bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maintenance of Exercise Behavior for Individuals at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Sorensen Marit
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to examine psychological factors associated with maintenance of exercise behavior in a population of middle-aged individuals with elevated risk factors for cardiovascular disease. 191 males and 17 females took pan in a one-year diet and/or exercise intervention during 1990-1991. Four years later questionnaires were sent out to the 200 former participants who were still available for contact. 67.9% of those who answered ( n= 140) were categorized as exercisers, and 30.7% were categorized as nonexercisers. The majority of the exercisers had exercised at least one and a half years. A chi-squared analysis showed that whether the individuals were exercising or not at present was independent of whether they had exercised or not during the intervention study. Discriminant analyses were used to determine how well physical self-perceptions at different times would categorize exercisers and nonexercisers. Current physical self-perceptions categorized the Active Exercisers (86.9%) and the Nonexercisers (63.3%) the best (in total 79.1% correct classifications). Neither change in physical self-perceptions during the intervention nor change in physical self-perceptions from the end of the intervention until four years later, classified the exercise behavior as well. Three social cognitive models, The Self-perception model, The Health Belief model, and The Self-efficacy model, were investigated as discriminators between Active Exercisers and Nonexercisers. Active Exercisers were classified better than Nonexercisers, and current physical self-perceptions showed the highest percentage of total correct classifications. The proposed models were also analyzed as predictors of the variance in self-raced Motivation for Exercise. Outcome Expectations, Compliance Self-efficacy, Perceived Fitness, and Exercise Mastery explained 45% of the variance in self-rated Motivation for Exercise.
Comparisons of Teaching Presentation and Development of Content: Implications for Effectiveness of Teaching
Authors: Pellett Tracy L. , Blakemore Connie L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the choices of content development and task presentations of four teachers with varying experience and the subsequent achievement in skills test of their 125 junior high school students over the course of an 11-day volleyball unit. The results supported the importance of teachers presenting clear, detailed, and game-oriented progressions of content and tasks to improve students' learning.
Situational Manipulation and Impressions Formed from Evaluation of Another Person's Personality
Authors: Yamada Natsuko
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether a situational cue (the number of information presenters) influences the perceivers' formation of an impression of the target person's personality. The effects of the type of impression (positive or negative) and the number of presenters (three presenters or a single presenter) on formation of impressions were investigated. Thus, 119 participants were given one of the six personality descriptions presented by three people or by a single person about the target. After reading the description, they viewed a videotape of an interaction between the target and a male interviewer. Later, participants rated the target on 36 personality-related adjectives and selected a one-word impression (prototypical impression) describing the target. Analysis indicated that participants' impressions of the target's personality were biased by the type of prior information (positive or negative) and the number of the presenters. That is, participants given the prior information from a group of presenters formed impressions about the target actor different from those given the prior information from a single presenter. Also, the asymmetrical discrepancies of the interaction between one-word prototypical impression and positiveness/negativeness of the prior information were observed. Schema-consistency of the prior information was discussed in terms of its informativeness and saliency.
Relation between Number of Subjects and Homogeneity of the Scale in Factor Analytic Studies
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S. , Michon André
Published: August 2011

This paper describes a factor analysis of the responses of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, or 160 subjects. The result shows that homogeneous scales need fewer subjects than heterogeneous scales for stable results in terms of the number of extracted factors and percentage of variance explained.
Influence of Magnitude of Horizontal and Vertical Deformation on Preference for Morphed Faces
Authors: Giddon Donald B. , Evans Carla A. , Rains Caroline E. , Clemens Ian K.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the magnitude of the extreme horizontal or vertical deformations of morphed facial features influenced judgments of acceptability or preference of the facial soft tissue profile. Twelve judges responded to 5 changing features of 2 faces with clinically divergent malocclusions under 3 stimulus conditions, i.e., the magnitudes of the distortions were biased in the direction of preferred change, equally distorted in both directions and opposite to preferred change. For each condition, judges responded by pressing a mouse button when the feature became “acceptable” and releasing it when no longer acceptable and by pressing the button when the most pleasing distortion appeared. A small significant shift in the mean acceptability and preference was found for some features. Differences between the faces, however, remained constant, indicating that magnitude of distortion has little effect on acceptability or preference for changes in soft-tissue profiles.
Cultural Effects: Affects following Ruminations on Success and Failure in Sports
Authors: McGowan Robert W. , McGowan S. Jeffery , Omifade Ademola
Published: August 2011

