bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los casos de conciencia en la novela pastoril del Siglo de Oro: casuismo y probabilismo en la Arcadia (1598) de Lope de Vega
Authors: Sánchez Jiménez Antonio
Published: July 2014

La Arcadia (1598) de Lope de Vega fue uno de los libros más exitosos de la ya monstruosa carrera del Fénix, pero pese a ello la crítica actual insiste en criticar la obra tachándola de desorganizada y superficial. Para explicar el desfase entre estas críticas y el contrastable éxito de la Arcadia en su tiempo, este trabajo analiza uno de los aspectos más censurados por los estudiosos: la construcción de los personajes del libro, concretamente la de los dos protagonistas, los pastores Anfriso y Belisarda, y la de algunos personajes secundarios. En particular, proponemos que el lector áureo debió de apreciar los personajes de la Arcadia porque estaban diseñados de acuerdo con un hábito mental típico de la época, pero totalmente ajeno a nuestro modo de pensar, el casuismo y probabilismo de la teología moral. En este contexto examinamos en detalle los «casos» de la novela, explicando cómo debió de leerlos y disfrutarlos el público áureo. Además, esta línea de investigación permite explorar la naturaleza del interés del Fénix por la casuística, y las relaciones de este modo de pensar con su oficio de dramaturgo.
La visión literaria de los Caballeros Templarios en El Señor de Bembibre, de E. Gil y Carrasco
Authors: Ribao Pereira Montserrat
Published: July 2014

El Temple en la novela histórica romántica española no se recrea por su exotismo ni por el atractivo que supone el imaginario que ha ido gestándose en torno a su naturaleza, devenir y desaparición formal en el siglo XIV, sino por su valor metafórico, por su rentabilidad a la hora de conectar el pasado de la historia narrada con el presente extraliterario. Como este trabajo pretende analizar, don Álvaro Yáñez no protagoniza la acción de la novela de E. Gil y Carrasco por ser El señor de Bembibre, sino que genera el conflicto de la misma por su cercanía y posterior adscripción a la Orden del Temple.
Baroja como materia de sus libros: para una lectura de El árbol de la ciencia (1911) en clave autobiográfica
Authors: Fuster García Francisco
Published: July 2014

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las características de la literatura autobiográfica barojiana y comprobar si existen argumentos suficientes para afirmar que El árbol de la ciencia es quizá la novela más autobiográfica de Pío Baroja. Para ello, y tras repasar lo dicho por los estudiosos sobre el autobiografismo barojiano, me centraré en el estudio de los personajes autobiográficos de El árbol de la ciencia e intentaré situar esta novela dentro de su «espacio autobiográfico». Por último, propondré una posible interpretación del doble valor que atribuimos al protagonista de la novela, Andrés Hurtado, como personaje autobiográfico y como símbolo generacional de la juventud española que vivió la llamada «crisis de fin de siglo».
La existencia de Heidegger y el mar de Antonio Machado
Authors: Merchán Alcalá Juan
Published: July 2014

El artículo pretende desentrañar el significado de uno de los símbolos de Antonio Machado, el del mar. Se han delimitado primero los significados más evidentes del símbolo para después abordar el análisis de las apariciones de la palabra en las que el significado presenta más dificultades. Se llega a la conclusión de que el valor central de la palabra es el de existencia.
La supervivencia de deber de + infinitivo en el español moderno (ss. XVIII-XX)
Authors: Blas Arroyo José Luis , Vellón Lahoz Javier
Published: July 2014

En el marco de un proyecto de sociolingüística histórica sobre textos de inmediatez comunicativa, los datos de este análisis variacionista muestran cómo, a pesar del descenso brusco en los empleos de deber de + infinitivo a partir del siglo XVIII, una serie de factores lingüísticos y extralingüísticos se dan cita para frenar un proceso que, de otro modo, hubiera supuesto el triunfo definitivo de la variante no prepositiva. Por lo demás, el análisis empírico señala la existencia de una relativa continuidad con los patrones distribucionales observados en el periodo clásico anterior, que hemos analizado en otro lugar.
Del “teatro de sombras” islámico a los títeres, pasando por los “retablos de maravillas”
Authors: Corriente Federico
Published: July 2014

Las problemáticas etimologías del castellano títere ‘marioneta’ and titiritero ‘artista que las maneja’, y del catalán babastell ‘bastoncillo usado para accionarlas’, a las que ahora damos una solución en árabe, replantean la cuestión de la importancia relativa de la tradición islámica de los “juegos de sombras” en el desarrollo de algunas variedades occidentales, y muy particularmente, hispánicas, de teatro de marionetas. Algunos pasajes de Don Quijote parecen confirmar esta hipótesis y, por ende, recibir nuevas interpretaciones.
Dos sonetos bubosos entre Mateo Alemán y Vicente Espinel. Edición crítica y estudio
Authors: Gómez Canseco Luis
Published: July 2014

En el catálogo de las obras compuestas por Mateo Alemán, casi siempre se olvida o se prescinde del soneto «Si ese tu inútil cuerpo, brazos, piernas», escrito en respuesta a otro de Vicente Espinel sobre la sífilis. Este trabajo edita y estudia ambos textos.
Las funciones pragmático-discursivas de en este sentido
Authors: Llopis Cardona Ana
Published: July 2014

