bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experience of First Deployed Otolaryngology Team in Operation Iraqi Freedom: The Changing Face of Combat Injuries
Authors: Brennan Joseph
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVES

In September, 2004, an Air Force otolaryngology team was deployed to Iraq as a member of the multispecialty head and neck team, which had historically consisted of neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and oral surgery. We examined our operative and outpatient experience to determine if otolaryngology would be a critical component of this new head and neck team.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Between September 7, 2004, and January 22, 2005, we collected data on all otolaryngology operative procedures and outpatient visits at the Air Force Theater Hospital at Balad Air Base, Iraq.

RESULTS

One hundred fifty‐nine patients underwent 257 operative procedures with the 3 most common procedures being complex facial laceration repair, tracheostomy, and neck exploration for penetrating neck trauma. In the otolaryngology clinic, we examined and treated 529 patients from throughout the Middle East.

CONCLUSIONS

The otolaryngology team proved to be a critical component of the Air Force multispecialty head and neck team.

EBM rating: C‐4
Endoscopically Directed Middle Meatal Cultures Versus Maxillary Sinus Taps in Acute Bacterial Maxillary Rhinosinusitis: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Benninger Michael S. , Payne Spencer C. , Ferguson Berrylin J. , Hadley James A. , Ahmad Nadir
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to verify the correlation of endoscopically directed middle meatal (EDMM) cultures with maxillary sinus tap and culture (MST) in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Meta‐analysis of the previous literature, unpublished data, and a prospective trial supported by the Sinus & Allergy Health Partnership. EDMM and MST cultures were obtained and their results compared. Inclusion for both the unpublished and prospective trial as well as prior published literature in the meta‐analysis required the studies to compare EDMM versus MST in the acute setting of bacterial rhinosinusitis with both symptomatic and radiologic evidence of ABRS.

RESULTS

Three articles and 1 national presentation were identified for inclusion. Additional data from unpublished studies and the prospective trial were combined. The pooled data consisted of 126 patients with 131 culture pairs. For known pathogenic bacteria for ABRS and in comparison to MST, EDMM had a sensitivity of 80.9%, a specificity of 90.5%, a positive predictive value of 82.6%, a negative predictive value of 89.4%, and an overall accuracy of 87.0% (95% confidence interval, 81.3%‐92.8%); 70.5% (12/17) of false positive culture pairs were of known pathogens for ABRS that would not be expected to be contaminants.

CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE

This meta‐analysis shows that EDMM is a highly sensitive and accurate culture method for acute ABRS and may be more sensitive than MST given the presence of pathogenic bacteria not found on antral lavage. EDMM is a viable, and possibly preferred, culture method for determining antimicrobial efficacy and bacterial resistance patterns.

EBM rating: A‐1a
Helicobacter Pylori and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Borges Dinis Paulo , Subtil João
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVES

Investigation of the potential role of several laryngopharyngeal reflux contents in sinus disease.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

A controlled cohort analysis of Helicobacter pylori, pepsin and pepsinogen I in inflamed and non‐inflamed sinonasal tissue. Fifteen patients, selected for surgery due to chronic medically refractory rhinosinusitis, had their pathologic sinus tissue analyzed for polymerase chain reaction detection of H. pylori DNA and assayed for pepsin and pepsinogen I tissue concentration levels. A control group of 5 patients undergoing surgery for anatomic sinonasal abnormalities provided non‐inflammatory mucosa specimens for comparison.

RESULTS

H. pylori was found scattered in inflamed and non‐inflamed mucosa, whereas sinonasal tissue pepsin/pepsinogen never rose above blood levels in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence of intra‐operative peptic reflux into the sinuses was not found. As H. pylori was similarly encountered in healthy and diseased sinus mucosa, it seemingly fails to support a pathogenic role for this organism in the sinuses.

EBM rating: B‐2b
Effect of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite on Mucociliary Transport Function of Experimental Otitis Media
Authors: Jeon Eun‐ju , Park Yong‐Soo , Kyun Lee Seung , Yeo Sang‐Won , Park Shi Nae , Chang Ki‐Hong
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVES

To determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite on mucociliary activity in experimental otitis media with effusion (OME).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Twenty guinea pigs were divided into 1 control and 3 experimental groups; lipopolysaccharide (LPS), NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), and uric acid (UA) groups. Ten ears were used in each group. OME was induced by transtympanic injection of LPS in experimental groups. Twenty‐four hours after the transtympanic injection, dye transfer time (DTT) was measured and the temporal bone was taken for histopathologic examination. Expression of peroxynitrite was determined by immunohistochemical stain for 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NT).

