bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
198: ROBOTIC ASSISTED TRANS CERVICAL ESOPHAGECTOMY (RACE PROCEDURE): DESCRIPTION OF THE SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Capovilla G , Tagkalos E , Berlth F , Froiio C , Hadzijusufovic E , Mann C , Staubitz J , Uzun E , Lang H , Grimminger P P
Published: April 2022

Background and aim

A combined trans-hiatal and transcervical approach to perform esophagectomy has been described in the literature for patients who are not candidates for a transthoracic approach. In this context, the technical limitations of conventional laparoscopy might be overcome by the application of robotic systems such as the DaVinci Xi. We aimed at describing the technical details and the feasibility of our technique for the robotic-assisted trans-cervical esophagectomy (RACE) and a preliminary case series.

Methods

In the abdominal phase the DaVinci Xi is docked using the standard 5-trocar configuration used for Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. After gastric mobilization, tubulization and D2 lymphadenectomy, the dissection is advanced trans-hiatally until the tracheal carina. Infra-tracheal lymph-node dissection is normally feasible from the abdomen. A left cervical incision and neck lymph node dissection are performed, the esophagus is encircled. The robot is docked at the neck using a gel port with a 3-trocar configuration and an assistant-trocar for suction. The upper mediastinal preparation starts by dissecting the esophagus from the mediastinal pleura bilaterally, the pars membranacea anteriorly and the aortic arch proceeding caudally. Dissection of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (l-RLN) lymph nodes can be achieved; care should be taken to avoid nerve injuries. Proceeding caudally, the tracheal dissection is advanced to the left bronchus. The azygos vein is encountered at the right tracheobronchial angle. Dissection of bronchial lymph nodes is performed bilaterally, the plane is connected to the previous abdominal plane. After retrieval of the specimen an end-to-side circular stapled anastomosis is performed at the neck.

Results

The procedure was completed in 4 patients with mid-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who were not candidate for a trans-thoracic approach due to cardio-pulmonary comorbidities. Median hospital stay was 14 (9–18) days, median ICU stay was 4 (1–6) days. Left vocal cord palsy requiring rehabilitation therapy occurred in 2 patients (50%). No postoperative mortality was recorded. R0 resection was achieved in all patients with a median of 19 (15–22) retrieved lymph nodes.

Conclusion

RACE using the robotic system is feasible and provides an adequate surgical radicality. The procedure is safe, although the rate of RLN injury is higher.
Polymicrobial interaction in biofilm: mechanistic insights
Authors: Kulshrestha Anmol , Gupta Pratima
Published: April 2022

Polymicrobial biofilm (PMBF) formation during multispecies infection is a serious threat growing worldwide. According to CDC, microbial biofilm infection covers more than 65% of total infection. In many diseases, their natural habitat does not have one causative agent because most of the species exist in coaggregation (such as in cystic fibrosis, otitis media, and dental caries) leading to PMBF. PMBF is a big problem in bacterio-fungal and interspecies bacterial diseases that developed during chronic illness and created a major health burden globally. This review focused on various aspects of PMBFs such as why they are forming PMBF arrangements, the significance of studying these biofilms, and the interaction between causative microbes. Also, we reviewed how these interactions and polymicrobial formations make biofilms more recalcitrant toward treatment. Understanding the mechanistic process behind these biofilm formations gives an insight into specific molecules, proteins responsible for their polymicrobial nature, which is likely to be very helpful in antimicrobial research.
Neem-Based Insecticides Deter Oviposition Activity in Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Sweet Cherries
Authors: Gyawaly Sudan , Rijal Jhalendra
Published: April 2022

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is an important invasive insect pest in the United States. Spotted wing drosophila females have serrated ovipositor that enables them to deposit eggs inside healthy, ripening softskinned fruits. In many berry and fruit crops, spotted wing drosophila is primarily controlled using synthetic insecticides in the organophosphate, pyrethroid, and spinosyn groups. However, alternative, reduced-risk insecticides with short residuals are necessary to minimize the possibilities of insecticide resistance and address other negative effects of synthetic insecticides. Neem-based products as alternative plant-based insecticides have antifeedant, repellent, antiovipository, and molting interference effects on insects and have been shown to affect the oviposition activities of some tephritid flies. We conducted laboratory studies to evaluate the oviposition deterrent activities of selected neem-based insecticides that contain either azadirachtin, or CHENO, or a combination of both, on spotted wing drosophila using sweet cherry in California. The results of the study showed that some of the neem oil products could reduce the degree of spotted wing drosophila oviposition by half compared with the control.
Biological Response of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1818) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Pupae After Submersion in Freshwater
Authors: Carmo Anderson C , Carneiro Larissa T , Azevedo Wellington T A , Alencar Jeronimo A F , Aguiar Valéria M
Published: April 2022

