bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fontaine de Vaucluse : Compte-rendu hydrogéologique de l'opération Spélénaute du 2 août 1985
Authors: Bayle Bernard , Graillot Didier ,   Société Spéléologique de Fontaine de Vaucluse
Published: March 2017

The «spelenaut operation» at the Fontaine de Vaucluse (August 1985)

During August 1985, while the water level was low, the Fontaine de Vaucluse was explored down to 315 m. Examination of the recorded video tape shows that the «Spelenaut» reached a sandy ledge at the entrance of what appears to be a continuation of the submerged gallery. The aspect of the limestone is varied and it is difficult to determine geological from erosive phenomena. Analysis of the samples collected by the machine illustrates the need for similar explorations in order to obtain further informations concerning the geology of drainage basin.
Improving career development opportunities through rigorous career pathways research
Authors: Hedge Jerry , Rineer Jennifer R.
Published: March 2017

Organizational life has become less predictable in today’s rapidly changing workplace. Workers must make career decisions within an increasingly uncertain organizational, societal, and global environment. Businesses face the same evolving landscape, making it difficult for them to anticipate their employees’ needs, desires, and likely career directions. Career pathways systems can provide the structure that is vital for career progression, helping people develop competencies designed to increase employability while helping organizations develop employees strategically, build engagement, and improve retention. In our focus on the workplace, we underscore the need for more holistic, data-driven individual and organizational perspectives on career growth and success; we describe how a career pathways framework can contribute to these goals. We offer directions for future research to promote career growth and success for individuals, and to help employers create or strengthen career pathways systems that will reduce bias and enhance organizational performance by supporting the advancement of their employees.
Topometry FEM optimization of the wing structure of the transport aircraft
Authors: KATRŇÁK Tomáš , JURAČKA Jaroslav
Published: March 2017

The article presents the topometry optimization of the critical semi-shell wing structure of the aircraft in the Commuter category of the CS-23 regulation standard (EASA 2012). Modern finite element (FE) optimization methods are used. The main outcome is that the milled integral lower wing panel allows significant weight savings due to an optimization of the thickness of each skin segment. The FE model validation with the analytical software and the selection of structural constraints and requirements for the optimization are described in this article. Also, a final stress analysis and a complex load capacity analysis validate required properties of designed structural modifications with an optimal stress distribution. Additionally the analysis of weight savings and elongation of the fatigue durability according to the Damage tolerance methodology was done.
1–2.4 μm Near-IR Spectrum of the Giant Planet β Pictoris b Obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager
Authors: Chilcote Jeffrey , Pueyo Laurent , Rosa Robert J. De , Vargas Jeffrey , Macintosh Bruce , Bailey Vanessa P. , Barman Travis , Bauman Brian , Bruzzone Sebastian , Bulger Joanna , Burrows Adam S. , Cardwell Andrew , Chen Christine H. , Cotten Tara , Dillon Daren , Doyon Rene , Draper Zachary H. , Duchêne Gaspard , Dunn Jennifer , Erikson Darren , Fitzgerald Michael P. , Follette Katherine B. , Gavel Donald , Goodsell Stephen J. , Graham James R. , Greenbaum Alexandra Z. , Hartung Markus , Hibon Pascale , Hung Li-Wei , Ingraham Patrick , Kalas Paul , Konopacky Quinn , Larkin James E. , Maire Jérôme , Marchis Franck , Marley Mark S. , Marois Christian , Metchev Stanimir , Millar-Blanchaer Maxwell A. , Morzinski Katie M. , Nielsen Eric L. , Norton Andrew , Oppenheimer Rebecca , Palmer David , Patience Jennifer , Perrin Marshall , Poyneer Lisa , Rajan Abhijith , Rameau Julien , Rantakyrö Fredrik T. , Sadakuni Naru , Saddlemyer Leslie , Savransky Dmitry , Schneider Adam C. , Serio Andrew , Sivaramakrishnan Anand , Song Inseok , Soummer Remi , Thomas Sandrine , Wallace J. Kent , Wang Jason J. , Ward-Duong Kimberly , Wiktorowicz Sloane , Wolff Schuyler
Published: March 2017

Using the Gemini Planet Imager located at Gemini South, we measured the near-infrared (1.0–2.4 μm) spectrum of the planetary companion to the nearby, young star β Pictoris. We compare the spectrum obtained with currently published model grids and with known substellar objects and present the best matching models as well as the best matching observed objects. Comparing the empirical measurement of the bolometric luminosity to evolutionary models, we find a mass of 12.9 ± 0.2

