bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of short‐term anxiolytic potency of alprazolam and tandospirone in psychiatric outpatients with anxiety disorders
Authors: Yamauchi Kouji , Yamada Shigeto , Morita Kiichirou , Maeda Hisao , Tanaka Masatoshi
Published: January 2005

Anxiolytic potency of 1 week of treatment with alprazolam or tandospirone in psychiatric outpatients with anxiety disorders was evaluated by changes in the scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and in the saliva level of free‐3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (free‐MHPG). Saliva level of free‐MHPG was significantly reduced by 1 week of treatment with alprazolam but not with tandospirone. Reductions in the HAS score after 1 week of drug treatment were greater in patients treated with alprazolam than in those treated with tandospirone. These results indicate that the short‐term anxiolytic potency of alprazolam is greater than that of tandospirone and that the saliva level of MHPG would be a useful marker for the evaluation of the therapeutic potency of anxiolytic agents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluvoxamine in obsessive‐compulsive disorder: similar efficacy but superior tolerability in comparison with clomipramine
Authors: Mundo Emanuela , Rouillon Frédéric , Figuera M. Luisa , Stigler Michael
Published: January 2005

Some meta‐analyses have suggested that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are less effective than clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this double‐blind, randomised, multicentre study was to directly compare the efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in patients with OCD. A total of 227 patients were randomised to flexible doses of fluvoxamine or clomipramine (both 150–300 mg/day) for 10 weeks. Fluvoxamine and clomipramine were both clinically effective and there were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups, at any visit, on the National Institute of Mental Health Obsessive‐Compulsive global rating scale, the Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive scale (total score and obsession and compulsion subscores), the Clinical Global Impression severity of illness and global improvement subscales, the Clinical Anxiety Scale and the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. However, there were differences in safety between the two treatments. Compared with fluvoxamine‐treated patients, those treated with clomipramine had more anticholinergic side effects (dry mouth, constipation and tremor) and premature withdrawals due to adverse events (18 versus 9). The results from this controlled study indicate that fluvoxamine is as effective as clomipramine in the treatment of OCD but has a better tolerability profile. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of temazepam on memory and psychomotor performance: a dose–response study
Authors: Begg Alison , Drummond Gordon , Tiplady Brian
Published: January 2005

In a randomised, three‐period crossover study, psychomotor performance and memory were tested and mood assessed for 3 h after single doses of placebo (PL), 20 mg temazepam (T20) or 30 mg temazepam (T30) were given to six healthy females aged 21–23. A composite measure of psychomotor speed showed a dose‐dependent slowing (Page's L trend test: p < 0.001; sign test PL vs T20 and T30 vs T20: p < 0.05). The number of errors in the performance of tasks was increased, significantly in the case of some measures. Explicit memory (Buschke Selective Reminding Task) showed significant impairment of long‐term but not short‐term memory (Page's L trend test: p < 0.05). The form of the dose–response curve was positively accelerating, with the difference in performance between T20 and T30 at least as great as that between PL and T20. Visual Analogue Scales showed a decrease in a factor representing functional integrity (Page's L trend test: p < 0.05;) sign test (PL vs T20: p < 0.05), but no changes in mood. These results show that 30 mg is a useful extension of the dose range of temazepam, being well tolerated and that it produces a substantially greater impairment of performance than 20 mg. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Milnacipran and pindolol: a randomized trial of reduction of antidepressant latency
Authors: Isaac Michael T. , Isaac Maria B. , Gallo Fidel , Tournoux Alan
Published: January 2005

Background

New, better tolerated and faster treatments for depression are needed. Patients are understandably unhappy with having to wait 3 to 4 weeks for a response to an antidepressant, while experiencing side effects almost immediately. This frequently has an adverse effect on compliance and engagement with treatment.

Aims

The primary objective was to assess the activity of pindolol on the onset of antidepressive response of milnacipran. The secondary objective was to assess the number of responders among the patients who received milnacipran and pindolol versus patients who received milnacipran and placebo. The tertiary objective was to evaluate the safety of milnacipran and pindolol versus milnacipran and placebo.

Method

Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study over 42 days.

Setting

Inner city London community mental health teams.

Participants

80 patients were selected and gave written consent to treatment, 78 were randomized (39 in each group) and evaluated for safety (intention‐to‐treat, ITT, safety data set), 77 (ITT efficacy data set), and 64 (per protocol, PP, data set) were evaluated for efficacy. The mean age was 31.9 for the pindolol group and 32.3 for the placebo.

Intervention

All patients received milnacipran 50 mg twice a day plus either pindolol 2.5 mg (the ‘pindolol group’) or matching placebo (the ‘placebo group’) three times a day.

Outcome measures

The main efficacy variable was the Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale (MADRS) score at days 0, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42 on PP data set in an observation carried (OC) approach. Secondary efficacy variables were clinical global impression (global improvement) and Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS).

