bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marker‐assisted characterization of frost tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Akar T. , Francia E. , Tondelli A. , Rizza F. , Stanca A. M. , Pecchioni N.
Published: May 2009

Five molecular markers associated to two frost tolerance QTLs (Fr‐H1 and Fr‐H2) were tested both on nine Turkish accessions, classified by breeders as highly frost‐tolerant, and on a previously described sample of 26 barleys, winter, facultative and spring. Accessions were characterized in terms of frost tolerance under both field conditions and artificial freezing test at −12°C. The Turkish lines resulted to be equal or superior to the most tolerant European genotypes tested, showing that they can be used to improve the frost tolerance of the EU barley germplasm. The marker HvBM5A (Vrn‐H1 and Fr‐H1) resulted to be the best predictor for assisted selection within this germplasm, because of its high correlation between allelic variation and phenotypic traits. Only HvCBF4 of the three HvCBF markers tested at Fr‐H2 was associated to the trait, but at lower significance than HvBM5A. The PCR‐based molecular marker of Vrn‐H1 can thus be used in barley breeding not only for selection of facultative and winter types, but also for fast routine selection of frost tolerant genotypes.
Prevalence and correlates of epileptic seizure in substance‐abusing subjects
Authors: Mattoo Surendra K. , Singh Shubh M. , Bhardwaj Rahul , Kumar Suresh , Basu Debasish , Kulhara Parmanand
Published: May 2009

Life‐time prevalence of epileptic seizures was assessed in 626 consecutive patients treated for substance abuse. Seizures were reported in 8.63% (9.2% in alcohol abusers, 12.5% in opioid abusers). A total of 64.8% of the seizures were associated with substance use. These occurred during withdrawal in the alcohol cohort and during intoxication with dextropropoxyphene and withdrawal from heroin or poppy husk in the opioid cohort. Results indicate that seizures may be more common in older patients with longer duration of dependence among those abusing alcohol.
Heterogeneity of histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the rat
Authors: Giannoni Patrizia , Passani Maria‐Beatrice , Nosi Daniele , Chazot Paul L. , Shenton Fiona C. , Medhurst Andrew D. , Munari Leonardo , Blandina Patrizio
Published: May 2009

Histaminergic neurons of the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nuclei (TMN) send projections to the whole brain. Early anatomical studies described histaminergic neurons as a homogeneous cell group, but recent evidence indicates that histaminergic neurons are heterogeneous and organized into distinct circuits. We addressed this issue using the double‐probe microdialysis in freely moving rats to investigate if two compounds acting directly onto histaminergic neurons to augment cell firing [thioperamide and bicuculline, histamine H3‐ and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A‐receptor (R) antagonists, respectively] may discriminate groups of histaminergic neurons impinging on different brain regions. Intra‐hypothalamic perfusion of either drug increased histamine release from the TMN and cortex, but not from the striatum. Thioperamide, but not bicuculline, increased histamine release from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), bicuculline but not thioperamide increased histamine release from the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Intra‐hypothalamic perfusion with thioperamide increased the time spent in wakefulness. To explore the local effects of H3‐R blockade in the histaminergic projection areas, each rat was implanted with a single probe to simultaneously administer thioperamide and monitor local changes in histamine release. Thioperamide increased histamine release from the NBM and cortex significantly, but not from the NAcc or striatum. The presence of H3‐Rs on histaminergic neurons was assessed using double‐immunofluorescence with anti‐histidine decarboxylase antibodies to identify histaminergic cells and anti‐H3‐R antibodies. Confocal analysis revealed that all histaminergic somata were immunopositive for the H3‐R. This is the first evidence that histaminergic neurons are organized into functionally distinct circuits that influence different brain regions, and display selective control mechanisms.
Developing a focus group approach for exploring parents' perspectives on childhood overweight
Authors: Jones A. R. , Hyland R. M. , Parkinson K. N. , Adamson A. J. ,   The Gateshead Millennium Study Core Team
Published: May 2009

Numerous public health initiatives have been proposed in an attempt to reduce the number of overweight and obese children nationally. The success of such strategies is heavily reliant upon families recognising and becoming engaged with the issue. It is therefore important to understand parents' perceptions of excess weight in children and which preventive strategies would be most acceptable to them. The present paper describes the development of a focus group approach designed to explore these important research questions and illustrates techniques that can be readily implemented and replicated to explore complex and sensitive issues. Some of the potential difficulties of focus group research are also detailed, together with suggestions for successfully overcoming these obstacles. It is also demonstrated that both quantitative and qualitative methods can work in partnership, informing each other, and a combination of these approaches is necessary for future research if public health messages are to be successfully and effectively communicated.
Health impacts of vitamin D: are we getting enough?
Authors: Ruxton C. H. S. , Derbyshire E.
Published: May 2009

