bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Konsepsi Pengajaran Pensyarah dan Hubungannya dengan Persekitaran Pengajaran Pensyarah
Authors: Hj. Sihes Ahmad Johari , Hj. Sidin Zaitun
Published: January 2013

Kualiti pengajaran telah menjadi salah satu agenda penting bagi universiti di dunia. Pengajaran yang baik dan berkualiti bukan hanya menjadi tanggungjawab pensyarah, malah ia menjadi kritikal dalam menentukan kredibiliti sesebuah universiti. Salah satu daripada konsep yang penting dalam proses dan aktiviti pengajaran ialah konsepsi pengajaran. Konsepsi pengajaran menjadi dasar dalam memotivasikan tindakan pensyarah semasa pengajaran dalam kelas dan juga di luar kelas. Konsepsi pengajaran seseorang pensyarah merupakan satu ‘model’ dalam mindanya berkenaan amalan, konteks dan tujuan mengajar yang mempengaruhi perancangan, membuat keputusan dan tindakan mereka. Persoalan yang dikaji dalam artikel ini ialah apakah konsepsi pengajaran dan persepsi persekitaran pengajaran pensyarah, serta bagaimanakah hubungan antara kedua–duanya. Seramai 313 orang pensyarah daripada Universiti Teknologi Malaysia terlibat dalam kajian ini. Data diperolehi menggunakan soal selidik Lecturer’s Conception of Teaching and Learning dan Perception of Teaching Environment. Keputusan menunjukkan kebanyakan pensyarah lebih cenderung kepada konsepsi pengajaran orientasi memudahkan pembelajaran berbanding orientasi pemindahan ilmu pengetahuan, serta mempunyai persepsi yang positif terhadap persekitaran pengajaran mereka.

Kata kunci: Konsepsi pengajaran, persekitaran pengajaran

The quality of teaching has become one of the important agenda for universities all over the world. Good and quality teaching are not only the responsibility of lecturers, but it is critical towards the quality of a university. One of the important concepts in the learning processes and activities is ‘teaching conceptions’. Teaching conceptions is fundamental in motivating lecturers’ actions during lectures and also outside class when interacting with students. Teaching conceptions is considered a ‘model’ in lecturers’ mind regarding their practise, contexts and motives in teaching that influence their actions, planning and decision making. This article discussed lecturers’ teaching conceptions, their perceptions towards their teaching environment and, the relationship between lecturers’ teaching conceptions and their teaching environment. A total of 313 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia lecturers were involved in the study. Data were collected using Lecturer’s Conception of Teaching and Learning and, Perception of Teaching Environment questionnaires. Result showed that majority of the lecturers are inclined towards the learning facilitation orientation compared to the knowledge transmission orientation of teaching conceptions and, have positive perceptions towards their teaching environment.

Key words: Teaching conceptions; teaching environment
Pengaruh Personaliti Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Stres Kerja Guru
Authors: Mohd. Kosnin Azlina , Tan Sew Lee
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti tret personaliti guru dan sama ada wujud pengaruh personaliti terhadap kepuasan kerja dan stres kerja guru. Di samping itu, kajian juga dijalankan untuk menentukan tahap kepuasan dan stres kerja guru serta hubungan antara dua pemboleh ubah ini. Seramai 255 orang guru dari 10 buah sekolah menengah kebangsaan di daerah Johor Bahru dipilih secara rawak sebagai responden kajian. Kajian ini dijalankan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data dikumpul menerusi soal selidik yang diterjemahkan daripada The Big Five Inventory (BFI), Job Descriptive Index (JDI) dan Adminstrative Stress Indeks (ASI). Nilai kebolehpercayaan bagi instrumen JDI dan ASI ialah 0.91 dan 0.84. Manakala darjah kebolehpercayaan instrumen BFI ialah antara 0.73 hingga 0.80. Para guru menyatakan bahawa tahap kepuasan kerja dan stres kerja guru secara keseluruhannya berada pada tahap yang sederhana. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara kepuasan kerja dan stres kerja guru. Hubungan yang signifikan didapati antara dimensi–dimensi personaliti t dengan kepuasan kerja dan juga stres kerja. Implikasi kajian turut dicadangkan dalam artikel ini

Kata kunci: Personaliti; kepuasan kerja; stres kerja; guru; agreeableness; openness, conscientiousness, extraversion; neuroticism

This study was done to determine the personality traits of teachers as well as to investigate whether these traits influence job satisfaction and stress among teachers. Another aim was to determine the level of satisfaction and stress in teaching profession and the relationship between these two variables. As many as 225 teachers from 10 national secondary schools in Johor Bahru district were chosen randomly as respondents in this study. A quantitative research approach was adopted. The Big Five Inventory (BFI), Job Descriptive Index ( JDI), and Administrative Stress Index (ASI) instruments were used to measure the related variables. All items were asked in both English and Malay languages. The reliability levels of the JDI and ASI instruments were 0.91 and 0.84 respectively, while the reliability levels of the BFI subscales were between 0.73 and 0.80. This study found that the level of job satisfaction and stress amongst the respondents as a whole was at a moderate level. Significant negative relationship in job satisfaction and stress was found in this study. Significant relationships between certain dimensions of personality t and job satisfaction and stress were also found. Results are presented and discussed in detail and practical implications of the study are also suggested.

