bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of the dynamics of planar wire array Z-pinch preconditioned by a controlled prepulse current
Authors: Wu Jian , Lu Yihan , Chen Ziwei , Zhang Daoyuan , Shi Huantong , Jiang Zhiyuan , Wang Zhenyu
Published: March 2022

The influences of the prepulse current on the implosion dynamics of planar wire array were investigated. The time-delay between the prepulse current and the main current (Tdelay) was able to be controlled manually based on the double pulse current generator “Qin-1.” In the precondition stage by the prepulse current, the corona plasma, aluminum vapor, and residual wire cores formed during the explosion of the wires, and ∼40% (±10%) mass of the wires was in a gaseous state at ∼425 ns after the prepulse. After the main pulse was applied, the low-density corona plasma was first imploded and then collided with the aluminum vapor and residual dense cores. Then, the further implosion of the preconditoned wires closely related to their mass distribution, which was determined by the duration of Tdelay. The residual dense wire cores had a significant impact on the implosion when Tdelay was ∼200 ns. When Tdelay increased to ∼> 500 ns, the mass distribution gradually became uniform, and the implosion of the preconditioned wires showed no ablation and no trailing mass.
Mode tracking method based on information entropy prejudging mode swapping
Authors: Xiao Zhenning , Li Qiuhao , Sun Zefei , Li Weiwen , Zhang Baoping
Published: March 2022

Mode tracking based on correlation is a common method to achieve reasonable mode ordering in characteristic mode analysis (CMA). However, it is time-consuming to traverse the correlation calculation with all frequency points. For this reason, it is proposed to use information entropy in determining the frequency points of mode swapping in advance, which effectively improves the computational efficiency of CMA. Meanwhile, it is pointed out that for higher-order modes or electrically large structures, pseudo-degenerate modes are prone to appear, which results in mode swapping. In a large frequency range, the reactance property of a mode can be reversed, causing a change in the physical meaning of the mode. Therefore, CMA is best performed in the frequency range adapted to the structure size. Numerical analysis examples show the feasibility of this mode tracking method and confirm the rationality of mode performance analysis.
Theoretical model for nonlinear spin-wave transient processes in active-ring oscillators with variable gain and its application for magnonic reservoir computing
Authors: Nikitin Andrey A. , Nikitin Aleksei A. , Ustinov Alexey B. , Watt S. , Kostylev M. P.
Published: March 2022

A theoretical model for numerical simulation of the nonlinear spin-wave transient processes in magnonic active-ring oscillators (MAROs) with variable gain has been developed. The model employs the formalism of the Landau–Ginzburg equation to describe the nonlinear propagation of spectrally narrow magnonic wave packets in a magnetic film. We show that the model allows one to simulate ring's operation above the self-generation threshold as a magnonic physical reservoir computer for which the control of ring gain is employed as a method of data input into the physical reservoir. Performance of the reservoir computer was evaluated by carrying out numerical simulations using the developed model. To this end, we simulated the completion of the short-term memory and the parity-check tasks by the model. We found that the simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data. This evidences that the constructed model can be used for investigating physics underlying the performance of the MARO as a physical reservoir computer and for reservoir optimization with the final goal of maximizing reservoir performance.
Quantum device designing (QDD) for future semiconductor engineering
Authors: John J. D. , Nishimoto S. , Kadowaki N. , Saito I. , Okano K. , Okano S. , Zahn D. R. T. , Masuzawa T. , Yamada T. , Chua D. H. C. , Ito T.
Published: March 2022

In semiconductor device history, a trend is observed where narrowing and increasing the number of material layers improve device functionality, with diodes, transistors, thyristors, and superlattices following this trend. While superlattices promise unique functionality, they are not widely adopted due to a technology barrier, requiring advanced fabrication, such as molecular beam epitaxy and lattice-matched materials. Here, a method to design quantum devices using amorphous materials and physical vapor deposition is presented. It is shown that the multiplication gain M depends on the number of layers of the superlattice, N, as M = kN, with k as a factor indicating the efficiency of multiplication. This M is, however, a trade-off with transit time, which also depends on N. To demonstrate, photodetector devices are fabricated on Si, with the superlattice of Se and As2Se3, and characterized using current–voltage (I–V) and current–time (I–T) measurements. For superlattices with the total layer thicknesses of 200 nm and 2 μm, the results show that k200nm = 0.916 and k2μm = 0.384, respectively. The results confirm that the multiplication factor is related to the number of superlattice layers, showing the effectiveness of the design approach.
Reverse bias breakdown and photocurrent gain in CH3NH3PbBr3 films
Authors: Auf der Maur M. , Matteocci F. , Di Carlo A. , Testa M.
Published: March 2022

Perovskite films are promising candidates for fast, sensitive, and large area photodetectors. A gain in perovskite based detectors has been observed in several architectures, but a model describing the underlying mechanism is still missing or at least incomplete. Here, we present measurements of CH3NH3PbBr3 films under reverse bias exhibiting breakdown at 4–5 V and small photocurrent gain ≲ 2, which based on a phenomenological model, we explain tentatively by tunnel-assisted injection from the TiO2 electron transport layer and carrier multiplication, mediated by the electric field due to mobile ions.
Elucidating size effects on the yield strength of single-crystal Cu via the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
Authors: Stewart James A. , Olles Joseph D. , Wood Mitchell A.
Published: March 2022

