bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive investigation of Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn. using LC-QTOF-MS/MS metabolomics as a promising anti-alzheimer candidate
Authors: Atef Fatma , Abdelkawy Mostafa A. , Eltanany Basma M. , Pont Laura , Fayez Ahmed M. , Abdelhameed Mohamed F. , Benavente Fernando , Younis Inas Y. , Otify Asmaa M.
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) poses a global health challenge, demanding innovative approaches for effective treatments. Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. (Lamiaceae) is a shrub traditionally used as a medicinal plant to treat inflammation, skin diseases, and bronchitis. This study aims to identify the main bioactive metabolites in C. infortunatum using LC-QTOF-MS/MS and investigate its potential in protecting against cognitive decline in rats with scopolamine-induced AD disease. Metabolite profiling was performed on the methanol extract of the plant’s aerial parts using LC-QTOF-MS/MS. The inhibitory activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme was measured in vitro. To evaluate the cognitive effects, the methanol extract was orally administered at three doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) to scopolamine-induced AD rats, and their cognitive functions were assessed using the novel object recognition test. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity, as well as the levels of acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, glutathione, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and amyloid-β in the rat hippocampus, were measured using ELISA, followed by histopathological evaluation. A total of 79 metabolites, spanning various chemical classes, such as organic acids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids and phenylethanoids, flavonoids, coumarins, other phenolics, and fatty acids and their derivatives, were identified. The results showed that the extract promoted enhanced cognitive functions in the novel object recognition test. Scopolamine administration significantly altered the acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and biomarker levels in the rat’s hippocampus. However, treatment with C. infortunatum at 200 and 400 mg/kg almost restored these neurotransmitter levels to normal, which was further confirmed by histopathological analysis. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of C. infortunatum in mitigating cognitive decline in AD, with its first metabolite profiling revealing a range of bioactive compounds. The extract improved cognitive function in scopolamine-induced AD rats, restored acetylcholinesterase activity, normalized neurotransmitter levels, and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. These findings suggest that C. infortunatum is a promising candidate for the development of natural therapies targeting AD.
Scalable production of bio-calcium oxide via thermal decomposition of solid - hatchery waste in a laboratory-scale rotary kiln
Authors: Chuakham Suwanan , Putkham Ajchara I. , Chaiyachet Yuwadee , Saengprajak Arnusorn , Banlue Kriangsak , Tanpaiboonkul Nipon , Putkham Apipong
Published: January 2025

Chicken eggshell waste is an alternative renewable source for quicklime production. Eggshell waste has received significant attention from researchers due to it being a potential source of bio-CaO, which not only drives the circular economy concept but also supports sustainable development. However, experiments on the production of bio-CaO are normally conducted in a small lab-scale furnace. Furthermore, the eggshell raw material is collected from canteens or households, which is not suitable for economical or industrial production. Therefore, this study investigated the factors affecting the bio-CaO production from hatchery waste via both batch and continuous calcination process in a laboratory-scale rotary kiln for the first time. The eggshells were first separated from the solid hatchery waste. Then, the effect of preparation methods of raw eggshells on the properties of bio-CaO was investigated, including eggshells with and without membrane separation, various particle sizes, and with an increase of the percent raw material filling in the kiln from 5 to 20%. Calcination of the samples was performed in a rotary kiln at 800 °C with a 0.5 RPM rotating speed and a 5° inclination of the kiln. The effects of the calcination process in either an air or N2 atmosphere on the calcined product were also observed. Instrumental analysis shows that the production yield and purity of bio-CaO were in the range of 49–56 wt% and 97–98%, respectively. The results also indicated that the production yield of bio-CaO decreased to 17.7% with a decrease in the raw material particle size from 3.3 mm to 250 μm. Moreover, the production of bio-CaO with eggshells containing eggshell membrane decreases the purity of calcium oxide by about 0.7–1.0%. In addition, further increasing the filling volume of the kiln from 5 to 20% had only a slight effect on the purity and yield of the product. These results imply that it is not necessary to remove the eggshell membrane from the raw eggshells in order to produce industrial-grade CaO from the raw eggshell. These new findings can likely be used to develop an alternative process design to reduce the manufacturing cost of bio-CaO produced from hatchery waste. Furthermore, this present study reveals that the specifications of the obtained bio-CaO comply with both Thai industrial standards and international food additive standards.
Heterogeneities in landed costs of traded grains and oilseeds contribute to unequal access to food
Authors: Verschuur Jasper , Vittis Yiorgos , Obersteiner Michael , Hall Jim W.
Published: January 2025

Despite the growing accessibility of international grain and oilseed markets, high production costs and trade frictions are still prevalent, contributing to regional heterogeneities in the landed cost of grain imports. Here we quantify the landed cost for six grain commodities across 3,500 administrative regions, capturing regional cost differences to produce grain and transport it across international borders. We find large heterogeneities in the costs of imported grain, which are highest in Oceania, Central America and landlocked Africa. While some regions have uniform landed costs across sourcing locations, others face cost variations across trading partners, showing large inequalities in access. We find that most regions could benefit from a targeted approach to reduce landed cost while others benefit from a mixed strategies approach. Our results highlight that spatial information on production, trade and transport is essential to inform policies aiming to build an efficient and resilient global agricultural commodity trade system.
Quantitative profiling and mapping of small molecules by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: combinations of carbon-based nano-matrices and sample preparation protocols
Authors: Guo Ruochen , Lv Rui , Shi Rui , Wu Enhui , Ma Chongqing , Sun Chang , Mandal Govinda , Liu Jian
Published: January 2025

