bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Randomized controlled trial of SMS Intervention in Inner Mongolia with Type 2 Diabetes (Preprint)
Authors: Wang Xue Mei , Liu Dan , Du Mao Lin , Hao Rui Qi , Zheng Hui Qiu , Yan Chao Li , Liang Dan Yan , Wang Rui Qi
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Nonadherence to self-management is common among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and often leads to severe complications. Short messages service (SMS) technology provides a practical medium for delivering content to address patients’ barriers to adherence.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to design a series of SMS intervention templates, and to evaluate the feasibility of the SMS through a short message quality evaluation questionnaire and to explore the intervention effect.

METHODS

1. The SMS evaluation was assessed through the 10-point scale SMS Quality Assessment Questionnaire. 2. A randomized controlled trial was conducted. The patients in SMS intervention were randomly divided into intervention group (IG) and control group (CG), which received evaluated messages education and regular education, respectively. The intervention was divided into four phases, a telephone interview was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention after each phase. The main outcome were changes in blood glucose and blood pressure (BP) and their control rates, and secondary outcomes were changes in diet, physical activity, weight control and other health-related behaviors.

RESULTS

1. SMS design: 42 SMS text messages were designed to promote healthy behaviors in different stages of behavior change, covering four key domains: healthy knowledge, diet, physical activity, living habits and weight control. 2. SMS evaluation: The average score for healthy knowledge, diet, physical activity, living habits, weight control were 8.0 (SD 0.7), 8.5 (SD 0.6), 7.9 (SD 1.0), 8.0 (SD 0.7), and 8.4 (SD 0.9), respectively. 3. SMS intervention: A total of 146 people completed the four-phase intervention, including 72 in the CG and 74 in the IG. At the end of the intervention period, in the IG, the decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG, mean 1.5mg/l [SD 3.0] vs 0.4 mg/l [SD 2.8], P=0.011), postprandial blood glucose (PBG, mean 5.8mg/l [SD 5.1] vs 4.2 mg/l [SD 4.7], P=0.028), systolic blood pressure (SBP, mean 9.1mmHg [SD 15.8] vs 2.2mmHg [SD 13.3], P=0.025), FBG control rate (45.9% vs 31.0%, P=0.046) and PBG control rate (57.8% vs 33.7%, P=0.002) were better than the CG. In self-behavior management, the changes of the weight control, diet and physical activity in the IG were better than those in the CG, and the average score of the IG was greater than that of the CG (1.1 vs [-0.3] ), P0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The overall quality of SMS content is higher to meet the needs of patients; Diet, physical activity and weight control message need to be focused on push. SMS interventions contribute to the management of blood glucose and BP, and help to promote a series of healthy-related behaviors.
Theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance for the nursing process information system (Preprint)
Authors: Ho Kuei Fang , Ho Cheng Hsun , Chung Min Huey
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

The nursing process information system (NPIS) is used to establish nursing process including assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention, and evaluation in solving the health problems of patients.

OBJECTIVE

The factors influencing the use of the NPIS by nurses were analyzed based on user satisfaction and technology acceptance of 3Q (service quality, information quality, and system quality) model.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional quantitative research, 222 valid responses of nurses were recorded from eight hospitals affiliated with public organizations in Taiwan. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze information quality (IQ), system quality (SysQ), service quality (SQ), user satisfaction (US), perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived enjoyment (PE), behavioral attitude (BA), and intention after the nurses had used the NPIS system for over one month.

RESULTS

This research indicated that IQ, SQ, and SysQ influenced US. US affected PU, PEOU, and PE and had the highest explanatory power (R2 = 0.9). Furthermore, PU, PEOU, and PE influenced BA and the intention. Consequently, the proposed model explained 51% of the variance in the intentions of using the NPIS.

CONCLUSIONS

The relationships between the variables of the 3Q model were successfully used to examine the intention of nurses for using the NPIS. By using this research, designers and programmers can comprehensively understand the perceptions of nurses and further improve the performance of the NPIS.
A study on computer based work by human based on evolutionary biology (Preprint)
Authors: Lee Ook , Choi Jungwoon
Published: October 2018

UNSTRUCTURED

Humans have evolved to walk upright since a million years ago. However, as an industrial society entered, seating and working hours became abnormally high only a few decades ago. This has caused the human body to be badly affected. According to the preceding medical studies, the environment of sitting and working for a long time negatively affected adult diseases. In modern society, people are doing long-again tasks such as sitting in one place or standing up. This has many side effects on the human body. This is because humans have evolved in a moving direction. Reflecting this background, the study adds evolutionary biological perspective to think about working in a walking environment as well as standing desk working environment. It also expected expansion of the mobile office environment where smartphones, a type of smart work, are used directly in the field. To do so, it is going to carry out an experiment that does work with Smartphones. The study could help build and establish a mobile office environment, a type of smart work. In addition, a working environment for walking around as well as using smartphones could be developed. Furthermore, the work environment and the study environment of students could change.
Design optimization of a multi-stage axial compressor using throughflow and a database of optimal airfoils
Authors: Schnoes Markus , Voß Christian , Nicke Eberhard
Published: October 2018

