bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An examination of the effectiveness of in an integrated appreciative curriculum moral education for college students from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and mainland China--Taking ethics and life as an example
Authors: Zhang Yuming , Zhao Xinru , Zhu Peng
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the effectiveness of fusion-based appreciative curriculum moral education through non-experimental research methods involving college students from Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and mainland China who took the Ethics and Life course. The findings indicate that: (1) moral education based on integrated appreciation significantly enhances students’ moral cognition and demonstrates a positive but nonsignificant impact on moral behaviour. (2) Both classroom reflection and course papers reveal that integrative appreciation-based moral education promotes moral cognition and fosters value cultivation. (3) Gender can influence the effectiveness of curriculum moral education, warranting attention to the active utilization of this subgroup characteristic in practice. (4) College students’ moral cognition and behaviour are not significantly correlated with their academic performance.
Analysis of the progress of domestic post-occupancy evaluation (POE) research based on bibliometrics
Authors: Xing Jiabo , Tang Changming
Published: May 2024

This study aims to examine the status and developmental trends of Chinese Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) research literature from 2002 to 2022 using a bibliometric approach. Leveraging the CiteSpace software tool and utilizing the CNKI database as the exploration scope, we conducted visual analyses of publication volume, research institutions, highly cited papers, and keywords in Chinese POE research literature between 2002 and 2022. Through our analysis, we found that Chinese POE research has exhibited a shift from introducing macro-level theories and methods towards specific practical applications over the past 20 years. It also identified issues such as insufficient systemic stability and data granularity. This study, employing bibliometric methods and tools, makes a significant contribution to the field of POE research.
A study of the cognitive communication model on image of China in international Chinese education
Authors: Lei Yong
Published: May 2024

In order to show how the teacher spreads the international Chinese language and Chinese culture for the foreign audience group through the classroom teaching behavior, and to shape the communication mechanism of the national image of China, with the help of the classical theory models of communication, this paper analyzed the role of international Chinese education in the transmission of China’s national image. The conclusion shows that international Chinese education is an effective way to build China’s image. It can not only show China’s image objectively and truly, but also offset the negative noise.
Empirical evidence from a survey of the moral construction of university teachers in China
Authors: Liu Li , Xu Tingting
Published: May 2024

This study was conducted to explore the current situation and enhancement strategies of university teachers’ moral construction in China. Based on the cognitive and behavioral status of university teachers’ morality, we set up and distributed a survey questionnaire on university teachers’ morality. The survey results found that the construction of teachers’ morality in China has been fruitful, but the current level of university teachers’ morality still needs to be improved. On this basis, we put forward some practical strategies to promote the construction of teachers’ morality by strengthening the top-level design, improving the reward and punishment supervision system, inheriting and carrying forward the fine tradition of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education, and enhancing teachers’ subjective consciousness.
Exploration and practice of the teaching model for compound talent education based on the background of digital economy
Authors: Su Qinqin
Published: May 2024

In the era of digital economy, enterprises are increasingly focusing on new demands, and the integration of new technologies and new business models is advancing together. This new business model puts forward higher requirements for the construction of the business teaching system and talent cultivation. The teaching model plays a bridge and link role between teaching theory and teaching practice. To achieve innovation in business education and talent cultivation, the teaching mode must keep up with the times, clarify the training positioning, and integrate the concept of digital economy development. This study starts with exploring teaching models and proposes feasible teaching methods to effectively cultivate the ability to use theoretical knowledge to solve practical business problems, and help students learn towards the future.
The main content and modern value of PRE-Qin Taoism life thought
Authors: Xu Chang , Hu Yue
Published: May 2024

The cultural origin of Taoism life thought includes: the mythological origin contained in matriarchal society, the rebirth conveyed by reproduction worship, and the wisdom of heaven and man nourished by witchcraft history culture. Taoism life thought is composed of life view, life and death view, rebirth theory and health theory. Taoism life thought has the distinct characteristics of life standard, natural concern and transcendent intention. The Taoist concept of “reverence for life” and “maintenance of life” is of enlightening significance to the settlement of life.
Han Meilin’s style path of creating ancient Chinese character art——Taking “TianShu” as an example
Authors: Sheng Tianzi
Published: May 2024

Han Meilin pursued the “beauty of lines, composition, and form” in the genes of ancient Chinese characters through modern “prioritization operation, flexible combination, and two-dimensional and three-dimensional cross-border”. He created a series of works in both Chinese and modern “Tianshu” style, and held an art exhibition in the main building of the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City. It can be seen that Han Meilin’s style of ancient Chinese characters conforms to the modern aesthetic of Chinese style in the context of contemporary art and design. The article establishes a connection between the formation path of artist style and personality power from the perspective of subjective anthropology, extracts the method of Han Meilin’s transformation of ancient Chinese characters genes, and provides a style path that can be referenced for the development of national art resources in modernity.
A kirkpatrick model-based learning evaluation system for blended teaching in military academies—Taking blended English course as an example
Authors: Shi Meimei , Li Yong
Published: May 2024

