bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Attention (SA)-ConvLSTM Encoder–Decoder Structure-Based Video Prediction for Dynamic Motion Estimation
Authors: Kim Jeongdae , Choo Hyunseung , Jeong Jongpil
Published: December 2024

Video prediction, which is the task of predicting future video frames based on past observations, remains a challenging problem because of the complexity and high dimensionality of spatiotemporal dynamics. To address the problems associated with spatiotemporal prediction, which is an important decision-making tool in various fields, several deep learning models have been proposed. Convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) can capture space and time simultaneously and has shown excellent performance in various applications, such as image and video prediction, object detection, and semantic segmentation. However, ConvLSTM has limitations in capturing long-term temporal dependencies. To solve this problem, this study proposes an encoder–decoder structure using self-attention ConvLSTM (SA-ConvLSTM), which retains the advantages of ConvLSTM and effectively captures the long-range dependencies through the self-attention mechanism. The effectiveness of the encoder–decoder structure using SA-ConvLSTM was validated through experiments on the MovingMNIST, KTH dataset.
Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Bearing Hub Preform for Minimizing Defects Considering Manufacturing Tolerance in Hot Forging Process
Authors: Oh Minseong , Kim Jinkuk , Cho Juhyun , Kim Mincheol , Joun Mansoo , Hong Seokmoo
Published: December 2024

A study on the optimal design of preforms has previously been actively conducted as a method to solve defects such as voids and flash in forged products. However, previous research has generally been performed through deterministic optimization for ideal cases that do not take manufacturing tolerances into account. As a result, the application of such optimal designs in actual processes may be limited due to various factors such as material manufacturing tolerances and the machining environment of preforms. Therefore, this study conducted reliability-based optimization considering tolerances in billets and preforms. The objective of the study was to optimize the design of a bearing hub and minimize defects in the final product. When comparing deterministic optimization and reliability-based optimization, the former showed relatively superior results in terms of defect indicators but had a higher occurrence of voids and lower forming loads, increasing the probability of void occurrence. On the other hand, the reliability-based optimization showed relatively lower performance in quality improvement indicators, but it successfully met the target reliability of 99% by reducing the probability of defect occurrence. These results were derived using an approximate model based on the Kriging method, providing an optimal design that is practical and effective in actual manufacturing processes.
A Numerical Simulation of Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Chen Hao , Zhao Kai , Luo Linlei , Ma Zhihao , Hu Zhichao , Li Xin , Qu Pengcheng , Pei Yiqiang , An Yanzhao , Gao Zhang
Published: December 2024

Direct-injection technology applied in hydrogen internal combustion engines can effectively prevent backfire, thereby improving the engine performance. Nonetheless, optimizing the injection strategy is highly intricate, requiring a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogen–air mixture formation process inside the cylinder. In this study, a simulation of hydrogen–air mixture formation was systematically conducted in a hydrogen direct-injection internal combustion engine using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Under rated conditions, the influence of the nozzle hole number, injection direction, injection timing, and combustion chamber geometry on the mixture formation was analyzed from the perspectives of flow state and mass transfer. The results indicate that more nozzle holes would lead to more significant non-uniformity of the mixture, mainly due to the Coanda effect. The normalized standard deviation (NSD) of a six-hole nozzle design is 0.3495, which is higher than the NSD of all the single-hole nozzle conditions. By changing the hydrogen injection timing from −144 °CA to −136 °CA, the non-uniformity coefficient of the mixture is little affected, while notable differences in the distribution of the mixture are observed. The appropriate injection directions and optimized combustion chamber geometries could also help to effectively organize the in-cylinder flow, significantly improving the uniformity of the in-cylinder mixture and reducing the likelihood of abnormal combustion events.
Minimization of Material Waste Through Maintenance Interval Optimization in Transport Systems
Authors: Lorenc Augustyn , Kuźnar Małgorzata
Published: December 2024

The optimization of maintenance intervals is crucial for enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness in transport operations. This paper presents a method for optimizing maintenance intervals for vehicles in various modes of transport, focusing on minimizing downtime due to repairs and maintenance. By integrating advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), maintenance intervals are dynamically adjusted using real-time data, resulting in better resource utilization and reduced operational costs. The key findings of this research indicate significant reductions in downtime and maintenance costs, leading to improved efficiency and sustainability across transport modes. Although the case study is based on railway vehicles, the approach is applicable to road, maritime, and air transport as well. By leveraging optimization algorithms, such as machine learning, this solution predicts optimal maintenance timing, thereby reducing resource consumption and improving operational efficiency. The case study on pantograph maintenance demonstrates significant financial savings and reduced waste. This research highlights the benefits of maintenance optimization for sustainability and efficiency across the entire transport sector.
Optimal Charging Current Protocol with Multi-Stage Constant Current Using Dandelion Optimizer for Time-Domain Modeled Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Han Seongik
Published: December 2024

