bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response
Authors: Montelius Caroline , Osman Nadia , Weström Björn , Ahrné Siv , Molin Göran , Albertsson Per-Åke , Erlanson-Albertsson Charlotte
Published: June 2019

Thylakoid membranes derived from green leaf chloroplasts affect appetite-regulating hormones, suppress food intake, reduce blood lipids and lead to a decreased body weight in animals and human subjects. Thylakoids also decrease the intestinalin vitrouptake of methyl-glucose in the rat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary thylakoids on the gut microbiota composition, mainly the taxa of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, in rats fed either a thylakoid-enriched diet or a control diet for 10 d. At the same time, a glucose-tolerance test in the same rats was also performed. Food intake was significantly decreased in the thylakoid-fed rats compared with the control-fed rats over the 10-d study. An oral glucose tolerance test after 10 d of thylakoid- or control-food intake resulted in significantly reduced plasma insulin levels in the thylakoid-fed rats compared with the control-fed rats, while no difference was observed for blood glucose levels. Analysis of gut bacteria showed a significant increase of lactobacilli on the ileal mucosa, specificallyLactobacillus reuteri, in the rats fed the thylakoid diet compared with rats fed the control diet, while faecal lactobacilli decreased. No difference in bifidobacteria between the thylakoid and control groups was found. Analyses with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and principal component analysis of faeces demonstrated different microbial populations in the thylakoid- and control-fed animals. These findings indicate that thylakoids modulate the gut microbial composition, which might be important for the regulation of body weight and energy metabolism.
Development of an online database of typical food portion sizes in Irish population groups
Authors: Lyons Jacqueline , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert
Published: June 2019

The Irish Food Portion Sizes Database (available atwww.iuna.net) describes typical portion weights for an extensive range of foods and beverages for Irish children, adolescents and adults. The present paper describes the methodologies used to develop the database and some key characteristics of the portion weight data contained therein. The data are derived from three large, cross-sectional food consumption surveys carried out in Ireland over the last decade: the National Children's Food Survey (2003–2004), National Teens' Food Survey (2005–2006) and National Adult Nutrition Survey (2008–2010). Median, 25th and 75th percentile portion weights are described for a total of 545 items across the three survey groups, split by age group or sex as appropriate. The typical (median) portion weights reported for adolescents and adults are similar for many foods, while those reported for children are notably smaller. Adolescent and adult males generally consume larger portions than their female counterparts, though similar portion weights may be consumed where foods are packaged in unit amounts (for example, pots of yoghurt). The inclusion of energy under-reporters makes little difference to the estimation of typical portion weights in adults. The data have wide-ranging applications in dietary assessment and food labelling, and will serve as a useful reference against which to compare future portion size data from the Irish population. The present paper provides a useful context for researchers and others wishing to use the Irish Food Portion Sizes Database, and may guide researchers in other countries in establishing similar databases of their own.
Effect of supplementation with vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms on vitamin D status in healthy adults
Authors: Stepien Magdalena , O'Mahony Louise , O'Sullivan Aifric , Collier John , Fraser William D. , Gibney Michael J. , Nugent Anne P. , Brennan Lorraine
Published: June 2019

Vitamin D deficiency is emerging worldwide and many studies now suggest its role in the development of several chronic diseases. Due to the low level of vitamin D naturally occurring in food there is a need for supplementation and use of vitamin D-enhanced products. The aim of the present study was to determine if daily consumption of vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms increased vitamin D status in free-living healthy adults or affected markers of the metabolic syndrome. A total of ninety volunteers (aged 40–65 years) were randomly assigned to one of two 4-week studies: mushroom study (15 µg vitamin D2or placebo mushroom powder) and capsule study (15 µg vitamin D3or placebo capsules). Consumption of vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2(25(OH)D2) by 128 % from baseline (3·9 (sd1·9) nmol/l;P < 0·05). Serum 25(OH)D3increased significantly in the vitamin D3capsule group (a 55 % increase from a baseline of 44.0 (sd17·1) nmol/l;P < 0·05). Vitamin D status (25(OH)D) was affected only in the vitamin D3group. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was lowered by vitamin D2intake. Vitamin D2from enhanced mushrooms was bioavailable and increased serum 25(OH)D2concentration with no significant effect on 25(OH)D3or total 25(OH)D.
Effect of age, gestation and lactation on faecal IgA and calprotectin concentrations in dogs
Authors: Grellet Aurélien , Mila Hanna , Heilmann Romy M. , Feugier Alexandre , Gruetzner Niels , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jorg M. , Chastant-Maillard Sylvie
Published: June 2019

