bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localversusaverage structure: a study of neighborite (NaMgF3) utilizing the pair distribution function method for structure determination
Authors: Martin C. David , Chupas Peter J. , Chapman Karena W. , Parise John B.
Published: May 2007

The temperature-dependent local structure (< 2 nm) of neighborite (NaMgF3) is probed through least-squares refinement of structure models fit to the pair distribution function [G(r)] derived from the total high-energy X-ray scattering of sample powders. In contrast to previous temperature-dependent structure models obtained through Rietveld refinement and statistical modelling of powder diffraction data, it is found that the average Mg—F bond length, corresponding to a ∼2 Å peak in theG(r), increases between 323 and 1123 K. At each temperature, asymmetry in this peak is consistent with an orthorhombic (Pbnm) perovskite local structure, allowing three unique Mg—F values and deformation of MgF6octahedra. Defined by the three orthogonal Mg—Mg distances, the pseudo-cubic unit cell of local structure models becomes metrically tetragonal and cubic at temperatures greater than ∼623 and 1038 K, respectively. A discontinuity in the temperature dependence of the fluorine atomic displacement parameters at 1038 K suggests thermal activation of new vibrational modes in NaMgF3at high temperature, consistent with transverse vibration of the bridging fluorine atoms (Mg—F—Mg).
Hybrid reciprocal space for X-ray diffraction in epitaxic layers
Authors: Morelhão Sérgio L. , Domagala Jarek Z.
Published: May 2007

Even after several decades of systematic usage of X-ray diffraction as one of the major analytical tool for epitaxic layers, the vision of the reciprocal space of these materials is still a simple superposition of two reciprocal lattices: one from the substrate and the other from the layer. In this work, the general theory accounting for hybrid reflections in the reciprocal space of layer/substrate systems is presented. It allows insight into the non-trivial geometry of such reciprocal space as well as into many of its interesting properties. Such properties can be further exploited even on conventional-source X-ray diffractometers, leading to alternative, very detailed and comprehensive analyses of such materials.
Sources of mycosporine‐like amino acids in planktonic Chlorella‐bearing ciliates (Ciliophora)
Authors: SONNTAG BETTINA , SUMMERER MONIKA , SOMMARUGA RUBEN
Published: May 2007

1. Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are a family of secondary metabolites known to protect organisms exposed to solar UV radiation. We tested their distribution among several planktonic ciliates bearing Chlorella isolated from an oligo‐mesotrophic lake in Tyrol, Austria. In order to test the origin of these compounds, the MAAs were assessed by high performance liquid chromatography in both the ciliates and their symbiotic algae.

2. Considering all Chlorella‐bearing ciliates, we found: (i) seven different MAAs (mycosporine‐glycine, palythine, asterina‐330, shinorine, porphyra‐334, usujirene, palythene); (ii) one to several MAAs per species and (iii) qualitative and quantitative seasonal changes in the MAAs (e.g. in Pelagodileptus trachelioides). In all species tested, concentrations of MAAs were always <1% of ciliate dry weight.

3. Several MAAs were also identified in the Chlorella isolated from the ciliates, thus providing initial evidence for their symbiotic origin. In Uroleptus sp., however, we found evidence for a dietary source of MAAs.

4. Our results suggest that accumulation of MAAs in Chlorella‐bearing ciliates represents an additional benefit of this symbiosis and an adaptation for survival in sunlit, UV‐exposed waters.
Modelling elastic properties of impure chalk from South Arne Field, North Sea
Authors: Fabricius Ida L. , Høier Christian , Japsen Peter , Korsbech Uffe
Published: May 2007

In impure chalk, the elastic moduli are not only controlled by porosity but also by contact‐cementation, resulting in relatively large moduli for a given porosity, and by admixtures of clay and fine silica, which results in relatively small moduli for a given porosity. Based on a concept of solids suspended in pore fluids as well as composing the rock frame, we model P‐wave and S‐wave moduli of dry and wet plug samples by an effective‐medium Hashin–Shtrikman model, using chemical, mineralogical and textural input. For a given porosity, the elastic moduli correspond to a part of the solid (the iso‐frame value) forming the frame of an Upper Hashin–Shtrikman bound, whereas the remaining solid is modelled as suspended in the pore fluid. The iso‐frame model is thus a measure of the pore‐stiffness or degree of cementation of the chalk.

The textural and mineralogical data may be assessed from logging data on spectral gamma radiation, density, sonic velocity and water saturation in a hydrocarbon zone, whereas the iso‐frame value of a chalk may be assessed from the density and acoustic P‐wave logs alone. The iso‐frame concept may thus be directly used in conventional log‐analysis and is a way of incorporating sonic‐logging data.

