bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation of Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations by Rabbit Anti‐Human β2‐Microglobulin and by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: RINGDÉN O.
Published: June 2006

Rabbit anti‐human β2‐microglobulin (anti‐β2m) was found to increase DNA synthesis in peripheral, blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and in cells from abdominal lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil, adenoid, appendix, and bone marrow. The response to anti‐β2m was highest in cells originating from abdominal lymph node, appendix, and spleen. These organs were shown to contain a high proportion of surface‐Ig‐positive cells. No response to anti‐β2m was seen in thymus cells or in B‐cell‐depleted lymphocyte populations. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased DNA synthesis in spleen cells, bone marrow cells, tonsil cells, and, sometimes, in cells from abdominal lymph nodes but weakly or not at all in PBLs. To study whether anti‐β2m and LPS activated the same subpopulation of lymphocytes, cultures were exposed to both mitogens in various concentrations. The effect on DNA synthesis in spleen cells was almost additive. This may indicate that these two polyclonal B‐cell activators (PBAs) stimulate mainly distinct subsets of B cells in spleen. On the other hand, these two mitogens have a synergistic effect on DNA synthesis in PBLs. Since anti‐β2m is the first described selective B‐cell mitogen activating human PBLs, it might be of clinical importance in the functional characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations.
Role of the Thymus in Generation of Lymphocyte Functions
Authors: TUFVESON G. , JUHLIN R. , STEINECK G. , ALM G. V.
Published: June 2006

The thymuses of 14‐day‐old CBA mouse embryos cultured for 14 days in organ Cultures supplemented with mouse serum contained lymphocytes that were highly reactive to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and leukoagglutinin (LA) and to irradiated allogeneic spleen cells in vitro. In contrast, thymocytes derived from fetal‐calf‐serum‐supplemented organ cultures displayed much weaker responses to the two mitogens and little or no responses to the allogeneic spleen cells. Control thymocytes obtained from 1‐month‐old CBA mice responded well to Con A but not to LA. The responses of these cells to allogeneic spleen cells wire delayed compared with the organ‐culture‐derived cells, which responded promptly, with a maximum already on culture day 2–3. The results demonstrate that the organ culture system provides a convenient model for further study of the generation of immunoreactive cells in the mouse thymus.
Peyer's‐Patch‐Associated Synthesis of Immunoglobulin in Germ‐Free, Specific‐Pathogen‐Free, and Conventional Mice
Authors: McCLELLAND D. B. L.
Published: June 2006

The synthesis of immunoglobulins G, A, and M has been studied in Peyer's patches together with closely associated intestinal mucosa and in small intestine distant from Peyer's patches in specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) Swiss mice and conventional and germ‐free C3H mice. Thissue fragments were cultured in vitro in medium containing 14C‐labelled amino acids, and newly synthesized proteins were detected by radioimmunoelectrophoresis Small intestine from SPF and conventional animals synthesized almost exclusively IgA. No immunoglobulin synthesis was detectable in germ‐free intestine. In contrast, the Peyer's patches and associated mucosa of all the groups of mice synthesized IgG. IgA, and IgM. This observation is discussed in relation to the possible role of the Peyer's patches as a source of precursors for immunoglobulin‐producing cells in the intestine.
Fetal Thymus Transplantations in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: HANEBERG B. , FRØLAND S. S. , FINNE P. H. , BAKKE T. , THUNOLD S. , MOE P. J. , TØNDER O. , SOLBERG C. O. , SOLHEIM B. G. , DALEN A.
Published: June 2006

Two brothers with severe combined immunodeficiency were treated with repeated transplantations of fetal thymus tissue. The first patient was not treated until he was critically ill, and the intramuscular transplants had no effect. He died at 11 months of age of overwhelming pneumonia. At postmortem examination a transplanted thymus seemed viable. In the second patient an intramuscular transplant had no effect, but three subsequent intraperitoneal transplants led to transient increase in circulating T lymphocytes with a concomitant fall in B lymphocytes. The results suggested an additive effect of each transplant. Him ever, delayed hypersensitivity skin tests and in vitro Outages responses were not influenced. Initially, transfer factor was given, and fetal liver was administered intraperioneally together with the last thymic transplant. Neither of these measures had any observed effect, and this patient, similarly, died of pneumonia at nearly 12 months of age.
Two Populations of Lymphocytes Involved in Phytohaemagglutinin‐Induced Cytotoxicity of a Dividing Target Cell
Authors: WALLER C. A. , CAMPBELL A. C. , MacLENNAN I. C. M.
Published: June 2006

A quantitative study of the surface characteristics of cells cytotoxic against Chang tells permits the following conclusions: [1] In the presence of phytohaemagglutinin two types of cell are involved; one has Fc receptors and the other does not. Approximately two thirds of the cytotoxic activity is lost if the Fc‐receptor‐bearing cells are removed. [2] Both spontaneous and antibody‐induced cytotoxicity is almost completely abolished by removal of Fc‐receptor‐bearing cells. [3] None of the cytotoxic activity, spontaneous or induced, appears to be mediated by cells that are plastic‐adherent or bear surface immunoglobulin. These results are compared with similar studies by other authors.
Potentiation of the Macrophage Response to Migration Inhibition Factor from Fetal Calf Serum by Blood Group Substances with Human H Activity
Authors: FOX R. A. , MacSWEEN J. M. , McGUIRE R. L.
Published: June 2006