Faecal calprotectin and IgA have been suggested as non-invasive markers of gut health. Faecal calprotectin is a marker of intestinal inflammation in adults, whereas IgA has been suggested as a marker of intestinal immunity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gestation, lactation and age on faecal concentrations of these biomarkers. Thirty puppies, nineteen pregnant or lactating bitches and eighty-nine healthy control adult dogs were included in the study. Faeces were collected from the fourth week of gestation until the eighth week of lactation in pregnant and lactating bitches, and between 4 and 9 weeks of age in puppies. Faeces from the eighty-nine healthy control adult dogs were also collected. Faecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations were measured. Faecal calprotectin concentrations in control dogs were significantly lower than faecal calprotectin concentrations in puppies between 4 and 6 weeks of age (P < 0·001) or between 7 and 9 weeks of age (P = 0·004). Puppies between 4 and 6 weeks of age had significantly higher faecal IgA concentrations compared with puppies between 7 and 9 weeks of age (P = 0·001). Bitches during their second month of lactation had significantly lower faecal IgA concentrations compared with their first month of lactation (P = 0·049). Faecal calprotectin and IgA have been suggested as non-invasive and easily measured biomarkers of gut health in adults. However, the present study underlines that faecal IgA and calprotectin concentrations vary markedly depending of physiologic factors such as gestation, lactation and age. These factors need to be considered when these faecal biomarkers are used for evaluation of intestinal immunity or inflammation.
Body condition of dogs fed diets containing soya hulls
Authors: Sabchuk Tabyta T. , Scheraiber Mariana , Zanatta Carolina P. , Maiorka Alex , Félix Ananda P. , Oliveira Simone G.
Published: June 2019

Obesity is a growing problem in dogs. Therefore, there is an increasing need of foods for obese dogs with high-fibre content to dilute energies and to reduce energy absorption. Soya hulls are cheap and are widely available as a fibre source. We aimed at evaluating the body condition of dogs fed diets containing 0 % soya hulls (0SH) or 16 % soya hulls (16SH) in replacement of maize. Twelve adult dogs, with 11·3 (se1·6) kg average body weight (BW), 4·1 (se0·1) years old and body condition score (BCS) between 4 and 7, were completely randomised assigned (six per treatment) and were fed the 0SH diet according to their maintenance energy requirements or the same amount in grams (g/kg BW0·75) of the 16SH diet once daily for 56 d. The animals were evaluated on days 0 and 57 for BW, BCS (1, very thin to 9, obese), subcutaneous fat thickness in the L7 vertebra using ultrasound (L7), canine BMI (CBMI) and body fat (BF). Data were analysed by the Student'sttest and Kruskal–Wallis test (P < 0·05). The change (final – initial) in BW (−0·58v.−0·49 kg), BCS (−1v.−1), L7 (−2v.0·35 mm), CBMI (−0·85v.−0·63 kg/m2) and BF (−5·0v.−5·4 %) of dogs fed the 0SH and 16SH diets, respectively, were not different (P > 0·05). The 16SH diet, with 11·4 % restriction in metabolisable energy, did not change the BCS of adult dogs. Further studies evaluating the supply of soya hulls only to overweight/obese dogs should to be carried out, because these dogs may respond differently than the group evaluated, which had a BCS between 4 and 7 (ideal to overweight).
Acute changes in blood metabolites and amino acid profile post-exercise in Foxhound dogs fed a high endurance formula
Authors: de Godoy Maria R. C. , Beloshapka Alison N. , Carter Rebecca A. , Fascetti Andrea J. , Yu Zengshou , McIntosh Bridgett J. , Swanson Kelly S. , Buff Preston R.
Published: June 2019

Dogs participating in endurance exercise, including herding, hunting and racing have a greater energy requirement and may be more susceptible to nutrient depletion, electrolyte imbalance and metabolic stress. The objective of the present study was to investigate the acute response to unstructured mixed exercise in American Foxhounds fed a nutrient-fortified endurance diet. Thirty-nine adult Foxhound dogs (median age: 5·0, range: 2–10 years and median body weight (BW): 36·4, range: 24·9–49·5 kg) were allotted to a standard performance diet (Control) or nutrient-fortified endurance diet for adult dogs (Test). Dogs were balanced by sex, age, BW and athletic performance between diets. All male dogs were intact, whereas all the female dogs were spayed. After 80 d on diet, blood samples were collected via jugular puncture at baseline (0 h), and at 3 and 25 h post-exercise (mean: 17·7 (sem0·92) km run over 2–3 h). Plasma taurine concentration and complete amino acid (AA) profile, serum chemistry and creatine kinase were measured. Serum chemistry profile remained within normal ranges throughout the study. A significant (P < 0·05) diet by time interaction was observed for calcium, alkaline phosphatase and most AA. Plasma taurine and most essential AA were increased (P < 0·05) after exercise and remained greater (P < 0·05) in dogs fed the Test diet, including the branched-chain AA (isoleucine, leucine and valine). Creatine kinase increased (P = 0·01) after 3 h and returned to baseline after 25 h post-exercise, but was not altered by diet. These data indicate that dogs undergoing a moderate bout of exercise did not suffer from electrolyte imbalance, and that a nutrient-fortified diet resulted in greater plasma taurine and essential AA concentrations.
Differences in the Resistance of the Instars of a Pentatomid Bug to Pyrethrum Powder
Authors: Notley F. B.
Published: June 2019

During the testing of finely ground pyrethrum flowers as an insecticide for the control of Antestia lineaticollis, Stål, in coffee trees, it was noticed that the various instars showed different percentage death rates under the same conditions. The experiment which is dealt with here was primarily designed to discover the minimum effective dose of powder per tree, and was carried out as follows.

