bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governance for sustainable development: a framework
Authors: van Zeijl‐Rozema Annemarie , Cörvers Ron , Kemp René , Martens Pim
Published: October 2008

This paper explores how two complex concepts, governance and sustainable development, can be linked in order to obtain a better understanding of their interactions. We argue that the many perspectives on sustainable development can be mapped on the continuum between ecological sustainability and quality of life. Likewise, the variety of modes of governance can be captured between hierarchical governance and deliberative governance, depending on the degree of involvement of societal actors. From these two typologies we derive a framework for analysis of governance for sustainable development. We realize that the typology is a significant simplification of the complex debates about sustainable development and governance, but it might help scientists and policy makers to explore relevant dimensions of modes of governance for sustainable development and for setting a framework for empirical analysis. The main conclusion of this paper is that the debate on governance for sustainable development will be clarified if the perspective on sustainable development and the mode of governance for achieving it are made more explicit.

Problems that are now exclusively associated with sustainable development might well be problems of governance for sustainable development. Without making explicit what type of governance for sustainable development is pursued, miscommunication between stakeholders and mismatches of the approach with the instruments used could be the result, thus hampering progress in implementing sustainable development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sustainability in the Turkish retailing industry
Authors: Erol Ismail , Cakar Nigar , Erel Derya , Sari Ramazan
Published: October 2008

Retailing is a diverse and dynamic industry offering a wide range of goods and services to consumers.There is also an increasing recognition that this corporate retail power is the driving force for the whole of the supply chain. Due to these facts, it is argued that retailing companies have a huge potential to impact on sustainability performance of national economies. In order to materialize this potential, performance in sustainability should be assessed, and evaluating sustainability performance of an industry requires developing a system of performance evaluation framework. In the context of sustainable development, selecting proper sustainability indicators are one of the most crucial steps to fulfill performance evaluations. Since there has been no attempt to develop proper sustainability indicators in retailing industry, this paper aims to select appropriate indicators for future evaluation of industrial sustainability performance for grocery retailing in terms of three sustainability aspects: social, environmental and economic. To this end, (1) a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature was done, (2) and Analytic Hierarchy Process/Weighted Additive model‐based table was developed to rank the indicators for each aspect, (3) the input for the tables was obtained from rapidly growing grocery retailing industry in Turkey by conducting surveys, and (4) using the average values of the tables, sustainability indicators for each aspect were ranked and the most appropriate ones were selected. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Commons and commoners: re‐examining community in common pool resources
Authors: Husain Zakir
Published: October 2008

Traditional literature on common pool resources has shown that community management can produce sustainable outcomes, while simultaneously distributing benefits equitably within the resource community. However, its idealization of the resource community as a homogeneous and harmonious community has resulted in a failure to consider issues relating to the formation of resource communities, identity of the excluded sections and distribution of benefits within the geographical community. The paper argues that a study of individuals as members of coalitions will help to overcome this limitation. While there are a large number of possible coalitions that can be formed on the basis of alternative socio‐economic and cultural criteria, the resource community will ultimately be formed through the formation of a coalition that is stable against defection by any member. This coalition (corresponding to the core) maximizes net per capita benefits to its members.

The arguments are supported by a field study of a water body in Bankura, India. Survey results show how the formation of caste‐based coalitions within a pluralistic community had led to the exclusion of some villagers from resource benefits. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A mathematical model for lateral rotor dynamic analysis of soft mounted asynchronous machines
Authors: Werner U.
Published: October 2008

This paper shows a mathematical model for lateral rotor dynamic analysis of soft mounted asynchronous machines with sleeve bearings, due to harmonic and transient excitation. The simplified analytical model combines the electromagnetic, the rotor dynamic, and the specific characteristic of sleeve bearings, considering foundation stiffness and damping. Based on the shown mathematical description, it is possible to calculate the complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors, which describe the natural vibrations, the limit of stability, the relative shaft displacements, the bearing house vibrations and the dynamic foundation forces, due to rotor excitations and air gap torque excitations. Based on the simplified plane analytical model a three‐dimensional finite element model is also derived. The aim of this paper is not to replace a finite element calculation, but to show the mathematical coherences between rotor dynamic, electromagnetic and sleeve bearing characteristic for soft mounted asynchronous machines, considering foundation stiffness and damping, based on a simplified mathematical model.
Whole‐canopy nitrogen‐use efficiency of pioneer species in early secondary forest succession in Vietnam
Authors: van Kuijk Marijke , Anten Niels P. R.
Published: October 2008