Soluble blood group substances, with human H and A activity, have previously been shown to block the interaction between guinea pig peritoneal macrophages and migration inhibition factor from fetal calf serum (FCS‐MIF), Conversely, incubation of macrophapes at 37°C for 1 h in the presence of 0.1% blood group substance, followed by thorough washing, potentiates the action of FCS‐MIF. The sensitivity of the macrophages is markedly increased, allowing detection of subthreshold levels of FCS‐MIF. Blood group substances (BGS) labeled with radioidine are taken up by macrophages, and a proportion remains on the surface. This radiolabeled BGS is lost from the surface spontaneously, and the rate of loss is increased by treatment with trypsin. It is suggested that the BGS mimic the natural macrophage receptor for FCS‐MIF and potentiate its effect by incorporating new receptors into the macrophage membrane.
Effects of Hypophysectomy on DNCB‐Induced Contact Sensitivity in Rats
Authors: PRENTICE E. D. , LIPSCOMB H. , METCALF W. K. , SHARP J. G.
Published: June 2006

Cell‐mediated immunity in hypophysectomized (HYX) and non‐hypophysectomized (NHYX) rats was assessed by measuring lymph mule weight and lymph node cellular proliferation responses to cutaneous application of the skin sensitizer dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Differences were found in the lymph node weight assay, with the responses of the HYX rats being significantly lower than the responses of the NHYX rats. There were, however, no significant differences as measured by the lymph node cellular proliferation assay. An explanation for these contradictory results was sought by examining dose‐responsiveness to DNCB. It was found that, over a range of doses of DNCB, HYX rats showed a linear dose‐response relationship in terms of both lymph node weight and lymph node cellular proliferation. No dose‐responsiveness was observed in NHYX rats. Since HYX rats required a greater degree of antigenic stimulation to achieve a response level equivalent to that of NHYX rats, it may be concluded that HYX rats are immunodeficient at lower antigen levels.
Measles Virus‐Induced Migration Inhibition of Human Leukocytes In Vitro: An Expression of Cell‐Mediated Immunity?
Authors: NORDAL H. J. , FRØLAND S. S. , VANDVIK B. , NORRBY E.
Published: June 2006

Attempts were made to establish measles virus‐induced migration inhibition of human leukocytes as an in vitro test of cell‐mediated immunity to the virus. Crude material from cell cultures infected with two different strains of measles virus was used as antigen in the capillary modification of the test. Both virus preparations induced migration inhibition. Incubation with puromycin indicated that the inhibition was dependent on protein synthesis, which has been regarded as a characteristic feature of an immunologically specific inhibition. However, no difference was found when the migration inhibition of leukocytes from donors without clinical and serological evidence of previous measles infection was compared with that of leukocytes from donors with such evidence. It is concluded that the migration inhibition induced by crude measles virus material does not necessarily measure cell‐mediated immunity to the virus.
The Immunosuppressive Role of Alpha‐Fetoprotein During Pregnancy
Authors: MURGITA R. A.
Published: June 2006

Cell mediated and humoral immune responses were assessed in mice at mid‐term (day 10) in pregnancy. A significant but selective suppression of the primary in vivo antibody (plaque‐forming cell) response to SRBC was observed, with the most pronounced effect being on the γA response. Similar results were obtained for secondary in vitro antibody synthesis by antigen‐primed spleen cells from pregnant mice, demonstrating the intrinsic nature of the inhibition. Pregnant mouse serum (PMS) was shown to suppress primary in vitro antibody synthesis, and the inhibitory effect was abrogated by the selective removal of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) using affinity chromatography. Normal mouse serum became similarly suppressive in vitro when purified AFP of fetal origin was added to it in concentrations approximating that found in PMS. Spleen cells from pregnant mice showed a suppressed mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin, a lowered response to concanavalin A1and a normal response to lipopolysaccharide. In contrast, the allogeneic response of these animals as measured in the one‐way mixed lymphocyte culture was enhanced. PMS suppressed both allogeneic and mitogen‐induced lymphocyte transformation by spleen cells from nonpregnant mice, and the effect was eliminated by the selective removal of AFP. These findings indicate an important functional role for AFP in normal embryological development.
The First Example of an Isoallotype of Human IgG Located on the Fd Fragment
Authors: VAN LOGHEM E. , DE LANGE G.
Published: June 2006

An isoallotype of IgG is described that is an isotype on heavy chains of IgG3 and IgG4 proteins and an allotype for IgG1 proteins, in which it is associated with G1m(f). The isoallotypic determinant is located on Fd. Binding of light chains (independent of their type) is required for its antigenic expression, since isolated heavy chains are not reactive in inhibition tests. It is suggested that the coding for the amino acid sequence related to this isoallotype was present on the ancestral gene before the duplication of subclasses. The presence in many non‐human primate species proves that it is strongly conserved in evolution.
Control of the Immune Response: Role of Macrophages in Regulation of Antibody‐and Cell‐Mediated Immune Responses
Authors: GORCZYNSKI R. M.
Published: June 2006

The ability of peritoneal macrophage subpopulations, separated into different classes according to their size, to reconstitute antibody or cellular immune responses in macrophage‐depleted spleen cells has been investigated. Data are presented to show that whether reconstitution is by ‘normal’ or ‘activated’ macrophages, be they syngeneic or allogeneic to the lymphocyte source, different populations reconstitute antibody and cellular immunity. Reconstitution is in general by two classes of macrophages, small and large. The former seem to reconstitute only if syngeneic to the responding lymphocyte pool, whereas large macrophages reconstitute immune responses from allogeneic lymphocytes as well as syngeneic lymphocytes. Evidence is also presented to show that syngeneic large macrophages can determine the type of immune response reconstituted; that is, with greater numbers of large cells only cytotoxic responses (and not T‐dependent antibody formation) were reconstituted and vice versa.
Specific Antisera Against Human Blood Cells Applicable in the Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique
Authors: RIVIERE A. BRUTEL DE LA , VERHOEF‐KARSSEN P. R. , BOSMA A. , BORNE A. E. G. Kr. v.d. , ENGELFRIET P.
Published: June 2006

