bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural Planning in the Twenty-First Century: Context-Appropriate Practices in a Connected World
Authors: Frank Kathryn I. , Hibbard Michael
Published: July 2016

Rural regions and their communities are principal locations for a range of crucial planning issues, yet the practice of rural planning has remained at the margins. In response to growing interest, we explored the current state and future possibilities of rural planning by conducting interviews with ten highly experienced US and Canadian rural specialists. Inductive analysis of their responses, which we supplemented with relevant literature, yielded contemporary definitions of “rural” and “rural planning and development.” The study highlights the major rural planning challenges, and opportunities in terms of “context-appropriate” practices attuned to rural communities and regions, globalization, and multilevel governance.
Association of Arterial Oxygen Tension During In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest With Return of Spontaneous Circulation and Survival
Authors: Patel Jignesh K. , Schoenfeld Elinor , Parikh Puja B. , Parnia Sam
Published: July 2016

Background:

Despite numerous advances in the delivery of resuscitative care, in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) continues to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. We sought to study the impact of arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) on return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to discharge in patients with IHCA.

Methods:

The study population included 255 consecutive patients who underwent advanced cardiac life support–guided resuscitation from January 2012 to December 2013 for IHCA at an academic tertiary medical center. Of these patients, 167 underwent arterial blood gas testing at the time of the arrest. Baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory, and clinical outcome data were recorded. The primary outcome of interest was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcome of interest was presence of ROSC.

Results:

Of the 167 patients studied, Pao2 categorization included the following: Pao2 < 60 mm Hg (n = 38), Pao2 of 60-92 mm Hg (n = 44), Pao2 of 93 to 159 mm Hg (n = 43), Pao2 of 160 to 299 mm Hg (n = 24), and Pao2 ≥ 300 mm Hg (n = 18). Patients with higher Pao2 levels during the time of cardiac arrest were noted to have higher rates of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Clinical presentation of IHCA, in particular, the initial rhythm, location of IHCA, and duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, was similar in all groups. Patients with higher Pao2 levels had higher platelet count, higher arterial pH, and lower arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pco2). With respect to outcomes, patients with higher intra-arrest Pao2 levels had progressively higher rates of ROSC (58% vs 71% vs 72% vs 79% vs 100%, P = .021) and survival to discharge (16% vs 23% vs 30% vs 33% vs 56%, P = .031). In multivariate analysis, Pao2 ≥ 300 mm Hg was independently associated with higher survival to discharge (odds ratio 60.68; 95% confidence interval: 3.04-1210.28; P = .007; referent Pao2 < 60 mm Hg).

Conclusion:

Higher intra-arrest Pao2 is independently associated with higher rates of survival to discharge in adults with IHCA.
Medical Evaluations Then and Now
Authors: Alexander Randell
Published: July 2016

The role of medicine for children suspected of having been sexually abused has advanced significantly since the 1980s. Newer tests such as DNA and nucleic acid amplification have added to the detection of perpetrators and disease, respectively. Non-acute examination physical findings are seen in only 5% to 10% of instances. Physical findings regarding the hymen and anus have been found to often be normal variants—findings that some used to regard as signs of sexual abuse. Newer considerations for clinicians include Internet child pornography, human trafficking, and use of video/photographic recording. New technologies such as high definition digital photography and telemedicine help to document abuse in a much improved way than existed several decades ago. Nevertheless, the basic approach of careful history-taking remains a bedrock for the diagnosis of child sexual abuse.
Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass
Authors: Odak Stipe , Benčić Andriana
Published: July 2016

In this article the authors discuss the role of Jasenovac Concentration Camp in Croatian and Serbian political and social spheres. Connecting the historical data with the analysis of the recent mutual accusations of genocide between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia before the International Court of Justice in The Hague, the authors demonstrate the pervasive presence of Jasenovac in Serbian and Croatian political discourse. Presenting different modes of social construction around Jasenovac, from the end of the Second World War to the present, the article proposes a specific reading of Jasenovac as a form of the “past that does not pass.” In this respect, Jasenovac is seen as a continuous reference point for understanding collective losses and group suffering, both past and present, in Serbian and Croatian society. Although historically distanced by seventy years, the events surrounding Jasenovac are still constantly recurring in both political and private, official and unofficial, spheres of life, functioning as a specific symbol around which narratives of ethnic, national, and religious understanding as well as inter-group conflicts are thought and constructed. The role of political and social factors in the construction of frequently incompatible narratives is further underlined by the analysis of selected oral testimonies related to the war in Yugoslavia in 1990s.
Addressing Physical Health Needs of Individuals With Schizophrenia Using Orem’s Theory
Authors: Wazni Liquaa , Gifford Wendy
Published: July 2016