RESULTS

Dye transfer time was significantly delayed in LPS group compared to control group; by contrast it was significantly reduced in L‐NAME or UA treated groups (P < 0.01). Histopathologic examination showed reduced inflammation and mucosal thickening in the treatment groups when compared to LPS group. These findings, however, were not statistically significant. Immunoreactivity to 3‐NT was intense in LPS group and decreased in the treatment groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

It is suggested that LPS induced mucociliary dysfunction in the middle ear by NO and peroxynitrite‐mediated pathways.
Opening Plugged Tympanostomy Tubes: Effect of Biofilm Formation
Authors: Mehta Ajay J. , Lee James C. , Stevens Gary R. , Antonelli Patrick J.
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVES

To determine if the presence of a bacterial biofilm impacts the rate of clearing of mucoid plugs from tympanostomy tubes (TTs).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Ex vivo model. Stainless steel Reuter Bobbin TTs (n = 18) were placed in growth medium with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae for 12 days to promote biofilm formation. Tympanostomy tubes (n = 18) placed in growth medium, without bacteria, for 12 days served as controls. Biofilm formation was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. All TTs were filled with middle ear mucus and allowed to dry, thereby forming a plug. TTs were placed in a model ear chamber, covered with ofloxacin otic solution, and the time to clear each plug was recorded.

RESULTS

Biofilm formation was consistently encountered on TTs exposed to bacteria but in no TTs in the control group. There was a significant effect of the biofilm on plug clearance, favoring TTs without a biofilm (P = 0.0333). Although there was no significant difference in the proportion of unplugged TTs (P = 0.264), TTs with a biofilm did not clear plugs as rapidly as TTs without a biofilm (P = 0.0416).

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of a biofilm may slow the time to clear mucoid TT plugs, but it does not seem to affect the overall proportion of TTs that are unplugged.
Post‐Tonsillectomy Morbidity and Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients with Obstructive Tonsils and Adenoid: Microdebrider vs Electrocautery
Authors: Derkay Craig S. , Darrow David H. , Welch Camille , Sinacori John T.
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVES

To prospectively compare outcomes in children over age 2 with obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy when tonsillectomy is performed utilizing an intracapsular microdebrider technique versus low‐wattage electrocautery technique.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Prospective, single‐blind, randomized controlled trial at a tertiary care children's hospital.

RESULTS

Among the 300 children, those treated with the microdebrider resumed normal activity faster, with a median recovery of 2.5 days, and stopped taking pain medication sooner, with the median time to the last dose of 4 days. The microdebrider group were 3 times more likely to no longer need pain medications at 3 days postoperatively and 2.5 times less likely to be still needing pain medication 7 days postoperatively. They were twice as likely to be at a normal activity level by 3 days postoperatively and were less likely to still not have attained normal activity and normal diet after 7 days. There was no difference between groups in median days to return to normal diet (3.0 to 3.5 days). At 1‐month follow‐up, children in the microdebrider group were 5 times more likely to have residual tonsil tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

Intracapsular tonsillectomy in children with obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy results in improved peri‐operative outcomes. Residual tonsil tissue is more common with use of the microdebrider; however, the incidence of future obstruction or infection is unknown.

EBM rating: A‐1b
A Trial of High‐Dose, Short‐Course Levofloxacin for the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis
Authors: Poole Michael , Anon Jack , Paglia Margaret , Xiang Jim , Khashab Mohammed , Kahn James
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVES

Compare two dosage strengths of levofloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Multicenter clinical trial comparing levofloxacin 750 mg for 5 days vs levofloxacin 500 mg for 10 days.

RESULTS

Sinus fluid samples were obtained by antral puncture (59.2%) or by sinus endoscopy (40.8%). Among microbiologically evaluable patients, 91.4% (139/152) of patients receiving levofloxacin 750 mg achieved clinical success vs 88.6% (132/149) of patients receiving levofloxacin 500 mg (95% CI −10.0, 4.2). Clinical success rates by pathogen were above 90% in both treatment groups for the 3 typical pathogens of acute sinusitis:Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, andMoraxella catarrhalis. The safety profile of the 2 dosage strengths was similar.

CONCLUSION

Levofloxacin 750 mg for 5 days is noninferior to levofloxacin 500 mg for 10 days.

SIGNIFICANCE

Levofloxacin 750 mg for 5 days represents a safe and effective treatment regimen for acute bacterial sinusitis.

EBM rating: A‐1b
ECCLESIOLOGY AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN ENGLAND, 1580–c. 1630
Authors: PRIOR CHARLES W. A.
Published: January 2006

This article examines the ways in which debates on ecclesiology in the Church of England served as a venue for the examination of political precept. It argues in particular that polemical sources – whether sermons, pamphlets, or longer works – reveal that discussion of conformity, the nature of the church, and its doctrine and discipline led to a broader examination of law, sovereignty, parliament, and the political costs of religious discord. Underlying the dispute was a fundamental tension over civil and sacred authority, and the relationship between politics – the realm of human custom and history – and doctrine – the realm of the divine and immemorial. The article offers a number of revisions to current discussions of the history of political thought, while pointing to the importance of religious discourse for our understanding of the political tensions that existed in the years prior to the English civil war.
THE DUKE OF LORRAINE AND THE INTERNATIONAL STRUGGLE FOR IRELAND, 1649–1653
Authors: SIOCHRÚ MICHEÁL Ó
Published: January 2006

