bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supportive care with art therapy, for patients in isolation during stem cell transplant
Authors: Agnese Alessandra , Lamparelli Teresa , Bacigalupo Andrea , Luzzatto Paola
Published: March 2012

Objective:

The aim of the art therapy study was twofold: 1) to identify the specific factors of the art therapy experience perceived as helpful by patients undergoing an allogenic hemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); and 2) to establish an appropriate criterion for referral to art therapy among this population.

Method:

Between 2006 and 2010, a dedicated art therapist met all the patients who were referred to her by the hematologist. The art therapy approach and techniques are described. Outcome was evaluated by self-assessment, based on written questionnaires that were given to the patients before discharge.

Results:

Seventy-four patients followed the weekly individual sessions during isolation and filled out the questionnaire. All of them defined the art therapy experience as “helpful” and specified in which way it had been helpful. Through a thematic analysis of the patients' written comments, three specific aspects of art therapy, which the patients found most helpful, were identified: (1) being able to calm down from anxiety, through the use of art therapy techniques (77.02%); (2) feeling free to express and share difficult feelings, which they had not communicated verbally (75.67%); and (3) establishing meaningful connections with their loved ones, through images made in art therapy (36.48%). Case illustrations are provided.

Significance of results:

The results suggest that referral to art therapy from the team might be helpful and appropriate: (1) when patients are anxious; (2) when they are uncommunicative and hide their feelings; and (3) when they feel disconnected from their loved ones at home.
Innovativeness and Paralysis in International Climate Policy
Authors: Streck Charlotte
Published: March 2012

This article describes the challenges of using the constrained tools of international law to negotiate a sustainable framework to address climate change. It sets out to show how the particularities of the problem have led to creative and innovative solutions expanding the borders of international law. To this end, the article discusses carbon market mechanisms, the compliance regime of the Kyoto Protocol, and the emerging framework to create incentives to reduce land-based emissions in developing countries. These examples illustrate that the recognition of the role of sub-national and private entities in mitigating climate change has had significant impact on the rules of the climate regime. But the article also asserts that theunprocess, while recognizing the role of private actors, is still inadequately equipped to involve non-state actors in a meaningful way. The climate regime therefore challenges the traditional thinking about interstate relationships. No longer solely a matter for international environmental law, contemporary environmental governance has become a global affair, which makes the lens of transnational law a useful tool to think about these issues in practice in a more intellectually fruitful and relevant way. This article thereby provides a snapshot of the type of issues and discussion that readers of this journal can look forward to in the years to come.
Charged nanograins in the Enceladus plume
Authors: Hill T. W. , Thomsen M. F. , Tokar R. L. , Coates A. J. , Lewis G. R. , Young D. T. , Crary F. J. , Baragiola R. A. , Johnson R. E. , Dong Y. , Wilson R. J. , Jones G. H. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Mitchell D. G. , Horányi M.
Published: March 2012

There have been three Cassini encounters with the south‐pole eruptive plume of Enceladus for which the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) had viewing in the spacecraft ram direction. In each case, CAPS detected a cold dense population of heavy charged particles having mass‐to‐charge (m/q) ratios up to the maximum detectable by CAPS (∼104 amu/e). These particles are interpreted as singly charged nanometer‐sized water‐ice grains. Although they are detected with both negative and positive net charges, the former greatly outnumber the latter, at least in the m/q range accessible to CAPS. On the most distant available encounter (E3, March 2008) we derive a net (negative) charge density of up to ∼2600 e/cm3 for nanograins, far exceeding the ambient plasma number density, but less than the net (positive) charge density inferred from the RPWS Langmuir probe data during the same plume encounter. Comparison of the CAPS data from the three available encounters is consistent with the idea that the nanograins leave the surface vents largely uncharged, but become increasingly negatively charged by plasma electron impact as they move farther from the satellite. These nanograins provide a potentially potent source of magnetospheric plasma and E‐ring material.
Past and future contribution of global groundwater depletion to sea‐level rise
Authors: Wada Yoshihide , van Beek Ludovicus P. H. , Sperna Weiland Frederiek C. , Chao Benjamin F. , Wu Yun‐Hao , Bierkens Marc F. P.
Published: March 2012

Recent studies suggest the increasing contribution of groundwater depletion to global sea‐level rise. Groundwater depletion has more than doubled during the last decades, primarily due to increase in water demand, while the increase in water impoundments behind dams has been tapering off since the 1990s. As a result, the contribution of groundwater depletion to sea‐level rise is likely to dominate over those of other terrestrial water sources in the coming decades. Yet, no projections into the 21st century are available. Here we present a reconstruction of past groundwater depletion and its contribution to global sea‐level variation, as well as 21st century projections based on three combined socio‐economic and climate scenarios (SRES) with transient climate forcing from three General Circulation Models (GCMs). We validate and correct estimated groundwater depletion with independent local and regional assessments, and place our results in context of other terrestrial water contributions to sea‐level variation. Our results show that the contribution of groundwater depletion to sea‐level increased from 0.035 (±0.009) mm yr−1 in 1900 to 0.57 (±0.09) mm yr−1 in 2000, and is projected to increase to 0.82 (±0.13) mm yr−1 by the year 2050. We estimate the net contribution of terrestrial sources to be negative of order −0.15 (±0.09) mm yr−1 over 1970–1990 as a result of dam impoundment. However, we estimate this to become positive of order +0.25 (±0.09) mm yr−1 over 1990–2000 due to increased groundwater depletion and decreased dam building. We project the net terrestrial contribution to increase to +0.87 (±0.14) mm yr−1 by 2050. As a result, the cumulative contribution will become positive by 2015, offsetting dam impoundment (maximum −31 ± 3.1 mm in 2010), and resulting in a total rise of +31 (±11) mm by 2050.
Microbes inside—from diversity to function: the case of Akkermansia
Authors: Belzer Clara , de Vos Willem M
Published: March 2012

