bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gospel, Gregory VII, and Modern Theology
Authors: Leithart Peter J.
Published: March 2003

According to Paul and Augustine, the gospel announced a radical redistribution of priestly privilege, since all baptized shared Christ's priestly and royal status. Over several centuries, due to changes in baptismal liturgies, the Pauline–Augustinian conception faded, replaced by an ecclesiology that separated “true” and “metaphorical” priesthoods. During the eleventh century, the Gregorian reform party provided ideological support for the desacralization of laymen and especially lay rulers. By dividing the church between “sacred” priesthood and “secular” laity, the Gregorians laid the foundation stones of modernity and constructed the ecclesio–theological framework of modern theology.
The Bishop and his/her Eucharistic Community: A Critique of Jean–Luc Marion's Eucharistic Hermeneutic
Authors: Smit Peter–Ben
Published: March 2003

In the essay the hermeneutical views of Jean–Luc Marion, as they are expressed in his God without Being: Hors–Texte in relationship with the Eucharist and the story of Luke 24, are presented and critically assessed. The criticisms registered touch in the first place upon the concept of in persona Christi, which concerns the relation between the celebrant and Christ. Furthermore, the issue of the relationship between the eucharistic minister and his (or her) community and thereby the hermeneutical function of the Eucharist as a celebration of the whole community is discussed in dialogue with Marion's views.
E‐mail, Power and the Constitution of Organisational Reality
Authors: Brigham Martin , Corbett J. Martin
Published: March 2003

To many observers, the introduction of electronic mail into a business organisation is an undramatic affair which is likely to have little impact beyond that on intra‐organisational communication. Using insights from actor‐network theory, this article demonstrates the more insidious and far‐reaching impact of electronic mail on organisational power relations, knowledge and employee behaviour.
New technology and industrial relations in United States and Australian shipping
Authors: Morris Richard , Donn Clifford
Published: March 2003

This article examines the labour implications of technology transfer and diffusion in American and Australian shipping. The authors argue that technology innovation and transfer has been inhibited in these two cases by a range of factors including public policy and trade union behaviour. The authors’ findings are related to general models of the impact of technology on labour.
Innovation trajectories and employment in the cleaning industry
Authors: Djellal Faridah
Published: March 2003

The cleaning industry is a service industry which is currently undergoing major changes in scope and omplexity and increasing use of information technologies. This paper highlights the various innovation trajectories which apply to the cleaning industry and seeks to link these to the employment structure in the sector.
The Effect of Import Substitution Policy on Manufacturing Industries in Iraq
Authors: Zaidan T. M.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the possibilities for import substitution in manufacturing industries in Iraq. To do this, it devises three measures of import substitution and applies them to 14 defined industries for the period 1978–88; this period, in turn, is divided into sub‐periods, 1978–82 and 1982–88. The paper also evaluates the effects of substitution on patterns of growth in these industries. The results range from high to low levels of substitution, as well as negative ones. The paper, in particular, highlights the agricultural sector as needing to be subsidised and encouraged to increase production.

Generally, the analysis suggests that, in the period under review, the Iraqi economy succeeded in the first state of import substitution, namely the manufacture of consumer goods, and displayed good potential in the second, namely the manufacture of intermediate and capital goods. It concludes by saying that international pressures played an important role in encouraging substitution in 1978–88.
The Relevance of Asymmetry Issues for Residential Oil and Natural Gas Demand: Evidence from Selected OECD Countries, 1970–95
Authors: Haas Reinhard , Zöchling Josef , Schipper Lee
Published: March 2003

In times of low oil prices, oil demand in OECD countries has not rebounded as textbook economic theory would suggest. On the other hand, natural gas demand has increased, despite prices being at almost the same level as in 1985. In this paper, the impact of volatile prices on oil demand is investigated. Different econometric approaches are applied. The major conclusions of these investigations are: (i) with respect to the choice of fuels, strong patterns of asymmetry exist; (ii) the maximum historical oil price is the dominating parameter on residual oil demand; and (iii) volatile prices have a greater influence on energy demand than high but rather constant prices.
The Price of Crude Oil
Authors: Bakhtiari A.M. Samsam
Published: March 2003

The price of crude oil is among the most important prices quoted daily across the world — which is not surprising, since crude oil is the most widely used source of energy worldwide, as well as being a unique commodity.

When petroleum burst onto the world stage in 1859, its price first went through some initial gyrations (1860–70), before settling in the $1.00–2.00 per barrel range (barring a few exceptions) for a full century.

Then, the price underwent two ‘shocks’ (1973 and 1980), followed by the ‘counter‐shock’ of 1986. Thereafter, the price entered the relative stability of the $15–20/b concensus, where it lingered until recently.