Capturing the dynamic response of a material under high strain-rate deformation often demands challenging and time consuming experimental effort. While shock hydrodynamic simulation methods can aid in this area, a priori characterizations of the material strength under shock loading and spall failure are needed in order to parameterize constitutive models needed for these computational tools. Moreover, parameterizations of strain-rate-dependent strength models are needed to capture the full suite of Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) behavior of shock compressed metals, creating an unrealistic demand for these training data solely on experiments. Herein, we sweep a large range of geometric, crystallographic, and shock conditions within molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and demonstrate the breadth of RMI in Cu that can be captured from the atomic scale. Yield strength measurements from jetted and arrested material from a sinusoidal surface perturbation were quantified as YRMI=0.787±0.374 GPa, higher than strain-rate-independent models used in experimentally matched hydrodynamic simulations. Defect-free, single-crystal Cu samples used in MD will overestimate YRMI, but the drastic scale difference between experiment and MD is highlighted by high confidence neighborhood clustering predictions of RMI characterizations, yielding incorrect classifications.
Comment on “`Striped' rectangular rigid box with Hermitian and non-Hermitian PT symmetric potentials” [J. Math. Phys. 62, 102102 (2021)]
Authors: Fernández Francisco M.
Published: March 2022

We show that the two-dimensional quantum-mechanical model proposed by Kulkarni and Pathak [J. Math. Phys. 62, 102102 (2021)] is separable. Consequently, instead of solving a two-dimensional Schrödinger equation, it is sufficient to solve two one-dimensional eigenvalue equations, one of which is exactly solvable. The solution to the remaining equation can be given in terms of a transcendental equation.
Effects of steps on the hypersonic boundary layer transition over a cone at 10° angle-of-attack
Authors: Xu Xiwang , Yi Shihe , Han Junhao , Quan Pengcheng , Zheng Wenpeng
Published: March 2022

In a previous research on the hypersonic boundary layer transition over a sharp cone at 0° angle-of-attack (AoA), we concluded the different effects of the forward-facing step (FFS) and the backward-facing step (BFS) on the transition [Xu et al., AIAA J. 59, 439–446 (2021)]. This further study intends to examine if the conclusion still maintains after changing the nose bluntness and the angle-of-attack of the cone. Experiments are conducted in a Mach 6 wind tunnel using nano-tracer-based planar laser scattering techniques, temperature sensitive paints, and high-frequency pressure sensors. The results show that although the FFS delays the boundary layer transition while the BFS promotes the transition at AoA = 0°, a completely different pattern is observed at AoA = 10°, the FFS significantly promotes the transition, while the effect of the BFS appears only weakly to advocate the transition. Noteworthy, the nose bluntness will not change the effects of the BFS/FFS on the transition.
A study on sub-bandgap photoexcitation in nitrogen- and boron-doped diamond with interdigitated device structure
Authors: Woo Kelly , Malakoutian Mohamadali , Reeves Benjamin A. , Chowdhury Srabanti
Published: March 2022

Diamond is an ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor suitable for high power devices that require high current carrying capacity, high blocking voltages, and smaller form factors. We investigated various diamond structures for extrinsic photoconductive semiconductor switches, including an insulating high-pressure high-temperature type Ib (highly nitrogen-doped) substrate, a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) type IIa (unintentionally doped) substrate, a CVD grown semiconducting boron-doped epilayer on a type IIa substrate, and boron-implanted type Ib and IIa substrates. Using these samples, we fabricated and characterized planar interdigitated photoconductive switches with 30 μm, electrode gaps. 532 and 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser pulses with energies up to 3.5 mJ/pulse were used to trigger the switches. Photoresponses were measured at bias voltages ranging from 10 to 100 V, corresponding to electric fields of 3.3–33 kV/cm. In this field range, the type Ib device exhibited the highest average on/off-state current ratio, on the order of 1011, when triggered with 0.8 mJ/pulse, 532 nm laser pulses. However, only the CVD grown boron-doped epilayer and boron implanted IIa devices showed decent sensitivity to 1064 nm.
Experimental and numerical studies on the three-dimensional flow around single and two tandem circular cylinders in a duct
Authors: Zhang Xiang-Fei , Yang Juan-Cheng , Ni Ming-Jiu , Zhang Nian-Mei , Yu Xin-Gang
Published: March 2022

