bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibody responses to the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines in hemodialysis patients: Is inactivated vaccine effective?
Authors: Murt Ahmet , Altiparmak Mehmet Rıza , Yadigar Serap , Yalin Serkan Feyyaz , Ozbey Dogukan , Yildiz Zeynep , Kocazeybek Bekir , Pekpak Meltem , Ataman Muveddet Rezzan
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Vaccines generally have reduced effectiveness in hemodialysis patients and a similar condition may also apply for the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines. The aim of this study was to analyze humoral responses of hemodialysis patients to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines.

Methods

Eighty‐five maintenance hemodialysis patients who received either inactivated or mRNA SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines were investigated. Antibody levels were measured by a commercial antibody kit, which detected antibodies toward receptor binding domain of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein. Comparative analyzes were carried between vaccine groups and with a control group of 103 healthy volunteers.

Results

Seropositivity rate and antibody levels were significantly lower in hemodialysis patients who received inactivated vaccine (p = 0.000). While mRNA vaccine had better immunogenicity, both vaccines protected from symptomatic infection when seropositivity was achieved.

Discussion/Conclusion

When used in the same dose with the general population, inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines generate reduced humoral response in hemodialysis patients. mRNA vaccines have better immunogenicity in this group.
Blubber fatty acid compositions in different geographic populations of finless porpoise in Chinese waters: implications for thermal adaptation
Authors: TANG Bin , ZHANG Ya , ZHANG Peijun , LI Songhai , ZHENG Jinsong , TANG Wenqiao , WANG Kexiong , WANG Ding , HAO Yujiang
Published: November 2021

The stratification of blubber fatty acids (FAs) is a widely used strategy in marine mammals and can be influenced by many factors, including their diet, environmental temperature, and physiological status. There are 3 distinct finless porpoise species/subspecies in Chinese coastal and inland waters in a wide range from 20°N to 40°N. The biochemical stratification of the blubbers of finless porpoises in different regions may provide valuable information for understanding their environmental adaptations. The FA compositions of 4 geographic populations of finless porpoise (FP) collected from the Bohai Gulf, East China Sea, South China Sea, and Yangtze River were therefore analyzed and compared. The blubber FA compositions of finless porpoises were dominated by ΣMUFAs, followed by ΣSFAs and ΣPUFAs, and were generally consistent with those of other cetaceans. The blubber of finless porpoises was significantly stratified with increasing levels of ΣMUFAs and decreasing levels of ΣSFAs and ΣPUFAs from the inner to the outer layers. The 3 marine populations shared more similarities in their FA compositions and stratifications compared to the freshwater porpoises, particularly regarding the PUFAs in the inner layers, which might have been mainly influenced by the diet compositions of marine and freshwater porpoises. Contrary to what was expected, in the 3 marine populations, the SFA and MUFA levels showed opposite correlations (negative and positive, respectively) with habitat temperatures, possibly indicating an adaptation mechanism in finless porpoises characterized by a trade‐off between the insulation and fluidity properties of the blubber through the adjustment of the compositions and gradients of MUFAs and SFAs across the blubber depth in response to environmental temperature/latitude changes.
Interleukin 1 receptor‐like 1 rs13408661/13431828 polymorphism is associated with persistent post‐bronchiolitis asthma at school age
Authors: Riikonen Riikka , Teräsjärvi Johanna , Lauhkonen Eero , Nuolivirta Kirsi , He Qiushui , Korppi Matti
Published: November 2021

Aim

Interleukin (IL) 1 receptor‐like 1, encoded by the IL1RL1 gene, is a receptor for IL‐33. In European birth cohorts, IL1RL1 rs102082293, rs10204137 (rs4988955), rs13424006 and rs13431828 (rs13048661) variations were associated with asthma at school age. In a Dutch multi‐centre study, IL1RL1 rs1921622 variation was associated with severe bronchiolitis. We evaluated the associations of these five IL1RL1 variations with asthma and lung function at school age after hospitalisation for bronchiolitis in infancy.

Methods

Follow‐up data, including impulse oscillometry at age 5–7 and flow‐volume spirometry at age 11–13 years, and the IL1RL1 genotype data were available for 141 children followed until 5–7 and for 125 children followed until 11–13 age years after bronchiolitis in infancy. The IL1RL1 rs10204137 and rs4988955, and the IL1RL1 rs13048661 and rs13431828, are 100% co‐segregating in the Finnish population.

Results

The variant IL1RL1 rs13048661/13431828 genotype was constantly associated with increased asthma risk by various definitions at 5–7 and 11–13 years of ages. The result was confirmed with analyses adjusted for current confounders and early‐life environment‐related factors. Statistical significances were lost, when maternal asthma and atopic dermatitis in infancy were included in the model.

