bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Nuclear Attraction Integral Approximations in Molecular Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Barker Roland S. , Eyring Henry
Published: April 2005

Most molecular quantum-mechanical studies of today make use of eigenfunctions composed of atomic orbitals. Such eigenfunctions give rise to difficult multicenter integrals which are usually evaluated by approximate methods. A study of the accuracy of such methods and of their derived results has long been desirable. Certain approximations for three-center nuclear attraction integrals are here examined.

Complete sample calculations are made with the approximate integral values for the triatomic activated complex molecule, H3. The use of the Mulliken approximate evaluation of integrals in the Heitler-London treatment for H3 gives a binding energy 7.6 kcal/mole less than does the use of exact integrals. On modifying the Heitler-London treatment by inclusion of screening constants for the outer and central atomic orbitals the Mulliken type approximate integrals gave for a trial calculation a binding energy 5.3 kcal/mole better than the best previous determination. This trial calculation (using the parametric values R = 1.8, Z0 = 1, Zm = 1.08) while the best of several tried is not likely the best that can be found. However, the binding energy of 72.7 kcal/mole calculated is 26 kcal/mole better than the Heitler-London value (53.4 kcal/mole) and 5 kcal/mole better than the Wang-like covalent-bond-plus-ionic-terms determination using a single screening parameter.

The cited trial calculation indicates that similar determinations now in progress using exact integral evaluations will give a substantial increase in the calculated binding energy of H3. This would be, for this simplest polyatomic molecule, the first major advance since 1936. That the approximate calculation is essentially correct is substantiated by the increase in binding energy obtained with the proper screening constant variation for the diatomic molecule. In the H2 case Wang obtained an improvement from 72.4 kcal/mole to 86.7 kcal/mole over the best covalent-plus-ionic term calculations.
Studies of Ionization Efficiency. Part IV. The Electron Spectra of Some Simple Molecules
Authors: Morrison J. D.
Published: April 2005

The second differential ionization efficiency curves for a number of simple molecule-ions have been recorded using a new technique of measurement. A close correlation can be drawn between the results and spectroscopic data, confirming in most respects the interpretation of ionization efficiencies made in Part III. It proves possible to detect the presence of upper ionic states at energies corresponding to extreme ultraviolet radiation. The factors which affect line shape in optical spectra are shown to apply also to the second differential ionization efficiency curves, which are termed electron spectra. It is shown that the ionization efficiency curves for fragment ions can also be interpreted in a similar manner, and the types of electron spectra to be expected for different kinds of dissociation processes are discussed.
The Effect of Ring Substituents on the Isotope Effects in Reactions of Carbonyl-C14 Esters and Ketones
Authors: Ropp Gus A. , Raaen Vernon F.
Published: April 2005

The variations of the isotope fractionation factor k14/k12 with changes in ring substituents, reaction temperature, solvent, concentration, and the alcohol group have been studied for the saponification of ethyl benzoates (α-carbon-14). The variations of the k14/k12 ratio with changes in temperature and ring substituents have been studied for the formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of acetophenones (α-carbon-14).
Contributions of Vibrational Anharmonicity and Rotation-Vibration Interaction to Thermodynamic Functions
Authors: Pennington R. E. , Kobe K. A.
Published: April 2005

Certain correction terms applying to the rigid-rotator harmonic-oscillator approximation for the thermodynamic functions have been worked out in a general form. Tables of the functions which appear in these correction terms are presented. These results have been applied in the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of nitrous oxide. A comparison of the present procedure and that of Mayer and Mayer for diatomic molecules is given.
Vibrational Spectrum of Hexafluoro-2-Butyne
Authors: Miller Foil A. , Bauman Robert P.
Published: April 2005

Infrared and Raman spectra have been obtained for hexafluoro-2-butyne, including qualitative depolarizations and gaseous state frequencies for the stronger Raman lines. The data provide good evidence that D3d selection rules are followed. From this it appears that there must be hindered rotation between the CF3 groups, with the ``staggered'' configuration being stable. An assignment of fundamental frequencies has been made for this model. The origin of the potential barrier is not known. (See note added in proof at end of paper.)
Silver-Activated Alkali Halides
Authors: Etzel H. W. , Schulman J. H.
Published: April 2005

The emission, excitation, and absorption spectra of silver-activated alkali halides have been investigated. Three absorption bands due to ionic silver have been observed in NaCl, NaBr, KCl, and KBr, and the growth of these bands with silver concentration has been studied. In each of these crystals the two shorter-wavelength bands are ascribed to isolated silver ions, while the band of longest wavelength is ascribed to pairs of silver ions.

