bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survey of Parents' Awareness of How to Immediately Deal with Dental Injuries in Zanjan
Authors: Nazemi Salman Bahareh , Jafari Faezeh , Tamjid Shabestari Shabnam , Faghihzadeh Soghrat , Taheri Sayedeh Solmaz
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Proper exposure and management of removed tooth from the alveolar sac are essential to ensure its long-term prognosis. This study aimed to assess the parents’ knowledge about damaged and avulsed teeth and their immediate treatment in children aged 6-12 years in Zanjan. Collected data using a standard information questionnaire.
Materials & Methods: In a cross-sectional study in 1397 from all areas of Zanjan city in a systematic circular method 19 primary schools for girls were selected. A 23-item questionnaire was distributed among all grades one through six to assess parents’ awareness of how to deal with dental trauma in these schools. Chi-square statistical test was used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered 0.05.
Results: 44.6% of parents had previous exposure to dental injuries, and 71.9% of them declared the removed tooth from the alveolar sac to be unsustainable. More than 50% go to the dentist if they notice looseness and bleeding with contusions, broken crowns and dislodged teeth. 92.9% of parents expressed their interest in training for more information on how to deal with dental injuries.
Conclusion: Parents with the diploma and university education had more information about trauma and avulsion. Most parents were unaware of the proper intermediate environment for the location of the tooth, and most parents declared the tooth removed from the alveolar sac unsuitable.
A Rare Tooth Anomaly (Double Teeth) in Deciduous Teeth: A Case Report
Authors: Ghorbanyjavadpour Fataneh
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The Size and shape of the teeth are genetic characteristics. Anomaly in tooth size and shape is due to disturbances in a sequence of morph differentiation and his to differentiation in tooth bud formation periods and is more common in permanent dentition than deciduous teeth. The most common tooth size discrepancy is in the upper lateral incisor and upper and lowers 2nd premolar teeth. About 5% of malocclusions are due to tooth size discrepancy. For having the best occlusion, we must have the appropriate size and shape of teeth. As there is a relation between deciduous and permanent teeth, proper evaluation and timely intervention are essential for achieving a good occlusion in anterior and posterior segments of permanent teeth. Thus we need interceptive orthodontic in mixed dentition period with a good treatment plan for removing the malformed tooth at the proper time and appliance therapy for eruption guidance of other teeth.
Case Report: A rare tooth anomaly (double teeth) in deciduous teeth: The case reported here is a 9- years old boy with a delayed eruption of the right lower permanent lateral incisor and gemination of lower right deciduous canine and crowded upper incisors that refer to the orthodontic department of dental school of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences on7th October of 2020.
Conclusion: After creating patient’s file, the further steps of molding from the patient and gathering all diagnostic records such as panoramic radiography, intraoral photography was carried out and ordered to remove the malformed baby tooth afterward. In the next stage, on the patient’s treatment, we installed a strap onto the patient’s first permanent molars, remolded them, then created a lingual arch to maintain the vegetative space in the lower permanent canine and prevent its collapse, and increased the patient’s overbite.
RHD Genotyping of Rh-Negative and Weak D Phenotype among Blood Donors in Southeast Iran
Authors: Sadeghi-Bojd Younes , Amirizadeh Naser , Oodi Arezoo
Published: October 2021

Background: The D antigen is a subset of Rh blood group antigens involved in the hemolytic disease of the newborn [HDFN] and hemolytic transfusion reaction [HTR]. The hybrid Rhesus box that was created after RH gene deletion, was known as a mechanism of the Rh-negative phenotype. Hybrid marker identification is used to confirm the deletion of the RHD gene and to determine zygosity. This study aims to detect this marker in Rh-negative and weak D phenotype blood donors of the southeast of Iran.
Materials and Methods: The molecular analysis of the hybrid Rhesus box was performed on the 200 Rh-negative blood donors in Sistan and Baluchestan province, southeast Iran. The presence of alleles responsible for the D variants was assessed by DNA sequencing in 26 weak D phenotype donors.
Results: Of the 200 Rh-negative blood samples, 198 samples were homozygous (99%), and two samples were heterozygous (1%). Heterozygous samples had RHD*01N.73 allele and the RHD*01N.18 allele. Of the 26 samples with weak D phenotype, 16 partial DLO (61%), 4 partial DBT1 (15.3%), 2 partial DV type 2 (7.7%), 1 weak D type 1, 1 weak D type 4.2.3, 1weak D type 105 and 1 RHD (S103P) (4%) were determined.
Conclusion: Since RHD gene deletion is the main mechanism of the Rh-negativity in Sistan and Baluchestan provinces, a hybrid Rhesus box marker can be used in resolving RhD typing discrepancies by RHD genotyping methods.
Concomitant Essential Thrombocythemia and Mature B -Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a Patient
Authors: Butt Ayesha , Quddus Ruhul , Ali Natasha
Published: October 2021