A block of 1,700 coffee trees was divided into seventeen square plots each containing 100 trees. Nine of these plots were treated with pyrethrum powder at rates varying from about 1 gram to 5 grams per tree; all the trees in the same plot receiving the same amount of powder. Two days later 36 trees from each of these plots, comprising all the trees from the centre of the plots (the two outer rows of each plot not being used in case migration of the Antestia should have taken place from the adjoining control plots) were heavily drenched with a strong kerosene extract of pyrethrum in order to bring down all the Antestia remaining on the trees; these Antestia were collected separately for each tree, sorted into instars and recorded. This method of testing is described fully by Le Pelley (1934).

In each of the eight control plots five trees selected at random were drenched with the kerosene extract of pyrethrum and the Antestia obtained were recorded in the same way. It was found that the average number per tree of Antestia and of each instar present in each of these control plots, which were themselves evenly distributed through the whole block, was practically constant. It was therefore assumed that the numbers of Antestia and of each instar was the same for the plots treated with pyrethrum prior to this treatment, and the number of each instar found on the trees after treatment subtracted from this figure represented the number which had been killed by the pyrethrum powder.
Experimental Work with the Tsetse-fly,Glossina palpalis, in Uganda
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2019

This is an account of laboratory experiments made with the tsetseGlossina palpalis. The results deal mainly with the effects of climatic conditions, temperature and humidity in particular, on the metabolism and life-cycle. Some work was also done on the activity and behaviour of the fly, but this is very incomplete, though it shows the importance of the problem and the need for further study.

The work was done during a visit of just over a year to East Africa, in 1935-36, as Wandsworth Scholar of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. I spent most of the time at the Human Trypanosomiasis Institute, Entebbe, Uganda, and also visited tsetse areas in Kenya and Tanganyika. I am grateful to all those who helped to make my visit profitable. Among others, to the Directors of Medical Services of the East African territories, in particular the Hon. W. H. Kauntze of Uganda, and many members of their departments. To Mr. C. B. Symes, Medical Entomologist, Kenya, and to Mr. W. H. Potts, of the Department of Tsetse Research, Tanganyika. I am especially grateful to Dr. H. Lyndhurst Duke, Director of the Human Trypanosomiasis Institute, for many kindnesses. Considerable assistance was received from Mrs. Helen Mellanby, who was working on allied problems at Entebbe. And mention must be made of the intelligent and conscientious help of my laboratory assistant, Omw. Bonaventure Semalwadde.
English Legal Authors Before 1700
Authors: Hollond H. A.
Published: June 2019

The following summary is based on notes compiled, like the common place books of old, for personal use. As the Editor was so good as to express the opinion that such a thing would be useful to the readers of this journal I have prepared it for publication.
The Δεύτερος Πλος in the Phaedo
Authors: Murphy N. R.
Published: June 2019

In this paper I am merely analysing the meaning of Phaedo 99–107 without discussing either its historical significance or its value as a contribution to the logic of science. The paper attempts in fact to be little more than a paraphrase of the Greek, which aims only at accuracy of statement, but I am adding in the third section a note on the relation of this passage to the discussion of method in Republic VI, mainly in order to minimize its relevance. The first section of the paper deals with the linguistic analysis of the text, the second, very sketchily, with the general doctrine.
Pauses in the Tragic Senarius
Authors: Denniston J. D.
Published: June 2019

In the tragic senarius the divisions of the sense normally coincide with the main divisions of the metrical structure. Punctuation is most frequently found at the end of the line, or at the penthemimeral or hephthemimeral caesura. There are few traces of any desire to produce a persistent clash (as in the Vergilian hexameter) between verse structure and sentence structure. Thus at Med. 446–50 and 709–13 five consecutive lines, at Med. 364–71 eight consecutive lines, are more or less self-contained in sense. But this principle, while valid in some degree for all three tragedians, is not equally valid for all. Sophocles, as is well known, is far suppler in his iambic technique than Aeschylus and Euripides, and far more prone to write sentences which over-run the main metrical divisions.
The Metre of Pindar, Olympian II
Authors: Bowra C. M.
Published: June 2019