Upon x-ray irradiation as many as five new absorption bands arise in certain alkali halides in addition to the F band. Excitation into three of these bands (designated as the B, C, and D bands) produces luminescence, the emission spectrum being different for each band. The B band is attributed to a center consisting of an electron trapped at a silver ion adjacent to a halogen-ion vacancy; the C band to an electron trapped at a complex of two silver ions adjacent to a halogen-ion vacancy; and the D band to a hole trapped at an alkali-ion vacancy adjacent to a silver ion.
Precessional dynamics in microarrays of nanomagnets
Authors: Kruglyak V. V. , Barman A. , Hicken R. J. , Childress J. R. , Katine J. A.
Published: April 2005

Time resolved scanning Kerr microscopy has been used to study the response of square Ni88Fe12∕Co80Fe20 bilayer elements to a pulsed magnetic field. Measurements were performed upon a square element of 6000nm size and upon 64, 120, 220, 425, and 630nm square elements that formed square arrays of about 4000nm total size. While the frequency of precession of the magnetization of the 6000nm element could be described with a macrospin model, the frequencies observed in the arrays of submicron size elements differed from the macrospin prediction. This observation may be understood in terms of the increasing nonuniformity of the demagnetizing field as the element aspect ratio is decreased.
Microscopic structure and magnetic behavior of arrays of electrodeposited Ni and Fe nanowires
Authors: Xu X. , Zangari G.
Published: April 2005

Arrays of Ni and Fe nanowires with length up to 6μm were fabricated by voltage controlled electrodeposition within track etched polycarbonate membranes with nominal pore diameter 50nm, using dc or pulsed voltage. Magnetostatic interactions between wires are found to be important in determining magnetic properties and switching processes. Ni arrays switch by quasicoherent rotation when the magnetic field is applied near to the average wire axis, and by curling at large angles. The importance of curling processes increases with wire length, due to the larger demagnetizing field. The properties of Fe wires are dominated by magnetostatic interactions; these arrays switch by curling and no definite easy axis is observed in pulse-plated, amorphous wires.
Spin dependent transport in ferromagnet/superconductor/ferromagnet single electron transistor
Authors: Wang Dawei , Lu Jia G.
Published: April 2005

Ferromagnetic single electron transistors with Al islands and orthogonal ferromagnetic leads (Co) are fabricated using e-beam lithography followed by shadow evaporation techniques. I–V characteristics exhibit typical single electron tunneling effects. Transport measurements performed in external magnetic field show that, when the two ferromagnetic leads are in antiparallel configuration, spin imbalance leads to a suppression of superconductivity.
Strong anisotrpoic maganetoresistance and magnetic interaction in La0.7Ce0.3MnO3∕La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 p-n junction
Authors: Chou H. , Hong Z. Y. , Sun S. J. , Juang J. Y. , Chang W. J.
Published: April 2005

The p-n junction made by colossal magnetoresistance materials, such as La0.7Ce0.3MnO3∕La0.7Ca0.3MnO3, has great interest for its potential applications. However, the physics of the magnetic state and transport properties of the interface still remains open. In this article, bilayer La0.7Ce0.3MnO3∕La0.7Ca0.3MnO3∕STO films with a nearly perfect interface were studied. The p-n interface possibly becomes an antiferromagnetion-insulating layer as their parent compound, LaMnO3, and confines the bias current flowing only on the top layer. The top and bottom layers interact with each other in a way that a strong anisotropy in magnetoresistance measurements was observed.
Adiabatic dynamics of small ferromagnetic particles
Authors: Usatenko O. V. , Chubykalo-Fesenko O. A. , Garcia Sanchez F.
Published: April 2005

The purpose of this work is to present an analytical description of dynamics of small ferromagnetic particles (SFP) with uniaxial anisotropy energy and slowly varying magnetic field applied at an arbitrary angle to it. Theoretical analysis based on the consideration of the Landau–Lifshits–Gilbert (LLG) equation employs an asymptotic expansion similar to the famous semiclassical WKBJ solution of quantum mechanics equations. The small parameter of the expansion is the ratio of characteristic frequency of the applied magnetic field to the precession frequency. The equation describing slow dynamics of SFP is derived. Different cases of slow variation of magnitude and direction of magnetic field are considered. The formal solution of linearized equations is obtained and exact solutions are presented in the cases of magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the anisotropy axis.
Static and dynamic transport properties of a Kondo lattice model
Authors: Ogasahara Akira , Kusakabe Koichi
Published: April 2005

Electron transport is investigated numerically in a Kondo lattice model with spin couplings. In order to investigate the effects of a dynamic change of the magnetic ordering on the transport property, a system under a time-dependent magnetic field is considered. Obtained are interesting results in which a motion of conduction electron changes its behavior qualitatively depending on the speed of field change. In an almost adiabatic case, the motion strongly depends on the magnetic field. However, in nonadiabatic cases, the dependence disappears as the sweeping rate increases, which reflects a suppression of magnetization reversal in the localized spin system.
Broken local symmetry and the mode splitting of Y doped SmS in a magnetic field
Authors: Fishman R. S. , Liu S. H.
Published: April 2005

