bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weak Force Sensing Based on Optical Parametric Amplification in a Cavity Optomechanical System Coupled in Series with Two Oscillators
Authors: Liu Zheng , Liu Yu‐qiang , Yang Yi‐jia , Yu Chang‐shui
Published: May 2024

In the realm weak force sensing, an important issue is to suppress fundamental noise (quantum noise and thermal noise), as they limit the accuracy of force measurement. In this study, a weak force sensing scheme that combines a degenerate optical parametric amplifier (OPA) and an auxiliary mechanical oscillator into a cavity optomechanical system to reduce quantum noise is investigated. It is demonstrated that the noise reduction of two coupled oscillators depends on their norm mode splitting. and provide a classic analogy and quantum perspective for further clarification. Besides, the noise reduction mechanism of OPA is to reduce the fluctuation of photon number and enhance the squeezing of the cavity field. A specific design is proposed that aimed at enhancing the joint effect of both, beyond what can be achieved using OPA alone or two series coupled oscillators. This scheme provides a new perspective for deeper understanding of cavity field squeezing and auxiliary oscillator in force sensing.
Investigation of the Odilorhabdin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Using NRPS Engineering
Authors: Präve Leonard , Seyfert Carsten E. , Bozhüyük Kenan A. J. , Racine Emilie , Müller Rolf , Bode Helge B.
Published: May 2024

The recently identified natural product NOSO‐95A from entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus bacteria, derived from a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) encoding a non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), was the first member of the odilorhabdin class of antibiotics. This class exhibits broad‐spectrum antibiotic activity and inspired the development of the synthetic derivative NOSO‐502, which holds potential as a new clinical drug by breaking antibiotic resistance. While the mode of action of odilorhabdins was broadly investigated, their biosynthesis pathway remained poorly understood. Here we describe the heterologous production of NOSO‐95A in Escherichia coli after refactoring the complete BGC. Since the production titer was low, NRPS engineering was applied to uncover the underlying biosynthetic principles. For this, modules of the odilorhabdin NRPS fused to other synthetases were co‐expressed with candidate hydroxylases encoded in the BGC allowing the characterization of the biosynthesis of three unusual amino acids and leading to the identification of a prodrug‐activation mechanism by deacylation. Our work demonstrates the application of NRPS engineering as a blueprint to mechanistically elucidate large or toxic NRPS and provides the basis to generate novel odilorhabdin analogues with improved properties in the future.
Solid‐State Oxidation of Alcohols in Gold‐Coated Milling Vessels via Direct Mechanocatalysis
Authors: Wohlgemuth Maximilian , Schmidt Sarah , Mayer Maike , Pickhardt Wilm , Graetz Sven , Borchardt Lars
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a novel approach for the selective oxidation of alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes through direct mechanocatalysis, employing a gold‐coated milling vessel as catalyst and air as the oxidation agent. By adjusting milling frequency, media, and duration, high catalytic efficiencies and selectivities are achieved. Remarkably, yields of up to 99 % are obtained for specific substrates, with a turnover number (TON) of 8200 and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.77 s−1, surpassing existing alternatives. Confirmation of the catalytic reaction indeed occurring on the milling tool surface was achieved through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Two perspectives on family rifts: the concepts of estrangement and cut‐off
Authors: McKnight Anne S.
Published: May 2024

This article presents a survey of literature written on the concepts of estrangement and cut‐off, comparing the similarities of the two concepts and distinguishing significant differences in the scope and theoretical underpinnings of the ideas. Lucy Blake's review of the research studies on estrangement available in 2017 found no common agreement on the concept of estrangement. Quantitative research focused on the amount of contact and qualitative research on the quality of the contact. Susan Forward's approach to rifts between adult children and their parents, which is reflected in the work of the Standalone organisation in Britain, is that parents who are critical or non‐affirming of their adult child are toxic. These traits are thought to create difficulties in the life of the adult child, who is advised to sever contact as a step towards self‐actualisation. On the other hand, Joshua Coleman and Karl Pillemer focus on estrangement as the outcome of the tension between the parent and child, both of whom play a part in the rift, advocating that each side moderate their reactivity, blame and expectations. Kylie Agllias's research utilises concepts from family systems theory, recommending the effort to self‐regulate and to understand one's contribution to the reactivity as integral to reconciliation. Murray Bowen conceptualised the family as a multigenerational family system with varying mechanisms, including cut‐off, to handle tension as the family unit adapts to stressors over time. Cut‐off is an outcome of the family's level of anxiety and the capacity of the family for differentiation, their thoughtful collaboration with one another to address the challenges they face. The effort to bridge cut‐off is one aspect of an individual's effort to be a more thoughtful, connected presence in the family system as work on differentiation of self.
Practice is the best of all instructors—Effects of enactment encoding and episodic future thinking on prospective memory performance in high‐functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Faustmann Larissa L. , Altgassen Mareike
Published: May 2024

Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to carry out intended actions in the future. The present study investigated the effects of episodic future thinking (EFT) and enactment encoding (EE) on PM performance in autistic adults (ASD). A total of 72 autistic individuals and 70 controls matched for age, gender, and cognitive abilities completed a computerized version of the Dresden breakfast Task, which required participants to prepare breakfast following a set of rules and time restrictions. A two (group: ASD vs. controls) by three (encoding condition: EFT vs. EE vs. standard) between‐subjects design was applied. Participants were either instructed to engage in EFT or EE to prepare to the different tasks prior to performing the Dresden breakfast or received standard instructions. Analyses of variance were conducted. Autism‐spectrum‐disorders (ASD) participants did not differ from control participants in their PM performance, regardless of which strategy they used. Compared to the standard condition, EE but not EFT improved time‐based PM performance in all participants. This is the first study to find spared time‐based PM performance in autistic individuals. The results confirm earlier results of beneficial effects of EE on PM performance. Findings are discussed with regards to the methodology used, sample composition as well as autistic characteristics.
Potential risk factors for hypospadias and negative correlation with DICER1 (rs3742330) A>G variant in Algerian population: A case‐control study
Authors: Rania Laouar , Djalila Chellat , Brahim Djoudi , Rayene Achou , Meroua Horchi , Souhem Touabti , Zoubir Atrih , Hichem Choutri , Asma Boukri , Dalila Satta , Karima Sifi
Published: May 2024

Background

Hypospadias continues to be a prevalent congenital anomaly affecting the male external genitalia, characterized by an unclear origin and complex treatment approaches. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with hypospadias and explore its genetic link with the DICER1 rs3742330 variant.

Methods

The study involved two groups: 105 male children with hypospadias and 111 healthy male children as matched controls. Detailed history and physical examinations were conducted for all patients and controls. PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism was utilized to identify the DICER1 rs3742330 variant, analyzing genotype distribution and allele frequency. Logistic regression analysis estimated the risk factors for hypospadias.

Results

The mean age in the hypospadias group was 4.56 ± 2.50 years. The most prevalent type of hypospadias observed was the anterior type in 60 children (57.14%). Intrauterine growth restriction, advanced maternal age, and gestational hypertension were identified as significant risk factors for hypospadias (p = .011, p = .016, and p = .041, respectively). Regarding the genetic study, no significant difference was found in both genotype and allele frequencies of the DICER1 rs3742330 variant between case and control groups.

Conclusions

The rs3742330 variant in the DICER1 gene showed no association with hypospadias cases in the Algerian population. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified preterm birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, advanced maternal age, gestational diabetes, and rural residence as the most significant independent predictors for hypospadias.
Luftporenbeton mit superabsorbierenden Polymeren (SAP) Teil 1
Authors: Schack Tobias , Dittmar Sebastian , Schauerte Matthias , Mazanec Oliver , Haist Michael
Published: May 2024

Superabsorbierende Polymere (SAP) besitzen die Fähigkeit, ein Vielfaches ihres eigenen Trockengewichts an wässriger Lösung aufzunehmen und zu speichern. Entsprechend wird in der Literatur vielfach der Einsatz von SAP zur inneren Nachbehandlung von Beton beschrieben. Die SAP speichern Wasser und geben es während der Hydratation langsam ab. Infolge der Wasserabgabe schwinden die Polymere und es verbleiben entsprechende Luftporen im Betongefüge zurück. So stellen SAP gleichzeitig eine Alternative zu klassischen LP‐Bildnern zur Steigerung des Frost‐ und Frost‐Tausalz‐Widerstands von Beton dar. Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Beitrags werden systematische Untersuchungen zur Herstellung von LP‐Betonen mittels superabsorbierender Polymere als Alternative zu klassischen LP‐Bildnern beschrieben und diskutiert. In Teil 1 des Beitrags wird der Einfluss der SAP auf die Frischbetoneigenschaften beschrieben. Der Fokus der experimentellen Untersuchungen lag dabei auf den resultierenden Veränderungen der rheologischen Eigenschaften sowie der Entmischungsneigung (Sedimentation der groben Gesteinskörnung und Neigung zur Wasserabsonderung) des Frischbetons bei Anwendung von superabsorbierenden Polymeren. In weiteren Teilen werden die Festbetoneigenschaften (Teil 2) sowie die Robustheit gegenüber stofflichen und umgebungsbedingten Schwankungen (Teil 3) der Betone mit SAP beschrieben und diskutiert.
Fluorescent‐protein co‐expression to select CHO cells expressing high quantities of vaccine antigens
Authors: Ganguly Jishna , Fu Zongming , Marion James , Pan Yan , Ruano John , Dahle Michael , Li Xiangming
Published: May 2024

