bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of antibiotics in meat samples using analytical methodologies: A review
Authors: Moga Ancuta , Vergara‐Barberán María , Lerma‐García María Jesús , Carrasco‐Correa Enrique Javier , Herrero‐Martínez José Manuel , Simó‐Alfonso Ernesto Francisco
Published: February 2021

Antibiotics are widely used to prevent or treat some diseases in human and veterinary medicine and also as animal growth promoters. The presence of these compounds in foods derived from food‐producing animals can be a risk for human health. Consequently, regulatory agencies have set maximum residue limits for antibiotics in food samples. Therefore, the development of novel methodologies for its determination in food samples is required. Specifically, the analysis and quantification of these substances in meat tissues is a challenge for the analytical chemistry research community. This is due to the complexity of the matrix and the low detection limits required by the regulatory agencies. In this sense, a comprehensive review on the development of new sample preparation treatments involving extraction, cleanup, and enrichment steps of antibiotics in meat samples in combination with sensitive and sophisticated determination techniques that have been carry out in the last years is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this work is to summarize the published methodologies for the determination of antibiotics from 2016 until the beginning of the second semester of 2020. The first part of this review includes an introduction about antibiotic families, followed by sample preparation and determination techniques applied to the different families. Finally, a detailed discussion of the current trends and the future possible perspectives in this field are also included.
The Ecological Impact of Place‐Based Economic Policies
Authors: Garg Teevrat , Shenoy Ajay
Published: February 2021

Does economic development have an unavoidable ecological cost? We examine the impacts on forest cover of one of India's signature place‐based economic policies involving massive tax benefits for new industrial and infrastructure development following the creation of the new state of Uttarakhand. Using a spatial difference‐in‐discontinuities design, we show that the policy, which explicitly excluded environmentally damaging industries, resulted in no meaningful change in local forest cover. Our results suggest that even in settings with low levels of enforcement, place‐based economic policies that deliver transformative economic expansion can be implemented with minimal ecological costs.
Effect of growth and parturition on hair cortisol in Holstein cattle
Authors: Hayashi Hideaki , Arai Chigusa , Ikeuchi Yurie , Yamanaka Maho , Hirayama Takuji
Published: February 2021

The effect of growth and parturition on hair cortisol concentrations of cattle was investigated. Plasma, saliva, and hair (black and white from the shoulders and hip) samples were collected from calves at 6 and 24 weeks old and from dairy cattle at the dry (1 and 2 months prepartum) and lactation (10, 50, 150, and 250 days postpartum) periods. Plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations were lower in 24‐week‐old calves than those of 6‐week‐old calves, and hair cortisol concentrations decreased regardless of color and position. In 6‐week‐old calves, hair cortisol concentrations differed between sampling positions, but this difference was not observed in 24‐week‐old calves. Plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations increased before parturition until 10 days postpartum then decreased until 50 days postpartum. The same trend was observed in the cortisol concentrations of white hair. Contrarily, cortisol concentrations in black hair remained unchanged and was lower than that in white hair. Hair cortisol concentration can vary greatly depending on the location on the body, hair color, cattle age, or parturition. When this method is used, all of the above factors must be considered.
Tumour microenvironment‐based molecular profiling reveals ideal candidates for high‐grade serous ovarian cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Lu Xiaofan , Ji Caoyu , Jiang Liyun , Zhu Yue , Zhou Yujie , Meng Jialin , Gao Jun , Lu Tao , Ye Junmei , Yan Fangrong
Published: February 2021

Objective

Due to limited immunological profiles of high‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), we aimed to characterize its molecular features to determine whether a specific subset that can respond to immunotherapy exists.

Materials and Methods

A training cohort of 418 HGSOC samples from TCGA was analysed by consensus non‐negative matrix factorization. We correlated the expression patterns with the presence of immune cell infiltrates, immune regulatory molecules and other genomic or epigenetic features. Two independent cohorts containing 482 HGSOCs and in vitro experiments were used for validation.

Results

We identified immune and non‐immune groups where the former was enriched in signatures that reflect immune cells, infiltration and PD‐1 signalling (all, P < 0.001), and presented with a lower chromosomal aberrations but increased neoantigens, tumour mutation burden, and microsatellite instability (all, P < 0.05); this group was further refined into two microenvironment‐based subtypes characterized by either immunoactivation or carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and distinct prognosis. CAFs‐immune subtype was enriched for factors that mediate immunosuppression and promote tumour progression, including highly expressed stromal signature, TGF‐β signalling, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and tumour‐associated M2‐polarized macrophages (all, P < 0.001). Robustness of these immune‐specific subtypes was verified in validation cohorts, and in vitro experiments indicated that activated‐immune subtype may benefit from anti‐PD1 antibody therapy (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings revealed two immune subtypes with different responses to immunotherapy and indicated that some HGSOCs may be susceptible to immunotherapies or combination therapies.
Transient characteristics of universal cells on human‐induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated cells derived from foetal stem cells with mixed donor sources
Authors: Sung Tzu‐Cheng , Jiang Yi‐Peng , Hsu Jhe‐Yu , Ling Qing‐Dong , Chen Hao , Kumar Suresh S. , Chang Yung , Hsu Shih‐Tien , Ye Qingsong , Higuchi Akon
Published: February 2021

Introduction

It is important to prepare ‘hypoimmunogenic’ or ‘universal’ human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with gene‐editing technology by knocking out or in immune‐related genes, because only a few hypoimmunogenic or universal hPSC lines would be sufficient to store for their off‐the‐shelf use. However, these hypoimmunogenic or universal hPSCs prepared previously were all genetically edited, which makes laborious processes to check and evaluate no abnormal gene editing of hPSCs.

