bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐K EBG substrates for phase‐array patch‐antenna configurations
Authors: Galarregui Juan Carlos Iriarte , Ederra Iñigo , García Ramón Gonzalo , de Maagt Peter
Published: October 2004

This paper deals with the design of circularly polarised patch‐antenna arrays on high‐K material substrates. The use of these materials in combination with an EBG structure to prevent the excitation of substrate modes leads to the possibility of designing scanning arrays without suffering from grating lobes and scan‐blindness limitations. The proposed antenna configuration was used in both a single‐element and an array configuration. Highly efficient configurations together with smooth radiation patterns with low back radiation and high directivities were obtained. The array configuration showed a very broad scanning angle (140°) without suffering from grating lobes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 527–532, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20524
An InGaP‐GaAs HBT low‐noise amplifier for 2.4/5.2/5.7‐GHz WLAN applications
Authors: Lin Yo‐Sheng , Chen Chih‐Chen
Published: October 2004

A 2.4/5.2/5.7‐GHz triple‐band low‐noise amplifier (LNA) achieved by switching between different base bias currents (IB) using InGaP‐GaAs HBT technology is reported for the first time. Transducer gains (S21) of 14.6 and 11/9.5 dB, input return losses (S11) of −18.7 and −21.0/−11.5 dB, output return losses (S22) of −20 and −22.7/−24.9 dB, reverse isolation (S12) of −50.5 and −44.4/−44.4 dB, and noise figures of 3.35 and 2.54/2.71 dB were achieved at 2.4 and 5.2/5.7 GHz, respectively. The input 1‐dB compression point (P1dB) and input 3rd‐order intercept point (IIP3) of −8.5 and −1 dBm, respectively, were also achieved at 5.2 GHz. The power consumptions are only 7.6 and 3.6 mW for the 2.4‐ and 5.2/5.7‐GHz bands, respectively. The LNA only occupies an area of 300 × 500 μm, excluding the test pads because only one inductor is used. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 539–542, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20528
Fault Hamiltonicity and fault Hamiltonian connectivity of the (n, k)‐star graphs
Authors: Hsu Hong‐Chun , Hsieh Yi‐Lin , Tan Jimmy J. M. , Hsu Lih‐Hsing
Published: October 2004

In this paper, we consider the fault Hamiltonicity, and the fault Hamiltonian connectivity of the (n, k)‐star graph Sn,k. Assume that F ⊂ V(Sn,k) ∪ E(Sn,k). For n − k ≥ 2, we prove that Sn,k − F is Hamiltonian if |F| ≤ n − 3 and Sn,k − F is Hamiltonian connected if |F| ≤ n − 4. For n − k = 1, Sn,n−1 is isomorphic to the n‐star graph Sn which is known to be Hamiltonian if and only if n > 2 and Hamiltonian connected if and only if n = 2. Moreover, all the bounds are tight. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A polynomial‐time approximation scheme for the minimum‐connected dominating set in ad hoc wireless networks
Authors: Cheng Xiuzhen , Huang Xiao , Li Deying , Wu Weili , Du Ding‐Zhu
Published: October 2004

A connected dominating set in a graph is a subset of vertices such that every vertex is either in the subset or adjacent to a vertex in the subset and the subgraph induced by the subset is connected. A minimum‐connected dominating set is such a vertex subset with minimum cardinality. An application in ad hoc wireless networks requires the study of the minimum‐connected dominating set in unit‐disk graphs. In this paper, we design a (1 + 1/s)‐approximation for the minimum‐connected dominating set in unit‐disk graphs, running in timenO((slogs)2). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hygienic behavior in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and the modulatory role of octopamine
Authors: Spivak Marla , Masterman Rebecca , Ross Rocco , Mesce Karen A.
Published: October 2004

Honey bees, Apis mellifera, which perform hygienic behavior, quickly detect, uncap and remove diseased brood from the nest. This behavior, performed by bees 15–20 days old and prior to foraging, is likely mediated by olfactory cues. Because the neuromodulator octopamine (OA) plays a pivotal role in olfactory‐based behaviors of honey bees, we examined whether bees bred for hygienic and nonhygienic behavior differed with regard to their OA expression and physiology. We compared the staining intensity of octopamine‐immunoreactive (OA‐ir) neurons in the deutocerebral region of the brain, medial to the antennal lobes, between hygienic and nonhygienic bees (based on genotype and phenotype). We also tested how the olfactory responses of the two lines, based on electroantennograms (EAGs), were affected by oral administration of OA and of epinastine, a highly specific OA antagonist. Our results revealed that bees expressing hygienic behavior (irrespective of genotype) possessed OA‐ir neurons that exhibited more intense labeling than same‐aged bees not performing the behavior. In bees bred for nonhygienic behavior, OA significantly increased the EAG response to low concentrations of diseased brood odor. Conversely, in bees bred for hygienic behavior, epinastine significantly reduced the magnitude of the EAG response, a reduction not observed in nonhygienic bees. Our results provide two lines of evidence that OA has the potential to facilitate the detection and response of honey bees to diseased brood. We discuss the contributions of OA for behavioral shaping and its ability to bias the nervous system to express one form of behavior over another. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 55: 341–354, 2003
Conjugated and partially conjugated 2,5‐diphenylthiophene‐containing light‐emitting copolymers in polymeric light‐emitting diode (PLED) device fabrications
Authors: Wu Sheng‐Han , Chen Jar‐Hung , Shen Chi‐Hsien , Hsu Chia‐Chen , Tsiang Raymond Chien‐Chao
Published: October 2004

