bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical considerations for involving Latina adolescents in mental health research
Authors: McCord Allison L.
Published: May 2017

Topic

US Latina adolescents experience significant mental health disparities, such as depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation and, therefore, should be involved in research studies focused on minimizing these health disparities. However, researchers must consider the specific ways this population is vulnerable and provide adequate protections to reduce risks related to these vulnerabilities.

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to describe the different ways that Latina adolescents with mental health problems can be vulnerable research participants, identify strategies to protect this population during a research study, and describe steps taken to apply these strategies in an ongoing qualitative study examining depression in Latina adolescents.

Sources Used

Kipnis's (2003) article describes seven ways that children can be vulnerable research participants. These seven vulnerabilities are used to describe the vulnerabilities of Latina adolescents with mental health problems. Specific strategies to protect this population are synthesized to provide a list of strategies that can be used by researchers to reduce the risks associated with the vulnerabilities of this group.

Conclusions

In order to minimize risks for Latina adolescents, researchers must be engaged in Latino/a communities, use culturally and linguistically appropriate consent processes, and implement strategies to protect the confidentiality of Latina adolescent participants.
Understanding Perceptions of School Administrators Related to School Breakfast in a Low School Breakfast Participation State
Authors: Askelson Natoshia M. , Golembiewski Elizabeth H. , Bobst Ann , Delger Patti J. , Scheidel Carrie A.
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

The National School Breakfast Program (SBP) is a federally funded program that allows states to offer nutritious breakfast to K‐12 students. However, rates of SBP participation are low in some rural states, and the reasons are not well understood. The purpose of the study was to explore administrators' perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs related to the SBP, and factors they identify as barriers or facilitators to increased participation.

METHODS

Data were collected from a cross‐sectional, online survey of K‐12 school administrators (N = 152) in a rural, midsized Midwestern state fielded over an academic year. Descriptive statistics were calculated and open‐ended questions were coded and analyzed for relevant themes.

RESULTS

Administrators identified busing schedules, time constraints, and a lack of flexibility within the school schedule to accommodate breakfast as primary structural barriers to SBP participation. Administrators described family‐centered norms as reasons for low participation in rural areas. Administrators are at varying stages of readiness to work on improving participation.

CONCLUSIONS

Low SBP participation can be explained in part by a convergence of factors related to access, community norms, and structural barriers. Results may be used to inform ways in which administrators at the state, district, and school level can work to increase participation.
Phytochemical and biological studies of Atriplex inflata f. Muell.: isolation of secondary bioactive metabolites
Authors: Ben Nejma Aymen , Znati Mansour , Nguir Asma , Daich Adam , Othman Mohamed , Lawson Ata Martin , Ben Jannet Hichem
Published: May 2017

Objectives

This work describes the phytochemical and biological investigation of the Tunisian Atriplex inflata F. Muell (Chenopodiaceae).

Methods

Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D NMR and 2D NMR, ESI-HRMS and comparison with available literature data. The isolates were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by the DPPH•, ABTS+•, Fe3+ and catalase assays and also for their antibacterial and anticholinesterase activity.

Key findings

The chemical study of Atriplex inflata F. Muell led to the isolation of two fatty acids (9E)-methyl-8,11,12-trihydroxyoctadec-9-enoate 1 and (9E)-8,11,12-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid 2 together with (Z)-litchiol B 3 and 20-hydroxyecdysone 4. Three of which are reported here for the first time in Atriplex genus. Based on the biosynthesis of hydroxylated arachidonic acid and derivatives, a plausible biogenesis pathway of the two fatty acids (1 and 2) was proposed. (Z)-litchiol B (3) was found to be the most active against Staphylococcus aureus. According to the literature, this is the first time that compounds 1, 2 and 3 were tested for their eventual biological activity.

Conclusions

In the results of the present work, we have proposed the biogenesis pathway of unsaturated fatty acid and described the structure–activity relationship.
Computational fluid dynamics as a tool for testing functional and ecological hypotheses in fossil taxa
Authors: Rahman Imran A.
Published: May 2017

Computational fluid dynamics is a method for simulating fluid flows that has been widely used in engineering for decades, and which also has applications for studying function and ecology in fossil taxa. However, despite the possible benefits of this approach, computational fluid dynamics has been used only rarely in palaeontology to date. The theoretical basis underlying the technique is outlined and the main steps involved in carrying out computer simulations of fluid flows are detailed. I also describe previous studies that have applied the method to fossils and discuss their potential for informing future research directions in palaeontology. Computational fluid dynamics can enable large‐scale comparative analyses, as well as exacting tests of hypotheses related to the function and ecology of ancient organisms. In this way, it could transform our understanding of many extinct fossil groups.
Differences in neural responses to reward and punishment processing between anorexia nervosa subtypes: An fMRI study
Authors: Murao Ema , Sugihara Genichi , Isobe Masanori , Noda Tomomi , Kawabata Michiko , Matsukawa Noriko , Takahashi Hidehiko , Murai Toshiya , Noma Shun'ichi
Published: May 2017

Aim

Anorexia nervosa (AN) includes the restricting (AN‐r) and binge‐eating/purging (AN‐bp) subtypes, which have been reported to differ regarding their underlying pathophysiologies as well as their behavioral patterns. However, the differences in neural mechanisms of reward systems between AN subtypes remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore differences in the neural processing of reward and punishment between AN subtypes.