Methods

Universal human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated without gene editing, which were reprogrammed from foetal stem cells (human amniotic fluid stem cells) with mixing 2‐5 allogenic donors but not with single donor. We evaluated human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐expressing class Ia and class II of our hiPSCs and their differentiated cells into embryoid bodies, cardiomyocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. We further evaluated immunogenic response of transient universal hiPSCs with allogenic mononuclear cells from survival rate and cytokine production, which were generated by the cells due to immunogenic reactions.

Results

Our universal hiPSCs during passages 10‐25 did not have immunogenic reaction from allogenic mononuclear cells even after differentiation into cardiomyocytes, embryoid bodies and mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, the cells including the differentiated cells did not express HLA class Ia and class II. Cardiomyocytes differentiated from transient universal hiPSCs at passage 21‐22 survived and continued beating even after treatment with allogenic mononuclear cells.
Visuospatial deficit in neurodevelopmental disorders: what’s in a name?
Authors: Salt Alison
Published: February 2021

This commentary is on the original article by Pisella et al. on pages 457–464 of this issue.
Causal inference in developmental medicine and neurology
Authors: Konigorski Stefan
Published: February 2021

This commentary is on the original article by Burgess et al. on pages 576–583 of this issue.
Oral function and its association with nutrition and quality of life in nursing home residents with and without dementia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: van de Rijt Liza J. M. , Feast Alexandra R. , Vickerstaff Victoria , Sampson Elizabeth L. , Lobbezoo Frank
Published: February 2021

Background

Oral health problems increase with age, and are common in nursing home residents, especially in those with dementia. These problems can lead to tooth loss, diminished oral function and malnutrition.

Objectives

To compare oral function, nutritional status and quality of life (QoL) between residents with and without dementia, and to examine associations between these variables.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study conducted in four UK nursing homes. Residents aged 65 + with and without dementia were included. Information was collected on demographics, dental status, quality of swallowing and chewing, xerostomia and orofacial pain. During oral examination, information was collected on number of teeth and occlusal units (OU), and functional categories (eg, OU combined with dentures). Multiple linear regression was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Of 84 residents with and 27 without dementia participated. Residents with dementia had significantly fewer teeth (Dementia median (IQR) = 14 (6‐21), vs No dementia 22 (12.75‐24.25); P = .021), fewer OU (Dementia median (IQR) = 0 (0‐3), vs No dementia 4 (0‐7); P = .001) and poorer functional categories (Z = −3.283; P = .001), and nutritional status was significantly poorer than those without (Dementia Mean (SD) = 8.3 (2.7), vs No dementia 10.4 (2.0); P = .002). In the regression model, quality of chewing (Coef (95% CI) = −1.27 (−2.22, −0.31); P = .010) was significantly correlated with nutritional status.

Conclusion

Oral function and nutritional status of residents with dementia was poorer than those without. Almost half of all residents had insufficient oral function, which was negatively associated with QoL and nutritional status.
High‐speed rail and city tourism: Evidence from Tencent migration big data on two Chinese golden weeks
Authors: Gao Yanyan , Nan Yongqing , Song Shunfeng
Published: February 2021

This paper estimates the effect of high‐speed rail (HSR) on city tourism. To identify the causal effect, we measure tourism outcomes with population flow data from Tencent migration big data and construct daily panel data of two national holidays from April 2015 to May 2019. Empirical results reveal that HSR connection increases the intercity tourist flows, which holds under a number of robustness checks. Such effect is greater in the Labor Day holiday than in the National Day holiday, and the impact on tourist outflow in the first‐half holiday is greater than that on tourist inflow. We also find that HSR connection increases the intensity that tourists travel by train. Our findings provide solid evidence on the contribution of transportation improvement to city tourism economy.
Current challenges for men and women with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia
Authors: Rajpurkar Madhvi , Forsyth Angela , Manco‐Johnson Marilyn
Published: February 2021

Current treatments in the field of haemophilia are changing the phenotype of many patients with severe haemophilia to that of mild haemophilia. Despite this improvement, those with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia A and haemophilia B continue to experience unmet needs. Whereas some patients with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia experience similar complications to those of patients with severe haemophilia, they possess several unique attributes. These include a challenging diagnosis and variability in bleeding symptoms and treatment needs. In addition, haemophilia is an under‐recognized condition in women even though many women with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia experience the same symptoms and complications as men with haemophilia. These women also have their own unique challenges with this disease. This supplement highlights many of the unmet needs in men and women with mild‐to‐moderate haemophilia. The conclusions of each of these papers reinforce the need for additional research and resources for this patient population.
Core earnings management: How do audit firms interact with classification shifting and accruals management?
Authors: Eilifsen Aasmund , Knivsflå Kjell Henry
Published: February 2021