The Rigs‐1 and Rigs‐2 wells in the South Arne field penetrate the chalk at the same depth but differ in porosity and in water saturation although almost the entire chalk interval has irreducible water saturation. Our model, combined with petrographic data, indicates that the difference in porosity is caused by a higher degree of pore‐filling cementation in Rigs‐1. Petrographic data indicate that the difference in water saturation is caused by a higher content of smectite in the pores of Rigs‐1. In both wells, we find submicron‐size diagenetic quartz.
Gene transcription during exposure to, and recovery from, cold and desiccation stress inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sinclair B. J. , Gibbs A. G. , Roberts S. P.
Published: May 2007

We exposed adult maleDrosophila melanogasterto cold, desiccation or starvation, and examined expression of several genes during exposure and recovery.Frostwas expressed during recovery from cold, and was up‐regulated during desiccation. Desiccation and starvation (but not cold) elicited increased expression of the senescence‐related genesmp‐30.Desat2decreased during recovery from desiccation, but not in response to starvation or cold.Hsp70expression increased after 1 h of recovery from cold exposure, but was unchanged in response to desiccation or starvation stress, andHsp23levels did not respond to any of the stressors. We conclude thatD. melanogaster's responses to cold and desiccation are quite different and that care must be taken to separate exposure and recovery when studying responses to environmental stress.
Delivering the choice agenda as a framework to manage adverse effects: a mental health nurse perspective on prescribing psychiatric medication
Authors: JONES M. , JONES A.
Published: May 2007

The article describes the clinical management of a patient referred, with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, who experienced adverse effects associated with an elevated prolactin level. A reflective model was adopted to inform the new learning which emerged from the clinical scenario. It highlights that Mental Health Nurse Supplementary Prescribers need to develop a prescribing value base underpinned by choice in addition to advanced technical skills to manage unhelpful effects of medication.
Host‐specific Fusarium oxysporum Causes Wilt of Jojoba
Authors: Tsror (Lahkim) L. , Hazanovski M. , Erlich O.
Published: May 2007

Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] plantations in Israel originated from vegetative propagation, planted during 1991–92, have shown symptoms of wilting and subsequent death. Verticillium dahliae was only rarely isolated from these plants and artificial inoculation showed only mild disease symptoms. Fusarium oxysporum caused severe chlorosis, desiccation, defoliation and wilt in leaves of jojoba plants, resulting in plant death. Recovery of the fungus from artificially inoculated stem cuttings and seedlings showed for the first time that F. oxysporum was the primary pathogen. Inoculated cuttings exhibited wilt within 3 weeks, while in seedlings wilt occurred 10–24 weeks after inoculation. Seedlings and cuttings of jojoba which were inoculated with other Fusarium isolates originating from different crops (F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum from cotton, F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi from carnation, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici from tomato and F. oxysporum f. sp. basilicum from basil) did not develop symptoms. Moreover, cotton, tomato, melon and cucumber seedlings inoculated with several virulent F. oxysporum isolates from jojoba did not show any symptoms of wilt or defoliation. These results indicate a high degree of specificity of the Fusarium isolates from jojoba; therefore, it is suggested that this isolate be defined as F. oxysporum f. sp. simmondsia.
Microsatellite Markers Associated with Spot Blotch Resistance in Spring Wheat
Authors: Sharma R. C. , Duveiller E. , Jacquemin J. M.
Published: May 2007

Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is a serious wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) disease in the warm areas of South Asia. Breeding for resistance in the past 15 years has produced limited progress, and newly developed wheat cultivars suffer considerable yield reductions under spot blotch epidemics in the region. Resistance is often controlled by multiple genes with additive effects. Marker‐assisted selection, in combination with field selection, could accelerate the identification of progeny with multiple genes for resistance early in the breeding process. A study was conducted to determine microsatellite markers associated with resistance in the F7 progeny from a cross between the spot blotch‐susceptible Sonalika and resistant G162 wheat genotypes. A parental survey using 171 simple sequence repeats (SSR) primer sets and spread over 21 chromosomes of wheat identified 52% polymorphic loci. However, only 15 polymorphic markers showed association with two bulks, one each of progeny with low and with high spot blotch severity. The detailed analysis indicated that progeny lines with low spot blotch severity could be separated from those with high severity using three SSR markers located on three wheat chromosomes. The findings may be useful in developing a marker‐assisted selection strategy for spot blotch resistance in wheat.
Treatment of a recurrent inguinal lymphocele in a penis cancer patient by lymphography and selective ligation of lymphatic vessels
Authors: Blana Andreas , Denzinger Stefan , Lenhart Markus , Wieland Wolf F , Ganzer Roman
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  We report a case of recurrent inguinal lymphocele formation after inguinal lymphadenectomy treated by lymphographic mapping and selective ligation of the lymphatic vessels. Lymphographic mapping was performed by puncturing a lymphatic vessel at the dorsum of the foot. After isolating the vessels that drained into the lymphocele, they were clipped and divided through a small skin incision. The described technique showed an instant and complete suspension of the lymph secretion with subsequent complete healing. Lymphatic mapping and selective ligation of afferent lymphatic vessels proved to be an effective treatment of a recurrent inguinal lymphocele.
Diabetes mellitus and kidney cancer risk: The results of Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study)
Authors: Washio Masakazu , Mori Mitsuru , Khan Mmh , Sakauchi Fumio , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Ozasa Kotaro , Hayashi Kyohei , Miki Tsuneharu , Nakao Masahiro , Mikami Kazuya , Ito Yoshinori , Kubo Tatsuhiko , Wakai Kenji , Tamakoshi Akiko ,   The JACC Study Group
Published: May 2007

Background:  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is reported as being a risk factor associated with kidney cancer in Western countries. The incidence of both kidney cancer and DM is lower in Japan than the other developed countries, albeit on the rise.