Affect following ruminations of success and failure in sport was examined for cultural effects. 66 African-American and 84 Native West African athletes completed questionnaires following ruminations about their most successful athletic experience, and again following ruminations about their worst failure. Analysis suggested that affect following ruminations of successful experiences was more positive than those following failure. Cultural differences were noted in the affective responses following ruminations of success. African athletes tended to be more positive in general and self-related affect following ruminations of success and slightly more negative following ruminations of failure than American athletes.
Video Recall for Analysis of Performance by Collegiate Female Tennis Players
Authors: Rhea Deborah J. , Mathes Sharon A. , Hardin Kelly
Published: August 2011

Employing the Interpersonal Process Recall technique, 7 Division I college tennis players reviewed and analyzed their performance, thoughts, and feelings as they watched video tapes of themselves competing in conference matches. Analysis of the audio transcripts indicated these women identified performance strengths, weaknesses, and intervening psychological factors.
Control of “Choice” by Application of the Electromagnetic Field Equivalents of Spoken Words: Mediation by Emotional Meaning Rather than Linguistic Dimensions?
Authors: Healey Faye , Persinger M. A. , Koren S. A.
Published: August 2011

Electromagnetic equivalents (about 1 microT) of the acoustic signature of spoken words were applied across the temporoparietal lobes by an array of external solenoids. Participants were asked to select the target word within a group of words. The experimental group of 7 chose the target word or words that shared its emotional dimensions (activation, evaluation) more frequently than did the reference group of 6 who received no electromagnetic equivalents. Implications for the neurocognitive detection of the emotional (connotative) components of word stimuli when transformed to electromagnetic equivalents rather than direct images or “word sounds” are discussed.
Retrieval of Famous Names on a Rebus Riddle Task by Middle-Aged and Older Subjects
Authors: Marshall Robert C. , Morelli Claudia A. , Calise Gina E. , Phillips David S.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the performances of 20 middle-aged and 20 older subjects on a Rebus Riddle task that required they retrieve the names of famous persons. Older subjects solved significantly more riddles and responded to prompts designed to aid riddle-solving efforts with significantly greater success than middle-aged subjects. Older subjects also had nonsignificantly faster riddle-solving times than middle-aged subjects. Similar riddles were difficult or easy for both groups. Superior performance of the older group appeared to be related to the age of the subject at the time the persons in the riddles had become famous.
Effects of a Movement and Swimming Program on Water Orientation Skills and Self-Concept of Kindergarten Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hutzler Yeshayahu , Chacham Anat , Bergman Uri , Reches Ilana
Published: August 2011

In this study the effect of an experimental movement and swimming program of six months on motor function in the water measured by means of the Water Orientation Score and self-perception measured by means of the Martinek-Zaich-kowsky Self-concept Scale was investigated. 23 children participated in the program, completing both tests prior to and after the intervention. An age-, sex-, and disability-matched control group of 23 children completed only the Self-concept Scale at pre-and posttest. Analysis indicated a significant improvement in Water Orientation Score of children in the trained group, but no effect on scores of the Self-concept Scale.
Laboratory Studies of a Sound System that Maintains Wakefulness
Authors: Landström Ulf , Englund Kjell , Nordström Bertil , Åström Anita
Published: August 2011

Two studies investigated the effects of a waking sound that enhances wakefulness. Study I investigated the effect of the sound level and Study 2 the effect of time and frequency variability of the sound. The recordings of EEG and subjective ratings were analysed to study the effect upon wakefulness. The waking effect increased when sound varied in duration and frequency. A number of specific conditions necessary for the waking effect are described. The exposure should be based on high frequency sounds and several tones chosen to produce disharmony. The exposure should be loud enough to be heard over the masking background noise. The duration and tonal quality should be variable from one presentation to another.
Cyclical Calendar and Lunar Patterns in Automobile Property Accidents and Injury Accidents
Authors: Laverty W. H. , Kelly I. W.
Published: August 2011

Nine years of traffic accidents involving damage to property (n = 246,926 accidents) and involving nonfatal injury ( n = 50,492) in Saskatchewan were examined by regression and spectral analyses. Both calendar and seasonal periodicities were found in both sets of data. After data were adjusted for calendar effects, no relationship was found with the total or half synodic and anomalistic lunar cycles or between the waxing and waning synodic cycle. No sudden change on the day of the full moon or surrounding days was found.
How Limited is the Unconscious? A Brief Commentary
Authors: Malik Rajesh , Paraherakis Antonios
Published: August 2011

This report discusses the problems associated with the prevailing view chat the province of unconscious influence is highly restricted. It is argued that present empirical data neither strongly support nor argue against a circumscribed notion of the unconscious.
Word Association Test and Psychosexual Cues in Assessing Persons with Eating Disorders
Authors: Berry Elliot M. , Kelly Dalia , Canetti Laura , Bachar Eytan
Published: August 2011