Forensic Entomology uses arthropods to aid in legal investigations. This study checked the biological response of Chrysomya putoria pupae to submersion in fresh water for up to 6 d, evaluating the critical submersion time, survival rate, and development time of the flies. Adults were collected using fish baits in two typical traps. Seven hundred and twenty fourth-generation pupae with 2 d of development were used and separated into submergence intervals: 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h. An additional 120 pupae were used as a control. Each treatment was done in triplicate, consisting of 40 pupae distributed in four tulle-sealed test tubes containing 10 pupae each. All tubes of each treatment were co-adhered in test tube racks and were submerged in mineral water in a container with constant oxygenation, except those of the control group, which were not submerged. The tubes were removed from the water according to their respective submersion interval, until 144 h was completed. The control group had a survival rate of 90%, while the 24-h treatment had 85% and the 48-h treatment had 35.8%. The critical submersion time for pupae was 72 h, with 100% mortality by 144 h. The average development time for the control group was 3.2 d, while the 24- and 48-h treatments developed in 4.3 and 6.3 d, respectively. The longer the individuals were submerged, the lower the survival rate was, while the development time increased. The data obtained in this study have potential in applications to estimate the interval of submersion of a cadaver.
DNA methylation subclass receptor tyrosine kinase II (RTK II) is predictive for seizure development in glioblastoma patients
Authors: Ricklefs Franz L , Drexler Richard , Wollmann Kathrin , Eckhardt Alicia , Heiland Dieter H , Sauvigny Thomas , Maire Cecile , Lamszus Katrin , Westphal Manfred , Schüller Ulrich , Dührsen Lasse
Published: April 2022

Background

Seizures can present at any time before or after the diagnosis of a glioma. Roughly, 25%–30% of glioblastoma (GBM) patients initially present with seizures, and an additional 30% develop seizures during the course of the disease. Early studies failed to show an effect of general administration of antiepileptic drugs for glioblastoma patients, since they were unable to stratify patients into high- or low-risk seizure groups.

Methods

111 patients, who underwent surgery for a GBM, were included. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling was performed, before methylation subclasses and copy number changes inferred from methylation data were correlated with clinical characteristics. Independently, global gene expression was analyzed in GBM methylation subclasses from TCGA datasets (n = 68).

Results

Receptor tyrosine Kinase (RTK) II GBM showed a significantly higher incidence of seizures than RTK I and mesenchymal (MES) GBM (P < .01). Accordingly, RNA expression datasets revealed an upregulation of genes involved in neurotransmitter synapses and vesicle transport in RTK II glioblastomas. In a multivariate analysis, temporal location (P = .02, OR 5.69) and RTK II (P = .03, OR 5.01) were most predictive for preoperative seizures. During postoperative follow-up, only RTK II remained significantly associated with the development of seizures (P < .01, OR 8.23). Consequently, the need for antiepileptic medication and its increase due to treatment failure was highly associated with the RTK II methylation subclass (P < .01).

Conclusion

Our study shows a strong correlation of RTK II glioblastomas with preoperative and long-term seizures. These results underline the benefit of molecular glioblastoma profiling with important implications for postoperative seizure control.
Achieving ultrahigh electrochemical performance by surface design and nanoconfined water manipulation
Authors: Li Haisheng , Xu Kui , Chen Pohua , Yuan Youyou , Qiu Yi , Wang Ligang , Zhu Liu , Wang Xiaoge , Cai Guohong , Zheng Liming , Dai Chun , Zhou Deng , Zhang Nian , Zhu Jixin , Xie Jinglin , Liao Fuhui , Peng Hailin , Peng Yong , Ju Jing , Lin Zifeng , Sun Junliang
Published: April 2022

The effects of nanoconfined water and the charge storage mechanism are crucial to achieving the ultrahigh electrochemical performance of two-dimensional transition metal carbides (MXenes). We propose a facile method to manipulate nanoconfined water through surface chemistry modification. By introducing oxygen and nitrogen surface groups, more active sites were created for Ti3C2 MXene, and the interlayer spacing was significantly increased by accommodating three-layer nanoconfined water. Exceptionally high capacitance of 550 F g–1 (2000 F cm–3) was obtained with outstanding high-rate performance. The atomic scale elucidation of the layer-dependent properties of nanoconfined water and pseudocapacitive charge storage was deeply probed through a combination of ‘computational and experimental microscopy’. We believe that an understanding of, and a manipulation strategy for, nanoconfined water will shed light on ways to improve the electrochemical performance of MXene and other two-dimensional materials.
Forgiveness and Meaning in Life
Authors: Allais Lucy
Published: April 2022