The size hierarchy among plants during forest succession can be influenced by differences in nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE). During succession, soil nitrogen availability decreases, which increases the importance for species to use nitrogen efficiently. We compare whole‐canopy‐NUE and its underlying traits among pioneer species in a tropical forest over the first years of succession. At the leaf level, potential photosynthetic NUE (PPNUE: light‐saturated photosynthetic rate/leaf N content) was partly positively correlated with species growth rate but not to species height. Canopy‐NUE differed two‐fold among species. The species with the highest PPNUE and growth rate but with a small stature had a high canopy‐NUE and the tallest species had a low canopy‐NUE. Differences in canopy‐NUE appeared to be largely determined by leaf life span (LLS) and nitrogen resorption. A high LLS or a high resorption resulted in a high mean residence time of nitrogen and thus a high canopy‐NUE. Canopy‐NUE of a species was different between successional stands that differed in age and thus in height, leaf‐area index, and resource availability. Thus, an increase in competitive pressure with succession did cause some changes in the use of nitrogen, except for one species. Species that are generally considered part of the same functional group (pioneer trees) can differ considerably in NUE and its underlying traits.
Formation of Insolubles in Palm Oil‐, Yellow Grease‐, and Soybean Oil‐Based Biodiesel Blends After Cold Soaking at 4 °C
Authors: Tang Haiying , De Guzman Rhet C. , Salley Steven O. , Ng K. Y. Simon
Published: October 2008

The insolubles formed in biodiesel blends can cause operation problems because they can plug the fuel lines and filters. The formation of insolubles in soybean oil (SBO‐), yellow grease (YG‐), and palm oil (PO‐) based biodiesel blends after cold soaking at 4 °C was investigated. PO‐based biodiesel blends displayed a much higher time to filter (TTF) and greater insoluble mass, compared to SBO‐, and YG‐based biodiesel blends. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) chromatograms indicated that PO‐based biodiesel insolubles can be attributed to monoglycerides, while SBO‐based biodiesel insolubles are due to steryl glucosides (SG). A simple analytical method for identification of SG in biodiesel samples was established by GC‐FID.
Clustering of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in a Finnish Twin Cohort
Authors: Markkula Ritva , Järvinen Pentti , Leino‐Arjas Päivi , Koskenvuo Markku , Kalso Eija , Kaprio Jaakko
Published: October 2008

The objective was to assess the prevalence and heritability of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in a population‐based working‐age twin sample. The study was based on the 12,502 like‐sexed twins of the Finnish Twin Cohort and 49 diagnosed fibromyalgia patients who answered the same questionnaire in 1990–1992. Questions that were considered to best match symptoms of fibromyalgia were validated between the twins and the fibromyalgia patients. Latent class analysis was used to classify the subjects into more homogeneous groups with respect to the symptom items. The pairwise distribution of symptom classes in relation to zygosity and gender was modelled using quantitative genetic models to estimate heritability.

Responses to all fibromyalgia‐related items were obtained from 10,608 twins. A similar proportion of men (12%) and women (13%) was placed in the third latent class, which best represented possible fibromyalgia patients. Subjects in this class had a similar symptom profile as the diagnosed fibromyalgia patient group, but they were less severely affected. The two other latent classes represented subjects that were virtually symptom free and subjects with some symptoms. The heritability of liability to symptom class membership was estimated to be 51% (95% CI 45–56%).

The prevalence of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in our population‐based sample unselected for disease status was comparable to the prevalence of widespread pain reported in population based studies. The symptoms known to be associated with fibromyalgia seem to have a strong genetic background.
Subunit stoichiometry of the Drosophila melanogaster small nuclear RNA activating protein complex (SNAPc)
Authors: Lai Hsien-Tsung , Kang Yoon Soon , Stumph William E.
Published: October 2008

MINT‐6788068:

DmSNAP43 (uniprotkb:Q9VF25), DmSNAP50 (uniprotkb:Q7JUY8) and DmSNAP190 (uniprotkb:Q9VHX0) physically interact (MI:0218) by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (MI:0413)

MINT‐6788151:

DmSNAP190 (uniprotkb:Q9VHX0), DmSNAP50 (uniprotkb:Q7JUY8) and DmSNAP43 (uniprotkb:Q9VF25) physically interact (MI:0218) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)
A note on the history of adjectival verbs in Newar
Authors: Genetti Carol
Published: October 2008

Most of the adjectival verbs in the Kathmandu and Dolakha dialects of Newar exhibit idiosyncratic phonotactic shapes, including rare disyllabic stems and heavy and nasalized rhymes. The same set of adjectival verbs exhibits irregular inflectional patterns in the derivation of lexical adjectives in Kathmandu Newar. Comparison of the modern forms of both varieties and Classical Newar suggests that we reconstruct a class of monosyllabic adjectives for Proto-Newar. In Classical and Kathmandu Newar, these adjectives received an /u/ augment; verbs were created with the infinitive -ye and the attendant Class III verb paradigm. By contrast, in Dolakha Newar the forms underwent a derivational process, probably originally compounding, with the verb yer- “come”. This process resulted in disyllabic stems which now follow regular inflectional patterns, except under negation. The incorporation of the old adjectives into the modern verbal systems thus represents a separate wave in the development of modern verbs in Newar.
Focus on the prefix: evidence for word-internal prosodic words
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: October 2008

