bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling Negotiations of Construction Subcontract based on a Game Theory – Results of an Experiment
Authors: Anysz Hubert
Published: September 2019

The process of negotiation can be analyzed considering some scientific issues (e.g. psychological, sociological). When a construction subcontract is negotiated, as it is business activity, the rational choices should be considered more than other factors influencing the decisions of the negotiating parties. A game theory supports rational decision making based on calculations, expected values and strategic choices. An experiment was carried with the participation of the students of Civil Engineering Faculty. Five different games were prepared. The students started playing with the “nature”. Then the probabilities of the “nature” strategies were introduced. Finally, they played three one-on-one sets of repetitive games. The results prove that knowing the needs of the opposite player (knowing his/her possible strategies) leads to a win-win result where the score of both players is maximized. The experiment and its result are analyzed in the paper. The multiple negotiations, and then multiple cooperation of a general contractor with the same subcontractor on construction projects is an often case. These parties discuss the rules of their cooperation formalized in subcontracts several times. The typical image of a general contractor’s need is a low price given by a subcontractor. In fact, it the is only one of the needs. Moreover, it is not a rare case where flexibility of engagement on a building site or a high number of equipment units or favorable terms of payment are desired by a general contractor more than the low price given by a subcontractor. A subcontractor’s standing can be different too. They can search for profitable cooperation or they have to provide work for some brigades not to have them unengaged. They can afford long term payment or they have to be paid in advance. The experiment proves that disclosure of the needs (strategies) by negotiating parties leads to achievement of higher gain for both of them (when the game is repetitive). The paper sets the basis for modelling negotiations of a construction subcontract based on a game theory.
Assessment of Changes in Compressive Strength of Deep Beam Elements Made by Pumping Self-Compacting Concrete Bottom-Up
Authors: Dybel Piotr
Published: September 2019

This experimental work investigates into the effect of a change in the compressive strength of concrete along the length and height of monolithic deep beams made of high performance self-compacting concrete (HPSCC). In the tests, three different HPSCC mixes were used in which the amount of silica fume differed (0, 5 and 10% by mass of cement). The binder content (550 kg/m3) and the water-binder ratio (0.32) were fixed. Experimental deep beams, measuring 1.60 m in length, 0.16 m in width and 0.48 m in height, were cast. Two variants of concrete mixture casting were considered in this work: from the top and from the base of the formwork system with a single casting point at one edge. No significant changes to the compressive strength along the element span were observed in the tests, independently of the casting variant or the mixture composition. However, a tendency was observed for the compressive strength to undergo a reduction with an increasing distance between the samples and the concrete casting point. On the other hand, the tests showed that independently of the concrete casting variant, the mixture composition or the distance to the concrete casting point, in the upper parts of the elements there was a concrete layer of poorer quality and lower compressive strength. The reduction of the compressive strength of the top sample with respect to the bottom one was in the range 6.1 - 15.0% for the top-down concreting and 1.0 - 10.3% for concreting from the bottom of the formwork. Casting the self-compacting mixture from the bottom of the formwork yielded a satisfactory degree of the strength homogeneity in the test element. This variant of casting may be used in practice as an alternative way of laying an self-compacting concrete mix.
The Use of Computer Simulation in Preparation of Construction Works Carried Out by Helicopters
Authors: Bistak Andrej , Hulinova Zdenka , Nestiak Michal , Gasparik Jozef
Published: September 2019

When constructing buildings on challenging terrain or in densely built urban areas, the potential of conventional “ground” construction technology is insufficient. In this case, a building can be constructed with the assistance of helicopters. The preparation of construction processes carried out by helicopters must respect the effects of randomly changing construction conditions, mainly weather, as well as specific helicopter working conditions. Weather conditions significantly affect helicopter parameters, especially its most important value in the construction technology – the maximum load capacity. The helicopter load is therefore not constant but it “changes in time”. The complexity of this system can be modelled by using simulation models. The built-in model should allow us to investigate the behaviour of construction processes under realistic conditions and to evaluate the proposed structure of the process based on the required criteria. This presented article deals with the conceptual design of the simulation model of the helicopter-aided construction process, including the design of the simulation scheme. The key part of the simulation model, taking into account future weather conditions at the construction site, is designed in several steps with gradual approximation using various numerical weather prediction models. Partial work results suggest that although construction production is characterized by several specific features suitable for the use of simulation methods, to date, the simulation approach, up to a few exceptions, is not used. For this reason, it is the primary objective of this research to verify the suitability of simulation modelling in the preparation of building construction, thereby creating the conditions for eventual use of simulation models in building practice as well. Processing this topic belongs to the area of interdisciplinary research, so in the future the presented methodology could be also used outside the construction sector, especially in logistics in general.
Study of Deflection in Insulating Glass Units Under Climatic Loads Simulation
Authors: Respondek Zbigniew , Major Izabela
Published: September 2019