Este estudio muestra el análisis de los usos de la construcción fijada en este sentido realizado desde una perspectiva polifuncional. Su función más frecuente consiste en indicar continuación temática y en insertar la unidad discursiva en un marco, de ahí que esté emparentada tanto con los conectores de continuación como con los topicalizadores. Asimismo, en algunos usos reduce el ámbito sobre el que actúa y funciona como operador de tópico y como focalizador contrastivo.
Hacia un repertorio de figuras en el teatro de Calderón
Authors: Martín Echarri Miguel
Published: July 2014

La imitación en un texto de algunos rasgos que han demostrado eficacia en textos anteriores va solidificando un repertorio de elementos reconocibles que configuran un género literario. Estas “figuras” (siguiendo la definición de Barthes) son reconocibles en el teatro de Calderón, que elabora sus comedias como un cuidadoso juego formal en que elementos reconocibles se combinan, desarrollan y ramifican en un equilibrio entre lo esperable y lo sorprendente. Se propone un muestrario de esos elementos en todos los niveles literarios, como condición para el estudio de sus combinaciones.
Research on Flow Sensor and the Pressure Sensor with Digital Asthma Diagnosis Technology
Authors: Yin Peng , Cao Miao , Lin Yun
Published: July 2014

The essay discusses on the flow sensor and the pressure sensor, which collect the signals of PEFR(peak expiratory flow rate) and FEV1(forced expiratory volume in 1 second) of the human body. After the two analog signals go through signal conditioning circuit, ATMEGA128 collects the correspondent digital signals so that realizing fast measuring the PEFR and FEV1, and the result of the diagnosis on the patient’s diseases will directly appear on the LCD, at the same time storing dynamic data as objective index for doctors’ prescriptions and disease analysis. The multiparameter digital asthma diagnosis instrument has a large range of measurement and highly accurate measuring ability, with a small size and high cost, suitable for rural medium- and small-sided hospitals and domestic supervisions.
Research on a Multi-Axis Wrist Force Sensor with Double Bending Beams
Authors: Shi Gang , Ji Lin Zhang
Published: July 2014

First of all, a new multi-axis wrist force sensor with double bending beams was designed to meet the requirements of the intelligent manipulator. The new structure was easy to process and install. The impact of deformation, error and asymmetry caused by machining and aging treatment was avoided, and the performance of sensor was improved. Secondly, mechanical model of the sensor was established, and the force analyses from different directions were made. Thirdly, after strain gauges were pasted and the bridge was designed, loading tests to single beam and whole sensor were carried out, theoretical calculation and finite element analysis were completed, and the relative error was analyzed. Finally, the causes of relative error in different loading test were studied, and a solution of sensor calibration was put forward.
Hydromechanics Research with Influence of Pipe Shape on Water Hammer Based on CFX
Authors: Meng Qing Zheng , Yang Cheng , Liu Li Sheng , Wang Zhen
Published: July 2014

One common and prominent reason for the tube explosion issue of pipe network is the water hammer. Because the pressure levels caused by water hammer are far exceeding the pressure range of the pipe limit. Since a great loss has been caused by water hammer damage, an important influence factor (shape of pipe) on the phenomena associated with water hammer have been performed by using the platform of numerical simulation software CFX. Analysis of the results show that the vortex and reflux phenomena appear in elbow pipe, different shape of pipe will lead to various flow regime. The pressure caused by shape is slight and can be negligible compared to the normal pressure. But it does has influence on period, 90-degree elbow will reduce 0.01s in period.
A Low Cost MCU Based Single Phase Sinusoidal Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverter
Authors: Chen Peng Lai , Lin Chun Yu , Juan Yu Lin , Chen Te Chau , Lin Chin Sung
Published: July 2014

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique has been widely used in inverters and motor driver ciruits. In this paper, SPWM was generated by a low cost HT66F50 single-chip, wherein the reduced sampling points of a sine wave, and the fewer sampling points were then used to produce SPWM singals. The full-bridge inverter was modulated by the high switching frequency SPWM for the high side switches and the 60Hz control signals for the low side switches. Thus, it not only reduces the required memory spacein MCU, but also reduces the switching power losses. When the SPWM frequency is 19.53 kHz or 11.72 kHz, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter’s output is less than 0.6% under the load resistance 50, which is in compliance with the specification of IEEE STD. 519-1992.
Research on Environmental Materials with Monodispersion Soot Particle Interference on SO2 Concentration Measurement Accuracy
Authors: Chen Bao Hua , Zhao Yan Jun , Wang Chong Hao , Cheng Shou Guang
Published: July 2014

SO2 is one of the most important atmosphere pollutants which can be figured out by measuring the attenuation of the visible light intensity on the characteristic wavelength. But the visible light intensity is also attenuated by the monodispersion soot particles because of the particles absorption and scattering. The interference of the monodispersion particles is discussed in the paper. Simulation results show that the impact parameters on the SO2 concentration accuracy include the received scattering angle range, particle size and concentration. According to the study SO2 concentration measurement accuracy can be improved
Anaerobic Biological Filter - Biological Contact Oxidation Process of High Salt Wastewater Treatment Process Coupling and Influencing Factors
Authors: Yuan Ya Shu , Yuan Xin , Cao Xin , Yu Peng Fei , Liu Chun Lin
Published: July 2014

