bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive repair of central tarsal bone luxation in a dog
Authors: Pozzi A. , Hudson C. C.
Published: October 2011

Objectives: To describe the use of closed reduction and minimally invasive fixation for treatment of a central tarsal bone luxation in a six-year-old spayed female, mixed breed dog with acute onset non-weight bearing right hindlimb lameness.

Methods: Physical examination and tarsal radiographs resulted in a diagnosis of central tarsal bone luxation. Closed reduction and minimally invasive screw stabilization were performed with fluoroscopic guidance. External coaptation for six weeks was followed by a gradual return to full function.

Results: Follow-up examination at 34 months post-surgery revealed the patient to be fully functional on the surgically repaired limb. Radiographs revealed ankylosis of the intertarsal joints.

Clinical significance: Minimally invasive ankle surgery is commonly performed in humans but is uncommon in dogs. Based on the results of this single case, minimally invasive reduction and stabilization of central tarsal bone luxation is feasible.
Pollinator‐mediated gene flow fosters genetic variability in a narrow alpine endemic, Abronia alpina (Nyctaginaceae)
Authors: Jabis Meredith D. , Ayers Tina J. , Allan Gerard J.
Published: October 2011

• Premise of the study: For rare and endemic plants that exist in small, isolated habitats, natural selection is expected to favor self‐compatibility, which can result in low genetic diversity due to inbreeding and genetic drift. Using Abronia alpina, a rare alpine endemic of the California Floristic Province, we demonstrate that there are exceptions to these predictions.

• Methods: We present the results of both a pollination experiment and a genetic study using AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphisms). Using controlled hand‐pollination and pollinator observations, we examined the breeding system, pollination ecology, and mechanism for self‐incompatibility in A. alpina.

• Key results: Abronia alpina exhibits an allogamous mating system with probable self‐incompatibility resulting from limited growth of pollen tubes originating from self‐pollination. Only xenogamous crosses and open‐pollinated controls produced seed, and only xenogamous crosses produced pollen tubes that reached the ovary. The molecular study shows that A. alpina has substantial genetic diversity for a rare, endemic species, evidenced by the high percentage of polymorphic loci and average expected heterozygosity. Gene flow among subpopulations, as inferred from AFLP markers, appears to be substantial, although the Kern River is an important physical barrier.

• Conclusions: Our results indicate that A. alpina is dependent on insects for both seed production and the maintenance of genetic diversity. This finding suggests that pollinators may be crucial to the long‐term adaptive potential of rare, endemic plants and that conservation of rare endemics is, in part, dependent on community‐level interactions such as plant–pollinator mutualisms.
Ménages d'enfants sans parents au Rwanda
Authors: Uwera Kanyamanza Claudine , Brackelaire Jean-Luc
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le phénomène des « enfants chefs de ménage » et des « ménages d’enfants » surgit au Rwanda après le génocide des Tutsis en 1994. Rien ne pouvait être institué, prévu, comme forme d’organisation familiale pour ces enfants qui en viennent à vivre seuls dans des ménages sans parents et sans adultes, avec à leur tête un autre enfant un peu plus grand, un aîné, qui assume des fonctions parentales et fraternelles qui ne sont pas nécessairement basées sur des liens de consanguinité. L’enfance et le passage à l’âge adulte, ici vécus sans parents, sur le fond de la disparition des parents et sous la marque de l’innommable, se révèlent difficiles, sources de souffrance, quand bien même les raisons de ce destin restent différentes pour chaque enfant. Les auteurs se demandent comment ces enfants en sont arrivés là, ce qui fait qu’à un certain moment, on se met à créer un « ménage », une « famille », ce qui est déterminant dans cette construction des ménages d’enfants, ce qui permet qu’ils y arrivent, qu’ils réussissent à y vivre, mais aussi ce à quoi ils renoncent, et ce que représente pour eux cette vie menée dans le ménage d’enfants. Une hypothèse est que pour ces enfants vivre dans un ménage d’enfants est une tentative singulière d’arriver à créer un nouveau groupe familial et d’y vivre, en remobilisant la structure sous-jacente de la famille, un essai donc, non sans désespoir, de recréer une espèce de foyer, simultanément personnel et social, un lieu où vivre, ou plutôt d’abord à partir duquel survivre, sur les cendres de celui pourtant perdu, déréalisé, anéanti dans le génocide et son cortège de ravages. L’analyse d’entretiens menés sous la forme du récit de vie auprès de 16 enfants déploie leur arrachement à l’enfance et leur projection dans une lourde responsabilité, celle d’une parentalité précoce qu’ils adoptent en étant « comme des parents » à la différence d’être parents. Ils témoignent de la manière dont des paroles, gestes, souhaits et modes d’être intériorisés issus des parents s’avèrent porteurs pour les enfants des ménages en les poussant à assumer en propre une position et un rôle personnels créateurs de groupes d’appartenance et de filiation.
La « parentalité » : remède au malaise dans la culture ou forme nouvelle du refoulement et de l'inhibition ?
Authors: Richard François
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article relie l’émergence contemporaine de la notion de parentalité à la spécificité de l’actuel malaise dans la culture, où l’on trouve un mélange détonnant entre d’un coté cynisme et violence et de l’autre l’idéologie d’un lien social voué au bien. Parenté et Parentalité sont envisagées dans ce qui les différencie, ce qui introduit à une discussion avec M. Godelier sur les évolutions actuelles de la famille.
Exil, transmission et fonction parentale face aux idéaux contemporains
Authors: Stitou Rajaa
Published: October 2011

