bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Longitudinal Optimal Controller in Unmanned Helicopter Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Zhao Wei Ping , Yu Dong Zhou , Hu Zhan Shuang
Published: August 2011

In this paper, the main research direction of optimal control is aimed at mathematical model of small unmanned helicopter longitudinal channels. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the select of control law which is tolerance, make small unmanned helicopter operate as given requirements, and make the given performance index achieve optimal value (minimum or maximum). This paper will introduce the optimal control theory to attitude control system of small unmanned helicopter. The simulation results prove that this method can well satisfy the control accuracy requirement of small unmanned helicopter attitude system.
PID Track Following Control of a 7-DOF Manipulator Based on ADAMS
Authors: Liang Xi Feng , Yang Ben
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a novel approach of the track following control for a 7 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) manipulator by ADAMS, which is to solve the accurate transfer function being hard to set up. The simulation results show that the 7-DOF manipulator has better tracking performance by proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control when the moving rate of the end-effector is 215mm/s. In addition, the virtual prototype established in ADAMS can replace the traditional transfer function as the controlled plant of track following control system. Using the parametric design and optimization analysis in ADAMS, we can find the plausible control parameters more quickly.
A 3-DOF Parallel Manipulator Based 5-Axis Parallel Kinematics Machine Tool
Authors: Chen Wen Jia , Zhao Lan Lei , Zhang Jiang
Published: August 2011

Though computer technology has brought about virtual manufacturing to expedite design and analysis through simulation and visualization, machines remain essential, as ultimately products need to be made. This paper presents a new type of 5-axis parallel machine tool based on a 3 degrees of freedom parallel platform manipulator with base mounted prismatic actuators. This machine tool is different from the Stewart platform type parallel machine tool in that its feed motion in X-direction is realized by the worktable on which work-piece is fixed and the parallel manipulator sliding on the gantry structure of the machine tool is responsible for the translation along Y-direction instead of the movable platform of the manipulator. Due to this special architecture, the workspace in X-direction and Y-direction of the new machine tool is enlarged greatly. And its rigidity is higher because of the adaptation of gantry structure. This machine tool is controlled by a PC based NC system in simultaneous 5 axes control mode.
The Conductivity Measurement of Polyethylene Glycol Dilaurate
Authors: Chen Tong Yu , Liu Yan Jun , Zhu Qing
Published: August 2011

In orlder to find out the law between conductivity of polyglycol aliphatic acid ester and concentration and polymerization degree, the relationship between conductivity of polyglycol aliphatic acid ester and concentration and polymerization degree was teated by using DDS-II conductivity experimen instrument, by taking a typical polyethylene glycol 200( 400, 600) dilaurate as the research object. Firstly, the conductivities at the water content from 10% to 90% were tested in the room temperatrure. The results showed that conductivity of the same emulsion increases with increasing the water content, then decreases with increasing the water content. This is because that the emulsion is the O/W emulsion, conductivity increases with increasing the water content. Then the liquid crystal is generated in the emulsion leading to the increase trend of conductivity slowing down. The emulsion changs into the W/O emulsion at last resulting in conductivity decreases with increasing the water content. Secondly, the relationship between conductivity of emulsion and polymerization degree were tested. The results of the experiment show that: the higher the polymerization degree, the smaller the conductivity o f the emulsion is. The reason is the higher the polymerization degree, the less the conductible ions of the emulsion is, finally cause the conductivity changs smaller and smaller.
Research on the Effect of Microstructure Related to Macro-Mechanical Properties of Solidified Mass Made of Building Residues with SEM
Authors: Li Qin
Published: August 2011

Different contents of building residues and whether soil stabilizer is added or not can affect the microstructure of the solidified mass, and thus lead to the change of unconfined compressive strength. The stu dy process is described in the paper. The result shows that the more soil is contained in the building residues, the lower porosity and higher unconfined compressive strength of the solidified mass will be. The acicular ettr ingite can be formed by adding soil stabilizer to make the pores smaller and evener, and thus improve their fra ctal dimensions and unconfined compressive strength.
Optimization Design on the Iron Beam Sectional of the Electricity Transformer
Authors: Song Ze Cheng , Zhang Tian Long , Zhang Chao , Song Xin Hang
Published: August 2011

Electricity transformer is an important, widely used electrical equipment. Current the iron beam sectional of the electricity transformer is based on experienced standards which can not achieve the best economic benefits. According to practical technology, we build a basic optimization model about multistep iron beam section. And we also give a reasonable design on the tolerance zone between the diameter of iron beam sectional circumcircle and the diameter of the winding steel-flue, as well as the arrangement about the oil path in the iron beam, which has a big realistic significance and application value. We come up with five reasonable model assumptions to simplified the problem, turning the tolerance zone design problem into the function extreme one. We adopt "Ideal assumption first, specific modification second" method on designing the oil path, considering all kinds of situations to obtain optimization. The core algorithm is dynamic programming which is much faster, much more stable than using Lingo. All the solving and analyzing on math models are based on C++ programming language.
Effects of High Pressure on the Solidification Microstructure of Al-Si Alloy
Authors: Li Li Xin , Li Ming , Zhang Li Wei
Published: August 2011

