bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intimate partner violence and cardiovascular risk: is there a link?
Authors: Scott‐Storey Kelly , Wuest Judith , Ford‐Gilboe Marilyn
Published: September 2009

Title.  Intimate partner violence and cardiovascular risk: is there a link?

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study of the relationship between stress associated with intimate partner violence and smoking and cardiovascular risk.

Background.  Stress related to intimate partner violence persists after a woman leaves an abusive relationship. Persistent stress is associated with cardiovascular disease, the leading single cause of death among women. Smoking, an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is a coping mechanism commonly used to decrease the anxiety and stress of intimate partner violence. However, cardiovascular health is poorly understood in abused women.

Method.  Secondary analysis of data collected between 2004 and 2005 with a community sample of 309 women who had separated from an abusive partner 3 months to 3 years previously was conducted to create a descriptive profile of cardiovascular risk. Bivariate tests of association and logistic regression analysis were used to test relationships among variables.

Results.  Of the women, 44·1% were smokers; 53·2% had body mass indices classified as overweight or obese; 54·7% had blood pressures above normal range; and 50·8% reported cardiovascular symptoms. Neither severity of intimate partner violence nor smoking behaviours were statistically significant in explaining the presence of cardiovascular symptoms.

Conclusion.  The prevalence of hypertension, obesity and smoking suggests that survivors of intimate partner violence may be at heightened risk for cardiovascular disease and warrant clinical attention. Because cardiac symptoms develop as women get older, the mean age of 39 years in this sample may explain why intimate partner violence severity and smoking did not sufficiently explain the presence of cardiac symptoms.
Heparin flushing and other interventions to maintain patency of central venous catheters: a systematic review
Authors: Mitchell Matthew D. , Anderson Barbara Jo , Williams Kendal , Umscheid Craig A.
Published: September 2009

Title.  Heparin flushing and other interventions to maintain patency of central venous catheters: a systematic review.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a review to assess clinical studies comparing the effectiveness of different means of maintaining central venous catheter patency.

Background.  Flushing with heparin is a routine part of central venous catheter maintenance, but it presents risks, including heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia. Other techniques used to prevent occlusion of catheters include saline flushes, heparin‐bonded catheters and pressure caps.

Data sources.  A search was conducted using the MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, National Guideline Clearinghouse and University Healthsystem Consortium databases.

Methods.  A systematic review of effectiveness was conducted, using GRADE criteria to assess the strength of evidence for each intervention. The review period covered 1982 or earlier to January 2008.

Results.  There is weak evidence that heparin flushing reduces occlusion of catheters, but no evidence that it reduces bloodstream infections. Results from clinical trials of pressure caps are inconsistent regarding their ability to maintain catheter patency, but provide moderate evidence that at least some varieties of caps are associated with increased bloodstream infections.

Conclusion.  The evidence base on heparin flushing and other interventions to prevent catheter occlusion is small, and published studies are of low quality. There is insufficient evidence on which to conclude that flushing catheters with heparin is more effective than flushing with saline solution.
Dignity in the life of people with head injuries
Authors: Slettebø Åshild , Caspari Synnøve , Lohne Vibeke , Aasgaard Trygve , Nåden Dagfinn
Published: September 2009

Title.  Dignity in the life of people with head injuries.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to determine how people who suffer from head injuries perceive respect for their dignity and to discover what patients mean by the concept of ‘dignity’.

Background.  We know something about what the phenomenon of dignity means. However, we still lack knowledge about how patients perceive dignity in their lives and how dignity may be fostered and supported.

Methods.  Qualitative interviews were carried out during 2007 with 14 patients suffering from head injuries, diagnosed as having mild to moderate disability. The study was explorative and descriptive, with a content analysis.

Findings.  Patients experienced their dignity as maintained when they were taken seriously, received appropriate information and were reality‐oriented. They experienced their dignity as violated if they had been neglected or had encountered healthcare personnel who lacked knowledge, were sceptical about their stories, and where the patient experienced extra burden when they were mistrusted. The importance of adequate information was underscored. As interviewees said, head injuries do not show on the outside and people with head injuries do not have a high status in society.

Conclusion.  Patients living with head injuries should be informed about consequences and be taught strategies for how to live with head injuries as early as possible after the injury in order to maintain dignity.
Anxiety as a factor influencing satisfaction with emergency department care: perspectives of accompanying persons
Authors: Ekwall Anna , Gerdtz Marie , Manias Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

Aim.  To measure levels of anxiety among people accompanying consumers to the emergency department and to explore how anxiety influences satisfaction with care.

Background.  When people seek treatment in an emergency department they are often accompanied by a next‐of‐kin, family member or friend. While the accompanying person plays a vital role in providing psycho‐social support to consumers, little is known about how they perceive the quality of care. Learning more about how accompanying persons perceive care may inform the development of strategies to enhance communication processes between staff, consumers and accompanying persons.

Design.  A prospective cross‐sectional survey design.

