bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Réflexions sur la métaphore dans les discours scientifiques de vulgarisation
Authors: Loffler-Laurian Anne-Marie
Published: November 2007

Anne-Marie Loffler-Laurian, Reflections on Metaphor in Popular Science Discourse

Metaphors are quite usual in science popularization. In this paper several types of metaphors are described (natural phenomenon / human behaviour / legendary heroes, animals / technical devices). Such a use of language reveals a popular attitude towards science : a difficulty in dealing with abstract concepts leads to a search for social and psychological answers to scientific questions beside the quest for increased knowledge.
Problématique de la répétition
Authors: Molinié Georges
Published: November 2007

Georges Molinié, Figures of Repetition

This paper stands in the theoretical framework already set up by the author ; following Madeleine Frederic's contribution, its purpose is to analyze the problems of the links between repetition and the figures of speech as a whole, between figurai and rhetoric, and with the main forms of repetition either of the signifier or of the signified. Emphasis is laid on the operating feature of the awareness of the figures, and on the importance of time in the constitution of figur ality. Throughout a passage of Proust, the link with the specific questioning of the figurative structures in gestation becomes apparent. Reflection on the temporal and cognitive process here expounded allows to deepen the interpretation of the relationship between micro- and macro-structure, through an analysis of the process of interrupted development in the iteration of the amplification supports.
L'article partitif : l'évolution des conditions d'emploi
Authors: Englebert Annick
Published: November 2007

Annick Englebert : A Diachronic Study of the Partitive Article

Medaevists sometimes deny that a partitive article could exist in Old French. On the other hand, some linguists notice that the contemporary partitive article shows constrained uses (e.g. they notice its infrequency before the subject noun).

This study try to link the reservations of the firsts and the observations of the seconds. Among other things, it shows that an early partitive article does exist and how its uses in Old French foreshadow the contemporary ones (e.g. its connection with object nouns of a specific class of verbs in Old French explains its lasting infrequency with the subject).
La place du sujet non clitique dans la construction inversée
Authors: Korzen Hanne
Published: November 2007

Hanne Korzen : « Positioning the non-clitic subject in inverse constructions »

Hanne Korzen's article discusses a previously unsolved problem concerning the position of non-clitic subjects in sentences with inverted word order. The difference between sentences like Que dira ton frère à sa petite amie ? (acceptable) and Quand écrira ton frère à sa petite amie ? (unacceptable) seem to indicate that the nature of the clement positioned finally cannnot alone explain acceptability. Instead, an explanation may be found in the relation between the pre-verbal and the post-verbal constituent. A model is proposed to elucidate inverted word order in French and to make comparisons with related languages.
Verlan 2000
Authors: Méla Vivienne
Published: November 2007

Vivienne Méla : Verlan 2000.

Based on the analysis of a corpus collected over a ten year period, this article presents a small number of rules which will account for coding in « verlan » of monosyllabic and polysyllabic words as well as two syllabe words. The analysis shows the evolution in the application of the rules which has resulted in the complexification of the encoding process, the existence of stylistic variants and an alteration of the phonological and morphological structure of the coded words. An evolution can also be noted on the level of the basic vocabulary which, by incorporating words of origins other than French, has made verlan a true reflection of the marginalized multiracial youth culture, a form of argot which can still function as a secret language.
L'approche variationniste et la description de la grammaire du français : le cas des interrogatives
Authors: Coveney Aidan
Published: November 2007

Aidan Coveney: L'approche variationniste et la description de la grammaire du français. Le cas des interrogatives

This article presents the case for the sociolinguistic (variationist) analysis of variable areas of grammar, such as French interrogatives. This type of analysis can reveal not only the social and stylistic distribution, but also the linguistic and pragmatic constraints. The problem of equivalence is addressed in this article, and a set of defining criteria for such variables is proposed.
Variation et changement, quelles corrélations ?
Authors: Marchello-Nizia Christiane
Published: November 2007

Christiane Marchello-Nizia: Variation et changement, quelles corrélations?

We examine the relations between linguistic variation and change. Analyzing the evolution of demonstratives in French, we consider more particularly two questions: a) the conditions of emergence of variation, in synchrony, and b) the conditions in which a certain variation is selected as an element of change, in diachrony.
Lexique et syntaxe dans l'acquisition du français
Authors: Clark Eve V.
Published: November 2007

Eve Clarck, Lexicon and syntax in the acquisition of French

When children acquire a language, they learn both word meanings and construction meanings. For each word, they first produce subsets of possible combinations of a specific verb and some possible direct objects, say, or of another verb and some possible subjects. These early combinations let children to build up a repertoire, for each word, of the constructions it can appear in. This acquisition proceeds relatively slowly: children look for compatibility of meaning for words and constructions before they extent a construction to include new words, or a word to appear in new constructions. This proposal is illustrated with data from the acquisition of French.
Les constructions à adjectif attribut de l'objet, entre prédication seconde et complémentation verbale
Authors: Muller Claude
Published: November 2007