This study examines the interaction of audit firm characteristics with two core earnings management tools: classification shifting (CS) and core accruals management (CACM). CS occurs when management intentionally misclassifies recurring operational expenses as special items to inflate perceptions of core earnings. A Norwegian sample of companies, with forthcoming equity issues and acquisitions, reveals that CS substitutes for CACM for clients of Big 4 and industry‐specialized audit firms. By contrast, CS complements CACM for clients of non‐Big 4 and non‐specialized audit firms. The level of auditor‐provided non‐audit services during a forthcoming equity issue, a measure of economic bond potential, also interacts with CS and CACM, though this interaction is different for clients of Big 4 and non‐Big 4 audit firms. The overall results suggest that auditor incentives may support tolerating CS, which raises a question about the effectiveness of current accounting and auditing standards.
Blood glucose levels and bodyweight change after dapagliflozin administration
Authors: Kim Hyunah , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Lee Hyunyong , Yim Hyeon Woo , Cho Jae‐Hyoung , Yoon Kun‐Ho , Kim Hun‐Sung
Published: February 2021

Aims/Introduction

Increased blood glucose or increased weight is often observed in patients who are prescribed sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). The aim of this study was to determine in advance which patients, among those prescribed a SGLT2i, would be likely to have improved or worsened blood glucose levels and gain or loss of weight through the use of real‐world data‐based prescriptions.

Materials and Methods

After 3 months of dapagliflozin prescription, patients were divided into four groups: H(+)W(+) for improved glucose and weight loss; H(+)W(−) for improved blood glucose and weight gain; H(−)W(+) for worsened glucose and weight loss; and H(−)W(−) for worsened glucose and weight gain.

Results

The proportion of patients in the H(+)W(+) group was 53.5% (325/608 patients), H(+)W(−) was 19.7% (120/608), H(−)W(+) was 26.8% (114/608) and H(−)W(−) was 8.1% (49/608). The odds of proceeding to H(+)W(−) compared with H(+)W(+), which served as the reference, were 144% in baseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.0–8.0%, 233% in baseline HbA1c 8.0–9.0% and 359% in baseline HbA1c ≥ 9.0% (odds ratio 3.59, P < 0.05) compared with the reference. The odds of proceeding to H(−)W(+) were 29, 13 and 8%, respectively (all P < 0.05), and to H(−)W(−) were 17, 15 and 8%, respectively (all P < 0.05), compared with the reference. The results were expected to vary individually, because changes in blood glucose and bodyweight are more affected by diet and exercise than by drugs.

Conclusions

When first prescribing dapagliflozin, a physician should be aware of the weight gain rather than glucose change if the baseline HbA1c is high, and might concentrate on weight‐related lifestyle training, such as diet and exercise.
Association between plasma irisin in pregnancy and postpartum glucose levels among Chinese women: A cohort study
Authors: Tang Nu , Chen Yajun , Wu Weijia , Pan Wenting , Wang Dongyu , Zhang Jingshu , Tan Kaiyun , Jing Jin , Cai Li
Published: February 2021

Aims/Introduction

The association between plasma irisin and glucose levels in the general population is controversial, and few studies have longitudinally detected this correlation. We aimed to examine whether irisin in pregnancy was associated with postpartum glucose levels among Chinese women and explore the modifiable factors.

Materials and Methods

We carried out a prospective cohort study in Guangzhou, China, during 2017 and 2018, and 453 pregnant women (20–28 weeks) were enrolled. Plasma irisin levels in pregnancy were tested. At 6–8 weeks after delivery, 93 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test, and the other 360 women had a fasting blood glucose (FBG) test. Multivariable linear, quantile and logistic regressions were carried out.

Results

The mean plasma irisin in mid‐pregnancy was 13.73 ng/mL. We observed a significantly negative association between mid‐pregnancy irisin and postpartum FBG (β: −0.056 ± 0.024). However, quantile regression showed the association was only significant in high percentiles of FBG levels (P50 to P95), and the magnitude showed an increasing trend. Higher baseline irisin was also associated with a lower risk of postpartum impaired fasting glucose (relative risk 0.563, 95% confidence interval 0.384–0.825). Furthermore, we found significant interactions between irisin and predominant breast‐feeding on FBG and impaired fasting glucose (both Pinteraction < 0.05). In women with GDM, baseline irisin was non‐significantly associated with postpartum postprandial 2‐h glucose levels (β: −0.305 ± 0.160, P = 0.061).