Results

Improvement in MADRS total score was greater in the pindolol group than in the placebo group from day 7 (p=0.03). Responder rates in the clinical global impression were 97.2% for the pindolol group and 60.6% for the placebo group. The treatment was well tolerated with the most common side effects being nausea (28.2%; 35.9%), vomiting (7.7%; 23.1%), hot flushes (15.4%; 5.1%) and sweating (12.8%; 12.8%).

Conclusion

The milnacipran and pindolol combination is safe, well tolerated and efficacious in major depression, and represents a rational strategy for the possible acceleration or potentiation of antidepressant action. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐cultural validation of the Leeds sleep evaluation questionnaire (LSEQ) in insomnia patients
Authors: Tarrasch Ricardo , Laudon Moshe , Zisapel Nava
Published: January 2005

The Leeds sleep evaluation questionnaire (LSEQ) is a standardized self‐reporting instrument comprising ten 100 mm visual analogue scales that pertain to the ease of getting to sleep (GTS), quality of sleep (QOS), ease of awakening from sleep (AFS) and alertness and behaviour following wakefulness (BFW). Although the LSEQ has been used in a variety of populations, published psychometric data on insomnia patients are limited.

The LSEQ reliability and construct validity was evaluated in 396 French insomnia patients aged 55 years and over, who were treated with placebo (2 weeks) and melatonin (3 weeks). The results supported LSEQ internal consistency, reliability and construct validity with minor differences from those of the original English version. Then the internal consistency of the LSEQ was evaluated in 257 insomnia patients (age 20–80 years) in France and Israel who, following a 1 week placebo baseline, were randomized to placebo or melatonin treatment for 3 weeks. Cronbach's α and Pearson's r correlation coefficients for placebo and drug treatment conditions (p<0.001 for all) supported LSEQ internal consistency in different treatment and age groups and in different languages.

It is concluded that the consistency, reliability and validity of the four LSEQ domains allows them to be singled out as independent outcome variables in cross cultural sleep research and clinical practice in adult and elderly patients with insomnia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EEG abnormalities associated with antipsychotics: a comparison of quetiapine, olanzapine, haloperidol and healthy subjects
Authors: Amann Benedikt L. , Pogarell Oliver , Mergl Roland , Juckel Georg , Grunze Heinz , Mulert Christoph , Hegerl Ulrich
Published: January 2005

In this study the effects of the atypical antipsychotics quetiapine and olanzapine, and the typical antipsychotic haloperidol on EEG patterns were retrospectively investigated in 81 patients under stable monotherapy with either drug (quetiapine:n = 22, olanzapine:n = 37, haloperidol:n = 22). These three subgroups were compared with a control group of healthy subjects (n = 30) which were matched regarding sex and age. Diagnoses of patients were schizophrenia (DSM‐IV 295.xx,n = 61), brief psychotic disorder (DSM‐IV 298.8,n = 9), schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV 295.70,n = 8) and delusional disorder (DSM‐IV 297.1,n = 3). There were no statistically significant differences regarding demographic characteristics between the groups. Digital EEG recordings were retrieved from a database and visually assessed by two independent investigators, and one blinded regarding medication. One patient from the quetiapine group (5%), 13 olanzapine patients (35%), five of the haloperidol patients (23%) and two subjects of the control group (7%) had an abnormal EEG. Epileptiform activity was observed in four patients (11%) of the olanzapine group, and none in the others. EEG abnormalities were statistically significantly increased with dose in the olanzapine group, in contrast to patients treated with haloperidol, quetiapine or healthy subjects. In conclusion, EEG abnormalities seem to occur rarely in patients treated with quetiapine comparable to the control group, but significantly more often with haloperidol and olanzapine, possibly due to different receptor profiles of these substances. To our knowledge, this is the first electrophysiological investigation comparing the new atypical antipsychotics quetiapine, haloperidol, olanzapine with healthy subjects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of acute effects of single doses of fexofenadine, olopatadine, d‐chlorpheniramine and placebo on psychomotor function in healthy volunteers
Authors: Kamei Hiroyuki , Noda Yukihiro , Ishikawa Kazuhiro , Senzaki Koji , Muraoka Isao , Hasegawa Yoshinori , Hindmarch Ian , Nabeshima Toshitaka
Published: January 2005

