RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN POST-MENOPAUSAL PERIOD
Authors: Sain Safarova Sain Safarova 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at a significantly higher risk of fractures, even with normal or elevated bone mineral density (BMD). It was found that in the general population among women, the incidence of osteoporosis is more than 30% in the menopausal period and 43.3% among postmenopausal women, while among people with type 2 diabetes it reaches 75%. An aggravating risk factor in this case is the period of transition of patients with diabetes to postmenopausal age. DM, already predisposing to osteoporotic processes, is aggravated by postmenopausal osteoporosis. Comorbid exacerbation of these processes, which have different mechanisms of action on the bone structure, exacerbates changes in bone characteristics. At the same time, for DM, the most characteristic is a violation of the structure of the cortical bone, mainly the femoral neck and peripheral skeleton, and in postmenopausal osteoporosis, mainly trabecular tissue is damaged, with a predominant lesion of the vertebrae. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms of this influence remain poorly understood.

Objective: to evaluate the features of changes in BMD in the lumbar spine and proximal femur in patients with type 2 DM aggravated by postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Methods: A total of 96 postmenopausal women with T2DM and 32 control women without diabetes were assessed for bone mineral density (BMD, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), biochemical bone markers β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptides (β-CTx) and total procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and glucose metabolism.

Results: In patients with type 2 diabetes When comparing the indicators of phosphorus-calcium metabolism and bone density, a fairly high degree of correlation was found only between the indicators of bone mineral density and ionized calcium (r = -0.321; p = 0.03), as well as between the BMD of the LI-LIV zone and beta-CTx marker (r = -0.436; p = 0.006), which indicates increased bone resorption. At the same time, starting from the state of diabetes subcompensation, bone tissue resorption significantly and significantly increased bone resorption (increased levels of beta-CTx) in 76% of patients and reduced bone mineral density.

Conclusion: Our data support the ability of the beta-CTx marker to detect differences in the risk of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with T2DM compared with non-diabetic controls. The activity of total alkaline phosphatase does not reflect the essence of metabolic changes in bone tissue in diabetes mellitus. It should be noted that in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, osteopenic syndrome depends not so much on age as on the duration of the disease, the degree of compensation of the glycemic profile. Also, the higher the HbA1c level in women with diabetes, the lower the bone density of the lumbar spine. Assessment of the state of bone mineral density and indicators of its metabolism in postmenopausal women with diabetes will allow timely detection of changes in bone remodeling and contribute to the prevention of fractures, including such a severe injury as a fracture of the femoral neck.
Keywords: osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus type 2, post menopause.