bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Perioperative Clinical Nurse Specialist Role
Authors: Morrison Janet D.
Published: August 2006

Perioperative nursing roles continue to rapidly change as we enter the twenty‐first century. The need for strong leadership skills, expert clinical skills, creative management, ongoing continuing education, and research continues to grow in every department of surgical services. The clinical nurse specialist plays an important role in addressing each of these needs. Great opportunities exist within the field of nursing for perioperative nurses to expand their practice using their creativity, ideas, and skills. Using the clinical nurse specialist in the perioperative setting can foster creativity, stimulate development of new methods based on research, and maximize the delivery of high quality care by the entire OR staff. AORN J 72 (Aug 2000) 227–232.
Development of a Family Liaison Model During Operative Procedures
Authors: Calvin Rosie , Kolar Kathryn R.
Published: August 2006

Development of a Family Liaison Model During Operative Procedures, CK Madigan, DD Donaghue, EV Carpenter, Maternal‐Child Nursing, Vol 24, July/August 1999, 185–189
The Value of Routine Preoperative Medical Testing Before Cataract Surgery. Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery
Authors: Weemering Mary Lynne
Published: August 2006

The Value of Routine Preoperative Medical Testing Before Cataract Surgery. Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery, OD Schein, The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 342, January 2000, 168–175
Health Psychology in a Global Perspective
Authors: Andrews Regina W.
Published: August 2006

HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY IN A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE By Frances E. Aboud 1999, 329 pp $35.95 paperback
Writer's Guide to Nursing Periodicals
Authors: Buchanan Holly J.
Published: August 2006

WRITER'S GUIDE TO NURSING PERIODICALS By Jeanette M. Daly 2000, 297 pp $26.95 paperback
Survival of Enterococci and Staphylococci on Hospital Fabrics and Plastic
Authors: Weemering Mary Lynne
Published: August 2006

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, AN Neely, MP Maley, Vol 38, February 2000, 724–727
Minimizing Preoperative Anxiety With Alternative Caring‐Healing Therapies
Authors: Norred Carol L.
Published: August 2006

This article reviews holistic caring‐healing therapies that may decrease preoperative anxiety for the surgical patient, based on the philosophy and science of caring developed by Jean Watson, RN, PhD, FAAN. Dr Watson reveals a new paradigm emerging in health care that blends the compassion and caring of nursing in harmony with the curative therapies of medicine. Hypnosis, aromatherapy, music, guided imagery, and massage are integrative caring‐healing therapies that may minimize preoperative anxiety. Alternative therapies offer a high‐touch balance when integrated with high‐tech conventional surgical treatments. AORN J 72 (Nov 2000) 838–843.
Latex Allergy in Health Care Personnel
Authors: de Moraes Lopes M.H. Baena , Mendes Lopes R. Aparecida
Published: August 2006

This article presents a summary of literature published in recent years about latex allergy. The first article on allergic reactions associated with latex was published in Britain in 1979. Since then, the number of reported cases has increased. A wide variety of allergic reactions that range from contact dermatitis to anaphylactic shock are described in literature. Conclusions support that health care team members must be well informed about the implications of latex allergy to better help allergic individuals. AORN J 72 (July 2000) 42–46.
Use of Placebo Surgery in Controlled Trials of a Cellular‐Based Therapy for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Schroeter Kathryn
Published: August 2006

Use of Placebo Surgery in Controlled Trials of a Cellular‐Based Therapy for Parkinson's Disease, TB Freeman, The New England Journal of Medicine, 341, September 1999, 988–991
The Effects of Local Anesthetics on Postoperative Pain
Authors: Roberge Catherine W. , McEwen Melanie
Published: August 2006

This study was performed to determine if intraoperative local anesthesia improved control of postoperative pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy and to compare the effects of two commonly used local anesthetics on pain management. The Gate Control Theory of Pain formed the theoretical basis for this study. A retrospective nonexperimental study in an ex post facto design was used. Data were collected from 1990 through 1997 on 120 patient charts. The use of local anesthetic intraoperatively significantly decreased patients' lengths of stay postoperatively (P = 0.00) and need for postoperative narcotics (P = 0.00). Bupivacaine was found to be superior to lidocaine in decreasing the need for postoperative narcotic analgesia. Researchers concluded that many patients would benefit from intraoperative injection of local anesthesia. This information can affect patient care outcomes through decreasing recovery time, reducing postoperative pain, and reducing health care costs.
Nonmetallic Fixation in Elective Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Abernathy W. , McDaniel M. , Edwards R. , Kiely K. , Frazier D.
Published: August 2006

Resorbable fixation technology offers several benefits, including easily cut and shaped plates, strong and predictable resorption qualities, and improved patient acceptance and expectations. Moreover, resorbable fixation implants can be completely reabsorbed into the body, eliminating the need for subsequent removal. This article describes the use of this innovative technology in orthognathic surgery, including preoperative and postoperative patient needs, intraoperative patient care, and potential complications. AORN J 70 (Jan 2000) 193–198.
Children's Preoperative Coping and Its Effects on Postoperative Anxiety and Return to Normal Activity
Authors: Steelman Victoria M. , Wilt Winifred
Published: August 2006