At present, blended teaching has become an important direction of teaching reform in military academies. Due to the special attributes of military academies as well as its late start of blended teaching, there is currently limited research on blended learning evaluation and a lack of a unified evaluation system. In the light of Kirkpatrick Model, one of the most authoritative evaluation models for training, this paper first reflects on the flaws of current blended learning evaluation in military academies. Then based on the blended English course practice, explores to construct an evaluation system in the four levels of Kirkpatrick Model:level of reaction, level of learning, level of behavior and level of result. In the end, Delphi Method is used for index weight distribution for the whole system. The system could serve as a template and reference for establishing a practicable evaluation system, enhancing blended teaching reform in military academies.
Status and trend of development of the higher foreign language education research—based on the analysis of citespace visualization
Authors: Lin Rong , Liu Wenwen , Kong Yang
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a scient metric analysis of status and trend of development of the higher foreign language education using Citespace based on the 2313 research articles from the Web of Science core collection between 2000 and 2023. Based on previous studies, this paper proposes assumptions and data verification. According to the keywords, citations and relevant information in the selected literatures, the research carried out clustering analysis, timeline view and citation bursts analysis. It is found that there is a phased focus in the study of higher foreign language education and no obvious evolutionary trend was found in the data results for the new picture of interdisciplinary has not yet been formed. Besides, the impact of innovative technologies will have more and more influence on higher foreign language education.
Distinct sizes of maximal independent sets on graphs with restricted girth
Authors: Cappelle Márcia , Nascimento Julliano , Santos Vinícius
Published: May 2024

LetGbe a graph. IfGhas exactlyrdistinct sizes of maximal independent sets,Gbelongs to a collection calledMr. IfG∈Mrand the distinct values of its maximal independent sets are consecutive, thenGbelongs toIr. The independence gap ofGis the difference between the maximum and the minimum sizes of a maximal independent set inG. In this paper, we show that recognizing graphs inIris NP-complete, for every integerr≥ 3. On the other hand, we show that recognizing trees inMrcan be done in polynomial time, for everyr≥ 1. Furthermore, we present characterizations of some graphs with girth at least 6 with independence gap at least 1, including graphs with independence gapr− 1, forr≥ 2, belonging toIr. Moreover, we present a characterization of some trees inI3.
Gastrointestinal adverse reaction to food (GARF) and endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy (eCLE)
Authors: Frieling Thomas , Gjini Besmir , Melchior Ilka , Euler Philipp , Kreysel Christian , Kalde Sigrid , Krummen Britta , Kiesslich Ralf , Hemmerlein Bernhard
Published: May 2024

Background and study aims Gastrointestinal adverse reaction to food (GARF) is reported frequently in the general population and even more in patients with disorders of the gut brain axis. However, there is a significant difference between self-reported and objective proven GARF. The aim of the study was to characterize a mucosal correlate of GARF by endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy (eCLE) with duodenal food challenge (DFC).

Patients and methods In an observational and proof of concept study we evaluated 71 patients with disorders of the gut brain axis without (group I, n=19) and with (group II, n=52) GARF by eCLE and DFC. Spontaneous and food induced transfer of fluorescein into duodenal lumen was detected 10 minutes following intravenously application of fluorescein and 10 minutes after DFC.

Results According to Rom IV, the patients (group I/II) could be classified as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 32%/31%, functional abdominal pain without changes in bowel movement 47 %/48 %, functional abdominal bloating/distension 0 %/10 %, functional diarrhea 5 %/ 2 %, and unspecified functional bowel disorder 16 %/10 %, respectively. 21 %/27 % of the patients responded with a fluorescein leakage into the duodenal lumen before and 74 %/69 % following to DFC. Frequency rank order of food components that induced a response were soy (55.5 %/60 %), wheat (60 %/45.5 %), egg (35.7 %/8.3), milk (30 %/18.2 %) and yeast (10 %/6.6 %), respectively. Histology of duodenal biopsies, number, form and distribution of intraepithelial lymphocytes and mucosal mast cells as well as mast cell function were normal. Overall, 14 %/79 % reported main symptom benefit following a food exclusion therapy according to eCLE and DFC that was significant different between the groups.

Conclusion The results of our study indicate that eCLE with DFC is a technique to clinically evaluate patients with disorders of the gut brain axis and GARF resulting in a high proportion of patients reporting symptom benefit upon food exclusion dietary advice focussed on the results of eCLE.
Value of vendor-agnostic deep learning image denoising in brain computed tomography: A multi-scanner study
Authors: Kapper Christian , Müller Lukas , Kronfeld Andrea , Abello Mercado Mario Alberto , Altmann Sebastian , Grauhan Nils , Graafen Dirk , Brockmann Marc A. , Othman Ahmed E.
Published: May 2024

To evaluate the effect of a vendor-agnostic deep learning denoising (DLD) algorithm on diagnostic image quality of non-contrast cranial computed tomography (ncCT) across five CT scanners.

