bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myeloid-Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Are Dispensable for Ocular Neovascularization—Brief Report
Authors: Liyanage Sidath E. , Fantin Alessandro , Villacampa Pilar , Lange Clemens A. , Denti Laura , Cristante Enrico , Smith Alexander J. , Ali Robin R. , Luhmann Ulrich F. , Bainbridge James W. , Ruhrberg Christiana
Published: November 2015

Objective—

Ocular neovascularization (ONV) is a pathological feature of sight-threatening human diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Macrophage depletion in mouse models of ONV reduces the formation of pathological blood vessels, and myeloid cells are widely considered an important source of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF). However, the importance of VEGF or its upstream regulators hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α) as myeloid-derived regulators of ONV remains to be determined.

Approach and Results—

We used 2 mouse models of ONV, choroidal neovascularization and oxygen-induced retinopathy, to show that
Vegfa
is highly expressed by several cell types, but not myeloid cells during ONV. Moreover, myeloid-specific VEGF ablation did not reduce total ocular VEGF during choroidal neovascularization or oxygen-induced retinopathy. In agreement, the conditional inactivation of
Vegfa
,
Hif1a
, or
Epas1
in recruited and resident myeloid cells that accumulated at sites of neovascularization did not significantly reduce choroidal neovascularization or oxygen-induced retinopathy.

Conclusions—

The finding that myeloid cells are not a significant local source of VEGF in these rodent models of ONV suggests that myeloid function in neovascular eye disease differs from skin wound healing and other neovascular pathologies.
D-4F Decreases White Matter Damage After Stroke in Mice
Authors: Cui Xu , Chopp Michael , Zacharek Alex , Cui Chengcheng , Yan Tao , Ning Ruizhuo , Chen Jieli
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—

Stroke-induced neuroinflammation and white matter damage are associated with neurological deficits. Whether D-4F, an apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide, treatment of stroke decreases neuroinflammation and white matter damage and improves functional outcome has not been investigated.

Methods—

Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and were orally administered saline as a vehicle control and different doses of D-4F (2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 mg/kg) starting at 2 h after MCAo and daily until euthanized at 7 days after MCAo. D-4F treatment did not alter the blood levels of high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood–brain barrier leakage, and infarction volume compared with control group.

Results—

D-4F (16 mg/kg) treatment of stroke significantly improved functional outcome, increased the white matter density and the number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the ischemic boundary zone of the ipsilateral striatum, and increased myelin basic protein, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), but decreased inflammatory factor Toll-like receptor-4 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in the ischemic brain 7 days after MCAo (
P
<0.05, n=11/group). The neurite/axonal outgrowth in primary cultured neurons was significantly increased when treated with D-4F (100 ng/mL) and IGF1 (100 ng/mL) compared with the nontreatment control. Inhibition of IGF1 significantly attenuated D-4F or IGF1 treatment–induced axonal outgrowth. D-4F-treatment did not increase oligodendrocyte–progenitor cell proliferation but decreased oligodendrocyte–progenitor cell death.

Conclusions—

D-4F treatment initiated 2 h after MCAo decreases neuroinflammation and white matter damage and improves functional outcome after stroke. D-4F-induced increase in IGF1 may contribute to D-4F–induced neurite/axonal outgrowth after stroke.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of one new and several known species of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus Linford & Oliveira, 1940 (Hoplolaimidae: Rotylenchulinae), and a phylogeny of the genus
Authors: Van Den Berg Esther , Palomares-Rius Juan E. , Vovlas Nicola , Tiedt Louwrens R. , Castillo Pablo , Subbotin Sergei A.
Published: November 2015

The reniform nematodes of the genusRotylenchulusare semi-endoparasites of numerous herbaceous and woody plant roots and are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, we provide morphological and molecular characterisation of six out of ten presently known valid species ofRotylenchulus:R. clavicaudatus,R. leptus,R. macrodoratus,R. macrosoma,R. reniformisandR. saccharifrom South Africa, USA, Italy and Spain.Rotylenchulus parvuswas only studied morphologically. A new species,R. macrosomoidessp. n., isolated from soil and roots of sugarcane in South Africa, is described. The phylogeny ofRotylenchulus, as inferred from the analyses of D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA,coxImtDNA andhsp90gene sequences, is presented. The study revealed thatR. reniformisandR. macrosomahave a sister relationship, but that relationships between otherRotylenchulusspecies remain unresolved. The phylogenetic analysis also confirmed the hypothesis that this genus originated from the Afrotropical zoogeographical region. Our study revealed thatR. reniformisandR. macrosomoidessp. n. have two distinct rRNA gene types andR. macrosomahave three rRNA gene types in their genomes. PCR with species-specific primers was developed for rapid diagnostics ofR. reniformis.
Are Women ‘Really’ Making a Unique Contribution to Peacekeeping?
Authors: Heinecken Lindy
Published: November 2015