Résumé Comment devenir parent lorsque le sujet est déstabilisé dans ce qu’il a de plus intime et que les repères culturels et familiaux censés soutenir cette position se fragilisent ou ne sont pas reconnus comme structurant par la société d’accueil ? Ce regard de l’Autre social peut exposer au ravage lorsque la différence de l’autre est perçue non pas comme porteuse d’altérité mais comme une menace ou un danger. L’auteur prend appui sur l’actualité de la clinique dans son rapport aux idéaux contemporains pour montrer que les vicissitudes subjectives que traversent parfois les parents immigrés, ne sont pas sans répercussions sur la dimension de la transmission.
Enjeux de la construction du lien de filiation chez des enfants adoptés a l'étranger. Apports de la clinique projective
Authors: Fernandez – Borges Maria-Alejandra , Roman Pascal
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article porte sur les aménagements psychiques engagés dans la construction du lien de filiation adoptive chez des enfants adoptés à l’étranger. La clinique présentée concerne une population tout-venant d’enfants âgés entre 8 et 12 ans, auxquels un dispositif projectif (Rorschach et TAT) a été proposé. La clinique projective met en avant une construction précaire des imagos parentales chez les enfants rencontrés, interrogeant ainsi la fonction symbolique du lien à ces figures. Les auteurs soulignent la nécessité de penser ces particularités dans la construction des imagos, non seulement en lien avec l’histoire précoce des enfants mais aussi à la lumière de la spécificité du lien adoptif où l’histoire des parents adoptifs, liée à leur inscription dans ce lien, doit être prise en compte.
Growth and survival of Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier 1797) paralarvae fed on three Artemia-based diets complemented with frozen fish flakes, crushed zooplankton and marine microalgae
Authors: Fuentes Lidia , Sánchez Francisco Javier , Lago María Jesús , Iglesias José , Pazos Gema , Linares Fatima
Published: October 2011

During one month, paralarvae of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) were fed 3 different diets: (1) Artemia sp. enriched with Isochrysis galbana (AI) complemented with sand eel (Hyperoplus lanceolatus) flakes (AH); (2) Artemia sp. enriched with crushed marine zooplankton (AZ); and (3) Artemia sp. cultured with Isochrysis galbana and further enriched with the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. (AN). The highest dry weight (1.6179±0.3861 mg) was registered with the AN diet and the best average survival (67.0%) with the AZ diet. Considering the highest dry weight obtained, the moderate high survival and the fact that with this diet it was possible to attain the adult stage, the AN diet was the most appropriate. The reasons for the best result in growth observed with AN are discussed as: (1) the combination of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) provided by Isochrysis galbana and the high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content present in Nannochloropsis sp.; (2) the fact that the higher protein/lipid ratio of this diet improves the final dry weight of the paralarvae; and (3) the fact that Nannochloropsis sp. could inhibit the harmful microflora growth in the rearing tank. Regarding nutritional aspects, DHA content per se is not the only determinant factor for growth and survival of O. vulgaris paralarvae, but the presence of a high protein/lipid ratio and a high phospholipid content in the diet could possibly explain the better quality and strength of the paralarvae.
Ly6G+ Neutrophils Are Dispensable for Defense against Systemic Listeria monocytogenes Infection
Authors: Shi Chao , Hohl Tobias M. , Leiner Ingrid , Equinda Michele J. , Fan Xiaozhou , Pamer Eric G.
Published: October 2011

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes systemic infections in immunocompromised hosts. Early recruitment of myeloid cells, including inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, to sites of L. monocytogenes infection is essential for the control of infection and host survival. Because previous experimental studies used depleting or blocking Abs that affected both inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, the relative contributions of these cell populations to defense against L. monocytogenes infection remain incompletely defined. In this article, we used highly selective depletion strategies to either deplete inflammatory monocytes or neutrophils from L. monocytogenes-infected mice and demonstrate that neutrophils are dispensable for early and late control of infection. In contrast, inflammatory monocytes are essential for bacterial clearance during the innate and adaptive phases of the immune response to L. monocytogenes infection.
Safety and Efficacy of Dronedarone in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Authors: Naccarelli Gerald V. , Wolbrette Deborah L. , Levin Vadim , Samii Soraya , Banchs Javier E. , Penny-Peterson Erica , Gonzalez Mario D.
Published: October 2011

