bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ethrel, Abscisic Acid, and a Morphactin on Flower and Berry Abscission and Shoot Growth in Vitis vinifera1
Authors: Weaver Robert J. , Pool Robert M.
Published: August 2022

The effect of 3 abscission-promoting compounds on flower and berry abscission in 4 varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes was studied. A cluster-dipping experiment with Ethrel, abscisic acid, and a morphactin at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 ppm, was done using ‘Thompson Seedless’, ‘Carignane’, and ‘Muscat of Alexandria’, at 4 developmental stages. Stimulation of abscission by the growth regulators decreased as flowers and berries became older. The morphactin was the most effective and abscisic acid the least effective in promoting abscission. Spray treatments with the same compounds induced abscission on ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ and ‘Perlette’ at appropriate concentrations. Pretreatment of ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ clusters with 4-CPA eliminated the effectiveness of morphactin and, to some extent, that of Ethrel.

Morphactin at 1 ppm stimulated shoot growth of ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ but marked inhibition occurred at 100 and 1,000 ppm. Ethrel at 10 ppm stimulated shoot growth, but marked inhibition occurred at 100 and 1,000 ppm. With ‘Carignane’ only morphactin produced inhibition of shoot growth. Appropriate concentrations of these compounds applied as sprays thinned ‘Perlette’ grapes, but thinning was quite irregular both within and among clusters.
Effect of Soil Water Stress on Bush Beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. at Three Stages of Growth1
Authors: Dubetz S. , Mahalle P. S.
Published: August 2022

Bush beans grown on plots provided with an automatic rain shelter were subjected to a soil water stress of 8 bars at the preflowering, flowering, and postflowering stages of growth. Total weights of green pods from 4 harvests were reduced 53, 71, and 35%, respectively, from those of plants that were on low stress. Fifty pounds of N and 22 lb. of P/A increased yields significantly. Plants that were under stress subsequently did not attain a normal height. The effects of stress on floral set and pod development are discussed.
Breeding Behavior and Effect of Temperature on Expression of a Variegated Rogue in Green Beans1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P.
Published: August 2022

Mosaic-like crinkled-leaved variegated rogues were found in the ‘Stringless Green Refugee’ snap bean variety. Grafting experiments suggested that this condition was not due to an infectious virus. The degree of expression of the symptoms was influenced by temperature and the symptoms appeared almost completely masked at 80°F. This suggests that effective selection against the rogue should be done in cool climates. Differences in the expression of the character was observed between field and greenhouse grown plants.

Segregation in the F2 ‘G.N. 1140’ X variegated rogue indicated that this character was controlled by a major gene with variegation being recessive. In reciprocal crosses between 2 ‘Bush Blue Lake’ lines X variegated rogue, almost complete elimination of the variegated plants was noted in segregating generations. The similarity of some of these results to serotype mechanisms and/or virus tolerance is discussed.
Environmental and Genetic Factors Influencing the Expression of Resistance to Scab (Venturia inaequalis Cke. Wint.) in Apple Progenies1
Authors: Lamb Robert C. , Hamilton J. M.
Published: August 2022

The presence of sporulating lesions on seedlings inoculated with the apple scab fungus in the greenhouse was the best criterion for discarding susceptible individuals, and provided a means of selecting other factors for resistance in addition to the Vf gene.

Short photoperiods (8 hr) and low light intensities (1000 ft-c) significantly reduced the percentage of resistant seedlings. This emphasized the importance of growing the seedlings under uniform conditions.

Progenies from crosses of resistant by susceptible parents (Vfvf × vfvf) were grown under various controlled regimes of light, temperature, and humidity. Inoculation with the scab fungus resulted in significantly different percentages of resistant seedlings, indicating genetic differences in resistance between these progenies. When inoculation results of progenies of susceptible varieties were summarized, the percentages of resistant seedlings varied with the observed susceptibilities of the parents. These genetic differences should be taken into consideration in a breeding program.
Early Season Harvest Size Prediction of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Williams Max W. , Billingsley H. D. , Batjer L. P.
Published: August 2022

Fruit growth measurements in several orchards, from 1959 to 1968 have been used to prepare a table for predicting final harvest size of ‘Bartlett’ pears. At 60 days from full bloom, final fruit diameter to within ⅛ inch can be accurately predicted 83% of the time. The nearer to harvest the sample is taken, the more accurate the harvest size prediction. Temperatures above 80° and below 55°F appear to reduce pear fruit growth.
Time of Naringin Production in Grapefruit1
Authors: Albach Roger F. , Juarez Amelia T. , Lime Bruce J.
Published: August 2022

From experiments conducted over several seasons it was found that naringin production in grapefruit takes place mainly during the early stages of fruit development. In the most definitive study, developing grapefruit and adjacent leaves were exposed to 14C labeled carbon dioxide at weekly intervals following fruit set. The relative amount of CO2 fixed and available for conversion at different treatment times was determined by measuring the 14C activity in the soluble carbohydrate and organic acid fraction of the fruit. Activity was also followed in the naringenin rhamnoglucoside fraction. Carbon dioxide incorporation into the sugar-acids did not vary by greater than a factor of 10 for those exposures conducted from early April to mid-November. The ratio of activity in the naringenin rhamnoglucoside fraction to that in the sugar-acid fraction reached a pronounced maximum in mid-April and then declined rapidly by mid-June to 1/3000 of the peak value. A uniformly low ratio of incorporation into the naringenin rhamnoglucoside fraction is maintained to early maturity (October). Preliminary evidence suggests that minor subsequent rises in naringin production may coincide with periods of rapid vegetative growth.
Cold Hardening in Citrus Seedlings as Related to Artificial Hardening Conditions1
Authors: Young Roger
Published: August 2022

