategy to take advantage from real data measurements. In several applications, this approach allows to increase the accuracy of numerical simulations. In the particular case of fluid dynamics, it leads to optimal control problems with non-standard cost functionals which, when subject to the Navier-Stokes equations, require a non-standard theoretical frame to ensure the existence of solution. In this work, we prove the existence of solution for a class of such type of optimal control problems. Before doing that, we ensure the existence and uniqueness of solution for the 3D stationary Navier-Stokes equations, with mixed-boundary conditions, a particular type of boundary conditions very common in applications to biomedical problems.
Product Design Management and Global Competition
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M.
Published: July 2015

A global firm's success is conditioned by its ability to manage the system of corporate intangible assets (corporate culture, corporate identity and information system), and product intangible assets (product design, brand equity and pre/after-sales services). Corporate imitation and innovation processes have come to represent a primary condition to stand up to global competition on the markets, which takes the shape of identifying by the design management products with 'new' features to propose to customers that change in time and space. For global corporations, achieving a differential advantage in terms of product design therefore means designing an offer based on the best interpretation of specific distinctive characteristics, and to this end, information must be collected in continuum from the market, about customers and competitors.
Business Models in a New Digital Culture: The Open Long Tail Model
Authors: Rieple Alison , Pisano Paola
Published: July 2015

New business models are emerging in global markets. Quirky is producing new products designed and developed by the community and finally produced by the 3D printing technology. Google gives his glasses to different developers who build up their own applications. Kickstarter finds the funders by the use of  the crowd, paying them back with the future products. Employees, funders, customers and partners do not play a stable role with the organization but revolve around it  using different form of collaborations related to the organization’s needs. In this scenario business like Amazon find out their own achievement feeding up different customers’ needs.
Water soluble aerosols and gases at a UK background site – Part 1: Controls of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol composition
Authors: Twigg M. M. , Di Marco C. F. , Leeson S. , van Dijk N. , Jones M. R. , Leith I. D. , Morrison E. , Coyle M. , Proost R. , Peeters A. N. M. , Lemon E. , Frelink T. , Braban C. F. , Nemitz E. , Cape J. N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. There is limited availability of long-term, high temporal resolution, chemically speciated aerosol measurements which can provide further insight into the health and environmental impacts of particulate matter. The Monitor for AeRosols and Gases (MARGA, Applikon B.V., NL) allows for the characterisation of the inorganic components of PM10 and PM2.5 (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and inorganic reactive gases (NH3, SO2, HCl, HONO and HNO3) at hourly resolution. The following study presents 6.5 years (June 2006 to December 2012) of quasi-continuous observations of PM2.5 and PM10 using the MARGA at the UK EMEP supersite, Auchencorth Moss, SE Scotland. Auchencorth Moss was found to be representative of a remote European site with average total water soluble inorganic mass of PM2.5 of 3.82 μg m−3. Anthropogenically derived secondary inorganic aerosols (sum of NH4+, NO3- and nss-SO42−) were the dominating species (63 %) of PM2.5. In terms of equivalent concentrations, NH4+ provided the single largest contribution to PM2.5 fraction in all seasons. Sea salt was the main component (73 %) of the PMcoarse fraction (PM10-PM2.5), though NO3- was also found to make a relatively large contribution to the measured mass (17 %) providing evidence of considerable processing of sea salt in the coarse mode. There was on occasions evidence of aerosol from combustion events being transported to the site in 2012 as high K+ concentrations (deviating from the known ratio in sea salt) coincided with increases in black carbon at the site. Pollution events in PM10 (defined as concentrations > 12 μg m−3) were on average dominated by NH4+ and NO3-, where smaller loadings at the site tended to be dominated by sea salt. As with other western European sites, the charge balance of the inorganic components resolved were biased towards cations, suggesting the aerosol was basic or more likely that organic acids contributed to the charge balance. This study demonstrates the UK background atmospheric composition is primarily driven by meteorology with sea salt dominating air masses from the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic, whereas secondary inorganic aerosols tended to dominate air masses from continental Europe.
