bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Performance of Streptococcus pneumoniae Urinary Antigen Assay: A Cross-sectional Study on Comparative Analysis of Bacterial Culture and Molecular Detection in Pneumococcal Infections
Authors: Krishnan S Santhana , Gopinathan Anusha , Datchanamoorthy Maheswary , Naik Shweta Sagar , Leela KV
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Pneumonia is the most prevalent infection worldwide, leading to hospitalisation and contributing to mortality rates. Among the bacterial agents associated with CommunityAcquired Pneumonia (CAP), Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common. Conventional microbiological diagnostic tests have various limitations, including issues with sample collection, prior antibiotic administration, and delayed specimen transport. Urinary Antigen Testing (UAT) shows promise in rapidly identifying the causative agent of CAP, allowing for targeted therapy. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the pneumococcal UAT in identifying CAP. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted over a period of one year from June 2022 to May 2023 at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 38 patients (>18 years of age) with clinically suspected CAP and who satisfied the clinical criteria for CAP were recruited for the study. Respiratory specimens were subjected to bacterial culture, real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and UAT using the Fluorescent Immunoassay (FIA) to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the pneumococcal UAT for detecting CAP were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21.0. Results: The study revealed a female predominance 22 (57.89%). Bacterial culture and real-time PCR identified 7 (18.42%) of patients with S. pneumoniae, while the UAT only detected 1 (2.63%). The pneumococcal UAT showed low sensitivity (14.29%), high specificity (100%), and satisfactory accuracy (84.21%). Conclusion: The pneumococcal UAT, with its straightforward technology, ease of use, rapid results, non invasive approach, cost-effectiveness, and high specificity and accuracy, could be favoured over bacterial culture and molecular techniques for ruling out CAP.
Immunohistochemical Expression of E-cadherin in Premalignant and Malignant Squamous Lesions of the Oral Cavity: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Yamakanamardi Basavaraj , Rani Hephzibah , Shettar Deepti , Parinitha S S , Rao Ravikala V
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) constitutes 90% of the malignancies of the oral cavity, making it the 6th most common cancer worldwide. Premalignant lesions of the oral cavity carry an increased risk for the development of oral SCC, which is a multistage process. Numerous molecules are involved in this process, and E-cadherin is one of them. E-cadherin is a 120 kDa glycoprotein and a calcium-dependent molecule involved in cell adhesion. Altered expression of E-cadherin has been described in preinvasive lesions and malignancies of the cervix, oesophagus, and head and neck. Aim: The aim of this study was to observe the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression pattern of E-cadherin in premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity and to correlate E-cadherin immunoexpression between different grades of dysplasia and malignancy. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, ambispective study was conducted at Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. The study duration was two and a half years, with one year being retrospective from July 2014 to June 2015, and the remaining period being prospective from July 2015 to December 2016. Systematic random sampling was done to select 60 cases. Premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral squamous epithelium were classified according to the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification and subjected to E-cadherin immunohistochemistry. Grading of expression was based on the percentage of cells showing continuous homogenous membranous staining: 0 (negative)=0 to 10%, 1+ (loss)=11-25%, 2+ (weak)=26% to 50%, 3+ (strong)=51% to 75%, 4+ (intense)=>75% of cells. Results were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: The expression of E-cadherin between the different grades of premalignant lesions varied significantly (p-value=0.003), ranging from intense expression in mild dysplasia to weak expression in high grades of dysplasia. Immunoexpression was intense (4+) in 50% of cases, strong (3+) in 39.28%, and weak (2+) in 7.14% of cases. The expression of E-cadherin between the different grades of malignant lesions also varied significantly (p-value=0.002), ranging from negative expression in poorly differentiated SCC to strong expression in well-differentiated SCC. Immunoexpression was negative (0) in 31.25% of cases, strong (3+) in 31.25%, weak (2+) in 15.62%, and (1+) in 21.87% of cases. The pattern of expression was also significant between premalignant and malignant lesions (p-value<0.0001). Conclusion: As the grades of dysplasia and malignancy increase, the expression of E-cadherin reduces. Hence, there is a negative correlation between E-cadherin expression and the grades of dysplasia and malignancy.
Prevalence of Lower Respiratory Tract Fungal Infection at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Madhya Pradesh, India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Chiti Bhavya , Seth Riti Jain , Madoriya Kumkum
Published: December 2023

