bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SUBSTANCE AND SEMANTICS IN THE AUDITOR'S STANDARD REPORT
Authors: Olson Stevan K. , Wootton Charles W.
Published: June 2017

The most recent effort at restating the auditor's standard report, SAS 58, is the most comprehensive statement of the auditor's role that has ever been adopted. It is an acknowledgment that the previous report had become an ineffective communication of the audit function and was perhaps too cautious in circumscribing the auditor's public responsibilities. This paper compares and analyzes the terminology of the standard report throughout the professions's history with particular emphasis on the recent years leading up to SAS 58. An exhibit compares the parallel terminology and the social, economic and political issues that resulted in each revision. Additionally, some assessment of the potential future changes to the report are presented.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF “THE BIG EIGHT” ACCOUNTING FIRMS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900 TO 1990
Authors: Wootton Charles W. , Wolk Carel M.
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the growth and changing role of the accounting profession in the United States from 1900 to 1990 with special emphasis on “Big Eight” accounting firms. Major political, economic, and social events of the period and their influence on the accounting profession are analyzed. Each decade is examined in turn, and the historical consequences of the decade on “Big Eight” accounting firms in total and individually are presented.
A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS
Authors: Nix Paul E. , Nix David E.
Published: June 2017

This study reviews the literature and the practice of accounting for research and development (R&D) costs from the first reference in 1917 to the current treatment. The conceptual treatment of R&D is compared to current financial accounting rules and explanation of the evolution of the current rules is presented. The economic and social consequences of the current rules which require R&D costs to be expressed are examined. The paper explores possible alternative treatment of R&D costs. As a contrast to U.S. practice, the accounting treatment of R&D costs in other countries is discussed. Given the findings of this paper, a strong case can be made for changing the way that R&D costs are accounted for in the United States.
THE INTRODUCTION OF “ARABIC” NUMERALS IN EUROPEAN ACCOUNTING
Authors: Durham John W.
Published: June 2017

The general adoption of “Arabic” numerals by European bookkeepers occurred at least five hundred years after their introduction to the scholarly world. The early availability yet late adoption of this numeration is shown to be due to several factors, not least to interplay between the culture and cultural conservatism of clerks and the educational and intellectual changes of the early Italian Renaissance.
INTERNAL CONTROL: HOW IT EVOLVED IN FOUR ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
Authors: Hay David
Published: June 2017

The concept of internal control, as embodied in auditing standards and other statements by professional accounting bodies, has varied over time and geographically. There are, however, a number of similarities in the events that shaped professional statements concerned with internal control in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

The evolution of internal control has been influenced by increasing public expectations of auditing standards. Another influence was a trend in the evolution of management control concepts towards recognizing a broader range of influences on the control of organizations: These trends have been opposed by auditors, who wished to avoid increasing their responsibilities.
THE GERMAN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION — 1931 AND BEFORE: A REFLECTION OF NATIONAL IDEOLOGIES
Authors: Harston Mary E.
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the demand for independent audits and the German accounting profession evolved from the late 1800s to the early 1930s despite the absence of competitive market forces. The paper posits that cultural ideologies, specifically with respect to nationalism, paternalism and anti-individualism, provide reasons for the unique configuration of not only the German corporate/banking structures responsible for originating financial reports but the accounting profession that audited them. As the German accounting profession was in an embryonic stage, it was not capable of successfully confronting the corporate/banking alliance to significantly impact financial reporting or the demand for audits. Economic crises served as the dominant pressure for business reform and legislation mandating audits in Germany.
COMMENTS ON SOME OBSCURE OR AMBIGUOUS POINTS OF THE TREATISE DE COMPUTIS ET SCRIPTURIS BY LUCA PACIOLI
Authors: Hernández-Esteve Esteban
Published: June 2017

Recently, the author translated Luca Pacioli's treatise De Computis et Scripturis into Spanish. During the translation, the author faced a series of points contained in the text which are not clear and which present some difficulties of interpretation.

This paper shows the main points that are confusing, what constitutes their difficulty, the interpretations given by different specialists and, finally, the interpretation given by the author himself with the reasons he had to adopt it. In this way, it is to attempt to clarify the question, to offer a basis for judgement to those who are interested in this subject and, above all, to submit the position and interpretations adopted by the author to open discussion.