The choices of matrices and protocols for sample deposition are critical factors, which impact each other in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI).
Two novel lanthanide metal–organic frameworks based on tetraphenylethylene for ultra-high proton conduction
Authors: Wu Qi , Li Qianxi , Zou Wenkang , Zhang Zheyu , Zhou Yan , Zhao Qihua
Published: January 2025

Two novel isostructural anionic lanthanide metal–organic frameworks, (Me2NH2)[Ln(HTCBPE-F)·(HCOO)·DMF]·4.5DMF·2H2O (Eu-MOF and Dy-MOF), for ultra-high proton conduction.
A deoxyfluoroalkylation–aromatization strategy to access fluoroalkyl arenes
Authors: Bhattarai Pankaj , Koley Suvajit , Goel Krttika , Altman Ryan A.
Published: January 2025

This deoxyfluoroalkylation/aromatization strategy exploits cyclohexanones as precursors to access valuable fluoroalkylarenes.
Ligand defect engineered NH2-MIL-88B(Fe) for efficient oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline seawater
Authors: Xie Dongling , Wang Jianan , Huang Bo , Yang Yiyi , Lin Dunmin , Xu Chenggang , Xie Fengyu
Published: January 2025

Rational design of viable routes to develop affordable and efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is essential for advancing electrochemical water splitting, yet significant challenges remain, particularly in seawater.
Fast degradation of a nerve agent simulant catalyzed by two isoreticular 6-connected Zr6 and Hf6 cluster based metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Chen Yun , Fan Li , Wang Haibo , Ma Anqiu , Jiang Chenxin , Li Qiu-Yan , Zhao Xinsheng , Zheng Yong-Chao , Ma Yuan , Wang Xiao-Jun
Published: January 2025

Two isoreticular 6-connected Zr6 and Hf6 cluster based MOFs have been constructed and used for the fast degradation of a nerve agent simulant DMNP with half-lives of less than 5 min.
Autophagy-targeted Pt(iv) agents: a new horizon in antitumor drug development
Authors: Li Suying , Chen Yan , Feng Shuaiqi , Liu Zhifang , Gan Linling , Wang Qingpeng
Published: January 2025

The recent progress of Pt(iv) agents with autophagy-promoting or -inhibiting properties as antitumor agents has been reviewed.
Graphdiyne and its heteroatom-doped derivatives for Li-ion/metal batteries
Authors: Shang Hong , Peng Jia , Zhou Yougui , Guo Lihua , Li Huipeng , Wang Weiliang
Published: January 2025

Recent advancements in the synthetic methods, energy storage applications, and new mechanisms related to Li-ion/metal batteries for the new carbon GDY and its heteroatom-doped derivatives.
Ambient-pressure selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes and ketones into unsaturated alcohols in the water phase
Authors: Wang Tao , Li Bin , Zhang Yu , Xu Shuting , Wang Jun , Zheng Jianwei , Li Hao , Zhang Fengjun , Fang Xiaolong
Published: January 2025

N-Functionalized amino ligand-stabilized ruthenium complexes catalyze the hydrogenation of unsaturated carbonyl derivatives into the corresponding alcohols with the CC bonds retained under ambient H2 pressure in water.
A 3D millifluidic model of a dermal perivascular microenvironment on a chip
Authors: Martinelli Chiara , Bocconi Alberto , Milone Sofia , Baldissera Teresa , Cherubin Leonardo , Buccioli Giovanni , Perottoni Simone , Conci Claudio , Cerullo Giulio , Osellame Roberto , Chirico Giuseppe , Jacchetti Emanuela , Raimondi Manuela Teresa
Published: January 2025

A dermal perivascular microenvironment has been reproduced on a chip within the MOAB's chambers by combining 3D microscaffolds, and controlled fluid dynamics and mass transport conditions, predicted by computational modelling of in vivo angiogenesis.
Unveiling the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction mechanism in heteroatom-decorated-Mo2CS2–MXene: the synergistic effect of single-atom Fe and heteroatom
Authors: Li Neng , Liu Bin , Zhang Zhongyong , Feng Yucheng , Wang Zheng , Arramel Arramel , Zhou Xing , Li Xin
Published: January 2025

The synergistic effect of a single atom of Fe and heteroatom in X-doped Mo2CS2–MXene (X = B, N, O, F, P and Se) in enhancing the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia.
Development and validation of a high-throughput HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of exatecan and its cathepsin B-sensitive prodrug in rat plasma
Authors: Xu Xiaolan , Li Jing , Ran Xiaohua , Bai Chenxia , Yan Qing , Liu Yangyang , Jiang Qikun , Zhang Tianhong
Published: January 2025

