bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Components of effective diversity training programmes
Authors: Wentling Rose Mary , Palma‐Rivas Nilda
Published: March 2003

This article reports on the results of a study on the components of effective diversity training programmes as perceived by diversity experts. The major method of this research study was in‐depth, open‐ended telephone interviews with a panel of 12 diversity experts located throughout the USA. The purpose was to draw upon their knowledgeable insights about the topic of effective diversity training programmes. The literature that this study was based on shows that organisations have to consider training for diversity, both domestically and internationally, to a much greater extent than ever before, this is because of demographic trends, the cost of not having diversity training, and the variety and complexity of intercultural contacts throughout the world. This study also revealed the definition and goals of effective diversity training programmes. This study could have direct implications for the development and implementation of diversity training programmes for companies operating in domestic and international settings.
Social Dialogue Over Vocational Training In Market‐Led Systems
Authors: Winterton Jonathan
Published: March 2003

The involvement of social partners is central to the rhetoric of the European Commission approach to vocational training. This paper explores the development of social dialogue over vocational training at the European level and in Italy and Britain, two member states characterised as having market‐led systems. The contrasting experience of the two member states suggests factors that are conducive to promoting greater social partner involvement in vocational training and demonstrates the complexity of developing a European approach.
Public sector training participation: an empirical investigation
Authors: Bates Reid A
Published: March 2003

This study tests a mediated model of employee participation in training activities in a public sector highway department. Results showed the combined predictor sets accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in an objective measure of training attended, a self‐report measure of training attended, and intentions to participate in future training. Although the proposed mediated model was not supported, the findings suggest that previous transfer success and motivation play a significant role in intentions to participate in training.
Individual career initiatives and their influence upon professional expertise development throughout the career
Authors: Van Der Heijden Beatrice I.J.M.
Published: March 2003

The present study describes the relationship between three individual predictor variables and the degree of professional expertise of higher level employees in three different career stages. Professional expertise is operationalised by means of five dimensions, i.e. knowledge, meta‐cognitive knowledge, skills, social recognition and growth and flexibility. The factors in question are: the degree of participation in social networks, the degree of participation in training and development programmes and the degree of initiatives that are taken by the individual employee to further career growth. Hypotheses have been tested with original survey data from 420 higher level employees and 224 direct supervisors. The results indicate that the focus of attention is, in general, restricted to the employee’s present contribution and to the familiar job domain. Activities aimed at enlarging the outlook are virtually non‐existent. That is to say, management is preoccupied with instrumental leadership, i.e. aimed at the here‐and‐now and less future‐oriented, instead of appropriate people management.
Value priorities of HRD scholars and practitioners
Authors: Bates Reid , Chih Chen Hsin , Hatcher Tim
Published: March 2003

This study represents an initial effort to identify and measure a set of values that reflect the goals that human resource development (HRD) scholars and practitioners believe HRD should strive to achieve. Six values reflecting two value facets (locus of HRD influence and HRD outcomes) and a seventh value that relates to a perceived normative component inherent of HRD activity were identified and measured. Results indicated the value scales measured individual value priorities of HRD scholars and practitioners, and that the structure of these value priorities varied as a function of individual differences. Suggestions for future research are offered.
The Changing ‘Face’ of the Suburbs: Issues of Ethnicity and Residential Change in Suburban Vancouver
Authors: Ray Brian K. , Halseth Greg , Johnson Benjamin
Published: March 2003

In recent years Richmond, British Columbia, a quintessential middle class suburb of Vancouver, has seen its Chinese immigrant population grow significantly; a change that has not gone uncontested by a largely ‘white’ European incumbent population. This long‐established suburban neighbourhood provides an opportunity to examine contested place imagery and a discourse of racism that is shaping spatial relations in ways that depart from earlier discussions of inner‐city Chinatowns. The paper has three principal objectives. The first is to develop a conceptual framework for interpreting the actual and imagined geographies of ethnic change and the tensions it can generate within local space. The second is to evaluate the social and physical changes brought about within Richmond by a relatively recent arrival of Chinese immigrants. Questions of scale are explored both at the community and neighbourhood levels, and we seek to determine whether the patterns of Chinese residential settlement represent a break from the past. Finally, we seek to employ the conceptual framework to evaluate local responses to ethnic change in Richmond given the spatial context within which ethnic change is being experienced.
Metropolitan government and governance in western countries: a critical review
Authors: Lefèvre Christian
Published: March 2003

