bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Indium Oxide into Microplasma Reactor for CO2 Conversion to Methanol
Authors: Jin Ru , Wu Qi , He Haochuan , Wang Changhua , Li Yuanyuan , Jin Dexin , Liang Shuang , Ma He , Li Dashuai , Wang Rui , Li Yingying , Zhang Xintong
Published: January 2025

The clean conversion of CO2 is a strategic issue for addressing global climate change and advancing energy transformation. While the current clean CO2 conversion is limited to the H2 pyrolysis process, using H2O as a proton source is more promising and sustainable. A microplasma discharge method is developed, driven by electricity, and utilized for CO2 conversion with H2O. The microplasma integrates the advantages of high energy density in discharge plasma and microchannel reaction spaces, achieving a rapid resource conversion process of CO2 and water and a high selectivity for methanol production. By further combining In2O3 with microplasma and optimizing the structure of In2O3, is improved the selectivity of methanol production to 86.66%. The methanol production rate reached 72.64 mmol g−1 h−¹, which is higher than other clean energy‐driven conversion technologies. This work provides a green route for uphill reactions in clean CO2 conversion, offering a new approach for CO2 emission reduction and resource utilization.
Mixed‐Halide Perovskites with Suppressed Phase Segregation for Large Modulation Depth and High‐Stability Terahertz Modulators
Authors: He Xunjun , Sun Binchao , Lu Guangjun , Geng Zhaoxin , Zhang Ying
Published: January 2025

Metal‐halide perovskites with tunable bandgaps are promising semiconductors in heterojunction engineering for high‐performance terahertz modulators. However, most traditional perovskite‐based terahertz modulators reported so far are difficult to simultaneously achieve both large modulation depth and high environmental stability in a simple structure. To overcome this bottleneck, herein, the Cs0.25MA0.75PbI2Br/MAPbI3/Si dual‐heterojunction terahertz modulator is fabricated using two‐step spin‐coating method. In this device, the Cs0.25MA0.75PbI2Br film formed by substituting Br− at the X‐site and Cs+ at the A‐site from MAPbI3 can not only tailor the bandgaps but also suppress the phase segregation, while the MAPbI3 film can promote the accumulation of photon‐generated electrons in the Si substrate. Moreover, the maximum modulation depth of the fabricated THz modulator is 71% at 0.42 THz. Compared to the Cs0.25MA0.75PbI2Br/Si or MAPbI3/Si samples, the modulation depth can be increased by almost 100%. After continuous operation in an environment with 70% humidity for 10 h, the device can still operate stably. This study illuminates the potential for high‐performance perovskite‐based devices, as well as offers new strategies to improve the stability of perovskites.
“Native” or “Non‐Native”: Who's Worth More? Where Do We Stand on Medgyes' “Worthiness” Question After 30 Years?
Authors: Selvi Ali Fuad
Published: January 2025

Different from critical literature reviews offering macro‐level perspectives on non‐native speakerhood/teacherhood traditionally characterized by such terms as native English‐speaking teachers and non‐native English‐speaking teachers (Calafato, Kamhi‐Stein, Selvi and Swearingen), this paper adopts a micro‐level focus on the provocative question raised in the title of Peter Medgyes' seminal article—who's worth more? Interrogating the notions of value, legitimacy, and competency encapsulated in this question of worthiness, the micro‐level focus of this conceptual paper is built on three key premises: (1) recognizing the significance of his scholarship as the cornerstone of the NNEST movement, (2) critically examining the provocative question raised in his article and exploring the unintended consequences of this binary perspective as a form of residual discourse, and (3) advocating for interpretations that provide a more nuanced and complex understanding of (non)native speakerhood/teacherhood beyond his original stance—both epistemologically and ideologically.
Confocal Endomicroscopy Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Abnormalities in Individuals Without Documented Gastro‐Intestinal Disease
Authors: Trieu Thanh‐Hien , Vieujean Sophie , Delhougne Nicolas , Seidel Laurence , Louis Edouard , Loly Jean‐Philippe
Published: January 2025

Background and aims

Probe‐based confocal endomicroscopy (pCLE) allows real‐time microscopic visualization of the intestinal mucosa surface layers. Despite remission achieved through anti‐tumor necrosis factor or vedolizumab therapy, anomalies in the intestinal epithelial barrier are observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Our study aimed to assess these abnormalities in non‐IBD individuals and compare them with IBD patients in endoscopic remission to identify the associated factors.

Methods

The study involved 84 patients, 40 with IBD under biologic therapy for over 6 months and in endoscopic remission, and 44 without IBD or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) undergoing colorectal screening colonoscopy. White light endoscopy and probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy were performed in the ileum, right colon, transverse colon, left colon, and rectum. Demographic, clinical, biological, and morphological factors were examined.