, an effective temperature of 1724 ± 15 K, a radius of 1.46 ± 0.01

, and a surface gravity of

[dex] (cgs). The stated uncertainties are statistical errors only, and do not incorporate any uncertainty on the evolutionary models. Using atmospheric models, we find an effective temperature of 1700–1800 K and a surface gravity of

–4.0 [dex] depending upon the model. These values agree well with other publications and with “hot-start” predictions from planetary evolution models. Further, we find that the spectrum of β Pic b best matches a low surface gravity L2 ± 1 brown dwarf. Finally, comparing the spectrum to field brown dwarfs, we find the the spectrum best matches 2MASS J04062677–381210 and 2MASS J03552337+1133437.
A Spatially-Explicit Scenario for Achieving “Wise Shrink” Toward Eco-Urbanism
Authors: Yamagata Yoshiki , Murakami Daisuke , Seya Hajime
Published: March 2017

In order to achieve a sustainable and resilient eco-urbanism, we propose a “Wise Shrink” approach grounded on a consideration of trade-offs and synergies between city compaction and disaster risks. The objective of this study is to show the possibility of such scenarios in the Tokyo metropolitan area using a newly developed spatially-explicit urban land-use model (SULM). Here, a scenario that considers both city compaction and disaster risk reduction (Wise Shrink) is compared with a city compaction scenario without disaster risk reduction (Compact City) and a business-as-usual scenario (BAU). The results show that increasing green areas under the Compact City scenario would facilitate adaptation to climate change risks. However, there exist trade-offs for flooding and other risks depending on the location of the compaction. By harmonizing the risks, this study suggests a possible Wise-Shrink approach for achieving sustainable and resilient eco-urbanism.
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced AZ91 Composites by Enhanced Interfacial Bonding
Authors: Han Guo Qiang , Du Wen Bo , Du Xian , Wang Zhao Hui , Liu Ke , Li Shu Bo
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study is to enhance the interfacial bonding strength of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/AZ91 composites by heat treatment (HT). Ternary carbides (Al2MgC2) were in situ formed and uniformly dispersed between CNTs and AZ91 matrix by 823K heat treatment of CNTs/AZ91 composites for 12 h. In situ synthesized Al2MgC2 can strengthen the interfacial bonding of CNTs/AZ91 composites, and guarantee an effective load transfer between matrix and CNTs. The HT-CNTs/AZ91 composites showed outstanding mechanical properties due to the excellent interface enhancing effect of Al2MgC2. Compared with pure AZ91 alloy, HT-CNTs/AZ91 composites exhibit improved ultimate tensile strength and 0.2% yield strength by 7% and 22% respectively.
Sintering Behaviour and Properties of Flyash-Doped Zirconia
Authors: Ramesh Singh , Chew Wai Jin Kelvin , Chee H.C. Alexender , Tan C.Y.
Published: March 2017

The effect of flyash (FA) additions of 0.05 wt% to 1 wt% on yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP), sintered in air at temperatures ranging from 1250°C to 1500°C, was examined. The bulk density, Young’s modulus, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness for each addition were determined while ageing behaviour were observed by subjecting them to superheated steam at 180°C/10 bar in an autoclave for 24 hours. Additions of FA, particularly of 0.05 wt% and 0.1 wt%, were found to be beneficial in aiding densification and increasing Young’s modulus beyond 200 GPa for sintering temperatures up to 1350°C. A common trend was observed for the Vickers hardness of all additions including undoped; hardness continues to rise from 1250°C and peaked at 1350°C before gradually decreasing as the sintering temperature increases further. No pronounced effect of flyash was seen on the fracture toughness of all samples. The ageing resistance of Y-TZP improved with addition of FA resulting in relatively lower amount of ageing-induced tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation exhibited by doped samples compared to the undoped.
Helical Tomotherapy® is a Safe and Feasible Technique for Total Scalp Irradiation
Authors: Cuccia Francesco , Figlia Vanessa , Palmeri Antonella , Verderame Francesco , Lo Casto Antonio , Mannino Mariella , Ferrera Giuseppe
Published: March 2017

Angiosarcoma of the scalp is a rare aggressive tumor that affects elderly patients. Chemoradiation is the treatment of choice for multicentric and extensive disease. The shape of the scalp represents a dosimetric challenge in terms of achieving a homogeneous concave dose distribution with coverage of the entire target volume and an acceptable organs-at-risk sparing. We report a case of an 81-year-old man with a multifocal angiosarcoma of the scalp treated with Helical TomoTherapy® (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) intensity modulated radiotherapy. This technique allows precise and daily verifiable coverage of the target keeping the dose to the organs at risk within the constraints.
Vision health disparities in blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria: A review of the Nigerian National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey
Authors: Akano Obinna F.
Published: March 2017

