bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of liquid, NAT and ice particles to chlorine activation and ozone depletion during Antarctic winter and spring
Authors: Kirner O. , Müller R. , Ruhnke R. , Fischer H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Heterogeneous reactions in the Antarctic stratosphere are the cause of chlorine activation and ozone depletion, but the relative roles of different types of PSCs in chlorine activation is an open question. We use multi-year simulations of the chemistry-climate model EMAC to investigate the impact that the various types of PSCs have on Antarctic chlorine activation and ozone loss. One standard and three sensitivity EMAC simulations have been performed. The results of these simulations show that the significance of heterogeneous reactions on NAT and ice particles, in comparison to liquid particles, is subordinate regarding chlorine activation and ozone depletion in Antarctic winter and spring. The heterogeneous chemistry on liquid particles is sufficient to activate at least 90% of the chlorine reservoir species. With the exception of the upper PSC regions between 10 and 30 hPa where temporarily the ice particles have a relevant contribution to the chlorine activation and during the initial PSC occurrence with short NAT contributions the liquid particles alone are sufficient to activate almost all of the available chlorine. In the model simulations heterogeneous chemistry on liquid particles is responsible for more than 90% of the ozone depletion in Antarctic spring. Only up to 5 DU of column ozone in high southern latitudes is depleted by chlorine activation due to additional heterogeneous chemistry on ice particles and less than 0.5 DU due to additional heterogeneous chemistry on NAT particles.
Pumping methane out of aquatic sediments – ebullition forcing mechanisms in an impounded river
Authors: Maeck A. , Hofmann H. , Lorke A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Freshwater systems contribute significantly to the global atmospheric methane budget. A large fraction of the methane emitted from freshwaters is transported via ebullition. However, due to its strong variability in space and time, accurate measurements of ebullition rates are difficult; hence, the uncertainty regarding its contribution to global budgets is large. Here, we analyze measurements made by continuously recording automated bubble traps in an impounded river in central Europe and investigate the mechanisms affecting the temporal dynamics of bubble release from cohesive sediments. Our results show that the main triggers of bubble release were pressure changes, originating from the passage of ship lock-induced surges and ship passages. The response to physical forcing was also affected by previous outgassing. Ebullition rates varied strongly over all relevant timescales from minutes to days; therefore, representative ebullition estimates could only be inferred with continuous sampling over long periods. Since ebullition was found to be episodic, short-term measurement periods of a few hours or days will likely underestimate ebullition rates. Our results thus indicate that flux estimates could be grossly underestimated (by up to ~50%) if the correct temporal resolution is not used during data collection.
Examination of the role of the microbial loop in regulating lake nutrient stoichiometry and phytoplankton dynamics
Authors: Li Y. , Gal G. , Makler-Pick V. , Waite A. M. , Bruce L. C. , Hipsey M. R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The recycling of organic material through bacteria and microzooplankton to higher trophic levels, known as the "microbial loop", is an important process in aquatic ecosystems. Here the significance of the microbial loop in influencing nutrient supply to phytoplankton has been investigated in Lake Kinneret (Israel) using a coupled hydrodynamic–ecosystem model. The model was designed to simulate the dynamic cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus through bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton functional groups, with each pool having unique C : N : P dynamics. Three microbial loop sub-model configurations were used to isolate mechanisms by which the microbial loop could influence phytoplankton biomass, considering (i) the role of bacterial mineralisation, (ii) the effect of micrograzer excretion, and (iii) bacterial ability to compete for dissolved inorganic nutrients. The nutrient flux pathways between the abiotic pools and biotic groups and the patterns of biomass and nutrient limitation of the different phytoplankton groups were quantified for the different model configurations. Considerable variation in phytoplankton biomass and dissolved organic matter demonstrated the sensitivity of predictions to assumptions about microbial loop operation and the specific mechanisms by which phytoplankton growth was affected. Comparison of the simulations identified that the microbial loop most significantly altered phytoplankton growth by periodically amplifying internal phosphorus limitation due to bacterial competition for phosphate to satisfy their own stoichiometric requirements. Importantly, each configuration led to a unique prediction of the overall community composition, and we conclude that the microbial loop plays an important role in nutrient recycling by regulating not only the quantity, but also the stoichiometry of available N and P that is available to primary producers. The results demonstrate how commonly employed simplifying assumptions about model structure can lead to large uncertainty in phytoplankton community predictions and highlight the need for aquatic ecosystem models to carefully resolve the variable stoichiometry dynamics of microbial interactions.