The human intestinal tract is colonized by a myriad of microbes that have developed intimate interactions with the host. In healthy individuals, this complex ecosystem remains stable and resilient to stressors. There is significant attention on the understanding of the composition and function of this intestinal microbiota in health and disease. Current developments in metaomics and systems biology approaches allow to probe the functional potential and activity of the intestinal microbiota. However, all these approaches inherently suffer from the fact that the information on macromolecules (DNA, RNA and protein) is collected at the ecosystem level. Similarly, all physiological and other information collected from isolated strains relates to pure cultures grown in vitro or in gnotobiotic systems. It is essential to integrate these two worlds of predominantly chemistry and biology by linking the molecules to the cells. Here, we will address the integration of omics- and culture-based approaches with the complexity of the human intestinal microbiota in mind and the mucus-degrading bacteria Akkermansia spp. as a paradigm.
Pre-eclampsia and offspring cardiovascular health: mechanistic insights from experimental studies
Authors: Davis Esther F. , Newton Laura , Lewandowski Adam J. , Lazdam Merzaka , Kelly Brenda A. , Kyriakou Theodosios , Leeson Paul
Published: March 2012

Pre-eclampsia is increasingly recognized as more than an isolated disease of pregnancy. Women who have had a pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia have a 4-fold increased risk of later cardiovascular disease. Intriguingly, the offspring of affected pregnancies also have an increased risk of higher blood pressure and almost double the risk of stroke in later life. Experimental approaches to identify the key features of pre-eclampsia responsible for this programming of offspring cardiovascular health, or the key biological pathways modified in the offspring, have the potential to highlight novel targets for early primary prevention strategies. As pre-eclampsia occurs in 2–5% of all pregnancies, the findings are relevant to the current healthcare of up to 3 million people in the U.K. and 15 million people in the U.S.A. In the present paper, we review the current literature that concerns potential mechanisms for adverse cardiovascular programming in offspring exposed to pre-eclampsia, considering two major areas of investigation: first, experimental models that mimic features of the in utero environment characteristic of pre-eclampsia, and secondly, how, in humans, offspring cardiovascular phenotype is altered after exposure to pre-eclampsia. We compare and contrast the findings from these two bodies of work to develop insights into the likely key pathways of relevance. The present review and analysis highlights the pivotal role of long-term changes in vascular function and identifies areas of growing interest, specifically, response to hypoxia, immune modification, epigenetics and the anti-angiogenic in utero milieu.
Enhanced Wang Landau sampling of adsorbed protein conformations
Authors: Radhakrishna Mithun , Sharma Sumit , Kumar Sanat K.
Published: March 2012

Using computer simulations to model the folding of proteins into their native states is computationally expensive due to the extraordinarily low degeneracy of the ground state. In this paper, we develop an efficient way to sample these folded conformations using Wang Landau sampling coupled with the configurational bias method (which uses an unphysical “temperature” that lies between the collapse and folding transition temperatures of the protein). This method speeds up the folding process by roughly an order of magnitude over existing algorithms for the sequences studied. We apply this method to study the adsorption of intrinsically disordered hydrophobic polar protein fragments on a hydrophobic surface. We find that these fragments, which are unstructured in the bulk, acquire secondary structure upon adsorption onto a strong hydrophobic surface. Apparently, the presence of a hydrophobic surface allows these random coil fragments to fold by providing hydrophobic contacts that were lost in protein fragmentation.
Kinetic effects of trapped energetic particles on stability of external kink modes with a resistive wall
Authors: Hao G. Z. , Liu Y. Q. , Wang A. K. , Qiu X. M.
Published: March 2012

Kinetic effects of trapped energetic particles (EPs) on stability of the external kink mode with a resistive wall are investigated in detail, on the basis of the theory model developed in a previous paper [G. Z. Hao, A. K. Wang, Y. Q. Liu, and X. M. Qiu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 015001 (2011)]. The results indicate that, when the perpendicular beta β* of the trapped EPs exceeds a critical value βc*, a bursting fishbone-like mode (FLM) instability, with external kink eigenstructure ,can be triggered, which rapidly grows with increasing β*(>βc*), and eventually becomes a dominant instability. Detailed physical analyses are carried out, comparing radial profiles of the EPs kinetic energy for both the FLM and the conventional resistive wall mode (RWM). On the other hand, a mode conversion between the FLM and RWM can directly occur. This work also presents a systematic investigation of effects of various physical parameters on the FLM instability. An interesting new finding is the existence of multiple critical points in β*, for the FLM triggering. The number of critical points depends sensitively on the trapped EPs pitch angle. In addition, it is found that there can be a critical value of the pitch angle, beyond which the critical βc*, for triggering the FLM, jumps from a large value to a small one. The FLM instability, with the m/n=3/1 mode structure, can also be triggered by the trapped EPs.
Liquid crystal micro-lenticular array assembled by a fringing field
Authors: Xu Miao , Ren Hongwen , Nah Changwoon , Hee Lee Seung , Liu Yifan
Published: March 2012

