bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Example‐based learning: Effects of model expertise in relation to student expertise
Authors: Boekhout Paul , van Gog Tamara , van de Wiel Margje W. J. , Gerards‐Last Dorien , Geraets Jacques
Published: May 2010

Background. Worked examples are very effective for novice learners. They typically present a written‐out ideal (didactical) solution for learners to study.

Aims. This study used worked examples of patient history taking in physiotherapy that presented a non‐didactical solution (i.e., based on actual performance). The effects of model expertise (i.e., worked example based on advanced, third‐year student model or expert physiotherapist model) in relation to students' expertise (i.e., first‐ or second‐year) were investigated.

Sample. One hundred and thirty‐four physiotherapy students (61 first‐year and 73 second‐year).

Methods. Design was 2×2 factorial with factors ‘Student Expertise’ (first‐year vs. second‐year) and ‘Model Expertise’ (expert vs. advanced student). Within expertise levels, students were randomly assigned to the Expert Example or the Advanced Student Example condition. All students studied two examples (content depending on their assigned condition) and then completed a retention and test task. They rated their invested mental effort after each example and test task.

Results. Second‐year students invested less mental effort in studying the examples, and in performing the retention and transfer tasks than first‐year students. They also performed better on the retention test, but not on the transfer test. In contrast to our hypothesis, there was no interaction between student expertise and model expertise: all students who had studied the Expert examples performed better on the transfer test than students who had studied Advanced Student Examples.

Conclusions. This study suggests that when worked examples are based on actual performance, rather than an ideal procedure, expert models are to be preferred over advanced student models.
Developing chiral phosphorus ligands for asymmetric hydrogenations
Authors: Li Wei , Hou Guohua , Sun Xianfeng , Shang Gao , Zhang Weicheng , Zhang Xumu
Published: May 2010

Chiral rigid and electron-donating phosphocyclic phosphine ligands and modular atropisomeric biaryl phosphine ligands were designed and synthesized. The performance of these chiral ligands in the asymmetric hydrogenations of prochiral dehydroamino acid derivatives, enamides, imines, keto esters, and ketones has been demonstrated to be excellent.
Time, space and movement: screenplay as oral narrative
Authors: Ganz Adam
Published: May 2010

Paul Schrader contends that the screenplay is an oral medium. This article explores the validity of this contention by analysing the ballad Janet or Lady Maisry (Child 65) and its use of what are generally thought of as screenwriting techniques to tell its story, in particular looking
at the way it makes use of montage, multiple narratives and different timescales to create suspense and involve the audience. It looks at the role of visualization in oral narrative and suggests that screenwriters and analyses have much to gain by looking at films as oral narratives, which
like ballads are told rhythmically in real time in front of an audience. It suggests that screenwriters and academics studying the screenplay could benefit from looking at song and music as a helpful paradigm for understanding screenplay techniques and developing screenplay notation.
The physical and emotional threads of the archetypal hero's journey: proposing common terminology and re-examining the narrative model
Authors: Batty Craig
Published: May 2010

This article will discuss how, in mainstream film screenplays, the protagonist undergoes both an actual, physical journey and an internal, emotional journey, pulled together by the invisible hand of the screenwriter in order to create the complete narrative experience. Central to the
article is an evaluation of how character transformation (arc) is positioned against physical action (plot), arguing that the two can be mapped out as individual yet symbiotic threads of a narrative: the physical and the emotional journeys.

After mapping the territory of what is already
written on this subject, the works of Joseph Campbell and his protg Christopher Vogler (Clayton 2007: 210) will be drawn together to offer a re-examination of the model of the Hero's Journey. Assessing these two narrative threads (physical and emotional) as both distinct and symbiotic, it
will be clear that a special relationship exists between plot and character, where character transformation is encouraged to take place within the frame of the physical action of the plot. The substance of such a transformation, the emotional core of the narrative experience, is what lives
on in the audience, post-text; the physical action of a film story may frame emotion, but emotion has the power to break the frame and take on a life of its own.
First of all, the screenplay problem has to be solved the public debate on screenwriting in 1930s Finland
Authors: Talvio Raija
Published: May 2010

In 1930s Finland the new medium of the sound film was regarded as an essential part of modern culture. After the advent of sound, the domestic film industry flourished and the development of the national cinema became the subject of a lively debate in popular film magazines. A large
part of this discussion was centred on the screenplay. The choice of suitable subject matter and important themes were investigated, as were the special requirements of the craft for the writer. In this article I explore how screenwriting and the screenwriter were constantly defined and redefined
in public discussion in film magazines during the decade and how this discussion influenced the formation of the identity of the screenwriting profession.
Global Consumer Culture Positioning: Testing Perceptions of Soft-Sell and Hard-Sell Advertising Appeals between U.S. and Japanese Consumers
Authors: Okazaki Shintaro , Mueller Barbara , Taylor Charles R.
Published: May 2010