Ireland's status as a kingdom or as a colony continues to influence the historiographical debate about the country's relationship with the wider world during the early modern period. Interest in the continent is almost exclusively focused on exiles and migrants, rather than on diplomatic developments. Yet during the 1640s confederate Catholics in Ireland pursued an independent foreign policy, maintaining resident agents abroad, and receiving diplomats in Kilkenny. Following the execution of Charles I in 1649, they sought foreign assistance in their struggle against Oliver Cromwell. In alliance with the exiled House of Stuart, Irish Catholics looked to Charles IV, duke of Lorraine, as a potential saviour. For three years the duke encouraged negotiations in Galway, Paris, and Brussels. He despatched vital military supplies to Ireland, and attempted on at least one occasion to transport troops there from the Low Countries. Although his intervention ultimately failed to turn the tide of the war in Ireland, the English parliamentarians nevertheless believed he posed a serious threat. This detailed study of the duke's role, in the international struggle for Ireland during the early 1650s, largely ignored until now, helps to place the crises of the three Stuart kingdoms in their broader European context.
COMMERCIAL CONFLICT AND REGULATION IN THE DISCOURSE OF TRADE IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: LENG THOMAS
Published: January 2006

This article seeks to re-examine the intellectual context of commercial policy and regulation in seventeenth-century England. It questions a common assumption about so-called ‘mercantilist’ writers: that they saw trade as in some way finite and therefore won by one nation at the expense of another. Instead, it proposes that the often belligerent attitude of the ‘mercantilists’ towards trade was rooted in an understanding of the nature of international commerce as both communication and competition. Although writers acknowledged the mutual aspect of trade, they did not see this exchange as automatically equal, but saw it as possible for one party to exploit the other. This situation demanded state action to protect national trading interests in the disputed area of commerce, and thus this ‘discourse of trade’ was linked to political and juridical discourses about international relations. The article shows how this understanding of trade influenced debates about commercial governance in the critical middle decades of the seventeenth century, culminating in the attempt to create a national monopoly through the navigation acts, ‘securing sovereignty’ over the nation's trade. The second half of this article examines this in more detail with reference to the ideas of a prominent defender of the 1651 Navigation Act: Benjamin Worsley.
RURAL POOR RELIEF IN COLONIAL SOUTH CAROLINA
Authors: LOCKLEY TIM
Published: January 2006

This article explores the rural poor relief system of colonial South Carolina. It finds that poor relief was substantially more generous and more readily available in rural areas of South Carolina than elsewhere in British North America, or indeed in the entire Anglophone world. It suggests that this was because elite vestrymen had deep-seated concerns about the position of the white poor in a society that was dominated by African slavery. Generous relief of adult paupers was therefore a public demonstration of the privileges of race to which all whites were entitled. Elites in rural South Carolina also made considerable efforts to provide a free education for pauper children that would inculcate industry and usefulness among those who might become future public burdens. The serious attention paid to the situation of the white poor in colonial South Carolina was therefore part of an effort to ensure the unity of white society by overcoming the divisions of class.
RURAL SOCIETY AND CROWD ACTION IN BOLOGNA, c. 1796–c. 1831
Authors: DUMONT DORA M.
Published: January 2006

Although the field of peasant and rural studies has done much to redeem the reputation of peasants in general, historians generally continue to consider the Italian rural population in the early nineteenth century largely extraneous to the story of national unification. However, police reports, court records, and chroniclers from Bologna provide descriptions of collective action that suggest a complex pattern of interaction with both local authorities and the shifting political context. While it remains true that with few exceptions rural communities had little to do with the Risorgimento directly, already during the Revolutionary and Restoration eras they engaged in collective action that reflected independent initiative in engaging with various types of authority rather than political ignorance or blind adherence to religion.
SCOTLAND AND THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL REFORM MOVEMENT, 1830–1832
Authors: PENTLAND GORDON
Published: January 2006

The popular movement for parliamentary reform after 1830 managed to sustain its campaign for over eighteen months. The popular movement itself has largely been studied at a local level, and undoubtedly local contexts were influential in conditioning responses to reform. Reformers, however, predominantly represented themselves as patriots involved in a pan-British struggle, and this was a key factor in sustaining the mobilization. This article explores the reform movement on its own terms in one ‘national’ context, that of Scotland. If the immediate political context of reform was a spur to unity, the languages and strategies of reformers provided the real glue. Scottish reformers represented themselves as patriots involved in a ‘national movement’ and this article will analyse how the reform movement could act as a solvent for apparently conflicting aspects of Scottish and British national identities. It will argue that reformers deployed a language of ‘unionist-nationalism’ – which coupled demands for greater access to the British constitution with appeals to popular understandings of Scottish history – to call for reform, mobilize support, and maintain the unity of the movement.
COMMERCIAL THEATRE AND PROFESSIONALIZATION IN LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA
Authors: FRAME MURRAY
Published: January 2006