This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between focus and the prosodic word (ω) in English. Using focus as a diagnostic, I will support the position that prosodic structure is built on a separate plane from morphological structure and that certain phonological processes are conditioned by prosodic bracketing (Booij & Rubach 1984, 1987; Nespor & Vogel 1986; Halle & Vergnaud 1987; Cohn 1989; Zec & Inkelas 1990; Kang 1992; Booij & Lieber 1993; Raffelsiefen 1993). More specifically, the proposal is that semantic analysability, focus andωstatus coincide in a predictable manner on prefixes.
Postlexical rules and the status of privative features
Authors: Lombardi Linda
Published: October 2008

Recent work in distinctive features and feature geometry has presented strong evidence that certain features are privative: they have no negative values, so a sound is either marked [F] or else it is not. Evidence comes from possible types of sounds (for example, multiply articulated segments, in Sagey 1986) and from the fact that the negative values of these features are not referred to in phonological rules. Currently there is a nearly universal consensus that Place features are privative, and converging evidence from several authors (Mester & Itô 1989; Cho 1990; Lombardi 1991, 1995a) that [voice] is privative also.
Tonal transfer in Chichewa
Authors: Myers Scott , Carleton Troi
Published: October 2008

What happens to tone when a form is reduplicated in a tone language? In Marantz's (1982) model of reduplication, it is only segmental melody that is copied from the base. This approach predicts that no tones of the base will appear on the reduplicant. In other models, the whole base is copied, including prosody (Steriade 1988; McCarthy & Prince 1988, forthcoming). This approach predicts that the tone of the base will always appear on the reduplicant, i.e. there will be ‘transfer’ of the tone (Clements 1985).
Variable laryngeals and vowel lowering
Authors: Rose Sharon
Published: October 2008

The group of guttural consonants consists of those consonants articulated at the back of the vocal tract or with some constriction of the pharynx: uvulars, pharyngeals, laryngeals and emphatics, or pharyngealised/uvularised consonants. These consonants pattern together in terms of several phonological properties, as extensively documented by McCarthy (1989, 1991, 1994). He argues that this natural class can be captured in a model of feature geometry by a node dependent on the Place node: the Pharyngeal node. However, the status of the laryngeal consonants within this class of segments is unresolved. While it is clear that the laryngeals [? h] pattern with the other guttural consonants in Semitic languages, these sounds have also been argued to lack Place specification altogether (Steriade 1987; Bessell 1992). McCarthy (1991, 1994) suggests that languages may in fact stipulate whether laryngeal consonants are specified with a Pharyngeal node, or are Placeless. Bessell & Czaykowska-Higgins (1992) and Bessell (1992), based on data from Interior Salish languages, argue that this selection is independent of the inventory of guttural segments within a language.
Morphological and prosodic domains in Lexical Phonology
Authors: Booij Geert , Rubach Jerzy
Published: October 2008

The theory of Lexical Phonology proposed in Kiparsky (1982a) is a major step forward in generative phonology with respect to the problem of the interaction of phonology and morphology. Its basic claim is that morphological rules and word level phonological rules are interspersed. A rule of word phonology (i.e. a lexical phonological rule, which exclusively applies within words) may apply as soon as the required environment for its application has been created by some morphological rule. That is: ‘morphology and phonology go hand in hand’.
Some consequences of Lexical Phonology
Authors: Kiparsky Paul
Published: October 2008

Phonological theory in recent years can be said to have undergone a ‘modularisation’ in several respects. The formal theory is no longer expected to explain everything about phonology by itself: generalisations about phonological change which previously were used to motivate constraints on abstractness or opacity have turned out to make more sense as effects of real-time language acquisition and use. Secondly, phonological representations have become multi-tiered arrays, and much that seemed problematic about the application of rules has resolved itself in terms of properties of these arrays. Lastly, phonology itself is seen as applying both within the lexicon to the output of each morphological process, and to the output of the syntsactic component. The lexicon, moreover, may itself be organised into a hierarchy of levels, each constituting a quasi-autonomous morphological and phonological domain. In this paper I propose to investigate some consequences of this third kind of modularisation, the approach which has come to be known as LEXICAL PHONOLOGY.
Modularisation and substantive constraints in Dakota Lexical Phonology
Authors: Shaw Patricia A.
Published: October 2008

One of the most fundamental recurrent issues characterising the development of linguistic theory has been the relative degree and nature of ‘modularisation’ of the various components of the grammar. Two significant developments in recent phonological theory reflect this.
On the phoneme as the unit of the ‘second articulation’
Authors: Ohala John J. , Derwing Bruce L. , Nearey Terrance M. , Dow Maureen L.
Published: October 2008

