bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approaching the capacity of two‐pair bidirectional Gaussian relay networks
Authors: Ghabeli Leila , Derpich Milan S.
Published: June 2015

The authors present an improved achievable rate region for two‐pair bidirectional Gaussian relay networks based on successive compute‐and‐forward method. In these networks, one relay helps in the communication between two pairs of users. In their proposed scheme, the authors use nested lattice codes for encoding the messages at the users, and Gaussian random codes for the encoding at the relay. They use the successive compute‐and‐forward strategy to decode two integer linear combinations of the lattice codewords in the uplink, and successive interference cancellation for decoding the Gaussian codewords in the downlink. The downlink channel can be considered as a broadcast channel with two receiver groups, but within each group, a pair of users is considered as an additive white Gaussian noise channel (instead of a broadcast channel) because each node knows its own transmitted message. It is shown that for all channel gains of downlink channels and all channel gains of symmetric uplink channel pairs, the strategy achieves rates to within constant gaps of 1/2 and 3/4 bit/s/Hz per user of the cut‐set upper bound for restricted and non‐restricted models, respectively. These gaps are tighter than those previously obtained for this network, which have not exploited the successive compute‐and‐forward method.
Attachment style, serial argument, and taking conflict personally
Authors: Hample Dale , Richards Adam S.
Published: June 2015

Serial argument theory explains recurring conflict within personal relationships. The theory specifies that an arguer’s goals influence his/her tactics, leading to argument outcomes which include effects on the relationship. We extend this model in two ways. First we suggest that attachment styles predict serial argument goals. Second, we hypothesize that taking conflict personally (TCP) is an outcome of such arguments. University students (N = 682) completed a cross-sectional survey about their attachment styles and felt personalization regarding a serial argument they experienced. A structural equation model tested relationships between attachment styles, goals, tactics, outcomes, and TCP. Results indicated that attachment styles predict goals of serial arguing and serial argument outcomes predict TCP. The study shows that attachment styles have modest but statistically significant effects on goals of serial arguing in close relationships and that the tactics used in serial arguing predict the degree to which people take recurring conflict personally.
Irony in interpersonal conflict scenarios
Authors: Averbeck Joshua M.
Published: June 2015

The uses of indirect argument strategies, such as irony, remain understudied. This study examined a variety of ironic arguments and the production and suppression rather than reception of those arguments. Hyperbole, understatement, rhetorical question, jocularity, and sarcasm were examined in close versus distant relationships. Findings point to a tendency to use more negative arguments in closer relationships than those that are more casual. In sum, we are more likely to be negative in closer relationships despite what our typical behavior would indicate.
Pre- and post-conflict language designations and language policies
Authors: Hlavac Jim
Published: June 2015

This paper examines the reported actions and strategies of translators working in three closely related languages, Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, which have recently undergone re-codification in countries that have greatly changed their language planning and language policy regulations. The legacy of former and unofficial designations such as ‘Serbo-Croatian’ or ‘Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian’ within the post-conflict situation is contextualised and translators’ decisionmaking processes and reported strategies in relation to language form and designation are examined. The paper seeks to demonstrate the explanatory power of Toury’s notion of norms as a framework to account for new regularities of practice. Texts identified to be different from their nominal code, or market requests to work from or into unofficial designations are now problematised and re-negotiated as secondary practices or a less commonly reported behaviour. The paper extends and applies the notion of norms to the social and occupational, macro-pragmatic role that translators occupy.
Spawning, Larviculture, and Salinity Tolerance of Alewives and Blueback Herring in Captivity
Authors: DiMaggio Matthew A , Pine Harvey J , Kenter Linas W , Berlinsky David L
Published: June 2015

Precipitous declines in wild populations of river herring species (Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and Blueback Herring A. aestivalis) have led to increased interest in stock enhancement efforts. Additionally, their popularity as a baitfish among recreational anglers has generated interest in commercial production of these species for marine baitfish markets. The objective of this investigation was to elucidate practical culture protocols for captive propagation of these species for commercial and restoration purposes. Wild Blueback Herring, captured during their annual spawning migration, spawned in tanks volitionally, while Alewives required exogenous hormone administration. Larvae of both species were successfully raised through metamorphosis using a feeding regime comprised of enriched rotifers followed by Artemia nauplii and a commercially available diet. Survival of early larvae acclimated to salinities ranging from 5‰ to 15‰ was high for both species (>94.0%) while that for older larvae acclimated to 15, 20, and 30‰ ranged from 64.7% to 95.3%. Juveniles raised at varying salinities (0–30‰) exhibited high survival (95.6–100.0%) and excellent feed conversion ratios (≤1.31) in all treatments. In acute salinity transfer experiments, high survival was observed when fish of both species (233–275 d posthatch) were transferred from low to high salinities, but low survival (10.0% and 3.3%) was observed in Alewives transferred from 15‰ or 30‰ to freshwater (0‰). A nodular fibrotic growth was found on 3.7% and 10.1% of the cultured Alewives and Blueback Herring (≥231 d posthatch), respectively, that likely followed tissue trauma and ulceration. The results of these studies provide a framework for river herring culture in recirculating systems.
Developmental changes in misinterpretation of garden-path wh-questions in French
Authors: Lassotta Romy , Omaki Akira , Franck Julie
Published: June 2015