This article investigates the attempt by Russian theatre people to ‘professionalize’ their vocation during the late tsarist period. It argues that theatrical professionalization differed from standard paradigms because fundamentally it was designed to address material impoverishment, rather than to protect existing occupational privileges. Theatre people believed that ‘professional’ status would defend them from the effects of the burgeoning commercial entertainment market. Thus they represented the gradual ‘democratization’ of the professional ideal, its diffusion amongst occupational groups not traditionally classified as ‘professions’. From 1894, a national regulatory association, the Russian Theatre Society, represented theatre people's interests and persuaded the government to subsidize its activities. Yet the boundaries between state involvement and self-regulation were never clearly defined, creating an underlying tension within the Society about the extent of its relations with the state, a problem that was exposed during the 1905 revolution.
THE BRITISH POPULAR PRESS AND VENEREAL DISEASE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Authors: BINGHAM ADRIAN
Published: January 2006

This article examines the role of the British popular press in the campaign against venereal diseases during the Second World War. Concern about the rapidly rising incidence of syphilis and gonorrhoea prompted the Ministry of Health to ask the press to carry a series of informative advertisements about VD, but the Newspaper Proprietors' Association refused to publish them until they had been made less explicit. A major controversy erupted in Fleet Street as the two most popular dailies, the Mirror and the Express, took opposing views about the suitability of ‘family newspapers’ educating the public about sexual health. While the Express refused to print even the edited VD advertisements, the Mirror broke away from the popular press's tradition of evasiveness on this issue and discussed the problem in unusual detail. The Mirror's bold approach won widespread public support, with investigations by Mass-Observation and the Wartime Social Survey finding that information about VD was, in general, gratefully received by a public hungry for more knowledge about sex. Although many editors continued to treat the subject very cautiously, the article argues that the campaigns run by the Mirror and the Ministry of Health marked an important moment in the public discussion of sex and encouraged the belief that all citizens should be sexually informed.
BRITISH SMUGGLING OPERATIONS FROM SWITZERLAND, 1940–1944
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2006

This article departs from traditional writing on British economic warfare against the Axis during the Second World War by highlighting the efforts made by the British government to evade German ‘counter-blockade’ measures and secure access to European sources of supply. It does so by examining British efforts to obtain Swiss industrial equipment and manufactures after June 1940, when German military success effectively severed normal communications between the two countries. In practical terms, Britain's smuggling operations were enormously successful. Some £1.8m worth of Swiss contraband reached British hands by October 1944. They also, however, exercised considerable influence over the development of Anglo-Swiss relations and Switzerland's relations with its neighbours. In illuminating the scale of Britain's commercial interest in Switzerland after June 1940, the article lends weight to new writing on the Second World War, which emphasizes the neutrals' importance to the war economies and political ambitions of the two belligerent camps.
THE FRENCH ARMY, 1624–1914: FROM THE KING'S TO THE PEOPLE'S
Authors: HOPKIN DAVID
Published: January 2006

Richelieu's army: war government and society in France, 1624–1642. By David Parrott. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xxiv+599. ISBN 0-521-79209-6. £65.00.

The dynastic state and the army under Louis XIV: royal service and private interest, 1661–1701. By Guy Rowlands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xxiv+404. ISBN 0-521-64124-1. £55.00.

The French army, 1750–1820: careers, talent, merit. By Rafe Blaufarb. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002. Pp. xii+227. ISBN 0-7190-6262-4. £45.00.

The people in arms: military myth and national mobilization since the French Revolution. Edited by Daniel Moran and Arthur Waldron. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xi+268. ISBN 0-521-81432. £50.00.

From revolutionaries to citizens: antimilitarism in France, 1870–1914. By Paul B. Miller. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2002. Pp. xiii+277. ISBN 0-8223-2766-X. £13.95.

Although all the books under review are military histories, international conflict is not their central concern. They are not primarily campaign histories, nor studies of strategic or tactical innovations, nor biographies of great commanders. If they help to answer the military historian's traditional question – how is military might created and used on the battlefield – then they do so indirectly, through an exploration of how the state marshalled its resources for war, particularly in terms of manpower. This is not just a question of emphasis, or of filling in gaps in the historiography; these books mount a sustained critique on the explanatory models favoured by military historians. Military history, David Parrott suggests, too readily falls into a ‘whiggish trap’: a series of clear-sighted war leaders grasp the potential of technology in achieving the state's foreign policy objectives; technological shifts drive changes in the size and organization of armies, and consequently in the development of the state. And thus was the modern world of large, complex, disciplined organizations made. In contrast, we are offered here a selection of error-prone war leaders, constrained at every turn by the social, political, and financial realities of their day, who were intent not on ‘progress’ but on manipulating the system of which they themselves were a part, and as much for their own ends as for those of the state they served.
THE LAW OF PEOPLES, SOCIAL COOPERATION, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND DISTRIBUTIVE
JUSTICE
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: January 2006