The central aim of this chapter is to present the crucial role that forgiveness plays in one of the values most widely agreed on as central to meaning in life: relationships. The author argues that forgiveness is indispensable for relationships between flawed agents (all humans), and in particular that unconditional or gifted forgiveness can help individuals avoid the pitfalls of despair and leniency, both of which undermine growth. In addition, the author argues that through P. F. Strawson’s notion of the participant view, central to much writing on forgiveness, forgiveness provides a point of intersection between philosophical discussion of meaning in life and the meaning of life. Strawson’s participant view is an outlook from which individuals’ lives and relationships simply are recognized as meaningful, and which is not undermined by the idea that these same values do not show up in the objective view.
Introduction
Authors: Landau Iddo
Published: April 2022

The Introduction notes the relation between analytic philosophical discussions of meaning in life and earlier discussions of this topic (and of topics close to it). Analytic philosophical discussions of meaning in life have proliferated only recently. The Introduction suggests some possible explanations for this phenomenon. It is suggested that the interest that existentialists and Romantics showed in meaning in life associated the topic with philosophical methodologies from which analytic philosophy wanted to distinguish itself. The prominence of meaning in life in literary works may have had a similar effect. Some analytic philosophers may have also satisfied themselves with researching well-being or the happy life, failing to see that meaning in life is a distinct topic of its own. Psychological factors may have been at work as well, as some philosophical discussions on meaning in life engage with pessimistic arguments for life’s meaninglessness that can be disconcerting. Notwithstanding such factors, the analytic philosophical discussion of meaning in life has by now become a thriving field of research. It is predicted that the field will continue to develop as many interesting topics in it are still waiting to be explored. Furthermore, future environmental and technological changes are likely to pose both great opportunities and serious threats to maintaining or enhancing meaning in life. The Introduction then moves to present a short summary of each chapter of the Handbook.
Narrativity and Meaning in Life
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: April 2022

What is the connection between (1) meaning in life and (2) having a ‘narrative’ attitude to life? What, for short, is the connection between (1) Meaning and (2) Narrativity? This chapter takes (1), Meaning, to be, quite simply, interestingness. It takes (2), Narrativity, to be a matter of experiencing or conceiving of one’s life as having the form of a story, or perhaps a collection of stories, and in some manner living in and through this conception. It argues, first, that much of a person’s awareness of time is not distinctively narrative in character; second, that bad lives may be as interesting as good lives; third, that Narrativity is not necessarily a good thing; and fourth, that it is neither necessary nor sufficient for Meaning, even when one restricts one’s attention to good lives.
The Relevance of Neuroscience to Meaning in Life
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: April 2022

One can distinguish three answers to the question of whether neuroscience is relevant to meaning in life. Neuro-neutral: Neuroscience is irrelevant to questions about meaning in life so it can be safely ignored. Neuro-negative: Neuroscience is relevant to meaning in life only as a warning about how meaning can be distorted or destroyed by excessive attention to scientific findings about the mind. Neuro-positive: Neuroscience has findings that contribute to philosophical understanding of meaning in life and to guiding people about how to have meaningful lives. This chapter defends the neuro-positive view after critiquing the two alternatives. It shows how neuroscience helps to answer questions about the meaning of meaningfulness, the characteristics of meaningful lives, the objectivity of life’s meaning, strategies for obtaining meaning, and changes in life’s meaning that occur with aging.
Below the Sky, above the Clouds
Authors: Fresløv Joanna , Mullett Russell
Published: April 2022

The High Country of the Australian Great Divide is a distinctive landscape that covers a large portion of southeastern Australia. After fifty years of research, we still know little about the nature and antiquity of Aboriginal archaeological sites and landscapes across the High Country. This article examines the archaeology of montane (1100–1400 m above sea level), subalpine (1400–1850 m), and alpine (>1850 m) landscapes, and the interpretative frameworks employed by previous researchers. It suggests that reference to neither subsistence economies nor climate change by themselves suffices to explain Holocene occupational patterns and trends across the High Country. Rather, a consideration of Aboriginal named places and pathways, cosmologies and stories, and relations between territorial estates and kin, as documented in ethnohistoric texts and through current Aboriginal knowledge, allows for a richer, more cultural understanding of the occupation of the High Country.
The Bible and Environmental Ethics
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia
Published: April 2022