The microstructure of the aluminum-silicon (Al-Si) alloy solidified under high pressure was compared with that solidified under normal pressure. High-pressure solidification was performed at 4.0 and 5.0 GPa. The microstructures of the samples were observed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of pressure were analyzed by examining the microstructure of the alloy. The observed microstructures show an additional amount of primary a(Al) phase in the Al-13at%Si alloy solidified under high pressure; this indicates the existence of a eutectic point moving toward the silicon direction with increasing pressure. The eutectic cells of the Al-Si alloy solidified under high pressure are evident, and the eutectic silicon phases are presented as curved and near-parallel lamellar crystals, signifying that the growth mechanism of the eutectic silicon phase changed from faceted to non-faceted. The eutectic silicon lamellar phase and the primary b(Si) phase were refined by the applied pressure.
An Investigation about the Effect of Depth of Cut on Surface Integrity in Creep Feed Grinding of INC 792-5A
Authors: Ashofteh R. , Rastkerdar A. , Kolahdouz S. , Daneshi A.
Published: August 2011

Creep-Feed Grinding(CFG) is one of the none-traditional machining in which form grinding to full depth is performed in limited number of passes. One of the most significant criteria which is taken into account to display valid machining parameters, is surface integrity. Surface integrity in CFG process is influenced by four main factors including surface roughness, superficial micro-crack, burning and changes in micro-hardness. According to prior investigations in CFG process, depth of cut plays an important role in surface integrity. In this study, the influence of cutting depth on workpiece surface integrity of cast nickel-based superalloy with alummina wheels, was investigated. During this study, a sample part was machined with variable depth of cut while the other parameters were Constant. After machining, surface roughness of each specimen was measured and in order to investigate existence and dimensional situation of surface micro-cracks, Chemical Etch + FPI and Thermal shock + FPI were performed. For determining micro-structural changes in ground specimens as a clarifier criteria in measuring the level of residual stress, a set of recrystallization processes were carried out on them and average grain size were measured. The results show, however, changing in depth of cut hasn't influenced on micro-cracks, quality of surface roughness has descended in terms of increasing the cutting depth.
Finite Element Analysis about the Properties of CFG-Pile Composite Foundation Based on Parametric Language PYTHON
Authors: Pan Wei Dong , Gu Ren Guo , Zhu Ke , Lv Yong Gang
Published: August 2011

As an international general finite element analysis software, ABAQUS has super nonlinear analysis function and is playing an increasingly important role in the numerical calculation analysis of geotechnical engineering structures. CAE module of its own provides a certain amount of convenience for the beginners, but it is inadequate in the face of more complex geotechnical engineering problems. Based on parametric language PYTHON, using its modular model code, bypassing the CAE module, the ABAQUS finite element analysis calculated and analyzed the influence of ER on the CFG pile composite foundation settlement and pile side friction. Finite element analysis and the results show that: the process of ABAQUS finite element analysis, which is based on the parameter language PYTHON, is simple and has very high computational efficiency and accuracy in the analysis complex geotechnical engineering problems.
Study on Serialization Design for Deck Crane Boom
Authors: Tang Wen Xian , Huang Qiu Yun , Cai Yun Di , Wu Chun Yan
Published: August 2011

In view of the complexity in the design of serial parts of deck crane, by analyzing the structural characteristic of deck crane boom, this paper provides a similar design method for the serialization design of deck crane boom. A set of variant crane booms were expanded on the basis of the sample crane boom, the main parameters of which were extracted. CAE (computer aided engineering) simulations were performed to obtain FE models and structural responses of different crane booms in this series under standard working conditions. Stress distribution and deformation of different crane booms in the serial were analyzed. The FEA result implies that, the crane booms calculated from the sample with different design parameters still satisfy the structural strain requirement. Variation of stress value is consistent with academic calculation. This result also demonstrates the accuracy and feasibility of this serial design method.
(Gd0.95Eu0.05)(OH)3 Nanomaterials via Hydrothermal Processing and their Transformation into Single Crystalline (Gd0.95Eu0.05)2O3 with Enhanced Photoluminescence
Authors: Li Chang Fa , Li Ji Guang
Published: August 2011

In this work, hexagonal solid solutions of (Gd0.95Eu0.05)(OH)3with two distinctive morphologies of nanorods and nanotubes were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal treatment of mixed nitrate solutions in the presence of ammonium hydroxide. The hydroxide samples exhibited characteristic Eu3+photoluminescence through the energy transfer from Gd3+to Eu3+and the self-excitation of Eu3+. The hydroxide precursors transformed into cubic (Gd0.95Eu0.05)2O3at ~500 °C via an intermediate monoclinic (Gd0.95Eu0.05)OOH phase, and the Eu3+coordination accordingly experienced symmetry changes fromD3htoC2v, and then toC2/S6. The cubic (Gd0.95Eu0.05)2O3well retained the original morphologies of their polycrystalline precursors and exhibited a single-crystalline character at 1000 °C. Greatly enhanced photoluminescence (~5000 times that of the hydroxides) was observed for the phase conversion.
Effect of Materials’ Wettability on the Heat Transfer Performance of Fluid Flowing through Microchannel by Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Cui Jing , Li Wei Zhong , Liu Yang
Published: August 2011