Purpose: Blindness and visual impairment have become public health problems with prevalence increasing year after year. Nigeria, the most populated country in Africa, is also very diverse in terms of geographical location, ethnicity and culture. This study looks at and considers the vision health disparities in blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria using socio-demographic factors such as gender, geopolitical zones, place of residence and literacy.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar databases from May 2014 to May 2015. The search included articles from 2001 to May 2015 as well as a review of the Nigerian National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey.Results: The male dominance culture and lower literacy levels among women in Nigeria have led to a higher prevalence of blindness and visual impairment among women compared to men. In Nigeria, eye diseases that lead to blindness and visual impairment occur more in certain geopolitical zones and ecological regions than others. More Nigerians live in remote rural areas, with little or no access to health care, rather than in urban areas where there are more eye care practitioners and better facilities for care.Conclusion: Differences in gender, geopolitical zones, place of residence and literacy are responsible for existing vision health disparities in blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria.
Elephants respond to resource trade-offs in an aseasonal system through daily and annual variability in resource selection
Authors: Fullman Timothy J. , Kiker Gregory A. , Gaylard Angela , Southworth Jane , Waylen Peter , Kerley Graham I.H.
Published: March 2017

Animals and humans regularly make trade-offs between competing objectives. In Addo Elephant National Park (AENP), elephants (Loxodonta africana) trade off selection of resources, while managers balance tourist desires with conservation of elephants and rare plants. Elephant resource selection has been examined in seasonal savannas, but is understudied in aseasonal systems like AENP. Understanding elephant selection may suggest ways to minimise management trade-offs. We evaluated how elephants select vegetation productivity, distance to water, slope and terrain ruggedness across time in AENP and used this information to suggest management strategies that balance the needs of tourists and biodiversity. Resource selection functions with time-interacted covariates were developed for female elephants, using three data sets of daily movement to capture circadian and annual patterns of resource use. Results were predicted in areas of AENP currently unavailable to elephants to explore potential effects of future elephant access. Elephants displayed dynamic resource selection at daily and annual scales to meet competing requirements for resources. In summer, selection patterns generally conformed to those seen in savannas, but these relationships became weaker or reversed in winter. At daily scales, resource selection in the morning differed from that of midday and afternoon, likely reflecting trade-offs between acquiring sufficient forage and water. Dynamic selection strategies exist even in an aseasonal system, with both daily and annual patterns. This reinforces the importance of considering changing resource availability and trade-offs in studies of animal selection.Conservation implications: Guiding tourism based on knowledge of elephant habitat selection may improve viewing success without requiring increased elephant numbers. If AENP managers expand elephant habitat to reduce density, our model predicts where elephant use may concentrate and where botanical reserves may be needed to protect rare plants from elephant impacts.
Anatomic Variations of the Right Portal Vein: Prevalence, Imaging Features, and Implications for Successful Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation
Authors: Gunasekaran Senthil S , Gaba Ron C
Published: March 2017

Given the widespread use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation for the treatment of portal hypertensive complications, a working knowledge of portal venous anatomy is critical for interventional radiologists. The right portal vein – which is most commonly accessed during TIPS – is subject to various anatomic variants that may potentially impact procedure success. This pictorial essay characterizes the anatomic patterns of the right portal vein branching in terms of type and frequency based on case series review. The work also explains the potential procedural implications of the right portal vein anatomic variations as they pertain to TIPS technical success.
Influences on Women’s Choices of Careers in Construction: A South African Study
Authors: Madikizela Kolosa , Haupt Theo
Published: March 2017

This paper analyses the factors influencing the choices of careers in construction by South African women. The literature on challenges which influence women‟s choices of careers in construction was reviewed and questionnaires were conducted with multiple samples, including construction organisations, construction students and professional women working in construction. The study found that women have a role to play in the construction industry and that they can build successful careers within the sector. However, it was not easy given the various barriers to entry such as gender-based discrimination against them, the harsh work environment of the construction site, the lack of sufficient knowledge about the industry itself and the shortage of successful women in construction as role models. There was evidence of discrimination and sexual harassment. All these factors impacted negatively on the choices of careers in construction by South African women. This study makes a contribution to our understanding of the factors that have marginalised women in a male dominated industry and provides some indication of approaches to attract more women into the sector. It is hoped that it will stimulate debate about how the low representation of women in construction can be addressed and how construction careers for women can be promoted and encouraged and that the resource pool will be enlarged given the prevalent acute skills shortage in the industry.
Optimizing the Time Performance of Subcontractors in Building Projects
Authors: Ng Andy K.W , Price Andrew D.F
Published: March 2017

