bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The Strange Case of the Botulinum Neurotoxin: Using Chemistry and Biology to Modulate the Most Deadly Poison
Authors: Willis Bert , Eubanks Lisa M. , Dickerson Tobin J. , Janda Kim D.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Medicinal Organometallic Chemistry: Designing Metal Arene Complexes as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Peacock Anna F. A. , Sadler Peter J.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Proteins in Mesoporous Silicates
Authors: Hudson Sarah , Cooney Jakki , Magner Edmond
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods for Multiply Substituted Butadiene‐Containing Building Blocks
Authors: Xi Zhenfeng , Zhang Wen‐Xiong
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: KP1019, A New Redox‐Active Anticancer Agent — Preclinical Development and Results of a Clinical Phase I Study in Tumor Patients
Authors: Hartinger Christian G. , Jakupec Michael A. , Zorbas‐Seifried Stefanie , Groessl Michael , Egger Alexander , Berger Walter , Zorbas Haralabos , Dyson Paul J. , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorophyll Catabolites
Authors: Kraeutler Bernhard
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Defence Strategies of Higher Fungi
Authors: Spiteller Peter
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ceragenins: Cholic Acid Based Mimics of Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Lai Xin‐Zhong , Feng Yanshu , Pollard Jacob , Chin Judy N. , Rybak Michael J. , Bucki Robert , Epand Raquel F. , Epand Richard M. , Savage Paul B.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Design with L‐ and D‐α‐Amino Acid Structures as the Alphabet
Authors: Durani Susheel
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring β‐Sheet Structure and Interactions with Chemical Model Systems
Authors: Nowick James S.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Methylation of Peptides: A New Perspective in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Chatterjee Jayanta , Gilon Chaim , Hoffman Amnon , Kessler Horst
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Peptidic Peptidomimetics
Authors: Seebach Dieter , Gardiner James
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hollow Crescents, Helices, and Macrocycles from Enforced Folding and Folding‐Assisted Macrocyclization
Authors: Gong Bing
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Shape‐Programmable Macromolecules
Authors: Schafmeister Christian E. , Brown Zachary Z. , Gupta Sharad
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimicry of Surfactant Protein C
Authors: Brown Nathan J. , Johansson Jan , Barron Annelise E.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Aminoxy Acids: New Possibilities from Foldamers to Anion Receptors and Channels
Authors: Li Xiang , Wu Yun‐Dong , Yang Dan
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpenoids from the Schisandraceae Family
Authors: Xiao Wei‐Lie , Li Rong‐Tao , Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Pu Jian‐Xin , Sun Han‐Dong
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Turning the Corner: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of the Welwitindolinones
Authors: Brown Lauren E. , Konopelski Joseph P.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Regeneration of Nicotinamide Cofactors
Authors: Luetz Stephan
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Azidoalkylphosphonates, ‐phosphinates and ‐phosphine Oxides
Authors: Gajda Anna , Gajda Tadeusz
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: P,N and Non‐Phosphorus Ligands
Authors: Pfaltz Andreas , Bell Sharon
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Alkene Hydrogenation: Monodentate Ligands
Authors: van den Berg Michel , Feringa Ben L. , Minnaard Adriaan J.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An End to the Drought of Quantum Spin Liquids
Authors: Lee Patrick A.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin Currents and Spin Superfluidity
Authors: Sonin E. B.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
H14[NaP5W29MoO110]: a Novel and Useful Catalyst for Aminolysis of Epoxides with Amines under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: HERAVI Majid M. , BEHBAHANI Farahnaz K. , OSKOOIE Hossien A. , BAMOHARRAM Fatemeh F.
Published: December 2008

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of β‐amino alcohols by ring opening of epoxides in the presence of a catalytic amount of H14[NaP5W29MoO110] at room temperature under solvent‐free conditions. The reaction works well for both aromatic and aliphatic amines.
Liquid‐liquid‐solid Equilibrium for Two Quaternary Systems Potassium Chloride+Rubidium Chloride+1/2‐Propanol+Water at 25 °C
Authors: GUO Hai‐Yan , HU Man‐Cheng , ZHAI Quan‐Guo , LI Shu‐Ni , JIANG Yu‐Cheng , WANG Mei‐Xia
Published: December 2008

