bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patel S, Turner PR, Stubberfield C, Barry E, Rohlff CR, Stamps A, McKenzie E, Young K, Tyson K, Terrett J, Box G, Eccles S, Page MJ. Hyaluronidase gene profiling and role of HYAL‐1 overexpression in an orthotopic model of prostate cancer. International Journal of Cancer 2002;97(4): 416–424.
Authors: Patel S , Turner PR , Stubberfield C , Barry E , Rohlff CR , Stamps A , McKenzie E , Young K , Tyson K , Terrett J , Box G , Eccles S , Page MJ
Published: August 2002

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in International Journal of Cancer; 2002; 97(4) 416–422.
Case‐control study of anthropometric measures and breast cancer risk
Authors: Friedenreich Christine M. , Courneya Kerry S. , Bryant Heather E.
Published: August 2002

A population‐based case‐control study of 1,233 incident breast cancer cases and 1,241 controls was conducted in Alberta between 1995 and 1997 to examine the influence of anthropometric factors on the risk of breast cancer using several newly derived variables. Data on current height, weight and waist and hip circumference were collected by interviewers using standardized methods. Respondents recalled their body weight at each decade from age 20 to the referent year. Several variables were estimated, and unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). No statistically significant associations for any of the estimated variables with breast cancer risk for premenopausal women (462 cases, 475 controls) were found. The results for postmenopausal women (771 cases, 762 controls) in the highest vs. lowest quartiles were, for waist circumference, OR = 1.30 (95% CI 0.97–1.73); waist–hip ratio, OR = 1.43 (95% CI 1.07–1.93); weight gain since age 20, OR = 1.35 (05% CI 1.01–1.81); difference between maximum and minimum weights over adult lifetime, OR = 1.56 (95% CI 1.16–2.08); and the reference weight minus the minimum weight since age 20, OR = 1.47 (95% CI 1.10–1.97). Statistically significant trends in risk were observed for these variables. Effect modification with hormone replacement therapy use was found for most variables assessed for postmenopausal women, with much stronger associations found among never‐users compared to ever‐users. We found strong evidence that waist–hip ratio and weight gained over lifetime, as assessed by different variables, are postmenopausal breast cancer risk factors. These effects were independent of dietary intake and lifetime total physical activity. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Common and differential chemokine expression patterns in rs cells of NLP, EBV positive and negative classical hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Maggio Ewerton M. , Van den Berg Anke , Visser Lydia , Diepstra Arjan , Kluiver Joust , Emmens Roelke , Poppema Sibrand
Published: August 2002

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by a minority of neoplastic cells, the so‐called Reed‐Sternberg (RS) cells and a vast majority of reactive cells. RS cells produce chemokines that can attract subsets of peripheral blood cells into HL tissues. To gain insight in the chemokines involved in HL, 16 chemokines were selected based on their ability to recruit different subsets of cells. Five HL, 5 non‐HL‐derived cell lines, 22 HL, 5 non‐HL and 3 control tissues were analyzed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Products for 13 of these 16 chemokines were detected in 1 or more of the cell lines tested. No or only very faint signals were obtained in HL for CXCL12, CCL7 and CCL8, but CXCL10, CCL5, CCL13, CCL17 and CCL22 were highly or differentially expressed in HL cell lines and tissues. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies reactive with the latter 5 chemokines on paraffin sections of 21 cases of HL. CCL17 and CCL22 had the highest signals in RS cells at gene expression and at protein levels. CCL17 was specific for the classic HL subtypes, whereas CCL22 also had low signals in NLP samples, as well as in some non‐HL. CXCL10 was expressed in a large proportion of HL cases with a predominant expression in EBV‐positive cases. The results indicate that RS cells produce a complex pattern of chemokines that are involved in the recruitment of reactive cells and contribute to the paradox of an extensive but ineffective host immune response. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiation‐induced leukemia risk among those aged 0–20 at the time of the Chernobyl accident: A case‐control study in the Ukraine
Authors: Noshchenko Andriy G. , Zamostyan Pavlo V. , Bondar Oleksandra Yu. , Drozdova Vira D.
Published: August 2002

A case‐control study was conducted to estimate the radiation‐induced acute leukemia risk for the period 1987–1997 among residents aged 0–20 at the time of the Chernobyl accident in the most radioactively contaminated territories of the Ukraine (Rivno and Zhytomir regions). Data were collected on 272 leukemia cases diagnosed between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 1997. Of these, 98 cases were verified and interviewed. Verified cases were compared to 151 randomly selected controls matched by age, gender and type of settlement. The mean value of the estimated accumulated equivalent dose to the bone marrow was 4.5 mSv, and the maximum value was 101 mSv. A statistically significant increased risk of leukemia was found among males whose estimated radiation exposure was higher than 10 mSv. This association was statistically significant for acute leukemia cases that occurred in the period 1993–1997, particularly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A similar association was found for acute myeloid leukemia, diagnosed in the period 1987–1992. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation type iii transfected into a small cell lung cancer cell line is predominantly localized at the cell surface and enhances the malignant phenotype
Authors: Damstrup Lars , Wandahl Pedersen Mikkel , Bastholm Lone , Elling Folmer , Skovgaard Poulsen Hans
Published: August 2002