This study explores (mis)interpretation of biclausal wh-questions by French-speaking adults and children, aiming to investigate cross-linguistic differences in sentence revision mechanisms. Following previous work in Japanese the ambiguity of wh-questions was manipulated: In ambiguous questions, the fronted wh-phrase could be associated with the first, main-clause verb or the second, embedded-clause verb, while in garden-path questions, an inserted filled-gap prepositional phrase (PP) blocked main-clause attachment. Importantly, French differs from Japanese in that the filled gap arises after the first verb—that is, after the wh-phrase has been interpreted within the main clause. Two story-based comprehension experiments were conducted to probe the effect of word order on revision performance. Adults and children frequently provided main-clause interpretations of ambiguous questions. In filled-gap questions, children displayed relatively acute sensitivity to the filled-gap in wh-argument questions (Experiment 2), but not in wh-adjunct questions (Experiment 1); adults showed surprisingly low sensitivity to it, frequently misinterpreting adjunct and argument questions. Acceptability ratings (Experiment 3) showed that adults systematically prefer in situ questions over wh-fronting questions. We conclude that timing of the error signal influences revision, and that whereas French-speaking children prioritize syntactic cues, adults prioritize distributional information about the optionality of wh-fronting in French.
Diffusion and retention are major determinants of protein targeting to the inner nuclear membrane
Authors: Ungricht Rosemarie , Klann Michael , Horvath Peter , Kutay Ulrike
Published: June 2015

Newly synthesized membrane proteins are constantly sorted from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to various membranous compartments. How proteins specifically enrich at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) is not well understood. We have established a visual in vitro assay to measure kinetics and investigate requirements of protein targeting to the INM. Using human LBR, SUN2, and LAP2β as model substrates, we show that INM targeting is energy-dependent but distinct from import of soluble cargo. Accumulation of proteins at the INM relies on both a highly interconnected ER network, which is affected by energy depletion, and an efficient immobilization step at the INM. Nucleoporin depletions suggest that translocation through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is rate-limiting and restricted by the central NPC scaffold. Our experimental data combined with mathematical modeling support a diffusion-retention–based mechanism of INM targeting. We experimentally confirmed the sufficiency of diffusion and retention using an artificial reporter lacking natural sorting signals that recapitulates the energy dependence of the process in vivo.
Live imaging and modeling of inner nuclear membrane targeting reveals its molecular requirements in mammalian cells
Authors: Boni Andrea , Politi Antonio Z. , Strnad Petr , Xiang Wanqing , Hossain M. Julius , Ellenberg Jan
Published: June 2015

Targeting of inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins is essential for nuclear architecture and function, yet its mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we established a new reporter that allows real-time imaging of membrane protein transport from the ER to the INM using Lamin B receptor and Lap2β as model INM proteins. These reporters allowed us to characterize the kinetics of INM targeting and establish a mathematical model of this process and enabled us to probe its molecular requirements in an RNA interference screen of 96 candidate genes. Modeling of the phenotypes of genes involved in transport of these INM proteins predicted that it critically depended on the number and permeability of nuclear pores and the availability of nuclear binding sites, but was unaffected by depletion of most transport receptors. These predictions were confirmed with targeted validation experiments on the functional requirements of nucleoporins and nuclear lamins. Collectively, our data support a diffusion retention model of INM protein transport in mammalian cells.
KCC2 regulates actin dynamics in dendritic spines via interaction with β-PIX
Authors: Llano Olaya , Smirnov Sergey , Soni Shetal , Golubtsov Andrey , Guillemin Isabelle , Hotulainen Pirta , Medina Igor , Nothwang Hans Gerd , Rivera Claudio , Ludwig Anastasia
Published: June 2015

