bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonography in Undescended Testes
Authors: Johansen T. E. Bjerklund , Larmo A.
Published: June 2015

The position of an undescended testicle is of importance for choice of therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the anatomic positions occupied by undescended testicles could be detected by an objective method. Real-time ultrasonography was performed in 83 patients with 123 undescended testicles. Patient compliance was 97 per cent. The testis was demonstrated as an echo-poor, oval structure in 113 of 119 examinations (95%). By determining the relation of the testis to definable anatomic landmarks in the inguinal region, all positions occupied by the testis could be characterized by ultrasound and the testicles classified accordingly. The relationship of the testis to the external ring was established in 112 cases (94%). Twentyseven per cent of retractile and 11 per cent of truly undescended testicles were demonstrated in more than one ascended position. Estimation of testicular volume by sonography was unsuccessful compared with intraoperative measurements.
Intra-Arterial Cis-Platinum Infusion with Sodium Thiosulfate Protection and Angiotensin II Induced Hypertension for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Onohara S. , Kobayashi H. , Itoh Y. , Shinohara S.
Published: June 2015

Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP; 52–169 mg/m2) mixed with angiotensin II (1.5–10 μg/min) was infused into the hepatic artery in 33 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Simultaneously, sodium thiosulfate (10–50 g) was administered intravenously in order to reduce the systemic toxicity of CDDP. Over 50 per cent reduction in tumor size was obtained in 18 patients (55%). Complete response was achieved in 4 patients (12%). Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels decreased by more than 75 per cent in 10 of 18 patients in whom the previous AFP level was more than 200 ng/ml. The one year survival rate was estimated at 61 per cent by the Kaplan-Meier method. Alimentary symptoms (nausea, vomiting) were mild or non-existent in nearly 90 per cent of treatments. Peptic ulcer and abdominal pain were manifested in small numbers. Severe changes in the laboratory data were not observed. High dosage arterial infusion of CDDP and angiotensin II and intravenous injection of sodium thiosulfate was well tolerated and gave effective therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Effect of Alcohol Intake on the Radiographic Quality in Patients with Midfacial Trauma
Authors: Kinnunen J. , Göthlin J. H.
Published: June 2015

The initial reports on radiologic examinations in 618 consecutive patients with midfacial injuries were compared with the final clinical diagnoses. Alcohol had to some degree been imbibed by 31 per cent of the patients. Influence of alcohol was 3 times more common outside than within office hours. Radiographic analysis included estimation of blurring, errors in straightness, angulation, beam centering and limitation. Image quality was scored as visibility of ‘the imaginary lines of bony continuity’. There was no statistically significant correlation between the degree of inebriety and image quality or diagnostic performance with the radiographic technique used, with the patient supine. There is no need to postpone midfacial radiography in inebriate patients.
Comparison of Different Pulse Sequences for in Vivo Determination of T1 Relaxation Times in the Human Brain
Authors: Kjær L. , Henriksen O.
Published: June 2015

Quantitative in vivo determination of T1 relaxation times by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is hampered by several potential sources of error. This study focused on the influence of the radiofrequency pulse sequences applied with special attention to the significance of the repetition time (TR). T1 measurements were performed on the human brain using a whole body MR scanner operating at 1.5 tesla. Three different pulse sequences were compared including two 6-points inversion recovery (IR) sequences with TR = 2.0 s and 4.0, respectively, and a 12-points partial saturation inversion recovery (PSIR) sequence with TR varying between 0.24 and 8.0 s. The median T1 relaxation times obtained in cortical grey matter and cerebrospinal fluid were significantly shorter in the IR experiments at TR = 2 s than in those carried out at TR = 4 s. Concerning white matter the discrepancy was much less pronounced, but still statistically significant. Supplementary phantom measurements indicated that the higher T1 values are increasingly underestimated when TR is reduced to 2 s. The results suggest that the PSIR sequence or IR sequences with a TR > 2 × the T1 level of the tissue type investigated should be employed for accurate T1 determination by MRI in clinical work.
Local Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration following Systemic Contrast Medium Administration
Authors: Utz R. , Ekholm S. E. , Isaac L. , Sands M. , Fonte D.
Published: June 2015

The present study was initiated by a severe complication in a patient with renal dysfunction who developed cortical blindness and weakness of her left extremities 30 hours following renal and abdominal angiography. To evaluate the impact of prolonged high serum concentrations of contrast medium (CM) this clinical situation was simulated in a laboratory model using sheep with elevated serum levels of contrast medium maintained for 48 hours. The experimental data did not support the theory that the prolonged exposure to high circulating levels of contrast medium (4 ml/kg body weight of meglumine diatrizoate 60%) is sufficient alone to cause penetration of the blood-brain barrier.
Quantitative Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Applied to a Comparison of Propanetetraphosphonate and Albumin Colloid for Liver and Spleen Scintigraphy
Authors: Axelsson B. , Jacobsson H.
Published: June 2015

