bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Apocynum venetum L. (Luo-Bu-Ma) and Two of Its Alternative Species
Authors: Liang Taigang , Yue Wenyan , Li Qingshan
Published: November 2010

The leaves of Apocynum venetum L. (AV), a native Chinese plant, have been used as folk medicine in China and Japan. This study evaluated the content of the active antioxidant component and antioxidant activities of AV, and its two alternative species, Poacynum pictum (Schrenk) Baill. (PP) and Poacynum hendersonii (Hook.f.) Woodson (PH). The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined. In addition, the quantitative analysis of two major flavonoid compounds (hyperoside and isoquercitrin) was carried out by HPLC. The antioxidant activities were investigated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity method, the reducing power test and the chelating ability of ferrous ions. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the AV methanolic extract, followed by the PP and PH methanolic extracts. HPLC analysis indicated that isoquercitrin was one of the major components in all three species, however, hyperoside was only detected in AV at high levels. All the antioxidant assays we performed demonstrated that the AV extract was markedly superior to those of the other two species.
Proteomic Analysis of Whole Human Saliva Detects Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Thioredoxin and Lipocalin-1 in Cigarette Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers
Authors: Jessie Kala , Pang Wei Wei , Rahim Zubaidah Haji Abdul , Hashim Onn Haji
Published: November 2010

A gel-based proteomics approach was used to screen for proteins of differential abundance between the saliva of smokers and those who had never smoked. Subjecting precipitated proteins from whole human saliva of healthy non-smokers to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) generated typical profiles comprising more than 50 proteins. While 35 of the proteins were previously established by other researchers, an additional 22 proteins were detected in the 2-DE saliva protein profiles generated in the present study. When the 2-DE profiles were compared to those obtained from subjects considered to be heavy cigarette smokers, three saliva proteins, including interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, thioredoxin and lipocalin-1, showed significant enhanced expression. The distribution patterns of lipocalin-1 isoforms were also different between cigarette smokers and on-smokers. The three saliva proteins have good potential to be used as biomarkers for the adverse effects of smoking and the risk for inflammatory and chronic diseases that are associated with it.
The Apoptotic Effect of 1’S-1’-Acetoxychavicol Acetate from Alpinia Conchigera on Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Awang Khalijah , Nurul Azmi Mohamad Nurul , In Lian Aun Lionel In Lian , Nazif Aziz Ahmad Nazif , Ibrahim Halijah , Hasima Nagoor Noor
Published: November 2010

1’-(S)-1’-Acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) isolated from the Malaysian ethno-medicinal plant Alpinia conchigera Griff. was investigated for its potential as an anticancer drug. In this communication, we describe the cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of ACA on five human tumour cell lines. Data from MTT cell viability assays indicated that ACA induced both time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity on all tumour cell lines tested and had no adverse cytotoxic effects on normal cells. Total mortality of the entire tumour cell population was achieved within 30 hrs when treated with ACA at 40.0 µM concentration. Flow cytometric analysis for annexin-V and PI dual staining demonstrated that cell death occurred via apoptosis, followed by secondary necrosis. The apoptotic effects of ACA were confirmed via the DNA fragmentation assay, in which consistent laddering of genomic DNA was observed for all tumour cell lines after a 24 hrs post-treatment period at the IC50 concentration of ACA. A cell cycle analysis using PI staining also demonstrated that ACA induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, corresponding to oral tumour cell lines. In conclusion, ACA exhibits enormous potential for future development as a chemotherapeutic drug against various malignancies.
Sensitivities of a Standard Test Method for the Determination of the pHe of Bioethanol and Suggestions for Improvement
Authors: Brown Richard J. C. , Keates Adam C. , Brewer Paul J.
Published: November 2010

An assessment of the sensitivities of the critical parameters in the ASTM D6423 documentary standard method for the measurement of pHe in (bio)ethanol has been undertaken. Repeatability of measurements made using the same glass electrode and reproducibility between different glass electrodes have been identified as the main contributors to the uncertainty of the values produced. Strategies to reduce the uncertainty of the measurement have been identified and tested. Both increasing the time after which the pHe measurement is made following immersion in the sample, and rinsing the glass electrode with ethanol prior to immersion in the sample, have been shown to be effective in reducing the uncertainty of the numerical value produced. However, it is acknowledged that the values produced using these modified approaches may not be directly compared with those obtained using the documentary ASTM method since pHe is defined operationally by the process used to measure it.
Three-Dimensional Facial Asymmetry in Attractive and Normal People from Childhood to Young Adulthood
Authors: Sforza Chiarella , Laino Alberto , Grandi Gaia , Pisoni Luca , Ferrario Virgilio Ferruccio
Published: November 2010

We are currently investigating measurable esthetic characteristics in persons considered “attractive” by the media. Three-dimensional soft-tissue facial asymmetry was quantified in 380 attractive (148 males, 232 females) and 669 control (397 males, 272 females) healthy persons aged 4–30 years. The coordinates of 50 facial landmarks were collected by a computerized digitizer, and asymmetry computed. Soft-tissue facial asymmetries reduced as a function of age in all cases. Attractive children were more symmetric than control children, but the reverse was true for young adults. The effect of symmetry on attractiveness seems to change as a function of age.
Vertebral arteries: A target for FDGPET imaging in giant cell arteritis?
Authors: Weinerth J. , Hrdina C. , Pfadenhauer K.
Published: November 2010