Experimental and numerical investigations are conducted in order to understand the flow around identical tandem circular cylinders confined in a duct (blockage ratio b = 0.1 and aspect ratio a = 5). In this work, the Reynolds number Re ranges from 40 to 200 and the spacing ratio (distance between two centers of tandem circular cylinders to diameter, L/d) from 0 to 8. When fluid flows around a single cylinder placed symmetrically in the duct (L/d=0), it is found that the Strouhal numbers St and mean drag coefficients Cd¯ increase with the increase in Re, although the separation angle θs decreases. For the flows around two tandem circular cylinders, the research is focused on examining the coupling effect of Re and L/d on St, flow structures, θs, Cd¯ and reverse region length Lr. Based on numerical results, the mathematical descriptions are established, Cd¯∼Re−1, θs∼Re−1/2, and St∼Re−1. The dependence of flow structures, drag forces, θs and Lr, on L/d is described in detail with the help of approaching velocity profiles, pressure coefficient Cp, and vorticity ωz* distribution on a cylinder's surface. Through numerical simulations, the detailed mechanisms about influences of these factors on the flow properties are revealed. The experimental results evidence the occurrence of three flow modes, i.e., no vortex shedding mode, single body mode, and reattachment mode, which are determined practically by the Reynolds number and space ratio. Both the measured St based on the dominate frequencies of vortex shedding and the visual flow field match well with numerical simulations.
Pyramidal shape four V-grooved silicon substrate for enhancing cubic phase gallium nitride growth
Authors: Khan Muhammad Saddique Akbar , Li Junchao , Ji Qingbin , Lei Menglai , Chen Huanqing , Lang Rui , Maqbool Muhammad , Hu Xiaodong
Published: March 2022

Strong spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric effects in hexagonal gallium nitride (h-GaN) seriously limit the efficiency of h-GaN-based devices. To overcome this issue, a pyramidal-shaped four V-grooved silicon (4PVG-Si) patterned substrate is introduced for transforming h-GaN into cubic GaN (c-GaN) at the nanoscale. The purpose of using 4PVG-Si instead of simple V-grooved Si (VG-Si) is to improve the crystal quality with the maximum cubic volume of GaN. The growth of c-GaN was verified by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and cathodoluminescence, whereas high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was further used to analyze the excessive and smooth c-GaN growth. The HRTEM images revealed that optimizing the growth of an aluminum nitride layer with 10–15 nm thicknesses promotes the maximum c-GaN volume. However, exceeding this thickness tended to the reduction in c-GaN volume, resulting in the development of big voids with abnormal tip-shaped growth. In the presence of big voids and abnormal tip-shaped growth, the hexagonal growth closed very late, and the cubic volume of c-GaN is reduced. To further promote the cubic phase of GaN, the growth conditions of GaN were also optimized. Our results proved that the design of 4PVG-Si and optimized growth conditions promote the maximum cubic volume of GaN.
HfZrOx-based capacitive synapses with highly linear and symmetric multilevel characteristics for neuromorphic computing
Authors: Zhu Ying , He Yongli , Chen Chunsheng , Zhu Li , Mao Huiwu , Zhu Yixin , Wang Xiangjing , Yang Yang , Wan Changjin , Wan Qing
Published: March 2022

A hardware based artificial neural network (ANN), which holds the potential to alleviate the computation load and energy of a digital computer, has propelled the development of memory devices that can resemble the synapse. Memcapacitors, especially based on ferroelectric materials, with theoretically no static power, nondestructive readout, and multiple polarization states, are expected to have good energy efficiency and endurance as emerging artificial synapses. However, conventional ferroelectric devices are characterized with extremely high remnant polarization, which requires high energy for polarization state updating and always leads to low linearity and symmetry in updating properties. Here, we show a memcapacitive synapse based on an Au/HfZrOx (HZO)/Au ferroelectric memcapacitor with moderate remnant polarization that can offer unexceptionable updating properties for building an ANN. The memcapacitor demonstrates more than 64 weight states with an ultralow weight updating energy of ≤3.0 fJ/μm2. Both potentiation and depression synaptic characteristics show an ultralow non-linearity of <10−2. Based on these properties, a two-layer restricted Boltzmann machine is built based on this memcapacitive synapse, and it can be trained to reconstruct incomplete images. The reconstructed images show reduced Euclidean distance to originals in comparison with that of the incomplete images. Furthermore, the memcapacitive synapse is also tested by a handwritten digits recognition task based on a simple perceptron, and the pattern recognition accuracy is as high as 93.4%. These results indicate that the HZO-based capacitive synapse devices have great potential for future high-efficiency neuromorphic systems.
Gas–liquid crossover in the Lennard-Jones system
Authors: Khrapak S. A.
Published: March 2022

It is demonstrated that the crossover between gas- and liquid-like regions on the phase diagram of the Lennard-Jones system occurs at a fixed value of the density divided by its value at the freezing point, ρ/ρfr ≃ 0.35. This definition is consistent with other definitions proposed recently. As a result, a very simple practical expression for the gas-to-liquid crossover line emerges.
Enhanced light collection from a gallium nitride color center using a near index-matched solid immersion lens
Authors: Bishop S. G. , Hadden J. P. , Hekmati R. , Cannon J. K. , Langbein W. W. , Bennett A. J.
Published: March 2022

