bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact Analysis of Three Types of Insulation Materials Cold Heat Transfer in the Pipeline
Authors: Wang Shu Wei , Lin Lin , Wu Guo Zhong
Published: May 2013

The good and bad effects of cryogenic equipments and pipe cold directly affect the energy consumption of the device as well as light hydrocarbon production. Therefore, the low temperature pipeline laying cold layer is necessary to analyze the cold material impact on the structure of the heat transfer of cryogenic piping cold, it can be able to provide a scientific basis for the future related to the transformation of low-temperature device and pipes. Through the establishment of the low-temperature piping cold heat transfer model, analyzing the impact of different pipeline medium temperature, cold material under low temperature piping cold heat transfer. The results show that : (1) Under the conditions of the same cold thickness ,the temperature of the medium in the pipe decreases , the heat flux becomes large , the cold loss becomes larger ; ( 2 ) Same medium temperature and the thickness of the cold , the cold effect of the insulation material order LT> polyurethane> foam glass .
Real Thermodynamic Energy and Enthalpy on High Pressure Pneumatic System Based on Improved Virial Equation
Authors: Yang Feng Bo , Ma Da Wei , Le Gui Gao
Published: May 2013

This paper proposes an approach to calculate the specific thermodynamic energy and specific enthalpy of real gas. In the high-pressure air pneumatic system, the thermodynamic properties of the air which regarded as ideal gas would produce a large deviation to the actual value, thus seriously reducing the authenticity of the pneumatic parameters. In view of this, the specific residual thermodynamic energy and specific residual enthalpy of the high-pressure air were presented on the basis of modified corresponding state equation and virial equation which truncated to the third virial coefficient. In the specific enthalpy calculation for real gas, a difficult part of integration can be avoided by judiciously using advised residual functions. The true thermal physical property parameters of pneumatic system were obtained under the conditions of the wide variations of temperature and pressure.
Twice Fuel Injections Affect to Combustion and Performance of Diesel Engine
Authors: Di Min Yan , Yao Yong
Published: May 2013

In research of diesel engine, fuel repeated injections are used often. In order to prolong heating in pressure process, heighten Pi and decrease Pmax ,Tmax. We make some expriments in diesel engine by means of one main injection + one later injection, the results show that indicated mean effective pressure is increased greatly, and NOX are decreased greatly ,in the case of no changing Pmax.
Analysis on Thermal Mechanical Coupling of Buried Thermal Pipeline Based on ADINA
Authors: Yang Mei , Liu Xiao , Chen Yan Hua
Published: May 2013

High temperature medium in the thermal pipeline will affect distortion and stress distribution of the pipe wall, so its very important to analyze the thermal mechanical coupling in thermal pipeline. Numerical simulation of buried thermal pipeline damage under the earthquake action is carried by finite element method-ADINA. Three-dimensional finite element modeling considered site condition is investigated; geometry model is constructed with native and parasolid method in ADINA. Gravity and earthquake force are defined in structure model, and temperature load in thermal model. According to the results of thermal mechanical coupling, the damage of buried thermal pipeline is analyzed. Influence of single temperature load on the stress and strain of buried thermal pipeline is very small, but the stress and circumferential strain increase rapidly under earthquake action. Also, the axial strain is very complex. The temperature load mainly affects axial strain under gravity and earthquake load; the increasing temperature enables to reduce axial strain, which makes axial destruction reduced. Finally, some advice is proposed.
Thermal Characteristics Analysis and Engineering Application of Machining Center Ram Based on ABAQUS
Authors: Luo Pan , Hua Zhong Ping , Chen Shui Sheng , Dai Chen
Published: May 2013

This paper establishes the finite element model of XK2535 gantry machining center ram structure, and considers the influence of bearing to the slippery pillow in the axial direction to analyzes the rams temperature field and thermal deformation based on ABAQUS. Finally using SINUMERIK 840D is to compensating thermal error of the ram.
The Analysis of the Heat Transfer into Reactor Walls in the Thermal System and the Verification
Authors: Honus Stanislav , Němček Ondřej , Juchelková Dagmar
Published: May 2013

The article presents the analysis of thermal flows into reactor walls within the semi-operational pyrolytic system. There were hydrodynamic and thermodynamic similarity theories and heat transfer by radiation laws used for the solution of this issue. The entry data for the heat transfer analysis were gained by conducted experiments. The correctness of the resulting values has been verified by measurements. The required reactor parameters, for the required heat intake, have been derived from the analytical results at the end of this article.
Index of Wind Power Grid System Based on Multi-Index Weighted Stability Method
Authors: Xu Jian Yuan , Qi Wei Fu , Teng Yun
Published: May 2013