Among the various doubtful and obscure points, the following ones are considered in this paper: the contradictions and ambiguities observed by some authors in regard to the treatment of the balance and closing of accounts; the discrepancies shown in several passages of the Treatise which give ground to the hypothesis that this Treatise is actually the result of the juxtaposition of two or more different texts, written at different moments and for different purposes; the particularities of two payment methods of the purchases which Pacioli distinguishes expressly (by ditta and by scritta di banco); some ambiguities regarding the way to keep the accounts with banks and official bodies; various instructions concerning the location of the accounts in the Ledger, the situation of the date, and so on, which seem paradoxical and contradictory; and other ambiguities.
IMPRESSIONS OF A SCHOLARLY GENTLEMAN: PROFESSOR LOUIS GOLDBERG
Authors: Parker Lee D.
Published: June 2017

This study presents a personal portrait of Emeritus Professor Louis Goldberg, a prominent founder of accounting education and research in the Australian academic community. It offers a distinctive view of Professor Goldberg through its employment of oral history research method. The data and findings presented herein are based on interviews with Professor Goldberg and both past and present academic colleagues. The paper reviews his formative years and his role as a professor and administrator, as well as teacher and researcher. Also documented are his perspectives on the education process and some of his own personal characteristics that have played a part in his academic career.
RETROSPECTIVE: PAUL FRANKLIN GRADY
Authors: Andrews Wesley T.
Published: June 2017

This paper, written by his son-in-law of 37 years, is a collection of anecdotal “folklore” about a man who had a very significant impact on the development of the accounting profession during the “Golden Age of Accounting”. Paul Grady's greatness arose from his enormous dedication, strength and character, coupled with his complete honesty and relentless ruthlessness in seeking to have his views prevail.

The only purpose in the paper is to provide a glimpse of the nature of this truly remarkable person. If the paper fails in this, then perhaps the reader will at least find the stories mildly amusing.
AGENT'S REPUTATION, ACCOUNTING AND COSTING IN ORGANISATIONAL CONTROL STRUCTURES
Authors: McLean Tom
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the roles of accounting and costing in the management of coal mining during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, and considers the impact of the agent's reputation in the development and use of these systems.
THE USE OF HISTORICAL DATA IN ACCOUNTING RESEARCH: THE CASE OF THE AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY
Authors: Bricker Robert , Brown Kevin
Published: June 2017

In 1908, the American Sugar Refining Company (ASR) reversed its long-held policy of secrecy as to its financial condition and performance. Prior work, applying contemporary capital market methods to ASR security price data of that period, has suggested a value to ASR shareholders of this policy reversal. This paper examines the historical record of that time and presents additional evidence on this matter, particularly in terms of identifying potentially confounding events occurring during the period under study. The results of this analysis suggest a difficulty in attributing observed abnormal returns to ASR's secrecy policy reversal on the basis of the results obtained from applying capital markets methods. This analysis is useful for scholars interested in applying modern capital market methods to historical data. It highlights the significance of the possible effects of contemporaneous historical events, focuses attention on the importance of a deep understanding of the historical period studied, and suggests a value in combining historical and empirical-markets methods to gain a richer understanding of the events and conditions in the time period under study.
S. PAUL GARNER: ACCOUNTANCY'S AMBASSADOR TO THE WORLD
Authors: Previts Gary John , Samson William D.
Published: June 2017

Samuel Paul Garner spent nearly seven decades, as a student, professor, administrator, leader and visionary, enhancing the understanding and development of our academic community. Born in 1910, he studied at Duke University, then briefly as a non degree student at Columbia before teaching and then entering the Ph.D. program at the University of Texas at Austin. At Texas, under the direction of George Hillis Newlove, he focused upon accounting. His interest in history had been kindled by a noted economic historian Earl J. Hamilton, under whom Garner had studied at Duke. His first post doctoral appointment would be his lifelong assignment, as a member of the faculty of what is now the Culverhouse School of Accountancy at the University of Alabama. Starting in 1939 he served as a faculty member, next as department chair, and then for seventeen years, from 1954 to 1971, as dean of the College of Business. His career achievements are many and include being the only person to serve as President of both the American Accounting Association [1951] and the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business [1964–65]. His post-retirement activities identified with the quarter century from 1971 through 1996 permitted members of subsequent generations to benefit from his knowledge and counsel. Garner's work as a scholar, a historian, an institutional developer and a visionary—especially in the area of international relations, are told in this paper. A special appendix, which contains the last known curriculum vita prepared by Garner, is also provided.

Si Monumentum - Requires Circumspice/If You Seek His Monument, Look Around You.
A HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY OF ACCOUNTING HISTORIANS: 1989–1998
Authors: Coffman Edward N. , Roberts Alfred R. , Previts Gary John
Published: June 2017

This paper describes the evolution of The Academy of Accounting Historians from 1989 through 1998. It is a continuation of a history of the first 15 years of The Academy that appeared in the December 1989 issue of this journal by the same authors.
ROBERT MORRIS AND REPORTING FOR THE TREASURY UNDER THE U.S. CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
Authors: Schoderbek Michael P.
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the accounting and reporting practices established by Robert Morris during his term as Superintendent of Finance under the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1784. Generally known as the financier of the American Revolution, Morris enacted many important accounting reforms, including his rearrangement of the Treasury to speed the settlement of accounts and the establishment of Continental receivers to collect money from the states. His most important contribution was the preparation of annual statements of receipts and expenditures of public money of the Confederation government. These statements, along with a detailed account on money received from the individual states, were circulated to put pressure on the states to meet their tax quotas. Several of these accounts are reproduced as exhibits in this paper.
THE WORK OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH PROGRAM
Authors: Zeff Stephen A.
Published: June 2017

