bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raloxifene inhibits hepatitis C virus infection and replication
Authors: Takeda Midori , Ikeda Masanori , Mori Kyoko , Yano Masahiko , Ariumi Yasuo , Dansako Hiromichi , Wakita Takaji , Kato Nobuyuki
Published: August 2012

Postmenopausal women with chronic hepatitis C exhibited a poor response to interferon (IFN) therapy compared to premenopausal women. Osteoporosis is the typical complication that occurs in postmenopausal women. Recently, it was reported that an osteoporotic reagent, vitamin D3, exhibited anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity. Therefore, we investigated whether or not another osteoporotic reagent, raloxifene, would exhibit anti‐HCV activity in cell culture systems. Here, we demonstrated that raloxifene inhibited HCV RNA replication in genotype 1b and infection in genotype 2a. Raloxifene enhanced the anti‐HCV activity of IFN‐α. These results suggest a link between the molecular biology of osteoporosis and the HCV life cycle.
Effective dose from inhaled radon and its progeny
Authors: Harrison J.D. , Marsh J.W.
Published: August 2012

Currently, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) uses the dose conversion convention to calculate effective dose per unit exposure to radon and its progeny. In a recent statement, ICRP indicated the intention that, in future, the same approach will be applied to intakes of radon and its progeny as is applied to all other radionuclides, calculating effective dose using reference biokinetic and dosimetric models, and radiation and tissue weighting factors. Effective dose coefficients will be given for reference conditions of exposure. In this paper, preliminary results of dose calculations for Rn-222 progeny are presented and compared with values obtained using the dose conversion convention. Implications for the setting of reference levels are also discussed.
Radiation biology and radiation protection
Authors: Hendry J.H.
Published: August 2012

For protection purposes, the biological effects of radiation are separated into stochastic effects (cancer, hereditary effects) presumed to be unicellular in origin, and tissue reactions due to injury in populations of cells. The latter are deterministic effects, renamed ‘tissue reactions’ in the 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection because of the increasing evidence of the ability to modify responses after irradiation. Tissue reactions become manifest either early or late after doses above a threshold dose, which is the basis for recommended dose limits for avoiding such effects. Latency time before manifestation is related to cell turnover rates, and tissue proliferative and structural organisation. Threshold doses have been defined for practical purposes at 1% incidence of an effect. In general, threshold doses are lower for longer follow-up times because of the slow progression of injury before manifestation. Radiosensitive individuals in the population may contribute to low threshold doses, and in the future, threshold doses may be increased by the use of various biological response modifiers post irradiation for reducing injury. Threshold doses would be expected to be higher for fractionated or protracted doses, unless doses below the threshold dose only cause single-hit-type events that are not modified by repair/recovery phenomena, or if different mechanisms of injury are involved at low and high doses.
Relative biological effectiveness and radiation weighting factors in the context of animals and plants
Authors: Higley K.A. , Kocher D.C. , Real A.G. , Chambers D.B.
Published: August 2012

Radiation weighting factors have long been employed to modify absorbed dose as part of the process of evaluating radiological impact to humans. Their use represents an acknowledgement of the fundamental difference in energy deposition patterns of charged and uncharged particles, and how this can translate into varying degrees of biological impact. Weighting factors used in human radiation protection are derived from a variety of endpoints taken from in-vitro experiments that include human and animal cell lines, as well as in-vivo experiments with animals. Nonetheless, the application of radiation weighting factors in the context of dose assessment of animals and plants is not without some controversy. Specifically, radiation protection of biota has largely focused on limiting deterministic effects, such as reduced reproductive fitness. Consequently, the application of conventional stochastic-based radiation weighting factors (when used for human protection) appears inappropriate. While based on research, radiation weighting factors represent the parsing of extensive laboratory studies on relative biological effectiveness. These studies demonstrate that the magnitude of a biological effect depends not just on dose, but also on other factors including the rate at which the dose is delivered, the type and energy of the radiation delivering the dose, and, most importantly, the endpoint under consideration. This article discusses the efforts taken to develop a logical, transparent, and defensible approach to establishing radiation weighting factors for use in assessing impact to non-human biota, and the challenges found in differentiating stochastic from deterministic impacts.
Effective dose: a radiation protection quantity
Authors: Menzel H-G. , Harrison J.
Published: August 2012