Claude Muller, Les constructions à adjectif attribut de l'objet, entre prédication seconde et complémentation verbale

Adjectival attributive constructions are divided into inherent attributive constructions, and non inherent ones. Among these, we must distinguish between cases where verbs are understood as equivalent of operators, and cases where there remains only one explanation : the shared time of occurence. In all those structures, adjectives show original properties, that we could understand if we admit that such constructions are syntactically underdetermined.
Prédication seconde et structure informationnelle : la relative de perception comme construction présentative
Authors: Lambrecht Knud
Published: November 2007

Knud Lambrecht, Prédication seconde et structure informationnelle : la relative de perception comme construction présentative

This paper proposes an analysis of the sentence type « Je vois le facteur qui arrive » ("I see the mailman coming") and « Voilà le facteur qui arrive » ("There's the mailman coming") within the information-structure framework of Lambrecht 1994. It is argued that this sentence type belongs to a general presentational construction which is also instantiated by sentences like « J'ai mon beau-frère qui fume » ("My brother-in-law smokes") or « Y a le téléphone qui sonne » ("The phone is ringing"). In this construction, the main clause introduces a new discourse entity (semantic role "theme", pragmatic role "focus") by situating it in relation to an explicit or implicit reference point (semantic role "locative", pragmatic role "topic"), while the relative clause expresses some hitherto unknown property of this new entity via secondary predication. The possible coding of the theme argument in pronominal form, as in « Je le vois qui arrive » ("I see him coming") or « Le voilà qui arrive » ("There he is coming") is explained in terms of the possible passage of a given discourse entity from an internal to an external discourse world. clause expresses some hitherto unknown property of this new entity via secondary predication. The possible coding of the theme argument in pronominal form, as in « Je le vois qui arrive » ("I see him coming") or « Le voilà qui arrive » ("There he is coming") is explained in terms of the possible passage of a given discourse entity from an internal to an external discourse world.
La genèse de l'article un
Authors: Carlier Anne
Published: November 2007

Anne Carlier : La genèse de l'article un

On the basis of texts from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, this paper traces the different stages of the evolution of the form stemming from the latin numeral unus, before it became part of the system of the French articles. It particularly takes into account those texts which allow us to compare different stages of the language, such as the reworkings in Middle French of texts in Old French, as well as successive versions of the same latin text. The description of this evolution, in terms of a grammaticalization proces, shows the differences between the initial stages and later ones. The article uns in Old French is the result of a proces of semantic enrichment: a new textual role, the introduction of a new referent in the text, has been superimposed on its ancient numeral meaning. From Middle French on, the article un undergoes a proces of semantic weakening, which is conditioned by the process of integration into the paradigm of the articles: on the one hand, the idea of the "countable singular", which will bring the article un into contrast with the articles du and des, develops out of the numeral meaning; on the other hand, as opposed to the article le, the textual function is redefined as absence of an anaphoric link. The article also looks into the plural forms of the article un, which have disappeared in the Middle French period. It is shown that the cause of the disappearance of these plural forms is not semantic, but phonetic. as the reworkings in Middle French of texts in Old French, as well as successive versions of the same latin text. The description of this evolution, in terms of a grammaticalization proces, shows the differences between the initial stages and later ones. The article uns in Old French is the result of a proces of semantic enrichment: a new textual role, the introduction of a new referent in the text, has been superimposed on its ancient numeral meaning. From Middle French on, the article un undergoes a proces of semantic weakening, which is conditioned by the process of integration into the paradigm of the articles: on the one hand, the idea of the "countable singular", which will bring the article un into contrast with the articles du and des, develops out of the numeral meaning; on the other hand, as opposed to the article le, the textual function is redefined as absence of an anaphoric link. The article also looks into the plural forms of the article un, which have disappeared in the Middle French period. It is shown that the cause of the disappearance of these plural forms is not semantic, but phonetic.
Place des apprenants et place des savoir-faire enseignants dans les grammaires de français langue étrangère
Authors: De Salins Geneviève-Dominique
Published: November 2007

Geneviève-Dominique de Salins : Place des apprenants et place des savoir- faire enseignants dans les grammaires de français langue étrangère

First, a distinction is made between "grammar for learning", as presented in teaching books or exercises for the language classroom, and "grammar for teaching" which are also quite different from " scientifical grammars" because of their tendency to simplify the definitions and rely on the "teaching know- how". It is objected to these "grammars for teaching" to be unable to help beginners in French, either because their definitions are extremely simplified, and therefore dangerous, or because the students cannot read them at all. Secondly, the power of the "pedagogical grammars" in the classroom is questioned. It seems that "traditional grammar" is used more and more, leaving less and less space to functional or notional grammar. This is probably a sign that the teachers themselves do not give enough importance to the modern theories in linguistics, especially to semantics and utterance linguistics (« linguistique de renonciation »). Finally, it is suggested that without the help of theories, practices of language teaching and didactics of languages might actually stagnate.
La discussion du langage intérieur par L.S. Vygotskij
Authors: Friedrich Janette
Published: November 2007

