bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological variations of mangosteen fruits from Luzon and Mindanao Islands, the Philippines
Authors: Berame Julie , LAWSIN N. , MIGUEL F. , CHAVEZ J.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Berame J, Lawsin N, Miguel F, Chavez J. 2020. Morphological variations of mangosteen fruits from Luzon and Mindanao Islands, the Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 3094-3100. Luzon and Mindanao islands in the Philippines are the important mangosteen producing provinces whose growing areas are scattered on these two islands. With this, mangosteen variability was detected based on field fruit collections in summer of 2019. The morphological variations of mangosteen fruits were observed and collected in Quezon Province in Luzon and Davao-Zamboanga Provinces in Mindanao based on the total number of 175 mangosteen trees. The main objectives of the research were to find out the morphological variations of mangosteen fruits and using Tomato Analyzer 4.0 to determine the morphological characters that can be used to differentiate mangosteen accessions in the Philippines. The variables include fruit shape index (external and internal), curve fruit shape index, asymmetry, internal eccentricity and weight of the ripe fruits. The results show that fruit characters like ellipsoidal, circular, rectangular, lobe shape, size, pericarp area, and pericarp thickness. are highly resemblance particularly in its fruit shape characters, and even sharing a similar taste of ripe fruits. Data revealed that Garcinia mangostana shared a similar character with Garcinia malaccensis even though they are from different geographical areas. Based on the morphological variations and characters, the two varieties of mangosteen fruits in the Philippines, G. mangostana and G. malaccensis, are so closely related that they could be combined together as one species as identified in the morphological analysis of this study.
Tolerance and determinants of drought character descriptors of the Madurese landrace bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea)
Authors: Fatimah Siti , ARIFFIN ARIFFIN , RAHMI ARDIARINI NOER , KUSWANTO KUSWANTO
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Fatimah S, Ariffin, Rahmi AN, Kuswanto. 2020. Tolerance and determinants of drought character descriptors of the Madurese landrace bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). Biodiversitas 21: 3108-3116. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is legume of African origin overlooked in Indonesia. It has underdeveloped in Indonesia; for example, in East Java, it is only cultivated in Gresik, Lamongan, and Bangkalan of Madura. This plant can potentially be developed in dry lands, such as Madura as it has the ability to grow and develop well in a dry environment with low nutrient level. At present, there are sparse researches on the selection and determination of the drought-tolerant character descriptors of bambara groundnut in Indonesia. The present study used the expected lines of bambara groundnut selected from local lines of various regions in Indonesia using the nested design. The results showed that the drought stress treatment led to stunted growth of 12 bambara groundnut genotypes, including the number of leaves, plant height, canopy diameter, leaf thickness, number of flowers, number of stems or branches, number of internodes, length of leaf stems, root length, root wet weight, canopy wet weight, canopy dry weight, root dry weight, and leaf chlorophyll content. However, drought leads to a slight increase in the width and length of the stomata opening and leaf proline contents. The cluster analysis based on stress index and sensitivity index can classify 3 expected lines originating from Gresik Regency (G1, G2, G3), falling into the drought stress-tolerant category. Accumulated proline contents cannot be used as a descriptor of tolerance to drought stresses in bambara groundnut since the expected lines with an increase in proline contents in leaves during drought stresses based on the cluster analysis do not fall into the genotypic cluster tolerant to drought stresses.
Dipteran diversity and succession pattern on carcass of rabbits treated with opium dross: Implication in forensic medicine
Authors: Keshavarz Davood , Rassi Yavar , Oshaghi Mohamadali , AZIZI KOUROSH , RAFIZADEH SAYENA , SHAHRIARINAMADI MARZIEA
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Keshavarz D, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Azizi K, Rafizadeh S, Shahriarinamadi M. 2020. Dipteran diversity and succession pattern on carcass of rabbits treated with opium: Implication in forensic medicine. Biodiversitas 21: 3135-3141. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of opium on the succession pattern and diversity of Diptera on rabbit carcasses. In the present experimental study, dipteran species were collected from rabbit carcasses during the decay process. During this study, two replicates were performed, and four rabbits were used in each. Rabbits divided equally into two groups. In the first group, animals were received 25 mg opium dross orally via a gastric tube and then gradually increased the dose to 100 mg/case/day, while the second group were used as controls and received distilled water. The most frequent species on both carcass types were Chrysomya albiceps (26.2%), Lucilia sericata (15.9%), and Musca domestica (13.9%). Diversity analysis indicates high species richness on untreated carcasses (Shannon: 2.1; Margalef: 1.7). However, a significant difference was not detected for the Shannon index between the treated and untreated carcasses (P: 0.56). The taxa similarity values for sampling intervals ranged from 0.20-0.46 for both untreated and treated carcasses. Permutation analysis showed that successional patterns of dipteran species were similar between opium dross-treated and untreated carcasses. Therefore, in the case of opioid (opium) abused cadaver, this substance could not have an effect on the PMI estimation based on the pattern of succession. But it seems that the PMI should be corrected when the estimate is based on larval growth rate.
Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in scavenging chickens (Gallus domesticus) and their association to body weight
Authors: Riwidiharso Edy , Darsono Darsono , Setyowati Endang ariyani , Pratiknyo Hery , SUDIANA EMING , SANTOSO SLAMET , YANI EDY , Widhiono Imam
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Riwidiharso E, Darsono, Setyowati EA, Pratiknyo H, Sudiana E, Santoso S, Yani E, Widhiono I. 2020. Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in scavenging chickens (Gallus domesticus) and their association to body weight. Biodiversitas 21: 3163-3169. Domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) which are traditionally fed by scavenging on farms predispose them to ectoparasites infestation. In this study, a preliminary survey was conducted on the common ectoparasites on G. domesticus in the rural areas of Banyumas. The purposes of this study were to determine the diversity of ectoparasites, their prevalence, and their relationship to the chickens body weight. This research was conducted by the survey method from December 2019 to April 2020 in five villages around the city of Purwokerto, Banyumas District, Central Java, Indonesia viz., Kedungwuluh, Kedungwringin, Kutasari, Karangsalam, and Karanggintung. Data analysis was conducted by Shannon Wiener and Evenness indexes. Analysis of variance was used to calculate the difference in prevalence among sample locations. Regression correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between prevalence and chicken body weight. The results showed that there were six ectoparasite species  i.e., Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus cornutus, Lipeurus caponis, Dermanysus gallinae, Megninia ginglymura, and Haemaphysallis sp. parasitizing G. domesticus. The number of ectoparasite individuals among locations was significantly different (F 5.59 < 32.45; p <0.05). The most number of ectoparasite was found in Karangsalam (272 individuals). The most prevalent ectoparasite was M. cornutus (45%), followed by L. caponis (40%), and the lowest was M. synglineura (25%). Ectoparasite prevalence was associated with chicken weight loss (r = 0.98). The prevalence of ectoparasite of domestic chickens farm in the Banyumas Regency is classified as low but has the potential to influence body weight.
The influence of physicochemical environment on the distribution and abundance of mangrove gastropods in Ngurah Rai Forest Park Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Imamsyah Ajie , ARTHANA I WAYAN , ASTARINI IDA AYU
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Imamsyah A, Arthana IW, Astarini IA. 2020. The influence of physicochemical environment on the distribution and abundance of mangrove gastropods in Ngurah Rai Forest Park Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3178-3188. Ngurah Rai Forest Park is the widest mangrove ecosystem in Bali that close to the business center and tourism area. The strategic location of the Ngurah Rai Forest Park is estimated to produce anthropogenic waste that can disrupt the gastropod population and stability of the mangrove ecosystems. This study aims to analyze the mangrove density, distribution, and abundance of gastropods based on the quality of the biophysical environment. Mangrove data collection was carried out using a plot transect of 10 m x 10 m, 5 m x 5 m, and 1 m x 1 m. Meanwhile, samples gastropods were collected on a plot transect of 0.5 m x 0.5 m in plot transect of 5 m x 5 m. A total of 11 gastropods species and 6 mangrove species were recorded in this study. The dominant gastropods species found were Assiminea brevicula (28 ind/m2). Species mangrove of Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora apiculata found were in all study sites with tree density values of 1000 ind/ha. Subsequently, the ecological index calculation results show that the diversity index (H’) (2.89-3.2), evenness index (E) (0.87-0.93), and dominance index (C) (0.12-0.17). Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) found was Assiminea brevicula spread on sand and silt substrates and adaptive to the temperature condition, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Furthermore, other analysis results showed that Cerithidea cingulata, Cerithidea quadrata, Littoraria articulata, and Littoraria scabra were found on clay substrate with high C-organic content. In conclusion, gastropods are evenly distributed and no species dominate the ecosystems.
Comparison on seed germination and seedling growth between Indonesian local corn cultivars for decide the quality of seed
Authors: Wawo Albert Husein , Sumbogo Verina Gita , Lestari Peni
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Wawo AH, Sumbogo VG, Lestari P. 2020. Comparison on seed germination and seedling growth between Indonesian local corn cultivars for decide the quality of seed. Biodiversitas 21: 3189-3199. Each region in Indonesia has local corn cultivars (Zea mays L), for example, South Sulawesi has some Pulut Pangkajene cultivars and Purbalingga, Central Java has Entog and Senggani cultivars. Compared to hybrid corn, local corn has its advantages such as dry resistance, short life, and specific taste. The identification of seed germination and seedling growth for Pangkajene corn (South Sulawesi), Entog and Senggani corns (Purbalingga) has not been performed, thus, specific characteristics to differ those three corn cultivars have not been available. The study aims to establish the characteristics of local corn cultivars, comprise the seed germination, seedling growth, and determine the best local corn cultivars for supporting food sources. This research has Factorial patterned with a Completely Randomized Design and it was repeated 4 times. The main factor is the germination facility, namely germination chamber and nursery house. Meanwhile, the second factors are corn cultivars, namely Pangkajene, Entog, and Senggani. The result shows that the Pangkajene and Entog cultivars have higher germinability and germination value compared to Senggani corn cultivar. Pangkajene and Senggani cultivars have higher seedling growth than Entog cultivar seedlings characterized by high relative growth rate (R) values. The Pangkajene cultivar has higher quality compared to 2 local corn cultivars of Entog and Senggani from Purbalingga (Central Java). Further, Senggani cultivars have higher quality than Entog cultivars.
