bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Literature Review of Findings in Physical Elder Abuse
Authors: Murphy Kieran , Waa Sheila , Jaffer Hussein , Sauter Agnes , Chan Amanda
Published: January 2013

Purpose

To review the medical literature for reports on the types of physical injuries in elder abuse with the aim of eliciting patterns that will aid its detection.

Materials and Methods

The databases of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and TRIP were searched from 1975 to March 2012 for articles that contained the following phrases: “physical elder abuse,” “older adult abuse,” “elder mistreatment,” “geriatric abuse,” “geriatric trauma,” and “nonaccidental geriatric injury.” Distribution and description of injuries in physical elder abuse from case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports as seen at autopsy, in hospital emergency departments, or in medicolegal reports were tabulated and summarized.

Results

A review of 9 articles from a total of 574 articles screened yielded 839 injuries. The anatomic distribution in these was as follows: upper extremity, 43.98%; maxillofacial, dental, and neck, 22.88%; skull and brain, 12.28%; lower extremity, 10.61%; and torso, 10.25%.

Conclusion

Two-thirds of injuries that occur in elder abuse are to the upper extremity and maxillofacial region. The social context in which the injuries takes place remains crucial to accurate identification of abuse. This includes a culture of violence in the family; a demented, debilitated, or depressed and socially isolated victim; and a perpetrator profile of mental illness, alcohol or drug abuse, or emotional and/or financial dependence on the victim.
The new view of hydrophobic free energy
Authors: Baldwin Robert L.
Published: January 2013

In the new view, hydrophobic free energy is measured by the work of solute transfer of hydrocarbon gases from vapor to aqueous solution. Reasons are given for believing that older values, measured by solute transfer from a reference solvent to water, are not quantitatively correct. The hydrophobic free energy from gas–liquid transfer is the sum of two opposing quantities, the cavity work (unfavorable) and the solute–solvent interaction energy (favorable). Values of the interaction energy have been found by simulation for linear alkanes and are used here to find the cavity work, which scales linearly with molar volume, not accessible surface area. The hydrophobic free energy is the dominant factor driving folding as judged by the heat capacity change for transfer, which agrees with values for solvating hydrocarbon gases. There is an apparent conflict with earlier values of hydrophobic free energy from studies of large‐to‐small mutations and an explanation is given.
Protease‐activated alpha‐2‐macroglobulin can inhibit amyloid formation via two distinct mechanisms
Authors: Wyatt Amy R. , Constantinescu Patrick , Ecroyd Heath , Dobson Christopher M. , Wilson Mark R. , Kumita Janet R. , Yerbury Justin J.
Published: January 2013

Aβ1–42
and
Aβ1–42
bind
by
fluorescence technology
(View interaction)
I59T lysozyme
and
I59T lysozyme
bind
by
light scattering
(View interaction)
I59T lysozyme
and
I59T lysozyme
bind
by
fluorescence technology
(View interaction)Alpha‐lactalbumin
and
Alpha‐lactalbumin
bind
by
fluorescence technology
(View interaction)
I59T lysozyme
and
I59T lysozyme
bind
by
electron microscopy
(View interaction)
Aβ1–42
and
Aβ1–42
bind
by
electron microscopy
(View interaction)
β‐Arrestin‐1 directly interacts with Gαs and regulates its function
Authors: Li Bo , Wang Congcong , Zhou Zhaocai , Zhao Jian , Pei Gang
Published: January 2013

Gαs
physically interacts with
Beta‐arrestin‐1
by cross‐linking study (View interaction).
Polymer crowders and protein crowders act similarly on protein folding stability
Authors: Zhou Huan-Xiang
Published: January 2013

Recently a polymer crowder and two protein crowders were found to have opposite effects on the folding stability of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2), suggesting that they interact differently with CI2. Here we propose that all the macromolecular crowders act similarly, with an entropic component favoring the folded state and an enthalpic component favoring the unfolded state. The net effect is destabilizing below a crossover temperature but stabilizing above it. This general trend is indeed observed in recent experiments and hints experimental temperature as a reason for the opposite crowding effects of the polymer and protein crowders.
Vegetation history in central Kentucky and Tennessee (USA) during the last glacial and deglacial periods
Authors: Liu Yao , Andersen Jennifer J. , Williams John W. , Jackson Stephen T.
Published: January 2013

Knowledge about vegetation dynamics during the last glacial and deglacial periods in southeastern North America is under-constrained owing to low site density and problematic chronologies. New pollen records from two classic sites, Anderson Pond, TN, and Jackson Pond, KY, supported by AMS14C age models, span 25.2–13.7 ka and 31.0–15.4 ka, respectively. A transition fromPinusdominance toPiceadominance is recorded at Jackson Pond ca. 26.2 ka, ~ coincident with Heinrich Event H2. Anderson and Jackson Ponds record a transition from conifer to deciduous-tree dominance ~ 15.9 and 15.4 ka, respectively, marking the development of no-analog vegetation characterized by moderate to high abundances ofPicea,Quercus,Carya,Ulmus,Fraxinus,Ostrya/Carpinus, Cyperaceae, and Poaceae, and preceding by ~ 2000 yr the advent of similar no-analog vegetation in glaciated terrain to the north. No-analog vegetation developed as a time-transgressive, south-to-north pattern, mediated by climatic warming.Sporormiellaabundances are consistently low throughout the Jackson and Anderson Pond records, suggesting that megafaunal abundances and effects on vegetation varied regionally or possibly that theSporormiellasignal was not well-expressed at these sites. Additional records with well-constrained chronologies are necessary to assess patterns and mechanisms of vegetation dynamics during the last glacial and deglacial periods.
Revisiting Electoral Volatility in Post-Communist Countries: New Data, New Results and New Approaches
Authors: Powell Eleanor Neff , Tucker Joshua A.
Published: January 2013