This study tests the effectiveness of global consumer culture positioning (GCCP) in terms of perceptions of soft-sell (indirect and image-based) and hard-sell (direct and information-based) appeals across markets. The authors draw the theoretical base for the study from previous research, along with a series of recent conceptualizations on culture and branding based on global consumer culture theory. If the same appeal is homogeneously and favorably perceived in different markets, such an appeal should be a good candidate for use as part of a GCCP strategy. From prior research, the authors predict that soft-sell appeals are more similarly perceived across markets than hard-sell appeals. They conduct a quasi-experimental study in the United States and Japan with a general consumer sample. After choosing six advertisements using rigorous content analysis, they examine the perceptions of soft-sell and hard-sell appeals, including attitude toward the ad, believability, irritation, and purchase intention. The results indicate somewhat more homogeneous acceptance of soft-sell appeals but, surprisingly, also show relatively homogeneous acceptance of hard-sell appeals across markets. These findings are suggestive of both types of appeals having the potential to be used as part of a GCCP across the United States and Japan and perhaps other markets.
Laboratory testing in pharmacies
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Plebani Mario , Favaloro Emmanuel J. , Trenti Tommaso
Published: May 2010

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is traditionally defined as laboratory diagnostics performed at or near the site where clinical care is delivered. POCT thereby combines sample collection, analysis, and reporting of results into a robust integrated testing structure, with a simple user interface. The availability of reliable devices and consolidated tests for patient screening, diagnosis and monitoring has allowed broad diffusion of POCT to the patient's bedside, physician offices, pharmacies, other healthcare facilities, supermarkets, and even into the patient's home. However, current evidence clearly shows that POCT can be subjective, and might even amplify the traditional problems encountered in the preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical phases of the total testing process. This may especially be seen in inappropriateness of the test request, collection of unsuitable biological materials, inaccurate test performances, larger analytical imprecision, unsuitable report formatting, delayed reporting of critical value, and report recording/retrieval. POCT patient care service in the pharmacy can be regarded as a valuable option for the present and future since it might be beneficial for all parties. However, several economic, clinical and regulatory issues should also be addressed before this opportunity can turn into a real advantage for patients and the entire healthcare system. The most appropriate allocation of POCT within the diagnostic pathway, as well as its adjuvant role in screening, diagnosis and monitoring of diseases should also be clearly established in order to prevent widespread and deregulated implementation.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:943–53.
Point-of-care testing in critical care: the clinician's point of view
Authors: Casagranda Ivo
Published: May 2010

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is increasingly used in the Emergency Department (ED) by emergency physicians. They often need to have test results readily available in order to make prompt diagnosis, define risk stratification and establish early therapy or make changes to therapy. The use of POCT is important in patients who present to the ED with symptoms, such as chest pain, dyspnea or other critical medical conditions, as well as in trauma patients. The essential tests should have a turn-around time that allows state-of-the-art management of critical patients. The quality of POCT analyses can only be assured through an optimal relationship with the clinical laboratory, and all POCT activities should be discussed and agreed upon between the Clinical Laboratory and the ED.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:931–4.
New aspects of residual lignin isolation
Authors: Gehmayr Verena , Gütsch Jenny , Leschinsky Moritz , Zuckerstätter Gerhard , Sixta Herbert
Published: May 2010

No abstract available
Pre-extraction of hemicelluloses and subsequent ASA and ASAM pulping: Comparison of autohydrolysis and alkaline extraction
Authors: Al-Dajani Waleed Wafa , Tschirner Ulrike W.
Published: May 2010

Commercial aspen wood chips were treated with hot water (autohydrolysis) and with alkali to extract part of the hemicelluloses. The extracted residues and an unextracted wood (control) were subjected to pulping based on the alkaline sulfite anthraquinone (ASA) and alkaline sulfite anthraquinone methanol (ASAM) methods to afford pulps useful for paper production with the same degree of delignification. Unlike the autohydrolysis residue, the alkali extracted residue was shown to favor subsequent pulping in terms of pulping yield, charges of chemicals, cooking times and properties of pulps. The experimental conditions and results are discussed.
Energy reduction of refining by cellulases
Authors: Lecourt Michael , Meyer Valérie , Sigoillot Jean-Claude , Petit-Conil Michel
Published: May 2010

The effect of three different commercial cellulase treatments applied on softwood bleached kraft pulp before the refining step was studied. Disc refining was applied under similar conditions as usual in paper mills. Two cellulase treatments allowed an energy saving of 20% to reach a given drainage index or breaking length. Water retention value (WRV), which characterizes the water absorption inside the fibre wall, was increased by the cellulase treatment. However, tear index losses were observed upon enzyme treatment. The third cellulase did not have an impact either on any parameters of the refining or on the pulp properties, except WRV. Viscosity measurements showed that the two first cellulases have strong endoglucanase activities but are lacking exoglucanase activities. Probably, endoglucanase activity weakens the fibre structure by generation of weak points or kinks. This hypothesis would explain the important cutting and fibrillation phenomena observed in the case of these two cellulases. It can be concluded that cellulase treatment could save 20% of electrical energy needed for refining, i.e., 50 kWh t-1, if a paper quality with a high tensile resistance but lowered tear strength is acceptable.
Fine Mapping of ui6.1, a Gametophytic Factor Controlling Pollen-Side Unilateral Incompatibility in Interspecific Solanum Hybrids
Authors: Li Wentao , Royer Suzanne , Chetelat Roger T
Published: May 2010