Insulating glass unit (IGU) is a commonly used filling element in transparent building partitions. The component glass panes in the unit are connected to each other on the edges by a spacer in such a way, that the space between them forms a tight gap filled with gas. The state of the gas in the gap can be described, with sufficient accuracy, by the law of ideal gases. Periodic changes in external climatic factors, above all atmospheric pressure and temperature, result in deflection of the component glass panes, which generates secondary loads associated with the change of gas pressure in the gap. The static quantities in the glass panes (deflection, stress) are therefore the result of the state of temporary equilibrium between the gas pressure in the gap and the external pressure. Measuring the deflection of component glass panes in operating conditions is time-consuming, because it requires waiting for changes in weather factors – these changes are often unpredictable. The aim of this article is to develop the concept of a test stand allowing the measurement of the deflection of the IGU models under the conditions of climatic loads changes simulation, where these changes can be controlled over time and generated in an orderly manner. The presented project meets these requirements. The stand is built from a massive main frame, which is the basis for the placement of deflection sensors, which is accompanied by a supporting frame, that allows placing glass panes with different thicknesses. The tested model of IGU is equipped with threaded elements, thanks to which it is possible to regulate the gas pressure inside the gap and monitor its temperature. An additional function of the stand is the ability to assess the tightness of the connection of component glass panes with the spacer, which may be an alternative to the standard way of testing this parameter.
The Effect of Determination of Ground Conditions on Expressway Embankment Foundation
Authors: Majer Stanislaw
Published: September 2019

Proper identification of ground conditions is one of the most important stages of preparing building documentation. This stage becomes even more important when there are organic soils in the building site. The article discusses a case study of the foundation reinforcement of the expressway embankments with existing thick organic soils layers underneath. This investment was carried out in the “Design and Build” formula. Therefore, the materials made available by the Investor at the stage of preparing the offer determined the method of strengthening the weak substrate by the Contractor. Since the basic criterion for selecting the offer to complete the investment was the price, the choice of the reinforcement method had an impact on the overall cost of execution. This problem concerned about 730 m of an expressway passing through the valley. The height of the embankments was from 3 to 5.5 m, the area of the embankment’s base was about 26 500 m2 and the average depth of occurrence of weak soils was 10 m. The situation was additionally complicated by the bridge located in the missile of the section, that was based on driven piles. In the described case, the depth of occurrence of the support substrate was determined correctly, inaccuracies occurred when determining the type of organic soils and, above all, determining their state and shear strength. An additional wide range of field and laboratory tests performed during the implementation of the project, commissioned by both the contractor and the contracting party, has changed the method of ground reinforcement. The original Controlled Modulus Columns with a diameter of 40 cm in a triangular spacing with a length of over 90,000 m have been changed to precast reinforced concrete piles with a 40 x 40 cm cross-section in a square spacing with a total length of more than 57,000 m. The head of the columns was finished with a 30 cm C30/37 reinforced concrete slab instead of a transmission layer of aggregate and geosynthetics.
Structural Ceramics Modified with Technogenic Isostatic Nanographite
Authors: Yakovlev Grigory , Grahov Valery , Yuri Mikhailov , Drochytka Rostislav , Kizinievich Olga , Ginchitskaya Yuliya , Gordina Anastasia
Published: September 2019

