bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The molecular bases of δ/αβ T cell–mediated antigen recognition
Authors: Pellicci Daniel G. , Uldrich Adam P. , Le Nours Jérôme , Ross Fiona , Chabrol Eric , Eckle Sidonia B.G. , de Boer Renate , Lim Ricky T. , McPherson Kirsty , Besra Gurdyal , Howell Amy R. , Moretta Lorenzo , McCluskey James , Heemskerk Mirjam H.M. , Gras Stephanie , Rossjohn Jamie , Godfrey Dale I.
Published: December 2014

αβ and γδ T cells are disparate T cell lineages that can respond to distinct antigens (Ags) via the use of the αβ and γδ T cell Ag receptors (TCRs), respectively. Here we characterize a population of human T cells, which we term δ/αβ T cells, expressing TCRs comprised of a TCR-δ variable gene (Vδ1) fused to joining α and constant α domains, paired with an array of TCR-β chains. We demonstrate that these cells, which represent ∼50% of all Vδ1+ human T cells, can recognize peptide- and lipid-based Ags presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and CD1d, respectively. Similar to type I natural killer T (NKT) cells, CD1d-lipid Ag-reactive δ/αβ T cells recognized α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer); however, their fine specificity for other lipid Ags presented by CD1d, such as α-glucosylceramide, was distinct from type I NKT cells. Thus, δ/αβTCRs contribute new patterns of Ag specificity to the human immune system. Furthermore, we provide the molecular bases of how δ/αβTCRs bind to their targets, with the Vδ1-encoded region providing a major contribution to δ/αβTCR binding. Our findings highlight how components from αβ and γδTCR gene loci can recombine to confer Ag specificity, thus expanding our understanding of T cell biology and TCR diversity.
Irrigated Agricultural Adaptation to Water and Climate Variability: The Economic Value of a Water Portfolio
Authors: Mukherjee Monobina , Schwabe Kurt
Published: December 2014

Increasing aridity, more frequent and intense drought, and greater degrees of water scarcity create unique challenges for agriculture. In response to these challenges, which often manifest themselves as lower and more variable surface water supplies, as well as depleted and degraded ground water supplies, growers tend to seek opportunities to adapt. One option for growers to reduce their exposure to water scarcity and heightened uncertainty is to diversify. Indeed, access to a portfolio of supplies is one way in which water and irrigation districts, as well as individual growers, are responding to the changing landscape of water resource availability. This article evaluates the benefits to irrigated agriculture from having access to multiple sources of water. With farm‐level information on 1,900 agricultural parcels across California, we use the hedonic property value method to investigate the extent that growers benefit from having access to multiple sources of water (i.e., a water portfolio). Our results suggest that while lower quality waters, less reliable water, and less water all negatively impact agricultural land values, holding a water portfolio has a positive impact on land values through its role in mitigating the negative aspects of these factors and reducing the sensitivity of agriculture to climate‐related factors. From a policy perspective, such results identify a valuable adaptation tool that irrigation districts may consider to help offset the negative impacts of climate change, drought, and population increases on water supply availability and reliability.
In-depth analysis of subclass-specific conformational preferences of IgG antibodies
Authors: Tian Xinsheng , Vestergaard Bente , Thorolfsson Matthias , Yang Zhiru , Rasmussen Hanne B. , Langkilde Annette E.
Published: December 2014

IgG subclass-specific differences in biological function andin vitrostability are often referred to variations in the conformational flexibility, while this flexibility has rarely been characterized. Here, small-angle X-ray scattering data from IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies, which were designed with identical variable regions, were thoroughly analysed by the ensemble optimization method. The extended analysis of the optimized ensembles through shape clustering reveals distinct subclass-specific conformational preferences, which provide new insights for understanding the variations in physical/chemical stability and biological function of therapeutic antibodies. Importantly, the way that specific differences in the linker region correlate with the solution structure of intact antibodies is revealed, thereby visualizing future potential for the rational design of antibodies with designated physicochemical properties and tailored effector functions. In addition, this advanced computational approach is applicable to other flexible multi-domain systems and extends the potential for investigating flexibility in solutions of macromolecules by small-angle X-ray scattering.
Crystal structure of bis(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2N,N′)bis(thiocyanato-κN)manganese(II) 2,2′-bipyridine monosolvate
Authors: Suckert Stefan , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: December 2014

In the crystal structure of the mononuclear title compound, [Mn(NCS)2(C10H8N2)2]·C10H8N2, the MnIIcation is coordinated in an all-cisconfiguration by two N-bound thiocyanate anions and two 2,2′-bipyridine ligands within a slightly distorted octahedral environment. The asymmetric unit consists of one MnIIcation, two thiocyanate anions and two 2,2′-bipyridine ligands, as well as two non-coordinating 2,2′-bipyridine ligands that are each located on centres of inversion. In the crystal structure, the discrete [Mn(NCS)2(C10H8N2)2] complex molecules are arranged in such a way that cavities are formed, in which the solvent 2,2′-bipyridine molecules are located. Apart from van der Waals forces, there are no remarkable intermolecular interactions present in the crystal structure.
Crystal structure of 5-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one
Authors: Sathya S. , Reuben Jonathan D. , Sidharthan J. , Vasanthi R. , Usha G.
Published: December 2014