People with schizophrenia have increased morbidity and mortality rates associated with poor physical health that requires a holistic and comprehensive nursing approach. Dorothy Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory (SCDNT) has made a substantive contribution to nursing by focusing on people as whole entities who engage with their environment to sustain health. We offer an expanded view of the SCDNT by showing how it is a useful framework for nurses to integrate interpretive, empirical, and critical theoretical perspectives for addressing both the physical and mental health needs for people with schizophrenia. Understanding patient needs through different theoretical lenses will help nurses integrate high-quality, evidence-based care with patients’ realities, needs, and values while considering the influence of the broader sociopolitical context. We demonstrate how the SCDNT allows nurses incorporate a critical perspective for critiquing the influence of societal barriers on individual’s health and advocate for initiatives to address the complex sociopolitical, economic, and contextual factors that affect the physical well-being of individuals with schizophrenia.
A typology of knowledge collaboration
Authors: Vauterin Johanna Julia , Virkki-Hatakka Terhi
Published: July 2016

A critical understanding of how knowledge collaboration may work in various configurations is a prerequisite in shedding light on how effective knowledge collaboration affects opportunities for business growth. This article presents a case analysis of a knowledge collaboration initiative between a university and other knowledge organizations. The purpose of the collaboration was to accelerate the internationalization of Finnish clean technology entrepreneurship. Various knowledge actors participated but did not succeed in translating mutual knowledge into new opportunities for clean technology business growth in the Russian market. The authors develop a typology for knowledge collaboration, providing an explanatory logic for the multidimensional development paths of such collaboration and the considerations involved. This typology may support the professional development of knowledge workers engaged in similar initiatives. It may also assist in the establishment and assessment of knowledge-based project ventures, especially those in which universities and other knowledge institutions collaborate to create opportunities that benefit entrepreneurship and new business.
Ballistic error propagation algorithm for glide trajectory based on perturbation theory
Authors: Zhou Huan , Zheng Wei , Tang Guojian
Published: July 2016

A ballistic error propagation algorithm for glide trajectories of a hypersonic glide vehicle is originally proposed based on the perturbation theory. Perturbation equations that treat perturbations as external inputs and flight state deviations as state variables are established. Based on the reasonable simplification assumptions, the analytic expression of the state transition matrix is deduced and thus the ballistic error propagation model is established. A transposed coordinate frame is introduced to simplify the development of the perturbation equations and the error propagation model. By employing the gravity anomaly as the single perturbation factor, the proposed algorithm is validated and verified by numerical experiments. When compared with the traditional method, the proposed method takes only just a quarter computational costs and restrains the method errors beneath 10% of the total terminal deviations. It is an effort that initially focuses on the error propagation mechanism of the glide trajectory and the proposed model has sufficient precision for the analysis of modeling deviations, thus laying the foundation of correcting the modeling deviations and enhancing the accuracy of vehicle’s flight states.
Distributed finite-time configuration containment control for satellite formation
Authors: Sun Yanchao , Ma Guangfu , Liu Mengmeng , Chen Liangming
Published: July 2016

This paper investigates the distributed finite-time configuration containment control problem for satellite formation with multiple leader satellites under directed communication topology. We consider that only a portion of follower satellites can receive leaders’ information and unknown perturbations and model uncertainties exist in the dynamics models of satellites. By defining the relative configuration error functions and selecting suitable nonsingular terminal sliding mode variables, a fully distributed finite-time configuration containment control scheme is proposed using the matrix properties of graph theory. The Lyapunov method is used to demonstrate the finite-time convergence property of the closed-loop systems. Numerical examples and comparisons with other methods are provided to show the effectiveness and the performance of the proposed control strategy.
Development of body force model for steady inlet distortions in high-speed multistage compressor
Authors: Guo Jin , Hu Jun
Published: July 2016

This study aims at establishing a three-dimensional numerical model, compressor aerodynamic performance analysis model, to simulate the impact of complicated distorted flow on multistage axial flow compressor based on the body force model. The model solves the compressible three-dimensional Euler equations, which are modified to include source terms representing the effect of the blade rows. In this study, the association between blade source terms and entry Mach number together with attack angle could be established with the deviation angle model and loss model. In this paper, compressor aerodynamic performance analysis model is used to evaluate the effect of inlet circumferential total pressure distortion and swirl distortion on a five-stage high-pressure compressor. Calculated operating maps for compressor agree well with the experimental results. Meanwhile, the traveling process of inlet distortions in the multistage compressor is correctly revealed. The wide application prospect of the model can be seen in the area of inlet distortion problems.
Design of UAV for photogrammetric mission in Antarctic area
Authors: Goetzendorf-Grabowski Tomasz , Rodzewicz Mirosław
Published: July 2016