The present study aimed to detect psychosexual conflicts in patients with eating disorders using the Word Association Test which tests the perceptual sensitivity of the subject to conflictual words. We also expected patients to show concern about food and eating. 19 anorexic patients, 21 bulimic patients, and 20 control subjects without eating disorders provided associations to four groups of words: psychosexual words, food words, emotionally loaded words, and neutral words. Reaction times were recorded. Analysis showed that anorexic patients were slower than controls in responding to food-related words but bulimic patients were not significantly different from controls. Anorexic patients reacted more slowly than controls to psychosexual words. Bulimic patients were also somewhat slower than controls but faster than anorexic patients; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Results are congruent with research that points to sexual problems and delays in the psychosexual development of anorexic patients and to a lesser extent of bulimic patients.
Regional Tongue Sensitivity for Sweetness and Pungency of Ethanol-Aspartame Mixtures
Authors: Calviño Amalia M.
Published: August 2011

Binary mixtures of aspartame prepared at three levels of concentration and dissolved in four ethanolic dilutions were perceptually evaluated. Sweet-pungent combinations were presented in solution or in disks of filter paper (paper) soaked in the solutions. Variations in sweetness and pungency were examined at two oral loci including the tip and the back plus the front of the tongue in the liquid condition or the tip and the back of the tongue in the paper condition. A similar behavior was observed in liquid and paper conditions; as the concentration of aspartame and ethanol increased so did the intensity for sweet and pungent qualities. Whereas sweetness was not influenced by ethanol addition (2-8 % V/V), a suppressive effect of aspartame (1-4 mM) on pungency was noted for liquid but not for the paper condition. Sweetness was enhanced when the back plus the front of the tongue was stimulated by solutions. Finally, there was a complex pattern of regional effects on the perceived pungency of alcoholic-sweet solutions that was not replicated in the paper condition.
Comparison of Demands of Sustained Attentional Events between Public and Private Children's Television Programs
Authors: Hooper Mary-Louise , Chang Pengkwei
Published: August 2011

The durations and variability of changing events were analyzed for 20 min. each of 13 children's television programs. These programs included selections from both publically and privately produced shows. Significantly different patterns of attentional demands were found between the programs. Public television programming is characterized by longer and more variable durations of sustained attentional events, while private television programming is best described as having fast-paced shorter events. The implications of this finding for difficulties in learning by school-age children to attend for longer periods are discussed.
Relationships between Language Skills and Task Effects
Authors: Kuhlemeier Hans , Van Den Bergh Huub
Published: August 2011

The data from a national language assessment in secondary education in The Netherlands were reanalyzed to examine the correlational structure of language skills. On the basis of an hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis, it was concluded that skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing can be differentiated, although their interrelationships were rather high. Further, the measurement of language skills was strongly influenced by task effects. Finally, the data suggested that the across-task generalizability of performance-based assessments is much lower than it is for tests with fixed responses.
Two Measures of Laterality in Handedness: The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and the Purdue Pegboard Test of Manual Dexterity
Authors: Verdino Michele , Dingman Sherry
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between a paper-and-pencil measure of laterality in handedness, the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, and a test of manual dexterity, the Purdue Pegboard test. Individuals of extreme handedness based on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Laterality Quotients of +90 to +100 and −100 and +54; 50 each) were recruited to complete the Purdue Pegboard test of manual dexterity. Subjects in the sinistral group had significantly smaller mean discrepancy scores in performance between their hands [ t80 = 5.12, p=.0001] and much greater variance in performance than dextral subjects ( F1,98 = 2.85, p=.0001). These findings suggest that paper-and-pencil measures of lateral preference for handedness may not identify proficiency of subgroups within a sinistral group.
Split-Screen versus Single-Screen Formats in Televised Debates: Does Access to an Opponent's Nonverbal Behaviors Affect Viewers' Perceptions of a Speaker's Credibility?
Authors: Seiter John S. , Abraham Jeffrey A. , Nakagama Brent T.
Published: August 2011

Compared to televised debates using a single-screen format, those using a split screen, i.e., those showing both debaters simultaneously, provide viewers greater access to the nonverbal reactions of a debater's opponent. This study examined the effect of such nonverbal reactions on viewers' perceptions of a speaker's credibility. Students watched one of four versions of a televised debate. One version used a single-screen format, showing only the speaker, while the other three versions used a split-screen format in which the speaker's opponent displayed constant, occasional, or no nonverbal disagreement with the speaker. After watching the videos, students rated the speaker's credibility. Analysis indicated that the speaker was given significantly higher character and competence ratings when his opponent was in constant disagreement than when his opponent was not shown or when his opponent indicated moderate and no disagreement. Moreover, the speaker was given significantly higher ratings for composure and sociability when his opponent was in constant disagreement than when his opponent was not shown or when his opponent indicated no disagreement. These results and their implications are discussed.
Mental Rotation: A Task for the Assessment of Visuospatial Skills of Children
Authors: Stefanatos Gerry A. , Buchholz Ester S. , Miller Nancy Fay
Published: August 2011