The material’s wettability plays an important role in the field of micro-fluid flow. In this paper, the effect of material’s wettiability on heat transer performance of fluid flowing through the microchannel has been investigated by numerical approach. The process of the hot liquid flowing through a microchannel with cold walls, whose materials possess different wettabilities, is simulated by lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The results indicate the heat transfer performance is deteriorated with surface hydrophobic property becomes better. It is because that, for thehydrophobic material, the attractive force of the fluid/solid interaction is small and the flow velocity will be larger which will lead to heat exchang become insufficient. Especially, for the ideal-hydrophobic material, the heat transfer coefficient will be reduced notably. In this case, a gas formed between liquid and soild surface will play a role of the heat insulating layer since the thermal conductivity of the gas is relatively small compared to that of liquid.
Increase Characteristics of Local Wall Thickness of a Pipe during Die Forming
Authors: Kotani Yuji , Watari Hisaki , Watanabe Akihiro
Published: August 2011

In recent years global warming has become a worldwide problem. Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions is one of the most important issues also in the automobile industry. This weight reduction technology is important even if applied to electric vehicles rather than gasoline vehicles, as reduction of energy consumption is an important issue. Plastic processing of hollow pipes is an important technology for realizing weight reduction of automobile components. As an example of research into pipe forming there is the research by Ohashi et al. [1-2], who have carried out processing to enlarge pipe diameters using a lost core, which achieved suppressing reduction in wall thickness and greater pipe expansion than hydroforming. In this research, a method of increasing the wall thickness of pipe by press forming was investigated. The establishment of technology for controlling the wall thickness of pipe without buckling the pipe is an important technology for weight reduction of products. Using the finite element analysis method it was predicted that it is possible to increase the wall thickness of aluminum pipe with 2mm wall thickness by approximately 20% by hollow pipe press forming. Also, it was predicted that it is possible to increase the wall thickness by approximately 30% in places by eccentric pipe wall thickness increase. Also, the effect of the metal die which has a large effect on processing a pipe from a circular cylindrical shape to a rectangular tube shape was investigated.
Quasi-Min-Max MPC for Nonlinear System via Embedding Approach
Authors: Zhao Min , Song Ping Ping
Published: August 2011

A quasi-min-max model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is proposed for constrained nonlinear system via an embedding approach. The nonlinear system can be approximated by a linear parameter varying (LPV) model. And a method based on invariant set is proposed for the embedding model to reduce the computational complexity. The proposed method constructs a one-step invariant set comprises an interpolation between several pre-computed invariant sets at each time instant. Then control law is obtained by solving a constrained QP problem, which is also useful for the nonlinear system. The performances of the approach are presented via an example.
A Method of Parameters Selecting in Robust Control Based on PSO Algorithm
Authors: Li Hua , Xu Zhi Cheng , Wang Shu Qing
Published: August 2011

Aiming at a kind of uncertainties of models in complex industry processes, a novel method for selecting robust parameters is stated in the paper. Based on the analysis, parameters selecting for robust control is reduced to be an object optimization problem, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used for solving the problem, and the corresponding robust parameters are obtained. Simulation results show that the robust parameters designed by this method have good robustness and satisfactory performance.
Preparation and Properties of Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films for Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Ying Lian , Hu Yue Hui , Ye Jun Yao
Published: August 2011

Al-doped ZnO thin films were prepared by sol-gel process. Structural features and surface morphology were studied by XRD and AFM. The influence of Al-doped concentration and aging time to microstructure and electric resistivity were investigated. It was demonstrated that the best condition was Al/Zn ratios of 4.0at% and aging time of 48h.
Force Analysis and Studies on Track Frame of Hydraulic Drill
Authors: Qu Qing Wen , Wang Cheng Jun , Lou Xiao Dan , Zheng Bo
Published: August 2011

According to the actual working conditions of the hydraulic drill, mechanical properties of track frame are analyzed. Through building simple physical model of the overall structure of the hydraulic drilling rig, a kind of finite element simple analysis method is introduced. Systems analysis of the force statuses of the track frame has been done. As a result, a few of dangerous working conditions are determined. Combining the dangerous working conditions and doing the finite element analysis on the track frame, more accurate stress distributions of track frame may be obtained. These provide a more accurate basis to track frame design.
Intelligent Design Research of Pressure Vessel
Authors: Xi Ping Yuan , Zhao Fu Zhou
Published: August 2011

Pressure vessel is not only the equipment used in the process industrial production, but also a more vulnerable to accidents special equipment. Under normal circumstances, in addition to bear the majority of media pressure, pressure vessels usually accompanied by the joint role of the high temperature, high pressure or media corrosion. Therefore, the design on the pressure vessels in anomaly conditions and the dynamic response not only helps to the research and development of warning surveillance and prevention technology about pressure vessels in anomaly conditions, but also contribute to the correct evaluation of the feasibility and reliability.So the simulated annealing algorithm based on penalty strategy is adopted to solver the optimization model of pressure vessels.
Compression and Shaping of Laser Materials on Diffractive Beam Based on Superresolution
Authors: Wu Ji Geng , Gao Shuo , Zou Hua , Zhu Wei Hua , Zhang Kai Xiao
Published: August 2011

