bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heme oxygenase‐1 deficiency results in splenic T‐cell dysregulation in offspring of mothers exposed to late gestational inflammation
Authors: Ozen Maide , Zhao Hui , Kalish Flora , Yang Yang , Folkins Ann , Burd Irina , Wong Ronald J. , Stevenson David K.
Published: February 2018

Problem

Infection during pregnancy can disrupt regulatory/effector immune system balance, resulting in adverse pregnancy and fetal‐neonatal outcomes. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is a major regulatory enzyme in the immune system. We observed maternal immune response dysregulation during late gestational inflammation (LGI), which may be mediated by HO‐1. Here, we extend these studies to examine the immune response of offspring.

Method of study

Pregnant wild‐type (Wt) and HO‐1 heterozygote (Het) dams were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle at E15.5. Pups’ splenic immune cells were characterized using flow cytometry.

Results

CD3+CD4+CD25+ (Tregs) and CD3+CD8+ (Teffs) T cells in Wt and Het were similar in control neonates and increased with age. We showed not only age‐ but also genotype‐specific and long‐lasting T‐cell dysregulation in pups after maternal LGI. The persistent immune dysregulation, mediated by HO‐1 deficiency, was reflected as a decrease in Treg FoxP3 and CD3+CD8+ T cells, and an increase in CD4+/CD8+ T‐cell and Treg/Teff ratios in Hets compared with Wt juvenile mice after maternal exposure to LGI.

Conclusion

Maternal exposure to LGI can result in dysregulation of splenic T cells in offspring, especially in those with HO‐1 deficiency. We speculate that these immune alterations are the basis of adverse outcomes in neonates from mothers exposed to low‐grade (subclinical) infections.
Forskolin‐mediated BeWo cell fusion involves down‐regulation of miR‐92a‐1‐5p that targets dysferlin and protein kinase cAMP‐activated catalytic subunit alpha
Authors: Dubey Richa , Malhotra Sudha S. , Gupta Satish K.
Published: February 2018

Problem

To study the role of miRNA(s) during trophoblastic BeWo cell fusion.

Method of study

Changes in miRNA(s) profile of BeWo cells treated with forskolin were analyzed using Affymetrix miRNA microarray platform. Down‐regulated miRNA, miR‐92a‐1‐5p, was overexpressed in BeWo cells followed by forskolin treatment to understand its relevance in the process of BeWo cell fusion by desmoplakin I+II staining and hCG secretion by ELISA. Predicted targets of miR‐92a‐1‐5p were also confirmed by qRT‐PCR/Western blotting.

Results

The miRNA profiling of BeWo cells after forskolin (25 μmol/L) treatment identified miR‐92a‐1‐5p as the most significantly down‐regulated miRNA both at 24 and 48 hours time points. Overexpression of miR‐92a‐1‐5p in these cells led to a significant decrease in forskolin‐mediated cell fusion and hCG secretion. miRNA target prediction software, TargetScan, revealed dysferlin (DYSF) and protein kinase cAMP‐activated catalytic subunit alpha (PRKACA), as target genes of miR‐92a‐1‐5p. Overexpression of miR‐92a‐1‐5p in BeWo cells showed reduction in forskolin‐induced transcripts for DYSF and PRKACA. Further, reduction in DYSF (~2.6‐fold) at protein level and PRKACA‐encoded protein kinase A catalytic subunit alpha (PKAC‐α; ~1.6‐fold) were also observed.

Conclusion

These observations suggest that miR‐92a‐1‐5p regulates forskolin‐mediated BeWo cell fusion and hCG secretion by regulating PKA signaling pathway and dysferlin expression.
The association of IgA deficiency on infection rate, self‐perceived health, and levels of C‐reactive protein in healthy blood donors
Authors: Hauge Sabina Chaudhary , Jensen Charlotte Kæstel , Nielsen Leif Kofoed , Pedersen Ole B. , Sørensen Erik , Thørner Lise Wegner , Hjalgrim Henrik , Erikstrup Christian , Nielsen Kaspar René , Kaspersen Kathrine Agergård , Didriksen Maria , Dziegiel Morten , Ullum Henrik
Published: February 2018