Conclusion

IL1RL1 rs13048661/13431828 variation was associated with post‐bronchiolitis asthma outcomes at school age.
Analysis of the correlation between P27 expression and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancer
Authors: Li Lin , Wu Wei , Zheng Wanchao , Hui Qiao , Zhao Chunna
Published: November 2021

We aimed to explore the correlation between P27 expression and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in gastric cancer, so as to provide evidence for understanding the pathogenesis of gastric cancer caused by H. pylori infection. A total of 82 samples of gastric cancer tissues and 56 samples of tumor‐adjacent normal tissues collected from the gastrectomy were enrolled in this study. Then, 14C‐urease breathing test was carried out to evaluate the infection of H. pylori in gastric cancer tissues, the expression of P27 in the tissue samples was detected by the immunohistochemistry staining, and the correlation between the H. pylori infection and P27 expression in gastric cancer was analyzed. Of 82 gastric cancer patients, there were 53 patients with H. pylori infection (64.63%). Among the patients with highly or moderately differentiated gastric cancer, the expression of P27 was much higher than that of patients with poorly differentiated gastric cancer (p < 0.01). Besides, comparison of the P27 expression between males and females, among different age groups, tumor sizes, TNM stages, tumor infiltration degrees, or lymph node metastasis, showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Analysis of the correlation revealed that P27 expression was negatively correlated with the infection of H. pylori (p < 0.01). Multifactorial logistics regression analysis indicated that tumor differentiation was a risk factor of P27‐positive expression in gastric cancer tissues (p < 0.01). In addition, P27 expression in the gastric cancer tissues was lower than that in the tumor‐adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.01). In gastric cancer patients, expression of P27 is correlated with H. pylori infection which, via downregulating P27, can cause the cancerization of gastric mucosa, and P27, for its role in the development and progression of gastric cancer, is a potential auxiliary indicator for clinical diagnosis whether gastric cancer is complicated with H. pylori infection. So, P27 is a key indicator for diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of disease in the advanced stage.
Editorial: evolution of GLP‐1 receptor agonists as pharmacotherapy for NASH beyond diabetes mellitus and obesity – authors’ reply
Authors: Flint Anne , Andersen Grit , Hockings Paul , Plum‐Mörschel Leona , Loomba Rohit
Published: November 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Flint et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16608 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16641
Editorial: biomarkers for alcohol‐related liver fibrosis—almost there? Authors' reply
Authors: Johansen Stine , Krag Aleksander , Karsdal Morten , Thiele Maja
Published: November 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Thiele et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16567 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16633
Business ethics research at the world's leading universities and business schools
Authors: Fassin Yves
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the role of the leading universities and best‐ranked business schools in the evolution of the academic field of business ethics. An advanced bibliometric methodology is applied to publications in business ethics from the major universities of the Shanghai ARWU ranking and from the FT‐ranked business schools. The comprehensive bibliometric study encompasses multiple indicators and examines the evolution of business ethics publications over time. Business ethics research is built on two complementary interdisciplinary streams of research, philosophy, and management. The study indicates that it were not the top universities that contributed most to research advancements in the field of business ethics but second and third tier universities. This finding suggests that academic research in new subfields constitutes a niche strategy for universities and business schools to differentiate themselves. The study furthermore highlights the prominent role of the product champion or ‘idea champion’ in management research at universities. The diffusion of business ethics research illustrates the possibilities for lower ranked business schools with lower budget to excel in specialised subfields and interdisciplinary subthemes.
Path analysis model of epidural/spinal anesthesia on breastfeeding among healthy nulliparous women: Secondary analysis of the United States Certificate of Live Births 2016
Authors: Hongo Manami Anna , Fryer Kimberly , Zimmer Catherine , Tucker Christine , Palmquist Aunchalee E. L.
Published: November 2021

Background

The effect of epidural/spinal anesthesia during labor on breastfeeding is unclear. Few studies had assessed whether or how medically assisted delivery (operative vaginal delivery or unscheduled cesarean birth) plays a mediating role. We aimed to examine whether the relationship between using epidural/spinal anesthesia and breastfeeding is mediated by increased medically assisted delivery among healthy nulliparous women.

Methods

A secondary, cross‐sectional analysis was conducted using US birth certificate data from 2016 (n = 381 199). Logistic regression was used to examine associations between factors. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the model fit of the path models and to quantify the direct, indirect, and total effect of anesthesia on breastfeeding at discharge, considering medically assisted delivery as a mediator.

Results

Women who were administered epidural/spinal anesthesia were more likely to experience medically assisted delivery (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.01 (2.91‐3.12)) and less likely to be breastfeeding at discharge (0.95 [0.92‐0.98]). Operative vaginal and unscheduled cesarean deliveries were significantly associated with nonbreastfeeding at discharge (0.81 [0.77‐0.84] and 0.81 [0.79‐0.84], respectively). SEM revealed excellent model fit for our model. The indirect effect was significant (β = −0.038; 95% CI, −0.043 to −0.033), as was the total effect (β = −0.038; 95% CI, −0.043 to −0.033).

Conclusions

Epidural/spinal anesthesia is associated with nonbreastfeeding at discharge, mediated through medically assisted delivery. Health care providers should consider these risks and provide adequate support to help all parents attain their breastfeeding goals.
Aetiology of tinea capitis in China: a multicentre prospective study
Authors: Chen X.-Q. , Zheng D.-Y. , Xiao Y.-Y. , Dong B.-L. , Cao C.-W. , Ma L. , Tong Z.-S. , Zhu M. , Liu Z.-H. , Xi L.-Y. , Fu M. , Jin Y. , Yin B. , Li F.-Q. , Li X.-F. , Abliz P. , Liu H.-F. , Zhang Y. , Yu N. , Wu W.-W. , Xiong X.-C. , Zeng J.-S. , Huang H.-Q. , Jiang Y.-P. , Chen G.-Z. , Pan W.-H. , Sang H. , Wang Y. , Guo Y. , Shi D.-M. , Yang J.-X. , Chen W. , Wan Z. , Li R.-Y. , Wang A.-P. , Ran Y.-P. , Yu J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Tinea capitis is still common in developing countries, such as China. Its pathogen spectrum varies across regions and changes over time.

