bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of a conserved histidine–tyrosine interhelical interaction in the ion channel domain of δ‐endotoxins fromBacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Seale Jeffrey W.
Published: December 2005

The δ‐endotoxin proteins are produced byBacillus thuringiensisduring the sporulation phase of its life cycle. These proteins exhibit insecticidal activity through receptor‐mediated ion channel formation. The mode of action of these proteins requires the conversion of the protein from a water‐soluble conformation to a membrane‐inserted conformation. While there is X‐ray structure information for the soluble protein, no detailed structure exists for the membrane‐inserted protein. However, based on peptide studies, an umbrella model for the membrane‐inserted state has been proposed. Here, we investigated the role of a conserved hydrogen bond interaction between two helices that are suggested to undergo a large conformational change upon membrane insertion. Mutation of either the histidine or the tyrosine resulted in a protein that has significantly reduced bioactivity, increased overall flexibility, and significantly reduced stability. These data highlight an important role for this interaction in the overall stability of the protein. Additionally, the conservation of histidine and tyrosine in these positions may suggest a functional role for the interaction in the conformational switching from soluble to membrane protein. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing a novel approach for predicting local 3D protein structures from sequence
Authors: Benros Cristina , de Brevern Alexandre G. , Etchebest Catherine , Hazout Serge
Published: December 2005

We developed a novel approach for predicting local protein structure from sequence. It relies on the Hybrid Protein Model (HPM), an unsupervised clustering method we previously developed. This model learns three‐dimensional protein fragments encoded into a structural alphabet of 16 protein blocks (PBs). Here, we focused on 11‐residue fragments encoded as a series of seven PBs and used HPM to cluster them according to their local similarities. We thus built a library of 120 overlapping prototypes (mean fragments from each cluster), with good three‐dimensional local approximation, i.e., a mean accuracy of 1.61 Å Cα root‐mean‐square distance. Our prediction method is intended to optimize the exploitation of the sequence‐structure relations deduced from this library of long protein fragments. This was achieved by setting up a system of 120 experts, each defined by logistic regression to optimize the discrimination from sequence of a given prototype relative to the others. For a target sequence window, the experts computed probabilities of sequence‐structure compatibility for the prototypes and ranked them, proposing the top scorers as structural candidates. Predictions were defined as successful when a prototype <2.5 Å from the true local structure was found among those proposed. Our strategy yielded a prediction rate of 51.2% for an average of 4.2 candidates per sequence window. We also proposed a confidence index to estimate prediction quality. Our approach predicts from sequence alone and will thus provide valuable information for proteins without structural homologs. Candidates will also contribute to global structure prediction by fragment assembly. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locally defined protein phylogenetic profiles reveal previously missed protein interactions and functional relationships
Authors: Kim Yohan , Subramaniam Shankar
Published: December 2005

Phylogenetic profiles encode patterns of presence or absence of genes across genomes, and these profiles can be used to assign functional relationships to nonhomologous pairs of proteins (Pellegrini et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:4284–4288). Although it is well known that many proteins were created from combinations of domains, most of the existing implementations of phylogenetic profiles do not consider this fact. Here, we introduce an extension that considers the multidomain nature of proteins and test the method against the known interaction data sets. Whereas earlier implementations associated one entire sequence with one protein phylogenetic profile (Single‐Profile), our method instead breaks the sequence into a set of segments of predetermined size and constructs a separate profile for each segment (Multiple‐Profile). The results show that the Multiple‐Profile method performs as well as the Single‐Profile method. However, the two methods share, surprisingly, a small fraction of their predictions, indicating that the Multiple‐Profile method can detect known interactions missed by the Single‐Profile method. Thus, the Multiple‐Profile method can be used with other methods to determine functional relationships on a genome scale with wider coverage. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reducing waste: repair, recondition, remanufacture or recycle?
Authors: King Andrew M. , Burgess Stuart C. , Ijomah Winnie , McMahon Chris A.
Published: December 2005

Between 1980 and 1997, municipal waste in OECD countries increased by around 40%. This paper outlines the very real negative effects of this increase and then introduces the two main European Union policies that have been established to address this problem: a landfill directive and legislation on extended producer responsibility (EPR).

The paper then describes and compares the four alternative strategies to reducing end‐of‐life waste within the context of extended producer responsibility: namely repairing, reconditioning, remanufacturing or recycling. It also introduces a more robust definition of remanufacturing, validated by earlier research, which differentiates it from repair and reconditioning.

From a consideration of the different factors involved, it concludes that remanufacturing may well be the best strategy. This is because it enables the embodied energy of virgin production to be maintained, preserves the intrinsic ‘added value’ of the product for the manufacturer and enables the resultant products to be sold ‘as new’ with updated features if necessary. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Ultrastructure and synaptology of the paratrigeminal nucleus in the rat: Primary pharyngeal and laryngeal afferent projections
Authors: Saxon Dale W. , Hopkins David A.
Published: December 2005