The clinical importance of immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency in otherwise healthy individuals is not well described. We aimed to investigate the self‐reported mental and physical health and the risk of infection in IgA‐deficient blood donors compared to healthy control blood donors. Infectious events, recorded in public health registries either as prescriptions filled of any antimicrobial medicine or as hospital infections, were compared between 177 IgA‐deficient blood donors and 1770 control blood donors. A subset of the IgA‐deficient donors were further characterized by self‐reported health (Short Form‐12, n = 28) and circulating C‐reactive protein (CRP) (n = 10). IgA‐deficient individuals had lower self‐reported mental health (p = 0.01) and higher CRP (p < 0.05). A strong trend was found regarding prescription of antimicrobial medicine (hazard ratio = 1.19, p = 0.05). No association was found with hospital infections (hazard ratio = 1.02, p = 0.95) or self‐reported physical health (p = 0.86). IgA‐deficient blood donors have impaired self‐reported mental health, enhanced inflammation and possibly an increased risk of infection. Despite these findings, this study does not provide sufficient evidence to warrant specific health precautions for donors with IgA deficiency.
Laparoscopic surgery using a Gigli wire saw for locally recurrent rectal cancer with concomitant intraperitoneal sacrectomy
Authors: Uemura Mamoru , Ikeda Masataka , Kawai Kenji , Nishimura Junichi , Takemasa Ichiro , Mizushima Tsunekazu , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Sekimoto Mitsugu , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Previous reports indicated the effectiveness of surgical resection for locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC). Most cases with posterior invasion patterns require concomitant sacrectomy to secure negative histologic margins, although this is a highly invasive procedure. Here, we present a new minimally invasive laparoscopic surgical technique for LRRC with concomitant sacrectomy.

Materials and Surgical Technique

A 64‐year‐old man presented with LRRC on the surface of the sacral bone. He underwent laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with concomitant sacrectomy below the S4 vertebra. The surgical procedure, including sacrectomy, was performed laparoscopically. The distance between the estimated resection line (below the S4 vertebra) and sacral promontory was measured by preoperative imaging. Intraoperatively, a flexible ruler was employed to determine the resection line. Securing adequate space dorsal to the sacral bone was indispensable for placement of the Gigli wire saw. After the Gigli wire saw was positioned, bilateral caudal trocars were used to remove the ends of the wire. Then, the sacral bone was cut by the linear reciprocating motion of the Gigli wire saw. Pathologically confirmed curative resection was achieved. The procedure was successfully performed without transfusion or intraoperative complications. The operation time was 757 min, and blood loss volume was 890 ml. There were no severe postoperative complications. The patient is alive and well with no evidence of recurrence at 58 months after surgical resection of LRRC.

Discussion

Our newly developed technique demonstrates that laparoscopic intraperitoneal sacrectomy using a Gigli wire saw is a safe and useful procedure to facilitate resection of LRRC.
Laparoscopic versus abdominal sacrocolpopexy for treatment of multi‐compartmental pelvic organ prolapse: A systematic review
Authors: Ichikawa Masao , Kaseki Hanako , Akira Shigeo
Published: February 2018

Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) is attracting increasing attention as a minimally invasive surgery that provides excellent therapeutic effects on apical vaginal prolapse. However, its therapeutic effects on multi‐compartmental pelvic organ prolapse (POP) remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of LSC on multi‐compartmental POP compared with abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC). We extracted three articles on randomized controlled trials that compared LSC and ASC. A total of 247 patients (123 for LSC, 124 for ASC) were evaluated. There was no evidence of recurrence or reoperation in either group for the apical vaginal compartment. Regarding recurrence within the anterior vaginal compartment, there were no significant between‐group differences in either of the two randomized controlled trials targeting vaginal vault prolapse. In contrast, in the randomized controlled trial targeting POP including cases with uteruses, there were more recurrent POP with grade II or more in the LSC group than in the ASC group (11/60 [18.3%] vs 1/60 [1.6%], P = 0.004). Reoperation for the posterior vaginal compartment was performed in three cases (2.5%) in the LSC group and in one case (0.8%) in the ASC group. The combined repeat surgery and mesh removal surgery rate was higher in the LSC group (8/119 [6.7%]) than in the ASC group (2/121 [1.7%], P = 0.049). LSC has an excellent therapeutic effect and is comparable to ASC for the treatment of apical prolapse. However, cystocele recurrence, repeat surgery of the posterior compartment, and mesh‐related complications were more frequent in patients who had undergone LSC.
Why Effort Praise Can Backfire in Adolescence
Authors: Amemiya Jamie , Wang Ming‐Te
Published: February 2018

Praise for process, which includes praising students’ level of effort and effective strategies, has shown promise in improving students’ motivation to learn. However, parents and teachers may interpret this to mean that solely praising students’ effort level is sufficient. Although praise for effort is effective in some respects in early childhood, it often stops working and even backfires by adolescence. In this article, we explain these findings developmentally. We suggest that effort praise can communicate that effort is a path to improving ability, but can also imply that the student needs to work hard because of low innate ability. We propose that adolescents are at greater risk for interpreting the praise in the second way because secondary schools often value innate ability more than effort and adolescents are conscious of ability stereotypes. We conclude with implications for theory and research.
Cerebrospinal fluid γδ T cell frequency is age-related: a case–control study of 435 children with inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disorders
Authors: Pranzatelli M R , Allison T J , McGee N R , Tate E D
Published: February 2018

Studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) γδ T cells in children are limited, due especially to the lack of control data. In adults, gamma/delta T cells (TCR-γδ) residing in the intrathecal space are sometimes involved in neuroinflammation. To evaluate the possible role of γδ T cells in paediatric neuroinflammation, we immunophenotyped cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry in a case–control study of 100 children with non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND), 312 with opsoclonus–myoclonus (OMS) and 23 with other inflammatory neurological disorders (OIND). In NIND, the negative correlation between CSF γδ T cell frequency and patient age was striking: median frequency of 27% in infants and 3·3% in teens. Interindividual variations were largest in the youngest. There was no gender effect. In all OMS, after correcting for age, only a small effect of OMS severity remained. Measurement of markers for γδ T cell activation [human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR)], maturation (CD45RA, CD45RO) or intracellular cytokine staining [interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-γ] failed to discriminate OMS and NIND groups. Of seven OMS immunotherapies/combinations, none altered the frequency of total CSF γδ T cells or subsets significantly. In OIND, the CSF γδ T cell frequency was < 10% for single samples of other paraneoplastic disorders [anti-neuronal nuclear antibody (ANNA)-1, PCA-1, teratoma-associated syndrome], cerebellar ataxia (post-infectious, ataxia-telangiectasia), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuroborreliosis and encephalitis. This study provides new insights into CSF γδ T cells in the paediatric population. Although their role in CSF remains elusive, the negative age correlation, resistance to immunotherapy and our age cut-off references for NIND are important findings for the design of future paediatric studies.
Identifying mechanisms that structure ecological communities by snapping model parameters to empirically observed tradeoffs
Authors: Thomas Clark Adam , Lehman Clarence , Tilman David
Published: February 2018

Theory predicts that interspecific tradeoffs are primary determinants of coexistence and community composition. Using information from empirically observed tradeoffs to augment the parametrisation of mechanism‐based models should therefore improve model predictions, provided that tradeoffs and mechanisms are chosen correctly. We developed and tested such a model for 35 grassland plant species using monoculture measurements of three species characteristics related to nitrogen uptake and retention, which previous experiments indicate as important at our site. Matching classical theoretical expectations, these characteristics defined a distinct tradeoff surface, and models parameterised with these characteristics closely matched observations from experimental multi‐species mixtures. Importantly, predictions improved significantly when we incorporated information from tradeoffs by ‘snapping’ characteristics to the nearest location on the tradeoff surface, suggesting that the tradeoffs and mechanisms we identify are important determinants of local community structure. This ‘snapping’ method could therefore constitute a broadly applicable test for identifying influential tradeoffs and mechanisms.
Demographic changes in Chinook salmon across the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Ohlberger Jan , Ward Eric J , Schindler Daniel E , Lewis Bert
Published: February 2018

The demographic structure of populations is affected by life history strategies and how these interact with natural and anthropogenic factors such as exploitation, climate change, and biotic interactions. Previous work suggests that the mean size and age of some North American populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Salmonidae) are declining. These trends are of concern because Chinook salmon are highly valued commercially for their exceptional size and because the loss of the largest and oldest individuals may lead to reduced population productivity. Using long‐term data from wild and hatchery populations, we quantified changes in the demographic structure of Chinook salmon populations over the past four decades across the Northeast Pacific Ocean, from California through western Alaska. Our results show that wild and hatchery fish are becoming smaller and younger throughout most of the Pacific coast. Proportions of older age classes have decreased over time in most regions. Simultaneously, the length‐at‐age of older fish has declined while the length‐at‐age of younger fish has typically increased. However, negative size trends of older ages were weak or non‐existent at the southern end of the range. While it remains to be explored whether these trends are caused by changes in climate, fishing practices or species interactions such as predation, our qualitative review of the potential causes of demographic change suggests that selective removal of large fish has likely contributed to the apparent widespread declines in average body sizes.
The G‐quadruplex‐stabilizing ligand RHPS4 enhances sensitivity of U251MG glioblastoma cells to clinical carbon ion beams
Authors: Berardinelli Francesco , Sgura Antonella , Facoetti Angelica , Leone Stefano , Vischioni Barbara , Ciocca Mario , Antoccia Antonio
Published: February 2018

The pentacyclic acridine RHPS4 is a highly potent and specific G‐quadruplex (G4) ligand, which binds and stabilizes telomeric G4 leading to the block of the replication forks at telomeres and consequently to telomere dysfunctionalization. In turn, the cell recognizes unprotected telomeres as DNA double‐strand breaks with consequent activation of DNA repair response at telomeres, cellular growth impairment, and death. Data from the literature showed the capability of this compound to sensitize U251MG glioblastoma radioresistant cell line to X‐rays sparsely ionizing radiations. In the present paper, it was investigated whether RHPS4 is also able to increase the effect of clinical carbon ion beams (cells irradiated in the middle of a spread‐out Bragg peak, in the energy range of 246–312 MeV·μm−1 and a dose‐averaged linear energy transfer of 46 keV·μm−1). Interestingly, also for charged particles whose damage inflicted to DNA is more complex than that of sparsely ionizing radiations and results in higher Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), RHPS4 significantly potentiated the radiation effect in terms of cell killing, delayed rejoining of DNA double‐strand breaks (γ‐H2AX and 53BBP1 immunofluorescence staining), chromosome aberrations (pan‐centromeric/telomeric FISH and multicolor FISH), and G2/M‐phase accumulation in GBM cells. Overall, the results provide the first evidence that the combined administration of the G4‐ligand RHPS4 with charged particles interfere with cellular processes involved in cell survival leading to radiosensitization of highly radioresistant tumor cells.
Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia
Authors: Hasegawa Hitoshi , Ando Hisao , Hasebe Noriko , Ichinnorov Niiden , Ohta Tohru , Hasegawa Takashi , Yamamoto Masanobu , Li Gang , Erdenetsogt Bat‐Orshikh , Heimhofer Ulrich , Murata Takayuki , Shinya Hironori , Enerel G. , Oyunjargal G. , Munkhtsetseg O. , Suzuki Noriyuki , Irino Tomohisa , Yamamoto Koshi
Published: February 2018

