bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O metamorfismo tecnológico em sala de aula: entrevista com o professor Alckmar Luiz dos Santos
Authors: Luiz dos Santos Alckmar , Ribeiro Nunes Gabriela , Santos Brigida Marcela
Published: September 2020

Alckmar Luiz dos Santos possui graduação em Engenharia Eletrônica pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (1983), mestrado em Teoria e História Literária pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (1989) e doutorado em Estudos Literários pela Université Paris VII (1993). Desde 1994, é professor de Literatura Brasileira da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e, a partir de 1995, coordenador do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Informática, Literatura e Linguística (NUPILL, núcleo de pesquisa de excelência do CNPq, financiado pelo edital PRONEX entre 2008 e 2016). Foi pesquisador convidado na Université Paris 3 – Sorbonne Nouvelle (2000-2001) e na Universidad Complutense de Madrid (2009-2010). Tem experiência na área de Letras, com ênfase em Literatura Brasileira e Teoria Literária, atuando principalmente com teoria do texto, literatura e filosofia, hipertexto e texto digital, poesia. Em entrevista por videoconferência, Alckmar Luiz dos Santos discutiu o uso de ferramentas digitais nas aulas de Literatura.
Apresentação
Authors: Ribeiro Nunes Gabriela , Santos Brigida Marcela
Published: September 2020

Apresentação da edição 33.
Memórias das experiências de EJA da Universidade Federal de São Carlos e da Universidade de Brasília
Authors: Ferreira Duques Maria Luiza , Félix dos Santos Cláudio Eduardo
Published: September 2020

Este estudo enfoca propostas de EJA desenvolvidas em universidades brasileiras na década de 1980 e objetiva analisar, mediante as memórias de educadores, as concepções formativas presentes nas propostas desenvolvidas na Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar e na Universidade de Brasília-UnB. O estudo estabelece uma aproximação com o método materialista histórico. Os resultados apontam o desenvolvimento, por parte das propostas, de uma concepção formativa específica para a EJA. As propostas pautaram numa ação de luta e resistência no campo dos direitos, funcionando como espaços indutores de transformação das realidades sociais. As memórias dos educadores revelaram o alcance que as propostas possuem tanto para as universidades quanto para a reconfiguração da EJA no Brasil.
Educação das relações étnico raciais: em foco as vivências em uma turma de crianças de quatro anos de idade
Authors: Carvalho Thaís Regina de
Published: September 2020

O presente artigo apresenta análises sobre o tema educação das relações étnico-raciais na educação infantil. Assim, o objetivo foi compreender os aspectos que envolvem a referida temática em uma turma de crianças de quatro anos de idade em um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil que utiliza apostilas e está localizado no estado do Paraná. Para a coleta de dados, foi realizada observação participante e a partir dos diversos momentos foram elaborados diários de campo, gravação de áudios e registros fotográficos. A partir das análises observamos que os cabelos podem ser apontados como algo relevante nos diálogos e brincadeiras entre as crianças, principalmente entre as meninas. Além disso, é possível afirmar que não há na apostila uma presença expressiva de personagens e conteúdos que contemplem a diversidade étnico-racial e este fato atrelado a necessidade de cumprimento das unidades e dos conteúdos do livro contribuiu para a ausência da realização de trabalhos intencionais a respeito do tema.
Implementação da Lei n. 11.645/2008: uma experiência na formação de professores
Authors: Soratto Marinês , Nascimento Adir Casaro
Published: September 2020

Este estudo tem como objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre a implementação da lei 11.645/2008, nas instituições de ensino de Campo Grande-MS, por meio de experiência nas formações de professores da educação básica, em específico sobre os conteúdos voltados para o ensino da história e da cultura indígena. Para isso, utilizamos registros dos diálogos produzidos durante as formações de professores, na qual as angústias, certezas e incertezas, conceitos e pré-conceitos, conhecimentos e o não conhecimento, relatados pelos professores, tem nos permitido desprender das narrativas ocidentais e buscar modos outros de ensinar e aprender. No que diz respeito a temática, observa-se a falta conhecimento sobre esses povos, sua história e suas diferenças sociais, culturais e linguísticas, generalizando todos os povos a um único povo. As narrativas curriculares e históricas que, por séculos, ocultaram os povos indígenas da história do Brasil, valorizando apenas os conhecimentos eurocêntricos, contados a partir da colonização, ainda permanecem no imaginário social e cultural da população brasileira. Neste sentido, o desafio está em deslocar-se para outros contextos, os quais estão presentes no cotidiano escolar e, fazer o diálogo no encontro com diferentes sujeitos, sem anular suas diferenças e suas histórias, evidenciando que outros saberes e outros fazeres são possíveis.
Diálogos possíveis entre escolas e terreiros: estratégias de lutas contra o racismo
Authors: Medeiros Cristiano Sant'Anna de , Silva Isadora Souza
Published: September 2020

Este artigo é um recorte de pesquisas de Doutorado que se ocupam em estudar Crianças de terreiros, (CAPUTO 2012), destacando o cargo feminino de Makotas e sua importância na manutenção do grande complexo cultural formado a partir da diáspora africana, em específico os candomblés brasileiros, bem como os processos de discriminação e racismo religioso que essas mesmas crianças passam nos seus cotidianos. Pretende-se compartilhar o quanto de riqueza e sabedoria circulam nos cotidianos de terreiros, atravessando e resistindo ao tempo e o espaço, auxiliando assim na construção identitária e empoderamento de diversas crianças e jovens adeptos da religião. Optamos por um referencial teórico decolonial e cotidianista, representando os saberes oriundos desses locais (ALVES,2010, CAPUTO 2012, 2016, 2018; Santos, 2012, dentre outros). Acreditamos em uma perspectiva insurgente, que traga para os espaços formais do saber, os conhecimentos da chamada gramáticas dos terreiros como forma de estratégia de luta antirracista.
O problema da introdução das línguas nacionais no sistema educacional formal do Benin: forças e restrições
Authors: Oliveira Julvan Moreira , Adjoudeme Narcisse Sylvestre Sègla
Published: September 2020

No quadro do processo da educação, a língua constitui instrumento, o veículo pelo qual o ensino é transmitido de quem dá para quem recebe. Ela aparece como o meio de comunicação e de conhecimento mais seguro. O objetivo do nosso estudo é de mostrar a importância da introdução das línguas nacionais no sistema de educação formal do beninense. Para atender este objetivo, o estudo combina exclusivamente o método qualitativo com a técnica escolhida e fundamentada a uma amostra aplicada em 18 pessoas incluindo 3 funcionários do Ministério da Educação, 4 funcionários da Direção de Promoção de Idiomas (DPLN), 2 pais de alunos e 2 pessoas de recursos humanos. As técnicas de manutenção, de pesquisa documental, possibilitaram a coleta dos dados. A análise dos resultados levou à conclusão de que quase todos os entrevistados mostraram que a introdução das línguas nacionais no sistema formal de educação do Benim é de importância capital, pois é uma fonte de desenvolvimento em vários níveis, mesmo que seja diante de enormes dificuldades. Como resultado de nosso estudo, foi confirmada a necessidade de introduzir as línguas nacionais no sistema educacional formal beninense e foram feitas propostas para promover essa introdução, considerando o vínculo entre a linguagem como vetor para desenvolvimento e adaptação das realidades endógenas
A atuação do movimento negro e as questões raciais no curso de Pedagogia da UFSC
Authors: Dos Passos Joana Célia , Gaudio Eduarda Souza
Published: September 2020

O artigo analisa o processo de inclusão da educação das relações étnico-raciais no currículo do curso de Pedagogia da UFSC, tendo como foco a atuação do Núcleo de Estudos Negros (NEN). Para isso, estudamos documentos curriculares produzidos no interior do curso de Pedagogia, entre eles o projeto pedagógico do curso, manifestos, atas de assembleias, publicações produzidas pelo Núcleo de Estudos Negros (NEN), além de documentos nacionais que orientam a educação das relações étnico-raciais e a formação docente. O diálogo se situa numa perspectiva de descolonização dos currículos e oferece elementos capazes de evidenciar que há uma perspectiva negra decolonial em curso na sociedade brasileira. Conclui-se que a articulação do NEN e o curso de Pedagogia da UFSC foi primordial para impulsionar a inclusão do debate étnico-racial no currículo do curso de Pedagogia da UFSC.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NG128 stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management
Authors: Linden Belinda
Published: September 2020

Belinda Linden presents a quarterly overview of recently published guidance of relevance to cardiovascular nursing. This update reviews key recommendations regarding the diagnosis and management of stroke and transient ischaemic attack in patients aged over 16 years.
Supporting foster carers and looked-after children
Authors: Noakes Amy
Published: September 2020

Fostering provides a family life for children who are unable to live with their biological parents. The wellbeing of foster carers is important and can have a direct impact on emotional, social and behavioural outcomes for children
Introduction
Authors: Jackson-Mccabe Matt
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of the concept of Jewish Christianity. Developed alongside critical New Testament scholarship, the idea of an early Jewish Christianity has long been imagined as the historical site where Christianity and Judaism had once touched each other most profoundly. From the point of view of the Parting of the Ways model, it represented not only the transitional phase between a Jewish Jesus and the full flowering of Christianity as its own religion, but in some cases evidence for an ongoing relationship between Christianity and Judaism even after their split. More recently, with the breakdown of the Parting of the Ways model, the notion of an early Jewish Christianity has taken on a new significance, precisely as a “way that never parted.” At the same time, the breakdown of the Parting of the Ways model has quite exacerbated the definitional and taxonomic confusion that has always surrounded the concept of an early Jewish Christianity. The chapter then presents the central problem of Jewish Christianity: Can the category “Jewish Christianity” be useful for reconceptualizing the origins of Christianity and the Christianity–Judaism divide beyond the parameters of Christian apologetic historiography and the Parting of the Ways paradigm?
Beyond Jewish Christianity: Ancient Social Taxonomies and the Christianity-Judaism Divide
Authors: Jackson-Mccabe Matt
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter demonstrates how one can get around the problems created by Jewish Christianity by approaching the question of the origins of Christianity and the Christianity–Judaism division as a study in the production and dissemination of ancient social taxonomies. The central question from this perspective is neither the similarities and differences in culture nor even the social interaction among ancient Christians and Jews, but how early Jesus groups imagined themselves and their characteristic cultures in relation to Judeans and theirs. At what point did some Jesus groups begin to assert that Judeans and their distinguishing culture were, per se, “other” and to reify that difference by postulating a distinction between Christianism and Judaism? Whatever its various social consequences, how widespread was this taxonomy before its imperial adoption in the centuries after Constantine? Through an examination of a few exemplary cases, a significant distinction can be observed well into late antiquity between Jesus groups who made sense of their social experience with reference to such a notion of Christianism and those who did not; between those who came to differentiate a new “us” from the Judeans and the Nations alike, and those for whom Judeans and the Nations remained the primary division.
Racists, Revolutionaries and Representatives
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

This chapter reveals that London has played a role in the evolution of virtually every radical political ideology over the last two centuries, whether communism, pan-Africanism, or a host of nationalist ideologies which led to the overthrow of both the continental nineteenth-century empires and to British imperialism. It appears that every revolutionary leader of the period from the end of the eighteenth to the middle of twentieth century spent time in London. And beyond that, a series of governments in exile based themselves in London waiting for the defeat of the Nazis in Europe, perhaps most famously the Free French led by Charles de Gaulle. The presence of the conservative but nationalist French leader points to the fact that London has acted as home to political exiles from all parts of the political spectrum. However, as this chapter shows, these revolutionaries did not share the same views.
The Restaurant
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains how migrants have impacted the eating habits of all sections of the population in both social and geographical terms. While the evolution of modern London remains inconceivable without the role of migrants, the chapter shows that they may have had a more profound impact upon eating out than any other aspect of the history of the city. In the first place they have opened and staffed some of the most famous restaurants in the world. But this only tells one side of the story because settlers from Europe and beyond have, at the other end of the scale, also opened up establishments which serve up the dishes that characterize mass consumption, from the first fish and chip shops in the East End to the Chinese and Indian restaurants of the post-war period and the vast range of foreign food establishments which exist in the global capital of the twenty-first century. While, on the one hand, these restaurants cater for the ethnic majority, which increasingly became a vanishing concept, many migrants have also opened up restaurants for their countrymen as such establishments form a key part of local ethnic economies.
Migrants and the Global City
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers three unique aspects in London's migratory history through a series of other interlinked features: demography, globality, employability, social mobility, and a revisiting of diversity. These five headings can provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between migration, globality, and diversity. This is especially seen through the prism of employment because the discussions have demonstrated that, while London has for most of the last three centuries constituted the political and financial capital of the world, this has fed into its importance as a global work centre. It has attracted people from Britain, Europe, and the rest of the world seeking employment in all sectors of the economy. This includes cleaners as well as hawkers, musicians, footballers, and political and financial elites.
Introduction
Authors: Wise Carol
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the rise of China in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The author analyzes existing debates around the China-LAC relationship and offers three main points: (1) China will continue to be a mainstay in LAC’s political economy, (2) its presence does not threaten US hegemony in the region, and (3) dependency theory, while a useful method of analysis, fails to account for the role of domestic institutions in diverging economic outcomes between Latin American countries following the China boom. The author argues that the incorporation of Latin America into China’s international development strategy is a critical juncture that highlights the importance of domestic institutions, leadership, and sound policymaking on economic outcomes—and that it is up to Latin American policymakers to take advantage, and minimize the risks, of the trade and investment opportunities offered by China.
Making Openness Work: Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru
Authors: Wise Carol
Published: September 2020

This chapter details the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) that China has negotiated in Latin America, with a specific focus on its bilateral FTAs with Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica. The author’s argument is twofold: first, these FTAs are part of China’s internationalized development strategy because they lock in essential raw material exports and represent the most institutionalized version of this internationalized development strategy in the Western Hemisphere. Second, these FTAs departed from neoliberal notions concerning the benefits of free trade based on general-equilibrium models and comparative advantage. Instead, these FTAs allowed Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica rapid access to the Chinese market, the granting of industrial sector exceptions, and China’s readiness to lend for infrastructure and other productive projects.
Latin America’s Pivot toward Asia
Authors: Wise Carol
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s conceptual framework with regard to China’s economic integration with select LAC countries since 2000. The author disputes realist interpretations of China’s rise in Latin America as a security threat to US hegemony and argues that China needed to internationalize its development strategy to compensate for its natural resource deficit. China’s ten LAC strategic partners now represent the majority of trade, loans, and FDI outflows from China to Latin America, and China is now the second-most-important trade partner for the region after the US. This relationship is contributing to the development of select LAC countries in order to propel China’s own growth and development. The author then moves to the political economy scenarios that have evolved within those LAC countries that have the strongest trade links and FDI inflows from China, in order to dispute the critique of neo-dependency scholars before offering the main takeaways.
All Children Reading
Authors: Shaver Lea
Published: September 2020

This chapter sketches out a vision for how existing actors and new partners can meet the global need for multilingual children's literature within a decade. This strategy begins with mass translation of existing children's books, enabled by one or more of the copyright solutions: permissions, fair use, exceptions, and open licensing. Once the titles are translated, a second challenge remains: expanding distribution strategies so that a billion children can get their hands on these books. The chapter further explains that it will be essential to take full advantage of both digital and print formats and through both non-profit and commercial distribution venues in providing books to children. Utilizing a mass translation strategy can realistically create an adequate book supply for 95 percent of the world's children within a few years.
‘Got a loaf, Dad?’
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores patterns of food and hunger in Victorian times. By the nineteenth century, households purchased their food in raw and largely unprocessed form, so it required considerable additional labour before it was ready for consumption. Diet therefore catches the intersection between a host of forces, some economic, some not. Household income of course set a limit to the quantity and quality of foodstuff to enter the household, but unpaid labour was also required to turn that food into meals, and it was culture that determined who provided that labour, as well as how meals were shared between family members of unequal status. As such, diet provides a unique window into living standards. Mealtimes, food, and the lack thereof were also themes to which the autobiographers frequently returned, and this chapter thus presents a rich seam of material with which to explore them.
‘We weren’t happy, but we were a family’
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes a look at how the life story sometimes takes the form of a renegotiation, a reassessment — and not always an entirely coherent one — of a Victorian childhood through twentieth-century eyes, rather than a straightforward narration of earlier life events. For those born in the late Victorian or Edwardian eras, their life story might be created in the 1960s, 1970s, or even the 1980s — a period of rising affluence and rapidly changing family values. Although Victorian families were not necessarily demonstrative and affectionate in ways that are recognisable to modern readers, these relationships mattered. Writers may not have consistently reflected upon how they felt about their parents, but many nonetheless wrote enough about their experiences of family life for us to attempt to explore the emotional fabric of family life. Of familial relationships, it was those between parents and children that the autobiographers returned to most regularly, and of these, relationships with fathers are in many ways the most straightforward to comprehend.
Political Leadership and Artistic Transfiguration
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter goes on to discuss the literary expression of the public mood, including such vehement outbursts as those against Jews for both staying and running away. It remarks that the gallows humour about “stringing 'em up” seems excessive. But words have no less right than deeds to be judged with a tolerant eye that distinguishes the storm and stress of a fledgling movement from its core values. In giving it the benefit of the doubt, one must not overlook its benefits. One should also acknowledge the stance of a leadership which has explicitly said time and again that it disapproves of the violations it has authorised.
Murder with Mendacity
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter criticises the public's habit of ignoring or outright deceiving themselves with regard to the Nazi persecution of the Jews. Here, using certain set phrases as a form of exorcism satisfies the social needs arising from impoverished imaginations, never blaming the perpetrators but rather the victims and invariably those who report the deeds. Unshakeable credit is given to people travelling through Germany who conclude from the fact that they have “seen nothing wrong”—that nothing has occurred and everything is in order. Moments free of violence have been witnessed by many a traveller who is then able to give plausible eyewitness testimony, and that they have seen nothing can be confirmed by others who were in the same position. In times like these, people disregard the most basic logical question: whether that which is happening must always be visible everywhere or even visible at all. And there is also the ethical question: whether it might not on the contrary be more correct deliberately to multiply a single case by a factor of ten, if this is the only way to draw attention and to arouse people's conscience.
The Two Tea Countries
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the history of tea cultivation and consumption in imperial China, its popularity in Euro-American markets, and experimental colonial projects to transplant cultivation to eastern India. For these regions in East and South Asia, participation in the global tea trade entailed a transformation from an early modern luxury trade to a decisively modern competition between capitalist industries. This competition between Chinese and Indian tea simply marked the next chapter in an ongoing story of expansive world trade featuring the exchange of tea, opium, sugar, cotton, and silver. As commodities, their exchange also connected countless systems for employing, organizing, and disciplining producers. In the “tea countries” of Huizhou, the Wuyi Mountains, and Assam, it was during the nineteenth century when falling prices and productivity pressures asserted themselves upon local populations.
Incense and Industry
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: September 2020

This chapter, set in nineteenth-century China, examines how market pressures forced tea producers in the provinces of Anhui and Fujian to increase productivity in an industrial manner, despite lacking cutting-edge technology. During this time, rural tea production in China exhibited social dynamics that belong squarely within the modern history of capitalism. Drawing on the family archives of the Jiang family in southern Anhui and social-scientific surveys of the Wuyi Mountains in Fujian, it describes how guest merchants became factory managers, employing slow-burning incense sticks and arcane local customs to measure, regulate, and raise labor productivity, all in response to a rising global demand followed by plummeting prices. The emphasis on productivity—squeezing out a greater rate of output (tea) per labor input—constituted a strategy of labor-intensive capital accumulation. The inland tea merchants, in other words, attempted to remain profitable in a world of falling prices by asking seasonal laborers to work harder, faster, and for less reward.
Conclusion
Authors: Wood Laurie M.
Published: September 2020

The Atlantic and Indian Oceans, though distinctive, were never separate spheres of French imperial activity. Instead, these spaces formed a coherent whole as they were traversed and connected by the constant movement of French subjects and their correspondence. These movements were often channeled through the global network of legal entrepôts, especially the conseils supérieurs.
Limited
Authors: Herzog Don
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on limiting sovereignty. If unlimited sovereignty once looked plausible, even inviting, as a strategy for securing social order, the chapter reveals how the acts of the Stuart monarchs had made it look repellent. Strictly speaking, no European state ever attained full sovereignty as described by the classic theories. But efforts by some state actors to pursue such sovereignty inspired their opponents not just to rethink the theory, but also to engineer actual limits on political authority. In addition, the chapter turns to the American example—particularly on its applications of constitutional limits and restraints to sovereignty, and how these bear upon the classic theory.
Jews and Christians in the Polis
Authors: Stroup Christopher
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the importance of ethnicity and ethnic rhetoric to the formation of ancient Christian identity. The cities of the Roman Empire were filled with gods and the citizens who honored them with festivals, processions, buildings, and benefactions. The followers of Jesus—later called Christians—lived and moved in these cities, navigating avenues lined with statues honoring various deities, organizing their days and months around the feast days that structured civic calendars, and wandering past (and through) the many temples and shrines that populated the busy urban landscape. The importance of this urban context should not be overlooked: civic, ethnic, and religious identities were intertwined with these visible, material, and practical signs of communal life, wherever one was placed within the city's bustling topography. Connections between life in the city and daily religious practices were therefore fundamental to the development of Christian identity. This book then compares the literary construction of Jewish and Christian identity in Acts of the Apostles with the material construction of various ethnic and civic identities by inhabitants of Roman-era cities. It argues that Acts represents Jewish identity as hybrid and multiple in order to situate the earliest Christians within the Greco-Roman city as members of an ideal Jewish community, which was both ancestral and accepted in the city.
Moving Through the Polis, Asserting Christian Jewishness
Authors: Stroup Christopher
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how Acts of the Apostles and the Salutaris Foundation inscription each uses ethnic reasoning together with civic and imperial space to produce unified identities. Focusing on Paul's visits to Jewish civic associations in Acts 15:30–18:23, it shows how the repeated representation of civic space constructs a Jewish identity that includes proselyte non-Jews and at the same time makes an internal distinction between two Jewish identities: Christians and other Jews. Thus, the difference between Christians and non-Christians is one internal to Jewish identity. The chapter then compares this to how the Salutaris Foundation regulates movement through the Ephesian cityscape in ways that both reimagine Ephesian identity and distinguish between “true” and other Ephesians. While Acts seeks to incorporate non-Jewish Christians into the Jewish community, the Salutaris Foundation seeks to marginalize those Ephesians who do not conform to the benefactor's desired construal of Ephesian identity. Finally, the chapter studies how the literary representation in Acts of Paul's journeys throughout the Roman Empire also constructed a unified Christian identity that could be contrasted with the purported disunity of other Jewish civic associations.
The fourth age, frailty and transitions
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

One of the implications of an ageing population is the growing number of people aged 85 years and over. This cohort is increasingly described as belonging to the fourth age: a life stage that ‘demarcates experiences that occur at the intersection of advanced age and impairment’. The fourth age intersects with frailty: a biomedical status characterised by multiple impairment, decline and dependency.26 per cent of those aged 85 years and over are considered to be frail. The losses and challenges that accompany the fourth age, including becoming frail, can be conceptualised as transitions. Physical, psychological and experiential transitions tend to multiply in the fourth age and to co-occur. The fourth age, frailty and transitions intersect in a complex and mutually reinforcing way posing a profound challenge to mental health and psychological wellbeing. Autonomy, agency, dignity, independence, identity, choice and control are all threatened. Older people’s accounts draw attention to a need to accommodate both change and continuity and to preserving selfhood. A discourse dominated by a focus on ill health and frailty tends to obscure the influence of the lifecourse, including inequalities, on health outcomes. A policy and practice focus on ‘managing frailty’ is a key example.
Promotion and prevention
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Mental health in later life is promoted and protected by a range of factors. Protective personal attributes include positive self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience and mastery. The positive psychological benefits of taking part in exercise is well established, especially in a group. There is a vast literature on the mental health benefits of social relationships, social networks and social participation. It is the quality rather than the quantity of relationships that is protective; having a confidante is especially important. Membership of an accepting faith community, having a meaningful occupation and a reasonable income are also protective. For people living with dementia important factors are social and family relationships; effective communication; and involvement in decisions. How older people protect their mental health is underexplored. Most older people regard prevention and promotion as conjoined; the two fields intersect. Risks and protective factors can be conceptualised as located in the individual, community and national/societal domains. In order for policy to engage meaningfully with preventing mental ill health in later life, it needs to address risks in all three domains and tackle the social determinants of health inequalities. Many risks to mental health in later life are a product of, and are embedded in, the lifecourse.
Reconsidering policy change
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

Explaining how policies may be changed over time is a fundamental theme common to the study of public policy and governance. Scholars have developed several competing perspectives on how and why policy change occurs; while policy practitioners are largely focused on the successful negotiation and implementation of policy improvement and occasional major policy reforms. This chapter focuses on frameworks for explaining how policy agendas shift, how policy change occurs, and how some proposals for change are constrained. In the real world of complexity, wicked problems and mediatised debate, the authority and capacity of the state are subjected to many countervailing pressures. The explanation of policy change must take account not only of how Ministers are involved in setting priorities and mobilising political support, but also how public agencies manage the policy process – including their contributions to policy framing, policy design, engagement, evaluation, and managing conflicting views within civil society. In the governance era, policy change has become a complex and nuanced enterprise. This chapter reconsiders the utility of classic accounts of policy dynamics concerning evidence-based policy, ideology, and populist partisanship in addressing complex policy challenges.
Reconsidering policy – our agenda revisited
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, we review our findings, relating each chapter’s conclusions to the over-arching re-consideration agenda. Policy learning and evaluation, and the continuing importance to policy analysis of policy change, are emphasised. We conclude that, appropriately refreshed, the public policy perspective remains critical to understanding and resolving complex problems in governing.
What do we know about housework?
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 serves as the introduction to the book. While housework is a frequent object of scholarly inquiry, in part because of its ubiquitous appearance across household types, we argue that it can be used to understand more than simply who does what around the house. Housework provides insight into the power dynamics in intimate relationships. After explaining resource-based and social psychological/symbolic perspectives for understanding the division of housework, the chapter concludes with a detailed summary of the remainder of the book.
Theorizing housework as an example of power dynamics
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: September 2020

In Chapter 2 of the book we provide a review of the theoretical and empirical scholarship that has studied housework and document how power dynamics have been integral to both strands of scholarship. We present reviews of time availability, relative resources, bargaining, gender ideology, and economic dependence perspectives. We explain how power has been implicit in previous theorizing than then present our argument for the use of housework to understand power within the social exchange that is an intimate relationship.
Describing the data
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 introduces the National Survey of Families and Households data and situates the respondents in the social, political, and economic context of the late 1980s. The chapter then presents descriptive data the relationships of gender, race, age, union status, income, education, metropolitan status, region, and religious affiliation to the division of household labor.
The five classes
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 presents findings from couple-level data from the National Study of Families and Households (Wave 1). We employ latent profile analysis to describe categories, or classes, of couples. We found that couples fell into five categories: Ultra-traditional, Traditional, Transitional Husbands, Egalitarian, and Egalitarian High Workload. This chapter presents the profiles of each of these classes of couples based upon their joint division of labor. The analysis is unique in that we use self-reported data from each spouse in order to document patterns across the 3,906 couples for whom we have complete data.
Stability and change in class membership over time
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 of the book reports the results of Latent Trajectory Analysis examining stability and change in class membership over time. Using data from Waves 1 and 2 of the NSFH we document change and stability in class membership in the five classes (Ultra-traditional, Traditional, Transitional Husbands, Egalitarian, and Egalitarian High Workload). We describe the couple and individual level characteristics associated with both change and stability as well as the new class profiles in Wave 2. We find great change in housework class over the time period studied with some couples becoming more egalitarian and others more traditional in their division of labor. Patterns in this change over time are presented and discussed.
Love is a wondrous state:1 origins and early debates
Authors: White Sue , Gibson Matthew , Wastell David , Walsh Patricia
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the origins of attachment theory and reviews its component parts, including the seminal empirical research on animals and humans. Attachment theory, popularised during the 1940s and 1950s, is a synthesis of object relations theory and ethological developmental psychology. It suggests a symbiotic dance of nature and nurture, achieved through the ministering of the mother. It shares with object relations theory an emphasis on the infant's relationship with the ‘primary object’, but these ideas are combined with those from cognitive psychology, cybernetics (control systems theory), ethology, and evolutionary biology. The theory is thus an elegant, but pragmatic mishmash, arising from attempts to make sense of empirical, clinical observations of real children experiencing distressing separations, together with aspirations to make the world a better place for everybody by understanding the medium of love. Attachment theory as used in child welfare is generally attributed to the work of John Bowlby, James Robertson, and Mary Ainsworth. The chapter then considers the controversies that attachment theory has faced, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century.
Practising attachment theory in child welfare
Authors: White Sue , Gibson Matthew , Wastell David , Walsh Patricia
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses how attachment theory is used, or not, in professional practice and decision making. Attachment theory is now a standard subject on social work qualifying programmes and many employers provide training for their social workers in attachment theory, ensuring that most practitioners are familiar with the theory. As the discourse of attachment theory has influenced medical opinion and doctors have the power and privilege to diagnose children, a range of ‘attachment disorders’ has been created and these disorders are used to categorise children. Afforded with greater power and status, such diagnoses by medical practitioners feed into the attachment theory knowledge base of social workers, influencing and framing how social workers think about the children and families they work with. The chapter then considers Matthew Gibson's recent study, which took place in the child and family social work service in an English local authority.
Redistributing waste food to reduce poverty in Slovenia
Authors: Leskošek Vesna , Zidar Romana
Published: September 2020

This chapter forms the land case study for Slovenia. As with all empirical chapters it explores several key themes in relation to food charity in Slovenia:
• the history of food charity in the national context and the relationship between the welfare state and charities;
• the nature of and drivers behind contemporary food charity provision;
• key changes in social policy and their impact on rising charitable food provision;
• and the social justice implications of increasing need for charitable assistance with food.
The chapter concludes with critical reflections on the future direction of food charity provision in the Slovenia and the implications of this.
Conclusion: food charity in Europe
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah , Silvasti Tiina
Published: September 2020

This final chapter provides a comparative analysis of several key themes across the case studies. These are: the nature and scale of food charity in Europe; relationships between changes in welfare provision and the growth of food charity and the shifting role of charity more generally across the cases; the role of food supply in shaping food charity; and the social justice implications of changing welfare states and the growth of food charity. The chapter ends by setting out the implications of this evidence base for future research and policy analysis.
Workfare’s persistent philosophical and legal issues: forced labour, reciprocity and a basic income guarantee
Authors: Paz-Fuchs Amir
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses four persistent legal and philosophical issues that imbue workfare, albeit usually not explicitly. First, forced labour is a relatively common charge against workfare. If workfare is tantamount to forced labour, it cannot be justified, legally or morally. But to what extent do we truly object to forcing people to work? Second, the chapter asks what is unique about requiring people to work? Third, we address reciprocity, probably the most persuasive, most common, and most controversial argument in justifying workfare. And finally, the chapter addresses Basic Income Guarantee, which is the mirror image of forced labour: If forced labour is the epitome of the ills of capitalism, basic income is the tool to save capitalism from itself. If forced labour is the charge, basic income is the (perceived) solution. But it also addresses the problems of conditionality. For if Basic Income is not only plausible, but morally justified, it offers a strong argument against conditioning benefits on work.
Precarity and ageing: new perspectives for social gerontology
Authors: Grenier Amanda , Phillipson Chris , Settersten Richard A.
Published: September 2020

The chapter sets the foundation for the exploration of precarity and aging from a range of disciplinary backgrounds, critical perspectives, and contexts. It begins by outlining the concept of precarity and precariousness in fields such as geography and labour studies, examines how the concept has been applied to late life, and considers its relevance to the field of ageing. It establishes precarity as lens for drawing attention to insecurity and risk in later life. The chapter then poses a series of questions to guide reflection and ground the debates pursued by authors throughout the book, followed by a brief overview of the chapters ahead.
Precarious life, human development and the life course: critical intersections
Authors: Katz Stephen
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the critical intersections between ageing, human development, and the life course as precarious forms of life. The first part reviews the literature on global precarity and the endangerment of liveability in relation to ageing populations, with a focus on neoliberal strategies that naturalise and individualise risky life-course trajectories and health crises. The second part examines selected figures of the obese child, unstable adolescent, despairing mid-lifer, and cognitively impaired older adult as examples of crisis-laden personifications of social problems. Data are drawn from historical texts, popular images and professional knowledges. Conclusions revisit the work of Butler and Foucault to raise questions about current models of resilience and the possibilities of resistance and living differently.
Precarity, migration and ageing
Authors: Kobayashi Karen , Khan Mushira Mohsin
Published: September 2020

The profile of older adults in the Global North is changing rapidly with increasing proportions of foreign-born ageing populations. Despite their demographic significance, very little research has been conducted on the complex and varied experiences of ageing, risk, and insecurity in this group, particularly with regard to significant life course events such as migration. Using the conceptual lens of precarity, this chapter presents a nuanced analysis of risk and vulnerability in the context of ageing and migration. We begin with a brief overview of the key economic, psychosocial, and cultural markers of precarity in older immigrants. Next, we highlight the ‘politics of precarity’ inherent in the larger political economy of immigration and the invisibility of racialized older immigrants in health and social care policies. We conclude with a discussion on the challenges to understanding precarity in the context of migration, and provide suggestions for future research.
Reconstructing dependency: precarity, precariousness and care in old age
Authors: Fine Michael
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the potential for the development of critical approach to care based on the concepts of precarity and precariousness. Applying those concepts at the level of both theory and analysis, it is argued, serves to draw attention to both the socially constructed uncertainties of care provision conditioned by the labour market and corporate practices on the one hand, and the uncertainties of physical ageing and the ontological vulnerabilities that arise from our bodily existence on the other. Uncertainty also confronts those who provide care in either a paid or unpaid/informal capacity. The precarious conditions of work reflect the financial fragility of the economic supports and the changing and unequal markets that increasingly underpin the way care is provided to the increasing numbers of people who live extended lives today.
Conclusion: Precarity and ageing in the 21st century
Authors: Phillipson Chris , Grenier Amanda , Settersten Richard A.
Published: September 2020

The chapter summarises the importance of ideas associated with precarity and precariousness for understanding later life. The discussion is framed within the context of the development of critical gerontology. The chapter considers how the concept of precarity extends our understanding of the range of insecurities faced in later life. It also considers how the example of a human rights perspective can be used to challenge some of the vulnerabilities experienced by older people.
BBC Pebble Mill: issues around collaborative community online archives – a case study of the Pebble Mill Project
Authors: Jackson Vanessa
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the Pebble Mill project. The project is a multi-media online resource, with social media interaction on Facebook, where members of an online community build an ‘idiosyncratic archive’ of memories and artefacts, including photographs, videos, audio, and written text, creating a democratic history of BBC Pebble Mill, which complements the BBC's institutional archive. Some of the tensions and limitations of community archive projects are explored, including moderation, ethics, and legal matters, namely defamation and copyright. One of the major challenges for community archives regards the continuing commitment of ‘citizen curators’, the facilitators of online community projects, whose labour includes devising policies, moderating, and encouraging engagement. Issues of longevity and sustainability are considered, along with the vulnerability of online collections in a precarious virtual world, where platforms are subject to evolution, or removal — threatening the survival of small projects.