Cell line development for production of vaccine antigens or therapeutic proteins typically involves transfection, selection, and enrichment for high‐expressing cells. Enrichment methods include minipool enrichment, antibody‐based enrichment, and enrichment based on co‐expressed fluorescent biosensor proteins. However, these methods have limitations regarding labor and cost intensity, the generation of antibodies and assurance of their viral safety, and potential expression‐interference or signal‐saturation of the co‐expressed fluorescent protein. To improve the method of fluorescent‐protein co‐expression, expression constructs were created that constitutively express a model vaccine antigen together with one of three fluorescent proteins having translation initiation controlled by a wildtype or mutant internal ribosome entry site (IRES), for a total of six constructs. The constructs were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) cells, enriched for high fluorescence, cultured, and tested in a mini bioreactor to identify the most promising construct. The fluorescent protein, Fluorescent Ubiquitination‐based Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) with a mutant IRES performed best and was further tested with three additional vaccine antigens. Across the four vaccine antigens, the FUCCI fluorescent protein yielded productivity enhancements, without the need for generating an antibody and assuring its viral safety. Furthermore, FUCCI protein was present in negligible quantities in the cell supernatant, indicating a low risk for contaminating drug substances or vaccine antigen.
Measuring crowdfunding success for small and medium‐sized enterprises sustainable development: Insight from the social networking theory
Authors: Okine Agnes Naa Dedei , Li Yao , Djimesah Isaac Edem , Zhao Hongjiang , Duah Elijah , Kissi Mireku Kingsford , Adjei Budu Kenneth Wilson , Adjei Daniel Baani
Published: May 2024

With little to no study on the effect of social networking theory on the success of a crowdfunding campaign in Africa, this study investigated some of the factors that influence the success of a crowdfunding campaign using Ghana as a case for a broader justification and generalization of findings that has been obtained in previous studies. This study identified four factors through an extensive literature review of the social networking theory. These are the number of social network handless of an entrepreneur, activeness of an entrepreneur on a social network, number of social network friends of an entrepreneur and the availability of project videos on an entrepreneur's social network. Data were then collected empirically from 462 respondents using a questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using the partial least square structural equation modeling. The results revealed that all the identified factors positively influence the success of a crowdfunding campaign. The study further proposes that fund seekers on the crowdfunding platform post their project information on weekends and evenings on weekdays since people pay special attention to information posted at these times. Also, the outcome of the importance performance map analysis disclosed that the number of social network handles of an entrepreneur is the most essential in terms of importance when seeking funds on the crowdfunding platform. This study provides valuable insight into how small and medium‐sized enterprises in Ghana and other stakeholders of crowdfunding platforms can use the concept of social networking theory to achieve funding success on crowdfunding platforms.
Lateral medullary syndrome in a resources limited hospital: A rare clinical anatomical variation of ischemic stroke
Authors: Ebraheem Ahmed Alsiddig , Dafallah Mumen Abdalazim , Mohamamed Khawla Abdelmonem Yousef
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Although it is rare, physicians should be familiar with the presentation of lateral medullary syndrome (LMS). Urgent neuroimaging is crucial to distinguish LMS from other causes of stroke. The majority experience significant improvement within months.

Lateral medullary syndrome is a rare type of stroke resulting from a vascular event in the lateral part of the medulla oblongata. Loss of pain and temperature in the ipsilateral side of the face, and contralateral side of the body along with ipsilateral ataxia, vertigo, nystagmus, dysphagia, and hiccups are the hallmark clinical presentation. We reported a case of a 51‐year‐old male with a long history of smoking and newly discovered hypertension who presented complaining of vomiting, regurgitation, and hiccups for 1 month; tingling and numbness sensation in the left side of the face and the right side of the body, and unsteady gait for 2 weeks. Neurological examinations revealed left‐sided ptosis and miosis, diminished sensation of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve, deviated uvula to the right side, absent gag reflex, and intention tremors. The patient received the appropriate treatment; showed a good recovery with his symptoms, was able to walk unsteady, and was discharged after 10 days in a good condition.
Exploiting Hydrophobic Amino Acid Scanning to Develop Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Main Protease with Antiviral Activity
Authors: Harrison Katriona , Carlos Patrick W. , Ullrich Sven , Aggarwal Anupriya , Johansen‐Leete Jason , Sasi Vishnu Mini , Barter Isabel , Maxwell Joshua W. C. , Bedding Max J. , Larance Mark , Turville Stuart , Norman Alexander , Jackson Colin J. , Nitsche Christoph , Payne Richard J.
Published: May 2024

The development of novel antivirals is crucial not only for managing current COVID‐19 infections but for addressing potential future zoonotic outbreaks. SARS‐CoV‐2 main protease (Mpro) is vital for viral replication and viability and therefore serves as an attractive target for antiviral intervention. Herein, we report the optimization of a cyclic peptide inhibitor that emerged from an mRNA display selection against the SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro to enhance its cell permeability and in vitro antiviral activity. By identifying mutation‐tolerant amino acid residues within the peptide sequence, we describe the development of a second‐generation Mpro inhibitor bearing five cyclohexylalanine residues. This cyclic peptide analogue exhibited significantly improved cell permeability and antiviral activity compared to the parent peptide. This approach highlights the importance of optimizing cyclic peptide hits for activity against intracellular targets such as the SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro.
Boron‐Stereogenic Compounds: Synthetic Developments and Opportunities
Authors: Guo Yonghong , Zu Bing , Du Chen Cadmus , He Chuan
Published: May 2024