Some day, there is bound to be a fresh paradigm of ‘insufficient oil reserves’, thus ushering in a new era for oil prices. Taking into consideration available data on reserves and expert analysis, it would seem that that day may be years rather than decades away.
Electricity Demand by the Commercial Sector in Kuwait: An Econometric Analysis
Authors: Eltony M. Nagy , Hajeeh Mohammad
Published: March 2003

This paper models and estimates electricity demand by the Kuwaiti commercial sector, using an error correction model. It also simulates the estimated model under three scenarios and presents an analysis of the results.

The empirical results indicate that short‐ and long‐run electricity consumption and the level of economic activity are interrelated. The forecasts show that electricity consumption varies directly with economic growth. They also suggest that an increase of 100 per cent in nominal electricity prices will lead to a reduction in commercial sector electricity demand of 45 per cent by the year 2010. The simulation of the model under the different scenarios demonstrates that the potential for energy conservation exists in the commercial sector.
The Oil and Gas Links Between Central Asia and China: a Geopolitical Perspective
Authors: Xu Xiaojie
Published: March 2003

This paper is dedicated to a better understanding of the oil and gas links between Central Asia and China and the sequential implications. The author’s message is threefold.

1. China’s growing economic momentum, coupled with its energy constraints, has led the country to search for overseas resources. Considering the fact that Central Asia enjoys prolific hydrocarbon resources, while China has huge energy demands, there is no doubt about the economic and geopolitical importance of Central Asian resources to China. What China needs to do now is to build a bridge to link these resources. The key rationale behind this is a regional energy linkage, which constitutes a new visionary way of handling input into China.

2. Considering the costs of the transportation infrastructure inside China and the comparison between the replacement costs of foreign and domestic oil, it makes sense for China to move westwards to maximise the benefits from Central Asia and other neighbouring regions. At the same time, China has to bear the huge cost of overseas expansion and high risk, both economically and geopolitically.

3. China cannot ignore the new “Great Game” played in Central Asia and the Caucasus region. All the major powers involved so far have their varying motivations and advantages to reap from their influence on the landlocked region. China, advantageously positioned on the border of Central Asia, sees an opportunity to broaden its geo‐economic role in the region and beyond, so as to become a more important geopolitical force. At the turn of the century, China will give higher priority to market penetration and aggressive diplomacy. Further alliances and geopolitical goals in Central Asia, the Middle East and Russia will be explored. However, the benefits to China will depend on the effective management of uncertainties and the status of its geopolitical strength.
The Development and Acquisition of Oil Licences and Leases in Nigeria
Authors: Atsegbua Lawrence
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the development of the modes of acquisition of oil licences and leases in the Nigerian oil industry from 1914 to the present day.

It begins with an historical overview, highlighting, among other things, the dominance of Shell‐BP up to independence in 1960. The next two sections focus on the acquisition of oil rights before and after the landmark Petroleum Act of 1969, followed by a comparison of the pre‐ and post‐1969 frameworks.

Finally, the paper looks at the present system of production‐sharing contracts, which it says have contributed immensely to the rapid exploration and exploitation of the country’s oil industry.
Energy and interfactor substitution in Turkey
Authors: Dahl Carol , Erdogan Meftun
Published: March 2003

Not only access to the factors of production – capital, labourand energy – but also substitutability among these factors has a strong influence on how economies change and evolve. When factors are easily substituted for one another, shortages and disruptions are less detrimental to the growth process. Numerous studies have considered interfactor substitution for industrial countries. But, since only a few have been done for developingcountries, we summarize such work for these countries, apply the ever‐popular translog model to Turkish aggregate industrial, manufacturing and mining data and compare our work with similar studies on both developing and industrial countries. We find own‐input demand elasticities to be negative and inelastic for all factors and all sectors and all own‐price elasticities are less than 0.6 in absolute value. Cross elasticities are all in the inelastic range and suggest that capital and labour, as well as capital and energy, are substitutes, whereas energy and labour are complements.
Energy taxes and wages in a general equilibrium model of production
Authors: Thompson Henry
Published: March 2003

Energy taxes are responsible for a good deal of observed differences in energy prices across states and countries. They alter patterns of production and income distribution. The present paper examines the potential of energy taxes to lower wages in a general equilibrium model of production with capital, labour and energy inputs.
Energy consumption in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Bakhtiari A.M. Samsam , Shahbudaghlou F.
Published: March 2003

During the 20th century, energy consumption in the Islamic Republic of Iran was continually on the increase, from a per capita level of 200 kilogrammes of oil equivalent (koe) for traditional energies at the onset to more than 1,700 koe for commercial energies at the century's close.

The main stimulants fuelling Iran's energy consumption were: (i) revenue from oil exports (wealth‐creating); (ii) a growing population; (iii) the countrywide rural‐urban shift; and (iv) relatively low domestic retail prices charged for energy vectors.

For a country well endowed with hydrocarbon resources, it is not surprising that the internal consumption of refined products and natural gas grew to fill 99 per cent of its primary energy needs.

During the 1990s, domestic consumption of natural gas exploded. Gas even came to rival refined products, securing up to 45 per cent of total primary energy. Future natural gas expansion will be based upon the country's ample reserves, and gas will undoubtedly become Iran's dominant source of internal energy in the 21st century—thereby liberating liquid fuels for export.

