bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Network of MicroRNA399 andPHO2by Systemic Signaling
Authors: Lin Shu-I , Chiang Su-Fen , Lin Wei-Yi , Chen June-Wei , Tseng Ching-Ying , Wu Pei-Chi , Chiou Tzyy-Jen
Published: April 2008

Recently, we showed that microRNA399s (miR399s) control inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis by regulating the expression of PHO2 encoding a ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme 24. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing miR399 or the pho2 mutant overaccumulate Pi in shoots. The association of Pi translocation and coexpression of miR399s and PHO2 in vascular tissues suggests their involvement in long-distance signaling. In this study, we used reciprocal grafting between wild-type and miR399-overexpressing transgenic plants to dissect the systemic roles of miR399 and PHO2. Arabidopsis rootstocks overexpressing miR399 showed high accumulation of Pi in the wild-type scions because of reduced PHO2 expression in the rootstocks. Although miR399 precursors or expression was not detected, we found a small but substantial amount of mature miR399 in the wild-type rootstocks grafted with transgenic scions, which indicates the movement of miR399 from shoots to roots. Suppression of PHO2 with miR399b or c was less efficient than that with miR399f. Of note, findings in grafted Arabidopsis were also discovered in grafted tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. The analysis of the pho1 mutant provides additional support for systemic suppression of PHO2 by the movement of miR399 from Pi-depleted shoots to Pi-sufficient roots. We propose that the long-distance movement of miR399s from shoots to roots is crucial to enhance Pi uptake and translocation during the onset of Pi deficiency. Moreover, PHO2 small interfering RNAs mediated by the cleavage of miR399s may function to refine the suppression of PHO2. The regulation of miR399 and PHO2 via long-distance communication in response to Pi deficiency is discussed.
PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE4 Modulates Phytochrome-Mediated Control of Hypocotyl Growth Orientation
Authors: Schepens Isabelle , Boccalandro Hernán E. , Kami Chitose , Casal Jorge J. , Fankhauser Christian
Published: April 2008

Gravity and light are major factors shaping plant growth. Light perceived by phytochromes leads to seedling deetiolation, which includes the deviation from vertical hypocotyl growth and promotes hypocotyl phototropism. These light responses enhance survival of young seedlings during their emergence from the soil. The PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) family is composed of four members in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana): PKS1 to PKS4. Here we show that PKS4 is a negative regulator of both phytochrome A- and B-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl growth and promotion of cotyledon unfolding. Most prominently, pks4 mutants show abnormal phytochrome-modulated hypocotyl growth orientation. In dark-grown seedlings hypocotyls change from the original orientation defined by seed position to the upright orientation defined by gravity and light reduces the magnitude of this shift. In older seedlings with the hypocotyls already oriented by gravity, light promotes the deviation from vertical orientation. Based on the characterization of pks4 mutants we propose that PKS4 inhibits changes in growth orientation under red or far-red light. Our data suggest that in these light conditions PKS4 acts as an inhibitor of asymmetric growth. This hypothesis is supported by the phenotype of PKS4 overexpressers. Together with previous findings, these results indicate that the PKS family plays important functions during light-regulated tropic growth responses.
β-AMYLASE4, a Noncatalytic Protein Required for Starch Breakdown, Acts Upstream of Three Active β-Amylases in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts
Authors: Fulton Daniel C. , Stettler Michaela , Mettler Tabea , Vaughan Cara K. , Li Jing , Francisco Perigio , Gil Manuel , Reinhold Heike , Eicke Simona , Messerli Gaëlle , Dorken Gary , Halliday Karen , Smith Alison M. , Smith Steven M. , Zeeman Samuel C.
Published: April 2008

This work investigated the roles of β-amylases in the breakdown of leaf starch. Of the nine β-amylase (BAM)–like proteins encoded in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, at least four (BAM1, -2, -3, and -4) are chloroplastic. When expressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, BAM1, BAM2, and BAM3 had measurable β-amylase activity but BAM4 did not. BAM4 has multiple amino acid substitutions relative to characterized β-amylases, including one of the two catalytic residues. Modeling predicts major differences between the glucan binding site of BAM4 and those of active β-amylases. Thus, BAM4 probably lost its catalytic capacity during evolution. Total β-amylase activity was reduced in leaves of bam1 and bam3 mutants but not in bam2 and bam4 mutants. The bam3 mutant had elevated starch levels and lower nighttime maltose levels than the wild type, whereas bam1 did not. However, the bam1 bam3 double mutant had a more severe phenotype than bam3, suggesting functional overlap between the two proteins. Surprisingly, bam4 mutants had elevated starch levels. Introduction of the bam4 mutation into the bam3 and bam1 bam3 backgrounds further elevated the starch levels in both cases. These data suggest that BAM4 facilitates or regulates starch breakdown and operates independently of BAM1 and BAM3. Together, our findings are consistent with the proposal that β-amylase is a major enzyme of starch breakdown in leaves, but they reveal unexpected complexity in terms of the specialization of protein function.
Conserved C-Terminal Motifs Required for Avirulence and Suppression of Cell Death by Phytophthora sojae effector Avr1b
Authors: Dou Daolong , Kale Shiv D. , Wang Xinle , Chen Yubo , Wang Qunqing , Wang Xia , Jiang Rays H.Y. , Arredondo Felipe D. , Anderson Ryan G. , Thakur Poulami B. , McDowell John M. , Wang Yuanchao , Tyler Brett M.
Published: April 2008