The paratrigeminal nucleus (PTN) receives primary afferent projections from the aerodigestive tract and orofacial regions and plays a role in the integration of visceral and somatic information. This study describes the fine structure of the rat PTN and the synaptology of primary afferent projections from the pharynx and larynx. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) or cholera toxin‐HRP (CT‐HRP) were made into the wall of the pharynx or larynx to label primary afferent axon terminals. Light microscopic observations demonstrated that afferent axons terminated bilaterally in overlapping fields in the PTN. Electron microscopic observations of the PTN revealed that there were three distinct classes of neurons, based on morphology and axosomatic contacts. The most abundant neurons, Type 1, were fusiform in shape and received very few or no axosomatic contacts. Type 2 neurons contained prominent Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and few axosomatic contacts, while Type 3 neurons had many axosomatic synapses. Terminals containing round, clear vesicles and forming asymmetric contacts (round asymmetric, RA) with dendrites were the predominant synaptic type in the PTN. Primary afferent terminals from the pharynx and larynx were of the RA type and formed synaptic contacts with small‐diameter (<1 μm) dendrites. Visceral primary afferent inputs from the pharynx and larynx overlap with trigeminal somatic afferents in the PTN and have similar synaptic morphology. The results support the concept that the PTN provides an anatomical substrate for mediating viscerovisceral and somatovisceral reflexes via efferent connections with autonomic centers in the brainstem. Synapse 59:220–234, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic doses of amphetamine or methylphenidate differentially increase synaptic and extracellular dopamine
Authors: Schiffer W.K. , Volkow N.D. , Fowler J.S. , Alexoff D.L. , Logan J. , Dewey S.L.
Published: December 2005

Methylphenidate (MP) and amphetamine (AMP) are first‐line treatments for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although both drugs have similar therapeutic potencies, the stimulatory effect of AMP on extracellular dopamine (ECF DA) is greater than that of MP. We compared extracellular effects directly against synaptic changes. ECF DA was assessed by microdialysis in freely moving rodents and synaptic dopamine (DA) was measured using PET and [11C]‐raclopride displacement in rodents and baboons. Microdialysis data demonstrated that MP (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) increased ECF DA 360% ± 31% in striatum, which was significantly less than that by AMP (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.; 1398% ± 272%). This fourfold difference was not reflected by changes in synaptic DA. In fact, rodent PET studies showed no difference in striatal [11C]‐raclopride binding induced by AMP (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.; 25% ± 4% reduction) compared with that by MP (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.; 21% ± 4% reduction). Primate PET experiments also showed no differences between AMP (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.; 24% ± 4% reduction) and MP (1.0 mg/kg, i.v.; 25% ± 7% reduction) induced changes in [11C]‐raclopride binding potential. The similar potencies of MP and AMP to alter synaptic DA, despite their different potencies in raising ECF DA, could reflect their different molecular mechanisms. Synapse 59:243–251, 2006. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists selectively enhance responses of slowly adapting type I mechanoreceptors
Authors: Cahusac Peter M.B. , Senok Solomon S.
Published: December 2005

There is evidence that glutamate may participate as a transmitter at the junction between Merkel cells and the nerve terminals of slowly adapting type I (St I) units. We recorded extracellularly from the deep vibrissal nerve of an isolated rat vibrissa preparation in vitro. Five second trapezoid stimulus ramp deflections of the hair shaft were used to evoke responses. We bath‐applied two compounds, which we planned would interfere with glutamatergic transmission. (2S)‐2‐Amino‐2‐[(1S,2S)‐2‐carboxycycloprop‐1‐yl]‐3‐(xanth‐9‐yl) propanoic acid (LY341495) was used at concentrations up to 100 μM to block all known metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. The racemic mixture (RS)‐4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxyphenylglycine ((RS)‐4C3HPG) was used up to 100 μM to block ionotropic and Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, and as an agonist at Group II mGlu receptors. Unexpectedly, both compounds had rapid onset excitatory effects on mechanically‐evoked responses. (RS)‐4C3HPG increased responses, with a mean 146% of control (P< 0.05) in a concentration‐dependent manner. LY341495 increased responses, with a mean 128% of control (P< 0.05). With (RS)‐4C3HPG in particular, it was noted that the static component (the firing during the last 1 s plateau) was preferentially enhanced relative to the dynamic component (firing during the first 0.5 s). Rapid recovery was seen after wash. Slowly adapting type II units, which have no junctional transmission, were completely unaffected by these compounds up to 200 μM. These results suggest that mGlu receptors play a role in Merkel cell‐neurite complex mechanotransduction, although other explanations are considered. Synapse 59:235–242, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium(II) Complexes with 2‐(2′‐Pyridyl)quinoline. Catalytic Air Oxidation of Olefins by Palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Qaseer Hanan A. , El‐Qisairi Arab K. , Zaghal Mukarram H.
Published: December 2005

Palladium(II) complexes of 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)quinoline (PQ), namely [PdX2(PQ)] (X = Br−, I−, N3−, NO2−, SCN−, acac) and [PdCl(NO3)(PQ)] have been synthesized via substitution reactions of [PdCl2(PQ)] with an excess of sodium salts and acetylacetone. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Selected complexes have been further characterized using electrospray ionization (ESI) and ion trap mass spectroscopy (ITMS). Some complexes are found to catalyze the rapid air oxidation of α‐olefins under Wacker oxidation. The chlorohydrin products are produced in good to excellent yields while oxidation products are obtained in low yields. The [PdCl2(PQ)] complex is found to have the highest catalytic activity.
Zur Kenntnis der Kristallstruktur von Melem C6N7(NH2)3
Authors: Sattler Andreas , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: December 2005