Since most classical (first‐generation) antihistamines have undesirable sedative effects on the central nervous system (CNS), newer (second‐generation) antihistamines have been developed to relieve the sedative effects and to improve the patient's quality of life. However, the psychomotor profiles of second‐generation antihistamines are not fully elucidated. In this randomized, double‐blind, crossover study, the acute effects of single doses of second‐generation antihistamines, fexofenadine (120 mg) and olopatadine (10 mg), on cognitive and psychomotor performance were investigated in comparison with those of placebo and d‐chlorpheniramine (4 mg), a first‐generation antihistamine, using objective and subjective assessments, in 11 healthy Japanese volunteers. In a battery of psychomotor tests, d‐chlorpheniramine impaired tracking ability in the compensatory tracking task and caused a reduction in behavioural activity as continuously measured by wrist actigraphy. Olopatadine, like d‐chlorpheniramine, reduced the behavioural activity, while fexofenadine had no effect in any of the tests. No significant changes in the subjects' self‐ratings of drowsiness were found with the three antihistamines. These results suggest that d‐chlorpheniramine and olopatadine, but not fexofenadine, produce sedative effects on psychomotor performance, and that the CNS profile of fexofenadine is different from that of olopatadine. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolonged QTc intervals in medicated patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Chong Siow Ann , Mythily  , Lum Alvin , Goh Hern Yee , Chan Yiong Huak
Published: January 2005

Psychotropic drugs have been associated with sudden deaths and the lengthening of corrected‐QT interval (QTc) on the electrocardiogram which may be a precursor of life‐threatening arrhythmias as reported with some of these drugs. The objectives of this study were to measure the frequency of QTc lengthening in patients with schizophrenia receiving psychotropic drugs, and to assess whether QTc lengthening was associated with certain psychotropic drugs and other risk factors. One hundred and sixty three patients with schizophrenia (104 males and 59 females) were included in the study. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the case records. One hundred healthy volunteers were recruited to establish values for upper limits of normal for measurement of QTc interval and dispersion. Eleven (6.7%) of the patients had a prolonged QTc interval. The significant predictors obtained from a logistic regression modelling were chlorpromazine, flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Caution should be exercised and monitoring with ECG should be considered in patients prescribed chlorpromazine and depot antipsychotic medications even at recommended doses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative cognitive and psychomotor effects of single doses of Valeriana officianalis and triazolam in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hallam Karen T. , Olver James S. , McGrath Caroline , Norman Trevor R.
Published: January 2005

Objectives

To assess the cognitive and psychomotor effects of single oral doses of valerian in healthy volunteers in comparison with a placebo and the hypnotic agent triazolam.

Methods

In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, four‐way crossover study nine healthy subjects (5 males, 4 females) received in random order valerian 500 mg, valerian 1000 mg, triazolam 0.25 mg and placebo. Doses were separated by a wash‐out period of at least 1 week. Subjects were tested before each dose and at 2, 4 and 8 h after the dose of each compound using the critical flicker fusion (CFF), choice reaction time (CRT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST), symbol search test (SST), digit span test (DST) and visual analogue scales of mood.

Results

Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the changes in performance on tests over time and significant effects were further analysed using simple main effects analysis with least significant difference corrections. Statistically significant differences were only noted for the cognitive tests: SST (F(3, 8)=3.182, p<0.05) and DSST (F(3, 8)=9.688, p<0.005). In both cases the differences between groups were due to the effects of triazolam.

Conclusion

These data confirm that at recommended therapeutic doses, triazolam has detrimental effects on cognitive processes in healthy volunteers as found in previous studies. Valerian was without effect on either cognitive or psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers at the doses used in this study. Should the hypnotic activity of valerian be confirmed in randomized double‐blind trials it may be a less troublesome alternative to benzodiazepines in the treatment of insomnia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risperidone use in Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease: optimal dosage and effect on behavioural and psychological symptoms, cognitive function and activities of daily living
Authors: Yoon Jin‐Sang , Kim Jae‐Min , Lee Hoon , Shin Il‐Seon , Choi Sung‐Ku
Published: January 2005

Background

This study aimed to investigate the effect of risperidone on the behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPS), cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The optimal dose of risperidone in Korean patients with AD was determined with respect to both efficacy and safety profiles.

Methods

This was an 8 week prospective, open‐labelled study with risperidone. The following efficacy measures were implemented: Behaviour Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale, Korean version for BPS; Korean version of mini‐mental state examination for cognitive function; Barthel activities of daily living and blessed dementia rating scale for ADL; and global deterioration scale for global assessment of severity. Adverse events were recorded using the UKU side effect rating scale.