Dronedarone is an amiodarone analog but differs structurally from amiodarone in that the iodine moiety was removed and a methane-sulfonyl group was added. These modifications reduced thyroid and other end-organ adverse effects and makes dronedarone less lipophilic, shortening its half-life. Dronedarone has been shown to prevent atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFl) recurrences in several multi-center trials. In addition to its rhythm control properties, dronedarone has rate control properties and slows the ventricular response during AF. Dronedarone is approved in Europe for rhythm and rate control indications. In patients with decompensated heart failure, dronedarone treatment increased mortality and cardiovascular hospitalizations. However, when dronedarone was used in elderly high risk AF/AFl patients excluding such high risk heart failure, cardiovascular hospitalizations were significantly reduced and the drug was approved in the USA for this indication in 2009 by the Food and Drug Administration. Updated guidelines suggest dronedarone as a front-line antiarrhythmic in many patients with AF/Fl but caution that the drug should not be used in patients with advanced heart failure. In addition, the recent results of the PALLAS trial suggest that dronedarone should not be used in the long-term treatment of patients with permanent AF.
Refugee site health service utilization: More needs to be done
Authors: Meyer, MPhil Sarah , Tappis, MPH Hannah , Weiss, DrPH, MA William , Spiegel, MD, MPH Paul , Vu, DO, MPH Alexander
Published: October 2011

Objective: Refugees in long-term camp-based settings are often provided health services through health systems parallel to national health systems. This article, through literature review, explores the question of health service delivery in the context of long-term refugee situations, examining in particular the impact on host national population. The objective is to identify data and themes in literature that shed light on the utilization of health services for refugees and host population.Design: To explore this objective, a broad literature review was conducted. Literature was categorized into the following three topics: the impact of refugee camps on the health and livelihood of host population, the impact of services on access to care and health outcomes of refugee population, and the impact of services on access to care and health outcomes of host population.Conclusions: Literature reports varied impacts of refugee hosting on host national population.The need for a contextual approach to understand the impact of refugee hosting is indicated through these findings. Some studies found that refugee hosting improved the quality and accessibility of health services and, in some cases, health outcomes for host national population; however, the data supporting integrating health services for refugees and host population are limited, and both reduce the strength of the integration argument.The overall body of evidence to reach conclusions on what is the ideal model of health service delivery for refugees and host population is limited. Improved data collection and analysis of utilization patterns for refugees and host population could strengthen program and policy design in this area.
A new version of the CNRM Chemistry-Climate Model, CNRM-CCM: description and improvements from the CCMVal-2 simulations
Authors: Michou M. , Saint-Martin D. , Teyssèdre H. , Alias A. , Karcher F. , Olivié D. , Voldoire A. , Josse B. , Peuch V.-H. , Clark H. , Lee J. N. , Chéroux F.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. This paper presents a new version of the Météo-France CNRM Chemistry-Climate Model, so-called CNRM-CCM. It includes some fundamental changes from the previous version (CNRM-ACM) which was extensively evaluated in the context of the CCMVal-2 validation activity. The most notable changes concern the radiative code of the GCM, and the inclusion of the detailed stratospheric chemistry of our Chemistry-Transport model MOCAGE on-line within the GCM. A 47-yr transient simulation (1960–2006) is the basis of our analysis. CNRM-CCM generates satisfactory dynamical and chemical fields in the stratosphere. Several shortcomings of CNRM-ACM simulations for CCMVal-2 that resulted from an erroneous representation of the impact of volcanic aerosols as well as from transport deficiencies have been eliminated. Remaining problems concern the upper stratosphere (5 to 1 hPa) where temperatures are too high, and where there are biases in the NO2, N2O5 and O3 mixing ratios. In contrast, temperatures at the tropical tropopause are too cold. These issues are addressed through the implementation of a more accurate radiation scheme at short wavelengths. Despite these problems we show that this new CNRM CCM is a useful tool to study chemistry-climate applications.
Tropical influence on the summer Mediterranean climate
Authors: Losada T. , Rodríguez‐Fonseca B. , Kucharski F.
Published: October 2011

Observational evidence shows that, during 1979–2001, the summer Atlantic Niño is related to an increase in the precipitation over the Central Mediterranean and a decrease in the west and east of the basin, a relation absent in previous decades. Using a set of integrations with a global climate model, this work investigates the dynamics underlying such change before and after the 1970s.