A reliable and high-throughput LC-MS/MS method was established and validated for simultaneous determination of exatecan and its cathepsin B-sensitive prodrug (C12-VC-PAB-Exa) in rat plasma and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study.
Structural, morphological, and electrocatalytic investigations of Fe3O4-doped Mn3O4 composite supported on carbonaceous materials derived from chitosan for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Irfan Muhammad Faiz , Shafique Maria , Naeem Rabia , Ashraf Raja Shahid , Haider Syed Arfan , Sherino Bibi
Published: January 2025

Fe3O4–Mn3O4/C could be a non-precious metal electrocatalyst for improved oxygen reduction reaction in alcoholic fuel cells due to its low cost, easy preparation method, use of polymer for derivation of carbon and excellent electrocatalytic performance towards ORR activity.
Insights into the electroactive impact of magnetic nanostructures in PVDF composites via small-angle neutron scattering
Authors: Rodriguez-Lejarraga Paula , Petrenko Viktor , Shibaev Andrey , Kohlbrecher Joachim , Carvalho Rui , Lanceros-Mendez Senentxu , Martins Pedro
Published: January 2025

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is technologically relevant due to its thermal stability; chemical, mechanical and radiation resistance; transparency; biocompatibility; and ease of processing.
The effect of atomic vibration on thermal transport in diatomic semiconductors investigated via ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Huang Dian , Tang Guihua , Gao Zhibin , Yue Shengying
Published: January 2025

Based on AIMD methods, temperature and velocity statistics of diatomic semiconductors are classified by atomic species, facilitating the understanding of their electronic properties at finite temperatures.
Identification of 6,8-ditrifluoromethyl halogenated phenazine as a potent bacterial biofilm-eradicating agent
Authors: Gao Qiwen , Yang Hongfen , Sheiber Jeremy , Bartolomeu Halicki Priscila Cristina , Liu Ke , Blanco David , Milhous Sadie , Jin Shouguang , Rohde Kyle H. , Fleeman Renee M. , Huigens III Robert W.
Published: January 2025

6,8-Ditrifluoromethyl halogenated phenazine potently eradicates Gram-positive bacterial biofilm communities that demonstrate innate tolerance to all classes of conventional antibiotics.
Multi-target-directed therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease: controlling amyloid-β aggregation, metal ion homeostasis, and enzyme inhibition
Authors: Yoo Jeasang , Lee Jimin , Ahn Byeongha , Han Jiyeon , Lim Mi Hee
Published: January 2025

This review highlights the potential of multi-target-directed strategies that address amyloid-β aggregation, metal ion dyshomeostasis, and enzyme dysfunction, offering a comprehensive and effective approach to treating Alzheimer's disease.
A focus on microporous perovskites: new tricks for an old dog
Authors: Segundo-Osorio Miriam , Gómora-Figueroa A. Paulina , Solis-Ibarra Diego
Published: January 2025

Microporous hybrid perovskites merge porosity with semiconducting properties, offering tunable properties via guest molecule incorporation, and unlocking new phases, reactivity, and potential new applications in sensing, photocatalysis, and beyond.
A focus on phosphinophosphination of apolar bonds by a structurally constrained P–P bonded system
Authors: Hannah Tyler J. , Chitnis Saurabh S.
Published: January 2025

This article highlights recent work by Greb et al. on the phosphinophosphination of alkenes, alkynes, and carbonyls, with a focus on how the polarity of the P–P bond controls the scope and resulting reactivity.
Correction: Reconstructing the phase of vanadium oxides enables redox-catalysis manipulated reversible sulfur conversion for stable Zn–S batteries
Authors: Luo Hao , Li Fan , Wang Mingli , Sun Shang , Zhou Min , Zhang Wenjing , Guo Hengrui , Su Xueyin , Li Xiaolong , Ma Lina
Published: January 2025

Correction for ‘Reconstructing the phase of vanadium oxides enables redox-catalysis manipulated reversible sulfur conversion for stable Zn–S batteries’ by Hao Luo et al., Chem. Sci., 2025, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4sc06593j.
Preparation of marine-sourced alginate fibres to produce composite paper from both green and blue carbons
Authors: Nur Fauzan RM. Muhammad , Thangunpai Kotchaporn , Nakagawa-Izumi Akiko , Kajiyama Mikio , Enomae Toshiharu
Published: January 2025

A schematic illustration depicting the preparation process of composite paper using marine-sourced alginate fibres and wood pulp fibres.
Lightweight Al–Mg–In alloy based seawater batteries for long endurance applications: pack mass and cost optimization
Authors: Paruvayakode Sreelakshmi , Srinivasan Ramanathan
Published: January 2025

A high efficiency Al–Mg–In anode based SWB outshines LiB packs in low power long endurance underwater applications.
Advancements and challenges in g-C3N4/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction photocatalysts
Authors: Lu Yongjun , Zhuang Zanyong , Li Lingyun , Chen Fei-Fei , Wei Peishu , Yu Yan
Published: January 2025

In this review, a comprehensive summation of the heterojunction types, synthesis methodologies, engineering approaches, and potential photocatalytic applications pertaining to g-C3N4/ZnIn2S4 heterojunctions has been presented and in-depth discussed.
Ultrasound-controllable dexamethasone-loaded nanobubbles for highly effective rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Authors: Hu Hang-yi , Sun Ying-jian , Yuan Xiao-feng , Han Jiang-fan , Liao Tian-tian , Zhang Fei-yue , Mao Jin-dong , Zhang Lin , Ye Wei-liang
Published: January 2025