The failure of top‐down imposed institutional reform for metropolitan areas in the western world has called for new conceptions of institution‐building. A bottom up, governance type approach is now considered in various countries which focuses on flexible, voluntary and partnership elements of collective action through which institution is no longer considered as a ready‐made object but as a process. A large part of the literature insists upon the effectiveness of this approach through the search for consensus and highlights its internal elements as conditions of success. However, this conception forgets the political and ideological dimensions of institution‐building and, consequently, the likely conflicts and obstacles unresolved by governance. This article discusses the relationships between metropolitan government and governance taking a few western urban areas as examples and questions the apparent success of the ongoing metropolitan experiences.
Reconceptualizing public and private in urban regime theory: governance in AIDS politics
Authors: Brown Michael
Published: March 2003

Regime theory is a means by which scholars study governance in the city. Governance is defined as a productive exercise of power (‘the power to’) resulting from the normative and actual arrangements (the ‘regime’) between public and private spheres in a liberal democratic community. To date, the public‐private couplet has been conceptualized as the state and market institutions respectively. In this paper I show that this definition is but one particular (Lockean) conceptualization of the public and private. Other dimensions also exist in liberalism itself (Romantic, Modern and feminist critique) and thus have considerable saliency in urban life and politics. Recognizing this point benefits regime theory by strengthening and extending its theoretical and empirical consistency. It captures the complex structuration of city politics better, and facilitates the examination of non‐traditional forms and locations of politics in the city, where each of the dimensions of the public‐private couplet might produce governance. Using grounded theory, that point is developed through an account of local politics of AIDS in a New Zealand city, where various forms of public and private enterprise connect to successfully achieve the policy goals of prevention, education and support.

La théorie du régime est un moyen pour les chercheurs d’étudier le gouvernement des villes. La gouvernance est définie comme l’exercice productif du pouvoir (‘le pouvoir de’) qui résulte des arrangements normatifs et réels (le ‘régime’) entre les sphères du privé et du public dans une communauté libérale démocratique. Jusqu’à maintenant, le couple public‐privé a été aux institutions de l’état et du marché. Dans cet article je montre que cette représentation n’est qu’une représentation particulière (Lock) du public et du privé. D’autres dimensions existent dans le libéralisme même (romantique, moderne, et la critique féministe) et ont donc une importance considérable dans la vie et dans les politiques urbaines. La reconnaissance de ce point bénéficie à la théorie du régime en donnant de la force à sa consistance empirique et théorique et en l’étendant. Ceci rend mieux compte de la structuration complexe des politiques des villes, et facilite l’examen des formes et des lieux de politique non traditionnels de la ville, ou` chaque dimension du couple public‐privé peut produire la gouvernance. En utilisant grounded‐théory, ce point est développé dans un compte‐rendu de la politique locale du Sida dans une ville de Nouvelle‐Zélande où des formes diverses d’entreprise publique et privée se rejoignent pour atteindre les buts politiques de la prévention, de l’éducation et du soutien.
The Significance of Borders in the East European Transition
Authors: Thuen Trond
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the recent proliferation of small‐scale trading in East Europe with a special emphasis on the profits and perils associated with border‐crossing. The political, economic and symbolic aspects of state borders have changed significantly since 1989, and the economic opportunities associated with border‐crossing as ‘trader‐tourists’ represent one of the major challenges to varying categories of the populations to engage in activities associated with the capitalistic spirit of the new era. With ethnographic material from Varna on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and some comparative glimpses of Russian street trading in Northern Norway, the article discusses how the border, in representing opportunities as well as risks, regulates the relationship between ethnic categories taking part in the trade as well as that between the controllers and the citizens.

Cet article a pour objet la prolifération récente du commerce de petite échelle en Europe de l’est et met l’accent sur les profits et dangers associés à la traversée des frontières. Les aspects politiques, économiques et symboliques des frontières d’état ont changé de façon significative depuis 1989, et les opportunités commerciales associées à la traversée des frontières en tant que ‘touristes‐commerçants’ représentent, pour diverses catégories de population, un des principaux défis de s’engager dans des activités associées à l’esprit capitaliste de l’ère nouvelle. À partir de matériel ethnographique provenant de Varna, sur la côte bulgare de la Mer Noire, et de quelques aperçus comparatifs du commerce russe des rues en Norvège du nord, cet article montre comment la frontière, en représentant des opportunités ainsi que des risques, régularise les relations entre les catégories ethniques qui prennent part dans le commerce ainsi que les relations entre les contrôleurs et les citoyens.
On location: American capital and the local labour market in the Vancouver film industry
Authors: Coe Neil M.
Published: March 2003

This article makes three contributions to the local labour market literature. Firstly, it provides an empirical example of the contours and dynamics of a unique local labour market. Secondly, it explores the degree to which the local labour market is shaped by external forces operating at the national and international scale. Thirdly, it considers the extent to which the local labour market can be conceptualized as a multi‐vocal social construct. These ideas are developed through a case study of union involvement in the Vancouver film industry. During the summer of 1997 there was a period of discord between the actors’ union in Vancouver, UBCP, and American producers, represented by the AMPTP. These tensions were exacerbated by the involvement of the Provincial Government, the local press and other vested interest groups. Using a variety of interview and documentary evidence, this dispute is used to illustrate the geographically specific and highly complex nature of local labour markets.