This study utilized a multi-stage constant current (MSCC) charge protocol to identify the optimal current pattern (OCP) for effectively charging lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) using a Dandelion optimizer (DO). A Thevenin equivalent circuit model (ECM) was implemented to simulate an actual LiB with the ECM parameters estimated from the offline time response data obtained through a hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test. For the first time, DO was applied to metaheuristic optimization algorithms (MOAs) to determine the OCP within the MSCC protocol. A composite objective function that incorporates both charging time and charging temperature was constructed to facilitate the use of DO in obtaining the OCP. To verify the performance of the proposed method, various algorithms, including the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) technique, formula method (FM), particle swarm optimization (PSO), war strategy optimization (WSO), jellyfish search algorithm (JSA), grey wolf optimization (GWO), beluga whale optimization (BWO), levy flight distribution algorithm (LFDA), and African gorilla troops optimizer (AGTO), were introduced. Based on the OCP extracted from the simulations using these MOAs for the specified ECM model, a charging experiment was conducted on the Panasonic NCR18650PF LiB to evaluate the charging performance in terms of charging time, temperature, and efficiency. The results demonstrate that the proposed DO technique offers superior charging performance compared to other charging methods.
Developing Innovative Feature Extraction Techniques from the Emotion Recognition Field on Motor Imagery Using Brain–Computer Interface EEG Signals
Authors: Mohamed Amr F. , Jusas Vacius
Published: December 2024

Research on brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) advances the way scientists understand how the human brain functions. The BCI system, which is based on the use of electroencephalography (EEG) signals to detect motor imagery (MI) tasks, enables opportunities for various applications in stroke rehabilitation, neuroprosthetic devices, and communication tools. BCIs can also be used in emotion recognition (ER) research to depict the sophistication of human emotions by improving mental health monitoring, human–computer interactions, and neuromarketing. To address the low accuracy of MI-BCI, which is a key issue faced by researchers, this study employs a new approach that has been proven to have the potential to enhance motor imagery classification accuracy. The basic idea behind the approach is to apply feature extraction methods from the field of emotion recognition to the field of motor imagery. Six feature sets and four classifiers were explored using four MI classes (left and right hands, both feet, and tongue) from the BCI Competition IV 2a dataset. Statistical, wavelet analysis, Hjorth parameters, higher-order spectra, fractal dimensions (Katz, Higuchi, and Petrosian), and a five-dimensional combination of all five feature sets were implemented. GSVM, CART, LinearSVM, and SVM with polynomial kernel classifiers were considered. Our findings show that 3D fractal dimensions predominantly outperform all other feature sets, specifically during LinearSVM classification, accomplishing nearly 79.1% mean accuracy, superior to the state-of-the-art results obtained from the referenced MI paper, where CSP reached 73.7% and Riemannian methods reached 75.5%. It even performs as well as the latest TWSB method, which also reached approximately 79.1%. These outcomes emphasize that the new hybrid approach in the motor imagery/emotion recognition field improves classification accuracy when applied to motor imagery EEG signals, thus enhancing MI-BCI performance.
Study of the Characteristics of Second-Order Underdamped Unsaturated Stochastic Resonance System Driven by OFDM Signals
Authors: Liu Gaohui , Wang Dekang
Published: December 2024

Aiming at the issue of suboptimal demodulation performance in OFDM signal enhancement processes due to slow response speeds in first-order overdamped stochastic resonance systems, this paper designs an OFDM signal enhancement and demodulation system based on second-order underdamped unsaturated bistable stochastic resonance (SUUBSR). Firstly, a nonsaturated bistable potential function model is constructed by combining a traditional monostable potential function with a Gaussian potential function, and a damping coefficient is introduced simultaneously to build the SUUBSR system. Subsequently, the transient and steady-state output response analytical expressions of the SUUBSR system under OFDM signal excitation are derived, the energy loss of OFDM symbol waveforms caused by the transient response of the system is discussed, and the relationship between the damping coefficient and the steady-state output response of the system is explored. Finally, simulations are conducted to evaluate the enhancement and demodulation process of OFDM signals using the SUUBSR system. The simulation results show that at an input signal–noise ratio of 2 dB, compared to the first-order unsaturated bistable stochastic resonance (FUBSR) system, the proposed system reduces the system response time by 3.956% of a symbol period and decreases the demodulation bit error rate for OFDM signals by approximately 35%.
Inactivation of Bioaerosol in Natural Environments Using Tea Tree Oil
Authors: Mirskaya Ekaterina , Agranovski Igor E.
Published: December 2024

