bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Right you are (if you think so)’: The sociolinguistic construction of youth identity in a Greek family sitcom
Authors: Stamou Anastasia G. , Saltidou Theodora P.
Published: October 2014

This article examines the ways in which the sociolinguistic construction of youth identity takes place in the popular Greek family sitcom Deka Lepta Kirigma/ Ten-Minute Preaching (Mega TV, 2000–04). Drawing on the ‘identities in interaction’ sociocultural linguistic model of Bucholtz and Hall (2005) and the ethno-methodological tool of ‘membership categorization analysis’ (Sacks 1992), our analysis focuses on three interactions between teenage and adult characters in the show. As we demonstrate, each of the analysed characters constructs themselves and others through identity categories that the other conversationalists attempt to contest and denaturalize. This suggests that, unlike other similar mainstream media texts which firmly adopt an adult perspective on young people, Ten-Minute Preaching is more ambivalent in its portrayal of youth through the characters’ talk, since it includes both teenage and adult voices, conveying the message that there are multiple and even conflicting versions of reality, depending on the perspective from which one sees it. Our analysis, however, demonstrates that the show eventually supports the stereotypical view that adults have of young people and their style of talk, as it sees them through the prism of the generation gap, a key theme that has traditionally defined the adult-constructed discourse of adolescence, which has structured mainstream media texts historically.
Headbanging in Nairobi: The emergence of the Kenyan metal scene and its transformation of the metal code
Authors: Knopke Ekkehard
Published: October 2014

In this article, I discuss the development and structures of Kenyan metal culture. In doing so, I show that this local metal culture is dependent on an urban setting that provides electricity, performing venues and the Internet. Furthermore, a growth period is encountered that is characterized by a slowly increasing structural complexity. Additionally, I outline the idea of a metal subject in general and a Kenyan metal subject in particular. Therefore, I follow a praxeological approach that shows that, even if the Kenyan metalheads’ aim is to reproduce the social practices of the global metal culture, new forms of metal practices are thereby produced and the so-called metal code is transformed. I conclude this article by proposing the idea of four transformative boundaries that lead to the emergence of a genuinely Kenyan metal sound. These boundaries are communicational and technological boundaries, boundaries of skill as well as boundaries of local culture.
The Metal King: Alexander the Great in heavy metal music
Authors: Djurslev Christian Thrue
Published: October 2014

Why are heavy metal bands so interested in the figure of Alexander the Great? The present article develops the argument that there are two overshadowing reasons: (1) the bands reconstruct the figure as a symbol of masculine power and communal unity; and (2) Alexander becomes part of a larger tradition already at an early stage of heavy metal’s history that many bands were interested in maintaining and revisiting. Several heavy metal tracks about him are explored and examined to substantiate this hypothesis. It is shown how these tracks associate him with a number of interrelated, recurring themes, such as conquest, community, imperialism, legacy, masculinity, nationalism, power and unity. These in turn help to project him as a figurehead of warrior virtues and also as a heroic bringer of culture. This is particularly true for Greek heavy metal bands, and their contribution is analysed at length. It is demonstrated how Greek metal songs also offer an intriguing insight into Greece’s political conflicts. Finally, it is suggested that, in his role as a powerful culture-hero and king, Alexander is capable of becoming an allegory for heavy metal itself.
Determinants of the production of heavy metal music
Authors: Maguire Donald
Published: October 2014

This study examines 55 independent variables to determine which ones relate to the formation of heavy metal bands. Certain demographic and economic factors can be identified through multi-variable regression analysis to be robust determinants of the number of heavy metal bands per capita in each country in 2012. The robust determinants identified in this study are: the percentage of the population that is Catholic, the percentage of the population with no religion, the latitude of the country, whether the country has a Scandinavian legal history, the number of years that the country was under Marxist rule, the percentage of the population that are males between the ages of 15 and 24, and the number of concert halls per 1 million people.
Reviews
Authors: Riches Gabby , Hill Rosemary Lucy , O’Boyle Tom , Stephanou Aspasia , Thibodeau Anthony J. , Scott Niall W. R.
Published: October 2014

From cultural politics to pleasurable affects: Female metal scholarship’s contribution to metal studies

Death Metal and Music Criticism: Analysis at the Limits, Michelle Phillipov (2012) Lanham: Lexington Books (172 pp.), ISBN: 9780739164594, Hardback, £35.85 ISBN: 9780739197608, Paperback, £24.12

Affective Intensities in Extreme Music Scenes: Cases from Australia and Japan, Rosemary Overell (2014) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (224 pp.), ISBN: 9781137406767, Hardback, $90/£53

Why Music Matters, David Hesmondhalgh (2013) Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell (204 pp.), ISBN: 9781405192415, Paperback, £19.99

Heavy Metal: Controversies & Countercultures, Titus Hjelm, Keith Kahn-Harris, Mark Levine (eds) (2013) Sheffield, UK: Equinox Publishing (260 pp.), ISBN-10: 1845539412, Hardback, £55.55, ISBN-13: 9781845539142, Paperback, £19.99

Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult, Dayal Patterson (2013) Washington: Feral House (485 pp.), ISBN: 9781936239757, Paperback, £19.99

