bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversification by Securities Firms
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

The securities firms that have survived and grown over the past twenty years have altered and adapted their organizational forms to respond to changing economic conditions, by diversifying into new lines of business. Because there have been various motives for these diversifications, various economic models are helpful in exploring these motives. Teece (1980, 1982) shows the advantages of using firm know-how across several lines of business; Williamson (1975) argues that diversification is a method of employing excess capital; Chandler (1969) discusses the ability of a technical staff to find and develop diversification opportunities; Amit and Livnat (1988) consider the risk-reduction benefits of diversification; and Levy and Haber (1986) believe that diversification provides benefits in organizational flexibility and bankruptcy protection. We also will discuss the efficacy of the various entry modes (Hill, Hwang, and Kim 1990) that have been used by securities firms to enter a new line of business. Then we will examine the conditions that have led to or facilitated diversifications. An important argument of this book is that successful diversification is necessary for securities firms to maintain or improve their relative position in their industry.
Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, and Salomon Brothers Adapt
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

In order to illustrate how successful firms have adapted their structures to changing economic conditions, we will look at Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, and Salomon Brothers. Each of these firms has been a leading firm in the industry for fifty years or more and has a unique identity in the industry. Merrill Lynch has been a leading innovator and a dynamic force in the industry since the 1940s in both retail and investment banking. Its size alone dominated the industry from the 1940s through the early 1980s. Yet it has been one of Wall Street’s great mysteries. No other firm can boast such strength and diversity in revenues while having so much trouble in consistently bringing them to the bottom line (Business Week, July 17, 1989, p. 122). In many respects, Morgan Stanley has been the premier investment banker in the industry since the 1930s. Among its longtime clients are many of this country’s largest firms, including General Motors, Standard Oil of New Jersey, IBM, Mobil Oil, Texaco, U.S. Steel, DuPont, Shell Oil, and Standard Oil of Indiana (Hayes, Spence, and Marks 1983, pp. 102-3). The firm is an offshoot of the banking house of J.P. Morgan and is sometimes described as patrician.
Competition in the International Securities Markets
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

Competition among securities firms is now worldwide, with many U.S. firms staffing large offices in London, Tokyo, and other foreign financial capitals. Foreign firms also have made inroads into U.S. securities markets. The top four Japanese securities firms, larger in size than the largest U.S. firms, are attempting to increase their presence in many U.S. securities lines. At the same time, U.S. firms have had significant success in Japanese securities markets. During the 1980s, stock markets around the world experienced bull markets, with world stock market capitalization increasing from $2.7 trillion in 1980 to $11.4 trillion in 1991. The U.S. market’s share, however, fell during this period, and by 1987, Japan had surpassed the United States as the world’s largest equity market in terms of market capitalization. Then a decline in the Japanese stock market in 1990 and 1991 put the United States back on top. But even though the equities markets of the industrialized countries grew rapidly in the 1980s, the stock markets of some less-developed countries grew at an even faster pace.
Performance of the Securities Industry
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the performance of the securities industry and relates it to the analysis of structure and conduct in the previous chapters. Overall, the securities industry has performed well as a conduit to the financial markets for both borrowers and lenders. It has managed the large financial risks it takes in its business and has done so with very few firm failures and minimal losses to its customers. Industrial organization studies attempt to identify the main forms of competition in an industry. The conclusion of this book is that innovation and diversification strategies are what drive this industry. That is, they are consciously chosen strategies that are intended to accomplish several different objectives. As an innovator, a firm has an opportunity to take customers away from rivals, perhaps permanently. Also, by following fast-second strategies, the larger firms not only prevent their other large competitors from taking away their customers, but also send a message to the midsize and smaller firms that if they innovate, the large firms will act as fast seconds and prevent them from earning substantial profits from their innovation.
Television in the United States: Funding Sources and Programming Consequences
Authors: Blumler Jay G
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents the results of an inquiry into the organization of American television, focusing mainly on the three commercial networks but including public television as well, that was conducted for the British Peacock Committee on Financing the BBC in the autumn of 1985. Its central concern was to trace connections between the financing of American television and the programming it produces (or does not provide). It was principally based on extended interviews with more than seventy strategically placed individuals, including:
Public Service Broadcasting in Japan: How NHK Faces the Future
Authors: Shimizu Shinichi
Published: October 2023

On March 21, 1986, Nippon Hoso Kyokai (the Japanese Broadcasting Corporation)-Japan ‘s sole public broadcaster-marked the sixty-first anniversary of the beginning of radio services in Japan. Mr. Masato Kawahara, the then president of NHK, outlined in a ceremonial address four goals that NHK would pursue in the coming years. They were:
Regulatory and Financial Issues in Transfrontier Television in Europe
Authors: Wedell George , Lange Andre
Published: October 2023