This article begins by recounting the circumstances that led to the AICPA's decision in 1957 to appoint a special committee to recommend a stronger research program to support the process of establishing accounting principles. It then proceeds to examine in depth the committee's sometimes difficult deliberations that eventually led to a unanimous report, in which it recommended the creation of an Accounting Principles Board and an enlarged accounting research division within the Institute. In the course of the article, the author brings out the strong philosophical differences among several of the Big Eight accounting firms that had been impeding the work of the Committee on Accounting Procedure and that also intruded into the Special Committee's deliberations.
HENRY RAND HATFIELD AND ACCOUNTING BIOGRAPHY
Authors: Lee Tom
Published: June 2017

The paper reasserts the importance of biographical research in accounting history by reference to Stephen Zeff's book on Henry Rand Hatfield. It illustrates that depth studies of individual actors offers compelling insights to the history of accounting theory, practices and institutions. Biography also has the capacity to reveal insights which have a bearing on modern day issues.
IN MEMORIAM: ALEXANDER HAMILTON CHURCH'S SYSTEM OF ‘SCIENTIFIC MACHINE RATES’ AT HANS RENOLD LTD., c.1901 - c.1920
Authors: Boyns Trevor
Published: June 2017

In 1901, Alexander Hamilton Church wrote a path-breaking article in The Engineering Magazine, entitled ‘The proper distribution of establishment charges’. This article, published in six parts, is generally considered to have been one of the most important articles on the subject of overhead allocation and Church's system of scientific machine rates is often seen as a precursor of work which eventually resulted in the emergence of standard costing. Around the same time, Church introduced his system at Renold, a firm of British chain manufacturers, where it was used well into the First World War. Towards the end of the war, however, the system was gradually abandoned in favor of standard costing and budgetary control. Using archival and published sources, this paper examines the factors leading to the demise of Church's system at Renold and, in so doing, throws light on the between scientific management, organizational change and the development of successful costing systems.
AUDITING AND AUDIT FIRMS IN GERMANY BEFORE 1931
Authors: Evans Lisa
Published: June 2017

Considerable differences exist between Germany and Anglo-American countries in the development of the statutory audit, the emergence of professional associations of auditors, and the legal and organizational forms of audit firms. This paper examines historical developments in Germany from the late 19th century, to the formal regulation of auditing and the audit profession in 1931. Its main objective is to provide a better understanding of the comparatively slow development of the audit in Germany and reveal attitudes towards the audit and the forms of audit firms. A secondary objective is to examine the use of agency theory frameworks for this type of historical research. The study draws on primary and secondary sources, both of which have been underutilized by previous authors. The paper finds that many of the unique features of the development of auditing in Germany and the solutions adopted there can be traced to historical differences concerning the objectives of the audit, the structure of the audit market and the foundations of the audit profession. It further adds to the critique of agency theory assumptions in historical contexts.
THE ROOTS OF MODERN CAPITALISM: A MARXIST ACCOUNTING HISTORY OF THE ORIGINS AND CONSEQUENCES OF CAPITALIST LANDLORDS IN ENGLAND
Authors: Bryer Rob
Published: June 2017

A major debate neglected by accounting historians is the importance of landlords in the English agricultural revolution. The paper uses accounting evidence from the historical literature to test Marx's theory that, from around 1750, England's landlords played a pivotal role by adopting and then spreading the capitalist mentality and social relations by enclosures and changes in the management of their estates and tenants. It gives an accounting interpretation of Marx's theory of rent and argues that the available evidence supports his view that the conversion of English landlords to capitalism underlay the later stages of the agricultural revolution. The conclusion explains the linkages in Marx's theory between the agricultural and industrial revolutions, and calls on accounting historians to conduct archival research into the agricultural roots of modern capitalism.
AN ACCOUNTING HISTORY OF CAPITAL MAINTENANCE: LEGAL PRECEDENTS FOR MANAGERIAL AUTONOMY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Ardern Dean , Aiken Maxwell
Published: June 2017