A clinical application of a previously developed technique for absolute quantitation of organ uptake of radioactivity is presented. The method, which is based on single photon emission computed tomography involving correction for scattering and attenuation of photons, enables an accurate in vivo determination of the amount of administered activity taken up in a specific organ. The technique was applied to a comparative clinical trial between propanetetraphosphonate and albumin colloid for liver and spleen scintigraphy. The mean uptake of the liver was 73±9 per cent using propanetetraphosphonate and 63±10 per cent using albumin colloid. The corresponding figures for the spleen were 6±3 and 9±4 per cent, respectively. The activity concentration of the different lobes of the liver, bone marrow and soft tissue was also estimated. Phantom studies showed that the total uptake in the liver could be determined with an accuracy of about 6 per cent. The accuracy of the clinical examinations was estimated to about 10 per cent.
Radiographic Findings in Overlooked Colon Carcinomas
Authors: Fork F.-T.
Published: June 2015

Double contrast barium enemas in 21 patients with primarily overlooked colon carcinomas were reviewed. The carcinomas were flat and measured less than 30 mm in 18 cases. These tumours constitute almost 1.4 per cent of the carcinomas diagnosed during a 12-year period. The retrospective analysis revealed the following signs of carcinoma: missing haustral folds, disharmony of interhaustral fold patterns; radiolucent filling defects; local contractions; residue-like masses and decrease of volume. In all cases, at least two secondary signs of carcinoma, range 1.7 to 3, were seen.
Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography in Pancreatic Malignancy
Authors: Päivänsalo M. , Lähde S.
Published: June 2015

Previous reports have shown that ultrasonography (US) is inferior to computed tomography (CT) in detecting pancreatic carcinoma. Since our recent observations suggested the opposite we re-evaluated the accuracy of these two methods. Among 36 patients with malignant tumours the US was normal in one, in 4 it showed only secondary signs of tumour, and in 31 it revealed the tumour. The corresponding figures for CT were 2, 9 and 25, respectively. The conclusion is that US should be considered the primary method for imaging the pancreas.
Computed Tomography in Low Back Pain before and after Myelography
Authors: Fagerlund M. K. J.
Published: June 2015

Forty-six patients with possible lumbar disk herniation were examined with computed tomography (CT) before and after lumbar myelography with metrizamide. Altogether 90 intervertebral spaces (L4/L5 and L5/S1) were analyzed with regard to the diagnostic information provided by pre- and postmyelography CT. Corresponding to the level of 73 intervertebral spaces (81 %) the contrast medium filling of the dural sac was homogeneous, while corresponding to 17 spaces (19%) the filling was inhomogeneous, with layering of contrast medium. The demarcation of the disk margin and of the dural sac was poor at the level of 13 spaces (14%), the majority of which (9 spaces) belonged to the group with homogeneous dural sac filling. At the level of 4 intervertebral spaces the dural sac was isodense with the intervertebral disk. The overall diagnostic information from the premyelography examination was equal to the postmyelography examination at 66 intervertebral spaces (73%). The postmyelography CT examination showed the details better than the conventional CT at 11 intervertebral spaces (12%), and poorer than conventional CT at 13 intervertebral spaces (15%). It is concluded that in general a conventional CT examination is adequate in the evaluation of patients with suggested intervertebral disk herniation. The need for a postmyelography CT examination can be specified on the basis of the findings at myelography.
A ‘Split-Away Technique’ for Percutaneous Nephrostomy
Authors: Aspelin P. , Nilsson P.
Published: June 2015

The currently used techniques for nephrostomy sometimes fail to advance the drainage catheter through the nephrostomy track into the renal pelvis. To solve this problem a new technique has been developed. The improvement with this technique is the dilatation of the track with polypropylene dilators and a split-away sheath. The split-away sheath is threaded on the largest dilator. When the dilator is removed the drainage catheter is coaxially passed through the split-away sheath into the renal pelvis. The sheath is then removed. The technique has been used successfully in 32 patients without complications.
Effects of Intravenous Injection of Diatrizoate, Iohexol or Ioxilan on Renal Size, Urine Profiles and Blood Profiles in the Rabbit
Authors: Rygaard H. , Dorph S. , Thomsen H. S. , Mygind T. , Nielsen H. , Larsen S. , Skaarup P. , Hemmingsen L. , Holm J.
Published: June 2015

Diatrizoate, iohexol or ioxilan were injected intravenously in 18 rabbits. The contrast medium passage through the kidneys was recorded on digital subtraction images for the first 50 s followed by 100 mm exposures up to 15 min after injection. The renal area was measured planimetrically. Urine profiles (glucose, phosphate, LDH, GGT, NAG), blood profiles (potassium, urea) and the relative clearance of albumin and sodium were followed for 5 days and compared with a control group injected with saline. All kidneys were examined by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. All three contrast media produced excellent arteriograms and urograms. The three different contrast media caused a rapid increase of the kidney area within the first minute, reaching an average maximum of 10 to 12 per cent after 5 min, followed by a gradual decline. Contrary to expectations the increase in renal area was similar for all three contrast media, so hyperosmolality is no likely explanation of this phenomenon. None of the contrast agents caused significant changes in any of the profile components with one exception: the GGT excretion was significantly elevated during the first 24 h after diatrizoate administration as compared with the effect of saline. Light and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed no differences.
Resectability of Liver Tumours Evaluated by Computed Tomography
Authors: Tidebrant G. , Hafström L. O. , Topp S. , Tylén U.
Published: June 2015