Results

pCLE revealed abnormalities in both non‐IBD individuals and those with IBD in endoscopic remission, such as fluorescein leakage, blood vessel dilatation, and hypervascularization across all segments, as well as epithelial gaps in the ileum, and crypt dilatation in the colon. Comparing the two groups, IBD patients exhibited slightly more gaps in the ileum, increased fluorescein leakage in the transverse colon, and fewer vessel dilatation in the transverse colon. Abnormalities were more frequent in cases of hypertension (p = 0.03), dyslipidemia (p = 0.02), female gender (p = 0.02), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (p = 0.03), and family history of IBD (p = 0.04) or colorectal cancer (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

Confocal endomicroscopy abnormalities are present in both non‐IBD individuals undergoing colorectal cancer screening colonoscopy as in those with IBD in endoscopic remission. Further research is needed to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of these abnormalities and their clinical impact.
Neutrino oscillations in presence of diagonal elements of scalar NSI: an analytic approach
Authors: Bezboruah Dharitree , Chattopadhyay Dibya S. , Medhi Abinash , Sarker Arnab , Devi Moon Moon
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Scalar Non-Standard Interactions (SNSI) in neutrinos can arise when a scalar mediator couples to both neutrinos and standard model fermions. This beyond the Standard Model (BSM) scenario is particularly interesting as the SNSI contribution appears as a density-dependent perturbation to the neutrino mass, rather than appearing as a matter-induced potential, and the neutrino oscillation probabilities uniquely depend on the absolute neutrino masses. In this work, we show the complex dependence of the SNSI contributions on the neutrino masses and discuss how the mass of the lightest neutrino would regulate any possible SNSI contribution in both mass ordering scenarios. We derive the analytic expressions for neutrino oscillation probabilities, employing the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, in the presence of diagonal elements of SNSI. The expressions are compact and show explicit dependence on matter effects and the absolute neutrino masses. The analytic expressions calculated here allow us to obtain the dependence of the SNSI contribution on mass terms of the form m
1 + m
2, m
2 − m
1,

$$ {m}_1{c}_{12}^2 $$

m
1

c
12
2

+

$$ {m}_2{s}_{12}^2 $$

m
2

s
12
2

,

$$ {m}_1{s}_{12}^2 $$

m
1

s
12
2

+

$$ {m}_2{c}_{12}^2 $$

m
2

c
12
2

, and m
3. We then explore the non-trivial impact of neutrino mass ordering on the SNSI contribution. The dependence of the SNSI contribution on the 3ν parameters is thoroughly explored using our analytic expressions.
On a Rayleigh-type quotient involving a variable exponent which depends on test functions
Authors: Mihăilescu Mihai , Stancu-Dumitru Denisa , Teca Anisia
Published: January 2025

Let

$$p:{{\mathbb {R}}}\rightarrow (1,\infty )$$

p
:
R
→
(
1
,
∞
)

be a bounded and continuous function. In this paper, we are concerned with the study of the positivity of the infimum

$$\inf \limits _{u\in C_0^\infty (\Omega ){\setminus }\{0\}}\frac{\displaystyle {\int _\Omega }|\nabla u(x)|^{p(u(x))}\;dx}{\displaystyle {\int _\Omega }|u(x)|^{p(u(x))}\;dx}\,$$

inf

u
∈

C
0
∞

(
Ω
)

\

{
0
}

∫
Ω

|
∇
u

(
x
)

|

p
(
u
(
x
)
)

d
x

∫
Ω

|
u

(
x
)

|

p
(
u
(
x
)
)

d
x

for all open and bounded domains

$$\Omega \subset {{\mathbb {R}}}^N$$

Ω
⊂

R

N

(

$$N\ge 1$$

N
≥
1

). In particular, we give some sufficient conditions on the function p in order to get the positivity of the above infimum and we provide examples of functions p for which the infimum vanishes.
Rigid body in compressible flow with general inflow–outflow boundary data
Authors: Axmann Šimon , Nečasová Šárka , Radošević Ana
Published: January 2025

The paper deals with the problem of the motion of a rigid body in a domain filled by the compressible fluid. We consider the nonhomogeneous boundary condition of the velocity and inflow boundary condition for the density. The existence of the weak solutions is shown. The novelty lies in the fact we are considering the general inflow–outflow boundary data, which were not considered before in the context of fluid–structure interaction.
HEW-Score – ein Werkzeug zur Homogenisierung der Spendermeldungen an die DSO
Authors: Lehmann Felix , Ehrentraut Stefan F. , Görtzen-Patin Jan , Söhle Martin , Langer Juliane , Banat Mohammed , Schrader Daniel , Kraus Holger , Weller Johannes
Published: January 2025

Hintergrund

Die anhaltend niedrige Anzahl postmortaler Organspenden in Deutschland führte wiederholt zu politischen Diskussionen und zuletzt zur Novellierung des Transplantationsgesetzes mit Stärkung der Rolle des Tansplantationsbeauftragten und Einführung eines Registers zur Dokumentation des Spendewillens. Hintergrund dieser Entscheidungen war die Annahme, dass ein relevanter Anteil potenzieller Organspender in den Krankenhäusern übersehen werden. Aufgrund fehlender Vorgaben, wann ein potenzieller Organspender an die DSO („Deutsche Stiftung Organspende“) gemeldet werden muss, ist die bestehende Datenlage jedoch nur von eingeschränkter Aussagekraft.