At the present time, Europe is witnessing a spectacular development in the means of mass communication. Three converging phenomena, the development of new broadcasting technologies (cable, satellite, decoders, video, etc), deregulation and internationalization are playing their part in changing utterly both the traditional ways of organizing television broadcasting and the habits of consumers. Admittedly, the forward-looking optimism displayed in the early 1980s by many of those in charge of broadcasting policy is today no longer appropriate: plans for cable networks in France, West Germany and Great Britain are considerably behind schedule; several direct satellite broadcasting schemes have been abandoned, with great regret; the new European channels are taking a long time to find their level of viability, and some investors are starting to withdraw their stakes.
A Brief Philosophy of Well-Being
Authors: Cloninger C Robert
Published: October 2023

People differ markedly from one another in the depth of their understanding of themselves and their relationships. Nevertheless, all human beings have a need for increasing coherence of personality, which can only come from growth in self awareness. Consequently, people differ greatly in the degree to which they are wise and happy.
The Search for an Adequate Psychology
Authors: Cloninger C Robert
Published: October 2023

Like philosophers, psychologists disagree about the importance of the body, the mind, and the spirit in the development of well-being. Sceptics and materialists, such as Hume and James, recognize the body and its physical sensations and emphasize the body's role in determining human desires and fears. In contrast, rational idealists and humanists, such as Kant and Freud, recognize the dualism of body and mind and emphasize the role of rationality in shaping character development and thereby defining human dignity. Transcendentalists, such as Hegel and Krishnamurti, recognize the whole of being and emphasize the role of intuition in integrating experience.
Psychophysiology of Awareness
Authors: Cloninger C Robert
Published: October 2023

Both physiological and psychosocial studies show that mental health depends on the development of self-aware consciousness. The substantial evidence supporting this broad assertion is carefully critiqued in this chapter. The extensive information available from these two approaches has been poorly integrated, nevertheless, because of the tradition of dualistic thinking that separates the mind and the body. The biomedical approach focuses on the brain using somatic therapies such as psychoactive drugs. In contrast, the psychosocial approaches focus on the mind using psychotherapy. Although there is talk about integration of biomedical and psychosocial paradigms, these approaches are really applied by experts from separate ideological camps (Wilson 1993; Michel’s 1999; Eisenberg 2000). The goals and values of members of the two camps are often antagonistic, rather than complementary and mutually respectful: biomedical experts often think psychosocial experts ignore the real causes of illness, and vice versa. As a result, mental health professionals are not usually trained in any tasks that involve the integration of biomedical and psychosocial skills (Buhrmann 2001).
Morality and the American Experience in the Cold War
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

One would have to look long and hard to find a topic more fraught with peril than the question of how morality relates to foreign policy. Morality is a difficult enough problem in the lives of individuals, where externally imposed standards of behavior, whether founded on personal belief or political commitment, generally apply. In the lives of nations, where there exist few such standards, the problem is almost insurmountable. A just war for one country may appear as aggression to another, and who is to say which is right? Actions that violate the moral standards of a particular people may be required by those of another; and in states where moral standards provide no guidance, ideology may, with equally variable results. The world may applaud actions taken in one context, but then condemn the same actions when carried out under different circumstances. In short, we stand here on the edge of an intellectual morass, and I, for one, am reluctant to wade into it. This essay attempts no resolution of these controversial issues. Its purpose, rather, is to examine the extent to which moral standards affected the conduct of United States foreign policy during the Cold War. It concentrates, not on the ethicists who sought to define those standards, but rather on the way in which government officials themselves went about reconciling the claims of morality with the requirements of wielding power. It focuses specifically on the relationship between national security and national ideals: on the question of how the nation could defend itself against what appeared to be mortal peril without compromising those deeply rooted values that had caused the nation to exist in the first place.
Toward the Post-Cold War World
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