In this study a food company in the production of sauerkraut pickled wastewater as an object, using the anaerobic biological filter and biological contact oxidation pond process, feed water salinity, HRT are investigated, and the effects of each process. The results showed that anaerobic biological filter when HRT is 36 h, the COD removal rate can reach 81%. Biological contact oxidation pool when HRT is 60 h, when the COD removal rate reached 85%. Anaerobic biological filter - biological contact oxidation coupling process of pickling wastewater removal effect is obvious, after processing salted COD removal rate reached 88%.
Research of Digital TV Public Cultural Information Service System Based on DBS
Authors: Xu Hai Hua , Liu Li Ping , Liu Bai Chuan
Published: July 2014

In the existing digital TV platform based on direct broadcast satellite, using the idle repeater resources, digital TV intelligent operating system and the core technology of middleware can present multiple functions such as broadcast TV, cable TV network etc. in one terminal without increasing the cost of existing satellite receiving terminal, realizing a variety of digital service like satellite TV channels, local channels, movies pushing Well-being community, health care, culture sharing, government affairs openness, television, newspapers and magazines. At the same time it can be transmitted to the edge server of Internet, the front of cable TV network and other network environment to realize the integration of three kinds of networks, which creates a kind of public digital cultural information service system with less investment, multiple functions, wide coverage, fast transmission speed, resource sharing, safe and controllable.
Information Technology in Environment Digital Design Based on CAD
Authors: Xiao Wei
Published: July 2014

Spatial structure of landscape ecology is composed by different ecosystems, the interaction function and dynamics. It is to the entire landscape as the research object, emphasizing the interaction between the protection and management of large areas of population ecology, management of environmental resources and human activities spatial heterogeneity of the maintenance and development, ecosystem and its components on the landscape impact. This paper presents several models of several computer-aided digital design environments, and the depth of the concrete application of various models.
The Model Design of the Security of Electronic Records under Digital Office Environment
Authors: Tong Da Peng , Zou Li Ren , Shi Zhi Guo , Huang Nan
Published: July 2014

In this paper, to meet the security need of electronic records under the digital office environment, technological requirement of the security of electronic records is analyzed, and the security model of electronic records based on IPSec protocol is designed and tested under Windows 2000 Server system. As is showed in the test result, this model can secure the electronic records based on digital office environment.
Research on Applied Technology with Variable Parameter Iteration Method Research of Two-Dimensional NMR Inversion
Authors: Gu Yu Feng , Zhang Ya Nan
Published: July 2014

Two-dimensional NMR has obvious advantages that it is fast and intuitive on identification of reservoir fluid, and it can estimate physical parameters accurately on evaluation, while inversion method of the two-dimensional NMR is the important basis of the logging interpretation work. Through studies about the previous TSVD inversion methods, the truncated standard of the singular value matrix has been improved in order to retain more singular values on the condition number reducing of the inversed equations, meanwhile in iterative process, variable parameter iteration algorithm is proposed to make computing more quick and efficient. In method validation, the inversed diffusion-relaxation two-dimensional NMR spectrum is fitting well with the construct spectrum and the spending time is 57 seconds. The inversed effect of variable parameter iteration method indicates that compared with the TSVD, the new method can give the reliable results very quickly which is highly beneficial for the identification and evaluation of the reservoir fluid, and has certain significance in practical petroleum exploration.
Applied-Information Technology in the Relationship Research between Industry Structure and Discipline Structure of Higher Education in Fujian Province of China
Authors: Liu Li Jian
Published: July 2014

This paper is concerned with the relationship between the industry structure and discipline structure of higher education in Fujian province of China. It draws on the data about the industry structure from the Fujian Statistical Yearbook (2005-2012) and the data about the discipline structure from Fujian Education Statistical Yearbook (1949-2012). After correlation analysis and comparison analysis between the industry structure in the GDP value and the labor in Fujian Province from 2005-2012 and the discipline structure in Fujian’s universities and colleges from2005-2012, this article concludes that the industry structure decides the discipline structure of higher education in a district and the discipline structure also affects the industry structure, and for the universities and colleges in Fujian Province, they should pay more attention to the development of engineering programs, increase the enrollment of them and relatively decrease the enrollment of the art students.
Prerequisite for Converting High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes to High-Occupancy/Toll (HOT) Lanes
Authors: Huang Qing Xia , Qiang Sheng Jie
Published: July 2014

High-occupancy/toll (HOT) lanes have emerged as an increasingly popular form of lane management strategy. A realistic cellular automaton model is constructed to analyze the prerequisite for converting HOV lane to HOT lane in various circumstances. Our observation suggests that HOT lane performs as well as or better than an HOV lane in all circumstances. Also, there is a threshold in terms of HOV inflow probability, beyond which the HOV lane can be fully utilized and actually performs as well as the HOT lane and this threshold has much to do with the maximum inflow probability in free-flow state.
FEA on Ramp Plate of Scraper Conveyor Based on ABAQUS
Authors: Ren Zhong Quan , Zhang Jian Long , Liang Xin
Published: July 2014