This article provides a detailed set of coding rules for disaggregating electoral volatility into two components: volatility caused by new party entry and old party exit, and volatility caused by vote switching across existing parties. After providing an overview of both types of volatility in post-communist countries, the causes of volatility are analysed using a larger dataset than those used in previous studies. The results are startling: most findings based on elections in post-communist countries included in previous studies disappear. Instead, entry and exit volatility is found to be largely a function of long-term economic recovery, and it becomes clear that very little is known about what causes ‘party switching’ volatility. As a robustness test of this latter result, the authors demonstrate that systematic explanations for party-switching volatility in Western Europe can indeed be found.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene mid-latitude palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction: an approach based on the isotopic record from a travertine formation in the Guadix-Baza basin, Spain
Authors: PRADO-PÉREZ ANTONIO J. , HUERTAS ANTONIO DELGADO , CRESPO M. T. , SÁNCHEZ A. MARTÍN , PÉREZ DEL VILLAR LUÍS
Published: January 2013

A comprehensive palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the last 219 ka has been carried out by determining the isotopic signatures (δ18O and δ13C) in 766 samples of a thermogene travertine formation in the Guadix-Baza Tertiary basin (Granada, SE Spain). This travertine formation was dated from ≈ 220 to ≈ 5 ka by means of the alpha-spectrometry technique. Initially, the study of the δ18O values of the travertine formation was carried out because they are excellent indicators of the overall palaeoclimatic condition of a particular site. Likewise, the evolution of δ13C values, which can be directly related to the biomass development of the site, has also been studied. Finally, an integrated study of both isotopic records has been performed, identifying a total of 12 climatic periods based on their palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental conditions. These periods are grouped into four climatic scenarios: scenario A, characterized by warm and dry periods; scenario B, characterized by cold and humid periods; scenario C, constituted by warm and humid periods; and scenario D, which is characterized by cold and dry periods. Palaeoclimatic scenarios A and B mainly characterized the palaeoclimatic evolution of the site, while in northern Europe the palaeoclimatic evolution is mainly characterized by scenarios C and D. Therefore, it is suggested that the palaeoenvironmental evolution at lower latitudes on the Iberian Peninsula is the opposite of that identified in northern Europe. However, the main climatic events identified at higher latitudes are also reflected in the studied area.
Polyphase transpressional development of a NNE-striking basement-cored anticline in the Xining Basin, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: ZHANG J. , CUNNINGHAM D.
Published: January 2013

The Xiaoxia anticline is a basement-cored fold in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. It formed during the Middle–Late Cenozoic in a NNE-orientation oblique to prevailing WNW-striking thrusts in the surrounding region. The fold lies within the fault-bounded Xining Basin, which has behaved as a clockwise rotating and internally deforming block during the mid–late Tertiary. Proterozoic crystalline basement rocks and Jurassic–Cretaceous–Cenozoic terrestrial sediments exposed within the fold record three separate oblique-slip deformation events as determined by cross-cutting generations of faults and folds. The modern Xiaoxia anticline developed by: (1) outward-directed thrusting on the two fold limbs and, (2) oblique-slip thrusting on closely spaced minor NNE-striking faults that caused distributed uplift and passive shear folding of the sedimentary cover within the fold core. Tilted and thrusted river terraces on the flanks of the Xiaoxia anticline dated by optically stimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance indicate that folding has continued into the Late Quaternary (post-45.5 ± 5.5 ka) and therefore may still be active today. The development of the Xiaoxia anticline appears to be best explained in the context of the kinematic evolution of the Xining Basin's bounding strike-slip faults. Formation of the Xiaoxia anticline demonstrates that partitioned transpression in an evolving transpressional setting can invert intra-montane basins and produce basement-cored folds, thereby contributing to regional plateau uplift.
A novel approach to assess the probability of disease eradication from a wild-animal reservoir host
Authors: ANDERSON D. P. , RAMSEY D. S. L. , NUGENT G. , BOSSON M. , LIVINGSTONE P. , MARTIN P. A. J. , SERGEANT E. , GORMLEY A. M. , WARBURTON B.
Published: January 2013