This paper reviews the recent experimental evidence bearing on the issue of the psychological reality of the phoneme, particularly its general CLASS character, the relative NON-DISCRIMINABILITY of its positional variants (allophones), and its status as a discrete SEGMENT. Evidence bearing on a few selected problems of English phonemics is also discussed. All of the experiments cited, however, seem to have been to some extent contaminated by orthographic effects; moreover, a host of other studies go so far as to suggest that knowledge of spelling may not only impinge critically on phonological judgements, but that the very ability to segment speech may be a by-product of learning an alphabetic orthography. But as the experiments to date have been largely restricted to overt judgements about a rather limited range of words, the possibility still remains open that a phonemic segmentation of speech may well occur at an unconscious, perceptual level even in the pre-literate period.
Reduplication in Ewe:morphological accommodation to phonological errors
Authors: Ohala John J. , Stemberger Joseph Paul , Lewis Marshall
Published: October 2008

Speech errors have often been used to support the psychological reality of phonologically dependent allomorphy in inflectional rules. The phenomenon of morphological accommodation to phonological errors is the most compelling evidence of this sort. We investigate reduplication in Ewe, experimentally inducing phonological errors to see whether reduplicated forms show accommodation. This was the case. Implications for reduplication in Ewe and for models of language production are discussed.
Phonological structure in speech recognition
Authors: Ohala John J. , Cutler Anne
Published: October 2008

Two bodies of recent research from experimental psycholinguistics are summarised, each of which is centred upon a concept from phonology: LEXICAL STRESS and the SYLLABLE. The evidence indicates that neither construct plays a role in prelexical representations during speech recognition. Both constructs, however, are well supported by other performance evidence. Testing phonological claims against performance evidence from psycholinguistics can be difficult, since the results of studies designed to test processing models are often of limited relevance to phonological theory.
Cross-linguistic trends in the frequency of CV sequences
Authors: Ohala John J. , Janson Tore
Published: October 2008

The problem discussed is which CV sequences are generally favoured or disfavoured in the languages of the world, and the reasons for the trends. An investigation of relative frequencies of CV combinations in five languages is presented. The main result is that the favoured sequences are those in which there is no great movement of the articulatory organs from the consonant to the vowel. Examples are combinations of a dental consonant and a front vowel, and a velar consonant and a back vowel.
The syntax of Xiamen tone sandhi
Authors: Zwicky Arnold M. , Kaisse Ellen M. , Chen Matthew Y.
Published: October 2008

This collection of thematically related papers in the current issue of thePhonology Yearbook, coming in the wake of recent major works like Selkirk (1984a) and Kaisse (1985), betokens a growing interest in the interfacing problem of syntax and phonology. So far, the most intensively investigated problems such as English contraction and auxiliary reduction fall in the intermediate area of morphosyntax, in the sense that they typically involve the adjunction of clitic-like elements to a neighbouring constituent with certain phonological consequences. The truly phrasal level of postlexical phonology is rather more sparsely populated by well-documented case studies. Chapter 7 of Kaisse (1985) reviews some of the better-known cases, including French liaison, Ewe tone sandhi, Italianraddoppiamento sintattico(initial consonant gemination), and Kimatuumbi vowel shortening (see references cited therein). To this list we may add the highly suggestive case of Chi Mwi:ni vowel shortening (see Kisseberth & Abasheikh 1974; and the insightful reanalysis in Selkirk 1986).
Contour tones
Authors: Yip Moira
Published: October 2008

Recent work (Clements 1985; Sagey 1986) on the structure of distinctive features has analysed affricates and prenasalised stops as involving branching for the features [continuant] and [nasal] respectively. This analysis explains the edge effects associated with such segments, while simultaneously identifying them as single melodic elements that associate as units to prosodic templates. This paper will argue that some languages have contour tones that show parallel properties to those of affricates: they associate as units, but also exhibit edge effects. Such behaviour can be simply understood if tonal features hang off a tonal root node (Archangeli & Pulleyblank forthcoming), and this tonal root node is allowed to branch. A high rising contour tone will have the structure shown in (i), where [upper] is the tonal root node, and [raised] is free to branch.
Articulatory gestures as phonological units
Authors: Browman Catherine P. , Goldstein Louis
Published: October 2008

We have argued that dynamically defined articulatory gestures are the appropriate units to serve as the atoms of phonological representation. Gestures are a natural unit, not only because they involve task-oriented movements of the articulators, but because they arguably emerge as prelinguistic discrete units of action in infants. The use of gestures, rather than constellations of gestures as in Root nodes, as basic units of description makes it possible to characterise a variety of language patterns in which gestural organisation varies. Such patterns range from the misorderings of disordered speech through phonological rules involving gestural overlap and deletion to historical changes in which the overlap of gestures provides a crucial explanatory element.