This retrospective single-center study included ncCT data of 150 consecutive patients (30 for each of the five scanners) who had undergone routine imaging after minor head trauma. The images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and a vendor-agnostic DLD method. Using a 4-point Likert scale, three readers performed a subjective evaluation assessing the following quality criteria: overall diagnostic image quality, image noise, gray matter-white matter differentiation (GM-WM), artifacts, sharpness, and diagnostic confidence. Objective analysis included evaluation of noise, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and an artifact index for the posterior fossa.

In subjective image quality assessment, DLD showed constantly superior results compared to FBP in all categories and for all scanners (p<0.05) across all readers. The objective image quality analysis showed significant improvement in noise, SNR, and CNR as well as for the artifact index using DLD for all scanners (p<0.001).

The vendor-agnostic deep learning denoising algorithm provided significantly superior results in the subjective as well as in the objective analysis of ncCT images of patients with minor head trauma concerning all parameters compared to the FBP reconstruction. This effect has been observed in all five included scanners.
Healing of Haemorrhoidal Disease with Homoeopathy – A Case Series
Authors: Kumari Punam , Verma Renu , Kumar Shivam
Published: May 2024

Haemorrhoidal disease is recognised as one of the most common proctologic medical conditions in general population. This is a case series of five patients suffering from haemorrhoidal disease having intense pain while defecation, swelling around anus, bleeding per rectum, itching in anus and prolapsed internal haemorrhoids which were healed completely by the individualised homoeopathy without any surgical intervention. Haemorrhoidal disease symptom score and a disease-specific short health score were used to assess the symptom severity and improvement in quality of life of the patients, measured at baseline, third and at sixth month of the treatment. The possible causal attribution of the changes was assessed. The cases were reported according to the HOM-CASE guidelines. Homoeopathic medicines such as Acidum nitricum, Aesculus hippocastanum, Lycopodium clavatum, Nux vomica and Thuja occidentalis were found useful.
Prudential net zero transition plans: the potential of a new regulatory instrument
Authors: Dikau Simon , Robins Nick , Smoleńska Agnieszka , van’t Klooster Jens , Volz Ulrich
Published: May 2024

Net zero transition plans are a promising additional instrument for prudential supervisors to assess, address and bring distant financial risks into the present. To date, transition plans have primarily emerged as non-financial disclosure requirement and as such, their prudential application has been limited. In this article, we discuss the role that transition plans can play as a new regulatory tool in banking supervision. The article outlines steps towards incorporating transition plans into prudential policy, thereby enabling supervisors to effectively use transition plans as a forward-looking instrument to better manage and overcome some of the challenges associated with climate transition risks.
Drivers of Inclusive Development: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Morosoli Christoph , Draper Peter , Freytag Andreas , Schuhmann Sebastian
Published: May 2024

Concerns about socially uneven progress and inequality have regained public attention (including that of many populist politicians). The purpose of this paper is to identify the economic policies as well as economic factors that facilitate inclusive development. This paper is a first attempt to empirically estimate the drivers of inclusive development. For our empirical assessments, we apply the Multidimensional Inclusiveness Index suggested by Dörffel and Schuhmann (2022) in a panel OLS regression setup with fixed effects (FE) and GMM estimations for up to 178 countries and a time frame ranging from 1980 to 2018. In FE regressions, we find robust associations with inflation as well as financial sector development in the short and long-run, trade/GDP in the long-run. The GMM results point only to inflation and trade as significant drivers in the long-run and investment in the short run. These results suggest that accessible and well-functioning financial markets paired with low rates of inflation and high trade openness take on a more critical role than government spending. Our results suggest that rudiments of the Washington consensus could still guide the promotion of inclusive development.
Response of spiny cocklebur (Xanthium spinosum) and common cocklebur (X. strumarium) seed germination to environmental and soil factors
Authors: Ahmadi Amir , Zaefarian Faezeh , Rezvani Mohammad , Mansouri Irandokht , Sindel Brian M.
Published: May 2024

Context Seed germination and seedling emergence are affected by many environmental factors. Knowledge regarding factors affecting seed germination of spiny cocklebur (Xanthium spinosum L.) and common cocklebur (X. strumarium L.) could help determine their potential distribution and control strategies. Aims The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of key environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of spiny cocklebur and common cocklebur. Methods Seed germination of spiny cocklebur and common cocklebur was tested at various constant and alternating temperatures, pH, salinity and moisture stress. The effect of flooding height, burial depth and soil type on seedling emergence was also investigated. Key results The optimum constant temperature for germination of spiny cocklebur was 25°C, and 35°C and higher for common cocklebur. Under alternating temperature, maximal germination was at 25/15°C and 35/15°C for spiny cocklebur and common cocklebur, respectively. Maximum germination of both spiny cocklebur and common cocklebur was at neutral pH. Spiny cocklebur germination was not suppressed as much by lower and higher pH or by an increasing salinity as was common cocklebur germination. Conclusions Common cocklebur appears to be better adapted to warmer environments than is spiny cocklebur, but less so to a broad range of soil pH and salinity stress. Implications The different germination responses of common cocklebur and spiny cocklebur to the environmental factors of temperature, pH and salinity imply that the two species may occupy different niches across the landscape. Our knowledge of these responses can help in identifying potential areas for invasion for increased monitoring and management.
Optimized design of carbon nanotube field-effect transistor using Taguchi method for enhanced current ratio performance
Authors: Abdul Hadi M F , Hussin H , Muhamad M , Abd Wahab Y
Published: May 2024