For the first time in over half a century, no single great power, or coalition of powers, poses a “clear and present danger” to the national security of the United States. The end of the Cold War has left Americans in the fortunate position of being without an obvious major adversary, and that-given the costs of confronting adversaries who have been all too obvious since the beginning of World War II-is a condition worthy of greater appreciation than it has so far received. It would be foolish to claim, though, that the United States after 1991 can return to the role it played in world affairs before 1941. For as the history of the 1930s suggests, the absence of imminent threat is no guarantee that threats do not exist. Nor will the isolationism of that era be possible in the 1990s: advances in military technology and the progress of economic integration have long since removed the insulation from the rest of the world that geographical distance used to provide. The passing of the Cold War world by no means implies an end to American involvement in whatever world is to follow. It only means that the nature and the extent of that involvement are not yet clear.
Towering Figures
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Marie Taglioni (1804–1884) Why She Was Great Choreographer, teacher, artistic director of several ballet companies, holder of a master’s degree in arts and literature, and co-author (with Jean-Pierre Pastori) of the book, Tradition, Pierre Lacotte is best known internationally for his attempts to reconstruct works from the repertory of nineteenthcentury ballet that were hitherto considered lost. He embarked on his first reconstruction in 1968, when he discovered documents concerning Filippo Taglioni’s landmark 1832 production of La Sylphide, starring the choreographer’s daughter and principal pupil, Marie—an encounter that led Lacotte to reconstruct the ballet for a televised production and, in 1972, for the Paris Opéra, which had first performed La Sylphide nearly a century and a half before and where Lacotte himself had been a premier danseur in the 1950s. He is certainly among the leading authorities on Marie Taglioni in our time. In the following account, Lacotte gives a historian’s idea of La Sylphide’s opening night and of the ballerina’s contribution:
Hands and Things That Can Fill Them
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

The Spontaneous Dance Gestures of Maria Callas During the early 1970s, the ballerina Natalia Makarova performed in a production of Verdi’s opera I Vespri Siciliani at the Reggio Theater in Turin, Italy. The choreography was by Serge Lifar, but the invitation to dance came from Maria Callas, making her debut as an opera director. Makarova knew Callas’s recordings; however, she had never seen the diva on stage and didn’t realize how potent her gifts were for pure physical expression: Callas was an actress from head to toe. In her gestures and her manner of holding herself, there was something especially striking. I recall saying to her once that in classical ballet, particularly in the West, very few can use their hands expressively and make them speak. With most dancers, the whole arm moves from the shoulder without the palm opening, which it should, at the end of the movement. This final release of the hands is the dot on the i—while using her arms, the ballerina seems to be testing the density of air between them and her body. This is crucial for beautiful port de bras, since the final hand movement is extraordinarily expressive.
Balletomania and Other Thrills
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Pavlova in Stockholm In the crowd which escorted me when I left the theater, there were people of all stations: men and women belonging to the middle-class bourgeoisie, clerks and workmen, dressmakers’ hands, shop assistants. They were all following my car, silently, and then remained standing in front of my hotel, until I was told that they wished me to show myself on the balcony. As soon as they saw me, they greeted me with a stormy outburst of cheers which, coming after the deep, protracted silence, sounded almost alarming. I bowed my head to them from time to time, and, all of a sudden, they started singing national tunes in my honor. I stood vainly seeking a way of expressing my gratefulness to them. Then an idea struck me. I turned into my room and came back with the wreaths and baskets of flowers which had been handed to me on the stage. But even after I had thrown roses and lilies and violets and lilacs to the crowd, they seemed loath to retire. I was deeply moved and quite embarrassed. I could not help asking my maid, “But what have I done to move them to so great an enthusiasm?”
Inspiration
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Lone Star Tommy Tune, the Broadway choreographer, remembers the time that Martha Graham visited his college, in his native Texas: She was so dramatic, we were all in awe—we’d never seen a woman that looked like that! She said in her lecture, “All great dance stems from the lonely place.” This little girl in the back of the room in a real Texas voice said, “Miss Graham, you said that all great dancing stems from the lonely place. Where is the lonely place?” Martha Graham raised herself up and said, “Between your thighs. Next question.” We were never the same again. —Grody, p. 152 No Short Cuts Inspiration is not something that comes suddenly, like a stomachache. There is no such thing as inspiration. You have to work from childhood, and go through certain things, and sweat, and understand, and learn the métier. (George Balanchine) —Gruen, pp. 281–282
Seductions Attempted, Surmised, and Realized
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Fantastic Legends Geoffrey Gorer: My friend Pavel Tchelitchew had introduced himself to Féral Benga after the latter’s dance recital at the Théâtre des Champs Elysées in the autumn of 1933. Benga had already made a reputation for himself as a dancer at the Folies Bergère, a reputation that was enhanced by the “mystery” surrounding his private life—which, being translated into English from the Parisian, meant that if he had love affairs they were not known about and he was practically never seen in fashionable houses or night clubs. On this negative foundation were built the most fantastic legends; he was reputed to be extremely rich and impossible to meet, either on account of his mythical vices—at one moment or another almost every possible combination had been attributed to him—or of the jealousy of whichever keeper rumor gave him at the moment.
From Stage to Page
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Eggsactly During the eighteenth century, “blind” dances with eggs were popular theatrical acts in both the United States and Europe, one of many bits of unexpected knowledge to be found in The American Musical Stage before 1800 by scholar of theater history Julian Mates. The passage below, from Thomas Carlyle’s translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s popular novel Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (“Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship”), describes a version of this wonderful stunt. In the scene, the young street dancer Mignon is performing the egg dance for an audience of one—the protagonist of the novel: She carried a little carpet below her arm, which she then spread out upon the floor. Wilhelm said she might proceed. She thereupon brought four candles, and placed one upon each corner of the carpet. A little basket of eggs, which she next carried in, made her purpose clearer. Carefully measuring her steps, she then walked to and fro on the carpet, spreading out the eggs in certain figures and positions; which done, she called in a man that was waiting in the house and could play on the violin. He retired with his instrument into a corner: she tied a band about her eyes, gave a signal; and, like a piece of wheel-work set a-going, she began moving the same instant as the music, accompanying her beats and the notes of the tune with the strokes of a pair of castanets.
Scandals
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Fury, Beauty, and Depth When Serge Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes gave the world première of Le Sacre du printemps in Paris, on May 29, 1913—with music by Igor Stravinsky and choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky—the uproar in the audience was so violent that the evening has remained the standard in ballet history for avantgarde provocation and hostile audience reaction. The young Jean Cocteau summed up the mêlée as, “Quel bombe! Quel chef d’oeuvre!” Although the Ballets Russes was already somewhat notorious in certain circles for Nijinsky’s 1912 ballet, L’après-midi d’un Faune, and was to provoke other scandales through its productions in later years, such as that precipitated by the 1917 Parade, with its walking Cubist sculptures by Picasso, the one associated with Le Sacre overshadows all. Historian Cyril W. Beaumont reported on the fateful first evening of Nijinsky’s ballet, as well as on subsequent performances, where audiences responded quite differently:
Touring
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