Spatiotemporal variability of sedimentary organic matter supply and recycling processes in coral reefs of Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Bayraktarov E. , Wild C.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Sediments are fundamental for the function of oligotrophic coral reef ecosystems because they are major places for organic matter recycling. The Tayrona National Natural Park (TNNP, Colombian Caribbean) is located between the population center Santa Marta (>455 000 inhabitants) in the southwest and several river mouths in the east. Here, coral reef sediments experience pronounced changes in environmental conditions due to seasonal coastal upwelling, but knowledge of relevant spatiotemporal effects on organic matter supply to the sediments and recycling processes is not available. Therefore, sediment traps were deployed monthly over 14 months complemented by assessment of sedimentary properties (e.g., porosity, grain size, content of particulate organic matter and pigments) and sedimentary O2 demand (SOD) at water-current-exposed and sheltered sites along distance gradients (12–20 km) to Santa Marta and the eastern river mouths (17–27 km). Findings revealed that seasonal upwelling delivered strong (75–79% of annual supply) pulses of labile organic matter mainly composed of fresh phytoplankton detritus (C : N ratio 6–8) to the seafloor. Sedimentary chlorophyll a contents and SOD increased significantly with decreasing distance to the eastern rivers, but only during upwelling. This suggests sedimentary organic matter supply controlled by nutrient-enriched upwelling waters and riverine runoff rather than by the countercurrent-located city of Santa Marta. Organic matter pulses led to significantly higher SOD (more than 30%) at the water-current-sheltered sites as compared to the exposed sites, ensuing a rapid recycling of the supplied labile organic matter in the permeable silicate reef sands.
Using biogeochemical data assimilation to assess the relative skill of multiple ecosystem models in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: effects of increasing the complexity of the planktonic food web
Authors: Xiao Y. , Friedrichs M. A. M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Now that regional circulation patterns can be reasonably well reproduced by ocean circulation models, significant effort is being directed toward incorporating complex food webs into these models, many of which now routinely include multiple phytoplankton (P) and zooplankton (Z) compartments. This study quantitatively assesses how the number of phytoplankton and zooplankton compartments affects the ability of a lower-trophic-level ecosystem model to reproduce and predict observed patterns in surface chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon. Five ecosystem model variants are implemented in a one-dimensional assimilative (variational adjoint) model testbed in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. The five models are identical except for variations in the level of complexity included in the lower trophic levels, which range from a simple 1P1Z food web to a considerably more complex 3P2Z food web. The five models assimilated satellite-derived chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon concentrations at four continental shelf sites, and the resulting optimal parameters were tested at five independent sites in a cross-validation experiment. Although all five models showed improvements in model–data misfits after assimilation, overall the moderately complex 2P2Z model was associated with the highest model skill. Additional experiments were conducted in which 20% random noise was added to the satellite data prior to assimilation. The 1P and 2P models successfully reproduced nearly identical optimal parameters regardless of whether or not noise was added to the assimilated data, suggesting that random noise inherent in satellite-derived data does not pose a significant problem to the assimilation of satellite data into these models. However, the most complex model tested (3P2Z) was sensitive to the level of random noise added to the data prior to assimilation, highlighting the potential danger of over-tuning inherent in such complex models.
Biomass burning fuel consumption rates: a field measurement database
Authors: van Leeuwen T. T. , van der Werf G. R. , Hoffmann A. A. , Detmers R. G. , Rücker G. , French N. H. F. , Archibald S. , Carvalho J. A. , Cook G. D. , de Groot W. J. , Hély C. , Kasischke E. S. , Kloster S. , McCarty J. L. , Pettinari M. L. , Savadogo P. , Alvarado E. C. , Boschetti L. , Manuri S. , Meyer C. P. , Siegert F. , Trollope L. A. , Trollope W. S. W.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Landscape fires show large variability in the amount of biomass or fuel consumed per unit area burned. These fuel consumption (FC) rates depend on the biomass available to burn and the fraction of the biomass that is actually combusted, and can be combined with estimates of area burned to assess emissions. While burned area can be detected from space and estimates are becoming more reliable due to improved algorithms and sensors, FC rates are either modeled or taken selectively from the literature. We compiled the peer-reviewed literature on FC rates for various biomes and fuel categories to better understand FC rates and variability, and to provide a~database that can be used to constrain biogeochemical models with fire modules. We compiled in total 76 studies covering 10 biomes including savanna (15 studies, average FC of 4.6 t DM (dry matter) ha−1), tropical forest (n = 19, FC = 126), temperate forest (n = 11, FC = 93), boreal forest (n = 16, FC = 39), pasture (n = 6, FC = 28), crop residue (n = 4, FC = 6.5), chaparral (n = 2, FC = 32), tropical peatland (n = 4, FC = 314), boreal peatland (n = 2, FC = 42), and tundra (n = 1, FC = 40). Within biomes the regional variability in the number of measurements was sometimes large, with e.g. only 3 measurement locations in boreal Russia and 35 sites in North America. Substantial regional differences were found within the defined biomes: for example FC rates of temperate pine forests in the USA were 38% higher than Australian forests dominated by eucalypt trees. Besides showing the differences between biomes, FC estimates were also grouped into different fuel classes. Our results highlight the large variability in FC rates, not only between biomes but also within biomes and fuel classes. This implies that care should be taken with using averaged values, and our comparison with FC rates from GFED3 indicates that also modeling studies have difficulty in representing the dynamics governing FC.