This article examines the factors that inhibit the ability of female peacekeepers to make a unique contribution to peacekeeping operations based on their gender. The debates are examined in relation to the claims made about their ability to enhance operational effectiveness and reach out to the local population as women, compared to the actual experiences of South African peacekeepers’ deployed in the Democratic Republic of Congo (drc) and in Darfur/Sudan. The argument is made that factors stemming from both the military and operational context affect the optimal utilization of women in various ways. As most national armed forces tend to draw their peacekeeping troops from the infantry, women come under tremendous performance pressure when deployed and are obliged to assimilate masculine values in order to be recognised as ‘good’ soldiers. It is argued that this, coupled with the hyper-masculine peacekeeping environment which is hostile to women, undermines their optimal utilization, as well as their ability to infuse a more gendered approach in peacekeeping.
Morphological keys to the genera and species of bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) of Mexico
Authors: Ruiz-Sanchez Eduardo , Clark Lynn G , Londoño Ximena , Mejía-Saulés Teresa , Cortés Gilberto
Published: November 2015

The diversity of the grass subfamily Bambusoideae native to Mexico is represented by two tribes, the tropical woody bamboos (Bambuseae) with three subtribes, Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae and Guaduinae, and the herbaceous bamboos (Olyreae) with the single subtribe Olyrinae. In addition, Bambusa oldhamii, B. vulgaris, Phyllostachys aurea, P. bambusoides and Guadua angustifolia are cultivated in Mexico. The aim of this study is to provide morphological keys to the genera and species of the native and the most common cultivated bamboos in Mexico. In total, Mexico has 54 native, four herbaceous and 50 woody, species of bamboos. With the exception of a few states (Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Coahuila and Tlaxcala), each of the remaining states has at least one bamboo species. Mexican bamboos are found from sea level to 3000 m in different types of vegetation including tropical dry forest, tropical subdeciduous forest, rain forest, cloud forest, pine-oak forest, pine-fir forest and xerophytic scrub. Herbaceous bamboos are represented by three genera: Cryptochloa, Lithachne and Olyra, whereas woody bamboos are represented by eight genera: Aulonemia, Arthrostylidium, Chusquea, Guadua, Merostachys, Olmeca, Otatea and Rhipidocladum. Thirty-one of the 54 bamboos are endemic to Mexico, and Chiapas, with 33 species, is the state with the highest bamboo diversity, followed by Veracruz with 25 and Oaxaca with 20. Chusquea is the most diverse genus with 21 species, followed by Otatea with ten and Guadua with seven. Twenty-seven of the 54 bamboo species deserve to be included in the Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010), and in the Red List of the International Union of Conservation of Nature to promote their conservation.
Taxonomic notes on Glochidion acuminatum and G. triandrum (Phyllanthaceae)
Authors: Yao Gang , Zhang Dianxiang
Published: November 2015

Based on detailed morphological comparisons and literature examinations, it was found that the two species, Glochidion acuminatum Müll. Arg. and G. triandrum (Blanco) C. B. Rob. (Phyllanthaceae), can be readily distinguished from one other and warrant acceptance as separate species. Here, their morphological circumscription and geographical distribution are reevaluated. In addition, the three names, viz. G. acuminatum, G. eleutherostylum Müll. Arg. and G. quinquestylum Elmer, are lectotyped and the name G. triandrum is neotyped.
Lectotypification of the name Populus wilsonii (Salicaceae)
Authors: Shang Ce , ZHANG LIMEI , ZHAO FENGBIN , ZHANG ZHIXIANG
Published: November 2015

During the ongoing revision of Populus Linnaeus (1753: 1034) for the Flora of Pan-Himalayas, the application of the name Populus wilsonii Schneider (1916: 16) has been considered a complicated problem. P. wilsonii was described by Schneider based on Wilson’s collections from western Hupeh and western Szech’uan. In the protologue, Schneider cited E. H. Wilson 706a, May 20 and August 1907, Hsing-shan Hsien as types, which belong to two gatherings (cf. Art. 8.2 of the ICN, McNeill et al. 2012). Hao (1935) briefly reviewed Chinese Populus and cited E. H. Wilson no. 706a in Arnold Arboretum as the type of P. wilsonii, specifying in which herbarium the types were conserved, but not which of the two gatherings he designated as lectotype. We traced eight specimens of “E. H. Wilson 706a” in five herbaria: A, E, GH, K, US (Table 1). The two specimens kept in A (barcodes 00030875, 00030877) are labelled with Schneider’s handwriting “cotype, 20/5/07” and “type No. 8/07”, respectively, but both are composed of a flowering branch and a separated branch with mature leaves. These two specimens appear to be mixed gatherings, since most poplar flowers fade before the leaves unfold. Meanwhile, another specimen at K (barcode K000592058, image available at http://www.kew.org/herbcatimg/290165.jpg) labelled “E. H. Wilson 706a, 5/07 + 8/07” provided additional evidence that one sheet of E. H. Wilson 706a could be composed of material from different gatherings. Although the collection date was not identical to the protologue (May 1907 vs. May 20 1907), the E specimen of “E. H. Wilson 706a, 5/07” (barcode E00301557) was attached with an “Isotype” label and is supposed to be part of the gathering of E. H. Wilson 706a, May 20 1907. As a result, there are three gatherings under the same collection number: flowering female branches collected on May 20 1907, branches with mature leaves collected in August 1907, and flowering female branches with primary leaves collected in May 1907.
Application of multilingual corpus in contrastive studies (on the example of the Bulgarian-Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus)
Authors: Dimitrova Ludmila , Koseska-Toszewa Violetta , Roszko Danuta , Roszko Roman
Published: November 2015