Children's Preoperative Coping and Its Effects on Postoperative Anxiety and Return to Normal Activity, LL LaMontagne, Nursing Research, Vol 45, May/June 1996, 141–147
Tending Lives: Nurses on the Medical Front
Authors: Pashley Helen Starbuck
Published: August 2006

Tending Lives: Nurses on the Medical Front By Echo Heron 1998, 341 pp $24.95 hardcover
Evaluating and Selecting Video Equipment for the OR
Authors: Workman Jean , Vrabel Cheryl
Published: August 2006

Purchasing video equipment for minimally invasive procedures can present a huge challenge. Standardization offers obvious advantages; however, it often is dismissed as an unattainable goal when dealing with physicians of multiple specialties. Standardization of video equipment throughout all specialties, however, is attainable. The keys to evaluating and selecting one product or vendor are clearly defined goals, the proper tools, and education. Although it might seem like an overwhelming task, it is possible to stay in control throughout this process and achieve the facility's goals. AORN J 70 (Dec 1999) 1025–1034.
Nurse Practitioner's Business Practice and Legal Guide
Authors: Trautman Debbie
Published: August 2006

Nurse Practitioner's Business Practice and Legal Guide, By Carolyn Buppert 1999, 492 pp $79 hardcover
Mad Cow Disease—the OR Connection
Authors: Hansel Patricia A.
Published: August 2006

Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, a group of fatal, neurodegenerative disorders affecting both humans and animals. The causative agent is the prion, which is still being researched and is controversial. In the 1980s, bovine spongiform encephalopathy brought much media attention to these diseases. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is the result of faulty industrial practices that produced cattle feed contaminated by prions. In the 1990s, a new variant of CJD (ie, nvCJD) appeared in Britain. Researchers believe that nvCJD was passed to humans through oral consumption of contaminated beef. This article describes the history, causative agent, mode of transmission, clinical features and course, diagnosis, treatment, and decontamination and sterilization guidelines for this baffling disease. AORN J 70 (Aug 1999) 224–238.
Laparoscopic Splenectomy for Splenic Sequestration Crisis
Authors: Hendricks‐Ferguson Verna L. , Nelson Martha A.
Published: August 2006

Medical and surgical advances have improved the treatment of splenic sequestration crises in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Rapid enlargement of the spleen can result from sickled blood cells being trapped in the spleen, which can be life threatening. The laparoscopic splenectomy procedure using the lateral approach has been adapted successfully for the pediatric patient since 1993. Children with SCD who have a history of a splenic sequestration crisis usually are scheduled for an elective splenectomy procedure after the first documented crisis to reduce the risk of death. Some key benefits of this new surgical approach include a shortened hospital stay, decreased postoperative pain, and faster recovery and return to normal activities for the child with SCD. AORN J 71 (April 2000) 820–834.
A Study of Proactive Ethics Consultation for Critically and Terminally Ill Patients with Extended Lengths of Stay
Authors: Schroeter Kathryn
Published: August 2006

A Study of Proactive Ethics Consultation for Critically and Terminally Ill Patients with Extended Lengths of Stay, MD Dowdy, C Robertson, JA Bander, Critical Care Med, Vol 26, February 1998, 252–259
Essential Readings in Nursing Managed Care
Authors: Molenda Bernyce
Published: August 2006

Essential Readings in Nursing Managed Care, Susan Odegaard Turner, 1999, paperback, 351 pp $29
Life in the Fast Lane—Helpful Tips for OR Charge Nurses
Authors: Sonnenberg Debra
Published: August 2006

Today's ORs are fast‐paced. Generally, charge nurses are given little training to be effective in their role and are expected to keep the OR running smoothly. This article examines ways in which charge nurses can satisfy the needs of surgeons and staff members and offers suggestions for dealing with delays and disgruntled surgeons, fostering good working relationships, demonstrating responsibility, and maintaining a financial perspective in decision making. AORN J 69 (May 1999) 941–944.
Enhancing Perioperative Nursing Effectiveness Through Informatics
Authors: Gilder Richard E. , Koch Fran , McBride Susan
Published: August 2006

The science of nursing informatics is becoming increasingly important to delivering quality nursing care to all patient populations. Perioperative nursing informatics skills are practiced within the context of powerful and complex information systems that enhance nurses' ability to view and report clinical data in a manner that has never before been possible. This article explores how the analysis of several examples of two typical system indicators (ie, the unplanned returns to surgiry rate within the same admission event surgical site infection rate) can result in improved patient outcomes. Nursing informatics is an invaluable tool for identifying trends and communicating them to perioperative nurses in a way that can positively influence the delivery of perioperative care and patient outcomes. AORNJ69 (May 1999) 978–990.
Lost Gallstones—a Small but Real Complication
Authors: Cafarella Linda A.
Published: August 2006