Presently, the integrated circuit (IC) industry grapples with obstacles in downsizing MOSFET technology further, hindered by its inherent physical constraints. Therefore, the substitution of silicon with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) holds promise for paving a novel path in semiconductor industries, driven by their diminutive dimensions and superior electrical properties. Hence, this project employed SILVACO ATLAS software in conjunction with the Taguchi method to refine a CNTFET design for optimal performance. In this work, response variables consists of on-current (Ion), current ratio (Ion/Ioff) and threshold voltage (Vth) are extracted. In this particular design, the Taguchi method was employed to ascertain the most effective combination of design parameters and materials to achieve optimal CNTFET performance, as assessed by the three key response variables. The design parameter and material that had been chosen were the diameter of carbon nanotube (Dcnt), dielectric material (K) and oxide thickness (tox). Each of the design parameters and material had three different values. For K, the values are 3.9 (SiO2), 25 (ZrO2) and 80 (TiO2). While for Dcnt and tox, the values are 4.0 nm, 6.0 nm, 8.0 nm and 2.0 nm, 4.0 nm, 6.0 nm respectively. According to the Taguchi optimization findings, the ideal combination of parameters comprises a CNT diameter of 4.0 nm, an oxide thickness of 2.0 nm, and the use of TiO2 (80) as the dielectric material. The ANOVA analysis underscores the significance of prioritizing optimization efforts towards the CNT diameter parameter. This is attributed to its substantial contribution, accounting for 93.55% of the variation in the Ion/Ioff value, surpassing the influence of dielectric materials and oxide thickness.
Super-resolution imaging and autofocusing via compressive-sensing-based twin-image-free holography
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Shi Jisen , Zhou Jiaxuan , Han Peng , Zhou Hao , Yang Hairong , Shen Chuan , Wei Sui
Published: May 2024

This paper presents an iterative reconstruction framework for super-resolution imaging and autofocusing via compressive-sensing-based twin-image-free holography (SRI-AF-CS-TIFH) for 3D (multi-plane) object in compressed holographic imaging. In our proposed framework, in the first step, the Hough transform edge detection method is incorporated into the eigenvalue-based autofocusing algorithm (dubbed as EIG-AF-Hough) to accurately estimate the focus distances for each plane of multi-plane objects from the snapshot measurements; In the second step, nonlinear optimization is used to achieve the super-resolution reconstruction from the same snapshot measurements. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework for achieving autofocusing and super-resolution in compressed holographic imaging simultaneously in both simulated and real holographic scenarios.
The synthesis and application of L-cysteine graphene quantum dots for quantitative analysis of nitrite content in water
Authors: Jin Li , Li Lan , Xu Feng , Zhang Jianpo
Published: May 2024

The limit standard of nitrite content in drinking water is an internationally recognized safety indicator. Some fluorescence analysis methods used for quantitative analysis of nitrite suffered from low anti-interference performance and inadequate specificity. In this article, L-cysteine graphene quantum dots have been synthesized and used to built a sensor system of ratiometric fluorescence with CdTe quantum dots. The L-cysteine graphene quantum dots were characterized by TEM and XPS. Results shown that the size of product is about 2 nm with homogeneous dispersion and a interplanar distance 0.235 nm, and there were hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino and sulfhydryl groups on its surface. Also, according to the linear association between nitrite concentrations and the ratio of fluorescence intensities at 421 and 570 nm (F421 nm/F570 nm), the quantitative analysis of nitrite in water has been realized, of which the linear range was 7.25–72.5 nmol/l, and the lowest detection limit was 3.012 nmol/l. This method with high sensitivity, selectivity, and anti-interference ability might be applied to analyze of nitrite in water quantitatively.
Cryptographic algorithm for multi-path distribution of entangled states of orbital angular momentum based on Fibonacci values
Authors: Lai Hong , Wan Linchun
Published: May 2024

Drawing inspiration from the Fibonacci sequence and its complementary Lucas sequence, this paper introduces an innovative encryption and decryption algorithm tailored for multi-path quantum key distribution. The algorithm capitalizes on the high-quality orbital angular momentum entangled states, harnessing the mathematical elegance of Fibonacci numbers to construct block diagonal matrices. These matrices serve as the foundation for the simultaneous execution of key distribution across multiple communication paths in a structured block distribution format. The encryption process is facilitated through a combination of linear mappings, employing specific transition matrices to manage the cryptographic flow. The security underpinning of this method is firmly rooted in the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, a fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, which ensures the confidentiality and integrity of the quantum communication channel. This approach paves the way for a novel encryption paradigm, fortifying the security framework of quantum communication networks.
Determining absolute VUV fluxes for assessing the relevance of photon-surface interaction in ion sources
Authors: Friedl R , Frohler-Bachus C , Fantz U
Published: May 2024