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.
Hypoxia and acidosis: immune suppressors and therapeutic targets
Authors: Damgaci Sultan , Ibrahim‐Hashim Arig , Enriquez‐Navas Pedro M. , Pilon‐Thomas Shari , Guvenis Albert , Gillies Robert J.
Published: February 2018

Due to imbalances between vascularity and cellular growth patterns, the tumour microenvironment harbours multiple metabolic stressors including hypoxia and acidosis, which have significant influences on remodelling both tumour and peritumoral tissues. These stressors are also immunosuppressive and can contribute to escape from immune surveillance. Understanding these effects and characterizing the pathways involved can identify new targets for therapy and may redefine our understanding of traditional anti‐tumour therapies. In this review, the effects of hypoxia and acidosis on tumour immunity will be summarized, and how modulating these parameters and their sequelae can be a useful tool for future therapeutic interventions is discussed.
Are allies who we think they are?: A comparative analysis
Authors: Ostrove Joan M. , Brown Kendrick T.
Published: February 2018

Although dominant group allies have been increasingly studied by social psychologists interested in positive intergroup relations and the promotion of social justice, most of the existing research focuses on self‐identified allies or dominant group individuals who are engaging in social justice activities. Little comparative work has examined white allies who were specifically identified as such by people of color. Two studies assessed qualities associated with affirming attitudes (low prejudice, high internal motivation to respond without prejudice, allophilia, and awareness of privilege) and informed action (activism) expected to be distinctively characteristic of allies. Nominated white allies in Study 1 had lower prejudice and higher levels of internal motivation to respond without prejudice than nonnominated white participants; this was replicated in Study 2, which compared nominated “allies” and “friends.” In Study 2, nominated white allies rated themselves as lower on prejudice than nominated white friends. They also scored higher on internal motivation to respond without prejudice, understanding of white privilege, and activism than nominated white friends. There were no differences on self‐reported allophilia between the two groups. Allies were rated by the people of color who nominated them as higher on qualities of outgroup affirmation and informed action than were nominated friends. Limitations of and implications for these findings are discussed.
Has the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype become more common in children between 2004 and 2014? Trends over 10 years from a Swedish general population sample
Authors: Rydell Mina , Lundström Sebastian , Gillberg Christopher , Lichtenstein Paul , Larsson Henrik
Published: February 2018

Background

Studies have reported increases in clinically diagnosed and treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during the last decade, but it is unclear if this reflects an increase in the underlying ADHD phenotype. We aimed to clarify if there has been an increase in the prevalence of ADHD‐like traits in the general population from 2004 to 2014.

Method

Data were collected from 9‐year‐old twins (19,271), participating in the population‐based Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden between 2004 and 2014. We assessed lifetime ADHD symptoms using the Autism‐Tics, ADHD and other Comorbidities inventory. Research proxies for diagnostic‐level ADHD and subthreshold ADHD were derived from this scale. We modeled the lifetime prevalence of diagnostic‐level and subthreshold ADHD with logistic regression, and assessed mean ADHD scores each year with linear regression. Lifetime prevalence of clinically diagnosed ADHD was retrieved from the National Patient Register and modeled with logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence of diagnostic‐level ADHD based on parent ratings did not differ significantly over time from 2004 to 2014 (OR 1.37; 95% CI: 0.77–2.45; p‐value .233). Both subthreshold ADHD and mean ADHD scores increased significantly over time (both p‐values <.001). Clinically diagnosed ADHD increased more than fivefold from 2004 to 2014 (OR 5.27, 95% CI: 1.85–14.96).

Conclusions

We found no evidence of an increase in ADHD‐like traits at the extreme end of the distribution from 2004 to 2014, but small increases in normal and subthreshold variations of ADHD‐like traits were observed. This suggests that the increased rates of clinically diagnosed ADHD might reflect changes in diagnostic and treatment practices of ADHD, administrative changes in reporting diagnoses, greater awareness of ADHD, better access to healthcare, or current overdiagnosis, rather than an increase in the ADHD phenotype.
Retrospective analysis: Conservative treatment of placenta increta with methotrexate
Authors: Zhang Chunhua , Li Hongyan , Zuo Changting , Wang Xietong
Published: February 2018

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of conservative treatment with methotrexate against placenta increta by two different routes of administration through retrospective analysis.