In a retrospective study of CT examinations of liver tumours in 37 patients intra- and extrahepatic tumour growth was estimated in order to see if resectability could be predicted. The findings were compared with the evaluation at laparatomy. Four out of 15 tumours, resectable according to CT, turned out to be unresectable and 9 out of 37 CT examinations did not reveal the total extent of tumour growth. A more reliable preoperative radiologic assessment may be obtained by improvement of current CT techniques, by computed tomographic angiography, intraoperative ultrasound or MR imaging.
Reliability of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Biopsy of Pancreatic Masses
Authors: Ekberg O. , Bergenfeldt M. , Aspelin P. , Genell S. , Lindholm K. , Nilsson P. , Sigurjónsson S.
Published: June 2015

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNB) was performed with ultrasound guidance in 79 patients in whom sonography had revealed a mass suggesting pancreatic malignancy. The final diagnosis (surgery, autopsy and clinical course) in 69 of these 79 patients was a malignancy closely related to the pancreas while in the remaining 10 patients benign disease was confirmed. A correct diagnosis of malignancy was attained by FNB in 59 of the 69 patients with a malignant tumour while in 10 it failed to confirm the diagnosis. FNB yielded a true negative result in 10 patients with benign disease. The accuracy of sonographically guided FNB in the present investigation was 87 per cent. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy is considered the method of choice for further evaluation of pancreatic masses.
The Vertical Position of the Patella
Authors: Egund N. , Lundin A. , Wallengren N. O.
Published: June 2015

Patella height was defined by the distance between the midpoint of the articular surface of the patella and the condylar plane, which was constructed perpendicular to the mechanical axis of the tibia. In two series of normal individuals the measured distances were related to body height and the length of the lower leg and thus expressed as its ratio, which was the same in both sexes. The measurements were performed on lateral radiographs of the knee and lower leg obtained in weight-bearing and 30° to 40° of knee flexion using a simple device to obtain a standardized position of the lower leg during the examination. The standing position is proposed for these measurements since the patellar ligament is shorter in the recumbent position. The method can be used for biomechanical analysis of the femoropatellar joint.
Lesion of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Sagittal Disalignment of the Knee in Weight-Bearing
Authors: Egund N. , Fridén T.
Published: June 2015

Twenty-nine patients with late reconstructive surgery for anterior cruciate ligament lesions had a clinical and radiologic follow-up ten years after injury. Anterior sagittal displacement of the tibia was recorded on the routine standing radiographs in 16 knees all having a normal femoro-tibial alignment in the non-weight-bearing position. Five of eleven patients with sagittal displacement of between 10 and 19 mm had early osteoarthrosis, which was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging in four cases; their ages ranged from 23 to 38 years. No radiographic signs of osteoarthrosis were observed in those with displacements of less than 10 mm. In some patients there was a discrepancy between the clinical and radiographic measurements of instability. In addition to the clinical tests of instability standing rather than non-weight-bearing lateral radiographs are suggested for the routine assessment of cruciate ligament injuries.
Radiography of Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Borgström P. S. , Ekberg O. , Lasson Å.
Published: June 2015

In patients with longstanding and/or deep pressure ulcers radiology is usually consulted. Survey radiography and sinography in 14 patients with pressure ulcers (6 over the tuber ischii and 8 over the femoral trochanter) were evaluated. Osteomyelitic involvement of adjacent bone was revealed in 9 patients on survey radiography. However, it was usually impossible to assess whether or not bony involvement represents healed or active osteomyelitis. Sinography did not contribute to the assessment of whether or not adjacent cortical bone was involved. However, when a fistulation to an adjacent joint was revealed this contributed substantially to the preoperative planning of resection. We therefore recommend that survey radiography and sinography should be included in the evaluation of these patients but that the results from such examinations are critically evaluated. Joint involvement should be taken seriously as progression of septic arthritis usually occurs rapidly.
Chemical Shift Selective Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Optic Nerve in Patients with Acute Optic Neuritis
Authors: Larsson H. B. W. , Thomsen C. , Frederiksen J. , Henriksen O. , Olesen J.
Published: June 2015

Optic neuritis is often the first manifestion of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sixteen patients with acute optic neuritis and one patient with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging, using a chemical shift selective double spin echo sequence. In 3 of the 16 patients, abnormalities were seen. In one patient with bilateral symptoms, signal hyperintensity and swelling of the right side of the chiasm were found. In another patient the optic nerve was found diffusely enlarged with only a marginally increased signal in the second echo. In the third patient an area of signal hyperintensity and swelling was seen in the left optic nerve. In the patient with BIH the subarachnoid space which surrounds the optic nerves was enlarged. Even using this refined pulse sequence, avoiding the major artefact in imaging the optic nerve, the chemical shift artefact, lesions were only shown in 3/16 (19%) of the patients with optic neuritis. Nevertheless, the presented chemical shift selective double spin echo sequence may be of great value for detection of retrobulbar lesions.
Lumbar Myelography with Iohexol
Authors: Nestvold K. , Sortland O.
Published: June 2015