Evaluation of North Eurasian snow-off dates in the ECHAM5.4 atmospheric GCM
Authors: Räisänen P. , Luomaranta A. , Järvinen H. , Takala M. , Jylhä K. , Bulygina O. N. , Riihelä A. , Laaksonen A. , Koskinen J. , Pulliainen J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The timing of springtime end of snow melt (snow-off date) in Northern Eurasia in version 5.4 of the ECHAM5 atmospheric GCM is evaluated through comparison with a snow-off date dataset based on space-borne microwave radiometer measurements and with Russian snow course data. ECHAM5 reproduces well the observed gross geographical pattern of snow-off dates, with earliest snow-off (in March) in the Baltic region and latest snow-off (in June) in the Taymyr Peninsula and in northeastern parts of the Russian Far East. The primary biases are (1) a delayed snow-off in southeastern Siberia (associated with too low springtime temperature and too high surface albedo, in part due to insufficient shielding by canopy); and (2) an early bias in the western and northern parts of Northern Eurasia. Several sensitivity experiments were conducted, where biases in simulated atmospheric circulation were corrected through nudging and/or the treatment of surface albedo was modified. While this alleviated some of the model biases in snow-off dates, 2 m temperature and surface albedo, especially the early bias in snow-off in the western parts of the Northern Eurasia proved very robust and was actually larger in the nudged runs. A key issue underlying the snow-off biases in ECHAM5 is that snow melt occurs at too low temperatures. Very likely, this is related to the treatment of the surface energy budget. On one hand, the surface temperature Ts is not computed separately for the snow-covered and snow-free parts of the grid cells, which prevents Ts from rising above 0 °C before all snow has vanished. Consequently, too much (too little) of the surface net radiation is consumed in melting snow (heating the air). On the other hand, ECHAM5 does not include a canopy layer. Thus, while the albedo reduction due to canopy is accounted for, the shielding of snow on ground by the overlying canopy is not considered, which leaves too much solar radiation available for melting snow.
Inter-comparison of energy balance and hydrological models for land surface energy fluxes estimation over a whole river catchment
Authors: Guzinski R. , Nieto H. , Stisen S. , Fensholt R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Evapotranspiration is the main link between the natural water cycle and the land surface energy budget. Therefore water-balance and energy-balance approaches are two of the main methodologies for modelling of this process. The water-balance approach ensures that the amount of water coming into a system, mainly through precipitation, is balanced by the amount of water leaving the system through evapotranspiration, runoff and other processes. This modelling methodology is usually implemented as a complex, distributed hydrological model. The energy-balance approach ensures the conservation of energy at the land surface and is often used with remotely sensed observations of, for example, the land surface temperature (LST) and the state of the vegetation. In this study we compare the catchment scale output of two remote sensing models based on the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) scheme, against a hydrological model, MIKE SHE, calibrated over the Skjern river catchment in western Denmark, the area covered by the Danish Hydrological Observatory (HOBE). The first TSEB model utilizes the time differential LST measurements provided by the night and day overpasses of the MODIS sensor aboard the Aqua satellite, while the second uses the dual-angle LST measurements made available by the AATSR sensor that used to fly on the Envisat satellite. All three models use the same ancillary data (meteorological measurements, land cover type and leaf area index, etc.) and produce output at similar spatial resolution (1 km for the TSEB models, 500 m for MIKE SHE). The comparison is performed on the spatial patterns of the fluxes present within the catchment area as well as on temporal patterns visible in 7 year long time series. The results aid the understanding of strengths and weaknesses of each modelling approach and explore the benefits to the hydrological modelling community of evapotranspiration maps derived with the energy-balance methodology.
Accuracy of cultural heritage 3D models by RPAS and terrestrial photogrammetry
Authors: Bolognesi M. , Furini A. , Russo V. , Pellegrinelli A. , Russo P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The combined use of high-resolution digital images taken from ground as well as from RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems) have significantly increased the potential of close range digital photogrammetry applications in Cultural Heritage surveying and modeling. It is in fact possible, thanks to SfM (Structure from Motion), to simultaneously process great numbers of aerial and terrestrial images for the production of a dense point cloud of an object. In order to analyze the accuracy of results, we started numerous tests based on the comparison between 3D digital models of a monumental complex realized by the integration of aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry and an accurate TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner) reference model of the same object. A lot of digital images of a renaissance castle, assumed as test site, have been taken both by ground level and by RPAS at different distances and flight altitudes and with different flight patterns. As first step of the experimentation, the images were previously processed with Agisoft PhotoScan, one of the most popular photogrammetric software. The comparison between the photogrammetric DSM of the monument and a TLS reference one was carried out by evaluating the average deviation between the points belonging to the two entities, both globally and locally, on individual façades and architectural elements (sections and particular). In this paper the results of the first test are presented. A good agreement between photogrammetric and TLS digital models of the castle is pointed out.
