bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conserved fate and function of ferumoxides‐labeled neural precursor cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Cohen Mikhal E. , Muja Naser , Fainstein Nina , Bulte Jeff W.M. , Ben‐Hur Tamir
Published: November 2009

Recent progress in cell therapy research for brain diseases has raised the need for non‐invasive monitoring of transplanted cells. For therapeutic application in multiple sclerosis, transplanted cells need to be tracked both spatially and temporally, in order to assess their migration and survival in the host tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of superparamagnetic iron oxide‐(SPIO)‐labeled cells has been widely used for high resolution monitoring of the biodistribution of cells after transplantation into the central nervous system (CNS). Here we labeled mouse glial‐committed neural precursor cells (NPCs) with the clinically approved SPIO contrast agent ferumoxides and examined their survival and differentiation in vitro, as well as their functional response to environmental signals present within the inflamed brain of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice in vivo. We show that ferumoxides labeling does not affect NPC survival and pluripotency in vitro. Following intracerebroventricular (ICV) transplantation in EAE mice, ferumoxides‐labeled NPCs responded to inflammatory cues in a similar fashion as unlabeled cells. Ferumoxides‐labeled NPCs migrated over comparable distances in white matter tracts and differentiated equally into the glial lineages. Furthermore, ferumoxides‐labeled NPCs inhibited lymph node cell proliferation in vitro, similarly to non‐labeled cells, suggesting a preserved immunomodulatory function. These results demonstrate that ferumoxides‐based MRI cell tracking is well suited for non‐invasive monitoring of NPC transplantation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined usage of cascade affinity fractionation and LC‐MS/MS for the proteomics of adult mouse testis
Authors: Tan Qingqiao , Dong Dexian , Ye Long , Li Rongxiu
Published: November 2009

In this report, the proteomics of adult mouse testis were analyzed by the combined usage of cascade affinity fractionation and LC‐MS/MS. The differences between the selected affinity ligands in size, shape, structure, and biochemical characteristics, result in each ligand exhibiting a specific affinity to some protein groups. Therefore, a cascade composition of different ligands can be applied to the fractionation of complex tissue proteins. Ultimately, the fractions collected from cascade affinity fractionation were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS, which resulted in high confidence identification of a total of 1378 non‐redundant mouse testis protein groups, over 2.6 times as many proteins as were detected in the un‐fractionated sample (526). All detected proteins were bioinformatically categorized according to their physicochemical characteristics (such as relative molecular mass, pI, grand average hydrophobicity value, and transmembrane helices), subcellular location, and function annotation. This approach highlighted the sensitivity of this method to a wide variety of protein classes. Utilizing a combination of cascade affinity fractionation and LC‐MS/MS, we have established the largest proteomic database for adult mouse testis at the present time.
An improved facile method for extraction and determination of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris by focused microwave‐assisted extraction coupled with GC–MS
Authors: Li Tianlin , Zhang Zhuomin , Zhang Lan , Huang Xinjian , Lin Junwei , Chen Guonan
Published: November 2009

An improved fast method for extraction of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris based on the use of focus microwave‐assisted extraction (FMAE) is proposed. Under optimized conditions, four steroidal saponins were extracted from Tribulus terrestris and identified by GC–MS, which are Tigogenin (TG), Gitogenin (GG), Hecogenin (HG) and Neohecogenin (NG). One of the most important steroidal saponins, namely TG was quantified finally. The recovery of TG was in the range of 86.7–91.9% with RSD<5.2%. The convention heating reflux extraction was also conducted in order to validate the reliability of this new FMAE method. The yield of total steroidal saponins was 90.3% in a one‐step FMAE, while the yield of 65.0% was achieved during heating reflux extraction, and the extraction time was reduced from 3 h to 5 min by using less solvent. The method was successfully applied to analyze the steroidal saponins of Tribulus terrestris from different areas of occurrence. The difference in chromatographic characteristics of steroidal saponins was proved to be related to the different areas of occurrence. The results showed that FMAE–GC–MS is a simple, rapid, solvent‐saving method for the extraction and determination of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris.
Separation of tryptic peptides of native and glycated BSA using open‐tubular CEC with salophene–lanthanide–Zn2+ complex as stationary phase
Authors: Sedláková Pavla , Eckhardt Adam , Lacinová Kateřina , Pataridis Statis , Mikšík Ivan , Král Vladimír , Kašička Václav
Published: November 2009

Open‐tubular CEC (OT‐CEC) with a new stationary phase, salophene–lanthanide–Zn2+ complex, has been applied to the separation of tryptic peptides of native BSA and BSA glycated by glucose and ribose. Glycation of proteins (non‐enzymatic modification by sugars) significantly affects their properties and it is of great importance from a physiological point of view. Separation of tryptic peptides of glycated BSA by CZE was poor because of their strong adsorption to the bare fused silica capillary. An improved separation of tryptic peptides of both native and glycated BSA was achieved by OT‐CEC in the fused silica capillary non‐covalently coated with salophene–lanthanide–Zn2+ complex, which suppressed the adsorption of peptides to the capillary and via specific interactions with some (glyco)peptides enhanced selectivity of the separation. Significant differences have been found in OT‐CEC analyses of tryptic hydrolysates of native and glycated BSA. In OT‐CEC‐UV profile of tryptic peptides of native BSA, 44 peaks could be resolved, whereas a reduced number of 38 peaks were observed in the profile of tryptic peptides of glucose‐glycated BSA and only 30 peaks were found in the case of ribose‐glycated BSA. The developed OT‐CEC can be potentially used for monitoring of protein glycation.
The effect of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression on insomnia symptoms in a cohort of women with sexual abuse histories
Authors: Pigeon Wilfred R. , May Pamela E. , Perlis Michael L. , Ward Erin A. , Lu Naiji , Talbot Nancy L.
Published: November 2009