Surveying and declaring disease freedom in wildlife is difficult because information on population size and spatial distribution is often inadequate. We describe and demonstrate a novel spatial model of wildlife disease-surveillance data for predicting the probability of freedom of bovine tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in New Zealand, in which the introduced brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the primary wildlife reservoir. Using parameters governing home-range size, probability of capture, probability of infection and spatial relative risks of infection we employed survey data on reservoir hosts and spillover sentinels to make inference on the probability of eradication. Our analysis revealed high sensitivity of model predictions to parameter values, which demonstrated important differences in the information contained in survey data of host-reservoir and spillover-sentinel species. The modelling can increase cost efficiency by reducing the likelihood of prematurely declaring success due to insufficient control, and avoiding unnecessary costs due to excessive control and monitoring.
Artificial activation of bovine and equine oocytes with cycloheximide, roscovitine, strontium, or 6-dimethylaminopurine in low or high calcium concentrations
Authors: Fernandes Claudia Barbosa , Devito Liani Gasparini , Martins Lilian Rigatto , Blanco Ieda Dala Pria , de Lima Neto João Ferreria , Tsuribe Patricia Myakawa , Gonçalves Camila Gabriela Pereria , da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga Fernanda
Published: January 2013

Knowledge on parthenogenetic activation of oocytes is important to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer (NT) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) because artificial activation of oocyte (AOA) is an essential step to achieve embryo production. Although different procedures for AOA have been established, the efficiency ofin vitroproduction of embryos remains low, especially in equines andBos taurusbovines. In an attempt to improve the techniques of NT and ICSI in bovine and equine species, we tested different combinations of drugs that had different mechanisms of action for the parthenogenetic activation of oocytes in these animals. The oocytes were collected,in vitromatured for 24 to 30 h and activated artificially, in the presence of low or high concentrations of calcium, with combinations of calcium ionophore (ionomycin) with cycloheximide, roscovitine, strontium, or 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP). For assessment of activation rates, oocytes were stained with Hoechst 33342 and observed under an inverted microscope. We showed that all combinations of drugs were equally efficient in activating bovine oocytes, with the best results obtained when high concentrations of calcium were adopted. For equine oocytes, high concentrations of calcium were not beneficial for the parthenogenetic activation and the combination of ionomycin with either 6-DMAP or roscovitine was effective in inducing artificial activation of oocytes. We believe that our preliminary findings provide some clues for the development of a better AOA protocol to be used with these species.
Utility of Prehospital Quantitative End Tidal CO2?
Authors: Cooper Christopher J. , Kraatz James J. , Kubiak David S. , Kessel James W. , Barnes Stephen L.
Published: January 2013

Introduction

End tidal CO2(ETCO2) has been established as a standard for confirmation of an airway, but its role is expanding. In certain settings ETCO2closely approximates the partial pressure of arterial CO2(PaCO2) and has been described as a tool to optimize a patient's ventilatory status. ETCO2monitors are increasingly being used by EMS personnel to guide ventilation in the prehospital setting. Severely traumatized and burn patients represent a unique population to which this practice has not been validated.

Hypothesis

The sole use of ETCO2to monitor ventilation may lead to avoidable respiratory acidosis.

Methods

A consecutive series of patients with burns or trauma intubated in the prehospital setting over a 24-month period were evaluated. Prehospital arrests were excluded. Absence of ETCO2transport data and patients without an arterial blood gas (ABG) within 15 minutes of arrival were also excluded. Data collected included demographics, place and time of intubation, service performing intubation, ETCO2maintained en-route to hospital, and ABG upon arrival. Further data included length of stay, mortality, and injury severity scores.

Results

One hundred sixty patients met the inclusion criteria. Prehospital ETCO2did not correlate with measured PaCO2(R2= 0.08). Mean ETCO2was significantly lower than mean PaCO2(34 mmHg vs 44 mmHg,P< .005). Patients arriving acidotic were more likely to die. Mean pH on arrival for survivors and decedents was 7.32 and 7.19 respectively (P< .001). Mortality, acidosis, higher base deficits, and more severe injury patterns were all predictors for a worse correlation between ETCO2and PaCO2and increased mean difference between the two values. Decedents and patients presenting with a pH <7.2 demonstrated the greatest discrepancy between ETCO2and PaCO2. The data suggest that patients may be hypoventilated by prehospital providers in order to obtain a prescribed ETCO2.

Conclusion

ETCO2is an inadequate tool for predicting PaCO2or optimizing ventilation in severely injured patients. Adherence to current ETCO2guidelines in the prehospital setting may contribute to acidosis and increased mortality. Consideration should be given to developing alternate protocols to guide ventilation of the severely injured in the prehospital setting.

CooperCJ,KraatzJJ,KubiakDS,KesselJW,BarnesSL.Utility of prehospital quantitative end tidal CO2?.Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(2):1-6.
Time to eat? The relationship between food security and food-related time use
Authors: Beatty Timothy KM , Nanney M Susie , Tuttle Charlotte
Published: January 2013

Objectives

In the present analysis, we seek to establish a relationship between time spent on food-related activities and food security status as well as between time spent on these activities and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly called the Food Stamp Program) participation and benefit level.

Design

After matching similar households using Coarsened Exact Matching, we estimate the relationship between food-related time, food insecurity and SNAP participation and benefit level using a comprehensive data set that combines two subsets of the Current Population Survey from years 2004–2010: the Food Security Supplement and the American Time Use Survey.

Setting

City, suburban and rural areas of the USA.

Subjects

Non-institutionalized US population over the age of 15 years. Total sample size is 10 247 households.