The metre of Olympian II is still a matter of some difficulty. It has commonly been recognized as differing from Pindar's other metres, but many opinions have been held of its character. An understanding of it is, however, not merely essential to any general theory of Pindar's metric but vital to the textual criticism of the poem. Without some coherent theory we cannot say where ‘Responsionsfreiheiten’ are allowed and some important cruces remain unsolved. In recent years three theories have been put forward. In his Res Metrica pp. 153–5 W. R. Hardie put forward the view that it is an example of a μέτρον μονοεɩδές composed in Cretic verse. He holds that it is written in Cretics or their recognized metrical equivalent, Paeons. This kind of verse is known from the Delphic Paean to Apollo and the Paean of Limenius, and so far as the equivalence of Cretics and Paeons is concerned, there is no difficulty in it. But as Hardie himself admitted, his theory does not account for all the facts. It may be said to suffer from the following defects. n In Str. 1, 3, 5, 7 and Ep. 1, 4, 5 he has to assume the existence of an extra single syllable at the beginning of the line. Since all attempts to defend ‘Anacrusis’ are extremely doubtful, this can hardly be maintained here. 2. The clausula of the Strophe cannot be reduced to Cretics or Paeons. 3. He has to admit that in Ep. 2 and 3 there is ‘some Trochaic movement’ and presumably he would have to admit that in Str. 3 there is either an Iambic, or, as he would prefer, a Trochaic movement with Anacrusis in ἤτοɩ πɩσα μεν. There is certainly some truth in Hardie's theory, but since it does not consider all the facts or co-ordinate them into a whole, it is not really satisfactory.
The Latin Colonies at Vitellia and Circeii
Authors: Salmon E. T.
Published: June 2019

In the fifth book of Livy there is a passage of which hitherto no good explanation has been forthcoming:

Romae interim multiplex seditio erat, cuius leniendae causa coloniam in Volscos, quo tria milia civium Romanorum scriberentur, deducendam censuerant; triumvirique ad id creati terna iugera et septunces viritim diviserant (Livy v, 24. 4: 395 B.C.). (Livy then goes on to describe the viritane division of the ager Veientanus.)
The Archetype of Thucydides
Authors: Powell J. Enoch
Published: June 2019

The present paper is based on one entitled ‘The papyri and the text of Thucydides’, which I read before the Fifth International Congress of Papyrology in Oxford on August 31st, 1937. Later in the same year appeared Vittorio Bartoletti's Pisa dissertation Per la storia del testo di Tucidide (Florence: Sansoni), of which I was privileged to see a draft in 1935. I have several times saved space here by referring to Bartoletti for a collection of the evidence.
The Epigram on the Fallen of Coronea
Authors: Bowra C. M.
Published: June 2019

The elegiac poem of eight lines discovered in the Ceramicus and published by by W. Peek is of considerable interest for the historian. Peek is surely right in maintaining that it was composed for the Athenians who fell under Tolmides at Coronea in 447 B.C., and his general exposition of the poem's meaning is convincing. The aim of this paper is to make some comments and supplements to his interpretation and then to consider some peculiarities in the thought and technique of the poem. We may first set out a text and a translation:

λμονες ℎοῖον γṑνα μχες ελσανες λπ[ο]

φσχς δαιμονṐς ṑλσα' μ πολμοι

σὐν κακι χσετλελεσσε βροοῖσι δ πσι λοιπν

φρζεσθαι λογṐν πιοσν ἔθκε λος.
The Date of Iambulos
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: June 2019

No ancient has told us in any surviving writing when Iambulos lived. Lucian says no more than that he composed a work obviously fabulous but quite amusing; Diodoros of Sicily, the only other author to mention him at all, earns our gratitude by excerpting his romance, apparently under the impression that it was sober fact. Moderns are accordingly vague in dating him. It is obvious that he must be earlier than or contemporary with Diodoros, whose historical work mentions no date later than 54 B.C, but his allusions to events of his own life indicate that he was old enough to take an intelligent interest in the world as early as about 60 B.C, and still alive as late as (perhaps) 21 B.C. Kroll contents himself with indicating that Iambulos is later than Megasthenes, which gives us a range of close on 250 years. I think, however, that we may reduce this very considerably and place Iambulos, if not in any definite year, at least within a period of less than a century.
On Some Passages of Plato's Philebus
Authors: Hackforth R.
Published: June 2019

17A. οἱ δ νν τν νθρώπων σοφο ἓν μν, ὅπως ἂν τχωσι, κα πολλ θττον κα βραδὐτερον ποιοσι το δοντος, μετ δ τ ἓν ἄπειρα εὐθς τ δ μσα ατος κφεὺγειοἷς διακεχώρισται τ τε διαλεκτικς πλιν κα τ ριστικς μς ποιεῖσθαι πρς λλλους τος λγους.
Some Lacunae in Chariton
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: June 2019

The publication of Dr. Warren E. Blake's edition of the romance of Chariton has at last made it possible to know what the tradition of the text amounts to and form some opinion of its principal weaknesses. That these include lacunae will be obvious to anyone who even glances through his apparatus criticus; I think there are at least three which neither he nor any of the former editors has noted. The supplements I propose are of course mere examples of how they might be filled; their existence seems pretty certain, but no more than the general sense of what is missing is likely to be got unless some new papyrus or other unexpected find puts us in possession of more evidence.
Aristotle De Caelo 288a 2–9
Authors: Cornford F. M.
Published: June 2019

Aristotle is asking why the heaven revolves in one direction rather than the other. His answer is based on his earlier proof that the Universe has a top and a bottom, a right and a left. The upper region, as the place of divinity, is prior or superior to the lower; so upward motion is prior to downward motion. Right is similarly prior and superior to left. The present problem can be solved by supposing that the world has also a front and a back, and hence a forward motion, which will be prior and superior to backward motion. Since Nature always follows the best course, the reason for the direction of the heaven's revolution will be that that direction is forward and therefore better.
An Eastern Christian Sect: The Athinganoi
Authors: Starr Joshua
Published: June 2019