Insomnia frequently occurs with trauma exposure and depression, but can ameliorate with improvements in depression. Insomnia was assessed by the insomnia subscale of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression in 106 women with childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and major depression receiving interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in an uncontrolled pilot (n = 36) and an immediately subsequent randomized controlled trial (n = 70) comparing IPT to treatment as usual. Depression improved in each study and in both treatment conditions; insomnia had smaller, nonsignificant improvements. Overall, 95 women (90%) endorsed insomnia on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV at baseline and, of those, 90% endorsed insomnia following treatment. Despite improvements in depression, insomnia persists for most women with CSA.
Overview of research addressing ethical dimensions of participation in traumatic stress studies: Autonomy and beneficence
Authors: Newman Elana , Kaloupek Danny
Published: November 2009

One element of the design of human research studies is ethically informed decision‐making. Key issues include the safety, costs, and benefits of participation. Historically, much of this decision‐making was based on opinion rather than formal evidence. Recently, however, investigators in the traumatic stress field have begun to collect data that are relevant to these decisions. In this article, the authors focus on issues emanating from the ethical concepts of autonomy and respect for persons and beneficence and nonmaleficence, and then summarize relevant evidence from studies with trauma‐exposed individuals. Discussion addresses implications of this evidence for research practice and policy, and identifies some potentially informative data collections opportunities for future trauma studies.
Pilot testing of an assessment tool for competency in mastoidectomy
Authors: Laeeq Kulsoom , Bhatti Nasir I. , Carey John P. , Della Santina Charles C. , Limb Charles J. , Niparko John K. , Minor Lloyd B. , Francis Howard W.
Published: November 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To determine the feasibility, validity, and reliability of an evaluation tool for the assessment of competency in mastoid surgery. This study tests the hypothesis that residents of dissimilar training levels differ in their technical performance as measured by this tool.

Study Design:

Cross‐sectional validation study.

Methods:

Two or more faculty otolaryngologists evaluated each resident performing a cortical mastoidectomy on a cadaveric temporal bone. Performance was rated using global and checklist components of a mastoidectomy assessment tool.

Results:

Fifteen internal and external faculty members evaluated 23 residents over 3 years resulting in 118 evaluations. Construct validity was observed as scores increased with clinical training year. These differences were greater for more complex tasks. There was a percentage agreement of 78.5% between evaluator pairs in the determination of pass (score 3–5) versus fail (score 1–2) for the checklist instrument, and an agreement of 74.4% for the global instrument. Although agreement was lower for the exact score on a scale of 1 to 5, differences of 1 or less occurred in over 80% of evaluator pairs. Regression analysis confirmed faculty perception that sharpening of the posterior external auditory canal cortex and opening of the antrum from posterior to anterior are strong predictors of overall surgical performance.

Conclusions:

Our results indicate that the tool we have developed is a feasible, valid, and reliable instrument for the assessment of competency in mastoidectomy. The instrument can be used to provide formative feedback and to identify procedural tasks for which additional training may be necessary. Laryngoscope, 2009
Gelatin Hydrogel Prepared by Photo‐initiated Polymerization and Loaded with TGF‐β1 for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Authors: Hu Xiaohong , Ma Lie , Wang Chengchao , Gao Changyou
Published: November 2009

Gelatin is a nature‐derived protein having good cytocompatibility, and widely used in tissue engineering particularly in a form of a hydrogel. To obtain the hydrogel with good enough mechanical properties, however, measures are still need to be taken. In this work, the gelatin molecule was modified with methacrylic acid (MA) to obtain crosslinkable gelatin (GM), which formed a chemically crosslinked hydrogel by photoinitiating polymerization. The gelation time could be easily tuned and showed an inverse relationship with the GM concentration. After photo‐irradiation for 20 min there was no detectable double carbon bond in the hydrogen spectrum of high resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H HR‐MAS NMR). With the increase of the GM concentration, storage modulus and loss modulus of the hydrogels increased, but their swelling ratio and mesh size decreased. Weight loss of the hydrogels was also affected by the polymer concentration. Transform growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) was incorporated into the GM hydrogel to improve its bioactivity. In vitro chondrocyte culture showed that the GM hydrogel had indeed good performance to support chondrocyte growth and maintain chondrocytic phenotype. Incorporation of TGF‐β1 could further improve the biological activity in terms of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion.

magnified image
Self‐Assembly of Methacrylate‐Functionalized Phosphonate and Phosphate Amphiphiles and their Conversion into Nanospheres
Authors: Francová Denisa , Kickelbick Guido
Published: November 2009