The sequenced genomes of oomycete plant pathogens contain large superfamilies of effector proteins containing the protein translocation motif RXLR-dEER. However, the contributions of these effectors to pathogenicity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the Phytophthora sojae effector protein Avr1b can contribute positively to virulence and can suppress programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by the mouse BAX protein in yeast, soybean (Glycine max), and Nicotiana benthamiana cells. We identify three conserved motifs (K, W, and Y) in the C terminus of the Avr1b protein and show that mutations in the conserved residues of the W and Y motifs reduce or abolish the ability of Avr1b to suppress PCD and also abolish the avirulence interaction of Avr1b with the Rps1b resistance gene in soybean. W and Y motifs are present in at least half of the identified oomycete RXLR-dEER effector candidates, and we show that three of these candidates also suppress PCD in soybean. Together, these results indicate that the W and Y motifs are critical for the interaction of Avr1b with host plant target proteins and support the hypothesis that these motifs are critical for the functions of the very large number of predicted oomycete effectors that contain them.
Phosducin-Like Protein 3 Is Required for Microtubule-Dependent Steps of Cell Division but Not for Meristem Growth inArabidopsis
Authors: Castellano M. Mar , Sablowski Robert
Published: April 2008

Given the central role of cell division in meristems, one might expect meristem growth to be regulated by mitotic checkpoints, including checkpoints for correct microtubule function. Here, we studied the role of two close Phosducin-Like Protein 3 homologs from Arabidopsis thaliana (PLP3a and PLP3b) in the microtubule assembly pathway and determined the consequences of inhibiting PLP3a and PLP3b expression in the meristem. PLP3 function is essential in Arabidopsis: impairing PLP3a and PLP3b expression disrupted microtubule arrays and caused polyploidy, aneuploidy, defective cytokinesis, and disoriented cell growth. Consistent with a role in microtubule formation, PLP3a interacted with β-tubulin in the yeast two-hybrid assay and, when overexpressed, increased resistance to drugs that inhibit tubulin polymerization. Inhibition of PLP3 function targeted to the meristem caused severe mitotic defects, but the cells carried on cycling through DNA replication and abortive cytokinesis. Thus, we showed that PLP3 is involved in microtubule formation in Arabidopsis and provided genetic evidence that cell viability and growth in the meristem are not subordinate to successful completion of microtubule-dependent steps of cell division.
Interaction ofKNAT6andKNAT2withBREVIPEDICELLUSandPENNYWISEinArabidopsisInflorescences
Authors: Ragni Laura , Belles-Boix Enric , Günl Markus , Pautot Véronique
Published: April 2008

The three amino acid loop extension (TALE) homeodomain superfamily, which comprises the KNOTTED-like and BEL1-like families, plays a critical role in regulating meristem activity. We previously demonstrated a function for KNAT6 (for KNOTTED-like from Arabidopsis thaliana 6) in shoot apical meristem and boundary maintenance during embryogenesis. KNAT2, the gene most closely related to KNAT6, does not play such a role. To investigate the contribution of KNAT6 and KNAT2 to inflorescence development, we examined their interactions with two TALE genes that regulate internode patterning, BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) and PENNYWISE (PNY). Our data revealed distinct and overlapping interactions of KNAT6 and KNAT2 during inflorescence development. Removal of KNAT6 activity suppressed the pny phenotype and partially rescued the bp phenotype. Removal of KNAT2 activity had an effect only in the absence of both BP and KNAT6 or in the absence of both BP and PNY. Consistent with this, KNAT6 and KNAT2 expression patterns were enlarged in both bp and pny mutants. Thus, the defects seen in pny and bp are attributable mainly to the misexpression of KNAT6 and to a lesser extent of KNAT2. Hence, our data showed that BP and PNY restrict KNAT6 and KNAT2 expression to promote correct inflorescence development. This interaction was also revealed in the carpel.
Internet dating: a British survey
Authors: Gunter Barrie
Published: April 2008

Purpose

An online survey was carried out with the purpose of finding out the extent to which internet users subscribe to online dating services. The paper aims to assess users' experiences of such services and their eventual outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were obtained through a self‐completion online questionnaire survey posted on the website of a leading internet research agency, utilising its online panel of c. 30,000 UK respondents.