Key words: Personality; job satisfaction; occupational stress; teacher; agreeableness; openness; conscientiousness; extraversion; neuroticism
Heteroepitaxial Growth Of 3C–SiC On Si Substrates By Rapid Thermal Triode Plasma CVD Using Dimethylsilane At Low Temperature
Authors: Hashim Abdul Manaf , Yasui Kanji
Published: January 2013

Penyelidikan tentang pergantungan ciri–ciri saput tipis kubik silikon karbait (3C–SiC) terhadap tekanan tindak balas, suhu pembentukan dan kadar kandungan hidrogen dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik triod plasma endapan wap kimia (CVD) cepat panas menggunakan dimethylsilane sebagai sumber gas. Saput tipis stoichiometrik 3C–SiC dengan kristaliniti dan orientasi kristal yang baik berjaya dihasilkan pada suhu 1100 – 1200°C. Kristaliniti dan orientasi kristal saput tipis SiC yang dibentuk pada kadar kandungan hidrogen yang tinggi daripada 200 dan tekanan pembentukan pada 0.3 ~ 0.7 Torr adalah lebih baik daripada pembentukan pada kadar kandungan yang rendah dan tekanan pembentukan yang tinggi. Pada kadar kandungan yang tinggi, lebih banyak radikal hidrogen dapat dihasilkan. Dengan jumlah radikal hidrogen yang banyak, atom karbon yang berlebihan atau mempunyai ikatan yang lemah di dipermukaan lapisan saput tipis dapat dilepaskan secara efektif.

Kata kunci: Silikon karbait; triod plasma CVD; dimethysilane; pertumbuhan heteroepitaxial; kesalahan longgokan

The investigation of the dependence of the cubic silicon carbide (3C–SiC) film characteristics on the reaction pressures, growth temperatures and hydrogen dilution rates was carried out by rapid thermal triode plasma CVD using dimethylsilane as a source gas. The stoichiometric 3C–SiC films with good crystallinity and crystal orientation were successfully grown at 1100 – 1200°C. The crystallinity and the crystal orientation of SiC films grown at large dilution rate of above 200 and growth pressure of 0.3 ~ 0.7 Torr were better than those grown at small dilution rate and high growth pressure. Under large dilution rate, large amount of hydrogen radicals can be generated. It is speculated that excessive carbon atoms or weak bonds formed in SiC films were effectively extracted by the large amount of hydrogen radicals.

Key words: Silicon carbide; triode plasma CVD; dimethylsilane; heteroepitaxial growth; stacking faults
The Application Of Methyl Glucoside As Shale Inhibitor In Sodium Chloride Mud
Authors: Ismail Issham , Ann Poon Huang
Published: January 2013

Lumpur metil glukosida, atau dikenali sebagai MEG, ialah lumpur dasar air terkini yang mesra alam. Lumpur ini mempunyai prestasi yang hampir menyamai lumpur dasar minyak. Projek ini dilaksanakan bagi mengkaji kesan penambahan MEG ke dalam lumpur natrium klorida (MEG/NaCl) untuk mengawal pengembangan dan penyerakan syal pada beberapa kepekatan yang berlainan, iaitu 5% hingga 35% berdasarkan berat. Kajian ini melibatkan ujian penyerakan putaran panas yang berdasarkan American Petroleum Institute – Recommended Practice – 13I. Sifat pengawalan sedemikian turut dikaji menggunakan beberapa sampel syal yang mempunyai kereaktifan dan kandungan lempung yang berlainan. Selain itu, prestasi lumpur MEG/NaCl turut dikaji menerusi ujian sifat reologi, kawalan kehilangan turasan, aktiviti air dalam lumpur, dan proses penuaan, sebagaimana yang dicadangkan dalam American Petroleum Institute – Recommended Practice – 13B. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa lumpur MEG/NaCl boleh mengurangkan masalah pengembangan dan penyerakan syal. Namun begitu, kepekatan yang berkesan adalah bergantung kepada kereaktifan dan kandungan lempung yang wujud dalam sampel syal. Hasil kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa MEG ialah agen kawalan kehilangan bendalir yang baik.

Kata kunci: Ujian penyerakan putarasan panas; metil glukosida (MEG); penyerakan syal; pengembangan syal; lumpur dasar air

The methyl glucoside drilling fluid, or designated as the MEG, is a recently developed environmentally–friendly water–based mud. It is said to possess performance that approaches the oil–based mud. This project studied on the effects of introducing MEG into sodium chloride (MEG/NaCl) mud in controlling shale hydration and dispersion at different concentrations, namely 5% to 35% by weight, through hot rolling dispersion test, based on the American Petroleum Institute – Recommended Practice – 13I. The inhibitive features were further evaluated against several shale samples which had different reactivity and clay contents. Besides, the performance of MEG/NaCl mud was also evaluated through series of rheological properties, fluid loss, mud water activity, and ageing process tests as recommended in the American Petroleum Institute – Recommended Practice – 13B. The experimental results revealed that MEG/NaCl mud system could satisfactorily exhibit shale stabilization performance. The effective concentration of MEG, however, was corresponding on the reactivity and clay content present in the shale. The experiment results also showed that MEG is a good fluid loss control agent.

Key words: Hot rolling dispersion test; methyl glucoside (MEG); shale dispersion; shale swelling; water–based mud
Geometrical Design Of Stand Pipe Air Distributors For The Combustion Of Municipal Solid Waste In A Fluidised Bed
Authors: Johari Anwar , Hashim H. , Rozainee M.
Published: January 2013

Reka bentuk geometri bagi penyalur udara untuk pembakaran sisa buangan sampah perbandaran telah dihasilkan. Reka bentuk baru ini membolehkan bahan tidak terbakar dikeluarkan dengan mudah melalui ruang antara penyalur udara. Turus terbendalir dihasilkan menggunakan turus Perspex di mana udara disalurkan melalui penyalur udara di bawahnya. Untuk mendapatkan reka bentuk geometri yang sesuai, beberapa parameter reka bentuk telah dikaji. Kesan saiz bukaan, kesan jarak antara antara bukaan dan kesan jarak antara penyalur udara telah dikaji untuk mendapatkan reka bentuk geometri yang paling sesuai dan berdasarkan kepada kualiti perbendaliran di dalam turus terbendalir. Saiz bukaan yang dikaji adalah 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm dan 5 mm. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bukaan 3 mm menghasilkan kualiti perbendaliran yang stabil. Jarak antara bukaan yang dikaji adalah 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm dan 40 mm dan didapati buih udara yang terhasil adalah stabil apabila menggunakan jarak antara bukaan 10 mm. Jarak antara penyalur udara yang dikaji adalah 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm dan 70 mm. Hasil kajian menunjukkan jarak terbaik dari segi kestabilan buih udara bagi penyalur udara adalah 70 mm.