A-64-year old male presented with cough, weight loss, and maculopapular rash for 15-20 days. On examination, he was found to have cervical lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. His leukocyte count was 62.1x109/L, platelets were 1169x109/L and LDH was 816 IU/L. Peripheral blood film showed a leukoerythroblastic picture with thrombocytosis. He was started on hydroxyurea and allopurinol. Subsequently, bone marrow evaluation was done which depicted increased lymphoid cells with an M:E ratio of 4:1. Cellular areas exhibited an increase in myeloid precursors along with prominent lymphoid cells and abundant megakaryocytes. Immunohistochemistry showed an increase in B-lymphocytes. Grade MF-2 reticulin fibrosis was noted. Overall findings suggested essential thrombocythemia (ET). On flow cytometry, CD45-positive lymphoid cells population was 31% and showed reactivity to Pan-B-markers with lambda light chain restriction. Janus Kinase 2 (JAK 2) mutation was detected while BCR-ABL1 translocation was negative. A diagnosis of ET progressing to myelofibrosis and mature B-lymphoproliferative disorder was made. Hydroxyurea and allopurinol were stopped while ruxolitinib was introduced and 2.5 years later he remains stable on this treatment.
Ambient Air Quality and General Health Outcomes in Nigde (Turkey) between 2011 and 2017
Authors: Kara Ertan , Özdilek Hasan Göksel , Kara Emine Erman , Balcı Fatih , Mestav Burcu
Published: October 2021

Background: We aimed to provide information for health practitioners and other related people about the association between ambient air quality and adverse health outcomes in the general population of Nigde, a central Turkish city, within the context of current health data epidemiological evidence.
Methods: The present study highlights the connection between health problems and time series of particulate matter (PM10) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) in Nigde, Turkey between 2011 and 2017. Significant morbidity is linked to ambient air pollution, resulting in a significant economic cost to society.
Results: We found that the required funds to treat cancers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease triggered by ambient air pollution in Nigde, exceed 9 million US dollars per year, even when only the city center is taken into account.
Conclusion: As Turkish cities grow and urban population density increases, air pollution issues need to be given priority in order to protect the health of the public and support sustainable development for future generations. It is recommended that particulate matter concentration in this urban center should be significantly reduced to minimize health problems.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) for Cancers in Iran, 1990 to 2016: Review of Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study
Authors: Nahvijou Azin
Published: October 2021

Background: Cancer with 13% of all deaths is the third leading cause of mortality in Iran. We aimed to assess the burden of cancer in Iran by acquiring data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.
Methods: This study was conducted on the DALY approach to examine the cancer burden in Iran from 1990 to 2016. A list of all cancers was extracted using the International Classification of Disease, tenth revision (ICD-10). Then, the cancer burden was assessed based on the type of cancer. The Percentage change (PC) by Daly’s number and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) was estimated. The cause of PC on the DALYs number from cancer was analyzed, and the share of every variable was determined.
Results: In 2016, cancer caused 781.5 and 564 thousand DALYs for men and women, respectively. In all years, the DALYs number of cancer is higher in men than women. From 1990 to 2016, leukemia, stomach, tracheal, bronchus and lung (TBL) cancers were among the leading causes of cancer burden in Iran. The highest increase in PC of cancer DALYs from 1990 to 2016 happened by multiple myeloma with 302.4% and breast with 283.7%. The lowest increase occurred by Hodgkin lymphoma (-2.1%) and leukemia (18.2%).
Conclusion: Cancers have grown more than doubled in terms of DALYs from 1990 to 2016. The majority of DALYs were due to Years of Life Lost, suggesting the need for prevention, early detection, and screening programs.
Photodynamic Therapy Using Toluidine Blue O (TBO) Dye as a Photosensitizer against Leishmania major
Authors: Najm Mehdi , Pourhajibagher Maryam , Badirzadeh Alireza , Razmjou Elham , Alipour Maryam , Khoshmirsafa Majid , Bahador Abbas , Hadighi Ramtin
Published: October 2021

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is alternative treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and phenolthiazine dyes such as Toluidine Blue O (TBO) have the potential role in PDT and notably affect parasites inactivation. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PDT by using TBO and a light-emitting diode (LED) in the treatment of zoonotic CL (ZCL).
Methods: The study was conducted in Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2018-2020. Different concentration (7.8 µg/ mL up to 500 µg/ mL) of TBO as a photosensitizer and a 630 nm LED light as a source of light were used for antileishmanial activity against both forms of Leishmania major promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Effective concentration (EC50) and cell cytotoxicity (CC50) were calculated in both infected and non-infected J774.A1 macrophages, respectively. As well as inhibitory concentration (IC50) was quantified in L. major promastigotes for 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after incubation using a MTT colorimetric assay.
Results: TBO dye in combination with the PDT significantly decreases the L. major promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes viability when compared with TBO alone. Both TBO dye in combination with the PDT and TBO alone had no toxic effects on the mice macrophages; however, it significantly killed the entered parasites inside the cells. Our results in the current study established satisfactory findings in clearing intracellular L. major parasites in in-vitro conditions.
Conclusion: TBO dye in combination with the PDT can be considered as a harmless, effective and importantly perfect treatment against L. major, causative agent of ZCL, in an in-vitro situation without any negative toxicity to the mice macrophages.
Factors Affecting COVID-19 Transmission and Modelling of Close Contact Tracing Strategies
Authors: Yazdani Shahram , Heydari Majid , Foroughi Zeynab , Jabali Hadi
Published: October 2021