Retained gallstones are considered a complication of cholecystectomies. If stones can be removed using minimally invasive procedures (ie, laparoscopically), patients' recovery time may decrease and satisfaction may increase. Correct and immediate diagnosis of this complication at the time of the procedure often is the determining factor between patients' full recovery and their potential chronic illness. This article describes diagnostic tests and techniques used to surgically correct this complication and presents two case studies depicting patients' experiences from a few months to nine years postoperatively. AORM J 70 (Sept 1999) 392‐405.
Entrepreneurship—Transforming a Perioperative Problem into a Product Solution
Authors: Hoftman Mike
Published: August 2006

No one is more capable of identifying problems related to health care than health care practitioners. Identifying a problem is the first step to every new product or invention. This article provides step‐by‐step information to help health care practitioners identify problems and possible solutions, look for a creative company to bring the solution to the marketplace, and present the product idea to potential industry partners. The author also discusses the legal aspects of product development and the advantages and disadvantages of licensing a new product or starting a business to develop a product. AORN J 70 (Sept 1999) 414–426.
Preoperative Anxiety in Women
Authors: Lee Calvin Rosie
Published: August 2006

PREOPERATIVE ANXIETY IN WOMEN, A Wiens, AORN Journal, 68, July 1998, 74–87
A Critical Analysis of Physician Research into Nursing Practice
Authors: McConnell Edwina A.
Published: August 2006

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PHYSICIAN RESEARCH INTO NURSING PRACTICE, MK Maeve, Nursing Outlook, 46, January/February 1998, 24–28
Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Authors: Focht Sandra L.
Published: August 2006

Malignant melanoma—cancer of the pigment cells—has the highest mortality rate of all skin cancers. With early detection and treatment, however, malignant melanoma is highly curable. Recently, diagnostic modalities for nodal involvement have been perfected, reducing the morbidity of elective lymph node dissections and rendering them unnecessary in many cases. Total lymphadenectomy procedures are being replaced by intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy using gamma detector probes. This article reviews lymphatic drainage from the primary site to possible lymph node basins and selective lymph node dissection using lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative mapping as guides. This article also includes a case study, beginning with a diagnosis of malignant melanoma and following a successful postoperative course. AORN J 69 (April 1999) 802–809.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Breast Biopsy
Authors: Collette Camille
Published: August 2006

The explosion in technological advances has provided physicians and patients more options in the diagnostic breast biopsy arena. Successful collaborative relationships between nurses, physicians, and all health care workers and detailed patient education are essential to provide optimum patient care. Survival in health care today mandates that perioperative nurses and their colleagues move outside traditional environments to provide quality, cost‐effective care to patients and their family members. The aim of this collaborative approach to breast biopsy is to provide patients with the most expedient, accurate, cost‐effective diagnoses with the least amount of physical and psychological trauma. AORN J 69 (April 1999) 810–821.
Confronting Public Health Risks: A Decision Maker's Guide
Authors: Fenton Clarence
Published: August 2006

By Laura c. Leviton, carolyn E. Needleman, Maurice A. Shapiro 1997, 253 pp $26, paperback
Electrosurgical Safety
Authors: Hutchisson Bettyann , Baird M. Ginny , Wagner Schelley
Published: August 2006

Technological advances in safety and the performance of electrosurgical units (ESUs) have made the ESU the most common piece of electrical equipment in the OR. The constant presence of the ESU in the OR increases the potential for patient injury that is associated with the use of any piece of electrical equipment. To prevent injuries related to the use of an ESU, the perioperative nurse must understand the types of current used, types of ESUs available, and potential complications and have a working knowledge of safe practices for using this equipment in the perioperative setting. AORN J 68 (Nov 1998) 830‐837.
Redesigning Medication Distribution Systems in the OR
Authors: Rebidas Donna , Smith Stephen T. , Denomme Patti
Published: August 2006

Detroit Riverview Hospital's surgery suite recently converted to an automated medication distribution system. Focusing on control, access, documentation, and charging, the redesign has benefited pharmacists, nurse anesthetists, and OR nurses. Automation reduced nursing labor associated with ordering and restocking medications, counting narcotics, and investigating discrepancies. Storage and dispensing options, including innovative anesthesia trays, facilitate caregiver productivity, quality initiatives, and clinical pathways. System documentation pinpoints questionable events and patterns to ensure that all medications dispensed were administered to patients. Charges are captured and posted automatically. Overall, automated medication distribution has helped the OR improve clinical care quality and patient service. AORN J 69 (Jan 1999) 184–192.
Pulse
Authors: Welter C.J.
Published: August 2006

PULSE, By Echo Heron 1998,326 pp $5.99 paperback
Ovarian Masses in the Pediatric Patient
Authors: Lovvorn Harold N. , Tucci Lisa Ann , Stafford Perry W.
Published: August 2006