A multi-range approach for Cultural Heritage survey: a case study in Mantua Unesco site
Authors: Chiarini S. , Cremonesi S. , Fregonese L. , Fassi F. , Taffurelli L.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In this paper, a Cultural Heritage survey, performed by employing and integrating different type of acquisition technologies (imagebased and active sensor based) is presented. The aim of the survey is to create a 3D multiscale database, therefore, different restitution scales, from the architectural-urban one to a detail one are taken in consideration. This research is part of a project financed by the Unesco for the study of historical gardens located in Mantua and Sabbioneta, and in particular for the Palazzo Te renaissance gardens in Mantua, which are reported in this paper. First of all, a general survey of the area has been realized by employing the classical aerial photogrammetry in order to provide the actual arboreal and urban furniture conditions of the gardens (1:500 scale). Next, a detailed photogrammetric survey of the Esedra courtyard in Palazzo Te has been performed by using a UAV system. At the end, laser scanning and traditional topography have been used for the terrestrial detailed acquisition of gardens and architectural façades (1:50–1:20 scale). The aim of this research is to create a suitable graphical documentation support for the study of the structure of the gardens, to analyze how they have been modified over the years and as an effective support for eventual future re-design. Moreover, the research has involved a certain number of botanic and archeological investigations, which have been duly acquired and modeled with image based systems. Starting from the acquired datasets with their acquisition scales, a series of comparative analysis have been performed, especially for those areas in which all the systems have been employed. The comparisons have been extracted by analyzing point cloud models obtained by using a topographical network. As a result, the multi-range approach efficiency, obtained by employing the actual available technologies have been illustrated in the present work.
Airborne Laser Scanning and Image Processing Techniques for Archaeological Prospection
Authors: Faltýnová M. , Nový P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Aerial photography was, for decades, an invaluable tool for archaeological prospection, in spite of the limitation of this method to deforested areas. The airborne laser scanning (ALS) method can be nowadays used to map complex areas and suitable complement earlier findings. This article describes visualization and image processing methods that can be applied on digital terrain models (DTMs) to highlight objects hidden in the landscape. Thanks to the analysis of visualized DTM it is possible to understand the landscape evolution including the differentiation between natural processes and human interventions. Different visualization methods were applied on a case study area. A system of parallel tracks hidden in a forest and its surroundings – part of old route called "Devil's Furrow" near the town of Sázava was chosen. The whole area around well known part of Devil's Furrow has not been prospected systematically yet. The data from the airborne laser scanning acquired by the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre was used. The average density of the point cloud was approximately 1 point/m2 The goal of the project was to visualize the utmost smallest terrain discontinuities, e.g. tracks and erosion furrows, which some were not wholly preserved. Generally we were interested in objects that are clearly not visible in DTMs displayed in the form of shaded relief. Some of the typical visualization methods were tested (shaded relief, aspect and slope image). To get better results we applied image-processing methods that were successfully used on aerial photographs or hyperspectral images in the past. The usage of different visualization techniques on one site allowed us to verify the natural character of the southern part of Devil’s Furrow and find formations up to now hidden in the forests.
A novel high accuracy 3D scanning device for rock-art sites
Authors: Höll T. , Holler G. , Pinz A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We are currently developing a novel 3D scanning device for rock-art. Within the European project 3D-Pitoti, this scanner shall be used to acquire 3D structure and radiometric surface properties of ancient rock-art sites in Valcamonica. Overall design goals include high spatial accuracy and precision, as well as radiometric quality beyond phototexture. This paper is devoted to the geometric measurement principle of the new scanner. We present a novel scanning scheme based on various constraints to Structure from Motion, that guarantees high accuracy of the resulting scans by combining tachymeter-based tracking of the scanner, stereo, and structure-from-motion. This method provides scale information (by calibrated stereo), and does not require ground control points, because outside-in tracking avoids the typical issues of drift in structure-from-motion. The system is designed for flexibility, high throughput, approx. 0.1 mm precision, and an overall accuracy of the reconstructed 3D structure that conforms with the specifications of the tachymeter.