Recently, the observed mode splitting in doped Sm1−xYxS was explained by the local symmetry breaking produced by the Y impurities. A model with a random quantization axis mi successfully fit not only the observed mode frequencies of the J=0→1 transitions but also their intensities, which depend strongly on wave vector. A magnetic field is now predicted to significantly alter the magnetic susceptibility and mode frequencies by mixing the J=0 and J=1 levels. The induced Sm moments form a canted structure, with each Sm spin rotated from the field direction towards the local quantization axis mi, thereby enhancing the Van Vleck susceptibility with increasing x. Due to the level splitting in a magnetic field, the mode frequencies of Sm1−xYxS will be broadened asymmetrically: at the (111) zone center (boundary), the lower mode will be significantly broadened (narrowed) compared to the upper mode.
Two-dimensional patterns of spin-wave radiation by rectangular spin-valve elements
Authors: Demidov Vladislav E. , Hillebrands Burkard , Demokritov Sergej O. , Laufenberg Markus , Freitas Paulo P.
Published: April 2005

The radiation of spin waves by rectangular spin-valve elements into a surrounding magnetic film has been studied experimentally using a novel micro-focus Brillouin light scattering setup allowing for spatially resolved measurements of the intensity of dynamic magnetization with a resolution better than 300nm. The investigated elements have lateral dimensions of 1.3×2.3μm2 and consist of a 10nm thick Co80Fe20 and a 5nm thick Ni81Fe19 layer separated by a 4nm thick Cu spacer layer. It was found, that the elements radiate spin waves at frequencies corresponding to their laterally quantized spin-wave eigenmodes. Two-dimensional distributions of intensities of spin waves radiated by different eigenmodes were recorded outside the element. It was shown, that the radiation patterns consist of several rays intersecting each other and forming spots where the amplitude of variable magnetization locally increases. A theoretical model qualitatively explaining the observed radiation patterns has been suggested.
Magnetic frustration in the spinel compounds GeNi2O4 and GeCo2O4
Authors: Diaz Sébastien , de Brion Sophie , Chouteau Gérard , Strobel Pierre , Canals Benjamin , Carvajal Juan Rodriguez , Rakoto Harison , Broto Jean Marc
Published: April 2005

In the spinel compounds AB2O4, the B sites form a pyrochlore lattice. GeCo2O4 and GeNi2O4 have been investigated using high magnetic field magnetization as well as neutron diffraction measurements. Both compounds become antiferromagnetic at low temperature (around 23 and 12K, respectively) with the same propagation vector. The magnetization then presents two spin flop fields and one huge saturation field (above 50T). The Curie–Weiss temperature is positive for the Co spinel and negative for the Ni one. A model taking into account the first neighbor interaction J1 together with two different third neighbor interactions J2 and J3 is able to account for the common observed magnetic behavior. J1 is ferromagnetic while J2 and J3 are antiferromagnetic, in agreement with Goodenough–Kanamori–Anderson rules. These competing interactions are responsible for the frustration in these compounds.
Superpositions of chiral states in the presence of electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole interactions
Authors: Athalye Vikram S. , Kumar Arvind
Published: April 2005

This paper is a straightforward generalization of Maierle–Harris proposal regarding parity implications on the superpositions of chiral states of a molecule. It is shown that the inclusion of electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole interactions removes several of restrictions on the preparation of superpositions of ∣L⟩ and ∣R⟩ states of a chiral molecule. It is also found that the dephasing of ∣L⟩ and ∣R⟩ superpositions, due to the spontaneous emission from the chiral molecule, has opposing contributions from electric quadrupole–magnetic dipole and electric dipole interactions.
Rate processes with non-Markovian dynamical disorder
Authors: Goychuk Igor
Published: April 2005

Rate processes with dynamical disorder are investigated within a simple framework provided by unidirectional electron transfer (ET) with fluctuating transfer rate. The rate fluctuations are assumed to be described by a non-Markovian stochastic jump process which reflects conformational dynamics of an electron transferring donor-acceptor molecular complex. A tractable analytical expression is obtained for the relaxation of the donor population (in the Laplace-transformed time domain) averaged over the stationary conformational fluctuations. The corresponding mean transfer time is also obtained in an analytical form. The case of two-state fluctuations is studied in detail for a model incorporating substate diffusion within one of the conformations. It is shown that an increase of the conformational diffusion time results in a gradual transition from the regime of fast modulation characterized by the averaged ET rate to the regime of quasistatic disorder. This transition occurs at the conformational mean residence time intervals fixed much less than the inverse of the corresponding ET rates. An explanation of this paradoxical effect is provided. Moreover, its presence is also manifested for the simplest, exactly solvable non-Markovian model with a biexponential distribution of the residence times in one of the conformations. The nontrivial conditions for this phenomenon to occur are found.
Simulation of electronic and geometric degrees of freedom using a kink-based path integral formulation: Application to molecular systems
Authors: Hall Randall W.
Published: April 2005