7 girls and 5 boys, ranging in age from 7 to 12 years, participated in the pilot testing of a mental rotation task developed for use in a comprehensive test battery of visuoperceptual abilities. Two asymmetric, three-dimensional objects were constructed from wood strips such that one object was the mirror-image of the other. Black and white photographs were taken of these objects in various spatial orientations along a horizontal plane. 16 photographs depicted the object right-side-up and in 16 the object was upside-down (rotated 180° in the vertical plane). These photographs were presented to the children who were asked to match each with the corresponding object. Analysis indicated correct judgements of the right-side-up images occurred more frequently than the upside-down images ( t11=4.73, p<.001). Using these data, adjustments were made to the task instructions to provide greater clarity for the young participants.
Economic Growth and Suicide and Homicide Rates Revisited
Authors: Sharma Basu
Published: August 2011

For a sample of 16 industrialized and industrializing countries, rates of economic growth from 1980 to 1993 were negatively associated with 1994 suicide and homicide rates.
Physical Exertion in Simple Reaction Time and Continuous Attention of Sport Participants
Authors: Tsorbatzoudis Haralambos , Barkoukis Vassilis , Danis Apostolos , Grouios George
Published: August 2011

To investigate the effect of physical exertion on simple reaction time and continuous attention of sport participants, an experiment was conducted with 46 male university students and 12 male cyclists. The subjects were assigned to three experimental and two control groups. The subjects of the experimental groups were asked to perform, following a 5-min. period of warming up, a high intensity exercise protocol for 5 min., on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer (Group A) or a moderate intensity exercise protocol for 30 min. on the same cycle ergometer (Groups B and C). Shortly before and immediately after the physical exercise subjects of all groups were asked to perform a test of simple reaction time and continuous attention. The subjects of the control groups were asked to perform at rest both tests of the simple reaction time and the continuous attention twice, with a 10-min. and a 35-min. interval between the first and second attempts, respectively. The results did not support the notion that exercise of moderate or high intensity influences significantly the cognitive performance of aerobically trained or untrained subjects. The results are discussed in the light of the current research findings concerning exertion and human psychomotor performance.
Influence of Time of Day on Anaerobic Capacity
Authors: Marth Pamela D. , Woods Robin R. , Hill David W.
Published: August 2011

12 volunteers performed exhaustive exercise tests in the morning and afternoon. Paired-means t tests indicated that anaerobic capacity, as reflected by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, was 26% higher ( p<.01) in the afternoon than in the morning. VO2 max appeared higher and VO2 kinetics seemed faster in the afternoon, but differences did not attain statistical significance. Thus, the time of day affects anaerobic capacity and may influence other responses to exercise.
Factor Structure of Heim's AH4
Authors: Alexopoulos Demetrios S.
Published: August 2011

An intercorrelation matrix for the AH4 Group Test of General Intelligence was factor analyzed for a stratified random sample ( N = 2921). Two factors emerged, Verbal Comprehension and Visualization of Spatioperceptuai Organization.
A Note on May and Hittner's Three Scenarios for the Reliability and Validity of Gain Scores
Authors: Williams Richard H. , Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: August 2011

The present note examines the tables in May and Hittner's 1997 informative article and suggests an alternative interpretation of their meaning. The basic idea of appending two new scenarios to the one introduced by Williams, Zimmerman, and Cummings in 1996 is quite helpful, but one should not overlook the fact that assumptions about the relative size of pretest and posttest observed score variances are not independent of assumptions about the relative size of pretest and posttest validity and reliability coefficients. For this reason, the parameters in May and Hittner's scenarios II and III may be less likely to occur in practice than the parameters in their scenario I.
An Attempt to Distinguish between Two Reversal Processing Strategies for Learning Modeled Motor Skill
Authors: Ishikura Tadao , Inomata Kimihiro
Published: August 2011

The first purpose was to examine the effects of reversal processing strategy of visual information on recognition and acquisition of a sequential gross movement task. The second purpose was to examine the relationship between a measure of reversal processing strategy and movements during eye fixation. 24 undergraduates were assigned into one of three conditions, a Reversal-emphasized condition in which subjects were instructed to recognize the movement correctly from a reversed angle, a Recognition-emphasized condition in which subjects were instructed to recognize the movement correctly, and a Recall-emphasized condition in which subjects were instructed to reproduce the movement correctly. Subjects observed stimuli with the model facing them. Following observation, the subjects' recognition of stimuli was tested with model facing towards (Facing Angle) and facing away (Rear Angle). Recall tests were carried out after the two recognition tests. Analysis indicated that accuracy and response time on recognition tests improved under each condition, but there were no other effects. The Reversal-emphasized condition showed significantly greater modeling effect than the other conditions. Movements during eye fixation were very similar among conditions.
Public School Speech-Language Pathologists' Knowledge of Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Gentry Betholyn F. , Dancer Jess
Published: August 2011