This paper proposes an optimal mean power function index based on the weighted multi-index method for the electrical network containing wind farm. It combines the index of Jacobi matrix mutual condition number with the index of sensitivity inverse matrix elements the power and are obtained by the self program. The EPRI-36 node test system and a regional power grid containing large wind farms are selected to test the validity of the proposed index. The results show that this index has a shorter calculation time and accurate prediction compared to the traditional voltage stability indexes. It is available to predict the voltage stability of the electrical network containing wind farm under light load and provide a new theoretical method to analyze the voltage stability.
Research on Electric Field Characteristics and Insulation Performance of the High-Voltage GIS Isolation Switch
Authors: You Xian Heng , Zhang Yu , Li Wen Li , Wang Zi Wei
Published: May 2013

In order to obtain the distribution law of electric field and the insulation performance of the insulators in ZF32-126 isolated ground module gas chamber, the three-dimensional electrostatic field of gas chamber was calculated and analyzed by using finite element software. The field strength focal point and the maximum field strength inside the gas chamber field can be obtained from the analysis of the electric field. Then the breakdown field strength of ZF32-126 isolated ground module was calculated according to the engineering practice limit formula. Thus the insulation properties of the isolated ground module can be determined by the breakdown field strength, and it can provide a theoretical basis and recommendations for the optimization of the internal structure of GIS device.
Study on a New Low-Voltage Residual Current Protective System
Authors: Zhang Xiu Hua , Han Xiao Dong
Published: May 2013

A new theory of leakage protection was presented for the low-voltage power system. The corresponding circuit model was established, then the operational principle was analyzed and the experiment was researched in this paper. The results showed: when the single-phase leakage occurred, the leakage current will be greatly reduced before the protective system shut off the power source. And the power source cannot shut off immediately in the good isolation, which can keep the important load operating normally. At the same time, the protective system can detect the useful signal, which can warn immediately.
Dynamic Analysis of Silent Chain Drive System for Hybrid Car
Authors: Feng Zeng Ming , Li Jun Long , Liu Guang Wu
Published: May 2013

Based on study of the power transmission system theory for hybrid car, a silent chain drive system which is used to transmit power between motor and gear box was designed. Using multi-body dynamic software RecurDyn, the dynamic behavior of the silent chain system was simulated, the chain tension, meshing impact load and instantaneous transmission ratio of the drive system under different velocity was analyzed. The results show that, at the whole speed range, the chain tension is always less than the chain rotation fatigue strength (including a safety factor of 1.3 times), its able to meet the working requirements, the instantaneous impact load when link plate meshing into sprocket relate to chain tension and sprocket rotation speed, the transmission error of silent chain system is within the allowable range and can meet the transmission requirement.
Fatigue Strength and Life Estimation Methods Using Critical Distance Stress Theory
Authors: Wahab Muhammad Amiruddin Bin Ab , Jie Niu , Hattori Toshio , Yamashita Minoru
Published: May 2013

Generallythe critical distance stress theory was applied for the fatigue limitestimation of general structures. In thismethod, it needs only two parameters, fatiguelimit of smooth specimen (σw0), and threshold stress intensityfactor range (∆Kth). In this paper we extended this method for theestimation of low cycle fatigue lifetoo. In this improvement wedefine the critical distance (rc’) on static strength conditions,which is calculated using ultimate tensile strength (σB) andfracture toughness (KIC), in addition to the critical distance onfatigue limit condition (rc). Then the critical distances of any lowcycle fatigue conditions can be calculated by interpolation of criticaldistance on fatigue limit (rc)with critical distance on staticstrength (rc’). By unifying these low cycle fatigue life estimationmethod with high cycle fatigue limit estimation method we can estimate the fullrange fatigue life easily. And to confirm the availabilityof this estimation method we perform the fatigue test for circlehole specimens, sharp V notch specimens andfretting fatigue specimens.
Mechanics Properties Influence on Ball Mill Rotator through Sliding Shoes Position Change
Authors: Men Qing Yi , Cheng Guang Wei
Published: May 2013

In this paper, the ball mills supported with double sliding shoes and the edge-transmission are compared. The mechanical model of ball mill supported with the double sliding shoes is established. The shearing force diagram, bending moment diagram and torque diagram are been carried out with the alteration of the double sliding shoes. After the support position improved, the felicitous rotator thickness is calculated based on the Third Strength Theory. It is showed by the calculation result; the rotator in manufacturing according to the experience is too thick. The thickness of the ball mill can be reduced. Then the weight of the ball mill can be reduced too. The light weighting design theoretical basis for large equipment is provided.
An Overview of Optical Voltage Sensor Based on Pockels Effect
Authors: Li Li Jing , Zhang Wen Hui , Li Hui , Pan Rui
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a thorough review of optical voltage sensors (OVS) based on Pockels effect which contain many design schemes over the last decades. The principle and optical circuit of each scheme are described respectively, such as Integrated-optic Pockels cell, multi-segment OVS, quasi-reciprocal reflective OVS, dual-crystal OVS and OVS with special optical fiber. The main strengths and weaknesses in every scheme are analyzed. Finally, we summarized the remaining problems in OVS and the future research direction as well to improve the performance of OVS based on Pockels effect.
Influence of Milling on Surface Integrity of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Moussaoui Kamel , Mousseigne Michel , Senatore Johanna , Lagarrigue Pierre , Caumel Yves
Published: May 2013