The history of UAVs is relatively long and many such vehicles are in service for different tasks. They can be used even in environments inhospitable for humans, e.g. because of extreme temperature. Moreover, they can perform a task that is difficult or impossible for a manned aircraft because of its size and usually relatively high airspeed. The photogrammetric tasks belong to this group, especially if we need to take high-resolution pictures during low level flight. The advantages of a small UAV for such mission are more evident if we want to investigate the natural environment, where the wild animals are. The paper presents the small UAV designed for a special task, which is counting of the penguins in Antarctica. Inhabited area, extreme weather conditions, the fearfulness of penguins and the goal of the mission put up certain requirements for the UAV. It had to be a reliable, stable platform, which is able to carry photogrammetric equipment and to perform precise flight to cover all investigated areas. The presented UAV was used on such missions in Antarctica in 2014 and 2015. All mentioned tasks were successfully accomplished.
Modeling and control of a torque load system with servo actuator's dynamics
Authors: Wang Xin
Published: July 2016

In this work, the models and control strategy of the Electric Servo-torque System(ESS) which is used as an experiment rig for conducting dynamic performance and stability tests of aerial vehicle control surface actuation systems are presented. The detailed dynamics of the load motor and loaded flight actuator’s rotating movement in the ESS are analyzed, leading to an integrated load torque synchronization system. The kinematic dynamics of the loaded control surface driving actuator is an important consideration to estimate the trend of torque variation and to improve the performance of the load system. The load control method is expressed in terms of a multi-loop torque control law, which uses feedback and feedforward loops to meet system design requirements. Numerical examples together with experimental results are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and control parameters. This brief addressed a specific utilization of the loaded actuator’s dynamics, revealing that it can reduce both the phase lag and the amplitude gain of the load torque in the Electric Servo-torque System.
A historiographic study of psychiatric treatments in Brazil: mentalism and organicism from 1830 to 1859
Authors: Almeida de Oliveira Carlos Francisco , Martins Eulálio Carlos Evandro , Campelo Viriato , Dalgalarrondo Paulo , Dening Tom
Published: July 2016

Our aim is to investigate two major tendencies in nineteenth-century Brazilian alienism: mentalism and organicism, by conducting a descriptive study of original Brazilian documents on medical health treatments in the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s. Primary sources of Brazilian alienism were theses, memoirs, official reports, and documents written by clinicians and asylum directors. We analysed early mental treatment in Brazilian lunatic asylums, exploring the relative contributions of two main theoretical orientations: moral treatment (based on Pinel and Esquirol) and ‘medical-organicist therapeutic orientation’. Intertextuality was used to assess reports of medical organicist treatment in Brazil. We concluded that contemporaneous textual sources indicate that mid-nineteenth-century alienism in Brazil was predominantly influenced by organicism exported from European countries. Pinel’s mentalist view, nevertheless, remained the reference point for clinical issues associated with the doctor-patient relationship.
“Love the kin you’re in?”: Kin network responses to women and children experiencing intimate partner violence
Authors: Sandberg Linn J
Published: July 2016

Intimate partner violence is often known to a wider social network. Still little research exists on the experiences of social networks, how they respond and how women and children experiencing intimate partner violence perceive these responses. This article draws on 16 qualitative interviews with women victims of intimate partner violence, intimate partner violence-exposed children and their relatives in three kin networks. The overall aim of this article is to study responses to intimate partner violence from a multivocal perspective where the possibly concurring and conflicting perspectives of both the victims and the networks are heard. More specifically, the article explores what responses are perceived as possible/impossible to end violence and create safety for women and children. The article shows how masculinity, in intersection with kin position and age, figures both as an obstacle and a possibility to end intimate partner violence. Moreover, the article shows that responses are shaped from intersections of age, kin and gender in victims, more specifically understandings of maturity and adulthood of female victims and how this linked to responsible motherhood. The study provided insights into responses to intimate partner violence as co-constructed in a wider social network and how a focus on multivocality may be useful for understanding the multidimensional character of responses to intimate partner violence.
Cascaded proportional–integral–derivative controller parameters tuning for contour following improvement
Authors: Wu Jianhua , Hu Jian , Xiong Zhenhua , Ding Han
Published: July 2016

Most commercial servo systems utilize cascaded proportional–integral–derivative controller due to its simplicity and robustness. Under this control structure, motion performances such as single-axial tracking and multi-axial contour following are completely determined by the controller parameters. In real applications, current loop controller parameters usually remain unchanged while velocity loop and position loop ones should be tuned as the mechanisms including inertia and resonant frequency vary. This article focuses on such cascaded proportional–integral–derivative controller parameters tuning for contour following performance improvement. It first describes the servo system dynamics under the cascaded proportional–integral–derivative control structure and identifies the model parameters via relay feedback technology. Then, the effects of the closed-loop dynamics on contour following are analyzed to gain that the matched axial dynamics is preferable. In order to match the axial dynamics, the controller parameters are tuned loop by loop through setting all the axes to have the same bandwidths. Based on the identified results, feedforward controller parameters including nonlinear coulomb friction compensation are also tuned to further improve the contour following performance. At last, the proposed tuning method is verified through the ellipse and diamond following experiments carried out on an X-Y motion stage. The results show that it can match the axial dynamics effectively and thus reduce the contour error greatly.
The influence of chronic and subacute exposure to lead on the levels of prolactin, leptin, osteopontin, and follistatin in humans
Authors: Dobrakowski M , Kasperczyk A , Czuba ZP , Machoń-Grecka A , Szlacheta Z , Kasperczyk S
Published: July 2016