‘All heresies issue out of your midst,’ said Liutprand to the emperor and his court at Constantinople, and the statement was essentially correct. But he went too far in implying that they flourished without interference by the orthodox regime, so that it was left to the Latins to exterminate them in the course of their westward spread. One could draw up a fairly long catalogue of sects which are known to have existed on Byzantine soil for a time, only to succumb to official persecution or to become extinct in some unrecorded manner. Practically all of these have passed on leaving no tangible trace of their peculiar beliefs or practices, yet a study of any one of them offers the opportunity of filling in to some extent the picture of life in the variegated Eastern Empire. The subject of this study is the latest of the several sects which arose in Phrygia, and despite a brief and limited history, did not disappear without having an emperor credited to it, nor without perpetuating its name in the variants whereunder the gypsies are known in Europe to the present day.
On a Mode of tabulating the facts, for the purpose of ascertaining the Numbers exposed to Risk, and calculating the Rate of Mortality experienced by Assurance Companies
Authors: Meikle James
Published: June 2019

As there is a prospect of the Scottish Insurance Companies again collecting the statistics of their mortality experience, it is desirable to consider anew the mode in which the facts should be tabulated, in order to ascertain the rate of mortality experienced among assured lives. The previous collection was drawn from theexperience of 10 offices, and consisted of the total lives assured from the beginning of the several offices, brought down to 31 December 1863. Thirty years having elapsed, it is proposed to begin with the facts then existing—tabulating the deaths arising among these; and also to tabulate new assurances, dealing with them separately. It is proposed also to discuss whole-life assurances and endowment assurances. It is also proposed to collect the experience of male and female annuitants. With so large an undertaking in prospect, it is expedient to re-consider the modes previously adopted, and in some detail to state the manner in which these experiences should be now collected.
Some Points that have Arisen Out of the Continuous Investigation into the Mortality of Assured Lives 1924–1929
Authors: Elderton W. Palin , Oakley H. J. P. , Smither H. B.
Published: June 2019

The objects of this paper are (1) to set out for members of the profession some account of the further investigations that have been made into the statistics that formed the basis of the A 1924-29 Table, (2) to correct certain errors that have been discovered, (3) to explain the possible weaknesses in the statistics, (4) to discuss the variations in mortality shown by individual offices, and (5) to give some idea of the range in mortality above and below the combined result of all the offices. There is necessarily some overlapping in the treatment of these objects and it is difficult to draw hard and fast lines between them, but we hope that by bearing these general objects in mind the reader will not be disturbed by what is, we fear, a somewhat discursive paper.
The Taxation of the Annuity Fund and Some Practical Points Arising Therefrom
Authors: Rowland S. J. , Wales F. H.
Published: June 2019

The subject of annuities is one which has rarely been discussed by this Institute and the two classic papers of modern times on the subject (Oakley, J.I.A. Vol. XLIII, p. 281 and Elderton and Oakley, J.I.A. Vol. LV, p. 211) deal very largely with the mortality aspect of the problem. Income Tax is also a subject which has received but scant attention in our literature, the most modern paper in the Journal being that by Faulks written in 1903 (J.I.A. Vol. xxxvIII, p. 297); a later paper was read in Edinburgh in 1922 (Barnett, T.F.A. Vol. IX, p. 65) but even this is quite out of date as regards annuities because the Finance Act of 1923, following the recommendations of the Colwyn Committee, introduced important new factors into the taxation of the annuity fund. Recknell's paper in J.S.S. (Vol. 11, p. 93) suffers from the same disadvantage, having been written in 1921.
Some reflections on long-term investments with particular reference to the business of life assurance
Authors: Lever E. H.
Published: June 2019

It is probably true to say that during the past two decades the most perplexing and important of the problems, with which those responsible for the management of Life Assurance Companies have been called upon to deal, has arisen from the investment side of the business rather than from the commercial and actuarial sides. On the whole, the investment policy followed has so far emerged successfully from the searching tests imposed upon it by the events of recent years but the future remains obscure and there are many lessons still to be learned.