Underground Never Dies! It is Not Black and White Anymore!, Andrés Padilla (2013) Santiago, Chile: Doomentia Press (505 pp.), no ISBN, Hardback, €48.00

Death Metal Epic I: The Inverted Katabasis, Dean Swinford (2013) Dayton, Ohio: Atlatl Press (160pp.), ISBN-10: 0988348438; ISBN-13: 9780988348431, Paperback, £7.99
Amalgamated anecdotes: Perspectives on the history of metal music and culture studies
Authors: Hickam Brian
Published: October 2014

Metal music and culture studies has witnessed rapid growth since its first international scholarly conference in 2008. Six years later, there are regular conferences and symposia; the International Society for Metal Music Studies (ISMMS); a refereed journal; archives of primary sources; a comprehensive bibliography; and robust scholarly communication. This article examines the history, status and future of metal studies. Through interviews with several key players, the story of ‘how’ and ‘why’ this new field of study emerged is illustrated.
Predictors of communal formation in a small heavy metal scene: Puerto Rico as a case study
Authors: Varas-Díaz Nelson , Rivera-Segarra Eliut , Medina Carmen L. Rivera , Mendoza Sigrid , González-Sepúlveda Osvaldo
Published: October 2014

Heavy metal music has constantly been under scrutiny due to its perceived negative effects on its listeners. Quantitative research has focused on heavy metal music as a risk factor for mental health problems and antisocial behaviour. This research agenda has neglected to explore and quantitatively document how the music can foster positive outcomes among its listeners, in particular a strong sense of community. Fans and producers of heavy metal music constantly reference community as an important aspect of the sonic experience. Still, few studies have addressed the communal experience in heavy metal music from a quantitative perspective. Therefore, the specific aims of this study were to (1) document levels of sense of community among members of the Local Metal Scene (LMS) in Puerto Rico, (2) explore differences on sense of community among core scene members and those at its periphery, and (3) explore predictive variables that can explain sense of community among its members. We present data from a larger study of the metal scene in Puerto Rico, which used a mixed methods approach including ethnographic observations, qualitative interviews and surveys with members of Puerto Rico’s metal scene. Results evidence high levels of sense of community, with existing differences among members of the same scene. Furthermore, our results identify six predictive variables of importance for sense of community among the LMS in Puerto Rico.
Examining consumer acceptance of green innovations using innovation characteristics: A conceptual approach
Authors: Kapoor Kawaljeet Kaur , Dwivedi Yogesh K. , Williams Michael D.
Published: October 2014

In the wake of global warming and environmental preservation, all processes and actions are now being directed along the lines of creating a greener environment. Household solar equipments are one such initiative, whereby people around the world are being encouraged to adopt green innovations even within homes. Recent emphasis is particularly along the usage of solar energy for home lighting, heating and cooking. To achieve increased adoption of these green innovations, it is important to understand the behaviours of various factors that may influence consumers in forming favourable intentions towards such innovations. This article aims to develop a theory-based conceptual framework for examining user adoption of household solar innovations. Attributes from Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations theory, Tornatzky and Klein’s Meta-Analysis, and Moore and Benbasat’s Perceived Characteristics of Innovating theory will be used to design the intended framework for examining the adoption of household solar and other green innovations.
The Paleobiolinguistics of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Brown Cecil H. , Clement Charles R. , Epps Patience , Luedeling Eike , Wichmann Søren
Published: October 2014

Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) developed significance for prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which common bean terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in the common bean became significant primarily with the widespread development of a village‐farming way of life in the New World rather than earlier when squash and maize and a few other crops became important.
Sidama Agro-Pastoralism and Ethnobiological Classification of its Primary Plant, Enset (Ensete ventricosum)
Authors: Quinlan Marsha B. , Quinlan Robert J. , Dira Samuel
Published: October 2014

Enset is an essential plant for the Ethiopian Sidama system of agropastoralism. Sidama agropastoralism and the folk taxonomy of enset is presented here in ethnographic context. One of several societies of Ethiopia’s enset complex, the highland Sidama are among the most wholly reliant on enset and maintain more enset varieties in their gardens than other groups. Sidama agro-pastoral systems revolve around human-enset-cattle interaction: Sidama eat low-protein parts of enset; cattle eat high-protein parts of enset; Sidama get protein from dairy; Sidama fertilize enset with cattle manure. In the Sidama language, enset offers an example of Hunn’s generic elevation within the framework of Berlinian perceptual-taxonomic theory. Weesho (enset) may serve both as a folk generic taxon and a life-form taxon depending on the frame of reference. Such expansion allows for an intermediate taxa translating to “male” or “female” ensets, followed by generic and specific taxa for kinds or “breeds” of enset. Generic elevation offers descriptive magnification of nomenclature for enset, a most salient species among Sidama people.
A comparison of frequency of medical interventions and birth outcomes between the midwife led unit and the obstetric unit in low-risk primiparous women
Authors: Prelec Anita , Verdenik Ivan , Poat Angela
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The purpose of this national research was to compare birth, maternal and newborn outcomes in the midwife led unit and the obstetric unit to ascertain whether a midwife led unit reduced medicalisation of childbirth. Methods: A prospective observational case-control study was carried out in Ljubljana Maternity Hospital in the period May - August 2013. The sample comprised 497 labouring women; 154 who attended the midwife led and 343 who attended in the obstetric unit, both matching the same inclusion criteria: low risk primiparous; singleton term pregnancies, normal foetal heart beat, cephalic presentation; spontaneous onset of labour. The primary outcome was the caesarean section rate. Chi-square test was used to compare medical interventions and birth outcomes. Results: Women in the midwife led unit had statistically significant higher spontaneous vaginal births (p < 0.001), less augmentation with oxytocin (p < 0.001), less use of analgesia (p < 0.001), less operative vaginal deliveries (p < 0.001) and less caesarean sections (p < 0.001), lower rates of episiotomy (p < 0.001) and more exclusively breastfed (p = 0.002). Discussion and conclusion: These significant findings showed that in the midwife led unit fewer medical interventions were used. For generalisation of the findings more similar studies in Slovenia are needed.
Effects of nursing care on patient outcomes: times to reflect and to take decisions
Authors: Palese Alvisa
Published: October 2014