Gestures can participate in language patterns involving overlap because they are spatiotemporal in nature and therefore have internal duration. In addition, gestures differ from current theories of feature geometry by including the constriction degree as an inherent part of the gesture. Since the gestural constrictions occur in the vocal tract, which can be charactensed in terms of tube geometry, all the levels of the vocal tract will be constricted, leading to a constriction degree hierarchy. The values of the constriction degree at each higher level node in the hierarchy can be predicted on the basis of the percolation principles and tube geometry. In this way, the use of gestures as atoms can be reconciled with the use of Constriction degree at various levels in the vocal tract (or feature geometry) hierarchy.

The phonological notation developed for the gestural approach might usefully be incorporated, in whole or in part, into other phonologies. Five components of the notation were discussed, all derived from the basic premise that gestures are the primitive phonological unit, organised into gestural scores. These components include (1) constriction degree as a subordinate of the articulator node and (2) stiffness (duration) as a subordinate of the articulator node. That is, both CD and duration are inherent to the gesture. The gestures are arranged in gestural scores using (3) articulatory tiers, with (4) the relevant geometry (articulatory, tube or feature) indicated to the left of the score and (5) structural information above the score, if desired. Association lines can also be used to indicate how the gestures are combined into phonological units. Thus, gestures can serve both as characterisations of articulatory movement data and as the atoms of phonological representation.
On coronal transparency
Authors: Paradis Carole , Prunet Jean-François
Published: October 2008

This article is concerned with the internal structure of coronals. Although coronals are often considered the least marked consonants on the basis of frequency and acquisition, current models of feature geometry assign coronality no special status among places of articulation.1 In this paper, we argue that the structure of coronals differs from that of other consanats in that coronals lack a Place node altogether.
Aspects of pitch realisation in Yoruba
Authors: Connell Bruce , Ladd D. Robert
Published: October 2008

A great many languages of the world exhibit phenomena of FO DOWNTREND – phenomena whereby, other things being equal, the fundamental frequency (Fo) of the speaking voice declines over the course of an utterance. That much is uncontroversial; further details are either simply unknown or the subject of considerable debate. The purpose of the study reported here was to shed light on some of these unknown or uncertain matters by the controlled investigation of pitch realisation in Yoruba.
Syllables and morpheme integrity in Kinande reduplication
Authors: Mutaka Ngessimo , Hyman Larry M.
Published: October 2008

Within the expanding framework of non-linear morphology, no wordformation process has sparked more interest than reduplication. Once relegated to a secondary status with a few examples, reduplication has now arrived centre stage as a testing ground for alternative theories of multitiered morphology and phonology. The innovative work of McCarthy (1981) and Marantz (1982) on this subject has laid the groundwork for subsequent formal treatments of reduplication, including Levin (1983), Broselow & McCarthy (1984), Clements (1985), Odden & Odden (1985), Schlindwein (1986, 1988), McCarthy & Prince (forthcoming), Kiparsky (1986), Mester (1986) and Steriade (1988), among others. These varying accounts of reduplication have been tested against a large and growing body of data from most parts of the world. Surprising to us, however, since every Bantu language we are familiar with has one or more reduplicative processes, relatively little attention has been focused on this rather large linguistic group of several hundred languages coverin a major part of the African continent.
Licence to govern
Authors: Kaye Jonathan , Charette Monik
Published: October 2008

In this paper I consider the behaviour of word-internal empty nuclei preceded by a consonant cluster. I provide a principled account for the fact that in this context a properly governable empty nucleus receives a phonetic interpretation. To do so I introduce a new notion: GOVERNMENT-LICENSING. I argue that a non-nuclear head can govern a complement only if (i) it has the required charm value, or if charmless, the required complexity, and (ii) it is licensed to govern by a following nuclear head. Among other things government-licensing accounts for the phonetic realisation of an empty nucleus following a governing onset head (i.e. a non-nuclear skeletal point which governs a rhymal or an onset complement), and for the simplification of a consonant cluster preceding an unrealised empty nucleus. If, in order to govern a complement, a nonnuclear point must be government-licensed and if a properly governed empty nucleus may not be such a licenser, in a situation where a properly governable empty nucleus follows a consonant cluster we predict the two following possibilities: to license the consonant to govern, the empty nucleus will fail to be properly governed, or proper government will apply, preventing the non-nuclear head from governing its complement, which entails the loss of this head.
A government-based analysis of the ‘mora’ in Japanese
Authors: Kaye Jonathan , Yoshida Shohei
Published: October 2008

The mora is defined as something of which a long syllable ((C)VV or (C)VC) consists of two and a short syllable ((C)V) consists of one (McCawley 1968). According to some linguists, languages are classified into two groups: those that are best analysed in terms of morae and those that should be analysed in terms of syllables. Japanese is frequently cited as an example of a language that belongs to the former group. However, if the ultimate goal of the field of phonology is to seek for a group of principles that make up Universal Phonology, a unit such as the mora, which is indispensable in some languages but completely irrelevant in other languages, is an unwelcome innovation.
Feature structures and indices
Authors: Bird Steven
Published: October 2008