The preparation of antisera against various cells of the human peripheral blood applicable in the indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIFT) is described. Such antisera will be of great interest for the study of cell‐specific membrane antigens, for example during haematopoiesis. Purified erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and thrombocytes from healthy donors were injected into rabbits. The antisera thus produced were not spontaneously specific. Only by extensive absorption of the crude antisera with purified cells from healthy donors was it possible to obtain antisera that were specific for erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes. By injection of small doses of leukocyte lysate and by absorption of the resulting antiserum with mononuclear cells a specific antineutrophil serum was produced. So far it has not been possible to prepare a specific anti‐monocyte antiserum. The specific antisera were applicable in the IIFT on paraformaldehyde‐fixed cells in suspension and on cells on slides.
Antibody Suppression and Antiallotype Antibodies
Authors: JERNE D. , AASTED B.
Published: June 2006

Antibody formation in rabbits against sheep erythrocytel (SRBC) was suppressed after injection of anti‐SRBC IgG. Suppression did not occur, however, if the injected IgG had an allotypic marker to which the rabbits possessed circulating antibody.
Regulation of In Vitro Immunocyte Activation
Authors: PERSSON U. , COUTINHO A. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

Supernatants from incubated normal mouse spleen cells suppressed the DNA synthetic response induced by polyclonal B‐ and T‐cell activators and the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in normal spleen cells in vitro. The inhibitory effects of the supernatants were found to be dependent on the culture system used. The main cell population producing or releasing the inhibitory factors was nonadherent spleen cells, but macrophages and bone marrow cells could also give supernatants with inhibitory effects. Thymocytes did nut release any inhibitors under the same conditions. Separation of the supernatants showed that there were it least two factors with inhibitory effects on proliferation in lymphocytes. One of these factors had a molecular weight of less than 10,000 (not degradable by protease) and suppressed activation by all tested polyclonal B‐ and T‐cell activators. Another factor (a protein with a molecular weight of more than 30, 000) inhibited activation by some polyclonal B‐cell activators (lipopolysaccharide, type III pneumococcal polysaccharide) whereas the proliferation induced by dextran sulfate Was less or not at all affected under the same culture conditions. Trivial mechanisms for inhibition by supernatant factors, such as medium depletion, general toxicity, and accumulation of free thymidine in the medium, were excluded.
Identification of Different Antigenic Determinants Within the Synthetic Multichain Co‐Polymer Poly(Tyr, Glu)‐PolyAla–PolyLys As Recognized by the Chicken
Authors: SØRUP P. , KOCH C.
Published: June 2006

The multichain co‐polymer poly(Tyr,Glu)‐polyAla‐polyLys, designated (T,G)‐A‐L, is normally thought to present only the poly(Tyr,Glu) sequences, designated (T,G), as antigenic determinants. Evidence is presented indicating that at least two different determinant in the (T,G)‐A‐L antigen arc recognized by chicken. Studies in a partly inbred high‐responder chicken strain reveal two major determinant systems: the (T,G) and the A‐ ‐I. in the (T,G)‐A‐ ‐I. antigen. For one serum the antigenic determinant of the A‐ ‐I. backbone is shown to be a poly‐D‐alanine.
Characterization of an Inhibitory Allogeneic Effect on Humoral Responsiveness In Vitro
Authors: COHN M. , EPSTEIN R.
Published: June 2006

Evidence is presented that the induction of a humoral response is inhibitable by a thymus‐derived cell (T1) that acts on the antigen‐sensitive precursors of both the thymus‐derived cooperating and the bone marrow‐derived antibody‐secreting cell—that is, the tC and B cell, respectively. The inhibition of induction of the tC and B cell by the TI cell is shown to be reversed by increasing effective level of cooperation. This competitive interaction between the inhibitory (TI) and cooperating (TC) systems is postulated to be part of the mechanism for regulating the class of the response, cell‐mediated or humoral. The following properties of the inhibitory system were demonstrated: [1] The tI cell—the antigen‐sensitive precursor of the TI cell—is both paralyzable and inducible. [2] The TI cell appears during the induction of a cell‐mediated response and, if not identical to the effector cytotoxic (‘killer’) TK cell, the TI cell is induced in parallel with it. [3] The effector function of the TI cell, like that of the TK cell, is H‐2‐reitricted.
Ligand‐Induced Redistribution and Augmentation of Surface‐Bound Myeloma Protein on MOPC315 Plasmacytoma Cells
Authors: HANNESTAD K. , GAUDERNACK G.
Published: June 2006

The dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐ and trinitrophenyl (TNP)‐binding IgA(λ2) myeloma protein M315, bound on the surface of MOPC315 mouse plasmacytoma cells, was redistributed into spots, patches, and, more rarely, into caps by TNP14‐BSA and by divalent but not monovalent anti‐M315 antibodies. Antiserum to the L‐chain of M315 (L315) induced similar redistribution of L315 bound on the surface of variant cells that only produced L315. The spots were much larger and more brilliant when the cells were incubated with the ligands at 37°C than at 4°C. Redistribution of M315 also occurred on M315‐producing cells in peritoneal diffusion chambers incubated in BALB/c mice producing antibodies against the M315 idiotype. The clearance of immune aggregates and the regeneration of new surface‐bound M315 in diffusion chambers were much slower for MOPC315 cells than that reported for B lymphocytes. The total pool of M315 was 1.9 pg per cell (about 8 × 106 7S molecules), but only an average of 6 × 103 [125I]TNP‐BSA molecules were bound on the surface of each MOPC cell at 4°C. The amount of surface‐bound TNP‐BSA increased eightfold when the cells were preincubated at 37°C with rabbit anti‐mouse IgA; at 4°C the increase was only twofold. The data indicate that multivalent ligands specific for M315 induce an accumulation of M315 on the cell surface that correlates with secretion; the immediate precursors of secreted myeloma protein may be arrested in their transit through the membrane by the ligands.
A New Specific Quantitation‐in‐Gel Method Differentiating Commercial Human Serum Standards Intended for RID Analyses
Authors: WADSWORTH C.
Published: June 2006

A rapid, sensitive technique is described which measures small amounts of protein applied on agarose gel containing specific antibody. Alternating current through the gel reduces the influence of diffusion, and specific immunoprecipitate spots are formed. Their density after staining is proportional to applied protein. Quantitation of IgG and IgA in human serum standards was highly reproducible (P < 0.001, Spearman coefficient of rank correlation test), and as little as about 35 ng Ig could be detected. Results are available within hours. Human sera and some purified preparations of 7S IgG and secretory IgA were grouped according to immune‐gel filtration findings. The group of samples containing fragments, aggregates, or unusually small amounts of monomeric IgG or IgA was also differentiated by specific immunoprecipitate spot (SIS) analysis from those mainly monomeric in character (Wilcoxon rank test, P < 0.02). A World Health Organization reference serum (67/97) was used as standard. The study indicates that a human serum pool stored in aliquots at ‐20°C is a good standard for quantitating serum IgG and IgA and that purified preparations art mi better. It is suggested that the SIS assay could be advantageously applied to screening biologic fluids for unusual amounts or types of IgG and IgA.
T‐Cell Regulation of Immunoglobulin Synthesis and Proliferation in Pokeweed (Pa‐1)‐Stimulated Human Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: JANOSSY G. , de la CONCHA E. GOMEZ , LUQUETTI A. , SNAJDR M. J. , WAXDAL M. J. , PLATTS‐MILLS T. A. E.
Published: June 2006

In pokeweed (Pa‐1)‐stimulated human lymphocyte cultures, T cells are essential for the survival, proliferation, plasma‐cell development, and high‐rate Ig secretion of B cells. Their effects are T‐cell‐specific in the sense that B‐Cell stimulation does not take place in the absence of T cells even when fibroblasts or monocytes are provided. The experimental system is the most effective model for activation of human B lymphocytes so far described. Plasmablast development requires approximately 7 days in culture. In T + B‐cell cultures established at 1 × 106/ml (1 × 104/mm2) initial cell density, plasma cells can secrete, on the average, as much as 40–70 pg IgM or IgG per cell per day. When the initial T‐cell density is increased well above 1.0 × 106/ml, a T‐cell‐mediated depression of Ig synthesis becomes predominant. Thus, in the pokeweed model T‐cell effects represent a balance of helper and suppressor influences. The study also shows that B cells are heterogeneous. A non‐adherent IgG‐committed (smIg−?) tonsil B‐cell population seems to be less susceptible to T suppressor effects than normal tonsil B cells. This subset proliferates particularly well and synthesizes large quantities of IgG in the presence of large initial proportions of T cells.
Human Leukocyte Migration Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
Authors: BENDTZEN K.
Published: June 2006

The activity of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) obtained from Sephadex‐G‐100‐chromatographed supernatants of concanavalin‐A‐stimulated human lymphocytes was suppressed by two synthetic serine esterase and serine protease inhibitors (di‐isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)). LIF activity was also reduced by the naturally occurring protease inhibitors soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin. The observed effect of DFP and PMSF was irreversible, since elimination of the inhibitors by dialysis did not restore LIF activity. The effect of PMSF was dose‐, time‐, and temperature‐dependent, and hydrolytic products of PMSF as well as sodium fluoride were inactive in blocking LIF. These results suggest that LIF may act as a serine esterase or a serine protease, or both of these, and that this putative enzyme is present in an activated form in supernatants from mitogen‐stimulated mononuclear cells.
Size Distribution of In‐Vitro‐Induced Antigen‐Specific Helper and Suppressor Cells
Authors: ANDERSSON L. C. , HÄYRY P. , KONTIAINEN S.
Published: June 2006

Specific helper and suppressor cells were induced in vitro with low and high doses, respectively, of protein antigen in Marbrook cultures. On different days of culture the fells from helper and suppressor cultures were size‐fractionated by 1‐g velocity sedimentation and the different fractions tested for specific activity in secondary co‐operative cultures after challenge with protein‐hapten conjugate. We observed a change in the size distribution of both helper and suppressor cells during their in vitro differentiation; the first helper and suppressor cell to be detected is a large (blast) cell, whereas later both help and suppression is mediated by medium‐ and small‐sized lymphocytes. A difference between helper and suppressor cells with regard to their relative dependence on DNA synthesis and proliferation during their induction was also seen. Although both DNA synthesis and divisions are needed for the optimal generation of both types of cells, some suppressor activity was still induced in cultures treated with mitosis‐arresting concentrations of demecolcine (Colcemid®). Treatment of helper cell cultures with Colcemid or with 5‐bromodeoxyuridine plus light completely abolished the help.
The Effect of HLA Antibodies on Platelet Aggregation
Authors: HOLMLUND G. , TIILIKAINEN A. , PENTTINEN K.
Published: June 2006