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Understanding the attitudes of paramedics towards suicidal patients
Authors: Rant Barbara , Bregar Branko
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Since it is almost impossible to identify every suicidal person, the timely intervention of an emergency medical team is of the most importance for preventing suicide attempts. Yet its success depends not only on timely help, but also on the treatment of the suicidal individual, the quality of which is to a large degree determined by the attitudes of the paramedics to the suicide. Hence, this article addresses the issue of how Slovenian paramedics experience suicidal patients, or in other words, what their attitudes to suicidal patients are when treating them. Methods: This study is based on a descriptive qualitative method of empirical research, in which inductive analysis has been used. To collect the empirical material, semi-structured interviews with ten paramedics were conducted between December 2012 and January 2013. Results: Despite their professional conduct in working with suicidal patients, Slovenian paramedics often experience various unpleasant emotions while treating them. Although they show understanding, the paramedics are often caught in dilemma while treating suicidal patients, especially those that refuse help or are aggressive. During the treatment, the paramedics act according to their subjective risk assessment and previous work experience, yet they lack the expertise to work with suicidal patients, particularly communication skills. Discussion and conclusion: The attitude of the participants to suicidal patients is based primarily on the emotional aspect of their work. The research showed that a negative attitude may appear, but is not permanent. It appears only in certain conditions when caring for patients who are aggressive or threaten others and when the participants have not received help from other services.
Zadovoljstvo starejših uporabnikov zdravstvene nege na domu z njihovo obravnavo
Authors: Železnik Danica , Rajčić Sandra
Published: October 2014

Uvod: Stopnja zadovoljstva uporabnikov zdravstvene nege na domu služi kot pokazatelj subjektivne ocene kakovosti njihove obravnave. Namen članka je prikazati raven zadovoljstva uporabnikov zdravstvene nege na domu. Metode: Uporabljen je bil kvantitativni raziskovalni pristop. Podatki so bili zbrani z anketiranjem 186 uporabnikov zdravstvene nege na domu v Republiki Hrvaški v občini Osijek z okolico. Instrument raziskave je bil strukturirani vprašalnik, oblikovan za potrebe raziskave. Statistična analiza podatkov je bila opravljena s pomočjo programa SPSS za Windows različica 9.0. Rezultati: Med uporabniki je bilo najbolj izpostavljeno zadovoljstvo s spoštovanjem diskretnosti in zasebnosti pri izvajanju aktivnosti zdravstvene nege (133 oz. 72,0 % uporabnikov), zadovoljstvo z ljubeznivostjo medicinskih sester in profesionalnim izvajanjem aktivnosti zdravstvene nege (131 oz. 70,0 % uporabnikov). S časom, ki jim je odmerjen za pogovor z medicinsko sestro, je bilo nezadovoljnih 40 (21,5 %) uporabnikov. Diskusija in zaključek: Izsledki raziskave pokažejo, da so anketiranci z aktivnostmi zdravstvene nege na domu v večini popolnoma zadovoljni, kar lahko kaže na dobro opravljeno delo medicinskih sester ali na bojazen uporabnikov, da bi v primeru izkazovanja nezadovoljstva bila njihova obravnava prekinjena. Najmanj zadovoljni so tisti uporabniki, ki jih medicinska sestra obišče samo dvakrat na teden, opravi zgolj s strani zdravnika predpisano negovalno aktivnost, za pogovor pa ji ne ostane časa, ker je slednji natančno odmerjen. Rezultati raziskave lahko služijo za načrtovanje in reorganizacijo zdravstvene nege na domu ter kot izhodišče novih raziskav.
Vpliv ovite popkovnice na pojavnost operativnega dokončanja poroda
Authors: Petrova Tanja , Lučovnik Miha
Published: October 2014