On the Crystal Structure of Melem C6N7(NH2)3

Single crystals of melem (1) were grown from both DMSO‐solutions and the gas phase. The structure of melem (1) was solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (P21/c, Z = 4, a = 741.66(15), b = 862.28(17), c = 1335.9(3) pm, β = 99.91(3)° R1 = 0.037 for 1098 reflections). The structure determination by X‐ray powder diffraction, which has been previously conducted, is in agreement with our data. The increased quality of the structural information allows for a more detailed understanding of the hydrogen bonding network.
Three-Mode Component Analysis with Crisp or Fuzzy Partition of Units
Authors: Rocci Roberto , Vichi Maurizio
Published: December 2005

A new methodology is proposed for the simultaneous reduction of units, variables, and occasions of a three-mode data set. Units are partitioned into a reduced number of classes, while, simultaneously, components for variables and occasions accounting for the largest common information for the classification are identified. The model is a constrained three-mode factor analysis and it can be seen as a generalization of the REDKM model proposed by De Soete and Carroll for two-mode data. The least squares fitting problem is mathematically formalized as a constrained problem in continuous and discrete variables. An iterative alternating least squares algorithm is proposed to give an efficient solution to this minimization problem in the crisp and fuzzy classification context. The performances of the proposed methodology are investigated by a simulation study comparing our model with other competing methodologies. Different procedures for starting the proposed algorithm have also been tested. A discussion of some interesting differences in the results follows. Finally, an application to real data illustrates the ability of the proposed model to provide substantive insights into the data complexities.
On Nonequivalence of Several Procedures of Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Yuan Ke-Hai , Chan Wai
Published: December 2005

The normal theory based maximum likelihood procedure is widely used in structural equation modeling. Three alternatives are: the normal theory based generalized least squares, the normal theory based iteratively reweighted least squares, and the asymptotically distribution-free procedure. When data are normally distributed and the model structure is correctly specified, the four procedures are asymptotically equivalent. However, this equivalence is often used when models are not correctly specified. This short paper clarifies conditions under which these procedures are not asymptotically equivalent. Analytical results indicate that, when a model is not correct, two factors contribute to the nonequivalence of the different procedures. One is that the estimated covariance matrices by different procedures are different, the other is that they use different scales to measure the distance between the sample covariance matrix and the estimated covariance matrix. The results are illustrated using real as well as simulated data. Implication of the results to model fit indices is also discussed using the comparative fit index as an example.
An IRT Model with a Parameter-Driven Process for Change
Authors: Rijmen Frank , De Boeck Paul , van der Maas Han L. J.
Published: December 2005

An IRT model with a parameter-driven process for change is proposed. Quantitative differences between persons are taken into account by a continuous latent variable, as in common IRT models. In addition, qualitative interindividual differences and autodependencies are accounted for by assuming within-subject variability with respect to the parameters of the IRT model. In particular, the parameters of the IRT model are governed by an unobserved or “hidden'” homogeneous Markov process. The model includes the mixture linear logistic test model (Mislevy & Verhelst, 1990), the mixture Rasch model (Rost, 1990), and the Saltus model (Wilson, 1989) as specific instances. The model is applied to a longitudinal experiment on discontinuity in conservation acquisition (van der Maas, 1993).
Psychiatric side effects of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Goeb J.-L. , Even C. , Nicolas G. , Gohier B. , Dubas F. , Garré J.B.
Published: December 2005

Psychiatric disorders, especially depression, are frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). They are attributed both to the psychosocial impact of a chronic, usually progressive, disabling illness and to cerebral demyelination. Besides, drugs such as corticosteroids and possibly interferon (IFN) may also have depressogenic effects. Major depressive disorders and/or suicidal ideation are a major concern and efforts to identify and minimize these reactions are of much importance. Psychiatric side effects, particularly depression, are widely reported with IFN-α and have been suspected with IFN-β but are not yet fully established. Our review of the literature revealed that most studies discard an association between IFN-β and depression or suicide. However, few patients, especially those with a history of depression, might be at higher risk for depression when treated with IFN-β. Overall, considering the uncertainty of a link between IFN-β and depression and/or suicide, as well as the complete remission of psychiatric complications after IFN discontinuation and/or antidepressant treatment, physicians should closely monitor the psychiatric status of patients, but should not refrain from including them in IFN-β treatment programs, even when they have past or present depression.
In vivo assessment of the significance of phosphorylation of the Arabidopsis chloroplast protein import receptor, atToc33
Authors: Aronsson Henrik , Combe Jonathan , Patel Ramesh , Jarvis Paul
Published: December 2005

atToc33 is a transit peptide receptor of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane, and possesses GTPase activity. In vitro, its transit peptide‐ and GTP‐binding properties are abrogated by its phosphorylation at serine 181, which was proposed to represent an important regulatory mechanism. We mutated S181 to alanine (to prevent phosphorylation), and to aspartate and glutamate (to mimic the effects of phosphoserine), and expressed all three proteins in ppi1 (atToc33 knockout) plants using the native promoter. The mutants complemented ppi1 with equal efficiency in respect of all criteria tested, including protein import efficiency and light stress tolerance. The data suggest that atToc33 phosphorylation may not play an important role in vivo.
Effect of asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in ghost membrane from rat blood on peroxidation induced by ferrous ion
Authors: Di Ling , Liu Wei , Liu Yu , Wang Jin-Ye
Published: December 2005