The basic tool set to design multi-stage axial compressors consists of fast codes for throughflow and blade-to-blade analysis. Detailed blade row design is conducted with 3D CFD, mainly to control the end wall flow. This work focuses on the interaction between throughflow and blade-to-blade design and the transition to 3D CFD. A design strategy is presented that is based on a versatile airfoil family. The new class of airfoils is generated by optimizing a large number of airfoil shapes for varying design requirements. Each airfoil geometry satisfies the need for a wide working range as well as low losses. Based on this data, machine learning is applied to estimate optimal airfoil shape and performance. The performance prediction is incorporated into the throughflow code. Based on a throughflow design, the airfoils can be stacked automatically to generate 3D blades. On this basis, a 3D CFD setup can be derived. This strategy is applied to study upgrade options for a 15-stage stationary gas turbine compressor test rig. At first, the behavior of the new airfoils is studied in detail. Afterwards, the design is optimized for mass flow rate as well as efficiency. Selected configurations from the Pareto-front are evaluated with 3D CFD.
Suplemento 2 Parte B
Authors: Saúde Revista
Published: October 2018

I Simpósio de Saúde Coletiva – Caminhos da Pesquisa no Interior do Brasil - Parte B
Editorial
Authors: Alécio de O. Rodrigues Ana Áurea
Published: October 2018

No ano em que o SUS completa 30 anos, vivemos no Brasil, momentos de insegurança e de incertezas quanto ao seu futuro. A garantia dos direitos definidos na Constituição de 1988 está ameaçada pela emenda do teto de gastos públicos, Emenda à Constituição (PEC) 55/2016, também conhecida por PEC do Teto dos Gastos Públicos, que institui o chamado Novo Regime Fiscal e congela os investimentos em áreas como saúde e educação por 20 anos, a partir deste ano - 2018, quando os gastos federais passarão a ser corrigidos apenas pela inflação.
Practice Trends in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis in the United States: 0.5% Fluorouracil and Combination Cryotherapy plus Fluorouracil are Underused despite Evidence of Benefit
Authors: Hagele Thomas J. , Levender Michelle M. , Davis Scott A. , Williford Phillip M. , Feldman Steven R.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Topical fluorouracil and cryotherapy are among the most commonly used treatments for actinic keratosis. Evidence shows that 0.5% fluorouracil has similar efficacy and is better tolerated than 5% fluorouracil. Evidence also shows that combination therapy with cryosurgery and fluorouracil is beneficial.

Objective:

To examine fluorouracil and cryotherapy use in the treatment of actinic keratosis.

Methods:

The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey database was queried for visits for actinic keratosis. Visits were analyzed for patient demographics, provider specialty, and treatment regimens. Fluorouracil and cryotherapy use was analyzed over time.

Results:

Cryotherapy was the most commonly used treatment for actinic keratosis. Fluorouracil products were prescribed to 1.1 million patients (6.6%) between 2001 and 2008; of these, dermatologists prescribed 0.5% fluorouracil in 51.8% of cases and 5% fluorouracil in 38.9% of cases. Combination fluorouracil and cryotherapy was used for only 1.1% of actinic keratosis visits between 1993 and 2008 and was never used by nondermatologists.

Conclusions:

Despite evidence suggesting comparable efficacy, greater tolerability, and lower cost of 0.5% fluorouracil relative to 5% fluorouracil, 5% fluorouracil is used by dermatologists almost as often as 0.5% fluorouracil. Among nondermatologists, 5% fluorouracil is used exclusively. Combination therapy of fluorouracil and cryotherapy is underused despite evidence of its benefit.
Sweet Syndrome and Pemphigus Vulgaris
Authors: O'toole Ashley , O'malley Maureen
Published: October 2018

Background:

Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes. Sweet syndrome is an uncommon reactive neutrophilic dermatosis.

Objective:

This case report describes the rare presentation of a 58-year-old female patient with newly diagnosed pemphigus vulgaris who later presented with erythematous plaques and leukocytosis highly suggestive of Sweet syndrome.

Methods:

Review of the literature using the PubMed and Medline databases.

Results:

The clinical presentation of new-onset Sweet syndrome in a patient with pemphigus has been reported in the literature only on one other occasion.

Conclusion:

The observation of an association between Sweet syndrome and autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris, may ultimately lead to better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.
A Suspected Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Renal Transplant Recipient Revealing a Rare Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis by Alternaria infectoria
Authors: Tambasco Damiano , D'ettorre Marco , Bracaglia Roberto , Massi Guido , Posteraro Brunella , Torelli Riccardo , Simone Clara De , Capizzi Rodolfo
Published: October 2018

Background:

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is the most common neoplasm after organ transplantation. In addition, fungal infections are increasingly described in immunocompromised patients, such as kidney recipients.

Method and Results:

We report a case of a 64-year-old woman with a renal transplant presenting with 6-month-old skin lesions. In other centers, she had undergone previous biopsies, the results of which were suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma and aspecific inflammation. Therefore, she came to our center for surgical excision. Only our clinical experience and a detailed clinical history allowed us to doubt previous diagnoses and perform further examinations. Our investigation revealed an extremely rare fungus infection: phaeohyphomycosis by Alternaria infectoria. It was successfully treated with oral terbinafine until a complete regression of the lesions was achieved. At a 16-month follow-up visit, no recurrence of the skin lesion was observed.

Conclusion:

Despite a difficult diagnosis and rare occurrence, physicians and surgeons should be aware of infection with this emerging fungus in immunocompromised patients.
40-Year Trends in Skin Cancer in British Columbia, Canada, 1973 to 2003
Authors: Mclean David I. , Phillips Norm , Zhou Youwen , Gallagher Richard , Lee Tim K.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Skin cancer is common in North America. Incidence rate trends are potentially important in the assessment of the effects of measures to increase sun awareness in the population as well as measures to reduce sun damage.