Seedlings of 18 citrus types were exposed to artificial hardening conditions. ‘Nagami’ kumquat, false hybrid satsuma and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarins were the most cold hardy and ‘Lisbon’ lemon, ‘Mexican’ lime, Rangpur’ lime, and ‘Calamondin’ hybrid kumquat the least cold hardy. Three mandarins, 1 tangelo, 3 oranges, and 4 grapefruit types were intermediate in hardiness. Generally, the most hardy types hardened some at 70° day and 50°F night temperatures, and 60°/40° as well as at lower temperatures while the least hardy types hardened primarily at 50°/30° and 45°/26°. Sugar accumulation was associated with hardening.
The Effect of Different Date Pollen on the Maturation and Quality of ‘Zehdi’ Date Fruit
Authors: Al-Delaimy Khalaf S. , Ali Sajida H.
Published: August 2022

The effect of pollen of 4 different male palms belonging to Phoenix dactylifera, L. upon the time of maturity and the quality of ‘Zehdi’ date fruit was studied. It was found that pollen from both ‘Ghannami’ and ‘Werdi’ shortened the yellowing time of the Khalal stage and increased the percentage of matured fruit of the ‘Zehdi’ palms. Pollen from both ‘Rissasi’ and ‘Werdi’ resulted in increased fruit setting compared with the other two males. Fruit pollinated with ‘Werdi’ had the lowest percentage of seed weight (the highest edible portion). Fruit pollinated with ‘Ghannami’ pollen had the highest percentage of soluble solids. According to the results obtained in this experiment, it is possible to consider both ‘Ghannami’ and ‘Werdi’ as better male varieties than ‘Rissasi’ and ‘Simsimi’.
Internal Can Corrosion by Processed Sweet Potatoes as Affected by Phenolase Activity and Nitrate Concentration1,2
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Scott L. E.
Published: August 2022

Inhibition on phenolase activity by blanching or restriction of exposure to oxygen greatly reduced the rate of internal corrosion of tinplated cans by sweet potatoes independent of variety effect or nitrate concentration of the raw product.

When phenolase activity was not inhibited, the severity of can corrosion varied widely among varieties of sweet potatoes. Varieties which caused more can corrosion had a high phenolase activity and a high nitrate concentration. ‘Nemagold’ and ‘California 20-51D’ sweet potatoes, which have a relatively low phenolase activity, did not accumulate high nitrate concentrations or severely corrode cans when ammonium nitrate fertilization of 1,000 lb./acre was applied. Ammonium nitrate fertilization greatly increased nitrate accumulation and can corrosion by ‘Goldrush’ sweet potatoes.
Development of Cold Hardiness in Apple Seedlings Treated with Gibberellic Acid and Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Holubowicz T. , Boe A. A.
Published: August 2022

Apple seedlings, Malus sylvestris var. Rome Beauty, were treated with abscisic acid 20 ppm, gibberellic acid 100 ppm, and compared with controls during pre-dormancy and dormancy for killing point, total nitrogen, soluble protein, per cent dry matter, total ash, photosynthesis rate, respiration rate and growth. The seedlings were treated under a specific regime of decreasing temperature and day length. Analyses were made after 7 days at 21° and 16 hr light, 7 days at 7.2° and 10 hr light, and 7 days at 0° and 8 hr light.

Abscisic acid increased the hardiness of apple seedlings. Low temperature and short day treatments increased the hardiness in both the pre-dormant and dormant tests. Both N and soluble protein increased as the seedlings passed from the pre-dormant to the dormant period. The same trend was true for total ash, whereas per cent dry matter decreased during this period. Abscisic acid treatment decreased the photosynthesis rate of the seedlings.
Potassium Nutrition of Tomatoes1
Authors: Lingle John C. , Lorenz O. A.
Published: August 2022

The new mechanical-harvest varieties of tomatoes ‘VF-145’ and ‘VF-13L’ exhibited symptoms of K deficiency under both greenhouse and field conditions, while the older hand-harvested varieties remained free of symptoms. In the field the K-deficient varieties showed deficiency symptoms regardless of the amount of K applied to the soil. In late season the K concentrations in the petioles of the K-deficient varieties were much lower than in the other varieties. There were no differences between varieties in the rate or amount of K absorption from nutrient solutions. Root grafts indicated that there were no differences in the ability of the different rootstocks to absorb K.
DTPA and pH Effects on Leaf Uptake of 59Fe, 65Zn, 137Cs, 241Am, and 210Pb1,2
Authors: Wallace A. , Hale V. Q. , Joven Claricia B.
Published: August 2022