Hayes (1990) proposes the adoption of a new notation for representing hierarchical phonological structure, in response to a notational problem which he calls the DIPHTHONGISATION PARADOX. More generally, he seeks to find a replacement for the current method of depicting feature trees, which is not ideally suited to the clear expression of rules and derivations. While I am in complete agreement with this standpoint and fully support Hayes' assertion that certain ambiguities of interpretation have crept into the graphical conventions currently in widespread use, I nevertheless believe his proposal suffers from a number of problems. Once identified, these problems can be solved with further notational and formal refinements.
Diacritic extrametricality vs. diacritic accent: a reply to Hammond
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: October 2008

Although primary word stress regularly falls on the penult in Polish and on the antepenult in Macedonian, there are a number of lexical exceptions in both languages. In the first generative treatment of such exceptions, Comrie (1976) suggested two unrelated diacritic features, [± stressable] for Polish and [ ± never posttonic] for Macedonian, in order to accommodate the accentual paradigms exhibited by exceptional words within the framework of Chomsky & Halle (1968). More recently, metrical accounts of exceptional stress have been proposed in Franks (1985), Halle & Vergnaud (1987) and Rubach & Booij (1985) for Polish and in Franks (1987, forthcoming) and Halle & Vergnaud (1987) for Macedonian. These analyse deviations from the regular patterns in the two languages in completely unrelated ways – in Polish exceptional stress is a consequence of idiosyncratic extrametricality, whereas in Macedonian it results from the idiosyncratic presence of an inherent accent. Responding to this type of analysis, Hammond (1989) argues that an alternative treatment in which exceptional stress in both languages is treated similarly is conceptually more elegant and descriptively superior. He accomplishes this by employing roughly the same set of stress rules for Polish and Macedonian, with the exception that lexical accent is interpreted differently in the two languages.
Metaphony and two models for the description of vowel systems
Authors: Kaze Jeffery W.
Published: October 2008

It has been demonstrated that metaphony is triggered by underlying final /-i/ and /-u/. The important feature that unifies the two posttonic vowels, which are responsible for the tonic vowel alternations, is [+ high[. The spreading of this feature to the tonic vowel accounts for metaphony. Vocalisms defined without the feature [high], such as those of particle phonology and Goldsmith's model, fail to mirror the metaphony process.
Phonological underspecification and speech motor organisation
Authors: Boyce Suzanne E. , Krakow Rena A. , Bell-Berti Fredericka
Published: October 2008

Over the last few years, much work in phonology has been devoted to exploring the way features are specified for segments; in particular, to what extent feature specification may be underlyingly present and/or acquired by rule or default in the course of a derivation. While a number of proposals have been made attributing various degrees of underspecification to abstract levels of the phonology (Kiparsky 1985; Steriade 1987; Archangeli 1988), it has been generally assumed that where phonetic implementation comes into play, i.e. at the end of the derivation, segments are exhaustively specified.
Vowel geometry
Authors: Odden David
Published: October 2008

A basic assumption in current phonology is that features are not an unstructured set like (1a), but are arranged hierarchically into a constituent structure tree such as (1b), proposed in Sagey (1986: 61):

Other groupings of features have been proposed (Clements 1985; Steriade 1987; inter alii).

A fundamental assumption of theories like (1b) is that rules operate on constituents, an assumption which is formalised by limiting rules to spreading or delinking a single node.
The velar glide in Axininca Campa
Authors: Spring Cari
Published: October 2008

Black (1991) proposes that the failure of Velar Glide Deletion in some contexts motivates an iambic typology in which a disyllabic iamb is better than a monosyllabic iamb. Velar Glide Deletion in Axininca fails when a demotion on the iambic scale would result from its application. However, empirical findings from epenthesis, the regressive marker, augmentation and comparative data from Caquinte Campa argue against this analysis. It is important to note the relationship between the assumption that the root + suffix constitutes theprosodicdomain of Velar Glide Deletion, as argued by the typological analysis, and the conclusion that Velar Glide Deletion fails when a monosyllabic foot would result from a disyllabic one. If the suffix is abandoned as part of the prosodic domain for computing Velar Glide Deletion, the root alone is the prosodic domain prohibiting Velar Glide Deletion. In the latter case, the minimal word blocking Deletion is a regular, minimal quantity-sensitive foot.
Feature geometry and the vocal tract
Authors: Keyser Samuel Jay , Stevens Kenneth N.
Published: October 2008

Perhaps the most important insight in phonological theory since the introduction of the concept of the phoneme has been the role that distinctive features play in phonological theory (Jakobson et al. 1952). Most research since Jakobson's early formulation has focused on the segmental properties of these features without reference to their hierarchical organisation. Recent research, however, has shed considerable light on this latter aspect of the phoneme as a phonological unit. In his seminal article ‘The geometry of phonological features’, for example, Clements (1985), building on earlier work of scholars such as Goldsmith (1976), argues that features are not ‘bundles’ in Bloomfield's sense, but are, in fact, organised into phonological trees with each branch corresponding to what has been called a tier. An overview of the current state of feature geometry can be found in Clements & Hume (forthcoming) and Kenstowicz (1994).
Shortening and Ambisyllabicity in English
Authors: Rubach Jerzy
Published: October 2008