Objective:

To determine the incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) in a geographically defined Canadian population over a 40-year period.

Methods:

Data were obtained from the BC Cancer Registry for the calendar years 1973, 1983, 1993, and 2003.

Results:

Age-standardized incidence rates increased significantly from 1973 to 2003 for BCC, SCC, and CMM.

Limitations:

The ethnic makeup of British Columbia has changed over time, and a novel method of accounting for the effect of this on skin cancer rates is presented.

Conclusion:

The incidence rate for skin cancers continued to rise in British Columbia, but there appears to have been a decline in the incidence of CMM and BCC in the youngest cohorts.
KIT Gene Mutations and Patterns of Protein Expression in Mucosal and Acral Melanoma
Authors: Abu-Abed Suzan , Pennell Nancy , Petrella Teresa , Wright Frances , Seth Arun , Hanna Wedad
Published: October 2018

Background:

Recently characterized KIT (CD117) gene mutations have revealed new pathways involved in melanoma pathogenesis. In particular, certain subtypes harbor mutations similar to those observed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, which are sensitive to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to characterize KIT gene mutations and patterns of protein expression in mucosal and acral melanoma.

Methods:

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were retrieved from our archives. Histologic assessment included routine hematoxylin-eosin stains and immunohistochemical staining for KIT. Genomic DNA was used for polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of exons 11 and 13.

Results:

We identified 59 acral and mucosal melanoma cases, of which 78% showed variable levels of KIT expression. Sequencing of exons 11 and 13 was completed on all cases, and 4 (6.8%) mutant cases were isolated.

Conclusion:

We successfully optimized conditions for the detection of KIT mutations and showed that 8.6% of mucosal and 4.2% of acral melanoma cases at our institution harbor KIT mutations; all mutant cases showed strong, diffuse KIT protein expression. Our case series represents the first Canadian study to characterize KIT gene mutations and patterns of protein expression in acral and mucosal melanoma.
Teletriage for Provision of Dermatologic Care
Authors: Lester Jenna , Weinstock Martin A.
Published: October 2018

Background:

The scarcity of dermatologists has prompted the creation of innovative methods for delivering dermatologic care.

Methods:

Teletriage is a method used in teledermatology to efficiently assess skin complaints in patients who do not have prompt access to conventional dermatologic care. Their primary care clinicians are provided with management recommendations, reassured that the lesion of concern is benign, or recommended to send their patient for a face-to-face dermatology visit. The Providence VA Medical Center conducted a pilot program testing the utility of teletriage for patients with skin complaints from June 2011 to August 2011.

Results:

The pilot program revealed that with the teletriage protocol, face-to-face visits were reduced by 38%. This program suggests that teletriage could be a useful tool for providing efficient dermatologic care, and has led to broader implementation.

Conclusion:

Teletriage is a potentially useful approach for efficiently addressing specific dermatologic complaints and improving access to care for those complaints.
Systemic Corticosteroids Are Frequently Prescribed for Psoriasis
Authors: Al-Dabagh Amir , Al-Dabagh Rana , Davis Scott A. , Taheri Arash , Lin Hsien-Chang , Balkrishnan Rajesh , Feldman Steven R.
Published: October 2018

Background:

The use of systemic corticosteroids is discouraged in major psoriasis treatment guidelines.

Purpose:

Our objective was to assess how often systemic corticosteroids are prescribed for psoriasis and trends in their use over time.

Methods:

We used National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data to determine the systemic medications prescribed for psoriasis from 1989 to 2010. We confirmed the findings by analysis of 2003–2007 MarketScan Medicaid data.

Results:

Systemic corticosteroids were prescribed at 650,000 (95% CI 380,000–920,000) of 21,000,000 psoriasis visits; 93% of these visits were to dermatologists. Of the top nine systemic medications listed at psoriasis visits, three of them were corticosteroids. Corticosteroids were the second most commonly prescribed systemic medication for psoriasis. No significant change in the use of systemic corticosteroids for psoriasis over time was observed ( p = .27). In the MarketScan data, prednisone was prescribed more commonly than either methotrexate or etanercept.

Limitations:

Corticosteroid doses and the length of treatment were not recorded in the NAMCS data.

Conclusions:

Systemic corticosteroids are among the most common systemic treatments used for psoriasis despite current guidelines. Data are acutely needed on the risks and benefits so that physicians and patients can make evidence-based decisions about their use.
Comparison of Growth Traits and Yields Components of five Chickpeas Genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) at Bakrajo/ Sulaymaniyah Conditions
Authors: Ahmed Jalal Omer , Yara Mohammad Dara , Rashid Abdulla Anwar , Hama Noori Meerza Chnar
Published: October 2018