The title compound, C27H26O3, crystallized with two independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit. In moleculeA, the plane of the central benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 75.78 (14) and 52.75 (16)° with that of the terminal benzene rings, and the dihedral angle between the planes of the terminal benzene rings is 51.49 (17)°. The corresponding values for moleculeBare 75.18 (14), 58.11 (16) and 47.91 (16)°, respectively. The cyclohexene ring adopts an envelope conformation in both molecules, with the C atom to which is attached the central benzene ring as the flap. The crystal packing, is stabilized by C—H...π interactions.
Crystal structure of poly[(N,N-dimethylacetamide-κO)(μ4-5-methylisophthalato-κ5O:O,O′:O′′:O′′′)manganese(II)]
Authors: Jin Lan , Zha Li-Li , Gao San , Yang Shi-Yao , Huang Rong-Bin
Published: December 2014

The title compound, poly[(N,N-dimethylacetamide-κO)(μ4-5-methylisophthalato-κ5O,O′:O′,O′′:O′′)manganese(II)], [Mn(C9H6O4)(C3H7NO)]n, was obtained from a mixture containing MnCl2·4H2O and 5-methylisophthalic acid inN,N-dimethylacetamide solution. The Mn2+ion is coordinated by five O atoms from four bridging 5-methylisophthalate ligands and one O atom from oneN,N-dimethylacetamide ligand, defining a considerably distorted coordination polyhedron with one very long Mn—O bond of 2.623 (2) Å. The Mn2+ions are joined by carboxylate groups, forming rod-shaped secondary building units along theaaxis. The rods are further connected by 5-methylisophthalate ligands to form the pcu (primitive cubic net) structure.
Crystal structure of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenoxyazetidin-2-one
Authors: Çelikesir Sevim Türktekin , Akkurt Mehmet , Jarrahpour Aliasghar , Shafie Habib Allah , Çelik Ömer
Published: December 2014

In the title compound, C22H18N2O5, the central β-lactam ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.002 Å) makes dihedral angles of 64.21 (14), 82.35 (12) and 20.66 (13)° with the phenyl ring and the nitro- and methoxybenzene rings, respectively. The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs lying parallel to (111). The slabs are linkedviaC—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional network.
Crystal structure of 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-(2-nitrophenyl)azetidin-2-one with an unknown solvate
Authors: Çelikesir Sevim Türktekin , Akkurt Mehmet , Jarrahpour Aliasghar , Shafie Habib Allah , Çelik Ömer
Published: December 2014

In the title compound, C15H11ClN2O4, the central β-lactam ring is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.044 (2) Å for the N atom from the mean plane] and subtends dihedral angles of 61.17 (11) and 40.21 (12) °, respectively, with the nitro and chlorobenzene rings. Both substituents lie to the same side of the β-lactam core. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules intoC(4) chains propagating in [010]. The chains are cross-linked by C—H...O and weak C—H...π interactions, generating a three-dimensional network. The solvent molecules were found to be highly disordered and their contribution to the scattering was removed with the SQUEEZE procedure inPLATON[Spek (2009).Acta Cryst.D65, 148–155], which indicated a solvent cavity of volume 318 Å3containing approximately 114 electrons. These solvent molecules are not considered in the given chemical formula and other crystal data.
Global Fair Trade Markets and Product Innovations
Authors: DiMarcello Nicholas , Marconi Nicholas , Hooker Neal H.
Published: December 2014

Consumer interest in social justice and traceability has supported the global fair trade market's substantial growth in recent years, measured by both market share and number of product launches. Using fair trade product launch data we identify 6,423 food, beverage, and health and beauty products with various label claims launched in over 40 countries between 1999 and 2012. We provide a descriptive and comparative analysis of these products. Topics include the type of fair trade claim, the (third‐party) organisation certifying the claim (if any) and product categories. The most common fair trade categories are hot beverages, skin care products and chocolate confectionery. Dozens of certifying bodies operate in the fair trade industry, each with its own set of standards. While a majority of the products were certified, a significant share of innovations notably in health and beauty categories could only be classified as following fair trade ‘practices’ or ‘supporting’ fair trade procurement strategies. Affiliates of Fair Trade Labeling Organizations International (FLO‐I) certified 50 per cent of all fair trade product launches. We highlight differences in fair trade standards across certification organisations. Such diversity in composition and sourcing standards may confuse consumers, diffuse the market benefits and in extreme cases lead to government intervention.
Balancing sample accumulation and DNA degradation rates to optimize noninvasive genetic sampling of sympatric carnivores
Authors: Lonsinger Robert C. , Gese Eric M. , Dempsey Steven J. , Kluever Bryan M. , Johnson Timothy R. , Waits Lisette P.
Published: December 2014