A kink-based path integral method, previously applied to atomic systems, is modified and used to study molecular systems. The method allows the simultaneous evolution of atomic and electronic degrees of freedom. The results for CH4, NH3, and H2O demonstrate this method to be accurate for both geometries and energies. A comparison with density functional theory (DFT) and second-order Moller–Plesset (MP2) level calculations show the path integral approach to produce energies in close agreement with MP2 energies and geometries in close agreement with both DFT and MP2 results.
Phase mixing and echoes in a pure electron plasma
Authors: Yu J. H. , Driscoll C. F. , O’Neil T. M.
Published: April 2005

The two-dimensional (2D) fluid echo is a spontaneous appearance of a diocotron wave after two externally excited waves have damped away, explicitly demonstrating the reversible nature of spatial Landau damping. The inviscid damping, or phase mixing, is directly imaged by a low-noise charge-coupled device camera, which shows the spiral wind-up of the density perturbation. Surprisingly, the basic echo characteristics agree with a simple nonlinear ballistic theory that neglects all collective (i.e., mode) effects. Also, the simple 2D picture is violated by end confinement fields that cause vz-dependent θ drifts, so the observed echo must be interpreted as a superposition of separately damping and separately echoing velocity classes. The maximal echo lifetimes agree with a theory describing weak collisional velocity scattering between velocity classes. In addition, large second wave excitations degrade the echo up to 5× faster than collisions.
Effect of thin emitter set-back layer on GaAs delta-doped emitter bipolar junction transistor
Authors: Lew K. L. , Yoon S. F.
Published: April 2005

GaAs delta-doped emitter bipolar junction transistors (δ-BJT) with different emitter set-back layer thicknesses of 10to50nm were fabricated to study the emitter set-back layer thickness effect on device dc performance. We found that the current gain decreases following decrease in the emitter set-back layer thickness. A detailed analysis was performed to explain this phenomenon, which is believed to be caused by reduction of the effective barrier height in the δ-BJT. This is due to change in the electric-field distribution in the delta-doped structure caused by the built-in potential of the base-emitter (B-E) junction. Considering the recombination and barrier height reduction effects, the thickness of the emitter set-back layer should be designed according to the B-E junction depletion width with a tolerance of ±5nm. The dc performance of a δ-BJT designed based on this criteria is compared to that of a Al0.25Ga0.75As∕GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT). Both devices employed base doping of 2×1019cm−3 and base-to-emitter doping ratio of 40. Large emitter area (AE≈1.6×10−5cm−2) and small emitter area (AE≈1.35×10−6cm−2) device current gains of 40 and 20, respectively, were obtained in both types of transistors passivated by (NH4)2S treatment. The measured current gain of the GaAs δ-BJT is the highest reported for a homojunction device with such high base-to-emitter doping ratio normally used in HBT devices.
Hot-electron injection in stacked-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Temple M. P. , Dyke D. W. , Childs P. A.
Published: April 2005

Hot-electron injection in high dielectric constant stacked-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) is studied theoretically by combining a hybrid Monte Carlo/iterative simulation of hot carrier transport with a transfer-matrix calculation of the transmission probability through the insulators. It is shown that the reduced potential barrier between the silicon and the high dielectric constant material results in high gate currents in short channel MOSFETs even at low drain voltages. The structure may therefore find applications in electrically erasable programmable read-only memory devices.
Edge impurity dynamics during an edge-localized mode cycle on DIII-D
Authors: Wade M. R. , Burrell K. H. , Hogan J. T. , Leonard A. W. , Osborne T. H. , Snyder P. B. , Coster D.
Published: April 2005

Using high spatial and temporal resolution spectroscopy, direct measurements of the impurity dynamics during an edge-localized mode (ELM) cycle have revealed rich details of both the ELM event and the inter-ELM period. The increased transport associated with the ELM event is observed to affect all the particle species (electrons, ions, and impurities) in a similar manner over a wide range in plasma conditions. The density perturbation (and hence convective energy loss) is found to be insensitive to edge collisionality while the temperature perturbation (and hence conductive energy loss) decreases as the edge collisionality increases. Analysis of the response of the profiles to the ELM indicates that the initial response to the ELM is a rapid (<0.5ms) decrease in the impurity density in the high gradient region in the edge coincident with a brief increase in the temperature and rotation velocity, which then drop on a slightly longer time scale (∼1ms) than the initial density decrease. Transport is then observed to continually improve as the Er shear increases during the inter-ELM period. Analysis suggests that this correlation in conjunction with the loss of Er shear at the ELM event may be the underlying reason for the decrease in the conductive loss as the edge collisonality is increased.
Absolute and relative density measurements in a N2∕Ar dielectric barrier discharge by diode-laser absorption spectroscopy and resolved plasma emission
Authors: Williamson James M. , Bletzinger Peter , Ganguly Biswa N.
Published: April 2005