The present article addresses the influence of milling on the surface integrity of Ti-6Al-4V. Observation of the machined surface from a macroscopic perspective (naked eye) has highlighted anorange peelphenomenon. Under the machined surface no plastically deformed layer or lengthening of the grains were observed. As far as microhardness is concerned, a slightly softened zone was noted under the machined surface. Diffusion of vanadium from phase β to phase α also occurred but without resulting change to the microstructure. Measurement of microhardness and residual stresses showed that the finishing pass predominated over the roughing pass in terms of its influence on surface integrity. The response surface methodology was used in order to highlight those parameters influencing surface integrity. Its application and processing showed that the most influential factor is the nose radius for roughness and the cutting speed for residual stresses.
Influence of the Addition of Mg, Maturation and Casting Techniques on the Evolution of Elastic, Plastic and Structural Properties of 44100 Polycrystalline Alloy
Authors: Hakem Ahmed , Bouafia Youcef , Bilek Ali
Published: May 2013

The addition of a high percentage of silicon and a small percentage of magnesium to aluminum are the main enhancers largely used to improve the mechanical characteristics. Our goal, here, is to make a direct contribution to the mechanical properties in traction, the hardness, the resilience and the structural properties of the AlSi13 alloy used in sand molding and shell metal molding, mechanical as well as manual. The reference state is designated by crude casting, noted: F. To increase the characteristics and obtain substantially large yield stresses and higher stiffnesses, the material of numerical designation 44100 is subjected to the specific heat treatments, quenching and annealing.
This study aims to determine the influence of the chemical composition, the structural hardening of sand casting and metal shell casting by gravity on the evolution of the tensile behavior, hardness, resilience and microstructure of the binary alloy 44100.
Correlation between Torsor Measurements on the Chip Orientation
Authors: Cahuc Olivier , Bisu Claudiu , Gerard Alain , Darnis Philippe , Laheurte Raynald
Published: May 2013

Since some years, the better understanding of the material cutting process has been shown with the benefit of the forces and moments measurement. In this article, simultaneous six mechanical components and chip orientation measurements were realized during turning tests. During these tests, the influence of the depth of cut or feed rate has been observed and correlation between the chip orientation and the moment vector orientation or the central axis characteristics has been shown. Nomenclature
Functional Nanomaterials: From Basic Science to Emerging Applications
Authors: Kumar Ashok
Published: May 2013

Moores law predicts the reduction of the device elements size and the advancement of physics with time for the next generation microelectronic industries. Materials and devices sizes and enriched physics are strongly correlated phenomena. Everyday physics moves a step forward from microscale classical physics toward nanoscale quantum phenomenon. Similarly, the vast micro/nanoelectronics needs advancement in growth and characterization techniques and unexplored physics to cope with the 21stcentury market demands. The continuous size reduction of devices stimulates the researchers and technocrats to work on nanomaterials and devices for the next generation technology. The semiconductor industry is also facing the problem of size limitation and has followed Moores law which predicts 16 nm nodes for next generation microelectronic industries. Nanometer is known as the 10 times of an Angstrom unit, where it is common consensus among the scientists that any materials and devices having physical dimensions less than 1000 times of an Angstrom will come under the umbrella of Nanotechnology. This review article focuses on the fundamental aspects of nanoscale materials and devices: (i) definitions and different categories of nanomaterials, (ii) quantum scale physics and technology, (iii) self-assembed nanostructures, (iv) growth conditions and techniques of 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D dimensional materials, (v) understanding of the multifunctionalities of the nanomaterials, (vi) nanoscale devices for low energy consumption and fast response, (vii) integration of nanoscale materials with Si-based systems, and (viii) major technical challenges.
Fabrication of Nanoflowers and other Exotic Patterns
Authors: Virk Hardev Singh
Published: May 2013

A wide variety of metallic and metal oxide nanoflowers and other exotic patterns have been fabricated using different techniques. We have created copper and cupric oxide nanoflowers using two different techniques: electro-deposition of copper in polymer and anodic alumina templates, and cytyltrimethal ammonium bromide (CTAB)-assisted hydrothermal method, respectively. Zinc oxide and manganese oxide nanoflowers have been synthesized by thermal treatment. Characterization of nanoflowers is done in the same way as for nanowires using XRD, SEM, TEM and FESEM. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images record some interesting morphologies of metallic copper nanoflowers. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) has been used to determine morphology and composition of copper oxide nanoflowers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals the monoclinic phase of CuO in the crystallographic structure of copper oxide nanoflowers. Nanoflowers find interesting applications in industry. There is an element of random artistic design of nature, rather than science, in exotic patterns of nanoflowers fabricated in our laboratory.
Photo-and Electro-Luminescence in Copper Doped Zinc Sulphide Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites
Authors: Ramrakhiani Meera , Sahare Sakshi
Published: May 2013