Noninvasive genetic sampling, or noninvasive DNA sampling (NDS), can be an effective monitoring approach for elusive, wide‐ranging species at low densities. However, few studies have attempted to maximize sampling efficiency. We present a model for combining sample accumulation and DNA degradation to identify the most efficient (i.e. minimal cost per successful sample) NDS temporal design for capture–recapture analyses. We use scat accumulation and faecal DNA degradation rates for two sympatric carnivores, kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) and coyote (Canis latrans) across two seasons (summer and winter) in Utah, USA, to demonstrate implementation of this approach. We estimated scat accumulation rates by clearing and surveying transects for scats. We evaluated mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nDNA) DNA amplification success for faecal DNA samples under natural field conditions for 20 fresh scats/species/season from <1–112 days. Mean accumulation rates were nearly three times greater for coyotes (0.076 scats/km/day) than foxes (0.029 scats/km/day) across seasons. Across species and seasons, mtDNA amplification success was ≥95% through day 21. Fox nDNA amplification success was ≥70% through day 21 across seasons. Coyote nDNA success was ≥70% through day 21 in winter, but declined to <50% by day 7 in summer. We identified a common temporal sampling frame of approximately 14 days that allowed species to be monitored simultaneously, further reducing time, survey effort and costs. Our results suggest that when conducting repeated surveys for capture–recapture analyses, overall cost‐efficiency for NDS may be improved with a temporal design that balances field and laboratory costs along with deposition and degradation rates.
Limits of Dissent, Perils of Activism: Spaces of Resistance and the New Security Logic
Authors: Amir Merav , Kotef Hagar
Published: December 2014

On 26 December 2003 an Israeli activist was shot by the Israeli Army while he was participating in a demonstration organized by Anarchists Against the Wall (AAtW) in the West Bank. This was the first time Israeli Soldiers have deliberately shot live bullets at a Jewish‐Israeli activist. This paper is an attempt to understand the set of conditions, the enveloping frameworks, and the new discourses that have made this event, and similar shootings that soon followed, possible. Situating the actions of AAtW within a much wider context of securitization—of identities, movements, and bodies—we examine strategies of resistance which are deployed in highly securitized public spaces. We claim that an unexpected matrix of identity in which abnormality is configured as security threat render the bodies of activists especially precarious. The paper thus provides an account of the new rationales of security technologies and tactics which increasingly govern public spaces.
3‐iodothyroacetic acid, a metabolite of thyroid hormone, induces itch and reduces threshold to noxious and to painful heat stimuli in mice
Authors: Laurino Annunziatina , De Siena Gaetano , Resta Francesco , Masi Alessio , Musilli Claudia , Zucchi Riccardo , Raimondi Laura
Published: December 2014

Background and purpose

Itch is associated with increased sensitization to nociceptive stimuli. We investigated whether 3‐iodothyroacetic acid (TA1), by releasing histamine, induces itch and increases sensitization to noxious and painful heat stimuli.

Experimental Approach

Itch was evaluated after s.c. administration of TA1 (0.4, 1.32 and 4 μg·kg−1). Mice threshold to noxious (NHT) and to painful heat stimuli were evaluated by the increasing‐temperature hot plate (from 45.5 to 49.5°C) or by the hot plate (51.5°C) test, respectively, 15 min after i.p. injection of TA1 (0.4, 1.32 and 4 μg·kg−1). Itch, NHT and pain threshold evaluation were repeated in mice pretreated with pyrilamine. Itch and NHT were also measured in HDC+/+ and HDC−/− following injection of saline or TA1 (1.32, 4 and 11 μg·kg−1; s.c. and i.p.). pERK1/2 levels were determined by Western blot in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) isolated from CD1 mice 15 min after they received (i.p.): saline, saline and noxious heat stimulus (46.5°C), TA1 (0.1, 0.4, 1.32, 4 μg·kg−1) or TA1 1.32 μg·kg−1 and noxious heat stimulus.

Key Results

TA1 0.4 and 1.32 μg·kg−1 induced itch and reduced NHT; pyrilamine pretreatment prevented both of these effects. TA1 4 μg·kg−1 (i.p.) reduced pain threshold without inducing itch or modifying NHT. In HDC−/− mice, TA1 failed to induce itch and to reduce NHT. In DRG, pERK1/2 levels were significantly increased by noxious heat stimuli and by TA1 0.1, 0.4 and 1.32 μg·kg−1; i.p.

Conclusions and Implications

Increased TA1 levels induce itch and an enhanced sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli suggesting that TA1 might represent a potential cause of itch in thyroid diseases.
Crowell problem solving procedure: a psychometric analysis of a laboratory measure of the caregiver–child relationship
Authors: Sprang Ginny , Craig Carlton
Published: December 2014

Background

Many decades of research demonstrates that the presence of and perceived quality of the parent–child bond can impact a child's health, mental health, and interpersonal trajectory for a lifetime (Weinfield, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 1999 Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: Guilford Press, 68; Lieberman, Infant Mental Health Journal, 25, 336, 2004). However, investigations regarding the utility of methods to evaluate the quality and nature of caregiver–child interactions are limited. Using clinical data from 151 caregiver–child dyads, this study examines the psychometric properties of the Crowell Problem Solving Procedure Rating Scale using exploratory factor analysis. Additionally, the predictive validity of the coding system was examined via comparisons with the Parent–Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIRGAS).