‘Washington Navel’ orange leaves were immersed in solutions containing the radionuclides 59Fe, 65Zn, 137Cs, 241Am, and 210Pb with and without the chelating agent DTPA (10-4M), at pH varying from 2.0 to 8.0 and with and without the respective stable nuclides as carriers (10−4M) except for 241Am. Low pH decreased the uptake of all 4 radionuclides. Without carrier the uptake of 65Zn increased with pH up to pH 8.0 as did uptake of 241Am. The addition of carriers decreased uptake of all 4 radionuclides but carrier effect was least on 137Cs. DTPA largely negated the effects of pH on uptake and greatly depressed uptake.
Differential Resistance of Citrus Species Hybrids to Infestation by the California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.)1
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Carman G. E. , Soost R. K.
Published: August 2022

Populations of Citrus hybrids involving 5 species, including parental inheritance from mandarin, orange, grapefruit, pummelo, and lemon, were studied for degree of natural infestation by the California red scale over the periods 1948–58 and 1963–68. During the first period, 1884 hybrids showed wide variation in infestation within and among parentage groups, but there was evidence that mandarin ancestry contributed resistance while pummelo and lemon ancestry contributed susceptibility. In 1960, 81 apparently resistant hybrids from several parentage groups, and a control group of lemons, were repropagated in a randomized field plot. Scale ratings for 6 years indicate that there is inherited resistance dependent upon ancestry, in the order: mandarin parentage, greatest; mandarin-orange and mandarin-grapefruit, second; pummelo-orange and pummelo-grapefruit, third; lemon, least. These data are in agreement with earlier indications that varieties of the mandarin are relatively resistant to California red scale, while the pummelo and especially the lemon are more favorable hosts.
Karyotypic Analysis of Some Allium Species1
Authors: Saini Sarup S. , Davis Glen N.
Published: August 2022

Allium galanthum, A. drobovii, A. pskemense, A. roylei, and A. cepa type have the same chromosome number (n = 8), as A. cepa. The karyotypes of these species have been described. Each species has seven V-shaped chromosomes. These can be grouped as metacentric, median, submedian, and one subterminal. The subterminal chromosome has a satellite attached to its short arm. There are no other conspicuous morphological markers on the chromosomes, such as knobs or heterochromatic blocks. Chromomeres in the several species are of the same size and are present along the entire length of the chromosomes.

Slight differences were found in the morphology of the genomes of these species. The genome in A. roylei is the longest–63.44 µ, while that of A. cepa type is the shortest–56.18 µ. Allium cepa and A. pskemense have the same genome length, but there are slight differences in the morphology of the individual chromosomes. Allium cepa and A. cepa type have a wider and bigger satellite than that present in the other species. The differences among the members of the complement in A. cepa, A. cepa type, and A. galanthum are less pronounced than in A. pskemense, A. roylei, and A. drobovii. It seems that these species may have had a common ancestor, and that chromosomal differences have arisen due to inversions, translocations, and pairing in unequal chromosomes.
Development and Vase Life of Bud-Cut Colorado and California Carnations in Preservative Solutions Following Air Shipment to Maryland1
Authors: Hardenburg R. E. , Vaught H. C. , Brown G. A.
Published: August 2022

Six carnation cultivars from Colorado and from California were cut as ¾- to 1-inch buds and shipped during each of the spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons. After arrival, usually 2 days after cutting, loose buds opened in 1–2 days at 75° F in a preservative; tighter buds sometimes required 3–4 days. A low relative humidity of 42–45% was as satisfactory as 80–85% during the few days required for opening buds. Vase life at 70° was 13–15 days when buds were opened on arrival and held continuously in a preservative, 12–14 days when stored 1 week at 40° before opening, and 7–14 days when stored 3 weeks at 32°–33°. Bud-cut carnations held in water after shipment had a vase life of 4–5 days. Some lots and cultivars were injured after 3 weeks at 32°–33° and never opened well.

Three preservatives were tested and found satisfactory for opening buds after shipment or after shipment plus storage. Use of Cornell solution (5% sucrose, 200 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate and 50 ppm silver acetate) for opening and display usually produced the largest blooms with the longest life. Two percent “Ever-bloom” and a solution containing 3% sucrose, 400 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate and 300 ppm “Alar” were other satisfactory preservatives for use with bud-cut carnations after shipment.
Some Effects of Soil Moisture and Various Mulch Treatments on the Growth and Metabolism of Sweetpotato Roots1
Authors: Paterson D. R. , Speights D. E. , Larsen J. E.
Published: August 2022

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of mulch treatment and soil moisture on plant production, soil temperature and the metabolism of sweetpotato roots. The use of petroleum agricultural mulch resulted in the harvest of sweetpotato slips 2 weeks before any of the other mulch treatments produced usable plants. A single layer or clear plastic, roofing felt, and also black plastic increased the earliness of sweetpotato plant production. The use of a single and a double layer of clear or clear over black plastic resulted in lower slip production and injury to the bedded roots. At a depth of 3 inches all the mulch treatments increased average soil temperatures when compared to the unmulched treatment. A double layer of clear plastic gave the highest average soil temperature at the 3 inch depth. There was little difference in average soil temperature 3 inches under the clear over black plastic, clear plastic, or petroleum mulch treatments.