Based on dielectrophoretic effect, the phase separation morphology of liquid crystal (LC) in a liquid monomer can be manipulated by a fringing field. Applying the fringing field generated from interdigitated electrode upon the LC/monomer mixture, the randomly dispersed LC droplets can be assembled to grating-like stripes. When the field is removed, the LC stripes break into tiny droplets again. This process is reversible and stable. Our results show that the surface profile of each LC stripe exhibits a lenticular shape. The response time of the LC morphology converting from droplets to stripes and from stripes to droplets is ~0.96 s. Potential applications of this controllable morphology can be found in optical communications, beam steering, imaging, and displays.
The stabilization of a hypersonic boundary layer using local sections of porous coating
Authors: Wang Xiaowen , Zhong Xiaolin
Published: March 2012

The stabilization effect of porous coating on the hypersonic boundary layers over flat plates and cones has been studied by theoretical analyses, experiments, and numerical simulations. It was found that porous coating slightly destabilizes Mack's first mode whereas it significantly stabilizes Mack's second mode. In previous studies, porous coating covers either the entire flat plate or the surface around half the cone circumference. The effect of porous coating location on boundary-layer stabilization has not been considered. Furthermore, the destabilization of Mack's first mode has not been studied in detail. In this paper, the stabilization of a Mach 5.92 flat-plate boundary layer using local sections of porous coating is studied with the emphasis on the effect of porous coating location and the first-mode destabilization. Artificial disturbances corresponding to a single boundary-layer wave are introduced near the leading edge. A series of stability simulations are carried out by locally putting felt-metal porous coatings along the flat plate. It is found that disturbances are destabilized or stabilized when porous coating is located upstream or downstream of the synchronization point. For felt-metal porous coating, the destabilization of Mack's first mode is significant. The results suggest that an efficient way to stabilize hypersonic boundary-layer flows is to put porous coating downstream of the synchronization point. Finally, porous coating is used to stabilize the boundary layer disturbed by one blowing-suction actuator.
Measurement of virtual cathode structures in a plasma sheath caused by secondary electrons
Authors: Li Wei , Ma J. X. , Li Jing-ju , Zheng Yao-bang , Tan Ming-sheng
Published: March 2012

The measured potential profiles of unmagnetized plasma sheath near a stainless steel plate exhibit deep virtual cathode structures caused by secondary electrons produced by high-speed ions hitting the surface of the plate. The depth and thickness of the virtual cathode depend on the ion streaming energy and gas pressure. The experimental results are in agreement with numerical calculations.
Effective permeability of a metamaterial: Against conventional wisdom
Authors: Syms R. R. A. , Solymar L.
Published: March 2012

A method for finding the effective permeability of metamaterials is presented, based on the interaction between electromagnetic and magnetoinductive waves. Assuming a coupled circuit model for the interaction, a dispersion equation is derived that exhibits two types of bandgaps, one leading to complex solutions and the other to purely evanescent waves. Although losses are disregarded, the effective permeability (in contrast to established theories) is shown to have an imaginary part in part of the stop band, while its real part remains finite in both the pass band and the stop band.
Statistics and scaling of turbulence in a spatially developing mixing layer at Reλ = 250
Authors: Attili Antonio , Bisetti Fabrizio
Published: March 2012

The turbulent flow originating from the interaction between two parallel streams with different velocities is studied by means of direct numerical simulation. Rather than the more common temporal evolving layer, a spatially evolving configuration, with perturbed laminar inlet conditions is considered. The streamwise evolution and the self-similar state of turbulence statistics are reported and compared to results available in the literature. The characteristics of the transitional region agree with those observed in other simulations and experiments of mixing layers originating from laminar inlets. The present results indicate that the transitional region depends strongly on the inlet flow. Conversely, the self-similar state of turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation agrees quantitatively with those in a temporal mixing layer developing from turbulent initial conditions [M. M. Rogers and R. D. Moser, “Direct simulation of a self-similar turbulent mixing layer,” Phys. Fluids 6, 903 (1994)]. The statistical features of turbulence in the self-similar region have been analysed in terms of longitudinal velocity structure functions, and scaling exponents are estimated by applying the extended self-similarity concept. In the small scale range (60 < r/η < 250), the scaling exponents display the universal anomalous scaling observed in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The hypothesis of isotropy recovery holds in the turbulent mixing layer despite the presence of strong shear and large-scale structures, independently of the means of turbulence generation. At larger scales (r/η > 400), the mean shear and large coherent structures result in a significant deviation from predictions based on homogeneous isotropic turbulence theory. In this second scaling range, the numerical values of the exponents agree quantitatively with those reported for a variety of other flows characterized by strong shear, such as boundary layers, as well as channel and wake flows.
Mechanically tunable magnetic properties of Fe81Ga19 films grown on flexible substrates
Authors: Dai Guohong , Zhan Qingfeng , Liu Yiwei , Yang Huali , Zhang Xiaoshan , Chen Bin , Li Run-Wei
Published: March 2012