Unilateral incompatibility (UI) is a prezygotic reproductive barrier in plants that prevents fertilization by foreign (interspecific) pollen through the inhibition of pollen tube growth. Incompatibility occurs in one direction only, most often when the female is a self-incompatible species and the male is self-compatible (the “SI × SC rule”). Pistils of the wild tomato relative Solanum lycopersicoides (SI) reject pollen of cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum, SC), but accept pollen of S. pennellii (SC accession). Expression of pistil-side UI is weakened in S. lycopersicum × S. lycopersicoides hybrids, as pollen tube rejection occurs lower in the style. Two gametophytic factors are sufficient for pollen compatibility on allotriploid hybrids: ui1.1 on chromosome 1 (near the S locus), and ui6.1 on chromosome 6. We report herein a fine-scale map of the ui6.1 region. Recombination around ui6.1 was suppressed in lines containing a short S. pennellii introgression, but less so in lines containing a longer introgression. More recombinants were obtained from female than male meioses. A high-resolution genetic map of this region delineated the location of ui6.1 to ∼0.128 MU, or 160 kb. Identification of the underlying gene should elucidate the mechanism of interspecific pollen rejection and its relationship to self-incompatibility.
Autophosphorylation Within the Atg1 Activation Loop Is Required for Both Kinase Activity and the Induction of Autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yeh Yuh-Ying , Wrasman Kristie , Herman Paul K
Published: May 2010

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradative pathway that has been implicated in a number of physiological events important for human health. This process was originally identified as a response to nutrient deprivation and is thought to serve in a recycling capacity during periods of nutritional stress. Autophagy activity appears to be highly regulated and multiple signaling pathways are known to target a complex of proteins that contains the Atg1 protein kinase. The data here extend these observations and identify a particular phosphorylation event on Atg1 as a potential control point within the autophagy pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This phosphorylation occurs at a threonine residue, T226, within the Atg1 activation loop that is conserved in all Atg1 orthologs. Replacing this threonine with a nonphosphorylatable residue resulted in a loss of Atg1 protein kinase activity and a failure to induce autophagy. This phosphorylation required the presence of a functional Atg1 kinase domain and two known regulators of Atg1 activity, Atg13 and Atg17. Interestingly, the levels of this modification were found to increase dramatically upon exposure to conditions that induce autophagy. In addition, T226 phosphorylation was associated with an autophosphorylated form of Atg1 that was found specifically in cells undergoing the autophagy process. In all, these data suggest that autophosphorylation within the Atg1 activation loop may represent a point of regulatory control for this degradative process.
Patient-, Provider-, and Clinic-Level Predictors of Unrecognized Elevated Blood Pressure in Children
Authors: Brady Tammy M. , Solomon Barry S. , Neu Alicia M. , Siberry George K. , Parekh Rulan S.
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The goal was to determine patient-, provider-, and clinic-level predictors of unrecognized elevated blood pressure (BP) in children. We hypothesized that being of healthy weight, having a BP of <120/80 mmHg, and being seen by a less experienced provider would result in decreased recognition.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional study of clinic visits for children 3 to 20 years of age at an urban, pediatric primary care practice between January 1, 2006, and June 30, 2006, was performed. Children with elevated systolic or diastolic BP (≥90th percentile or ≥120/80 mmHg) were included. Recognition was defined as having any of the following documented: repeat BP measurement, elevated-BP/hypertension diagnosis, plan to recheck BP, or initiation of hypertension evaluation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify characteristics associated with underrecognition.

RESULTS:

Elevated BP occurred in 779 (39%) of 2000 visits. Of 726 cases included in the analysis, 87% were not recognized by providers. Patient-level predictors of underrecognition included systolic BP of <120 mmHg (odds ratio: 7.7 [95% confidence interval: 3.2–18.6]), diastolic BP of <80 mmHg (odds ratio: 2.4 [95% confidence interval: 1.1–5.0]), decreasing BMI z score, male gender, older age, lack of family history of cardiovascular disease, and negative medical history findings. Being seen by a nurse practitioner and being seen by a less-experienced provider also were significant predictors.

CONCLUSIONS:

Most BP elevations were not recognized by providers. Poor recognition was most influenced by the absence of obviously elevated BP, obesity, and family history of cardiovascular disease.
Tendência da mortalidade por homicídios em Belo Horizonte e região metropolitana: 1980-2005
Authors: Villela Lenice de Castro Mendes , Moraes Suzana Alves de , Suzuki Claudio Shigueki , Freitas Isabel Cristina Martins de
Published: May 2010

OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução das taxas de mortalidade por homicídio em Belo Horizonte e Região Metropolitana no período de 1980 a 2005. MÉTODOS: Estudo de série temporal, cujos dados sobre óbitos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e as estimativas populacionais segundo sexo, idade e anos-calendário, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Os coeficientes específicos de mortalidade, segundo sexo e faixa etária, foram calculados anualmente para cada região geográfica. A análise de tendência foi realizada por meio da construção de modelos de regressão polinomial para séries históricas, adotando-se nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Houve elevada magnitude das taxas de mortalidade por homicídios em Belo Horizonte e Região Metropolitana, principalmente para o sexo masculino, permitindo identificar, em relação à tendência secular, crescimento acelerado dessas taxas em ambos os sexos e em quase todas as faixas etárias, mais expressivamente a partir do início da década de 1990, na Região Metropolitana da capital. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam a necessidade de implementação de políticas públicas conjuntas, direcionadas para o controle da violência. Recomendam-se investimentos em educação e garantia de acesso ao emprego, visando o controle da ascensão acelerada da mortalidade por homicídios, principalmente, entre os jovens do sexo masculino, residentes na Região Metropolitana.
Horizonte de racionalidade acerca da dependência de drogas nos serviços de saúde: implicações para o tratamento
Authors: Schneider Daniela Ribeiro
Published: May 2010