Twelve different HLA antisera, detecting antigens of both A and B series and the superspecificities w4 and w6, were tested for platelet‐aggregating activity in 75 antiserum‐platelet combinations. The correlation between the HLA specificities of the antisera and the aggregating effect on platelets carrying the corresponding antigens was significant (P= 0.011). Because the platelet aggregation test is being used for screening of circulating immune complexes, falsely positive reactions caused by HLA antibodies must be eliminated by adequate control experiments.
Genetic Basis of Memory in Cell‐Mediated Immune Response
Authors: KUPERMAN O. J. , BACH F. H.
Published: June 2006

The present experiments were undertaken to delineate the role of LD and SD antigens in terms of memory in cell‐mediated immune response (CML). Using recombinants that differ for either the H‐2K or H‐2D determinants (SD‐different) and other recombinants differing for the central region of H‐2 (LD‐different), we have investigated this question. The results indicate that priming to SD determinants leads to a more rapid and higher response when cells are restimulated in vitro with either the same SD antigen alone or the same SD plus an LD antigen and tested on target cells that possess either the SD antigen alone or both the LD and SD antigens. Antigens in the central regions of H‐2, which includes LD, serve as the stimulus both for the helper T cells led for the cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Priming with a high dose of LD antigens leads to memory in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognizing the cytotoxic target antigens coded by the central region of H‐2. Nevertheless, memory could not be detected when priming was done under the same conditions as for SD antigens. Moreover, a primed helper T‐cell response does not facilitate the development of increased CML on restimulation in vitro with the LD antigen used for priming and a new SD antigen. Thus, it seems that memory in CML is in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte and not in the proliferating helper cells.
Inhibition of Spontaneous and Antibody‐Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity by Sera and Isolated Antiglobulin Preparations from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: FINK P. C. , SCHEDEL I. , PETER H. H. , DEICHER H.
Published: June 2006

Using sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and antiglobulin preparations obtained from such sera, inhibition of human lymphocyte cytotoxicity in antibody‐dependent (ADCC) and spontaneous cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) reactions against an allogeneic melanoma cell line (IGR3) has been demonstrated. Fractionation of effector cell preparations indicated that Fc‐receptor‐bearing lymphocytes were operative in both reactions. Removal of phagocytic and adherent cells from the effector cell population resulted in more pronounced inhibition of SCMC and ADCC reactions by rheumatoid sera. The results indicate that anti‐globulin preparations from human sera containing rheumatoid factor activity can effectively block the cytotoxic activity of Fc‐receptor‐bearing effector lymphocytes (K cells) in vitro. On analogy with the inhibition of ADCC and SCMC reactions by immune complexes and aggregated IgG, antiglobulin complexes present in the antiglobulin preparations are responsible for this effect.
Alkaline Phosphatase in the Developing Bursa of Fabricius
Authors: ESKOLA J. , RUUSKANEN O. , FRÄKI J. E. , VILJANEN M. K. , TOIVANEN A.
Published: June 2006

The ontogeny of alkaline phosphatase in the bursa of Fabricius was Studied by histochemical and biochemical methods. According to the quantitative determinations, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased from the 11th to 17th day of incubation—that is, during the time of the lymphoid follicle formation in the developing bursa. The activity was localized in the mesenchymal tissue surrounding the lymphoid follicles. Testosterone given in ova prevented the appearance of alkaline phosphatase in the bursal mesenchyme but had no effect on the activity of the embryonic liver. In contrast, in ova treatment with cyclophosphamide had no effect on the alkaline phosphatase in the bursa. By using transplantation of embryonic bursal stem cells, it was further shown that, in contrast to cyclophosphamide, testosterone destroys the capacity of the bursa to serve as a differentiation site for the B‐cell lineage. The results indicate that testosterone affects the stromal cells of the bursa, whereas cyclophosphamide destroys only the lymphoid population undergoing differentiation and leaves the bursal stroma intact.
Attenuation of Canine Nephrotoxic Glomer‐ulonephritis with an Extracorporeal Immuno‐adsorbent
Authors: TERMAN D. S. , DURANTE D. , BUFFALOE G. , McINTOSH R.
Published: June 2006

A novel immunoadsorbent is described in which soluble canine glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigen was immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to small charcoal particles. As much as 80% of the added GBM antigen was retained in the collodion–charcoal. The binding of GBM antibody to immobilized GBM antigen in vitro and in vivo was demonstrated. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established, and mongrel dogs were then injected intravenously with GBM antibodies. Whole blood was circulated at 100 ml/min over GBM collodion–charcoal for 4 h. Renal tissue was examined by fluorescence and light microscopy for the deposition of heterologous gamma globulin and glomerular inflammation before and after the extracorporeal procedure. Results showed less deposition of heterologous IgG and less inflammation in experimental dog kidneys than in control kidneys. There was no evidence of release of 131I‐labeled GBM from the immunoadsorbent at the conclusion of perfusion experiments and no significant biochemical or hematologic alterations. Finally, extracorporeal immunoadsorbent treatment was capable of attenuating the early heterologous phase of passive canine nephrotoxic nephritis and may have a potential role in the therapy of anti‐GBM‐mediated nephropathy.
Leukocyte Migration Agarose Test for the Assessment of Human Neutrophil Chemotaxis
Authors: REPO H. , KOSUNEN T. U.
Published: June 2006