Cet article réalise trois contributions aux travaux sur le marchré local du travail. Premièrement, il analyse un exemple empirique des contours et des dynamiques d’un marchré unique du travail local. Deuxièmement, l’auteur examine la contribution des forces externes (nationales et internationales) à l’organisation du marchré local du travail. Troisièmement, dans quelle mesure un marchré local du travail peut‐il étre conceptualisré comme une construction sociale à plusieurs discours? Ces points sont drévelopprés dans le cas d’rétude de la participation des syndicats dans l’industrie du film a Vancouver. Pendant l’rétré1997, il y eut une prériode de dissensions entre le syndicat des acteurs à Vancouver (UBCP) et les producteurs amréricains, reprrésentrés par l’AMPTP. Ces tensions rétaient aggravrées par la participation du gouvernement provincial, de la presse locale et d’autres groupes militants. A partir de diverses donnrées provenant d’entrevues et de documentation, ce conflit est utilisré pour illustrer la particularitré gréographique et la nature extrémement complexe des marchés locaux du travail.
Constructing premium network spaces: reflections on infrastructure networks and contemporary urban development
Authors: Graham Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article argues that standardized, public or private infrastructure monopolies are receding as hegemonic forms of urban infrastructure development. We are starting to witness the uneven overlaying of new, customized, high‐performance urban infrastructures onto the apparently immanent, universal and (usually) public monopoly networks laid down in developed cities between the 1930s and 1960s. This article seeks to develop a broad and international exploration of the construction of such premium networked spaces and to begin analysing how they are bound up within wider processes of urban change and restructuring. To this end it highlights four processes of socio‐technical and political economic change that are supporting the emergence of premium networked infrastructures. These are: the ‘unbundling’ of urban infrastructure provision; the erosion of comprehensive urban planning and the construction of new consumption spaces; the emergence of infrastructural consumerism; and the widespread shift towards extended and automobilized cityscapes. In each case, the article explores emerging examples of premium networked spaces via brief case studies. Finally, the article reflects on the likely limits to these trends, by way of a brief conclusion.

Cet article sugg ère que les monopoles d’infrastructures uniformis´s, privés ou publics, disparaissent en tant que formes h´gémoniques du développement d’infrastructure urbaine. Nous commen??ons à voir la superposition inégale de nouvelles infrastructures urbaines de haut rendement, faites sur mesure, sur les r´seaux de monopole (généralement) publics universels, apparemment immanents, mis en place dans les villes développ´es entre les années trente et les ann´es soixante. Cet article tente de développer une perspective internationale de la construction de ces espaces de réseaux recherchés, et de commencer à analyser comment ils sont reliés dans le contexte du processus de changement et de restructuration urbains plus larges. Pour ce faire, il souligne quatre processus de changement politico‐économique et socio‐technique qui supportent l’apparition des infrastructures de réseaux recherch´es. Ce sont: le ‘d´sempaquetage’ de la provision d’infrastructure urbaine; l’érosion de la planification urbaine compréhensive et la construction de nouveaux espaces de consommation; l’apparition du consomm´risme infrastructurel; et un changement général vers des paysages de citéétendus et motorisés. Dans chaque cas, l’article explore des exemples émergents d’espaces de réseaux recherchés avec de brefs cas d’étude. Enfin, dans sa conclusion, l’article refléchit aux limites probables de ces tendances.
Clichés of Urban Doom: The Dystopian Politics of Metaphors for the Unequal City – a View from Brussels
Authors: Baeten Guy
Published: March 2003

Drawing on evidence from the city of Brussels, it will be argued that much of today's urban governance discourses and practices contributes to anti‐urban ‘clichés of urban doom’ and betrays middle‐class, ethnocentric, sexist and racist prejudices about urban societies. Mainstream conceptions of urban problems and policies are modernist, white, patriarchal, heterosexual, nuclear family‐minded, middle‐class and suburban. Mainstream urban planning metaphors contribute to, instead of help to eliminate, sexist and racist urban politics. The uncritical use of concepts such as ‘polarization’, ‘exclusion’ or ‘poverty’ accords with the quest for urban purification by dominant groups in society, who seek to minimalize the urban experience of heterogeneity, otherness, diversity and urban unpredictability. The main contribution of this paper will be in trying to make clear how some key metaphors in contemporary urban planning disempower the already disempowered and in fact contribute to conservative urban politics, even when they are not intended to.