Copper doped Zinc Sulfide (ZnS:Cu)) is a known green light emitter. Present paper reports luminescence of ZnS:Cu nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Three different nanostructures: mercaptoethanol capped ZnS:Cu nanoparticles, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) capped ZnS:Cu nanoparticles and ZnS:Cu/PVA nanocomposites have been prepared by chemical route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed cubic zinc blende structure of ZnS:Cu nanocrystals of size below 20 nm. The particle size is found to decrease with increasing capping agent concentration or ZnS loading in PVA matrix. Optical absorption spectra show blue shift in the absorption edge indicating quantum size effect. Photoluminescence (PL) of all the samples was studied by exciting with 212 nm light. The PL spectra of ZnS:Cu/ PVA nanocomposite films show quite broad emission peak at 415 nm where as the PL spectra of mercaptoethanol capped and PVA capped nanoparticles show a very narrow peak at 426 nm and 403 nm respectively. It seems that the nature of passivation of surface states affects the position of surface states. Electroluminescence (EL) studies have shown that light emission starts at a threshold and then increases with voltage. Higher EL intensity and lower threshold voltage is obtained in case of smaller particles. The EL spectra of all the samples are found to be broad with peak at about 420 nm. The EL intensity of ZnS:Cu/PVA nanocomposites is much larger than the ZnS:Cu nanoparticles. The high efficiency EL devices for display and lighting can be fabricated using ZnS:Cu nanocomposites with PVA matrix giving violet emission.
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal and Semiconductor Nanowires
Authors: Virk Hardev Singh
Published: May 2013

One-dimensional nanowires (NWs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of their novel physical properties and potential applications as interconnects in nanometre-scale electronics. NWs have potential applications in nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, photonics, sensors, and solar cells due to their unique electrical, chemical, and optical properties. Several chemical and physical methods are commonly used to produce NWs. Among them, electrochemical synthesis and vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) methods to produce NWs have become popular among scientific workers due to a number of advantages. Synthesis of NWs using anodic alumina and polymer templates in an electrochemical cell has been described in detail as investigated in our laboratory. Characterization of metal and semiconductor NWs has been accomplished using scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high resolution transmission microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Morphology of NWs has been revealed by SEM, structure by TEM, crystallinity by XRD and chemical composition by EDAX. I-V characteristics of copper and semiconductor NWs were recorded in-situ, as grown in pores of anodic alumina template, using Dual Source Meter (Keithley Model 4200 SCS) with platinum probes for contacts. Resonating tunneling diode (RTD) characteristics of fabricated NWs have been investigated. Bulk production of Copper NWs has been described by seed growth technique. Applications of NWs are not covered in any detail under this review. Table of Contents
Propofol Inhibits Superoxide Production, Elastase Release, and Chemotaxis in Formyl Peptide–Activated Human Neutrophils by Blocking Formyl Peptide Receptor 1
Authors: Yang Shun-Chin , Chung Pei-Jen , Ho Chiu-Ming , Kuo Chan-Yen , Hung Min-Fa , Huang Yin-Ting , Chang Wen-Yi , Chang Ya-Wen , Chan Kwok-Hon , Hwang Tsong-Long
Published: May 2013

Neutrophils play a critical role in acute and chronic inflammatory processes, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Binding of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) by N-formyl peptides can activate neutrophils and may represent a new therapeutic target in either sterile or septic inflammation. Propofol, a widely used i.v. anesthetic, has been shown to modulate immunoinflammatory responses. However, the mechanism of propofol remains to be established. In this study, we showed that propofol significantly reduced superoxide generation, elastase release, and chemotaxis in human neutrophils activated by fMLF. Propofol did not alter superoxide generation or elastase release in a cell-free system. Neither inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors nor an inhibitor of protein kinase A reversed the inhibitory effects of propofol. In addition, propofol showed less inhibitory effects in non-FPR1–induced cell responses. The signaling pathways downstream from FPR1, involving calcium, AKT, and ERK1/2, were also competitively inhibited by propofol. These results show that propofol selectively and competitively inhibits the FPR1-induced human neutrophil activation. Consistent with the hypothesis, propofol inhibited the binding of N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys-fluorescein, a fluorescent analog of fMLF, to FPR1 in human neutrophils, differentiated THP-1 cells, and FPR1-transfected human embryonic kidney-293 cells. To our knowledge, our results identify, for the first time, a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of propofol by competitively blocking FPR1 in human neutrophils. Considering the importance of N-formyl peptides in inflammatory processes, our data indicate that propofol may have therapeutic potential to attenuate neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases by blocking FPR1.
Adam8 Limits the Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Knolle Martin D. , Nakajima Takahiro , Hergrueter Anja , Gupta Kushagra , Polverino Francesca , Craig Vanessa J. , Fyfe Susanne E. , Zahid Muhammad , Permaul Perdita , Cernadas Manuela , Montano Gilbert , Tesfaigzi Yohannes , Sholl Lynette , Kobzik Lester , Israel Elliot , Owen Caroline A.
Published: May 2013

