bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Links between learning goals, learning activities, and learning outcomes in simulation-based clinical skills training: a systematic review of the veterinary literature
Authors: Veenema Neeltje J. , Hierck Beerend P. , Bok Harold G. J. , Salvatori Daniela C. F.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

In veterinary education programs it is important to have a balance between providing students with valuable hands-on experience and ensuring the ethical treatment and welfare of the animals involved. In the last years simulation-based veterinary education played an important role helping with the replacement of experimental animals in education and at the same time creating a safe learning environment offering endless options for training in a safe environment. The aim of this systematic review was to discern which type of learning outcomes are used to evaluate specific learning goals of clinical skills training and to grasp the impact of diverse simulator characteristics on the measured learning outcomes in clinical skills training.

Methods

A systematic search from 1977 until November 2023 has been conducted resulting in 103 included papers. The categories, learning goals, learning activities, and learning outcomes in clinical skills training were used for data extraction of all included studies.

Results

This study investigated the interplay between learning goals, learning activities, and learning outcomes. Competence and knowledge were the most frequently described learning outcomes; static and screen-based simulators are the are most frequently used technologies. Static simulators are primarily used to train procedural steps and screen-based simulators are primarily used to train relevant knowledge and clinical reasoning. Notably, none of the reviewed studies made explicit connections between learning goals, learning activities, and learning outcomes.

Discussion

In simulation-based education it is important to provide a structured, constructively aligned process where students gain relevant and effective experience. The results of this study underscore the importance of aligning the learning process in simulation-based clinical skills training, and that alignment in the learning process is not always evident.
Factors Affecting Financial Losses Caused by Wild Boars in Ningxia, China
Authors: Qing Yan , Dong Yaxin , Zhang Zhirong , Zhang Yi , Meng Dehuai , Zhan Meiling , Li Zongzhi , Zhang Xu , Hu Tianhua , Liu Fubin , Sun Kai , Liu Zhensheng , Teng Liwei
Published: October 2024

There is a need to reduce human–wildlife conflicts in the area around Liupanshan Nature Reserve in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. This study investigated the financial losses caused by wild boar and their causes. A questionnaire investigation (n = 135) and a field test were conducted, which included 108 sample lines and 97 infrared cameras. A principal component analysis and generalised linear model was used to analyse the importance of the effect of the factors on wild boar damage. Based on an estimate of 17,049 wild boars in the study area, we found that in the agricultural land owned by the residents, the boar density of each county and distance from the village to the nature reserve were the most significant factors that affected crop damage. Then, financial losses in spring, summer, and autumn had a moderate effect on financial loss, and the crop type had the lowest effect. We recommend reducing the wild boar population by increasing leisure hunting and the number of leopards. Additionally, a focus on farmland protection is a practical way to prevent wild boar invasions. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to conduct long-term monitoring of wild boar population status and manage the relationship between the government, research teams, and local people to more efficiently and comprehensively reduce conflicts between humans and wild boars.
Effects of Litter Removal and Biochar Application on Soil Properties in Urban Forests of Southern China
Authors: Yan Tianyi , Liu Xin , Yan Wende , Lei Junjie , Peng Yuanying , Wang Jun , Zhang Xiang , Chen Xiaoyong
Published: October 2024

Urban forests are crucial components of cities, serving as vital ‘green lungs’ that embody urban civilization and sustainability. Despite their significance in maintaining the urban environment and ecological functions, management practices for urban forests can be unreasonable at times. This study investigated the impact of two common practices, litter removal and biochar application, on soil properties in an urban forest in Changsha city, China. The aim was to understand how these practices affect soil carbon, nutrients, and microbial activity in urban settings. The results showed that soil water content (SWC), pH, available phosphorus (AP), and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) were significantly reduced in areas where litter was removed compared to areas where litter was retained. Conversely, biochar application led to a significant increase in SWC, pH, AP, and SMBC. The treatment alone had no significant effects on total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soluble soil organic carbon (SSOC) in the examined urban forests. However, the SOC and SSOC contents significantly increased over time with biochar application. Our results demonstrated that the influences of litter removal and biochar application on soil property were attributed to the regulation of AP and SMBC in the studied urban forests. This study provides a scientific basis and reference for understanding the sustainable management of urban environments and guiding future conservation efforts in urban greening spaces.
Prenatal Telepsychological Intervention for Preventing Anxiety: A Study Protocol
Authors: Val Alba , Míguez M. Carmen
Published: October 2024