The population density of metastable Ar 4s′[12]° in a 70% Ar∕30% N2, short-pulsed (<15-ns full width at half maximum) dielectric barrier discharge was determined from the time-resolved diode-laser absorption as a function of pulse repetition rate for a gas pressure of 100Torr. The relative population density change of N2+ BΣu+2 and N2 CΠu3 was also determined from N2+ first negative and N2 second positive plasma emission for the same pulse repetition rates and pressure. The net power deposited per pulse was obtained from measurements of the voltage and current wave forms. The fractional energy dissipated in metastable Ar production was estimated from the power and absorption number density measurements to be roughly 20% for pulse repetition rates ⩽10kHz, decreasing to ∼10% at 30kHz for 3.5-kV applied voltage and 100Torr.
Advances in understanding quiescent H-mode plasmas in DIII-D
Authors: Burrell K. H. , West W. P. , Doyle E. J. , Austin M. E. , Casper T. A. , Gohil P. , Greenfield C. M. , Groebner R. J. , Hyatt A. W. , Jayakumar R. J. , Kaplan D. H. , Lao L. L. , Leonard A. W. , Makowski M. A. , McKee G. R. , Osborne T. H. , Snyder P. B. , Solomon W. M. , Thomas D. M. , Rhodes T. L. , Strait E. J. , Wade M. R. , Wang G. , Zeng L.
Published: April 2005

Recent QH-mode research on DIII-D [J. L. Luxon et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1996 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987), Vol. I, p. 159] has used the peeling-ballooning modes model of edge magnetohydrodynamic stability as a working hypothesis to organize the data; several predictions of this theory are consistent with the experimental results. Current ramping results indicate that QH modes operate near the edge current limit set by peeling modes. This operating point explains why QH mode is easier to get at lower plasma currents. Power scans have shown a saturation of edge pressure with increasing power input. This allows QH-mode plasmas to remain stable to edge localized modes (ELMs) to the highest powers used in DIII-D. At present, the mechanism for this saturation is unknown; if the edge harmonic oscillation (EHO) is playing a role here, the physics is not a simple amplitude dependence. The increase in edge stability with plasma triangularity predicted by the peeling-ballooning theory is consistent with the substantial improvement in pedestal pressure achieved by changing the plasma shape from a single null divertor to a high triangularity double null. Detailed ELITE calculations for the high triangularity plasmas have demonstrated that the plasma operating point is marginally stable to peeling-ballooning modes. Comparison of ELMing, coinjected and quiescent, counterinjected discharges with the same shape, current, toroidal field, electron density, and electron temperature indicates that the edge radial electric field or the edge toroidal rotation are also playing a role in edge stability. The EHO produces electron, main ion, and impurity particle transport at the plasma edge which is more rapid than that produced by ELMs under similar conditions. The EHO also decreases the edge rotation while producing little change in the edge electron and ion temperatures. Other edge electromagnetic modes also produce particle transport; this includes the incoherent, broadband activity seen at high triangularity. Pedestal values of ν* and βT bracketing, those required for International Experimental Thermonuclear Reactor [Nucl. Fusion 39, 2137 (1999)] have been achieved in DIII-D, demonstrating the QH-mode edge densities are sufficient for future devices.
Effect of a capping layer on the magnetic properties of island nanostructured Fe(110)
Authors: Calleja J. F. , Contreras M. C. , Matarranz R. , Navarro E. , Huttel Y. , Cebollada A. , Armelles G.
Published: April 2005

We present a study on the magnetic anisotropy and magnetization reversal of Fe(110) islands grown on Al2O3 versus the island size, the island size distribution, and the magnetic interaction between islands. For small islands magnetically connected via a polarizable capping layer, the samples behave as a uniform film with an induced uniaxial in-plane anisotropy. Magnetically isotropic samples are obtained when the islands size is increased. Transverse susceptibility measurements show that the magnetic anisotropy of the particles is macroscopically averaged due to the interisland magnetic interaction. The island size distribution is correlated to the magnetic anisotropy field dispersion. When the capping layer material is Al, a superparamagnetic behavior is found due to the absence of the interisland interaction.
Microstructure-based numerical modeling method for effective permittivity of ceramic/polymer composites
Authors: Jylhä Liisi , Honkamo Johanna , Jantunen Heli , Sihvola Ari
Published: April 2005

Effective permittivity was modeled and measured for composites that consist of up to 35vol% of titanium dioxide powder dispersed in a continuous epoxy matrix. The study demonstrates a method that enables fast and accurate numerical modeling of the effective permittivity values of ceramic/polymer composites. The model requires electrostatic Monte Carlo simulations, where randomly oriented homogeneous prism-shaped inclusions occupy random positions in the background phase. The computation cost of solving the electrostatic problem by a finite-element code is decreased by the use of an averaging method where the same simulated sample is solved three times with orthogonal field directions. This helps to minimize the artificial anisotropy that results from the pseudorandomness inherent in the limited computational domains. All the required parameters for numerical simulations are calculated from the lattice structure of titanium dioxide. The results show a very good agreement between the measured and numerically calculated effective permittivities. When the prisms are approximated by oblate spheroids with the corresponding axial ratio, a fairly good prediction for the effective permittivity of the mixture can be achieved with the use of an advanced analytical mixing formula.
Human lysyl-tRNA synthetase is secreted to trigger proinflammatory response
Authors: Park Sang Gyu , Kim Hye Jin , Min You Hong , Choi Eung-Chil , Shin Young Kee , Park Bum-Joon , Lee Sang Won , Kim Sunghoon
Published: April 2005