Conclusions

Plasma irisin levels in mid‐pregnancy were negatively associated with FBG levels and impaired fasting glucose at 6–8 weeks postpartum among Chinese women, and stronger associations were observed in women with higher FBG values. Furthermore, breast‐feeding might modify this relationship.
Predictable immediate implant placement and restoration in the esthetic zone
Authors: Gamborena Iñaki , Sasaki Yoshihiro , Blatz Markus B.
Published: February 2021

This article describes a comprehensive step‐by‐step protocol for immediate implant placement and restoration in the esthetic zone. Clinical Considerations Immediate implant placement into fresh extraction sockets and immediate restoration have become widely accepted, demonstrating long‐term success rates that are comparable with traditional delayed implant protocols. However, they are technique sensitive and require proper treatment planning as well as meticulous execution to be predictable and successful in the long term. This is particularly important in the esthetic zone, where even minor aberrations and mistakes can have devastating consequences, and especially in younger patients, where esthetic and functional outcomes should remain stable for years and possibly decades to come. The eight critical steps for predictable immediate implant placement include: provisional restoration of the failing tooth and presurgical phase, atraumatic tooth extraction, initial implant osteotomy, 3D bone graft packing, guided implant placement with a surgical guide, customized abutment insertion, provisional crown relining, and placement of a connective tissue graft from tuberosity. Immediate implant protocols in the esthetic zone require thorough planning and execution in the proper sequence. Each one of the critical steps discussed in this article has its own importance and challenges, which are critically assessed based on current scientific evidence.
Reply to: Comment on: “Advance” care planning reenvisioned
Authors: Moody Sandra Y.
Published: February 2021

This letter comments on the letter by Andy Bradshaw.
Singularity and consciousness: A neuropsychological contribution
Authors: de Haan Edward H. F. , Scholte Huibert Steven , Pinto Yair , Foschi Nicoletta , Polonara Gabriele , Fabri Mara
Published: February 2021

In common sense experience based on introspection, consciousness is singular. There is only one ‘me’ and that is the one that is conscious. This means that ‘singularity’ is a defining aspect of ‘consciousness’. However, the three main theories of consciousness, Integrated Information, Global Workspace and Recurrent Processing theory, are generally not very clear on this issue. These theories have traditionally relied heavily on neuropsychological observations and have interpreted various disorders, such as anosognosia, neglect and split‐brain as impairments in conscious awareness without any reference to ‘the singularity’. In this review, we will re‐examine the theoretical implications of these impairments in conscious awareness and propose a new way how to conceptualize consciousness of singularity. We will argue that the subjective feeling of singularity can coexist with several disunified conscious experiences. Singularity awareness may only come into existence due to environmentalresponseconstraints. That is, perceptual, language, memory, attentional and motor processes may largely proceed unintegrated in parallel, whereas a sense of unity only arises when organisms need to respond coherently constrained by the affordances of the environment. Next, we examine from this perspective psychiatric disorders and psycho‐active drugs. Finally, we present a first attempt to test this hypothesis with a resting state imaging experiment in a split‐brain patient. The results suggest that there is substantial coherence of activation across the two hemispheres. These data show that a complete lesioning of the corpus callosum does not, in general, alter the resting state networks of the brain. Thus, we propose that we have separate systems in the brain that generate distributed conscious. The sense of singularity, the experience of a ‘Me‐ness’, emerges in the interaction between the world and response‐planning systems, and this leads to coherent activation in the different functional networks across the cortex.
Subject and partner satisfaction with lip and perioral enhancement using flexible hyaluronic acid fillers
Authors: Bertucci Vince , Nikolis Andreas , Solish Nowell , Lane Vanessa , Hicks Jessica
Published: February 2021

Background

The injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers is a popular minimally invasive approach to improve lip volume and contour, and with improved techniques has gained popularity because full lips are often associated with beauty and youth. Patient satisfaction is a key driver for successful aesthetic procedures, influencing individual treatment plans and future recommendations.

Objective

To evaluate subject and partner satisfaction with the hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal filler HARK for lip enhancement at 8 weeks after the last treatment.

Methods & materials

Subjects in this open‐label study all received HARK in the lips, and an additional group also received HARR and/or HARD in nasolabial folds (NLFs) and marionette lines (MLs). Satisfaction was assessed at Weeks 4 and 8 after the last treatment using questionnaires (FACE‐Q™ [subjects] and KISSABILITY [subjects and partners]).

Results

Nineteen subjects received HARK only; 40 also received HARR and/or HARD. Subjects reported a high level of satisfaction with their lips following treatment. Increases from baseline in the mean total satisfaction score were statistically significant at Weeks 4 and 8 (P ≤ .001). Most subjects (≥89%) reported satisfaction on all FACE‐Q questions at Week 8. Both subjects and partners were satisfied with the kissability, appearance, and natural look and feel of the post‐treatment results.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that HARK resulted in lip enhancement with high levels of subject and partner satisfaction, when used alone or in combination with HARR/ HARD in NLFs and MLs.
Atypical vessels in hysteroscopy: Usefulness in prediction of malignant diseases in patients treated with tamoxifen
Authors: Oka Emiko , Sakai Kensuke , Yamagami Wataru , Hirano Takuro , Makabe Takeshi , Yoshihama Tomoko , Chiyoda Tatsuyuki , Kataoka Fumio , Banno Kouji , Aoki Daisuke
Published: February 2021

Aim

Tamoxifen (TAM) is widely used in adjuvant endocrine therapy for invasive breast cancer as a selective estrogen modulator, but this treatment has a risk of developing endometrial malignancy. However, hysteroscopic findings during or after TAM treatment are unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the association between hysteroscopic patterns and malignant histological findings during or after treatment with TAM.