Objectives

This study aimed to clarify the current epidemiological characteristics and pathogen spectrum of tinea capitis in China.

Methods

A multicentre, prospective descriptive study involving 29 tertiary hospitals in China was conducted. From August 2019 to July 2020, 611 patients with tinea capitis were enrolled. Data concerning demography, risk factors and fungal tests were collected. When necessary, the pathogens were further identified by morphology or molecular sequencing in the central laboratory.

Results

Among all enrolled patients, 74·1% of the cases were in patients aged 2–8 years. The children with tinea capitis were mainly boys (56·2%) and were more likely than adults to have a history of animal contact (57·4% vs. 35·3%, P = 0·012) and zoophilic dermatophyte infection (73·5% vs. 47%). The adults were mainly female (83%) and were more likely than children to have anthropophilic agent infection (53% vs. 23·9%). The most common pathogen was zoophilic Microsporum canis (354, 65·2%), followed by anthropophilic Trichophyton violaceum (74, 13·6%). In contrast to the eastern, western and northeastern regions, where zoophilic M. canis predominated, anthropophilic T. violaceum predominated in central China (69%, P < 0·001), where the patients had the most tinea at other sites (20%) and dermatophytosis contact (26%) but the least animal contact (39%). Microsporum ferrugineum was the most common anthropophilic agent in the western area, especially in Xinjiang province.

Conclusions

Boys aged approximately 5 years were the most commonly affected group. Dermatologists are advised to pay more attention to the different transmission routes and pathogen spectra in different age groups from different regions.
Development and validation of a mortality predicting scoring system for severe aplastic anaemia patients receiving haploidentical allogeneic transplantation
Authors: Xu Lan‐Ping , Yu Yu , Cheng Yi‐Fei , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Mo Xiao‐Dong , Han Ting‐Ting , Wang Feng‐Rong , Yan Chen‐Hua , Sun Yu‐Qian , Chen Yu‐Hong , Wang Jing‐Zhi , Xu Zheng‐Li , Tang Fei‐Fei , Han Wei , Wang Yu , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Huang Xiao‐Jun
Published: November 2021

Haploidentical allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) is a significant alternative treatment for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). To improve this process by modifying the risk stratification system, we conducted a retrospective study using our database. 432 SAA patients who received haplo‐HSCT between 2006 and 2020 were enrolled. These patients were divided into a training (n = 288) and a validation (n = 144) subset randomly. In the training cohort, longer time from diagnosis to transplantation, poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status and higher haematopoietic cell transplantation‐specific comorbidity index (HCT‐CI) score were independent risk factors for worse treatment‐related mortality (TRM) in the final multivariable model. The haplo‐HSCT scoring system was developed by these three parameters. Three‐year TRM after haplo‐HSCT were 6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1–21%], 21% (95% CI, 7–40%), and 47% (95% CI, 20–70%) for the low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk group, respectively (P < 0·0001). In the validation cohort, the haplo‐HSCT scoring system also separated patients into three risk groups with increasing risk of TRM: intermediate‐risk [hazard ratio (HR) 2·45, 95% CI, 0·92–6·53] and high‐risk (HR 11·74, 95% CI, 3·07–44·89) compared with the low‐risk group (P = 0·001). In conclusion, the haplo‐HSCT scoring system could effectively predict TRM after transplantation.
Management of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections
Authors: Zare Mary , Vehreschild Maria J.G.T. , Wagenlehner Florian
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To discuss optimal management of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. About every second woman experiences at least one UTI in her lifetime, of those 30% experience another UTI, and 3% further recurrences. Especially young healthy women without underlying anatomical deficiencies suffer from recurrent UTIs (rUTI), which are associated with significant morbidity and reduction in quality of life.

Methods

This is a narrative review, investigating publications dealing with recurrent UTI in women. Risk factors and options for management are discussed.

Results

The increased susceptibility of women to rUTI is based on the female anatomy in addition to behavioural, genetic, and urological factors. However, why some women are more likely than others to develop and maintain rUTI remains to be clarified. Invasive characteristics of certain uropathogenic Escherichia coli that are able to form extra‐ and intracellular biofilms and may therefore cause delayed release of bacteria into the bladder, may play a role in this setting. Treatment recommendations for an acute episode of rUTI do not differ from those for isolated episodes. Given the nature of rUTI, different prophylactic approaches also play an important role. Women with rUTI should first be counselled to use non‐antibiotic strategies including behavioural changes, anti‐adhesive treatments, antiseptics, and immunomodulation, before antibiotic prophylaxis is considered. In addition to the traditional treatment and prophylactic therapies, new experimental strategies are emerging and show promising effects, such as faecal microbiota transfer (FMT), a treatment option that transfers microorganisms and metabolites of a healthy donor’s faecal matter to patients using oral capsules, enemas, or endoscopy. Initial findings suggest that FMT might be a promising treatment approach to interrupt the cycle of rUTI. Furthermore, bacteriophages, infecting and replicating in bacteria, have been clinically trialled for UTIs.