Chloride extrusion in mature neurons is largely mediated by the neuron-specific potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2. In addition, independently of its chloride transport function, KCC2 regulates the development and morphology of dendritic spines through structural interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. The mechanism of this effect remains largely unknown. In this paper, we show a novel pathway for KCC2-mediated regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in neurons. We found that KCC2, through interaction with the b isoform of Rac/Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor β-PIX, regulates the activity of Rac1 GTPase and the phosphorylation of one of the major actin-regulating proteins, cofilin-1. KCC2-deficient neurons had abnormally high levels of phosphorylated cofilin-1. Consistently, dendritic spines of these neurons exhibited a large pool of stable actin, resulting in reduced spine motility and diminished density of functional synapses. In conclusion, we describe a novel signaling pathway that couples KCC2 to the cytoskeleton and regulates the formation of glutamatergic synapses.
A parallel and sensitive software tool for methylation analysis on multicore platforms
Authors: Tárraga Joaquín , Pérez Mariano , Orduña Juan M. , Duato José , Medina Ignacio , Dopazo Joaquín
Published: June 2015

Motivation: DNA methylation analysis suffers from very long processing time, as the advent of Next-Generation Sequencers has shifted the bottleneck of genomic studies from the sequencers that obtain the DNA samples to the software that performs the analysis of these samples. The existing software for methylation analysis does not seem to scale efficiently neither with the size of the dataset nor with the length of the reads to be analyzed. As it is expected that the sequencers will provide longer and longer reads in the near future, efficient and scalable methylation software should be developed.

Results: We present a new software tool, called HPG-Methyl, which efficiently maps bisulphite sequencing reads on DNA, analyzing DNA methylation. The strategy used by this software consists of leveraging the speed of the Burrows–Wheeler Transform to map a large number of DNA fragments (reads) rapidly, as well as the accuracy of the Smith–Waterman algorithm, which is exclusively employed to deal with the most ambiguous and shortest reads. Experimental results on platforms with Intel multicore processors show that HPG-Methyl significantly outperforms in both execution time and sensitivity state-of-the-art software such as Bismark, BS-Seeker or BSMAP, particularly for long bisulphite reads.

Availability and implementation: Software in the form of C libraries and functions, together with instructions to compile and execute this software. Available by sftp to anonymous@clariano.uv.es (password ‘anonymous’).

Contact:  juan.orduna@uv.es or jdopazo@cipf.es
Program Evaluation
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jody
Published: June 2015

Program evaluation involves making use of social science research methods to judge the quality of a program or policy. It typically is designed to provide information to program stakeholders, including funders; public administrators and policymakers; program managers, deliverers, and clients; or citizens in general, about a program and its quality. The purpose may be to help plan a program (needs assessment), to improve an existing program (formative evaluation), or to determine whether to continue or expand a program (summative evaluation). Program evaluation emerged in the United States with Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society and emerged in most European countries in the 1980s. Australia, New Zealand, and Canada have also been leaders in evaluation work. In the United States, most professional evaluators come from education and psychology. In Europe, and some other countries, evaluators are more likely to come from the fields of political science and economics. These differences in disciplinary training interact with and influence the choice of programs to evaluate and the methods used in evaluation studies. Today, pressures for accountability and transparency have led to an expansion of evaluation around the world. Evaluation associations are emerging in Asia (Asia Pacific Evaluation Association, or APEA, 2012), Africa (African Evaluation Association, or AfrEA, 1999), and South America, with several regional and national associations. Evaluators differ from researchers in that they work with a client to define information needs and collect data to meet those needs making use of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods as appropriate to the issues being addressed. Current issues in the field include a focus on outcomes, randomized control trials (RCTs), the role of evaluators in pursuing social justice, involving others in evaluation, building organizations’ and countries’ capacity for evaluation, and, a long-term concern, maximizing the use of evaluations.
Psychoanalysis
Authors: Boldt Gail
Published: June 2015