During the production of ceramic wall materials based on acidic and semi-acidic loams, products with low physical and technical parameters are obtained. To improve the characteristics of structural ceramics, it is suggested to modify the raw material with ultra- and nano-dispersed additives based on technogenic isostatic graphite instead of the traditionally used synthesized carbon nanosystems. The paper investigates the effect of aqueous dispersions of technogenic nanographite functionalized with surfactant additive C-3 on the properties and structure of ceramics. Infrared spectral and differential thermal analysis and computed tomography have confirmed structural modification of ceramics, occurring, when isostatic graphite being added, along with the formation of a denser and more uniform structure of the ceramic shard, which, in turn, increases the strength properties. It is noted that adding ultrafine graphite of to 0.005 % of the mass of clay gives an increase in compressive strength up to 50 %, which will increase the grade of manufactured products. The advantages of using technogenic graphite in comparison with carbon nanotubes are its low cost and preservation of properties at firing temperatures of structural ceramics.
Criteria for evaluation and selection of the best offer for the Contract Engineer service
Authors: Grzyl Beata , Apollo Magdalena , Heyducki Igor
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the legal regulations regarding public procurement in EU countries is to ensure effective funds’ spending. When assessing and selecting the best offer, the contracting entities have at their disposal many different criteria, including non-price criteria. Their proper selection and application is necessary to ensure the high quality of the ordered product, delivery or service. Making an order for intellectual services, including performed by the Contract Engineer (CE), should be based primarily on the criterion of qualifications and experience. The actions and decisions taken by CE are particularly important for the quality and timeliness of the contract. The purpose of the research is to indicate to what scope and extent the awarding entities in Poland use the possibility of a wide selection of different criteria for the evaluation of intellectual services, consisting of performing the CE function. On the basis of selected proceedings, the authors discuss the criteria for evaluation and selection of the best offer applied in practice, classify them, analyze and evaluate them. The results of the conducted research indicate that the price and experience are often used in practice as the CE selection criteria. The authors, however, give numerous examples of other criteria. In many cases, these criteria are difficult to verify at the stage of evaluating offers and enforcing them in practice in course of works, raising doubts as to their effectiveness, sometimes making it impossible to make a reliable assessment and select the most advantageous offer. The authors indicate that despite many possibilities offered by the legal status in force in Poland, in practice, in some cases, criteria that have a large impact on the increase of the proposed service price, but not reflected in its quality, apply. As a consequence, it results in the lack of effective spending of public funds.
Sustainability in Architectural Design: Smart Systems and Traditional Materials
Authors: Dabija Ana-Maria
Published: September 2019

When discussing about sustainability in buildings we usually refer to the Brundtland Report, to the energy consumption that has increased dramatically, to the planet’s resources that are decreasing, to the wild life that must be preserved. We take into consideration the environmental – natural and anthropic - agents, resources – human as well as materials – life service of the building etc. Less is discussed about sustainability in architectural design and detailing, although the details are the ones that, beyond paper drawings, keep the building together and ensure the expected service life and the life cycle of the building. “God is in the details”- as Mies van der Rohe stated more than 50 years ago – applies to a less spectacular side of our profession but, nevertheless, the one that contributes significantly to the character of the architectural object (if applied in buildings, of course). This paper refers to sustainable architectural concepts and details and their history.
Metallurgical Sludge as Sand Replacement and Constituent of Crushed Concrete Aggregate
Authors: Alwaeli Mohamed , Golaszewski Jacek , Pizon Jan , Andrzejewska Ada , Szwan Patryk , Ceglarz Karolina , Buchta Wojciech , Jachnik Tomasz , Zlotos Jakub
Published: September 2019

Wastes are indispensable part of human existence. In 2017 in Poland, as much as 90.5% (113.8 million Mg) of all wastes were those related to economic activity. Already for years, the largest group of industrial waste are those from the mining, energy and metallurgical industries. Numerous scientific studies have shown possibilities of using metallurgical waste for the production of concrete and aggregates. What’s more, their use can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment, such as acidification, eutrophication, greenhouse effect or photochemical potential of ozone formation. The aim of the following research is to assess the possibility of using mixture of sludges from the metallurgical industry as a partial replacement for natural aggregates in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment as well as reduce the consumption of natural resources in accordance with the Circular Economy concept. Concrete samples containing 33% of dried and ground sludge as a substitute for sand and concrete containing crushed aggregate from concrete containing this sludge as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate in the amount of 25 and 50% and rounded aggregate from recycled concrete mix containing this sludge as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate in quantities 25 and 50%. The tests of air content, consistency and density of concrete mix as well as compressive strength tests after 2, 7 and 28 days of curing, permeability and water absorption after 28 days of curing were carried out. The sludge as partial sand replacement deteriorates the consistency of concrete mixtures, increases the air content and the density of the concrete mix. Use of recycled concrete aggregates containing sludge also deteriorated the consistency and increased the air content, but at the same time slightly reduced the density of the concrete mix. The use of sludge as a substitute for sand or recycled concrete aggregate as a replacement of natural aggregate affected the absorption of concrete. It is impossible to determine the correlation of absorbability and aggregate replacement level. The use of sludge as a sand replacement has increased the permeability of concrete to the greatest extent. The use of rounded aggregate from recycled concrete mix also but to a lesser extent, and the use of crushed recycled concrete aggregate from did not affect the permeability of concrete. In comparison of compressive strength results of reference concrete, an increase in strength by about 20% for concretes with recycled aggregate and about 40% for concrete with sludge as sand replacement was found. In addition, the conducted research has shown that it is possible to make concrete with the use of metallurgical sludge as a 30% replacement of sand, and then to create aggregate from the resulting composite.
Construction Project Scheduling Taking into Account the Risk of Temperatures Below –10°C in Poland
Authors: Rogalska Magdalena , Hejducki Zdzisław
Published: September 2019