Findings

The child and adult scales were each psychometrically defined by a single factor that was internally consistent and well‐defined conceptually by the representative items. High internal consistency for each scale provides support for the reliability of the rating scale, and suggests that the Crowell scores can be useful as two separate scales measuring a child's affective presentation and caregiver responsiveness, but also collectively as a total score assessing overall relational functioning. Aspects of the caregiver–child relationship were significantly related to PIRGAS scores on the child and adult domains.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest the Crowell Problem Solving Procedure Rating Scale is a brief tool, with good internal consistency, that can assess a wide range of young children, in a clinical setting.
Farmers' Participation in Civic Agriculture: The Effect of Social Embeddedness
Authors: Migliore Giuseppina , Caracciolo Francesco , Lombardi Alessia , Schifani Giorgio , Cembalo Luigi
Published: December 2014

This work investigates how farmers' attitudes influence their decision to participate in some particular forms of civic agriculture, namely farmers' markets (conventional or organic), solidarity purchase groups, direct selling, and box schemes. It also explores whether social embeddedness‐related attitudes occur with different intensities within the various types of civic agriculture. To this end, a survey was carried out among farmers participating in civic agriculture in Sicily (Italy). Empirical results confirm the role of social embeddedness whereby personal relations between farmers and consumers are emphasized: a greater presence of community relations fosters a greater role of social embeddedness in farmers' decisions.
Inhomogeneous Longitudinal Cardiac Rotation and Impaired Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Children and Young Adults with End‐Stage Renal Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Lagies Ruth , Beck Bodo B. , Hoppe Bernd , Sheta Sahar S. , Weiß Verena , Sreeram Narayanswami , Udink ten Cate Floris E. A.
Published: December 2014

Background

Cardiac dysfunction frequently complicates the clinical course of patients with end‐stage renal failure (ESRF). Recently, we observed abnormal longitudinal cardiac rotation (LR) among patients with ESRF. In this study, we sought to quantify LR mechanics in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD).

Methods

Twenty‐four subjects, 12 ESRF patients (58% male; age 17.5 ± 4.4 years) receiving HD, and 12 aged‐matched controls, were prospectively studied. Patients underwent echocardiographic studies before and after HD. LR mechanics were quantified with two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Peak systolic left ventricular (LV) longitudinal strain and displacement measurements were obtained in all subjects.

Results

LR mechanics were successfully quantified in all subjects using 5 key echocardiographic features of LR. We identified two different inhomogeneous LR motion patterns in 41.7% of ESRF patients, characterized by a delayed timing of LR or increased segmental apical rotation. Inhomogeneous LR patterns were not found in controls. Timing of early‐systolic counterclockwise LR increased after HD (P = 0.006). In patients, late‐systolic clockwise LR occurred earlier (P = 0.043), and showed a significant prolongation after HD (P = 0.003). Longitudinal strain was significantly impaired in patients (P = 0.015), and further decreased after HD (P < 0.0001). Strong correlations were observed between strain and displacement parameters and LR mechanics.

Conclusions

Quantifying LR using speckle tracking echocardiography was feasible, easy, and reproducible. Inhomogeneous LR motion patterns were demonstrated in a large proportion of patients with ESRF. LV dysfunction seems the most important determinant of inhomogeneous LR. Further studies are required to validate these findings.
Adding computed tomography and transcranial Doppler findings to the ABCD2 score to predict long‐term risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke
Authors: Fu J. , Tang J. , Yang J. , Chen X. , Chen Y. , Leung T. W. , Mok V. , Soo Y. , Wong K. L.
Published: December 2014

Background and purpose

The ABCD2 score can predict the early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. However, there is no simple and practical assessment method for the long‐term risks. Computed tomography (CT) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) findings were added to the ABCD2 score to build an ABCD2L2 score and whether the new scoring system could improve the predictive value of the ABCD2 score for the long‐term risk of stroke was determined.

Methods

From January 2004 to December 2005, all patients with a definite diagnosis of transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke at the Prince of Wales Hospital were consecutively enrolled and followed up until August 2008. CT and TCD were performed. The areas under the curve were used to quantify the ABCD2 and ABCD2L2 scores and related items.

Results

All 481 patients completed the follow‐up. The shortest follow‐up time was 0.17 months (until death), the longest follow‐up time was 55.60 months and the mean follow‐up time was 40.3 ± 11.0 months. In total, 277 (57.6%) patients showed lesions on CT scans and 195 (40.6%) patients were found with intracranial large artery atherosclerosis. Further strokes occurred in 74 (15.4%) patients, including four (0.83%) patients who died of ischaemic stroke during the follow‐up period. The area under the curve increased from 0.650 (0.586–0.715) for the ABCD2 score to 0.700 (0.637–0.764) for the ABCD2L2 score.