Background: Close contact tracing is an essential measure that countries are applying to combat the epidemic of COVID-19. The purpose of contact tracing is to rapidly identify potentially infected individuals and prevent further spread of the disease. In this study, based on the factors affecting the COVID-19 transmission, a scoring protocol is provided for close contact tracing.
Methods: First, the factors affecting the COVID-19 transmission in close contacts were identified by a rapid review of the literature. Data were gathered by searching the Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Then, by formulating and scoring the identified factors with two sessions of the expert panel, close contact transmission risk score determined, and a protocol for contacts tracing was designed.
Results: Close contact transmission risk depends on the contact environment characteristics, the infectivity (virus shedding) of the sentinel case, and contact characteristics. Based on these factors, the close contact transmission risk score and contact tracing protocol were prepared.  
Conclusion: The close contact transmission risk scores will provide the ability to contact classifications and developing specific tracing strategies for them. Given that there are not any specific treatments for COVID-19 and lack of universal vaccination, applying nonpharmaceutical measures such as contact tracing along with physical distancing is very crucial. Therefore, we recommended this model to the evaluation of exposure risk and contact tracing.
A Preliminary Investigation of How Lavender Essential Oil May Reduce Stress of High School Students during Class
Authors: O’Sullivan David Michael , Kim Hyung-Sook , Kim Zi Hyun
Published: October 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Socioeconomic Status and Dimensions of Mental Health with Suicidal Ideations among Students
Authors: Shafiee-Kandjani Ali Reza , Alizadeh Mahasti , Nasirzadehghan Afsaneh , Kehtary-Harzang Leila , Vahedi Maryam , Poursadeqiyan Mohsen , Karimpour Vazifehkhorani Alireza
Published: October 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Population Fluctuations and Abundance Indices of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicid), as the Potential Bridge Vectors of Pathogens to Humans and Animals in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran
Authors: Nikookar Seyed Hassan , Fazeli-Dinan Mahmoud , Enayati Ahmadali
Published: October 2021

Background: Seasonal activity patterns of mosquitoes are essential as baseline knowledge to understand the transmis­sion dynamics of vector-borne diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the monthly dynamics of the mosquito populations and their relation to meteorological factors in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran.
Methods: Mosquito adults and larvae were collected from 16 counties of Mazandaran Province using different sam­pling techniques, once a month from May to December 2014. “Index of Species Abundance” (ISA) along with “Stand­ardized ISA” (SISA) was used for assessing the most abundant species of mosquitoes based on the explanations of Rob­ert and Hsi. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) was used to assess the relationships between the monthly population fluctuations and meteorological variables.
Results: Overall, 23750 mosquitoes belonging to four genera and nineteen species were collected and identified. The highest population density of mosquitoes was in July and the lowest in May. The ISA/SISA indices for Culex pipiens were both 1 for larvae and 1.25/0.973 for adults in total catch performed in human dwellings. For Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the ISA/SISA were 1.68/0.938 in pit shelter method. A significant positive correlation was observed between population fluctuations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and mean temperature (R: 0.766, P< 0.027).
Conclusions: The results indicated that the mosquitoes are more active in July, and Cx. pipiens and Cx. tritaeniorhyn­chus were the most abundant species. Considering the potential of these species as vectors of numerous pathogens, con­trol programs can be planed based on their monthly activity pattern in the area.
Synergistic Anti-Leishmanial Activities of Morphine and Imiquimod on Leishmania infantum (MCAN/ES/98/LIM-877)
Authors: Ghaffarifar Fatemeh‌‌‌‌ , Foroutan Masoud , Molaei Soheila , Moradi-Asl Eslam
Published: October 2021