Methods

Twenty‐three female patients with AN (11 AN‐r and 12 AN‐bp) and 20 healthy women underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a monetary incentive delay task. Whole‐brain one‐way analysis of variance was conducted to test between‐group differences.

Results

There were significant group differences in brain activation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and right posterior insula during loss anticipation, with increased brain activation in the AN‐bp group relative to the AN‐r and healthy women groups. No significant differences were found during gain anticipation.

Conclusion

AN‐bp patients showed altered neural responses to punishment in brain regions implicated in emotional arousal. Our findings suggest that individuals with AN‐bp are more sensitive to potential punishment than individuals with AN‐r and healthy individuals at the neural level. The present study provides preliminary evidence that there are neurobiological differences between AN subtypes with regard to the reward system, especially punishment processing.
Urban Pressures and Innovations: Sustainability Commitment in the Face of Fragmentation and Inequality
Authors: Deslatte Aaron , Feiock Richard C. , Wassel Kathryn
Published: May 2017

Local government innovations occur within environments characterized by high service‐need complexity and risk. The question of how broader environmental conditions influence governmental willingness or ability to innovate has been a long‐standing concern within organizational, management, and policy scholarship. Although wealth and education are robust predictors of the propensity to engage in a wide range of local sustainability activities, the linkages among governmental fragmentation, social inequality, and sustainability policies are not well understood. This study focuses on the conditions both within and across city boundaries in urban regions which inhibit adoption of sustainable development innovations. We utilize a Bayesian item response theory approach to create a new scale measuring sustainability commitment by local governments in the United States. The analysis finds service‐need complexity and capacity within local governments' organizational task environments have nonlinear influences on innovation in terms of both green building and social inclusion policy tools.
Brokers and Entrepreneurs in Human Stem Cell Governance Networks in the United States
Authors: Ireni‐Saban Liza , Borohowitch Eldad
Published: May 2017

The policy debate over embryonic stem cell (ESC) research in the United States mainly focuses on the extent to which the government ought to provide resources for that research. This article addresses the strategic use of network positions to mobilize an effective coordination system for lifting the moratorium on funding of ESC under the Obama administration since March 2009. By identifying patterns of interactions between members in a network of embedded ties, we can explore the major actors who play the role of brokers or entrepreneurs in stem cell research funding policy under the Obama administration. For that, this article utilizes social network analysis and the G&F brokerage roles framework to identify key brokers in facilitating coordination among various members engaged in funding human stem cell research in the governance network.
A Concurrent Analysis of Three Institutions that Transform Health Technology‐Based Ventures: Economic Policy, Capital Investment, and Market Approval
Authors: Lehoux Pascale , Daudelin Geneviève , Denis Jean‐Louis , Miller Fiona A.
Published: May 2017

Drawing on institutional theory, this article articulates qualitative insights from a program of research on Canadian health technology‐based ventures to examine the rules that characterize economic policy, capital investment, and regulatory approval as well as the way these institutions enable and constrain the development of ventures at an early stage. Our findings clarify how economic policy integrates these ventures into the entrepreneurial domain, how capital investment configures them for economic value extraction, and how regulatory approval fully releases their market value. These findings help to revisit current policy modernization initiatives by calling attention to the convergence among the three institutions. Rather than operating solely as a source of constraints, these institutions provide a highly integrated market‐oriented space for health technology‐based entrepreneurial activities to unfold.
‘Farming on the Edge’: Wellbeing and Participation in Agri‐Environmental Schemes
Authors: Saxby Heidi , Gkartzios Menelaos , Scott Karen
Published: May 2017

This article investigates aspects of farmers’ wellbeing in the context of their participation in an agro‐environmental scheme (AES), the North Yorkshire Cornfield Flowers Project (CFP) in the North East of England. Recent developments in wellbeing studies have informed data collection and analysis. Ethnographic data was gathered via observation, field notes and semi‐structured interviews with farmers and non‐farmer volunteers. The article discusses how farmers’ social activity, identity, status and place belonging are enhanced through participation in CFP, and how this might promote their continued AES work. Recognising the potential for AES participation to enhance farmer's wellbeing may demonstrate added value of AES and strengthen the argument for AES funding once the UK leaves the European Union. There is currently little existing evidence in the literature to support this since with only a few exceptions, wellbeing has been characteristically neglected in rural studies research.
Video‐assisted thoracic surgery for the management of pyothorax in dogs: 14 cases
Authors: Scott Jacqueline , Singh Ameet , Monnet Eric , Coleman Kristin A. , Runge Jeffrey J. , Case Joseph Brad , Mayhew Philipp D.
Published: May 2017

Objective

To report the perioperative findings and outcome of dogs undergoing video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for the management of pyothorax.