In recent years, the need for effective indoor air disinfection procedures and devices has become increasingly important. Numerous studies have highlighted the varying degrees of efficiency with which essential oils control biological aerosols. This project focuses on the antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil, a natural product from Australia, delivered using the “Unitor™ Duct Air Treatment” and “Unitor™ A/C Unit Air Treatment” solutions from Wilhelmsen Ships Service. The study explored multiple scenarios, focusing on the inactivation of bacterial and fungal aerosols in various indoor environments. The findings demonstrated that all tested products efficiently eliminated bacterial and fungal strains, with significant reductions observed even within the first 24 h of treatment. Continued operation over the subsequent six days brought airborne microbial concentrations down to just a few strains per cubic metre. These promising results highlight the potential for the further development of bioaerosol inactivation technologies that employ essential oil vapour discharge over extended periods. The tested products, leveraging the antimicrobial properties of essential oils, present a strong solution for air quality control, particularly in environments prone to high bioaerosol concentrations.
Optimization of General Power-Sum Connectivity Index in Uni-Cyclic Graphs, Bi-Cyclic Graphs and Trees by Means of Operations
Authors: Khan Muhammad Yasin , Ali Gohar , Popa Ioan-Lucian
Published: December 2024

The field of indices has been explored and advanced by various researchers for different purposes. One purpose is the optimization of indices in various problems. In this work, the general power-sum connectivity index is considered. The general power-sum connectivity index was investigated for k-generalized quasi-trees where optimal graphs were found. Further, in this work, we extend the idea of optimization to families of graphs, including uni-cyclic graphs, bi-cyclic graphs and trees. The optimization is carried out by means of operations named as Operation A, B, C and D. The first two operations increase the value of the general power-sum connectivity index, while the last two work opposite to Operations A and B. These operations are explained by means of diagrams, where one can easily obtain their working procedures.
Subclasses of q-Uniformly Starlike Functions Obtained via the q-Carlson–Shaffer Operator
Authors: Hu Qiuxia , Badar Rizwan Salim , Khan Muhammad Ghaffar
Published: December 2024

This article investigates the applications of the q-Carlson–Shaffer operator on subclasses of q-uniformly starlike functions, introducing the class STq(m,c,d,β). The study establishes a necessary condition for membership in this class and examines its behavior within conic domains. The article delves into properties such as coefficient bounds, the Fekete–Szegö inequality, and criteria defined via the Hadamard product, providing both necessary and sufficient conditions for these properties.
Set-Theoretical Solutions for the Yang–Baxter Equation in GE-Algebras: Applications to Quantum Spin Systems
Authors: Senturk Ibrahim , Oner Tahsin , Çalık Abdullah Engin , Şirin Hüseyin , Bilge Metin , Rajesh Neelamegarajan
Published: December 2024

This manuscript presents set-theoretical solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation within the framework of GE-algebras by constructing mappings that satisfy the braid condition and exploring the algebraic properties of GE-algebras. Detailed proofs and the use of left and right translation operators are provided to analyze these algebraic interactions, while an algorithm is introduced to automate the verification process, facilitating broader applications in quantum mechanics and mathematical physics. Additionally, the Yang–Baxter equation is applied to spin transformations in quantum mechanical spin-12 systems, with transformations like rotations and reflections modeled using GE-algebras. A Cayley table is used to represent the algebraic structure of these transformations, and the proposed algorithm ensures that these solutions are consistent with the Yang–Baxter equation, offering new insights into the role of GE-algebras in quantum spin systems.
Functional Differential Equations with an Advanced Neutral Term: New Monotonic Properties of Recursive Nature to Optimize Oscillation Criteria
Authors: Nabih Amany , Albalawi Wedad , Jazmati Mohammad S. , Elrashidi Ali , Ali Hegagi M. , Moaaz Osama
Published: December 2024

The goal of this study is to derive new conditions that improve the testing of the oscillatory and asymptotic features of fourth-order differential equations with an advanced neutral term. By using Riccati techniques and comparison with lower-order equations, we establish new criteria that verify the absence of positive solutions and, consequently, the oscillation of all solutions to the investigated equation. Using our results to analyze a few specific instances of the examined equation, we can ultimately clarify the significance of the new inequalities. Our results are an extension of previous results that considered equations with a neutral delay term and also an improvement of previous results that considered only equations with an advanced neutral term.
An Optimization Model for Production Scheduling in Parallel Machine Systems
Authors: Zu Leting , Liao Wenzhu , Yang Xiaoxia
Published: December 2024

The efficiency and quality of the manufacturing industry are greatly influenced by production scheduling, which makes it a crucial aspect. A well-designed production scheduling scheme can significantly enhance manufacturing efficiency and reduce enterprise costs. This paper presents a tailored optimization model designed to address a more complex production scheduling problem that incorporates parallel machines and preventive maintenance. The proposed solutions aim to achieve a balance between job sequence and machine reliability, considering the minimum maintenance cost rate for determining maintenance cycles of deteriorating machines in real manufacturing scenarios. Furthermore, the objective of minimizing the maximum completion time guides machine assignment and job sequence based on maintenance constraints. The innovation lies in the introduction of a greedy algorithm that utilizes a water injection model to address this NP-hard integrated problem. A pre-distribution model is constructed using the water injection model, and its solution is utilized as input for constructing the production scheduling model, which aids in determining machine assignment and job sequence. This algorithm demonstrates remarkable effectiveness and efficiency, enabling the achievement of an optimal solution. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the computational process, accompanied by an extensive discussion of the results showcasing improved performance. Furthermore, the optimization model developed in this paper can be adapted to tackle the production scheduling problem with modifications tailored for parallel machines.
Variational Bayesian Estimation of Quantile Nonlinear Dynamic Latent Variable Models with Possible Nonignorable Missingness
Authors: Tuerde Mulati , Muhammadhaji Ahmadjan
Published: December 2024