The main contractors of Hong Kong building projects tend to subcontract most of their work. However, many of the subcontractors complain that they are not being fully utilized due main contractors’ poor site coordination of temporary works and interfacing works and plant supports etc. A list of critical site coordination problems caused by main contractors that had adversely influence to the time performance of subcontractors was prepared. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data to generate multiple regression equations that explain how the critical site coordination problems affected the time performance of different types of subcontractor. The survey results were validated by neural network analysis. Backward elimination method was adopted to identify the ‘most critical’ site coordination problems that enable main contractors to formulate measures to enhance their site management system.
Delays in Building Construction Projects in Ghana
Authors: Fugar Frank DK , Agyakwah-Baah Adwoa B
Published: March 2017

This study investigates the causes of delay of building construction projects in Ghana to determine the most important according to the key project participants; clients, consultants, and contractors. Thirty-two possible causes of delay were identified from the literature and semi-structured interviews of 15 key players in the implementation process. These delay factors were further categorised into nine major groups. The list of delay causes was subjected to a questionnaire survey for the identification of the most important causes of delay. The field survey included 130 respondents made up of 39 contractors, 37 clients and 54 consultants. The relative importance of the individual causes and the groups were calculated and ranked by their relative importance index. The overall results of the study indicate that the respondents generally agree that financial group factors ranked highest among the major factors causing delay in construction projects in Ghana. The financial group factors were delay in honouring payment certificates, difficulty in accessing credit and fluctuation in prices. Materials group factors are second followed by scheduling and controlling factors.
Experimental evidence of the rear capture of aerosol particles by raindrops
Authors: Lemaitre Pascal , Querel Arnaud , Monier Marie , Menard Thibault , Porcheron Emmanuel , Flossmann Andrea I.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. This article presents new measurements of the efficiency with which aerosol particles of accumulation mode size are collected by a 1.25 mm sized raindrop. These laboratory measurements provide the link to reconcile the scavenging coefficients obtained from theoretical approaches with those from experimental studies. We provide here experimental proof of the rear capture mechanism in the flow around drops, which has a fundamental effect on submicroscopic particles. These experiments thus confirm the efficiencies theoretically simulated by Beard (1974). Finally, we propose a semi-analytical expression to take into account this essential mechanism to calculate the collection efficiency for drops within the rain size range.
Measuring FeO variation using astronomical spectroscopic observations
Authors: Unterguggenberger Stefanie , Noll Stefan , Feng Wuhu , Plane John M. C. , Kausch Wolfgang , Kimeswenger Stefan , Jones Amy , Moehler Sabine
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Airglow emission lines of OH, O2, O and Na are commonly used to probe the MLT (mesosphere–lower thermosphere) region of the atmosphere. Furthermore, molecules like electronically excited NO, NiO and FeO emit a (pseudo-) continuum. These continua are harder to investigate than atomic emission lines. So far, limb-sounding from space and a small number of ground-based low-to-medium resolution spectra have been used to measure FeO emission in the MLT. In this study the medium-to-high resolution echelle spectrograph X-shooter at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in the Chilean Atacama Desert (24°37′ S, 70°24′ W; 2635 m) is used to study the FeO pseudo-continuum in the range from 0.5 to 0.72 µm based on 3662 spectra. Variations of the FeO spectrum itself, as well as the diurnal and seasonal behaviour of the FeO and Na emission intensities, are reported. These airglow emissions are linked by their common origin, meteoric ablation, and they share O3 as a common reactant. Major differences are found in the main emission peak of the FeO airglow spectrum between 0.58 and 0.61 µm, compared with a theoretical spectrum. The FeO and Na airglow intensities exhibit a similar nocturnal variation and a semi-annual seasonal variation with equinoctial maxima. This is satisfactorily reproduced by a whole atmosphere chemistry climate model, if the quantum yields for the reactions of Fe and Na with O3 are 13 ± 3 and 11 ± 2 % respectively. However, a comparison between the modelled O3 in the upper mesosphere and measurements of O3 made with the SABER satellite instrument suggests that these quantum yields may be a factor of ∼ 2 smaller.
Differentiating local and regional sources of Chinese urban air pollution based on effect of Spring Festival
Authors: Wang Chuan , Huang Xiao-Feng , Zhu Qiao , Cao Li-Ming , Zhang Bin , He Ling-Yan
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The emission of pollutants is extremely reduced during the annual Chinese Spring Festival (SF) in Shenzhen, China. During the SF, traffic flow drops by ~ 50 % and the industrial plants are almost entirely shut down in Shenzhen. To characterize the variation in ambient air pollutants due to the Spring Festival effect, various gaseous and particulate pollutants were measured in real time in urban Shenzhen over three consecutive winters (2014–2016). The results indicate that the concentrations of NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), black carbon (BC), primary organic aerosols, chloride, and nitrate in submicron aerosols decrease by 50 %–80 % during the SF period relative to the non-Spring Festival periods, regardless of meteorological conditions, which suggests that these pollutants are mostly emitted or secondarily formed from urban local emissions. The concentration decreasing of regional pollutants or species emitted from natural sources, however, is found to be much less, especially for bulk PM2.5 (−24 %) and O3 (6 %). More detailed analysis of the Spring Festival effect reveals an urgent need to reduce emissions of SO2 and VOCs on a regional scale rather than on an urban scale to reduce urban PM2.5 in Shenzhen, which can also produce some use for reference for other megacities in China.
Magnetic reconnection during steady magnetospheric convection and other magnetospheric modes
Authors: Hubert Benoit , Gérard Jean-Claude , Milan Steve E. , Cowley Stanley W. H.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We use remote sensing of the proton aurora with the IMAGE-FUV SI12 (Imager for Magnetopause to Aurora Global Exploration–Far Ultraviolet–Spectrographic Imaging at 121.8 nm) instrument and radar measurements of the ionospheric convection from the SuperDARN (Super Dual Aurora Radar Network) facility to estimate the open magnetic flux in the Earth's magnetosphere and the reconnection rates at the dayside magnetopause and in the magnetotail during intervals of steady magnetospheric convection (SMC). We find that SMC intervals occur with relatively high open magnetic flux (average  ∼  0.745 GWb, standard deviation  ∼  0.16 GWb), which is often found to be nearly steady, when the magnetic flux opening and closure rates approximately balance around 55 kV on average, with a standard deviation of 21 kV. We find that the residence timescale of open magnetic flux, defined as the ratio between the open magnetospheric flux and the flux closure rate, is roughly 4 h during SMCs. Interestingly, this number is approximately what can be deduced from the discussion of the length of the tail published by Dungey (1965), assuming a solar wind speed of  ∼  450 km s−1. We also infer an enhanced convection velocity in the tail, driving open magnetic flux to the nightside reconnection site. We compare our results with previously published studies in order to identify different magnetospheric modes. These are ordered by increasing open magnetic flux and reconnection rate as quiet conditions, SMCs, substorms (with an important overlap between these last two) and sawtooth intervals.