We investigated on magnetic properties of magnetostrictive Fe81Ga19 films grown on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates under various mechanical strains. The unstrained Fe81Ga19 films exhibit a significant uniaxial magnetic anisotropy due to a residual stress in PET substrates. It was found that the squareness of hysteresis loops can be tuned by an application of strains, inward/compressive or outward/tensile bending of the films. A modified Stoner-Wohlfarth model with considering a distribution of easy axes in polycrystalline films was developed to account for the mechanically tunable magnetic properties in flexible Fe81Ga19 films. These results provide an alternative way to tune mechanically magnetic properties, which is particularly important for developing flexible magnetoelectronic devices.
The Dynamics of Primitive Accumulation: With Application to Rural China
Authors: Webber Michael
Published: March 2012

The author examines the dynamics of primitive accumulation through market-based competition for factors of production. Although much existing analysis of primitive accumulation focuses on accumulation through dispossession, in fact, competition in factor markets is one of the two principal means of primitive accumulation in rural China. A model of market-based interaction between capitalist and noncapitalist production is estimated with data from China in the 1990s. In this model there is no tendency for capitalist production to eliminate other forms of production; nor for income differences between sectors to disappear. Rates of migration between noncapitalist and capitalist systems of production depend on the means and variances of incomes in the two sectors; however, at incomes prevailing in 1990s China, rates of migration were predicted to be (and in fact were) higher where capitalist incomes are higher, where noncapitalist incomes are higher, and where the ratio of capitalist:noncapitalist incomes are lower.
Beyond the Dilemma of Mobility: Exploring New Ways of Matching Intellectual and Physical Mobility
Authors: Ferreira António , Batey Peter , Brömmelstroet Marco Te , Bertolini Luca
Published: March 2012

Mobility has become a central aspect of many people's lives. This is the natural result of the massive investments made in the transport sector throughout the world. These investments were made because the benefits provided by mobility are many. However, the negative effects resulting from mobility cannot be ignored when sustainability is considered. This poses a question: how can we experience the positive effects of mobility without experiencing the negative ones as well? Through the use of an unorthodox paper structure we facilitate the exploration of multiple directions of academic scrutiny which might provide solutions for this question.
How Spatial Segregation Changes over Time: Sorting Out the Sorting Processes
Authors: Bailey Nick
Published: March 2012

Although there is strong evidence that segregation on socioeconomic lines has risen in many countries over the last few decades, comparatively little is known about the processes by which this happens. While it is often assumed that selective migration is the dominant process, this has rarely been demonstrated. This paper proposes a more comprehensive framework to analyse processes driving changes in segregation—a ‘neighbourhood accounts’ framework. The framework is tested using data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study for 1991–2001, focusing on the working-age population. Contrary to what many have assumed, selective migration is shown to have only a very weak impact on changes in spatial segregation, and is certainly not the dominant factor—at least in this particular context. The effects of ageing or cohort replacement and of uneven rates of status change or social mobility appear much more important. This raises important issues for policies to tackle segregation.
Citations to Australian Astronomy: 5- and 10-Year Benchmarks
Authors: Kenyon Katherine H. , Paramasivam Arjun , Tu Jiachin , Zhang Albert , Graham Alister W.
Published: March 2012

Expanding upon Pimbblet's 2011 analysis of careerh-indices for members of the Astronomical Society of Australia, we provide additional citation metrics which are geared to quantifying the current performance of all professional astronomers in Australia. We have trawled the staff web-pages of Australian Universities, Observatories and Research Organisations hosting professional astronomers, and identified 384 PhD-qualified, research-active, astronomers in the nation. 132 of these are not members of the Astronomical Society of Australia. Using the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System, we provide the three following common metrics based on publications in the first decade of the 21st century (2001–2010):h-index, author-normalised citation count and lead-author citation count. We additionally present a somewhat more inclusive analysis, applicable for many early-career researchers, that is based on publications from 2006–2010. Histograms and percentiles, plus top-performer lists, are presented for each category. Finally, building on Hirsch's empirical equation, we find that the (10-year)h-index and (10-year) total citation countTcan be approximated by the relationh(0.5 + √T)/√5 forh≳ 5.
Visible genetic polymorphisms in domesticated animal species.
Authors: Lauvergne J. J. , Millar P. , Meutchièye F. , Bouchel D.
Published: March 2012

Visible genetic polymorphisms are very frequent in domesticated animal species. Historically, they were used very early on by breeders to create standardized breeds. If flocks or herds breed at random, polymorphic populations occur (usually variegated, because most of the viable visible alleles that were kept after domestication act on coat colour) in agreement with the laws of population genetics, using the relative value of genotypic fitness coefficients. Such populations became known as primary populations or primary breeds. Numerous descriptions of polymorphic, variegated populations are available, especially for goats and sheep in Africa. Of these, many are probably primary breeds, but records of random mating (panmixia) are scarce. It appears that, after domestication, primary breeds arose, and it was within those that hot spots of standardization appeared later, resulting in standardized breeds.
Error Adaptation in Mental Arithmetic
Authors: Desmet Charlotte , Imbo Ineke , De Brauwer Jolien , Brass Marcel , Fias Wim , Notebaert Wim
Published: March 2012