O artigo refere-se à discussão de pesquisa baseada em metodologia de análise de conteúdo, cuja meta é explicitar o horizonte de racionalidade dos serviços de atenção aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas na Região da Grande Florianópolis, objetivando contribuir no estabelecimento de parâmetros qualitativos na avaliação de serviços de saúde. Verificou-se a existência de concepção hegemônica acerca do fenômeno da dependência de drogas e do modo de intervenção no fenômeno, síntese de racionalidades diversas e, algumas vezes, contraditórias entre si. Tal concepção centra seu modelo na noção de doença, na meta da abstinência, no busca do controle sobre a adição, operando dispositivos médico-terapêuticos e morais. Nas raízes desta concepção, encontra-se uma perspectiva subjetivista, moralista e psicopatologizante, constituindo-se em visão ahistórica e pouco crítica da produção social em torno do uso de drogas, pautada numa racionalidade de predomínio metafísico, ainda que mesclado com outras racionalidades como a científica. Discute-se a importância de correlacionar o "horizonte de racionalidade" dos serviços de saúde com a problemática da eficácia e eficiência dos tratamentos na área da dependência de drogas.
A representação do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas para adolescentes atendidos em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família
Authors: Souza Sinara de Lima , Ferriani Maria das Graças Carvalho , Silva Marta Angélica Iossi , Gomes Romeu , Souza Tatiana Costa
Published: May 2010

O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas por adolescentes se constitui em problema mundial com repercussão nos diversos setores sociais. Entretanto, as motivações para tal prática ainda são pouco estudadas. Buscando desvendá-las, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, com o objetivo de compreender as representações socialmente construídas dos adolescentes acerca do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família da cidade de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil. Os sujeitos foram vinte e um adolescentes de ambos os sexos. As técnicas utilizadas para a coleta de dados foram observação, grupos focais e entrevista semiestruturada. Analisou-se os dados através da interpretação dos sentidos. Teve-se como resultados: esta prática representa "beber muito" que se aproxima do conceito de binge drinking e "junto", evidenciando o caráter socializador da bebida. Significa também um ritual de passagem. Como fatores que influenciam a representação, destacam-se as atitudes dos adultos, especialmente o pai e a mídia. Conclui-se que a essa substância representa um capital simbólico, havendo contradições relativas à questão, precariedade de fatores protetores e existência de fatores de vulnerabilidade, sendo necessário o repensar das políticas públicas para os adolescentes e para essa problemática.
O papel dos conselhos gestores de políticas públicas: um debate a partir das práticas em Conselhos Municipais de Chapecó (SC)
Authors: Kleba Maria Elisabeth , Matielo Alexandre , Comerlatto Dunia , Renk Elisonia , Colliselli Liane
Published: May 2010

Neste trabalho, analisamos a efetividade do controle social a partir do estudo sobre atribuições dos Conselhos Municipais da Assistência Social, dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente, da Educação e da Saúde no município de Chapecó (SC). Os dados foram coletados através da leitura de documentos oficiais, aplicação de formulários, observação sistemática e de um encontro utilizando a técnica do grupo focal. Foram identificadas cinco categorias de ação: deliberar, fiscalizar, normatizar, prestar assessoria, comunicar, além de outras ações menos frequentes. A análise das informações revela sobrecarga de atribuições burocráticas, restringindo o debate político inerente ao papel dos conselheiros. Além disso, questionamos a legitimidade de suas atribuições, considerando as condições objetivas de sua participação: o caráter voluntário, não profissional, não remunerado; o tempo restrito dos encontros; a falta de estrutura física e operacional qualificada e autônoma, entre outras. Os conselhos gestores são espaços de exercício de cidadania, o que requer maior atuação na criação e no fortalecimento de canais e processos de diálogo com diferentes atores sociais, constituindo elos na rede de parcerias em prol do enfrentamento dos problemas sociais da cidade e da construção de condições favoráveis à vida.
A participação de usuários, trabalhadores e conselheiros de saúde: um estudo qualitativo
Authors: Grisotti Márcia , Patrício Zuleica Maria , Silva Andréia da
Published: May 2010

Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa que teve como objetivo analisar a efetividade e a resolutividade de ações do SUS e a satisfação de usuários, tendo como unidades de análise uma comunidade e o Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Florianópolis. Os dados foram colhidos através de análise documental, entrevista e observação participante. As fontes de dados foram documentos oficiais e registros de observação de campo; moradores da comunidade (indivíduos e famílias usuários do SUS); profissionais da equipe de saúde e conselheiros de saúde do município. Os resultados mostram compreensões diferentes de saúde entre os sujeitos, bem como a distância que existe entre as práticas e o referencial preconizado nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família. Em relação ao conselho, evidenciou-se deficiências na sua organização, composição e representatividade, nos encaminhamentos das deliberações, no papel do conselheiro e na sua relação com a entidade que ele representa. A participação popular e o controle social, como condições essenciais para a efetivação das propostas do SUS, ainda permanecem como expectativa e um grande desafio.
Avaliação do usuário sobre o atendimento oftalmológico oferecido pelo SUS em um centro urbano no sul do Brasil
Authors: Benazzi Luciane Eloisa Brandt , Figueiredo Andréia Cristina Leal , Bassani Diego Garcia
Published: May 2010

A avaliação do usuário é um importante componente da qualidade dos serviços em saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a satisfação do usuário quanto ao atendimento oftalmológico prestado por um serviço credenciado do SUS num centro urbano do Sul do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual se aplicou questionário sobre o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico do usuário, questões relacionadas à qualidade do atendimento e sugestões e/ou reclamações referentes ao atendimento e ao serviço. Calculou-se a amostra no programa EPINFO versão 6.0, tendo como base 1.200 atendimentos mensais, totalizando 355 usuários. Os resultados mostraram que 77,1% dos usuários estavam satisfeitos com o atendimento médico. Entretanto, 75,4% apontaram deficiências relacionadas ao tempo de espera no local, à duração da consulta e à relação interpessoal com médico e atendentes. Verificou-se que 36,3% consideraram o serviço oftalmológico oferecido pelo SUS como péssimo e regular. Desta forma, é fundamental repensar as práticas profissionais e intervir sobre a forma de organização deste serviço, visando ao seu aperfeiçoamento e satisfação do usuário.
A proteção auditiva utilizada pelos militares do Exército Brasileiro: há efetividade?
Authors: Neves Eduardo Borba , Soalheiro Marcia
Published: May 2010

Neste estudo, buscou-se identificar a exposição sonora e verificar se a proteção auditiva utilizada por esses trabalhadores é adequada para a exposição ao ruído de impacto, durante as atividades de Tiro de Instrução Básico realizadas no Exército Brasileiro, produzidos pelo Fuzil Automático Leve - FAL, calibre 7,62mm. O presente estudo caracteriza-se como analítico, uma vez que busca estabelecer relações causais entre as diversas variáveis envolvidas. Utilizou-se da abordagem qualitativa, no mapeamento do processo de trabalho; e da abordagem quantitativa na analise dos dados em relação a esse processo. Foi possível uma aproximação da realidade a partir de uma triangulação de técnicas de coleta de dados, a saber: observação sistemática; entrevista semi-estruturada e exercício experimental. Diante das análises realizadas, pode-se garantir que esses trabalhadores estão expostos a um NPS mínimo de 147,3 dB durante as atividades de tiro, podendo esse valor atingir 171 dB. Assim, entende-se que a real redução do ruído, oferecida pelo protetor 1100 da 3M, principal modelo utilizado pelos militares, cujo valor de atenuação auditiva corresponde a NRRsf de 12 dB, não caracteriza efetividade na proteção auditiva para os militares.
Agente comunitário de saúde: sujeito da prática em saúde bucal em Alagoinhas, Bahia
Authors: Rodrigues Ana Áurea Alécio de Oliveira , Santos Adriano Maia dos , Assis Marluce Maria Araújo
Published: May 2010

Este estudo sobre a micropolítica do trabalho da Equipe de Saúde Bucal (ESB) no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) de Alagoinhas (BA) toma por pressuposto teórico central as formas específicas e singulares no exercício do trabalho cotidiano, utilizando-se das tecnologias (duras, leveduras e leves). A trajetória metodológica é fundamentada na corrente histórico-social, à luz de uma abordagem dialética de natureza qualitativa. As técnicas de coleta de dados utilizadas foram entrevista semiestruturada; observação do processo de trabalho e análise documental. A análise dos dados foi orientada pela hermenêutica-dialética, permitindo confrontar os diferentes níveis de análise, articulando o teórico com o empírico. Os resultados revelam que as Equipes de Saúde da Família são multidisciplinares, mas ainda não desenvolvem um trabalho interdisciplinar, ocorrendo justaposição de saberes. Cada unidade planeja seu processo de trabalho de acordo com as singularidades dos sujeitos sociais, implementando características diferentes no acolher, informar, atender e encaminhar. Percebe-se um esforço em mudar o processo de trabalho, na perspectiva da clínica ampliada, com o agente comunitário de saúde se destacando como sujeito social/coletivo.
Avaliação da satisfação dos usuários com os serviços do consórcio intermunicipal de saúde do noroeste do Paraná
Authors: Muller Erildo Vicente , Greco Marisabel
Published: May 2010

