bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statut d’affect dans la clinique de l’autodestructivité
Authors: Danan Albert
Published: April 2015

Tous ces éléments amènent à considérer l’autodestructivité comme un processus qui balaye la clinique psychiatrique. Certaines clés de lecture s’avèrent très utiles pour appréhender ces prises en charges, au premier rang desquelles figure la psychosomatique relationnelle de Sami-Ali qui complète utilement d’autres apports comme ceux de Philippe Jeammet en particulier. Il est pertinent de remarquer comment ces deux courants trouvent une convergence sur le plan de la prise en charge, autour des notions d’engagement, de réceptivité et d’optimisme du thérapeute. Ce sont peut être les seules ressources disponibles face à des patients dont le défi n’est autre que le caractère paradoxal de leur attente et échec à aimer et être aimés à partir desquelles se sont construites les impasses mortifères qui organisent leur temporalité et qui traversent leur vie.
Habitat induced mutational effects and fatty acid profile changes in bottom dweller Cirrhinus mrigala inhabitant of river Chenab
Authors: Hussain B. , Sultana T. , Sultana S. , Iqbal Z. , Nadeem S. , Mahboob S.
Published: April 2015

Fish from the river Chenab were analyzed for DNA damage by the Comet and Micronucleus assays. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography using a Flame Ionization Detector. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed significant (p < 0.05) levels of contamination due to Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Sn and phenols in the fish habitat. The Comet assay revealed significant (p < 0.05) DNA damage in Cirrhinus mrigala of 37.29±2.51%, 34.96±2.53% and 38.80±2.42% in the comet tail, in the tail moment of 23.48±3.90, 19.78±4.26 and 14.30±1.82, in the olive moment of 16.22±2.04, 13.83±1.96 10.99±0.90, respectively, from three experimental sites. The micronucleus assay showed a high frequency of single micronucleus induction of 44.80±3.73, double induction of 06.20±0.97 and nuclear abnormalities of 09.60±1.72, as calculated in a thousand cells. C8:0, C12:0, C20:0, C16:1(n-7), C16:1(n-9), C20:1(n-9), C18:2(n-6), C18:4(n-3), C20:5(n-3), C22:4(n-6) fatty acids were found missing in the fish with a higher intensity of DNA damage but were found in optimal amounts both in farmed and wild fish from non polluted habitats. A highly significant (p < 0.01) correlation was also found in saturated, unsaturated fatty acids and DNA damage and habitat. The present study revealed that the habitat of even lower intensity pollutions not only induce DNA damage but also confiscate essential fatty acids of the omega series and reduce the amount of unsaturated fatty acids for which fish is preferred over other animals.
Determinantes de la eco-innovación en la actividad de construcción en España
Authors: Segarra-Oña M. , Peiró-Signes A. , Cervelló-Royo R.
Published: April 2015

Partiendo del modelo validado por los autores que determina como variables que afectan a la eco-innovación la orientación a procesos, a productos y la obtención de información de fuentes de mercado, identificamos distintos grupos atendiendo al comportamiento eco-innovador de las empresas del sector de la construcción. Utilizando el algoritmo REBUS-PLS aplicado a 222 empresas con datos de PITEC, se detectan 2 grupos, destacando uno más orientado hacia el medioambiente al innovar, con cifras más altas de inversión en I+D así como la ausencia de diferencias significativas en las variables descriptivas (tamaño, cifra de negocios, inversiones, empleados), lo que indica que la eco-orientación al innovar no depende de estas características y sí que va ligada al comportamiento de la empresa. Los resultados tienen importantes aplicaciones prácticas por lo que a las actuaciones de política de promoción de la eco-innovación se refiere, tanto a nivel público como privado.
Identificación de procesos patológicos más frecuentes en fachadas y cubiertas en España a partir del método Delphi
Authors: Ortega L. , Serrano-Lanzarote B. , Fran-Bretones J. M.ª
Published: April 2015

Los métodos basados en factores de durabilidad, según ISO-15686, son una forma eficiente de estimar la vida útil los elementos de un edificio. Sin embargo, se ha constatado la escasa información sobre cuantificación de dichos factores y sobre su vinculación con la vulnerabilidad o procesos de deterioro que podría presentar un elemento constructivo. En consecuencia, este artículo describe un procedimiento para caracterizar los mecanismos de daño más frecuentes en la envolvente del edificio, por ser un elemento con un elevado riesgo de presentar lesiones y ver reducida su durabilidad. Para elaborar dicha información se ha utilizado el método Delphi que implica la consulta a grupos de expertos a fin de generar convergencia de opiniones. Los resultados obtenidos permiten la identificación y cuantificación de los factores de durabilidad relevantes que condicionan la aparición de un daño de un elemento y afectan a su vida útil.
LOWER EXTREMITIES BIOMECHANICS OF REGULAR STAIR CLIMBING: SLIM VERSUS OBESE
Authors: Almashaqbeh Sami , Al-Sheikh Bahaa , Wan Abas Wan Abu Bakar , Abu Osman Noor Azuan
Published: April 2015