Background: This study was performed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo Leishmanicidal potential of morphine (Mph), imiquimod (IQ), and their combination.
Methods: Leishmania infantum promastigote and amastigote assays were performed at the presence of 0.015–150µM Mph, 0.04–416µM IQ, and their combination. The inhibition effects of these drugs on promastigotes were evaluated after 24, 48, and 72h. The cytotoxic effects of the drugs were evaluated by MTT as well as flow cytometry after 72h. We explored the therapeutic effects of Mph and IQ in BALB/c mice at the end of the treatment using parasite load de­termination and cytokine assay. One group of mice received Mph for three weeks before infection.
Results: The results of promastigote and amastigote assays showed the cytotoxic effects of the drugs at low concentra­tions. The cytotoxic effects were higher on promastigotes than amastigotes (p< 0.05). There was a negative correlation between drug concentration and amastigote/promastigote viability. Imiquimod alone or combined with Mph showed remarkable cytotoxic effects at all concentrations (p< 0.05). Flow cytometry results revealed apoptosis in the parasite following exposure to the drug combinations. Accordingly, the reduction of parasite loads in the spleen and liver was observed (p< 0.05) with simultaneous increases in IFN-γ and IL-4. We believe that the in vivo leishmanicidal effect was mediated by Mph through IL-4 and by IQ through both IL-4 and IFN-γ.
Conclusion: Results pointed out the promising effects of Mph and IQ at low concentrations, especially when combined.
Caracterización microbiológica y patrones de resistencia a antibióticos de las infecciones periprotésicas en pacientes sometidos a remplazo articular de rodilla o cadera, operados en la IPS Universitaria Clínica León XIII, entre el 2015 y 2018
Authors: Mejía Montoya Juan Esteban , Mejía Montoya David Andrés , Vanegas Isaza Daniel , Areiza Zapata Laura Mayerli , Ramírez Montoya Thalía
Published: October 2021

Objetivo: caracterizar desde el punto de vista microbiológico las infecciones periprotesicas (IP) de los pacientes sometidos a remplazo articular de rodilla o cadera, en la IPS universitaria Clínica León XIII, y evidenciar los patrones más comunes de resistencia a los antibióticos, en el periodo 2015-2018. Metodología: se recolectó información de 25 pacientes llevados a remplazo articular de rodilla o cadera en la IPS universitaria, sede Clínica León XIII, durante el periodo de 2015-2018, que desarrollaron IP. Se obtuvo información sobre características demográfica, clínicas y patrones de resistencia (según antibiograma), y sobre los criterios usados para diagnosticarla. Los datos se registraron, según la naturaleza y distribución de la variable, en medias o medianas para las variables cuantitativas, y en frecuencias para las cualitativas. Resultados: entre 2015 y 2018 se realizaron 541 remplazos articulares, la incidencia de infección periprotésica fue de 4.6% (25 pacientes), 22 casos (88%) con crecimiento microbiológico. El germen más frecuente fue el S. aureus, con patrón alto de resistencia para meticilina (SAMR), en el 44%. Seguido por K. pneumoniae, con un patrón de resistencia por producción de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) de 83%. Ninguno tuvo resistencia a los carbapenémicos. Conclusiones: los resultados son similares a los reportados en la literatura internacional. Sigue siendo el S. aureus el principal causante de la infección periprotésica, seguido de los gérmenes gram negativos.
Estanozolol como anabólico: una causa de hepatotoxicidad
Authors: Zuluaga Ramírez Cindy , Berrouet Mejía Marie Claire
Published: October 2021

Los antibióticos y analgésicos han sido descritos frecuentemente como las principales causas de toxicidad hepática. Los esteroides anabólicos se han relacionado también con alteraciones en sistemas como el cardiovascular o el hepático; en este último causan colestasis, carcinoma hepatocelular, hiperplasia regenerativa nodular y sangrado de varices, secundario a hipertensión portal. Es importante entonces considerar los esteroides anabólicos como factores de riesgo para hepatotoxicidad. Se presenta el primer caso en Colombia y uno de los pocos en Latinoamérica, de colestasis asociada únicamente al uso de estanozolol. Se trata de un paciente de 21 años, en tratamiento con el medicamento para incrementar la masa muscular, que presentó compromiso hepático de tipo colestásico. Se descartaron otras posibles causas de ictericia, mediante la escala CIOMS/RUCAM se llegó a establecer causalidad entre el consumo de estanozolol y la colestasis. El objetivo de este reporte es hacer una descripción no reportada en la literatura colombiana y poco común en la literatura mundial.
“There is Always Progress to Be Made”: Reflective Narratives on Outdoor Therapeutic Recreation for Mental Health Support
Authors: Leighton Jaylyn , Lopez Kimberly , Johnson Corey
Published: October 2021

Due to the marginalizing effects of mental illness, the stories of individuals in early recovery from various mental health diagnoses are often invalidated. To address this concern, complementary modalities (e.g., massage therapy, naturopathy, arts-based therapy, horticulture therapy) have emerged alongside the fields of therapeutic recreation, psychotherapy, and outdoor-based practices. Less is known about how social/community approaches to practice are used within in-patient care settings to complement more traditional modalities (i.e., cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), talk-based therapy, trauma exposure therapy, pharmaceutical medication etc.). The current research project aimed to understand individuals’ experiences and reflections of engaging in an outdoor experiential workshop while seeking in-patient care for post-traumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder. Narrative inquiry was the methodological approach we used to illuminate the voice in the cracks (Jackson & Mazzei, 2005), voices that are often left out of dominant medical discourses, to be heard. Focus groups and in-depth semi-structured narrative life-experience interviews were used to story individuals’ reflections of early recovery while participating in an outdoor experiential workshop beyond the conventional boundaries and structures of medicine-focused in-patient care.
Research of Self-Oscillating Processes in the Zone of Interaction of an Elastic Tire with a Solid Support Base
Authors: Zhileykin M.M.
Published: October 2021

