bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observed changes in precipitation on the wettest days of the year in China, 1960–2000
Authors: Liu Binhui , Henderson Mark , Xu Ming , Zhang Yandong
Published: February 2010

Previous studies have suggested that extreme precipitation events accounted for a disproportionate share of the nearly 2% increase in precipitation in China over the period of 1960–2000. Michaels et al. challenged a similar finding in the USA, arguing that fixed‐bin methods for analysing extreme events obscure underlying precipitation patterns, and proposing a method that focusses on trends of the 10 wettest days of the year. Applying this method to China, we find that trends of precipitation on the 10 wettest days are generally proportional to changes in annual total precipitation. Regionally, a disproportionate increase is observed in southwest China. While the greatest absolute increase in precipitation on the wettest 10 days is seen in east China, the trend as a percentage of the annual total is not statistically significant. In the other six climate regions, the annual total rainfall is increasing at a proportionally greater rate than the 10 wettest days. Seasonally, the changes in precipitation on the five wettest days show increasing trend both nationally and for most of the climate regions. The greatest absolute increase in precipitation on the wettest five days is seen in east China in both summer and winter half‐years. Only in southwest China during the summer half‐year do we see a significant, disproportional increase in the precipitation falling on the five wettest days. Nationally, there has been an increasing trend in the frequency of precipitation exceeding the long‐term mean 97.5th percentile and 99th percentile values. Although the annual increasing precipitation on the 10 wettest days corresponds with a similar increase in water vapour pressure in China nationally, regional results suggest that change in humidity is not the only factor that influences the changes in heavy precipitation. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Determination of organic and inorganic carbon, δ13C, and nitrogen in soils containing carbonates after acid fumigation with HCl
Authors: Walthert Lorenz , Graf Ursula , Kammer Adrian , Luster Jörg , Pezzotta Daniele , Zimmermann Stephan , Hagedorn Frank
Published: February 2010

In carbonate‐containing soils a reliable determination of organic C requires a method that effectively separates organic and inorganic C without altering the organic matter. This study was conducted to determine whether HCl vapor completely removes carbonates even in dolomite‐rich soils and to what extent a widely used acid‐fumigation method has to be modified for humus‐rich soils. Furthermore, it was tested whether HCl fumigation alters organic‐C content. Since C and N parameters are often analyzed simultaneously we also tested the influence of acid‐vapor treatment on N content and on δ13C of soil organic matter. We applied fumigation with 37% HCl for 8 and 32 h using 9 carbonate‐containing soil samples. Inorganic C ranged from 7 to 124 and organic C from 9 to 267 g kg–1. The maximum contents of dolomite and calcite were 940 and 640 g kg–1, respectively. A time of 8 h was enough to completely remove all carbonates. Neither the content nor the δ13C of organic C were significantly affected by fumigation. In contrast, N contents were altered by acid treatment. Based on these results and on our experience in analyzing more than 1000 soil samples, a recommended procedure for acid fumigation of carbonate‐containing soils with a wide range of organic‐ and inorganic‐C contents was derived. Samples pretreated in this way can be analyzed reliably for their organic‐C content and δ13C. Furthermore, N and inorganic‐C contents can be determined with a quality sufficient for many purposes.
Induction of apoptosis by tomato using space mutation breeding in human colon cancer SW480 and HT‐29 cells
Authors: Shi Jiahui , Yang Bin , Feng Pan , Li Duo , Zhu Jiajin
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: As far as we know, there have been no reports concerning the functional characteristics of tomatoes using space mutation breeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti‐colon cancer effect of tomatoes M1 and M2 using space mutation breeding.

RESULTS: In the present study, obvious anti‐cancer activity was shown with tomato juice of M1 and M2 and their parent CK treatment in colon cancer cell lines SW480 and HT‐29 in cell growth inhibition. In addition, SW480 cells were more sensitive to M1 and M2 than HT‐29 cells in cell apoptosis. Furthermore, M1 and M2 induced cell cycle arrest both in G0–G1 and G2/M phases.

CONCLUSION: These data suggest that consumption of tomato using space mutation breeding may provide benefits to inhibit growth of colon cancer cells. Therefore, tomato production using space mutation breeding may be a good candidate for development as a dietary supplement in drug therapy for colon cancer. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Air analysis in the assessment of fumonisin contamination risk in maize
Authors: Torelli Emanuela , Gubiani Rino , Firrao Giuseppe , Cividino Sirio , Locci Romano , Gobbi Emanuela
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: In maize‐growing areas where fumonisin contamination is endemic, there is an urgent need for novel methods to assess the quality of grain lots before their delivery to common drying and storage collection centres. Aerobiological samples of fungal spores released during harvest were analysed to establish a relationship between fumonisin contamination and the abundance of pathogen propagules collected in the combine harvester using a cyclone and membrane filters. Filter‐captured propagules were analysed by direct plating, immunoenzymatic assay of specific Fusarium extracellular polysaccharides and real time polymerase chain reaction of the extracted DNA using fum1, a gene involved in the biosynthesis of fumonisin, as a target.