Genetic diversity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Sumbawa horse milk, Indonesia
Authors: KUSDIANAWATI Kusdianawati , MUSTOPA Apon Zaenal , FATIMAH Fatimah , Budiarto Bugi Ratno
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Kusdianawati, Mustopa AZ, Fatimah, Budiarto BR. 2020. Genetic diversity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Sumbawa horse milk, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3225-3233. LAB from Sumbawa horse milk has good potential antimicrobial and probiotic agents. It is known, the study on LAB diversity based on its phenotypic characters is difficult to be distinguished. However, the development of molecular characterization based on the genotypic characteristic could be done for LAB diversity analysis. The aim of this study is to obtain the genetic diversity of LAB from Sumbawa horse milk collected from Penyaring Village and Lennanguar Village, Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia. LAB strains were identified based on their genotypic characteristics, including their randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers profiles and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. The result of RAPD-PCR analysis showed 5 clusters of dendrograms resulted from GTG5 and LB2 primer amplification. Based on 16 rRNA sequences result, the phylogenetic tree was constructed and revealed 7 species of LAB i.e: SK 1.5, SKP K.3, SKP K.5, SKP K.9/SKP K.7/M.SKP K.3, SKL K.4, M.SKL K.1/ M.SKL K.5, and SKP K.4 belonging to the species of Enterococcus faecium, Weissella confusa, Lactococcus garvieae, Enterococcus thailandicus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactococcus petauri. In this study, the bacteria from Enterococcus sp., Lactococcus garvieae, and Lactococcus petauri existed as a novel of bacteria which means they have not been isolated and identified in Sumbawa horse milk compared to the previous findings.
Isolation, characterization and efficacy of lytic bacteriophages against pathogenic Escherichia coli from hospital liquid waste
Authors: Lingga Rahmad , Budiarti Sri , Rusmana Iman , Wahyudi Aris Tri
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Lingga R, Budiarti S, Rusmana I, Wahyu AT. 2020. Isolation, characterization and efficacy of lytic bacteriophages against pathogenic Escherichia coli from hospital liquid waste. Biodiversitas 21: 3234-3241. Escherichia coli is known as a pathogenic contaminant bacteria in hospital wastewater hazardous to humans and the environment. Concerns about the emergence of chlorine- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria increase the urgency to find an alternative strategy to control pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater. One of the alternatives is using lytic bacteriophage. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and examine the efficacy of lytic bacteriophage against pathogenic Escherichia coli from hospital wastewater. It isolated, characterized (plaque morphology, host range, virion electron micrograph, and sensitivity to temperature, pH, and chlorine treatments), and tested the efficacy of lytic bacteriophages in controlling pathogenic E. coli isolated from hospital wastewater. Five phages were successfully obtained, all of which had clear plaques (lytic phage character). Based on host range assay, most of the phages could lyse all tested E. coli strains but not for other species. Electron micrograph photography revealed that the phages belonged to Myoviridae. The phages showed stability in high temperature, broad-ranged pH, and high concentrations of chlorine treatments. Assay on phages efficacy suggested that the phages are capable of significantly reducing the E. coli population both in sterilized and non-sterilized wastewater. The combination of phage treatment and chlorine was more effective than single phage treatment. The efficacy test revealed that phage application in wastewater had the best result seen from cocktail treatment and a combination of phage treatment and chlorine. These results suggested that the phage can be a potential candidate for disinfection purposes.
Short Communication: Molecular characterization and blood hematology profile of dogs infected by Ehrlichia canis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Wuhan Yustinus oswin primajuni , Haryanto Aris , Tjahajati Ida
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Wuhan YOP, Haryanto A, Tjahajati I. 2020. Short Communication: Molecular characterization and blood hematology profile of dogs infected by Ehrlichia canis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3242-3248. Ehrlichia canis is Gram-negative intracellular obligate bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis, a companion vector-borne disease is a potentially fatal disease that attacks dogs. The purpose of this study was to molecular characterize and determine the features of Ehrlichia-infected blood based on the amplification of the gltA gene in Ehrlichia infected dogs from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Blood samples were collected from 51 dog patients from the Prof. Dr. Soeparwi Animal Hospital, animal clinics, and pet shops based on the anamnesis, clinical sign, and physical examination, followed by microscopic examination, routine hematology, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing were carried out on the blood samples. Based on positive PCR amplification and blood hematology profile examination ehrlichiosis-positive in dogs showed that thrombocytopenia case was 82.3%, anemia was 70.5%, eosinopenia was 70.5%, neutropenia was 29.4%, monocytopenia was 23%, leukopenia was 17% and lymphopenia was 11.7%. Morulae of Ehrlichia sp.was not found in microscopic examination. Molecularly, detected of E. canis using the gltA gene showed that 34% of samples were positive results. Then 5 of positive Ehrlichia samples were DNA sequenced, they showed a high homology of 100% with Hat Yai isolates (KU765199.1). There was no genetic diversity between E. canis samples in Yogyakarta.