The effectiveness of the capital maintenance concept that became enshrined in British companies legislation during the 19th century was almost immediately undermined when companies were permitted to pay dividends from ‘circulating’ capital surpluses, even though overall there were losses of total invested capital. It is generally accepted that the British courts were conscious not to limit management's capacity to innovate and operate their businesses in good faith, and to maximize the capacity of their entities to distribute dividends to shareholders now and in the future. Nevertheless, it is unclear why at the time some accounting methods were accepted as being satisfactory in certain situations but not in others. It is argued here that the British judges adhered to a number of complementary guiding principles when assessing the validity of particular accounting procedures. Central to these principles is the notion that individual firms have different planning horizons and associated particulars of risk assessment. These cannot be captured by the general use of surplus methods of profit determination using current market prices. Consequently, the courts resisted imposing uniform accounting and reporting requirements because traditionally they respected separation of ownership and control.
ACCOUNTING'S USES IN EXPLOITATIVE HUMAN ENGINEERING: THEORIZING CITIZENSHIP, INDIRECT RULE AND BRITAIN'S IMPERIAL EXPANSION
Authors: Davie Shanta S. K.
Published: June 2017

This historical study starts from the argument that financial economic quantification using accounting concepts and analysis has always been an essential and integral part of effective policies and activities for Britain's empire building. Theories of citizenship are used in particular to examine the close association between accounting and imperial policies during British indirect rule in Fiji. Through an examination of archival data and other relevant source materials, the paper highlights the ways in which accounting helped translate imperial forms of oppression and injustice into everyday work practice. Indirect rule generally required the separation and subordination of the native population as subjects, and their exploitation within imperial hegemonic structures. This research is about a British regime of specific and deliberate power construct through which the indigenous population of subjects were oppressed and excluded from citizenship and from civil society. Focus is on the social, economic and institutional relations that determined a unique pattern of inequality and the way in which accounting was effectively mobilized to serve the aims of British imperialism through indirect rule.
FRANK MUST MARRY MONEY: MEN, WOMEN, AND PROPERTY IN TROLLOPE'S NOVELS
Authors: Rutterford Janette , Maltby Josephine
Published: June 2017

There is a continuing debate about the extent to which women in the 19th century were involved in economic life. The paper uses a reading of a number of novels by the English author Anthony Trollope to explore the impact of primogeniture, entail, and the marriage settlement on the relationship between men and women and the extent to which women were involved in the ownership, transmission, and management of property in England in the mid-19th century.
A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS ON MAJOR TAX REFORM: AGRICULTURE AND THE 1913 INCOME TAX LAW
Authors: Barney Douglas K. , Flesher Tonya K.
Published: June 2017

Farmers have benefited from unique tax treatment since the beginning of the income tax law. This paper explores agricultural influences on the passage of the income tax in 1913, using both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results show that agricultural interests were influential in the development and passage of tax/tariff laws. The percentage of congressmen with agricultural ties explains the strong affection for agriculture. Discussion in congressional debates and in agricultural journals was passionate and patriotic in support of equity for farmers. The quantitative analysis reveals that the percentage farm population was a significant predictor of passage of the 16th Amendment by the states and of adoption of state income taxes in the 20th century.
INTERNATIONALIZING THE FRENCH AUDITING PROFESSION
Authors: De Beelde Ignace , Gonthier-Besacier Nathalie , Mikol Alain
Published: June 2017

The objective of this paper is to trace the development of the French auditing profession, the commissaires aux comptes, focusing on the appearance of the large Anglo-American audit firms on the French market. The French audit market has always shown a number of peculiarities, including the continued importance of a number of local audit firms. The French auditing profession finds its roots in late 19th century company law that introduced an obligation for companies to release audited financial statements. The profession became regulated in its modern form in the 1960s. This paper attempts to explain the growing impact of the international audit firms on the French auditing profession. It also demonstrates how local professionals and the French state reacted to these developments.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY: EVIDENCE FROM THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL COMPANY
Authors: Russ Robert W. , Previts Gary John , Coffman Edward N.
Published: June 2017

Presenting evidence from a 19th century corporation, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company (C&O), the paper shows that issues of corporate governance have existed since the first corporations were established in the U.S. The C&O used a stockholder review committee to review the annual report of the president and directors. The paper shows how the C&O stockholders used this committee to supplement the corporate governance structure. The corporate governance structure of the C&O is also viewed from a theoretical structure as espoused by Hart [1995].
FINANCIAL REPORTING IN 1920: THE CASE OF INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES
Authors: Archambault Jeffrey J. , Archambault Marie E.
Published: June 2017

This study uses the 1920 Moody's Analysis of Industrial Investments to assess the extent of financial reporting by U.S. industrial companies. The reporting of an income statement and a balance sheet, as well as the amount of disclosure in both of these statements, is examined empirically to determine which economic factors influence this reporting. The results show that corporate-governance, operating, and financing factors all significantly influence the reporting of financial statements and the extent of disclosure within those statements. However, the significant factors vary across the two financial statements and the two decisions considered (reporting a particular statement and the amount of disclosure within the statement to report). All factors are shown to influence significantly the decision to report both a balance sheet and an income statement and the amount of information to report in a balance sheet. The decision regarding the amount of information to report in an income statement is only influenced by corporate-governance and operating factors.
THE MARKET FOR LUCA PACIOLI'S SUMMA DE ARITHMETICA: SOME COMMENTS
Authors: Yamey Basil S.
Published: June 2017