Introduction: The incidence of fungal infections and resistant isolates has risen exponentially due to multiple factors. This makes the isolation of fungi, performing identification, and susceptibility testing a necessary routine microbiological procedure. Assessing the burden and analysing the epidemiologic trends of fungal infections is critical for patient management. Aim: To determine the prevalence of various fungal infections affecting the lower respiratory tract. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Microbiology, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (NSCB) Medical College Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India specimens from 400 patients with suspected Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) were processed following standard microbiological methods for fungal culture and sensitivity testing. All the fungal isolates were obtained and their antifungal susceptibility pattern were recorded. The data entry was done in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, and the final analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 25.0, developed by IBM in Chicago, USA. Results: The majority of the assessed specimens were sputum (285, 71.2%). Out of the 115 Candida isolates, C.albicans (61, 53%) was the most common species isolated. Among the Non- Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) group, C. tropicalis (32, 27.8%) was the predominant isolate, followed by C. glabrata (16, 13.9%) and C. krusei (6, 5.2%). C. albicans was found to be the most prevalent in the elderly population (>60 years of age), whereas NCAC was prevalent in the 46-60 years age group. Regarding the antifungal drug susceptibility pattern, significantly higher drug resistance was seen in the NCAC group compared to C. albicans towards agents such as ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin-B, and nystatin. None of the fungal isolates demonstrated resistance to caspofungin. Conclusion: Fungal aetiology is a significant problem in patients with LRTI, which often remains underdiagnosed, increasing morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it should be kept in mind while managing a patient with LRTI.
Information Seeking Behaviour of the Farmers of Haryana for the Adoption of Newly Released Wheat Varieties
Authors: Bhukal Shikha , Rani Ella , Verma Vandana , Sharma Mini , Rani Diksha
Published: December 2023

Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is unquestionably the largest livelihood provider in India.  Wheat is a prominent crop of India from the point of view of food security. It is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food. Despite recent industrial developments, Haryana is primarily an agricultural state, with approximately seventy per cent of residents engaged in agriculture, and it ranks second in the country in terms of food grain production. The study was conducted in Hisar, Sirsa and Fatehabad districts of Haryana state as maximum FLD’s were disseminated in these areas. A well-structured questionnaire was distributed among the farmers for data collections. Purposive statistical measures such as percentages and frequency distribution were employed for data analysis. A total of 180 respondents were selected from six villages i.e. 30 respondents from each village where maximum seeds of newly released wheat varieties of CCSHAU were selected purposively. Communication profile of the respondents was measured in terms of source of information and credibility of sources was measured. majority of the respondents used localite information sources, which was followed by cosmopolites and also found that cosmopolite sources were more credible to gather information regarding wheat varieties released by CCSHAU. Kisan Call Centre was least used for information but their credibility was very high.
Protecting Genetic Genealogical Databases from Identical-by-State Probing Attacks: A Machine Learning-Based Approach
Authors: Enow T. A. A.  , Lum A. F.
Published: December 2023

Identical-by-state (IBS) probing is a way of attacking a public genealogy database to discover the identities of people who share specific qualities. The attacker creates an IBS-inert DNA sequence (IBS-inert-DNA-sequence) and combines it with a sequence containing the trait of interest. The final sequence matches people with genomic areas similar to the trait. To prevent attacks, it was hypothesized that the design of IBS-inert-DNA-sequences is based on the principle that they are susceptible to detection by skilled machine learning systems, because the attacker purposely creates an IBS-inert-DNA-sequence which is structurally dissimilar to real DNA sequences. The dataset consisted of real DNA (from the UCI Machine Learning Repository's splice junction gene sequences dataset) and computer-generated sequences. Eighteen non-identical Random Forest classifier models (RF-models) were created to determine the best configurations for discriminating between real and computer-generated sequences. The findings revealed that an optimized RF-model combined with k-mer and n-gram values of 2 each, resulted in the most performant model, with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate, Matthew’s correlation coefficient, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of 88.3%, 84.8%, 91.8%, 8.2%, 0.768 and 0.958, respectively. A decline in performance was linked to an increase in k-mer size.
Evaluating Soil Erosion through Geospatial Techniques: Difficulties and Prospects in the Context of the Central Indian Chambal River Basin
Authors: Suryawanshi Ashwini , Dubey Snehil , Sharma Mahima
Published: December 2023