Modern radiation protection is based on the principles of justification, limitation, and optimisation. Assessment of radiation risks for individuals or groups of individuals is, however, not a primary objective of radiological protection. The implementation of the principles of limitation and optimisation requires an appropriate quantification of radiation exposure. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has introduced effective dose as the principal radiological protection quantity to be used for setting and controlling dose limits for stochastic effects in the regulatory context, and for the practical implementation of the optimisation principle. Effective dose is the tissue weighted sum of radiation weighted organ and tissue doses of a reference person from exposure to external irradiations and internal emitters. The specific normalised values of tissue weighting factors are defined by ICRP for individual tissues, and used as an approximate age- and sex-averaged representation of the relative contribution of each tissue to the radiation detriment of stochastic effects from whole-body low-linear energy transfer irradiations. The rounded values of tissue and radiation weighting factors are chosen by ICRP on the basis of available scientific data from radiation epidemiology and radiation biology, and they are therefore subject to adjustment as new scientific information becomes available. Effective dose is a single, risk-related dosimetric quantity, used prospectively for planning and optimisation purposes, and retrospectively for demonstrating compliance with dose limits and constraints. In practical radiation protection, it has proven to be extremely useful.
Regulatory experience in applying a radiological environmental protection framework for existing and planned nuclear facilities
Authors: Mihok S. , Thompson P.
Published: August 2012

Frameworks and methods for the radiological protection of non-human biota have been evolving rapidly at the International Commission on Radiological Protection and through various European initiatives. The International Atomic Energy Agency has incorporated a requirement for environmental protection in the latest revision of its Basic Safety Standards. In Canada, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission has been legally obligated to prevent unreasonable risk to the environment since 2000. Licensees have therefore been meeting generic legal requirements to demonstrate adequate control of releases of radioactive substances for the protection of both people and biota for many years. In the USA, in addition to the generic requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy facilities have also had to comply with specific dose limits after a standard assessment methodology was finalised in 2002. Canadian regulators developed a similar framework for biota dose assessment through a regulatory assessment under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act in the late 1990s. Since then, this framework has been applied extensively to satisfy legal requirements under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and the Nuclear Safety and Control Act. After approximately a decade of experience in applying these methods, it is clear that simple methods are fit for purpose, and can be used for making regulatory decisions for existing and planned nuclear facilities.
Dosimetry for Reference Animals and Plants: current state and prospects
Authors: Ulanovsky A. , Pröhl G.
Published: August 2012

The enormous diversity of non-human biota is a specific challenge when developing and applying dosimetric models for assessing exposures to flora and fauna from environmental radioactivity. Dosimetric models, adopted by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), provide dose conversion coefficients for a large variety of biota, including the Reference Animals and Plants. The models use a number of simplified approaches, often ignoring presumably insignificant details. Simple body shapes with uniform composition and density, homogeneous internal contamination, a limited set of external radiation sources for terrestrial animals and plants, and truncation of radioactive decay chains are a few examples of simplifying assumptions underlying the dose conversion coefficients included in ICRP Publication 108. However, many specific assessment tasks require dosimetric data for non-standard species or irradiation scenarios. The further development of dosimetric models aims at the implementation of flexible choices of animals and plants, as well as of their irradiation conditions (e.g. trees); more systematic consideration of internal exposures from radionuclides concentrated in specific organs; and task-oriented choice of decay chains based on ICRP Publication 107. An extensive set of non-human dosimetric data might require specific software to facilitate fast, accurate, and flexible selection of pertinent dose conversion coefficients for specific assessment tasks.
Quantifying the global burden of morbidity due to unsafe abortion: Magnitude in hospital‐based studies and methodological issues
Authors: Adler Alma J. , Filippi Veronique , Thomas Sara L. , Ronsmans Carine
Published: August 2012

The global burden of complications from unsafe abortion is thought to be high, but difficult to measure. A systematic review was conducted to describe the prevalence and type of complications of abortion among women hospitalized for treatment of abortion complications in settings where abortion is generally considered unsafe. There were 43 hospital‐based studies reporting on severity and type of complications of abortions, but definitions varied substantially. The proportion of women treated in facilities for severe complications ranged from a median of 1.6% (range, 0.1%–10.8%) for renal failure to 7.2% (range, 0.1%–43.9%) for severe trauma. Heterogeneity of study designs and definitions makes comparisons difficult. Therefore, it is recommended that standardized designs and definitions are used in future studies of abortion complications. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. on behalf of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.
Parameter rigid actions of simply connected nilpotent Lie groups
Authors: MARUHASHI HIROKAZU
Published: August 2012

We show that for a locally free $C^{\infty }$-action of a connected and simply connected nilpotent Lie group on a compact manifold, if every real-valued cocycle is cohomologous to a constant cocycle, then the action is parameter rigid. The converse is true if the action has a dense orbit. Using this, we construct parameter rigid actions of simply connected nilpotent Lie groups whose Lie algebras admit rational structures with graduations. This generalizes the results of dos Santos [Parameter rigid actions of the Heisenberg groups. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.27(2007), 1719–1735] concerning the Heisenberg groups.
Was the Glorious Revolution a Constitutional Watershed?
Authors: COX GARY W.
Published: August 2012