The article attempts to determine the value of the duration of the building process depending on the risk of the occurrence of temperatures below –10°C in Poland. It summarizes the results of measurements of the temperature study over 62 years (from 1950 to 2011) in Poland. The number of days with temperatures below –10°C in future years was forecasted. The method of ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Process Average) STATISTICA STAT SOFT was used. Stationarity series was tested using an IDW Durbin Watson integrative statistics and homoscedasticity was tested by the Levene test. The forecast error was verified using autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation residues functions. On the basis of calculations, the risk values for outdoor works in each month in Poland was established. It is a part of BIM 6-D calculation. The calculated risk value can be used for the calculation in Risky Project Professional and in other programs. The proposed risk values and the method of calculation are the upcoming modification product, which has not been reported yet.
Assessing the Efficiency of Variance Reduction Methods in the Construction Project Network Simulation
Authors: Biruk Slawomir , Jaskowski Piotr , Czarnigowska Agata
Published: September 2019

The Monte Carlo simulation has become a standard tool in the practice of planning risk-affected projects. In particular, it is frequently applied to testing the impact of risk on schedule networks with deterministic structures and random activity durations defined by distribution functions of any type. The accuracy of simulation-based estimates can be improved by increasing the number of replications or by applying variance reduction methods. This paper focuses on the latter and analyzes the impact of the variance reduction method on the scale of the standard error of the estimated mean value of project duration. Three methods of variance reduction were examined: the Quasi-Monte Carlo with Weyl sequence sampling, the antithetic variates, and the Latin Hypercube Sampling. The object of the simulation experiment was a sample network model with the activity durations of triangular distributions. This type of distribution was selected as it is often applied in the practice of construction scheduling to capture the variability of operating conditions in the absence of grounds for assuming other types of distribution. The results of the sample simulation provided an indirect proof that applying variance reduction measures may reduce the time of the simulation experiment (reduced number of replications) as well as improve the confidence in the estimates of the model’s characteristics.
Surrealistic Historical Park in Rabka
Authors: Rostanski Krzysztof M.
Published: September 2019

Rabka Zdroj (Spa) is a popular Polish resort. The Silesian Rehabilitation and Spa Centre built here in 1949 was designed by Stanislaw Gruszka in the International Style, which was innovative at that time. The park surrounding the spa building has interesting tree specimens laid out according to a simple geometrical principle with free fillers. In the west part, the path arrangement is geometrical with three symmetrical gardens on rectangular terraces. Whereas in the south part, its form of abstract winding paths is quite unique, resembling a totem placed horizontally. The research conducted shows that the shapes applied here and the deformed symmetry may refer to the works of Miró or Hans Arp. The project’s author was related to the community of Warsaw artists fascinated with futurism and surrealism in the 20 years of Poland’s independence after World War I. In the late 1940s the destructive influence of the communist ideology did not yet manage to leave its mark on the architecture of the structure discussed, and thus the place was given its unique beauty. Nowadays the park is being revitalized following the project designed by the author of the article and his team and its implementation has gained financial support from the EU. The leitmotif for the revitalization is to emphasize its surrealistic forms. In the surrealistic garden, there will be created a multi-layered narrative structure with an emphasized outline of plant field paths and surrealistic benches and deckchairs especially designed. Educational paths are designed to discuss various topics, like the history of modernist spa buildings in Malopolska (Little Poland – a province in the south of Poland, whose capital is Cracow), the history of Polish poster design in the 20 years of Poland’s independence between WWI and WWII, as well as the park’s natural aspects. Another abstract idea will also be found in the Rabka Code, a game enabling to develop tasks of one’s own choice to be solved in the field. The present article discusses the research carried out on the history of the structure and its formal relations as well as the design decisions already taken. It should be stressed that a surrealistic path layout is a very rare solution in the history of park architecture. Even if parks may have surrealistic sculptures, the surrounding area usually retains its modernist, simple geometrical form. In the future surrealistic sculptures may also appear in the park in Rabka Zdroj. Nowadays, however, it is more important to maintain its unique aesthetic values both in the park plan and in the detail of decorative structures.
Hybrid System that Integrates the Lost Energy Recovery on the Water-Water Heat Pump Exhaust Circuit
Authors: Tokar Danut , Stroita Catalin , Tokar Adriana , Rusen Alexandra
Published: September 2019