Background: Anxiety is one of the most frequent disorders during the perinatal stage that is associated with adverse health effects in women and their babies. In spite of this, preventive interventions during this stage are scarce. A long-distance intervention carried out during pregnancy can be an effective and accessible resource to help improve women’s emotional state. The objective of this study is to present and assess the effectiveness of a telepsychology cognitive–behavioral preventive intervention during pregnancy to manage anxiety. Methods: A random clinical trial will be carried out among pregnant women in Spain. The psychological intervention will take place via videoconference in seven weekly sessions, lasting one hour each, with groups of 6–8 pregnant women. Study outcomes will be collected via online questionnaires at five points in time: pre-intervention (baseline: t0), post-intervention (baseline: t1), follow-up at 1 month (t2), follow-up at 3 months (t3) and follow-up at 6 months (t4). The control group will receive usual pregnancy care (attendance at pregnancy follow-up consultations and information and answers to frequently asked questions provided by the midwife). Our primary hypothesis is that the intervention will decrease the frequency of women who present anxious symptomatology during pregnancy. The second objective is to analyze the effectiveness of this intervention to prevent depressive symptomatology during pregnancy, as well as postpartum anxiety and depressive symptomatology. The primary outcome measure is the difference in the mean anxiety score between the intervention and control groups assessed by the Edinburgh Depression Scale-Anxiety Subscale (EDS-3A), the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) at the end of the intervention and at 1, 3 and 6 months postpartum. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) will be evaluated with the SCID clinical interview at the same time points. The secondary outcome will be determined by using the EPDS at the same time points. Conclusions: The results will determine whether a cognitive behavioral therapy applied via videoconference is well accepted by pregnant women, and if it is effective in preventing anxiety and emotional symptoms during the perinatal stage. If this intervention is an effective and useful resource among pregnant women, it can be implemented as a tool in Spanish healthcare.
Hydration Considerations to Improve the Physical Performance and Health of Firefighters
Authors: Holland-Winkler Angelia M. , Hamil Blake K.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Firefighters are exposed to a high level of stress as they often perform physically challenging work in hazardous environments while responsible for rescuing and keeping those around them safe. To add to this stress, they are also required to work in heavy, unbreathable personal protective equipment which promotes dehydration. These occupational demands paired with dehydration may lead to increased core temperatures, cardiac strain, and overall risk for sudden cardiac events. Thus, it is important to include hydration assessments and determine fluid needs when firefighters are on shift to ensure their personal safety as well as the safety of those around them by optimizing physical performance by maintaining adequate hydration. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to identify markers of hydration, classifications of hydration status, current hydration recommendations, and hydration interventions that may contribute to the overall clarity of hydration protocols that may optimize performance and health of firefighters. In addition, the impact of common medications, exercise training, and health conditions on hydration status related to firefighters will be discussed. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to discuss the purpose statements. Results: Hydration recommendations for firefighters include (1) assessing hydration status with multiple measurements including body mass, urine specific gravity and thirst sensation, and (2) following general hydration recommendations on rest days and exercise hydration protocols during firefighting activities which may be altered according to hydration status measurements. Conclusion: Randomized controlled trials in firefighters are needed to determine the impact of maintaining adequate hydration on health markers.
Seafloor Landing Dynamics of a Novel Underwater Robot Using ALE Algorithm
Authors: Chen Yunsai , Qian Jinlong , Jiang Qinghua , Zhang Dong , Liu Zengkai
Published: October 2024

Seafloor landing research is crucial for underwater robots tasked with long-term fixed-point observation missions, particularly those requiring prolonged operations on the seabed. Developing safe and stable landing technology is essential for the success of these missions. This paper introduces a novel underwater robot by establishing its dynamic model and using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method to conduct a comprehensive study of its deep-sea landing process. Prior to detailed parameter analysis, the ALE algorithm’s effectiveness and accuracy were validated through experimental data and simulation results from previous studies. This study examines the penetration depth and force conditions during the landing process by varying factors such as seabed soil properties, landing velocity, and the robot’s mass. Findings indicate that seabed soil properties significantly influence penetration depth and pressure, with variations in soil density and strength affecting the robot’s landing behavior. In contrast, the robot’s mass has a relatively minor effect, suggesting that the choice of structural materials has limited impact on penetration depth and pressure during landing. Additionally, landing velocity was found to significantly affect penetration depth and pressure; higher velocities result in greater penetration depths and pressures. This highlights the importance of controlling landing velocity to minimize impact forces and protect the robot. The results of this study provide theoretical support and data for developing deep-sea landing technology for novel underwater robots and inform the selection of structural materials, ensuring the successful execution of long-term fixed-point observation missions in deep-sea environments.
Thermal–Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Characteristics of the Flow Distribution Pair of Balanced Double-Row Axial Piston Pumps
Authors: Deng Haishun , Guo Binbin , Huang Zhixiang , Xu Pan , Zhu Pengkun
Published: October 2024