The synthesis and micelle formation of methacrylate‐functionalized phosphate and phosphonate amphiphiles containing alkyl spacers of eight and eleven CH2 groups is studied. The CMC of these molecules in aqueous solutions was investigated by DLS and conductometry. The CMCs were dependent on the polarity of the phosphorus head groups as well as on the chain lengths of the spacers and were in the range 25 to 42 mmol · L−1. The resulting micelles were crosslinked by applying UV‐ or thermally initiated FRP, forming stable spherical nanospheres. Their size varied from 10 to 400 nm depending on the organophosphorus compound used. The particles were re‐dispersible in water and showed a core/shell structure containing a hydrophobic polymerized core and a hydrophilic shell.

magnified image
Efficient Electrophosphorescence from a Platinum Metallopolyyne Featuring a 2,7‐Carbazole Chromophore
Authors: Ho Cheuk‐Lam , Chui Chung‐Hin , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Aly Shawkat M. , Fortin Daniel , Harvey Pierre D. , Yao Bing , Xie Zhiyuan , Wang Lixiang
Published: November 2009

The synthesis, thermal and emission properties of an electrophosphorescent platinum(II) metallopolyyne polymer consisting of 9‐butylcarbazole‐2,7‐diyl spacer P1 are described. The optical and electronic properties of P1 are compared to their molecular diplatinum(II) and digold(I) model complexes. The photophysical properties of P1 are somehow analogous to its 2,7‐fluorene‐linked congener but differs significantly from that for the 3,6‐carbazole derivative. Its optical band gap is notably reduced as compared to that for the 3,6‐carbazole analog. Multi‐layer polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) were fabricated with P1 as the emitting layer which gave a strong green‐yellow electrophosphorescence. The best PLED can reach the maximum current efficiency of 4.7 cd · A−1 at 5 wt.‐% doping level, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 1.5%. This represents the first literature example of efficient PLEDs exhibiting pure triplet emission under electrical excitation for metallopolyynes without the concomitant singlet emission. For safety concern, this metallopolymer was also tested for possible cytotoxicity and it does not show significant cytotoxic activity on liver and breast derived human cells at reasonable doses, rendering this functional material safe to use in practical devices.

magnified image
Metaphor's validity in marketing research
Authors: Capelli Sonia , Jolibert Alain
Published: November 2009

Using metaphor is widespread in management and marketing because it provides creativity. However, metaphor's validity is seldom investigated. This article offers an analysis of the validity of metaphor using three steps: (1) analysis of the metaphor's source concept, (2) analysis of the metaphor's aptness, and (3) analysis of the process of metaphor generation. These three steps have been applied to investigate the validity of two very well‐known metaphors in marketing: product life cycle and brand personality. Results show these two metaphors lack validity when analyzed using the three steps. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of price discounts and premium promotions
Authors: Palazon Mariola , Delgado‐Ballester Elena
Published: November 2009

Although price discounts are by far the most common form of sales promotions employed by firms, the increasing use of premiums as a promotional strategy may imply that they are occupying a more important place in the promotional strategy. Since price discounts are quite costly and can reduce consumers' reference prices, undermine perception of quality, and hurt brand equity, it is crucial to know what type of promotion is the most preferred and valued by consumers. As the most recent works in the field have argued that the promotional benefit level is an important determinant of promotional effectiveness, this research reports the results of two experimental studies that investigated the interaction effect between promotional benefit level and promotion type across three levels of benefit (low, moderate, high). The results obtained suggest that at high benefit levels price discounts are more effective than premiums, while the opposite occurs at low levels. However, a similar evaluation of promotional tools was found at moderate benefit levels. The findings offer guidance to managers who might benefit from knowing what is the best strategy to promote their products and services. Our work also extends prior related research because, to this date, the effectiveness of price discounts and premiums across promotional benefit levels is an under‐researched issue. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Covalently Scaffolded Inter‐π‐System Orientations in π‐Conjugated Polymers and Small Molecule Models
Authors: Smith Rhett C.
Published: November 2009

Organic π‐conjugated polymers have emerged as one of the most fascinating classes of materials as they have found utility in a host of plastic electronics technologies. The distance between π‐systems and their relative orientation dictate energy/charge transfer, conductivity, and photophysical properties of these materials in bulk. This Feature Article discusses π‐conjugated polymers and model compounds in which specific inter‐π‐system interactions are covalently enforced and the effect that the scaffolding has on optoelectronic properties.

magnified image
Synthesis of a Macromonomer Library from High‐Temperature Acrylate Polymerization
Authors: Zorn Anna‐Marie , Junkers Tanja , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: November 2009

The auto‐initiated high temperature acrylate polymerization represents a versatile route for the synthesis of macromonomer building blocks. Various macromonomers were synthesized via this route based on methyl, ethyl, n‐butyl, t‐butyl, 2‐ethylhexyl, isobornyl and 2‐[[(butylamino)carbonyl]oxy]ethyl acrylate. The synthesis requires a temperature of 140 °C and is carried out in a 5 wt.‐% solution of hexyl acetate. The macromonomer library is fully characterized via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The amount of macromonomers containing the geminal double bond lies in between 82 and 95%, depending on the monomer type. The achievable molecular weight of the macromonomers is located between 800 and 2 000 g·mol−1 with a polydispersity of close to 1.6. In addition, it is demonstrated that radical initiators are useful add‐ons (to circumvent the inhibition time observed during initiator‐free synthesis) without interfering in the actual polymerization as no initiator‐fragment containing products are identified via high resolution mass spectrometry.