Ovarian masses in the pediatric patient are uncommon. Children with ovarian tumors, however, pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges because their presentation can mimic other more common intraabdominal disorders and their tumor histology varies widely. The refinement of surgical techniques and the advent of more effective chemotherapy in the past 25 years has increased overall survival rates from approximately 20% to 70%, thus improving the outcome for girls with malignant tumors. This article summarizes the current evaluation and management at ovarian masses in childhood and reviews pertinent pathology. AORN J 67 (March 1998) 568–576.
Parliamentary Procedure Promotes Order Out of Chaos
Authors: Denholm Bonnie G.
Published: August 2006

It may seem difficult to strike a balance between formal proceedings, which can be perceived as stiff and cold, and informal proceedings, which attempt to be friendly and warm but may result in unfocused discussions. Using parliamentary procedure during business proceedings can expedite business, ensure justice and equality, and maintain order. Information about and knowledge of parliamentary procedure should help businesses and be a learning experience for all members, with ordered discussion and accomplishment of the ultimate goal. AORN J 67 (March 1998) 590–605.
A Military‐Civilian Resource‐Sharing Agreement
Authors: Duffy Rosemarie , Baker Ann M.
Published: August 2006

A first‐of‐its‐kind resource‐sharing agreement between the US Department of Defense and a civilian hospital was undertaken with resounding success. This article discusses how Sacred Heart Medical Center, Spokane, Wash, and the 92nd Medical Group at Fairchild Air Force Base, Spokane, Wash, developed the project and accomplished the integration, which continues to benefit each organization. AORN J 67 (Feb 1998) 429–432.
Delinquency prevention in the 1980s
Authors: Farrington David P.
Published: August 2006

Current American delinquency prevention strategies adopted by the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention emphasize trying to change organizations (especially schools) rather than individuals. Similarly, the report by Rutter and Giller to the Home Office and the Department of Health and Social Security advocates changes in the school, the area, the community or the physical environment. It is argued here that it is just as plausible to locate the causes of delinquency in the individual as in the environment, and that there is good reason to expect delinquency prevention efforts targeted on individuals to be successful. Pre‐school early intervention programmes designed to increase intellectual ability are especially desirable.
The family functioning in adolescence questionnaire: a measure of psychosocial family health during adolescence
Authors: Roelofse Ronelle , Middleton Margaret R.
Published: August 2006

An instrument has been developed to assess psychosocial health of the family during the stage of having adolescent children, as perceived by the adolescent. The measure is based on a model integrating family systems research and the developmental tasks of adolescents. It examines six dimensions of family functioning: (1) Structure, (2) Affect, (3) Communication, (4) Behaviour control, (5) Value Transmission and (6) External Systems. A sample of 413 Year 10 students (¯x = 15·7 years) participated in the development of the instrument. Satisfactory levels of reliability and validity are reported. The Family Functioning in Adolescence Questionnaire (FFAQ) provides a means of assessment for researchers interested in family functioning during adolescence, and also for therapists and counsellors working with teenagers.
Adolescent perceptions of family scapegoating: a comparison of parental and sibling involvement
Authors: Arnold J. David
Published: August 2006

A self‐report measure of being scapegoated in one's family was given to a non‐clinical sample of 403 adolescents. Reports of scapegoating varied more with the type of family conflict scapegoated than with the family member(s) engaged in scapegoating. Scapegoating was also related to parental support, family conflict and adolescent adjustment problems.
The perception of poverty and wealth among teenagers
Authors: Stacey Barrie G. , Singer Ming S.
Published: August 2006

This study is concerned with the perception of poverty and wealth among high‐school teenagers. Over 300 teenagers completed a questionnaire which probed their perceptions of the attributions and consequences of poverty and wealth, and requested them to estimate the income for both a specified “poor” and “rich” man. The results indicate that all groups in this sample emphasized the significance of the family and downplayed the significance of luck when dealing with poverty and wealth. Further, the groups emphasized the economic consequences of poverty and wealth and they did not rate their psychological consequences as being of much importance. The results are discussed in terms of the small literature relevant to this topic.
Suicidal behavior at school: a systemic perspective
Authors: Shulman Shmuel , Margalit Malka
Published: August 2006

This article delineates the interpersonal function of suicidal behavior in children. Children's suicidal attempts have a major impact on their immediate surroundings and can be perceived as a mode of controlling the family or school. In order to highlight this approach, a case of epidemic suicidal attempts in a special education high school is presented. A systemic mode of intervention, consisting of an adolescents' group and a teachers' group within the school system, is described. The importance of implementing systemic modes in preventing suicide is outlined.
Precipitating a crisis: family therapy and adolescent school refusers
Authors: Bryce Graham , Baird David
Published: August 2006