We find that the post‐1970's response depends on the interactions between the influences from different tropical regions, and that one needs to consider the different impacts of the tropical oceans for the correct prediction of summer Mediterranean climate. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Membrane Development for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Schwenzer Birgit , Zhang Jianlu , Kim Soowhan , Li Liyu , Liu Jun , Yang Zhenguo
Published: October 2011

Large‐scale energy storage has become the main bottleneck for increasing the percentage of renewable energy in our electricity grids. Redox flow batteries are considered to be among the best options for electricity storage in the megawatt range and large demonstration systems have already been installed. Although the full technological potential of these systems has not been reached yet, currently the main problem hindering more widespread commercialization is the high cost of redox flow batteries. Nafion, as the preferred membrane material, is responsible for about 11 % of the overall cost of a 1 MW/8 MWh system. Therefore, in recent years two main membrane‐related research threads have emerged: 1) chemical and physical modification of Nafion membranes to optimize their properties with regard to vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) application; and 2) replacement of the Nafion membranes with different, less expensive materials. This review summarizes the underlying basic scientific issues associated with membrane use in VRFBs and presents an overview of membrane‐related research approaches aimed at improving the efficiency of VRFBs and making the technology cost‐competitive. Promising research strategies and materials are identified and suggestions are provided on how materials issues could be overcome.
Throughput of DS‐CDMA/unslotted ALOHA radio networks with Markovian arrival processes
Authors: Tseng Shu-Ming , Wang Yung‐Chung
Published: October 2011

Previous works on the throughput analysis of the direct sequence‐code division multiple access/unslotted ALOHA radio network all used the Poisson arrival process (PAP). However, the interarrival times of PAP are independent, so it is not suited to model today's Internet and multimedia traffic, which have correlated interarrival times. We are motivated to use the Markovian arrival process (MAP), a more general input traffic model that captures the correlation of interarrival times. We are the first to analyze the throughput of the direct sequence‐code division multiple access/unslotted ALOHA radio network with MAP. We propose the use of MAP, which encompasses the PAP as a special case. The new MAP model basically generalizes the current traffic and queuing models of multimedia in wireless networks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CROSS‐SPECULATION IN CURRENCY FUTURES MARKETS
Authors: Röthig Andreas
Published: October 2011

This paper studies cross‐market herding of speculators in the Canadian dollar, Swiss francs, British pound and Japanese yen futures markets from 6 October 1992 to 26 January 2010. The relations between (i) total speculation (long plus short), (ii) long speculation and (iii) short speculation are investigated. The empirical results present strong evidence of short‐run causal relationships between speculative activities in currency futures markets. There is a significant feedback effect (bidirectional causality) between each pair of total speculation. In addition, impulse response analysis points to positive interrelations between speculative trading activity and therefore to cross‐market herding. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tris buffer improves fluorescence yield of ram spermatozoa when evaluating membrane integrity
Authors: Yániz Jesús Luis , Mateos José angel , Santolaria Pilar
Published: October 2011

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of various buffers on the fluorescence signal intensity of two fluorochromes (IP and CFDA) when used to assess the membrane integrity of ram sperm. Second ejaculates (18) from nine adult males were collected using an artificial vagina and diluted in either MOPS, TRIS, TES, HEPES, citrate, or phosphate‐based extenders. Semen samples were stored at 15°C and the membrane integrity was assessed within the first 24 h of storage. Mean fluorescence intensity (FI) of PI‐ and CDFA‐labeled sperm heads and fluorescence background noise (FBN) were determined quantitatively using Image J software. Fluorescence contrast (FC) was expressed as the difference between FI and FBN. Significantly, higher FI and FC were recorded when TRIS diluent was used, rather than the other diluents, both in the propidium‐ and fluorescein‐labeled cells. The citrate and phosphate‐based extenders showed intermediate results of FC between those of TRIS and zwitterionic (MOPS, TES and HEPES) groups for the PI‐labeled sperm. However, in the CFDA‐labeled sperm, the lower values of FC were obtained in the citrate and phosphate groups due to increased levels of FBN. For the membrane‐damaged sperm, fluorescent labeling was limited to the sperm heads when TRIS‐buffer was used, whereas in the other groups, the sperm tail was also frequently observed. It was concluded that TRIS buffer solution markedly increases the fluorescence yield of IP/CFDA‐labeled sperm cells in the ram and that this should be considered when evaluating their membrane integrity. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agricultural insurances based on meteorological indices: realizations, methods and research challenges
Authors: Leblois A. , Quirion Philippe
Published: October 2011

In many low‐income countries, agriculture is mostly rainfed and crop yield depends highly on climatic factors. Furthermore, farmers have little access to traditional crop insurance, which suffers from high information asymmetry and transaction costs. Insurances based on meteorological indices could fill this gap since they do not face such drawbacks. However, a full‐scale implementation has been slow so far.