Increasingly, scientists are debating whether photochemical synthesis of vitamin D in Western countries is adequate, and whether dietary intakes can plug the gap between endogenous vitamin D production and requirements, particularly in young and older populations. The debate is driven by the plethora of evidence suggesting that, in addition to its important role in maintaining bone health, vitamin D may be involved in ameliorating cell ageing and preventing cardiovascular disease, diabetes, immune dysfunction and some cancers. Observational evidence from different populations suggests a significant degree of vitamin D insufficiency, often defined as plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <25 nmol/l. Some experts have argued that daily intakes up to 40 µg/day may be needed to ensure a desirable vitamin D status, even after accounting for sun exposure. However, there is presently no consensus on the most appropriate vitamin D status for maintaining bone health and preventing chronic disease. In addition, the UK has not set a vitamin D recommendation for most adults under 65 years. Given the plethora of information about vitamin D and bone health, this article reviews evidence for a link between vitamin D and other aspects of health. In conclusion, three actions are suggested: (1) agreement on optimal plasma 25(OH)D levels for health; (2) a debate on whether UK dietary recommendations need revision; and (3) better promotion of dietary vitamin D via food sources and, for certain groups, supplements.
THE DYNAMICS OF PROFESSIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ROLES IN PUBLIC SERVICES ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF MODERN MATRONS IN THE ENGLISH NHS
Authors: CURRIE GRAEME , KOTEYKO NELYA , NERLICH BRIGITTE
Published: May 2009

This study contributes to research examining how professional autonomy and hierarchy impacts upon the implementation of policy designed to improve the quality of public services delivery through the introduction of new managerial roles. It is based on an empirical examination of a new role for nurses – modern matrons – who are expected by policy‐makers to drive organizational change aimed at tackling health care acquired infections (HCAI) in the National Health Service (NHS) within England. First, we show that the changing role of nurses associated with their ongoing professionalization limits the influence of modern matrons over their own ranks in tackling HCAI. Second, the influence of modern matrons over doctors is limited. Third, government policy itself appears inconsistent in its support for the role of modern matrons. The attempts of modern matrons to tackle HCAI appear more effective where infection control activity is situated in professional practice and where modern matrons integrate aspirations for improved infection control within mainstream audit mechanisms in a health care organization.
THE FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF GOVERNANCE: PUBLIC GOVERNANCE BEYOND HIERARCHY, MARKET AND NETWORKS
Authors: ESMARK ANDERS
Published: May 2009

The article explores the relation between the functional differentiation of society and the transformation of public governance. Based on the analysis of functional differentiation provided by Niklas Luhmann, the article interprets functional differentiation as the historical constitution of the basic and encompassing governance traditions in modern society, defined by the governance mediums of so‐called function systems and the various programmes and scripts developed in relation to such mediums. It is argued that such an analysis provides an empirical alternative to the distinction between state, market and networks and the underlying macro‐sociology of state, market and civil society widely used in governance research. Based on this analysis, the article argues that government organizations have increasingly developed strategies and instruments of steering and coordination that rely on the mediums, programmes and scripts of various function systems. In contrast to increased use of networks in public governance, widely held to constitute the most important transformation of public governance at the level of organizations, the appropriation of new mediums and programmes pertains to the relation between government organizations and the governance traditions comprised by function systems. Thus, the article elaborates changes in this relationship in more detail with respect to political and legal function systems, as well as in terms of the economic system, science and the family.
BRINGING THE POLITICS BACK IN: PUBLIC VALUE IN WESTMINSTER PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT
Authors: RHODES R.A.W. , WANNA JOHN
Published: May 2009

We challenge the usefulness of the ‘public value’ approach in Westminster systems with their dominant hierarchies of control, strong roles for ministers, and tight authorizing regimes underpinned by disciplined two‐party systems. We identify two key confusions: about public value as theory, and in defining who are ‘public managers’. We identify five linked core assumptions in public value: the benign view of large‐scale organizations; the primacy of management; the relevance of private sector experience; the downgrading of party politics; and public servants as platonic guardians. We identify two key dilemmas around the ‘primacy of party politics’ and the notion that public managers should play the role of platonic guardians deciding the public interest. We illustrate our argument with short case studies of: the David Kelly story from the UK; the ‘children overboard’ scandal in Australia; the ‘mad cow disease’ outbreak in the UK; the Yorkshire health authority's ‘tea‐parties’, and the Cave Creek disaster in New Zealand.
INTERGENERATIONAL PUBLIC GOODS: TRANSNATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Sandler Todd
Published: May 2009

This paper analyzes public goods whose benefits cross countries' borders and generations. Once provided, transnational intergenerational public goods (TIPGs) are assets that generate benefits for subsequent generations. For treaties involving TIPGs, a coalition of rich developed countries are apt to shoulder more of the provision burden than a coalition of poor developing countries. This burden inequality worsens if the developed countries unilaterally display altruism to future generations; nevertheless, altruistic benefits may offset reduced spillovers. When current generations strategize with respect to future generations, provision and efficiency suffer; however, the hypothesized unequal burden sharing improves somewhat. For alternative aggregator technologies of public supply, these one‐sided burdens may be partly ameliorated.
The Use of Again in 19th‐Century English versus Present‐Day English
Authors: Beck Sigrid , Berezovskaya Polina , Pflugfelder Katja
Published: May 2009