Estimating global nitrous oxide emissions by lichens and bryophytes with a process-based productivity model
Authors: Porada Philipp , Pöschl Ulrich , Kleidon Axel , Beer Christian , Weber Bettina
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Nitrous oxide is a strong greenhouse gas and atmospheric ozone-depleting agent which is largely emitted by soils. Recently, lichens and bryophytes have also been shown to release significant amounts of nitrous oxide. This finding relies on ecosystem-scale estimates of net primary productivity of lichens and bryophytes, which are converted to nitrous oxide emissions by empirical relationships between productivity and respiration, as well as between respiration and nitrous oxide release. Here we obtain an alternative estimate of nitrous oxide emissions which is based on a global process-based non-vascular vegetation model of lichens and bryophytes. The model quantifies photosynthesis and respiration of lichens and bryophytes directly as a function of environmental conditions, such as light and temperature. Nitrous oxide emissions are then derived from simulated respiration assuming a fixed relationship between the two fluxes. This approach yields a global estimate of 0.27 (0.19–0.35) (Tg N2O) year−1 released by lichens and bryophytes. This is lower than previous estimates but corresponds to about 50 % of the atmospheric deposition of nitrous oxide into the oceans or 25 % of the atmospheric deposition on land. Uncertainty in our simulated estimate results from large variation in emission rates due to both physiological differences between species and spatial heterogeneity of climatic conditions. To constrain our predictions, combined online gas exchange measurements of respiration and nitrous oxide emissions may be helpful.
Data-mining analysis of the global distribution of soil carbon in observational databases and Earth system models
Authors: Hashimoto Shoji , Nanko Kazuki , Ťupek Boris , Lehtonen Aleksi
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Future climate change will dramatically change the carbon balance in the soil, and this change will affect the terrestrial carbon stock and the climate itself. Earth system models (ESMs) are used to understand the current climate and to project future climate conditions, but the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock simulated by ESMs and those of observational databases are not well correlated when the two are compared at fine grid scales. However, the specific key processes and factors, as well as the relationships among these factors that govern the SOC stock, remain unclear; the inclusion of such missing information would improve the agreement between modeled and observational data. In this study, we sought to identify the influential factors that govern global SOC distribution in observational databases, as well as those simulated by ESMs. We used a data-mining (machine-learning) (boosted regression trees – BRT) scheme to identify the factors affecting the SOC stock. We applied BRT scheme to three observational databases and 15 ESM outputs from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and examined the effects of 13 variables/factors categorized into five groups (climate, soil property, topography, vegetation, and land-use history). Globally, the contributions of mean annual temperature, clay content, carbon-to-nitrogen (CN) ratio, wetland ratio, and land cover were high in observational databases, whereas the contributions of the mean annual temperature, land cover, and net primary productivity (NPP) were predominant in the SOC distribution in ESMs. A comparison of the influential factors at a global scale revealed that the most distinct differences between the SOCs from the observational databases and ESMs were the low clay content and CN ratio contributions, and the high NPP contribution in the ESMs. The results of this study will aid in identifying the causes of the current mismatches between observational SOC databases and ESM outputs and improve the modeling of terrestrial carbon dynamics in ESMs. This study also reveals how a data-mining algorithm can be used to assess model outputs.
A site-level comparison of lysimeter and eddy covariance flux measurements of evapotranspiration
Authors: Hirschi Martin , Michel Dominik , Lehner Irene , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Accurate measurements of evapotranspiration are required for many meteorological, climatological, ecological, and hydrological research applications and developments. Here we examine and compare two well-established methods to determine evapotranspiration at the site level: lysimeter-based measurements (EL) and eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements (EEC). The analyses are based on parallel measurements carried out with these two methods at the research catchment Rietholzbach in northeastern Switzerland, and cover the time period of June 2009 to December 2015. The measurements are compared on various timescales, and with respect to a 40-year lysimeter-based evapotranspiration time series. Overall, the lysimeter and EC measurements agree well, especially on the annual timescale. On that timescale, the long-term lysimeter measurements also correspond well with catchment water-balance estimates of evapotranspiration. This highlights the representativeness of the site-level lysimeter and EC measurements for the entire catchment despite their comparatively small source areas and the heterogeneous land use and topography within the catchment. Furthermore, we identify that lack of reliable EC measurements using open-path gas analyzers during and following precipitation events (due to limitations of the measurement technique under these conditions) significantly contributes to an underestimation of EEC and to the overall energy balance gap at the site.
Boundary layer models for calving marine outlet glaciers
Authors: Schoof Christian , Davis Andrew D. , Popa Tiberiu V.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We consider the flow of marine-terminating outlet glaciers that are laterally confined in a channel of prescribed width. In that case, the drag exerted by the channel side walls on the glacier affects extensional stress at the grounding line, and as a result, the flux through the grounding line. Lateral drag in turn is affected by the length of the floating ice shelf when the latter is present, and therefore by calving. Using two calving laws, one due to Nick et al based on a model for crevasse propagation due to hydrofracture, and the other simply asserting that calving occurs where the glacier ice becomes afloat, we pose and analyse a flowline model by two methods: direct numerical solution and matched asymptotic expansions. The latter leads to a boundary layer formulation that predicts flux through the grounding line as a function of depth to bedrock, channel width, basal drag coefficient, and a calving parameter. By contrast with unbuttressed marine ice sheets, we find that flux can decrease with increasing depth to bedrock at the grounding line, reversing the usual stability criterion for steady grounding line location. We show how this anomalous behaviour relates to the strength of lateral versus basal drag on the grounded portion of the glacier, and to the specifics of the calving law used.
Local Government Functions in Improving the Quality Health
Authors: Normi Siti
Published: March 2017