Scaling up close-range surveys, a challenge for the generalization of as-built data in industrial applications
Authors: Hullo J.-F. , Thibault G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. As-built CAD data reconstructed from Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) data are used for more than two decades by Electricité de France (EDF) to prepare maintenance operations in its facilities. But today, the big picture is renewed: "as-built virtual reality" must address a huge scale-up to provide data to an increasing number of applications. In this paper, we first present a wide multi-sensor multi-purpose scanning campaign performed in a 10 floor building of a power plant in 2013: 1083 TLS stations (about 40.109 3D points referenced under a 2 cm tolerance) and 1025 RGB panoramic images (340.106 pixels per point of view). As expected, this very large survey of high precision measurements in a complex environment stressed sensors and tools that were developed for more favourable conditions and smaller data sets. The whole survey process (tools and methods used from acquisition and processing to CAD reconstruction) underwent a detailed follow-up in order to state on the locks to a possible generalization to other buildings. Based on these recent feedbacks, we have highlighted some of these current bottlenecks in this paper: sensors denoising, automation in processes, data validation tools improvements, standardization of formats and (meta-) data structures.
Photogrammetric Analysis of a Heritage Ceiling
Authors: MacDonald L. , Hosseininaveh Ahmadabadian A. , Robson S.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Conservation of the painted ceiling at the historic Hampton Court Palace requires the condition of the ceiling to be monitored for signs of formation of cracks and flakes in the surface. Miniature monochrome cameras and LED lights were mounted on a horizontal bar, and raised by a telescopic mast to 60 cm below the ceiling. Images from the cameras were captured simultaneously by purposedeveloped software in a laptop computer at floor level. A series of image pairs was acquired at each location, rotating the mast between each pair. Images were enhanced in local contrast by a modified Wallis filter. From the image set a dense and accurate point cloud was generated, using a photogrammetric bundle adjustment procedure, from which 3D surface details could be visualised.
An ISVD-based Euclidian structure from motion for smartphones
Authors: Masiero A. , Guarnieri A. , Vettore A. , Pirotti F.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The development of Mobile Mapping systems over the last decades allowed to quickly collect georeferenced spatial measurements by means of sensors mounted on mobile vehicles. Despite the large number of applications that can potentially take advantage of such systems, because of their cost their use is currently typically limited to certain specialized organizations, companies, and Universities. However, the recent worldwide diffusion of powerful mobile devices typically embedded with GPS, Inertial Navigation System (INS), and imaging sensors is enabling the development of small and compact mobile mapping systems. More specifically, this paper considers the development of a 3D reconstruction system based on photogrammetry methods for smartphones (or other similar mobile devices). The limited computational resources available in such systems and the users' request for real time reconstructions impose very stringent requirements on the computational burden of the 3D reconstruction procedure. This work takes advantage of certain recently developed mathematical tools (incremental singular value decomposition) and of photogrammetry techniques (structure from motion, Tomasi–Kanade factorization) to access very computationally efficient Euclidian 3D reconstruction of the scene. Furthermore, thanks to the presence of instrumentation for localization embedded in the device, the obtained 3D reconstruction can be properly georeferenced.
Close-range imaging and research priorities in Europe
Authors: Patias P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Since 1984, the European Union’s Framework Program for Research and Innovation has been the main instrument for funding research. Specific priorities, objectives and types of funded activities vary between funding periods. Horizon 2020 is the biggest EU Research and Innovation programme ever with nearly € 80 billion of funding available over 7 years (2014–2020). H2020 is based on three pillars: (i) Excellent science, (ii) Industrial leadership, (iii) Societal challenges. The current economic crisis in Europe and elsewhere leads to extended shortage of research budgets in national levels, which in turn leads researchers to search funds in the highly competitive transnational research instruments, as H2020. This paper : - draws the overall picture of Horizon 2020 - investigates the position of close-range imaging technologies, applications and research areas - presents the research challenges in H2020 that offer funding opportunities in close-range imaging
Processing lidar waveform data for 3D visual assessment of forest environments
Authors: Pirotti F. , Guarnieri A. , Masiero A. , Vettore A. , Lingua E.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The objective of this report is to present and discuss a work-flow for extracting, from full-waveform (FW) lidar data, formats which are compatible with common information systems (GIS) and statistical software packages. Full-waveform, specifically for forestry, got attention from the scientific community because a more in-depth analysis can add valuable information for classification and modelling of related variables (e.g. biomass). In order to assess if this is feasible and if the results are useful, the end-user has to deal with raw datasets from lidar sensors. In this study case we propose and test a work-flow which is implemented through a selfdeveloped software integrating ad-hoc C++ libraries and a graphical user interface for an easier approach by end-users. This software allows the user to add raw FW data and produce several products which can successively be easily imported in GIS or statistical software. To achieve this we used some state-of-the-art methods which have been extensively reported in literature and we discuss results and future developments. Results show that this software package can effectively work as a tool for linking raw FW data with forest-related spatial processing by providing punctual information directly derived from the FW data or area-based aggregated information for a more generalized description of the earth surface.