Design

Multi‐institutional, retrospective study.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs (n = 14).

Methods

Medical records of dogs with pyothorax managed via VATS were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, diagnostic imaging results, surgical variables, bacterial culture and sensitivity results, post‐operative management and outcome. VATS was performed after placing a paraxyphoid endoscopic portal and 2‐3 intercostal instrument portals. VATS exploration was followed by one or more of the following: mediastinal debridement, tissue sampling, pleural lavage, and placement of a thoracostomy tube.

Results

Two dogs (14%) required conversion from VATS to an open thoracotomy to completely resect proliferative mediastinal tissue. These dogs had severe pleural effusion on preoperative thoracic radiographs and one had severely thickened contrast‐enhancing mediastinum on preoperative computed tomography (CT). The cause of pyothorax was identified as a penetrating gastric foreign body (n = 2), migrating plant material (n = 2), and idiopathic (n = 10). The median follow‐up time was 143 days (range, 14‐2402 days). All dogs were discharged from the hospital and their clinical signs resolved. One patient had recurrence of a pyothorax requiring revision surgery 17 months postoperatively.

Conclusion

VATS allows minimally invasive treatment of uncomplicated canine pyothorax. Preoperative thoracic CT may help identify candidates for VATS among dogs with pyothorax.
On the Stiffness of the Mesh and Urethral Mobility: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Brandão Sofia , Parente Marco , Da Roza Thuane Huyer , Silva Elisabete , Ramos Isabel Maria , Mascarenhas Teresa , Natal Jorge Renato Manuel
Published: May 2017

Midurethral slings are used to correct urethral hypermobility in female stress urinary incontinence (SUI), defined as the complaint of involuntary urine leakage when the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is increased. Structural and thermal features influence their mechanical properties, which may explain postoperative complications, e.g., erosion and urethral obstruction. We studied the effect of the mesh stiffness on urethral mobility at Valsalva maneuver, under impairment of the supporting structures (levator ani and/or ligaments), by using a numerical model. For that purpose, we modeled a sling with “lower” versus “higher” stiffness and evaluated the mobility of the bladder and urethra, that of the urethrovesical junction (the α-angle), and the force exerted at the fixation of the sling. The effect of impaired levator ani or pubourethral ligaments (PUL) alone on the organs displacement and α-angle opening was similar, showing their important role together on urethral stabilization. When the levator ani and all the ligaments were simulated as impaired, the descent of the bladder and urethra went up to 25.02 mm, that of the bladder neck was 14.57 mm, and the α-angle was 129.7 deg, in the range of what was found in women with SUI. Both meshes allowed returning to normal positioning, although at the cost of higher force exerted by the mesh with higher stiffness (3.4 N against 2.3 N), which can relate to tissue erosion. This finite element analysis allowed mimicking the biomechanical response of the pelvic structures in response to changing a material property of the midurethral synthetic mesh.
3. Abdication of Personal Responsibility
Authors: -- --
Published: May 2017

Fritz Hocheälder
5.The Isolated Individual
Authors: -- --
Published: May 2017

Fritz Hochwälder
7. Human Nature:The Future of the Individual
Authors: -- --
Published: May 2017

Fritz Hochwälder
9. Bibliography
Authors: -- --
Published: May 2017

Fritz Hochwälder
Albumin conformational change and aggregation induced by nanostructured apatites
Authors: Fears Kenan P. , Love Corey T. , Day Delbert E.
Published: May 2017

Biomaterials with nanostructured surfaces influence cellular response in a significantly different, and often beneficial, manner compared to materials with coarser features. Hydroxyapatite [HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] and strontium-apatite [Sr10(PO4)6(OH)2] microspheres that present nanotopographies similar to biological apatites were incubated in albumin solutions, at physiological conditions (40 mg ml−1; 37 °C), for up to 72 h. Electronic and vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopies revealed spectral signatures characteristic of stacked β-sheet regions in higher ordered structures (e.g., fibrils). The presence of stacked β-sheets was further evidenced by thioflavin T staining. The sequestration of interfacial Ca atoms by pyrophosphate ions (P2O74−), prior to albumin adsorption, prevented stacked β-sheet formation on hydroxyapatite. These results suggest that the charge and/or spatial arrangement of Ca atoms direct stacked β-sheet formation during bovine serum albumin adsorption. Stacked β-sheet spectral features were also observed after incubating HA in fetal bovine serum, highlighting that this phenomena could direct cellular response to these biomaterials in vivo.
Multiscale approach for simulation of silicon etching using SF6/C4F8 Bosch process
Authors: Le Dain Guillaume , Rhallabi Ahmed , Fernandez Marie Claude , Boufnichel Mohamed , Roqueta Fabrice
Published: May 2017