Methods:  We evaluated the risk factors for kidney cancer mortality using the database of the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC) study. The analytic cohort included 46 462 males and 64 326 females aged 40–79 years old. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine age‐ and sex‐adjusted relative risk and its 95% confidence intervals.

Results:  DM showed an increased, age‐ and sex‐adjusted hazard ratio for kidney cancer mortality, but it failed to achieve statistical significance after controlling for other factors.

Conclusion:  The present study showed that DM increased the risk of kidney cancer death among the Japanese population. However, further studies may be needed to confirm the findings in the present study because DM failed to remain as a significant risk factor after controlling for other factors because of the small number of kidney cancer deaths in the present study.
Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on quality of life in Japanese men with prostate cancer
Authors: Kato Tomonori , Komiya Akira , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Imamoto Takashi , Ueda Takeshi , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: May 2007

Objective:  We evaluated health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in Japanese men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer.

Methods:  Fifty‐six men were enrolled in this study. HRQOL was prospectively measured before ADT, and at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment began, using a general (36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey) and disease‐specific (the University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index) HRQOL questionnaire.

Results:  In the general HRQOL questionnaire, patients with stage B (n = 22) or C (n = 17) disease showed a decline in vitality at 6 and 12 months (P < 0.05 for both). Stage D patients (n = 17) had improvements in bodily pain at 3 and 12 months (P < 0.05 for both), vitality at 12 months (P < 0.05), role‐emotional at 6 months (P < 0.05), and mental health at 3 months (P < 0.05). When clinical stages were not considered, there were no significant changes in the 36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey. As for the disease‐specific HRQOL, urinary function improved after ADT at 6 and 12 months (P < 0.05 for both), and urinary bother decreased at 3 (P < 0.05), 6 (P < 0.005) and 12 months (P < 0.05). Sexual function decreased at 3 (P < 0.05), 6 (P < 0.005) and 12 months (P < 0.005) but sexual bother improved at 6 and 12 months (P < 0.05 for both). If patients were stratified by clinical stages, similar findings were observed.

Conclusions:  General HRQOL was mostly unaffected by ADT in Japanese men. Disease‐specific questions indicated an increase in urinary function. Although deterioration of sexual function was marked, most patients did not report sexual bother. Our results shed new light on the impact of ADT on HRQOL and could provide useful information about patient‐centered outcome evaluations.
Granular cell tumor of the urethra
Authors: Yokoyama Hitoshi , Kontani Kazuhiko , Komiyama Itsuki , Yoneyama Takehisa , Nakazawa Kou
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  A 38‐year‐old woman was referred for urethral tumor treatment. Needle biopsy of the tumor was performed. Histologically, the tumor was composed of large polygonal cells with eosinophilic and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive granular cytoplasm, indistinct cell margins and small round central nuclei. Immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein, vimentin, and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) was positive, indicating that it was a granular cell tumor. Excision of the tumor including the urethra and appendicovesicostomy using the Mitrofanoff principle were performed. There has been no tumor recurrence in the 8 months after the operation.
Report from the 1st Japanese Urological Association‐Japanese Society of Medical Oncology joint conference, 2006: ‘A step towards better collaboration between urologists and medical oncologists’
Authors: Akaza Hideyuki
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The 1st Japanese Urological Association–Japanese Society of Medical Oncology Joint Conference, titled ‘A step towards better collaboration between urologists and medical oncologists’, was held to coincide with the 44th Meeting of the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology, Tokyo, in October 2006. The main theme of the conference addressed the need for a subspecialty of medical oncologist within urology to keep abreast of advances in medical oncology. Urologists should become more involved in the postoperative management of urologic cancer. Consensus on the optimal way to move forward in the treatment of urological cancer is needed. The conference featured eight lectures surveying the present status of uro‐oncology in Europe, the USA, Korea, Singapore, and Japan; the relationship between surgical oncologists and medical oncologists; global trends and international clinical trials in uro‐oncology; and the future of urologic oncology. These were followed by a general discussion titled ‘Achieving better collaboration between the surgical oncologist and the medical oncologist.’ This report presents a roundup of the 1st Japanese Urological Association–Japanese Society of Medical Oncology Joint Conference.
Analysis of the validation of existing behavioral pain and distress scales for use in the procedural setting
Authors: CRELLIN DIANNE , SULLIVAN THOMAS P. , BABL FRANZ E. , O’SULLIVAN RONAN , HUTCHINSON ADRIAN
Published: May 2007

Background:  Assessing procedural pain and distress in young children is difficult. A number of behavior‐based pain and distress scales exist which can be used in preverbal and early‐verbal children, and these are validated in particular settings and to variable degrees.