To study the effect of nonconjugation on polymeric and photophysical properties of thiophene‐containing polymers, new light‐emitting copolymers comprising either alternate 2,5‐diphenylthiophene and vinylene or alternate 2,5‐diphenylthiophene and aliphatic ether segments were synthesized. Both copolymers contained 2,5‐diphenylthiophene as the major chromophore and emitted a sky bluish fluorescence in dilute solution (10−2 mg/mL). With a rigid and planarity structure and the concomitant crystallinity, the former copolymer (fully conjugated) possessed a higher quantum efficiency, a higher glass‐transition temperature, and a better thermal stability. In contrast, the latter copolymer (conjugated–nonconjugated) had better solubility and provided enhanced photophysical properties for the fabricated polymeric light‐emitting diode (PLED) device: at 15 V, the maximum current and brightness were 110 mA/cm2 and 4289 cd/m2, respectively, and the electroluminescence efficiency remained constant at approximately 4.9 cd/A in a voltage range of 8 to 14 V. The existence of intramolecular/intermolecular aggregates in the latter copolymer was corroborated from the the UV–vis and photoluminescence spectra of its solutions. With an increase in solution concentration, the shape and λmax of the photoluminescence spectrum were redshifted. In a solution with a concentration as high as 10 mg/mL, the redshift was so drastic that the photoluminescence spectrum was nearly identical to that of a solid‐film. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6061–6070, 2004
Jet Initiation Tests
Authors: Held Manfred
Published: October 2004

Two tests with the same test setup and with the same nominal type of acceptor charge will be described which give in both cases an initiation after a build‐up distance of around 45 mm. But in one case a retonation started, and in the other case a second initiation centre was observed after an additional delay time of 6.4 μs. In the already perforated charge segment the detonation wave was running around an internal core and was interacting in a Dautriche event on the observed front side. Very similar results have already been observed in a very early study of jet initiation tests. Both test results are described in detail, their analyses are presented and compared to the results of the observations, some decades ago.
Management of five stored‐product insects in wheat with pirimiphos‐methyl and pirimiphos‐methyl plus synergized pyrethrins
Authors: Huang Fangneng , Subramanyam Bhadriraju
Published: October 2004

Hard red winter wheat was treated with pirimiphos‐methyl at 4, 6 and 8 mg kg−1, synergized pyrethrins at 0.38, 0.75, 1.13 and 1.5 mg kg−1, and combinations of the two insecticides, to conduct laboratory bioassays against four beetle pests of stored grain, red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F), and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L), and one moth pest, Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Beetle adults and P interpunctella larvae survived well on control wheat, producing a large number of progeny (65–1037 insects per container). Kernel damage in control wheat among the insect species ranged from 9 to 99%. On pirimiphos‐methyl‐treated wheat, mortality of R dominica adults was ≥72%, but that of the other beetle species and P interpunctella larvae was 100%. Progeny were not produced on pirimiphos‐methyl‐treated wheat, and the kernel damage was negligible (≤1%). Synergized pyrethrins were ineffective against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos‐methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins was not superior to pirimiphos‐methyl alone against the five insect pests. Pirimiphos‐methyl is not registered in the USA for use on wheat, but our results suggest that it could be a viable grain protectant at rates of 4–8 mg kg−1. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Herbicidal indolizine‐5,8‐diones: photosystem I redox mediators
Authors: Smith Stephen C , Clarke Eric D , Ridley Stuart M , Bartlett David , Greenhow Daren T , Glithro Harry , Klong Agnes Y , Mitchell Glynn , Mullier Graham W
Published: October 2004

6,7‐Disubstituted indolizine‐5,8‐diones showed activity as herbicides, giving rapid desiccation symptomology in whole‐plant tests and bleaching in leaf‐disc assays. In isolated chloroplasts, such compounds initiated rapid uptake of oxygen in Photosystem I. A redox mediator mode of action was further supported by electrochemical studies. Several compounds described had low photostability, high volatility, hydrolytic instability or reactivity with glutathione. The detrimental effects that these factors may have had on expression of herbicidal activity are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Carrier leakage suppression utilising short‐period superlattices in 980 nm InGaAs/GaAs quantum well lasers
Authors: Lock D. , Sweeney S. J. , Adams A. R. , Deubner S. , Klopf F. , Reithmaier J. P. , Forchel A.
Published: October 2004