Since 1983 iohexol has been routinely used for myelography in our hospital and 1650 myelographies have been performed. The first 331 patients with lumbar myelography were included in a follow-up study. Headache was observed in 26 per cent, nausea in 12 per cent and vertigo in 6 per cent of the patients, a frequency very similar to that observed in an earlier study of side effects following spinal puncture. Severe reactions were not seen. Three patients had radicular symptoms and 3 patients had minor mental symptoms possibly caused by the contrast medium. It is concluded that most side effects are related to the spinal puncture and that iohexol probably can be used with safety in out-patients.
Computed Tomography of the Lungs in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Hartelius H. , Gaub J. , Jensen L. Ingemann , Jensen J. , Faber V.
Published: June 2015

Computed tomography of the chest was performed on 42 occasions as part of the diagnostic work-up in 26 homosexual men with, or suspected of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 17 cases both the chest radiographs and the lung scans were abnormal, and bronchoscopy and/or lung biopsy established an etiologic diagnosis in the majority of these cases. In 9 cases CT of the lungs revealed unequivocal interstitial infiltration in the presence of a normal chest radiograph, and subsequently an etiologic agent was demonstrated in all these cases. In 9 cases, patients with symptoms indicative of pulmonary infection had both a normal chest radiograph and a normal lung scan, and in none of these cases did the clinical course or additional diagnostic procedures indicate the presence of current opportunistic lung infection. CT of the lungs seems to identify accurately those patients with severe HIV-related diseases in whom invasive diagnostic procedures such as bronchoalveolar lavage and/or lung biospy should be done.
Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimated after Multiple Injections of Contrast Medium during Angiography
Authors: Boijsen M. , Granerus G. , Jacobsson L. , Björneld L. , Aurell M. , Tylén U.
Published: June 2015

In twenty-six patients referred for angiography, clearance of contrast medium was determined with x-ray fluorescence analysis after multiple injections of contrast medium. A formula for correction of the injected amount, which takes into consideration the different times of contrast medium injections, approximating the total injected amount into one injection, was used. A single injection clearance of 51Cr-EDTA was determined at the same time. The results showed a good correlation between the clearance of contrast medium after multiple injections and the 51Cr-EDTA clearance after a single injection (r=0.945). The correlation between contrast medium clearance calculated without correction for the different injection times, and “Cr-EDTA clearance was the same (r=0.946), due to short angiography time and rather low clearance values in our patients. It is concluded that total plasma clearance of contrast medium can easily be estimated after multiple injections. In this way patients with a risk of developing post-angiographic renal failure can be found.
Quantitative Computed Tomography in Measurement of Vertebral Trabecular Bone Mass
Authors: Nilsson M. , Johnell O. , Jonsson K. , Redlund-Johnell I.
Published: June 2015

Measurement of bone mineral concentration (BMC) can be done by several modalities. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can be used for measurements at different sites and with different types of bone (trabecular-cortical). This study presents a modified method reducing the influence of fat. Determination of BMC was made from measurements with single-energy computed tomography (CT) of the mean Hounsfield number in the trabecular part of the L1 vertebra. The method takes into account the age-dependent composition of the trabecular part of the vertebra. As the amount of intravertebral fat increases with age, the effective atomic number for these parts decreases. This results in a non-linear calibration curve for single-energy CT. Comparison of BMC values using the non-linear calibration curve or the traditional linear calibration with those obtained with a pixel-by-pixel based electron density calculation method (theoretically better) showed results clearly in favor of the non-linear method. The material consisted of 327 patients aged 6 to 91 years, of whom 197 were considered normal. The normal data show a sharp decrease in trabecular bone after the age of 50 in women. In men a slower decrease was found. The vertebrae were larger in men than in women.
Influence of Acetabular Component Position in Non-Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Wykman A. , Sanjay B. K. S. , Söderlund V. , Goldie I.
Published: June 2015

Radiologic grading of non-cemented acetabular components in HP Garches total hip replacements was used to evaluate the relationship between a lack of supero-lateral cover of the acetabular component and clinical outcome. In 63 hips, three to five years after total hip arthroplasty, we observed that the acetabular component was partially uncovered in 56 per cent of cases. The fact that several components were partially uncovered did not influence the clinical outcome. Although the follow-up time is short the present study indicates that non-cemented HP Garches total hip arthroplasty is a technique which allows for stable fixation of the acetabular component.
Double Contrast Barium Enema Combined with Non-Invasive Imaging in Peritoneal Mesothelioma
Authors: Cozzi G. , Bellomi M. , Frigerio L. F. , Ostinelli C. , Marchianò A. , Petrillo R. , Severini A.
Published: June 2015

Mesotheliomas are rare tumors arising from serosal linings of the major serous cavities. Five patients with peritoneal mesothelioma underwent a double contrast barium enema (DCBE) and ultrasonography (US) (2 patients), computed tomography (CT) (3 patients) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (3 patients). The diagnosis was confirmed at laparotomy. The radiologic pattern at DCBE is unspecific and consists of compression and dislocation of bowel loops by extrinsic masses. Mesenteric retraction and segmental stenosis may be present. In one patient DCBE was normal. US, CT and MRI findings are also unspecific but when combined with information obtained from DCBE the site and abdominal extension of the disease are well defined.
Preoperative Ultrasound Assessment of Choledochal Cysts
Authors: Jones S. N. , Lees W. R. , Russell R. C. G.
Published: June 2015