Douglass North and Barry Weingast's seminal account of the Glorious Revolution argued that specific constitutional reforms enhanced the credibility of the English Crown, leading to much stronger public finances. Critics have argued that the most important reforms occurred incrementally before the Revolution; and that neither interest rates on sovereign debt nor enforcement of property rights improved sharply after the Revolution. In this article, I identify a different set of constitutional reforms, explain why precedents for these reforms did not lessen their revolutionary impact, and show that the evidence, properly evaluated, supports a view of the Revolution as a watershed.
Why Was It Europeans Who Conquered the World?
Authors: HOFFMAN PHILIP T.
Published: August 2012

By the 1700s Europeans dominated the gunpowder technology, which was surprising, because it had originated in China and been used with expertise throughout Eurasia. To account for their dominance, historians have invoked competition, but it cannot explain why they pushed this technology further than anyone else. The answer lies with a simple tournament model of military competition that allows for learning by doing. Political incentives and military conditions then explain why the rest of Eurasia fell behind Europeans in developing the gunpowder technology. The consequences were huge, from colonialism to the slave trade and even the Industrial Revolution.
How Much Trade Liberalization Was There in the World Before and After Cobden-Chevalier?
Authors: TENA-JUNGUITO ANTONIO , LAMPE MARKUS , FERNANDES FELIPE TÂMEGA
Published: August 2012

The Cobden-Chevalier Treaty of 1860 is regarded as central turning point in nineteenth-century trade policy, inaugurating a free trade era in Western Europe. We reexamine this story and put it into global perspective with a new database covering more than 7,500 data points for 11 categories of manufactures in 41 countries and colonies around the world between 1846 and 1880. It reveals that bilateralism after 1860 reinforced a process already underway before. Nevertheless, we highlight that trade liberalization was a global phenomenon over most of our period, so that the prominent British case appears as typical rather than exceptional.
Working-Class Household Consumption Smoothing in Interwar Britain
Authors: SCOTT PETER M. , WALKER JAMES
Published: August 2012

We examine the strategies interwar working-class British households used to “smooth” consumption over time and guard against negative contingencies such as illness, unemployment, and death. Newly discovered returns from the U.K. Ministry of Labour's 1937/38 Household Expenditure Survey are used to fully categorize expenditure smoothing via nineteen credit/savings vehicles. We find that households made extensive use of expenditure-smoothing devices. Families' reliance on expenditure-smoothing is shown to be inversely related to household income, while households also used these mechanisms more intensively during expenditure crisis phases of the family life cycle, especially the years immediately after new household formation.
From Merdeka! to massacre: The politics of sugar in the early years of the Indonesian republic
Authors: Knight G. Roger
Published: August 2012

Between 1945 and 1965, what may be broadly defined as the politics of sugar in Indonesia passed through several critical stages. The industrial manufacture of sugar had begun in the Netherlands Indies in the mid-nineteenth century, but after a slump during the 1930s Depression, the industry virtually went into abeyance during the Japanese Occupation (1942–45). After the war, the years of struggle for Merdeka! (freedom) also saw a partial revival of the industry, which continued through national revolution and independence (1949) through to an incremental nationalisation in the late 1950s. Developments in the sugar industry culminated in massacre, rather than merdeka, however. The campaign against the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) which began in 1965 resulted in the murder of labour unionists and peasant activists associated with the sugar industry. This paper traces the course of events from Merdeka to massacre, focusing on the sugar industry of East Java's Brantas valley. Its themes, however, relate to the industry in Java as a whole, and the question of why the commodity production of sugar came to be so deeply embroiled in the politics of the new republic.
The Papar Land Protest, 1910–11
Authors: Wong Tze Ken Danny
Published: August 2012

One of the recurring problems that emerged during the height of European expansion into Southeast Asia was the encroachment of European enterprises into indigenous lands. In most cases, problems existed especially in the manner that landholdings were understood by the natives vis-à-vis the new land laws introduced by the colonial powers. This often led to disputes which resulted in the natives being deprived of their rights. This paper looks into a case where the Dusun in Papar, North Borneo — an indigenous people — took the European colonial government to court over land rights which involved land encroachments by European enterprises and railways. The event took place barely 30 years after the first contact with European civilisation took place. The paper will examine the nature of the case and also investigate the role played by the Dusun and their fight against the government. The paper will also investigate the role of an English lawyer retained by the Dusun for the case, and that of the Roman Catholic Mission in championing the affairs of the indigenous people.
Symposium: Dynamic systems/Complexity theory as a new approach to second language development
Authors: Verspoor Marjolijn
Published: August 2012

Presented at the 16th World Congress of Applied Linguistics (AILA), Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 24 August 2011.