Monitoring marginal erosion in hydroelectric reservoirs with terrestrial mobile laser scanner
Authors: Tommaselli A. M. G. , Moraes M. V. A. , Silva L. S. L. , Rubio M. F. , Carvalho G. J. , Tommaselli J. T. G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Marginal erosions in reservoirs of hydroelectric plants have caused economic and environmental problems concerning hydroelectric power generation, reduction of productive areas and devaluing land parcels. The real extension and dynamics of these erosion processes are not well known for Brazilian reservoirs. To objectively assess these problems Unesp (Univ Estadual Paulista) and Duke Energy are developing a joint project which aims at the monitoring the progression of some erosive processes and understanding the causes and the dynamics of this phenomenon. Mobile LASER scanning was considered the most suitable alternative for the challenges established in the project requirements. A MDL DynaScan Mobile LASER M150 scanner was selected which uses RTK for real time positioning integrated to an IMU, enabling instantaneous generation of georeferenced point clouds. Two different reservoirs were choose for monitoring: Chavantes (storage plant) and Rosana (run-of-river plant), both in the Paranapanema River, border of São Paulo and Paraná States, Brazil. The monitoring areas are scanned quarterly and analysed with base on the point cloud, meshes, contours and cross sections. Cross sections are used to visualize and compute the rate and the dynamics of erosion. Some examples and quantitative results are presented along with an analysis of the proposed technique. Some recommendations to improve the field work and latter data processing are also introduced.
Evaluations of Three-Dimensional Building Model Reconstruction from LiDAR Point Clouds and Single-View Perspective Imagery
Authors: Tsai F. , Chang H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This paper briefly presents two approaches for effective three-dimensional (3D) building model reconstruction from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data and single perspective view imagery and assesses their applicability to the reconstruction of 3D models of landmark or historical buildings. The collected LiDAR point clouds are registered based on conjugate points identified using a seven-parameter transformation system. Three dimensional models are generated using plan and surface fitting algorithms. The proposed single-view reconstruction (SVR) method is based on vanishing points and single-view metrology. More detailed models can also be generated according to semantic analysis of the façade images. Experimental results presented in this paper demonstrate that both TLS and SVR approaches can successfully produce accurate and detailed 3D building models from LiDAR point clouds or different types of single-view perspective images.
Paleovalleys mapping using remote sensing
Authors: Baibatsha A.B.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. For work materials used multispectral satellite imagery Landsat (7 channels), medium spatial resolution (14,25–90 m) and a digital elevation model (data SRTM). For interpretation of satellite images and especially their infrared and thermal channels allocated buried paleovalleys pre-paleogene age. Their total length is 228 km. By manifestation of the content of remote sensing paleovalleys distinctly divided into two types, long ribbon-like read in materials and space survey highlights a network of small lakes. By the nature of the relationship established that the second type of river paleovalleys flogs first. On this basis, proposed to allocate two uneven river paleosystem. The most ancient paleovalleys first type can presumably be attributed to karst erosion, blurry chalk and carbon deposits foundation. Paleovalleys may include significant groundwater resources as drinking and industrial purposes. Also we can control the position paleovalleys zinc and bauxite mineralization area and alluvial deposits include uranium mineralization valleys infiltration type and placer gold. Direction paleovalleys choppy, but in general they have a north-east orientation, which is controlled by tectonic zones of the foundation. These zones are defined as the burial place themselves paleovalleys and position of karst cavities in areas interfacing with other structures orientation. The association of mineralization to the caverns in the beds paleovalleys could generally present conditions of formation of mineralization and carry it to the "Niagara" type. The term is obviously best reflects the mechanism of formation of these ores.
Object-based Multi-Image Semi-Global Matching – Concept and first results
Authors: Bethmann F. , Luhmann T.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Semi-Global Matching (SGM) is a widespread algorithm for image matching which is used for very different applications, reaching from real-time applications (e.g. for generating 3D-data for driver assistance systems) to aerial image matching. Originally developed for stereo-image matching, several extensions have been proposed to use more than two images within the matching process (multibaseline matching, multi-view stereo). Most of these extensions still perform the image matching in (rectified) stereo images and combine the pairwise results afterwards to create the final solution. This paper proposes an alternative approach which is suitable for the introduction of an arbitrary number of images into the matching process and utilizes image matching by using non-rectified images within a closed solution. The proposed approach differs from the original SGM method in two major aspects: Firstly, the cost calculation is formulated in object space within a dense voxel raster by using the grey- (or colour-) values of all images instead of pairwise cost calculation in image space. Secondly, the semi-global (path-wise) minimization process is transferred into object space as well, so that the result of semi-global optimization leads to index-maps (instead of disparity maps) which directly indicate the 3D positions of the best matches. The paper provides a detailed description of the approach and it discusses its advantages and disadvantages. Further on, first results and accuracy analysis are presented.