Results

Forty‐eight patients completed the study. Risperidone was effective in reducing the BPS without affecting the cognitive and ADL domains of AD symptomatology. Risperidone dosages of 0.25 or 0.5 mg/day were most frequently administered and demonstrated the most favourable outcomes by efficacy and safety measures. Risperidone treatment was generally well tolerated, although extrapyramidal symptoms were noted in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusions

These results suggest that low dosages of risperidone are effective and favourable in reduction of the BPS for Korean patients with AD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counterpropagation fuzzy–neural network for streamflow reconstruction
Authors: Chang Fi‐John , Hu Hsiang‐Fan , Chen Yen‐Chang
Published: January 2005

This study combines neural networks and fuzzy arithmetic to present a counterpropagation fuzzy–neural network (CFNN) for streamflow reconstruction. The CFNN has a rule‐based control, a modified self‐organizing counterpropagation network, and a fuzzy control predictor. It can generate rules automatically by increasing the training data to improve the accuracy of streamflow reconstruction. The CFNN establishes the input and output relationship of a watershed without set‐up parameters. The parameters are estimated systematically by the approach converging to an optimal solution. One sequence of data generated by the Monte Carlo method is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the CFNN. The streamflow data of the Da‐chia River, in central Taiwan, is also used to evaluate the performances of the CFNN. The results indicate the reliability and accuracy of the CFNN for streamflow reconstruction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Borehole drainage and its implications for the investigation of glacier hydrology: experiences from Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland
Authors: Gordon Shulamit , Sharp Martin , Hubbard Bryn , Willis Ian , Smart Chris , Copland Luke , Harbor Jon , Ketterling Bradley
Published: January 2005

Studies of glacier hydrology rely increasingly on measurements made in boreholes as a basis for reconstructing the character and behaviour of subglacial drainage systems. In temperate glaciers, in which boreholes remain open to the atmosphere following drilling, the interpretation of such data may be complicated by supraglacial or englacial water flows to and from boreholes.

We report on a suite of techniques used to identify borehole water sources and to reconstruct patterns of water circulation within boreholes at Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Results are used to define a number of borehole ‘drainage’ types. Examples of each drainage type are presented, along with the manner in which they influence interpretations of borehole water‐levels, borehole water‐quality data, and borehole dye traces. The analysis indicates that a full understanding of possible borehole drainage modes is required for the correct interpretation of many borehole observations, and that those observations provide an accurate indication of subglacial conditions only under relatively restricted circumstances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The quality of water and sediments of street runoff in Amman, Jordan
Authors: Jiries Anwar. G. , Hussein Helmi. H. , Halaseh Zeid
Published: January 2005

Metallic content (Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd) of street sediments and street runoff in addition to major inorganic constituents (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, NO3 and SO4) of street runoff were determined under semi‐arid conditions. Two sites in the vicinity of Amman during the pluvial year 1998–1999 were chosen for this investigation. A higher quantity of ionic contents was found at site 2 in comparison to site 1 except for iron, which was significantly higher at site 1. This finding was attributed to higher anthropogenic activity and lower rainfall at site 2, which indicates better water quality of street runoff from residential sites than the city centre. The average concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cd in Amman street runoff compared with the highest levels recorded at humid sites of the world as a result the prevailing semi‐arid conditions in the areas investigated. The highest concentrations of all constituents were detected during the first month of sampling, which might be the result of low rainfall, and a long dry period of atmospheric deposition preceding rainfall events. However, high levels of both lead and copper were recorded (below that of iron) which might be attributed to traffic pollution.

In contrast, a significant variation between the average concentrations for Cu, Ni and Cr was found in sediments from the two sites. Moreover, a significant difference was detected only for Cu and Mn at each site overtime.

The overall pattern of the results suggests that all heavy metal concentrations for street runoff showed a significant variation over time at site 1 whereas only a significant variation was found for Ni at site 2, which can be explained as the result of higher rainfall at site 1 than at site 2. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting floodplain inundation: raster‐based modelling versus the finite‐element approach
Authors: Horritt M. S. , Bates P. D.
Published: January 2005

We compare two approaches to modelling floodplain inundation: a raster‐based approach, which uses a relatively simple process representation, with channel flows being resolved separately from the floodplain using either a kinematic or diffusive wave approximation, and a finite‐element hydraulic model aiming to solve the full two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations. A flood event on a short (c. 4 km) reach of the upper River Thames in the UK is simulated, the models being validated against inundation extent as determined from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The unconstrained friction parameters are found through a calibration procedure, where a measure of fit between predicted and observed shorelines is maximized. The raster and finite‐element models offer similar levels of performance, both classifying approximately 84% of the model domain correctly, compared with 65% for a simple planar prediction of water surface elevation. Further discrimination between models is not possible given the errors in the validation data. The simple raster‐based model is shown to have considerable advantages in terms of producing a straightforward calibration process, and being robust with respect to channel specification. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainfall/runoff processes in a small peri‐urban catchment in the Andes mountains. The Rumihurcu Quebrada, Quito (Ecuador)
Authors: Perrin J. L. , Bouvier C. , Janeau J. L. , Ménez G. , Cruz F.
Published: January 2005