Conclusion

Adding CT and TCD results to the ABCD2 score to increase its predictability for long‐term risk of stroke recurrence might be a meaningful exploration.
Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with post‐stroke depression
Authors: Han B. , Lyu Y. , Sun H. , Wei Y. , He J.
Published: December 2014

Background and purpose

Low serum levels of vitamin D have been associated with depression in non‐stroke subjects. Our aim was to examine the possible association between serum vitamin D levels and the development of post‐stroke depression (PSD).

Methods

In total, 189 patients with acute ischaemic stroke were consecutively recruited. Serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured by competitive protein‐binding assay within 24 h after admission. The 17‐item Hamilton Depression Scale was used for screening for the existence of depressive symptoms at 1 month after stroke. Patients with a Hamilton Depression Scale score of ≥7 were given the Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, for diagnosis of PSD. Meanwhile, 100 healthy control subjects were also recruited and underwent measurement of 25(OH)D.

Results

Fifty‐five patients (29.1%) were diagnosed as having PSD at 1 month. Serum vitamin D levels within 24 h after admission were significantly lower in both non‐PSD patients and PSD patients than in normal controls. PSD patients had significantly lower vitamin D than non‐PSD patients. Serum vitamin D levels (≤37.1 and ≥64.1 nmol/l) were independently associated with the development of PSD (odds ratio 8.824, 95% confidence interval 2.011–38.720, P = 0.004, and odds ratio 0.127, 95% confidence interval 0.022–0.718, P = 0.020, respectively).

Conclusions

Serum vitamin D levels within 24 h after admission are found to be associated with PSD and may predict its development at 1 month post‐stroke.
Thalamic stimulation to improve level of consciousness after seizures: Evaluation of electrophysiology and behavior
Authors: Gummadavelli Abhijeet , Motelow Joshua E. , Smith Nicholas , Zhan Qiong , Schiff Nicholas D. , Blumenfeld Hal
Published: December 2014

Objective

Understanding the neural mechanisms that support human consciousness is an important frontier in neuroscience and medicine. We previously developed a rodent model of temporal lobe seizures that recapitulates the human electroencephalography (EEG) signature of ictal and postictal neocortical slow waves associated with behavioral impairments in level of consciousness. The mechanism of slow‐wave production in epilepsy may involve suppression of the subcortical arousal systems including the brainstem and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. We hypothesized that intralaminar thalamic stimulation may lead to electrophysiologic and functional rescue from postictal slow waves and behavioral arrest.

Methods

We electrically stimulated the central lateral thalamic nucleus (a member of the intralaminar nuclei) under anesthesia and after electrically induced hippocampal seizures in anesthetized and in awake‐behaving animal model preparations.

Results

We demonstrated a proof‐of‐principle restoration of electrophysiologic and behavioral measures of consciousness by stimulating the intralaminar thalamic nuclei after seizures. We measured decreased cortical slow waves and increased desynchronization and multiunit activity in the cortex with thalamic stimulation following seizures. Functionally, thalamic stimulation produced resumption of exploratory behaviors in the postictal state.

Significance

Targeting of nodes in the neural circuitry of consciousness has important medical implications. Impaired consciousness with epilepsy has dangerous consequences including decreased school/work performance, social stigmatization, and impaired airway protection. These data suggest a novel therapeutic approach for restoring consciousness after seizures. If paired with responsive neurostimulation, this may allow rapid implementation to improve level of consciousness in patients with epilepsy.
Narcotics Anonymous: Anonymity, Admiration, and Prestige in an Egalitarian Community
Authors: Snyder Jeffrey K. , Fessler Daniel M. T.
Published: December 2014

Narcotics Anonymous (NA) supports long‐term recovery for those addicted to drugs. Paralleling social dynamics in many small‐scale societies, NA exhibits tension between egalitarianism and prestige‐based hierarchy, a problem exacerbated by the addict's personality as characterized by NA's ethnopsychology. We explore how NA's central principle of anonymity normatively translates into egalitarianism among group members. Turning to the lived reality of membership, building on Carr's () concept of script flipping, we identify script embellishment as speech acts that ostensibly conform to normative therapeutic discourse while covertly serving political ends. We argue that, in spite of the overtly egalitarian context, NA members differ dramatically in prestige, with more experienced members being admired and emulated. Critically, prestige acquisition occurs via structural functions that are central to the maintenance of the institution, as experienced members serve a central role in the transmission and enforcement of cultural norms, paradoxically including norms of egalitarianism.
Dissociating several forms of commonness in birds sheds new light on biotic homogenization
Authors: Godet Laurent , Gaüzere Pierre , Jiguet Frédéric , Devictor Vincent
Published: December 2014

Aim

We disentangle three facets of species commonness (local abundance, geographical range size, degree of habitat generalization) to identify how species segregate along these axes and how each of these facets determines the relative functional originality of each species (i.e. the mean trait distance of a species with others). At the community level we test whether changes in the relative abundances of species with different levels of commonness contribute to the spatial and temporal dynamics of species assemblages and to the local trend in functional homogenization.

Location

France.