This paper describes the use of family therapy with adolescent school refusers. School refusal is assessed and formulated from a family systems perspective, and therapy proceeds with the crisis precipitated by insisting on the adolescent's early return to school. Some of the common problems encountered in this approach are considered along with its results.
Risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescent exchange students: an exploratory survey
Authors: van den Broucke Stephan , Vandereycken Walter
Published: August 2006

A pragmatic approach to the prevention of eating disorders involves the study of individuals at high risk for the development of these disorders. A clinical survey of 14 adolescent exchange students who were diagnosed as eating disorder patients confirms our hypothesis that several of the predisposing or precipitating factors mentioned in the literature must be present for the disorder to occur. It is concluded that the prevention of eating disorders among the high risk population of exchange students should focus on an early detection of adolescent identity problems, relational difficulties and an accentuated sensitivity to weight issues.
Cognitive behaviour therapy and its application with adolescents
Authors: McAdam Elspeth K.
Published: August 2006

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is traditionally seen as a treatment for emotional disorders in adults. The paper argues that the technique can also be used with emotionally disturbed adolescents and younger children provided there is an awareness of cognitive and moral developmental processes and that these are taken into consideration.

The paper discusses some of the advantages and excitement of using this technique with adolescents.
Cognitive processes and violent behaviour in young people
Authors: May Juliet M.
Published: August 2006

Forty‐three subjects from secondary school took part in a correlation study investigating the nature of cognitive processes involved in the presentation of violent behaviour. Measures of violence were scores on “aggression items” of a self‐report questionnaire. The experimental procedure involved binocular tachistoscopic presentation of neutral and violent slide pairs. Descriptions of the composite stimuli were scored for violent content. The main finding was that subjects who had reported more involvement in violent acts also reported seeing more violence in the stimulus array. This association held irrespective of age, IQ, socio‐economic status and starting mood. It is argued that these findings indicate a perceptual, rather than a response, bias. A role for this bias as a possible maintaining condition in the presentation of aggressive behaviour is presented. The implications of the present findings for interventions with young people are discussed. It is suggested that cognitive techniques may prove more effective than traditional behavioural programmes.
Evaluating ego defense mechanisms using clinical interviews: an empirical study of adolescent diabetic and psychiatric patients
Authors: Jacobson Alan M. , Beardslee William , Hauser Stuart T. , Noam Gil G. , Powers Sally I. , Houlihan John , Rider Elizabeth
Published: August 2006

Ego defense mechanisms were studied in three groups of early adolescents: diabetic patients, non‐psychotic psychiatric patients, and healthy high school students. Defenses were assessed from ratings of open‐ended, in‐depth interviews. High levels of denial and low levels of ascetiscism were found in all three groups. Comparisons between groups indicated that psychiatric patients had a distinctive profile of defense usage, in comparison to adolescents from the other two groups. An independent measure of ego development was positively correlated with the defenses of altruism, intellectualization, and suppression, while it was negatively correlated with acting out, avoidance, denial, displacement, projection, and repression. The findings of substantial differences in defense usage between the psychiatric and non‐psychiatric samples, and the size and directions of the correlations with ego development level, lend support to the validity of the defense codes.
The emergence of work‐centred issues in consultative work: an observation
Authors: Steinberg Derek , Hughes Lynette
Published: August 2006

During two separate series of consultative meetings for professionals engaged in direct work with adolescents, the authors noticed that the issues brought to consultation showed a definite and sustained shift away from matters to do with the workers' clientele, and towards matters concerning their working relationships and work settings. The possible causes and effects of this shift in the focus of work is discussed.
Youthful smoking: patterns and relationships to alcohol and other drug use
Authors: Welte John W. , Barnes Grace M.
Published: August 2006

Smoking patterns were examined in a large sample of New York State junior and senior high school students. Smoking was more prevalent among girls than boys. Whites were smoking more than members of minority groups. Marijuana use was the best single predictor of whether a student smoked or not. Heavy drinking was the best predictor of quantity smoked among smokers.
The determinants and structure of adolescents' beliefs about the economy
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2006

Although it is of both practical and theoretical importance very little work has been done on adolescents' knowledge of, and beliefs about, the economy. Two studies are reported in this paper—the first concerns the determinants of economic values in a population of 16–17 year old British schoolchildren, and the second concerns economic preferences and knowledge in a larger group of slightly older adolescents. By‐and‐large the pattern of results is not dissimilar from other studies done on older children. The results are discussed in terms of the literature on economic socialization.
The effects of a cognitive strategy intervention on the problem‐solving abilities of delinquent youths
Authors: Hains Anthony A. , Hains Ann Higgins
Published: August 2006