Situated at the foot of the Pichincha volcano, the city of Quito is frequently subjected to hydroclimatic hazards. In 1995 an 11·2 km2 watershed, located in the vicinity of the city, was equipped with eight rain gauges and two flow gauges to better understand the local rainfall/runoff transformation processes. Rainfall simulation experiments were carried out on more than 40 one‐square‐metre plots to measure infiltration point‐processes. The high density of measurement devices allowed us to identify the origin and nature of the various contributions to runoff for the different physiographic units of the watershed: urban area from an altitude of 2800 to 3200 m; farmland, pasture and forested land, and finally páramo above 3900 m. Runoff occurs mainly in the lower part of the basin and is caused by urbanization; however, the natural soils of this area can also produce Hortonian runoff, which is predominant in a few events. This contribution can be studied through rainfall simulation experiments. In the upper natural zone, the younger and more permeable soils generate less runoff on the slopes. However, almost permanently saturated contributing areas, which are located in the bottom of the quebradas, may generate flood events, the size of which depends on the extent of the area concerned. Variations in the runoff coefficients are related first to the baseflow and second to the amount of rainfall in the previous 24 h. This analysis, which underlines the complexity of a small, peri‐urban, volcanic catchment, is a necessary preliminary to runoff modelling in an area where very few experiments have been carried out on small catchments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of satellite data in land surface hydrology: sensitivity and assimilation
Authors: Lakshmi Venkataraman , Susskind Joel
Published: January 2005

This paper investigates the sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to input meteorological variables, i.e. surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure. The sensitivity studies have been carried out for a wide range of land surface variables such as wind speed, leaf area index and surface temperatures. Errors in the surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure result in errors of different signs in the computed potential evapotranspiration. This result has implications for use of estimated values from satellite data or analysis of surface air temperature and surface vapor pressure in large‐scale hydrological modeling. The comparison of cumulative potential evapotranspiration estimates using ground observations and satellite observations over Manhattan, Kansas for a period of several months shows a variable difference between the two estimates. The use of satellite estimates of surface skin temperature in hydrological modeling to update the soil moisture using a physical adjustment concept is studied in detail, including the extent of changes in soil moisture resulting from the assimilation of surface skin temperature. The soil moisture of the 1 cm surface layer was adjusted by 0·9 mm over a 10‐day period as a result of a 3 K difference between the predicted and the observed surface temperature. This is a considerable amount given the fact that the top layer can hold only 5 mm of moisture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TOPKAPI: a model for the representation of the rainfall‐runoff process at different scales
Authors: Ciarapica L. , Todini E.
Published: January 2005

The paper introduces a new distributed rainfall‐runoff model derived upon the assumption that the horizontal flow at a point in the soil and over the surface can be approximated by means of a kinematic wave model. The point assumption is then integrated up to a finite pixel dimension, thus converting the original differential equation into a non‐linear reservoir equation based upon physically meaningful parameters, the solution of which can be found numerically. The catchment behaviour is finally obtained by aggregating the non‐linear reservoirs into three cascades, representing the soil, the surface and the drainage network, following the topographic and geomorphologic elements of the catchment.

The main advantage of this approach lies in its capability of being applied at increasing spatial scales without losing the physical interpretation of the model and parameters. Other advantages of the TOPKAPI approach can be found in the full use of the digital elevation model, soil maps, land‐use maps, etc., for the derivation of the non‐linear reservoir cascade and for the estimate of the model parameters. This allows for the extension of the model to ungauged catchments and as a promising tool for the impact assessment of climatic as well as land‐use changes.

Three case‐studies are presented, showing the model application to catchments that are different in nature and size (from a few to over a thousand square kilometres) and described by means of widely different elementary grid cells (pixels). The results of these applications are interesting, and they essentially fulfil the general purpose. Although the work to be done is still great, the model appears to be a promising tool worthy of further investigation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climatic control of river‐ice hydrology: a review
Authors: Prowse Terry D. , Beltaos Spyros
Published: January 2005

Ice is present during a part of the year on many rivers of cold, and even temperate, regions of the globe. Though largely ignored in hydrological literature, river ice has serious hydrologic impacts, including extreme flood events caused by ice jams, interference with transportation and energy production, low winter flows and associated ecological and water quality consequences. It is also a major factor in the life cycle of many aquatic and other species, being both beneficial and destructive, depending on location and time of year. A brief review of the hydrologic aspects of river ice shows strong climatic links and illustrates the sensitivity of the entire ice regime to changes in climatic conditions. To date, this sensitivity has only partly been documented: the vast majority of related studies have focused on the timing of freeze‐up and break‐up over the past century, and indicate trends that are consistent with concomitant changes in air temperature. It is only in the past few years that attention has been paid to the more complex, and practically more important, question of what climatic change may do to the frequency and severity of extreme ice jams, floods and low flows. The probable changes to the ice regime of rivers, and associated hydrological processes and impacts, are discussed in the light of current understanding. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion prediction on unpaved mountain roads in northern Thailand: validation of dynamic erodibility modelling using KINEROS2
Authors: Ziegler Alan D. , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Sutherland Ross A.
Published: January 2005