To determine whether a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-8 (Adam8) regulates allergic airway inflammation (AAI) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), we compared AAI and AHR in wild-type (WT) versus Adam8−/− mice in different genetic backgrounds sensitized and challenged with OVA or house dust mite protein extract. OVA- and house dust mite–treated Adam8−/− mice had higher lung leukocyte counts, more airway mucus metaplasia, greater lung levels of some Th2 cytokines, and higher methacholine-induced increases in central airway resistance than allergen-treated WT mice. Studies of OVA-treated Adam8 bone marrow chimeric mice confirmed that leukocyte-derived Adam8 predominantly mediated Adam8’s anti-inflammatory activities in murine airways. Airway eosinophils and macrophages both expressed Adam8 in WT mice with AAI. Adam8 limited AAI and AHR in mice by reducing leukocyte survival because: 1) Adam8−/− mice with AAI had fewer apoptotic eosinophils and macrophages in their airways than WT mice with AAI; and 2) Adam8−/− macrophages and eosinophils had reduced rates of apoptosis compared with WT leukocytes when the intrinsic (but not the extrinsic) apoptosis pathway was triggered in the cells in vitro. ADAM8 was robustly expressed by airway granulocytes in lung sections from human asthma patients, but, surprisingly, airway macrophages had less ADAM8 staining than airway eosinophils. Thus, ADAM8 has anti-inflammatory activities during AAI in mice by activating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in myeloid leukocytes. Strategies that increase ADAM8 levels in myeloid leukocytes may have therapeutic efficacy in asthma.
Critical Roles of a Dendritic Cell Subset Expressing a Chemokine Receptor, XCR1
Authors: Yamazaki Chihiro , Sugiyama Masanaka , Ohta Tomokazu , Hemmi Hiroaki , Hamada Eri , Sasaki Izumi , Fukuda Yuri , Yano Takahiro , Nobuoka Mikako , Hirashima Takeshi , Iizuka Akihiko , Sato Katsuaki , Tanaka Takashi , Hoshino Katsuaki , Kaisho Tsuneyasu
Published: May 2013

Dendritic cells (DCs) consist of various subsets that play crucial roles in linking innate and adaptive immunity. In the murine spleen, CD8α+ DCs exhibit a propensity to ingest dying/dead cells, produce proinflammatory cytokines, and cross-present Ags to generate CD8+ T cell responses. To track and ablate CD8α+ DCs in vivo, we generated XCR1-venus and XCR1-DTRvenus mice, in which genes for a fluorescent protein, venus, and a fusion protein consisting of diphtheria toxin receptor and venus were knocked into the gene locus of a chemokine receptor, XCR1, which is highly expressed in CD8α+ DCs. In both mice, venus+ cells were detected in the majority of CD8α+ DCs, but they were not detected in any other cells, including splenic macrophages. Venus+CD8α+ DCs were superior to venus−CD8α+ DCs with regard to their cytokine-producing ability in response to TLR stimuli. In other tissues, venus+ cells were found primarily in lymph node (LN)-resident CD8α+, LN migratory and peripheral CD103+ DCs, which are closely related to splenic CD8α+ DCs, although some thymic CD8α−CD11b− and LN CD103−CD11b− DCs were also venus+. In response to dsRNAs, diphtheria toxin–treated XCR1-DTR mice showed impaired CD8+ T cell responses, with retained cytokine and augmented CD4+ T cell responses. Furthermore, Listeria monocytogenes infection and anti–L. monocytogenes CD8+ T cell responses were defective in diphtheria toxin–treated XCR1-DTRvenus mice. Thus, XCR1-expressing DCs were required for dsRNA- or bacteria-induced CD8+ T cell responses. XCR1-venus and XCR1-DTRvenus mice should be useful for elucidating the functions and behavior of XCR1-expressing DCs, including CD8α+ and CD103+ DCs, in lymphoid and peripheral tissues.
Th1/Th17-Mediated Interstitial Pneumonia in Chronic Colitis Mice Independent of Intestinal Microbiota
Authors: Nemoto Yasuhiro , Kanai Takanori , Takahara Masahiro , Oshima Shigeru , Okamoto Ryuichi , Tsuchiya Kiichiro , Matsumoto Satoshi , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: May 2013

Although intestinal microbiota are essential for the development of T cell–mediated colitis, it remains undetermined whether they enhance or suppress the chronic extraintestinal inflammation that often complicates inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, we investigate the role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colitis and extraintestinal manifestations in a mouse model in which colitis was induced in SCID mice by adoptive transfer of CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells. Under specific pathogen-free conditions, these mice developed both colitis and extraintestinal interstitial pneumonia, whereas mice given a mixture of antibiotics did not develop colitis, but, surprisingly, developed Th1/Th17-mediated IP. Irrespective of antibiotic treatment, cotransfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppressed the development of pneumonitis and colitis, with all local CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell–derived cells converted to CD44highCD62L−IL-7Rαhigh effector–memory T cells. Retransfer of CD4+ effector–memory T cells from the lungs of antibiotic-treated mice with IP not only induced IP in both antibiotic-treated and -untreated recipients but also induced colitis in the untreated recipients. In summary, we have established a unique model of Th1/Th17-mediated IP in microbiota-free and antibiotic-treated mice. This model may be valuable in investigating the immunological mechanisms underlying extraintestinal disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Age-Associated Changes in the Differentiation Potentials of Human Circulating Hematopoietic Progenitors to T- or NK-Lineage Cells
Authors: Kyoizumi Seishi , Kubo Yoshiko , Kajimura Junko , Yoshida Kengo , Imai Kazue , Hayashi Tomonori , Nakachi Kei , Young Lauren F. , Moore Malcolm A. , van den Brink Marcel R. M. , Kusunoki Yoichiro
Published: May 2013