Abstract.  The central claim of this paper is that the use of the adverb again has changed between 19th‐century English and present‐day English. In particular, restitutive uses were more easily and generally available in the 19th century than they are now. This diachronic change provides evidence for a lexical parameter governing the behavior of adverbs at the syntax/semantics interface. The parameter relates surface form to possible interpretations and thus introduces an interesting notion of visibility into linguistic theory.
Lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy are independently associated with hypertension*
Authors: Crane HM , Grunfeld C , Harrington RD , Kitahata MM
Published: May 2009

Objective

Lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy are associated with metabolic abnormalities, but little is known about their impact on hypertension. We conducted this study to determine the associations of lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy with hypertension.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of HIV‐infected patients who completed a self‐report body morphology assessment was performed. We defined hypertension as a clinical diagnosis, or a mean systolic blood pressure (BP)>140 mmHg or diastolic BP>90 mmHg in the previous 6 months. We used logistic regression to examine the association between hypertension and body morphology.

Results

Among 347 patients, there were 2278 BP readings in 6 months. In adjusted analyses, patients with moderate lipoatrophy [odds ratio (OR) 4.3; P=0.03] or moderate lipohypertrophy (OR 4.3; P=0.006) had four times the odds, and patients with mild lipohypertrophy (OR 2.3; P=0.03) had twice the odds of having hypertension compared with patients without changes. We hypothesized that the impact of lipohypertrophy on hypertension was mediated, in part, through body mass index (BMI). When BMI was included in the analysis, increased BMI was significantly associated with hypertension (OR=1.1; P<0.001 per kg/m2), and the association between lipohypertrophy and hypertension was no longer present. However, the association between moderate lipoatrophy and hypertension was strengthened (OR=5.5; P=0.01).

Conclusions

Lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy are independently associated with hypertension and there is a dose–response effect with more severe lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy. The association between lipohypertrophy (but not lipoatrophy) and hypertension appears to be mediated by BMI. Our results suggest that patient‐based body morphology assessments are related to hypertension and may have potential implications for cardiovascular disease.
Influence of darunavir coadministration on nevirapine pharmacokinetics in HIV‐infected patients: a population approach
Authors: Dailly E , Raffi F , Perré P , Martin J , Deslandes G , Jolliet P
Published: May 2009

Objective

The influence of ritonavir‐boosted darunavir coadministration on nevirapine pharmacokinetics was investigated in HIV‐infected patients using a population‐based approach.

Methods

The population was composed of 51 patients (89 samples; 42 patients treated with an antiretroviral regimen containing nevirapine and nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors and nine patients treated with a regimen containing a combination of nevirapine and darunavir). A one‐compartment model with first‐order absorption was fitted to the data using nonmem version V (GloboMax, Ellicott City, MD, USA).

Results

Relationships were established between nevirapine clearance (Cl) and age (Cl/F=2.42+47.2/age, where F denotes bioavailability) and between nevirapine volume of distribution (Vd) and the presence of darunavir in the antiretroviral regimen [Vd/F=38.0+75.0 (1 – darunavir coadministration), where darunavir coadministration is 1 for patients treated with a combination of nevirapine and darunavir and 0 for other patients]. According to this final model, a significant decrease in the means of Cl/F (3.84 ± 0.92 vs. 2.76 ± 1.00 L/h; P<0.05) and Vd/F (93.2 ± 31.10 vs. 39.8 ± 6.97 L; P<0.0001) and an increase in the mean of nevirapine trough plasma concentrations (3.68 ± 1.69 vs. 5.35 ± 3.20 mg/L; P<0.05) are observed if nevirapine is used in combination with darunavir.

Conclusions

These results suggest that nevirapine exposure is increased when nevirapine is administered in combination with darunavir and that therapeutic drug monitoring of nevirapine should be performed if this antiretroviral regimen is considered.
Knowledge and perception of stroke amongst hospital workers in an African community
Authors: Akinyemi R. O. , Ogah O. S. , Ogundipe R. F. , Oyesola O. A. , Oyadoke A. A. , Ogunlana M. O. , Otubogun F. M. , Odeyinka T. F. , Alabi B. S. , Akinyemi J. O. , Osinfade J. K. , Kalaria R. N.
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  Stroke is a growing public health problem worldwide. Hospital workers are sources of knowledge on health issues including stroke. The present study aimed at assessing the knowledge and perception of a sample of Nigerian hospital workers about stroke.

Methods:  Hospital‐based, cross‐sectional survey. Respondents selected by systematic random sampling were interviewed using a 29‐item pre‐tested, structured, semi‐closed questionnaire.