The goal of the symposium was to show that a Dynamic systems/Complexity theory (DST) perspective will provide important insights into the L2 developmental process. Kees de Bot (University of Groningen) introduced the symposium by outlining the basic characteristics of a dynamic system: all factors or variables involved in language development are interconnected, interact with each other over time, and affect each other differently over time on different time scales. Initial conditions such as the learner's L1, motivation or level of proficiency are crucial and systems self-organize over time. Development is not linear and learners are not all the same, so variability and variation are the norm.
National Standards: Research into practice
Authors: Glisan Eileen W.
Published: August 2012

TheStandards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century (SFLL)(National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project [NSFLEP]), originally published in 1996, were envisioned by many as the panacea for providing a new and exciting direction for foreign language education in the United States. The perceived impact of these National K-16 Student Standards has been witnessed throughout more than a decade by scholarly works that have acknowledged their role as ‘a veritable change agent’ (Sharpley-Whiting 1999: 84), ‘a vision for foreign language education in the new century’ (Allen 2002: 518), and, more recently, as ‘a blueprint and framework for change’ (Terry 2009: 17). The research that has been done on the Standards since their inception has attempted to provide concrete ways for the field to embrace this new framework and thereby realize a Standards-based curriculum and perhaps even revolutionize language education. This work has consisted largely of (1) implementational research (both with and without experimental design) that proposes specific strategies for addressing the Standards in planning, teaching, and assessment (Schwartz & Kavanaugh 1997; Abbott & Lear 2010); (2) survey research that analyzes self-reported information regarding teachers' pedagogical beliefs about the Standards and ways in which they claim to be addressing Standards in their classrooms (Allen 2002; ACTFL 2011), and (3) White papers that disseminate opinions and insights by leaders in the field regarding the impact that the Standards are having in areas such as language instruction, curriculum and course design, and educational policy (Sharpley-Whiting 1999; Donato 2009; Glisan 2010).
What's Sincerity Got to Do with It? Freedom of Religion in Canada
Authors: Ogilvie Margaret
Published: August 2012

Recently, the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) returned to the test of individual sincerity for determining whether there has been an infringement of freedom of religion pursuant to section 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the Charter) in SL c Commission scolaire des Chênes. Sincerity of belief or in practice as necessary for religious expression on the part of a complainant has been accepted from some of the earliest Charter cases as the triggering requirement for a section 2(a) claim, and, in itself, sufficient to establish a claim which a court must then balance against conflicting claims pursuant to section 1 (‘reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society’) or section 15 (equality rights). In SL, the court confirmed that mere sincerity is no longer sufficient and that an objective burden of proof now rests on a claimant to show how a state-sanctioned requirement infringes the fundamental right to freedom of religion before competing claims will be assessed. In SL, the court found that the complainants had failed to show how a religious education course mandated for all students without exception by the Government of Quebec interfered with what they argued was their religious freedom as Roman Catholic parents to pass on their faith to their children. This result has also been interpreted to mean that the state has a right prior to parental rights in the religious formation of their own children, and, on this reading, has been highly controversial. The court's new formulation of a sincerity test may be of interest elsewhere. The earlier formulation in Syndicat Northcrest v Anselem was adopted by the House of Lords in R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment, and the subsequent spread of its use has since been subject to consideration in England.
Successful introduction of interventional catheterisation and other paediatric cardiology services in a developing country
Authors: Tomita Hideshi , Haneda Noriyuki , Higaki Takashi , Kataoka Koichi
Published: August 2012

Background

Providing care for children with cardiac disease remains a challenge in developing countries.

Materials and methods

Since 2001, a team of paediatric cardiologists has been visiting Mongolia to perform children's cardiac catheterisation, as well as screening children for cardiac disease. Considering the limited medical resources, as well as cost, risk, and benefit, we focused our activities on diagnostic consultation by echocardiography, transcatheter closure of persistent arterial duct, balloon dilation of valvar pulmonary stenosis and aortic coarctation, and diagnostic catheterisation.

Results

Up to 2011, we have completed echocardiography in 1200 patients; diagnostic catheterisations in 59 patients; and catheter interventions in 255 patients, including 224 for persistent arterial duct, 23 for valvar pulmonary stenosis, 6 for aortic coarctation, and a few others. We have visited 14 rural areas to screen for children's cardiac diseases. A total of 131 persistent ducts were closed with coils and a further 93 with a duct occluder. Migration of the coil or occluder to the pulmonary artery occurred once for each device. Pulmonary valvuloplasty was successful in 23 patients and a coarctation was effectively dilated in six patients.