Iran's dwindling crude oil production will also put pressure on the internal use of refined products, as consumption and exports come to vie for the same barrel. Exports being vital to the national economy, consumption will have to be reined in.
The Russian Coal Industry in Transition: A Linear Programming Application
Authors: Jonsson Bo , Söderholm Patrik
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the restructuring of the Russian steam coal market. The main purpose is to compare the prevailing steam coal flows between mine basins and electric utilities and the actual coal prices with those that would prevail in an efficient market. The analysis is done within a short‐run linear programming model. Coal demands and supplies are identified. The objective function that is minimised consists of the delivered costs, i.e. extraction plus transportation costs, subject to exogenous demand requirements and capacity restrictions. We conclude that, in spite of attempted restructuring, the Russian coal steam coal market is still highly inefficient. This is mainly due to the fact that large amounts of coal are delivered over very long distances, a pattern that often cannot be justified in economic terms. Because of cost‐inefficient coal deliveries and large subsidies, coal prices are also highly distorted. Given the communist legacies of the past, the restructuring process will probably take considerable time and is unlikely to be successful until there is a fundamental change in the economic and political institutions.
What have we Learned from the Experience of Low Oil Prices?
Authors: Alhajji A.F.
Published: March 2003

This article is an attempt to assess the effect of the low oil prices the world experienced in the mid‐1980s, 1998 and early 1999. Such an assessment will help us predict the consequences of low oil prices in the future. The study focuses on the boon and bane of low oil prices from the producers' and consumers' points of view.

Low oil prices, which are not related to technology and lower production costs, have depleted oil reserves, increased the income gap between consumers and producers, created friction among OPEC Members and between OPEC and non‐OPEC producers, and led to the imposition of tariffs on oil imports in consuming countries. In addition, they have led to economic hardship in oil‐producing countries, including declines in oil revenue, budget deficits, budget cuts and cancelled projects, borrowing and debts, deterioration in the balance of payments, negative economic growth, currency devaluations and political unrest. They have affected oil companies through reduced earnings, forced lay‐offs of workers, lower investment and increased mergers. Despite these disadvantages, oil producers may benefit from low oil prices in the long run. They will increase demand, slow the process of substitution and decrease non‐OPEC production.

Consumers, on the other hand, will benefit from low oil prices, through higher economic growth and disposable income, and lower legislative and import costs. In addition, consumers will drive faster and longer. These benefits do not come without cost. Low prices will also increase the future vulnerability of consuming countries and lead to more dependence on oil at the expense of alternative energy sources, more dependence on oil imports, more waste, more environmental damage and less efficiency.

After outlining the advantages and disadvantages, the study concludes that the disadvantages of low oil prices outweigh their benefits; that is, low oil prices have caused substantial damage. This is due to market inefficiencies and imperfections that include government intervention, especially in consuming countries. Competitive markets, on the other hand, may not lead to such damage.

Also, the recent increase in oil prices may have been caused by the low oil prices in 1998 and early 1999, which resulted in lower investment and maintenance spending that, in turn, led to reduced capacity and production.
Non‐Parametric Regression Models of Deviations from Othogonality in the Expectations Theory of the Term Structure
Authors: Campbell Bryan , Galbraith John W.
Published: March 2003

Regression tests of the expectations theory of the term structure typically reject the null hypothesis of orthogonality between implied forecast errors and the yield spreads. In the statistical literature on the term structure, these rejections are sometimes attributed to time‐varying liquidity premia, and Engle et al. (1987) suggest that the ARCH‐M model of time‐variation in the liquidity premium may be sufficient to account for rejections of the expectations theory. We use non‐parametric (kernel) regression to explore the regression test results on a number of data sets, and find some evidence of a persistent deviation from orthogonality for large absolute values of the spread. Incorporating ARCH‐in‐mean into models of the term premium indicates that this specification does explain significant time variation in liquidity premia, but the effect does not apepar to be sufficient to account for all of the deviations from orthogonality of forecast errors and spreads.
United States Trade Balance Announcements: The Nature of its Data Revisions
Authors: Ghosh Sucharita
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the nature of the data revisions in the monthly United States trade balance announcements made by the Commerce Department. Previous work in this area have considered agent reactions to only the preliminary trade balance announcements on various asset prices and have not taken into account the revised figures of the previous month's trade balance announcement. Since Ghosh and Lien (1995) found that the revisions in the data announced by the government are taken into account by the agents, it leads us to further investigate the nature of these revisions. This paper uses the econometric approach described in Mankiw, Runkle and Shapiro (1984) and Mork (1990) to analyze whether the revisions in the US trade balance announcements represent measurement errors, efficient forecast errors, or inefficient forecast errors. Using the generalized method of moments estimation procedure the researcher finds that the preliminary announcements of the trade balance data are better characterized as observations of the true series measured with error rather than as efficient forecasts. The results are of interest to the users of these preliminary US trade balance announcements since it suggests to them that they could use statistical procedures to estimate the underlying value and thus obtain more efficient estimates of these government announcements.
Fertility and the Human Capital Loss of Non‐Participation
Authors: Belzil Christian , Hergel Philip
Published: March 2003