Results

In single households, food insecurity and SNAP participation are associated with 20 % more time in meal preparation and 13 % less time eating. Similarly, in married households, SNAP participation and benefit level are associated with 32 % less time in meal preparation while food insecurity is associated with 17 % less time eating and 14 % less time in grocery shopping.

Conclusions

A significant relationship exists between time spent on food-related activities and food insecurity and SNAP. This implies that federal and state government may need to consider the time constraints many low-income households face when reforming food assistance programmes.
International approaches to measuring the quality of mental health care
Authors: Moran V. , O'Connor S. , Borowitz M.
Published: January 2013

The importance of measuring the quality of mental health care is widely recognized. A number of factors should be considered when constructing mental health quality indicators including the aspects of care to be measured; translation of quality measurement concepts into indicators that can be measured; pilot-testing, analysis and display of measures; and maintaining effectiveness of performance measures and policies over time. The impetus to measure quality in mental health care may be dampened by the innumerable challenges inherent in this worthwhile endeavour. In particular, many countries lack adequate quality measurement infrastructure. Challenges may be overcome to a certain extent by international collaboration. While cross-country co-operation can also introduce additional complexities; its benefits usually outweigh the costs. Quality indicators can have many uses but of utmost importance is that quality measurement in mental health care subsequently results in quality improvements.
Dramen, in Musik gesetzt
Authors: Richter Christoph
Published: January 2013

Der Begriff „Drama” umfasst ein weites Spektrum von Formen der Darstellung eines Geschehens, die sich in Gegenstand, Mitteln und vordergründigem Zweck der Darstellung unterscheiden. Gemeinsam ist ihnen jedoch das Potential, dem Menschen als Spiel im Sinne Hans-Georg Gadamers–als sich aus sich selbst ergebende Spielbewegung, als nachahmendes Spielen von etwas und als darstellendes Spiel für jemanden, der selbst zum Mitspieler, ja zum Gespielten wird–eine „Selbstbegegnung” zu ermöglichen. Musik kann als Drama verstanden werden, weil sie unmittelbar wirksam berührt und bewegt, Erfahren und Handeln als ein Gespieltwerden, das zur Selbstbegegnung wird, in Gang setzt. Dies gilt für Musik, die ein sprachliches Drama verstärkt und schon beinahe ersetzt, wie am Beispiel der Arie „Ach ich fühl’s, es ist verschwunden” aus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts „Zauberflöte” zu zeigen ist, ebenso wie für nicht sprachgebundene Musik. Beispiele hierfür sind die Dumka aus Antonin Dvořáks Streichquartett Es-Dur op. 51, die als Darstellung eines rein musikalischen Geschehens dramatische Potenz besitzt, und Alban Bergs Violinkonzert, das sowohl als musikalisches Drama aus vier sehr verschiedenen Akten, Situationen des Musizierens von Violine und Orchester, als auch–durch den Entstehungskontext begründet–lebensweltlich als Drama des entstehenden und nach vielerlei Begebenheiten zum Abschluss kommenden Lebens aufgefasst werden kann.
Energy‐efficient resource allocation for OFDMA networks with sleep mode
Authors: Ren H.B. , Zhao M. , Zhu J.K. , Zhou W.Y.
Published: January 2013

Investigated is the resource allocation problem in OFDMA networks by introducing the sleep mode. In contrast to the existing literature, which mainly focuses on improving network throughput by increasing energy consumption energy efficient resource allocation with sleep mode is considered under which some components of the transmitter can be shut down to save energy. A mix integer programming problem is proposed to minimise energy consumption while satisfying the average data rate requirement. The existence of a unique globally optimal resource allocation solution is demonstrated and an iterative algorithm is developed to obtain it. The simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively save total energy consumption especially when the network is under low load condition.
All‐digital PLL with ΔΣ DLL embedded TDC
Authors: Han Y. , Lin D. , Geng S. , Xu N. , Rhee W. , Oh T.‐Y. , Wang Z.
Published: January 2013

An all‐digital PLL (ADPLL) which employs a ΔΣ delay‐locked loop (DLL) to achieve a PVT‐insensitive time resolution of the time‐to‐digital converter (TDC) as well as noise‐shaped dithering is implemented in 65 nm CMOS. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve spur reduction with slight degradation of in‐band phase noise. The 1.8 GHz ADPLL consumes 14.3 mW, while the TDC with the ΔΣ DLL consumes 2.1 mW.
Kernel‐based clustering
Authors: Piciarelli C. , Micheloni C. , Foresti G.L.
Published: January 2013

Proposed is a novel clustering technique based on kernel methods. The geometric properties of normalised kernel spaces are exploited to automatically detect the correct number of clusters, thus avoiding the requirement of an initial estimate of this parameter, as required instead in many popular algorithms.
Medoid selection from sub‐tree leaf nodes for k‐medoid clustering‐based hierarchical template tree construction
Authors: Jung H. G.
Published: January 2013

A method to construct a hierarchical template tree for pedestrian contour detection by iteratively applying a k‐medoid clustering algorithm from the lowest level to the highest level was recently proposed and received much attention. Analysed here is the limitation of the method using lower level medoids as points of the next higher level, and proposed is a method of selecting a medoid from the leaf nodes of sub‐trees corresponding to the lower level medoids.
Composite vector selection for feature extraction in face recognition
Authors: Choi Sang‐Il , Choi Younggeun , Kim Hyunjin
Published: January 2013