This study was carried out in Bakrajo Technical Institute, affiliates to the Sulaimania Polytechnic University. The investigation was done to find the relationships between genotypes and sowing times of five chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) during 2017-2018 seasons. Genotypes and sowing time are two significant variables which have impact on crop performance. However, heat stress throughout reproductive growth it is possible to cause Significant productivity loss. According to the environment conditions in winter season in the northern Iraq; crop meets slight heat and the acceptable moisture during reproductive growth and maturity. This leads to resulting in maximum and consistent yields, as well as there is a positive correlation between Maturity and Seed Yield (kg/h) as resulted from the experiment. Experimentation was laid out in a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications applied. Results of analysis of variance outlined that there was significant difference between chickpeas varieties in the most of traits such as no. of branches per plant, 50 % flowering, no. of pods per plant ,leaf area , seeds weight per plant and the 100 seeds weight plus harvest index, which in turn give a share in to raise yields and yield components. Sowing time and varieties had significant effects on all measured trait, Ghab 1; Filip 2 and Filip 3 winters sowing genotypes gave higher seed yield, 1582.66, 1554.66 and 1533.33 Kg/h respectively. Minimum yield 662, 480 Kg/h was recorded in the Local and Swrka spring sowing genotype.
Mataram Islam and Religiosity in Novel Trilogi Rara Mendut By YB. Mangunwijaya
Authors: Irsasri Irsasri , Slamet St. Y. , Winarni Retno , Wardani E. Nugraheni Eko
Published: October 2018

Trilogy novel, Rara Mendut is one of the historical evident in fictional-historical novel which reveals reality in fictional expression. Rara Mendut tells the main character, woman with strong and struggle oriented in gaining her goals. The struggle and principle of life dominated the story through its episodes compiling by the author, Y.B. Mangunwijaya. This research aims to dig up the principle of life, condition, and belief of people in Mataram Islam through the presentation of main character, Rara Mendut, Genduk Duku, and Lusi Lindri. Sociological approach and theory of sociology are used as theoretical framework to result the goal of the research. The result shows that in people of Mataram Islam had belief and perfoemed islam rules as the religion spred by Wali in Java island. The attitude and characters of Rara Mendut shows the values of Islamic teaching in the background of Matara Islam in novel Rara Mendut.
Sinkronisasi Materi Muatan Perda Berbasis Syariah
Authors: Naâ€™imah Hayatun
Published: October 2018

The regional regulation (Perda) as one of the legal products prevails in the Republic of Indonesia (RI) has its place in the hierarchical structure of the Indonesian legislation. The emergence of Shari'a-based local regulations in various regions in Indonesia is related to the emergence of regional autonomy. Shari'a based regional regulations cannot be directly said to be good or not according to the law, nor can it be said to be in line with or contrary to the existing legislation. There are several parameters to assess the regional regulations, namely by the Executive Review conducted by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Judicial Review carried out by the Supreme Court and the Legislative Review by the Legislature. Through these parameters it can be seen whether Sharia-based regional regulation (Perda) are referred to as part of the existing legislation in Indonesia.
Profil Keterampilan Kerjasama Siswa Kelas VII di Salah Satu SMP Swasta di Magelang
Authors: Khasanah Mayasari Mahfudhotul , Pangestu Adhe Bayu , Intantiasari Intantiasari , HP Noni Shella , Susanti Fitri , Prayitno Baskoro Adi
Published: October 2018

This study aims to determine the profile of cooperation skills of grade VII students in one private junior high school in Magelang. This study uses a survey method. The study population was all seventh grade junior high school students. The sampling technique uses purposive random sampling with a sample of 25 students. Students' cooperative skills are measured in classroom observations, questionnaires, and interviews. Data analysis used qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that of 36 students there are 0% of students who have very low collaboration skills, 0% of students who have low cooperative skills, 0% of students who have moderate cooperation skills, 72% of students who have high cooperative skills, and 28% of students who have very high cooperation skills. The average cooperative skills of class VII students are high.
Identifikasi Tingkat Kerentanan Akuifer terhadap Pencemaran di Kecamatan Sumobito Kabupaten Jombang dengan Menggunakan Metode GOD
Authors: Siswoyo Hari
Published: October 2018

Bahaya pencemaran terhadap potensi air tanah yang dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber air irigasi perlu diantisipasi agar tidak mengakibatkan degradasi kualitas air tanah. Langkah awal dalam tindakan antisipasi tersebut adalah dengan cara identifikasi tingkat kerentanan akuifer terhadap bahaya pencemaran. Identifikasi tingkat kerentanan akuifer terhadap pencemaran dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode GOD berdasarkan jenis akuifer, litologi lapisan pembatas akuifer, dan kedalaman akuifer. Berdasarkan analisis dengan menggunakan metode GOD dapat dinyatakan bahwa di lokasi kajian tingkat kerentanan akuifer terkekang terhadap bahaya pencemaran dapat diabaikan dan tingkat kerentanan akuifer semi terkekang terhadap bahaya pencemaran adalah rendah.
Niveles de sobreviniencia y expectativas reduccionistas en biología
Authors: Caponi Gustavo
Published: October 2018

RESUMENLa existencia de propiedades biológicas sobrevinientes a las propiedades físicas no invalida el desarrollo de programas de investigación biológica de corte reduccionista como el de la Biología Molecular. La existencia de tales propiedades deja margen para el desarrollo de programas de investigación biológica que no asuman ese enfoque, pero no deslegitima los resultados obtenidos por programas que sí lo hacen. Sin embargo, reconocer que existen distintos grados de sobreviniencia, puede ayudarnos a determinar en dónde es dable esperar que la molecularización de la Biología genere lucros cognitivos efectivos y dónde es de temer lo contrario.PALABRAS-CLAVEFISICALISMO, BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR, REDUCCIONISMO, SOBREVINIENCIAABSTRACTThe existence of biological properties that supervene on physical properties, do not invalidate the development of reductionist biological research programs such as Molecular Biology. The existence of such properties leaves room for the development of biological research programs that do not take that approach, but it does not annul results obtained by programs that follow that reductionist approach. However, recognizing that there are different degrees of supervenience, can help us to determine where we should expect that the molecularization of Biology could generate cognitive profits and where we shouldn’t expect that.KEYWORDSMOLECULAR BIOLOGYGY, PHYSICALISM, REDUCTIONISM, SUPERVENIENCE
Fitness ecológico
Authors: Ginnobili Santiago
Published: October 2018