Female earnings function parameters are estimated jointly with interruption incidence and fertility decisions. We pay particular attention to the return to experience and the human capital loss parameter when women are allowed to self‐select into various possible combinations of interruption and fertility outcomes. We find that ignoring endogenous fertility decisions may seriously bias the effect of non‐employment spell lengths on female earnings, as well as the return to experience. To a large extent, the negative relationship between female earnings and non‐employment spell length, that is widely documented in the earlier literature, is the result of a misspecification of the earnings functions.
A Correction for Local Biasedness of the Wald and Null Wald Tests
Authors: Goh Kim‐Leng , King Maxwell L.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a procedure to overcome the problem of small‐sample local biasedness of the Wald test of a single restriction. The new test procedure involves finding two critical values, in order to obtain the desired size and local unbiasedness. Simulation results indicate that the Wald test corrected in this way still shares the non‐monotonic power behaviour of the original test reported in the literature. We extend the new test procedure to the null Wald test recently developed to resolve power non‐monotonicity, and obtain good power properties.
A Note on Testing the Nested Structure in Multivariate Regression Models
Authors: Ahn Sung K. , Lee Eui Yong
Published: March 2003

In this article we propose a simple method of identifying, at an earlier stage of analysis, the nested structure among the coefficient matrices in multivariate regression models. When the limiting distribution of the estimators of the coefficient matrices are jointly normal, the Wald type statistics based on the proposed method is asymptotically a chi‐squared random variable. A numerical example that arises in cointegration analysis is provided to illustrate the method and a small simulation study is provided to illustrate its effectiveness.
The Probability That a Smoker Does Not Purchase Tobacco: A Note
Authors: Miles Daniel
Published: March 2003

In this note we are concerned with the estimation of the probability that a smoker does not purchase tobacco during a survey. Usually, tobacco demand has been estimated using limited dependent variable models under the assumption that an important proportion of smokers declared a zero expenditure in tobacco. However, if the probability of non purchasing by a smoker is negligible, zeros could be ignored and the demand equation could be estimated on positive expenditure data using traditional estimation methods. Here we estimate this probability and find that it is extremely small. A novelty of this work is the use of data on the quantity and frequency of tobacco purchases during the week of the survey, instead of the more commonly used expenditure data.
The Reallocation of Labour and the Lifecycle of Firms
Authors: Burgess Simon , Lane Julia , Stevens David
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a unique US panel dataset of firms and workers toinvestigate the relationship between the firm's lifecycle and the reallocation of labour. We distinguish labour reallocation associated with job reallocation, and reallocation of workers over a fixed configuration of jobs. We find that firms at the beginning and end of their lifecycles contribute disproportionately to labour market lows, with sorting between firms particularly important among young firms, whereas sorting within firms is moreimportant among mature firms. We also find that high churning lows are associated with a lower probability of a young firm surviving.
Thucydides and ‘Chalkidic’ Torone (IV.110.1)
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: March 2003

This article is a reply to the Thucydidean part of J.K. Papadopoulos in OJA 15 (1996) 151–81 and is concerned with the meaning of ‘Chalkidic Torone’ at Thucydides IV.110.1 (and of ‘Chalkidic Olynthos’ at IV.123). Various meanings, canvassed in previous scholarship, are considered. Sense (1) is geographical, ‘Torone in Chalkidike’ sense (2) is political, ‘Torone the member of the Chalkidic State or League’. Both these are rejected in favour of some translation of ‘Chalkidic’ which implies either colonial descent from Euboian Chalkis (sense (3)) or ethnic affiliation to a local and non‐Euboian ‘Chalkidic genos’ (sense (4)). It is argued, contrary to Papadopoulos, that Thucydides in the fifth century, and perhaps Ephorus in the fourth, did after all think in terms of sense (3), but that non‐Euboian Chalkidians, if any, may have appropriated Euboian origins to themselves, partly for imperialistic reasons and partly to assert their hellenism, surrounded as they were by non‐Greek neighbours. (Analogies are suggested for such ‘propagandistic’ behaviour.) That is, senses (3) and (4) can be reconciled.
Bersu's Goldberg IV: A Petty Chief's Establishment of the 6th–5th Centuries B.C.
Authors: Jope E.M.
Published: March 2003

Goldberg bei Nordlingen, located in southern Germany, was excavated earlier this century by Gerhard Bersu. The results of his work were never fully published. This paper concentrates on his excavation of the Hallstatt D settlement known as Goldberg Phase IV. An appraisal of the available evidence shows that Phase IV can be divided into two distinct Sub‐Phases, and continuity of occupation is demonstrated. The fortification of Phase IVB indicates a community under threat, and an increase in social differentiation is implied by the appearance of a palisaded enclosure to house the chief and by differences in the structure and functionality of the settlement's buildings.
The dead with golden faces: Dasaretian, Pelagonian, Mygdonian and Boeotian funeral masks
Authors: Theodossiev Nikola
Published: March 2003