This article applies the Pro/E software to build the solid model of the ramp plate,and then import it into the ABAQUS which is one of finite element analysis software.By the analysis and calculation of the ramp plate which is the key components of the scraper conveyor.The problems that may exist in the key components to the actual use are solved,and the rationality of the key components structure is improved to make sure the reliability and service life of the ramp plate.
The Review of Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics of Rolling Bearing Performances Based on Poor Information Theory
Authors: Xia Xin Tao , Li Yong Fei , Qin Yuan Yuan , Qiu Ming
Published: July 2014

Based on information-poor theory, this paper expounds the variable uncertainty, the function polytrope, and the chaotic characteristics of rolling bearing performances, and reveals the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of rolling bearing performances. This can provide a new method of evolvement of characteristics of rolling bearing performances, and offer a train of thought for breaking through the system of the statistical theory which is chronically adopted to evaluate bearing performances, and for opening up a new field of poor information analysis.
Age and Menopausal Status Affect Osteoprotegerin and Osteocalcin Levels in Women Differently, Irrespective of Thyroid Function
Authors: Shinkov Alexander D. , Borissova Anna-Maria I. , Kovatcheva Roussanka D. , Atanassova lliana B. , Vlahov Jordan D. , Dakovska Lilia N.
Published: July 2014

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteocalcin (OC) are essential bone proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated that they are not secreted solely by bone cells; they play roles in the vascular function and energy metabolism, and they are influenced by multiple factors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of menopause and age on OPG and OC in women with different thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.

Material and Methods

We studied 49 women with elevated TSH, 26 with suppressed TSH, and 67 age-matched euthyroid controls. Of them 64 were menstruating and 78 postmenopausal. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), serum TSH, free thyroxin (FT4), OPG, and OC were measured.

Results

Generally, both OPG and OC were higher in the postmenopausal women than in the menstruating subjects (OPG 3.85 ± 1.49 pmol/L vs. 5.84 ± 2.42 pmol/L, P < 0.001; OC 8.84 ± 3.70 ng/dL vs. 12.87 ± 6.45 ng/dL, P < 0.001), and within the two thyroid dysfunction subgroups and the controls (all P < 0.05). OPG correlated with age (postmenopausal rho = 0.57, P < 0.001; premenopausal rho = 0.31, P = 0.015). Among the premenopausal subjects, OPG was higher in those with low TSH than in the controls ( P = 0.048). OC correlated negatively with BMI and WC in the postmenopausal group (Spearman rho = –-0.25, P = 0.03 and rho = –-0.42, P < 0.001 respectively). OC was higher in the postmenopausal subjects with low TSH than in those with elevated TSH ( P = 0.024), and correlated positively with FT4 (rho = 0.40, P = 0.002) and negatively with TSH (rho = -0.29, P = 0.013).

CONCLUSIONS

In women, OPG and OC depended differently on age and menopause and, to a lesser extent, on the thyroid function and body composition.
Campylobacter fetus Bacteremia in an Immunocompetent Traveler
Authors: Mikals Kyle , Masel Jennifer , Gleeson Todd
Published: July 2014

Campylobacter fetus bacteremia is a rare human infection that occurs almost exclusively in the setting of advanced age, immunosuppression, human immunodeficiency virus infection, alcoholism, or recent gastrointestinal surgery. This report of C. fetus bacteremia in a 39-year-old immunocompetent traveler who ate raw beef identifies C. fetus as a potential emerging pathogen in normal hosts.
Delayed Anemia After Treatment with Injectable Artesunate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Manageable Issue
Authors: Burri Christian , Ferrari Giovanfrancesco , Ntuku Henry Maggi , Kitoto Antoinette Tshefu , Duparc Stephan , Hugo Pierre , Mitembo Didier Kalemwa , Lengeler Christian
Published: July 2014

Cases of delayed hemolytic anemia have been described after treatment with injectable artesunate, the current World Health Organization (WHO)–recommended first-line drug for the treatment of severe malaria. A total of 350 patients (215 [61.4%] < 5 years of age and 135 [38.6%] ≥ 5 years of age) were followed-up after treatment with injectable artesunate for severe malaria in hospitals and health centers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Complete series of hemoglobin (Hb) measurements were available for 201 patients. A decrease in Hb levels between 2 and 5 g/dL was detected in 23 (11.4%) patients during the follow-up period. For five patients, Hb levels decreased below 5 g/dL during at least one follow-up visit. All cases of delayed anemia were clinically manageable and resolved within one month.
Treatment Outcomes for Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Post-Earthquake Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Authors: Charles Macarthur , Vilbrun Stalz Charles , Koenig Serena P. , Hashiguchi Lauren M. , Mabou Marie Marcelle , Ocheretina Oksana , Pape Jean W.
Published: July 2014