Janette Friedrich : Vygotskij's discussion of interior language

For Vygotskij (1896-1934), interior language is a completely specific and original verbal activity both in its functioning and in its structure. From this has arisen a predominantly psycho-genetic exploration of V.'s hypotheses, which I shall analyse in this study beginning with statements of Gombert, Knobloch, and Rochex. Contrasted with this is the internal, more linguistically inspired, approach, whose main representatives are Jakubinskij and Jakobson. In this debate Vygotskij is presented as being primarily preoccupied by the forms of language, as can be seen from his discussions with the Wurzburg school, Buhler, Stanislavskij, and Schütz.
La métaphore : de la définition à la typologie
Authors: Prandi Michèle
Published: November 2007

Michèle Prandi : Metaphor: from definition to typology

The main point of this paper is that no consistent definition of metaphor can be at once general and adequate. If a definition is so broad as to include the whole set of metaphors, it simply circumscribes from outside a layered category without saying anything about the qualifying properties of the different kinds it includes. The alternative proposed is to combine a definition broad enough to include any kind of metaphor with a fine-grained typology isolating the main parameters whose variation defines the different kinds of metaphor. At this point, the relevant question is not the Socratic one - What is metaphor - but a question dealing with typicality - namely, What kind of metaphor valorizes at its best the potential of the figure?
Premier, principal, primordial : des adjectifs qui sortent du rang ?
Authors: Schnedecker Catherine
Published: November 2007

Catherine Schnedecker : Are premier, principal, primordial falling out of line adjectives?

The three adjectival expressions premier, principal, primordial are generally considered as being synonymous. Yet, primordial is close to the so called "qualifiers" whereas premier & principal are not. On the other hand premier & principal present original properties such as bi-valency, "parallel" graduability, partitivity and even performativity, a fact that general studies do not account for preferring giving credence to the idea of an adjectival category. Besides, premier & principal are complementary. Actually, premier comes from a "hierarchy" in the strict sense, unlike principal. It does not only account for the constraints weighing on adjacent nouns but also for the way the relations between a whole and its parts are conceptualized. Premier involving seemingly countables entities connected by a successivity relation whereas principal is operating in a "massiver way on blurred outlined entities".
Langue et langage : un apport critique de la langue des signes française
Authors: Cuxac Christian
Published: November 2007

Christian Cuxac : Languages and language: a critical contribution of French Sign Language to enlighten human language faculty

After been neglected by general linguistics for a long period, sign languages and particularly French Sign Language (FSL) are today considered as genuine languages among others. Beginning with a description of the functional and structural organisation of FSL, this article shows that due to their fourth dimensional structures, the use of either discrete or non discrete, iconic or non iconic units, sign languages are in fact unmarked languages compared to vocal languages. This high degree of genericity would make sign languages typological interesting linguistic objects and ideal starting points to debate about the relations between language faculty and cognition.
L'enseignement de la LSF dans le cadre d'un enseignement en langue des signes au collège
Authors: Brugeille Jean-Louis
Published: November 2007

Jean Louis Brugeille : Teaching LSF in a bilingual structure in secondary schools

In bilingual education, French Sign Language (FSL) is not only used for the communication in class, but it is also a subject matter taught. Consequently, it is necessary to define a program (objectives, contents, progression) and a teaching pedagogy of this language. By taking the example of the secondary school, we show how this program is built. We detail the diverse topics employed, the objectives as well as the teaching methodology. We show the central place of FSL compared to the other matters. In conclusion we underline the importance of this pedagogy coherence during all the school year and the necessity to upgrade educational and linguistic researches to go over the experimental stage.
La productivité actuelle de la forme constructionnelle -ade
Authors: Aliquot-Suengas Sophie
Published: November 2007

Sophie Aliquot : The productivity of the French suffix -ade

This papers studies the productivity of the French suffix -ade, which appears in a number of recent coinings e.g. names of new dishes such as saumonade and sojade and names of festive events such as montgolfiade and Lilliades (Lilies festival), taking care to distinguish the concepts of analyzability, profitability, and availability. Productivity is used as a tool to characterize the suffix -ade on three different levels, namely:

1) The different -ade homomorphs that can be used to derive new lexemes in French.

2) The different uses of the French suffix -ade, inherited from the latine participial suffix -at a.