Aim: To demonstrate the capacity of FDG-PET to show active giant cell arteritis (GCA) of the extracerebral vertebral artery (VA) and to compare it with clinical, ultrasonographic (US) and biopsy findings. Patients, methods: Observational study of 46 consecutive patients with the diagnosis of active GCA and abnormal high FDG uptake in the aorta and other large arteries suggestive for GCA. Results: 15 of the 46 GCA patients had abnormal high FDG uptake within the extending from the V0 to V3 segment in 13 and confined to single segments in 2 patients. In 2 patients high FDG uptake in one VA was the onIy PET abnormality. In 13 patients high FDG uptake was also found in other large arteries (carotid n = 10, subclavian/axillary artery n = 12, thoracic aorta n = 12). Abnormal PET was detectable in 5 patients despite glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Nuchal and occipital pain and ischemic stroke or TIA in the posterior circulation (n = 3) were found in 10 patients with high VA FDG uptake. US detected halos of the V0–2 segments in 8/46 patients (5/15 VA PET positive and 3/31 VA PET negative patients). Biopsies were available in 10/15 VA PET positive patients with evidence of active GCA in 7 cases. Conclusion: In patients with severe GCA and a high TVS the extracranial VA are a good target for PET imaging in active GCA with abnormal findings in 33% of patients with a positive PET. VA abnormalities can be an early and isolated finding in active GCA. PET is superior to US for the detection of active VA-GCA. A strong correlation between VA abnormalities and associated clinical abnormalities existed in 2/3 of patients. PET abnormalities of the VA could be detected in some cases after GC treatment has been started even at high doses.
Les crises financières, désormais récurrentes et systémiques ?
Authors: Neri François
Published: November 2010

Résumé Depuis une décennie, les crises financières revêtent un caractère systémique aux conséquences planétaires incalculables. Les efforts déployés par les pouvoirs publics sont impressionnants, mais ils n’ont manifestement pas encore porté leurs fruits. En outre, le fait d’aider les banques demeure marqué par l’aléa moral, significatif de l’effet pervers d’un système qui oblige à porter secours à ceux-là même qui demeurent responsables de la crise. Les pouvoirs publics doivent s’atteler enfin à prendre toutes les mesures susceptibles de rétablir la confiance. Quoi qu’il advienne, il semble que l’adoption d’un nouveau paradigme économique s’impose.
The Crisis: Identifying Causal Chains in Authors' Writings
Authors: Gabus André , Hawthorne Alexander
Published: November 2010

Résumé L’analyse structurelle qualitative est un instrument visant à identifier et à reproduire, sous forme de graphique, le système explicatif qui est à la base du raisonnement individuel ou collectif. Cet article est basé sur un exercice de l’application d’un tel instrument à cinq textes majeurs qui traitent de la crise 2007-08. La mise en parallèle des caractéristiques des explications de chacun des cinq auteurs met en évidence la diversité de leurs vues. Certes, tous remettent en question le capitalisme financier, mais certains seulement dans son application récente, alors que d’autres s’interrogent sur ses fondements mêmes.
Aux sources intellectuelles de la crise
Authors: Perrot Étienne
Published: November 2010

Résumé L’économie est moins une science d’observation qu’une science herméneutique : il s’agit d’interpréter des événements passagers, souvent difficiles à reproduire. Pour mettre la personne humaine au centre du propos, une autre lecture de la crise est indispensable : cette lecture, qui passe de l’acteur au sujet, abandonne l’idée de la marionnette dont l’intellectuel de service (économiste, sociologue, politologue ou psychologue) semble tirer les ficelles en lui inspirant son texte. Cette lecture abandonne également l’idée d’un individu maître de son univers, créateur de soi-même.
Deux pistes pour penser les relations entre éthique et finance
Authors: Ossipow William
Published: November 2010

Résumé Tout au long du XVIII e siècle, court cette idée qu’une société peut fonctionner correctement avec des gens médiocres moralement. La phrase de Mandeville - « Les vices privés font la vertu publique » - exprime dans le domaine économique une rupture : le vice devient le bien. La société moderne se fragmente en sous-systèmes fonctionnellement différenciés et spécialisés Les seules règles sont celles que le sous-système se donne à lui-même. La règle du système économique et financier est clairement de réaliser des opérations rentables. La régulation des activités financières est au cœur de notre problème.
Core-Temperature Sensor Ingestion Timing and Measurement Variability
Authors: Domitrovich Joseph W. , Cuddy John S. , Ruby Brent C.
Published: November 2010

Context:

Telemetric core-temperature monitoring is becoming more widely used as a noninvasive means of monitoring core temperature during athletic events.

Objective:

To determine the effects of sensor ingestion timing on serial measures of core temperature during continuous exercise.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Outdoor dirt track at an average ambient temperature of 4.4°C ± 4.1°C and relative humidity of 74.1% ± 11.0%.

Patients or Other Participants:

Seven healthy, active participants (3 men, 4 women; age  =  27.0 ± 7.5 years, height  =  172.9 ± 6.8 cm, body mass  =  67.5 ± 6.1 kg, percentage body fat  =  12.7% ± 6.9%, peak oxygen uptake [V˙o2peak]  =  54.4 ± 6.9 mL•kg−1•min−1) completed the study.

Intervention(s):

Participants completed a 45-minute exercise trial at approximately 70% V˙o2peak. They consumed core-temperature sensors at 24 hours (P1) and 40 minutes (P2) before exercise.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Core temperature was recorded continuously (1-minute intervals) using a wireless data logger worn by the participants. All data were analyzed using a 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (trial × time), Pearson product moment correlation, and Bland-Altman plot.