Eleven gold and one gilded silver funeral masks have been discovered in the southern parts of the Central Balkans. They can be dated in the last decades of the 6th–early 5th centuries BC and belonged to the dead nobles of the tribal aristocracy of Dasaretioi, Pelagones and Mygdones. Another gold funeral mask was accidentally discovered in Boeotia and it could be dated to the Archaic period. Although these masks are reminiscent of earlier Mycenaean ones, and although there are several Etruscan and Celtic bronze masks of the 7th century BC, the origin of the Balkan funeral ritual is still obscure. The covering of the faces of the dead aristocrats with gold masks could be connected with their heroization and even deification, and strong belief in the afterlife and rebirth.
Exotic Celtic Coinage in Britain
Authors: De Jersey Philip
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the c. 250 ‘exotic’ Celtic coins found in Britain, defined as coins originating beyond Armorican and Belgic Gaul. The coins are considered in relation to their typology, their contexts of discovery and their distribution. Several key themes emerge: the occasional import of early continental staters, perhaps in the third century BC; the arrival of fine copies of Massiliot bronze issues during the second century BC, leading to the development of British potin coinage; and, from the first half of the first century BC, the importation of an increased number of exotic coins, mostly from central Gaul, primarily to Chichester, north‐east Kent and the territories north of the Thames.
Mycenaean Beads: Gender and Social Contexts
Authors: Hughes‐Brock Helen
Published: March 2003

Although Mycenaean burial customs and the absence of written sources make many questions about beads unanswerable, nonetheless there is some evidence, or room for speculation, about who wore beads, how they were worn, uses other than as jewellery, relations to seals and amulets and spindle whorls and textiles, their materials and sources and their part in long‐distance and other cultural contacts,colours and the possible significance of them, manufacturing processes and craft organization, symbolic values of relief‐bead motifs, beads as rank‐ or status‐markers. Gender roles and differences are sometimes hinted at in the archaeological record. Written sources from Egypt and Mesopotamia and archaeological and ethnographic studies in India can sometimes help to fill gaps by suggesting questions or answers.
Hellenistic Production of Terracotta Roof Tiles Among the Ceramic Industries at Gordion
Authors: Henrickson Robert C. , Blackman M. James
Published: March 2003

Recent excavation at the ancient city of Gordion in central western Turkey has recovered part of the collapsed terracotta tile roof of a large Hellenistic building built in the third century BC. The roofing system consisted of large rectangular pan tiles and long half‐round cover tiles. The evidence from ethnographic and historical accounts of tile production, forming and finishing methods, and chemical composition determined by neutron activation analysis has yielded insights into the organization of this coarse‐ware ceramic industry, its use of local resources, and its relationship to the other ceramic industries serving the city and the local economy.
An Engraved Chalk Plaque from Hanging Cliff, Kilham
Authors: Varndell G.
Published: March 2003

An engraved chalk plaque found in the fill of a Roman ditch at Kilham, North Yorkshire bore decoration akin to that on some Grooved Ware pottery. A case is made for its inclusion within a small series of similar plaques of likely Late Neolithic date.
Perspectives on an Early Bronze Age Island Centre: An Analysis of Pottery from Daskaleio‐Kavos (Keros) in the Cyclades
Authors: Broodbank Cyprian
Published: March 2003

Island central places occupy a prominent position in archaeological, anthropological and historical debate, but the number of early examples of such centres that have to date been investigated in detail remains small. One such central place in the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC) Cycladic islands of the Aegean was the site of Daskaleio‐Kavos on Keros, although the interpretation of this site’s functions is controversial. Fieldwork at the site in 1987 generated a large sample of pottery that allows the site’s local and inter‐regional connections to be explored in detail for the first time. The results of ceramic analysis indicate that Daskaleio‐Kavos operated as the active maritime centre of an intensive network of inter‐island exchange.
Oval Shield Representations on the Black Sea Littoral
Authors: Gunby Juliet
Published: March 2003

Finds of representations of oval shields in Nymphaeum, Panticapaeum, Myrmekia, and the Taman peninsula have raised the possibility of the presence of Celtic groups in the Greek colonies of the Pontic littoral. However, these identifications have been based on the traditional association, based on classical history and sculpture, of oval shields exclusively with Celtic groups – an association which recent research has called into question.
Fertility and Economic Growth: Do Immigrant Maids Play a Role?
Authors: Ghosh Sucharita , Lien Donald
Published: March 2003