The phase equilibria of two quaternary systems K+, Rb+//Cl‐1/2‐C3H7OH, H2O have been investigated at 25 °C. The liquid‐solid phase equilibrium of ternary system KCl+RbCl+H2O has been determined. The liquid‐liq‐ uid‐solid phase equilibrium of the five different KCl/RbCl mass factions (from 1/0, 0.75/0.25, 0.5/0.5, 0.25/0.75 to 0/1) in the mixed solvent of 1/2‐C3H7OH‐H2O was investigated. The integrated phase diagrams were drawn for two quaternary systems and the salting effects of the 1/2‐C3H7OH were discussed. The results of the fitting for liquid‐ liquid data by a five‐coefficient equation and the tie line data by the Eisen‐Joffe equation are reasonable.
Interaction of Ni(II) Complex of Thiaxanthone with DNA
Authors: LUAN Ni‐Na , XU Jun‐Peng , ZHU Zao‐Long , SHEN Shao‐Bin , DONG Yin‐Long , SONG Yu‐Min
Published: December 2008

A Ni(II) complex of thiaxanthon‐2‐yl‐oxyacetate (NiL2, L=thiaxanthon‐2‐yl‐oxyacetate) has been synthesized and characterized by IR, DTA‐TG and elemental analysis methods. The interaction of the Ni(II) complex of thiaxanthone with DNA has been studied by agarose gel electrophoresis, UV‐Vis absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and cyclic voltammetry methods. The result of agarose gel electrophoresis suggested that the complex can cleave the plasmid DNA at physiological pH and temperature when the concentration is lower than 0.2 mmol·L−1. And it was found that the Ni(II) complex could more effectively promote the cleavage of plasmid DNA than other transition metal complexes. The result of UV‐Vis absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism and cyclic voltammetry indicated that the complex bound to ct‐DNA mainly in an intercalating mode.
Optimization of the Separation of Quinolines in Micellar Liquid Chromatography by Experimental Design and Regression Models
Authors: HADJMOHAMMADI M. R. , KAMEL K.
Published: December 2008

The chemometrics approach was applied to the optimization of separation of quinolines in micellar liquid chromatography (MLC). The effect of four experimental parameters on chromatographic retention time was investigated by means of multivariate analysis. The factors considered were the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the organic modifier concentration and the length of its alkyl chain, and pH of the mobile phase. The experiments were performed according to a face centered cube response surface experimental design. In order to optimize the separation a Pareto‐optimality method was employed. The models were verified, because a good agreement was observed between the predicted and experimental values of the chromatographic response function in the optimal condition. The obtained regression models were characterized by both descriptive and predictive ability
(R2≥0.97 and RCV2≥0.92) and allowed the chromatographic separation of the quinolines with a good resolution and a total analysis time of 50 min.
Ferric Perchlorate Catalyzed One‐pot Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐2‐pyrimidinones and ‐thiones: an Expedient Protocol for the Biginelli Reaction
Authors: HERAVI Majid Momahed , BEHBAHANI Farahnaz Kargar , OSKOOIE Hossien Abdi
Published: December 2008

An efficient synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐pyrimidinones and ‐thiones using ferric perchlorate as the catalyst from an aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and urea or thiourea in acetonitrile was described. Compared to the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, this new method consistently has the advantage of full catalysis, good yields and short reaction time.
A Facile Aqueous Synthesis of Bis(indol‐3‐yl)alkanes Catalyzed by Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid
Authors: PENG Yi‐Yuan , ZHANG Qiu‐Lan , YUAN Jian‐Jun , CHENG Jin‐Pei
Published: December 2008

An environmentally friendly synthetic method for bis(indol‐3‐yl)alkane derivatives has been developed. In the presence of 10 mol% of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), electrophilic substitution reaction of indoles with aldehydes or ketones proceeded smoothly in water, giving rise to the corresponding bis(indol‐3‐yl)alkanes in good to excellent yields. The use of inexpensive and easily available catalyst, mild reaction conditions and simple work‐up procedure made this protocol practical and economically attractive.
A Novel Practical Synthesis of Phenanthrenes Using Iron(III) Chloride Involved Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling at Room Temperature
Authors: LÜ Mao‐Yun , WANG Kai‐Liang , CAI Fei , WANG Hai‐Ying , WANG Qing‐Min
Published: December 2008