A Hands-On Schéhérazade The Diaghilev ballerina Lydia Sokolova told the dance historian Richard Buckle of a one-night stand by the Ballets Russes in Spain when the town insisted on seeing the famous Schéhérazade, even though the company hadn’t brought the production on that tour. So, troupers that they were, the dancers found themselves performing Michel Fokine’s Middle Eastern harem fantasy in the set for his Carnaval and in a conglomeration of costumes from his Les Sylphides (Romantic tutus), Daphnis and Chlöe (chitons), and Cléopâtre (sheer, pleated skirts). Speaking of Schéhérazade’s climactic scene, when the potentate catches his unfaithful wife and concubines cavorting with slaves and orders his guards to slay them all, Sokolova recalled: “Nobody knew who anybody was, or who to make for There were no swords, so they had to strangle us. My dear, we put everything into it. We never had such an ovation, before or since.”
Makeup
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Unmasked Gaetan Vestris [1729–1808], the “God of the Dance,” was the first to follow [Jean Georges] Noverre’s suggestions and substitute make-up for the mask. Prompted perhaps by his extraordinary vanity, he appeared displaying his own features in an abbreviated version of Noverre’s own ballet Medée et Jason at the Paris Opéra in 1770, and revealed an unsuspected talent for acting. Next to follow suit was Maximilien Gardel [1741–1787], who had been unable to obtain permission to dance without a mask until he made it a condition of his appearance as substitute for the indisposed Vestris as Apollo in Castor et Pollux. —Moore, pp. 39–40 Caked Doris Humphrey—the dancer, choreographer, and theoretician of choreography—began her performing career, like her colleagues Charles Weidman and Martha Graham—in the Denishawn company, co-founded and directed by Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn. American dance companies, such as Denishawn or the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, supported themselves through frequent, backbreaking tours across the country, often for the better part of a year:
Conductors
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Dancers? There Are Dancers Onstage? British citizen Vernon Castle, of the famous ballroom partnership, wanted to return to England to enlist to fight in World War I. Just prior to his returning to Britain, a last performance featuring the Castles dancing together, to John Philip Sousa’s band, was arranged for the couple’s many fans in New York, at the Hippodrome. Vernon’s wife and dancing partner, Irene Castle, described the evening: There was one small complication. John Philip Sousa was a bandmaster, a very famous bandmaster, and I am sure he was convinced that most of the people had come to listen to his music. He peeped out of the corner of his eye to make sure we were on the stage, then turned his back to us and began to pump away, paying no further attention to us. He ignored our frantic signals to pick up the tempo, and his uniformed arms flailed away with the precise beat of a man conducting a military march, which was exactly what he was doing. I was boiling mad. I could have kicked him. But Vernon laughed and whispered in my ear that it didn’t matter—and added, “I love you.” It didn’t; nothing did for the moment. We had each other and we were dancing!
Sets and Stagecraft
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