Among wide-bandgap compound semiconductors, gallium nitride is the most widely available material due to its prevalence in the solid state lighting and high-speed/high-power electronics industries. It is now known that GaN is one of only a handful of materials to host color centers that emit quantum light at room temperature. In this paper, we report on a bright color center in a semi-polar gallium nitride substrate emitting at room temperature in the near-infrared. We show that a hemispherical solid immersion lens, near index matched to the semiconductor, can be used to enhance the photon collection efficiency by a factor of 4.3 ± 0.1 while improving the lateral resolution by a factor equal to the refractive index of the lens.
Effect of clustering on the orientational properties of a fluid of hard right isosceles triangles
Authors: Martínez-Ratón Yuri , Velasco Enrique
Published: March 2022

Recent studies have shown the fluid of hard right triangles to possess fourfold and quasi-eightfold (octatic) orientational symmetries. However, the standard density-functional theory for two-dimensional anisotropic fluids, based on two-body correlations, and an extension to incorporate three-body correlations fail to describe these symmetries. To explain the origin of octatic symmetry, we postulate strong particle clustering as a crucial ingredient. We use the scaled particle theory to analyze four binary mixtures of hard right triangles and squares, three of them being extreme models for a one-component fluid, where right triangles can exist as monomeric entities together with triangular dimers, square dimers, or square tetramers. Phase diagrams exhibit a rich phenomenology, with demixing and three-phase coexistences. More important, under some circumstances the orientational distribution function of triangles has equally high peaks at relative particle angles 0, π/2, and π, signaling fourfold, tetratic order, but also secondary peaks located at π/4 and 3π/4, a feature of eightfold, octatic order. Also, we extend the binary mixture model to a quaternary mixture consisting of four types of clusters: monomers, triangular and square dimers, and square tetramers. This mixture is analyzed using the scaled particle theory under the restriction of fixed cluster fractions. Apart from the obvious tetratic phase promoted by tetramers, we found that, for certain cluster compositions, the total orientational distribution function of monomers can exhibit quasi-eightfold (octatic) symmetry. The study gives evidence on the importance of clustering to explain the peculiar orientational properties of liquid-crystal phases in some two-dimensional fluids.
Infrared-active phonon modes and static dielectric constants in α-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 (0.18 ≤ x ≤ 0.54) alloys
Authors: Stokey Megan , Gramer Teresa , Korlacki Rafał , Knight Sean , Richter Steffen , Jinno Riena , Cho Yongjin , Xing Huili Grace , Jena Debdeep , Hilfiker Matthew , Darakchieva Vanya , Schubert Mathias
Published: March 2022

We determine the composition dependence of the transverse and longitudinal optical infrared-active phonon modes in rhombohedral α-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 alloys by far-infrared and infrared generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry. Single-crystalline high quality undoped thin-films grown on m-plane oriented α-Al2O3 substrates with x = 0.18, 0.37, and 0.54 were investigated. A single mode behavior is observed for all phonon modes, i.e., their frequencies shift gradually between the equivalent phonon modes of the isostructural binary parent compounds. We also provide physical model line shape functions for the anisotropic dielectric functions. We use the anisotropic high-frequency dielectric constants for polarizations parallel and perpendicular to the lattice c axis measured recently by Hilfiker et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 119, 092103 (2021)], and we determine the anisotropic static dielectric constants using the Lyddane–Sachs–Teller relation. The static dielectric constants can be approximated by linear relationships between those of α-Ga2O3 and α-Al2O3. The optical phonon modes and static dielectric constants will become useful for device design and free charge carrier characterization using optical techniques.
Target magnetic moment orientation estimation method based on full magnetic gradient orthonormal basis function
Authors: Qin Yijie , Li Maobin , Li Keyan , Pan Yang , Yang Xiaofei , Ouyang Jun
Published: March 2022

Magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) is an effective method to detect the existence and localization of magnetic targets. Magnetic signal processing technology can extract target signals from complex background noise. However, traditional magnetic signal processing methods cannot greatly improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) while also restoring information concerning the target. This is because the main existing method to calculate a target’s magnetic moment requires a pure target signal. Our research regarding the full magnetic gradient orthonormal basis function (FMG-OBF) addresses the problem of low SNRs for the target magnetic anomaly (TMA) signal. However, this method can only detect the presence of the target and cannot obtain the magnetic moment characteristics of the target. Benefiting from the FMG tensor, which contains large amounts of spatial magnetic field information, this paper is devoted to characterizing TMA in different orientations from the signal energy point of view. We analyze the influences of the target magnetic moment’s variation on the energy components of the TMA signal in various orientations, and further propose a target magnetic moment orientation estimation method. Compared with the traditional signal processing method, the proposed method can estimate the magnetic moment orientation of the target while greatly improving the SNR. Therefore, this method has significant application potential for the classification and identification of weak TMA signals in MAD.
Comparison of equations to predict the metabolisable energy content as applied to the vertical strata and plant parts of forage sorghum (
Authors: Lwin D. S. , Williams A. , Barber D. E. , Benvenutti M. A. , Williams B. , Poppi D. P. , Harper K. J.
Published: March 2022