The kinematic and kinetic differences between obese and slim people when climbing a staircase at their self-selected speed are compared. A four-step wooden stair instrumented with two force plates were used as the action platform whilst the kinematic and kinetic recordings were collected and analyzed using a six-camera and two-force plate three-dimensional motion analysis system. Ten obese adults, six males and four females, and ten lean adults, six males and four females, volunteered for the study. The results showed that the obese people are able to reduce the knee joint flexion moment when climbing stair compared to the normal slim people. In the frontal plane, no significant differences were found in the knee adduction moment. Moreover, obese individuals have identified some kinematics adaptations including slower velocity and longer stance phase, compared to slim individuals. The obese individuals might adjust their gait characteristics in response to their heavy bodies to reduce or maintain the same load on the knee joint as slim individuals.
Childhood Malnutrition is Associated with Maternal Care during Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bauchi and Cross River States, Nigeria
Authors: Hamel Candyce , Enne Joseph , Omer Khalid , Ayara Ndem , Yarima Yahaya , Cockcroft Anne , Andersson Neil
Published: April 2015

Background

Malnutrition remains an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality; the levels of childhood malnutrition in Nigeria are among the highest in the world. The literature supports many direct and indirect causes of malnutrition, but few studies have examined the link between maternal care during pregnancy and childbirth and childhood malnutrition. This study examines this potential link in Bauchi and Cross River states in Nigeria.

Design and methods

In 2011, a household survey collected information about children under four years old and their mothers’ last pregnancy. Trained fieldworkers measured mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of children aged 6-47 months. We examined associations with childhood malnutrition in bivariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

Some 4.4% of 3643 children in Cross River, and 14.7% of 2706 in Bauchi were malnourished (MUAC z-score). In both states, a child whose mother had fewer than four government antenatal care visits was more likely to be malnourished (Cross River: OR 1.85, 95%CIca 1.33-2.55; Bauchi: OR 1.29, 95%CIca 1.02-1.63). In Bauchi, a child whose mother who rarely or never discussed pregnancy and childbirth with her husband (OR 1.34, 95%CIca 1.07-1.68), and who did not have her last delivery attended by a skilled health worker was more likely to be malnourished (OR 1.50, 95%CIca 1.09-2.07).

Conclusions

These findings, if confirmed in other studies, suggest that poor care of women in pregnancy and childbirth could pose a longer term risk to the health of the child, as well as increasing immediate risks for both mother and child.
Spatial Patterns of Epilepsy-Related Emergency Department Visits in California
Authors: Banta Jim E. , Addison Askari , Beeson W. Lawrence
Published: April 2015

Background

Socio-demographic factors are associated with increased emergency department (ED) use among patients with epilepsy. However, there has been limited spatial analysis of such visits.

Design and methods

California ED visit at the patient ZIP Code level were examined using Kulldorf's spatial scan statistic to identify clusters of increased risk for epilepsy-related visits. Logistic regression was used to examine the relative importance of patient socio-demographics, Census-based and hospital measures.

Results

During 2009-2011 there were 29,715,009 ED visits at 330 hospitals, of which 139,235 (0.5%) had epilepsy (International Classification of Disease-9 345.xx) as the primary diagnosis. Three large urban clusters of high epilepsy-related ED visits were centred in the cities of Los Angeles, Oakland and Stockton and a large rural cluster centred in Kern County. No consistent pattern by age, race/ethnicity, household structure, and income was observed among all clusters. Regression found only the Los Angeles cluster significant after adjusting for other measures.

Conclusions

Geospatial analysis within a large and geographically diverse region identified a cluster within its most populous city having an increased risk of ED visits for epilepsy independent of selected socio-demographic and hospital measures. Additional research is necessary to determine whether elevated rates of ED visits represent increased prevalence of epilepsy or an inequitable system of epilepsy care.
Salt, and the Canadian salt industry
Authors: Collings R K
Published: April 2015

This report outlines the origin of the three major types of salt deposits occurring in the world, namely brine deposits, bedded rock salt deposits, and salt domes. Methods currently used to recover salt from these deposits are described in some detail. Sections
on the properties and uses of salt, in particular its use for ice control and in soil stabilization, are included. Canadian salt occurrences are listed and developments within the Canadian industry from 1886, the year of the first recorded production, to the present are outlined. Current Canadian
operations are described and detailed statistics of production, trade, and consumption for the period 1950 to 1963 are listed. A short section on world production of salt, with production statistics of the main producing countries for 1962, is included. Finally, several of the more recent
developments relating to salt processing are noted, and two techniques for upgrading salt, namely the thermal adhesive method and electronic sorting, are described.
Las herramientas digitales sociales en línea para la autopromoción laboral. Hacia un estado de la cuestión
Authors: Campos-Freire Francisco , Alonso Ramos Natalia
Published: April 2015