Uvod: Pojavnost ovite popkovnice ob porodu je po tujih podatkih 6–37 %. Ovita popkovnica je lahko povezana z nekaterimi zapleti v nosečnosti, vendar njen vpliv na fetalni distres med porodom in operativno dokončanje poroda še ni dovolj raziskan.
Metode: Izvedli smo retrospektivno kohortno raziskavo podatkov Perinatalnega informacijskega sistema Republike Slovenije za obdobje 2002–2011. Vključili smo enojčke, rojene v glavični vstavi med 37. in 42. tednom. S testom hi-kvadrat smo ugotavljali povezavo med ovito popkovnico in operativnim dokončanjem poroda. Z multiplo logistično regresijo smo poleg vpliva ovite popkovine analizirali še potencialno moteče dejavnike: pariteta, trajanje poroda 9 ur in več, porodna teža pod 5. centilo in začetek poroda.
Rezultati: Vključili smo 173.776 porodov. Popkovnica je bila ovita pri 57.174 (33 %). Ovita popkovnica je bila v univariatni analizi povezana z operativnim dokončanjem poroda (p < 0,001), vendar v multivariatni analizi ni bila neodvisni dejavnik tveganja (p = 0,311), pač pa so to bili prva nosečnost, dolgotrajni porod, indukcija in porodna teža pod 5. centilo (p < 0,001).
Diskusija in zaključek: V slovenskih porodnišnicah je med porodi enojčkov v glavični vstavi ob terminu 33 % takih z ovito popkovnico, kar je več, kot navaja večina tujih raziskav. Ovita popkovnica ni neodvisni dejavnik tveganja za operativno dokončanje poroda.
Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of monogenic disorders: an optimized protocol using MEMO qPCR with miniSTR as internal control
Authors: Guissart Claire , Debant Vanessa , Desgeorges Marie , Bareil Corinne , Raynal Caroline , Toga Caroline , Pritchard Victoria , Koenig Michel , Claustres Mireille , Vincent Marie-Claire
Published: October 2014

Analysis of circulating cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma is very promising for early diagnosis of monogenic diseases. However, this approach is not yet available for routine use and remains technically challenging because of the low concentration of cffDNA, which is swamped by the overwhelming maternal DNA.

To make clinical applications more readily accessible, we propose a new approach based on mutant enrichment with 3′-modified oligonucleotides (MEMO) PCR along with real-time PCR to selectively amplify from the maternal blood the paternally inherited fetal allele that is not present in the maternal genome.

The first proof of concept of this strategy was displayed for cystic fibrosis by the accuracy of our detection of the p.Gly542* mutation used as the initial developmental model. Subsequently, a retrospective study of plasmas originating from two pregnant women carrying a fetus with private mutation confirmed the effectiveness of our method. We confirmed the presence of cffDNA in the studied samples by the identification of a tri-allelic DNA profile using a miniSTR kit.

This new non-invasive prenatal diagnosis test offers numerous advantages over current methods: it is simple, cost effective, time efficient and does not require complex equipment or bioinformatics settings. Moreover, our assays for different private mutations demonstrate the viability of this approach in clinical settings for monogenic disorders.
Immunoassay of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies: diagnostic performance in automated third generation methods. A multicentre evaluation
Authors: D’Aurizio Federica , Tozzoli Renato , Villalta Danilo , Pesce Giampaola , Bagnasco Marcello
Published: October 2014

The use of automated immunometric methods for the detection of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), the main serological marker of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), has expanded in recent years. However, it is not known whether these new automated platforms have improved the diagnostic performance of TPOAb assays. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential improvement of the inter-method agreement of current automated third generation systems, 12 years after a previous study, which had assessed the analytical variability between semi-automated second generation methods of TPOAb detection.

Eight pools of sera from patients with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, exhibiting different TPOAb concentrations, were collected from routine laboratory diagnostics and distributed to seven companies throughout Italy. All automated third generation methods were calibrated against the Medical Research Council (MRC) reference preparation 66/387.

The overall mean variability (CV) was 93.6% when results were expressed in part as arbitrary Units (U/mL) and in part as International Units (IU/mL). The conversion of all values in IU/mL resulted in a significant decrease of CV (49.8%). The CV expressed as COM (cut-off concentration multiples) was 64.0%. Agreement of qualitative results was 95.3% with a pronounced difference in the threshold values proposed by manufacturers (range 3.2–35.0 IU/mL).

These findings confirm the improvement of harmonisation between different methods of automated third generation TPOAb assays. Nevertheless, further efforts should be made in the definition of the positive cut-off concentration to avoid misclassification of AITD patients as well as in a new international reference preparation and in the autoantigen purification modality.
Nietzsche 1914 – eine Philosophie für die Front?
Authors: Zimmermann Rolf
Published: October 2014

During World War I Nietzsche, on the one hand, was blamed for German militarism in Anglo-American and French writings, and, on the other hand, became celebrated as a spiritual hero of German culture and greatness. This essay delivers a critique of simplistic images of Nietzsche’s philosophy in the context of war by analyzing essentials of his mature work (“will to power” etc.). Additionally, the German intellectual scene is confronted with Nietzsche’s denouncement of nationalism, anti-Semitism, Christianity, socialism in order to deny the existence of a definitive Nietzschean war position. Finally, Nietzsche’s European idea is reflected in light of Max Weber’s comments on World War I and his political theory. The essay concludes that the problem of how to relate philosophical thinking to realities of historical development deserves further inquiry.
Jenseits der Regelbefolgung. Metaethische Konsequenzen der Legalismus-Kritik Judith Shklars
Authors: Hetzel Andreas
Published: October 2014