RESULTS: The results showed that time of harvest and environmental conditions strongly influenced the efficiency and performance of the collection system. The data obtained were informative in comparing individual samples collected under similar conditions. The immunoenzymatic assay provided the most reliable data, which improved the ability of a neural network to predict the fumonisin content of lots, when added to agronomic, environmental and phytosanitary data.

CONCLUSION: This is the first attempt to evaluate the Fusarium propagules dispersed during harvesting as a predictive means to assess maize quality. A method based on cyclone/filter capture and immunological detection has been shown to be feasible and to have the potential for the development of a continuous monitoring system, but the prediction capabilities in the present implementation were limited. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Biodegradation of genetically modified seeds and plant tissues during composting
Authors: Reuter Tim , Alexander Trevor W , Xu Weiping , Stanford Kim , McAllister Tim A
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: The increasing global market of genetically modified (GM) crops amplifies the potential for unintentional contamination of food and feed with GM plants. Methods proposed for disposal of crop residues should be assessed to prevent unintended distribution of GM materials. Composting of organic material is inexpensive and location‐independent. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of composting for disposal of GM plants in terms of reducing seed viability and promoting the degradation of endogenous as well as transgenic DNA.

RESULTS: Duplicate samples of corn kernels, alfalfa leaves, and GM canola seeds, meal and pellets were sealed in porous nylon bags and implanted in duplicate 85 000 kg (initial weight) feedlot manure compost piles. Samples were collected at intervals over 230 days of composing. Canola seeds and corn kernels were not viable after 14 days of composting with temperatures in the piles exceeding 50 °C. In all samples, PCR analyses revealed that plant endogenous and transgenic fragments were substantially degraded after 230 days of composting. Southern blotting of genomic DNA isolated from canola seeds identified differences in the persistence of endogenous, transgenic, and bacterial DNA.

CONCLUSION: Composting GM and non‐GM plant materials with manure rendered seeds non‐viable, and resulted in substantial, although not complete, degradation of endogenous and transgenic plant DNA. This study demonstrates that composting could be effective for disposing of GM crops in the event of their inadvertent entry into the food or feed chain. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The effects of steaming and roasting treatments on β‐glucan, lipid and starch in the kernels of naked oat (Avena nuda)
Authors: Hu Xinzhong , Xing Xiaohui , Ren Changzhong
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Normal pressure steaming (NPS), autoclaved steaming (AS), and hot‐air roasting (HAR) are widely used to deactivate oat enzyme in the oat‐processing industry. Infrared roasting (IR) is a new oat deactivation method, and is welcomed and employed by increasing numbers of oat‐processing plants in China. It is widely known that oat starch plays an important role in the processing function of oat food, and that oat β‐glucan and lipid contribute greatly to the health benefits of oat food. However, the effects of steaming and roasting treatments on the starch, β‐glucan and lipid in oat kernels are poorly known.

RESULTS: In this research, the level and distribution of β‐glucan and lipid in oat kernels with and without deactivation treatments were tested. We also measured the viscosity properties of oat flour from kernels after NPS, AS, HAR and IR treatments, and examined the effects of these treatments on oat starch granularity using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the deactivation treatments did not have significant effects on oat β‐glucan and lipid levels in oat kernels (P < 0.01). The distribution of β‐glucan and lipid in enzyme‐deactivated kernels was very similar to that in normal kernels. NPS, AS, HAR and IR treatments changed the shape of starch granules, crumbled large starch granules, reduced the connection between the protein network and starch granules, and improved starch gelatinization properties.

CONCLUSIONS: NPS, AS, HAR and IR treatments can change the structure of oat starch granules and improve the viscosity property of oat starch without causing β‐glucan and lipid loss to oat food. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of foliar fertilization and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on Salvia officinalis L. growth, antioxidant capacity, and essential oil composition
Authors: Geneva Maria P , Stancheva Ira V , Boychinova Madlen M , Mincheva Nadezhda H , Yonova Petranka A
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: The effect of foliar fertilization and Glomus intraradices inoculation on the growth, qualitative and quantitative pattern of essential oil in Salvia officinalis was determined. Sage plants were grown in a glass house on a soil/sand mixture (w/w = 3:1). Agroleaf® total, N:P:K = 20:20:20 + microelements, was used at the whole vegetative growth stage as a 0.3% solution. Inoculation with Glomus intraradices was done at the sowing stage.

RESULTS: Application of foliar fertilization and/or mycorrhizal colonization improved dry biomass accumulation and increased the content of antioxidant metabolites (ascorbate and reduced glutathione). Applied treatments lowered the activities of the antioxidants enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, while guaiacol peroxidase increased. The relative quantity of essential oil pattern was also altered as a result of the applied treatments. Combined application (FF + Gi) significantly promoted 1,8‐cineole and α‐thujone, mycorrhizal colonization enhanced bornyl acetate, 1,8‐cineole, α‐ and β‐thujones, while foliar fertilization increased bornyl acetate and camphor. The favorable effect of root colonization by Glomus intraradices was determined both on quantitative and qualitative pattern of sage essential oil.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that inoculation with Glomus intraradices resulted in improved essential oil yield and quality, while combined application of foliar fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi predominantly enhanced shoot biomass accumulation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanical flower thinning improves the fruit quality of apples
Authors: Solomakhin Alexey A , Blanke Michael M
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Apple ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ and ‘Gala Mondial’ trees were mechanically blossom‐thinned with 30–77 × g (300–480 rpm rotation) and 5 or 7.5 km h−1 vehicle speed to improve fruit quality, minimise leaf damage, reduce hand and chemical thinning and to prevent or overcome alternate bearing; adjacent untreated or manually thinned apple trees served as controls.