Our study presents an innovative variational Bayesian parameter estimation method for the Quantile Nonlinear Dynamic Latent Variable Model (QNDLVM), particularly when dealing with missing data and nonparametric priors. This method addresses the computational inefficiencies associated with the traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach, which struggles with large datasets and high-dimensional parameters due to its prolonged computation times, slow convergence, and substantial memory consumption. By harnessing the deterministic variational Bayesian framework, we convert the complex parameter estimation into a more manageable deterministic optimization problem. This is achieved by leveraging the hierarchical structure of the QNDLVM and the principle of efficiently optimizing approximate posterior distributions within the variational Bayesian framework. We further optimize the evidence lower bound using the coordinate ascent algorithm. To specify propensity scores for missing data manifestations and covariates, we adopt logistic and probit models, respectively, with conditionally conjugate mean field variational Bayes for logistic models. Additionally, we utilize Bayesian local influence to analyze the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) dataset. Our results highlight the variational Bayesian approach’s notable accuracy and its ability to significantly alleviate computational demands, as demonstrated through simulation studies and practical applications.
First Report of the Thermophilic Thalassoma Pavo (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Central Adriatic Coast of Italy, in Abruzzo
Authors: Arbuatti Alessio , Di Serafino Alessandra , Lucidi Pia
Published: December 2024

The Trabocchi Coast in the Chieti district of the mid-Adriatic (Italy) is one of the few rocky areas within the General Fisheries Commission GSA 17, alongside Mount Conero (Ancona 43°00′01″ N 13°52′13″ E) and the small San Nicola Rock (Ascoli Piceno; 43°32′0″ N 13°36′0″ E). This coastline is known for its biodiversity-rich bays, inlets, and submerged cliffs. Since 2015, annual biodiversity surveys have been conducted in the area, focusing on marine species richness and the identification of non-native species. In September 2024, a juvenile ornate wrasse (Thalassoma pavo) was documented for the first time in the middle Adriatic during an underwater visual survey at Trabocco Punta Torre, a key site along the Trabocchi Coast near artificial and biogenic reefs. This record extends the known distribution of T. pavo, a thermophilic species previously reported only along the southern Adriatic coast of Puglia. This is the first confirmed sighting on the middle and northern Adriatic coast of Italy. The discovery highlights the importance of ongoing biodiversity monitoring to track changes in marine ecosystems, particularly as the Adriatic Sea faces environmental shifts linked to climate warming. The presence of T. pavo in this area suggests the potential for the species to establish populations in previously uninhabited northern regions. Further research is needed to explore the role of biotic and abiotic factors—such as water temperature, current patterns, and habitat availability—in the survival and potential reproduction of T. pavo in the middle Adriatic. The observation contributes to the broader understanding of the meridionalization process in the Adriatic Sea, where rising water temperatures are facilitating the northward expansion of thermophilic species. Continuous monitoring is recommended to assess the long-term viability of T. pavo populations in the Adriatic Sea and better predict the impacts of ongoing climate change on marine biodiversity.
An In Silico Investigation of the Pathogenic G151R G Protein-Gated Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channel 4 Variant to Identify Small Molecule Modulators
Authors: Pitsillou Eleni , Liang Julia J. , Kino Noa , Lockwood Jessica L. , Hung Andrew , El-Osta Assam , AbuMaziad Asmaa S. , Karagiannis Tom C.
Published: December 2024

Primary aldosteronism is characterised by the excessive production of aldosterone, which is a key regulator of salt metabolism, and is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Studies have investigated the association between primary aldosteronism and genetic alterations, with pathogenic mutations being identified. This includes a glycine-to-arginine substitution at position 151 (G151R) of the G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium (K+) channel 4 (GIRK4), which is encoded by the KCNJ5 gene. Mutations in GIRK4 have been found to reduce the selectivity for K+ ions, resulting in membrane depolarisation, the activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and an increase in aldosterone secretion. As a result, there is an interest in identifying and exploring the mechanisms of action of small molecule modulators of wildtype (WT) and mutant channels. In order to investigate the potential modulation of homotetrameric GIRK4WT and GIRK4G151R channels, homology models were generated. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed, followed by a cluster analysis to extract starting structures for molecular docking. The central cavity has been previously identified as a binding site for small molecules, including natural compounds. The OliveNetTM database, which consists of over 600 compounds from Olea europaea, was subsequently screened against the central cavity. The binding affinities and interactions of the docked ligands against the GIRK4WT and GIRK4G151R channels were then examined. Based on the results, luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, pheophorbide a, and corosolic acid were identified as potential lead compounds. The modulatory activity of olive-derived compounds against the WT and mutated forms of the GIRK4 channel can be evaluated further in vitro.
A Novel Mechanism for Transcription Termination in the mod(mdg4) Locus of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Soldatova Iuliia V. , Shepelev Mikhail V. , Georgiev Pavel , Tikhonov Maxim
Published: December 2024