A theoretical model for the calculation of thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication performance of the flow distribution pair of piston pumps is established, which is composed of the oil film pressure governing equation and energy equation, and solved by means of numerical solution and simulation. We carry out quantitative analysis of the influence of various parameters on the thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the flow distribution pair. The results indicate that both the oil film thickness and the cylinder tilt angle of the flow distribution pair vary in a periodic manner. The increase in the rotational speed of the cylinder block will increase the film thickness of the oil film and reduce the fluctuation, and the inclination angle of the cylinder block and its fluctuation amplitude will decrease. An increase in working pressure will lead to a decrease in the average oil film thickness, an increase in fluctuations, and an elevation in both the tilt angle of the cylinder block and its fluctuation amplitude. The increase in the rotational speed of the cylinder block and the increase in the working pressure will lead to the increase in the viscous friction dissipation of the flow distribution pair, the increase in the oil film temperature and the increase in the leakage. The reduction in the sealing belt will lead to the reduction in oil film friction torque and leakage.
Enhancing Fire Resistance of Geopolymers Modified with Thermal Insulation Additives
Authors: Kępniak Maja , Zabawski Jakub , Prochoń Piotr
Published: October 2024

This study aims to improve the fire resistance of geopolymers by adding thermal insulation materials. These additives help the material perform better at high temperatures. Previous research focused on using fly ash, metakaolin, and zeolite in geopolymer composites. This study looks at how porous additives affect compressive strength and whether non-destructive testing can measure damage after heat exposure. Four temperature tests were set: 400 °C for 60 min, 400 °C for 120 min, 800 °C for 60 min, and a maximum of 658 °C for 120 min. The results showed that the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) dropped as the temperature increased, with a sharp decrease at 800 °C. Unmodified samples broke apart at high temperatures, while modified samples lost 40% to 70% of their strength. The study confirmed that a dense, amorphous matrix improves heat resistance, even with porous additives like fly ash. A link between UPV and compressive strength was found, suggesting non-destructive testing could be useful for checking structural integrity after a fire.
Deflection and Performance Analysis of Shape Memory Alloy-Driven Fiber–Elastomer Composites with Anisotropic Structure
Authors: Endesfelder Anett , Annadata Achyuth Ram , Acevedo-Velazquez Aline Iobana , Koenigsdorff Markus , Gerlach Gerald , Röbenack Klaus , Cherif Chokri , Zimmermann Martina
Published: October 2024

Due to their advantageous characteristics, shape memory alloys (SMAs) are prominent representatives in smart materials. They can be used in application fields such as soft robotics, biomimetics, and medicine. Within this work, a fiber–elastomer composite with integrated SMA wire is developed and investigated. Bending and torsion occur when the SMA is activated because of the anisotropic structure of the textile. The metrological challenge in characterizing actuators that perform both bending and torsion lies in the large active deformation of the composite and the associated difficulties in fully imaging and analyzing this with optical measurement methods. In this work, a multi-sensor camera system with up to four pairs of cameras connected in parallel is used. The structure to be characterized is recorded from all sides to evaluate the movement in three-dimensional space. The energy input and the time required for an even deflection of the actuator are investigated experimentally. Here, the activation parameters for the practical energy input required for long life with good deflection, i.e., good efficiency, were analyzed. Different parameters and times are considered to minimize the energy input and, thus, to prevent possible overheating and damage to the wire. Thermography is used to evaluate the heating of the SMA wire at different actuation times over a defined time.
Review of Flexible Robotic Grippers, with a Focus on Grippers Based on Magnetorheological Materials
Authors: Xu Meng , Liu Yang , Li Jialei , Xu Fu , Huang Xuefeng , Yue Xiaobin
Published: October 2024

Flexible grippers are a promising and pivotal technology for robotic grasping and manipulation tasks. Remarkably, magnetorheological (MR) materials, recognized as intelligent materials with exceptional performance, are extensively employed in flexible grippers. This review aims to provide an overview of flexible robotic grippers and highlight the application of MR materials within them, thereby fostering research and development in this field. This work begins by introducing various common types of flexible grippers, including shape memory alloys (SMAs), pneumatic flexible grippers, and dielectric elastomers, illustrating their distinctive characteristics and application domains. Additionally, it explores the development and prospects of magnetorheological materials, recognizing their significant contributions to the field. Subsequently, MR flexible grippers are categorized into three types: those with viscosity/stiffness variation capabilities, magnetic actuation systems, and adhesion mechanisms. Each category is comprehensively analyzed, specifying its unique features, advantages, and current cutting-edge applications. By undertaking an in-depth examination of diverse flexible robotic gripper types and the characteristics and application scenarios of MR materials, this paper offers a valuable reference for fellow researchers. As a result, it facilitates further advancements in this field and contributes to the provision of efficient gripping solutions for industrial automation.
Thermoelectric Characteristics of Permingeatite Compounds Double-Doped with Sn and S
Authors: Hong Bong-Ki , Kim Il-Ho
Published: October 2024