RESUMENExiste un acuerdo relativo en la necesidad de distinguir dos usos del término «fitness»: el ecológico y el de la genética de poblaciones. Algunos consideran que el segundo ha venido a reemplazar al primero. Otros que el fitness ecológico tiene cierta capacidad explicativa de la que el segundo carece. Estos últimos autores han intentado dar respuesta a cómo es que el fitness ecológico se relaciona con las propiedades particulares de los organismos, siendo estas tan heterogéneas. En este trabajo intentaré dar una respuesta más adecuada a esta cuestión, utilizando el marco conceptual de la metateoría estructuralista.PALABRAS CLAVEFITNESS, SUPERVENIENCIA, SELECCIÓN NATURAL, ESTRUCTURALISMO METATEÓRICO, INTERPRETACIÓN PROPENSIONISTA DEL FITNESSABSTRACTThere is relative agreement on the need to distinguish two different uses of the term «fitness»: the ecological fitness and the population genetics fitness. Many consider that the latter has come to replace the former. Others think that the ecological fitness has certain explanatory power that the population genetics fitness lacks of. Among the last ones, many have tried to give response to how ecological fitness relates to organism’s properties, especially because of their being so heterogeneous. In this paper I will try to give a better answer to this matter using the conceptual framework of metatheoretical structuralism.KEYWORDSFITNESS, SUPERVENIENCE, NATURAL SELECTION, METATHEORETICAL STRUCTURALISM, PROPENSITY INTERPRETATION OF FITNESS
Problemas en torno a la caracterización del viviente como sistema
Authors: Güell Francisco
Published: October 2018

RESUMENTraigo a colación observaciones sobre problemas que subyacen a muchas de las reflexiones de filosofía de la biología entorno a la caracterización del viviente y la noción de función biológica. Alerto sobre la suplantación de la realidad por información científica inexacta, nocionesentificadas y modelos teóricos preconcebidos. Abogo por el análisis, antes de cualquier otra reflexión, de la relación entre la unidad y la multiplicidad de notas del viviente, análisis que explica la distintiva individualidad del organismo. Finalmente, anuncio el paradigma constitucional como una nueva aproximación al viviente, marco que toma como punto de partida al viviente como realidad estructurante.PALABRAS CLAVESISTEMA VIVO, UNIDAD, FUNCIÓN, INDIVIDUALIDAD, ZUBIRIABSTRACTThis paper aims to deal with some problems underlying contemporary reflections on philosophy of biology, particularly the definition of living being and the idea of biological function. I warn about the danger of taking for granted imprecise scientific information and biased theoretical models. I defend the analysis of the relationship between unity and multiplicity as key features of the living being, which highlights the distinctive individuality of the organism. Finally, I introduce the constitutional paradigm as a new approach to the study of the living being, a frame which takes, as its starting point, the living being as «structuring reality».KEY WORDSLIFE SYSTEM, UNITY, FUNCTION, INDIVIDUALITY, ZUBIRI
La funcionalidad, si existe, no deriva de un propósito. Una argumentación desde la biomorfodinámica y la evo-devo
Authors: De Renzi Miquel
Published: October 2018

RESUMENLa noción de propósito es inherente a la finalidad (adaptación, función) si se toma ésta como causa principal de las estructuras orgánicas. Éstas surgen a través del desarrollo, que tiene una causalidad propia, sin propósito con respecto al organismo adulto. El desarrollo esta canalizado y sujeto a limitaciones (constraints); por ello, no se alcanzan óptimos adaptativos en general. Sobre tales posibilidades limitadas en variabilidad actúa la selección natural; la modularidad permite combinar selectivamente aspectos independientes, pero siempre dentro de limitaciones. Pueden surgir estructuras no funcionales que llegarán –o no– a constituir exaptaciones, que serán el paso previo a toda adaptación.PALABRAS-CLAVEADAPTACIONISMO, EXAPTACIÓN, CANALIZACIÓN, LIMITACIÓN DE DESARROLLO, MODULARIDADABSTRACTThe notion of design is inherent to finality (adaptation, function) if this last one is taken as the main cause of organic structures. Structures arise throughout development, which has its own causation, decoupled from the design referred to the adult organism. Development is canalized and subjected to constraints; because of this, adaptive optima are not generally reached. Natural selection works on these possibilities of constrained variability; modularity allows the selective combination for independent features, but always within a constrained framework. Nonfunctional structures are expected, which will arrive –or not– to give exaptations, the previous step to any adaptation.KEYWORDSADAPTATIONISM, EXAPTATION, CANALIZATION, DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS, MODULARITY
La morfología en evo-devo: enfoque generativo y genealógico
Authors: Etxeberría Arantza
Published: October 2018