When two bodies interact in contact, self-oscillations or relaxation vibrations can occur, which are vibrations of parts of bodies relative to each other. The study of the processes occurring in the zone of an elastic tire interaction with a solid support base is of particular interest, since they directly affect the safety of movement of wheeled vehicles. The aim of the work is to study the conditions for the occurrence of self-oscillating processes in the zone of interaction of an elastic tire with a solid support base in three rolling modes: traction, driven, and braking. It has been established that the appearance of a self-oscillating mode in the zone of interaction of an elastic tire with a solid support base is a useful diagnostic feature providing recognition of the development of the process of losing adhesion of a wheel with a support base when the rear axle skids at early stages.
The State-of-the-Art and Prospects of Aerospike Engines
Authors: Vaulin S.D. , Khazhiakhmetov K.I.
Published: October 2021

Currently, there is a worldwide trend of growing interest in projects aimed at reducing the cost of spacecraft launches. The search for solutions to this topical issue reveals new requirements for the rocket engines. However, existing rocket engines are incapable of fully meeting modern requirements. Consideration of new technical solutions indicates the prospects of using aerospike engines, which have the property of self-regulation and can operate with optimal flow expansion throughout the entire operation. This property allows this type of engine to be used as a propulsion system for single-stage return launcher. However, aerospike engines have not been sufficiently studied at the moment and haven’t found widespread use. Therefore it is necessary to summarize the existing knowledge about aerospike and the aerospike research has been performed. As a result mathematical models of the workflows were created, methods of designing and optimization of the contour were determined, and a number of design and technological solutions were found. However, the mathematical models verified by experimental data were not found.
Analysis of perspective air preparation network designs in launch complex temperature control systems
Authors: Kozlov V.V. , Krylov P.V. , Piskun E.S.
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the research is to perform a comparative analysis of compressed air preparation systems on the basis of moisture content. The article discusses conventional and perspective methods for drying compressed air using condensation, adsorption and membrane technologies. The article considers a temperature control system with the required dew point of minus 25°С at the exit under standard conditions, which corresponds to the dew point temperature plus 3 °С at a pressure of 1.0 MPa, or class 4 according to GOST R ISO 8573-1–2016. The main advantages of using advanced technological drying system designs are described, including the design of a modern drier with a rotary adsorber that can reduce the dew point temperature of compressed air to minus 25…30 °С at 1.0 MPa pressure without any losses on the adsorbent regeneration. This research is the first to analyze the applicability of modern adsorption and membrane modules to the launch complex functions. All the air drying designs were considered in this paper in relation to air temperature control systems based on air refrigerators using the I-d hygrometric chart for variable pressures.
Missions and space security and long-term sustainability challenges
Authors: Pavlova E.A. , Voropaev V.A.
Published: October 2021

The paper dwells upon the security and long-term sustainability of space activities and introduces the main guidelines, approved by the UN General Assembly, as well as the guidelines, which did not receive consensus approval in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. The challenges of the long-term sustainability of space activities for achieving the goals, objectives, and means of developing world cosmonautics and maintaining the status of the Russian Federation as a world space power are reflected. The study focuses on the problems and challenges associated with the man-made debris of near-Earth space, the delimitation of air and outer space, the need to organize space traffic control, which is inextricably linked with the deployment of multi-satellite orbital constellations. The issues of counteracting the asteroid-cometary hazard are touched upon. The research findings given in the paper should help representatives of the Russian space industry understand the problems, challenges, and essence of the long-term sustainability of space activities in conjunction with issues of ensuring its security.
Assessment of Soil Fertility Status Using Nutrient Index Approach in Cassava Farms of Rewa Province, Fiji
Authors: Sachan H.K. , Krishna Deeksha
Published: October 2021

Background: Nutrient index methods and fertility indicators can be used to determine the fertility status of soils. The information can be used to develop soil management strategies for farmers. Methods: The research was conducted in the Rewa district of Fiji, with an aim to assess soil fertility status using the nutrient index approach. A total of 57 cassava-growing farms were selected from three sub-districts of Rewa province for the present investigation and collected soil samples were analyzed in accordance with standard procedures for evaluating chemical parameters and the status of available nutrients in the soil. Result: The study discovered that the soils of farms are acidic in reaction, have low levels of organic carbon, low to moderate levels of major primary nutrients, however, the soils had a high content of calcium and magnesium. The soil nutrient index value calculated of soil organic carbon and available phosphorus were recorded as low with 1.48 and 1.40 respectively. The NIV for nitrogen and potassium content was medium category values of 1.91 and 1.95, respectively. The nutrient index value calculated for exchangeable calcium and magnesium content was recorded as high with 2.75 and 2.35 values respectively.
Exploration, Collection and Characterization of Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd.] Germplasm
Authors: Sirisha A.B.M.
Published: October 2021