In my paper I reconstruct J. Shklar’s arguments against legalistic positions which try to reduce the moral point of view to a model of legitimizing and applying rules. I emphasize in particular the relevance of her arguments for current metaethical debates. The paper shows that Shklar’s thought comes close to some arguments of S. Cavell, who locates the problem of how to define the relation between a rule and a case at the very center of ethical reflection. Finally I discuss how Shklar’s scepticism about any objective moral point of view corresponds with two other negativistic motives of her philosophy: a) her accusation that traditional theories of justice make invisible the perspective of the victims of injustice, and b) her thesis that injustice cannot be reduced to “a prelude, a rejection, and a collapse of justice.”
Brief aus Abu Dhabi
Authors: Karafyllis Nicole C.
Published: October 2014

The article’s main focus is education in the field of philosophy in the Middle East, exemplified by the situation in the United Arab Emirates. The specific frameworks for teaching philosophy in the region are highlighted along with how to practically deal with ethics, aesthetics, philosophy of nature, and the gender issue. It is recommended also for ‘Western’ philosophers to engage in curriculum development for the Middle East, thereby taking regional values into account.
12T061C, a new Julichrome family radical scavenger from Streptomyces species
Authors: Komoda Toshikazu , Saeki Naoko , Koseki Yoshitaka , Kiyota Hiromasa
Published: October 2014

The new radical scavenger 12T061C (C20H22O7) has been identified from a culture of Streptomyces species. Spectroscopic elucidation showed that this compound is a new Julichrome family compound. 12T061C shows a potent radical-scavenging activity with an ED50 of 18 μm that is similar to those of the known antioxidant compounds α-tocopherol (ED50 16 μm) and quercetin (ED50 3 μm).
One-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxyisochroman-1-one and evaluation of acetal derivatives as antibacterial and antifungal agents
Authors: Patel Gautam M. , Deota Pradeep T.
Published: October 2014

A one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxyisochroman-1-one (lactol) 3 by oxidation of indene using tungstic acid-hydrogen peroxide is reported. The synthesized lactol was converted into acetal derivatives 5a–h, which were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) strains, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by broth dilution method. The compounds show potent activity against S. aureus in comparison with ampicillin and exhibit modest antifungal activity.
Applications of immunochemistry in human health: advances in vaccinology and antibody design (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Klein Reinhild , Templeton Douglas M. , Schwenk Michael
Published: October 2014

This report discusses the history and mechanisms of vaccination of humans as well as the engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Deeper understanding of the molecular interactions involved in both acquired and innate immunity is allowing sophistication in design of modified and even synthetic vaccines. Recombinant DNA technologies are facilitating development of DNA-based vaccines, for example, with the recognition that unmethylated CpG sequences in plasmid DNA will target Toll-like receptors on antigen-presenting cells. Formulations of DNA vaccines with increased immunogenicity include engineering into plasmids with “genetic adjuvant” capability, incorporation into polymeric or magnetic nanoparticles, and formulation with cationic polymers and other polymeric and non-polymeric coatings. Newer methods of delivery, such as particle bombardment, DNA tattooing, electroporation, and magnetic delivery, are also improving the effectiveness of DNA vaccines. RNA-based vaccines and reverse vaccinology based on gene sequencing and bioinformatic approaches are also considered. Structural vaccinology is an approach in which the detailed molecular structure of viral epitopes is used to design synthetic antigenic peptides. Virus-like particles are being designed for vaccine deliveries that are based on structures of viral capsid proteins and other synthetic lipopeptide building blocks. A new generation of adjuvants is being developed to further enhance immunogenicity, based on squalene and other oil–water emulsions, saponins, muramyl dipeptide, immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, Toll-like receptor ligands, and lymphotoxins. Finally, current trends in engineering of therapeutic antibodies including improvements of antigen-binding properties, pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties, and reduction of immunogenicity are discussed. Taken together, understanding the chemistry of vaccine design, delivery and immunostimulation, and knowledge of the techniques of antibody design are allowing targeted development for the treatment of chronic disorders characterized by continuing activation of the immune system, such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, or allergies that have long been refractory to conventional approaches.
Traditional Chinese Book and Document Preservation: Brief History And Essential Techniques and Their Contemporary Applications
Authors: Ming Lin , Weiqing Qiu , Zhang Liang
Published: October 2014

Papermaking and printing were invented in China which developed a rich history of creating, collecting, and preserving books. The present article provides information about Chinese preservation traditions and conservation techniques developed over the last thousand years. Two key principles of preservation discussed here are minimal conservation treatment (in the absence of a skilled conservator, it is preferable not to do any work on a book, document, or painting) and utility over beauty (the goal of preservation and conservation is not solely to produce a beautiful object, but to extend the useful life of the object for as long as it can be extended). The article also looks at many Chinese conservation techniques and materials. Professionals engaged in digitizing rare books must have a basic understanding of conservation traditions and practices. The present article provides this.
Revised Annotations, Sex-Biased Expression, and Lineage-Specific Genes in the Drosophila melanogaster Group
Authors: Rogers Rebekah L , Shao Ling , Sanjak Jaleal S , Andolfatto Peter , Thornton Kevin R
Published: October 2014