Cosmopolitans argue that the account of human rights and distributive
justice in John Rawls's The Law of Peoples is
incompatible with his argument for liberal justice. Rawls should extend his
account of liberal basic liberties and the guarantees of distributive
justice to apply to the world at large. This essay defends Rawls's grounding
of political justice in social cooperation. The Law of Peoples is drawn up
to provide principles of foreign policy for liberal peoples. Human rights
are among the necessary conditions for social cooperation, and so long as a
decent people respect human rights, a common good, and the Law of Peoples,
it is not the role of liberal peoples to impose upon well-ordered decent
peoples liberal liberties they cannot endorse. Moreover, the difference
principle is not an allocative or alleviatory principle, but applies to
design property and other basic social institutions necessary to economic
production, exchange and consumption. It presupposes political cooperation—a
legislative body to actively apply it, and a legal system to apply it to.
There is no feasible global state or global legal system that could serve
these roles. Finally, the difference principle embodies a conception of
democratic reciprocity that is only appropriate to cooperation among free
and equal citizens who are socially productive and politically
autonomous.
HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION: WARS FOR THE END OF HISTORY?
Authors: Orwin Clifford
Published: January 2006

A current topic of global justice is the debate over the right of
humanitarian military intervention or, as some style it, the “responsibility
to protect” the “human security” of all, especially where that security is
threatened by the very sovereign power charged to defend it. Such
intervention came into its own only in the decade of the Nineties. This
essay analyzes the factors that favored that outcome and sketches the
difficulties to which humanitarian intervention proved to be exposed. There
can be no doubt that the rhetoric supporting such a policy has expanded
greatly during the past generation. But what of the reality? Is the
“responsibility to protect” likely to prove the wave of the future, or
merely that of the (still very recent) past?
The anatomy of hearts with double inlet ventricle
Authors: Cook Andrew C. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: January 2006

In the past, hearts with double inlet ventricle have been amongst the most contentious of congenital cardiac malformations. This is because, although most examples found with this particular atrioventricular connection have one big and one small chamber within the ventricular mass, for many years the variant most frequently encountered, with a dominant left ventricle, was usually described as exhibiting a single ventricle.1With the recognition that, in this particular variant, the small chamber is an incomplete right ventricle, and is never capable of supporting independently the pulmonary circulation, the anatomic situation has now been clarified, as explained in the previous review,2by recognising that the arrangement produces a functionally single ventricle, and that almost always patients with this lesion, if treated surgically, will be converted to the Fontan circulation. Even though, nonetheless, most patients with all variants of double inlet ventricle will likely end up with the Fontan circulation, it remains necessary to identify the functionally significant variants, namely those to be found in ventricular morphology, atrioventricular valvar morphology, ventriculo-arterial connections, and associated malformations.3
RNA repair for haemophilia A
Authors: Chao Hengjun , Walsh Christopher E.
Published: January 2006

The mainstay of gene transfer studies is the use of wild-type cDNAs to effect phenotypic correction of diseases. However, this strategy is not feasible for genetic diseases caused either by mutations of large genes or by dominant-negative mutations, or where the regulation of the gene is critical. In this review, we will discuss a novel RNA reprogramming strategy – spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing – where the pre-messenger RNA is modified by the splicing of two independent RNA species. The use of trans-splicing to effect phenotypic change in the hereditary bleeding disorder haemophilia A will be discussed.
TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: Impact of transport model errors on the interannual variability of regional CO2 fluxes, 1988–2003
Authors: Baker D. F. , Law R. M. , Gurney K. R. , Rayner P. , Peylin P. , Denning A. S. , Bousquet P. , Bruhwiler L. , Chen Y.‐H. , Ciais P. , Fung I. Y. , Heimann M. , John J. , Maki T. , Maksyutov S. , Masarie K. , Prather M. , Pak B. , Taguchi S. , Zhu Z.
Published: January 2006

Monthly CO2 fluxes are estimated across 1988–2003 for 22 emission regions using data from 78 CO2 measurement sites. The same inversion (method, priors, data) is performed with 13 different atmospheric transport models, and the spread in the results is taken as a measure of transport model error. Interannual variability (IAV) in the winds is not modeled, so any IAV in the measurements is attributed to IAV in the fluxes. When both this transport error and the random estimation errors are considered, the flux IAV obtained is statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05 when the fluxes are grouped into land and ocean components for three broad latitude bands, but is much less so when grouped into continents and basins. The transport errors have the largest impact in the extratropical northern latitudes. A third of the 22 emission regions have significant IAV, including the Tropical East Pacific (with physically plausible uptake/release across the 1997–2000 El Niño/La Niña) and Tropical Asia (with strong release in 1997/1998 coinciding with large‐scale fires there). Most of the global IAV is attributed robustly to the tropical/southern land biosphere, including both the large release during the 1997/1998 El Niño and the post‐Pinatubo uptake.
Change of extreme events of temperature and precipitation over Korea using regional projection of future climate change
Authors: Boo Kyung‐On , Kwon Won‐Tae , Baek Hee‐Jeong
Published: January 2006