Iron(III) chloride has been used to prepare the polymethoxy substituted phenanthrene derivatives via intramolecular oxidative coupling of (E or Z)‐2,3‐di(substituted phenyl)acrylate at room temperature in excellent yields. Mild reaction conditions and the use of inexpensive and nontoxic FeCl3 provide a novel practical and large‐scaled viable route for the synthesis of the important phenanthrene rings.
Biomimetic Synthesis of Twenty‐four Long‐chained Diketones as Precursors for Muscone and Further Macrocyclic Ketones
Authors: GUO Yuan , CHEN Kang‐Yu , LI Jian‐Li , SHI Zhen
Published: December 2008

The one‐carbon unit transfer reaction of tetrahydrofolate coenzyme was initiated. Bisbenzimidazolium salts were used as a tetrahydrofolate coenzyme model, and thus the biomimetic synthesis of twenty‐four acyclic diketones as precursors for macrocyclic ketones was successfully accomplished by using the addition‐hydrolysis reaction of the bisbenzimidazolium salts with alkyl magnesium halide, wherein six diketones have not been reported in literature. Accordingly, a short route to muscone analogues was provided.
Nitration of Substituted Benzenes Catalyzed by Metal Bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imides in Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquids
Authors: WANG Shuo‐Jin , SUN Zhi‐Ying , NIE Jin
Published: December 2008

The nitrations of substituted benzenes proceeded rapidly and cleanly with very good yields in Cu(N(C4F9SO2)2)2/ [N4446][Tf2N] or In(NTf2)3/[N4446][Tf2N] catalyst system, in which HNO3/Ac2O was used as the nitrating agent. For the nitration of chlorobenzene when 2 mol% catalyst was used at room temperature for 10 min, 87.6% and 90.6% of conversion of chlorobenzene were achieved, respectively and the para/ortho ratios of products were about 4.3–4.8. The catalyst systems with ionic liquid could be recovered easily and reused more than 5 times.
Mild and Efficient Catalytic Protocol for Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols Using Acidic Keggin and Wells‐Dawson Structures
Authors: TAYEBEE Reza
Published: December 2008

A simple, mild and effective procedure is reported to the generation of 2‐tetrahydropyranyl acetals from alcohols. Keggin and Wells‐Dawson heteropolyoxometalates were used as catalysts at ambient temperature in acetone as solvent with good yields and high selectivities in a short reaction time. Different reaction parameters affecting efficiency of the protocol were also studied. The use of these acid catalysts allows replacing the usual soluble inorganic acids, contributing to waste reduction.
Therapy‐related acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with the hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone regimens
Authors: Verma Dushyant , O'Brien Susan , Thomas Deborah , Faderl Stefan , Koller Charles , Pierce Sherry , Kebriaei Partow , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop , Ravandi Farhad
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND:

Secondary malignancies including myeloid neoplasms occur infrequently in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and to the authors' knowledge have not been as well documented in adults as in children.

METHODS:

A total of 641 patients with de novo ALL who were treated with the hyper‐CVAD (hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) regimen or its variants were analyzed.

RESULTS:

Sixteen patients (2.49%) developed secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) (6 patients) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (10 patients). At the time of ALL diagnosis, the median age was 53 years; cytogenetics were normal in 11 patients, pseudo‐diploidy with del(2) in 1 patient, t(9;22) in 1 patient, and unavailable in 3 patients. Frontline therapy included hyper‐CVAD in 7 patients, hyper‐CVAD with rituximab in 8 patients, and hyper‐CVAD with imatinib in 1 patient. Karyotype at time of AML/MDS diagnosis was −5, −7 in 9 patients, normal in 1 patient, complex in 1 patient, inv(11) in 1 patient, t(4;11) in 1 patient, del(20) in 1 patient, and unavailable in 2 patients. Secondary AML/MDS developed at a median of 32 months after ALL diagnosis. Cytarabine plus anthracycline–based treatment was given to 12 patients with AML and high‐risk MDS. One patient with MDS received arsenic trioxide, 1 received clofarabine, and 2 received decitabine. Response to treatment was complete remission in 3 patients, partial remission in 6 patients, and no response in 6 patients; 1 patient was untreated. Eight patients (1 with AML and 7 with MDS) underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and all but 2 died at a median of 3 months (range, 0.5–11 months) after transplantation. The median overall survival after a diagnosis of secondary AML and MDS was 9.25 months (range, 1+ to 26+ months).