Results:  There were 370 respondents (63% female, mean age: 34.4 ± 7.5 years; 61% non‐clinical workers). Twenty‐nine per cent of respondents did not recognize the brain as the organ affected. Hypertension (88.6%) was the commonest risk factor identified; 13.8% identified evil spirit/witchcraft as a cause of stroke, whilst one‐sided body weakness (61.9%) was most commonly identified as warning symptom. Hospital treatment was most preferred by 61.1% of respondents whilst spiritual healing was most preferred by 13.0%. In the bivariate analysis, higher level of education and being a clinical worker correlated with better stroke knowledge (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  This study demonstrates gaps in the knowledge of these hospital workers about stroke, and treatment choice influenced by cultural and religious beliefs. Health education is still important, even, amongst health workers and stroke awareness campaigns may need to involve faith‐based organizations.
Mirror pattern of cerebral artery atherosclerosis in patients with ischaemic stroke
Authors: Kim Y. D. , Choi H. Y. , Jung Y. H. , Nam C. M. , Yang J. H. , Cho H. J. , Nam H. S. , Lee K‐Y. , Heo J. H.
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  Although it has been suggested that bilateral symmetry of atherosclerosis can be found in paired arteries, including external carotid arteries and femoral arteries, it has remained unknown in intracranial arteries. We determined whether bilateral symmetry (a mirror pattern) of atherosclerosis presents in the entire cerebral arterial system.

Methods:  Angiographic findings of 795 consecutive patients with ischaemic stroke, after excluding those with cardiac sources of embolism or other causes of stroke, were reviewed retrospectively. The presence (location) and severity (the degree of stenosis) of atherosclerosis were compared between left and right sides at 26 predetermined arteries/segments.

Results:  We found 2230 lesions in predetermined segments/arteries from 669 patients. Amongst 509 patients with atherosclerotic lesions at two or more arteries/segments, mirror patterns were observed in 312 patients (61.3%). The mirror pattern increased steeply as the number of atherosclerotic arteries increased and was most frequently found in the carotid bulb (C1, 26.7%), followed by the middle cerebral artery (M1, 14.1%). The severity of stenosis was also correlated between left and right sides, and the correlation was highest in the C1 (r = 0.40, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the mirror patterns of atherosclerosis were more obvious in C1 and associated with a past history of ischaemic stroke and the number of stenotic lesions.

Conclusion:  Atherosclerosis in cerebral arteries may develop and progress in a mirror pattern. In patients with cerebral artery atherosclerosis, the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis in the contralateral cerebral artery should be considered during follow‐up examination.
Lesion patterns in patients with cryptogenic stroke with and without right‐to‐left‐shunt
Authors: Feurer R. , Sadikovic S. , Esposito L. , Schwarze J. , Bockelbrink A. , Hemmer B. , Sander D. , Poppert H.
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  Despite numerous studies, the role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) as a risk factor for stroke due to paradoxical embolism is still controversial. On the assumption that specific lesion patterns, in particular multiple acute ischaemic lesions on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, indicate a cardioembolic origin, we compared the MRI findings in stroke patients with right‐to‐left shunt (RLS) and those without.

Methods:  The records of 486 patients with diagnosis of cerebral ischaemia were reviewed. For detection of RLS, contrast‐enhanced transcranial Doppler (c‐TCD) was carried out in all patients. An MRI scan of the brain was performed in all patients. Affected vascular territories were divided into anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, vertebrobasilar artery system including posterior cerebral artery, brain stem and cerebellar stroke, and strokes occurring in more than one territory.

Results:  We did not find a specific difference in neuroradiological lesion patterns in patients with RLS compared with patients without RLS. In particular, 23 of 165 patients (13.9%) with RLS showed multiple ischaemic lesions on MRI in comparison with 45 of 321 patients (14.0%) without RLS (P = 0.98). These findings also applied for the subgroup of cryptogenic strokes with and without RLS.

Conclusion:  We found no association between an ischaemic lesion pattern that is considered as being typical for stroke due to cardiac embolism and the existence of PFO. Therefore, our findings do not provide any support for the common theory of paradoxical embolism as a major cause of stroke in PFO carriers.
A comparative study of the ocular skeleton of fossil and modern chondrichthyans
Authors: Pilgrim Brettney L. , Franz‐Odendaal Tamara A.
Published: May 2009

Many vertebrates have an ocular skeleton composed of cartilage and/or bone situated within the sclera of the eye. In this study we investigated whether modern and fossil sharks have an ocular skeleton, and whether it is conserved in morphology. We describe the scleral skeletal elements of three species of modern sharks and compare them to those found in fossil sharks from the Cleveland Shale (360 Mya). We also compare the elements to contemporaneous arthrodires from the same deposit. Surprisingly, the morphology of the skeletal support of the eye was found to differ significantly between modern and fossil sharks. All three modern shark species examined (spiny dogfish sharkSqualus acanthias, porbeagle sharkLamna nasusand blue sharkPrionace glauca)have a continuous skeletal element that encapsulates much of the eyeball; however, the tissue composition is different in each species. Histological and morphological examination revealed scleral cartilage with distinct tesserae in parts of the sclera of the porbeagle and blue shark, and more diffuse calcification in the dogfish. Strengthening of the scleral cartilage by means of tesserae has not been reported previously in the shark eye. In striking contrast, the ocular skeleton of fossil sharks comprises a series of individual elements that are arranged in a ring, similar to the arrangement in modern and fossil reptiles. Fossil arthrodires also have a multi‐unit sclerotic ring but these are composed of fewer elements than in fossil sharks. The morphology of these elements has implications for the behaviour and visual capabilities of sharks that lived during the Devonian Period. This is the first time that such a dramatic variation in the morphology of scleral skeletal elements has been observed in a single lineage (Chondrichthyes), making this lineage important for broadening our understanding of the evolution of these elements within jawed vertebrates.
Morphological comparison of the testis and efferent ductules between wild‐type and estrogen receptor α knockout mice during postnatal development
Authors: Lee Ki‐Ho , Park Jae‐Hwa , Bunick David , Lubahn Dennis B. , Bahr Janice M.
Published: May 2009