Methods:  We identified validated preverbal and early‐verbal behavioral pain and distress scales and critically analysed the validation and reliability testing of these scales as well as their use in procedural pain and distress research. We analysed in detail six behavioral pain and distress scales: Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS), Faces Legs Activity Cry Consolability Pain Scale (FLACC), Toddler Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale (TPPPS), Preverbal Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS), the observer Visual Analog Scale (VASobs) and the Observation Scale of Behavioral Distress (OSBD).

Results:  Despite their use in procedural pain studies none of the behavioral pain scales reviewed had been adequately validated in the procedural setting and validation of the single distress scale was limited.

Conclusions:  There is a need to validate behavioral pain and distress scales for procedural use in preverbal or early‐verbal children.
Industry Convergence and Its Implications for the Front End of Innovation: A Problem of Absorptive Capacity
Authors: Bröring Stefanie , Leker Jens
Published: May 2007

This paper explores industry convergence and its implications for the front end of innovation. Conventional practice of idea generation and selection seems to be difficult in times of convergence, since actors face new knowledge and competencies owned in different industries. Given these particularities of industry convergence, this paper analyses decision processes at the front end of 54 R&D projects by using a mixed‐method research design. Findings indicate that there are different approaches of how firms engage in innovation in industry convergence. A central implication is the need to differentiate between the market and technological side of a firm's absorptive capacity.
Counteracting Forces in Multi‐branded Product Platform Development
Authors: Karlsson Christer , Sköld Martin
Published: May 2007

Multi‐branded product platforms represent a concurrently promising and challenging strategy to companies striving to get beyond possible economies of scale and scope within a single organization and brand. The strategic aim of multi‐branded platform development is to create financial synergies by combining assets across several brands and product programmes. This research is based on a longitudinal field study using a clinical research approach in a global multi‐product, multi‐branded industrial group. Findings from the study explore two opposite forces counteracting the purpose of multi‐branded platforms: the development of common product architecture, and product differentiation. The major challenge is that these two forces possess opposite characteristics, but they need to be handled jointly and concurrently in order to realize intended synergies.
Intra‐household Allocation of Time to Household Production Activities: Evidence from Swedish Household Data
Authors: Daunfeldt Sven‐Olov , Hellström Jörgen
Published: May 2007

Abstract.  The purpose of this paper is to study the intra‐household allocation of time to different household production activities using Swedish cross‐sectional household data. The Tobit model is rejected in favor of the Cragg model, suggesting that an empirical model has to take into consideration that allocation of time within the household is determined by two separate processes. Moreover, the results indicate that valuable information concerning the intra‐household allocation of time may be missing when household production is defined as the sum of different household activities, but there is no indication that statistically significant effects are wiped out in an aggregated analysis.
Firm Size or Firm Age? The Effect on Wages Using Matched Employer–Employee Data
Authors: Heyman Fredrik
Published: May 2007

Abstract.  This paper uses matched employer–employee data set for Sweden to study the relationship between firm age and wages, systematically addressing a variety of possible explanations for observing a firm age–wage effect. Results show considerable heterogeneity across years, along segments of the firm age distribution and across industries. For 1995, a positive relationship is found between firm age and wages. This relationship is robust to inclusion of variables that might affect results. Taking into account that larger firms are also older firms, results show that inclusion of firm age does not alter the positive effect of firm size on wages.
Severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome: outcome after fetoscopic laser ablation of the placental vascular equator
Authors: Ierullo AM , Papageorghiou AT , Bhide A , Fratelli N , Thilaganathan B
Published: May 2007

Objective  To assess the safety and efficacy of a modified fetoscopic laser ablation technique for the management of severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in a large series of pregnancies.

Design  Prospective cohort study.

Setting  Tertiary referral fetal medicine unit.

Population  Women with pregnancies complicated by severe TTTS (Quintero stage III or IV), before 26 weeks of gestation.

Methods  Fetoscopic laser ablation of placental anastomoses was performed. The sonoendoscopic approach was used to identify the placental vascular equator and to photocoagulate crossing vessels.

Main outcome measures  Overall survival, fetal and perinatal mortalities, gestational age at delivery, birthweight, operating time and recurrence of TTTS.

Results  A total of 77 women underwent the procedure. The mean gestational age at treatment was 20 (range 16–26) weeks. On average, four vessels were ablated during each procedure, with a mean operative time of 15 (range 5–25) minutes. None of the women required a repeat fetoscopic laser treatment for recurrence of the TTTS. There was at least one survivor in 74% (57/77) of pregnancies, and the overall survival rate was 57% (88/154).