Application of multilingual corpus in contrastive studies (on the example of the Bulgarian-Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus)In this paper we present applications of a trilingual corpus in language research. Comparative and contrastive studies of Polish and Bulgarian as well as Polish and Lithuanian have been already conducted, but up to the best of our knowledge no such studies exist for Bulgarian and Lithuanian. On the one hand, it is interesting to note that two Slavic languages are compared to a Baltic language (Lithuanian). On the other hand, the three languages are marginally present in the EU because of the later ascension of the three countries to the EU. The paper shortly describes the first electronic Bulgarian–Polish–Lithuanian experimental corpus, currently under development only for research. We also focus our attention on the morphosyntactic annotation of the parallel trilingual corpus according to the Corpus Encoding Standard: we present a review of the Part-of-Speech (POS) classification of the participle in the three languages – Bulgarian, Polish, and Lithuanian in comparison to another POS, the adjective. We briefly discuss tagsets for corpus annotation from the point of view of possible unification in the future with some examples.
Interpretation formulas for conjunctions and particles in the explanatory Ukrainian language dictionary
Authors: Bugakov Oleg V.
Published: November 2015

Interpretation formulas for conjunctions and particles in the explanatory Ukrainian language dictionaryInterpretation formulas for conjunctions and particles in the Ukrainian Language Dictionary are defined. The peculiarities of presenting lexical semantics for these parts of speech in the explanatory part of the dictionary entry are described. The way of presenting interpretation formulas using synonyms is also described.
Note sur l’adverbe temporel już et ses correspondants français
Authors: Nowakowska Małgorzata , Apothéloz Denis
Published: November 2015

A remark concerning the temporal adverb już and its French equivalentsGenerally speaking, this contrastive study of the Polish temporal adverb już and the French déjà is based around the idea that już and déjà have an invariant meaning but it is also true that they follow different idiosyncratic usages. This article has two parts. First, the authors show the usages of już which are equivalent to those of déjà. These usages appear when już and déjà are put in a specific verbal context. The authors describe the four cases in which już and déjà are equivalent: “precocity of event”, existential usage, iterative-continuative usage, experiential perfect usage. Secondly, the authors analyze four cases in which the Polish adverb już can’t be translated by the French déjà. These incompatibilities can be explained by either morphological idiosyncrasy or the conventionalization of deictic meaning of już, which is absent of déjà.
A contrastive view of adjectives in Croatian, Polish and English: subjectification as a local phenomenon
Authors: Stanojević Mateusz-Milan , Kryżan-Stanojević Barbara , Parizoska Jelena
Published: November 2015

A contrastive view of adjectives in Croatian, Polish and English: subjectification as a local phenomenonA study of English adjectives (Athanasiadou 2006) suggested that subjectification (defined as the degree to which the conceptualizer plays a role in construing the objective scene; Langacker 2000) may be helpful in examining the various uses of adjectives in English. In this paper we attempt to do the same, comparing and contrasting three languages: English (as the point of reference), and Croatian and Polish. Croatian and Polish were selected because they allow relatively free combinations, with the caveat that Polish uses postposition for classifying senses. We examine whether subjectification may be taken as the organizing principle behind the prenominal, postnominal and predicative positions found in the three languages, i.e. whether the role of subjectification is global – working across constructions, or local – working within a construction. Examples from three languages showed that although subjectification does play a role in the various positions, it may not be taken as the organizing principle behind the differences. We argue that this is due to the fact that subjectification is a local phenomenon which works within a single construction, which is delimited formally and functionally. This is corroborated by other subjectified constructions. We believe that this is due to the gradual nature of subjectification, which requires recoverable links to previous stages.
Verb aspect, alternations and quantification
Authors: Koeva Svetla
Published: November 2015

Verb aspect, alternations and quantificationIn this paper we are briefly discuss the nature of Bulgarian verb aspect and argue that the verb aspect pairs are different lexical units with different (although related) meaning, different argument structure (reflecting categories, explicitness and referential status of arguments) and different sets of semantic and syntactic alternations. The verb prefixes resulting in perfective verbs derivation in some cases can be interpreted as lexical quantifiers as well. Thus the Bulgarian verb aspect is related (in different way) both with the potential for the generation of alternations and with the prefixal lexical quantification. It is shown that the scope of the lexical quantification by means of verbal prefixes is the quantified verb phrase and the scope remains constant in all derived alternations. The paper concerns the basic issues of these complex problems, while the detailed description of the conditions satisfying particular alternation or particular lexical quantification are subject of a more detailed study.
Semantic relations between verbs in Polish WordNet 2.0
Authors: Maziarz Marek , Piasecki Maciej , Szpakowicz Stanisław , Rabiega-Wiśniewska Joanna , Hojka Bożena
Published: November 2015