Soil erosion is the greatest threat to the ecosystem which gets accelerated due to environmental agents such as water and wind as well as anthropogenic activities. Effective estimation of soil degradation plays an important role in planning preventive measures and conserving the soil. This study was carried out to provide decision-makers with a picture of soil erosion in Madhya Pradesh's Chambal basin and to identify environmentally hot areas to assist in planning effective conservation measures. By using a few input parameters to create raster maps of the Rainfall erosivity factor (R), Soil erodibility factor (K), Topographic factor (LS), Cover and management factor (C), and Support practice factor (P), the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) models were applied. The classification of soil erosion and the area portion in each class was then acknowledged. According to the USLE and RUSLE models, the average soil loss for the entire basin is 2.00 t ha-1 yr-1 and 3.04 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively. According to the USLE and RUSLE models, the ranges under severe risk are 0.33% and 0.76%, while the ranges under extremely severe risk are 0.45% and 0.78%, respectively. The land use/land cover (LULC) map for the study area was acquired from satellite data in the USLE, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map was incorporated into the RUSLE model to enhance the comprehension and identification of vegetation. This integration is crucial for capturing detailed information in the RUSLE model. Consequently, RUSLE yields superior results compared to the USLE model, underscoring the significance of incorporating finer details, especially those related to vegetation, for more accurate outcomes
Combination of Fertilizer and Growth Regulators Impact on Nutrient Balance in Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Kumbhare Rahul , Jha Amit Kumar , Anjana Gopilal , Patel Raghav , Tekam Yagini
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2020 at All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Wheat, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.) to evaluate nutrient balance under the optimization of fertilizer levels with plant growth regulators. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design comprising nine treatment of different dose of fertilizer along with plant growth regulators namely chlormequat chloride and tebuconazole applied at the rates of 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively and replicated three times. The recommended dose of fertilizer, 120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 was applied as per treatment. The result showed that using 150% recommended doses of NPK, recorded higher value of available nitrogen (297.320 kg ha-1), phosphorus (18.970 kg ha-1) and potassium (311.630 kg ha-1) content in soil after the harvest of wheat was significantly influenced by the application of different doses of fertilizer, while lowest available content of all the three major nutrients was recorded from control. Growth regulators had no significant influence on the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in soil. The highest nitrogen content in both grain and straw were observed with the application of 150% recommended doses of NPK with growth regulators (1.99%) and (0.567%), respectively. Phosphorus content and potassium content both in grain and straw were significantly influenced by fertilizer doses, highest value recorded with 150% recommended doses of NPK and the lowest phosphorus and potassium content in both grain and straw were recorded in control while all the other treatments receiving fertilizers with or without being at par with each other. Uptake of all the major nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium showed the similar trend with significantly highest uptake recorded with the application of 150% recommended doses of NPK with growth regulator and optimal NPK application demonstrated a positive nutrient balance in the soil. It concluded that nutrient management with growth regulator in wheat, economically viable and ecologically sound option to extend these benefits of balanced nutrition in enhancing both crop production and soil heath.
Tryptophan‐sensing receptor GPR142 expression levels are directly regulated by proinflammatory cytokines in ghrelin‐producing cells
Authors: Ueda Yoko , Iwakura Hiroshi , Ensho Takuya , Bando‐Shimizu Mika , Doi Asako , Matsutani Norihiko , Morita Shuhei , Inaba Hidefumi , Ariyasu Hiroyuki , Fukuda Naoki , Hayata Keiji , Ojima Toshiyasu , Nishi Masahiro , Matsuoka Taka‐aki , Yamaue Hiroki , Akamizu Takashi
Published: January 2025

GPR142 is a tryptophan‐sensing receptor that has been implicated in the regulation of inflammation. In this study, we investigated the relationships between inflammatory cytokine and GPR142 expression by using cellular, animal models, and human stomach samples. We found that addition of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β into the culture of ghrelin‐producing cell line, MGN3‐1 cells, increased GPR142 mRNA expression levels. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to mice significantly increased GPR142 expression in the stomach, confirming the results observed in the cellular model. GPR142 mRNA expression levels in the stomach samples of morbidly obese patients were positively correlated with TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β mRNA levels. Taken together our results suggest that GPR142 expression is under the direct control of proinflammatory cytokines and support further investigation of GPR142 potential roles in inflammation.
RhoA and Rac1 as Mechanotransduction Mediators in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Yadav Sharda , KC Sanjaya , Blaskovich Mark A. T. , Lu Cu‐tai , Lam Alfred K , Nguyen Nam‐Trung
Published: January 2025

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer‐related deaths, creating an urgent need for innovative diagnostic solutions. Mechanobiology, a cutting‐edge field that investigates how physical forces influence cell behavior, is now revealing new insights into cancer progression. This research focuses on two crucial players: RhoA and Rac1, small yet powerful proteins that regulate the structure and movement of cancer cells. RhoA controls cell adhesion and migration, while Rac1 drives cell movement and invasion. As CRC tumors grow and reshape the colon's mechanical environment, these pathways become disrupted, accelerating cancer progression. Examining the level of RhoA and Rac1 in CRC clinical samples under mechanical strain reveals their potential as diagnostic markers. Tracking the activity of these proteins can unlock valuable insights into cancer cell dissemination, offering new avenues for understanding and diagnosing CRC. This approach holds promise for earlier detection and better outcomes by offering key insights for more effective diagnostic strategies.
Fiber‐Reinforced Ultrathin Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Solid‐State Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yining , Yu Jiameng , Shi Hongsheng , Wang Shuanghong , Lv Yinjie , Zhang Yue , Yuan Qiong , Liang Jinjiang , Gao Tianyi , Wei Ran , Chen Xin , Wang Luyao , Yu Yi , Liu Wei
Published: January 2025

Reducing the thickness of solid polymer electrolytes can help to enhance the energy density for solid‐state batteries. However, ultrathin electrolytes still face difficulties in preparation methods, mechanical properties, and interface instability. Herein, a free‐standing, scalable, and ultrathin solid polymer electrolyte with a thickness of 10 µm is reported. It is achieved through in situ thermal curing after filling a porous electrospun polyacrylonitrile fiber membrane with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate‐based electrolyte. Impressively, it contributes to a high ionic conductivity of 8.8 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature. The membrane can not only provide good mechanical strength but also offer a Li3N‐enriched solid electrolyte interphase, thereby stabilizing the lithium metal anode. The pouch cell pairing the ultrathin electrolyte with Li foil and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode of high mass loading can realize a gravimetric/volumetric energy density of 380 Wh kg−1 and 936 Wh L−1. This investigation provides new insights into the potential of fiber‐reinforced membranes for high‐performance solid‐state batteries.
Charge‐Guided Cartilage‐Penetrating Micro/Nanocarriers That Inhibit Piezo1 and Protect Cartilage to Alleviate Osteoarthritis
Authors: Chen Fan , Wang Wenzhe , Zhang Zian , Pang Nanyu , Liu Chang , Huang Zhenchao , Wu Haoshen , Zhang Haining
Published: January 2025

Osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration and chronic joint pain, represents a major global health challenge. While intra‐articular drug delivery is a common therapeutic approach, its efficacy is limited by poor drug penetration through the dense cartilage matrix, particularly for hydrophobic compounds. Here, a novel charge‐guided micro/nanocarrier system designed to overcome these delivery challenges is presented. By modifying amylose with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTAC), it is developed positively charged carriers that demonstrate enhanced penetration into the negatively charged cartilage matrix. The hydrophobic Piezo1 inhibitor, Margaric acid (MA), is efficiently encapsulated within the helical cavity of modified amylose through DMSO‐ultrasound treatment, creating Cationic Amylose Micro/Nanocarriers@MA (CAMNC@MA). This system effectively delivers MA to chondrocytes, where Piezo1, a crucial mechanosensor implicated in OA development, can be precisely modulated. These results demonstrate that CAMNC@MA successfully inhibits abnormal mechanical force‐induced Piezo1 activation in chondrocytes, enhances cell survival, reduces matrix degradation, and effectively alleviates OA progression. This innovative drug delivery platform offers a promising strategy for clinical OA treatment by combining enhanced matrix penetration with efficient matrix penetration of hydrophobic therapeutic agents.
Laminated Carbon Based Flexible Printed Perovskite Solar Cells Passivated with Tin(II) Phthalocyanine
Authors: Mussakhanuly Nursultan , Yerlanuly Yerassyl , Parkhomenko Hryhorii P. , Niyetullayeva Adiya , Azamat Aidana K. , Sultanov Assanali , Kukhayeva Zarina , Ng Annie , Jumabekov Askhat N.
Published: January 2025

Production scalability, efficiency, and stability challenges continue to impede the commercial viability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, a multifunctional passivation technique is introduced, designed to enhance the efficiency and stability of printable, air‐processed PSCs with laminated carbon electrodes. This findings indicate that tin(II) phthalocyanine (SnPC) molecules act as an interfacial layer between the absorber and the hole‐transporting layer (HTL), effectively passivating surface trap states and facilitating hole extraction. Optimal SnPC surface treatment reduces the trap density in the perovskite layer from 2.1 × 1015 to 1.5 × 1015 cm−3, increases carrier mobility (from 2.7 × 10−3 to 2.8 × 10−3 cm2 Vs−1), and extends carrier lifetime. SEM, AFM, EDS, and XPS analyses confirm the presence of SnPC on the perovskite layer surface and its influence on surface morphology. Devices treated with an optimal SnPC concentration exhibit significant efficiency improvements, from 6.4% to 8.5%, along with a threefold increase in photo‐stability. Thus, SnPC may serve as a passivating buffer layer for the perovskite surface, offering protection against photo‐degradation.
Monolithic Integrated Multi‐Parameter Light‐Field Sensor Based on Tailored Disordered Nanostructures
Authors: Ha Yingli , Wang Lijun , Guo Yinghui , Pu Mingbo , She Senwei , Liu Zhenyu , Xu Mingfeng , Zhang Fei , Luo Xiangang
Published: January 2025

Light fields carry abundant information, including intensity, spectral, and polarization, which have been widely studied in imaging, quantum technologies, and communications. However, conventional cameras are typically limited to capturing intensity alone, neglecting other crucial dimensions of information, which restricts their application scope. Disordered nanostructures significantly enhance light scattering and absorption, thereby broadening the spectral response range and enabling the sensitive detection of multi‐dimensional physical information, including angle, wavelength, and polarization state. Here, by combining disordered nanostructures with silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) waveguides, an integrated light‐field sensor that integrates angle, wavelength, and polarization detection is successfully realized. The sensor, with a compact integration footprint of 32 × 32 µm2, demonstrated angle detection with a resolution of 3.2° within elevation angles ranging from −20° to 20°, and spectral reconstruction with a resolution of 3.25 nm across wavelengths from 1520  to 1550 nm. Additionally, azimuth and polarization state detection functionalities are further validated. This multi‐parameter, highly integrated design enhances the performance of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and shows great potential for applications in LIDAR, satellite communication, and optical interconnection.
Ambient‐Air‐Processed, Solution‐Based Organic Photovoltaics and Photodetectors
Authors: Nasrollahi Bahareh , Jailani Javith Mohammed , Loftus Jacob , Pecunia Vincenzo
Published: January 2025