Proposed is a composite vector selection method based on discriminant analysis for face recognition. By measuring the amount of discriminant information in each composite vector, informative composite vectors can be selected. Then, composite features for face recognition are extracted with only the selected composite vectors. The experimental results show that the proposed method results in improved performance.
Arsenic diffusion in boron‐doped germanium
Authors: Liu T. , Orlowski M. K.
Published: January 2013

Arsenic (As) diffusion in germanium (Ge) has been studied by implanting As in a Ge substrate with high boron (B) background doping. The high hole density induced by the B doping suppresses negatively charged vacancies (V) in Ge. Under this condition, we have investigated the dependence of As diffusion on the dopant‐vacancy pairs As+V0 by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. After rapid thermal annealing at 600−750°C, the chemical profiles of As do not change in the highly B doped Ge. Experimental results suggest that the As+V0 pairs are not the diffusion vehicles of As in Ge. Activation energy of the As+V0 pairs has to be larger than 3.25 eV.
Improved matching criterion for frame rate upconversion with trilateral filtering
Authors: HoangVan X. , Ascenso J. , Pereira F.
Published: January 2013

Frame rate upconversion (FRUC) is an important post‐processing technique to enhance the visual quality of low frame rate video. A major, recent advance in this area is FRUC based on trilateral filtering which novelty mainly derives from the combination of an edge‐based motion estimation block matching criterion with the trilateral filter. However, there is still room for improvement, notably towards reducing the size of the uncovered regions in the initial estimated frame, this means the estimated frame before trilateral filtering. In this context, proposed is an improved motion estimation block matching criterion where a combined luminance and edge error metric is weighted according to the motion vector components, notably to regularise the motion field. Experimental results confirm that significant improvements are achieved for the final interpolated frames, reaching PSNR gains up to 2.73 dB, on average, regarding recent alternative solutions, for video content with varied motion characteristics.
Implicit dynamic system for online simultaneous linear equations solving
Authors: Chen K.
Published: January 2013

A novel implicit dynamic system is exploited and investigated for online simultaneous linear equations solving. Compared to the classic gradient‐based dynamic system and the recently‐proposed Zhang dynamic system, the proposed implicit dynamic system can achieve superior global exponential convergence performance. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation results substantiate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model for the real‐time solution of simultaneous linear equations.
Weighted ensemble based on 0‐1 matrix decomposition
Authors: Mao Shasha , Xiong Lin , Jiao L.C. , Zhang Shuang , Chen Bo
Published: January 2013

A simple effective ensemble method is proposed in which individual classifiers are combined with the weight coefficients obtained by decomposition for the 0‐1 matrix. The 0‐1 matrix is introduced to denote individual classifiers of the ensemble and is constructed based on the prediction labels of individuals and the true labels. The weight coefficients of individuals are obtained by singular value decomposition for the 0‐1 matrix based on linear mapping. In particular, the square of elements of the right singular vector corresponding to the maximum singular value are as the weight coefficients of individuals, and it is proved theoretically that it minimises the upper bound of ensemble error. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method improves the performance of classification compared against standard ensemble strategies.
Current‐reuse single Miller feedforward compensation for multi‐stage amplifiers
Authors: Zhang L. , Chang Z. , Wang Y. , Yu Z.
Published: January 2013

Presented is a novel current‐reuse single Miller feedforward compensation (CRSMFC) scheme for multi‐stage operational amplifiers (opamps). The proposed scheme introduces an implicit feedforward path into an opamp by reusing the current of the input stage, which creates a left‐half‐plane zero to cancel out the first non‐dominant pole in the transfer function, thus improving phase margin and gain bandwidth product (GBW) without extra power consumption. A three‐stage opamp prototype with proposed CRSMFC is realised in standard 0.18 µm CMOS process, and measured results show that it achieves a GBW of 4.4 MHz and a phase margin of 73° while driving a large capacitive load of 250 pF with only 34 µW of power consumption, implying a superior FoM over the state‐of‐the‐art.
Pseudo‐elliptic bandstop filter with 1:2:3 harmonic ratio stubs
Authors: Malherbe J.A.G.
Published: January 2013

By employing open circuited stubs with a length ratio of 1:2:3 separated by three unit elements, it is shown that a pseudo‐elliptic frequency response can be obtained with a compact structure. It has an electrical performance comparable to that of a Cauer filter, but is realisable in etched form for very wide bandwidths and very high rates of cutoff.
Applications of non‐stationary thermal wave imaging methods for characterisation of fibre‐reinforced plastic materials
Authors: Mulaveesala R. , Ghali V. S. , Arora V.
Published: January 2013