We report outcomes and 12-month survival for the first cohort of patients to undergo multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment after the earthquake in Haiti. From March 3, 2010 to March 28, 2013, 110 patients initiated treatment of laboratory-confirmed MDR-TB at the Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO) Center in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Twenty-seven patients (25%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. As of October 31, 2013, 95 (86%) patients were either cured or alive on treatment, 4 (4%) patients defaulted, and 11 (10%) patients died. Culture conversion occurred by 30 days in 14 (13%) patients, 60 days in 49 (45%) patients, and 90 days in 81 (74%) patients. The probabilities of survival to 12 months were 96% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 89–99) and 85% (95% CI = 64–94) for HIV-negative and -positive patients, respectively. Despite adverse conditions, outcomes for patients with MDR-TB are highly encouraging. Major efforts are underway to scale up community directly observed therapy and expand care to other regions of Haiti.
Water-Related Infrastructure in a Region of Post-Earthquake Haiti: High Levels of Fecal Contamination and Need for Ongoing Monitoring
Authors: Widmer Jocelyn M. , Weppelmann Thomas A. , Alam Meer T. , Morrissey B. David , Redden Edsel , Rashid Mohammed H. , Diamond Ulrica , Ali Afsar , De Rochars Madsen Beau , Blackburn Jason K. , Johnson Judith A. , Morris J. Glenn
Published: July 2014