This study used rat erythrocyte ghost membrane to investigate the effect of aminophospholipid distribution in biological membranes on oxidative susceptibility. Aminophospholipids, lipid peroxidation, and carbonyl compounds were quantified; plasma membrane structure was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Inside‐out vesicles (IOVs) had significantly more aminophospholipids and greater lipid peroxidation than right‐side‐out vesicles (ROVs). Spectrin bands in IOVs disappeared obviously than in ROVs as shown in SDS–PAGE. In both systems vesicle protein size increased significantly with oxidation. Proteins aggregated much more in IOVs than ROVs at 48 h. These observations suggest that IOVs were more susceptible to ferrous ion‐induced peroxidation than ROVs and that asymmetric phospholipid distribution affects biomembranes’ oxidative susceptibility.
Thiorphan, tiopronin, and related analogs as substrates and inhibitors of peptidylglycine α‐amidating monooxygenase (PAM)
Authors: McIntyre Neil R. , Lowe Edward W. , Chew Geoffrey H. , Owen Terrence C. , Merkler David J.
Published: December 2005

Peptidyglycine α‐amidating monooxygenase is a copper‐ and zinc‐dependent, bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of glycine‐extended peptides or N‐acylglycines to the corresponding amides and glyoxylate. This reaction is a key step in the biosynthesis of bioactive α‐amidated peptides and, perhaps, the primary fatty acids amides also. Two clinically useful N‐acylglycines are thiorphan and tiopronin, each with a thiol moiety attached to the acyl group. We report here that thiorphan and tiopronin are substrates for PAM, exhibiting relatively low K
M,app and V
MAX,app values. The low V
MAX,app values result, most likely, from a decrease in active PAM · 2Cu(II) as the enzyme competes ineffectively with thiorphan and tiopronin for free copper.
The molecular basis of multidrug resistance in cancer: The early years of P‐glycoprotein research
Authors: Gottesman Michael M. , Ling Victor
Published: December 2005

The discovery and characterization of P‐glycoprotein, an energy‐dependent multidrug efflux pump, as a mechanism of multidrug resistance in cancer is generally accepted as a significant contribution to the ongoing effort to end death and suffering from this disease. The historical reflections of Victor Ling and Michael Gottesman concerning the early years of this research highlight the important contributions of the multidisciplinary teams involved in these studies, and illustrate how technological developments in biochemistry and molecular and cell biology enabled this discovery.
Induction of TSP1 gene expression by heat shock is mediated via an increase in mRNA stability
Authors: Kang Jung-Hoon , Kim Soo-A , Hong Kyong-Ja
Published: December 2005

Thrombospondin‐1 (TSP1) expression has previously been shown to be regulated primarily at the level of transcription. In the present study, transcriptional control was not involved in the induction of TSP1 by heat shock. In contrast, heat shock caused significant stabilization of TSP1 mRNA. Fusion of the 3′‐untranslated region (UTR) of TSP1 mRNA, with a reporter gene, increased the stability of the reporter transcript by heat shock. Furthermore, we identified a putative region from 968 to 1258 from the stop codon in the TSP1 3′‐UTR, involved in the stability by heat shock. Thus, the induction of TSP1 by heat shock may occur through a post‐transcriptional mechanism.
Differential promoter usage of infA in response to cold shock in Escherichia coli
Authors: Ko Jae-hyeong , Lee Sang-Joon , Cho Bongrae , Lee Younghoon
Published: December 2005

Initiation factor 1 (IF1) is an essential protein in Escherichia coli involved in the initiation step of protein synthesis. The protein level of IF1 increases when E. coli cells are subjected to cold shock, however, it remains unclear as to how this increase occurs. The infA gene encoding IF1 contains two promoters, the distal P1 and the proximal P2 promoter. In this study, we found that infA mRNA was greatly increased, and that this increase resulted from transcriptional activation of P1, not P2, during cold shock although stability of transcripts from both promoters concomitantly increased.
Protecting the Right of Local Self-Government
Authors: Magnusson Warren
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Many people in Canada are frightened by the right of local self-government, because they are afraid of the privatization of public authority. This article suggests that municipalities can be otherwise conceived, and that a right of local self-government can be vindicated without impairing the capacity of the state or encouraging a debilitating privatism. The key is to understand that municipalities can be non-exclusive public authorities, on a different register from the state or civil society.