This study investigated an alternative mechanism of transcription termination that occurs independently of polyadenylation. We focused on a non-canonical transcription terminator (NTT) identified in the mod(mdg4) gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Using a developed model system, we demonstrated that the minimal functional unit of the NTT consists of 79 nucleotides that form a specific secondary RNA structure. Our results indicate that transcripts generated from the NTT exhibit reduced stability and are hindered in their export to the cytoplasm. An NTT from the distantly related species D. willistoni could function as a transcription terminator in D. melanogaster cells, highlighting the importance of conserved motifs for NTT functionality. At the same time, the NTT did not function in human cells, suggesting that the interaction of the NTT with specific protein factors is required to terminate transcription.
Fatal Feline Leukemia Virus-Associated Enteritis in a Wild Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) in Germany
Authors: Gregor Katharina , Mirolo Monica , Brandes Florian , Jesse Sonja , Kaiser Franziska , Verspohl Jutta , Wölfl Sybille , Osterhaus Albert , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Ludlow Martin , Beineke Andreas
Published: December 2024

The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), a widespread wild felid on the Eurasian continent, is currently classified as “critically endangered” in Germany. Understanding the impact of infectious agents is of particular importance for the continued conservation of these animals, especially regarding pathogens with broad host ranges and risk of interspecies transmission. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is known to infect wild and domestic felids worldwide, including several species of lynx, but it has not been reported thus far in the Eurasian lynx. In September 2020, a 16-month-old female Eurasian lynx from the Bavarian Forest, Germany, showed a sudden onset of gastrointestinal signs such as anorexia, diarrhea, and vomiting, and died within one week. Macroscopic and histologic examination revealed hemorrhagic-necrotizing enteritis and typhlocolitis, with the degeneration of crypts and crypt abscesses, as well as depleted Peyer’s patches. In addition, the animal showed lymphoid depletion (lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen) and hypocellularity of the bone marrow. FeLV infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and next generation sequencing. A secondary bacterial infection with hemolytic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type A was present in the intestine. This is the first report of FeLV-associated enteritis, lymphoid depletion and bone marrow suppression with associated secondary bacterial infection in a Eurasian lynx.
Do Larger Pollinators Have Higher Pollination Efficiency for the Generalized Pollination Plant Hibiscus mutabilis?
Authors: Shi Xiaoqing , Zheng Bin , Liu Xiaoli , Li Fangwen , Zhu Zhangshun , Quan Qiumei , Li Yunxiang
Published: December 2024

To understand the reproductive strategies of the typically introduced plant Hibiscus mutabilis and to compare the pollination efficiency of its different pollinators, we observed, measured, and recorded the flowering dynamics, floral traits, and visiting insects of H. mutabilis. Furthermore, we compared the body size, visitation rate, and pollination efficiency of the pollination insects of H. mutabilis. The results indicated that, despite exhibiting specialized moth pollination characteristics based on similarities in flower features to other moth-pollinated species, H. mutabilis actually presented a generalized pollination system. The nectar of H. mutabilis attracted a variety of insects to provide pollination services, a total of five flower visitors, one moth species (Macroglossum pyrrhosticta), and four bee species (Xylocopa appendiculata, Xylocopa dissimilis, Bombus breviceps, and Apis mellifera), were found to provide pollination services for H. mutabilis. The pollination efficiency of these pollinators was related to the parts of their body in contact with the stamens and stigmas of flowers. Although M. pyrrhosticta was larger in size and its visitation frequency in our field observations was higher, its pollination efficiency was lower. This was due to the small part of its body (proboscis) contacting the two sexual organs of H. mutabilis while visiting flowers, resulting in a low amount of pollen being transferred and deposited. In contrast, the bee pollinators’ proboscis was significantly shorter than that of M. pyrrhosticta, and it must enter the flower to suck the nectar that is hidden deeply inside the base of the flower. Therefore, the body parts of bee pollinators in contact with the two sexual organs of H. mutabilis were larger than M. pyrrhosticta in the process of visiting flowers, and the pollination efficiencies were significantly higher than those of M. pyrrhosticta. In addition, larger bee pollinators have higher pollination efficiency. As a result, H. mutabilis suffered from pollen limitation due to the pollination efficiencies of the moth pollinators in the introduced habitats, but it compensated by attracting more species of bee pollinators.
Quantitative Genetics of Feed-Efficiency-Related Traits for the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a Plant-Based Diet Environment
Authors: Dai Ping , Zhu Xiangyan , Luan Sheng , Sui Juan , Meng Xianhong , Cao Jiawang , Tan Jian , Kong Jie
Published: December 2024