Ziel der Arbeit

Die Transplantationsbeauftragten der Universitätsklinika in NRW verständigten sich daher auf den hier vorgestellten Hirnfunktionsausfall-Eignung-Wille(HEW)-Score als Standard für die Meldung potenzieller Organspender.

Material und Methoden

Durch Zuordnung der Punktwerte von 1–3 zu jedem der 3 inkludierten Merkmale ergibt sich ein Score von 111–333 und ab Überschreitung des Schwellenwerts 213 wird eine Meldung an die DSO empfohlen. Zur Implementierung wurden retrospektiv die HEW-Scores der durch TransplantCheck ermittelten Fälle der Universitätsklinika Bonn, Essen und Düsseldorf aus 2022 erhoben und in dieser Arbeit dargestellt.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt lag die Anzahl der gemäß HEW-Score zu meldenden Fälle in allen 3 Standorten 13,5 % unter den tatsächlich gemeldeten Fällen (126 vs. 109). In allen 3 Standorten war die Ablehnungsquote mit 54,5–64,9 % hoch.

Diskussion

Zusammenfassend stellt der HEW-Score ein Werkzeug zur detaillierten Erfassung und standardisierten Meldung potenzieller Organspender dar und kann ein homogenisiertes Meldeverhalten als Datengrundlage für zukünftige Verbesserungsansätze ermöglichen.
Hybridizing 3D printing and electroplating for the controlled forming of metal structures within fused deposition modelled contours
Authors: Müller Tobias , Scholz Steffen , Ehrhardt Marco , Ruíz Trujillo Sonia , Cogollo de Cádiz Mar , Díaz Lantada Andrés , Guttmann Markus
Published: January 2025

An innovative approach for metal electroforming is presented, exemplified with proof-of-concept geometries and illustrated with an industrial application. The proposed production chain hybridizes 3D polymer printing and nickel electroplating for the design-controlled forming of metals within fused deposition modelled contours or patterns, which provide a selective functionalization of the substrate for metal deposition on demand. Applying the developed process, Ni electrodes for streamer discharge plasma generators are structured. These components stand out for their needle-like details, required for promoting streamer discharge phenomena, which would be challenging to obtain employing traditional milling processes. Current capabilities, main challenges and foreseen research directions, for this novel hybrid 3D printing and electroplating process and for its industrial applications, are discussed. Overall, the described process contributes to the already fruitful connections among additive manufacturing technologies and metal electrodeposition procedures, providing an interesting route towards accessible and straightforward electroforming of large components and structures.
Directed capacity-preserving subgraphs: hardness and exact polynomial algorithms
Authors: Chimani Markus , Ilsen Max
Published: January 2025

We introduce and discuss the problem: given a directed graph with edge capacities

$$\textit{cap} $$

cap

and a retention ratio

$$\alpha \in (0,1)$$

α
∈
(
0
,
1
)

, find the smallest subgraph that, for each pair of vertices (u, v), preserves at least a fraction

$$\alpha $$

α

of a maximum u-v-flow’s value. This problem originates from the practical setting of reducing the power consumption in a computer network: it models turning off as many links as possible, while retaining the ability to transmit at least

$$\alpha $$

α

times the traffic compared to the original network. First we prove that is NP-hard already on a restricted set of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) with unit edge capacities. Our reduction also shows that a closely related problem (which only considers the arguably most complicated core of the problem in the objective function) is NP-hard to approximate within a sublogarithmic factor already on DAGs. In terms of positive results, we present two algorithms that solve optimally on directed series-parallel graphs (DSPs): a simple linear-time algorithm for the special case of unit edge capacities and a cubic-time dynamic programming algorithm for the general case of non-uniform edge capacities. Further, we introduce the family of laminar series-parallel graphs (LSPs), a generalization of DSPs that also includes cyclic and very dense graphs. Their properties allow us to solve on LSPs by employing our DSP-algorithms as subroutines. In addition, we give a separate quadratic-time algorithm for on LSPs with unit edge capacities that also yields straightforward quadratic time algorithms for several related problems such as and on LSPs.
Posterior cruciate ligament resection increases intraoperative lateral and medial flexion laxity during total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Alloun Nathan , Orsi Alexander , Plaskos Christopher , Brosset Thomas , Boureau Florian , Putman Sophie
Published: January 2025

Purpose

This study reports the relationship between posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) retention vs resection and soft tissue laxity and balance throughout flexion using a robotically controlled ligament tensioner.

Methods

55 robotic-assisted TKAs (Total knee arthroplasty) were retrospectively reviewe. The robotic ligament tensioner collected laxity data both before and after PCL resection. Medial and lateral coronal laxity were compared before and after PCL resection at 10°, 45°, and 90° flexion. Gap opening was compared between pre-operative coronal hip-knee-ankle groups.

Results

Lateral laxity was greater after PCL resection at 60° (12.7 ± 2 vs 11.5 ± 3 mm), 75° (13.2 ± 2 vs 11.8 ± 3 mm), and 90° (13.7 ± 2 vs 12.1 ± 3 mm). Medial laxity was significantly greater after PCL resection at 90° (10.1 ± 2 vs 9 ± 2 mm). After PCL resection, laxity in valgus knees increased more compared to neutral/varus knees laterally at 30° (1.2 ± 1 vs 0.3 ± 1 mm), 45° (1.6 ± 1 vs 0.6 ± 1 mm), and 60° (2.1 ± 2 vs 1 ± 1 mm). A similar, but non-significant trend was observed at 90° (2.7 ± 2 vs 1.5 ± 1 mm, p = 0.09).