Molecular identification and population genetic study of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Indonesia, Malaysia and Cameroon based on mitochondrial gene
Authors: Tambunan Van Basten , Apriyanto Ardha , Ajambang Walter , Etta Culbertson Enow , Sahari Bandung , Buchori Damayanti , Hidayat Purnama
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Tambunan VB, Apriyanto A, Ajambang W, Etta CE, Sahari B, Buchori D, Hidayat P. 2020. Molecular identification and population genetic study of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Indonesia, Malaysia and Cameroon based on mitochondrial gene. Biodiversitas 21: 3263-3270. Oil palm pollinating weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus is a very important insect pollinator in oil palm plantation. However, there is still lack of information about molecular identification and population genetic study in this species. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of oil palm pollinating weevil identification using mitochondrial DNA of COI gene and to assess its genetic variation between different locations and countries. We sequenced the DNA barcode of 36 individuals of this species using the mtDNA Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene to explore their genetic variation, identity and phylogenetic relationship. The COI gene sequences generated from this study were successful in identifying E. kamerunicus. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed 3 well-supported monophyletic haplogroups of E. kamerunicus population. In addition, genetic differentiation analysis revealed that most populations from Indonesia were different from Malaysian and Cameroonian populations indicating that there was a genetic variation between the population samples from these countries. The overall E. kamerunicus used in this study were geographically structured in two regions; outside Indonesia region (Cameroon and Malaysia) and Indonesia region. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using COI gene sequence for molecular identification and population genetic study of E. kamerunicus species.
Metagenomic analysis and biodiversity of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) on masin (fermented sauce) from Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Manguntungi Baso , Saputri Dinar , Mustopa Apon , Ekawati Nurlaili , Afgani Chairul , Sari Arlindah , Triratna Lita , Sukmarini Linda , FATIMAH Fatimah , Kusmiran Amirin , YANTI SAHRI , Irawan Shasmita , Prasetyo Muhammad , Fidien Khadijah ALLIYA
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Manguntungi B, Saputri DS, Mustopa AZ, Ekawati N, Afgani CA, Sari AP, Triratna L, Sukmarini L, Fatimah, Kusmiran A, Yanti S, Irawan S, Prasetyo MD, Fidien KA. 2020. Metagenomic analysis and biodiversity of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) on masin (fermented sauce) from Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3287-3293. Masin is a spontaneously fermented sauce from Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia that is made of shrimp paste, chili, turmeric flower, and herbs mixed with some spices. This study aims to isolate Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and analyze the metagenomic and biodiversity of its bacteria. Genome isolation for metagenomic analysis was using ZymoBIOMICSTM DNA Miniprep Kit. Sequencing analysis to identify LAB strain form masin was using 16S rRNA universal primer. Metagenomic analysis showed that relative abundance bacteria in masin for order taxon was Lactobacillales, the family taxon was Enteroccocaceae, and the genus was Tetragenoccocus. Six different groups were obtained from the phylogenetic tree analysis of 40 isolates found in masin. The representatives of each group taken were isolates number 2, 17, 11, 34, 28,  and 5. Based on the results of sequencing analysis, the 6 isolates found in masin are Staphylococcus piscifermentans strain CIP103958 (Isolate Code 2), S. piscifermentans strain BULST54 (Isolate Code 17), S. piscifermentans strain SK03 (Isolate Code 11), S. piscifermentans strain ATCC 51136 (Isolate Code 34), S. piscifermentans strain PCM 2409 (Isolate Code 28) and S. piscifermentans strain PU-87 (Isolate Code 5). Through this research, it has been described a whole diversity of bacteria contained in masin, one of them is Lactic acid bacteria. The six LAB isolates that have been identified can be developed as starter candidates for masin production.
Short Communication: Geometric morphometric analysis of leaf venation in four Shorea species for identification using Digital Image Processing
Authors: Ariawan Ishak , HERDIYENI YENI , SIREGAR ISKANDAR ZULKARNAEN
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ariawan I, Herdiyeni Y, Siregar IZ. 2020. Short Communication: Geometric morphometric analysis of leaves venation in Shorea spp. for identification using Digital Image Processing. Biodiversitas 21: 3303-3309. Shorea is one of the genera of the Dipterocarpaceae family which consists of more than 190 species. Massive exploitation of forests has threatened the sustainability of Shorea in nature. A total of 156 species has been listed on the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) red list. From the 156 species, 59.6% are in the critically endangered category, so urgent conservation is needed. However, during collection of Shorea at the seedling phase for conservation  purposes, it is often difficult to distinguish among them that can cause errors in their collection process. To avoid these errors, identification needs to be done, usually based on plant  leaf and flower  morphology. Leaves are easier because they have the main features that distinguish each plant species, one of which is the venation structure. Geometric morphometric techniques are a modern approach recognized as useful for the identification of species in many plants. Geometric morphometrics analyzes the position of the venation point using coordinate geometry values. This research was aimed to extract venation features of Shorea leaves using a geometric morphometric approach. The extraction process result in some features, such as straightness, different angle, length ratio, scale projection, and secondary nerves. On extracted features, an analysis was then performed to find out the best features in classifying species of Shorea spp. The results of this study indicated that the geometric morphometric approach could extract the value of the features of straightness, different angle, length ratio, scale projection, and secondary nerves. The secondary nerve feature is the best feature because it can distinguish between fourcommonly planted species of Shorea spp. (S. acuminata, S. leprosula, S. ovalis, and S. selanica). By using the support vector machine classification technique to identify species of Shorea spp., the classification results obtained an average accuracy of 84.46%.