This study is dedicated to the development of a multiscale approach for the simulation of silicon etching using the Bosch process. The etching simulator is composed of three modules: plasma kinetic model, sheath model, and surface model. The top down connection of these three modules allows us to track the etch profile evolution through the mask versus the reactor parameters. Complex reaction schemes are used for both SF6 and C4F8 plasmas to quantify the neutral and ion species densities and fluxes. For the SF6 plasma used in the etching cycle and in our pressure and power ranges, the fluorine flux is still preponderant compared to the positive ion flux, indicating that the silicon etching is mainly ensured by the chemical processes. For the C4F8 plasma used in the deposition cycle, the simulation results reveal that CFx species are preponderant in comparison with atomic fluorine, confirming that, in our operating conditions, CFx species promote the deposition of a polymer layer instead of the chemical etching by fluorine F. Plasma parameters in terms of the reactive neutral and ion fluxes and sheath parameters in terms of ion energy distribution functions are used in the surface model to track the etch profile evolution. The duty cycle corresponding to the SF6 to C4F8 plasma pulse ratio is a crucial parameter in controlling the Bosch process performances in terms of the etch rate, anisotropy, and scalloping defect development. A parametric study is performed to show the role of the duty cycle in the etch anisotropy and the scalloping propagation along the sidewall. While the scalloping defect is more important when the duty cycle is higher, the diminution of this parameter may reduce the global etch rate of silicon.
Effect of resin accumulation on filling process in roll-to-roll UV imprint lithography
Authors: Zhou Youquan , Li Mujun , Shen Lianguan , Ye Huichun , Wang Jianping , Huang Shengzhou
Published: May 2017

A numerical model based on the sliding mesh technique is proposed to study the effect of the accumulation of ultraviolet (UV) resin on the imprint quality for roll-to-roll (R2R) UV imprint lithography. In addition, an open-channel model is proposed to investigate the characteristics of UV resin accumulation during the filling process. The velocity vectors in the filling area when UV resin accumulation occurs were calculated, and the simulation results reveal that UV resin accumulation is beneficial for the escape of air bubbles during the filling process, thus improving the filling quality. Moreover, the UV resin accumulation is related to the imprinting speed, which determines the extent of completion of the filling process. Good agreement was observed between the simulation and experimental results. The presented method provides insights on UV resin accumulation during the filling process and is beneficial for parameter optimization in the R2R imprinting process.
Review Article: Progress in fabrication of transition metal dichalcogenides heterostructure systems
Authors: Dong Rui , Kuljanishvili Irma
Published: May 2017

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) semiconductors have attracted significant attention because of their rich electronic/photonic properties and importance for fundamental research and novel device applications. These materials provide a unique opportunity to build up high quality and atomically sharp heterostructures because of the nature of weak van der Waals interlayer interactions. The variable electronic properties of TMDCs (e.g., band gap and their alignment) provide a platform for the design of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices. The integration of TMDC heterostructures into the semiconductor industry is presently hindered by limited options in reliable production methods. Many exciting properties and device architectures which have been studied to date are, in large, based on the exfoliation methods of bulk TMDC crystals. These methods are generally more difficult to consider for large scale integration processes, and hence, continued developments of different fabrication strategies are essential for further advancements in this area. In this review, the authors highlight the recent progress in the fabrication of TMDC heterostructures. The authors will review several methods most commonly used to date for controllable heterostructure formation. One of the focuses will be on TMDC heterostructures fabricated by thermal chemical vapor deposition methods which allow for the control over the resulting materials, individual layers and heterostructures. Another focus would be on the techniques for selective growth of TMDCs. The authors will discuss conventional and unconventional fabrication methods and their advantages and drawbacks and will provide some guidance for future improvements. Mask-assisted and mask-free methods will be presented, which include traditional lithographic techniques (photo- or e-beam lithography) and some unconventional methods such as the focus ion beam and the recently developed direct-write patterning approach, which are shown to be promising for the fabrication of quality TMDC heterostructures.
Three-dimensional sonar beam-width expansion by Japanese house bats (Pipistrellus abramus) during natural foraging
Authors: Motoi Kazuya , Sumiya Miwa , Fujioka Emyo , Hiryu Shizuko
Published: May 2017

Three-dimensional directivity patterns of sonar sounds emitted by Japanese house bats (Pipistrellus abramus) during natural foraging were measured by a 44-channel microphone array. Just before prey capture, the terminal frequency (TF) of emitted sounds decreased, and the beam width (mean ± standard deviation) expanded from 40 ± 10° to 63 ± 9° (horizontal) and from 32 ± 10° to 52 ± 7° (vertical). P. abramus decrease the TF to simultaneously expand the beam width in both the horizontal and vertical planes, while retaining the target within the three-dimensional acoustic field of view at the final stage of capture.
Misdiagnosed Pneumothorax in a High School Football Player
Authors: Schüblová Markéta , Billek-Sawhney Barbara
Published: May 2017