Sweetpotatoes growing in soil and in soil covered with a layer of petroleum mulch (ENCAP) or hexadecanol (TAGE) had a higher respiration rate than roots growing in air at 30°C. ENCAP and TAGE increased the CO2 emission of sweetpotato roots in comparison to non-mulched controls. Roots growing in soil and in soil mulched with ENCAP had more top and root growth than roots growing in air. TAGE restricted top and root growth of sweetpotato roots growing in soil. Soil moisture increased the respiration rate of sweetpotato roots more than ENCAP at 30°.
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Apices of Lilium longiflorum for Determining Floral Initiation and Differentiation1,2
Authors: Einert A. E. , De Hertogh A. A. , Rasmussen H. P. , Shull V.
Published: August 2022

Intact stem apices of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. ‘Ace’ were prepared for scanning electron microscopy to determine floral initiation and differentiation by viewing topographical changes. The apices, after removal of leaves under running water, were frozen in liquid N2, freeze-dried on carbon discs and coated with carbon prior to viewing. Electron photomicrographs were taken of vegetative, transitional and reproductive apices. This method of tissue preparation permitted microscopic evidence of flower bud initiation and differentiation to be obtained in less than 9 hr after removal of the apex from the plant. The apices retained their in vivo configuration, but as dry, permanent, 3-dimensional mounts. Cell net studies of the apical meristem are possible with this technique. This method of preparation is also adaptable to light microscopy.
Growth Regulation of Tung Trees (Aleurites Fordii Hemsl.) with Potassium Gibberellate and N-Dimethylaminosuccinamic Acid1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas
Published: August 2022

Potassium gibberellate (KGA) increased plant height, trunk diameter, and width and number of leaves of tung seedlings, Aleurites fordii, in the greenhouse. Growth response to KGA was greater under the high level of nutrition than under the lower level. Placement of KGA on the terminal buds or on mature leaves stimulated more growth than when it was applied to the stem or to the roots. KGA stimulated more growth when it was applied to the lower surface of leaves than when it was applied to upper surfaces. On mature trees in the orchard, KGA increased linear shoot growth, duration of vegetative growth period, and number of terminals whereas N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid reduced shoot extension.
Fruit Set in Seedless Grapes Treated with Growth Regulators Alar, CCC and Gibberellin1
Authors: Barritt B. H.
Published: August 2022

Growth retardants succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar), (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), and potassium gibberellate (KGA3) were tested as fruit-setting agents in 1967 and 1968 for poorly setting varieties of seedless grapes. Cluster and berry thinning was practiced on the control and treated vines. Pre-bloom Alar sprays at most concentrations from 250 to 2000 ppm failed to increase the number of berries per cluster or cluster weight, and showed a tendency to reduce average berry weight and total soluble solids. Pre-bloom CCC treatments from 500 to 1500 ppm gave increases in the number of berries per cluster and cluster weight, while average berry weight and total soluble solids were unaffected. Length of the newly formed internodes was reduced by CCC treatments of 500 and 1500 ppm while Alar at these concentrations had little effect.
Correlation between Hardiness and Free Amino Acid Content of Apple Seedlings Treated with Gibberellic Acid and Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Holubowicz T. , Boe A. A.
Published: August 2022

Seedling apple trees of the ‘Rome Beauty’ variety were treated with 20 ppm abscisic acid and 100 ppm gibberellic acid and compared with controls during predormancy and dormancy for killing point, soluble protein and content of specific amino acids. Amino acid and soluble protein content were statistically correlated with killing point. A relationship exists between cold hardiness and certain amino acids. Soluble protein content was correlated with killing point in the gibberellic acid and control treatments. Treatment with abscisic acid showed no correlation between soluble protein and killing point indicating that soluble protein may not be an index of hardiness in apple trees.
Accumulation of Nitrate in Tomato Fruit and its Effect on Detinning1,2
Authors: Hoff J. E. , Wilcox G. E.
Published: August 2022

Tomato fruit accumulated nitrate when the controlled environmental conditions combined high temperature, high N fertilization level, and low light intensity. Nitrate accumulation in the fruit was preceded by a condition of low nitrate reductase activity and nitrate accumulation in the leaves. The processed product with high concentration of nitrate caused extensive detinning of internal can surfaces after 6 months’ storage at room temperature.
Influence of Growth Regulators on Concentration of Protein and Nucleic Acids in ‘Black Corinth’ Grapes1
Authors: Soleimani Abbas , Kliewer W. M. , Weaver R. J.
Published: August 2022

Vines of Vitis vinifera ‘Black Corinth’ were sprayed with 100 ppm gibberellin A3 (GA3), 50 ppm 4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), or 1000 ppm benzyladenine (BA) about 5 days after anthesis. The concentrations of protein, RNA, and DNA in the berries were measured at 0, 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hr after treatment. In the fruits treated with GA3 or 4-CPA, protein, RNA, and DNA were markedly increased compared to untreated fruits during the first 24 hr after treatment; thereafter, concentrations did not significantly differ from those of the control berries. Fruits treated with BA, on the other hand, had significantly higher levels of these substances only at 1 and 6 hr post treatment.
The Effect of the Modified Munson Training System on Uneven Ripening, Soluble Solids and Yield of ‘Concord’ Grapes1
Authors: Couvillon Gary A. , Nakayama T. O. M.
Published: August 2022

‘Concord’ grape vines trained to the Modified Munson and 4-arm Kniffin systems were sampled, at weekly intervals, beginning approximately one month before harvest and continuing to harvest. The fruit were categorized for evenness of ripening and analyzed for total pigment content and per cent soluble solids. Total yield, and components of yield were compared under the 2 training systems.