Optimal conditions for the attraction assay of human neutrophil leukocytes were studied, using the leukocyte migration agarose test (LMAT). Larger migration areas were obtained toward the attractant wells when they were filled with zymosan‐activated serum (ZAS) in advance than when both the attractant and the cells were added simultaneously. Chemotactic indices (CI; the ratio between the migration rate toward attractant and that toward the control substance) decreased when the number of applied neutrophil leukocytes increased, whereas migration differentials (MD; the difference between the migration rate toward attractant and that toward the control substance) were not markedly affected. Both the spontaneous and the directed migration rates, and CI and MD of neutrophil leukocytes obtained from the same donor on different days varied markedly, When tested repeatedly, however, the neutrophil leukocytes of different donors migrated on the average rather equally toward inactivated serum, as they also did toward ZAS, and the variation of the means of CI and MD was insignificant.
Theta‐Bearing Cells in the Bone Marrow of Thymus‐Deprived Mice
Authors: ROPKE C.
Published: June 2006

Theta‐bearing cells in lymphomyeloid tissues of thymus‐deprived and normal mice have been studied by the use of anti‐theta. antisenun and cytotoxicity tests in addition to functional tests, In contrast to the findings in peripheral lymphoid tissues, increased percentages and numbers of theta‐bearing cells were found in the bone marrow of neonatally thymectomized and nude mice as compared with normal and sham‐thymectomized mice. In adult thymectomized mice, percentages comparable to those in sham‐perated littermates were found. The findings were not due to irrelevant antibodies in the anti‐theta antiserum, and neonatally thymectomized mice grafted with a thymic lobe showed percentages of theta‐positive cells in the bone marrow comparable to those of sham‐operated animals. Adrenalectomy did not lead to diminished percentages of theta‐positive cells in the bone marrow of neonatally thymectomized mice, and the serum levels of hydrocortisone and corticosterone were within normal ranges in thymus‐deprived mice. The mitogen responses and graft‐versus‐host activity of bone marrow cells from neonatally thymectomized mice suggest that most theta‐positive cells in the bone marrow of these mice are functionally immature cells.
A New Rat Lymphocyte Surface Marker: Characterization and Separation of Cells with Receptors for Helix pomatia Hemagglutinin
Authors: SWANBORG R. H. , HELLSTRÖM U. , PERLMANN H. , HAMMARSTRÖM S. , PERLMANN P.
Published: June 2006

Thirty‐two percent of neuraminidase‐treated DA rat spleen lymphocytes and 18% of lymph node lymphocytes possess receptors for Helix pomatia hemagglutinin (HP). Moreover, these HP‐receptor‐bearing cells can be separated from B cells by affinity chromatography on HP‐Sepharose columns. The virtual absence of immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors and the close correlation with reported T‐cell content of these lymphoid tissues surest that HP‐receptor lymphocytes are probably T cells and that HP may provide a convenient marker, for both the identification and the purification of rat T lymphocytes.
Quantitation of β2‐Microglobulin and HLA on the Surface of Human Cells
Authors: DORVAL G. , WELSH K. I. , NILSSON K. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

Relative amounts of β2‐microglobulin (β2m) and of HLA specificities were analysed on the surface of resting unfractionated peripheral human lymphocytes, enriched B and T cells, and on in‐vivo‐ and in‐vitro‐stimulated lymphoblasts. Single‐cell cytofluorometry and a very sensitive radioimmnunoassay were used to determine as closely as possible the absolute amounts of membrane‐bound α2m/HLA antigens, B and T ‘resting’ and ‘stimulated’ lymphoid cells express very similar numbers of β2m and HLA antigenic determinants, respectively, per unit of surface area when compared within each group, although β2m was found to exist in two‐ to three‐fold excess of HLA.
Quantitation of β2‐Microglobulin and HLA on the Surface of Human Cells
Authors: WELSH K. I. , DORVAL G. , NILSSON K. , CLEMENTS G. B. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

Beta2‐microglobulin (β2m) participates as an integral part in molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) type. Absence of β2m makes the residual heavy MHC chain largely inactive as antigen. Striking reductions in the density per unit surface area of β2m in seven out of nine malignant lymphoid tumour lines in comparison with normal lymphocytes or ‘immortalized’ Epstein‐Barr‐virus‐transformed lymphoblastoid lines were found is this study. This would seemingly represent a specific reduction in the ability of the malignant cells to express actively produced β2m, since their HLA antigenic determinants were not reduced to the same extent and no indications were obtained suggesting that free β2m could transfer from one cell to another. However, that β2m is important in conveying serological specificities of MHC type to cells was shown by fusion of β2m‐negative and β2m‐positive cells, yielding hybrid cells with synergistically increased numbers of detectable, HLA‐related determinants. Whether the reduction of β2m on malignant versus nonmalignant lymphoid cells bears any relevance as to emergence of the malignant clones and resistance to possible anti‐tumour reactions would now be an issue for study.
Lymphocyte Chimerism After Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: HANSEN G. S. , DUPONT B. , FABER V. , JAKOBSEN B. K. , JUHL F. , NIELSEN L. S. , SVEJGAARD A. , THOMSEN M. , WIIK A.
Published: June 2006