This study was designed to determine the levels of prolactin, leptin, osteopontin, and follistatin in workers chronically and subacutely exposed to lead compounds. The examined population consisted of three groups. The first group was composed of 56 male workers who were chronically exposed to lead for 13.38 ± 10.38 years. The second group served as a control group and consisted of 24 male administrative workers, while the third group included 32 male workers exposed to lead for 40 ± 3 days. The levels of leptin, osteopontin, and prolactin were significantly lower in the group of workers chronically exposed to lead than in the control group by 42%, 26%, and 41%, respectively. The levels of follistatin did not differ between those groups. The levels of all measured hormones did not change after a short-term exposure to lead compared to baseline. Chronic lead exposure is associated with significantly decreased level of prolactin, leptin, and osteopontin. Lead-induced changes in the levels of these hormones may disturb many functions of the human body, including the immune response, metabolism, reproduction, and bone turnover.
The effect of acute ophiobolin A treatment on HO-mediated inflammatory processes
Authors: Pósa Anikó , Szabó Renáta , Szalai Zita , Kupai Krisztina , Deim Zoltán , Murlasits Zsolt , Bencsik Ottó , Szekeres András , Vágvölgyi Csaba , Balogh László , Juhász Béla , Szilvássy Zoltán , Varga Csaba
Published: July 2016

Many microbial and plant-derived metabolites contribute to the production of inflammatory mediators and the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Ophiobolin A (OPA) is a fungal secondary metabolite produced by Bipolaris species. The aim of our study was to examine the acute effects of this compound on inflammatory processes.

Male Wistar rats were treated with 5% ethanol, 0.01 mg/kg OPA, 0.1 mg/kg OPA and 1.0 mg/kg OPA per os. After 24 h of the administrations, inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme as well as heme oxygenase (HO) activity were measured in both plasma and cardiac tissue, along with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). We found that OPA caused a significant elevation in the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α, increased MPO activity and decreased HO enzyme activity in the plasma. While OPA induces inflammation in the plasma, it did not change the level of inflammatory mediators in the cardiac tissue and the concentrations of serum ALT and AST. Our findings indicate that rapid release of inflammatory mediators by OPA promotes systemic inflammation. However, this acute OPA treatment does not show toxic effects on the cardiac tissue and the concentrations of liver enzymes.
A Bayesian multi-stage cost-effectiveness design for animal studies in stroke research
Authors: Cai Chunyan , Ning Jing , Huang Xuelin
Published: July 2016

Much progress has been made in the area of adaptive designs for clinical trials. However, little has been done regarding adaptive designs to identify optimal treatment strategies in animal studies. Motivated by an animal study of a novel strategy for treating strokes, we propose a Bayesian multi-stage cost-effectiveness design to simultaneously identify the optimal dose and determine the therapeutic treatment window for administrating the experimental agent. We consider a non-monotonic pattern for the dose–schedule–efficacy relationship and develop an adaptive shrinkage algorithm to assign more cohorts to admissible strategies. We conduct simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed design by comparing it with two standard designs. These simulation studies show that the proposed design yields a significantly higher probability of selecting the optimal strategy, while it is generally more efficient and practical in terms of resource usage.
Modelling Enhancement of Team Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Kaur Irameet , Shri Charu , Mital K.M.
Published: July 2016

This article aims to review the concept of team emotional intelligence (TEI) and propose a conceptual model for its enhancement. It seeks to analyze the past literature on TEI and attempts to identify and derive a relationship between different variables that influence it. The technique of interpretive structural modelling (ISM) has been used to identify the strongest and weakest drivers of TEI. The relationship between the individual- and team-level variables was established to develop a theoretical model for enhancement of TEI. The model will help organizations to focus on the right variables to enhance TEI, thus producing effective teams and efficient results. The article adds a new dimension to the approach of TEI by proposing a model for enhancing it. It also studies the different variables of TEI at individual and team levels and their interrelationships, which have not yet been explored extensively.
Consumer Preferences and Purchase Decision-making for Micro-packs— An Empirical Study
Authors: Mehra Preeti , Singh Raghbir
Published: July 2016