This study investigates possible changes of extreme events in global warming over Korea with MM5 downscaling simulation during the period 1971–2100. Frequency distribution of daily temperatures over Korea shows an increase in the mean by about 5.5°C from 1971–2000 to 2071–2100 while change in the variance is negligible. Increasing temperature results in changes in the frequency and intensity of temperature extremes. Under the current climate change scenario, hot events are expected to be more frequent and intense, while cold events will be rare and weaker. The increasing trend of temperature is associated with an increasing trend of precipitation. The increasing trend produces an increase in the number of the days of heavy precipitation as well as the corresponding amount. Better resolved topography in MM5 produces bigger changes in local precipitation than in the temperature field. Consequently increasing tendency is obvious in the northern part of Korea.
Elastic anisotropy of FeSiO3 end‐members of the perovskite and post‐perovskite phases
Authors: Stackhouse Stephen , Brodholt John P. , Price G. David
Published: January 2006

The athermal elastic constants of the perovskite and post‐perovskite polymorphs of pure end‐member FeSiO3 were calculated from ab initio calculations. We predict that incorporating ten mole percent FeSiO3 together with four mole percent Al2O3 into MgSiO3 reduces the perovskite to post‐perovskite phase transition pressure by 5 GPa. Small changes in the seismic properties of the post‐perovskite phase due to the incorporation of iron and alumina are compatible with observations for the lower mantle. MgSiO3 post‐perovskite enriched in fifty percent or more iron may be responsible for ultra‐low velocity zones at the base of the mantle.
Dunite channels as viable pathways for mare basalt transport in the deep lunar mantle
Authors: Beck Alyssa R. , Morgan Zachary T. , Liang Yan , Hess Paul C.
Published: January 2006

Lunar picritic glasses are multisaturated with olivine and orthopyroxene at pressures up to 2.45 GPa. This corresponds to a depth of approximately 490 km in the lunar mantle and represents a minimum estimate of the depth of melt generation. Models that propose a mechanism to move these melts through the mantle and crust generally involve the creation of a network of fractures through which melt can rise very rapidly, minimizing its interaction with shallower mantle. We carried out an experimental study of harzburgite dissolution in a synthetic high Ti red glass. Our results show that during ascent of olivine saturated melts, dissolution of wallrock orthopyroxene and precipitation of olivine leads to the formation of high porosity, high permeability dunite channels that efficiently shield subsequent melts from reaction with the mantle. These dunite channels are similar to dunite dikes observed in ophiolite sequences which are believed to be channels for mid‐ocean ridge basalts. Models for lunar melt migration that require brittle fracturing extending to the depths of multisaturation need not be invoked.
Phytoplankton microstructure in fully developed oceanic turbulence
Authors: Yamazaki Hidekatsu , Mitchell James G. , Seuront Laurent , Wolk Fabian , Li Hua
Published: January 2006

Turbulence alters phytoplankton distributions. In doing so, it changes light and nutrient availability that ultimately influences community composition and carbon flux. The quantitative basis for this paradigm is the matching of the −5/3 slopes of fluorescence and velocity spectra over scales ranging from 1 to 100 m. In this contribution, for the first time, we simultaneously show the −5/3 spectral slopes for velocity and fluorescence at sub‐metre scales. The fluorescence spectral slopes deviate from the −5/3 slope with less steep slopes, suggesting the existence of a viscous‐convective subrange for fluorescence. However, it is difficult to identify the −1 slope as predicted by the Batchelor spectral theory. This portion of spectrum could be white as proposed by Franks (2005). High order structure functions indicate that the fluorescence is more intermittent than the velocity, but less intermittent than the conductivity signals.
Comparison of results from sprite streamer modeling with spectrophotometric measurements by ISUAL instrument on FORMOSAT‐2 satellite
Authors: Liu Ningyu , Pasko Victor P. , Burkhardt David H. , Frey Harald U. , Mende Stephen B. , Su Han‐Tzong , Chen Alfred B. , Hsu Rue‐Ron , Lee Lou‐Chuang , Fukunishi Hiroshi , Takahashi Yukihiro
Published: January 2006

Three intensity ratios of the second positive band system of N2 to N2 LBH band system, the first negative band system of N2+, and the first positive band system of N2 are obtained separately from sprite streamer modeling and from measurements by ISUAL instrument on FORMOSAT‐2 satellite. The direct comparison between the obtained ratios indicates that in order to explain the ISUAL spectrophotometric data the maximum field driving the emissions of an observed sprite event must be greater than three times of the conventional breakdown threshold field. These findings are consistent with an assumption that most of the observed sprite emissions during initial sprite development originate from localized high field regions associated with tips of sprite streamers.
Influence of mapping function parameters on global GPS network analyses: Comparisons between NMF and IMF
Authors: Vey S. , Dietrich R. , Fritsche M. , Rülke A. , Rothacher M. , Steigenberger P.
Published: January 2006