Résumé.La crainte de la privatisation des pouvoirs publics mène de nombreux Canadiens et Canadiennes à redouter le droit à l'autonomie gouvernementale locale. Cet article suggère qu'il est possible d'envisager les municipalités autrement, et qu'on peut justifier le droit à l'autonomie gouvernementale locale sans faire entrave aux compétences de l'État et sans encourager un privatisme débilitant. L'important est de comprendre que les municipalités peuvent exercer un pouvoir public non exclusif dans leur propre zone de compétence, jouant sur un registre différent de celui de l'État ou de la société civile.
The Political Foundations of Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Canada
Authors: Matthews J. Scott
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Public support for legal recognition of same-sex marriage increased markedly in Canada over the course of the 1990s. The argument of this paper is that a sequence of Supreme Court decisions in the realm of same-sex relationship recognition—and the legislative activity that followed as a result—played a pivotal role in shaping public opinion on this issue. It is argued that the impact of these institutions was twofold. First, by framing the issue as one of equal rights, the courts and legislatures induced many Canadians to weigh equality-related considerations more heavily in the formation of opinions on same-sex marriage. Second, legal recognition of same-sex relationships directly persuaded many Canadians that such recognition was legitimate. The paper uses data from the Canadian Election Studies for 1993, 1997 and 2000.

Résumé.Durant les années 1990 le soutien populaire aux mariages entre conjoints de même sexe s'est clairement renforcé. La thèse principale de cet article avance qu'une série de décisions de la Cour suprême portant sur les relations entre conjoints de même sexe, de même que les décisions adoptées par les pouvoirs législatifs en réponse à ces jugements, jouèrent un rôle crucial dans la formation de l'opinion publique sur ces questions. D'abord, en formulant le débat en termes d'égalité devant la loi, les appareils judiciaire et législatif ont amené les Canadiens à accorder plus de poids aux arguments liés à l'égalité dans leurs réflexions sur le sujet. En second lieu, la reconnaissance légale des unions entre conjoints de même sexe a persuadé les Canadiens de la légitimité de cette reconnaissance. Les conclusions de ce texte s'appuient sur les données des éditions d'Étude électorale canadienne de 1993, 1997 et 2000.
Politicians, the Public and Political Ethics: Worlds Apart
Authors: Atkinson Michael M. , Bierling Gerald
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Increased regulation of political ethics has not produced a growing satisfaction with the conduct of politics or the behaviour of politicians. We examine the proposition that regulation produces a convergence of attitudes and expectations between politicians and the public in the realm of political ethics. A distinction is drawn between political ethics conceived as a policy issue and as a process issue. Two models based on that distinction are derived and examined in the context of data drawn from Canada. We observe differences between politicians and the public on critical dimensions, differences that overpower partisan positions. Our conclusions support, with some reservations, the “worlds apart” model and caution against an overinvestment in ethics regulation as a means of restoring public faith in the political process.

Résumé.Les citoyens ne sont pas plus satisfaits du processus politique ni du comportement des politiciens depuis que l'éthique politique est plus réglementée. Nous étudions la prémisse selon laquelle la réglementation produit, en ce qui a trait à l'éthique politique, une convergence des attitudes et des attentes entre les politiciens et l'électorat. Deux conceptions distinctes de l'éthique politique émergent de notre propos: celle qui renvoie aux politiques en tant que telles et celle qui renvoie au processus politique. Sur la base de cette distinction, nous dérivons ainsi deux modèles et les examinons dans le contexte de données recueillies au Canada. Nous observons entre les politiciens et l'électorat certaines différences dans des domaines essentiels et ces différences transcendent les lignes partisanes. Nos conclusions soutiennent, avec quelques réserves, le modèle des “mondes à part” et mettent en garde contre une surenchère de la réglementation de l'éthique pour restaurer la confiance de l'électorat envers le processus politique.
Accounting for the Electoral Success of the Liberal Party in Canada Presidential address to the Canadian Political Science Association London, Ontario June 3, 2005
Authors: Blais André
Published: December 2005

Abstract.I show that the strong electoral success of the Liberal party in Canada stems in great part from the strong support of Catholics and Canadians of non-European origin. In the absence of the fervent backing it enjoys among these two groups, the Liberals would not be among the most successful democratic parties in the world. Yet, we do not have a good understanding of why Catholics and non-Europeans vote Liberal. I argue that the group bases of Liberal support should lead us to question the common interpretation that the party's centrist policy position is the key to its electoral success.