Methods

The subjects were patients who received TAM after surgery for breast cancer and underwent hysteroscopy at our institution from January 2016 to December 2019. Clinicopathological factors and hysteroscopic findings were collected from medical records and investigated retrospectively. Histologically, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, and carcinosarcoma were classified as malignant diseases.

Results

A total of 26 patients were eligible for the study. Hysteroscopic findings included an irregular surface of the endometrium (n = 3, 11.5%), atypical vessels (n = 10, 38.5%), papillary structure (n = 3, 11.5%), and polypoid structure (n = 18, 69.2%). Histological examination revealed malignancy in six patients (23.0%). The percentage of atypical vessels in patients with malignancies was significantly higher than that in patients with a normal endometrium or benign lesion (100% vs. 20%, p = 0.0009). The sensitivity and specificity of atypical vessels in hysteroscopy for diagnosis of malignant diseases were 100% and 80%, respectively.

Conclusions

Hysteroscopic findings of atypical vessels may be useful for prediction of malignant diseases in patients treated with TAM.
Students with Specific Learning Disabilities in Inclusive Settings: A study of Teachers’ Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Yakut Ayse Dilsad
Published: February 2021

Students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) are taught by general education teachers who may not respond positively to the inclusion of these students in their classrooms. Teachers’ self‐efficacy is an important construct which is related to teachers’ teaching and their willingness to include students with disabilities into their classrooms. The purpose of this study is to examine teachers’ self‐efficacy toward teaching students with SLD. In the scope of the study, quantitative data were collected through a scale and an observation form from 200 general education teachers working in public elementary schools in a province of Turkey. Results indicated that the teachers who had students with SLD in their classroom felt more efficacious in teaching students with SLD. In addition, teachers reported that students with SLD had significantly lower problems in motor skills and significantly higher problems in math; attention and memory; and writing skills. Implications are discussed within the Turkish context.
Guidelines as governance: Critical reflections from a documentary analysis of guidelines to support user involvement in research
Authors: Stuhlfauth Susanne , Knutsen Ingrid Ruud , Foss Ingrid Christina
Published: February 2021

Although guidelines to regulate user involvement in research have been advocated and implemented for several years, literature still describes the process as challenging. In this qualitative study, we take a critical view on guidelines that are developed to regulate and govern the collaboration process of user involvement in research. We adapt a social constructivist view of guidelines and our aim is to explore how guidelines construct the perception of users and researchers and thus the process of involvement. Twenty‐two guidelines published between 2006 and 2019 were analyzed iteratively. The analysis focuses on values which are emphasized in the guidelines on the distribution of entities, knowledge, and tasks between users and researchers. The analysis indicates that users and researchers are constructed differently; researchers are mainly constructed as responsible initiators and caretakers, while users are constructed as powerless and vulnerable. The guidelines portray the collaboration process as harmonious and assume a normative perspective. In doing so, challenges described in the literature related to power imbalances are not addressed. Based on these findings, we ask if these guidelines might function to maintain existing power imbalances between users and researchers.
MicroRNA regulation of cholesterol metabolism
Authors: Citrin Kathryn M. , Fernández‐Hernando Carlos , Suárez Yajaira
Published: February 2021

MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Since many microRNAs have multiple mRNA targets, they are uniquely positioned to regulate the expression of several molecules and pathways simultaneously. For example, the multiple stages of cholesterol metabolism are heavily influenced by microRNA activity. Understanding the scope of microRNAs that control this pathway is highly relevant to diseases of perturbed cholesterol metabolism, most notably cardiovascular disease (CVD). Atherosclerosis is a common cause of CVD that involves inflammation and the accumulation of cholesterol‐laden cells in the arterial wall. However, several different cell types participate in atherosclerosis, and perturbations in cholesterol homeostasis may have unique effects on the specialized functions of these various cell types. Therefore, our review discusses the current knowledge of microRNA‐mediated control of cholesterol homeostasis, followed by speculation as to how these microRNA–mRNA target interactions might have distinctive effects on different cell types that participate in atherosclerosis.
Sporopollenin chemistry and its durability in the geological record: an integration of extant and fossil chemical data across the seed plants
Authors: Jardine Phillip E. , Hoorn Carina , Beer Maxine A.M. , Barbolini Natasha , Woutersen Amber , Bogota‐Angel Giovanni , Gosling William D. , Fraser Wesley T. , Lomax Barry H. , Huang Huasheng , Sciumbata Matteo , He Huajie , Dupont‐Nivet Guillaume
Published: February 2021