Exceeding intermitence and the stochastic character associated with most renewable energy sources in order to maintain the balance between generation and consumption require the most efficient energy storage methods. This balance is important to maintain the quality of the power supply by adjusting the frequency and voltage of the grid. Storage is the capture of the energy produced at a given time for later use. It is known that electricity cannot be stored directly unless it is stored in condenser batteries or in superconducting coils. Other methods of electricity storage presuppose the conversion of these into other forms of energy: mechanical storage, electrochemical storage. The optimization of RES operation and, implicitly, of the energy system implies the choice of a suitable conversion / storage system that must take into account a number of factors, such as: capacity and minimum storage time, loading and unloading conditions, minimum number of cycles download loading, power supply required by the storage system, system lifetime. It is not to be neglected the space required for the installation of the storage systems and their impact on the environment during their exploitation as well as during the post-use and recycling period. There are RES that contain natural storage systems (hydro-electric power plants and biomass and biogas generators). The article proposes an analysis of how to store electricity by approach a Pelton water-water-turbine hybrid system. The heat pump consumes electrical energy for action, producing a thermal effect. By integrating a system with Pelton water storage tank and turbine on the heat pump outlet circuit, the lost hydraulic energy can be recovered. The experimental hybrid system was made to develop HRES optimization models. Hybrid systems may exceed the limits of individual generators in terms of efficiency, economy, reliability and flexibility. An energy storage system can alleviate the problems associated with uncertainties and fluctuations from renewable sources. The large number of random variables and parameters in a hybrid energy system requires optimization to increase the efficiency of hybrid system components to achieve economic and technical benefits.
Investigation of the BOTDA Technology for Structural Condition Monitoring of Urban Tunnel
Authors: Li Hu , Liu Yang , Cao Jianxin , Shu Pengyu
Published: September 2019

Structural condition monitoring of actual tunnels always needs many measured points of structural response as much as possible. The Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) technology has obvious advantages in supplying amounts of measured points of strain along the sensing optical fibre. Therefore, the application of BOTDA technique for structural health monitoring (SHM) of an actual urban tunnel was investigated in this study. The SHM system based on BOTDA technique is designed for an actual tunnel, so this system realizes the long-distance and high spatial resolution of measured strain and temperature field of tunnel structure. And then the placement of long-distance sensing optical fibre of the actual tunnel was introduced in detail. The software system is described in the following aspects such as the function of collection, display and security diagnosis and early warning. Finally the effectiveness of the BOTDA technique for condition monitoring of actual tunnel is discussed.
Evaluation of The Modification Efficiency of Bituminous Binders with SBS Polymer Based on Changes in Strain Energy in the Ductility Test
Authors: Mieczkowski Pawel , Budzinski Bartosz
Published: September 2019

Road pavement layers in many cases are done of hot mix asphalt (HMA). It is mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt binder. The content of the bituminous binder is not very significant (several percent). In fact, asphalt binder decides about every properties of hot mix asphalt in significant range. Traffic condition is still changing (traffic is growing and trucks are heavier). It is reason to find better solution to asphalt pavement and improve parameters asphalt binder. One of important attribute is sensitivity for temperature. Searching for a way to improve cohesion, viscosity and adhesion to mineral aggregate is one of the directions research. One of solution is use application of modifier. The most popular are polymers. Most frequently used copolymers to modify asphalt binder are thermoplastic elastomer styrene - butadiene - styrene (SBS). Thermoplastic polymers are used in practice, which soften upon heating and harden during cooling (reversible process), reminding in this respect the behaviour of asphalts. In article, authors have present tests results of modified asphalt binder by SBS polymer. Tests were made on two types of bitumen, one of them was distilled asphalt, second oxidised. Amount of modifier was variable and was from 0% to 6%. Results of test confirmed usefulness SBS polymer to modify asphalt. In every cases noticed increase penetration index (PI) and change structure of bitumen from sol-gel to typical gel. Effect of this is reduce thermal sensitivity. Resistance to changing of temperature is better. After tests and analyses, the authors stated that amount of polymer above 2% clearly changes asphalt parameters both hard and soft.
Impact of assembly parameters on the resistance of steel anchors
Authors: Dudek Daniel
Published: September 2019