Here, we provide revised gene models for D. ananassae, D. yakuba, and D. simulans, which include untranslated regions and empirically verified intron-exon boundaries, as well as ortholog groups identified using a fuzzy reciprocal-best-hit blast comparison. Using these revised annotations, we perform differential expression testing using the cufflinks suite to provide a broad overview of differential expression between reproductive tissues and the carcass. We identify thousands of genes that are differentially expressed across tissues in D. yakuba and D. simulans, with roughly 60% agreement in expression patterns of orthologs in D. yakuba and D. simulans. We identify several cases of putative polycistronic transcripts, pointing to a combination of transcriptional read-through in the genome as well as putative gene fusion and fission events across taxa. We furthermore identify hundreds of lineage specific genes in each species with no blast hits among transcripts of any other Drosophila species, which are candidates for neofunctionalized proteins and a potential source of genetic novelty.
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in Patients With Tumors in the Head and Neck Region
Authors: Faiz Saadia A. , Balachandran Diwakar , Hessel Amy C. , Lei Xiudong , Beadle Beth M. , William William N. , Bashoura Lara
Published: October 2014

Background.

Sleep disturbance is a prominent complaint of cancer patients. Most studies have focused on insomnia and cancer-related fatigue. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been reported in small studies and case reports.

Methods.

In a retrospective review of patients who underwent formal sleep evaluation and polysomnography (PSG) from 2006 to 2011, 56 patients with tumors in the head and neck region were identified. Clinical characteristics, sleep-related history, and PSG data were reviewed.

Results.

Most patients had active cancer (80%), and the majority had squamous pathology (68%). Prominent symptoms included daytime fatigue (93%), daytime sleepiness (89%), and snoring (82%). Comorbid conditions primarily included hypertension (46%) and hypothyroidism (34%). Significant sleep-related breathing disorder was noted in 93% of patients, and 84% met clinical criteria for OSA. A male predominance (77%) was noted, and patients were not obese (body mass index <30 kg/m2 in 52%). The majority of patients (79%) underwent radiation prior to sleep study, of which 88% had OSA, and in the group without prior radiation, 67% had OSA. Adherence to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy was slightly better when compared with the general population. A subset of patients with persistent hypoxia despite advanced forms of PAP required tracheostomy. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with active disease and radiation prior to PSG were more likely to have OSA.

Conclusion.

Sleep-related breathing disorder was common in patients with tumors in the head and neck region referred for evaluation of sleep disruption, and most met clinical criteria for OSA. Daytime fatigue and sleepiness were the most common complaints. OSA was prevalent in male patients, and most with OSA were not obese. Architectural distortion from the malignancy and/or treatment may predispose these patients to OSA by altering anatomic and neural factors. A heightened clinical suspicion for sleep-related breathing disorder and referral to a sleep specialist would be beneficial for patients with these complaints.
A novel technique to model water uptake by plants in geotechnical centrifuge
Authors: Ng C. W. W. , Yu R.
Published: October 2014

Although geotechnical centrifuge modelling of vegetated slopes has become increasingly popular, attention has been mainly focused on modelling the mechanical effect of roots. The hydrological effect, namely, water uptake and thus induced negative pore-water pressure (PWP), has attracted relatively less attention. Negative PWP (i.e., suction) increases soil shear strength but decreases hydraulic conductivity, both of which help enhance slope stability. This letter introduces a novel technique developed for modelling plant water uptake in geotechnical centrifuge. The technique involves using a branch cutting to model the plant root to which vacuum is delivered to generate a pressure gradient. This enables water to be extracted from the soil into the branch cutting and thus a negative PWP to be induced in the surrounding soil. The effectiveness of this technique was evaluated by testing a model slope ‘vegetated’ with 45 pieces of branch cuttings in the centrifuge. Measurements show that negative PWP can be induced under 20g condition and the PWP distribution is reasonably consistent with field data. This technique makes it possible to investigate the effects of negative PWP induced by vegetation water uptake on slope deformation and stability using the geotechnical centrifuge.
Motivations for Intimate Partner Violence in Men and Women Arrested for Domestic Violence and Court Referred to Batterer Intervention Programs
Authors: Elmquist JoAnna , Hamel John , Shorey Ryan C. , Labrecque Lindsay , Ninnemann Andrew , Stuart Gregory L.
Published: October 2014

Research has attempted to elucidate men and women’s proximal motivations for perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV). However, previous research has yet to clarify and resolve contention regarding whether motives for IPV are gender-neutral or gender-specific. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare motives for physical IPV perpetration among a sample of men (n = 90) and women (n = 87) arrested for domestic violence and court referred to batterer intervention programs. Results demonstrated that the most frequently endorsed motives for IPV by both men and women were self-defense, expression of negative emotions, and communication difficulties. With the exception of expression of negative emotions and retaliation, with women endorsing these motives more often than men, there were no significant differences between men and women’s self-reported reasons for perpetrating physical aggression. The implications of these findings for future research and intervention programs are discussed.
Examining the Prevalence, Bidirectionality, and Co-Occurrence of Sexual Intimate Partner Violence Among Women During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Authors: Flanagan Julianne C. , Jaquier Véronique , Gordon Kristina Coop , Moore Todd M. , Stuart Gregory L.
Published: October 2014