magnified image
Surface‐Initiated PLP‐SEC of Butyl Acrylate and Styrene from Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Rotzoll Robert , Vana Philipp
Published: November 2009

The pulsed‐laser polymerization size‐exclusion chromatography (PLP‐SEC) technique has been successfully applied to the measurement of the propagation rate coefficient, kp, of the surface‐initiated polymerizations of butyl acrylate (BA) and styrene, using the silica‐immobilized bipedal initiator 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyano‐N‐(3″‐triethoxysilylpropyl)‐valeric amide) (ACTA). The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of grafted poly(BA) polymerized at 25 °C was structureless, whereas at 5 °C reaction temperature, the MWD exhibited a typical PLP structure with two inflection points. In case of styrene the SEC trace obtained at 26 °C is well structured and shows four inflection points. The propagation rate coefficients kp of the surface‐initiated polymerizations were about 22% higher in the case of BA and about 27–28% higher in the case of styrene compared to the IUPAC benchmark data.

magnified image
A novel strategy to inhibit FAK and IGF‐1R decreases growth of pancreatic cancer xenografts
Authors: Zheng Donghang , Golubovskaya Vita , Kurenova Elena , Wood Cheng , Massoll Nicole A. , Ostrov David , Cance William G. , Hochwald Steven N.
Published: November 2009

Deregulation of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathways plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. In pancreatic cancer cells, the crosstalk and compensatory mechanisms between these two pathways reduce the efficacy of the treatments that target only one of the pathways. Ablation of IGF‐1R signaling by siRNA showed minimal effects on the survival and growth of pancreatic cancer cells. An increased activity of FAK pathway was seen in these cells after IGF‐1R knockdown. Further inhibition of FAK pathway using Y15 significantly decreased cell survival, adhesion, and promoted apoptosis. The combination of Y15 treatment and IGF‐1R knockdown also showed significant antitumor effect in vivo. The current study demonstrates the importance of dual inhibition of both these signaling pathways as a novel strategy to decrease both in vitro and in vivo growth of human pancreatic cancer. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase and src increases detachment and apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell lines
Authors: Beierle Elizabeth A. , Ma Xiaojie , Trujillo Angelica , Kurenova Elena V. , Cance William G. , Golubovskaya Vita M.
Published: November 2009

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intracellular kinase that is overexpressed in a number of human tumors including neuroblastoma, and regulates both cellular adhesion and survival. We have studied the effects of FAK inhibition upon neuroblastoma using adenovirus‐containing FAK‐CD (AdFAK‐CD). Utilizing an isogenic MYCN+/MYCN− neuroblastoma cell line, we found that the MYCN+ cells are more sensitive to FAK inhibition with AdFAK‐CD than their MYCN negative counterparts. In addition, we have shown that phosphorylation of Src is increased in the untreated isogenic MYCN− neuroblastoma cells, and that the decreased sensitivity of the MYCN− neuroblastoma cells to FAK inhibition with AdFAK‐CD is abrogated by the addition of the Src family kinase inhibitor, PP2. The results of the current study suggest that both FAK and Src play a role in protecting neuroblastoma cells from apoptosis, and that dual inhibition of these kinases may be important when designing therapeutic interventions for this tumor. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐glycative and anti‐inflammatory effects of caffeic acid and ellagic acid in kidney of diabetic mice
Authors: Chao Che‐yi , Mong Mei‐chin , Chan Kung‐chi , Yin Mei‐chin
Published: November 2009

Protective effects of caffeic acid (CA) and ellagic acid (EA) in kidney of diabetic mice were examined. CA or EA at 2.5 and 5% was mixed in diet and supplied to diabetic mice for 12 wk. Results showed that the intake of CA or EA increased renal content of these compounds, alleviated body weight loss, decreased urine output, increased plasma insulin and decreased blood glucose levels at weeks 6 and 12 (p<0.05). The intake of these compounds dose dependently reduced plasma blood urea nitrogen and elevated creatinine clearance (p<0.05). CA or EA at 5% significantly decreased the levels of plasma HbA1c, urinary glycated albumin, renal carboxymethyllysine, pentosidine, sorbitol and fructose (p<0.05), and significantly diminished renal activity of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, as well as suppressed renal aldose reductase mRNA expression (p<0.05). CA or EA dose dependently lowered renal levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) (p<0.05). Furthermore, CA or EA dose dependently down‐regulated tumor necrosis factor‐α and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 mRNA expression in kidney (p<0.05). Based on the observed anti‐glycative and anti‐inflammatory effects, the supplement of CA or EA might be helpful for the prevention or attenuation of diabetic kidney diseases.
Occurrence of urolithins, gut microbiota ellagic acid metabolites and proliferation markers expression response in the human prostate gland upon consumption of walnuts and pomegranate juice
Authors: González‐Sarrías Antonio , Giménez‐Bastida Juan A. , García‐Conesa María T. , Gómez‐Sánchez María B. , García‐Talavera Noelia V. , Gil‐Izquierdo Angel , Sánchez‐Álvarez Carmen , Fontana‐Compiano Luis O. , Morga‐Egea Juan P. , Pastor‐Quirante Francisco A. , Martínez‐Díaz Francisco , Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A. , Espín Juan Carlos
Published: November 2009