Methods.  Data were collected from a consecutive sample of accompanying persons at one Australian metropolitan teaching hospital. Of all eligible individuals approached, 128/153 (83·7%) returned completed questionnaires. The questionnaire comprised a series of open‐ and close‐ended questions about perceptions of medical need, urgency and satisfaction with the overall visit. Anxiety was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS‐A).

Results.  There was a significant association between the accompanying person’s levels of anxiety and satisfaction at point of discharge. In the satisfied group, mean VAS‐A scores were 17·4 (SD 17·5) compared to 42·9 (SD 26·6) in the not satisfied group (p = 0·011). Moreover, those participants who were not satisfied with the visit did not show a significant reduction in VAS‐A scores from triage to point of discharge.

Conclusion.  The lower the level of anxiety reported by accompanying persons when leaving the emergency department, the more satisfied they are likely to be with their emergency department visit. Ultimately, well informed and confident accompanying persons are beneficial for ensuring quality patient support.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Asking accompanying persons about their anxiety level before discharge gives them the opportunity to pose clarifying questions and is, therefore, an effective way of improving their satisfaction with the emergency department visit.
Stress, perceived support, resourcefulness and depressive symptoms in Taiwanese adolescents
Authors: Huang Chiung‐Yu , Guo Su‐Er
Published: September 2009

Aims and objective.  This study investigated (1) the prevalence of self‐reported depressive symptoms among first‐year students at an Institute of Technology in southern Taiwan; (2) whether perceived support and resourcefulness were associated with these adolescents’ depressive symptoms and (3) the moderating and mediating effects of learned resourcefulness on the relationship between stressors and the adolescents’ depressive symptoms.

Background.  An individual with adequate social support or resourcefulness may see stressors as less threatening or be more resilient in dealing with stressors compared with depressed individuals. The prevalence of depression in the global population increased rapidly during this past decade and consequently may have had a negative impact on population health outcomes. Among adolescents there has recently been an increased incidence of depression‐related suicide reports.

Design.  A cross‐sectional, correlational design.

Method.  Adolescents (n = 913) were recruited to complete the following: the SDI in Chinese, the Inventory of Social Supportive Behaviours Scale – Modified and the Self‐Control Schedule. Data analysis consisted of Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis.

Results.  The prevalence of depression among participants was 13·4%. Participants who were younger, expressed lower satisfaction with their grades, perceived their health as worse, described peer relationship problems and exhibited smoking behaviour were more likely to have depressive symptoms. We observed five partially mediating effects of resourcefulness on stressors (age, perceived health, peer relationships, grades satisfaction and smoking behaviour) and depressive symptoms and one moderating effect of resourcefulness on the relationship between peer and depressive symptoms.

Conclusions.  Learned resourcefulness may play a critical role in decreasing depressive symptoms.

Relevance to clinical practice.  These findings offer healthcare providers and educators information about the need for possible cognitive–behavioural interventions that could improve adolescents’ relationships with their peers, enhance their satisfaction of grades and moderate or prevent depressive symptoms among this population. Moreover, it might decrease the prevalence of adolescent suicide.
Pre‐load on oral implants after screw tightening fixed full prostheses: an in vivo study
Authors: Duyck J. , Van Oosterwyck H. , Vander Sloten J. , De Cooman M. , Puers R. , Naert I.
Published: September 2009

The fit of implant supported fixed prostheses is said to be of clinical concern because of the rigid fixation of an oral implant in its surrounding bone. The influence of the torque sequence of the set screws during fixation of implant supported fixed full prostheses on the final pre‐load was investigated in vitro. No significant effect of the torque sequence of the set screws on the final pre‐load was observed. The main objective of this study was to quantify and qualify the pre‐load in vivo on implants supporting a fixed full prosthesis. This was performed when the prostheses were supported by all five or six implants and was repeated when the prostheses were supported by only four and three implants. A total of 13 patients with a fixed full implant supported prosthesis were selected. The existing abutments were changed for strain gauged abutments. After tightening the set screws with a torque of 10 N cm, the pre‐load conditions were registered. The average (SEM) axial forces and bending moments in case of five or six, four and three supporting implants were 323 N (43 N), 346 N (59 N), 307 N (60 N) 21 N cm (3 N cm) and 21 N cm (2 N cm), 23 N cm (5 N cm), respectively. In addition, the pre‐load was registered after fixation of a machined gold cylinder, as delivered by the manufacturer, on each of the supporting implants, representing the ‘optimal fit’ situation. The corresponding average (SEM) axial forces and bending moments in case of five or six, four and three supporting implants were 426 N (36 N), 405 N (40 N), 413 N (46 N) and 8 N cm (1 N cm), 8 N cm (1 N cm), 8 N cm (1 N cm), respectively. The induced axial forces after tightening the prostheses were significantly lower then after tightening the gold cylinder in case of five or six supporting implants (P < 0·02). The induced bending moments after tightening the prostheses were statistically significantly higher (P < 0·0001) then after tightening the gold cylinder in all test conditions (five or six, four or three supporting implants). This study underlines the static load present after screw tightening implant supported fixed full prostheses.
Evaluation of the utility of cephalometric parameters in constructing complete denture. Part I: placement of posterior teeth
Authors: Bassi F. , Deregibus A. , Previgliano V. , Bracco P. , Preti G.
Published: September 2009