Conclusions

The limited healthcare resources in developing countries such as Mongolia make catheter interventional procedures an attractive alternative to surgery in treating children with simple but critical congenital heart diseases. Introduction of the duct occluder extended the application of transcatheter occlusion of persistent arterial duct in Mongolia to larger vessels and avoided the expense of coil occlusion using multiple coils.
DIAGNOSING LABOR MARKET SEARCH MODELS: A MULTIPLE-SHOCK APPROACH
Authors: Beauchemin Kenneth , Tasci Murat
Published: August 2012

We construct a multiple-shock, discrete-time version of the Mortensen–Pissarides labor market search model to investigate the basic model's well-known tendency to underpredict the volatility of key labor market variables. In addition to the standard labor productivity shock, we introduce shocks to matching efficiency and job separation. We estimate the multiple-shock model and then simulate its properties. Although it generates significantly more volatility while preserving the Beveridge curve relationship, the multiple-shock model generates counterfactual implications for the cyclicality of job separations. Using a business cycle accounting approach, next we show that the model requires significantly procyclical and volatile matching efficiency and counterfactually procyclical job separations to render the observed data without error. We conjecture that the basic Mortensen–Pissarides model lacks mechanisms to generate sufficiently strong labor market reallocation over the business cycle, and suggest nontrivial labor force participation and job-to-job transitions as promising avenues of research.
Feminist and Gender-Neutral Frames in Contemporary Child-Care and
Anti-Violence Policy Debates in Canada
Authors: Collier Cheryl N.
Published: August 2012

Pressure to make policy issues gender neutral, as in the cases of policy
debates concerning child care and anti-violence against women, had initially
been put onto public policy agendas by feminist advocates. The broader
influence of neoliberalism and post-neoliberalism (also known as the
social-investment perspective) in Canada has amplified this trend. Global
trends toward neoliberalism encouraged less state involvement and reduced
public spending on the welfare state from the 1980s into the 1990s, with
detrimental effects on women's policy. Moreover, feminist women's groups and
women's issues were increasingly labeled “special interests”; advocacy
claims toward the state were routinely delegitimized by successive
provincial and federal governments, although this trend was less pronounced
under left-wing regimes than right-wing ones (Collier 2006; 2009). As Canada
entered the new millennium, many social-policy researchers identified a
renewed state interest in reinvestment in social programs to position the
state better in a competitive global marketplace. This newer shift toward
the “social-investment perspective” is alleged to have consciously erased
gender from social policy debates, particularly in the child-care arena (see
Jenson 2009).
Does Gender Have an Effect on the Selection of Experts by Parliamentary
Standing Committees? A Critical Test of “Critical” Concepts
Authors: Holli Anne Maria
Published: August 2012

The aim of this article is to provide new insights into theorizing on
“critical mass” and “critical acts,” a widely studied topic within feminist
political science. From a more comprehensive viewpoint, these concepts are
linked to the descriptive and substantive representation of women (hereafter
referred to, in short, as DRW and SRW). The aim is to apply and test a key
element—the recruitment hypothesis—with empirical data from Finnish
parliamentary standing-committee hearings. The project simultaneously serves
to pinpoint theoretical and methodological problems in the way we conceive
and study DRW and its potential effects regarding SRW. The overall
implications of the study represent a profound challenge to theorists and
empiricists alike: Perhaps we should reconsider some of our beliefs
concerning the accumulation of knowledge in this field from the perspective
of “strong objectivity” and start reviewing fundamental assumptions that
underpin our concepts of “critical” mass and acts.
Intimacy without Consent: Lynching as Sexual Violence
Authors: Carter Niambi M.
Published: August 2012

At the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science
Association, I presented the harrowing story of Judge Edward Aaron. In 1957,
Aaron was tortured and castrated at the hands of several members of the Ku
Klux Klan of the Confederacy in an attempt to send a threatening message to
black Civil Rights activists. At the conclusion of the panel, a male
audience member asked, “Was he [Judge Aaron] raped?” I was stunned by this
question; to me, it seemed obvious that Aaron had been sexually violated, at
the very least, and my answer relayed my sense of the events as a sexual
crime. It was clear, however, that this man, like many others, read the
violation of Aaron, and many other black men, as being some other class of
crime. In the absence of penetrative sex, he could not frame Aaron's assault
as a sexual crime. In part, this is because in the absence of penetration,
we do not generally read the male body as vulnerable and open to sexual
abuse in the same way as the female body. For obvious reasons, lynching is
bound up with sex. The narrative of the “black male rapist” is quite
pervasive. Nevertheless, we tend to default to an almost exclusively racial
lens when viewing lynching. This essay does not aim to displace this idea
but to make a critical intervention in the conversation by suggesting that
lynching can be understood as a type of racialized, sexual violence that
uniquely harms black men.
The internal structure of an oceanic core complex: An integrated analysis of oriented borehole imagery from IODP Hole U1309D (Atlantis Massif)
Authors: Pressling Nicola , Morris Antony , John Barbara E. , MacLeod Christopher J.
Published: August 2012