Social problem‐solving skills and a self‐evaluation procedure were taught to institutionalized delinquent adolescents as part of a cognitive‐behavioral therapy program. A multiple‐baseline design across subjects and an alternating‐treatments design were used. Five youths participated in the program in which hypothetical social dilemmas were presented in individual sessions. In addition, the effects of intervention on the youths' self‐recorded personal problem‐solving was assessed. Training involved the acquisition of a problem‐solving strategy for the hypothetical dilemmas. Self‐evaluation was later introduced through a checklist procedure. All youths showed improvement during the training of problem‐solving on the hypothetical dilemmas. The self‐evaluation procedure had little effect on performance. Some youths generalized their use of the problem‐solving strategy to the untrained problems during the alternating‐treatments condition. Follow‐up data suggested that maintenance of treatment gains occurred for all youths. The generalization of improved skills to personal problem‐solving also occurred for some youths. General improvements in youths' social behavior outside of therapy sessions were suggested by anecdotal information that showed improved rates of progress through the institution's behavioral level system.
Identification of adolescent abuse and future intervention prospects
Authors: Schellenbach Cynthia J. , Guerney Louise F.
Published: August 2006

Recent research indicates that the incidence rate for adolescent abuse equals or exceeds that of all other age groups. because adolescent abuse is underreported to protective service agencies, it is less likely to be identified and served. Identifying adolescent abuse and understanding the dynamics of family interaction are important problems for researchers and service providers. Analysis of a sample of 62 two‐parent families containing an adolescent highlights factors on the Adolescent Abuse Inventory (Sebes, 1983) and other characteristics of the family system and individuals which discriminated high‐risk from low‐risk family systems. The second part of the paper describes the procedures of an intervention project based on this classification system.
An outcome study of anorexia nervosa in an adolescent unit
Authors: Jenkins M.E.
Published: August 2006

This paper describes a follow‐up study of 21 adolescent girls treated for anorexia nervosa in an adolescent unit operating a strict refeeding programme with hospital stay averaging six months. Outcome at three‐year follow‐up (using Morgan's General Outcome categories) was good for ten girls (48 per cent), intermediate for four (19 per cent) and poor for five (24 per cent). Two girls were unclassified; one was diagnosed as manic depressive psychosis and the other as bulimia nervosa. An interesting finding is the lack of separation from parents at long‐term follow‐up. The relevance of the findings to the particular treatment approach and provision of future services is discussed.
Identity status and personal construct systems
Authors: Berzonsky Michael D. , Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: August 2006

The relationship between identity status and the structural features of an individual's personal construct system or self‐theory was investigated. Personal constructs relevant to 10 contemporaneous roles (myself as a friend, student, son/daughter, and so on) were elicited from 75 late adolescents who also completed an identity‐status measure. Correlational analyses between identity‐status scores and structural features of the self‐system revealed a theoretically interpretable pattern of interrelationships. The implications of these findings for future research is considered.
Adolescent sex‐role orientation and ego identity
Authors: Lamke Leanne K. , Peyton Kitty G.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the relationship between sex‐role development and ego development in a sample of 9th–12th grade Anglo‐American and Mexican‐American students attending high school in a southwestern state. All students were administered: (a) the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (Grotevant and Adams, 1984) as a measure of ego development (i.e., diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement), and (b) the Personal Attributes Questionnaire Short Form (Spence, Helmreich and Stapp, 1975) as a measure of masculinity and femininity. Results indicated no ethnic differences in the relationship between ego identity and masculinity/femininity. Adolescents who were identity achieved on ideological identity formation had significantly higher levels of masculinity than did moratorium, foreclosed, and diffused individuals. For interpersonal identity, identity achieved adolescents had higher levels of both masculinity and femininity than did individuals who were foreclosed, diffused, or in moratorium. Discussion centered on these results in light of the additional finding that there was little shared variance (eta2) between masculinity, femininity and ego identity.
Resisting the stigma of incest: An experiment in personal construct psychotherapy
Authors: Green David
Published: August 2006

This paper describes a psychotherapeutic attempt to help an adolescent girl, incestuously assaulted by her father for over a decade, rebuild a satisfactory sense of self and escape to some degree the debilitating and stigmatizing effects of her experience. The course of events described was primarily determined by the young woman's own sense of what she needed from psychotherapy but was also informed by the theoretical framework of Personal Construct Theory. In terms of methodology the paper is a personal account of a personal experience and draws on a narrative rather than experimental tradition in clinical psychology. The paper ends with an uncertain picture of outcome and prognosis with which most clinicians will be familiar.
African American adolescents: adaptational processes and socioeconomic diversity in behavioural outcomes
Authors: Spencer Margaret Beale , Dobbs Blanch , Phillips Swanson Dena
Published: August 2006