Semantic relations between verbs in Polish WordNet 2.0The noun dominates wordnets. The lexical semantics of verbs is usually under-represented, even if it is essential in any semantic analysis which goes beyond statistical methods. We present our attempt to remedy the imbalance; it begins by designing a sufficiently rich set of wordnet relations for verbs. We discuss and show in detail such a relation set in the largest Polish wordnet. Our design decisions, while as general and language-independent as possible, are mainly informed by our desire to capture the nature and peculiarities of the verb system in Polish.
Syntactic-semantic treebank for domain ontology creation
Authors: Osenova Petya , Simov Kiril
Published: November 2015

Syntactic-semantic treebank for domain ontology creationThis paper focuses on the creation of a domain treebank for the purposes of compiling a domain ontology. The domain treebank is viewed as a suitable resource for extracting of semantic relations from syntactic structures. First, the steps for ontology building are considered. Then, the processing over glossaries and standards is described with regard to their syntactic annotation. The utility of deriving semantic knowledge from the Treebank is also illustrated via the basic phrases. The idea is that the domain knowledge is represented in the domain data, but via treebanking more linguistic patterns can be extracted, which to be mapped to concepts and relations in a domain ontology.
Web presentation of bilingual corpora (Slovak-Bulgarian and Bulgarian-Polish)
Authors: Garabík Radovan , Dimitrova Ludmila , Koseska-Toszewa Violetta
Published: November 2015

Web presentation of bilingual corpora (Slovak-Bulgarian and Bulgarian-Polish)In this paper we focus on the web-presentation of bilingual corpora in three Slavic languages and their possible applications. Slovak-Bulgarian and Bulgarian-Polish corpora are collected and developed as results of the collaboration in the frameworks of two joint research projects between Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, from one side, and from the other side: Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Sciences and Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, coordinate by authors of this paper.
Implementation of the Bulgarian-Polish online dictionary
Authors: Dimitrova Ludmila , Dutsova Ralitsa
Published: November 2015

Implementation of the Bulgarian-Polish online dictionaryThe paper describes the implementation of an online Bulgarian-Polish dictionary as a technological tool for applications in digital humanities. This bilingual digital dictionary is developed in the frame of the joint research project “Semantics and Contrastive Linguistics with a focus on a bilingual electronic dictionary” between IMI-BAS and ISS-PAS, supervised by L. Dimitrova (IMI-BAS) and V. Koseska-Toszewa (ISS-PAS). In addition, the main software tools for web-presentation of the dictionary are described briefly.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage Among Girls Before 13 Years
Authors: Jeyarajah Jenny , Elam-Evans Laurie D. , Stokley Shannon , Smith Philip J. , Singleton James A.
Published: November 2015

Routine human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is recommended at 11 or 12 years by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. National Immunization Survey–Teen data were analyzed to evaluate, among girls, coverage with one or more doses of HPV vaccination, missed opportunities for HPV vaccination, and potential achievable coverage before 13 years. Results were stratified by birth year cohorts. HPV vaccination coverage before 13 years (≥1 HPV dose) increased from 28.4% for girls born in 1995 to 46.8% for girls born in 2000. Among girls born during 1999-2000 who had not received HPV vaccination before 13 years (57.2%), 80.1% had at least 1 missed opportunity to receive HPV vaccination before 13 years. Opportunities to vaccinate for HPV at age 11 to 12 years are missed. Strategies are needed to decrease these missed opportunities for HPV vaccination. This can be facilitated by the administration of all vaccines recommended for adolescents at the same visit.
Navigation in Terrain-Following Flight
Authors: Soliday Stanley M.
Published: November 2015

This study investigated the problem of navigation in low-altitude, high-speed, terrain-following flight. Tests were made in a four-degree-of-freedom flight simulator that had an out-of-cockpit television presentation synchronized with it in such a way that a subject seemed to be flying over a landscape with freedom to climb, descend, and change course at will. Twelve experienced jet pilots flew 48 one-and-one-half-hour missions using several combinations of navigational and terrain-following displays in two different types of simulated aircraft. The results showed that the pilots navigated with much greater efficiency when they had information from a simulated inertial guidance system than when they did not have this information. They navigated better in mountainous terrain when they used a head-up display for terrain-following than when they used conventional in-cockpit instruments for terrain-following, and they navigated better in the aircraft that had the more desirable handling qualities.
Operator-Mounted Controllers for Precision Tracking
Authors: Price Dennis L.
Published: November 2015