La metamorfosis que han experimentado las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) a lo largo de los últimos años y, sobre todo, la eclosión de la web 2.0 ha modificado, sustancialmente, las pautas a seguir de cara a la búsqueda y consecución de un puesto de trabajo, tanto desde la perspectiva del empleador, como desde la óptica del potencial empleado. En la actualidad, la búsqueda de trabajo ya no se corresponde con un proceso presencial, sino que los usuarios de Internet echan mano de las numerosas herramientas digitales en línea disponibles –portales de empleo, redes sociales, blogs, entre otros– para promocionar su perfil profesional vía telemática y acceder a las ofertas que mejor se ajusten a su perfil. Metodología. El presente artículo constituye una revisión de las principales y más recientes aportaciones científicas en lo concerniente al uso de este tipo de recursos destinados a implementar la progresión profesional de sus usuarios y usuarias. Resultados. El primordial propósito de este trabajo consiste en exponer los diferentes instrumentales metodológicos desde los que ha sido abordado nuestro objeto de estudio –las herramientas digitales en línea para la autopromoción laboral–, así como sus conclusiones, a fin de construir su Estado de la Cuestión.
Friction Stir Welding of AA2024-T3 plate – the influence of different pin types
Authors: Trimble D. , Mitrogiannopoulos H. , O'Donnell G. E. , McFadden S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Some aluminium alloys are difficult to join using traditional fusion (melting and solidification) welding techniques. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding technique that can join two plates of material without melting the workpiece material. This proecess uses a rotating tool to create the joint and it can be applied to alumium alloys in particular. Macrostructure, microstructure and micro hardness of friction stir welded AA2024-T3 joints were studied. The influence of tool pin profile on the microstructure and hardness of these joints was examined. Square, triflute and tapered cylinder pins were used and results from each weldment are reported. Vickers micro hardness tests and grain size measurements were taken from the transverse plane of welded samples. Distinct zones in the macrostructure were evident. The zones were identified by transitions in the microstructure and hardness of weld samples. The zones identified across the sample were the the unaffected parent metal, the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), the Thermo-Mechanicaly Affected Zone (TMAZ), and the Nugget Zone (NZ). Measured hardness values varied through each FSW zone. The hardness in each zone was below that of the parent material. The HAZ had the lowest hardness across the weld profile for each pin type tested. The cylindrical pin consistently produced tunnel and joint-line defects. Pin profiles with flat surface features and/or flutes produced consolidated joints with no defects.
Strain localization in brittle-ductile shear zones: fluid abundant vs fluid limited conditions (an example from Wyangala area, Australia)
Authors: Spruzeniece L. , Piazolo S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. This study focuses on physiochemical processes occurring in a brittle-ductile shear zone at both fluid-present and fluid-limited conditions. In the studied shear zone (Wyangala, SE Australia), a coarse-grained two feldspar-quartz-biotite granite is transformed into a medium grained orthogneiss at the shear zone margins and a fine-grained quartz-muscovite phyllonite in the central parts. The orthogneiss displays cataclasis of feldspar and crystal-plastic deformation of quartz. Quartz accommodates most of the deformation and is extensively recrystallized showing distinct crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Feldspar-to-muscovite, biotite-to-muscovite and albitization reactions occur locally at porphyroclasts' fracture surfaces and margins. However, the bulk rock composition shows very little change in respect to the wall rock composition. In contrast, in the shear zone centre quartz occurs as large, weakly deformed porphyroclasts, in sizes similar to that in the wall rock, suggesting that it has undergone little deformation. Feldspars and biotite are almost completely reacted to muscovite, which is arranged in a fine-grained interconnected matrix. Muscovite-rich layers contain significant amounts of fine-grained intermixed quartz with random CPO. These domains are interpreted to have accommodated most of the strain. Bulk rock chemistry data shows a significant increase in SiO2 and depletion in NaO content compared to the wall rock composition. We suggest that the high and low strain fabrics represent markedly different scenarios and cannot be interpreted as a simple sequential development with respect to strain. We suggest that the fabrics and mineralogical changes in the shear zone centre have formed due to fluid influx probably along an initially brittle fracture. Here, hydration reactions dramatically changed the rheological properties of the rock. In the newly produced muscovite-quartz layers creep cavitation associated with grain boundary sliding and fluid pumping resulted in strain localization, further fluid influx and subsequent substantial changes in bulk chemistry. Strain partitioning between the "soft" muscovite-quartz layers and "hard" original igneous quartz grains allows preservation of the igneous quartz grains. In contrast, in the shear zone margins the amount of fluid and reactions was limited; here deformation was mainly accommodated by recrystallization of the igneous quartz grains. The studied shear zone exemplifies the role of syn-deformational fluids and fluid-induced reactions on the dominance of deformation processes and subsequent contrasting rheological behaviour at micron- to meter scale.
Microwave scattering coefficient of snow in MEMLS and DMRT-ML revisited: the relevance of sticky hard spheres and tomography-based estimates of stickiness
Authors: Löwe H. , Picard G.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The description of snow microstructure in microwave models is often simplified to facilitate electromagnetic calculations. Within dense media radiative transfer (DMRT), the microstructure is commonly described by sticky hard spheres (SHS). An objective mapping of real snow onto SHS is however missing which prevents to use measured input parameters for DMRT. In contrast, the microwave emission model of layered snowpacks (MEMLS) employs a conceptually different approach, based on the two-point correlation function which is accessible by tomography. Here we show the equivalence of both electromagnetic approaches by reformulating their microstructural models in a common framework. Using analytical results for the two-point correlation function of hard spheres we show that the scattering coefficient in both models only differs by a factor which is close to unity, weakly dependent on ice volume fraction and independent of other microstructural details. Additionally, our analysis provides an objective retrieval method for the SHS parameters (diameter and stickiness) from tomography images. For a comprehensive data set we demonstrate the variability of stickiness and compare the SHS diameter to the optical equivalent diameter. Our results confirm the necessity of a large grain-size scaling when relating both diameters in the non-sticky case, as previously suggested by several authors.
Eating Ideally:
Authors: Madden Etta M.
Published: April 2015