A significant source of child‐care services in East and South‐East Asia are provided by immigrant maids. Using a modified version of the model used in Galor and Weil (1996), the present paper analyses the impact of this source of child‐care services on women’s labor market participation, fertility behavior and the household purchase of child‐care services. The results show that a lower price for the maid service leads to a lower savings rate, a higher demand for children and less time being spent with children. We also find that hiring immigrant maids leads to lower economic growth in the long run.
Direct Investment, Monopoly and Welfare
Authors: Yabuuchi Shigemi
Published: March 2003

This paper considers foreign direct investment which produces a manufactured good entirely for the market of the host country. It analyzes the welfare implications of an expansion of this activity, and compares the results with ones obtained from the model of export processing zones. It is shown that, contrary to the case of EPZs, an expansion of market‐oriented direct investment improves welfare under free trade, and if there is an import tariff, the expansion may improve welfare under certain conditions.
Technology choice under duopoly
Authors: Mai Chao‐Cheng , Hwang Hong
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a conjectural variation approach to demonstrate that competing firms will often distort their cost structures away from strict cost minimization for strategic reasons. In particular, it is shown that the nature of the desired distortions of production technology depends critically on the magnitudes of the firms' conjectural variations with respect to outputs as well as the firms' conjectural variations with respect to technology. These results are in sharp contrast to the conventional wisdom based on monopolized or perfectly competitive markets.
The Effect of Hysteresis on Fluctuations in Unemployment and Inflation when Inflation Expectations are Adaptive
Authors: Smyth David J.
Published: March 2003

The recent level of unemployment may affect the natural rate of unemployment. The implications of such an hysteresis effect for macroeconomic fluctuations is analyzed using a stochastic dynamic model. The greater the importance of an hysteresis effect, the more pronounced are fluctuations in unemployment and inflation. Complete hysteresis causes the economy to be unstable.
Long‐run Effects on China of APEC Trade Liberalization
Authors: Adams Philip D. , Horridge Mark , Parmenter Brian R. , Zhang Xiao‐Guang
Published: March 2003

Plans for trade liberalization within the Asia–Pacific Economic Co‐operation (APEC) Forum include the elimination of all tariffs between member states. The study in this paper uses two computable general equilibrium models to examine the effects of these plans, focusing on China. The modelling shows that liberalization increases China’s capital stock and real GDP. The implication for Chinese industries depends on the extent to which liberalization exposes them to additional import competition. Industries strongly stimulated include textiles and communications equipment. Transport equipment is the most adversely affected. Chinese regional results follow from the industrial compositions of the regions, with Zhejiang the most favourably affected and Jilin the least.
Trade and Personal Distribution of Wealth and Income: Beyond the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem
Authors: Das Satya P.
Published: March 2003

The effect of international trade on personal distribution of wealth and income is examined via the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem. It is shown that free trade between North and South increases (decreases) wealth and income inequality in the North (South). A concept of three classes – lower, middle and upper – is developed. It is shown that North–South free trade in goods leads to a middle class squeeze in the North and a middle class expansion in the South.
Sen measures of poverty in the United States: Cash versus comprehensive incomes in the 1990s
Authors: Formby John , Kim Hoseong , Zheng Buhong
Published: March 2003

Recently developed statistical inference procedures for the Sen index and its components – the headcount, income gap and Gini index among the poor – are used to test explicit hypotheses concerning aggregate poverty in the United States for the period 1989 to 1997. Changes in Sen measures of poverty are investigated for cash and comprehensive income using the official poverty line and six additional poverty lines drawn using thresholds set at 50, 75, 125, 150, 175 and 200 percent of the official level. The paper also reports on the effects of using comprehensive income on subgroup poverty rates and on the demographic composition of the poor.
Optimal fiscal policy in a dynamic multicountry world with public services
Authors: Bianconi Marcelo , Palivos Theodore
Published: March 2003

The authors construct a dynamic one‐good multicountry growth model with productive government spending and perfect capital mobility to study fiscal interdependence among countries. In the case of a source‐based tax, it is found that there is no strategic interaction and that the equilibrium spending/tax mix coincides with the optimal one. In the case of a residence‐based tax system, however, there is strategic interaction across countries and, under noncooperation, countries tend to spend and tax over and above the optimal Pigouvian level.
Rent Seeking and Allocative Efficiency
Authors: Lien Donald
Published: March 2003

This paper considers a rent‐seeking game (specifically, a winner‐takes‐all contest) with incomplete information. By allowing for sequential moves, a Bayesian‐Stackelberg equilibrium can be constructed. It can be shown that, at the Bayesian‐Stackelberg equilibrium, it is always possible that the allocative efficiency argument fails. That is, there are cases in which the Stackelberg follower is more efficient but loses the contest. Using a specific class of distributions, it is also shown that sometimes the corrupt official will choose the Bayesian‐Stackelberg equilibrium over the Bayesian‐Nash equilibrium in order to maximise the expected bribe revenue. That is, when designing the rules of the rent‐seeking game, the dynamic nature of competition will be taken into account.
‘One Household/Two Systems’
Authors: Wiemer Calla
Published: March 2003