Os consórcios intermunicipais de saúde são constituídos por municípios de pequeno porte, fazendo com que os mesmos tenham uma maior resolutividade no atendimento com menor custo. A fim de avaliar a satisfação dos usuários com os serviços prestados pelo CISA do noroeste do Paraná, foi realizada entrevista com os usuários do serviço saúde, através de um questionário padronizado. Dos 100 usuários, 59% eram mulheres e 41%, homens. 27% dos usuários possuem ensino fundamental (1ª a 4ª séries) e 22% são analfabetos. 58% recebiam de um a três salários e 42%, menos de um salário, 55% já consultaram no CISA mais de seis vezes, 44% responderam que o município leva menos de um mês para marcar a consulta e 46% esperam de um a três meses para conseguir uma consulta. De acordo com o grau de satisfação, 57% relataram que o tempo que o município demorou para marcar a consulta foi bom, 43% acham bom o tempo gasto durante a consulta, em relação ao profissional que os atendeu, 68% responderam ser um bom profissional e sobre as instalações do CISA, 56% relataram que são ótimas. Concluiu-se que o CISA é uma referência para os pequenos municípios e que os usuários estão satisfeitos com os serviços prestados pelo mesmo.
Tritrophic Effects of Host Plants on an Herbivore-Pathogen Interaction
Authors: Gassmann Aaron J , Stock S Patricia , Tabashnik Bruce E , Singer Michael S
Published: May 2010

Tritrophic interactions may include directly harmful effects of host plants on herbivores, and directly or indirectly harmful effects of host plants on the natural enemies of herbivores. Tritrophic interactions involving parasitoids and predators have received considerable attention but less is known about how host plants affect entomopathogens. We compared growth and resistance to entomopathogenic nematodes for “woolly bear” caterpillars, Grammia incorrupta (=geneura) (Hy. Edwards) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) fed lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae), versus threadleaf groundsel, Senecio longilobus Benth. (Asteraceae). Both plants are members of the Asteraceae, but only S.longilobus contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Caterpillars gained more mass when fed L.sativa compared with S.longilobus; yet, in one of four cases studied, resistance to nematodes was higher when caterpillars ate S.longilobus. Caterpillar resistance to nematodes did not differ between host plants in the other cases. In addition, nematode reproduction was higher in cadavers of G. incorrupta that had been fed L.sativa instead of S.longilobus, suggesting that S.longilobus had indirectly detrimental effects on entomopathogenic nematodes. Our results illustrate how trade-offs may arise in tritrophic interactions involving entomopathogens, as the cost of decreased growth imposed by S.longilobus was accompanied by the benefit of greater resistance to entomopathogenic nematodes.
Guest Column: Queer Ecology
Authors: Morton Timothy
Published: May 2010

nearer than breathing, closer than hands and feet

—George Morrison, “The Reawakening of Mysticism”

Ecological criticism and queer theory seem incompatible, but if they met, there would be a fantastic explosion. How shall we accomplish this perverse, Frankensteinian meme splice? I'll propose some hypothetical methods and frameworks for a field that doesn't quite exist—queer ecology. (The pathbreaking work of Catriona Sandilands, Greta Gaard, and the journalUndercurrentsmust be acknowledged here.) This exercise in hubris is bound to rattle nerves and raise hackles, but please bear with me on this test flight. Start with the basics. Let's not create this field by comparing literary-critical apples and oranges. Let's do it the hard way, up from foundations (or unfoundations). Let's do it in the name of ecology itself, which demands intimacies with other beings that queer theory also demands, in another key. Let's do it because our era requires it—we are losing touch with a fantasy Nature that never really existed (I capitalizeNatureto make it look less natural), while we actively and passively destroy life-forms inhabiting and constituting the biosphere, in Earth's sixth mass extinction event. Giving up a fantasy is even harder than giving up a reality.
Community Reading and Social Imagination
Authors: Bérubé Michael , Blum Hester , Castiglia Christopher , Kasdorf Julia Spicher
Published: May 2010

As Members of the Penn State English Department, We Share Our Institution's Commitment to Bridging the Gap Between town and gown. As writers and teachers, we believe that reading is a powerful vehicle for community building, for democratic deliberation, and for imaginative reinvention of seeming inevitabilities. As friends who enjoy discussing ideas with one another, we believe that collaboration can allow for both individual voice and shared vision, can offer mutual instruction and delight. In our various ways, we have committed ourselves to reading and writing beyond the boundaries of the university. In this brief essay, we hope to share our experiences of community building, creativity, and democratic negotiation with readers of PMLA.
The Politics of Reading Street Newspapers
Authors: Wiedmer Caroline
Published: May 2010

In the Summer of 2001, on The Heels of a Four-Year Recession, a Number of Ostensible Want Ads Appeared on Large Billboards in downtown Zurich. “Sought for our sales department: team member with an alcohol problem,” read one of them (fig.1); “Wanted: coworker with a drug career,” read another. Each billboard also featured the slogan “Everyone deserves a second chance.” The billboards were one of the first public campaigns mounted by the editors of Surprise, the Swiss street magazine that has supported the homeless and poor by employing them as vendors since 1998. The magazine's declared aim was to attract salespeople from the community, but the billboards did much more than recruit vendors: they intervened in Zurich's upscale business district and challenged the divide separating the haves from the have-nots.
Two Arguments for the Spanish Authorship of Gil Blas
Authors: de Isla Francisco , Llorente Juan Antonio , Vogeley Nancy , de Isla Francisco , Llorente Juan Antonio
Published: May 2010