3) The respective meanings of the forms -ade and -ее. These are both inherited from the same latin suffix -ata, and both preserve a common semantic feature, but they each provide a specific realization of the notion of accomplishment which comes from the latin past participle.
Comment déterminer les significations du passé composé par une exploration contextuelle ?
Authors: Desclès Jean-Pierre , Zlatka Guentcheva
Published: November 2007

Jean-Pierre Desclés et Zlatka Guentchéva : How to determine the meanings of the French « passé composé » by means of contextual exploration?

Having given precise definitions of aspectual primitives (resulting state, inferential state, event...), the authors examine the effects of contextual environments on a semantic interpretation of the French « passé composé » by means of heuristic rules.

It is argued that the invariant meaning of French « passé composé » is a complex value: "resulting state - event". To solve this semantic indétermination, a general method, known as Contextual Exploration, is used: different contextual occurrences of linguistic markers such as adverbial expressions, discourse relations, meanings of verbal predicates. . . contribute to determining the interpretation of this tense in context.
La structuration de l'énoncé : étude longitudinale
Authors: Perdue Clive , Deulofeu José
Published: November 2007

Nous avons essayé, dans cet article, de tracer le développement chez BE et ZA des moyens linguistiques — les types d'énoncé et leur fonctionnement discursif, la structure interne de leurs constituants majeurs — qu'elles emploient dans une tâche particulière. Nous avons essayé également de trouver des raisons au fait que tantôt il y a, tantôt il n'y a pas, développement des moyens linguistiques. Nos conclusions sont provisoires, mais peuvent servir d'hypothèses qui restent à confronter à d'autres types de données.
Variation et hétérogénéité
Authors: Gadet Françoise
Published: November 2007

This paper evaluates the theoretical importance of Labov's conception of language : 1) his historical sources around the concepts of variation, variable and variant, including the relationships with dialectology, the Prague School and Martinet ; 2) the way in which his novel concepts of structured heterogeneity, inherent variability and vernacular speech build a specific theoretical construct which can account for variation and change.
La transmission des changements linguistiques
Authors: Labov William
Published: November 2007

This paper deals with the sociolinguistic problem of the spread of changes accross the speech community, with questions like : what are the relationships between internal and social factors within this process ?, how and to what extent, are social forces able to determine the evolution of the structure ? why are women in advance of men for phonetic changes ? how much can social networks modify a language ? how does transmission operate ?
Hétérogénéité sociale et hétérogénéité linguistique
Authors: Conein Bernard
Published: November 2007

Labov's sociolinguistic approach to the study of everyday speech implies an implicit sociology that can help sociologists understand social membership. Labov presents a way of looking at social behavior by providing a physical index to social membership using the role of phonic cues in social membership. His two notions — « multi-style speaker » and « non-member » — can be used in the development of a micro-sociology of social interaction.
Un nouvel agent en par
Authors: Gross Maurice
Published: November 2007

This note is devoted to a small class of complex prepositions {par les soins de Luc) introducing an agent complement. The preposition par may be derived from this.
Les locutions verbales et les deux passifs du français
Authors: Gaatone David
Published: November 2007

This study focuses on the behaviour of verb phrases of the verb + noun type, as opposed to the ordinary French passive ( Ve par N) and the impersonal passive. The relative autonomy of nouns in this position explains why a subgroup of these verb phrases can be put into the passive. The factors which favour the passive are brought out : the human feature of the subject, the active aspect of the verb, rather than the semantic transparency of the object, as is often claimed.
Coréférence et identité : le problème des référents évolutifs
Authors: Charolles Michel , Schnedecker Catherine
Published: November 2007

This paper approaches the question of referents that are subject, along the discourse, to transformations, although they can be referred to anaphorically. The question raised is thus the possibility of a coreferential relation, whereas the material identity is not conserved. This contribution discusses the main solutions given to this problem (in particular the mental models thesis) and leads to the conclusion of the necessary distinction between coreference and material identity : pronouns, although they imply coreference, are sensitive to transformations of their referents.
Charles Bally. La stylistique comme discipline et comme enjeu
Authors: Chiss Jean-Louis , Puech Christian
Published: November 2007

Jean-Louis Chiss et Christian Puech : Charles Bally. La stylistique comme discipline et comme enjeu

This article examines the distribution and organization of the possible perspectives for the science of language and discusses what status is to be given to Bally's stylistics. The aim of this project, at once theorical and didactical, is to show the epistemological difficulties that are embodied in the collective/individual and the unconscious/voluntary dualisms.

From Bally's view on stylistics, we might thus be able to deal with the problems of subjectivity in the language, the specifities of different languages and the status of the subject of writing.
Signification et subjectivité
Authors: Bordron Jean-François
Published: November 2007

Jean-François Bordron : « Signification et subjectivité »

We first present the main directions which, according to us, permit to characterise a theorisation of the question of meaning, that is to say to build a semiotics. We then try to show how the different properties of the empirical subject can be directly schematized from Kant's table of categories.