Á partir du cas de Bruxelles, l'article démontre que les discours et pratiques actuels en matière de gouvernance urbaine participent, pour la plupart, aux clichés anti‐urbains sur ‘la ville en perdition’, tout en révélant des préjugés racistes, sexistes, ethnocentriques et bourgeois à l'égard des sociétés urbaines. Les principaux courants conceptuels des politiques et problèmes urbains sont de source moderniste, blanche, patriarcale, hétérosexuelle, favorable à la famille nucléaire, bourgeoise et suburbaine. Loin de s'en débarrasser, les grandes métaphores de l'urbanisme contribuent à une politique de la ville sexiste et raciste. L'utilisation sommaire de concepts tels que polarisation, exclusion ou pauvreté s'inscrit dans l'entreprise de purification urbaine des groupes sociétaux dominants qui cherchent à restreindre l'expérience d'hétérogénéité, de différence, de diversité et d'incertitude du cercle urbain. Cet article s'efforce surtout d'expliquer comment certaines images‐clés de l'urbanisme moderne privent de toute influence ceux qui n'en ont déjà aucune, et favorisent en fait une politique urbaine conservatrice, même involontairement.
Ethnic Minority Enterprise in its Urban Context: South Asian Restuarants in Birmingham
Authors: Ram Monder , Jones Trevor , Abbas Tahir , Sanghera Balihar
Published: March 2003

The embeddedness of ethnic minority business activity is widely accepted, as researchers increasingly eschew ethno‐culturalist explanations of the phenomenon. However, despite the importance of urban processes, studies of ethnic minority enterprise are often ‘spaceless’. This article uses Rekers and van Kempen’s urban spatial framework to assess the experiences of South Asian owners in Birmingham’s restaurant industry. One taken‐for‐granted but evidently important element to which this article draws attention is location, which emerges as one of the key points of differentiation within the ethnic business community. Location is seen to influence individual access to market potential, an unevenly distributed resource largely shaped by local social geography. At the same time, entry into more lucrative market niches is heavily dependent on the possession of other resources such as capital, information and in some instances management skills.

Si l’intégration d’entreprises créées par des minorités ethniques est largement admise, les chercheurs évitent de plus en plus les explications ethno‐culturalistes du phénomène. Par ailleurs, malgré l’importance des processus urbains, les études sur ces entreprises n’ont souvent pas de ‘bornes’. Cet article utilise le cadre spatial urbain de Rekers et van Kempen pour évaluer les expériences de propriétaires de restaurants sud‐asiatiques à Birmingham. Il attire l’attention sur une composante normale, quoique manifestement importante: le lieu. Celui‐ci apparaît comme l’un des points de différenciation essentiels au sein de la communautééconomique ethnique. Il influence l’accès individuel au marché potentiel, ressource inégalement répartie et largement configurée par la géographie sociale locale. Parallèlement, une pénétration de niches de marché plus lucratives dépend considérablement de la détention d’autres ressources, telles qu’un capital, des informations et, dans certains cas, des compétences de dirigeant.
Understanding Urban Inequality: A Model Based on Existing Theories and an Empirical Illustration
Authors: Burgers Jack , Musterd Sako
Published: March 2003

In the debate on urban inequality, Sassen’s theory on social polarization and Wilson’s theory on spatial mismatch have received much attention. Where Sassen highlights the decline of the middle classes, Wilson focuses on the upgrading of urban labour markets. In this article we argue that both theories may be valid, but that they have to be put in a more extended theoretical framework. Of central importance are national institutional arrangements, membership of different ethnic groups and networks, and place–specific characteristics rooted in local socio–economic histories. As a first empirical illustration of our model, we use data on the labour markets of Amsterdam and Rotterdam and show that different forms of inequality can be found both in economic sectors and within ethnic groups. The model we present could be used both to reinterébatpret existing data and as an analytical framework for the analysis of different forms of urban inequality.