Morphometric and DNA Barcoding of endemic Halmaheran walking shark (Hemiscyllium halmahera, Allen, 2013) in North Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: MADDUPPA Hawis , PUTRI ARINI S. P. , WICAKSONO RIDHO Z. , SUBHAN BEGINER , AKBAR NEBUCHADNEZZAR , ISMAIL FIRDAUT , ARAFAT DONDY , PRABUNING DERTA , MUKSIN L.M. IQBAL , SRIMARIANA ENDANG S. , BAKSIR ABDURRACHMAN , BENGEN DIETRIECH G.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Madduppa H, Putri ASP, Wicaksono RZ, Subhan B, Akbar N, Ismail F, Arafat D, Prabuning D, Sani LMI, Srimariana ES, Baksir A, Bengen DG. 2020. Morphometric and DNA Barcoding of endemic Halmaheran walking shark (Hemiscyllium halmahera, Allen, 2013) in North Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3331-3343. The walking shark (Hemiscyllium halmahera) commonly referred to as bamboo shark, is a shark species that belongs to the Hemiscyllidae family which is endemic in North Maluku, and Indonesian waters. These Hemiscyllium species are generally confined to the Australian-New Guinea region, save a specie which originates from Halmahera, an Indonesian island. Ever since its discovery, sufficient information on its existence has been largely unavailable. Hence, the purpose of this study is (1) to assess the morphology, using meristic measurements and length-weight relationship, and (2) to determine the molecular characteristics through DNA barcoding, phylogenetic reconstruction, and genetic diversity. The samples used in this research were obtained from Halmahera Archipelago, North Maluku, including Halmahera, Tidore, Ternate, Maitara, and Guraici in several expeditions between March 2017 and January 2018. 36 individuals in total were measured for morphometric parameters including Total Length (TL), Standard Length (SL), Head Length (HL), Body Circumference (BC), and Body Weight (BW). Out of a total of 36 sharks, tissue samples were obtained from 32 individuals for molecular identification. After the required measurements were obtained, all individuals sharks were released back to their habitat safely. Equations of linear regression were used to analyze the relationship between length and weight. Morphometric measurements indicated that the average total length of the walking shark samples obtained, were not more than 75± cm for both male and female specimens. The length-weight analysis revealed a positive allometric growth pattern in H. halmahera species, where weight was gained faster than an increase in length. The results of the DNA fragment length analysis from all samples were 793-bp. All 32 tissue samples identified as H. halmahera consisted of 3 samples from Ternate Island, 14 samples from Maitara Island, 9 samples from Guraici Island (South Halmahera), 10 samples from Central Halmahera, and 2 samples from Tidore Island. These results confirmed that DNA subsequence analysis indicates that H. halmahera is different from those sequences extracted from Genbank in the Australia-New Guinea region. This study successfully identified H. halmahera based on their morphological and molecular characters, and has therefore contributed to international genetic database (Barcoding Of Life Database-BOLD) for further studies.
The limiting factors of land suitability for sandalwood (Santalum album) in Sumba Island, Indonesia
Authors: KURNIAWAN HERY , PAMUNGKAS DANI
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Kurniawan H, Pamungkas D. 2020. The limiting factors of land suitability for sandalwood (Santalum album) in Sumba Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3364-3372. The land suitability assessment for sandalwood is very important for the successful cultivation and development of sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) in Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The map of land suitability classification for sandalwood is currently available. The land suitability assessment is determined based on designated indicators and predictors. It is important to identify the most influential measures in a particular area to determine the suitable treatment to be applied to the sandalwood plant, as well as to recognize the land suitability evaluation swiftly and efficiently. This study was aimed to determine the variables of indicators or verifiers that have the strongest relationship with the land suitability class for sandalwood. Regression method was used to develop the relationship model and to determine the level of the relationship through the coefficient of determination. The result shows that P2O5 content was the most influential factor to determine the land suitability class for sandalwood in Sumba Island.