Images from the superresolution refers to a series of low resolution observation image reconstruction of high resolution images. Compressed and shaping of diffractive spot with the throne of circular mask is studied in this article, in order to improve the resolution of the image. Theory and simulation results of superresolution is given based on the diffraction spot compression and shaping in this paper，Which is very important for the study in laser communications and other field.
Research on the Effect of Doping Ca Ion and Organic Solvent on the Luminescent Intensity of Tb Complex Material
Authors: Wang Li Hua
Published: August 2011

A Tb (III) ternary complex luminescent material has been synthesized and characterized by infrared spectrum. The luminescent properties of Tb (III) luminescent material were studied in solid and in ethanol, methanol and DMSO solutions. The effect of solvent factors and the doping different concentration of Ca (II) ion on the fluorescence intensity of Tb (III) complex luminescent material were tested. The results show that both the solvents and the doping different concentration of Ca (II) ion could quench the luminescent intensity of Tb (III) complex luminescent material.
Ammonium Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using an Ammonium Ion-Exchange Material, the Equilibrium Study
Authors: You Lu Hua , Tan Xin , Liu Qiong Qiong , Zhao Lin
Published: August 2011

This article investigates the removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions using the ammonium ion-exchange material prepared by the modified kaolin. Batch tests were performed under a range of conditions to assess the effect of initial solution concentration, contact time and solution PH on the performance and capacity of the media for this application. The findings show that increasing initial solution concentration and contact time provide the best performance at an optimum PH of between 6 and 7 and the maximum ammonium adsorption capacity reaches at 79mgNH4+g-1 under the experimental conditions studied. Five isotherm models were used to describe the isotherm data. Three-parameter isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Langmuir–Freundlich) prove a better fit than two-parameter isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin). These results indicate that the ammonium ion-exchange material is a promising material for cost-effective removal of ammonium from wastewater.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of Methylene Blue Waste Water by Using Pt Nanoparticles Modified TiO2 Film Photocatalysts
Authors: Fu Ping Feng , Zhao Zhuo
Published: August 2011

To photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue waste water, Pt nanoparticles modified TiO2 films were prepared via the electrostatic self-assembly. The photocatalysts were characterized by TEM, FESEM and XRD. The results showed that metallic Pt nanoparticles had been highly dispersed on TiO2 films. The space between adjacent carbon fibers still remained unfilled after Pt-TiO2 coating, into which UV light and polluted solutions can penetrate to form a three-dimensional environment for the photodegradation. The photocatalysts could rapidly degrade the polluted methylene blue water, with the combined adsorption and degradation processes.
Effects of Natural Organic Acids on Growth of Maize and Uptake of Copper and Lead by Maize in Contaminated Soil
Authors: Cheng Guo Ling , Bai Xue , Wang Qun Hui
Published: August 2011

Seven kinds of natural organic acids were added to moderate artiﬁcial contaminated soil to investigate the effects of natural organic acids on growth of maize seedlings and phytoextraction of copper and lead by maize. The results show that the effects of organic acids on plant growth are different in Cu and Pb contaminated soil. The natural organic acids can change the dry matter distribution of the shoot and the root, oxalic acid and tartaric acid can increase the root biomass in different degrees. Oxalic acid and tartaric acid can signiﬁcantly increase the concentrations and uptake of Cu and Pb in the shoots of maize, indicate that oxalic acid and tartaric acid are potential phytoextraction intensifiers in phytoremediation of Cu and Pb contaminated soil.
Comparative Study on Radiated Noise Estimation Error with Sound Pressure and the Pressure Variation
Authors: Zhang Lin Ke , He Lin , Lu Ding Ding , Tao Jian Cheng
Published: August 2011

A new method, which combines the measurement and the estimation of the radiated noise variation, is proposed in this paper to predict the real-time radiated sound pressure. The estimation errors of the pressure variation are calculated and compared with the pressure estimation errors, using the Boundary Element Method(BEM). The comparison results show that the errors of the pressure variation estimation method are smaller than direct sound pressure estimation at the eigenfrequencies and most frequencies. The method can be used to decrease the real-teime radiated sound pressure estimation error.
Edge-PI Index of TUC4C8(S) Nanotubes
Authors: Gong Luo Zhong
Published: August 2011

Carbon nanotubes show remarkable mechanical properties. Experimental studies have shown that they belong to the stiffest and elastic known materials. These good properties are connect with their topological indices of molecules. Recently computing topological indices of nanostructures have been the object of many papers. The edge version of Padnakar-Ivan (PI) index is a graph invariant defined as PI =\sum_{e\in E(G)}[nu(e)+nv(e)], where e=uv, nu(e) is the number of edges of G lying closer to u than to v and nv(e) is the number of edges of G lying closer v than to u. In this paper, an exact expression for edge-PI index of TUC4C8(S) nanotubes is given.
Study on the Amount of SiO2 on the Thermal Resistance of the Ceramic-Lined Composite Cast Iron Pipe
Authors: Zhu He Guo , Wang Huan , Song Jin Zhu , Yao Yin Qun , Li Jian Liang , Jiang Ya Lin
Published: August 2011