Epidemiology supports the important role of nutrition in prostate cancer (PCa) prevention. Pomegranate juice (PJ) exerts protective effects against PCa, mainly attributed to PJ ellagitannins (ETs). Our aim was to assess whether ETs or their metabolites ellagic acid and urolithins reach the human prostate upon consumption of ET‐rich foods and to evaluate the effect on the expression of three proliferation biomarkers. Sixty‐three patients with BPH or PCa were divided into controls and consumers of walnuts (35 g walnuts/day) or pomegranate (200 mL PJ/day) for 3 days before surgery. Independently of the ETs source, the main metabolite detected was urolithin A glucuronide, (3,8‐dihydroxy‐6H‐dibenzo[b,d]pyran‐6‐one glucuronide) (up to 2 ng/g) together with the traces of urolithin B glucuronide, (3‐hydroxy‐6H‐dibenzo[b,d]pyran‐6‐one glucuronide) and dimethyl ellagic acid. The small number of prostates containing metabolites was likely caused by clearance of the compounds during the fasting. This was corroborated in a parallel rat study and thus the presence of higher quantities of metabolites at earlier time points cannot be discarded. No apparent changes in the expression of CDKN1A, MKi‐67 or c‐Myc were found after consumption of the walnuts or PJ. Our results suggest that urolithin glucuronides and dimethyl ellagic acid may be the molecules responsible for the beneficial effects of PJ against PCa.
Continuous ATRP Synthesis of Block‐Like Copolymers via Column Reactors: Design and Validation of a Kinetic Model
Authors: Dervaux Bart , Junkers Tanja , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Du Prez Filip E.
Published: November 2009

A model for the block‐like copolymerization via continuous supported ATRP was developed, enabling the calculation of the sequence distributions of the different monomers as a function of chain length in continuous flow reactors. Polydispersity indices, copolymer compositions, and complete molecular weight distributions could be predicted. The model was extensively tested under a wide range of reaction conditions and the outcome was compared with experimental data. An almost perfect match between the simulated and experimental kinetic data (first order kinetic plots, conversions, and PDI) was observed. A reasonable fit for the composition data of the copolymers was obtained. The influence of the flow rate in the column reactor on the copolymer composition was studied.

magnified image
Understanding systems and rhythms for minority recruitment in intervention research
Authors: Hines‐Martin Vicki , Speck Barbara J. , Stetson Barbara , Looney Stephen W.
Published: November 2009

We describe one approach for recruitment and retention of minority individuals in intervention research using a systematic environmental perspective based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems (BES) model and the construct of temporality. An exemplar in a physical activity intervention study with low‐income and primarily African American women is presented. The exemplar illustrates application of BES and temporality to enhance recruitment and retention in research focused on understanding and accommodating environmental influences. Using this theory based approach resulted in successful recruitment and a high level of participant retention. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:657–670, 2009
Mechanical properties, surface chemistry, and barrier characteristics of electron beam irradiated‐annealed LDPE/PA6/LDPE multi‐layer films at N2
Authors: Rajaee Elham , Jahani Yousef , Safarpour Mohammad Ali , Vaseghi Mohammad Rahim
Published: November 2009

The effects of electron beam irradiation in the nitrogen environment, on chain scission, crosslinking, crystallinity, mechanical performance, and barrier properties of LDPE/PA6/LDPE multi‐layer films were studied. The evaluation of radiation‐induced crosslinking effect by the gel content measurement and Charlesby–Pinner plot suggested more of crosslinking over chain scission, in all the layers, which was more pronounced in polyethylene phase. The FTIR analysis results showed good agreement with those observed by the gel content measurements. It is believed that the crosslinking reaction had occurred through the CN bonds in polyamide‐6, and vinyl group in polyethylene layers. The evaluation of radiation effect on the crystallinity and crosslinking of films by FTIR technique showed that by increasing the applied doses, the crystallinity in all the layers was decreased and the crosslinking was increased. The differential scanning calorimetry of irradiated samples revealed that due to the crosslinking reaction, the crystallinity was decreased by the applied dose. The tensile strength of the films was increased and the percent elongation at break was decreased, by increasing the applied doses. This study was also indicated that the radiation‐induced crosslinking effect on the tensile properties was dominantly observed up to 50 kGy. The surface free energy analysis of the films using the contact angle measurement and geometric mean equation indicated that the surface polarity was decreased by increasing the absorbed doses. It was found that due to the decline in the surface polarity and the simultaneously formation of crosslinked network in these films, both water vapor transmission rate and oxygen permeability were significantly decreased. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonically assisted in situ emulsion polymerization: a facile approach to prepare conducting copolymer/silica nanocomposites
Authors: Haldorai Yuvaraj , Long Pham Quang , Noh Seok Kyun , Lyoo Won Seok , Shim Jae‐Jin
Published: November 2009