Grounded in the belief that individual human development and personality are strongly influenced by, if not determined by, early life events, childhood has been a central construct in psychoanalysis since its inception. Reading across psychoanalytic works and works in other disciplines influenced by psychoanalytic thinking, the child is always present, whether explicitly named or not, because the experiences, expectations, desires, and needs of infant and child are always assumed to be reflected in the later beliefs, emotions, and actions of the adult. Sigmund Freud’s initial descriptions of childhood were based on retrospective reports of adult patients. An important shift occurred when psychoanalytic researchers began direct observations of infants and children as well as clinical and educational engagements with children. Perspectives on childhood are contested within the psychoanalytic field, with varied beliefs existing across classical Freudian, Kleinian, Lacanian, ego psychology, object relations, interpersonal, and relational schools of psychoanalytic thought. Psychoanalytic perspectives continue to change as research both inside and outside the field goes on, with attachment theory and theories of mentalization representing two important developments that have wide-ranging influence beyond psychoanalytic practice. The early and middle years of the twentieth century saw close ties between prominent psychoanalysts and anthropologists who studied childhood. Psychoanalysis initially moved into cultural studies, including cultural studies of childhood, through anthropology. Psychoanalytically influenced studies of the child in culture as well as psychoanalytic traditions of child observation influence contemporary conceptualizations of childhood in childhood studies. Psychoanalytic perspectives are also present in conceptualizations of childhood in education. Early psychoanalysts, many of whom were trained as teachers, took a strong interest in how psychoanalytic principles could be applied to education in ways believed to address the assumed instinctual desires of children. While psychoanalytic theory is no longer widely espoused in education, a small number of contemporary education theorists, many influenced by cultural studies, attend to psychodynamic factors assumed to be at work in learning and classroom relationships in their analyses of children’s and teachers’ experiences of education and advocacy for educational practices.
The State of State Competition for Incorporations
Authors: Kahan Marcel
Published: June 2015

This chapter focuses on the competition by states for incorporations. More specifically, it examines three scholarly debates over state competition for incorporations: the “directional” debate, centered around the question of whether firms, if given a choice, will opt for corporate law rules that maximize shareholder value, corporate rules that maximize managerial benefits, something in between, or something else entirely; the “competition” debate, which is concerned with whether, how, and which states compete for incorporations; the “federalism” debate, which deals with the desirability of federal corporate law as an alternative to the present regime, where many corporate law rules are determined by the law of the firm’s state of incorporation. It also analyzes the empirical evidence in relation to all three debates.
A Behavioral Perspective on Corporate Law and Corporate Governance
Authors: Winter Jaap
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines corporate law and governance from a behavioral perspective. It begins with an overview of the growing body of behavioral knowledge and its impact on the core assumptions of the agency theory. It then goes on to consider a number of specific areas of corporate law and governance where behavioral perspectives are particularly relevant, with particular emphasis on rule making. The chapter also explores how the board of directors performs, along with modern executive compensation systems, often in the form of performance-based pay. Finally, the chapter turns to the interaction between executives, non-executives, and (institutional) investors in corporate governance.
Aestheticism and the Politics of Pleasure
Authors: Livesey Ruth
Published: June 2015

The late nineteenth-century Aesthetic movement challenged many aspects of Victorian literature and culture. This chapter explores how the emphasis on pleasure within Aestheticism was central to that challenge. The pursuit of ‘art for art’s sake’ might seem to imply a step away from the politics of the day, but the hedonism of the movement, the chapter suggests, subverted dominant arguments about culture and society in an age of democratization. The works of Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater provide a means to examine a wider aesthetic counter-culture that resisted Matthew Arnold’s arguments for critical consensus, undermined the calculated happiness of Utilitarian political economy, and broke open new spaces for the appreciation and expression of beauty.
The Emergence of Nationalism
Authors: McDougall James
Published: June 2015

This chapter discusses the emergence of nationalism in the Middle East and North Africa, with a focus on the Arab world between the late nineteenth century and the 1950s. Given the geographic coverage of neighboring chapters and the general tendency in the literature to focus on nationalism in the Levant (bilād al-shām) and Egypt, this chapter incorporates North African and transregional formations into the analysis. It considers the tensions and commonalities between “pan”-nationalisms and movements for territorial sovereignty, the circulation of intellectual and cultural influences, and the articulation of nationalism with the emergence of mass politics in the region between the First World War and the years of decolonization.
Cascading Liberation and Renewal—Tunisia in History
Authors: Sadiki Larbi
Published: June 2015

The investigation followed in this chapter attempts to indirectly upend the Orientalist narration of Arab and Tunisian political history. It seeks to follow a trajectory that presents Tunisia’s prismatic quest for liberation and renewal. It is within this historicization and contextualization that the chapter uncovers stories that enable a reinterpretation of the country’s ability to spark the moral flames of protest, liberation, and renewal, with special reference to the country’s Arab Spring. Here the verve of politics and an ethos of liberation and renewal come together in a gripping historical moment.
Politeness and Impoliteness
Authors: Brown Penelope
Published: June 2015

This article selectively reviews the literature on politeness across different disciplines—linguistics, anthropology, communications, conversation analysis, social psychology, and sociology—and critically assesses how both theoretical approaches to politeness and research on linguistic politeness phenomena have evolved over the past forty years. Major new developments include a shift from predominantly linguistic approaches to those examining politeness and impoliteness as processes that are embedded and negotiated in interactional and cultural contexts, as well as a greater focus on how both politeness and interactional confrontation and conflict fit into our developing understanding of human cooperation and universal aspects of human social interaction.
Psychopharmacology in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Authors: Wenzel Amy , Kim Deborah
Published: June 2015