Ultrasonography performed with modern equipment is capable of outlining the anatomy of the biliary and pancreatic ducts within the head of the pancreas. We present two typical cases of choledochal cysts where ultrasound provided complete anatomic information and a more complicated case which required more extensive radiology.
Absorbed Dose Resulting from a Specially Designed Computed Tomography Technique for Examination of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Sager E. M. , Skretting A. , Lindsköld L.
Published: June 2015

The absorbed spatial dose distribution resulting from a specially designed CT protocol for examination of the urinary bladder has been investigated with TLD rods in a body phantom containing tissue equivalent material. The CT examination consisted of scout view and both pre- and postcontrast scan series with 5 mm slice thickness and 5 mm unscanned intervals between successive scans. Cross-sectional dose distribution for one scan in the plane of the ovaries was measured as well as the dose profile for one scan along a line through the ovary parallel to the axis of rotation. Based on these measurements, the dose resulting from the whole CT examination was calculated, both with contiguous and noncontiguous scans. The ovarian dose was calculated for different positions of the ovaries in relation to the scanned area. The absorbed dose varied between 8.3 mGy and 9.7 mGy with the actual technique used. When contiguous scans with the same thickness were taken, the ovarian dose increased with a factor from 1.7 to 1.9. The dose resulting from the CT protocol of the urinary bladder was of the same magnitude as absorbed dose resulting from urography. When the diagnostic gain from a precise definition of tumor extent was taken into account, the dose resulting from the CT protocol was judged acceptable.
Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Thomsen H. S. , Sos T. A. , Nielsen S. L.
Published: June 2015

Hypertension constitutes a major health problem and the challenge is to identify patients having ‘surgically’ curable renal vascular disease among the majority with so-called essential hypertension. The best of unsatisfactory diagnostic tests are renography and plasma renin activity both before and during angiotensin II blockade. The necessity of better screening tests has increased because of the recent advances in surgical techniques and especially percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty. The latter has definitely become the method of choice for correction of suspected hemodynamically significant artery stenoses whenever technically feasible. With improved angioplasty techniques the risk of treating renal artery stenosis without hemodynamic and clinical importance (so-called cosmetic repair) has increased. Unfortunately randomized trials including surgery versus angioplasty are not available. It should be kept in mind that only after correction of the stenosis is achieved and the blood pressure has become normal, can the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension be made with certainty.
Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography in Differential Diagnosis between Recurrent or Residual Glioma and Treatment-Induced Brain Lesions
Authors: Lilja A. , Lundqvist H. , Olsson Y. , Spännare B. , Gullberg P. , Långström B.
Published: June 2015

In previous studies of supratentorial gliomas with positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT), high uptakes of L-methyl-11C-methionine (11C-L-methionine) were found even in astrocytomas without blood-brain barrier defects as judged by CT or 68Ga-EDTA PET. In a number of patients examined after radiation therapy, there were no consistent changes in the high uptake values. In the present investigation PET and CT were compared with regard to their abilities to visualize and delineate recurrent tumors and treatment-induced brain defects and to differentiate between them. The study was undertaken on four patients who were long-term survivors after treatment for high-grade gliomas. For PET, 11C-L-methionine and 68Ga-EDTA were used. In two patients recurrent/residual tumors appeared considerably larger with 11C-L-methionine PET than with CT or 68Ga-EDTA PET. In one patient, no signs of recurrence were seen with any of these three methods, and in a fourth patient, whose condition was clinically stable, the findings at PET with 11C-L-methionine were non-specific. In areas corresponding to the surgical parenchymal defects, the 11C-L-methionine uptake and, except in one case, the local blood volume was markedly reduced. PET with 11C-L-methionine thus has a potential for distinguishing between postoperative brain lesions and tumor recurrence with a higher accuracy than CT.
In Vivo Evaluation of Femoral Blood Flow Measured with Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Henriksen O. , Ståhlberg F. , Thomsen C. , Møgelvang J. , Persson B.
Published: June 2015

Quantitative measurements of blood flow based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using conventional multiple spin echo sequences were evalutated in vivo in healthy young volunteers. Blood flow was measured using MRI in the femoral vein. The initial slope of the multiple spin echo decay curve, corrected for the T2 decay of non-flowing blood was used to calculate the blood flow. As a reference, the blood flow in the femoral artery was measured simultaneously with an invasive indicator dilution technique. T2 of non-flowing blood was measured in vivo in popliteal veins during regional circulatory arrest. The mean T2 of non-flowing blood was found to be 105 ±31 ms. The femoral blood flow ranged between 0 and 643 ml/min measured with MRI and between 280 and 531 ml/min measured by the indicator dilution technique. There was thus poor agreement between the two methods. The results indicate that in vivo blood flow measurements made with MRI based on wash-out effects, commonly used in multiple spin echo imaging, do not give reliable absolute values for blood flow in the femoral artery or vein.
Spontaneous Pneumothorax Caused by Metastatic Hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Takashima S. , Takeuchi N. , Morimoto S. , Kozuka T. , Ohno K.
Published: June 2015