Under China’s dual‐track approach to reform, ‘one household/two systems’, or combining state and private employment within a family, connotes having the best of both worlds. Drawing upon work history data for 5000 households, the present study looks at who is employed in the private sector. Findings are that marriage to a state‐employed spouse actually reduces the probability of one’s holding a private sector job and that the effects of living with a state‐connected parent are mixed. Were households more actively pursuing a one‐household/two‐systems strategy, the transition from state dependence would be expedited.
Capital Movements, Intersectoral Resource Shifts, and the Trade Balance with Recursive Preferences
Authors: Takahashi Harutaka
Published: March 2003

This paper examines interactions between internal resource shifts and the external balance. It sets up a simple infinite‐period model with recursive preferences. It shows simple patterns between capital movements and trade balances and clarifies the resource shifts between traded goods and nontraded goods sectors when world interest rate changes and government spending changes are taking place.
Externalism and Memory
Authors: Brueckner Anthony
Published: March 2003

Paul Boghossian has put forward an influential argument against Tyler Burge's account of basic self‐knowledge. The argument focuses on the relation between externalism about mental content and memory. In this paper, I attempt to analyze and answer Boghossian's argument.
Utilitarian alternatives to Act Utilitarianism
Authors: Levy Sanford S.
Published: March 2003

One problem for any utilitarian alternative to act utilitarianism, such as rule utilitarianism, is the feeling that act utilitarianism is the most natural form of utilitarianism. Other forms seen unmotivated, inconsistent, or irrational. This argument is found in Smart, Foot and Slote. It turns on the assumption that utilitarianism must be motivated by the “teleological motivation”, the idea that one must derive one's entire moral theory from the notion of the good. I respond that act utilitarianism itself has a problem from the point of view of the teleological motivation, a problem solved, surprisingly, by several utilitarian alternatives including rule utilitarianism.
Secondary and Tertiary Qualities: Semantics and Response‐Dependence
Authors: Miscevic Nenad
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Secondary and tertiary qualities are plausibly explained along dispositionalist lines. Concepts of such qualities are response‐dependent, denoting properties that are partly mind/brain‐dependent. Unfortunately, dispositionalism is hard to square with extant versions of naturalistic theories of representation. In particular the standard naturalistic (indicational) semantics of representational content cannot handle the question from either the subjectivist or the dispositional viewpoint. The paper proposes a remedy: the problem can be solved in a smooth and natural way, provided that we revise and supplement the standard semantics in a rather obvious fashion, by allowing the mind/brain‐involving properties to figure within it.
Where the Sum of Our Expectation Fails Us: The Exchange Paradox
Authors: Norton John
Published: March 2003

In the exchange paradox, two players receive envelopes containing different amounts of money. The assignment of the amounts ensures each player has the same probability of receiving each possible amount. Nonetheless, for each specific amount a player may find in his envelope, there is a positive expectation of gain if the player swaps envelopes with the other player, in apparent contradiction with the symmetry of the game. I consider a variant form of the paradox that avoids problems with improper probabilities and I argue that in it these expectations give no grounds for a decision to swap since that decision must be based on a summation of all the expectations. But this sum yields a non‐convergent series that has no meaningful value. The conflicting recommendations – that it is to one or the other player's advantage to swap – arise from different ways of grouping terms in the sum that yield an illusion of convergence. I describe a generalized exchange paradox, explore some of its properties and display another example.
The Wettstein/Salmon Debate: Critique and Resolution
Authors: Reimer Marga
Published: March 2003

Does Keith Donnellan's referential/attributive distinction have ‘semantic significance’? Howard Wettstein has claimed (in several papers) that it does; Nathan Salmon has responded (in several papers) that it does not. Specifically, while Wettstein has claimed that definite descriptions, used referentially, function semantically as demonstratives, Salmon has responded to Wettstein's claims by defending a unitary Russellian account of such expressions, according to which they invariably function as quantifiers. This paper involves a critique of the debate between Wettstein and Salmon, and offers a tentative resolution of that debate: one that favors Wettstein's ‘ambiguity’ account over the unitary Russellian account defended by Salmon.
Why Even Kim‐Style Psychophysical Laws Are Impossible
Authors: Daniel Steven G.
Published: March 2003

If the mental is subject to indeterminacy, does this rule out the possibility of psychophysical laws? One might think so. However, Jaegwon Kim has argued for the existence of a kind of psychophysical law that is not obviously susceptible to problems posed by indeterminacy. I begin by introducing a weak and relatively uncontroversial indeterminacy thesis. Then, by appealing to constraints on theories of strong supervenience and to general considerations about the nature of indeterminacy, I argue that even Kim’s laws cannot accommodate indeterminacy. The result is an argument against the possibility of Kim‐Style psychophysical laws.
Berkeley and the Argument from Microscopes
Authors: Faaborg Robert W.
Published: March 2003