Methods

A total of 54 women diagnosed with placenta increta after vaginal delivery were enrolled in this retrospective study. The participants accepted conservative management with methotrexate through either intravenous injection or local multi‐point injection under ultrasound guidance. The treatment was considered effective if no hysterectomy was mandatory during the follow‐up period.

Results

Out of the 54 cases, 21 patients were treated with methotrexate intravenously (group 1), and 33 patients received local multi‐point injection to the placenta increta under ultrasound guidance (group 2). No maternal death occurred. In group 1, 10 patients expelled the placentas spontaneously, 7 patients underwent uterine curettage and 4 patients underwent hysterectomy for uncontrollable post‐partum hemorrhage and infection. In group 2, 25 patients expelled placentas spontaneously and 8 patients underwent uterine curettage with no incidence of hysterectomy. The success rate in group 1 and group 2 was 17/21 and 33/33, respectively. The average time of the spontaneous placenta expulsion was 79.13 ± 29.87 days in group 1 and 42.42 ± 31.83 days in group 2.

Conclusion

Local multi‐point methotrexate injection under ultrasound guidance is a better alternative for patients with placenta increta, especially for preserving fertility.
In vitro characterization of pH-sensitive Bletilla Striata polysaccharide copolymer micelles and enhanced tumour suppression in vivo
Authors: Zhao Lichun , Sun Dandan , Lu Haibin , Han Bing , Zhang Guangyuan , Guan Qingxiang
Published: February 2018

Objectives

A system of stearic acid (SA)-modified Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) micelles was developed for the targeted delivery of docetaxel (DTX) as a model anticancer drug (DTX-SA-BSP).

Methods

Particle size, zeta potential and DTX release in vitro were measured in release media at different pH values. Quantitative cellular uptake, cytotoxicity assay in vitro and antitumour efficacy in vivo were also evaluated. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry.

Key findings

DTX-SA-BSP copolymer micelles displayed pH-dependent properties in the respects of particle size, zeta potential and in vitro release behaviour ranging from pH 5.0 to pH 7.4. DTX-SA-BSP copolymer micelles showed higher release rate at pH 5.0 than that at pH 6.0 and 7.4. In vitro cytotoxic effect of DTX-SA-BSP copolymer micelles was higher than that of DTX injection. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography determination confirmed that DTX cellular uptake of micelles was enhanced compared with that of DTX injection. Anticancer activity in vivo further confirmed the enhanced tumour targeting and anticancer efficacy of DTX-SA-BSP copolymer micelles.

Conclusions

The above results show that DTX-SA-BSP copolymer micelles have pH sensitivity. SA-BSP copolymers are a promising carrier for delivering hydrophobic anticancer drugs.
Effect of ionization, bedding, and feeding on air quality in a horse stable
Authors: Siegers Esther Willemijn , Anthonisse Milou , van Eerdenburg Frank J. C. M. , van den Broek Jan , Wouters Inge M. , Westermann Cornélie Martine
Published: February 2018

Background

Organic dust is associated with Equine asthma. Ionization should reduce airborne dust levels.

Objectives

To determine the effect of ionization of air, type of bedding, and feed on the levels of airborne dust, endotoxin, and fungal colonies in horse stables.

Animals

24 healthy University‐owned horses occupied the stables.

Methods

A randomized controlled cross‐over study. Four units with 6 stables were equipped with an ionization installation (25 VA, 5000 Volt Direct Current). Horses were kept either on wood shavings and fed haylage (2 units), or on straw and fed dry hay (2 units). Measurements were performed with and without activated ionization, during daytime and nighttime, repeatedly over the course of a week and repeatedly during 4‐6 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed effect model with Akaike's Information Criterion for model reduction and 95% profile (log) likelihood confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Ionization did not alter concentrations of dust, endotoxin, or fungi, fewer. In the units with straw and hay, the concentration of dust, endotoxin, and fungi (difference in logarithmic mean 1.92 (95%CI 1.71‐2.12); 2.86 (95%CI 2.59‐3.14); 1.75 (95%CI 1.13‐2.36)) were significantly higher compared to wood shavings and haylage.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The installation of a negative air‐ionizer in the horse stable did not reduce concentrations of dust, endotoxin, and viable fungal spores. The substantial effect of low dust bedding and feed is confirmed.
Dominance of individual plant species is more important than diversity in explaining plant biomass in the forest understorey
Authors: Wasof Safaa , Lenoir Jonathan , Hattab Tarek , Jamoneau Aurélien , Gallet‐Moron Emilie , Ampoorter Evy , Saguez Robert , Bennsadek Lamine , Bertrand Romain , Valdès Alicia , Verheyen Kris , Decocq Guillaume
Published: February 2018

Questions

How does plant community diversity influence variation in plant biomass? There are two competing hypotheses: the ‘biomass ratio’ hypothesis, where biomass is influenced by the abundance and traits of the most dominant species, and the ‘diversity’ hypothesis, where the diversity of organisms influences biomass through mechanisms such as niche complementarity. However, no studies have tested which one of these two hypotheses better explains the variation in plant biomass in the forest understorey.