Dans le d& sur l’inégalitéurbaine, la théorie de la polarisation sociale de Sassen et celle de la disparité spatiale de Wilson ont retenu l’attention. Alors que Sassen souligne le déclin des classes moyennes, Wilson s’attache à la revalorisation des marchés du travail urbains. Cet article soutient que, si ces deux théories sont admissibles, elles doivent étre placées dans un cadre théorique plus large. En effet, sont essentielles les dispositions institutionnelles nationales, l’adhésion de différents réseaux et groupes ethniques, et les spécificités du lieu enracinées dans les histoires socio–économiques locales. Comme première illustration empirique de notre modèle, nous utilisons des données relatives aux marchés du travail d’Amsterdam et de Rotterdam pour montrer qu’il y existe différentes formes d’inégalitéà la fois dans les secteurs économiques et les groupes ethniques. Le modèle présenté pourrait servir à réinterpréter les données existantes et fournir un cadre à l’analyse des diverses formes d’inégalité urbaine.
Negotiation of property rights in urban land in İstanbul
Authors: Gülöksüz Elvan
Published: March 2003

This article looks into the evolution of property rights in two farm estates in the city of İstanbul between 1874 and 2000. In the 1970s, these farm estates developed into urban districts which were designated ‘illegal’ because their development did not conform to urban planning and/or property legislation. The research examines changes in the laws defining property rights over time, the transfers of property in the two farm estates, and the conflicts among the various actors over property rights or ownership. The findings demonstrate how property is established as the outcome of struggles and conflicts among actors, notably between those excluded from and those included in property ownership and between private and public interests in the definition of property rights. These conflicts are intensified by the high revenues obtained from urban land transactions. The findings also show that confrontations take place within the context of the property and urban planning laws while these laws are themselves negotiated during this process, eventually leading to changes in the laws when wide acceptance of local formulations force the state to seek a compromise. The study is also demonstrative of the variety of attitudes different state bodies adopt towards property relations in these districts.

Cet article examine l’évolution des droits de propriété dans deux domaines agricoles de la ville d’İstanbul entre 1874 et 2000. Dans les années 1970, ces terrains ont été aménagés en quartiers urbains qualifiés d’‘illégaux’, leur aménagement ne respectant pas le plan d’urbanisme et/ou la législation sur la propriété. L’article s’intéresse aux changements apportés à la législation définissant les droits de propriété, aux transferts de biens dans les deux domaines agricoles et aux conflits entre les différents acteurs quant aux droits afférents aux biens immobiliers ou à la propriété. Ces recherches montrent comment la propriété s’établit au terme de luttes et conflits entre les acteurs (notamment ceux qui sont exclus et inclus dans la propriété), ainsi qu’entre les intérêts privés et publics dans la définition des droits. Ces litiges sont alimentés par les revenus importants tirés des transactions sur les terrains urbains. Selon les résultats, les affrontements ont lieu dans le cadre des législations sur la propriété et l’urbanisme alors que ces lois sont elles–mêmes en cours de négociation; cette situation aboutit à des amendements lorsqu’une large acceptation des formulations locales oblige l’État à chercher un compromis. Ceci démontre aussi la diversité des attitudes qu’adoptent les différents organes de l’État à l’égard des relations liées aux biens immobiliers dans ces quartiers.
Urban form and globalization after September 11th: the view from New York
Authors: Marcuse Peter
Published: March 2003

The attack on the World Trade Center will have a significant effect on urban development in New York City, not so much because it will change existing patterns, but because it will intensify them. The effect will come from the way leaders in the political and business community act after September 11th, more than from what the attack itself accomplished. Among the key effects will be a further barricading of spaces within the city, a concentrated deconcentration of business activities away from the center and their citadelization. The process of public planning is increasingly irrelevant; deplanning might be a better word for it. Decision–making is concentrated in quasi–governmental bodies, freed from the obligation to follow democratic procedures. Business groups, particularly those involved in global processes, are well organized and are pressing for planning and for subsidies serving their interests. There is publicly–oriented activity also, but less focused and not (yet?) raising distributional and social justice issues as central concerns. The net result is a further skewing of the benefits and costs of globalization.