An Idyll and a Storm Legend has it that the most spectacular, beautiful, and refined theatrical effects ever produced for the ballet were devised in nineteenth-century Russia, at the czar’s various theaters (notably the Maryinsky in St. Petersburg) and estates, where hundreds of men drawn from various branches of Russia’s armed forces would be commandeered to help achieve the spectacle. Whether the effects are, indeed, supreme in dance history—the scenic designs for some seventeenth-century court ballets in Continental Europe were also elaborate and refined—they are certainly in the running. The following stories are told by the ballerina Tamara Karsavina (1885– 1978) in her memoir, Theatre Street. The first describes her participation, as a student at the Imperial Theater School, in an outdoor performance-ceremony at Peterhof, a summer palace. The second describes the scene of a great storm and shipwreck in the ballet Le Corsaire, in which Karsavina danced the lead of Medora as a member of the Maryinsky company. Many of the earlier Maryinsky spectacles were designed by Andrei Roller (1805–91); Karsavina does not specify who was responsible for these.
Big Pictures
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Real Stars in Real Skies Some modern scholars have suggested that the dance may be the oldest of all the arts of man. The Greeks, being a people of great intellectual curiosity, also speculated upon the antiquity of the art, and upon how it all began. Lucian is one of the ancient writers who trace dancing all the way back to the time of the creation of the universe and the appearance of Eros, god of love. These writers, observing the rhythmical movements of the planets in the sky, regard them as constituting a cosmic dance. It is interesting in this connection that Urania, divine patroness of astronomy, was also one of the Muses, patronesses of the dance. Libanius, following Lucian, elaborates on the idea of a dance of heavenly bodies, but speaks also of the gods as “fathers of the dance”; they inspire men to assume various characterizations in their dances, he says, even as the gods assume shapes and bodies of all sorts in their divine activities. He implies that the Muses, too, who habitually dance “with soft feet” on Mount Helicon, had a share in the creation of the dance. Another writer attributes the invention of the dance to the Muse Polyhymnia; and the Muse Terpsichore, whose particular province is the graceful art, and whose very name means “joy in the dance,” is also associated closely with its early development.
Woman’s Power and Woman’s Place in Seventeenth-Century America
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

To consider the role of women among the indigenous peoples of North America is to be reminded that history does not move in only one direction. An account of public women in the United States that begins with the experience of Native Americans is about losses as well as gains. Before the coming of the European invaders, native peoples in what would become the United States constituted twelve major language groups as well as an estimated two thousand smaller groupings. Because it is clearly impossible in a general study to explore the variety of gender roles among so great a number of discrete tribes, the strategy will be to single out two tribes whose gender roles have been well studied, the Iroquois and the Cherokees. As it happens, the women of both tribes enjoyed public roles and a public influence that exceeded anything that would be seen among the Anglo-Americans for centuries to come.
Women and Republicanism
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

The concept of “republicanism” has been much used in American historical writing of late, as we have had a number of important books either dealing with the subject directly or else using it as a major component of a larger argument. Indeed, some have suggested that the concept has been so much used as to have lost its specificity of meaning. It is, nonetheless, impossible to write about the rise of public woman without paying careful heed to republicanism. This is because this political ideology, born in ancient Rome and reinvented in the Renaissance as civic humanism, had evolved by the time of the American Revolution in such a way as to create a link between private virtue and public life, making possible a new, if not necessarily coequal, political role for women. Before the advent of the age of reason and the articulation of liberalism, much Western political though tand practice-had assumed a pattern of authority in which God, king, and the father of the family were joined in what one might call a divine right of fatherhood.
“Woman’s Place” and Public Space, 1800-1860
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

In the antebellum United States women created the first woman’s movement, and state legislatures began to grant married women the right to own property in their own names. As is well understood, both of these developments represented radical departures from the status quo. What is less well understood is the fact that they were part of a larger process by which, during these years, American women were gaining public access in a variety of areas, not only the political and the legal but also the cultural-as with the novel-and the social geographical.
A Kind Of Power: Women And Politics, 1900 1960
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

In the first decades of the twentieth century women achieved many victories in the public sphere, most important, the suffrage. Moreover, they began to win electoral office, they saw the enactment of major public policy for which they had struggled, and they enjoyed an increasing public presence.. It all added up to a new kind of public power. But at the same time, it must be emphasized, women’s power and women’s access to public influence still fell far short of that exercised by men. What is more, women voted at a lower rate than men and showed no evidence of bloc voting on the basis of perceived gender interest. Those few women elected to high office were frequently widows succeeding their husbands-and they kept a low profile in any event. Before the 1930s, in the rare case where a woman played an important role in government on her own-Belle Moskowitz is the outstanding example of this phenomenon-it was behind the scenes and with a discretion bordering on the heroic.
Working-Class Women And Public Activism
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