A 17-year-old high school football player sustained a chest contusion during football practice. He did not seek medical attention from his athletic trainer until the following day when he was referred to a physician. Radiographs were unremarkable, and he was cleared to play. There was no change in the athlete’s status, and he was referred for repeat radiographs. These, too, were unremarkable. Two weeks postinjury, the athlete was hospitalized with pneumothorax, acute respiratory distress, and pneumonia from 3 rib fractures. Relative difficulty in diagnosing this injury resulted in hospitalization with severe, life-threatening complications and may have led to death.
Effectiveness of Various Cryotherapy Systems at Decreasing Ankle Skin Temperatures and Applying Compression
Authors: Rigby Justin H. , Dye Shaylene B.
Published: May 2017

A variety of cryotherapy systems may be used to cool tissues immediately after an injury. The purpose our study was to examine the effect of a 30-min application of various cryotherapy devices on skin temperatures and compression. A crossover-designed study performed in a university research laboratory was conducted. Each treatment condition was applied to the lateral ankle for 30 min on different days. HyperIce’s colder temperatures over the lateral ankle (p < .0001) would make it the treatment choice for immediate care of ankle lateral ligament injuries, but is limited due its size for larger injuries.
The Effects of Maximally Achievable Cycling Cadence on Carbohydrate Management at Moderate and Heavy Exercise Intensity
Authors: Beneke Ralph , Weber Tobias G.J. , Leithäuser Renate M.
Published: May 2017

Effects of different cycling cadences (revolutions/min [rpm]) on metabolic rate, blood lactate concentration (BLC), and reliance on carbohydrate (CHO) defined as the fraction of oxygen uptake used for CHO oxidation (relCHO) are highly individual. Whether this depends on the individually maximal achievable rpm obtained at minimized cycling resistance (rpmmax) is unknown. The authors tested the hypotheses that the individual freely chosen rpm in an incremental cycle-ergometer test (ILT) and relCHO at given BLC levels both depend on rpmmax. Seven master cyclists and 8 not specifically trained leisure athletes performed an ILT at individually freely chosen rpm and an rpmmax test. Respiratory data and BLC were measured; relCHO was plotted as a function of the BLC for the determinations of the individual BLC at relCHO of 75% and 95% (BLC75% and BLC95%). With 16.7%, the between-subjects variability of individual rpm was high but independent from rpmmax. In the master athletes, rpmmax explained 59.3% and 95.2% of BLC75% (P = .043) and BLC95% (P = .001), respectively. Irrespective of cycling experience, the individually preferred average rpm at submaximal stages of an ILT is highly variable and independent of rpmmax. In experienced cyclists, carbohydrate management defined as the ratio between substrate availability as indicated by BLC and relCHO depends on rpmmax.
Use of Oral Contraceptives to Manipulate Menstruation in Young, Physically Active Women
Authors: Schaumberg Mia A. , Emmerton Lynne M. , Jenkins David G. , Burton Nicola W. , Janse de Jonge Xanne A.K. , Skinner Tina L.
Published: May 2017

Purpose: Menstruation and menstrual symptoms are commonly cited barriers to physical activity in women. The delay or avoidance of menstruation through extended oral-contraceptive (OC) regimens may mitigate these barriers, yet information on menstrual-manipulation practices in young physically active women is sparse. The objective of this study was to investigate prevalence of, and reasons for, menstrual manipulation with OCs in recreationally and competitively active women. Methods: One hundred ninety-one recreationally active (self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity 150–300 min/wk) women (age 23 ± 5 y), 160 subelite recreationally active (self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity >300 min/wk) women (age 23 ± 5 y), and 108 competitive (state-, national- or international-level) female athletes (age 23 ± 4 y) completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing OC-regimen habits and reasons for manipulation of menstruation. Results: The majority (74%) of OC users reported having deliberately manipulated menstruation at least once during the previous year, with 29% reporting having done so at least 4 times. Prevalence of menstrual manipulation (at least once in the previous year) was not different between competitive athletes, subelite recreationally active women, and recreationally active women (77% vs 74% vs 72%; P > .05). The most cited reasons for manipulating menstruation were special events or holidays (rated by 75% as important/very important), convenience (54%), and sport competition (54%). Conclusions: Menstrual manipulation through extended OC regimens is common practice in recreationally and competitively active young women, for a range of reasons relating to convenience that are not limited to physical activity. This strategy may help reduce hormone-related barriers to exercise participation, thereby positively affecting participation and performance.
Reliability of Power Settings of the Wahoo KICKR Power Trainer After 60 Hours of Use
Authors: Zadow Emma K. , Kitic Cecilia M. , Wu Sam S.X. , Fell James W.
Published: May 2017