This paper explains why Pacioli's exposition of double-entry bookkeeping, published in his Summa of 1494, was neither an effective reference text for merchants nor a satisfactory text for their sons. In doing so, the paper contradicts some of the points made in the interesting and wide-ranging article by Sangster, Stoner, and McCarthy in the June 2008 issue of this journal.
Accounting and Financial Reporting by a Late 18th Century American Charity
Authors: Daniels Roger B. , Braswell Mike , Beeler Jesse D.
Published: June 2017

Empirical research to date has neglected accounting and external financial reporting among 18th century American charitable institutions. Contemporary understanding of 18th century American practices is supported by evidence relating to commercial transactions primarily among colonial merchants. Our study examines the accounting and financial reporting of the Charleston Orphan House, the first municipal orphanage in America, from its inception in 1790 through its first five years of operations. The institution was established by city ordinance in 1790 which required the institution “to keep a book of fair and regular accounts of all receipts and expenditures which will be subject at all times to the inspection of the Commissioners.” The ordinance charged the orphanage's Committee on Accounts to “audit” its accounts. The City Council required the institution's board chairman to countersign the financial statements in 1792 before subjecting them to a second “audit.” The Orphan House employed a system of account books that recorded and facilitated the reporting of expenditures and sources of funds. Accounting and external reporting may have been legitimizing factors to overcome the “liability of newness” by promoting a sense of propriety and transparency among benefactors.“I visited the Orphan House at which there were one hundred and seven boys and girls. This appears to be a charitable organization and under good management.”[President George Washington, diary entry, Saturday, May 7, 1791]
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AUDITING STANDARDS: THE STRANGE CASE OF RAYMOND MARIEN AND THE FRAUD AT INTERSTATE HOSIERY MILLS, 1934–1937
Authors: Heier Jan R. , Leach-López Maria A.
Published: June 2017

In February 1938, the police arrested Raymond Marien, a small, bookish man, for forging checks at Interstate Hosiery Mills, Inc. During the ensuing investigation, the New York Attorney General's office found that Marien had “juggled” the books of the corporation and that these accounting irregularities inflated Interstate Hosiery Mills' assets by $1.9 million or about 40% of the company's assets. In an irony of history, the company's external auditors, as it turned out, employed Marien. The extensive investigation conducted by the SEC into Marien's manipulations found that, save for forged checks amounting to about $2,000, Marien and others were exonerated from any financial gain in the fraud due to the increased value in Interstate's shares. In the end, the fraud and the SEC rulings would serve as a foundation of many modern accounting and auditing principles related to auditor independence, supervision, and management responsibility.
“I Ask the Profession to Stand Still”: The Evolution of American Public Accountancy, 1927–1962
Authors: Doron Michael E.
Published: June 2017

This paper traces the emergence of the AICPA as an effective national representative of the American profession. Central to this evolution was a broadening of the Institute's outlook to encompass all practicing CPAs and to embrace the benefits of public relations and lobbying. The paper begins with the Wall Street elite that dominated the Institute's predecessor, the AIA, and describes the pressures for reform that culminated in the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 and set this evolution in motion. The final section makes use of former AICPA president Marquis Eaton's papers to show how pressure from the Securities and Exchange Commission, from competing professions, and from a geometric increase in the profession's numbers brought a more pragmatic and aggresive leadership to the Institute, one that more closely resembles the modern AICPA.
ACCOUNTING ON ENGLISH LANDED ESTATES DURING THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION – A TEXTBOOK PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Edwards John Richard
Published: June 2017

The agricultural revolution has been portrayed as the time when landowners began to display a capitalist mentality. This paper seeks to add to our knowledge of the use of accounting for managerial purposes during this period by exploring the content of treatises advocating different ways of accounting on landed estates. Two research questions are addressed. The first is the degree of inter-relationship between accounting methods – charge-and-discharge accounting (CDA) and double-entry bookkeeping – that have been presented in the literature as distinct in terms of their objectives and operation. The second objective is to assess the extent to which CDA could be used by management and landowners for performance assessment purposes and, following on from that, to reflect on whether the demise of CDA was an inevitable consequence of demands for more useful management information.
A 13TH CENTURY AUDIT CASE
Authors: Holmes William
Published: June 2017

The author uses records from 13th Century English archives to demonstrate the role of auditors to settle disputes between merchants before the Courts.
THE COMING OF AGE OF DOUBLE ENTRY: THE GIOVANNI FAROLFI LEDGER OF 1299–1300
Authors: Lee Geoffrey A.
Published: June 2017

This article examines the branch ledger of a Florentine firm in 13th century Provence, and its relationship to contemporaneous Tuscan account books. It is concluded that the ledger was part of a sophisticated accounting system, with a debit and credit for every item and a serious attempt at annual balancing, thus constituting the earliest known example of commercial double entry.
POPULAR ACCOUNTING HISTORY: EVIDENCE FROM POST-ENRON STORIES
Authors: Carnegie Garry D. , Napier Christopher J.
Published: June 2017