Findings

More than 3,800 online panellists responded of whom 29 per cent said they had used an online dating site. Most of these respondents (90 per cent) had spent up to £200 on internet dating in the past two years, with 70 per cent of users achieving at least one date, 43 per cent enjoying at least one sexual relationship, and 9 per cent finding a marriage partner.

Research limitations/implications

Despite the limitations over sample control of self‐completion surveying, a large online sample was achieved that indicated the growing importance of the internet for finding social and even sexual companionship.

Practical implications

Data indicate the kinds of factors that are important to internet daters in choosing online dating agencies and that drive eventual satisfaction with service received.

Originality/value

This survey provides original and up‐to‐date findings on a growing online and social phenomenon and represents one of the largest surveys of its kind yet carried out in the UK.
Featuring clothing and textile collections online
Authors: Saiki Diana
Published: April 2008

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to analyse the display of digital images found on clothing and textile collection websites. Design/methodology/approach – Features noted included where on the website the images were found, such as in a display or as part of a database. Display features are documented, including enlargement abilities, the view of the artefact, the use of dress forms and mannequins, and the context in which the artefact was pictured. The text that describes the artefact is also documented. The instrument was a content analysis of clothing and textile collection websites. Data were collected in 2006 from 57 clothing and textile collection websites. Findings – All 57 costume and textile museums had images of collection artefacts online, with the majority sharing a featured artefact. Almost half of the websites used images in databases and displays. Enlargement abilities were not common; most of the visuals showed the front view of the artefact. Enlargements were more common in displays. Mannequins and dress forms were used infrequently. Detailed text to explain the artefacts was available in the databases. Research limitations/implications – The research was limited to observing 57 websites. Originality/value – Common features used by costume and textile museums when displaying collection pieces online were identified. Suggestions as to what content to include in a website for clothing and textile collections are discussed in light of the data collected.
Promoting the educative use of the internet in Portuguese primary schools: a case study
Authors: Reis Manuel J.C.S. , Santos Gina M.M.C. , Ferreira Paulo J.S.G.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to summarise the authors' experience in furthering the educative use of Information Technology and the internet in the primary schools of northeast Portugal. The main goal of the Programme “Internet in Schools” is the development of Information Technology in Portuguese schools. It focuses on the use of the technology, rather than on its immediate pedagogical use. The characteristics of the target regions help in understanding this aim: teachers and students, as well as the population in general, were largely unaware of the potential of IT in general.

Design/methodology/approach

The project, the first and still the largest of its kind in Portugal, ultimately involved 1,137 schools, more than 1,700 teachers, and roughly 13,000 pupils. It was decided to centre the training process in the schools and communities themselves. The methodology implemented is distributed rather than centralised, and involves a series of school visits interspersed with training sessions.

Findings

The transfer of the training process from the university campus to the schools and communities themselves allowed for a very high degree of teacher participation. The first school visit was vital, allowing for the creation of a strong feeling of empathy between the trainer and the teachers and pupils. This was undoubtedly one of the main factors that lead to an easier and more enthusiastic participation from the teachers. The efforts to put theory into practice in the classrooms were rewarded by a quicker rate of acceptance of IT in the classroom. The use of the internet, namely of web services and e‐mail, was stimulated through the various training and awareness raising sessions (supported by Netmobiles) directed at the community in general. Such sessions enabled many individuals in the region to have their first contact with and experience of IT. This constitutes a sound and valuable contribution in terms of awareness raising, training and development towards IT in the region. The following factors played a very important role in the achievement of the goals: the training team was always present or could be easily contacted; both teachers and pupils contributed with material and resources; there was a continuous exchange of experiences; a vast number of individuals and entities participated in the project.

Originality/value

This was the first and still the largest approach of its kind in Portugal, and this is the only paper purposing and describing the used methodology in detail and the main conclusions reached.
Once upon a time in Africa: a case study of storytelling for knowledge sharing
Authors: Tobin Peter K.J. , Snyman Retha
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on research conducted into the use of stories and storytelling to share knowledge in a large mining company based in South Africa. The paper shows how the use of oral methods combined with other media can be used to support a number of different objectives and yield a wide variety of benefits.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents the results of a case study which used a largely qualitative approach to gather data on a specific community of practice within the case study company.

Findings

The research identified an innovative approach being used to combine a number of approaches to sharing knowledge through the use of stories and storytelling, in particular graphical representation of the stories and the use of graphics in conjunction with oral storytelling methods.

Research limitations/implications

This research was conducted in only one company, in one country. Further research would be necessary to further test the effectiveness of the approaches identified in this case.