Sporopollenin is a highly resistant biopolymer that forms the outer wall of pollen and spores (sporomorphs). Recent research into sporopollenin chemistry has opened up a range of new avenues for palynological research, including chemotaxonomic classification of morphologically cryptic taxa. However, there have been limited attempts to directly integrate extant and fossil sporopollenin chemical data. Of particular importance is the impact of sample processing to isolate sporopollenin from fresh sporomorphs, and the extent of chemical changes that occur once sporomorphs enter the geological record. Here, we explore these issues using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy data from extant and fossil grass, Nitraria (a steppe plant), and conifer pollen. We show a 98% classification success rate at subfamily level with extant grass pollen, demonstrating a strong taxonomic signature in isolated sporopollenin. However, we also reveal substantial chemical differences between extant and fossil sporopollenin, which can be tied to both early diagenetic changes acting on the sporomorphs and chemical derivates of sample processing. Our results demonstrate that directly integrating extant and late Quaternary chemical data should be tractable as long as comparable sample processing routines are maintained. Consistent differences between extant and deeper time sporomorphs, however, suggests that classifying fossil specimens using extant training sets will be challenging. Further work is therefore required to understand and simulate the effects of diagenetic processes on sporopollenin chemistry.
Examining racial and socioeconomic disparity in the pediatric heart transplant evaluation
Authors: Carlo Waldemar F. , Floyd Samantha , Pearce Frank B. , Collins Jacqueline L. , Hubbard Meloneysa , Dabal Robert J. , Buckman Joseph R. , Padilla Luz A. , Kirklin James K.
Published: February 2021

Racial disparities have been reported among pediatric patients waitlisted for and undergoing heart transplantation but have not been studied further upstream in the transplant candidate evaluation process. We retrospectively studied our single‐center experience in order to investigate any potential biases in the evaluation process. Results of the heart transplant evaluation in children ≤18 years old at our institution were analyzed. Primary outcome was final disposition to waitlist or not. Race was defined by family self‐identification. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed. From 2013 to 2019, 133 unique patients were referred for listing consideration. While Black patients comprised 44% of the referral population and had more markers of socioeconomic disadvantage, they comprised 43% of the patients who were listed for transplantation with no significant difference between these proportions (p = .96). Black and White patients made up a similar proportion of patients deemed too well or too ill for listing. Black patients had lower annual household income estimates and rates of household marriage. Despite identifying significant social challenges in 27 patients (18 of them Black), only five patients (3 Black and 2 White) were turned down for listing due to social barriers. While limited by the small number of patients turned down for social barriers, our transplant evaluation process does not appear to result in racial disparities in access to listing. Further studies are needed using national cohorts to explore possible racial disparities upstream from waitlisting and transplantation, such as during the referral and evaluation.
Adapting a community health nursing course to an online format
Authors: Pullis Bridgette Crotwell , Hekel Barbara Emily
Published: February 2021

As COVID‐19 spread through the United States in March 2020, universities were forced to move to online learning to minimize COVID‐19 transmission. Students in nursing programs represent several generational cohorts with varying learning styles and comfort with technology. This move to an online format required faculty and students to use digital tools from video conferencing, remote testing, online classes, and an unfolding case study. Community Health Nursing is an important capstone course in the Baccalaureate of Science in Nursing curriculum. Community health nursing focuses on the care of populations. Communication skills, analysis of data from various sources, collaboration with peers, and planning and evaluation of interventions are essential competencies of community health nursing. This article describes strategies to teach the core competencies online and how two group activities were formatted for online delivery: development of a public service announcement and a debate. The faculty employed an approach to online teaching that preserved the activities and fostered student engagement through the use of various online strategies.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND THE RISE OF BIBLICAL CRITICISM
Authors: Ungureanu James C.
Published: February 2021

This is an introduction to the Symposium on “Science, Religion, and the Rise of Biblical Criticism,” which has been designed as a thematic section for Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science. The Symposium demonstrates the importance of and need for greater interdisciplinary collaboration between philosophers, theologians, scholars of religion, and historians in tracing the origins and development of the “conflict thesis” between science and religion. Often neglected is the role biblical criticism played in guiding and constructing narratives of conflict. This series of articles thus attempts to redress this gap in the scholarship by explicitly focusing on the advent of historical‐critical scholarship of the Bible and how it changed perceptions about “science” and “religion.”
FROM DIVINE ORACLES TO THE HIGHER CRITICISM: ANDREW D. WHITE AND THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY IN CHRISTENDOM
Authors: Ungureanu James C.
Published: February 2021

Historians of science and religion have given little attention to how historical‐critical scholarship influenced perceptions of the relationship between science and religion in the nineteenth century. However, the so‐called “cofounders” of the “conflict thesis,” the idea that science and religion are fundamentally and irrevocable at odds, were greatly affected by this literature. Indeed, in his two‐volume magnum opus,A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom(1896), Andrew D. White, in his longest and final chapter of his masterpiece, traced the development of the “scientific interpretation” of the Bible. In this article, I argue that developments in biblical criticism had a direct impact on how White constructed his historical understanding of the relationship between science and religion. By examining more carefully how biblical criticism played a significant role in the thought of White and other alleged cofounders of the conflict thesis, this article hopes to relocate the origins, development, and meaning of the science–religion debate at the end of the nineteenth century.
THE NATURALIZATION OF SCRIPTURAL REASON IN SEVENTEENTH‐CENTURY EPISTEMOLOGY
Authors: Thompson Jon W.
Published: February 2021