Nest characteristics and populations of Tapanuli Orangutans in the conflict areas, Batangtoru Landscape, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Kuswanda Wanda , HARAHAP R. HAMDANI , ALIKODRA HADI S. , SIBARANI ROBERT
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Kuswanda W, Harahap RH, Alikodra JS, Sibarani R. 2020. Nest characteristics and populations of Tapanuli orangutans in Batangtoru Landscape, South Tapanuli District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3398-3406. Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) has been threatened to extinction due to conflicts with humans. Information on the orangutan characteristics in conflict areas at the Batangtoru Landscape is needed. Our research aimed to analyze the characteristics of nests, nest trees, and estimation of orangutan populations in conservation forests and buffer zones to develop conflict mitigation strategies in the Batangtoru Landscape, South Tapanuli District. A line transect method was used to count orangutan nests on 49 transects, starting from June 2019 to January 2020. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, frequency tables, Spearman correlation (rho), and the equation by (van Schaick et al. 1995). Tapanuli orangutans make nests at the height of 14.01 meters (90% CI = 13.37-14.67 meters), and most use the main stem as nest support. Tree nests of 35 species (17 families) were identified, with the highest frequency in (Durio zibethinus Murray), especially in the buffer zone. Correlation between nest tree diameter, tree height, and canopy area was significant (p <0.01, n = 83). The estimated orangutan populations in conflict areas were 155 individuals (95% CI = 121-187), and the highest was found in Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve buffer zones. Mitigation strategy of human-orangutan conflict that needs to be realized is the non-cash compensation guaranteeing the community does not disturb orangutans on their land. The compensation forms can be the provision of seedlings and fertilizer for plants, agricultural machinery, knowledge to land management, and orangutan ecotourism development. Nest and feed trees enrichment can be carried out in production forests bordering with conservation area.
Body weight, body measurements and slaughter characteristics of Madura cattle raised in Pamekasan District, East Java Province, Indonesia
Authors: PRIHANDINI PENI WAHYU , MAHARANI DYAH , Sumadi Sumadi
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Prihandini PW, Maharani D, Sumadi. 2020. Body weight, body measurements, and slaughter characteristics of Madura cattle raised in Pamekasan District, East Java Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3415-3421.  This study was designed to analyze the body weight, body measurements and slaughter characteristics of Madura cattle raised in Pamekasan district, East Java province, Indonesia. A total of 2,373 records on live body weight and body measurements (body length, height at withers and chest girth), and 69 records on slaughter traits (slaughter, carcass, and meat weight, as well as carcass and meat percentage) from both sexes were used. Sampled animals were divided into three groups based on age (calf: 0- to10-month-old; young: 11- to 24-month-old; adult: >24-month-old). The data were analyzed using independent sample t-test to assess significant differences between sex groups and subjected to multiple linear regression analyses to obtain prediction equations of body weight from body measurements, carcass weight from slaughter weight, and meat weight from slaughter- and carcass-weight. Results showed that body weight, height at withers, and chest girth between male and female cattle in all age groups were significantly different (P<0.05). Male cattle showed higher slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass percentage mean values than female cattle. Body measurements showed high correlation with body weight (r ≥0.80). Height at withers, body length, and chest girth represented good body measurements to predict body weight (R2 = from 0.65 to 0.83). Moreover, as observed, high correlations between slaughter weight and carcass- (r = 0.94; R2 = 0.89) and meat-weight (r = 0.99; R2 = 0.98) would imply that meat weight could be predicted accurately from slaughter- and carcass-weight.
Screening of Burkholderia spp. from oil palm plantation with antagonistic properties against Ganoderma boninense
Authors: YURNALIZA YURNALIZA , RAMBE DITA ISNAINI , SARIMUNGGU LISTRA , PURBA MEYLISA , NURWAHYUNI ISNAINI , LENNY SOVIA , LUTFIA ANISA , HARTANTO ADRIAN
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Yurnaliza. Rambe DI, Sarimunggu L, Purba M, Nurwahyuni I, Lenny S, Lutfia A, Hartanto A. 2020. Screening of Burkholderia spp. from oil palm plantation with antagonistic properties against Ganoderma boninense. Biodiversitas 21: 3431-3437.  Burkholderia spp. are ubiquitous diazotrophic bacteria within β-Proteobacteria group, known for its occurrence in variety of niches from aquatic to terrestrial habitats and as endophytes. Beneficial strains of Burkholderia have been reported as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria or as antagonistic bacteria against phytopathogenic fungi. This study evaluated the potential of multiple strains of Burkholderia spp. recovered from three ecological niches, such as rhizosphere, humus soil, and root endophytes of oil palm plantations in North Sumatra to suppress the growth of basal stem rot causative agent in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) by Ganoderma boninense Pat. The antagonistic isolates were identified on the basis of molecular identification using 16S rDNA sequence (27F–1462R), revealing twelve isolates (48%) as members of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), with other minor genera, such as Chitinophaga, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium, Paenibacillus, Rhizobium, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, and Xanthomonas. The antagonistic activities as expressed in the percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) against G. boninense were considerably potential with the highest percentage of 55%. In comparison, the crude extract (MeOH, EtOAc) was also tested against G. boninense colonies showing PIRG from 0 to 38%. Majority of isolates did not show any visible chitinolytic activity based on plate assay, in exception to B. contaminans RC02 while most of them were producers of glucanase. The collection of indigenous Burkholderia spp. originating from North Sumatran oil palm plantations, i.e. B. cepacia, B. contaminans, B. metallica, and B. stagnalis may then be considered as potential biocontrol agents against G. boninense based on their antagonistic activities, antifungal properties, and hydrolytic enzyme activities.