The study was concerned with determining the relationship of economic diversity to stress reactivity. Parental ratings of competence and behavioural problems were obtained for very young adolescents following a long‐term and highly acute stress: the Atlanta youth murders. Intellectual and identity‐formation data obtained both before and after the crisis were analyzed with the parental ratings of youth competence and behavioural problems. Consistent socioeconomic status (SES) links between the manifestation of behavioural problems and the display of competencies were obtained; lower income (LI) youths manifested more problems and fewer competencies. The findings were more pronounced for LI males. Personal identity was a significant predictor of school competence. School self‐esteem was a predictor of academic performance. The manifestation of behavioural problems was significantly predicted by cognitive performance variables. The findings are discussed in terms of variations in adaptational strategies mediated by socioeconomic status and psychological factors.
Cultural factors in working with Southeast Asian refugee adolescents
Authors: Lee Evelyn
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this paper is to present some of the unique socio‐political‐cultural factors that impact upon the psychological development of Southeast Asian refugee adolescents. As a special group of youngsters, they are confronted with the developmental crisis as adolescents, adjustment problems as refugees, and intercultural conflicts caused by the immense value differences between Eastern and Western cultures. In working with this population, clinicians are urged to take into account the special stressors resulting from the refugee and cultural experiences. Three areas of assessment are recommended: (1) assessment of major stresses (migration stress, acculturation stress, life cycle stress, and family stress); (2) assessment of strengths; and (3) assessment of culturally specific responses to mental health problems. Different treatment modalities are also discussed. It is hoped that the practical suggestions presented in this paper can lead to more culturally relevant care for this group of youths.
Risk of postpartum depression in relation to dietary fish and fat intake in Japan: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study
Authors: MIYAKE YOSHIHIRO , SASAKI SATOSHI , YOKOYAMA TETSUJI , TANAKA KEIKO , OHYA YUKIHIRO , FUKUSHIMA WAKABA , SAITO KYOKO , OHFUJI SATOKO , KIYOHARA CHIKAKO , HIROTA YOSHIO ,   the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study Group
Published: August 2006

Background. An ecological analysis found that the docosahexaenoic acid content in mother's milk and seafood intake were inversely correlated with postpartum depression. This prospective study investigated the relationship of consumption of selected high-fat foods and specific types of fatty acids with the risk of postpartum depression.

Method. The subjects were 865 Japanese women. Dietary data were obtained from a self-administered diet history questionnaire during pregnancy. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used for the evaluation of postpartum depression. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, parity, cigarette smoking, family structure, family income, education, changes in diet in the previous month, season when data at baseline were collected, body mass index, time of delivery before the second survey, medical problems in pregnancy, baby's sex and baby's birthweight.

Results. The percentage of women with high depression scores was 14·0%. No evident dose–response associations were observed between intake of fish, meat, eggs, dairy products, total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of postpartum depression. However, there was an inverted J-shaped relationship between intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid and the risk of postpartum depression.

Conclusions. This study failed to substantiate a clear inverse relationship between fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and postpartum depression. Further investigations are needed to determine whether fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption is preventive against postpartum depression.
Bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: cognition and emotion processing
Authors: SUMMERS MARY , PAPADOPOULOU KYRIAKI , BRUNO STEFANIA , CIPOLOTTI LISA , RON MARIA A.
Published: August 2006

Background. Cognitive impairment may be part of the endophenotype of bipolar disorder (BP), but little is known about patterns and severity of impairment in BP subgroups and their relation to depression. The same applies to deficits in emotion processing known to be present in BP.

Method. To explore the relationship between depression and impairment in cognition and emotion processing and the differences between BP subgroups, we assessed 36 (25 BP I and 11 BP II) patients using a cognitive battery and a facial emotion recognition task.

Results. BP patients were impaired compared to published norms on memory, naming and executive measures (Binomial Single Proportion tests, p<0·05). Cognitive performance was largely unrelated to depression ratings. Surprise recognition was the only emotion processing impairment in BP patients compared to controls (patients' recognition score 75% v. controls' 89%, p=0·024). Patients with higher depression ratings were more impaired in recognizing expressions of anger (t23=2·21, p=0·037). BP II patients were more impaired than BP I patients in IQ, memory and executive measures (Mann–Whitney tests, p<0·05). Depression severity or exposure to medication or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) did not explain these differences.

Conclusions. We confirm cognitive impairment and an isolated facial emotion processing deficit in BP patients and suggest that these deficits are largely unrelated to depressive symptoms. Our study also provides evidence that cognitive deficits are more severe and pervasive in BP II patients, suggesting that recurrent depressive episodes, rather than mania, may have a more detrimental and lasting effect on cognition.
In Situ Monitoring of Cell Concentration in a Photobioreactor Using Image Analysis: Comparison of Uniform Light Distribution Model and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Jung Sang‐Kyu , Lee Sun Bok
Published: August 2006

Light intensity is a very important factor that determines the growth of photosynthetic cells. In this study, the light distribution in a photobioreactor was analyzed by processing the images captured with a digital camera. The contour images obtained by filtering the original images clearly showed the effects of the cell concentration and external light intensity on the light distribution. Image‐processing techniques were then applied to predict the cell density in the photobioreactor. To correlate the cell concentration with the light intensity in the photobioreactor, the captured images were processed using two different approaches. The first method involved the use of an average gray value after deriving a simplified model equation that could be related to the cell density. The second method involved the use of local points instead of a representative value. In this case, an artificial neural network model was adopted to infer the cell density from the information of the local points. By using these two methods, it was possible to relate the image data to the cell concentration. Finally, we compared these two methods with regard to their accuracy, easiness, and effectiveness.
Measurements of air‐sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the Southern Ocean: Implications for global parameterizations
Authors: Ho David T. , Law Cliff S. , Smith Murray J. , Schlosser Peter , Harvey Mike , Hill Peter
Published: August 2006