Conclusion

PCL resection increases flexion laxity laterally by up to 1.6 mm and medially by 1.1 mm on average, with valgus knees increasing more than neutral/varus knees. The findings emphasize that surgeons should consider the interplay between PCL resection and coronal deformity when planning and executing TKA procedures.
The association between systolic and diastolic dysfunction and autonomic nervous system function in children receiving chronic hemodialysis
Authors: Elaziz Ola H. Abd , Ahmad Ghada M. S. , Elgawad Salwa S. Abd , Elhady Fatma , Hamdy Rehab M.
Published: January 2025

Background

Changes in cardiac function and structure as well as their association with the cardiac autonomic nervous system remain incompletely characterized in children with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving hemodialysis (HD).

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study was conducted on 40 Egyptian children with CKD on regular HD compared to 40 age- and sex-matched healthy children. All participants underwent thorough clinical examination, laboratory investigations, 24-h Holter monitoring, and 2D/4D echocardiographic study (conventional and advanced modalities). Participants were followed for mortality and morbidity over 36 months.

Results

Following HD sessions, CKD children showed significant reductions of left and right ventricular (LV/RV) systolic function by 2D and 4D echocardiography compared to controls. HD children had significant impairment of heart rate variability parameters (evaluated by time and frequency domains). LV/RV global longitudinal shortening (GLS) as well as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion were closely correlated with different Holter parameters, including frequency domain parameters (including low frequency, high frequency, and LF/HF ratio), time domain parameters including percentage of differences > 50 ms between consecutive normal RR intervals (pNN50), and root-mean-square of the difference between successive normal intervals (rMSSD). Over a follow-up of 34.5 ± 16.8 months, 10 (25%) patients died. Reduced LV/RV-GLS and decreased rMSSD values were independently associated with higher mortality among HD children.

Conclusions

LV and RV myocardial deformation (either 2D or 4D) primarily decreased in HD children. Altered time and frequency domain indices revealed cardiac autonomic dysfunction, evidenced by increased sympathetic activity and decreased vagal activity. Reduced LV/RV-GLS and decreased rMSSD values were independently associated with higher mortality among HD children.

Graphical abstract
In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with photosensitizers and calcium hydroxide on bond strength, chemical composition, and sealing of glass-fiber posts to root dentin
Authors: Maltarollo Thalya Fernanda Horsth , dos Santos Paulo Henrique , Banci Henrique Augusto , Bachega Mariana de Oliveira , de Oliveira Beatriz Melare , Duarte Marco Hungaro Antonio , Queiroz Índia Olinta de Azevedo , Amaral Rodrigo Rodrigues , Cintra Luciano Angelo Tavares , Strazzi-Sahyon Henrico Badaoui , Sivieri-Araujo Gustavo
Published: January 2025

Investigate the impact of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using different photosensitizers (PSs) such as indocyanine green (IG), curcumin (CC), and methylene blue (MB), with or without intracanal application of calcium hydroxide (CH), on the push-out bond strength of glass-fiber posts (GFPs) to intraradicular dentin, the chemical composition of the root substrate, and the sealing of the adhesive interface across different thirds of intraradicular dentin. A total of 112 bovine teeth underwent biomechanical preparation and were divided into eight experimental groups (n = 14 each): Negative control with deionized water; positive control with deionized water + CH; IG group with indocyanine green and infrared laser; IG + CH group; CC group with curcumin and blue LED; CC + CH group; MB group with methylene blue and red laser; and MB + CH group. The push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine (n = 8), and scanning electron microscopy characterized the fracture patterns. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (n = 3) analyzed the chemical composition of the dentin substrate, while fluorescence confocal microscopy (n = 3) assessed the adhesive interface sealing between the resin cement and root dentin. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and the Tukey test for push-out bond strength and chemical composition comparison, with the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s tests (α = 0.05) for adhesive interface sealing. Significant bond strength differences were noted across root thirds and experimental groups (P < .05), with the IG + CH group showing the highest cervical bond strength and the IG group the lowest. Apical bond strength was highest in the CC group but lower in the NC and PC groups. Mixed failures predominated, except in the MB + CH group, where adhesive failures prevailed. Elemental composition varied among groups treated with different PSs and CH (P < .05), but interface quality, tag formation, and penetration depth showed no significant differences (P > .05). Laser-activated 500 mg/L CC combined with CH emerged as a clinically relevant option for root canal decontamination before GFPs luting. aPDT with different PSs and root canal depth influenced the push-out bond strength of GFPs and the chemical composition of root dentin. Curcumin-mediated aPDT at 500 mg/L proved effective, enhancing bond strength and sealing while maintaining consistent dentin composition across depths.
An exploratory study on domain knowledge infusion in deep learning for automated threat defense
Authors: Khanzadeh Sourena , Neto Euclides Carlos Pinto , Iqbal Shahrear , Alalfi Manar , Buffett Scott
Published: January 2025