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic photodetectors (OPDs), which use conjugated polymers and molecules as photoactive materials, hold significant promise for energy harvesting and sensing applications due to their customizable optoelectronic properties, potential mechanical flexibility, and compatibility with low‐cost, high‐throughput manufacturing. However, OPV and OPD research to date has typically relied on device fabrication in controlled environments (e.g., glove boxes filled with inert gases) and vacuum‐deposited (rather than solution‐processed) electrodes, limiting scalability and increasing manufacturing complexity and cost. This review explores these challenges by surveying the development of ambient‐air‐processed, solution‐based (APSB) OPVs and OPDs, which not only use solution‐processed electrodes but are also entirely fabricated under ambient conditions. Various solution processing techniques, solution‐processed electrodes, and the performance of APSB OPVs and OPDs are comprehensively examined, offering insights for future research to advance these technologies toward ultra‐low‐cost optoelectronics and energy harvesting.
High‐Performance and Ultrafast Single Germanium Nanowire Photodetectors
Authors: Echresh Ahmad , Shaikh Mohd Saif , Catuneanu Mircea Traian , Arora Himani , Zhou Shengqiang , Erbe Artur , Helm Manfred , Rebohle Lars , Jamshidi Kambiz , Berencén Yonder , Georgiev Yordan M.
Published: January 2025

Semiconductor nanowire‐based photodetectors with high sensitivity and fast photoresponse in the near‐infrared wavelength range are crucial for applications in light‐wave communication switches, as well as environmental and atmospheric sensing. However, to advance this field, it is essential to develop innovative fabrication techniques that improve device performance. Here, the fabrication of an axial p–n junction along single germanium nanowires (Ge NWs) and their photoresponse characterization at near‐infrared wavelengths are reported. The resulting devices exhibit rectifying current–voltage characteristics with a high rectification ratio in dark conditions and operate with high sensitivity at zero bias under illumination. A high responsivity of 1.72 AW−1, a low noise‐equivalent power of 5.68 × 10−11 , and a high‐frequency response with a 3dB cut‐off frequency of 2.85 GHz are determined under 850 nm laser illumination at reverse bias. The high sensitivity of the Ge NW‐based photodetectors is ascribed to the radial built‐in electric field, which increases the carrier lifetime. In addition, the small size of the Ge NWs results in very small capacitance, leading to very fast response. These results have significant potential for advancing high‐speed and low‐power photodetectors in next‐generation optical communication systems and integrated optoelectronic devices.
Behavior Identification of Silicone‐Ethanol Soft Actuator Based on Statistical Analysis
Authors: Zamyad Hojat , Sahebian Samaneh , Safaie Javad
Published: January 2025

Silicone‐ethanol actuator is a new type of artificial muscle that expands and contracts based on the switching of the ethanol phase between liquid and gas states within the elastomeric matrix. However, there is a lack of accurate ranking of the parameters that affect its performance. This research uses cutting‐edge statistical and qualitative methods to rank the behavioral characteristics of this actuator. In this research, the effect of the power intensity on the performance and structural changes of the silicone‐ethanol actuator is investigated, for the first time. It is found that the use of more intense power increased the response speed of the actuator, but also intensifies its structural damage. Also, the results show that energy and temperature are the most crucial variables in predicting the dynamic behavior of the silicone‐ethanol actuator while ethanol content and applied power are the most important functional characteristics in the long term. It is hoped that this scientific approach will be leveraged to distinguish real from dummy behavioral indices of the other newfound smart materials, where there is no complete knowledge of their governing physical and chemical equations.
Positive Feedback Regulation between KLF5 and XPO1 Promotes Cell Cycle Progression of Basal like Breast Cancer
Authors: Tang Yu , Liu Rui , Zhu Jing , He Qian , Pan Chenglong , Zhou Zhongmei , Sun Jian , Li Fubing , Zhang Longlong , Shi Yujie , Yao Jing , Jiang Dewei , Chen Ceshi
Published: January 2025

Basal‐like breast cancer (BLBC), overlapping with the subgroup of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 triple‐negative breast cancer, has the worst prognosis and limited therapeutics. The XPO1 gene encodes nuclear export protein 1, a promising anticancer target which mediates nucleus‐cytoplasm transport of nuclear export signal containing proteins such as tumor suppressor RB1 and some RNAs. Despite drugs targeting XPO1 are used in clinical, the regulation of XPO1 expression and functional mechanism is poorly understood, especially in BLBC. This study finds that KLF5 is a transcription factor of XPO1, which increases RB1 nuclear export and cell proliferation in BLBC cells. Furthermore, XPO1 interacts with the RNA‐binding protein PTBP1 to export FOXO1 mRNA to cytoplasm and thus activates the FOXO1‐KLF5 axis as a feedback. This work demonstrates that XPO1 inhibitor KPT‐330 in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitor additively suppressed BLBC tumor growth in vivo. These results reveal a novel positive feedback regulation loop between KLF5 and XPO1 and provide a novel treatment strategy for BLBC.
Decoding the Implications of Zinc in the Development and Therapy of Leukemia
Authors: Zhu Bo , Yang Chunhao , Hua Siqi , Li Kaiqiang , Shang Pengyou , Li Zhonghua , Qian Wei , Xue Shunkang , Zhi Qi , Hua Zichun
Published: January 2025