Sn/S double-doped permingeatites, Cu3Sb1−xSnxSe4−ySy (0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.08 and 0.25 ≤ y ≤ 0.50) were synthesized, and crystallographic parameters and thermoelectric characteristics were examined as a function of doping level. The lattice parameters of permingeatite were significantly modified by the dual doping of Sn and S, with S doping exerting a greater influence on lattice constants and variations in tetragonality compared to Sn doping. With an increase in the level of Sn doping and a decrease in S doping, the carrier concentration increased, leading to enhanced electrical conductivity, indicative of a degenerate semiconducting state. Conversely, an increase in S doping and a decrease in Sn doping led to a rise in the Seebeck coefficient, demonstrating p-type conductivity characteristics with positive temperature dependence. Additionally, the double doping of Sn and S substantially improved the power factor, with Cu3Sb0.98Sn0.02Se3.75S0.25 exhibiting 1.12 mWm−1K−2 at 623 K, approximately 2.3 times higher than that of undoped permingeatite. The lattice thermal conductivity decreased with increasing temperature, while the electronic thermal conductivity exhibited minimal temperature dependence. Ultimately, the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) was improved through the double doping of Sn and S, with Cu3Sb0.98Sn0.02Se3.50S0.50 recording a ZT of 0.68 at 623 K, approximately 1.7 times higher than that of pure permingeatite.
Study on Dynamic Recrystallization under Thermal Cycles in the Process of Direct Energy Deposition for 316 L Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Cheng Manping , Zou Xi , Chang Tengfei , Liu Lehui
Published: October 2024

In the process of directed energy deposition (DED), the grain structure of the deposited samples is determined by two aspects. The first is the initial solidification grain structure; the second is the effect of the upper thermal cycle on the solidified grain structure of the lower layer. Dynamic recrystallization and grain growth can be activated under suitable strain and the temperature resulting from thermal cycles. The evolution of grain size and the geometric dislocation density (GND) of austenitic stainless steel 316 L under different strains and temperatures caused by thermal cycles was investigated. It is found that dynamic recrystallization requires an appropriate level of accumulated strain, temperature, and initial grain size. Under <2% accumulated strain and 400–1200 °C conditions caused by 30 layers of thermal cycles, fully dynamic recrystallization occurs with coarse initial grains (CIG), leading to the complete coarsening of grains. However, relatively fine initial grains (FIG) under the same conditions only display partial dynamic recrystallization. The next 2–4% strain and 400–700 °C by 60 layers of thermal cycles make up the driving force of fully dynamic recrystallization, and the grains coarsen completely. Larger accumulated strain (4–6%) and lower temperature (400–600 °C) by 90 layers of thermal cycles and FIG provide more nucleation sites for dynamic recrystallization, which leads to little coarsening of grains even after fully dynamic recrystallization. Temperature, accumulated strain, and the amount of δ-ferrite promote the formation of sub-grains during dynamic recrystallization caused by thermal cycles, which leads to the increase in GND.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Wound and Pus Bacterial Pathogens at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Khalid Fizza , Poulose Christy , Farah Dalal Farah Mousa , Mahmood Abid , Elsheikh Azza , Khojah Osamah T.
Published: October 2024