The wide adoption of interconnected services leads to the creation of supportive solutions and business opportunities. Conversely, this new paradigm is targeted by malicious activities, aiming to compromise systems’ confidentiality, integrity, and availability. However, advanced methods lack contextual awareness, which prevents their deployment to real-world systems. Considering that the process of making informed decisions stems from the expertise of analysts based on their experience, the use of cybersecurity domain knowledge has the potential to improve Deep Learning and Deep Reinforcement Learning operations in real scenarios. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to study and evaluate the use of Knowledge Infused Learning in the context of automated threat defense. We define how cybersecurity domain knowledge can be infused into Deep Learning and Reinforcement Learning, highlighting the main challenges and benefits. Besides, we present a roadmap to apply domain knowledge for red and blue teaming activities and discuss the implications of Knowledge Infused Learning in explainability, and actionable reporting. Finally, we list the open challenges to guide the development of next-generation security solutions.
Integrating smart contracts into the modeling paradigm to harness the potential of models
Authors: Gómez-Macías Cristian , Pérez-Blanco Francisco Javier , Granada David , Vara Juan Manuel
Published: January 2025

Despite the increasing interest in blockchain and smart contracts, their inherent complexity has impeded widespread adoption. In order to mitigate this issue, this work introduces , a model-based framework for the development of smart contracts in Solidity that enables the treatment of contracts as models, opening up new possibilities for their enhancement and maintenance. A key benefit of is its ability to impose a development pattern, which contributes to improved code quality and reduced vulnerabilities. The framework’s effectiveness is evaluated through several case studies, showing how model-driven engineering can mitigate contracts inherent complexity and promote better collaboration between developers and domain experts. As this work will demonstrate, when smart contracts are treated as models, a vast array of possibilities unfolds.
Use of pigmented fungi as additives in aquaculture
Authors: Zantioti Christina , Dimitroglou Arkadios , Mountzouris Konstantinos C. , Miliou Helen , Malandrakis Emmanouil E.
Published: January 2025

Lately, the need for a shift towards more sustainable aquaculture practices has become essential to ensure the industry’s long-term viability. While the cost of raw materials remains high, policymakers also highlight the need to reduce aquaculture’s environmental footprint. Thus, a way to overcome this is to replace marine-derived aquafeed ingredients with more economical and environmentally friendly alternatives. Pigment-producing yeasts and fungi emerge as potential nutritional solutions with multiple possibilities for enhancing fish pigmentation, growth, and overall health simultaneously. Existing studies have dealt with aspects of pigmented yeasts and fungi applications in aquaculture. However, further research is needed to fully understand their exact routes of action on fish health, production efficiency, and immune function. This review addresses the underexplored potential of pigmented yeasts and fungi in aquaculture. It delves into their benefits, mechanisms of pigment synthesis, and their effects on various aspects of fish physiology, including growth parameters, lipid metabolism, reproduction capacity, pigmentation (colouration), blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity, and immunological responses. Finally, the review will address the need to optimize the production processes yield of pigmented yeasts and fungi for effective use in aquafeeds. Still, it will also deal with possible limitations related to their use as additives in aquafeeds.
On the martensitic phase transformation and grain boundary character evolution in laser powder bed fusion 17-4 precipitation hardened stainless steel
Authors: Haines Michael P. , Farabi Ehsan , Haghdadi Nima , Primig Sophie
Published: January 2025

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of 17-4 precipitate hardened (PH) stainless steel is well-known for its significant variations in reported microstructures. While recent research has provided better understanding of the phase transformation pathways leading to as-built microstructures of

$$\delta$$

δ

-ferrite, martensite, and/or austenite, reproducible and fully martensitic microstructures would be more desirable to provide strength and age-hardening potential. However, the understanding of the martensitic phase transformation as a function of 17-4 PH powder feedstock and L-PBF route remains limited. We aim to fill this gap by comparing builds from two processing routes with different powder feedstocks and processing parameters. As-built and heat treated (1 h at 1040 °C followed by water quenching) conditions are considered. We reveal the link between the parent austenite grain size (PAGS) and the resulting martensite microstructure. A detailed five-parameter characterization of interfaces shows that a smaller PAGS results in improved grain boundary connectivity and higher length fractions of 60°/[1 1

$$\overline{1 }$$

1
¯

] and 10.5°/[0 1 1] intervariant boundaries in the martensite. Computational material science demonstrates the link between the processing parameters and composition with microstructural variations and development. Our results are broadly applicable to steel L-PBF, underpinning that refinement of martensite will improve the grain boundary network and selection of desirable intervariants. This is expected to impact material properties such as toughness, strength, intergranular corrosion, cracking, slip, and the segregation of impurities.