Short‐period Super Lattices (SSLs) have been proposed as a method of reducing carrier leakage in semiconductor lasers. SSLs increase the carrier confinement by increasing the effective barrier height due to the carriers being “reflected” from the SSL. Thermionically driven leakage of electrons from the quantum wells has been suggested as an important non‐radiative current path in (Al)GaAs based devices which is exacerbated at high temperatures. Due to the fact that the application of high pressure causes a reduction in the zone centre Γ–X minima splitting, pressure can be used to investigate the extent to which such leakage increase the threshold current. In this study, we compare devices with and without SSL layers and find direct evidence for leakage suppression in devices containing SSLs up to a temperature of 60 °C. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of pressure on deep levels in semiconductors: The MFe center in InP
Authors: Samara G. A. , Barnes C. E.
Published: October 2004

This work investigated the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the properties and bistability of the scientifically challenging and technologically important deep MFe center in iron (Fe)‐doped, n‐type indium phosphide (InP). When occupied by electrons, the center can be reversibly placed in either of two configurations, termed A and B, by the proper choice of electric biasing conditions and temperature. Pressure has a very large influence on the balance between these two configurations, favoring A over B. Above 8 kbar essentially only the A configuration is observed. This result, along with detailed studies of the effects of pressure on the energetics of the two configurations and on the kinetics of the B → A transformation, provide important new insights about the nature of the two configurations and their associated deep levels. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of high pressure on the photoluminescence transitions of excitons in α‐PTCDA (perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride) crystals
Authors: Tallman R. E. , Weinstein B. A. , DeSilva A. , Wagner H. P.
Published: October 2004

We report investigations of the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of α‐PTCDA single crystals at 11 K and 300 K as a function of applied pressures to 54 kbar carried out using a diamond‐anvil cell with annealed methanol‐ethanol medium. The effects of pressure are observed on several excitonic PL features principally associated with: an excimer transition for the 300 K spectra, or an indirect Frenkel exciton and charge transfer exciton transitions (between stacked molecules in different unit cells) for the 11 K spectra. Under applied pressure, all of these features redshift at rates that are in general accord with the π – π* broadening caused by increasing overlap between PTCDA molecules, but with variations in pressure dependence, especially in the quadratic shifts, that derive from the specific character and Stokes‐shift mechanisms of the exciton transitions. The observed pressure behavior conforms to a recent model of the exciton transitions in α‐PTCDA based on a theoretical analysis of 1 atm time‐resolved PL experiments. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of Sm and Eu chalcogenides
Authors: Svane A. , Santi G. , Szotek Z. , Temmerman W. M. , Strange P. , Horne M. , Vaitheeswaran G. , Kanchana V. , Petit L. , Winter H.
Published: October 2004

The ground state configuration of the monochalcogenides of Sm and Eu is determined from total energy calculations using the self‐interaction corrected local‐spin‐density approximation. The Sm chalcogenides, with the exception of SmO, are characterized by divalent f6 Sm ions, while all the Eu chalcogenides have divalent f7 Eu ions in the ground state. With pressure, the Eu and Sm chalcogenides exhibit isostructural transitions into an intermediate valent state, which in the total energy calculations is represented by localized f5 configurations on the Sm ions (f6 on Eu ions) together with a partly occupied f‐band at the Fermi level. The energy of the fundamental f → d transition, which determines the value of the semiconducting gap, is determined by total energy calculations of the charged rare earth ion (Eu+ or Sm+) in a supercell approach with one f‐electron removed. The pressure coefficients are in excellent agreement with experiment, and the occurrence of isostructural transitions is intimately related to the closure of the band gap. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Squeezing carbon nanotubes
Authors: Venkateswaran Uma D.
Published: October 2004

In this paper we briefly review the high pressure Raman studies on single and double walled carbon nanotubes focussing on the perssure dependence of the low frequency radial breathing vibrational modes. Previous work on single walled carbon nanotube bundles have shown that the normalized pressure‐induced frequency shift, Φ = (1/ωR) (dωR/dP) ∼ D2, where ωR is the radial mode frequency and D is the nanotube diameter. We show here that the R‐modes due to the inner tubes in double walled carbon nanotubes, have a very small, diameter independent value for Φ, as predicted for the case of isolated tubes. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High pressure phase transition and variation of elastic constants of diluted magnetic semiconductors
Authors: Varshney Dinesh , Sharma P. , Kaurav N. , Shah S. , Singh R. K.
Published: October 2004