Practical implications

The innovative approach of combining media and methods for sharing knowledge through stories and storytelling represent an opportunity for other organisations to use similar techniques in their efforts to improve knowledge sharing.

Originality/value

This is the first time that a case study exploring the use of stories and storytelling in the South African mining industry has used empirical research findings to evaluate the use of stories and storytelling. Significant value may be gained by others seeking to understand how best to use stories and storytelling to share knowledge.
“Cleaners don't need computers”: bridging the digital divide in the workplace
Authors: Cooke Louise , Greenwood Helen
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of research into the extent and impact of restricted access by specific groups of staff to ICT‐based communications in UK further and higher education institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods. A questionnaire survey was distributed to all HEFCE‐funded institutions in the UK. Six institutions acted as case study sites for in‐depth qualitative investigation using documentary analysis and semi‐structured interviews.

Findings

Lack of hardware and network infrastructure posed less of a barrier than lack of ICT skills, lack of motivation either to use computers or to gain ICT skills, and line manager resistance to staff using computers or accessing ICT training in work time. Job function was the factor most associated with lack of access, with cleaning, catering and estates staff least likely to have access. However, there were also many examples of good practice to extend staff access, particularly with regard to ICT training. The research concludes that one of the main concerns for institutions is to “win the hearts and minds” of non‐desk staff and their managers. The development of an institutional communication strategy is identified as being of critical importance.

Research limitations/implications

Provides a “snapshot” of the prevailing situation at the point of data collection rather than a longitudinal insight into developments in access over time.

Originality/value

The first comprehensive analysis of staff access to ICT in UK further and higher education. In addition to highlighting examples of good practice for dissemination across the sector, the research provides information about gaps in provision to inform the targeting of future initiatives.
A study of information needs of Members of the Legislative Assembly in the capital city of India
Authors: Shailendra K. , Prakash Hari
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to investigate the information needs of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) of Delhi. It aims to provide a study of information sources used by them. It also includes the library use by MLAs, their awareness about various library services, and deals with the problems/hindrances faced by MLAs during the process of information seeking.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was conducted with the help of a structured questionnaire and semi‐structured interview schedule. The respondents marked their response on a graphic scale which was converted into a rating scale for obtaining the inferences. The analysis of data is done with the help of weighted mean. A histograph has been used to make the matter more understandable.

Findings

The results of this research show that only a few MLAs are aware about the usefulness of library/information services. They are dependant on non‐documentary sources of information. They are not fully satisfied with the present system of information gathering, where they have to devote more time and energy.

Research limitations/implications

The present research is applied only to the information system available to the MLAs of Delhi. The findings can not be universalized to all the MLAs in the different states of India.

Practical implications

In the last part of this paper an outline for the proposed information system for the MLAs of Delhi has been provided. These suggestions will be useful to the policy maker when making an electronic based information system for the MLAs of Delhi.

Originality/value

There has been no study carried out on the information needs of MLAs in India prior to this research. The study will help the authorities to build/rebuild/improve the information system for MLAs in Delhi.
Direct adaptive fuzzy control for a nonlinear helicopter system
Authors: Ho H.F. , Wong Y.K. , Rad A.B.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

To design effective and practical controllers that use the adaptive fuzzy approaches and are applicable to helicopters.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy systems, a new direct adaptive fuzzy control scheme is developed for a class of nonlinear multiple‐input‐multiple‐output systems. A simple observer is designed to generate an error signal for the adaptive law. The system states of the system are not required to be available for measurement.

Findings

The overall adaptive scheme guarantees all the signals involved being uniformly bounded in the Lyapunov sense.

Research limitations/implications

The implementation of this research work needs further investigation.

Practical implications

The simplicity of the design algorithm facilitates the application of the design to helicopters by the use of Matlab.

Originality/value

Experimental results of a two degree of freedom helicopter are presented to confirm the usefulness of the proposed new control scheme.
On the effect of mass and stiffness unbalance on helicopter tail rotor system behavior
Authors: Singh Hemant K. , Pawar Prashant M. , Ganguli Ranjan , Nam Jung Sung
Published: April 2008

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the effects of mass and stiffness imbalance in a tail rotor induced by damage in forward flight.

Design/methodology/approach

An aeroelastic analysis based on finite element in space and time and capable of modeling dissimilar blades is carried out to study the effect of damage occurring in one, two, and three blades in a four‐bladed tail rotor system in forward flight. The effect of damage growth on vibratory hub loads and blade responses is studied using a comprehensive aeroelastic code.

Findings

The diagnostic chart which is the summary of damage analysis of tail rotor shows that the root hub vibration spectrum gives enough indication to predict damage growth in the tail rotor blade. Hence, this can be useful towards development of health monitoring system for tail rotor blades.