Graphical abstract
New combinatorial formulae for nested Bethe vectors II
Authors: Kosmakov Maksim , Tarasov Vitaly
Published: January 2025

We give new combinatorial formulae for vector-valued weight functions (off-shell nested Bethe vectors) for the evaluation modules over the Yangian

$$Y(\mathfrak {gl}_n)$$

Y
(

gl
n

)

.
The Impact of Impact: An Invitation to Philosophise
Authors: Brauer Rene , Björn Ismo , Burgess Glenn , Dymitrow Mirek , Greenman John , Grzelak-Kostulska Elżbieta , Pöllänen Pirjo , Williams Terry
Published: January 2025

This position paper argues for the introduction of a philosophy of research impact, as an invitation to think deeply about the implications of the impact agenda. It delves into the transformative influence of prioritising the end-product of the research journey over the entire knowledge production process. We argue that the prevalence of research impact assessment in Western research ecosystems has reshaped various facets of research, extending from funding proposals to the overarching goals of research agendas, assessment regimes and promotion structures. Through self-reflective analysis, this position paper critically assesses the consequences of this paradigm shift. Utilising perspectives from the UK, Poland, Sweden, and Finland, we explore tensions, conflicts, opportunities, and viabilities arising from such a shift in the teleological purpose of research. This selection of countries offers a spectrum, ranging from early adopters of impact assessment regimes to those where such evaluation is largely absent as of now, and its intermediaries. Moreover, our examination extends across different disciplinary foci, including allied health, business and management studies, earth science, human geography, and history. Our findings suggest a discernible alteration in the fundamental logic of research, where the focus shifts from checks and balances geared towards the advancement of knowledge, towards other supposedly more important goals. Here research is merely cast as an instrumental means to achieve broader societal, political, economic, environmental (etc.) goals. Additionally, we observe that as the formalisation of research impact evaluation intensifies, there are diminishing degrees of freedom for scholars to challenge contemporary power structures and to think innovatively within their research ecosystem.
Critical manifolds in the dynamics of a two-wheel model of an automobile
Authors: Steindl Alois , Edelmann Johannes , Plöchl Manfred
Published: January 2025

Insight into steering and stability properties of automobiles in critical driving conditions is essential to advance driver assist systems and autonomous driving functions. To study the dynamic properties of an automobile with rear-wheel drive, methods of geometric singular perturbation theory are applied to a planar two-wheel vehicle model. Following a branch of periodic solutions bifurcating from the steady state of the vehicle at the limits of handling, a behaviour similar to a cycle near a homoclinic orbit is observed. The periodic orbit spends most of its period on a segment with an almost constant sideslip angle and slowly varying velocity. This behaviour can be explained by the nearby existence of a critical manifold consisting of a family of stationary solutions and a heteroclinic orbit connecting two points of this critical manifold. For slightly perturbed parameter values the critical manifold is replaced by a slow manifold with very slow dynamics, which governs the dynamics along the observed slow segment. The critical manifold and the heteroclinic orbit are calculated numerically, and good agreement with the derived approximations is obtained.
Variation Between LGBT Estimates and State Policy Context
Authors: Brady Lee A. , Julian Christopher A. , Manning Wendy D.
Published: January 2025

State-level social policy and LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population concentration are key measures that are often used as indicators reflecting geographic social climate. Still, research has yet to investigate how they may be interrelated, including the degree to which the LGBT population are subject to certain policies. Using population-based experimental data from the Household Pulse Survey and policy measures from the Movement Advancement Project, we compared measures of state-level policy and concentration of the LGBT population for 2022. After calculating the correlation between these two constructs, the authors identified state-level variation in these measures for each of the 50 states and Washington, DC. With a correlation of 0.58, the findings revealed variation at the state level and indicated that LGBT population concentration and state-level LGBT policy do not necessarily reflect synonymous social phenomena and constitute distinct but complementary measures for use in constructing indices of structural heterosexism and social climate.
Classmates or Colleagues? How Elite Students Learn to Manage One Another
Authors: Thornton Jack
Published: January 2025

Using 122 interviews, this study examines how students at one elite U.S. university conceptualized the impacts of extracurricular participation during college. Scholars have argued that activities can yield valuable forms of capital for students at the primary, secondary, and college levels, yet these processes remain undertheorized. Applying Bourdieusian field theory, I found that respondents perceived three structural parallels between their student organizations and actual workplace contexts. Through clubs, students socialized one another to adopt new relational orientations that anticipated future careers navigating institutional hierarchies. Despite their university’s supposedly endless resources for activities, students paradoxically restricted one another’s access to clubs through elaborate recruitment practices that mirrored job hiring. Within clubs, respondents described learning to manage one another and relate in a detached manner as colleagues, rather than friends. While past research has explored how extracurricular activities shape individual outcomes, this study reveals how students themselves perceived the impacts of club involvement, specifically in an elite institutional context. Respondents’ experiences suggest that extracurricular activities may represent a key site of “status degradation ceremonies” that ultimately enhance elite institutions’ consecrating function.
Sample-Cohesive Pose-Aware Contrastive Facial Representation Learning
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Feng Shaoze , Liu Shuyang , Zhan Yibing , Tao Dapeng , Chen Zijing , Chen Zhe
Published: January 2025