A substantial minority of pregnant and lactating women meet criteria for one or more mental health disorders and, in many of these cases, treatment with psychotropic medication is indicated. Data from empirical studies on psychopharmacology using antidepressant medications for perinatal women suggest that the risk-benefit ratio is favorable, although their usage during pregnancy is associated with a slight increase in risk of spontaneous abortion, cardiac malformations (specifically with paroxetine), preterm birth, and poor neonatal adaptation syndrome. However, these risks should be contrasted with the fact that women with moderate to severe depression who have had multiple lifetime episodes have a substantial relapse rate if they stop taking their antidepressant during pregnancy. There is more limited research on the use of other classes of psychotropic medications during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Future research should establish the efficacy and risk-benefit profile of psychotropic medications for the broad array of mental health disorders during pregnancy and lactation, as well as for postpartum mental health disorders other than depression.
The School-to-Prison Pipeline in America, 1972–2012
Authors: Sykes Bryan L. , Piquero Alex R. , Gioviano Jason P. , Pittman Nicolas
Published: June 2015

The rise of mass imprisonment has affected millions of Americans in the criminal justice system, resulting in a copious amount of research on the socioeconomic consequences of incarceration for disadvantaged men. A parallel thread of research is burgeoning in scholarly literature under the metaphor of “the school-to-prison-pipeline” to explain juvenile punishment. This article argues that the school-to-prison pipeline has its origins in social transformation of work and its distribution of rewards, racialized and gendered punishment practices that are differentially employed to curtail recalcitrant behavior, and differences in the ecological contexts of childhood development. The article begins by reviewing research on race and class inequalities in penal and educational institutions. Next, it presents new estimates of juvenile incarceration rates to show how adolescent incapacitation mirrors adult incarceration rates. Finally, policy prescriptions to disrupt, redress, and retard the school-to-prison pipeline are discussed.
Global Thefts of Biblical Narrative
Authors: West Gerald O.
Published: June 2015

This chapter takes its starting point from the African experience, across a range of African contexts, of Africa as both the subject and object of biblical narrative. When the Bible came to Africa, it came with well-established colonial metanarratives, constructed in part from biblical narratives. These colonial metanarratives were in turn partly reconstructed by the engagement with African others, from both a European and an African perspective along two diverging trajectories, with biblical narrative making a contribution to both. This chapter focuses on the capacity of biblical narrative, biblical story, to be both incorporated into “local” metanarratives and to shape these metanarratives. The contexts that are the focus of this chapter are largely “third world” contexts, across which there are significant family resemblances and important contextual differences.
The Nature, Extent, and Consequences of Cryptic Genetic Variation in theopaRepeats ofNotchinDrosophila
Authors: Rice Clinton , Beekman Danielle , Liu Liping , Erives Albert
Published: June 2015

ABTRACT

Polyglutamine (pQ) tracts are abundant in many proteins co-interacting on DNA. The lengths of these pQ tracts can modulate their interaction strengths. However, pQ tracts > 40 residues are pathologically prone to amyloidogenic self-assembly. Here, we assess the extent and consequences of variation in the pQ-encodingoparepeats ofNotch(N) inDrosophila melanogaster. We use Sanger sequencing to genotypeopasequences (5’-CAX repeats), which have resisted assembly using short sequence reads. While the majority ofNsequences pertain to referenceopa31(Q13HQ17) andopa32(Q13HQ18) allelic classes, several rare alleles encode tracts > 32 residues:opa33a(Q14HQ18),opa33b(Q15HQ17),opa34(Q16HQ17),opa35a1/opa35a2(Q13HQ21),opa36(Q13HQ22), andopa37(Q13HQ23). Only one rare allele encodes a tract < 31 residues:opa23(Q13–Q10). Thisopa23allele shortens the pQ tract while simultaneously eliminating the interrupting histidine. Homozygotes for the short and longopaalleles have defects in sensory bristle organ specification, abdominal patterning, and embryonic survival. Inbred stocks with wild-typeopa31alleles become more viable when outbred, while an inbred stock with the longeropa35becomes less viable after outcrossing to different backgrounds. In contrast, an inbred stock with the shortopa23allele is semi-viable in both inbred and outbred genetic backgrounds. Thisopa23 Notchallele also produces notched wings when recombined out of the X chromosome. Importantly,wa-linked X balancers carry theNalleleopa33band suppressAS-Cinsufficiency caused by thesc8inversion. Our results demonstrate significant cryptic variation and epistatic sensitivity for theNlocus, and the need for long read genotyping of key repeat variables underlying gene regulatory networks.
Coalescent inference using serially sampled, high-throughput sequencing data from intra-host HIV infection
Authors: Dialdestoro Kevin , Sibbesen Jonas Andreas , Maretty Lasse , Raghwani Jayna , Gall Astrid , Kellam Paul , Pybus Oliver G. , Hein Jotun , Jenkins Paul A.
Published: June 2015