Conclusions  Fetoscopic laser ablation is a safe and effective form of treatment in the management of severe TTTS. The technique of identifying the common villous district of the placenta by ultrasound and photocoagulating any vessels crossing the vascular equator appears to be an acceptable alternative to both the nonselective and highly selective methods described so far. This approach is associated with a short operating time, low likelihood of TTTS recurrence or fetal anaemia and with survival results that are equivalent to previously reported techniques.
From climate change impacts to adaptation: A development perspective for India
Authors: Garg Amit , Shukla P. R. , Kapshe Manmohan
Published: May 2007

India has good reasons to be concerned about climate change as it could adversely affect the achievement of vital national development goals related to socio‐economic development, human welfare, health, energy availability and use, and infrastructure. The paper attempts to develop a framework for integrated impact assessment and adaptation responses, using a recently built railroad coastal infrastructure asset in India as an example. The framework links climate change variables — temperature, rainfall, sea level rise, extreme events, and other secondary variables — and sustainable development variables — technology, institutions, economic, and other policies. The study indicates that sustainable development variables generally reduce the adverse impacts on the system due to climate change alone, except when they are inadequately applied. The paper concludes that development is a vital variable for integrated impact assessment. Well crafted developmental policies could result in a less‐GHG intensive future, enhanced adaptive capacities of communities and systems, and lower impacts due to climate change.
Environment and development in the Republic of the Marshall Islands: Linking climate change with sustainable fisheries development
Authors: Moss Rhea M.
Published: May 2007

The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a major custodian of one of the ocean's major natural resources: tuna. The commercial tuna fisheries sector is the most important economic sector in the RMI and is thus a substantial contributor to this tiny island nation's GDP. Tuna catch and its associated revenues has fluctuated in line with climatic events such as the El Niño/La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and, in the last decade, national fisheries development policies have begun to capitalize on the positive effects that ENSO warm events have had on the tuna populations. However, global warming is expected to have a significant impact on ENSO, and not necessarily in positive ways. This paper will focus on the relationship between environment and economic development in the RMI fisheries sector. In particular, the linkages between global warming and its effects on the tuna fisheries sector must be better understood and uncertainties accounted for so that impacts are appropriately addressed and integrated into sustainable fisheries development policies. Conclusions reached are that new fisheries development strategies that emphasize environmental‐based planning are required. The emerging ecosystem‐based approach to fisheries management is a start, as are the various international initiatives in furthering our understanding of the linkages between climate and ocean systems currently underway.
Depression and Anxiety: Effect on the Migraine–Obesity Relationship
Authors: Tietjen Gretchen E. , Peterlin B. Lee , Brandes Jan L. , Hafeez Faizan , Hutchinson Susan , Martin Vincent T. , Dafer Rima M. , Aurora Sheena K. , Stein Michael R. , Herial Nabeel A. , Utley Christine , White Leah , Khuder Sadik A.
Published: May 2007

Objective.—To discern the effects of depression and anxiety on the migraine–obesity relationship.

Background.—Migraine and obesity are highly prevalent conditions and are both independently linked to psychiatric conditions, mainly depression and anxiety.

Methods.—Data are from an ongoing cross‐sectional multicenter study on comorbid conditions in clinic patients seeking treatment for headache. The diagnosis of migraine was determined by the examining physician based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)‐II criteria. Participants completed a self‐administered questionnaire with information on demographics, headache features, and physician‐diagnosed comorbid medical and psychiatric disorders. The questionnaire included scales for measuring current depression (PHQ‐9), anxiety (BAI), and headache‐related disability (HIT‐6).

Results.—A total of 721 migraineurs (88% women) from 8 different headache treatment centers were included in this study (mean age = 42 years, SD = 12). Aura was reported in 45% and chronic headache (≥15 headache days/month) in 35% of the participants. Prevalence of obesity in our population was 30% and only 38% had normal weight. Obesity was more common in men (P= .004), African Americans (P= .026), and in lower education (P= .05) and household income (P=.05) groups. Current depression (PHQ‐9 score ≥10) was noted in 42% and current anxiety (BAI score ≥8) in 70% of the obese migraineurs. In ordinal logistic regression, obesity was associated with current depression (odds ratio [OR]= 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25 to 2.78) and anxiety (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.22). A significant effect of depression on the body mass index (BMI) and headache frequency relationship was noted. Obese migraineurs with depression were more likely to have higher headache frequency (OR = 4.16, 95% CI: 1.92 to 8.99) and headache‐related disability (OR = 7.10, 95% CI: 2.69 to 18.77) compared to normal weight migraineurs without depression. Similarly, obese migraineurs with anxiety were more likely to have higher headache frequency (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.07 to 3.61) and headache‐related disability (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.64 to 7.86) compared to normal weight migraineurs without depression. Compared to migraineurs with either current depression or anxiety, those with both these conditions were more likely to have higher headache frequency (OR = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.86 to 5.43) and headache disability (OR = 6.13, 95% CI: 2.58 to 14.59).