One major part in the error budget of GPS measurements is the imperfect modeling of the tropospheric delay. By processing a global network of 195 stations we have compared two different mapping techniques: (1) the commonly used Niell hydrostatic mapping function (NMF) and (2) the isobaric hydrostatic mapping function (IMF) based on numerical weather fields. The two solutions reveal significant differences in the derived zenith total delay (ZTD) parameters and site positions. The largest differences occur in Antarctica, where the annual mean heights differ by up to 15 mm. We infer that the significant differences are related to model deficiencies in NMF since a) IMF improves the repeatability in station heights in high southern latitudes significantly, and b) using IMF reduces the dependence of the solution on the elevation cut‐off angle by about 20%. In conclusion, the use of mapping function (MF) parameters based on meteorological data is strongly recommended for global GPS analyses.
On the forcing of the Mesospheric Semi‐Annual Oscillation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Richter Jadwiga H. , Garcia Rolando R.
Published: January 2006

The Mesospheric Semi‐Annual Oscillation in the mean zonal winds (MSAO) is a prominent feature of the tropical middle atmosphere. This oscillation is thought to be driven by the selective transmission of small‐scale gravity waves through the wind system of the stratospheric Semi‐Annual Oscillation (SSAO). However, due to limited observations, the driving mechanisms of this oscillation are not completely understood. Here we examine the driving of the MSAO using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 2 (WACCM2). We show that near the solstices, in addition to gravity waves, meridional advection and EP flux divergence from resolved waves (in particular from the quasi two‐day wave) contribute significantly to the momentum budget of the MSAO. Near the equinoxes, all forcing terms are weak suggesting that the easterly phase of the MSAO is driven by a process not well represented in WACCM2.
Monitoring of anomaly in the aftershock sequence of the 2005 earthquake of M7.0 off coast of the western Fukuoka, Japan, by the ETAS model
Authors: Ogata Yosihiko
Published: January 2006

Monitoring of aftershock sequences to detect lowering activity, relative to the modeled rate (the relative quiescence), becomes realistic and practical in predicting the enhancement of the likelihood of having a substantially large aftershock, or even another earthquake of similar size or larger. A significant relative quiescence in the aftershock sequence of the 2005 March earthquake of M7.0 off the western coast of Fukuoka, Japan, was reported two weeks before the largest aftershock of M5.8 that also hit the Kyushu District. The relative quiescence was discussed in relation to the stress‐shadowing as inhibiting the activity due to probable precursory slips, which are retrospectively speculated in more detail.
Recent behavior of the Hadley cell and tropical thermodynamics in climate models and reanalyses
Authors: Mitas Christos M. , Clement Amy
Published: January 2006

The behavior of the Hadley cell and the thermodynamic structure of the tropical atmosphere is analyzed over the period 1979–2000 in climate models and reanalyses. Significant trends in the strength of the Hadley cell are present in reanalyses that are not reproduced by models. Analysis of the thermodynamic structure also shows significant discrepancies between models and reanalyses, the former show warming aloft and increased static stability while the latter show a cooling trend and decreased static stability in the tropical mid‐troposphere. Additional energy balance analysis reveals that models and reanalyses have a fundamentally different balance between diabatic heating, circulation and thermodynamic structure over the period 1979–2000. Uncertainties in the observations of tropospheric temperatures as well as potential biases and errors in the climate models raise questions about the true long‐term behavior of the thermodynamic structure of the tropical troposphere and the Hadley cell.
Central role of Southern Hemisphere winds and eddies in modulating the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon
Authors: Mignone Bryan K. , Gnanadesikan Anand , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Slater Richard D.
Published: January 2006

Although the world ocean is known to be a major sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the exact processes governing the magnitude and regional distribution of carbon uptake remain poorly understood. Here we show that Southern Hemisphere winds, by altering the Ekman volume transport out of the Southern Ocean, strongly control the regional distribution of anthropogenic uptake in an ocean general circulation model, while winds and isopycnal thickness mixing together, by altering the volume of light, actively‐ventilated ocean water, exert strong control over the absolute magnitude of anthropogenic uptake. These results are provocative in suggesting that climate‐mediated changes in pycnocline volume may ultimately control changes in future carbon uptake.
An investigation into the sensitivity of idealised vortex interactions to initial conditions and island topography
Authors: Luo Zhexian , Liu Chongjian
Published: January 2006