Until now, error and conflict adaptation have been studied extensively using simple laboratory tasks. A common finding is that responses slow down after errors. According to the conflict monitoring theory, performance should also improve after an error. However, this is usually not observed. In this study, we investigated whether the characteristics of the experimental paradigms normally used could explain this absence. More precisely, these paradigms have in common that behavioural adaptation has little room to be expressed. We therefore studied error and conflict adaptation effects in a task that encounters the richness of everyday life's behavioural adaptation—namely, mental arithmetic, where multiple solution strategies are available. In accordance with our hypothesis, we observed that posterror accuracy increases after errors in mental arithmetic. No support for conflict adaptation in mental arithmetic was found. Implications for current theories of conflict and error monitoring are discussed.
Revolutionary anatomy: the lessons of the Sudanese revolutions of October 1964 and April 1985
Authors: El-Affendi Abdelwahab
Published: March 2012

In spite of the numerous challenges it faces (including a traumatic split), Sudan has not yet fallen to the domino effect of Arab revolutions. However, Sudan has not just one but two experiences from which to draw lessons about the conduct of successful peaceful popular revolutions against entrenched despots. In both instances the revolutions (in 1964 and 1985) came well ahead of similar waves of revolutionary fervour elsewhere, and they were extremely ‘low-tech’ and rather local affairs, not benefiting from new media, international trends or external pressure. This paper offers a close analysis of Sudan’s remarkable revolutionary heritage, and asks what lessons it throws up for the present.
The 2011 Josephine Waters Bennett Lecture: From the Sheephook to the Scepter: The Ambiguities of David's Rise to the Throne*
Authors: Prescott Anne Lake
Published: March 2012

King David's rise from tending sheep to governing Israel impressed Renaissance writers, not least the poets and clergymen who found a model in his musical “psalmograph.” Yet ambiguities nestle in allusions to his career. Though many stressed that his ascent was thanks to divine election and not to ambition or guile, the fact remained that David did not inherit his scepter. Europe, though, was for the most part ruled by those with dynastic claims, and it had a class system in which literal shepherds should know their place, even if the Bible asserts that the valleys shall be exalted and the mountains made low. Comments on kings and bishops as shepherds, on shepherds as kings, and on David's upward career are fascinating to trace precisely because their social and political context can give them the energy of a concealed ambivalence.
Extraordinary magnetoresistace in planar configuration
Authors: Oszwaldowski M , El-Ahmar S , Jankowski J
Published: March 2012

Two-dimensional (2D) planar version of the construction of an extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR) based magnetic field sensor is proposed and verified in practice. The proposed 2D planar construction differs from the standard three-dimensional (3D) constructions by the position of the metallic shunt. In the new construction the metallic thin film of the shunt is coplanar with the sensitive semiconductor thin film. One of the advantages of that physically 2D planar construction is that it can be easily realized with the standard thin-film technology. Another advantage is that it is applicable to the preparation of EMR sensors based on the high mobility electron/hole gas confined in the new electronic materials like graphene and the topological insulator thin films both being physically 2D by nature. The validity of the planar construction is experimentally confirmed for model EMR sensors based on InSb/Ag thin films. Some interesting physical properties of those sensors are also described.
Characteristics of InAs/InGaAs/GaAs QDs on GeOI substrates with single-peak 1.3 µm room-temperature emission
Authors: Liang Y Y , Yoon S F , Ngo C Y , Loke W K , Fitzgerald E A
Published: March 2012

GaAs-based quantum dot (QD) systems, especially InAs/InGaAs/GaAs QDs, have demonstrated superior device performances as compared with higher dimensional systems. However, to realize high-speed optical interconnects for Si-based electronics, one will need to grow the QDs on Si substrates. While it is promising to integrate the InAs/InGaAs/GaAs QDs on Si with the use of germanium-on-insulator-on-silicon (GeOI) substrates, reported results exhibit bimodal QD sizes and double emission peaks, i.e. unsatisfactory for realistic applications. In this paper, we showed that with an optimized GaAs buffer, single-peak 1.33 µm room-temperature emission can be obtained from InAs/InGaAs/GaAs QDs on GeOI substrates.
Diffraction radiation of a sub-wavelength hole array with dielectric medium loading
Authors: Zhang Ping , Zhang Yaxin , Hu Min , Liu Weihao , Zhou Jun , Liu Shenggang
Published: March 2012

In this paper we show that under the excitation of a line current of electron beam, a dielectric medium loading in the lower half-space of a sub-wavelength hole array brings essential changes to the diffraction radiation. In the lower half-space, the surface wave becomes a radiation wave. The fundamental space harmonic is transformed into Cherenkov radiation with unique characteristics and the first negative space harmonic is converted into a radiation wave with the angle of Smith–Purcell radiation. Consequently, in the lower half-space interference happens due to these two kinds of diffraction radiation. The results of numerical calculations based on analytical theory agree well with that obtained by computer simulations. The mechanism may have good potential applications in modern physics.
Cell surface annexins regulate ADAM-mediated ectodomain shedding of proamphiregulin
Authors: Nakayama Hironao , Fukuda Shinji , Inoue Hirofumi , Nishida-Fukuda Hisayo , Shirakata Yuji , Hashimoto Koji , Higashiyama Shigeki
Published: March 2012