This chapter seeks to address the implicit and explicit implications of biblical scholarship for environmental ethics. It begins by examining the cultural world in which the biblical scholars lived as generative of a different kind of ecologically relevant ethos. An appeal to the heart and imagination is crucially important in inspiring more explicit practical demands. The Wisdom literature highlights the ambiguities in paying attention to the terrifying and yet also edifying aspects of the natural world. The biblical theme of a common home has important repercussions theologically and ethically. More explicit ethical demands flow from the agrarian tenure of the Hebrew Bible in particular, though an argument can be made for pushing beyond this to more explicit sociopolitical demands. The use of biblical resources in building up the liturgical and sacramental life of ecclesial communities in ways that are of relevance to environmental concern touches on the community dimension of environmental ethics in a way that is sometimes avoided in secular discourse. The chapter argues that the practice of ecologically relevant virtues that are addressed in biblical texts at individual, familial, and political levels contribute to a liberating faith.
Synoptic Gospels
Authors: Harris Mark
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses ecological interpretation of the Synoptic Gospels. It is noted that, in spite of the importance of Jesus’ teaching in the Gospels for Christian ethical thought, this teaching plays a relatively low profile in ecotheology. The role of the kingdom of God in Jesus’ teaching is examined, especially its potential for ecotheology. The kingdom’s apocalyptic worldview, however, is a sticking point. Looking at some of the hermeneutical options, along with a survey of the main Synoptic texts, the chapter suggests a way forward.
Soul Mates? Conflicts and Complementarities in the Evolutionary and Cognitive Sciences of Religion
Authors: Sosis Richard , Shaver John , Purzycki Benjamin Grant , Kiper Jordan
Published: April 2022

This chapter aims to (a) provide a brief overview of the three primary approaches to the evolutionary study of religion (evolutionary psychology, human behavioral ecology, and dual-inheritance theory), (b) examine how the evolutionary and cognitive sciences of religion differ, and (c) explore areas of potential integration between these two scientific fields of inquiry. The chapter concludes that although the evolutionary and cognitive sciences of religion could continue as quasi-independent fields, they would both benefit from theoretical and methodological integration. The systemic approach, it is suggested, offers the most promising way forward.
Scripturalism
Authors: Malley Brian
Published: April 2022

As both scholars and laypeople have suspected, the various scriptures of the world—Bible, Veda, Qur’an, Gita, and others—do indeed share something in common, but what they share has less to do with the scriptures themselves than with the roles of the scripture texts in community-making. I suggest that scripturalism is a distinctive type of tradition, a complex of interdependent beliefs and practices by which communities are able to adapt their practices to changing social environments while maintaining a strong sense of community identity. Scripturalist communities attribute ultimate authority to a named text regarded and treated as highly distinctive among the community’s other literatures. Scripture-artifacts and scripture-performances alike tend to be distinguished formally from those of other texts. The explicit, normative attribution of ultimate authority to a scripture forms a core element in the community’s self-definition. It is precisely the principle of ultimate scriptural authority that allows the imaginative adaptation of the scripture’s “meaning” to individual, factional, and community ends—the practice of scriptural authority, often misunderstood as interpretation. Scripturalism is a highly successful form of culture because it provides both continuity of community identity and a means of community change.
Gamete Donation as a Laudable Moral Mistake
Authors: Harman Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines moral reasons for and against being a gamete donor. The chapter develops the view that it is a moral mistake to be a gamete donor—that is, one should not be a gamete donor, it’s for moral reasons that one should not be a gamete donor, but it is not morally wrong to be a gamete donor—though it is also a morally wonderful thing to do. The chapter discusses the moral reasons for and against playing this crucial role in creating a future person. Ultimately, the chapter uses the developed view to draw a more general lesson about the relationship between what one should do, all things considered, and what one is morally required to do.
The Cop and the Kid in 1930s American Film
Authors: Robertson Wojcik Pamela
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines some of the numerous moments in 1930s films when kids encounter the police. In films starring the Dead End Kids, Shirley Temple, Jane Withers, Jackie Cooper, kids are seen freely wandering urban streets, having encounters with adults, and frequently running into the police. Rather than treat the children as innocents who need protection from the streets, these films view kids as miscreants and troublemakers; their presence on city streets taken for granted, but not welcome. These narratives trouble traditional notions of childhood by representing children as tough, street-smart, experienced, and not tethered to family or institutional life. At the same time, they offer a different view of police, showing them as neither wholly benevolent nor as threats, but as largely ineffectual figures. Crucially, they show cops and kids as adjacent figures in the public sphere, mutually aware of each other and in frequent contact.
Reading Jason and the Argonauts as a Children’s Film
Authors: Smith Susan
Published: April 2022

In seeking to understand how the 1963 screen retelling of the Jason and the Argonauts legend works so well as a children’s film, this chapter offers a close analysis of the famous episode involving Talos, the giant man of bronze, using it as an example of renowned stop-motion animator Ray Harryhausen’s fantasy sequences. Claiming that this episode’s childlike fascination and appeal can be located in both its didactic and more subversive elements, the chapter argues that the film’s hold over a young audience may lie precisely in the tension this creates. The chapter contends that feelings of contradictoriness and rebellion can also be found in the narrative but are often overlooked in favour of the special effects, it posits that it may be through both that the film is able to speak so powerfully to childhood experience.
The American Tween and Contemporary Hollywood Cinema
Authors: Shary Timothy
Published: April 2022