The long history and extensive use of antibiotics have caused resistant bacterial pathogens to emerge, increasing mortality and morbidity. The current study was designed to see the prevalence of aerobic bacterial isolates with their antimicrobial resistance pattern from out- and inpatients requested for wound or pus culture. Retrospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in central Riyadh from January 2023 to December 2023. Samples were collected and inoculated onto the appropriate media following standard guidelines. Bacterial pathogens were identified by the Vitek2 compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method as well as by MIC determination through the Vitek2 compact. A total of 1186 subjects were included in the study with a bacterial isolation rate of 691 (58.3%). Out of these, 155 positive cultures had incomplete information or anaerobic or fungal growth and were excluded from the study. With a slight female predominance (54.9%), the majority of subjects (72.2%) were outpatients, and over half of the isolates (55.2%) were Gram-positive. The most common isolate was Staphylococcus spp. (44.4%), followed by E. coli (13.6%) and P. aeruginosa (12.9%). The highest resistance was reported against penicillin followed by fusidic acid against Gram-positive bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in 40.5% of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates. Amikacin was the most susceptible antibiotic against all Gram-negative isolates. MDR Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 51.9% of wound infection isolates (95% CI: 45.95 to 58.33) while 6.3% (95% CI: 4.39 to 8.86) were XDR (nonsusceptibility to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial categories). A high prevalence of bacterial isolates, with S. aureus as the predominant pathogen, showed high rates of multidrug resistance. This highlights the importance of monitoring antibiotic choices for prophylaxis and treatment in the study area.
Nutritional Counseling Promotes Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Healthy Eating in Italian Patients Affected by Phenylketonuria and Treated with Pegvaliase
Authors: Stecchi Michele , Rossi Alice , Santoni Michelle , Bandini Francesca , Brodosi Lucia
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Pegvaliase, a subcutaneous therapy to treat phenylketonuria (PKU), has allowed these patients to maintain adequate phenylalanine (Phe) blood values without following a Phe-controlled diet; this brings up the challenge of promoting healthy eating while moving away from prescription diets. In our center, every patient treated with Pegvaliase undergoes routine nutritional counseling aimed at promoting adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) during regular inpatient visits. This study aims to assess adherence to MedDiet and the adequacy of the diets of patients treated with Pegvaliase regarding micro- and macronutrients. Methods: Seven patients on chronic therapy with Pegvaliase underwent a dietetic evaluation to assess the composition of their diets in terms of micro- and macronutrients; they were also administered the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) questionnaire. Subcategories from MDS were extracted to evaluate the consumption of foods typically included (vegetables, olive oil, etc.) and typically excluded (red meat, etc.) in the MedDiet. To assess the adequacy of the diet, nutrient and energy levels were compared with guidelines for the Italian population. Results: MedDiet adherence in our sample was comparable to the general population; in terms of macronutrients, good adherence to the recommendations was observed, with every one of them met except for excessive simple sugar consumption. Micronutrient dietary intake was inadequate for zinc, iron, selenium, folate, thiamine, and riboflavin. Conclusions: While more work is necessary to help patients treated with Pegvaliase to progress toward healthy eating, our study suggests that nutritional counseling routinely performed during inpatient visits, typically twice a year, effectively promotes healthier eating habits than those observed in the general population.
Recent Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery: Insights into Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Adwan Samer , Qasmieh Madeiha , Al-Akayleh Faisal , Ali Agha Ahmed Saad Abdulbari
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: This review examines the evolution of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) in ocular drug delivery, focusing on their ability to address the challenges associated with traditional ophthalmic formulations. This study aims to underscore the enhanced bioavailability, prolonged retention, and controlled release properties of LLCs that significantly improve therapeutic outcomes. Methods: This review synthesizes data from various studies on both bulk-forming LLCs and liquid crystal nanoparticles (LCNPs). It also considers advanced analytical techniques, including the use of machine learning and AI-driven predictive modeling, to forecast the phase behavior and molecular structuring of LLC systems. Emerging technologies in biosensing and real-time diagnostics are discussed to illustrate the broader applicability of LLCs in ocular health. Results: LLCs are identified as pivotal in promoting targeted drug delivery across different regions of the eye, with specific emphasis on the tailored optimization of LCNPs. This review highlights principal categories of LLCs used in ocular applications, each facilitating unique interactions with physiological systems to enhance drug efficacy and safety. Additionally, novel applications in biosensing demonstrate LLCs’ capacity to improve diagnostic processes. Conclusions: Lyotropic liquid crystals offer transformative potential in ocular drug delivery by overcoming significant limitations of conventional delivery methods. The integration of predictive technologies and biosensing applications further enriches the utility of LLCs, indicating a promising future for their use in clinical settings. This review points to continued advancements and encourages further research in LLC technology to maximize its therapeutic benefits.
The Efficacy, Safety, and Persistence of Therapy after Non-Medical Switching from an Originator Adalimumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Real-Life Experience from Two Tertiary Centres
Authors: Spataru Teodora , Popescu Remus , State Monica , Pahomeanu Mihai , Mateescu Bogdan , Negreanu Lucian
Published: October 2024

During the last two decades, an increased number of molecules with multiple mechanisms of action have been approved for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with a substantial increase in the costs related to therapy, which has become a concern for payers, regulators, and healthcare professionals. Biosimilars are biologic medical products that are highly structurally similar to their reference products; have no clinically meaningful differences in terms of immunogenicity, safety, or effectiveness; and are available at a lower price. Materials and Methods: This was an observational prospective study conducted in two IBD centres in Bucharest and included 53 patients, 27 male (M) and 26 female (F), diagnosed with IBD according to standard clinical, endoscopic, radiological, and histological criteria, who were non-medically switched at the indication of the National Insurance House to a biosimilar of Adalimumab. Aims: The aim was to determine the rates of clinical remission, adverse effects, and treatment persistence at one year. Results: No significant differences were found in terms of the faecal calprotectin (FC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels 6 and 12 months after changing from the originator biologic treatment to a biosimilar. Only one patient required a change in their biological treatment following the clinical and biological loss of response. The main adverse effect reported by the patients was pain at the injection site. Of the 53 patients, only 2 reported pain at the injection site, and 1 patient reported experiencing abdominal pain and rectal bleeding immediately after the switch, but no recurrence was observed clinically or endoscopically. Conclusions: This observational study is the first to be carried out in Romania that shows that, after a non-medical switch, biosimilars of Adalimumab are as efficient and safe as the originator Adalimumab in the clinical treatment of patients with IBD.
Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterisation of Interpenetrating Hydrogel Networks (IHNs) Based on Polymethacrylates and Pluronics, and Their Physicochemical Stability under Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Jones David S. , Westwood Marion , Li Shu , Andrews Gavin P.
Published: October 2024