Résumé.Je montre que le succès électoral du Parti libéral fédéral au Canada découle en bonne partie de l'appui des catholiques et des citoyens d'origine non européenne. Sans l'appui solide de ces deux groupes, le Parti libéral n'aurait pas remporté les succès électoraux remarquables qu'il a connus. Pourtant, nous n'avons toujours pas d'explication satisfaisante des raisons qui amènent les catholiques et les citoyens d'origine non européenne à voter pour le Parti libéral. Je soutiens que ces tendances sociologiques lourdes devraient nous inciter à remettre en question l'interprétation habituelle selon laquelle les succès libéraux sont attribuables aux positions centristes du parti.
Dialektisch-Behaviorale Therapie für Adoleszente (DBT-A) - Eine Pilotstudie zur Therapie von Suizidalität, Parasuizidalität und selbstverletzenden Verhaltensweisen bei Patientinnen mit Symptomen einer Borderlinestörung
Authors: Fleischhaker Christian , Munz Michael , Böhme Renate , Sixt Barbara , Schulz Eberhard
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: In Deutschland ist Tod durch Suizid die zweithäufigste Todesursache im Jugendalter. Als Risikofaktoren für vollendete Suizide werden impulsive Handlungsmuster, Selbstverletzungen, Depressionen sowie Sozialstörungen benannt. Die Haupthypothese der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist, dass sich die genannten Patientinnen effektiv mit der verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierten Dialektisch- Behavioralen Therapie (DBT) für Jugendliche behandeln lassen. Methodik: Die DBT wurde von Marsha Linehan zur Behandlung von Frauen mit Borderline Persönlichkeitsstörungen entwickelt, die entweder chronisch suizidal sind und/oder sich selber verletzen. Gegenüber der Standard-DBT wurde für die Arbeit mit Jugendlichen durch Miller & Rathus eine Reihe von Modifikationen vorgenommen. Durch unsere Arbeitsgruppe wurde die Dialektisch-Behaviorale Therapie für Adoleszente (DBT-A) für den deutschen Sprachraum überarbeitet und angepasst. Die Wirksamkeit der Therapie wird anhand eines Prä/Post-Vergleiches mit standardisierten Skalen zur Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzung evaluiert. Hierzu verwendeten wir unter anderem die SCL-90-R, CBCL, YSR, ILK und CGI. Ergebnisse: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der DBT-A-Pilotstudie (n = 12) mit Effektstärken zwischen 1,1 und 2,9 vorgestellt. Die Anzahl der selbstverletzenden Verhaltensweisen reduzierte sich während der Therapie signifikant. Vor Beginn der Therapie begingen 8 von 12 Patientinnen mindestens einen Suizidversuch, während der Behandlung war kein Suizidversuch zu verzeichnen. Schlussfolgerung: Aufgrund der viel versprechenden Ergebnisse befindet sich derzeit eine randomisierte multizentrische Studie in Planung.
Erniedrigte Serotoninkonzentrationen im thrombozytenfreien Plasma bei Jugendlichen mit externalen Verhaltensproblemen
Authors: Maras Athanasios , Laucht Manfred , Fischer Thorsten , Wilhelm Cindy , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Eine serotonerge Dysfunktion, insbesondere in den Bereichen des frontalen Kortex und limbischer Strukturen, wird im Zusammenhang mit aggressiv-impulsiven Verhaltensproblemen diskutiert. Da sich Stoffwechselaktivitäten des zentralen serotonergen Systems bei Kindern und Jugendlichen nur begrenzt und mit hohem Aufwand darstellen lassen, werden Befunde aus der Peripherie als Modell zum Verständnis zentraler Prozesse herangezogen. Die Aussagekraft von Plasmaserotoninbestimmungen im Zusammenhang mit externalen Verhaltensproblemen soll bei Jugendlichen aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung untersucht werden, die ein höheres Risiko für die Entwicklung von Verhaltensstörungen tragen. Methodik: Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Längsschnittstudie von Risikokindern wurden die Serotoninkonzentrationen im thrombozytenfreien Plasma bei einer Gruppe von n = 10 Jugendlichen im Alter von 15 Jahren mit persistenten externalen Auffälligkeiten (definiert anhand eines T-Wertes ≥ 60 der Skala externale Probleme des CBCL) und einer Kontrollgruppe von n = 20 verhaltensunauffälligen Jugendlichen bestimmt. Die Gruppen waren hinsichtlich Alter und Geschlecht ausbalanciert. Externale Verhaltensauffälligkeiten wurden mittels einer Elternbefragung (CBCL, Child Behavior Check List nach Achenbach) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Gruppe der verhaltensauffälligen Jugendlichen wies signifikant niedrigere Serotoninplasmawerte auf als die Kontrollgruppe. Dabei ergaben sich bei der Analyse aller Jugendlichen signifikante, negative Zusammenhänge mit den CBCL-Skalen Aggressives Verhalten und Externale Probleme. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Annahme eines dysfunktionalen Serotoninstoffwechsels bei Jugendlichen einer Risikopopulation mit externalen Verhaltensproblemen konnte anhand von Plasmauntersuchungen bestätigt werden.
Zur Wirksamkeit körperorientierter Therapieverfahren bei der Behandlung hyperaktiver Störungen: Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Pilotstudie
Authors: Haffner Johann , Roos Jeanette , Goldstein Nicole , Parzer Peter , Resch Franz
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Zur Effektivität körperorientierter Therapieverfahren bei hyperkinetischen Störungen liegen bisher kaum methodisch gut kontrollierte Studien vor. Ziel der Arbeit war die Prüfung der differentiellen Wirksamkeit eines an kindliche Bedürfnisse angepassten Yoga Trainings im Vergleich zu einem herkömmlichen Bewegungstraining. Methodik: Bei 19 Kindern mit klinischer Diagnose einer hyperkinetischen Störung (nach ICD-10) wurden nach randomisierter Gruppenzuordnung im 2×2 cross-over Design die Trainingseffekte (Yoga vs. Bewegungstraining) anhand von Varianzanalysen mit Messwiederholung geprüft. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich eine deutliche Überlegenheit des Yoga Trainings sowohl hinsichtlich der Verbesserungen der Testleitungen im Dortmunder Aufmerksamkeitstest (DAT) als auch bei der Reduktion der hyperkinetischen Symptomatik im standardisiert erhobenen Elternurteil mit Effektstärken (ES) im mittleren bis hohen Bereich (ES = 0.60-0.97). Bei Trainingsende lagen die Gruppenmittelwerte im unauffälligen Bereich und unterschieden sich nicht bedeutsam von den Werten einer repräsentativen Vergleichsstichprobe. Kinder mit Methylphenidat Behandlung profitierten mehr vom Training und zeigten aufgrund höherer Ausgangswerte zu Studienbeginn deutlichere Symptomverbesserungen als Kinder ohne pharmakologische Unterstützung. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Befunde der Pilotstudie legen nahe, dass Yoga als Intervention oder begleitende Therapie bei hyperkinetischen Störungen erfolgreich eingesetzt werden kann. Sie fordern dazu auf, die Wirksamkeit körperorientierter Therapieverfahren bei der Behandlung hyperaktiver Störungen in weiteren Studien systematisch zu prüfen.
Sozial-emotionale Probleme hörgeschädigter Kinder - erste Ergebnisse mit der deutschen Version des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-D)
Authors: Hintermair Manfred
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Eine Vielzahl von Studien zeigt die Gefährdung der sozial-emotionalen Entwicklung hörgeschädigter Kinder und macht die Notwendigkeit früher und zuverlässiger Diagnostik sichtbar. Mit der deutschen Version des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-D) soll ein relativ neues Screening-Verfahren auf seine Brauchbarkeit in der Diagnostik hörgeschädigter Kinder überprüft werden. Methodik: Im Rahmen einer größeren Studie zur familiären Sozialisation hörgeschädigter Kinder wurde die Elternversion des SDQ-D von 213 Müttern und 213 Vätern hörgeschädigter Kinder ausgefüllt. Es wurden die faktorielle Struktur und die Zuverlässigkeit des Verfahrens überprüft sowie die Prävalenzrate der Auffälligkeiten im Vergleich zur deutschen Normierungsstichprobe ( Woerner et al., 2002a ) im Kontext anderer Variablen (Alter, Geschlecht, kommunikative Kompetenz, Bildungsstatus) bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Die faktorielle Struktur des SDQ-D lässt sich bis auf die Skala «Verhaltensauffälligkeiten» zufriedenstellend reproduzieren. Für die Zuverlässigkeit der Messung gilt Vergleichbares. Die Prävalenz von Auffälligkeiten unter der Bedingung «Hörschädigung» ist in nahezu allen Skalenwerten und im Gesamtproblemwert deutlich erhöht, besondere Beachtung sollten die Werte in den Bereichen «Emotionale Probleme» und «Probleme mit Gleichaltrigen» aufgrund des signifikanten Zusammenhangs mit dem Alter der Kinder finden. Schlussfolgerungen: Mit dem SDQ-D steht ein äußerst ökonomisches und zugleich zuverlässiges Screeningverfahren zur Verfügung, das sich auch in der diagnostischen Praxis hörgeschädigter Kinder dazu eignet, in ihrer psychischen Entwicklung besonders gefährdete Kinder frühzeitig zu identifizieren und einer genaueren Abklärung sowie einer weiterführenden Beratung und Therapie zuzuführen.
Empirical and mechanistic models for the particle export ratio
Authors: Dunne John P. , Armstrong Robert A. , Gnanadesikan Anand , Sarmiento Jorge L.
Published: December 2005