A theoretical study of the high‐pressure phase transition and elastic behavior in diluted magnetic semiconductors Zn0.83Mn0.17Se, using a three‐body interaction (TBI) potential caused by the electron‐shell deformation of the overlapping ions is carried out. The estimated values of phase transition pressure and the vast volume discontinuity in pressure‐volume (PV) phase diagram indicate the structural phase transition from zincblende (B3) to rock salt (B1). The variation of second‐order elastic constants with pressure resembles that observed in some binary semiconductors. The inconsistency in the deduced value of pressure derivative of second order elastic constant with the available data is attributed to the fact that we derive expressions neglecting thermal effects and assuming the overlap repulsion significant only up to nearest neighbors. The vdW interaction is effective in obtaining the thermodynamical parameters such as Debye temperature, Gruneisen parameter, thermal expansion coefficient, compressibility as well phase stability in diluted magnetic semiconductors. It is revealed that TBI model has a promise to predict the phase transition pressure and the pressure variation of elastic constants of other semiconductors as well. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural properties of some semiconducting LnAs compounds at high pressure
Authors: Pagare Gitanjali , Srivastava Vipul , Sanyal Sankar P. , Singh R. K.
Published: October 2004

The structural properties of four semiconducting LnAs compounds (REY:RE = Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm; Y = As) at high pressure have been investigated theoretically using an inter‐ionic potential method. The strong mixing of the f‐band with the p‐orbitals of the nearest neighbour As, that substantially screens the effective Coulomb interactions, has been considered as a potential parameter. Three REY compounds (except CeAs) have been found to undergo a NaCl to body centered tetragonal phase transition at high pressure and agree well with their corresponding experimental results. The simulated ion‐ion (RE‐RE and RE‐As) distances follow as systematic trends of variation as observed from the high‐pressure measurements. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pressure induced wavelength dependence of catastrophic optical damage in 980 nm semiconductor diode lasers
Authors: Lock D. , Sweeney S. J. , Adams A. R.
Published: October 2004

Catastrophic Optical Damage (COD) occurs when the facet of high power semiconductor lasers melt due to extreme self‐absorption. COD tends to occur in short wavelength lasers but seems to be less of a problem in long wavelength devices. In this paper, we use hydrostatic pressure as a means of changing the wavelength in order to investigate the dependence of COD on emission wavelength. We find that the recorded output power threshold at the onset of COD decreases with increasing pressure (decreasing wavelength). Our measurements further reveal that this threshold is closely correlated with the increase in optical confinement factor with pressure which suggests that the wavelength dependence may largely be attributed to the change in mode size with operating wavelength. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrostatic pressure effects on the structural and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Capaz Rodrigo B. , Spataru Catalin D. , Tangney Paul , Cohen Marvin L. , Louie Steven G.
Published: October 2004

We study the structural and electronic properties of isolated single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under hydrostatic pressure using a combination of theoretical techniques: Continuum elasticity models, classical molecular dynamics simulations, tight‐binding electronic structure methods, and first‐principles total energy calculations within the density‐functional and pseudopotential frameworks. For pressures below a certain critical pressure Pc, the SWNTs' structure remains cylindrical and the Kohn–Sham energy gaps of semiconducting SWNTs have either positive or negative pressure coefficients depending on the value of (n, m), with a distinct “family” (of the same n–m) behavior. The diameter and chirality dependence of the pressure coefficients can be described by a simple analytical expression. At Pc, molecular‐dynamics simulations predict that isolated SWNTs undergo a pressure‐induced symmetry‐breaking transformation from a cylindrical shape to a collapsed geometry. This transition is described by a simple elastic model as arising from the competition between the bond‐bending and PV terms in the enthalpy. The good agreement between calculated and experimental values of Pc provides a strong support to the “collapse” interpretation of the experimental transitions in bundles. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photophysics of organic emissive semiconductors under hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Guha S. , Chandrasekhar M.
Published: October 2004

The impact of hydrostatic pressure on conjugated organic semiconductors has been studied using optical spectroscopic techniques. This work focuses on three blue emitters with distinct backbone conformations: planar methylated ladder‐type poly para phenylene, semi‐planar polyfluorene (PF), and nonplanar para hexaphenyl. The effect of pressure on the backbone emission and defect related emission allows an understanding of the localized, delocalized electronic states and energy transfer mechanisms of the singlet excitons into defect states. The Raman spectrum of the organic emitters under pressure demonstrates changes in the backbone conformation and mesomorphic phases. The Raman peaks in PF exhibit asymmetric Fano‐type line shapes beyond 40 kbar, where the defect emission is enhanced. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Moving target detection from infrared images using genetic algorithms
Authors: Kikuchi Minoru , Kimura Hajime , Kobayashi Shigenobu
Published: October 2004

This paper presents the configuration of an image processing system for efficiently detecting a moving target from infrared images of a scene with a complicated background such as an urban area, and improving the target detection accuracy by optimizing the weights of the feature vectors by genetic algorithms (GA). The proposed system applies edge‐enhancing binary processing with a background suppressing function and motion vector processing with a moving body detection function in parallel to the input infrared images. It performs target decision or detection processing by using eight features obtained by the above two kinds of processing. In order to improve the identification capability of target decision or detection, optimization of the weights of the feature vectors is performed by means of a GA. In addition, an effort is made to improve target detection accuracy by using gate processing to limit the processed area. The effectiveness of the proposed system is verified by applying it to the detection of an airplane against the background of an urban area. The proposed system attempts to shorten the processing time by parallel processing by a simplified configuration that combines the basic processes, assuming its application to guided mechanism with space and processing time constraints, and may be applied to traffic monitoring, harbor monitoring, field search monitoring systems, and the like. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 76–86, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10168
Method for detecting a learner's stalled situation by using the variance of operational time intervals
Authors: Nakamura Yoshihiro , Akamatsu Norio , Kuwabara Tsuneo , Tamaki Motonori
Published: October 2004