Oceanic core complexes at slow‐spreading ridges represent the uplifted footwalls of large‐offset ‘detachment’ faults that initiate at steep dips, and rotate to flatten via a ‘rolling hinge’ mechanism in response to flexural unloading. A key question is whether oceanic core complex development is accommodated entirely by displacement on the detachment fault zone, or if significant internal deformation of the footwall occurs during flexure and rotation. We investigate this by constraining the internal architecture of the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 30°N) using Formation MicroScanner borehole wall images and cores from the 1416 m‐deep Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Hole U1309D. Two distinct sets of structures are observed. N‐S‐striking, E‐dipping structures dominating the upper 385 m are interpreted as a brittle to semi‐brittle zone of fracturing in the footwall. Structures with this geometry occur down to 750 m below seafloor, suggesting that the detachment damage zone extends deep into the footwall. The nature of this deformation is, however, enigmatic: several cataclastic shear zones with reverse geometry in their current orientations may be rotated extensional faults or relate to shortening at the base of the flexing beam of a very weak footwall. By contrast, E‐W‐striking, N‐ and S‐dipping structures dominate the lowermost kilometer of the borehole. They likely represent conjugate fractures formed in the hanging wall of a late, E‐W normal fault zone, separating gabbroic rocks of the central dome of Atlantis Massif from serpentinized peridotite to the south, responsible for post‐detachment uplift of the southern margin of the massif.
Small intermediate fault segments can either aid or hinder rupture propagation at stepovers
Authors: Lozos Julian C. , Oglesby David D. , Brune James N. , Olsen Kim B.
Published: August 2012

Large‐scale geometrical complexities along faults are known to be likely endpoints for coseismic rupture, as suggested by analysis of historic ruptures and corroborated by models of rupture on bent or discontinuous faults. However, natural faults also include smaller‐scale complexities. We use the 3D finite element method to model dynamic ruptures on strike‐slip fault stepovers with a smaller intermediate fault between the main strands. We find that such small faults can have a controlling effect on rupture behavior and ground motion intensity and distribution. In particular, the intermediate fault can either aid or prevent rupture propagation across the stepover, depending on its length and basal depth. The results have important implications for hazard assessment of faults with large‐ and small‐scale geometrical complexities, and also suggest that more site‐specific modeling studies may be necessary to develop realistic rupture scenarios for individual complex fault systems.
Rotational modulation and local time dependence of Saturn's infrared H3+ auroral intensity
Authors: Badman S. V. , Andrews D. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Lamy L. , Provan G. , Tao C. , Kasahara S. , Kimura T. , Fujimoto M. , Melin H. , Stallard T. , Brown R. H. , Baines K. H.
Published: August 2012

Planetary auroral emissions reveal the configuration of magnetospheric field‐aligned current systems. In this study, Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observations of Saturn's pre‐equinox infrared H3+ aurorae were analysed to show (a) rotational modulation of the auroral intensity in both hemispheres and (b) a significant local time dependence of the emitted intensity. The emission intensity is modulated by the ‘planetary period’ rotation of auroral current systems in each hemisphere. The northern auroral intensity also displays a lesser anti‐phase dependence on the southern rotating current system, indicating that part of the southern current system closes in the northern hemisphere. The southern hemisphere aurorae were most intense in the post‐dawn sector, in agreement with some past measurements of auroral field‐aligned currents, UV aurora and SKR emitted power. A corresponding investigation of the northern hemisphere auroral intensity reveals a broader dawn‐noon enhancement, possibly due to the interaction of the southern rotating current system with that of the north. The auroral intensity was reduced around dusk and post‐midnight in both hemispheres. These observations can be explained by the interaction of a rotating field‐aligned current system in each hemisphere with one fixed in local time, which is related to the solar wind interaction with magnetospheric field lines.
Tremor asperities in the transition zone control evolution of slow earthquakes
Authors: Ghosh Abhijit , Vidale John E. , Creager Kenneth C.
Published: August 2012

Slow earthquakes, characterized by slow slip and associated seismic radiation called non‐volcanic tremor, have been observed in major subduction zones worldwide. They constitute an important mode of stress release for the fault's transition zone, which lies directly downdip of the locked segment, the nucleation zone of large damaging earthquakes. However, the depth of tremor in Cascadia, and the factors governing tremor generation and rupture propagation during slow quakes remain enigmatic. Here, we develop a novel multibeam‐backprojection (MBBP) method to detect and locate tremor using multiple mini seismic arrays. We apply this technique to image tremor activity during an entire ETS‐cycle including a large episodic tremor and slip (ETS) event in Cascadia with unprecedented resolution. Our results suggest that the majority of the tremor is occurring near the plate interface. We observe strongly heterogeneous tremor distribution with patches in the transition zone that experience repeated tremor episodes and produce most of the tremor. The patches, tens of kilometers in dimension, behave like asperities on the fault plane. During the large ETS event, rupture propagation velocity varies at least by a factor of five, and seems to be modulated by these tremor asperities. These observations support a model in which the transition zone is heterogeneous and consists of patches of asperities with surrounding regions slipping aseismically. The asperities fail quasi‐periodically releasing stress and appear to regulate rupture propagation and tremor generation during slow earthquakes. This study presents new observations revealing the tectonic characteristics of the transition zone controlling the generation and evolution of slow earthquakes.
Detailed modeling of recent severe storm tides in estuaries of the New York City region
Authors: Orton Philip , Georgas Nickitas , Blumberg Alan , Pullen Julie
Published: August 2012