The amount of SiO2on the thermal resistance of the ceramic lined cast pipe fabricated by self-propagating high temperature synthesis technology was investigated. Results indicated that the ceramic-lined composite cast iron pipe had excellent thermal resistance. With the increase of the additive SiO2amount, the thicknesses and cavity of the ceramic liner increased, which led to the increase in their thermal resistance. In a given ceramic-lined composite cast iron pipe, its thermal resistance increased with the increase of the center temperature.
Compatibilization Effect of Polyfunctional Monomers on PP/TPU Blends
Authors: Guan Lan Fang , Chen Jin Zhou
Published: August 2011

This paper mainly researched how polyfunctional monomers affect the Compatibilization of PP/TPU blends. With triallylisocyanurate (TAIC) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) which belong to polyfunctional monomers as compatibilizers, various PP/TPU blends were prepared via melt mixing by using a twin-screw extruder. It is investigated that the effect of polyfunctional monomer on the mechanical properties, morphology and melt flowing behavior of the blends. The results show that the compatibility of PP/TPU is improved by adding moderate TAIC or TMPTA, and the compatibilization effect of TMPTA is superior to TAIC, especially when the content of monomers is 3 phr.
Synthesis and Characterization of 1-Acetyl-2-Naphthol-4, 4’-Diaminodiphenylsulfone Cd (II) Complex Material
Authors: Ji Zhi Xiang
Published: August 2011

A new luminescent materials, 1-acetyl-2-naphthol-4, 4’-diaminodiphenylsulfone Cd (II) has been prepared by the reaction of 1-acetyb-2-naphthol-4, 4’-diaminodiphenylsulfone (L) with cadmium nitrate in methanol-water (v:v=5:1)solution. The infrared spectrum and luminescent properties of Cd (II) complex material are investigated. The results indicate that the fluorescence is in the blue region, and the fluorescence was enhanced after adding the organic solvent DMSO to the Cd (II) complex material.
Design and Implementation of Mandarin Air Pressure Corpus Processing Manufacturing Platform
Authors: Liu Yang , Li Yong Hong , Hu Axu , Wang Jian Bin
Published: August 2011

This article discusses the design of mandarin air pressure corpus processing manufacturing platform edited by Matlab program. It is argured that double checking, airflow peak detection and consonants’ feature detection contribute the realization of this platform. What’s more, the endpoint of the various language units in air pressure signal can be detected and be separated automatically with the accuracy of over 90% under this platform.
A Study on Intelligent Network Manufacturing Model Based on Cloud Computing
Authors: Chen Zhu Min
Published: August 2011

The intelligent network manufacturing system comes into a new development process with the first Citi intelligent branch build successfully. The cloud computing as a new technology in IT field will be a solid foundation in building of intelligent bank. In this paper, we propose an intelligent network manufacturing system based on cloud computing. The most important is the proposed model can be the possibility in building intelligent branch in the small and medium-sized cities.
A Study of the Installation and Adjustment Analysis Approach for Shaft Coupling Device with CAD
Authors: Jiang Zhi Qiang , Feng Xi Lan , Feng Xian Zhang
Published: August 2011

The shaft coupling device (SCD) is the key mechanical components for the connection between motor and driving device, its fixing progress in installation and adjustment analysis is a very important. In this paper, the several deviation types appeared in installation of SCD were analyze in detail. The principle and method on the initial alignment, the exact alignment within the absence axial movement, and the precise alignment within the axial movement of coupling were studied. A deviation analysis approach model on the precise alignment at the axial movement of coupling in the vertical and horizontal plane was established, and a method of analyzing and calculating the fixing progress and the adjustment of SCD with computer aided design was realized. Finally, an illustrative example to calculate the installation and adjustment analysis demonstrated application and examined its effectiveness was proposed. It is not only fair and reasonable conclusions, but also the improvable accuracy on rapid data process can be acquired clearly.
Research on Integrated Risk Management Framework of Manufacturing Engineering Project
Authors: Gao Yun Li , Wang Qing Chun
Published: August 2011

As the scale of investment on projects increases, manufacturing project integrated risk management becomes more important. The content and relationship of the integrated risk manufacturing management framework are discussed in the paper. The framework is composed of five parts which are the integration of risk management targets, total life cycle, processes and methods, organization and information system. In the different phase of total life cycle, depending on the risk management information system, project risk management organization who is in the form of virtue team promotes the risk management loop which is composed of the risk identification, risk evaluation, risk handling and risk monitoring (IEHM), to achieve the project targets. The integrated risk management framework is presented by the systematic method. The framework provides the basis for further development of integrated risk management.
The Application of Resource Consumption Accounting in Cost Management of Manufacturing Engineering Project
Authors: Qin Sheng Hua , Yan Dong
Published: August 2011