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a rapidly evolving pathogen that causes chronic infections, so genetic diversity within a single infection can be very high. High-throughput “deep” sequencing can now measure this diversity in unprecedented detail, particularly since it can be performed at different timepoints during an infection, and this offers a potentially powerful way to infer the evolutionary dynamics of the intra-host viral population. However, population genomic inference from HIV sequence data is challenging because of high rates of mutation and recombination, rapid demographic changes, and ongoing selective pressures. In this paper we develop a new method for inference using HIV deep sequencing data using an approach based on importance sampling of ancestral recombination graphs under a multi-locus coalescent model. The approach further extends recent progress in the approximation of so-calledconditional sampling distributions, a quantity of key interest when approximating co-alescent likelihoods. The chief novelties of our method are that it is able to infer rates of recombination and mutation, as well as the effective population size, while handling sampling over different timepoints and missing data without extra computational difficulty. We apply our method to a dataset of HIV-1, in which several hundred sequences were obtained from an infected individual at seven timepoints over two years. We find mutation rate and effective population size estimates to be comparable to those produced by the software BEAST. Additionally, our method is able to produce local recombination rate estimates. The software underlying our method, Coalescenator, is freely available.
bModelTest: Bayesian phylogenetic site model averaging and model comparison
Authors: Bouckaert Remco R , Drummond Alexei J
Published: June 2015

Background:

Reconstructing phylogenies through Bayesian methods has many benefits, which include providing a mathematically sound framework, providing realistic estimates of uncertainty and being able to incorporate different sources of information based on formal principles. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses are popular for interpreting nucleotide sequence data, however for such studies one needs to specify a site model and associated substitution model. Often, the parameters of the site model is of no interest and an ad-hoc or additional likelihood based analysis is used to select a single site model.

Results:

bModelTest allows for a Bayesian approach to inferring and marginalizing site models in a phylogenetic analysis. It is based on trans-dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) proposals that allow switching between substitution models as well as estimating the posterior probability for gamma-distributed rate heterogeneity a proportion of invariable sites and unequal base frequencies. The model can be used with the full set of time-reversible models on nucleotides, but we also introduce and demonstrate the use of two subsets of time-reversible substitution models.

Conclusion:

With the new method the site model can be inferred (and marginalized) during the MCMC analysis and does not need to be pre-determined, as is now often the case in practice, by likelihood-based methods. The method is implemented in the bModelTest package of the popular BEAST 2 software, which is open source, licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License and allows joint site model and tree inference under a wide range of models.
Design and performance of the APPLE-Knot undulator
Authors: Ji Fuhao , Chang Rui , Zhou Qiaogen , Zhang Wei , Ye Mao , Sasaki Shigemi , Qiao Shan
Published: June 2015

Along with the development of accelerator technology, synchrotron emittance has continuously decreased. This results in increased brightness, but also causes a heavy heat load on beamline optics. Recently, optical surfaces with 0.1 nm micro-roughness and 0.05 µrad slope error (r.m.s.) have become commercially available and surface distortions due to heat load have become a key factor in determining beamline performance, and heat load has become a serious problem at modern synchrotron radiation facilities. Here, APPLE-Knot undulators which can generate photons with arbitrary polarization, with low on-axis heat load, are reported.
Quantitative phase retrieval in X-ray Zernike phase contrast microscopy
Authors: Chen Heng , Wang Zhili , Gao Kun , Hou Qiyue , Wang Dajiang , Wu Ziyu
Published: June 2015

In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to X-ray phase contrast imaging, since it can provide high-contrast images by using phase variations. Among the different existing techniques, Zernike phase contrast microscopy is one of the most popular phase-sensitive techniques for investigating the fine structure of the sample at high spatial resolution. In X-ray Zernike phase contrast microscopy, the image contrast is indeed a mixture of absorption and phase contrast. Therefore, this technique just provides qualitative information on the object, which makes the interpretation of the image difficult. In this contribution, an approach is proposed for quantitative phase retrieval in X-ray Zernike phase contrast microscopy. By shifting the phase of the direct light by π/2 and 3π/2, two images of the same object are measured successively. The phase information of the object can then be quantitatively retrieved by a proper combination of the measured images. Numerical experiments were carried out and the results confirmed the feasibility of the proposed method. It is expected that the proposed method will find widespread applications in biology, materials science and so on.
Sexual harassment
Authors: Chelliah John
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– Highlights the risks faced by Australian employers as a result of sexual harassment by employees and contractors.