Objectives: This longitudinal study examined the prevalence of women’s sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, the extent to which women experienced both sexual IPV victimization and perpetration, and the overlap between women’s experiences of sexual IPV with psychological and physical IPV victimization and perpetration. Methods: Data were collected via self-report survey from 180 women during the first 18 weeks of pregnancy and 122 participants completed follow-up assessments at 6 weeks postpartum. Results: At both time points, the prevalence of sexual IPV victimization and perpetration were similar in this sample. Bidirectional sexual IPV was more common than sexual IPV victimization or perpetration only. Most participants who experienced sexual IPV victimization at baseline and follow-up also experienced psychological or physical IPV victimization. No participants at either time point reported sexual IPV perpetration only, those participants who perpetrated sexual IPV also perpetrated psychological or physical IPV. Conclusions: Future research should investigate women’s sexual IPV victimization and perpetration as they relate to other areas of mental and physical health during this time period.
Increased Expression of Interleukin (IL)‐35 and IL‐17, But Not IL‐27, in Gingival Tissues With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Mitani Akio , Niedbala Wanda , Fujimura Takeki , Mogi Makio , Miyamae Shin , Higuchi Naoya , Abe Atsushi , Hishikawa Toshimitsu , Mizutani Makoto , Ishihara Yuichi , Nakamura Hiroshi , Kurita Kenichi , Ohno Norikazu , Tanaka Yoshinobu , Hattori Masami , Noguchi Toshihide
Published: October 2014

Background: Interleukin (IL)‐35 plays an important role in immune regulation through the suppression of effector T‐cell populations, including T‐helper 17 (Th17) cells. Although Th17 cells and IL‐17 are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, the level of IL‐35 in inflamed periodontal tissues is unclear. Here, IL‐35, IL‐17, and IL‐27 production/expression in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and human gingival tissue were investigated.

Methods: GCF samples were collected from buccal (mesial, center, and distal) sites of teeth from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy controls and were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for IL‐35 (periodontitis, n = 36; healthy, n = 30) and IL‐17 (periodontitis, n = 16; healthy, n = 13). Gingival tissue, including sulcus/pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue, was collected from an additional 10 healthy participants and 10 patients with CP and were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Epstein Barr virus‐induced gene 3 (EBI3), IL12A, and IL17A. IL27p28 was also tested by qPCR.

Results: IL‐35 and IL‐17 were significantly higher in GCF from patients with periodontitis than healthy participants (P <0.01, P <0.05, respectively). In both healthy participants and those with periodontitis, positive correlations were found among IL‐35 and probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) as well as between IL‐17 and CAL. EBI3, IL12A (components of IL‐35), and IL17A messenger RNA expression levels were significantly higher in inflamed gingival tissue than in healthy control tissues (P <0.05). IL27p28 was not detected in any sample, suggesting that IL‐27 is not produced in large quantities in periodontal tissue.

Conclusion: IL‐35 and IL‐17, but not IL‐27, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Immediate Loading of Mandibular Overdentures Supported by One‐Piece, Direct Metal Laser Sintering Mini‐Implants: A Short‐Term Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Mangano Francesco G. , Caprioglio Alberto , Levrini Luca , Farronato Davide , Zecca Piero A. , Mangano Carlo
Published: October 2014

Background:Only a few studies have dealt with immediately loaded, unsplinted mini‐implants supporting ball attachment–retained mandibular overdentures (ODs). The aim of this study is to evaluate treatment outcomes of ball attachment–retained mandibular ODs supported by one‐piece, unsplinted, immediately loaded, direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) mini‐implants.

Methods:Over a 4‐year period (2009 to 2012), all patients referred to the Dental Clinic, University of Varese, and to a private practice for treatment with mandibular ODs were considered for inclusion in this study. Each patient received three or four DMLS mini‐implants. Immediately after implant placement, a mandibular OD was connected to the implants. At each annual follow‐up session, clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed, including the following outcome measures: 1) implant failures; 2) peri‐implant marginal bone loss; and 3) complications. Statistical analysis was conducted using a life‐table analysis.

Results:A total of 231 one‐piece DMLS mini‐implants were inserted in 62 patients. After 4 years of loading, six implants failed, giving an overall cumulative survival rate of 96.9%. The mean distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐to‐implant contact was 0.38 ± 0.25 and 0.62 ± 0.20 mm at the 1‐ and 4‐year follow‐up examinations, respectively. An incidence of 6.0% of biologic complications was reported; prosthetic complications were more frequent (12.9%).

Conclusions:Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that the immediate loading of one‐piece, unsplinted, DMLS titanium mini‐implants by means of ball attachment–supported mandibular ODs is a successful treatment procedure. Long‐term follow‐up studies are needed to confirm these results.
Autograft Transfer from the Ipsilateral Femoral Condyle in Depressed Tibial Plateau Fractures
Authors: Sferopoulos N.K
Published: October 2014

Introduction :

The rationale for operative treatment of depressed tibial plateau fractures is anatomic reduction, stable fixation and grafting. Grafting options include autogenous bone graft or bone substitutes.