Originality/value

The proposed analysis helps in understanding the basic physics behind the damaged tail rotor and also gives qualitative assessment of damaged tail rotor where obtaining the flight test data with damaged tail rotor is difficult.
Control of base pressure with micro‐jets : part I
Authors: Rehman Shafiqur , Khan S.A.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to present the results of an experimental investigation carried out to control the base pressure in a suddenly expanded axi‐symmetric passage.

Design/methodology/approach

Four micro‐jets of 1 mm orifice diameter located at 90° interval along a pitch circle diameter of 1.3 times the nozzle exit diameter in the base region was employed as active controls. The test Mach numbers were 1.25, 1.3, 1.48, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0. The jets were expanded suddenly into an axi‐symmetric tube with cross‐sectional area 4.84 times that of nozzle exit area. The length‐to‐diameter ratio of the sudden expansion tube was varied from 10 to 1. Nozzles generating the above jet Mach numbers were operated with nozzle pressure ratio in the range 3‐11. As high as 40 per cent increase in base pressure was achieved. In addition to base pressure, the wall pressure in the duct was also measured.

Findings

It is found that the wall pressure is not adversely influenced by the micro jets.

Originality/value

The paper provides information on internal supersonic flow.
Large amplitude free vibration of laminated composite shells with cutout
Authors: Nanda Namita , Bandyopadhyay J.N.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

To investigate the large amplitude free flexural vibration of doubly curved shallow shells in the presence of cutouts.

Design/methodology/approach

Finite element model using an eight‐noded C0 continuity, isoparametric quadrilateral element is employed. Nonlinear strains of von Karman type are incorporated into the first‐order shear deformation theory.

Findings

Cylindrical shell shows mostly hard spring behavior whereas spherical shell shows both hard spring and soft spring behavior with the increase of amplitude ratios for different cutout sizes, radii of curvature and thickness parameters. At a particular value of the amplitude ratio, the frequency ratio of shells is governed by the interactive effects of stiffness and mass.

Practical implications

Aircraft, spacecraft and many other structures where shell panels are used, undergo large amplitude nonlinear vibrations.

Originality/value

The paper will assist researchers of vibration behavior of elastic systems.
Separation control on a NACA 0015 airfoil using a 2D micro ZNMF jet
Authors: Tuck A. , Soria J.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of using a wall‐normal, 2D micro zero‐net‐mass‐flux (ZNMF) jet located at the leading edge of a NACA 0015 airfoil to actively control flow separation and enhance lift.

Design/methodology/approach

Experiments were conducted over a two‐dimensional airfoil in a water tunnel at a Reynolds number of 3.08 × 104 for the parametric investigation and the detailed multigrid cross‐correlation digital particle image velocimetry (MCCDPIV) measurements. Flow visualisation experiments were carried out at a lower Reynolds number of 1.54 × 104.

Findings

The largest lift increase was observed when a non‐dimensional frequency of 1.3 and an oscillatory momentum blowing coefficient of 0.14 per cent was employed. Under these forcing conditions the stall angle of the airfoil was mitigated from an angle of attack of 10o to one of 18o, resulting in a maximum lift coefficient increase of 46 per cent above the uncontrolled lift coefficient. Planar laser induced fluoroscopy and MCCDPIV revealed that the lift increments were the result of the generation of a train of large‐scale, spanwise lifting vortices that convected over the suction surface of the airfoil. The presence of these structures resulted in the flow seemingly remaining attached to the upper surface of the airfoil for a wider range of angles of attack.

Originality/value

This study is significant as it provides quantitative experimental data, which clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of a 2D micro ZNMF jet in controlling flow separation of a NACA 0015 airfoil at high angles of attack and thus, enhancing lift. Furthermore, the flow visualisations and MCCDPIV measurements have provided insight into the mechanisms responsible for the improvement in lift. This new understanding has applications beyond the NACA 0015 airfoil used in this study.
Beam space propulsion
Authors: Bolonkin Alexander
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The author's aim is to offer a revolutionary method – the non‐rocket transfer of energy and thrust into Space with distances of millions of kilometers.

Design/methodology/approach

The author develops the theory and makes the computations.

Findings

The method is more efficient than transmission of energy by high‐frequency waves.

Practical implications

The method may be used for space launch and for acceleration of spaceships and probes to very high speeds, up to relativistic speed by current technology.

Originality/value

The research presented contains prospective projects which illustrate the possibilities of the suggested method.
An investigation of the inhibitive capability of synthesized thiosemicarbazides on the corrosion of carbon steel in acid solutions
Authors: Quraishi M.A. , Sardar R. , Khan S.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

This paper mainly aims to study the influence of some thiosemicarbazides, namely, 1‐hydroxyphenyl‐4‐phenyl thiosemicarbazide (HPT), 1,4‐diphenyl thiosemicarbazide (DPT), 1‐aminophenyl‐4‐phenyl thiosemicarbazide (APT) and 1‐cinnamyl‐4‐phenyl thiosemicarbazide (CPT) on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in hydrochloric and sulphuric acid.