Although aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential for protein synthesis, they also function as regulators and signaling molecules in diverse biological processes. Here, we screened 11 different human ARSs to identify the enzyme that is secreted as a signaling molecule. Among them, we found that lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS) was secreted from intact human cells, and its secretion was induced by TNF-α. The secreted KRS bound to macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to enhance the TNF-α production and their migration. The mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Gαi were determined to be involved in the signal transduction triggered by KRS. All of these activities demonstrate that human KRS may work as a previously uncharacterized signaling molecule, inducing immune response through the activation of monocyte/macrophages.
Critical review of host specificity and its coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism
Authors: Machado Carlos A. , Robbins Nancy , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Herre Edward Allen
Published: April 2005

Figs (Ficusspp., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) constitute perhaps the most tightly integrated pollination mutualism that is known. Figs are characterized by extraordinarily high global and local species diversity. It has been proposed that the diversification of this mutualism has occurred through strict-sense coadaptation and cospeciation between pairs of fig and wasp species that are associated in highly specific one-to-one relationships. However, existing studies cast doubt on the generality of this proposition. Here, we review our current knowledge of the evolutionary history of the fig/fig-wasp mutualism. We critically examine the idea that codivergence between figs and their pollinators has been dominated by strict-sense cospeciation. We present phylogenetic and population genetic data from neotropical fig and fig wasp species that suggest that a more accurate model for diversification in this mutualism is that of groups of genetically well defined wasp species coevolving with genetically less well defined (frequently hybridizing) groups of figs. Last, we use our results to assess previously proposed hypotheses on models of speciation in this mutualism.
Genomes, phylogeny, and evolutionary systems biology
Authors: Medina Mónica
Published: April 2005

With the completion of the human genome and the growing number of diverse genomes being sequenced, a new age of evolutionary research is currently taking shape. The myriad of technological breakthroughs in biology that are leading to the unification of broad scientific fields such as molecular biology, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, and computer science are now known as systems biology. Here, I present an overview, with an emphasis on eukaryotes, of how the postgenomics era is adopting comparative approaches that go beyond comparisons among model organisms to shape the nascent field of evolutionary systems biology.
The Facts of the Matter: A Discussion of Norton's Material Theory of Induction
Authors: Steel Daniel
Published: April 2005

In a recent essay, John Norton proposes a material theory of induction, according to which all justification for inductive inference ultimately stems from the particular facts of the case at hand. Despite being sympathetic to the pluralistic spirit of this proposal, I argue that central controversies among leading theories of inductive inference turn not on material facts but upon normative judgments regarding the proper standards and aims of induction. Thus, a pluralistic approach to induction can be successfully developed only given an explanation of how the choice of such aims and standards depends on features of particular cases.
Local Underdetermination in Historical Science
Authors: Turner Derek
Published: April 2005

David Lewis (1979) defends the thesis of the asymmetry of overdetermination: later affairs are seldom overdetermined by earlier affairs, but earlier affairs are usually overdetermined by later affairs. Recently, Carol Cleland (2002) has argued that since the distinctive methodologies of historical science and experimental science exploit different aspects of this asymmetry, the methodology of historical science is just as good, epistemically speaking, as that of experimental science. This paper shows, first, that Cleland's epistemological conclusion does not follow from the thesis of the asymmetry of overdetermination, because overdetermination (in Lewis's sense) is compatible with epistemic underdetermination. The paper also shows, contra Cleland, that there is at least one interesting sense in which historical science is epistemically inferior to experimental science, after all, because local underdetermination problems are more widespread in historical than in experimental science.
Whose Devil? Which Details?
Authors: Belot Gordon
Published: April 2005

Batterman has recently argued that fundamental theories are typically explanatorily inadequate, in that there exist physical phenomena whose explanation requires that the conceptual apparatus of a fundamental theory be supplemented by that of a less fundamental theory. This paper is an extended critical commentary on that argument: situating its importance, describing its structure, and developing a line of objection to it. The objection is that in the examples Batterman considers, the mathematics of the less fundamental theory is definable in terms of the mathematics of the fundamental theory, and that only the latter need be given a physical interpretation—so we can view the desired explanation as drawing only upon resources internal to the more fundamental physical theory.
How to Reconcile Physicalism and Antireductionism about Biology
Authors: Rosenberg Alex , Kaplan D. M.
Published: April 2005