The event‐ and physics‐based KINEROS2 runoff/erosion model for predicting overland flow generation and sediment production was applied to unpaved mountain roads. Field rainfall simulations conducted in northern Thailand provided independent data for model calibration and validation. Validation shows that KINEROS2 can be parameterized to simulate total discharge, sediment transport and sediment concentration on small‐scale road plots, for a range of slopes, during simulated rainfall events. The KINEROS2 model, however, did not accurately predict time‐dependent changes in sediment output and concentration. In particular, early flush peaks and the temporal decay in sediment output were not predicted, owing to the inability of KINEROS2 to model removal of a surface sediment layer of finite depth. After 15–20 min, sediment transport declines as the supply of loose superficial material becomes depleted. Modelled erosion response was improved by allowing road erodibility to vary during an event. Changing the model values of erosion detachment parameters in response to changes in surface sediment availability improved model accuracy of predicted sediment transport by 30–40%. A predictive relationship between road erodibility ‘states’ and road surface sediment depth is presented. This relationship allows implementation of the dynamic erodibility (DE) method to events where pre‐storm sediment depth can be estimated (e.g., from traffic usage variables). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satellite remote sensing to support management of irrigation systems: concepts and approaches
Authors: Ambast S.K. , Keshari Ashok K. , Gosain A.K.
Published: January 2005

Remote sensing techniques are becoming powerful tools for efficient management of irrigation systems in large irrigated areas. The objectives of management of irrigation systems, although they vary widely, may be defined as high crop productivity per unit land per unit applied water with equity in distribution. Some of the key elements of irrigation system management are: (i) performance monitoring and evaluation, (ii) diagnostic appraisal, (iii) action research, and (iv) farmers' participation. The objective of this paper is to present the state of the art on applications of satellite remote sensing that support management of irrigation systems and to identify emerging approaches that focus on future directions of research which may pave the way to operationalise the remote sensing techniques in practice. Firstly, a brief review on different approaches being utilized for management of irrigation systems is dealt with. Subsequently, the present status of remote sensing applications in irrigated agriculture is reviewed. The paper also presents future perspectives of remote sensing applications in determining hydrological variables and quantifying irrigation system performance indicators for better management of water use in irrigated agriculture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatially varied flow in non‐prismatic channels. I: dynamic equation
Authors: Kouchakzadeh S. , Mohammad‐Abadi A. R. Vatankhah
Published: January 2005

The bottom width of channels carrying spatially varied flow with increasing discharge is usually flared in the flow direction. This produces a non‐prismatic section. This paper, based on the law of linear momentum conservation, presents a new form of the governing dynamic equation for flow in such circumstances. In addition to the computed water surface profile, the proposed equation affects the position of the control section and its flow depth as well. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transitions from home to marriage of young Americans
Authors: Aassve Arnstein , Burgess Simon , Chesher Andrew , Propper Carol
Published: January 2005

The paper examines the impact of income on the transitions between home, living independently and first marriage of young Americans. A matching model is outlined, similar to that used in theories of job search, to explain the probability of marriage and living alone. A multiple‐state, multiple‐transition model which allows for correlated heterogeneity on the first and subsequent transitions is estimated. The results show that income has a strong and significant effect. The impact of unobserved heterogeneity is examined in detail. The impact of the young person's earnings on the transitions is explored through simulation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manipulation of nanoneedle and nanosphere apatite/poly(acrylic acid) nanocomposites
Authors: Liou Sz‐Chian , Chen San‐Yuan , Liu Dean‐Mo
Published: January 2005

Colloidal apatitic nanosphere of 2–5 nm in diameter was synthesized in the presence of poly(acrylic acid), PAA. PAA, which has long been recognized as an inhibitor in the synthesis of hydroxyapatite, is used as a structure‐directing agent for the synthesis of calcium‐deficient apatite (CDHA) in this study. Experimental observation suggests a critical amount of the low‐molecular‐weight PAA, above which morphological evolution of CDHA nanoparticles from needle to sphere was observed. This reveals that the PAA acts as an inhibitor for the growth of CDHA crystals. Further incorporation of PAA of high molecular weight formed a highly optically transparent nanocomposite, even with the nanospherical apatite loading up to 35 wt %, suggesting no agglomeration. This was further justified through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), where the CDHA nanospheres were uniformly distributed in the PAA‐CDHA nanocomposites. No interfacial crevices were visually observed, indicating a highly compatible interface between the inorganic CDHA and organic PAA phase. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 117–122, 2005
Deep‐penetrating conical cracks in brittle layers from hydraulic cyclic contact
Authors: Zhang Yu , Song Jun‐Kwang , Lawn Brian R.
Published: January 2005