This study explored the feasibility of using hand-held and leg-mounted controllers for precision tracking tasks. The hand-held device was a thumb-actuated pressure controller; the leg-mounted device was a conventional displacement stick. Two experiments were undertaken. The first was conducted in a static-based facility to explore the effects of control sensitivity and controller type on tracking performance. The second was carried out in a dynamic-motion simulator to examine the effects of buffeting on tracking, and to continue the comparison of controllers. The dynamic environment was that of a light aircraft under various wind gust conditions. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in tracking performance between the two types of controllers or the two sensitivity levels, except when a lag-lead transfer function was introduced. As expected, tracking performance was inversely related to severity of buffeting. It was concluded that either controller could be considered for use in precision tracking tasks from light aircraft subjected to light or moderate wind gust conditions.
Communication Patterns, Organizational Structure, and Man: Some Relationships
Authors: Conrath David W.
Published: November 2015

Organizations are an essential part of everyone's environment. Yet, a thorough understanding of the organization as a comprehensive system, its formal structural properties, and the relationships of individuals acting within them is lacking. A prime reason for this would appear to be that field-study measurement techniques are inadequate to the task. Using the string that ties the organization together–intraorganizational communication-an attempt has been made to develop measurement schemes that can treat the organization as a whole without losing sight of its parts. Data have been obtained from a large manufacturing firm, and a subset has been used to test three conjectures relating formal structure characteristics with communication patterns as distinguished by mode. Some support was shown for associating written communication patterns with the authority structure, telephone communication patterns with the task structure, and face-to-face interaction with the physical structure.
Video Conferencing: Reactions of Users
Authors: Duncanson James P. , Williams Arthur D.
Published: November 2015

Three studies of video conferencing are reported. The first describes a video conferencing facility linking two locations about 35 miles apart, and summarizes the reactions of people who used it for naturally occurring conferences. This facility used conventional television cameras and monitors, and incorporated voice-activated switching among cameras to provide “close-up” video coverage of the person talking at any given time. The second study was a laboratory preference test to determine user opinions regarding positioning and viewing parameters of cameras and monitors for video conferencing. In this study, reduced bandwidth (1 MHz) equipment was used. The third study investigated the acceptability of a reduced bandwidth video conferencing facility by means of simulated conferences.
Field Testing: The Delicate Compromise
Authors: Johnson Edgar M. , Baker James D.
Published: November 2015

This paper selectively compares human factors field testing with laboratory experimentation. Although each is derived from the scientific method, there are critical differences between the two research settings. Field testing is not a simple extension of the laboratory into an operational setting. Techniques, procedures, and research strategies differ; a technology is evolving to bridge the gap between the two research domains.
The Modal Comfort Envelope and its Use in Current Standards
Authors: Rohles Frederick H.
Published: November 2015

A detailed study of thermal comfort was conducted by exposing 1600 subjects, in groups of 10 subjects each (5 men and 5 women), to 20 dry bulb temperatures at each of eight relative humidities (160 tests). From this study, 15 temperature-humidity conditions were selected (ET: 75.9-79.7°F) and identified as the Modal Comfort Envelope (MCE). Within this envelope 94% of the subjects were either slightly cool, comfortable, or slightly warm; 3% were cool and 3% were warm; and none were hot or cold. To validate these findings, a new sample of 150 subjects was tested and the results of this test agree favorably with the original findings. The MCE was used in a clothing study and in an investigation of thermal comfort in the elderly; the results of these studies are discussed, together with suggestions for the use of the Modal Comfort Envelope, as a tool for examining the thermal sensation as a function of such non-thermal factors as lighting, subject density, sex, and activity. A slightly modified version of the MCE is currently being used as a standard for thermal comfort by ASHRAE and this is examined together with ASHRAE Comfort Standard 55–66, the New ASHRAE Comfort Chart, and the new Effective Temperature Scale.
Research Note: Reduction of Muscular Fatigue Associated with Repetitive Light Assembly Operations by Means of Arm Counterbalancing
Authors: Kassab Samuel J.
Published: November 2015

The muscular effort required to perform a light assembly task was monitored by electromyography on each of 14 female subjects under two different methods of assembly. First, the conventional method was studied with the arms unsupported. The second method involved counterbalancing the weight of the arms. A highly significant difference was found between methods, thus indicating that, during sustained activity, muscular effort can be reduced approximately 50% by counterbalancing the weight of the arms. Also, the onset of physiological fatigue is indefinitely delayed, if not completely eliminated, by the utilization of this technique. A comparison between age groups showed little difference attributable to the age of the subject.
The Detection of a Simple Visual Signal as a Function of Time of Watch
Authors: Teichner Warren H.
Published: November 2015