In the present study we transfected the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐negative small cell lung cancer cell line, GLC3, with the type III EGFR mutation (EGFRvIII). The EGFRvIII protein could be detected by Western blot analysis as a 145‐kDa protein, which by immunohistochemistry appeared to be localized at the cell surface. Ultrastructurally EGFRvIII was expressed mainly at the cell surface with clusters at cell–cell contacts. In the in vitro invasion assay, GLC3‐EGFRvIII cells had a ≈5‐fold increased invasion compared with uninduced GLC3‐EGFRvIII, GLC3‐Tet‐On and the parental cell line. GLC3‐Tet‐On appeared uniform in size with adherence junctions at cell–cell contacts. In uninduced GLC3‐EGFRvIII cells adherence junctions were also present but less distinct. In doxycycline‐pretreated GLC3‐EGFRvIII cells, adherence junctions were absent. We conclude that the expression of EGFRvIII results in a more malignant phenotype. This effect appears to involve the disruption of adherence junctions. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of immune tolerance toward tumor‐associated‐antigens enables growth of human hepatoma in mice
Authors: Gotsman Israel , Israeli David , Alper Ruslana , Rabbani Elazar , Engelhardt Dean , Ilan Yaron
Published: August 2002

Adoptive transfer of immunity against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was previously shown to facilitate suppression of experimental human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) expressing HBsAg in athymic mice. We have shown that oral tolerance induces antigen‐specific immune suppression of HBsAg by feeding hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens. In the present study we evaluated the effect of oral tolerance induction toward HBV or HCC antigens on the growth of experimental HCC‐expressing HBsAg in mice. Tolerance induction was induced in mice by 5 oral feedings of 1 μg HBV antigens or HCC‐extracted proteins (50 μg protein) before vaccination with recombinant HBsAg. Splenocytes (2 × 106) from these mice were transferred to sublethally irradiated athymic BALB/c mice previously transplanted subcutaneously with 107 human hepatoma Hep3B cells. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes immunized toward HBsAg prevented tumor growth. At 4 weeks after splenocyte transplantation, tumor volume and serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) levels in athymic mice transplanted with splenocytes immunized to HBsAg were undetectable as compared with 1,048 ± 738 mm3 and 2,500 ± 1,431 ng/ml in recipients of naïve splenocytes (p < 0.0001). Mice receiving splenocytes tolerized toward Hep3B cells, as manifested by reduced serum HBs antibody levels, reduced HBV‐specific stimulation index and reduced HBV‐specific‐IFNγ spot‐forming cells, had early tumor growth evident by elevated AFP serum levels, weight loss and mortality, which were suppressed at 6 weeks. Mice transplanted with splenocytes tolerized toward HBV antigens did not have direct evidence of tumor growth. Induction of oral tolerance toward HCC‐extracted proteins enabled transient tumor growth in this model. This effect was mediated through downregulation of the anti‐HBV immune response. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A very early induction of major vault protein accompanied by increased drug resistance in U‐937 cells
Authors: Hu Yi , Stephen Andrew G. , Cao Jin , Tanzer Lee R. , Slapak Christopher A. , Harrison Steadman D. , Devanarayan Viswanath , Dantzig Anne H. , Starling James J. , Rome Leonard H. , Moore Robert E.
Published: August 2002

U‐937 human leukemia cells were selected for resistance to doxorubicin in the presence or absence of a specific drug modulator that inhibits the activity of P‐glycoprotein (Pgp), encoded by the multidrug‐resistance gene (MDR1). Parental cells expressed low basal levels of the multidrug‐resistance‐associated gene (MRP1) and major vault protein (MVP) mRNAs and no MDR1 mRNA. Two doxorubicin‐resistant cell lines were selected. Both drug‐resistant cell lines upregulated the MVP mRNA level 1.5‐fold within 1 cell passage. The MVP mRNA level continued to increase over time as the doxorubicin selection pressure was increased. MVP protein levels generally paralleled the mRNA levels. The 2 high molecular weight vault protein mRNAs were always expressed at constitutive levels. Fully formed vault particles consisting of the MVP, the 2 high molecular weight proteins and the vault RNA assembled and accumulated to increased levels in drug‐selected cells. MVP induction is therefore the rate‐limiting step for vault particle formation in U‐937 cells. By passage 25 and thereafter, the selected cells were resistant to doxorubicin, etoposide, mitoxantrone and 5‐fluorouracil by a pathway that was independent of MDR1, MRP1, MRP2 and breast cancer resistance protein. In summary, U‐937 doxorubicin‐selected cells are programmed to rapidly upregulate MVP mRNA levels, to accumulate vault particles and to become multidrug resistant. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD151 enhances cell motility and metastasis of cancer cells in the presence of focal adhesion kinase
Authors: Kohno Masashi , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Miyake Masayuki , Yamamoto Tadashi , Fujita Shigeru
Published: August 2002