Estrogen and the estrogen receptor (ER)α play an important role in the male reproductive tract and in fertility. Previous studies demonstrated that disruption of ERα function resulted in abnormal morphology of the testis and efferent ductules (EDs) of adult mice. However, the effect of a lack of a functional ERα during early postnatal development has not been determined. The present study is an evaluation of morphological changes effected by a lack of ERα in the male reproductive tract during the postnatal period. Age‐equivalent wild‐type and ERα knockout (αERKO) mice at 10, 18, 35 and 60 days of age after birth were used for morphological comparison of the testes and ED. Light microscopic examination of the testes of the αERKO mouse revealed a dramatic dilation of the rete testis as early as 10 days of age, premature lumen formation, reduced epithelial height and greatly dilated lumen of seminiferous tubules as early as 18 days of age. The proximal ED of the αERKO mouse showed lumen dilation, reduction of epithelial height and a decrease of nuclear height as early as 10 days of age. Similar, but somewhat less severe, morphological abnormalities were observed in the distal ED of the αERKO mouse. These results indicate that a lack of functional ERα leads to morphological changes of the testis and ED of the early postnatal developing mouse. Based on these observations, we conclude that ERα plays an important role in normal development of the testis and ED, not only during adulthood but also during the entire postnatal period and presumably during fetal development.
The intertarsal joint of the ostrich (Struthio camelus): Anatomical examination and function of passive structures in locomotion
Authors: Schaller Nina U. , Herkner Bernd , Villa Rikk , Aerts Peter
Published: May 2009

The ostrich (Struthio camelus) is the largest extant biped. Being flightless, it exhibits advanced cursorial abilities primarily evident in its characteristic speed and endurance. In addition to the active musculoskeletal complex, its powerful pelvic limbs incorporate passive structures wherein ligaments interact with joint surfaces, cartilage and other connective tissue in their course of motion. This arrangement may enable energy conservation by providing joint stabilisation, optimised limb segment orientation and automated positioning of ground contact elements independently of direct muscle control.

The intertarsal joint is of particular interest considering its position near the mid‐point of the extended limb and its exposure to high load during stance with significant inertial forces during swing phase. Functional‐anatomical analysis of the dissected isolated joint describes the interaction of ligaments with intertarsal joint contours through the full motion cycle. Manual manipulation identified a passive engage‐disengage mechanism (EDM) that establishes joint extension, provides bi‐directional resistance prior to a transition point located at 115° and contributes to rapid intertarsal flexion at toe off and full extension prior to touch down. This effect was subsequently quantified by measurement of intertarsal joint moments in prepared anatomical specimens in a neutral horizontal position and axially‐loaded vertical position. Correlation with kinematic analyses of walking and running ostriches confirms the contribution of the EDM in vivo.

We hypothesise that the passive EDM operates in tandem with a stringently coupled multi‐jointed muscle‐tendon system to conserve the metabolic cost of locomotion in the ostrich, suggesting that a complete understanding of terrestrial locomotion across extinct and extant taxa must include functional consideration of the ligamentous system.
Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from Lighvan cheese, a semihard cheese made from raw sheep milk in Iran
Authors: NAVIDGHASEMIZAD SAHAR , HESARI JAVAD , SARIS PER , NAHAEI MOHAMMAD REZA
Published: May 2009

The lactic acid bacteria contributing to Lighvan cheese ripening during the different stages of production were investigated. Isolated strains from different culture media were identified phenotypically to species and subspecies level. In total, 413 strains were isolated from raw milk, 1‐day‐old cheese and fully ripened cheese. The most abundant species belonged to Enterococcus faecium (87 isolates), Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (68 isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (55 isolates) and Lactobacillus plantarum (48 isolates). E. faecium, Lc. lactis and Lb. plantarum were the predominantly isolated strains from ripened cheese. Therefore, they may contribute considerably to the aroma and flavour development of Lighvan cheese.
Effects of storage temperature and water activity on the survival of bifidobacteria in powder form
Authors: ABE FUMIAKI , MIYAUCHI HIROFUMI , UCHIJIMA AYAKO , YAESHIMA TOMOKO , IWATSUKI KEIJI
Published: May 2009

Effects of water activity and storage temperature on survival of bifidobacteria in powder form were investigated and kinetic analyses were performed to reveal characteristics of the stability. A significant positive correlation was observed between water activity and natural logarithm of the inactivation rate constant of bifidobacteria powder, indicating that higher water activity induced lower stability of bifidobacteria in powder form. Also, higher temperature condition induced lower survival rate, which was supported by that the stability was followed the Arrhenius theory. These findings constructed a prediction model for bifidobacteria survival in powder form.
Anticancer activity of lactoferrin isolated from caprine colostrum on human cancer cell lines
Authors: KIM YOUNGHOON , KIM MAE JIN , HAN KYOUNG SIK , IMM JEE YOUNG , OH SEJONG , KIM SAE HUN
Published: May 2009