Several scholars have claimed that the decline of revealed or Scriptural mysteries in the early Enlightenment was a consequence of the trajectories of Reformed theology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Reformed theology's fideistic stance, it is claimed, undermined earlier frameworks for relating reason to revealed mysteries; consequently, rationalism emerged as an alternative to such fideism in figures like the Cambridge Platonists. This article argues that Reformed theologians of the seventeenth century were not fideists but re‐affirmed Medieval claims about the eschatological concord of reason and revealed mysteries. Furthermore, the article suggests that early Enlightenment attitudes to religious mysteries owe more to innovations in Socinianism and Cambridge Platonism than to mainstream Reformed theology.
Integrating a morphological description with DNA barcode data of a new species of the genus Pimeliaphilus (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae) with the analysis of its host specificity and a key to the genus

Authors: Fajfer Monika , Karanth Praveen
Published: February 2021

Pimeliaphilus hemidactyli sp. nov., a new species of the mite genus Pimeliaphilus Trägårdh (Acariformes: Pterygosomatidae), is described from four host species of Hemidactylus: H. murrayi Gleadow (type host), H. frenatus Duméril & Bibron, H. parvimaculatus Deraniyagala and H. leschenaultii Duméril & Bibron (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from India. P. hemidactyli sp. nov. is the most similar to P. sharifi Abdussalam, 1941 and P. insignis (Berlese, 1892); this species can be distinguished from P. sharifi by the presence of 11 dorsal setae on the idiosoma, the absence of leg setae v”GII, v”TrIII and the presence of v’TrIV, and from P. sharifi by the presence of 11 dorsal setae on idiosoma, 1 pair of genital setae and the absence of coxal setae 4c. The standard morphological description of the new species is supplemented with sequencing data for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear ribosomal genes: 18S rDNA and hypervariable region D2 of nuclear 28S rRNA. The present study also addresses specialisation amongst Pimeliaphilus hemidactyli sp. nov. using two measures of host specificity: (1) the number of host species used by the mites species at the study area; and (2) a measure that considers the taxonomic distinctness of the hosts used by the mite, weighted for its prevalence in the different hosts. The results of this study indicate that this species is highly host specific (a stenoxenous species) and that, in the presence of coexisting gecko species, it prefers Murray’s House gecko (H. murrayi) as a host (prevalence of 41%). A historical review of the genus is presented and a key to the genus is constructed.
Does a Loaded Warm-Up Influence Jump Asymmetry and Badminton-Specific Change of Direction Performance?
Authors: Yeung Wing-Chun V. , Bishop Chris , Turner Anthony N. , Maloney Sean J.
Published: February 2021

Purpose: Previously, it has been shown that loaded warm-up (LWU) can improve change-of-direction speed (CODS) in professional badminton players. However, the effect of asymmetry on CODS in badminton players and the influence of LWU on asymmetry has not been examined. Methods: A total of 21 amateur badminton players (age 29.5 [8.4] y, playing experience 8.4 [4.2] y) completed 2 trials. In the first, they performed a control warm-up. In the second, they performed the same warm-up but with 3 exercises loaded with a weight vest (LWU). Following both warm-ups, players completed single-leg countermovement jump and badminton-specific CODS tests. Results: No significant differences between control warm-up and LWU were observed for CODS, single-leg countermovement jump, or single-leg countermovement jump asymmetry. However, small effect sizes suggested faster CODS (mean difference: −5%; d = −0.32) and lower asymmetries (mean difference: −3%; d = −0.39) following LWU. Five players (24%) experienced CODS improvements greater than the minimum detectable change while 2 (10%) responded negatively. Asymmetry was not correlated with CODS following control warm-up (ρ = .079; P = .733) but was negatively associated with CODS after LWU (ρ = −.491; P = .035). Conclusion: LWU may prove a strategy to trial on an individual basis, but generic recommendations should not be applied.
The GoPA! Second Set of Country Cards Informing Decision Making for a Silent Pandemic
Authors: Ramírez Varela Andrea , Pratt Michael
Published: February 2021

In 2012, the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) was established to provide information that would enable countries to initiate or improve research capacity, surveillance systems, program development, and policymaking to increase physical activity levels. Findings from the first GoPA! Country Cards showed an unequal distribution of physical activity surveillance, research productivity, and policy development and implementation around the world. Regular global monitoring of these factors, especially in countries with the largest data gaps, was recommended to combat the global pandemic of physical inactivity. After 6 years and using standardized methods, GoPA! is launching the second set of Country Cards based on data up to 2019 from 217 countries. Overall results showed that periodic national surveillance of physical activity was less common in low-income countries, compared with middle- and high-income countries. Large inequities were seen with more than a 50-fold difference in publications between high- and low-income countries and 32% of the countries worldwide had no physical activity policy. GoPA! has a critical role in facilitating evidence-based physical activity promotion building on international guidelines and the World Health Organization Global Action Plan. GoPA! will continue to monitor progress as we battle the global pandemic of physical inactivity.
Comparative Efficacy of the Novel Diarylquinoline TBAJ-587 and Bedaquiline against a Resistant
Rv0678
Mutant in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis
Authors: Xu Jian , Converse Paul J. , Upton Anna M. , Mdluli Khisimuzi , Fotouhi Nader , Nuermberger Eric L.
Published: February 2021