Results:

Fifteen comparisons were made between P1 and P2. The main effect of time indicated an increase in core temperature compared with the initial temperature. However, we did not find a main effect for trial or a trial × time interaction, indicating no differences in core temperature between the sensors (P1  =  38.3°C ± 0.2°C, P2  =  38.3°C ± 0.4°C).

Conclusions:

We found no differences in the temperature recordings between the 2 sensors. These results suggest that assumed sensor location (upper or lower gastrointestinal tract) does not appreciably alter the transmission of reliable and repeatable measures of core temperature during continuous running in the cold.
Autoimmune Dysfunction and Subsequent Renal Insufficiency in a Collegiate Female Athlete: A Case Report
Authors: Leone James E. , Kern Amie , Williamson Joshua D. , Colandreo Robert M.
Published: November 2010

Objective:

To present the case of a female collegiate basketball player who was diagnosed with Wegener granulomatosis of the eyes and immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy.

Background:

A 19-year-old female collegiate basketball player presented to a rheumatologist, urologist, and nephrologist with severe eye pain and was diagnosed with Wegener granulomatosis and IgA nephropathy. At age 20, during routine follow-up testing, urine protein levels were found to be 3 times normal values (0–8 mg/dL), prompting the need for a kidney biopsy, which showed IgA nephropathy, another autoimmune disorder.

Differential Diagnosis:

Sinus infection, scleritis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, lupus erythematosus, general granulomatosis.

Treatment:

Initial assessment revealed signs and symptoms, particularly in the patient's eyes, consistent with a sinus infection and scleritis. Her corneas were examined by a specialist, who prescribed various medications, including prednisone, for the relief of symptoms. When the dosage of prednisone was reduced, symptoms returned. Further tests revealed the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, a protein associated with Wegener granulomatosis, which helped confirm the diagnosis. The following year, a routine urinalysis showed abnormal levels of protein in her urine. A kidney biopsy revealed that IgA nephropathy also was present. At the time of this case report, the athlete continues to be monitored by an ophthalmologist who specializes in Wegener granulomatosis, a rheumatologist, and a nephrologist.

Uniqueness:

This athlete presented with 2 rare autoimmune disorders at an early stage of life. The medications used to treat the disorders left the athlete fatigued on a daily basis. Additionally, she was placed on 3 immunosuppressant drugs, which increased her risk for further health complications, yet she was able to successfully compete in athletics at the collegiate level. No family history of renal disease or other autoimmune disorders was discovered, further adding to the complexity and uniqueness of this case.

Conclusions:

Autoimmune disorders, such as Wegener granulomatosis, can present with a variety of common signs and symptoms. As athletic trainers, we encounter a host of unusual signs and symptoms; however, in cases such as this, further investigation into the cause of the chief complaints can go a long way toward restoring or managing an athlete's health. Excellent communication among the sports medicine team helped this athlete manage her potentially life-threatening condition while allowing her to remain active in her sport.
Spectral albedo of arctic snow during intensive melt period
Authors: Meinander O. , Kazadzis S. , Arola A. , Kivi R. , Kontu A. , Suokanerva H. , Aaltonen V. , Manninen T. , Roujean J.-L. , Hautecoeur O.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Spectral albedo and water liquid content of intensively melting Arctic snow were measured during the Snow Reflectance Transition Experiment (SNORTEX), in Sodankylä, Finland, in April 2009. The upwelling and downwelling spectral irradiance, measured at 290–550 nm with a double monochromator spectroradiometer, revealed the snow albedo to increase as a function wavelength. At the same time, we found the albedo of melting snow to decrease by ~10%, as a function of time within one day. During four days of intensive snow melt, the albedo decreased from 0.65 to 0.45 at 330 nm, and from 0.72 to 0.53 at 450 nm. The diurnal decrease in albedo was supported by measurements of erythemally weighted broadband ultraviolet (UV) albedo. Our simultaneous ancillary data on snow water liquid content showed that the water content first increased in the surface layer, and then moved into deeper layers, after several hours of accumulation. In Radiative Transfer (RT) model calculations, the use of Lambertian assumed regional albedo, instead of the measured local albedo, showed a wavelength dependent difference between the modeled and the measured radiation by up to 9%.
Metal complexation inhibits the effect of oxalic acid in aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
Authors: Furukawa T. , Takahashi Y.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols have both a direct and an indirect cooling effect that influences the radiative balance at the Earth's surface. It has been estimated that the degree of cooling is large enough to cancel the warming effect of carbon dioxide. Among the cooling factors, secondary organic aerosols (SOA) play a key role in the solar radiation balance in the troposphere as SOA can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and extend the lifespan of clouds because of their high hygroscopic and water soluble nature. Oxalic acid is one of the major components of SOA, and is produced via several formation pathways in the atmosphere. However, it is not certain whether oxalic acid exists as free oxalic acid or as metal oxalate complexes in aerosols, although there is a marked difference in their solubility in water and their hygroscopicity. We employed X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to characterize the calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) in aerosols collected at Tsukuba in Japan with fractionation based on particle size using an impactor aerosol sampler. It was shown that 10–60% and 20–100% of the total Ca and Zn in the finer particles (<2.1 μm) were present as Ca and Zn oxalate complexes, respectively. Oxalic acid can act as CCN because of its hygroscopic properties, while metal complexes are not hygroscopic, and so cannot be CCN. Based on the concentration of noncomplexed and metal-complexed oxalate species, we found that most of the oxalic acid is present as metal oxalate complexes in the aerosols, suggesting that oxalic acid does not act as CCN in the atmosphere. Similar results are expected for other dicarboxylic acids, such as malonic and succinic acids. Thus, it is possible that the cooling effect of organic aerosols assumed in various climate modeling studies is overestimated because of the lack of information on metal oxalate complexes in aerosols.
The ground-based MW radiometer OZORAM on Spitsbergen – description and status of stratospheric and mesospheric O3-measurements
Authors: Palm M. , Hoffmann C. G. , Golchert S. H. W. , Notholt J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. This manuscript introduces the OZORAM ground-based millimeter wave radiometer. The instrument is deployed to the high Arctic (79° N, 12° E) for measurements of O3 in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The publication describes the status of OZORAM in the end of 2010. OZORAM is able to provide profile information between 30 and 70 km altitude in time intervals of 1 h. To establish applications of the data and to investigate instrumental biases, the results from September 2008 till summer 2010 are compared to O3 profiles derived from measurements of two instruments onboard polar orbiting satellites, MLS onboard EOS-AURA and SABER onboard TIMED. The agreement is within 10% in the middle and upper stratosphere and 30% in the lower mesosphere. The deviation shows systematic and oscillating features which are, however, constant during the period of comparison. The data set is therefore suitable for studies of mesospheric and stratospheric response to changes in dynamics or due to solar influences on climate.
Daytime sodium airglow emission measurements over Trivandrum using a scanning monochromator: first results
Authors: Hossain M. M. , Pant T. K. , Vineeth C. , Sumod S. G. , Sridharan R.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. This paper presents measurement of daytime Sodium (Na) airglow emissions at 589.6 nm wavelength using a ground based 1-m scanning monochromator from Trivandrum (8.5° N, 77° E, 0.5° N dip latitude), a near-equatorial station in India. The Na emission intensity exhibits significant temporal variability within a day and from one day to another. The Na intensity has been compared with the daytime OH airglow intensity at 731.6 nm simultaneously measured using the unique Multiwavelength Dayglow Photometer (MWDPM). The temporal variabilities of the Na and OH intensities corroborate each other in most of the occasions without any appreciable time delay, although a small time delay up to ~10 min has been observed at times. It appears that the variability of daytime Na emissions is influenced too by the photo-chemical excitations. The observed similarities in the Na and OH intensities are believed to be due to the similar roles played by [O] and O3 (in their photo-chemical excitations) and the dynamics occurring at about the same altitude region (~90 km). It has also been found that the gravity waves play significant role in producing the short-scale oscillations in these emissions.
Determination of spatially varying Van der Burgh's coefficient from estuarine parameter to describe salt transport in an estuary
Authors: Shaha D. C. , Cho Y.-K.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The estuarine parameter ν is widely accepted as describing the relative contribution of the tide-driven and density-driven mixing mechanism of salt transport in estuaries. Van der Burgh's coefficient K is another parameter that also determines the relative strength of two mechanisms. However, a single value of K, which has been considered in previous studies, can not represent the spatial variation of these mechanisms in an estuary. In this study, the spatially varying K has been determined from the ν value calculated using intensively observed longitudinal salinity transects of the Sumjin River Estuary with exponential shape. The spatially varying K describes the spatial variation of these mechanisms reasonably well and is independent of the river discharge downstream of the estuary during spring tide where the strong tides cause well mixed conditions. However, K values increase upstream and are found to depend on the freshwater discharge, with suppressing vertical mixing. The K value has been scaled on the basis of the ν value and ranges between 0 and 1. If K is <0.4, the up-estuary salt transport is entirely dominated by tide-driven mixing during spring tide near the mouth. If 0.4 < K < 0.8, both tide-driven and density-driven mixing contribute to transporting salt in the central regimes. If K > 0.8, the salt transport is almost entirely by density-driven circulation in the upper most regimes during both spring and neap tides. In addition, another K-based dispersion equation has been solved by using this spatially varying K. The spatially varying K demonstrates density-driven circulation more prominently at the strong salinity gradient location compared with a single K value.
Spatio-Temporal Complexity analysis of the Sea Surface Temperature in the Philippines
Authors: Botin Z. T. , David L. T. , del Rosario R. C. H. , Parrott L.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. A spatio-temporal complexity (STC) measure which has been previously used to analyze data from terrestrial ecosystems is employed to analyse 21 years of remotely sensed sea-surface temperature (SST) data from the Philippines. STC on the Philippine wide SST showed the monsoonal variability of the Philippine waters. STC is correlated with the SST mean (R2 ≈ 0.7), and inversely correlated with the SST standard deviation (R2 ≈ 0.9). Both STC and SST are highest during the middle of the year, which coincides with the Southwest Monsoon, but with the STC values being higher towards the end of the monsoon until the start of the inter-monsoon. In order to determine if STC has the potential to define limits of bio-regions, the spatial domain was subsequently divided into six thermal regions computed via clustering of temperature means. STC and EOF of the STC values were computed for each thermal region. Our STC analysis of the SST data, and comparisons with SST values suggest that the STC measure may be useful for characterising environmental heterogeneity over space and time for many long-term remotely sensed data.
Glacier contribution to streamflow in two headwaters of the Huasco River, Dry Andes of Chile
Authors: Gascoin S. , Kinnard C. , Ponce R. , Lhermitte S. , MacDonell S. , Rabatel A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Quantitative assessment of glacier contribution to present-day streamflow is a prerequisite to the anticipation of climate change impact on water resources in the Dry Andes. In this paper we focus on two glaciated headwater catchments of the Huasco Basin (Chile, 29° S). The combination of glacier monitoring data for five glaciers (Toro 1, Toro 2, Esperanza, Guanaco, Estrecho and Ortigas) with five automatic streamflow records at sites with glacier coverage of 0.4 to 11% allows the estimation of the mean annual glacier contribution to discharge between 2003 and 2008. In addition, direct manual measurements of glacier runoff were conducted in summer at the snouts of four glaciers, which provide the instantaneous contribution of glacier meltwater to stream runoff during summer. The results show that the mean annual glacier contribution to streamflow ranges between 3.3 and 23%, which is greater than the glaciated fraction of the catchments. We argue that glacier contribution is partly enhanced by the effect of snowdrift from the non-glacier area to the glacier surface. Glacier mass loss is evident over the study period, with a mean of −0.84 m w.e. y−1 for the period 2003–2008, and also contributes to increase glacier runoff. An El Niño episode in 2002 resulted in high snow accumulation, modifying the hydrological regime and probably reducing the glacier contribution in favor of seasonal snowmelt during the subsequent 2002–2003 hydrological year. At the hourly timescale, summertime glacier contributions are highly variable in space and time, revealing large differences in effective melting rates between glacierets and glaciers.
Time Resolved Fluorescence in Doped Aerogels and Organosilicate Glasses
Authors: Hof M. , Schleicher J. , Schneider F. W.
Published: November 2010