Kata kunci: Penyalur udara; turus terbendalir; saiz bukaan; jarak antara bukaan; jarak penyalur udara

The new geometrical design of stand–pipe air distributor for the combustion of the municipal solid waste was presented. The new design of the air distributors enables penetration of incombustible and unburnt carbon through opening between the air distributors, thus providing easy maintenance work. The fluidized bed experimental rig was constructed using Perspex column in which air was supplied through the distributors below it. In order to establish the final geometrical design of the air distributors, several design parameters were investigated. The effect of orifice size, distance between orifice and distance between distributor pipes on the fluidization behaviour were studied. Investigation on the effects of various orifice sizes of 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm showed that the 3 mm orifice size exhibited the most stable fluidization behaviour. Investigation on some selected orifice distances of 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm also found that the 10 mm orifice distance exhibited stable growths of bubbles. Various pipe distances of 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm and 70 mm were also investigated and the most suitable pipe distance was 70 mm.

Key words: Air distributor; fluidized bed; orifice size; orifice distance; pipe distance
Pretreatment Of Empty Palm Fruit Bunch For Lignin Degradation
Authors: Misson Mailin , Haron Roslindawati , Kamaroddin Mohd Fadhzir Ahmad , Amin Nor Aishah Saidina
Published: January 2013

Potensi bagi tiga kaedah prarawatan kimia terhadap degradasi lignin tandan kelapa sawit kosong (EPFB) telah dikaji. Pada kaedah pertama, natrium hidroksida (NaOH) dan kalsium hidroksida (Ca(OH)2) digunakan secara keseluruhan sebagai agen degradasi. Pada kaedah kedua, hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) ditambah serentak bersama alkali manakala untuk kaedah ketiga H2O2 ditambah berturutan ke dalam campuran EPFB–alkali selepas 24 jam. Peratus degradasi lignin adalah 65%, 72% dan 99% menggunakan NaOH manakala 9%, 31% dan 44% menggunakan (Ca(OH)2) bagi kaedah 1, 2 dan 3 masing–masing. Dalam keadaan yang sama, NaOH menunjukkan potensi yang lebih baik berbanding (Ca(OH)2) dan kaedah ketiga adalah merupakan kaedah yang terbaik.

Kata kunci: Degradasi lignoselulosa; fenol; tandan kelapa sawit; prarawatan kimia

The potential of three chemical pretreatment methods for lignin degradation of empty palm fruit bunch (EPFB) was investigated. In method 1, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) bases were exclusively used as degradation agents. In the second method, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was simultaneously added with the base while the third method H2O2 was consecutively added into the EPFB–base mixtures after 24 h. The percentage of ligin degradation were 65%, 72% and 99% by using NaOH and 9%, 31% and 44% by using (Ca(OH)2) for methods 1, 2 and 3 respectively. For the same conditions, NaOH demonstrated better performance than Ca(OH)2 and method 3 was the most superior.

Key words: Lignocellulose degradation; phenol; empty palm fruit bunch; chemical pretreatment
Agriculture And Its Contribution From The Islamic Economics Perspective
Authors: Borhan Joni Tamkin , Ab. Aziz Muhammad Ridhwan
Published: January 2013

Artikel ini membicarakan tentang pertanian dalam Islam dan sumbangannya terhadap ummah dan manusia sejagat dari perspektif ekonomi Islam. Artikel ini dibahagikan kepada empat bahagian, iaitu pertanian dalam Islam, konsep pembangunan tanah terbiar, takrif tanah terbiar menurut mazhab utama dalam Islam dan sumbangan bidang pertanian kepada umat Islam dan manusia sejagat dari sudut ketamadunan manusia, bekalan dan penawaran makanan, sumbangan dalam bentuk pemberian zakat oleh petani dan usahawan agro serta pelaksanaan dan penyempurnaan ibadat–ibadat tertentu di dalam Islam yang boleh dilakukan dengan menyertai bidang pertanian.

Kata kunci: Pertanian; tanah terbiar (Ihya’ al–Mawat); ketamadunan manusia; bekalan makanan; Zakat; ‘Ibadat

This article explains the concept of agriculture in Islam and its contributions towards human and Muslim ummah from the perspective of Islamic economics. This article is divided into four sections namely agriculture in Islam, concept of an idle land, definitions of an idle land from four famous schools of Islamic jurisprudence as well as the contribution of agriculture towards human and muslim ummah in terms of human civilization, security and supply of food, contribution through tithe (zakat) payment made by farmer and agro entrepreneur, and also contribution of agriculture in accomplishing and executing specific religious worships (‘Ibadat) in Islam that can be done by participating in this sector.

Key words: Agriculture; idle land (Ihya’ al–Mawat); human civilization; food supply; Zakat; ‘Ibadat
International Business Transaction From The Islamic Economics Perspective
Authors: Borhan Joni Tamkin , Ab. Aziz Muhammad Ridhwan
Published: January 2013

Transaksi perniagaan antarabangsa merupakan satu transaksi perniagaan yang agak berbeza jika dibandingkan dengan transaksi perniagaan dalam negara atau domestik. Dalam transaksi ini, umat Islam berdepan dengan transaksi perniagaan dengan orang bukan Islam yang berada di serata pelusuk dunia. Artikel ini cuba menjelaskan tentang hubungan transaksi perniagaan di antara orang Islam dengan bukan Islam, jenis golongan bukan Islam dan pandangan ‘ulama’ berkenaan hubungan transaksi di antara kedua–dua pihak. Pandangan ini disandarkan dengan dalil daripada al–Qur‘an dan al–Hadith Nabi di samping pandangan ‘ulama’ mazhab yang terkenal. Artikel ini juga cuba menghuraikan prinsip–prinsip perniagaan antarabangsa menurut ekonomi Islam. Prinsip ini didapati amat penting untuk dipraktikkan oleh para usahawan yang menceburi bidang perniagaan antarabangsa.