Zinc plays a central role in the hematological development. Therapeutic interventions with zinc are shown to improve the health status of patients with malignancies by stimulating the immune system and reducing side effects. Despite the abnormal zinc homeostasis in leukemia, the role and mechanisms of zinc signaling in leukemia development remain poorly understood. Recently, some important breakthroughs are made in laboratory and clinical studies of zinc in leukemia, such as the role of zinc in regulating ferroptosis and the effects of zinc in immunotherapy. Zinc‐based strategies are urgently needed to refine the current zinc intervention regimen for side‐effect free therapy in chemotherapy‐intolerant patients. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of zinc homeostasis in leukemia patients and focuses on the therapeutic potential of zinc signaling modulation in leukemia.
Mitochondrial Protein MjEF‐Tu is Secreted into Host Plants by Nematodes Eliciting Immune Signaling and Resistance
Authors: Lin Borong , Huang Shaozhen , Li Zhiwen , Huang Qiuling , Song Handa , Fang Tianyi , Liao Jinling , Gheysen Godelieve , Zhuo Kan
Published: January 2025

Little is known about plant‐parasitic animal‐derived pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP)/ pattern‐recognition receptor (PRR) pairs. Additionally, mitochondrial proteins have not previously been reported to be secreted into hosts by pathogens. Here, it is found that the Meloidogyne javanica elongation factor thermo unstable (EF‐Tu) (MjEF‐Tu) located in the nematode mitochondria is up‐regulated and secreted into the host plant during nematode parasitism. MjEF‐Tu interacts with the PRR Arabidopsis thaliana EF‐Tu receptor (AtEFR), triggering the plant hallmark defence responses mediated by AtEFR. An 18‐aa sequence (Nelf18) in the N terminus of the nematode EF‐Tu contributes to the immunogenic activity. M. javanica water extract and mitochondrial extract also induce plant immunity sensed by AtEFR, owing to the presence of MjEF‐Tu. In addition, Nelf18 enhances plant resistance to nematode, virus, and bacterial infections depending on AtEFR. These findings first demonstrate that mitochondrial proteins from pathogens can be secreted into hosts and function as a cross‐kingdom signal and identified the first plant‐parasitic animal‐derived proteinaceous PAMP/PRR pair, providing novel insights into host‐pathogen interactions.
Epigenetic Impacts of Non‐Coding Mutations Deciphered Through Pre‐Trained DNA Language Model at Single‐Cell Resolution
Authors: Liu Zhe , Gu An , Bao Yihang , Lin Guan Ning
Published: January 2025

DNA methylation plays a critical role in gene regulation, affecting cellular differentiation and disease progression, particularly in non‐coding regions. However, predicting the epigenetic consequences of non‐coding mutations at single‐cell resolution remains a challenge. Existing tools have limited prediction capacity and struggle to capture dynamic, cell‐type‐specific regulatory changes that are crucial for understanding disease mechanisms. Here, Methven, a deep learning framework designed is presented to predict the effects of non‐coding mutations on DNA methylation at single‐cell resolution. Methven integrates DNA sequence with single‐cell ATAC‐seq data and models SNP‐CpG interactions over 100 kbp genomic distances. By using a divide‐and‐conquer approach, Methven accurately predicts both short‐ and long‐range regulatory interactions and leverages the pre‐trained DNA language model for enhanced precision in classification and regression tasks. Methven outperforms existing methods and demonstrates robust generalizability to monocyte datasets. Importantly, it identifies CpG sites associated with rheumatoid arthritis, revealing key pathways involved in immune regulation and disease progression. Methven's ability to detect progressive epigenetic changes provides crucial insights into gene regulation in complex diseases. These findings demonstrate Methven's potential as a powerful tool for basic research and clinical applications, advancing this understanding of non‐coding mutations and their role in disease, while offering new opportunities for personalized medicine.
A Novel Missense Mutation of the ABL1 Gene in a Child With Congenital Heart Defects and Skeletal Malformations Syndrome
Authors: Chen Ting‐Yi , Chen Yi , Tang Lan‐Fang
Published: January 2025

Congenital heart defects and skeletal malformations syndrome (CHDSKM) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by specific clinical features, including dysmorphic facial traits, congenital heart defects, skeletal abnormalities, joint issues, and failure to thrive. The novelty of this case lies in the identification of a novel mutation in the ABL1 gene, expanding the genetic spectrum associated with this syndrome. A 5.9‐year‐old boy was referred to the clinic due to growth retardation and intellectual disability. Clinical evaluation revealed several hallmark features of CHDSKM, including distinct facial dysmorphisms such as a broad forehead, frontal bossing, micrognathia, low‐set ears, and short palpebral fissures. The patient was diagnosed with congenital heart defects, including a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. Skeletal malformations included scoliosis and finger contractures. Additionally, he exhibited developmental delay, gastrointestinal issues such as umbilical hernia and intestinal malrotation, intellectual disability, and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, which are atypical for this syndrome. Molecular genetic analysis identified a de novo mutation (c.898C>G) in exon 5 of the ABL1 gene, resulting in a novel missense mutation (p.Gln300Glu). This case emphasizes the importance of considering CHDSKM in the differential diagnosis of children with growth and developmental concerns. The identification of a novel mutation in the ABL1 gene highlights the critical role of early molecular genetic testing, which can facilitate improved management and support for affected individuals and their families.
Predicting conversion in cognitively normal and mild cognitive impairment individuals with machine learning: Is the CSF status still relevant?
Authors: Russo Mirella , Nardini Davide , Melchiorre Sara , Ciprietti Consuelo , Polito Gaetano , Punzi Miriam , Dono Fedele , Santilli Matteo , Thomas Astrid , Sensi Stefano L. ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

Machine learning (ML) helps diagnose the mild cognitive impairment–Alzheimer's disease (MCI‐AD) spectrum. However, ML is fed with data unavailable in standard clinical practice. Thus, we tested a novel multi‐step ML approach to predict cognitive worsening.