In the present study, lactoferrin was purified from caprine colostrum and its anticancer effects were investigated on various cancer cell lines, including lung, colon, cervix, stomach and breast cancer cells. The caprine lactoferrin (CLF) was purified by ultrafiltration and sequential chromatography using a CM‐Sephadex C‐50‐120 ion‐exchange column and affinity chromatography on Hi‐TrapTM Heparin HP. The purified CLF exhibited antiproliferative effects on the five tested cancer cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner, with 20–30% survival as compared to the control. Interestingly, the most intense inhibition of cell growth was observed on the ZR‐75‐1 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 27.5 µg/mL). Our findings suggest, for the first time, that purified CLF from caprine colostrum may constitute a novel anticancer agent for the food industry.
Studies on the use of acidified and cultured whey as coagulant in the manufacture of paneer
Authors: DESHMUKH DHANAJI S , ZANJAD PRABHAKAR N , PAWAR VITHAL D , MACHEWAD GIRISH M
Published: May 2009

Acidified and cultured whey were used as coagulants in the manufacture of paneer at coagulation temperatures of 80 and 90°C. The yield and recovery of fat, total solids and the sensory and textural qualities were studied. It was observed that the yield of paneer decreased with increase in coagulation temperature from 80 to 90°C, and the use of acidified and cultured whey further increased the yield of paneer. The percentage recovery of fat and total solids was not greatly influenced by coagulation temperature. However, recovery of these was optimum in paneer made using cultured whey of Lactobacillus acidophilus and acidified whey at 1%. The Streptococcus lactis‐cultured whey yielded lowest fat and total solids. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in all the sensory attributes of paneer made at 80°C using cultured or acidified whey. At 90°C, the sensory score for body and texture differed significantly (P < 0.05). The use of cultured whey with S. lactis resulted in paneer with a soft and loose body and open texture, and was not found suitable for paneer‐making.
Fermentation characteristics and transit tolerance of Lactobacillus casei Zhang in reconstituted mare milk during storage
Authors: ZHOU QI , WANG JICHENG , GUO ZHUANG , YAN LIYA , ZHANG QING , CHEN WEI , LIU XIAO‐MING , ZHANG HE‐PING
Published: May 2009

The fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus casei Zhang in mare milk and transit tolerance during refrigerated storage for 28 days were evaluated. There were no dramatic changes in the viable counts of L. casei Zhang in the fermented mare milk samples during storage at various inoculation levels. L. casei Zhang showed good tolerance to the simulated transit juice and maintained high viability in mare milk (above 108cfu/g) during storage. Our results showed that L. casei Zhang had good probiotic properties, and suggest that mare milk could serve as the vehicle for the delivery of L. casei Zhang.
Behaviour of volatile compounds during the shelf life of yoghurt
Authors: PINTO SANDRA MARIA , CLEMENTE MARIA DAS GRAÇAS , DE ABREU LUIZ RONALDO
Published: May 2009

The production of acetaldehyde, diacetyl and ethanol was evaluated in whole plain yoghurts manufactured with commercial starter cultures, yoghurt acquired in a local market, and milk fermented by a single culture of either Streptococcus thermophilus or Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The headspace technique was used for sample preparation, following identification and quantification by gas chromatography. During an 8‐h incubation period, mixed cultures were the most efficient in lowering the pH (from 6.30 to 4.8), followed by S. thermophilus (from 6.30 to 5.18) and L. bulgaricus (from 6.30 to 5.8). During the storage period, however, a single culture of L. bulgaricus decreased the pH more than S. thermophilus, but still less than the mixed commercial cultures. Plain yoghurts acquired in the market, those made with commercial starter cultures, and fermented milks obtained with single cultures showed, after 21 days of storage, concentrations of acetaldehyde from 11 to 35 mg/L, and of diacetyl from 0 to 0.85 mg/L. An increasing concentration of ethanol was observed during the storage period, and its production was observed even in the incubation stage of all products. It was also observed that the acetaldehyde concentration was inversely correlated to ethanol production in some products. The combination of headspace, identification and quantification techniques by gas chromatography in this work was efficient in the identification and quantification of the major aromatic compounds and ethanol content of yoghurt.
X‐ray images for the control of eye formation in cheese
Authors: KRAGGERUD H , WOLD J P , HØY M , ABRAHAMSEN R K
Published: May 2009

There is demand for non‐destructive monitoring of eye formation in cheese during ripening. The objective of this work was to develop a simple method based on existing equipment in the dairy industry. Images were acquired using a conventional, low resolution online X‐ray instrument. Image processing methods for detecting eyes of cheese and measuring volume and size distribution were developed. Sufficient detection of overlapping eyes was obtained. Semihard cheese with propionibacteria ripened under different conditions was analysed. The method was found promising for quality control as it will make possible non‐destructive monitoring of eye formation of cheese throughout the ripening period.
Investigation of the potential for using inulin HPX as a fat replacer in yoghurt production
Authors: MODZELEWSKA‐KAPITUŁA MONIKA , KŁĘBUKOWSKA LUCYNA
Published: May 2009