Methods

Data from theFrenchBreedingBirdSurvey from 2001 to 2012 were used to represent the yearly change in species abundances of 198 species over 2057 plots. Functional originality and three commonness indices were calculated for each species related to their geographical range, habitat generalization and specific local abundances. These species‐specific indices were then used to compute community‐weighted means of commonness and functional originality. Hierarchical partitioning was used to investigate the relationships between each of the three facets of commonness and functional originality. Generalized additive models were used to estimate the spatial and temporal trends of each community index.

Results

Species that are generalist and abundant but with a restricted range had higher functional originality. From 2001 to 2012, assemblages were increasingly composed of species with large ranges and of habitat generalists. The functional simplification of communities was mainly linked to the increase in species with large ranges and, to lesser extent, to a decrease in species with high local abundances.

Main conclusions

The decomposition of commonness into complementary facets is useful for describing the causes and consequences of biotic homogenization at large spatial scales. Functional simplification can occur during a short time period and is driven mainly by the greater success of species with large ranges.
Latitudinal gradients in the productivity of European migrant warblers have not shifted northwards during a period of climate change
Authors: Eglington Sarah M. , Julliard Romain , Gargallo Gabriel , van der Jeugd Henk P. , Pearce‐Higgins James W. , Baillie Stephen R. , Robinson Robert A.
Published: December 2014

Aim

As global temperatures have increased, many species distributions have exhibited polewards shifts, a trend that is predicted to continue in future decades. However, the mechanisms underlying such shifts are not well understood. Here we quantify the impact of large‐scale variation in temperature on reproductive output within a group of migratory birds to assess the potential for future range changes.

Location

Western Europe.

Methods

We use data from captures of 350,000 individual birds, collected under constant effort ringing protocols from 1994–2006, to estimate productivity (percentage of juveniles caught) for seven species of migrant warblers (family Sylviidae) breeding in Europe in relation to spring temperature and latitude by fitting generalized linear mixed models.

Results

Productivity was highest at mid‐latitudes for six of our seven study species and did not change significantly over the study period. Only one species (reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus) showed increased productivity at northern sites as expected. Six of the seven species also showed evidence for local adaptation, with productivity decreasing as temperatures diverged from the local mean. However, for three of these species the ‘optimum’ temperature was greater than the local mean temperature at the majority of sites.

Main conclusions

These results indicate that latitudinal gradients in productivity are likely to influence large‐scale abundance patterns, but that adaptation to local climate conditions has the potential to constrain the rate of northward range shifts in many species.
Adherence to prophylaxis is associated with better outcomes in moderate and severe haemophilia: results of a patient survey
Authors: Krishnan S. , Vietri J. , Furlan R. , Duncan N.
Published: December 2014

Severe haemophilia is associated with bleeding into joints and development of arthropathy. Prophylactic treatment with infusion of replacement clotting factor is known to prevent bleeding, preserve joint functioning and result in higher health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) than episodic treatment; however, adhering to standard prophylaxis schedules can be difficult, and little is known about the relationship between adherence to prophylactic treatment and outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between self‐reported adherence to prophylaxis and health outcomes, including HRQoL and bleeding episodes. Adults with haemophilia (n = 55) and caregivers of children with haemophilia (n = 55) in Australia, Canada, and the United States completed an online questionnaire which included measures of HRQoL (SF‐12v2 for adults and SF‐10 for caregivers of children), self‐reported bleeding episodes, and the VERITAS‐Pro measure of adherence to prophylaxis in haemophilia. Regression analysis was used to test the association between VERITAS‐Pro total score and outcomes. Poorer adherence (higher VERITAS‐Pro scores) was associated with a greater number of self‐reported bleeding episodes in the past year among adults (p < 0.01), more days of work/school missed among paediatric patients (p < 0.01), and lower physical health status scores among paediatric patients (p < 0.05). This study highlights the benefits of adherence to prophylaxis among those with severe haemophilia and provides evidence for the utility of the VERITAS‐Pro by demonstrating a relationship between adherence and outcomes.
Nurses and the euthanasia debate: reflections from New Zealand
Authors: Woods M. , Bickley Asher J.
Published: December 2014

Aim

Through an examination of the present situation relating to legalizing euthanasia and/or physician‐assisted death in New Zealand, this paper is intended to encourage nurses worldwide to ponder about their own position on the ever present topic of assisted dying and euthanasia.

Background

In New Zealand, euthanasia remains illegal, but in 2012, the ‘End of Life Choice Bill’ was put in the ballot for potential selection for consideration by Parliament, later to be withdrawn. However, it is increasingly likely that New Zealand will follow international trends to offer people a choice about how their lives should end, and that such a Bill will be resubmitted in the near future. Undoubtedly, the passage of such legislation would have an impact on the day‐to‐day practices of nurses who work with dying people.

Sources of Evidence

This article has been prepared following a comprehensive review of appropriate literature both in New Zealand and overseas.

Discussion

This article aims to highlight the importance of nursing input into any national debates concerning proposed euthanasia or assisted dying laws. The discussion therefore covers New Zealand's experience of such proposed legislation, that is, the draft Bill itself and the implications for nurses, the history of the assisted dying debate in New Zealand, public and professional opinion, and national and international nursing responses to euthanasia.