Resource consumption accounting (RCA) is a major innovation in manufacturing management accounting. It combines activity-based costing and marginal cost elasticity of Germany. RCA can be used to the analysis and management of E / I production, the basis for budget of project, and provide evidence for sub-projects and sub-contract.
Configuration Synthesis of Micro/Nano-Positioning Stage Based on Graph Theory
Authors: Lin Chao , Cui Xin Hui , Cheng Kai , Yu Song Song
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this paper was to generate several possible configurations of micro/nano-positioning stage with bridge-type mechanism based on graph theory. The structural characteristics of stage were discussed first. Then, these modules made up of micro/nano-positioning stage were abstracted. Thus the stage could be described with a tree-graph. According to the spanning tree theory, several possible configurations of stage are enumerated correspondingly. Subsequently, the configuration synthesis of six bridge-type mechanisms was investigated and 720 results were obtained. Rules for generating structures with symmetry are established. On the basis of this, several innovative structures are presented. Furthermore, the result of this paper provides a practicable approach for the structural design of stage and the design method based on graph theory is effective.
Evolution of Oxygen Associated Defects in Cz Silicon during Thermal Annealing Treatments: Comparison between Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Nicolai Julien , Burle Nelly , Pichaud Bernard
Published: August 2011

High temperature annealing effects on Oxygen-induced defects formation has been studied by IR-LST, FTIR and TEM techniques. The results show that most defects are amorphous oxygen precipitates and/or dislocations. Ham’s theory has been modified in order to take into account the variations of interstitial oxygen concentration during the formation of precipitates. Comparison between experimental data and simulation shows that the specificity of annealing cycle is to combine both nucleation and growth stages. The morphology and stoechiometry of SiOx precipitates are also studied.
XBIC Investigation of the Grain Boundaries in Multicrystalline Si on the Laboratory X-Ray Source
Authors: Fahrtdinov Rashid R. , Feklisova Olga V. , Grigoriev Maxim V. , Irzhak Dmitry V. , Roshchupkin Dmitry V. , Yakimov Eugene B.
Published: August 2011

It is shown that the X-ray beam induced current method (XBIC) can be realized at the laboratory X-ray source using the polycapillary x-ray optics. The images of iron contaminated grain boundaries in multicrystalline Si are obtained. It is shown that the grain boundary XBIC contrast is 2-3 times smaller than the EBIC one. A simulation of XBIC and EBIC contrast values for two-dimensional defects is carried out and a good correlation between the experimental and calculated values is obtained. The dependence of grain boundary XBIC contrast on the X-ray beam width is calculated.
Conversion Efficiency of Radiation Damage Profiles into Hydrogen-Related Donor Profiles
Authors: Laven Johannes G. , Job Reinhard , Schustereder Werner , Schulze Hans Joachim , Niedernostheide Franz Josef , Schulze Holger , Frey Lothar
Published: August 2011

By introducing radiation damage and hydrogen and successively annealing with low thermal budgets, hydrogen-related donors are created in oxygen-lean silicon. Hydrogen-related donor profiles are induced in float-zone silicon by implanting hydrogen and/or helium and successive annealing with or without additional hydrogen introduction by a hydrogen plasma. The efficiency of the conversion of the radiation-induced damage into the hydrogen-related donors differs in dependence of the method of damage and hydrogen introduction. In proton implanted samples, the ultimate introduction rate of the donors is significantly lower than it is in helium and hydrogen co-implanted samples. Furthermore, the depth distribution of the hydrogen-related donors shows a deviance from the simulated distribution of the radiation damage induced by proton implantation not seen in case of helium-induced damage. The change in doping efficiency is discussed in respect to the hydrogen content in the different experiments.
Defect Engineering in 2D Photonic Crystals Fabricated by Electrochemical Etching of Silicon
Authors: Astrova Ekaterina V. , Fedulova Galya V. , Zharova Yulia A.
Published: August 2011

We propose electro-tunable composite structure of microcavity based on silicon 2D photonic crystal bar with a trench defect infiltrated with a liquid crystal. The device is fabricated by joint photo-electrochemical etching of deep macropores and trenches with subsequent trench opening from the substrate side. The optimized geometry and etching regime enables to minimize the lattice distortion introduced by trenches and to reduce roughness of the trench side walls. It was demonstrated that the structures with reach- through trenches and dead-end macropores are suitable for selective filling with a liquid crystal.
cDNA cloning, characterization and expression analysis of toll-like receptor 4 gene in goose
Authors: Wang Fang , Lu Lizhi , Yuan Hao , Tian Yong , Li Jinjun , Shen Junda , Tao Zhengrong , Fu Yan
Published: August 2011