Conclusion.—Depression and anxiety were common in obese migraineurs. The relationship of obesity with migraine frequency and migraine‐related disability is modified by depression and by anxiety, with the strongest effect observed in migraineurs with both depression and anxiety.
BACTERIAL LYSIS OF AUREOCOCCUS ANOPHAGEFFERENS CCMP 1784 (PELAGOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Frazier Ashley D. , Rowe Janet M. , Rentz Casey A. , Gobler Christopher J. , Wilhelm Steven W.
Published: May 2007

Water samples from Great South Bay, New York, contained biological agents capable of causing the lysis of the brown‐tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth. From these water samples, 32 bacterial isolates were tested for algicidal effects against the algae. Six of the isolates were shown to have algicidal effects against A. anophagefferens. Sequencing of the gene 16S rRNA revealed that the isolates were relatively diverse. Based on their similarity to sequences in repositories, the isolates seem to be closely related to Bacillus, Halomonas, Croceibacter atlanticus, Marinobacter, and an Arctic deep‐sea bacterium.
Tracking Clerkship Experience: Just What Do Clinical Clerks See on an Elder Care Rotation?
Authors: Diachun Laura L. , Van Bussel Lisa , Ens Andrea , Dumbrell Andrea C. , Hillier Loretta M.
Published: May 2007

The Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, Canada, has created a mandatory clerkship in Elder Care that consists of small group seminars, clinical experiences, and an Elder Care manual. This article describes the use of a paper‐based log to track students' clinical encounters to determine whether the Elder Care clerkship offers students the opportunity for a broad range of clinical experiences to address curriculum objectives.

Using a paper‐based log that was completed after each clinical encounter, students recorded information including the reason for assessment, tests completed, care recommendations, and personal reflections. Each of 70 students completed an average of 5.5 logs. Cognitive/psychiatric, medical, functional, and social problems were reported in more than 83% of the logs. Almost all students saw at least one patient with cognitive decline and one with depressive symptoms. Only six students reported seeing a patient with delirium. Students were able to think reflectively on their experiences. In matching the clerkship objectives to the learning modality(ies) in which they were addressed, it was found that knowledge‐related objectives were supported primarily by seminars and manual content. Skills‐related objectives were supported primarily by clinical experiences.

The clinical experience logs used in this study provided evidence that, in the Elder Care clerkship, for the most part, students are seeing what we think they should be seeing. Study results have informed the revision of the logs, which will be an ongoing method of tracking objectives and students' reflections and ensuring continuous quality improvement.
On the Use of Hierarchical Probabilistic Models for Characterizing and Managing Uncertainty in Risk/Safety Assessment
Authors: Kodell Ralph L. , Chen James J.
Published: May 2007

A general probabilistically‐based approach is proposed for both cancer and noncancer risk/safety assessments. The familiar framework of the original ADI/RfD formulation is used, substituting in the numerator a benchmark dose derived from a hierarchical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model and in the denominator a unitary uncertainty factor derived from a hierarchical animal/average human/sensitive human model. The empirical probability distributions of the numerator and denominator can be combined to produce an empirical human‐equivalent distribution for an animal‐derived benchmark dose in external‐exposure units.
Discount Rates in Risk Versus Money and Money Versus Money Tradeoffs
Authors: Alberini Anna , Chiabai Aline
Published: May 2007

We use data from a survey of residents of five Italian cities conducted in late spring 2004 to estimate the discount rates implicit in (1) money versus future risk reductions and (2) money versus money tradeoffs. We find that the mean personal discount rate is 0.3–1.7% in (1) and 8.7% in (2). The latter is lower than the discount rates estimated in comparable situations in many recent studies, greater than market interest rates in Italy at the time, and exhibits modest variation with age and gender. The discount rate implicit in money versus risk tradeoffs is within the range of estimates from studies in the United States and Europe, and does not depend on observable individual characteristics. We use split samples to investigate whether a completely abstract risk reduction—one where the risk reduction delivery has been stripped of all specifics, so that respondents should focus on the risks without being distracted by details—results in WTP and discount figures comparable to those from an identified delivery mechanism (a medical test). We find that while WTP for an immediate risk reduction is 42–73% higher with the abstract risk reduction, the discount rate in the money versus risk tradeoffs and the variance of the error term in the WTP equation are the same across the two variants of the questionnaire.
Failure Modes in Ceramic‐Based Layer Structures: A Basis for Materials Design of Dental Crowns
Authors: Lawn Brian , Bhowmick Sanjit , Bush Mark B. , Qasim Tarek , Rekow E. Dianne , Zhang Yu
Published: May 2007