Conclusion

Due to the limitation of available data, novel treatment options require further clinical research to objectify the potential in treating bacterial infections, particularly UTIs.
Genetic spectrum in a Canadian cohort of apparently sporadic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: New data on multigene panel retesting over time
Authors: Parisien‐La Salle Stéfanie , Dumas Nadine , Bédard Karine , Jolin Judith , Moramarco Jessica , Lacroix André , Lévesque Isabelle , Burnichon Nelly , Gimenez‐Roqueplo Anne‐Paule , Bourdeau Isabelle
Published: November 2021

Objective

Pheochromocytomas (PHEOs) and paragangliomas (PGLs), collectively known as PPGLs, are tumours with high heritability. The prevalence of germline mutations in apparently sporadic PPGLs varies depending on the study population. The objective of this study was to determine the spectrum of germline mutations in a cohort of patients with apparently sporadic PPGLs over time.

Design

We performed a retrospective review of patients with apparently sporadic PPGLs who underwent genetic testing at our referral centre from 2005 to 2020.

Patients: We included patients with apparently sporadic PPGLs who underwent genetic testing at our referral center.

Measurements: Genetic analysis included sequential gene sequencing by Sanger method or next generation sequencing (NGS) with a multigene panel.

Results

The prevalence of germline mutations was 26.2% (43/164); 40.0% (30/75) in PGLs and 14.6% (13/89) in PHEOs. We identified four novel pathogenic variants (two SDHB and two SDHD). Patients carrying germline mutations were younger (38.7 vs. 49.7 years old) than patients with no identified germline mutations. From 2015 to 2020, we performed NGS with a multigene panel on 12 patients for whom the initial genetic analysis was negative. Germline mutations in previously untested genes were found in four (33.3%) of these patients (two MAX and two SDHA), representing 9.3% (4/43) of the mutation carriers.

Conclusion

The prevalence of germline mutations in our cohort of patients with apparently sporadic PPGLs was 26.2%. Genetic re‐evaluation over time using multigene sequencing by NGS assay in a subgroup of patients leads to an increase in the detection of mutations.
Suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide versus rescue therapies for the treatment of uveitic macular oedema: A post hoc analysis of PEACHTREE
Authors: Singer Michael A. , Merrill Pauline , Yeh Steven , Hall Colette , Kapik Barry , Ciulla Thomas A.
Published: November 2021

Background

This post hoc analysis compared the efficacy and safety of suprachoroidally administered triamcinolone acetonide (CLS‐TA) to other commonly available treatments for non‐infectious uveitis.

Methods

Results from the PEACHTREE study were compared between subjects randomised to CLS‐TA not requiring rescue therapy and those subjects randomised to control, who subsequently required rescue therapy. Endpoints included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness (CST), treatment emergent adverse events and intraocular pressure (IOP) related safety findings.

Results

In this analysis, there were 83 unrescued CLS‐TA subjects and 46 rescued control subjects. At Week 24, 51.9% of the unrescued CLS‐TA subjects gained ≥15 letters in BCVA, compared to 37.0% of the rescued control subjects (p = 0.115). Unrescued CLS‐TA subjects showed a mean gain of 15.7 versus 10.9 letters in rescued control subjects (p = 0.080). A significantly greater mean reduction in CST was observed for unrescued CLS‐TA subjects versus rescued control subjects (174.0 and 148.5 μm; p = 0.040). Of unrescued CLS‐TA subjects, 4.9% experienced IOP elevations ≥30 mm Hg at any visit versus 10.9% of rescued control subjects. Further, use of IOP‐lowering medications appeared lower in unrescued CLS‐TA subjects versus rescued control subjects (7.2% vs. 13.0%). There were no IOP‐lowering surgical interventions in either group.

Conclusion

CLS‐TA subjects experienced significantly greater reduction in CST and tended towards greater improvement in BCVA, compared with rescued control subjects. Suprachoroidally administered CLS‐TA showed a lower incidence of IOP‐related safety findings.
TAB2 variants cause cardiovascular heart disease, connective tissue disorder, and developmental delay
Authors: Hanson Jennifer , Brezavar Daniel , Hughes Susan , Amudhavalli Shivarajan , Fleming Emily , Zhou Dihong , Alaimo Joseph T. , Bonnen Penelope E.
Published: November 2021

Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most commonly occurring birth defect and can occur in isolation or with additional clinical features comprising a genetic syndrome. Autosomal dominant variants in TAB2 are recognized by the American Heart Association as causing nonsyndromic CHD, however, emerging data point to additional, extra‐cardiac features associated with TAB2 variants. We identified 15 newly reported individuals with pathogenic TAB2 variants and reviewed an additional 24 subjects with TAB2 variants in the literature. Analysis showed 64% (25/39) of individuals with disease resulting from TAB2 single nucleotide variants (SNV) had syndromic CHD or adult‐onset cardiomyopathy with one or more extra‐cardiac features. The most commonly co‐occurring features with CHD or cardiomyopathy were facial dysmorphism, skeletal and connective tissue defects and most subjects with TAB2 variants present as a connective tissue disorder. Notably, 53% (8/15) of our cohort displayed developmental delay and we suspect this may be a previously unappreciated feature of TAB2 disease. We describe the largest cohort of subjects with TAB2 SNV and show that in addition to heart disease, features across multiple systems are present in most TAB2 cases. In light of our findings, we recommend that TAB2 be included on the list of genes that cause syndromic CHD, adult‐onset cardiomyopathy, and connective tissue disorder.
Ninety‐day morbidity of robot‐assisted redo surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse, mesh erosion and pelvic pain: lessons learned from 9 years’ experience in a tertiary referral centre
Authors: van der Schans Emma M. , Verheijen Paul M. , Broeders Ivo A. M. J. , Consten Esther C. J.
Published: November 2021