Self-supervised facial representation learning (SFRL) methods, especially contrastive learning (CL) methods, have been increasingly popular due to their ability to perform face understanding without heavily relying on large-scale well-annotated datasets. However, analytically, current CL-based SFRL methods still perform unsatisfactorily in learning facial representations due to their tendency to learn pose-insensitive features, resulting in the loss of some useful pose details. This could be due to the inappropriate positive/negative pair selection within CL. To conquer this challenge, we propose a Pose-disentangled Contrastive Facial Representation Learning (PCFRL) framework to enhance pose awareness for SFRL. We achieve this by explicitly disentangling the pose-aware features from non-pose face-aware features and introducing appropriate sample calibration schemes for better CL with the disentangled features. In PCFRL, we first devise a pose-disentangled decoder with a delicately designed orthogonalizing regulation to perform the disentanglement; therefore, the learning on the pose-aware and non-pose face-aware features would not affect each other. Then, we introduce a false-negative pair calibration module to overcome the issue that the two types of disentangled features may not share the same negative pairs for CL. Our calibration employs a novel neighborhood-cohesive pair alignment method to identify pose and face false-negative pairs, respectively, and further help calibrate them to appropriate positive pairs. Lastly, we devise two calibrated CL losses, namely calibrated pose-aware and face-aware CL losses, for adaptively learning the calibrated pairs more effectively, ultimately enhancing the learning with the disentangled features and providing robust facial representations for various downstream tasks. In the experiments, we perform linear evaluations on four challenging downstream facial tasks with SFRL using our method, including facial expression recognition, face recognition, facial action unit detection, and head pose estimation. Experimental results show that PCFRL outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods by a substantial margin, demonstrating the importance of improving pose awareness for SFRL. Our evaluation code and model will be available at https://github.com/fulaoze/CV/tree/main.
Analysis and Comparison of the Projectile Impact Response of an Electron Beam Melt-Ti64 Body Centered Cubic Lattice-Cored Sandwich Plate
Authors: Erten H. İ. , Çimen G. , Yıldıztekin F. M. , Güden M.
Published: January 2025

Background

One potential application of additively fabricated lattice structures is in the blade containment rings of gas turbine engines. The blade containment rings are expected to be able to absorb the kinetic energy of a released blade (broken blade) in order to protect the engine parts from damaging. Metallic lattice-cored sandwich plates provide a gap (free space) between two face sheets, which helps to arrest the released blade and increases the energy absorption capability of containment rings.

Objective

The objective was to investigate numerically the projectile impact response of Body-Centered-Cubic (BCC) Electron-Beam-Melt (EBM) lattice-cored/Ti64 face sheet sandwich plates as compared with that of an equal-mass monolithic EBM-Ti64 plate.

Methods

The projectile impact simulations were implemented in LS-DYNA using the previously determined flow stress and damage models and a spherical steel impactor at the velocities ranging from 150 to 500 m s−1. The experimental projectile impact tests on the monolithic plate were performed at two different impact velocities and the results were used to confirm the validity of the used flow stress and damage models for the monolithic plate models.

Results

Lower impact stresses were found numerically in the sandwich plate as compared with the monolithic plate at the same impact velocity. The bending and multi-cracking of the struts over a wide area in the sandwich plate increased the energy absorption and resulted in the arrest of the projectile at relatively high velocities. While monolithic plate exhibited a local bent area, resulting in the development of high tensile stresses and the projectile perforations at lower velocities.

Conclusions

The numerical impact stresses in the sandwich plate were distributed over a wider area around the projectile, leading to the fracture and bending of many individual struts which significantly increased the resistance to the perforation. Hence, the investigated lattice cell topology and cell, strut, and face sheet sizes and the lattice-cored sandwich plate was shown potentially more successful in stopping the projectiles than the equal-mass monolithic plates.
The bioavailability and blood levels of low-dose rapamycin for longevity in real-world cohorts of normative aging individuals
Authors: Harinath Girish , Lee Virginia , Nyquist Andy , Moel Mauricio , Wouters Maartje , Hagemeier Jesper , Verkennes Brandon , Tacubao Colleen , Nasher Sayem , Kauppi Krister , Morgan Stefanie L. , Isman Anar , Zalzala Sajad
Published: January 2025

Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, has demonstrated great potential for application in longevity medicine. However, the dynamics of low-dose rapamycin bioavailability, and any differences in bioavailability for different formulations (e.g., compounded or commercial), remain poorly understood. We thus explored rapamycin bioavailability in two real-world cohorts to begin providing a foundational understanding of differences in effects between formulations over time. The small trial study cohort was utilized to explore the blood rapamycin levels of commercial (n = 44, dosages 2, 3, 6, or 8 mg) or compounded (n = 23, dosages 5, 10, or 15 mg) rapamycin 24 h after dose self-administration. Results suggested dose-to-blood level relationships were linear for both formulations, though compounded had a lower bioavailability per milligram of rapamycin (estimated to be 31.03% of the same dose of commercial). While substantial inter-individual heterogeneity in blood rapamycin levels was observed for both formulations, repeat tests for individuals over time demonstrated relative consistency. Extending exploration to 316 real-world longevity rapamycin users from the AgelessRx Observational Research Database produced similar findings, and additionally suggested that blood rapamycin levels peak after 2 days with gradual decline thereafter. Taken together, our findings suggest that individualized dosing and routine monitoring of blood rapamycin levels should be utilized to ensure optimal dosing and efficacy for healthy longevity.
Kidney function estimation equations: a narrative review
Authors: Khader Nisha Abdul , Kamath Veena Ganesh , Kamath Shobha Ullas , Rao Indu Ramachandra , Prabhu Attur Ravindra
Published: January 2025