Short Communication: Composition of terpenoid compounds in essential oils extracted from stems of eight Piper species and their role in taxonomic relationships
Authors: Nugroho Laurentius Hartanto , LEXINTA ELIZABETH CINDY , PRIYONO YOSEP , SUSANDARINI RATNA
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Nugroho LH, Lexinta EC, Priyono Y, Susandarini R. 2020. Short Communication: Composition of terpenoid compounds in essential oils extracted from stems of eight Piper species and their role in taxonomic relationships. Biodiversitas 21: 3438-3443. Piper is widely used as source of essential oils from which many bioactive compounds with medicinal properties were used in traditional medicine. The objectives of this study were to explore the chemical composition of essential oils of eight Piper species and to identify its role in determining taxonomic relationships. Chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed using GC-MS analysis on petroleum ether extracts from stems of eight Piper species, while taxonomic relationship was determined using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Results showed that 21 terpenoid compounds were identified as constituents of the essential oils, consisted of 4 monoterpenes, 14 sesquiterpenes, and 3 diterpenes. The composition of essential oils varied between species. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that differences in the composition of essential oil compounds determined the grouping of species into two clusters. Five compounds were identified as having major role in the grouping of species. These compounds were α-selinene, α-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, farnesyl acetone, and α-amorphene. The results of this study offer opportunities for the use of Piper stems as source of essential oils. This study also confirms the interspecies variability in composition of essential oils, and at the same time supports the use of essential oils in chemotaxonomic studies.
Characterization and identification of three thermophilic Bacillus strain isolated from Domas Crater, Mt. Tangkuban Perahu, Indonesia
Authors: SAFITRI RATU , KUSUMAWARDHANI DELICIA PUTRI , ANNISA ANNISA , Partasasmita Ruhyat , ASHARINA SINTA , MASKOEN ANI MELANI
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Safitri R, Kusumawardhani PD, Annisa, Partasasmita R, Asharina S, Maskoen AM. 2020. Characterization and identification of three thermophilic Bacillus strains isolated from Domas Crater, Mt. Tangkuban Perahu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3444-3453. A community of thermophiles within the hot spring of Domas Crater, Mount Tangkuban West Java, has been cultivated and identified based on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. The hot spring has a temperature of 45°C-76 °C, pH 1-2, the isolate has been cultivated in Thermus medium at a temperature of 70 and pH 6. The three isolated strains were L61A, TS61A, and D41A identified based on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence refer to the GenBank database and all of them belong to the Phylum Firmicutes, which are clustered within the taxonomic groups of Bacillus, the Bacillus, and Geobacillus genera. Nucleotide sequences were compared for homology with BLASTN search at the NCBI Web-site revealed that strains (L61A) had 99.93% similarity with Geobacillus uzenensis. TS61A strain has a 99.24% similarity with Bacillus wiedmannii. Whereas D41A has 99.79% similarity with Bacillus paramycoides. The characterization also includes the phenotypic and biochemical of strains. The bacillus genera were known as a source of thermostable enzymes, plant growth-promoting, probiotics, decomposers of various polysaccharide materials, and bioremediation.
The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
Authors: Fajri Muhammad , PRATIWI Pratiwi , Ruslim Yosep
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Fajri M, Pratiwi, Ruslim Y. 2020. The characteristics of Shorea macrophylla’s habitat in Tane’ Olen, Malinau District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3454-3462.  Shorea macrophylla is a tree species in Tane' Olen forest area. This study analyzed the soil’s physical and chemical properties, topography, and microclimate of S. macrophylla’s habitat. A purposive method was used to select a sampling plot and to place the subplots. Soil was analyzed to determine the physical properties, i.e., texture, bulk density, porosity, and water content, and the chemical properties, i.e., pH, CEC, total N, organic C, C/N ratio, P, K , and Al saturation. Importance value index was determined for each tree species to know the species composition in the study site. Only the dominant species were presented. The soil at the study site had bulk density of 0.60-1.31 gram cm³-1, porosity 50.60%-77.35%, water content 34.88%-95.37%, and soil texture sandy clay. The chemical properties of the soil were as follows: pH was 3.6-4.8, N 0.05%-0.19%, organic C 1.40%-3.65%, P 0.41-1.22 mg 100 gr-1, K 58.68-232.55 mg 100 gr-1, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 5.35-10.81 meg 100gr -1. Slope ranged between 0 and 25%. The microclimate characteristics were as follows: temperature was 24-26.5°C, relative humidity 76-87%, and light intensity 145-750 Lm. Trees species with an IVI ≥ 10% were S. macrophylla, Madhuca spectabilis, Myristica villosa Warb, Scorodocarpus borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp., Macaranga triloba, Syzygium inophyllum and Shorea sp. Positive associations were observed between S. macropylla and S. borneensis, Eugenia spp., Palaquium spp.. and M. triloba, and negative associations were observed between S. macropylla and M. spectabilis, M. villosa Warb, S. inophyllum, and Shorea sp. S. macrophylla grows on riversides with flat and gentle topography, acidic soil, and lower fertility but with suitable microclimate. This species can be recommended to be planted in degraded tropical forest areas but the microclimate and soil properties should be taken into account.