This study describes the physicochemical characterisation of interpenetrating hydrogel networks (IHNs) composed of either poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate, p(HEMA)) or poly(methacrylic acid, p(MAA)), and Pluronic block copolymers (grades F127, P123 and L121). IHNs were prepared by mixing the acrylate monomer with Pluronic block copolymers followed by free radical polymerisation. p(HEMA)–Pluronic blends were immiscible, evident from a lack of interaction between the two components (Raman spectroscopy) and the presence of the glass transitions (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) of the two components. Conversely, IHNs of p(MAA) and each Pluronic were miscible, displaying a single glass transition and secondary bonding between the carbonyl group of p(MAA) and the ether groups in the Pluronic block copolymers (Raman and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy). The effect of storage of the IHNs in Tris buffer on the physical state of each Pluronic and on the loss of Pluronic from the IHNs were studied using DSC and gravimetric analysis, respectively. Pluronic loss from the IHNs was dependent on the grade of Pluronic, time of immersion in Tris buffer, and the nature of the IHN (p(HEMA) or p(MAA)). At equilibrium, the loss was greater from p(HEMA) than from p(MAA) IHNs, whereas increasing ratio of poly(propylene oxide) to poly(ethylene oxide) decreased Pluronic loss. The retention of each Pluronic grade was shown to be primarily due to its micellization; however, hydrogen bonding between Pluronic and p(MAA) (but not p(HEMA)) IHNs contributed to their retention.
Optimized Furfural Production Using the Acid Catalytic Conversion of Xylan Liquor from Organosolv-Fractionated Rice Husk
Authors: Ahn Hyeong Gyun , Lee Ja Eun , Kim Hyunjoon , Jung Hyun Jin , Oh Kyeong Keun , Heo Su Hak , Kim Jun Seok
Published: October 2024

This study determined the optimal production of furfural (FuR) from liquid hydrolysate xylan liquor obtained through a two-stage pretreatment process using NaOH for de-ashing and EtOH for the delignification of raw rice husk (RH). The de-ashing pretreatment was conducted at 150 °C, with 6.0% (w/v) NaOH and a reaction time of 40 min. The optimal conditions for delignification pretreatment, performed using an organosolv fractionation method with EtOH, were a reaction temperature of 150 °C, 60% (v/v) EtOH, 0.25% (w/v) H2SO4, and a reaction time of 90 min. Through a two-stage pretreatment process, a liquid hydrolysate in the form of xylan liquor was obtained, which was subjected to an acid catalytic conversion process to produce FuR. The process conditions were varied, with reaction temperatures of 130–170 °C, H2SO4 catalyst concentrations of 1.0–3.0 wt.%, and reaction times of 0–90 min. The Response Surface Methodology tool was used to identify the optimal FuR yield from xylan liquor. Ultimately, the optimal process conditions for the acid catalytic conversion were found to be a substrate-to-catalyst ratio of 2:8, a reaction temperature of 168.9 °C, a catalyst concentration of 1.9 wt.%, and a reaction time of 41.24 min, achieving an FuR yield of 67.31%.
A 40-Year Time Series of Land Surface Emissivity Derived from AVHRR Sensors: A Fennoscandian Perspective
Authors: Barben Mira , Wunderle Stefan , Dupuis Sonia
Published: October 2024

Accurate land surface temperature (LST) retrieval depends on precise knowledge of the land surface emissivity (LSE). Neglecting or inaccurately estimating the emissivity introduces substantial errors and uncertainty in LST measurements. The emissivity, which varies across different surfaces and land uses, reflects material composition and surface roughness. Satellite data offer a robust means to determine LSE at large scales. This study utilises the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index Threshold Method (NDVITHM) to produce a novel emissivity dataset spanning the last 40 years, specifically tailored for the Fennoscandian region, including Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Leveraging the long and continuous data series from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors aboard the NOAA and MetOp satellites, an emissivity dataset is generated for 1981–2022. This dataset incorporates snow-cover information, enabling the creation of annual emissivity time series that account for winter conditions. LSE time series were extracted for six 15 × 15 km study sites and compared against the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD11A2 LSE product. The intercomparison reveals that, while both datasets generally align, significant seasonal differences exist. These disparities are attributable to differences in spectral response functions and temporal resolutions, as well as the method considering fixed values employed to calculate the emissivity. This study presents, for the first time, a 40-year time series of the emissivity for AVHRR channels 4 and 5 in Fennoscandia, highlighting the seasonal variability, land-cover influences, and wavelength-dependent emissivity differences. This dataset provides a valuable resource for future research on long-term land surface temperature and emissivity (LST&E) trends, as well as land-cover changes in the region, particularly with the use of Sentinel-3 data and upcoming missions such as EUMETSAT’s MetOp Second Generation, scheduled for launch in 2025.
Impact of Habitat Quality Changes on Regional Thermal Environment: A Case Study in Anhui Province, China
Authors: Zhang Guanjin , Quan Ling
Published: October 2024