This study offers and validates a comprehensive approach to explain and predict the beliefs influencing consumer needs and the motivations behind their purchase decisions. The study aims at understanding the consumers purchase intentions on the basis of responses given by the respondents. In order to attain these objectives, a sample of 500 respondents belonging to three cities of Punjab: Jalandhar, Amritsar and Ludhiana; and Union territory of Chandigarh was drawn. Non-probability convenient sampling was adopted for selecting the respondents. It was however found that reasons such as ‘a big pack is difficult to store’ and ‘difficult to handle’ primarily lead them to prefer a micro-pack. ‘Advertisement on print and electronic media’ was the most preferred source of information and ‘past performance’ of a micro-pack was the most significant attribute while making a purchase decision. ‘Wide assortment of a single brand’ emerged as the most persuasive effort undertaken by retailers for building customers perceptions towards a brand. A store that was the most ‘Neat and tidy’ was the most favoured one. Respondents expressed that in case of an unfortunate purchase, they preferred to ‘forget about it’ and switched to another brand when they were ‘impressed by the advertisement of a new brand’.
Analyzing Long-run Performance of Select Initial Public Offerings Using Monthly Returns: Evidence from India
Authors: Das Gautam , Saha Malayendu , Kundu Abhijit
Published: July 2016

The anomalies in respect to initial public offering (IPO) performance in literature have stimulated multitude of research works in explaining critical issues, such as under-pricing during short-run and underperformance phenomena in the long run as is observed globally. This study endeavours to look into the long-run performance of select Indian IPOs using monthly returns following event study methodologies. Besides parametric tests, it has also applied wealth relative as a measure of performance of those IPOs. The article documents positive long-run average abnormal returns for Indian IPOs, unlike other countries. However, statistically we fail to reject the null hypothesis of zero abnormal return and therefore conclude existence of no significant long-run underperformance or over-performance in the Indian IPO stocks. In exploring the possible factors which may have bearing in determining the longrun performance of the IPOs, it is observed that book-to-market value (BMV) ratio, age of the IPO firm and aftermarket corporate measures, such as bonus issue and stock split, have significant predictive power in explaining the long-run performance.
Gendered division of trade union protests? Strategies, activities and outcomes of union activity among miners and nurses in Poland
Authors: Kubisa Julia
Published: July 2016

The article examines whether gender might be a key to understanding the different patterns of protests organized by miners and nurses, two active occupational groups that are characteristically masculine and feminine, respectively. The gender division does not imply symmetry, as the situations of women and men on the labour market and in the trade union movement are different. The article identifies differences and similarities between these two groups in terms of discourse and tactics and the general strategy and outcomes of strike and protest actions within a framework that enables us to study both occupations and their trade unions in terms of hegemonic masculinity theory. Can the gendered character of protests be one key to understanding the successes or failures of the trade union movement? The theory of hegemonic masculinity is used to analyse the organization and reception of strikes and protests by nurses and miners.
Strikes in the public sector in Denmark – assessing the economic gains and losses of collective action
Authors: Scheuer Steen , Ibsen Flemming , Høgedahl Laust
Published: July 2016

This article looks at strikes by employees in the public sector, discusses the theoretical background to these conflicts and shows – based on a case study of three strikes in the Danish public sector – how different union strategies lead to very different outcomes in terms of economic gains and losses, ranging from a slightly positive result to a negative result from which it will take eight to ten years to recover. This is of great importance because the challenge facing public sector unions is different from that of their counterparts: private sector unions struggle with the owners of capital, while public sector unions trying to move up the wage hierarchy cannot expect much help from fellow public sector unions, often quite the reverse.
Trade union strategies to enhance strike effectiveness in Italy and Spain
Authors: Molina Oscar , Barranco Oriol
Published: July 2016

This article analyses union strategies to enhance strike effectiveness in Italy and Spain in the Great Recession. These two countries have traditionally scored very highly in strike activity statistics due to an adversarial industrial relations framework. In both countries, unions have relied upon similar repertoires of industrial action. Even though they are often grouped under the same industrial relations cluster, there are some significant differences, particularly when it comes to union characteristics and power resources. An analysis of trade union strategies regarding industrial conflict and their attempts to enhance strike effectiveness shows how, in spite of similar challenges, the unions in Italy and Spain have followed different paths and fared differently in their attempt to enhance the effectiveness of industrial action.
Infectious agents identified in aborted swine fetuses in a high-density breeding area
Authors: Salogni Cristian , Lazzaro Massimiliano , Giacomini Enrico , Giovannini Stefano , Zanoni Mariagrazia , Giuliani Matteo , Ruggeri Jessica , Pozzi Paolo , Pasquali Paolo , Boniotti Maria Beatrice , Alborali Giovanni Loris
Published: July 2016