Night-time measurements of HOx during the RONOCO project and analysis of the sources of HO2
Authors: Walker H. M. , Stone D. , Ingham T. , Vaughan S. , Cain M. , Jones R. L. , Kennedy O. J. , McLeod M. , Ouyang B. , Pyle J. , Bauguitte S. , Bandy B. , Forster G. , Evans M. J. , Hamilton J. F. , Hopkins J. R. , Lee J. D. , Lewis A. C. , Lidster R. T. , Punjabi S. , Morgan W. T. , Heard D. E.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Measurements of the radical species OH and HO2 were made using the fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE) technique during a series of night-time and daytime flights over the UK in summer 2010 and winter 2011. OH was not detected above the instrument's 1σ limit of detection during any of the night-time flights or during the winter daytime flights, placing upper limits on [OH] of 1.8 × 106 molecule cm−3 and 6.4 × 105 molecule cm−3 for the summer and winter flights, respectively. HO2 reached a maximum concentration of 3.2 × 108 molecule cm−3 (13.6 pptv) during a night-time flight on 20 July 2010, when the highest concentrations of NO3 and O3 were also recorded. An analysis of the rates of reaction of OH, O3, and the NO3 radical with measured alkenes indicates that the summer night-time troposphere can be as important for the processing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as the winter daytime troposphere. An analysis of the instantaneous rate of production of HO2 from the reactions of O3 and NO3 with alkenes has shown that, on average, reactions of NO3 dominated the night-time production of HO2 during summer and reactions of O3 dominated the night-time HO2 production during winter.
WHU VHF radar observations of the diurnal tide and its variability in the lower atmosphere over Chongyang (114.14° E, 29.53° N), China
Authors: Huang C. , Zhang S. , Zhou Q. , Yi F. , Huang K. , Gong Y. , Zhang Y. , Gan Q.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The diurnal tide (DT) and its variability in the lower atmosphere over Chongyang (114.14° E, 29.53° N) were studied based on the newly established Wuhan University (WHU) VHF radar observations with the height intervals of 0.145 km (below 9 km) and 0.58 km (above 9 km) in the whole year of 2012. We find that the DT was the dominant tidal component and showed remarkable height and season variations. A prominent seasonally dependent height variability characteristic is that maximum DT amplitude usually occurs around 6 km in the winter and spring months, which might be due to the tidal wave energy concentration arising from the reflections from the strong eastward tropospheric jet around 13 km and the ground surface. Our results suggest that the background wind is a crucial cause for height variability and seasonal variability of DT. In April 2012, a notable strengthening of DT is observed. Meanwhile, the significant higher harmonics of tides, i.e., the semidiurnal, terdiurnal, and even quarterdiurnal tides, can also be observed, which has seldom been reported. Interestingly, these four tidal components displayed consistent short-term variability, implying that they were excited by the same dramatically varying tidal source. In addition, we identified two symptoms of the coupling of DT and planetary waves (PWs), which can also lead to the short-term DT variability. One is the sum and difference interactions between DT and PWs, causing the tidal amplitude short-term variability as a consequence of the energy exchange among the interacting waves. The other one is the modulation of DT by PWs, leading to that the amplitude of DT varies with the periods of the PWs.
Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010
Authors: McGrath M. J. , Luyssaert S. , Meyfroidt P. , Kaplan J. O. , Bürgi M. , Chen Y. , Erb K. , Gimmi U. , McInerney D. , Naudts K. , Otto J. , Pasztor F. , Ryder J. , Schelhaas M.-J. , Valade A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Because of the slow accumulation and long residence time of carbon in biomass and soils, the present state and future dynamics of temperate forests are influenced by management that took place centuries to millennia ago. Humans have exploited the forests of Europe for fuel, construction materials and fodder for the entire Holocene. In recent centuries, economic and demographic trends led to increases in both forest area and management intensity across much of Europe. In order to quantify the effects of these changes in forests and to provide a baseline for studies on future land-cover–climate interactions and biogeochemical cycling, we created a temporally and spatially resolved reconstruction of European forest management from 1600 to 2010. For the period 1600–1828, we took a supply–demand approach, in which supply was estimated on the basis of historical annual wood increment and land cover reconstructions. We made demand estimates by multiplying population with consumption factors for construction materials, household fuelwood, industrial food processing and brewing, metallurgy, and salt production. For the period 1829–2010, we used a supply-driven backcasting method based on national and regional statistics of forest age structure from the second half of the 20th century. Our reconstruction reproduces the most important changes in forest management between 1600 and 2010: (1) an increase of 593 000 km2 in conifers at the expense of deciduous forest (decreasing by 538 000 km2); (2) a 612 000 km2 decrease in unmanaged forest; (3) a 152 000 km2 decrease in coppice management; (4) a 818 000 km2 increase in high-stand management; and (5) the rise and fall of litter raking, which at its peak in 1853 resulted in the removal of 50 Tg dry litter per year.