Selecting shrimp strains that perform well on a plant-based diet holds promise for solving the fishmeal (FM) shortage issue, with genetic improvement of feed efficiency (FE) being a key focus. This study compared a plant-based (fishmeal-free) diet with a 25% FM diet for the Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) to determine whether the FE-related traits, including residual feed intake (RFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), and daily feed intake (DFI), exhibit diet-specific genetic variations and genotype-by-diet (genotype × diet) interactions. Results showed that RFI was significantly higher under the plant-based diet treatment compared to the FM-based diet treatment (0.0049 g/d vs. –0.0045 g/d, p < 0.001), while ADG was notably lower (0.043 g/d vs. 0.110 g/d, p < 0.001), indicating that a plant-based diet may lead to reduced yields and impact the profitability of shrimp culture. In the case of being unable to estimate common environmental effects, the heritability estimates of RFI under the plant-based and FM-based diets were 0.743 ± 0.157 and 0.440 ± 0.125, respectively, and those of ADG and DFI ranged from 0.314 ± 0.121 to 0.947 ± 0.158. Genetic correlations between diets for RFI and DFI were 0.646 ± 0.162 and 0.549 ± 0.163, respectively, suggesting a degree of genotype × diet interactions. In contrast, the genetic correlation between diets for ADG was only 0.296 ± 0.259, indicating a strong genotype × diet interaction. These findings highlight the importance of considering selective breeding for improved feed efficiency in a plant-based diet environment.
Insight into the Interaction Mechanism of Pseudorabies Virus Infection
Authors: Chen Xiaoyong , Yu Ziding
Published: December 2024

The pseudorabies virus (PRV), also known as suid alphaherpesvirus 1 (SuAHV-1), has garnered significant attention due to its broad host range and the economic losses it incurs in the swine industry. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate virus–host interactions during PRV infection, focusing on the evasion strategies of the virus against the host responses. We also summarize the mechanisms by which PRV manipulates the host cell machinery to facilitate its replication and spread, while simultaneously evading detection and clearance by the immune system. Furthermore, we discuss the latest advancements, such as metabolic, autophagic, and apoptotic pathways in studying these interactions, highlighting the role of various cellular factors and pathways in elucidating virus–host dynamics. By integrating these insights, the article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying PRV pathogenesis and host response, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this virus.
The Good, the Bad, and the Fungus: Insights into the Relationship Between Plants, Fungi, and Oomycetes in Hydroponics
Authors: Laevens Grace C. S. , Dolson William C. , Drapeau Michelle M. , Telhig Soufiane , Ruffell Sarah E. , Rose Danielle M. , Glick Bernard R. , Stegelmeier Ashley A.
Published: December 2024

Hydroponic systems are examples of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) and present a promising alternative to traditional farming methods by increasing productivity, profitability, and sustainability. In hydroponic systems, crops are grown in the absence of soil and thus lack the native soil microbial community. This review focuses on fungi and oomycetes, both beneficial and pathogenic, that can colonize crops and persist in hydroponic systems. The symptomatology and mechanisms of pathogenesis for Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Fulvia, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium, and Sclerotinia are explored for phytopathogenic fungi that target floral organs, leaves, roots, and vasculature of economically important hydroponic crops. Additionally, this review thoroughly explores the use of plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) to combat phytopathogens and increase hydroponic crop productivity; details of PGP strategies and mechanisms are discussed. The benefits of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Taloromyces, and Trichoderma to hydroponics systems are explored in detail. The culmination of these areas of research serves to improve the current understanding of the role of beneficial and pathogenic fungi, specifically in the hydroponic microbiome.
Review of Multimodal Data Acquisition Approaches for Brain–Computer Interfaces
Authors: Ghosh Sayantan , Máthé Domokos , Harishita Purushothaman Bhuvana , Sankarapillai Pramod , Mohan Anand , Bhuvanakantham Raghavan , Gulyás Balázs , Padmanabhan Parasuraman
Published: December 2024