The local government in improving health care visits of policy instruments used by local governments is mandatory instruments. This required the use of instruments is evident from the role of government in health care without the intervention of the private sector. The supporting factors consist of: full support financing of medical facilities and the cost of hospital operations, the rules on which the service work and visit patients continued to increase from year to year. While the factors that may hinder the improvement of the quality of health care include: unbalance the ratio between the number of medical patients, the still small site allowance for hospital employees, they still lack the human resources development program, and the limited facilities and infrastructure of the hospital.
Immanent Critique as Self-Transformative Practice: Hegel, Dewey, and Contemporary Critical Theory
Authors: Särkelä Arvi
Published: March 2017

There are two traditions of immanent social critique. One of them, prominent in contemporary Frankfurt school critical theory, regards the immanence of critique as a quality of the standard employed. Such a conception of immanent critique needs to show, prior to the concrete practice of critique, how the standard is immanent in the object of critique. Showing this is the task of a “model of immanent critique.” The other tradition, going back to Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit and practiced in particular by Dewey in his later works, regards the immanence of critique as the form of critical practice itself. Because such a conception of immanent critique does not, at the outset, ask how the standard is immanent to its object, it also does not need a model licensing critical practice. Indeed, it must be inherently hostile to any attempt at modeling immanent critique because the immanence lies in the power of critical practice to transform any models it applies.
Dewey's Critical Conception of Work
Authors: Renault Emmanuel
Published: March 2017