In this article, the most advanced projects that have taken place in developing countries using these types of crop insurances are described. Following this, the methodology that has been used to design such projects in order to choose the meteorological index, the indemnity schedule and the insurance premium, is described. Finally the main research issues are discussed. In particular, more research is needed on implementation, assessment of benefits, how to deal with climate change, spatial variability of weather and interactions with other hedging methods. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Level set‐based topology optimization targeting dielectric resonator‐based composite right‐ and left‐handed transmission lines
Authors: Yamasaki Shintaro , Nomura Tsuyoshi , Sato Kazuo , Michishita Naobumi , Yamada Yoshihide , Kawamoto Atsushi
Published: October 2011

In the last decade, metamaterials have been gaining attention and have been investigated because of their unique characteristics, which conventional materials do not have, such as negative refraction indexes. However, it is sometimes difficult to design metamaterials on the basis of experience and theoretical considerations because the relationship between their electromagnetic characteristics and structure is often vague. A mathematical structural design methodology targeting metamaterials may therefore be useful for expanding the engineering applications of metamaterials in industry. In this paper, a new level set‐based topology optimization method is proposed for designing composite right‐ and left‐handed transmission lines, each of which consists of a waveguide and periodically located dielectric resonators. Such transmission lines function as a fundamental metamaterial. In the proposed method, the shape and topology of the dielectric resonators are represented by the level set function, and topology optimization problems are formulated on the basis of the level set‐based representation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing and characterization of a TiO2 paste based on small particle size powders for dye‐sensitized solar cell semi‐transparent photo‐electrodes
Authors: Vesce Luigi , Riccitelli Riccardo
Published: October 2011

The formulation and the preparation of a TiO2 paste for dye‐sensitized solar cell technology are proposed. The TiO2 paste is characterized in terms of rheology, morphology, cross section, specific surface area, and average pore size. A conversion efficiency of 7.42% without any chemical treatment or scattering layer was obtained using the optimal thickness of 11 µm as carried out in this work. The results over different batches of the paste confirm the stability and the reproducibility. The characterization of the TiO2 semi‐transparent film is completed by investigating the dye adsorption saturation time after cyclic dye dipping steps through UV–Vis spectra measurements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Well‐defined drug‐conjugated biodegradable nanoparticles by azide–alkyne click crosslinking in miniemulsion
Authors: Zou Jiong , Yu Yun , Yu Lu , Li Yukun , Chen Chih‐Kuang , Cheng Chong
Published: October 2011

A new type of biodegradable polymer–drug nanoconjugate was fabricated via the combination of oil‐in‐water miniemulsion and Huisgen azide–alkyne click chemistry. Diazide‐functionalized paclitaxel (PTXL) were prepared through functional group transformation on the C‐2′ and C‐7 positions of PTXL and served as both drug carrier and crosslinker. Acetylene‐functionalized polylactide (PLA) was used as the base polymer. Oil‐in‐water miniemulsion technique was used to create nanodroplets with diameters of round 50 nm, which were used as nanoreactors to control the size and morphology of the drug conjugates. Using sodium ascorbate/CuSO4·5H2O as catalysts, click reaction was performed within the nanodroplets between the azide functionalities of the PTXL‐based crosslinker and the pendant acetylene groups of the functional PLA. High extent of reaction was confirmed by FTIR analysis and the resulting drug‐conjugated nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy measurements. These NPs exhibited considerable degradation in proteinase K solution within 1 week. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
The fire hazard of an ethanol process facility
Authors: Ditch Benjamin
Published: October 2011

A large release of high purity ethanol has been shown to pose a significant hazard to the structure and sensitive equipment of an unprotected process facility. A new methodology was developed that provides a practical means of measuring the maximum heat flux from an unprotected fire and the relative effectiveness of various water‐based protection schemes. These results were combined with large‐scale testing, using a representative multilevel process structure, to evaluate the performance of several sprinkler and water spray systems designs common to the industry. Several of these protection systems were shown to be inadequate to reduce the hazard below an acceptable level. However, when designed properly, sprinkler systems were shown to provide acceptable protection of the process structure, though local area water spray was needed for protecting objects near the pool fire surface. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
New pemetrexed‐peptide conjugates: synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytostatic effect on non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NCI‐H358) and human leukemia (HL‐60) cells
Authors: Miklán Zsanett , Orbán Erika , Bánóczi Zoltán , Hudecz Ferenc
Published: October 2011

Pemetrexed (Pem) is a novel antimetabolite type of anticancer drug that demonstrated promising clinical activity in a wide variety of solid tumors, including non‐small cell lung carcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It inhibits enzymes involved in the folate pathway, for which the presence of its free carboxylic groups is necessary. The heteroaromatic ring system of Pem has a modifiable amino group, which opens a possibility to apply a new strategy to conjugate Pem to carrier molecules. Considering this as well as the necessity of untouched carboxylic groups of Pem in the new conjugates, we developed a new synthesis strategy. Here, we describe the synthesis and the characterization of new Pem‐peptide conjugates in which cell‐penetrating octaarginine or/and lung‐targeting H‐Ile‐Glu‐Leu‐Leu‐Gln‐Ala‐Arg‐NH2 peptide is attached to the drug by thioether bond. The conjugates characterized by RP‐HPLC and MS exhibited cytostatic effect in vitro on non‐small cell lung carcinoma as well as on human leukemia cell lines. The IC50 values of the conjugates were similar, but the conjugates with H‐Ile‐Glu‐Leu‐Leu‐Gln‐Ala‐Arg‐NH2 sequence were slightly more effective. Our data show that the in vitro cytostatic effect of the free Pem was essentially maintained after conjugation with cell‐penetrating or cell‐targeting peptides. Thus, the conjugation strategy reported could lead to the development of a new generation of active Pem conjugates. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Römisches Staatsrecht
Authors: Mommsen Theodor
Published: October 2011