Various types of parameters, including cephalometric ones, have been used in the construction of complete denture. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of cephalometric parameters for this purpose. The position of the posterior teeth in a group of 42 edentulous patients, successfully rehabilitated with complete denture according to clinical parameters, was evaluated by cephalometrics. The following were determined: vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO); orientation of the occlusal plane; and subdivision of the denture space. The cephalometric parameters do not correspond to the clinical positioning of the posterior teeth in successful rehabilitation with complete denture.
Comparison of oral sensory function in complete denture and implant‐supported prosthesis wearers
Authors: Jang Kyung‐Soo , Kim Yung‐Soo
Published: September 2009

In order to compare the differences of part of the oral sensory functions among natural dentition, complete denture wearers and implant‐supported prostheses wearers, tactile and pressure awareness was measured. Tactile sense was estimated by the thickness perception threshold between upper and lower dentition. Sensibility of pressure feeling was evaluated by threshold of lateral loading on tooth. Within this limited experiment, it could be concluded that an osseointegrated root form implant helped towards restoration of oral sensory functions.
Clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns in Japanese patients: results after 5 years
Authors: KOKUBO Y. , SAKURAI S. , TSUMITA M. , OGAWA T. , FUKUSHIMA S.
Published: September 2009

Summary  Procera AllCeram crowns were prospectively evaluated clinically in both anterior and posterior regions in Japanese. One‐hundred and one crowns were fabricated for 57 patients at the Tsurumi University Dental Hospital from August 2001 to October 2002 and evaluated according to the California Dental Association (CDA) quality evaluation system at baseline and annually at all follow‐up examinations for 5 years. The plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded, and chipping and fracture were checked at the same time as well. A total of 75 Procera AllCeram crowns were evaluated, and the cumulative survival rate was 90·2% over the 5‐year clinical trial. Six crowns experienced fractures within the veneering porcelain and from aluminium oxide coping, all of which occurred on the premolar and molar regions, and they had to be removed. Small chipping was observed on three crowns. According to the CDA criteria, 98% of Procera AllCeram crowns were rated as satisfactory, and PI and GI were comparable to those of control teeth during the observation period.
Self‐reported severity of taste disturbances correlates with dysfunctional grade of TMD pain
Authors: NIXDORF D. R. , JOHN M. T. , SCHIERZ O. , BEREITER D. A. , HELLEKANT G.
Published: September 2009

Summary  Altered central neural processing of sensory information may be associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain. The objectives of this study were to compare the prevalence of self‐reported taste disturbances in TMD pain patients and in a control population, and to determine whether frequency of taste disturbances was correlated with dysfunctional grade of TMD pain. Subjects were 2026 people within a German population sample and 301 consecutive TMD patients diagnosed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Taste disturbances were measured using two questions from the Oral Health Impact Profile. Dysfunctional grade of TMD pain was measured with the Graded Chronic Pain Scale. A two‐sample test of proportions revealed that TMD patients reported a greater frequency of taste disturbances, 6%, than did the general population subjects, 2% (P < 0·001). Moreover, the frequency of taste disturbances correlated with the dysfunctional grade of TMD pain. For each 1 unit increase in taste disturbance, the odds of observing a higher grade of TMD pain increased by 29% (95% CI: 3–63%, P = 0·03). Analysis by individual taste question and adjustment for age and gender did not substantially affect the results. These findings are consistent with a central neural dysfunction in TMD pain and suggest that a common neural substrate may underlie sensory disturbances of multiple modalities in chronic pain patients. Further research regarding taste disturbances and trigeminally mediated pains such as in TMD is warranted.
Imbalance of pro‐ and antifibrogenic genes and bile duct injury in murine Schistosoma mansoni infection–induced liver fibrosis
Authors: Loebermann Micha , Sombetzki Martina , Langner Cord , Fuchsbichler Andrea , Gumhold Judith , Silbert Dagmar , Riebold Diana , Holtfreter Martha , Fickert Peter , Nizze Horst , Trauner Michael , Reisinger Emil C.
Published: September 2009

Objectives  The murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection is characterized by strong fibrosis and little hepatocellular injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential link between hepatic schistosomiasis and bile duct injury in relation to the expression of profibrotic cytokines and fibrosis‐related genes.

Methods  Hepatic schistosomiasis was induced via percutaneous infection of mice with 50 S. mansoni cercariae. Markers of fibrosis including matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue‐inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), as well as markers of bile duct injury (keratin‐19, VCAM‐1) were studied during 24 weeks after infection by RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry.

Results  Liver biochemistry revealed no differences in serum transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels in infected and uninfected mice. Total liver hydroxyproline content was increased 5‐fold (P < 0.05) after infection. Gene expression analysis revealed MMP‐2 (12‐fold, P < 0.05) and TIMP‐1 (48‐fold, P < 0.05) up‐regulation after infection. The balance of MMP and TIMP was shifted towards TIMP. Bile ducts were engulfed by adjacent granulomas resulting in ductular proliferation (keratin‐19). VCAM‐1 expression and inflammatory infiltrates were reduced.