Fruit harvested from the Modified Munson trained vines ripened more evenly, contained more anthocyanin pigments, soluble solids, and produced greater yields than did vines trained to the 4-arm Kniffin system. The yield increase was due to increases in the percentage of fruiting shoots, clusters per shoot, and cluster weights on vines trained to the Modified Munson system. The increase in cluster weight was due to increases in berry weight and berries per cluster.
Radial Trunk Growth of Almonds as Affected by Soil Water and Crop Density1
Authors: Uriu K. , Martin P. E. , Hagan Robert M.
Published: August 2022

Radial trunk growth of mature almond trees under 4 irrigation treatments was measured with Verner dendrometers for 4 consecutive years. Trunk growth rates and total seasonal growth were affected primarily by soil water and secondarily by crop density conditions. In early spring, when soil water was abundant (near field capacity in entire root zone), the rate of trunk growth was inversely correlated with crop density. Later on, trunk growth was influenced more by soil moisture conditions. Irrigation early in the season increased trunk growth rates even though 30 to 40% available water remained throughout the root zone at time of irrigation. Irrigations after mid-season merely maintained the prevailing trunk growth rates.
Effect of Soil Phosphorous Levels on Phosphate Fractions in Tomato Leaves1
Authors: Hogue Eugene , Wilcox G. E. , Cantliffe Daniel J.
Published: August 2022

Varying the level of added P to a deficient soil from 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 400 ppm made it possible to study the influence of deficiency, sub-adequate, adequate and excess amounts of P on its distribution into P fractions within tomato leaves. Plant growth response was obtained at P rates up to 100 ppm. The P fractionation data indicated that inorganic phosphate constituted about one quarter of the total plant P even when the plant is deficient in P. The plant did not accumulate phosphate until it was supplied at rates that exceeded requirements of growth and then it was accumulated mainly as inorganic phosphate while the levels of soluble organic P, RNA-P, DNA-P, phospholipid-P and phosphorprotein-P remained unchanged over the entire range of P rates.
Measurement of the Endogenous Levels of Adenosine Nucleotides in Sweet and Sour Lemon Fruits1
Authors: Abou-Zamzam A. M. , Wallace A. , Motoyama E.
Published: August 2022

These studies involved the development of a method to measure the endogenous levels of adenosine nucleotides in sweet lemon, Citrus limettioides, Tanaka and sour lemon, Citrus limon, L. These species differ greatly in organic acid contents of fruits. The adenosine nucleotides were precipitated as Ba salts and separated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 anion exchange columns. The determinations included a range of fruit sizes from very young, growing to rather large, maturing, fruits of both lemon species. A noteworthy difference was found in the total adenosine nucleotides of very young fruits, with the sour lemon fruits having almost twice as much as the sweet lemon fruits. The ratio or ATP/AMP was found to be consistently higher (~3X) in young sour lemon fruits than in sweet lemon fruits. The energy charge was calculated from the concentrations of the nucleotides and little or no difference between the two lemon species was observed.
Pre-Storage Promotion of Leaf Abscission of Deciduous Nursery Stock with Bromodine12
Authors: Larsen Fenton E.
Published: August 2022

The results of 4 years work with Bromodine show that it is an effective nursery stock defoliant for several species and cultivars. Thorough wetting (200-300 gal/A) with 1 to 3 applications at 6 to 7 day intervals of 0.25% Bromodine on cherry and pear and 0.50% on apple and prune was sufficient for 70 to 100% leaf abscission. Experimental work was confirmed with commercial trials.
Germination of Heat Treated Seeds of Philadelphias lewisi Pursh1
Authors: Uhlinger Roger D.
Published: August 2022

Exposure of dry seeds of P. lewisi to temperatures of about 95°C for up to 24 hr can enhance subsequent germination of the seeds. The 95° temperature appears to be near the optimum temperature to use in dry heat treatments. Temperatures above 100° are soon injurious while temperatures of 90° or lower are not very effective.

Dry heat at 95° in excess of 5 to 8 hr will reduce germination if low temperature after-ripening is included in the pre-germination sequence. Dry heat for 5 to 8 hr at 95° can supplement the effect of low temperature after-ripening but cannot substitute for it in the absence of light during germination. Dry heat for up to 24 hr at 95° can supplement the effect of light during germination but cannot substitute for it in the absence of low temperature after-ripening.

The growth of plants derived from heat treated seeds of P. lewisi appears to be normal.