Specific HLA antibodies were used to eliminate donor and recipient cells, respectively, from lymphocyte suspensions prepared from the blood of a child who had been transplanted with bone marrow from an HLA‐A‐ and HLA‐B‐incompatible, HLA‐D‐compatible donor. About 70% of the lymphocytes were of donor HLA type, the remaining of recipient type. The phytohemagglutinin‐responsive lymphocytes were exclusively limited to the lymphocyte population carrying donor‐type HLA antigens. Membrane immunofluorescence investigations of the donor and recipient populations showed a low percentage of IgM‐positive lymphocytes in the donor population and an extremely high proportion of IgM‐positive lymphocytes in the recipient population. About 90% of the donor lymphocytes were T cells, as judged by their capacity to form rosettes between sheep erythrocytes and T lymphocytes; no cells in the recipient cell population expressed this ability.
Production of BALB/c Anti‐Idiotypic Antibodies Against the BALB/c Myeloma Protein 315 Does Not Require an Intact Ligand‐Binding Site
Authors: JØRGENSEN T. , GAUDERNACK G. , HANNESTAD K.
Published: June 2006

To determine whether the ligand‐binding site of the BALB/c myeloma 315 is essential for the anti‐idiotypic response in syngeneic animals, 17 BALB/c mice were immunized with M315 that had been affinity‐labeled with bromo‐acetyl‐DNP‐L‐lysine (BADL). Essentially all the active sites of M315 were blocked by the affinity label. Fourteen mice produced antibodies that reacted with an idiotypic determinant localized in the Fv fragment of M315, but this idiotype was not part of the DNP‐lysine‐binding site, and it was absent from L315 and H315 chains. Two groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with nonaffitinity‐labeled M315, to determine whether the same idiotype was recognized with this immunogen. All animals in the group that received the most prolonged immunization produced antibodies that could be divided in two populations: about 75% were directed against the site‐associated idiotype, and the rest reacted with the nonsite idiotype. The other group produced antibodies exclusively specific for the site. Thus, the site‐associated idiotype of M315 is not essential for the antibody response of BALB/c mice against M315, and M315 carries at least two different idiotypes that can be recognized by B cells of syngeneic animals.
Identification in Human Placentae of Antigenic Activity Related to the Amyloid Serum Protein SAA
Authors: JOHNSON P. M. , HUSBY G. , NATVIG J. B. , ANDERS R. F. , LINDER E.
Published: June 2006

Antigenic activity related to the amyloid serum protein SAA was observed in indirect immunofluorescence studies on human placental tissue. Positive Staining with anti‐SAA antisera was localized to the cytoplasm of cells scattered within the mesenchymal stroma, thought to be fibroblasts, and to foetal stem vessel endothelium and some individual fibrillar Structures in villous stroma and perivascular tissue. This immunofluorescent staining was specifically inhibited by protein SAA. In contrast, no immunofluorescent staining was achieved using anti‐Sera to the amyloid protein AA. Absorption and immunodiffusion studies have further suggested that anti‐SAA antisera may recognize in human placentae only a very limited number of the antigenic determinants present in protein SAA but not in the smaller protein in AA. The results support previous observations that protein SAA‐like antigenic material can be found in normal human tissue.
Evidence of Local Synthesis of Smooth‐Muscle Antibodies in the Central Nervous System in Isolated Cases of Multiple Sclerosis and Chronic Lymphocytic Meningoencephalitis
Authors: NORDAL H. J. , VANDVIK B.
Published: June 2006

Paired samples of serum and concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 53 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and from 36 patients with other neurological diseases were adjusted to an equal concentration of IgG and examined for occurrence of auto‐antibodies. Anti‐nuclear antibodies, anti‐mitochondrial antibodies, and rheumatoid factor were not detected with increased frequency in the materials studied. Smooth‐muscle antibody (SMA) was, however, detected in CSF and serum from three patients with MS and one patient with chronic lymphocytic meningoencephalitis, and in the CSF only from one additional patient with MS. The SMA activities of the CSF were 4 to 16 times higher than in the matching sera, suggesting a local SMA synthesis within the central nervous system. The SMA was associated with electrophoretically restricted fractions of IgG, but an association between SMA and oligoclonal IgG of the CSF could not be demonstrated in the SMA‐positive patients by the methods used.
IgE in Human Urine and Milk
Authors: TURNER M. W. , McCLELLAND D. B. L. , MEDLEN A. R. , STOKES C. R.
Published: June 2006

IgE was found in urine from healthy adult volunteers at very low levels (approximately 0.003–0.010 IU/ml), corresponding to ft 24‐h excretion rate of 3–16 IU. IgE was not detected in 36 out of 47 samples of milk and colostrum, fn samples from six women the protein was present at low concentration 1–2 days postpartum but was not detected in later samples (usually day 5 or 6). Mammary secretions from four allergic donors were studied, and IgE was detected at low concentrations in samples from the two most severely affected individuals. The levels of IgE observed in both urine and milk suggest that there is no significant synthesis of the protein in either the urinary tract or in mammary tissue.
A Comparative Study of the Production of Antibodies Against Human Blood Cells in Animals of Various Species
Authors: DE LA RIVIERE A. BRUTEL , VERHOEF‐KARSSEN P. R. , von dem BORNE A. E. G. Kr. , ENGELFRIET C. P.
Published: June 2006