RESUMENLa evo-devo ha sostenido, a diferencia de la biología evolutiva estándar, que la morfología puede estudiarse experimentalmente y que los procesos generativos cumplen un papel causal en la evolución. En este trabajo se examinan dos actitudes distintas dentro de la evo-devo sobre si el estudio de la morfología que sostiene el enfoque comparativo para hacer clasificaciones evolutivas puede apoyarse en una metodología causal generativa, o si debe ser estrictamente genealógico. La primera considera que el estudio de los procesos morfológicos permite hacer inferencias evolutivas más exactas, mientras que la segunda aconseja cautela al respecto. Así que pueden distinguirse dos posiciones diferentes sobre la integración de disciplinas biológicas.PALABRAS CLAVECLASIFICACIÓN, DESCRIPCIÓN/EXPLICACIÓN, HOMOLOGÍA, INTEGRACIÓN, PATRONES Y PROCESOSABSTRACTEvo-devo has maintained, unlike standard evolutionary biology, that morphology can be studied experimentally and generative processes play a causal role in evolution. In this paper two different approaches within evo-devo are examined on whether the study of morphology at the basis of the comparative approach for systematic classifications can be based in a causal generative methodology, or it must be strictly genealogical. The first one considers that the study of morphological processes enables more accurate evolutionary inferences, whereas the second is cautious about this. Accordingly, two different attitudes towards the integration of biological disciplines can be distinguished on this issue.KEYWORDSCLASSIFICATION, DESCRIPTION/EXPLANATION, HOMOLOGY, INTEGRATION, PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
El problema de la función en evo-devo
Authors: De la Rosa Laura N.
Published: October 2018

RESUMENSi bien el problema de la forma ha sido el explanandum clásico de la evo-devo, frente al énfasis neodarwinista en la adaptación, en los últimos años un número creciente de autores ha reivindicado la incorporación del problema de la función en la perspectiva ontogenética de la evolución. Tras abordar los distintos modos en los que la evo-devo actual investiga la dimensión funcional de la evolución, defendemos que la distancia teórica entre la Síntesis Moderna y la ‘Síntesis Extendida’ no puede interpretarse en términos de la dialéctica Forma/Función. Al contrario: la ‘evo-devo funcional’ implica una radical reconceptuación de las funciones y plantea formas de síntesis alternativas con la teoría sintética.PALABRAS CLAVEEVO-DEVO, SÍNTESIS MODERNA, FORMA ORGÁNICA, FUNCIÓN BIOLÓGICAABSTRACTAlthough the problem of form has been the classical explanandum of evo-devo vs. the Darwinist emphasis on adaptation, in the last years the problem of function has joined evo-devo’s agenda. After examining the various ways in which contemporary evo-devo deals with the functional dimension of evolution, I will argue that the theoretical distance between the Modern Synthesis and evo-devo cannot be interpreted as a dialectics between Form and Function. On the contrary: the new ‘functional evo-devo’ implies a radical reconceptualisation of the concept of function and opens new ways of synthesis with the Modern Synthesis.KEYWORDSEVO-DEVO, MODERN SYNTHESIS, ORGANISMAL FORM, BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Human evolution and transitions in individuality
Authors: Abrantes Paulo C.
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates whether it is fruitful to describe the role culture began to play at some point in the hominin lineage as pointing to a transition in individuality, by reference to the works of Buss, Maynard-Smith and Szathmáry, Michod and Godfrey-Smith. The chief question addressed is whether a population of groups having different cultural phenotypes is either paradigmatically Darwinian or marginal, by using Godfrey-Smith’s representation of such transitions in a multi-dimensional space. Richerson and Boyd’s «dual inheritance» theory, and the explanation it provides of the evolution of cooperation in the hominin lineage, is taken into account to shed light on the way Godfrey-Smith deals with cultural evolution, especially concerning the amount of variation in a population of groups with various cultural phenotypes, the role played by multi-level selection in the evolutionary dynamics of such a population and the adequacy of different modalities of group-reproduction.KEYWORDSTRANSITIONS IN INDIVIDUALITY, CULTURAL EVOLUTION, DARWINIAN POPULATIONS, EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION, DUAL INHERITANCE THEORYRESUMENEste trabajo indaga acerca de si es fructífero o no describir el papel que la cultura comenzó a jugar en algún punto en el linaje de los homininos como si se tratara de una transición en la individualidad, en referencia a las obras de Buss, Maynard-Smith y Szathmáry, y Michod y Godfrey-Smith. La cuestión principal es si una población de grupos con diferentes fenotipos culturales es o bien paradigmáticamente darwiniana o bien marginal, usando para ello la representación de Godfrey-Smith de tales transiciones en un espacio multidimensional. La teoría de la «herencia dual» de Richerson y Boyd, y la explicación que proporciona de la cooperación en el linaje hominino es tenida en cuenta para arrojar luz sobre el modo en que Godfrey-Smith trata la evolución cultural, especialmente en lo concerniente a la cantidad de variación en una población de grupos con diversos fenotipos culturales, el papel jugado por la selección multi-nivel en el dinámica evolutiva de tal población y la adecuación de diferentes modalidades de reproducción de grupos.PALABRAS CLAVETRANSICIONES EN LA INDIVIDUALIDAD, EVOLUCIÓN CULTURAL, POBLACIONES DARWINIANAS, EVOLUCIÓN DE LA COOPERACIÓN, TEORÍA DE LA HERENCIA DUAL
Huyendo de los extremos. Conciliación (Consilience) en la explicación del comportamiento violento humano
Authors: Sanmartín José
Published: October 2018