There have been multiple technological advancements that promise to gradually enable devices to measure and record signals with high resolution and accuracy in the domain of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). Multimodal BCIs have been able to gain significant traction given their potential to enhance signal processing by integrating different recording modalities. In this review, we explore the integration of multiple neuroimaging and neurophysiological modalities, including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electrocorticography (ECoG), and single-unit activity (SUA). This multimodal approach leverages the high temporal resolution of EEG and MEG with the spatial precision of fMRI, the invasive yet precise nature of ECoG, and the single-neuron specificity provided by SUA. The paper highlights the advantages of integrating multiple modalities, such as increased accuracy and reliability, and discusses the challenges and limitations of multimodal integration. Furthermore, we explain the data acquisition approaches for each of these modalities. We also demonstrate various software programs that help in extracting, cleaning, and refining the data. We conclude this paper with a discussion on the available literature, highlighting recent advances, challenges, and future directions for each of these modalities.
Fecal Nervonic Acid as a Biomarker for Diagnosing and Monitoring Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Kunst Claudia , Elger Tanja , Loibl Johanna , Huss Muriel , Kandulski Arne , Krautbauer Sabrina , Müller Martina , Liebisch Gerhard , Tews Hauke Christian , Buechler Christa
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated pathology associated with the dysregulation of lipid metabolism. The administration of nervonic acid, a very long-chain fatty acid, has been shown to improve colonic inflammation in a mouse model of colitis. Our study aimed to quantify fecal levels of nervonic acid, as well as the very long-chain fatty acids, lignoceric acid, and pentacosanoic acid, to identify associations with IBD activity. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 62 patients with IBD and 17 healthy controls. Nervonic acid, lignoceric acid, and pentacosanoic acid were quantified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Lipid levels, normalized to the dry weight of fecal homogenates, were used for calculations. Results: Patients with IBD exhibited elevated fecal nervonic acid levels compared to healthy controls, with no significant differences observed between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. A fecal nervonic acid concentration of 0.49 µmol/g distinguished IBD patients from controls, achieving a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 82%. Fecal nervonic acid levels showed a positive correlation with both C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin and increased proportionally with rising fecal calprotectin levels. IBD patients treated with corticosteroids or interleukin-12/23 antibodies had higher levels of fecal nervonic acid than those in other therapies, with no difference in serum C-reactive protein and calprotectin levels between these groups. Conclusions: In summary, this analysis indicates that fecal nervonic acid may emerge as a novel specific biomarker for IBD diagnosis and disease monitoring.
Towards Point-of-Care Single Biomolecule Detection Using Next Generation Portable Nanoplasmonic Biosensors: A Review
Authors: Takaloo Saeed , Xu Alexander H. , Zaidan Liena , Irannejad Mehrdad , Yavuz Mustafa
Published: December 2024

Over the past few years, nanoplasmonic biosensors have gained widespread interest for early diagnosis of diseases thanks to their simple design, low detection limit down to the biomolecule level, high sensitivity to even small molecules, cost-effectiveness, and potential for miniaturization, to name but a few benefits. These intrinsic natures of the technology make it the perfect solution for compact and portable designs that combine sampling, analysis, and measurement into a miniaturized chip. This review summarizes applications, theoretical modeling, and research on portable nanoplasmonic biosensor designs. In order to develop portable designs, three basic components have been miniaturized: light sources, plasmonic chips, and photodetectors. There are five types of portable designs: portable SPR, miniaturized components, flexible, wearable SERS-based, and microfluidic. The latter design also reduces diffusion times and allows small amounts of samples to be delivered near plasmonic chips. The properties of nanomaterials and nanostructures are also discussed, which have improved biosensor performance metrics. Researchers have also made progress in improving the reproducibility of these biosensors, which is a major obstacle to their commercialization. Furthermore, future trends will focus on enhancing performance metrics, optimizing biorecognition, addressing practical constraints, considering surface chemistry, and employing emerging technologies. In the foreseeable future, these trends will be merged to result in portable nanoplasmonic biosensors offering detection of even a single biomolecule.
Arthropod Foraging in a Temperate Mountain Hummingbird Ensemble
Authors: Maya-García Omar , Maya-Elizarrarás Elisa , Lara Carlos , Schondube Jorge E.
Published: December 2024

Arthropods are hummingbirds’ principal source of nitrogen, fatty acids, and micronutrients. Despite the nutritional importance of arthropods for hummingbirds, our understanding of the factors influencing their consumption and their relative role as an energy source remains limited. Here, we aimed to describe the use of arthropods by a hummingbird ensemble in a seasonal temperate mountain ecosystem in West Mexico during one annual cycle. We compared arthropod capture attempt rates among six different humming species. Also, we investigated the impact of seasonal variation in food availability on the arthropod capture attempt rates of the White-eared Hummingbird (Basilinna leucotis), the sole species observed foraging for arthropods in all seasons. We found that hummingbirds ingested arthropods from different orders (Araneae, Hemiptera, Psocoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera), with arthropod capture attempt rates varying wildly among species. The arthropod capture attempt rates of the White-eared Hummingbird showed a significant positive correlation with arthropod availability, peaking during the warm-dry season when floral nectar was scarce and arthropod availability was high. Our data show that arthropod ingestion is crucial for some hummingbird species, mainly when nectar availability is limited or absent in the environment.
Actor–Partner Effects of Personality Traits and Psychological Flexibility on Psychological Distress Among Couples Coping with Cancer
Authors: Bar-Moshe-Lavi Leegal , Hertz-Palmor Nimrod , Sella-Shalom Keren , Braun Michal , Pizem Noam , Shacham-Shmueli Einat , Rafaeli Eshkol , Hasson-Ohayon Ilanit
Published: December 2024