Context Nutritive values, particularly energy content of tropical forages, need to be accurately assessed so that rations can be more precisely formulated. Aims The research aimed to collate and compare equations used to predict metabolisable energy content in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to ascertain the effect of vertical strata on metabolisable energy content to assist in producing silage of defined quality. Methods Twenty-four predictive metabolisable energy equations derived from international feeding standards were compared using forage sorghum samples grown under fertiliser and growth stage treatments. Samples were separated into leaf, stem and seed heads (where present) over four vertical strata. Key results Equations based on digestibility with crude protein were robust in the prediction of metabolisable energy and had application to routine laboratory use. Conclusions The current study suggests that predictions based on digestibility and crude protein content are best placed for metabolisable energy application. Such equations should be originally based on measured metabolisable energy content to establish a regression so as to be used for predictive purposes, and satisfy the biological requirement of in vivo and the laboratory measurement relationship with acceptable statistical error. Chemical composition relationships predicted different metabolisable energy contents. Implications Improved accuracy of the prediction of metabolisable energy content in tropical forages will provide better application of production models and more accurate decisions in ration formulation.
Identification of important genes involved in priming induced drought tolerance in barley through transcriptomic data mining
Authors: Zinati Zahra , Sazegari Sima
Published: March 2022

Context and aims Due to the effect of seed priming on abiotic stress-induced tolerance in plants, this study has been performed to identify the key genes responding to the seed osmo-priming process in a sensitive barley variety under drought stress. Methods The microarray data regarding barley expression analysis under drought stress (expression profile of GSE56437) was used to determine differentially expressed probes in time-series data with the BETR package in R. 1388 differentially expressed probes were ranked by 10 attribute weighting approaches in RapidMiner. Also, decision tree models were applied to provide insight into the combination of important probes in a ranked structure. Key results Following attribute weighting approaches analysis, 328 differentially probes were identified by at least one attribute weighting approach. The top-ranked genes were HORVU6Hr1G089600 (sugar transporter), HORVU7Hr1G060130 (superoxide dismutase [CU-ZN] 2, Chloroplastic), HORVU4Hr1G076520 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase/threonine-specific protein kinase) and HORVU3Hr1G082260 (3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1). Conclusions According to the promoter analysis of key genes, important transcription factor binding sites related to developmental processes, biotic and abiotic stress responses were identified. The most frequent consensus binding sites were related to the vernalisation1 transcription factor. Enriched gene ontology term analysis pointed out processes with a distinguished role in drought tolerance like oxidation–reduction. Implications To our awareness, this is the first study for identifying genes involved in priming-induced tolerance via integrating time-series data analysis, various attribute weighting approaches and decision tree models.
Functional responses of mangrove fauna to forest degradation
Authors: Barbanera Ada , Markesteijn Lars , Kairo James , Juma Gabriel A. , Karythis Simon , Skov Martin W.
Published: March 2022

Structural degradation of mangroves through the partial removal of trees is globally pervasive and likely to affect ecological functioning, including habitat provisioning for biodiversity. Biodiversity responses will depend on the severity of degradation, yet few studies have contraste and quantified several degradation states. Addressing this knowledge gap, we sampled faunal diversity across a range of mangrove forests in southern Kenya. Canopy cover was the strongest predictor of faunal responses among forest structural variables. Faunal abundance, species richness and biodiversity all decreased with reduction in canopy cover, and taxonomic and functional composition changed. The trophic diversity of crabs peaked at intermediate canopy cover, with degraded habitats having more generalist species and fewer specialists. Functional redundancy was unaffected by canopy thinning. The decline in functional diversity and richness of brachyuran crabs with canopy cover implies that resource-use efficiency weakens with increasing degradation. Our results are indicative of significant alterations to forest functioning with degradation, because epibenthic fauna are important regulators of mangrove ecosystem processes, including nutrient cycling and carbon.
Αστραδενή (Astradení) / Stregata dalle stelle
Authors: Hourmouziadis Stelios
Published: March 2022

The article deals with the notions of translation agency and habitus, while applying Mixed Methods and using interviewing as the primary source of information. The target text examined is the Italian translation of the book by Ευγενία Φακίνου (Evghenía Fakínou), Αστραδενή (Astradení), translated as Stregata dalle stelle by Claretta Candotti (publishers Κέδρος [Kédros] in Greece and Crocetti Editore in Italy). In applying Mixed Methods, my analysis follows Lieven D’hulst’s Translation History model, based on some of his eight Latin loci (quis, quid, ubi, quibus auxillis, cur, quomodo, quando, cui bono), with the aim of examining translation agency. In particular, I try to highlight the interaction between the author, the translator, the publishers, and the institutions promoting translation. Moreover, exploring sociological approaches to translation, I attempt to evince how Pierre Bourdieu’s notions of habitus and capital may have played a role in the translational choices of these agents. Most of the data collected derives from a tailor-made questionnaire (Annex I). The answers to the questionnaire, as well as the interview material, are exemplified through targeted, yet necessarily limited, textual analysis. The conclusion highlights the surprising lack of synergies between the translation agents in this particular Greek-Italian context: the deficient communication between author and translator, lack of institutionalized cooperation between Greek and Italian Publishers, and underdeveloped institutional framework for bilateral, state-sponsorship of Greek-Italian literary translations, although the Italian publisher obtained European funding.
A contact-induced strategy of femininisation
Authors: Vaan Michiel de
Published: March 2022