Aim

With increasing follow‐up of patients treated with minimally invasive ventral mesh rectopexy (VMR) more redo surgery can be expected for recurrent rectal prolapse, mesh erosion and pelvic pain. The aim of this study is to evaluate the 90‐day morbidity of robot‐assisted redo interventions.

Method

All robot‐assisted redo interventions after primary transabdominal repair of rectal prolapse between 2011 and 2019 were retrospectively analysed and compared with the results for patients after primary robot‐assisted VMR during the same period. The redo interventions were divided into groups based on the indication for surgery (recurrent prolapse, mesh erosion, pelvic pain). Intraoperative complications and 90‐day postoperative morbidity were evaluated.

Results

Three hundred and fifty nine patients were treated with primary VMR, with 73 for recurrent rectal prolapse, 12 for mesh erosion and 14 for pelvic pain. Complications of recurrent prolapse surgeries were comparable to those of primary VMR (p > 0.05). More intraoperative complications, minor and major complications were seen in redo surgery for erosion compared with primary VMR (23% vs. 3%, p = 0.01; 31% vs. 11%, p = 0.055; and 38% vs. 1%, p < 0.01 respectively). The frequency of intraoperative complications after redo surgery for pelvic pain was 7% with minor and major morbidity rates of 14% and 7% (p > 0.05). Half of the patients with pelvic pain experienced relief of their symptoms.

Conclusion

Redo surgery for management of recurrent rectal prolapse is safe. Redo surgery for mesh erosion is associated with high morbidity rates. Redo surgery for pelvic pain can have major complications and is only effective in half of the cases.
Cellular stress response to extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMF): An explanation for controversial effects of ELF‐EMF on apoptosis
Authors: Barati Mojdeh , Darvishi Behrad , Javidi Mohammad Amin , Mohammadian Ali , Shariatpanahi Seyed Peyman , Eisavand Mohammad Reza , Madjid Ansari Alireza
Published: November 2021

Impaired apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and almost all of the non‐surgical approaches of eradicating tumour cells somehow promote induction of apoptosis. Indeed, numerous studies have stated that non‐ionizing non‐thermal extremely low‐frequency magnetic fields (ELF‐MF) can modulate the induction of apoptosis in exposed cells; however, much controversy exists in observations. When cells are exposed to ELF‐EMF alone, very low or no statistically significant changes in apoptosis are observed. Contrarily, exposure to ELF‐EMF in the presence of a co‐stressor, including a chemotherapeutic agent or ionizing radiation, can either potentiate or inhibit apoptotic effects of the co‐stressor. In our idea, the main point neglected in interpreting these discrepancies is “the cellular stress responses” of cells following ELF‐EMF exposure and its interplay with apoptosis. The main purpose of the current review was to outline the triangle of ELF‐EMF, the cellular stress response of cells and apoptosis and to interpret and unify discrepancies in results based on it. Therefore, initially, we will describe studies performed on identifying the effect of ELF‐EMF on induction/inhibition of apoptosis and enumerate proposed pathways through which ELF‐EMF exposure may affect apoptosis; then, we will explain cellular stress response and cues for its induction in response to ELF‐EMF exposure; and finally, we will explain why such controversies have been observed by different investigators.
Pragmatic review of interventions to prevent inpatient hypoglycaemia
Authors: Gray Jodi , Roseleur Jacqueline , Edney Laura , Karnon Jonathan ,   the Southern Adelaide Local Health Network’s (SALHN) Hypoglycaemia Clinical Working Group
Published: November 2021

Aims

This pragmatic review aimed to map and summarize the literature on model of care interventions to prevent inpatient hypoglycaemia. Model of care interventions were broadly defined as interventions that either directly target the workforce or where implementation had a strong workforce effect. The review intended to provide information for decision‐makers in local health care settings regarding potential interventions to prevent inpatient hypoglycaemia in their local context.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, CINAHL Plus and Scopus were systematically searched from 2009 to 2019 using key search terms for hypoglycaemia and hospital and evaluation. Included articles had to report an inpatient hypoglycaemia‐related outcome. Interventions were categorized by intervention type and setting. Dysglycaemia outcomes were extracted (severe‐hypoglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and severe‐hyperglycaemia).

Results

Forty‐nine articles were included in the review. Interventions were categorized as: services (n = 8), role expansion (n = 6), education (n = 9), audit and feedback (n = 1), alerts and reminders (n = 3), protocol implementation methods (n = 1), order sets (n = 6), insulin charts (n = 1) and electronic glycaemic management systems (n = 14). Twenty‐one articles reported on ICU‐specific interventions, and 28 on interventions in non‐ICU‐specific settings. Study designs were predominantly non‐randomized (n = 40).