Design/methodology/approach

All inhibition experiments were conducted on carbon steel in 1N HCl and 1N H2SO4 solution. Weight loss experiments were carried out according to the ASTM standard procedure. Polarization studies were carried out in a three‐electrode cell assembly connected to an EG&G Princeton applied research potentiostat/galvanostat (model 173).

Findings

For all the compounds a consistent trend of increase in inhibition efficiency was observed as a function of inhibitor concentration. The adsorption of all the compounds on to the carbon steel surface in the acidic solution was found to obey the Tempkin's adsorption isotherm. The values of activation energy and free energy of adsorption for all the compounds were also calculated. Polarization measurement revealed that the studied thiosemicarbazides act predominantly as mixed inhibitors in both the acid solutions, with the exception of DPT, which predominantly behaved as a cathodic inhibitor in 1N HCl.

Research limitations/implications

These inhibitors could have application in industries, where hydrochloric and sulphuric acid solution are used to remove scale and salts from steel surfaces, such as acid cleaning of tankage and pipeline, and may render dismantling unnecessary.

Originality/value

This paper reveals that thiosemicarbazides can be successfully used for protection of carbon steel corrosion in acid solutions.
Numerical simulation for carbon steel flow‐induced corrosion in high‐velocity flow seawater
Authors: Jingjun Liu , Yuzhen Lin , Xiaoyu Li
Published: April 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to study flow‐induced corrosion mechanisms for carbon steel in high‐velocity flowing seawater and to explain corrosive phenomena.

Design/methodology/approach

An overall mathematical model for flow‐induced corrosion of carbon steel in high‐velocity flow seawater was established in a rotating disk apparatus using both numerical simulation and test methods. By studying the impact of turbulent flow using the kinetic energy of a turbulent approach and the effects of the computational near‐wall hydrodynamic parameters on corrosion rates, corrosion behavior and mechanism are discussed here. It is applicable in order to understand in depth the synergistic effect mechanism of flow‐induced corrosion.

Findings

It was found that it is scientific and reasonable to investigate carbon steel corrosion through correlation of the near‐wall hydrodynamic parameters, which can accurately describe the influence of fluid flow on corrosion. The computational corrosion rates obtained by this model are in good agreement with measured corrosion data. It is shown that serious flow‐induced corrosion is caused by the synergistic effect between the corrosion electrochemical factor and the hydrodynamic factor, while the corrosion electrochemical factor plays a dominant role in flow‐induced corrosion.

Originality/value

The corrosion kinetics and mechanism of metals in a high‐velocity flowing medium is discussed here. These results will help those interested in flow‐induced corrosion to understand in depth the type of issue.
Experimental studies of thermo‐mechanical treatment on conventionally melted high nitrogen martensitic stainless steel
Authors: Valasamudram V. , Mohamed Nazirudeen S.S. , Chandramohan P. , Thenmozhi K.P.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The main purpose of this paper is to produce high‐nitrogen martensitic stainless steels (HNMSS) using a conventional induction furnace with better mechanical properties and to improve the properties by thermo‐mechanical treatment (TMT).

Design/methodology/approach

Production of two types of HNMSS alloys with Chromium – 8.22 and 15.84 wt% was carried out using a conventional melting furnace. The theoretical nitrogen solubility of the produced alloys was calculated and compared with the actual nitrogen solubility of the alloys. The produced alloys were subjected to TMT, characterized by hardness measurement, tensile testing micro examinations in the as cast, hardened, TMT treated and TMT hardened and tempered conditions.

Findings

The actual nitrogen solubility achieved in the HNMSS specimens was in agreement with the calculated theoretical nitrogen solubility using thermodynamic relationships. Thermo‐mechanically treated specimens exhibited the break‐up and refinement of the original coarse cast structure by repeated recrystallization as fine grain size in the austenitic condition and reduced proportion of residual deformed δ ferrite. Thermo‐mechanically treated, hardened and tempered specimens showed higher hardness up to 525 VHN, with strength and toughness.

Research limitations/limitations

In the conventional melting process, purging nitrogen into the melt and increasing the percentage of nitrogen is the primary limitation and retaining the same into the solution during thermo‐mechanical treatment is the secondary limitation.