Location

Temperate deciduous forests in northern France.

Methods

For the forest understorey, we assessed species diversity and biomass as well as soil and light conditions in 133 forest plots of 100 m² each. Using mixed‐effect models and after controlling for potential confounding factors, we tested the ‘biomass ratio’ hypothesis by relating the relative abundance of the most dominant species across our study sites and the CWM of plant traits (leaf area and plant height) to biomass. The ‘diversity’ hypothesis was tested by relating biomass to various measures of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity.

Results

Biomass of the forest understorey was mainly related to the relative abundance and the trait values of the most dominant species, supporting the ‘biomass ratio’ hypothesis. In contrast to the ‘diversity’ hypothesis, functional diversity indices had a negative impact on biomass. We found no contribution of taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity indices.

Conclusion

The abundance and traits of the most dominant species matter more than taxonomic, functional or phylogenetic diversity of the forest understorey in explaining its biomass. Thus, there is a need for experiments that aim to fully understand keystone species’ responses to on‐going changing biotic and abiotic conditions and to predict their effects on ecosystem functioning and processes.
Factors that influenced undergoing renal replacement therapy and survival in children with acute kidney injury
Authors: Oztek‐Celebi Fatma Z , Ozlu Sare G , Aydog Ozlem
Published: February 2018

Aim

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important clinical condition that is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. This study was performed to identify the factors that influence AKI stage, undergoing renal replacement therapy (RRT) and mortality.

Methods

This study was retrospectively conducted on 219 children with AKI who had been referred to the paediatric nephrology division of Dr Sami Ulus Teaching Hospital during their inpatient treatment from 2008 to 2012. AKI was defined using pRIFLE criteria.

Results

From the 219 enrolled patients, 131 were identified as having AKI at the time of hospital admission. Infant age group was the largest group. RRT was performed in 68 patients. Median RRT initiation time was 1.5 day (0–2) and the mortality increased significantly when RRT initiation time was >1 day. The likelihood of undergoing RRT was higher for patients who were younger, who were managed in PICU and who had intrinsic type of AKI. pRIFLE stage and AKI place did not influence the likelihood of undergoing RRT. Overall mortality was 26.9%. In log‐rank tests, factors influencing survival were younger age, being treated in PICU, developing AKI during inpatient treatment, having a comorbid condition and undergoing RRT. pRIFLE stage did not influence survival. In the logistic regression model, factors associated with mortality included younger age, undergoing RRT and having AKI during inpatient treatment. Having underlying disease and being managed in PICU did not influence the likelihood of death.

Conclusion

Acute kidney injury is an important condition in all hospitalized patients. More studies and interventions are needed on this topic to identify, treat and prevent AKI.
Degenerate‐disc Infection Study with Contaminant Control: Discussion on the Research Methods
Authors: Rao Prashanth J , Chau Christine , Phan Kevin , Mobbs Ralph J
Published: February 2018

Objective

The role of bacterial infection in the causation of disc degeneration and its consequences is controversial. The current evidence is limited to underpowered studies, with the majority of such studies having only an internal contaminant arm, and only one study having a control arm with a non‐degenerate disc population. The Degenerate‐disc Infection Study with Contaminant Control (DISC) study includes a control arm and an internal contaminant control to resolve these shortcomings.

Methods

The study is designed as a case‐control study: cases are patients undergoing surgery for degenerated disc pathology and controls are patients undergoing surgery for non‐degenerate pathology, such as trauma, scoliosis or tumor cases.

Results

This study is part of a multi‐centric trial involving six spine centers with 15 spine surgeons contributing. The DISC study methodology, rationale and controversies are presented here. The predominant issue is how to interpret contamination. We present our algorithm for the DISC study to address this. For disc samples that are positive concurrently with positive paraspinal tissue sample, the result will be interpreted as contamination. For positive disc samples with a negative paraspinal tissue culture result, the interpretation of this result will be infection. If cultures for both disc sample and paraspinal tissue sample are negative, then the result is interpreted as non‐infected. If the disc culture is negative but paraspinal tissue culture is positive, then it is treated as a contaminant.

Conclusions

Future large‐scale studies are required with a good control arm, a contamination arm, and histopathological correlations.
Biomechanical Analysis of a Novel Intercalary Prosthesis for Humeral Diaphyseal Segmental Defect Reconstruction
Authors: Zhao Li‐ming , Tian Dong‐mu , Wei Yue , Zhang Jun‐hui , Di Zheng‐lin , He Zhi‐yong , Hu Yong‐cheng
Published: February 2018

Objective

To study the biomechanical properties of a novel modular intercalary prosthesis for humeral diaphyseal segmental defect reconstruction, to establish valid finite element humerus and prosthesis models, and to analyze the biomechanical differences in modular intercalary prostheses with or without plate fixation.