A study is made of fracture from cyclic loading of WC spheres on the top surfaces of thick (1 mm) brittle layers on polymeric substrates, as representative of repetitive occlusal contact on dental crown structures. The advantage of glass layers is that internal cracks can be followed in situ during the entire cyclic loading process. The glass surfaces are first given a surface‐abrasion treatment to control the flaw state, such that the strengths match those of dental porcelains. Cyclic contact tests are carried out at prescribed maximum loads and frequencies, in water. In addition to conventional cone cracks that form outside the contact circle, additional, inner cone cracks form within the contact in the water environment. These inner cones are observed only in cyclic loading in water and are accelerated at higher frequencies, indicating a strong mechanical driving force. They tend to initiate after the outer cones, but subsequently catch up and penetrate much more rapidly and deeply, ultimately intersecting the underlying coating/substrate interface. Comparative tests on glass/polymer bilayers versus monolithic glass, in cyclic versus static loading, in water versus air environment, on abraded versus etched surfaces, and with glass instead of WC indenters, confirm the existence of a dominant mechanical element in the inner‐cone crack evolution. It is suggested that the source of the mechanical driving force is hydraulic pressure from intrusion and entrapment of liquid in surface fissures at the closing contact interface. This new type of cone cracking may limit dental crown veneer lifetimes under occlusal fatigue conditions, especially in thicker layers, where competing modes—such as undersurface radial cracks—are suppressed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biometer 73B: 186–193, 2005
Evaluation of the micromechanical elastic properties of potential bone‐grafting materials
Authors: Nomura Tsutomu , Katz J. Lawrence , Powers Michael P. , Saito Chikara
Published: January 2005

The micromechanical elastic properties of potential bone‐graft materials were compared with that of the human mandible. Six different potential bone‐replacement materials were used: Bio‐Oss (Osteohealth), OsteoGraf/N‐700 (Ceramed), Pepgen P15 (Ceramed), Interpore200 (Interpore Cross International), Allogro (Ceramed), and Dynagraft (GenSci Dental). As a control, mandibular cortical bone was obtained from a 17‐year‐old woman. Micromechanical elastic property analysis was obtained with the use of a UH3 scanning acoustic microscope (Olympus Co., Tokyo, Japan) (SAM) at 400 MHz in the burst mode. Each sample was measured at three areas. The data were analyzed statistically by SPSS (SPSS, Inc.) with the use of the Student t test. In human bone, the reflection coefficients r of the x dimension (r = 0.75 ± 0.01) was statistically higher than those of the y (0.72 ± 0.05) and the z (0.72 ± 0.01) directions. The order of stiffness magnitude was found to be Pepgen (r = 0.73 ± 0.05) ≥ OsteoGraf (0.72 ± 0.03) > Bio‐Oss (0.71 ± 0.02) > Interpore (0.69 ± 0.10) > Dynagraft (0.43 ± 0.05) > Allogro (0.36 ± 0.04). For these samples, Interpore alone showed a large deviation in properties in the same specimen. With regard to the elastic properties solely, bone‐grafting materials made from bovine or processed marine coral appear to be reasonable choices as graft materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 29–34, 2005
Regulation of intracellular glycine as an organic osmolyte in early preimplantation mouse embryos
Authors: Steeves Candace L. , Baltz Jay M.
Published: January 2005

GLYT1, a glycine transporter belonging to the neurotransmitter transporter family, has recently been identified as a novel cell volume‐regulatory mechanism in the earliest stages of the mouse preimplantation embryo. It apparently acts by regulating the steady‐state intracellular concentration of glycine, which functions as an organic osmolyte in embryos, to balance external osmolarity and thus maintain cell volume. GLYT1 in embryos was the first mammalian organic osmolyte transporter identified that appears to function in cell volume control under conditions of normal osmolarity, rather than being a response to the stress of chronic hypertonicity. Its maximal rate of transport was shown to be regulated by osmolarity. However, it was not known whether this osmotic regulation of the rate of glycine transport is sufficient to account for the observed control of steady‐state intracellular glycine levels as a function of osmolarity in embryos. Here, we show that the intracellular accumulation of glycine in embryos is a direct function of the rate of glycine uptake via GLYT1. In addition, we have shown that the rate of efflux, likely via the volume‐regulated anion and organic osmolyte channel in embryos, is also under osmotic regulation and contributes substantially to the control of steady‐state glycine concentrations. Together, control of both the rate of uptake and rate of efflux of glycine underlies the mechanism of osmotic regulation of the steady‐state concentration of glycine and hence cell volume in early embryos. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collagenase expression and activity is modulated by the interaction of collagen types, hypoxia, and nutrition in human lung cells
Authors: Leufgen H. , Bihl M.P. , Rüdiger J.J. , Gambazzi J. , Perruchoud A.P. , Tamm M. , Roth M.
Published: January 2005