Physicalism and antireductionism are the ruling orthodoxy in the philosophy of biology. But these two theses are difficult to reconcile. Merely embracing an epistemic antireductionism will not suffice, as both reductionists and antireductionists accept that given our cognitive interests and limitations, non-molecular explanations may not be improved, corrected or grounded in molecular ones. Moreover, antireductionists themselves view their claim as a metaphysical or ontological one about the existence of facts molecular biology cannot identify, express or explain. However, this is tantamount to a rejection of physicalism and so causes the antireductionist discomfort. In this paper we argue that vindicating physicalism requires a physicalistic account of the principle of natural selection, and we provide such an account. The most important payoff to the account is that it provides for the very sort of autonomy from the physical that antireductionists need without threatening their commitment to physicalism.
“Filled with the Holy Spirit”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on the origins of Pentecostalism, giving special attention to its early twentieth-century historical and theological roots and its biblical basis in the Book of Acts.
The Princess Who Nursed Her Own Husband
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

The Princess Who Nursed Her Own Husband, a Bengali folk tale translated into English, is presented.
Radical Ethics: Race, Women, and Holiness Considered and Reconsidered
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues the existence of antimodern elements in radical holiness culture, but the weight of its habits and values were plainfolk modernist. This is evident in its social and demographic contours, its language and values, its message and the means by which this message was propagated, the facility with which it perceived and exploited social change, and in the self-understanding of the holiness of saints. These antimodern elements within radical holiness, in light of the movement’s modernity, demonstrates how thoroughly it bore the imprint of its times.
Portrait of the Patriarch as a Young Man
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

This chapter chronicles the life of Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson from childhood to adulthood. A.J. enjoyed a fair amount of privilege as the only son of his grandparents’ eldest child, and as a member of a locally prominent family. As a teenager, he was known as a fun-loving and carefree young man noted for his pranks and good humor. He married Mary Jane Taylor in 1889. He later joined the Chester Preparative Meeting of the Society of Friends which heralded the beginning of his spiritual journey.
Twilight in Eden
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

The weeks since Tomlinson departed Culberson, North Carolina were difficult for those he left behind. Upon his return, a spirit of compromise had been established in the camp, making some reluctant to acknowledge his authority. This and other problems led him to pack up and return to Indiana with his family in November 1902.
The Arrow of Radiation
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the relations between the arrow of radiation and other temporal arrows. It looks at the ‘puzzle of the arrow of radiation’ by Einstein and Popper, partly to correct misinterpretations of their views and introduce several themes that will be relevant in Chapter 7 when an answer is proposed for this puzzle. Two proposed solutions to the puzzle: Rohrlich’s discussion of an asymmetric particle equation, and Anderson’s appeal to a finite energy requirement are considered.
New States, New State Involvement
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that stock exchanges organized in the post-colonial era were created to indigenize a degree of foreign direct investment. Transnational corporations listing shares on exchanges in the developing world sought a quotation for the benefit of local employees and recognition as a truly transnational firm. Generally these listings were expensive and illiquid, and managerial control remained foreign. However, states found them attractive in an era of “anti”-foreign investment since they dampened criticism of foreign investment, and the capital raised usually remained in the country in question.
Gregory of Nyssa and the Concept of Divine Persons
Authors: Turcescu Lucian
Published: April 2005

The concept of personhood is central to a wide range of contemporary issues, ranging from reproductive rights to the death penalty and euthanasia. We may think that the concept of person is a modern development. In fact, however, this idea does not originate with our discovery of human rights, consciousness, and individuality. This study shows that the fourth-century theologian Gregory of Nyssa developed a very sophisticated concept of the person in the context of his attempts to clarify the paradox of the Trinity—a single God comprising three distinct persons. The book offers the first in-depth analysis of Gregory’s writings about the divine persons. It shows that Gregory understood personhood as characterized by uniqueness, relationality, and freedom. He reasoned that the three persons of the Trinity have distinctive properties that make them individuals, that is, capable of being enumerated and circumscribed. But this idea of individuation, inherited from the neo-Platonists, falls short of expressing a clear notion of personal uniqueness. By itself it would suggest that a person is merely a collection of properties. Gregory’s great contribution was to perceive the importance of relationality to personhood. The three divine persons know and love each other, are in communion with each other, and freely act together in their common will. This understanding adds up to a concept of personal uniqueness much like our modern one. The book not only contributes to our knowledge of the history of Trinitarian theology but can be helpful to theologians who are dealing with issues in contemporary ethics.
The Notion of Person in Antiquity
Authors: Turcescu Lucian
Published: April 2005

This chapter considers whether or not a concept of person existed in antiquity. It demonstrates that for various reasons the ancients did not identify, nor were they interested in elaborating on, the human individual. Although Plotinus came closest to recognizing a distinctive human individuality, he actually did not achieve this. Another step forward was made by Plotinus’s best-known disciple, Porphyry, who gave a definition of an individual as a unique collection of properties.
Old Tibet
Authors: Powers John
Published: April 2005

This chapter begins with methodological issues, particularly how Chinese and Tibetan notions of historiography influence their respective constructions of Tibetan history.
Conclusion
Authors: Powers John
Published: April 2005