Theodor Mommsen's influential multi-volume work, first published between 1871 and 1888, is a systematic treatment of the intricate workings of the Roman state. The renowned German scholar proposed an original and sometimes controversial understanding of Roman institutions, based around the categories of nineteenth-century constitutional law. The Romans themselves never actually codified their complicated body of law, but by applying a historical approach to describe the development of Roman law Mommsen succeeds in making it more accessible to the reader. He systematises the many diverse legal elements upon which the Roman constitution was based and offers a coherent reading of it. Volume 3, Part 2 focuses mainly on the Roman Senate. Mommsen lists the number of senators, the process by which they were elected and their qualifications. He describes the Senate's rights, duties and protocol, and its jurisdiction and influence in various spheres within Rome and across the empire.
The Life of Charlotte Brontë
Authors: Gaskell Elizabeth Cleghorn
Published: October 2011

Published two years after the novelist's death, this two-volume work is the first and the best-known of the many biographies of the Brontë family. Written by the novelist Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865) the book was instrumental in the creation of the Brontës' public image as a family set apart by literary genius and personal tragedy. Gaskell's chief source for the biography was some 350 letters between Charlotte and her friend Ellen Nussey, letters which Charlotte's husband, Arthur Bell Nicholls, had asked Nussey to destroy after his wife's death, fearing they would damage her reputation. Volume 2 covers Charlotte's writing of The Professor, the publication of Jane Eyre, the deaths of Branwell, Emily and Anne, the publication of Shirley and Villette, her correspondence with Thackeray, Gaskell and Martineau, and her eventual marriage in 1854 to Nicholls, her father's curate. It concludes with a description of Charlotte's funeral.
The ‘Ever-Victorious Army’
Authors: Wilson Andrew
Published: October 2011

Journalist and traveller Andrew Wilson (1831–1881) was born in India to colonial missionaries. Educated in Europe, he later edited the China Mail in Hong Kong, and the Bombay Times. This, his best known work, was published in 1868, and recounts the suppression of the Taiping uprising in 1863–1864 by Colonel Charles G. ('Chinese') Gordon, leading a small multinational force. The Taiping rebellion against the Qing dynasty lasted from 1850 to 1864, and it is estimated that some 20 million people died as a result. Wilson was given access to Gordon's journals to write the book. Wilson was very pro-Chinese, and was quite critical of British colonial policy towards China. Despite this bias, the work contains much fascinating information on nineteenth-century China, and sheds light on the early career of one of Britain's greatest Victorian military heroes.
Dutch Guiana
Authors: Palgrave William Gifford
Published: October 2011

William Gifford Palgrave (1826–1888) was a renowned traveller and Arabic scholar. After graduating from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1846 he received a lieutenant's commission in the 8th Bombay Regiment of native infantry, but he converted to Roman Catholicism, and settled in Syria as a missionary in 1855, during which time he travelled across Arabia. After renouncing Catholicism in 1865, he began a career with the British foreign service, working in several positions in the Far East. This volume, first published in 1876, contains Palgrave's account of his visit to Dutch Guiana, now the South American country of Suriname. Arranging his material according to geographic location, Palgrave describes in detail the society and geography of the country, discussing the treatment of former slaves and describing the unique Maroon culture of former slaves and indigenous people. This volume provides fascinating information on the society and culture of this uniquely diverse country.
A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Lecky William Edward Hartpole
Published: October 2011

W. E. H. Lecky (1838–1903) was one of the most distinguished Victorian historians. He was unusual in the extent to which he made use of archival sources, and noted for his ability of do justice to both sides of an argument. His History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century was first published as part of A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, but was reissued in 1892 as a five-volume work. He has been described as the first revisionist Irish historian, as the aim of the book was partly to respond to Froude's The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, which is markedly anti-Irish in its sentiments. Lecky was no nationalist, and opposed Home Rule, but wanted to provide a more truthful and balanced account, and his account of the United Irishmen and the events of 1798 was highly regarded. Volume 3 covers the period 1790–1796.
The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington
Authors: Wellesley Arthur
Published: October 2011

Arthur Wellesley (1769–1852), the first Duke of Wellington, was one of the most successful military figures of the early nineteenth century. After fighting in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war in India, his successes during the Peninsular War (1809–1814) and his victory at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) established his reputation as a brilliant military tactician. These volumes, first published between 1834 and 1839, contain the letters, dispatches, instructions and general military orders Wellington wrote throughout his military career. Edited by his private secretary, Colonel John Gurwood (1790–1845), they offer a wealth of fascinating details concerning Wellington's campaigns in India and Europe, from mundane administrative tasks to discussions of tactics, personnel and intelligence-gathering. These volumes are reissued from the 1844 revised edition, and provide invaluable information for the study of warfare during this period. Volume 3 covers his Peninsular campaigns between 1808 and 1810.
The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington
Authors: Wellesley Arthur
Published: October 2011