Design/methodology/approach

– Considers the types of approach that are necessary to prevent sexual harassment by employees and contractors in the workplace and events outside the workplace sanctioned by employers.

Findings

– Explains that employers should ensure that they have robust policies that comply with Australian law and should provide adequate training to protect themselves against costly compensation claims.

Practical implications

– Guides employers in preventing loss arising from claims of sexual harassment from employees.

Social implications

– Draws attention to the risks associated with conflict of interest at work.

Originality/value

– Raises the issue of organizational preparedness to undertake the challenges potentially posed by employees and contractors who may consider sexual harassment as acceptable in the workplace.
Why top people can shortlist their employer
Authors: Rao M.S
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– Emphasizes the soft and hard skills needed to put a person in a position to shortlist his or her employer.

Design/methodology/approach

– Shares seven tools to fast-track a career. Outlines tips to build career capital.

Findings

– Advances the view that there is no permanent employment but only permanent employability.

Practical implications

– Argues that the findings can be applied in any industry or sector of the economy.

Social implications

– Examines why the modern business world rewards the greater flexibility associated with employability over employment.

Originality/value

– Turns the spotlight on acquiring the right mindset, tool set and skill set to be able to shortlist an employer.
The ban on working from home makes sense for Yahoo
Authors: Pathak Atul Arun , Bathini Dharma  Raju , Kandathil George M
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– Discusses the suitability of work-from-home policies, especially in information technology companies. Cautions against a one-size-fits-all approach and states that each company needs to make a decision based on how closely this important human resource (HR) policy aligns with organizational strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

– Describes how a work-from-home policy, if correctly designed and implemented by HR managers and if aligned to the organizational strategy, can promote innovation and thereby provide a competitive advantage. Gives illustrations from various organizations to explain the concepts.

Findings

– Argues that working from home is not useful for all organizations and in all contexts. HR managers can play a key role in identifying the suitability of work-from-home in their organization’s context. The HR policy needs to be flexible and to change based on the need for innovation, the nature of projects and the role of each individual in the organization.

Practical implications

– Advances the view that IT organizations which focus on high-impact radical innovations may benefit from having their employees work in an office. However, each organization, depending on the type of innovation it is aiming for and the nature of projects that it is engaged in, should consider whether work-from-home is a suitable option or not. HR managers should play a larger role in aligning the work-from-home policy to the organizational strategy. They should also be involved more closely in decisions related to the implementation of the policy on the ground.

Social implications

– Concedes that extra effort will be needed from human resource management (HRM) in customizing work-from-home-related policies to ensure effective alignment with ever-changing organizational strategies.

Originality/value

– Considers the context of work-from-home. Provides insights into how HR managers can design the policy, align it to overall strategy and implement these HRM practices on the ground.
The unnatural networker’s guide to networking
Authors: Lawson Charlie
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– Helps people to help people to become better at networking.

Design/methodology/approach

– Examines some differences between introverts and extroverts and explains why introverts can be better at networking than extroverts.

Findings

– Provides a number of tips, including setting goals, looking for the right body language and following up, that can help to make people into good networkers.

Practical implications

– Asserts that a high proportion of people are not natural networkers but that good networking skills can be learned.

Social implications

– Highlights the importance of being good at networking for business and personal success.

Originality/value

– Advances the view that effective networking is about much more than simply “working the room”.
Are your feet on the ground or is your head in the clouds?
Authors: McKergow Mark
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– Highlights the importance of looking at both the near and distant future.

Design/methodology/approach

– Observes that different kinds of people treat and use the future differently and considers how to use the more useful elements of the future.

Findings

– Charts the approaches taken towards the future by the dreamer, the realist, the business planner and the host and outlines the advantages of leading like a host.

Practical implications

– Considers how host views the horizon, the area just before the horizon, the future and the very near future.

Social implications

– Accepts that we do not fully know what is going to happen in the future, but that does not mean people should focus only on the near (and therefore most “knowable”) future.