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) is a family of enzymes involved in ectodomain shedding of various membrane proteins. However, the molecular mechanism underlying substrate recognition by ADAMs remains unknown. In this study, we successfully captured and analyzed cell surface transient assemblies between the transmembrane amphiregulin precursor (proAREG) and ADAM17 during an early shedding phase, which enabled the identification of cell surface annexins as components of their shedding complex. Annexin family members annexin A2 (ANXA2), A8, and A9 interacted with proAREG and ADAM17 on the cell surface. Shedding of proAREG was increased when ANXA2 was knocked down but decreased with ANXA8 and A9 knockdown, because of enhanced and impaired association with ADAM17, respectively. Knockdown of ANXA2 and A8 in primary keratinocytes altered wound-induced cell migration and ultraviolet B–induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), suggesting that annexins play an essential role in the ADAM-mediated ectodomain shedding of EGFR ligands. On the basis of these data, we propose that annexins on the cell surface function as “shedding platform” proteins to determine the substrate selectivity of ADAM17, with possible therapeutic potential in ADAM-related diseases.
1-[(2S)-1-Chloro-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole
Authors: Xiao Yongmei , Yang Liangru , He Kun , Yuan Jinwei , Mao Pu
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C30H25ClN2, the chiral center maintains theSconfiguration of the stating L-phenylalaninol. The two phenyl groups closest to the substituted N atom adopt an almost perpendicular orientation relative to the central imidazole ring, with dihedral angles of 88.9 (4) and 84.7 (3)°. The third phenyl group is nearly coplanar with it, making a dihedral angle of 11.0 (5)°.
Bis(methacrylato-κO)bis(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine-κN)copper(II)
Authors: Ejaz  , Khan Islam Ullah , Murtaza Alina , Harrison William T. A.
Published: March 2012

In the monomeric title complex, [Cu(C4H5O2)2(C8H11N)2], the CuIIatom lies on a centre of inversion. Its coordination by two substituted pyridine ligands and two carboxylate anions leads to a slightly distortedtrans-CuN2O2square-planar geometry. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the pyridine (py) ring and the carboxylate group is 74.71 (7)°. The dihedral angles between the planar CuN2O2core and the py ring and carboxylate plane are 67.72 (5) and 89.95 (5)°, respectively. Based on the refined C=C and C—C bond lengths, the terminal =CH2and –CH3groups of the carboxylate anion may be disordered, but the disorder could not be resolved in the present experiment. Several intramolecular C—H...O interactions occur. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating chains propagating in [100].
1-(2-Methylbenzyl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde
Authors: Wu Yang , Ren Wen , Wang Qiang , He Gu
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C17H15NO, the benzene ring and the indole system are almost perpendicular, making a dihedral angle of 87.82 (6)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H...O and π–π stacking interactions with centroid–centroid distances of 3.592 (4) Å between the pyrrole and the benzene rings in the indole systems of neighboring molecules.
2-Fluoro-N′-[(2-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylidene]benzohydrazide
Authors: Li He-Bing
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H15FN2O2, contains two molecules,AandB, in which the dihedral angles between the ring systems are 46.4 (2) and 17.24 (14)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked into [010] chains of alternatingAandBspecies by N—H...O hydrogen bonds.
3-Acetyl-1-(2-methylphenyl)thiourea
Authors: Shahwar Durre , Tahir M. Nawaz , Chohan Muhammad Mansha , Ahmad Naeem , Raza M. Asam
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C10H12N2OS, the toluene and theN-carbamothioylacetamide units are oriented at dihedral angle of 78.75 (5)°. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates anS(6) ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked into [101] chains by pairs of N—H...S hydrogen bonds [which generateR22(8) loops] and pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds [which generateR22(4) loops]. The two motifs alternate in the chain.
7-Chloro-5-(chloromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile
Authors: Xu Jingli , Liu Hang , Li Guixia , Qi Chuanmin
Published: March 2012

All non-H atoms of the title compound, C8H4Cl2N4, are essentially coplanar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.011 Å. In the crystal, weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite sheets parallel to thebcplane.
[meso-5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)porphyrinato-κ4N,N′,N′′,N′′′]nickel(II)
Authors: Prasath R. , Bhavana P. , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: March 2012

The NiIIatom in the title porphyrin complex, [Ni(C36H16Br4N4S4)], is in a square-planar geometry defined by four pyrrole N atoms. There is considerable buckling in the porphyrin ring with the dihedral angles between the N4donor set and the pyrrole rings being in the range 17.0 (3)–18.8 (3)°. Each of the six-membered chelate rings is twisted about an Ni—N bond and the dihedral angles between diagonally opposite chelate rings are 13.08 (15) and 13.45 (11)°; each pair of rings is orientated in opposite directions. The bromothienyl rings are twisted out of the plane of the central N4core with dihedral angles in the range 51.7 (2)–74.65 (19)°. Supramolecular chains along [001] are formed through C—H...Br interactions in the crystal packing. Three of the four bromothienyl units are disordered over two coplanar positions of opposite orientation with the major components being in 0.691 (3), 0.738 (3) and 0.929 (9) fractions.
(1S,2R,3R,6R,7S,8R,10S,11S)-13-{[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl}-10-hydroxy-4,9-dimethyl-3,8,15-trioxatetracyclo[10.3.0.02,4.07,9]pentadecan-14-one
Authors: Moumou Mohamed , Benharref Ahmed , El Ammari Lahcen , Adil Mina , Berraho Moha
Published: March 2012