Comprehensive Summary

The 21st century has witnessed a continuous evolution in the development of boron‐stereogenic chemistry. Since the 1990s, various innovations for the synthesis of tetracoordinate boron‐stereogenic compounds, which exhibited great potential applications, have been demonstrated by synthetic chemists. This paper reviews the significant progress and recent advances towards the assembly of enantioenriched boron‐stereogenic compounds, and hopes to shed light on new perspectives and inspire further research in this emerging field.
Rational Designing MxSy@C (M=Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, Mn) Composites with Controlled Polysuifides Shuttling Behaviors towards Advanced Stable Room Temperature Na‐S Batteries†
Authors: Huang Wei , Chen Yumeng , Chen Jing , Shi Wei , Xua Guangliang , Yang Yingchang
Published: May 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Room‐temperature sodium‐sulfur (RT‐Na/S) batteries display attractive potential in large‐scale energy‐storage, but their practical application was still restricted by the serious dissolution of polysulfides. Herein, supported by the constructing of interface engineering, the metal sulfide‐carbon nanocomposite can be prepared with considerable electrochemical properties. Utilizing the double‐helix structure of carrageenan‐metal hydrogels as precursors, in‐situ metal sulfide (MxSy) nanostructure/3D carbon aerogels (3D CAs) can be successfully constructed. Importantly, with the assistance of the vulcanization process, 3D carbon architecture was maintained in the composites and acted as a skeleton to optimize their structural stability. As the cathode of RT‐Na/S batteries, ZnS/S@C and NiS2/S@C delivered an excellent cycling stability and rate performance (179.8 mAh·g−1 at 20 A·g−1 after 10000 cycling for ZnS/S@C, 220.3 mAh·g−1 at 10 A·g−1 after 3000 cycling for NiS2/S@C). The detailed investigation of mechanism revealed that the powerful adsorption for Na2S4 originated from 3D metal sulfide‐carbon structure. The well‐designed architecture of sulfide‐carbon composites servers as an electrocatalyst to alleviate the shuttle effect of polysulfides, resulting in the long‐term electrochemical stability. Given this, the work is expected to provide promising insights for designing advanced cathode materials for RT‐Na/S batteries.
Gradual or Hysteretic Transition: Anion Effects on Cobalt(II) Spin Crossover Complexes
Authors: Sun Yu‐Chen , Li Ying‐Lian , Zhang Cheng‐Cheng , Chen Feng‐Li , Shao Dong , Zhao Yue , Wei Hai‐Yan , Wang Xin‐Yi
Published: May 2024

Comprehensive Summary

To better understand the impact of different anions on the structures and SCO properties of the CoII SCO complexes, six new complexes [Co(terpy‐CH2OH)2]A2·sol (terpy‐CH2OH = 4′‐(hydroxymethyl)‐2,2′;6′,2″‐terpyridine, A = Br– (1, sol = 1.5H2O), I– (2), N3– (3, sol = 2H2O), H3BCN– (4), OTf– (5), and TsO– (6, sol = 4H2O·CH3CN), have been synthesized and characterized. All six compounds consist of mononuclear [Co(terpy‐CH2OH)2]2+ cations and charge‐balancing anions that differ in size, shape, and hydrogen bonding capacity. Complexes 1, 2, 3, and 6 displayed incomplete gradual SCO transitions, whereas 4 and 5 exhibited abrupt hysteretic spin transitions with loops of 12 and 16 K (250.0—262.0 K for 4, and 370.0—386.0 K for 5, respectively), closely resembling our previously reported complexes with SCN– and SeCN– anions. The occurrence of the order‐disorder transition of the CH2OH groups and their transition temperatures are determined by the size and hydrogen bonding capability of the anions. Remarkably, the transition temperatures of complexes with H3BCN–, SCN–, OTf–, and SeCN– anions exhibit an upward trend as the size and mass of the anions increase, as confirmed through detailed single crystal structure analyses conducted in both high‐spin and low‐spin states for all four complexes.
Roles of Metal‐Organic Framework Supports in Base‐Free Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to Furan‐2,5‐Dicarboxylic Acid over Pt‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Seehamongkol Theerada , Rungtaweevoranit Bunyarat , Chakthranont Pongkarn , Butburee Teera , Nimsaila Weerawan , Faungnawakij Kajornsak
Published: May 2024

The catalytic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important process for producing a renewable furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Although several Pt‐based catalysts have been reported to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of HMF, the functional roles of catalyst supports, as corroborated by spectroscopic techniques, have not been fully described. Here, we report on Pt nanoparticles supported on metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) that catalyze the oxidation of HMF to FDCA in the absence of base. Several catalysts are prepared by immobilizing pre‐synthesized Pt nanoparticles on supports, allowing for the investigation of the role of the supports without the influence of the size of Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs). By analyzing the catalytic performances along with the electronic properties using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface properties of the catalysts using in situ infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO2, we find that the presence of Pt NPs in the metallic phase and basic hydroxyl groups on the support promote the HMF oxidation.
Control of Iron(II)‐Tris(2,2’‐Bipyridine) Light‐Induced Excited‐State Trapping via External Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Alías‐Rodríguez M. , Huix‐Rotllant M.
Published: May 2024