Through the discussion of a text by Leibniz, we show that any empirical subject implies, not only its schematizable properties but also a certain type of rule of construction. We try to understand how the text by Descartes, in the succession of its statements in the first person (I doubt, I exist, I think) does in fact build such a rule.

We therefore want to establish that, in some of its occurences, « I » does not refer to a person but to a rule, or that « I am » indicate a formal condition of sens.
Prédicats nominaux et compatibilité aspectuelle
Authors: Gross Gaston
Published: November 2007

Gaston Gross : Noun predicates and compatibility of aspect

This article aims at describing all those elements which go towards actualizing noun predicates. A hierarchy is established in this diversity based on the semantic nature of the predicates which only allow certain combinations.
Les verbes supports en diachronie : le cas du français
Authors: Marchello-Nizia Christiane
Published: November 2007

Christiane Marchello-Nizia : A diachronic survey of support verbs : the case of old French

The aim of the study is to propose some reflexions about the evolution of a special category of idioms : the support verbs. Identification and description of syntactic constant on these constructions in old French allow to explain how constructions which are supposed to have stopped evolving do however evolve.
Une double analyse de la particule ne en français
Authors: Recource Gaëlle
Published: November 2007

Gaëlle Recourcé : A double analysis of the particle ne

French negation is commonly realised by the cooccurrence of two elements, the particle ne, which is the focus of this paper, and a negative word such as pas. The particle ne is an atonic element, strongly linked to the verb. We show that the status of ne, lexical or affixal, can be decided only in relation with the finite or non-finite type of the verb it precedes. We argue in favor of the affixal status in case of finite verbs, that is to say, ne and the finite verb form a lexical unit. By contrast, we claim that the particle ne is syntactically attached to non-finite verb phrases. In order to elaborate those hypotheses, we propose a partial formalisation of negation in Head-driven Phrase Structure grammar (HPSG), making use of the notion of marker developped in this framework.
Adjectifs de relation, complémentation et sous-classification
Authors: Monceaux Anne
Published: November 2007

We investigate certain syntactic properties of French non-predicative denominal adjectives. These properties are correlated either to the argumentai fonction of the adjective — the adjective is an equivalent for an essential prepositional complement of the noun — or to its classifying interpretation inside the noun phrase. For some adjectives, we follow the hypothesis of an elementary structure that would comprise a nominal support such as nature, order, type, etc. These analyses are used for a classification of the compound entries noun adjective of an electronic dictionary. But the pattern noun adjective is so productive that general interpretation rules will be necessary for the phrases not included in the dictionary.
Auxiliaires, langues romanes et grammaticalisation
Authors: Lamiroy Béatrice
Published: November 2007

The aim of the paper is to compare the class of auxiliary verbs in three Romance languages, French, Spanish and Italian, in the framework of grammaticalization theory. Grammaticalization is defined as the process by which lexical items are gradually converted into grammatical markers, i.e. a dynamic operation by which elements can move over time from one linguistic component to another (from the lexicon to the grammar and eventually, to the morphological component). Auxiliaries are defined both on a syntactic and a semantic basis : formally, they are verbs followed by a non finite verb form (only infinitives are considered here) and semantically, they express one of three notional concepts : time, aspect or modality. The major claim of the paper is that French is the most grammaticalized of the three languages, and Spanish the least. The empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis relates to three kinds of data : the number of verbs that can be analyzed as members of the category AUX, the selectional properties concerning the subject NP (± human NP) and the possible alternation of the infinitival complement with NP complements.
Les prédicats de sentiment
Authors: Yannick Mathieu Yvette
Published: November 2007

We present a linguistic description of the predicates of feelings based on both semantic and syntactic principles. Our hypothesis is that the sort of feeling expressed by a noun (sadness, anger, fear, etc.) is linked to the lexico-syntactic distribution of this noun. The predicates and their mutual relations will be incorporated into a model in order to map out a representation usable for automatic processing of natural language.
Grammaire fractale et sémantique transcatégorielle: entre syntaxe et lexique
Authors: Stephane Robert
Published: November 2007

The nature of grammatical semantics and its relationships to lexical semantics are approached here through the problem of synchronie grammaticalization. Synchronie use of morphems in different syntactic categories is then analyzed in terms of fractals and topology, illustrated by examples from Wolof. Thus the functional model of fractal grammar, combining "scale invariance" and "scale properties", accounts for the semantic unity and functional flexibility of the transcategorial morphems through a dynamic linking of semantic and syntactic variations.
À propos de la syntaxe des pronoms objets en créole haïtien : points de vue croisés de la morphologie et de la diachronie
Authors: Degraff Michel
Published: November 2007