We have examined the role of the protein CD151 in cell motility, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells by using CD151‐overexpressing cells prepared by transfection of CD151 cDNA into three cancer cell lines established from different origins; a human colon cancer RPMI4788, a human glioblastoma A172 and a human fibrosarcoma HT1080. Invasion into Matrigel and cell motility of all 3 CD151‐overexpressing cancer cells were enhanced significantly when compared to control parental cells. Pulmonary metastasis of 2 metastatic CD151‐overexpressing cancer cell lines, RPMI4788/CD151 and HT1080/CD151, was higher than that of control parental cells and was markedly inhibited by anti‐CD151 monoclonal antibody (MAb), SFA1.2B4. To examine whether focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is associated with promotion of cell motility and invasion of cancer cells through CD151, we transfected human CD151 cDNA into FAK (+/+) or FAK (−/−) fibroblasts that were isolated from embryos in FAK‐deficient mice and compared invasion into Matrigel and cell motility between each CD151‐transfected cells and controls. The invasion into Matrigel and cell motility of CD151‐transfected FAK (+/+) fibroblasts increased significantly above those of parental cells and were inhibited by anti‐CD151 MAb, whereas those of CD151‐transfected FAK (−/−) fibroblasts were not enhanced at all and were not blocked by anti‐CD151 MAb. These findings indicate that the CD151 molecule enhances cell motility, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells and that FAK is needed for these events through CD151. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human chondrosarcoma secretes vascular endothelial growth factor to induce tumor angiogenesis and stores basic fibroblast growth factor for regulation of its own growth
Authors: Furumatsu Takayuki , Nishida Keiichiro , Kawai Akira , Namba Masayoshi , Inoue Hajime , Ninomiya Yoshifumi
Published: August 2002

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are well‐known factors that induce neovascularization in many tumors. The molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor angiogenesis in human chondrosarcoma are not clear. We assessed in this work the angiogenic activities of a human chondrosarcoma cell line (OUMS‐27) in vivo and determined the efficacies of angiogenic factors derived from OUMS‐27 cells on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Tumor xenografts induced an increase in the formation of neovessels, but the distributions of Ki‐67 antigen, VEGF and bFGF were unaffected. We also demonstrated that OUMS‐27 cells secreted VEGF165 into the culture medium and that it was the maximal angiogenic factor to stimulate endothelial proliferation and migration in chondrosarcoma. Anti‐VEGF antibodies induced an approximately 70% inhibition of these responses of HUVECs, but did not have any effect on OUMS‐27 cells. Anti‐bFGF antibodies suppressed not only the activities of HUVECs but also the growth of tumor cells in vitro. We indicate that angiogenesis is principally elicited by VEGF165 and that tumorigenesis is mainly regulated by bFGF stored in the extracellular matrix of OUMS‐27 cells. The present study may offer the availability of combination therapies for inhibition of VEGF and bFGF action on vascular endothelial cells and chondrosarcoma cells, respectively. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inverse scattering of a buried imperfect conductor by the genetic algorithm
Authors: Chiu Chien‐Ching , Chen Wei‐Ting
Published: August 2002

Inverse scattering of an imperfectly conducting cylinder buried in a half‐space is presented. A conducting cylinder of unknown shape and conductivity is buried in one half‐space and scatters the incident field from another half‐space. Based on the measured scattered field and the boundary condition, a set of nonlinear integral equations is derived and the inverse problem is reformulated into an optimization problem. The genetic algorithm is then employed to find the global extreme solution of the object function. As a result, the shape and the conductivity of the scatterer can be reconstructed. Even when the initial guess is far away from the exact one, the genetic algorithm can avoid the local extreme and converge to a global extreme solution. In such a case, the gradient‐based method often gets stuck in a local extreme. Numerical results are given to show the effectiveness of the genetic algorithm. Multiple incident directions permit good reconstruction of shape and, to a lesser extent, conductivity in the presence of noise in measured data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 355–360, 2000
Transverse process fusion with bovine anorganic bone
Authors: Frank Edmund H. , Gong Xi , Sipe Richard V. , Buck Dave C. , Hollinger Jeffrey O.
Published: August 2002

A biodegradable collagen membrane and bovine anorganic bone were studied in a rabbit spine fusion model. The bovine, anorganic bone is a nonantigenic, acellular clinical product used as a bone substitute for dento‐alveolar applications. We reasoned this product with a collagen membrane could be useful for spine fusions. Our hypothesis was that bovine, anorganic bone, and a collagen membrane would promote spine fusion equivalent to an autogenous bone graft. To test the hypothesis, the transverse processes of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae were decorticated in 30 rabbits divided equally among five groups. In one group, following decortication, no treatment was administered, whereas in the remaining four groups, treatments consisted of either autograft, collagen membrane, anorganic bone, or anorganic bone plus collagen membrane. Rabbits were euthanized 6 weeks after surgery, and the lumbar vertebrae were removed, radiographed, and processed for histology. The radiographs and histological sections were subjected to quantitative morphometric analyses and post hoc statistical testing (p ≤ 0.05). We determined anorganic bone without a collagen membrane migrated into the soft tissues contiguous to the transverse processes. However, with a collagen membrane, the anorganic bone remained at the implant site, causing an osseous fusion of the transverse processes. Although the autograft promoted the greatest amount of new bone formation, significant transverse process fusion was accomplished with the anorganic bone and collagen membrane. Additional longer term studies are contemplated to validate feasibility of this clinical option, including a biomechanical component. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 118–125, 2002
The subpopulation of CF‐1 mice deficient in P‐glycoprotein contains a murine retroviral insertion in the mdr1a gene
Authors: Pippert Todd R. , Umbenhauer Diane R.
Published: August 2002