The fluorescence decays of anthracene, 9,10‐dichloroanthracene and 6‐(methoxy)‐1‐(3‐sulfopropyl)‐quinolinium in sintered aerogels and of anthracene in organosilicate glasses were determined employing a precise single photon counting technique. For aerogels and organosilicate glasses, synthesized from methyltrimethoxysilane and tetramethoxysilane a biexponential decay was found. The dependence of the fluorescence behaviour on the cross linkage of the network and the adsorbed solvent indicates that the short decay is due to an efficient quenching by the network, whereas the slow component is influenced by adsorbed solvent. For aerogels the effect of aging was also investigated. For organosilicate glasses with a reactive organic sidegroup (γ‐glycidyloxypropyl) the short decay is interpreted by a decay law containing a broad distribution of life times (Kohlrausch‐Williams‐Watts). In this case the measurement of the fluorescence decay shows evidence of a heterogeneous microstructure which contains inorganic and organic network components.
A novel spectrofluorimetric method for the assay of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations via derivatization with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan
Authors: El‐Didamony Akram M. , Gouda Ayman A.
Published: November 2010

A new highly sensitive and specific spectrofluorimetric method has been developed to determine a sympathomimetic drug pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The present method was based on derivatization with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan in phosphate buffer at pH 7.8 to produce a highly fluorescent product which was measured at 532 nm (excitation at 475 nm). Under the optimized conditions a linear relationship and good correlation was found between the fluorescence intensity and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride concentration in the range of 0.5–5 µg mL−1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the assay of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in commercial pharmaceutical formulations with good accuracy and precision and without interferences from common additives. Statistical comparison of the results with a well‐established method showed excellent agreement and proved that there was no significant difference in the accuracy and precision. The stoichiometry of the reaction was determined and the reaction pathway was postulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct flow simulations of thixotropic liquids in agitated tanks
Authors: Derksen J. J.
Published: November 2010

Simulations of transitional and turbulent flows of purely viscous thixotropic liquids in stirred tanks have been performed. The simple thixotropy model employed is based on the notion of a network in the liquid with an integrity that builds up with finite rate under quiescent conditions and breaks down under liquid deformation. We solve a transport equation for the network integrity which is two‐way coupled to the lattice‐Boltzmann‐based flow solver. The liquid's time scale characterised by the dimensionless Deborah number demonstrates to have profound impact on the level of mobilisation and the flow patterns in the mixing tanks, especially if the time scale of the liquid is of the same order as the circulation time in the tank. It also is shown to what extent increasing the impeller speed improves mobilisation.
Renal Potassium Transport
Authors: Stanton Bruce A. , Giebisch Gerhard H.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

External and Internal Potassium Balance

Internal Potassium Balance

External Potassium Balance

General Features of Renal Potassium Excretion

Cellular Mechanisms of Potassium Transport Along the Nephron

Glomerulus

Proximal Tubule

Loop of Henle

Potassium Recycling

Distal Tubule

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Connecting Tubule

Initial Collecting Tubule and Cortical Collecting Duct

Medullary Collecting Duct

Inner Medullary Collecting Duct

Amphibian Distal Nephron

Regulation of Potassium Transport

Potassium Intake and Plasma Potassium Concentration

Potassium Adaptation

Adrenal Steroids

Regulation of Potassium Excretion by Interactive Stimuli

Relationship between Plasma Potassium Concentration, Plasma Aldosterone, and Renal Potassium Excretion

Effects of Sodium Intake on Potassium Balance

Regulation of Potassium and Sodium Excretion during Alterations in Extracellular Fluid Volume

Regulation of Potassium and Sodium Excretion during Alterations in Potassium Intake
Urinary Concentration and Dilution: Physiology
Authors: Jamison Rex L. , Gehrig James J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Control of Water Balance

General Principles

Regulation of Water Intake: Thirst

Regulation of Water Excretion: Antidiuretic Hormone

Hormones Other Than Arginine Vasopressin That Affect Urinary Water Excretion

Prostaglandins

Architecture of the Medulla

Nephrons and Collecting Ducts

Circulation

Topography of the Renal Medulla

Mass Balance and the Countercurrent Principle

Osmotic Gradient in the Medulla

Mass Balance for Water and Solute

Countercurrent Multiplication

Permeability and Transport Properties of the Renal Tubule Beyond the Pars Recta

Thin Descending Limb

Thin Ascending Limb

Thick Ascending Limb

Distal Tubule and Connecting Tubule

Collecting Tubule

Intracellular Osmoregulation

Microcirculation of the Renal Medulla

Countercurrent Exchange

Fluid Removal from the Medulla

Medullary Blood Flow

Regulation of Medullary Circulation

Summary of Role of Vasa Recta

Renal Pelvis

Structure

Mechanical Function: Peristalsis and Reflux

Water and Solute Exchange in the Renal Pelvis
Urinary Concentration and Dilution: Models
Authors: Stephenson John L.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Whole‐Body Water and Solute Balance

Osmolal Clearance

Effect on Plasma Osmolality of Urine Flow of a Given Osmolality

Hypertonic Urine Implies a Hypotonic Tubular Reabsorbate and Vice Versa

Free Water Clearance

Antidiuretic Hormone Controls Water Excretion

Functional Implications of Renal Architecture

Production of Hyperosmotic Urine Is Related to the Loop of Henle

Significance of the S‐Shaped Configuration of the Mammalian Nephron for the Concentration of Urine

New Functional Features Introduced by the S‐Shaped Configuration

A Short History of Models of the Renal Counterflow System

Active Water Transport

Concentration by Differential Permeabilities and Counterflow

Concentration by Multiplication of a “Single Effect” along the Loop of Henle

Active Salt Transport out of theAHLIs the Probable Single Effect

Experimental Predictions of the Kuhn Models

Problems with the Kuhn Models

Vasa Recta Models

Nephrovascular Models

Equations for the Renal Medulla

Differential Equations

Integrated Mass Balance Equations

Generalized Multiplication Rule

Nephrovascular Coupling

Transmural Fluxes

Analytical Solution of the Differential Equations

Solutions for Single Flow Tubes

Analytical Solutions of Multitube Counterflow Problems

Solutions for Central Core Model

Externally Driven Central Core Multiplier

Multiplication in Inner and Outer Medullae

Non‐Zero Diffusion Coefficient

Solution of Time‐Dependent Equations

Numerical Solution of the Differential Equations

Method of Lines

Shooting Method

Quasilinearization

Finite Difference Methods

Results of Computer Simulation

Origin of Inner Medullary Concentration Gradient

Role of Collecting Duct

Role of Vasa Recta

Transition from Diuresis to Antidiuresis

Free‐Energy Balance in Renal Counterflow Systems

Summary and Future Directions
Corticosteroids and the Kidney
Authors: Marver Diana
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Background

Role of the Receptor

Transport and Biochemical Studies: Toad Bladder

Transport and Biochemical Studies: Mammalian Kidney

Renal Corticosteroid Receptor Distribution

Mineralocorticoid Action

Regulation of Na+Absorption and K+Secretion: Cortical Collecting Tubule

Other Target Sites That May Regulate Na+and/or K+

Acid Excretion

Mineralocorticoid Escape

Glucocorticoid Action

GFR/RBF: K+Excretion

Metabolism: Gluconeogenesis and Ammoniagenesis

Acid Excretion

Calcium Excretion

Concentration/Dilurion Urine
Renal Tubular Transport of Calcium
Authors: Costanzo Linda S. , Windhager Erich E.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Calcium Handling in the Nephron

Glomerular Filtration

Proximal Tubule

Thick Ascending Limb of Henle's Loop

Distal Tubule

Regulation of Renal Tubular Calcium Transport

Extracellular Fluid Volume

Hypercalcemia

Phosphate Depletion

Acid‐Base Balance

Parathyroid Hormone

Calcitonin

Vitamin D

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Loop Diuretics

Thiazide Diuretics

Potassium‐Sparing Diuretics (Amiloride)

Cellular Mechanisms of Transepithelial Calcium Transport

Measurement of Cytosolic Calcium Ion Concentration: Methodology

Cytosolic Calcium Ion Concentrations in Renal Epithelial Cells

Regulation of Cytosolic Ca2+Activity

Mechanisms of Transmembrane Calcium Transfer

Effects of Calcium on Renal Epithelial Transport

Effects of Changes in Cytosolic Calcium on Renal Sodium Transport

Role of Cytosolic Calcium in the Hydrosmotic Response to Vasopressin
Kidney and Bone: Physiological and Pathophysiological Relationships
Authors: Brown Edward M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Chemical and Cellular Composition of Bone

Extracellular Constituents of Bone

Bone Cells

Development and Structure of Bone

Endochondral Ossification

Intramembranous Ossification

Skeletal Growth and Modeling

Principles of Skeletal Growth

Skeletal Modeling

Epiphyseal Closure

Bone Cell Function and Skeletal Growth and Modeling

Bone Turnover and the Remodeling Cycle

Skeletal Remodeling

Cellular Control of Bone Remodeling

Fracture Healing

Bone Cell Function and Fracture Repair

Interrelationships of Kidney and Bone in Normal Physiology

General Considerations

Overall Calcium Balance

Hormonal Control of Mineral Ion Homeostasis

Role of the Parathyroid Glands in the Calcium Homeostatic System

Bone Cell Function and Ionic Homeostasis

Aspects of Renal Function Essential for Normal Skeletal Structure and Function and Ionic Homeostasis

Metabolic Bone Disease

Osteitis Fibrosa

Osteomalacia

Osteoporosis

Laboratory Evaluation of Metabolic Bone Disease

Direct Assays of Calcium‐Regulating Hormones in Blood

Clinical Assessment of the Function of Target Organs for Calcium‐Regulating Hormones

Abnormalities in Renal Function Leading to Skeletal Disease

Abnormalities in Renal Calcium Handling

Abnormalities in Renal Phosphate Handling

Hypo‐ and Hypermagnesemia Due to Renal Causes

Renal Tubular Acidosis

Primary Abnormalities in Vitamin D Metabolism

Renal Resistance toPTH: Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Chronic Renal Insufficiency

Pathophysiology of Renal Osteodystrophy

Disorders Affecting the Homeostatic Mechanisms Linking Kidney and Bone

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

Hypoparathyroidism

Deficient Quantities and Action of Vitamin D

Hypervitaminosis D

Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases

Other Hormonal Abnormalities and Drugs Affecting Both Bone and Kidney

Calcitonin

Growth Hormone

Estrogen

Glucocorticoids

Insulin

Thyroid Hormones

Miscellaneous Associations Between Bone and Kidney

Disorders Affecting Both Kidney and Bone

Pharmacological Agents Affecting Both Kidney and Bone

Effects of Bone Disease on the Kidney
Mendelian Phenotypes as “Probes” of Renal Transport Systems for Amino Acids and Phosphate
Authors: Scriver Charles R. , Tenenhouse Harriet S.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Genetic Considerations

Chemical Phenotypes

Polypeptide Phenotypes

Genotypes

Homeostasis: The Concept of Heritability

Physiological Considerations of Renal Transport

Radial Specificity

Axial Specificity

Chemical Specificity

Mendelian Phenotypes

Disorders of Cationic Amino Acid Transport

Disorders of Neutral Amino Acid Transport

Disorders of Anionic (Acidic) Amino Acid Transport

Disorders of Phosphate Transport

Fanconi Syndrome and Allied Disorders

Resumé of Findings in Mendelian Renal Transport Phenotypes and Their Implications

Taxonomy

Heterogeneity of Carriers

Homeostasis

Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics
Clearance Mechanisms in the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Kilburn Kaye H.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Conducting Airways

Ciliated Cells

Goblet Cells and Mucus

Serous Cells and Water

Transport and Clearance Dynamics

Fluid Absorption and Mucociliary Clearance

Other Physical Mechanisms

Leukocyte Recruitment and Endocytosis in Conducting Airways

Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli

Physical Removal

Solubility and Permeability

Digestion

Retention

Implications for Environmental Diseases

Pulmonary

Systemic Disorders
Permeability of the Skin
Authors: Scheuplein Robert J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Manifestations of Skin Permeability

Structure of the Skin

Relevant Structural Features of the Whole Skin

The Stratum Corneum

Regional Variations in Structure

Human Versus Other Mammalian Skin

Biophysics of Skin Permeability

Mathematical Analysis of Skin Permeability

Steady‐State Permeability of Skin—Fick's Law

Appendageal Diffusion

Concentration Levels in the Skin

Regional Variations in Permeability

Effect of Solvents and Surfactants

Water

Aprotic Solvents

Surfactants

Organic Solvents
Gastroenterologic Response to Environmental Agents — Absorption and Interactions
Authors: Pfeiffer Carl J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

General Principles of Interaction Between Environmental Agents and the Gut Mucosa

Morphological Considerations

General and Selected Physicochemical Principles

Enteric Absorption and Mucosal Effects of Trace Elements

Lead

Nickel and Tin

Mercury‐Containing Compounds

Zinc and Cadmium

Copper and Molybdenum

Selenium

Fluorine and Other Halogens

Miscellaneous Trace Elements

Mucosal Effects of Chemicals and Corrosives

Gastrointestinal Absorption of Pesticides

Absorption and Enteric Surface Effects of Miscellaneous Industrial Agents

Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Triphenyls

Polyglycerol Esters

Organic Sulfonates and Other Surface‐Active Agents

Dimethylsulfoxide

Polyvinylchloride Stabilizers and Plasticizers

Absorption and Enteric Surface Effects of Natural Environmental Contaminants

Tannic Acid

Miscellaneous Natural Compounds

Ingestion of Carcinogenic Agents
Metabolism of Foreign Substances in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Hartiala Kaarlo
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Foreign Substance Metabolism by the Intestinal Mucosa

Nonsynthetic Reactions

Synthetic Reactions

Multiplicity of Biotransformation Reactions

Species and Strain Differences

Fetal Development and Phylogenetic Aspects

Biotransformation by Intestinal Microorganisms

Adaptation of Xenobiotic Metabolism in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Endogenous Compounds in Regulation of Drug Metabolism

Enhancement of Biotransformation by Exogenous Compounds

Effect of Luminal Contents

Interaction of Intestinal Microflora and Mucosal Functions

Concluding Remarks
Biochemistry and Significance of Transferase Reactions in the Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals
Authors: Hollingworth Robert M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Transferase Reactions

Individual Conjugation Mechanisms

Glycosidation

Sulfation

Methylation

Acylation

Amino Acid Conjugation

Glutathione Conjugation

Factors Influencing Conjugation

Age Differences

Sex Differences

Species Variation

Subspecific Variation

Route of Exposure

Dosage Level

Environmental Factors

Significance of Conjugation
Renal Injury and Urinary Excretion
Authors: Magos L. , Clarkson T. W.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Acute Renal Failure