The astronomical growth in food studies during the last decade as well as technological advances in communication, in food production, and in studies of climate change have contributed to increased diversity in the strands of interest in foodways as they intersect with utopian studies. This introductory essay to the special issue on utopian foodways acknowledges specific details of some of these changes and intersections, explains the origin of the issue in a 2013 workshop at the University of Kansas, and provides an overview of the essays included. These essays range chronologically and geographically from studies of seventeenth-century America (and earlier European influences) through nineteenth-century France, to American locales of the twentieth century, to imagined settings in fictional literature, and finally, to imagined communities created through diet books in the present. Thematically, they include analyses of images of abundance and lack in the past, “real” practices in the past and present, and imagined eating in the future. The essay concludes with a call for “speculative” futures in research, writing, and teaching about utopian food practices.
The American Cockaigne from the Sixteenth Century to the Shmoo and Beyond
Authors: Sargent Lyman Tower
Published: April 2015

The Cockaigne (sometimes spelled Cockayne or Cokaygne), also known as Lubberland, predates the coinage of the word utopia, with its earliest expression found in classical Greek literature and some of its best-known expressions from the Middle Ages. Sometimes known as the peoples' or peasants' utopia, it was most famously depicted in the 1567 painting known as The Land of Cockaigne by Pieter Breughel the Elder (ca. 1525–1569) or, in English, the medieval poem of that name. A major focus throughout the various examples is an abundance of food. While there have been references to the American depression song “The Big Rock Candy Mountains” as related to the Cockaigne, American expressions of the form have generally not been discussed in the literature. Here I survey the form from the early seventeenth-century immigrant experience through African American responses to slavery and poverty, Native American Indian responses to their oppression, folktales, some children's literature, depressionera songs, the character of the Shmoo in the comic strip Li'l Abner, and some continuations in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
“To Live Consciously Is to Sow the Whirlwind”:
Authors: Moylan Tom
Published: April 2015

Like utopianism, nonviolence is frequently feared, misunderstood, and/or underestimated. Rather than the passive stance that many attribute to it, nonviolence requires a robust agency that speaks truth to power in the service of radically transforming society. Drawing on my studies and my personal and political experience, in this essay I reflect on the utopian qualities of nonviolence: first in terms of its general characteristics (especially as a form of political agency expressed as witness and intervention and as a way of life) and then in light of the specific lineage that developed in the United States (with a focus on post–World War II radical nonviolence as it developed in the U.S. civil rights and antiwar movements).
Cities of the Warriors, Cities of the Sages
Authors: Thein Karel
Published: April 2015

Ancient discourses on utopia range from nostalgic evocations of a peaceful Golden Age to the forward-looking projects of a well-ordered society free of internal violence. It is this second perspective that connects to the issue of how to maintain the fragile equilibrium between war and civil war. The idea of using the former as a remedy against the latter is present in the blueprint of the just city whose hypothetical generation is depicted in Plato's Republic. Reading Plato with Thucydides enables us to see how both the diagnosis of civil strife's causes and the (impossibly utopian) remedy connect to a certain underlying conception of man. Not unlike Platonic utopia, conceived as an artificial remedy to natural inner conflicts, some Hellenistic and Greco-Roman philosophies of peace share in the vision of an ever-expanding “circle” of the city. However, their understanding of human nature is different, and despite some complicity between cosmopolitanism and imperialism, they are more optimistic in considering the perfectible community not as an imposed artificial structure of justice but as a structure whose germ is naturally present in our individual constitution.
Performance in Measurement of Serum Cystatin C by Laboratories Participating in the College of American Pathologists 2014 CYS Survey
Authors: Eckfeldt John H. , Karger Amy B. , Miller W. Greg , Rynders Gregory P. , Inker Lesley A.
Published: April 2015

Context

Cystatin C is becoming an increasingly popular biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate, and accurate measurements of cystatin C concentrations are necessary for accurate estimates of glomerular filtration rate.

Objective

To assess the accuracy of cystatin C concentration measurements in laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists CYS Survey.