Pharmacotherapy is a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis with limitations, such as poor drug targeting, low effective drug dosage at the inflammatory site, and high systemic toxicity. The combined application of drug-loaded nanobubbles and ultrasound technology provides a new technique for treatment.
Electronic coupling regulation in MOF derived Mn/Fe co-doped Ni2P through Mn/Fe integration for enhanced overall water splitting
Authors: Gao Teng , Hu Tingting , Chu Hongqi , Guo Liping , Wang Xuepeng , Li Zhenzi , Zhou Wei
Published: January 2025

Mn/Fe co-doping modulates the electronic structure of transition metal phosphides (Mn–Fe–Ni2P) to form electronic coupling, which enhances the performance and stability of electrocatalytic overall water splitting.
Enhanced photothermal catalytic CO2 reduction by CeO2-based multicomponent catalysts
Authors: Chen Jialiang , Wang Huilin , Xie Qing , Fang Yizhu , Sun Lu , Wang Xiao , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie
Published: January 2025

Based on the understanding of photothermal catalysis, this review summarizes the recent progress of CeO2-based multicomponent catalysts for photothermal catalytic CO2 reduction.
Preparation of PDMS-modified epoxy composite coatings by Mn/Cl co-doping of g-C3N4 and their enhanced photocatalytic activity and aging resistance
Authors: Wang Haihua , Guo Wenyu , Yang Dong , Chen Chaoxian , Duan Yihao , Li Xiaosong
Published: January 2025

Recently, photocatalytic coatings have been widely used as an effective solution for removing pollutants from building facades, owing to their simplistic architecture, broad applicability, and cost-effectiveness.
DNA binding of an RNA helicase bacterial transcription terminator
Authors: Jain Sriyans , Behera Abhijeet , Sen Ranjan
Published: January 2025

The bacterial transcription terminator Rho is a hexameric ATP-dependent RNA helicase that dislodges elongating RNA polymerases. It has an N-terminal primary RNA binding site (PBS) on each subunit and a C-terminal secondary RNA binding site at the central channel. Here, we show that Rho also binds to linear longer double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) and the circular plasmids nonspecifically using its PBS. However, this interaction could be competed efficiently by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), dC34. Long dsDNA (3.5 kb) at the PBS activates short oligo C RNA-mediated ATPase activity at the secondary binding site (SBS). The pre-bound Rho to this long DNA reduces the rate and efficiency of its transcription termination activities in vitro. Elevated concentrations of Rho reduced the in vitro transcription level suggesting that Rho might also function as a nonspecific repressor of gene expression under certain conditions. In the mid-log phase culture, Rho molecules were concentrated at the poles and along the membrane. In contrast, the Rho hexamers were observed to be distributed over the bacterial chromosome in the stationary phase likely in a hyper-oligomeric state composed of oligomers of hexamers. We propose that Rho molecules not engaged in the transcription termination process could use the bacterial chromosome as a “resting surface”. This way the “idle” DNA-bound Rho molecules could be kept away from accidentally loading onto the nascent RNA and initiating unwanted transcription termination.
Defining Developmental Language Disorder and Dyslexia in Schools: A Mixed-Methods Analysis
Authors: DeLuca Tim , Radville Katharine M. , Pfeiffer Danika L. , Hogan Tiffany
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

Interprofessional practice requires regular communication between professionals from different disciplines using shared terminology. Within schools, many professionals are tasked with supporting children with language disorders, namely, developmental language disorder (DLD) and/or dyslexia. Limited information exists as to (a) how school-based professionals' definitions of DLD and dyslexia align with research definitions, (b) how different school-based professionals define language disorders, (c) how school-based professionals' definitions of DLD and dyslexia align across professional groups, and (d) how one's definition of a language disorder correlates with other measures of knowledge.

Method:

In this mixed-methods study, we analyzed 304 definitions of language disorders from school-based professionals using a summative content analysis process. We explored the relationship between definitions and knowledge of disorder characteristics and best practices.

Results:

Data reflected limited alignment between professional and research definitions of DLD and dyslexia. Common misconceptions related to each disorder were prevalent among school-based professionals' definitions. There were differences between the extent to which professional groups' definitions aligned with research definitions of DLD and dyslexia.

Conclusion:

Results highlight the need for shared terminology between professional groups and researchers to improve collaborative practices and to narrow the research-to-practice gap.
Linearity of millimetre‐wave graded‐channel GaN HEMTs under quadrature amplitude modulation
Authors: Moon Jeong‐sun , Wong Joel , Grabar Bob , Dao Chuong , Arkun Erdem , Tai Joe
Published: January 2025

We report large‐signal linearity and power‐added‐efficiency of high‐speed graded‐channel GaN‐based high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMTs) at 30 GHz under 64‐QAM and 256‐QAM. These graded‐channel GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors show an fT of 160 GHz and exhibit a peak power‐added efficiency of 63% at 30 GHz. Under 64‐QAM and 256‐QAM, the error vector magnitude of less than 5% was measured at the average output power of 16 dBm, about 3 dB backed off from the output power at peak power‐added efficiency.
MCFNet: Research on small target detection of RGB‐infrared under UAV perspective with multi‐scale complementary feature fusion
Authors: Jing Jing , Hu Jian Feng , Zhao Zuo Peng , Liu Ying
Published: January 2025

