bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disseminating Knowledge for Reducing Disaster Damage
Authors: Shuto Nobuo ,   Professor Emeritus, Tohoku University  Tsunami Engineering Laboratory, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Japan
Published: June 2017

Natural disasters occur where natural phenomena and human society meet. Disaster impact differs in form and scale – even when the natural external forces are the same – depending on the way of society. Our knowledge of natural forces is also limited, making it much difficult to interpret disasters.

In areas of frequent disasters, knowledge about highly vulnerable areas is passed as wisdom for the generations, and local residents know how to live safest. Living in disaster-prone areas puts residents at risk, but such areas often bring notable benefits to residents, so they have learned and devised wisdom to adapt to nature’s force.

With disaster-resistant structures being more widely constructed and disaster experience decreasing, however, the local population has grown as new residents arrive, and local generational wisdom has often been lost.

Simeulue Island, Indonesia, is a good example of how the transmission of local wisdom has minimized disaster damage. In the great 1907 tsunami, for example, several thousand of the island’s residents died and this experience of “a tsunami following an earthquake” has been handed down in lullabies, stories, and epics. Thanks to this wisdom, the death toll from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was just one out of a population of 78,000. This wisdom has been limited to this island geographically, however, rather than shared with neighboring islands.

One basic principle for mitigating disaster damage is to share local wisdom world-wide – not limit it to local geographical areas. This requires stable nucleus to collect and disseminate such knowledge widely. The Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) has served this role for the last decade as it has grown.

Human beings are forgetful creatures, so however much they may want to avoid major disasters after they happen – up to eight years or so, this wisdom rarely lasts longer than a decade. Fifteen years later, disasters are largely forgotten and preparation is no longer seen as urgent.

How can we prevent this? It is my great hope that the JDR will continue to help prevent such oblivion and continue as a nucleus for disaster reduction in the decades ahead and further in the future.

Nobuo Shuto May 22, 2015
Congratulations! The Second JDR Award
Authors: Editors-in-Chief  , Hayashi Haruo
Published: June 2017

The second JDR Award ceremony was held in Kasumigaseki, Japan, at November 22, 2016 and the certificate was given to the JDR award winner, Prof. Harry Yeh of Oregon State University (Prof. Shinji Sato of the University of Tokyo received it as a dupty). We congratulate the winner and sincerely wish for future success.
Presenting the Second JDR Award
Authors: Takahashi Tomoyuki ,   Professor, Faculty of Societal Safety Sciences, Kansai University, Japan
Published: June 2017

The Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) has published many special issues in addition to its regular issues. These special issues have included various papers that have covered disasters comprehensively. Among them, the Special Issue on “Tsunami Forces and Effects on Structures” in Vol.4 No.6, 2009 and the Special Issue on “Uncertainties in Tsunami Effects” in Vol.11 No.4, 2016 include practical papers on tsunami disasters which are sure to contribute greatly to tsunami disaster control. The members of the JDR editorial board have unanimously agreed to present this second JDR Award to the editor of the special issues:

Harry Yeh

Professors, School of Civil and Construction Engineering,

Oregon State University, USA

I met Professor Harry Yeh for the first time while doing a field survey on the earthquake and tsunami that struck Flores Island, Indonesia in December 1992. He was already a world-renowned researcher, known for his theoretical tsunami research based on accurate hydraulic experiments. I remember that I was deeply impressed with his energetic attitude towards the survey as he worked to reveal phenomena on the disaster site. Since then, I have accompanied him on various disaster surveys, and I have listened to his unique and significant opinions on tsunami studies at many conferences. The two special issues mentioned above reflect his broad range of knowledge and experience.

On behalf of the JDR editorial board, I wish to thank Professor Harry Yeh for his efforts and to congratulate him as the winner of the second JDR Award.

Tomoyuki Takahashi

Professor, Faculty of Societal Safety Sciences, Kansai University, Japan
Design of Hybridized Wireless Sensor Network using K-Means Clustering and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Gbolagade M. D. , Jimoh R. G. , Gbolagade K. A. , Mejabi O. V.
Published: June 2017

Prolonging the network lifetime in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), Clustering has been recognized has one of the significant methods in achieving this, It entails grouping of sensor nodes into clusters and electing cluster heads (CHs) for all the clusters. CH’s accept data from relevant cluster’s nodes and forward the aggregate data to base station. A main challenge in WSNs is the selection of appropriate cluster heads. This work proposes a system that is efficient, scalable and load balanced. The proposed scheme combines two known algorithms namely k-means clustering and genetic algorithms based on the weaknesses identified in the two. The simulated data is obtained through the enhancement of clustering by the cluster head (base station) that helps in locating the nearest node that is important in the data transfer instead of transferring to a node that is not necessary, thereby wasting time and resources. The obtained simulation results indicate that this approach is efficient and last longer in elongating the battery life time than the conventional method by 60%.
JSSecure: A Secured Encryption Strategy for Payment Gateways in E-Commerce
Authors: Oruganti Ramkrishna , Shah Saurabh , Pavri Yohan , Prasad Neelansh , Churi Prathamesh
Published: June 2017

JSSecure is a framework for online payment systems over e-commerce websites. Payments made online using debit/credit cards have become familiar, and the users are shifting to a higher comfort level with this method of payment. Nowadays for any online transactions, a payment gateway is used which is a service that is provided by an e-commerce or by any bank that authorizes the details of the user for the secure transaction. This paper presents a frame format of JSSecure. For any transaction, there has to be a way in which the user details needs to be protected. Cryptography is one of the methods which is used for converting the information from its standard form to encrypted form or unreadable for the attackers. Using JSSecure, each user detail is encrypted individually to provide extra security against attackers. There are umpteen number of payment gateway methods like 3D Secure, SET, and MSET Protocols. Various algorithms help user securely enter his/her card details, some of them are Jumbling Salting (JS), Data Encryption Standard (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), etc. which are used for the encrypting the details securely. All these algorithms are symmetric key. JSSecure uses double encryption strategy for more security. We will be providing a fair comparison of Data Encryption Standard (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Jumbling Salting (JS) algorithms. Since our major concern here is the performance of algorithms under different conditions, we will be comparing on the basis of speed, block size, and key size on the encryption time, decryption time, throughput and size of cipher text. This analysis will help in implementing the best-suited algorithm for the proposed payment gateway. It will be open source and hence it will be more cost efficient.
Understanding Security Threats in Spam Detection on Social Networks
Authors: Kamoru Balogun Abiodun , Jaafar Azmi Bin , Murad Masrah Azrifah Azmi , Jabar Marzanah A.
Published: June 2017

Social network has become a very popular way for internet users to communicate and interact online. The socia; networks provide a platform to maintain a contact with friends. Increasing social network’s popularity allows all of them to collect large amounts of personal details about their users. Globally, the issue of identifying spammers have received great attention due to its practical relevance in the field of social network analysis. Social network community users are fed with irrelevant information while surfing, due to spammer's activity. Spam pervades any information system such as e-mail or web, social, blog or reviews platform. The aim of this paper is to examine previous works in the field of spam detection in social networks, the study attempts to review various spam detection frameworks which details about the detection and elimination of spam's in various sources, By classification and Clustering Method of spam detection and by raising security awareness among the users of social networks and stake holders , by prescribing a strategic approach or data mining approach for analyzing the nature of spam detection on social networks.
DE-PRE Tool for Detection and Prevention from Input Validation Attacks on Website
Authors: Churi Prathamesh P. , Mistry Kamal
Published: June 2017

In most cases, usually, when a web application or a website is fully developed it is released over the internet and if not provided with proper security then it is susceptible to input validation attacks; specifically SQLIA, XSS, Buffer Overflow. A website can be hacked within hours of its release on the internet. It is at this point the developing team realizes to consider security issues and to backtrack and repair. Applying security at this stage is a costly, time consuming process which would also include some software overhead. To avoid this and to prevent websites from input validation attacks we plan to impart security at the software development cycle itself such that the website is protected prior to its release considering the vulnerabilities of the same and the behaviour of the attacks and later it will not be under any threat by the specific input validation attacks. To implement this, we are designing a useful utility tool that imparts security at the software development cycle of any website that requires protection.
Violencia: ética discursiva, representación social y saber
Authors: Ávila Barba Mauricio
Published: June 2017

El presente trabajo analiza la noción de ‘violencia’ desde la perspectiva de las representaciones sociales (Serge Moscovici). En particular, indaga en las creencias de los individuos en torno a los saberes y las prácticas que pueden implementar para prevenirla, centrándose en la psicología, el sistema jurídico judicial, el arte y la religión. El objetivo es problematizar la discordancia o concordancia que puede haber en la manera como el sujeto se experimenta a sí mismo a partir de determinados saberes y prácticas (Michel Foucault), así como en otros horizontes hermenéuticos de comprensión del mundo; por ejemplo, su creencia en la asimetría entre la violencia y las estrategias de prevención que pueden programarse dentro de un proyecto de intervención comunitario. Los resultados de este caso muestran que 87.4 % de los estudiantes encuestados consideró que las causas de violencia tienen un origen psicológico: enojo, depresión, etcétera. Asimismo, la mayoría, 84.4 %, afirmó que la psicología es el saber más apropiado para prevenirla, por ejemplo, a través de medicación y terapia. De igual manera, 84.4 % declaró que la falta de actividades artístico-culturales en su comunidad produce violencia, por lo que determinaron que la promoción de dichas actividades puede ayudar a prevenirla. Por otro lado, un porcentaje muy alto, 73.3 %, declaró que la religión no tiene ninguna relevancia en la prevención de la violencia; y 85 % que no espera que se tomen medidas al respecto. A partir de estos resultados se concluye que existe concordancia entre los presupuestos de un proyecto artístico-cultural o psicológico y la representación social de los estudiantes encuestados, lo que quizás signifique mayor disposición de su parte a participar en un proyecto de vinculación. Por otro lado, un proyecto con aspectos religiosos puede ser recibido con dificultad por parte de los estudiantes. Estas circunstancias -encuentro y desencuentro, concordancia y discordancia (Jürgen Habermas)- propician el entendimiento entre individuos con diferentes perspectivas del mundo, es decir, un encuentro entre sujetos con diferentes maneras de experimentarse a sí mismos, quienes no necesariamente llegan a un acuerdo.
Развитие современной музыкальной культуры Тувы (взгляд из Японии)
Authors: Terada Mao
Published: June 2017

Выпускница-филолог Университета Вако из г. Токио впервые услышала тувинскую музыку в 1999 г. на компакт диске всемирно известной группы «Хун-Хурту». Начала учиться исполнять хоомей. В 2000-х годах приезжала в Туву для участия в музыкальных фестивалях, а с 2006 г. осталась здесь для изучения музыкальных традиций. Автор наблюдает, что музыкальная жизнь Тувы не стоит на месте, а постоянно развивается. В статье делится результатами своих личных наблюдений и своими интересными соображениями о том, как и в какую сторону развивается тувинская музыка на современном этапе.Автор называет причины большого интереса японцев к тувинскому горловому пению. Жители урбанизированной страны испытывают дефицит «живых» впечатлений, оторваны от природы. В Японии почти не осталось сказителей и исполнителей на древних музыкальных инструментах, очень редким явлением стало чтение буддийскими ламами сутр. Грусть японцев по старинным звукам компенсируется звуками хоомея и тувинских песен, выражающих разные настроения, имеющих большое количество жанров. Удивительно многообразие тувинских музыкальных инструментов. Количество исполнителей хоомея в Японии постоянно растет. Японские исполнители хоомея каждый год приглашают тувинских хоомейжи к себе и сами также приезжают в Туву, в рамках программ по культурному обмену.Тувинские музыканты находятся в постоянном творческом поиске. В самой музыке также наблюдается разностороннее развитие.  Интересным автор называет и опыт исполнения хоомея женщинами. Хоомей исполняется вместе с забытыми старинными мелодиями, своеобразны еще не известные варианты хоомея. В случае использования хоо­мея в сочетании с современными формами музицирования существенно видоизменяется контекст функционирования самого хоомея. Тем не менее у многих современных тувинских хоомейжи исполнение этого уникального искусства становится более однообразным. С каждым годом увеличивается и число иностранных исполнителей хоомея.
Язык поэтических текстов современных тувинских эстрадных песен
Authors: Saaya Oyumaa M.
Published: June 2017

В статье представлен лингвистический анализ поэтических текстов современных тувинских песен. Исследования по этой проблеме важны для понимания современного песнетворчества Тувы, необходимо выявить, какие языковые средства, функциональные стили и какую лексику используют современные авторы эстрадных песенных стихов; исследование также позволит раскрыть влияние современных мировых модных течений на песенное искусство в лингвистическом отношении.Сегодня с тувинской эстрады звучат три группы песен. Во-первых, это песни, как профессиональных поэтов и писателей, так и поэтов-песенников — непрофессионалов, но хорошо владеющих литературным слогом. Тексты и тех, и других имеют однородный литературный стиль, ориентированы не на определенного слушателя, а рассчитаны на широкую аудиторию, не содержат жаргоны, молодежный сленг. Во-вторых, до сих пор актуальными, любимыми народом остаются так называемые «чоннуң ырлары» — песни народа. Это песни, которые считаются народными, хотя их и не причисляли к тувинскому народному фольклору. К этой же группе примыкают авторские песни, некогда находившиеся в запрете, а также сочиненные бывшими заключенными. Стилистика текстов таких песен разная. По словарному составу они также разнородны, в них могут присутствовать сленг, слова, относящиеся к просторечной лексике. В-третьих, в Туве под влиянием модных течений мировой и российской эстрады тувинское песнетворчество получило значительное развитие: появляется много авторов, которые сами сочиняют и слова, и музыку, или возникают спонтанные творческие союзы, совместно создающие песни. Они стилистически разобщены, в них много неологизмов, заимствований, сленга, жаргонизмов, в некоторых присутствуют даже макаронизмы (смешанная речь).Автор специально разбирает песенные тексты третьей группы.  Их можно разделить по шести тематическим группам, которые по содержанию лексического наполнения, по степени использования литературных тропов весьма различаются. В основном, язык современных тувинских песен приближен к разговорной речи современной молодежи. Достаточно активное использование жаргона в речи молодых людей и людей более старшего поколения, особенно в современных песенных текстах, ведет к постепенному снижению литературной нормы современного тувинского языка. Автор заключает, что исследования языка поэтических песен важны для сохранения и развития тувинской языковой культуры, для развития тувинского языка, для того, чтобы носители тувинского языка относились бережно к родному языку.
Песенный фольклор тувинцев-тоджинцев: собирание, публикации, исследования
Authors: Tiron Ekaterina L.
Published: June 2017

В статье представлена история собирания тоджинского песенного фольклора, охарактеризовано состояние научных исследований предмета к настоящему времени, отмечены результаты авторских исследований, которые проводились с 2003 г.История изучения песенного фольклора тувинцев-тоджинцев начинается с конца XIX в. — с материалов экспедиции П. Е. Островских и М. И. Райкова. В 1930–1950-е гг. тоджинские песни фиксировались от представителей тувинской интеллигенции. Публикация напевов тоджинских песен впервые осуществлено в 1956 г. М. М. Мунзуком. Богатейший материал по фольклору тоджинцев собран в архиве Тувинского института гуманитарных исследований. Сотрудниками института проведен ряд экспедиций к тоджинцам, кроме того, записи песенного фольклора велись на слетах сказителей и певцов Тувы. Первые аудиозаписи тоджинского фольклора относятся к 1973 г. Расшифровки песенных текстов включены в монографии С. И. Вайнштейна и З. Б. Чадамба, тексты с мелодиями — в труды З. К. Кыргыс. Отметим значение работы местного краеведа Т. Т. Кушкаш, опубликовавшей в 1996 г. песенные тексты, записанные от носителей тоджинской традиции.Новый этап датируется рубежом XX–XXI вв., когда под руководством новосибирского ученого Г. Б. Сыченко возобновляются экспедиции в Тоджу. На базе экспедиционных материалов в Новосибирске возникают первые этномузыкологические исследования тоджинского фольклора.Специальное исследование тоджинских песен, направленное на дифференциацию жанров ыр и кожамык, впервые осуществлено автором статьи. Жанры, составляющие ядро песенной традиции, образуют своего рода оппозицию и представляют два способа реализации лирической традиции у тувинцев-тоджинцев. Несмотря на общетипологическое сходство, каждый из жанров обладает выраженной спецификой, которая проявляется как на семантическом, так и на структурном уровнях. Автором проанализированы представления носителей традиции, народная терминология, дана тематическая характеристика поэтических текстов, описана система стихосложения, слогоритмическая и звуковысотная организация народных песен тувинцев-тоджинцев.Упоминаются осуществленные и планирующиеся проекты, направленные на изучение, сохранение и популяризацию уникального песенного фольклора тувинцев-тоджинцев.
Что делает Максим Дакпай, когда поет сыгыт? Предварительное исследование личного стиля горлового пения
Authors: Van Tongeren Mark
Published: June 2017

Знаменитые тувинские певцы горлового пения ХХ века продолжают привлекать внимание современных певцов и исследователей. В статье представлено исследование особенностей стиля горлового пения тувинского певца Максима Дакпая (1921–1993), известного исполнителя такого жанра хоомея, как сыгыт. Анализ выполнен на примере одной из песен, которую исполнял Дакпай  «Каралаңны берем эжим» («Дай мне твоего Вороного, друг мой»). Песня была записана фирмой «Мелодия» в 1968 г., впоследствии размещена в архиве сайта Культурный капитал А. Ломакса.Автор представляет доказательства того, что Дакпай умело исполнял текст одновременно с обертоновой мелодией, и что певец сознательно использовал такую гармонику (11 обертон), которую избегают большинство исполнителей хоомея.  Автор также анализирует ряд мелодических моделей, которые являются общими в Туве, но имеют в творчестве Дакпая уникальный вид.
Тувинская музыка и World Music
Authors: Chaposhnikov Maxim V.
Published: June 2017

В эссе представлены авторские наблюдения о процессе вхождения тувинской музыки в World Music — нишу мировой музыкальной культуры, в которой представлены этнические музыкальные традиции. Автор был свидетелем пробуждения интереса к традиционной музыкальной культуре в Туве и России, а также процесса глобализации тувинской музыки. Он ставит цель осмыслить эти перемены и выяснить, как они повлияли на саму традиционную музыку, на хоомей.В конце советского времени традиционная музыка в Туве, как и во многих республиках страны, была как бы законсервирована. В период перестройки и процесса национального возрождения традиционность стала восстребованной. В Туве стали проводиться симпозиумы, фестивали, на которых самодеятельные исполнители выступали наравне с профессиональными. Особым почетом пользовались старые мастера хоомея. Ученые активно обсуждали происхождение, роль хоомея и его жанры.Рыночный интерес к хоомею пришел извне. В конце 1980-х гг. американским ученым и продюсером Т. Левиным впервые были проведены полевые записи хоомейжи для выпуска диска. Был создан этнографический aнсамбль «Тыва». Его участники впоследствии образовали свои музыкальные группы. Музыкальные программы составлялись по принципу этнографического дивертисмента,  в тот период востребованная форма проведения концертов  в самой Туве и за ее пределами. Начались выпуски дисков, гастроли тувинских исполнителей за границей. Резкий рост интереса к феномену World Music ознаменовался знаковым интересом к феномену горлового пения и обертоновой музыки и развитие тувинской музыки с этого времени стало тесно связано с западным музыкальным рынком. Автор прослеживает особенности таких групп, как «Хун-Хурту», «Ят-ха» и др., и отмечает, что ценность тувинской музыки не столько в звездах, покоривших небосклон западного рынка, сколько в образовании стабильного сообщества людей, вдохновленных этой музыкой и культурой, ищущих новые пути эстетического и духовного мировосприятия.Сегодня Тува имеет свои  рок-группы, авангардные, женские и т. д. Горловое пение стало востребованным видом вокального искусства. Тувинская музыка привлекла сотни тысяч поклонников по всему миру. Распространение звуконосителей, в особенности тувинской музыки, позволило музыкантам Саяно-Алтая и Центральной Азии заново открыть многие жанры собственной традиции.C начала 1990-х годов тувинская музыка ворвалась в мировое сознание наподобие монгольского нашествия. Очевиден глобальный успех тувинской музыки на мировом музыкальном рынке. Но неизбежен процесс нормализации восприятия тувинской музыки внешним миром. К статье прилагаются аудиофайлы (см. «Дополнительные файлы» во вкладке «Инструменты для статьи»).
«Мой хомус — это мой красный олень, на котором я лечу по Среднему миру» (Хомус в шаманской практике Тувы: проблемы исследования)
Authors: Tadagawa Leo
Published: June 2017

Знакомство автора с тувинской музыкой состоялось в 1991 г. на Втором Международном конгрессе варганной музыки в Якутии (России). Среди других этномузыкальных групп из разных регионов России и стран СНГ группа из Тувы отличалась особой техникой исполнения на хомусе (варгане) и сопровождением музыки горловым пением. Один из участников группы Геннадий Чаш стал учителем горлового пения для автора, который впоследствии побывал в Туве, познакомился с тувинскими музыкантами и этномузыковедами. Автор стал постоянным гостем музыкальных симпозиумов в Туве и обратился к исследованиям особенностей исполнения тувинцами на хомусе, а также выступил сопродюсером выпуска компакт-диска с аудиозаписями (2013).Особый интерес вызывают своеобразие использования хомуса шаманами в шаманской практике. Автор обращается к этнографическим работам российского ученого Севьяна Вайнштейна по шаманским обрядам, видеосъемкам по следам его этнографической экспедиции, а также анализирует собственные наблюдения.
Социальные и познавательные функции музыки на примере горлового пения тувинцев
Authors: Hsu Shen-Mou
Published: June 2017

Музыка является неотъемлемой частью практически всех человеческих культур во все времена. Музыка выполняет множество социальных и познавательных функций в обществе. В том числе горловое пение (хоомей) — наиболее известный вид музыкального искусства тувинцев — занимает важное место в общественной жизни: оно выражает общественные связи, показывает эмоции исполнителей и сопровождает религиозные ритуалы. Признание и постижение общественных и познавательных аспектов музыки могут обеспечить лучшее понимание природы горлового пения. До настоящего времени исследования указывали, что подобно языку музыка является фундаментальным каналом связи. Кроме того, музыка может модулировать нервную деятельность в мозговых структурах, связанных с чувствами и менять наши ответы. То есть дополнительно к информационным функциям, музыка имеет возможность передавать чувства. Эта способность дает возможность музыке выступать мощным механизмом для установления общественных связей и выражения ритуальной практики, поскольку способствует синхронизации внутреннего состояния индивидуумов в общественных действиях.В заключение, автор напоминает, что упомянутые общественные познавательные функции горлового пения могут стать новым направлением для исследований в области тувинской музыки.
The Gathering of the Storm: Risks and Uncertainties in Global Warming
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik
Published: June 2017

It is often mentioned that solar energy is becoming competitive and that modern renewables is more and more utilized. However, at the same no one speaks of the immense augmentation of air transportation and the construction of new giant infra structure facilities, for instance airports. Moreover, the number of cars increases as well as their engine size. The risk of policy failures and implementation gaps are great for the COP21 project, where one major nation already has reneged.
Benefits and Difficulties of Learning in Group Work in EFL Classes in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alfares Nurah
Published: June 2017

This study investigates learners’ perceptions of the benefits and the difficulties of group work (GW) in EFL (English as a foreign language) classes. The purpose of this study is to explore the possible effects of GW, in order to better understand learners’ attitudes towards GW, and to inform language teachers of students’ views of using GW. A mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative methods) was used to collect the required data for the study. Questionnaires were collected from 188 students in five private language institutions. These institutions specialise in teaching EFL to adult students studying in intermediate and secondary schools. From this sample, 20 students were interviewed in more detail in follow-up telephone interviews. The questionnaire examined learners’ general perceptions, and the telephone interviews further explored the questionnaire findings. The findings revealed that many language learners consider the advantages of GW to be mainly related to (1) cognitive aspects, i.e. benefits that help learners in the learning process; and (2) emotional aspects, which are benefits that enhance motivation for learners. However, some learners identified difficulties, mostly related to learners’ behaviours, which can result in uncooperative work in groups. These findings revealed that Saudi learners regard GW as effective in learning, but that some students’ negative behaviours may prevent them from obtaining the benefits of GW.
Subjectivation, togetherness, environment. Potentials of participatory art for Art Education for Sustainable Development (AESD)
Authors: Illeris Helene
Published: June 2017

Through a process-oriented analysis of the participatory art project The Hill this article explores the relevance of participatory art projects for the development of AESD – Art Education for Sustainable Development. Inspired by Felix Guattari’s Three Ecologies (2008) the analysis moves through three sub-studies delving into three different aspects of the project. Each sub-study adopts two overlapping analytical ‘lenses’: The lens of a contemporary art form (performance art, community art, and site-specific art) and the lens of a related theoretical concept (subjectivation, togetherness, environment). The aim is to propose art educational ideas and strategies that stimulate students to challenge the current political, economic and environmental situation. Central questions addressed by the article are: How can educators use contemporary artistic strategies to challenge essentialist and opportunistic self-understandings? What is the potential for participatory art forms to explore alternative and more sustainable conceptions of human subjectivity? How can art education work in favour of a sense of interconnectedness between the individual, the social and the environmental dimensions of being? In conclusion, the article proposes art education as a symbolic place for carrying out art-inspired experiments with how to live our lives in more sustainable ways.
Relation between precipitation location and antecedent/subsequent soil moisture spatial patterns
Authors: Hsu Hsin , Lo Min‐Hui , Guillod Benoit P. , Miralles Diego G. , Kumar Sanjiv
Published: June 2017

Recent evidence has shown that relations between soil moisture and precipitation at spatial and temporal aspect are contrary to each other: afternoon precipitation tends to occur at times in which conditions are overall wet and heterogeneous in the morning, but preferentially over those patches that are relatively drier than the surroundings. This study expands the notion of soil moisture‐precipitation spatial coupling by analyzing the preferred precipitation location over a range of different soil moisture patterns. Using global observations of precipitation and observationally constrained evaporative stress estimates, we confirm that relatively drier patches have more chances of receiving rain, but the preference is weakened under wetter soil conditions. During extremely wet times, wet patches have more chances of receiving rain. Moreover, the preference of precipitation to occur on drier soils is stronger when soil moisture conditions are heterogeneous. Such results indicate that the positive feedback mechanism becomes more positive as soil wetness increases and the negative feedback mechanism becomes more negative as soils become drier and more heterogeneous. The strength of these two feedback mechanisms jointly affects preferential precipitation location. Counterintuitively, analysis from 1 day after‐event soil moisture pattern shows that negative soil moisture‐precipitation coupling may in turn further heterogenize soil moisture patterns, because dry patch gets extremely wet with no or less rain in surrounding. Although results here do not necessarily imply a causal relationship, this work contributes to enhancing our understanding of soil moisture‐precipitation spatial coupling and exposes the complex nuances of these land‐atmosphere interactions.
Sensitivity of CO2 surface flux constraints to observational coverage
Authors: Byrne B. , Jones D. B. A. , Strong K. , Zeng Z.‐C. , Deng F. , Liu J.
Published: June 2017

Inverse modeling of regional CO2 fluxes using atmospheric CO2 data is sensitive to the observational coverage of the observing network. Here we use the GEOS‐Chem adjoint model to examine the sensitivity to CO2 fluxes of observations from the in situ surface network, the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO‐2). We find that OCO‐2 has high sensitivity to fluxes throughout the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, while surface observations have high sensitivity to fluxes in the northern extratropics throughout the year. For GOSAT viewing modes, ocean glint data provide the strongest constraints on fluxes in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere during Northern Hemisphere fall and winter relative to other viewing modes. In contrast, GOSAT nadir land data offer the greater sensitivity to fluxes in these regions during Northern Hemisphere spring and summer. For OCO‐2 viewing modes, ocean glint data provided the dominant sensitivity to the surface fluxes in the northern subtropics, tropics, and Southern Hemisphere. We performed a series of inversion analyses using pseudodata and found that the varying sensitivities can result in large differences in regional flux estimates. However, combining measurements from different observing systems to exploit their complementarity may lead to a posteriori flux estimates with improved accuracy.
A close‐ridge small‐scale atmospheric flow field and its influence on snow accumulation
Authors: Gerber F. , Lehning M. , Hoch S. W. , Mott R.
Published: June 2017

The rough, steep, and complex terrain in the alpine environment causes a variety of flow patterns such as blocking, speed‐up, or flow separation, which influence precipitation, snow deposition, and ultimately snow distribution on the ground. Cloud‐terrain interactions, flow‐particle interactions, and snow transport affect snow accumulation patterns, but the relative importance of these processes is not fully understood, in particular, in complex mountainous terrain. A unique combination of measurements and model simulations is used in a local case study during a 2 day snowfall event to demonstrate the current understanding of snow accumulation in very steep alpine terrain. Doppler wind lidar measurements show an eddy‐like structure on the leeward side of the Sattelhorn ridge (in the Dischma valley near Davos, Switzerland), which could partly be replicated by Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) flow simulations. Snow deposition measurements with a terrestrial laser scanner show a complex deposition pattern, which is only partially captured by Alpine3D deposition simulations driven by the ARPS flow fields. This shows that additional processes such as avalanches may play a role or that a more refined simulation of flow or flow‐particle interactions is required to fully understand snow distribution in very steep mountainous terrain.
Polar mesospheric horizontal divergence and relative vorticity measurements using multiple specular meteor radars
Authors: Chau Jorge L. , Stober Gunter , Hall Chris M. , Tsutsumi Masaki , Laskar Fazlul I. , Hoffmann Peter
Published: June 2017

We present the first horizontal divergence and relative vorticity measurements at polar mesospheric altitudes measured from the ground. Our technique relies on combining information from two specular meteor radars (SMRs) separated 130 km at polar latitudes, specifically, the Andenes and Tromsø radars in northern Norway. The resulting values are obtained over a region that spans an approximate area of 400 km diameter at mesospheric altitudes. The temporal and vertical resolution are 1 h and 2 km in altitude. The technique not only allows to obtain the gradient terms of the horizontal wind, that in turn are used to derive the horizontal divergence and relative vorticity, but also improves the horizontal sampling compared to single SMRs. Synthetic data are used to qualitatively test the technique and identify potential sources of biases on the resulting measurements. For example, we have found that an apparent large mean vertical velocity is obtained, after averaging many days, if there is a persistent divergent field. We present a climatology of the resulting wind field parameters from 12 years of continuous observations and focus on the summer results. We found a persistent altitudinal pattern in both the horizontal divergence and relative vorticity fields during all northern hemispheric summers. The horizontal divergence is mainly positive decreasing in magnitude below ∼86 km, and the relative vorticity is negative/positive below/above ∼88 km over northern Norway.
Crustal intrinsic and scattering attenuation of high‐frequency shear waves in the contiguous United States
Authors: Eulenfeld Tom , Wegler Ulrich
Published: June 2017

We use 10 years of data of the USArray project to estimate the areal distribution of crustal intrinsic and scattering attenuation of shear waves for frequencies between 1 Hz and 20 Hz in the contiguous United States. Additionally, we report energy site amplification factors and estimate moment magnitudes for small earthquakes (M 1.5 to M 3.5). The Qopen method is used to invert for intrinsic and scattering attenuation for each event and nearby stations. Observations are collected for around 25,000 events, averaged at each station and interpolated between station locations. In a second inversion, energy site amplifications and moment magnitudes are corrected by assuming that site amplifications for one station and frequency are the same for different earthquakes. We observe a west‐east decline of intrinsic attenuation for high frequencies which reflects the west‐east transition from young, hot to old and cold crust. Scattering attenuation for high frequencies is stronger in the east with an extraordinary high attenuation around the southern part of the Appalachian Highlands and the Interior Low Plateaus. Results at low frequencies do not show clear trends. A large site amplification is observed at high frequencies in parts of the eastern United States. Estimated moment magnitudes show a good agreement to moment magnitudes independently derived from moment tensor inversion. Moment magnitudes in the west are higher than in the east for the same Richter magnitudes.
Investigation of multiphase fluid imbibition in shale through synchrotron‐based dynamic micro‐CT imaging
Authors: Peng Sheng , Xiao Xianghui
Published: June 2017

While substantial advances were made in pore system characterization in shale in the past decade, understanding of fundamentals of multiphase fluid flow in shale remains limited. The complexity of multiphase fluid flow in shale is related to many factors including nanoscale to submicron‐scale pore systems, differences in mineralogy and associated surface wettability, heterogeneity of these properties at different scales, and possible existence of microfractures. Previous work related to fluid flow, such as permeability measurement, spontaneous imbibition, and wettability analysis, includes many simplified assumptions/hypotheses with limited consideration of small‐scale details. In addition, these studies were mostly focused on single‐phase phenomena. Direct observation of multiphase fluid flow in shale showing small‐scale details is highly desired. In this study, dynamic imaging using synchrotron‐based micro‐CT (computed microtomography) was conducted on two shale samples to investigate multiphase (oil and water) spontaneous imbibition. The results revealed many details of multiphase flow in shale, including pore connectivity, porosity and permeability layered distribution, and wettability of microfractures and pores. At the same time, results illustrate the complexity of multiphase flow in shale and gaps in understanding that need further investigation.
A cautionary tale: A study of a methane enhancement over the North Sea
Authors: Cain M. , Warwick N. J. , Fisher R. E. , Lowry D. , Lanoisellé M. , Nisbet E. G. , France J. , Pitt J. , O'Shea S. , Bower K. N. , Allen G. , Illingworth S. , Manning A. J. , Bauguitte S. , Pisso I. , Pyle J. A.
Published: June 2017

Airborne measurements of a methane (CH4) plume over the North Sea from August 2013 are analyzed. The plume was only observed downwind of circumnavigated gas fields, and three methods are used to determine its source. First, a mass balance calculation assuming a gas field source gives a CH4 emission rate between 2.5 ± 0.8×104 and 4.6 ± 1.5×104 kg h−1. This would be greater than the industry's reported 0.5% leak rate if it were emitting for more than half the time. Second, annual average UK CH4 emissions are combined with an atmospheric dispersion model to create pseudo‐observations. Clean air from the North Atlantic passed over mainland UK, picking up anthropogenic emissions. To best explain the observed plume using pseudo‐observations, an additional North Sea source from the gas rigs area is added. Third, the δ13C‐CH4 from the plume is shown to be −53‰, which is lighter than fossil gas but heavier than the UK average emission. We conclude that either an additional small‐area mainland source is needed, combined with temporal variability in emission or transport in small‐scale meteorological features. Alternatively, a combination of additional sources that are at least 75% from the mainland (−58‰) and up to 25% from the North Sea gas rigs area (−32‰) would explain the measurements. Had the isotopic analysis not been performed, the likely conclusion would have been of a gas field source of CH4. This demonstrates the limitation of analyzing mole fractions alone, as the simplest explanation is rejected based on analysis of isotopic data.
Influence of stratospheric air masses on radiotracers and ozone over the central Mediterranean
Authors: Brattich E. , Orza J. A. G. , Cristofanelli P. , Bonasoni P. , Tositti L.
Published: June 2017

This work aims at determining the characteristics and the preferred source regions of stratospheric air masses at the Mt. Cimone World Meteorological Organization‐Global Atmosphere Watch station located in the Italian northern Apennines (44°11′N, 10°42′E, 2165 m above sea level) , a site which is considered representative of Southern Europe‐Mediterranean free troposphere. Source regions of high concentrations of 7Be, 7Be/210Pb, and O3 and regions originating high potential vorticity values are analyzed by means of trajectory statistical methods applied over the time series collected in the period of 1998–2011 to this aim. Our analysis points out the frequent occurrence of stratosphere‐to‐troposphere exchange in the North America and northern Atlantic region, which can be linked to the usual location of the polar‐front and subtropical jet streams in these two regions, but also to the tropopause discontinuity and to the high cyclogenetic activity in the Atlantic region. High 7Be concentrations associated with trajectories of high‐latitude origin descend from high altitudes to the study site, while at midlatitudes trajectories arrive from relatively lower levels. The geographical distribution of the tropopause crossing of air masses before arriving the study site points out particularly to Greenland. Our results also suggest the importance of the interaction between upper level disturbances and the Alps mountain range as a driver for stratosphere‐to‐troposphere exchange. In this case, the time between the tropopause crossing and the arrival at the elevated study site is less than 24 h and frequently below 6 h. The Atlas range in northern Africa plays a similar role though with lower influence.
Relationships between total lightning, deep convection, and tropical cyclone intensity change
Authors: Xu Weixin , Rutledge Steven A. , Zhang Wenjuan
Published: June 2017

This study investigates the characteristics of total lightning in the inner core (INCO, 0–100 km) and outer rainband (OB, 200–400 km) of tropical cyclones (TC). Relationships between flash density (FLD), convective intensity, and TC intensity change are further examined. FLD shows a bimodal structure with a strong maximum in the eyewall (INCO, 0–50 km) and a secondary maximum in the OB. FLD maximizes under conditions of warmest sea surface temperature (SST) and large values of vertical wind shear. Compared to OB FLD, INCO FLD is less sensitive to SST increase but shows greater variability in relation to shear. Intensifying TCs have substantially lower INCO (but higher OB) FLD compared to weakening and neutral TCs. Similar trends are shown in radar quantities (volume of 30 dBZ echoes in the mixed phase). rapidly intensifying (RI) TCs also show significantly smaller FLD and VOL30 than slowly intensifying TCs, indicating the potential of these parameters in forecasting RI. INCO (OB) FLD decreases (increases) 12–18 h preceding the onset of RI, while INCO (OB) FLD increases (decreases) 6–12 h prior to TC weakening. These relationships between lightning and TC intensity change (+24 h) are generally maintained regardless of prior (−24 h) TC intensity change status. However, convective depth and vertically integrated ice content in the INCO increased preceding TC intensification, suggesting the lack of supercooled liquid content and establishment of glaciated conditions (evident by an increase in the 20 dBZ and decrease in the 30 dBZ echo volume) in the INCO of intensifying TCs, especially RI.
On the far‐zone electromagnetic field of a vertical Hertzian dipole over an imperfectly conducting half‐space with extensions to plasmonics
Authors: Michalski Krzysztof A. , Lin Hung‐I
Published: June 2017

New asymptotic formulas for the electromagnetic fields of a vertical Hertzian dipole over an imperfectly conducting half‐space are derived using two variants of the modified saddle point method, referred to as subtractive and multiplicative. The accuracy of the two far‐zone formulations is assessed by comparisons with the state‐of‐the‐art Norton‐Bannister theory and with the rigorous results of numerical integration for problems involving seawater in the microwave range and gold in the visible range. It is found that the performance of the three approximate methods is similar, except at the surface of plasmonic media, where the saddle point methods are superior to the Norton‐Bannister formulation.
Synergistic Strategies of Cyano Migration and Photocatalysis for Difunctionalization of Unactivated Alkenes: Synthesis of Di‐ and Mono‐Fluorinated Alkyl Nitriles
Authors: Ren Rongguo , Wu Zhen , Huan Leitao , Zhu Chen
Published: June 2017

A general protocol for the challenging cyanofluoroalkylation of unactivated alkenes is disclosed. A broad range of synthetically useful di‐ and mono‐fluorinated alkyl nitriles are readily obtained in good yields under mild reaction conditions. The efficient combination of intramolecular cyano migration and photoredox catalysis significantly expands the field of difunctionalization of olefins.

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Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 11‐Substituted 10,11‐Dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepines through a Proline‐Catalyzed Mannich Reaction of Seven‐Membered Cyclic Imines with Ketones
Authors: Deng Zhuo‐Fei , Huang Bo , Xu Huajing , Shi Feng , Wang You‐Qing
Published: June 2017

Highly enantioselective Mannich addition reactions of N,S‐heterocyclic dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepines as seven‐membered cyclic imine substrates with ketones were developed by using proline as an organocatalyst. Substituted dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepines and various unsymmetrical alkyl methyl ketones were used as substrates and optimized reaction conditions offered an efficient method to synthesize optically active 11‐substituted 10,11‐dihydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine derivatives that contained a carbonyl functional group in 91–99 % ee. Furthermore, we found that the reactions could also be performed on a gram scale, whilst maintaining high yields and enantioselectivities. The carbonyl group of the Mannich products also underwent diastereoselective reduction, thus yielding a new hydroxy‐substituted chiral stereogenic center with moderate‐to‐excellent diastereoselectivities, good yields, and without the loss of enantiomeric excess.