A research program on failure modes induced by spherical indenters in brittle layer structures bonded to polymeric substrates, in simulation of occlusal function in all‐ceramic dental crowns, is surveyed. Tests are made on model flat and curved layers bonded onto a dentin‐like polymer base, in bilayer (ceramic/polymer) and trilayer (ceramic/ceramic/polymer) configurations. All‐transparent systems using glass as a porcelain‐like outer or veneer layer and sapphire as a stiff and strong core support layer enable in situ observation of the entire evolution of fracture modes in the brittle layers, from initiation through to failure. With the fracture modes identified, tests are readily extended to systems with opaque polycrystalline dental core ceramics, notably alumina and zirconia. A variety of principal failure modes is identified: outer and inner cone cracks developing in the near‐contact region at the top surface; radial cracks developing at the bottom surface along the loading axis; margin cracks from the edges of dome‐like structures. All of these modes are exacerbated in cyclic loading by time‐cumulative slow crack growth, but inner cones are subject to especially severe mechanical fatigue from hydraulic pumping of water into the crack fissures. Conditions under which each mode may be expected to dominate, particularly in relation to geometrical variables (layer thickness, contact radius) and relative material properties, are outlined. Clinical issues such as crown geometry, overload versus fatigue failure, role of residual stresses in fabrication, etc. are addressed.
Influence of Phase Formation on Dielectric Properties of Si3N4 Ceramics
Authors: Li Jun‐Qi , Luo Fa , Zhu Dong‐Mei , Zhou Wan‐Cheng
Published: May 2007

The influence of phase formation on the dielectric properties of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics, which were produced by pressureless sintering with additives in MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system, was investigated. It seems that the difference in the dielectric properties of Si3N4 ceramics sintered at different temperatures was mainly due to the difference of the relative content of α‐Si3N4, β‐Si3N4, and the intermediate product (Si2N2O) in the samples. Compared with α‐Si3N4 and Si2N2O, β‐Si3N4 is believed to be a major factor influencing the dielectric constant. The high‐dielectric constant of β‐Si3N4 could be attributed to the ionic relaxation polarization.
Interest Organizations, Information, and Policy Innovation in the U.S. Congress1 2
Authors: Burstein Paul , Hirsh C. Elizabeth
Published: May 2007

Interest organizations are hypothesized to strongly affect public policy, but the evidence that they do so is mixed. This article argues that one reason for the disparity is a gap between theory and research: theory suggests that information provided by interest organizations should strongly influence elected officials, but there is no systematic research on its impact. We examine a potentially important source of information for members of the U.S. Congress—testimony at committee hearings—to ascertain if it affects the enactment of policy proposals. The data, based on content analysis of almost 1,000 testimonies on a stratified random sample of policy proposals, describe who testifies, their arguments, and the evidence they provide. Supporters of a proposal emphasize the importance of the problem being addressed, while opponents claim the proposed policy will be ineffective and try to reframe the debate. Information—particularly information regarding policy effectiveness—does affect the likelihood that a policy proposal will be enacted.
Constructing Transnational Identities without Leaving Home: Korean Immigrant Women’s Cognitive Border‐crossing
Authors: Park Keumjae
Published: May 2007

Literature on contemporary immigrants suggests that increasing volume of transnational practices foster identity construction across borders, thereby disjoining geographical space and social space in which identities are constructed and negotiated. While studies pay increasing attention to the linkage between transnational organizing of economic and political activities and that of identities, relatively less attention has been given to transnational identity construction of immigrant groups without high level of transnationalism. This essay documents the identity dynamics among less mobile immigrants, who, albeit their immobility, negotiate their identities transnationally by way of various identity practices to imagine themselves as members of multiple communities across national and cultural boundaries. Based on thirty in‐depth interviews with first generation Korean immigrant women, the author examines mechanisms of identity organizing which simultaneously indicate a gradual adaptation to the U.S. society and resistance to assimilation.
Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth
Authors: Flores Marie Therese , Andersson Lars , Andreasen Jens Ove , Bakland Leif K. , Malmgren Barbro , Barnett Frederick , Bourguignon Cecilia , DiAngelis Anthony , Hicks Lamar , Sigurdsson Asgeir , Trope Martin , Tsukiboshi Mitsuhiro , Von Arx Thomas
Published: May 2007

Abstract –  Avulsion of permanent teeth is the most serious of all dental injuries. The prognosis depends on the measures taken at the place of accident or the time immediately after the avulsion. Replantation is the treatment of choice, but cannot always be carried out immediately. An appropriate emergency management and treatment plan is important for a good prognosis. Guidelines are useful for delivering the best care possible in an efficient manner. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the group. In cases in which the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion of the IADT board members. The guidelines represent the current best evidence based on literature research and professional opinion. In this second article of three, the IADT Guidelines for management of avulsed permanent teeth are presented.
Asking of Freedom Something Other than Itself: Tocqueville, Putnam, and the Vocation of the Democratic Moralist1
Authors: Danoff Brian
Published: May 2007