The task of single‐modal image target detection from a drone's perspective faces multiple challenges such as large image sizes, small and dense targets, insufficient lighting conditions, and hardware resource constraints, all of which affect the accuracy and real‐time performance of algorithms. In response, a small target detection algorithm that fuses multi‐scale complementary features, named MCFNet is proposed. Firstly, in order to independently extract the unimodal features of visible light and infrared images and effectively enhance the complementary information between images, a dual‐stream backbone network with a terminal fusion mechanism is proposed. Secondly, the complementary feature information residual module is utilized to optimize the integration process of residual features. Subsequently, by designing a multi‐scale feature enhancement module the network's capability to capture multi‐scale features is enhanced. Finally, for targets of varying sizes, a lightweight Transformer feature extraction module is proposed to improve the detection accuracy of small targets from a drone's perspective. Test results on the drone‐vehicle dataset show that this method achieved an average detection accuracy of 67.92%, while the detection accuracy on the self‐constructed UAV‐data dataset reached 96.4%. Additionally, a series of ablation experiments validated the effectiveness of the different modules.
Mitigating the ferroresonance resulting from HILGF clearing in a remote area 10 kV power distribution network
Authors: Su Xueneng , Zhang Hua , Wang Jing , Yu Zongmin , Long Cheng
Published: January 2025

To solve the problem of high impedance line‐to‐ground fault, a solution using isolation transformers for subnetwork divisions was previously implemented in the power distribution network. As a result of that, the network has been experiencing ferroresonance more often. Through modelling and simulation based on its actual parameters on the PSCAD/EMTDC, the understanding of the situation is deepened. The ferroresonance originates from the network response to the high impedance line‐to‐ground fault clearing. The subnetwork division has certainly improved the network fault damping factor, but the line capacitance reduction it caused has exposed the system to ferroresonance. To mitigate the ferroresonance, high‐frequency components are removed from the zero‐sequence current using the morphological filtering; then, through edge detection, it is used as the input signal to the control unit. The control unit then takes the ferroresonance mitigation action intelligently. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method can restore ferroresonance‐induced overvoltage and overcurrent to normal levels within 0.05 s.
A rate-independent model for geomaterials under compression coupling strain gradient plasticity and damage
Authors: Caponi Maicol , Crismale Vito
Published: January 2025

We study a strain gradient-enhanced version of a model for geomaterials under compression by Marigo and Kazymyrenko (2019) coupling damage and small-strain associative plasticity. We prove that the jumps in time of the plastic variable may happen only along jumps of the damage variable. Moreover, we perform a vanishing-viscosity analysis showing existence of Balanced Viscosity quasistatic solutions à la Mielke–Rossi–Savaré.
Evolution of the iodine cycle and the late stabilization of the Earth’s ozone layer
Authors: Liu Jingjun , Hardisty Dalton S. , Kasting James F. , Fakhraee Mojtaba , Planavsky Noah J.
Published: January 2025

The origin of complex life and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems are fundamental aspects of the natural history on Earth. Here, we present evidence for a protracted stabilization of the Earth’s ozone layer. The destruction of atmospheric ozone today is inherently linked to the cycling of marine and atmospheric iodine. Supported by multiple independent lines of geological evidence and examined through an iodine mass balance model, we find that elevated marine iodide content prevailed through most of Earth’s history. Since the rise of oxygen ~2.4 billion years ago, high marine iodide concentrations would have led to significant inorganic iodine emissions to the atmosphere, facilitating catalytic ozone destruction and resulting in atmospheric ozone instability with periodic or persistently lower ozone levels. At a global scale, unstable and low ozone levels likely persisted for about two billion years until the early Phanerozoic, roughly 0.5 billion years ago. The delayed stabilization of the Earth’s ozone layer holds significant implications for the tempo and direction of the evolution of life, in particular life on land.
AIsplaining
Authors: Carbajal-Carrera Beatriz
Published: January 2025

The growing implementation of Generative AI (GenAI) in education has implications on the representation of
knowledge and identity across languages. In a context where content biases have been reported in AI-generated content, it becomes
relevant to interrogate the ways in which AI technologies represent different linguistic identities. This article conducts a
systematic analysis of AI-generated content to identify the potential discursive strategies that can contribute to the
perpetuation of existing sociolinguistic hierarchies. Data for this study consist of a set of GenAI explanations of assorted
linguistic identities comprising dominant and non-dominant languages. The method combines specialization codes from the sociology
of knowledge with discourse analysis. Specialization codes are composed of two axes with a differing degree of emphasis (+/−) on
epistemic and social relations (ER/SR). This tool is useful for understanding explanations because it focuses on what sort of
information is considered legitimate knowledge and what kinds of knowers are considered valid. The analysis of epistemic and
social relations reveals a sociolinguistic hierarchy articulated across three definitory aspects of identity: relationship to the
world, structuring across time and space, and possibilities for the future.
The use of Google Translate for language learning in emergency forced displacement contexts
Authors: Bogachenko Tetiana , Burke Rachel , Zhang Yi , Gong Qian
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the use of Google Translate (GT) by displaced people (DPs) from Ukraine in Australia and
English language educators supporting learners from refugee backgrounds in the context of decolonizing language learning. The
survey and interviews with DP participants revealed that GT provides them with a sense of confidence and freedom, inclusion and
value following their emergency evacuation from the war. Significantly, the learners’ use of GT suggests high levels of
metalinguistic awareness and digital literacy, and they contested the dominance of ‘privileged’ language varieties in machine
translation applications. Their use of GT also promoted wider understanding of multilingual learners in educational settings. The
educator interviews provided insights into their goals for supporting learners in (re)settlement and their contrasting views
regarding the potential for GT to play a role in language learning. A critical discussion of different ways that learners and
educators perceive tools such as GT provides insights into the complexities of the use of machine translation in language teaching
and learning.
Analyzing research trends in localization
Authors: Liu Xinyuan , Xiao Weiqing , Liu Kanglong
Published: January 2025