A patient with hemangioendothelioma is described, who developed a metastatic pulmonary nodule, subsequently a bullous lesion contiguous to the nodule, and finally spontaneous pneumothorax. In such cases, newly formed bullous lesions may conceal originally visible metastatic foci and can be a potential source of spontaneous pneumothorax.
Reducing the Risk of Ventricular Fibrillation by Adding Sodium to Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media with Low Iodine Concentration
Authors: Bååth L. , Almén T.
Published: June 2015

To compare the fibrillatory propensity of low concentrations of contrast media (140 mg I/ml) the ionic, ratio 1.5, contrast medium meglumine diatrizoate, the non-ionic, ratio 3, medium iopentol and equimolar glucose (0.37 mol/l) were perfused into 35 isolated rabbit hearts. The three substances were compared at three levels of sodium concentration (0, 77 and 154 mmol Na+/l). Meglumine diatrizoate without sodium caused the highest frequency of ventricular fibrillation (91 %). Iopentol without sodium caused a significantly lower frequency of ventricular fibrillation (17%). Glucose without sodium caused no fibrillation. The addition of 77 or 154 mmol Na+/l significantly decreased the frequency of ventricular fibrillation of both meglumine diatrizoate (3 % and 6%) and iopentol (0%). Meglumine diatrizoate with sodium added caused a lower frequency of ventricular fibrillation than iopentol without sodium. At equal sodium concentrations (0, 77 and 154 mmol Na+/l) glucose caused smaller reduction in contractile force and heart rate than iopentol, and iopentol caused smaller reduction in contractile force and heart rate than diatrizoate. It is concluded that addition of sodium to ionic or non-ionic contrast media without sodium decreases the risk of ventricular fibrillation.
Ultrasonography in Lesions of the Rotator Cuff and Biceps Tendon
Authors: Ahovuo J. , Paavolainen P. , Björkenheim J.-M.
Published: June 2015

Ultrasonography (US) of the shoulder joint was performed in 88 patients, 15 of whom were referred for surgery. US was made with a real-time linear-array scanner, provided with a transducer of 7.5 MHz. Subsequently, all patients underwent single-contrast arthrography of the shoulder. When compared with the arthrographic findings, diagnosis by US showed 21 true positive, 3 false positive, 57 true negative and 7 false negative cases of a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff. Small tears (2 cm or less in diameter) may be the most difficult to assess. US readily revealed biceps tendinitis and rupture of the biceps tendon, as well as fluid collection in the bursae above the rotator cuff tendons.
Tracheobronchial Calcification in Members of a Fixed Population Sample
Authors: Fukuya T. , Mihara F. , Kudo S. , Russell W. J. , DeLongchamp R. R. , Vaeth M. , Hosoda Y.
Published: June 2015

The Radiation Effects Research Foundation (formerly, Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission; ABCC) was established in April 1975 as a private non-profit Japanese Foundation, supported equally by the Government of Japan through the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the Government of the United States through the National Academy of Sciences under contract with the United States Department of Energy. Accepted 4 December 1988.

In a review of the chest radiographs of 1 152 consecutively examined subjects, 10 cases (0.87%) of extensive tracheobronchial calcification were identified. In addition, 51 subjects having this coded diagnosis were identified among 11758 members of a fixed population sample. Sixty of these 61 subjects were women. Tracheobronchial calcification usually appeared after the age of 60. The subjects' clinical and other radiologic diagnoses were reviewed and tracheobronchial calcification appeared to have no clinical significance. Histologic findings in autopsied cases showed the calcifications and ossificiations to be in the cartilaginous rings themselves. However, the reason for the overwhelming prevalence of this entity in women remains to be resolved.
Field-Echo Pulse Sequences Used under Suspended Respiration for Detection of Liver Metastases
Authors: Andersson T. , Nyman R. , Ericsson A. , Hemmingsson A.
Published: June 2015

To obtain a fast MRI sequence for detection of liver metastases under suspended respiration, two healthy volunteers were examined with the field echo sequence FLASH, using a large number of repetition times, echo times, flip angles and matrix sizes. The spleen was used to simulate liver metastases and contrast-to-noise ratios between liver and spleen were calculated and the sequence with the highest ratio was considered optimal. The different FLASH sequences were also compared with spin echo sequences using short repetition and echo times. A FLASH sequence with a repetition time of 140 ms, an echo time of 14 ms, a flip angle of 80 to 100 degrees and a matrix size of 128×256 was considered the most suitable for detecting liver metastases. This sequence, together with other FLASH and spin echo sequences, were used for examination of five patients with liver metastases from endocrine gastrointestinal tumours.
Pitfalls in Ultrasonography of Hip Joint Synovitis in the Child
Authors: Egund N. , Wingstrand H.
Published: June 2015