77 public school speech-language pathologists' knowledge of sickle cell disease on a questionnaire indicated most knew little about the disease or its complications, including effects on speech, language, and hearing.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXXVII. Miscommunication in Technical Writing—Misuse of a Slash (Virgule)
Authors: Ammons Douglas
Published: August 2011

Scientific writing in psychology generates many jargonistic constructions. A slash, i.e., virgule, often is used arbitrarily, producing jargon which hides rather than elucidates meaning.
Emotion and Style in 30-Second Television Advertisements Targeted at Men, Women, Boys, and Girls
Authors: Rovinelli Lea , Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

A program for objective textual analysis which incorporated measures of style, word emotionality, and word imagery, was used to score the verbal portion of 152 30-sec. television advertisements. This analysis indicated that advertisements directed at children were more active, longer, and less negative than those directed at adults. A comparison of advertisements directed at males and females regardless of age showed greater linguistic complexity (more words, fewer common words) when their text was directed at women and girls. Each of the 13 stylistic and emotional measures used to describe advertisements produced at least one significant difference associated with the age or the sex of the target population or their interaction.
Some Relationships among Affection, Aggression and Alcohol Abuse in the Family Setting
Authors: Shuntich Richard J. , Loh Diana , Katz David
Published: August 2011

Three questionnaire studies involving 101, 270, and 144 college students examined the relationship between affectionate behaviors and aggressive behaviors in the family environment as rated by the college students. Measures of affection and aggression were significantly negatively associated in nearly all analyses. Participants' ratings of parental alcohol abuse were positively associated with measures of parental aggression and negatively correlated with measures of parental affection.
Least Sum of Absolute Deviations Regression: Distance, Leverage, and Influence
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

Least sum of absolute deviations regression is considered as a robust alternative to least sum of squared deviations regression. A simple example of linear regression utilizing one predictor variable and a single extreme value illustrates the potential effects of distance, leverage, and influence on the two regression models.
Factor Structure of the Italian Version of the Body Satisfaction Scale: A Multisample Analysis
Authors: Riva Giuseppe , Molinari Enrico
Published: August 2011

The paper describes the factorial structure of the Italian version of the Body Satisfaction Scale, a simple self-report questionnaire designed to assess satisfaction with 16 body parts. The results suggest that the structure of the questionnaire can be adequately represented by three different factors. Even if this solution is different from the one obtained in the original English samples, this interpretation was confirmed by a cross-validation on 806 subjects, a clinical sample and two normal samples. This result may be useful for the screening of subjects at risk for eating-disorders because it makes possible prediction of targeted areas of dissatisfaction which is not generally possible with other inventories. The analysis of the factor loadings also suggested that three items should be removed (teeth, eyes, and ears) from the Italian version
The Physioacoustic Method and the Creative Process
Authors: Norlander Torsten , Sandholm Charlotte , Anfelt Olle
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the physioacoustic chair's, i.e., an application of low-frequency sound waves, possible psychological effects with respect to deductive thinking and creativity as well as its possible effect on heart rate. Subjects, 21 men and 21 women, were randomly assigned in equal numbers to three groups: a control group, a placebo group, i.e., a group who believed that they underwent a physioacoustic treatment program which they however did not undergo, and a physioacousdc treatment group. After manipulation, subjects were required to take three psychological tests (measuring fluency and originality, preconscious thinking, and deductive thinking) in random order. During the entire experiment, subjects' heart rates were registered every minute. Analysis showed no significant differences among the groups with respect to psychological effects or to heart rate. The results were interpreted to mean that the physioacousdc chair provides a form of relaxation which does not produce effects on the creative process.
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Abilities in Skilled Basketball Performance
Authors: Kioumourtzoglou Efthimis , Derri Vasiliki , Tzetzls George , Theodorakis Yannis
Published: August 2011

The differences among athletes of differing skill should assist successful identification and selection of the best athletes in a specific sport. For the purpose of this study, a laboratory study was conducted with a group of 13 men on the elite male national team of basketball players, 22 to 23 years of age, and a control group of 15 men of equal age (physical education class) to assess differences in their scores on cognitive skills (memory-retention, memory-grouping analytic ability), perceptual skills (speed of perception, prediction, selective attention, response selection), and motor skills (dynamic balance, whole body coordination, wrist-finger dexterity, rhythmic ability). Analysis showed that elite male basketball players scored higher on hand coordination and lower on dynamic balance given their anthropometric measurements. Elite players were better on memory-retention, selective attention, and on prediction measures than the control group. The above skills are important in basketball performance. Researchers may examine whether other factors contribute more in the development of perceptual and cognitive skills.
Comprehension of Standard Seven Pupils of a Village Junior Secondary School
Authors: Muyangwa Moses Mubita
Published: August 2011