Detailed simulations, comparisons with observations, and model sensitivity experiments are presented for the August 2011 tropical cyclone Irene and a March 2010 nor'easter that affected the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area. These storms brought strong winds, heavy rainfall, and the fourth and seventh highest gauged storm tides (total water level), respectively, at the Battery, NYC. To dissect the storm tides and examine the role of various physical processes in controlling total water level, a series of model experiments was performed where one process was omitted for each experiment, and results were studied for eight different tide stations. Neglecting remote meteorological forcing (beyond ∼250 km) led to typical reductions of 7–17% in peak storm tide, neglecting water density variations led to typical reductions of 1–13%, neglecting a parameterization that accounts for enhanced wind drag due to wave steepness led to typical reductions of 3–12%, and neglecting atmospheric pressure gradient forcing led to typical reductions of 3–11%. Neglecting freshwater inputs to the model domain led to reductions of 2% at the Battery and 9% at Piermont, 14 km up the Hudson River from NYC. Few storm surge modeling studies or operational forecasting systems incorporate the “estuary effects” of freshwater flows and water density variations, yet joint omission of these processes for Irene leads to a low‐bias in storm tide for NYC sites like La Guardia and Newark Airports (9%) and the Battery (7%), as well as nearby vulnerable sites like the Indian Point nuclear plant (23%).
Automatic determination of the planetary boundary layer height using lidar: One‐year analysis over southeastern Spain
Authors: Granados‐Muñoz M. J. , Navas‐Guzmán F. , Bravo‐Aranda J. A. , Guerrero‐Rascado J. L. , Lyamani H. , Fernández‐Gálvez J. , Alados‐Arboledas L.
Published: August 2012

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height is a key variable in climate modeling and has an enormous influence on air pollution. A method based on the wavelet covariance transform (WCT) applied to lidar data is tested in this paper as an automated and non‐supervised method to obtain the PBL height. The parcel and the Richardson number methods applied to radiosounding data and the parcel method applied to microwave radiometer temperature profiles are used as independent measurements of the PBL height in order to optimize the parameters required for its detection using the WCT method under different atmospheric conditions. This optimization allows for a one‐year statistical analysis of the PBL height at midday over Granada (southeastern Spain) from lidar data. The PBL height showed a seasonal cycle, with higher values in summer and spring while lower values were found in winter and autumn. The annual mean was 1.7 ± 0.5 km a.s.l. during the study period. The relationship of the PBL height with aerosol properties is also analyzed for the one‐year period.
Shock vaporization of silica and the thermodynamics of planetary impact events
Authors: Kraus R. G. , Stewart S. T. , Swift D. C. , Bolme C. A. , Smith R. F. , Hamel S. , Hammel B. D. , Spaulding D. K. , Hicks D. G. , Eggert J. H. , Collins G. W.
Published: August 2012

The most energetic planetary collisions attain shock pressures that result in abundant melting and vaporization. Accurate predictions of the extent of melting and vaporization require knowledge of vast regions of the phase diagrams of the constituent materials. To reach the liquid‐vapor phase boundary of silica, we conducted uniaxial shock‐and‐release experiments, where quartz was shocked to a state sufficient to initiate vaporization upon isentropic decompression (hundreds of GPa). The apparent temperature of the decompressing fluid was measured with a streaked optical pyrometer, and the bulk density was inferred by stagnation onto a standard window. To interpret the observed post‐shock temperatures, we developed a model for the apparent temperature of a material isentropically decompressing through the liquid‐vapor coexistence region. Using published thermodynamic data, we revised the liquid‐vapor boundary for silica and calculated the entropy on the quartz Hugoniot. The silica post‐shock temperature measurements, up to entropies beyond the critical point, are in excellent qualitative agreement with the predictions from the decompressing two‐phase mixture model. Shock‐and‐release experiments provide an accurate measurement of the temperature on the phase boundary for entropies below the critical point, with increasing uncertainties near and above the critical point entropy. Our new criteria for shock‐induced vaporization of quartz are much lower than previous estimates, primarily because of the revised entropy on the Hugoniot. As the thermodynamics of other silicates are expected to be similar to quartz, vaporization is a significant process during high‐velocity planetary collisions.
Determinants of household water conservation: The role of demographic, infrastructure, behavior, and psychosocial variables
Authors: Fielding Kelly S. , Russell Sally , Spinks Anneliese , Mankad Aditi
Published: August 2012