CONCLUSIONS:

Secondary AML and MDS occur infrequently in adult patients with de novo ALL treated with the hyper‐CVAD regimens, and response to therapy is poor. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Static and dynamic convergence studies of a four‐noded membrane finite element with rotational degrees of freedom based on displacement superposition
Authors: Çalık Karaköse Ülkü H. , Askes Harm
Published: December 2008

Static and dynamic performance tests of a four‐noded quadrilateral isoparametric membrane finite element enriched with rotational degrees of freedom (DOF) are presented. The formulation is based on displacement superposition whereby the in‐plane displacements are decomposed additively into a regular, low‐order contribution (governed by the nodal in‐plane displacements) and a higher‐order contribution (governed by the nodal in‐plane rotations). The sensitivity of the element to element distortion and element aspect ratio is investigated. Comparisons with standard bilinear finite elements are made for static and dynamic loading case. It is demonstrated that the studied element exhibits an accuracy per DOF that is superior to the standard bilinear finite element. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Study of Dialcarb “Distillable” Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Wang Huan , Zhao Chuan , Bhatt Anand I. , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Lu Jia‐Xing , Bond Alan M.
Published: December 2008

Electrode‐dependent potential windows (see picture, GC=glassy carbon) are determined for five dialkylammonium carbamate (dialcarb) room‐temperature ionic liquids in a systematic study of their physical and electrochemical properties. The viscosity and conductivity of the dialcarb ionic liquids, which are “distillable” at low temperature, are comparable to those of some conventional room‐temperature ionic liquids.

magnified image

The physical and electrochemical properties of five “distillable” room‐temperature ionic liquids from the dialcarb family (dialkylammonium carbamates formed from CO2 and dialkyl amines) are systematically investigated. In particular dimethyl (DIMCARB), diethyl (DIECARB), dipropyl (DIPCARB), methylethyl (MEETCARB), and methylpropyl (MEPRCARB) carbamate ionic liquids are studied. The temperature dependence of the viscosity and conductivity of MEETCARB exhibit an Arrhenius‐type relationship. Except for DIPCARB, which has too high a resistance, a reference potential scale is available by using the IUPAC recommended redox system, that is the cobalticenium/cobaltocene (Cc+/Cc) process, which exhibits an ideal reversible voltammetric response. Oxidation of decamethylferrocene, but not ferrocene, also is ideal in DIMCARB, DIECARB, MEETCARB, and MEPRCARB. The magnitudes of the potential windows of the electrochemically viable dialcarbs are investigated and follow the order of glassy carbon>Au>Pt>Hg. Diffusion coefficients of Cc+, DmFc, and double‐layer capacitance values are compared in each dialcarb. Despite the considerable viscosity of the dialcarbs, steady‐state voltammetric behavior is achieved at a rotating disk electrode for rotation rates of 1000 rpm or higher.
Limiting Current in a Flowing‐Electrolyte‐Type Droplet Cell
Authors: Fushimi Koji , Yamamoto Shunsuke , Konno Hidetaka , Habazaki Hiroki
Published: December 2008

To the limit: Electrolyte flow accelerates the mass‐transfer process in a droplet cell (see picture). The limiting current in the cell is expressed as a sum of hydrodynamic and stagnant terms. The current derived from the latter term indicates that convective mass transfer in the cell would be changed dramatically at a significantly small volumetric flow rate.

magnified image

Convective mass transfer in a flowing‐electrolyte‐type droplet cell (f‐DC) is investigated for quantitative analysis of an electrode process and precise electrofabrication of microstructures using this device. The limiting current in the f‐DC was expressed theoretically and its practical equation is investigated experimentally by cyclic voltammetry in solutions containing a redox mediator. The limiting‐current equation in the f‐DC derived experimentally could be expressed as a sum of hydrodynamic and stagnant terms. The current derived from the latter term of the f‐DC is ten times larger than that in a conventional stagnant cell, thus indicating that the convective mass transfer in the cell would be changed dramatically at a small volumetric flow rate.
Effects of litter‐overlapping on emotionality, stress response, and reproductive functions in male and female rats
Authors: Uriarte Natalia , Ferreira Annabel , Rosa Ximena F. , Lucion Aldo B.
Published: December 2008