L’attaque du World Trade Center influencera considérablement l’urbanisation de la ville de New York car, non seulement elle modifiera les schémas existants, mais elle va les intensifier. Plus que des effets de l’attaque elle–même, le résultat dépendra de la manière dont les dirigeants – du monde politique et des entreprises – réagiront après le 11 septembre. Parmi les principales conséquences, on peut citer un enfermement accentué des espaces au sein de la ville, et une déconcentration concentrée accompagnée d’une ‘citadellisation’ des activités commerciales éloignées du centre. Le processus d’aménagement public perd peu à peu sa pertinence, ‘désaménagement‘ devenant peut–être un terme plus exact. La prise de décision est regroupée dans des organismes quasi–gouvernementaux, dégagés de toute obligation de respect des procédures démocratiques. Les groupes économiques, notamment ceux qui sont impliqués dans des processus mondialisés, sont bien organisés et réclament aménagements et subventions servant leurs intérêts. Il existe aussi une activité dirigée vers le public, quoique moins convergente et ne soulevant pas (encore) les problèmes de justice sociale et de répartition en termes de préoccupations essentielles. Le résultat net renforce les biais des avantages et coûts de la mondialisation.
Urban security from warfare to welfare
Authors: Light Jennifer S.
Published: March 2003

Recent mobilization efforts to provide urban security in the American ‘War on Terrorism’ recall the expanding military–industrial complex during the nation’s preparations for the Cold War. This article suggests the current generation of American city leaders can learn much from history. Juxtaposing recent mobilization efforts alongside analogous episodes from the nation’s past reminds us that many powerful economic and political interests are well–served by the unbridled expansion of urban fear. This comparison raises important questions to be asked of current and future domestic urban security measures in the ‘War on Terrorism’.

Les récents efforts de mobilisation visant à assurer une sécurité urbaine dans le cadre de la ‘guerre’ américaine contre le terrorisme évoquent le complexe militaro–industriel qui s’était développé pendant les préparatifs nationaux à la Guerre froide. La génération actuelle des dirigeants de villes américaines peut apprendre beaucoup de l’histoire. Juxtaposer ces récentes tentatives de mobilisation aux épisodes analogues du passé national rappelle que, pour beaucoup, les puissants intérêts économiques et politiques se nourrissent de l’essor incontrôlé des ‘peurs urbaines’. Cette comparaison suscite d’importantes interrogations quant aux mesures actuelles et futures en matière de sécurité intérieure urbaine dans le contexte de la ‘guerre contre le terrorisme’.
Migration Policy Objectives for European East‐West International Migration
Authors: Drbohlav Dusan
Published: March 2003

The study contains selected results of Delphi research (subjective judgements concerning the future on a collective expert basis) on international migration between Central/Eastern (C/EEc) and Western European countries. Taking part in the research were 109 scholars and officers (70 in the first Delphi round and 39 in the second round) from all over Europe – mainly sociologists, economists, geographers and demographers dealing with the topic of migration.

Results indicate growing problems and tensions in societies, the division of Europe into two parts, and the triggering rather than pacifying of further antagonisms and hostile anti‐immigrant attitudes on the Western side. As predicted, it seems that the West will further try to curb immigration by applying tighter restrictive measures. Regarding competition between Eastern Europeans and Third World immigrants in Western Europe, the preferred opinion is that “the C/EE immigrants will not significantly affect the activities of the Third World immigrants in the West because they will attempt to gain posts/jobs at higher levels of the social ladder.”

Concerning policy objectives, the two most important general aims were how to contribute to migration stabilization in the East, and how to maintain and further develop stable democratic order and promote economic development.

Policy objectives devoted to specific migration issues indicate that more international cooperation, more information and more democracy/tolerance is necessary. Shared objectives should be: (1) to intensify mutual contacts; (2) disseminate information on rules and regulations regarding international migration as well as to tackle the issue of harmonizing the given migration controlling systems and statistics within Europe; and (3) provide further support for temporary labour contracts for Eastern professionals and manual workers in the West.
Ethnic Return Migration: An Estonian Case
Authors: Kulu Hill
Published: March 2003

Recently there has been growing interest among scholars in ethnic return migration. This article examines return migration during the post World War 2 period of descendants of Estonians who emigrated to Russia at the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century.

A case of return migration of West‐Siberian Estonians from the Omsk province is used as an example. Structuration theory is adopted and return migration is treated as a behavioural norm that evolves, spreads and becomes embedded within an ethnic minority living outside its homeland.

The research shows that in the case of West‐Siberian Estonians the main carrier of the migration behavioural norm is a generation. The behavioural norm of Estonians born in the 1910s‐1920s has been return migration to Estonia, while the migration behaviour of the 1930s‐1940s and the 1950s‐1960s generations can be characterized by urbanization in West Siberia.

Behind these inter‐generation differences in migration behaviour can be found the different socialization of the generations, appearing largely on the level of practical consciousness.