Sensitivity analysis and implications for surface processes from a hydrological modelling approach in the Gunt catchment, high Pamir Mountains
Authors: Pohl E. , Knoche M. , Gloaguen R. , Andermann C. , Krause P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. A clear understanding of the hydrology is required to capture surface processes and potential inherent hazards in orogens. Complex climatic interactions control hydrological processes in high mountains that in their turn regulate the erosive forces shaping the relief. To unravel the hydrological cycle of a glaciated watershed (Gunt River) considered representative of the Pamir Mountains' hydrologic regime, we developed a remote-sensing-based approach. At the boundary between two distinct climatic zones dominated by the Westerlies and Indian summer monsoon, the Pamir Mountains are poorly instrumented and only a few in situ meteorological and hydrological data are available. We adapted a suitable conceptual distributed hydrological model (J2000g). Interpolations of the few available in situ data are inadequate due to strong, relief-induced, spatial heterogeneities. Instead of these we use raster data, preferably from remote sensing sources depending on availability and validation. We evaluate remote-sensing-based precipitation and temperature products. MODIS MOD11 surface temperatures show good agreement with in situ data, perform better than other products, and represent a good proxy for air temperatures. For precipitation we tested remote sensing products as well as the HAR10 climate model data and the interpolation-based APHRODITE data set. All products show substantial differences both in intensity and seasonal distribution with in situ data. Despite low resolutions, the data sets are able to sustain high model efficiencies (NSE ≥ 0.85). In contrast to neighbouring regions in the Himalayas or the Hindu Kush, discharge is dominantly the product of snow and glacier melt, and thus temperature is the essential controlling factor. Eighty percent of annual precipitation is provided as snow in winter and spring contrasting peak discharges during summer. Hence, precipitation and discharge are negatively correlated and display complex hysteresis effects that allow for the effect of interannual climatic variability on river flow to be inferred. We infer the existence of two subsurface reservoirs. The groundwater reservoir (providing 40 % of annual discharge) recharges in spring and summer and releases slowly during autumn and winter, when it provides the only source for river discharge. A not fully constrained shallow reservoir with very rapid retention times buffers meltwaters during spring and summer. The negative glacier mass balance (−0.6 m w.e. yr
The integrated Earth system model version 1: formulation and functionality
Authors: Collins W. D. , Craig A. P. , Truesdale J. E. , Di Vittorio A. V. , Jones A. D. , Bond-Lamberty B. , Calvin K. V. , Edmonds J. A. , Kim S. H. , Thomson A. M. , Patel P. , Zhou Y. , Mao J. , Shi X. , Thornton P. E. , Chini L. P. , Hurtt G. C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The integrated Earth system model (iESM) has been developed as a new tool for projecting the joint human/climate system. The iESM is based upon coupling an integrated assessment model (IAM) and an Earth system model (ESM) into a common modeling infrastructure. IAMs are the primary tool for describing the human–Earth system, including the sources of global greenhouse gases (GHGs) and short-lived species (SLS), land use and land cover change (LULCC), and other resource-related drivers of anthropogenic climate change. ESMs are the primary scientific tools for examining the physical, chemical, and biogeochemical impacts of human-induced changes to the climate system. The iESM project integrates the economic and human-dimension modeling of an IAM and a fully coupled ESM within a single simulation system while maintaining the separability of each model if needed. Both IAM and ESM codes are developed and used by large communities and have been extensively applied in recent national and international climate assessments. By introducing heretofore-omitted feedbacks between natural and societal drivers, we can improve scientific understanding of the human–Earth system dynamics. Potential applications include studies of the interactions and feedbacks leading to the timing, scale, and geographic distribution of emissions trajectories and other human influences, corresponding climate effects, and the subsequent impacts of a changing climate on human and natural systems. This paper describes the formulation, requirements, implementation, testing, and resulting functionality of the first version of the iESM released to the global climate community.