METHODS

We selected cognitively normal and MCI participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset and categorized them on total tau/amyloid beta 1‐42 ratios. ML was applied to predict the 3‐year conversion with standard clinical data (SCD), assess the model's accuracy, and identify the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in this approach. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis was carried out to explore the automated decisional process.

RESULTS

The model achieved 84% accuracy across the entire cohort, 86% in patients with negative CSF, and 88% in individuals with AD‐like CSF. SHAP analysis identified differences between CSF‐positive and ‐negative patients in predictors of conversion and cut‐offs.

CONCLUSIONS

The approach yielded good prediction accuracy using SCD. However, CSF‐based categorizations are needed to improve predictive accuracy.

Highlights

Machine learning algorithms can predict cognitive decline with standard and routinely used clinical data.

Classification according to cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers enhances prediction accuracy.

Different cut‐offs could be applied to neuropsychological tests to predict conversion.
Low‐Dimensional Hetero‐Interlayer Enabling Sub‐Bandgap Photovoltaic Conversion for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Yutong , Chang Bohong , Li Hui , Wang Lian , Liu Zhen , Yin Longwei
Published: January 2025

Actualizing sub‐band gap photovoltaic conversion is effective in remitting energy loss and pushing theoretical efficiency limits for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a zero‐dimensional organic metal halide based on hydroxyquinoline (HQ) is developed to sensitize PSCs for near‐infrared region gain to implement sub‐band gap photovoltaic conversion for enhancing power‐conversion‐efficiency (PCE) of PSCs. [ZnI4]2− skeletons containing heavy atoms intensify the direct singlet‐to‐triplet state transition of organic chromophores HQ. Meanwhile, the triplet energy of HQ is close to resonance with perovskite band gap, favoring the energy transfer to perovskite and exciting the additional electron‐hole pairs, which was observed by transient absorption spectroscopy, confirming the sensitization of perovskite to increase sub‐band gap photocurrent. HQ2ZnI4 modifies electronic and crystal structure, optimizes energy‐level arrangement, and acts as a protective layer, realizing considerable PCEs in small (6.25 mm2)‐/larger‐area (1 cm2) devices and excellent operational stability. This low‐cost strategy brings vitality to the light management of PSCs and expands low‐dimensional materials.
Preparation of Mesocarbon Microbeads (MCMBs) by the Copolycondensation of High‐Temperature Coal Tar Pitch and Ethylene Tar Pitch
Authors: Tianao Yu , Yilin Fang , Yaming Zhu , Junxia Cheng , Ying Wang , Xuefei Zhao
Published: January 2025

Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) are a kind of typical spherical functional synthetic carbon materials widely used in various fields. However, MCMBs produced through thermal polycondensation using high coal tar pitch exhibit certain defects that limit their further development. These include challenges in controlling particle size, low yield, and difficulties in regulating their internal microstructure and surface morphology. In this study, MCMBs were prepared via the copolycondensation of high‐temperature coal tar pitch (HCTP) and ethylene tar pitch (ETP). The effect of ETP addition on the formation process, microstructure, and electrochemical properties of the resulting MCMBs was investigated. Polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to analyze the MCMBs. The addition of ETP was found to modify the molecular structure of the blended pitch and promote the formation of MCMBs during the copolymerization process. Furthermore, the MCMBs obtained via this method exhibited excellent sphericity, uniform particle size distribution, reduced structural defects, and lower charge transfer resistance (Rct). Notably, when the ETP content was 7%, the MCMBs achieved an average particle size of 19.65 μm, a particle size uniformity index (U) of 1.12, and the lowest charge transfer resistance of 2.947 Ω after carbonization.
Negative Probability
Authors: Polson Nick , Sokolov Vadim
Published: January 2025

Negative probabilities arise primarily in physics, statistical quantum mechanics, and quantum computing. Negative probabilities arise as mixing distributions of unobserved latent variables in Bayesian modeling. Our goal is to provide a link between these two viewpoints. Bartlett provides a definition of negative probabilities based on extraordinary random variables and properties of their characteristic function. A version of the Bayes rule is given with negative mixing weights. The classic half‐coin distribution and Polya‐Gamma mixing are discussed. Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty and the duality of scale mixtures of Normals is also discussed. A number of examples of dual densities with negative mixing measures are provided including the Linnik and Wigner distributions. Finally, we conclude with directions for future research.
Advancements in Silicon Anodes for Enhanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries Performance: Innovations Toward Next‐Gen Superbatteries
Authors: Saidi Norshahirah Mohamad , Abdah Muhammad Amirul Aizat Mohd , Mustafa Muhammad Norhaffis , Walvekar Rashmi , Khalid Mohammad , Khosla Ajit
Published: January 2025