The title compound, C25H33ClN2O5, was synthesized from 9α-hydroxyparthenolide (9α-hydroxy-4,8-dimethyl-12-methylene-3,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-en-13-one), which was isolated from the chloroform extract of the aerial parts ofAnvillea radiata. The molecule is built up from fused five- and ten-membered rings with two additional epoxy ring systems and a chlorophenylpiperazine group as a substituent. The ten-membered ring adopts an approximate chair–chair conformation, while the piperazine ring displays a chair conformation and the five-membered ring shows an envelope conformation with the C atom closest to the hydroxy group forming the flap. The molecular conformation is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond between the hydroxy group and a piperazine N atom. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H...O interactions.
2-[(E)-(1,10-Phenanthrolin-5-yl)iminomethyl]phenol methanol monosolvate
Authors: Öztürk Yíldírím Sema , Demirhan Nebahat , Elmalí Fikriye , Butcher Ray J.
Published: March 2012

In the title multi-donor Schiff base compound, C19H13N3O·CH3OH, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the phenanthroline and phenol rings is 59.3 (1)°. The Schiff base molecule is linked to the solvent molecule by an O—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, the components are linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds, weak O—H...N interactions and π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.701 (1) and 3.656 (1) Å].
(Di-2-pyridylamine-κ2N2,N2′)diiodidoplatinum(II)
Authors: Ha Kwang
Published: March 2012

The PtIIion in the title complex, [PtI2(C10H9N3)], is four-coordinated in a distorted square-planar environment defined by the two pyridine N atoms of the chelating di-2-pyridylamine (dpa) ligand and by two I−anions. The dpa ligand is not planar, the dihedral angle between the pyridine rings being 52.8 (3)°. Pairs of complex molecules are assembled through intermolecular N—H...I hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer-type species. The complexes are stacked in columns along thebaxis and display several intermolecular π–π interactions between the pyridine rings, with a shortest ring centroid–centroid distance of 3.997 (5) Å.
4-[5-(Furan-2-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide
Authors: Asiri Abdullah M. , Faidallah Hassan M. , Alamry Khalid A. , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C14H10F3N3O3S, there are significant twists in the molecule, as seen in the values of the dihedral angles between the pyrazole ring and each of the furan [31.1 (2)°] and benzene rings [55.58 (10)°]. The amino N atom occupies a position almost normal to the benzene ring [N—S—Car—Car(ar = aromatic) torsion angle = 83.70 (19)°]. One amino H atom forms a hydrogen bond to the tricoordinate pyrazole N atom and the other interacts with a sulfonamide O atom, forming a supramolecular chain along [010]. The chains are consolidated into a supramolecular layersviaC—H...O interactions involving the second sulfonamide O atom; layers stack along [10-1]. The furan ring was found to be disordered over two diagonally opposite orientations of equal occupancy.
5-Chlorospiro[indoline-3,7′-6H,7H,8H-pyrano[3,2-c:5,6-c′]di[1]benzopyran]-2,6′,8′-trione
Authors: Almansour Abdulrahman I. , Kumar Raju Suresh , Arumugam Natarajan , Kanagalaksmi S. , Suresh J.
Published: March 2012

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C26H12ClNO6, consists of two independent molecules. The central pyran rings and both the 1-benzopyran ring systems are nearly planar in both molecules [r.m.s. deviations of pyan rings = 0.0264 (1) and 0.0326 (1) Å for moleculesAandB, respectively; r.m.s. deviations of benzopyran rings = 0.0439 (1) and 0.0105 (1) for moleculeA, 0.0146 (1) and 0.0262 (1) Å for moleculeB]. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by C—H...O, N—H...O and C—H...π interactions.
4,4′-Bipyridyl–4,4′-(hydroxymethylene)dibenzoic acid (1/1)
Authors: Qin Lan , Xu Lan-Ping , Han Lei
Published: March 2012

In the title 1:1 co-crystal, C10H8N2·C15H12O5, strong intermolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds link alternating molecules of 4,4′-(hydroxymethylene)dibenzoic acid and 4,4′-bipyridyl into zigzag chains in [501]. The crystal packing also exhibits π–π interactions between the 4,4′-bipyridyl rings of neighbouring chains [centroid–centroid distance = 3.608 (3) Å] and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
1-(2,4,6-Trioxo-1,3-diazinan-5-ylidene)thiosemicarbazide
Authors: Bittencourt Viviane C. D. , Gervini Vanessa Carratu , Bresolin Leandro , Locatelli Aline , Oliveira Adriano Bof de
Published: March 2012