A portable device was developed to quantify VUV fluxes flexibly at ion source setups. It consists of a VUV sensitive photodiode and optical filters for wavelength selection and is calibrated against a VUV spectrometer down to 46 nm for a variety of discharge gases, including Ar, N2, O2 and H2. It was applied to the negative hydrogen ion source at BATMAN Upgrade to quantify the VUV radiation emitted by the driver as well as in front of the extraction surface (plasma grid, PG). The combined VUV fluxes impinging on the PG with photon energies larger than 6.6 eV has a comparable magnitude as the ion flux. It could be shown that the recently confirmed influence of the ion source plasma on the surface work function of the PG can at least partly be ascribed to the VUV radiation from the driver and that photo-emitted electrons from the PG should not play a role in the sheath physics.
3D Self-Consistent Full Wave – PIC Models for Investigating Space-Resolved ECR Plasma Properties
Authors: Mishra B , Galatà A , Pidatella A , Torrisi G , Salvia C , Mauro GS , Naselli E , Rácz R , Biri S , Mascali D
Published: May 2024

Simulations are a powerful method to study the correlation between output beams and internal dynamics of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS), which involve a complex interplay between injected power, RF frequency, gas type and pressure. We present here some details on 3D full-wave Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code suites that can simulate electron and ion dynamics self-consistently in an ECR plasma. Preliminary runs of the simulation show an encouraging match with experimental data which acts as a benchmark for the PIC codes and highlights its potential for fundamental and applied interdisciplinary plasma research.
Advances in Particle-In-Cell Modeling of Low-Temperature Plasma Ion Sources
Authors: Veitzer Seth A. , Main Daniel
Published: May 2024

Ion sources that use low-temperature plasma (LTP) discharges are used in a variety of applications, including ion implantation, mass spectrometry, and plasma processing. In recent years there has been a growing interest in using particle-in-cell (PIC) modeling to improve the performance and optimization of LTP-based ion sources. PIC modeling is a powerful tool for simulating the dynamics of plasmas because it accurately models the effects of self-consistent fields, charge deposition, plasma chemistry, magnetic confinement, and accurate sheath physics. However, PIC simulations can be computationally demanding, especially for 3D systems.

We present new advances in PIC modeling of LTP ion sources. We focus on two key challenges: 1. Efficient and accurate modeling of plasma chemistry: Plasma chemistry is a complex process that can have a significant impact on the performance of LTP ion sources. We demonstrate using global models to reduce the computational cost of plasma chemistry simulations, and diagnostics for understanding the physics of those reactions. 2. Energy-conserving PIC models: PIC simulations typically require a fine spatial grid in order to resolve the Debye length. This can be computationally expensive, especially for 3D systems. We present a new energy-conserving PIC model implementation that allows us to perform simulations without resolving the Debye length. We validate these methods on two different types of LTP ion sources: a Bernas source and a Penning source. Our results show that these methods can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of PIC simulations of LTP-based ion sources.
Design improvements to the SNS ion source and diagnostics
Authors: Welton Robert , Han Baoxi , Kalvas Taneli , Stinson Chris , Andzulis Vic , Terszakowec Greg , Willis Dave , Tarvainen Olli
Published: May 2024

The U.S. Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is a state-of-the-art neutron scattering facility delivering the world’s most intense pulsed-neutron beams to a wide array of instruments which are used to conduct investigations in many fields of science and engineering. The accelerator system is fed by an RF-driven, multicusp, H− ion source which nominally provides pulsed beam currents of 50-60 mA (1ms, 60Hz). This report provides a discussion of ongoing design improvements to the SNS ion source and Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) as well as diagnostic upgrades undertaken since the previous ICIS conference. These improvements include (i) simple mechanical modifications to the source outlet aperture which resulted in dramatically increased extracted beam current and comparable or lower emittance at similar beam currents, (ii) design improvements to the LEBT chopper target which will enable full power beam-dumping during physics studies, (iii) refinement of the SNS Allison emittance scanner that has enabled the first reliable LEBT beam measurements at full beam power (65kV, 50-100mA, 1ms, 60Hz) on the SNS ion source test stand and (iv) the implementation of a thermal imaging camera for the monitoring the LEBT electrode temperatures. (v) The design of an advanced Cs system, capable of more efficient Cs utilization with significantly lower Cs losses from the source is also presented. Mechanical details, computational simulations and experimental results are discussed within the context of these improvements.
Development of a novel Internal Radio-frequency Ion Source for Cyclotrons (IRISC)
Authors: Leon M , Calvo P , Eriksson T , Estévez A , García-Tabarés L , Gavela D , Obradors D , Oliver C , Pérez J M , Toral F , Varela R
Published: May 2024