Dewey's critical conception of work deserves consideration because it combines two types of models of social critique that are usually considered separately in contemporary Dewey scholarship. In the syllabus Social Institutions and the Study of Morals, Dewey contends that the valuation of social settings should be grounded on criteria immanent to social experience, and he applies his model of immanent critique to work-related issues. In his philosophy of education, he highlights that institutional settings should be valued from the point of view of their formative effects, and in Democracy and Education, the formative effects of work are put to the fore. The case of work illustrates the fact that specific institutional settings require that immanent critique be complemented by critique of the formative effects. The psychological and social centrality of work implies that the problems met in the social experience of work produce effects that concern not only the social experience of work but also life outside of work. Therefore, these effects cannot be accurately tackled by an immanent critique of work.
Nominalizations and the structure of progressives in Chuj Mayan
Authors: Coon Jessica , Carolan Elizabeth
Published: March 2017

This paper investigates the structure of progressives and nominalizations in Chuj, an understudied Mayan language of Guatemala. Like many other Mayan languages, Chuj shows aspect-based split ergativity: the otherwise ergative head-marking pattern in the language disappears in the progressive aspect. In other Mayan languages—for example Ch’ol (Coon 2010; 2013) and Yucatec (Bricker 1981)—the appearance of a non-ergative pattern in the progressive has been attributed to nominalization. In Chuj, however, there is no clear morphological reflex of nominalization, as is found in other languages in the family. Using data from negation, particle placement, and agreement, we argue that Chuj progressives nonetheless involve an aspectual matrix predicate and a nominalized embedded verb. This provides a clear structural explanation for the split pattern. Finally, we distinguish different types of nominalizations in Chuj: those which are nominalized directly from a root, and those which are nominalized above verbal projections.
Addressing Diversity on College Campuses: Changing Expectations and Practices in Instructional Leadership
Authors: Chen Angela
Published: March 2017

The increasing diversity evident across all facets of American society is creating opportunities as well as challenges for instructional leaders across the nation’s postsecondary institutions. Racial and ethnic diversity and the attendant challenges and benefits of multiculturalism in society are more awareness in higher education. This study synthesizes the issues of Diversity in Higher Education Institutions and ethnically diverse university environments in a U.S. context and effective practices in Instructional Leadership based on that work to help administrators to find an effective way for future practice. In this way, the expected outcome is the creation of opportunities for underrepresented minorities so that all students can reach their greatest potential.
De prijs van openheid: een inleiding tot het themanummer informatieveiligheid
Authors: van der Voort Haiko , Kisteman Wouter , Wesseling Henk
Published: March 2017

The price of openness: An introduction to the special issue on Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is daily news. Data leaks and hackers are common features in the media. We tend to look to the government when things go wrong: what is the government doing about it? In this special issue we also look to the government and ask ourselves whether we are ready for the challenges of cybersecurity. Asking this question is simple. Answering it, however, requires sophisticated knowledge. This includes knowledge about the technology of today and the future. It also includes knowledge about governance. Who should be prepared in the age of distributed responsibilities? Which public and private parties can enhance cybersecurity, including you and me? Finally, what is does ‘being prepared’ mean exactly? This special issue includes three academic articles, five interviews and a column. Cybersecurity is viewed from different academic perspectives and professional positions. In its entirety, this special issue provides state-of-the-art of academic and professional thinking on government cybersecurity.
The Constitutional Court in Poland in 2016 - The Polish Constitutional Crisis
Authors: Drewniowska Kinga
Published: March 2017

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie przebiegu kryzysu konstytucyjnego w Polsce. Artykuł w chronologicznym porządku przedstawia wszystkie czynności podejmowane wokół Trybunału Konstytucyjnego od początku kryzysu, czyli 2015 roku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wydarzeń z roku 2016. Przedstawione w artykule rozważania skupiają się na problematyce podstawowych zagadnień z zakresu prawa konstytucyjnego, przede wszystkim zagadnieniu roli sądu konstytucyjnego w demokratycznym państwie prawa oraz znaczeniu orzecznictwa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w Polsce. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono w artykule wyrokom Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w przedmiocie badania zgodności z ustawą zasadniczą przyjmowanych przez parlament ustaw o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym oraz ich nowelizacjom.
A comparison of least squares regression and geographically weighted regression modeling of West Nile virus risk based on environmental parameters
Authors: Kala Abhishek K. , Tiwari Chetan , Mikler Armin R. , Atkinson Samuel F.
Published: March 2017

Background

The primary aim of the study reported here was to determine the effectiveness of utilizing local spatial variations in environmental data to uncover the statistical relationships between West Nile Virus (WNV) risk and environmental factors. Because least squares regression methods do not account for spatial autocorrelation and non-stationarity of the type of spatial data analyzed for studies that explore the relationship between WNV and environmental determinants, we hypothesized that a geographically weighted regression model would help us better understand how environmental factors are related to WNV risk patterns without the confounding effects of spatial non-stationarity.