A subpopulation of the CF‐1 mouse strain is sensitive to neurotoxicity following exposure to avermectins, a family of structurally related antiparasitic agents. This unusual sensitivity is the result of a deficiency in the mdr1a P‐glycoprotein that normally contributes to a functional blood‐brain barrier. Previous studies demonstrated a correlation between P‐glycoprotein levels in the brain, intestine, testis, and placenta with an restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern from DNA isolated from the animals. We have demonstrated that only P‐glycoprotein derived from the mdr1a gene is deficient in these mice. In this article, we describe the genetic defect in the subpopulation of CF‐1 mice resulting in an absence of P‐glycoprotein. The data presented describes a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) protocol that specifically amplifies mdr1a mRNA from tissue and confirms that the P‐glycoprotein defect results from a truncated mRNA with a deleted exon 23. Genomic amplification and sequencing of the intron between exon 22 and 23 in Pgp‐deficient animals reveals an insertion of approximately 8.35 kb of DNA at the exon 23 intron–exon junction corresponding to a murine leukemia virus. This insertion results in the aberrant splicing of the mRNA and the loss of exon 23 during RNA processing. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:83–89, 2001
Serum hyperviscosity syndrome responding to therapeutic plasmapheresis in a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Simón J. Abraham , Lazo‐Langner Alejandro , Duarte‐Rojo Andrés , Velázquez‐González Antonio , Sánchez‐Guerrero Sergio A. , Sánchez‐Guerrero Jorge
Published: August 2002

Hyperviscosity syndrome is a disorder first described in patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and is not commonly seen in rheumatic diseases. Its association with Sjögren's syndrome is very rare and it has been reported in very few patients. We report the case of a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome presenting as hyperviscosity syndrome who was successfully treated with therapeutic plasma exchange. J. Clin. Apheresis 17:44–46, 2002.
Mechanical regulation of IGF‐I and IGF‐binding protein gene transcription in bladder smooth muscle cells
Authors: Chaqour Brahim , Han Ji‐Soo , Tamura Isao , Macarak Edward
Published: August 2002

Mechanical forces are well known to modulate smooth muscle cell growth and synthetic phenotype. The signals controlling this process are complex and potentially involve changes in the expression of peptide growth factor genes such as those of the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system. This study was designed to investigate the mechanical regulation of IGF‐I and the binding proteins for IGF (IGFBPs) in smooth muscle cells cultured on a deformable surface and subjected to cyclic stretch. Using the RNase protection assay, we found that the application of a cyclic biaxial strain to cells induced a 2.5‐ to 4‐fold increase in IGF‐I mRNA levels after 8 h and an even greater increase after 16–24 h of stretch. This change was not affected by variations in the magnitude of the applied strain but was attenuated (∼40%) when cells were treated with antagonists for angiotensin II receptors. Furthermore, the transcript levels of the three major IGF binding proteins produced in smooth muscle cells, e.g., IGFBP‐2, IGFBP‐4, and IGFBP‐5, varied between stretched and control cells. Both IGFBP‐2 and IGFBP‐4 mRNA levels were consistently reduced in stretched cells but remained comparable to those of the control cells when the angiotensin II transducing pathway was blocked by inhibitors prior to the application of mechanical strain. Conversely, the gene expression of IGFBP‐5 was upregulated in stretched cells, and neutralizing antibodies to IGF‐I blocked this activation. Similarly, pharmacologic inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, an important component of the IGF receptor transduction pathway, inhibited IGFBP‐5 gene expression in stretched cells. These results suggest that the downstream effects of mechanical strain on IGF‐I and IGFBP transcript levels are mediated, to greater or lesser extent, either through an angiotensin II tranducing pathway or via a feedback loop involving the autocrine secretion of IGF‐I itself. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 264–277, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic cloning and promoter analysis of the GAHSP40 gene
Authors: Hamajima Fumiyasu , Hasegawa Tadao , Nakashima Izumi , Isobe Ken‐ichi
Published: August 2002

The new heat shock protein (GAHSP40), which binds to Gadd34, is a member of the Hsp40 family gene and has a J domain, which is similar to bacterial DNAJ. We have isolated and sequenced the mouse GAHSP40 gene including 1.6 kb of the 5′‐flanking region. Primer extension analysis revealed that the transcription initiation site was located 36‐bp upstream of the ATG translation initiation codon. In order to identify the heat‐responsive regions in the GAHSP40, NIH3T3 cells were transiently transfected with a series of 5′ terminus‐truncated mutants of the GAHSP40 promoter linked to the luciferase reporter gene. We found that the region of −284 to −184 bp from initiation start site responded to heat shock treatment. By the gel shift analysis, we found the heat shock elements (HSEs) located in this region from −257 to −225. This HSEs has five 5 bp motifs. The transfection studies using HSEs mutant vectors revealed that those 3′ two 5 bp motifs are essential for heat responsive transcription. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 401–407, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MCF‐7/VDR: A new vitamin D resistant cell line
Authors: Hansen Christina Mørk , Rohde Lili , Madsen Mogens W. , Hansen Dann , Colston Kay W. , Pirianov Grisha , Holm Pernille Kaae , Binderup Lise
Published: August 2002