The active thermal nondestructive testing and evaluation method is a rapidly growing testing procedure for a quick and remote inspection procedure for fibre‐reinforced plastics. Conventional modulated lock‐in thermography significantly contributed to this field by allowing usage of low peak power controlled stimulations followed by phase based detail extraction procedures. But demand of repetitive experimentation required for depth scanning of the test object limits its applicability for realistic critical applications and demands multi‐frequency low power stimulations for better resolution and sensitivity for sub‐surface defect detection. Frequency modulated thermal wave imaging and coded excitation thermal wave imaging methods permitting multi‐frequency stimulations cater for these needs and facilitate depth scanning of the test object in a single experimentation cycle. Recently introduced three‐dimensional pulse compression is an alternative to phase based analysis for these stimulations by providing enhanced defect detection even in noisy environmental and experimental conditions. Defect detection capability and sizing by these non‐stationary thermal wave imaging methods are highlighted using the pulse compression approach. The present experimental study has been carried out on a carbon fibre reinforced plastic specimen with flat bottom holes.
Power‐scaling properties of apertured microchip vertical external‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers
Authors: Vetter S.L. , Zhang Y. , Gu E. , Dawson M.D. , Calvez S.
Published: January 2013

Presented is the power‐scaling characteristics of microchip vertical external‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers which include grating apertures for mode selection. Multi‐Watt multi‐lateral‐mode emission at a wavelength of 1060 nm is obtained with sub‐linear increase in maximum output power with aperture‐size. It is also shown that the polarisation is only set by the grating lines for high‐order modes which interact sufficiently with the grating.
High bandwidth class B totem pole power amplifier for envelope modulators
Authors: Watkins G.T.
Published: January 2013

A class B totem pole power amplifier is presented. The amplifier has a small signal bandwidth of 23MHz and is capable of driving a 1MHz sinsuiodal signal into a 7.5Ω load resistance at an output power of 3.7W. When amplifying the AC envelope component of a 20MHz bandwidth 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) signal, 2W is produced into the 7.5Ω load. By optimising the supply rails based on the characteristics of the envelope signal, an efficiency of 31% is achieved. When combined with a switched mode power supply, it forms an envelope modulator that can achieve 61.6% efficiency at 9.3W output power with an output peak‐to‐average power ratio of 8.5dB.
Set‐membership localisation algorithm based on adaptive error bounds for large‐scale underwater wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ren Y.J. , Yu N. , Zhang L.R. , Wang X. , Wan J.W.
Published: January 2013

Proposed is a new set‐membership approach based on adaptive error bounds to solve multi‐hop localisation problems in the cases where the prior information is insufficient and only a very few distance measurements are available, which are commonly encountered in large‐scale underwater wireless sensor networks. Unlike most of the existing schemes, the localisation problem is solved in a set‐membership framework which is based on the consideration that the distance measurement uncertainty can be cast into an unknown but bounded context. For the first time, an adaptive bounds specification is introduced into multi‐hop localisation for eliminating the risk of overbounding or underbounding. To reduce the computational burden, boxes are utilised to approximate the irregular intersection of all feasible solutions. Then the feasible sets and coordinates of ordinary nodes are obtained by using the interval analysis method. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Amplification method for crosstalk reduction in multi‐core fibre amplifier
Authors: Ono H. , Yamada M. , Takenaga K. , Matsuo S. , Abe Y. , Shikama K. , Takahashi T.
Published: January 2013

Proposed is a multi‐core fibre amplification method that can reduce crosstalk, in which the optical amplified signals in two adjacent cores propagate in opposite directions. By employing the proposed method, confirmed is a crosstalk improvement of more than 4 dB using the outer six cores of a seven‐core erbium‐doped fibre.
Frey's Syndrome Consequent to an Unusual Pattern of Temporomandibular Joint Dislocation: Case Report with Review of Its Incidence and Etiology
Authors: Kamath Rajay A. D. , Bharani Shiva , Prabhakar Suhas
Published: January 2013

Frey's syndrome was first described in the 18thcentury. Recognizing it as a nonspecific condition, the symptom of gustatory sweating in patients with parotid gland inflammation was described by Duphenix and Baillarger. However, as a specific diagnostic entity, gustatory sweating, following trauma to parotid glands, was first described by Polish neurologist Lucie Frey, in 1923, and hence he proposed the term auriculotemporal syndrome. The condition is characterized by sweating, flushing, a sense of warmth, and occasional pain in the preauricular and temporal areas, following the production of a strong salivary stimulus. Several etiologies of Frey's syndrome have been mentioned in the literature; however, none attribute dislocation of the “intact” mandibular condyle as a cause of the syndrome. Reviewing its pathophysiology, etiology, and incidence in detail, we describe a case of Frey's syndrome subsequent to superolateral dislocation of the intact mandibular condyle following fracture of the anterior mandible. Its management and prevention are also discussed in brief.
Non-adiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics of supersonic beam epitaxy of silicon carbide at room temperature
Authors: Taioli Simone , Garberoglio Giovanni , Simonucci Stefano , Beccara Silvio a , Aversa Lucrezia , Nardi Marco , Verucchi Roberto , Iannotta Salvatore , Dapor Maurizio , Alfè Dario
Published: January 2013