Automatically detecting a learner's stalled situation or deadlock in an educational support system using computers is very useful. This paper proposes a method for detecting such a deadlock on the basis of the record of a learner's operations and evaluates it by tests on human subjects. Specifically, it uses the moving variance of the operational time intervals to detect a deadlock. As a result, in about 80% of the practice problems with self‐declarations of a deadlock by the subjects, the deadlock could be detected at a point in time prior to the self‐declarations. In addition, deadlocks were detected by the proposed method in three cases in which states close to a deadlock had been determined from questions after the completion of the practice problems, even though there were no self‐declarations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 63–75, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10256
Lombard speech recognition based on voiced sound detection and application to the fabric inspection system in factories
Authors: Kanno Sukeyasu , Funada Testuo
Published: October 2004

In a very noisy environment such as a factory, the performance of speech recognition drops due to the presence of noise and the Lombard effect. Given this, the present authors consider a method to recognize noisy Lombard speech as based on the effective detection of voiced sound period under noisy conditions in a factory. Based on recognition experiments using a 120‐word vocabulary spoken by three men, the authors showed that recognition performance for noisy Lombard speech was high when the WGD measure used speech under noisy conditions as a reference pattern. Then the authors confirmed, based on the proposals in this paper, the effects of weighting distance in the voiced sound period and the effectiveness of using word periods based on voiced sound. In addition, the authors developed an inspection system using speaker‐dependent speech recognition based on the results of these evaluations. The results of operational experiments to input the names of fabric defects (a 61‐word vocabulary) by voice in an inspection factory (noise level: 75 to 90 dBA) yielded a recognition rate of 93.1%, clearly improving operating efficiency. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 10–23, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10369
Inter‐temporal economies of scope, organizational modularity, and the dynamics of diversification
Authors: Helfat Constance E. , Eisenhardt Kathleen M.
Published: October 2004

The question of whether corporations add value beyond that created by individual businesses has engendered much debate in recent years. Some of this debate has focused on the pros and cons of related vs. unrelated diversification. A standard explanation of the benefits of related diversification has to do with the ability to obtain intra‐temporal economies of scope from contemporaneous sharing of resources by related businesses within the firm. In contrast, this paper deals with inter‐temporal economies of scope that firms achieve by redeploying resources and capabilities between related businesses over time, as firms exit some markets while entering others. The transfer of resources due to market exit distinguishes our treatment of inter‐temporal economies of scope from standard intra‐temporal economies of scope. In addition, these inter‐temporal economies can benefit from a decentralized and modular organizational structure. This ability to obtain inter‐temporal economies of scope via organizational modularity and recombination suggests that corporations do not necessarily need a high degree of coordination between business units in order to benefit from a strategy of related diversification. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
S100B‐modulated Ca2+‐dependent ROS‐GC1 transduction machinery in the gustatory epithelium: a new mechanism in gustatory transduction
Authors: Duda Teresa , Sharma Rameshwar K.
Published: October 2004

Gustatory transduction is a biochemical process by which the gustatory signal generates the electric signal. The microvilli of the taste cells in the gustatory epithelium are the sites of gustatory transduction. This study documents the biochemical, molecular, and functional identity of the Ca2+‐modulated membrane guanylate cyclase transduction machinery in the bovine gustatory epithelium. The machinery is a two‐component system: the Ca2+‐sensor protein, S100B; and the transducer, ROS‐GC1. S100B senses increments in free Ca2+, undergoes conformational change, binds to the domain amino acids (aa) Gly962‐Asn981 and via the transduction domain aa Ile1030‐Gln1041 activates ROS‐GC1, generating the second messenger, cyclic GMP. In a recent study, operational presence of this machinery has been demonstrated in the photoreceptor bipolar synapse [Duda et al., EMBO J. 21 (2002) 2547]. Thus, the machinery has a broader role in sensory perceptions, vision in the retinal neurons and gustation in the tongue. The entry of the ROS‐GC transduction machinery defines the beginning of a new paradigm of Ca2+ signaling in the tongue.
Transgenic plant‐derived siRNAs can suppress propagation of influenza virus in mammalian cells
Authors: Zhou Yuanxiang , Chan Jack H. , Chan Annie Y. , Chak Regina K.F. , Wong Elaine Y.L. , Chye Mee-Len , Peiris Joseph S.M. , Poon Leo L.M. , Lam Eric
Published: October 2004