In the sweep of history women outside the middle and upper reaches of society have been generally freer to leave the domestic sphere than others of their sex. Hence, when we talk about working0class women after the emergence of an industrial proletariat, we are talking about a group that is central to the subject of this book, the slow accretion of possibilities for public womanhood. Yet there are few easy generalizations to be made about working-class women, because we must confront contradictory evidence. On the one hand, there are abundant examples of female courage-including physical courage-in organizing or sustaining a strike, for example. We also find abundant examples of female leadership in many other areas besides strikes. But at the level of the leadership of unions themselves we encounter an overwhelmingly male population. Working-class women have simultaneously been the agents of their own history to a surprising extent, given their economic vulnerability, as well as marginalized by maleled unions.
Madness and Responsibility
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

In the famous “Son of Sam” case in New York City, David Berkowitz initially claimed after his arrest in 1977 that he was compelled by the “demons in Sam Carr ‘s dog” to kill young lovers while they were parked in their cars. Thus, he maintained he was legally insane and could not be convicted and punished for his carefully planned murders. After subsequently pleading guilty to these charges, he held a news conference in Attica prison and confessed he had invented the story about the demons. David Berkowitz had tried to use the insanity defense to “beat the rap” for murder.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: The Future of Mental Health Law and Policy
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

Law and policy reforms are products of their time and of times gone by. Reform is shaped both by dominant social values and by the legacies of successes and failures inherited from prior reforms. While major shifts and minor adjustments in our social values keep the pendulum of reform in constant motion, we can say with some certainty that we are no longer at the threshold of the Neoconservative Era. We are in its midst. Disillusionment with Liberal Era policies has brought us face to face with contemporary demands to restore law and order and to reestablish the rights of the majority. And in this whirlwind of social change, the mentally ill have been swept along.
Introduction
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

Of all the changes experienced by European peoples in the nineteenth century, none was more profound or more widely felt than migration. Whether it was merely a few miles from village to town or a journey across great oceans, its effects were usually irreversible, distancing minds as well as bodies from the past. In the century before 1914 alone, some forty million individuals crossed the Atlantic, the greatest movement of peoples since the dawn of civilization and an event comparable in its human effects to any of the great wars or revolutions of the modern era. While Irish emigrants did not make up the largest part of this movement, no other country lost a larger part of its population to it or was altered more profoundly by the loss. Nearly a million had already left Ireland before 1845 and in the terrible decade that followed the country sent out a quarter of those remaining, more than two million emigrants. Added to those who died of the hunger and its companion diseases, the slightly more than eight million people of old Ireland were reduced by almost half. Thereafter, tens of thousands followed every year, until the ritual of mourning the departed in the “American wake” became as familiar a part of life as burying the dead.
The Townland
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

Tocqueville called this half-hidden settlement, which he visited in Galway in 18 35, “Village X.” It was almost certainly a part of an Irish “townland,” one of the thousands that contained the bulk of the population before the famine. It undoubtedly had a name. Tocqueville had seen many like it in his tour of the Irish countryside but never asked for nor gave a name to these communities. Compared to the settled French and English villages he knew well or the neat, thriving country towns he had seen in America a few years before, “Village X” showed little sign of permanence or civil order. He saw no sign of work or commerce, no track for wheeled vehicles, no center or perimeter to identify it. With one exception, the structures that made it up were of one low story; many were “semi-underground” dwellings hardly distinguishable from their surrounding landscape.
“Rebellion” in Ballykilcline, 1836-1847
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

Nothing that can be called a personal account survives from the townland’s conflict with the Crown. In the first few years, it is not even certain that they knew how they had suddenly become the Crown’s tenants. For two generations they had looked upon the lords of Strokestown as their legitimate landlords, as had most of the neighboring townlands. But the coincidence of Maurice Mahon’s lunacy with the expiration of the Crown lease temporarily freed them from any demands for rent. What illusion this emancipation may have created among them, or if it had begun under the mad Baron, is not known, except that their relations were apparently benign. They must have known of his condition, but there is no indication that anyone at Strokestown House thought to explain their changed status. Neither Denis Mahon nor his Galway cousin, who were now litigating for the estate, had a claim on Ballykilcline and demanded no rents. And after forty years of routinely receiving the paltry£200 a year through the Hartland lease, the Crown’s Commissioners acted slowly before demanding payment of the rents directly from the tenants in 1836. By that time, some owed more than three years’ rent to the estate. How far the tenants understood the change in their situation is unclear, but, knowing or unknowing, they were now Crown tenants and about to become visible to the royal bureau
The Crossing: “Just Over a River”
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