Life Assurance Companies, by the very nature of their business, are compelled to interest themselves in the problems of long-term investment, and it is worth while, therefore, to enquire whether the ordeal through which they have passed has revealed any defects in the present machinery of long-term lending and investing or in the basic principles which have heretofore governed investment policy.
Recent Decisions Affecting the Law of Life Assurance
Authors: Levine Sydney Henry
Published: June 2019

I should like to say first that I am extremely sensible of and greatly appreciate the honour that the Institute has done me by inviting me to submit this paper. In writing it I have felt throughout the difficulty that arises from the very different approach which a lawyer makes to legal decisions from that which an actuary may be expected to make. Cases interest me because of the niceties of construction they involve or of their subtle distinctions from other cases, or again because they mark the gradual development of the judicial mind in conformity with the public opinion of the preceding generation. To actuaries the interest of cases must primarily lie in their bearing on the practical problems of life assurance work. In discussing cases, therefore, I have felt that the reaction of readers will be sometimes that I have been labouring a decision that was obvious from the start, at others that the point at issue is obsolete because no company has had such a condition in its policies for the last ten years or for some equally good reason. Knowing next to nothing of life assurance practice, I have been unable to avoid this defect, and can only ask that it be excused.
The Census Method of Investigating Mortality with Special Reference to the Annuitants Experience 1931–35
Authors: Smither Herbert Buxton
Published: June 2019

The investigations discussed in this paper have been made for the purpose of examining the errors which may occur in a mortality table based on the experience of insurance offices when the Census Method of construction is used for a period which has been subject to extreme fluctuations. Hitherto, although the theory, with practical but empirical illustrations, has received considerable attention, no actual experience has been investigated. The present investigation is possible because, owing to the abnormality of the 1931-35 material for annuitants, further information was furnished by the offices.
Mortality of Indian assured lives
Authors: Vaidyanathan L. S.
Published: June 2019

It is now nearly a decade since the author had the honour of submitting a paper on the mortality of assured lives in India, and the manner of its reception by the members of the Institute has emboldened him to make a second venture. Particular impetus was given to the writing of this paper by the fact that, in the discussion that followed the reading of the earlier paper, several speakers observed that they would be interested to know the results of an analysis of the mortality prevailing in the large subcontinent of India, subject to varying climates and other conditions of life, according to geographical situation, and an attempt has now been made to give this information as revealed by the statistics of the “Oriental”. The words, “the more investigations were made into mortality in various parts of the world and in various types of business the better”, with which Sir (then Mr) William Elderton closed his observations on the earlier paper, are typical of the attitude of the Institute towards papers on mortality investigations, particularly as applied to countries like India, which are becoming very important from a life assurance point of view. Information concerning the mortality to which the various parts of the country are subject is, however, still very meagre.
Permanent sickness insurance
Authors: Heath E. A. J.
Published: June 2019

The subject of sickness insurance does not appear to have been previously discussed before this Institute except in relation to Friendly Societies and the National Health Insurance Act. There is, however, a most comprehensive paper by Mr W. A. Robertson, the present President of the Faculty, in the Transactions, Vol. xiv, page 21. Disability in the sense of long-term sickness insurance has been considered on several occasions, but purely as an added benefit to life assurance contracts. The results shown by the American offices, who at one time transacted a large volume of this business, have been anything but encouraging.
The effect of a change in the interest rate on life assurance premiums
Authors: White R. E. , Holmes B. T.
Published: June 2019

The recent paper by Dr Hagstroem (J.I.A. Vol. LXX, p. 119) directs attention to the very closely related subject of the effect on life assurance premiums of changes in the rate of interest. Some four years ago, in the course of an address before the American Life Convention, Mr V. R. Smith studied the relationship of the interest rate to life assurance premiums from a different angle. This note is an attempt to develop the mathematical theory underlying Mr Smith's method and to present some results on the basis of the A 1924–29 Table.
Equity in bonus distribution
Authors: Suttie T. R.
Published: June 2019

In the paper which I submitted to the Institute on 28 April 1944 I discussed the most equitable method of treating appreciation or depreciation in the assets of an office distributing its surplus by means of a uniform reversionary bonus. I believe that the conclusions reached were correct within the limits set, but consideration of the discussion convinced me that these limits were too narrow, since they involved the treatment of the problem of appreciation or depreciation without reference to the other factors affecting equity in bonus distribution and excluded any solution based on the use of a system of distribution of profits other than a uniform reversionary bonus. I felt that the methods used in the paper might produce results of interest if applied to the general problem of securing equity when the conditions experienced differ from those assumed in calculating the premiums, and I was encouraged to proceed on these lines by the suggestion made by Mr H. E. Melville, speaking as Presidenti that the time was suitable for such an inquiry in view of the exceptionally wide fluctuations in the experience rates of interest over the past thirty years.
The scope for actuaries in local government service
Authors: Benjamin B.
Published: June 2019

Organization is a problem of analysis and its converse, synthesis. It involves first the exact determination of the separate elements to be coordinated, whether these be sources of supply, processes of manufacture or divisions of administration. Secondly, these elements must be translated into the appropriate functions which they necessitate; for example, specialized branches of labour or steps in accounting procedure. Finally, the separate functions must be integrated into a coherent pattern, sufficiently stable to be economical of effort while remaining sensitive to changes in any of the basic circumstances with which the plan has to deal.
The Actuarial Principles of Investment
Authors: Pegler J. B. H.
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the actuarial principles on which the investment policy of life assurance offices should be founded. The policy considered relates, firstly, to the principles on which the selection of investments should be made and secondly, to the basis of their subsequent valuation.
The Effect of Changed Economic Conditions and State Insurance on Private Pension Fund Benefits, Contributions and Valuations
Authors: Marples W. F.
Published: June 2019