Securing water supplies in urban areas is a major challenge for policy makers, both now and into the future. This study aimed to identify the key determinants of household water use, with a view to identifying those factors that could be targeted in water demand management campaigns. Objective water use data and surveys were collected from 1008 households in four local government areas of southeast Queensland, Australia. Results showed that demographic, psychosocial, behavioral, and infrastructure variables all have a role to play in determining household water use. Consistent with past research, household occupancy was the most important predictor of water use. Households in regions recently exposed to drought conditions and higher‐level restrictions also used less water than those who had less experience with drought. The effect of water efficient technology was mixed: some water efficient appliances were associated with less water use, while others were associated with more water use. Results also demonstrated the importance of considering water use as a collective behavior that is influenced by household dynamics. Households who reported a stronger culture of water conservation used less water. These findings, along with evidence that good water‐saving habits are linked to water conservation, highlight the value of policies that support long‐term cultural shifts in the way people think about and use water.
Conservation Genetics of Remnant Coastal Brook Trout Populations at the Southern Limit of Their Distribution: Population Structure and Effects of Stocking
Authors: Annett Brendan , Gerlach Gabriele , King Timothy L. , Whiteley Andrew R.
Published: August 2012

We examined genetic variation within and among a group of remnant coastal brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations along the coast of the northeastern United States. These populations occur at the southern limits of anadromy for this species and could form the foundation of a restored anadromous metapopulation. We also tested for genetic introgression between these populations and the hatchery source that has been used to stock these sites. The overall FST for the natural populations at 12 microsatellite loci was 0.145 (95% confidence interval, 0.108–0.183), and D was 0.225 (0.208–0.243). On average, 94.6% of individuals were correctly assigned to the population where they were collected. Our results suggest that there is little gene flow even between geographically proximate populations. We found little evidence that repeated historic stocking from a known hatchery source has led to genetic introgression into these wild coastal brook trout populations. One hybrid individual appeared to be a backcross between an F1 and a hatchery individual. Another hybrid individual could not be classified. Our results suggest that nonintrogressed and potentially locally adapted populations of brook trout persist in several small coastal New England streams. These populations should be the focus of future efforts to restore anadromous brook trout in this region.
The Impact of Stocking on the Current Ancestry in Twenty Native and Introduced Muskellunge Populations in Minnesota
Authors: Miller Loren M. , Mero Steven W. , Younk Jerry A.
Published: August 2012

Fish stocking, often from multiple source populations, is a common management practice frequently conducted without the means or effort to determine the reproductive contributions of stocked fish. Historically, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) has stocked four strains of muskellunge Esox masquinongy, but the contribution of these strains to current populations was unknown. Two strains came from Minnesota lakes, Shoepack Lake and Leech Lake, and the other strains came from Wisconsin and Iowa hatcheries and were of uncertain origin. The MNDNR discontinued stocking the Shoepack strain in the 1980s when that strain displayed poor growth in stocked waters. Managers were concerned that ancestry from this strain might be limiting the genetic potential for muskellunge to attain trophy size in stocked populations. Using 13 microsatellite DNA markers, we determined the ancestry of muskellunge in 10 supplemented native populations and 10 introduced populations. The ancestry from each of the four stocked strains of muskellunge was detected in some populations, but the level of ancestry was unrelated to the amount of stocking of a strain. Ancestry from native populations persisted in six of the supplemented populations despite years of stocking. The potential effects of Shoepack strain ancestry on fish size were limited in most lakes because of its low persistence. All stocked strains reproduced in at least some of the lakes, but some lakes had no evidence of reproduction by any stocked strain. Our results will help MNDNR manage genetic diversity among muskellunge populations and direct efforts toward appropriate actions to improve size structure. This study reinforces how genetic data are often useful for evaluating ancestry in stocked fish populations, whereas stocking histories may be poor indicators of current genetic composition.
Parental Male Effects on Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Progeny Survival
Authors: Wipf Matthew M , Barnes Michael E
Published: August 2012

The Lake Oahe, South Dakota, population of landlocked fall-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha is maintained entirely by hatchery propagation and exhibits relatively poor egg survival during hatchery incubation. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of male gametes on embryo survival. Eggs from an individual female were subdivided and subsequently fertilized with milt from four discrete males. This was repeated with three additional females using the milt from the same four males. This entire procedure was then replicated three times, using four new females and four new males each time, for a total of 16 males and 16 females. The eggs from each unique cross were then incubated discretely. There was no significant effect of spawning males on subsequent embryo survival to the eyed stage of egg development. Swim-up fry length and weight were also not significantly affected by male parentage. In contrast, there was a significant maternal effect on eyed egg survival, and swim-up fry length and weight, which varied significantly among progeny from individual females. These results suggest that the relatively poor survival exhibited by Lake Oahe landlocked fall Chinook salmon eggs during hatchery incubation is largely a function of initial egg quality from spawning females.