The normal and abnormal anatomy of the hip joint in childhood was evaluated by ultrasonography (US) with reference to examination technique and errors. When compared with computed tomography (CT), it was confirmed that the two sonographic echoes from the hip joint represent the femoral neck and the external surface of the capsule and that the thickness of the echo received from the capsule depends on the frequency of the transducer. Partial volume effects may simulate or increase the sonographic appearance of hip joint effusion. The normal relationship between joint capsule and femoral neck was established.
Ultrasonography of the Gallbladder in Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Soiva M.
Published: June 2015

The sonographic appearance of the gallbladder in 52 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) was evaluated and compared with the findings in acute cholecystitis (AC) and in normal gallbladders (N). The mean gallbladder wall thickness in the AP group, 3.2 mm, was significantly different from the thickness in the N group, 2.3 mm (p<0.001), and from that in the AC group, 5.2 mm (p<0.001). Wall edema, distension, tenderness (sonographic Murphy sign) and pericholecystic fluid collections were occasional findings in AP, and were not seen in normal gallbladders. A significant difference between the AP and AC groups was found in the prevalence of maximal local tenderness of the gallbladder (in only 2/52 in AP, but in 28/31 in AC).
Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Intravenous Contrast Media in Euvolemic and Dehydrated Rabbits
Authors: Hayakawa K. , Morris T. M. , Katzberg R. W.
Published: June 2015

It has been suggested that intravenous injections of hypertonic contrast media when used in computed tomography and digital subtraction angiography might raise plasma osmolality sufficiently to open the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The current investigation establishes the threshold of plasma osmolality that causes the the opening of the BBB in euvolemic and dehydrated rabbits. Euvolemic rabbits were allowed food and water ad libitum. Dehydrated rabbits received 4.0 mg/kg of furosemide intramuscularly and were deprived of water for 72 hours. Meglumine/sodium diatrizoate 76 per cent (n=28) or mannitol 20 per cent (n= 12) was administrated intravenously, at a rate of 25 mmol/kg body weight/hour for 2, 3 or 4 hours. Plasma osmolality, blood iodine concentration, blood pressure, heart rate and hematocrit were assessed at regular intervals. Evans blue and99Tcm-DTPA were used simultaneously as tracers for BBB opening. Rating of BBB opening with99Tcm-DTPA correlated well with Evans blue staining (r=0.863, p<0.001; n=42). BBB opening was related to plasma osmolality and was similar for both contrast media and mannitol. Widespread BBB opening occurred above 400 mmol/kg while focal BBB opening occurred above 370 mmol/kg. Dehydration per se increased plasma osmolality but did not reduce the threshold for BBB opening.
Ultrasonography of Splenic Metastases
Authors: Siniluoto T. , Päivänsalo M. , Lähde S.
Published: June 2015

Splenic metastases were studied by ultrasound in 31 patients. Sixteen (52%) patients had multifocal lesions, 12 (39%) had single metastases and 3 (10%) had diffuse splenic infiltration. Splenomegaly was seen in 6 patients with focal metastases and in all 3 with diffuse infiltration. The focal metastases were hypoechoic in 13 (46 %) patients, of mixed type in 8 (29 %), hyperechoic in 4 (14%) and of target type in 3 (11%) patients. There was no correlation between the radiologic features of the metastases and the type of the primary tumour. Ultrasound examination disclosed the presence of metastases in other abdominal organs in 25 (81%) of the patients. Twenty-eight (90%) patients died during follow-up; the median survival time being 4 months (range 2 weeks to 26 months).
Computed Tomography in T1 Carcinoma of the Larynx
Authors: Kolbenstvedt A. , Charania B. , Natvig K. , Tausjø J.
Published: June 2015

The findings at computed tomography (CT) were reviewed in 33 patients with laryngeal carcinoma classified as T1 at clinical examination. CT revealed extralaryngeal growth and thus changed the classification to T4 in 6 of the 20 patients with a supraglottic primary tumor, but in none of the 13 patients with a glottic tumor.
Size of Normal Hilar Lymph Nodes Measured in Autopsy Specimens
Authors: Kiyono K. , Sone S. , Izuno I. , Sakai F. , Oguchi M. , Imai Y. , Imai S. , Shigematsu S. , Ishigame H.
Published: June 2015

The normal size of lymph nodes for each region of the hilum was determined by direct measurement of the short and long diameters of each node in the transverse plane of the node and the longitudinal diameter in the vertical plane of the node in 30 adult cadavers. The mean short transverse diameters ranged from 3.2 to 6.4 mm, the mean long transverse diameters ranged from 4.9 to 10.0 mm, and the mean longitudinal diameters ranged from 5.7 to 11.3 mm. The largest mean transverse diameters were found in the anterior upper lobe (AUL) and the inferior interlobar (IIL) regions. We noted a different maximum normal size for lymph nodes in each region of the hilum and determined the standard maximum normal short transverse diameters to be as follows: 12 mm for nodes in the right AUL and IIL regions, 10 mm for nodes in the right superior interlobar region and the left AUL and IIL regions, and 8 mm for nodes in other regions. Both the maximum normal long transverse diameters and the longitudinal diameters showed a wider variation, ranging from 18 to 10 mm and from 20 to 12 mm, respectively.
Paravertebral Arteriovenous Malformation with Venous Connection to Left Iliac Vein
Authors: Matsunaga N. , Hayashi K. , Aikawa H. , Maeda H.
Published: June 2015