Purpose: To assess the reliability of power-output measurements of a Wahoo KICKR Power Trainer (KICKR) on 2 separate occasions separated by 14 mo of regular use (∼1 h/wk). Methods: Using the KICKR to set power outputs, powers of 100–600 W in increments of 50 W were assessed at cadences of 80, 90, and 100 rpm that were controlled and validated by a dynamic calibration rig. Results: A small ratio bias of 1.002 (95% limits of agreement [LoA] 0.992–1.011) was observed over 100–600 W at 80–100 rpm between trials 1 and 2. Similar ratio biases with acceptable limits of agreement were observed at 80 rpm (1.003 [95% LoA 0.987–1.018]), 90 rpm (1.000 [0.996–1.005]), and 100 rpm (1.002 [0.997–1.007]). The intraclass correlation coefficient with 95% confidence interval (CI) for mean power between trials was 1.00 (95% CI 1.00–1.00) with a typical error (TE) of 3.1 W and 1.6% observed between trials 1 and 2. Conclusion: When assessed at 2 separate time points 14 mo apart, the KICKR has acceptable reliability for combined power outputs of 100–600 W at 80–100 rpm, reporting overall small ratio biases with acceptable LoA and low TE. Coaches and sport scientists should feel confident in the power output measured by the KICKR over an extended period of time when performing laboratory training and performance assessments.
Anthropometric Profiles of Elite Open-Water Swimmers
Authors: Shaw Gregory , Mujika Iñigo
Published: May 2017

Reports detailing the physiques of open-water (OW) swimmers are limited. Data from anthropometric screening around competition provides a unique opportunity to describe the current physical attributes of elite OW swimmers peaking for international competition. Anthropometric screening was undertaken on a group of Australian and French OW swimmers as part of performance monitoring within 2 wk of the 2015 FINA World Championships. Height, mass, and sum of 7 skinfolds were measured using ISAK standardized measurement techniques by 2 trained anthropometrists. Data were collated and compared with previously published data on OW and pool swimmers. French swimmers had lower skinfolds (57.3 ± 6.1 vs 80.5 ± 21.3 mm, P = .0258), were lighter (64.7 ± 10.8 vs 74.6 ± 11.8 kg, P = .013), and had lower lean-mass index (LMI) (34.7 ± 7.3 vs 38.2 ± 8.8, P = .035) than Australian swimmers. Male and female OW swimmers had skinfolds similar to their contemporary OW swimmers but were lower than earlier reports of OW swimmers; however, they were higher than those of pool swimmers. Male and female OW swimmers had 9% and 6% lower LMI, respectively, than pool swimmers. Lower body mass and LMI were correlated with better World Championships finishing positions (R2 = .46, P = .0151, and R2 = .45, P = .0177, respectively). These data are a unique report of elite OW swimmers’ physiques around international competition and demonstrate a potential morphological optimization in OW swimmers that warrants further investigation in larger populations.
Characteristics and Challenges of Open-Water Swimming Performance: A Review
Authors: Baldassarre Roberto , Bonifazi Marco , Zamparo Paola , Piacentini Maria Francesca
Published: May 2017

Context:Although the popularity of open-water swimming (OWS) events has significantly increased in the last decades, specific studies regarding performance of elite or age-group athletes in these events are scarce.Purpose:To analyze the existing literature on OWS.Methods:Relevant literature was located via computer-generated citations. During August 2016, online computer searches on PubMed and Scopus databases were conducted to locate published research.Results:The number of participants in ultraendurance swimming events has substantially increased in the last 10 y. In elite athletes there is a higher overall competitive level of women than of men. The body composition of female athletes (different percentage and distribution of fat tissue) shows several advantages (more buoyancy and less drag) in aquatic conditions that determine the small difference between males and females. The main physiological characteristics of open-water swimmers (OW swimmers) are the ability to swim at high percentage of (80–90%) for many hours. Furthermore, to sustain high velocity for many hours, endurance swimmers need a high propelling efficiency and a low energy cost.Conclusion:Open-water races may be characterized by extreme environmental conditions (water temperature, tides, currents, and waves) that have an overall impact on performance, influencing tactics and pacing. Future studies are needed to study OWS in both training and competition.
Reliability of Head, Neck, and Trunk Anthropometric Measurements Used for Predicting Segment Tissue Masses in Living Humans
Authors: George Nicole C. , Kahelin Charles , Burkhart Timothy A. , Andrews David M.
Published: May 2017