This article investigates the role of the syllable in the phonology of English. In particular, it centres on the problem of shortening and ambisyllabicity. The latter has sometimes been equated with resyllabification (Borowsky 1986; Myers 1987). In this view, ambisyllabicity is a phonetic phenomenon and it is resyllabification that plays a role in phonology. We demonstrate that shortening and ambisyllabicity/resyllabification are, counter to the currently held belief, entirely independent of each other, even though quantity-related processes (shortening and lengthening) are set in syllabic terms.

This study continues the general line of generative research on English begun originally by Chomsky & Halle (1968, hereafterSPE) and developed in a number of later contributions, notably by Rubach (1984), Halle & Mohanan (1985), Myers (1987) and Yip (1987). Attention is focused on the latter two papers. The interpretations presented in these papers are revised and expanded in a number of substantial ways. The database has been broadened to cover the facts of British English, in particular Received Pronunciation (RP), as reported in the standard sources, such as Gimson (1970), Jones (1972), Jones & Gimson (1977) and Harris (1994). While in most cases the choice of the dialect of English plays no role, there are some rules and facts that refer exclusively to RP (Schwa Insertion, Tapping, the distribution of [I]/[ə]). For the sake of consistency, all the transcriptions cited in this article are drawn from RP.

The presentation is organised as follows. § 1 introduces the problem of shortening. §2 presents a complete list of the relevant classes of data and a partial critique of the analyses by Yip (1987) and Myers (1987).
Underspecification in Phonetics
Authors: Keating Patricia A.
Published: October 2008

It is often assumed in work on the phonological underspecification of segments that while representations may at first be underspecified, they end up fully specified. Various kinds of rules are posited to ensure that in output forms all features have values for all segments. In this paper I will consider an alternative view: that underspecification may persist into phonetic representations. I begin by reviewing some of the relevant phonological phenomena and mechanisms, and some of the history of underspecification in phonetic studies. I then show how phonetic data may be taken to reflect the presence or absence of feature values in surface forms. Finally, the extent to which surface specification depends on segmental contrasts is examined. The aim of this paper is to present some phonetic phenomena that are potentially relevant to any theory of underspecification.
Transparency in Hungarian vowel harmony
Authors: Ringen Catherine O.
Published: October 2008

Phonologists have known for some time that the so-called ‘standard’ theory of generative phonology is not adequate for the analysis of vowel harmony. Ringen (1975, 1977, 1980) suggests that some of the problems can be solved by abandoning the assumption that phonological representations are fully specified. Clements (1977b, 1980) suggests that vowel harmony should be analysed autosegmentally. Underspecification theory, developed in the recent work of Kiparsky, Archangeli and Pulleyblank, incorporates both of these proposals. This paper considers how Hungarian can be analysed within this theory. It is shown that by adopting Goldsmith's (1985) proposal that vowel harmony in Hungarian involves the spreading of the feature [−back], the transparent (neutral) vowels in Hungarian are derived because the redundancy rule assigning [−back] to these vowels, although available, does not apply early in the derivation because its structural description is not met.
A capacity-building conceptual framework for public health nutrition practice
Authors: Baillie Elizabeth , Bjarnholt Christel , Gruber Marlies , Hughes Roger
Published: October 2008

Objectives

To describe a conceptual framework to assist in the application of capacity-building principles to public health nutrition practice.

Design

A review of the literature and consideration of the determinants of effective public health nutrition practice has been used to inform the development of a conceptual framework for capacity building in the context of public health nutrition practice.

Result

The limited literature supports a greater integration and application of capacity-building strategies and principles in public health nutrition practice, and that this application should be overt and strategic. A framework is proposed that identifies a number of determinants of capacity for effective public health nutrition action. The framework represents the key foundations for building capacity including leadership, resourcing and intelligence. Five key strategic domains supported by these foundation elements, including partnerships, organisational development, project management quality, workforce development and community development, are proposed. This framework can be used to assist the systematic assessment, development and evaluation of capacity-building activity within public health nutrition practice.