This literature review paper examines articles on localization in translation studies published in English and
Chinese journals from 2012 to 2023. We systematically reviewed a total of 147 publications consisting of 104 and 43 articles in
English and Chinese respectively, integrating thematic analysis to examine their research types, areas, and methodologies. The
findings reveal notable disparities between the English and Chinese journal papers regarding overall trends across these three
dimensions. English papers are often characterized by preference for qualitative approaches and growing interest in multi-methods
and mixed-methods designs, highlighting an increasing appreciation for unique elements in localized products. Chinese papers tend
to be more general and place greater emphasis on localization training. Despite these variations, there has been a notable
convergence towards descriptive approaches in recent studies regardless of the linguistic contexts, perhaps as a response to the
evolving needs of the discipline as a whole. Our paper concludes by suggesting future directions for localization research,
particularly in response to the dynamic landscape of game localization practices and the application of empirical methods.
Multidimensional construct of lexical sophistication
Authors: Marinov Vranješ Sanja , Pavičić Takač Višnja
Published: January 2025

This article documents language development in the context of studying abroad with English as the lingua franca.
In particular, it examines whether and how lexical sophistication in English as a foreign language changes during a semester
abroad. Given the advances in the conceptualization and operationalization of lexical sophistication, this study applies
indicators of lexical sophistication that have not previously been used in study abroad research. A statistically significant
improvement was found in two measures of lexical sophistication in oral production — familiarity and meaningfulness — and in one
measure in written production — meaningfulness. Comparing the differences between the pre- and post-test results showed that
respondents performed better in the oral production in terms of range and familiarity, that is, they produced more lexis that
occurs in fewer texts and is less familiar, while they performed better in the written production in terms of imageability, in
other words, they used less imageable lexis.
Not just quantity but quality
Authors: Vandeweerd Nathan , Arvidsson Klara
Published: January 2025

This study investigates which types of target language (TL) use
best explain the development of phraseological sophistication (mean pointwise
mutual information of verb + direct object collocations) in argumentative essays
written by second language learners of French during a nine-month sojourn
abroad. Using data from the LANGSNAP corpus (Tracy-Ventura et al., 2016), we built a series of regression models
to predict development on the basis of the learners’ self-reported social
networks and engagement in various activities (e.g., small talk, reading
newspapers). Our findings show that quantity of TL interaction and use on their
own were not strong predictors of development. Rather, development was related
to the types of activities that learners reported being engaging in while
abroad, specifically reading. These results shed more light on the development
of phraseological sophistication and speak to the importance of connecting
linguistic development to the specific activities learners engage in while
abroad.
Alignment-free solvent-enabled automatic packaging for thermoplastic microfluidics
Authors: Pan Xiang , Fang Zecong , Lv Pin , Pan Tingrui
Published: January 2025

As the demands in function versatility, integration density and mass manufacturability grow, multilayer thermoplastic microfluidic devices with sophisticated structures have rapidly gained interests. Yet, great challenges persist in packaging process, namely alignment and sealing of the multiple layers, since the current schemes are typically labour-intensive and lack of automation. Herein, we introduce alignment-free solvent-enabled automatic packaging (ASAP), a novel packaging methodology that combines alignment and bonding in a single automated step. The ASAP technology applies a specialized solvent to form a liquid bridge and induce capillary action for self-alignment while promoting bonding through polymer entanglement. For the first time, the use of the solvent-based liquid bridge has combined the previously independent alignment and bonding processes into one step for thermoplastic microfluidics, as demonstrated by theoretical modelling and proof-of-concept experimentation with PMMA (the substrate) and toluene (the matching solvent). Alignment accuracy better than 1.0 μm and bonding strength greater than 7.87 MPa have been achieved in a fully automated manner. Leveraging ASAP, a 3D-structured digital flowmeter has been successfully assembled, which eliminates the otherwise tedious alignment and bonding processes. The proposed ASAP technology simplifies the packaging of multilayer thermoplastic microfluidic devices, showing great potential in numerous emerging thermoplastic microfluidics-based applications.
Monolithic, fully-differential triaxial accelerometer with low nonlinearity and cross-axis sensitivity
Authors: Chu Qingbo , Xia Dunzhu , Li Jinhui , Zhang Qiyuan , Yang Xiuhua
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a triaxial capacitive accelerometer with low nonlinearity and cross-axis sensitivity, fabricated using SOG processing. Three single-axis sensor devices are orthogonally integrated on a single die. The signal detection and feedback mechanisms for the lateral (x/y-axis) and vertical (z-axis) accelerometers are implemented in a fully differential configuration, significantly reducing device nonlinearity and external environmental interference. The dynamic characteristics of the mechanical structure of the triaxial accelerometer are derived from a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental testing. The signal control circuit utilizes a fourth-order electromechanical sigma-delta modulation (EM-ΣΔM) circuit to validate the sensing characteristics of the triaxial accelerometer. The results indicate that the sensitivities (nonlinearities) of the x-, y-, and z-axes are 590 mV g−1 (0.66%), 600 mV g−1 (0.71%), and 58 mV g−1 (1.19%), respectively, and the corresponding bias instabilities were measured at 0.33 mg, 0.32 mg, and 1.07 mg, respectively. The cross-axis sensitivity ranged from 0.64% to 2.3%, while the low-frequency noise floor varied between 0.30 mg 