Conclusions  This study demonstrates that schistosomiasis is associated with (i) an imbalance of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐1 as key players of fibrogenesis and (ii) with secondary bile duct alterations leading to ductular proliferation possibly contributing to fibrosis.
Clock drawing from the occupational therapy adult perceptual screening test: Its correlation with demographic and clinical factors in the stroke population
Authors: Cooke Deirdre M. , Gustafsson Louise , Tardiani Danica L.
Published: September 2009

Background/aim:  The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between clock drawing ability following stroke, and key clinical variables including cognition, functional independence, side and type of stroke, educational level and age.

Methods:  One hundred and ninety‐seven people with stroke were recruited from 12 hospital and rehabilitation facilities. The participants’ scores from the Clock Drawing Test in the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test were the dependent variables and were entered into logistic regression with Functional Independence Measure motor scores, side of stroke, Oxfordshire Classification System of Stroke, educational level and age as independent variables. Correlation with the Mini‐Mental State Examination was analysed independently, due to its strong correlation with other variables.

Results:  The Mini‐Mental State Examination correlated significantly with the Clock Drawing Test ( Exp (B) = 0.826, P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, a significant relationship was found with age (Exp ( B) = 1.052, P < 0.001), Functional Independence Measure — motor (Exp (B) = 0.984, P = 0.030) and side of stroke (Exp (B) = 0.384, P = 0.003). Age demonstrated the strongest correlation with the Clock Drawing Test ability and the greatest decline was from approximately 70 years of age.

Conclusions:  The Clock Drawing Test may be a useful and quick screen of cognitive impairments following stroke. Age‐related decline must be considered and it is essential that clinicians use this only as a strategy to determine whether a more comprehensive assessment is required.
Increasing the occupational therapy mental health workforce through innovative practice education: A pilot project
Authors: Rodger Sylvia , Thomas Yvonne , Holley Sue , Springfield Elizabeth , Edwards Ann , Broadbridge Jacqui , Greber Craig , McBryde Cathy , Banks Rebecca , Hawkins Rachel
Published: September 2009

Aim:  This paper describes the evaluation of a pilot trial of two innovative placement models in the area of mental health, namely role emerging and collaborative supervision. The Queensland Occupational Therapy Fieldwork Collaborative conducted this trial in response to workforce shortages in mental health.

Method:  Six occupational therapy students and eight practice educators were surveyed pre‐ and post‐placements regarding implementation of these innovative models.

Results:  Students participating in these placements reported that they were highly likely to work in mental health upon graduation, and practice educators were positive about undertaking innovative placements in future. An overview of the placement sites, trials, outcomes and limitations of this pilot trial is provided.

Conclusion:  Though limited by its small sample size, this pilot trial has demonstrated the potential of innovative placement models to provide valuable student learning experiences in mental health. The profession needs to develop expertise in the use of innovative placement models if students are to be adequately prepared to work with the mental health issues of the Australian community now and in the future.
Factors predicting transferal after psychiatric emergency management in the elderly
Authors: Lin Chieh‐Hsin , Hsu Chao‐Wen , Teng Ching‐Yun , Sun Platinum Po‐Chun , Hsu Heng‐Chia , Wung Yu‐Ting , Lin Ching‐Hua
Published: September 2009

Aims:  The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic and clinical characteristics that differentiate between elderly and non‐elderly visitors in the psychiatric emergency room (ER), and to identify factors predicting transferal after psychiatric emergency management in the elderly.

Methods:  Data were collected over four years for patients who visited the psychiatric ER. The elderly were defined as patients older than 65 years old. Demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed using the χ2‐test for categorical data and t‐tests for continuous data. Multivariate logistic regressions were carried out to find predictive factors associated with being transferred to a general hospital for elderly visitors in the psychiatric ER.

Results:  Elderly patients made up 3.4% of all included visitors (n = 243) during the four‐year period. The mean number of visits for elderly visitors was 1.63 ± 1.18, ranging from 1 to 7. The χ2‐test and the t‐test indicated that the elderly visitors were different from controls in many demographic and clinical variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being transferred to a general hospital for elderly visitors in the psychiatric ER was associated with age (odds ratio = 1.32) and a greater number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations (odds ratio = 1.42). Patients without a thought‐form problem also required transferal to a general hospital more often in our study.