Since its conditional approval in 2012, bedaquiline (BDQ) has been a valuable tool for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. More recently, a novel short-course regimen combining BDQ with pretomanid and linezolid won approval to treat highly drug-resistant tuberculosis.
A Trap-Door Mechanism for Zinc Acquisition by
Streptococcus pneumoniae
AdcA
Authors: Luo Zhenyao , Morey Jacqueline R. , Deplazes Evelyne , Motygullina Alina , Tan Aimee , Ganio Katherine , Neville Stephanie L. , Eleftheriadis Nikolaos , Isselstein Michael , Pederick Victoria G. , Paton James C. , Cordes Thorben , Harmer Jeffrey R. , Kobe Bostjan , McDevitt Christopher A.
Published: February 2021

Zinc is an essential nutrient for the virulence of bacterial pathogens such as
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Many Gram-positive bacteria use a two-domain lipoprotein for zinc acquisition, but how this class of metal-recruiting proteins acquire zinc and interact with the uptake machinery has remained poorly defined.
Metagenomic Quantification of Genes with Internal Standards
Authors: Crossette Emily , Gumm Jordan , Langenfeld Kathryn , Raskin Lutgarde , Duhaime Melissa , Wigginton Krista
Published: February 2021

qPCR and metagenomics are central molecular techniques that have offered insights into biological processes for decades, from monitoring spatial and temporal gene dynamics to tracking ARGs or pathogens. Still needed is a tool that can quantify thousands of relevant genes in a sample as gene copies per sample mass or volume.
Genetic Evidence for SecY Translocon-Mediated Import of Two Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition (CDI) Toxins
Authors: Jones Allison M. , Virtanen Petra , Hammarlöf Disa , Allen William J. , Collinson Ian , Hayes Christopher S. , Low David A. , Koskiniemi Sanna
Published: February 2021

Many bacterial species interact via direct cell-to-cell contact using CDI systems, which provide a mechanism to inject toxins that inhibit bacterial growth into one another. Here, we find that two CDI toxins, one that depolarizes membranes and another that degrades RNA, exploit the universally conserved SecY translocon machinery used to export proteins for target cell entry.
Essential Amino Acid Enrichment and Positive Selection Highlight Endosymbiont's Role in a Global Virus-Vectoring Pest
Authors: Myers Kaitlyn N. , Conn Daniel , Brown Amanda M. V.
Published: February 2021

Xiphinematobacter
spp. are distinctly evolved intracellular symbionts in the phylum
Verrucomicrobia
, which includes the important human gut-associated microbe
Akkermansia muciniphila
and many highly abundant free-living soil microbes. Like
Akkermansia
sp.,
Xiphinematobacter
sp. is obligately associated with the gut of its hosts, which in this case consists of a group of plant-parasitic nematodes that are among the top 10 most destructive species to global agriculture, by vectoring plant viruses.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced takotsubo syndrome and diabetic ketoacidosis: rare reactions
Authors: Oldfield Kieran , Jayasinghe Rohan , Niranjan Selvanayagam , Chadha Sameer
Published: February 2021

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used to treat certain malignancies due to their higher efficacy compared with conventional chemotherapy. As familiarity with these agents increases, it is becoming apparent that a significant number of patients treated with ICIs experience adverse events. With time, more immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) are being recognised. It is important to be vigilant for IRAEs and recognise that a patient may have multiple IRAEs affecting multiple organ systems. Common cardiovascular adverse events associated with ICIs include myocarditis, arrhythmias and pericarditis. This case report identifies a patient presenting with takotsubo syndrome followed by ketoacidosis (associated with sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor) in the setting of combination ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy for metastatic melanoma.
Unilateral periorbital swelling in children: avoid delays in diagnosis
Authors: Gupta Saroj , Soni Deepak
Published: February 2021

A 10-year-old child had painful periorbital swelling in the left eye. It was diagnosed as preseptal cellulitis and treated with oral antibiotics. Three days later, the ocular condition worsened so the child was referred for further management. On examination, the child had a temperature of 102 °F. Ocular examination revealed proptosis, restricted ocular movements and a relative afferent pupillary defect in the left eye. Ocular examination of the right eye was normal. There was a history of recurrent episodes of cold in the past. CT scan orbit and sinuses revealed signs of orbital cellulitis with sinusitis on the left side. The child was treated with parenteral antibiotics and endoscopic sinus surgery. A child presenting with unilateral periorbital swelling needs to be thoroughly evaluated. It is important to differentiate orbital cellulitis from preseptal cellulitis. Orbital cellulitis is an emergency and delay in diagnosis can lead to vision and life-threatening intracranial complications.