Striking differences between Haitian Creole (HC) and its lexifier language, French (FR), concern (inter alia) the Case-related morphology and the distribution of Object pronouns. The goal of the paper is to relate HC-vs-FR differences in object-pronoun morphosyntax to other morphosyntactic distinctions between the two languages, i.e. verb morphosyntax and inflectional morphology. As a contribution to the study of the mental processes underlying creole genesis and language change, the paper examines superstrate and substrate influence in language creation qua parameter(re)setting. It is shown that HC differs from both FR and main Kwa languages. Stark morphological differences contrast FR and HC verbs and pronouns. Inflection for Case and word-order also differentiate Fongbe and HC pronouns. Reduced inflectional morphology (as in other language-contact situations) coupled with particularly salient source-language patterns in the Primary Language Data act as triggers toward fixing particular parameters. Verb-syntax patterns make creolization quite similar to diachrony. Both sets of phenomena ultimatety reduce to UG-based constraints in language acquisition.
Parole proverbiale et structures métriques
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

This study is an attempt to define the proverbial speaking from the point of view or its linguistic properties, mainly the metrical ones. It has been noticed at length that proverbial items often show rimes, assonances and alliterations. It is shown here that these phonological and prosodie features moreover reveal metrical and rhythmical patterns that can also be found in some poetic forms, as well as in nursery rhymes and slogans.
Les proverbes et phrases proverbiales français, et leurs équivalences en espagnol
Authors: Sevilla munoz Julia
Published: November 2007

Julia Sevilla Muňoz (Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Spain, and Review Paremia) :

French proverbs and proverbial sentences, and their Spanish equivalent One of the main problems in compared Paremiology is to get a paremiological equivalent in order to analyze the paremias in different languages. The aim of this article is to provide a sample collection of French and Spanish common paremias, after a short account of the linguistic criteria (morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic) that are considered by the author to work out, especially as far as proverbs and proverb-like forms are concerned.
L'interaction communicative, entre intersubjectivité et interagentivité
Authors: Brassac Christian
Published: November 2007

This paper focuses on a confrontation between two modelling demarches led, on the one hand, by psychologists of the interaction and, on the other hand, by computer scientists which are concerned with multiagents systems in the field of distributed artificial intelligence. The researchers are taking an active interest in the question of the interaction, between subjects for the ones, and between agents for the others. The studied processes justify this confrontation as well as the resort, in both cases, to the speech act theory.
Mechanical characterization of toughened polyamide‐6 blends with metallocene copolymers
Authors: López‐Quintana S. , Rosales C. , Gobernado‐Mitre I. , Merino J. C. , Pastor J. M.
Published: November 2007

The effectiveness as impact modifier of two in situ maleated metallocene copolymers, a metallocene polyethylene, (mPE1) and a metallocene ethylene‐propylene (mEPDM) and three commercial maleated copolymers (mPE2‐g‐MA, EPDM‐g‐MA, and mEPR‐g‐MA) were studied in binary and ternary blends carried out in an intermeshing corotating twin‐screw extruder with polyamide‐6 (PA) as matrix (80 wt %). Also, the effects of the grafting degree, viscosity ratio, and crystallinity of the dispersed phases on the morphological and mechanical properties of the blends were investigated. A significant improvement of the compatibility of these grafted copolymers with PA6 was shown by FTIR spectroscopy, capillary rheometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in all reactive blends. The tensile strength values of the mEPR‐g‐MA/PA2 binary blend showed the highest strain hardening. The results obtained in this work indicated that the effectiveness of the grafted copolymers as impact modifier depends on the morphology of the blends and a combination of tensile properties of the blend components such as Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, and break stress. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Optimization of synthesis conditions of a novel carrageenan‐based superabsorbent hydrogel by Taguchi method and investigation of its metal ions adsorption
Authors: Pourjavadi A. , Amini‐Fazl M. S. , Barzegar Sh.
Published: November 2007

The Taguchi method, a robust experimental design, was used for optimization of synthesis of a novel biopolymer‐based superabsorbent hydrogel, kappa‐carrageenan (κ‐C)‐g‐acrylic acid (AA)‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS). The Taguchi method was applied for the experimental and standard 18 orthogonal arrays (OA) with seven factors and three levels for each factor. In the synthesis of the superabsorbent, N,N'‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, monomer ratio (AA/AMPS), κ‐C concentration, Total Monomer, neutralization percent (NU), and reaction temperature were used as important factors. After analyzing with analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that maximum water absorption capability for optimized final product was found to be 1195 g water per one gram of dry hydrogel powder. The proposed mechanism for the grafting and chemically crosslinking reactions was proved with FTIR, SEM, and TGA methods. Furthermore, the absorption capability of the hydrogels towards bivalent metal ions was evaluated. Therefore, the hydrogels may be based‐considered as a candidate to develop an efficient biofilm absorbent in water treatment applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Kinetics study on the formation of resol with high content of hydroxymethyl group
Authors: Gao Pin , Zhang Yanfang , Huang Guangsu , Zheng Jing , Chen Mengmeng , Cao Xulong , Liu Kun , Zhu Yangwen
Published: November 2007