Conclusions:  The study suggested that elderly visitors in the psychiatric ER were a unique group, and specific considerations should be included in the intervention for these patients.
Niches versus neutrality: uncovering the drivers of diversity in a species‐rich community
Authors: Vergnon Remi , Dulvy Nicholas K. , Freckleton Robert P.
Published: September 2009

Ecological models suggest that high diversity can be generated by purely niche‐based, purely neutral or by a mixture of niche‐based and neutral ecological processes. Here, we compare the degree to which four contrasting hypotheses for coexistence, ranging from niche‐based to neutral, explain species richness along a body mass niche axis. We derive predictions from these hypotheses and confront them with species body‐mass patterns in a highly sampled marine phytoplankton community. We find that these patterns are consistent only with a mechanism that combines niche and neutral processes, such as the emergent neutrality mechanism. In this work, we provide the first empirical evidence that a niche‐neutral model can explain niche space occupancy pattern in a natural species‐rich community. We suggest this class of model may be a useful hypothesis for the generation and maintenance of species diversity in other size‐structured communities.
The role of learning in shark behaviour
Authors: Guttridge Tristan L , Myrberg Arthur A , Porcher Ila F , Sims David W , Krause Jens
Published: September 2009

The role of learning in behaviour is well known for many animal taxa, including teleost fishes, insects, birds and mammals. However, its importance to sharks in everyday behavioural processes has rarely been considered. Almost 50 years ago the first learning experiments on sharks were conducted; our first section discusses these studies and places them in a framework of associative and non‐associative learning. These experiments showed that sharks were capable of different forms of learning, such as operant and classical conditioning and habituation. Sharks could learn associations as rapidly as other vertebrates and also remember training regimes for several months. However, much of this experimental evidence was based on small sample sizes and few shark orders, such as Carcharhiniformes and Orectobliformes, leaving large gaps in our knowledge of the general learning capabilities of other shark orders. We also examine recent research that has tested for, or inferred learning in behavioural processes. This section reveals that sharks, like teleost fishes use learning to improve prey search and capture to potentially navigate and orientate in their home range and recognize conspecifics, heterospecifics and mates. Learning is also discussed in relation to ecotourism and fisheries. Findings indicated that these activities may lead to conditioning of sharks and that considerable effort should go into investigating what impact this could have on the shark species involved. Finally, we discuss the importance of combining laboratory experiments with field studies, the use of new experimental techniques, the role of model species and research priorities for future work.
Intralesional sodium stibogluconate alone or its combination with either intramuscular sodium stibogluconate or oral ketoconazole in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparative study
Authors: El‐Sayed M , Anwar AE
Published: September 2009

Background  Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease caused by leishmania species. Intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) has been considered the first line therapy for localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. There is still a need for more effective and less time‐consuming therapeutic methods for this condition.

Objective  The aim of the present study was to investigate if the combination of intramuscular (IM) SSG or oral ketoconazole with intralesional (IL) SSG would be more effective than the intralesional SSG given alone in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Patients and methods  Thirty patients with confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group (10 patients with 12 lesions) was treated with intralesional SSG alone. The second group (10 patients with 15 lesions) was treated with the combination of intralesional SSG + intramuscular SSG. The third group (10 patients with 13 lesions) was treated with the combination of intralesional SSG and oral ketoconazole. A follow‐up was performed every 4 weeks for a treatment period of 12 weeks, then monthly for a period of 6 months after the end of the treatment.

Results  Complete cure occurred in 58.3% of lesions in group 1, while 93.3% and 92.3% of lesions were cured in group 2 and 3 respectively. The difference between group 1 and the other groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  Combined intramuscular SSG or oral ketoconazole with intralesional SSG is more effective than intralesional SSG alone for the treatment of CL. Oral ketoconazole is much easier and safer therapy than intramuscular SSG in combination with intralesional SSG in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Evaluating capture–recapture population and density estimation of tigers in a population with known parameters
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Jhala Y. , Qureshi Q. , Vattakaven J. , Gopal R. , Nayak K.
Published: September 2009

Conservation strategies for endangered species require accurate and precise estimates of abundance. Unfortunately, obtaining unbiased estimates can be difficult due to inappropriate estimator models and study design. We evaluate population–density estimators for tigersPanthera tigrisin Kanha Tiger Reserve, India, using camera traps in conjunction with telemetry (n=6) in a known minimum population of 14 tigers. An effort of 462 trap nights over 42 days yielded 44 photographs of 12 adult tigers. Using closed population estimators, the best‐fit model (programcapture) accounted for individual heterogeneity (Mh). The least biased and precise population estimate ((SE) []) was obtained by theMhJackknife 1 (JK1) [14 (1.89)] in programcare‐2. Tiger density ((SE) []) per 100 km2was estimated at 13 (2.08) when the effective trapping area was estimated using the half mean maximum distance moved (1/2 MMDM), 8.1 (2.08), using the home‐range radius, 7.8 (1.59), with the full MMDM and 8.0 (3.0) with the spatial likelihood method in programdensity4.1. The actual density of collared tigers (3.27 per 100 km2) was closely estimated by home‐range radius at 3.9 (0.76), full MMDM at 3.48 (0.81) and spatial likelihood at 3.78 (1.54), but overestimated by 1/2 MMDM at 6 (0.81) tigers per 100 km2. Sampling costs (Rs. 450 per camera day) increased linearly with camera density, while the precision of population estimates leveled off at 25 cameras per 100 km2. At simulated low tiger densities, a camera density of 50 per 100 km2with an effort of 8 trap nights km−2provided 95% confidence coverage, but estimates lacked precision.
The growth hormone receptor gene‐disrupted mouse fails to respond to an intermittent fasting diet
Authors: Arum Oge , Bonkowski Michael S. , Rocha Juliana S. , Bartke Andrzej
Published: September 2009