The photoreceptor mechanism in seeds of P. lewisi is not adversely effected by dry heat for at least 24 hr at 95°. Potential effects of dry heat persist for at least 2 to 3 weeks in seeds imbibed and held in the dark at 20-25°. The effects can be realized by exposing the seeds to light.
Growth of Crabapple Seedlings in Controlled Environments: Influence of Seedling Age and CO2 Content of the Atmosphere1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. , Krizek Donald T. , Bailey William A. , Klueter Herschel H.
Published: August 2022

Seedlings of the tea crabapple (Malus hupehensis Rehd.) were started in the greenhouse for 3, 7, 9, 11, or 14 weeks and then were grown for 18 days in controlled-environment chambers. Enriching the atmosphere to 3000 ppm CO2 significantly increased height, number of nodes, and number and length of lateral shoots over those maintained at ambient CO2. The effect of CO2 enrichment on height was greater than that on node number. Although growth during 18 days of treatment was greatest on the oldest seedlings, growth on the youngest seedlings was greatest in proportion to their original size.
Breeding Behavior of Mite-Resistant Strawberries1
Authors: Chaplin C. E. , Stoltz L. P. , Rodriguez J. G.
Published: August 2022

Backcrosses and outcrosses of mite resistant strawberry selections and combinations of resistant selfed lines were made. Backcrosses to the resistant parents resulted in intermediate progeny means but they were closer to that of the less resistant parent. Backcrosses to the susceptible parent also resulted in intermediate progeny means but they were close to that of the more resistant parent. Outcrosses gave progenies similar to those of backcrosses but with less spread in resistance. Crosses of certain resistant selfed selections showed almost complete dominance for mite resistance.
The Nutrient Status of Zinc in Lettuce Evaluated by Plant Analysis1
Authors: Berry Wade L.
Published: August 2022

Lettuce was grown in a complete nutrient solution, with Zn increased stepwise by a factor of 2 for 8 treatments from 1.6 to 200 μg/liter. Forty-seven days after imbibition the plants were harvested and separated into 6 parts for tissue analysis. The plants in the low Zn solutions were stunted in growth and showed a marginal purpling and a rupture of laticifers on the margins of the mature leaves. The symptoms progressed from an overall chlorosis to an interveinal necrosis; with the dark desiccated areas eventually coalescing to cover most of the leaf. The Zn nutrient status of the lettuce plant was best defined by determining the Zn concentration in the mature petiole (mid-rib). The critical level of Zn in the mature petiole is 9 ppm. Concentration of Zn in this tissue below 9 ppm indicates an unfavorable Zn nutrient status for the vegetative growth of lettuce.
Anatomical Structure of Red Raspberry Hybrid Cuttings Rooted Under Mist1
Authors: Wu Lilian L. , Overcash J. P.
Published: August 2022

Anatomical studies of terminal, leafy stem cuttings of red raspberries after 5 weeks under mist indicated that the structures of stems immediately below the oldest leaf, as well as at 2 to 3 cm above the base of the cuttings of 2 hybrid selections ‘MR 158’ and ‘MR 480’ were basically the same. Besides the normal vascular cambium, an anomalous cambial region was differentiated at the inner face of the cortex. Both of these cambia induced secondary stem thickening. The lack of emergence of roots through the large callus masses might be attributed to the compactness of the callus tissue in which the primordia are embedded. Adventitious roots arose from parenchyma cells in various locations in these stem cuttings.
Hydrogen-ion Toxicity on Citrus1
Authors: Smith Paul F.
Published: August 2022

Young ‘Rough’ lemon seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions adjusted to pH 4. 5, and 6 with three mineral acids. The sources of H+ were HNO3, H2SO4, and H3PO4. All plants produced healthy new leaves but growth was markedly reduced at pH 4. New roots were short and thickened at pH 4 and less dry matter was produced. At pH 5, the roots were less elongated than at pH 6 but plant weight was unaffected. All three acids produced similar effects, indicating that the source of H+ was not important. Reduction in growth was associated with excess H+ and abnormal root development.
Identification of Snap Bean Cultivars by Paper Chromatography of Flavonoids1
Authors: Brown G. B. , Deakin J. R. , Hoffman J. C.
Published: August 2022

Paper chromatograms of flavonoid compounds extracted from the leaves of 43 snap bean cultivars and breeding lines produced characteristic patterns which allowed all but 7 to be classified into one of 3 major categories. One of the flavonoid compounds was consistently associated with bush and not runner type plants and was thus useful for early classification of populations segregating for plant type. The high degree of similarity among cultivars for a set of characters which one might expect to be distributed at random suggests a rather narrow gene base for this crop.
Water Stress as the Cause for Failure of Flower Bud Opening in Iris1
Authors: Mayak S. , Halevy A. H.
Published: August 2022

Flower opening failure was encountered in cut iris flowers (cvs. Wedgwood and Prof. Blaauw) stored at low temperature for 4 days, then held for an additional day at 22°C. The cause was found to be water stress in the flowers as a result of a stem blockage developing during storage and shipment. In flowers harvested with the basalplate of the bulb attached to the stem, the plug apparently develops up into the stem. This failure of flower opening was overcome by pre-shipment cutting of the base of flowers harvested without the basalplate and conditioning in warm water. Conditioning with a preservative solution improved coloration. A new method for water flow resistance measurement in stem sections is described.
Effect of Supplementary Light on Anthocyanin Synthesis in ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2022