Twice in the past forty years war has abruptly changed economic conditions in the country and the new economic conditions have in their turn affected the circumstances of all pension funds. Before the war of 1914–18, the great majority of pension funds provided pensions based on the average salary through the period of service for a low contribution rate, The inflation of salaries and wages between 1914 and 1919 disclosed the weakness of the system since the pensions provided proved to be small in comparison with the new level of remuneration and to be inadequate to support the member during retirement. The experiences of this period led to the adoption of the system of basing the pension on the remuneration of the final year of service or of the average remuneration of the years immediately prior to retirement, The financing of the additional pensions to members for whom pensions on the pre-1914 basis had been provided and the establishment of the new system for members currently contributing was materially assisted by the high yield obtainable on investments. It should be added that for a scheme with funds invested before 1914 the depreciation of assets due to the high interest rates which had been obtaining immediately after the war increased the cost of reorganization of the scheme.
The Measurement of Reproductivity
Authors: Pollard A. H.
Published: June 2019

The measurement of the rate of population growth has attracted considerable attention in scientific literature of recent years. This is, no doubt, a result of the continual decline in the birth-rate which has formed the topic of innumerable articles in the popular press and elsewhere. Several attempts have been made to obtain a simple statistical measure of the reproductivity of a population at a particular time—that is, a measure of the extent to which a population will be replacing itself if current fertility and mortality continue indefinitely. It is the aim of this paper,

in section 1,

to discuss the simple approximate formulae that have been suggested;

in section 2,

to discuss some more elaborate and more efficient formulae;

in section 3,

to analyse the effect on the formulae of section 2 of a change in the proportions married at a given age;

in section 4,

to outline the male versus female rate anomaly;

in section 5,

to suggest a formula which avoids the anomaly; and finally,

in section 6,

to discuss the application of these formulae to Australian population statistics.
The Dissolution of a Superannuation Society
Authors: Lane R. C. B.
Published: June 2019

This paper is founded as factually as possible on a case which arose in practice. Originally it was intended to present the paper as a collection of the actual documents, letters, valuation reports and so on, with only a minimum of outright description. Unfortunately, it gradually became clear that the result would not be suitable and practically the whole has been rewritten. Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to retain as much of the atmosphere as possible.
Methods of Forecasting Mortality Using Australian Data
Authors: Pollard A. H.
Published: June 2019

Several methods of forecasting mortality have from time to time been suggested. Some of them have, however, only been applied to the statistics of one or two countries and, while they have been found to be satisfactory in these cases, we cannot justifiably say that the assumptions on which they are based are universally valid. In §§ 3–7 these standard methods of mortality forecasting will, with necessary modifications, be applied to Australian data. These sections do not, therefore, involve anything in the way of new principle, but, being applications of old methods to new data, they should make a further contribution to our knowledge of the validity of the assumptions on which these standard methods are based. In § 9 a further method of forecasting will be described, and in § 10 the results obtained by the several methods will be compared.
The development of public superannuation schemes
Authors: Robb A. C.
Published: June 2019

A study of the history of public superannuation schemes reveals that, in general, steady progress has been, and is being, made; there is, however, little consistency as between various branches of the public service. There have already been many post-war developments, in which there is some evidence of a common pattern, yet in which there are many startling divergencies. In view of the ever-increasing scope of the public services, it is surely time to give serious consideration to the question of standardization of such schemes; and the object of this paper is to suggest possible future developments along these lines.
Elementary generalizations upon Lidstone's approximation for two joint lives
Authors: Jecklin Heinrich
Published: June 2019

Lidstone's formula for approximating to the premium for a joint-life endowment assurance is

It has been found empirically that the greater the disparity in age the less accurate is the approximation. There is no such progressive loss of accuracy as the period of assurance lengthens.
Family Income Policies
Authors: Raynes H. E.
Published: June 2019

The so-called Family Income Benefit introduced, or reintroduced, into this country some four years ago has received an astonishing welcome from the public. Its rapid popularity as an addition to the ordinary whole life or endowment assurance policies has a parallel only in the disablement income benefit granted by the American and Canadian Offices in North America. Although there is no reason to anticipate that the history of this supplementary benefit will follow the unfortunate course of the disablement benefit in America, an early examination of the problems connected with it is most desirable, for the policies are not without their pitfalls and limitations.
Foreign Exchange Restrictions
Authors: Lever E. H.
Published: June 2019

During recent years the normal machinery for making international payments has suffered progressive dislocation, amounting in some cases to complete breakdown. This failure of foreign exchange markets to function properly affects insurance business in so many ways that it is fitting that this Institute should give some consideration to the problems that have arisen and to the efforts that have so far been made to solve them.
Notes on Special Contingencies Arising in Reversionary Transactions and the Policies to Cover these Risks
Authors: Lafford H. G.
Published: June 2019

Those who have not had the advantage of any practical experience of reversionary business usually find this subject difficult, especially in regard to the treatment of the special contingencies which occur and the assessment of the premiums on the policies to cover these risks.
Some Further Notes Upon Experiments with Actuarial Functions and Fourier's Series
Authors: Anderson T. F. , O'Brien H.
Published: June 2019