Hz

−
1

and 0.67 mg 

Hz

−
1

. In light of these performance characteristics, we hope that this work will find extensive applications in the field of inertial navigation measurements.
Nano-processing of nanodiamond coated ultrathin glass, semiconductor and metalfoils with femtosecond pulses
Authors: Dadhich Bhavesh Kumar , Panda Biswajit , Singh Kamal P
Published: January 2025

Nanodiamonds are a key material for quantum science and technology applications. The capability to nano-structure the nanodiamond-coated substrates is highly desired for quantum science and technology applications. This study demonstrates femtosecond pulse-based nanoprocessing of nanodiamond functionalized ultrathin foldable glass, silicon wafers, and metal sheets using spherical objectives and cylindrical lens. We show that the fluorescence and microwave magnetic resonance of NV centers on ultrathin glass remain preserved for isolated intense femtosecond pulse exposure using spherical objectives, even when the substrates undergo surface structuring, cracks, or cutting. However, the nanodiamonds on ultrathin glass, silicon wafers and copper foils undergo further fragmentation for multiple pulse exposure in the laser line focus (with cylindrical lens) and lose their fluorescence when the surface is nano-structured. These results provide insights into how the femtosecond pulse illuminated nanodiamonds behave on diverse substrates. They might be useful for developing optical methods for fabricating quantum components and devices.
Complete 3D photoelectron momentum vector reconstruction from time-position charged particle imaging
Authors: Sanchez A , Goudreau E S , Boguslavskiy A E , Moffatt D J , Lausten R , Wilkinson I , Makhija V , Stolow A
Published: January 2025

Many charged particle imaging techniques exist which directly measure, at a detector, the transverse position (x, y) and time-of-flight (t) of individual events in order to obtain a full set of 3D coordinates. Where curved velocity-mapping electric field lines are implemented, as in the case of 3D Velocity Map Imaging (3D VMI) and certain COLTRIMS (Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy) instruments, the general transformation of (x, y, t)-data into initial 3D recoil momentum vectors (px
, py
, pz
) is challenging and has not yet been fully addressed. Here we present a detailed and general method for this transformation, illustrated using our 3D VMI spectrometer and the well-known narrow-band photoionization of nitric oxide, for which we demonstrate quantitative agreement with reported values. We additionally show how to measure and correct (i) small errors in the laser polarization axis alignment at the interaction region of a 3D charged particle imaging spectrometer, and (ii) the spatial variation of gain on a microchannel plate (MCP) detector. Improvements to and characterization of our 3D VMI spectrometer yield an electron time-of-flight resolution of 72 ps across the full 40 mm MCP, in combination with pixel-level spatial resolution.
Contributions of different quantum pathways to nonsequential double ionization by monochromatic and bichromatic laser fields
Authors: Habibović D , Milošević D B
Published: January 2025

When nonsequential double ionization is treated using the strong-field approximation and the saddle-point (SP) method, the transition amplitude can be expressed as a coherent sum of the partial amplitudes corresponding to different SP solutions. For the case of the recollision excitation with subsequent ionization (RESI) mechanism of the nonsequential double ionization, we examine the partial contributions of the SP solutions which correspond to the electron responsible for the excitation. For a monochromatic linearly polarized laser field, we find that, in addition to the pair of the SP solutions with the shortest travel time, other SP solutions may also make a significant contribution to the photoelectron yield. Moreover, the SP solutions appear in pairs and exhibit notable modifications in comparison to those observed in high-order above-threshold ionization. Furthermore, for a bichromatic linearly polarized driving field, we investigate the intensity range obtained using the simpleman’s model for which the RESI mechanism is dominant. We find that this range must be modified if the photoelectron yield corresponding to the SP solution for which the photoelectron has the highest energy upon return to the parent ion is small. This is particularly the case for the excitation channels involving loosely bound excited states.
Stacking ferroelectricity in two-dimensional van der Waals materials
Authors: Gui Zhigang , Huang Li
Published: January 2025