Reproductive failure in sows is one of the most important factors affecting pig breeding. Many reproductive disorders are linked to both environmental factors and infectious agents. The goal of our study was to determine the presence of pathogens that are known to cause abortion, considering a set of conditioning factors, such as seasonality and pregnancy period. A large number of aborted fetuses (1,625 fetuses from 140 farms) from a high-density breeding area in northern Italy was analyzed for a period of 3 years. The pigs were diagnosed based on direct (culture, PCR) or indirect (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) evidence. An infectious etiologic agent was found in 323 of 549 cases of abortion (58.8%). These included viral agents ( Porcine circovirus-2, 138/323; Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, 108/323; porcine parvovirus, 20/323; pseudorabies virus, 6/323; and Encephalomyocarditis virus, 3/323) and bacteria ( Escherichia coli, 64/323; Streptococcus sp., 63/323; Staphylococcus sp., 5/323; Pasteurella sp., 3/323; Shigella sp., 1/323; and Yersinia sp., 1/323). This study describes the prevalence of infectious agents involved in reproductive failure in a high-density swine population. The data can be useful to swine breeders, practitioners, and medical specialists in monitoring animal health and in supervising the breeding process.
Group Functioning in Child Care Centers
Authors: Aarts Mireille C. , Burk William J. , Riksen-Walraven J. Marianne
Published: July 2016

This article introduces and conceptually underpins an instrument to measure group functioning in child care groups, the Group Functioning Instrument for Child Care (GFI-CC). This instrument was applied in 44 Dutch child care groups (0- to 4-year-olds). The results of this first explorative investigation with the GFI-CC provided initial support for an underlying conceptual model of group functioning in child care centers based on cohesion (network structure, action coordination, and involvement) and emotional climate. The relation between group functioning and structural group characteristics was also examined. Mean age and group continuity (i.e., how long the children have already been attending the group) predicted group functioning, with higher group functioning in groups with older children and in groups with greater continuity. Group size and group constancy (i.e., how many days a week children attend the child care group together) did not independently contribute to the prediction of the group functioning variables.
Extending Occupational Health and Safety to Urban Street Vendors
Authors: Alfers Laura , Xulu Phumzile , Dobson Richard , Hariparsad Sujatha
Published: July 2016

This article focuses on an action-research project which is attempting to extend occupational health and safety to a group of street traders in Durban, South Africa, using a variety of different (and sometimes unconventional) institutional actors. The article is written from the perspective of key people who have played a role in conceptualizing and administering the project and is intended to deepen the conversation about what it means to extend occupational health to the informal economy. It explores this question through a reflection on three key project activities: the setting up of a trader-led health and safety committee, an occupational health and safety training course, and a clinical health assessment. It concludes with a discussion of the issues that emerge from the reflections of project participants, which include the need to bring occupational health and urban health into closer conversation with one another, the need to be cognizant of local “informal” politics and the impact that has on occupational health and safety interventions, and the need to create greater opportunities for occupational health and safety professionals to interact with workers in the informal economy.
Does Informal Employment Exist in the United States and Other Developed Countries?
Authors: Siqueira Carlos E.
Published: July 2016

This editorial argues that informal employment does exist in developed countries and needs to be studied as such to complement the existing literature mostly published on informal work in developing countries.
Understanding the Life Histories of Pregnant-Involved Young Aboriginal Women With Substance Use Experiences in Three Canadian Cities
Authors: Shahram Sana Z. , Bottorff Joan L. , Kurtz Donna L. M. , Oelke Nelly D. , Thomas Victoria , Spittal Patricia M. ,   for the Cedar Project Partnership
Published: July 2016

Despite attention paid to substance use during pregnancy, understandings of young Aboriginal women’s experiences based on their perspectives have been virtually absent in the published literature. This study’s objective was to understand the life experiences of pregnant-involved young Aboriginal women with alcohol and drugs. Semi-structured interviews to gather life histories were conducted with 23 young Aboriginal women who had experiences with pregnancy, and alcohol and drug use. Transcribed interviews were analyzed for themes to describe the social and historical contexts of women’s experiences and their self-representations. The findings detail women’s strategies for survival, inner strength, and capacities for love, healing, and resilience. Themes included the following: intersectional identities, life histories of trauma (abuse, violence, and neglect; intergenerational trauma; separations and connections), the ever-presence of alcohol and drugs, and the highs and lows of pregnancy and mothering. The findings have implications for guiding policy and interventions for supporting women and their families.
Examining the Development of Judicial Independence
Authors: Randazzo Kirk A. , Gibler Douglas M. , Reid Rebecca
Published: July 2016