RESULTS: Mechanical thinning (43 × g, 360 rpm, 5–7.5 km h−1) had a positive effect on fruit size (15% larger), firmness (8.4 in Gala vs. 7.6 kg cm−2 in the unthinned control), sweetness (124 vs. 117 g kg−1 sugar in the control), contained the largest malic acid content (4 g kg−1 vs. 3.4 g kg−1 in the control) and 17% more anthocyanin (normalised anthocyanin index = 0.8 in Gala vs. 0.7 in the control); fruit of Golden and Gala showed additionally advanced starch breakdown and ripened earlier.

CONCLUSIONS: Since increases in rotor speed, viz. centrifugal force, versus increases in the vehicle speed resulted in opposing effects, an integrated coefficient of thinning (ICT) was devised with optimum values of 10–40 (at 43 × g, 5–7.5 km h−1), where an ICT > 50 led to tree damage and ICT < 8 led to sub‐optimum thinning efficacy. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and functional impairment among OEF and OIF National Guard and Reserve veterans
Authors: Shea M. Tracie , Vujanovic Anka A. , Mansfield Abigail K. , Sevin Elizabeth , Liu Fengjuan
Published: February 2010

The aims of the present investigation were (a) to examine associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; diagnosis and symptoms) and different aspects of functioning, severity, and subjective distress among Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom National Guard and Reserve veterans, and (b) to examine the unique contribution of PTSD symptom clusters to different aspects of functioning and distress. Participants were 124 veterans who had returned from war‐zone deployment. A PTSD diagnosis and PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with nearly all of the psychosocial functioning and distress measures, controlling for Axis I disorders and other covariates. Of the PTSD symptom clusters, numbing/avoidance symptoms were the strongest predictors of interpersonal and social functioning, and hyperarousal symptoms were the strongest predictors of overall severity and distress.
Atomic spectroscopy and quantum optics in hollow‐core waveguides
Authors: Schmidt H. , Hawkins A.R.
Published: February 2010

Atomic spectroscopy is a well‐established, integral part of the physicist's toolbox with an extremely broad range of applications ranging from astronomy to single atom quantum optics. While highly desirable, miniaturization of atomic spectroscopy techniques on the chip scale was hampered by the apparent incompatibility of conventional solid‐state integrated optics and gaseous media. Here, the state of the art of atomic spectroscopy in hollow‐core optical waveguides is reviewed The two main approaches to confining light in low index atomic vapors are described: hollow‐core photonic crystal fiber (HC‐PCF) and planar antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). Waveguide design, fabrication, and characterization are reviewed along with the current performance as compact atomic spectroscopy devices. The article specifically focuses on the realization of quantum interference effects in alkali atoms which may enable radically new optical devices based on low‐level nonlinear interactions on the single photon level for frequency standards and quantum communication systems.
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Frontiera R.R. , Mathies R.A.
Published: February 2010

Advances in the field of Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy (FSRS), a new time‐resolved structural technique that provides complete vibrational spectra on the ultrafast timescale, are reviewed. When coupled with a femtosecond optical trigger, the time evolution of a reacting species can be monitored with unprecedented <25 femtosecond temporal and 5 cm‐1 spectral resolution. New technological and theoretical advances including the development of tunable FSRS and a background‐free FSRS format are discussed. The most recent experimental studies focus on ultrafast reaction dynamics in electronically excited states: isomerization in cyanobacterial phytochrome, ultrafast spin flipping in a solar cell sensitizer, and excited state proton transfer in green fluorescent protein. The use of FSRS to directly map multidimensional reactive potential energy surfaces and to probe the mechanism of reactive internal conversion is prospectively discussed.
High power‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser as a new stimulus to induce BMP‐2 expression in MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts
Authors: Kim In Sook , Cho Tae Hyung , Kim Kwansik , Weber Franz E. , Hwang Soon Jung
Published: February 2010

Background and Objective

High‐power laser has recently become a physical stimulus for bone regeneration. Little is known about how high‐power laser irradiation affects osteoblast differentiation. This study investigated osteoblast responses to high‐power laser and combined irradiation with BMP‐2 treatment.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblasts were exposed to laser irradiation, 100 ng/ml BMP‐2 or both. Cells were irradiated with a Q‐switched, pulsed neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, with a 1,064 nm wavelength and 0.75 W output power under 1.5, 3, or 5 J/cm2 energy densities. Cell proliferation was evaluated using tetrazolium salt, WST‐8. To determine the effect of these treatments on in vitro osteogenesis, we examined alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineral deposition, and expression of genes associated with osteogenesis. Quantitative real time PCR or ELISA was used to examine cytokine expression. In each experiment, either non‐irradiated or BMP‐2 (100 ng/ml)‐treated cells were used as controls.