Design

Two fresh frozen serum pools, the first from apparently healthy donors and the second from patients with chronic kidney disease, were prepared and distributed to laboratories participating in the CYS Survey along with the 2 usual processed human plasma samples. Target values were established for each pool by using 2 immunoassays and ERM DA471/IFCC international reference material.

Results

For the normal fresh frozen pool (ERM-DA471/IFCC–traceable target of 0.960 mg/L), the all-method mean (SD, % coefficient of variation [CV]) reported by all of the 123 reporting laboratories was 0.894 mg/L (0.128 mg/L, 14.3%). For the chronic kidney disease pool (ERM-DA471/IFCC–traceable target of 2.37 mg/L), the all-method mean (SD, %CV) was 2.258 mg/L (0.288 mg/L, 12.8%). There were substantial method-specific biases (mean milligram per liter reported for the normal pool was 0.780 for Siemens, 0.870 for Gentian, 0.967 for Roche, 1.061 for Diazyme, and 0.970 for other/not specified reagents; and mean milligram per liter reported for the chronic kidney disease pool was 2.052 for Siemens, 2.312 for Gentian, 2.247 for Roche, 2.909 for Diazyme, and 2.413 for other/not specified reagents).

Conclusions

Manufacturers need to improve the accuracy of cystatin C measurement procedures if cystatin C is to achieve its full potential as a biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate.
Temporal Heterogeneity of Water Quality in Rural Alabama Water Supplies
Authors: Wedgworth Jessica C. , Brown Joe , Olson Julie B. , Johnson Pauline , Elliott Mark , Grammer Phillip , Stauber Christine E.
Published: April 2015

Temporal and spatial trends for key water quality measures were evaluated in 12 rural drinking water systems within a three‐county study area in Alabama. The water systems varied in size from very small (25–500 people served) to large (10,001–100,000 people served). Large‐volume water samples were collected from 10 diverse locations within each system on three sampling dates. Sampling locations were assigned to one of five location categories: well, post‐treatment, post‐storage, in‐line, and end‐line. Water quality parameters (i.e., free and total chlorine, pH, turbidity, pressure, heterotrophic plate count) and microbial indicators (i.e., total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococci, male‐specific coliphages) were analyzed for spatial and temporal trends. Analysis of the samples from these rural water systems over nine months did not show a statistically significant association between distribution system sampling locations and water quality measures or microbial indicators. Temporal trends were consistent across sampling locations and were stronger than trends in spatial variability. However, substantial temporal heterogeneity of water quality measures was noted, potentially the result of seasonality, temperature fluctuations, and distribution system operation and maintenance practices. The study results indicate that system‐level sampling efforts intended to inform microbial risk assessments must account for variability in indicators of risk over time.
Pharmacological dimerization and activation of the exchange factor eIF2B antagonizes the integrated stress response
Authors: Sidrauski Carmela , Tsai Jordan C , Kampmann Martin , Hearn Brian R , Vedantham Punitha , Jaishankar Priyadarshini , Sokabe Masaaki , Mendez Aaron S , Newton Billy W , Tang Edward L , Verschueren Erik , Johnson Jeffrey R , Krogan Nevan J , Fraser Christopher S , Weissman Jonathan S , Renslo Adam R , Walter Peter
Published: April 2015

The general translation initiation factor eIF2 is a major translational control point. Multiple signaling pathways in the integrated stress response phosphorylate eIF2 serine-51, inhibiting nucleotide exchange by eIF2B. ISRIB, a potent drug-like small molecule, renders cells insensitive to eIF2α phosphorylation and enhances cognitive function in rodents by blocking long-term depression. ISRIB was identified in a phenotypic cell-based screen, and its mechanism of action remained unknown. We now report that ISRIB is an activator of eIF2B. Our reporter-based shRNA screen revealed an eIF2B requirement for ISRIB activity. Our results define ISRIB as a symmetric molecule, show ISRIB-mediated stabilization of activated eIF2B dimers, and suggest that eIF2B4 (δ-subunit) contributes to the ISRIB binding site. We also developed new ISRIB analogs, improving its EC50 to 600 pM in cell culture. By modulating eIF2B function, ISRIB promises to be an invaluable tool in proof-of-principle studies aiming to ameliorate cognitive defects resulting from neurodegenerative diseases.
Size isn't everything
Authors: Ellis Ronald E , Wei Qing
Published: April 2015

Male nematode worms may make larger sperm than hermaphrodite worms, but this is not the only reason that sperm from males have a competitive edge.
University Faculty Awareness and Attitudes towards Open Access Publishing and the Institutional Repository: A Case Study
Authors: Yang Zheng Y (Lan) , Li Yu
Published: April 2015