In this work, we investigate the processes leading to the room-temperature growth of silicon carbide thin films by supersonic molecular beam epitaxy technique. We present experimental data showing that the collision of fullerene on a silicon surface induces strong chemical-physical perturbations and, for sufficient velocity, disruption of molecular bonds, and cage breaking with formation of nanostructures with different stoichiometric character. We show that in these out-of-equilibrium conditions, it is necessary to go beyond the standard implementations of density functional theory, as ab initio methods based on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation fail to capture the excited-state dynamics. In particular, we analyse the Si-C60 collision within the non-adiabatic nuclear dynamics framework, where stochastic hops occur between adiabatic surfaces calculated with time-dependent density functional theory. This theoretical description of the C60 impact on the Si surface is in good agreement with our experimental findings.
Fine optical spectroscopy of the 3.45 eV emission line in GaN nanowires
Authors: Sam-Giao D. , Mata R. , Tourbot G. , Renard J. , Wysmolek A. , Daudin B. , Gayral B.
Published: January 2013

GaN nanowires grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy are of excellent optical quality, their optical signature being characteristic of homogeneous strain-free GaN. There are however discrepancies between the low temperature luminescence spectra of GaN thin films and nanowires, in particular, a strong emission line around 3.45 eV in nanowires is not found with such a large intensity in thin film GaN. The origin of this emission line in nanowires is still debated; in this article, we shed new light on this debate notably by polarization-resolved luminescence and magneto-luminescence experiments. Our findings demonstrate, in particular, that this line cannot be attributed to a two-electron satellite of the donor bound exciton transition.
Ion-pairing in aqueous CaCl2 and RbBr solutions: Simultaneous structural refinement of XAFS and XRD data
Authors: Pham Van-Thai , Fulton John L.
Published: January 2013

We present a new methodology involving the simultaneous refinement of both x-ray absorption and x-ray diffraction spectra (x-ray absorption/diffraction structural refinement, XADSR) to study the hydration and ion pair structure of CaCl2 and RbBr salts in concentrated aqueous solutions. The XADSR method combines the x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectral analysis of both the cation and anion as a probe of their short-range structure with an x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectral analysis as a probe of the global structural. Together they deliver a comprehensive picture of the cation and anion hydration, the contact ion pair (CIP) structure, and the solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) structure. XADSR analysis of 6.0 m aqueous CaCl2 reveals that there are ∼0.26 Ca2+-Cl− CIP's separated by about 2.71 Å, while there are 3.4 SSIP's separated by about 4.98 Å. In contrast XADSR analysis of 6 m aqueous RbBr yields about 0.7 pair CIP at a bond length of 3.51 Å. The present work demonstrates a new approach for a direct co-refinement of XRD and XAFS spectra in a simple and reliable fashion, opening new opportunities for analysis in various disordered and crystalline systems.
Energy level alignment of cyclohexane on Rh(111) surfaces: The importance of interfacial dipole and final-state screening
Authors: Koitaya Takanori , Mukai Kozo , Yoshimoto Shinya , Yoshinobu Jun
Published: January 2013

Adsorption states and electronic structure of cyclohexane on clean and hydrogen-saturated Rh(111) surfaces were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy. Monolayer cyclohexane molecules form an ordered superstructure on the clean Rh(111) surface. The energy level alignment of adsorbed cyclohexane depends on each adsorption site; molecular orbitals of adsorbed cyclohexane on the atop site have lower binding energies than those on the other sites. In contrast, it becomes insensitive to adsorption sites on the hydrogen-saturated Rh(111) surface. By preadsorption of hydrogen, all cyclohexane molecular orbitals are uniformly shifted to lower binding energy compared to those on the clean Rh(111) surface. The observed energy level alignment of cyclohexane on the Rh(111) surfaces is determined by the vacuum level shift and the final-state screening effects.
Automation of an “Aculight” continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator
Authors: Morrison Alexander M. , Liang Tao , Douberly Gary E.
Published: January 2013

We report the automation of a continuous-wave, singly resonant, optical parametric oscillator (Lockheed-Martin Aculight ARGOS 2400-SF-15). This commercially available optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is capable of producing >1 W of continuously tunable idler output between 2.2 and 4.6 μm. An algorithm based on the feedback from a high accuracy wavemeter is implemented to synchronize three separate OPO tuning elements; the translation of a fan-out type periodically poled lithium niobate crystal, the rotation of an intracavity etalon, and the continuous tuning of the pump and idler wavelengths via piezoelectric strain of the tunable fiber pump laser. This allows for several hundred wavenumbers of efficient, automatic, continuous tuning of the idler wave. Continuous feedback from the wavemeter limits the absolute frequency accuracy to ±20 MHz. The broad, automatic tuning of the OPO is demonstrated via its implementation as a probe laser for the infrared action spectroscopy of methanol solvated in helium nanodroplets. LabVIEW virtual instruments for the automation of this OPO laser system are reported, along with detailed schematics of the associated hardware developed at the University of Georgia.
Theoretical studies of the CO2–N2O van der Waals complex: Ab initio potential energy surface, intermolecular vibrations, and rotational transition frequencies
Authors: Zheng Limin , Lee Soo-Ying , Lu Yunpeng , Yang Minghui
Published: January 2013