Biodiversity degradation and loss represent critical global challenges, primarily driven by the urban heat island effect, which results from elevated surface temperatures. As urbanization and climate change continue to progress, these phenomena have a profound impact on both habitats and human residential environments. This study focuses on Anhui Province as a case study to systematically investigate the effects of changes in habitat quality (HQ) on the evolution of the regional thermal environment. The objective is to provide a scientific basis for addressing regional thermal environment issues and promoting biodiversity conservation. This paper employs the InVEST-HQ model to analyze HQ in Anhui Province from 2000 to 2020 and integrates surface temperature data to assess the response of HQ changes to variations in the regional thermal environment. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the HQ index in Anhui Province exhibited a general decline, characterized by pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with lower values observed in the northern regions and higher values in the southwestern and southern areas. (2) Concurrently, the relative surface temperature in Anhui Province continued to rise, particularly in central urban areas such as Hefei, where the increase in impermeable surfaces has facilitated the expansion of high-temperature zones. (3) Different types of HQ had distinctly varying effects on regional thermal environments: habitats classified as poor HQ or worse HQ were associated with noticeable warming effects, while those categorized as good HQ or excellent HQ exhibited significant cooling effects. (4) The contribution index of varying HQ to relative surface temperature ranged from −0.2 to 0.3, indicating that poor HQ and worse HQ positively contributed to regional thermal environments, whereas good HQ and excellent HQ exerted a negative contribution. City-level analyses revealed that cities such as Suzhou, Chizhou, Wuhu, Anqing, Xuancheng, and Lu’an were associated with positive contributions to relative surface temperature, while cities including Bengbu, Fuyang, Chuzhou, Huaibei, Tongling, Ma’anshan, and Hefei demonstrated negative contributions. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing the spatial distribution of urban cold islands and promoting ecological sustainable development.
Sustainable Energy Application of Pyrolytic Oils from Plastic Waste in Gas Turbine Engines: Performance, Environmental, and Economic Analysis
Authors: Suchocki Tomasz
Published: October 2024

The rapid accumulation of polymer waste presents a significant environmental challenge, necessitating innovative waste management and resource recovery strategies. This study investigates the potential of chemical recycling via pyrolysis of plastic waste, specifically polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP), to produce high-quality pyrolytic oils (WPPOs) for use as alternative fuels. The physicochemical properties of these oils were analyzed, and their performance in a gas turbine engine was evaluated. The results show that WPPOs increase NOx emissions by 61% for PSO and 26% for PPO, while CO emissions rise by 25% for PSO. Exhaust gas temperatures increase by 12.2% for PSO and 8.7% for PPO. Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) decreases by 13.8% for PPO, with negligible changes for PSO. The environmental-economic analysis indicates that using WPPO results in a 68.2% increase in environmental impact for PS100 and 64% for PP100, with energy emission indexes rising by 101% for PS100 and 57.8% for PP100, compared to JET A. Although WPPO reduces fuel costs by 15%, it significantly elevates emissions of CO2, CO, and NOx. This research advances the understanding of integrating waste plastic pyrolysis into energy systems, promoting a circular economy while balancing environmental challenges.
An Exploratory Study of the Impact of the One-Village-One-Dam Initiative in Northern Ghana
Authors: Adams Samuel , Martey Michael , Amoatey Charles , Taabazuing Joseph , Otoo Richard , Abokyi Emmanuel
Published: October 2024

This study is an exploratory examination of the effect of the Ghana government’s flagship program known as the One-Village-One-Dam (1V1D) initiative on the livelihoods of rural farmers in the five regions of Northern Ghana. A total of 15 constituencies proportionate to the number of constituencies in each of the five beneficiary regions were selected from the region. Data were collected from a total of 1585 respondents, comprising 785 from the control group and 800 from the treatment group. The survey focused on access to water, crop and livestock productivity, income generation, and overall well-being. Four main findings are reported. First, the results show differential effects of the 1V1D initiative. There was an increase in reliance on 1V1D dams for water, particularly in the Northern region, where challenges such as insufficient water storage and poor dam maintenance hindered their effectiveness for irrigation and livestock rearing. Second, the use of water from boreholes was more popular in the other parts of Northern Ghana. Third, the shallowness of most of the dams meant that they dried up during the dry season and, therefore, did not have a significant effect on crops and livestock productivity. Finally, the dams had a marginal effect on food security, income levels of the farmers, and consequently on their overall livelihoods. The findings of this exploratory study will provide insights to enrich further studies based on the second and third rounds of data collection.
Agri-Food Sector in Ukraine and Poland: A Comparative Analysis Using the Input–Output Model
Authors: Ambroziak Łukasz , Bułkowska Małgorzata
Published: October 2024