Scholars who examine judicial independence offer various theories regarding its development. Some argue that it serves as a type of insurance for regimes who believe their majority status is in jeopardy. Other scholars argue that insurance theory does not offer an adequate explanation until states democratize. We argue that part of the explanation for these mixed results involves the inadequacy of insurance theory as a complete explanation. Our paper develops a multidimensional theory that focuses on the interplay of constraints on ruling elites derived from levels of political competition within the government, the potential for social competition within the state, and regime type. We test our argument using a dataset of approximately 145 countries over forty years, and our results support the argument that development of judicial independence is related to the political landscape encountered by the executive. Ethnic fractionalization in the state, political competition, and regime type each has a conditional effect on the observation of judicial independence.
Measuring Deliberative Conditions
Authors: Gardner Joseph , Woolley John T.
Published: July 2016

Drawing from the literature on deliberative conditions, we analyze thirty years of verbatim transcripts of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). The transcripts provide a rare opportunity for the systematic empirical analysis of deliberative conditions. The importance of the FOMC, and its recent policy failures, makes the case particularly interesting. Deliberative scholars argue that deliberation should occur in a setting where participants are free and equal. Using a unique set of deliberative measures, our model shows that FOMC members do enjoy deliberative freedom. In contrast, we find inequalities in rates of participation. Some deviation from equality may be reasonable. However, we demonstrate a sustained pattern of gender inequality in participation that could in turn influence the FOMC’s policy choices and which is difficult to justify on any grounds.
Universal Scale of Intelligence Estimates (USIE): Representing Intelligence Estimated From Level of Education
Authors: de Vent N. R. , Agelink van Rentergem J. A. , Kerkmeer M. C. , Huizenga H. M. , Schmand B. A. , Murre J. M. J.
Published: July 2016

In clinical neuropsychology, it is often necessary to estimate a patient’s premorbid level of cognitive functioning in order to evaluate whether his scores on cognitive tests should be considered abnormal. In practice, test results from before the onset of brain pathology are rarely available, and the patient’s level of education is used instead as an estimate of his premorbid level. Unfortunately, level of education may be expressed on many different scales of education, which are difficult to use interchangeably. Here, we introduce a new scale that has the capacity to replace existing scales and can be used interchangeably with any of them: the Universal Scale of Intelligence Estimates (USIE). To achieve this, we propose to map all levels of existing educational scales to standard IQ scores. This USIE point estimate is supplemented with an estimation interval. We assert that USIE offers some important benefits for clinical practice and research.
Translation and Testing of the Swedish Version of Iceland-Family Perceived Support Questionnaire With Parents of Children With Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Bruce Elisabeth , Dorell Åsa , Lindh Viveca , Erlingsson Christen , Lindkvist Marie , Sundin Karin
Published: July 2016

There is a need for a suitable instrument for the Swedish context that could measure family members’ perceptions of cognitive and emotional support received from nurses. The purpose of this study was to translate and test the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Iceland-Family Perceived Support Questionnaire (ICE-FPSQ) and, further, to report perceptions of support from nurses by family members of children with congenital heart defects (CHDs). A sample of 97 parents of children with CHD, living in Sweden, completed the Swedish translation of ICE-FPSQ. The Swedish version of ICE-FPSQ was found to be reliable and valid in this context. Parents scored perceived family support provided by nurses working in pediatric outpatient clinics as low, which suggests that nurses in these outpatient contexts in Sweden offered family nursing only sparingly.
Madam Science Communicator
Authors: AbiGhannam Niveen
Published: July 2016

This study uses discourse analysis to explore online science communication experiences from the perspectives of 43 female opinion leaders. Women described their experiences in terms of their lifelong love for science and their ever-growing interest in communication. For them, a career in science communication is a conscious career choice rather than an “alternative” career path. Communicators performed various functions depending on the sensitivity of their topics and whether their communications are self-focused or audience-focused. Accordingly, four types of science communicators emerged from the data: Expressive/Escapist, Advocate/Normalizer, Edutainer, and Performer/Sharer. This diversity challenges societal stereotypes that reduce female experiences in science.
Women’s Empowerment as a Protective Factor Against Intimate Partner Violence in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Exploration of the Process and Limitations of Its Influence
Authors: Schuler Sidney Ruth , Lenzi Rachel , Badal Shamsul Huda , Bates Lisa M.
Published: July 2016

Literature on the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and women’s empowerment is contradictory. Findings from a recent survey in rural Bangladesh suggest that empowerment is becoming protective even though IPV rates remain high. We construct qualitative case studies exploring factors and social processes underlying relationships between empowerment and IPV in four villages. Empowerment may be protective against IPV in the aggregate, but this relationship can be subverted at the micro level. Interventions are needed to reinforce the potential of empowerment to reduce IPV and counteract factors such as geographic isolation and limited employment opportunities that inhibit empowerment.
Superbugs: Antibiotic Resistance Is Becoming a Major Public Health Concern
Authors: Alpert Patricia T.
Published: July 2016