RESUMENEn este artículo, a través del análisis de la conducta de sumisión característica de algunos tipos de víctimas de violencia, se muestra cómo, en el plano de la realidad hay interacciones ontológicas que, en el plano científico, deberían ser atendidas por interacciones epistémicas entre diversas teorías. Se sustenta de este modo una clase de consiliencia no basada en un micro-reduccionismo fuerte. Proceder de este modo, dilucidar esas interacciones ontológicas en el marco de interacciones teórico-científicas, no sólo es lo coherente desde un punto de vista metodológico: es también lo más fructífero si se tienen en cuenta los grandes desarrollos que han experimentado ciencias en nuestro tiempo cuyos nombres ya delatan su carácter consiliente. En este sentido, especial atención deberíamos prestar en el contexto del análisis de la conducta violenta a la neurociencia cognitiva como ámbito consiliente del saber que fomenta lacolaboración de investigadores de áreas tan dispares como la neurofisiología, la ecología del comportamiento, la informática, la genética, la psicología y la psiquiatría.PALABRAS CLAVECONSILIENCIA, REDUCCIONISMO SUBSTITUTIVO, REDUCCIONISMO COLABORATIVO, AMBIENTALISMO, BIOLOGISMOABSTRACTIn this paper, through the analysis of the submissive behavior characteristic of some types of violence, it shows how on the planes of reality there are ontological interactions which in scientific terms should be addressed by the epistemic interactions between various theories. It thus supports a class of consilience not based on a strong micro-reductionism. Clarifying these interactions within ontological theoretical scientific interactions is not only consistent from a methodological point of view: it is also the most fruitful if one takes into account the major developments experienced by modern sciences whose names reveal their consilient nature. We should therefore pay special attention to the context of the analysis of violent behavior and cognitive neuroscience as a consilient field of knowledge which fosters the collaboration of researchers from such diverse fields as neurophysiology, behavioral ecology, computer science, genetics, psychology and psychiatry.KEYWORDSCONSILIENCE, SUBSTITUTIVE REDUCTIONISM, COLLABORATIVE REDUCTIONISM, ENVIRONMENTALISM, BIOLOGISM
La enseñanza de Filosofía de la Biología en clave de ciencia o creencia. Algunas herramientas conceptuales para definir las preferencias docentes
Authors: Villanueva África , Claramonte Vicente
Published: October 2018

RESUMENEste artículo pretende obtener medidas cuantitativas sobre las actitudes manifestadas por los académicos hacia cuestiones relativas a la Filosofía de la Biología y el creacionismo, y a la docencia de la Biología en general; e igualmente, determinar la relación entre las actitudes o posiciones de dichos académicos sobre la Filosofía de la Biología y sus actitudes hacia la práctica docente. Al efecto, propone cinco factores cuantitativos. El artículo termina estableciendo ciertas correlaciones no causales entre algunos de estos cinco factores cuantitativos, para trazar un perfil significativo sobre las preferencias del profesorado en Filosofía de la Biología al impartir su enseñanza en cuestiones concernidas por la relación ciencia-creencia.PALABRAS CLAVEFILOSOFÍA DE LA BIOLOGÍA, EDUCACIÓN, CREACIONISMO, DISEÑO INTELIGENTE, METODOLOGÍAABSTRACTThis paper aims to develop quantitative measures of scholars’ attitudes toward the Philosophy of Biology and creationism, along with general questions about the teaching of Biology. Moreover, the study analyses the relationships between these academics’ orientations towards the Philosophy of Biology and their attitudes towards teaching practices. To that effect, we propose five quantitative factors. The results do establish certain correlations between these five factors. The paper ends by describing lecturers’ preferences in relation to the Philosophy of Biology and their teaching of matters regarding the relationship between science and belief.
Selección natural y construcción de nicho: una ¿dialéctica? evolucionista
Authors: Álvarez Juan R.
Published: October 2018

RESUMENEn el marco del pensamiento evolucionista de los últimos treinta años, la teoría de construcción de nicho ha ido abriéndose paso como una perspectiva opuesta a y complementaria de la teoría de la selección natural en la explicación del proceso evolutivo. El planteamiento que sigue aborda su oposición como un proceso de combinación de principios ecológicos (restrictivos) y técnicos (transformadores) que tienden un puente entre ciencias biológicas y ciencias humanas, basado en una analogía de la técnica que se naturaliza en procesos de trasformación en que los organismos «se trabajan» sus ambientes.PALABRAS CLAVECONSTRUCCIÓN DE NICHO, DIALÉCTICA, ECOLOGÍA, TÉCNICA, SELECCIÓN NATURALABSTRACTWithin the frame of evolutionary thought during the last thirty years, niche construction theory has been gaining ground as an opposed and complementary outlook regarding natural selection theory in the explanation of evolution. The following approach construes their opposition as a combination of ecologic (restrictive) and technologic (transformational) principles that serve as a bridge between biological and human sciences, based on an analogy with technology that is naturalized in terms of transformation processes wherein organisms «do their work on» their environments.KEYWORDSDIALECTICS, ECOLOGY, NATURAL SELECTION, NICHE CONSTRUCTION, TECHNOLOGY
Autonomy as a property that characterizes organisms among other multicellular systems
Authors: Arnellos Argyris , Ruiz-Mirazo Kepa , Moreno Álvaro
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBiology is full of examples of multicellular (MC) systems which may demonstrate some organism-like properties but not all of them. Thus, it remains unclear if and when such systems should be considered as MC organisms, parts of organisms or groups of organisms. We suggest the notion of autonomy as a possible candidate to ground conceptually MC organisms and distinguish them from other forms of multicellularity. Considering unicellular systems as autonomous organisms on the basis of the functional integration required for their metabolic organization, we argue that MC systems should be also identified as autonomous, but on the basis of exhibiting a special kind of functionally integrated and differentiated developmental organization, which unfolds through a self-constructed set of mechanisms regulating the highly plastic processes that bring about their own constitution as such MC entities.KEYWORDSAUTONOMY, ORGANISM, MULTICELLULARITY, FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION, FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION, DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS, EPIGENETICS, SIGNALING NETWORKSRESUMENLa biología está llena de ejemplos de sistemas multicelulares que pueden mostrar algunas propiedades de organismos, pero no todas. De este modo, no está muy claro si estos sistemas deben ser considerados como organismos multicelulares y cuándo deben serlo. Aquí sugerimos que la noción de autonomía es un candidato posible para fundamentar conceptualmente los organismos multicelulares y para distinguirlos de otras formas de multicelularidad. Considerando a los sistemas unicelulares como organismos autónomos sobre la base de la integración funcional requerida para su organización metabólica, argüimos que los sistemas multicelulares deben ser también identificados como autónomos, pero sobre la base de que exhiben un tipo especial de organización del desarrollo funcionalmente integrada y diferenciada, la cual se despliega a través de un conjunto auto-construido de mecanismos que regulan los procesos enormemente plásticos que dan lugar a su propia constitución como tales entidades multicelulares.PALABRAS CLAVEAUTONOMÍA, ORGANISMO, MULTICELULARIDAD, INTEGRACIÓN FUNCTIONAL, DIFERENCIACIÓN FUNCTIONAL, CONSTRICCIONES DEL DESARROLLO, EPIGENÉTICA, REDES DE SEÑALES
Animat, un animal artificial
Authors: Benítez Antonio
Published: October 2018