Out of Liverpool after three days of fog and rain, “Land ho!” was cried aboard the Highlander. Melville described the emigrants as grieved and crestfallen when they were informed that the land to the north was their former home, now in sight again after more than a week of journeying by land and sea. Rumors spread in the steerage that the ship was bound for the East Indies, whatever that may have conveyed to the emigrants. A mischievous seaman told the emigrants they were to be taken to “Barbary” and sold as slaves. There was a fiddler and a wandering, orphan Italian boy with a melodeon aboard this ship, and some merriment on deck in the early days of the voyage. But many remained in the steerage the whole of the way, groaning with the “irresistible wrestler” of seasickness from the first hour.
Introduction
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

Thousands of stage struck girls know Fanny Brice as the subject of Funny Girl, the 1960s show and film that gave the world the hit song “People” and made a superstar of Barbra Streisand. Their aging parents and grandparents remember Fanny as “Baby Snooks,” the incorrigible tot of network radio from 1936 to 1951. A handful of old-timers and show biz aficionados know her as a great comedienne and Yiddish dialectician, laughing hit of the Ziegfeld Follies and other Broad-way shows from 1910 to 1936. Fanny’s daughter, Frances Stark, remembers her mother as a polished lady with the manner of Queen Mary.
A Borach
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

The Jewish family has been called a patriarchy in theory and a matriarchy in practice. Fanny Brice’s family was matriarchal in the extreme, and Fanny, independent woman though she was, somehow never really liked it. Fanny’s mother, Rose, was born in Hungary on June 14, 1867, the daughter of Philip Stern, a poor Jewish villager who died when she was still a little girl. Philip’s destitute widow sent their ten-year-old daughter to America with an aunt in 1877. The aunt was the mother’s own sister, to whom she gave three feather beds as payment.
Baby Snooks at Last
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

Fanny was playing the Albee Theatre in Brooklyn when Be Your-self! premiered at the Rialto on Friday evening, March 6, 1930. The criticism once more focused on her age. “Miss Brice, of all persons, appears as the ingenue,” observed the caustic New York World. Be Yourself! lost so much money that Joe Schenck declined to make the second film on Fanny’s contract. Fan, who had a guarantee, sued Schenck’s Art Cinema Corporation for $125,000.
Closing Number
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

Toasties Time left the air after thirty-nine broadcasts, leaving Fanny more time to spend before her easel. Her paintings-mostly pastoral--showed improved technique, but further progress was cut short by a sudden heart attack that sent her to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital for the balance of the summer.
Epilogue: Artisans in the New France
Authors: Zdatny Steven M
Published: October 2023

Laurence Wylie returned to Chanzeaux in the early 1960s for the first time in ten years, and was astonished by the dramatic changes that had overtaken this Breton village-not the least of which was the transformation of the local artisanat. Wylie found, for example, that Georges Davy, a local blacksmith, had given up shoeing horses and was now repairing automobiles. Another Chanzeaux native, Monsieur Bertrand, the son of a blacksmith, had first become a bicycle mechanic and then operated a motorbike station.
Mortifying Reflections: Primatology and the Human Disciplines
Authors: Loy James D , Peters Calvin B
Published: October 2023

How like indeed! We flock as visitors to the monkeys and apes in zoological parks because in them we see the reflections of our own private Mister So-and­ sos. Some of their antics fill us with a mixture of amusement and satisfying superiority; others mortify us almost as much as if we had been caught doing them ourselves. Primatologists, of course, share this general fascination and identification with our near relatives. (At a recent primatology meeting, the conventioneers wore buttons announcing “I Monkey Around!” The double or triple entendre was, no doubt, the source of much amusement.) Primatologists, however, are not satisfied with amusement or fascination.
Ontogeny of Behavior in Humans and Nonhuman Primates: The Search for Common Ground
Authors: Chism Janice
Published: October 2023

Should researchers who study the ontogeny of human behavior be interested in the work done on development in nonhuman primates? Theories of human development are many, diverse, and in some cases conflicting in their predictions or in attribution of causality. Comparisons of the ontogeny of behavior in human and nonhuman primates can contribute to our understanding of human development by providing data that may help us select between competing theories or hypotheses.
Apes, Humans, and Culture: What Primatological Discourse Tells Us About Ourselves
Authors: Peters Calvin B
Published: October 2023

There is an old story about a gorilla entering an upscale restaurant, seating himself at the bar, and ordering a scotch, neat. Somewhat taken aback, the bartender pours the gorilla’s drink and takes the $20 bill that has been placed on the bar in payment. At the cash register, the bartender’s darker side gets the best of him and he determines to turn a quick profit, reasoning that despite the unusual nature of the encounter, his customer (now mark) is only a gorilla.
Introduction
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