The “tween” population (youth between eleven and thirteen years of age) has become an increasingly vital and distinctive demographic for American cinema, both as a target audience and as subjects for stories. This chapter chronicles the evolution of the tween in American culture through the rise of middle schools, which codified the age group in the mid-twentieth century, and reveals a subsequent correlation with the film industry’s making and marketing of movies meant to appeal to tweens. Certain concerns are evident across the films about these characters—family reunification, romantic curiosity, and influential friendships—that speak to the burgeoning interests of early adulthood for their protagonists. At the same time, those interests reveal the ongoing perceptions of the adults who make the films, indicating the delicate liminal state that early adolescence poses for everyone who lives through it.
Coming-of-Age in South Korean Cinema
Authors: Lee Sung-Ae
Published: April 2022

Two narrative scripts are employed in the coming-of-age story in South Korean films. The well-being script depicts a protagonist who, by the close, has reached a state of contentment with life and is ready to move forward in positive ways. This type is often comedic, especially when the protagonist is male. The dysphoria script, in contrast, depicts a protagonist who struggles against abjection and at the close has failed to thrive and has no prospect of doing so. The final outcome may be suicide. Both scripts are further informed by pertinent conceptual metaphors of development or growth: coming-of-age is a journey and Coming-of-age is a plant that blossoms. A major contribution to the coming-of-age genre appears in female protagonist films in which a sudden reversal of direction near the close challenges the traditional lack of female agency and displaces dysphoria by well-being.
Hollywood, Regulation, and the “Disappearing” Children’s Film
Authors: Antunes Filipa
Published: April 2022

This chapter argues that crisis discourses around the Hollywood children’s film use the genre as shorthand to discuss the film industry’s broader cultural value. The chapter therefore questions the tendency to downplay the children’s film’s industrial characteristics, suggesting instead a focus on how the children’s film uniquely blends industrial and cultural concerns. The analysis explores the links between peaks of crisis rhetoric and periods of dramatic industrial transformation, particularly in the context of regulation but also in Hollywood’s relation to other entertainment industries. It specifically addresses the shift from the Production Code to the ratings system in 1968, the introduction of the PG-13 category in 1984, and the emphasis on all-ages franchises in the 2010s.
Animal Moral Psychologies
Authors: Monsó Susana , Andrews Kristin
Published: April 2022

Observations of animals engaging in apparently moral behaviour have prompted the question of whether morality is shared between humans and other animals, with little agreement on the answer. Some philosophers explicitly argue that morality is unique to humans, because moral agency requires capacities that are only demonstrated in our species. Other philosophers argue that some animals can participate in morality because they possess these capacities in a rudimentary form, or because the touted capacities are not necessary for moral participation. Empirical research programs on possible moral capacities such as fairness and empathy have seen scientists joining in these debates. We argue that the current debate suffers because discussions often fail to provide both a proper philosophical foundation about the nature of moral practices and a solid empirical ground for claims about what animals can and cannot do. In this chapter we focus on the second of these issues, and defend the claim that animals have three sets of capacities that, on some views, are taken as necessary or foundational for moral judgment and action. These are capacities of care, capacities of autonomy, and normative capacities. Care, we argue, is widely found among social animals. Autonomy and normativity are more recent topics of empirical investigation, so while there is less evidence of these capacities at this point in our developing scientific knowledge, the current data is strongly suggestive.
Personal Identity
Authors: Shoemaker David , Tobia Kevin
Published: April 2022

The aim of this chapter is to articulate the state of the art in the moral psychology of personal identity. It begins by discussing the major philosophical theories of personal identity, including the Psychological View, the Biological View (animalism), and the Anthropological View (humanism). The chapter discusses shortcomings of those theories including their lack of empirical support. It then turns to recent psychological work on personal identity and the self, investigations that often illuminate person-related normative concerns. It concludes by discussing the implications of this psychological work for some contemporary philosophical theories, and suggests fruitful areas for future work on personal identity.
Prudential Psychology: Theory, Method, and Measurement
Authors: Tiberius Valerie , Haybron Daniel M.
Published: April 2022

Interdisciplinary work in what we might call ‘prudential psychology’––which studies the psychology of what is good and bad for agents—has not received quite the attention that interdisciplinary work in moral psychology has had. This is understandable, but regrettable. To remedy the situation, we offer this chapter as a proposal for the future of interdisciplinary prudential psychology. The chapter has three aims. First, we introduce some of the main theories and measures in the well-being literature. Second, we argue for pluralism as an operating assumption in the field of interdisciplinary prudential psychology. Third, we turn to some case studies of what we take to be the four main avenues for fruitful interdisciplinary work.
The Moral Psychology of Blame
Authors: Ciurria Mich
Published: April 2022