The percentage of detection of 37 studies of vigilance, using simple signals, was found to depend primarily on the initial or pretest detection level, the nature of the signal, i.e., whether it is a dynamic signal (requires movement or change of state of the eye) or static, and the duration of the watch. Using the data of these studies, a watchkeeping decremental function was developed. It was shown that the function can be used to estimate a tradeoff between time of watch and the initial percentage of detection. The loss of detection associated with static signals was found to be relatively small. It is suggested that it is this small loss which represents a vigilance process. The greater decrements associated with dynamic stimuli are assumed to be due to an additional ocular demand.
The Effect of Display Format on Sonar Detection and Localization
Authors: Sonn Martin , Rizy Edward F.
Published: November 2015

Operator detection-and-localization (DAL) performance was compared for non-refreshed B-scan and PPI sonar displays under multiple successive transmission conditions. Subjects were tested in the Raytheon Sonar Control Room Simulation Facility under low red ambient illumination. Simulated sonar targets masked in flat Gaussian noise were presented at various ranges, bearings, and signal-to-noise ratios. Subjects were required to detect and localize the targets and to rate their confidence in the DAL. Performance using the B-scan was consistently 2 to 3 dB better than performance with the PPI. Detectability for both displays increased by about 3 dB from the first to the sixth “ping”.
Human Factors Information Taxonomy: Fundamental Human Factors Applications for Architectural Programs
Authors: Harrigan John E.
Published: November 2015

Identification of user expectations and requirements, which is vital to the successful implementation of architectural programs, can be achieved through the application of behavioral science and human factors techniques to the professional practice of architecture. The taxonomy of informational objectives stresses analytic techniques based on direct observation of user behavior.
Human, Machine, and Environment Aspects of Snowmobile Design and Utilization
Authors: Rabideau Gerald F.
Published: November 2015

Central to the many problems inherent in the design and use of snowmobiles is their rapid increase in popularity as sporting and recreational vehicles during the past decade. The major problems-damage and injury-producing accidents, noise pollution, damage to private property, and detrimental effects on natural ecology—are described and analyzed. Examples are given that typify the current state-of-the-art investigations of the problem areas. It is noted that such studies, both scientific and engineering, have dealt only in piecemeal fashion with some of the most widely acknowledged problems.

The paper examines the existing need for a system-oriented program of research designed to provide data for a wide range of system design standards capable of assuring the survival of this form of recreation.
Human Factors in Sports Systems: Suggested Models for Analyzing Athlete-Coach Interaction
Authors: Hendry L. B.
Published: November 2015

This paper considers social interaction within sports, and offers a number of theoretical constructs which might be utilized in the analysis of the athlete-coach relationship. These constructs are to some extent interdisciplinary, and range from a social-systems framework to a social-action perspective.
The Analytic Profile System (APS) for Evaluating Visual Displays
Authors: Siegel Arthur I. , Fischl M. A. , Macpherson Douglas
Published: November 2015

A display evaluative tool called the “Analytic Profile System” (APS) was developed and tested. The scorable factors included in the APS are based on the results of a multidimensional scaling of the display-observer interface. The technique itself rests on forced-choice methods and is held to possess acceptable psychometric characteristics.
Ski Binding Settings Based on Anthropometric and Biomechanical Data
Authors: Pope Malcolm H. , Johnson Robert J. , Ettlinger Carl F.
Published: November 2015

The international standard for setting ski bindings is based on the measurement of the tibia proximal width (the width of the shin bone just below theknee) because of the propensity of this bone to suffer trauma as the ski and skier attempt to go in different directions. This is shown to be an invalid measurement. The actual proximal width can be corrected by a formula based on multiple regression of height, weight, and measured proximal width. A nomograph of this equation, suitable for use in setting release levels on a binding is given. Other anthropometric variables (the length and midshaft diameter of the tibia and wrist, chest, and waist circumferences) were found to be unsuitable as predictors of actual proximal width.
A Review of Individual Differences in Field Dependence as a Factor in Auto Safety
Authors: Goodenough Donald R.
Published: November 2015

Several studies suggest that field-dependent drivers may have more accidents than field-independent drivers. However, much more research is needed to specify the nature of the driver behaviors involved. In this report severalhypotheses are considered concerning how field-dependent and field-independent drivers may differ in response to developing emergencies and with respect to defensive behaviors. Methodological problems involved in testing these hypotheses are also discussed.
Peripheral Detection and Central Task Complexity
Authors: Bartz Albert E.
Published: November 2015

Subjects verbally tracked a central task that differed on a complexity dimension (subsets of two, four, or eight digits), while indicating their detection of small peripheral lights by pressing a hand–held switch. Teichner's stress theory would predict that the more complex the central task, the longer would be the reaction times to the peripheral lights, and that the differences would be most pronounced in the far periphery (the funneling effect). Hebb's arousal theory, applied to vigilance behavior, would predict the opposite effect, where increasing the complexity of the central task would heighten the subject's vigilance performance. The results supported an arousal interpretation, with faster reaction times to the peripheral lights as central task complexity increased.
Motor and Cognitive Effects of Cold Water Immersion under Hyperbaric Conditions
Authors: Biersner Robert J.
Published: November 2015