Theoretical studies of the potential energy surface and bound states were performed for the CO2–N2O van der Waals complex. A four-dimensional intermolecular potential energy surface (PES) was constructed from 11 466 ab initio data points which were calculated at the coupled-cluster single double (triple) level with aug-cc-pVTZ basis set supplemented with bond functions. Three co-planar local minima were found on this surface. They correspond to two equivalent isomers with a slipped parallel structure in which the O atom in N2O is near the C atom in CO2 and a T-shaped isomer in which the terminal N atom in N2O is closest to the C atom in CO2. The two slipped parallel isomers are energetically more stable than the T-shaped isomer by 178 cm−1. Four fundamental vibrational excited states for the slipped parallel isomers and two fundamental vibrational excited states (torsion and disrotation) for the T-shaped isomer were assigned via bound states calculations based on this PES. The theoretical vibrational frequencies are in good agreement with the available experimental values for the slipped parallel isomers. Rotational excitations (J = 0–6) for the ground vibrational state of the slipped parallel structure were calculated and the accuracy of the PES in the vicinity of minima is validated by the good agreement between the theoretical and experimental transition frequencies and spectroscopic parameters.
Development of a non-explosive release actuator using shape memory alloy wire
Authors: Yoo Young Ik , Jeong Ju Won , Lim Jae Hyuk , Kim Kyung-Won , Hwang Do-Soon , Lee Jung Ju
Published: January 2013

We have developed a newly designed non-explosive release actuator that can replace currently used release devices. The release mechanism is based on a separation mechanism, which relies on segmented nuts and a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire trigger. A quite fast and simple trigger operation is made possible through the use of SMA wire. This actuator is designed to allow a high preload with low levels of shock for the solar arrays of medium-size satellites. After actuation, the proposed device can be easily and instantly reset. Neither replacement, nor refurbishment of any components is necessary. According to the results of a performance test, the release time, preload capacity, and maximum shock level are 50 ms, 15 kN, and 350 G, respectively. In order to increase the reliability of the actuator, more than ten sets of performance tests are conducted. In addition, the proposed release actuator is tested under thermal vacuum and extreme vibration environments. No degradation or damage was observed during the two environment tests, and the release actuator was able to operate successfully. Considering the test results as a whole, we conclude that the proposed non-explosive release actuator can be applied reliably to intermediate-size satellites to replace existing release systems.
Adhesion of a fluorinated poly(amic acid) with stainless steel surfaces
Authors: Jung Youngsuk , Song Sunjin , Kim Sangmo , Yang Yooseong , Chae Jungha , Park Tai-Gyoo , Dong Cho Myung
Published: January 2013

The authors elucidate an origin and probable mechanism of adhesion strength change at an interface of fluorinated poly(amic acid) and stainless steel. Fluorination provides favorable delamination with release strength weaker than 0.08 N/mm from a metal surface, once the amount of residual solvent becomes less than 35 wt. %. However, the release strength critically depends on film drying temperature. Characterization on stainless steel surfaces and thermodynamic analyses on wet films reveal a drying temperature of 80 °C fosters interaction between the metal oxides at stainless steel surface and the free electron donating groups in poly(amic acid).
Streak spectroscopy and velocimetry of electrically exploded Ni/Al laminates
Authors: Morris Christopher J. , Wilkins Paul R. , May Chadd M.
Published: January 2013

We present an experimental and theoretical study of electrically exploded nickel-aluminum (Ni/Al) laminates, lithographically patterned into bow-tie bridge regions, and encapsulated with parylene. The exothermic nature of Ni/Al reactions is well-known at typical self-heating rates of 103–106 K/s, but electrical heating allows the interrogation of phenomena at heating rates which are five to six orders of magnitude higher. The use of time-resolved streak camera emission spectroscopy revealed that Ni/Al laminates heated at these higher rates exhibited brighter emission during the first 150 ns of emission than samples composed of either Al or Ni alone, suggesting an exothermic effect which rapidly started and persisted for at least this length of time. We also measured the transduction of electrical energy into kinetic energy through velocity measurements of encapsulation layers ejected from the bridge region. An empirical model using experimental power curves and one empirical fitting parameter successfully predicted these velocities. This model agreed well with experiments from different Al and Ni samples using the same fitting parameter, but an apparent 1.2 J/mg of additional energy from the mixing of Ni and Al was necessary to accurately predict velocities from Ni/Al laminate samples. This energy quantity corresponded to a reference value for the enthalpy of mixing Ni and Al, and likely contributed to both brighter emission and higher than expected velocities observed.
Impacts created on various materials by micro-discharges in heptane: Influence of the dissipated charge
Authors: Hamdan A. , Noel C. , Kosior F. , Henrion G. , Belmonte T.
Published: January 2013

Modes of energy dissipation in impacts made on various materials (Al, Cu, Fe, and Si) by discharges in heptane are investigated for micro-gap conditions. Bulk metals and thin films of 300 nm in thickness deposited on silicon wafers are used as samples. Positive high voltage pulses with nanosecond rise times make it possible to isolate a single discharge and to study the way the charge delivered by the power supply is transferred to the larger electrode (the sample) in a pin-to-plate configuration. The diameter of the impacts created by the plasma varies linearly versus the charge raised at a power close to 0.5. However, the exact value of the power depends on the material. We also show how the impact morphologies change with the applied charge. At high charges, the diameters of impacts on thin films behave as those made on silicon. At low charges, they behave as the bulk material. Finally, we show that the energy dissipated in impacts is below a few percent.