This chapter brings feminist moral psychology into conversation with dominant theories of blame. There are three main areas of concern in feminist moral psychology: the value of marginalized emotions like care and anger; the role of distorted states in moral reasoning; and the notion that agency is collective or relational. Feminist debates in each of these areas have implications for the dominant theories of blame: cognitive theory; emotional theory; conative theory; and functional theory. These debates call into question some commonly held beliefs about blame, including that it is a personal (apolitical) response to a target agent; that blaming emotions do or should track individual agency; and that blaming norms are generally felicitous and not in need of significant revision.
Karma, Moral Responsibility, and Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Finnigan Bronwyn
Published: April 2022

The Buddha taught that there is no self. He also accepted a version of the doctrine of karmic rebirth, according to which good and bad actions accrue merit and demerit and cause beneficial or harmful events to occur in this life or the next. But how is karmic rebirth possible if there are no selves? The relevant philosophical issues inspired centuries of philosophical reflection and debate. This chapter will contextualize and survey some of the historical and contemporary debates relevant to moral psychology and Buddhist ethics. They include whether the Buddha's teaching of no-self is consistent with the possibility of moral responsibility; the role of retributivism in Buddhist thought; the possibility of a Buddhist account of free will; the scope and viability of recent attempts to naturalize karma to character virtues and vices; and how right action is to be understood within a Buddhist framework.
Marriage, Monogamy, and Moral Psychology
Authors: Macedo Stephen
Published: April 2022

Marriage is one of our most consequential social institutions: it provides a legal and moral scaffolding around which many individuals form deep and enduring personal relations. Civil marriage is socially legible: it provides a way for two people to publicly declare their mutual commitment and enlist social norms and expectations that help stabilize the commitment. Marriage is more flexible and less obligatory than it used to be, but it still shapes family life, intergenerational ties, and social relations broadly. This chapter considers some major marriage controversies, including conservative opposition to same-sex marriage and the complaints of progressive marriage critics. It explains the case for state recognition of monogamy, and considers the charge that marriage unfairly favours particular ethical ideals.
Love and the Anatomy of Needing Another
Authors: Wonderly Monique
Published: April 2022

The idea that we need our beloveds has a rich and longstanding history in classic literature, pop culture, social sciences, and of course philosophical treatments of love. Yet, on a little reflection, the idea that one needs one’s beloved is as puzzling as it is familiar. In what, if any sense, do we really need our beloveds? And insofar as we do need them, is this feature of love something to be celebrated or lamented? In the relevant philosophical literature, there are various ways of understanding the type(s) of psychological need internal to love and whether and how the necessity in question contributes to love’s value. In this chapter, I survey and critically analyse several accounts of felt necessity in love, and advocate for a philosophically neglected perspective on the nature and value of needing our beloveds.
Motivation, Desire for Good, and Design in Plato’s Moral Psychology
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: April 2022

How can we become good? According to Plato, we, animals, have a natural desire for our own good, manifested in our seeking pleasure, and in the case of humans, doing what we think is best and inquiring into what is in fact good. This natural desire grounds ‘the Socratic paradox’ that no one does bad or wrong things willingly: our pursuit of our good is hindered by bad actions, for these make us bad, and being bad is contrary to the good we desire. This contrariety notwithstanding, the desires that lead us to do bad actions are ours, a fact reflected in the soul’s tripartition, with each part aiming at our good under some more or less adequate conception, the whole having been designed to enable us to achieve our good. This design stance informs Plato’s account of virtue education by the management of non-rational desires and bodily movements.
The Archaeology of the British Coal Industry
Authors: Palmer Marilyn , Nevell Michael
Published: April 2022

This chapter concentrates on the archaeology of the coal industry within Britain, with a focus on extraction, processing, and transport, while placing the eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth-century industrial remains within a wider European context. It describes the remains of the extraction process, mostly now only visible above ground, although opencast mining does sometimes produce below-ground evidence. It looks at the issues of drainage and haulage at colliery sites, the preparation of the coal on the surface, particularly its conversion to coke, and its role in the production of gas. The transport of coal from the pithead, especially using waggonways and canals, is also discussed. The role of workers’ housing is also reviewed
Non-ferrous Metal Mining and Processing in Industrial Britain
Authors: Palmer Marilyn
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses the physical remains of the copper, lead, and tin mining industries within Britain and the subsequent processing of ore on or near to the various mining sites. The discussion covers these mining industries from the eighteen century through to the twentieth. It reviews the archaeological evidence for metal processing, the relevant power systems employed within these metal extractive industries, and the main geographical areas where this archaeological evidence survives within Britain. Although the focus is on remains from Britain, other European and global examples of non-ferrous mining archaeological remains are discussed in relation to significant surviving landscapes and the evidence for technology transfer.
Timber
Authors: Davies Peter
Published: April 2022