We present new empirical and mechanistic models for predicting the export of organic carbon out of the surface ocean by sinking particles. To calibrate these models, we have compiled a synthesis of field observations related to ecosystem size structure, primary production and particle export from around the globe. The empirical model captures 61% of the observed variance in the ratio of particle export to primary production (the pe ratio) using sea‐surface temperature and chlorophyll concentrations (or primary productivity) as predictor variables. To describe the mechanisms responsible for pe‐ratio variability, we present size‐based formulations of phytoplankton grazing and sinking particle export, combining them into an alternative, mechanistic model. The formulation of grazing dynamics, using simple power laws as closure terms for small and large phytoplankton, reproduces 74% of the observed variability in phytoplankton community composition wherein large phytoplankton augment small ones as production increases. The formulation for sinking particle export partitions a temperature‐dependent fraction of small and large phytoplankton grazing into sinking detritus. The mechanistic model also captures 61% of the observed variance in pe ratio, with large phytoplankton in high biomass and relatively cold regions leading to more efficient export. In this model, variability in primary productivity results in a biomass‐modulated switch between small and large phytoplankton pathways.
Major factors controlling Holocene δ13Corg changes in a seasonal sea‐ice environment, Adélie Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Crosta X. , Crespin J. , Billy I. , Ther O.
Published: December 2005

In an effort to investigate the controlling factors behind Holocene δ13Corg changes in East Antarctica we report high‐resolution down‐core records of bulk organic matter carbon isotopic ratios (δ13Corg), diatom census counts, total organic carbon, and biogenic silica content taken from one core recovered in the Adélie Trough. A good correspondence between the δ13Corg record and records of small/large and pennate/centric ratios in many of the core segments indicates that diatom species composition affected Holocene δ13Corg variations, possibly via diatom shape and size effects. Variations in the surface water CO2 concentration and in the isotopic composition of the source during the Holocene cannot be ruled out although they cannot explain rapid and large‐amplitude δ13Corg changes. Within the limit of our investigation, our results argue against active carbon acquisition through a carbon concentration mechanism as evidenced in low‐latitude upwelling systems. The bulk organic matter thus represents a mixing of diatom taxa having different fractionation affinity to aqueous CO2. Our results confirm previous evidence which demonstrates that δ13Corg down‐core records should be used with great caution to reconstruct past CO2 content in surface waters.
Ion sound wave packets at the quasiperpendicular shock front
Authors: Balikhin M. , Walker S. , Treumann R. , Alleyne H. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Gedalin M. , Andre M. , Dunlop M. , Fazakerley A.
Published: December 2005