Age-associated changes of T and NK cell (T/NK) potential of human hematopoietic stem cells are unknown. In this study, we enumerate and characterize T/NK precursors among CD34+Lin− cell populations circulating in normal human adult peripheral blood (PB) by a limiting-dilution assay using coculture with OP9-DL1 stroma cells expressing Notch 1 ligand, Delta–like 1. The frequency of T cell precursors in CD34+Lin− cells was found to decrease with donor age, whereas the ratio of NK to T cell precursor frequency (NK/T ratio) increased with age, suggesting that lymphoid differentiation potential of PB progenitors shifts from T to NK cell lineage with aging. Clonal analyses of CD34+Lin− cells showed that differences in the NK/T ratio were attributable to different distributions of single- and dual-lineage T/NK precursor clones. Because nearly all of the clones retained monocyte and/or granulocyte differentiation potentials in coculture with OP9-DL1 cells, T/NK precursors in PB are considered to be contained in the pool of T/NK/myeloid multipotent progenitors. The age-associated increase in NK over T cell commitment might occur in precursor cells with T/NK/myeloid potential.
An Essential Role of Antibodies in the Control of Chikungunya Virus Infection
Authors: Lum Fok-Moon , Teo Teck-Hui , Lee Wendy W. L. , Kam Yiu-Wing , Rénia Laurent , Ng Lisa F. P.
Published: May 2013

In recent years, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was responsible for epidemic outbreaks in intertropical regions. Although acquired immunity has been shown to be crucial during CHIKV infection in both humans and mice, their exact role in the control of CHIKV infection remains unclear. In this study, wild-type (WT), CD4−/−, and B cell (μMT) knockout mice were infected with CHIKV. Sera were taken at different days postinfection and measured for anti-CHIKV Ab levels. Isotype and neutralizing capacity of these Abs were assessed in vitro, and specific linear epitopes were mapped. Viremia in CHIKV-infected μMT mice persisted for more than a year, indicating a direct role for B cells in mediating CHIKV clearance. These animals exhibited a more severe disease than WT mice during the acute phase. Characterization of CHIKV-specific Abs revealed that anti-CHIKV Abs were elicited early and targeted epitopes mainly at the C terminus of the virus E2 glycoprotein. Furthermore, CD4−/− mice could still control CHIKV infection despite having lower anti-CHIKV Ab levels with reduced neutralizing capacity. Lastly, pre-existing natural Abs in the sera of normal WT mice recognized CHIKV and were able to partially inhibit CHIKV. Taken together, natural and CHIKV infection–induced specific Abs are essential for controlling CHIKV infections.
The Early Childhood Caring Experience of North Korean Refugee Mothers.
Authors: Kim Yae Young
Published: May 2013

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a theory on the early childhood caring experience of North Korean refugee mothers and how such caring affects how they deal with the socio-psychological problems they face as North Korean refugees.METHODS: Data were gathered by in-depth interviews, participant observation, and medical records, and were analyzed using the Grounded Theory methods of Strauss and Corbin (1998).RESULTS: From open coding 62 concepts, 23 subcategories and 11 categories were derived, and the North Korean refugee mothers' caring experience was revealed to be 'hopeful upbringing'. A central theme common to the participants was 'coexistence of expectations and worries'.CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide theoretical grounds to understand North Korean refugee mothers' child care experiences and offer personalized nursing and a deeper understanding of their needs by looking at their experience.Findings may also be useful to help nurses who care for North Korean refugee mother-child dyads in the community and in clinical settings to gain insight on this special needs group, and facilitate the development of interventions based on better understanding of the mothers' experiences.
Integrative Review on Caring Education Papers for Parents with a Premature Infant.
Authors: Im Mihae , Oh Jina
Published: May 2013

PURPOSE: Parents with a premature infant are usually confronted with difficulties in caring for their babies and need education on appropriate care. The purpose of this paper was to describe the components of caring education for parents with a premature infant based on an integrative literature review and to present strategies for future education.METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched to identify studies. Sixteen articles were selected through full text screening of related research published in domestic journals from January 1990 to October 2012.RESULTS: Through in-depth discussion and investigation of the relevant literature, three components emerged; (a) nurses as educators and parents as learners, (b) education content including caring on admission or discharge, and effects of education, and (c) education environment including timing, place and materials.CONCLUSION: Future education on caring for premature infant should include the nurse as educator and have diverse content including parent's role, interaction with healthcare providers, and special care for premature infants with special problems. Moreover, highly technical teaching materials should be provided, along with continuous support of institution and government to individual caregivers.Results of this study provide comprehensive prospective and basic standards for education on premature infant care.
A Study on Obesity and Behavior Problems in Elementary Children Living in Poverty.
Authors: Cho Kyung Mi , Kim Eun Joo
Published: May 2013