In a world once dominated by organic material culture, wood products were pre-eminent. Forests and woodlands provided timber for buildings and houses, ships and furniture, carts and tools. Small wood provided heating fuel, charcoal, and a host of minor products. Industrial logging began in the nineteenth century, as colonial lands of the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australasia were opened up to European exploitation and trade. Archaeologists have researched and revealed numerous aspects of timber-getting in this period, including log transport, milling technology, the social structure of lumber camps, and the solitary lives of charcoal burners. The forests of the world today are a product of how they were treated and managed in the past.
Food Storage
Authors: Casella Eleanor Conlin , Bolton Samantha
Published: April 2022

Various technologies evolved over the industrial era to enable the hygienic storage of mass-produced food and beverages. A wide range of metal, ceramic, and glass containers were developed, distributed, and discarded on historic sites across the world. This chapter outlines the primary diagnostic features of artefacts associated with the food storage industries. These material characteristics may be used to determine the original contents, date of manufacture, and source of production for these ubiquitous and commonly recovered cans, bottles, and jars. It provides an overview of food storage containers as a ubiquitous artefact category within industrial archaeology.
Australian Colonial Land Settlement
Authors: Winter Sean , Paterson Alistair
Published: April 2022

Australia is the only continent besides Antarctica where the European settlement occurred only within the industrial era. Industrial archaeology is potentially an ideal discipline from which to understand the settlement of Australia, given that industrial production was a present and defining factor of all historical activities undertaken after 1788. This chapter considers how archaeological perspectives have provided an understanding of land settlement, with a focus on recent studies. Historical archaeology (of which industrial archaeology is sometimes a subset) has been present in Australia only since the 1970s, while other disciplines such as geography and history have been providing information about colonial land settlement for a longer period of time. This chapter argues that collaboration across disciplines is an effective method that should characterize future work, and suggests future challenges for archaeologies of industry as we consider the implications of the Anthropocene. Additionally, the chapter advocates that previously separate categories of human society and the environment can be effectively framed together at various different spatial levels.
Roads and Bridges
Authors: Timmins Geoff
Published: April 2022

Discussion of road improvements in Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has been concerned with methods of improving road surfaces and realigning road routes. As this chapter demonstrates, both were matters that provoked considerable disagreement amongst contemporaries as they strove to find ways of accommodating ever-growing volumes of horse-drawn passenger and goods vehicles. Regarding road surfaces, Thedebate debate took place on whether broken stone was preferable to various types of block paving made either from stone or wood and, during the Victorian era, whether asphalt provided a better option. As to realignment, which involved easing gradients, a matter in which bridge building played an important role, along with road widening and straightening, were key matters that engaged attention. Examples from various parts of the England are used to show the types of improvements made and the varying impact they had, recognizing both the topographical and financial constraints that applied.
The Gas Industry
Authors: West Ian
Published: April 2022

The gas industry, initially making gas from coal, was born in Britain around the first decade of the nineteenth century. To begin with, the gas was used almost exclusively for lighting, before other applications emerged towards the end of that century. The industry spread rapidly throughout Western Europe, North America, and to growing cities in many other parts of the world. Around the middle of the twentieth century, coal gas was supplanted by gas made from other materials, and then by natural gas which, in many parts of the world, has grown to become the dominant source of primary energy, used directly in the home and in industry, as well as for electricity generation. This chapter reviews the physical remains for gas production, especially from coal (retort, exhaust, booster, and meter houses), where the technology of production remained largely unaltered until abandoned, and natural gas where the remains focus largely on processing and distribution from offshore locations.
The Social Life of Coal Mining
Authors: Larkin Karin
Published: April 2022

Coal fuelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and the United States ushering in changes to both industry and social life. These changes included profound impacts on the social structure, culture, location, and organization of coal-mining communities. Social changes were further compounded by mass migrations, Western Expansion in the United States, ethnic and racial tensions, and widening class distinctions of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries. While industrial archaeology has tended to focus on the technology of industrialization related to coal, this chapter discusses the social aspects of coal mining focusing on community organization, family, class, identity, and resistance. Examining the power relations between coal company operators and mining families offers insight into strategies used for control and resistance. Using case studies from the United States, Australia, and Great Britain, the chapter draws comparisons and points out differences in mining communities within the United States as well as abroad.
Social Welfare Institutions
Authors: Casella Eleanor Conlin , Fennelly Katherine
Published: April 2022