Attached green apples of the cultivar ‘McIntosh’ exposed to the natural prevailing light within the tree canopy supplemented by continuous irradiation for 48 hours demonstrated that “Daylight” or “Grolux” fluorescent lamps were more efficient than incandescent or mercury-vapor lamps in promotion of anthocyanin synthesis. No anthocyanin was formed at energy levels less than 0.5 mW/cm2 for 48 hours. This suggested a minimum energy requirement of about 100 joules/cm2 for the initiation of anthocyanin synthesis, or a minimum intensity for response. The potential of these apples to synthesize anthocyanin when exposed to supplementary light was greatest about August 20. The anthocyanin induced in green apples within the tree by suplementary irradiation was gradually lost after the energy source was removed. Length of the induction stage for anthocyanin formation in continuous irradiation was the same, about 12-15 hours, for both attached and detached apples. If attached green apples were exposed to alternating light and dark periods, instead of continuous irradiation, 9 hours of supplementary irradiation (about 58 joules/cm2) at an intensity of 0.5 mW/cm2 was adequate to initiate pigment synthesis.
The Influence of Succinic Acid-2,2-dime thy lhydrazide on Peach Quality1,2
Authors: Sims E. T. , Gambrell C. E. , McClary J. T.
Published: August 2022

Succinic acid -2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) was applied at various postbloom spray intervals and concentrations to ‘Ranger’ peaches from 1965 to 1969 and to ‘Cardinal’ and ‘Blake’ peaces in 1969. Fruit of each cultivar was harvested at a uniform firmness to determine the influence of Alar on quality attributes not directly associated with changes in fruit maturity. Color attributes, particularly flesh color, were enhanced by Alar over a wide range of spray dates to a much greater degree than other quality attributes at a given maturity. The results indicated a stimulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by Alar without a corresponding effect on other attributes normally considered to be indicators of physiological maturity.
Boron Tolerance of Squash, Melon, Cucumber, and Corn1
Authors: El-Sheikh Adel M. , Ulrich A. , Awad S. K. , Mawardy A. E.
Published: August 2022

Squash (Cucurbita pepo), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), muskmelon (Cucumis melo) and corn (Zea mays.) plants were grown in sand culture with B as the variable. The plants were harvested when they showed a definite gradation of B toxicity symptoms from severe to none. Mature blades were analyzed for total B.

A significant decrease in top growth took place in corn and cucumber for culture solutions with B concentrations greater than 2 ppm; in squash and muskmelon, greater than 4 ppm. A 50% decrease in top growth took place in solutions with 6, 12, 12 and 16 ppm of B for cucumber, squash, muskmelon and corn, respectively, with cucumber the most sensitive and corn the least sensitive to B supply. The critical concentrations for B toxicity in mature blades at the onset of decreased top growth are 100, 400, 800 and 1,000 ppm, dry basis, for corn, cucumber, muskmelon and squash, respectively.
The Use of Correlated Responses in Sweetpotato Selection1
Authors: Jones Alfred
Published: August 2022

The applicability of the method of correlated responses to selection of sweetpotatoes in a breeding program is illustrated by use of previously determined correlations between 21 traits Examples of the kinds of changes that might be expected due to correlated responses are pointed out. It is further demonstrated that knowledge of such responses can assist plant breeders in making prudent selections and in the design of improved breeding procedures. Agreement of predicted and realized correlated responses indicates that this technique is suited to use with the sweetpotato. Through mass selection procedures, cultivars with most any combination of traits desired should be possible.
Phytochrome Control of Flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium on Very Short Photoperiods1
Authors: Cathey H. M. , Borthwick H. A.
Published: August 2022

Inhibitory effects on flowering of chrysanthemums caused by far-red light at the beginning of certain inductive long nights were investigated. Such effects were found only under photoperiods shorter than those that occur naturally, even in midwinter, in latitudes where chrysanthemums are produced commercially. The results, therefore, do not apply to greenhouse or field practice but contribute to a better understanding of the control of flowering by light. These results are explained in terms of control by phytochrome. The active form of phytochrome (Pfr) is present during, and at the close of, every photoperiod. During the photoperiod it performs a flower-promoting function. If the photoperiod is too short, the promotive function must be completed by the Pfr left in the plant at the beginning of the dark period. In such a case, the promotive action appears to be low during the early hours of darkness, but reaches a climax after about 6 hr. Simultaneously with completion of its promotive action in darkness, Pfr decreases to a very low level, and it must remain at this low level during the remainder of the dark period for flowering to occur. Thus, far-red light at the beginning of darkness removes Pfr before the latter completes an essential promotive function; and red light, at a later hour of darkness, reintroduces Pfr at a time when its presence inhibits flowering.
A Clinical Case of the Personalized Approach to Surgical Treatment of Drug-Resistant Bilateral Fibrous Cavernous Pulmonary Tuberculosis Complicated by Pyopneumothorax and Pleural Cavity Empyema
Authors: Kudryashov G. G. , Аvetisyan A. O. , Tabanakova I. А. , Zaytseva E. V. , Kiryukhina L. D. , Yablonskiy P. K.
Published: August 2022

A clinical case shows the complexity of the choice of surgical strategy for treatment in drug-resistant bilateral fibrous cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by pyopneumothorax and empyema of the pleural cavity. A non-standard personalized approach to the patient with initially compromised cardiorespiratory system resulted not only in cure of tuberculosis complications but also improved pulmonary functional parameters and allowed avoiding progression of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Prospects for Expanding Drug Therapy for Multiple Drug Resistant and Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Mozhokina G. N. , Samoylov A. G. , Vasilyeva I. А.
Published: August 2022