Originality/value

Work on melting of nitrogenated steels using controlled atmospheric conditions with special equipment was carried out earlier. This practice cannot be adopted on a commercial basis, where mass production is the prime requirement. Therefore, the uniqueness of this paper lies in communicating the melting practice of HNMSS using a conventional induction furnace followed by the optimum TMT. This takes the production and TMT of HNMSS into the commercial casting industry for mass production.
Corrosion of aluminum in ascorbic, citric and tartaric acids with and without chloride ions
Authors: Al Mayouf A. , Al Juhaiman L. , Suhaybani A.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

This paper seeks to study the corrosion rate (CR) of Al 6063 in aqueous solutions containing food additives, namely ascorbic, citric and tartaric acids with/without chloride ions.

Design/methodology/approach

Chemical and electrochemical measurements were used to study the CR of Al 6063 in aerated aqueous solutions. Chemical measurements include weight loss (WL) and atomic absorption (AA). The surface morphology of Al 6063 was studied using scanning electron microscope connected with energy dispersion X‐Ray (EDX). Electrochemical measurements were made using a potentiostat/galvanostat; the effect of pH, temperature and immersion time was studied.

Findings

AA gave comparable results to that of WL. EDX results showed the depletion of Mg and Fe from the Al 6063 to carboxylic acid solutions w/without NaCl. From electrochemical measurements, it was found that addition of chloride ions to carboxylic acids increased the CR of Al 6063 especially at low pH and high temperatures but it reduced the CR at long immersion times.

Practical implications

Aluminum (Al) is now known to be a neurotoxin agent yet Al cook wares are widely used in different countries. The acids used in this study are food additives which implies that the Al cook wares may corrode in food containing these acids and other carboxylic acids depending on pH, temperature and the presence of other additives.

Originality/value

AA gave comparable results to that of WL, which shows that it may be used to evaluate leaching metal ions in μg levels or less in corrosion measurements.
A survey of the literature on the use of high velocity oxy‐fuel spray technology for high temperature corrosion and erosion‐corrosion resistant coatings
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Singh Harpreet , Prakash Satya
Published: April 2008

Purpose

This paper seeks to summarise the results of available research on the use of high velocity oxy‐fuel (HVOF) thermal‐spray technique to provide protection against high temperature corrosion and erosion‐corrosion of materials.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper describes one of the recent thermal‐spray processes, namely HVOF thermal‐spray technology and presents a survey of the studies on the use of this technique to provide protection against corrosion and erosion‐corrosion of high temperature alloys, with a special emphasis on boiler steels.

Findings

High temperature corrosion and erosion‐corrosion are serious problems observed in steam‐powered electricity generation plants, gas turbines, internal combustion engines, fluidized bed combustors, industrial waste incinerators and recovery boilers in paper and pulp industries. These problems can be prevented by changing the material or altering the environment, or by separating the component surface from the environment. Corrosion prevention by the use of coatings for separating materials from the environment is gaining importance in surface engineering. Amongst various surface modifying techniques, thermal spraying has developed relatively rapidly due to the use of advanced coating formulations and improvements in coating application technology. One of the variants of thermal spraying, namely HVOF has gained popularity in recent times due to its flexibility for in‐situ applications and superior coating properties.

Research limitations/implications

This review covers mainly information that has been reported previously in the open literature, international journals and some well‐known textbooks.

Practical implications

The paper presents a concise summary of information for scientists and academics, planning to start their research work in the area of surface engineering.

Originality/value

This paper fulfils an identified information/resources need and offers practical help to an individual starting out on a career in the area of surface engineering for erosion‐corrosion and wear.
Acceptability of genetically modified maize by young people
Authors: Batrinou Anthimia M. , Spiliotis Vassilis , Sakellaris George
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how label information may affect the acceptability by young consumers of a food produced by genetic engineering methods.

Design/methodology/approach

A popular snack derived from maize (corn chip) was presented with five different labels (“organic corn”, “conventional corn”, “product that contains genetically modified (GM) corn”, “product that contains GM corn approved by EU”, “non‐classified corn”) to 229 university students in Greece in order to taste it.

Findings

The results obtained showed that the GM label evoked a deeply rooted negative attitude as more than half of participants (63 per cent) refused to taste even a single piece of the product. The product labelled “GM but approved by EU” was viewed as more credible but still 28 per cent refused to sample. The conclusion was that although the feeling of trust increased considerably when the label message was supported by a certifying authority, a large proportion (almost one third) of participants refused to taste a product that had been approved by the EU for nearly a decade.

Practical implications

This result demonstrated in an emphatic way a degree of phobia concerning GM food and the importance of carefully worded labelling.

Originality/value

The attitude of consumers after direct experience with a GM food product had never been reported for Greece and these findings may serve as an exploratory tool for further investigations on GM food related attitudes.
Avian influenza in the UK: knowledge, risk perception and risk reduction strategies
Authors: Gstraunthaler Thomas , Day Robert
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to put across the concerns about the potential health hazards to consumers of products following various food scandals (i.e. BSE and the foot and mouth epidemics) have resurfaced again in the poultry market with avian influenza. Changes in patterns of consumption inevitably follow such incidences and the behaviours adopted very often follow risk assessment of the situation. The paper aims to examine and explain the drivers of changes of consumption in a unique segment of the market.