In the current research practice, there is no documented influence of factors on load-bearing resistance and durability of joints by using steel anchors fasteners for fastening structural elements. The basic factors that may affect the load resistance are in particularvarious assembly parameters of steel anchors/connectors, the condition of the substrate (possible cracks), the grain size of concrete substrates, and additional reinforcement in the form of dispersed admixtures. The work determines changes in the load-bearing resistance of M12 steel anchors, depending on the anchorage depth used and the tightening/installation torque applied. The tests were carried out on cracked and non-cracked C20/25 concrete substrates. As part of the load resistance analysis, the correction coefficients of the load capacity of pulling-out of the steel anchors, which can correct the design loadings for pulling out of concrete substrates in the C20/25 ÷ C50/60 class range and correlations of these resistance, were determined. Two types of steel anchors: ring and sleeve on diameter M12 were selected for the tests, as commonly used structures of steel anchors in the construction industry. The article presents the results of tests for specific pull-out resistances of steel anchors installed in concrete. All tests were carried out for the purposes of this paper at normal temperature, without factoring in influence of concrete or air moisture content.
The Dilemmas of Choosing a Suitable Technology for Low Energy and Passive Houses in the Context of their Overheating Issues
Authors: Karas Alicja , Idem Robert
Published: September 2019

In compliance with European Union directives, numerous countries are introducing increasingly stricter legal limits on the estimated energy consumption of newly designed residential buildings. However, the fact, that regulations and designers’ efforts are focused on decreasing energy consumption (and consequently carbon dioxide emissions) only at the post-occupancy stage, may lead to a significant increase in the carbon footprint of the buildings during their entire life cycle. A frequent criticism levelled at low-energy and passive buildings is that they are susceptible to the phenomenon of overheating. The reduction of overheating through the choice of “massive” technologies, materials with high thermal capacity as well as a high heat dispersion coefficient, stands in opposition to the requirement to choose the technologies that ensure a low ecological footprint (i.e. timber frame technologies). The development of a tool facilitating decision making in this issue seems to be a challenge. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-known, optimal method for forecasting buildings’ carbon footprint, however, it is an expensive and time-consuming method. Life Cycle Assessment is a method dedicated to large investments. In practice, such analysis are not carried out for residential buildings. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the foregoing problem on the example of detached single-family houses and to propose a method and tool that can assist architectural design in this regard.
A Place of Sustainable Development in Contemporary Urban Concepts
Authors: Mazur-Belzyt Katarzyna
Published: September 2019

The concept of sustainable development has promoted around the world for years by taking action to implement it on a global scale. Hence, as a development paradigm, it appears in many strategic documents at every planning level. The main goal of the research is to determine whether and to what extent the idea of sustainable development manifests itself in the contemporary urban concepts. The analysis covered publications, events and selected urban projects. As the beginning of the time frame, the 1960s were adopted, which together with the 1970s are the background to the changes that led to the crystallization of the idea of sustainable development. This is a period of decline and criticism of the idea of modernism, the crisis of cities, as well as the beginnings of the trend of postmodernism. The following years - the 80s, 90s and the beginnings of the 21st century - is a gradual development of the concept: a compact city, a green city, an intelligent city, as well as searching for ways to implement sustainable development in cities. The analysis of the contemporary concepts of shaping cities has shown a lack of consistent, uniform planning and urban planning criteria for sustainable development. However, this does not necessarily mean the faults of the idea itself, but the advantage of an individual approach to each city and the possibility of its flexible implementation. The conducted analysis also showed that particular contemporary concepts are based on similar assumptions, or even are opposed to each other. None of them offers the perfect city. Individual ideas of urban development can be implemented separately or creatively combined with each other. Although none of the ideas of shaping cities is fully complete and universal, it is important to treat the city as one organism, and seeking for its sustainability, consistently use selected planning tools, adapting ideas to the context and scale of the city. Further search for the right direction of urban development is a task that in a given time perspective may lead to an improvement in the spatial, social, economic and environmental situation, and consequently to a higher quality of life for the residents.
Analysis of the Real Estate Market Dynamics as the Effect of Changes in the Road Infrastructure - Case Study in Poland
Authors: Mika Monika
Published: September 2019