Middle Dutch and Middle High German possess a femininizing suffix ‑erse, of which reflexes
survive in some modern dialects. Its Old Germanic preform arose from the grafting of Latin ‑issa onto the
masculine suffix *‑ārja‑ in Dutch and German dialects closest to the Gallo-Romance area in the Early Middle Ages.
The main aim of the present contribution is to provide hitherto underexposed details on the Dutch linguistic area, to show that
the mainstream historical explanation for ‑erse in Dutch historical linguistics must be given up, and to provide
a unified and more detailed account for the rise of this suffix formation in the medieval contact zone between Gallo-Romance and
Germanic.
The inscription on the Vimose plane and (other) West Germanic finds from Denmark
Authors: Mees Bernard
Published: March 2022

The Vimose plane features an early runic inscription that has long remained opaque, with none of the attempts to explain it having commanded assent in the historiography. Like the inscription on the Vimose buckle, however, the text on the wood plane appears to preserve an early example of West Germanic religious language. The inscription on the sharpener shows some parallels with comparable Roman texts but also distinctively West Germanic phonological development. The text on the plane seems to be one of several early runic texts found in the Southern Scandinavian votive bogs that preserve Ingvaeonic features.
The Burgundian language and its phylogeny
Authors: Hartmann Frederik , Riegger Chiara
Published: March 2022

The Burgundian language is one of several smaller early Germanic languages that are scarcely attested and often under-researched. Moreover, it is commonly classified as an ‘East Germanic’ language, forming a Germanic subgroup alongside Northwest Germanic. This paper investigates Burgundian in detail in order to establish the most complete phonology and morphology that is currently possible with the current data base. Furthermore, we examine the linguistic relationships of Burgundian with other Germanic languages, with a focus on Gothic in particular. Our findings suggest that Burgundian does not form a coherent subgroup together with Gothic but that the data imply a common post-Proto-Germanic dialect continuum of which Burgundian, Gothic, and most likely Vandalic were a part.
The sound of taboo
Authors: Vallery Robin , Lemmens Maarten
Published: March 2022

Swear words of English and French, both real and fictional ones, significantly tend to contain the least sonorous
consonants, compared to the rest of the lexicon. What can explain the overrepresentation of such sounds among swear words? This
might be a case of sound symbolism, when sounds are unconsciously associated with a meaning. We examine the pragmatic vs. semantic
nature of the meaning involved, as well as two explanations in terms of iconicity (plosives may be associated with “violation of
hearer’s space”, or unsonorous consonants may be associated with “aggression”). This unusual sound-meaning pairing would involve
an emotional-contextual, non-truth-conditional meaning, and be powerful enough that it influences a strong sociolinguistic
convention – which words are swear words and which ones are not – suggesting that sounds convey meaning in yet unsuspected
ways.
When humour questions taboo
Authors: Heidepeter Philipp , Reutner Ursula
Published: March 2022

The article examines the ways in which humour twists regular euphemism use. Based on the classical fields of euphemisms anchored in religion, aesthetics, social politics, and amorality, it identifies the characteristics of their twisted variants with a humorous component: playing-with-fire euphemisms that jocosely provoke supernatural forces, innuendo euphemisms that entertain, mocking euphemisms that make fun of others in a teasing or demeaning way, and idealistic euphemisms that uncover obfuscating language and negative realities. Using English, German, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish euphemisms of different periods and genres, the article analyses the intentions, origins, motives, functions, and styles of humour, differentiates between symbiotic and parasitic twists, and thus provides a typology of twisted euphemism use.
Manner of motion in Estonian
Authors: Taremaa Piia , Kopecka Anetta
Published: March 2022

Recent decades have witnessed an increasing interest in motion events resulting in thorough knowledge about expressions of manner. However, the individual dimensions of manner of motion have been investigated less extensively. In this study, we focus on one particular dimension of manner:speed. By analysing the Estonian language and applying corpus methods, we show that speed is one of the core dimensions of manner. In Estonian, speed can be expressed with motion verbs and various types of manner modifiers. Speed modifiers can have a function of compensation (providing information that is not present in the verb), specification (providing additional details), and/or intensification (strengthening the meaning conveyed by the verb). Moreover, compared to slow motion, the expression of fast motion in modifiers is more frequent and more diverse in terms of semantic distinctions and morphosyntactic realisations. Drawing on these results, we frame a hypothesis of thefast-over-slowbias.
An analytical model for intergranular liquid feeding and its effect on solidification cracking
Authors: Liu Jiangwei , Wu Yafang , Hu Pengfei , Kou Sindo
Published: March 2022

It was shown that, without computational fluid dynamics, intergranular liquid feeding in the mushy zone during welding of an alloy can still be calculated using an analytical model. The intergranular channel was approximated as a round pipe whose radius varies with the fraction of solid fS, which in turn varies with temperature T. The model was applied to 2014 Al (∼Al-4.4Cu) and 5086 Al (∼Al-4.0Mg) to compare their susceptibility to solidification cracking. Based on the extent of the liquid pressure drop caused by intergranular liquid flow, the contribution to the crack susceptibility by transverse tension was compared to that by solidification shrinkage.
Racewalking on a treadmill alters gait characteristics without increasing risk of disqualification
Authors: Zhang Xinrui , Fong Daniel T.P. , Zhang Cui , Song Shaoli , Wang Yinhang , Sun Wei , Song Qipeng
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Treadmill training is useful for racewalking training; however, it may affect gait characteristics and lead to non‐legal techniques. The aim of this study was to determine the kinematic differences between treadmill and overground conditions during racewalking at different speeds.