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as a marker of kidney function is important in health and disease management because decreased kidney function is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, progression of kidney disease, predisposition to acute kidney injury (AKI), and for drug dosage modification. While measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) is acknowledged as the most accurate method for evaluating kidney function, it is at present not feasible to be applied in the clinical arena. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is preferred due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and seamless integration into standard clinical practice for kidney function evaluation. The presence of multiple equations for eGFR with applications to differing populations makes their use challenging for clinicians. We reviewed available estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equations and their application in different clinical settings both in normal and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. These formulae incorporate serum creatinine and/or serum cystatin C levels and correlate them with measured kidney function. Among the many available equations, the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation is the most recommended due to its robustness and accuracy across diverse patient populations. Strengths and limitations of different eGFR equations are discussed emphasizing the importance of selecting the appropriate equation based on specific patient demographics and clinical scenarios. There is need for regional validation studies to ensure the global applicability of these equations, considering the variations in population characteristics.
Does training matter? Effect of training strategies on how pre-service teachers pose and assess modelling problems
Authors: Ferrando Irene , Barquero Berta , Segura Carlos
Published: January 2025

Several studies highlight teachers’ challenges when posing and analysing modelling problems, often due to the absence of tools supporting these professional tasks. Thus, an important question refers to the effect of implementing different training strategies on the ability of prospective teachers to pose and assess modelling problems. Our study involves a sample of 110 pre-service primary school teachers, divided into three groups. The first group received extensive theoretical and practical teacher training in mathematical modelling based on the proposal of the study and research paths for teacher education. The second group received intensive theoretical training based on a didactic guide outlining the characteristics of modelling problems. The third group, which acts as a reference group, solely relied on the information provided by the Spanish curriculum. All participants undertake the same experience, involving the redesign and analysis of three textbook word problems into modelling problems. The results shed light on teachers’ training needs and the effectiveness of the tools in enhancing their ability to pose and assess modelling tasks at the primary school level.
Relationship Between Well-Being and Social Interest in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Character Strengths
Authors: Kaynak Ümre
Published: January 2025

​Well-being, in its most general definition, includes good mental health, a sense of meaning or purpose, effective stress management, and high life satisfaction. According to Alfred Adler, a proponent of Individual Psychology, social interest is a fundamental criterion for mental health. Character strengths are a set of positive traits revealed through emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. They represent strong character traits and are unique psychological processes that determine virtues. This study examines the mediating role of character strengths in the relationship between well-being and social interest in adolescents. A total of 452 high school students (282 female and 170 male, aged 13–19 years) completed self-report questionnaires assessing their social interest, well-being, and character strengths. The results revealed social interest is positively and significantly related to well-being. Character virtues such as courage, justice, temperance, and transcendence mediate the relationship between social interest and well-being, while the virtue of humanity does not.
A new relaxed inertial method for solving monotone inclusion problem
Authors: Mzimela L. , Izuchukwu C. , Mebawondu A. A. , Narain O. K.
Published: January 2025

We propose a relaxed inertial-Tseng method for solving monotone inclusion problem in a real Hilbert. The newly proposed inertial condition is relaxed and easy to implement, and its upper bound is easy to obtain unlike many conditions in the literature. We obtain a weak convergence result of the proposed method under weaker conditions and we present a series of numerical computations involving our newly suggested method, compared with established methods in the literature. In addition, the theoretical result is applied to image restoration problems. Notably, our findings enhance, broaden, and advance various preexisting outcomes available in scholarly discourse.
Adventure sports athletes on social media: potential effects on adolescents’ sports participation and risk-taking behavior
Authors: Frühauf Anika , Loinger Martin , Kopp Martin
Published: January 2025

As high physical inactivity and high social media use, especially in adolescents, are among the societal challenges of our time, this study aimed to investigate how adventure sport influencers (ASI) on social media affect adolescents in their adventure sport participation and behavior using mountain biking as an example. A qualitative research design was used. A total of 8 adolescent mountain bikers (aged between 11 and 15 years) and 8 pedagogical mountain bike experts who work with children and adolescents in bike clubs or bike camps were interviewed using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using a thematic content approach. Three themes were constructed through the analysis, namely influence of adventure sports athletes, risk-taking behavior and physical education (PE). ASI seem to motivate especially young adolescents to participate in the activity. Enhanced risk-taking was not associated with ASI, but with peers and competitions. Adolescents did not report comparing themselves with ASI or experiencing negative effects on their mental well-being related to ASI. PE was discussed as an opportunity to introduce children and adolescents to an individual sport popular among the youth and potentially to increase bike safety on the roads. As there was no social comparison with ASI, adolescents’ motivation for physical activity seemed to be unrelated to the detrimental effects on mental health which have been evaluated in research with fitness influencers on social media. Future studies should investigate the potential pedagogical implications of integrating mountain biking into physical education.