Background: Horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) verd.] is an underutilized arid food legume known to grow well in diverse environmental conditions like poor soils, low rainfall etc. Horsegram is a drought resistant crop used for fodder, feed, seed, green manuring and in ayurvedic medicine. It is grown as Rabi crop in Andhra Pradesh. Compared to other pulse crops, efforts in conservation horsegram germplasm is poor which is essential for the future breeding purpose. There will be a danger of loss of germplasm if they are not collected and conserved. The Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh i.e., Araku region is a rich source of diversified germplasm of legumes, medicinal plants, millets and ancient crops. Among which, horsegram is one of the crop with wide diversified germplasm. Hence the present effort is done in collection and characterization of the germplasm for further use in the breeding process. Broadening the genetic base in horsegram through interspecific hybridization employing diverse germplasm will be useful in improving pest and disease resistance, grain quality, protein percentage and nutritional factors. Methods: Expedition was conducted during Rabi 2018 and 25 horse gram seed samples were collected from the local regions of tribal tracts of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh along with passport data using the GPS machine. The germplasm lines were evaluated and morphologically characterized during Rabi 2019 at Agricultural Research Station, Yellamanchili, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, for fifteen characters. Principal component analysis was carried out to identify the diverse germplasm lines and to know the contribution of the variables. Result: The investigation showed that all the horse germplasm lines are inherited to the farmers from their ancestors. Study revealed that, the seed yield per plant showed a range of 2.40 to 6.40 g and the days maturity recorded a range of 87 to 106 days. Principal component analysis showed that all the variables except 100 seed weight (g) showed positive loading. Among the variables plant height (cm), dry haulm weight (g) and seed yield per plant recorded maximum percentage of contribution. The genotypes HG-24, HG-7, HG-19, HG-15, HG-22 recorded highest positive scores. The genotypes HG-5, HG-10, HG-3, HG-16, HG-8, HG-4, HG-10, HG-24 and HG-7 has shown wide divergence which may be further adopted in the breeding programme for horsegram improvement.
Influence of Weather Parameters on the Seasonal Abundance of Legume Pod Borer Maruca vitrata (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) on Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus var. typicus)
Authors: Jayabal T.D. , Kennedy J.S.
Published: October 2021

Background: Legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), infests the Dolichos bean throughout the cropping season. However, there is no information on the seasonal abundance of M. vitrata over different seasons on Dolichos bean, which is an essential tool for forecasting and developing integrated pest management strategies. Methods: The seasonal abundance of M. vitrata on Dolichos bean were studied during three consecutive cropping seasons of 2019 Summer, Kharif and Rabi. The larval population in flowers and pods and the number of larval webbings and weather parameters were recorded and subjected to correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. Result: The overall larval abundance was observed to be higher in flowers than in pods. The highest larval abundance in flowers and pods was 14.60 and 13.40 during the 48th and 50th standard meteorological week (SMW) of Rabi 2019 respectively, which corresponds to 8 to 10 weeks after sowing (WAS) in flowers and 10 to 12 WAS in the case of pods. The number of larval webbings was higher, with 18.76 during the 49th SMW of Rabi 2019. The maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with the larval abundance in flowers (r= -0.570), pods (r= -0.523) and the number of active webbings (r= -0.477). At the same time, the regression coefficient shows that rainfall had a significant negative influence on the larval abundance in pods (B= -1.26).
Dark-humus soils on the updated soil map of Russian Federation scale 1 : 2.5 M
Authors: Ananko T. V. , Gerasimova M. I.
Published: October 2021

The dark-humus soil type was included in the updated legend of the Soil Map of the Russian Federation at scale 1 : 2.5 M, converted to the system of Soil Classification of Russia. The soil profile starts with the dark-humus horizon gradually merging to the parent rock; any mid-profile diagnostic horizons are absent. Large areas of dark-humus soils are found in the forest-steppe, steppe and taiga zones of the European Russia, Western and Central Siberia, in the Trans-Baikal region, the Altai-Sayany Mountains, and the Caucasus. The type of dark-humus soils comprises both mesomorphic soils (of normal moisture conditions) and soils with additional surface or ground-water moisture. The main prerequisites for the formation of dark-humus soils are, on the one hand, the climatic conditions favorable for the dark-humus horizon formation, and, on the other hand, parent material - mostly derivates of hard rocks, restricting the development of mid-profile diagnostic horizons. In the updated map, the following initial legend units are partially or completely converted to dark-humus soils: several units of chernozems, dark-gray forest and gray forest non-podzolized soils, soddy-taiga base-saturated and slightly unsaturated soils, several mountain soils, a significant part of soddy-calcareous soils, as well as some mountainous forest-meadow soils. The diversity of dark-humus soils subtypes is determined by secondary carbonate features, weak signs of clay accumulation and podzolization, alteration of the mineral mass, gley and cryogenic phenomena.
Diagnostics of soils located in the gradient of urban-technogenic impact
Authors: Novikov S. G. , Medvedeva M. V. , Pekkoev A. N. , Timofeeva V. V.
Published: October 2021