Kata kunci: Perniagaan antarabangsa; orang Islam; orang bukan Islam; prinsip perniagaan antarabangsa Islam

International business transaction deals in differently from the local or domestic business trading. In the international business transaction, Muslim ummah transacts with non–Muslims all over the world. Therefore, this article tries to explain the business relationship between Muslim and non–Muslims, the types of non–Muslims from the perspective of fiqh mu‘amalat and the views of Muslim jurists with regards of bilateral business relationship between Muslims and non–Muslims. All the views are based on evidence (Dalil) from al–Qur‘an and al–Hadith of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.), as well as views from four very famous schools of jurisprudences. This article also tries to clarify the principles of international business from the perspective of Islamic economics. These principles are imperative to be applied and practiced by Muslim entrepreneurs in dealing internationally.

Key words: International business; Muslim; non–Muslim; principles of Islamic international business
Vented Gas Explosion In A Cylindrical Vessel With A Relief Pipe
Authors: Mohd. Kasmani Rafiziana , Andrews G. E. , Phylaktou H. N. , Willacy S. K.
Published: January 2013

Kajian tentang letupan gas/udara di dalam tangki silinder dengan panjang/garis pusat adalah 2, dilaporkan di mana tangki silinder bersambung dengan paip dengan panjang/garis pusat ialah 6. Kajian ke atas kesan tekanan koyakan penutup ventilasi dan kedudukan pencucuh dijalankan untuk mengetahui nilai tekanan maksimum di dalam tangki, halaju nyalaan gas serta halaju gas tak terbakar. Gas propana dan metana di dalam udara digunakan dalam kajian ini dengan kadar persamaan gas/udara antara 0.8 hingga 1.6. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tekanan dan halaju nyalaan udara di dalam tangki silinder adalah lebih tinggi jika kedudukan pencucuh berada jauh dari ventilasi berbanding jika pencucuh berada pada bahagian tengah tangki. Selain itu, sebelum gas dialirkan keluar ke bahagian paip, aliran gas dihalang untuk memasuki bahagian paip disebabkan oleh aliran sonik yang terbentuk pada bukaan paip.

Kata kunci: Letupan gas; tekanan koyakan penutup ventilasi; kedudukan pencucuh; aliran sonik

A study of vented explosions in length/diameter (L/D) of 2 of cylindrical vessel with a duct pipe (L/D = 6) is reported. The influence of vent burst pressure and ignition locations on maximum overpressure generated inside the vessel, flame speeds and unburnt gas velocities ahead of the flame were systematically investigated. Propane and methane–air mixtures with equivalence ratio, Φ of 0.8 to 1.6 have been used. Results show that rear ignition exhibits higher maximum overpressures and flame speeds in comparison to central ignition. It is confirmed that prior to the flame entry to the duct, the flow is chocked due to the sonic flow created at the duct entrance.

Key words: Vented explosion; vent burst pressure; ignition location; sonic flow
Classification and Management of Non–performing Loans of Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks: A Comparative Study
Authors: Mokhtar Mokhrazinim , Zakaria Zukarnain
Published: January 2013

Artikel ini membandingkan klasifikasi dan pengurusan pinjaman tak–berbayar antara bank Islam di Malaysia dengan bank–bank konvensional di United Kingdom (UK) dan Jepun. Objektif kajian adalah untuk menyelidik sama ada terdapat perbezaan dalam klasifikasi dan pengurusan pinjaman tak–berbayar yang dipratikkan oleh bank Islam hasil dari kewujudan Akaun Deposit Pelaburan (IAD) di bank berkenaan. Peruntukan perkongsian untung rugi seperti mana yang terdapat dalam IAD di bank Islam adalah sesuatu yang unik. Keunikan ini, walau bagaimanapun mempunyai risiko di mana dalam kes bank mengalami kerugian, maka IAD akan turut sama menanggung kerugian tersebut. Ini menjadikan pelaburan dalam IAD sangat berisiko dan tertakluk kepada maklumat asimetri. Kertas ini mendapati bank Islam mendefinisikan dan mengurus pinjaman tak–berbayarnya secara berbeza berbanding dengan bank-bank konvensional di UK dan Jepun. Analisis menunjukkan walaupun bank Islam mempunyai ciri–ciri khas tapi klasifikasi dan pengurusan pinjaman tak–berbayarnya adalah lebih longgar. Ini dibuktikan melalui cara di mana pinjaman tak–berbayar dan cara peruntukan kerugiannya didefinisikan dan juga tahap pendedahan maklumat kewangan yang dilakukan oleh bank Islam.

Kata kunci: Bank Islam; pinjaman tak–berbayar; peruntukan kerugian; tahap pendedahan maklumat kewangan

This paper compares the classification and management of non-performing loans between Islamic banks in Malaysia and conventional banks in the UK and Japan. The objective of this paper is to investigate if there are differences in the classification and management of non–performing loans in Islamic banks as a result of the existence of the Investment Account Depositors (IADs). The nature of profit and sharing loss agreement has made the position of IADs in an Islamic bank unique. This uniqueness, however, has posed some degree of risk where in case the bank incurs a loss, the IADs are liable to share this loss. This has made the investment of IADs very risky and is subject to the potential problem of asymmetric information. This paper finds that the Islamic banks define and manage their non–performing loans differently from the conventional banks in the UK and Japan. The analysis shows that even though Islamic banks have special characteristics, the classification and management of its non–performing loans are quite lenient. This is evidenced in the way non–performing loans are defined, the way loss provision is made and the level of disclosure made by an Islamic bank.