This study reviews the concept of “popular history” in the context of accounting history, drawing on evidence from post-Enron stories about corporate collapse and accounting and auditing failure. The study complements the work of Carnegie and Napier [2010], which focused on how professional accountants and their firms and organizations were portrayed in books about Enron and Arthur Andersen that were published during the period 2002 to 2005. These books can be characterized as “popular histories”, and the present paper illustrates how the scholarly work of academic accounting historians is given little attention by the authors of these post-Enron stories. It points to the largely untapped potential for accounting historians to make their research findings and insights available for a general readership.
THE CRISIS AND FAIR VALUES: ECHOES OF EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY DEBATES?
Authors: Markarian Garen
Published: June 2017

The recent global financial crisis has led to extensive criticism of the role of accounting and its use of fair value measurement in causing and spreading the crisis. This paper argues that the debate surrounding fair value vs. historic cost, and relevance versus reliability, is nothing new; it was at the center of early accounting discussions in the AAA (especially by A.C. Littleton and W.A. Paton), the AICPA (especially G.O. May), and the SEC. Although prominent accounting scholars and practitioners in postdepression 1929 focused on the use of historic cost, the paper discusses the decision of the IASB/FASB to move reliability to a secondary characteristic in its recent conceptual framework. This action ignores lessons learned from a century of research, teaching, and practice of accounting.
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF U.S. STANDARD SETTERS CONCERNING THE BASIC OBJECTIVES OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL REPORTING
Authors: Nurnberg Hugo
Published: June 2017

Over the last forty-five years, U.S. standard setters have changed their perceptions about the primary users and basic objectives of corporate financial reporting. Formerly, it was providing information to a variety of users for a variety of purposes. Presently, it is usefulness for making resource allocation decisions by existing and potential investors and creditors. Standard setters view other stakeholders as secondary users and accountability as a secondary and distinctly subservient objective. This paper documents how and why standard setters have narrowed their perceptions. It examines some reasons for this narrowing not considered by standard setters, including undue influence of financial report preparers and auditors, regulatory capture, and resistance to accountability while giving account. It also examines some implications of this change in perceptions on the future development of financial reporting and the prospects of attaining a long-term consensus on its basic objectives.
AUDITING IN THE ATHENIAN STATE OF THE GOLDEN AGE (500–300 B.C.)
Authors: Costouros George J.
Published: June 2017

Accountability and control of state revenues and expenditures in the Athenian state of the Golden Age was achieved through the verification process by three board of state accountants, based on the accounting records of execution and related budgetary and other documents. More specifically, the purpose of this process was to (a) strengthen the integrity of the accounting system by providing additional controls in the management or state resources, (b) establish accountability against any public officials in charge of public funds, and (c) provide dependable reports to the people on the management of these funds. The three boards were the Council Accountants, the Administration Accountants and the Examiners. Although the main purpose of the attest function was the discovery of fraud, internal controls were also evaluated by comparing the formalized budgets with the accounting records of execution. This conclusion is somewhat contrary to the assumption that internal controls were not recognized in ancient times.
DISTRIBUTION COST ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES, 1901–1941
Authors: Anderson Paul F.
Published: June 2017

The attempt to develop cost analysis methodologies for the marketing function began at the turn of the century. Early attempts followed the pattern of factory cost analysis and progress was slow until the break-through in the years 1940–1941.
A HISTORY OF THE ABACUS
Authors: Sugden Keith F.
Published: June 2017

As the revolution in computing advances, it is appropriate to step back and look at the earliest practical aid to computation—the abacus. Its formal western origins lie with the Greeks and the expansion of trade in the seventh century BC, and its design and application showed remarkably little change over the following two thousand years. A measure of the usefulness of the abacus is seen by the fact that it survived the advent of algorism by some six centuries but its major significance for western culture lies in its perfect and seminal representation of the decimal system.
Diseño de una suela para calzado femenino casual bajo parámetros de liviandad
Authors: Vélez López Juliana , Valderrama Mejía Sebastián , Castaño Rivera Patricia , Páramo Velásquez Camilo Andrés
Published: June 2017