Methods

Three groups were set up to compare the performance of the prosthesis: intact humerus, humerus–prosthesis and humerus–prosthesis–plate. The models of the three groups were transferred to finite element software. Boundary conditions, material properties, and mesh generation were set up for both the prosthesis and the humerus. In addition, 100 N or 2 N.m torsion was loaded to the elbow joint surface with the glenohumeral joint surface fixed. Humeral finite element models were established according to CT scans of the cadaveric bone; reverse engineering software Geomagic was used in this procedure. Components of prosthetic models were established using 3‐D modeling software Solidworks. To verify the finite element models, the in vitro tests were simulated using a mechanical testing machine (Bionix; MTS Systems Corporation, USA). Starting with a 50 N preload, the specimen was subjected to 5 times tensile (300 N) and torsional (5 N.m) strength; interval time was 30 min to allow full recovery for the next specimen load. Axial tensile and torsional loads were applied to the elbow joint surface to simulate lifting heavy objects or twisting something, with the glenohumeral joint surface fixed.

Results

Stress distribution on the humerus did not change its tendency notably after reconstruction by intercalary prosthesis whether with or without a plate. The special design which included a plate and prosthesis effectively diminished stress on the stem where aseptic loosening often takes place. Stress distribution major concentrate upon two stems without plate addition, maximum stress on proximal and distal stem respectively diminish 27.37% and 13.23% under tension, 10.66% and 11.16% under torsion after plate allied.

Conclusion

The novel intercalary prosthesis has excellent ability to reconstruct humeral diaphyseal defects. The accessory fixation system, which included a plate and prosthesis, improved the rigidity of anti‐tension and anti‐torsion, and diminished the risk of prosthetic loosening and dislocation. A finite element analysis is a kind of convenient and practicable method to be used as the confirmation of experimental biomechanics study.
Silencing barley cystatins HvCPI‐2 and HvCPI‐4 specifically modifies leaf responses to drought stress
Authors: Velasco‐Arroyo Blanca , Diaz‐Mendoza Mercedes , Gomez‐Sanchez Andrea , Moreno‐Garcia Beatriz , Santamaria Maria Estrella , Torija‐Bonilla Miguel , Hensel Goetz , Kumlehn Jochen , Martinez Manuel , Diaz Isabel
Published: February 2018

Protein breakdown and mobilization are some of the major metabolic features associated with abiotic stresses, essential for nutrient recycling and plant survival. Genetic manipulation of protease and/or protease inhibitors may contribute to modulate proteolytic processes and plant responses. The expression analysis of the whole cystatin family, inhibitors of C1A cysteine proteases, after water deprivation in barley leaves highlighted the involvement of Icy‐2 and Icy‐4 cystatin genes. Artificial microRNA lines independently silencing the two drought‐induced cystatins were generated to assess their function in planta. Phenotype alterations at the final stages of the plant life cycle are represented by the stay‐green phenotype of silenced cystatin 2 lines. Besides, the enhanced tolerance to drought and differential responses to water deprivation at the initial growing stages are observed. The mutual compensating expression of Icy‐2 and Icy‐4 genes in the silencing lines pointed to their cooperative role. Proteolytic patterns by silencing these cystatins were concomitant with modifications in the expression of potential target proteases, in particular, HvPap‐1, HvPap‐12, and HvPap‐16 C1A proteases. Metabolomics analysis lines also revealed specific modifications in the accumulation of several metabolites. These findings support the use of plants with altered proteolytic regulation in crop improvement in the face of climate change.
Polymorphisms in the microglial marker molecule CX3CR1 affect the blood volume of the human brain
Authors: Sakai Mai , Takeuchi Hikaru , Yu Zhiqian , Kikuchi Yoshie , Ono Chiaki , Takahashi Yuta , Ito Fumiaki , Matsuoka Hiroo , Tanabe Osamu , Yasuda Jun , Taki Yasuyuki , Kawashima Ryuta , Tomita Hiroaki
Published: February 2018

Aim

CX3CR1, a G‐protein‐coupled receptor, is involved in various inflammatory processes. Two non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms, V249I (rs3732379) and T280M (rs3732378), are located in the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains of the CX3CR1 protein, respectively. Previous studies have indicated significant associations between T280M and leukocyte functional characteristics, including adhesion, signaling, and chemotaxis, while the function of V249I is unclear. In the brain, microglia are the only proven and widely accepted CX3CR1‐expressing cells. This study aimed to specify whether there were specific brain regions on which these two single nucleotide polymorphisms exert their biological impacts through their functional effects on microglia.

Methods

Associations between the single nucleotide polymorphisms and brain characteristics, including gray and white matter volumes, white matter integrity, resting arterial blood volume, and cerebral blood flow, were evaluated among 1300 healthy Japanese individuals.

Results

The major allele carriers (V249 and T280) were significantly associated with an increased total arterial blood volume of the whole brain, especially around the bilateral precuneus, left posterior cingulate cortex, and left posterior parietal cortex. There were no significant associations between the genotypes and other brain structural indicators.