Antibiotic resistance has led to the development of so-called “superbugs” that no longer respond to the current treatment modalities. The array of antibiotics available to treat these infections is dwindling with very few antibiotics in the pipeline. This article discussed the pathogens the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has placed in their urgent category: (1) Clostridium difficile, (2) Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and (3) Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In addition, a few suggestions for prevention of resistance are offered.
Availability of Striatal Dopamine Transporter in Healthy Individuals With and Without a Family History of ADHD
Authors: Tai Ying Chun , Chi Mei Hung , Chu Ching-Lin , Chiu Nan Tsing , Yao Wei Jen , Chen Po See , Yang Yen Kuang
Published: July 2016

Objective: ADHD is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. It is highly heritable and multifactorial, but the definitive causes remain unknown. Abnormal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability has been reported, but the data are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine whether DAT availability differs between healthy parents with and without ADHD offspring. Method: Eleven healthy parents with ADHD offspring and 11 age- and sex-matched healthy controls without ADHD offspring were recruited. The availability of DAT was approximated using single-photon emission computed tomography, with [99mTc] TRODAT-1 as the ligand. Results: DAT availability in the basal ganglia, caudate nucleus, and putamen was significantly lower in the parents with ADHD offspring than in the healthy controls without ADHD offspring. Conclusion: The results suggest that ADHD could be heritable via abnormal DAT activities.
Driving With ADHD: Performance Effects and Environment Demand in Traffic
Authors: Randell Nastassia J. S. , Charlton Samuel G. , Starkey Nicola J.
Published: July 2016

Objective: This research investigated the on-road driving performance of individuals with ADHD across a range of road and traffic conditions to determine whether errors were linked to situational complexity and attentional demands. Method: The everyday driving performance of medicated drivers with ADHD, unmedicated drivers with ADHD, and controls was tested in urban, residential, rural, and highway environments using driver license testing procedures. Results: Unmedicated drivers with ADHD displayed fewer safe driving skills and committed more inattentive and impatient driving errors, particularly in low demand highway and rural driving conditions. Medicated drivers’ performance was not reliably different than controls. Participants in both ADHD groups were more likely than controls to report risky driving and involvement in crashes. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that situations with low attentional demand are particularly risky for unmedicated ADHD drivers and suggest that focus on these situations may be useful in improving driving outcomes for this population.
Unseen and Stressed? Gender Differences in Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Symptoms and Associations With Perceived Stress in Children With ADHD
Authors: Isaksson Johan , Ruchkin Vladislav , Lindblad Frank
Published: July 2016

Objective: In this study, we investigate the differences between parent and teacher ADHD ratings, and how these ratings relate to perceived stress in children with ADHD. Method: Ratings by parents and teachers with the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham ADHD symptom rating scale (SNAP-IV) were collected from children with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD ( n = 137). Also, information on medication was collected. Children (≥11 years of age; n = 64) were invited to complete the Pressure-Activation-Stress scale. Results: Among girls, but not boys, teacher ratings were significantly lower than parental ratings on all symptom scales. Lower teacher ratings on hyperactivity symptoms were associated with higher levels of perceived stress. Conclusion: The findings suggest a potential gender bias in ratings among teachers. Underrated, and hence underidentified, ADHD problems in the school setting seem to increase the perception of stress in the sense of pressure for both girls and boys.
Indications for Aortic Arch Intervention
Authors: Al-Atassi Talal , Khoynezhad Ali
Published: July 2016

Surgery of the aortic arch is arguably one of the most complex areas of cardiac surgery. Despite that, studies and guidelines have not sufficiently addressed the aortic arch specifically. In general, indications for aortic arch intervention parallel those of the ascending aorta. Herein we review indications for aortic arch intervention in various aortic pathologies based on the scant evidence available combined with surgical expertise and expert opinion.
A Rare Case of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery (Bland-White-Garland Syndrome) in a 68-Year-Old Woman
Authors: Roberts S. Michael , Banbury Trey , Mehta Anand
Published: July 2016

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), or Bland-White-Garland syndrome, is a rare congenital coronary anomaly that results in altered myocardial perfusion and a left to right shunt. It occurs in 1:300000 live births and represents 0.24% to 0.46% of all congenital cardiac diseases. Despite its rarity, it is one of the most common causes of ischemia and infarction in children. Ninety percent of these patients will die within the first year of life if untreated and diagnosing this abnormality in adulthood is extremely rare. Of those patients who survive to adulthood, the average age of sudden cardiac death is 35 years. The initial symptoms of the adult presentation vary widely from progressive dyspnea to sudden cardiac death; therefore, immediate surgical correction is highly recommended upon diagnosis. Understanding the pathophysiology and nature of collateral coronary flow in this congenital anomaly is paramount to the safe anesthetic management of adults with ALCAPA. Here we describe the intraoperative management and echocardiographic findings in a 68-year-old with with recently diagnosed ALCAPA undergoing surgical repair.