Key words: Islamic banks; non–performing loans; loss provision; level of disclosure
A Single Step Pressure Regulation System For The Natural Gas Motorcycle
Authors: Mohsin Rahmat , Yaacob Zulkefli , Abdul Majid Zulkifli , Ashraf Shameed
Published: January 2013

Penggunaan Gas Asli Termampat (CNCNG) untuk kenderaan telah membuktikan penambahbaikan terhadap kualiti emisi kenderaan, pengurangan kebergantungan ke atas bahan api utama dan meningkatkan hayat minyak pelincir. Kejayaan penggunaan CNCNG ke atas motorsikal Kriss Modenas 110cc telah dibuktikan oleh penyelidik terdahulu. Penyelidikan terkini dijalankan bagi memperbaiki pengatur tekanan yang merupakan komponen kritikal di dalam sistem bahan api CNG. Beberapa kelemahan yang dikenal pasti ke atas unit pengatur tekanan yang terdahulu telah menyebabkan keperluan yang mendesak bagi kajian ini. Ia dimulakan dengan pemahaman yang komprehensif terhadap sistem pengatur tekanan. Parameter reka bentuk yang kritikal dipilih dengan rapi dan dioptimumkan secara bersesuaian bagi meningkatkan keupayaan prototaip yang dihasilkan. Aliran di dalam pengatur tekanan dioptimumkan menggunakan FLUENTTM manakala integriti struktur disokong oleh peraturan Kesatuan Jurutera Mekanikal Amerika (ASME) di bawah kod dandang tekanan ASME Seksyen VIII Bahagian 1 dan piawaian berkaitan pengikat bebenang. Pembuatan prototaip dibina melalui hasil penemuan dan analisis ke atas kaedah reka bentuk dengan menggunakan teknik pemesinan yang bersesuaian. Prestasi prototaip dapat dikenal pasti dengan menggunakan meja ujian yang dibangunkan khusus.

Kata kunci: NGV, enjin dwi–bahan api; penggunaan bahan api; emisi eksoz; pengatur tekanan

The use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNCNG) for vehicle has proved to improve emission quality, reduces dependency on mainstream fuels and increase lubrication oil lifespan. The successful utilization of CNG on the Kriss Modenas 110cc has been proven by previous researcher. The current study is carried out in the attempt to improve the pressure regulator which is deemed crucial in the CNG fuel system. Various drawbacks of the previously implied unit prove the need for this study. This study begins with a comprehensive understanding of the pressure regulation system. Critical design parameters are carefully selected and optimized accordingly to enhance the final prototype. The flow within the regulator is optimized using FLUENTTM while the structural integrity is backed by American Society of Mechanical Engineer (ASME) pressure vessel code ASME Section VIII Division 1 and related standards on threaded fasteners. The fabrication of the prototype has been formulated from findings and analysis on the design methodology using suitable machining techniques. The performance of the final prototype is obtained from the specially developed pressure regulator test bench.

Key words: NGV; bi–fuel engine; fuel consumption; exhaust emission; pressure regulation
Crossflow Microfiltration of Oil in Water Emulsion via Tubular Filters: Evaluation by Mathematical Models on Droplet Deformation and Filtration
Authors: Ahmad Zaini Muhammad Abbas , Holdich Richard G. , Cumming Ian W.
Published: January 2013

Tiga jenis penuras tiub, iaitu 13 μm bukaan celah, 4 μm bukaan lingkar dan 0.45 μm membran seramik, serta penuras kepingan 13 μm bukaan celah telah digunakan untuk menapis 1000 ppm emulsi minyak dalam air. Penahanan zarah minyak berdasarkan saiz bukaan penuras juga diuji dengan memasukkan 17 mm pilin ke dalam penuras tiub bukaan celah dan bukaan lingkar. Data ujikaji telah dinilai dengan menggunakan model-model penurasan. Model ubah bentuk zarah menunjukkan bahawa kelemahan penyingkiran minyak adalah disebabkan oleh tegangan antara muka sistem emulsi yang rendah dan menyebabkan zarah minyak mudah melepasi bukaan penuras meskipun pada tekanan operasi membran yang rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, keputusan yang ditunjukkan oleh model–model penurasan mencadangkan bahawa penuras mikro bukaan celah dapat mengurangkan kegagalan fluk, serta penggunaan pilin boleh mengurangkan rintangan terhadap penurasan.

Kata kunci: Ubah bentuk zarah; model penurasan; emulsi minyak dalam air

Three types of tubular filters, i.e. 13 μm slots, 4 μm circular pores and 0.45 μm ceramic membranes, and 13 μm flat sheet slots were used to challenge 1000 ppm oil in water emulsion, the test liquid. The rejection of oil drops by pore size was also evaluated by incorporating a 17 mm pitch helix within the tubular slots and circular pore filters. The experimental data were analysed using filtration models. The model of droplet deformation indicates that poor rejection was caused by a low interfacial tension of emulsion system and that the oil drops could easily penetrate the filters even at low transmembrane pressure. However, the results of filtration models suggested that the use of slots was more likely to reduce the flux decay and the incorporation of a helix can greatly reduced the resistance to filtration.

Key words: Droplet deformation; filtration models; oil in water emulsion
Extraction Of Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R From Textile Wastewater Using Tetrabutyl Ammonium Bromide
Authors: Othman Norasikin , Mili Norlisa , Zailani Siti Nazrah , Mohammad Nurul Aimi Badriah
Published: January 2013

Air sisa buangan tekstil yang mengandungi pewarna adalah merbahaya kepada persekitaran dan mempengaruhi kehidupan akuatik. Kepekatan pewarna ini mestilah dikurangkan ke paras yang dibenarkan sebelum dibuang ke persekitaran. Dalam kajian ini, kaedah pengekstrakan cecair telah digunakan untuk mengkaji perolehan semula pewarna Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R daripada air sisa dengan menggunakan tetrabutilammonia bromida dalam diklorometana. Parameter yang dikaji adalah kesan pelarut, pH larutan, kepekatan pengekstrak, kepekatan awal pewarna dan egen pelucut yang sesuai untuk mengekstrak semula pewarna daripada fasa organik. Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan hampir 100% daripada 100mgL-1 Remazol Brilliant Oren 3R telah diekstrak menggunakan 0.01 M tetrabutilammonia bromida (TBAB) dan tiada pengaruh pH larutan suapan yang ketara ke atas proses pengekstrakan pewarna. Pewarna yang telah diekstrak boleh diperolehi semula daripada larutan organik dengan menggunakan asid salisilik dalam larutan natrium hidroksida dengan nisbah 1:1.