Methods :

The autograft group included 18 patients with depressed tibial plateau fractures treated with autogenous bone grafting from the ipsilateral femoral condyle following open reduction and internal fixation. According to Schatzker classification, there were 9 type II, 4 type III, 2 type IV and 3 type V lesions. The average time to union and the hospital charges were compared with the bone substitute group. The latter included 17 patients who had an excellent outcome following treatment of split and/or depressed lateral plateau fractures, using a similar surgical technique but grafting with bone substitutes (allografts).

Results :

Excellent clinical and radiological results were detected in the autograft group after an average follow-up of 28 months (range 12-37). The average time to union in the autograft group was 14 weeks (range 12-16), while in the bone substitute group it was 18 weeks (range 16-20). The mean total cost was 1276 Euros for the autograft group and 2978 Euros for the bone substitute group.

Discussion :

The use of autogenous graft from the ipsilateral femoral condyle following open reduction and internal fixation of depressed tibial plateau fractures provided enough bone to maintain the height of the tibial plateau and was not associated with any donor site morbidity. Using this method, the surgical time was not significantly elongated and the rehabilitation was not affected. It also exhibited faster fracture healing without postoperative loss of reduction and it was less expensive than the use of bone substitutes.
Development and Initial Validation of the Satisfaction and Recovery Index (SRI) for Measurement of Recovery from Musculoskeletal Trauma
Authors: Walton David M , MacDermid Joy C , Pulickal Mathew , Rollack Amber , Veitch Jennifer
Published: October 2014

Background:

There is a need for a generic patient-reported outcome (PRO) that is patient-centric and offers sound properties for measuring the process and state of recovery from musculoskeletal trauma. This study describes the construction and initial validation of a new tool for this purpose.

Methods:

A prototype tool was constructed through input of academic and clinical experts and patient representatives. After evaluation of individual items, a 9-item Satisfaction and Recovery Index (SRI) was subject to psychometric evaluation drawn from classical test theory. Subjects were recruited through online and clinical populations, from those reporting pain or disability from musculoskeletal trauma. The full sample (N = 129) completed the prototype tool and a corresponding region-specific disability measure. A subsample (N = 46) also completed the Short-Form 12 version 2 (SF12vs). Of that, a second subsample (N = 29) repeated all measures 3 months later.

Results:

A single factor ‘health-related satisfaction’ was extracted that explained 71.1% of scale variance, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.95. A priori hypotheses for cross-sectional correlations with region-specific disability measures and the generic Short-form 12 component scores were supported. The SRI tool was equally responsive to change, and able to discriminate between recovered/non-recovered subjects, at a level similar to that of the region-specific measures and generally better than the SF-12 subscales.

Conclusion:

The new SRI tool, as a measure of health-related satisfaction, shows promise in this initial evaluation of its properties. It is generic, patient-centered, and shows overall measurement properties similar to that of region-specific measures while allowing the potential benefit of comparison between clinical conditions. Despite early promising results, additional properties need to be explored before the tool can be endorsed for routine clinical use.
End-of-Life Preferences in Afro-Caribbean Older Adults: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Moss Karen O. , Williams Ishan C.
Published: October 2014

Research suggests that older Blacks tend to prefer more aggressive treatment as they transition toward the end of life. African and Afro-Caribbean immigrants and their offspring are the fastest growing segments of the Black population in the United States. With the increasing population of Black older adults, the cost of end-of-life care is rising. This article presents a review of the literature on the end-of-life preferences of Afro-Caribbean older adults. Findings suggest that Afro-Caribbean older adults make end-of-life decisions with a significant emphasis on family structure, religion/spirituality, cultural identity, migration, and communication. Concerns regarding the meaning of end-of-life preparation and hospice are often viewed in ways that differ from that of healthcare providers. Future research is needed to investigate this process in the Afro-Caribbean older adult subset.
Attribution of Mental Disorders in Suicide Occurrence
Authors: Babanejad Mehran , Delpisheh Ali , Asadollahi Khairollah , Khorshidi Ali , Sayehmiri Kourosh
Published: October 2014

The present study aimed to determine attribution of mental disorders in suicide occurrence. By a cross-sectional study, all suicide records ( n = 5188), between 1993 and 2009 in Ilam province, were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was adopted. Totally, 27.5% of the suicides occurred due to mental disorders. This was significantly higher in males (29.3%), individuals born in 1996 (44%) and 1990s (30.3%), those aged 30 years and above (33.2%) and suicide attempters (28.3%), respectively and separately. The risk of suicide due to mental disorders was observed for females (OR = 0.85, CI = 0.74–0.97), those born in 1994 (OR = 2.82, CI = 1.27–6.24), completed suicides (OR = 0.81, CI = 0.68–0.97) and the age group 25 to 29 years old (OR = 0.82, CI = 0.66–1.01). Suicide due to mental disorders was higher among males compared to females, the rate of which was directly proportional to attempted suicide and age. It is therefore recommended that health educations be seriously carried on targeted groups.