Conclusion

New Zealand nurses will eventually have an opportunity to make their views on proposed euthanasia legislation known, and what such legislation might mean for their practice. Nurses everywhere should seriously consider their own knowledge and viewpoint on this vitally important topic, and be prepared to respond as both individuals and as part of their professional bodies when the time inevitably arrives. The result will be a better informed set of policies, regulations and legislation leading to a more meaningful and dignified experience for dying people and their families.

Implications for Nursing and Health Policy

Nurses need to be fully informed about, and contribute to, proposed euthanasia or assisted dying legislation. They have extensive expertise in care of the dying, and should therefore be ready to influence law, policy and future nursing practices.
Use of emollients in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Ng J.P.X. , Liew H.M. , Ang S.B.
Published: December 2014

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disorder that has strong financial and psychosocial impacts. Its pathogenesis is related to increased transepidermal water loss due to a defective skin epidermal barrier. Emollients serve as first‐line therapy during both acute flares and remission. However, their use is poorly characterized, posing therapeutic challenges to clinicians and patients. In this article, we review available evidence to provide recommendations, aiming to standardize and optimize the use of emollients in AD. Literature search was performed using Pubmed and Google. All articles were retrieved using Pubmed. Recommendations were graded based on the British Medical Journal's Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system and the American Academy of Family Physicians' Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy. Emollients should be applied post‐bathing. However, the need for immediate application is debatable. The optimal frequency for application is still undetermined, but multiple applications daily are encouraged. Ideally, a balance should be achieved between patient's compliance and clinical efficacy. Emollients hold the potential to act as steroid‐sparing agents, but more well‐designed studies are pertinent for a definite conclusion. At present, it is recommended that 250–500 g of emollients be applied every week. Finally, primary prevention of AD by regular application of emollients in high‐risk infants cannot yet be recommended.
Sexual size dimorphism in three North Sea gadoids
Authors: Keyl F. , Kempf A. J. , Sell A. F.
Published: December 2014

Existing biological data on whiting Merlangius merlangus, cod Gadus morhua and haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus from a long‐term international survey were analysed to address sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and its effect on their ecology and management. Results show that SSD, with larger females of the same age as males, is a result of higher growth rates in females. A direct consequence of SSD is the pronounced length‐dependent female ratio that was found in all three gadoids in the North Sea. Female ratios of the three species changed from equality to female dominance at specific dominance transition lengths of c. 30, 35 and 60 cm for M. merlangus, G. morhua and M. aeglefinus, respectively. An analysis by area for M. merlangus also revealed length dependence of female ratios. SSD and length‐dependent female ratios under most circumstances are inseparable. Higher overall energy demand as well as a higher energy uptake rate must result from the observed SSD and dimorphism in growth rates. Potential processes related to feeding, locomotion and physiology are proposed that could balance the increased energy investment of females. Potential consequences of SSD and length dependency of female ratios are the reduction of the reproductive potential of a stock due to size‐selective fishing and biased assessment of the true size of the female spawning stock that could distort decisions in fisheries management.
Adaptation in flower form: a comparative evodevo approach
Authors: Specht Chelsea D. , Howarth Dianella G.
Published: December 2014

Evolutionary developmental biology (evodevo) attempts to explain how the process of organismal development evolves, utilizing a comparative approach to investigate changes in developmental pathways and processes that occur during the evolution of a given lineage. Evolutionary genetics uses a population approach to understand how organismal changes in form or function are linked to underlying genetics, focusing on changes in gene and genotype frequencies within populations and the fixation of genotypic variation into traits that define species or evoke speciation events. Microevolutionary processes, including mutation, genetic drift, natural selection and gene flow, can provide the foundation for macroevolutionary patterns observed as morphological evolution and adaptation. The temporal element linking microevolutionary processes to macroevolutionary patterns is development: an organism's genotype is converted to phenotype by ontogenetic processes. Because selection acts upon the phenotype, the connection between evolutionary genetics and developmental evolution becomes essential to understanding adaptive evolution in organismal form and function. Here, we discuss how developmental genetic studies focused on key developmental processes could be linked within a comparative framework to study the developmental genetics of adaptive evolution, providing examples from research on two key processes of plant evodevo – floral symmetry and organ fusion – and their role in the adaptation of floral form.

Contents

Summary
74

I.
Introduction
74

II.
Evodevo and the regulatory hypothesis
75

III.
Adaptive evolution and regulatory changes
77

IV.
Gene duplications, GRNs and diversification of form
77

V.
Ontogeny, homology and the study of plant adaptation
78

VI.
Case study 1: Symmetry and adaptation of floral form
79

VII.
Case study 2: Organ fusion and adaptation of floral form
82

VIII.
Conclusion
86

Acknowledgements
87

References
88
Outlier Detection in the Lognormal Logarithmic Conditional Autoregressive Range Model
Authors: Chiang Min‐Hsien , Chou Ray Yeutien , Wang Li‐Min
Published: December 2014

An outlier detection procedure in the lognormal logarithmic conditional autoregressive range (lognormal Log‐CARR) model is proposed. The proposed test statistic is demonstrated to be well‐sized and to have good power using Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, the outlier detection procedure suffers less from the masking effect caused by multiple outliers. The results of an empirical investigation show that the proposed method can effectively detect volatility outliers and improve forecasting accuracy.
Synthetic retinoid interventions and outcomes in people with cancer or potentially malignant disorders of the upper aerodigestive tract: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Norman A. , Perry R. , Ness A.R. , Prime S.S. , Cole‐Hawkins H. , Thomas S.
Published: December 2014

Aims

Retinoids may have a role in the chemoprevention of potentially malignant disorders of the upper aerodigestive tract. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials to examine the effect of synthetic retinoid interventions in people with cancer or potentially malignant disorders of the upper digestive tract.