Several in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated potent cell regulatory effects of vitamin D compounds in cancer cells. Moreover, a promising phase I study with the vitamin D analogue Seocalcitol (EB 1089) in patients with advanced breast and colon cancer has already been carried out and more clinical trials evaluating the clinical effectiveness of EB 1089 in other cancer types are in progress (Mørk Hansen et al. [2000a]). However, only little is known about the mechanisms underlying the actions of vitamin D or about the possible development of drug resistance in the patients. Therefore, in an attempt to gain more insight into these aspects, we have developed the MCF‐7/VDR cell line, a stable subclone of the human MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line, which is resistant to the growth inhibitory and apoptosis inducing effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3. Despite this characteristic, receptor studies on the VDR have clearly demonstrated that the MCF‐7/VDR cells contain fully functional VDRs, although in a lower number than seen with the parental MCF‐7 cells. The regulation of the 24‐hydroxylase enzyme appeared to be intact in the MCF‐7/VDR cells and no differences with regard to growth rate and morphological appearance between the MCF‐7/VDR cells and the parental MCF‐7 cells were observed. Interestingly, however, the sensitivity of the MCF‐7/VDR cells to the pure anti‐estrogen ICI 182,780 was found to be increased. The MCF‐7/VDR cell line shows characteristics different from those of previously described vitamin D resistant breast cancer cell lines but also some similarities. Together such vitamin D resistant cell lines therefore serve as a useful tool for studying the exact mechanism of action of vitamin D and the development of vitamin D resistance. J. Cell. Biochem. 82:422–436, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel role of extracellular carbon dioxide in lymphocyte proliferation in culture
Authors: Chakrabarti Ranjana , Chakrabarti Rabindranath
Published: August 2002

CO2/HCO3− buffering system is indispensable to maintain the pH of culture media for long‐term cell culture. Now‐a‐days, the zwiterionic hydrogen buffer HEPES is widely used as an additional buffer in the commonly used culture media. There are reports on the successful use of HEPES‐buffered media, under CO2/HCO3− free conditions, for long‐term cell cultures. However, still CO2/HCO3− buffering system is widely used. We aimed at investigating the reason for this. We found that lymphocytes proliferate in response to concanavalin A only in HCO3−‐buffered medium in the presence of 5% CO2, but not in the HEPES‐buffered medium in the absence of CO2. However, lymphocyte proliferation was observed in HEPES‐buffered medium in the presence of 5% CO2 and in the absence of HCO3−. On the other hand, a low level proliferation was observed in HEPES‐buffered medium supplemented with HCO3− in the absence of CO2. Supplementation of the culture medium with TCA cycle intermediates and the precursors for the salvage pathway of nucleotide synthesis did not support the lymphocyte proliferation at all. Based on these findings and other reports, we suggest that extracellular CO2 plays a novel role in cell proliferation. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 200–203, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of human cytomegalovirus immediate‐early gene enhancer by mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase‐1
Authors: Sun Bin , Harrowe Greg , Reinhard Christoph , Yoshihara Corinne , Chu Keting , Zhuo Shaoqiu
Published: August 2002

The immediate‐early (IE) promoter of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) constitutes a primary genetic switch, which determines the progression of viral infection. Earlier reports by others have shown mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase‐1 (MEKK1) to be able to up‐regulate HCMV‐IE promoter through downstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. However, we noticed that the activation of the HCMV‐IE promoter by constitutively active MEKK1 (MEKK1‐TRU) might not be through the MAPK pathways. Using a HCMV‐IE enhancer/promoter (− 522 to + 72) driving a luciferase reporter, we demonstrated that the downstream MAPK activation actually repressed the up‐regulation of the promoter by MEKK1 in CHO‐K1 and human 293 cells. We further found that the up‐regulation of HCMV‐IE promoter by MEKK1 could be in great extent suppressed by over‐expression of IκBα. Deletion of the NFκB/rel sites in the HCMV‐IE enhancer region by mutagenesis proportionally reduced the transcriptional activation by MEKK1‐TRU, whereas deletion of the ATF/CREB binding sites or cyclic AMP response elements (CRE) had no effects. Furthermore, the NFκB/rel deletion mutant also showed repression on the basic transcription activity of the HCMV‐IE promoter. Our results indicate that the NFκB/rel sites are not only responsible for the modulation of HCMV‐IE enhancer activity by MEKK1 but also control the basic transcription activity of the HCMV‐IE promoter. On the other hand, the four consensus CRE sites were found to have no function in the activation of the promoter by MEKK1. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 563–573, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear estrogen receptor II (nER‐II) is involved in the estrogen‐dependent ribonucleoprotein transport in the goat uterus: II. isolation and characterization of three small nuclear ribonucleoprotein proteins which bind to nER‐II
Authors: Sebastian Thomas , Thampan Raghava Varman
Published: August 2002