Soft and rigid tissue mass prediction equations have been previously developed and validated for the segments of the upper and lower extremities in living humans using simple anthropometric measurements. The reliability of these measurements has been found to be good to excellent for all measurement types (segment lengths, circumferences, breadths, skinfolds). However, the reliability of the measurements needed to develop corresponding equations for the head, neck, and trunk has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to quantify the inter- and intrameasurer reliability of 34 surface anthropometric measurements of the head, neck, and trunk segments. Measurements (11 lengths, 7 circumferences, 11 breadths, 5 skinfolds) were taken twice separately on 50 healthy, university-age individuals using standard anthropometric tools. The mean inter- and intrameasurer measurement differences were fairly small overall, with 64.7% and 67.6% of the relative differences less than 5%, respectively. All measurements, except for the right lateral trunk, had intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) greater than 0.75, and coefficients of variation (CVs) less than 10%, indicating good reliability overall. These results are consistent with previous work for the extremities and provide support for the use of the defined surface measurements for future tissue mass prediction equation development.
Physical Activity Prevalence and Correlates Among New Zealand Older Adults
Authors: Guiney Hayley , Keall Michael , Machado Liana
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to provide up-to-date information about physical activity (PA) levels in New Zealand older adults to inform the development and targeting of relevant health promotion initiatives. Nationally-representative survey (N = 1,468) data were analyzed to assess in people aged ≥ 60 years the prevalence of physical inactivity and meeting PA guidelines, differences between 2012 and 2014, and sociodemographic correlates. One-fifth (20.7%) of respondents were inactive; 46.2% met PA guidelines. Multivariate analyses revealed lower PA in 2014 versus 2012, and identified self-rated health and education as correlates of both PA measures. Age and socioeconomic deprivation were associated with physical inactivity only, while sex and employment were correlates of meeting PA guidelines. Low PA among older adults signals a need to promote PA engagement in that age group. This analysis aids effective intervention design by identifying specific segments of the older adult population that tailored health promotion initiatives should target.
Nordic Walking Improves Gait Power Profiles at the Knee Joint in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Zhou Lei , Gougeon Marie-Anne , Nantel Julie
Published: May 2017

We investigated the impact of Nordic walking (NW) on gait patterns in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) following a 6-week NW familiarization. Twelve participants with PD and 12 healthy older adults took part in a gait analysis walking with and without poles (NP). Results showed larger knee power (knee extensor: K2) on the most affected leg in NW compared to NP (P = .01). On the less affected side, larger power absorption (knee extensor: K3) was found during preswing (K3) compared to older adults in both NP and NW (P = 0.01). NW showed longer stride length and single support time (P < .01) compared to NP. Walking with poles improved gait spatial–temporal characteristics and power profiles at the knee joint both on the less and most affected sides in individuals with PD. NW could be beneficial to help regain a more functional gait pattern in PD.
The Demand for Licensed Merchandise in Sports—On the Purchase Channel Choice
Authors: Nalbantis Georgios , Fahrner Marcel , Pawlowski Tim
Published: May 2017

Clubs and third-party operators offer licensed sports products via offline and online stores. Although a few papers have previously focused on sports merchandise, no study has ever analyzed the factors associated with the purchase channel (PC) choice. Based on representative survey data of sports club members, we empirically test the statistical association between consumers’ characteristics and their PC choice. Econometric results suggest that the PC choice is affected by membership characteristics and sociodemographic attributes such as gender, education, income, and place of residence. Comparisons with results from studies conducted in more general settings suggest that the transferability of findings from general to sports-specific settings (and vice versa) is limited. Moreover, the finding, that the impact of these characteristics depends on the type of operator (club vs. retailer) rather than the type of product, highlights the relevance to distinguish between vertically integrated and third-party-operated PCs in both managerial decisions and future research.
Sport Spectatorship and Life Satisfaction: A Multicountry Investigation
Authors: Inoue Yuhei , Sato Mikihiro , Filo Kevin , Du James , Funk Daniel C.
Published: May 2017

Elite and professional sport events have been recognized as potential mechanisms to enhance well-being. This multicountry study investigates how engagement in such events, behaviorally through live spectating and psychologically through team identification, is associated with life satisfaction. Data from Australia (N = 268) revealed a positive association between live spectating and life satisfaction through a two-wave design measuring live spectating and life satisfaction in separate surveys. Data from the United States (N = 564) confirmed the live spectating–life satisfaction relationship found in Study 1. Additionally, Study 2 revealed individuals with higher levels of team identification perceived greater emotional support from other fans, and this perception, in turn, predicted life satisfaction. Our findings provide sport managers with implications for positioning appeals in support of sport programs and designing events that facilitate engagement to promote life satisfaction in the community.
Class-Related Emotions in Secondary Physical Education: A Control-Value Theory Approach
Authors: Simonton Kelly L. , Garn Alex C. , Solmon Melinda Ann
Published: May 2017

Purpose:

Grounded in control-value theory, a model of students’ achievement emotions in physical education (PE) was investigated.

Methods:

A path analysis tested hypotheses that students’ (N = 529) perceptions of teacher responsiveness, assertiveness, and clarity predict control and value beliefs which, in turn, predict enjoyment and boredom.

Results:

Teacher clarity predicted student control (β = .31; R2= .09) and value (β = .21; R2= .07) beliefs. Value and control beliefs positively predicted enjoyment (β = .71; β = .11; R2 = .58) and negatively predicted boredom (β = -.61; β = -.13; R2 = .47).

Discussion:

Findings provide meaningful information about the source of students’ emotional experiences in PE. The importance of instructional clarity within the model highlights the need for teachers to use a variety of clarifying strategies during instruction. The strong links between value beliefs and emotions suggest teachers need to explicitly discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic worth of PE content.
Understanding Physical Education Doctoral Students’ Perspectives of Socialization
Authors: Richards K. Andrew R. , McLoughlin Gabriella M. , Ivy Victoria Nicole , Gaudreault Karen Lux
Published: May 2017

Purpose:

Despite an abundance of research on doctoral student socialization in higher education, little attention has been paid to physical education doctoral students. This study sought to understand physical education doctoral students’ perceptions of their socialization as preparation for faculty roles.