Methods

Twenty‐two elite racewalkers participated in this study. They racewalked under treadmill and overground conditions at high and medium speeds. A 12‐camera motion analysis system was used to record the racewalking trials.

Results

Significant condition by speed interactions were detected in step frequency and pelvis rotation angle; step frequency decreased while pelvis rotation angle increased from overground to treadmill conditions at high speed. Compared to overground conditions, racewalkers decreased the ankle dorsiflexion angle at heel strike and increased hip flexion, shoulder hyperextension, and elbow flexion angles at heel strike and hip and shoulder extension angles at toe‐off under treadmill conditions. Compared to medium speed, racewalkers decreased the contact time, hip flexion, and shoulder hyperextension at heel strike, and ankle plantarflexion and shoulder extension angles at toe‐off, and increased flight time, step length, and elbow flexion angle at heel strike at high speed.

Conclusion

Several kinematic differences during racewalking were detected between treadmill and overground conditions, with more differences detected at high speed, indicating that treadmill racewalking, especially at high speed, has different gait characteristics. However, no differences were detected in flight time and knee angle under treadmill conditions compared to overground conditions, indicating that racewalking on a treadmill does not increase the risk of disqualification.
A facile fabrication of ultrahigh haze optical diffuser using nematic liquid crystal encapsulated by cellulose acetate biopolymer
Authors: Kushawaha Rishikesh , Sinha Aloka
Published: March 2022

Polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) are materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices. In this work, free-standing optical diffusers based on PDLC are formed by liquid crystals (LCs) and cellulose acetate polymer network. The micron and submicron-sized liquid crystal droplets embedded in the matrix of cellulose acetate biopolymer act as scattering particles, leading to an efficient diffused transmission of the incident laser beam. By optimizing the concentration of LC and polymer, the optical characterizations of the fabricated PDLC films reveal an ultrahigh haze value (

≈

99 %) and broad angular distribution of transmitted light with the full width of half maxima up to 114°. The film fabricated with 55 wt % LC results in a light transmitted profile similar to the ideal light diffusing surface with Lambertian distribution. Furthermore, the technique employed to develop the films offers a straightforward and inexpensive fabrication process of light-diffusing films for a high-performance foldable optoelectronic device.
The primitive model in classical density functional theory: beyond the standard mean-field approximation
Authors: Bültmann Moritz , Härtel Andreas
Published: March 2022

The primitive model describes ions by point charges with an additional hard-core interaction. In classical density-functional theory (DFT) the mean-field electrostatic contribution can be obtained from the first order of a functional perturbation of the pair potential for an uncharged reference system of hard spheres. This mean-field electrostatic term particularly contributes at particle separations that are forbidden due to hard-core overlap. In this work we modify the mean-field contribution such that the pair potential is constant for distances smaller than the contact distance of the ions. We motivate our modification by the underlying splitting of the potential, which is similar to the splitting of the Weeks–Chandler–Andersen potential and leads to higher-order terms in the respective expansion of the functional around the reference system. The resulting formalism involves weighted densities similar to the ones found in fundamental measure theory. To test our modifications, we analyze and compare density profiles, direct and total correlation functions, and the thermodynamic consistency of the functional via a widely established sum rule and the virial pressure formula for our modified functional, for established functionals, and for data from computer simulations. We found that our modifications clearly show improvements compared to the standard mean-field functional, especially when predicting layering effects and direct correlation functions in high concentration scenarios; for the latter we also find improved consistency when calculated via different thermodynamic routes. In conclusion, we demonstrate how modifications toward higher order corrections beyond mean-field functionals can be made and how they perform, by this providing a basis for systematic future improvements in classical DFT for the description of electrostatic interactions.
A novel method for diagnosing rolling bearing faults based on the frequency spectrum distribution of the modulation signal
Authors: Li Xiumei , Sun Jianyan
Published: March 2022

Bearing fault diagnosis is required to monitor the running status of rolling bearings, and can greatly reduce the loss caused by rolling bearing faults. It is a very important aspect of prognostic and health management. In this paper, a new method for fault diagnosis, based on an improved fast kurtogram and novel envelope spectrum analysis, is proposed to diagnose rolling bearing faults. In the proposed method, the improved fast kurtogram method is used to select the center frequency and bandwidth of the optimal signal filter which is used to filter the raw bearing vibration signals. Then, the filtered signal is transformed to the frequency domain. Novel envelope spectrum analysis is used to analyze the amplitude distribution of the envelope spectrum waveforms in order to extract more useful features from different zones rather than the whole frequency domain. The extracted features are used to calculate the fitting ratio for diagnosing bearing faults. The proposed method is validated on the fault data of rolling bearings provided by CWRU and QPZZ-II platforms. The experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently extract features and diagnose rolling bearing faults.
A preliminary safety assessment of vertebral augmentation with 32P brachytherapy bone cement
Authors: Keyak Joyce H , Eijansantos Mando L , Rosecrance Katherine G , Wong Daniel , Feizi Sayeh , Meldosian Aleen L , Peddinti Pranav , Les Clifford M , Skinner Harry B , Sehgal Varun
Published: March 2022