Wang, F., Lu, L., Yuan, H., Tian, Y., Li, J., Shen, J., Tao, Z. and Fu, Y. 2011. cDNA cloning, characterization and expression analysis of toll-like receptor 4 gene in goose. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 371–377. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in activating proinflammatory pathways in response to various pathogens and fatty acids in mammals. In avian species, the TLR4 gene has been reported in chicken and zebra finch. We describe here the cloning and characterization of the TLR4 in goose. Goose TLR4 encodes an 843-amino-acid protein, which contains a signal peptide, extracelluar leucine-rich repeat domain, a transmembrane region and a toll-interleukin-1 receptor signaling domain. The deduced goose TLR4 protein shows more than 70% identity to chicken and zebra finch, but less than 50% identity to its mammalian counterparts. Quantitative real-time analysis reveals that the goose TLR4 mRNA is more expressed in abdominal fat and liver. We also identify the changes of goose TLR4 mRNA expression pattern after over-feeding treatment, which may reveal that the expression of goose TLR4 could respond to over-feeding treatment.
Atmospheric CO2 seasonality and the air-sea flux of CO2
Authors: Halloran P. R.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The amplitude, phase, and form of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 concentrations varies on many time and space-scales (Peters et al., 2007). Intra-annual CO2 variation is primarily driven by seasonal uptake and release of CO2 by the terrestrial biosphere (Machta et al., 1977; Buchwitz et al., 2007), with a small (Cadule et al., 2010), but potentially changing (Gorgues et al., 2010) contribution from the ocean. Variability in the magnitude, spatial distribution, and seasonal drivers of terrestrial Net Primary Productivity (NPP) will be induced by, amongst other factors, anthropogenic CO2 release (Keeling et al., 1996), land-use change (Zimov et al., 1999) and planetary orbital variability, and will lead to changes in CO2atm seasonality. Here I describe two separate mechanisms by which co-variability of the seasonal cycles in atmospheric CO2 concentration, ocean temperature, and sea-ice extent could potentially lead to rapid changes in the air-sea flux of CO2 at high latitudes. One mechanism responds to an increase in CO2atm seasonality by pumping CO2 into the ocean, and the other by releasing CO2 from the ocean (in a relative sense). The relative importance of the two mechanisms is determined by the seasonal extent of sea-ice, the net sign of their operation may therefore have interesting implications for glacial-interglacial and future climate change. To capture the described feedbacks within earth system models, CO2atm concentrations must be allowed to evolve freely, forced only by anthropogenic emissions, rather than prescribed CO2atm concentrations. The decision to prescribe CO2atm concentrations within model simulations for the fifth IPCC climate assessment (Taylor et al., 2009) may therefore result in an underestimation of changes in marine CO2 sources and sinks.
Dissolved inorganic carbon export from carbonate and silicate catchments estimated from carbonate chemistry and δ13CDIC
Authors: Shin W. J. , Chung G. S. , Lee D. , Lee K. S.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. This work presents a study of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) exchange associated with groundwater discharge and stream flow from two upstream catchments with distinct basement lithologies (silicate vs. carbonate). The effects of catchment lithology were evident in the spring waters showing lower δ13CDIC and alkalinity (−16.2 ± 2.7 ‰ and 0.09 ± 0.03 meq l−1, respectively) in the silicate and higher values (−9.7 ± 1.5 ‰ and 2.0 ± 0.2 meq l−1) in the carbonate catchment. The streams exhibited relatively high δ13CDIC, −6.9 ± 1.6 ‰ and −7.8 ± 1.5 ‰, in silicate and carbonate catchments, respectively, indicating CO2 degassing during groundwater discharge and stream flow. The catchment lithology affected the pattern of DIC export. The CO2 degassing from stream and groundwater could be responsible for 8–55 % of the total DIC export in the silicate catchment, whereas the proportion is comparatively low (0.4–5.6 %) in the carbonate catchment. Therefore, the dynamic carbon exchange occurring at headwater regions and its possible variability with catchment lithology need to be examined for a more reliable carbon budget in river systems.
Somatic mutations in NKX2–5, GATA4, and HAND1 are not a common cause of tetralogy of Fallot or hypoplastic left heart
Authors: Esposito Giorgia , Butler Tanya L. , Blue Gillian M. , Cole Andrew D. , Sholler Gary F. , Kirk Edwin P. , Grossfeld Paul , Perryman Benjamin M. , Harvey Richard P. , Winlaw David S.
Published: August 2011

The majority of congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs as a sporadic finding, with a minority of cases associated with a known genetic abnormality. Combinations of genetic and environmental factors are implicated, with the recent and intriguing hypothesis that an apparently high rate of somatic mutations might explain some sporadic CHD. We used samples of right ventricular myocardium from patients undergoing surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and hypoplastic left heart (HLH) to examine the incidence of somatic mutation in cardiac tissue. TOF is a common form of cyanotic CHD, occurring in 3.3 per 10,000 live births. HLH is a rare defect in which the left side of the heart is severely under‐developed. Both are severe malformations whose genetic etiology is largely unknown. We carried out direct sequence analysis of the NKX2–5 and GATA4 genes from fresh frozen cardiac tissues and matched blood samples of nine TOF patients. Analysis of NKX2–5, GATA4, and HAND1 was performed from cardiac tissue of 24 HLH patients and three matched blood samples. No somatic or germline mutations were identified in the TOF or HLH patients. Although limited by sample size, our study suggests that somatic mutations in NKX2–5 and GATA4 are not a common cause of isolated TOF or HLH. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unraveling Gold(I)‐Specific Action Towards Peptidic Disulfide Cleavage: A DFT Investigation
Authors: Dumont Elise , Michel Carine , Sautet Philippe
Published: August 2011