I argue in this article that Robert Putnam's primary strategy for reviving civil society in Bowling Alone is an example of “the doctrine of self‐interest properly understood,” a doctrine that Alexis de Tocqueville found prevalent among “American moralists.” By considering him to be a modern version of the American moralist discussed by Tocqueville, new light can be shed on both the merits and the limitations of Putnam's achievement. In addition to using Tocqueville's writings to critically interpret Putnam, I also use Bowling Alone as an occasion to explore—and better understand—Tocqueville's own deep ambivalence toward the “doctrine of self‐interest properly understood.” I contrast Putnam's Bowling Alone with Robert Bellah and others' Habits of the Heart. Understanding the important differences between these two self‐proclaimed neo‐Tocquevillians can help illuminate the promise and the peril of contemporary arguments for reviving civil society that employ the language of self‐interest properly understood.
Inorganic phosphate transport in matrix vesicles from bovine articular cartilage
Authors: Solomon D. H. , Browning J. A. , Wilkins R. J.
Published: May 2007

Aims:  In mineralizing tissues such as growth plate cartilage extracellular organelles derived from the chondrocyte membrane are present. These matrix vesicles (MV), possess membrane transporters that accumulate Ca2+ and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and initiate the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. MV are also present in articular cartilage, and hydroxyapatite crystals are believed to promote cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic joints. This study characterizes Pi transport in MV derived from articular cartilage.

Methods:  Matrix vesicles were harvested from collagenase digests of bovine articular cartilage by serial centrifugation. Pi uptake by MV was measured using radioactive phosphate (33[P]HPO). The Na+ dependence, pH sensitivity and effects of Pi analogues that inhibit Pi transport were determined.

Results:  Pi uptake was temperature‐sensitive and comprised Na+‐dependent and Na+‐independent components. The Na+‐dependent component saturated at high extracellular Pi concentrations, with a Km of 0.16 mm. In Na+‐free solutions, uptake did not fully saturate implying that carrier‐mediated uptake is supplemented by a diffusive pathway. Uptake was inhibited by phosphonoacetate and arsenate, although a fraction of Na+‐independent Pi uptake persisted. Total Pi uptake was maximal at pH 6.5, and reduced at more acidic or alkaline values, representing inhibition of both components.

Conclusion:  These properties are highly similar to those of Pi uptake by chondrocytes, suggesting that MV inherit Pi transporters of the chondrocyte membrane from which they are derived. Na+‐independent Pi uptake has not previously been described in MV from growth plate cartilage and is relatively uncharacterized, but warrants further attention in articular cartilage, given its likely role in initiating inappropriate mineral formation.
Optimally Staggered Finned Circular and Elliptic Tubes in Turbulent Forced Convection
Authors: Mainardes R. L. S. , Matos R. S. , Vargas J. V. C. , Ordonez J. C.
Published: May 2007

This work presents an experimental geometric optimization study to maximize the total heat transfer rate between a bundle of finned tubes in a given volume and a given external flow both for circular and elliptic arrangements, for general staggered configurations. The results are reported for air as the external fluid, in the range 2650⩽Re2b⩽10,600, where 2b is the smaller ellipse axis. Experimental optimization results for finned circular and elliptic tubes arrangements are presented. A relative heat transfer gain of up to 80% (Re2b=10,600) is observed in the elliptic arrangement optimized with respect to tube-to-tube spacings, as compared to the optimal circular one. A relative heat transfer gain of 80% is observed in the three-way optimized elliptic arrangement in comparison with the two-way optimized circular one; i.e., with respect to tube-to-tube and fin-to-fin spacings. An empirical correlation for the three-way optimized configuration was obtained to evaluate the resulting maximized dimensionless heat transfer rate.
Effects of Electrical Feedbacks on Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Pradhan Sanjaya K. , Mazumder Sudip K. , Hartvigsen Joseph , Hollist Michele
Published: May 2007

Planar-solid-oxide-fuel-cell stacks (PSOFCSs), in PSOFC-based power-conditioning systems (PCSs), are subjected to electrical feedbacks due to the switching power electronics and the application loads. These feedbacks (including load transient, current ripple due to load power factor and inverter operation, and load harmonic distortion) affect the electrochemistry and the thermal properties of the planar cells thereby potentially deteriorating the performance and reliability of the cells. In this paper, a detailed study on the impact of these electrical effects on the performance of the PSFOC is conducted. To analyze the impact of such feedbacks, a spatiotemporal numerical system model is developed on a low-cost Simulink modeling platform and the model under transient and steady-state conditions is validated experimentally. Using this validated model, parametric analyses on the impacts of transience, power factor, and distortion of the application load as well as low-frequency current ripple is conducted. Finally, using experimental data, we demonstrate the long-term impact of two most significant electrical feedbacks on the area-specific resistance and the corresponding loss of effective stack power.
Protonation of the Sulfonamido Ligands in Their Fe(CO)2Cp Complexes
Authors: Makowska Maria , Zakrzewski Janusz , Rybarczyk-Pirek Agnieszka
Published: May 2007

[Fe(CO)2Cp(4-RC6H4SO2NH)] complexes (R = Me, NO2) undergo reversible protonation at the nitrogen atom bonded to the iron centre. The molecular structure of the methyl complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.