Development and evaluation of CNRM Earth-System model – CNRM-ESM1
Authors: Séférian R. , Delire C. , Decharme B. , Voldoire A. , Salas y Melia D. , Chevallier M. , Saint-Martin D. , Aumont O. , Calvet J.-C. , Carrer D. , Douville H. , Franchistéguy L. , Joetzjer E. , Sénési S.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We introduce and document the first version of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Earth system model (CNRM-ESM1). This model is based on the physical core of the CNRM-CM5 model and employs the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere (ISBA) module and the Pelagic Interaction Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies (PISCES) as terrestrial and oceanic components of the global carbon cycle. We describe a preindustrial and 20th century climate simulation following the CMIP5 protocol. We detail how the various carbon reservoirs were initialized and analyze the behavior of the carbon cycle and its prominent physical drivers. CNRM-ESM1 reproduces satisfactorily several aspects of the modern carbon cycle. On land, the model reasonably captures the carbon cycling through vegetation and soil, resulting in a net terrestrial carbon sink of 2.2 Pg C y-1. In the ocean, the large-scale distribution of hydrodynamical and biogeochemical tracers agrees well with a modern climatology from the World Ocean Atlas. The combination of biological and physical processes induces a net CO2 uptake of 1.7 Pg C y-1 that falls within the range of recent estimates. Our analysis shows that the atmospheric climate of CNRM-ESM1 compares well with that of CNRM-CM5. Biases in precipitation and shortwave radiation over the Tropics generate errors in gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration. Compared to CNRM-CM5, the revised ocean–sea ice coupling has modified the sea-ice cover and ocean ventilation, unrealistically strengthening the flow of North Atlantic deep water (26.1 ± 2 Sv). It results in an accumulation of anthropogenic carbon in the deep ocean.
Distributed visualization of gridded geophysical data: a web API for carbon flux
Authors: Endsley K. A. , Billmire M. G.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Due to the proliferation of geophysical models, particularly climate models, the increasing resolution of their spatiotemporal estimates of Earth system processes, and the desire to easily share results with collaborators, there is a genuine need for tools to manage, aggregate, visualize, and share datasets. We present a new, web-based software tool – the Carbon Data Explorer – that provides these capabilities for gridded geophysical datasets. While originally developed for visualizing carbon flux, this tool can accommodate any time-varying, spatially explicit scientific dataset, particularly NASA Earth system science Level III products. In addition, the tool's open-source licensing and web presence facilitate distributed scientific visualization, comparison with other datasets and uncertainty estimates, and data publishing and distribution.
Assessing the economic impacts of drought from the perspective of profit loss rate: a case study of the sugar industry in China
Authors: Wang Y. , Lin L. , Chen H.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Natural disasters have enormous impacts on human society, especially on the development of the economy. To support decision-making in mitigation and adaption to natural disasters, assessment of economic impacts is fundamental and of great significance. Based on a review of the literature on economic impact evaluation, this paper proposes a new assessment model of the economic impacts of droughts by using the sugar industry in China as a case study, which focuses on the generation and transfer of economic impacts along a simple value chain involving only sugarcane growers and a sugar-producing company. A perspective of profit loss rate is applied to scale economic impact. By using "with and without" analysis, profit loss is defined as the difference in profits between disaster-hit and disaster-free scenarios. To calculate profit, analysis of a time series of sugar price is applied. With the support of a linear regression model, an endogenous trend in sugar price is identified and the time series of sugar price "without" disaster is obtained, using an autoregressive error model to separate impact of disasters from the internal trend in sugar price. Unlike the settings in other assessment models, representative sugar prices, which represent value level in disaster-free conditions and disaster-hit conditions, are integrated from a long time series that covers the whole period of drought. As a result, it is found that in a rigid farming contract, sugarcane growers suffer far more than the sugar company when impacted by severe drought, which may promote reflections among various economic bodies on economic equality related to the occurrence of natural disasters. Further, sensitivity analysis of the model built reveals that sugarcane purchase price has a significant influence on profit loss rate, which implies that setting a proper sugarcane purchase price would be an effective way of realizing economic equality in future practice of contract farming.
Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean: a case study for Spain
Authors: Quiroga S. , Suárez C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural outputs in Spanish rural areas. By now the effects of drought as a response to climate change or policy restrictions have been analyzed through response functions considering direct effects on crop productivity and incomes. These changes also affect incomes distribution in the region and therefore modify the social structure. Here we consider this complementary indirect effect on social distribution of incomes which is essential in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a decomposition of inequalities measure to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. This social aspect is important for climate change policies since it can be determinant for the public acceptance of certain adaptation measures in a context of drought. We provide the empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two considered impacts: farms' income average and social income distribution. In our estimates we consider crop productivity response to both bio-physical and socio-economic aspects to analyze long term implications on both competitiveness and social disparities. We find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analyzed.
Site-level model intercomparison of high latitude and high altitude soil thermal dynamics in tundra and barren landscapes
Authors: Ekici A. , Chadburn S. , Chaudhary N. , Hajdu L. H. , Marmy A. , Peng S. , Boike J. , Burke E. , Friend A. D. , Hauck C. , Krinner G. , Langer M. , Miller P. A. , Beer C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Modeling soil thermal dynamics at high latitudes and altitudes requires representations of physical processes such as snow insulation, soil freezing and thawing and subsurface conditions like soil water/ice content and soil texture. We have compared six different land models: JSBACH, ORCHIDEE, JULES, COUP, HYBRID8 and LPJ-GUESS, at four different sites with distinct cold region landscape types, to identify the importance of physical processes in capturing observed temperature dynamics in soils. The sites include alpine, high Arctic, wet polygonal tundra and non-permafrost Arctic, thus showing how a range of models can represent distinct soil temperature regimes. For all sites, snow insulation is of major importance for estimating topsoil conditions. However, soil physics is essential for the subsoil temperature dynamics and thus the active layer thicknesses. This analysis shows that land models need more realistic surface processes, such as detailed snow dynamics and moss cover with changing thickness and wetness, along with better representations of subsoil thermal dynamics.
Improved Arctic sea ice thickness projections using bias corrected CMIP5 simulations
Authors: Melia N. , Haines K. , Hawkins E.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Projections of Arctic sea ice thickness (SIT) have the potential to inform stakeholders about accessibility to the region, but are currently rather uncertain. The latest suite of CMIP5 Global Climate Models (GCMs) produce a wide range of simulated SIT in the historical period (1979–2014) and exhibit various spatial and temporal biases when compared with the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modelling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) sea ice reanalysis. We present a new method to constrain such GCM simulations of SIT to narrow projection uncertainty via a statistical bias correction technique. The bias correction successfully constrains the spatial SIT distribution and temporal variability in the CMIP5 projections whilst retaining the climatic fluctuations from individual ensemble members. The bias correction acts to reduce the uncertainty in projections of SIT and reveals the significant contributions of sea ice internal variability in the first half of the century and of scenario uncertainty from mid-century onwards. The projected date of ice-free conditions in the Arctic under the RCP8.5 high emission scenario occurs in the 2050s, which is a decade earlier than without the bias correction, with potentially significant implications for stakeholders in the Arctic such as the shipping industry. The bias correction methodology developed could be similarly applied to other variables to narrow uncertainty in climate projections more generally.
Familial aggregation of anxiety associated with bruxism
Authors: Gorski David
Published: July 2015

Background: This paper reports the co-occurrence of heritable anxiety-related disorders and awake bruxism in a family and discusses the heritability of anxiety and implications of awake bruxism as comorbidity to anxiety disorders.Subjects: Ten out of 14 members of an extended family reported having a professionally diagnosed anxiety-related disorder. All individuals with anxiety disorders also showed intraoral signs of wear from bruxism and reported being aware of grinding their teeth while awake. Additionally, three out of the four family members without an anxiety-related disorder did not report grinding their teeth and showed no occlusal wear from bruxism. All of the individuals that were examined were educated about the short-term and long-term complications associated with bruxism, but all of them elected to not have treatment performed.Practical Implications: Anxiety disorders are highly related to suicidal behaviors, particularly in children and adolescents. Additionally, awaken bruxism can often serve as an indicator of anxiety or stress. By recognizing bruxism as a possible manifestation of psychological distress, the dental practitioner may be able to direct patients to life-saving services like psychologists and crisis hotlines when appropriate.