In rats, mating at postpartum estrus and delayed dispersal of the young would result in the overlapping of two different‐age litters. As a consequence, newborn pups' early experience will include not only that acquired during the interaction with the mother and age‐matched littermates, but also with older siblings. As early‐life experience modulates rodents' brain function, behavior and reproduction, we aimed to assess how changes in the early environment provoked by the overlapping of litters would affect emotionality, stress response and reproductive functions of male and female pups during adulthood. Results showed that both male and female overlapped reared pups exhibited a reduced behavioral inhibition in the open field test during adulthood. In addition, overlapped reared adult females, but not males, showed a blunted corticosterone response to an acute stressor during diestrus and a reduction in sexual behavior. In summary, natural changes in early experience provoked by the overlapping of litters, long‐term modulate affective and reproductive behaviors, and the endocrine stress response in a sex dimorphic manner. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 259–267, 2009
Classroom implications of recent research into literacy development: from predictors to assessment
Authors: Shapiro Laura R. , Hurry Jane , Masterson Jackie , Wydell Taeko N. , Doctor Estelle
Published: December 2008

We outline how research into predictors of literacy underpins the development of increasingly accurate and informative assessments. We report three studies that emphasize the crucial role of speech and auditory skills on literacy development throughout primary and secondary school. Our first study addresses the effects of early childhood middle ear infections, the potential consequences for speech processing difficulties and the impact on early literacy development. Our second study outlines how speech and auditory skills are crucially related to early literacy in normally developing readers, whereas other skills such as motor, memory and IQ are only indirectly related. Our third study outlines the on‐going impact of phonological awareness on reading and wider academic achievement in secondary‐school pupils. Finally, we outline how teachers can use the current research to inform them about which assessments to conduct, and how to interpret the results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2‐Quinoxalinol Salen Copper Complexes for Oxidation of Aryl Methylenes
Authors: Wu Xianghong , Gorden Anne E. V.
Published: December 2008

A copper(II) complex of the 2‐quinoxalinol salen ligand (salquCu) 1 has been tested for use in catalysis. Here, an optimized method for oxidation of aryl methylenes and its potential applications are described. In organic solvents, the yields obtained are higher than with other commonly used catalytic methods. Because this methods does not require high heat or increased pressure, this presents an opportunity for more environmentally friendly or “green” chemistry in a single‐phase system. Using this method, a key fragment of natural products Vitamin K1 and K2, 1,4‐naphthoquinone, can be easily synthesized from 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene in increased yield (65 %) as compared to established methods (30–40 % yield) that require higher temperatures and increased pressure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Phosphonium Coupling in the Direct Bond Formations of Tautomerizable Heterocycles via C–OH Bond Activation
Authors: Kang Fu‐An , Sui Zhihua , Murray William V.
Published: December 2008

Since the original report in 2004, phosphonium coupling has emerged as a new, mild, efficient, chemoselective and versatile methodology for the direct C–C, C–N, C–O, and C–S bond formations of unactivated and unprotected tautomerizable heterocycles. Phosphonium coupling proceeds via C–OH bond activation of a tautomerizable heterocycle with a phosphonium salt (e.g., PyBroP), and subsequent functionalization with either a nucleophile through SNAr displacement or an organometallic through transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling. As the first direct bond formation via C–OH bond activation, phosphonium coupling offers a powerful and practical methodology that features operational simplicity, functionality compatibility, and broad substrate scope. Its attractive protecting‐group‐free direct bond formation involving a domino multiple‐step process in a single step provides unique and facile access to many biologically important heterocycles including macromolecules with sensitive functionalities (e.g., DNA, RNA and PNA building blocks). Consequently, the discovery of phosphonium coupling has finally enabled a single‐step transformation in nucleoside chemistry, which has been an unsolved synthetic challenge in the past half‐century. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A Versatile Synthesis of Annulated Carbazole Analogs Involving a Domino Reaction of Bromomethylindoles with Arenes/Heteroarenes
Authors: Dhayalan Vasudevan , Clement J. Arul , Jagan Radhakrishnan , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K.
Published: December 2008

A ZnBr2‐mediated arylation of aryl/heteroaryl methyl bromides with arenes at 80 °C led to the formation of arylated products, which underwent subsequent 1,5‐sigmatropic rearrangement followed by electrocyclization and aromatization with loss of a diethylmalonate unit to afford the corresponding annulated products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Speciation of Arsenic under Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Ackermann J. , Vetterlein D. , Tanneberg H. , Neue H.‐U. , Mattusch J. , Jahn R.
Published: December 2008