To assess comprehension skills among pupils of a village junior secondary school a Study Process Questionnaire was constructed and administered to 63 Standard 7 pupils, 33 boys and 30 girls (ages 14 to 18 years). Analysis showed learning viewed as reproduction more than understanding, failure to use prior knowledge in current learning, low achievement motivation, and poor reading skills.
Sex, Sport, Situation, and Competitive State Anxiety
Authors: Russell William D. , Robb Marshall , Cox Richard H.
Published: August 2011

Within a multivariate design, the relationship between sex, sport, and competitive situation with state anxiety was examined. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was administered to selected intramural basketball and volleyball teams ( ns = 266 and 226) prior to round-robin and play-off competition. Multivariate analysis of variance yielded a significant interaction of sport by sex and a significant main effect for sport. Follow-up tests indicated that basketball players scored higher somatic and cognitive state anxiety than volleyball players. Women scored higher on somatic and cognitive state anxiety than men prior to play-off games. Results are discussed in terms of importance of a multivariate approach to studying competitive anxiety.
Additional Developments regarding Manifest Dream Structure and Function
Authors: Wolowitz Howard
Published: August 2011

Detailed observation of manifest dream sequences indicated self-advocating occurrences facilitating the dreamer's self interests, opposed by self-adversarial interferences. Further examination of manifest dream syntactical structure additionally suggested a recurrent, four-step, algorithm for personal problem-solving within an interpersonal matrix consisting of the following cycle: (1) an opening scene setting the stage, (2) for the emergence of a self-concern, (3) which evokes a strategy to deal with dreamer's self-concern, (4) that eventuates in a consequence of the strategy. These steps repeat until the dream ends. Observing these manifest dream structural features, attributable to broadening past theorizing with “bottom-up” approaches, clarifies the dream's problem-solving process by providing an empirical, observable framework for dream interpretation and by contributing to their consensual validation.
Effects of an External Nasal Dilator Strip on Differentiated Ratings of Perceived Exertion
Authors: Pujol Thomas J. , Langenfeld Mark E. , Hinojosa Jeramie R. , Iman Willard H.
Published: August 2011

17 college-age subjects performed two 20-min. runs at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption. Randomized trials were conducted with an external nasal dilator strip or without. Subjects were polled every 5 min. for over-all rating of perceived exertion, central rating of perceived exertion, and local rating of perceived exertion. The use of an external nasal dilator strip did not significantly lower any of the three.
Comparison of Error Rates on the 1990 and 1994 Revised Self-Directed Search
Authors: Bickham Paula J. , Miller Mark J. , O'Neal Heather , Clanton Robert
Published: August 2011

This study compared the error rates on the 1990 and 1994 versions of the Self-Directed Search for a sample of 91 high school students (44 boys, 47 girls) of junior and senior standing. The two versions are different primarily in the wording and inclusion or exclusion of specific items. However, because both versions appear to be straightforward and involve relatively few transformations of subscale scores by the user, it was hypothesized that no significant differences in error rates would be found between the two versions. Results of a z test confirmed the hypothesis.
Locomotor Activity and Defecation of Rats Observed Alone and in Pairs in Repeated Open-Field Sessions
Authors: Weijers Heinz-Gerd , Weyers Peter
Published: August 2011

Several experiments with independent groups have shown social effects on open-field defecation and locomotor activity in male rats. In this experiment these social effects were studied with a different methodological approach, namely, with repeated measurements. One group of 8 animals was tested always alone in an open field over 10 trials on successive days. The second group of 16 animals was also tested alone on Days 1 to 4 and on Day 9, while they were placed in the open field with a conspecific on Days 5 to 8 and again on Day 10. There was markedly reduced defecation and enhanced locomotion with the conspecific present, while with the absence of the conspecific on Day 9 the scores again nearly reached the level of the rats always tested alone. Therefore, the social effects on defecation and locomotion are very robust phenomena which can also be shown with dependent measurements.
Test-Retest Scores for Patients Who Display Neuropsychological Impairment following “Mild Head Injuries” from Mechanical Impacts
Authors: Tiller Sandra G. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