We inventoried non-surface water sources in the Leogane and Gressier region of Haiti (approximately 270 km2) in 2012 and 2013 and screened water from 345 sites for fecal coliforms and Vibrio cholerae. An international organization/non-governmental organization responsible for construction could be identified for only 56% of water points evaluated. Sixteen percent of water points were non-functional at any given time; 37% had evidence of fecal contamination, with spatial clustering of contaminated sites. Among improved water sources (76% of sites), 24.6% had fecal coliforms versus 80.9% in unimproved sources. Fecal contamination levels increased significantly from 36% to 51% immediately after the passage of Tropical Storm Sandy in October of 2012, with a return to 34% contamination in March of 2013. Long-term sustainability of potable water delivery at a regional scale requires ongoing assessment of water quality, functionality, and development of community-based management schemes supported by a national plan for the management of potable water.
The fate of NOx emissions due to nocturnal oxidation at high latitudes: 1-D simulations and sensitivity experiments
Authors: Joyce P. L. , von Glasow R. , Simpson W. R.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The fate of nitrogen oxide pollution during high-latitude winter is controlled by reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) and is highly affected by the competition between heterogeneous atmospheric reactions and deposition to the snowpack. MISTRA (MIcrophysical STRAtus), a 1-D photochemical model, simulated an urban pollution plume from Fairbanks, Alaska to investigate this competition of N2O5 reactions and explore sensitivity to model parameters. It was found that dry deposition of N2O5 made up a significant fraction of N2O5 loss near the snowpack, but reactions on aerosol particles dominated loss of N2O5 over the integrated atmospheric column. Sensitivity experiments found the fate of NOx emissions were most sensitive to NO emission flux, photolysis rates, and ambient temperature. The results indicate a strong sensitivity to urban area density, season and clouds, and temperature, implying a strong sensitivity of the results to urban planning and climate change. Results suggest that secondary formation of particulate (PM2.5) nitrate in the Fairbanks downtown area does not contribute significant mass to the total PM2.5 concentration, but appreciable amounts are formed downwind of downtown due to nocturnal NOx oxidation and subsequent reaction with ammonia on aerosol particles.
Constraints on Asian ozone using Aura TES, OMI and Terra MOPITT
Authors: Jiang Z. , Worden J. R. , Jones D. B. A. , Lin J. T. , Verstraeten W. W. , Henze D. K.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Rapid industrialization in Asia in the last two decades has resulted in a significant increase in Asian ozone (O3) pre-cursor emissions with likely a corresponding increase in the export of O3 and its pre-cursors. However, the relationship between this increasing O3, the chemical environment, O3 production efficiency, and the partitioning between anthropogenic and natural precursors is unclear. In this work, we use satellite measurements of O3, CO and NO2 from TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer), MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution In The Troposphere) and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) to quantify O3 pre-cursor emissions for 2006 and their impact on free-tropospheric O3 over North-East Asia, where pollution is typically exported globally due to strong westerlies. Using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model, we show that the modeled seasonal variation of O3 based on these updated O3 pre-cursor emissions is consistent with the observed O3 variability and amount, after accounting for known biases in the TES O3 data. Using the adjoint of GEOS-Chem we then partition the relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources to free troposphere O3 in this region. We find that the influence of lightning NOx is important in summer. The contribution from anthropogenic NOx is dominant in other seasons. China is the major contributor of anthropogenic VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), whereas the influence of biogenic VOCs is mainly from Southeast Asia. Our result shows that the influence of India and Southeast Asia emissions on O3 pollution export is significant, comparable with Chinese emisisons in winter and about 50% of Chinese emissions in other seasons.
A two-habit model for the microphysical and optical properties of ice clouds
Authors: Liu C. , Yang P. , Minnis P. , Loeb N. , Kato S. , Heymsfield A. , Schmitt C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. To provide a better representation of natural ice clouds, a novel ice cloud model containing two particle habits is developed. The microphysical and optical properties of the two-habit model (THM) are compared with both laboratory and in situ measurements, and its performance in downstream satellite remote sensing applications is tested. The THM assumes an ice cloud to be an ensemble of hexagonal columns and twenty-element aggregates, and to have specific habit fractions at each particle size. The ice water contents and median mass diameters calculated based on the THM closely agree with in situ measurements made during 11 field campaigns. In this study, the scattering, absorption, and polarization properties of ice crystals are calculated with a combination of the invariant imbedding T-matrix, pseudo-spectral time domain, and improved geometric-optics methods over an entire range of particle sizes. The phase functions, calculated based on the THM, show excellent agreement with counterparts from laboratory and in situ measurements and from satellite retrievals. For downstream applications in the retrieval of cloud microphysical and optical properties from MODIS observations, the THM presents excellent spectral consistency; specifically, the retrieved cloud optical thicknesses based on the visible/near infrared bands and the thermal infrared bands agree quite well. Furthermore, a comparison between the polarized reflectivities observed by the PARASOL satellite and from theoretical simulations illustrates that the THM can be used to represent ice cloud polarization properties.
Coordinated radar observations of plasma wave characteristics in the auroral F region
Authors: Makarevich R. A. , Bristow W. A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Properties of decameter-scale plasma waves in the auroral F region are investigated using coordinated observations of plasma wave characteristics with the Kodiak HF coherent radar (KOD) and Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) systems in the Alaskan sector. We analyze one event on 14 November 2012 that occurred during the first PFISR Ion-Neutral Observations in the Thermosphere (PINOT) campaign when exceptionally good F region backscatter data at 1 s resolution were collected by KOD over the wide range of locations also monitored by PFISR. In particular, both radar systems were observing continuously along the same magnetic meridian, which allowed for a detailed comparison between the line-of-sight (l-o-s) velocity data sets. It is shown that l-o-s velocity correlation for data points strictly matched in time (within 1 s) depends strongly on the number of ionospheric echoes detected by KOD in a given post-integration interval or, equivalently, on the KOD echo occurrence in that interval. The l-o-s velocity correlations reach 0.7–0.9 for echo occurrences exceeding 70%, while also showing considerable correlations of 0.5–0.6 for occurrences as low as 10%. Using the same approach of strictly matching the KOD and PFISR data points, factors controlling coherent echo power are investigated, focusing on the electric field and electron density dependencies. It is demonstrated that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of F region echoes increases nearly monotonically with an increasing electric field strength as well as with an increasing electron density, except at large density values, where SNR drops significantly. The electric field control can be understood in terms of the growth rate of the gradient-drift waves being proportional to the convection drift speed under conditions of fast-changing convection flows, while the density effect may involve over-refraction at large density values and radar backscatter power proportionality to the perturbation density.
Seasonal distributions and fluxes of 210Pb and 210Po in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Wei C.-L. , Yi M.-C. , Lin S.-Y. , Wen L.-S. , Lee W.-H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Vertical distributions of dissolved and particulate 210Pb and 210Po in the water column at the SouthEast Asian Time-series Study (SEATS, 18°00' N and 116°00' E) station in the northern South China Sea were determined from 4 cruises between January 2007 and June 2008. A large deficiency of 210Pb, 379 ± 43 × 103 dpm m−2, from the secular equilibrium was found within the 3500 m water column. On the other hand, a smaller deficiency of 210Po, 100 ± 21 × 103 dpm m−2, relative to 210Pb was found in the water column. Time-series data showed insignificant temporal variability of the 210Pb and 210Po profiles. To balance these deficiencies, the removal fluxes for 210Pb and 210Po via particle settling range from 45 to 51 dpm m−2 d−1 and from 481 to 567 dpm m−2 d−1, respectively, are expected at 3500 m. The 210Pb removal flux is comparable with, whereas the 210Po removal flux is much higher than, the flux directly measured by moored sediment traps. The discrepancy between the modeled 210Po flux and the measured flux suggests that sporadic events that enhance 210Po removal via sinking ballast may occur in the water column at the site.
An evaluation of analytical stream to groundwater exchange models: a comparison of gross exchanges based on different spatial flow distribution assumptions