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of being from low-income families on children's behavior problems and obesity.METHODS: The research design was a descriptive survey study, and the participants were 197 children from low-income families who took part in activities at a local children's center. They were selected through convenience sampling. The participants completed a questionnaire, BASC-2 (Behavior Assessment System for Children).RESULTS: The results are as follows: 22.3% had obesity, a rate higher than that of children in general. Further, 37.3% had attention deficit problems, 33.8% had problems adapting to school and 49% had other adaption problem. There was a gender-specific difference with respect to all of the behavior problems.CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate a lack of an identified child policy for behavior problems and health, and suggest a need for various programs and policies which could lead to development of behavior screening programs for children from low-income families.
Remote predictive mapping of surficial materials west of Repulse Bay, Nunavut (NTS 46M-SW, 46L-W and -S, 46K-SW)
Authors: Wityk U , Harris J R , McMartin I , Campbell J
E , Ross M , Grunsky E
Published: May 2013

Canada's vast northern territories require an efficient and timely method to create surficial geology maps. Due to the convenient availability of remotely sensed imagery, it is effective to develop and test this resource by using various automatic and remote
approaches to assist with the production of surficial geology maps.
The goal of this remote predictive mapping (RPM) effort is to generate a map of surficial materials, in turn accelerating traditional mapping efforts, which use fieldwork, sampling and other resources. This report describes techniques used to create a remote predictive surficial materials map near
Repulse Bay in Nunavut using classification algorithms applied to LANDSAT imagery, and tests two approaches in the iterative RPM process. The approaches are: 1) geological knowledge-based, incorporating expert knowledge and traditional mapping data, and 2) statistically-based, investigating
statistical accuracies of the classifications. Based on variability maps of the most optimal classification maps, it was found that the geological knowledge-based approach is more suitable for remotely mapping materials in the study area.
The influence of selected senses on consumer experience: A brandy case
Authors: Pentz Chris , Gerber Charlene
Published: May 2013

Orientation: Sensory marketing has become a popular marketing technique to enhance consumer experience. Researchers have suggested that marketers should incorporate as many senses as possible in order for sensory marketing to be effective.Research purpose: To investigate the influence of selected senses – sight, sound and smell – on consumers’ experience, specifically in terms of the tastiness of brandy.Motivation for the study: Even though the use of the senses such as sight, sound and smell is a popular sensory marketing tool in the field of experiential marketing, applying such marketing techniques is a challenging and costly exercise for marketers, and researchers have called for more studies on senses and consumer experience.Research design, approach and method: A full factorial laboratory experiment (2 x 2 x 2) was conducted where 240 spirits consumers indicated the tastiness of a brandy sample under certain conditions.Main findings: Results revealed that, within a laboratory setting, consumers recorded lower levels of tastiness under conditions where more senses were manipulated than in conditions where less senses were manipulated.Practical/managerial implications: The results of the study coincided with previous results, which indicated that, within certain product categories, sensory marketing could actually decrease the consumer’s experience as sensory overload could occur.Contribution/value-add: In the endeavour to reduce possible sensory overload in the alcohol industry, the findings suggest that marketers should not apply sensory marketing indiscriminately to all product categories. For example, on a retail level, where experimental marketing might be too costly or even too complex to apply to some product categories, marketers should rather rethink the use of sensory marketing strategies within certain industries and focus on other marketing strategies, such a brand building.
Galois Representations Over Fields of Moduli and Rational Points on Shimura Curves
Authors: Rotger Victor , de Vera-Piquero Carlos
Published: May 2013