As an example of the cost‐effective large‐scale generation of small‐interfering RNA (siRNAs), we have created transgenic tobacco plants that produce siRNAs targeted to the mRNA of the non‐structural protein NS1 from the influenza A virus subtype H1N1. We have investigated if these siRNAs, specifically targeted to the 5′‐portion of the NS1 transcripts (5mNS1), would suppress viral propagation in mammalian cells. Agroinfiltration of transgenic tobacco with an Agrobacterium strain harboring a 5mNS1‐expressing binary vector caused a reduction in 5mNS1 transcripts in the siRNA‐accumulating transgenic plants. Further, H1N1 infection of siRNA‐transfected mammalian cells resulted in significant suppression of viral replication. These results demonstrate that plant‐derived siRNAs can inhibit viral propagation through RNA interference and could potentially be applied in control of viral‐borne diseases.
Rendezvous in a membrane: close packing, hydrogen bonding, and the formation of transmembrane helix oligomers
Authors: Schneider Dirk
Published: October 2004

The interaction of transmembrane α‐helices is promoted by a detailed fit between two helical surfaces, which results in close packing and van der Waals interactions of amino acid side chains between two helices. Recent studies additionally indicate an important role of hydrogen bonding for mediating and stabilizing transmembrane helix–helix interactions. The interplay between close packing and electrostatic interactions in influencing the specificity of helix–helix interactions on the one hand and the stability of an existing interaction on the other hand is still unknown. Here, we suggest that close packing mainly determines the specificity of a helix–helix interaction, whereas hydrogen bonding is important for stabilization of a preformed helix dimer.
The Psychiatry of Quislingism: Norwegian Psychiatric Research on the Collaborators of World War II
Authors: Giæver Øyvind
Published: October 2004

Argument

The paper focuses on a research project launched by Norwegian psychiatrists immediately following World War II. The project sought to investigate the roots of quislingism (collaboration with the Nazis) through psychiatric research on the collaborators. Considered with hindsight, however, the methodology of the project seems puzzlingly shallow. The paper discusses whether this was due to a general lack of adequate methodology in the contemporaneous sciences, or whether the explanation must be sought in the project's social and historical context. Ultimately, I conclude that considerable weight must be placed on the latter explanation, and that the general political ostracism of the collaborators in the postwar years played a major role in the psychiatrists' attitude.
The Meaning of Eugenics: Reflections on the Government of Genetic Knowledge in the Past and the Present
Authors: Koch Lene
Published: October 2004

Argument

The recent development of molecular genetics has created concern that society may experience a new eugenics. Notions about eugenics and what took place in the 1930s and 1940s are actively shaping questions about which uses of the new genetics should be considered illegitimate. Drawing upon a body of historiographical literature on Scandinavian eugenics, this paper argues that the dominant view of eugenics as morally and scientifically illegitimate is not tenable when it comes to the uses of compulsion, political motivation, and scientific acceptability. In spite of a general condemnation of eugenics, health authorities today are trying to prevent individuals with deviant behavior from reproducing or at least from rearing children. This may not be argued with reference to the risk of transmitting defective genes, but rather the risk of producing undesirable social problems. Drawing on a Foucauldian approach, the paper concludes that eugenics and new genetics should be seen as two historically specific forms of biopower.
A Non-Conformist Longing for Unity in the Fractures of Modernity: Towards a Scientific Biography of Richard von Mises (1883–1953)
Authors: Siegmund-Schultze Reinhard
Published: October 2004

Argument

The article describes a special type of scientific and philosophical “non-conformism” as exemplified in the versatile work of Richard von Mises (1883–1953). While the historical impact of von Mises' practical and organizational work in applied mathematics is beyond doubt, it is shown that von Mises' insistence on cognitive connectibility of various scientific domains was not, in the end, successful although it stimulated the theoretical discussion considerably. Von Mises developed a principally critical attitude towards what he considered “one-sided” in several streams of modernity and tended to be “anti-modern” even in those of his activities which belonged to “modernism.” Reasons can be found in his biographical experiences, in particular in his unorthodox academic education and repeated emigrations. Thus biographical research has considerable potential for historical explanation. The paper delves into the existing premises and sources for a scientific biography of Richard von Mises which is yet to be written, and publishes in the appendix a revealing biographical sketch (1959) authored by von Mises' widow, the applied mathematician Hilda Geiringer.
Fin de NAIL: New Approaches to International Law and its Impact on Contemporary International Legal Scholarship
Authors: Skouteris Thomas
Published: October 2004