For much of the twentieth century the picture of America’s literary past provided by mainstream scholarship has been remarkably simple. The story has run something like this: Following a long period of development during the country’s colonial and then early nation-building periods, American literature came of age in the early nineteenth century with the work of Irving, Cooper, and Poe and then exploded into brilliant creativity at midcentury in the work of writers whom F. 0. Matthiessen labeled in 1941 as members of the “American Renaissance”-Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman.
The Limits of Freedom: The Fiction of Alice Dunbar-Nelson, Kate Chopin, and Pauline Hopkins
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

The need to make sense of clashing worlds pressed as hard on Alice Dun-bar-Nelson, Kate Chopin, and Pauline Hopkins as it did on Jewett. For all of them issues of form, freedom, and connection to a strong enabling female past were critical. For all of them creating themselves as artists-not just writers-was a central issue.
Slow Starvation: Hunger and Hatred in Anzia Yezierska, Ellen Glasgow, and Edith Summers Kelley
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Such confidence did not plague Anzia Yezierska, Ellen Glasgow, or Edith Summers Kelley. For each, as for many of the writers in this book, the act of writing tapped and produced tremendous insecurities. Yezierska obsessively revised, re-wrote, and reworked her material-never satisfied, never secure in her art. Glasgow vacillated between agreeing that the first twenty-five years of her career were undistinguished and then complaining bitterly about neglect and lack of recognition. Kelley, like a figure out of a story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, watched poverty and the exhausting demands of motherhood eat away at her talent. For these three writers-although extremely different from each other in basic ways-authorship was anything but easy, joyful, exuberant.
Buckner’s “Boy scout”
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

Like that of most families, John Harlan’s family history lacks the factual precision he was reputed to have admired. John Harlan, a seventeenth-century English gentleman, had four sons. In 1687, two of them, George and Michael, sailed from Liverpool to the New World to escape the persecution Quakers were then suffering in England. George had a son, James, born in Maryland in 1692; James a son George born in Pennsylvania in 1718; and George a son James born in Virginia in 1755. In 1774 James and his brother Silas were part of a company of thirty men who traveled to the Kentucky frontier and built cabins at Harrodsburg. In 1778, they built a stockade fort seven miles up the Salt River from Harrodsburg. Called Harlan’s Station, the fort would appear on the first map of Kentucky. Eventually, a stone house was built there also.
The Appointments
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

While testifying before the Senate judiciary committee during hearings on his Supreme Court nomination, John Harlan sought to minimize his ties to the political arena. “Let me say,” he told members of the committee, that I have never been in politics myself. I think it is rather a reflection on me, because, frankly, I think that people who are citizens should take an interest in public affairs. But be that as it may, I have been a busy lawyer since a youngster, and that . . . has been the consequence. I have never been a member of a district political club. I was a member of the New York Young Republican Club. When I became a member of the district attorney’s staff as a youngster under my late senior partner, Emory Buckner, I joined the Young Republican Club. My recollection is-I may be wrong about it, but I think I am accurate-I have attended, I think, one, and if more than one, it is only two or three, dinner sessions of that club in the last 35 years. I have known[New York Governor Thomas E.] Dewey pleasantly. I have never known him intimately. Unless you wish to consider my appointment as chief counsel to the crime commission as an appointment of his . . . I have never held any office to which he appointed me under him.
The Justice and Company
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

Ethel Harlan, especially, was always to prefer the Weston, Connecticut, countryside to Washington, D.C., and the frustrations of the Senate confirmation process had obviously done nothing to enhance the city’s appeal. But the spacious and comfortable house at 1677 31st Street which her husband purchased in the fashionable Georgetown section did much to ease his wife’s adjustment to Washington life. “Georgetown and our own house,” she wrote Marion Frankfurter, wife of Justice Frankfurter, in late April following Justice Harlan’s confirmation, “have done a lot to make me feel better. We have had so many small amusements along our street and pleasant experiences getting settled that the first rather alarming impact of Washington has worn off. People have, as you said, been kind and cordial, and I am feeling much gayer.”1 The official atmosphere into which Justice Harlan had now been thrust was not so benign, however. The elevation of Harlan Fiske Stone-a fine jurist but poor chief-to the Supreme Court’s center seat in 1941 had created a leadership vacuum on the Court, with Stone unable or unwilling to maintain the social harmony and decisional pace necessary for the court’s effective functioning, and justices Frankfurter and Black vying for their brethren’s jurisprudential souls.