The purpose of this note is to introduce a method for proving the non-existence of rational
points on a coarse moduli space X of abelian varieties over a given number field K in cases where the moduli problem is not fine and points in X(K) may not be represented by an abelian variety (with additional structure) admitting a model over the field K. This is typically the case when the abelian varieties that are being classified have even dimension. The main idea, inspired by the work of Ellenberg and Skinner on the modularity of ℚ-curves, is that one may still attach a Galois representation of Gal(/K) with values in the quotient group GL(Tℓ(A))/ Aut(A) to a point P = [A] ∈ X(K) represented by an abelian variety A/, provided Aut(A) lies in the centre of GL(Tℓ(A)). We exemplify our method in the cases where X is a Shimura curve over an imaginary quadratic field or an Atkin–Lehner quotient over ℚ.
Insights into dissolved organic matter complexity in rainwater from continental and coastal storms by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Mead R. N. , Mullaugh K. M. , Brooks Avery G. , Kieber R. J. , Willey J. D. , Podgorski D. C.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. A series of seven rainwater samples were collected in Wilmington, North Carolina USA originating from both continental and coastal storms and analyzed by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). This data set is unique in that it represents a detailed comparison of the molecular level composition of DOM in rainwater collected from distinctly different air mass back trajectories by FT-ICR MS. Approximately 25% of the roughly 2000 assigned CHO molecular formulas are unique to a single storm classification indicating the importance of air mass back trajectory on the composition of rainwater dissolved organic matter (DOM). Analysis of the unique molecular formula assignments highlighted distinct groupings of various bio- and geo-molecule classes with coastal storms containing unique formulas representative of lignin and cellulose-like formulas while continental storms had lipid-like formulas. A series of 18 distinct methylene oligomers were identified in coastal storms and 13 unique methylene oligomers in continental storms, suggesting oligomer formation is ubiquitous in rainwater albeit different for each storm classification. Oligomers of small acids and C3H4O2 were detected in both storm types indicating their processing may be similar in both back trajectories. Condensed aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in continental storms with phenol moieties that are not as oxidized as similar compounds detected in aquatic DOM.
Evidence and quantitation of aromatic organosulfates in ambient aerosols in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Kundu S. , Quraishi T. A. , Yu G. , Suarez C. , Keutsch F. N. , Stone E. A.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Organosulfates are important components of atmospheric organic aerosols, yet their structures, abundances, sources and formation processes are not adequately understood. This study presents the identification and quantitation of benzyl sulfate in atmospheric aerosols, which is the first confirmed atmospheric organosulfate with aromatic carbon backbone. Benzyl sulfate was identified and quantified in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected in Lahore, Pakistan, during 2007–2008. An authentic standard of benzyl sulfate was synthesized, standardized, and identified in atmospheric aerosols with quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-ToF) mass spectrometry (MS). Benzyl sulfate was quantified in aerosol samples using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to negative electrospray ionization triple quadrupole (TQ) MS. The highest benzyl sulfate concentrations were recorded in November and January 2007 (0.50 ± 0.11 ng m−3) whereas the lowest concentration was observed in July (0.05 ± 0.02 ng m−3). To evaluate matrix effects, benzyl sulfate concentrations were determined using external calibration and the method of standard addition; comparable concentrations were detected by the two methods, which ruled out significant matrix effects in benzyl sulfate quantitation. Three additional organosulfates with m/z 187, 201 and 215 were qualitatively identified as aromatic organosulfates with additional methyl substituents by high-resolution mass measurements and tandem MS. The observed aromatic organosulfates form a homologous series analogous to toluene, xylene, and trimethylbenzene, which are abundant anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), suggesting that aromatic organosulfates may be formed by secondary reactions. However, stronger statistical correlations of benzyl sulfate with combustion tracers (EC and levoglucosan) than with secondary tracers (SO42− and α-pinene-derived nitrooxy organosulfates) suggest that aromatic organosulfates may be emitted from the combustion sources or their subsequent atmospheric processing. Further studies are needed to elucidate the sources and formation pathways of aromatic organosulfates in the atmosphere.
Overview of aerosol properties associated with air masses sampled by the ATR-42 during the EUCAARI campaign (2008)
Authors: Crumeyrolle S. , Schwarzenboeck A. , Roger J. C. , Sellegri K. , Burkhart J. F. , Stohl A. , Gomes L. , Quennehen B. , Roberts G. , Weigel R. , Villani P. , Pichon J. M. , Bourrianne T. , Laj P.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Within the frame of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) project, the Météo-France aircraft ATR-42 performed 22 research flights over central Europe and the North Sea during the intensive observation period in May 2008. For the campaign, the ATR-42 was equipped to study the aerosol physical, chemical, hygroscopic and optical properties, as well as cloud microphysics. For the 22 research flights, retroplume analyses along the flight tracks were performed with FLEXPART in order to classify air masses into five sectors of origin, allowing for a qualitative evaluation of emission influence on the respective air parcel. This study shows that the extensive aerosol parameters (aerosol mass and number concentrations) show vertical decreasing gradients and in some air masses maximum mass concentrations (mainly organics) in an intermediate layer (1–3 km). The observed mass concentrations (in the boundary layer (BL): between 10 and 30 μg m−3; lower free troposphere (LFT): 0.8 and 14 μg m−3) are high especially in comparison with the 2015 European norms for PM2.5 (25 μg m−3) and with previous airborne studies performed over England (Morgan et al., 2009; McMeeking et al., 2012). Particle number size distributions show a larger fraction of particles in the accumulation size range in the LFT compared to BL. The chemical composition of submicron aerosol particles is dominated by organics in the BL, while ammonium sulphate dominates the submicron aerosols in the LFT, especially in the aerosol particles originated from north-eastern Europe (~ 80%), also experiencing nucleation events along the transport. As a consequence, first the particle CCN acting ability, shown by the CCN/CN ratio, and second the average values of the scattering cross sections of optically active particles (i.e. scattering coefficient divided by the optical active particle concentration) are increased in the LFT compared to BL.