The application of resol as a crosslinking agent with polyacrylamide has become widespread, but it is not clear for forming mechanisms of extraordinarily high activity of the resol. In this research, the major components of the resol and their mass percentage are investigated by Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrograph, the mechanism of forming the components is exploited. The evolution of formaldehyde, phenol, and first formed addition products were quantitatively traced by titration and high‐performance liquid chromatography, furthermore the kinetics of synthesis is studied based on the analyzing results. The results show that the resol is composed of nine compounds and the sum of percentage for each integral area is more than 99%. In addition, the constant of overall reaction rate k consists of three values of 5.667 × 10−5, 7.236 × 10−5, and 23.05 × 10−5 s−1, which means that the reaction can be separated to three stages of hydroxymethylphenol (HMP) producing stage, dihydroxymethylphenol (DHMP) and trihydroxymethylphenol (THMP) producing stage and condensation stage. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes by in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate: For electrochemical applications
Authors: Ahmad Shahzada , Agnihotry S. A. , Ahmad Sharif
Published: November 2007

Hybrid materials, which combine properties of organic–inorganic materials, are of profound interest owing to their unexpected synergistically derived properties and are considered as innovative advanced materials promising new applications in many fields such as optics, electronics, ionics and mechanics. Inorganic fillers are added to polymers in order to increase some of the properties of the compounds. These hybrid polymeric materials are replacing the pristine polymers due to their higher strength and stiffness. In the present work, studies concerning the preparation of poly (methylmethacrylate) [PMMA] and the nanocomposites PMMA/SiO2, PMMA/TiO2 are reported. These nanocomposite polymers were synthesized by means of free radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate, further “sol–gel” transformation‐based hydrolysis and condensation of corresponding alkoxide was used to prepare the inorganic phase during the polymerization process of MMA. Electrolytes were synthesized based on these nanocomposite polymers and have shown superior properties as compared to conventional polymer electrolytes. The nanocomposites and the nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NPEs) with different lithium salts were investigated through an array of techniques including FTIR and calorimetry along with the electrochemical and rheological techniques. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Release of highly hydrophilic drugs from poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) matrices
Authors: Rosenberg Rachel T. , Siegel Steven J. , Dan Nily
Published: November 2007

We examine the release of two highly hydrophilic drugs, nicotine and caffeine, from poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) matrices. We find that the dominant mechanism for drug release is drug diffusion through the PCL matrices. As a result, the rate of drug release (defined by the amount of drug released per unit time) decreases exponentially with time. Coating the drug‐carrying particles with a drug‐free PCL layer significantly changes the release profile: instead of exponential decay, the release rate exhibits a peak whose location (time) and magnitude vary with the diffusion coefficient of the drug in the polymer and the thickness of the coating. As a result, coating may be used to control the release rate andobtain a relatively constant rate over a period of time. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Spatial gradient effects of 120 mT static magnetic field on endothelial tubular formation in vitro
Authors: Okano Hideyuki , Tomita Naohide , Ikada Yoshito
Published: November 2007

This study investigated the spatial magnetic gradient effects of static magnetic fields (SMF) on endothelial tubular formation by applying the maximum spatial gradient to a target site of culture wells for cell growth. The respective maximum values of magnetic flux density (Bmax), magnetic flux gradient (Gmax) and the magnetic force product of the magnetic flux density and its gradient (a parameter of magnetic force) were 120 mT, 28 mT/mm and 1428 mT2/mm. The effects of gradient SMF on tubular formation were compared with those of uniform SMF that has no spatial gradients on the entire bottom area of culture wells. Five experimental groups of 25 samples each were examined: (1) sham exposure (control); (2) peak gradient exposure in the peripheral part; (3) peak gradient exposure in the central part; (4) uniform exposure to 20 mT; (5) uniform exposure to 120 mT. The SMF or sham exposure was carried out for 10 days. Photomicrographs of tubular cells, immunostained with an anti‐platelet‐endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1 [CD31]) antibody as a pan‐endothelial marker, were analyzed after the 10‐day culture. Gradient SMF in the peripheral or central part was found to significantly promote tubular formation in terms of the area density and length of tubules in each peak gradient/force part of the wells, compared with the sham exposure. In contrast, uniform SMF did not induce any significant change in the tubular formation. These findings suggest that tubule formation can be promoted by applying the peak gradient/force to a target site of culture wells. Bioelectromagnetics 29:233–236, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poor prognosis in patients with stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Rusthoven Kyle , Ballonoff Ari , Raben David , Chen Changhu
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to compare survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral tongue with that in patients with SCC in other oral cavity subsites.