La mujer actual se desarrolla en diferentes ámbitos, en los cuales se conjuga la excelencia profesional con la presentación personal. En este último aspecto el calzado es un elemento fundamental e indispensable. Con el propósito de ofrecer a la mujer no sólo un calzado estéticamente aceptable, sino también liviano y flexible, se desarrolló este trabajo en dos etapas: la primera validó la necesidad de diseñar zapatos cómodos y estéticos para la mujer actual, por medio de una encuesta a 50 mujeres de diferentes profesiones, que realizan largos desplazamientos en su rutina diaria y a las cuales se les contabilizó el número de pasos que regularmente ejecutan en el día, por medio de una banda de ajuste inteligente. Como resultado, se identificó que la altura del tacón del calzado y el número de pasos en el día son los factores relevantes que influyen en el nivel de dolor de los pies de estas mujeres al final de la jornada. De esta forma, en una segunda etapa se diseñó un calzado casual femenino ergonómico, que mitigue el dolor y que combine el desarrollo de una suela novedosa y unzapato característico de una empresa comercial
EXAMINING THE RULES OF CONSENSUS FROM THE CANONICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: RENTEL Alexander
Published: June 2017

The rules of consensus posed problems for the Holy and Great Council both prior to the council and during. This paper explores some of these reasons and examines the canonical witness for a clearer understanding of consensus within the canonical tradition. The paper concludes with a call for greater conciliar activity in order to foster a more robust culture of consensus within the Orthodox Church.
THE CANONICAL TRADITION OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH AND THE HOLY AND GREAT COUNCIL BETWEEN RECEPTION AND REJECTION
Authors: PERȘA Răzvan
Published: June 2017

With this paper the author tries to answer questions raised by some of the detractors of the Holy and Great Council. He is analysing from the point of view of Orthodox Canon Law if the delegation of bishops and the principle of representativeness are canonical realities in accordance with the Orthodox tradition of the Church and valid manifestations of synodality, if the number of bishops participating in a Council is a true criterion of ecumenicity and if monastics and laymen were totally bypassed in the preconciliar preparatory process and in the sessions of the Holy and Great Council.
THE IMPORTANCE OF FASTING AND ITS OBSERVANCE FOR TOMORROW
Authors: JOVIC Rastko
Published: June 2017

The article theologically examines the document on fasting adopted at the Crete Council in 2016. With respect to fasting, as an obligatory practice, we could notice negative consequences in Church life, more than positive ones. For example, Eucharist has been understood as a cult with less relation to the world. It became only a ritual on the periphery of the Church’s life. The emphasis on food as the most important value has a negative outcome for the relationship between our theology and our clergy. In most cases, obligatory fasting practice strips our Christian identity to an identity based merely around food. For all these reasons, the article advises that the Church should advocate fasting but no longer as an obligatory practice.
“El tratamiento de los occitanismos en los diccionarios del español”
Authors: García Aranda M. Ángeles
Published: June 2017

Fecha de recepción: 6 de marzo de 2012.Fecha de aceptación: 17 de mayo de 2013. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar el tratamiento que han recibido las voces procedentes del sur de Francia en la lexicografía del español; esto es, se propone trazar la historia de los préstamos occitanos en español a partir de la información contenida en los tesoros lexicográficos del español publicados en los últimos años, en las diferentes ediciones del Diccionario de la lengua española, de la Real Academia Española, y en diferentes repertorios etimológicos.
Gisa Rauh, Syntactic categories: Their identification and description in linguistic theories. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010; xvii + 436 pp.
Authors: Lizárraga Navarro Glenda Zoé
Published: June 2017

Se reseña el libro:Syntactic categories: Their identification and description in linguistic theories
María Jesús Lacarra y Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua, Historia de la literatura española. T. 1: Entre oralidad y escritura. La Edad Media. Crítica, Madrid, 2012; 792 pp.
Authors: Luna Mariscal Karla Xiomara
Published: June 2017

Se reseña el libro:Historia de la literatura española. T. 1: Entre oralidad y escritura. La Edad Media.
Bibliografía
Authors: Filología Hispánica Nueva Revista de
Published: June 2017

Las reseñas se consignan a continuación del libro (o artículo reseñado. Cuando éste se ha descrito en una entrega anterior de la Bibliografía, se pone entre paréntesis el número de ficha correspondiente. También se hacen referencias a ediciones anteriores de una obra, a tomos anteriores de una obra en curso de publicación, etc. En estos casos, la cifra que precede al número de referencia indica el volumen de laNRFHen que figura la ficha en cuestión. Así, el "núm. 39-39695" corresponde a la ficha 39695, la cual está en el volumen 39 de laNRFH.Cuando no hay cifra inicial, ha de entenderse que el número remite a una ficha incluida en el presente fascículo.
Promotion of Heroic Character as Social Science and Education Task
Authors: GRIGORIAN Ernest
Published: June 2017

The article analyzes the catastrophic moods in some segments of Armenian society. This occurs due to the ongoing war, lack of faith in the future, loss of social orientation. The Armenian society does not feel care on the part of the ruling class, do not see its responsibility, feels helplessness in the face of external and internal threats, and, therefore, is in confrontation with the ruling class. And here is the new phenomenon of mass heroism of the people as a response to the catastrophic situation and reliance on heroes as saviors of the nation. Social science and education should more closely examine this phenomenon and try to make the heroism more meaningful and much full of sense.
Problems of Argumentation in Medieval Armenian Philosophy
Authors: HOVHANNISYAN Hasmik
Published: June 2017