A total of 20 patients who had sustained impact of significant mechanical energies to the skull (>40 km/hour) were assessed at Time 1, about one year (68% between 2 mo. and 12 mo.) postincident while Time 2 was about two years later. During Time 1 this group was impaired (proficiency z<−2.00) according to two standardized neuropsychological indices and exhibited abnormally elevated psychometric depression ( z>2.00). There were no statistically significant improvements for the scores between Times 1 and 2 on the Halstead-Reitan Impairment Index, the Memory Quotient, Depression, or an impairment index composed of standardized scores for 31 neuropsychological tests. These results indicated that the presumption of some neuropsychologists that patients with “mild head injury” have fully recovered within one year or will continue to improve after about one year following the incident may not be valid for all patients who sustain such brain trauma.
Internal Consistency of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test
Authors: Malina Aaron C. , Bowers Dana A. , Millis Scott R. , Uekert Sara
Published: August 2011

The Recognition Memory Test is frequently used to assess memory; however, one of the commonly cited limitations is a lack of data on reliability. The current study was undertaken to estimate the internal consistency reliability of the test with a sample of 72 persons with traumatic brain injury. Acceptable estimates of internal consistency for both subtests were obtained.
Aggression and Goal Orientations in Handball: Influence of Institutional Sport Context
Authors: Rascle Olivier , Coulomb Geneviève , Pfister Richard
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of goal orientations with aggression in male adolescent handball across three institutional sport contexts, Physical Education, Interscholastic, and League (clubs). 30 handball games were videotaped (10 per context) and observed on monitor by means of a grid allowing the distinction between Instrumental (nonemotional and task-oriented) and Hostile (an emotional response which is an end in itself) aggression. 240 players also completed the “Questionnaire de Perception du Succès en Sport.” A main effect of context emerged from 2 separate one-way multivariate analyses of variance for goal orientations and aggression. Univariate F tests and Newman-Keuls post hoc analyses indicated that Ego-goal orientation and Instrumental aggression were significantly higher in the League context than in the other two. Statistically significant positive correlations between measures of Ego-goal orientation and aggression were observed. Discriminant function analysis indicated that strongly Ego-goal classified players displayed more Instrumental aggression than lower Ego-goal classified players.
Relative Size of Global Visual Stimulus: Advantage and Interference
Authors: Amirkhiabani Gholamali
Published: August 2011

Absolute and relative sizes of global and local visual stimuli have been suggested as the prime determinants of the so-called global precedence effect; however in none of these studies has the relative size of the two levels been manipulated. Difference in size seems to be the most distinct aspect of differentiating global and local levels of a visual stimulus. In this study the effect of variations in relative size of global and local levels on the global-local advantage and interference effects was examined. Analysis showed that, when the stimulus was displayed at a peripheral location, relative size was probably the prime determinant of global advantage and interference. In addition, both global and local information was processed faster when the stimulus was projected to the left visual field than to the right one. This finding was more compatible with the hypothesis of verbal-visuospatial hemispheric specialisation than with a part-whole dichotomy.
Life Satisfaction, Suicide, and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 1985 in 18 nations measures of life satisfaction in college students were not associated with the suicide and homicide rates of 15- to 24-yr.-olds.
Self-Concept of Academic Ability as a Function of Sex, Age, and Academic Achievement among African Adolescents
Authors: Mboya Mzobanzi M.
Published: August 2011

This study examined (a) sex and age variations for scores on Self-concept of Academic Ability and academic achievement among 244 African adolescents attending a coeducational high school and (b) correlations between scores on Self-concept of Academic Ability and academic achievement by sex and age. No significant sex differences were found, but there were significant age differences on the Self-concept scores and measures of English, science, and history but not in mathematics. A significant positive correlation was found between Self-concept scores and academic achievement for boys and girls and in all age groups, but the magnitude of the correlations with achievement in mathematics was stronger among boys than among girls.
The Use of Long Guns for Murder
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 1980, long guns were used relatively more often for murder in states which were more rural and which had a greater proportion of hunters.
Variation of Suicide and Homicide Rates by Longitude and Latitude
Authors: Lester David , Shephard Richard
Published: August 2011

State suicide rates in 1980 varied gradually, rather than abruptly, with longitude, as did homicide rates with latitude.
Order of Item Difficulty on the Wais—R Picture Arrangement Subtest: Data from a Traumatically Brain-Injured Sample
Authors: Heath Juanita A. , Leathem Janet M.
Published: August 2011

Although the items within the WAIS–R subtests are presumed to be in ascending order of difficulty, several studies have indicated that the Picture Arrangement subtest items are out of order for clinical groups. The present study retrospectively examined item difficulty and discrimination in the test data of 74 individuals who had been referred for neuropsychological assessment following a traumatic brain injury. While results were not statistically significant, qualitative analysis of partial credit scoring for four of the items indicated some inconsistencies in the scoring rationale. Caution is recommended in the use and interpretation of the Picture Arrangement tests scores in the assessment of individuals with traumatic brain injury.
Correlations between Two Multidimensional Anxiety Scales for Children
Authors: Muris Peter , Gadet Björn , Moulaert Véronique , Merckelbach Harald
Published: August 2011