Method:

Participants included 32 physical education doctoral students (16 female, 16 male) from US institutions of higher education. Data were collected in three phases using focus group interviews, an open-ended survey, and individual interviews.

Results:

Three first-order themes described: (a) indirect, but common pathways to pursuing a doctoral degree, (b) relationships are essential to the doctoral program experience, and (c) becoming a faculty member is a complex and ongoing process.

Discussion/Conclusions:

Relationships, particularly with faculty members, are integral to doctoral education. Training for the role of doctoral advisor could be beneficial, as could connecting cohort members and promoting opportunities to learn the role of teacher educator and publish research.
Student Perceived Motivational Climate, Enjoyment, and Physical Activity in Middle School Physical Education
Authors: Johnson Christine E. , Erwin Heather E. , Kipp Lindsay , Beighle Aaron
Published: May 2017

We used achievement goal theory to examine students’ physical activity (PA) motivation and physical education (PE) enjoyment. Purposes included: 1) determine whether schools with different pedagogical approaches varied in student perceptions of mastery and performance climate dimensions, enjoyment, and PA; 2) examine gender and grade differences in enjoyment and PA; and 3) determine if dimensions of motivational climate predicted enjoyment and PA levels in PE, controlling for gender and grade. Youth (n = 290, 150 girls) from three southeast United States middle schools wore a pedometer and completed a motivational climate and enjoyment questionnaire. Boys were more active and enjoyed PE more than girls, and 7th/8th grade students were more active than 6th grade students. Enjoyment was positively predicted by teacher’s emphasis on two mastery climate dimensions, controlling for gender. PE activity time was predicted by two performance climate dimensions, controlling for gender and grade. Implications for practice are discussed.
The Role of Perceived and Actual Motor Competency on Children’s Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness During Middle Childhood
Authors: Gu Xiangli , Thomas Katherine Thomas , Chen Yu-Lin
Published: May 2017

Purpose:

Guided by Stodden et al.’s (2008) conceptual model, the purpose of this study was to examine the associations among perceived competence, actual motor competence (MC), physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness in elementary children. The group differences were also investigated as a function of MC levels.

Methods:

A correlational research design was used in this study. There were 262 children (Mage = 10.87, SD = .77) recruited from three schools in the southern U.S. Students’ MC was objectively measured based on a process-oriented assessment (PE Metrics, NASPE, 2010). Students self-reported perceived competence and leisure-time PA. Then, the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) and pedometers were used to measure students’ cardiorespiratory fitness and in-class PA, respectively.

Results:

The structural equation modeling analysis supported the significant indirect effect of the MC on cardiorespiratory fitness and PA through perceived competence. The MANCOVA yielded a significant main effect for MC groups after controlling for sex [Wilks’s Lambda = .838, F = 12.15 (4, 251), p < .001, η2 = .16]. Regardless of sex, children with low MC demonstrated lower perceived competence, PA, and cardiorespiratory fitness compared with children with higher MC (p < .001).

Discussion:

Development of students’ competence beliefs in PE and certain movement patterns should be emphasized, especially during middle childhood. High quality PE programs must be aligned with national standards, with particular attention to enhancing skill acquisition (standard 1) and PE-motivation (i.e., perceived competence; standard 5).
Inclusion and Identity in the Mountain Biking Community: Can Subcultural Identity and Inclusivity Coexist?
Authors: McCormack Karen M.
Published: May 2017

Lifestyle sports studies have emphasized the boundary work done by core participants and the resulting exclusionary and hierarchical structures of these sports. Mountain biking is a lifestyle sport structured to incorporate new riders, yet bikers still share a group identity, raising important questions about whether exclusivity is necessary for subcultural identity. Drawing on 60 interviews with mountain bikers, this study explores both the meanings participants make of their experience and the organizational structure of the community. The community is designed to recruit and fully incorporate new members, while members maintain a sense of identity as mountain bikers through transmitting skills and knowledge to newer riders. These findings point to the importance of organizational structure in shaping community practices.
‘Life in the Travelling Circus’: A Study of Loneliness, Work Stress, and Money Issues in Touring Professional Golf
Authors: Fry John , Bloyce Daniel
Published: May 2017

This article examines the effects of globalization on the well-being of migrant professional athletes. Interviews with 20 touring professional golfers reveal that players experience many of the personal problems—such as loneliness, isolation, low decision latitude, low social support, and effort-reward imbalance—which have been identified as “strong predictors of mental ill-health” (Leka & Jain, 2010, p. 65). Feelings of loneliness and isolation developed as players were regularly apart from family and friends, and spent most of their time with other golfers whom they had somewhat superficial relationships with. These feelings coupled with, for many, uncertain income generated through golf added further to their work-related anxieties. Overall, results highlight the importance of considering how workplace anxieties and vulnerabilities impact on athlete migrants’ health and well-being.