METHODS

Patients with stage I and II (T1‐T2N0M0) SCC of the oral cavity diagnosed between 1988 and 2004 were queried by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The log‐rank test was used to compare the overall survival (OS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) of patients who had oral tongue SCC with those of patients who had SCC of other oral cavity subsites. A Cox proportional hazards multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of covariates on the risk of CSS and OS.

RESULTS

Between 1988 and 2004, 6791 patients with stage I and II SCC of the oral cavity were identified. Among them, 40% had oral tongue SCC, and 60% had SCC of other oral cavity subsites. The median patient age was 64 years. The 5‐year OS and CSS rates were 60.9% and 83.5%, respectively, for patients with oral tongue SCC versus 64.7% and 94.1%, respectively, for patients with SCC of other oral cavity subsites (OS: hazard ratio, 1.24;P< .0001; CSS: hazard ratio, 3.04;P< .0001). On multivariate analysis, OS and CSS were influenced significantly by T classification, age, sex, and oral tongue subsite. The CSS for patients who had stage I and II oral tongue SCC also was unfavorable compared with the CSS for stage‐matched patients who had SCC of other head and neck sites.

CONCLUSIONS

Oral tongue SCC was associated with poor survival compared with other oral cavity and head and neck sites. These data suggested a potential benefit for multimodality therapy in this cohort of patients. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis, characterization and magnetic behaviour of a linear chain poly(oxomolybdophosphate) compound
Authors: Su Zhanhua , Zhou Baibin , Zhao Zhifeng , Zhang Xu
Published: November 2007

A new linear chain compound, [Cu(en)2][Cu(en)2(H2O)1.5][Cu(en)2(H2O)2]0.5[{Cu(en)2}5{HP2Mo5O23}3] · 6.5H2O (1) (en = ethylenediamine), has been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, thermogravimetric analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic, C2/c, a = 42.509(2) Å, b = 25.542(2) Å, c =22.1011(14) Å, β = 102.5940(10)º, V = 23419(3) Å3, Z = 8. The crystal structure of 1 features Cu‐bearing cations that are both free as well as being coordinated to the poly(oxomolybdophosphate) groups formed a linear chain that runs along the b axis. Magnetic studies show that the complex is antiferromagnetic. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transport property measurements in tungsten sulphoselenide single crystals grown by a CVT technique
Authors: Solanki G. K. , Gujarathi D. N. , Deshpande M. P. , Lakshminarayana D. , Agarwal M. K.
Published: November 2007

The transport properties of ternary mixed WSxSe2‐x single crystals have been studied by measuring the thermo power, electrical conductivities and Hall parameters in a small temperature range 303‐423 K. The electrical conductivity was highest for selenium rich WSe2 and lowest for sulphur rich WS2 crystals. All the crystals showed semiconducting behaviour from the temperature dependence of ‘ρ’, ‘RH’ and ‘S’. The Hall coefficients showed that the samples are p‐type conducting. The temperature dependence of resistivity, Hall coefficients, carrier concentration showed that all of them are thermally activated. The values of activation energies, pre‐exponential factors and the scattering parameters have been determined. The dominant scattering mechanism for the charge carriers has been explained. The relation between the TEP and the concentration of charge carriers and electrical conductivity was studied. The effective masses of holes and the effective density of states have been determined. These parameters show an increase with increase in sulphur content. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chip‐LC‐MS for label‐free profiling of human serum
Authors: Horvatovich Peter , Govorukhina Natalia I. , Reijmers Theo H. , van der Zee Ate G. J. , Suits Frank , Bischoff Rainer
Published: November 2007

The discovery of biomarkers in easily accessible body fluids such as serum is one of the most challenging topics in proteomics requiring highly efficient separation and detection methodologies. Here, we present the application of a microfluidics‐based LC‐MS system (chip‐LC‐MS) to the label‐free profiling of immunodepleted, trypsin‐digested serum in comparison to conventional capillary LC‐MS (cap‐LC‐MS). Both systems proved to have a repeatability of ∼20% RSD for peak area, all sample preparation steps included, while repeatability of the LC‐MS part by itself was less than 10% RSD for the chip‐LC‐MS system. Importantly, the chip‐LC‐MS system had a two times higher resolution in the LC dimension and resulted in a lower average charge state of the tryptic peptide ions generated in the ESI interface when compared to cap‐LC‐MS while requiring ∼30 times less (∼5 pmol) sample. In order to characterize both systems for their capability to find discriminating peptides in trypsin‐digested serum samples, five out of ten individually prepared, identical sera were spiked with horse heart cytochrome c. A comprehensive data processing methodology was applied including 2‐D smoothing, resolution reduction, peak picking, time alignment, and matching of the individual peak lists to create an aligned peak matrix amenable for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis by supervised classification and variable selection showed that both LC‐MS systems could discriminate the two sample groups. However, the chip‐LC‐MS system allowed to assign 55% of the overall signal to selected peaks against 32% for the cap‐LC‐MS system.