Conclusions

The review found positive evidence for a diverse range of evaluated interventions to prevent inpatient hypoglycaemia. Local decision‐makers can use this review to identify interventions relevant to their local context. We suggest they evaluate those interventions using a decision analytic framework that combines the published evidence on effectiveness with local prevalence data to estimate the expected cost‐effectiveness of the intervention options when implemented in their local context.
PaRent InterventiOn to pRevent dIsordered eating in children with TYpe 1 diabetes (PRIORITY): Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jones Christina J. , O’Donnell Nicola , John Mary , Cooke Debbie , Stewart Rose , Hale Lucy , Skene Simon S. , Kanumakala Shankar , Harrington Megan , Satherley Rose‐Marie
Published: November 2021

Aims

Increasing evidence suggests that children and young people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at greater risk of disordered eating compared to children without T1D. Disordered eating in T1D has been linked to impaired wellbeing, increased health service use and early mortality. To address this problem, we will co‐develop a psycho‐education intervention for parents of children and young people with T1D, informed by the Information Motivation Behavioural Skills model.

Methods

The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention compared to a waitlist control group using a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) design. We aim to recruit 70 parents of children and young people with T1D (11–14 years), 35 in each arm. Those assigned to the intervention will be invited to participate in two workshops of 2 h each. Parents will be asked to complete outcome measures regarding eating habits, diabetes management, as well as a questionnaire based on the Information Motivation Behavioural Skills model which provides a theoretical foundation for the intervention. These will be completed at baseline, 1‐ and 3‐month post‐intervention. Children and young people will be asked to complete questionnaires on their eating behaviours at the same time intervals. Parents randomised to receive the intervention will be invited to take part in interviews to feedback on the intervention and research protocol acceptability.

Conclusion

It is anticipated that the psycho‐education intervention aimed at parents will help prevent the development of disordered eating in children and young people with T1D and improve parental wellbeing. The results of this feasibility trial will determine whether this intervention approach is acceptable to families living with T1D, and whether a definitive RCT of intervention effectiveness is justified. Qualitative findings will be used to refine the intervention and study protocols.

Trial registration

This protocol has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov [Identifier: NCT04741568].
How big are strategic spillovers from corporate tax competition?
Authors: Naitram Simon
Published: November 2021

Strategic spillovers happen when one country's tax rate responds to tax cuts in other countries. My estimate of the size of strategic spillovers from corporate tax competition is one‐third of the size of consensus estimates. A one percentage point cut in the foreign tax rate results in a 0.23 percentage point cut in the home tax rate. I use two novel identification strategies. First, I use bilateral foreign investment to define how one country matters to another. Second, I use only tax reforms—359 reforms across 76 countries. These identification strategies are derived from a model of corporate tax competition.
Multilobar unilateral hypoplasia with emphasis on the posterior quadrant and severe epilepsy in children with FCD ILAE Type 1A
Authors: Holthausen Hans , Coras Roland , Tang Yingying , Bai Lily , Wang Irene , Pieper Tom , Kudernatsch Manfred , Hartlieb Till , Staudt Martin , Winkler Peter , Hofer Wiebke , Jabari Samir , Kobow Katja , Blumcke Ingmar
Published: November 2021

Objective

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) Type 1 and its three subtypes have yet not been fully characterized at the clinical, anatomopathological, and molecular level (International League Against Epilepsy [ILAE] FCD classification from 2011). We aimed to describe the clinical phenotype of patients with histopathologically confirmed FCD1A obtained from a single epilepsy center between 2002 and 2016.

Methods

Medical records were retrieved from the hospital's archive. Results from electroencephalography (EEG) video recordings, neuroimaging, and histopathology were reevaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) post‐processing was retrospectively performed in nine patients. DNA methylation studies were carried out from archival surgical brain tissue in 11 patients.

Results

Nineteen children with a histopathological diagnosis of FCD1A were included. The average onset of epilepsy was 0.9 years (range 0.2–10 years). All children had severe cognitive impairment and one third had mild motor deficits, yet fine finger movements were preserved in all patients. All patients had daily seizures, being drug resistant from disease onset. Interictal electroencephalography revealed bilateral multi‐regional epileptiform discharges. Interictal status epilepticus was observed in 8 and countless subclinical seizures in 11 patients. Regional continuous irregular slow waves were of higher lateralizing and localizing yield than spikes. Posterior background rhythms were normal in 16 of 19 children. Neuroimaging showed unilateral multilobar hypoplasia and increased T2‐FLAIR signals of the white matter in 18 of 19 patients. All children underwent tailored multilobar resections, with seizure freedom achieved in 47% (Engel class I). There was no case with frontal involvement without involvement of the posterior quadrant by MRI and histopathology. DNA methylation profiling distinguished FCD1A samples from all other epilepsy specimens and controls.