An unusual systemic arteriovenous malformation arising from the left 9th intercostal artery, taking a caudal course through the left paravertebral veins, eventually drained into the left ascending lumbar vein, as illustrated at computed tomography and angiography. An embryologic maldevelopment of the azygos venous system is not the only possible explanation for venous drainage in the caudal direction. We believe that predominant venous drainage can take place in either direction because of the potentially bidirectional flow in the vertebral venous systems.
Urinary Protein Excretion following Intravenously Administered Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media in Man
Authors: Skovgaard N. , Holm J. , Hemmingsen L. , Skaarup P.
Published: June 2015

Urinary protein excretion following intravenous administration of the radiographic contrast media (CM) diatrizoate (ionic) and iopromide (non-ionic) was examined in 20 patients with normal renal function. Neither of the two CM had any effect on the 24-h urinary excretion of albumin (a marker of glomerular proteinuria). The 24-h urinary excretion of the retinol-binding protein (a marker of low molecular weight or tubular proteinuria) and the folate binding protein, a protein localized in the brush-border membranes of the proximal tubular cells, showed a statistically significant transient increase the day after diatrizoate injection, whereas no increase was observed after iopromide. Thus, only a minimal and temporary disturbance of the renal proximal tubular function was observed after diatrizoate injection in patients with normal renal function.
Ear Workshop on Education in Radiology in Europe, Held in Berlin/GDR on
Authors: Tessier J. P. , Lüning M. , Delorme G. , Natho W.
Published: June 2015

The workshop on Education in Radiology in Europe was held in Berlin on October 21st 1988, organized by the Commission of Education of the European Association of Radiology (EAR).

Thirty-three representatives from 20 countries took part in this workshop, as well as 23 GDR university teachers and one radiologist from China as guests.

This workshop was preceded by an inquiry among all EAR member countries on the following subjects, and the results of this inquiry were included in the report and the discussion.
Computed Tomography in Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Potente G.
Published: June 2015

Early recognition of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and of other similar angiotrophic fungal pneumonias has been claimed in previous reports to be possible with computed tomography (CT) and may improve survival of immunocompromised hosts. Chest CT was performed, in the course of fungal pneumonia, in 11 leukemia patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, either with (n=8) or without (n=5) contrast enhancement. Early (n=5, before the 7th day from the beginning of the clinical setting) chest CT always demonstrated one or more nodules or mass-like infiltrates surrounded by a halo of low attenuation. This halo was absent in middle (n=4, after 7 days) and later (n=4, after 15 days) CT examinations. The contrast-enhanced nodules or mass-like infiltrates showed a peripheral enhancement in 4/8 cases with a target feature (hyperdense peripheral ring and isodense central area). CT showed a non-specific enlargement of liver and spleen in 2 patients. Early chest CT should be used in the management of opportunistic pneumonias.
Low Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Focal Hepatic Masses at 0.02 T
Authors: Ekelund L. , Athlin L.
Published: June 2015

The diagnostic utility of extremely low field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was evaluated in 25 patients with focal hepatic masses, including 17 with primary (n=7) or secondary (n= 10) malignant neoplasms and 8 with benign lesions (6 hemangiomas). The findings were compared with the results of computed tomography (CT). Out of 16 patients with malignant tumors demonstrated by both modalities, the diagnostic information from MR imaging was equal to or better than that from CT in 6 patients and inferior to CT in 10. Shortcomings of MR were mainly due to low signal-to-noise ratio and poor spatial resolution, resulting in an image quality inferior to that obtained at higher field strengths. Considering these facts, together with the long imaging times required, low field MR cannot be recommended for general use in the evaluation of hepatic masses. On the other hand, our results indicate that this technique may be useful in establishing the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma.
Generalized Increase of Arterial Blood Flow to the Liver Observed at Visceral Radiocolloid Angiography
Authors: Rudberg U. , Hesser U. , Udén R.
Published: June 2015

Visceral radiocolloid angiography was performed in 1 230 consecutive patients studied with scintigraphy of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). The hepatic arterial flow was considered increased if an early and obviously increased accumulation of the radiocolloid occurred in the liver during the visceral radionuclide angiography, i.e. that the early part of the liver time-activity curve coincided with the early parts of the kidney and spleen time-activity curves with respect to time and steepness. A generalized increase of arterial blood flow to the liver was found in 70 patients, of whom 54 per cent had alcoholic liver disease, 20 per cent metastatic liver disease, 19 per cent had various diagnoses, and in 7 per cent no certain diagnosis was found. Generalized increase of arterial blood flow to the liver gives a typical appearance in radiocolloid angiography and the corresponding time-activity curves. It may be a sign of severe disease, most often localized in the liver, but in some cases it may be of extrahepatic origin. In 27 per cent it was the only obvious pathologic finding. It was in a few cases a reversible condition. Generalized increase of arterial blood flow to the liver is a clinically important finding that could escape detection if radionuclide angiography is not included in the RES scintigraphy.