Three proteins of a goat uterine small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) fraction, which bind to nuclear estrogen receptor‐II (nER‐II) have been isolated and purified. These are the p32, p55, and p60 of which p32 is the major nER‐II binding protein. Indirect evidence reveals that p32 binds to the nuclear export signal (NES) on the nER‐II. nER‐II is a snRNA binding protein while p32 does not bind to the RNA. nER‐II along with p32 and p55 form an effective Mg++ATPase complex, the activation of which appears to be the immediate reason behind the RNP exit from the nuclei following estradiol exposure. The three nER‐II binding proteins bind to the nuclear pore complex; nER‐II does not possess this property. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 227–236, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of the parallelization approach of d2_cluster for high‐performance sequence clustering
Authors: Carpenter John E. , Christoffels Alan , Weinbach Yael , Hide Winston A.
Published: August 2002

The exponential increase in expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence data amplifies the computational cost of clustering sequences such that new algorithms are required to analyze data at a greater rate. We have parallelized d2_cluster on a SGI Origin 2000 multiprocessor and observed a speedup of approximately 100× on 126 processors when processing a 15,876 EST dataset. The parallelized d2_cluster code is obtainable from the SANBI website (http://www.sanbi.ac.za/CODES). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 755–757, 2002
Theoretical studies on a possible synthesis reaction pathway on N8 (CS) clusters
Authors: Jie Wang Li , Li Se , Li Qian Shu
Published: August 2002

The potential energy surfaces of N8 clusters were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and a possible synthesis reaction pathway for N8 (CS) was suggested. The species involved were fully optimized up to the B3LYP/6‐311+G* level of theory. Relative energies were further calculated at the QCISD/6‐311+G*//B3LYP/6‐311+G* level. The reaction rate constants of these steps from the 1 (N5+N3−, complex, CS) to 2 (N8, CS), 2 (N8, CS) to 3 (N8, CS), 3 (N8, CS) to 4 (N8, D2d), and 4 (N8, D2d) to 5 (N8, CS) reactions were predicted by the VTST theory. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1334–1339, 2001
Efficient exploration of conformational space using the stochastic search method: application to β‐peptide oligomers
Authors: Chandrasekhar Jayaraman , Saunders Martin , Jorgensen William L.
Published: August 2002

An efficient and general strategy for the determination of all low‐energy minima of a molecule, viz., the stochastic conformational jump procedure, has been implemented in the BOSS package. In this method, a new structure is generated by random movement (“kick”) of individual atoms with a predefined maximum displacement, and the resultant geometry is optimized. Using the OPLS‐AA force field, two series of oligomers of β‐amino acids with methyl ester terminal groups have been chosen for detailed examination. Monomeric (S)‐3‐pyrrolidine‐3‐carboxylic acid (PCA) and (S)‐nipecotic acid (Nip) have 4 and 2 nearly equi‐energy conformers, respectively. The dimers and trimers have substantially larger number of low‐energy conformers within 1 kcal/mol of the global minimum. However, the low‐energy conformers of the tetramers can all be classified as belonging to a few distinct families, in terms of variations in total interatomic distances. Even in the absence of hydrogen bonding, the larger oligomers have two well‐defined conformers, a compact helical form, and an extended structure. The preferences for these forms are determined exclusively by intramolecular dipolar interactions and van der Waals' forces. These results are consistent with experimental CD spectral trends, which reveal sharp features only for the higher oligomers (n>3). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1646–1654, 2001
Accurate prediction of proton chemical shifts. I. Substituted aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Wang Bing , Fleischer Ulrich , Hinton James F. , Pulay Peter
Published: August 2002

Forty‐five proton chemical shifts in 14 aromatic molecules have been calculated at several levels of theory: Hartree–Fock and density functional theory with several different basis sets, and also second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) theory. To obtain consistent experimental data, the NMR spectra were remeasured on a 500 MHz spectrometer in CDCl3 solution. A set of 10 molecules without strong electron correlation effects was selected as the parametrization set. The calculated chemical shifts (relative to benzene) of 29 different protons in this set correlate very well with the experiment, and even better after linear regression. For this set, all methods perform roughly equally. The best agreement without linear regression is given by the B3LYP/TZVP method (rms deviation 0.060 ppm), although the best linear fit of the calculated shifts to experimental values is obtained for B3LYP/6‐311++G**, with an rms deviation of only 0.037 ppm. Somewhat larger deviations were obtained for the second test set of 4 more difficult molecules: nitrobenzene, azulene, salicylaldehyde, and o‐nitroaniline, characterized by strong electron correlation or resonance‐assisted intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The results show that it is possible, at a reasonable cost, to calculate relative proton shieldings in a similar chemical environment to high accuracy. Our ultimate goal is to use calculated proton shifts to obtain constraints for local conformations in proteins; this requires a predictive accuracy of 0.1–0.2 ppm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1887–1895, 2001
Prescribing privileges: Grail for some practitioners, potential calamity for interprofessional collaboration in mental health
Authors: Bush John Winston
Published: August 2002