IRISC (Internal Radio-frequency Ion Source for Cyclotrons) is an innovative design of an internal ion source, primarily for producing H− ions, in which 2.45 GHz radio-frequency power is supplied to its electrodes for achieving electron emission. Theoretical work indicates that lower electrode sputtering and higher extraction efficiency of H− may be achieved as compared to its standard cold-cathode direct current (DC) Penning Ionization Gauge (PIG) counterparts. If achieved, IRISC would arise as a ground-breaking ion source with significant importance for compact cyclotrons. IRISC dimensions have been matched to CIEMAT’s AMIT cold-cathode DC PIG ion source so that, in the future, side-by-side testing can be carried out and, eventually, both types can be used in AMIT cyclotrons. This contribution presents IRISC key design aspects, outcome from simulations, its dedicated test bench and first low-power test results from a prototype.
TRIUMF’s H-/D- Ion Source Development to Date
Authors: Jayamanna K. , Ames F. , Bylinskii Y. , Lovera M. , Louie D. , Minato B. , Portilla D. , Saminathan S.
Published: May 2024

The TRIUMF Stable Ion Source group has been developing negative and positive ion sources for decades, including a few arc-discharge H-/D- ion sources and a microwave-driven H-/D- ion source for medical cyclotrons [1] and other applications. The smallest ion source with a 125 cc plasma chamber can produce up to 5 mA continuously. The largest ion source with a 1200 cc plasma chamber is able to produce 60 mA with increased arc power and enhanced magnetic confinement. The filament-less microwave ion source is capable of producing up to 5 mA H- current for years without any manual intervention. A historical overview of H-/D- source development at TRIUMF is presented. A summary of employed optical and diagnostics components is also presented
Design for an 18 GHz Open Hexapole Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source
Authors: Vondrasek R. C. , McLain J. , Scott R. H.
Published: May 2024

Responding to a request by the user community for higher beam intensities, an upgrade of the Argonne National Laboratory ECR2 ion source is in progress. The upgrade has three main constraints: 1) The overall source architecture as defined by the solenoid coils cannot change, 2) radial access to the plasma chamber has to be maintained, and 3) the amount of time the source can be shut down for hardware installation is < 2 months. A new NdFeB open hexapole is projected to produce a 1.19 T wall field (r = 38.1 mm) with six radial slots (6.35 mm x 91.2 mm) allowing solid material access and ∼120 l/s of pumping to the plasma chamber. The axial magnetic fields will be enhanced with a vanadium permendur plug and optimization of the iron resulting in a magnetic field at injection Binj of 2.4 T, magnetic field at center Bmin of 0.4 T, and magnetic field at extraction Bext of 1.0 T and magnetic gradients Bgrad of 5.9 T/m for 14.5 GHz and 7.4 T/m for 18 GHz. The plasma is currently heated with multiple-frequency RF provided by two traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTA) operating between 11 and 14.5 GHz and capable of providing 1100 W total power. The new magnetic structure will support 18 GHz operation with RF provided by a new TWTA.
RF Frequency Combining for the ATLAS ECR Ion Sources
Authors: McLain J. , Scott R. H. , Vondrasek R. C.
Published: May 2024

The ECR2 and ECR3 ion sources at the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) operate with two microwave frequencies, improving their performance over single frequency operation. A typical method for transmitting both microwave frequencies is by having two separate frequency generators with their own corresponding amplifiers. These amplifiers transmit their microwaves into the ion source using separate waveguides. Another method that is investigated is to combine the low power microwave frequencies with a splitter/combiner and input the combined signals into the high-power amplifier, where the combined signal is amplified and transmitted down a single waveguide into the ion source. These different methods for delivering microwave power with multiple frequencies are compared, focusing on the average charge state and the intensities of each of the charge states for an oxygen plasma produced by the ECR2 ion source.

This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This research used resources of ANL’s ATLAS facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility.
Extraction experiments at the UNIST electron beam ion trap for highly charged ion studies
Authors: Han Je Hwan , Park Sung Nam , Shin Bok Kyun , Yoo Kyounghun , Cosgun Emre , Kwak Donghyun , Chung Moses
Published: May 2024

Highly charged ions (HCIs) are currently utilized in numerous fundamental and applied sciences, including astrophysics, dark matter search, optical clocks, semiconductor lithography, and quantum dot fabrication, to name just a few examples. At Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), a tabletop electron beam ion trap (EBIT) has been developed for creating and studying HCIs. The UNIST-EBIT compresses the electron beam by 72 permanent magnets (up to 0.84 T) and produces up to He-like Ar ions. The primary objective of the UNIST-EBIT is to obtain X-ray spectrum data essential in astrophysics. Meanwhile, optical clocks based on HCIs are receiving significant attention from the scientific community. The UNIST-EBIT can also provide various HCIs for optical clock applications. For this purpose, designing an extraction beamline along with an initial extraction experiment of Ar ions from the EBIT is underway. To extract Ar ions, we consider constructing an automatic control system with EPICS. In this work, we present the recent progress of the UNIST-EBIT for extraction experiments.
Intense vanadium ion beam production for super-heavy element research experiments
Authors: Higurashi Y , Saquilayan G Q , Ohnishi J , Nagatomo T
Published: May 2024