Ultrasonically assisted in situ emulsion polymerization was used to prepare electrically conducting copolymer poly(aniline‐co‐p‐phenylenediamine) [poly(Ani‐co‐pPD)] and silica (SiO2) nancomposites. This approach can solve problems in the dispersion and stabilization of SiO2 nanoparticles in the copolymer matrix. It was found that the aggregation of SiO2 nanoparticles could be reduced under ultrasonic irradiation. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) confirmed that the resulting poly(Ani‐co‐pPD)/SiO2 nanocomposite particles were spherical in shape, in which SiO2 nanoparticles were well dispersed. The comonomer molecules were absorbed on the surface of SiO2 particles and then polymerized to form core–shell nanocomposite. The incorporation of SiO2 in the nanocomposite was supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). UV‐visible spectra of the diluted colloid dispersion of nanocomposite particles were similar to those of the neat copolymer. Conductivity of nanocomposites was higher than the value obtained for the neat copolymer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of novel h‐HTBN/PEG PU copolymers: effect of surface properties on hemocompatibility
Authors: Nan Yun‐Fei , Luo Yan‐Ling , Xu Feng , Chen Ya‐Shao , Di Hong‐Wei
Published: November 2009

This work reported the hydrophilicity, hemocompatibility, and cytotoxicity of novel polyurethane (PU) scaffolds for tissue engineering, especially the hydrolysis effect of a soft‐segmented component, a hydrolytically‐modified hydroxyl‐terminated poly(butadiene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (h‐HTBN), on these properties. The PU copolymers were prepared by coupling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with the h‐HTBN together with the help of 1,1‐methylene bis‐(4‐isocyanatocyclohexane) as a bridging reagent. The structure of PU copolymers was characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The experimental results indicated that the hydrolytically‐modified HTBN increases water absorption and decreases water contact angles, improving surface hydrophilicity. The synthesized h‐HTBN/PEG PU copolymers display low hemolysis activity, and a little amount of platelet adhesion and activation, implying good compatibility. The methyl tretrazolium (MTT) assays elicited that the cytotoxicity is related to the component ratios of h‐HTBN to PEG and the hydrolysis modification of HTBN. The PU scaffolds can be employed as potential candidates for blood contacting applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic instability and the selection of treatments for cancer
Authors: Martin Sarah A , Hewish Madeleine , Lord Christopher J , Ashworth Alan
Published: November 2009

A critical link exists between DNA mutation and chromosomal rearrangements (genomic instability) and cancer development. This genomic instability can manifest itself as small changes at the nucleotide level or as gross chromosomal alterations. Mutations in the genes that encode DNA damage response proteins are responsible for a variety of genomic instability syndromes including hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal carcinoma, Bloom's syndrome, ataxia‐telangiectasia, BRCA‐associated breast and ovarian cancers and Fanconi anaemia. Similarly, epigenetic silencing of genes associated with the maintenance of genomic stability have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. Here, we discuss how different tumours may be classified not only by tumour site but also by the type of underlying genetic instability. This type of classification may assist in the optimization of existing treatment regimens as well as informing the development of new therapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wnts, bone and cancer
Authors: Thomas David M
Published: November 2009

The Wnt pathway plays vital roles in bone and in cancer. In this issue of The Journal of Pathology, Cai and colleagues report results that suggest that the Wnt pathway is inactivated in bone cancers, a finding that could have significant implications for the development of Wnt agonists as bone anabolic agents. While these findings are at odds with the prevailing view that the Wnt pathway is oncogenic in all systems studied to date, they remind us how complex and still poorly understood this important signalling pathway remains. At the very least, these findings should provoke debate and stimulate further research into the role of Wnt signalling in osteosarcoma. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HLA alloimmunization is associated with RBC antibodies in multiply transfused patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: McPherson Marianne E. , Anderson Alan R. , Castillejo Marta‐Inés , Hillyer Christopher D. , Bray Robert A. , Gebel Howard M. , Josephson Cassandra D.
Published: November 2009

Background

Alloimmunization to minor red blood cell (RBC) antigens occurs commonly in sickle cell disease (SCD). Patients with alloimmunization demonstrate increased risk for new alloantibody formation with subsequent transfusion. Alloimmunization to human leukocyte antigens (HLA) can occur with RBC transfusion and may result in graft rejection during stem cell or organ transplantation. The prevalence and risk factors for HLA alloimmunization in multiply transfused pediatric SCD patients are unknown.

Procedure

A cross‐sectional study of HLA alloimmunization in SCD patients aged 3–21 years with a history of ≥3 RBC transfusions was performed to test the hypothesis that HLA alloimmunization is associated with RBC alloimmunization. Antibodies to class I and class II HLA were measured by Flow Panel Reactive Antibody (FlowPRA®).

Results

Seventy‐three SCD patients (30 with RBC antibodies) were tested. HLA antibodies were detected in 25/73 (34%) patients; class I HLA antibodies occurred in 24/73 (33%) and class II HLA antibodies occurred in 3 (4%). Among patients with RBC antibodies, 16/30 (53%) had HLA antibodies, while 9/43 (21%) patients without RBC antibodies had HLA antibodies (OR 4.32 [1.6–12.1]). In a multivariate analysis, antibodies to RBC antigens were an independent predictor of HLA alloimmunization (P = 0.041). The association of RBC and HLA immunization was strongest among patients with no history of chronic transfusion therapy.