Results

High‐power, low‐level, Nd:YAG laser irradiation significantly increased ALP activity, when combined with BMP‐2 or not. Cell proliferation declined in the irradiation and combined irradiation/BMP‐2 groups. Interestingly, Nd:YAG laser stimulation resulted in significant induction of endogenous BMP‐2 protein and gene expression. The increased expression of upstream regulators cbfa1 by Nd:YAG laser alone was comparable to exogenous BMP‐2 treatment (100 ng/ml). Combined laser/BMP‐2 treatment was synergistic in the expression of some genes (IGF‐1, cbfa1) and ALP activity, compared to both BMP‐2 treatment and laser irradiation alone. In vitro matrix mineralization was significantly accelerated by laser stimulation compared to that of the control, more so than with the combined laser/BMP‐2 treatment.

Conclusions

The present in vitro findings demonstrate that high‐power, low‐level Nd:YAG laser increased osteoblast activity, very efficiently accelerating mineral deposition. Osteoinductive effect of laser is likely mediated by activation of BMP‐2‐related signaling pathway. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:510–518, 2010. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Peptide Nucleic Acid Films and Capsules: Assembly and Enzymatic Degradation
Authors: Becker Alisa L. , Johnston Angus P. R. , Caruso Frank
Published: February 2010

Sequence‐directed hybridization of nucleic acids provides a high level of control for the bottom‐up assembly of nanostructured materials. Altering the DNA sequence affords control and versatility over the film structure, but is limited by the chemical and physical properties of DNA. Here, we use DNA analogues, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), to introduce new properties to multilayered thin films and retain the advantages of sequence‐directed assembly. Thin films, formed by the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly of PNA strands, were assembled from short PNA sequences on planar and colloidal substrates. In the case of PNA‐coated particles, hollow capsules were obtained following removal of the sacrificial particle template. The PNA films were stable to both nuclease and protease degradation, and the nuclease degradation rate could be tuned by varying the amount of DNA incorporated into the films. These thin films may find use in biomedical applications.

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Triggered Drug Release from Dynamic Microspheres via a Protein Conformational Change
Authors: King William J. , Pytel Nicholas J. , Ng Kelvin , Murphy William L.
Published: February 2010

In this study we formed and characterized dynamic hydrogel microspheres in which a protein conformational change was used to control microsphere volume changes and the release of an encapsulated drug. In particular, a specific biochemical ligand, trifluoperazine, induced calmodulin's nanometer scale conformation change, which translated to a 48.7% microsphere volume decrease. This specific, ligand‐induced volume change triggered the release of a model drug, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), at pre‐determined times. After release from the microspheres, 85.6 ± 10.5% of VEGF was in its native conformation. Taken together, these results suggest that protein conformational change could serve as a useful mechanism to control drug release from dynamic hydrogels.

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Facile Synthesis of Nanoporous Hydroquinone/Catechol Formaldehyde Resins and their Highly Selective, Efficient and Regenerate Reactive Adsorption for Gold Ions
Authors: Zeng Shaozhong , Guo Limin , Zhang Lingxia , Cui Fangming , Zhou Jian , Gao Zhe , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin
Published: February 2010

We present a new type of nanoporous hydroquinone/catechol formaldehyde resin synthesized by a one‐pot route, with a surface area of up to 1 112 m2 · g−1. The resins show highly efficient reactive adsorption for silver/gold (silver adsorbance up to 2.43 g · g−1) and excellent selectivity for gold (Kd is as high as 1 914 090 mL · g−1). The first‐used resins can be regenerated with NaHSO3, and the gold capacities of the recycled PCFR and PHFR reach 44 and 78% of their first loading capacities, respectively.

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Rapid Soybean Oil Copolymers Synthesis by Microwave‐Assisted Cationic Polymerization
Authors: Sacristán Marta , Ronda Joan C. , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia
Published: February 2010

Soybean oil is one of the most promising renewable raw materials for polymers. Cationic copolymerization with a variety of olefinic monomers gives interesting materials but the curing process is tedious and high temperatures and long reaction times are needed. We studied the cationic homopolymerization of soybean oil and its copolymerization with styrene and divinylbenzene under microwave irradiation using boron trifluoride etherate as initiator and the comparison with conventional heating showed a great enhancement in reaction rates.

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Synthetic Route and Characterization of Main Chain Ester‐Containing Hydrolytically Degradable Poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)‐Based Polycations
Authors: Agarwal Seema , Ren Liqun , Kissel Thomas , Bege Nadja
Published: February 2010

The possibility of introducing hydrolytically cleavable ester linkages onto the poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) for the formation of less toxic and degradable polycations is shown in this work. For achieving this aim, the copolymerization behavior of 5,6‐benzo‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (BMDO), with N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) is studied by free radical ring‐opening polymerization. Structural characterization is performed using 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Under optimized reaction conditions, quantitative ring‐opening of BMDO took place during the copolymerizations leading to the formation of poly(DMAEMA‐co‐ester)s. Blocky random copolymers were further quaternized by alkyl bromide to generate degradable cation containing polymers. Cytotoxicity results were highly encouraging and showed less cytotoxicity as compared to polyethyleneimine, which was used as a positive control. The formation and characterization of highly stable copolymer/DNA polyplexes is also shown here.