Light‐induced excited spin‐state trapping reactions in iron pyridinic complexes allow the iron's low‐to‐high spin transition in a sub‐picosecond timescale. Employing a recently developed model for [Fe(2,2′‐bipyridine)3]2+ photochemical spin‐crossover reaction in conjunction with quantum wavepacket dynamics, we explore the possibility of controlling the reaction through external electromagnetic fields, aiming at stabilizing the initial metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer states. We show that simple Gaussian‐shaped electromagnetic fields have a minor effect on the population kinetics. However, introducing vibrationally excited initial wavepacket representations allows for maintaining the population trapped in the metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer states. Using optimal control theory, we propose an electromagnetic field shape that increases the lifetime of metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer states. These results open the route for controlling the iron photochemistry through the action of external electric fields.
Modeling Heterogeneous Catalysis and Electrocatalysis
Authors: Mallikarjun Sharada Shaama , Gauthier Joseph A.
Published: May 2024

With this special collection of articles with contributions from friends, former colleagues, collaborators, students, and postdocs, we celebrate Jens K. Nørskov′s belated 70th birthday. The studies reported here highlight just a small portion of the breadth and depth of Jens Nørskov's 40 years of influence in modeling heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis. Many challenges remain in enabling in silico catalyst design, and the contributions in this special collection highlight the growing importance of machine learning approaches towards solving these challenges.
Powerful Role of Benzotriazole Polymers and Small Molecules in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Torres‐Moya I.
Published: May 2024

In the dynamic landscape of renewable energy technologies, organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as frontrunners, offering a sustainable and promising alternative for harnessing solar energy. This review article delves into the recent strides made in leveraging the potential of the benzotriazole nucleus within the context of organic solar cells. The unique electronic properties of benzotriazole, coupled with its structural adaptability, position it as a key component in the pursuit of enhancing OSC performance. As researchers delve deeper into the intricacies of this compound, a clearer understanding of its impact on light absorption, charge transport, and overall device stability emerges. The exploration of recent literature in the last three years reveals a rich landscape with innovation and discovery, showcasing the diverse approaches taken to incorporate benzotriazole into different OSC architectures. From fundamental studies elucidating its electronic interactions to applied research refining its integration strategies, the potential of benzotriazole in advancing the capabilities of organic solar cells becomes increasingly evident, and showing that, with the most important advances in the last three years, is the main goal of this article.
Integrating Clinical Variability into PBPK Models for Virtual Bioequivalence of Single and Multiple Doses of Tofacitinib Modified‐Release Dosage Form
Authors: Purohit Vivek , Sagawa Kazuko , Hsu Hao‐Jui , Kushner Joseph , Dowty Martin E. , Tse Susanna , Lin Jian , Blanchard Andrew , Mukherjee Arnab , Le Vu , Chang Cheng
Published: May 2024

Tofacitinib is a potent, selective inhibitor of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of kinases with a high degree of selectivity within the human genome's set of protein kinases. Currently approved formulations for tofacitinib citrate are immediate‐release (IR) tablets, modified‐release (MR) tablets, and IR solution. A once daily MR microsphere formulation was developed for use in pediatric patients. Demonstration of bioequivalence (BE) between the 10 mg once daily (q.d.) MR microsphere formulation and 5 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) IR solution is needed to enable the exposure–response analyses‐based bridging to support regulatory approval. To assess BE between MR microsphere and IR solution, an innovative approach was utilized with physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) virtual BE trials (VBE) in lieu of a clinical BE trial. A PBPK model was developed to characterize the absorption of different formulations of tofacitinib using Simcyp ADAM module. VBE trials were conducted by simulating PK profiles using the verified PBPK model and integrating the clinically observed intrasubject coefficient of variation (ICV) where BE was assessed with a predetermined sample size and prespecified criteria. The VBE trials demonstrated BE between IR solution 5 mg b.i.d. and MR microsphere 10 mg q.d. after a single dose on day 1 and after multiple doses on day 5. This research presents an innovative approach that incorporates clinically observed ICV in PBPK model‐based VBE trials, which could reduce unnecessary drug exposure to healthy volunteers and streamline new formulation development strategies.
Comparing the efficacy of a novel mucoadhesive patch containing Nigella sativa 10% with triamcinolone 0.1% in patients with erosive‐atrophic oral lichen planus: A pilot study
Authors: Pakfetrat Atessa , Delavarian Zahra , Malakooti Mahshid , Bagheri Hossein , Esmaily Habibollah , Ghorbani Mahsa , Saeedi Pooya
Published: May 2024

Objective

This study evaluates the efficacy of a novel mucoadhesive patch containing Nigella sativa 10% extract compared to triamcinolone 0.1% in alleviating symptoms and reducing lesion severity in patients with erosive‐atrophic oral lichen planus.