Comprehensive treatment for vertebral metastatic lesions commonly involves vertebral augmentation (vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty) to relieve pain and stabilize the spine followed by multiple sessions of radiotherapy. We propose to combine vertebral augmentation and radiotherapy into a single treatment by adding 32P, a β-emitting radionuclide, to bone cement, thereby enabling spinal brachytherapy to be performed without irradiating the spinal cord. The goal of this study was to address key dosimetry and safety questions prior to performing extensive animal studies. The 32P was in the form of hydroxyapatite powder activated by neutron bombardment in a nuclear reactor. We performed ex vivo dosimetry experiments to establish criteria for safe placement of the cement within the sheep vertebral body. In an in vivo study, we treated three control ewes and three experimental ewes with brachytherapy cement containing 2.23–3.03 mCi 32P ml−1 to identify the preferred surgical approach, to determine if 32P leaches from the cement and into the blood, urine, or feces, and to identify unexpected adverse effects. Our ex vivo experiments showed that cement with 4 mCi 32P ml−1 could be safely implanted in the vertebral body if the cement surface is at least 4 mm from the spinal cord in sheep and 5 mm from the spinal cord in humans. In vivo, a lateral retroperitoneal surgical approach, ventral to the transverse processes, was identified as easy to perform while allowing a safe distance to the spinal cord. The blood, urine, and feces of the sheep did not contain detectable levels of 32P, and the sheep did not experience any neurologic or other adverse effects from the brachytherapy cement. These results demonstrate, on a preliminary level, the relative safety of this brachytherapy cement and support additional development and testing.
Individualized body geometry correction factor (K
B) for use when predicting body composition from bioimpedance spectroscopy
Authors: Ward Leigh C , Wells Jonathan C K , Lyons-Reid Jaz , Tint Mya T
Published: March 2022

Objective. Prediction of body composition from bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) measurements using mixture theory-based biophysical modelling invokes a factor (K
B) to account for differing body geometry (or proportions) between individuals. To date, a single constant value is commonly used. The aim of this study was to investigate variation in K
B across individuals and to develop a procedure for estimating an individualized K
B value. Approach. Publicly available body dimension data, primarily from the garment industry, were used to calculate K
B values for individuals of varying body sizes across the life-span. The 3D surface relationship between weight, height and K
B, was determined and used to create look-up tables to enable estimation of K
B in individuals based on height and weight. The utility of the proposed method was assessed by comparing fat-free mass predictions from BIS using either a constant K
B value or the individualized value. Results. Computed K
B values were well fitted to height and weight by a 3D surface (R
2 = 0.988). Body composition was predicted more accurately compared to reference methods when using individualized K
B than a constant value in infants and children but improvement in prediction was less in adults particularly those with high body mass index. Significance. Prediction of body composition from BIS and mixture theory is improved by using an individualized body proportion factor in those of small body habitus, e.g. children. Improvement is small in adults or non-existent in those of large body size. Further improvements may be possible by incorporating a factor to account for trunk size, i.e. waist circumference.
Modeling and analysis of soft robotic surfaces actuated by pneumatic network bending actuators
Authors: Xiao Wei , Hu Dean , Yang Gang , Jiang Chao
Published: March 2022

Soft robots are a nascent field that aims to provide a safe interaction with humans and better adaptability to unstructured environments. Many tentacle-like one-dimensional soft robots that can mimic the basic motion in nature are developed owing to ease of design and fabrication. To expand the spectrum of soft robots, this paper gives a detailed introduction of a new type of sheet-like two-dimensional soft robot. This soft robot is called soft robotic surface (SRS), which is actuated by pneumatic network bending actuators. An analytical model of the SRS is constructed based on the minimum potential energy method, which considers both its geometry complexity and material nonlinearity. The comparisons among the analytical, experimental, and numerical results demonstrate that the analytical model can accurately predict the SRS deformation. The maximum root mean squared error for the surface morphing is 3.429 mm, which is less than 5% of the maximum displacement for the free end. The effects of the actuating pressure and structural parameter on the SRS deformation are also investigated. The results reveal that the deformation shape of the SRS can be reconfigured by controlling the applied pressure. And the bending angle of the two actuators both decreases with the increase of the width and thickness of the soft surface. The SRS extends the research on soft robots and the developed analytical model also solves the fundamental problem of how to programme the surface morphing of soft robot surfaces. Finally, we fabricate a soft gripper that can grasp object objects with different sizes, shapes, and stiffness, which demonstrates the application of the SRS.