Electric field measurements from a single spacecraft have been used to study ion‐sound turbulence observed within the Earth's bow shock. The observed frequency of the ion‐sound waves can be both lower and higher than the local electron cyclotron frequency depending upon the direction of wave propagation in the plasma rest frame. The ion‐sound waves observed upstream of the ramp can not be generated either by an instability related to the gradient in the electron temperature or an electric current within the ramp. A comparison of wave vectors for distinctive wave packets indicate that non‐stationary, short scale current layers formed in the processes of the ramp evolution might be the source of the free energy for such waves.
A numerical study of gravity waves induced by convection associated with Typhoon Rusa
Authors: Kim S.‐Y. , Chun H.‐Y. , Baik J.‐J.
Published: December 2005

Typhoon Rusa (2002) is simulated using a three‐dimensional mesoscale model (MM5), and the characteristics of gravity waves generated by convection associated with the typhoon are investigated. The gravity waves in the stratosphere propagate in two directions, northwestward and southeastward according to the convective bands propagating in the same directions, although the typhoon itself moves north‐northeastward. Spectral analyses show that the inertio‐gravity waves (IGWs) in the stratosphere generated by Rusa have a dominant horizontal wavelength of 300–600 km, a vertical wavelength of 3–11 km, and a period of 6–11 hrs. A large fraction of the IGWs is filtered out in the upper troposphere and stratosphere mainly due to the critical‐level filtering process. The decreased magnitude of the momentum flux with height in a non‐filtered region is likely due to the damping process, with a minor contribution by the wave breaking process that can occur exclusively near the critical‐level phase speeds.
Observations of SST, heat flux and North Atlantic Ocean‐atmosphere interaction
Authors: Wen Na , Liu Zhengyu , Liu Qinyu , Frankignoul Claude
Published: December 2005

The relationship between the observed North Atlantic atmosphere and the forcing of SST and heat flux is investigated using the lagged MCA analysis. The dominant heat flux forcing to the North Atlantic Oscillation is associated with the later summer horseshoe SST forcing. The horseshoe SST is generated largely by the surface heat flux, and then forces the early winter atmosphere through the release of oceanic heat flux into the atmosphere. Independent of the horseshoe SST, there is no significant heat flux forcing on the atmosphere with a lead of longer than 1 month.
Precise fabrication of nanomaterials: A nonlinear dynamics approach
Authors: Ishikawa Masamichi
Published: December 2005

Modeling of the precise fabrication in the self-assembling of particles is studied using the nonlinear Langevin equation system. The numerical simulation showed a marked ordering of the particles as a function of time after some induction period. The abnormally enlarged fluctuation was found around the start of the evident ordering. After the fluctuation, a sudden increase of the cluster size was observed. The results corresponded well to the dynamics due to the formation of the critical cluster. The shape of the critical cluster around the enlarged fluctuation was not compact and showed fractal-like structures. The fluctuation of the cluster size around the formation of the critical cluster was explained by the anomalous fluctuation theorem for the generalized Langevin equation. The characterization of the stochastic dynamics of the critical clusters rationalized the concept of dynamic templating for the fabrication technique of the self-assembling of nanoparticles, that is, the structural constraint on the particle assembly by externally adding the resonance frequencies that match with the localized nonlinear vibrational modes of the target structures originating from thermal (Brownian) activation.
A self-consistent density-functional approach to the structure of nonuniform binary hard-core Yukawa mixtures
Authors: Patra Chandra N. , Smith Grant D.
Published: December 2005

A self-consistent density-functional approach has been employed to study the structure of nonuniform binary hard-core Yukawa mixtures as well as the structure of its uniform counterpart. The second-order direct correlation function and the bridge function of the corresponding uniform fluid mixture required as input in the self-consistent theory are obtained from integral equation theory using an accurate closure relation. The calculated density and concentration profiles of the nonuniform mixtures as well as the radial distribution function profiles of the uniform fluid mixtures are shown to compare well with available simulation results.
Additions to the class of symmetric-antisymmetric multiwavelets: Derivation and use as quantum basis functions
Authors: Massey Daniel W. , Acevedo Ramiro , Johnson Bruce R.
Published: December 2005

Multiwavelet bases have been shown recently to apply to a variety of quantum problems. There are, however, only a few multiwavelet families that have been defined to date. Chui-Lian-type symmetric and antisymmetric multiwavelets are derived here that equal and exceed the polynomial interpolating power of previously available examples. Adaptations to domain edges are made with a view to use in curvilinear coordinate molecular calculations. The new highest-order multiwavelet family is shown to provide uniformly better performance for (i) basis representation of terms such as 1∕r2 in near approach to the singularity at r=0 and (ii) eigenvalue calculation of a bending Hamiltonian taken from a curvilinear model of the ground-state vibrations of nitrosyl chloride.