Conclusion

This finding suggests that the CX3CR1 variants may affect arterial structures in the brain, possibly via interactions between microglia and brain microvascular endothelial cells.
Annual Ambient UVB at Wavelengths that Induce Vitamin D Synthesis is Associated with Reduced Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: O'Sullivan Fiona , van Geffen Jos , van Weele Michiel , Zgaga Lina
Published: February 2018

Vitamin D has been shown to be beneficial at reducing the risk of cancer; however, studies examining esophageal and gastric cancer have been scarce and findings inconsistent. The UK Biobank cohort was used for this nested case–control study (N = 3732). Primary, incident esophageal and gastric cancer cases diagnosed after recruitment were identified via linkage to National Cancer Registries. Tropospheric Emissions Monitoring Internet Service database was used to calculate ambient annual UVB dose (D‐UVB). Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between annual ambient D‐UVB and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer, and odds ratios (ORs) are reported. In total, 373 esophageal and 249 gastric cancer cases and 3110 age‐ and gender‐matched controls were included in the study. We found a strong inverse association between annual ambient D‐UVB and odds of developing esophageal or gastric cancer: Compared to the lowest tertile, OR for the highest tertile was 0.64 (95%CI:0.51–0.79) in adjusted analysis. The association was strengthened when restricted to esophageal cancer (OR = 0.60; 95%CI:0.45–0.80) and esophageal adenocarcinoma cases (OR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.34–0.68). Similar results were found in unadjusted and stratified analysis. In conclusion, ambient UVB radiation is inversely associated with the development of esophageal and gastric cancer, even in a high‐latitude country.
Gender differences in mathematics achievement in Jordan: A differential item functioning analysis of the 2015 TIMSS
Authors: Innabi Hanan , Dodeen Hamzeh
Published: February 2018

This study is within the framework of the United Nations sustainable development goals related to equitable quality education. The total score on the 2015 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study that indicated eighth‐grade girls in Jordan significantly outperformed boys is hiding many details related to the quality of mathematics learning that reflect a gender gap. Data were analyzed using the Mantel–Haenszel differential item functioning analysis procedure to investigate test items that favored either boys or girls. The results showed that boys were more likely than girls to correctly answer the more difficult, unfamiliar, life‐related mathematical problems. In contrast, girls were more likely than boys to correctly answer the familiar, less difficult, and not life‐related problems. Some recommendations were suggested to diminish this gender gap that goes each way.
A Multivariate Study of Internet Use and the Digital Divide*
Authors: Serrano‐Cinca C. , Muñoz‐Soro J. F. , Brusca I.
Published: February 2018

Objective

This article explores the use of Internet, including social networks, e‐government services, and e‐commerce, from the perspective of the digital divide. First, it aims to find out what factors explain the digital divide. Second, the article aims to identify the groups that are digitally excluded.

Method

The article is based on survey data (N = 2,304) collected in Spain, which are analyzed using multiple regression, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis.

Results

Two dimensions are identified: the first is the comprehensive use of Internet and the second is the nature of this use, differentiating between a professional use and a recreational and social use of Internet. The article verifies that factors explaining the digital divide are age, education level, and income.

Conclusions

The article identifies digitally excluded segments, and the efforts and actions for digital training to eradicate the digital divide should be directed at these groups. The most serious problem is encountered in homeworkers who are mainly woman. NEETs (not in education, employment, or training) are frequent users of Internet, but they only use it for entertainment and to certain extent they are digitally excluded.
Virtual 1-domination of 3-manifolds
Authors: Liu Yi , Sun Hongbin
Published: February 2018

It is shown in this paper that given any closed oriented hyperbolic 3-manifold, every closed oriented 3-manifold is mapped onto by a finite cover of that manifold via a map of degree 1, or in other words, virtually 1-dominated by that manifold. This improves a known result of virtual 2-domination. The proof invokes a recently developed enhanced version of the connection principle in good pants constructions.
Electron emission properties of graphene-oxide-semiconductor planar-type electron emission devices
Authors: Murakami Katsuhisa , Tanaka Shunsuke , Iijima Takuya , Nagao Masayoshi , Nemoto Yoshihiro , Takeguchi Masaki , Yamada Yoichi , Sasaki Masahiro
Published: February 2018

The electron emission properties of planar-type electron emission devices based on a graphene-oxide-semiconductor (GOS) structure before and after vacuum annealing were investigated. The fluctuation of the electron emission current was around 0.07%, which is excellent stability compared to the conventional field emitter array. The GOS devices were operable in very low vacuum of 10 Pa without any deterioration of their electron emission properties. Improvement of the electron emission properties of the GOS devices was achieved by vacuum annealing at 300 °C. The electron emission efficiency of the GOS type electron emission devices reached 2.7% from 0.2% after vacuum annealing. The work function of the graphene electrode was found to decrease 0.26 eV after vacuum annealing by Kelvin force probe microscopy analysis. These results indicated that the improvement of the electron emission efficiency of the GOS devices by vacuum annealing is due to the decrease in the work function of the graphene electrode.