The paper is of analytical and research nature. The scope of the research includes a case study of the real estate market as a result of the rebuilding of a part of the road infrastructure. The purpose of the work is to determine the impact of the development of the communication system on the activity of the real estate market in two communes of the Żywiec district on the example of the section of the S1 expressway. Each type of investment carried out on the market has a positive or negative impact on the environment. The construction and development of the communication system are often a stimulant of the region because in most cases they increase its economic level. As a result of this kind of investment activities of the commune, there are changes on the local real estate markets, related to the spatial development of the region, affecting the standard of living of the population or the level of attractiveness and competitiveness of the region. These changes should also be visible in the level of transaction prices on the local real estate market. Therefore, the analysis of the number of transactions and the level of transaction prices of non-built-up agricultural and forest real estates were undertaken. The research period concerned the time from 2008 to 2015. The research area was made up of two communes in Southern Poland, located in the Malopolska voivodship. A section of the S1 road is located in these communes, the reconstruction of which is an important element of the research. Analyzes carried out allowed to answer the question of whether the development of the communication system in the analyzed communes affected the average prices per 1m2 of undeveloped land. Is there a relationship between the time the transaction is made and the price? Did the year 2011 (as the date of initiation of investments) cause a systematic increase or decrease in the number of transactions concluded? On the basis of the statistical analyzes carried out, it was found in the examined case that there was no linear relationship between the time variable (T) and the price variable (P). This means that these variables are not correlated. The various values of the coefficient of variation calculated for the data of both communes indicate a large dispersion of transaction prices in the examined period. Basic statistics such as: the correlation coefficient, the coefficient of variation, standard time and price deviation, max and min values, median, kurtosis, as well as skewness were examined for the tested sample.
Laboratory tests of external partition thermal insulation dedicated to buildings with a “nearly zero energy consumption”
Authors: Fedorczak-Cisak Malgorzata , Furtak Marcin , Krupa Michal , Loziczonek Henryk
Published: September 2019

Thermal protection regulations for the buildings change. Currently, the construction sector aims to minimize the energy consumption. Energy Performance Directives have introduced the standard of “Nearly Zero Energy Building” (NZEB). After 2021, the design of NZEB buildings will be mandatory. The parameters of NZEB buildings in Poland are very difficult to meet and concern the thermal insulation of housing structures and the non-renewable ratio of the original PE. In the article, the Authors reviewed traditional and modern thermal insulation materials that will allow meeting the thermal insulation requirements for the external walls of NZEB buildings. Another problem raised by the authors is the insulation of historical buildings. The aim of the article is to compare the parameters and prices of the thermal insulation materials such as foamed polystyrene with innovative materials such as aerogels.
Assessment of the road and railway infrastructure and means of public transport by the aspect of the survey in the selected area of Poland
Authors: Iwanowicz Damian , Kempa Jan
Published: September 2019

The current socio-economic conditions of some developed and developing countries are not favorable for the development of the public mass transport services. Most of the residents of large and medium-sized cities, but also smaller towns, use their own passenger car on mandatory trips. This phenomenon perfectly reflects the constantly growing of motorization index in such countries. The consequence of this is, of course, the decreasing number of passengers carried by means of public mass transport, in particular operating outside of large urbanized areas. This causes and unfortunately will cause not only further problems of automotive congestion on the transport networks of urban areas, reduction of the road safety level, but also adverse environmental effects in the form of pollution. The authors of the article analyzed the results of transport surveys, which were carried out in recent years among the public transport passengers. The surveys concerned the assessments and postulates and expectations of passengers. The research was carried out in one of the typical in terms of socio-economic conditions of Polish voivodships (a country dynamically developing in the passenger transport sector, in terms of both mobility, as well as the quantitative and qualitative status of transport means and transport infrastructure). The voivodship subjected to such analysis was the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship, located in the central part of Poland. The respondents were asked to speak on topics related to, among others, transport infrastructure, means of transport, access to services of public transport systems, comfort and safety of traveling. The analysis also included assessments and postulates related to tariff systems, travel information systems, and transport integration systems - functioning in the voivodship. The results of the research were analyzed by the rail passenger transport and bus passenger transport as part of the voivodship public transport system. In the majority of cases, passengers’ assessments were not satisfactory. The most frequently issued evaluations fluctuated only around the average (on a scale from 1 to 10). The authors have thoroughly analyzed the results of the transport survey, confronting the results obtained and trying to find out their causes depending on the characteristics of the area under analysis.
Frost Resistance of Concrete from Innovative Air-Entraining Cements
Authors: Lazniewska-Piekarczyk Beata , Miera Patrycja
Published: September 2019

The results of concrete tests on cements with mineral additives indicate that, despite better tightness and higher strength, there are problems with frost resistance of non-aerated concretes, even under conditions of moderate exposure to frost. In order to minimize problems with obtaining frost-resistant concrete, an attempt was made to create air-entraining cement. In this paper are presented frost resistance of concrete with air-entraining cement. The researches were carried for concretes made of multicomponent Portland, metallurgical and multi-component cements additionally differentiated by the type of air-entraining admixture (synthetic and natural) and the method of cement preparation (cement mixed together, common ground cement). There were tested internal frost resistance of concrete and a salt frost scaling of concrete.
Minimising the material consumption in bionic and geometric structural forms
Authors: Nowak Anna
Published: September 2019