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Polythiophenes with Carbazole Side Chains: Design, Synthesis and Their Application in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Weiwei , Han Yang , Chen Yulan , Li Cuihong , Li Bingsong , Bo Zhishan
Published: February 2010

A series of polythiophene derivatives P1‐P5 containing carbazole side chains were designed and synthesized via the Stille polymerization. All carbazole containing polymers showed broad absorption in the visible region. The power conversion efficiencies of solar cells based on blends of two component copolymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) were determined to be 0.29 and 0.56% for P1 and P5, respectively. For solar cells fabricated with the three component copolymers and PC61BM, the efficiencies were 0.56% for P2, 0.86% for P3, and 0.70% for P4. The introduction of electron‐donating carbazole side chains can broaden the absorption in the visible region and meanwhile reduce phase separation due to the steric hinderance of the carbazole moiety to the conjugated main chain. Improving efficiency needs a balance of broad absorption and ordered packing of polymer chains in the solid state.

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Difference in Molecular Weight Averages between a Precipitated Sample and the Original Polymer
Authors: Pastoriza M. Alejandra , Horta Arturo
Published: February 2010

The difference in molecular weight distribution between a polymer as obtained in the reaction mixture and the polymer as purified sample may be important when the mechanism and kinetics of polymerization are deduced from the sample. This difference is calculated for distributions representative of the ideal mechanisms of step‐growth, free‐radical (combination and dismutation), controlled/living free‐radical, and living anionic polymerizations. Example values are given to the parameters that define the precipitation conditions (Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter, etc.), in order to calculate the errors committed in molecular weight averages when the values of the sample are used for the original polymer. Thus the range of conditions where these errors are significant is estimated.

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Use of Alcohol as Initiator for Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerization
Authors: Kim Jeongsik , Nomura Akihiro , Fukuda Takeshi , Goto Atsushi , Tsujii Yoshinobu
Published: February 2010

A novel initiation system, using a hydroxyl group as an initiating moiety, was developed for reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerization (RTCP), a living radical polymerization. The hydroxyl (alcohol) group was reacted with an iodinating agent and a monomer (M), giving a dormant species RO–M–I (I = iodine). It was prepared in the polymerization medium (monomer) and used in the polymerization without the purification, leading to a one‐pot RTCP from a hydroxyl group (an alcohol).

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Antimuscarinics and bladder outlet obstruction: From a contraindication to an indication?
Authors: Athanasopoulos Anastasios
Published: February 2010

Aim

To review if the existing data support the new concept that antimuscarinic agents can be used for the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) with coexisting overactive bladder (OAB).

Method

A literature search of Medline publications (up to 2008) on use of antimuscarinic agents for treatment BOO was performed and all data were presented. All relevant data from published studies in congress abstracts were as well included.

Results

The existing data show that this treatment effectively improves patient quality of life. Concerns about the possibility of urinary retention were shown to be unfounded. It seems that antimuscarinic agents do not affect voiding pressures and the use of antimuscarinic agents for BOO seems safe.

Conclusions

The combination of an α‐blocker and antimuscarinic agent for the treatment of BOO with concomitant OAB seems promising. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:S46–S50, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic sacral nerve stimulation prevents detrusor structural and functional changes associated with bladder outlet obstruction—a rat model
Authors: Comiter Craig V. , Mazar Carla , Phull Hardeep , Salkini Mohamad
Published: February 2010

Aims

Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) can mediate structural and functional detrusor changes, which can lead to bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. We investigate if sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) can prevent these structural and functional changes in a rat model of BOO.

Methods

24 female Sprague‐Dawley rats (250 gm) were divided into 4 groups: control (CTRL), BOO, SNS, and both (BOO/SNS). BOO was achieved by partially occluding the proximal urethra. SNS involved stimulating the S1–S4 dorsal roots with a unipolar S1 lead, 8 hours daily. Urodynamics were performed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Bladders were harvested, stained, and scored for detrusor hypertrophy and fibrosis (scale = 1–5).

Results

BOO caused an increase in mean voiding pressure (Pdet = 35 ± 2 mmHg vs. 23 ± 1 mmHg, p = 0.02), an increase in mean bladder capacity (C = 1230 ± 250 μl vs. 484 ± 60 μl, p = 0.03), and a decrease in mean volume at first non‐voiding contraction (67 ± 16 μl vs. 110 ± 24 μl, p = 0.02) compared to CTRL. Addition of SNS neither significantly affected Pdet (30 ± 3 mm Hg vs. 35 ± 2 mmHg, p = 0.2), nor C (630 ± 90 μl vs. 1230 ± 250 μl, p = 0.06) compared to BOO, but eliminated non‐voiding contractions. Detrusor hypertrophy and fibrosis were both significantly greater in BOO vs. CTRL and vs. BOO/SNS.