Intellectual clashes over the nature of international law have been raging throughout the traceable history of the discipline. Naturalists, positivists, idealists, pragmatists, formalists, realists, and so forth, have striven to put forward and defend credible paradigms of international legal order. The common characteristic of each new wave of criticism has been its unsettling disposition. It arrived stridently with questions and doubts, often seeking reform and often reconceptualization and transcendence. A second common characteristic, notably in the post-enlightenment period, has been the marginalized position of the debate on the merit of each new wave, within and outside legal academia. Indeed, debate over unsettling questions seems to have been exempted from the habitual professional responsibilities of the overwhelming majority of international lawyers. Existential anxieties of this sort have been relinquished to that class of academics usually referred to as jurisprudes or legal theorists. ‘Practicing’ international lawyers, so it is often argued, need not concern themselves with ‘theory’. Their mission is to provide tangible answers to practical problems and, for this task, ‘theoretical’ debate is irrelevant: its outcome is indeterminate, abstract, and, thus, of limited usability. In some cases ‘theoretical’ even becomes a pejorative term, synonymous with counter productive or parasitic.
How to Reform the UN System? Constitutionalism, International Law, and International Organizations
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrick
Published: October 2004

The UN system requires far-reaching changes so as to achieve the objectives of the UN Charter (e.g. with regard to human rights and maintenance of peace) more effectively. European integration law suggests that ‘international constitutionalism’ offers the most effective approach for strengthening the rule of law and peaceful cooperation among democracies. Section 2 outlines basic principles for a constitutional theory of international law. Section 3 discusses the difficulties of ‘constitutionalizing’ the state-centered and power-oriented concepts of the UN Charter. Section 4 explains why the successful Uruguay Round strategy for replacing the old GATT 1947 by the new World Trade Organization (WTO) – notably the ‘package deal negotiations’, the incorporation of other worldwide treaties into WTO law and the mandatory WTO dispute settlement and enforcement systems – offer important lessons for the needed reforms of the UN Charter.
Provisional Measures in the World Court: Binding or Bound to Be Ineffective?
Authors: Szabó Eelco
Published: October 2004

Does the International Court of Justice have the power to indicate legally binding provisional measures? On the basis of the provisions of the UN Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, it seems unlikely that the Court is bestowed with such a power. An alternative argument, which regards interim protection as a general principle of law, thus giving it binding force, is also not without difficulties. The situation seems to be clearer, however, when states declare in a treaty their intention to be bound by the provisional measures indicated by the Court. The argument considering provisional measures as a ‘moral obligation’ will be examined as well.
Autonomy of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Authors: Jiuyong Shi
Published: October 2004

On 1 July 1997 the People's Republic of China recovered Hong Kong in accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 19 December 1984. On the same day, China announced the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) formally established and functioning as of 1 July 1997.
Case Analysis: The Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice in the WHO Nuclear Weapons Case: A Critique
Authors: Amerasinghe C. F.
Published: October 2004

The World Health Organization (WHO) had, among other things, been examining and deliberating the hazardous effects to health by the use of nuclear weapons. These discussions culminated in a resolution which requested an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the legality of the use of nuclear weapons in the following terms:
[i]n view of the health and environmental effects, would the use of nuclear weapons by a Stare in war or other armed conflict be a breach of its obligations under international law including the WHO Constitution?
Constitutional and Institutional Developments: Guilt by Majority in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Does This Meet the Standard of Proof ‘Beyond Reasonable Doubt’?
Authors: Pruitt Renée C.
Published: October 2004

Established in 1993, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991 (International Tribunal) has steadily become more active in its quest to fulfil its mandate, moving from the establishment stage to the working stage most notably over the past two years. The trial of Dusko Tadić, the first full scale trial before the International Tribunal, was held from 7 May 1996 through 28 November 1996 and the final judgment was rendered on 7 May 1997. Pursuant to a guilty plea, the accused Drazen Erdemović was sentenced on 29 November 1996. In addition, two trials, one of which is based on the Celebići indictment against four accused, Esad Landžo, Zenjil Delalić, Zdravko Mucić, and Hazim Delić, and began on 10 March 1997, and one against Tihomir Blaskić, are currently underway. The motions submitted and arguments that have been and will be made during these proceedings have, and will continue to, force the trial and appellate chambers of the International Tribunal to apply and interpret for the first time many of the International Tribunal's Rules of Procedure and Evidence (Rules). One of the issues that is no doubt relevant for the judges of the trial chambers as they deliberate the final judgments in these cases is the modicum of proof necessary to find the accused guilty of the infractions of international humanitarian law charged in the relevant indictment.
From East Europeans to Europeans: shifting collective identities and symbolic boundaries in the New Europe*
Authors: SZTOMPKA PIOTR
Published: October 2004

On 1 May 2004, Europe changed. This date marks both a beginning and an end. The enlargement of the European Union signals the beginning of a new phase in the history of Western Europe, and, for the new members from Eastern Europe, the end of a long period of exclusion and separation. Commentaries on this epochal event usually focus on ‘hard’ institutional factors such as political rearrangements, legal coordination and economic readjustments, etc. I will focus more on the ‘soft’ cultural and human factors; what I consider to be the intangibles and imponderables of a new, emerging Europe. I am convinced that culture really matters in social life.
Defeat and the intellectual culture of postwar Japan
Authors: KERSTEN RIKKI
Published: October 2004