Methods and Materials

A pilot study comprising two groups, each with 10 patients, was conducted. The intervention group received mucoadhesive patches containing N. sativa 10% extract, while the control group received triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% patches. Pain and burning intensity, measured through visual analog scale, and lesion severity based on the Thongprasom scale were assessed weekly for 4 weeks. Descriptive records were kept for side effects and patient satisfaction.

Results

Pain and burning intensity decreased in both groups throughout the sessions, with the N. sativa group showing a greater reduction than the triamcinolone group. The reduction in burning intensity within each group was significant (p < .001), and there was a significant difference between groups only in the second session (p = .045). The overall difference between groups was not significant (p > .05). Lesion severity also decreased significantly in both groups (p < .001), with a significant difference between groups observed in the third session (p = .043) and overall throughout the study (p = .006).

Conclusion

The use of N. sativa extract in mucoadhesive patches was as effective as corticosteroids in reducing pain, burning, and lesion severity in patients with oral lichen planus, with N. sativa showing superior results in some sessions. Notably, no significant complications were observed with N. sativa use, making it a promising treatment option for lichen planus.
Targeting miR‐31 represses tumourigenesis and dedifferentiation of BRAFV600E‐associated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Peitao , Guan Lizhao , Sun Wei , Zhang Yu , Du Yaying , Yuan Shukai , Cao Xiaolong , Yu Zhengquan , Jia Qiang , Zheng Xiangqian , Meng Zhaowei , Li Xingrui , Zhao Li
Published: May 2024

Background

BRAFV600E is the most common genetic mutation in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) occurring in 60% of patients and drives malignant tumour cell phenotypes including proliferation, metastasis and immune‐escape. BRAFV600E‐mutated papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) also displays greatly reduced expression of thyroid differentiation markers, thus tendency to radioactive iodine (RAI) refractory and poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms and main oncogenic events underlying BRAFV600E will guide future therapy development.

Methods

Bioinformatics and clinical specimen analyses, genetic manipulation of BRAFV600E‐induced PTC model, functional and mechanism exploration guided with transcriptomic screening, as well as systematic rescue experiments were applied to investigate miR‐31 function within BRAFV600E‐induced thyroid cancer development. Besides, nanoparticles carrying miR‐31 antagomirs were testified to alleviate 131I iodide therapy on PTC models.

Results

We identify miR‐31 as a significantly increased onco‐miR in BRAFV600E‐associated PTC that promotes tumour progression, metastasis and RAI refractoriness via sustained Wnt/β‐catenin signalling. Mechanistically, highly activated BRAF/MAPK pathway induces miR‐31 expression via c‐Jun‐mediated transcriptional regulation across in vitro and transgenic mouse models. MiR‐31 in turn facilitates β‐catenin stabilisation via directly repressing tumour suppressors CEBPA and DACH1, which direct the expression of multiple essential Wnt/β‐catenin pathway inhibitors. Genetic functional assays showed that thyroid‐specific knockout of miR‐31 inhibited BRAFV600E‐induced PTC progression, and strikingly, enhanced expression of sodium‐iodide symporter and other thyroid differentiation markers, thus promoted 131I uptake. Nanoparticle‐mediated application of anti‐miR‐31 antagomirs markedly elevated radio‐sensitivity of BRAFV600E‐induced PTC tumours to 131I therapy, and efficiently suppressed tumour progression in the pre‐clinical mouse model.

Conclusions

Our findings elucidate a novel BRAF/MAPK‐miR‐31‐Wnt/β‐catenin regulatory mechanism underlying clinically BRAFV600E‐associated DTC tumourigenesis and dedifferentiation, also highlight a potential adjuvant therapeutic strategy for advanced DTC.
Decoding the ribosome's hidden language: rRNA modifications as key players in cancer dynamics and targeted therapies
Authors: Cui Li , Zheng Jiarong , Lin Yunfan , Lin Pei , Lu Ye , Zheng Yucheng , Guo Bing , Zhao Xinyuan
Published: May 2024

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modifications, essential components of ribosome structure and function, significantly impact cellular proteomics and cancer biology. These chemical modifications transcend structural roles, critically shaping ribosome functionality and influencing cellular protein profiles. In this review, the mechanisms by which rRNA modifications regulate both rRNA functions and broader cellular physiological processes are critically discussed. Importantly, by altering the translational output, rRNA modifications can shift the cellular equilibrium towards oncogenesis, thus playing a key role in cancer development and progression. Moreover, a special focus is placed on the functions of mitochondrial rRNA modifications and their aberrant expression in cancer, an area with profound implications yet largely uncharted. Dysregulation in these modifications can lead to metabolic dysfunction and apoptosis resistance, hallmark traits of cancer cells. Furthermore, the current challenges and future perspectives in targeting rRNA modifications are highlighted as a therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. In conclusion, rRNA modifications represent a frontier in cancer research, offering novel insights and therapeutic possibilities. Understanding and harnessing these modifications can pave the way for breakthroughs in cancer treatment, potentially transforming the approach to combating this complex disease.
An improved localization algorithm to replace faulty nodes for an IoT network using weighted grey wolf optimization
Authors: Kanwar Vivek , Aydin Orhun
Published: May 2024