The correlation between scores on two new anxiety questionnaires for children ( ns = 54 boys, 54 girls), the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children was .72, with values for subtests ranging between .35 and .63.
Defense Mechanism Test and Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Bogren Lennart , Bogren Inga-Britt , Thorell Lars-Håkan
Published: August 2011

Electrodermal activity was registered during examination with the Defense Mechanism Test of 21 patients diagnosed with anxiety disorder, affective disorder, or schizophrenic disorder. The test can be interpreted as a model situation of how a person defends himself against a threat to avoid anxiety. We used Andersson's modified version of the test and tested the hypothesis that electrodermal activity should increase when there were responses categorised as Anxiety and decrease when there were responses categorised as defences or when the threat was correctly identified. We found significant increase in all electrodermal variables in connection with responses categorised as Anxiety. After exposures with responses categorised as Isolation, the maximal skin conductance level and the magnitude of late nonspecific responses were significantly decreased. After exposures when the threat was identified and thus no longer subliminal, the electrodermal activity was significantly decreased. All these findings support our hypothesis. After exposures with responses categorised as Denial all electrodermal variables were significantly increased. Similarly in responses categorised as Repression, Introaggression, and Disavowal or denial of hero's sex the frequency of late nonspecific responses were significantly increased. The increased electrodermal activity could be due to insufficient defence strategies as categorised in the Defense Mechanism Test.
Anticipatory Cues Can Interfere with Inhibitory Operant Behavior in the Rat
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

In four separate experiments a total of 24 male rats were trained for 30 min. daily in the same temporal order to inhibit their responses for at least 6 sec. before a response-contingent reward was delivered (DRL-6 sec). The rats tested as the second group each day displayed about twice the number of errors (effect size = 40%) shown by rats tested in the first or third groups. These results suggest that anticipatory cues, acquired within two sessions, interfere with response inhibition during an appetitive task for a limited time (between a few minutes to about one hour). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that learned anticipation of reward may decrease inhibitory mechanisms by facilitating limbic lability.
Preliminary Study on the Effect of Rocking on Activities of Persons with Severe Mental and Physical Handicaps
Authors: Ohira Dan , Mizuta Toshiro , Maekawa Hisao , Katada Ahyoshi
Published: August 2011

In this preliminary observation, a group of seven mentally and physically handicapped persons of chronological ages ranging from 15.4 yr. to 26.8 yr. experienced 15 sec. of physical rocking. For the further analysis, the poststimulus periods were classified into either those when the subjects' spontaneous head, mouth, and body movements had increased from the prestimulus period or those decreased. The median heart rates recorded in the poststimulus period were not significantly different from those in the prestimulus period on trials on which there was an observable increase in the rates of spontaneous head, mouth, and body movements; however, the median heart rates decreased during those trials on which a decrease in the rates of the movements occurred. Since it is said that rocking heightens arousal of persons with mental and physical handicaps, it is suggested that spontaneously emitted, aimless head, mouth, and body movements attributed to low arousal were reduced by heightened arousal rather than by a decline in participants' activities.
The Sex Ratio, Suicide, and Homicide in Nations of the World
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 70 nations in 1980, those nations with higher proportion of males relative to females were less developed.
Spect (HMPAO) Support for Activation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortices during Toe Graphaesthesia
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Webster D. , Tiller S. G.
Published: August 2011

This experiment was designed to test the construct validity of psychometric analyses that suggested a strong functional association between the accuracy for toe graphaesthesia and selective activation of neurons within the medial prefrontal regions. Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) profiles were obtained for three volunteers (2 men, 1 woman) after they had been exposed to a toe graphaesthesia task or had been exposed to the control setting. The two measurements for each participant were separated by at least one week. Qualitative evaluation, using criteria employed for clinical diagnoses, of serial coronal, sagittal, and horizontal sections clearly indicated a specific increase in uptake of tracer within the rostral one-third to one-half of the medial prefrontal cortices of all three subjects during the toe graphaesthesia task compared to that during baseline conditions. The results are consistent with our neuropsychological research which indicates that toe graphaesthesia may be an accurate and useful indicator of the functional integrity of the medial surfaces of the anterior cerebral hemispheres.
Speech-Sounds Perception Test: Analysis of a Randomized Answer Form
Authors: Charter Richard A. , Dutra Robin L.
Published: August 2011

Responses to two forms of the answer sheet for the Speech-Sounds Perception Test, the standard form and a revised form in which the error types were randomized, were analyzed for 40 subjects. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the forms, practically it was negligible.