Design/methodology/approach

Students were chosen in accordance with previous studies of this type as they represent a homogeneous group, well informed and significant in numbers. The work of Slovic was used to construct a questionnaire to assess consumer risk and this was then extended to the area of consumption change according to the strategies identified by Roselius.

Findings

Through a correlation of risk based variables with changes in behaviour, a consumption change model is developed which demonstrates that knowledge, assessment of the potential for disaster and experience from past food scandals are the main drivers of change.

Originality/value

The research was performed immediately after the confirmation of the first H5N1 case in the UK and gives insight on how consumer behaviour is influenced by such an event.
Biotechnological innovations in kefir production: a review
Authors: Sarkar S.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to show that traditionally, kefir was obtained by fermenting milk with kefir grains. Wide variation in microflora of kefir grains makes it difficult to obtain an optimal and uniform starter culture necessary for obtaining a quality kefir. Reviewed literature on microbiological and technological innovations in kefir production would enrich the scientific knowledge resulting in production of kefir with superior physical, chemical, nutritional, therapeutic and sanitary qualities.

Design/methodology/approach

An attempt is made to highlight the microbiological and technological aspects of kefir production with regard to the microflora of kefir grains, suitability of different types of milk, treatment of milk, starter inoculation and incubation, packaging, storage and post‐production treatment of kefir as well as methods of preservation of kefir grains.

Findings

Diverse microflora of kefir grains is the prime cause for the wide variation in kefir quality. Production of kefir is based on symbiotic relation between lactic acid bacteria and yeasts and the type of milk, their heat‐treatment, size of inoculating starters and temperature of incubation influence their metabolic activities. Application of a suitable combination of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts would enable production of kefir with more uniform product with specific properties Packaging of kefir in a suitable container and storage at low temperature are suggested to retain its qualities.

Originality/value

Fermentation of milk with a suitable starter combination consisting of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts rather than application of kefir grains during the production of kefir would be more scientific to yield a product with enhanced nutritional and therapeutic qualities.
The stability of vitamin C in different beverages
Authors: Jeney‐Nagymate Emese , Fodor Peter
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the stability and the parameters affecting the stability of vitamin C in beer, wine and orange juice.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography method was applied for reliable determination of ascorbic acid in these beverages. Three different types of beer, a wine and orange juice sample were spiked with ascorbic acid using different concentrations and pH values. The samples were stored at 4oC, but in some cases 20oC was also used as storage temperature. The joint effect of vitamin C and E was also examined.

Findings

The results demonstrated that vitamin C was stable only in orange juice at the original pH values. Under pH=4, beer was also a good matrix for vitamin C addition, but only at low storage temperature (4oC). Vitamin E addition increased the stability of ascorbic acid (p<0.05) even at room temperature.

Practical implications

These findings could have significant implications to the beer industry. This study shows that vitamin C can be stable in beer during the shelf life of this product using appropriate pH and storage temperature.

Originality/value

The paper shows that the addition of an antioxidant vitamin is good from the point of view of the consumer's health, and it can improve the shelf life of the food because of its antioxidant activity.
Production locations for the internationalising food industry: case study from Russia
Authors: Lorentz Harri
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to identify the location decision criteria and their relative weights in the context of food manufacturing internationalisation into emerging markets, and to clarify how supply chain related factors are reflected in the location decision criteria. Knowledge of these factors is considered crucial in understanding the entry and location decisions of foreign food manufacturers into emerging markets where a high level of operational uncertainty may be evident.

Design/methodology/approach

The AHP method is utilised in the creation of a location/investment target ‐model, with input from a panel of decision makers in the Finnish food industry. A real‐life application from the Russian agribusiness industry is presented.

Findings

Seven criteria reach above average values, namely economic activity potential (10 per cent), consumption potential (9 per cent), available acquisition targets (12 per cent), adequate supply of raw materials (13 per cent), competitive situation (16 per cent), favourable level of input costs (11 per cent), and SCM readiness and know‐how (9 per cent). The significant weight of the last item and the supply chain related factors in general underscore the total demand‐supply network‐oriented thinking in the food industry.

Research limitations/implications

Supply chain considerations are a major factor in the food industry location decisions, due to the need to utilise the local sourcing, distribution and service systems in the economy. The downstream, upstream and related service sectors in the supply chain can thereby serve as constraints for the business expansion process.

Originality/value

The research addresses the sparsely researched area of linking a firm's internationalisation decision making with supply chain management issues in the emerging market context.