Long-term production of an intense 51V13+ ion beam was imperative for synthesizing a new element (Z=119) at RIKEN. We systematically measured the beam intensity as a function of microwave power and material consumption rate for effectively producing an intense beam. Consequently, we generated a 1 emA of 51V13+ ion beam at an injected microwave power and extraction voltage of 3.5 kW and 12.6 kV, respectively.
High-Current Capability and Upgrades of the EBIS/T Charge-Breeding System in the Reaccelerator at the Facility for Rare-Isotope Beams
Authors: Lapierre A. , Son H.-J. , Ringle R. , Schwarz S. , Villari A. C. C.
Published: May 2024

The Reaccelerator (ReA) of the Facility for Rare-Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University uses a Beam Cooler/Buncher (BCB) and an Electron-Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) as a charge-breeding injector system. The rare isotopes produced by In-flight Separation are selected by the Advanced Rare Isotope Separator (ARIS) and stopped in a helium gas cell. Long-lived and stable-isotope beams can also be extracted from a Batch-Mode Ion Source (BMIS). The continuous beams transported at low energy to ReA are injected into the BCB. The pulsed beams are then injected into the EBIT, charge bred, ejected, and accelerated by ReA’s LINAC. The EBIT electron current (300 - 600 mA) is a factor that limits its capacity to ∼2×1010 elementary charges, which restricts the maximum EBIT-extracted rates to less than 2×1010 particles per second for light ions. An upgrade of the EBIT electron gun is expected to provide 2 A in current. In parallel, a High-Current Electron-Beam Ion Source (HCEBIS) is being commissioned. The HCEBIS can presently provide an electron current of 2 A. An upgrade will increase the current to 4 A. The implementation of these two upgrades is expected to allow for maximum rates to be ∼1011 pps, compatible with FRIB projected rates and user demands. We review the high-current capabilities and upgrades of ReA’s charge-breeding system.
FEBIAD ionization development via a web-app for multidimensional characterization
Authors: Maldonado Millán F , Babcock C , Day Goodacre T , Kiy S , Gottberg A
Published: May 2024

The ISAC-FEBIAD is an electron impact ion source typically used to ionize radioactive molecules or isotopes of elements beyond the reach of either surface or laser ion sources. The FEBIAD’s key tuning parameters are the cathode temperature defining the number of electrons created; the anode voltage establishing the electron energy; and the magnetic field controlling the electron density inside the anode volume. However, these parameters are typically scanned in a small and limited range when optimizing the source. Recent investigations have shown the need to explore the entire range of operational values accessible by the power supplies, not only due to the intrinsic variations from source to source but also to operate the source at optimal settings. To address this, a scanning algorithm has been implemented as a web interface thanks to the High-Level-Application (HLA) infrastructure available at TRIUMF. The ion beam intensity during both offline and online commissioning of the web app are presented here as contour plots. The optimal settings found for stable 20Ne are confirmed as the optimal settings for radioactive 18Ne. The main takeaway, however, is that the optimal ion source parameters differ between singly-charged, doubly-charged, and molecular species. This development demonstrate and facilitate the need for element and charge state-specific parameter optimization. Additionally, the results highlight the possibility of parameter optimization to enhance the ratio of the species of interest to co-ionized contamination.
Development of an Image Analysis Method for Pepperpot Emittance Monitors
Authors: Morita Y , Nagatomo T , Nakashima Y
Published: May 2024

At the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, we developed a pepperpot emittance monitor using a method that can change the distance between the pepperpot mask and the screen. The accuracy can be improved by correctly identifying the beam’s position at a close range followed by the increase of the distance; however, if the distance is increased excessively, the position matching will be difficult. To solve this problem, we developed a method for tracking continuous changes on a screen using optical flow. Using this method, the distance between the pepperpot mask and screen could be extended without plotting in the wrong area in the phase space, and the emittance measurement accuracy was successfully improved by more than 10%. This development will enable beam transport simulations to be performed more accurately.
Beam Emittance Growth of Highly Charged Ion Beams from the RIKEN 28-GHz SC-ECRIS
Authors: Saquilayan G Q , Nagatomo T , Higurashi Y , Ohnishi J , Nakagawa T , Kamigaito O
Published: May 2024

Different factors that affect the beam emittance of highly charged ions extracted from the RIKEN 28-GHz superconducting ECR ion source have been investigated. Since the ion source parameters, space charge effects and various beamline components directly affect the beam quality, it was attempted to experimentally determine the different components that contribute to the beam emittance growth. From the experimental measurements, a beam emittance defined by the ion source has been evaluated based on a simple model calculation for space charge induced beam emittance. Ion beams using 40Ar11+ and 136Xe20+ ions were generated, and the beam emittance from the ion source and space charge were fitted from the experimental results. These parameters will be used to further evaluate the relationship between the extracted beam emittances and the ECR ion source parameters.
Space-Charge Effects on Transverse Emittance in the Extraction Region of the RIKEN 28-GHz ECRIS
Authors: Nagatomo T. , Kamakura K. , Morita Y. , Saquilayan G.Q. , Higurashi Y. , Ohnishi J.
Published: May 2024