The interaction of longevity‐conferring genes with longevity‐conferring diets is poorly understood. The growth hormone receptor gene‐disrupted (GHR‐KO) mouse is long lived; and this longevity is not responsive to 30% caloric restriction, in contrast to wild‐type animals from the same strain. To determine whether this may have been limited to a particular level of dietary restriction, we subjected GHR‐KO mice to a different dietary restriction regimen, an intermittent fasting diet. The intermittent fasting diet increased the survivorship and improved insulin sensitivity of normal males, but failed to affect either parameter in GHR‐KO mice. From the results of two paradigms of dietary restriction, we postulate that GHR‐KO mice would be resistant to any manner of dietary restriction; potentially due to their inability to further enhance insulin sensitivity. Insulin sensitivity may be a mechanism and/or a marker of the lifespan extending potential of an intervention.
The Organizational Demography of Japanese Environmentalism*
Authors: Johnson Erik W. , Saito Yoshitaka , Nishikido Makoto
Published: September 2009

Although a macro‐organizational perspective has become increasingly commonplace in social movement analyses, few studies examine the full spectrum of organizations in any single social movement industry (SMI). Utilizing a unique source of data on Japanese environmental movement organizations, we compare characteristics of groups focused primarily on environmental issues with those for whom environmental issues are part of a larger multi‐issue focus. We then profile across distinct, and theoretically important, organizational domains to assess how local, prefectural and national groups compare on a variety of organizational attributes, including: size, membership type, tactics and activities, and issues. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for understanding both Japanese environmentalism and the structure of SMIs generally.
The association between vascular endothelial growth factor levels and clinically evident peripheral edema in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Authors: Silverstein Deborah C. , Montealegre Catalina , Shofer Frances S. , Otto Cynthia M.
Published: September 2009

Objective
–
To determine the relationship between plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, severity of illness, and edema formation in critically ill dogs.

Design
–
Prospective, observational, descriptive, clinical study.

Setting
–
University Teaching Hospital.

Animals
–
Twenty‐eight dogs.

Interventions
–
None.

Measurements and Main Results
–
Physical examination and multifrequency bioimpedance (MFBIA) measurements were performed daily on 28 critically ill dogs with evidence of severe inflammatory disease and compared with the corresponding plasma VEGF levels. The change in VEGF values and the relationship between MFBIA measurements and clinical evidence of edema were also examined. Eighteen dogs had a positive VEGF level, 12 dogs had clinical evidence of edema, and 7 dogs had both a positive VEGF level and clinical evidence of edema. There was no statistically significant correlation between VEGF levels and the presence of edema on physical examination (P=0.2). VEGF values were also evaluated with respect to WBC count, survival prediction index, presence of known sepsis, change in extracellular water, and outcome. No statistical relationship could be identified between VEGF levels in the blood of dogs with inflammatory disease and their survival prediction index (P=0.1), the WBC count (P=0.2), or presence of sepsis (P=0.2). Dogs with a VEGF level >70 pg/mL (n=3) were less likely to survive (P=0.04). Because of high variability within and between animals, conclusions regarding changes in MFBIA could not be made, suggesting that this technology requires further refinement and investigation in critically ill dogs.

Conclusions
–
A relationship between VEGF and clinically evident increased vascular permeability was not found in this study. Dogs with markedly elevated VEGF levels may be more likely to die, but further studies are needed to determine the diagnostic and prognostic value of VEGF in critically ill dogs.
Comparison of fluid types for resuscitation after acute blood loss in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)
Authors: Lichtenberger Marla , Orcutt Connie , Cray Carolyn , Thamm Douglas H. , DeBehnke Daniel , Page Cheryl , Mull Lori , Kirby Rebecca
Published: September 2009

Objective
–
The purpose of this study was to determine the LD50 for acute blood loss in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), compare the mortality rate among 3 fluid resuscitation groups, and determine the time required for a regenerative RBC response.

Design
–
Prospective study.

Setting
–
Medical College of Wisconsin Research facility.

Animals
–
Eighteen mallard ducks were included for the LD50 study and 28 for the fluid resuscitation study.

Interventions
–
Phlebotomy was performed during both the LD50 and fluid resuscitation studies. Ducks in the fluid resuscitation study received a 5 mL/kg intravenous bolus of crystalloids, hetastarch (HES), or a hemoglobin‐based oxygen‐carrying solution (HBOCS).

Measurements and Main Results
–
The LD50 for acute blood loss was 60% of total blood volume. This blood volume was removed in the fluid resuscitation study to create a model of acute blood loss. Following fluid administration, 6 birds in the crystalloid group (66%), 4 birds in the HES group (40%), and 2 birds in the HBOCS group (20%) died. No statistical difference in mortality rate was seen among the 3 fluid resuscitation groups. Relative polychromasia evaluated post‐phlebotomy demonstrated regeneration starting at 24 hours and continuing through 48 hours.