The war in Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that Ukraine is strongly integrated with global agricultural markets, is of great importance for the world’s food security, and can effectively compete with Poland in exporting to EU markets. Contrary to Poland, the agri-food sector in Ukraine has not yet been the subject of research using input–output tables. The input–output model has many advantages in studying the structures of individual sectors and their connections with other sectors of the economy and with foreign countries. Therefore, the current study fills the existing research gap. The aim of the article is a comparative analysis of the agri-food sectors in Ukraine and Poland in 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) using the input–output model. The data source is the OECD TiVA database. The main conclusion is that Poland is further along the path of agricultural and food sector development than Ukraine. The study also reveals that in terms of value, the agri-food sector in Ukraine is significantly smaller than in Poland, but it is more important in the Ukrainian economy, with agriculture being its dominant link, while in Poland it is the food industry. The Polish agri-food sector is characterized by a higher import dependency of gross output. Exports play a significant role in the distribution of the gross output of Ukraine’s agriculture and Poland’s food industry. However, the export directions differed significantly. Poland exported mainly to the EU, while Ukraine exported to Asian and Middle Eastern countries.
A Uniqueness Theorem for Stability Problems of Functional Equations
Authors: Jung Soon-Mo , Lee Yang-Hi , Roh Jaiok
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we present a uniqueness theorem obtained by using direct calculation. This theorem is applicable to stability problems of functional equations whose solutions are monomial or generalized polynomial mappings of degree n. The advantage of this uniqueness theorem is that it simplifies the proof by eliminating the need to repeatedly and cumbersomely prove uniqueness in stability studies.
Tsg101 UEV Interaction with Nedd4 HECT Relieves E3 Ligase Auto-Inhibition, Promoting HIV-1 Assembly and CA-SP1 Maturation Cleavage
Authors: Watanabe Susan M. , Nyenhuis David A. , Khan Mahfuz , Ehrlich Lorna S. , Ischenko Irene , Powell Michael D. , Tjandra Nico , Carter Carol A.
Published: October 2024

Tsg101, a component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), is responsible for recognition of events requiring the machinery, as signaled by cargo tagging with ubiquitin (Ub), and for recruitment of downstream acting subunits to the site. Although much is known about the latter function, little is known about its role in the earlier event. The N-terminal domain of Tsg101 is a structural homologue of Ub conjugases (E2 enzymes) and the protein associates with Ub ligases (E3 enzymes) that regulate several cellular processes including virus budding. A pocket in the domain recognizes a motif, PT/SAP, that permits its recruitment. PT/SAP disruption makes budding dependent on Nedd4L E3 ligases. Using HIV-1 encoding a PT/SAP mutation that makes budding Nedd4L-dependent, we identified as critical for rescue the residues in the catalytic (HECT) domain of the E3 enzyme that lie in proximity to sites in Tsg101 that bind Ub non-covalently. Mutation of these residues impaired rescue by Nedd4L but the same mutations had no apparent effect in the context of a Nedd4 isomer, Nedd4-2s, whose N-terminal (C2) domain is naturally truncated, precluding C2-HECT auto-inhibition. Surprisingly, like small molecules that disrupt Tsg101 Ub-binding, small molecules that interfered with Nedd4 substrate recognition arrested budding at an early stage, supporting the conclusion that Tsg101–Ub–Nedd4 interaction promotes enzyme activation and regulates Nedd4 signaling for viral egress. Tsg101 regulation of E3 ligases may underlie its broad ability to function as an effector in various cellular activities, including viral particle assembly and budding.
A Review of Renewable Energy Powered Seawater Desalination Treatment Process for Zero Waste
Authors: Olufisayo Ojo E. , Olanrewaju Oludolapo
Published: October 2024

Freshwater resources have faced serious threats in recent decades, primarily due to rapid population growth and climate change. Seawater desalination has emerged as an essential process to ensure a sustainable supply of freshwater to meet the global demand for freshwater. However, this approach has some shortcomings, such as the disposal of brines containing high levels of contaminants creating environmental problems, and the energy-intensive nature of desalination, primarily powered by fossil fuels, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, as a solution, the zero liquid discharge approach has been identified by the body of research to be one of the viable methods to solve these problems. Over 90% of freshwater and reusable salts could be recovered through this approach. Adopting renewable energy-powered systems could make zero-liquid discharge desalination plants operate in an entirely environmentally friendly and sustainable manner. This review explores the integration of renewable energy-powered systems for the optimisation of seawater desalination treatment processes for zero-waste and improved productivity. The review also examines technologies and strategies that improve the efficiency and sustainability of desalination systems. By analysing recent research, we provide insights into the advancements, challenges, and prospects for optimizing renewable energy-powered seawater desalination processes aimed at achieving zero waste.