Methods

We examined commonly mapped environmental factors using both ordinary least squares regression (LSR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Both types of models were applied to examine the relationship between WNV-infected dead bird counts and various environmental factors for those locations. The goal was to determine which approach yielded a better predictive model.

Results

LSR efforts lead to identifying three environmental variables that were statistically significantly related to WNV infected dead birds (adjustedR2 = 0.61): stream density, road density, and land surface temperature. GWR efforts increased the explanatory value of these three environmental variables with better spatial precision (adjustedR2 = 0.71).

Conclusions

The spatial granularity resulting from the geographically weighted approach provides a better understanding of how environmental spatial heterogeneity is related to WNV risk as implied by WNV infected dead birds, which should allow improved planning of public health management strategies.
Dialysis for Chronic Kidney Failure
Authors: Flythe Jennifer E. , Watnick Suzanne
Published: October 2024

Importance

More than 3.5 million people worldwide and 540 000 individuals in the US receive maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of chronic kidney failure. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 40% after initiation of maintenance dialysis.

Observations

Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis remove metabolic waste and excess body water and rebalance electrolytes to sustain life. There is no recommended estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) threshold for initiating dialysis, and patient-clinician shared decision-making should help determine when to initiate dialysis. Persistent signs and symptoms of uremia (eg, nausea, fatigue) and volume overload (eg, dyspnea, peripheral edema), worsening eGFR, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia inform the timing of therapy initiation. A randomized clinical trial reported no mortality benefit to starting dialysis at higher eGFR (10-14 mL/min/1.73 m2) vs lower eGFR (5-7 mL/min/1.73 m2) levels. Observational data suggested no differences in 5-year mortality with use of hemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis. Cardiovascular (eg, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest) and infection-related complications of maintenance dialysis are common. In the US, hemodialysis catheter–related bloodstream infections occur at a rate of 1.1 to 5.5 episodes per 1000 catheter-days and affect approximately 50% of patients within 6 months of catheter placement. Peritonitis occurs at a rate of 0.26 episodes per patient-year and affects about 30% of individuals in the first year of peritoneal dialysis therapy. Chronic kidney failure–related systemic complications, such as anemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hypertension, often require pharmacologic treatment. Hypotension during dialysis, refractory symptoms (eg, muscle cramps, itching), and malfunction of dialysis access can interfere with delivery of dialysis.

Conclusions and Relevance

In 2021, more than 540 000 patients in the US received maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for treatment of chronic kidney failure. Five-year survival rate after initiation of maintenance dialysis is approximately 40%, and the mortality rate is similar with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Decisions about dialysis initiation timing and modality are influenced by patient symptoms, laboratory trajectories, patient preferences, and therapy cost and availability and should include shared decision-making.
Global Impact of Optimal Implementation of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy in Heart Failure
Authors: Tang Amber B. , Ziaeian Boback , Butler Javed , Yancy Clyde W. , Fonarow Gregg C.
Published: October 2024

Importance

Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) remains underutilized on a global level, with significant disparities in access to treatment worldwide. The potential global benefits of quadruple therapy on patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have not yet been estimated.

Objective

To assess the projected population-level benefit of optimal GDMT use globally among patients with HFrEF.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Estimates for HFrEF prevalence, contraindications to GDMT, treatment rates, and the number needed to treat for all-cause mortality at 12 months were derived from previously published sources. Potential lives saved from optimal implementation of quadruple therapy among patients with HFrEF was calculated globally and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to account for uncertainty in the existing data.

Main Outcomes and Measures

All-cause mortality.

Results

Of an estimated 28.89 million people with HFrEF worldwide, there were 8 235 063 (95% CI, 6 296 020-10 762 972) potentially eligible for but not receiving β-blockers, 20 387 000 (95% CI, 15 867 004-26 184 996) eligible for but not receiving angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors, 12 223 700 (95% CI, 9 376 895-15 924 973) eligible for but not receiving mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and 21 229 170 (95% CI, 16 537 400-27 242 688) eligible for but not receiving sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Optimal implementation of quadruple GDMT could potentially prevent 1 188 277 (95% CI, 767 933-1 914 561) deaths over 12 months. A large proportion of deaths averted were projected in Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean and Africa, and the Western Pacific regions.

Conclusions and Relevance

Improvement in use of GDMT could result in substantial mortality benefits on a global scale. Significant heterogeneity also exists across regions, which warrants additional study with interventions tailored to country-level differences for optimization of GDMT worldwide.