Authors: Exner-Kittridge M. , Salinas J. L. , Zessner M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In this paper, a new method for estimating gross gains and losses between streams and groundwater is developed and evaluated against two existing approaches. These three stream to groundwater exchange (SGE) estimation methods are distinct in their assumptions on the spatial distribution of the inflowing and outflowing fluxes along the stream. The two existing methods assume that the fluxes are independent and in a specific sequence, while the third and newly derived method assumes that both fluxes occur simultaneously and uniformly throughout the stream. The analytic expressions in connection to the underlying assumptions are investigated through numerical stream simulations to evaluate the individual and mutual dynamics of the SGE estimation methods and to understand the causes for the differences in performance. The results show that the three methods produce significantly different results and that the mean absolute normalized error can have up to an order of magnitude difference between the methods. These differences between the SGE methods are entirely due to the assumptions of the SGE spatial dynamics of the methods, and the performance for a particular approach strongly decreases if its assumptions are not fulfilled. The assessment of the three methods through numerical simulations, representing a variety of SGE dynamics, shows that the method introduced, considering simultaneous stream gains and losses, presents overall the highest performance according to the simulations. As the existing methods provide the minimum and maximum realistic values of SGE within a stream reach, all three methods could be used in conjunction for a full range of estimates. These SGE methods can also be used in conjunction with other end-member mixing models to acquire even more hydrologic information as both require the same type of input data.
Assessment of tsunami hazards for the Central American Pacific coast from southern Mexico to northern Peru
Authors: Brizuela B. , Armigliato A. , Tinti S.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Central America (CA), from Guatemala to Panama, has been struck by at least 52 tsunamis between 1539 and 2013, and in the extended region from Mexico to northern Peru (denoted as ECA, Extended Central America in this paper) the number of recorded tsunamis in the same time span is more than 100, most of which were triggered by earthquakes located in the Middle American Trench that runs parallel to the Pacific coast. The most severe event in the catalogue is the tsunami that occurred on 2 September 1992 off Nicaragua, with run-up measured in the range of 5–10 m in several places along the Nicaraguan coast. The aim of this paper is to assess the tsunami hazard on the Pacific coast of this extended region, and to this purpose a hybrid probabilistic-deterministic analysis is performed, that is adequate for tsunamis generated by earthquakes. More specifically, the probabilistic approach is used to compute the Gutenberg–Richter coefficients of the main seismic tsunamigenic zones of the area and to estimate the annual rate of occurrence of tsunamigenic earthquakes and their corresponding return period. The output of the probabilistic part of the method is taken as input by the deterministic part, which is applied to calculate the tsunami run-up distribution along the coast.
Microbial biomass and basal respiration of selected Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic soils in the areas of some Russian polar stations
Authors: Abakumov E. , Mukhametova N.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Antarctica is a unique place for soil, biological, and ecological investigations. Soils of Antarctica have been studied intensively during the last century, when different national Antarctic expeditions visited the sixth continent with the aim of investigating nature and the environment. Antarctic investigations are comprised of field surveys mainly in the terrestrial landscapes, where the polar stations of different countries are situated. That is why the main and most detailed soil surveys were conducted in the McMurdo Valleys, Transantarctic Mountains, South Shetland Islands, Larsemann Hills and the Schirmacher Oasis. Our investigations were conducted during the 53rd and 55th Russian Antarctic expeditions in the base of soil pits, and samples were collected in Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions. Sub-Antarctic or maritime landscapes are considered to be very different from Antarctic landscapes due to differing climatic and geogenic conditions. Soils of diverse zonal landscapes were studied with the aim of assessing the microbial biomass level, basal respiration rates and metabolic activity of microbial communities. This investigation shows that Antarctic soils are quite diverse in profile organization and carbon content. In general, Sub-Antarctic soils are characterized by more developed humus (sod) organo-mineral horizons as well as by an upper organic layer. The most developed organic layers were revealed in peat soils of King George Island, where its thickness reach, in some cases, was 80 cm. These soils as well as soils formed under guano are characterized by the highest amount of total organic carbon (TOC), between 7.22 and 33.70%. Coastal and continental Antarctic soils exhibit less developed Leptosols, Gleysols, Regolith and rare Ornhitosol, with TOC levels between 0.37 and 4.67%. The metabolic ratios and basal respiration were higher in Sub-Antarctic soils than in Antarctic ones, which can be interpreted as a result of higher amounts of fresh organic remnants in organic and organo-mineral horizons. The soils of King George Island also have higher portions of microbial biomass (max 1.54 mg g−1) compared to coastal (max 0.26 mg g−1) and continental (max 0.22 mg g−1) Antarctic soils. Sub-Antarctic soils differ from Antarctic ones mainly by having increased organic layer thickness and total organic carbon content, higher microbial biomass carbon content, basal respiration, and metabolic activity levels.
Methodological interference of biochar in the determination of extracellular enzyme activities in composting samples
Authors: Jindo K. , Matsumoto K. , García Izquierdo C. , Sonoki T. , Sanchez-Monedero M. A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Biochar application has received increasing attention as a means to trap recalcitrant carbon and enhance soil fertility. Hydrolytic enzymatic assays, such as β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities, are used for the assessment of soil quality and composting process, which are based on use of p-nitrophenol (PNP) derivatives as substrate. However, sorption capacity of biochar can interfere with colorimetric determination of the hydrolysed PNP, either by the sorption of the substrate or the reaction product of hydrolysis into biochar surface. The aim of the present work is to study the biochar sorption capacity for PNP in biochar-blended composting mixtures in order to assess its impact on the estimation of the colorimetric-based enzymatic assays. A retention test was conducted by adding a solution of known amounts of PNP in universal buffer solution (pH = 5, 6.5 and 11, corresponding to the β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity assays, respectively), in samples taken at the initial stage and after maturation stage from four different composting piles (two manure composting piles; PM: poultry manure, CM: cow manure and two other similar piles containing 10% of additional biochar (PM + B, CM + B)). The results show that biochar-blended composts (PM + B, CM + B) generally exhibited low enzymatic activities, compared to manure compost without biochar (PM, CM). In terms of the difference between the initial and maturation stage of composting process, the PNP retention in biochar was shown higher at maturation stage, caused most probably by an enlarged proportion of biochar inside compost mixture after the selective degradation of easily decomposable organic matter. TThe retention of PNP on biochar was influenced by pH dependency of sorption capacity of biochar and/or PNP solubility, since PNP was more efficiently retained by biochar at low pH values (5 and 6.5) than at high pH values (11).
Modelling the transfer of supraglacial meltwater to the bed of Leverett Glacier, southwest Greenland
Authors: Clason C. C. , Mair D. W. F. , Nienow P. W. , Bartholomew I. D. , Sole A. , Palmer S. , Schwanghart W.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Meltwater delivered to the bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet is a driver of variable ice-motion through changes in effective pressure and enhanced basal lubrication. Ice surface velocities have been shown to respond rapidly both to meltwater production at the surface and to drainage of supraglacial lakes, suggesting efficient transfer of meltwater from the supraglacial to subglacial hydrological systems. Although considerable effort is currently being directed towards improved modelling of the controlling surface and basal processes, modelling the temporal and spatial evolution of the transfer of melt to the bed has received less attention. Here we present the results of spatially-distributed modelling for prediction of moulins and lake drainages on the Leverett Glacier in south-west Greenland. The model is run for the 2009 and 2010 ablation seasons, and for future increased melt scenarios. The temporal and spatial patterns of modelled lake drainages are qualitatively comparable with those seen from analyses of satellite imagery. The modelled timings and locations of delivery of meltwater to the bed match well with observed temporal and spatial patterns of ice surface speed ups. This is particularly true for the lower catchment (< 1000 m a.s.l.) where both the model and observations indicate that the development of moulins is the main mechanism for the transfer of surface meltwater to the bed. At higher elevations (e.g. 1250–1500 m a.s.l.) the development and drainage of supraglacial lakes becomes increasingly important. At these higher elevations, the delay between modelled melt generation and subsequent delivery of melt to the bed matches the observed delay between the peak air temperatures and subsequent velocity speed ups. Although both moulins and lake drainages are predicted to increase in number for future warmer climate scenarios, the lake drainages play an increasingly important role in both expanding the area over which melt accesses the bed and in enabling a greater proportion of surface melt to reach the bed.
GESTÃO DE POLÍTICA DE EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL: PAPEL DA ESTRUTURA PARA A GARANTIA DO ATENDIMENTO EDUCACIONAL ESPECIALIZADO
Authors: Gonzales Roseli Kubo , Andrade Simone Girardi , Prieto Rosângela Gavioli
Published: July 2014