(1) The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of further investigations into the possibilities of trigonometrical representation of actuarial functions. The authors’ previous paper (J.I.A. Vol. LIX, p. 256) was concerned mainly with the use of Fourier’s Series, and the simplicity of that series in practice invites its use in any work of this nature. To a large extent Fourier’s Series, or a modification thereof, is employed in the present work, but the authors do not insist that the final formulae suitable for use in practice should be Fourier’s Series.
The Valuation of the Outstanding Liability for Payments During Incapacity in Respect of Workmen's Compensation in the Coal Mining Industry
Authors: Boag Harold
Published: June 2019

According to the Home Office Statistics of Compensation paid during the year 1938, nearly 40% of the number of cases of compensation in the seven main groups of industries in Great Britain occurred in the mining industry, and 80% of the compensation to workers in the industry is paid by employers who insure their Workmen's Compensation risk with Mutual Indemnity Associations. As these Coal Trade Mutual Indemnity Associations deal with about one-third of the compensation paid in the seven main industrial groups, the experience of the larger associations is capable of useful analysis according to the age of the workman, the cause and effect of the accident or industrial disease, and the degree and duration of the resulting incapacity.
Income Tax in Relation to Social Security
Authors: Haynes A. T. , Kirton R. J.
Published: June 2019

This paper falls into three parts which form a progressive study involving

I. proposals for the reform of the Income Tax system as related to personal assessments,

II. consideration of the interrelation of Income Tax and Social Security,

III. proposals for the co-ordination of the Income Tax and Social Security systems.

Part I of this progressive study is a plea for a business-like administration of the Income Tax system. Part II examines the combined effect upon the individual of the Income Tax system and the Social Security plan proposed by Sir William Beveridge. Part III sets out to co-ordinate Income Tax and Social Security and to simplify the financial relationship between the individual and the community.
II. Ireland from 1461 to 1603
Authors: Quinn David B.
Published: June 2019

Under this heading we intend from time to time to publish articles dealing with work to be done on various periods and subjects of Irish historyWriters in the series are free to treat their respective sections in their-own way, and the articles will appear as they become available.
Strategy and Tactics in Irish Warfare, 1593-1601
Authors: Hayes-McCoy G. A.
Published: June 2019

The warfare in Ireland from 1593 to 1601 involved vital issues for both English and Irish. In many respects it was a unique conflict; certainly the opposing forces of the two countries were never so nearly balanced, and Kinsale is the major battle, all the potentialities and consequences of the occasion considered, in our history.
The Annals attributed to Tigernach
Authors: Walsh Paul
Published: June 2019

Over a century ago the Rev. Charles O'Conor published in his corpus of Irish historical writers a collection of annals, the authorship of which he ascribed to a certain Tigernach ua Braein, abbot of Clonmacnois, who died in the year 1088. This ascription O'Conor apparently adopted from Sir James Ware, and it is not unlikely that Ware took it from the learned Irish scholar Dubhaltach mac Firbhisigh who was in Ware's employment. Mac Firbhisigh probably had good reason for describing Tigernach as abbot of Roscommon as well as of Clonmacnois. There had been for centuries a close connexion between the two monasteries, and both were favoured with the protection of the kings of Connacht. For the rest, government of more than one monastic community by the same individual was quite common. Ua Braein was one of the family names of the sept of Clann Murchada, which is mentioned several times in the Irish annals and elsewhere.
Ulster Roads on the Eve of the Railway Age, c. 1800–40
Authors: Herring Ivor J.
Published: June 2019

Arthur Young's judgment on Irish roads is well known; that indefatigable traveller who had many hard words for the highways of his native country, asserted: ‘ For a country so very far behind us as Ireland, to have got suddenly so much the start of us in the article of roads, is a spectacle that cannot fail to strike the English traveller exceedingly ’ A quarter of a century later his views received general corroboration from the statistical surveys of the counties and from other commentaries and travel-journals of the time. Sampson, who found little to criticise in the county Derry roads, remarked: ‘ I have seen no country more intersected by good roads than the neighbourhood of Kilrea and Magherafelt’.
Daniel O'Neill, a Royalist Agent in Ireland, 1644–50
Authors: Cregan Donal F.
Published: June 2019

Daniel O'Neill united in his person the two main branches of a great family. His father, Con, son of Niall, son of Brian Fagartach O'Neill, was lord of Upper Clandeboy; his mother Ellis (a sister of Eoghan Ruadh) belonged to the O'Neills of Tyrone. Daniel was born in Clandeboy early in the seventeenth century. His father died while he was a minor, and he was brought up a protestant, and, it is stated, a ward in chancery in England. He served his apprenticeship to arms with the English regiments in the Netherlands, and at an early age became familiar with the life both of camp and court. He was endowed with many natural advantages: a pleasing appearance and engaging manners, great fertility of resource, and an aptitude for handling difficult men and situations with a finesse which earned for him the name of ‘Infallible Subtle’.