Conclusions

Partial BOO caused functional and structural changes in the rat bladder. SNS in obstructed rats prevents these alterations, without adversely affecting detrusor contractility. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:783–788, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Static single channel and multichannel water perfusion pressure profilometry in a bench model of a urethra
Authors: Hirst G.R. , Beeton R.J. , Lucas M.G.
Published: February 2010

Aims

To determine the catheter perfusion and withdrawal rate which generate the most repeatable single (SCPP) and multichannel pressure profilometry (MCPP) profiles in a bench model.

Methods

A bench model using a urethral substitute was developed in which SCPP and MCPP were performed using the Brown–Wickham method. One single channel and four multichannel catheters were tested using seven withdrawal rates and three perfusion rates. Repeatability was determined using spread of mean profile pressure, cross‐correlation, Bland–Altman statistic, and a one‐tailed Student's t‐statistic. An artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) model was constructed to create a predictable intraluminal profile. MCPP data were used to generate three‐dimensional (3D) images of the pressures exerted by the AUS model.

Results

A withdrawal rate of 0.5 mm/sec and perfusion rate 1 ml/min produced the most repeatable SCPP profiles with a spread of mean profile pressure ≤7 cmH2O. For MCPP, a 10 F 6‐channel catheter using a withdrawal rate of 1 mm/sec and perfusion rate of 1 ml/min produced the most similar profiles (cross‐correlation = 0.99). However, the spread of MCPP was large (spread ≤44 cmH2O per channel). Nevertheless MCPP was able to consistently demonstrate areas of high pressure as predicted by the AUS model.

Conclusions

MCPP was not repeatable and is an unreliable measure of urethral pressure. MCPP and 3D images do demonstrate directional differences predicted from the AUS model. These may be of use for qualitative understanding and appreciation of relative relationships if not actual forces within the urethra and have application in understanding urethral function in vivo. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1312–1319, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐report of difficult defecation is associated with overactive bladder symptoms
Authors: Cameron Anne , Fenner Dee E. , DeLancey John O.L. , Morgan Daniel M.
Published: February 2010

Aims

The association of dysfunctional bowel elimination with lower urinary tract symptoms is well known in children, but not in adults. It was our objective to assess lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in women who report difficult defecation (DD).

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of 2,812 women, aged 35–64, who participated in a telephone interview. All subjects were asked “When you move your bowels, does the stool come out easily?” DD was considered present in those answering “no.” All subjects were queried regarding LUTS, urinary infections in the past year, self‐perceived health status, medical history, and demographics. Symptoms of stress incontinence (five items), urge incontinence (five items), and the impact of these symptoms on their quality of life were solicited from subjects reporting more than 12 episodes of incontinence in 1 year.

Results

DD was reported by 10.4% (290/2,790) of women. Women with DD had higher LUTS than those who did not: nocturia (mean 1.8 ± 0.1 vs. 1.3 ± 0.0), urgency (47.6% vs. 29.2%), increased daytime frequency (mean 8.2 ± 0.3 vs. 7.2 ± 0.1), dysuria (22.9% vs. 13.7%), and a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying (55.6% vs. 28.2%). DD women were more often menopausal, reported a fair or poor self‐reported health status, and had a higher number of comorbidities, less formal education, and lower annual household income.

Conclusions

Women with symptoms of DD have an increased rate of LUTS, consistent with the diagnosis of overactive bladder without incontinence. The pathophysiology underlying this association is worthy of future research. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1290–1294, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of chronic hyperlipidemia on bladder function in myocardial infarction‐prone Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHLMI) rabbits
Authors: Yoshida Masaki , Masunaga Koichi , Nagata Takashi , Satoji Yo , Shiomi Masashi
Published: February 2010

Aims

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in the aging population. LUTS cause profoundly negative impacts on their quality of life. Pathophysiology of LUTS is multifactorial, and recently, bladder ischemia and metabolic syndrome have been suggested as etiological factors. To evaluate chronic hyperlipidemia on bladder function, we examined the functional and histological changes of the bladder in myocardial infarction‐prone Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic (WHHLMI) rabbits.

Methods

20‐ to 24‐month‐old WHHLMI rabbits and age‐ and sex‐matched control rabbits were prepared. Bladder functions were evaluated using cystometrograms and functional experiments with isolated bladder specimens. Histological studies of bladder and internal iliac arteries were performed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The bladder was also stained immunohistochemically with mouse monoclonal S‐100 antibodies and sheep polyclonal calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) antibodies.