Kata kunci: Pengekstrakan cecair; pewarna reaktif azo; oren 3R; tetrabutilammonia bromida; air sisa tektil

Textile wastewater containing dyes is dangerous to the environment and affect mainly to some aquatic life. Their concentration must be reduced to acceptable levels before discharging into environment. In this research liquid-liquid extraction method is used to study on the recovery of Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R dye (orange 3R) from textile wastewater by using tetrabutyl ammonium bromide in dichloromethane. The parameter examined in this research were the effect of diluents, effect of pH, effect of extractant concentration, initial dye concentration and the suitable stripping agent to extract back the dye from organic phase. The result showed that almost 100% of 100 mgL-1 Orange 3R was extracted using 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and no significant affect of pH of feed phase solution on dye extraction. Extracted dye in the organic phase can be back extracted using salicylic acid in sodium hydroxide solution with ratio 1:1.

Key words: Liquid–liquid extraction; reactive azo dye; Orange 3R; tetrabutyl ammonium bromide; textile wastewater
Penilaian Kitar Hayat Suatu Pengenalan
Authors: Md Said Saidah , Sharaai Amir Hamzah , Bakri Sitty Nur Syafa
Published: January 2013

Penilaian Kitar Hayat (LCA) merupakan alat untuk menilai dan membanding impak alam sekitar oleh aktiviti manusia terhadap proses atau produk daripada awal hingga akhir hayatnya. Penggunaan sumber dan pembebasannya kepada alam sekitar berlaku pada pelbagai peringkat kitar hayat sesebuah produk daripada pengekstrakan bahan mentah, pemerolehan tenaga, penghasilan dan pembuatan, penggunaan, kitar semula dan pelupusan. Kesemuanya berpotensi menyumbang kepada perubahan iklim, penipisan lapisan ozon, pengasidan, eutrofikasi, bebanan ketoksikan terhadap kesihatan manusia dan ekosistem, pengurangan sumber, guna tanah dan sebagainya. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan memperkenalkan kerangka dan prosedur dalam melakukan kajian LCA, aplikasi, kelebihan dan pembatasan LCA untuk diaplikasikan ke dalam pengurusan alam sekitar dan pencegahan pencemaran.

Kata kunci: Penilaian Kitar Hayat (LCA); pengurusan alam sekitar; pencegahan pencemaran

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool to measure and compare the environmental impacts by human activities of a process or product from cradle to grave. Resources consumption and emission to environment occur at many stages in a product’s life cycle from raw material extraction, energy acquisition, production and manufacturing, use, recycling until the disposal. These potentially contribute to climate change, ozone depletion, acidification, euthrophication, toxicological stress on human health and ecosystems, the depletion of resources, land use, and others. This paper introduces the LCA framework and procedure, applications, advantage and limitation of LCA as well as its application in environmental management and pollution prevention scenarios.

Key words: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); environmental management; pollution prevention
Pengecaman Insan Berasaskan Kaedah Profil Sentroid dan Pengelas Rangkaian Neural Buatan
Authors: Md Tahir Nooritawati , Hussain Aini , Abdul Samad Salina , Husain Hafizah
Published: January 2013

Dalam kajian ini, teknik profil sentroid yang berdasarkan pendekatan berasaskan model digunakan bagi tugas pengecaman insan. Kaedah ini dilaksanakan secara mengekstrak ciri–ciri unik perwakilan isyarat gaya lenggang insan serta bukan insan secara automatik dan pasif berasaskan imej pegun. Untuk menilai kekuatan algoritma sarian teknik profil sentroid yang dihasilkan, Rangkaian Neural Buatan (RNB) digunakan sebagai pengelas. Keputusan yang diperolehi membuktikan ciri sarian profil sentroid sesuai digunakan sebagai perwakilan vektor ciri bagi pengelasan insan dengan kadar pengelasan RNB yang dicapai melebihi 98%.

Kata kunci: Pengecaman insan; rangkaian neural tiruan; profil sentroid

In this study, centroidal profile which is a model based approach is employed for human recognition task. This is done by extracting unique representation of gait features of the subject automatically and passively from static images of human or non human. To evaluate the effectiveness of the generated centroidal profile, Artificial Neural Network (RNB) is used as classifier. Results attained proven that the centroidal profile is appropriate as feature extraction to be used as feature vectors for human shape classification based on classification rate of RNB achieved specifically above 98%.

Key words: Human recognition; artificial neural network (ANN); centroidal profile
Initial Study On The Implementation Of Reflection Method In Ultrasonic Tomography
Authors: Abas Khairul Hamimah , Mohammad Hudabiyah , Pusppanathan Jaysuman , Abdul Rahim Ruzairi
Published: January 2013

Matlamat utama projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk suatu sistem pengimbas ultrasonik dengan menggunakan kaedah pantulan yang dijana dan diterima oleh alatan ultrasonik yang lazim digunakan di dalam bidang perubatan. Disebabkan oleh kos yang tinggi dan konfigurasi yang rumit bagi sesetengah alat-alat perubatan yang berjenama seperti Philips dan Brauns, sistem pengimbas ultrasonik yang direkabentuk dalam projek ini adalah berhasrat untuk mengurangkan kos dan juga memudahkan konfigurasi. Pada asasnya, sistem pengimbas ultrasonik terdiri daripada dua bahagian; pemancar dan penerima. Dalam projek ini, satu mikropengawal pengimbas ultrasonik perubatan yang telah dipilih. Isyarat pantulan yang dikesan penerima pengimbas ultrasonik perubatan diperhatikan dengan menggunakan osiloskop digital. Sistem pengimbas yang direka kemudian diuji dengan mengimbas sebuah betik.