Ground‐state disulfide dissociation is a target of prime importance in structural biochemistry. A main difficulty consists in avoiding competition with carbon–sulfur and backbone scission pathways. In tandem mass spectrometry, such selectivity is afforded using transition elements or coinage‐metal ions as catalyst. Yet, the underlying gas‐phase mechanistic details remain poorly understood. Gold(I)‐assisted disulfide cleavage is investigated by means of DFT calculations, to elucidate the highly selective and specific catalytic action of this transition‐metal cation, a most promising one in tandem mass spectrometry. The preferential cleavage of sulfur–sulfur versus carbon–sulfur linkages on dimethyldisulfide, taken as a prototypical aliphatic compound, is rationalized on the basis of molecular orbital arguments. Secondly, it is revealed that the disulfide dissociation profile is dramatically impacted by a peptidic environment. Calculations on l,l‐cystine derivatives show two main factors: the topological frustration for an embedded ‐CH2SSCH2‐ motif induces a 5 kcal mol−1 penalty, whereas electrophilic assistance via complexation of nitrogen and oxygen atoms lowers activation barriers by a factor of 3. SS weakening is both thermodynamically and kinetically driven by the versatile coordination mode of gold(I). The influence of amine‐terminus group protonation is finally sketched: it gives rise to an intermediate reactivity. This study sheds lights on the key action of the peptidic environment in tuning the dissociation profile in the presence of this transition‐metal monocation.
In vivo flow cytometry of circulating clots using negative photothermal and photoacoustic contrasts
Authors: Galanzha Ekaterina I. , Sarimollaoglu Mustafa , Nedosekin Dmitry A. , Keyrouz Salah G. , Mehta Jawahar L. , Zharov Vladimir P.
Published: August 2011

Conventional photothermal (PT) and photoacousic (PA) imaging, spectroscopy, and cytometry are preferentially based on positive PT/PA effects, when signals are above background. Here, we introduce PT/PA technique based on detection of negative signals below background. Among various new applications, we propose label‐free in vivo flow cytometry of circulating clots. No method has been developed for the early detection of clots of different compositions as a source of thromboembolism including ischemia at strokes and myocardial infarction. When a low‐absorbing, platelet‐rich clot passes a laser‐irradiated vessel volume, a transient decrease in local absorption results in an ultrasharp negative PA hole in blood background. Using this phenomenon alone or in combination with positive contrasts, we demonstrated identification of white, red, and mixed clots on a mouse model of myocardial infarction and human blood. The concentration and size of clots were measured with threshold down to few clots in the entire circulation with size as low as 20 μm. This multiparameter diagnostic platform using portable personal high‐speed flow cytometer with negative dynamic contrast mode has potential to real‐time defining risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and for prognosis and prevention of stroke or use clot count as a marker of therapy efficacy. Possibility for label‐free detection of platelets, leukocytes, tumor cells or targeting themby negative PA probes (e.g., nonabsorbing beads or bubbles) is also highlighted. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Risk of sinonasal‐cutaneous fistula after treatment for advanced sinonasal cancer
Authors: Cianchetti Marco , Varvares Mark A. , Deschler Daniel G. , Liebsch Nobert J. , Wang Jing J. , Chan Annie W.
Published: August 2011

Background and Objectives

To determine the rate and the risk factors for sinonasal‐cutaneous fistula formation after treatment for sinonasal malignancy.

Methods

Between 1991 and 2002, 99 patients with advanced sinonasal malignancy received radiation therapy +/− surgery. Primary site was maxillary sinus in 30, ethmoid sinus in 19, nasal cavity in 32, nasopharynx in 3, and sphenoid sinus in 15 patients. Eighty‐two percent of patients had T4 disease. Sixty‐eight percent of patients had undergone surgical resection. Median follow‐up was 70.6 months.

Results

Eight patients developed ≥ grade 3 sinonasal‐cutaneous fistulas at a median time of 3.8 months after radiation. The overall rates of developing ≥ grade 3 fistulas in the entire group at 2 and 5 years were 6% and 10%, respectively. The fistulas were in the medial canthus in seven patients and in the infraorbital region in one patient. Fistulas developed exclusively along the transfacial incision scar and in patients whose tumors extended to the subcutaneous tissues. In univariate analysis, squamous cell carcinoma histology (P = 0.008), ≤ T4a primary tumor category (P = 0.02), and transfacial incision (P = 0.02) were associated with increased risk of fistula formation.

Conclusions

Histologic subtype, T category, and quality of the skin and the underlying supporting tissues after transfacial incision are risk factors for sinonasal‐cutaneous fistula formation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:261–265. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid Polymeric Nanomaterials for siRNA Delivery and Imaging
Authors: Mok Hyejung , Park Tae Gwan
Published: August 2011

A combined nanomaterials‐based approach for simultaneous therapy and molecular imaging has powerful potential for efficient treatment and monitoring the prognosis of incurable diseases such as malignant tumors or degenerative diseases. Recent developments of hybrid polymeric nanomaterials for siRNA delivery and imaging are highlighted. A particular focus is on various conjugation and formulation strategies of how to incorporate siRNA and imaging agents onto the surface of functionally active polymer‐coated inorganic nanomaterials such as iron oxide, gold, and quantum‐dot nanoparticles for theranostic applications. These multifunctional nanocarriers may allow real‐time tracking of siRNA as well as visualization of its therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo.

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