Arthur Wellesley (1769–1852), the first Duke of Wellington, was one of the most successful military figures of the early nineteenth century. After fighting in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war in India, his successes during the Peninsular War (1809–1814) and his victory at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) established his reputation as a brilliant military tactician. These volumes, first published between 1834 and 1839, contain the letters, dispatches, instructions and general military orders Wellington wrote throughout his military career. Edited by his private secretary, Colonel John Gurwood (1790–1845), they offer a wealth of fascinating details concerning Wellington's campaigns in India and Europe, from mundane administrative tasks to discussions of tactics, personnel and intelligence-gathering. These volumes are reissued from the 1844 revised edition, and provide invaluable information for the study of warfare during this period. Volume 5 covers his Peninsular campaigns between 1811 and 1812.
The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington
Authors: Wellesley Arthur
Published: October 2011

Arthur Wellesley (1769–1852), the first Duke of Wellington, was one of the most successful military figures of the early nineteenth century. After fighting in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war in India, his successes during the Peninsular War (1809–1814) and his victory at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) established his reputation as a brilliant military tactician. These volumes, first published between 1834 and 1839, contain the letters, dispatches, instructions and general military orders Wellington wrote throughout his military career. Edited by his private secretary, Colonel John Gurwood (1790–1845), they offer a wealth of fascinating details concerning Wellington's campaigns in India and Europe, from mundane administrative tasks to discussions of tactics, personnel and intelligence-gathering. These volumes are reissued from the 1844 revised edition, and provide invaluable information for the study of warfare during this period. Volume 7 covers his campaigns between 1813 and 1815.
Lives of the Queens of Scotland and English Princesses
Authors: Strickland Agnes , Strickland Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Agnes Strickland (1796–1874) and her sister Elizabeth collaborated on many biographical projects. They were pioneering historical biographers and key figures in the development of women's history. Writing from a female perspective, they included coverage of domestic matters that male historians had previously ignored. Although much of the work is Elizabeth's, she preferred to avoid publicity and her sister Agnes appeared as the sole author. This eight-volume series (originally published between 1850 and 1859) was the sequel to their hugely popular Lives of the Queens of England and allowed Agnes to indulge her passionate interest in Mary, Queen of Scots, to whom Volumes 3–7 are devoted. Volume 5 (1854) covers Mary's reign from the birth of her son James VI (1566) and her husband's murder, to her third marriage, downfall and abdication. Thoroughly researched and referenced, it describes both the personal and political aspects of Mary's experiences.
Lives of the Queens of Scotland and English Princesses
Authors: Strickland Agnes , Strickland Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Agnes Strickland (1796–1874) and her sister Elizabeth collaborated on many biographical projects. They were pioneering historical biographers and key figures in the development of women's history. Writing from a female perspective, they included coverage of domestic matters that male historians had previously ignored. Although much of the work is Elizabeth's, she preferred to avoid publicity and her sister Agnes appeared as the sole author. This eight-volume series (originally published between 1850 and 1859) was the sequel to their hugely popular Lives of the Queens of England and allowed Agnes to indulge her passionate interest in Mary, Queen of Scots, to whom Volumes 3–7 are devoted. Volume 6 (1856) covers Mary's imprisonment, first in Scotland by the Scottish Lords and then in England by Queen Elizabeth following her petition for sanctuary. Thoroughly researched and referenced, it describes both the personal and political aspects of Mary's experiences.
Lives of the Queens of Scotland and English Princesses
Authors: Strickland Agnes , Strickland Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Agnes Strickland (1796–1874) and her sister Elizabeth collaborated on many biographical projects. They were pioneering historical biographers and key figures in the development of women's history. Writing from a female perspective, they included coverage of domestic matters that male historians had previously ignored. Although much of the work is Elizabeth's, she preferred to avoid publicity and her sister Agnes appeared as the sole author. This eight-volume series (originally published between 1850 and 1859) was the sequel to their hugely popular Lives of the Queens of England and allowed Agnes to indulge her passionate interest in Mary, Queen of Scots, to whom five volumes are devoted. The final volume covers Elizabeth Stuart, Princess Royal, later Queen of Bohemia, and her daughter Sophia, Electress of Bohemia, and their role in the British succession. Thoroughly researched and referenced, it describes both the personal and political aspects of their lives.
Records of a Family of Engineers
Authors: Stevenson Robert Louis
Published: October 2011

Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894), novelist and poet, was descended from a famous Scottish engineering family. His grandfather Robert, his father Thomas, two uncles and a cousin were all noted engineers, particularly known for their lighthouses. This family history, focusing particularly on his grandfather, was written while R. L. Stevenson was living in Samoa, and was published posthumously in 1912. It first outlines the history of the name 'Stevenson' from the thirteenth century. Chapter 1 begins in the mid-eighteenth century, and records Robert Stevenson's birth in 1772, and his father's death. The young Robert worked with his stepfather for the Northern Lighthouse Board and was its sole Engineer from 1808 to 1843. Chapter 2 describes his experiences in that role. Chapter 3 reproduces substantial extracts from Robert's own diary of the construction (1807–1811) of his most famous structure, the Bell Rock lighthouse off Arbroath, which revolutionised lighthouse design.
A Century of the English Book Trade
Authors: Duff E. Gordon
Published: October 2011

Edward Gordon Duff (1863–1924) was a bibliographer and librarian with a particular interest in early printed books. He was librarian of the John Rylands Library, Manchester, from 1893 to 1900, and Sandars Reader in Bibliography at Cambridge in 1899, 1904 and 1911. Alongside research and writing he also did freelance cataloguing. Duff's work set new standards of accuracy in bibliography, which he considered a science. This 1905 work, published by the Bibliographical Society, contains short biographies of all the known participants in the English book trade from 1457 to 1557, whether printers, bookbinders, or stationers, organised in alphabetical sequence. It reveals that during the fifteenth century the majority of printers working in England were foreigners, but after 1500 English representation increased. Although Duff's list has been supplemented by more recent research, it remains a valuable work of reference, and sheds considerable light on the early English book trade.
A Sociology of Constitutions
Authors: Thornhill Chris
Published: October 2011

Using a methodology that both analyzes particular constitutional texts and theories and reconstructs their historical evolution, Chris Thornhill examines the social role and legitimating status of constitutions from the first quasi-constitutional documents of medieval Europe, through the classical period of revolutionary constitutionalism, to recent processes of constitutional transition. A Sociology of Constitutions explores the reasons why modern societies require constitutions and constitutional norms and presents a distinctive socio-normative analysis of the constitutional preconditions of political legitimacy.
The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
Authors: Thompson Silvanus Phillips
Published: October 2011

The mathematician and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (1824–1907) was one of Britain's most influential scientists, famous for his work on the first and second laws of thermodynamics and for devising the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature. Silvanus P. Thompson (1851–1916) began this biography with the co-operation of Kelvin in 1906, but the project was interrupted by Kelvin's death the following year. Thompson, himself a respected physics lecturer and scientific writer, decided that a more comprehensive biography would be needed and spent several years reading through Kelvin's papers in order to complete these two volumes, published in 1910. Volume 1 covers Kelvin's life to 1871, including his student days, his election (aged 22) as professor in Glasgow, his ground-breaking theoretical research on thermodynamics, his applied work on telegraphs including the Atlantic cable, and his involvement in a geological controversy about the age of the earth.
Kant, Religion, and Politics
Authors: DiCenso James
Published: October 2011

This book offers a systematic examination of the place of religion within Kant's major writings. Kant is often thought to be highly reductionistic with regard to religion - as though religion simply provides the unsophisticated with colourful representations of moral lessons that reason alone could grasp. James DiCenso's rich and innovative discussion shows how Kant's theory of religion in fact emerges directly from his epistemology, ethics and political theory, and how it serves his larger political and ethical projects of restructuring institutions and modifying political attitudes towards greater autonomy. It also illustrates the continuing relevance of Kant's ideas for addressing issues of religion and politics that remain pressing in the contemporary world, such as just laws, transparency in the public sphere and other ethical and political concerns. The book will be valuable for a wide range of readers who are interested in Kant's thought.
The Grammar of Polarity
Authors: Israel Michael
Published: October 2011

Many languages include constructions which are sensitive to the expression of polarity: that is, negative polarity items, which cannot occur in affirmative clauses, and positive polarity items, which cannot occur in negatives. The phenomenon of polarity sensitivity has been an important source of evidence for theories about the mental architecture of grammar over the last fifty years, and to many the oddly dysfunctional sensitivities of polarity items have seemed to support a view of grammar as an encapsulated mental module fundamentally unrelated to other aspects of human cognition or communicative behavior. This book draws on insights from cognitive/functional linguistics and formal semantics to argue that, on the contrary, the grammar of sensitivity is grounded in a very general human cognitive ability to form categories and draw inferences based on scalar alternatives, and in the ways this ability is deployed for rhetorical effects in ordinary interpersonal communication.
Climate Change in the Polar Regions
Authors: Turner John , Marshall Gareth J.
Published: October 2011

The polar regions have experienced some remarkable environmental changes in recent decades, such as the Antarctic ozone hole, the loss of large amounts of sea ice from the Arctic Ocean and major warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. The polar regions are also predicted to warm more than any other region on Earth over the next century if greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise. Yet trying to separate natural climate variability from anthropogenic factors still presents many problems. This book presents a thorough review of how the polar climates have changed over the last million years and sets recent changes within a long term perspective. The approach taken is highly cross-disciplinary and the close links between the atmosphere, ocean and ice at high latitudes are stressed. The volume will be invaluable for researchers and advanced students in polar science, climatology, global change, meteorology, oceanography and glaciology.