Miniaturization of ferroelectrics for technological applications has proven challenging due to the suppression of electric polarization caused by increasing depolarization fields as material thickness decreases. The emergence of ferroelectricity in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials offers a potential solution to this challenge, prompting significant research efforts over the past decade. While intrinsic 2D vdW ferroelectrics are scarce, polar stacking provides a more general approach to introducing ferroelectricity in these materials. This review revisits the fundamental concept of stacking ferroelectricity, complemented by symmetry analysis for constructing polar stackings, and both classical and quantum perspectives on the origin of stacking ferroelectrics. We present key advances in polarization dynamics and briefly summarize various physical phenomena directly coupled to stacking ferroelectricity, including multiferroic, magnetoelectric, and valleytronic effects, along with their related applications. Finally, we discuss future challenges and potential developments in the field of 2D stacking ferroelectricity.
Beyond the random phase approximation for calculating Curie temperatures in ferromagnets: application to Fe, Ni, Co and monolayer CrI3
Authors: Rajeev Pavizhakumari Varun , Skovhus Thorbjørn , Olsen Thomas
Published: January 2025

The magnetic properties of solids are typically analyzed in terms of Heisenberg models where the electronic structure is approximated by interacting localized spins. However, even in such models the evaluation of thermodynamic properties constitutes a major challenge and is usually handled by a mean field decoupling scheme. The random phase approximation (RPA) comprises a common approach and is often applied to evaluate critical temperatures although it is well known that the method is only accurate well below the critical temperature. In the present work we compare the performance of the RPA with a different decoupling scheme proposed by Callen as well as the mean field decoupling of interacting Holstein–Primakoff (HP) magnons. We consider three-dimensional (3D) as well as two-dimensional (2D) model systems where the Curie temperature is governed by anisotropy. In 3D, the Callen method is the most accurate in the classical limit, and we show that the Callen decoupling (CD) produces the best agreement with experiments for bcc Fe, fcc Ni and fcc Co with exchange interactions obtained from first principles. In contrast, for low spin systems where a quantum mechanical treatment is pertinent, the HP and RPA methods are superior to the CD. In 2D systems with magnetic order driven by single-ion anisotropy, it is shown that HP fails rather dramatically and both RPA and Callen approaches severely overestimates Curie temperatures. The most accurate approach is then constructed by combining RPA with the CD of single-ion anisotropy, which yields the correct lack of order for

S
=
1

/

2

. We exemplify this by the case of monolayer CrI3 using exchange constant extracted from experiments.
Potential magnetic structure in Eu3InAs3 revealed by magnetization and thermodynamic study
Authors: Liu Ming , Zhang Shuai , Jia Ke , Zhuang Zhaotong , Liu Xinyang , Ma Yaqiang , Xiang Junsen , Shi Youguo , Sun Peijie
Published: January 2025

We systematically investigate the magnetization and thermodynamic responses associated with the antiferromagnetic (AFM) transitions in magnetic semiconductor Eu3InAs3. The linear thermal expansion measurements reveal that a axis expands whereas b and c axes contract with the onset of the two AFM transitions at

T

N
1

and

T

N
2

. Using a simplified mean-field model incorporating AFM exchange interactions, easy-axis anisotropy, and Zeeman coupling, we analyze the potential magnetic structure change associated with the spin-flop and spin-flip transitions in field. The agreement between experimental and calculated magnetization data suggests that the

1

/

3

plateau along b axis results from a partial spin-flip transition in a multiple-easy-axis magnetic structure, where Eu2–Eu3 and Eu1 sublattices order antiferromagnetically along the b and a axes at

T

N
1

and

T

N
2

, respectively. Consistently, field dependence of magnetic entropy determined using low-T adiabatic magnetocaloric effect indicates that the number of the ordered Eu2+ moments at

T

N
1

is nearly twice that at

T

N
2

. Our results demonstrate that the magnetic structure in materials with strong spin-lattice coupling can be simply approached by a combined magnetization and thermodynamic study.
The spin-wave energy spectrum and transition temperature of the two-dimensional VSe2-like: a retarded Green’s function method study
Authors: Ma Da-cheng , Chi Xiao-dan , Gao Sheng , Sun Chu-xiao , Cui Ling-yi , Du An
Published: January 2025

Based on the recent discovery of intrinsic magnetism in monolayer films VSe2, we have constructed a two-dimensional (2D) Heisenberg model incorporating the 1T and 2H structures. These configurations consist of three layers: the upper and lower surface layers and a middle layer. Using the retarded Green’s function method, we investigate the spin-wave energy spectrum, spin-wave density of states, and transition temperature of the system. It is found that in the 2H structure, the spin-wave energy spectrum of the system exhibits three direct energy gaps, with one branch being independent of the wave vector. Further analysis shows that at this constant energy, a particular surface state emerges in the 2H structure. In contrast, the spin-wave energy spectrum in the 1T structure features only two energy gaps—one direct energy gap1 and one indirect energy gap3—without forming a unique surface state. Single-ion anisotropy and interlayer interactions between the upper and lower surface layers influence the energy gaps in the spin-wave energy spectrum and the system’s transition temperature. This theoretical work sheds light on forming particular surface states in monolayer 2H structure magnetic materials. It provides crucial theoretical support for designing and fabricating next-generation low-dimensional magnetic random-access memory.