Fracture network characterisation of a landslide by electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Szalai S. , Szokoli K. , Novák A. , Tóth Á. , Metwaly M. , Prácser E.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In contrary to most of the landslide studies which concentrate to the sliding surface in this paper the fracture system of a loess landslide is investigated. The continuity and geometry, orientation and dip of the major fractures are crucial parameters for assessing rock stability and landslide evolution. Rain infiltrating moreover easily into the rock mass through fractures providing lubrication for the material to slide, and increases the self-mass of the material increasing the slumping rate. Fracture maps enable beside of the characterisation of the fractured area the delineation of the endangered area of slow-moving landslides in due time and getting information about its inner structure. For constructing such maps Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) measurements have been carried out using different geoelectric configurations. In spite of the high density of the fractures and their changing physical parameters in function of their water content – which make the interpretation rather difficult – a number of fractures have been detected and more or less well localised. On the basis of the present research the application of the Schlumberger and the Pole-Dipole arrays is recommended to fulfil the aim of the study. The optimised Stummer array is at the same time the only array which presents conductive anomalies (supposedly water filled fractures), as well, and indicates that fractures elongate deep downwards. Because these features seem to be realistic based on field observations or theoretical considerations the Stummer array may be a very good tool for completing e.g. P-Dp measurements. The study area could have been divided by all arrays into differently fractured zones, which assists a lot in understanding the landslide structure and evolution. It was shown, moreover, that in the still passive area there are thick fractures, too, verifying its dangerousness, as well. The ERT results enabled localising the rupture surfaces of future slumps which proved to be distributed uniformly with about 10 m distance between them and predicting mass movements which may prevent the slump along the visible fracture. Similar unidirectional fracture systems could be investigated by the ERT method for any hydrogeological or engineering geological aim.
Improvement for the multi-scale periodic characteristics revealing of precipitation signals and its impact assessment on soil hydrological process by combining HHT and CWT approaches
Authors: Yu S. P. , Yang J. S. , Liu G. M. , Yao R. J. , Wang X. P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This study conducts a detailed analysis of the multi-scale periodic features involved in the annual and seasonal precipitation signals at the Chinese coastal reclamation region by selecting the suitable Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and innovatively combining the improved Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT), and further deduces the precipitation trend and its impact on the future soil hydrological process. The Morlet wavelet transform is proved suitable in revealing the precipitation signals broad-scale periodicities, however, the critical mode mixing problem in the CWT causes the poor significances of the fine-scale periodicities, which can not well match the climate background. By combining the HHT approach, the fine-scale mode mixing drawback in the CWT is effectively eliminated, and the multi-scale periodicities of the studied precipitation signals are accurately revealed, based on which an overall decreasing trend of the annual and seasonal precipitation in the future years is demonstrated. Furthermore, by novelly using the Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT) and Wavelet Transform Coherence (WTC) approaches the prominent correlations between the precipitation dynamics and soil and groundwater salinities dynamics, that the precipitation increase can effectively leach the surface soil salt downwards into the deeper soil layers and groundwater with 5–7 days lag, in the new cultivated tidal land are demonstrated. The revealed future decreasing trend of precipitation especially in spring and summer may aggravate the soil salinization at the coastal reclamation region, thus we suggest reasonable salt leaching and evaporation suppression measures to prevent the possible soil secondary salinization process.
Glacier-like forms on Mars
Authors: Hubbard B. , Souness C. , Brough S.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Over 1300 glacier-like forms (GLFs) are located in Mars' mid-latitudes. These GLFs are visually similar to terrestrial valley glaciers, being predominantly composed of ice-dust mixtures and showing signs of downhill viscous deformation and of an expanded former extent. However, several fundamental aspects of their behaviour are virtually unknown, including temporal and spatial variations in mass balance, ice motion, landscape erosion and deposition, and hydrology. Here, we investigate the physical glaciology of martian GLFs. We use satellite-based images of specific examples and case studies to build on existing knowledge relating to: (i) GLF current and former extent, exemplified via a GLF located in Phlegra Montes; (ii) indicators of GLF motion, focusing on the presence of surface crevasses on several GLFs; (iii) processes of GLF debris transfer, focusing on mapping and interpreting boulder trains on one GLF located in Protonilus Mensae, the analysis of which suggests a minimum GLF flow speed of 7.5 mm a−1, and (iv) GLF hydrology, focusing on possible supraglacial gulley networks on several GLFs. On the basis of this information we summarise the current state of knowledge of the glaciology of martian GLFs and identify future research avenues.