Morphological diversity of phytolith structures in six species of Carex L. and Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae Juss.) from West Bengal, India
Authors: MAJUMDER SUBRATA , MALLICK TANMOY , Ghosh Asok
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Majumder S, Mallick T, Ghosh A. 2020. Morphological diversity of phytolith structures in six species of Carex L. and Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae Juss.) from West Bengal, India. Biodiversitas 21: 3471-3486. Cyperaceae is a taxonomically challenging group due to its cosmopolitan distribution, similar vegetative structure, and reduced reproductive morphology. The present study focused on the characterization and description of phytolith morphotypes based on shape, structure, and ornamentation. Six species of Carex L. and Cyperus L. (three species each) were considered for the present study. From the investigation, we found 56 phytolith morphotypes, among which the principle ones were conical, elongate bulbous margin, lanceolate psilate, tabular concave with verrucate, tabular concave columellate, ovate granulate, and orbicular concave. The conical morphotype was most commonly found. The elongate bulbous margin, lanceolate psilate, and tabular concave with verrucate phytolith morphotypes were specific to the genus Carex, while the tabular concave columellate, ovate granulate and orbicular concave were only found in Cyperus spp. Further, the detailed study of conical morphotypes revealed a distinctive character among the studied genera. Our study concludes that conical, elongate bulbous margin, lanceolate psilate, tabular concave with verrucate, tabular concave columellate, ovate granulate, and orbicular concave morphotypes are constant at the genus level and may play a role in taxonomic identification in the family Cyperaceae.
The impact of climate change on the household food security of upland rice farmers in Sidomulyo, Lampung Province, Indonesia
Authors: Murniati Ktut , Mutolib Abdul
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Murniati K, Mutolib A. 2020. The impact of climate change on the household food security of upland rice farmers in Sidomulyo, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3487-3493.  Climate change in the agricultural sector, particularly food crops, significantly decreases the production, causing the anomaly influences of El-Niño (drought) and La-Nina (flood). Climate change will have an impact on food availability and accessibility, thereby disrupting the food security and vulnerability of farmer households. This study aimed to: analyze the livelihood vulnerabilities, determine the food security level, and assess the livelihood vulnerability on the food security of upland rice farmer households against climate change. This study was conducted in Sidomulyo Sub-district, South Lampung District. The samples were randomly selected among farmers, resulting in 66 selected farmers. The analysis included: the livelihood vulnerability index– intergovernmental panel of climate change (LVI-IPCC), food security index based on the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, and the Ordinal Model Logit (Ologit). The results showed that the upland rice farmer’s household had a livelihood vulnerability of 0.071, belonged to the medium category.  Most farmer households (77.27%) were categorized as food secure.   The “secure” category in the food security index is obtained if the upland rice farmers fulfill three criteria includes food availability, food stability, and food sustainability.  The strategy of climate change adaptation, rice price, and phonska fertilizer price affects the food security of farmers’ households.  Climate change adaptation strategies are indispensable for sustainable food security.
Identification and diversity analysis of cassiicolin-encoding gene of Corynespora cassiicola isolates from rubber tree in Indonesia
Authors: OKTAVIA FETRINA
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Oktavia F. 2020. Identification and diversity analysis of cassiicolin encoding gene of Corynespora cassiicola isolates from rubber tree in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3499-3507. Cassiicolin is an important effector of virulence process on the Corynespora cassiicola, plant-pathogen that causes Corynespora leaf fall disease in rubber tree. The study aimed to identify and analyze the genetic diversity of isolates from rubber plants in Indonesian based on cassiicolin encoding gene (Cas gene). Identification of Cas genes was performed using 12 pairs of primers on 23 isolates from rubber host clones. Only three pairs of primers were able to amplify the analyzed DNA, namely CasF20/CasR28, CasF19/CasR26, and CasF4/R16 which produced DNA fragments of 760 bp, 550 bp and 210 bp respectively in this study. BLAST analysis showed that 19 isolates carried a Cas5 gene. Three of the 19 DNA samples also contained a putative Cas3 or Cas4 gene. Four other isolates had no detectable Cas gene (Cas0). The genetic diversity based on the Cas gene showed that the isolates were grouped into three major clusters. ome isolates had high genetic similarity with outgroup isolates from China. There was not clear link between Cas gene with virulence profiles. The cassiicolin encoding gene information is useful for predicting the virulence of C. cassiicola isolates from Indonesia rubber plantation, so that the disease severity spreading in rubber plants can be early anticipated.