The results give reason to assume that ethnic return migration over a long period depends neither directly nor indirectly on momentary environmental changes, but rather on changes in people’s values, habits, identity etc., which in the case of an ethnic minority living outside its historical homeland may be followed generation by generation.
Return and Responsibility
Authors: Van Krieken Peter
Published: March 2003

Return is foremost the responsibility of the rejectee. The country where a residence permit has been sought may be of assistance (travel document, ticket) but is hereto not obliged. Countries of origin are obliged to take back their own subjects; readmission agreements may be of some help, but are no condition sine qua non. The Executive Committee of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in October 1998 indicated that it too should facilitate the return of persons not in need of international protection. Non‐return does not result in access to the labour market and/or the social welfare system.
The Demographic and Socio‐Economic Characteristics of Post‐1965 Immigrants to New York City: A Comparative Analysis by National Origin
Authors: Cordero‐Guzmán Héctor , Grosfoguel Ramon
Published: March 2003

This article analyses and compares the demographic and socio‐economic characteristics of persons born abroad who immigrated to New York City after 1965 and still lived in the City in 1990. Using data from the 1990 Census, we classify persons into the twenty four largest national origin groups and compare their demographic and socio‐economic characteristics (sex, age, educational attainment, labour force participation, unemployment, occupation, income, and poverty). We pose and answer three empirical questions. The first question is: what are some of the main differences by national origin in the composition of persons immigrating to New York City after 1965? The second question is: what are some of the main differences in the location of post‐1965 immigrants in New York's socio‐economic structure? The third question is: what are some of the main differences in the economic rewards received by persons who immigrated to New York City since 1965? We find that immigrants with less than a high school education have higher labour force participation rates than the US‐born population in the same educational category and also have slightly higher earnings. Immigrants with a high school degree have labour force participation rates close to (or slightly higher than) the average for the US‐born population but their incomes are slightly lower than the average income for the US‐born population. Immigrants with a college degree have participation rates similar or slightly lower that those of the US‐born population while their earnings are significantly lower that those of US‐born college graduates.
Emigration and Development: The Case of a Bangladeshi Village
Authors: Rahman Md. Mizanur
Published: March 2003

This article examines the developmental consequences of international labour migration in a Bangladeshi village. The data are from Hoglakandi, a village 30 kilometres south‐east of Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire with both open‐ended and closed category questions was used among 50 Singapore returnees, supplemented with additional in‐depth interviews. International labour migration has often been seen by many sending countries as a short cut to development because of its role in unemployment relief, balance of payments relief, and capital formation at national level. The study argues that the causes and effects of emigration can better be understood only when the process is placed within its local context, since what may prove to be advantageous at the national level may prove to be detrimental to a household or community or vice‐versa. It demonstrates how the contribution of labour migration is merely the transformation of labour into a structural component of the international political economy. The Hoglakandi experience reveals that labour migration does not fuel the local economy from an external pipeline of remittances and skill acquisition, rather it drains local resources that retard the development.
Diaspora Migration: Definitional Ambiguities and a Theoretical Paradigm
Authors: Shuval Judith T.
Published: March 2003

Diaspora migration is one of many types of migration likely to increase considerably during the early twenty‐first century. This article addresses the many ambiguities that surround diaspora migration with a view to developing a meaningful theoretical scheme in which to better understand the processes involved. The term diaspora has acquired a broad semantic domain. It now encompasses a motley array of groups such as political refugees, alien residents, guest workers, immigrants, expellees, ethnic and racial minorities, and overseas communities. It is used increasingly by displaced persons who feel, maintain, invent or revive a connection with a prior home. Concepts of diaspora include a history of dispersal, myths/memories of the homeland, alienation in the host country, desire for eventual return – which can be ambivalent, eschatological or utopian – ongoing support of the homeland and, a collective identity defined by the above relationship. This article considers four central issues: How does diaspora theory link into other theoretical issues? How is diaspora migration different from other types of migration? Who are the relevant actors and what are their roles? What are the social and political functions of diaspora? On the basis of this analysis a theoretical paradigm of diasporas is presented to enable scholars to move beyond descriptive research by identifying different types of diasporas and the dynamics that differentiate among them. Use of the proposed typology – especially in comparative research of different diasporas – makes it possible to focus on structural differences and similarities that could be critical to the social processes involved.
Propensity of Canada's Foreign‐born to Claim Unemployment Insurance Benefits
Authors: Marr Bill , Siklos Pierre L.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the relationship between claiming unemployment insurance benefits in Canada and the immigrant class under which immigrants were admitted (namely skilled workers, assisted relatives, family class, refugees), using a new data set that combines income tax and immigration records.