In the course of his discussion of the sensible quality of color in the Dialogues Berkeley advances an argument that I shall refer to as the argument from microscopes (AFM). I offer an account of the AFM that treats it as part of Berkeley’s extended Reductio of Hylas’ philosophical theory of metaphysical realism. I then criticize two representative interpretations of the AFM which fail to appreciate its Reductio structure and, as a consequence, mistakenly attribute to Berkeley such problematic claims as that sensible objects are not colored and that the microscopic view of objects reveals the real nature of objects. If I am correct, properly construed, Berkeley’s AFM escapes these and other objections commonly raised against it.
A Natural History of Belief
Authors: Falvey Kevin
Published: March 2003

Contemporary philosophy of mind is dominated by a conception of our propositional attitude concepts as comprising a proto‐scientific causal‐explanatory theory of behavior. This conception has given rise to a spate of recent worries about the prospects for “naturalizing” the theory. In this paper I return to the roots of the “theory‐theory” of the attitudes in Wilfrid Sellars’s classic “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind.” I present an alternative to the theory‐theory’s account of belief in the form of a parody of Sellars’s “Myth of Jones,” one that highlights the normative and pragmatic aspects of this concept and, hopefully, enables us to bypass questions about its physical “realization.”
Hume’s Ethics: Ancient or Modern?
Authors: Homiak Marcia L.
Published: March 2003

At Treatise 581ff., Hume seems to ground moral distinctions in therational deliberations of the observer, thereby making sentiment expendable.Is Hume then an example of an early modern ethicist, for whom moral distinctions are derived from reason alone? I argue that Hume's use of strategiesfrom ancient ethics can help explain how reason remains subordinate to sentiment.For if to take up the point of view of the judicious spectator we musthave the right constellation of sentiments and passions (the right character, asthe ancients might say), then moral distinctions are only derivatively based onreason.
On Constitution and All‐Fusions
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: March 2003

Recently, Judith Jarvis Thomson has offered a definition of the constitution relation against the backdrop of a robust ontology of objects she calls all‐fusions. Despite finding her reasons to believe in all manner of all‐fusions intriguing, in this paper I note an unsatisfactory consequence of her position for constitution‐theorists. I argue that an unrestricted commitmentto all‐fusions should lead the constitution‐theorist to reject her definitionof the constitution relation, on the grounds that by choosing our all‐fusionscarefully, we can secure the unpalatable result that two different all‐fusionsconstitute (or are constituted by) the same thing, even though neither one ofthem constitutes the other.
What is Sidgwick’s Dualism of Practical Reason?
Authors: McLeod Owen
Published: March 2003

Sidgwick's ‘Dualism of Practical Reason’ has attracted the attention of many interpreters, and the Dualism itself seems to be an historically important version of the view, recently defended by Thomas Nagel, Susan Wolf, and others, that there exists a fundamental fragmentation of value – that the ‘cosmos of duty is reduced to chaos,’ in Sidgwick's words. In this paper, I consider and reject the leading interpretations of Sidgwick's Dualism, and propose an alternative reading. I conclude by offering what I hope is a plausible but Sidgwickian way out of the Dualism.
Dispositions Indisposed: Semantic Atomism and Fodor’s Theory of Content
Authors: Rupert Robert D.
Published: March 2003

According to Jerry Fodor's atomistic theory of content, subjects' dispositions to token mentalese terms in counterfactual circumstances fix the contents of those terms. I argue that the pattern of counterfactual tokenings alone does not satisfactorily fix content; if Fodor's appeal to patterns of counterfactual tokenings has any chance of assigning correct extensions, Fodor must take into account the contents of subjects' various mental states at the times of those tokenings. However, to do so, Fodor must abandon his semantic atomism. And while Fodor has recently qualified his atomism, the cognitively holistic nature of dispositions continues to undermine his view.
Why Should We Care about Children's Spirituality?
Authors: Hay David
Published: March 2003

David Hay discusses the ways that spirituality might be defined and its relationship to morality. He notes the well‐intentioned documents produced by the SCAA Values Forum but argues that they have failed to get to grips with the ‘motivating reality of spiritual insight’. Perhaps spiritual awareness cannot be taught as it is part of the biological inheritance that makes us human. If this is the case, and he believes it is, then what the teacher must do is help children become aware of this and reflect on it in the light of the culture of which they are a part. He identifies a number of significant difficulties that have to be overcome before this can be done. In the remainder of the paper he considers the implications of creating such an awareness in children, and details the responsibilities of schools and teachers in this process.
Blitzkrieg on Boys
Authors: Morrish David
Published: March 2003

Boys' underachievement has become one of the significant issues confronting schools today. This is a problem which can and should be addressed at a number of levels: theoretical, policy, and practical. This paper focuses on issues of policy and practice and describes how The Boswells School in Chelmsford has sought to address the particular problems it perceives as significant. Though The Boswells is a successful school, this has not prevented the objective of increasing boys' achievement being given a high priority. How the school has sought to address this through a wide range of initiatives is described and some evidence of early success is presented.