In periodically flooded soils, reductive conditions can occur, which favor the dissolution of Fe (hydr)oxides. Fe (hydr)oxides such as goethite are important sorbents for arsenate (AsV), which is the dominant As species in soils under aerobic conditions. Hence, the dissolution of Fe (hydr)oxides under reductive conditions can result in the mobilization and reduction of AsV and, thus, in an increase in the bioavailability of arsenic. The temporal dynamics of these processes and possible re‐sorption or precipitation of arsenite (AsIII) formed are poorly understood. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the temporal change in the redox potential and arsenic speciation with time after a simulated flooding event in a quartz‐goethite organic matter substrate, spiked with AsV, was examined. During a period of 6 weeks, substrate solutions were sampled weekly using micro‐suction cups and analyzed for pH, AsIII and AsV, Fe, Mn and P concentrations. Redox potentials and matric potentials were determined in situ in the substrate‐bearing cylinders. The redox potential and the ratio between AsIII and AsV concentrations remained unchanged during the experiment without organic matter application. With organic matter applied, the redox potential decreased and the AsIII concentrations in the substrate solution increased while the total As concentrations in the substrate solution strongly decreased. An addition of goethite (1 g/kg) per se led to a decrease of the total As in the substrate solution (almost 50 %). In respect to the potential As availability for plants, and consequently, the transfer into the food chain, the results are difficult to evaluate. The lower the total As concentrations in the substrate solution, determined with decreasing redox potential, the least plant As uptake will occur. This effect may however be compensated by a shift of the molar P/AsV ratio in the solution in favor of AsV which is expected to increase the As uptake.
Bog Iron Ores and their Potential Role in Arsenic Dynamics: An Overview and a “Paleo Example”
Authors: Banning A.
Published: December 2008

Bog iron ores (BIOs), i.e. terrestrial accumulations of iron (Fe) minerals forming within the zone of groundwater oscillation, have been described in several regions in Germany and other countries. Since BIOs are composed of a variety of Fe minerals, primarily amorphous Fe hydroxides, they are likely to have an influence on the arsenic (As) dynamics of an area, as these minerals represent important natural As sources and sinks. In this study, mineralogical research results (XRD, microscopy) of altered BIOs of Tertiary age (“paleo” BIOs or PBIOs), occurring within Cretaceous sands in an area of North Rhine‐Westphalia, are briefly presented. Genesis and mineralogical evolution of the categorized five different types of PBIOs, along with hydrogeochemical data from the literature, are discussed and compared to studies describing Holocene BIOs from other areas. In doing so, striking similarities (depositional environment, substratum, Fe source and its transport, geochemical evolution, and mineralogy) became evident. Differences in mineralogical and chemical composition can be attributed to the longer period of oxidation that the PBIOs have undergone (Fe hydroxide “aging”). This process is still ongoing (most of the groundwaters in the area plot in the goethite stability field) and leads to a higher stability of the Fe phases and thus, a stronger As retention. The known impact of the PBIOs on the As budget of the study area (they represent the source for elevated As concentrations in soils) can be transferred to more recent environments fostering BIO formation. These are likely to be even more important As sinks – and sources – as they contain higher Fe concentrations, higher shares of potentially mobile As and highly variable redox conditions which might lead to an As output from the BIOs into groundwater, soils and plants. Therefore, BIOs and their potential role in As behaviour are not only of scientific, but also of public interest.
Treatment of Hexafluoroarsenate from Contaminated Water: A Case Study
Authors: Daus B. , Weiss H. , Bernhard K. , Hoffmann P. , Neu T. R. , von Tümpling W. , Wennrich R.
Published: December 2008

Wastewater from the crystal glass factory can contain arsenic as hexafluoroarsenate. On the basis of a case study, an optimized treatment procedure for a hexafluoroarsenate‐containing surface water is presented using a strong basic anion exchanger. To minimize the microbial activity by forming biofilms on the surface of the exchanger material, distinctive technical features were described on the basis of results from laboratory and pilot plant tests. Silver impregnation of the ion exchange material has been shown to be not suitable due to a decrease in capacity by surface covering. Pre‐filters appear to be an inexpensive and effective option to increase the lifespan of the filters. A volume of 15 m3 of contaminated water was cleaned up using 1 kg of ion exchange resin on site in 250 hours. The ion exchange process has shown to be capable of cleaning waters contaminated with hexafluoroarsenate.
Transformation of Arsenobetaine and Growth of Bacteria on Zeolitic Tuffs
Authors: Mattusch J. , Elizalde‐González M. P. , Pérez‐Cruz M. A. , Ondruschka J. , Wennrich R.
Published: December 2008

Arsenobetaine (AsB) is a known organoarsenical of harmless toxicity. It is formed mainly by the metabolization of arsenate in marine organisms such as fish, mollusks and crustaceans. Preliminary investigations have shown that AsB can be degraded in contact with zeolites used as feed additives. Employing high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with simultaneous parallel electrospray ionization (ESI) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP‐MS) detection, the formation of degradation products was monitored over fifty days in batch reactors containing AsB and clinoptilolites in an aqueous solution. After a 50‐day contact with different natural Mexican zeolites, the AsB concentration decreased by 37 to 100 %. In contrast, no degradation products of AsB were detected after contact with a synthetic clinoptilolite. The formation of dimethyl (1‐carboxymethyl) arsine and arsenate proceeded with different yields in the set of four natural zeolites. To search for the presence of bacteria on the zeolites as an alternative explanation for the metabolism of AsB in our experiments, the growth of microorganisms was studied on two natural clinoptilolites from Hungary and Mexico after severe acid wash. After 10 days of cultivation in iron and sulfur media, almost a threefold increase of the microbial population was observed. In further experiments on the retention of inorganic arsenic, one sample retained, for example, 25 μg/g As(V) and 2.5 μg/g As(III) from a 400 μg/L arsenic solution.
Redox Dynamics of Arsenic Species in the Root‐Near Environment of Juncus effusus Investigated in a Macro‐Gradient‐Free Rooted Gravel Bed Reactor
Authors: Rahman K. Z. , Wiessner A. , Kuschk P. , Mattusch J. , Offelder A. , Kästner M. , Müller R. A.
Published: December 2008

In the framework of investigating the dynamics of As species within the planted soil beds of treatment wetlands, the redox dynamics of As species particularly in the root‐near environment of the rhizosphere were investigated. For this purpose, long‐term experiments were carried out using a specially designed macro‐gradient‐free rooted gravel bed reactor, planted with Juncus effusus to treat an artificial wastewater containing As (200 μg As/L). The exceptional quality of the biofilm processes at the helophyte root‐surfaces in treatment wetlands were of special importance in this investigation. The results showed that under C‐deficient conditions, a highly efficient As immobilization (> 85 %), obviously due to adsorption and/or co‐precipitation, was attained. The addition of organic carbon immediately caused an elevated As concentration and enrichment of As(III) (nearly 80 % of total As) in the reactor. Increasing the SO42– concentration in the artificial wastewater inflow facilitated a high As immobilization (> 82 %) under sulfate reducing condition. In principle, a highly efficient microbial dissimilatory sulfate reduction contributed to S2– formation and a greater As immobilization (most likely as As2S3) under C surplus and reducing conditions. Significant differences in As immobilization were observed by varying the inflow of the SO42– concentration (0.2, 5, 10, 25 S/L) under C surplus conditions. More As(III) precipitates (15 % less in the outflow) when the inflow of the SO42– concentration was decreased from 25 mg S/L to 10 mg S/L. Immobilized As showed greater instability by releasing As(V) (up to 85 % of total As) due to changes in the dynamic redox conditions inside the reactor. Re‐oxidation of reduced sulfur into other S species (e.g. S0, SO42–) due to plant‐root mediated O2 release probably caused an oxidative dissolution of already precipitated insoluble As (e.g. As2S3) and as a consequent As remobilization. The findings of this study highlighted the significance of SO42– in relation to organic C supply in planted soil beds treating As‐contaminated wastewater under constructed wetland conditions.
Biotechnological Coproduction of Compatible Solutes and Polyhydroxyalkanoates using the Genus Halomonas
Authors: Mothes G. , Schubert T. , Harms H. , Maskow T.
Published: December 2008