Este trabalho provém de pesquisa mais ampla sobre a implantação e a gestão dapolítica de educação especial paulistana e analisa suas implicações no atendimentoeducacional especializado junto a alunos com deficiência, transtornos globais dodesenvolvimento e altas habilidades/superdotação. O foco ora apresentado averigua e analisaa estrutura e o funcionamento de dois centros de apoio especializado, cotejando asinformações com produções legais e teóricas sobre o tema. Baseada na metodologia dapesquisa-ação, concluiu-se que havia aspectos preconizados na legislação ainda nãoimplantados integralmente e os que não foram realizados, como a produção, sistematização eanálise de dados pelos centros de apoio especializado, tornando-se desafios a seremenfrentados no aprimoramento da gestão da política pelas equipes locais.
EDUCAÇÃO INCLUSIVA: REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DE PROFESSORES QUE ENSINAM MATEMÁTICA
Authors: Moreira Geraldo Eustáquio , Manrique Ana Lúcia
Published: July 2014

Diante da escassez de pesquisas que investigam as relações entre professores queensinam Matemática e alunos com deficiência, realizou-se uma investigação que teve comoobjetivos identificar as representações sociais que estes profissionais têm sobre a deficiência esobre as relações estabelecidas entre alunos com e sem deficiências, bem como saber seusconhecimentos e verificar suas crenças, comportamentos e dúvidas acerca da temática. Apesquisa foi desenvolvida com 65 professores que ensinam Matemática e a recolha dos dadosse deu a partir de três situações cotidianas. Utilizou-se a metodologia do Discurso do SujeitoColetivo, tendo como referencial teórico-metodológico a Teoria das Representações Sociais.Os resultados evidenciaram a presença de distintas representações acerca da temática, composturas que vão do apoio e incentivo à inclusão do aluno com deficiência à representaçõesque descortinaram manifestações de dúvidas, opiniões e atitudes contrárias à inclusão dessesalunos em aulas regulares de Matemática.
FORMAÇÃO, SABERES E PRÁTICAS DE PROFESSORES DE HISTÓRIA: UM ESTUDO EM CAPINÓPOLIS, MG, BRASIL
Authors: Júnior Astrogildo Fernandes da Silva , Santana Luana Ferreira
Published: July 2014

Este texto tem como objetivo analisar a formação, os saberes e as práticas deprofessores de história que atuam em uma escola pública localizada na cidade de Capinópolis,MG, Brasil. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi inspirada na História Oral Temática.Foram entrevistadas três professoras de história que atuavam na rede estadual de ensino,desde os anos finais do ensino fundamental até o ensino médio, especificamente, na escolaSérgio de Freitas Pacheco, em Capinópolis. As narrativas orais foram transcritas etextualizadas com o propósito de refletir sobre a formação, os saberes e as práticas, mastambém não deixando de lado as necessidades, dificuldades, vantagens, desvantagens e oprocesso da construção da identidade docente. Verificou-se que as professoras constroem suasidentidades ao longo da vida, em diferentes espaços de formação. A formação docente, ascondições de trabalho, as políticas públicas, direta ou indiretamente, são constitutivas dossaberes e das práticas pedagógicas. Mesmo diante das adversidades, essas professorasprocuram desenvolver suas práticas na perspectiva de contribuir para a formação cidadã dascrianças e jovens.