Localization algorithms are essential for tracking, fault tolerance, and adding location context to Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Among the various range‐free techniques, DV‐Hop stands out for its lower computational complexity. Despite efforts to minimize manufacturing costs for sensors, they often find themselves deployed in remote and hard‐to‐access locations, making battery replacement a challenging prospect. These sensors can be utilized in a hostile environment, such as a field of battle, fires, floods, and earthquakes. In these types of scenarios, the sensors can become dead and stop communicating with each other. Hence, there is a critical need to improve algorithms that can tolerate and detect faults in network nodes. The faults of the sensor can lower the quality of the algorithm if they are not replaced. In such situations, we need to distribute supplementary target nodes to replace faulty nodes. This paper presented an improved DV‐Hop based method for localization of additional target nodes using grey wolf optimization (GWO). The proposed method will only localize the position of target nodes and minimizes the localization time, which makes the system more energy efficient. Simulation results conclude that the proposed GWO‐based DV‐Hop localization performed well as compared with traditional DV‐hop, genetic DV‐Hop, and Adaptive genetic DV‐hop.
A Tri‐Salt Composite Electrolyte with Temperature Switch Function for Intelligently Temperature‐Controlled Lithium Batteries
Authors: Fu Ende , Wang Huimin , Zhang Yating , Xiao Zhenxue , Zheng Xiu , Hao Shuai , Gao Xueping
Published: May 2024

The intense research of lithium‐ion batteries has been motivated by their successful applications in mobile devices and electronic vehicles. The emerging of intelligent control in kinds of devices brings new requirements for battery systems. The high‐energy lithium batteries are expected to respond or react under different environmental conditions. In this work, a tri‐salt composite electrolyte is designed with a temperature switch function for intelligently temperature‐controlled lithium batteries. Specifically, the halide Li3YBr6 together with LiTFSI and LiNO3 works as active fillers in a low‐melting‐point polymer matrix (polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) and polyethylene oxide (PEO)), which is further filled into the pre‐lithiated alumina fiber skeleton. Above 60 °C, the composite electrolyte exists in the liquid state and fully contacts with the working electrodes on the liquid–solid interface, effectively minimizing the interfacial resistance and leading to high discharge capacity in the cell. The electrolyte is changed into a solid state below 30 °C so that the ionic conductivity is significantly reduced and the interface resistance is increased dramatically on the solid–solid interface. Therefore, by simply adjusting the temperature, the cell can be turned “ON” or “OFF” intentionally. This novel function of the composite electrolyte has enlightening significance in developing intelligently temperature‐controlled lithium batteries.
Harvesting Energy Via Water Movement and Surface Ionics in Microfibrous Ceramic Wools
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Alagumalai Avinash , Mahian Omid , Osman Sameh M. , Nagao Tadaaki , Wang Zhonglin
Published: May 2024

Due to the push for carbon neutrality in various human activities, the development of methods for producing electricity without relying on chemical reaction processes or heat sources has become highly significant. Also, the challenge lies in achieving microwatt‐scale outputs due to the inherent conductivity of the materials and diverting electric currents. To address this challenge, our research has concentrated on utilizing nonconductive mediums for water‐based low‐cost microfibrous ceramic wools in conjunction with a NaCl aqueous solution for power generation. The main source of electricity originates from the directed movement of water molecules and surface ions through densely packed microfibrous ceramic wools due to the effect of dynamic electric double layer. This occurrence bears resemblance to the natural water transpiration in plants, thereby presenting a fresh and straightforward approach for producing electricity in an ecofriendly manner. The generator module demonstrated in this study, measuring 12 × 6 cm2, exhibited a noteworthy open‐circuit voltage of 0.35 V, coupled with a short‐circuit current of 0.51 mA. Such low‐cost ceramic wools are suitable for ubiquitous, permanent energy sources and hold potential for use as self‐powered sensors and systems, eliminating the requirement for external energy sources such as sunlight or heat.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prevalence and risk factors
Authors: He Zimeng , Yang Xiaofan , Li Yumei , Zhao Xiaoyu , Li Jun , Li Baomin
Published: May 2024

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with epilepsy (CWE).

Methods

We conducted a systematic search in PubMed and Embase for the meta‐analysis. The pooled prevalence of ADHD was calculated using a random‐effects model; subgroup analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity. We collected raw data from articles reporting potential risk factors, which were included in the subsequent risk factor analysis.

Results

Forty‐six articles met the inclusion criteria for the meta‐analysis, which showed a pooled ADHD prevalence of 30.7% in CWE, with a predominance of the inattentive subtype of ADHD; the heterogeneity of prevalence was related to population source/study setting (clinic based, community based, or database based) and method of ADHD diagnosis (with or without clinical review). Risk factors for ADHD in epilepsy included younger age, intellectual/developmental disabilities, a family history of epilepsy, earlier epilepsy onset, absence epilepsy, more frequent seizures, and polytherapy; In contrast, risk factors such as sex, generalized epilepsy or seizures, epilepsy etiology, and electroencephalogram abnormalities were not significantly associated with the occurrence of ADHD.