The focus of this article is the probable consequences, in the event psychologists aggressively pursue prescription privileges (RxP), upon collaboration between psychologists and physicians. The case for RxP is briefly and critically summarized and the current state of collaboration between psychologists and medical professionals is reviewed. Data are presented from a recent small survey of clinical psychologists that support the following hypotheses: (1) psychiatrists and other medical professional receive a consequential volume of referrals from psychologists which would be diminished by RxP; (2) psychologists receive referrals for psychosocial services from medical professionals which would be diminished by RxP; (3) psychologists anticipate an adverse effect upon collaboration from RxP; and (4) contrary to some claims, psychologists are at best divided over RxP. Implications of these findings upon interprofessional collaboration are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 681–696, 2002.
The importance of parental support in the lives of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals
Authors: Goldfried Marvin R. , Goldfried Anita P.
Published: August 2002

This article underscores the very important role that parental acceptance and support plays in furthering the psychological well‐being of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG), an organization dedicated to this goal, has as its mission the support for family members, education of the public, and advocacy for equal rights for lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. By “coming out” themselves, straight parents and relatives—including those in the mental health field—not only can extend the support they offer to their gay/lesbian/bisexual children and relatives but also play a significant role in reducing the stigma of being gay, lesbian, or bisexual and in mainstreaming gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 681–693, 2001.
Social phobia subtyping with the MMPI‐2
Authors: Levin Jennifer B. , Hermesh Haggai , Marom Sofi
Published: August 2002

The present article examines the utility of the MMPI‐2 for the subtyping of social phobia (SP). Cluster analysis was conducted on the MMPI‐2 profiles of 109 patients with SP. Clusters were compared on demographic and clinical variables prior to treatment, as well as following completion of cognitive‐behavioral group therapy (CBGT). Three distinct clusters emerged. The first is characterized by an absence of significant scale elevations and appears to be consistent with the reported “circumscribed” subtype of SP. It is associated with a significantly later age at onset of SP, a higher proportion of married individuals, and lower scores on pretreatment clinical variables. Significant elevations on Scales 2 (Depression) and 7 (Psychasthenia) and moderately high scores on pretreatment clinical variables characterize the second cluster. The third cluster is characterized by significantly high elevations on Scales 8, 7, and 2, and the highest scores on pretreatment clinical variables. Patients from all three groups improved significantly following a course of CBGT. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1489–1502, 2001.
A gestalt‐experiential perspective on resistance
Authors: Engle David , Holiman Marjorie
Published: August 2002

The authors present background on the gestalt‐experiential understanding of resistance, conceptualized to be either resistance to awareness or resistance to contact. The authors discuss why they do not use the term resistance and describe the phenomena as a client's self‐protective attempt to avoid the anxiety necessitated by change. Such resistant behaviors occur outside a client's awareness and often result in an ambivalence or conflict about change. The authors also describe using in‐session experiments as a way to engage with the client in exploring such a state of ambivalence or conflict. Finally, they respond to the case studies presented elsewhere in this issue and propose intervention strategies consistent with the gestalt‐experiential perspective. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 58: 175–183, 2002.
Inclusive community in a diverse world: Pursuing an elusive goal through narrative‐based dialogue
Authors: Rossing Boyd , Glowacki‐Dudka Michelle
Published: August 2002

How can we create spaces for building relationships where people restore integrity and justice and create sustainable communities in the century ahead? This article explores the theoretical aspects of using narrative and dialogue in the process of community building and presents the results of a local experiment. Findings demonstrate the viability of this model, while experience in planning and conducting these dialogues reveals forces that emerge to shape the concept and practice and to take the effort in sometimes diverging directions. We explore two major tensions foreshadowed in theory and evident in our case. The first tension lies between a search for coherence in contemporary discourse and a postmodern distrust for the silencing of marginal voices when such coherence emerges. The second tension lies between viewing talk and action as integrally related in community building versus viewing talk and action in opposition: one promoting inclusion of diverse views, the other promoting cohesion and commitment. We conclude by highlighting the strengths of this model while acknowledging both limitations and alternative directions that may emerge. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cancer therapies: Basic and clinical perspectives in brain, prostate, and lung tumors: Naples, September, 24–27, 2000*
Authors: Giordano Giovan Giacomo , Muto Mario , Sigalotti Luca , Maio Michele
Published: August 2002

A continuous flow of theoretical and practical information among basic research, diagnosis, and therapeutic innovation is a crucial process to achieve a timely and effective progress in defeating human cancer. According to this essential concept, the main objective of the Fourth Joint International Cancer Conference “Cancer Therapies: Basic and Clinical Perspectives in Brain, Prostate and Lung Cancer” has been of gathering together basic scientists and clinicians who represent scientific opinion leaders in their field, to present and discuss the most recent scientific achievements in basic and clinical perspectives, advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and molecular and cellular therapeutic approaches in brain, prostate, and lung cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PTHrP expression in chick sternal chondrocytes is regulated by TGF‐β through Smad‐mediated signaling
Authors: Pateder Dhruv B. , Ferguson Cristin M. , Ionescu Andreia M. , Schwarz Edward M. , Rosier Randy N. , Puzas J. Edward , O'Keefe Regis J.
Published: August 2002