Interdisciplinary design in an important process is influencing the shaping of the architecture. In contemporary architectural design, the integration of the form and load-bearing structure is becoming more and more important. The integrated design process enables verification and selection of solutions that are more advantageous in relation to the given criteria. As a result, it is also possible to search for the model solutions in an attempt to optimize the architectural-construction as an important element of the interdisciplinary design process. Synergic methods of architectural design, enabling the creation of more effective systems, are of particular significance. The combination of the architectural and structural analyses is increasingly visible, especially in the research projects, where the form of the object is created in a synergic way, taking into account other parameters such as the properties of the materials used. The search for possibilities of shaping optimal and sustainable structures led to the creation of analogies to the living organisms, as exemplified by the bionic architecture. Architects are interested in methods of surface discretization, which can influence not only the aesthetic perception of the object, but also the material efficiency of the load-bearing structure. As a result of such a design, the search for synergistic solutions that meet both aesthetic and endurance criteria is pursued. The minimization of the material consumption by means of interdisciplinary analyses is part of the sustainable architecture trend, which respects the environment and its resources. The article presents the model research, based on the analysis of the structural forms with homeomorphic assumptions, which corresponds to homologous transformations among structures of common evolutionary origin. In analytical research on the selected models, computer-aided design methods were used to minimize the material consumption.
Influence of Mining Shocks on Residential Buildings in Poland
Authors: Pachla Filip
Published: September 2019

The article presents the methodology for determining the dynamic resistance of residential, prefabricated buildings subjected to mining shocks. The calculations were performed using simplified 2D models and response spectrum methods. The results of calculations may in the future be used in the assessment of the impact of the predicted accelerations of ground vibrations on building structures.
Life Cycle Assessment of Warm Mix Asphalt with Recycled Concrete Aggregate
Authors: Vega A. Daniela L. , Gilberto Martinez A. , dos Santos Joao M. O.
Published: September 2019

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a systematic methodology used to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product or system. Generally, the LCA is performed for all stages of the evaluated product; nevertheless, based on the goal and scope of an LCA study, several phases may be considered, whereas others may be excluded. In this study, an LCA was conducted to evaluate the potential environmental benefits related to the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as a partial replacement of natural aggregates in the production of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA). In order to estimate the potential environmental impacts associated with the use of these alternative resources in the construction and rehabilitation of road pavements in Barranquilla, Colombia, primary data were collected in some companies in the region. The SimaPro 8.4.0 software was used for modelling the processes analyzed in the case study and all the life cycle inputs and outputs related to the functional unit were characterized during life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase into potential impacts according to the impact assessment methodology TRACI v.2.1. The pavement life cycle phases and processes included within the system boundaries were the following: (1) extraction and processing of natural and recycled aggregates and production of asphalt binder, (2) transportation of materials, and (3) production of the asphalt mixtures. Three percentages of RCA replacements were analyzed:15, 30 and 45%. By comparing both asphalt mixtures with different RCA replacements levels, it was shown that RCA use implies an increase in the optimal asphalt content, which in turn, originates higher potential environmental impacts than those stemming from conventional mixtures.
Design and Research of the Bending Test Set-up for the Longitudinal Joints in Segmental Tunnel Linings
Authors: Zhang Jinfeng , Zhao Ming
Published: September 2019

As a weak link of the segmental lining ring in the shield tunnel, joints are main reasons for large deformation which further lead to various diseases during the tunnel construction and operation. These diseases, including water leakage, dislocation, joint opening, concrete crack etc., are detrimental to the safety and durability of the tunnel structure. In order to better understand the mechanical behaviour of joints, especially the longitudinal joints, much more attention have been paid to carry out corresponding experimental study. However, the design of the test-up is rarely covered in a lot of literature, which is also a critical factor for a successful experiment. In this paper, a test-up used for experimental study of the longitudinal joints in segmental tunnel rings was designed and executed in detail. The test device met both the test site requirements of the Building Structure Laboratory of Tongji University and the bearing capacity requirements under the maximum test load. After calculating the maximum horizontal and vertical test loads, the design of the test device system was completed. The setup included a short column, transverse and longitudinal loading beams, hinge supports, segment sleeves, supporting platforms and pillars. The test device can realize bidirectional loading and meet the requirement of large deformation of the test members during the test, which can provide a reference for the design of similar or even more sophisticated segmental joint test devices in the future.