Motor and cognitive tests were administered to four Navy divers under dry baseline conditions, in warm and cold shallow water, and again in cold water at 183 m. It was found that water resistance, cold water, and prolonged exposure to cold water at depth resulted in significant decrements in motor performance. None of these factors, however, consistently or reliably impaired cognitive performance. Those cognitive impairments which were found could probably be accounted for by impaired motor performance. The motor effects of prolonged exposure to cold water at 183 m may be related to either severe heat debt or CO2 retention. These results indicate that present heating techniques are inadequate to protect divers from significant motor impairments after entering cold water at any depth, and from additional decrements after exposure to cold water for an hour at 183 m.
Caution Behavior and its Conditioning in Driving
Authors: Parsons H. McIlvaine
Published: November 2015

If people drove more cautiously, there might be fewer accidents. Caution behavior includes pausing and looking. It is suggested that the “precautionary pause” based on a longer response latency and reduced force can be conditioned into drivers as avoidance behavior. In laboratory research that can be construed as simulation of driving, latencies were lengthened and forces diminished because of the contingencies of an aversive consequence. Accidents, near-accidents, and verbalizations about them can be viewed as aversive consequences that generate driver avoidance behavior, including the precautionary pause. How might the driving environment, including motivational signs, be designed to exploit this process and thereby contribute to highway safety?
Privacy, Privilege, and Transportation Research
Authors: Joscelyn Kent B.
Published: November 2015

The increasing danger of legal entanglement for researchers who disregard the rights of human subjects used in research, in particular their right of privacy, is examined. The broad definition of a human subject and the equally broad definition of injury are discussed. The implications of the Privacy Act of 1974 are noted, and the critical need for a researcher-privilege statute set forth.
Human Engineering Study of Information Processing Applicable to Helmet-Mounted Displays
Authors: Schroeder Ted
Published: November 2015

The present investigation examined and compared the pilot's decision-making capabilities when visual stimuli, similar in nature to those used in helmet-mounted displays, were displayed separately in each visual field. Fifteen student subjects experienced three different combinations of spatial and verbal hemiretinal stimuli. On one third of the trials, the left hemiretinae received verbal information, while the right hemiretinae simultaneously received spatial-type information. On another third of the trials, each set of hemiretinae received the opposite type of stimuli. On the remainder of the trials, both hermiretinae simultaneously received the same verbal and spatial-type inputs. Results indicate that the performance measure of latency was significantly decreased under the condition of verbal input to the right hemiretinae and spatial-type input to the left. No accuracy effects were seen as a result of the varying hemifield of stimulation. It was concluded that responses to the verbal right presentations were faster because transcallosal transmission was either unnecessary or inconsequential to the response.
Sources and Uses of Energy
Authors: Jones Henry
Published: November 2015

It is a privilege and an honour for me to have been invited to give a lecture associated with Sir George Thomson, a man whom I had the experience of working with when he was Chairman of the Ministry of Power's Scientific Advisory Council and I was one of the Council members. I will not attempt an appreciation of his scientific work, particularly distinguished in nuclear physics, but I can say that his qualities of intellect and personality made a most impressive impact on his colleagues on the Council.

My choice of subject is very wide, but so is the effect of energy on our daily lives. After a brief discussion of the way in which we need and use energy I will describe the major sources available to the world, with a more detailed examination focused on North Sea gas. Moving on to a brief review of the uses of energy in Great Britain, the lecture will close with an outline of the Gas Council's plans.
Temperature Control in Extrusion the Requirements for Temperature Control
Authors: Grant D. , Wilkinson P.
Published: November 2015

The object of this paper is to try to analyse, and also to some extent to justify, the temperature control requirements of the screw extrusion process.

This paper and the following paper on ‘Design Strategies for the Control of Temperature’ will, we hope, be of interest both to the section of the Plastics Industry that uses extruders, and also to that part of the Instrumentation Industry which is concerned with the control of temperature. We believe that, in sectors of both industries, there are still many misconceptions as to the nature of the extrusion process and about the equipment used.

To start with, we do not believe that the Plastics Industry knows the standard terms used by the Instrumentation Industry to describe the different types of instrument they employ. We hope Table I will help to clarify this situation. We also believe that the Instrumentation Industry has a limited understanding of the extrusion process, and so before describing what we believe to be the requirements for temperature control in extrusion, we will survey briefly the materials, products, properties, tolerances and also the equipment associated with this process.
A Rapid Synthesis Technique for the Duplicator Class of Feedback Control Systems
Authors: Towill D. R.
Published: November 2015

A technique suitable for the rapid synthesis of the duplicator class of feedback control systems is developed. Simultaneous requirements of maximum percentage overshoot, bandwidth and velocity constant, such as commonly specified in instrument servomechanisms, are satisfied by the technique, which uniquely defines the compensation terms required to satisfy the specification. The techniques make use of the fact that many feedback control systems, irrespective of order, are dominated by a few system poles and zeros, and therefore places either one system zero, and two system poles, or an integrating dipole and two system poles in the dominant part of the s plane. Straight-line approximations to the Bode plot of amplitude ratio only are used in conjunction with a dummy transfer function, the coefficients of which are obtained directly from the performance specification by means of a universal chart. Digital computer results are given in verification of the accuracy of the technique.