None of the medieval Armenian thinkers left a complete piece on argumentation theory. However, argumentation problems and the practical realization of requirements of the theory of argumentation were enormous part of Armenian philosophers’ works. They discussed argumentation problems mostly from object-language rather than meta-language prospective. This research focuses on the works of three mediaeval thinkers: Yeznik Koghbacy (IV-V), David Anhaght (The Invincible, V), Grigor Tatevatsi (XIV-XV). In their theoretical heritage the examination of argumentation issues and coverage can be regarded as the most significant stages of history of Armenian argumentation theories, the interpretation of which first of all aims to accomplish the following problems:

Present the argumentation doctrines of each chosen philosopher as a complete idea of the theory of argumentation.

Complete the critical analysis of the theoretical heritage of the examinee philosophers.

Clarify the most important stages of history of Armenian argumentation doctrines.

Thereby increase the possibility of including history of Armenian argumentation theories in universal history.

The history of each theory can be perceived and properly appreciated from the perspective of that theory’s modern level of development. Considering that fact this research reconstructs the models of syntax and semantics of the language of argumentation.
Factores psicosociales que influyen en el desempeño académico
Authors: Romero Holguer
Published: June 2017

A fin de descifrar la  frustración en los estudiantes universitarios en la actualidad, se investiga las razones para la deserción de su carrera, se acostumbra culpar a quienes influyeron directamente en la toma de decisiones, a los padres con sus infortunios de anhelos profesionales, a profesores con sus propios conflictos y fracasos no superados, falta de preparación,  a falta de estructuración en los planteles educativos, sin un organigrama definido donde exista una simple luz guía para su futuro incierto. No existe un andamiaje publicitario de Universidades ni carreras; el estudiante secundario se sumerge en un nuevo habitad sin las respectivas herramientas, sin el conocimiento adecuado, para desfallecer en  un contexto hostil. Existen estudiantes que terminan su carrera por fuerza de voluntad   pero   no   por   vocación;   memoristas   sin   razonamiento   que   fracasan   cuando   la sobreprotección  de  los  maestros paternalistas  se  queda  dentro  de  las  aulas  universitarias.  Los motivos para quedarse y vencer son diversos, cada estudiante tiene su contexto vivencial, desarrolla su propia personalidad, su forma de tomar los obstáculos, aprendiendo a ser feliz; el objetivo principal de este trabajo es: Definir  la condición psicológica de los estudiantes de la Universidad para desarrollar un perfil óptimo en el futuro  desempeño profesional.AbstractIn order to decipher the frustration on college students today, we investigate the reasons for thedesertion of his career, it is customary to blame those who directly influenced the decision making parents with their professional aspirations woes, teachers with their own conflicts and unsurpassed failures, lack of preparation, lack of structuring in educational institutions without a defined organization where there is a single guiding light for their uncertain future. There is no advertising scaffolding Universities and careers, the high school student is immersed in a new habitat without the necessary tools, without the proper knowledge to falter in such a hostile environment. There are students completing their willpower race but not by vocation but reasoning memoirists fail when teachers paternalistic overprotection stays within university classrooms. The reasons to stay and overcome are different, each student has their experiential context, develops its own personality, his way of taking the obstacles, learning to be happy, the main objective of this work is: Define the psychological condition of students University to develop an optimal profile in the future professional.
Bacopa Monnieri: A Wonder Drug Changing Fortune of People
Authors: Rai Kriti , Gupta Nirmala , Dharamdasani Lakshya , Nair Pallavi , Bodhankar Prerna
Published: June 2017

In recent times, the use of herbal products has increased enormously across the globe. Numerous natural products such as those isolated from plants have been evaluated as therapeutics for the treatment of variety of diseases. Bacopa monnieri also referred to as water hyssop and “Brahmi,” has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine since time immemorial. It belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae and is an annual creeping plant found in wet, damp, and marshy areas. Phytochemical analysis of BM extracts revealed the presence of various biochemical compounds such as alkaloids, bacosides, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids and saponins etc. The major therapeutic chemical constituents of this plant identified through various researches are the triterpenoids saponins, bacosides. Bacoside A has been recognized as the chief component responsible for therapeutic effects.  BM is conventionally used for diverse ailments, but is best known as memory enhancer. A vast range of studies using methanolic and ethanolic extracts of BM have shown its effect in treatment of wide range of diseases like diabetes, depression, cancer, inflammation etc. BM appears to demonstrate low toxicity in various rat, mice models including humans however, long-term studies of toxicity in humans still need to study in great details. This review focuses on the studies that have traced both pharmacological and phytochemical properties of plant Bacopa monnieri covering wide range of its effect on anti- depression, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative amongst many others which can surely help in betterment of mankind.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 127-132