Hypoxia not only controls organogenesis, embryogenesis, and wound repair, but also triggers tumor progression and metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), especially gelatinases (MMP‐2, MMP‐9) regulate the composition and stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which affects cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This study investigated the effect of hypoxia alone and in combination with ECM compounds and nutrition on MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression, activity, and synthesis in human lung fibroblasts and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We also determined the expression of the tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP‐1, ‐2). Cells were grown on plastic, collagen‐I, collagen‐IV, or gelatin and in either starving medium (0.1% serum) or growth medium (5% serum), and were subjected to normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2). Collagenases expression was determined by zymography. TIMP‐1, ‐2 expression was assessed by Western blotting and RT‐PCR. Depending on serum concentration human lung cells expressed pro‐MMP‐2 on all substrates. Hypoxia increased pro‐MMP‐2 expression, on collagen type I or type IV further via Erk1/2 and p38 MAP kinase signaling. MMP‐9 was only expressed when cells were grown on collagen type IV and increased with serum concentration, and by hypoxia. TIMP‐1 expression was only expressed when cells were grown on collagen type I and was significantly increased by hypoxia, while TIMP‐2 expression was unchanged. We demonstrated that the hypoxia, ECM composition, and nutrition, rather than one of these conditions alone, modulate the expression and activity of collagenases and their inhibitors in primary human lung fibroblasts. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thrombospondin‐1 deficient mice exhibit an altered expression pattern of alternatively spliced PECAM‐1 isoforms in retinal vasculature and endothelial cells
Authors: Wang Yongji , Su Xiaojing , Wu Zhifeng , Sheibani Nader
Published: January 2005

We have previously shown that thrombosponsin‐1 (TSP1) and PECAM‐1 are components of a regulatory switch whose reciprocal regulation in the endothelial cells (EC) promotes an angiogenic or a differentiated, quiescent phenotype. The physiological role TSP1 plays in modulation of PECAM‐1 expression and function during vascular development and angiogenesis remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that PECAM‐1 undergoes alternative splicing in its cytoplasmic domain generating eight isoforms in the retinal vasculature of wild type and TSP1−/− mice. All PECAM‐1 isoforms examined contained exon 13. The frequency of PECAM‐1 isoform(s) containing exon 14 was significantly higher during early stages of retinal vascularization, which decreased during later stages of retinal vascularization in wild type mice. In contrast, the frequency of exon 14 containing PECAM‐1 isoform(s) did not significantly change during retinal vascularization in TSP1−/− mice. They consistently expressed higher number of isoforms with exon 14 during later stages of retinal vascularization. The higher level of PECAM‐1 isoforms with exon 14 was also observed in cultured TSP1−/− retinal EC compared to wild type retinal EC. This was consistent with increased amounts of Src and SHP‐2 associated with PECAM‐1, and enhanced migration and proliferation in TSP1−/− retinal EC. These data suggest PECAM‐1 signaling in the endothelium is modulated by its alternative splicing during retinal vascular development and angiogenesis, which may be impacted by TSP1 expression. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cdc25A and ERK interaction: EGFR‐independent ERK activation by a protein phosphatase Cdc25A inhibitor, compound 5
Authors: Wang Ziqiu , Zhang Baochun , Wang Meifang , Carr Brian I.
Published: January 2005

Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) plays a central role in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. We previously found that 2‐(2‐mercaptoethanol)‐3‐methyl‐1,4‐napthoquinone or Compound 5 (Cpd 5), is a Cdc25A protein phosphatase inhibitor and causes prolonged, strong ERK phosphorylation which is triggered by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation. We now report that Cpd 5 can directly cause ERK phosphorylation by inhibiting Cdc25A activity independently of the EGFR pathway. We found that Cdc25A physically interacted with and de‐phosphorylated phospho‐ERK both in vitro and in cell culture. Inhibition of Cdc25A activity by Cpd 5 resulted in ERK hyper‐phosphorylation. Transfection of Hep3B human hepatoma cells with inactive Cdc25A mutant enhanced Cpd 5 action on ERK phosphorylation, whereas over‐expression of Cdc25A attenuated this Cpd 5 action. Furthermore, endogenous Cdc25A knock‐down by Cdc25A siRNA resulted in a constitutive‐like ERK phosphorylation and Cpd 5 treatment further enhanced it. In EGFR‐devoid NR6 fibroblasts and MEK (ERK kinase) mutated MCF7 cells, Cpd 5 treatment also resulted in ERK phosphorylation, providing support for the idea that Cpd 5 can directly act on ERK phosphorylation by inhibiting Cdc25A activity. These data suggest that phospho‐ERK is likely another Cdc25A substrate, and Cpd 5‐caused ERK phosphorylation is probably regulated by both EGFR‐dependent and EGFR‐independent pathways. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.