Kata kunci: Tomography ultrasonik; pantulan; gambaran perubatan; pengimbas ultrasonik; pendekatan secara eksperimen

The main purpose of this project is to design an ultrasonic scanner system which implements the reflection method through a medical ultrasound probe. Due to the high–cost and complex configuration of some of the well–known names in medical devices; such as Philips, and Brauns, the ultrasonic scanner system in this project is aimed to be cost effective and simple. Basically, the ultrasonic scanner system consists of two parts; the transmitter and the receiver. In this project, a PIC microcontroller was used in the transmitter circuit in order to produce a 2 MHz signal to excite the 2.25 MHz ultrasonic transmitter that exists in the medical ultrasound probe that had been selected, whereas the output or the reflected signal was obtain by tapping at the receiver of the medical ultrasound probe and was observed by using a digital oscilloscope. The ultrasonic scanner system was later tested by scanning a papaya. This project was verified by obtaining the reflected signals that resulted from the papaya scanning tests.

Key words: Ultrasonic tomography; reflective; medical imaging; ultrasound probe; experimental approach
Data–Driven Indirect Adaptive Model Predictive Control
Authors: Wahab Norhaliza , Katebi Mohamed Reza , Rahmat Mohd Fua’ad , Bunyamin Salinda
Published: January 2013

Kertas kerja ini membincangkan tentang reka bentuk Pengawal Ramalan Model Suai menggunakan kaedah Pengenalpastian Model Keadaan Ruang Sub–ruang bagi proses enapcemar teraktif. Penggunaan teknik Pengenalpastian Model Keadaan Ruang Sub–ruang di dalam kaedah kawalan tingkat gelangsar suai dibincangkan di mana pengenalpastian sub–ruang dalam talian menggunakan algoritma N4SID di perkenalkan bersama dengan rekabentuk Pengawal ramalan model. Pembangunan N4SID dalam talian di dalam kertas kerja ini menggunakan pengemaskini QR di mana gabungan di antara teknik kemaskini dan kemasbawah membolehkan pengadaptasi tingkap gelangsar. Di sini, untuk setiap langkah masa, bagi setiap data baru akan dimasukkan ke faktor R manakala data yang lama dibuang. Begitu juga, strategi bagi uraian nilai tunggal diperkenalkan ke dalam Pengawal Ramalan Model Suai tak langsung untuk masukan tambahan kawalan bagi sistem terkekang tak lelurus. Beberapa kajian simulasi bagi parameter kawalan berlainan di dalam pengawal/pengenalpastian algoritma dilaksanakan. Bagi reka bentuk Pengawal Ramalan Model Suai tak langsung, pengiraan masa yang terlibat dengan menggunakan pendekatan uraian nilai tunggal kurang berbanding dengan kaedah perancangan kuadratik dan keputusan yang memberangsangkan ini adalah sumbangan utama di dalam kertas kerja ini.

Kata kunci: Pengawal suai; proses enapcemar teraktif; pengawal ramalan model; pengenalpastian sub–ruang

This paper explores the design of Adaptive Model Predictive Control (AMPC) using Subspace State–space Model Identification (SMI) techniques for an activated sludge process. The implementation of SMI techniques in the adaptive sliding window control methods are discussed where the online subspace identification using Numerical State–space Subspace System Identification (N4SID) algorithm is proposed along with Model Predictive Control (MPC) design method. The online N4SID algorithm developed in this study makes use of the QR–updating where the combination of update and down date techniques enables sliding window adaptation. Here, at each time step, for the new experimental data added into R factor, the oldest data are removed. Also, the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD–based) strategy is proposed into Indirect AMPC (IAMPC) for the control increment input constrained nonlinear system. Several simulation studies for different control parameters in control/identification algorithm are performed. For the IAMPC control design, the computational times involved using an SVD approach shows less burdensome compared to Quadratic Programming (QP) method and such an interesting result is considered as one of the main contribution in this paper.

Key words: Adaptive control; activated sludge process; model predictive control; subspace identification
Imaging Of Solid Flow In Air Using Dual Modality Tomography
Authors: Ibrahim Salehuddin , Mohammad Rohi Noorfaizah , Elmajri Mustafa Musbah , Zahidin Nor Syahiran
Published: January 2013

Matlamat keseluruhan projek ini ialah untuk menyelidiki manfaat yang boleh diperoleh daripada sistem tomografi dwi ragam (optik dan elektrodinamik) untuk mengukur imej tomografi terhadap aliran pepejal. Penyelidikan ini melibatkan kajian ke atas pengagihan manikmanik plastik yang dialirkan dalam sebuah paip dengan memasang penderia–penderia optik dan elektrodinamik di sekeliling paip tanpa mengganggu aliran di dalam paip. Sistem tomografi dwi raga mini dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian, yang terdiri dari perkakasan dan perisian. Perkakasan optik direka bentuk menggunakan 32 BPX65 penderia foto diod yang bertindak sebagai penerima dan dua lampu halogen yang bertindak sebagai pemancar cahaya. Penderia–penderia ini diatur sebagai dua projeksi selari. Penderia–penderia elektrodinamik direka bentuk menggunakan 16 elektrod yang dipasang pada jarak yang sama di sekeliling dinding paip. Sistem tomografi ini mampu memaparkan agihan kepekatan objek di dalam paip.

Kata kunci: Profil kepekatan; aliran dwi fasa; tomografi optic; infra–merah; aliran pepejal

The overall aim of this project is to investigate the benefits of dual modality (optical and electrodynamics) tomography system for the measurement of tomographic images of solids flow. This research will investigate the distribution of conveying plastic beads in a conveying pipe by placing optical and electrodynamics sensors around the pipe without interrupting the flow inside the pipe. The dual modality tomography system is divided into two main parts, which are the development of hardware and software. Optical hardware is designed using 32 BPX65 photodiode sensors acting as receivers and two halogen bulbs acting as light transmitters. The sensors are arranged as two parallel projections. The electrodynamics sensors are designed using 16 electrodes positioned equidistantly around the periphery of the pipe wall. The tomography system is able to display the concentration profile of the objects inside the pipe.