PTHrP regulates the rate of chondrocyte differentiation during endochondral bone formation. The expression of PTHrP and its regulation by TGF‐β, BMP‐2, and PTHrP was examined in upper sternal chondrocytes following 1, 3, and 5 days of continuous treatment. While TGF‐β stimulated the expression of PTHrP (5‐fold), PTHrP caused a slight inhibition, and BMP‐2 markedly inhibited PTHrP mRNA expression. The effect of these factors on PTHrP expression was not simply related to the maturational state of the cells, since BMP‐2 increased, while both PTHrP and TGF‐β decreased the expression of type X collagen. TGF‐β isoforms 1, 2, and 3 all stimulated PTHrP expression. Signaling events involved in the induction of PTHrP by TGF‐β were further evaluated in a PTHrP‐promoter CAT construct. The effect of TGF‐β, BMP‐2, and PTHrP on the PTHrP‐promoter paralleled their effects on mRNA expression, with TGF‐β significantly increasing CAT activity, BMP‐2 decreasing CAT activity, and PTHrP having a minimal effect. Co‐transfection of the TGF‐β signaling molecule, Smad 3, mimicked the effect of TGF‐β (induction of PTHrP promoter), while dominant negative Smad 3 inhibited the induction of the PTHrP promoter by TGF‐β. Furthermore, infection with a Smad 3‐expressing retrovirus mimicked the effects of exogenously added TGF‐β, and induced PTHrP mRNA expression in the infected chondrocyte culture. In contrast, a dominant negative Smad 3 completely inhibited PTHrP promoter stimulation by TGF‐β, but only partially blocked the effect of TGF‐β on PTHrP mRNA synthesis. These findings demonstrate that PTHrP is expressed in chondrocytes undergoing endochondral ossification, and show regulation, at least in part, by TGF‐β through Smad mediated signaling events. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of phosphoinositide 3OH‐kinase in autocrine transformation by PDGF‐BB*
Authors: Rosenmüller Tomas , Rydh Karin , Nånberg Eewa
Published: August 2002

Phosphoinositide 3OH‐kinases (PI3K) are a family of lipid kinases that activates signalling pathways important for migration, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and cell survival. These processes are important hallmarks in transformation. We have evaluated the functional role of PI3K for development of a transformed morphology and migratory responses of murine fibroblasts (NIH/sis and COL1A1/NIH3T3 cell lines) stimulated in an autocrine fashion by constitutive expression of platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB). We show that prolonged treatment with the specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002, induced a reversion of the transformed morphology, and prevented density‐independent growth and focus formation. Functional PI3K was also required for development of the transformed morphology of NIH/sis and COL1A1/NIH3T3. Furthermore, treatment with LY294002 completely perturbed random migration of the cells. In addition our data show that, in the signalling pathways downstream of PI3K, activation of the small GTPase Rac was a prerequisite for the transformation signal. Our data also indicate the presence of a suramin‐insensitive PI3K activity. Most likely this was due to the presence of a suramin‐insensitive intracellular PDGFR pool that allowed activation of PI3K located in intracellular compartments. In conclusion these data show that intact PI3K activity was required for the morphological alterations and the enhanced migratory response that are hallmarks for PDGF induced autocrine transformation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methanogenesis of black liquor in a two‐stage biphasic reactor system using an immobilized cell system
Authors: Grover Rajesh , Marwaha Satwinder S , Kennedy John F
Published: August 2002

The methanogenesis of black liquor from pulp and paper mill was achieved using immobilized cell technology in a laboratory‐scale two‐stage reactor system run continuously for 340 days. The optimum organic loading rate for the anaerobic treatment of black liquor was 8.0 kgm−3d−1 at which the % COD removal, biogas production and methane content were 55%, 11 dm3d−1 and 71%, respectively. Organic loading rates above 8.0 kgm−3d−1 were observed to be toxic to the methanogenic bacteria and resulted in decreased methane content, biogas and COD removal. The applicability of the system to the large‐scale processing and treatment of paper mill liquid waste is discussed.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Studies on defluoridation of water by coal‐based sorbents
Authors: Sivasamy A , Singh Kunwar P , Mohan D , Maruthamuthu M
Published: August 2002

Drinking water containing fluoride above a level of 1 mg dm−3 is considered to be unsafe for human consumption. Higher intake of fluoride can cause potential health hazards. The conventional processes of fluoride removal from water are ion exchange, reverse osmosis and electro‐dialysis. However, the utility of these processes has been limited due to their expensive operation and subsequent disposal problem of the waste brine generated. Defluoridation of water samples by coal‐based sorbents was studied at different adsorbent dosages. First‐order adsorption rate constants using the Lagergren equation, the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, film diffusion and pore diffusion coefficients have been evaluated for each system. The effect of pH on fluoride removal and the mechanism has also been discussed.

Copyright © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry