bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Stream‐Based Methane Monitoring Approach for Evaluating Groundwater Impacts Associated with Unconventional Gas Development
Authors: Heilweil Victor M. , Stolp Bert J. , Kimball Briant A. , Susong David D. , Marston Thomas M. , Gardner Philip M.
Published: October 2015

Gaining streams can provide an integrated signal of relatively large groundwater capture areas. In contrast to the point‐specific nature of monitoring wells, gaining streams coalesce multiple flow paths. Impacts on groundwater quality from unconventional gas development may be evaluated at the watershed scale by the sampling of dissolved methane (CH4) along such streams. This paper describes a method for using stream CH4 concentrations, along with measurements of groundwater inflow and gas transfer velocity interpreted by 1‐D stream transport modeling, to determine groundwater methane fluxes. While dissolved ionic tracers remain in the stream for long distances, the persistence of methane is not well documented. To test this method and evaluate CH4 persistence in a stream, a combined bromide (Br) and CH4 tracer injection was conducted on Nine‐Mile Creek, a gaining stream in a gas development area in central Utah. A 35% gain in streamflow was determined from dilution of the Br tracer. The injected CH4 resulted in a fivefold increase in stream CH4 immediately below the injection site. CH4 and δ13CCH4 sampling showed it was not immediately lost to the atmosphere, but remained in the stream for more than 2000 m. A 1‐D stream transport model simulating the decline in CH4 yielded an apparent gas transfer velocity of 4.5 m/d, describing the rate of loss to the atmosphere (possibly including some microbial consumption). The transport model was then calibrated to background stream CH4 in Nine‐Mile Creek (prior to CH4 injection) in order to evaluate groundwater CH4 contributions. The total estimated CH4 load discharging to the stream along the study reach was 190 g/d, although using geochemical fingerprinting to determine its source was beyond the scope of the current study. This demonstrates the utility of stream‐gas sampling as a reconnaissance tool for evaluating both natural and anthropogenic CH4 leakage from gas reservoirs into groundwater and surface water.
Positive association between plasma levels of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and myeloperoxidase after hemodialysis in patients with diabetic end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Kitabayashi Chizuko , Naruko Takahiko , Sugioka Kenichi , Yunoki Kei , Nakagawa Masashi , Inaba Mayumi , Ohsawa Masahiko , Konishi Yoshio , Imanishi Masahito , Inoue Takeshi , Itabe Hiroyuki , Yoshiyama Minoru , Haze Kazuo , Becker Anton E. , Ueda Makiko
Published: October 2015

End‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) have a high prevalence of cardiovascular events. Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) in dialysis patients has been shown to be susceptible to in vitro peroxidation; therefore, oxidized‐LDL (ox‐LDL) could be generated in these patients. Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO) released from activated neutrophils may play a role in the induction of LDL oxidation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between plasma ox‐LDL levels, plasma MPO levels, and serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) levels during initial HD in patients with diabetic ESRD. Patients (n = 28) had serial venous blood samples drawn before and after HD at the initial, second, and third sessions. Plasma ox‐LDL levels were measured using a specific monoclonal antibody (DLH3), and plasma MPO levels were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit. Plasma ox‐LDL levels and MPO levels after a single HD session increased significantly (ox‐LDL, P < 0.005; MPO, P < 0.0001) compared with levels before that HD session. However, the increase was transient since the levels returned to pre‐HD session levels. Additionally, plasma MPO levels showed a positive correlation with plasma ox‐LDL levels during HD (R = 0.62, P = 0.0029). No significant change was observed in serum hs‐CRP levels before and after each HD session. This study demonstrates that plasma MPO levels are directly associated with plasma ox‐LDL levels in diabetic ESRD patients during initial HD. These findings suggest a pivotal role for MPO and ox‐LDL in the progression and acceleration of atherosclerosis in patients undergoing HD.
Unsettling British Columbia: Canadian Aboriginal Historiography, 1992–2012
Authors: Neylan Susan
Published: October 2015

This is the second of two essays examining the recent historiography of Canadian Aboriginal History published roughly in the last two decades (1992–2012) using a regional focus – British Columbia. Historians have been touched by trends outside their own discipline, even from beyond the academy. Aboriginal land claims, rights litigation, and landmark cases originating in BC, such as Delgamuukw, have made historians more aware of constructions of history in the courts. Scholars writing about Aboriginal history in British Columbia reference popular and community histories and education curricula alongside academic works. The fixation on colonialism has kept Native–Settler relations at the forefront. Recently, however, the scholarship has begun to push past mere explorations of BC's Aboriginal peoples in colonial history to consider colonialism within Aboriginal history and epistemologies. Indigenous‐centric scholarship has demanded a more substantial voice in the production of histories, some insisting on exclusivity. At the same time, academic historians seek out opportunities for cross‐cultural dialogues and listen attentively to alternative histories bringing them into the professional scholarship even at the cost of “unsettling” historical narratives.
Indentured Servitude in the 17th Century English Atlantic: A Brief Survey of the Literature
Authors: Donoghue John
Published: October 2015

This article surveys the literature on indentured servitude in the 17th century English Atlantic. It gives special attention to the recent challenge that Christopher Tomlins' celebrated book, Freedom Bound: Law, Labor, and Civic Identity in English Colonization, 1580–1865 (2010) has presented to widely accepted interpretations of unfree labor in colonial America. Within this context, the review canvasses three major themes in servant scholarship: servant migration, the laws of servitude, and servitude's relationship to slavery. A discussion of the scholarship that takes an Atlantic perspective on servitude within the wider history of colonization and colonial law reveals several problems with Tomlins' exclusive focus on North America. Tomlins could also have radically strengthened his already illuminating view of servant law as a foundation of slavery by engaging with work on how the “custom of the country” in colonial law related to both the involuntary dimensions of servant migration and the term‐bound chattel status that colonial courts imposed on indentured servants. Despite these limitations and the problems associated with his proto‐nationalist framework, the review concludes that Freedom Bound has vastly improved the extant literature on the relationship between the servitude and the ideological, discursive, and labor histories of English colonization.
A proposal of a standardized protocol to evaluate waterproof effect of eyeliner and mascara
Authors: Kim M. J. , Seo Y. K. , Boo Y. C. , Koh J. S.
Published: October 2015

Objective

Eye make‐up products must have waterproofing properties to make sure that their colours do not smudge or wash away easily and remain intact despite water or perspiration. Until now, most research has focused on composition and components of make‐up products and not on the level of waterproof. This study aimed to find methods to assess the waterproof degree of eyeliners and mascaras and determine the suitability of these methods.

Methods

Twenty female subjects were selected to test the waterproof of eyeliners, whereas 20 sets of false eyelashes were used to evaluate the waterproof of mascaras. For evaluating water‐resistant properties, after test sites where eyeliners and mascaras were applied were immersed in water and natural drying for over 20 min (not artificial drying by drier etc.), L* value of the eyeliners applied on the forearm before and after the immersions, and intensity analysis values of mascaras applied on the false eyelashes were used to calculate the mean percentage waterproof removal ratio (%WPR). A product was hypothesized to be water resistant if the value for the mean %WPR was ≤50%.

Results

The non‐waterproof eyeliners were not waterproof if their mean %WPR was >50%, whereas the waterproof eyeliners were waterproof if their mean %WPR was <50%.

For mascaras, the mean %WPR was <50% after 1‐ to 2‐h marks after immersion in water for both non‐waterproof and waterproof products. After 3–4 h, the mean %WPR for the non‐waterproof mascaras was >50%, rendering them not waterproof, whereas the mean %WPR for the waterproof mascaras was <50%, making them waterproof.

Conclusion

We have evaluated the waterproof properties by analysing photographed images of the test sites where eyeliners and mascaras were applied. Results of the comparison between non‐waterproof and waterproof eyeliners and mascaras, and the methods used, in particular, will be found useful in evaluating waterproof of other make‐up products.
Cross‐sectional survey of awareness and behavioral pattern regarding acne and acne scar based on smartphone application
Authors: Park Seon Yong , Park Mi Youn , Suh Dae Hun , Kwon Hyuck Hoon , Min Seonguk , Lee Sang Joo , Lee Weon Ju , Lee Mi Woo , Ahn Hyo Hyun , Kang Hoon , Lee Jee Bum , Ro Young Suck , Ahn Kyu Joong , Kim Myeung Nam , Kim Kwang Joong , Kim Nack In ,   the Korean Society for Acne Research
Published: October 2015

Background

Although acne scar is a permanent sequela that may be induced by improper management of active acne lesion, patient behavior patterns and awareness regarding acne are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify awareness and behavioral patterns concerning acne and acne scar of people having acne and differences between those with and without acne scars.

Methods

The survey was performed via smartphone application for 900 participants in their second to fourth decade having current or previous acne lesions. They were further categorized into two groups based on the presence of acne scar (scar and scarless groups) with no statistical difference in demographic composition.

Results

The mean age of all participants was 24.6 ± 5.3. The scar group had a longer disease duration (4.9 years) than those of the scarless group (2.2 years). Participants in the scar group thought that acne scarring affected psychosocial aspects more negatively compared with those in the scarless group. Participants in the scarless group visited dermatology clinics earlier than those in the scar group. In the scar group, 62.1% of participants have never had their acne scars treated medically. Most (88.6%) participants from both groups believed that non‐dermatologic treatment caused side effects or aggravated their acne.

Conclusions

Participants with acne scars tended to treat their acne and acne scars improperly, which could negatively affect their daily lives. Acne scars are sequelae of acne and should be regarded as a distinct disease entity, requiring a patient's early visit to dermatologic clinics.
Effects of metal ions on formation of acrylamide and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural in asparagine–glucose model system
Authors: Wen Chao , Shi Xingbo , Wang Zimeng , Gao Wenli , Jiang Liwen , Xiao Qian , Liu Xia , Deng Fangming
Published: October 2015

Undesirable substances of thermal food processing such as acrylamide (AA) and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) have been intensively studied in recent decades. The aim of this work was to investigate the evolution mechanism of AA and HMF contents in the presence of various valence metal cations at various concentrations in asparagine–glucose model system. Three interesting phenomena were found. Firstly, the AA contents first decreased and then increased, whereas the HMF contents first increased and then decreased, with increasing metal cations concentration; secondly, the concentration of cations for maximal HMF contents was lower than the concentration of cations for minimal AA contents; thirdly, the maximum AA‐inhibiting or HMF‐promoting efficiency was achieved more readily with trivalent, then divalent and lastly monovalent cations. These phenomena can be explained by that increasing the metal cations concentration can increase the protonated product contents, thus increasing the AA‐inhibiting efficiency and HMF‐promoting efficiency. With higher metal cations concentration in the model system, HMF as a reactant can react with the asparagine to form AA or directly decompose into furfural. These interesting results can provide a theoretical foundation to simultaneously control the formation of AA and HMF during food processing.
An e‐health intervention for increasing diabetes knowledge in African Americans
Authors: Moussa Mahaman , Sherrod Dennis , Choi Jeungok
Published: October 2015

An evidence‐based e‐health program, eCare We Care, was developed to disseminate information on diabetes management through web‐based interactive tutorials. This study examined the effect of the eCare We Care program on diabetes knowledge development in African American adults with low diabetes literacy. Forty‐six African American adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and low diabetes literacy were recruited from two health‐care centres in eastern Winston Salem, North Carolina. The eCare We Care program included four weekly sessions: introduction to diabetes; eye complications; foot care; and meal planning. Significant differences in scores on the diabetes knowledge survey were demonstrated between the eCare We Care program participants and the comparison group. Study findings indicate the eCare We Care program is more effective in improving diabetes knowledge of African American adults with low diabetes literacy than paper‐based, text‐only tutorials. The eCare We Care program can be an effective educational strategy for improving diabetes knowledge and decreasing diabetes disparities among African American adults.
Patterns of complementary and alternative medicine use among a group of patients with type 2 diabetes receiving outpatient care in Singapore
Authors: Fan Peijin Esther Monica , Chan Moon Fai , Chan Yoke Ling , Koh Siew Lin Serena
Published: October 2015

This study aims to identify patterns and evaluate factors associated with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among type 2 diabetes patients in Singapore. A cross‐sectional descriptive study using a self‐administered questionnaire was performed among type 2 diabetes patients at an outpatient diabetes centre, and participants' medical records were accessed for diabetes complications and conventional medicine for managing diabetes. Among 304 participants, 43.4% used CAM and 61.2% did not inform health‐care professionals of their CAM use. Three most common CAM were nutritional supplements, Chinese herbal medicine and massage. Friends (44.2%), partner and family (38%) were top sources of information for CAM, whereas factors significantly associated with CAM use were gender (P = 0.049), total monthly household income (P = 0.048) and frequency of self‐monitoring of blood glucose (P = 0.036). Results highlight a need for improved health‐care professionals–patients communication and for health‐care professionals to be educated on CAM to provide relevant education to patients.
Safe venepuncture techniques using a vacuum tube system
Authors: Fujii Chieko , Ishii Hiroyuki , Takanishi Atsuo
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine safe techniques of performing blood collection using an evacuated tube system, particularly with regard to manipulation of the equipment and at the puncture site. Careful observation of the procedure was used to collect data for evaluating the various venepuncture techniques. Nurses were digitally videotaped performing simulated venepuncture. A self‐administered questionnaire and unstructured observation of a videotaped recording were evaluated, and valid responses were analyzed from participants who performed venepuncture using various techniques. The participants who changed hands during the procedure were older than those who did not change hands. Needle movements during puncture and insertion, including rotation and insertion in a wave‐like trajectory, were observed. Appropriate training, including recommendations for maintaining the stability of the needle tip, is important to ensure safety when performing venepuncture. Movement of the needle should not place too much pressure on the puncture site.
The Migration–Development Nexus and Organizational Time
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Rajaram N.
Published: October 2015

While some migration research looks at how time influences individual migration trajectories, little attention has been paid to the ways in which temporal considerations influence migration and development. We propose the idea of “organizational time” and argue that bringing time into sharper focus calls into question how the categories of migration and return affect organizational change; reveals how the career stage at which migrants leave affects their ability to influence organizational change when they return, and shows how the role of senders and receivers of social remittances shifts over time. We draw on research on the impact of return migration and social remittances on institutional capacity building and policymaking in the health sectors in Gujarat, India to make these arguments.
Home Equity of New Legal Immigrants in the United States: An Evaluation of Three Key Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: McConnell Eileen Diaz , Akresh Ilana Redstone
Published: October 2015

Housing in the U.S. is a substantial expenditure, but possessing equity in a home also represents an important source of wealth. This study employs 2003 data from the New Immigrant Survey to examine the home equity of legal immigrants who have come to the U.S. from around the world. We empirically test the relevance of three key theoretical frameworks for predicting immigrants’ home equity and evaluate each framework's ability to account for differences in home equity among origin groups. We find strong support for the assimilation and the segmented assimilation frameworks, and little support for the place stratification perspective, net of other factors. Substantial differences in the home equity between origin groups persist even in the presence of multiple controls, with implications for legal immigrants’ current economic position and future well-being in the U.S.
Orphan granzymes find a home
Authors: Bovenschen Niels , Kummer J. Alain
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Cytotoxic lymphocytes are armed with granules that are released in the granule‐exocytosis pathway to kill tumor cells and virus‐infected cells. Cytotoxic granules contain the pore‐forming protein perforin and a family of structurally homologues serine proteases called granzymes. While perforin facilitates the entry of granzymes into a target cell, the latter initiate distinct apoptotic routes. Granzymes are also implicated in extracellular functions such as extracellular matrix degradation, immune regulation, and inflammation. The family of human granzymes consists of five members, of which granzyme A and B have been studied most extensively. Recently, elucidation of the specific characteristics of the other three human granzymes H, K, and M, also referred to as orphan granzymes, have started. In this review, we summarize and discuss what is currently known about the biology of the human orphan granzymes.
Memory‐like responses of natural killer cells
Authors: Cooper Megan A. , Yokoyama Wayne M.
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with the capacity to produce cytokines and kill target cells upon activation. NK cells have long been categorized as members of the innate immune system and as such have been thought to follow the ‘rules’ of innate immunity, including the principle that they have no immunologic memory, a property thought to be strictly limited to adaptive immunity. However, recent studies have suggested that NK cells have the capacity to alter their behavior based on prior activation. This property is analogous to adaptive immune memory; however, some NK cell memory‐like functions are not strictly antigen dependent and can be demonstrated following cytokine stimulation. Here, we discuss the recent evidence that NK cells can exhibit properties of immunologic memory, focusing on the ability of cytokines to non‐specifically induce memory‐like NK cells with enhanced responses to restimulation.
Advances in the understanding of acute graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Morris Edward S. , Hill Geoffrey R.
Published: October 2015

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) remains the definitive immunotherapy for malignancy. However, morbidity and mortality due to graft‐vs.‐host disease (GVHD) remains the major barrier to its advancement. Emerging experimental data highlights the immuno‐modulatory roles of diverse cell populations in GVHD, including regulatory T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, γδ T cells, and antigen presenting cells (APC). Knowledge of the pathophysiology of GVHD has driven the investigation of new rational strategies to both prevent severe GVHD and treat steroid‐refractory GVHD. Novel cytokine inhibitors, immune‐suppressant agents known to preserve or even promote regulatory T‐cell function and the depletion of specific alloreactive T‐cell sub‐populations all promise significant advances in the near future. As our knowledge and therapeutic options expand, the ability to limit GVHD whilst preserving anti‐microbial and tumour responses becomes a realistic prospect.
Oestrogen receptor‐β CA repeat polymorphism is associated with incidence of colorectal cancer among females
Authors: Honma Naoko , Arai Tomio , Takubo Kaiyo , Younes Mamoun , Tanaka Noriko , Mieno Makiko Naka , Tamura Kohei , Ikeda Shinobu , Sawabe Motoji , Muramatsu Masaaki
Published: October 2015

Honma N, Arai T, Takubo K, Younes M, Tanaka N, Mieno M N, Tamura K, Ikeda S, Sawabe M & Muramatsu M  (2011) Histopathology59, 216–224

Oestrogen receptor‐β CA repeat polymorphism is associated with incidence of colorectal cancer among females

Aims:  Increasing evidence suggests an association between oestrogens and colorectal cancer. Oestrogen receptor beta, ER‐β, putatively plays a pathobiological role in colorectal cancer as colorectal epithelial cells frequently express ER‐β. The aim was to elucidate the association of the dinucleotide (CA) repeat polymorphism of the ER‐β gene (ESR2) with colorectal cancer.

Methods and results:  Deoxyribonucleic acids extracted from the renal cortex of 1488 Japanese autopsies with complete clinical/pathological data were studied. CA repeat polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction using fluorescein‐labelled primers. Patients were divided into three genotype groups according to the number of CA repeats of each allele (S < 22, L ≥ 22); SS (with two S alleles), SL (with one each S and L allele) and LL (with two L alleles). The presence/absence of colorectal cancers was determined by examining the clinical records and autopsy material. The incidence of colorectal cancer was significantly different according to the ESR2 CA repeat genotype only among females (SS, 37/202 = 18.3%; SL, 19/332 = 5.7%; LL, 5/155 = 3.2%, P < 0.0001). Immunohistochemically, cancers in females with the SS genotype, but not the SL genotype, frequently expressed the C‐terminus portion of ER‐β1 (wild‐type ER‐β).

Conclusions:  A role for ESR2 CA repeat polymorphism in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer among females is suggested.
CD34 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 expression in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours with an emphasis on dual expression in non‐specific types
Authors: Sung Chang Ohk , Suh Yeon‐Lim , Hong Seung‐Chyul
Published: October 2015

Sung C O, Suh Y‐L & Hong S‐C  (2011) Histopathology59, 308–317

CD34 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 expression in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours with an emphasis on dual expression in non‐specific types

Aims:  Three histological variants of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (DNT) have been described, namely, simple, complex and non‐specific. However, the concept of non‐specific variants of DNT remains controversial, because they cannot be accurately distinguished by histological findings alone from ordinary gliomas. The aim was to characterize further the non‐specific histological forms of DNT.

Methods and results:  Forty‐one DNTs classified as three histological forms were investigated with CD34 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunohistochemistry. CD34 immunoreactivity was more frequently observed in non‐specific DNT types (16/18 cases; 88.9%) than in classic types (6/23 cases; 26.1%) (P < 0.001). Peritumoral CD34 expression of non‐neoplastic cells was significantly associated with CD34‐positive tumours (20/22 cases; 90.9%) than with CD34‐negative tumours (3/19 cases; 15.8%) (P < 0.001). MAP2 positivity in oligodendroglia‐like cells or glial elements was significantly different between classic types and non‐specific types (P = 0.025). CD34 and MAP2 immunoreactivities were significantly more frequent in non‐specific types (83.3%) than in simple (10%) and complex forms (30.8%) (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Non‐specific DNTs are glioneuronal tumours that have a heterogeneous population of cells with more immature neuronal and glial phenotypes. Furthermore, with regard to practical implications, combined analysis of CD34 and MAP2 is useful in distinguishing DNTs from particularly diagnostically challenging mimics.
Ultrasound Doppler based in‐line viscosity and solid fat profile measurement of fat blends
Authors: Wassell Paul , Wiklund Johan , Stading Mats , Bonwick Graham , Smith Christopher , Almiron‐Roig Eva , Young Niall W. G.
Published: October 2015

This study reports the use of upgraded ultrasonic velocity profiling with pressure difference methodology; extended from previous work demonstrating true in‐line rheological and solid fat content (SFC) characterisation of complex opaque fat blends, subjected to scaled dynamic processing conditions. The experimental results have successfully confirmed previous non‐invasive, in‐line measurements for instantaneous velocity and rheological profiling of complex opaque fat blends [International Journal of Food Science and Technology43 (2008) 2083]. A method for in‐line measurements under dynamic processing conditions to obtain the SFC of a fat blend was developed and successfully tested for a 30% palm stearin and 70% rapeseed oil system over a temperature range of 10–40 °C. These measurements correlated well with standard SFC values from pulsed‐nuclear magnetic resonance (p‐NMR) measurements deviating not more than +/– 2% SFC points from the standard p‐NMR values.
Distribution of degradative enzymatic activities in the mesocarp of two melon groups
Authors: Chisari Marco , Barbagallo Riccardo N. , Spagna Giovanni , Artés Francisco
Published: October 2015

The differences in polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase activities as well as the main physical and chemical attributes of nine different slice portions (from the inner to the outer end and from the blossom to the stem end) of two groups of melon (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis‘Galia’ cv. and inodorus‘Piel de sapo’ cv.) at commercial maturity were studied. Moving from the inner to the outer end of the pulp, physico‐chemical properties, such as pH, total soluble solids and phenolics increased whereas titratable acidity, firmness and Chroma decreased in both types, reflecting different degrees of maturity within the same fruit. As for physico‐chemical attributes, the enzymatic activities responsible for browning and softening phenomena showed an increasing trend moving from the inner to the outer end of mesocarp in both cv., except for polygalacturonase in cantalupensis type.
The cooking qualities of microwave oven cooked instant noodles
Authors: Cho Seung Yong , Lee Jin Won , Rhee Chul
Published: October 2015

Deep‐fried instant noodles were cooked in a microwave oven at 557 W (medium power) and 657 W (full power). The microwave cooking times were determined based on textural parameters and the qualities of microwave oven cooked noodles at medium power and full power were compared with those of products cooked using a conventional gas stove for 9.1 min (CON). Heating in the microwave increased the temperature of the noodle block faster than the cooking water, led to an increased degree of gelatinisation of instant noodles, and reduced the cooking times to 8.5 min (medium power) and to 7.5 min (full power). Cooking in the medium power microwave resulted in high water absorption and weak hardness values. Cooking in the full power microwave resulted in higher hardness and tensile strength than the medium power microwave and sensory evaluated organoleptic scores were comparable to the CON, despite having a significantly higher rancidity.
Immunomodulatory properties of the milk whey products obtained by enzymatic and microbial hydrolysis
Authors: Huang Shang‐Min , Chen Kun‐Nan , Chen Yen‐Po , Hong Wei‐Sheng , Chen Ming‐Ju
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of milk whey through enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation and two‐stage hydrolytic reactions (enzymatic and microbial reactions) by analysing cytokine profiles. Results indicated that the milk whey sample fermented by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 and two‐stage hydrolytic reactions (hydrolysed by Alcalase and then fermented by L. kefiranofaciens M1) could significantly induce the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐12 compared with the milk whey control and enzymatic treatments. Further characterisation of the immunomodulatory factor by membrane filtration and mutanolysin hydrolysation, the stimulatory activity for IL‐12 and TNF‐α production was found to be reduced and to be correlated positively with the cell wall components in L. kefiranofaciens M1. In addition, Th2‐polarised splenocytes revealed that L. kefiranofaciens M1 had both IL‐12 inducing and IL‐4 repressing activities. These results suggested that L. kefiranofaciens M1 could direct the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1.
Social factors in clinical complexity: reflections from a paediatric unit
Authors: Sarkar Shruti , Sarkar Dipankar
Published: October 2015

Medical text books have taught us evaluation and diagnosis of disease based on patients' symptoms, signs and relevant investigations and treatment is then implemented according to the clinical condition and current best available evidence. There are objective scoring scales to assess the severity of the condition, progress and eventual outcome. These scales rarely if ever consider the impact of social factors on the course of treatment and eventual clinical outcome. But in a country like India with diverse cultural backgrounds and deep social structures social, cultural and economic factors have great ramifications on the clinical course, treatment and ultimate outcome. Diverse beliefs, faiths, social norms and cultural practices not only have a direct effect on a person's daily life but indirectly also effect educational, professional and health care access. The effects of these factors on families and their way of deciding on their child's management in complex systems show multifaceted dynamic interactions leading to at times unexpected outcomes.
Evidence for the presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) in wild Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) broodstock, in the southeast coast of India
Authors: Remany M C , Daly C , Nagaraj S , Panda A K , Jaideep K , Samraj Y C T
Published: October 2015

A survey on the presence of the viruses of two economically significant diseases, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) in wild‐collected Penaeus monodon broodstock, was conducted during different seasons of the year in two major coastal areas of southeast India. The broodstock were collected along the coast of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh during summer, premonsoon, monsoon and post‐monsoon seasons for three consecutive years. A total of 7905 samples were collected and subjected to MBV screening, and 6709 samples that were screened as MBV negative were diagnosed for WSSV. MBV was detected using rapid malachite green staining and WSSV by nested polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence data of the viruses were analysed using the EpiCalc 2000 program at 95% confidence interval. Samples collected from the Andhra Pradesh coast displayed a slightly higher prevalence of WSSV and MBV infection than those collected from Tamil Nadu, although this difference was not statistically significant (P > 005). In addition, it was found that the prevalence of both WSSV and MBV infections fluctuated according to season. Data on prevalence of these viruses in broodstock would be useful to develop strategies for shrimp health management along the southeast coast of India.
Herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus genital infections: new and investigational therapeutic options
Authors: Viera Martha H. , Amini Sadegh , Huo Ran , Konda Sailesh , Block Samantha , Berman Brian
Published: October 2015

Human papillomavirus and Herpes simplex virus are the most common genital viral infections encountered in clinical practice worldwide. We reviewed the literature focusing on new and experimental treatment modalities for both conditions, based on to the evidence‐based data available. The modalities evaluated include topical agents such as immune response modifiers (imiquimod, resiquimod, and interferon), antivirals (penciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet), sinecatechins, microbiocidals (SPL7013 gel, and PRO 2000 gel), along with experimental (oligodeoxynucleotides), immunoprophylactic, and immunotherapeutic vaccines.
Arthroscopic shaver with refinement for axillary osmidrosis
Authors: Chern Erick , Yau Diana , Chuang Fu‐Chen , Wu Wei‐Ming
Published: October 2015

Background  Minimal invasive treatment with liposuction‐curettage for axillary osmidrosis has lead to clinical improvement with lower risk of complications. The incidence of skin necrosis and hematoma in the literature is very limited. Recently, arthroscopic shaver has been used for the treatment of osmidrosis with better efficacy, but associated with variable degrees of complications.

Objective  To evaluate clinical effect and complication from arthroscopic shaver with preservation of fibrovascular cords. To our knowledge this modification has not been previously described.

Method  Thirty patients were recruited during a 1‐year‐period for the treatment of axillary malodor. Incision was made for the arthroscopic shaver and subcutaneous fibrovascular cords were carefully preserved. We evaluated the clinical efficacy (excellent, good, fair, and poor), complications, and subsequent recurrences.

Results  Among patients receiving the arthroscopic shaving for axillary osmidrosis, 93% of the patients had achieved excellent to good results, 7% with fair result and none had poor clinical efficacy. None of the patient had any skin necrosis or recurrences during clinical follow up.

Conclusion  Arthroscopic shaving for axillary osmidrosis has been associated with variable complication rates. Our experience has indicated that preservation of fibrovascular cords protected epidermis from necrosis and such refinement will allow for more optimal clinical result and lower complications.
Prognostic factors in the elderly: a profile and outcomes study of a community palliative care service
Authors: Chapman M. , Le B. , Gorelik A. , Schwarz J.
Published: October 2015

Our ageing population creates challenges for palliative care, including accuracy of prognostication. This study highlights this by profiling the outcomes of an Australian, community‐based palliative service over 6 months with collection of epidemiological, comorbidity and physical function data. Most patients had cancer, comorbidities and died during the study. Low scores on the Australian‐modified Karnofsky Performance Scale and the presence of congestive cardiac failure were predictive of shorter survival.
Managers' Context: How Government Capability Affects Managers
Authors: Pearce Jone L. , Xin Katherine M. , Xu Qiumei Jane , Rao Alaka N.
Published: October 2015

We draw attention to two changes in management research over the past 25 years: more focus on the different contexts that constrain management action, and applications of management knowledge to non‐business societal challenges. There has been much speculation but little comparative empirical research on how government quality affects what managers do. Building on theory and research from international business, organization theory and organizational behaviour we propose and test an account of the ways government capability affects organizational performance through its effects on managerial assumptions and actions. In a sample of managers working under four different governments, we find that the more capable the government the less managers depend on their personal relationships to get their work done, and these in turn mediate governments' effects on the managerial cultivation of relationships with government officials, their use of personal relationships for competitive business advantages, and their greater distrust, secrecy and withholding of information from business associates. The implications for cross‐national management research and public policy for economic development are highlighted.
Britannia and her Business Schools
Authors: Engwall Lars , Danell Rickard
Published: October 2015

Business education constitutes a significant part of offerings at modern universities. It started to emerge on both sides of the Atlantic around 1900, despite considerable resistance from professors of established disciplines. In Europe, it was mainly established outside universities, as at Handelshochschulen in Germany, écoles de commerce in France and handelshögskolor in Scandinavia. The UK in contrast was much slower to take up business education. With the exception of the London School of Economics and Political Science, which turned more into an institution preparing graduates for civil service, and accounting education in Birmingham and Manchester, it was not until the mid‐1960s that academic business education took off in the UK. This paper elaborates on the reasons for this development and shows how earlier traditions were challenged after the Robbins and Frank reports. As a result, five groups of top institutions for business education have been identified and labelled: (1) Front‐runners, (2) Engineers, (3) Frankies, (4) Followers, and (5) Latecomers. The paper also demonstrates that the relatively late diffusion of business education has implied that UK business schools have been relatively less prominent in publishing in relation to US business schools. However, a comparison between two periods (1981–1992 and 2005–2009) of publishing in 15 top journals indicates that UK business scholars are gaining ground. At the same time most top references in the published UK papers have US authors.
Blair's First Government (1997–2001) and European Security and Defence Policy: Seismic Shift or Adaptation?
Authors: Dryburgh Lynne
Published: October 2015

Tony Blair's New Labour government came to power in 1997, promising a new attitude towards Europe, distinct from the ‘Euroscepticism’ associated with its predecessors, the Conservative party. Analysts were keen to highlight this as a significant shift in British politics, pointing in particular to Blair's instrumental role in the development of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) as evidence of the change. This article examines Labour attitudes towards both the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the ESDP in comparison with those of its Conservative predecessors to argue that Blair's actions represented more a policy of adaptation than a momentous change in UK policy.
TWO NEW BERBERIS SECTION WALLICHIANAE FROM WESTERN CHINA 730. BERBERIS YINGJINGENSIS
Authors: Harber Julian
Published: October 2015

The evergreen Berberis yingjingensis D. F. Chamb. & Harber from Sichuan, is described and is illustrated. Its habitat in the wild and the circumstances of its collection are described. Cultivation notes are given. A second new species, Berberis wuchuanensis Harber and S. Z. He is described from Guizhou.
733. CARPINUS TSCHONOSKII
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: October 2015

The east Asian hornbeam, Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim., is illustrated and described. Its distribution in the wild and the distinctness of related species are discussed. Its behaviour in cultivation is reported.
735. QUERCUS CRASSIFOLIA
Authors: Coombes Allen
Published: October 2015

The evergreen Mexican oak, Quercus crassifolia Bonpl. is illustrated; its distribution is given and related species are discussed. Its survival in gardens in England is noted.
English Education Policy after New Labour: Big Society or Back to Basics?
Authors: GOODWIN MARK
Published: October 2015

This article considers possible future directions for education policy and public service governance under the Conservative‐led coalition government. The article considers the extent to which Conservatives might develop a distinctive strategy for managing public services that breaks decisively with that of the New Labour era. The coalition faces a markedly different political and economic context for public service reform compared to its predecessor. This article argues that these contextual constraints make a continuation of the New Labour governing strategy less viable, but unresolved tensions in the coalition education policies enacted to date may hinder the development of a novel project for education reform. As a consequence, the New Labour education project seems likely to remain largely intact for the foreseeable future.
On Introducing Proportionality in American Presidential Elections: An Historical Analysis, 1828–2008
Authors: PAVÍA JOSE M.
Published: October 2015

It is well known that the President of the United States is elected by the Electoral College and not directly by the population. Every time a candidate who does not win the most popular votes is elected President, detractors of the Electoral College call for its abolishment and supporters extol its undoubtedly merits. This article investigates what would have happened if a solution halfway between both extremes (a direct national election and the current system) had been used in historical Presidential elections; namely, a proportional rule with thresholds to assign electors in each state. This system would generate electoral colleges closer to popular will, reduce the risk of electing a minority president and impose the need of more balanced regional support to be elected, although increasing the risk of a third candidate emerging.
Measuring Vertical Specialization: The Case of China
Authors: Dean Judith M. , Fung K. C. , Wang Zhi
Published: October 2015

The explosive growth of Chinese trade may be due to international production fragmentation, but few have assessed these phenomena together, in part, because it is difficult to measure the vertical specialization (VS) of China's trade. Unique features of China's processing trade cause both identification of imported inputs and their allocation across sectors to vary by trade regime. This paper estimates the VS of Chinese merchandise exports, addressing these two challenges. A new method to identify Chinese imported inputs is developed, and used to calculate VS by sector and destination. VS estimates based on the official Chinese input–output table are contrasted with those based on a split table, capturing processing and normal exports separately. Last, the paper tests whether Chinese “export sophistication” can be explained by VS.
Welfare Effects of Tariff Reduction Formulas
Authors: Jørgensen Jan Guldager , Schröder Philipp J.H.
Published: October 2015

World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations rely on tariff reduction formulas. Formula approaches are of increasing importance in trade talks, because of the large number of countries involved, the wider dispersion in initial tariffs (e.g. tariff peaks), and gaps between bound and applied tariff rates. This paper presents a two country intra‐industry trade model with heterogeneous firms subject to high and low tariffs. We examine the welfare effects of applying three different tariff reduction formulas discussed in the literature that were used and proposed in previous and current General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/WTO negotiations (1) a proportional cut, (2) the Swiss formula and (3) a tiered formula. No single formula dominates for all conditions. The ranking of the three tools depends on the degree of product differentiation in the industry and the achieved reduction in the average tariff.
Sectoral Capital–Labor Ratios and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Asia
Authors: Kakkar Vikas , Yan Isabel K.M.
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the relationship between sectoral capital–labor ratios and total factor productivity (TFP) for six Asian economies in the context of the Balassa–Samuelson model. A strong prediction of the model is that the capital–labor ratios in both the traded‐ and nontraded‐goods sectors depend on the TFP in the traded‐goods sector. Both single‐equation and panel cointegration tests support this implication of the model.
Software Provision and the Impact of Market Integration
Authors: Iwasa Kazumichi , Kikuchi Toru
Published: October 2015

Both deeper market integration and advances in digital technology have driven particularly large decreases in the costs of intermarket software provision. This study first explains the mechanism of how trade costs influence the software provision decisions of software firms. Then the transformation of production/trade patterns is investigated given gradually decreasing trade costs for software products. It is shown that if two incompatible types of hardware exist, deeper market integration may reduce the variety of hardware technologies. It is also shown that, if the variety of hardware technologies is reduced by deeper integration, some consumers are made worse off.
Social Preferences, Sorting, and Competition*
Authors: von Siemens Ferdinand A.
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I investigate how an increase in competition for workers influences the impact of social preferences on labor‐market outcomes. By sorting themselves into firms with homogeneous work forces, workers can ensure that they suffer less from social comparisons. Competition promotes choice and thus facilitates sorting. However, competition also boosts rent differences in the labor market, because firms cannot curb internal inequity among its employees without losing workers to competitors. To reduce their exposure to social comparisons, workers might engage in inefficient sorting into unemployment. Consequently, social preferences can have strong effects (i.e., unemployment) in a competitive labor market, whereas they only have a slight impact on labor‐market outcomes in a monopsony.
Labour Supply, Life Satisfaction, and the (Dis)Utility of Work*
Authors: Rätzel Steffen
Published: October 2015

In economic theory, it is typically assumed that there is a “disutility of labour”. However, empirical research on subjective well‐being has consistently shown that unemployed people are less happy than employed people, even after taking income differences into account. In this paper, we attempt to reconcile both findings. We show that happiness and work hours exhibit an inverse U‐shaped relation – working longer raises the level of happiness, as long as the total working time is not too long. Hence, working can be beneficial for happiness and, at the same time, it can exert a disutility at the margin.