Today Picaresque is a Catch-All Term, Which Literary Critics and General Readers Use to Characterize Almost any Story of playfulness and mischief. It has been stretched across so many national boundaries that any notion of its historical or geographic referents is often lost. The central character, an antihero, seems to express the author's devilry and wit rather than any social criticism. This view, growing out of readers' preference for pleasant entertainment and critics' focus on language and form, sees no more than an on-the-road plot, with “adventures” ending whenever the author chooses to stop. However, this sense of the picaresque forgets the complex, frequently damning portrayal of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain that the picaresque's original stories provided, as well as the contestation of the genre in postrevolutionary France, where it describes high crimes and suggests their punishment.
Silurian rugose corals from the Kurosegawa Terrane, southwest Japan, and the first occurrence ofNeobrachyelasma
Authors: Kido Erika
Published: May 2010

Four species of rugose corals (one new) are described from the Silurian of the Kurosegawa Terrane, Southwest Japan. They areNeobrachyelasma japonican. sp.,Pseudamplexussp.,Amsdenoidessp., andAmplexoidessp. aff.A. chaoi(Grabau, 1925). These species occur in the Middle Member of the Gionyama Formation, which is Late Llandovery to Early Ludlow in age.Neobrachyelasmais reported for the first time from Japan. This genus occurs in the Lower Llandovery to Upper Silurian of Japan, South China, Kazakhstan, and the Altai and might be distributed only in South China and Japan during the Late Llandovery. Its occurrence in Japan may support a paleogeographic proximity of ‘Proto-Japan’ and the South China Block during the Silurian.
Taxonomy, paleoecology and biostratigraphy of the late Neoproterozoic Chichkan microbiota of South Kazakhstan: the marine biosphere on the eve of metazoan radiation
Authors: Sergeev Vladimir N. , Schopf J. William
Published: May 2010

Carbonaceous bedded cherts of the late Neoproterozoic (Cryogenian) ∼800 to 750 Ma old Chichkan Formation of South Kazakhstan contain an abundant, diverse assemblage of exquisitely preserved microorganisms. Like many Proterozoic microbiotas, the Chichkan assemblage is dominated by prokaryotic cyanobacteria, both filamentous (oscillatorialeans and nostocaleans, represented primarily by cellular trichomes and empty sheaths) and coccoidal (chroococcaleans and pleurocapsaleans, including solitary, colonial, and stalk-forming specimens). However, unlike Proterozoic microbiotas reported from peritidal settings, the Chichkan fossils, permineralized in cherts deposited in the open shelf facies of the formation, include diverse microscopic eukaryotes: vase-shaped testate amoebae, spiny (acanthomorphic) phytoplanktonic unicells, large (up to ∼1 mm diameter) megasphaeromorphic acritarchs, and sausage-shaped vaucheriacean green alga-like filaments.

Given the composition of this biota and the presence in it and similarly aged assemblages of numerous taxa typical of late Neoproterozoic deposits (e.g.,Cerebrosphaera, Jacutianema, Melanocyrillium, Stictosphaeridium, Trachyhystrichosphaera, andVandalosphaeridium), the Chichkan Lagerstätte appears representative of the Cryogenian biota as now known, thereby documenting the status of the marine biosphere at a time closely preceding the radiation of the Metazoa. As such, we interpret this and other coeval mixed assemblages of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microfossils as representing an evolutionary stage transitional between the predominantly prokaryote-dominated Precambrian and the eukaryote-dominated Phanerozoic biospheres.

As reported here, the Chichkan assemblage is composed of 39 taxa (of which two forms are described informally) that are assigned to 23 genera of microscopic prokaryotes and eukaryotes and that include two new species:Polybessurus crassusn. sp. andVandalosphaeridium koksuicumn. sp.
Mimetic Desire and Professional Closure: Toward a Theory of Intra/Inter-Professional Aggression
Authors: St-Pierre Isabelle , Holmes Dave
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this article is to present a renewed way to theorize intra/inter-professional aggression in nursing. To this end, René Girard’s mimetic mechanism and Max Weber’s conception of professional closure will be explored. More specifically mimetic mechanism, summarized as a sequence of four distinct but interdependent phases including mimetic desire, mimetic rivalry, mimetic (sacrificial) crisis, and scapegoat, will serve to broaden the understanding of intra-professional aggression. For its part, professional closure, a strategy designed to limit and control the number of individuals admitted to a specific profession, will provide a fresh perspective to critically examine the issue of inter-professional aggression by drawing attention to hidden practices of dominance and control.
Plant Population and Row‐Spacing Effects on Maturity Group III Soybean
Authors: Walker E. R. , Mengistu A. , Bellaloui N. , Koger C. H. , Roberts R. K. , Larson J. A.
Published: May 2010