Conclusions

Capacity building is a strategy within public health nutrition practice that needs to be central to public health nutrition intervention management. The present paper defines, contextualises and outlines a framework for integrating and making explicit the importance of capacity building within public health nutrition practice at many levels.
Urban empty spaces. Contentious places for consensus-building
Authors: Smith Monica L.
Published: October 2008

As a relatively recent human phenomenon, cities are the physical culmination of many pre-existing psychological, social and cognitive capacities. The persistent presence of deliberately empty spaces in urban areas both past and present signals the conscious creation and maintenance of those locales at various levels: household, neighbourhood and civic/centralizing. Domestic empty space, in particular the space between and among habitations, was likely to have been curated and managed at the household level. However, neighbourhood-level and urban-level empty spaces were subject to multiple demands and levels of oversight; as a result, this publicly available emptiness was flexible in its use but also potentially ‘expensive’ to govern. The presence of empty spaces in an urban setting may serve as a proxy for understanding the relationship between different levels of urban interaction, from the relative autonomy of the household that used its nearby spaces idiosyncratically, to the larger impositions of authority through urban design in the form of streets and open plazas. Specific examples of empty space are assessed for the ancient city of Sisupalgarh in eastern India, where geophysical surveys and excavations have enabled us to discuss the multiple meanings of nothingness at the household, neighbourhood and urban scales.
Cellular and molecular interactions in coinfection with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Roe Barbara , Hall William W.
Published: October 2008

Coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with increased HCV replication and a more rapid progression to severe liver disease, including the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the pathogenesis of HCV/HIV coinfection and the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the accelerated course of liver disease. The strength and breadth of HCV-specific T-cell responses are reduced in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients compared with those infected with HCV alone, suggesting that the immunosuppression induced by HIV compromises immune responses to HCV. HCV is not directly cytopathic, but many of the pathological changes observed in the liver of infected patients are a direct result of the intrahepatic antiviral immune responses. Apoptosis also has a role in HCV-mediated liver damage through the induction of apoptotic pathways involving the host immune response and HCV viral proteins. This review summarises the evidence correlating the role of cell-mediated immune responses and apoptosis with liver disease progression in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients.
Energy in Nature and Society: General Energetics of Complex Systems
Authors: Chaisson Eric
Published: October 2008

The topic of energy is in the news a lot these days. Not only are we concerned about having enough energy for today's civilization and tomorrow's needs, but also energy is at the core of our understanding of the inner workings of the Sun, Earth, and life itself. Indeed, energy may well be the most common currency in all of natural science, helping us to appreciate where we came from and guiding us toward a sustainable society in the future.

Energy plays a vital role in the origin and evolution of all complex systems in the universe, including galaxies, stars, planets, and life forms. Treating each of these systems as open thermodynamic structures that acquire, store, and express energy, it can be shown that over billions of years since the Big Bang, the energy rate densities (watts per kilogram) of these systems have risen with the cosmic march of time. General, coherent worldviews, based largely on the concept of energy, are now being developed by many researchers around the world. I certainly share many of my colleagues' enthusiasm for the fundamental function of energy in our world and for the need to study it more.
Frequency‐magnitude distribution of microearthquakes beneath the 9°50′N region of the East Pacific Rise, October 2003 through April 2004
Authors: Bohnenstiehl D. R. , Waldhauser F. , Tolstoy M.
Published: October 2008

Relocated hypocentral data from a 7‐month deployment (October 2003 to April 2004) of ocean bottom seismometers provide an opportunity to map microearthquake frequency‐magnitude distributions (FMDs) along the 9°49–52′N region on the East Pacific Rise. These analyses, which incorporate more than 9000 earthquakes, represent the first investigation of the 3‐D spatial and temporal patterns of FMDs along any mid‐ocean ridge spreading center. The data are described well by a Gutenberg‐Richter model, indicating a power law or fractal relationship between earthquake size and frequency. The scaling exponent, or b value, shows significant spatial variability, exceeding a value of 2.0 at the shallowest depths on axis and dropping below 1.0 away from the axial trough. This spatial pattern is consistent with an inverse relationship between b value and ambient stress conditions, with the lowest stress levels at shallow depths and relatively high stress levels (or low pore pressures) observed away from the axial zone. Intermediate b values are observed on‐axis above the ridge system's melt lens; however, within this region there also exists significant spatial variability. This indicates that stress conditions and/or structural heterogeneity may vary at subkilometer scales within the hydrothermal circulation cell. Although the observational period is characterized by increasing seismicity rates, building toward an eruptive episode in January 2006, the first‐order spatial pattern of b values is sustained, with no overall temporal trend. As a byproduct of this b value analysis, the detection capabilities of the array are assessed empirically.
Complex slab subduction beneath northern Sumatra
Authors: Pesicek J. D. , Thurber C. H. , Widiyantoro S. , Engdahl E. R. , DeShon H. R.
Published: October 2008

New data provided by the 2004–2005 Sumatra‐Andaman great earthquake sequences allow us to image with improved detail the P‐wave velocity structure beneath Sumatra and adjacent regions. Below northern Sumatra, we find that the slab is folded at depth, exhibiting geometry similar to that of the volcanic arc and the trench at the surface. We speculate that this fold plays a major role in the segmentation of the Sumatra megathrust, and may impede rupture propagation in the region. North of Sumatra, significant slab material in the mantle transition zone is imaged for the first time, and we infer the presence of a major tear between the upper mantle and transition zone there.