The rise of industrialization was accompanied by a new institutional management regime for the sick, criminal, and unproductive. From the late eighteenth century onwards, an increasingly diverse array of social welfare institutions were established to confine, treat, and relocate those deemed vulnerable or dangerous to civic society. Drawing from European and North American case studies, this chapter outlines the proliferation of monumental architectural spaces explicitly dedicated to the segregation, classification, treatment, and punishment of their occupants. The homogenized block, ward, and courtyard layouts of general infirmaries, urban prisons, and state penitentiaries are contrasted with more specialized and domestic-style forms developed for lunatic asylums, maternity hospitals, and health sanatoriums. By situating this built heritage within broader philosophical debates over nature and purpose of ‘confinement’, this chapter illustrates the architectural legacy of institutional welfare during the industrial era.
British Car Factories since 1896
Authors: Collins Paul
Published: April 2022

This chapter deals with the technology and buildings of the car industry as a case study of the problems and rewards of researching a twentieth-century industry. It reviews the research sources and field techniques used to build a database of car factories in Britain. It then goes on to assess the levels of physical survival and the role of conservation using the city of Coventry, the focus of British car-making in the twentieth century, as a case study. This was all done in the pre-Internet and email times, when, lacking such aids as Google Earth, sites had to be visited in person and necessary arrangements made by letter or telephone. Following identification of buildings, the chapter then describes the additional information that was sought for these sites before describing the outcomes from the survey. In conclusion, the lessons learned for future work, and wider applications of the principles demonstrated are discussed.
Global Communications, 1561 to 2016
Authors: Linge Nigel
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores how the UK has always been at the forefront of global communications. It starts with packet ships that were used to carry handwritten messages across the oceans of the world and established Falmouth in Cornwall as an international communications hub. Electricity then replaced ships and in 1866 the first reliable Atlantic telegraph cable connected the UK with Canada and USA. A global communications revolution ensued which, by 1902, resulted in the world being encircled by a network of telegraph cables. New technology enabled communications via radio and the telephone replaced the telegraph. The 1960s brought the telecommunications satellite and then in the 1980s, optical fibres laid the foundations of our modern, digitally interconnected world. Throughout this period, Cornwall has consistently been strategically important for keeping the UK connected to the world, making it one of the most archaeologically important telecommunications sites in the country.
The Cold War
Authors: Schofield John
Published: April 2022

The Cold War (1946–1989) in the developed Western world) is represented by a diverse range of architectural and archaeological traces, some of which are monumental in scale and in their impact on the landscape. These bunkers, command centres, and airfields have become symbols of an industrial Cold War era, their monumentality representing the scale of the destruction that might have ensued. But these monumental remains are not all that survive, and they only tell one part of a complex story that involves government policy, global geopolitics, research and development, industry, and opposition. The opposition is a fascinating and easily overlooked aspect of this story, not least archaeologically as its traces are so ephemeral, almost ‘prehistoric’ in their subtlety and their character. This chapter explores the industrial character of the Cold War era through these most subtle but significant of traces.
An Archaeology of Nuclear Power
Authors: Cummings Vicki , Robinson David
Published: April 2022

This chapter details an archaeological approach to sites in the nuclear industry. Set against a background of a consideration of Cold War sites more generally, the chapter suggests that nuclear sites have seen little investigation because many are still in use. Furthermore, there are associated risks of contamination (radiation) along with security issues to consider. However, the effects of nuclear sites can be documented, in terms of how they affect both people and landscapes around them. Moreover, it is possible to identify the material outcomes of such sites, albeit in slightly less conventional ways than other industrial processes. Thus, these sites should be considered an important part of our industrial heritage, and can benefit from future archaeological investigation.
Embedding MSCs in Si-HPMC hydrogel decreased MSC-directed host immune response and increased the regenerative potential of macrophages
Authors: Demarquay Christelle , Moussa Lara , Réthoré Gildas , Milliat Fabien , Weiss Pierre , Mathieu Noëlle
Published: April 2022

Embedding mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in biomaterial is a subject of increasing interest in the field of Regenerative Medicine. Speeding up the clinical use of MSCs is dependent on the use of non-syngeneic models in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) requirements and on costs. To this end, in this study, we analyzed the in vivo host immune response following local injection of silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Si-HPMC)-embedded human MSCs in a rat model developing colorectal damage induced by ionizing radiation. Plasma and lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested in addition to colonic tissue. We set up tests, using flow cytometry and a live imaging system, to highlight the response to specific antibodies and measure the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against injected MSCs. We demonstrated that Si-HPMC protects MSCs from specific antibodies production and from apoptosis by lymphocytes. We also observed that Si-HPMC does not modify innate immune response infiltrate in vivo, and that in vitro co-culture of Si-HPMC-embedded MSCs impacts macrophage inflammatory response depending on the microenvironment but, more importantly, increases the macrophage regenerative response through Wnt-family and VEGF gene expression. This study furthers our understanding of the mechanisms involved, with a view to improving the therapeutic benefits of biomaterial-assisted cell therapy by modulating the host immune response. The decrease in specific immune response against injected MSCs protected by Si-HPMC also opens up new possibilities for allogeneic clinical use.