Results

In cystometric examination, WHHLMI rabbits showed significantly shorter micturition interval, smaller voided volume with non‐voiding contractions, and lower micturition pressure, as compared to control. The functional experiments showed that carbachol‐ and electrical field stimulation‐induced contractions were significantly decreased in WHHLMI rabbits than those in control. In WHHLMI rabbits, cross‐sections of internal iliac arteries showed significant atherosclerosis and thickening of media. Bladder showed thinner urothelium and decreased smooth muscle area in WHHLMI rabbits, as compared to control. WHHLMI rabbits showed a significant decrease in S‐100 protein positive neurons, and an increased number of CGRP positive neurons.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that WHHLMI rabbits showed detrusor overactivity with decreased detrusor contraction. It is suggested that chronic hyperlipidemia contributes to the bladder dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1350–1354, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous uroflow cystometry in the urethane‐anesthetized mouse
Authors: Smith Phillip P. , Kuchel George A.
Published: February 2010

Purpose

In vivo animal cystometry represents an accepted methodology for the study of lower urinary tract physiology. A particular advantage of the mouse model is the availability of genetically modified strains, offering the possibility of linking individual genes to relevant physiological events. However, small voided volumes complicate the ability to obtain reliable pressure‐flow data by gravimetric methods, due to non‐continuous drop formation and release during voiding. We investigated the feasibility of a simple non‐gravimetric continuous urine collection system during cystometry under urethane anesthesia, and compared urethane‐anesthetized with awake cystometry.

Methods

Cystometry was performed in awake and urethane‐anesthetized female mice using a suprapubic tube. A simple, novel non‐gravimetric method of urine collection was used in urethane‐anesthetized animals to assess voided volume and permit flow rate calculations. Pressure and time‐related variables were compared between groups.

Results

Voided urine collection appears to be complete and continuous in this model. Mean voided volume was 0.09 ± 0.020 ml, with an average flow rate of 0.029 ± 0.007 ml/sec. Urethane anesthesia delayed cystometric pressure/volume responses. However, micturition reflexes were intact and otherwise comparable between groups. Female mice void with pulsatile pressurization previously described in rats.

Conclusion

Suprapubic voiding cystometry using a simple and reliable urine collection method under urethane anesthesia is feasible in mice, permitting the integration of voided volumes with pressure and time data. The inclusion of volume and flow data enhances the usefulness of the mouse model for in vivo assessment of detrusor and potentially sphincteric performance. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1344–1349, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new urinary catheter‐related quality of life instrument for adults
Authors: Wilde Mary H. , Getliffe Kathryn , Brasch Judith , McMahon James , Anson Elizabeth , Tu Xin
Published: February 2010

Aims

To develop and assess the measurement properties of a catheter‐related quality of life (C‐IQoL) instrument designed to support research with persons using long‐term urinary catheter users who use indwelling urethral or suprapubic catheters permanently.

Methods

Testing was conducted in two small studies for psychometric qualities of reliability (internal consistency and test‐retest) and factor analysis. The initial instrument, which was modified after each study, was based on an International Continence Society (ICS) validated generic incontinence quality of life tool. ICS guidelines were used to develop content, including using descriptive and qualitative literature as well as and subjective/objective measures. Literature included content areas related to sexuality, embarrassment, and everyday catheter management.

Results

A three‐factor solution of subscales (management, interpersonal, and psychosocial) was created. The final instrument contains 22 items. Reliabilities were all satisfactory.

Conclusions

Quality of life continence instruments need to be device‐specific to address appropriate and critical issues in randomized trials. For further development of a valid and reliable measure, continued collaboration is needed among researchers working with this population. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1282–1285, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasound measurement of bladder wall thickness is associated with the overactive bladder syndrome
Authors: Panayi D.C. , Tekkis P. , Fernando R. , Hendricken C. , Khullar V.
Published: February 2010

Aims

To assess the relationship between mean bladder wall thickness and components of the overactive bladder (OAB syndrome).

Methods

Women attending urogynaecology clinic was categorized into overactive bladder syndrome, stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and mixed urinary continence (MUI) according to International Continence Society (ICS) definitions based on symptom history. Women completed a bladder diary, visual analog score (VAS) for urgency, and the mean bladder wall thickness (BWT) was determined. Comparison was made between the mean BWT and symptom history, daytime frequency, nocturia, VAS scores.

Results

Three hundred seventy‐nine women were recruited to the study with a mean age of 56 years (range: 24–92 years). The mean bladder wall thickness did not show any age‐related difference. Of these women 138/379 (36%) reported overactive bladder symptoms (mean BWT = 5.6 mm) 75/379 (20%) gave a history of stress urinary incontinence (mean BWT = 4.7 mm), and 166/379 (44%) had mixed urinary incontinence (mean BWT = 5.4). Women with nocturia >1 had mean BWT 5.6 mm, with nocturia <1 a mean BWT 4.9 mm. Women with daytime frequency >7 had mean BWT 5.7 mm and those <7 had mean BWT 5.1 (P < 0.001). Women with a mean BWT of ≤5 mm had a mean VAS score lower than women with a BWT >5 mm (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Mean BWT is associated with a symptom history of OAB and MUI, higher daytime and nightime frequency, and higher VAS scores. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1295–1298, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A re‐adjustable sling for female recurrent stress incontinence and sphincteric deficiency: Outcomes and complications in 125 patients using the Remeex sling system
Authors: Carlos Errando , Fernando Rodriguez‐Escovar , Cristina Gutierrez , Carlos Baez , Pedro Araño , Humberto Villavicencio
Published: February 2010

Aims

To evaluate the outcomes, complications, and quality of life of patients after a Remeex re‐adjustable sling for recurrent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD) indications.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐five patients with SUI were prospectively evaluated following a re‐adjustable sling in a single tertiary academic Center. Patients were classified by Q‐tip, urodynamic and clinical criteria into ISD (70) and recurrent SUI (55). All patients underwent a re‐adjustable sling placement. Outcome measures included pad‐test, urodynamics, and the King's Health Questionnaire.