Conclusions
–
The LD50 for acute blood loss in mallard ducks was 60% of their total blood volume. Although no statistical difference in mortality rate was appreciated among the 3 fluid resuscitation groups, a trend of decreased mortality rate was observed in the HBOCS group. An early regenerative response was apparent following acute blood loss.
Prevalence of malignancy when solitary versus multiple lesions are detected during abdominal ultrasonographic examination of dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum: 31 cases (2003–2008)
Authors: Levinson Joshua G. , Bouma Jennifer L. , Althouse Gary C. , Rieser Teresa M.
Published: September 2009

Objective
–
To compare the histopathologic diagnosis in dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum when abdominal ultrasonographic examination detects a solitary versus multiple lesions.

Design
–
Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Setting
–
Private veterinary hospital.

Animals
–
Client‐owned dogs presented with spontaneous hemoperitoneum between March 1, 2003 and June 1, 2008.

Interventions
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Dogs were divided into 2 groups based on presence of a solitary or multiple abdominal ultrasonographic lesions. Prevalences were compared between groups for malignancy and specifically hemangiosarcoma.

Measurements and Main Results
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Ten of 31 (32%) dogs had a solitary abdominal ultrasonographic lesion and 21 of 31 (68%) had more than 1 lesion. The bleeding tissue was characterized as malignant in 8 of 10 (80%) dogs with solitary lesions and 17 of 21 (81%) dogs with multiple lesions; there was no significant difference (P=1.0) between groups. In this study no association (P=0.26) was found between the number of abdominal ultrasonographic lesions observed and subsequent diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma.

Conclusions
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Solitary abdominal ultrasonographic lesions in dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum do not necessarily indicate a lower prevalence of malignancy.
Surgical management of a canine intracranial abscess due to a bite wound
Authors: Bilderback Ann L. , Faissler Dominik
Published: September 2009

Objective
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To describe the successful surgical management of a brain abscess in a dog secondary to bite wound.

Case Summary
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A 10‐year‐old neutered female Welsh Corgi/Chihuahua, weighing 5.3 kg, was presented for evaluation of seizures, ataxia, and falling to the left 8 days after a presumptive fight with another dog. On examination at presentation, the dog was alert, responsive, and ambulatory with tetra‐ataxia, falling to the left, left‐sided postural deficits, and absent left menace response. Within 24 hours, the dog progressed to nonambulatory tetraparesis with minimal motor, absent postural reactions of all limbs, left nasal hypalgesia, reduced gag reflex, and depressed mentation. Computed tomographic images of the brain were suggestive of a bite wound fracture of the right parietal bone with secondary meningoencephalitis, right parietal lobe abscessation, and white matter edema adjacent to the bone fracture. A modified right rostrotentorial craniectomy was performed, the abscess was identified, contents of the abscess were removed, and the surgical site was flushed extensively before closing. Corynebacterium spp. was cultured from within the abscess. Within hours of surgery, the dog was quiet but alert, responsive, and sitting up in her cage. In addition to surgical intervention, intensive care, broad‐spectrum IV antimicrobials, and supportive therapy led to significant neurologic improvement with only occasional seizures and mild postural reaction deficits of the left hindlimb remaining.

New or Unique Information Provided
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Abscess formation within the CNS is uncommon in dogs and cats and is associated with a high mortality rate. In veterinary medicine the management of brain abscesses is controversial with limited information available regarding treatment. This is the first case report that demonstrates surgical intervention in combination with antimicrobial therapy can be used successfully in the treatment of a canine brain abscess.
Arterial Angioplasty to Treat Hand Ischemia in a Radial‐Cephalic Fistula
Authors: Samaha Antoine , Salman Loay , Asif Arif
Published: September 2009

A chronic hemodialysis patient was referred to interventional nephrology for evaluation of left hand pain. The patient had been receiving hemodialysis through a left radial‐cephalic arteriovenous fistula and reporting hand pain during dialysis. Physical examination demonstrated cold hand and reduced capillary refill compared with the right hand. Clinical features, differential diagnosis, and physical examination findings were consistent with the diagnosis of hand ischemia due to dialysis access. Arteriography revealed >80% stenosis of the distal ulnar artery. Percutaneous balloon angioplasty successfully dilated the lesion with resolution of symptoms. Although uncommon, patients with forearm fistula can also experience symptoms of hand ischemia. This case demonstrates that in addition to the history, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and physical examination, arteriography is a vital step in the management of patients presenting with signs and symptoms of hand ischemia. Further, employment of a basic procedure (percutaneous balloon angioplasty) can successfully resolve the condition and maintain the dialysis access.
ASDIN: Arterial Interventions in Arteriovenous Access and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Role for Interventional Nephrologists
Authors: Yevzlin Alexander S. , Schoenkerman Aaron B. , Gimelli Giorgio , Asif Arif
Published: September 2009