This chapter expands on the earlier chapters and looks at how Tibetan history is constructed by both Tibetans and Westerners. It asks whether Tibetans are constrained by Western discourses, as is sometimes claimed, or whether they even know of them.
On Simplicity and Complexity
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter discusses the essence of peacebuilding. This essence is composed of a small set of disciplines, or practices, out of which the complexity of peacebuilding emerges. When held together and practiced, these disciplines form the moral imagination that make peacebuilding possible. This essence is found in four disciplines: relationship, paradoxical curiosity, creativity, and risk.
On the Gift of Pessimism
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter addresses two questions: what do people who live in settings that are moving from war to peace teach us about the challenge of understanding the nature of genuine constructive social change? And in turn, what do these insights and challenges suggest to us about the nature and place of the moral imagination in human affairs? Insights and lessons learned from interaction with people in these settings are discussed. It argues that to sustain constructive change, the moral imagination will need to address the challenges posed by the paradoxes of what makes change genuine.
On Serendipity
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on links between serendipity and real politics. It argues that in the real world, the element that historically assures extinction is unidirectionality and tunnel vision, a single-mindedness of process and response in pursuit of a purpose. Survival requires adaptation to constantly changing environments, finding ways to move sideways while maintaining clarity of purpose. The capacities that create the serendipitous moment, the capacity to give birth to discovery and through discovery to give birth to constructive change are discussed. These include acquiring and building a capacity for peripheral vision, developing creative learning disciplines, and sustaining platforms that are smart flexible.
The Metaphysics of Dante's Comedy
Authors: Moevs Christian
Published: April 2005

Dante's metaphysics — his understanding of reality — is very different from our own. To present Dante's ideas about the cosmos, or God, or salvation, or history, or poetry within the context of post-Enlightenment presuppositions, as is usually done, is thus to capture only imperfectly the essence of those ideas. This book argues that the recovery of Dante's metaphysics is essential if we are to resolve what has been called “the central problem in the interpretation of the Comedy. ”That problem is what to make of the Comedy's claim to the “status of revelation, vision, or experiential record — as something more than imaginative literature.” This book offers a sustained treatment of the metaphysical picture that grounds and motivates the Comedy, and of the relation between those metaphysics and Dante's poetics. The book carries this out through an examination of three notoriously complex cantos of the Paradiso, read against the background of the Neoplatonic and Aristotelian tradition from which they arise.
Epilogue
Authors: Moevs Christian
Published: April 2005

This epilogue begins with a discussion of the difficulties with materialism and then considers how scientific advances may undercut both materialism and dualism. It argues that what we say we know “ theoretically” about the nature of the world is at variance with how we experience it, with what our behavior shows we believe about it. If we were to see the entire system from the outside in, or from the inside out, as the pilgrim Dante sees the inverted images of creation in Paradiso 28, perhaps our familiar, solid, stolid reality would begin to look ethereal, ephemeral, transparent, no more than a luminous, vibrating veil or reflection of our own being, our own seeing, our own infinite love, our freedom, oneness, nothingness.
Vatican II Con/texts and Greene's Catholic Imagination
Authors: Bosco Mark
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that Greene’s Catholicism became more important to him after the Vatican II Council than the years just preceding it. The fact that Catholicism is no longer seen as a bulwark that resists modernity does not mean that it depletes those Catholic symbols and images that make it a qualitatively distinctive faith. Greene’s late novels offer a new paradigm to examine the quality and effect of Catholicism in literature.
The Pattern Completed
Authors: Bosco Mark
Published: April 2005

In the last decade of his life, Greene’s publications included newly edited collections of short stories, letters to the press, and occasional articles. The two major works of fiction published in the 1980s, Doctor Fischer of Geneva, or the Bomb Party and Monsignor Quixote showed a stylistic turn to fablelike compositions. The central aspects of his Catholic literary imagination found a culminating expression in his two late works, The Tempest and The Winter’s Tale.
THE POLITICS OF REFORM, 1530–1558
Authors: HEAL FELICITY
Published: April 2005

The chapter studies the politics of Reformation in England, Scotland, and Ireland between 1530 and 1558. Its narrative of change pays particular attention to issues of jurisdiction across English territories and to the dissolution of the monasteries. The intersection between religious changes in the three kingdoms is treated fully.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: HEAL FELICITY
Published: April 2005

This considers the importance of studying ‘British’ history. It examines the historiography of ‘Britishness’ since the 1970s. It also discusses the appropriate temporal context for studying the Reformation, and concludes that the sixteenth century is a useful time-period.
Universalism
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: April 2005

Any global political theory must start by asking whether there are in fact universal moral values, and this chapter addresses precisely this question. Section I engages in a conceptual analysis of the terms ‘moral universalism’ and ‘cultural relativism’. Sections II–V then critically examine four arguments for moral universalism, finding three unpersuasive and one (the ‘General Argument for Moral Universalism’) more promising. Sections VI–XIV analyse nine challenges to moral universalism that argue for cultural relativism; none of these, it is argued, is persuasive, since some rest on implausible assumptions or misconceive the nature of universalism, while others, on closer inspection, have claimed that they rest on moral universalism. Section XV summarizes the overall case made for moral universalism.