Claims rates (or the proportion of immigrants who claimed unemployment insurance benefits) are calculated for each immigrant landing class for the cohorts of immigrants who landed in 1980, 1985 and 1989; for each cohort, annual claims rates are presented from the year after landing to 1995.

The claims rates indicate that there are significant differences among the different immigrant landing classes: those admitted as skilled workers have relatively low claims rates, those in the family class or assisted relatives have higher rates, and refugees have the highest rates. For all immigrant landing classes, claims rates rise rapidly during the two or three years after arrival in Canada, but decline thereafter for all classes.

Differences in claims rates on unemployment insurance benefits remain across the immigrant landing classes after general economic conditions and some characteristics of the immigrants are controlled.
Principles of Protection for Internally Displaced Persons
Authors: Mooney Erin D.
Published: March 2003

For forced migrants who have not left their country but are internally displaced persons, human rights law provides an important framework through which to analyse and address their plight. Two principal reasons underpin this assertion.

First, owing to the compelling need: human rights violations cut across all phases of internal displacement, causing its occurrence, characterizing the conditions of physical insecurity and material deprivation in which the internally displaced often find themselves, and impeding equitable and lasting solutions.

Second, as internally displaced persons remain within the territory of their state, refugee law does not apply and, instead, human rights law provides the fundamental basis for addressing their plight. In addition to human rights law, other standards of international law are also relevant, namely international humanitarian law when displacement occurs in situations of armed conflict and refugee law by analogy.

Drawing on these three standards of international law, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement have been developed which set out what protection should mean for internally displaced persons in all phases of displacement. This article traces the origins and provides an overview of the content of the Guiding Principles, the text of which is reproduced in full in the Appendix.
Socio‐economic Development and International Migration: A Turkish Study
Authors: Icduygu Ahmet , Sirkeci Ibrahim , Muradoglu Gülnur
Published: March 2003

The root causes of international migration have been the subject of many studies, a vast majority of which are based on development theories dominated by economy‐oriented perspectives. An underlying assumption is that poverty breeds migration. The results, and the conclusions drawn from these studies, differ widely. For instance, whether emigration increases when poverty becomes more extreme, or less extreme, or why it reaches certain levels, are issues on which research still offers a mixed answer.

This article investigates the relationship between economic development and migration by taking into consideration the degrees of economic development that form thresholds for migration. It focuses on recent evidence on the development‐emigration relationship in Turkey which reflects a dimension of the dynamics and mechanisms facilitating or restricting migratory flows from the country.

Using data from the 1995 District‐level Socio‐economic Development Index of Turkey (DSDI) and the 1990 Census, the principal aim of the article is to provide an analytical base which identifies degrees of local level of development in Turkey, relate these to international migration flows, and examine patterns of the development‐migration relationship.
International Migration and State Sovereignty in an Integrating Europe
Authors: Geddes Andrew
Published: March 2003

This article examines the development of migration policy competencies of the European Union (EU) since the 1990s. It pays particular attention to policy framework that developed after the Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties entered into effect in 1993 and 1999 respectively.

In order to chart these developments, the article focuses on five analytical themes that illustrate key trends in EU migration policy. Reasons for and implications of shift from “pillarization” in the Maastricht Treaty to “communitarization” in the Amsterdam Treaty.

— Blurring of the distinction between external and internal security.

— The role that supranational institutions such as the European Commission are playing (or trying to play) in policy development.

— Debates about migrants' rights in an integrating Europe.

— Links between migration and EU enlargement.

It is argued that far from weakening EU member states or symbolizing some “loss of control”, EU cooperation and integration have thus far helped member states consolidate and reassert their ability to regulate international migration through the use of new EU‐level institutional venues. This raises legitimacy issues as the EU moves into politically sensitive policy areas.

Although talk of “fortress Europe” is overblown, the EU is likely to face legitimacy challenges on both the “input” (democracy, openness and accountability of decision‐making) and “output” (implementation and compliance) elements of decision‐making.
Migration, Return, and Development: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Olesen Henrik
Published: March 2003

The development community has been rather reluctant in the past to integrate migration as a parameter for development policies, as often advocated by politicians and the migration community. The following analysis demonstrates that the position of development institutions on this matter has evolved, e.g., in the direction of increased interest among development practitioners to look at remittances as a tool for development. The article discusses the importance of brain drain and possibilities for using return migration as a brain gain. It introduces the concept “migration band” as an aggregate expression of Martin’s “migration hump” for individual countries. Furthermore, it suggests policy options for a foreign input policy mix to developing countries composed of foreign direct investment, trade liberalizations, aid, remittances, return migration, and improved governance.