Originality/value

– Advances the view that having a good idea of the first signs of progress can be particularly useful in cases where the next steps are not obvious or seem tough or uncertain – rapid feedback will be useful in letting us know that what we are doing.
Why is it suddenly so easy to change?
Authors: Lilja Johan , Richardsson Daniel
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to contribute with knowledge concerning how to drive, generate and energize change and development in social systems. A potential key to meet this challenge is the strength-based change management approach called appreciative inquiry (AI). A central component of AI is the “AI interview”, which has evolved into a distinct activity that enables the past and the future to be used as a generative source for on-going learning about strengths, opportunities, aspirations and results. The AI interview has in previous studies shown an often surprisingly high ability to generate development and change in social systems. However, the understanding of the generative “mystery” of the AI interview, focusing on the value experienced by both the people conducting the interview and those being interviewed, is still in need of further exploration. Furthermore, the evident generativity of the AI interview has not yet been integrated to any large extent into quality management. The purpose of this paper is to change that.

Design/methodology/approach

– The researchers have studied the customer experience of conducting an AI interview based on feedback from 97 AI students at Mid Sweden University.

Findings

– Among the results, eight categories of value are identified.

Originality/value

– The paper contributes with new knowledge concerning the values experienced during participation in an AI interview. The paper also highlights ideas on how the generativity of the AI interview could be increasingly integrated into quality management.
Translating the EFQM model into the courts
Authors: Moura e Sá Patrícia , Albuquerque António
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop an assessment guide based on the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) model criteria. Courts have been under pressure to become more accountable and responsive organisations. In this context, self-assessment models that drive attention to the way resources are being used and to the results that are being achieved, incorporating the views of different stakeholders, are of particular interest.

Design/methodology/approach

– A case study approach was used. The meaning of the quality principles that underline the EFQM model was discussed with the court administrator, judges, prosecutors and justice officers. Those perspectives were taken into account when translating the criteria and criterion parts of the EFQM model. The assessment guide was validated by an experts’ panel.

Findings

– The EFQM model captures the essential features of a court even if the courts terminology and governance models challenge the translation of some criteria. The resulting guide includes a description of the various criteria and criterion parts and the identification of key focus areas, while giving some illustrative examples of initiatives and indicators that could be looked at under each model dimension.

Practical implications

– The assessment guide can be used to undertake self-assessment exercises in different courts.

Originality/value

– There is a lack of studies on the measurement of courts’ performance apart from the publication of simple lists of process indicators. The assessment guide developed in this study is perhaps one of the most comprehensive resources for assessing the quality of a court.
Green university initiatives in China: a case of Tsinghua University
Authors: Zhao Wanxia , Zou Yonghua
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine green university initiatives in the context of China, using Tsinghua University, which is China’s green university pioneer, as a case study.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research method used for this paper is a case study based on participant observation and document analysis. The approach to data collection includes the examination of archive records, yearbooks and statistical information regarding Tsinghua University.

Findings

– This paper finds that Tsinghua’s green university initiative is a response to Tsinghua’s strategy of establishing a word-class university, with a goal of bearing more responsibility in promoting a sustainable society. Tsinghua employs one principle (green university) and three dimensions (green education, green research and green campus) to frame its green university initiative. Tsinghua’s green university initiative has earned many achievements, but it has also faced many challenges, such as ignoring social justice, fragmented coordination efforts and the lack of effective communication and assessment mechanisms.

Practical implications

– As a leading university and the pioneering green university in the country, Tsinghua University is very influential with regard to the development of green universities in China. Many other universities have designed their own programs based on Tsinghua’s experiences in the green university initiative. As such, Tsinghua’s experiences provide reference values to other universities in China.

Originality/value

– This paper comprehensively examines the evolution, framework, achievements and challenges of the green university initiative of Tsinghua University. It helps the audience to know how China’s universities understand and practice education for sustainable development.
Environmental management and sustainability in higher education
Authors: León-Fernández Yolanda , Domínguez-Vilches Eugenio
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to analyse trends in implementing the main initiatives in the field of environmental management and sustainability in Spanish universities, taking as a reference point the guidelines adopted by a number of universities in countries most committed to sustainable development.

Design/methodology/approach

– An analysis of information available on the Internet and of data collected from a questionnaire completed by a significant proportion of Spanish higher education institutions was carried out.

Findings

– The research found that the Spanish university system follows international trends: it possesses permanent working structures, applies a variety of environmental management and sustainability tools and carries out other activities related to the environment and sustainable development. But there still appears to be scope for improvement in some aspects, including to increase the visibility of the efforts in the environmental area, and other aspects such as the varying terminology used to refer to similar tools and processes and, conversely, of the same nomenclature to refer to distinct concepts.

Originality/value

– This paper provides new data and updated information on sustainability in Spanish universities and some recommendations for improvement.