RESUMENEn este trabajo presento algunos experimentos realizados con el modelo Animat. En este modelo es necesario distinguir el entorno o mundo, por un lado, y el autómata (Animat), por otro. En todos estos experimentos, el entorno es el mismo. Lo que cambia de uno a otro es la estructura y la dinámica del sistema que llamamos «Animat». En la primera sección expondré la composición del entorno y, en las siguientes, la composición de Animat en cada caso.PALABRAS CLAVEVIDA ARTIFICIAL, INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL BIOINSPIRADA, ANIMAT MODELO 2ABSTRACTIn this paper I present some experiments realized with the model Animat. In this model it is necessary to distinguish between the environment or world and the automaton (Animat). In all these experiments, the environment is the same. What changes, from one to other one, is the structure and dynamics of the system that we call «Animat». In the first section I will expose the composition of the environment. In the following ones, I will present Animat’s composition in every case.KEYWORDSARTIFICIAL LIFE, BIO-INSPIRED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, THE ANIMAT MODEL 2
Bucket thinking:the future framework for evolutionary explanation
Authors: Pievani Telmo , Serrelli Emanuele
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe hierarchical interplay between ecology and genealogy is a fundamental ingredient for the most compelling current explanations in evolutionary biology. Yet philosophy of biology has hardly welcomed a classic fundamental intuition by palaeontologist Niles Eldredge, i.e. the non-coincidence and interrelation between ecology and genealogy, and their interaction in a Sloshing Bucket fashion. Hierarchy Theory and the Sloshing Bucket need to be made precise, developed and updated in light of an explosion of new discoveries and fields and philosophical issues. They also suggests re-thinking concepts such as natural selection, species, and speciation that have always been part of evolutionary theory.KEYWORDSEVOLUTION, ECOLOGY, HIERARCHY THEORY, SLOSHING BUCKET, HOMO SAPIENSRESUMENLa interacción jerárquica entre ecología y genealogía es un ingrediente fundamental de las más convincentes explicaciones de la biología evolucionista en la actualidad. Sin embargo, la filosofía de la biología apenas ha acogido una intuición fundamental y clásica debida al paleontólogo Niles Eldredge, a saber: la no-coincidencia e interrelación entre la ecología y la genealogía, y su interacción a modo de cubeta rebosante. La Teoría de la Jerarquía y la de la Cubeta Rebosante necesitan mayor precisión, así como un ulterior desarrollo y acutalización a la luz de la explosión de nuevos descubrimientos y campos y de cuestiones filosóficas. Siguieren asimismo la necesidad de repensar conceptos tales como selección natural, especie y especiación, que han formado siempre parte de la teoría evolucionista.PALABRAS CLAVEEVOLUCIÓN, ECOLOGÍA, TEORÍA DE LA JERARQUÍA, CUBETA REBOSANTE, HOMO SAPIENS
Sobre la posibilidad y necesidad de la Filosofía de la Naturaleza
Authors: Atencia José M.
Published: October 2018

RESUMENEn este trabajo se analiza y se defiende la posibilidad de una Filosofía de la Naturaleza como disciplina distinta de la Filosofía de la Ciencia y de la Historia de la Ciencia. Para ello se discuten cuatro posiciones que han sido relevantes en este asunto: la positivista, la aristotélica, la bergsoniana y la kantiana.PALABRAS CLAVEFILOSOFÍA DE LA NATURALEZA, NATURALEZA, POSITIVISMO, ARISTÓTELES, KANT, BERGSONABSTRACTThis paper analyzes and defends the possibility of a Philosophy of Nature as a discipline independent of the Philosophy of Science and the History of Science. For this purpose, four relevant historical position about this topic are discussed: positivism, Aristotle’s, Bergson’s and Kant’s positions.KEYWORDSPHILOSOPHY OF NATURE, NATURE, POSITIVISM, ARISTOTLE, KANT, BERGSON