The approach is sufficient for the design of feedback control systems for which a linear or small perturbation model is adequate, provided the open loop dynamics can be approximated by the straight-line Bode plot. If the small perturbation model is inadequate, but a linear design approach is still chosen, the technique may be used to define trial systems for subsequent detailed nonlinear studies on the analogue computer.
An Automatic Moisture Meter Using Radio Frequency Heating
Authors: Scott J. A.
Published: November 2015

In one manufacturing process ICI, Nobel Division it became necessary to measure the moisture content, around 60 per cent, of a hot, sticky solid. The normal laboratory method involved drying in an oven at 100°C for 16 hours, the lengthy time required being due to the fact that on drying the material forms a hard external skin which greatly reduces the rate of loss of water. Such a delay meant that the results were of little value in the day to day running of the plant, and a rapid method was sought. Among numerous methods which were considered, in some cases tested, and rejected were measurement of conductivity, dielectric constant, density and microwave attenuation. The principal difficulty was the intractable condition of the sample and the fact that it contained much occluded air.

Finally the effect of radio frequency heating was tried, and it was found that a 5 gm sample could be dried completely in 10 min. This was used as the basis for a successful laboratory method for determining moisture and subsequently a request was received for an automatic instrument operating on this principle and capable of being used by unskilled labour.
Introduction to the Natural Gas Era
Authors: Lush L. A.
Published: November 2015

The paper gives a résumé of events leading up to the decision by the Gas Industry in this country to convert from one based on manufactured Town Gas to one entirely based on Natural Gas. The importation of liquefied natural gas, North Sea exploration, the laying of pipelines under the sea and the principal ‘feeders’ are briefly mentioned. Some of the planning aspects of conversion are discussed with particular reference to the conversion programme for selected industry in Sheffield.
The Equivalent Gain Matrix of a Multivariable Non-Linearity
Authors: West John C.
Published: November 2015

The equivalent gain concept of a mono-variable non-linear stochastic process is used to evaluate the linear matrix equivalent of a multi-variable non-linearity having n independent inputs and m outputs.

It is shown that if the n inputs are restricted to separable class of processes (which includes Gaussian random signals and also sinusoidal wave forms but is much wider), then the distortion terms produced by the non-linearity and by cross modulation have zero cross-correlation with any of the input signals.
The Measurement of Resonances in High Order Transfer Functions
Authors: Levinge R. W.
Published: November 2015

The frequency and damping factor of resonances in a high order transfer function may be obtained accurately by measuring Normalised Phase Slope.
Development of Computer Controlled Radar Programs
Authors: Prior J. R.
Published: November 2015

In 1964 some work was started on the development of an automatic radar. The basic objectives of this radar are to survey through 360 in azimuth and from 0 to 60° in elevation. Tracks are automatically initiated on targets in this region and the radar should maintain contact with these targets until they pass out of the region of cover. This paper is an account of the problems met in the development of the computer programs for this radar and the methods used to overcome these problems.
Methods of Dynamic Modelling and Simulation for Industrial Applications: University of Warwick Summer School 27 to 31 July, 1970
Authors: Thersby R.
Published: November 2015

This summer school organised by the Institute and co-sponsored by the Inter-University of Engineering Control at the University of Warwick, was a lively success. Fifty students and 12 lecturers attended. The tutorials were of immense value and the assistance given by the Research Students of the University was fully appreciated. The school would not have been the success it was without the great effort put in by Dr. M. T. G. Hughes and others at the University.

The object of the school was to benefit engineers and others concerned with the analysis of dynamic systems and the application of this to the solution of Industrial problems. It achieved its object!
Switching Strategy for Optimal Adaptive Third Order Control Systems
Authors: Mohleji Satish C. , Thomas Paul A. V.
Published: November 2015

The conventional design of bang bang control systems for time optimal performance involves an accurate mathematical model of the system and complex computations to determine the optimal switching conditions. Such a design is normally based on the assumption that the system parameters remain fairly constant. Recomputation of optimal trajectories becomes necessary for any change in the parameters. This paper describes a simple adaptive-optimal control strategy for systems representable in phase space and can be easily adopted on a digital controller. Projections of optimal curves are obtained by storing sections of actual system trajectories in the form of tables in the computer memory. Optimal switching instants are determined by shifting and comparing the stored trajectory with the actual trajectory. Since no manipulations are required and the switching curves are obtained by constantly storing and updating the system trajectories, the control remains optimum even when there is a change in parameters. The proposed strategy requires only measurement of error in the system, derivatives of error are formed by using the difference equations, a method well suited for digital formulation of state variables.