In view of the importance of the species of animals used fat the preparation of specific heteroantisera against human blood cells, comparative immunization experiments Were carried out in goats, rabbit, chickens, guinea pigs, and rats, using lysates leukocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes. The antisera obtained were tested by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The strongest antisera were obtained in goats, but these antisera required extensive absorptions to make them specific for the immunizing cell, whereas rabbit antisera needed only few absorptions. Antisera from both of these animals could be rendered specific for lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets. In the guinea pig only immunization with lymphocytes and granulocytes resulted in useful antisera, which were all specific for granulocytes after appropriate absorptions. Antisera obtained from rats could be rendered specific for granulocytes and lymphocytes by absorption. Antibodies against platelets could not be detected in any of the rat antisera. Chickens, however, produced strong anti‐platelet anti‐bodies. A specific anti‐granulocyte antiserum could also be obtained in these animals. Specific anti‐monocyte antisera could not be prepared from any of the animal sera. Immunizations with leukocyte lysate resulted in granulocyte‐specific antisera in most animals but not in chickens. All antisera produced in chickens were specific for platelets. It can be concluded from these results that animals of different species may react very differently to the antigens of some human blood cells.
Evidence for Two Series of B‐Cell Antigens in Man and Their Comparison with HLA‐D
Authors: VAN ROOD J. J. , VAN LEEUWEN A. , KEUNING J. J. , THRMIJTELEN A.
Published: June 2006

Population mid family studies of five sera with antibodies against B‐cell determinants show an excellent fit of some of them with the HLA‐D determinants, suggesting that the HLA‐D determinants themselves or closely linked structures can be recognized by serology. One serum, Ag, might be coded for by a locus different from HLA‐D, which could be located between HLA‐A and ‐B, A two‐color fluorescence test to detect B‐cell antigens was used and found to save time and reagents and to give very good results.
Detection and Quantitation of Human Ia‐Type Antigens with Iodinated Protein A and Specific Purification of Antibodies Against Ia‐Type Alloantigens
Authors: BARON D. , WERNET P. , SCHUNTER F. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

Antibodies directed against specific human Ia‐type antigens can easily be detected and quantitated by an improved radioimmunoassay using iodinated protein A bound to a specific antibody‐Ia‐antigen complex on the surface of freshly drawn peripheral human leukocytes, cultured human cell lines, or lymphoid cells fixed with glutardialdehyde or formaldehyde. The same principle can also be used for the detection of Ia alloantigens on human lymphocytes when testing them with specific antisera known to contain antibodies against transplantation antigens. These anti‐Ia‐alloantigen antibodies had been purified by a two‐step procedure involving ion‐exchange chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose at pH 6.3 and the specific absorption on formaldehyde‐fixed Ia‐alloantigen‐carrying homozygous cell lines, followed by elution of these antibodies with isotonic citrate buffer at pH 3.0. In this way an about 90‐fold purification could be achieved. After such a purification the highly enriched antibody fraction still reacted selectively with one specificity of the Ia antigen system.
New Groups and Segregant Series Among B‐Cell Alloantigens of the Merrit System A Study of Leukemia Cells, Peripheral B Cells, and Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: WALFORD R. L. , FERRARA G. B. , GATTI R. A. , LEIBOLD W. , THOMPSON J. S. , MERCURIALI F. , GOSSETT T. , NAEIM F.
Published: June 2006

On the basis of reactions with a chronic lymphatic leukemia cell panel, evidence for 6 new specificities of the Merrit B‐cell alloantigenic system in man is presented, bringing the number of provisionally defined specificities to 19. These can he roughly divided into two segregrant series. The system is well represented on both homozygous and heterozygous B‐type lymphoblastoid cell lines. In the cell lines some specificities show a suggestive but inexact correlation with HLA‐D locus factors. This correlation is represented also on peripheral blood B cells, on the non‐T variety of acute lymphatic leukemia cells, and on acute mycloid leukemia cells. Although great similarities exist, each of the cell populations may manifest differences other than or in addition to mere differences in B‐cell antigen frequencies.
B‐Lymphocyte Alloantigens
Authors: JOHNSON A. H. , WARD F. E. , AMOS D. B.
Published: June 2006

Seventy B‐cell alloantisera were tested by microcytotoxicity against a panel of B‐cell‐enriched and T‐cell‐enriched lymphocytes. Six groups were discerned and have tentatively been designated DIg 1–7 (for Duke immunoglobulin‐positive cell groups). These alloantisera were used to type an HLA‐A/B recombinant family. Two groups were observed to segregate in this family, DIg 7 with the HLA‐B locus and DIg 2 with the HLA‐A locus.
Relation Between HLA‐DW and the B‐Lymphocyte Specificities
Authors: PARK M. S. , TERASAKI P. I. , SAITO S. , OPELZ G.
Published: June 2006

Homozygous DW typing cells were tested for six B‐lymphocyte specificities. All four of the second locus specificities of B lymphocytes were strongly associated with the DW specificities. DW1 typing cells were B group 6, DW2 were B4, DW3 were B5, and LD107 were B3. The first B‐cell locus antigens 1 and 2 tended to be uniform within the DW groups. From an analysis of the typing responses of a panel of cells to the homozygous typing cells, it has become apparent that the first B‐locus specificity present on the homozygous typing cells also plays a role in determining whether a typing response is obtained or not. Thus, the DW3 typing cells were themselves B2 and B5, and cells having B2‐B5 were most frequently nonreactive to DW3 in mixed lymphocyte culture. Homozygous typing cells therefore mainly detect the second B‐cell locus antigens and, to a lesser degree, the first locus specificities. Stated another way, homozygous typing cells do not define a single specificity, but rather the presence of two B‐lymphocyte specificities, even though their responses often reflect matching of only the second B‐locus specificity.