The rapidly progressing urbanization results in decline of environmentally valuable forest territory. Intact ecosystems bordering urban communities suffer from heavy technogenic pressure and degrade irreversibly over time. This situation necessitates studies that analyze the ecological condition of major components of forest ecosystems exposed to various levels of such pressure. The survey was carried out in the city of Petrozavodsk in sites with degraded, slightly disturbed, and undisturbed forest ecosystems. For each site, the soil condition was assessed, the tree stand and the living ground cover were described. As a result, it was found that soils in the slightly disturbed forest ecosystem generally corresponded to the natural background (Ferric Illuvial Podzol). Changes in their morphological and chemical properties compared to soils in the undisturbed reference plot were identified. The thickness and ash content of the upper organic horizon in the slightly disturbed site changed. The forest ecosystem was in the transitional stage (from I–II to III) of recreational digression and required infrastructural improvements. The forest ecosystem in the built-up site was totally destroyed. Irreversible transformation of its natural environment resulted in the loss of woody and ground vegetation. The native zonal soils were ruined, and their diagnostic horizons cannot be identified. There was observed a large amount of rocks and anthropogenic inclusions throughout the profile. According to the Russian soil classification, these formations belong to the subgroup of organo-mineral strata of technogenic surface formations. The collected data can be used as the basis for ecological monitoring of urban soils. Based on the findings, recommendations were given on how to conserve and improve the sanitary and esthetic functions of forest areas adjoining urban built-up land.
ACELEROGRAMAS Y ESPECTROS DE RESPUESTA EN MEDIOS: SUELO Y ROCA, BOYACÁ, COLOMBIA
Authors: Pinto Morales Luis Humberto , Fuentes Fuentes María del Carmen
Published: October 2021

El control de vibraciones implica la medición de estas perturbaciones en una voladura de producción. Si el nivel de vibraciones registrado fuera menor que el criterio de prevención, podrá incrementarse progresivamente la carga operante hasta que las intensidades de vibración fueran iguales al valor máximo admisible. En ese sentido, los análisis realizados en éste artículo sirven como estudios preliminares para establecer una tabla patrón de cargas máximas por tiempos de retardoen relación con la distancia a las estructuras a proteger, la velocidad y/o aceleración de la partícula.
Advances in genetic improvement of durable resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat
Authors:   USDA-ARS, USA, Bai Guihua
Published: October 2021

Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease in wheat worldwide. Wheat resistance to FHB is a complex with five types. Each type of resistance is controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with most having minor effects and being affected by environments. This chapter describes methodologies used for evaluating different types of resistance, consolidates the QTLs for type II and Type III resistance into 26 repeatable QTLs, discusses progresses made in genetics and breeding of wheat FHB resistance, and discusses possible new breeding strategies for FHB resistance improvement. The 26 repeatable QTL were located in ~100 Mb intervals based on IWGSC reference sequence map, which will be critical QTLs for functional marker development and for improvement of FHB resistance in breeding. Genomic selection (GS) together with marker-assisted selection (MAS) coupling with phenotypic selection will facilitate accumulation of multiple QTLs from different sources to create highly resistant cultivars.
Investigating the biology of rice blast disease and prospects for durable resistance
Authors:   The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, UK, Were Vincent M. , Talbot Nicholas J. ,   The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, UK
Published: October 2021

There are important biological process involved in rice blast disease that are now well-studied during the early events in plant infection which include: the cell biology of appressorium formation, the biology of invasive growth and effector secretion, the two distinct mechanisms of effector secretion, the nature of the plant-pathogen interface, PAMP-triggered immunity modulation by secreted effectors and effector-triggered immunity and blast resistance. The devastating losses caused by the blast fungus have been documented in most grasses, but this chapter discusses the use of major resistance genes to rice blast and wheat blast disease as an emerging threat to global food security. This chapter also highlights an emerging approach to breed for durable resistance to plant pathogens using gene editing technologies with an example: CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis of dominant S-genes for disease control.
Advances in understanding the epidemiology, molecular biology and control of net blotch and the net blotch barley interaction
Authors:   Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Australia, Martin Anke , Poudel Barsha ,   Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Australia, Amarasinghe Dahanayaka Buddhika ,   Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Australia, McLean Mark S. ,   Agriculture Victoria, Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Tourism and Resources, Australia, Snyman Lisle ,   Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Australia, Lopez-Ruiz Francisco J. ,   Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Australia
Published: October 2021