Significance

We identified a cohort of young children with drug resistance from seizure onset, bad EEG with posterior emphasis, lack of any focal neurological deficits but severe cognitive impairment, subtle hypoplasia of the epileptogenic area on MRI, and histopathologically defined and molecularly confirmed by DNA methylation analysis as FCD ILAE Type 1A.
Structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa spermidine dehydrogenase: a polyamine oxidase with a novel heme‐binding fold
Authors: Che Shiyou , Liang Yakun , Chen Yujing , Wu Wenyue , Liu Ruihua , Zhang Qionglin , Bartlam Mark
Published: November 2021

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can utilize polyamines (including putrescine, cadaverine, 4‐aminobutyrate, spermidine, and spermine) as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Spermidine dehydrogenase (SpdH) is a component of one of the two polyamine utilization pathways identified in P. aeruginosa, but little is known about its structure and function. Here, we report the first crystal structure of SpdH from P. aeruginosa to 1.85 Å resolution. The resulting core structure confirms that SpdH belongs to the polyamine oxidase (PAO) family with flavin‐binding and substrate‐binding domains. A unique N‐terminal extension wraps around the flavin‐binding domain of SpdH and is required for heme binding, placing a heme cofactor in close proximity to the FAD cofactor. Structural and mutational analysis reveals that residues in the putative active site at the re side of the FAD isoalloxazine ring form part of the catalytic machinery. PaSpdH features an unusual active site and lacks the conserved lysine that forms part of a lysine–water–flavin N5 atom interaction in other PAO enzymes characterized to date. Mutational analysis further confirms that heme is required for catalytic activity. This work provides an important starting point for understanding the role of SpdH, which occurs universally in P. aeruginosa strains, in polyamine metabolism.
Molecular basis of C‐mannosylation – a structural perspective
Authors: Crine Samuel L. , Acharya K. Ravi
Published: November 2021

The structural and functional diversity of proteins can be enhanced by numerous post‐translational modifications. C‐mannosylation is a rare form of glycosylation consisting of a single alpha or beta D‐mannopyranose forming a carbon–carbon bond with the pyrrole ring of a tryptophan residue. Despite first being discovered in 1994, C‐mannosylation is still poorly understood and 3D structures are available for only a fraction of the total predicted C‐mannosylated proteins. Here, we present the first comprehensive review of C‐mannosylated protein structures by analysing the data for all 10 proteins with C‐mannosylation/s deposited in the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB). We analysed in detail the WXXW/WXXWXXW consensus motif and the highly conserved pair of arginine residues in thrombospondin type 1 repeat C‐mannosylation sites or homologous arginine residues in other domains. Furthermore, we identified a conserved PXP sequence C‐terminal of the C‐mannosylation site. The PXP motif forms a tight turn region in the polypeptide chain and its universal conservation in C‐mannosylated protein is worthy of further experimental study. The stabilization of C‐mannopyranosyl groups was demonstrated through hydrogen bonding with arginine and other charged or polar amino acids. Where possible, the structural findings were linked to other functional studies demonstrating the role of C‐mannosylation in protein stability, secretion or function. With the current technological advances in structural biology, we hope to see more progress in the study of C‐mannosylation that may correspond to discoveries of novel C‐mannosylation pathways and functions with implications for human health and biotechnology.
Specialized pro‐resolving mediators: biosynthesis and biological role in bacterial infections
Authors: Jordan Paul M. , Werz Oliver
Published: November 2021

Acute inflammation caused by bacterial infections is an essential biological defence mechanism of the host in order to neutralize and clear the invaders and to return to homeostasis. Despite its protective function, inflammation may become persistent and uncontrolled, resulting in chronic diseases and tissue destruction as consequence of the unresolved inflammatory process. Therefore, spatiotemporal induction of endogenous inflammation resolution programs that govern bacterial clearance as well as tissue repair and regeneration, are of major importance in order to enable tissues to restore functions. Lipid mediators that are de‐novo biosynthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) mainly by lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases, critically regulate the initiation, the maintenance but also the resolution of infectious inflammation and tissue regeneration. The discovery of specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs) generated from omega‐3 PUFAs stimulated intensive research in inflammation resolution, especially in infectious inflammation elicited by bacteria. SPMs are immunoresolvents that actively terminate inflammation by limiting neutrophil influx, stimulating phagocytosis, bacterial killing and clearance as well as efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils and cellular debris by macrophages. Moreover, SPMs prevent collateral tissue damage, promote tissue repair and regeneration and lower antibiotic requirement. Here, we review the biosynthesis of SPMs in bacterial infections and cover specific mechanisms of SPMs that govern the resolution of bacteria‐initiated inflammation.
Tropical tree growth sensitivity to climate is driven by species intrinsic growth rate and leaf traits
Authors: Bauman David , Fortunel Claire , Cernusak Lucas A. , Bentley Lisa P. , McMahon Sean M. , Rifai Sami W. , Aguirre‐Gutiérrez Jesús , Oliveras Imma , Bradford Matt , Laurance Susan G. W. , Delhaye Guillaume , Hutchinson Michael F. , Dempsey Raymond , McNellis Brandon E. , Santos‐Andrade Paul E. , Ninantay‐Rivera Hugo R. , Chambi Paucar Jimmy R. , Phillips Oliver L. , Malhi Yadvinder
Published: November 2021