To confirm the significance of space-charge effects (SCEs) on the emittance growth in the “extraction region” of the RIKEN 28-GHz electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source (ECRIS), we reconstructed the phase-space distribution of argon (Ar) beams traveling through high-intensity nitrogen (N) beams and reaching at the end of “extraction region”. Here, the “extraction region” is defined as the low-energy beam transport region between the ECRIS puller electrode and a magnetic analyzer. The transverse phase-space distribution (PSD) of the Ar beams, which were exposed to the SCEs due to the high-intensity N beams, was measured after magnetic analysis using the pepper-pot emittance meter (PPEM). Because we suppressed each Ar beam current below 50 µA, the expansion in the transverse phase-space distribution due to the SCEs after the magnetic analyzer could be sufficiently reduced. Sufficient angular resolution was achieved by improving the image analysis of PPEM measurements with the “optical flow method”. Therefore, we obtained a transverse PSD at the endpoint of the extraction region of the ECRIS using the three dimensional backtracking. The obtained rms emittance of the Ar10,11,13+ were found to increas as a function of the extraction current I
ext, while those of Ar16+ were found to be nearly constant. The reconstructed PSD at the end of the “extraction region” shows that the smaller the M/Q, in other words, the larger the charge state Q, the smaller both the positional and angular distribution for each I
ext. To reveal the space charge effect on the beam trajectory passing though the “extraction region”, further experimental measurements and analyses are underway, including detailed trajectory simulation.
Evaluation of H-/D- Density Using Langmuir Probe Measurement in a Cs Seeded Negative Ion Source
Authors: Rattanawongnara E. , Osakabe M. , Nakano H. , Tsumori K. , Nagaoka K. , Takeiri Y.
Published: May 2024

An electron reduction model is reintroduced for Langmuir probe plasma density profile measurement. The model is compared with conventional laser photo-detachment measurements and can predict negative ion density in the 2-3 x 1017m−3 range using correlation factors for hydrogen and deuterium cases. The calibration and correction procedure is demonstrated for application to ion sources.
Commissioning and first operation of East Japan Heavy Ion Center at Yamagata University
Authors: Souda Hikaru , Kanai Takayuki , Lee Sung Hyun , Miyasaka Yuya , Chai Hongbo , Ishizawa Miyu , Iwai Takeo , Sawamura Shun , Nagai Kyohei , Ouchi Fumihisa , Taguchi Takayuki , Sei Michitaro , Kanto Yohei , Sato Azusa , Katsumata Masashi , Sato Hiraku , Sato Shinya , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Nemoto Kenji
Published: May 2024

A world smallest carbon ion radiotherapy facility, East Japan Heavy Ion Center, Yamagata University, started treatment operations in February 2021. The treatment system consists of an ECR ion source, an RFQ and IH-type drift tube linac, a 430 MeV/u synchrotron and a spot-scanning irradiation system. It has two treatment rooms, one is a fixed horizontal beam port and the other is a rotating gantry beam port with superconducting magnets. The ECR ion source is the Kei2-type permanent magnet 10 GHz ECR ion source with a maximum field of 0.8 T. All the improvements of the previous facilities are applied to the ion source, such as helium gas-assisted operation and changes in the shape of an anode electrode and an extraction electrode to reduce the discharge. Owing to these improvements, the ion source has been operated stably during the commissioning and clinical operation. The irradiation system of Yamagata University eliminated the plastic block range shifter to realize a compact gantry, and has 600 energy levels to control the beam range in step of 0.5 mm. In order to optimize the beam transport parameters quickly, automation tools for orbit correction were developed. Machine commissioning and clinical commissioning were carried out in parallel to allow treatment to begin earlier. First, the horizontal fixed beam port was commissioned by verifying the dose distribution of the treatment planning system. Then, the gantry beam port was commissioned by full beam distribution measurement for representing beam angle of 90 degree, and other angles were sequentially released after the compatibility measurement of beam position, beam size, and two-dimensional uniformity. In September 2022, we were able to accept all treatment sites. By August 2023, 1151 cancer patients had been treated. Further improvements to increase available gantry angle and to increase beam efficiency are ongoing.
Performance of laser ion source LION operated at Brookhaven National Laboratory
Authors: Takahashi K , Okamura M , Kanesue T , Ikeda S , Kondo K , Sekine M , Karino T
Published: May 2024

LION is a laser ion source that has been in operation at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to provide heavy ions for NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). It is the first laser ion source to supply stable ion beams for a long-term operation for users at a large accelerator facility in the world. LION is located at the upstream end of the heavy ion accelerator complex at BNL and supplies singly charged ion beams of various ion species. LION has been in operation since 2014 and is planned to be upgraded in 2024. This paper summarizes the operational performance achieved by LION.