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in the upper midsouthern United States is primarily nonirrigated. Reliance on rainfall to coincide with the soybean reproductive stages often results in low seed yields due to drought. Maturity Group (MG) III soybean cultivars have been introduced to this region to utilize early‐season rains and avoid late‐season drought. The objective of this research was to identify the relationship between seeding rate and final population on narrow (38 cm) and wide (76 cm) rows in nonirrigated MG III soybean grown in the upper midsouthern United States. Field experiments conducted during 2006 and 2007, using MG III cultivars ‘Asgrow 3906’ and ‘Pioneer 93M90’, were planted in mid‐May in narrow and wide rows to determine seeding rates and final plant populations that optimize yield. Rainfall in 2006 necessitated seeding rates of 358,400 to 378,600 seed ha−1 and final plant populations of 288,900 to 326,500 plants ha−1 for optimum yield. Drought in 2007 resulted in soybean planted on 38‐ and 76‐cm row spacing producing optimum yields from 192,800 and 92,100 plants ha−1, respectively. Narrow rows generally produced yields greater than or equal to those obtained from wide rows. These data suggest that MG III cultivars should be planted on narrow row spacing to a final population of 300,000 plants ha−1 to provide optimum yields when planted on nonirrigated sites in the upper midsouthern United States.
Radiometer Footprint Model to Estimate Sunlit and Shaded Components for Row Crops
Authors: Colaizzi P. D. , O'Shaughnessy S. A. , Gowda P. H. , Evett S. R. , Howell T. A. , Kustas W. P. , Anderson M. C.
Published: May 2010

This article describes a geometric model for computing the relative proportion of sunlit vegetation, shaded vegetation, sunlit soil, and shaded soil appearing in a circular or elliptical radiometer footprint for row crops, where the crop rows were modeled as continuous ellipses. The model was validated using digital photographs of row crops, where each component was determined by supervised classification. Root mean squared errors (RMSE) between modeled and observed components were 35, 49, 29, and 44% of observed means for sunlit vegetation, shaded vegetation, sunlit soil, and shaded soil, respectively. Mean bias errors (MBE) were, respectively, −5.6, 16.6, −4.0, and −0.5% of observed means. The continuous ellipse model was compared to the commonly used clumping index model, where the latter estimates total vegetation and total soil, but does not resolve these into their sunlit or shaded components and does not account for radiometer footprint shape dimensions. The continuous ellipse model resulted in RMSE for vegetation and soil of 22 and 19%, respectively, whereas the clumping index model resulted in respective RMSE of 37 and 31%. The continuous ellipse model had MBE of 3.3 and −2.6% for vegetation and soil, respectively, which was slightly greater than the respective MBE of −1.5 and 1.4% for clumping index model. Given the model sensitivity and uncertainty of leaf area index (LAI), the RMSE and MBE resulting from the continuous ellipse model would not be expected to be less than 20% of the observed means, and model performance was therefore deemed reasonable in this study.
Management of Small Grain Residues to Retain Legume‐Derived Nitrogen in Corn Cropping Systems
Authors: Starovoytov Anna , Gallagher Robert S. , Jacobsen Krista L. , Kaye Jason P. , Bradley Brosi
Published: May 2010

Minimizing N pollution from nonpoint agricultural sources is a management challenge in U.S. agriculture and in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. This 2‐yr field study examined the impact of C/N ratios, through modification of straw residue, on the availability of small grain‐hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) derived N in a corn (Zea mays L.) cropping system. Treatments consisted of three levels of straw retention (0, 1, and 2 Mg ha−1), with and without a hairy vetch cover crop. Soils were sampled for inorganic N from 0 to 15 cm every 10 d during the growing season, and less frequently at deeper soil depths. Residue decomposition was measured each year using litterbags with residues representative of residue composition in each treatment. Corn productivity was also measured and a partial economic analysis was conducted. On average across sampling dates, soil inorganic N was 7.3% lower in the 1 and 2 Mg ha−1 straw treatments compared to the zero Mg ha−1 straw treatment, although this effect was only significant in one of the two study years. Likewise, the 2 Mg ha−1 straw treatment had 16% more N retained in the residues compared to the other two treatments. Results indicate that simple alterations to common management practices, such as the retention of 1 to 2 Mg ha−1 of straw from a small grain crop that precedes a no‐till vetch cover crop may reduce the potential for off‐site N movement, via leaching, but it may also compromise crop yields and net economic returns.
Forage Mass and Water Use Response to Irrigation Time in North China
Authors: Wang Hao , Li Zizhong , Gong Yuanshi , Zhang Weihua
Published: May 2010

Siberian wildrye grass (Elymus sibiricus L.) is the primary forage species in alpine cold areas of North China. Scheduled irrigation is an important way to increase the forage mass because of water shortage and the inconsistency between rainy season and the most intense water use period. Irrigation experiments were conducted during 2006 to 2008 to study the feasibility of applying single irrigation before winter (WI) or at the elongating stage (EI), irrigating at these two stages (WEI, in 2006–2007), and irrigating before winter with mulching straw before next reviving (WMI, only in 2008) to increase forage mass (FM) and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that irrigation at the elongating stage played the most important role in mass and WUE increase. The FMs under EI achieved 6381, 6883, and 5763 kg ha−1, increased by 66, 218, and 99%, respectively, and WUE was 1.9, 2.3, and 1.8 kg m−3, increased by 56, 134, and 81%, respectively, compared with no irrigation treatment (NI) in 3 yr. The FMs under WI were increased by 40, 53, and 44%, and the WUE was increased by 30, 31, and 34%, respectively. No significant FM and WUE increment under WEI were found compared with EI during 2006 to 2007. The FM and WUE under WMI were higher than values under EI in 2008. Therefore, EI can achieve relatively high production and WUE of Siberian wildrye grass. If water resources at the elongating stage were deficient, the WMI treatment might be a good choice.