In this study, we applied the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) to explore the associations between personality traits (Big Five) and psychological flexibility, on the one hand, and depression and anxiety, on the other hand, among patients with cancer and their spouses. Method: Forty-six patient—spouse dyads (N = 92) completed the anxiety and depression scales from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), the ten-item personality inventory (TIPI), and the psychological flexibility scale (AAQ-2). Multilevel APIM models, adjusted for multiple testing, showed that neuroticism and psychological flexibility had actor effects on patients’ depression and anxiety. Furthermore, neuroticism had actor effects on spouses’ depression and anxiety, and agreeableness had actor effects on spouses’ anxiety. In addition, patients’ psychological flexibility and neuroticism had partner effects on spouses’ depression. Conclusion: Being psychologically flexible but emotionally stable is important for one’s own and one’s partner’s psychological outcomes in the context of dyadic coping with cancer. Implications include informing couples’ therapists in the context of psycho-oncology on the importance of considering personality traits and improving psychological flexibility.
Is It Just About Scrolling? The Correlation of Passive Social Media Use with College Students’ Subjective Well-Being Based on Social Comparison Experiences and Orientation Assessed Using a Two-Stage Hybrid Structural Equation Modeling–Artificial Neural Network Method
Authors: Liu Ziyu , Xiao Liyao
Published: December 2024

Previous studies have found that passive social media use (PaSMU) tends to induce upward contrast, thereby affecting well-being. However, this perspective alone may overlook the mechanisms of other social comparison phenomena. This study analyzes the influence mechanism of PaSMU on subjective well-being (SWB) by categorizing social comparison into upward identification, upward contrast, downward identification, and downward contrast while incorporating social comparison orientation (SCO) as a moderating variable. This study surveyed college students who use RED (Xiaohongshu) and collected 352 valid questionnaires. A two-stage hybrid structural equation modeling (SEM)–artificial neural network (ANN) method was employed, utilizing path and mediation effect analysis to verify the moderating effect of SCO in the process of PaSMU affecting SWB. PaSMU is positively correlated with upward contrast and downward identification, both of which negatively affect SWB. Upward contrast and downward identification are associated with lower SWB, while downward comparison is positively correlated with SWB. High SCO strengthens the association between upward contrast and reduced SWB. Furthermore, upward contrast and downward identification were found to have comparable mediating effects between PaSMU and SWB. In contrast to previous studies, this research highlights that downward identification plays a comparably significant mediating role alongside upward contrast. Downward identification significantly mediates the relationship between PaSMU and SWB due to increased risk awareness, higher sensitivity to negative information among socially anxious students, emotional contagion from negative content, and anonymity that fosters an “imagined community”. Additionally, students with high SCO are more affected by idealized self-presentations and rely on upward contrasts for social feedback, lowering their SWB. This study reveals the complex correlation of PaSMU and SWB, providing new theoretical insights and practical strategies to encourage positive social media use among college students.
Environmental Design Principles for Urban Comfort: The Pilot Case Study of Naro Municipality
Authors: Firrone Tiziana , Vitrano Rosa Maria , Fernandez Federica , Zagarella Federica , Garofalo Emanuela
Published: December 2024

Nowadays, considering the urgent issues related to climate change and land consumption as well as the increasing urban population, urban spaces, enhanced by appropriate design solutions, can help reduce risks and improve conditions of environmental well-being. In this context, thanks to a collaboration between the Department of Architecture of the University of Palermo and the Municipality of Naro, in the province of Agrigento (Sicily, Italy), an urban environmental design workshop was promoted to redefine an urban space without a precise identity and denied to public use, within the fabric of a minor historical center in the Sicilian hinterland. The article summarizes the adopted methodology, including the population needs’ assessment, the environmental context assessment, the historical analysis of the urban space to redefine within the context of the whole historical center, possible urban and greening solutions, and design references according to the urban biophilic approach. The resulting preliminary design aims to be an example of an interdisciplinary approach, respectful of what already exists, which places the comfort and well-being of the user at the center of the design. Moreover, it is an interesting example of urban regeneration through the biophilic approach applied to a small urban center, which could be replicated in other similar contexts.
Stability Analysis of Curved Beams Based on First-Order Shear Deformation Theory and Moving Least-Squares Approximation
Authors: Li Yuxiao , Liao Yajing , Xie Zhen , Peng Linxin
Published: December 2024

Based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and moving least-squares approximation (MLS), a new meshfree method that considers the effects of geometric nonlinearity and the pre- and post-buckling behaviors of curved beams is proposed. An incremental equilibrium equation is established with the Updated Lagrangian (UL) formulation under the von Karman deflection theory. The proposed method is applied to several numerical examples, and the results are compared with those from previous studies to demonstrate its convergence and accuracy. The pre- and post-buckling behaviors of the curved beam with different parameters, such as vector span ratios, bending forms, inclusion angles, boundary conditions, slenderness ratios, and axial shear stiffness ratios, are also investigated. The effects of the parameters on the buckling response are demonstrated. The proposed method can be extended to the study of double nonlinearities of curved beams in the future. This extension will provide a more scientific reference basis for the structural selection of curved girder structures in practical engineering.