Key words: Concentration profiles; two phase flow; optical tomography; infra–red; solid flow
Integral Time Absolute Error Minimization For Pi Controller On Coupled–Tank Liquid Level Control System Based On Stochastic Search Echniques
Authors: Yousif Yacoub Ammar Hussam , Buyamin Salinda , Abdul Wahab Norhaliza
Published: January 2013

Kertas ini membincangkan tentang aplikasi teknik pencarian stochastic yang dikenali sebagai Simulated Annealing bagi mengatasi masalah menala (tuning) alat pengawal Proportional plus Integral (PI) bagi pengawalan takat cecair di dalam sistem tangki berkembar. Setelah penerangan tentang prinsipal asas kepada Simulated Annealing diberikan, kertas ini mencadangkan tentang pencarian penyelesaian yang optimal bagi alat kawalan PI dengan mengoptimumkan prestasi indek, ITAE. Keberkesanan menggunakan kaedah Simulated Annealing telah dibandingkan dengan satu lagi kaedah iaitu Genetic Algorithm. Perbandingan adalah berdasarkan prestasi time response. Hasil keputusan menunjukkan perbandingan antara kaedah Simulated Annealing dan Genetic Algorithm. Kaedah yang di cadangkan tidak bergantung kepada tahap sesuatu sistem dan berupaya untuk menala walaupun tanpa diketahui parameter sesuatu proses . Di samping itu, kaedah yang di cadangkan tidak memerlukan sistem tersebut dimodelkan dalam bentuk matematik dan keseluruhan keputusan menunjukkan Simulated Annealing menghasilkan keputusan yang lebih baik dari Genetik Algorithm. Oleh itu, Simulated Annealing bolehlah dicadangkan sebagai salah satu cara bagi mengoptimumkan alat kawalan PI.

Kata kunci: Penalaan proportional integral tuning; imulated annealing; genetic algorithm

This paper introduces the application of a stochastic search technique, known as Simulated Annealing to the problem of tuning the proportional–integral controller for a linearized coupled tank liquid level control. After describing the basic principles of the Simulated Annealing, the proposed method concentrates on finding the optimal solution of PI controller by optimizing the performance index, the Integral Time Absolute Error, ITAE. The efficiency of Simulated Annealing algorithm for tuning the controller is compared with an evolutionary method, Genetic Algorithm. The comparison is based on the time response performance. The results shows the effectiveness and the capability of the SA to tune the proportional–integral (PI) controller for the coupled tank liquid level control. The proposed method does not depend on the system order and has the ability to tune the controller even there is unknown process parameters. In addition, the technique avoids the requirement for mathematical modeling of the system and the overall results have shown that SA yields better performance as compared to GA, hence, it is recommended for an alternative for optimizing the PI controller.

Key words: Proportional integral tuning; simulated annealing; genetic algorithm
A Comparative Study On The Effect Of Students Related Factors (Self–Confidence, Attitude And Family Background) On Science Achievement Of Malaysian & Singaporean Students
Authors: Mohammadpour Ebrahim , Abdul Ghafar Mohamed Najib
Published: January 2013

This study is a cross–national comparative study to assess the effects of student related factor (students’ self–confidence in learning science, attitude toward science, family background and being safe in school) on science achievement of students of Malaysia and Singapore. A total of 5314 eighth–grade students (3071 girls and 2243 boys) from Malaysia and 6018 students (2938 girls and 3080 boys) from Singapore who participated in Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2003 were studied. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to examine the underlying constructs among the Students’ Questionnaire items. Subsequently, Multiple Regression technique was employed to explain the variance of science achievement. The results of (PCA) showed 23 items from the questionnaire distributed among six factors for both sets of the data. The results of (PCA) showed 23 items from the questionnaire distributed among six factors for both sets of the data. The regression results revealed that 26% of the variance of science achievement of Malaysian students were accounted for by the selected factors. In addition, 33% of the variance of science achievement of Singaporean contributed by the selected factors.

Key words: Achievement; attitude; factors; family background; self-confidence; science; TIMSS
Rational Proportion For Mixture Of Foamed Concrete Design
Authors: Zulkarnain Fahrizal , Ramli Mahyuddin
Published: January 2013

Kajian ini membentangkan sebahagian hasil kerja makmal untuk reka bentuk konkrit ringan berbusa dengan Protein Agent 1 sebagai busa, silica fume (SF) sebagai bahan tambah dan superplasticizer (SP). Konkrit ringan berbusa terkawal dicampurkan dengan kandungan simen Portland biasa (OPC) dan silica fume, campuran tersebut pada kadar 10 peratus, dari berat simen sebagai bahan tambah akan disediakan. Silica fume digunakan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan mampat dan juga menjimatkan kos. Konkrit berbusa diawetkan pada kisaran 70 peratus kelembapan dan 28 darjah kandungan udara. Sifat mekanikal daripada struktur konkrit ringan berbusa juga didedahkan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa serapan air dalam kajian besar adanya. Walaupun demikian, silica fume perlu digunakan untuk menghasilkan struktur ringan berbusa yang murah dan mesra alam, dengan kekuatan mampat dan kawalan struktur ringan berbusa menggunakan simen Portland biasa (OPC) sahaja.

Kata kunci: Campuran konkrit berbusa; ketumpatan mortar; ketumpatan sebenar; sifat mekanikal; kekuatan mampat

This paper presents part of the results of laboratory work to design a lightweight foamed concrete made with Protein Agent 1 as foam, silica fume (SF) mineral admixture and superplasticizer (SP). Control of foamed concrete mixture made with foam containing only Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and SF, lightweight foam concrete mixture containing 10% of SF as a replacement for the cement in weight basis was prepared. SF is used to increase the compressive strength and for economical concerns. The foam concrete was cured at 70% relative humidity and ± 28°C temperature. The mechanical properties of a lightweight foam concrete with OPC are presented. The findings indicate that water absorption of aggregate is large in this case. However, the use of SF seems to be necessary for the production of cheaper and environmentfriendly structural foamed concrete with compressive strength and control structural foamed concrete containing only OPC.

Key words: Foam concrete mixed; mortar density; actual density; mechanical properties; compressive strength