This review analyzes 64 publications on repurposed antibiotics and the prospects of their use in the treatment of multiple drug resistant and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis. The article describes mechanisms of action of beta-lactams and macrolides on tuberculous mycobacteria; the results of studies and safety profiles are given.
Perceived Barriers to Digitising School- Based Obesity Intervention: An Exploratory Study
Authors:   Center for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Nutrition Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Yaacob Norhasniza , Abd Talib Ruzita ,   Center for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Nutrition Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Ismail Amirah ,   Center for Software Technology and Management (SOFTAM), Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Mahmud Mohd Izwan ,   Center of Education and Diversity, Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Published: August 2022

Background: Schools serve as a focal point in which to engage students and school communities, including teachers, parents and other healthcare providers (e.g. nutritionists), in implementing obesity interventions. Bringing them together is beneficial to ensuring healthy eating among schoolchildren and to creating healthy school environments. However, there are barriers and success factors related to the implementation of such an intervention. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the barriers and success factors to school-based obesity interventions to improve obesity implementation. Methods: An exploratory case study with multiple units of analysis was conducted, including interviews, document analyses and a survey. The interview sessions involved six participants, including teachers and nutritionists. The survey was conducted among 121 participants involving 30 teachers, 78 parents and 13 school canteen operators. Pattern-matching techniques were employed to formulate the results. Results: The barriers consisted of the school system, parental awareness, staff availability, and children’s compliance. The success factors included the teachers’ role, the nutritional approach used, compliance with the healthy school canteen guidelines, and strong collaboration with the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) and other agencies. Conclusion: It is necessary to digitise an obesity intervention module with some improvements, including strengthening the broader school community’s role and integrating nutrition education with technology to improve implementation.
Natural Food for Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review
Authors:   Nutrition and Dietetics Programme, School of Health Sciences,  Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Mohd Nazri Nurul Syahidah , Vanoh Divya ,   Nutrition and Dietetics Programme, School of Health Sciences,  Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Soo Kah Leng ,   Nutrition and Dietetics Programme, School of Health Sciences,  Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
Published: August 2022

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterised by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Proper nutrition is essential for management of sarcopenia. Thus, this article aims to review the association between dietary pattern or food groups consisting of natural food and sarcopenia. A literature search was performed using four databases namely PubMed, Scopus, Sage and ScienceDirect. The search terms used were ‘fruits’, ‘vegetables’, ‘egg’, ‘fish’, ‘chicken’, ‘protein food’, ‘ulam’, ‘fresh herbs’, ‘sarcopenia’, ‘elderly and ‘older adults’. A total of 18 studies were included in the final review. Adherence to Mediterranean and Japanese dietary pattern were associated with lower prevalence of sarcopenia whereas Western dietary pattern was significantly associated with higher risk of sarcopenia. For food groups, there is a significant association between dietary protein intake and sarcopenia. There are also significant associations between the intake of vegetables, fruits or both vegetables and fruits, and lower risk of sarcopenia. Consumption of natural food comprising of high-quality protein, fruits and vegetables have been associated with protection against muscle wasting and sarcopenia. Therefore, it is possible that a well-planned diet may works just as effectively as or possibly better than individual nutrient supplements for the prevention and treatment for sarcopenia among older adults.
A Comparison of the Effects of Prolonged Infusion of Propofol 2% and 1% During Total Intravenous Anaesthesia Using Target-Controlled Infusion Technique for Elective Neurosurgery
Authors:   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Loo Kar Yee ,   Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Che Omar Sanihah ,   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia,   Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Mohamad Zaini Rhendra Hardy ,   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia,   Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Wan Hassan Wan Mohd Nazaruddin ,   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia,   Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, Seevaunnamtum Praveena ,   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia,   Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
Published: August 2022

Background: Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with a combination of target- controlled infusions (TCIs) of propofol and remifentanil has been advocated for a favourable neurosurgical outcome. Neurosurgical procedures often involve a prolonged duration and large cumulative infusion of propofol. This study compares the serial serum lipid profile, acid-base balance and lactate level of neurosurgical patients anaesthetised with TCIs of propofol at 2% versus 1%. Methods: A total of 74 patients who underwent an elective craniotomy under general anaesthesia were randomised into two groups: i) propofol 1% (n = 37) and ii) propofol 2% (n = 37). All patients were anaesthetised using TCIs of propofol and remifentanil. Serial lipid profiles (serum triglyceride [TG] and cholesterol levels) were taken at the baseline, upon cessation of propofol and at 2 h post-operation. The total dosage, volume used and syringe changes of both groups were also documented. Results: The total volume of propofol used was significantly lower in the 2% group than the 1% group (157.19 mL [SD = 77.14] versus 335.17 mL [SD = 174.27]; P = 0.005) and the frequency of syringe changes was also less in the 2% than the 1% group (2 [3] versus 6 [3]; P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of serial serum TG, cholesterol, the acid-base balance or the lactate level. There was also no significant correlation of lipid profile with cumulative dose or volume of propofol infused between the two groups. Conclusion: Both concentrations of propofol, 1% and 2%, were comparable in terms of the serial lipid profile, acid-base balance and lactate level during TIVA using TCIs for elective neurosurgery. The benefits of propofol at 2% were that a lower volume was used and there were fewer syringe changes, which could minimise anaesthesia interruption throughout surgery.