An increased usage of poly‐β‐hydroxyalkanoates (PHA), for instance as bulk biodegradable and biocompatible plastics, will require a cheaper production and downstream processing. If the synthesis of this intracellular biopolyester could be combined with the production of another valuable intracellular product, the economic balance of the process could be improved. It was found that the moderately halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata simultaneously synthesizes PHA and a protector molecule, called ectoine. Whereas the synthesis of PHA is a response to the shortage of nutrients, the production of ectoine counteracts osmotic imbalances. This behavior is in so far surprising as the conditions of a bi‐factorial stress initiate the fast simultaneous synthesis of ectoine and PHA. In the presence of 100 g/L NaCl, Halomonas elongata accumulated up to 50 % w/w PHA and up to 14 % ectoine within 2–3 days under so far non‐optimized conditions. Furthermore, it was found that other Halomonas species (e.g. Halomonas halodenitrificans and own isolates of Halomonas halodeneurihalina and Halomonas salina) were able to produce both ectoine and PHA.
Seismic behavior of single‐story asymmetric‐plan buildings under uniaxial excitation
Authors: Lucchini Andrea , Monti Giorgio , Kunnath Sashi
Published: December 2008

The critical parameters that influence the nonlinear seismic response of asymmetric‐plan buildings are identified by evaluating the effects of different asymmetries that may characterize the structure of a building as well as exploring the influence of the ground motion features. First, the main findings reported in the literature on both the linear and nonlinear dynamic response of asymmetric‐plan buildings are presented. The common findings and the conflicting conclusions reached in different investigations are pointed out. Then, the results of comprehensive nonlinear dynamic analyses performed for evaluating the seismic response of systems characterized by different strength and stiffness configurations, representative of a large class of asymmetric‐plan buildings, are reported. Findings from the study indicate that the building response changes when moving from the linear to the nonlinear range, so that the seismic behavior of asymmetric‐plan buildings, apart from the source of asymmetry, can be always classified as irregular. Additionally, it was observed that as the seismic demands cause amplification of system nonlinearity with increasing earthquake intensity, the maximum displacement demand in the different resisting elements tends to be reached with the same deformed configuration of the system. The resultant of the seismic forces producing such a maximum demand is located at the center of resistance and corresponds to the collapse mechanism of the system that provides the maximum lateral strength in the exciting direction of the seismic action. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time implementation of digital relay models using MATLAB/SIMULINK and RTDS
Authors: Apostolopoulos Christos A. , Korres George N.
Published: December 2008

In this paper, an integrated environment for real‐time simulation, analysis and validation of digital relay models, based on MATLAB/SIMULINK and RTDS, is presented. A detailed analysis and discussion for this environment is given and example cases are used to illustrate its implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutlet micromorphology and its systematic implication in Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) in Iran
Authors: Salmaki Y. , Zarre S. , Jamzad Z.
Published: December 2008

Nutlets of 31 taxa of Stachys (29 species and two subspecies), representing nine of the currently recognized sections and one species of the closely related genus Sideritis (S. montana) distributed in Iran were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The basic shape of nutlets in most taxa studied is ovate, but rounded; broad ovate, oval, triangular and oblong can also be found in few species. Regarding sculpturing pattern of nutlet surface seven basic types can be distinguished: reticulate, colliculate, scalariform, verrucate, ruminate, foveate and rugose. The reticulate type is the most common among the studied species, but the variation in alignment, size and shape of its composing cells provide further evidence that are useful as diagnostic characteristics. However, the type of sculpturing is more useful for separating species within the sections, rather than correlating the related ones to each other. For example in sect. Eriostemum, five species known in Iran, show four different types of sculpturing. However, nutlet microsculpturing is not useful in separating large natural groups like sections in this genus. It seems also that contrary to other genera of Lamiaceae, nutlet characters are of low phylogenetic value in this genus, especially due to high variation even among closely related species. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Editorial
Authors: Weatherill Nigel P.
Published: December 2008

This special issue contains selected high‐quality papers from the invited lectures of the Fourth International Symposium on Finite Volumes for Complex Applications—Problems and Perspectives (FVCA), which was sponsored by Marrakech University of Science and Technology in Morocco and held in the university on July 4–8, 2005. The FVCA symposia series aims to provide an international and privileged forum for the exchange and profitable discussions bringing together mathematicians, physicists and engineers concerned with finite volume techniques in both theory and practice. Indeed, the finite volume method is nowadays adopted by a broad base of the scientific community including those concerned with the use of numerical simulations in the resolution of complex physical problems in industry, civil engineering and the environmental.

This special issue contains six papers based on those that were presented as invited lectures at FVCA4. Particular attention is focused on convergence, error analysis and new fields of application. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.