Results

After a mean follow‐up of 38 months (26–72), 109 patients (87%) are cured of SUI based on pad‐test, clinical, and urodynamic criteria. Sixteen patients (13%) remain incontinent. Nine of those (7%) are satisfied to the point that they decline re‐adjustment of the sling, and seven (6%) are on the waiting list for re‐adjustment. Nineteen patients show urge incontinence (9 with previous urodynamic mixed incontinence, 10 (8%) with de novo detrusor overactivity). Twenty‐one patients benefited from a re‐adjustment of the sling during the follow‐up. The tension was increased in 17 cases (continent at discharge) due to recurrence of SUI, and reduced in 4 due to obstruction. The Varitensor was removed in 1 case due to infection. No other complications were seen.

Conclusions

The Remeex re‐adjustable sling system provides a good cure rate for recurrent SUI and ISD with a low complication rate. The ability to increase or decrease sling tension allowed us to achieve cure in patients who were not initially dry, and to relieve obstruction in every case attempted. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1429–1432, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Labial canine talon cusp from the Early Holocene site of Gobero, central Sahara Desert, Niger
Authors: Stojanowski C. M. , Johnson K. M.
Published: February 2010

The specimen reported here presents a rare form of dental variant—a permanent, mandibular labial canine talon cusp. This anomaly has not previously been reported in the clinical or archaeological literatures and is currently unique. The affected individual is an adult male from the Early Holocene cemetery of Gobero located in the Sahara Desert in the Republic of Niger. The age of this site (ca. 9500 bp) makes this the first archaeological case of labial talon cusp from Africa and the oldest reported talon cusp of any kind (lingual or labial, maxillary or mandibular, incisor or canine) in the world. Previous case studies, population frequency data, sexual dimorphism patterns and distribution within the dentition are discussed for labial talon cusp. The morphological aetiology of talon cusps is reviewed with respect to this specimen. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropological analysis of the osteological material from an ancient tomb (Early Bronze Age) from the middle Euphrates valley, Terqa (Syria)
Authors: Tomczyk J. , Jędrychowska‐Dańska K. , Płoszaj T. , Witas H. W.
Published: February 2010

Terqa, situated on the right bank of the Middle Euphrates, is known to have been a site already in the third and second millennium BC. Excavations which take place in this region aim to provide answers for numerous significant issues connected with the origins of human civilisation. In 2008 season we found a tomb dated 2650–2450 BC, consisting of two chambers with stone domes. The smaller chamber contained many luxury grave goods. The other one was bigger and contained human skeletons.

The first skeleton belonged to a man, 45/50 years old. It is extremely heavy and large. On the right humerus, near the proximal edge, we found two cuts. The healed edges of the wound suggest that the man from Terqa survived after the wound was inflicted. Many muscular attachments were clearly marked on the bones and bone robustness was far above the average, which may suggest that the skeleton belonged to a warrior. These observations correspond to the fact that the bronze part of a belt together with bronze weapon‐blades was found on the right side of the hip.

The second skeleton, which belonged to a female who was about 40/44 years old, was found in an anatomical position. The chamber also contained an almost complete skeleton of a sheep. The morphology of the forearm of the female suggested strenuous activity. From this skeleton was successfully isolated HVR1 fragment. The main mutation indicated that the analysed mtDNA belonged to haplogroup K. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity assessment of molecularly targeted drugs incorporated into multiagent chemotherapy regimens for pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL): Review from an international consensus conference
Authors: Horton Terzah M. , Sposto Richard , Brown Patrick , Reynolds C. Patrick , Hunger Stephen P. , Winick Naomi J. , Raetz Elizabeth A. , Carroll William L. , Arceci Robert J. , Borowitz Michael J. , Gaynon Paul S. , Gore Lia , Jeha Sima , Maurer Barry J. , Siegel Stuart E. , Biondi Andrea , Kearns Pamela R. , Narendran Aru , Silverman Lewis B. , Smith Malcolm A. , Zwaan C. Michel , Whitlock James A.
Published: February 2010

One of the challenges of incorporating molecularly targeted drugs into multi‐agent chemotherapy (backbone) regimens is defining dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) of the targeted agent against the background of toxicities of the backbone regimen. An international panel of 22 pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) experts addressed this issue (www.ALLNA.org). Two major questions surrounding DLT assessment were explored: (1) how toxicities can be best defined, assessed, and attributed; and (2) how effective dosing of new agents incorporated into multi‐agent ALL clinical trials can be safely established in the face of disease‐ and therapy‐related systemic toxicities. The consensus DLT definition incorporates tolerance of resolving Grade 3 and some resolving Grade 4 toxicities with stringent safety monitoring. This functional DLT definition is being tested in two Children's Oncology Group (COG) ALL clinical trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:872–878 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.