In this study yoghurts produced from full‐fat milk (3.2%) and from low‐fat milk (0.5%), with 0.7% and 2.7% added inulin, were compared. Inulin addition did not influence bacterial counts and acidity. Yoghurt from full‐fat milk showed the highest values of apparent viscosity, followed by yoghurt with 2.7% of inulin. The sensory properties of the yoghurts differed mainly in terms of texture and taste. The highest scores were gained by yoghurt from full‐fat milk, but yoghurt with 2.7% of inulin received only slightly lower scores. The results indicate that inulin has potential as a fat replacer in yoghurt.
Aging alters PPARγ in rodent and human adipose tissue by modulating the balance in steroid receptor coactivator‐1
Authors: Miard Stéphanie , Dombrowski Luce , Carter Sophie , Boivin Louise , Picard Frédéric
Published: May 2009

Age is an important risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases (e.g. obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis). Yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms occurring upon aging that affect energy metabolism. Although visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) is known for its key impact on metabolism, recent studies have indicated it could also be a key regulator of lifespan, suggesting that it can serve as a node for age‐associated fat accretion. Here we show that aging triggers changes in the transcriptional milieu of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in vWAT, which leads to a modified potential for transactivation of target genes upon ligand treatment. We found that in vWAT of mice, rats and men, aging induced a specific decrease in the expression of steroid receptor coactivator‐1 (SRC‐1), whose recruitment to PPARγ is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and low adipogenic activity. In contrast, aging and oxidative stress did not impact on PPARγ expression and PPARγ ligand production. Age‐induced loss of PPARγ/SRC‐1 interactions increased the binding of PPARγ to the promoter of the adipogenic gene aP2. These findings suggest that strategies aimed at increasing SRC‐1 expression and recruitment to PPARγ upon aging might help improve age‐associated metabolic disorders.
Landscape memory: the imprint of the past on contemporary landscape forms and processes
Authors: Brierley Gary John
Published: May 2009

The imprint of the past upon contemporary landscape forms and processes is differentiated in terms of geologic, climatic and anthropogenic memory. Geologic memory refers to controls exerted upon relief, erodibility, erosivity and accommodation space (areas in landscapes where sediments are stored and reworked). These factors set the imposed boundary conditions within which contemporary landscape‐forming processes operate. Climatic memory refers to the influence of past climatic conditions upon contemporary landscape forms and processes. Climatic controls exert a primary influence upon the nature of geomorphic processes, while the influence of climate upon ground cover affects the effectiveness of these processes. Climate change may induce profound alterations to the flux boundary conditions under which contemporary landscapes operate. This is exemplified by the variable imprint of glacial/interglacial cycles in differing parts of the world. Anthropogenic memory refers to the imprint of past human activities on contemporary landscapes, whereby human disturbance in the past altered landscape forms, processes and associated flow/sediment fluxes in a manner that continues to affect the way the contemporary landscape works. Contrasting examples from a tectonically stable landscape (Australia) and a tectonically uplifting landscape (New Zealand) are used to highlight the variable influence of geologic, climatic and anthropogenic memory upon the persistence and erasure of landscape forms and resulting implications for sediment flux in differing settings.
History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future!
Authors: Stern Philip J.
Published: May 2009

This article explores recent developments in the historiography of the English East India Company. It proposes that there has been an efflorescence of late in scholarship on the Company that is directly tied both to the resurgence of imperial studies in British history as well as to contemporary concerns such as globalization, border‐crossings, and transnationalism. These transformations have in turn begun to change some of the most basic narratives and assumptions about the Company's history. At the same time, they have also significantly widened the number and types of scholars interested in the Company, broadening its appeal beyond ‘Company studies’ to have relevance for a range of historical concerns, in British domestic history, Atlantic history, global history, as well as amongst literary scholars, geographers, sociologists, economists, and others.
Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus co‐administered with adefovir dipivoxil to liver transplant recipients
Authors: Terrault Norah A. , Tran Tram T. , Schiff Eugene , McGuire Brendan M. , Brown Robert S. , Tupper Rebecca , Ramanathan Srini , Enejosa Jeffrey , Zhong Lijie , Zong Jian ,   for the Study 531 Team
Published: May 2009

Background: Adefovir dipivoxil has activity against wild‐type and lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is frequently used to manage HBV infection in transplant recipients. Calcineurin inhibitors are a central component of immunosuppressive therapy.

Aims: Study GS‐02‐531 was an open‐label, multicentre drug interaction trial to examine potential drug interactions between adefovir and tacrolimus in stable post‐transplant recipients.

Materials and Methods: Sixteen non‐HBV‐infected post‐transplant recipients with median age 45.5 years (69% male, 44% Caucasian, 50% Hispanic and 6% Black) and stable hepatic and renal function on a stable daily dose of tacrolimus (2–10 mg total daily dose) were studied before (tacrolimus alone) and after co‐administration of adefovir 10 mg daily for 14 days (Days 1–14). Pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses utilized non‐compartmental methods.