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to understand TAMU faculty awareness of open access (OA) publishing; assess their attitudes towards, and willingness to, contribute to an institutional repository (IR); and investigate their perceptions of newer OA trends and resources, including Open Educational Resources (OER) and DMPTool. The survey also served as an outreach tool to inform and educate TAMU faculty about OA publishing, the IR, and the Libraries’ OA services. METHODS The 34-question survey was conducted between Nov. 6–Dec 15, 2014 using Qualtrics, a web-based survey tool. Responses were anonymous, and participants were prevented from answering the survey more than once. Two hundred ninety-five faculty responded to the survey, resulting in a response rate of 11 percent. RESULTS Survey results suggest that tenured faculty are more engaged and interested in OA publishing topics in general, and tenure-track faculty are more willing to adopt new initiative such as Open Textbooks. Overall, the responding TAMU faculty are willing to consider publishing in OA publications, and almost half of them believe OA journal publications are acceptable for consideration of tenure and promotion in their departments. Despite their positive attitudes towards OA publishing, they are not so positive towards OA mandates. The survey also revealed there is a low awareness level of the TAMU IR, as well as of newer OA trends and resources. CONCLUSION The majority of responding TAMU faculty are aware of OA journals in their fields, and indicated their willingness to publish in an OA publication. Being unaware of the IR deposit process stood out as the greatest barrier that accounts for the low IR participation rate at TAMU. In line with previous studies, copyright concerns, as well as the perception of IR contents as being of lower quality, are the second most significant barriers. Workshops or seminars on copyright, data management, and the IR are badly needed. Several participants appreciated this survey because it provided many web links to the resources mentioned for them to explore further, and as a result they learned a lot from the survey. Despite our best efforts to make faculty aware of the abundance of resources made available by the Libraries, it seems that our audience continues to remain unaware of some of our services and resources. This only reinforces the need for continuous communication—after all, there is no such thing as too many reminders.
Controls on the diurnal streamflow cycles in two subbasins of an alpine headwater catchment
Authors: Mutzner Raphael , Weijs Steven V. , Tarolli Paolo , Calaf Marc , Oldroyd Holly J. , Parlange Marc B.
Published: April 2015

In high‐altitude alpine catchments, diurnal streamflow cycles are typically dominated by snowmelt or ice melt. Evapotranspiration‐induced diurnal streamflow cycles are less observed in these catchments but might happen simultaneously. During a field campaign in the summer 2012 in an alpine catchment in the Swiss Alps (Val Ferret catchment, 20.4 km2, glaciarized area: 2%), we observed a transition in the early season from a snowmelt to an evapotranspiration‐induced diurnal streamflow cycle in one of two monitored subbasins. The two different cycles were of comparable amplitudes and the transition happened within a time span of several days. In the second monitored subbasin, we observed an ice melt‐dominated diurnal cycle during the entire season due to the presence of a small glacier. Comparisons between ice melt and evapotranspiration cycles showed that the two processes were happening at the same times of day but with a different sign and a different shape. The amplitude of the ice melt cycle decreased exponentially during the season and was larger than the amplitude of the evapotranspiration cycle which was relatively constant during the season. Our study suggests that an evapotranspiration‐dominated diurnal streamflow cycle could damp the ice melt‐dominated diurnal streamflow cycle. The two types of diurnal streamflow cycles were separated using a method based on the identification of the active riparian area and measurement of evapotranspiration.
Effective elastic thickness of the Arabian plate: Weak shield versus strong platform
Authors: Chen Bo , Kaban Mikhail K. , El Khrepy Sami , Al‐Arifi Nassir
Published: April 2015

The fan wavelet method has been employed to calculate high‐resolution maps of variations of the effective elastic thickness (EET) for the Arabian plate and surroundings. As the initial data, we use high‐resolution gravity field, topography, and recent models of sedimentary basins. The western part of the plate is generally characterized by low to midvalues of EET (10–30 km) while the eastern one by high values (50 km and more in the core). This finding confirms that the pronounced asymmetry of the plate is rather associated with fundamental structural differences of the lithosphere than with a forced tilt of the plate due to the rifting in the west‐southwest and subduction in the northeast. Therefore, the high topography in the western part of the plate is likely supported by relatively hot mantle that is also responsible for the decrease of EET. These results are generally in agreement with recent seismic tomography models.
Multimodel framework for characterization of transport in porous media
Authors: Ciriello Valentina , Edery Yaniv , Guadagnini Alberto , Berkowitz Brian
Published: April 2015

We consider modeling approaches to characterize solute transport in porous media, integrating them into a unique theoretical and experimental framework for model evaluation and data interpretation. To date, development of (conservative and reactive chemical) transport models and formulation of model calibration methods grounded on sensitivity‐based collection of measurements have been pursued in parallel. Key questions that remain include: For a given set of measurements, which conceptual picture of the transport processes, as embodied in a mathematical model or models, is most appropriate? What are the most valuable space‐time locations for solute concentration measurements, depending on the model selected? How is model parameter uncertainty propagated to model output, and how does this propagation affect model calibration? We address these questions by merging parallel streams of research—model formulation, reduction, calibration, sensitivity analysis, and discrimination—offering our view on an emerging framework that guides (i) selection of an appropriate number and location of time‐dependent concentration measurements given a transport model and (ii) assessment (through discrimination criteria) of the relative benefit of applying any particular model from a set of several models. Our strategy is to employ metrics to quantify the relative contribution of each uncertain model parameter to the variability of the model output. We evaluate these metrics through construction of a surrogate (or “meta”) transport model that has the additional benefit of enabling sensitivity analysis and model calibration at a highly reduced computational cost. We demonstrate the applicability of this framework, focusing on transport of reactive chemicals in laboratory‐scale porous media.
Menstrual synchrony
Authors: Trevathan Wenda
Published: April 2015