Arctic sea ice melt onset from passive microwave satellite data: 1979–2012
Authors: Bliss A. C. , Anderson M. R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. An updated version of the Snow Melt Onset Over Arctic Sea Ice from SMMR and SSM/I-SSMIS Brightness Temperatures is now available. The data record has been re-processed and extended to cover the years 1979–2012. From this data set, a statistical summary of melt onset (MO) dates on Arctic sea ice is presented. The mean MO date for the Arctic Region is 13 May (132.5 DOY) with a standard deviation of ±7.3 days. Regionally, mean MO dates vary from 15 March (73.2 DOY) in the St. Lawrence Gulf to 10 June (160.9 DOY) in the Central Arctic. Statistically significant decadal trends indicate that MO is occurring 6.6 days decade−1 earlier in the year for the Arctic Region. Regionally, MO trends are as great as −11.8 days decade−1 in the East Siberian Sea. The Bering Sea is an outlier and MO is occurring 3.1 days decade−1 later in the year.
Review: From Ornament to Object: Genealogies of Architectural Modernism by Alina Payne
Authors: Recktenwald Olaf
Published: June 2014

A review of Alina Payne’s From Ornament to Object: Genealogies of Architectural Modernism, published in 2012 by Yale University Press.
Mapping Collected Memory: An Exploration of Memory-Based Navigation in Amman, Jordan
Authors: Mamou Regina
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this research is to explore navigational and image-making methods in a context where maps and formal address systems have been minimally consulted in recent years. This investigation is approached by way of a research-based art project on subjective cartography, which was carried out from 2009 to 2010 during a Fulbright fellowship to Amman, Jordan. The project examines the mutability of a specific location as well as its relationship between obsolescence in cartographic resources and the photographic medium. By reaching out to Ammani residents for informal tours of the city, selected guides were asked to narrate their experiences of navigating the city by memory and then directed to point out key landmarks during this process. Later, these tours were re-memorized and landmarks were photographed as a representation of the afterimage to capture high-quality still images through the use of a large-format photographic device. These afterimages are not intended to serve as documents or memorials of Amman but rather as ruminations on the faculties of memory in an ever-changing environment. This subjective experience, or the observation of a city’s minutiae amid wayfinding, poses a series of inquiries, vis-à-vis memory-based navigation and the role of still images, as an alternative to the panoptic view of a map. The result is a meditative project considering the plasticity of an urban entity, presented as a composition of written material and large-scale photographs, fragments of the city that when viewed as a series come together as a constellation of a subjective whole.
Trying to Live Now: Chronotopic Figures in Jenny Watson’s A Painted Page Series
Authors: McAuliffe Chris
Published: June 2014

Between late 1979 and early 1980, Australian artist Jenny Watson painted a sequence of six works, each with the title A Painted Page. Combining gridded, painted reproductions of photographs, newspapers and department store catalogues with roughly painted fields of color, the series brought together a range of recent styles and painterly idioms: pop, photorealism, and non-objective abstraction. Watson’s evocation of styles considered dated, corrupted or redundant by contemporary critics was read as a sign of the decline of modernism and the emergence of a postmodernism inflected with irony and a cool, “new wave” sensibility. An examination of the Painted Pages in the context of Watson’s interest in autobiography and her association with the women’s art movement, however, reveals the works to be subjective, highly personal reflections on memory, self and artistic aspiration. Drawing on Bahktin’s model of the chronotope, this paper argues for a spatio-temporal reading of Watson’s Painted Pages rather than the crude model of stylistic redundancy and succession. Watson’s source images register temporal orders ranging across the daily, the seasonal and the epochal. Her paintings transpose Bahktin’s typology of quotidian, provincial and “adventuristic” time into autobiographical paintings of teenage memories, the vicissitudes of the art world and punk subcultures. Collectively, the Painted Pages established a chronotopic field; neither an aggregation of moments nor a collaged evocation of a period but a point at which Watson closed off one kind of time (an art critical time of currency and succession) and opened up another (of subjectivity and affective experience).
Technology and U.S. Emissions Reductions Goals: Results of the EMF 24 Modeling Exercise
Authors: Clarke Leon E. , Fawcett Allen A. , Weyant John P. , McFarland James , Chaturvedi Vaibhav , Zhou Yuyu
Published: June 2014

This paper presents an overview of the study design and the results of the EMF 24 U.S. Technology Scenarios. The EMF 24 U.S. Technology Scenarios engaged nine top energy-environment-economy models to examine the implications of technological improvements and technological availability for reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 50% and 80% by 2050. The study confirms that mitigation at the 50% or 80% level will require a dramatic transformation of the energy system over the next 40 years. The study also corroborates the result of previous studies that there is a large variation among models in terms of which energy strategy is considered most cost-effective. Technology assumptions are found to have a large influence on carbon prices and economic costs of mitigation. Keywords: Technology, scenarios, climate change