Results: The median elimination half‐life of tacrolimus was 14.47 and 12.59 h for Day 0 and Day 14 respectively. The geometric mean ratios for tacrolimus on Day 14 vs Day 0 were 105.2% [90% confidence interval (90% CI): 89.8–123%] for Cmax and 106.4% (90% CI: 92.9–122%) for AUCtau. Both 90% CIs for the ratios were contained within the predefined lack of interaction bounds of 80 and 125% (i.e. within the bounds for the equivalence assessment), indicating that these PK parameters of tacrolimus are not significantly altered by co‐administration of adefovir. Similarly, the observed adefovir PK parameters after 14 days of co‐administration with tacrolimus were comparable to historical data in non‐transplant patients receiving adefovir alone. Serum creatinine values were stable during the study period.

Conclusion: There is no significant PK interaction between tacrolimus and adefovir co‐administered to liver transplant recipients for 14 days.
Paper Versus Electronic Medical Records: The Effects of Access on Physicians' Decisions to Use Complex Information Technologies*
Authors: Ilie Virginia , Van Slyke Craig , Parikh Mihir A. , Courtney James F.
Published: May 2009

This study examines physicians' responses to complex information technologies (IT) in the health care supply chain. We extend individual‐level IT adoption models by incorporating a new construct: system accessibility. The main premise of the study is, when faced with a decision between alternate IT systems, individual users tend to select and make use of the technology or system that is most readily accessible. We discuss both physical and logical dimensions of accessibility as they relate to adoption of electronic medical records (EMR). Physical accessibility refers to the availability of computers that can be used to access EMR, while logical accessibility refers to the ease or difficulty of logging into the system. Using data from a survey of 199 physicians practicing in a large U.S. hospital, we show that, when deciding between the paper chart and EMR, accessibility is an important consideration in a physician's decision to use the system. Both dimensions of accessibility act as barriers to EMR use intentions through their indirect effect on physicians' perceptions of EMR usefulness and ease of use. Logical access also has a direct effect on EMR use intentions. We conclude that accessibility is an important factor that limits acceptance of complex IT such as EMR.
Strategic Purchases of Bundled Products in a Health Care Supply Chain Environment*
Authors: Ross Anthony D. , Jayaraman Vaidyanathan
Published: May 2009

Recent articles in the Wall Street Journal summarize the state of business practice in American hospitals by shedding light on the state of supply chain management practices and foci in today's health care supply chains. In health care, the single largest cost after labor is materials, and it has been documented that health care facilities can reduce the environmental impacts of the products and services they consume before regulatory problems arise or waste disposal costs increase by focusing on their upstream activities. Health care systems around the country consume significant quantities and varieties of products within the health delivery processes. Solving these environmental problems requires a much broader view involving collaborative efforts of professionals from different areas of health care to meet these challenges. The purchasing function bridges the gaps by providing a healthy dialogue on key environmental attributes within the health care supply chain. The concept of bundling new with refurbished products is gaining a lot of attention in the health care supply chain. This research describes a health care purchasing problem for bundling new and refurbished products of the type facing a growing number of large health care providers, and then proposes a methodology for evaluating the complex tradeoffs involved in bundling decisions for refurbished health care products. By exploiting some useful properties of the problem structure, our results provide buyers with useful insights for examining and selecting suppliers who are willing to offer bundles of new and refurbished products.
Barriers to Swift, Even Flow in the Internal Supply Chain of Perioperative Surgical Services Department: A Case Study*
Authors: Fredendall Lawrence D. , Craig Janet B. , Fowler Pat J. , Damali Uzay
Published: May 2009

This research analyzes the internal service supply chain of a perioperative surgical services department of a nonacademic community hospital using the theory of swift and even flow as a theoretical lens. Performance data were gathered using an in‐depth case study and it was determined that the swift and even flow constructs did affect flow speed and variance, but did not account for all the effects observed. To understand the need for departments to coordinate their efforts with each other and how this affected flow, further analysis was conducted using insights from Pagell's (2004) theory of internal integration and Gittell's (2002) research about coordinating mechanisms. The findings suggest the need to incorporate a variable measuring supply chain coordination into the theory of swift and even flow.
Americanist Archaeologies: 2008 in Review
Authors: Eiselt B. Sunday
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT  A review of published literature, conference proceedings, and Internet sources pertaining to “Americanist archaeology” in 2008 reveals three major themes: conflict, catastrophe, and collaboration. Scholars debated the role of archaeology in planning for and executing military operations in the Middle East while maintaining a vigorous interest in structural and physical violence worldwide. Environmental archaeologists considered the effects of catastrophic events, including new theories over the demise of Clovis cultures. In addition, several major reports and regulations highlighted the complexities of indigenous relations and gender equity in the profession. Enhanced technologies, funding for global initiatives in human rights, economic and environmental sustainablility, and creative forms of engagement are reshaping “Americanist archaeology” as a democratic, anthropological, and relevant pursuit. [Keywords: archaeology, annual review, conflict, catastrophe, collaboration]