Materials and Methods

We searched five electronic databases and reference lists to locate all eligible trials and analysed trial quality. Outcome measures were all‐cause and cancer mortality, disease‐free survival, second primary cancer, cancer and potentially malignant disorder recurrence and progression to cancer. Results of individual trials were combined by use of random‐effects meta‐analyses.

Results

We identified 15 trials, eight in people with upper aerodigestive tract cancer and seven in people with potentially malignant disorders, respectively. The results provide little evidence that retinoids have a beneficial effect on disease‐free survival [odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51, 1.09], all cause mortality (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.00–1.65), recurrence of cancer (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 0.95, 2.26), development of second primary cancers (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.76, 1.20) or the progression to malignancy (OR = 0.69, 95% CIs = 0.22, 2.15). There was even a suggestion of harm for some outcomes. There was also a suggestion that retinoids may decrease the recurrence of potentially malignant disorders (OR = 0.22, 95% CIs = 0.03, 1.34).

Conclusions

For now there is no evidence to support the use of retinoids in people with upper aerodigestive tract cancer.
Early Experience with Attain Stability, an Active Fixation LV Lead: Virtues and Pitfalls
Authors: JOHAR SOFIAN , LUQMAN NAZAR
Published: December 2014

Background

Appropriate left ventricle (LV) lead placement is integral to successful cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Lead dislodgement and phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) are major obstacles. A recent trial of an active fixation LV lead (Attain Stability 20066, Medtronic Inc., Tilburg, the Netherlands) has shown promising results. We share our initial experience with this novel active fixation LV lead.

Methods

A Medtronic active fixation lead 20066 was used in eight consecutive patients for CRT. An optimal site was chosen and recommended maneuvers were applied for lead fixation. Push and pull maneuvers were used to test stability.

Results

There were two initial dislodgements after which we used a transvalvular insertion (TVI) tool that was used in the hemostatic valve during rotation of the lead so that the torque was easily transmitted to the tip. It also allowed better tactile feedback during push‐pull tests. There were no further dislodgements in the subsequent six patients. However, in one patient the lead could not be unscrewed due to the tip getting wedged at a distal smaller vein. Repositioning of the LV lead was done in three patients due to PNS or pacing issues. The median time for LV lead placement was 16.5 minutes (interquartile range 9–25 minutes).

Conclusion

The Medtronic Attain Stability 20066 active fixation LV lead can potentially be implanted at any pacing site avoiding PNS and providing better stability. The learning curve is short and additional tricks can be learnt to improve success. Use of TVI while the lead is rotated is beneficial.
Diagnosis and treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia in Japan
Authors: Nakamura Kimitoshi , Matsumoto Shirou , Mitsubuchi Hiroshi , Endo Fumio
Published: December 2014

Hereditary tyrosinemia is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that manifests as three types (types I–III). We conducted a nationwide survey of this disease in Japan, and here review the results in relation to prevalence, clinical characteristics, and treatment and diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis of tyrosinemia type I is difficult to obtain based only on blood tyrosine level. Detection of succinylacetone using dried blood spots or urinary organic acid analysis, however, is useful for diagnosis. In tyrosinemia type I, dietary therapy and nitisinone (Orfandin®) are effective. Prognosis is greatly affected by the complications of liver cancer and hypophosphatemic rickets; even patients that are treated early with nitisinone may develop liver cancer. Long‐term survival can be expected in type I if nitisinone therapy is effective. Prognosis in types II and III is relatively good.
Jurisdictional integration: A framework for measuring and predicting the depth of international regulatory cooperation in competition policy
Authors: Petrie Murray
Published: December 2014

This article takes a new approach to international regulatory cooperation by developing a concept of the depth of cooperation, jurisdictional integration. A dataset of international competition policy agreements is compiled and ranked against an ordinal index of the depth of de jure cooperation in enforcing competition policies. There has been both a deepening and broadening of de jure cooperation over time. Statistical analysis finds that common membership of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development is a strong predictor of the depth of agreements to cooperate in enforcing competition policies; that we can be confident that the depth of agreements is low when signatories' substantive competition laws are dissimilar; and that the depth of de jure cooperation is a strong predictor of whether an agreement is “intergovernmental” or “transgovernmental.” The article puts forward a new way to map and measure international regulatory cooperation, and a new variable for use in research on its causes and consequences.