Net blotches are the most widely distributed foliar diseases of barley worldwide, causing significant losses in grain yield. They occur as net form net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres and spot form net blotch caused by P. teres f. maculata. Both sexual and asexual reproduction play a role in the P. teres disease cycles leading to changes in genetic variation of populations. Breeding programs have to keep pace with pathogenic changes and ensure different sources of resistance are present in current barley cultivars. Knowledge of the genetic architecture and genes involved in virulence is thus vital to increase the durability of net blotch resistance in barley cultivars. This chapter explores the molecular biology, life-cycle and epidemiology of the net blotch fungi and discusses the key challenges we are facing in managing the net blotches using both fungicide resistance and breeding strategies to achieve durable disease resistance in barley.
Advances in understanding the biology and epidemiology of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)
Authors:   Embrapa Trigo, Brazil, Lau Douglas , Bernardon Mar Talita ,   National Council for Scientific and Technological Development Fellow (CNPq) (Embrapa-CNPq), Brazil, Ribeiro dos Santos Carlos Diego ,   Postgraduate Program in Plant Science, Faculty of Agronomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, Engel Eduardo ,   Postgraduate Program in Entomology, University of São Paulo, Brazil, do Valle da Silva Pereira Paulo Roberto ,   Embrapa Florestas, Brazil
Published: October 2021

A tri-trophic network of domesticated grasses (host), various aphids (vector) and barley yellow dwarf virus (pathogen) species has been spread by humans from Eurasia to the rest of the world. Understanding how climate, natural and agricultural landscapes challenge pathogens, vectors, and their natural enemies and shape their dynamics is the key to managing this pathosystem. This chapter provides an overview of this complex system and its evolution. The chapter includes a case study of biological control of aphids causing wheat BYDV in Brazil. The current challenge is to create tools that integrate knowledge of this complex pathosystem and facilitate monitoring and decision making for rational management to reduce the burden of disease.
Existence and stability of periodic solutions in a neural field equation
Authors: Kolodina Karina , Kostrykin Vadim , Oleynik Anna
Published: October 2021

We study the existence and linear stability of stationary periodic solutions to a neural field model, an intergo-differential equation of the Hammerstein type. Under the assumption that the activation function is a discontinuous step function and the kernel is decaying sufficiently fast, we formulate necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a special class of solutions that we call 1-bump periodic solutions. We then analyze the stability of these solutions by studying the spectrum of the Frechet derivative of the corresponding Hammerstein operator. We prove that the spectrum of this operator agrees up to zero with the spectrum of a block Laurent operator. We show that the non-zero spectrum consists of only eigenvalues and obtain an analytical expression for the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions. The results are illustrated by multiple examples.
Symbols in Berezin quantization for representation operators
Authors: Molchanov Vladimir F. , Tsykina Svetlana V.
Published: October 2021

The basic notion of the Berezin quantization on a manifold M is a correspondence which to an operator A from a class assigns the pair of functions F and F^♮ defined on M. These functions are called covariant and contravariant symbols of A. We are interested in homogeneous space M=G/H and classes of operators related to the representation theory. The most algebraic version of quantization — we call it the polynomial quantization — is obtained when operators belong to the algebra of operators corresponding in a representation T of G to elements X of the universal enveloping algebra Env g of the Lie algebra g of G. In this case symbols turn out to be polynomials on the Lie algebra g.
In this paper we offer a new theme in the Berezin quantization on G/H: as an initial class of operators we take operators corresponding to elements of the group G itself in a representation T of this group. In the paper we consider two examples, here homogeneous spaces are para-Hermitian spaces of rank 1 and 2:
a) G=SL(2;R), H — the subgroup of diagonal matrices, G/H — a hyperboloid of one sheet in R^3;
b) G — the pseudoorthogonal group SO_0 (p; q), the subgroup H covers with finite multiplicity the group SO_0 (p-1,q -1)×SO_0 (1;1); the space G/H (a pseudo-Grassmann manifold) is an orbit in the Lie algebra g of the group G.
O papel de fatores funcionais na compatibilização semântica entre verbo e construção de estrutura argumental passiva em português
Authors: Ciríaco Larissa Santos
Published: October 2021

Neste trabalho investiga-se a compatibilização entre verbo e construção de estrutura argumental passiva em português sob uma perspectiva construcionista (Goldberg, 1995, 2006). Especificamente, verifica-se o papel de dois aspectos funcionais relevantes para o significado da construção passiva, a saber: a Restrição de Afetação (Pinker et al, 1987) e a Função de Desfocalização do Agente (Shibatani, 1985, 2006). Conclui-se que esses fatores funcionais, em consonância com os modelos teóricos baseados no uso, atuam como restrições graduais e complementares na compatibilização: a passiva apresenta um cenário convencionalizado de ação que atua como uma condição coercitiva. Esse cenário convencionalizado licencia o uso de verbos que, do contrário, não se harmonizariam ao sentido da construção, sendo responsável por estender a cobertura da construção passiva na língua.