The SOLAS Air‐Sea Gas Exchange (SAGE) Experiment was conducted in the western Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. During SAGE, gas transfer velocities were determined using the 3He/SF6 dual gas tracer technique, and results were obtained at higher wind speeds (16.0 m s−1) than in previous open ocean dual tracer experiments. The results clearly reveal a quadratic relationship between wind speed and gas transfer velocity rather than a recently proposed cubic relationship. A new parameterization between wind speed and gas transfer velocity is proposed, which is consistent with previous 3He/SF6 dual tracer results from the coastal and open ocean obtained at lower wind speeds. This suggests that factors controlling air‐sea gas exchange in this region are similar to those in other parts of the world ocean, and that the parameterization presented here should be applicable to the global ocean.
Predictive blood glucose lowering efficacy by Glucokinase activators in high fat fed female Zucker rats
Authors: Coope G J , Atkinson A M , Allott C , McKerrecher D , Johnstone C , Pike K G , Holme P C , Vertigan H , Gill D , Coghlan M P , Leighton B
Published: August 2006

Background and purpose:

Glucokinase (GK) is the rate‐limiting enzyme of hepatic glucose metabolism and acts as a sensor for glucose‐stimulated insulin release in β‐cells. Here we examine whether the lowering of blood glucose levels in the rat by small molecule glucokinase activators (GKAs) can be predicted from in vitro enzyme potencies and plasma compound exposure.

Experimental approach:

We developed an insulin resistant and hyperinsulinemic animal model, the high fat fed female Zucker (fa/fa) rat (HFFZ), and measured the acute in vivo glucose‐lowering efficacy of a number of GKAs in an oral glucose tolerance test.

Key results:

Four GKAs (at 1 to 30 mg kg−1), with different in vitro enzyme potencies, dose‐dependently improved oral glucose tolerance in HFFZ rats (10–40% decrease glucose area under the curve (AUC) from vehicle control). The extent of glucose lowering, or the pharmacodynamic (PD) effect, of a GKA was directly related to the total compound concentration in the plasma; the pharmacokinetic (PK) measurement. This PK‐PD relationship was extended across a series of GKAs by accounting for differences in protein binding and in the in vitro potency.

Conclusions and implications:

When the unbound GKA compound level is greater than the in vitro enzyme potency there was significant blood glucose lowering in vivo. This latter relationship was upheld in non‐diabetic Wistar rats orally dosed with a GKA. The robust and predictive nature of the PK‐PD relationship for GKAs may prove of value in testing these agents in early human clinical studies.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 328–335. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706848
Thioredoxin reduces post‐ischemic myocardial apoptosis by reducing oxidative/nitrative stress
Authors: Tao L , Gao E , Hu A , Coletti C , Wang Y , Christopher T A , Lopez B L , Koch W , Ma X L
Published: August 2006

Background and purpose:

Thioredoxin (Trx) is an oxidoreductase that prevents free radical‐induced cell death in cultured cells. Here we assessed the mechanism(s) underlying the cardioprotective effects of Trxin vivo.

Experimental approach:

The effects of myocardial ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion were measured in mice, with assays of myocardial apoptosis, superoxide production, NOx and nitrotyrosine content, and myocardial infarct size. Recombinant human Trx (rhTrx, 0.7–20 mg kg‐1, i.p.) was given 10 min before reperfusion.

Key results:

Treatment with 2 mg kg‐1rhTrx significantly decreased myocardial apoptosis and reduced infarct size (P<0.01). Nitrotyrosine content of cardiomyocytes was markedly reduced in rhTrx‐treated animals (P<0.01). To further identify the mechanisms by which rhTrx may exert its anti‐nitrative effect, iNOS expression and production of NOx and superoxide were determined. Treatment with rhTrx had no significant effect on iNOS expression or NOx content in the ischemic/reperfused heart. However, it markedly upregulated mSOD and reduced tissue superoxide content. To further establish a causative link between the anti‐ peroxynitrite effect and the cardioprotective effect of rhTrx, cultured adult cardiomyocytes were incubated with SIN‐1, a peroxynitrite donor, (50 μMfor 3 h) resulting in a nitrotyrosine content comparable to that seen in the ischemic/reperfused heart and causing significant cardiomyocyte apoptosis (P<0.01). Treatment with rhTrx markedly decreased SIN‐1 induced apoptosis (P<0.01).

Conclusions and implications:

These results demonstrate that Trx is a novel anti‐apoptotic and cardioprotective molecule that exerts its cardioprotective effects by reducing ischemia/reperfusion‐induced oxidative/nitrative stress.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 311–318. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706853