The title molecule, C5H5N5O3S, is approximately planar, with a maximum deviation from the mean plane through the non-H atoms of 0.182 (3) Å for the amine N atom. In the crystal, molecules are connectedviaN—H...O and N—H...S interactions, building a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network. Additionally, a weak intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond is observed.
3-Acetyl-1-(3-chlorophenyl)thiourea
Authors: Shahwar Durre , Tahir M. Nawaz , Chohan Muhammad Mansha , Ahmad Naeem , Raza M. Asam
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C9H9ClN2OS, the 3-chlorophenyl and acetylthiourea fragments are oriented at a dihedral angle of 62.68 (5)°. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates anS(6) ring motif. Molecules are linked into dimersviaa cyclicR22(8) motif of N—H...S hydrogen bonds. These dimers are further connected through C—H...S interactions, completing anR22(12) motif, into chains along [010].
(E)-4-[(1-Benzyl-4-benzylidene-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl]benzaldehyde 0.25-hydrate
Authors: Yu Tao , Hu Yimin
Published: March 2012

The crystal structure of the title compound, C26H21NO3·0.25H2O, reveals one stereogenic centre in the molecule. Nevertheless, due to the observed centrosymmetric space group, both enantiomers are present in the crystal packing. The water molecule of crystallisation is located on a crystallographic inversion center. The molecule contains one five-membered ring (A) and three six-membered rings (benzyl ringB, benzylidene ringCand formylbenzyl ringD). All four rings are not coplanar: the dihedral angles between ringsAandB,AandC, andAandDare 70.35 (9), 33.8 (1) and 60.30 (9)°, respectively. In the crystal, pairs of weak C—H...O interactions lead to the formation of centrosymmetric dimers. Additional C—H...O interactions link the dimers into chains along [011].
4-Bromobenzoic acid–6-(4-bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (1/1)
Authors: Kapoor Kamini , Gupta Vivek K. , Paul Satya , Sahi Seema , Kant Rajni
Published: March 2012

In the title 1:1 co-crystal, C10H7BrN4S·C7H5BrO2, the triazolothiadiazole system is approximately planar [with a maximum deviation of 0.030 (4) Å] and forms a dihedral angle of 8.6 (1)° with the bromophenyl ring. In the carboxylic acid molecule, the carboxyl group is rotated by 6.4 (3)° out of the benzene ring plane. The crystal structure features O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.713 (2), 3.670 (2) and 3.859 (3) Å] and short S...N [2.883 (4) Å] contacts.
(E)-4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one
Authors: Sambyal Ambika , Kour Manpreet , Anthal Sumati , Bamzai R. K. , Kant Rajni , Gupta Vivek K.
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C11H12O2, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the but-3-en-2-one group is 4.04 (5)°. The crystal packing features chains, parallel to [-101], composed of dimers connected by weak C—H...O interactions..
4-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazin-1-ium 2-hydroxybenzoate 2-hydroxybenzoic acid monosolvate
Authors: Dayananda A. S. , Yathirajan H. S. , Flörke Ulrich
Published: March 2012

The title compound, C17H19F2N2+·C7H5O3−·C7H6O3, is a co-crystal from 4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]piperazin-1-ium, salicylate anion and salicylic acid in a 1:1:1 ratio. In addition to an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond, the crystal packing shows hydrogen bonds between the piperazinium cation and salicylate anion (N—H...O), as well as between the salicylic acid molecule and anion (O—H...O), giving rise to a three-dimensional network.
Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of pregnancy‐induced hypertension
Authors: De Vera Mary A. , Bérard Anick
Published: March 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Antidepressants represent one of the most commonly used medications during pregnancy.

• There is a scarcity of information on impact of medications on maternal health outcomes.

• As the primary caregiver of the child, the mother's health and well‐being should carry significant weight when making decisions regarding medication use during pregnancy.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Antidepressant use during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of pregnancy‐induced hypertension.

• These findings highlight the importance of further research evaluating the impact of gestational medication use on the health of the mother.

AIM Due to their effect on altering physiological interactions between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor autacoids in normal pregnancies, antidepressants may be associated with the risk of pregnancy‐induced hypertension. We evaluated the impact of antidepressant use during pregnancy on the risk of pregnancy‐induced hypertension.

METHODS We conducted a nested case–control study within the Quebec Pregnancy Registry, built by linkage of provincial medical, pharmaceutical, hospital and birth databases. We identified 1216 women with a diagnosis of pregnancy‐induced hypertension with or without pre‐eclampsia and with no history of hypertension before pregnancy. We randomly selected 10 controls for each case, matched on case index date (date of diagnosis) and gestational age. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using conditional logistic regression models, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, maternal depression, anxiety, other chronic conditions, medication use and health service utilization.

RESULTS Among cases, 45 (3.7%) had used antidepressants during pregnancy compared with 300 (2.5%) in the control group (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.10, 2.09). After adjusting for potential confounders, use of antidepressants during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased risk of pregnancy‐induced hypertension (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.01, 2.33). In stratified analyses, use of selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.00, 2.55), and more specifically, paroxetine (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.02, 3.23) was associated with risk of pregnancy‐induced hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS Women who use antidepressants during pregnancy are at increased risk of pregnancy‐induced hypertension with or without pre‐eclampsia above and beyond the risk that could be attributed to their depression or anxiety disorders.