Silicon (Si)‐based materials have emerged as promising alternatives to graphite anodes in lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries due to their exceptionally high theoretical capacity. However, their practical deployment remains constrained by challenges such as significant volume changes during lithiation, poor electrical conductivity, and the instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This review critically examines recent advancements in Si‐based nanostructures to enhance stability and electrochemical performance. Distinct from prior studies, it highlights the application of Si anodes in commercial domains, including electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and renewable energy storage systems, where prolonged cycle life and improved power density are crucial. Special emphasis is placed on emerging fabrication techniques, particularly scalable and cost‐effective methods such as electrospinning and sol–gel processes, which show promise for industrial adoption. By addressing both the technical innovations and economic considerations surrounding Si anodes, this review provides a comprehensive roadmap for overcoming existing barriers, paving the way for next‐generation, high‐performance batteries.
Detection of Fast Decliner of Diabetic Kidney Disease Using Chiral Amino Acid Profiling: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hirakawa Yosuke , Kimura Tomonori , Sakai Shinsuke , Mizui Masayuki , Mita Masashi , Isaka Yoshitaka , Nangaku Masaomi , Inagi Reiko
Published: January 2025

Biomarkers for the prediction of diabetic kidney disease are still unsatisfactory. Although D‐amino acids have been shown to reflect kidney conditions, their efficacy in treating diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has not been demonstrated. This study explored the potential role of D‐amino acids as progression markers for DKD, an aspect not addressed previously. We performed comprehensive D‐amino acid measurements and collected the longitudinal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) data of 135 patients. We defined fast decliners (FDs) as patients exhibiting >10% decline from baseline eGFR per year and compared the D‐amino acid levels of FDs and non‐FDs. Then, we verified that D‐amino acids could predict FDs independent of creatinine levels. In patients with diabetic kidney disease, D‐serine, D‐alanine, and D‐proline were only detected in the blood, while 15 D‐amino acids were detected in the urine. Using supervised orthogonal partial least squares analysis, blood D‐serine and urine D‐amino acid levels were identified as features characterizing diabetic kidney disease. Baseline blood D‐serine levels and ratios did not differ between the FD and non‐FD groups; however, short‐term changes in blood D‐serine levels differed. This study emphasized the significance of D‐serine as a prognostic marker for DKD, an aspect not identified in previous research.
Balloon Dilation Technique Influences Stent Shortening and Intentional Stent Fracture During Overexpansion of Drug‐Eluting Stents: A Bench‐Testing Study
Authors: Gupta Mudit , Leeth Ella B. , Barak‐Corren Yuval , Gartenberg Ari J. , Silvestro Elizabeth , O'Byrne Michael L. , Callahan Ryan
Published: January 2025

Background and Aims

Drug‐eluting stents (DES) are not designed for overexpansion to supra‐nominal diameters or intentional stent fracture (ISF). The optimal dilation technique to minimize stent shortening (SS) and achieve ISF to accommodate pediatric somatic growth has not been described.

Methods

Three sizes of two commonly used DES were implanted within a silicone model to simulate blood vessels. Each stent was serially dilated in 1 mm increments under fluoroscopy using three techniques: 2 cm length, semi‐compliant balloons (Technique 1), 2 cm, noncompliant balloons straddling the entire stent (Technique 2), or noncompliant balloons in an “inside‐out” manner (balloon shorter than stent or 2 cm balloon aligned with distal end of stent (no straddle); (Technique 3). Technique 1 crossed over to noncompliant balloons once stent “napkin‐ringed” (NR). Percent SS = (Lnominal – Lfinal)/Lnominal * 100.

Results

Technique 1 resulted in the greatest SS (median 85%, IQR 82, 87) and universal napkin ringing. Technique 2 caused less SS (median 14%, IQR 7, 15), and Technique 3 caused the least SS (median 7%, IQR 3, 11). ISF was achieved in all, however, the inside–out technique caused ISF at smaller stent diameters (median 114% recommended postdilation limit vs. 122%–131%) and lower inflation pressures (median 15 vs. 28–29 ATM). ISF was achieved in Technique 1 after napkin ringing but required larger noncompliant balloons than other techniques (median 8.5 vs. 7 mm).

Conclusion

Inside–out dilation resulted in less SS and fracture at smaller diameters with lower inflation pressures. This technique may improve the ISF success rate of DES in pediatric patients.
Presacral Lipoblastoma Presenting With Urinary Retention
Authors: Abera Michael Teklehaimanot , Abdo Isa Salo , Damtew Henok Dessalegn , Yaynishet Yodit Abraham , Abdela Abubeker Fedlu , Mohammed Hidaya Yahya , Zewdie Atiklet Zerihun , Waktola Misiker Gebremariam , Hailu Samuel Sisay , Bonger Mulugeta Temesgen
Published: January 2025

Lipoblastoma is a rare fatty tumor that can uncommonly arise in the presacral space. When the lesions attain sufficient size, they can cause a multitude of infiltrative and obstructive symptoms. In this report, we present the case of a 1‐year‐old infant who presented with recurrent urinary retention for 4 months due to a large presacral lipoblastoma, which was successfully resected. This case is unique as it highlights the lesion's rare location in the presacral space and the possibility of such lesions presenting with urinary retention.