In this article, I examine how defeat in war has shaped intellectual discourse in postwar Japan, particularly intellectual debates on war guilt. Known as ‘war responsibility debates’ in Japanese, the disconnection that is imposed on national identity by defeat has led to a number of different responses from Japanese opinion leaders and scholars. Implicit in these responses is a desire to restore fundamental continuity, either by revising the appraisal of war, or by making guilt the unifying element in a transwar national identity. Defeat is the crux of the issue around which intellectuals have had to navigate in their quest for a continuous history for postwar Japan. This article considers the contributions made to this debate by Maruyama Masao, a pioneering thinker on political thought in postwar Japan; by the scholars in the Science of Thought Research Group in their study of political apostasy (tenkō) and the more recent advent of revisionist historians in the ‘Liberal School of History’ group. I conclude that this ongoing debate should itself be regarded as a positive phenomenon, as it continues to presume a basic link between the war and accountability that is fundamental to the integrity of Japan's postwar democracy.
Cannabis and the law — high time for reform?
Authors: IVERSEN LESLIE
Published: October 2004

Cannabis is the most widely used illegal recreational drug in Europe; up to 5% of the total population are regular users in some countries. Smoking cannabis can damage the lungs, and some users may become psychologically dependent on the drug. Heavy cannabis use may also be associated with an increased risk of psychiatric illness — although no cause and effect relationship has been established. Nevertheless, there is a general consensus among medical and scientific experts that the health hazards of cannabis have been exaggerated. European countries differ widely in their attitude to enforcing the 1961 UN Convention on Narcotic Drugs, which declared cannabis to be an illegal narcotic. In the Netherlands the so-called ‘Dutch Experiment’ has decriminalized cannabis use for almost 30 years without any serious adverse social or public health consequences. On the other hand, most Scandinavian countries maintain a fiercely punitive legal regime, while other countries in Europe are moving towards a relaxation of the criminal penalties for possession and use. There is an urgent need for more debate about the need to reform the cannabis laws and for more consistency across Europe.
The source and the structure of Homer's epic poetry
Authors: RUIJGH CORNELIS J.
Published: October 2004

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey were created, probably in the second half of the 9th century BC, in the framework of the Greek epic tradition of oral formulaic poetry, which started in the Peloponnese in proto-Mycenaean times (c. 1600 BC). The epic verse, the dactylic hexameter, must have been taken over from the Minoan Cretans. Whereas most 19th century scholars were analysts, considering Homer's epics' conflations of older and more recent epic poems, most modern scholars are unitarians, recognizing the unity of both epics, thanks to modern insights in the nature of oral traditional poetry and to modern narratology. Although many modern scholars ascribe the Odyssey to a later poet than that of the Iliad, there are no convincing arguments against the Ancients' opinion that both epics are the work of one single poet called Homer. Both Iliad and Odyssey are characterized by the principle of ‘unity of action’, a principle not found in other ancient epic poetry. There are reasons to suppose that Homer learnt the art of epic versification in Smyrna, his native city, by listening to performances of Aeolic singers. Driven by Ionic self-consciousness he transposed the epic Aeolic Kunstsprache into Ionic, thus creating the so-called Homeric dialect. He could perform his monumental epics at great religious festivals and at the courts of princes. There is evidence that he gave performances in the island of Euboea, the only prosperous region of the contemporary Greek world, and that there his epics were eventually written down. Thus, Homer's epics are the end-point of the oral epic tradition and the starting point of written Greek and European literature.
Speech, gesture and the origins of language
Authors: LEVELT WILLEM J. M.
Published: October 2004

During the second half of the 19th century, the psychology of language was invented as a discipline for the sole purpose of explaining the evolution of spoken language. These efforts culminated in Wilhelm Wundt's monumental Die Sprache of 1900, which outlined the psychological mechanisms involved in producing utterances and considered how these mechanisms could have evolved. Wundt assumes that articulatory movements were originally rather arbitrary concomitants of larger, meaningful expressive bodily gestures. The sounds such articulations happened to produce slowly acquired the meaning of the gesture as a whole, ultimately making the gesture superfluous. Over a century later, gestural theories of language origins still abound. I argue that such theories are unlikely and wasteful, given the biological, neurological and genetic evidence.
Human uniqueness, learned symbols and recursive thought
Authors: HURFORD JAMES R.
Published: October 2004

Human language is qualitatively different from animal communication systems in at least two separate ways. Human languages contain tens of thousands of arbitrary learned symbols (mainly words). No other animal communication system involves learning the component symbolic elements afresh in each individual's lifetime, and certainly not in such vast numbers. Human language also has complex compositional syntax. The meanings of our sentences are composed from the meanings of the constituent parts (e.g. the words). This is obvious to us, but no other animal communication system (with honeybees as an odd but distracting exception) puts messages together in this way. A recent theoretical claim that the sole distinguishing feature of human language is recursion is discussed, and related to these features of learned symbols and compositional syntax. It is argued that recursive thought could have existed in prelinguistic hominids, and that the key step to language was the innovative disposition to learn massive numbers of arbitrary symbols