Menstrual synchrony is the phenomenon by which women who live or spend time together synchronize their menstrual cycles. Synchronization is believed to occur through chemical signals known as pheromones. Studies of menstrual synchrony have produced conflicting results, with about half finding confirmation and about half finding no evidence to support the proposal that women synchronize their menstrual cycles. It is unlikely that ancestral women living in small groups had enough serial menstrual cycles for synchrony to occur so if it does exist, it is likely a product of contemporary lifestyles that include highly frequent menstrual cycling and no or few pregnancies.
Menstruation
Authors: Morrison Lynn
Published: April 2015

Anthropologists have been interested in menstruation from numerous perspectives, which include the cross‐cultural attitudes toward it, its evolutionary significance, variations in ovarian function across populations, and the health implications of the menstrual cycle. Some cultures celebrate this visible sign of women's reproductive powers while others regard it as a pollutant. Several theories have been proposed to understand the evolutionary and adaptive significance of menstruation, which include ridding the body of pathogens, the metabolic costliness of maintaining the endometrium, and maternal self‐protection. A much greater understanding of ovarian function and its relationship to many factors such as living conditions, energetics, and nutritional status, has been attained. Cross‐cultural attitudes toward menstruation continue to vary and are a significant area of interest in light of the introduction of cycle‐suppressing contraception. The suggestion that hormonally‐induced amenorrhea is healthy because it represents an ancestral condition of few lifetime menstrual cycles is challenged.
Metaphor, sexuality and
Authors: Koller Veronika
Published: April 2015

The entry first delineates the related but distinct notions of sexuality and sexual identity before giving a brief overview of the main tenets of conceptual metaphor theory. The two core sections discuss metaphors used to think and talk about sexuality—as comprising desire, (potential) partners, and activity—and sexual identity, that is, a facet of identity that is based on sexuality. Evidence comes mostly from varieties of English, but also includes examples from other European, East Asian and Central/East African languages. The entry closes by pointing out the functions of metaphor use in discourse.
Metrosexual(ity)
Authors: McCormack Mark
Published: April 2015

The critical study of men has focused on the damaging practices of masculinities and how this affects men and women. Homophobia has been found to be a central component of masculinities, regulating men's behaviors so that they reject phenomena socially coded as feminine. Metrosexuality emerged in this social context as a way for men to engage in male grooming, and be sexually objectified without being coded as homosexual. Yet as homophobia has continued to decrease, the utility of the phrase has been questioned, as men engage in these behaviors without identifying as metrosexual.
Mortuary rituals
Authors: Clayton Sarah C.
Published: April 2015

Archaeologists increasingly recognize sexuality as a key dimension of social organization, diversity, and transformative processes in ancient societies. Archaeological contexts resulting from mortuary rituals— practices performed by the living in reference to the dead—are a significant, though under‐utilized source of information concerning sexual constructs (identities, attitudes, and behaviors) in the past. Mortuary rituals that are directly associated with the body and culminate in burial often produce lasting remains (e.g., the body, the grave, and grave offerings), which become key sources of information concerning social organization and ideological structures. Archaeologists have marshaled mortuary evidence in conjunction with bioarchaeological data to comprehend the diverse sexual constructs that characterized ancient societies. This body of research ranges from efforts to detect intersexed and transgendered individuals to studies of dominant and alternative sexual discourses within ancient complex societies.
Orgasm
Authors: Maines Rachel P.
Published: April 2015

Orgasm is the climax of sexual arousal, during which both sexes experience contraction of muscles and blood vessels in the pelvic area. While male orgasm is medically and physiologically well understood, female orgasm has remained problematic. Freudian and other theories about female sexuality have historically valorized female orgasm in coitus over climax achieved by stimulation of the clitoris. Orgasm, particularly in women, is difficult to study by the survey method because of biases introduced by self‐selection, self‐reporting, and, not infrequently, those imposed by subject selection and research design.
Ovulation
Authors: Ziomkiewicz Anna
Published: April 2015

Ovulation is the physiological process of releasing a mature, ready‐for‐fertilization ovum from the preovulatory, ovarian follicle to the fallopian tube. This is the central event during a woman's menstrual cycle and a prerequisite of successful conception and pregnancy. The ovulation is preceded by ovarian follicle growth and development, which take place during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and remain under the control of hormones released from the hypothalamus and the pituitary. After the ovulation, the ovum travels via the fallopian tubes to the uterus, where it can be fertilized by a sperm. Ovulation can be reliably detected based on the direct observation of ovarian follicles through ultrasound and changes in the concentration of reproductive hormones. Ovulatory dysfunction comprises conditions of different causality that result in the complete lack of ovulation (anovulation) or the presence of infrequent and irregular ovulation (oligoovulation).
Parenting, gay and lesbian
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. , Weber Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2015