This paper is aimed at investigating the effects of topography and initial conditions on self‐organization based on numerical experiments using the quasi‐geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation with topography‐term and advection equation models. The results show that if the topography's maximum height is less than 1.5 km then the mutual rotation of the two meso‐β vortices do not self‐organize. However, a single larger‐scale vortex is formed if this maximum topography height is larger than 1.5 km. When there is no topography present, two meso‐β vortices do not self‐organize but if a meso‐γ vortex is added then self‐organization occurs and a synoptic‐scale typhoon‐like vortex forms.
First laboratory measurements of seismo‐magnetic conversions in fluid‐filled Fontainebleau sand
Authors: Bordes C. , Jouniaux L. , Dietrich M. , Pozzi J.‐P. , Garambois S.
Published: January 2006

Seismic wave propagation in fluid‐filled porous materials induces electromagnetic effects due to small relative pore‐fluid motions. In order to detect the seismo‐magnetic couplings theoretically predicted by Pride (1994), we have designed a small‐scale experiment in a low‐noise underground laboratory which presents exceptional electromagnetic shielding conditions. Our experiment included accelerometers, electric dipoles and induction magnetometers to characterize the seismo‐electromagnetic propagation phenomena. To assess the electrokinetic origin of the measured electric and magnetic fields, we compared records obtained in dry and fluid‐filled sand. Extra care has been taken to ensure the mechanical decoupling between the sand column and the magnetometers to avoid spurious vibrations of the magnetometers and misinterpretations of the recorded signals. Our results show that seismo‐electric and seismo‐magnetic signals are associated with different wave propagation modes, thus emphasizing the electrokinetic origin of these effects.
Temporal variations of the carbon isotopic ratio of atmospheric methane observed at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard from 1996 to 2004
Authors: Morimoto Shinji , Aoki Shuji , Nakazawa Takakiyo , Yamanouchi Takashi
Published: January 2006

Systematic observations of the atmospheric CH4 mole fraction and its carbon isotope ratio δ13CH4 have been carried out at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (78°55′N, 11°56′E) since 1991 and 1996, respectively. The CH4 and δ13CH4 showed clear seasonal cycles with respective peak‐to‐peak amplitudes of 48 ppb and 0.42‰. By comparing the anomalies in the increase rate of the CH4 with those of δ13CH4, it is suggested that the cause of the rapid increase in the CH4 mole fraction observed at Ny Ålesund in 1998 could be attributable to an enhanced CH4 release from wetland and biomass burning.
Global carbon emissions from biomass burning in the 20th century
Authors: Mouillot Florent , Narasimha Ajay , Balkanski Yves , Lamarque Jean‐François , Field Christopher B.
Published: January 2006

We used a new, 100‐year, 1 × 1° global fire map and a carbon cycle model (CASA) to provide a yearly gridded estimate of the temporal trend in carbon emissions due to wildfires through the 20th century. 2700–3325 Tg C y−1 burn at the end of the 20th century, compared to 1500–2700 Tg C y−1 at the beginning, with increasing uncertainty moving backward in time. There have been major changes in the regional distribution of emissions from fires, as a consequence of i) increased burning in tropical savannas and ii) a switch of emissions from temperate and boreal forests towards the tropics. The frequently‐used assumption that pre‐industrial emissions were 10% of present biomass burning is clearly inadequate, in terms of both the total amount and the spatial distribution of combustion.
Interdecadal variability of the sea surface height around Japan
Authors: Yasuda Tamaki , Sakurai Keizo
Published: January 2006

The variability of the sea surface height (SSH) around Japan during 1960–2002 was investigated using an ocean general circulation model. The first EOF mode of the simulated SSH change has bidecadal variability and exhibits simultaneous variations around Japan that are in good agreement with the observed sea level changes along the Japanese coast. The variability is caused primarily by the meridional shift of the boundary between the subtropical and subpolar gyres due to shifting of the westerlies over the central North Pacific. The second mode of SSH change indicates a north‐south dipole structure around Japan, that results from a change in the strength of the subtropical gyre due to a change in the magnitude of the westerlies. The rising (descending) trend of the sea level observed in the western (eastern) part of Japan in the past 40 years is determined by the increasing trend of the westerlies.
Late‐spring increase of trans‐Pacific pollution transport in the upper troposphere
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Choi Yunsoo , Zeng Tao , Ridley Brian , Blake Nicola , Blake Donald , Flocke Frank
Published: January 2006

The observations during the Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) experiment show large enhancements of NOx, PAN, O3, CO, CFCs, and Halon‐1211 in the upper troposphere over North America in late spring. Analysis of these observations and model results indicate that the enhancements are most likely driven by a surge of trans‐Pacific pollutant transport in late spring. The rapid seasonal transition is particularly striking for upper tropospheric NOx, resulting in large increases in photochemical oxidation and O3 production during the period. The transition is later in season than that of low‐altitude trans‐Pacific transport, which peaks in March and April. The current generation of global chemical transport models clearly underestimates this long‐range transport of pollutants, implying an underestimation in the model‐projected impact on regional air quality over North America (through subsidence).