A better understanding of how climate affects growth in tree species is essential for improved predictions of forest dynamics under climate change. Long‐term climate averages (mean climate) drive spatial variations in species’ baseline growth rates, whereas deviations from these averages over time (anomalies) can create growth variation around the local baseline. However, the rarity of long‐term tree census data spanning climatic gradients has so far limited our understanding of their respective role, especially in tropical systems. Furthermore, tree growth sensitivity to climate is likely to vary widely among species, and the ecological strategies underlying these differences remain poorly understood. Here, we utilize an exceptional dataset of 49 years of growth data for 509 tree species across 23 tropical rainforest plots along a climatic gradient to examine how multiannual tree growth responds to both climate means and anomalies, and how species’ functional traits mediate these growth responses to climate. We show that anomalous increases in atmospheric evaporative demand and solar radiation consistently reduced tree growth. Drier forests and fast‐growing species were more sensitive to water stress anomalies. In addition, species traits related to water use and photosynthesis partly explained differences in growth sensitivity to both climate means and anomalies. Our study demonstrates that both climate means and anomalies shape tree growth in tropical forests and that species traits can provide insights into understanding these demographic responses to climate change, offering a promising way forward to forecast tropical forest dynamics under different climate trajectories.
Pneumonia incidence and oral health management by dental hygienists in long‐term care facilities: A 1‐year prospective multicentre cohort study
Authors: Hama Kaoko , Iwasa Yasuyuki , Ohara Yuki , Iwasaki Masanori , Ito Kayoko , Nakajima Junko , Matsushita Takae , Tohara Takashi , Sakamoto Mayumi , Itoda Masataka , Inohara Ken , Ozaki Yoshie , Sasaki Rikimaru , Nishi Yasuhiro , Tsuneishi Midori , Furuya Junichi , Watanabe Yutaka , Watanabe Yoshihiko , Sato Yuji , Yoshida Mitsuyoshi
Published: November 2021

Objective

To investigate the association between oral health management (OHM) by dental hygienists and the occurrence of pneumonia, and determine the effectiveness of OHM in pneumonia prevention.

Background

In long‐term care facilities in Japan, the need for professional OHM is increasing with an increase in the number of severely debilitated residents.

Materials and methods

A 1‐year prospective multicentre cohort study was conducted using data from 504 residents (63 men; mean age: 87.4 ± 7.8 years) in Japanese long‐term care facilities. Basic information, medical history, willingness to engage in oral hygiene behaviour, need for OHM and oral conditions were investigated at baseline. In addition, information on the occurrence of pneumonia was collected using a follow‐up survey after one year. A Poisson regression analysis with robust standard errors was conducted, with pneumonia as the dependent variable, and factors associated with OHM and pneumonia occurrence as explanatory variables.

Results

Overall, 349 (69.2%) residents required OHM by dental hygienists during that year of follow‐up. Of those, 238 (68.2%) were provided with OHM, and 18 (7.5%) developed pneumonia. Among the 111 patients (31.8%) who were not provided with OHM, 21 (18.9%) developed pneumonia. The OHM group had lower pneumonia rates than the non‐OHM group (prevalence rate ratio: 0.374; 95% CI: 0.210‐0.665).

Conclusion

Oral health management by dental hygienists was associated with a lower incidence of pneumonia among residents of long‐term care facilities, underlining the importance of professional OHM for such individuals. It is recommended that OHM be practised routinely in long‐term care facilities.
Do land ownership types matter in manufacturing firms’ location choice? Using Beijing as a case study
Authors: Huang Daquan , Zhu Shihao , Liu Tao , Ma Pingping
Published: November 2021

In rapidly expanding Chinese cities, state‐owned land and collectively owned land are unequally treated in the permitted types of land use, use right transfer, and land management. This paper investigates the location choice of manufacturing firms as a response to this unique institutional arrangement. Firm‐level data were employed, and a zero‐inflated negative binomial regression model was developed to test whether land ownership affects the location choice of manufacturing firms. The study area of Beijing municipality was divided into refined grids for the choice of firms. The results confirmed the significant role of land ownership on the location of manufacturing firms. High‐tech companies have a strong preference for state‐owned land, while land ownership is insignificant for low‐tech companies in deciding the location. Meanwhile, development zones at different administrative levels are also found to be critical factors in affecting the location of manufacturing enterprises.
Post‐fledging spatial dispersion and movement behaviour differs between cavity‐nesting and open‐cup nesting passerines
Authors: Şahin Arslan Necmiye , Martin Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

Spatial dispersion and movement behaviour of siblings vary across animal taxa and can affect fitness. The factors underlying why species differ in movement behaviour of young and why some species form family groups while other species have dispersed young have rarely been addressed. We tested a hypothesis that siblings should be more dispersed in space and move less in species that have offspring with poor locomotor abilities to reduce the chance of the loss of the whole brood. In contrast, siblings should aggregate and move more when their mobility and ability to avoid predators is strong. We tested this hypothesis using songbirds because cavity‐ versus open‐cup‐nesting species strongly contrast in nesting strategy. Offspring of species that nest in cavities leave the nest with well‐developed wings and initially are more mobile and incur lower predation rates than fledglings of species that nest in open‐cups. We used radiotelemetry to track fledglings of three cavity‐ and three open‐cup‐nesting songbird species to test whether young differ in spatial dispersion and movement behaviour between nest types. We found that mobile young of cavity‐nesting species moved farther on a daily basis but remained more aggregated as a family than the less mobile young of open‐cup‐nesting species. Movement distances increased with mobility as young aged, especially in open‐cup‐nesting species, but families of open‐cup‐nesting species remained dispersed throughout the first week after fledging. This variation in spatial dispersion and movement behaviour of young can have important implications for parental care strategies and juvenile survival.