The past decade has witnessed an evolution of the specialty of Nephrology in the United States to an interventional discipline. Traditionally, Interventional Nephrologists have focused on the venous side of an arteriovenous access. However, these specialists are beginning to include arterial disease related to renal patients under the purview of this specialty. Recent data have emphasized that inflow stenosis of an arteriovenous access frequently results in vascular access dysfunction. Peripheral vascular disease, resulting in distal hypoperfusion ischemia syndrome of the hand bearing the access, is similarly being recognized and managed more frequently by these experts. Two distinct entities, subclavian artery and renal artery stenosis, are also being addressed by interventional nephrologists. This article focuses on arterial interventions performed by interventional nephrologists and describes the epidemiology, techniques, and outcomes of arterial intervention as they relate to the care of patients with hemodialysis access and chronic kidney disease.
An Interesting Case: Retrograde Blood Flow from a LIMA Sustaining Hemodialysis via an AVF
Authors: Schoenkerman Aaron B. , Gimelli Giorgio , Yevzlin Alexander S.
Published: September 2009

A case is described in which the inflow of a left radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula was being maintained by retrograde flow from a patent left internal mammary artery bypass graft, distal to a severe left subclavian artery stenosis. The clinical manifestations of this phenomenon were angina, lateral chest wall pain during dialysis, and distal hypoperfusion of the left hand. After stenting of the subclavian lesion, all symptoms resolved.
Depression in End‐Stage Renal Disease: Current Advances and Research
Authors: Chilcot Joseph , Wellsted David , Farrington Ken
Published: September 2009

Depression or the presence of significant depressive symptoms remains common in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). It is thought that 20–30% of ESRD patients have significant depressive symptoms, although there are issues surrounding the assessment of depression among patients with physical illness. Screening tools may be useful in this setting to identify patients with low affect, accompanied by formal diagnostic approaches which are important to consider following a positive screen. Recent evidence highlights the impact of depression upon mortality, and its association with non‐adherence and immune parameters, work that supports past investigations. Further studies are required to better our understanding of the mechanisms behind depression in patients with ESRD identifying both psychological and clinical antecedents. A focus on the treatment of depression is now critical given the evidence that depression impacts upon outcome in ESRD. Antidepressants seem effective, but the prevalence of negative side effect profiles and drug–drug interactions suggest a role for psychotherapeutic approaches. Of these, cognitive behavioral therapy shows real promise.
Retrofitting a Cast Dowel‐Core on Salvaged Dental Implants
Authors: Pipko Donald J. , Kukunas Steve , Ismail Yahia H.
Published: September 2009

Dental implant screw fracture involves attempting to retrieve the screw fragment or, as an alternative, attempting to salvage the dental implant. Circumstances that do not allow for screw retrieval require a solution in which the internal configuration of the dental implant can provide for a custom direct dowel fabrication. The proposed technique is to retrofit the fabrication of a custom cast dowel‐core and provisional use of a direct procedure, which provides accuracy of fit, retention, and ease of production.
Effect of Different Ceramic Surface Treatments on Resin Microtensile Bond Strength
Authors: Filho Alfredo Meyer , Vieira Luiz Clovis Cardoso , Araújo Élito , Monteiro Júnior Sylvio
Published: September 2009

Purpose:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength (μ‐tbs) of composite bonded to hot‐pressed ceramic. The null hypothesis tested was that neither of the surface treatments (silanization or fluoric acid etching) would produce greater bond strength of composite resin to the ceramic.

Materials and Methods:Four 7 × 7 × 5 mm hot‐pressed ceramic blocks of IPS Empress 2 were fabricated and polished to 600 grit followed by sandblasting with 50 μm alumina. The ceramic blocks were then divided into four groups and submitted to the following surface treatments: Group 1: 9.5% hydrofluoric (HF) acid for 20 seconds and silane (S) for 3 minutes; Group 2: silane for 3 minutes; Group 3: 9.5% HF acid for 20 seconds; Group 4: no treatment. Scotchbond adhesive was applied to the treated ceramic surfaces and covered with Filtek Z250 composite resin. The composite‐ceramic blocks were cut with an Isomet low speed diamond saw machine producing sticks (n = 25), which were loaded to failure under tension in an Instron Universal testing machine. The mean μ‐tbs was analyzed with one‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni “t” test.

Results:All specimens of Group 4 experienced adhesive failure during the cutting of the block and were eliminated. The mean μ‐tbs and standard deviations (SD) in megaPascals were: Group 1 = 56.8 (±10.4), Group 2 = 44.8 (±11.6), Group 3 = 35.1 (±7.7). Statistical analysis showed that the bond strength was significantly affected by surface treatment (p < 0.0001). Group 1 (HF + S) had the highest μ‐tbs, and Group 2 (S) had higher μ‐tbs than Group 3 (HF). The mode of fracture of the specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and all fractures occurred within the adhesion zone.

Conclusion:The results show that surface treatment is important for resin adhesion to ceramic and suggest that silane treatment was the main factor responsible for resin bonding to ceramic.