For intentional lesbian and gay (LG)‐parent families, the most common routes to parenthood are donor insemination and adoption. Some LG parents also have children in the context of heterosexual relationships, prior to “coming out.” Despite societal concerns that growing up with LG parents will negatively affect children, research shows that sexual orientation is not a relevant indicator of parenting capacities and parent–child relationships. Further, children of same‐sex and heterosexual parents demonstrate few differences in terms of their mental health or social functioning. LG‐parent families live in a heterosexist society and are exposed to stigma and nonsupport in multiple intersecting, overlapping contexts. Therefore, same‐sex couples may encounter additional challenges and obstacles as they pursue and enact parenthood, including nonsupport from their families of origin, mistreatment in the school context, and limited legal recognition of their families. Yet LG‐parent families also demonstrate notable resilience, as evidenced by their positive functioning in society despite such challenges.
Paternal care
Authors: Gettler Lee T.
Published: April 2015

Paternal care is often used interchangeably with “paternal investment,” though the two are not synonymous and their definitions differ across disciplines. Direct paternal care best refers to physical interaction between fathers and offspring. Frequent, physical interactions between offspring and fathers that tangibly benefit young are exceedingly rare across mammalian species. Humans are an exception in this regard. From an evolutionary perspective, the debate regarding the role or importance of human fathers is ongoing, but the specific impacts of fathers as caregivers have only recently entered the dialogue. Though there are increasing studies of paternal care across societal settings, quantitative comparisons of fatherly caregiving are problematic because of cultural differences in the ways fathers are socialized to behave as parents and research‐based variation in how paternal care is recorded, including through behavioral observation, self‐reports, and time diaries.
Pelvic examination
Authors: Luft Janis
Published: April 2015

The pelvic examination is an important part of health care of women of reproductive and post‐menopausal age. It is integral in screening and prevention, assessing genital health, monitoring pregnancy, and identifying disease and reproductive disorders. Most women will have a number of pelvic examinations in their lifetimes. Understanding both the rationale and the procedures involved in the examination can enhance both patient comfort and compliance and the accuracy and usefulness of the examination.
Perversions and sexology
Authors: Ranger Rebekah , Fedoroff Paul
Published: April 2015

Sexual “perversions” have been the subject of moral and scientific debate for centuries. Early conceptions of “perversions” focused on nonreproductive sexual acts, equating them with “sin” and “unnaturalness.” Later conceptions of sexual “perversions” focused on scientific explanations for the behaviors. Currently, specific sexual “perversions” are known as “paraphilias” and are diagnosable psychiatric disorders.
Piercing
Authors: Wright Jaime D.
Published: April 2015

Body piercing has a long history. Multiple types of piercings date back at least to 5000 B.C.E. The most common places on the body to pierce have been the ear (especially the lobe, but also the rim of the outer ear), the nasal septum or nostrils, and areas on or around the mouth and lips. While ear piercing was most common among females in twentieth‐century Europe and North America, the period of the 1980s–1990s experienced a body piercing renaissance. Not only were piercing techniques improved and innovated upon, but new types of piercing emerged, such as navel, tongue, nipple, and female genitalia. This body piercing renaissance has roots in the predominately gay male leatherman culture that began in the 1940s, and piercing became a political symbol for gay identity in the 1970s. Since that time body piercing has become more accepted in mainstream culture. The philosophy of the modern primitives, in part, helped to facilitate this by articulating modification practices as individualistic self‐expression. Contemporary piercing practices are done for reasons such as beautification/aesthetics, culture, religiosity/spirituality, politics, therapy, and eroticism.
Pornography (child)
Authors: Quayle Ethel
Published: April 2015

Child pornography depicts the sexual abuse or exploitation of minors under the age of 18. While it has always been present in art and sculpture, technological advances, from photography to the Internet, have dramatically increased its availability and ease of access. This has also been associated with the creation of national and supranational legislation to prevent the production, distribution, and access to child pornography. Research has focused on whether people who view child pornography, often called Internet offenders, are likely to also commit contact offences against children and how we can measure this risk. There has been less research on the harms caused by child pornography. More recently, a human rights‐based approach has been adopted.
Pornography and gender
Authors: Besnier Niko
Published: April 2015

The relationship between gender and pornography has a long history, beginning with early modern narrative representations of sex written by men but presented from the perspective of female narrators. In the nineteenth century, the representation of sexuality became implicated in the imperial project, serving to define the relationship between colonizer and colonized as gendered. In the decades following the sexual revolution, gender became a central platform in debates about the regulation of pornography, in the opposition between second‐wave antipornography feminist activism and what later came to be known as “sex‐positive” feminism. Technological developments, such as the invention of the Internet, added new gendered dimensions, such as the emergence of “porn addiction,” defined almost exclusively as a male characteristic. Gender, however, never operates as a definer of a position with respect to pornography independently of other parameters of identification, such as race, age, and social class.