Significance

The prevalence of ADHD in CWE is high and several potential risk factors are associated with it. This study contributes to a better understanding of ADHD in epilepsy for screening and treatment.

Plain Language Summary

This systematic review summarizes the prevalence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurring in children with epilepsy and analyses the risk factors for comorbid ADHD in epilepsy. By reviewing 46 articles, we concluded that the overall prevalence of ADHD in children with epilepsy was 30.7% and that intellectual/developmental disabilities were the most significant risk factor for combined ADHD in children with epilepsy. This study provides a wealth of information on comorbid ADHD in epilepsy, which will help clinicians identify and treat potential ADHD in children with epilepsy in a timely manner.
Does Daucus carota L. leaf provide a high potential as a source of bioactive constituents: A case study about the influences of process/storage conditions
Authors: Bardakçi Merve Seçil , Özçelik Ayşe , Karacabey Erkan
Published: May 2024

The current study focused on the valorization of carrot leaves, Daucus carota L. because of their high amount of ascorbic acid (AA), phenolic compounds, and the related antioxidant activity. In this study, the changes in carrot leaves caused by different drying techniques (freeze, vacuum, microwave‐assisted infrared, oven) and different storage conditions (room temperature and refrigerator) were investigated. AA contents of fresh, dried, and stored carrot leaf samples were chromatographically determined. Additionally, analysis of TPA (total phenolic content), TAC (total antioxidant capacity), total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and color were carried out. Additionally, fresh leaves were analyzed to compare their results with the corresponding values of processed or stored samples. TPA, TAC, AA, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid values of the samples stored in the refrigerator were 889 ± 63 mg/100 g d.b., 504 mg/100 g d.b., 269 A.A./100 g d.b., 253 mg/100 g d.b., and 2497 mg/100 g d.b., respectively, while the values of the samples dried at room temperature 620 ± 35 mg/100 g d.b., 303 ± 15 mg/100 g d.b., 110 ± 21 mg A.A./100 g d.b., 44 ± 3 mg/100 g d.b., 641 ± 16 mg/100 g d.b., respectively. Consequently, fresh carrot leaves have a higher vitamin C content than many leafy vegetables and even its own family, parsley. Fresh samples stored at room temperature and in the refrigerator for 7 days provided high ascorbic acid retention. Dried leaves with the MW + IR combined system provided better protection than others in terms of bioactive components. However, OD treatment at 40°C provided better protection and was one step ahead in terms of AA content.
Dietary Polycan, a β‐glucan originating from Aureobasidium pullulansSM‐2001, attenuates high‐fat‐diet‐induced intestinal barrier damage in obese mice by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis
Authors: Ko Gwang‐Pyo , Unno Tatsuya , Kim Young‐Suk , Kim Jungman
Published: May 2024

Various metabolic diseases caused by a high‐fat diet (HFD) are closely related to gut microbiota dysbiosis and epithelial barrier dysfunction. Polycan, a type of β‐glucan, is effective in treating anti‐obesity and metabolic diseases caused by HFD. However, the effect of Polycan on dysbiosis and epithelial barrier damage is still unknown. In this study, the effects of Polycan on dysbiosis and intestinal barrier damage were investigated using HFD‐induced obese model mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD for 12 weeks and treated with two different doses of Polycan (250 and 500 mg/kg) orally administered during weeks 9 to 12. Polycan supplementation increased the expression of tight junction genes (zonula occludens‐1, occludin, and claudin‐3) and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) content while reducing toxic substances (phenol, p‐cresol, and skatole). Most significantly, Polycan enriched SCFA‐producing bacteria (i.e., Phocaeicola, Bacteroides, Faecalibaculum, Oscillibacter, Lachnospiraceae, and Muribaculaceae), and decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and toxic substances‐producing bacteria (i.e., Olsenella, Clostridium XVIII, and Schaedlerella). Furthermore, microbial functional capacity prediction of the gut microbiota revealed that Polycan enriched many SCFA‐related KEGG enzymes while toxic substance‐related KEGG enzymes were depleted. These findings indicated that Polycan has the potential to alleviate HFD‐induced intestinal barrier damage by modulating the function and composition of the gut microbiota.
Related mechanisms, current treatments, and new perspectives in meningioma
Authors: Inetas‐Yengin Gizem , Bayrak Omer Faruk
Published: May 2024

Meningiomas are non‐glial tumors that are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. Although meningioma can possibly be cured with surgical excision, variations in atypical/anaplastic meningioma have a high recurrence rate and a poor prognosis. As a result, it is critical to develop novel therapeutic options for high‐grade meningiomas. This review highlights the current histology of meningiomas, prevalent genetic and molecular changes, and the most extensively researched signaling pathways and therapies in meningiomas. It also reviews current clinical studies and novel meningioma treatments, including immunotherapy, microRNAs, cancer stem cell methods, and targeted interventions within the glycolysis pathway. Through the examination of the complex landscape of meningioma biology and the highlighting of promising therapeutic pathways, this review opens the way for future research efforts aimed at improving patient outcomes in this prevalent intracranial tumor entity.