Nephrotic Syndrome and Tubular Dysfunction

Inorganic Mercury

Atomic Mercury Vapor

Organomercurials

Uranium

Cadmium

Chronic Nephritis

Proteinuria and Excretion of Heavy Metals

Factors Affecting Renal Toxicity and Excretion

Storage Capacity of the Tubular Cells

Tolerance

Complexing Agents
Skeletal Muscle Adaptability: Significance for Metabolism and Performance
Authors: Saltin Bengt , Gollnick Philip D.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Motor Unit

Fibers per Motor Unit

Contractile Properties

Biochemical Basis for Differences in Twitch Properties

Histochemical Differentiation of Muscle Fibers

Ultrastructural Basis for Skeletal Muscle Fiber Typing

Maximal Contractile Force

Speed of Contraction

Fatigue Characteristics

Metabolic Characteristics

Ionic Composition of Skeletal Muscle

Muscle Fiber Composition in Human Skeletal Muscle

Motor‐Unit Recruitment

Adaptive Response in Skeletal Muscle

Muscle Size

Metabolic Capacity

Connective Tissue

Capillaries

Methodology

Anatomy

Capillary Density

Capillary Length and Diameter

Use and Disuse

Regulation

Significance of Adaptation

Muscular Size

Substrate Stores

Enzyme Activities
Diseases of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Edwards R. H. T. , Jones D. A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

History

Clinical Presentation of Muscle Disease

Weakness

Fatigue

Myoglobinuria

Unusual Function

Investigation of Patients with Muscle Disease

Clinical History and Examination

Blood Biochemistry

Electromyography

Muscle Biopsy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Measurement of Muscle Cross‐Sectional Area

Tests of Muscle Function

Isolated Human Muscle Preparations

Exercise and Fasting as Provocation Tests

Sudies of Protein Turnover

Analysis of Muscle Weakness

Dystrophies

Inflammatory Myopathies

Atrophy and Hypertrophy

Factors Affecting Protein Turnover in Muscle

Neuropathies

Analysis of Abnormal Fatigability

Muscle Fatigue in Normal Subjects

Myasthenia Gravis

Disorders of Energy Metabolism

Disorders of Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism

Disorders of Fat Metabolism

Changes in Muscle Function

Disordered Function

Myotonic Syndromes

Periodic Paralysis

Malignant Hyperpyrexia

Muscle Pain, Cramps, and Contractures

Drug‐Induced Myopathies

Mechanisms Underlying Muscle Disease

Vascular and Humoral Influences

Influence of Nerve on Muscle

Disorders of the Cell Membrane

Muscle Protease Activity

Inflammatory Disorders of Muscle

Overuse and Disuse as Causes of Muscle Damage

Prospects For Treatment of Muscle Disease
Putative Interventions
Authors: Yu Byung P.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Criteria for Claiming Retardation of Aging Processes

Life Span Extension

Modulation of Functional, Structural, and Morphological Changes as Evidence for Aging Retardation

Modulation of Pathology

Dietary Restriction, A Robust Antiaging Intervention

Historical Notes

Dietary Restriction, an Aging Intervention

Population Mortality Characteristics

Age‐Related Disease Processes

Physiological Characteristics

Cellular Actions

Modulation of the Aging Process by Other Interventions

Antioxidant Feeding

Deprenyl

Melatonin

Hypophysectomy

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Concluding Remarks
Exercise
Authors: Holloszy John O. , Kohrt Wendy M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Exercise and Longevity

Insights Regarding the Extension of Longevity by Food Restriction

Re‐evaluation of the Rate‐of‐Living Concept

Decline in Maximal Oxygen Uptake Capacity with Aging

Decline inin People Who Exercise Regularly

Effect of Exercise Training onin Previously Sedentary Elderly Men and Women

Effects of Aging and Physical Inactivity on Cardiovascular Function: Role in the Decline in Aerobic Exercise Capacity

Effect of Exercise Training on Cardiovascular Function in Elderly People and Rats

Role of Skeletal Muscle in the Decline in Aerobic Exercise Capacity

Decline in Muscle Mass and Strength with Aging

Studies on Humans

Studies on Rats

Effects of Strength Training on Muscle Mass and Strength in Old Age

Changes in Body Composition with Aging

Age‐Related Changes in Weight and Height

Age‐Related Changes in Fat and Fat‐Free Mass

Age‐Related Changes in Total Body Water

Age‐Related Changes in Bone Mineral Content

Age‐Related Changes in Fat Distribution Pattern

Exercise, Aging, and Carbohydrate Metabolism

Exercise and Carbohydrate Metabolism

Aging and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rats

Aging and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Humans

Effects of Exercise on Insulin Resistance and Glucose Tolerance in Older People

Concluding Remarks
The Physiological Control of Motoneuron Activity
Authors: Binder Marc D. , Heckman C. J. , Powers Randall K.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Patterns of Motor Output

Orderly Recruitment of Motor Units

Rate Modulation of Motor Units

Motoneuron Properties

The Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Determinants of Input Resistance

Threshold Behavior

Repetitive Discharge Behavior

Effects of Neuromodulators on Motoneuron Behavior

Motoneuron Models

Organization of Synaptic Inputs to the Motoneuron Pool

Transfer of Synaptic Current to the Soma

Effective Synaptic Currents

Distribution of Effective Synaptic Current from Identified Input Systems

Effects of Synaptic Inputs on Motoneuron Discharge

Summation of Synaptic Inputs

The Motoneuron Pool and its Muscle as a Neural System

Mechanical Properties of Motor Units

Single Motor Unit Input‐Output Function

Input‐Output Function of the Motoneuron Pool

Mechanisms Controlling Motor Outflow