Conclusions

This analysis is the first description of HLA alloimmunization in pediatric SCD patients who receive primarily leukoreduced RBC transfusions and demonstrates that HLA alloimmunization tendency is associated with antibodies to RBC antigens. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:552–558. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pioniere der Informationstechnologie. Physik‐Nobelpreis 2009
Authors: Petermann Klaus , Strüder Lothar
Published: November 2009

Den diesjährigen Nobelpreis für Physik erhalten Charles K. Kao für seine bahnbrechenden Erfolge auf dem Gebiet der Lichtwellenleiter sowie Willard S. Boyle und George E. Smith für die Entwicklung des CCD‐Sensors.
Phasen eines Photons
Authors: Rempe Gerhard
Published: November 2009

Die Quantenphysik ermöglicht die abhörsichere Übertragung geheimer Daten und die Realisierung eines Quantencomputers. Ideale Übermittler von Quanteninformation sind einzelne Photonen. Dazu müssen diese kontrollierbar sein. Neben Form, Polarisation und Frequenz lässt sich jetzt sogar die Phase einzelner Photonen steuern. Außer Anwendungen in Quanteninformationssystemen vertieft dies auch unser Verständnis der Teilcheneigenschaften von Licht.
Asymmetrische Polarlichter
Authors: Vollmer Michael
Published: November 2009

Polarlichter werden häufig zur selben Zeit sowohl auf der Nord‐ als auch der Südhalbkugel gesichtet. Entgegen der üblichen Erwartung wurde nun erstmals durch zeitgleiche Satellitenbeobachtungen nachgewiesen, dass die Stärke der Leuchterscheinungen deutliche Asymmetrien zwischen den beiden Hemisphären aufweist.
Polarisierender Physikunterricht
Authors: Merzyn Gottfried
Published: November 2009

Der Physikunterricht hat es mit zwei sehr gegensätzlichen Adressatengruppen zu tun: den naturwissenschaftlich besonders Begabten und Interessierten sowie den vielen Übrigen. Das führt zu markanten Unterrichtserfolgen bei den einen und gleichzeitig erheblichen Problemen bei den anderen Schülern. Verantwortlich für die Probleme sind unter anderem Inhaltsauswahl, Unterrichtsmethoden und Anspruchsniveau. Für breitere Resonanz benötigt das Fach ein neues Konzept.
Astronomie unter dem Sonnenkönig
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: November 2009

Nur wenige Physiker und Astronomen gehen in die Geschichtsbücher ein, und nur wenige unter diesen Wenigen erfahren die Ehre, dass eine Raumsonde nach ihnen benannt wird. Er gehört zu diesen Auserwählten. Kein Wunder, hat er doch die Ringe des Saturn im Fernrohr studiert wie keiner vor ihm und zudem noch einen Mond entdeckt.
Synthesis of high glass transition temperature copolymers based on poly(vinyl chloride) via single electron transfer—Degenerative chain transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET‐DTLRP) of vinyl chloride in water
Authors: Coelho Jorge F. J. , Mendonça Patrícia V. , Popov Anatoliy V. , Percec Virgil , Gonçalves Pedro M. O. F. , Gil Maria Helena
Published: November 2009

α,ω‐di(iodo) poly(isobornyl acrylate) macroiniators (α,ω‐di(iodo)PIA) with number average molecular weight from Mn,TriSEC = 11,456 to Mn,TriSEC = 94,361 were synthesized by single electron transfer‐degenerative chain transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET‐DTLRP) of isobornyl acrylate (IA) initiated with iodoform (CHI3) and catalyzed by sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) in water at 35 °C. The plots of number average molecular weight vs conversion and ln{[M]0/[M]} vs time are linear, indicating a controlled polymerization. α,ω‐di(iodo) poly(isobornyl acrylate) have been used as a macroinitiator for the SET‐DTLRP of vinyl chloride (VCM) leading to high Tg block copolymers PVC‐b‐PIA‐b‐PVC. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of the block copolymers suggests just one phase indicating that copolymer behaves as a single material. This technology provides the possibility of synthesizing materials based on PVC with higher Tg in aqueous medium. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
Disrupted sleep in breast and prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy: the role of coping processes
Authors: Thomas KaMala S. , Bower Julienne , Hoyt Michael A. , Sepah Saviz
Published: November 2009

Background: Sleep problems are a common complaint in cancer patients that have been understudied.

 Methods: This study examined changes in sleep in 33 breast cancer (BC) patients and 23 prostate cancer (PC) patients during radiation therapy and over a 6‐month followup. Coping processes were examined as predictors of sleep. Self‐reported sleep was assessed at eight time‐points before, during, and after treatment using the Medical Outcomes Study—Sleep Scale. The COPE Scale was used to assess coping processes before treatment onset.

 Results: Mixed effects linear modeling analyses revealed that both BC and PC patients reported the most sleep problems prior to and during the early weeks of treatment. Coping strategies predicted sleep trajectories in both groups. In particular, approach coping predicted better sleep in PC patients, whereas avoidance coping predicted worst sleep in both PC and BC patients (p's<0.05).

 Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of evaluating sleep in patients as they undergo treatment for cancer. Additionally, they suggest that interventions aimed at increasing the use of approach‐oriented coping strategies may improve sleep and quality of life in these patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical studies of the evolution of the core/shell interface in CdSe‐ and CdS‐based core/shell nanostructures with a narrow‐gap shell
Authors: Azhniuk Yu. M. , Dzhagan V. M. , Rayevska O. E. , Kuchmiy S. Ya. , Valakh M. Ya. , Zahn D. R. T.
Published: November 2009

II‐VI semiconductor core/shell nanostructures with narrower bandgap shell (CdS/HgS, CdS/Ag2S, CdSe/HgSe, and CdSe/ Ag2Se), obtained from aqueous solutions in the presence of gelatin, are studied by optical absorption, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy. The observed non‐monotonous behaviour of the spectra with the effective shell thickness is related to the evolution of the core/shell interface in the course of the shell formation. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In‐situ IR synchrotron mapping ellipsometry on stimuli‐responsive PAA‐b‐PS/PEG mixed polymer brushes
Authors: Aulich Dennis , Hoy Olha , Luzinov Igor , Eichhorn Klaus‐Jochen , Stamm Manfred , Gensch Michael , Schade Ullrich , Esser Norbert , Hinrichs Karsten
Published: November 2009

A binary polymer brush consisting of weak polyelectrolytes was investigated with infrared synchrotron mapping ellipsometry in‐situ under the influence of different aqueous solutions. Thickness of the brush layer in dry state was ∼15 nm. The brush, consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(acrylic acid)‐b‐poly(styrene) in a 50/50 composition was switched between two different states by changing the pH of the solution. An IR mapping ellipsometer at the IRIS beamline located at the BESSY II synchrotron facility in Berlin, Germany, was used for high lateral resolution in‐situ measurements. The results show strong chemical changes in the brush layer due to COOH – COO– conversion of the PAA's carboxylic groups. Measurements with spot sizes of ∼1 mm on different positions on the samples proved good homogeneity of the brush layer and the qualification of this method for investigation of ultrathin organic films in aqueous solutions in‐situ with IR ellipsometry. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Atomic layer deposited aluminum oxide films on graphite and graphene studied by XPS and AFM
Authors: Speck Florian , Ostler Markus , Röhrl Jonas , Emtsev Konstantin V. , Hundhausen Martin , Ley Lothar , Seyller Thomas
Published: November 2009

Epitaxial graphene (EG) grown by solid‐state decomposition of SiC is a promising material for future graphenebased electronics. On EG, the fabrication of a field‐effect device requires the deposition of suitable gate insulator. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum oxide might be useful for this purpose. Therefore, we investigated the growth of ALD‐Al2O3 on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and EG by atomic force microscopy (AFM), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy.

Water as oxidant in the ALD process leads to inhomogeneous nucleation, whereas ozone leads to the formation of closed oxide layers. However, significant degradation of the EG takes place at higher temperatures and ozone exposure as witnessed by XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Careful adjustment of the process parameters allows reducing the damage to a level undetectable in XPS while providing enough nucleation centers for the formation of a closed Al2O3 film potentially suitable as a gate insulator (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A promiscuous dicopper(II) system promoting the hydrolysis of bis(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)phosphate: Gaining mechanistic insight by means of structural and spectroscopic DFT studies
Authors: Rey Nicolás A. , Neves Ademir , de Almeida Wagner B. , Dos Santos Hélio F. , Costa Luiz Antônio S.
Published: November 2009

Catechol oxidases (COs) are plant enzymes that belong to the oxidoreductases class. They contain a dinuclear copper center in their active site. In this article, we have investigated the dicopper(II) model complex [Cu2(μ‐OH)(C21H33ON6)]2+ (Complex‐A) under a computational perspective, using the DFT method, since this approach has been very useful in the treatment of bimetallic copper systems. The structural and spectroscopic study of Complex‐A as well as the structural analysis of the BDNPP/Complex‐A (Complex‐B) adduct have been carried out. The calculated parameters for Complex‐A are in good accordance with the experimental X‐ray data. Some remarkable points can be observed from the calculated UV–vis relative excitations. The Complex‐B computed structure verifies its identity as a key intermediate species in the BDNPP hydrolysis mechanism. The CuII···CuII calculated distance in Complex‐B (3.026 Å) is shorter than the calculated for Complex‐A (3.080 Å); one copper atom is bonded to the oxygen of phosphate [Cu (2)···O64–P] at 2.511 Å. These arguments clearly suggest a monodentate interaction and lead to a new mechanism involving terminal substrate coordination and subsequent intramolecular nucleophilic attack by a bridging hydroxide. Such a hypothesis is completely new in terms of homobimetallic copper systems, and may have important implications regarding the chemistry of several biological dinuclear catalytic sites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
The electronic structure of biologically relevant Fe(0) systems
Authors: Kis Zoltán , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Radu
Published: November 2009

Recent experimental data from us and others indicate formation of Fe(0) complexes of biologically relevant systems, which may be involved in carbon dioxide reduction to CO. Here, density functional theory results are presented in heme Fe(0) models (relevant for proteins such as hemoglobin and peroxidases), including adducts with carbonate/CO2 and CO. The electronic structures of such formally Fe(0) complexes are found to involve descriptions ranging from clear Fe(II) (with the extra two electrons residing on the ligands) to an Fe(0) state proposed for an unprecedented Fe(0)CO2 adduct. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Tautomeric forms of adenine: Vertical ionization energies and Dyson orbitals
Authors: Singh Raman K. , Ortiz J. V. , Mishra Manoj K.
Published: November 2009

For the MP2/6‐311++g(2df,p) optimized geometry of all the 14 adenine tautomers, the first three vertical ionization energies have been calculated using several electron propagator decouplings. The corresponding Dyson orbitals provide detailed insight into the role of structural variations in different adenine tautomers. Changes in the electron binding energies and the corresponding Dyson orbital amplitudes have been correlated with tautomeric proton shifts and changes in conjugation patterns. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010